bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stewardship purpose planning with Dutch private foundations in an international context
Authors: Koele Ineke A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
There is a growing interest of wealthy families in stewardship ownership planning, which stems from developments in society and an increased awareness on the wise long-term use of wealth in a modern society, following long-standing examples in the North European culture.
In the common law part of the world, these developments are driven by international financial centres with a quick adaptive mind, now followed by discussions on the development of trust law more generally. In the classic European foundation legislations, pure stewardship planning is stretching the legal limits as well and most often, the most likely option is the use of the strictly regulated charitable foundation.
The author describes the distinct approaches from a comparative and Dutch stewardship perspective based on a corporate foundation model, that historically allows a self-serving or purely stewardship ownership structure.
These stewardship foundations are not structured with the intention to serve private interests of the family that divested their ownership and should not be regarded as an APV or similar target of anti-abuse legislation that applies to discretionary private trusts and foundations.
Deliveries Among Patients Aged 11–19 Years and Risk for Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Staniczenko Anna P. , Wen Timothy , Cepin Ana G. , Guglielminotti Jean , Logue Teresa C. , Krenitsky Nicole , Huang Youngmei , D'Alton Mary , Friedman Alexander M. 
Published: June 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To characterize delivery hospitalization trends of patients aged 11–19 years and associated comorbidities and outcomes.

METHODS:
For this repeated cross-sectional analysis, deliveries to patients aged 11–54 years were identified in the 2000–2018 National Inpatient Sample. Temporal trends in deliveries to patients aged 11–14 years and 15–19 years were analyzed using joinpoint regression to estimate average annual percent change with 95% CIs. The association of deliveries among patients aged 11–19 years with other comorbid conditions was analyzed. The relationship between delivery among patients aged 11–19 years and adverse maternal outcomes was analyzed with unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models, with unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) as measures of effect.

RESULTS:
An estimated 73,198,153 delivery hospitalizations from 2000 to 2018 were included, of which 88,363 were to patients aged 11–14 years and 6,359,331 were to patients aged 15–19 years. The proportion of delivery hospitalizations among patients aged 11–14 years decreased from 2.1 to 0.4 per 1,000 from 2000 to 2018 (average annual percent change −7.8%, 95% CI −8.5% to −7.2%). Deliveries to patients aged 15–19 years decreased from 2000 to 2018, from 11.5% to 4.8% of all deliveries (average annual percent change −4.9%, 95% CI −5.6% to −4.3%). For deliveries among patients aged 11–19 years, rates of obesity, mental health conditions, substance use disorder, asthma, and pregestational and gestational diabetes all significantly increased over the study period. From 2000 to 2018, rates of severe maternal morbidity (average annual percent change 2.4%, 95% CI 1.6–3.1%), postpartum hemorrhage (average annual percent change 2.4%, 95% CI 1.4–3.4%), cesarean delivery (average annual percent change 1.3%, 95% CI 0.9–1.7%), and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (average annual percent change 3.3%, 95% CI 2.8–3.8%) all increased significantly among deliveries to patients aged 11–19 years. Compared with deliveries to patients aged 20–54 years, deliveries to patients aged 11–14 years were associated with increased risk for severe maternal morbidity (aOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.49–2.00), hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (aOR 1.79, 95% CI 1.71–1.88), and postpartum hemorrhage (aOR 1.37, 95% CI 1.27–1.49).

CONCLUSION:
Deliveries among patients aged 11–19 years have decreased, but both comorbidity and risk for adverse outcomes increased among this age group.
Lower Gastrointestinal Tract Disorders
Authors: Ray Jennifer , LaBundy Jennifer 
Published: June 2022

