bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unpacking the Bureaucratic Representation–Legitimacy Relationship in International Organizations: The Role of Elite Beliefs and Self-Legitimation Practices
Authors: Badache Fanny 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe link between bureaucratic representation and the perceived legitimacy of international organizations (IOs) is often cited in the literature. However, we do not know exactly how this works empirically. In this article, I introduce two variables to better understand the bureaucratic representation–IO legitimacy relationship: elite beliefs about geographical representation and self-legitimation practices. The theoretical framework bridges the literature on IO legitimacy in international relations and the literature on representative bureaucracy in public administration. Based on the case of the United Nations Secretariat and semistructured interviews with staff members, human resources experts, and member state representatives, the qualitative analysis points to two conclusions. First, this article presents the various representative bureaucracy–related legitimation practices employed by the bureaucracy at the discursive, institutional, and behavioral levels. Second, bureaucratic representation is perceived as a democratic, fair, and technocratic source of legitimacy by member state representatives. This article adds to the empirical study of IO legitimacy and to recent studies on representative bureaucracy in IOs.
Stress analysis of an inclusion layer bonded to an irregularly shaped pore under an edge dislocation or a concentrated load
Authors: Liao Y L , Tseng S C , Chao C K 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Pores play an important role in the failure analysis of metal castings. During the solidification process, slag inclusions such as oxides, nitrides and sulfides may form around the pores. This paper provides an analytical solution for an inclusion layer bonded to a square pore under edge dislocation or a concentrated load. Based on the mapping method and analytical continuation theorem, both sliding and climbing forces as well as interfacial stresses induced by a dislocation or concentrated load are obtained in a closed form. The results indicate that an inclusion layer with a larger (or smaller) shape factor would result in a stable equilibrium position near (or far from) the interface. When the shape factor decreases, the stable equilibrium position moves away from the interface if the stiffness of the inclusion layer increases. For a concentrated load, the interfacial stresses increased with the elastic mismatch and corner sharpness. These findings could improve the compatibility between the matrix and inclusion layer in metallurgical manufacturing systems.
Metabolic Demands and Kinematics During Level Walking in Darkness With No Vision or With Visual Aid
Authors: Norrbrand Lena , Grönkvist Mikael , Kounalakis Stylianos , Halvorsen Kjartan , Eiken Ola 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Uniformed services commonly perform foot-borne operations at night, while using visual aid in terms of night vision goggles (NVG). During slow-level walking, complete lack of visual input alters kinematics and markedly increases the metabolic demand, whereas the effect on kinematics and energy expenditure of restricting the peripheral visual field by wearing NVG is still unknown. The purpose was to evaluate whether metabolic demands and kinematics during level walking are affected by complete darkness with and without visual aid.

Materials and Methods
Eleven healthy men walked on a treadmill (inclination: +2.3°, velocity: 4 km/h) with full vision in a lighted laboratory (Light), and in complete darkness wearing either a blindfold (Dark), or restricting the visual field to about 40° by wearing monocular (Mono) or binocular (Bino) NVG. Oxygen uptake ($\dot{\text{V}}$O2) was measured to evaluate metabolic demands. Inertial measurement units were used to estimate kinematics, and the outcome was validated by using a motion capture system. Ratings of perceived exertion, discomfort, and mental stress were evaluated after each condition using a Borg ratio scale. Physiologic and kinematic variables were evaluated using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), whereas ratings were evaluated using non-parametric Friedman ANOVA.

Results
$\dot{\text{V}}$ O2 was 20% higher in the Dark (1.2 ± 0.2 L/min) than the Light (1.0 ± 0.2 L/min) condition. Nominally, $\dot{\text{V}}$O2 in the Mono (1.1 ± 0.2 L/min) and Bino (1.1 ± 0.2 L/min) conditions fell in between those in the Light and Dark conditions but was not statistically different from either the Light or the Dark condition. Step length was shorter in the Dark (−9%, 1.22 ± 0.16 m) and Mono (−6%, 1.27 ± 0.09 m) conditions than in the Light condition (1.35 ± 0.11 m), whereas the Bino (1.28 ± 0.08 m) condition was not statistically different from either the Light or the Dark condition. The three conditions with no or limited vision were perceived more physically demanding, more uncomfortable, and more mentally stressful than the Light condition, and the Dark condition was perceived more mentally stressful than both NVG conditions.

