bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tuneable conductivity at extreme electric fields in ZnO tetrapod-silicone composites for high-voltage power cable insulation
Authors: Greijer Helena , Mirotta Nicola , Treossi Emanuele , Valorosi Filippo , Schütt Fabian , Siebert Leonard , Mishra Yogendra Kumar , Adelung Rainer , Palermo Vincenzo , Hillborg Henrik 
Published: April 2022

AbstractResistive Field Grading Materials (RFGM) are used in critical regions in the electrical insulation system of high-voltage direct-current cable systems. Here, we describe a novel type of RFGM, based on a percolated network of zinc oxide (ZnO) tetrapods in a rubber matrix. The electrical conductivity of the composite increases by a factor of 108for electric fields > 1 kV mm−1, as a result of the highly anisotropic shape of the tetrapods and their significant bandgap (3.37 eV). We demonstrate that charge transport at fields < 1 kV mm−1is dominated by thermally activated hopping of charge carriers across spatially, as well as energetically, localized states at the ZnO–polymer interface. At higher electric fields (> 1 kV mm−1) band transport in the semiconductive tetrapods triggers a large increase in conductivity. These geometrically enhanced ZnO semiconductors outperform standard additives such as SiC particles and ZnO micro varistors, providing a new class of additives to achieve variable conductivity in high-voltage cable system applications.
Production of orbital angular momentum states of optical vortex beams using a vortex half-wave retarder with double-pass configuration
Authors: Deachapunya Sarayut , Srisuphaphon Sorakrai , Buathong Sitti 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHigher orders of orbital angular momentum states (OAMs) of light have been produced with a double-pass configuration through a zero-order vortex half-wave retarder (VHWR). This double-pass technique can reduce the number of VHWR plates used, thus reducing costs. The OAM states of the vortex beams are identified by the near-field Talbot effect. Polarization dependence of the vortex states can also be demonstrated with this VHWR using Talbot effect. Without using the Talbot patterns, this effect of the polarization on the vortex beam can not be recognized. A theoretical validation has also been provided to complement the experimental results. Our study gives an improved understanding of this approach to use a VHWR plate.
The role of climate and islands in species diversification and reproductive-mode evolution of Old World tree frogs
Authors: Ellepola Gajaba , Pie Marcio R. , Pethiyagoda Rohan , Hanken James , Meegaskumbura Madhava 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLarge diversifications of species are known to occur unevenly across space and evolutionary lineages, but the relative importance of their driving mechanisms, such as climate, ecological opportunity and key evolutionary innovations (KEI), remains poorly understood. Here, we explore the remarkable diversification of rhacophorid frogs, which represent six percent of global amphibian diversity, utilize four distinct reproductive modes, and span a climatically variable area across mainland Asia, associated continental islands, and Africa. Using a complete species-level phylogeny, we find near-constant diversification rates but a highly uneven distribution of species richness. Montane regions on islands and some mainland regions have higher phylogenetic diversity and unique assemblages of taxa; we identify these as cool-wet refugia. Starting from a centre of origin, rhacophorids reached these distant refugia by adapting to new climatic conditions (‘niche evolution’-dominant), especially following the origin of KEIs such as terrestrial reproduction (in the Late Eocene) or by dispersal during periods of favourable climate (‘niche conservatism’-dominant).
Massive earthquake swarm driven by magmatic intrusion at the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica
Authors: Cesca Simone , Sugan Monica , Rudzinski Łukasz , Vajedian Sanaz , Niemz Peter , Plank Simon , Petersen Gesa , Deng Zhiguo , Rivalta Eleonora , Vuan Alessandro , Plasencia Linares Milton Percy , Heimann Sebastian , Dahm Torsten 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAn earthquake swarm affected the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica, a unique rift basin in transition from intra-arc rifting to ocean spreading. The swarm, counting ~85,000 volcano-tectonic earthquakes since August 2020, is located close to the Orca submarine volcano, previously considered inactive. Simultaneously, geodetic data reported up to ~11 cm northwestward displacement over King George Island. We use a broad variety of geophysical data and methods to reveal the complex migration of seismicity, accompanying the intrusion of 0.26–0.56 km3 of magma. Strike-slip earthquakes mark the intrusion at depth, while shallower normal faulting the ~20 km long lateral growth of a dike. Seismicity abruptly decreased after a Mw 6.0 earthquake, suggesting the magmatic dike lost pressure with the slipping of a large fault. A seafloor eruption is likely, but not confirmed by sea surface temperature anomalies. The unrest documents episodic magmatic intrusion in the Bransfield Strait, providing unique insights into active continental rifting.
The travelling particles: community dynamics of biofilms on microplastics transferred along a salinity gradient
Authors: Song Jessica , Beule Lukas , Jongmans-Hochschulz Elanor , Wichels Antje , Gerdts Gunnar 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMicroplastics (MP), as novel substrata for microbial colonization within aquatic ecosystems, are a matter of growing concern due to their potential to propagate foreign or invasive species across different environments. MP are known to harbour a diversity of microorganisms, yet little is understood of the dynamics of their biofilms and their capacity to successfully displace these microorganisms across different aquatic ecosystems typically marked by steep salinity gradients. To address this, we performed an in situ sequential incubation experiment to simulate MP transport from riverine to coastal seawaters using synthetic (high-density polyethylene, HDPE and tyre wear, TW) and natural (Wood) substrata. Bacterial communities on incubated particles were compared to each other as well as to those in surrounding waters, and their dynamics along the gradient investigated. All communities differed significantly from each other in their overall structure along the salinity gradient and were shaped by different ecological processes. While HDPE communities were governed by environmental selection, those on TW and Wood were dominated by stochastic events of dispersal and drift. Upon transfer into coastal seawaters, an almost complete turnover was observed among HDPE and TW communities. While synthetic particles displaced a minor proportion of communities across the salinity gradient, some of these comprised putatively pathogenic and resistant taxa. Our findings present an extensive assessment of MP biofilms and their dynamics upon displacement across different aquatic systems, presenting new insights into the role of MP as transport vectors.
SO3 decomposition over silica-modified β-SiC supported CuFe2O4 catalyst: characterization, performance, and atomistic insights
Authors: Tomar Sachin , Gill Deepika , Kondamudi Kishore , Upadhyayula Sreedevi , Bhattacharya Saswata 
Published: April 2022