Abstract:
Lower gastrointestinal (GI) diseases and associated symptoms account for a large number of health care visits each year. Many women visit their obstetrician–gynecologists more often than their primary care physicians or use them as primary health care providers. Many gynecologic and lower GI disorders share symptoms, such as lower abdominal or pelvic pain and bloating. Some diseases are more common in women compared with men, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), or warrant special consideration in women, for example, for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This monograph outlines the major diseases that affect the lower GI tract and reviews epidemiology, pathology, presentation, and treatment of these diseases. Concerns specific to women are addressed, including reproductive issues, changes in GI physiology during pregnancy, and management of lower GI disease during pregnancy.
Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated With Pelvic Rod/Screw Radiographic Lucency Following Scoliosis Surgery in Spastic Cerebral Palsy: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Ulusaloglu Armagan C. , Asma Ali , Bowen James Richard , Yorgova Petya , Howard Jason J. , Shrader Michael Wade , Shah Suken A. 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Radiographic lucency around a smooth pelvic rod (Galveston/unit rod technique) or sacroiliac/iliac screw following spinal fusion in children with nonambulatory spastic cerebral palsy (CP) has been described as a “windshield wiper” phenomenon. We evaluated demographics, radiographs, and complications in 101 cases from a single center to determine prevalence, risk factors, and complications associated with persistent radiographic lucency from 1 to 5 years following spinal fusion.

Methods:
Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of nonambulatory spastic quadriplegic CP [Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) IV-V], under 18 years of age, scoliosis treated by posterior fusion from upper thoracic to sacrum with pelvic fixation (Galveston rod, iliac screw, or sacroiliac screw), adequate radiographs (preoperative, immediate postoperative, first-year, and second-year), and minimum 5-year follow-up. We evaluated demographics, radiographic parameters, comorbidities, scoliosis curve type, type of pelvic screw/rod, use of off-set connector, screw width, associated with posterior column osteotomy and/or additional anterior spinal release concurrent with posterior spine fusion, and infection over the follow-up period. Specific attention was given to the area and shape of the radiographic lucency. The logistic regression analysis was performed for continuous and categorical variables to define risk factors (P=0.05).

Results:
In 101 patients, data were collected at mean intervals of 1-year, 2-year, and >5-year follow-up and were 12.9±1.5, 25.8±2.5, and 81.5±23.0 months, respectively. Prevalence of pelvic rod/screw radiographic lucency was unchanged at 33%, 35%, and 24% at 1-year, 2-year, and >5-year follow-up, respectively, and radiographic parameters did not change (P>0.05). Furthermore, no risk factors or complications were associated with radiographic lucency around pelvic rods/screws (P>0.05).

Conclusion:
In patients with spastic nonambulatory CP who had scoliosis treated with posterior spinal fusion from upper thorax to pelvis, the prevalence of pelvic rod/screw lucency is high. Persistent lucency >2 mm around pelvic implants is not clinically significant, does not warrant advanced imaging, or indicate a complication if stable over time and wider distally than proximally.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
A Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Association of California City and County Cannabis Policies with Cannabis Outlet Densities
Authors: Matthay Ellicott C. , Mousli Leyla , Ponicki William R. , Glymour M. Maria , Apollonio Dorie E. , Schmidt Laura A. , Gruenewald Paul 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Cannabis outlets may affect health and health disparities. Local governments can regulate outlets, but little is known about the effectiveness of local policies in limiting outlet densities and discouraging disproportionate placement of outlets in vulnerable neighborhoods.

Methods:
For 241 localities in California, we measured seven policies pertaining to density or location of recreational cannabis outlets. We geocoded outlets using web-scraped data from the online finder Weedmaps between 2018 and 2020. We applied Bayesian spatiotemporal models to evaluate associations of local cannabis policies with Census block group-level outlet counts, accounting for confounders and spatial autocorrelation. We assessed whether associations differed by block group median income or racial–ethnic composition.

Results:
Seventy-six percent of localities banned recreational cannabis outlets. Bans were associated with fewer outlets, particularly in block groups with higher median income, fewer Hispanic residents, and more White and Asian residents. Outlets were disproportionately located in block groups with lower median income [posterior RR (95% credible interval): 0.76 (0.70, 0.82) per $10,000], more Hispanic residents [1.05 (1.02, 1.09) per 5%], and fewer Black residents [0.91 (0.83, 0.98) per 5%]. For the six policies in jurisdictions permitting outlets, two policies were associated with fewer outlets and two with more; two policy associations were uninformative. For these policies, we observed no consistent heterogeneity in associations by median income or racial–ethnic composition.

