bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“We Want a Quota!”
Authors: Render Brandon James 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
During the Black Student Movement of the late 1960s and ‘70s, campus activists organized to demand, among other requests, a racial quota system. In response, university administrators often developed race-neutral scholarship programs and recruitment strategies to enroll more students of color without setting quotas. The quota controversy at the University of Texas at Austin reveals important elements of race-conscious and colorblind admissions programs. After the Afro-Americans for Black Liberation demanded the first quota system in 1969, Black students engaged in a decade-long battle with administrators over strategies to increase Black student enrollment. To alleviate the pressure from Black student organizations, University of Texas administrators established scholarships, affirmative action policies, and information-sharing programs to recruit and retain students of color. The struggle between Black students and white administrators is representative of Black student activists’ ideological shift from colorblind policies to race-conscious remedies during the era of civil rights and Black Power. While administrators used colorblind, or race-neutral, policies to diversify the campus community, Black students fought for a race-conscious quota system that would result in a minimum number of accepted students of color each year. Administrators, weary of antiwhite “reverse discrimination,” used race-neutral admissions policies and programs to subvert race-conscious demands for a quota system. In fact, evidence shows that Black student activists’ persistence in setting quotas worked to the benefit of white students, particularly those that did not meet the university's general admissions standards. Overall, the issue of Black student recruitment at the University of Texas uncovers the process by which administrators adopted colorblind logic in reaction to Black student demands, maintained the racial status quo at a predominately white institution, and widened racial inequality.
Article: The Shortcomings of the EU Public Country-by-Country Reporting Directive
Authors: Loureiro Manuel Campos 
Published: June 2022

The Directive (EU) 2021/2101 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2021 amending Directive 2013/34/ EU as regards the public disclosure of income tax information by certain undertakings and branches, entered into force on 21 December 2021 and must be implemented by all EU Member States until 22 June 2023. It introduces the so-called ‘Public Country- By-Country Reporting’ system in the European Union. With these new transparency rules, the EU seeks to raise greater public scrutiny on the tax planning practices carried out by certain undertakings with activity in the EU. Despite its many achievements, the directive has several shortcomings, namely in what concerns compliance with legal certainty, issues in its implementation and effectiveness for achieving its ratio legis. After mapping these issues, we will put forward proposals that could be adopted by either the European or domestic legislator (the latter, at the implementation stage).
Tax Planning, European Union, Tax Transparency, Public Country-By-Country Reporting, Legal Certainty, European legal harmonization
Towards an Ecosystem for Consumer Protection in the Context of AI-based Credit Scoring
Authors: Montagnani Maria Lillà , Paulesu Carolina 
Published: June 2022

The Big Data phenomenon first, and AI most recently, have significantly changed the way in which credit scoring takes place and creditworthiness is evaluated by lenders. Beside traditional credit data, the creation of consumers’ credit-scores now involves also non-traditional data and is based on the predictions that lenders can make on the basis of those data. The use of AI, coupled with the availability of extensive amounts of ‘alternative’ data, poses several questions as to the level of protection granted to consumers in relation to the discriminatory effects that an ungoverned used of such technology can generate. The article addresses the suitability of the Proposal for a new Directive on Consumer Credit to protect consumers that enter into credit agreements where access to credit is determined by AI-based credit scoring systems. In doing so, it also takes into consideration other rules within the EU legal framework that can provide, albeit indirectly, protection to consumers, such as antidiscrimination law and Article 22 of the GDPR. It concludes that in a technologically complicated scenario such as the one of AI credit scoring, consumers can be effectively protected only by introducing an ecosystem of rules that while empowering consumers also regulates the use of AI on the business side of the credit agreement.
Credit scoring, Artificial Intelligence, Big Data, Alternative Data, Directive on Consumer Credit, AI Regulation.
The Worker and the Law Revisited: Conceptualizing Legal Participation Mobilization and Consciousness at Work
Authors: Kirk Eleanor 
Published: June 2022