Conclusions
The study confirms that complete lack of visual cues markedly reduces the mechanical efficiency during level walking, even under obstacle-free and highly predictable conditions. That $\dot{\text{V}}$O2 and step length values for the NVG conditions fell in between those of the Light and Dark conditions suggest that both foveal and peripheral vision may play important roles in optimizing the mechanical efficiency during level walking.
Globular cluster formation with multiple stellar populations: a single-binary composite scenario
Authors: Bekki Kenji 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
We discuss a GC formation scenario in which the first generation (1G) of single asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars and intermediate-mass close binaries (IMCBs) eject gas, from which the second generation (2G) of stars can be formed. The two key parameters in the scenario are the fractions of binary stars (fb) and the slopes (α) of the stellar initial mass functions (IMFs) for 1G stars. Principle results derived by analytic and one-zone models of GC formation are as follows. The mass fraction of 2G stars (f2g) can be higher than ≈0.4 for α &lt; 1.8 and is not so dependent on fb. The ratio of the initial mass of a GC to the present-day mass (Mgc) ranges from 2 to 7 depending on α for 0.5 ≤ fb ≤ 0.9. The differences in [Na/Fe] between 1G and 2G stars can be as large as 0.7 for a wide range of model parameters. The Li abundances of 2G stars can be as high as those of 1G even if the pristine gas from IMCBs is assumed to be Li-free. Formation histories of 2G stars show at least two peaks owing to two peaks in the total ejection rate of gas from IMCB populations. The observed correlation between f2g and Mgc can be due to α depending on Mgc. The hypothetical long duration of 2G formation (≈108 yr) is possible, because massive star formation can be suppressed through frequent dynamical interaction between 1G stars and gas clouds.
Measuring bar pattern speeds from single simulation snapshots
Authors: Dehnen Walter , Semczuk Marcin , Schönrich Ralph 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
We describe methods to measure simultaneously the orientation angle ψ and pattern speed Ω from single snapshots of simulated barred galaxies. Unlike previous attempts, our approach is unbiased, precise, and consistent in the sense that $\psi=\int\Omega \mathop{}\mathrm{d} t$. It can be extended to obtain the rate and axis of rotation, i.e. the vector $\boldsymbol{\Omega}$. We provide computer code implementing our method.
Bipolarized intrinsic faradaic layer on a semiconductor surface under illumination
Authors: Xue Mengfan , Chu Zhiqiang , Jiang Dongjian , Dong Hongzheng , Wang Pin , Sun Gengzhi , Yao Yingfang , Luo Wenjun , Zou Zhigang 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Interface charge transfer plays a key role in the performance of semiconductors for different kinds of solar energy utilization, such as photocatalysis, photoelectrocatalysis, photochromism and photo-induced superhydrophilicity. In previous studies, different mechanisms have been used to understand interface charge transfer processes. However, the charge transfer mechanism at the solid/liquid interface remains a controversial topic. Here, taking TiO2 as a model, we find and prove, via experiments, the new characteristic of photo-induced bipolarity of the surface layer (reduction faradaic layer and oxidation faradaic layer) on a semiconductor for the first time. Different from energy level positions in the classic surface states transfer mechanism, the potential window of a surface faradaic layer is located out of the forbidden band. Moreover, we find that the reduction faradaic layer and oxidation faradaic layer serve as electron and hole transfer mediators in photocatalysis, while the bipolarity or mono-polarity of the surface layer on a semiconductor depends on the applied potential in photoelectrocatalysis. The new characteristic of bipolarity can also offer new insights into the charge transfer process at the semiconductor/liquid interface for solar energy utilization.
