bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taiwan: Achievements and Challenges in a Single-Payer System
Authors: Gusmano Michael K. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Taiwan’s single-payer national health insurance system, adopted in 1995, is often celebrated as a model for other healthcare systems and an example of what a single-payer approach can achieve. Taiwan has achieved a system of universal coverage that is equitable and costs less than most healthcare systems in wealthy countries. This chapter provides a brief history of the Taiwanese healthcare system and identifies its achievements and shortcomings. Overall, the implementation of national health insurance has dramatically increased access to the healthcare system and has reduced inequalities in the use of both ambulatory and hospital care. Some studies have found inequities in the use of specialty care and surgical services, but these disparities are smaller than those that exist in many advanced healthcare systems. Poorer access to healthcare among indigenous populations and those who live in mountainous areas or in outlying islands remains a concern. Two of the biggest challenges faced by the system are the adequacy of its payments to clinicians and the size of the clinician workforce. Taiwan has kept healthcare spending low, but critics argue that its fees to healthcare professionals may be too low, particularly in light of increasing demand for healthcare services as the population ages.
United States
Authors: Getzen Thomas E. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDuring the 20th century the United States became the largest national health care market and the global leader in medical technology. Historical records and archival data for the period before 1960 give specificity to generalizations made in previous chapters. A patchwork financing system based on private employee benefits, Medicare and Medicaid, and local safety net providers was developed during a time of exceptional prosperity. When the oil embargo and inflation hit in 1973, nonprofit hospitals, community-rated premiums, visiting nurse services, and other voluntary institutions struggled to remain viable. Without the universal coverage and national controls over budgets or prices found in most OECD countries, the health financing transition appears to have been incomplete in the United States. Excess growth after 1975 made it an outlier, an expensive exception where NHE rose 50% faster than comparable countries over the next two decades.
The Constructed Linguistic Stratification
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe difference between tongue(s) and prophecy lies at the core of Paul’s discussion in 1 Cor. 14. What we see in this text is the construction of not just difference but also stratification, which eventually leads to complete silencing. Paul not only differentiates between tongue(s) and prophecy but also argues that prophecy is more important or bigger or greater than tongue(s). This chapter suggests that the distinction between these two phenomena is a linguistic one—that of foreign languages versus the dominant language. Prophecy refers to speaking in the dominant language, while tongue(s) refers to speaking in the foreign languages (i.e., minoritized languages). Both kinds of speech are linguistic through and through. Foreign languages are unintelligible to the ear of the dominant linguistic-speakers, but they are not meaningless.
Postwar Tensions
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Meyerhof published papers proving that during the anaerobic phase of muscle contraction, glycogen is converted into lactic acid, whereas in recovery with oxygen present, glycogen is resynthesized from lactic acid. It was the first demonstration of the cyclical nature of energy transformations in muscle. Hill decided not to attend an International Congress in Paris in 1920 to show support for Meyerhof and other excluded German scientists. Hill became physiology professor in Manchester: a run-down department with heavy teaching duties. Wallace Fenn, a young American joined him for one year; he showed a quantitative relationship between heat production in a muscle and the work it performs, lifting a load. Hill started to investigate the physiology of human exercise with two young graduates. They acted as their own subjects, undertaking strenuous exercise while measuring blood lactate levels and introduced the concept of oxygen debt.
Stockholm and Beyond
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In 1922, the Nobel Committee could not agree on a winner, but in 1923 decided to recognize the “colossal” advances in muscle physiology for the held-over prize, ultimately choosing Hill and Meyerhof. Meyerhof could not gain promotion in Kiel and moved to the KWG institute in Berlin. His intellectual fertility attracted several remarkably gifted younger workers to join him. Hill continued his meticulous studies of the tiny quantities of heat released during muscle and nerve activity. Two young scientists at UCL identified a novel, organic phosphate compound in muscle. It soon became known as phosphocreatine, and Meyerhof demonstrated when it is hydrolyzed a large amount of heat is generated, meaning that the molecule is a high-energy source. Karl Lohmann in his lab then identified a novel molecule, ATP (adenosine triphosphate), in muscle that can be replenished from phosphocreatine. It is the ultimate energy source for many processes in all living cells.
