bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Shame to Pride
Authors: Dukhan Haian 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This article is about the word Shawaya. Before the Syrian uprising, many Syrians used the term Shawaya in a derogatory manner when referring to a class of people perceived as backward, uneducated and vulgar. However, during the course of the Syrian uprising and subsequent civil war, self-identification as a Shawi (the singular of Shawaya) became more prevalent among people belonging to this group of Syrian society. The Syrian uprising created a space for Shawaya to express their identity openly. As the Syrian uprising turned into a protracted conflict, the Shawi identity transformed into a political one as it became associated with the rural-urban divide characterizing the conflict. This article aims to explore the social and political implications of the word Shawaya in contemporary Syrian political culture by exploring the term and attempting to show how members of this group today express their Shawi identity both politically and socially.
Infiltrators among Us
Authors: Ibold Nura 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This article focuses on the word ‘Mundas’ (plural Mundasīn), which literally translates as ‘infiltrator’, and was one of the words most frequently used to describe those opposing the Syrian regime. The word was rarely used within the Syrian political repertoire before the outset of the revolution. However, it soon became a marker separating those who supported President Bashar al-Assad from those who did not. In the context of the Syrian war, the Mundasīn, according to the regime’s narrative, hide within the masses of al-Assad’s supporters, creating disorder, and do not reflect the demands of the ‘good’ Syrian people. As claimed by this official narrative and emphasized by its media, those infiltrators were radicalized terrorists invited from abroad to generate chaos in Syria. Consequently, the armed forces of the regime blamed these Mundasīn and allegedly had no choice but to repress protests in order to protect peaceful demonstrators from their brutality. The article explores the origin of Mundas and the ways it was used within Syrian media. It reflects on the divergent interpretations and uses of the word as a common expression identifying oneself and asserting membership in a certain group on the one hand and challenges the negative meaning of the word advocated by the government and its agencies on the other. It also researches the word’s evolution within social media platforms, in both texts and graphics, and discusses popular uses in caricature drawings, slogans and songs.
The Rise of China’s Zhao Lijian Diplomacy: A Time Series Analysis
Authors: Liu Kerry 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
China’s wolf warrior diplomacy has attracted extensive attention since 2020. One of the most prominent “wolf warriors” is Zhao Lijian, China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson. Based on weekly Google Trends datasets between August 21, 2016 and August 8, 2021, this study provides a quantitative description of the development of Zhao Lijian diplomacy. Employing Granger causality tests and autoregressive distributed lag models, this study finds that Zhao Lijian diplomacy is part of China’s wolf warrior diplomacy. Most importantly, COVID-19 may be the only factor that has driven the rise of Zhao Lijian diplomacy. This study contributes to academia by presenting a new quantitative approach to international relations studies and contributes to our understanding of China’s foreign policy.
Analysis of Electric Vehicle Collisions in the United States: An Epidemiological Study
Authors: Alter Noah , Ngatuvai Micah , Beeton George , Atoa Andrew , Wajeeh Hassaan , Ibrahim Joseph , Elkbuli Adel 
Published: November 2022

Introduction Despite the increase in electric vehicle sales in the US, their impact on injuries and fatalities is still understudied. We aim to evaluate injuries and fatalities associated with electric vehicle collisions in the US. Methods The study utilized electric vehicle injury and fatality data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS). All electric vehicle models available within the FARS database and sold in the US from 2014 to 2020 were selected. Electric vehicle models were matched to analogous motor vehicles when possible. Results No significant increase in electric vehicle fatality per capita (FPC) was found during the study period (2014: .41 vs 2020: 1.42, per 100 000 electric cars, P = .080). However, 82% of all fatalities occurred on non-intersectional local roadways with 46% occurring in the presence of speeding, 14% in the presence of fire, and 38% involving a driver with an elevated blood alcohol content (BAC). The Tesla Model S, Kia Niro, and Hyundai IONIQ accounted for the most fatality per capita (17.89 vs 10.27 vs 8.42, per 100 000 electric cars). Upon comparison of electric vehicles to analogous motor vehicles produced within the same year, the Hyundai IONIQ had a significantly lower FPC compared to the Hyundai Elantra (7.33 vs 23.51, per 100 000 electric cars P = .034). Conclusion While no significant increase in electric vehicle fatality per capita (FPC) was found, the total number of electric vehicle fatalities did increase significantly during the study period (2014-2020). Furthermore, a significant proportion of these fatalities is directly related to speeding, fire, and intoxicated driving.
Distinct clinicopathological features of ovarian endometriosis after long-term exposure to mifepristone
Authors: Pan Yongmiao , Wu Tingting , Shi Haiyan 
Published: November 2022

