bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing democracy: How does institutional structure affect civic participation?
Authors: Abbott Jared , Touchton Michael 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHow does the structure of democratic institutions affect citizen engagement? This study employs conjoint analysis to assess the effects of institutional design on political participation in participatory budgeting (PB) programs. We find evidence that PB program design strongly affects citizens' interest in participation. Participation appeals more to citizens when PB programs offer participants meaningful control over decision‐making outcomes, when barriers to participation are low, and when resources allocated through PB are targeted diffusely to communities rather than individual beneficiaries. We also find that focusing PB on issues specific to marginalized communities does not necessarily boost interest in participation among members of those communities. Finally, we observe few systematic differences in preferences for participation between demographic groups traditionally associated with low rates of civic engagement compared to other groups. We then use the results surrounding PB to discuss broad implications for citizen participation in participatory institutions and democratic governance.
Prevalence and risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in individuals with haemophilia in the era of direct‐acting antiviral agents: A national inpatient sample study
Authors: Yang Xi , Jeong Kwonho , Yabes Jonathan G. , Ragni Margaret V. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major complication of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Among haemophilic (H) men, HCV is the leading cause of liver disease. Direct‐acting antiviral agents (DAA) reduce HCV viral load, but impact on HCC is unknown.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of adult H and nonhaemophilic (NH) male discharges, with and without HCC, identified by ICD‐10 codes in the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, 2016–2018, with DAA availability. Analyses included discharge‐level weights to reflect national estimates. Categorical variables were assessed by Rao‐Scott chi‐square and continuous variables by weighted simple linear regression. HCC correlates were determined by weighted multivariable logistic regression.ResultsAmong 7,674,969 adult male discharges, 3730 H (.04%) were identified in 2016–2018, of whom 10.06% had HCV and 1.07% had HCC, significantly higher than NH (1.22% and .27%, respectively) all P < .001. Annual HCC rates were similar during the 3‐year period (2016–2018) in H and NH. Among H, HCC is associated with older age and higher rates of HCV, HBV, NASH, end‐stage liver disease, and Charlson comorbidity (CCI), each P < .001. Among HCC, H were younger and more likely HIV+, each P < .001, but less likely alcoholic (P = .018) or hyperlipidaemic (P = .008) compared to NH. In multivariable regression, risk factors for HCC among H included NASH (OR 21.6), HCV (OR 3.96), CCI (OR1.54), all P < .001, while HIV and hyperlipidaemia were protective.ConclusionFrom 2016 to 2018, HCC rates did not change significantly in haemophilia discharges. NASH, HCV, and CCI are significant risks for HCC in haemophilia during the DAA‐era.
Possible prediction of obesity‐related liver disease in children and adolescents using indices of body composition
Authors: Johansen Magnus Jung , Vonsild Lund Morten Asp , Ängquist Lars , Fonvig Cilius Esmann , Holm Louise Aas , Chabanova Elizaveta , Thomsen Henrik S. , Hansen Torben , Holm Jens‐Christian 
Published: June 2022

SummaryBackgroundDiagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children and adolescents currently requires advanced or invasive technologies.ObjectivesWe aimed to develop a method to improve diagnosis, using body composition indices and liver biochemical markers.MethodsTo diagnose non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, 767 Danish children and adolescents underwent clinical examination, blood sampling, whole‐body dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scanning and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy for liver fat quantification. Fourteen variables were selected as a starting point to construct models, narrowed by stepwise selection. Individuals were split into a training set for model construction and a validation test set. The final models were applied to 2120 Danish children and adolescents to estimate the prevalence.ResultsThe final models included five variables in different combinations: body mass index–standard deviation score, android‐to‐gynoid‐fat ratio, android‐regional fat percent, trunk‐regional fat percent and alanine transaminase. When validated, the sensitivity and specificity ranged from 38.6% to 51.7% and 87.6% to 91.9%, respectively. The estimated prevalence was 24.2%–35.3%. Models including alanine transaminase alongside body composition measurements displayed higher sensitivity.ConclusionsBody composition indices and alanine transaminase can be used to estimate non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, with 38.6%–51.7% sensitivity and 87.6%–91.9%, specificity, in children and adolescents with overweight (including obesity). These estimated a 24.2%–35.3% prevalence in 2120 patients.