1940—Backs against the Wall
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In February 1940, Hill embarked on a secret tour of North America as a special attaché from the Air Ministry. He wanted to understand American military technology and to assess the degree of pro-British support. Warning Tizard the Americans were catching up on radar development, Hill stated, “our best bargaining position probably exists NOW.” He urged that the Americans should be given complete information without delay to encourage cooperation. This letter was the genesis of the consequential Tizard Mission in the summer. The German invasion forced the Meyerhofs to leave Paris, but they could not leave France. Hill sent a telegram to the Rockefeller Foundation: “Could you get Meyerhof, wife and son away from Toulouse: impossible from here.” The RF managed to obtain a US visa for him, and the Meyerhofs made their way to Marseille. After several chance encounters, Otto and Hedwig were guided across the Pyrenees to safety, leaving Walter behind.
None the Up and Up
Authors: Bullivant Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Nonverts opens with several themes to be developed in the chapters to come: the variation, both demographic and (critically) ideological, of America’s nones, and their being an established feature beyond the expected locales of certain seaboard cities. It also emphasizes the sheer numbers of nones (ca. 58.6 million and growing), and explains the special significance of the “nonvert” subset—as those who, having been brought up religiously (and in the vast majority of cases as Christians) but now identifying as nones, are the principal drivers and shapers of a genuine and far-reaching watershed in American society and culture.
A Myriad of Health Impacts from Fossil Fuel
Authors: Perera Frederica 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 reviews the diverse health effects in children attributable to fossil fuel–related air pollution and climate change, individually and combined. It describes the links between air pollution and adverse birth outcomes, cognitive and behavioral problems, mental health disorders, asthma, and effects on the immune system. The chapter also reviews the toll on children from weather disasters, heat, fires, drought and malnutrition, infectious disease, forced migration, and displacement. It explores the mechanisms involved and then focuses on the separate and cumulative effects of these exposures on early brain development and mental health, noting the potential long-term effects. It presents examples of synergy between air pollution and climate change that augment the harm. It describes the additional effects of toxic substances derived from petrochemicals. By reviewing this vast body of research, the chapter shows that all children are being affected in multiple ways.
Children Are Not All Equal
Authors: Perera Frederica 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 reviews the disproportionately heavy burden of climate change and air pollution falling on children in developing countries and socially disadvantaged children in richer countries. It describes the large disparities in air pollution exposure and in rates of adverse birth outcomes, asthma, infectious disease, and mental health disorders linked to air pollution. It reviews how every harmful climate change impact—more frequent severe storms and floods, heatwaves, forest and wildland fires, droughts, malnutrition, vector-borne diseases, contaminated water and food, conflict, displacement, and forced migrations—affects the physical and mental health of marginalized and disempowered children the most. It shows that exposure to toxic petrochemical-based chemicals follows the same pattern. It discusses the cumulative impact of these exposures on mental health. The chapter ends with a discussion of how stress due to poverty or racism and toxic environmental exposures work hand- in- hand to widen health disparities.
Millennials and the Shift toward a Global Identity
Authors: Rouse Stella M. , McDonald Jared , Engstrom Richard N. , Hanmer Michael J. , González Roberto , Lay Siugmin , Miranda Daniel 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the content of Millennials’ “core persona.” Specifically, it focuses on how Millennial citizens bring a global perspective to the way they view themselves and the political environment around them. The chapter details how the era critical to the socialization of the Millennial Generation was marked by many factors, including global events like 9/11 and advances in technology that made instant communication across the globe available to the average citizen. Under these conditions, Millennials developed a sense of belonging to a global community—what is known as cosmopolitanism. In seven of the eight countries surveyed, Millennials are more likely than non-Millennials to name “citizen of the world” as their most important identity. In contrast, non-Millennials are more likely to pick their national identity as most important. Beyond cosmopolitanism versus nationalism, the chapter examines generational differences based on identities such as age group, race, religion, gender, and class.
The Thermodynamic Basis for Equilibrium Chemistry
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a basic understanding of chemical thermodynamics, the basis for all chemical equilibria. Part 1 describes the basic concepts, principal functions of state, and laws of thermodynamics. Part 2 shows how these concepts are used to define equilibrium conditions for chemical processes. The effects of the primary state variables, temperature and pressure. on thermodynamic functions of state and on chemical equilibria are developed in Part 3. Examples are provided throughout the chapter to illustrate applications of important thermodynamic principles and equations.