Conclusions:
Some local cannabis policies in California are associated with lower cannabis outlet densities, but are unlikely to deter disproportionate placement of outlets in racial–ethnic minority and low-income neighborhoods.
Global epidemiology of itch from 1990 to 2017: gender, age, sanitation, and air pollution as risk factors
Authors: Kulkarni Vishnutheertha , Liu David , Aggarwal Pushkar , Gamsarian Vahram , Fleischer Alan B. 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Itch is a symptom with significant physical, psychological, and financial burden worldwide. Symptom-specific and demographic risk factors have been published although community-level risk factors have not been thoroughly studied.

Objectives:
To describe the epidemiological risk factors of itch and to present a hypothesis that can account for these trends.

Materials and methods:
Itch incidence, prevalence, and years lost to disability (YLD) by age, sex, world region, socio-demographic index, percent of population using basic sanitation services, mortality due to air pollution, and gross domestic product (GDP) per capita were obtained from the University of Washington Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation Global Burden of Disease (GBD), World Health Organization Global Health Observatory (WHO GHO), and Worldometer databases. Linear regression models were utilized to analyze the relationship of sanitation, air pollution, and GDP with itch incidence, prevalence and YLD.

Results:
Female sex and age were positively associated with higher incidence of itch. The percent of population using basic sanitation services was also positively correlated with itch incidence, prevalence, and YLD (P<0.001). Mortality rate due to air pollution was negatively associated with itch incidence, prevalence, and YLD (P<0.001). However, GDP per capita was not associated with the incidence (P=0.5), prevalence (P=0.8), and YLD (P=0.7) of itch.

Conclusions:
The “hygiene hypothesis” might explain global trends of itch as more industrialized countries have higher itch incidence rates. Thus, approaches which target molecular pathways involved in the “hygiene hypothesis” may lead to a decreased global itch burden.
Effectiveness of the 6-Minute Walk Test as a Predictive Measure on Hospital Readmission and Mortality in Individuals With Heart Failure
Authors: Carballada Cynthia , Mihalik Mackenzie , Newman-Caro Alyssa , Walter Alysha 
Published: June 2022

Purpose:
To review the effect distance walked during the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) has on determining the risk of hospital readmission and mortality for individuals with heart failure.

Methods:
A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, ProQuest, and Web of Science was performed from February 2021 through September 2021. Article screening and data extraction were completed by 2 authors (C.C. and M.M.). The Quality in Prognostic Studies (QUIPS) assessment tool was used by 3 authors (A.B., C.C., and M.M.) to determine the level of bias for each study.

Results:
Ten studies were included in this systematic review after inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Title (κ= 0.75, confidence interval [CI] 0.68-0.82), abstract (κ= 1, CI 1-1), and full-text (κ= 1, CI 1-1) screens were completed by 2 authors (C.C. and M.M.). Studies in this review included subjects with both acute and chronic heart failure diagnoses. Statistically significant results were reported in 7 of 10 research studies in reference to the distance walked during the 6MWT, hospital readmission, and mortality rates. In the included studies, 6MWT cut-off distances ranged from 200 to 468 m, predicting future hospitalization for subjects with heart failure.

Conclusion:
The 6MWT may be an effective and easily accessible tool in the acute care setting for physical therapists to estimate the risk of rehospitalization and mortality in the heart failure population and may help with determining discharge recommendations.
Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Centanafadine Sustained-Release Tablets in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Adler Lenard A. , Adams Julie , Madera-McDonough Jessica , Kohegyi Eva , Hobart Mary , Chang Denise , Angelicola Mark , McQuade Robert , Liebowitz Michael 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Purpose/Background
Centanafadine is an inhibitor of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin reuptake transporters under investigation for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Methods/Procedures
Two phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies of 200 mg/d or 400 mg/d centanafadine sustained-release tablets versus placebo included adults (18–55 years of age) with a diagnosis of ADHD. The primary and key secondary efficacy endpoints were the change from baseline at day 42 in the Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Rating Scale (AISRS) total score and the Clinical Global Impression–Severity of Illness Scale, respectively.

