bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ethics of Weaponized AI
Authors: Robillard Michael 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of some of the major ethical arguments for and against the use of autonomous weapons systems (AWS). More specifically, this chapter looks at the set of contingent arguments as well as the set of in principle arguments for and against their use. After summarizing these various views, the chapter argues that AWS do not pose new or novel ethical problems. If we think an AWS makes actual decisions in the ‘strong AI’ sense, then by virtue of being a decision-maker, that entity would therefore have rights and interests worthy of our moral concern. If we, however, think an AWS does not make actual decisions, but is instead just an institutional proxy for the collective set of human decisions comprising it, then we ought to treat an AWS, both morally and metaphysically, like we would treat any other collective action problem.
Origen’s Gospel Commentaries
Authors: Heine Ronald E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Origen’s Gospel commentaries belong to an ancient commentary genre involving literature on pagan, Jewish, and Christian texts. His are the first texts of commentaries on the Gospels that we possess. He wrote commentaries on the Gospels of John, Matthew, and Luke. Portions of those on John and Matthew survive. Each book of the Commentary on John begins with a prologue, as was customary in commentary literature; there are no prologues with the books on the Gospel of Matthew. Origen’s prologues treat many themes discussed in the pagan commentary literature such as the reason for the title, and the skopos of the work. In his exposition of the text he works from the assumption that the literal wording contains a hidden spiritual meaning which must be excavated by various techniques including paying attention to the sequence in the text and applying anagogical interpretations. The theological perspectives of Paul and John were guiding lights in Origen’s interpretation of the Gospels. His overarching goal in the commentaries was to reveal and interpret the Logos of God who “emptied himself” and became flesh in Jesus of Nazareth.
Origen’s Homilies on the Bible
Authors: Pieri Francesco 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe interpretation of the Scriptures was Origen’s distinctive goal as a Church teacher and later (after 235) as a presbyter. His Bible-based teaching reflects a model in continuity with the philosophical schools of the time. Origen’s corpus includes the largest collection of homilies from the first three centuries of Christianity; 205 homilies by Origen have survived. Direct tradition in Greek can be integrated with extensive quotes from other authors’ works. In a more limited way Origen’s homilies are documented through the catenae compilations from the Byzantine age. Still the outstanding line in the transmission of the homilies (as is the case with many of Origen’s other writings) is the Latin versions by Jerome or Rufinus. Various attempts have been made to reconstruct the liturgical context of Origen’s preaching, but this remains largely hypothetical.
An ultrasound negative for subclinical synovitis in arthralgia patients: is it helpful in identifying those not developing arthritis?
Authors: Rogier Cleo , Frazzei Giulia , Kortekaas Marion C , Verstappen Marloes , Ohrndorf Sarah , van Mulligen Elise , van Vollenhoven Ronald F , van Schaardenburg Dirkjan , de Jong Pascal H P , van der Helm-van Mil Annette H M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the negative predictive value (NPV) of musculoskeletal US (MSUS) in arthralgia patients at risk for developing inflammatory arthritis.

Methods
An MSUS examination of hands and feet was performed in arthralgia patients at risk for inflammatory arthritis in four independent cohorts. Patients were followed for one-year on the development of inflammatory arthritis. Subclinical synovitis was defined as greyscale ≥2 and/or power Doppler ≥1. NPVs were determined and compared with the prior risks of not developing inflammatory arthritis. Outcomes were pooled using meta-analyses and meta-regression analyses. In sensitivity analyses, MSUS imaging of tender joints only (rather than the full US protocol) was analysed and ACPA stratification applied.

Results
After 1 year 78, 82, 77 and 72% of patients in the four cohorts did not develop inflammatory arthritis. The NPV of a negative US was 86, 85, 82 and 90%, respectively. The meta-analysis showed a pooled non-inflammatory arthritis prevalence of 79% (95% CI 75%, 83%) and a pooled NPV of 86% (95% CI 81, 89%). Imaging tender joints only (as generally done in clinical practice) and ACPA stratification showed similar results.