CuFe2O4 catalyst supported on silica-modified β-SiC resulted in enhanced catalytic activity and stability due to better metal-support interaction.
Bifunctional polypyrrole-based conductive paper towards simultaneous efficient solar-driven water evaporation and electrochemical energy storage
Authors: Zhang Jiahong , Wang Pengfei , Chen Yulian , Mu Xiaojiang , Wang Xiaoyang , Tanemura Sakae , Zhou Jianhua , Miao Lei 
Published: April 2022

Photothermal effect from polypyrrole-based conductive paper under sunlight illumination enhance its water evaporation performance and capacitance simultaneously.
Silver-catalysed double decarboxylative addition–cyclisation–elimination cascade sequence for the synthesis of quinolin-2-ones
Authors: Mazodze C. Munashe , Petersen Wade F. 
Published: April 2022

Thermal and photochemical silver-catalysed cascade sequence for the synthesis of quinolin-2-ones is reported. The reaction features two radical decarboxylations and proceeds via the formal addition of an olefin moiety to a phenylformamide precursor.
Sulfur-dipentene polysulfides: from industrial waste to sustainable, low-cost materials
Authors: Silvano Selena , Tritto Incoronata , Losio Simona , Boggioni Laura 
Published: April 2022

Stable ter-polysulfides from bio-based low cost dipentene and crosslinkers with a sulfur content greater than 50 wt% were synthesized by catalytic inverse vulcanization. Shape persistent polystyrene-polysulfide blends able to bind Fe2+ were obtained.
Estimating the Prevalence of Specific Learning Disorder, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Japanese School-Age Children Who Stutter
Authors: Miyamoto Shoko , Kobayashi Hiroaki , Sakai Naomi , Iimura Daichi , Tsuge Masayoshi 
Published: April 2022

Purpose:
This study aimed to predict special educational needs in children who stutter (CWS) using a screening test for three neurodevelopmental disorders (specific learning disorder [SLD], attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], and autism spectrum disorder [ASD]). While most previous studies have been conducted by speech-language pathologists, this study was conducted in an educational setting. Additionally, we investigated correlations between children's scores in scales for assessing neurodevelopmental disorders and stuttering severity.

