bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explainable AI (XAI): Core Ideas, Techniques, and Solutions
Authors: Dwivedi Rudresh , Dave Devam , Naik Het , Singhal Smiti , Omer Rana , Patel Pankesh , Qian Bin , Wen Zhenyu , Shah Tejal , Morgan Graham , Ranjan Rajiv 
Published: September 2022

As our dependence on intelligent machines continues to grow, so does the demand for more transparent and interpretable models. In addition, the ability to explain the model generally is now the gold standard for building trust and deployment of artificial intelligence systems in critical domains. Explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) aims to provide a suite of machine learning techniques that enable human users to understand, appropriately trust, and produce more explainable models. Selecting an appropriate approach for building an XAI-enabled application requires a clear understanding of the core ideas within XAI and the associated programming frameworks. We survey state-of-the-art programming techniques for XAI and present the different phases of XAI in a typical machine learning development process. We classify the various XAI approaches and, using this taxonomy, discuss the key differences among the existing XAI techniques. Furthermore, concrete examples are used to describe these techniques that are mapped to programming frameworks and software toolkits. It is the intention that this survey will help stakeholders in selecting the appropriate approaches, programming frameworks, and software toolkits by comparing them through the lens of the presented taxonomy.
Des amphores rouges et des jarres vertes
Authors: Tillier Mathieu , Vanthieghem Naïm 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The prohibition of fermented beverages in Muslim societies was the result of an interpretative process that developed over time. The Qurʾān serves as a witness to the prohibition of wine (khamr), but is silent about other types of beverages. Documentary sources show that Egyptian authorities in the first century ah stimulated the production and drinking of fermented beverages by requisitioning wine for Arab-Muslim troops, who especially appreciated ṭilāʾ, the Arabic name for a cooked wine known in Greek as hepsēma. Under the influence of jurists (mainly from the Hijaz) who condemned the drinking of fermented beverages, the caliph ʿUmar ii b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz decreed, at the turn of the second century, the prohibition of ṭilāʾ and related drinks. Early debates over the lawfulness of fermented beverages discuss pitched and glazed jars whose impermeability permits fermentation. Based on a comparison between pre-canonical hadith collections and archaeological evidence, we identify the main Egyptian amphorae that were controversial. Whereas in the second/eighth century, legal debates focused primarily on pitched and glazed jars, the extension of the prohibition to all fermented beverages in the third/ninth century led to the rejection of all amphorae.
The Potential Relationship Between a Cognitive Dissonance State and Musculoskeletal Injury: A Systematic Review
Authors: Weston Eric B. , Hassett Afton L. , Khan Safdar N. , Weaver Tristan E. , Marras William S. 
Published: September 2022

Objective The objective of this systematic review was to investigate the potential link between cognitive dissonance or its related constructs (emotional dissonance, emotional labor) and musculoskeletal disorders. Background The etiology of musculoskeletal disorders is complex, as pain arises from complex interactions among physical, social, and psychological stressors. It is possible that the psychological factor of cognitive dissonance may contribute to the etiology and/or maintenance of musculoskeletal disorders. Method MEDLINE, APA PsycInfo, and CINAHL Plus databases were searched for studies investigating cognitive dissonance or its related constructs as exposure(s) of interest and outcomes related to physical health (including, but not limited to, musculoskeletal pain). Risk of bias was assessed using the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS) tool. Results The literature search yielded 7 studies eligible for inclusion. None of the included studies investigated cognitive dissonance directly but instead investigated dissonance-related constructs of emotional dissonance and emotional labor, in which a mismatch between required and felt emotions might elicit a psychological response consistent with the cognitive dissonance state. Moderate effect sizes between dissonance-related constructs and musculoskeletal disorders were noted (OR 1.25–2.22). Conclusion There is likely a relationship between the two factors studied. However, as the included studies were cross-sectional in nature, a causal relationship between cognitive dissonance-related constructs and musculoskeletal disorders cannot be inferred. Therefore, future study proposing and validating a causal pathway between these variables is warranted. Application Cognitive dissonance and its related constructs may serve as risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders that have not been considered previously.
A Safety Approach for Improving Security - Effective Coordination Strategies at the Airport Security Screening Checkpoint
Authors: Walter Stephanie , Schmutz Jan B. , Grote Gudela 
Published: September 2022