Electoral Turnout
Authors: Cancela João 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of electoral turnout in Portugal since the transition to democracy in 1974/1975 until early 2021. Firstly, it presents the evolution of official and population-adjusted participation rates in different types of elections. Secondly, it reviews the main findings in the literature regarding the sources of variation in voter participation, surveying factors both on a contextual and individual level. This literature review shows that in recent decades there has been an increase of turnout asymmetries. Finally, using aggregate data, the chapter provides an original analysis of the extent to which electoral outcomes in parliamentary elections may vary as a function of turnout levels.
The Executive Political Elite
Authors: Tavares de Almeida Pedro 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The regime change in Portugal in 1974, from a right-wing dictatorship to democracy, implied a drastic reconfiguration of the Portuguese political system and the emergence of a new ruling elite. This chapter focuses on the recruitment of top decision-makers, the political executive elite (prime ministers, and senior and junior ministers), surveying and discussing the empirical evidence available from 1976 until 2019 on their sociodemographic characteristics and career pathways. Overall, the ministerial personnel are predominantly male, middle-aged, university educated, and drawn from a limited array of occupations (professors, managers, lawyers, and senior civil servants). A few, but significant, background differences uncover the varied profile of two main types of executive appointees: politicians, who have a partisan and parliamentary apprenticeship, and experts, who are selected for their specialized competences and skills. The causes and implications of the high numbers of these ‘outsiders’ in executive positions, a distinctive and persistent trait in Portuguese democracy, will be assessed here.
Movements at the Border. Conflict and Protest in Portugal
Authors: Accornero Guya , Ramos Pinto Pedro 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter surveys the trajectories and role of social movements in Portugal since the transition to democracy. Popular mobilization on an unprecedented scale was one of the remarkable traits of the Carnation Revolution. Since then, the social movement field has undergone a number of changes—at times echoing developments elsewhere in Europe, others charting its own path. By analysing these shifts, this chapter engages with key debates about the nature of politics in Portugal. Is it a low-mobilization democracy? How autonomous are its social movements, and what is their relationship with institutional politics? While usually viewed as a peripheral country characterized by low-engagement patterns, the Portuguese case reveals some surprises when one considers its bridging role in terms of innovation in forms and study of participation.
Social and Economic Inequality
Authors: Farinha Rodrigues Carlos 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to analyse the recent evolution of social and economic inequality in Portugal. It describes inequality’s main characteristics and identifies the more at-risk social groups, together with the impact it has on Portuguese society and democracy. Notwithstanding its own specific importance, the study of inequality gains further relevance in this context because it is both a structural component when evaluating the living conditions of individuals, and it plays an essential role in determining the levels of wellbeing of the population. Hence, this chapter also discusses the living conditions, social welfare, and economic poverty of the Portuguese population, paying particular attention to the role of public policies in reducing inequalities and poverty.
Portugal and the Challenges of Economic Globalization
Authors: Amador João 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Economic globalization has been one of the most powerful forces driving economic and social transformation in the last century. The exchange of goods and services, the flow of capital and workers, and the fast dissemination of knowledge and technology will continue to shape times to come. Portugal has been a part of this trend, mostly through its participation in the European integration process. The country stands as an open economy rooted on broad public and political support regarding its engagement in international economic relations. Nevertheless, the Portuguese economy is lagging behind in some aspects, and the impacts of changes in economic globalization are felt with some delay. The challenges that lie ahead, driven by the inexorable path of technological progress, imply major transformations in the labour market and, as elsewhere, risks of social upheaval cannot be discarded.
Portugal and the European Monetary Union
Authors: Duarte Margarida 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The adoption of the euro represents a major event for the Portuguese economy. This chapter analyses the process of Portuguese monetary unification with Europe and its macroeconomic performance over the last 20 years. While membership in the euro area was associated with expectations of faster economic convergence to the level of core European countries, Portugal’s economic performance over the last 20 years has largely failed to meet these expectations. This performance has been shaped, in part, by large economic crises to which European institutions and national governments were ill-equipped to respond. But Portugal’s economic underperformance was apparent even before the 2008 global financial crisis. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the current economic and policy challenges faced by Portugal and the euro area.
