bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Getzen Thomas E. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPhysicians have been getting paid for thousands of years, yet commercial practices are rarely mentioned in works of medical history. Major themes of the study are outlined in the first chapter, suggesting why a long-term international perspective is required. Demographic transition, the industrial revolution, and scientific advances brought wealth, longevity, and faith in technological progress. Advances in clinical therapeutics, accompanied by the development of national political, professional, and financial institutions, led to a modern 20th-century transformation of medicine. Chapters 2 through 12, briefly introduced here, present data and narrative to support a budgetary perspective on the evolution of national health expenditures.
Hill’s Brigands and the Great War, 1914–1918
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Like many Cambridge contemporaries, Hill expected a war with Germany and trained in the reserves. He was ambivalent about the war, but out of sympathy with the dons of Trinity College, who mostly regarded it as a catastrophe. After a period training soldiers to shoot, Hill was asked to investigate methods for anti-aircraft fire, and this led to the formation of Hill’s Brigands, a group of talented scientists and mathematicians. Their observations and analyses transformed the understanding of artillery fire. Meyerhof would have been in sympathy with the Trinity dons: he avoided military service as far as he could. He did serve briefly as a medic on the Western Front but, for the most part, continued with physiology research in Kiel, while the city became a focal point for naval and civil unrest.
Nonvert Nation
Authors: Bullivant Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The vision of being called to be a “Christian nation”—Winthrop and Reagan’s (shining) City on a Hill—has exerted powerful sway over key strands of American culture, self-image, and foreign policy for almost four hundred years. Quite what it means for any nation to be Christian is, however, notoriously tricky to pin down: is it a matter of founding texts, and/or of their original authors’ own intentions; of the grand sweep of social or political history; of ethical or legal norms; or the current identities, beliefs, or practices of its citizenry? Taking a broadly socio-cultural approach to the question of what does or does not count as Christian nationhood, this final chapter tackles head-on the effects of continuing nonversion on America’s already fraught, fractured, and fragile claim to the title. It also discusses two very different visions of how American Christianity could and should adapt.
Children's Health and the Peril of Climate Change
Authors: Perera Frederica 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The book Children’s Health and the Peril of Climate Change is a call to action. It brings to light the full harm to children’s physical and mental health being inflicted now by climate change and its root cause—our addiction to fossil fuel. After laying out the scope of the climate crisis, it reviews the health impacts of air pollution from fossil fuel combustion and the effects of higher temperatures, more severe storms, floods, forest fires, drought, infectious disease, and displacement due to climate change It describes how climate change and air pollution can combine to derail early brain development and affect the physical and mental health of children, with lifelong consequences. It reviews new scientific understanding of the unique biologic vulnerability of the developing fetus and child to these threats and the reasons why children in low-income communities and communities of color bear the greatest burden. The book describes the growing power of environmental justice; Indigenous, youth, religious, scientific, and environmental groups; and artists in raising awareness of the crisis and motivating action by governments, business, and other sectors. Following case studies of climate change and air pollution policies that have benefited children’s health and the economy, it provides an overview of the solutions now available at the government, community, and individual levels to mitigate climate change and help children and families adapt to climate change. The book ends with a call for integrated climate and social policies to speed the transition to a just zero carbon future.
Not Just Little Adults
Authors: Perera Frederica 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 describes how scientific research has resulted in a quantum leap in understanding of the biological vulnerability of the developing fetus, infant, and child and how this vulnerability has contributed to the disproportionate health burden from climate change and air pollution borne by children. The chapter reviews laboratory and epidemiological studies that have identified a host of contributing factors including rapid growth, complex developmental programming, immaturity of detoxification and immune defense systems, limited ability to regulate body temperature at high temperatures, greater nutritional needs, and dependence on adult caretakers. The chapter focuses on the early development of the brain and lung to illustrate the biology of vulnerability. It ends with an account of how even the limited evidence of children’s vulnerability available in the late nineteenth century was instrumental in prompting reform of child labor policy at that time, illustrating the power of science to promote policies to protect children.
