bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fruits Not Roots
Authors: May Isaac Barnes 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that God-optional religious groups began to replace shared theological commitments with a focus on doing constructive work in the world. For Quakers and Unitarians, this meant humanitarian relief work, increasingly seen as core to their religious identities. Reconstructionist Jews defined their community through their intense commitment to Zionism. The chapter argues that these commitments served as God substitutes, allowing the communities to unite around a set of collective values and ideas. It suggests that these efforts to replace the role of God were only partially successful, as these substitutes did not always provide the same sense of cohesion as a shared theology.
War and Justice in the 21st Century
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This is the inside story of the International Criminal Court from the unique experience of its first Chief Prosecutor. Luis Moreno Ocampo describes his practice and alerts: there is no chaos, just complexity. Until 1998 states and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) had exclusive authority to launch international justice. The Rome Statute transformed the model and created an international criminal justice system combining them with a permanent ICC. The Statute established a new field of practice respecting political actors’ roles but also conferring unprecedented power to the ICC prosecutor and judges. Judicial actors could trigger international justice in sovereign countries. The War on Terror, launched in 2001, contradicts the justice efforts proposing to kill those considered enemy combatants without trial. It redefined jus ad Bellum, does not respect sovereign borders, and is still ongoing. Criminals or enemies? Legal designs are literally a matter of life or death. Moreno Ocampo took office in 2003 while the US invaded Iraq and attacked the ICC, creating serious doubts about the court’s viability. He summarizes his nine years of practice examining seventeen conflicts to decide on the ICC intervention. By 2012, the ICC was part of the global landscape, its existence no longer at risk. What was and is still up for debate is the relevance of the law in international affairs and the acceptance of the war paradigm. The book aims to help new generations develop modern technologies to improve global governance.
Introduction
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This introduction describes how the Rome Statute and the War on Terror influenced each other. The statute created a new field of practice providing power to the ICC prosecutor. His office and other relevant actors made specific legal decisions to launch or prevent the international criminal justice’s intervention in sovereign states. The book labeled this new field as jus ad Curiam to facilitate a dialogue between legal and international relations experts. It builds on the well-known distinction between jus ad Bellum and jus in Bello. Jus ad Bellum establishes the conditions under which states may resort to war or the use of armed force in general. Jus in Bello governs the conduct of parties engaged in an armed conflict, regardless of whether the hostilities’ initiation was just. Following the same logic, jus ad Curiam comprises the political and legal decisions determining an international criminal justice intervention in specific situations. Jus in Curiae could be defined as the substantial and procedural body of law regulating the actors engaged in litigation to prove the defendant’s responsibility. The Office of the Prosecutor applied the jus ad Curiam norms consistently, and still, its contribution to the prevention of crimes varied. The range is the result of the activity of many other actors. More than a century ago, Leo Tolstoy explained in War and Peace: “The movement of nations is caused not by power, nor by intellectual activity, nor even by a combination of the two as historians have supposed, but by the activity of all the people who participate in the events.”
The Office of the Prosecutor Policy on “Interest of Justice”
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the Office of the Prosecutor interpretation of Article 53 1(c) and 2(c), establishing its authority not to proceed with an investigation if the prosecution is not in the interests of justice. Ambiguity facilitated the Rome Statute’s adoption, but it also promoted demands to the prosecutor to adjust to political demands. In September 2007, the prosecutor presented the Policy on the “interest of justice” clarifying its meaning and distinguishing it from “the interest of peace.” The prosecutor reduced his discretion, respecting the political actors’ authority and their responsibility, including the UN Security Council on matters of international peace.
Jus ad Curiam and Jus ad Bellum Decisions in the Iraq Situation
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the jus ad Curiam and jus ad Bellum decisions adopted by the US Congress and the UN Security Council in Iraq, presenting some of the consequences of choosing war over justice. The US national institutions were able to control some jus in Bello decisions but there is no control about jus ad Bellum decisions. They were adopted in 2001 and 2002 by Congress without temporal limits and are valid two decades later. There are no institutions or enough citizen interest to protect aliens living in foreign countries victims of such jus ad Bellum decisions. There is no expert analysis of the consequences: removed Saddam Hussein officers became ISIS leaders.
