bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
En los orígenes del estudio de la variación lingüística
Authors: Ávila-Muñoz Antonio Manuel 
Published: May 2022

Abstracta
Este trabajo muestra los resultados de los análisis de los efectos que ejercen las variables estratificacionales y
personales sobre un conjunto de variables léxicas obtenidas a partir de un muestreo basado en pruebas de disponibilidad léxica.
Apoyados en una herramienta semiautomática de análisis léxico (Annotate), se construyen tres medidas que
constituyen las variables dependientes: Índice de Amplitud Léxica (IAL, número de palabras aportadas por cada informante en sus
listas), Índice de Descentralización Léxica (IDL, capacidad léxica individual) e Índice de Vocablos Especializados (IVE, número de
tecnicismos contenido en las listas). Los resultados son esperanzadores: aunque las correlaciones más fuertes se observan con las
variables de hablante tradicionales (educación, profesión y clase social, esencialmente), otras variables capaces de medir el
acceso a vías de información tras el período escolar demuestran que la desigualdad educacional no determina fatalmente las
opciones de ampliación del vocabulario ni el empleo de vocablos especializados.
Varied female and male courtship behavior facilitated the evolution of a novel sexual signal
Authors: Fitzgerald Sophia L , Anner Sophia C , Tinghitella Robin M 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Sexual selection can contribute to speciation when signals and preferences expressed during mate choice are coupled within groups, but come to differ across groups (generating assortative mating). When new sexual signals evolve, it is important to investigate their roles in both mate location and courtship contexts, as both signaling functions are critical in mate choice. In previous work, researchers identified two new male morphs (silent and purring) in Hawaiian populations of the Pacific field cricket, Teleogryllus oceanicus. These morphs likely evolved because they protect males from an acoustically orienting parasitoid, yet still obtain some reproductive success. But, it remains unknown how the purring morph functions in close courtship encounters. We compared the relative success of the very recently evolved purring morph to that of the ancestral and silent morphs during courtship encounters. Purring males produce a novel courtship song and were not as successful in courtship as the ancestral type, but were mounted by females as often and as quickly as the obligately silent morph that arose and spread ~20 years ago. Purring males initiate courtship more quickly than other morphs, and females from populations where purring is common exhibit higher overall mounting rates. Thus, differences in the behavior of purring males and of females from populations where purring is common may have facilitated the origin of this novel sexual signal. We found no assortative mating between males of a given morph and females from their own population, and so we hypothesize that multiple male types will be maintained within the species because each achieves fitness in different ways.
Scalable and accurate variational Bayes for high-dimensional binary regression models
Authors: Fasano Augusto , Durante Daniele , Zanella Giacomo 
Published: May 2022

Summary
Modern methods for Bayesian regression beyond the Gaussian response setting are often computationally impractical or inaccurate in high dimensions. In fact, as discussed in recent literature, bypassing such a trade-off is still an open problem even in routine binary regression models, and there is limited theory on the quality of variational approximations in high-dimensional settings. To address this gap, we study the approximation accuracy of routinely used mean-field variational Bayes solutions in high-dimensional probit regression with Gaussian priors, obtaining novel and practically relevant results on the pathological behaviour of such strategies in uncertainty quantification, point estimation and prediction. Motivated by these results, we further develop a new partially factorized variational approximation for the posterior distribution of the probit coefficients that leverages a representation with global and local variables but, unlike for classical mean-field assumptions, it avoids a fully factorized approximation, and instead assumes a factorization only for the local variables. We prove that the resulting approximation belongs to a tractable class of unified skew-normal densities that crucially incorporates skewness and, unlike for state-of-the-art mean-field solutions, converges to the exact posterior density as $p \rightarrow \infty$. To solve the variational optimization problem, we derive a tractable coordinate ascent variational inference algorithm that easily scales to $p$ in the tens of thousands, and provably requires a number of iterations converging to $1$ as $p \rightarrow \infty$. Such findings are also illustrated in extensive empirical studies where our novel solution is shown to improve the approximation accuracy of mean-field variational Bayes for any $n$ and $p$, with the magnitude of these gains being remarkable in those high-dimensional $p&gt;n$ settings where state-of-the-art methods are computationally impractical.
Policing, punishment and comparative penality
Authors: Newburn Tim , Jones Trevor 
Published: May 2022

