bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is codification needed in Europe? Principles of European Contract Law and the relationship to Dutch law
Authors: Lando Ole 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The Commission of European Contract Law has been established to provide principles of contract law for the European Communities. These principles are intended to serve as guidelines for the institutions of the European Communities when they are in need of contract rules to govern issues which are not subject to national law. They will serve as a draft of a future European Code, the preparation of which has been advocated by the European Parliament in 1989. The principles may also help national courts who have to interpret the existing uniform or harmonized laws. They need a backbone of common principles to serve as a legal background for the interpretation of the uniform laws. Finally the principles may be useful for arbitrators in international commercial disputes. The arbitration are often in search of general principles of law which they prefer to national laws.
The Commission of European Contract Law is a non-governmental body of about 20 lawyers from the 12 EC-Countries. From 1982 till 1992 it has worked on questions concerning performance and non-performance (breach) of contracts. This first part of its work will be published in 1993. Presently the Commission is working at the questions concerning formation, validity, interpretation and asignment of contracts.
Comments on Schweinepanik from an English Perspective
Authors: Shaw Josephine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The keeper of a vehicle is not liable for damage caused when animals are panicstricken as a result of the noise caused by an accident, where the risk which causes the damage is one which is principally incumbent upon the victim of the loss.
Zusammenfassung. Der Halter eines Kraftfahreugzes haftet nicht für Schäden, die durch Panikreaktionen bei Tieren infolge von Unfallgeräuschen ausgelöst werden, wenn sich in dem Schadensfall in erster Linie ein von dem Geschädigten selbst gesetztes Risiko verwirklicht. BGH, Urteil vom 2. Juli 1991 – VI ZR 6/91.
Volunti non fit injuria or contributory negligence? A comparative review of three football-cases
Authors: Adams Maurice 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. In this case-review we look at three recent decisions in England, the Netherlands and Belgium respectively, concerning the tortious standard of care of football-players amongst each other. The fact-situations as well as a central doctrinal question were similar. In all three cases the question as to what the role of the defence Volenti Non Fit Injuria is, was at stake. It is submitted that there is no role for this concept. Applying Volenti is not logical. Either there is a standard of care or there is none. Also the plaintiff will be barred of any cause of action when Volenti is applied. Moreover, it is difficult in practice to distinguish between volenti and contributory neglicence, as well as between volenti and the standard of care. Employing volenti will have a confusing effect. Therefore, applying contributory negligence will be the best solution.
Résumé. Dans cette étude de cas particuliers, nous avons traité trois dCcisions recentes, respectivement en Angleterre, aux Pays-bas et en Belgique, concernant le devoir de dilligence entre des joueurs de football. Les situatios de fait, tout comme une question doctrinaire centrale étaient similaires. Dans les trois cas, la question centrale concernait le rôle de l’action en défense de Volenti Non Fit Injuria. I, a été déclaré qu’il n’y a pas de rôle pour ce concept. L’application de la notion de Volenti est en effet illogique. Ou bien il existe un devoir de diligence, ou bien il n’en existe pas. Aussi la construction de Volenti implique-t-elle que le demandant sera privé de moyen de droit. En outre, il se révèle très difficile en pratique de faire la distinction entre Volenti et négligence contributoire d’une part, et entre Volenti et le devoir de diligence d’autre part. L’emploi de la construction de Volenti entraîne une confusion. Pour ces raisons, l’emploi du concept de négligence contributoire est à préférer.
Zusamrnenfassung. In diesem Überblick über einzelne Fälle haben wir drei Entscheidungen in England, den Niederlanden und in Belgien beziehungsweise, hinsichtlich der gegenseitigen Sorgfaltspflicht von Fussballspielern betrachtet. Die Sachlage sowie eine zentrale Frage der Lehrmeinung waren ähnlich. In allen drie Fällen ging es um die Frage, welche Rolle das Konzept Volenti Non Fit Injuria in solchen Fallen zukommt. Es wird behauptet, dass dieses Konzept keine Rolle spielt. Die Anwendung von Volenti ist unlogisch. Entweder besteht eine Sorgfaltspflicht oder nicht. Auch werden der Klagepartei rechtliche Schritte untersagt wenn wir Volenti anwenden. Ausserdem ist es in der Praxis schwierig, zwischen Volenti und Mitver-schulden sowie zwischen Volenti und Sorgfaltspflicht zu unterscheiden. Der Gebrauch von Volenti würde Unklarheit zur Folge haben. Am besten wenden wir darum Mitverschulden an.
