bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Call Me Cassandra
Authors: Graham Maryemma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights Margaret Walker’s completion of her autobiography. Her first task was to frame her story and identify its themes. Early notes show that she considered the psychological condition of Black women in America: oppression, stress, anxiety, sexism, racism, and fascism. Five other approaches emerged as a way to frame her thoughts: mythological, twentieth-century American history, war and world revolution, sociological, geography and the physical environment, and a more purely aesthetic approach. She eventually settled on “Call Me Cassandra” after abandoning “The Vision Splendid” as a first title. The preference for mythology was decidedly tactical, and choice of Cassandra rhetorical. Greek mythology was a favorite class she taught at Jackson State, but her firm belief in the African origins of civilization always gave her an opportunity to make her point. That the autobiography of a Black writer could not be divorced from the history of the African American literature tradition made sense. The choice of Cassandra makes clear Walker’s understanding of cultural syncretism that became African American culture, formed out of European, African, and Indigenous elements in the Americas. It was the kind of story that could draw readers into a web of facts and good storytelling.
Destabilization of Established Journalism Practices
Authors: Kosterich Allie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 considers the technological, economic, and social events that contributed to the destabilization of the established news industry practices. Drawing on analysis of interviews with industry practitioners and a large body of industry documents, the evidence suggests that these changes created an opportunity space for the entrance of new players outside the traditional boundaries of the news industry. These new entrants came in the form of emergent actors and organizations bringing in new skills and expertise that led to further deinstitutionalization of the profession. The chapter then turns to the case study of journalist employment networks, which show that early news nerd hires came from industries external to news such as technology and marketing; however, as the institutional change process progressed, news nerd hires were increasingly driven from within the news industry itself.
Gaining Decision Advantage in the Anglo-Spanish War
Authors: Sims Jennifer E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores whether the English or the Spanish were relatively more empowered by intelligence at three levels of decision-making: strategic, operational, and tactical. The key decisions that shaped the eventual outcomes were King Philip’s decision as early as 1571 to topple Queen Elizabeth in a series of covert actions and invasions known as the “Enterprise of England”; the queen’s decision for war against Spain in 1587; the English decision to redesign the queen’s navy; the Spanish decision to maintain traditional galleons and invade the English Channel with them; the queen’s decision to embed pirates and privateers in her newly redesigned navy and, in 1588, to prevent them from leaving the Channel; the king’s decision to sustain his complex invasion plan, despite bad weather, logistical issues, and poor communications.
Gaining Advantage
Authors: Sims Jennifer E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Union had in 1861 significant opening advantages in competitive knowledge, but still lost the first major battle of the war at First Manassas. By midwar, Union commanders had engineered improved intelligence architectures, yet lost again at Chancellorsville (1863). The discussion in this chapter explores what role intelligence played in key decisions on both sides. Did the South just get lucky, engineer intelligence advantages, or reap the benefits of bad intelligence flowing to decision-makers in the North? The study finds that intelligence failures in Washington and among Union generals handed over advantages that the Confederates fully exploited in both cases. In addition, however, the Confederates also generated intelligence advantages, especially for Generals Joe Johnston and Beauregard at First Manassas, that were probably essential to their success.
The European Context
Authors: Börsch-Supan Axel , Ferrari Irene , Pasini Giacomo , Salerno Luca 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Abstract: To understand the potential future of working longer in America, we compare trends in health and employment in Europe with those in the United States. While health in Europe improved between 2004 and 2018 among older adults (aged 65 to 85), we find the opposite for middle-aged adults (aged 50 to 64). In this respect, Europe is experiencing negative developments similar to those in the United States. In terms of employment, however, Europe is different than the United States. We do not find any sign that employment rates of middle-aged individuals are stagnating or falling. On the contrary, employment has increased steadily since the late 1990s. It is too early to conclude what implications the stalling health trend of the middle-aged cohorts will have for labor force participation among older Europeans in 10 or 15 years. We argue that economic considerations, such as public pension and disability insurance policies, are likely to continue to have a greater influence on rates of early retirement than health.