AbstractApparently growing punitiveness in many countries toward the end of the twentieth century prompted considerable criminological activity which focused on attempting to understand trends and contrasts in systems and patterns of punishment. Although to date this literature has tended to treat policing and punishment as being largely separate spheres of activity this paper advances two reasons for paying greater attention to policing in this context. First, and briefly, to reflect the fact that the police are the ‘gatekeepers’ to the penal system, and therefore in some senses inseparable from other penal practices. Second, and more centrally, that in various forms policing both involves, and is often experienced as, punishment. Attempts to understand the nature of and differences between penal states will be enhanced by the inclusion of policing within its ambit.
A Precision Adjuvant Approach to Enhance Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccines Optimized for Immunologically Distinct Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Dowling David J , Levy Ofer 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has caused significant mortality, especially among older adults whose distinct immune system reflects immunosenescence. Multiple SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have received emergency use authorization and/or licensure from the US Food and Drug Administration and throughout the world. However, their deployment has heighted significant limitations, such by age-dependent immunogenicity, requirements for multiple vaccine doses, refrigeration infrastructure that is not universally available, as well as waning immunity. Thus, there was, and continues to be a need for continued innovation during the pandemic given the desire for dose-sparing, formulations stable at more readily achievable temperatures, need for robust immunogenicity in vulnerable populations, and development of safe and effective pediatric vaccines. In this context, optimal SARS-CoV-2 vaccines may ultimately rely on inclusion of adjuvants as they can potentially enhance protection of vulnerable populations and provide dose-sparing effects enabling single shot protection.
Kidney involvement in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis: a cohort study of 103 patients
Authors: Solignac Justine , Delmont Emilien , Fortanier Etienne , Attarian Shahram , Mancini Julien , Daniel Laurent , Ion Ioana , Ricci Jean-Etienne , Robert Thomas , Habib Gilbert , Moranne Olivier , Jourde-Chiche Noémie 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv) is a disabling and life-threatening disease that primarily affects the nervous system and heart. Its kidney involvement has not been systematically studied, particularly in non-V30M mutations, and is not well known to nephrologists.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective study describing the kidney phenotype of all prevalent patients with ATTR mutations, with neurological or cardiac involvement or presymptomatic carriers, followed up in two university hospitals from the South of France between June 2011 and June 2021.

Results
A total of 103 patients were included, among whom 79 were symptomatic and 24 were presymptomatic carriers. Patients carried 21 different ATTR mutations and 54% carried the V30M mutation. After a mean follow-up of 7.9 ± 25.7 years, 30.4% of the symptomatic patients had developed chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 20.3% had a urinary protein:creatinine ratio ≥0.5 g/g. None of the presymptomatic carriers had CKD or proteinuria. In a multivariate analysis, late onset of symptoms (after 60 years), the V122I mutation and proteinuria were significantly associated with CKD. The median CKD-free survival in symptomatic patients was estimated at 81.0 years (interquartile range 77.1–84.9). It did not differ between V30M and non-V30M patients, but was lower in patients with the V122I mutation. The average age of the onset of CKD was 69.3 ± 13.0 years. In one 38-year-old V30M female who presented a kidney-predominant phenotype, treatment with patisiran resulted in remission of the nephrotic syndrome.