Objective This study aimed to analyze effective teamwork at security checkpoints by investigating how security crews communicate in different (routine and threat) situations. Background Working at an airport security screening checkpoint is challenging. Although tasks and processes are highly regulated and standardized due to legal requirements, security screeners must be trained to deal with unforeseen threat situations involving high levels of uncertainty. Therefore, security crews need to engage in flexible and adaptive coordination according to the situation and circumstances. Method We conducted a field study with 20 airport security screening crews comprising 100 security screeners. Teamwork in terms of interaction between crew members was measured, differentiating between proactive “push” communication and information on request representing “pull” communication. Furthermore, non-task related communication was assessed. Results While crews showed non-task related communication more in routine situations, both task-related “push” and “pull” communication occurred more in threat situations. In terms of team performance, we could show significant positive effects of proactive “push” communication and non-task related interaction in threat situations. Conclusion Our results underscore the specific setting of airport security screening and the challenges that arise for teamwork. This study investigates professional screeners and passengers in the field. In contrast to other high-risk areas, security crews are confronted with a third party that complicates coordination strategies considered effective in previous studies. Application Our findings recommend situation-specific communication strategies for practical training for airport security screening crews.
Intracapsular Enucleation of Cervical Sympathetic Chain Schwannoma
Authors: Li Wan-Xin , He Kai-Xuan , Dong Yan-Bo , Liu Liang-Fa , Lu Cheng 
Published: September 2022

Objectives Schwannoma arising from cervical sympathetic chain (CSC) is a rare clinical entity. CSC is hard to preserve in CSC schwannoma (CSCS) surgeries, resulting in Horner’s syndrome (HS) and first bite syndrome (FBS). This article aims to explore our experience in successful preservation of CSC in CSCS surgeries. Methods This is a retrospective review of CSCS cases treated at our tertiary medical institution between Apr 2018 and March 2022. Only cases with successful intraoperative preservation of CSC were included. Results In total, 3 cases were included. There were 2 male patients and 1 female patient. Their age was between 38 years old and 66 years old (average and median age was 52 and 51 years old, respectively). Presenting symptom was neck mass for all them, 2 of which were on the left side, while 1 was on the right. Intracapsular enucleation of the CSCS was attempted and achieved in all 3 cases. Hemorrhage from the inner surface of capsules was diffuse and heavy. Constant saline irrigation, suction, and bipolar coagulation were needed to achieve hemostasis. Postoperative HS presented between 4 hours and 14 hours after surgery for all 3 patients, which took 1 month to 3 months to recover, whereas FBS did not occur in any patient. Median duration of follow-up was 6 months. No recurrence was observed. Conclusions Intracapsular enucleation should be attempted in CSCS surgeries, although hemorrhage might be diffuse and hard to control. When intracapsular enucleation was achieved, postoperative FBS can be avoided, while postoperative HS could occur, but its recovery was satisfactory.
Hypothyroidism correlates with dyslipidemia and protein contents in patients with various metabolic disorders
Authors: Kiran Muniba , Ejaz Samina , Iqbal Muhamad Nouman , Malik Waqas Nazir , Zahoor Sana , Ejaz Syeda Abida 
Published: September 2022

Objectives The present study aimed to investigate the status of abnormalities in thyroid-related hormones, lipid profile parameters and total proteins in the sera of patients suffering from various metabolic disorders. Methods To analyze the study parameters, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, Bradford assays and standard clinical kits and methods were applied. Data were analyzed through the appropriate statistical tests. Results In all subjects except those with hypotension, thyroid-stimulating hormone, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein were elevated, whereas triiodothyronine levels were downregulated. Thyroxin was downregulated in subjects with diabetes and symptomatic thyroiditis but upregulated in patients with hypertension. High-density lipoprotein was upregulated in men who were diabetic only, and total protein was downregulated in those with hypotension only. Hypothyroidism in patients with diabetes, symptomatic thyroiditis and hypertension was correlated with dyslipidemia. In subjects with hypertension, it was correlated with total protein. Conclusion This study revealed a link between hypothyroidism, dyslipidemia and total protein in patients with various metabolic disorders.
Synthesis and reproductive toxicity of bisphenol A analogs with cyclic side chains in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Roberts Andrew H , Bowen John E , Zhou Xinrui , Burke Isabella , Wenaas Maxwell H , Blake Timothy A , Timmons Shannon C , Kuzmanov Aleksandra 
Published: September 2022

