bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of differential mode group delay in few-mode fiber with correlation optical time-domain reflectometer
Authors: Jin Linqi , Wang Yong , Zhang Meiling , Sun Yadong , Hu Guijun 
Published: April 2022

A measurement system of differential mode group delay (DMGD) in few-mode fiber with correlation optical time-domain reflection was proposed. A photonic lantern used in the system can be utilized for mode separation and selection and can generate six LP modes:

L
P

01

,

L
P

11
a

,

L
P

11
b

,

L
P

21
a

,

L
P

21
b

, and

L
P

02

. The signal reflected by the end of the fiber is correlated with the data sequence sent, which realizes the single-ended measurement of 5 km few-mode fiber DMGD. This method is not destructive for detecting fiber transmission systems and is simple and easy to implement. It can be used for detecting fiber transmission characteristics in the mode-division multiplexing communication system.
Teacher-student approach for lung tumor segmentation from mixed-supervised datasets
Authors: Fredriksen Vemund , Sevle Svein Ole M. , Pedersen André , Langø Thomas , Kiss Gabriel , Lindseth Frank 
Published: April 2022

Purpose
Cancer is among the leading causes of death in the developed world, and lung cancer is the most lethal type. Early detection is crucial for better prognosis, but can be resource intensive to achieve. Automating tasks such as lung tumor localization and segmentation in radiological images can free valuable time for radiologists and other clinical personnel. Convolutional neural networks may be suited for such tasks, but require substantial amounts of labeled data to train. Obtaining labeled data is a challenge, especially in the medical domain.

Methods
This paper investigates the use of a teacher-student design to utilize datasets with different types of supervision to train an automatic model performing pulmonary tumor segmentation on computed tomography images. The framework consists of two models: the student that performs end-to-end automatic tumor segmentation and the teacher that supplies the student additional pseudo-annotated data during training.

Results
Using only a small proportion of semantically labeled data and a large number of bounding box annotated data, we achieved competitive performance using a teacher-student design. Models trained on larger amounts of semantic annotations did not perform better than those trained on teacher-annotated data. Our model trained on a small number of semantically labeled data achieved a mean dice similarity coefficient of 71.0 on the MSD Lung dataset.

Conclusions
Our results demonstrate the potential of utilizing teacher-student designs to reduce the annotation load, as less supervised annotation schemes may be performed, without any real degradation in segmentation accuracy.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake and service delivery adaptations during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in 21 PEPFAR-funded countries
Authors: Kerzner Michael , De Anindya K. , Yee Randy , Keating Ryan , Djomand Gaston , Stash Sharon , Rana Sangeeta , Kimmel Allison , Eakle Robyn , Klucking Sara , Patel Pragna ,   on behalf of the PEPFAR HIV Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Collaborators
Published: April 2022

BackgroundMitigation measures for the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and burden on health systems created challenges for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) service delivery. We examined PrEP uptake in PEPFAR programs before and after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsWe studied two PEPFAR program monitoring indicators, using routine Monitoring, Evaluation, Reporting (MER) indicators capturing uptake of PrEP (PrEP_NEW) and overall use of PrEP (PrEP_CURR). We also analyzed descriptive program narratives to understand successes and challenges field teams encountered after the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. To assess changes in coverage of PrEP across 21 countries, we calculated the “PrEP to need ratio” (PnR) using a published methodology. We defined the pre-COVID time period as April 1, 2019 –March 31, 2020 and the COVID time period as April 1, 2020 –March 31, 2021.FindingsThe total number of persons who initiated PrEP increased by 157% from 233,250 in the pre-COVID-19 period compared with 599,935 in the COVID-19 period. All countries, except five, noted significant increases in PrEP uptake. PrEP uptake among adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) increased by 159% from 80,452 AGYW in the pre-COVID-19 period to 208,607 AGYW in the COVID-19 period. There were 77,430 key populations (KP) initiated on PrEP in the pre-COVID-19 period and 209,114 KP initiated in the COVID-19 period (a 170% increase). The PnR increased 214% in the COVID-19 period across all PEPFAR-supported countries. Adaptations, such as multi-month dispensing (MMD) of PrEP; virtual demand creation activities; decentralized, community-based and virtual service delivery, were implemented to maintain PrEP services.ConclusionsPEPFAR programs continued to maintain and initiate new clients on PrEP despite the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Adaptations such as MMD of PrEP and use of technology were vital in expanding service delivery and increasing PrEP coverage.FundingThis project has been supported by the U.S. President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief.
Taux de croissance annuel moyen via une formule géométrique.
Authors: Vandeschrick Christophe 
Published: April 2022