Conclusion
CKD affects almost one-third of patients with symptomatic ATTRv. The role of ATTRv per se in the development of CKD in this population remains to be determined, but some patients may benefit from specific therapies.
Practical ethical concerns in allocation of pig kidneys to humans
Authors: Bayliss George 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTThe fundamental ethical question of whether pig organs should be transplanted into humans has been settled, as recent surgeries demonstrating proof of concept demonstrate. Other issues need to be considered and reconciled before xenotransplantation of pig kidneys becomes a solution to the organ shortage for people waiting for a kidney transplant or as a viable alternative to the deceased donor or living donor human kidneys. Human trials will be needed beyond brain-dead individuals to show that xenotransplantation is safe from immunologic and infectious standpoints. Transplant centers will need to show that xenotransplantation provides a long-term benefit to recipients and is financially viable. If trials are successful and receive regulatory approval, pig xenotransplants may become another option for people waiting for a kidney. Before patients are discharged with a functioning xenograft, practical issues with ethical implications remain.
Optimized Droplet Digital PCR Assay on Cell-Free DNA Samples for Non-Invasive Prenatal Diagnosis: Application to Beta-Thalassemia
Authors: Constantinou Constantina G , Karitzi Eleni , Byrou Stefania , Stephanou Coralea , Michailidou Kyriaki , Makariou Christiana , Hadjilambi Georgia , Christofides Agathoklis , Kleanthous Marina , Papasavva Thessalia 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders and by far one of the most common monogenic diseases globally. Beta-thalassemia has a particularly high prevalence in Cyprus, with the IVSI-110 G&gt;A (HBB:c.93-21G&gt;A) pathogenic variation representing almost 79% of the total carriers. The discovery that 3% to 20% of cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is present in the maternal plasma allowed the development of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) of monogenic diseases, like beta-thalassemia, avoiding the risks of invasive procedures. However, the development of NIPD holds major technical challenges and has not yet reached the clinical setting.

Methods
In this study, we apply droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) coupled with the relative variant dosage approach to develop a NIPD assay for IVSI-110 G&gt;A beta-thalassemia. We have implemented an optimization process for ddPCR to address the challenges of ddPCR assays such as inconclusive rain droplets and thus increase the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. The established protocol was evaluated on 40 maternal plasma samples with a median gestational age of 10 weeks where both parents carried the same pathogenic variation.

Results
Thirty-three samples were correctly classified, 6 remained inconclusive, and 1 was misclassified. Our assay exhibited 97.06% accuracy (95% CI, 82.46–99.68), 100% sensitivity (95% CI, 76.84–100), and 95% specificity (95% CI, 75.13–99.87), demonstrating its efficiency for the non-invasive detection of both maternal and paternal alleles.

