bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the metallurgy of the Füzesabony Culture. Bronze finds and casting moulds from the Füzesabony Bronze Age tell settlement
Authors: Szathmári Ildikó 
Published: March 2022

The high-level metallurgy and craftsmanship of the Bronze Age tell cultures are primarily known from burials and hoards. In spite of the fact that most tell settlements yielded objects denoting local bronze casting (moulds, clay bellow pipes etc.), the number of bronze finds on the settlements is fairly low. On the Füzesabony-Öregdomb tell settlement altogether some 25 pieces of bronze objects and seven casting moulds indicate local bronze casting. This paper presents the bronze finds of the settlement in details with modern archaeometrical studies and discusses the questions arising on the metallurgical research of the Füzesabony Culture.
Késő vaskori leletek Karcsáról
Authors: Tankó Károly 
Published: March 2022

Karcsa Északkelet-Magyarországon a Bodrogközben, a magyar-szlovák államhatár közelében, a magyarországi késő vaskor tekintetében kevéssé kutatott területen található. 1999-ben a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum által végzett próbafeltárás során késő vaskori települési objektumot találtak, amelyből kerámialeletek és egy „currency bar” töredéke került napvilágra. A települési kerámialeletek jelentősége, hogy rájuk támaszkodva a Kelet-Magyarországra jellemző kelta és szkíta komponensek mellett az Északi-Kárpátokon túlnyúló kapcsolatrendszer is körvonalazható.
Prediktív régészeti modellezés eredményeinek fejlesztése
Authors: Mesterházy Gábor 
Published: March 2022

Jelen tanulmány arra keres választ, hogy a prediktív régészeti modellek eredményei miként fejleszthetők, javíthatók újabb adatforrások vagy pontosabb térbeli adatok bevonásával. Azonos modellezési folyamat és paraméterek mellett a Polgár környéki mintaterületen a szakirodalmi és új terepbejárásokon alapuló régészeti adatok, valamint az „emberi faktor” bevonásának hatását vizsgáltam.
The 2006 ECAA Agreement: Centrepiece of the European Community’s Aviation Policy Towards its Neighbours
Authors: Bombay Peter , Gergely Máté 
Published: March 2022

The article explains how the Community’s aviation policy towards its Neighbours is embedded in the external aviation policy of the Community, as it is emerging since the Court of Justice ‘Open skies’ judgements of November 2002. The article focuses in detail on the European Common Aviation Area (ECAA) agreement signed in June 2006, as the first concrete result of this neighbourhood policy, and refers in addition to the Euro–Mediterranean agreement with Morocco signed in December 2006.
By way of conclusion, a number of preliminary positive consequences are mentioned, while reference is made to three challenges: provisional application, technical assistance and the eventual integration of the various (future) common aviation area agreements.
The Montreal Convention 1999 and Nigerian Law: Uncertainty, Uninterrupted
Authors: Majiyagbe Folorunsho 
Published: March 2022

International air carrier liability under Nigerian law has, for some time past, been shrouded in uncertainty because of the ambivalence with which Nigerian courts applied the Warsaw Convention 1929 as regards its exclusivity or otherwise, vis–à–vis actions and remedies. Consequently, it was hoped that the Montreal Convention 1999, which expressly forbids the application of national laws to international air carriage claims would ameliorate the situation. Unfortunately, the passage of the Civil Aviation Act 2006, which gives the Montreal Convention the force of law in Nigeria, also repealed the Warsaw Convention.
This article discusses the liability regime under Nigerian law as it stood prior to the Act and the vacuum which has now been created by the repeal of the Warsaw Convention, which means that where the departing or destination country is not a signatory to the Montreal Convention, Nigeria’s national laws must be applied. The article further analyzes pertinent parts of the language of the Montreal Convention and its travaux préparatoires and argues that the provision which robs the Warsaw Convention of the force of law ought to be repealed immediately.
Legal Aspects of Cross-Border Service Provision in the Single European Sky
Authors: Schubert Francis 
Published: March 2022