Method:
Participants were 116 CWS (ages 6–12 years) from resource rooms for speech-language disorders in Japan. Speech-language teachers in resource rooms were asked to evaluate CWS and respond to the Learning Disabilities Inventory–Revised, ADHD Rating Scale, and Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire.

Results:
We received 90 valid responses with no missing values. Among them, 32 (35.5%) children were judged as having difficulties related to SLD, ADHD, and ASD in school life. Among them, 23 (25.6%) were SLD suspected, 12 (13.3%) were ADHD suspected, and nine (10.0%) were ASD suspected. Difficulty in speaking, writing, math, and hyperactivity/impulsivity was significantly and positively correlated with stuttering severity. Moreover, in the group of CWS with suspected neurodevelopmental disorders, the distribution of scores related to SLD was skewed toward high scores.

Conclusions:
CWS in this study showed higher rates of suspected SLD, ADHD, and ASD within a school setting compared with the rates for typically developing children surveyed in Japan in 2012 through another prior study. In addition, the effect of stuttering severity on academic skills is discussed.
Modelling the 2D object recognition task in manufacturing context: An information‐based model
Authors: Cavallo Daniela , Digiesi Salvatore , Mossa Giorgio 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn the last decays, manufacturing systems evolved to meet the high product variety required by the market. Different products can be manufactured in the mixed‐model assembly lines, with an increase in the process complexity. In these production systems, the required flexibility is mainly provided by operators in the final assembly stages. Here, human errors could lead to high economic losses. A lack is observed in available research concerning a formal quantification of manufacturing complexity considering the joint effect of shape complexity and similarity in the mix variety. This paper focuses on operator decision‐making in 2D object recognition tasks, since this is the most critical task performed in mixed model assembly systems. A novel model to quantify the information content in 2D object recognition task is proposed. The model is based on the Shannon's Entropy theory and considers both shape complexity and object similarities. Numerical experiments are provided, and results obtained show the effectiveness of the model in capturing the joint effect of shape complexity and similarities on the task information content. The proposed model can be adopted in a production environment for re‐allocating tasks/sub‐tasks to avoid the high amount of information to be processed affecting operators' performance.
Efficient direct position determination using Frobenius norm approximation
Authors: Feng Xuefeng , Huang Zhen , He Jiazhi , Xue Dingli 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTo eliminate the bottleneck of computation and communication capability in classic direct position determination, recently several fast approximation methods have been proposed. However, the estimation accuracy of these methods is not satisfactory. In this letter, the common theoretical principle behind these fast approximation methods is analysed in depth. It is demonstrated that the maximum eigenvalue of a matrix can be approximated by the matrix norm. The performance of several commonly used matrix norms is then compared, and the Frobenius norm is preferable because of its great potential inferred from the analysis in this letter. Numerical simulations indicate that, compared with conventional methods, the proposed method can achieve better estimation accuracy with less computational complexity.
Ein neuer werkbiographischer Ansatz zu Karl Leonhard: Seine Rolle als
Psychiater im Nationalsozialismus und seine wissenschaftliche Prägung
durch die „Erlanger Schule“
Authors: Braun Birgit , Kornhuber Johannes 
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung
Ziel Der neue werkbiographische Ansatz fokussiert auf die Rolle Leonhards als
Psychiater zu NS-Zeit und auf seine wissenschaftliche Prägung durch die
„Erlanger Schule“.
Methodik Erstmalig wurden relevante Quellen aus fränkischen Archiven
einbezogen.
Ergebnisse An der Universitätspsychiatrie Erlangen wurde Leonhard
herangeführt an die exakte psychopathologische Zustandsbeschreibung, die
relevant ist für seine phänomenologische Betrachtungsweise.
Trotz seines „Mitläufer“-Status bei der Entnazifizierung
wurde er kurzzeitig zum „Belasteten“ aufgrund einer
Denunziation.
Schluss Leonhard zeigt sich als Opportunist, der sich – ohne
eigentliche eugenische Ausrichtung – der NS-Rassenhygiene