Accumulating evidence has shown that bisphenol A (BPA) affects not only the growth and development of reproductive tissues but also disrupts meiosis. Meiotic disturbances lead to the formation of aneuploid gametes, resulting in the inability to conceive, pregnancy loss, and developmental disabilities in offspring. In recent years, increasing health concerns led manufacturers to seek BPA alternatives. In response, BPA analogs have been prepared and investigated in a variety of toxicity-related studies. Despite hopes that these analogs would prove less harmful than BPA, published data show that these alternatives continue to pose a significant risk to human health. In this study, we synthesized two less investigated BPA analogs with cyclic side chains, bisphenol Y (BPY) and bisphenol Z (BPZ), and evaluated their reprotoxic potential using Caenorhabditis elegans. C. elegans were cultured on nematode growth medium plates containing a 1 mM concentration of the dimethyl sulfoxide-dissolved bisphenols. The uptake of the chemicals was via two major routes: ingestion and cuticle diffusion. Following exposure, we evaluated fertilized egg count, germline apoptosis, and embryonic lethality—three parameters previously shown to reliably predict the reprotoxic potential of bisphenols in mammals. Our results indicated that both BPY and BPZ had a significant impact on fertility, resulting in increased germline apoptosis and a reduced number of progeny, without affecting the embryonic viability. After comparison with commercially relevant BPA and bisphenol S, our findings imply that BPA analogs with cyclic side chains, BPY and BPZ, adversely affect meiotic fidelity, resulting in diminished reproductive capacity.
Gaming addiction and screen time in a context of increase of internalizing symptoms: Moderation evaluation
Authors: Sousa Tavares Hunayara Lorena , Souza Costa Daniellede , Soares Antônio Alvim , Kestelman Iane , da Silva Antônio Geraldo , Malloy-Diniz Leandro Fernandes , de Paula Jonas Jardim , de Miranda Débora Marques 
Published: September 2022

Children and adolescents were largely affected by the psychosocial impact of the 2019-2022 pandemic. During this time, there was an increase in internalizing symptoms, screen and internet use, and internet addiction. However, the interaction of these variables are not fully understood in a stressful time. Here, we have a repeated cross-sectional study aiming to model internalizing symptoms’ prediction depending on screen time and game addiction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Parent-reported online data were collected at three timepoints, 6 months apart from each other, from a total of 1211 participants. We found an increase in screen time, game addiction, and internalizing symptoms. Regardless of the time spent in front of screens, higher levels of game addiction were associated with higher levels of internalizing symptoms in children and adolescents. Even if participants demonstrated low screen time, if they were virtually dependent they tended to exhibit higher levels of internalizing symptoms. The same result was found in all three samples. There is a need to investigate the nature of the relationship between internet addiction and internalizing symptoms and the long lasting effects of long hours on the screen.
Recruitment characteristics of randomised trials in critical care: A systematic review
Authors: Ramanan Mahesh , Kumar Aashish , Billot Laurent , Myburgh John , Venkatesh Balasubramanian 
Published: September 2022

Background/Aims: To summarise the temporal trends of recruitment and methodological characteristics of critical care randomised controlled trials with the primary outcome of mortality. Methods: PubMed was searched for articles meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria. Randomised controlled trials, with primary outcome of mortality, of adult and paediatric critical care patients treated in an intensive care unit, were included. Neonatal intensive care unit trials, non-English publications and conference proceedings or abstracts without full-length publications were excluded. Duplicate literature search, article selection and quality assessment were performed by two reviewers with disputes resolved through discussion. Data were extracted into a custom-designed Research Electronic Data Capture database. Results: The search identified 67,199 records of which 230 were included. The annual number of critical care randomised controlled trials published increased gradually over a 30-year period from 0 in 1990 to 19 in 2014 with stabilisation at 8–11 between 2015 and 2020. Twenty-seven percent of randomised controlled trials were low risk in all categories using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Methodological characteristics such as registration on clinical trials registries and data safety monitoring committee presence significantly (p < 0.001) increased over time. The median recruitment was 376 patients (interquartile range 125–895) with significant increase (p = 0.002) from 62 (interquartile range: 33–486) in 1991 to 725 (interquartile range: 537–2600) in 2020. This was accompanied by an increase in recruitment times. Thus overall, recruitment rates did not increase. Early cessation occurred in 23% (54/230) of randomised controlled trials with no temporal trend. Conclusion: The number, size and some methodological qualities of critical randomised controlled trials with primary outcome of mortality have increased over time, but rates of recruitment and early cessation have been unchanged.
Navigating Representation: Reflections on the Futures of Kazakh Identity From a CLA Scenarios Process
Authors: Ramos Jose 
Published: September 2022

This short essay reflects on the process of running a Causal Layered Analysis scenario exercise with the Institute for Professional Development at the Academy of Public Administration in Kazakhstan in collaboration with John Sweeney (from the then Qazaq Research Institute for Futures Studies). We worked with approximately 50 public administrators over a 3 day period, culminating in a Causal Layered Analysis scenario process that challenged and reviewed the national vision. The process surfaced fundamental dynamics and tensions in national identity and representation. The findings and process are detailed here.
Long-Term Survivorship of Cervical Spine Procedures; A Survivorship Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression
Authors: Sarraj Mohamed , Hache Philip , Foroutan Farid , Oitment Colby , Marion Travis E. , Guha Daipayan , Pahuta Markian 
Published: September 2022