Situating legal mobilization within a wide-ranging conceptual framework of worker activity that goes beyond recent interest in ‘strategic litigation’ and related organizing in the gig economy, this contribution explores the fundamental relationship between ‘laypeople’, i.e., the non-professional subjects of law, and labour law. Notwithstanding a growing interest in empirical labour law research, there remains a lack of conceptual clarity and rigorous evidence pertaining to how workers, activists and employers think about law and how this has evolved over time. The idea, often implicit within policy discourses, that we have become increasingly ‘legally minded’, and the implications of this, remain particularly underexplored. This article develops understanding of what legal mobilization is, does, or potentially can do, mapping the range of ways in which ‘laypeople’ may invoke or engage with law at work, distinguishing between activities defined as (1) legal participation; (2) mobilization; and (3) consciousness. This schema goes beyond the more obvious ways in which laypeople engage formal legal institutions, ‘strategically’ or otherwise, towards everyday processes of constructing ‘legalities’. The concept of legalities, meaning taken-forgranted assumptions about what is ‘legal’, provides a lens through which to view the ideological processes involved in the constitution of society and economic institutions through law and vice versa. Revisiting the theme of the worker and the law, this schema focuses as much on how the worker understands and acts upon the conceptions of law as much as how the law characterizes and protects the worker, and how the interrelations between the two may have evolved over time.
Legal Participation, Mobilization, Consciousness, Juridification, Individual Employment Rights, Employment Tribunals
Sanctions Against the Russian War on Ukraine: Lessons from History and Current Prospects
Authors: van Bergeijk Peter A.G. 
Published: June 2022

This article studies the case of the sanctions against the Russian war on the Ukraine in 2022 against the background of four major and well-documented historical sanction episodes: (1) the anti-Apartheid sanctions of the 1980s, (2) the sanctions against the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait in 1990, (3) the sanctions against Iranian nuclear capabilities and (4) the US and EU sanctions against the Russian annexation of the Crimea. Two cases (South Africa and Iran) have a comparatively low probability of success based on pre-sanction trade linkage between sender and target and the target’s regime type (the autocracy score). The key to understanding their success is in the banking channel (debt-crisis and international payment system sanctions) and the behaviour of the private sector (divestment and over-compliance). The failure of the sanctions against Iraq underscores the importance of regime type and the need for a viable exit strategy and shows that some decision-makers cannot be influenced with economic hardship. The 2014 sanctions against Russia illustrate the comparative vulnerability of the European democracies and their weakness in organizing comprehensive sanctions that bite. Given the increased Russian resilience, the increasingly autocratic nature of President Putin’s government, the credibility of his 2014 tit-for-tat strategy and the failure of European democracies to implement appropriate strong and broad-based measures, smart and targeted sanctions are unlikely to influence the Kremlin’s calculus. The European Union could only influence that calculus by restoring its reputation as a credible applicant of strong sanctions, including an embargo on capital goods and a boycott of Russian energy.
Sanctions, Comprehensive sanctions, Smart sanctions, Russia, Ukraine, South Africa, Apartheid, Iran, Iraq, Crimea, comparative case study
Export Controls and Securitization of Economic Policy: Comparative Analysis of the Practice of the United States, the European Union, China, and Russia
Authors: Hrynkiv Olga 
Published: June 2022