The Link between Health and Working Longer
Authors: Berger Ben , Lopez-Garcia Italo , Maestas Nicole , Mullen Kathleen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Abstract: Good health is important for employment at older ages. However, little is known about how health-related functional abilities interact with occupational demands to shape work capacity. Using new data, we quantify individuals’ functional abilities, combine that information with occupation-specific ability requirements, and create new measures of individuals’ potential occupations and earnings. We find that average functional abilities, potential occupations, and potential earnings decline only slightly with age, indicating that many Americans maintain work capacity into their late 60s. Gaps in work capacity by race/ethnicity and gender are small, suggesting health is not a major driver of observed earnings disparities. However, gaps in work capacity by education are large and increase with age, suggesting diminished prospects for working longer among those with less education. Although work capacity among Black respondents improves across cohorts, today’s middle-aged white Americans have lower work capacity than those now at retirement age, suggesting rising rates of work disability as these cohorts age.
Dying with Your Boots On
Authors: Gatta Mary , Horning Jessica 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Abstract: For many older workers, retirement, in the traditional sense of a financially secure period of leisure after a lifetime of work, is elusive. This chapter examines the experiences of low-wage older workers who try to stay employed – both for the ready cash and in order to increase their monthly Social Security benefits by delaying claiming – and the economic consequences for those who stop working. Using both quantitative and qualitative methods, we examine the reality of low-wage older workers’ lives. First, we explore how economically secure low-wage older workers would be if they no longer worked, and how this security varies across career income levels, cohorts, and age of claiming Social Security benefits. Then, using ethnographic data, we share the lived experiences of older workers including the challenges they face as they age and the strategies they use to make ends meet at and beyond traditional retirement ages.
Ad Hoc, Limited, and Reactive
Authors: Berg Peter , Piszczek Matthew M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Abstract: The economic and social consequences of population aging depend in large part on how employers respond to an aging workforce. Although previous research offers aspirational suggestions about what management and labor organizations should do to help older workers, remarkably little is known about what they are actually doing to manage an older workforce. We use both survey data and in-depth qualitative interviews at manufacturing firms to explore the organizational response to workforce aging in the United States and Germany. We find that organizations do not see workforce aging as a major threat to human capital. As a result, organizational responses are largely ad hoc, limited, and reactive. They tend to focus on strategically important workers, thus increasing occupational inequalities in retirement flexibility. However, we also find that older workers in Germany have more flexibility in later working lives than those in the United States due to institutional differences in worker representation, working time arrangements, and social policy, demonstrating that productive responses to workforce aging are possible.
How Does Social Security Reform Indecision Affect Younger Cohorts?
Authors: Shoven John B. , Slavov Sita Nataraj , Watson John G. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Abstract: The Social Security trust fund will be exhausted in the early 2030s. The U.S. government will need to make a choice about how to address the impending trust fund exhaustion, but it is unclear what it will choose to do. This indecision leaves young and middle-aged workers not knowing whether they will face Social Security benefit cuts, payroll tax increases, or an increase in the full retirement age. This uncertainty about what will happen in the future causes young and middle-aged cohorts who are saving for retirement to make mistakes that could be avoided if the government decided earlier what will happen when the trust fund runs dry. This paper examines the cost of government indecision on Social Security reform. We calculate the value that people in different income classes and different birth cohorts would receive if the government decided now what it will do when the trust funds are exhausted. We find that the cost of indecision can be large. In some cases, the value of knowing today what the policy change will be in 2035 is worth more than two months of labor market earnings.
Diversity and Viewpoints
Authors: Vivian Bradford 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The doctrine of viewpoint diversity has provided a seemingly intellectual basis for campus misinformation. Yet that allegedly fresh doctrine, this chapter argues, is a semantic repackaging of unscientific partisan polemics. Defining intellectual diversity based on an obligatory balance between partisan perspectives creates artificial viewpoint parity, not a diverse spectrum of social and political perspectives. This chapter shows how polemics about viewpoint diversity threaten intellectual diversity, academic freedom, and First Amendment freedoms not only in universities but also in political journalism and state educational policies. The chapter advocates a robust definition of diversity on college campuses that includes a wealth of people and perspectives far beyond privileged identity categories or partisan stereotypes. Demonstrating that obligatory parity among two dominant political ideologies impedes meaningful intellectual diversity is a necessary prelude to encouraging more constructive public discourse about higher education.
Pseudoscience
Authors: Vivian Bradford 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Pseudoscientific techniques helped campus misinformation grow in popularity and intellectual legitimacy during the late 2010s. The pretense of data-driven scientific argument played a crucial role in elevating campus misinformation to a semipermanent form of punditry and intellectual commentary. Yet appeals to social psychological theories about “safetyism,” opinion polls, experimental research, and databases in campus misinformation often involve verbally assembled facsimiles of scientific argument rather than sound scientific claims. This chapter promotes, as a byproduct of its main argument, a practical knowledge of standards and principles that distinguish sound scientific argument from specious approximations of it, whether in debates about higher education or in other arenas of democratic argument. The chapter thus illustrates confusions of correlation with causation, misleading secondhand reports about experimental research, poor wording in opinion polls, and spurious statements of research methods.