Conclusion
A negative US result in arthralgia has a high NPV for not developing inflammatory arthritis, which is mainly due to the high a priori risk of not developing inflammatory arthritis. The added value of a negative US (&lt;10% increase) was limited.
Managing Difficult Conversations: An Essential Communication Skill for All Professionals and Leaders
Authors: Prober Charles G. , Grousbeck H. Irving , Meehan William F. 
Published: April 2022

Managing difficult conversations is an important skill to develop and refine for all professionals and future leaders, particularly for those in health care where difficult situations with high stakes are prevalent. The intensity and frequency of these types of conversations will predictably increase as one’s professional responsibility grows.
In this article, the authors discuss their interprofessional course, Managing Difficult Conversations, developed 15 years ago for medical and graduate students at Stanford University. The course facilitates the practice of managing difficult conversations through role play in a low-risk, safe classroom setting among peers. The role-played difficult conversations are based upon a series of case studies and are facilitated by faculty and guest experts. There is no single communication style that suits everyone, but the authors offer resources from the course that can be applied for effective difficult conversations, including 12 guiding principles and a 3-stage framework for planning, beginning, and conducting the conversation.
Preparing and practicing for difficult conversations will enhance the likelihood of conveying the necessary information with professionalism, directness, clarity, empathy, and warmth. Although unsettling news will always be difficult to receive, the method of delivery should be a source of comfort and hope, not one of discomfort and pain.
Long-term MRI Follow-up of Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler
Authors: Master Mobin , Roberts Stefania 
Published: April 2022

Summary:
We present a case report of hyaluronic acid (HA) injected in the subcutaneous fat of the lateral face, deep fat compartments of the mid-face, and a combination of deep and superficial injection of HA in the chin. MRI demonstrates longevity of HA in the lateral face and deep fat compartments of the mid-face versus almost complete degradation of HA in the chin 19 months from injection. The MRI signal demonstrated no migration of HA and persistence of HA at 27 months in the lateral face and mid-face.
Making the Best of a Bad Situation: Case Report of a Nonreplantable Four-finger Amputation with Flap Coverage and Partial Hand Prosthesis Utilization
Authors: Graham Emily M. , Arbon Jantz , Baschuk Christopher M. , Duncan Adam , Mendenhall Shaun D. 
Published: April 2022

Summary:
Partial hand amputations (PHAs) are often associated with detriments to self-expression, independence, and employment. Modern partial hand prostheses, coupled with reconstructive surgery, may greatly mitigate the physical, psychological, social, and financial impairments caused by PHAs. The MCPDriver is a body-powered prosthesis and is an example of one of these modern, easy-to-use prostheses. This case report describes a 30-year-old man who experienced a traumatic, nonreplantable four finger degloving amputation of digits 2–5 at the level of the proximal phalanges. Initial reconstruction included preserving the length of the amputated phalanges and using a pedicled groin flap for soft tissue coverage with the goal to ultimately facilitate the use of a partial hand prosthesis. Once the PHA was stable, the multidisciplinary hand team held several discussions to review how to revise the flap for an MCPDriver. Staged debulking surgeries and syndactyly releases facilitated a successful fitting with the prosthesis. The patient resumed employment and bimanual tasks shortly after being fit with the prosthesis. The patient also reported significant improvements in his mental health and in the quality of his social interactions. This case illustrates how reconstructive surgeries coupled with partial hand prosthesis utilization can restore form and function following amputation. Familiarity with the modern classes of upper extremity prostheses and collaborating within a multidisciplinary hand team will likely enhance reconstructive outcomes following traumatic PHAs.
A Case of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Resulting from Interference Screw Malposition after LRTI
Authors: Maus Jacob , Driscoll Cassandra , Graves Benjamin R. 
Published: April 2022

