bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the impact of de‐escalation training on police behavior: Reducing police use of force in the Louisville, KY Metro Police Department
Authors: Engel Robin S. , Corsaro Nicholas , Isaza Gabrielle T. , McManus Hannah D. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractResearch summaryChanging police use of force policies and training to incorporate de‐escalation tactics is one of the most routinely recommended police reform measures. Despite widespread promotion and proliferation of de‐escalation trainings, to date, no research has empirically demonstrated that these trainings reduce use of force in the field (Engel, R. S., McManus, H. D., & Herold, T. D., 2020). Therefore, it is unknown if de‐escalation trainings actually reduce force, have no impact, or have unintended consequences that possibly increase injuries to officers or citizens. We collaborated with the Louisville Metro Police Department (LMPD) in 2019 to evaluate the impact of the Integrating Communications, Assessment, and Tactics (ICAT) de‐escalation training developed by the Police Executive Research Forum. Using a stepped‐wedge randomized controlled trial research design, the panel regression results demonstrated statistically significant reductions in use of force incidents (−28.1%), citizen injuries (−26.3%), and officer injuries (−36.0%) in the post‐training period. These significant reductions were larger than any changes in LMPD arrest patterns during the same period. Other possible time‐based confounders were also considered; the combined analyses show robust, consistent, and immediate impacts on use of force counts after training.Policy implicationsOur findings suggest that agencies should continue to implement and evaluate de‐escalation trainings and adopt other resiliency‐based approaches to police training. To facilitate long‐term changes in police behavior, a holistic approach is recommended that supports training tenets with complementary policies, supervisory oversight, managerial support, and community involvement in reform efforts. Finally, researchers must continue to support police executives willing to open their agencies for evaluation and oversight. Due to the LMPD's partnership with researchers, evidence now exists that de‐escalation training can make police encounters with the public safer for all. Continuing to implement and evaluate innovative police trainings is our best opportunity for meaningful changes in policing.
Inclusive human resource management in freelancers' employment relationships: The role of organizational needs and freelancers' psychological contracts
Authors: van den Groenendaal Sjanne Marie E. , Freese Charissa , Poell Rob F. , Kooij Dorien T. A. M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study aimed to advance our understanding of inclusive human resource management (HRM) in freelance employment. We examined organizational needs and freelancers' psychological contracts with a qualitative interview study among eight dyads of HR managers and freelancers. Although the findings showed that organisations and freelancers have different interests, both parties agreed on what inclusive HRM entails in freelancers' employment relationships. However, within the dyads, the content of the psychological contract was not always viewed the same by HR managers and freelancers. Hence, negotiating mutual expectations when implementing inclusive HRM to avoid psychological contract breach appeared important. Furthermore, organizational needs did not seem to be considered when designing inclusive HRM. Due to this lack of strategic fit, organisations may waste opportunities of tapping into the full potential of hiring freelancers. The findings provide organisations insight in considering freelancers as potential sources of competitive advantage.
Chromosome‐level de novo genome assembly of Telopea speciosissima (New South Wales waratah) using long‐reads, linked‐reads and Hi‐C
Authors: Chen Stephanie H. , Rossetto Maurizio , van der Merwe Marlien , Lu‐Irving Patricia , Yap Jia‐Yee S. , Sauquet Hervé , Bourke Greg , Amos Timothy G. , Bragg Jason G. , Edwards Richard J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTelopea speciosissima, the New South Wales waratah, is an Australian endemic woody shrub in the family Proteaceae. Waratahs have great potential as a model clade to better understand processes of speciation, introgression and adaptation, and are significant from a horticultural perspective. Here, we report the first chromosome‐level genome for T. speciosissima. Combining Oxford Nanopore long‐reads, 10x Genomics Chromium linked‐reads and Hi‐C data, the assembly spans 823 Mb (scaffold N50 of 69.0 Mb) with 97.8% of Embryophyta BUSCOs “Complete”. We present a new method in Diploidocus (https://github.com/slimsuite/diploidocus) for classifying, curating and QC‐filtering scaffolds, which combines read depths, k‐mer frequencies and BUSCO predictions. We also present a new tool, DepthSizer (https://github.com/slimsuite/depthsizer), for genome size estimation from the read depth of single‐copy orthologues and estimate the genome size to be approximately 900 Mb. The largest 11 scaffolds contained 94.1% of the assembly, conforming to the expected number of chromosomes (2n = 22). Genome annotation predicted 40,158 protein‐coding genes, 351 rRNAs and 728 tRNAs. We investigated CYCLOIDEA (CYC) genes, which have a role in determination of floral symmetry, and confirm the presence of two copies in the genome. Read depth analysis of 180 “Duplicated” BUSCO genes using a new tool, DepthKopy (https://github.com/slimsuite/depthkopy), suggests almost all are real duplications, increasing confidence in the annotation and highlighting a possible need to revise the BUSCO set for this lineage. The chromosome‐level T. speciosissima reference genome (Tspe_v1) provides an important new genomic resource of Proteaceae to support the conservation of flora in Australia and further afield.