Portugal in the European Union
Authors: Ferreira-Pereira Laura C. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter chronicles and discusses in a critical way the milestones of over 35 years of Portugal’s European integration, which mirror the growing pains and gains of a transformative journey that has become an integral part the country’s national identity. Taking stock of the international literature, it begins with a tour d’horizon highlighting the major issues and insights regarding Portugal’s experience in the European Union (EU). This historic overview provides the necessary background for shedding particular light upon the Portuguese Presidencies of the EU Council which, taken as a whole, evince the evolutionary Europeanization pathway that has led the country to embrace an ever-integrated political EU. The incremental support shown by Portuguese authorities to task expansion within the realm of security and defence stands out as a paradigmatic example of this. Before its concluding remarks, this chapter offers a view of future avenues and challenges for the field of research.
Intratumoral nanobody–IL-2 fusions that bind the tumor extracellular matrix suppress solid tumor growth in mice
Authors: Lutz Emi A , Jailkhani Noor , Momin Noor , Huang Ying , Sheen Allison , Kang Byong H , Wittrup K Dane , Hynes Richard O 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Confining cytokine exposure to the tumors would greatly enhance cancer immunotherapy safety and efficacy. Immunocytokines, cytokines fused to tumor-targeting antibodies, have been developed with this intention, but without significant clinical success to date. A critical limitation is uptake by receptor-expressing cells in the blood, that decreases the dose at the tumor and engenders toxicity. Small-format immunocytokines, constructed with antibody fragments, are hypothesized to improve tumor specificity due to rapid systemic clearance. However, effective design criteria for small-format immunocytokines need further examination. Here, we engineer small interleukin-2 (IL-2) immunocytokines fused to nanobodies with nanomolar to picomolar affinities for the tumor-specific EIIIB domain of fibronectin (also known as EDB). Upon intravenous delivery into immunocompetent mice, such immunocytokines led to similar tumor growth delay as size-matched untargeted IL-2. Intratumoral (i.t.) delivery imparted improved survival dependent on affinity to EIIIB. I.t. administration offers a promising avenue to deliver small-format immunocytokines, given effective affinity for the tumor microenvironment.
Periodic limb movements in sleep are linked to decreased hippocampus and amygdala volumes in the population-based BiDirect Study
Authors: Szentkirályi András , Hermesdorf Marco , Sundermann Benedikt , Czira Maria , Teismann Henning , Wulms Niklas , Minnerup Heike , Young Peter , Berger Klaus 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Study Objectives
Even though numerous studies indicate that sleep disorders are associated with altered brain morphology, MRI studies focusing on periodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) are scarce. Our aim was to investigate the association of PLMS with global and regional gray matter volumes as well as white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume.

Methods
One hundred and eighty-nine subjects (57.0 ± 7.8 years, women: 50.5%) of the population-based BiDirect Study underwent a single-night polysomnography (PSG). Standard criteria of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine were applied to evaluate sleep characteristics and calculate the PLMS index (PLMSI). T1w and FLAIR images were acquired with cerebral MRI at 3 Tesla. Voxel-based morphometry was performed to determine the total gray matter volume as well as the volume of cortical segments and subcortical gray matter areas using SPM12 and CAT12. The WMH volume was quantified with the Brain Intensity AbNormality Classification Algorithm. The independent relationship between MRI markers and PLMSI was analyzed using multivariable linear regression with adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, intracranial volume, PSG scorer, PSG device, sleep apnea, and the use of antidepressants.

Results
PLMSI was not significantly related to global gray matter volume and WMH volume. However, significant inverse associations of the PLMSI with the volume of the hippocampus (left and right hemisphere) and left amygdala were observed.