Objective Mifepristone has been used to treat endometriosis, but it can cause a constellation of endometrial alterations. Our study investigated the effects of long-term mifepristone on ovarian endometriosis. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinicopathological changes of ovarian endometriosis in 11 Chinese patients after long-term low-dose mifepristone therapy and compared these alterations with those observed in eutopic endometrium and adenomyosis side-by-side. Immunohistochemistry was applied to investigate estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and Ki67 expression in eutopic and ectopic endometrium. Results Nearly all patients had a pelvic mass and elevated serum CA125 levels. The ovarian lesions were grossly solid, cystic-solid, or cystic. They had a grayish–reddish appearance and a fleshy, honeycomb-like cut surface. The ovarian lesions shared morphological features with the uterine endometrium, and they were characterized by dilated, crowding endometrial glands with non-physiological changes. Immunostaining revealed consistent staining for ER and PR and a low Ki67 index in both eutopic and ectopic endometrium. Conclusions Our findings suggest that ovarian endometriosis can mimic an endometrioid borderline tumor after long-term mifepristone administration. Careful histological assessment and related clinical information are critical for the correct interpretation of these rare entities.
Distal Biceps Tendon Ruptures: Diagnostic Strategy Through Physical Examination
Authors: Zwerus Elisa L. , van Deurzen Derek F.P. , van den Bekerom Michel P.J. , The Bertram , Eygendaal Denise 
Published: November 2022

Background: Distinguishing a complete from a partial distal biceps tendon rupture is essential, as a complete rupture may require repair on short notice to restore function, whereas partial ruptures can be treated nonsurgically in most cases. Reliability of physical examination is crucial to determine the right workup and treatment in patients with a distal biceps tendon rupture. Purposes: The primary aim of this study was to find a (combination of) test(s) that serves best to diagnose a complete rupture with certainty in the acute phase (≤1 month) without missing any complete ruptures. The secondary aims were to determine the best (combination of) test(s) to identify a chronic (>1 month) rupture of the distal biceps tendon and indicate additional imaging in case partial ruptures or tendinitis are suspected. Study Design: Cohort study (Diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods: A total of 86 patients with anterior elbow complaints or suspected distal biceps injury underwent standardized physical examination, including the Hook test, passive forearm pronation test, biceps crease interval (BCI), and biceps crease ratio. Diagnosis was confirmed intraoperatively (68 cases), by magnetic resonance imaging (13 cases), or by ultrasound (5 cases). Results: A combination of the Hook test and BCI (ie, both tests are positive) was most accurate for both acute and chronic ruptures but with a different purpose. For acute complete ruptures, sensitivity was 94% and specificity was 100%. In chronic cases, specificity was also 100%. Weakness on active supination and palpation of the tendon footprint provided excellent sensitivity of 100% for chronic complete ruptures and partial ruptures, respectively. Conclusion: The combination of a positive Hook test and BCI serves best to accurately diagnose acute complete ruptures of the distal biceps tendon. Weakness on active supination and pain on palpation of the tendon footprint provide excellent sensitivity for chronic complete ruptures and partial ruptures. Using these tests in all suspected distal biceps ruptures allows a physician to refrain from imaging for a diagnostic purpose in certain cases, to limit treatment delay and thereby provide better treatment outcome, and to avoid hospital and social costs.
Survivorship and Reoperation of 324 Consecutive Isolated or Combined Arthroscopic Meniscal Allograft Transplants Using Soft Tissue Fixation
Authors: Grassi Alberto , Di Paolo Stefano , Coco Vito , Romandini Iacopo , Filardo Giuseppe , Lucidi Gian Andrea , Marcacci Maurilio , Zaffagnini Stefano 
Published: November 2022

