bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of a sedation protocol: a quality improvement project to enhance sedation management in the paediatric intensive care unit
Authors: Hazwani Tarek , Al Ahmady Arwa , Kazzaz Yasser , Al Smari Abeer , Al Enizy Seham , Alali Hamza 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundProper sedation is integral to ensuring the safety and comfort of children on mechanical ventilation (MV). Sedation protocols help to achieve this goal and reduce the duration of MV. We have observed varied sedation approaches, sedation score targets and sedative use by our physicians, which were manifested as oversedation and undersedation with associated accidental extubation. Hence, we aimed to implement a standardised sedation protocol and assess its impact on mechanically ventilated paediatric patients.MethodsA multidisciplinary quality improvement team was formed to develop and implement a standardised sedation protocol for mechanically ventilated paediatric patients. COMFORT-Behaviour (COMFORT-B) Scale score was used to assess the sedation targets and define undersedation, oversedation or adequate sedation. Our goal was to achieve adequate sedation during 90% of the sedation period. Based on the model for improvement methodology, we used plan–do–study–act cycles to develop, test and implement the new sedation protocol.ResultsThere was an immediate percentage increase in COMFORT-B Scale scores within the target sedation level, which was associated with a gradual decrease in the need for intermittent sedation doses over sedation infusion in the preimplementation, improvement and control phases (6.3, 4.9 and 3.1 sedation doses/12 hours/patient, respectively) to achieve adequate sedation target.ConclusionsThe standardisation of sedation protocols was safe and efficient, and improved the sedation quality in mechanically ventilated paediatric patients.
Macrophage polarisation in caesarean scar diverticulum
Authors: Huang Jinfa , Liu Xiaochun , Hou Yi , Liu Yixuan , Liao Kedan , Xie Ning , Deng Kaixian 
Published: January 2022

AimsTo determine immunohistochemical features and correlations between M1/M2 polarisation status with disease severity of post-caesarean scar diverticulum (CSD).MethodsHistological and immunohistological stainings were performed and inflammatory (CD16, CD163 and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)), fibrosis (α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)) and angiogenic (CD31) markers were examined in uterine tissues collected from patients with uterine scar diverticula (CSD) (n=37) and caesarean section (CS) (n=3).ResultsCSD tissues have higher expression of α-SMA, TNF-α, CD16 and CD31 and lower expression of CD163 than CS tissue (p<0.05). Compared with adjacent tissues, thick-walled blood vessels, glands and fibrotic sites have higher expression of α-SMA, TNF-α and CD16. Statistical correlation was observed between the expression of CD16 and TNF-α (R=0.693, p<0.001), α-SMA (R=0.404, p<0.05) and CD31 (R=0.253, p<0.05) in CSD tissues, especially with the ratio of CD16/CD163 (R=0.590, p<0.01). A more significant difference was observed between the expression of CD16/CD163 and α-SMA (R=0.556, p<0.001), TNF-α (R=0.633, p<0.0001) and CD31 (R=0.336, p<0.05).ConclusionsIn this study, TNF-α, α-SMA, CD16 and CD31 proteins were overexpressed in all CSD cases, and CD16/CD163 was positively correlated with tissue inflammation, fibrosis and neovascularisation. Abnormal mononuclear macrophage infiltration may be involved in the origin and progression of CSD.
Fertility preservation for transgender children and young people in paediatric healthcare: a systematic review of ethical considerations
Authors: Warton Chanelle , McDougall Rosalind J 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundWhile fertility preservation is recommended practice for paediatric oncology patients, it is increasingly being considered for transgender children and young people in paediatric care. This raises ethical issues for clinicians, particularly around consent and shared decision-making in this new area of healthcare.MethodsA systematic review of normative literature was conducted across four databases in June 2020 to capture ethical considerations related to fertility counselling and preservation in paediatric transgender healthcare. The text of included publications was analysed inductively, guided by the Qualitative Analysis Guide of Leuven.ResultsTwenty-four publications were identified for inclusion. Four key ethical considerations emerged from this literature: access to fertility preservation, conscientious objection, decision-making capacity of children and young people, and shared decision-making.ConclusionIn the identified literature, there is consensus that transgender children and young people should not be refused access to fertility preservation services solely due to their gender identity, and that clinicians with conscientious objections to fertility preservation for this group have an obligation to refer on to willing providers. Factors that create ethical complexity in this area of paediatric care include the child’s age, mental health, and parents’ views.