Causal Attribution, Benefits Sharing, and Earnings Management*
Authors: Helikum Lukas J. , Tan Hun‐Tong , Xu Tu 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTWe conduct two experiments to investigate the joint effect of two justification factors of earnings management—namely, attribution for the firm's underperformance and benefits accruing to other employees from inflating reported earnings. This investigation is important because prior research examines the effects of individual justification factors, whereas real‐world settings entail more complexity involving multiple justification factors. In Experiment 1, we predict and find that managers are more likely to manage earnings when the firm's underperformance is caused by an external event and misreported earnings benefit other employees besides the reporting manager. Furthermore, we show that the extent to which participants use moral justifications mediates the effect of benefits sharing on earnings management, but only when causal attribution is external, and that it mediates the effect of causal attribution on earnings management, but only when benefits are shared. In Experiment 2, we use a neutral control condition that makes no mention of inconsistent incentives to demonstrate that it is the combination of causal attribution and benefits sharing that triggers earnings management. We contribute to the accounting and psychology literature by proposing and testing a theory that explains how multiple justification factors interact to cause opportunistic behavior. Our results suggest that policy‐makers and governing parties should consider developing a holistic view of possible justification factors, focusing on situational opportunities created by combinations of factors rather than individual factors alone.
The metabolome as a biomarker of aging in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Zhao Xiaqing , Golic Forrest T. , Harrison Benjamin R. , Manoj Meghna , Hoffman Elise V. , Simon Neta , Johnson Richard , MacCoss Michael J. , McIntyre Lauren M. , Promislow Daniel E. L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMany biomarkers have been shown to be associated not only with chronological age but also with functional measures of biological age. In human populations, it is difficult to show whether variation in biological age is truly predictive of life expectancy, as such research would require longitudinal studies over many years, or even decades. We followed adult cohorts of 20 Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP) strains chosen to represent the breadth of lifespan variation, obtain estimates of lifespan, baseline mortality, and rate of aging, and associate these parameters with age‐specific functional traits including fecundity and climbing activity and with age‐specific targeted metabolomic profiles. We show that activity levels and metabolome‐wide profiles are strongly associated with age, that numerous individual metabolites show a strong association with lifespan, and that the metabolome provides a biological clock that predicts not only sample age but also future mortality rates and lifespan. This study with 20 genotypes and 87 metabolites, while relatively small in scope, establishes strong proof of principle for the fly as a powerful experimental model to test hypotheses about biomarkers and aging and provides further evidence for the potential value of metabolomic profiles as biomarkers of aging.
Agricultural value chain development in Nepal: Understanding mechanisms for poverty reduction
Authors: Kafle Kashi , Songsermsawas Tisorn , Winters Paul 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis analysis investigates the potential mechanisms and the practical significance of agricultural value chain development in a geographically challenging rural area of a developing country. Using data from a carefully designed primary survey administered in a hill and mountainous region in Western Nepal, we show that linking small‐scale producers to regional and local traders can help increase income. Analysis of impact pathways shows that the positive impact on household income emerges through higher agricultural income, driven by higher sale volume at lower prices. Focusing on high value commodities in rural areas, where arable land is not always fully exploited or utilized, appears to lead to acreage expansion and some crop switching, contributing to higher supply albeit at lower prices. The positive impact on household income is practically significant; it helps improve household food security and asset accumulation. These findings are robust to alternative specifications. Targeted value chain interventions that strengthen and stabilize small‐scale producers’ access to markets can contribute to rural poverty reduction via increase in agricultural income.
Multiple shocks and households’ choice of coping strategies in Benin: The relative importance of climate shocks
Authors: Lokonon Boris O. K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper analyzes the extent to which shocks affect household education expenditures and the determinants of shock‐coping strategies in Benin, using the 2017 Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis survey data (14,300 households). The findings indicate that late‐onset/droughts, heavy rainfall/floods, and joblessness of a household member/reduction in income increase the likelihood to spend on education. Moreover, the occurrence of droughts/late onsets and floods/heavy rainfall lead to an increase and a decrease in education expenditures, respectively. Both idiosyncratic and covariate shocks force households to rely on shock‐coping strategies, with the effects of the latter (climate shocks) being among the highest.