In the context of the diachronic analysis of rates, indices or ratios, the literature regularly proposes to calculate the average via a geometric formula. This article aims to show that this rule is not acceptable. The reflection is governed by the following basic principle: the average annual growth rate corresponds to the value of the rate which, applied during the different years under observation, leads to the same growth as that actually observed between the beginning and end of the observation period. Its application to the three population growth hypotheses commonly used in demography demonstrates that the average growth rate is never obtained via a geometric formula of the average. Moreover, the standard application of the basic principle gives rise to a formula for the average rate under the assumption of linear growth which contradicts the formula usually followed and which must therefore be abandoned.
Résumé
Dans le cadre de l’analyse diachronique de taux, d’indices ou de rapports, la littérature propose régulièrement de calculer la moyenne via une formule géométrique. Cet article vise à montrer que cette règle n’est pas acceptable. La réflexion est régie par le principe de base suivant : le taux de croissance annuel moyen correspond à la valeur du taux qui, appliquée durant les différentes années sous observation, conduit à la même croissance que celle effectivement observée entre le début et la fin de la période d’observation. Son application aux trois hypothèses de croissance de la population utilisées couramment en démographie démontre que le taux de croissance moyen n’est jamais obtenu via une formule géométrique de la moyenne. Par ailleurs, l’application du principe de base fait émerger une formule du taux moyen sous hypothèse de croissance linéaire en contradiction avec la formule habituellement suivie et qui doit donc être abandonnée.
Acute progesterone feedback on gonadotropin secretion is not demonstrably altered in estradiol‐pretreated women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Kim Su Hee , Lundgren Jessica A. , Patrie James T. , Burt Solorzano Christine M. , McCartney Christopher R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWomen with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) demonstrate gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator resistance to suppression with 7 days of progesterone and estradiol administration. It remains unknown whether such women demonstrate impairments in acute progesterone negative feedback on LH pulse frequency or progesterone positive feedback on gonadotropin release. This was a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled crossover study designed to test the hypothesis that acute, progesterone‐related suppression of LH pulse frequency and progesterone‐related augmentation of gonadotropin release are impaired in PCOS. Twelve normally cycling women and 12 women with PCOS completed study. Volunteers were pretreated with transdermal estradiol (0.2 mg/day) for 3 days and then underwent a frequent blood sampling study (20:00–20:00 h), during which they received micronized progesterone (100 mg) or placebo at 06:00 h. In a second study admission, volunteers received the intervention they did not receive during the first admission, but the protocol was otherwise identical. The primary outcome measures were LH secretory characteristics and circulating gonadotropin concentrations. Exogenous progesterone did not reduce LH pulse frequency in either group. Mean LH, pulsatile LH secretion, LH pulse mass, and mean FSH increased more with progesterone compared to placebo in both groups. Although trends toward less pronounced changes in LH pulse mass and pulsatile LH secretion were observed in the PCOS group, these differences were not statistically significant. In summary, exogenous progesterone did not suppress LH pulse frequency within 12 hours in estradiol‐pretreated women, and the positive feedback effect of progesterone on gonadotropin release was not demonstrably impaired in PCOS.New & NoteworthyThis study indicated that exogenous progesterone does not reduce LH pulse frequency within 12 h in women with PCOS, but progesterone acutely increased gonadotropin in these women. This study suggested that progesterone‐related augmentation of gonadotropin release may be impaired in PCOS compared to normally cycling women, but this finding was not statistically significant.
Elevated IL-35 level and iTr35 subset increase the bacterial burden and lung lesions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice
Authors: Yu Fangliu , Zhu Xinying , Li Qingdeng , Xu Wenqin , Gao Yunxing , Wen Yufeng , Zhang Qiong , Dou Jun 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between interleukin (IL)-35 level and IL-35-producing regulatory T cells (iTr35 subset) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected mice. After the mice were injected with Mtb strain H37R via tail vein, the bacterial burden, lung lesions, and the impact of immune suppression on the infected mice were respectively assessed. The results, when compared with the control mice, showed that the mRNA expression levels of the p35 and Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 of IL-35 were significantly increased in the Mtb-infected mouse spleen at 4 or 8 weeks post-infection and their protein expression levels were concurrently increased in the lungs of the mice, especially in 8 week infected mice. In addition, the levels of serum IL-35 and the iTr35 subset in the spleen of mice were also increased in 4 or 8 weeks post-infection compared with the control mice. Importantly, the high bacterial burden and lung lesions and the low mouse weight were found at 8 week post-infection. Therefore, the mice infected with Mtb resulted in elevating IL-35 level and iTr35 subset and increasing bacterial burden and lung lesions. The findings from the study suggest IL-35 and iTr35 cells may exert an immune suppression role in chronic Mtb-infected mice.
Comparison of axon extension: PTFE versus PLA formed by a 3D printer