Information batteries
Authors: Switzer Jennifer , Raghavan Barath 
Published: January 2022

Coping with the intermittency of renewable power is a fundamental challenge, with load shifting and grid-scale storage as key responses. We propose Information Batteries (IB), in which energy is stored in the form of information---specifically, the results of completed computational tasks. Information Batteries thus provide storage through speculative load shifting, anticipating computation that will be performed in the future.
We take a distributed systems perspective, and evaluate the extent to which an IB storage system can be made practical through augmentation of compiler toolchains, key-value stores, and other important elements in modern hyper-scale compute. In particular, we implement one specific IB prototype by augmenting the Rust compiler to enable transparent function-level precomputation and caching. We evaluate the overheads this imposes, along with macro-level job prediction and power prediction. We also evaluate the space of operation for an IB system, to identify the best case efficiency of any IB system for a given power and compute regime.
School's Out: How Summer Youth Employment Programs Impact Academic Outcomes
Authors: Modestino Alicia Sasser , Paulsen Richard 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Recently there has been an emphasis on how time spent outside of the classroom can affect student outcomes, including high school graduation, with the hope of closing academic achievement gaps along socioeconomic and racial lines. This paper provides experimental evidence regarding a particular type of out-of-school activity—early work experience—on high school academic outcomes for low-income inner-city youth. Using randomized admissions lotteries for students who applied to the Boston Summer Youth Employment Program (SYEP), we estimate the effect of being selected to participate on academic outcomes as measured by administrative school records. We find that SYEP lottery winners are 4.4 percentage points more likely to graduate from high school on time and 2.5 percentage points less likely to drop out of high school during the four years after participating in the program relative to the control group. These improvements appear to be driven by better attendance and course performance in the year after being selected for the program, with the program's impact on attendance persisting into the second year. Survey data suggest that the Boston SYEP may affect academic outcomes by increasing aspirations to attend college, gaining basic work habits, and improving social skills during the summer.
Explanation-Based Human Debugging of NLP Models: A Survey
Authors: Lertvittayakumjorn Piyawat , Toni Francesca 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDebugging a machine learning model is hard since the bug usually involves the training data and the learning process. This becomes even harder for an opaque deep learning model if we have no clue about how the model actually works. In this survey, we review papers that exploit explanations to enable humans to give feedback and debug NLP models. We call this problem explanation-based human debugging (EBHD). In particular, we categorize and discuss existing work along three dimensions of EBHD (the bug context, the workflow, and the experimental setting), compile findings on how EBHD components affect the feedback providers, and highlight open problems that could be future research directions.
A new species of Neorhynchoplax Holthuis, 1968 (Brachyura, Hymenosomatidae) from West Bengal, India
Authors: Mitra Santanu , Ng Peter K. L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The hymenosomatid crab Neorhynchoplax devroyi sp. nov. is described here from West Bengal in eastern India. The species is most similar to N. demeloi Kemp, 1917, described from Cochin in western India, but can easily be distinguished by its proportionately longer and more slender ambulatory legs, truncate cutting teeth on the chelipeds, relatively broader first pleonal somite and the distal part of the male first gonopod being stout and short. Ten species of Neorhynchoplax Holthuis, 1968, are now known from Indian waters.
