bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Etude des budgets-temps d’un groupe de Macaques de Java (Macaca fascicularis) : Mise en évidence d’une synchronisation des activités
Authors: Deputte Bertrand 
Published: November 2022

The time-budget of a captive group of crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) has been established for every age-and sex-category. Several activities can be considered as characte¬ ristic of certain categories. A number of activities occurred at the same time in different age-and sex-categories, while others, such as rest and locomotion, took place simultaneously in the whole group. Simultaneous grooming was most often observed among juveniles of both sexes and adult females.
The time-budget of the captive crab-eating monkeys did not differ greatly from that of free-living groups of other species. This might suggest that the roles of the various age-and sex-categories are much more influenced by social parameters than by environmental ones. The “structure of attention” as defined by Chance (1967) might be one of the factors involved in the differentiation of the social roles and in the synchronization of activities.
Structure et dynamique du peuplement avien d’un mattoral aride (Bolson de Mapimi, Mexique)
Authors: Thiollay Jean-Marc 
Published: November 2022

The shrub desert avian community of a Southern Chihuahuan desert of North Western Mexico has been studied during the breeding season and in early spring. An index of the abundance of every species was obtained by sampling the five main habitats. In the two seasons, densities, species richness and species diversity, increase from the low plain (playa) to the mountain slopes (cerro), with a winter optimum around the drying ponds (lagunas), where many local birds and most of the migrants concentrate. Only 12 % of the breeding species disappear completely in winter, 29 % are partial migrants and 59 % are sedentary, enlarging or narrowing in winter their range of habitats. Outside mere seasonal movements, year to year fluctuations, probably due to differences in annual rainfall, seem important.
In the playa, granivorous birds are three times more abundant than insectivores in summer, and decrease by 50 % in winter, as do the other birds. In the wooded habitats, insectivores have the same overall density as granivores in the breeding season, but decrease much more in winter. Only some granivorous species become gregarious outside the breeding season, the size of their groups being correlated to the amount of food available. They begin to breed mostly during the summer rains, while many insectivores nest earlier in the spring.
Interspecific competition, presumably high in this relatively species-rich desert environment (47 breeding species, 18 wintering species and 56 occasional migrants), is reduced by a very sharp ecological segregation of the niches (habitat selection, strata used, foraging behavior, diet, breeding periods, etc.). This is further enforced by interspecific territoriality and aggressive behavior, as well as by a high taxonomic diversity (all the major sympatric genera are monospecific). The number of species per family decreases with increasing density or species richness.
Chapitre 3. Transferts et stockage de l'eau et des sels dans le système nappe aquifère-sol-plante
Authors: Heurteaux Pierre , Servant Jean 
Published: November 2022