Conclusions
We have developed an efficient, simple, and cost-effective ddPCR assay for the non-invasive determination of fetal genotype in couples at risk of IVSI-110 G&gt;A beta-thalassemia, bringing NIPD of monogenic diseases closer to the diagnostic setting.
Development and pilot evaluation of an educational session to support sparing opioid prescriptions to opioid naïve patients in a Canadian primary care setting
Authors: Narayan Shawna , Rizzardo Stefania , Hamilton Michee-Ana , Cooper Ian , Maclure Malcolm , McCracken Rita K , Klimas Jan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundPrescribing rates of some analgesics decreased during the public health crisis. Yet, up to a quarter of opioid-naïve persons prescribed opioids for noncancer pain develop prescription opioid use disorder. We, therefore, sought to evaluate a pilot educational session to support primary care-based sparing of opioid analgesics for noncancer pain among opioid-naïve patients in British Columbia (BC).MethodsTherapeutics Initiative in BC has launched an audit and feedback intervention. Individual prescribing portraits were mailed to opioid prescribers, followed by academic detailing webinars. The webinars’ learning outcomes included defining the terms opioid naïve and opioid sparing, and educating attendees on the (lack of) evidence for opioid analgesics to treat noncancer pain. The primary outcome was change in knowledge measured by four multiple-choice questions at the outset and conclusion of the webinar.ResultsTwo hundred participants attended four webinars; 124 (62%) responded to the knowledge questions. Community-based primary care professionals (80/65%) from mostly urban settings (77/62%) self-identified as family physicians (46/37%), residents (22/18%), nurse practitioners (24/19%), and others (32/26%). Twelve participants (10%) recalled receiving the individualized portraits. While the correct identification of opioid naïve definitions increased by 23%, the correct identification of opioid sparing declined by 7%. Knowledge of the gaps in high-quality evidence supporting opioid analgesics and risk tools increased by 26% and 35%, respectively.ConclusionThe educational session outlined in this pilot yielded mixed results but appeared acceptable to learners and may need further refinement to become a feasible way to train professionals to help tackle the current toxic drugs crisis.
Effects of crystalloid and colloid priming strategies for cardiopulmonary bypass on colloid oncotic pressure and haemostasis: a meta-analysis
Authors: Beukers Anne Maria , de Ruijter Jamy Adriana Catharina , Loer Stephan Alexander , Vonk Alexander , Bulte Carolien Suzanna Enna 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOBJECTIVESColloid oncotic pressure (COP) is an important factor in cardiac surgery, owing to its role in haemodilution. The effect of cardiopulmonary bypass prime fluids on the COP is unknown. In this study, the effect of crystalloid and colloid prime fluids, with or without retrograde autologous priming (RAP), on the COP during elective cardiac surgery was evaluated.METHODSRandomized controlled trials and prospective clinical trials comparing crystalloid and colloid priming fluids or with RAP were selected. The primary outcome was the COP; secondary outcomes were fluid balance, fluid requirements, weight gain, blood loss, platelet count and transfusion requirements.RESULTSFrom 1582 records, 29 eligible studies were identified. COPs were comparable between gelofusine and hydroxyethyl starch (HES) during bypass [mean difference (MD): 0.69; 95% confidence interval (CI): −2.05, 3.43; P = 0.621], after bypass (MD: −0.11; 95% CI: −2.54, 2.32; P = 0.930) and postoperative (MD: −0.61; 95% CI: −1.60, 0.38; P = 0.228). Fluid balance was lower with HES than with crystalloids. RAP reduced transfusion requirements compared with crystalloids. Blood loss was comparable between groups.CONCLUSIONSCOPs did not differ between crystalloids and colloids. As a result of increased transcapillary fluid movement, fluid balance was lower with HES than with crystalloids. Haematocrit and transfusion requirements were comparable between groups. However, the latter was lower when RAP was applied to crystalloid priming compared with crystalloids alone. Finally, no differences in blood loss were observed between the groups.
Longer Gaps Between Values of Binary Quadratic Forms
Authors: Dietmann Rainer , Elsholtz Christian , Kalmynin Alexander , Konyagin Sergei , Maynard James 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe prove new lower bounds on large gaps between integers that are sums of two squares or are represented by any binary quadratic form of discriminant $D$, improving the results of Richards. Let $s_1, s_2, \ldots $ be the sequence of positive integers, arranged in increasing order, that are representable by any binary quadratic form of fixed discriminant $D$, then $$ \begin{align*} & \limsup_{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{s_{n+1}-s_n}{\log s_n} \gg \frac{|D|}{\varphi(|D|)\log |D|}, \end{align*}$$improving a lower bound of $\frac {1}{|D|}$ of Richards. In the special case of sums of two squares, we improve Richards’s bound of $1/4$ to $\frac {390}{449}=0.868\ldots $. We also generalize Richards’s result in another direction: if $d$ is composite we show that there exist constants $C_d$ such that for all integer values of $x$ none of the values $p_d(x)=C_d+x^d$ is a sum of two squares. Let $d$ be a prime. For all $k\in {\mathbb {N}}$, there exists a smallest positive integer $y_k$ such that none of the integers $y_k+j^d, 1\leq j \leq k$, is a sum of two squares. Moreover, $$ \begin{align*} & \limsup_{k \rightarrow \infty} \frac{k}{\log y_k} \gg \frac{1}{ \sqrt{\log d}}. \end{align*}$$
Pharmacogenetics of Dolutegravir Plasma Exposure Among Southern Africans With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Cindi Zinhle , Kawuma Aida N , Maartens Gary , Bradford Yuki , Venter Francois , Sokhela Simiso , Chandiwana Nomathemba , Wasmann Roeland E , Denti Paolo , Wiesner Lubbe , Ritchie Marylyn D , Haas David W , Sinxadi Phumla 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Dolutegravir is a component of preferred antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens. We characterized the pharmacogenetics of dolutegravir exposure after ART initiation in the ADVANCE trial in South Africa.

