bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dose Dependent Anti-inflammatory Effect of Ammi majus Alcoholic Extract in Rat: Chronic Study
Authors: H. Mutlag Shihab 
Published: September 2022

During treatment of inflammatory diseases, many conventional therapies (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) used to relief pain and inflammation. Chronic use of the intended drugs is frequently associated with serious side effect, which may lead to discontinuation of treatment . The efficacy and dose- response effect of ammi majus extraxt (2 , 4, 8 , 16, and 32 mg/rat) were assessed using formalin to induce paw edema in rats as a model of chronic inflammation respectively. In this study, 42 rats were used and allocated into 7 groups each containing 6 rats, representing control (Distilled water) , standard (piroxicam ) and test extract ( 2 , 4 , 8 , 16 and 32 mg/rat of Ammi majus alcoholic extract ). The test extract and control were given orally before induction of inflammation Paw edema was measured by using vernier caliper after 7 days for chronic inflammation. The result indicated that Ammi majus alcoholic extract significantly lower paw edema (p<0.05) compared to standard and control, while the dose 16mg/rat also lower the paw edema compared with other test groups but less compared with the dose 32mg/rat. In conclusion, Ammi majus alcoholic extract possess anti-inflammatory activity in animals model of chronic inflammation and the effect increased with increasing the dose.
Key words: Ammi majus alcoholic extract, Chronic inflammation , Dose-Dependent
Synthesis of New Coumarin and 2-quinolone Derivatives with Expected Biological Activities
Authors: Y. Saour Kawkab , I. Al-Bayati Ridha , K. Hadi Mohammed 
Published: September 2022

A series of new coumarin and N-amino-2-quinolone derivatives have been synthesized. The reaction of coumarin (1) with excess of Hydrazine hydrate 98% yielded 1-amino-2-quinolone (2), Compound (2) was reacted with different Sulfonyl chloride to yield Sulfonamides [ N-(2-oxoquinolin-1(2H)-yl) methane sulfonamide (3), N-(2-oxoquinolin-1(2H)-yl) Benzene sulfonamide (4) and 4-methyl-N-(2-oxoquinolin-1(2H)-yl) benzene sulfonamide (5) ], while reaction of 2-(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yloxy) acetic acid (8) with different amines yielded compounds [ 2-(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yloxy)-N-(2-oxoquinolin-1(2H)-yl) acetamide (9) and N-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yloxy)acetamide (10) ] through amide linkage.The reactions and purity of the products were checked by TLC. The structures of the final compounds and their intermediates were confirmed by their melting points, IR spectroscopy, and elemental microanalysis.The coumarin and N-amino-2-quinolone derivatives were evaluated for their anti bacterial and antifungal activity.
Key words: coumarin , 1-amino-2-quinolone, sulfonamide, amide, biological activity.
Evaluation of Metformin + Sitagliptin versus Metformin + Glibenclamide on Glycemic Control in Iraqis Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: M. Al-Temimi Hassan , J.Al-Shamma Kassim , M.Alrubaie Salim 
Published: September 2022

Combination therapy with a dipeptidyl peptidaseâ€“4 inhibitor and metformin or metformin+ glibenclamide results in substantial and additive glucose- lowering effects in Iraqis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus . This study evaluated the glycemic control by using two groups of combinations of drugs metformin + glibenclamide and metformin + sitagliptin in Baghdad teaching hospital / medical city. 68 T2DM patients and 34 normal healthy individuals as control group were enrolled in this study and categorized in to two treatment groups. The group 1 (34 patients ) received ( metformin 500 mg three times daily + glibenclamide 5 mg twice daily ) and the group 2 (34 patients) received (metformin 500 mg three times daily + sitagliptin 100 mg once daily ). From each patients 5 ml of blood was obtained by veinpuncture and the serum was separated and used for estimating plasma glucose level (FPG,PPG) and HbA1c.The mean fasting plasma glucose and postprandial plasma glucose significantly lower for group 2 patients for 3 and 6 months of treatment (129.02 Â± 1.96 and 118.4 Â± 1.33), (159.38 Â± 4.72 and 123.88 Â± 2.41 mg / dl) respectively for fasting plasma glucose and postprandial plasma glucose respectively than in group 1 patients (150.76 Â± 3.97 and 127.79 Â±2.52) ,(173.25 Â± 7.99 respectively and 140.67 Â± 4.66 mg / dl) for fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) respectively. The mean HbA1c % significantly lower for group 2 patients for 3 and 6 months of treatment (6.12 Â± 0.091and 5.83 Â± 0.083 ) respectively compared to group 1 patients (7.1 Â± 0 .63 and 6.81 Â± 0.12 ). In conclusion , the combination of metformin + sitagliptin improved fasting plasma glucose , postprandial plasma glucose & HbA1c % in comparison with metformin + glibenclamide combination.
Keywords : Sitagliptin, Metformin , Glibenclamide ,Type 2 Diabetic Patients.
Phytochemical Investigation for the Main Active Constituents in Arctium lappa L. Cultivated in Iraq
Authors: A.Al-Shammaa Dhuha , Y. Saour Kawkab , M. Abdul-Khalik Zaid 
Published: September 2022

