bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A multi‐country systematic review of research on sanctions and equity in social welfare programs
Authors: Holcomb Stephanie , Hetling Andrea , Yeo Vee 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSocial welfare programs have increasingly implemented work requirements, with punitive measures such as sanctions to enforce compliance. Frontline workers, operating in public environments with limited resources, have discretion over when to issue sanctions and often use short cuts, sometimes guided by bias, to manage caseloads. This study conducts a multi‐country systematic literature review of research related to who gets sanctioned and why with a focus on the experiences of racial, ethnic, and immigrant groups. Through our review of 23 studies, we find that there are significant disparities in sanction use and experience, and that differences are shaped by both frontline and institutional practice. While disparities were highlighted across programs, impacted groups differed based on geopolitical and historical contexts. We summarise findings across studies to provide insights into creating more equitable welfare policies and programs and offer suggestions for future research.
Arabinogalactan protein polysaccharide chains are required for normal biogenesis of plasmodesmata
Authors: Okawa Ryoya , Hayashi Yoko , Yamashita Yasuko , Matsubayashi Yoshikatsu , Ogawa‐Ohnishi Mari 
Published: December 2022

SUMMARYArabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are a plant‐specific family of extracellular proteoglycans characterized by large and complex galactose‐rich polysaccharide chains. Functional elucidation of AGPs, however, has been hindered by the high degree of redundancy of AGP genes. To uncover as yet unexplored roles of AGPs in Arabidopsis, a mutant of Hyp O‐galactosyltransferase (HPGT), a critical enzyme that catalyzes the common initial step of Hyp‐linked arabinogalactan chain biosynthesis, was used. Here we show, using the hpgt1,2,3 triple mutant, that a reduction in functional AGPs leads to a stomatal patterning defect in which two or more stomata are clustered together. This defect is attributed to increased and dysregulated symplastic transport following changes in plasmodesmata structure, such that highly permeable complex branched plasmodesmata with cavities in branching parts increased in the mutant. We also found that the hpgt1,2,3 mutation causes a reduction of cellulose in the cell wall and accumulation of pectin, which controls cell wall porosity. Our results highlight the importance of AGPs in the correct biogenesis of plasmodesmata, possibly acting through the regulation of cell wall properties surrounding the plasmodesmata.
Restrictive and liberal transfusion strategies in extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A retrospective observational study
Authors: Ng Pauline Yeung , Chan Ho Ching Victor , Ip April , Ling Lowell , Chan Kai Man , Leung Kit Hung Anne , Chan King Chung Kenny , So Dominic , Shum Hoi Ping , Ngai Chun Wai , Chan Wai Ming , Sin Wai Ching 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundTo compare the outcomes of patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support who had a restrictive transfusion strategy with those who had a liberal strategy.Study Design and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all adult patients from 2010 to 2019 who received a minimum of one packed red blood cell (pRBC) during ECMO. Hemoglobin values before each transfusion were retrieved. Restrictive transfusion strategy was defined as a transfusion threshold ≤8.5 g/dl in all transfusion episodes for a single patient, while liberal transfusion strategy was defined as a transfusion threshold >8.5 g/dl in any transfusion episode.ResultsThe analysis included 763 patients, with 138 (18.1%) patients in the restrictive and 625 (81.9%) in the liberal transfusion strategy group. The median hemoglobin level, taking into account all measured hemoglobin values, during ECMO support was 8.3 and 9.9 g/dl, and the average units of pRBC received per day were 0.7 (0.3–1.8) and 1.2 (0.6–2.3), respectively. There were no significant differences in intensive care unit (ICU) mortality (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 0.86; 95% CI 0.56–1.30; p = .47), hospital mortality (adjusted OR, 0.79; 95% CI 0.52–1.21; p = .28), and 90‐day mortality (adjusted OR, 0.84; 95% CI 0.55–1.28; p = .42) between the two groups. Among subgroup analyses, a restrictive transfusion strategy was associated with decreased risk of ICU mortality in patients on veno‐venous ECMO (adjusted OR, 0.36; 95% CI 0.17–0.73; p = .005). There was no heterogeneity on outcomes across patients stratified by age, APACHE IV score, or need for large volume transfusion.DiscussionOur data suggested it may be safe to adopt a restrictive red cell transfusion threshold of 8.5 g/dl in patients on ECMO, and highlighted the need for prospective trials in this heavily‐transfused population.
