bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cryptic Species of Freshwater Sculpin (Cottidae: Cottus) in California, USA
Authors: MOYLE PETER B. , CAMPBELL MATTHEW A. 
Published: June 2022

The Riffle Sculpin (Cottus gulosus) is a small, bottom-dwelling fish regarded as widespread in the cool-water streams that flow into California’s Central Valley and into streams of the central California coast. Using population genomics, supported by other genetic, distributional, and meristic studies, we demonstrate that C. gulosus consists of three cryptic species with four subspecies (five lineages), all but one entirely endemic to California:

Cottus pitensis, Pit Sculpin Bailey and Bond 1963
Cottus gulosus, Inland Riffle Sculpin (Girard 1854)

g. gulosus: San Joaquin Riffle Sculpin (Girard 1854), nominate subspecies
g. wintu: Sacramento Riffle Sculpin, Moyle and Campbell 2022, new subspecies

Cottus ohlone, Coastal Riffle Sculpin Moyle and Campbell 2022, new species

o. ohlone, Ohlone Riffle Sculpin Moyle and Campbell 2022, nominate subspecies
o. pomo, Pomo Riffle Sculpin Moyle and Campbell 2022, new subspecies.

The three species are endemic to California watersheds although the range of C. pitensis extends into southeastern Oregon. All are confined to cool headwater streams or to rivers with cold water releases below dams. Their populations are increasingly isolated from one another because of anthropogenic changes to California’s river systems and some are threatened with extinction. Providing taxonomic recognition of the distinct forms will improve conservation efforts on their behalf. This study also demonstrates how genomics can be used to resolve situations where signals from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA are in conflict.
Recently Amplified Interannual Variability of the Great Lakes Ice Cover in Response to Changing Teleconnections
Authors: Lin Yu-Chun , Fujisaki-Manome Ayumi , Wang Jia 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The interannual variability of the annual maximum ice cover (AMIC) of the Great Lakes is strongly influenced by large-scale atmospheric circulations that drive regional weather patterns. Based on statistical analyses from 1980 to 2020, we identify a reduced number of accumulated freezing degree days across the winter months in recent decades, a step-change decrease of AMIC after the winter of 1997/98, and an increased interannual variability of AMIC since 1993. Our analysis shows that AMIC is significantly correlated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and the Pacific–North American pattern (PNA) before the winter of 1997/98. After that, the AMIC is significantly correlated with the tropical–Northern Hemisphere pattern (TNH) and eastern Pacific oscillation (EPO). Singular value decomposition of the 500-hPa geopotential height and surface air temperature shows a dipole pattern over the northeast Pacific and North America, demonstrating the ridge–trough system. This dipole pattern shifts northward to the northern Rocky Mountains, placing the Great Lakes region in the trough after 1997/98. This shift coincides with the increased interannual variability of the EPO index, as well as the change in the sea surface temperature (SST) over the northeast Pacific, where the second mode of the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) on SST shows a warm blob-like feature manifested over the Gulf of Alaska. The regression of wave activity flux onto the SST EOF shows that the source of upward and eastward propagation of a stationary Rossby wave shifts to the west coast of North America, likely moving the ridge–trough system eastward after the winter of 1997/98.

Significance Statement
We found that the Great Lakes annual maximum ice cover decreased after one of the strongest El Niño–Southern Oscillation events in 1997/98 and that its year-to-year fluctuations increased in the recent 20 years. After the winter of 1997/98, the Great Lakes annual maximum ice cover started to correlate with the warm sea surface temperature anomaly in the northeast Pacific, which appears to disrupt the polar vortex far up in the stratosphere, and the polar vortex ultimately shifts eastward the ridge–trough system over North America. When the shifted system develops enough, it can encase the Great Lakes region in the Arctic air and thereby cause larger year-to-year fluctuations. This connection was found to be characteristic in the recent few decades, after the winter of 1997/98.
Sand supplementation favors tropical seagrass Thalassia hemprichii in eutrophic bay: implications for seagrass restoration and management
Authors: Jiang Zhijian , Liu Songlin , Cui Lijun , He Jialu , Fang Yang , Premarathne Chanaka , Li Linglan , Wu Yunchao , Huang Xiaoping , Kumar Manoj 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Sediment is crucial for the unique marine angiosperm seagrass growth and successful restoration. Sediment modification induced by eutrophication also exacerbates seagrass decline and reduces plantation and transplantation survival rates. However, we lack information regarding the influence of sediment on seagrass photosynthesis and the metabolics, especially regarding the key secondary metabolic flavone. Meanwhile, sulfation of flavonoids in seagrass may mitigate sulfide intrusion, but limited evidence is available.

