bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence-based assessments of colonoscopic withdrawal technique: a new method for measuring and enhancing the quality of fold examination
Authors: Liu Wei , Wu Yu , Yuan Xianglei , Zhang Jingyu , Zhou Yao , Zhang Wanhong , Zhu Peipei , Tao Zhang , He Long , Hu Bing , Yi Zhang 
Published: April 2022

Background This study aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI)-based system for measuring fold examination quality (FEQ) of colonoscopic withdrawal technique. We also examined the relationship between the system’s evaluation of FEQ and FEQ scores from experts, and adenoma detection rate (ADR) and withdrawal time of colonoscopists, and evaluated the system’s ability to improve FEQ during colonoscopy.
Methods First, we developed an AI-based system for measuring FEQ. Next, 103 consecutive colonoscopies performed by 11 colonoscopists were collected for evaluation. Three experts graded FEQ of each colonoscopy, after which the recorded colonoscopies were evaluated by the system. We further assessed the system by correlating its evaluation of FEQ against expert scoring, historical ADR, and withdrawal time of each colonoscopist. We also conducted a prospective observational study to evaluate the systemʼs performance in enhancing fold examination.
Results The system’s evaluations of FEQ of each endoscopist were significantly correlated with expertsʼ scores (r = 0.871, P < 0.001), historical ADR (r = 0.852, P = 0.001), and withdrawal time (r = 0.727, P = 0.01). For colonoscopies performed by colonoscopists with previously low ADRs (< 25 %), AI assistance significantly improved the FEQ, evaluated by both the AI system (0.29 [interquartile range (IQR) 0.27–0.30] vs. 0.23 [0.17–0.26]) and experts (14.00 [14.00–15.00] vs. 11.67 [10.00–13.33]) (both P < 0.001).
Conclusion The system’s evaluation of FEQ was strongly correlated with FEQ scores from experts, historical ADR, and withdrawal time of each colonoscopist. The system has the potential to enhance FEQ.
Similarities between Severe Tinnitus and Chronic Pain
Authors: Moller Aage R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe symptoms and signs of severe tinnitus and chronic pain have many similarities and similar hypotheses have been presented regarding how the symptoms are generated. Pain and tinnitus have many different forms. The severity of the symptoms of both varies within wide limits, and it is not likely that all forms have the same pathology. Some individuals with severe tinnitus perceive sounds to be unpleasant or painful. This may be similar to what is known as allodynia, which is a painful sensation of normally innocuous stimulation of the skin. Many individuals with chronic pain experience a worsening of their pain from repeated stimulation (the "wind-up" phenomenon). This is similar to the increasingly unpleasant feeling from sounds that are repeated that many individuals with severe tinnitus experience. There are also similarities in the hypotheses about the generation of pain and tinnitus. Although less severe tinnitus may be generated in the ear, it is believed that severe tinnitus in many cases is caused by changes in the nervous system that occur as a result of neural plasticity. Acute pain caused by tissue injury is generated at the site of injury but chronic pain is often generated in the central nervous system, yet another similarity between chronic pain and severe tinnitus. The changes in the nervous system consist of altered synaptic efficacy including opening of dormant synapses. For pain, this is believed to occur in the wide dynamic range neurons of the spinal cord and brain stem. Less is known about the anatomic location of the changes that cause severe tinnitus but there are indications that it may be the inferior colliculus. It is also possible that other auditory systems than the classical ascending pathways may be involved in severe tinnitus.
Abbreviations: DRG = dorsal root ganglion, GABA = gamma amino butyric acid, HFS = hemifacial spasm, HTM = high threshold mechanoreceptors, IC = inferior colliculus, LTM = low threshold mechanoreceptor, TGN = trigeminal neuralgia, WDR = wide dynamic range neurons
Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT) as a Method for Treatment of Tinnitus and Hyperacusis Patients
Authors: Jastreboff Pawel J. , Jastreboff Margaret M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to provide information about the neurophysiologic model of tinnitus and Tinnitus Retraining Therapy (TRT). With this overview of the model and therapy, professionals may discern with this basic foundation of knowledge whether they wish to pursue learning and subsequently implement TRT in their practice. This paper provides an overview only and is insufficient for the implementation of TRT.