verpflichtete. Die proklamierte aktive NS-„Euthanasie“-Gegnerschaft kann aktuell nicht validiert werden und ist ein weiteres
Forschungsdesiderat.
Cu/Mn-Catalyzed C–N Cross-Coupling Reaction of Aryl Chlorides and Amines Promoted by a Polyamidoamine Dendrimer
Authors: Joshi Raj K. , Ranjan Archana , Varma Ajit , Kumari Sangeeta 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA bimetallic catalytic combination of Mn(OAc)2 and Cu(OAc)2 was found to be significantly effective for the Buchwald-type C–N cross-coupling of aryl chlorides and amines. The reaction was markedly affected by the presence of a poly(amidoamine) dendrimer as a promoter that also possesses the advantages of being stable, nontoxic, biocompatible, nonimmunogenic, and acting as a soluble support for the transition-metal complex. Although, manganese is cheap and environmentally benign, it has not been fully exploited, due to its low intrinsic catalytic activity. Here, the catalytic potential of manganese was drastically increased by the presence of another metal salt, Cu(OAc)2. In the bimetallic composition, Mn significantly influenced the activity and selectivity, and played a vital role in catalysis. We have developed a novel, green, and economical procedure for Buchwald-type C–N cross-coupling of aryl chlorides and amines. This coupling method works under aerobic and solvent-free conditions and gives excellent yields of value-added N-arylated or N-alkylated products.
Blood flow restriction during self‐paced aerobic intervals reduces mechanical and cardiovascular demands without modifying neuromuscular fatigue
Authors: Smith Nathan D. W. , Girard Olivier , Scott Brendan R. , Peiffer Jeremiah J. 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTThis study examined cardiovascular, perceptual and neuromuscular fatigue characteristics during and after cycling intervals with and without blood flow restriction (BFR). Fourteen endurance cyclists/triathletes completed four 4‐minute self‐paced aerobic cycling intervals at the highest sustainable intensity, with and without intermittent BFR (60% of arterial occlusion pressure). Rest interval durations were six, four and four minutes, respectively. Power output, cardiovascular demands and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were averaged over each interval. Knee extension torque and vastus lateralis electromyography responses following electrical stimulation of the femoral nerve were recorded pre‐exercise, post‐interval one (+1, 2 and 4‐minutes) and post‐interval four (+1, 2, 4, 6 and 8‐minutes). Power output during BFR intervals was lower than non‐BFR (233 ± 54 vs 282 ± 60 W, p < 0.001). Oxygen uptake and heart rate during BFR intervals were lower compared to non‐BFR (38.7 ± 4.5 vs 44.7 ± 6.44 mL kg−1 min−1, p < 0.001; 160 ± 14 vs 166 ± 10 bpm, p < 0.001), while RPE was not different between conditions. Compared to pre‐exercise, maximal voluntary contraction torque and peak twitch torque were reduced after the first interval with further reductions following the fourth interval (p < 0.001) independent of condition (p = 0.992). Voluntary activation (twitch interpolation) did not change between timepoints (p = 0.375). Overall, intermittent BFR reduced the mechanical and cardiovascular demands of self‐paced intervals without modifying RPE or knee‐extensor neuromuscular characteristics. Therefore, BFR reduced the cardiovascular demands while maintaining the muscular demands associated with self‐paced intervals. Self‐paced BFR intervals could be used to prevent cardiovascular and perceptual demands being the limiting factor of exercise intensity, thus allowing greater physiological muscular demands compared to intervals without BFR.Highlights
The use of blood flow restriction (BFR) during self‐paced intervals (at the highest perceived sustainable intensity) causes a reduction in power output, pulmonary oxygen uptake and heart rate compared with non‐restricted self‐paced intervals.
Despite lower mechanical and physiological demands during BFR cycling, the magnitude and aetiology of neuromuscular fatigue were not different to intervals without BFR, indicating the internal muscular load during BFR was elevated and potentially equivalent compared to without BFR.
Self‐paced intervals could be a suitable model to prescribe aerobic BFR exercise as an adjunct training stimulus for endurance cyclists.
Comparing lab and field agility kinematics in young talented female football players: Implications for ACL injury prevention