Summary:
Many approaches to CMC arthroplasty have been described for treatment of advanced arthritis, yet there is no consensus on the “best” operation. Implantable hardware is increasingly utilized for metacarpal suspension, but few hardware-mediated complications have been documented. Here we present the case of a 69-year-old man with insidious-onset median neuropathy following ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition for CMC arthritis, utilizing interference screw fixation. After surgery, the patient developed median neuropathy, and his physical examination and MRI demonstrated a mass in the volar wrist. Operative exploration revealed an interference screw that was lodged immediately volar to the transverse carpal ligament, causing median nerve compression. Median neurolysis and screw removal led to symptom resolution. Carpal tunnel syndrome is an unreported complication of interference screw use during thumb CMC arthroplasty, and should be considered in patients with postoperative median neuropathy following ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition.
Wolves in Sheep's Clothing and Vice Versa: Fine-Needle Aspiration of Low-Grade Spindle Cell Lesions
Authors: Bronson Taylor , Choy Bonnie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The morphologic overlap between low-grade spindle cell lesions can lead to diagnostic dilemmas, particularly when attempting to interpret limited material. Evaluation of such specimens frequently requires correlating with clinical and imaging findings, as well as ancillary studies. We discuss the case of a 78-year-old woman with a remote history of breast carcinoma who presented with a left base of neck nodule. While imaging findings were highly suggestive of schwannoma, fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the nodule was performed for diagnostic confirmation. The patient reported tingling and an electrical shock sensation traveling down her arm during the fine-needle aspiration procedure. Cytomorphologic findings demonstrating a low-grade spindle cell neoplasm further supported a diagnosis of schwannoma, despite early immunohistochemistry results not being supportive. A last-minute suggestion that the differential diagnosis be broadened prompted additional immunohistochemical workup and follow-up molecular testing that confirmed an alternative diagnosis of solitary fibrous tumor. This case demonstrates the importance of correlating clinical, radiologic, and pathologic findings when approaching the differential diagnosis of low-grade spindle cell lesions on fine-needle biopsy specimens. Ancillary testing including immunohistochemistry, molecular studies, or fluorescence in situ hybridization is frequently utilized to establish a definitive diagnosis.
High-Grade Ovarian Epithelial Tumor and Intraoperative Frozen Section: Consequences of a Discordant Diagnosis
Authors: Felicelli Christopher , Blanco Luis Z. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Ovarian neoplasms are a common specimen received for intraoperative consultation (frozen section) as an accurate diagnosis is necessary to determine the next steps in surgery. We present the case of a 79-year-old woman with a 5.3-cm right ovarian lesion as well as a large appendiceal mass. The frozen section of the ovarian lesion showed a high-grade tumor with areas of luminal necrosis. These morphologic findings, along with the presence of a colonic mass, led to an intraoperative consultation diagnosis of “high grade adenocarcinoma, favor metastasis from gastrointestinal tract primary,” and to the surgery ending after removal of the appendix and cecum. However, the permanent section revealed high-grade serous carcinoma. We review the differential diagnosis of high-grade ovarian lesions on frozen section, examine the challenges that can occur, and discuss the potential downstream effects and consequences for patient care.
Anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin-loaded niosomes on respiratory syncytial virus infection in a mice model
Authors: Samadizadeh Saeed , Arabi Mehdi Sheikh , Yasaghi Mohammad , Salimi Vahid , Tabarraei Alijan , Moradi Abdolvahab , Tahamtan Alireza 
Published: April 2022