Abbreviations: DPOAE = distortion product otoacoustic emission, IHC = inner hair cells, LDL = loudness discomfort level, OHC = outer hair cells, THT = Tinnitus Habituation Therapy, TRT = Tinnitus Retraining Therapy
Assessing Growth of Loudness in Children by Cross-Modality Matching
Authors: Serpanos Yula Cherpelis , Gravel Judith S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study examined the clinical feasibility, validity, and reliability of loudness growth assessment using cross-modality matching (CMM) between line length and loudness in 16 children 4 to 12 years old with normal hearing or bilateral sensorineural hearing losses ranging from moderate to severe in degree. Eight adult listeners with normal hearing were used as a comparison group. Loudness growth functions and real-ear measures were obtained for 500–Hz and 2000-Hz narrowband noise stimuli for each individual. No significant differences were found between the loudness slope values for the adults and children with normal hearing. Loudness growth functions of the children with sensorineural hearing loss were significantly steeper (larger) than the slopes obtained from children with normal hearing. The numeric slope value of the loudness growth function became larger and more variable as children's hearing threshold increased and differed for children with similar thresholds. The loudness functions obtained for retested participants at two different test sessions were highly correlated. Real-ear measurements revealed that for equivalent input stimulus levels, significantly higher stimulus levels were present in the ear canals of children versus adults. Although adults and children with normal hearing had similar overall rates of loudness growth, discrete points along the loudness growth function were judged to be louder by the children. This preliminary study suggests that measures of loudness growth using CMM between line length and loudness are feasible, valid, and reliable in children with normal hearing or sensorineural hearing loss. The individual variability noted in slope values for children with hearing loss attests to the importance of subjective assessments of loudness. The protocol used in this study may have potential as a clinical tool for selecting and fitting amplification technology for children with hearing loss as young as 6 years.
Abbreviations: CMM = cross-modality matching, HI = hearing impairment, LDL = loudness discomfort level, MCL = most comfortable loudness, NBN = narrowband noise, NH = normal hearing
Articulation Index and Hearing Handicap
Authors: Holcomb Lisa M. , Nerbonne Michael A. , Konkle Dan F. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis investigation examined the relationship between perceived hearing handicap and the Articulation Index (Al) and the extent to which this relationship was influenced by the variables age, gender, degree of hearing loss, and audiometric slope. Subject age, gender, pure-tone thresholds, and scores for the Self-Assessment of Communication (SAC) and the' Significant Other Assessment of Communication (SOAC) were extracted retrospectively from 373 patient files (194 males, 179 females). Correlation analysis revealed a significant (p < .01) negative relationship between AI values and both measures of hearing handicap, and also indicated that SAC/SOAC total scores correlated significantly (p > .01) with each other. Partial correlation analyses revealed that degree of hearing loss was the only variable under study that had substantial influence on the strength of ΑΙ/hearing handicap correlations.
Abbreviations: Al = Articulation Index, SAC = Self-Assessment of Communication, SOAC = Significant Other Assessment of Communication
Preferred Listening Levels of Children Who Use Hearing Aids: Comparison to Prescriptive Targets
Authors: Scollie Susan D. , Seewald Richard C. , Moodie K. Shane , Dekok Kate 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe preferred listening levels (PLLs) of children with sensorineural hearing loss were elicited using conversation-level speech, heard through the children's own hearing aids. All hearing aids were fitted using the desired sensation level (DSL) method. Comparisons were made between the PLL and targets from the following prescriptive formulae: DSL version 4.1 and two versions of the National Acoustic Laboratories (NAL) procedure, including NAL revised for severe-profound losses (NAL)-RP and NAL nonlinear NAL/NL1. Results for this sample of children indicated that the PLL was similar to the DSL targets, and that, on average, NAL-RP/NL1 targets recommended less gain than that preferred by the majority of children in this study. The implications of factors such as acclimatization, test levels, and clinical procedures on these results are discussed.
Abbreviations: ANOVA = analysis of variance, BLS = binaural loudness summation, BTE = behind the ear, DSL = desired sensation level, LDL = loudness discomfort level, MCL = most comfortable level, NAL = National Acoustics Laboratories, PLL = preferred listening level, POGO = prescription of gain and output, RECD = real-ear-to-coupler difference, SPL = sound pressure level, SSPL = saturation sound pressure level, WDRC = wide dynamic range compression
Organizational resilience and internal branding: investigating the effects triggered by self-service technology
Authors: Biedenbach Galina , Biedenbach Thomas , Hultén Peter , Tarnovskaya Veronika 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe majority of studies on internal brand equity examine its various dimensions and relationships between them. While prior research specifies organizational practices relevant for successful internal branding, the insights about the impact of essential organizational factors on internal brand equity are still limited. This study focuses on organizational resilience that is vital for the existence of organizations not only during a crisis, but also during everyday operations. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of organizational resilience on internal brand equity considering the effects triggered by self-service technology (SST) in retailing. Since retailing had been significantly transformed by technological innovations over the past decade, we explore the effects of employees’ perceptions about performance of SST. The results of a survey conducted among retail employees in Sweden demonstrate that organizational resilience and employees’ perceptions about technological innovations are critical for enhancing internal brand equity, which includes brand orientation, internal brand knowledge, internal brand involvement, and internal brand commitment.