La protection personnelle des malades mentaux dans les principaux droits européens
Authors: Pousson-Petit Jacqueline 
Published: April 2022

Résumé.Cette étude apour objectif de retracer l’évolution juridique de la protection personnelle des malades mentaux en Europe.
Deux point principaux sont envisagés: la protection du patient psychiatrique et celle du malade mental, sujet de droit, dans sa vie privée et familale.
Une double comparaison est effectuée entre les différentes solutions d’une part et entre ces dernières et les normes internationales et européennes d’autre part.
Même si la Cour européenne des Droits de l’Homme a jouk un rôle unificateur considérable et provoqué des réformes en matière d’hospitalisation et de traitement il n’en demeure pas moins que des progrès seraient encore réalisables tels que l’interdiction absolue des expérimentations médicales, la réglementation des stérilisations. Des mesures complémentaires relatives au rnineur atteint de troubles mentaux devraient en outre être adoptées.
Quant au selon volet, les conclusions sont moins optimistes. Dans la plupart des droits l’idéologie ancienne fondée sur l’ordre public, la protection prioritaire des biens survit. Les techniques utilisées reflètent un manque de cohésion et de réflexion globale et synthétique. Des améliorations sont donc souhaitables. L’exemple de la loi allemande substituant l’assistance au régime d’incapacité antérieur pourrait servir de modèle.
Abstract. The aim of this study is to trace the development of the legal rules for the protection of mental patients in Europe.
Two principal issues are addressed: the protection of psychiatric patients as patients, and the protection of the mentally ill individual in his or her private and family life.
A double comparison is undertaken. On the one hand the different national solutions are compared, and on the other, these solutions are measured against the rules of international and European law.
Even if the European Court of Human Rights has played a considerable unifactory role, and has promoted reforms in relation to hospitalisation and treatment, it remains true that further progress is possible, such as a complete ban on medical experiments, and the regulation of sterilisation. Complementary measures concerned with less serious mental disturbances should also be adopted.
As to the likelihood that these wishes will be fulfilled, the picture is less optimistic. In most legal systems traditional patterns of thought based on public policy and the high priority given to the protection of property survive. The methods adopted reflect a lack of cohesion and of consideration of the problem in the round. Improvements are therefore to be desired. German law, which has replaced the former regime of incapacity with one of assistance, could serve as a model.
OGH (Austria), 14.März 2000Einseitige nachtrÄgliche änderung von AGB
Authors: Gräns Minna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: The decision of the Austrian Supreme Court adds to its case law that a general term of contract, according to which the debtor is liable to pay for the creditors costs of receipting and administrating payments, is not grossly unfair. The Supreme Court also states that the historical background and especially the so-called drafting guidelines (Gesetzesmaterialien) to a legal rule can be used as a source of interpretation only in so far as the wording of the rule is ambigious and further, that a legal norm, expressed only in the drafting guidelines, cannot be used as a means of interpretation when the legal rule does not even indicate the existence of such a norm.
Statements of principle:
a) The historical background of a legal rule and especially the drafting guidelines can be taken into consideration when interpreting the rule only in the case that (and if) the language of the rule is ambigious. A legal norm, which is not even indicated in the law, but only in the drafting guidelines, cannot become valid by means of interpretation.
b) When according to the law a unilateral change of general terms of contract (Allgemeine Geschäftsbedingungen, AGB) becomes valid only by proclamation in due course, a reference in the proclamation to the customers right to denounce the contract is not required.
c) The automatic bill paying system offers considerable advantages to all parties in comparison to the giro transfer and cheque.
d) A considerable disadvantage of the contractual partner is in the meaning of the Â§ 879 Abs 3 AGBG and in case of this kind of contractual formation not even then at stake when the debtor is liable to pay in settlement the reasonable costs of the creditor caused by the fact that the customer is not using the automatic bill paying system.