Methods
Genome-wide genotyping followed by imputation was performed. We developed a population pharmacokinetic model for dolutegravir using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling. Linear regression models examined associations with unexplained variability in dolutegravir area under the concentration-time curve (AUCVAR).

Results
Genetic associations were evaluable in 284 individuals. Of 9 polymorphisms previously associated with dolutegravir pharmacokinetics, the lowest P value with AUCVAR was UGT1A1 rs887829 (P = 1.8 × 10−4), which was also associated with log10 bilirubin (P = 8.6 × 10−13). After adjusting for rs887829, AUCVAR was independently associated with rs28899168 in the UGT1A locus (P = .02), as were bilirubin concentrations (P = 7.7 × 10−8). In the population pharmacokinetic model, rs887829 T/T and C/T were associated with 25.9% and 10.8% decreases in dolutegravir clearance, respectively, compared with C/C. The lowest P value for AUCVAR genome-wide was CAMKMT rs343942 (P = 2.4 × 10−7).

Conclusions
In South Africa, rs887829 and rs28899168 in the UGT1A locus were independently associated with dolutegravir AUCVAR. The novel rs28899168 association warrants replication. This study enhances understanding of dolutegravir pharmacogenetics in Africa.
A New Detection of the Invasive Mexican Rice Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) From Georgia in the United States Based on Morphological and Molecular Data
Authors: Kang Ilgoo , Wilson Blake , Carter Blake , Diaz Rodrigo 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Mexican rice borer, Eoreuma loftini (Dyar), is an invasive herbivore that attacks many gramineous host plants. The species is an economic pest of several grass crops in North America including sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), rice (Oryza sativa), corn (Zea mays), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). The species was first detected in the United States in 1980 and has since expanded its range eastward along the Gulf Coast reaching Louisiana in 2008. A disjointed introduction was detected in Florida in 2012, though range expansion of this population within the state has been limited. Most recently, a separate introduction was detected along the Atlantic coast of Georgia near the South Carolina border (32.19884° N, 81.35894° W). Larvae were collected from sugarcane in 2020 and 2021 and identified as E. loftini. The identification was confirmed with genetic analysis showing &gt;99% similarity with most mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) sequences of known E. loftini. This is the furthest north and east of any established population in North America. Potential routes of introduction and impacts to crop production along the U.S. Atlantic Coast are discussed.
A new method in establishing quantitative relationships between manuscripts of the New Testament
Authors: Hyytiäinen Pasi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractNew Testament textual critics have for decades calculated the similarities between the manuscripts in a similar manner, using collations and variation units. This conventional methodology requires enormous amounts of time and manual work. Here is proposed a new method that does not require these preprocessing steps, enabling the establishment of quantitative relationships using manuscript transcriptions only. This is achieved by applying a technique called shingling, where the manuscript transcriptions are turned in a computerized manner into smaller pieces called tokens or k-grams. Then, a string metric is used to calculate the similarities between the tokenized strings. This method is efficient, meaning that it allows critics to consider all textual evidence in each manuscript tradition. At the same time, it returns similarity values that are compatible with those of conventional approaches.