Mullā Ṣadrā’s Arrivers in the Heart (al-Wāridāt al-Qalbiyya)
Authors: Chittick William C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
It is increasingly difficult after Ibn ʿArabī (d. 638/1240) to differentiate the aims of the Sufis from those of the philosophers. Mullā Ṣadrā (d. 1050/1640) offers a fine example of a thinker who synthesized the Sufi and philosophical methodologies in his voluminous writings. In Arrivers in the Heart he combines the precision of philosophical reasoning with the recognition (maʿrifa) of God and self that was central to the concerns of the Sufi teachers. In forty “effusions” (fayḍ) of mostly rhymed prose, he provides epitomes of many of the themes that he addresses in his long books. These include the concept and reality of existence, the Divine Essence and Attributes, God’s omniscience, theodicy, eschatology, the worlds of the cosmos, spiritual psychology, divine and human love, disciplining the soul, and the nature of human perfection.
Traduction commentée des sentences parallèles (duilian) de Ma Qixi (1857-1914), fondateur du Xidaotang
Authors: Hille Marie-Paule 
Published: January 2022

Résumé
Cet article propose d’explorer les procédés par lesquels une pensée soufie s’est diffusée dans les lieux de culte et de vie communautaire des musulmans chinois dans le nord-ouest de la Chine pendant la première moitié du XXe siècle. La traduction et l’étude des seize sentences parallèles (duilian) écrites entre 1908 et 1914 par le saint fondateur du Xidaotang, Ma Qixi (1857-1914), montrent que l’usage d’une terminologie puisée dans les registres de la pensée morale et des religions chinoises (néo-confucianisme, bouddhisme, taoïsme) et la maîtrise de procédés textuels chinois, tels que le parallélisme et la correspondance, ont été des ressorts efficaces pour répandre les préceptes islamiques, les règles de conduite morale en société et les principes d’une spiritualité soufie. Ces sentences parallèles, exposées dans les lieux fréquentés par les croyants, rappelaient les règles de vie en communauté et guidaient les fidèles sur le chemin de la Voie. Bien que le message religieux soit exprimé dans la matrice d’une pensée chinoise, tant terminologique que textuelle, sa signification n’en reste pas moins islamique pour ceux qui le reçoivent et l’interprètent. L’examen approfondi de ce corpus de sentences parallèles révèle qu’elles véhiculent des catégories de l’action qui incitent à l’accomplissement des actes méritoires ; leur originalité réside probablement dans le fait qu’elles rappellent à tout moment, dans les espaces communs, la figure de l’exemplarité et le principe de l’unicité divine.
From the Remainder of Adam’s Clay
Authors: Karjoo-Ravary Ali 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article presents an introduction to and a complete English translation of the eighth chapter of Ibn al-ʿArabī’s (d. 638/1240) magnum opus al-Futūḥāt al-makkiyya. The chapter, entitled, “On the earth that was made from the remainder of Adam’s leaven clay, which is the Earth of Reality, and on some of the strange and wondrous things contained therein,” contains a description of a world wholly separate from our own. An underlying argument in this chapter is that the human intellect, constrained as it is by the categories of possibilities which pertain to our earthly configuration, is incapable of grasping the vast expanse of this “Earth of Reality.” Ibn al-ʿArabī also aims to show how many of the Qur’anic and Prophetic traditions which the intellect struggles to comprehend exist in this other world without any contradiction. In this sense, the chapter in question seeks to inculcate a sense of wonder and bewilderment in readers, reminding them that there will always be worlds, beyond our immediate sensory world, that remain to be seen and known.
A Treatise on Practical and Theoretical Sufism in the Sokoto Caliphate
Authors: Oludamini Ogunnaike 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article presents an annotated translation of The Exposition of Devotions, a short text by Shaykh ʿAbd al-Qādir ibn Muṣtafā (1218–1280/1804–1864) about his spiritual master and maternal uncle, Muḥammad Sambo (1195–1242/1782–1826). Muḥammad Sambo was the son of ʿUthmān ibn Fūdī (also known as Usman dan Fodio), the founder of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the largest pre-colonial polities on the African continent. While modern scholarship has tended to focus on the political, legal, social, and economic dimensions of the jihad movement that created the Sokoto Caliphate, this text provides a brief, but detailed account of the spiritual practices and discussions amongst Usman dan Fodio’s clan (the Fodiawa), demonstrating the centrality of the Akbarī tradition in technical discussions, as well as the unique developments of this tradition in thirteenth/nineteenth century West Africa. The work begins with an account of a dream of the then-deceased Muḥammad Sambo that occasioned its composition, and after a brief discussion of the status of dreams and their importance, gives an account of Sambo’s spiritual method and practices. The short treatise concludes with the author’s summary of Sambo’s responses to several technical and highly esoteric questions posed to him by the author, illustrating the profound mastery and unique perspectives developed on these topics by the Fodiawa. Combining oneirology, hagiography, practical and theoretical Sufism, this short treatise is an illuminating window into the spiritual and intellectual traditions of the founders of the Sokoto Caliphate.
