bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterizing key misconceptions of equity in health financing for universal health coverage
Authors: Ataguba John E , Kabaniha Grace A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Fairness or equity in health financing is critical to ensuring universal health coverage (UHC). While equity in health financing is generally about financing health services according to ability-to-pay, misconceptions exist among policymakers, decision-makers and some researchers about what constitutes financing health services according to ability-to-pay or an equitably financed health system. This commentary characterizes three misconceptions of equitable health financing—(1) the misconception of fair contribution, (2) the pro-poor misconception and (3) the misconception of cross-subsidization. The paper also uses these misconceptions to clearly illustrate what constitutes equity in health financing, highlighting the importance of income distribution. The misconceptions come from the authors’ extensive engagements with policymakers and practitioners, especially in Africa. A clear understanding of equity in health financing provides an avenue to significant progress towards UHC and improving a country’s income distribution.
Exploring barriers to, and enablers of, evidence-informed hip fracture care in five low- middle-income countries: China, India, Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam
Authors: Armstrong Elizabeth , Yin Xuejun , Razee Husna , Pham Cuong Viet , Sa-ngasoongsong Paphon , Tabu Irewin , Jagnoor Jagnoor , Cameron Ian D , Yang Minghui , Sharma Vijay , Zhang Jing , Close Jacqueline C T , Harris Ian A , Tian Maoyi , Ivers Rebecca 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Globally, populations are ageing and the estimated number of hip fractures will increase from 1.7 million in 1990 to more than 6 million in 2050. The greatest increase in hip fractures is predicted in Low- and Middle–Income Countries (LMICs), largely in the Asia-Pacific region where direct costs are expected to exceed $US15 billion by 2050. The aims of this qualitative study are to identify barriers to, and enablers of, evidence–informed hip fracture care in LMICs, and to determine if the Blue Book standards, developed by the British Orthopaedic Association and British Geriatrics Society to facilitate evidence-informed care of patients with fragility fractures, are applicable to these settings. This study utilized semi-structured interviews with clinical and administrative hospital staff to explore current hip fracture care in LMICs. Transcribed interviews were imported into NVivo 12 and analysed thematically. Interviews were conducted with 35 participants from 11 hospitals in 5 countries. We identified five themes—costs of care and the capacity of patients to pay, timely hospital presentation, competing demands on limited resources, delegation and defined responsibility and utilization of available data—and within each theme, barriers and enablers were distinguished. We found a mismatch between patient needs and provision of recommended hip fracture care, which in LMICs must commence at the time of injury. This study describes clinician and administrator perspectives of the barriers to, and enablers of, high-quality hip fracture care in LMICs; results indicate that initiatives to overcome barriers (in particular, delays to definitive treatment) are required. While the Blue Book offers a starting point for clinicians and administrators looking to provide high-quality hip fracture care to older people in LMICs, locally developed interventions are likely to provide the most successful solutions to improving hip fracture care.
Mendelian randomization study of maternal coffee consumption and its influence on birthweight, stillbirth, miscarriage, gestational age and pre-term birth
Authors: Brito Nunes Caroline , Huang Peiyuan , Wang Geng , Lundberg Mischa , D’Urso Shannon , Wootton Robyn E , Borges Maria Carolina , Lawlor Deborah A , Warrington Nicole M , Evans David M , Hwang Liang-Dar , Moen Gunn-Helen 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
Coffee consumption has been associated with several adverse pregnancy outcomes, although data from randomized–controlled trials are lacking. We investigate whether there is a causal relationship between coffee consumption and miscarriage, stillbirth, birthweight, gestational age and pre-term birth using Mendelian randomization (MR).

Methods
A two-sample MR study was performed using summary results data from a genome-wide association meta-analysis of coffee consumption (N = 91 462) from the Coffee and Caffeine Genetics Consortium. Outcomes included self-reported miscarriage (N = 49 996 cases and 174 109 controls from a large meta-analysis); the number of stillbirths [N = 60 453 from UK Biobank (UKBB)]; gestational age and pre-term birth (N = 43 568 from the 23andMe, Inc cohort) and birthweight (N = 297 356 reporting own birthweight and N = 210 248 reporting offspring’s birthweight from UKBB and the Early Growth Genetics Consortium). Additionally, a one-sample genetic risk score (GRS) analysis of coffee consumption in UKBB women (N up to 194 196) and the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N up to 6845 mothers and 4510 children) and its relationship with offspring outcomes was performed.