Burdock ( Arctium lappa), is among the most popular plants in traditional medicine and it is associated with several biological effects. Literature survey revealed the presence of phenylpropanoid compounds .The most widespread are hydroxycinnamic acids ( mainly caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid) and lignans (mainly arctiin and arctigenin). This work will confirm the presence of these compounds in Arctium lappa, cultivated in Iraq, in both root and leaf samples. The dried plant samples were extracted by soxhlet with 80% methanol then separated the main constituents by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Identification of the isolated compounds was carried out by UV, IR, and compared with reference standards using TLC, HPLC and HPTLC.
Keywords: Actium lappa, hydroxycinnamic acid, Lignan, Phytochemical.
Preparation and in-Vitro Evaluation of Mucoadhesive Clotrimazole Vaginal Hydrogel
Authors: I. Abdul Basma , A. Rajab Nawal 
Published: September 2022

Clotrimazole (CLO) is an antimycotic imidazole derivative applied locally for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections. In this study, CLO was formulated as vaginal mucoadhesive hydrogel, using different types of mucoadhesive polymers to ensure prolonged contact between active ingredient and vaginal mucosa.
Physicochemical properties of the prepared formulas were evaluated as a visual inspection, pH, swelling index, spreadability, and mucoadhesive characteristics, in addition to an in-vitro drug release. The influence of type and concentration of polymers as CMC-Na (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5%w/w), carbopol 940( 0.25, 0.5, and 1 %w/w) and poloxamer 407 (15, 25, 30%w/w) on CLO release from the prepared gels were also investigated. All the different concentrations of each polymer gave a percent of drug release profile inversely proportional with the polymer concentration. The lowest concentration showed faster release within the first half an hour of 99Â± 2% of drug release , while CMC-Na at 3.5% (F2) demonstrated the least release of 40 % after three hours.
On the other hand, poloxamer 407 of 25% gel (F7) produced the highest release of 98%, while carbopol 1% (F5) and CMC-Na (F1) produced 85% and 80% ,respectively. All the prepared formulas were following Higuchi kinetic model. Based on overall result, CLO can be formulated as mucoadhesive vaginal hydrogel using 25%poloxamer as the best prepared formula.
Key words: Hydrogel, Clotrimazole, Mucoadhesive
Formulation and Evaluation of Flurbiprofen Oral Film
Authors: N. Abd-Alhammid Shaimaa , H.Saleeh Haider 
Published: September 2022

Fast dissolving film can be defined as a dosage form, which when placed in the oral cavity. It will rapidly disintegrate and dissolves to release the medication for oral mucosal absorption or allow for the gastrointestinal absorption to be achieved when swallowed.
Flurbiprofen is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and analgesic properties and can be used in low doses 8.75 mg as analgesic and anti inflammatory agent in sore throat infection. This study aims to formulate flurbiprofen as oral dissolving films, to improve the effective relief of pain with severe sore throats with little or no adverse effect.
Nine formulas were prepared using solvent-casting method, and the effect of different formulation variables on the physical and mechanical properties of the prepared films, besides to the drug release behavior was evaluated.
It was found that, the prepared oral film of flurbiprofen that contains hydroxypropyl methylcellulose alone showed the fastest in- vivo disintegration time (30 sec.) Among other investigated polymers. The drug release rates was also observed
The prepared formula F1 which contains HPMC in concentration of (54% w/w), PEG 400 (16% w/w) showed the fastest disintegration time 30seconds, Drug release was 77.5% within 2minutes with satisfactory mechanical properties.
The overall results suggested that the prepared formula of flurbiprofen can be conveniently administered orally in the form of an oral film for sore throat infection.
Keyword:Oral strip, fluriprofen, HPMC polymer.
Preparation and Evaluation of Liquid and Solid Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Mebendazole
Authors: A. Hussein Ahmed 
Published: September 2022