Oberster Gerichtshof (Austria), 25. Mai 1999 – “unlawFul life” Arzthaftung: zum Schadensersatzanspruch bei der Geburt eines behinderten Kindes
Authors: Sottiaux Stefan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: The Austrian judge was asked whether a court can award damages for the birth of an unwanted child. In the case the attending physicians failed to notice severe malformations of the foetus, which resulted in the birth of a disabled person. In its judgement the court laid out some general principles with regard to “wrongful birth” and “wrongful life” claims. It decided to award compensation for the expenses for the upbringing and education of a disabled child, and thus, to a certain extent, allowed the wrongful birth claim of the parents. This conclusion could be reached by referring to the legality of abortion under Austrian law. If the physicians would have noticed the malformations, a legally available abortion could have prevented the unwanted birth. On the other hand the court held that the birth of a healthy but unwanted person can never be the ground for a damage claim. It further established the principle that a child’s personal claim for damages, based on his unwanted existence as a disabled person, should be rejected. In this context the judgement determines that, “every human being has to accept his life in the way it has been given to him by nature”, and that “no one has the right to see his life destroyed by others”. The judgement is analysed in the following comment from the perspective of Belgian law. See also the following judgement of the French Cour de Cassation and the case notes to this subject.
Cass. Ass. Plénière, 13 décembre 2002, Bull. civ. AP, No. 3, J.C.P. G 2003 II, 10010 - Parental liability for the acts of their child
Authors: Wagner Gerhard , Venchiarutti Angelo , Ribot Jordi , Lavrijssen Noortje , Van Boom Willem H. , Hirsch Susanna , Oliphant Ken , Solé Josep , Frizberg Theresa 
Published: April 2022

On 13 December 2002, the plenary Assembly of the French Supreme Court ruled upon two cases related to parents? liability on actions of their minor children (Bull. Ass. Plen., No. 3 and No. 4, D. 2003, 231, note P. Jourdain). This was the opportunity for the Court to assert again that ?in order to seek for the rightful liability of father and mother who have parental responsibility for a minor living with them, it is enough that the damage put forward by the victim is directly caused, even when not at fault, by the minor; and that only force majeure or the victim?s fault can exempt the father and mother from this liability?.
Actual circumstances under which these cases have been ruled are very common. In the first case, during a sport training class, a minor fell, loosing his balance, on one of his classmates, kicking him at the head. In the second case, during an improvised rugby game between teenagers, one of them was wounded, while standing up again, by the fall of the player holding the ball, the fall of the latter being caused by the tackle of a third player.
Schweizerisches Bundesgericht, Urteil vom 16.10.2003, 5C.109/2003/rov ? Zum Anspruch des Scheinvaters auf Erstattung geleisteten Kindesunterhalts gegen den leiblichen Vater aus
Authors: Forder Caroline , Linke Bernd , Clive Eric 
Published: April 2022

From mid 1980 to the spring of 1982 the Plaintiff and X lived in cohabitation. X gave birth to a child in July 1980, which was recognized by the Plaintiff as his child. Subsequently, the Plaintiff paid maintenance to the child and continued to do so after the cohabitees separated. Upon attaining the age of majority, the child commenced proceedings with the aim of establishing that the Plaintiff was no this father, but that the Defendant was. Following a DNA-test establishing that the Defendant was indeed the biological father, the Defendant assumed, with retrospective effect back to March 2000, the obligation to pay maintenance. In November 2000 the Plaintiff brought an action in unjust enrichment against the Defendant in respect of those maintenance payments as to which the claim was not extinguished by the absolute limitation period. The previous courts upheld the claim, as did the Bundesgericht (Central Appeal Court).
According to the Bundesgericht, the rules of unjust enrichment are applicable to this case, since the Swiss Civil Code does not contain any special provisions on the repayment of child maintenance. Once the family law relationship between the Plaintiff and the child was terminated, Plaintiff?s obligation to pay maintenance consequently also extinguished retrospectively, and the Plaintiff was mistaken about the legal obligation to pay maintenance. In such a case, the man registered as legal father can sue the child, the mother and the begetter. It is irrelevant that, when suing the begetter, the claim is not brought against the recipient of the maintenance payments. In fact, the claim based on unjust enrichment does not require a direct movement of property between the claimant and the person alleged to have been unjustly enriched; what needs to be established is rather the enrichment which one person has gained at the cost of another person.