Recommendations for in vitro evaluation of blood components collected, prepared and stored in non‐DEHP medical devices
Authors: Klei Thomas R. L. , Begue Stephane , Lotens Anaïs , Sigurjónsson Ólafur E. , Wiltshire Michael D. , George Chloë , van den Burg Peter J. M. , Evans Ryan , Larsson Linda , Thomas Stephen , Najdovski Tome , Handke Wiebke , Eronen Juha , Mallas Birte , de Korte Dirk 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesDEHP, di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate, is the most common member of the class of ortho‐phthalates, which are used as plasticizers. The Medical Device Regulation has restricted the use of phthalates in medical devices. Also DEHP has been added to the Annex XIV of REACH, “Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals” due to its endocrine disrupting properties to the environment. As such, the sunset date for commercialisation of DEHP‐containing blood bags is May 27th 2025. There are major concerns in meeting this deadline as these systems have not yet been fully validated and/or CE‐marked. Also, since DEHP is known to affect red cell quality during storage, it is imperative to transit to non‐DEHP without affecting blood product quality. Here, EBA members aim to establish common grounds on the evaluation and assessment of blood components collected, prepared and stored in non‐DEHP devices.Materials and MethodsBased on data as well as the input of relevant stakeholders a rationale for the validation of each component was composed.ResultsThe red cell components will require the most extensive validation as their quality is directly affected by the absence of DEHP, as opposed to platelet and plasma components.ConclusionStudies in the scope of evaluating the quality of blood products obtained with non‐DEHP devices, under the condition that they are carried out according to these recommendations, could be used by all members of the EBA to serve as scientific support in the authorization process specific to their jurisdiction or for their internal validation use.
Medication use in Canadian blood donors
Authors: Goldman Mindy , Miller Owen , O'Brien Sheila F. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPolicies regarding medication use vary between blood centres. We evaluated medication use in eligible Canadian Blood Services whole blood donors to inform possible process improvements and allow comparisons between donors and the general population.Materials and MethodsAll donors are asked about medication use in the last 3 days, and medications and their reason for use are documented in our donor computer system. Donor computer records were reviewed from January 1, 2020, to March 31, 2022 to extract information on medications by donor age and sex; medications were grouped into therapeutic classes. Stability of medication use over time was determined in a random sample of 100 donors who made at least two donations in the study period.ResultsOne‐third of successful (eligible) donors were taking medications; of these, 80% were on one or two medications. Five classes of medication accounted for 72% of medication use, and 13 classes account for 93% of use. Use remains relatively stable over time.ConclusionMedication use is common, with a few classes accounting for most use. Drop‐down lists and storage of information from one donation to the next may enhance efficiency.
Stifle joint osteoarthritis in small‐breed and medium‐breed dogs is more severe after cranial cruciate ligament injury than medial patellar luxation
Authors: Villatoro Ashley S. , Langenbach Anke , Yoon Jin , Garcia Tanya C. , Marcellin‐Little Denis J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis retrospective observational study aimed to characterize the severity and distribution of OA in the stifle joints of small and medium dogs with CCL injury and/or MPL. Radiographs of the stifle joints from 218 dogs from 10 small and medium breeds were included; 127 joints had CCL injury, 76 joints had MPL, and 73 joints had CCL injury and MPL. OA was graded at 33 sites within the joint. The mean ± SD OA score was 20.3 ± 9.9. For all joints, OA was more severe in heavier than lighter dogs (P = 0.003). Joints with MPL (14.9 ± 8.2) had lower OA scores than joints with CCL injury (22.2 ± 10.0, P = 0.003) or CCL injury and MPL (22.6 ± 9.4, P < 0.001). OA scores were higher in joints with MPL for older dogs (r = 0.408, P < 0.001) but did not change with age in joints with CCL injury. The pattern of OA did not differ among joints with CCL injury or MPL. The retrospective nature of the study limited findings to associations but did not allow conclusions regarding factors causing OA or enhancing its progression. We concluded that, in small‐ and medium‐breed dogs, the patterns of stifle OA joint after CCL injury and MPL are similar. Radiographic OA after CCL injury is more severe than MPL. An increase in age leads to an increase in OA at the time of presentation at a referral hospital in stifle joints with MPL and without CCL injury.