Nursing perspectives about the critical gaps in public health emergency response during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Norful Allison A. , Tucker Sharon , Miller Pamela S. , Roberts Haley , Kelley Marjorie M. , Monturo Cheryl , O'Mathúna Dónal , Smith Julia , Zadvinskis Inga M. , Zellefrow Cindy , Chipps Esther 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe purpose of this qualitative study was to synthesize frontline U.S. nursing perspectives about the current state of U.S. public health emergency preparedness and response. The study findings may inform public health policy change and improve future national pandemic planning and responses.DesignWe conducted a secondary thematic qualitative analysis using grounded theory methodology.MethodsData collection occurred through semi‐structured, in‐depth focus groups between July and December 2020, from 43 frontline nurses working in hospitals in four states (Ohio, California, Pennsylvania, and New York). Data were analyzed deductively, aligned with Khan et al.’s Public Health Emergency Preparedness Framework and inductively for emergent themes.ResultsThree themes emerged: (1) Validation of the presence of health disparities and inequities across populations; (2) Perceived lack of consistency and coordination of messaging about pandemic policies and plans across all levels; and (3) challenges securing and allocating nursing workforce resources to areas of need.ConclusionFrom a frontline nursing perspective, this study demonstrates the critical need to address health inequities and inequalities across populations, a consistent national vehicle for communication, and national plan for securing and allocating nursing workforce resources.
Anti‐racism structures in academic dentistry: Supporting underrepresented racially/ethnically diverse faculty
Authors: Smith Sonya G. , Banks Pamela Berry , Istrate Emilia C. , Davis Alysha J. , Johnson Kelli R. , West Karen P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this paper is to describe the racialized barriers to recruiting and retaining historically underrepresented racially/ethnically diverse (HURE) faculty at U.S. dental schools and the linkages of these barriers to structural racism to assist dental schools in eliminating these hurdles through an antiracism framework.MethodsData is used to describe the trends in the racial/ethnic composition of dental school faculty and the parity gaps by race/ethnicity between dentists and the U.S. population. Literature on the recruitment and retention of faculty of color at higher education institutions is reviewed to identify challenges and best practices. Barriers to the full participation of HURE faculty, outlined in the American Dental Education Association's Faculty Diversity Toolkit, are also identified. Research on antiracism frameworks is also investigated to denote their uses and key components.ResultsThere is a critical shortage of HURE faculty at dental schools and active HURE dentists in the U.S. A history of racism and its legacy reinforce biases, stereotypes, and power structures that harm HURE faculty at U.S. dental schools. An anti‐racism framework is needed to holistically eliminate inequities and racialized policies and practices that persists as barriers for HURE faculty.ConclusionsIncreasing the representation of HURE dentists in the workforce and dental school faculty requires a major disruption to culture and institutional practices that mask centuries of structural racism embedded within complex academic systems. Dental schools must use antiracism models to create strategic initiatives that support a humanistic, equitable, and antiracism environment where HURE faculty can thrive.
Undermining racism: A road to promoting equity in oral health
Authors: Monopoli Michael , Johnson Ifetayo B. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackground: The inequities caused by racism include negative impacts on health and quality of life. A key grant‐making strategy of the CareQuest Institute for Oral Health has been the development of a network of stakeholders, the Oral Health Progress and Equity Network (OPEN), which engages and leverages community voices to address racism and the corresponding health inequities across the lifespan.Methods: OPEN's nearly 3000 members undertake various approaches to acknowledge and address the negative impact of systemic racism on health. OPEN has developed structures and offerings that have advanced a unique culture of equity, which encourages authentic dialogue. OPEN created and facilitated cohorts within the network called Network Response Teams to elevate awareness and develop strategies to address health disparities advocating for specific populations, including LGBTQIA+, Native American, LatinX, People with Disabilities, and rural residents, Medicare, and Medicaid. Network members work toward an equitable oral health system by aligning common goals.Results: The activities and products of these teams and OPEN developed trusted relationships to combat the impacts of racism and promoted equitable oral health locally and nationally.Conclusion: Supporting network development is a highly effective tool to combat racism.
Racism in oral healthcare settings: Implications for dental care‐related fear/anxiety and utilization among Black/African American women in Appalachia
Authors: Sokoto Kalo C. , Platt Lisa F. , Alexander Linda A. , Foxman Betsy , Shaffer John R. , Marazita Mary L. , McNeil Daniel W. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the association of racism in oral healthcare settings and dental care‐related fear/anxiety with dental utilization among Black/African American women in Appalachia.MethodsWe analyzed self‐report measures of racism in oral healthcare settings, dental care‐related anxiety and fear, recency of a dental visit, and demographic information from 268 pregnant women participating in the Center for Oral Health Research in Appalachia (COHRA) SMILE cohort. All participants self‐identified as African American or Black and resided in Appalachia (i.e., either West Virginia or Pittsburgh, PA).ResultsOver one‐third of the participants reported at least one instance of racism in oral healthcare settings, with “not being listened to” due to their race or color as the most frequent issue (24.4%). Clinically significant levels of dental care‐related anxiety and fear were reported by 14.3% of the sample. A mediational model demonstrated that the experience of racism in oral healthcare settings was a significant predictor of dental fear/anxiety, and that dental fear/anxiety was a significant predictor of dental utilization. There was a significant relationship between racism in oral healthcare settings and dental utilization only when mediated by the presence of dental care‐related fear and anxiety.ConclusionsTogether, experiences of racism in oral healthcare settings and dental care‐related fear/anxiety are predictive of decreased dental utilization for Black/African American women living in Appalachia. This study provides insight into racism in oral healthcare settings as a social determinant of dental anxiety/fear and inequities in dental utilization.