The aim of present study was to develop solid and liquid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of poorly water soluble drug mebendazole using Aerosil 200 as solid carrier. Microemulsions are clear, stable, isotropic liquid mixtures of oil, water and surfactant, frequently in combination with a co-surfactant having droplet size range usually in the range of 20-250 nm. Oleic acid, tween 80 and polypropylene glycol were selected as oil, surfactant and co-surfactant respectively and for preparation of stable SMEDDS, micro emulsion region was identified by constructing pseudo ternary phase diagram containing different proportion of surfactant: co-surfactant (1:1, 2:1 and 3:1), oil and water. In brief S/ CoS mix means surfactant to co-surfactant and oil were mixed at ratio of 1:9, 2:8, 3:7, 4:6, 5:5, 6:4, 7:3, 8:2 and 9:1 manner. To the resultant mixtures, water was added drop wise till the first sign of turbidity in order to identify the end point and after equilibrium; if the system became clear then the water addition was continued. Prepared optimised formula of microemulsion was evaluated for SEM, particle size analysis, polydispersity index, phase separation, viscosity determination, zeta potential, in- vitro dissolution study and in- vivo studies. The optimized microemulsion was converted into solid form by Spray Drying technique by using Aerosil 200 as solid carrier. Prepared SMEDDS was characterized for same parameters as that of microemulsion. Solid SMEDDS of mebendazole prepared using Aerosil 200 by spray drying technique showed good drug content uniformity. After reconstitution it formed microemulsion with micrometric range. In-vitro drug release and in-vivo plasma drug concentration of microemulsion and SMEDDS was much higher than that of marketed praparation. Hence lipid based drug delivery system may efficiently formulate microemulsion and it can be solidified easily by spray drying technique which enhances dissolution rate and thus concomitantly bioavailability. In conclusion ,self micro emulsifying drug delivery system has become promising tool to overcome shortcomings associated with conventional delivery.
Kew words: Self-microemulsifying drug delivery system, Microemulsion, Mebendazole.
Synthesis of New Cephalosporins of Expected Improved Activity and Resistance Against -Lactamases
Authors: M. Alwan Shakir , H. Kadhim Ameer 
Published: September 2022

The development of new cephalosporins with improved activity against resistant microbes, such as, MRSA (methicillin resistant Staph. aureus), P. aeruginosa, is of high potential. Chemical synthesis of two new series of thiadiazole linked to cysteine (series 1) and cephalosporins containing thiadiazole linked to cysteine through disulfide bond (series 2) were achieved. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed using spectral (FT-IR, 1H-NMR) and elemental microanalysis. The incorporation of privileged chemical moieties, such as, thiadiazole, Schiff base, cysteine and sulfonamide, has been found to have great contribution to the antimicrobial activities. Compounds of series 1 (1b-d), containing a Schiff base or a sulfonamido moiety, showed reasonable activity and were less potent than cephalexin with respect to E. coli and Staph. aureus. The new cephalosporins (series 2) showed remarkable activities on E. coli (62.5-15.6Âµg/ml) and staph. aureus (31.2-62.5Âµg/ml) when compared with cephalexin (250 and 125 Âµg/ml) respectively. Moreover, compounds 1 and 3 showed very promising activity against MRSA (250 and 500Âµg/ml) respectively. The incorporation of a sulfonamido moiety to the cephalosporin molecule was successfully achieved. This is a very interesting finding which may open a new approach in the synthesis of newer cephalosporins.
Keywords: Cephalosporins, Cysteine, Schiff base, Sulfonamides, Thiadiazole.
Evaluation of Protective Effect of Different Doses of Terminalia arjuna Bark Ethanolic Extract on Cisplatin Induced Oxidative Nephrotoxicity in Rats
Authors: Eggadi Venkateshwarlu , Chandra Korupozu Sharath , Kumar Korupoju Bharath , Bandaru Sheshagiri Sharavanabhava , Kumar R Shiva , Rao Jupally Venkateshwar 
Published: September 2022

Cisplatin (CP), a platinum compound, is one of the most active cytotoxic drugs used for cancer treatment. Nephrotoxicity is severe dose limiting side effect of this drug. Abnormal production of reactive oxygen species (ROSs) leading to oxidative stress has been implicated in kidney toxicity by Cisplatin. Here the study was aimed to evaluate nephroprotective effect of ethanolic extract of Terminalia arjuna bark (EETAB) at the doses (200 & 400 mg/kg, body weight) against Cisplatin (7.5 mg/kg, i.p) induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The evaluation was done by measuring % change in body weight, renal function tests such as Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), Serum Creatinine (Cr), Serum Total Protein (TP) and also Kidney SOD (Superoxide dismutase),CAT (Catalase), GSH (Reduced glutathione) and MDA (Malondialdehyde) levels altered by Cisplatin administration. Rats treated with EETAB2 (400mg/kg) significantly (P<0.001) reduced the elevated levels of BUN, Cr, TP, MDA and significantly (P<0.001) increased the levels of SOD, GSH, and CAT by restoring kidney architecture. In conclusion EETAB2 (400mg/kg) attractively showed the protection against Cisplatin nephrotoxicity.
Keywords: Cisplatin, Nephrotoxicity, Terminalaia arjuna, Reactive oxygen species, Renal function tests.
Potentiometric Transducers for the Selective Recognition of Risperidone Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymer
Authors: I. Abdulla Najwa , M.Yaseen Hamsa 
Published: September 2022