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in paediatrics. While antivirals are apparent candidates to treat RSV-induced diseases, they have not yet met expectations and have remained in infancy. There is growing evidence to suggest that modulating the exacerbated inflammation during RSV infection can improve disease outcome.
Curcumin-loaded niosomes have anti-inflammatory effects against RSV-induced respiratory disease by reducing immune cells' infiltration and inflammatory cytokines' production.
This study evaluated the effects of curcumin-loaded niosomes on RSV-induced immunopathology in a mice model.
Curcumin-loaded niosomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method and characterized in vitro. Female Balb/c mice were infected by RSV-A2 and treated daily with curcumin-loaded niosomes. The potential anti-inflammatory effects of curcumin-loaded niosomes were evaluated on day 5 after infection.
Using curcumin-loaded niosomes decreased immune cell influx and the inflammatory mediators (MIP-1α, TNF-α and IFN-γ) production in the lung, resulting in alleviated lung pathology following RSV infection.
These findings indicate that curcumin-loaded niosomes have anti-inflammatory potential and could be a promising candidate to alleviate RSV-associated immunopathology.
Antibiotic courses for acute otitis media alter human gut microbiome resistome and colonization resistance against antimicrobial resistant species in children
Authors: Li Weizhong , Kielenniva Katja , Kuelbs Claire , Novotny Mark , Kontiokari Tero , Sarlin Suvi , Tejesvi Mysore , Nelson Karen E. , Tapiainen Terhi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health problem. Human gut microbiome plays an important role in modulating AMR. On one hand, the microbiome itself can serve as a reservoir of AMR genes, i.e. resistome. On the other hand, the microbiome performs colonization resistance, preventing invasive microbes from colonizing the gastrointestinal tract. In this study, we investigated how antibiotic treatment affects the resistome and colonization resistance of the gut microbiome in children receiving amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, or no treatment for acute otitis media in a randomized clinical trial. Fecal samples from children receiving an antibiotic or no treatment before and after the treatment were analyzed using deep metagenomic sequencing. We used a flow cytometry-based approach to quantify the bacterial load in the fecal samples. Both metagenomic sequencing-based relative abundance and flow cytometry-based absolute abundance of the microbial species were analyzed. We found that the resistome fluctuated over time and in a small fraction (∼10%) of subjects, AMR genes increased rapidly due to colonization by AMR species, even in the control group without any antibiotic treatment. Amoxicillin significantly increased the risk for invasive species, especially pathogenic species carrying AMR genes, to colonize the gut. We also found that children lacking Blautia, Ruminococcus, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, or Faecalitalea were more vulnerable to colonization by invasive AMR species in their gut microbiome.
First crystal structure of a non-canonical amino acid linked to a paramagnetic lanthanide tag facilitates protein structure determination using NMR-derived restraints
Authors: Okwei Elleansar , Ganguly Soumya , Darling Heather L. , Harp Joel M. , Gulsevin Alican , Coin Irene , Mchaourab Hassane , Ledwitch Kaitlyn , Kuenze Georg , Meiler Jens 
Published: April 2022