Findings/Results
Subjects randomized in study 1 (centanafadine 200 mg/d, n = 149; centanafadine 400 mg/d, n = 149; placebo, n = 148) and study 2 (centanafadine 200 mg/d, n = 145; centanafadine 400 mg/d, n = 143; placebo, n = 142) had moderate to severe ADHD (mean AISRS total score, 38.7 [SD, 6.8] across both studies). At day 42, statistically significant least-squares mean differences in AISRS total score were observed in favor of centanafadine versus placebo in study 1 (200 mg/d: −3.16, P = 0.019; 400 mg/d: −2.74, P = 0.039) and study 2 (200 mg/d: −4.01, P = 0.002; 400 mg/d: −4.47, P = 0.001). Effect sizes versus placebo were −0.28 for 200 mg/d and −0.24 for 400 mg/d in study 1 and −0.37 for 200 mg/d and −0.40 for 400 mg/d in study 2. The overall rate of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was low, but there was a small increase in TEAE occurrence with increasing dose. Incidences of serious TEAEs and abuse potential–related AEs were low.

Implications/Conclusions
These are the first large-scale studies to demonstrate the efficacy and safety profiles of 200 mg/d and 400 mg/d centanafadine in adults with ADHD.
Observed Injury Rates Did Not Follow Theoretically Predicted Injury Risk Patterns in Professional Human Circus Artists
Authors: Shrier Ian , Mattiello Rita , Caron Melissa , Verhagen Evert , Steele Russell J. 
Published: June 2022

Objective:
Identifying which types of athletes have increased injury risk (ie, predictive risk factors) should help develop cost-effective selective injury prevention strategies. Our objective was to compare a theoretical injury risk classification system developed by coaches and rehabilitation therapists, with observed injury rates in human circus acts across dimensions of physical stressors, acrobatic complexity, qualifications, and residual risks.

Design:
Descriptive epidemiological study.

Setting:
professional circus company.

Patients or Other Participants:
Human circus artists performing in routine roles between 2007 and 2017.

Assessment of Risk Factors:
Characteristics of circus acts categorized according to 4 different dimensions.

Main Outcome Measures:
Medical attention injury rates (injury requiring a visit to the therapist), time-loss injury rates (TL-1; injury resulting in at least one missed performance), and time-loss 15 injury rates (TL-15; injury resulting in at least 15 missed performances).

Results:
Among 962 artists with 1 373 572 performances, 89.4% (860/962) incurred at least one medical attention injury, 74.2% (714/962) incurred at least one TL-1 injury, and 50.8% (489/962) incurred at least one TL-15 injury. There were important inconsistencies between theoretical and observed injury risk patterns in each of the 4 dimensions for all injury definitions (medical attention, TL-1, and TL-15).

Conclusions:
Although theoretical classifications are the only option when no data are available, observed risk patterns based on injury surveillance programs can help identify artists who have a high (or low) theoretical risk but are nonetheless actually at low (or high) risk of injury, given their current roles. This will help develop more cost-effective selective injury prevention programs.
She came to me for care, why would I say no? Survey results of advanced practice nurses caring for transgender and gender diverse patients
Authors: Klotzbaugh Ralph , Hopwood Ruben , Spencer Gale 
Published: June 2022

ABSTARCT

Background:
Literature has recognized deficient knowledge of transgender or gender diverse (TGD) patient needs that can negatively affect health care. Prior research on education has shown little progress responsive to TGD health care needs from nursing. Findings from this demonstrate some improvement, however slight. This study examined the education of family nurse practitioners (FNPs) providing care to TGD patients.

Purpose:
The purposes of this study were to describe the relationship between location of practice and TGD patient care and to identify emerging themes related to the care of TGD individuals.

Methods:
Surveys were sent to 3,500 FNPs. Surveys were completed by 356.