An airspace structure independent from political boundaries and based on operational performance is a fundamental requirement for the success of the Single European Sky (SES). Achieving such a goal necessarily requires a more extensive use of arrangements for the cross-border provision of Air Traffic Services (ATS). Such practices raise a number of sensitive legal issues related to the nature, scope and effect of the designation, by States, of ATS providers (ATSP). The liability, regulatory and supervisory aspects of cross-border service provision are also the subject of unresolved legal questions.
This article investigates the legal aspects of cross-border service provision and the institutional models available to formalize such practices. Under the SES Regulations, the classical ATS delegation model, which establishes a state-to-state relationship, is slowly acquiring historical interest and new kinds of institutional arrangements are proposed. These arrangements are primarily based on a State-to-service provider relationship or even on a relationship between service providers themselves. Within the context of Functional Airspace Blocks (FABs) promoted by the European Commission, they may result in a departure from the model based on legacy national service providers and rely on the emergence of common multinational ATSP. Such innovative constructions will also raise a number of legal challenges.
Montreal v. Brussels: The Conflict of Laws on the Issue of Delay in International Air Carriage
Authors: Dempsey Paul Stephen , Johansson Svante O. 
Published: March 2022

In recent years, the European Union (EU) has promulgated several ‘consumer protection’ regulations that address a variety of airline passenger issues, including flight delay, cancellation, and denied boarding. The new rules require airlines to grant financial compensation to passengers in the event of denied boarding or flight delay or cancellation, assist them in revising their travel plans by giving them the choice between a rescheduling of the ticket or a refund, and pay for their board and lodging. However, both the Warsaw and the Montreal Conventions for the Unification of Certain Rules for International Carriage by Air directly address the issue of air carrier compensation to passengers for damages suffered as a consequence of ‘delay’, and explicitly provide that the remedies specified therein are exclusive. As all Member States of the EU have ratified those Conventions, it would seem that the promulgation of conflicting EU Regulations raises serious legal questions regarding the relation with the international conventions.
The overall conclusion the authors draw from the examination of the EU Regulations and the case law they produced is that EU law conflicts with the international conventions and the exclusivity of their application.
The position of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in interpreting the EU Regulations does not facilitate a uniform application of different rules. In case after case, the Court has stated that the jurisprudence surrounding the Warsaw and the Montreal Conventions, broadly speaking, is irrelevant when interpreting the Regulations. It is incomprehensible that these Regulations, and their interpretation by the ECJ, would be so fundamentally inconsistent with the explicit provisions of the Conventions. If the Court had taken a more consensual approach, the EU rules might have complemented, rather than conflicted with, the Conventions.
EU Competition Law Developments in the Aviation Sector from July 201015 April 2011
Authors: Corcut Helen 
Published: March 2022

Since July 2010, there have been a number of important decisions in the aviation sector. In particular, the judgment of the General Court of the European Union (hereinafter 'General Court') in relation to the Ryanair/Aer Lingus prohibition decision affirmed the practices of the European Commission (hereinafter 'Commission') with regard to market definition, competition assessment, the assessment of efficiencies, and remedies and is instructive as to the approach that will be taken by the Commission in future airline merger cases. Since that judgment was handed down, the Commission has also issued its second prohibition decision in an airline merger case under the Merger Regulation in the Olympic Air/Aegean Airlines case. The Commission investigation into price-fixing in Airfreight services has also finally been concluded and the industry has been shocked by the level of fines imposed. This article, first summarizes the judgments of the European Courts and the decisions and ongoing investigations of the Commission in the period under review. It then considers some of the significant themes arising from the cases as well as the guidance provided by the Commission and US Department of Transportation (hereinafter 'DOT') joint report on competitive issues and regulatory approaches to transatlantic airline alliances.
Mutually Assured Destruction: Space Weapons, Orbital Debris, and the Deterrence Theory for Environmental Sustainability
Authors: Gunasekara Surya Gablin 
Published: March 2022

In recent years, both the United States and China have demonstrated their respective space weapon capabilities through two highly publicized anti-satellite missile strikes. Many commentators feared that these actions might cascade into a full-blown space weapon race. The outer space environment is a fragile place, and the proliferation of long-lived space weapon debris could threaten access to this global commons. Eventually, space warfare could one day have the effect of entombing the Earth in orbital debris and risking the space assets of every spacefaring nation. During the summer of 2010, President Obama unveiled a space policy that called for international cooperation rejecting the unilateral approach adopted by the previous administration. This policy opens the door for a potential arms control treaty that would limit the development of space weapons. Yet, any potential agreement is still years from development. This article first examines space weapons and the international legal framework that currently governs their use. Then, the article discusses the orbital debris caused by space weapons and the environmental protections within the existing law. Finally, this article argues that the theory of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) as applied to the space environment and the international space legal framework supply enough deterrence to prevent the widespread use of space weapons without the need for additional international agreements.
Reciprocal Limits to the Freedom to Use Outer Space by All States: Common but Differentiated Responsibilities?
Authors: Munters Ward , De Man Philip 
Published: March 2022