National security rhetoric has gained prominence due to increasingly pervasive digitalization, the emergence of cutting-edge technologies, and developments in artificial intelligence and machine learning. Increased reliance on these areas fuels industrial development but also renders national economies vulnerable to foreign interference. Ultimately, the current wave of technological development with its potential threats intensifies competition between states and redefines their economic and military advantages over potential global rivals. Against this background, certain states have expanded the scope of their export control regimes by extending the lists of controlled items and/or imposing ‘catch-all’ control. Used in conjunction with economic sanctions, weaponized tariffs, and extensive investment screening mechanisms aimed to protect national security interests, such measures go beyond conventional non-proliferation purposes to address economic security, technological supremacy, and human rights concerns for which those states are willing to sacrifice the economic efficiency that accompanies trade liberalization. Using the United States, the European Union, China, and Russia as case studies, this article discusses to which extent different export control objectives of these international actors have been securitized. Securitization of certain states’ interests is inevitable, even if not desirable. Yet, this article argues that international law can be managed to control and limit the level of securitization of domestic policies in order to strengthen the international legal system as a whole.
export controls, national security, economic security, securitization, emerging technologies, technological supremacy
Using Digital Flashcards to Enhance Thai EFL Primary School Students’ Vocabulary Knowledge
Authors: Yowaboot Chadaporn , Sukying Apisak 
Published: June 2022

There is growing evidence in L2 vocabulary research that digital flashcards facilitate learners&rsquo; vocabulary learning and development. Several studies also suggest that deliberate vocabulary teaching is critical for successful language learning. Hence, the primary goal of this study was to investigate whether the use of digital flashcards could improve English vocabulary knowledge of the form-meaning link in Thai primary school children in an EFL context. The study also explored Thai primary school students&rsquo; attitudes toward using digital flashcards in vocabulary learning. The participants were 120 Thai primary school students who were divided into experimental and control groups. The experimental participants were taught using digital flashcards, while the control group received no unique treatments. Four measures of vocabulary knowledge were used to assess the participants&rsquo; vocabulary learning. A five-point Likert scale questionnaire was also used to explore the students&rsquo; attitudes toward digital flashcards. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed that although both cohorts significantly improved their receptive and productive knowledge of L2 vocabulary, the students in the experimental group performed significantly better than students in the control group. These results indicate that digital flashcards are an effective method to facilitate vocabulary learning in Thai primary school learners. The analysis of the questionnaires also showed that learners had a very positive attitude towards the use of digital flashcards. These findings reaffirm the efficacy and value of visual and sound images, such as digital flashcards, in vocabulary learning. Implications for practitioners and suggestions for further studies are also addressed.&nbsp;
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De strafbaarstelling van straatintimidatie en het risico van etnisch profileren
Authors: Dekker Mischa 
Published: June 2022

The Penalization of Street Harassment and the Risk of Ethnic Profiling. A Pragmatic ‘Sociology of Critique’
Since 2014, several countries have introduced legislation to criminalize ‘street harassment.’ In France, this criminalization was framed within a feminist perspective, by conceiving of street harassment as the first level of a ‘continuum of violence against women.’ In the Netherlands, on the other hand, proposals to criminalize these behaviors came from right-wing political parties. They framed ordinances as protecting public order and focused on racialized loitering youth as the main problem group. Despite these differences, proponents of penalization in both countries encountered a similar criticism: according to left-wing politicians, feminists, and anti-racist activists, criminalizing street harassment could lead to disproportionate punishment of racialized men from disadvantaged backgrounds. This article argues for a pragmatic ‘sociology of critique’ within the sociology of law, which provides insight into how actors involved in the introduction of regulation develop reflexivity about the risks of legislation, as well as their blind spots.
Fra kokebøker til matrester i middelalderbyen
Authors: Vedeler Marianne 
Published: June 2022

owns of Norway.Three preserved collections of medieval food recipes are written in Norse languages. One of these is probably based on a Norwegian edition. Too what degree do the recipes present relevant information about the food culture in the medieval towns of Norway?
A compilation of sources shows a relatively large discrepancy between the food remains found in Norwegian medieval towns and the ingredients mentioned in the preserved Norse food recipes. The recipes do not reflect the diet of an average urban inhabitant in the medieval Norway as it appears in the archaeological sources. Despite this, the recipes can nevertheless contribute to insights into food trends that might be traced through more detailed investigations of archaeological material and historical sources from high status contexts. As an expression of a modern and international cuisine that signalled high status, the collections of medieval food recipes are relevant sources of information on food culture in the Norwegian medieval towns.
Are some Aspects of National Suicide Prevention Programs Contributing to the Problem?
Authors: Goldney Robert 
Published: June 2022