La répartition spatiale des différentes espèces de salicornes en Camargue est conditionnée, 1) par les variations de la composition chimique et la dynamique saisonnière des solutions salines dans la zone d’aération des sols halomorphes, 2) par la salinité et la dynamique des eaux souterraines, 3) par la durée de la submersion des sols en période pluvieuse. Ces conditions sont à leur tour régies par les facteurs de la pédogénèse locale : morphologie de basse plaine littorale sub-horizontale (nappe aquifère peu profonde et salée), héritage sédimentaire holocène (texture fine du matériau) et climat (évaporation > précipitations).
Les mouvements verticaux des solutions du sol se traduisent par des profils salins et hydriques relativement simples à établir, mais qui ne permettent pas de quantifier directement la salinité et la pression osmotique des solutions, car toute l’eau présente dans le sol n’est pas disponible pour la solubilisation des sels et tous les sels présents ne sont pas toujours à l’état dissous, surtout dans les horizons proches de la surface du sol où se manifestent en été des accumulations de NaCl (salant blanc et salant pulvérulent), de CaC12 (salant humide) et de gypse souvent associé au calcaire.
Pour accéder aux solutions du sol, deux méthodes ont été employées suivant les valeurs du pF. Pour les pF bas (période hivernale), l’extraction des solutions en place par des batteries de bougies poreuses, a permis de connaître les variations saisonnières de salinité (tableau 3.11) et d’établir un modèle du processus de dessalement au cours de la période automne-hiver. Pour les fortes valeurs du pF, une méthode indirecte a consisté à essayer de reconstituer les solutions du sol à partir des profils hydriques et salins et des lois réglant la composition ionique des solutions salines en voie de concentration.
La faible profondeur de la nappe aquifère et la texture fine du matériau, favorables à l’ascension capillaire des solutions du sol assurent, dans la plupart des cas, une bonne alimentation en eau des zones rhizosphériques même en été, malgré la forte sollicitation vers le haut (E et ET). Les contraintes hydriques qu’ont à subir les halophytes résultent plus du potentiel osmotique des solutions salines (50 à 100 bars) que du potentiel capillaire.
D’autre part, les différences de salinité des premiers décimètres des sols en été ne sont pas assez nettes sous les différentes espèces de salicornes pour expliquer leur répartition spatiale. Par contre, les différences de salinité des eaux souterraines sont bien marquées (35 à 70 g.l-1 sous Salicornia fruticosa, 80 à 110 g.l-1 sous Arthrocnemum glaucum) et l’exploitation de la nappe aquifère par un réseau racinaire profond, associée à la résistance plus ou moins grande à la submersion hivernale, peut expliquer cette répartition spatiale.
Chapitre 10. Influence du parcours d’un pâturage halomorphe de Camargue par un groupe de chevaux camarguais sur la structure de la végétation et sur les communautés des invertébrés
Authors: Corre Jean-Jacques , Bigot Louis , Poinsot-Balaguer Nicole 
Published: November 2022

The impact of a small herd of horses upon the “sansouire” biotic community has been studied over three years, by comparison of grazed and ungrazed (enclosed) plots.
The changes in the vegetation cover and soil fauna are described. Five categories of changes are distinguished : a decrease in frequency of some plant or animal species following grazing and/or trampling, a recolonization of patches of bare ground, an increase in species frequency following grazing, and quantitative variations not related to grazing.
Trampling during one year did not significantly change the structure of the communities of invertebrates living within the soil or above ground. Some differences, however, were noted in the equitability of the soil fauna. Collembola and mites reacted differently to the grazing and trampling pressure of the horses.
Chapitre 11. Le système social en Camargue. Dynamique actuelle
Authors: Degenne Alain 
Published: November 2022

Throughout its history, drastic changes have occurred in the Camargue. Progress in agriculture has been characterized by an increased productivity and mechanization. This region is no longer an isolated area ; it is directly affected by general social trends and is directly dependent on the economic changes at the national and even international level.
Environmental conservation in the Camargue is made difficult for a number of reasons peculiar to the area : connections between agricultural and industrial capital investments, lack of relationships between landowners and labour, political connections of local “ elites ” with the central government, emergence of a so-called regional power, and increased dependence of the local economy upon international markets. The present situation is characterized by three features : continuous investment in agricultural production, land speculation, and increased social inequalities.
A big surge in agricultural profits has characterized the post-war period. This is why land investments in the Camargue have been maintained in spite of the industrial boom. More recently, profitability has decreased, but the general economic trend has also sharply slackened. The land now appears to offer strong incentive for land speculation and for social differentiation. A significant economic recovery could lead to the division of some large estates and to an increase in tertiary activities. There is no reason why the Regional Park should slow down such a change ; it could become the locus for dialogue it was meant to be. In any case, the future of the Camargue now depends more upon changes in the national economy than upon regulations of any kind.
Chapitre 2. Aperçu de l’histoire socio-économique de la Camargue
Authors: Picon Bernard 
Published: November 2022