Results
We cultured the seagrass Thalassia hemprichii under controlled laboratory conditions in three sediment types by combining different ratios of in-situ eutrophic sediment and coarse beach sand. We examined the effects of beach sand mixed with natural eutrophic sediments on seagrass using photobiology, metabolomics and isotope labelling approaches. Seagrasses grown in eutrophic sediments mixed with beach sand exhibited significantly higher photosynthetic activity, with a larger relative maximum electron transport rate and minimum saturating irradiance. Simultaneously, considerably greater belowground amino acid and flavonoid concentrations were observed to counteract anoxic stress in eutrophic sediments without mixed beach sand. This led to more positive belowground stable sulfur isotope ratios in eutrophic sediments with a lower Eh.

Conclusions
These results indicated that coarse beach sand indirectly enhanced photosynthesis in T. hemprichii by reducing sulfide intrusion with lower amino acid and flavonoid concentrations. This could explain why T. hemprichii often grows better on coarse sand substrates. Therefore, it is imperative to consider adding beach sand to sediments to improve the environmental conditions for seagrass and restore seagrass in eutrophic ecosystems.
Long-term high-risk drinking does not change effective doses of propofol for successful insertion of gastroscope in Chinese male patients
Authors: Hao Pei-Pei , Tian Tian , Hu Bin , Liu Wei-Chao , Chen Ying-Gui , Jiang Tian-Yu , Xue Fu-Shan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Available literature indicates that long-term drinkers demand a higher dose of propofol for induction of anesthesia than non-drinkers. However, there is no study having assessed the influence of long-term high-risk drinking (LTHRD) on the effective doses of propofol for successful insertion of gastroscope with sedation. This study was designed to compare the effective doses of propofol for successful insertion of gastroscope between LTHRD and non-drinking (ND) Chinese male patients.

Methods
Thirty-one LTHRD patients and 29 ND male patients undergoing elective gastroscopy with propofol sedation were enrolled. The modified Dixon’s up-and-down method was applied to determine the calculated median effective dose (ED50) of propofol for successful insertion of gastroscope. Furthermore, the isotonic regression analysis was used to establish the dose–response curve of propofol and assess the effective doses of propofol where 50% (ED50) and 95% (ED95) of gastroscope insertions were successful.

Results
The calculated ED50 of propofol for successful insertion of gastroscope was 1.55 ± 0.10 mg/kg and 1.44 ± 0.11 mg/kg in the LTHRD and ND patients. The isotonic regression analysis further showed that ED50 and ED95 of propofol for successful insertion of gastroscope was 1.50 mg/kg (95%CI, 1.40–1.63) and 1.80 mg/kg (95%CI, 1.74–1.90) in the LTHRD patients, respectively; 1.40 mg/kg (95% CI, 1.27–1.57) and 1.60 mg/kg (95%CI, 1.56–1.65) in the ND patients. The ED50 of propofol for successful insertion of gastroscope was not significantly different between LTHRD and ND patients.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that the difference in the estimated ED50 of propofol for successful insertion of gastroscope between LTHRD and ND Chinese male patients was not statistically significant.