Ẕahīn Shāh Tājī’s (d. 1978) Signs of Beauty (Āyāt-i Jamāl)
Authors: Latif Amer 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Bābā Ẕahīn Shāh Tājī (d. 1978) is a well-known Sufi poet in Pakistan. He belonged to the Chishtī Sufi order and his mausoleum in Karachi is a center of pilgrimage known for its weekly Qawwali (devotional singing) gatherings. This article presents an overview of Tājī’s experience and articulation of the Sufi path through selected English translations from his collection of Urdu ghazals, Signs of Beauty (Āyāt-i jamāl), which are performed by Qawwals and ghazal singers both in India and in Pakistan to this day.
China’s Approach to Marine Scientific Research
Authors: Hong Nong 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article addresses the legislation, policy and State practice of China on marine scientific research (MSR). It elaborates in detail both international and domestic legislation of China governing MSR in waters within its national jurisdiction and points to the legal controversy and ambiguity of MSR conducted by foreign parties. It also raises a critical question on how to approach MSR in overlapping maritime zones amidst pending maritime delimitation.
Maritime Spatial Planning and Protection of the Marine Environment
Authors: Papanicolopulu Irini 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Protection and preservation of the marine environment is a priority under international law, as codified and further developed in the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Nonetheless, the current state of the marine environment questions whether the approach adopted in the UNCLOS and other legal instruments, whereby each type of pollution is addressed separately, really suffices to ensure good environmental status. For this reason, new tools have been developed, including marine (or maritime) spatial planning (MSP) and integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). This article discusses MSP and its role in ensuring protection of the marine environment, both within and beyond areas under national jurisdiction.
The Contribution of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea to the Protection of the Marine Environment
Authors: Heidar Tomas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In its 25 years’ history, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea has dealt with a number of environmental cases. This has primarily occurred in the context of proceedings relating to the prescription of provisional measures and in advisory proceedings. This article explains how the Tribunal has reaffirmed and developed the basic environmental principles in Part XII of the Law of the Sea Convention, including the obligation to protect and preserve the marine environment, the precautionary approach, the duty to conduct environmental impact assessments, and the duty to cooperate, as well as the duty of due diligence, thereby contributing to the protection of the marine environment. Part XII of the Convention is a product of the 1970s and its provisions therefore reflect the state of international environmental law at that time. However, the Tribunal has interpreted and applied the aforementioned principles consistently with the contemporary state of international environmental law.
Recycling European Narratives in South Korea’s ‘Refugee Crisis’: Islamophobia, #MeToo, and Yemeni Refugees on Jeju Island
Authors: Sheikh Farrah 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
2018 was a politically tempestuous time for South Korea as a little over 500, mostly male, Yemeni asylum-seekers landed on Korea’s Jeju Island. Their unexpected arrival caught Korean society, already in the midst of its own #MeToo wave off guard, resulting in a wave of pro- and anti-refugee demonstrations across the country. Fueled by real and fake news about refugee illegal activities in Europe, anti-refugee backlash in Korea took an Islamophobic and feminist tone. Based on digital ethnography, this article presents observations from online voices – refugees, feminists, and media actors – expressed through Naver News and Naver Cafes to assess the ways in which Korea’s refugee crisis was represented in local and global anti-refugee and Islamophobic narratives, aimed in particular at Muslim men. This research highlights the impact of European narratives on Korean society and raises questions over how Korean society can create a wider, inclusive digital democracy.