Jus ad Curiam and Jus ad Bellum Decisions in Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the 2010 post-election conflict in Côte d’Ivoire and explores how different authorities adopted jus ad Curiam and jus ad Bellum decisions and the implementations of such measures. The first jus ad Curiam decision was adopted under the Laurent Gbagbo presidency in October 2003, accepting the ICC jurisdiction. On December, 2010, elected President Alassane Ouattara confirmed the continued validity of the previous jus ad Curiam decision. On March 2011, acting under Chapter VII and at the request of ECOWAS’ heads of state, the UN Security Council adopted a jus ad Bellum decision noting the previous national jus ad Curiam decision, “the International Criminal Court may decide on its jurisdiction over the situation in Côte d’Ivoire.” On June 2011, the Office of the Prosecutor requested authorization from the pre-trial chamber to open an investigation. Pre-Trial Chamber III and the appeal chamber discussed different aspects, but finally, the Office of the Prosecution received the authorization requested. The office obtained three arrest warrants. Former President Gbagbo was surrendered to the court and challenged the jurisdiction of the ICC in his case. The appeal chamber ruled that the case was admissible. Côte d’Ivoire provides the best example of integration between national, regional, and international efforts to control massive violence. Unlike in Libya, the national government’s ability to prevent the civil war’s reappearance and the commission of crimes against humanity created years without massive crimes.
The Duty of Repair
Authors: Zoloth Laurie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Considering the case of a burn patient, the chapter considers how to resolve a case where survival is unprecedented. Here I reflect on the duties that we take on when philosophers become a part of the process of bioethics consultation and discuss the nature of limits. I describe what an ethics committee is and how it is constituted. This is the first chapter of the book and I set out a method for clinical consultations. I reflect on the nature, goal and meaning of medicine as a task of repair, and consider the many ways that clinicians distance themselves from the work that they do.
Duty Bound
Authors: Zoloth Laurie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this chapter I introduce the idea that Jewish ethics can be understood as a project on translation, which is a theme and reflect on the process of the consult and reflect on the work of Benjamin Freedman. Freedman was a scholar who wrote the first decades of American clinical ethics, focusing on the Jewish sources that emphasis duties and obligations over rights. In this chapter, we think about a case of a child with a severe disability and “two mothers,” a foster mother and his birth mother, both of whom love him desperately but who disagree about the best way to care for him. Here, we consider the role of duty in clinical ethics consultation. Here we consider the way that clinical consultation operates as a speech act, what Levinas calls “the saying.” I describe the difference between the “rights talk” in liberal theory and the speech about duty in Jewish ethics.
Introduction
Authors: Brier Bob 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Introduction explains the purpose and structure of the book. The first section will discuss the history of excavation in the Valley of the Kings, Howard Carter’s early work in Egypt as an artist, and finally Carter and Carnarvon’s discovery and excavation of the tomb. The second section reviews the past hundred years of Tutankhamun research and covers topics as diverse as Tutankhamun’s chariots, footwear, sarcophagus, and mummy. The third and last section discusses Tutankhamun’s legacy to the world. It explains how the excavation of the tomb set new standards in archaeology, altered the course of Egyptian politics, led to changes in laws governing the export of antiquities, and changed the museum world forever. At the very end of the Introduction, there is a brief discussion of how Tutankhamun wrote his name in hieroglyphs.
Lost but Not Found
Authors: Brier Bob 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the history of excavation in the Valley of the Kings from ancient times through Napoleon’s Egyptian expedition and into the nineteenth century. It chronicles the explorations of an Italian adventurer named Giovanni Belzoni and the treasures he removed from tombs in the Valley of the Kings. It then describes the spectacular discovery at the end of the nineteenth century of two caches of royal mummies and discusses why Tutankhamun’s mummy was not among the mummies of the kings and queens discovered. It reveals that Tutankhamun was erased from history because his father was the heretic pharaoh Akhenaten.
Face-to-Face with Tutankhamun
Authors: Brier Bob 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
When Carter’s friends finally worked out an agreement with the Antiquities Service so Carter could return to work, he had a very difficult logistical task ahead of him: he had to raise and separate the three nested coffins still inside the sarcophagus. Gallons of sacred oils had been poured on them at the time of burial and now were congealed, so the coffins were firmly stuck together. As the team worked on separating the coffins, they couldn’t figure out why they were so heavy (as it turned out, the innermost coffin was solid gold and weighed nearly 250 pounds), which made things even more difficult. This chapter describes the ingenious method of pulleys, Primus lamps, and other means Carter used to successfully extract the coffins. Once the coffins were out of the sarcophagus, the lid of the innermost gold coffin was raised, revealing the mummy of Tutankhamun. The chapter ends with a detailed description of the mummy and Dr. Douglas Derry’s autopsy, during which he literally tore the mummy to pieces. However, much was still learned from this autopsy, including that Tutankhamun was a boy-king.