Muscle spindles and their role in maintaining robust locomotion
Authors: Santuz Alessandro , Akay Turgay 
Published: December 2022

AbstractMuscle spindles, one of the two main classes of proprioceptors together with Golgi tendon organs, are sensory structures that keep the central nervous system updated about the position and movement of body parts. Although they were discovered more than 150 years ago, their function during movement is not yet fully understood. Here, we summarize the morphology and known functions of muscle spindles, with a particular focus on locomotion. Although certain properties such as the sensitivity to dynamic and static muscle stretch are long known, recent advances in molecular biology have allowed the characterization of the molecular mechanisms for signal transduction in muscle spindles. Building upon classic literature showing that a lack of sensory feedback is deleterious to locomotion, we bring to the discussion more recent findings that support a pivotal role of muscle spindles in maintaining murine and human locomotor robustness, defined as the ability to cope with perturbations. Yet, more research is needed to expand the existing mechanistic understanding of how muscle spindles contribute to the production of robust, functional locomotion in real world settings. Future investigations should focus on combining different animal models to identify, in health and disease, those peripheral, spinal and brain proprioceptive structures involved in the fine tuning of motor control when locomotion happens in challenging conditions.
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The Role of Hydrodynamic Instabilities on Near-Lean Blowout Flame Shapes in a Swirl-Stabilized Spray Combustor
Authors: Rock Nicholas , Stouffer Scott , Hendershott Tyler , Corporan Edwin , Wrzesinski Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study investigates the role of hydrodynamic instabilities on near-lean blowout (LBO) flame shapes in a swirl-stabilized spray combustor. Hydrodynamic instabilities often manifest themselves in swirling flows as a helical vortex that winds around the vortex breakdown bubble. However, the heat released from combustion tends to suppress coherent vortex structures, which can limit the helical vortex to certain combustor geometries and operating conditions. Flame shape changes often accompany changes in hydrodynamic stability because they reposition the heat release and consequently modify the degree of coherent vortex suppression. In this study, laser diagnostics measurements were used to characterize the flow fields and spray patterns corresponding to different flame shapes that were observed in the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) referee combustor. In particular, the flame fluctuated between its original shape, FS1, and a new flame shape, FS2, when the combustor operated on the threshold of LBO. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was used to analyze the measurements. POD showed that the appearance of FS2 coincided with coherent vortex structures that resembled those in the hydrodynamically unstable nonreacting flow field. Furthermore, fuel Mie scattering measurements and phase-averages of the velocity field provided evidence that the FS2 spray was periodically disturbed by a helical vortex. Near the swirler exit, this helical vortex structure involved both outer and inner shear layer vortices that appeared to be synchronized with each other. However, the inner shear layer vortices decayed as the flow progressed downstream and only the outer shear layer vortices remained throughout the measurements' field of view. In contrast, there was no indication of a helical vortex structure in either the flow field or fuel spray measurements corresponding to FS1.
Design Optimization by Virtual Prototyping Using Numerical Simulation to Ensure Thermomechanical Reliability in the Assembly and Interconnection of Electronic Assemblies
Authors: Döring Ralf , Dudek R. , Rzepka S. , Scheiter L. , Noack E. , Seiler B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A methodology is presented that allows the evaluation of the thermomechanical reliability of electronic packages using “virtual prototyping.” Here, a virtual flip chip ball grid array (FC-BGA) is examined in comparison to a reference chip scale package (CSP). The comparison is performed using finite element simulation. A combined measurement-simulation technique is used to calibrate the finite element simulations on a reference object. The adjustment is based on the in-plane deformation field obtained by both simulation and optical measurement. For the latter, an optical sensor is used for in-plane deformation and strain field analysis based on the gray-scale correlation method. The findings obtained can be extrapolated to alternative package types with different but similar design to evaluate their suitability for the desired application before physical fabrication.