Authors: Di Paolo Stefano , Nijmeijer Eline , Bragonzoni Laura , Dingshoff Evelien , Gokeler Alli , Benjaminse Anne 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTModifiable (biomechanical and neuromuscular) anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury risk factors have been identified in laboratory settings. These risk factors were subsequently used in ACL injury prevention measures. Due to the lack of ecological validity, the use of on‐field data in the ACL injury risk screening is increasingly advocated. Though, the kinematic differences between laboratory and on‐field settings have never been investigated. The aim of the present study was to investigate the lower‐limb kinematics of female footballers during agility movements performed both in laboratory and football field environments. Twenty‐eight healthy young female talented football (soccer) players (14.9 ± 0.9 years) participated. Lower‐limb joint kinematics was collected through wearable inertial sensors (Xsens Link) in three conditions: (1) laboratory setting during unanticipated sidestep cutting at 40‐50°; on the football pitch (2) football‐specific exercises (F‐EX) and (3) football games (F‐GAME). A hierarchical two‐level random effect model in Statistical Parametric Mapping was used to compare joint kinematics among the conditions. Waveform consistency was investigated through Pearson's correlation coefficient and standardized z‐score vector. In‐lab kinematics differed from the on‐field ones, while the latter were similar in overall shape and peaks. Lower sagittal plane range of motion, greater ankle eversion, and pelvic rotation were found for on‐field kinematics (p < 0.044). The largest differences were found during landing and weight acceptance. The biomechanical differences between lab and field settings suggest the application of context‐related adaptations in female footballers and have implications in ACL injury prevention strategies.Highlights
Talented youth female football players showed kinematical differences between the lab condition and the on‐field ones, thus adopting a context‐related motor strategy.
Lower sagittal plane range of motion, greater ankle eversion, and pelvic rotation were found on the field. Such differences pertain to the ACL injury mechanism and prevention strategies.
Preventative training should support the adoption of non‐linear motor learning to stimulate greater self‐organization and adaptability.
It is recommended to test football players in an ecological environment to improve subsequent primary ACL injury prevention programmes.
How to distinguish heat from work in irreversible processes?
Authors: Anacleto Joaquim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The theoretical foundations of the reservoir concept are presented and then applied to the discussion of two irreversible processes. As an alternative to what is stated in the literature, it is shown that heat and work can be clearly distinguished in irreversible processes, provided that the reservoir concept is considered. This discussion, which is expected to be both theoretically and instructively relevant, is intended primarily for graduate students and teachers, although it may also be of interest to undergraduate students with a solid background in thermodynamics. By covering specific examples of irreversible processes in which heat and work turn out to be controversial concepts, this article will also be useful in the introductory or upper-level undergraduate curriculum.
Renewable waste biomass-derived carbon materials for energy storage
Authors: Huang Yuancheng , Tang Zheng , Zhou Siyu , Wang Hong , Tang Yougen , Sun Dan , Wang Haiyan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
It is crucial to develop high-performance electrode materials for the increasing energy demands of various energy storage systems. Biomass-derived carbons demonstrate great potential due to their rich structure, low cost, abundance in reserves, and excellent electrochemical performance. So far, various carbon structures ranging from highly disordered non-graphitic carbon to locally ordered graphite-like carbon have been achieved from different biomass. And they are employed as electrodes for different energy storage systems. However, to our best knowledge, there is no systematic review to show the latest progress in this area. Herein, we have systematically classified the waste biomass and discussed the microstructures of their derived carbons. In particular, as electrode materials, the effects of biomass-derived carbons’ structure, porosity, interlayer spacing, and heteroatomic doping on different energy storage devices are analyzed in detail. Furthermore, the challenges, as well as the corresponding solutions and developing trends to biomass-derived carbons, have been summarized.