Translating Tutankhamun
Authors: Brier Bob 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Howard Carter was disappointed that no papyri were found in Tutankhamun’s tomb. He never fully realized that the hieroglyphs on four shrines surrounding the sarcophagus took the place of papyri. This chapter presents the research of Alexandre Piankoff, who finally translated the shrines’ texts half a century after their discovery. The texts all involve the journey to the next world that the deceased Tutankhamun would have to undertake, and they take the place of a Book of the Dead, which was usually on papyrus. This chapter traces the history of such religious texts from the Pyramid Texts to the Coffin Texts, the Book of the Dead, and finally Tutankhamun’s shrines. It elaborates the myth of Isis and Osiris, which was central to the theme of resurrection in the next world. It also discusses the significance of the different shapes of the shrines, and how that indicates the order in which one is to read the texts.
Tutankhamun’s Shoe Closet
Authors: Brier Bob 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Tutankhamun was buried with approximately thirty-five pairs and more than a dozen singletons of footwear, and this chapter presents the research done on this collection by Dr. André Veldmeijer. Tutankhamun’s footwear was of several kinds. Most common were sewn sandals, made of papyrus strips stitched together, which were probably for daily use. On the other end of the spectrum were the boy-king’s solid gold sandals, which were never worn in life, but were intended for eternity. They adorned his feet as he lay in the solid gold coffin. Perhaps most interesting are his leather sandals, cut like a mosaic with Syrian and Nubian prisoners on the soles, so Tutankhamun could step on the traditional enemies of Egypt wherever he walked. It is important to note that none of Tutankhamun’s footwear showed asymmetrical wear, which suggests that he was not lame, as had previously been claimed. This chapter also discusses the pharaoh’s walking sticks and canes, some of which also featured Egypt’s enemies, this time in the palm of the boy-king’s hand.
It Came from Outer Space
Authors: Brier Bob 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
During Tutankhamun’s era, the Egyptians did not have iron; their hardest metal was bronze. There were no significant iron deposits in Egypt, and besides, working iron was extremely difficult. Thus it was surprising that four iron objects were discovered in Tutankhamun’s tomb: an Eye of Horus amulet, a dagger, a headrest amulet, and a set of chisels. This chapter discusses the history of iron in Egypt and then discusses the use and possible origins of the iron objects found in the tomb. It concludes that the iron is meteoritic, and this is supported by the ancient Egyptian phrase for iron, “metal from the sky.” A recent expedition into the remote southeastern corner of Egypt to discover the source of the meteoritic iron is described. The chapter also discusses another object with an outer space connection, a scarab carved from a piece of desert glass. Another expedition is described that found the source of Libyan desert glass (LDG).
What Is Writing?
Authors: Demattè Paola 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores recently proposed theories of writing and assesses the nature of this phenomenon in a global perspective to show that writing did not originate for the purpose of language recording and is not a straightforward representation of speech. Having demonstrated that writing is a conglomeration of diverse visual sign systems (picture writing, tallying, etc.) that over time have coalesced into a linguistic structure generating a new recording system, this section sets the foundation for the discussion of the material evidence presented in Part II of the book.
Studying Technology and Faith
Authors: Dyer John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter lays out an approach to studying technology and faith that draws from both religious studies and the study of technology. It traces the development of the disciplines of media ecology, social shaping of technology (SST), and digital religion, showing how each contributes to understanding the interplay between religion and technology. This chapter shows why the remainder of the work employs a social construction of technology (SCOT) approach to studying Bible software developers and Bible software users. It also offers a rational for the selection of churches in which to study readers and the selection of YouVersion, Bible Gateway, and Logos Bible Software as representative Bible software companies.
Literature of Uplift
Authors: James David 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Literary uplift has tended to be associated with the sentimental view of literature as a resource of amelioration, consolation, or introspective repair. But contemporary writers are facilitating a somewhat different critical story about emotional stakes, formal variety, and political implications of literature that both conjures and contests uplift. Moving from fiction to memoir, from “Up Lit” to pathography, this chapter examines a range of twenty-first-century genres that repurpose the representation of ameliorative structures of feeling and that compel in turn a reconsideration of how professional criticism might accommodate affirmative affects. However, what would it mean to read for uplift in a literary work that is itself dark, a work that’s more ostensibly concerned with irremediable catastrophe than exemplary care, and whose devastating traumas would appear not only to solicit but to ratify negativity as criticism’s most condonable focus, thereby confirming D. J. Moores’s suspicion that “the concern for well-being manifests” in literary scholarship invariably “as a preoccupation with its absence”? Opting for something of a limit-case for this metacritical deliberation, the chapter considers Rebecca Loncraine’s Skybound, a posthumous 2018 memoir about her attempt to navigate the aftermath of breast cancer through an impulsive desire to learn how to fly gliders. What Loncraine shares with the otherwise distinct writers in this chapter is a concern with an aesthetic ecology of fraught amelioration, one that produces episodes of sentimental recess that refuse to slot into the parameters of what criticism typically finds politically useful when operating within the remits of eagle-eyed inquisition.