Addressing social determinants of oral health, structural racism and discrimination and intersectionality among immigrant and non‐English speaking Hispanics in the United States
Authors: Ramos‐Gomez Francisco , Kinsler Janni J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe Hispanic population is the largest (18.5%) and fastest growing non‐majority ethnic group in the United States (US), about half of whom are non‐US born, and bears one of the highest oral disease burdens. Most current knowledge around oral health disparities in Hispanic populations examine the individual factors of culture, acculturation, and socioeconomic status. However, the root causes of this inequity; oral health literacy (OHL), social determinants of health (SDOH), structural racism and discrimination (SRD) and the intersectionality among the three, have not been well‐studied. Addressing this critical gap will be central to advancing health equity and reducing oral health‐related disparities in the Hispanic population, especially among immigrant and non‐English speaking Hispanics.ResultsRecommendations for future OHL/SDOH/SRD‐related research in oral health targeting Hispanic populations should include: (1) examining the direct and indirect effects of OHL/SDOH/SRD‐related factors and intersectionality, (2) assessing the impact of SRD on oral health using zip‐code level measures, (3) examining the role of OHL and SDOH as potential effect modifiers on the relationship between SRD and oral health outcomes, (4) conducting secondary data analysis to identify demographic, social and structural‐level variables and correlations between and among variables to predict oral health outcomes, and (5) obtaining a deeper understanding of how OHL/SDOH and SRD factors are experienced among Hispanic immigrant and migrant populations.ConclusionIt is hoped these recommendations will lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms through which OHL, SDOH and SRD impact oral health outcomes among the largest minority population in the US so they can be addressed.
Recharge of chondrocyte mitochondria by sustained release of melatonin protects cartilage matrix homeostasis in osteoarthritis
Authors: Zhang Yijian , Hou Mingzhuang , Liu Yang , Liu Tao , Chen Xi , Shi Qin , Geng Dechun , Yang Huilin , He Fan , Zhu Xuesong 
Published: June 2022

AbstractRecent evidence indicates that the mitochondrial functions of chondrocytes are impaired in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). Melatonin can attenuate cartilage degradation through its antioxidant functions. This study aims to investigate whether melatonin could rescue the impaired mitochondrial functions of OA chondrocytes and protect cartilage metabolism. OA chondrocytes showed a compromised matrix synthesis capacity associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and aberrant oxidative stress. In vitro treatments with melatonin promoted the expression of cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) components, improved adenosine triphosphate production, and attenuated mitochondrial oxidative stress. Mechanistically, either silencing of SOD2 or inhibition of SIRT1 abolished the protective effects of melatonin on mitochondrial functions and ECM synthesis. To achieve a sustained release effect, a melatonin‐laden drug delivery system (DDS) was developed and intra‐articular injection with DDS successfully improved cartilage matrix degeneration in a posttraumatic rat OA model. These findings demonstrate that melatonin‐mediated recharge of mitochondria to rescue the mitochondrial functions of chondrocytes represents a promising therapeutic strategy to protect cartilage from OA.
(Re)Organizing legitimacy theory
Authors: Hamm Joseph A. , Wolfe Scott E. , Cavanagh Caitlin , Lee Sung 
Published: June 2022

PurposeDespite a common conceptual root, research applying legitimacy theory addresses any number of more or less distinct behaviours, attitudes, and processes. Although this variety in approaches has complicated theoretical development, we argue that it is critical to addressing the breadth of the construct. To address this state of affairs, we offer the Concentric Diagram of Legitimacy as an organizing tool for the literature. The diagram roots itself in the dialogue of legitimacy, and argues that legitimacy theory is fundamentally comprised of five key theoretical propositions. Proposition 1 addresses the link between authority and acquiescence directly while the remaining propositions link organizational support (Proposition 2) and public approval (Proposition 3) with authority, and interactions (Proposition 4) and the social context (Proposition 5) with acquiescence.