Conclusions
A significant relationship between a higher PLMSI and lower volumes of the hippocampus and amygdala was found among the participants of the BiDirect Study. Since these associations are based on exploratory analyses, further replications are required before drawing firm conclusions.
Pervasive Introgression During Rapid Diversification of the European Mountain Genus Soldanella (L.) (Primulaceae)
Authors: Slovák Marek , Melichárková Andrea , Štubňová Eliška Gbúrová , Kučera Jaromír , Mandáková Terezie , Smyčka Jan , Lavergne Sébastien , Passalacqua Nicodemo Giuseppe , Vďačný Peter , Paun Ovidiu 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Hybridization is a key mechanism involved in lineage diversification and speciation, especially in ecosystems that experienced repeated environmental oscillations. Recently radiated plant groups, which have evolved in mountain ecosystems impacted by historical climate change provide an excellent model system for studying the impact of gene flow on speciation. We combined organellar (whole-plastome) and nuclear genomic data (RAD-seq) with a cytogenetic approach (rDNA FISH) to investigate the effects of hybridization and introgression on evolution and speciation in the genus Soldanella (snowbells, Primulaceae). Pervasive introgression has already occurred among ancestral lineages of snowbells and has persisted throughout the entire evolutionary history of the genus, regardless of the ecology, cytotype, or distribution range size of the affected species. The highest extent of introgression has been detected in the Carpathian species, which is also reflected in their extensive karyotype variation. Introgression occurred even between species with dysploid and euploid cytotypes, which were considered to be reproductively isolated. The magnitude of introgression detected in snowbells is unprecedented in other mountain genera of the European Alpine System investigated hitherto. Our study stresses the prominent evolutionary role of hybridization in facilitating speciation and diversification on the one hand, but also enriching previously isolated genetic pools. [chloroplast capture; diversification; dysploidy; European Alpine system; introgression; nuclear-cytoplasmic discordance; ribosomal DNA.]
Genome Sequence Resources for Five Isolates of Coniothyrium glycines, Causal Pathogen of Red Leaf Blotch of Soybeans
Authors: Proaño-Cuenca Fernanda , Carrera-Lopez Daniel , Luster Douglas , Zeller Kurt , Cardwell Kitty 
Published: November 2022

Red leaf blotch is a severe soybean disease caused by the select agent fungal pathogen Coniothyrium glycines. With little information about the pathogen, no molecular detection methods are available. Here, we report genome assemblies of five isolates, including reference isolates. These datasets provide a valuable resource for ongoing studies that include marker development, diagnostics, and population diversity. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Evaluation of Inappropriate Positioning of Dosimeters in Medical Workers Based on Dose Equivalent Hp(10)
Authors: Tamura Megumi , Kawamoto Takeshi , Kenjo Masahiro , Nakashima Takeo , Kawano Reo , Tamura Takayuki , Ishifuro Minoru , Kiguchi Masao , Awai Kazuo , Nagata Yasushi 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This report presents a new method to characterize the inappropriate positioning of dosimeters based on the dose equivalent Hp(10). The Hp(10) values of medical workers were measured monthly for 12 mo using two personal dosimeters. Using the ratio between the values of Hp(10) recorded from dosimeters worn over and under protective aprons [Hp(10)over and Hp(10)under, respectively], 670 pairs of dosimeter readings were categorized into a proper use group [Hp(10)over/Hp(10)under ≥ 5] and a misuse group [Hp(10)over/Hp(10)under < 5]. Following personal interviews, the readings in the misuse group were classified into the following six subgroups: “reversed,” “sometimes reversed,” “both under,” “both over,” “without apron,” and “not specified.” Ultimately, the scatter plot of “Hp(10)over – Hp(10)under” vs. Hp(10)over was identified as the most promising tool for clarifying the misuse patterns of dosimeters, as individual readings were mapped to the locations of the corresponding subgroups in the obtained graphs. Our results are expected to facilitate efficient and accurate usage of dosimeters by medical workers.