Authors: Kawai Naofumi , Bando Mizuki , Yuasa Kento , Shibasaki Masayuki 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) printers mainly create 3D objects by stacking thin layers of material. The effect of the tools created using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer on nerve cells remains unclear. In this study, the effects of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) models and two different types of polylactic acid (PLA) models (white or natural), were created using the FDM 3D printer on axon extension were compared using the Campenot chamber. Neurons were isolated from the dorsal root ganglia and added to the central compartment of the Campenot chambers after isolation, processing, and culturing. On day 7, after the initiation of the culture, the difference of the axon extensions to the side compartments of each group was confirmed. We also compared the pH and the amount of leakage when each of these chambers was used. The PLA was associated with a shorter axon extension than the PTFE (whitep= 0.0078, naturalp= 0.00391). No difference in the pH was observed (p= 0.347), but there was a significant difference on multiple group comparison (p= 0.0231) in the amount of leakage of the medium. PTFE was found to be a more suitable material for culturing attachments.
The role of temperature-induced effects generated by plasmonic nanostructures on particle delivery and manipulation: a review
Authors: Kotsifaki Domna G. , Nic Chormaic Síle 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Plasmonic optical tweezers that stem from the need to trap and manipulate ever smaller particles using non-invasive optical forces, have made significant contributions to precise particle motion control at the nanoscale. In addition to the optical forces, other effects have been explored for particle manipulation. For instance, the plasmonic heat delivery mechanism generates micro- and nanoscale optothermal hydrodynamic effects, such as natural fluid convection, Marangoni fluid convection and thermophoretic effects that influence the motion of a wide range of particles from dielectric to biomolecules. In this review, a discussion of optothermal effects generated by heated plasmonic nanostructures is presented with a specific focus on applications to optical trapping and particle manipulation. It provides a discussion on the existing challenges of optothermal mechanisms generated by plasmonic optical tweezers and comments on their future opportunities in life sciences.
Chemically reactive Maxwell nanoliquid flow by a stretching surface in the frames of Newtonian heating, nonlinear convection and radiative flux: Nanopolymer flow processing simulation
Authors: Nasir Muhammad , Waqas Muhammad , Anwar Bég O. , Basha D. Baba , Zamri N. , Leonard H. J. , Khan Ilyas 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe effects of a chemical reaction and radiative heat flux in a nonlinear mixed thermo-solutal convection flow of a viscoelastic nanoliquid from a stretchable surface are investigated theoretically. Newtonian heating is also considered. The upper-convected Maxwell (UCM) model is deployed to represent the non-Newtonian characteristics. The model also includes the influence of thermal radiation that is simulatedviaan algebraic flux model. Buongiorno’s two-component nanofluid model is implemented for thermophoretic and Brownian motion effects. Convective thermal and solutal boundary conditions are utilized to provide a more comprehensive evaluation of temperature and concentration distributions. Dimensionless equations are used to create the flow model by utilizing the appropriate parameters. The computed models are presented through a convergent homotopic analysis method (HAM) approach with the help of Mathematica-12 symbolic software. Authentication of HAM solutions with special cases from the literature is presented. The impact of various thermophysical, nanoscale and rheological parameters on transport characteristics is visualized graphically and interpreted in detail. Temperatures are strongly enhanced with Brownian motion and thermophoresis parameters. Velocity is boosted with the increment in the Deborah viscoelastic number and mixed convection parameter, and the hydrodynamic boundary layer thickness is reduced. A stronger generative chemical reaction enhances concentration magnitudes, whereas an increment in the destructive chemical reaction reduces them and also depletes the concentration boundary layer thickness. Temperature and concentration are also strongly modified by the conjugate thermal and solutal parameters. Greater radiative flux also enhances the thermal boundary layer thickness. Increasing the Schmidt number and the Brownian motion parameter diminish the concentration values, whereas they elevate the Sherwood number magnitudes,i.e.enhance the nanoparticle mass transfer rate to the wall.
Perspectives in biopolymer/graphene-based composite application: Advances, challenges, and recommendations
Authors: Asim Nilofar , Su’ait Mohd Sukor , Badiei Marzieh , Mohammad Masita , Akhtaruzzaman Md. , Rajabi Armin , Amin Nowshad , Ghazali Mariyam Jameelah 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Graphene-based materials are widely applied due to their interesting physical and chemical properties, but their hydrophobic surface and toxicity to living creatures limit their application in some fields. Biopolymers are incorporated with graphene-based materials to overcome these issues and improve their biodegradability, biocompatibility, and ecological friendliness, and the synergetic effect enhances other properties as well. These properties make graphene-based materials a novel subject of interest in science and industry. In this study, the various applications of developed biopolymer/graphene-based composites are broadly addressed, and recent progress in the field is emphasized. Modification, stability, and compatibility are among the key merits for developing highly advanced composites with desirable properties. The major challenges and some recommendations in various applications based on reviewed studies are covered. However, the development of environmentally friendly, low-cost, high-quality, and large-scale biopolymer/graphene-based composites for specified applications is challenging. Studies based on application and trend are conducted. Opportunities and limitations can guide researchers in the field to solve challenges, provide directions for future studies, and optimize sustainable biopolymer/graphene-based composites for specified industrial applications.