Graphite Coated Electrodes (GCE) based on molecularly imprinted polymers were fabricated for the selective potentiometric determination of Risperidone (Ris). The molecularly imprinted (MIP) and nonimprinted (NIP) polymers were synthesized by bulk polymerization using (Ris.) as a template, acrylic acid (AA) and acrylamide (AAm) as monomers, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker and benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator. The imprinted membranes and the non-imprinted membranes were prepared using dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and Dibutylphthalate (DBP) as plasticizers in PVC matrix. The membranes were coated on graphite electrodes. The MIP electrodes using (AA) and (AAm) showed a near nernstian and nernstian response with slopes of 55.2Â±0.1 and 59.0Â±0.2 mV/decade, correlation coefficient (r2) 0.9997 and 0.9999, a linear response for a concentration range of (1.0Ã—10-6 - 1.0Ã—10-2) M and (5.0x 10-7 to 1.0 x 10-2) M respectively. The response time of the prepared electrodes was less than 30 seconds. The electrode responses were stable in a pH range (4-8). The electrodes exhibited good selectivity over a wide range of interference. The most effective electrode (Ris-MIP GCE) was used to determine the concentration of (Ris.) in some pharmaceutical formulations. The electrodes could be successfully used within (7and13) weeks respectively without any drift.
Keywords: Ion-selective electrodes, Molecularly imprinted polymer, PVC membrane coated graphite electrode, Risperidone.
Estimation of Oxidative Stress and Some Trace Elements in Iraqi Men Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: R. Mahmood Abdulrahman 
Published: September 2022

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disorder that is associated with the imbalance of trace elements which are involved in many functions especially enzyme activities. Changes in the levels of serum elements probably can create some complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Previous experimental and clinical studies report that oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathogenesis and development of (T2DM). However, the exact mechanism of oxidative stress could contribute to and accelerate the development of (T2DM).
The aim of this study contained the following sections: firstly, to determine some biochemical parameters in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) like lipid peroxidation marker, malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Secondly, to determine serum and urine levels of zinc as trace element and serum level of iron, then to compare those parameters with that for age matched healthy individuals.
The study performed on 45 Iraqi men, who attended Baghdad Teaching Hospital. They were grouped into to 2 groups based on fasting serum glucose (FSG), and (HbA1c) value first group was included 20 healthful persons with A1c <6.4% as control non diabetic group, second group was included 25 patients with A1c>6.4% as T2DM.
Outcomes of this study demonstrated a clear increase in T2DM in fasting serum glucose, ( HbA1c), MDA values, urine concentration of zinc , and serum level of iron compare to control.T2DM shows a significant reduction in both TAC and serum level of zinc ,if compared with control group .
Keywords: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Trace elements, Lipid peroxidation.
ANALISIS KESESUAIAN LOKASI SERO APUNG DI PERAIRAN TELUK TANAH MERAH KABUPATEN JAYAPURA
Authors: Dimara Lisiard , Paiki Kalvin , Raunsay Eduard , Indrayani Ervina , Kalor John Domingus Kalor D 
Published: September 2022