Results:
No significant results were found between location of practice and TGD patient care or between location of education and TGD curricular inclusion. Statistical significance was found between inclusion of TGD content and participants' year of graduation. Those graduating in or after 2011 were more likely to report receiving content. Themes emerged in four areas related to practice area, role, location, and education. This study highlights inadequacy of curricular inclusion of TGD health needs. Findings underscored ways FNPs sourced best practices to provide health care to TGD people.

Implications for Clinical Practice:
These findings provide additional support for the need to educate FNPs to reduce barriers for TGD persons in accessing affirming health care.
Characterization of Host-Pathogen-Device Interactions in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection of Breast Implants
Authors: Vuong Linh N. , Dorsey Denise , Obernuefemann Chloe , Pinkner Jerome , Walker Jennifer N. , Hultgren Scott , Myckatyn Terence M. 
Published: June 2022

Background:

Pseudomonas aeruginosa accounts for 7 to 22 percent of breast implant–associated infections, which can result in reconstructive failures and explantation. Investigating host-pathogen-device interactions in mice and patient samples will improve the understanding of colonization mechanisms, for targeted treatments and clinical guidelines.

Methods:
Mice with and without implants were infected with PAO1 laboratory strain or BIP2 or BIP16 clinical strains and killed at 1 day or 7 days after infection to evaluate for colonization of implants and underlying tissues by means of colony-forming unit enumeration. Immunostaining was performed on mouse implants, human tissue expanders colonized by BIP2, and acellular dermal matrix colonized by BIP16.

Results:
Colonization of tissues and smooth implants by P. aeruginosa was strain-dependent: at 1 day after infection, all strains acutely infected tissues with and without implants with colonization levels reflecting growth rates of individual strains. At 7 days after infection, PAO1 caused colonization of approximately 105 colony-forming units/100 mg of tissue but required implant presence, whereas in mice infected with BIP2/BIP16, colony-forming units were below the limit of detection with or without implants. Immunofluorescence staining of mouse implants, however, demonstrated continued presence of BIP2 and BIP16. Staining showed co-localization of all strains with fibrinogen, collagen I, and collagen III on mouse and human samples.

Conclusions:
The trajectory of P. aeruginosa in breast implant–associated infections was strain-dependent, and strains could exhibit acute symptomatic or chronic asymptomatic colonization. With strains causing clinical symptoms, the presence of an implant significantly worsened infection. For asymptomatic colonizers, further studies investigating their long-term impacts, especially during periods of immunosuppression in hosts, are needed.
Acellular Dermal Matrix Favorably Modulates the Healing Response after Surgery
Authors: du Plessis Miriam I. , Cottler Patrick S. , Campbell Chris A. 
Published: June 2022

Summary:
When first described for breast reconstruction, the presence of acellular dermal matrices was associated with increased seroma formation and infection. However, clinical safety data have gradually improved with surgeon experience to an acceptable outcomes profile of acellular dermal matrix–assisted reconstruction when compared to submuscular implant coverage. In fact, acellular dermal matrix use potentially decreases capsular contracture rates and facilitates expansion for staged prepectoral breast reconstruction. Because of new regulatory requirements, the collection of unbiased, well-powered premarket approval data summarizing long-term clinical outcomes will be essential over the coming years to understand the clinical performance of acellular dermal matrix use in breast reconstruction. Currently, the authors can highlight the physiologic benefits of acellular dermal matrix use in breast reconstruction by evaluating the components of surgical wound healing that are favorably augmented by the implanted collagen substrate. Acellular dermal matrix takes advantage of the wound healing cascade to incorporate into the patient’s tissues—a process that requires a coordinated inflammatory infiltrate and angiogenesis. The presence of acellular dermal matrix augments and modulates the wound healing process to its advantage by simultaneously increasing the invasion of appropriate cellular constituents to facilitate expeditious healing and accelerate angiogenesis. In this article, the authors summarize the wound healing literature to demonstrate the mechanisms acellular dermal matrices use to biointegrate and the literature in which cellular constituents and soluble growth factors are up-regulated in the presence of acellular dermal matrix. Lastly, the authors use their experimental observations of acellular dermal matrix incorporation to corroborate the literature.