Towards a More Inclusive Digital Democracy in Asia: Introduction to the Digital Democracy Special Issue of Asiascape: Digital Asia
Authors: Lee Yenn 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article provides an introduction to the Asiascape: Digtial Asia special issue on digital democracy. It provides readers with a brief overview of literature that deals with digital democracy and marginalized groups online, followed by an overview of the contributions that make up this issue. It argues that democracy is only as strong as the voices on its margins, and it calls for deeper reflection about how we can create more inclusive models of digital democracy in Asia and beyond.
According to the Promise
Authors: Robinson Matthew K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article analyses Paul’s argument regarding the reception of the Spirit and the creation of a new covenantal identity in Galatians 3:1–6:10 so as to illumine the provocative declaration in Gal. 3:28. Some scholars (e.g., Douglas Campbell) read Paul’s words in Gal. 3:28 as a pronouncement of the dissolution of ethnic, social, or gender categories. However, the pneumatological framework spanning from Gal. 3:1–6:10, within which Gal. 3:28 appears, suggests that Paul’s proclamation is concerned with the new covenantal identity forged through the reception of the Spirit which, rather than abolishing, relativises these categories. Thus, when we consider the structure of Paul’s polemic surrounding Gal. 3:28, we find that Paul’s primary concern is the new identity shared in Christ by all believers through the Spirit, not the removal of distinction or dissolution of ethnic, social, or gender categories.
Basil of Caesarea, Inseparable Operations, and the Divinity of the Holy Spirit
Authors: Teer Torey J. S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Basil of Caesarea is one of the most prominent pro-Nicene theologians and defenders of the Holy Spirit. One of the common features of pro-Nicene theology is the doctrine of inseparable operations—that all acts of the triune God in creation are undivided. But what role did the inseparability principle play in Basil’s trinitarian theology, especially regarding the Holy Spirit? Examining Basil’s historical context and his major works Against Eunomius and On the Holy Spirit, this article argues that the doctrine of inseparable operations is a critical and proper element in the bishop’s trinitarian theology and, therefore, is vital to his defending the Holy Spirit’s co-divinity alongside the Father and the Son. Basil’s coherence of the inseparability axiom with the other elements of pro-Nicene theology thus serves as a fitting case study of classical trinitarianism. His legacy has become our inheritance.
Experimental investigations on nucleate pool boiling over micro-finned cylindrical surfaces
Authors: Shah Balkrushna , Shah Kathit , Patel Parth , Lakhera Vikas J 
Published: January 2022

The nucleate pool boiling heat transfer over micro-finned cylindrical surfaces has application in the heat exchangers used in thermal power plants and chemical industries. The estimation of boiling heat transfer coefficient is an important parameter in the design of two-phase heat exchangers using micro-finned cylindrical surfaces. In the present work, related experimental investigations on four micro-finned cylindrical surfaces with different surface geometry using refrigerant R-141b at atmospheric pressure are conducted to determine the boiling heat transfer coefficient over micro-finned cylindrical surfaces. A correlation is developed by dimensional analysis wherein the effects of geometrical parameters, operating pressure and thermo-physical properties of fluids are taken into consideration and dimensional analysis conducted using Buckingham π-theorem. The correlation developed utilizes experimental data obtained over the present study as well as from previous studies by various researchers including experimental data for water over different micro-finned cylindrical surfaces at 1 bar by Mehta and Kandlikar, experimental data for R123 at 0.97 bar by Saidi et al. and experimental data for R134a over micro-finned cylindrical surface at 6.1 bar, 8.1 bar, 10.1 bar and 12.2 bar by Rocha et al. The heat flux ranging from 5 to 1100 kW/m2 are considered for the analysis. The data points have been compared with the proposed correlation and the absolute average deviation of the whole data set was obtained as 13.43% with root mean square deviation of 0.0273. All the predicted values were within ±15% of the experimental values of the boiling heat transfer coefficient.