Solving Acid-Base Equilibria and the Carbonate System
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Three types of tools used to solve ionic equilibria are presented: graphical, algebraic, and numerical (computer-based) techniques. Construction and interpretation of single “master-variable” diagrams (pC-pH diagrams) is explained, and their use to solve acid-base problems is illustrated. Because many ionic equilibria problems are too complicated to solve through graphical or algebraic techniques, emphasis is placed on computer-based solutions. A brief history is presented on computer programs for ionic equilibria and their operating principles. Example-based instructions are given for the program Visual MINTEQ. This knowledge is applied to acid-base systems in natural waters, especially the carbonate system. Factors affecting pH and alkalinity and methods of measuring carbonate forms, including Gran titrations, are described. Other acid-base systems in natural waters are discussed, and the kinetics of acid-base reactions is described.
Redox Equilibria and Kinetics
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter treats the last of the four major classes of reactions of interest regarding ionic equilibria in natural waters: the coupled processes of oxidation and reduction. Redox processes are important not only for inorganic ions but also play prominent roles in the biogeochemical cycles of important biogenic elements and in transformations of natural organic matter and synthetic organic contaminants. After defining important terms and redox processes, procedures for writing and balancing redox reactions and combining reduction potentials to determine reaction energetics are described, and pε is described as an alternative measure to EH (redox potential). The relationship between reduction potentials and Gibbs free energy of reaction is explained. Procedures for displaying redox equilibria in diagrams are developed. Measurement of redox potential in natural waters and sediments and the limitations of this measurement are presented. The importance of kinetics in describing redox conditions in natural systems is also emphasized.
Fundamentals of Photochemistry and Some Applications in Aquatic Systems
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the basic physical and chemical processes involved in photochemistry, including both direct and indirect photochemical reactions in natural waters and engineered systems. The kinetic processes of both kinds of photochemical reactions are summarized along with the main factors affecting the quantity and spectral quality of light at the water surface and within water bodies. The chemistry of important reactive photo-intermediates is summarized, and some important photochemical reactions of dissolved inorganic substances in aquatic systems are briefly described. Finally, the basic model for semiconductor photochemical reactions is presented, along with potential applications of such reactions in water and wastewater treatment.
Under the Shadow of the Almighty
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
For at least 2,400 years, Psalm 91 has been one of the most used scriptures, for both Jews and Christians. It has been cherished by some of the greatest thinkers in the Judeo-Christian tradition. It is much used for purposes of spiritual protection and exorcism, and it is also believed to offer material protection against violence, famine, or disease. Beyond inspiring faith and confidence, Psalm 91 raises some of the key theological questions that have so often arisen in the Judeo-Christian tradition, but which are here encountered in acute and memorable form. Particularly troubling is the psalm’s assertion that the truly faithful will suffer no evil and will be protected from pestilence. As it has been employed throughout its history, the psalm forces us to think about the boundaries that separate legitimate prayer from superstition or magic, and about the distinctions between “high” and “low” religion. A “biography” of Psalm 91 is also a history of critical themes in Western religion.
A Thousand Shall Fall at Thy Side
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the controversial origins and history of Psalm 91. It is suggested that it began as a prayer or spell intended to seek protection during a time of plague and pestilence, and was subsequently incorporated into the Book of Psalms. In the Second Temple era, successive readings, commentaries, and translations of the text strongly emphasized the psalm’s role as a defense against demonic evil, and as a weapon in exorcism. It was much used for these purposes in the Qumran community, and in the liturgical practice of the temple itself. As it was translated into the Greek of the Septuagint, the psalm’s meaning changed in ways that would be highly influential for later Christian readers. That Greek rendering shaped the Latin Vulgate translation, and all understandings of the text in the medieval West.
Lest You Dash Your Foot Against a Stone
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the powerful influence of Psalm 91 in the New Testament and in the making of early Christian theology. In the gospels’ account of the temptations in the wilderness, Satan quotes Psalm 91 to Jesus. However, this reference is only a small part of a much larger role that the psalm plays in constructing the gospel narrative, most evidently in both Luke and Matthew. Early Christians used the psalm as a means of understanding Jesus’s messianic role as Christus Victor, linking the reference to the serpent to a Genesis passage concerning the Garden of Eden. Similar ideas occur in the Book of Revelation. That vision of defeating or trampling the serpent strongly influenced Patristic thought.
My Refuge and My Fortress
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century led to a rediscovery of the original Hebrew text of Psalm 91, and a new appreciation of the work and its power. Martin Luther loved the work. Protestant readers also rediscovered the plague emphasis that had been lost in the Vulgate translation. Catholic readers continued to read older versions, referring to the text as Psalm 90 rather than 91. Both sides made extensive use of Psalm 91 during the religious wars of the period, each portraying their enemies as evil forces to be trampled and suppressed. Catholics created some spectacular visual depictions of the Psalm. Protestants meanwhile used it as the basis for major musical compositions. Catholics found the psalm very valuable in their global missions, to justify conquering and ruling pagan peoples overseas.