Literary Study, the Hermeneutics of Disability, and the Eudaimonic Turn
Authors: Lyon Janet 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Eudaimonia—a keyword in the field of positive psychology—is also a central concept for disability activists and scholars working in the field of disability studies, though for rather different reasons. For disabled people, the prospect of flourishing is both a desideratum and a corrective to centuries of disqualification, stigmatization, and abuse. Thus, the conditions of possibility for flourishing are dialectically bound up with critiques of ableism, eugenics, proscriptive ideologies of embodiment and mindedness, and economic systems that generate debility and disability in tandem. If humanities literary scholars—especially those working in disability studies—are to consider the eudaimonic focus on affirmation and self-improvement promoted by positive psychology, two questions must be asked. First, can the methods associated with the eudemonic turn fully accommodate critique? And second, can those methods refrain from conflating “well-being” with normative models of health and embodiment? Literary analysis offers an interesting test case for these questions. To that end, this chapter offers an introduction to disability poetics via three different readings of the role of intellectual disability in literary texts by William Carlos Williams, Susan Nussbaum, and Jesse Ball. The aim is twofold: first, to demonstrate the stakes involved when critique and affirmation are held in different degrees of balance around the hermeneutical forces of disability; second, to insert disability into the current literary debates around surface/deep reading and critique/postcritique.
Wise Old Fools
Authors: Herring Scott 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter imagines a peaceable kingdom for the subfields of literary gerontology and positive geropsychology. For all of its attention to the mind, positive psychology remains equally preoccupied with the body, and the aging body at that. Chary of age norms upon which its research often relies, the chapter asks what literary gerontology brings to the table as a critique of—and a compeer to—what historian Darrin McMahon references as “wisdom traditions.” Initiating this conversation, it asks: What does positive psychology’s emphasis on aging-as-expertise oversimplify? What does its focus on wisdom as late-life flourishing foreclose that literary studies of aging might reinstall? To answer these queries I detail how literary aging invites creative forms of ignorance and nonmastery often shelved as negative aging or mere foolishness. With wisdom cast as optimized flourishing, such traits may deter normative aging, but floundering can also sponsor startling forms of resilience. Confirming this last claim the chapter first reviews positive psychology advocates (George Vaillant, Paul Baltes, Christopher Peterson) who promote wisdom as the gold standard for a long life and downgrade other character traits. It next turns to literary age critics (Kathleen Woodward, Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Linda Hutcheon and Michael Hutcheon) who advance models of geriatric flourishing that champion blunder alongside sagacity. I conclude with a brief reading of poet A. R. Ammons’s posthumous writings that confirm theories in literary gerontology. Far from optimal, this septuagenarian managed to age just well enough as “wisdom and catatonia appear to / exchange places occasionally.”
Therapeutic Redescription
Authors: Blum Beth 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Critical thinking and individual well-being are not always seen as compatible, yet they converge in the practice of therapeutic redescription. A spiritual exercise originating with the Stoics, therapeutic redescription is meant to emancipate the individual from obsessive ideas, such as the desire for wealth, love, fame, art, or immortality. Cognitive-behavioral therapy has appropriated this Stoical technique, which is essentially a concession to the tremendous power of language and rhetoric to define our experience of the world. With its emphasis on “cognitive reappraisal,” CBT encourages individuals to become more aware of their “attributional style” (the valences of their internal rhetoric) and asks them to learn to reformulate fears or obsessions in less emotive or irrational terms. This chapter looks to the modern literary prevalence of this practice of therapeutic redescription, from Marcel Proust to Doris Lessing to Sheila Heti. In particular, it examines Sheila Heti’s Motherhood (2018) as an exercise in using therapeutic redescription to transcend inherited cultural scripts about womanhood and maternity. It then asks whether the Stoical exercise provides a useful precedent for assessing what Heather Love has called the “descriptive turn” in literary studies, from Rita Felski’s ambition “to redescribe critique rather than explain it,” to Love, Sharon Marcus, and Stephen Best’s project of “Building a Better Description,” to Dora Zhang’s attention to the “heterogeneity of descriptive practices.” I maintain that the revival of therapeutic redescription participates in the mistrust of charisma that informs our disciplinary and cultural present.
Introduction
Authors: Stein Michael D. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
People’s fears about health have always been cleaved: Each person worries about themself (the Me perspective of medical health) and about others (the Us perspective of public health). And yet, what is best for the individual may not be feasible for the group, and vice versa. Medical care and public health thus represent distinct dispositions and attitudes—competing views of health. Medical care concerns itself with identifiable persons, whereas public health takes up statistical or anonymized lives. The explanation, or rather the eight explanations, for why public health has continually “lost” the perspectival conflict to health care is the subject of this book. The restoration of the proper status of public health depends on understanding why its value has been underestimated.