Trial registration
The study was registered on November 28, 2020 (ChiCTR2000040382) in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry.
Accidental epidural catheter removal rates and strength required for disconnection: a retrospective cohort and laboratory study
Authors: Ishida Yoshiaki , Homma Yoichiro , Kawamura Takashi , Sagawa Masatoshi , Toba Yoshie 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Epidural catheters are associated with certain risks such as accidental epidural catheter removal, including dislodgement and disconnection. Globally, neuraxial connector designs were revised in 2016 to provide new standardization aimed at decreasing the frequency of misconnections during the administration of medications. However, no studies have investigated accidental epidural catheter removal after the revised standardization. This study aimed to examine differences in dislodgement and disconnection rates associated with different catheter connector types, and to investigate the linear tensile strength required to induce disconnection.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study included adult patients who underwent elective surgery and received patient-controlled epidural analgesia. Patients were divided into groups according to the type of catheter connection used: old standard, new standard, and new standard with taping groups. Furthermore, we prepared 60 sets of epidural catheters and connectors comprising 20 sets for each of the old, new, and taping groups, and used a digital tension meter to measure the maximum tensile strength required to induce disconnection.

Results
This clinical study involved 360, 182, and 378 patients in the old, new, and taping groups, respectively. Dislodgement rates did not differ statistically among the three groups, while there was a significant difference in disconnection rates. Propensity score matching analysis for disconnection rates showed no difference between the old and new groups (2.8% vs. 4.5%, p = 0.574), while the new group had higher rates than the taping group (6.5% vs. 0%, p = 0.002). This laboratory study identified that a tensile strength of 12.41 N, 12.06 N, and 19.65 N was required for disconnection in the old, new, and taping groups, respectively, and revealed no significant difference between the new and old groups (p = 0.823), but indicated a significant difference between the new and taping groups (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
This clinical study suggested that dislodgement rates did not change among the three groups. Both clinical and laboratory studies revealed that disconnection rates did not change between the old and new connectors. Moreover, as a strategy to prevent accidents, taping the connecting points of the catheter connectors led to an increase in the tensile strength required for disconnection.
Short term outcome after left atrial appendage occlusion with the AMPLATZER Amulet and WATCHMAN device: results from the ORIGINAL registry (saxOnian RegIstry analyzinG and followINg left atrial Appendage cLosure)
Authors: Kretzler Lucie , Mues Christoph , Wunderlich Carsten , Langbein Anke , Spitzer S. G. , Gerk Ulrich , Schellong Sebastian , Ketteler Thomas , Neuser Hans , Schwefer Marcus , Strasser Ruth , Ibrahim Karim , Schoen Steffen , Christoph Marian 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Various randomized multicenter studies have shown that percutaneous left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) is not inferior in stroke prevention compared to vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and can be performed safely and effectively.

Aims
The prospective multicenter ORIGINAL registry in the Free State of Saxony (saxOnian RegIstry analyzinG and followINg left atrial Appendage cLosure) investigated the efficiency and safety of LAAC with Watchman or Amulet device in a real word setting. A special focus was put on the influence of LAAC frequency on periprocedural efficiency and safety.

Methods and results
The total of 482 consecutive patients (Abbott Amulet N = 93 and Boston Scientific Watchman N = 389) were included in the periinterventional analyses. After 6 weeks, 353 patients completed the first follow-up including transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) (73.2%). Successful LAAC could be performed in more than 94%. The complication rate does not significantly differ between device types (p = 0.92) according to Fischer test and comprised 2.2% in the Amulet and 2.3% in the Watchman group. The kind of device and the frequency of LAAC per study center had no influence on the success and complication rates. Device related thrombus could be revealed more frequently in the Watchman group (4.5%) than in the Amulet group (1.4%) but this difference is still not significant in Fisher test (p = 0.14). Same conclusion can be made about residual leakage 1.1% versus 0% [not significant in Fisher test (p = 0.26)]. Dual antiplatelet therapy followed the intervention in 64% and 22% of patients were discharged under a combination of an anticoagulant (VKA/DOAC/Heparin) and one antiplatelet agent.