Hybridization bond states and band structure of graphene: a simple approach
Authors: Pérez Mario , Elías Janet , Sosa Modesto , Vallejo Miguel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article reviews the basic theoretical aspects of graphene in order to contribute to making teaching easier and more understandable for those who still cannot understand it in an abstract way. This work presents the basic aspects of sp2 hybridization concepts from a quantum approach, which consists in obtaining the states for the sigma bonds from carbon atoms orientation close to another carbon atom that is our reference point in the crystal lattice. Furthermore, we calculate the band structure of graphene by using the tight-binding model, which can give us a good approximation to the energy levels as a function of the wave vector. This is for students interested in solid-state topic and it is approached in a simple and understandable way step by step to finally obtain the bands structure of the primitive cell of graphene monolayer. Additionally, we calculate the high symmetry points of the first Brillouin zone and the analysis around K points to obtain the well-known Dirac cones. The intention of this work is to show that this topic can be less abstract than it seems.
Spoof surface plasmonics: principle, design, and applications
Authors: Cheng Zhang Wen , Wang Meng , You Zi Hua , Ma Hui Feng , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are interactions between incident electromagnetic waves and free electrons on the metal–dielectric interface in the optical regime. To mimic SPPs in the microwave frequency, spoof SPPs (SSPPs) on ultrathin and flexible corrugated metallic strips were proposed and designed, which also inherit the advantages of lightweight, conformal, low profile, and easy integration with the traditional microwave circuits. In this paper, we review the recent development of SSPPs, including the basic concept, design principle, and applications along with the development from unwieldy waveguides to ultrathin transmission lines. The design schemes from passive and active devices to SSPP systems are presented respectively. For the passive SSPP devices, the related applications including filters, splitters, combiners, couplers, topological SSPPs, and radiations introduced. For the active SSPP devices, from the perspectives of transmission and radiation, we present a series of active SSPP devices with diversity and flexibility, including filtering, amplification, attenuation, nonlinearity, and leaky-wave radiations. Finally, several microwave systems based on SSPPs are reported, showing their unique advantages. The future directions and potential applications of the ultra-thin SSPP structures in the microwave and millimeter-wave regions are discussed.
An ameliorated African vulture optimization algorithm to diagnose the rolling bearing defects
Authors: Vashishtha Govind , Chauhan Sumika , Kumar Anil , Kumar Rajesh 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this work, a novel bearing fault identification scheme making use of deep learning has been proposed. Initially, the raw vibration signal is passed through a time-varying filter based empirical mode decomposition (TVF-EMD) to obtain different modes. Filter parameters of TVF-EMD are optimized by a newly developed optimization algorithm i.e. ameliorated African vulture optimization algorithm The Kernel estimate for mutual information has been considered as the fitness index for the developed optimization algorithm. The mode having the least value of fitness index is known as a prominent mode from which sensitive features representing different bearing conditions are extracted. These extracted features help in preparing the data matrix which is further utilised to build fuzzy-based classification models. The results obtained revealed that the linguistic hedge neuro-fuzzy classifier obtained maximum performance with the least computational time. The comparison of the developed method has also been done with other classification models viz., KNN, SVM, ELM and random forest that revealed the superiority of the developed method.
Progress and challenges in layered two-dimensional hybrid perovskites
Authors: Mohanty Prajna Parimita , Ahuja Rajeev , Chakraborty Sudip 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Dimensionality is the game-changer property of a material. The optical and electronic properties of a compound get dramatically influenced by confining dimensions from 3D to 2D. The bulk 3D perovskite materials have shown remarkable up-gradation in the power conversion efficiency, hence grabbing worldwide attention. But instability against moisture, temperature, and ion migration are the factors constantly back-stabbing and hindering from full-scale commercialization. 2D perovskite material has emerged as an excellent bridging entity between structural-chemical stability, and viable commercialization. Organic–inorganic 2D perovskite materials come with a layered structure in which a large organic cation layer as a spacer is sandwiched between two inorganic metal halide octahedra layers. Moreover, hydrophobic spacer cations are employed which isolate inorganic octahedral layers from water molecules. Hydrophobic spacer cations protect the authentic structure from being degraded. These layered structures occur in two phases namely the Ruddlesden–Popper phase and Dion–Jacobson phase, depending on the spacer cation types. Alternating inorganic and organic layers form multiple quantum wells naturally, along with spin–orbit-coupling gives Rashba splitting. 2D perovskite materials are coming up with interesting chemical, physical properties like exciton dynamics, charge carrier transport, and electron–phonon coupling as a result of the quantum confinement effect. Despite appreciable stability, limited charge transport and large bandgap are limiting the application of 2D perovskite materials in solar cells. These limitations can be overcome by using the concept of 2D/3D multidimensional hybrid perovskites, which includes the long-term stability of 2D perovskite and the high performance of 3D perovskite at the same time. Here in this perspective, we have given brief insight on structural versatility, synthesis techniques, some of the unique photophysical properties, potential device fabrication, and recent advancements in the 2D structure to stand against degradation. Certain shortcomings and future outlooks are also discussed to make the perspective more informative.