Citizens of the World
Authors: Rouse Stella M. , McDonald Jared , Engstrom Richard N. , Hanmer Michael J. , González Roberto , Lay Siugmin , Miranda Daniel 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Millennial Generation, the age cohort born between the early 1980s and the late 1990s, is the most educated, digitally connected, and globalized in the history of the world. Around the globe, Millennials encompass 1.8 billion people, a quarter of the population. The size of the Millennial Generation means that they will soon produce a majority of political, economic, and social leaders. It is therefore important to understand how the Millennial Generation may respond in an era of rapid change and uncertainty, shaped by factors such as a global pandemic, economic hardship, demands for racial justice, and the retrenchment of the United States from the global stage. Making sense of what is to come requires a deeper understanding of what defines the Millennial Generation’s persona, their attachment to various identities, how they perceive the need for change, and the tools they will utilize to bring about change. Citizens of the World explores the political attitudes and behaviors of Millennials relative to older adults across eight countries: Australia, Chile, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa, South Korea, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The book argues that Millennials share a core persona, one that differentiates between a traditional and an emerging global identity that shapes news consumption, political attitudes, civic engagement, public service, and beliefs about the ability to enact political change. In this first-of-its-kind comparative analysis, the authors find that Millennials are unique in a variety of ways that have important implications for domestic and international politics.
Duty-Based Citizenship, Engaged Citizenship, or Somewhere in the Middle?
Authors: Rouse Stella M. , McDonald Jared , Engstrom Richard N. , Hanmer Michael J. , González Roberto , Lay Siugmin , Miranda Daniel 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Voting is just one aspect of political participation, and one that Millennials do not find especially attractive. This chapter explores forms of more active and costly participation that require a higher level of civic obligation than voting: volunteering, joining local political organizations, and serving in government. The Global Millennial Survey shows that Millennials are especially interested in engaging in activities that can serve their local communities, including joining local political organizations. Moreover, they place a high level of importance on these activities. Additionally, Millennials tend to see themselves as prepared for public office. The results present an encouraging outlook that suggests Millennials will continue to engage with local issues and will not shy away from public service, while the results also point to a need for additional research to examine Millennials’ relatively lower level of interest in voting.
Millennials
Authors: Rouse Stella M. , McDonald Jared , Engstrom Richard N. , Hanmer Michael J. , González Roberto , Lay Siugmin , Miranda Daniel 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The concluding chapter summarizes the findings in the book and argues that because Millennials see themselves as global citizens, they are best understood as having a cross-national, interconnected approach to political issues and activities. Technology has played a role in this development, as new media sources and communication tools affect how Millennials prefer to gather information, express preferences, and engage with their communities. The chapter also outlines the differences between Millennials and older generations when it comes to policy preferences, interest in politics, and interest in public service roles; particularly interesting differences are found for engagement with local issues. As Millennials begin their rise to positions of leadership around the world, evidence from the Global Millennial Survey suggests that they will bring a new approach to how they address the world’s challenges.
Aqueous Geochemistry I
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Six topics are addressed about the chemical composition of natural waters: the nature of dissolved and suspended substances in water, their natural and human-derived sources, how major and minor inorganic substances in natural waters behave chemically and their water quality significance, how natural biogeochemical and hydrologic processes and human activities control the chemical composition of water, how the chemical composition of water bodies is displayed graphically, and analytical methods to measure major and minor inorganic solutes. Characteristics of hard and soft waters are summarized, and examples of the chemical composition of freshwaters, seawater, and hypersaline waters are provided. The availability of water chemistry data in online databases is described.
Fundamentals of Chemical Kinetics
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the principles of kinetics, the branch of chemistry that deals with rates of chemical processes, factors affecting rates, and mechanisms by which reactions proceed. Starting with definitions of important terms and concepts, the chapter introduces the elements of kinetics needed to analyze and interpret water chemistry and quality. The chapter focuses on four topics: conventional rate equations for chemical reactions, including solutions for simple reactions and fitting data to equations to obtain rate constant values; the types of equations that predict reactant and product concentrations over time in model reacting systems that simulate the behavior of real aquatic systems, such as lakes and rivers; theories of how chemical reactions occur, focusing on transition state and activated complex theories; and the effects of physical factors—temperature, pressure, ionic strength, and pH—on reaction rates and rate constants.
Partitioning and Chemical Transformations of Organic Contaminants
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the processes that dictate the fate of organic chemicals in environmental systems with emphasis on organic contaminants of human origin. The equilibrium partitioning of organic chemicals between environmental phases (air, water, soil/sediment, biota) is presented, as are means to predict the relevant equilibrium constants based on chemical structure/properties. The main reactions that lead to transformations of organic chemicals are presented, and the structural features that make a compound susceptible to such reactions are highlighted. The kinetics of the reactions and means to predict kinetic rate constants are also presented.