Conclusions
The ORIGINAL registry supports the thesis from large, randomized trials that LAAC can be performed with a very high procedural success rate in the everyday clinical routine irrespective of the used LAA device (Watchman or Amulet). The postprocedural antithrombotic strategy differs widely among the participating centers.
Trial registration Name of the registry: "saxOnian RegIstry analyzinG and followINg left atrial Appendage cLosure", Trial registration number: DRKS00023803; Date of registration: 15/12/2020 'Retrospectively registered'; URL of trial registry record: https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial.HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00023803.
Reliability and validity of the FFQ and feeding index for 7-to 24-month-old children after congenital heart disease surgery
Authors: Lei Yiling , Liu Yang , Hu Chunmei , Cui Yanqin , Gao Rui , Li Xiuxiu , Zhu Yanna 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common congenital defect in neonates. Infants with CHD often have more nutritional difficulties, but currently, there is no unified Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) for infants and young children aged 7–24 months in China. Therefore, we designed this study to assess the reliability and validity of the FFQ and feeding index for 7-to 24-month-old children after congenital heart disease surgery.

Methods
From July to October 2018, infants and young children aged 7–24 months after congenital heart disease surgery in Guangzhou were selected. Participants were categorized into two groups, in the first group (n = 95), the FFQ was completed twice at intervals of 7–10 days to assess reproducibility. In the second group (n = 98), participants accomplished both the FFQ and the 24-h diet records from 3 consecutive days to assess validity. The score of the Infant and Child Feeding Index (ICFI) and its qualified rate were caculated. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Spearman correlation coefficient (SCC) were calculated for reliability and validity, respectively.

Results
The average intraclass correlation coefficients and spearman correlation coefficient of the FFQ were 0.536 and 0.318, all with statistical significance except the frequency of meat added. The ICFI of the first group was 8.61 (± 3.20), the qualified rate was 0.06% (6/95). The intraclass correlation coefficients of the ICFI ranged from 0.374 to 0.958; and the spearman correlation of the ICFI was -0.066 to -0.834.

Conclusions
The FFQ possesses satisfactory reliability and moderate validity. The reliability of the ICFI is acceptable, but the validity results are quite different, indicating that the questionnaire is limited in the evaluation of the ICFI.
Violent victimization and revictimization in patients with depressive disorders: context characteristics, disclosure rates, and gender differences
Authors: Christ C. , de Waal M. M. , Kikkert M. J. , Fluri D. G. , Beekman A. T.F. , Dekker J. J.M. , van Schaik D. J.F. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Depressed patients are prone to violent victimization, and patients who were victimized once are at increased risk to fall victim to violence again. However, knowledge on the context of victimization in depressed patients is lacking, and research identifying targets for prevention is urgently needed.

Methods
This cross-sectional study explored context characteristics, disclosure rates and gender differences regarding violent victimization in 153 recently victimized depressed patients. Additionally, 12-month prevalence rates of repeat threat, physical assault, and sexual assault were examined, and gender differences were investigated using t-tests, Chi-square tests, and Fisher’s exact tests. Furthermore, logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with repeat victimization.

Results
Overall, depressed men were most often victimized by a stranger in public, and women by their partner or ex-partner at home. Regarding sexual assault, no gender differences could be examined. Patients were sexually assaulted most often by an acquaintance (50.0%) or stranger (27.8%). In all patients, the most recent incidents of threat (67.6%) and physical assault (80.0%) were often preceded by a conflict, and only a minority had been intoxicated prior to the assault. Notably, less than half of patients had disclosed their recent experience of threat (40.6%) and physical assault (47.1%) to their mental health caregiver. For sexual assault, this was only 20%. Less than one third of patients had reported their recent experience of threat (27.9%), physical assault (30.0%) and sexual assault (11.1%) to the police. 48.4% of patients had been victimized repeatedly in the past year, with no gender differences found. Only depressive symptoms and unemployment were univariately associated with repeat victimization, but not in the multiple model.

