bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recurrent neural network variants based model for Cassini-Huygens spacecraft trajectory modifications recognition
Authors: ALDabbas Ashraf , Gal Zoltan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOver the last 13.7 years period of the Cassini mission, amendments to the spacecraft’s flight path were needed. This research is being carried out as there is a limited number of studies that use a temporal discrimination analysis to handle raw data. More complex inspection and analysis of the collected broad trajectory dataset is necessary to classify orbital events in the signal travel period (approximately 88 minutes on the Earth-Cassini travel channel length). This paper provides an innovative, in-depth learning method to identify offline modifications in the Cassini spacecraft trajectory. The models are based on variants of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs: Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)/ Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)/ Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (BiLSTM)) to derive valuable data and learn the inner data structure of the time sequence, along with the penetration of long-term and short-term phase-dependencies of the RNNs layers. To validate our models, we used a variety of statistical approaches in our analysis. A considerable number of tests have been carried out, and the findings obtained have shown that the GRU and LSTM give a substantial boost to increasing the efficiency of the detection mechanism. The proposed model would consolidate potential exploration in outer space exploration to accommodate massive databases, search for correlations, and recognize complex events and outliers with an accuracy that exceeds 99 %. This method can be utilized for similar detection processes within the future outer space expedition. The results show that binary classifications of Matthews Correlation Coefficient (MCC) are more accurate than $$F_1$$