Postdoc
Authors: Schimel Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
For people aiming for an academic career, postdoctoral experience is routine, even in the humanities. Yet this remains a delicate transition, defined only by what you are not, and by being both a new senior person but also the “new kid.” Balancing these roles calls for tact, diplomacy, and communication. But, of course, a postdoc’s job is to find a permanent position. Getting hired involves recognizing that job searches are fitting processes; employers are guessing who will be the best person for them. But they are likely searching because they lack your expertise, so your seminar needs to educate interviewers about who, and what, you are.
Assistant Professor
Authors: Schimel Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
An assistant professor has one job: to make tenure and keep their job. This starts with negotiations over salary and start-up. But how to approach these to establish your position as a valued member of this new community? Having arrived, a new faculty member needs to develop a mentoring network that encompasses everything from emotional support to active sponsorship; this will likely involve people both on and off campus. Some service work is important, but too much can interfere in core activities of scholarship and teaching—so learn when to say “no.” Finally, if things are imperfect, know when to consider leaving for other opportunities.
Non-Tenure-Track Teaching Faculty
Authors: Schimel Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Most university faculty are either adjunct or are at undergraduate institutions. Life for adjunct faculty can be particularly challenging: modest pay, lack of job security, and often a lack of respect. Institutions have limited resources and so always support their permanent, core, faculty to a higher level than they do adjunct faculty. Adjuncts can improve their standing by taking a larger role in departmental life, even if they don’t vote in departmental affairs. Another challenge for adjuncts is the overwhelming number of systems to figure out. Finally, remember that there may be issues that are negotiable—timing, sections, and so on.
Working with the Staff
Authors: Schimel Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Great staff is part of what makes a great university; faculty rely on the staff to maintain administrative services, yet staff often report problems in dealing with faculty. Faculty often don’t understand the role and the lives of the staff. When facing a problem, the rule is to find the right person to ask and to build effective teamwork. Problems with staff may involve a weak staff member or it may be that the real problem is the faculty member’s unreasonable expectations or unwillingness to accept bad news. Working effectively with support staff calls for learning something about how they operate and building effective working relationships.
Mentoring 1
Authors: Schimel Joshua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A mentor’s job is to help people get to the place that is right for them. Yet, mentoring, done right, is a mutualistic relationship in which each participant benefits. There are many ways to achieve this, and the best approach will depend on three elements: mentor, mentee, and the specific relationship between them—succeeding may require adjusting approaches. This is particularly important when we mentor students who differ from us—how do we ensure they get what they need? Part of being a good mentor is being a role model, yet many highly successful mentors can be intimidating as role models.
Theoretical Contexts II
Authors: Rothstein William 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Despite their temporal, cultural, and geographic distance from early nineteenth-century Italy, the ideas of Schenker and Riemann may be applied to the repertoire covered in this book. The relevance of Schenker’s theories owes much to his rediscovery of thoroughbass, an important ingredient of his analytical method and of Italian pedagogy. Schenker’s emphasis on melody, including his concept of melodic diminution, has much in common with Italian solfeggio practice. His belief in the primacy of absolute music, and his contempt for the mass audience, explains his rejection of opera as a genre. His belief in German superiority, which included a late flirtation with Nazism, intensified his rejection of Italian musical culture after 1900. The harmonic concepts of Riemann and neo-Riemannian theorists provide useful tools to describe harmonic relations in the chromatic environments often favored by Rossini and his successors.
Bellini and the New Diatonicism
Authors: Rothstein William 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Bellini’s melodic and harmonic language, though mostly diatonic, weakens the pull of tonal centers as conventionally understood. Whereas Rossini often ends a minor-key piece in the parallel major, Bellini sometimes ends in the relative major, treating relative major and minor almost as a single key. The sonorità, or fixed melodic pitch, may act as an agent of coherence, even over long stretches of music. Unlike Rossini, who often had assistants compose his recitatives, Bellini’s recitatives are as carefully structured as his lyric movements. Bellini’s music often exhibits common-tone tonality, prefiguring pieces like the Verdi chorus analyzed in chapter 1. The lengthy finales to La straniera and Norma are analyzed.