Despite the introduction of National suicide prevention programs, a number of countries have reported not only no reduction, but increases in suicide rates. While it is possible that social factors have inexorably raised the rates, and that initiatives should be increased, an alternative question should be asked: are the programs introduced contributing to the problem?
There are a number of studies which suggest that that may be the case. This is particularly so with regard to the media and public education programs, with an absence of evidence for the effective translation of appropriate help-seeking action in vulnerable persons. The possibility that intense media campaigns may simply normalise suicidal behaviour as a readily understood common reaction has also been raised, as has the possibility that repeated media campaigns may lead to a negative attitude towards the message portrayed.
It appears important to pursue this question further, and not only to ensure that existing programs have convincing outcome data, but to only introducenew programs when they have been subjected to rigorous review.
Boscos entre els arrossars i boscos dins del bosc. Apunts sobre religió tradicional i memòria entre els joola huluf d’Oussouye
Authors: Tomàs Jordi 
Published: June 2022

L'article se centra en la memòria entre els joola huluf de religió tradicional, a la Baixa-Casamance (Senegal). Més enllà del debat entre la memòria oficial transmesa a través de l'Administració senegalesa i la memòria reivindicada per alguns dels líders del MFDC (Mouvement des Forces Démocratiques de la Casamance), aquest article ens permet entendre com la societat joola huluf -del regne d'Oussouye- gestiona la memòria a nivell local de forma descentralitzada a través de diferents rituals -especialment aquells lligats a la mort-, iniciacions, cançons..., fixant-se especialment en les dinàmiques que tenen lloc en un regne on el secretisme -i les seves implicacions en termes de gènere, parentiu, edat...- marca sovint la vida de la societat.
Thermal Properties and Characterization of n-Decyl-Lauryl Alcohol/Expanded Graphite/Silicon Carbide Composite Phase Change Materials for Refrigerator Cold Energy Storage
Authors: CHEN Yanghua , HUANG Piaopiao , YANG Xue 
Published: June 2022

In this study, a kind of phase change materials (PCMs) with a low melting point (around 0 ℃) was prepared using n-decyl alcohol (DA) and lauryl alcohol (LA) as PCM, expanded graphite (EG) as supporting matrix. Nano silicon carbide (SiC) as a thermal conductivity promoter was added to modify the composite PCM. Expanded graphite with strong adsorption performance was used to not only prevent the leakage, but enhance the thermal conductivity. Leakage experiments showed that the maximum adsorption rate of DA-LA in composite PCM was 92 wt.%. The physical properties and chemical compatibility of composite PCM were studied, and the results showed that the raw materials were well absorbed and dispersed homogeneously into the porous structure of the EG, and they were only a physical bond with each other without chemical reaction. The melting and solidification temperature of composite PCM with the SiC mass ratio 3 wt.% was -0.85 ℃ and 1.08 ℃, and the latent heat of melting and solidification was 85.62 J/g and 74.94 J/g, respectively. the thermal conductivity of composite PCM with 9 wt.% SiC addition was 1.61, which was more than 4.19 times that of pure DA-LA. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) experiment showed that composite PCM had outstanding thermal stability and durability. The present study confirms that this composite PCM is a potential candidate for cold energy storage in refrigerator applications.
Reivindicaciones feministas de la cuarta ola: la transnacionalización de la protesta
Authors: Garrido Ortolá Anabel 
Published: June 2022