Background: Meniscal allograft transplant (MAT) is an effective treatment for relieving symptoms and improving knee function in patients who experience symptomatic unicompartmental knee pain after a previous meniscectomy. However, the literature contains a paucity of studies assessing the survival rate and prognostic factors of soft tissue MAT. Purpose: To report the survivorship of a large, single-center cohort of consecutive patients treated with arthroscopic MAT using soft tissue technique and to investigate variables that could potentially influence failures and outcomes. Study design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Consecutive MAT procedures totaling 364 performed in a single institution between June 2004 and April 2019 were screened and assessed for eligibility. Subjective clinical scores (Lysholm score, Tegner activity scale, and visual analog score) were collected preoperatively and at 2, 5, 7, and 10 years of follow-up. Two survival analyses were performed using Kaplan-Meier curves, with surgical failure (defined as any graft revision) and clinical failure (defined as a Lysholm score <65 points) used as endpoints. Univariate analyses were performed using reoperations, surgical failure, clinical failure, and different demographic and surgical characteristics as endpoints. Results: A total of 324 consecutive patients were evaluated at a mean follow-up 5.7 ± 3.0 years. Of these, 189 (58%) underwent an associated surgical procedure. A total of 22 patients (6.8%) were considered to have experienced surgical failure, and no predictors of surgical failure were identified based on the relevant variables. When all patients were considered, a significant improvement in all of the patient-reported outcome measures was present between the preoperative assessment and the last follow-up ( P < .001), with no significant decrease over time. Moreover, 70 (21.6%) patients were considered to have experienced clinical failure; the need for concurrent cartilage procedures (odds ratio, 0.16; P = .001) and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction (odds ratio, 0.40; P = .059) were predictors of failure. Finally, a lower survival rate was reported in female patients compared with male patients (49% vs 69%, respectively; P = .007) and in patients who required cartilage surgery ( P = .014). In particular, patients who required cartilage surgery showed nearly half the survival rate compared with those with required no cartilage procedures at 10-year follow-up (36.4% vs 71%, respectively; P = .029). Conclusion: Female sex and the need to combine MAT with a cartilage procedure or ACL reconstruction could result in an increased rate of clinical failure at midterm follow-up.
Interobserver Variability and Accuracy of Preoperative CT and MRI in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Size Estimation: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Cocquempot Romain , Bonnin Angèle , Barat Maxime , Naveendran Gaanan , Dohan Anthony , Fuks David , Terris Benoit , Coriat Romain , Hoeffel Christine , Marchese Ugo , Soyer Philippe 
Published: November 2022

Purpose: To assess interobserver variability and accuracy of preoperative computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) size estimation using surgical specimens as standard of reference. Methods: Patients with PDAC who underwent preoperative CT and MRI examinations before surgery were included. PDAC largest axial dimension was measured by 2 readers on 8 MRI sequence and 2 CT imaging phases (pancreatic parenchymal and portal venous). Measurements were compared to actual tumour size at pathologic examination. Interobserver variability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots. Differences in tumour size (Δdiameter) between imaging and actual tumour size were searched using Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results: Twenty-nine patients (16 men; median age, 70 years) with surgically resected PDAC were included. Interobserver reproducibility was good to excellent for all MRI sequences and the 2 CT imaging phases with ICCs between .862 (95%CI: .692-.942) for fat-saturated in-phase T1-weighted sequence and .955 (95%CI: .898-.980) for portal venous phase CT images. Best accuracy in PDAC size measurement was obtained with pancreatic parenchymal phase CT images with median Δdiameters of −2 mm for both readers, mean relative differences of −9% and −6% and no significant differences with dimensions at histopathological analysis ( P = .051). All MRI sequences led to significant underestimation of PDAC size (median Δdiameters, −6 to −1 mm; mean relative differences, −21% to −11%). Conclusions: Most accurate measurement of PDAC size is obtained with CT images obtained during the pancreatic parenchymal phase. MRI results in significant underestimation of PDAC size.
Predictors of serum vancomycin levels in peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis
Authors: Deacon Erin , Canney Mark , McCormick Brendan , Brown Pierre , Biyani Mohan , Zimmerman Deborah 
Published: November 2022