F
1

score.
Declining vulnerability but rising impacts: the trends of climatic disasters in Nepal
Authors: Chapagain Dipesh , Bharati Luna , Borgemeister Christian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe impacts of climatic disasters have been rising globally. Several studies argue that this upward trend is due to rapid growth in the population and wealth exposed to disasters. Others argue that rising extreme weather events due to anthropogenic climate change are responsible for the increase. Hence, the causes of the increase in disaster impacts remain elusive. Disaster impacts relative to income are higher in low-income countries, but existing studies are mostly from developed countries or at the cross-country level. Here we assess the spatiotemporal trends of climatic disaster impacts and vulnerability and their attribution to climatic and socioeconomic factors at the subnational scale in a low-income country, using Nepal as a case study. Loss of life is the most extreme consequence of disasters. Therefore, we employed human mortality as a measure of disaster impacts, and mortality normalized by exposed population as a measure of human vulnerability. We found that climatic disaster frequency and mortality increased in Nepal from 1992 to 2021. However, vulnerability decreased, most likely due to economic growth and progress in disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation. Disaster mortality is positively correlated with disaster frequency and negatively correlated with per capita income but is not correlated with the exposed population. Hence, population growth may not have caused the rise in disaster mortality in Nepal. The strong rise in disaster incidence, potentially due to climate change, has overcome the effect of decreasing vulnerability and caused the rise in disaster mortality.
Spare time use: profiles of Italian Millennials (beyond the media hype)
Authors: Del Sarto Simone , Gnaldi Michela 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis paper focuses on a particular population segment, that of Millennials, which has attracted much attention over recent years. Beyond the media hype, little is known about the habits of this generation towards spare time use. The present study builds on a previous work devoted to detect the different ways Italian Millennials interact with spare time, and aims at identifying profiles of Millennials branded with profile-specific time use habits and styles. In so doing, we (i) account for the multidimensional nature of time use attitude and express it into a reduced number of distinct dimensions and (ii) identify and qualify profiles of Millennials as regards the ascertained time use dimensions. By relying on an extended Item Response Theory model applied to the Italian “Multipurpose survey on households”, our main findings reveal that the way Millennials use spare time and interact with technology is much more complex, varied and multifaceted than what claimed by the media.
A procedure for testing the hypothesis of weak efficiency in financial markets: a Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Roldán-Casas José A. , García-Moreno García Mª B. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe weak form of the efficient market hypothesis is identified with the conditions established by different types of random walks (1–3) on the returns associated with the prices of a financial asset. The methods traditionally applied for testing weak efficiency in a financial market as stated by the random walk model test only some necessary, but not sufficient, condition of this model. Thus, a procedure is proposed to detect if a return series associated with a given price index follows a random walk and, if so, what type it is. The procedure combines methods that test only a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for the fulfilment of the random walk hypothesis and methods that directly test a particular type of random walk. The proposed procedure is evaluated by means of a Monte Carlo experiment, and the results show that this procedure performs better (more powerful) against linear correlation-only alternatives when starting from the Ljung–Box test. On the other hand, against the random walk type 3 alternative, the procedure is more powerful when it is initiated from the BDS test.
Determination of the Monoclonal Antibody Tocilizumab by a Validated Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography Method
Authors: Zayed Sahar , Belal Fathalla 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTocilizumab is a monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases as well as cancers. Tocilizumab improves clinical outcomes and reduce mortality rates in patients with COVID-19 disease. A novel, simple and reliable method was developed to determine tocilizumab using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). Separation of tocilizumab and the internal standard, methotrexate, was achieved with a background electrolyte consisting of phosphoric acid buffer and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with UV detection at 195 nm. The method was linear in the concentration range from 10 to 250 µg/mL with correlation coefficient greater than 0.995. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of human and rat plasma samples with good recoveries. Sample preparation involved protein precipitation followed by dilution of the supernatant. The intra‐ and inter-day precisions were less than 5%, the accuracy varied from − 2.71 to 3.84%. The proposed method has acceptable analytical performance and could be applied in future clinical and pharmacokinetic studies including anticancer therapy.
International Environmental Agreements and Black Technology
Authors: Kollenbach Gilbert 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis paper analyzes the stability of international environmental agreements in a dynamic game when the generation of both renewables and fossil fuel based energy requires specialized capital stocks or technologies, respectively. Two contract types are considered. At an incomplete (a complete) contract, the coalition coordinates only (both) CO$$_2$$2emissions (and renewable energy investments) of its members. In contrast to the results of Battaglini and Harstad (J Polit Econ 124:160–204, 2016) who endorse incomplete contracts to increase the coalition size, only small coalitions are stable regardless of whether the contract is complete or incomplete. This result also holds if black technology is temporary not completely used or transfers are considered.
Methods for studying allometry in geometric morphometrics: a comparison of performance
Authors: Klingenberg Christian Peter 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAllometry has been the focus of growing interest in studies using geometric morphometric methods to address a wide range of research questions at the interface of ecology and evolution. This study uses computer simulations to compare four methods for estimating allometric vectors from landmark data: the multivariate regression of shape on a measure of size, the first principal component (PC1) of shape, the PC1 in conformation space, and a recently proposed method, the PC1 of Boas coordinates. Simulations with no residual variation around the allometric relationship showed that all four methods are logically consistent with one another, up to minor nonlinearities in the mapping between conformation space and shape tangent space. In simulations that included residual variation, either isotropic or with a pattern independent of allometry, regression of shape on size performed consistently better than the PC1 of shape. The PC1s of conformation and of Boas coordinates were very similar and very close to the simulated allometric vectors under all conditions. An extra series of simulations to elucidate the relation between conformation and Boas coordinates indicated that they are almost identical, with a marginal advantage for conformation. Empirical examples of ontogenetic allometry in rat skulls and rockfish body shape illustrate simple biological applications of the methods. The paper concludes with recommendations how these methods for estimating allometry can be used in studies of evolution and ecology.
Drivers of Users’ Embracement of 3D Digital Educational Spaces in Higher Education: A Qualitative Approach
Authors: Ghanbarzadeh Reza , Ghapanchi Amir Hossein 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThree-Dimensional Virtual Worlds (3DVW) have significant promise for the development of teaching and learning environments. Educational communities have become interested in such virtual platforms, and this technology has widely benefited educational settings. This study aims to identify the factors that drive the acceptance of 3DVWs as means for distance learning by higher education students, and provides a taxonomy of such drivers. A qualitative approach was employed for data collection to enable a detailed exploration. Two data collection instruments were used in the experiment: a virtual synchronous focus group and an open-ended question. One hundred twenty-one students participated in 13 virtual focus groups, and 124 students responded to the open-ended questions. Thematic analysis was used to analyse data, and as a result, 26 factors were identified as antecedents to the acceptance of 3DVW in higher education. Those factors are then classified into 12 categories based on their definition and similarities. Twenty-one out of the 26 factors impact the user acceptance of 3DVW positively, and five factors impact it negatively. The findings of this study indicate advances in theory, methodology, and pedagogical practice.
Outcomes of combined single-use dual blade goniotomy and cataract surgery
Authors: Baumgarten Sabine , Plange Niklas , Htoon Hla Myint , Lohmann Tibor , Videa Andreas , Koutsonas Antonis , Schellhase Hannah , Kuerten David , Walter Peter , Fuest Matthias 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Single-use dual blade goniotomy (SBG) is a novel ab interno procedure that removes three to five clock hours of trabecular meshwork (TM). We analysed the reduction of intraocular pressure (IOP) and topical glaucoma medication (Meds) in eyes following combined cataract surgery and SBG (Cat-SBG).