Following the development of agriculture (wine and rice production) in the «upper» areas of the Camargue, and the development of salt-pans in the «lower» areas of the delta during the xixth century, a buffer-zone of brakish lagoons was established between these two areas subjected to different (if not antagonistic) land-use policies. The first French nature reserve was privately set up in 1928 in this central part of the Camargue, considered at first as an unproductive zone which could well be left to the care of naturalists.
However, following the growing public interest in outdoor recreation, nature and wildlife, former marginal areas are now increasingly considered as valuable assets for the future : the former natural history reserve has thus became a National Nature reserve, and many large estates are now mostly used for upper-class recreational activities (mostly hunting). A complete reversal of values has now taken place to satisfy the need of crowded urbanites for «free» space and «virgin» grounds. This new interest in what was formerly unproductive ground, and the conflicting interests between private and public recreational activities, might well give rise to social conflicts at the regional level in the near future.
Méthodes d’étude du régime alimentaire du Lapin de garenne Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.) par l’analyse micrographique des fèces
Authors: Chapuis Jean-Louis 
Published: November 2022

Two methods of identifying dietary items in the fecal pellets of the European Wild Rabbit are compared : one based on identification of the epidermal cells of the consumed plants, the other on identification of plant silica bodies. The validation study has been carried out in Brittany, western France, in a heath and a dune-heath ecotone.
The epidermal cells technique has been found to be most useful in identifying the plant components of the Rabbit diet, and to follow their seasonal changes in occurence. The identification of 200 plant fragments taken at random in a mixture of five fecal samples collected in different parts of a given warren is shown to be sufficient to give a reliable picture of the diet of the colony members at a given time. Silica bodies determination is time consuming and costly ; it allows the identification of a number of plant species, but cannot be recommended as a routine technique.
Distribution et abondance des oiseaux terrestres de l’île de la Réunion (Océan Indien)
Authors: Barré Nicolas 
Published: November 2022

The species richness of the existing avifauna of Réunion (Mascarene archipelago) is low : only 29 species of land birds, of which 11 endemics.
The habitat selection, diet, breeding periodicity, altitudinal range and seasonal movements of both the native and introduced species are compared, based on personal observations made from December 1979 to August 1981. The density estimates of most of the terrestrial species were made along existing paths, through the most characteristic habitats of the island. The effects of a major hurricane («Hyacinthe», January 1980) on the bird fauna are described.
Whereas most of the introduced species are granivorous and restricted to the open and cultivated parts of the island, all the surviving native species feed on insects, fruit or nectar. The latter arc now limited to the various forested habitats, which still cover a large part of the island. There are two exceptions. Among the introduced species Foudia madagascariensis is the only one to enter the forests areas ; and, among the endemic species only Zosterops borbonica has invaded man-modified environments in the lowlands. This last species has apparently filled all the available new habitats created by man during the past few centuries.
Among the endemics, Saxicola tectes has a very wide distribution, found in the few relict patches of lowland rain forest, close to sea level, as well as on the bare top of the Piton des Neiges (3 069 m). Terpsiphone bourbonnensis and Coracina newtoni have well defined ecological niches, but some competition occurs between the two species of white-eyes Zosterops olivacea and Z. borbonica wherever their respective ranges overlap. The single native raptor, a harrier Circus maillardi, is not limited to the more open habitats of the island ; it occurs in forested areas as well, hunting for small birds in the forest canopy.
All the insectivorous and frugivorous species, including the introduced Acridotheres tristis, breed seasonally from the end of August to the beginning of January, whereas the granivorous species tend to reproduce more or less continuously throughout the year. Circus maillardi breeds from the middle of January to the end of May.
Etude complémentaire sur la biologie de l’amphibien déserticole Bufo pentoni : données de squelettochronologie et d’écodémographie
Authors: Francillon H. , Barbault R. , Castanet Jacques , Ricqlès A. de 
Published: November 2022