Background: Intraperitoneal (IP) vancomycin is often first-line empiric therapy for peritoneal dialysis (PD) peritonitis; however, whether dosing should be adjusted for patient-specific characteristics remains unclear. We sought to identify factors associated with the day 3 vancomycin serum level in patients receiving vancomycin for PD peritonitis. Methods: Retrospective single-centre adult cohort of 58 patients with PD peritonitis treated with IP vancomycin between January 2016 and May 2022. Linear regression was used to examine the association between day 3 vancomycin level and candidate predictors including age, sex, weight, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urea and creatinine clearance (total, residual, dialysate), PD modality, peritoneal solute transfer rate and initial vancomycin dose. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the likelihood of achieving a level (≥15 mg/L) associated with these predictor variables. Results: A 2-g loading dose was given in 51 cases, and 38 patients (66%) had a therapeutic day 3 level. Each 5 mg/kg increase in initial vancomycin dose was associated with a 1.38 mg/L (95% confidence interval 0.52, 2.23) increase in day 3 level. Each 1 mL/min increase in GFR was associated with a 0.29 mg/L decrease (95% confidence interval 0.05, 0.52) in day 3 level. The likelihood of achieving a therapeutic level was approximately four times higher with an initial dose of ≥25 mg/kg compared to <25 mg/kg (odds ratio 3.75, 95% confidence interval 1.05, 13.46). Conclusions: Following an average 2-g vancomycin loading dose for suspected PD peritonitis, one-third of patients were subtherapeutic on day 3. GFR and weight-based dosing were independently associated with day 3 vancomycin level, and their consideration could improve the likelihood of achieving an early therapeutic level.
Behavioral and cardiovascular effects of a single dose of gabapentin or melatonin in cats: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Ruviaro Tuleski Giovana Lais , Silveira Matheus Folgearini , Bastos Rodrigo Franco , Pscheidt Maria Jose Garcia Ribeiro , Prieto Wiliam da Silva , Sousa Marlos G 
Published: November 2022

Objectives The aim of this study was to verify whether a single oral dose of gabapentin (100 mg) or melatonin (3 mg) given 60 mins before a cardiac evaluation would reduce anxiety without interfering with heart rate (HR), systemic blood pressure (SBP), electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiographic indexes. Methods Seventy-five client-owned healthy cats underwent two sets of cardiac assessments 60 mins apart, randomly divided into gabapentin, melatonin and placebo groups. The interval between treatment and the second ECG and SBP measurement was 60 mins, and 70 mins for echocardiography. A compliance score (CS) classified the behavior, focusing on the ease of handling. Results Most variables did not change between the examinations. The placebo group showed more significant changes (SBP, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, HR during echocardiography, aortic flow velocity, S′ wave from lateral mitral annulus), but they were not considered to be hemodynamically relevant. Gabapentin and melatonin significantly increased the cats’ compliance without interfering with cardiac assessment. Eight cats presented with mild sedation, seven after gabapentin and one after melatonin. No major side effects were observed. Conclusions and relevance Gabapentin tranquilized the cats when it was given 60 mins prior to ECG and SBP measurement, and 70 mins prior to echocardiography, without interfering with systolic echocardiographic indexes. Melatonin also decreased the CS, but without sedation in most cases. The waiting period may have relaxed the cats in the placebo group, resulting in lower SBP measurements. However, this tranquility did not last as some echocardiographic changes signaled a sympathetic predominance.
Treatment strategies for hyperkalemia secondary to urethral obstruction in 50 male cats: 2002–2017
Authors: Jones Jessica M , Burkitt-Creedon Jamie M , Epstein Steven E 
Published: November 2022