Flow State at Impeller Inlet: Optimization of Conical Frustum Section of Elbow Inlet Conduit in Large Low-Lift Pump Station
Authors: Yan Tianxu , Qiu Baoyun , Yuan Jianping , Pavesi Giorgio , Zhao Fangling , Wang Huijie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In large low-lift pump stations, the pump assembly comprises an inlet conduit, a pump, and an outlet conduit. A short conical frustum section that connects the elbow section with the impeller inlet directly affects the impeller inflow state, thereby influencing the overall performance. Therefore, investigating the conical frustum section contributes to studying the effect of inflow states on the performances of pump assemblies and similar pumping systems. To improve the pump assembly efficiency, three parameters of the conical frustum section, i.e., the contraction angle, height, and centerline inclination angle, are investigated and optimized via univariate and multivariate analyses. The flow field and external characteristics of the pump assembly are investigated via computational fluid dynamics simulation with a constant head. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis and discussion of the performance improvement mechanisms are presented. The results indicate that the axial velocity distribution at the impeller inlet conforming to the cascade high-efficiency characteristics will achieve a better pump performance compared with a uniform distribution. The pump efficiency distribution can be predicted and visualized based on the cascade efficiency characteristics and the flow state at the impeller inlet using a machine learning method. In addition, the directions and distribution of the lateral and axial components of the inflow velocities have great impacts on the circulation distribution. A sensible circulation distribution at the guide vane outlet can suppress the entropy production and reduce hydraulic loss of the outlet conduit. In this case, a significant increase in the pump assembly efficiency is obtained.
Stability Characteristics of an Actively Valved Resonant Pulse Combustor
Authors: Zhu Xuren , Lisanti Joel C. , Guiberti Thibault F. , Roberts William L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Resonant pulse combustors, one of the deflagration-based pressure gain combustion devices, can significantly increase thermal efficiency in gas turbine engines. This experimental study investigates the stability characteristics of a newly designed actively valved resonant pulse combustor, capable of sustained operation and meaningful stagnation pressure gain. The resonant pulse combustor was fired with liquid gasoline fuel while ion and pressure sensors captured the temporally resolved heat release and chamber pressure. First, experimental results were used to demonstrate the general operating principle of the combustor. Then, the stability characteristics of the device were investigated through frequency domain analysis of the ion probe and pressure signal traces. A low frequency oscillation (also observed in steady flames and passively valved resonant pulse combustors), was observed as the device was brought near to its blowout limit. Finally, an index was defined to predict the stability characteristics of the resonant pulse combustor by quantifying the competition between low frequency oscillations and combustion-driven resonance. Experimental results demonstrated the ability of this index to provide early prediction of a blowout event for this device.
Lower Extremity Response to Blast Loading: A Computational Study
Authors: Vikram Aman , Chawla Anoop , Mukherjee Sudipto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study has investigated the response of the Total Human Model for Safety (THUMS) lower extremity finite element model under blast loading. Response of the model was estimated in simulated underbody blast (UBB) loading using floorplate impact velocities of increasing severity. Correlation and analysis (CORA) ratings suggested a good match between numerical response and available experimental data. The model response was then investigated in an antipersonnel landmine explosion. The model was found stable in the nearfield blast and sensitive to the threat definition. The lower extremity injury was predicted when detonation occurred below the heel. The model predicted major injuries localized to the hindfoot and midfoot with minimal damage to the forefoot, consistent with the findings in the literature. The damage to the individual bones of the foot was measured in terms of percentage change in mass and element eroded.