Results
Both the two-sample MR and one-sample GRS analyses showed no change in risk of sporadic miscarriages, stillbirths, pre-term birth or effect on gestational age connected to coffee consumption. Although both analyses showed an association between increased coffee consumption and higher birthweight, the magnitude of the effect was inconsistent.

Conclusion
Our results suggest that coffee consumption during pregnancy might not itself contribute to adverse outcomes such as stillbirth, sporadic miscarriages and pre-term birth or lower gestational age or birthweight of the offspring.
Detection of highly macrolide-resistant Legionella pneumophila strains from a hotel water network using systematic whole-genome sequencing
Authors: Ginevra Christophe , Beraud Laetitia , Pionnier Isabelle , Sallabery Kassandra , Bentayeb Houcine , Simon Bruno , Allam Camille , Chastang Joelle , Ibranosyan Marine , Decroix Véronique , Campese Christine , Jarraud Sophie , Descours Ghislaine 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Implementation of an antibiotic resistance detection tool in Legionella daily surveillance at the French National Reference Centre for Legionella.

Methods
Systematic WGS of Legionella pneumophila isolates and bioinformatics detection of specific mutations linked to antibiotic resistance. Phenotypic validation of antibiotic resistance detected by WGS was performed by the broth microdilution method.

Results
More than 3000 L. pneumophila strains were screened for antibiotic resistance. A macrolide resistance-associated A2052G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene was identified in the genome of eight isolates from a hotel water network. High-level macrolide resistance (i.e. MICs of 1024–2048 mg/L for azithromycin and erythromycin) with no cross-resistance to other antimicrobials was phenotypically confirmed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing for the eight isolates.

Conclusions
Systematic WGS of L. pneumophila is a powerful tool for first-line high-throughput screening of antibiotic resistance before phenotypic validation.
Standardizing, harmonizing, and protecting data collection to broaden the impact of COVID-19 research: the rapid acceleration of diagnostics-underserved populations (RADx-UP) initiative
Authors: Carrillo Gabriel A , Cohen-Wolkowiez Michael , D’Agostino Emily M , Marsolo Keith , Wruck Lisa M , Johnson Laura , Topping James , Richmond Al , Corbie Giselle , Kibbe Warren A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Objective
The Rapid Acceleration of Diagnostics-Underserved Populations (RADx-UP) program is a consortium of community-engaged research projects with the goal of increasing access to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) tests in underserved populations. To accelerate clinical research, common data elements (CDEs) were selected and refined to standardize data collection and enhance cross-consortium analysis.

Materials and Methods
The RADx-UP consortium began with more than 700 CDEs from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) CDE Repository, Disaster Research Response (DR2) guidelines, and the PHENotypes and eXposures (PhenX) Toolkit. Following a review of initial CDEs, we made selections and further refinements through an iterative process that included live forums, consultations, and surveys completed by the first 69 RADx-UP projects.

Results
Following a multistep CDE development process, we decreased the number of CDEs, modified the question types, and changed the CDE wording. Most research projects were willing to collect and share demographic NIH Tier 1 CDEs, with the top exception reason being a lack of CDE applicability to the project. The NIH RADx-UP Tier 1 CDE with the lowest frequency of collection and sharing was sexual orientation.

Discussion
We engaged a wide range of projects and solicited bidirectional input to create CDEs. These RADx-UP CDEs could serve as the foundation for a patient-centered informatics architecture allowing the integration of disease-specific databases to support hypothesis-driven clinical research in underserved populations.