An overview of the science and art of encapsulated pigments: Preparation, performance and application
Authors: Tawiah Benjamin , Asinyo Benjamin K. , Frimpong Charles , Howard Ebenezer K. , Seidu Raphael K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA successfully encapsulated pigment requires dispersants, pigment and a dispersion medium to build a thin layer of polymer over individual pigment particles. The stability of encapsulated dispersion is aided by the absorption of stabilising molecules on the surface. The stabilising molecules function by steric hindrance or Coulomb‐repulsion forces, which prevent the encapsulated pigments from advancing too close to each other for attractive forces to cause agglomeration. Unlike flocculation, agglomeration results in a cementitious network structure that is not easily redispersed by shear forces, hence the need for effective dispersion of encapsulated pigment intended for engineering applications. Besides dispersion forces, the quality of pigment dispersion, the pigment particle size, pigment density, viscosity of the dispersion, and the method of producing the pigment microcapsules, also affect the efficiency and the quality of encapsulated pigment dispersions. This article, therefore, provides up‐to‐date information on the various pigment encapsulation methods (with specific emphasis on phase separation, in situ polymerisation, emulsion and mini‐emulsion polymerisation, the sol‐gel method, inclusion complexation and layer‐by‐layer assembly), and also reviews the performance, the evaluation/test methods and applications of encapsulated pigments. This review provides important insight into the science and art of encapsulated pigment preparation for pigment dispersion technologists, researchers and consumers of pigment products in different fields of endeavour.
Outcomes of diabetic patients with end‐stage heart failure listed for heart transplantation: A propensity‐matched analysis
Authors: Akintoye Emmanuel , Alvarez Paulino , Salih Mohamed , Sellke Frank , Briasoulis Alexandros 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundWe investigated the current trends and outcomes of diabetic patients listed for heart transplants in the U.S. and provided a method for risk‐stratification.MethodsUsing data from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS), we identified heart failure patients listed for heart transplants between 2010 and 2019. Diabetic patients were propensity‐matched with non‐diabetics, and waitlist mortality as well as post‐transplant graft survival were compared between the two groups. Further risk‐stratification of diabetic patients was done based on the risk factors that independently predict graft failure.Results28,928 adult patients (30% diabetic) with end‐stage heart failure were added to the waitlist over the study period. In the propensity‐matched cohort, waitlist mortality was higher in diabetic patients compared to non‐diabetics (HR = 1.13 (95% CI = 1.04‐1.22, P = .002). Over the study period, 5739 patients with diabetes were transplanted. In the propensity‐matched cohorts of transplant recipients, the rate of graft failure was significantly higher for diabetic patients (23.3%) compared to non‐diabetics (20.4%); HR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.08‐1.26, P < .001. We identified 12 risk factors of graft failure among diabetic patients and developed a risk score that further risk‐stratify these patients. Diabetic patients at low risk (score≤4) had similar graft survival as patients without diabetes (HR = .91, 95% CI = .82‐1.01, P = .06). On the other hand, high‐risk diabetic patients had worse graft survival compared to non‐diabetics (HR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.38‐1.67, P < .001).ConclusionAmong patients with end‐stage heart failure, pre‐existing diabetes was associated with higher waitlist mortality and worse graft survival. However, with careful patient selection, graft survival is similar to those without diabetes.
Cutaneous Gamna‐Gandy bodies: An unusual case of dystrophic calcification
Authors: Sanford Jeffrey A. , Strausborger Stacy L. , Lewin‐Smith Michael R. , Royer Michael C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDystrophic calcification is a common histopathologic finding that can be concomitant with a plethora of diseases, ranging from self‐limited infections to insidious malignancies. Gamna‐Gandy bodies (GGBs) are a form of dystrophic calcification associated with chronic hemolysis and are typically observed in the spleen. In this report, we present the case of a 92‐year‐old man who presented with a 4‐mm blue papule that was biopsied given the concern for a blue nevus. The subsequent histopathologic examination of the biopsy specimen showed a dermal organizing hematoma adjacent to pale‐yellow to brown, refractile material within fibrotic collagen consistent with GGBs. Scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive x‐ray analysis (SEM/EDXA) revealed that the structures were composed of carbon (39%), oxygen (32%), iron (16%), phosphorus (7%), calcium (5%), and sodium (1%). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy identified amorphous calcium phosphate. GGBs have not been previously described in the skin and have been rarely characterized with SEM/EDXA in other sites.