Unconventional VTC of subthreshold inverter with MFMIS negative capacitance transistor: An analytical modelling framework with implications for ultralow power logic design
Authors: Semwal Sandeep , Kranti Abhinav 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The present reports an analytical modelling framework to provide insights into subthreshold logic design using metal-ferroelectric-metal–insulator-semiconductor (MFMIS) negative capacitance field effect transistor (NCFET). It is shown that the proposed model is effective in predicting supply voltage (V
DD) dependent hysteresis as well as hysteresis-free voltage transfer characteristics (VTC) through the analytically obtained positive (hysteresis-free) and negative (hysteresis) values of gain (−dV
O/dV
IN) in NCFET based subthreshold inverter. The proposed subthreshold drain current model for NCFET has been extended to obtain closed-form analytical expressions of figures of merit of a subthreshold inverter such as nominal high and low output voltages, threshold logic voltage, and DC gain. The model while successfully capturing characteristics of MFMIS NCFETs is able to predict the occurrence of hysteresis in VTC due to negative differential resistance in the output characteristics of NCFET. Results show that an optimally designed MFMIS NCFET based inverter can achieve similar values of DC gain as exhibited by conventional MOSFET at ∼×(3–6) times lower supply voltages (V
DD) along with an improvement in static and dynamic power dissipation. Results showcase an analytical modelling framework and its implications for reducing V
DD for ultralow power subthreshold logic design with NCFETs.
Soft fabric muscle based on thin diameter SMA springs
Authors: Choi Kyungjun , Park Seong Jun , Won Mooncheol , Park Cheol Hoon 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study proposes fabric muscles based on shape memory alloy (SMA) springs coiled with a thin diameter SMA wire of 80

μ
m

to improve heat dissipation under natural convection and forced air cooling. A new structure and its fabrication process are developed to create soft and flexible fabric muscles capable of supplying current and withstanding high external force, using a large number of thin SMA spring bundles. A total of 250 bundles of SMA springs weighing only 3.2 g constitute the fabric muscle that can lift a 1500 times-heavier mass, where each strand behaved like a muscle fiber. The fabric muscle generates a blocking force of up to 56.54 N and a power density of 2072 W kg−1. In addition, an air-cooling structure similar to a showerhead is proposed to further improve the actuation speed of the fabric muscles and maintain the flexibility of the fabric muscles. The fabric muscle with forced air cooling is cooled 40.5% faster than that with natural cooling. Finally, the results confirm that forced cooling can drive the muscle with a cycle of 5.5 s.
Cascading failures in isotropic and anisotropic spatial networks induced by localized attacks and overloads
Authors: Perez Ignacio A , Ben Porath Dana Vaknin , La Rocca Cristian E , Buldyrev Sergey V , Braunstein Lidia A , Havlin Shlomo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Cascading failures are catastrophic processes that can destroy the functionality of a system, thus, understanding their development in real infrastructures is of vital importance. This may lead to a better management of everyday complex infrastructures relevant to modern societies, e.g., electrical power grids, communication and traffic networks. In this paper we examine the Motter–Lai model (2002 Phys. Rev. E 66 065102) of cascading failures induced by overloads in both isotropic and anisotropic spatial networks, generated by placing nodes in a square lattice and using various distributions of link lengths and angles. Anisotropy has not been earlier considered in the Motter–Lai model and is a real feature that may affect the cascading failures. This could reflect the existence of a preferred direction in which a given attribute of the system manifests, such as power lines that follow a city built parallel to the coast. We analyze the evolution of the cascading failures for systems with different strengths of anisotropy and show that the anisotropy causes a greater spread of damage along the preferential direction of links. We identify the critical linear size, l
c, for a square shaped localized attack, which satisfies with high probability that above l
c the cascading disrupts the giant component of functional nodes, while below l
c the damage does not spread. We find that, for networks with any characteristic link length, their robustness decreases with the strength of the anisotropy. We show that the value of l
c is finite and independent of the system size (for large systems), both for isotropic and anisotropic networks. Thus, in contrast to random attacks, where the critical fraction of nodes that survive the initial attack, p
c, is usually below 1, here p
c = 1. Note that the analogy to p
c = 1 is also found for localized attacks in interdependent spatial networks (Berezin et al 2015 Sci. Rep.
5 8934). Finally, we measure the final distribution of functional cluster sizes and find a power-law behavior, with exponents similar to regular percolation. This indicates that, after the cascade which destroys the giant component, the system is at a percolation critical point. Additionally, we observe a crossover in the value of the distribution exponent, from critical percolation in a two-dimensional lattice for strong spatial embedding, to mean-field percolation for weak embedding.