The utility and limitations of the concentric diagram of legitimacy: Commentary on Hamm and Colleagues
Authors: Trinkner Rick , Reisig Michael D. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHamm et al.’s (Legal Criminol. Psychol., 27, 2022) concentric diagram of legitimacy has a lot to offer by providing order and structure to a disjointed and sometimes confusing literature. However, enthusiasm for the concentric diagram wanes when considering its potential as a catalyst for the development of an integrated theory of legitimacy. The current renaissance of legitimacy studies owes much to the efforts of scholars in pushing the envelope of this elusive concept by drawing from a broad set of perspectives – both within and outside legitimacy studies – to address an array of research questions. Scholars should engage and leverage this diversity, not curtail it.
Social assistance programme impacts on women's and children's diets and nutritional status
Authors: Olney Deanna K. , Gelli Aulo , Kumar Neha , Alderman Harold , Go Ara , Raza Ahmed 
Published: June 2022

AbstractInvestments in social assistance programmes (SAPs) have accelerated alongside interest in using SAPs to improve health and nutrition outcomes. However, evidence of how design features within and across programme types influence the effectiveness of SAPs for improving diet and nutrition outcomes among women and children is limited. To address this, we reviewed evaluations of cash, in‐kind and voucher programmes conducted between 2010 and 2020 among women and children, and examined associations between design features (targeting, including household and individual transfers, fortified foods and behaviour change communication) and positive impacts on diet (diet diversity, micronutrient intake) and nutrition (anthropometric indicators, haemoglobin, anaemia) outcomes. Our review has several key findings. First, SAPs improve dietary diversity and intake of micronutrient‐rich foods among women and children, as well as improve several nutrition outcomes. Second, SAPs were more likely to impact diet and nutrition outcomes among women compared with children (23/45 [51%] vs. 52/144 [36%] of outcomes measured). Third, in‐kind (all but one of which included fortified foods) compared with cash transfer programmes were more likely to significantly increase women's body mass index and children's weight‐for‐height/length Z‐score, and both women's and children's haemoglobin and anaemia. However, there is limited evidence on the effectiveness of SAPs for improving micronutrient status and preventing increased prevalence of overweight and obesity for all populations and for improving diet and nutrition outcomes among men, adolescents and the elderly. Further research in these areas is urgently needed to optimize impact of SAPs on diet and nutrition outcomes as countries increase investments in SAPs.
Extracting foraging behavior from passive acoustic monitoring data to better understand harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) foraging habitat use
Authors: Todd Nicole R. E. , Jessopp Mark , Rogan Emer , Kavanagh Ailbhe S. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFor odontocetes, passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) can be used to differentiate between occurrence and foraging through analysis of click characteristics. Feeding buzzes and navigation/searching echolocation clicks of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) were differentiated within C‐POD data from northwest Ireland between 2009 and 2017. The spatiotemporal distribution of foraging behavior was investigated using generalized additive modelling, at multiple temporal scales. Both the presence/absence of buzzes and foraging intensity (defined by buzz:click ratios) were determined. Feeding buzzes were identified in one third of porpoise positive hours, ranging from 15% in summer, to 40% in autumn, highlighting seasonal variation irrespective of porpoise occurrence. Complex interannual variation in foraging behavior was also shown across the time series. A strong nocturnal peak in foraging intensity was observed. We found increased porpoise foraging with dolphin species detections within the same hour, and a negative impact of construction activities, involving both impulsive and broadband noise. Results highlight the value of long‐term acoustic time series, by quantifying variation, and show that extracting foraging behavior from occurrence data can help to unravel habitat use patterns, responses to disturbance, and seasonal changes in behavior. Understanding when and how a species uses an area can better inform marine spatial planning and help mitigate anthropogenic impacts.
The making of citizenship via tea production: State‐sponsored economic growth, nationalism and state in Turkey
Authors: İnal Rahşan , Saraçoğlu Cenk 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe conventional historiographical paradigm depicts the consolidation of nation‐state and nationalism in Turkey as a top‐down political project characterised by the domination of the ‘center’ over the ‘periphery’. In this narrative, the masses are portrayed as either passive recipients or silenced opponents of the nation‐state project. Based on a historical and contemporary analysis of the state‐sponsored tea production in Rize, this article contends that this perspective neglects the agency of the provincial population in the reproduction of the nation‐state and nationalism in Turkey and in influencing the decisions made by the state elite. The economic interventionist measures of the ruling authority to extend its nationalist hegemony across Anatolia also opened a field of action for rural/provincial populations to negotiate their interests with the state and thereby influence its policies. The main contours of this relationship have remained salient during the Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi (AKP) period, and it needs to be taken into account to explain this party's large ideological appeal in the Black Sea region. This argument builds on a fieldwork conducted in Rize that included in‐depth interviews with local tea workers and farmers as well as extensive archival research.