Afin de compléter les données concernant la structure d’une population de Bufo pentoni, amphibien déserticole de la région sahélienne, l’âge individuel d’un échantillon de 74 individus adultes (mâles et femelles) d’une population du Sénégal a été déterminé par la méthode squelettochronologique.
Diverses difficutés d’interprétation liées à la variabilité individuelle ont été rencontrées mais l’utilisation conjointe des données histologiques, morphométriques et statistiques a permis de proposer une interprétation cohérente de la structure d’âge de l’échantillon.
La confrontation des résultats squelettochronologiques et des données écologiques logiques suggère que Bufo pentoni atteint l’état adulte à deux ans environ, que le recrutement annuel de nouveaux individus au sein de la population reproductrice est très variable et que la structure d’âge de la population est donc hétérogène, toutes caractéristiques démographiques en rapport avec le caractère variable du milieu. L’espérance de vie est plus élevée que celle envisagée précédemment avec une longévité in natura pouvant être égale ou supérieure à 6 ans.
Les plantes à tubercules de la forêt dense d’Afrique Centrale
Authors: Hladik Annette , Bahuchet Serge , Ducatillion Catherine , Hladik C.M. 
Published: November 2022

The different species of rain-forest plants developing starchy tubers were studied around Makokou (N.E. Gabon) and in the Lobaye River district (S.W. Central African Republic).
A detailed description of the tuberous parts is given, particularly in wild yams (Dioscorea spp.) to help to elucidate the taxonomic status of a number of species. The unusual morphology of yams belonging to the Enanthiophyllum section required the use of three new descriptive terms borrowed from the Aka pygmies, namely «Mbolo» for a lignified plateau, «Mosway» for the fingerlike expansions, and «Yoko» for the spherical terminal edible parts.
The different underground storage structures are considered as adaptive to the rain-forest environment. During the long period that most plants spend in the shade of the undergrowth (as the «set of the future», Oldeman, 1974), the energy stored in tubers is more likely to escape insect and/or vertebrate predation than the aerial parts of other plant species. Accordingly, many tuberous plant taxa, both dicots and monocots, might well have originated in rain-forest areas rather than in more seasonal woodlands or savannas.
Counts were made along very narrow transects to estimate the number per hectare of stems visible above ground level (Tables III to V). The number of stems averaged 97/ha in the closed forest of the Lobaye, but can reach locally higher values (up to 24,000/ha) in open areas. In the latter places the distribution of tuberous plants was clumped, and therefore more likely to be successfully exploited by animal consumers ; most of their tubers, however, were poisonous. By contrast, the tuberous plants found in the closed forest did not contain highly toxic alkaloids and were rich in starch (up to 80 %, dry weight) and protein (up to 10 %) (Tables VII to IX). Stem densities were lower in Gabon than in the Central African Republic.
An estimate of the underground tuber biomass has been made at Makokou (Table VI). The tuber biomass was even higher in the Lobaye District ; a standing crop of more than 5000 kg of wild yams can remain available throughout the year on the home range of an Aka pygmy group.
The benefits of energy storage in tubers and the reproductive strategies of the various plant species concerned are discussed in relation to the selective pressures exerted by animal consumers, not forgetting human traditional hunter-gatherers.
La réaction aux traumatismes : comparaison entre les arbres et les coraux
Authors: Dauget Jean-Marc 
Published: November 2022

Observations and in situ experiments carried out between 1981 and 1983 near Pari Island, Seribu Archipelago, Java Sea, showed that reef-building corals can reiterate their specific colony architecture after being subjected to an environmental trauma which irreversibly alters their characteristic appearance.
Besides trees (Oldeman, 1974 ; Hallé, Oldeman and Tomlinson, 1978) many fixed colonial organisms such as hydroids, gorgonians, sponges and corals, display this process of architectural adjustment. Reiteration appears to be a fundamental characteristic of sessile organisms.
A propos des stratégies d’infestation chez les protozoaires parasites ou endocommensaux des amphibiens anoures du Cameroun
Authors: Amiet Jean-Louis , Affa'a Félix-Marie 
Published: November 2022