SummarySite-directed spin labeling of proteins via non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) is a non-traditional method for the measurement of pseudocontact shifts (PCSs) by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. PCSs provide long-range distance and orientational information between a paramagnetic center and protein nuclei that can be used as restraints for computational structural modeling techniques. Here, we present the first experimental structure of an ncAA chemically linked to a lanthanide tag conjugated to the protein, T4-Lysozyme (T4L). T4L was crystallized with a cyclen-based C3 tag coordinated to the paramagnetic ion terbium (Tb3+). The paramagnetic C3-lanthanide tag generated PCSs measured at four different ncAA sites. We show that the addition of these restraints improves structure prediction protocols for T4L using the RosettaNMR framework. Generated models provide insight into T4L conformational flexibility sampled in solution. This integrative modeling protocol is readily transferable to larger proteins. Methods to predict protein structures are advancing into an exciting arena such that reliable experimental data will play important roles for evaluating the biophysical relevance of predicted structural models. Our contribution here caters to the growing interest in using ncAAs for a range of biophysical studies, and these methods can be readily transferred to larger protein systems of interest.
Neural signatures of task-related fluctuations in auditory attention change with age
Authors: Herrmann Björn , Maess Burkhard , Henry Molly J. , Obleser Jonas , Johnsrude Ingrid S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractListening in everyday life requires attention to be deployed dynamically – when listening is expected to be difficult and when relevant information is expected to occur – to conserve mental resources. Conserving mental resources may be particularly important for older adults who often experience difficulties understanding speech. In the current study, we use electro- and magnetoencephalography to investigate the neural and behavioral mechanics of attention regulation during listening and the effects that aging has on these. We show that neural alpha oscillatory activity indicates when in time attention is deployed (Experiment 1) and that deployment depends on listening difficulty (Experiment 2). Older adults (54–72 years) also show successful attention regulation but appear to utilize timing information differently compared to younger adults (20–33 years). We further show a notable age-group dissociation in recruited brain regions. In younger adults, superior parietal cortex underlies alpha power during attention regulation, whereas, in older adults, alpha power emerges from more ventro-lateral areas (posterior temporal cortex; Experiment 3). This difference in the sources of alpha activity between age groups only occurred during task performance and was absent during rest (Experiment S1). In sum, our study suggests that older adults employ different neural control strategies compared to younger adults to regulate attention in time under listening challenges.
Performance of novel antibodies for lipoarabinomannan to develop diagnostic tests for Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Cantera Jason L. , Lillis Lorraine M. , Peck Roger B. , Moreau Emmanuel , Schouten James A. , Davis Paul , Drain Paul K. , Andama Alfred , Pinter Abraham , Kawasaki Masanori , Källenius Gunilla , Sundling Christopher , Dobos Karen M. , Flores Danara , Chatterjee Delphi , Murphy Eileen , Halas Olivia R. , Boyle David S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLipoarabinomannan (LAM), a component of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) cell wall, is detectable in the urine of MTB infected patients with active tuberculosis (TB). LAM-specific antibodies (Igs) have been developed by a variety of traditional and recombinant methods for potential use in a rapid diagnostic test (RDT). We evaluated the analytical performance of the TB LAM Igs to identify pairs that offer superior performance over existing urine LAM tests. We assessed 25 new and 4 existing Igs in a matrixed format using a multiplex electrochemiluminescence-based liquid immunoassay. A total of 841 paired Ig combinations were challenged with in vitro cultured LAM (cLAM) derived from MTB strains representing diverse phylogenetic lineages, alongside urinary LAM (uLAM) from the urine of adults with active pulmonary TB. Analytical sensitivity of down-selected Ig pairs was determined using MTB Aoyama-B cLAM, while diagnostic accuracy was determined using clinical samples. When testing cLAM, the reactivity of Ig pairs was similar across MTB lineages 1-4 but lineage 5:6 had significantly more reactivity among Ig pairs. Overall, 41 Ig pairs had a strong binding affinity to cLAM, as compared to the reference pair of S4-20/A194-01, and 28 Ig pairs therein exhibited a strong affinity for both cLAM and uLAM. Retrospective testing on clinical urine specimens demonstrated varying sensitivities (12-80%) and specificities (14-100%). The five top pairs had a similar analytical limit of detection to the reference pair but in four instances, the sensitivity and specificity with clinical uLAM samples was poor. Overall, epitopes presented by uLAM are different from cLAM, which may affect antibody performance when testing uLAM in patient samples. Several new Ig pairs had similar ranges of high sensitivity to cLAM but overall, there were no new candidate Ig pairs identified in this round of screening with increased performance with uLAM as compared to an existing optimal pair.
Analyzing well-to-pump emissions of electric and conventional jet fuel for aircraft propulsion
Authors: Yildiz Melih , Kale Utku , Nagy Andras 
Published: April 2022

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to show the emissions related to electric consumption in electric aviation. Aviation, being one of the main transportation and economical driver of global trade and consumerism, is responsible for an important ratio of anthropogenic emissions. Electric energy use in aircraft propulsion is gaining interest as a method of providing sustainable and environmentally friendly aviation. However, the production of electricity is more energy and emission sensitive compared to conventional jet fuel.

Design/methodology/approach
A well-to-pump (WTP) energy use and emission analysis were conducted to compare the electricity and conventional jet fuel emissions. For the calculations, a software and related database which is developed by Argonne’s Greenhouse gas, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation (GREET®) model is used to determine WTP analysis for electricity production and delivery pathways and compared it to baseline conventional jet fuel.

Findings
The WTP results show that electricity production and transmission have nine times higher average emissions compared to WTP emissions of conventional jet fuel. The future projection of emission calculations presented in this paper reveals that generating electricity from more renewable sources provides only a 50% reduction in general emissions. The electricity emission results are sensitive to the sources of production.

Originality/value
The main focus of this study is to analyze the WTP emissions of electric energy and conventional jet fuel for use on hybrid aircraft propulsion.