The Effects of Increasing Trunk Flexion During Stair Ascent on the Rate and Magnitude of Achilles Tendon Force in Asymptomatic Females
Authors: Atkins Lee T. , Lowrey Michael , Reagor Sarah , Walker Kirsten , Cage Dhalston 
Published: December 2022

Research indicates that increasing trunk flexion may optimize patellofemoral joint loading. However, this postural change could cause an excessive Achilles tendon force (ATF) and injury risk during movement. This study aimed to examine the effects of increasing trunk flexion during stair ascent on ATF, ankle biomechanics, and vertical ground reaction force in females. Twenty asymptomatic females (age: 23.4 [2.5] y; height: 1.6 [0.8] m; mass: 63.0 [12.2] kg) ascended stairs using their self-selected and flexed trunk postures. Compared with the self-selected trunk condition, decreases were observed for peak ATF (mean differences [MD] = 0.14 N/kg; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06 to 0.23; Cohen d = −1.2; P = .003), average rate of ATF development (MD = 0.25 N/kg/s; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.43; Cohen d = −0.9; P = .010), ankle plantar flexion moment (MD = 0.08 N·m/kg; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.13; Cohen d = −1.1; P = .005), and vertical ground reaction force (MD = 38.6 N/kg; 95% CI, 20.3 to 56.90; Cohen d = −1.8; P < .001). Increasing trunk flexion did not increase ATF. Instead, this postural change was associated with a decreased ATF rate and magnitude and may benefit individuals with painful Achilles tendinopathy.
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy 10 years following transplant: 5HT receptor antagonism as an adjunct to immune reconstitution
Authors: Chandler Shaun , Isbel Nicole 
Published: December 2022

We report a case of a patient presenting with subacute neurological symptoms 10 years postkidney transplant. Cognitive deficits included acalculia and left upper limb dysesthesia, progressing to hemiplegic upper motor neuron weakness. Investigations included an MRI with multiple FLAIR hyperintensities, while a lumbar puncture was sterile with negative flow cytometry. Ultimately, PCR testing for John Cunningham virus was positive on cerebrospinal fluid. The diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) was confirmed on the basis of the above.Initially, the patient was managed with withdrawal of immunosuppressants and close observation. Mirtazapine was commenced based on case reports of successful use in non-transplant patients; the patient’s recovery was temporally related to withdrawal of immunosuppression and increasing mirtazapine dosage. The patient is currently maintained on prednisolone and mirtazapine with stable graft function and improved mobility and cognitive function.
Concussion increases within-player injury risk in male professional rugby union
Authors: Moore Isabel S , Bitchell Charlotte Leah , Vicary Danielle , Rafferty James , Robson Ben Charles , Mathema Prabhat 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesTo assess within-player change in injury risk and between-player subsequent injury risk associated with concussive and common non-concussive injuries in professional rugby union.MethodsThis prospective cohort study in Welsh professional male rugby union analysed within-player and between-player injury risk for five common injuries: concussion, thigh haematoma, hamstring muscle strain, lateral ankle sprain and acromioclavicular joint sprain. Survival models quantified within-player injury risk by comparing precommon (before) injury risk to postcommon (after) injury risk, whereas between-player subsequent injury risk was quantified by comparing players who had sustained one of the common injuries against those who had not sustained the common injury. HRs and 95% CIs were calculated. Specific body area and tissue type were also determined for new injuries.ResultsConcussion increased the within-player overall injury risk (HR 1.26 (95% CI 1.11 to 1.42)), elevating head/neck (HR 1.47 (95% CI 1.18 to 1.83)), pelvic region (HR 2.32 (95% CI 1.18 to 4.54)) and neurological (HR 1.38 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.76)) injury risk. Lateral ankle sprains decreased within-player injury risk (HR 0.77 (95% CI 0.62 to 0.97)), reducing head/neck (HR 0.60 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.91)), upper leg and knee (HR 0.56 (95% CI 0.39 to 0.81)), joint and ligament (HR 0.72 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.99)) and neurological (HR 0.55 (95% CI 0.34 to 0.91)) injury risk. Concussion (HR 1.24 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.40)), thigh haematomas (HR 1.18 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.34)) and hamstring muscle strains (HR 1.14 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.29)) increased between-player subsequent injury risk.ConclusionElevated within-player injury risk was only evident following concussive injuries, while lateral ankle sprains reduced the risk. Both concussion and ankle injuries altered head/neck and neurological injury risk, but in opposing directions. Understanding why management of ankle sprains might be effective, while current concussion management is not at reducing such risks may help inform concussion return to play protocols.