Methods
IOP and Meds were evaluated retrospectively in 55 eyes of 38 patients. 44 eyes had high tension glaucoma (HTG) and eleven eyes had normal tension glaucoma (NTG). Complete success (no Meds) and qualified success (with Meds) for IOP levels ≤ 21, ≤ 18 , ≤ 16 mmHg or ≥ 20% IOP reduction at the two- and six-month follow-up were evaluated.

Results
IOP and Meds were significantly reduced from before to two months after Cat-SBG in HTG- and NTG-patients (HTG: IOP 19.4 ± 3.3 to 15.1 ± 3.3 mmHg; p < 0.001; Meds 2.1 ± 1.3 to 0.8 ± 1.3; p < 0.001; NTG: IOP 14.0 ± 2.3 to 11.5 ± 2.3 mmHg; p = 0.004; Meds 1.6 ± 0.7 to 0.3 ± 0.7; p < 0.001). IOP and Meds did not change significantly from two to six months after Cat-SBG.
In HTG, complete and qualified success rates were 43% (19/44) and 93% (41/44) for IOP ≤ 18 mmHg, 36% (16/44) and 64% (28/44) for IOP ≤ 16 mmHg and 30% (13/44) and 43% (19/44) for ≥ 20% IOP reduction six months after surgery. In NTG, complete and qualified success was 81% (9/11) and 100% (11/11) for IOP ≤ 18 and ≤ 16 mmHg, and 27% (3/11) for IOP reduction ≥ 20%.
IOP and Meds reduction were comparable between HTG and NTG eyes.
Only minor postoperative complications occurred.

Conclusion
Cat-SBG is an efficient method to significantly lower IOP in patients with HTG and NTG.
Responding to flood risk in Louisiana: the roles of place attachment, emotions, and location
Authors: Holley Jason R. , McComas Katherine A. , Lambert Catherine E. , Snider Natalie P. , Tucker Grace K. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDrawing from protection motivation theory (PMT), we examined how place attachment and negative emotions, alongside threat and coping appraisals, personal experiences, and demographic characteristics, relate to behavioral intentions to mitigate exposure to flood risks in southern Louisiana. We administered a statewide, representative telephone survey to 807 Louisiana residents, oversampling residents living in southern and coastal parishes particularly vulnerable to flood risk. While the results showed no difference depending on participants’ location in the state, there were strong effects of coping appraisals on individuals’ intentions to mitigate their exposure to flood risk, consistent with prior PMT findings. The addition of place attachment to standard PMT variables revealed a nuanced relationship with behavioral intentions. Results show that participants’ place attachment decreased the effects of threat and coping appraisals on some behavioral intentions, such as moving out of the state, while posing no significant effect of threat and coping appraisals on other intentions, such as supporting flood risk mitigation policies. Feeling negative emotions increased the likelihood of participants’ indicating a willingness to move or elevate their home, among other actions. While this study supports the consistency of threat and coping appraisals to predict discrete behavioral intentions, the results also provide insight that may be critical for risk communication initiatives in Louisiana. Namely, individuals with high levels of place attachment may be less willing to leave their community but more willing to engage in behaviors that enhance community resilience, although the more negative emotions they feel, the more willing they may be to take more drastic measures.
From waste to waste: iron blast furnace slag for heavy metal ions removal from aqueous system
Authors: Abdelbasir Sabah M. , Khalek Mohamed A. Abdel 
Published: March 2022