Chemistry of Chlorine and Other Oxidants/Disinfectants
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter treats the chemistry of oxidants used in disinfection and chemical oxidation during water treatment, with emphasis on chlorine gas (Cl2), its products in water (hypochlorous acid, HOCl, and its conjugate base hypochlorite, OCl–), and other oxidized forms of chlorine. The inorganic chemistry of these forms—their acid-base and redox properties—and the reactions of chlorine forms with organic compounds are described. Formation mechanisms for disinfection byproducts (DBPs) are explained, along with techniques to minimize their occurrence in drinking water. The chapter also briefly summarizes important aspects of the chemical behavior of alternative oxidants/disinfectants, including chlorine dioxide, iodine, and ozone (alone and as a component of so-called advanced oxidation processes).
University Administrative Systems
Authors: Schimel Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Challenges with managing university administrative systems fall into six major categories: policy, practice, proprietary systems, people, politics, and money. Solving policy problems calls for either changing the policy or finding a workaround. Practice is about normal ways of doing things that go beyond policy. Proprietary technological systems (usually purchased from an outside vendor) can be rigid. Solutions to people problems depend on whether the problem is with a staff member, an administrator, or a colleague. Politics are about negotiating power or status and occur among peers. Finally, money constrains most initiatives; the key is to understand whose money you are asking for.
Mentoring 2
Authors: Schimel Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Mentoring challenges range from common stresses to problems that can involve deeper and more challenging roots. Graduate school is hard and stress is organic to it. The most common stressors grow from the intense workload and the intellectual struggles that are inherent to graduate school. Stress, however, can also grow from group dynamics, life-balance issues, and the natural developmental stages students go through. The harder, and less normal, stresses include mental health challenges such as depression, which is common among students, emotional entanglements between faculty and their trainees, and students who are struggling and failing. Professors must deal with all these challenges, but most universities have administrative and mental health staff who can help both the faculty member and the student.
Teaching
Authors: Schimel Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Those who can do, also teach. Teaching is critical to all academic positions. Most professorial jobs include undergraduate teaching, while even those that don’t still include educating trainees, peers, and the public. Succeeding in academe calls for integrating teaching into an ongoing array of other activities, but maintaining a balance so that teaching does not detract from those other activities. Particularly important is to become competent in formal classroom settings, where the essence is ensuring that students learn. Teaching technique and pedagogy—facilitating learning—is important, but it only works once students are motivated to want to learn. Motivating learning is about building human bridges to the students.
Who Put the Peer in Peer Review
Authors: Schimel Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
No work is ever perfect; hence, peer review is central to academic decision-making—it is what we do for each other. Participating and doing it well is a key part of being an academic. Peer reviewing articles and books is a form of triage where the first decision is whether a piece of work has the potential to become publishable—that input is for the editor. After that, all the criticism and commentary is for the author and should be designed to help them make the work better. Proposals, in contrast, are only about triage—fund or do-not-fund—with no need to suggest improvements.
Professional Communities
Authors: Schimel Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Academics live their day-to-day lives in their departments, but professional peers are distributed around the country and around the world. These are the communities that support us as scholars. These communities operate partly through informal networks of friendship, collaboration, and exchanging trainees. But communities primarily exist in, and operate through, professional societies. These range from large “umbrella” groups with many thousands of members to smaller, more specialized, groups with but a few hundred members. They organize conferences, grant recognition to members, and publish journals. These are vital organizations that depend on their members to function; supporting them is important academic service.
The Musical Language of Italian Opera, 1813-1859
Authors: Rothstein William 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Opera comprises words, action, and music, but music is central. This book examines operatic music by five Italian composers—Rossini, Bellini, Mercadante, Donizetti, and Verdi—and one non-Italian, Meyerbeer, during the period from Rossini’s first international successes to Italian unification. Detailed analyses of form, rhythm, melody, and harmony reveal concepts of musical structure different from those usually discussed by music theorists, calling into question the notion of a common practice. An eclectic analytical approach is taken, using ideas originating in several centuries, from the sixteenth to the twenty-first. Music is analyzed at the level of the movement, the operatic number, the act, and the opera. Although no single theory accounts for all of the music examined, certain recurring principles define a distinctively Italian practice, one that left its mark on the German repertoire more familiar to music theorists.