Glucose-responsive nanogels efficiently maintain the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes
Authors: Qi Hongzhao , Yang Jie , Yu Jie , Yang Lijun , Shan Peipei , Zhu Sujie , Wang Yin , Li Peifeng , Wang Kun , Zhou Qihui 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
To date, the encapsulation of therapeutic enzymes in a protective matrix is an optimized strategy for the maintenance of their stability, facilitating their clinical application. However, the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes are often in tension with each other. A rigid protective matrix may effectively maintain the stability of therapeutic enzymes, but it can reduce the diffusion of substrates toward the therapeutic enzyme active site, dramatically affecting their catalytic efficiency. Here, we exploited a kind of nanogels by in situ polymerization on the arginine deiminase (ADI) surface with 3-acrylamido-phenylboronic acid (APBA) monomer. These nanogels efficiently improved the thermal stability (25–75℃), the pH stability (pH 1–13), and protease (trypsin) stability of ADI due to the strong rigidity of the surface poly(APBA) shell. And even after 60 days of storage, ∼60% of the activity of ADI encapsulated by nanogels remained. Furthermore, ADI encapsulated by nanogels could efficiently degrade arginine to increase the ratio of citrulline to arginine in mice plasma. That is because autologous glucose binds with APBA leading to the hydrophilicity increase of nanogels, and then, the arginine molecules can readily diffuse toward the encapsulated ADI. This nanogel platform eases the tension between the stability and activity of therapeutic enzymes. The resulting nanogels can efficiently maintain the in vitro stability and the in vivo activity of therapeutic enzymes, facilitating the exploitation of new therapeutic enzyme formulations, which can be transported and stored in vitro for a long time and be applied effectively in vivo.
Pearl Harbor in Context
Authors: O’Neil William D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWhy did Japan choose to attack the United States, and why at Pearl Harbor? The story has ancient roots, starting with the parallels and antiparallels in the geostrategic positions and long-run economic development of Britain and Japan. Japan’s recognition of its economic inferiority and strategic vulnerability in the mid-nineteenth century prompted strikingly rapid modernization. The nation quickly became highly competitive at the Western imperialist game but struggled to adapt as the rules changed after 1917, just as China fell into chaos and the Soviet Union began its rapid rise. While profiting greatly from joining the Allies in World War I, Japan was buffeted severely by the economic turmoil of the postwar era. Together with unresolved social and political tensions from rapid modernization, this led to serious unrest. This extended to the military, which had been given disproportionate political power. Army adventurers sought to continue expansionism, ultimately miring Japan in an altogether unwinnable struggle in China and provoking serious tensions with the Soviets. The rise of Nazism in Germany was seen as providential by militarists, who pushed Japan into alliance with the Axis powers. But the alliance made war inevitable with the United States determined to stop Hitler at all cost.
Probiotic effects on anxiety-like behavior in animal models
Authors: Lalonde Robert , Strazielle Catherine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Gut microbiota have been shown to be useful in treating gastrointestinal diseases, cancer, obesity, infections, and, more recently, neuropsychiatric conditions such as degenerative diseases and depression. There has also been recent expansion in testing probiotics and prebiotics on anxiety-like behaviors in animals. Current results indicate that probiotic substances of the Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium type are effective in reducing anxiety-like behaviors in mice or rats evaluated in the elevated plus-maze, the open-field, the light-dark box, and conditioned defensive burying. Probiotics are also effective in reducing serum or plasma corticosterone levels after acute stress. It is hypothesized that probiotics cause anxiolytic-like effects via vagal influences on caudal solitary nucleus, periaqueductal gray, central nucleus of the amygdala, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. Further experimentation is needed to trace the neurochemical anatomy underlying anxiolytic-like behaviors of gut microbiata exerting effects via vagal or nonvagal pathways.
Stationary density function for a random evolution driven by a Markov-switching Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process with finite velocity
Authors: Pogorui Anatoliy A. , Rodríguez-Dagnino Ramón M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we consider a new telegraph process of Ornstein–Uhlenbeck type. The process is
obtained by generalizing the telegraph process in a similar manner to how the Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process
was obtained from the Wiener process, namely by adding a drift coefficient proportional to a
displacement from the origin. This process was first introduced by Ratanov in
[N. Ratanov,
Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process of bounded variation,
Methodol. Comput. Appl. Probab. 23 2021, 925–946].
We obtain the infinitesimal operator of this process and we present formulas for finding its stationary
probability density. We consider both the symmetric and asymmetric cases.