AbstractInordinate levels of heavy metals in water sources have long been a matter of concern, posing serious environmental and public health risks. Adsorption, on the other hand, is a viable technique for removing heavy metals from water due to its high efficiency, low cost, and ease of operation. Blast furnace slag (BFS) is considered a cheap sorbent for the get rid of Co2+ and Pb2+ ions from aqueous media. The nonmodified slag is characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and zeta potential. The removal of Co2+ and Pb2+ ions was carried out using batch adsorption experiments from an aqueous medium. The influence of several variables as pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, temperature, and initial ions concentration was considered. The isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamic, and recyclability were also conducted. The maximum uptake capacity for Co2+ and Pb2+ was 43.8 and 30.2 mg g−1 achieved at pH 6 after 60 min contact time. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of BFS for Co2+ and Pb2+ fitted well to Avrami and Freundlich models, respectively. The main adsorption mechanism between BFS and the metal ions was ion exchange. The regeneration of the used slag was studied for reuse many cycles. In terms of economics and scalability, nonmodified BFS treatment has great potential as a cost-effective adsorbent that could be used in water pollution treatment.
Graphical abstract
Gaming in China Before the COVID-19 Pandemic and After the Lifting of Lockdowns: a Nationwide Online Retrospective Survey
Authors: Wu Qiuxia , Luo Tao , Tang Jinsong , Wang Yunfei , Wu Zhenzhen , Liu Yueheng , Chen Wei , Deng Qijian , Liao Yanhui 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
With the lockdown and social distancing during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), gaming has become a popular leisure activity. This study aimed to explore changes in gaming behavior after the lifting of COVID-19 lockdowns and risk factors for increased gaming behavior. This online retrospective study included 5268 gamers. A total of 5% gamers scored 32 or higher on the 9-item Internet Gaming Disorder Scale—Short-Form (IGDS9-SF), suggesting diagnosis of internet gaming disorder (IGD). Over one-third of gamers reported an increase in time spent on gaming per day after the lockdowns were lifted. Logistic regression analysis revealed that gamers who were female, students, experienced stress, or scored higher on IGDS9-SF were more likely to spend more time on gaming per day after the lifting of lockdowns. These findings highlighted the needs for more effective coping strategies or interventions to prevent excessive gaming, especially for females and students.
Reducing prediction volatility in the surgical workflow recognition of endoscopic pituitary surgery
Authors: Das Adrito , Bano Sophia , Vasconcelos Francisco , Khan Danyal Z. , Marcus Hani J , Stoyanov Danail 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose:
Workflow recognition can aid surgeons before an operation when used as a training tool, during an operation by increasing operating room efficiency, and after an operation in the completion of operation notes. Although several methods have been applied to this task, they have been tested on few surgical datasets. Therefore, their generalisability is not well tested, particularly for surgical approaches utilising smaller working spaces which are susceptible to occlusion and necessitate frequent withdrawal of the endoscope. This leads to rapidly changing predictions, which reduces the clinical confidence of the methods, and hence limits their suitability for clinical translation.