Sampai saat ini belum dilakukan analisis kesesuaian lokasi untuk penempatan Sero Apung berdasarkan parameter biologi, fisika dan kimia perairan di Teluk Tanah Merah khusunya dan Perairan Kabupaten Jayapura pada umumnya. Tujuan dalam penelitian adalah untuk menentukan lokasi penempatan Sero Apung berdasarkan parameter biologi, fisika dan kimia perairan di Teluk Tanah Merah Jayapura. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi pada lokasi-lokasi yang ditentukan secara purposif. Penentuan titik samping dengan bantuan survei lapangan dan wawancara dengan nelayan. Analisis data menggunakan skoring kesesuaian, dilakukan dengan cara menurunkan hasil skoring yang diperoleh kedalam model geo-statistik untuk mendapat model, yang didasari pada transfer data Geodetic/position (Degree, Minute, Second/DMS) sehingga mendapatkan nilai tunggal, dengan formula: Numeric Value (Lat ; Long) = Degree + {Minute + (Second/ 60} / 60. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh skoring kesesuaian perairan berdasarkan paramater biologi, fisika dan kimia perairan diperoleh nilai rata-rata 85,33% dengan kisaran 66,67 – 100 %. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh memperlihatkan perairan Teluk Tanah Merah berada pada kelas yang sangat sesuai (S1) untuk lokasi penempatan Sero Apung. Sedangkan zona pengembangan lokasi penempatan Sero Apung berada pada koordinat 02'26, 081 LS dan 140'21, 448 BT (titik 6) 02'125, 889 LS dan 140'21, 298 BT (titik 5). Kata Kunci : Kesesuaian Perairan, Sero Apung, Teluk Tanah Merah
Kajian Kondisi Ekosistem Terumbu Karang Di Teluk Youtefa, Kota Jayapura, Provinsi Papua
Authors: Mandey Vera Konstansie 
Published: September 2022

Youtefa Bay is a coastal area with a form of closed waters located in front of Jayapura City. The closed waters become Nature Tourism Areas. Population growth in the bay area is increasing and the rapid development activities in the coastal area, for various purposes such as settlements, fisheries, ports, tourism objects, cause increased ecological pressure on coastal and marine ecosystems and resources. This study aims to determine the potential of biological resources through an inventory and identification study, coral reef and the status and condition of coral reef ecosystem health through lifeform analysis and the Coral Death Index. Data collection on coral reef ecosystems is carried out at 2 (two) stations using the LIT (Line Intercept Transect) method. The results found overall the range of percentage of coral cover in the range between 48.44 to 50.26%, while the coral mortality index (MI) ranged from 0.19 to 0.32 at both stations. Health status and condition of the coral reef ecosystem shows poor condition (poor).Key Words: Coral reef; Line Intercept Transect; Health status; Mortality index; Youtefa bay
Uji Efektifitas Antijamur Ekstrak Bintang Laut Linckia laevigata (Linnaeus, 1758) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Jamur Trichophyton sp.
Authors: Rosdianti Shanti , Dimara Lisiard , Ayer Popi Ida Laila 
Published: September 2022

Penelitian uji efektivitas antijamur ekstrak bintang laut Linckia laevigata (Linnaeus, 1758) terhadap jamur Trichophyton sp. bertujuan untuk mengetahui senyawa metabolit sekunder dan aktivitas antijamur dari ekstrak bintang laut L. laevigata (Linnaeus, 1758) terhadap jamur Trichophyton sp. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada Desember 2018 sampai Februari 2019 di Laboratorium POLTEKES (Politeknik Kesehatan) Jayapura dan Laboratorium Jurusan Ilmu Kelautan dan Perikanan (Universitas Cenderawasih). Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu metode deskriptif kuantitatif, yakni penggambaran secara akurat pemeriksaan atau skrining senyawa-senyawa bioaktif dan pengujian aktivitas antijamur dari objek kajian. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ektrak bintang laut L. laevigata memiliki kandungan senyawa fitokimia berupa flavonoid, steroid dan saponin. Hasil penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak bintang laut L. laevigata memiliki potensi antijamur dengan zona hambat terbesar berkisar antara 4,89 mm yang dimiliki pada ekstrak metanol bintang laut L. laevigata dengan konsentrasi 9,0 mg/ml, sedangkan untuk zona hambat terkecil berkisar antara 1,11 mm yang dimiliki pada ekstrak etil asetat bintang laut dengan konsentrasi 3,0 mg/ml.Kata Kunci: Linckia laevigata; Trichophyton sp.; Flavonoid; Steroid; Saponin
Soy Without Borders: The Transnational Dynamics of Commodity Frontiers In South America (1971-2019)
Authors: Rocha Cassiano Brito , Nehring Ryan , Silva Sandro Dutra E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The rapid growth of soybean production and exports over the past five decades has transformed vast regions in South America. Five countries in particular - Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay - are amongst the ten largest soy producers in the world. Taken together, they have been called the United Republic of Soy or Soylandia due to similarities in the socio-environmental drivers and consequences of soy production between their territories. This article analyses the nature of soy production and exports in Soylandia as a window into the nature of transnational commodity frontiers. We draw on data from FAOSTAT and the Observatory of Economic Complexity to show how the commodity frontier of soy has expanded over time within and between these five countries, as well as the importance of ecoregions in shaping that expansion. We argue that more attention should be paid to the socio-environmental drivers and consequences of agricultural commodity frontiers that transcend traditional understandings of national borders.