The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDRs) imputes common responsibility for global problems to all States, while recognizing that variegated levels of responsibility exist for different groups of countries. While the principle of CBDRs is explicitly recognized in international environmental law, it is a staple of sustainable development law that may also be implicitly contained in treaties that establish identical treatment for all parties, while allowing for divergences in the application of their key principles for different States. The present article wishes to initiate a discussion on the question of whether the fundamental principles of international space law may be interpreted as an implicit codification of the principle of CBDRs. In particular, it aims to determine the relation between the concept of variegated levels of responsibility as a core component of CBDRs and the reciprocally phrased limits to the freedom to use outer space ‘on a basis of equality’ for the benefit of all countries, ‘irrespective of their economic and scientific development’, all the while avoiding potentially harmful interference in their activities. Further, the article aims to assess the basis on which different levels of responsibility may be attributed to different groups of States in space law. In so doing, it will identify a number of indicators in the relevant UN and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) conventions that appear to support a flexible system of variegated responsibilities, in line with the pragmatic approach to CBDRs in the 2015 Paris Agreement. These indicators will focus on possible applications of the CBDRs principle in the areas of resource exploitation and space debris, specifically.
To Fight to Savein Space: A Legal Argument that a Space Coast Guard Is Increasingly Necessary for Effective Twenty-First Century Space Governance
Authors: Sinclair Michael R. 
Published: March 2022

Recently, U.S. President Donald Trump directed the Department Defense to create a new Space Force. Congress has pursued similar ideas in the recent past. If the United States is going to create a new space agency it may, however, be better served by establishing a ‘Space Guard’ modelled after and organized similarly to the existing U.S. Coast Guard. Indeed, it has become increasingly apparent the United States may need to establish such an agency sooner, rather than later to ensure that it meets its international legal obligations and to address widening authorities and capabilities gaps in existing U.S. space ‘governance’ programs. A pending ‘space boom’ led by private actors and businesses, and indeed encouraged by the United States government, makes it more and more likely that existing international legal regimes will prove inadequate governance structures as increasing numbers of state and private actors take to the stars. Further, the United States government currently divides responsibility and authorities for space operations amongst several departments and agencies, which is burdensome, inefficient, and unlikely to be agile enough to keep pace with, let alone effectively regulate and manage private space ventures. This article argues that establishing a Space Guard is a critical first step in how the United States can contribute to twenty-first century space governance, while at the same time also protecting important U.S. interests, because only an agency modelled on the Coast Guard’s ability to exercise broad, interdependent authorities across every aspect within an entire domain, and with the organizational culture to responsibly wield those authorities, will be able to effectively and efficiently manage future U.S. space activities.
Attacks Against Aviation: Beijing Convention and Protocol Now in Force
Authors: Sleeckx Annick , Thijssen Charlotte , Grigorieff Cyril-Igor 
Published: March 2022

The fight back against modern threats to civil aviation has now materialized since the entry into force in 2018 of both the 2010 Beijing Convention on the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Relating to International Civil Aviation and the 2010 Beijing Protocol Supplementary to the Convention on Unlawful Seizure of Aircraft. These two instruments share the same goal but must be distinguished clearly. The 2010 Protocol supplements the 1970 Hague Convention and was drafted mostly to address hijacking scenarios; whereas the 2010 Convention is a recast of the 1971 Montreal Convention and its 1988 Protocol regarding other forms of violence against aircraft and airport facilities. This article will aim to shed some light on selected key improvements made by these recent instruments. Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege
State Aid and Air Transport in the Shadow of COVID-19
Authors: Truxal Steven 
Published: March 2022

As demand for air travel has fallen in response to the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) crisis, the global air transport sector has been severely impacted. This article investigates the extent to which and on what conditions state aid measures are applied to airlines, airports, air navigation service providers and aircraft manufacturers in response to the crisis. In that connection, reflections are offered in this article on the role of the State and the flexibility of EU state aid law in these unprecedented times.
State aid, COVID-19, air transport, climate, competition
Collective Redress for Aviation Through Online Platforms
Authors: Defossez Delphine 
Published: March 2022