Around 1840: Mercadante and Donizetti
Authors: Rothstein William 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Mercadante’s so-called reform operas exhibit a harmonic style that suggests study of Meyerbeer’s French operas. His free use of chords is close to Verdi’s usage a decade later. His concept of an opera as an unchangeable work also anticipates Verdi. Modulations within numbers are unusually wide-ranging; beginning and ending keys may relate by semitone. Donizetti, during the last years of his career, tailored his style to the city for which he was writing, and his attitude toward an opera’s musical text was more relaxed. The final act of La favorite is examined in detail. The unconventional ending of Maria di Rohan is also discussed.
Rigoletto and Il trovatore (1851–1853)
Authors: Rothstein William 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The extensive analytical literature on Rigoletto and Il trovatore is reviewed, and the issue of associative tonality is discussed. Authors differ on the significance of long-range key relations, including the question of whether Rigoletto has a tonic key and whether recurring keys in Il trovatore can be heard. Verdi’s idiosyncratic use of chords comes to fruition in Macbeth and Rigoletto. Gilda and Rigoletto have distinct focal pitches (sonorità) in their vocal lines. Different characters may inhabit different areas, or tonal fields, on charts of key relations. Contrasts between tonal fields exist in Rigoletto, but they are pursued more systematically in Il trovatore.
Coronaviruses
Authors: Li Jie Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by describing older coronaviruses, such as SARS and MERS, followed by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Details of Pfizer’s mRNA vaccine are described and viral vector vaccines are also reviewed. This chapter will also discuss two small-molecule antiviral drugs: Gilead’s remdesivir and dexamethasone.
Closing Remarks
Authors: Li Jie Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter briefly summarized all the viruses discussed in the book in the context of current COVID pandemic. With the exception of the hepatitis B virus, all other frequently encountered viruses are RNA viruses. RNA viruses mutate frequently and evolve in vast animal reservoirs. Chapter 6 reviewed these viruses, their vaccines, and their therapeutic drugs. History will shed light on, and help us to understand today’s COVID-19 pandemic. The United States suffered a stunning 33.3 million cases and over six hundred thousand fatalities thus far, despite being the richest country with the best medical resource in the world. Thankfully, three vaccines, developed by Pfizer/BioNTech, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen, have saved millions of American lives while other vaccines aim to serve other international populations. The concluding remarks underlined the great strides that scientists have made in vaccines and antiviral drugs. The reader is reminded that progresses have been made against viruses the invisible enemies.
Dedication of Virtue
Authors: Esler Dylan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The final eighth chapter contains a traditional dedication of virtue, as well as some contextual information concerning those for whom the text is destined (and those for whom it is not) and the manner in which it was composed. The chapter provides a fascinating glimpse into gNubs-chen’s personal reflections regarding the writing of his masterpiece. He informs the reader that his work is the fruit of his many years of study under his various masters, as well as of his own intimate experience of meditation. As such, he recommends that it be treated with respect and only given to those who prove to be worthy recipients of its teachings. It thus seems appropriate to consider the bSam-gtan mig-sgron to be gNubs-chen’s spiritual testament, distilled from a lifetime of contemplative practice and from numerous textual sources for the benefit of future meditators.
The Justificatory Investigation (X–§201)
Authors: Shaw James R. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that Wittgenstein’s methodology for investigating the Justificatory Question is driven primarily by a negative “trial and error” technique in which various candidates to answer that question are examined and rejected as inadequate due to a problem of regress. This chapter discusses how these investigations lead to a schematic worry that is presented in §201 of the Investigations in the form of a reductio ad absurdum, which aims to show that the Justificatory Question is in fact unanswerable. This chapter contrasts this reading with that of Saul Kripke—a contrast which greatly attenuates the significance of §201 on the offered reading, while still preserving a very important dialectical role for the passage to play in the Investigations.
Dispositions
Authors: Shaw James R. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the extent to which Wittgenstein could appeal to dispositionalist resources in responding to meaning skepticism, especially since these represent one of the most popular modes of trying to cope with such skepticism. It discusses how different kinds of dispositions play different roles in Wittgenstein’s Justificatory and Grammatical Investigations, and that these roles surprisingly allow Wittgenstein to appeal to dispositions of some kinds in the foundations of semantics. This helps show how Wittgenstein’s work in the foundations of semantics might harmonize with contemporary work on the subject in ways that are not easy to glean directly from his texts. Still, Wittgenstein’s work points to several limits to the use of dispositions in developing the foundations of meaning, which suggests that we should look to other aspects of his work for a fuller reply to the meaning skeptic.