Methods:
Firstly, the optimal neural network is found using established methods, using endoscopic pituitary surgery as an exemplar. Then, prediction volatility is formally defined as a new evaluation metric as a proxy for uncertainty, and two temporal smoothing functions are created. The first (modal, $$M_n$$

M
n

) mode-averages over the previous n predictions, and the second (threshold, $$T_n$$

T
n

) ensures a class is only changed after being continuously predicted for n predictions. Both functions are independently applied to the predictions of the optimal network.

Results:
The methods are evaluated on a 50-video dataset using fivefold cross-validation, and the optimised evaluation metric is weighted-$$F_1$$

F
1

score. The optimal model is ResNet-50+LSTM achieving 0.84 in 3-phase classification and 0.74 in 7-step classification. Applying threshold smoothing further improves these results, achieving 0.86 in 3-phase classification, and 0.75 in 7-step classification, while also drastically reducing the prediction volatility.

Conclusion:
The results confirm the established methods generalise to endoscopic pituitary surgery, and show simple temporal smoothing not only reduces prediction volatility, but actively improves performance.
Surgical biomicroscopy-guided intra-operative optical coherence tomography (iOCT) image super-resolution
Authors: Komninos Charalampos , Pissas Theodoros , Mekki Lina , Flores Blanca , Bloch Edward , Vercauteren Tom , Ourselin Sébastien , Da Cruz Lyndon , Bergeles Christos 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPurposeIntra-retinal delivery of novel sight-restoring therapies will require the precision of robotic systems accompanied by excellent visualisation of retinal layers. Intra-operative Optical Coherence Tomography (iOCT) provides cross-sectional retinal images in real time but at the cost of image quality that is insufficient for intra-retinal therapy delivery.This paper proposes a super-resolution methodology that improves iOCT image quality leveraging spatiotemporal consistency of incoming iOCT video streams.MethodsTo overcome the absence of ground truth high-resolution (HR) images, we first generate HR iOCT images by fusing spatially aligned iOCT video frames. Then, we automatically assess the quality of the HR images on key retinal layers using a deep semantic segmentation model. Finally, we use image-to-image translation models (Pix2Pix and CycleGAN) to enhance the quality of LR images via quality transfer from the estimated HR domain.ResultsOur proposed methodology generates iOCT images of improved quality according to both full-reference and no-reference metrics. A qualitative study with expert clinicians also confirms the improvement in the delineation of pertinent layers and in the reduction of artefacts. Furthermore, our approach outperforms conventional denoising filters and the learning-based state-of-the-art.ConclusionsThe results indicate that the learning-based methods using the estimated, through our pipeline, HR domain can be used to enhance the iOCT image quality. Therefore, the proposed method can computationally augment the capabilities of iOCT imaging helping this modality support the vitreoretinal surgical interventions of the future.
Greening global governance: INGO secretariats and environmental mainstreaming of IOs, 1950 to 2017
Authors: Dörfler Thomas , Heinzel Mirko 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe last decades have seen a remarkable expansion in the number of International Organizations (IOs) that have mainstreamed environmental issues into their policy scope—in many cases due to the pressure of civil society. We hypothesize that International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs), whose headquarters are in proximity to the headquarters of IOs, are more likely to affect IOs' expansion into the environmental domain. We test this explanation by utilizing a novel dataset on the strength of environmental global civil society in proximity to the headquarters of 76 IOs between 1950 and 2017. Three findings stand out. First, the more environmental INGOs have their secretariat in proximity to the headquarter of an IO, the more likely the IO mainstreams environmental policy. Second, proximate INGOs’ contribution increases when they can rely on domestically focused NGOs in member states. Third, a pathway case reveals that proximate INGOs played an essential role in inside lobbying, outside lobbying and information provision during the campaign to mainstream environmental issues at the World Bank. However, their efforts relied to a substantial extent on the work of local NGOs on the ground.