Wege zur Konkretisierung von Generalklauseln: Was leistet die deutsche Wissenschaft vom Europäischen Privatrecht? (Tagung am 29. April 2005)
Authors: Kunz Lena 
Published: April 2022

Essentially, directives that base on detailed language as well as blanket clauses achieve the current progress in harmonization of Private Law. To the detriment of legal security, the enhanced vagueness of blanket clauses provides extensive flexibility to national courts for reaction to changing social needs. Indeed, their indefinite language facilitates the unification of the different European Private Law systems. Nonetheless, varied interpretation of blanket clauses ? although a unique chance ? may undermine the setting of a legal framework and entails the risk of unilateral reception of approaches of one favoured Private Law system. For that reason, it is necessary to find a way of application of blanket clauses without putting the harmonization of Private Law in Europe at risk. Facing this situation and subsequent to an inaugural lecture on methodology of EC Private Law, a conference in Heidelberg discussed about blanket clauses in the process of harmonization of European Private Law and the role of German jurisprudence therein.
Summarizing and taking into account the present shape of EC Private Law harmonization, the conference allowed to question the suitability of blanket clauses as an instrument of harmonization. However, deeming the EC ready, the autonomous development of case patterns was proposed as a methodically acceptable way to interpret blanket clauses.
Rejecting case patterns as too inflexible, guidelines for interpretation were alternatively suggested as an adequate way of interpretation. Moreover, German jurisprudence was criticized for its minor interest in the dialogue with other European Private Law systems.
Abuse of a Relationship: Undue Influence in English Law and French Law
Authors: Bell Andrew P. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: This article compares the protection provided by English law and French law against the abuse of relationships where one party places trust and confidence in the other or is subject to the other’s authority. It focuses on the English law of undue influence as it applies to contracts, gifts inter vivos and testamentary gifts, and it identifies the functionally equivalent French rules, in particular those based on presumptions of suggestion and captation. The first part of the article looks at the problem at a general level, while the second concentrates on the treatment of particular relationships (parent and child and analogous cases, sexual relationships and religious relationships). The study notes some common ground and common heritage, but sheds light equally on the distinctive strategies of the two legal systems and highlights the impact of the different social contexts.
Résumé: Cet article étudie de façon comparative la protection que fournissent le droit anglais et le droit français contre l’abus des relations où l’une des parties met confiance en l’autre ou est soumise à son autorité. L’étude traite de undue influence en droit anglais dans son application aux contrats et aux libéralités, et elle découvre les règles en droit français qui y sont équivalentes du point de vue fonctionel, notamment celles qui se reposent sur une présomption de suggestion et de captation. La première partie de l’article envisage la matière sur le plan général, alors que la deuxième partie considère des relations spécifiques (parent et enfant et cas semblables, relations sexuelles et relations religieuses). L’étude note des traits et un héritage communs, mais elle éclaire également les stratégies distinctives des deux droits et souligne l’influence des contextes sociaux différents.
Zusammenfassung: Dieser Aufsatz vergleicht, wie das englishe Recht und das franzözische Recht Schutz gegen Mißbrauch eines Verhältnis zwischen zwei Personen bieten, wo die eine der anderen vertraut oder wo die eine Macht über der anderen hat. Er behandelt undue influence im englischen Recht und seine Anwendung auf Verträge, Schenkungen und Testamente, und er untersucht die funktional entsprechende Regeln im franzözischen Recht, besonders diejenigen, die auf einer Vermutung von suggestion und captation beruhen. Das erste Teil dieses Aufsatzes stellt eine Gesamtübersicht des Faches dar, wohingegen das zweite Teil besondere Verhältnisse behandelt (Elternteil und Kind und ähnliche Fälle, sexuelle Verhältnisse und Verhältnisse zwischen Gläubigen). Die Studie bemerkt Gemeinsamkeiten und eine gemeinsame Erbschaft, aber erhellt die unterscheidenden Strategien der beiden Rechtsordnungen und hebt den Einfluß der verschiedenen Gesellschaftszusammenhänge hervor.