Economic sanctions and shared supply chains: A firm‐level study of the contagion effects of smart sanctions on the performance of nontargeted firms
Authors: Sun Jie , Makosa Lewis , Yang Jinkun , Darlington Makosa , Yin Fangyuan , Jachi Moses 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe examine the effects of targeted economic sanctions on the performance of nontargeted firms sharing a common supply chain with targeted firms. We build on sanctions literature and contagion theory to develop a conceptual model that encapsulates the nexus between targeted sanctions, supply chains, and firm performance. Drawing on data from Zimbabwe, we find that nontargeted firms in the same supply chain as sanctioned firms perform poorly compared with other non‐sanctioned firms, signaling the effects of contagion. The mediation test indicates that economic sanctions reduce the performance of nontargeted supply chain member firms through reducing sales and increasing the cost of products, showing significant mediating effects. We also show that exports greatly affect nontargeted firms that depend heavily on targeted firms, whereas imports have a relatively low impact. The results of this study extend previous research on the adverse consequences of economic sanctions and supply chain networks and provide important guiding significance for firm managers, investors and policymakers on how to respond to smart sanctions.
Maladaptive motor cortical excitability and connectivity in polyneuropathy with neuropathic pain
Authors: Chiang Ming‐Chang , Hsueh Hsueh‐Wen , Yeh Ti‐Yen , Cheng Ya‐Yin , Kao Yi‐Hui , Chang Kai‐Chieh , Feng Fang‐Ping , Chao Chi‐Chao , Hsieh Sung‐Tsang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackground and purposeSensory symptoms, especially neuropathic pain, are common in polyneuropathy. Conventional diagnostic tools can evaluate structural or functional impairment of nerves but cannot reveal mechanisms of neuropathic pain. Changes in the brain after polyneuropathy may play roles in the genesis of neuropathic pain.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study investigated changes of cortical excitability within left primary motor cortex (M1) by measuring resting motor thresholds, short‐interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), intracortical facilitation (ICF), and afferent inhibition between polyneuropathy patients and controls, and investigated the correlates of these parameters with neuropathic pain and M1 structural and functional connectivity assessed by diffusion tractography imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsThirty‐three painful and 15 nonpainful neuropathic patients and 21 controls were enrolled. There were no differences in intraepidermal nerve fiber density, nerve conduction studies, thermal thresholds, or autonomic functional tests between patients with and without neuropathic pain. Compared to controls, neuropathic patients exhibited similar resting motor thresholds or afferent inhibition, but attenuated SICI and augmented ICF, especially in painful patients. Changes of intracortical excitability in neuropathic patients were correlated with intensities of neuropathic pain, and different presentations of SICI and ICF were noted between patients with and without thermal paresthesia. Additionally, short‐latency afferent inhibition at an interstimulus interval of 20 ms was associated with structural connectivity of left M1 with brain areas associated with pain perception.ConclusionsMaladaptive cortical excitability with altered structural connectivity in left M1 developed after peripheral nerve degeneration and was associated with neuropathic pain and sensory symptoms in polyneuropathy.
Rare variants in TP73 in a frontotemporal dementia cohort link this gene with primary progressive aphasia phenotypes
Authors: Tábuas‐Pereira Miguel , Santana Isabel , Almeida Maria Rosário , Durães João , Lima Marisa , Duro Diana , Kun‐Rodrigues Célia , Bras Jose , Guerreiro Rita 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackground and purposeTP73 was recently reported to cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). ALS and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) are considered to form part of a continuum. We aimed to investigate whether TP73 variants may be associated with FTD.MethodsWe studied a thoroughly investigated cohort of 65 Portuguese patients with frontotemporal dementia using whole‐exome sequencing. The patients had no other known genetic cause for their disease (C9orf72 expansion was also excluded).ResultsOf the 65 patients studied, two had rare variants in TP73 (p.Gly605Ser and p.Arg347Trp). Both variants had minor allele frequency <0.001 and were predicted to be pathogenic in silico. The two patients displayed a phenotype that included predominant language impairment, suggestive of non‐fluent progressive aphasia.ConclusionWe show that two thoroughly studied patients without other known genetic changes harbored TP73 rare variants, which are pathogenic in silico. This adds evidence to support the role of TP73 in the ALS–FTD spectrum, especially in primary progressive aphasia cases.
Spatiotemporal expression of NRAS and occurrence of giant congenital melanocytic nevi
Authors: Aimaier Rehanguli , Chung Manhon , Zhu Hainan , Yu Qingxiong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe mechanism underlying giant congenital melanocytic nevus (GCMN) formation is not fully understood. According to recent research, NRAS gene mutation is the main driving factor in GCMN. Melanocytic precursor cells proliferate during the embryonic stage after acquiring NRAS mutations. However, why GCMN undergoes intense proliferation in the embryonic stage and then stops postnatally remains unknown. The current theory for this phenomenon is that the GCMN undergoes oncogene‐induced senescence. However, there is not enough evidence to indicate that senescence induces growth arrest in GCMN. In this study, we hypothesized that the expression level of the NRAS gene changes dynamically during the development and differentiation of neural crest cells into melanocytes and that the NRAS expression level determines whether the cell proliferates or becomes quiescent.