Study Design Systematic Review Objectives To conduct a meta-analysis on the survivorship of commonly performed cervical spine procedures to develop survival function curves for (i) second surgery at any cervical level, and (ii) adjacent level surgery. Methods A systematic review of was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Articles with cohorts of greater than 20 patients followed for a minimum of 36 months and with available survival data were included. Procedures included were anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF), cervical disc arthroplasty (ADR), laminoplasty (LAMP), and posterior laminectomy and fusion (PDIF). Reconstructed individual patient data were pooled across studies using parametric Bayesian survival meta-regression. Results Of 1829 initial titles, 16 citations were included for analysis. 73 811 patients were included in the second surgery analysis and 2858 patients in the adjacent level surgery analysis. We fit a Log normal accelerated failure time model to the second surgery data and a Gompertz proportional hazards model to the adjacent level surgery data. Relative to ACDF, the risk of second surgery was higher with ADR and PDIF with acceleration factors 1.73 (95% CrI: 1.04, 2.80) and 1.35 (95% CrI: 1.25, 1.46) respectively. Relative to ACDF, the risk of second surgery was lower with LAMP with deceleration factor .06 (95% CrI: .05, .07). ADR decreased the risk of adjacent level surgery with hazard ratio .43 (95% CrI: .33, .55). Conclusions In cases of clinical equipoise between fusion procedures, our analysis suggests superior survivorship with anterior procedures. For all procedures, laminoplasty demonstrated superior survivorship.
Inflammatory macrophages interrupt osteocyte maturation and mineralization via regulating the Notch signaling pathway
Authors: Wang Shengfang , Xiao Lan , Prasadam Indira , Crawford Ross , Zhou Yinghong , Xiao Yin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background
It is well-known that both macrophages and osteocytes are critical regulators of osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis, yet there is limited understanding of the macrophage-osteocyte interaction, and how their crosstalk could affect bone homeostasis and mineralization. This research therefore aims to investigate the effects of macrophage polarization on osteocyte maturation and mineralization process.

Methods
A macrophage-derived conditioned medium based osteocyte culture was set up to investigate the impact of macrophages on osteocyte maturation and terminal mineralization. Surgically induced osteoarthritis (OA) rat model was used to further investigate the macrophage-osteocyte interaction in inflammatory bone remodeling, as well as the involvement of the Notch signaling pathway in the mineralization process.

Results
Our results identified that osteocytes were confined in an immature stage after the M1 macrophage stimulation, showing a more rounded morphology, higher expression of early osteocyte marker E11, and significantly lower expression of mature osteocyte marker DMP1. Immature osteocytes were also found in inflammatory bone remodeling areas, showing altered morphology and mineralized structures similar to those observed under the stimulation of M1 macrophages in vitro, suggesting that M1 macrophages negatively affect osteocyte maturation, leading to abnormal mineralization. The Notch signaling pathway was found to be down regulated in M1 macrophage-stimulated osteocytes as well as osteocytes in inflammatory bone. Overexpression of the Notch signaling pathway in osteocytes showed a significant circumvention on the negative effects from M1 macrophage.

Conclusion
Taken together, our findings provide valuable insights into the mechanisms involved in abnormal bone mineralization under inflammatory conditions.
Protective effect of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation on experimental colitis and its mechanism
Authors: Pu Wenyuan , Su Zhenzi , Wazir Junaid , Zhao Chen , Wei Lulu , Wang Ranran , Chen Qiyi , Zheng Saifang , Zhang Shaoyi , Wang Hongwei 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common chronic remitting disease with no satisfactory treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), and to determine the underlying mechanism of its activity.

Methods
The expression and distribution of α7nAChR in the intestinal tissue of patients with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease were analyzed. The effects of vagal excitation on murine experimental colitis were investigated. The colitis model was induced in C57BL/6 mice by the administration of 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). The therapeutic group received treatment with the α7nAChR agonist PNU-282987 by intraperitoneal injection.

Results
Our results showed that there was significantly increased expression of α7nAChR in colitis and Crohn’s disease intestinal tissue, and its expression was mainly located in macrophages and neutrophils, which were extensively infiltrated in the disease status. Treatment with an α7nAChR agonist potently ameliorated the DSS-induced illness state, including weight loss, stool consistency, bleeding, colon shortening, and colon histological injury. α7nAChR agonist exerted anti-inflammatory effects in DSS colitis mice by suppressing the secretion of multiple types of proinflammatory factors, such as IL6, TNFα, and IL1β, and it also inhibited the colonic infiltration of inflammatory cells by blocking the DSS-induced overactivation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Mechanistically, activation of α7nAChR decreased the number of infiltrated M1 macrophages in the colitis intestine and inhibited the phagocytosis ability of macrophages, which were activated in response to LPS stimulation.

Conclusion
Thus, an α7nAChR agonist ameliorated colonic pathology and inflammation in DSS-induced colitis mice by blocking the activation of inflammatory M1 macrophages.