En las últimas décadas se ha iniciado la cuarta ola feminista caracterizada por la transnacionalización del movimiento a través de las redes sociales como medio de protesta. El objetivo del presente artículo es analizar los discursos y estrategias feministas de la cuarta ola a través del espacio digital. Para ello, se realizará una reflexión de los discursos emitidos en España y América Latina centrándose en dos cuestiones: la generación de una comunidad narrativa a través de los hashtags en Twitter y la creación artística individual y colectiva en Instagram y YouTube. El espacio digital se evidencia como un espacio público de reivindicación, articulación que genera tres cuestiones claves para el movimiento feminista: concienciación feminista, entre lo individual y lo colectivo, comunidades narrativas y la transnacionalización de la protesta.
Torture, that recurring nightmare. Social crisis and pandemic
Authors: Madariaga Carlos 
Published: June 2022

This article addresses the summative effects of the social crisis and the Covid-19 pandemic on the health-disease-care process at the level of Chilean society in the neoliberal context. The economy-health relationship is deepened, a phenomenon that is interpreted from the conceptual framework of necropolitics. The retraumatizing effect of the human rights violations recorded during the popular mobilizations of the social revolt of October 2019 in Chile, including the practice of torture, is reviewed.
Endoscopic surgery in gynecologic practice
Authors: Verhulst G. , Devroey P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn recent decades, the operative approach for several gynecologic diseases has changed from laparotomy to laparoscopy. New techniques and indications are continuously being developed. Laparoscopy offers a lot of advantages for the patient, but still a lot of additional data are required to determine the exact indications. Operative laparoscopy requires not only skill and experience, but also specialized equipment and paramedical staff. The most important topics for the gynecologist will be reviewed in this article.
Dysgerminoma of the ovary in a patient with triple‐X syndrome
Authors: Kemp B. , Hauptmann S. , Schröder W. , Amo‐Takyi B. , Leeners B. , Rath W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA 24‐year‐old patient with dysgerminoma of the right ovary and hypoplastic left ovary was screened for chromosomal aberration. Triple‐X syndrome was found in the oral epithelium and lymphocyte culture, while chromosomal in situ hybridization of the tumor itself showed a normal XX karyotype. Although trisomy X and dysgerminoma are coincidental findings in our case report, women with malignant germ cell tumors and abnormal genitalia should be checked for chromosomal aberrations to exclude anomalies carrying a Y chromosome.
Lithium: poisonings and suicide prevention
Authors: Montagnon F. , Saïd S. , Lepine J.P. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThis study concerns 81 cases of lithium poisoning and shows that deliberate intoxications are prevalent during the first 3 years of lithium treatment as well as in cases with a previous history of suicide attempt. Therapeutic intoxications could generally be avoided by education concerning hygiene and diet and careful monitoring in cases of intercurrent diseases.
Combined Effects of Temperature and Medium Composition on Exopolysaccharide Production by Lactobacillusrhamnosus RW‐9595M in a Whey Permeate Based Medium
Authors: Macedo Maria G. , Lacroix Christophe , Champagne Claude P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe effects of temperature (22–42 °C), whey permeate concentration (WP, 1.6–8.4%), and supplementation level with yeast nitrogen base (YNB, 0–2.0%) on exopolysaccharide (EPS) production was studied during 20 pH‐controlled (pH = 6.0) batch cultures with Lactobacillus rhamnosus RW‐9595M, using a central composite design (CCD). The EPS production was measured using both the conventional method based on ethanol precipitation of EPS and a new ultrafiltration (UF) method. EPS production was not growth‐associated for high temperatures (32–42 °C) and WP concentrations (7.0–8.4%). In contrast, at suboptimal temperature (22–26 °C), EPS production was growth‐associated. Maximal EPS production measured with the UF method was approximately 2‐fold higher than those measured with the conventional method and varied from 125 to 477 mg/L. This parameter was significantly influenced by WP and YNB*WP interaction, whereas ANOVA for maximal EPS production measured by the conventional method did not show significant factor effects. EPS volumetric productivities varied from 3.0 to 16.4 mg EPS/L·h. YNB supplementation did not promote cell growth but did increase EPS production at high WP concentrations. Our data indicate the potential of L. rhamnosus RW‐9595M for producing EPS in a supplemented WP medium and suggest that this production could be further increased by the addition of a growth‐limiting nutrient in the medium.