According to the European Court of Auditors Special Report on passenger rights, passengers suffering the same flight disruption can be treated very differently. Collective redress through online platforms could, hence, provide a great solution to both passengers and airlines, by reducing the amount of claims and ensuring a better protection of the passengers. The European Commission has announced that it will publish a proposal to revise the Directive 2009/22/EC (henceforth referred to as the Directive),1with the introduction of measures of collective redress which may include air transport.2 Not surprisingly, the aviation industry is against such inclusion, arguing that it will considerably increase the regulatory costs, which are already among the most expensive worldwide. At the same time, not having collective redress for aviation cases seems awkward, especially with the Regulation 261/ 2004 framework.
Collective redress, ODR, Passenger rights, Proposal Directive, Test-Achats
Non-Compliance Procedures: A Proactive Approach to Dispute Avoidance in International Space Law
Authors: Selman Ayetey Julia 
Published: March 2022

Conflicting interests of state and non-state space actors will likely lead to a myriad of legal disputes. In turn this could intensify the militarization of space and have a destabilizing effect on international security, the New Space industry and the environmental protection of Earth and outer space. It is therefore vital that boundaries set by the UN Space Treaties are respected. Unfortunately, international space law makes no provision for non-compliance procedures (NCPs).
The purpose of this article is to advocate for the integration of non-compliance procedures within international space law. Following the introduction, this article provides a brief background on the concepts of compliance and non-compliance and using examples from international environmental law, NCPs are explained. It then examines several dynamics of the New Space industry which call for the implementation of NCPs. The subsequent section critically analyses benefits and challenges likely to arise from the use of NCPs in international space law. The article concludes by suggesting that the implementation of NCPs would contribute to a proactive, holistic and effective mechanism to better protect the legal boundaries likely to be challenged by modern uses of outer space.
international law, outer space, international space law, compliance, dispute avoidance, non-compliance procedures, non-state actors, proactive approach
Collective Space Object as a New concept of International Space Law
Authors: Salmeri Antonino 
Published: March 2022

This article builds on the premise that international space law should be an enabler, not an inhibitor, of technological advancements in the use of outer space. Examining the features of space stations, space-made products, satellite constellations and satellite swarms, it argues that the time may be mature for a revision of the traditional understanding of the term ‘space object’. Through the evolutionary interpretation of the term ‘component parts’ within Article I of the Liability Convention and Article I of the Registration Convention the article proposes a new concept called ‘collective space object’ and illustrates its practical benefits for the regulation of these innovative technologies.
space object, space law, space stations, space-made products, satellite constellations, swarm satellites
Big data, kleine rechtsstaat?
Authors: Spithoven Remco , Foppen Elsa 
Published: March 2022

Big data, small rule of law? About the call from executive professionals for constitutional reflection on big data applications in the Dutch police function
The promises of big data have reached the domain of safety and security. After these techniques proved their added value in the private sector, they soon reached the attention of the public sector. In this article we present the results of our interviews with 27 executive professionals of the Dutch police and the department of public order and safety of local governments. What are their expectations of big data? Their experience with big data varied. Our respondents gave expression to a basic positive attitude towards intelligence led policing and the chances that big data brings to it. But anticipation of working with big data was not free from discussion and the respondents stressed the need for securing privacy and other constitutional rights of citizens before big data applications are implemented in the police function. With that, our respondents strongly aligned with the international, academic call for a constitutional reflection about the application of big data withing the police function.
UNA NUEVA LUZ EN «LA LARGA NOCHE MEDIEVAL»
Authors: Bello Wilches Camilo 
Published: March 2022

Nos ocupamos de las líneas de continuidad o ruptura entre la filosofía del medievo y de la que se practicaba en la Edad Moderna con el objeto, por un lado, de identificar las posibles rupturas entre el pensamiento escolástico, el clásico y el humanista y, por el otro, ver hasta qué punto es real el aparente divorcio intelectual entre los pensadores del Renacimiento y los escolásticos.
Para hacerlo, nos detenemos en la escolástica y desgranamos algunas de sus características fundamentales, estudiamos a la Escuela de Salamanca y su relación con la ciencia económica moderna y nos ocupamos de las relaciones entre los autores grecolatinos y los del Renacimiento, todo ello sin obviar algu­nas de las enseñanzas de los escolásticos que podrían seguir siendo válidas en nuestros días e identificar cuáles de los autores del medievo podrían seguir siendo leídos en la actualidad.