Objectives The aims of this study were: to describe the potassium-lowering treatment strategies used to manage moderate-to-severe hyperkalemia in male cats with urethral obstruction (UO); to determine how much dextrose was required per unit of insulin to prevent hypoglycemia; to determine whether early initiation of a dextrose continuous rate infusion (CRI) prevented hypoglycemia; and to determine whether in-hospital mortality was associated with presenting plasma potassium concentration ([K+]). Methods The medical records of male cats presenting with a [K+] ⩾7.0 mEq/l due to UO that had another [K+] measured within 6 h were reviewed retrospectively. All [K+] values within the first 6 h, blood glucose concentrations, treatments for hyperkalemia and survival to discharge were recorded. Analyses were performed to test for associations between dextrose:insulin ratios or method of dextrose administration and the development of hypoglycemia; and for presenting [K+] and mortality. Normally distributed groups of continuous data were compared with a t-test and categorical data were compared with a Fisher’s exact test. Results Fifty cats were included. Mean presenting [K+] was 8.9 ± 1.0 mEq/l, while the mean final [K+] within 6 h was 6.6 ± 1.4 mEq/l. Forty-two (84%) cats were treated with intravenous fluids and 40 (80%) were treated with dextrose and insulin. Median dextrose:insulin ratio was 2 g/u (range 0.4–100). No dextrose:insulin ratio was found to protect against hypoglycemia, and 3/8 cats that became hypoglycemic had received ⩾2 g dextrose per unit of insulin. There was no association between the early initiation of a dextrose-containing CRI and avoidance of hypoglycemia. No association was found between presenting [K+] and mortality. Conclusions and relevance While no specific dextrose:insulin ratio was found to protect against hypoglycemia, there is evidence that the commonly recommended dextrose:insulin ratio of 2 g/u may be inadequate in preventing hypoglycemia in every cat. Severity of hyperkalemia was not associated with mortality.
Bilateral lysis of aortic saddle thrombus with early tissue plasminogen activator (BLASTT): a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study in feline acute aortic thromboembolism
Authors: Guillaumin Julien , DeFrancesco Teresa C , Scansen Brian A , Quinn Rebecca , Whelan Megan , Hanel Rita , Goy-Thollot Isabelle , Bublot Isabelle , Robertson James B , Bonagura John D 
Published: November 2022

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) on the treatment of feline aortic thromboembolism (FATE). Methods Cats diagnosed with FATE involving ⩾2 limbs were enrolled in a prospective, multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study within 6 h of an event. Diagnosis was made by clinical findings and one confirmatory criterion. Cats received placebo or TPA (1 mg/kg/h with the first 10% by bolus). All cats received pain control and thromboprophylaxis. The primary outcome was a change from baseline in a published limb score at 48 h. Secondary outcomes included 48 h survival, survival to discharge and complication proportions. Statistical analyses included pattern-mixture models, logistic regression and Fisher’s exact, Student’s t- and Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon tests. Results Based on a power analysis, 40 cats were enrolled; however, only 20 survived to 48 h (TPA, n = 12; placebo, n = 8 [ P = 0.34]). There was a statistically significant improvement in limb scores compared with baseline for both groups ( P <0.001). Limb score at 48 h was 1 point lower (better) in the TPA group ( P = 0.19). Thrombolysis had no statistically significant effect on 48 h survival ( P = 0.22). Lower affected limb lactate was associated with better 48 h survival (odds ratio 1.53, 95% confidence interval 1.08–2.17; P = 0.02). The survival to discharge rates were 45% (TPA) and 30% (placebo; P = 0.51). Complications in the TPA and placebo groups included acute kidney injury (22% and 19%, respectively; P = 1.00) and/or reperfusion injuries (33% and 19%, respectively; P = 0.45). Conclusions and relevance Survival and complication rates of acute FATE were not different with or without thrombolysis. High in-hospital mortality decreased the statistical power to detect a statistically significant difference between treatments with regard to our primary outcome.