How to Study Public Space
Authors: Low Setha 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10. How to Study Public Space? The Toolkit for the Ethnographic Study of Space (TESS) in Tompkins Square Park, Manhattan, New York City and Other Strategies presents a qualitative methodology for undertaking grassroots research and utilizing local knowledge. The Toolkit for the Ethnographic Study of Space (TESS) was designed for students and community members who want to understand everyday social and spatial life. Ethnography—a cultural description of a place—is a way to uncover the rules, beliefs, feelings, and practices that make up public culture. TESS uncovers the dynamics of social contact, public culture, and affective atmosphere that influence use, access, and inclusion. Tompkins Square Park offers an example of how to use TESS to uncover conflicts among residents, regular users, and visitors using behavioral and movement maps, participant observation, interviews, and historical documents. Other methods—questionnaires and surveys, behavioral checklists, digital participatory mapping, Minecraft, and design-based evaluation models—are also reviewed.
The Gratifications of Whiteness
Authors: Myers Ella 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This is the first book-length study of W. E. B. Du Bois’s conceptualization of American whiteness. While many popular and scholarly accounts of Du Bois’s thought focus on his famous claim that whiteness has functioned as a “public and psychological wage” in the United States, this book reveals a more complex analysis that speaks powerfully to contemporary conditions. Whiteness, Du Bois shows us, is not one thing, but many. Focusing on three key motifs found in his work—wage, pleasure, dominion—this book investigates the “gratifications of whiteness” Du Bois theorized. It argues that whiteness is composed not only of the status rewards that secure capitalism but also the enjoyment of gratuitous Black suffering and a quasi-religious conviction that the world belongs to those marked as “white.” In addition, the book brings Du Bois’s ideas into creative encounter with the present. It shows that Du Bois can help us recognize contemporary whiteness as a multifaceted formation, which provides a sense of social standing (wage), delivers feelings of pleasure born of Black pain (pleasure), and sanctions a worldview in which white skin supplies a “title to the universe” (dominion). The book also explores whether and how these patterns of racialized gratification might be undone.
Whiteness as Wage
Authors: Myers Ella 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter revisits Du Bois’s well-known formulation of whiteness as a “public and psychological wage,” premised on the denigration of Blackness and “feeding the vanity” of even the poorest white Americans. First, the chapter shows that Du Bois does not mean that racial division is solely a mechanism of capitalist social control. Rather, Du Bois’s understanding of the wage is embedded within his account of racial capitalism, which emphasizes the co-constitution of capitalism and racism and does not privilege either class- or race-based hierarchy as more “fundamental.” Next, the chapter explains why the metaphorical “wage” Du Bois theorizes is not only “psychological” but also “public,” involving monopolization of “rights of enjoyment and accommodation in the common wealth.” The chapter illustrates this point by reflecting on decades-long opposition to racial integration policies in US K–12 public schools, which demonstrates that whiteness has been widely defended as a “wage” well into the 21st century.
Whiteness as Dominion
Authors: Myers Ella 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines a third motif found in Du Bois’s work, which figures whiteness as dominion. The chapter shows that Du Bois presents “modern” whiteness as a proprietary orientation toward the planet in general and toward “darker peoples” in particular. It examines how this “title” is expressed and reinforced in the twentieth century by the Jim Crow system of racial signs in the “afterlife of slavery” and by violent “colonial aggrandizement” worldwide. The analytic of white dominion allows Du Bois to productively link phenomena often regarded as discrete, namely domestic and global forms of white supremacy and practices of exploitation and dispossession within racial-colonial capitalism. Ultimately, the chapter argues that this racialized ethos of ownership is best understood as a comprehensive lived faith. It concludes by reflecting on two contemporary examples—the Bundy standoffs and the phenomenon captured by #Livingwhileblack—that illustrate the continuing effects of this worldview.
Epilogue
Authors: Myers Ella 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Epilogue considers recent signs—in public opinion, protest activity, and popular culture—indicating that more white Americans are alert to problems of racial domination than in the recent past. Although this apparent shift is ambiguous and fraught, it nonetheless presents an opening for potential radicalization. Borrowing from Du Bois’s political theory of racial capitalism and his radical-utopian vision of a free society, as well as later Black Power models of white political agency, the Epilogue affirms bold emancipatory projects such as contemporary abolitionism as sites for organizational and coalitional work by whites. The patterns of racialized reward that lie at the center of the book impede, without entirely foreclosing, the transformed society Du Bois long imagined.