Conclusions
The high prevalence of repeat victimization in depressed patients and their low disclosure rates stress the need to implement routine enquiry of victimization in mental health care, and to develop preventive interventions accounting for specific needs of men and women.
Health care seeking in modern urban LMIC settings: evidence from Lusaka, Zambia
Authors: Clarke-Deelder Emma , Afriyie Doris Osei , Nseluke Mweene , Masiye Felix , Fink Günther 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
In an effort to improve population health, many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have expanded access to public primary care facilities and removed user fees for services in these facilities. However, a growing literature suggests that many patients bypass nearby primary care facilities to seek care at more distant or higher-level facilities. Patients in urban areas, a growing segment of the population in LMICs, generally have more options for where to seek care than patients in rural areas. However, evidence on care-seeking trajectories and bypassing patterns in urban areas remains relatively scarce.

Methods
We obtained a complete list of public health facilities and interviewed randomly selected informal sector households across 31 urban areas in Lusaka District, Zambia. All households and facilities listed were geocoded, and care-seeking trajectories mapped across the entire urban area. We analyzed three types of bypassing: i) not using health centers or health posts for primary care; ii) seeking care outside of the residential neighborhood; iii) directly seeking care at teaching hospitals.

Results
A total of 620 households were interviewed, linked to 88 health facilities. Among 571 adults who had recently sought non-emergency care, 65% sought care at a hospital. Among 141 children who recently sought care for diarrhea, cough, fever, or fast breathing, 34% sought care at a hospital. 71% of adults bypassed primary care facilities, 26% bypassed health centers and hospitals close to them for more distant facilities, and 8% directly sought care at a teaching hospital. Bypassing was also observed for 59% of children, who were more likely to seek care outside of the formal care sector, with 21% of children treated at drug shops or pharmacies.

Conclusions
The results presented here strongly highlight the complexity of urban health systems. Most adult patients in Lusaka do not use public primary health facilities for non-emergency care, and heavily rely on pharmacies and drug shops for treatment of children. Major efforts will likely be needed if the government wants to instate health centers as the principal primary care access point in this setting.
Optimization of a protocol for the evaluation of antibody responses to human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in low-resource settings
Authors: Donkoh Emmanuel Timmy , Dassah Edward Tieru , Owusu-Dabo Ellis 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Available human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines could have an important primary role in cervical cancer prevention once their long-term immunogenicity and safety are evaluated at the population level. The aim of this study was to optimize an assay to be used in evaluating the long-term durability of HPV vaccine response following a pilot vaccination of adolescent girls in Ghana.

Methods
A rapid, high-throughput, indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was optimized for the detection and quantitation of anti-HPV L1 (late expression protein: types 6, 11, 16 and 18) immunoglobulin G (IgG) in human serum (n = 89). The utility of the assay was demonstrated using serum collected from a cohort of pre-adolescent girls (n = 49) previously vaccinated with a quadrivalent vaccine and non-immune serum obtained from age-matched controls (n = 40).

Results
The assay showed good discrimination of antibody levels between cases and control sera: seroprevalence of anti-HPV IgG antibodies was significantly higher among vaccinated than unvaccinated girls for both HPV-16 (63.3% vs. 12.5%; p < 0.001) and HPV-18 (34.7% vs. 20.0%; p = 0.042), respectively. Thirty-six months after receiving the third dose of vaccine, significantly higher mean anti-HPV-16 (0.618 vs. 0.145), anti-HPV-18 (0.323 vs. 0.309), and anti-HPV-6 (1.371 vs. 0.981) antibody levels were measured, compared to unvaccinated girls (all p < 0.05). A correlation between optical density and antibody activity indicated assay sensitivity to increasing levels of antibody activity.

Conclusion
We have successfully optimized and implemented a robust and sensitive assay for the evaluation of antibody responses among immunized adolescent girls for monitoring future large-scale HPV vaccination studies in low-income settings. Our results demonstrated greater immunoglobulin G antibody activity within serum drawn from adolescent girls immunized 36 months prior.