Privatrechtlicher Diskriminierungsschutz als Grundsatz im Gemeinsamen Referenzrahmen für Europäisches Vertragsrecht
Authors: Anna Berger Victoria 
Published: April 2022

Zusammenfassung: Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der geplanten Aufnahme eines Grundsatzes der Nichtdiskriminierung in den Gemeinsamen Referenzrahmen für Europäisches Vertragsrecht. Anker und Ausgangspunkt für die Frage nach dessen möglicher Ausgestaltung soll neben den Antidiskriminierungsrichtlinien der Europäischen Gemeinschaft sowie den Acquis Principles (ACQP) das entsprechende Kapitel des Anfang 2008 erschienenen Draft Common Frame of Reference (DCFR) sein. Als akademischer Entwurf stellt der DCFR die maßgebliche Vorarbeit auf dem Weg zu einem zukünftigen ?politischen“ Gemeinsamen Referenzrahmen dar, den die Europäische Kommission bis zum Jahre 2009 erarbeiten möchte; er nimmt Nichtdiskriminierung als grundlegendes Prinzip des europäischen Privatrechts auf und sieht vor, den Grundsatz als vertragliche Pflicht, nicht zu diskriminieren sowie in Bestimmungen zu deren Durchsetzung (Rechtsbehelfe,Beweislast) zu konkretisieren
Die Arbeiten am Gemeinsamen Referenzrahmen sollen den Weg weisen zu einem Europäischen Vertragsrecht, welches sich für die Zukunft als eigenes Rechtsgebiet etabliert.Unter den Begriff europäisches Vertragsrecht können jedoch bis dato allgemein die vertragsrechtlich relevanten Normen und Regelungen gefasst werden, die sich aus den von der Europäischen Kommission für den Gemeinsamen Referenzrahmen genannten Basisquellen – den geltenden nationalen Rechtsordnungen sowie dem vorhandenen EG–Besitzstand – ergeben. Vor diesem Hintergrund stellt der Beitrag umfassend die Entwicklung des Diskriminierungsschutzes im Europarecht und insbesondere im europäischen Vertragsrecht dar, die im ?politischen“ Common Frame of Reference einen weiteren Hochpunkt erfahren könnte
Rights Through Torts: The Rise of a Rights Discourse in Swedish Tort Law
Authors: Schultz Mårten 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: Swedish courts have taken a revolutionary step towards a new paradigm of rights in Swedish law. In only a few years, the discourse of fundamental rights and freedoms has gone from being perceived as obscure, irrational, and unfit for practical law to being an important factor in practical law. This transition has been surprisingly smooth, considering the long lasting scepticism towards rights arguments in Swedish law, and the reason for this is that the development has taken place in private law, more specifically tort law, which is less politically sensitive than constitutional law reforms.
Résumé : Les cours suédoises ont fait un pas révolutionnaire envers un nouveau des droits en droit suédois. En l’espace de quelques années, le discours sur les droits et libertés fondamentales, d’abord perçu comme obscur, irrationnel et non approprié au droit en pratique, est désormais considéré comme un facteur important. Cette transition s’est effectuée en douceur après une longue période de scepticisme envers les droits fondamentaux en droit suédois. Cela s’explique par cette évolution effectuée au sein du droit privé, plus spécifiquement en droit de la responsabilité, qui est moins sensible politiquement que les réformes en droit constitutionnel.
Zusammenfassung: Die schwedischen Gerichte haben einen revolutionären Schritt aufein neues Paradigma der Rechte im schwedischen Recht genommen. Innerhalb weniger Jahre entwickelte sich die Diskussion über Grundrechte und Freiheiten, die zunächst durch die juristische Praxis als undurchsichtig, irrational und unpassend wahrgenommen wurde, zu einem wichtigen Faktor in der praktischen Rechtsanwendung. Dieser Übergang verlief überraschenderweise sehr reibungslos, wenn man die langwierigen Zweifel an den rechtlichen Argumenten im schwedischen Recht berücksichtigt. Der Grund hierfür ist, dass diese Entwicklung im Rahmen des Zivilrechts, insbesondere im Haftungsrecht, stattgefunden hat, das politisch weniger sensibel ist als eine verfassungsrechtliche Reform.