The Pleasures of Virtue
Authors: Austin Emily A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Epicurean account of virtue and responds to the objection that Epicurean hedonism is inconsistent with a firm commitment to justice and courage. Epicurus claims that it is “impossible to live pleasantly without living prudently, honourably, and justly,” yet our experience suggests otherwise. Doing the right thing often feels quite unpleasant, while injustice seems to promise great pleasures. Epicurus argues that the unjust suffer fear of discovery, punishment, or shame. In addition, the unjust find themselves unable to build and maintain trusting friendships, which Epicurus considers necessary for happiness. Finally, a desire to commit injustice usually arises from a more general dissatisfaction with one’s life and what one possesses. When we cease to desire things that are unnecessary for tranquility, we lose the most common motives for committing injustice.
Living Unnoticed: Politics and Power
Authors: Austin Emily A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Epicurus’ enigmatic advice to “live unnoticed” and develops an account of Epicurean political involvement consistent with their conception of justice and tranquility. Epicurus recommends “a quiet life and withdrawal from the many,” and he thinks his followers should “free” themselves from the “prison” of politics. His apparent rejection of the active political life has led many critics to label the Epicureans a selfish band of social dropouts. This chapter shows that Epicurean politics is indeed more likely to be local and small-scale, but not out of selfishness or indifference to others. They are limited by three considerations—their rejection of the corrosive desires, their relatively limited set of political priorities, and their desire to put their energies to best use. Nevertheless, Epicureans respect the necessary interests of others, and they will pursue those interests in a way consistent with their tranquility, even at grave risk.
Greed for Life
Authors: Austin Emily A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the Epicurean idea that an intense desire to live longer, especially to live forever, is unhealthy and undermines tranquility. Epicurus thinks that any “unlimited” desire—a desire for more and more of something—can never be satisfied. Such desires also indicate dissatisfaction with what we have. While it might make sense to root out a greedy desire for unlimited money or power, the desire to live longer and longer seems less obviously problematic. In fact, on some models of hedonism, a longer life with more pleasures adds up to a more pleasant life overall. Epicurus, though, rejects an “additive” conception of pleasure. This chapter explains Epicurus’ view that tranquility is complete at every moment, so that one does not have more of it by having it longer. For Epicurus, desiring life without limit keeps us from fully appreciating the life we have because it focuses our attention on what is not currently in our possession.
Foodies, Dinner Parties, and Wine Snobs
Authors: Austin Emily A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the Epicurean commitment to shared dining and celebration. While Epicurus has suffered some neglect as a philosopher, his reputation as a foodie seems secure. The Roman Philosopher Seneca once derided the Epicureans as a “shade-loving clan of philosophizing banqueters.” Epicurus’ name on a sign in France means “fancy food here.” Yet for Epicurus, the point of communal eating is to bring people together, not to showcase our culinary talents or exceptional taste. The Epicureans dined together whether they ate beans or exotic cheese. Focusing on the quality of the food or the setting at the expense of the company can produce the counterproductive result of keeping us from relishing, or even initiating, the joyful pleasure of social dining.
Macbeth before Shakespeare
Authors: Hudson Benjamin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Macbeth before Shakespeare is the history of a man and a myth. The man is the historical King Mac bethad while the myth is his literary descendant Macbeth. During the five and a half centuries before William Shakespeare wrote his Tragedie of Macbeth, the man was replaced by the myth that was recreated in the hands of successive authors. The real prince’s ancestors had been immigrants to Britain from Ireland and Mac bethad’s career began after the murder of his father by his cousins. The literary character was created as the family of his rival Malcolm Canmore became supreme and wrote their own history with Macbeth as their villain. The evolution continued, and in the fifteenth century Macbeth was accompanied by otherworldly beings, diabolical prophecies, and natural phenomena. He was recast early in the sixteenth century and took his place in the intellectual warfare of Scotland. The legend moved to England in Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles where a new Macbeth had a complex personality with fashionable interests in law and unfashionable ones in the occult. The succession of King James I of England led English acting companies, such as the Lord Chamberlain’s Men with actor and playwright William Shakespeare, to produce plays with Scottish scenes or characters. King James became their patron, and as a member of the King’s Men, Shakespeare wrote his Tragedie of Macbeth, one of their most popular plays from the seventeenth century to the present.