The way protozoan parasites and commensals enter the intestinal tract of Anurans is still poorly understood. The observations and preliminary experiments reported in this paper were made in Cameroon, whose rich and varied Amphibian fauna opens new possibilities to test the hypothesis so far put forward.
The favoured, if not unique, hosts of these protozoans are the tadpoles. Not a single case of transmission at the egg stage was noticed. Contamination of adult animals is unlikely, except for Xenopine frogs.
Encystment was seldom observed, never within the intestinal tract itself. On the contrary, some experiments tend to indicate that cysts enter the host by ingestion at the tadpole stage, and remain quiescent until metamorphosis.
An aquatic environment seems to be a necessary condition for the transmission of these parasites ; they were never found in species whose eggs undergo direct development. The case of those tree frogs of genera Chiromantis, Afrixalus and Hyperolius which build foam-or leaf-nests is typical ; young tadpoles hatching from eggs laid in natural conditions were never found infected with protozoan parasites.
As for the protozoans which are restricted to adult’s intestinal tracts, they have to enter their hosts before metamorphosis, at the tadpole stage, and remain quiescent for a time.
Adult Phrynodon sandersoni, a species whose tadpoles have a non-functional gut, never harbour parasitic protozoans.
Coadaptation entre rythmes de fructification et frugivorie en forêt tropicale humide du Gabon : mythe ou réalité ?
Authors: Gautier-Hion Annie , Duplantier Jean-Marc , Emmons L. , Feer F. , Heckestweiler P. , Moungazi A. , Quris R. , Sourd C. 
Published: November 2022

Fruiting patterns were studied for a year in lowland evergreen forest at Makokou, Gabon. Temporal patterns of fruiting were analysed according to vegetative life-form of the parent, morphological fruit type, seed dispersal mode and seed weight. In addition, fruiting cycles of 109 individuals of 13 species were monitored for two years. The results are summarized as follows :
1. Fruiting at Makokou is seasonal : fruiting peaks occur during the major rainy season and minor dry season, while the major dry season and minor rainy season are periods of fruit scarcity. A comparison with data from earlier years shows that there can be large inter-year variations in fruiting patterns.
2. There are some differences in the amplitude of fruiting seasonality depending on the parental life-form : as a group, medium-sized trees are the most strongly seasonal, emergent trees are less so. The monthly patterns of numbers individuals fruiting also differ between life-forms, as does the timing of fruiting peaks.
3. There is no clear seasonal difference in the amplitude of fruiting seasonality for different morphological types of fruits, or seed dispersal modes. Moreover, the yearly maxima in numbers of fruiting species are the same for anemochores, zoochores and autochores ; however, seasonal patterns differ depending on the fruit type (dehiscent vs indehiscent ; dull-colored fleshy fruit vs brightly-colored fleshy fruit).
4. There is no clear difference in amplitude of seasonality for fruits with different seed weights.
5. Analysis by species shows that regardless of dispersal mode, there is a complete gradient from species with strong seasonality, either annually uni-modal, or bi-modal, to those with weak seasonality and fruit production throughout most of the year.
6. Monitoring individual trees showed that among zoochorous species there can be annual, biennal or multiannual cycles, with regular, irregular or without obvious periodicity, and with fruiting synchrony or asynchrony among individuals of the same species. These results are compared to those reported for other tropical rainforests. Although we showed in a simultaneous study that there are broad suites of morphological fruit characters associated with broad categories of consumers (Gautier-Hion and al., 1985), the results presented here do not suggest an evo¬ lutionary influence of consumers on the timing of fruiting. While it is possible by selecting appropriate species subsets to suggest correlations demonstrating the influence of dispersal agents on phenology, it is likewise possible by choo¬ sing different subsets to formulate hypotheses about fruiting phenology in which coadaptation with dispersers does not play any role.