Conclusion
A community-engaged approach using bidirectional feedback can lead to the better development and implementation of CDEs in underserved populations during public health emergencies.
Dynamic response of slender body passing through ice and water mixture at high velocity
Authors: Tang Enling , Zhang Zhen , Chen Chuang , Han Yafei , Chang Mengzhou , Guo Kai , He Liping 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
In the process of underwater motion, the trajectory of the projectile will be greatly disturbed due to the complicated underwater environment and cavitation effect. In order to study the effect of the ice water mixture on projectile motion, the experiments of a titanium alloy slender body with a truncated conical and plat warhead passing through ice and water mixture have been performed by using a one-stage light gas gun loading system, an overpressure sensor measurement system and a high-speed camera acquisition system in this paper. The experimental results show that the volume of the cavity generated by the slender body with a small length-to-diameter ratio is larger, and the slender body deflects in the process of movement. For a slender body with a large length-to-diameter ratio, the cavity formed is closer to the central axis and the maximum radial size of the cavity. No matter the warhead shapes are truncated conical or plat warhead, the diameter and lasting time of the cavity increase with the increase of the slender body's velocities. Under the condition that the length-to-diameter ratio and the velocity of the slender bodies are similar, the overall evolutionary trend of the overpressure generated by two kinds of slender bodies is similar. But the fluctuation range of the overpressure amplitude of the plat warhead is small, the curve oscillation amplitude of the adjacent time is large and the peak value of the overpressure for the truncated conical warhead is large. Under the same ratio of length to diameter, the velocity has no obvious influence on the trajectory of the slender body after hitting the ice particles. When the slender body collides with ice particles, the deflection angle of its trajectory is larger than that of impacting on the edge of ice particles. When the slender body collides with the ice particles, the interaction between the ice particles and the slender body is large, and the deflection angle of the slender body is larger after impact.
Tuning the roughness of aluminum surfaces for superrepellency and absorptivity
Authors: Chang Chun-Ti , Bhak Andrew J , Hanggi Daniel J , Kemler Kayla M , Malkani Arnav S , Kang Edward W 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Superrepellent surfaces are known to be made by surface roughening. However, optimizing roughness solely for non-wetting and low hysteresis, which promotes self-cleaning, typically occurs at a cost to other properties. The other property, considered here as illustrative, is energy absorption from impinging sunlight. Roughness can be tuned for self-cleaning or alternatively for energy absorption, yet the roughness scales for superrepellency and absorptivity do not align cooperatively. Demonstrated here are a twin of simple fabrication methods that tune aluminum surfaces for good self-cleaning and for solar energy absorption. Our results show that superrepellency is favored by roughness scales of microns or smaller alone. On the other hand, roughness of a few microns to tens of microns significantly improves absorption. Our characterizations of surfaces made by the two methods demonstrate how tuning microscale roughness trades superrepellency for absorptivity. The surfaces are robust and the fabrication method is economical. Solar heat harvesting applications may benefit.
New calibrated models for the tip of the red giant branch luminosity and a thorough analysis of theoretical uncertainties
Authors: Saltas Ippocratis D , Tognelli Emanuele 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
The luminosity of the tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) is instrumental for the construction of the distance ladder, and its accurate modelling is key for determining the local Hubble parameter. In this work, we present an extensive quantitative analysis of the TRGB luminosity, accounting for virtually all input physics that affect it, namely: chemical composition, opacity, diffusion, nuclear reaction rates, electron screening, neutrinos, convection efficiency, boundary conditions, and mass-loss, amongst others. Our analysis is based on a newly produced grid of ∼3 × 106 TRGB models, evolved from pre-main sequence up to the helium ignition at the TRGB, and covering a wide range of metallicity (Z = 0.0001–0.02) and initial mass (M = 0.8–1.4 M⊙). Through a Monte Carlo analysis, we study the systematic variation of the TRGB luminosity due to the combined effect of all above input physics, and show that a maximum theoretical uncertainty of about $1.6 {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ is still present on the current generation of models, dominated by systematics of radiative opacity. Results are also provided in several photometric bands. As a by-product of our analysis, we demonstrate robust evidence for the linear response of the tip luminosity to individual changes of input physics, which can significantly simplify future analyses. A comparison of our results with other stellar evolution codes shows excellent agreement. Our full grid of models is available upon reasonable requests, while a partial grid is available online on Zenodo.
Impact of the cosmic background radiation on the initial mass function of metal-poor stars
Authors: Chon Sunmyon , Ono Haruka , Omukai Kazuyuki , Schneider Raffaella 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
We study star cluster formation at low metallicities of Z/Z⊙ = 10−4–10−1 using three-dimensional hydrodynamics simulations. Particular emphasis is put on how the stellar mass distribution is affected by the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), which sets the temperature floor to the gas. Starting from the collapse of a turbulent cloud, we follow the formation of a protostellar system resolving ∼au scale. In relatively metal-enriched cases of Z/Z⊙ ≳ 10−2, where the mass function resembles the present-day one in the absence of CMB, high-temperature CMB suppresses cloud fragmentation and reduces the number of low-mass stars, making the mass function more top-heavy than in the cases without CMB heating at z ≳ 10. In lower-metallicity cases with Z/Z⊙ ≲ 10−3, where the gas temperature is higher than the CMB value due to inefficient cooling, the CMB has only a minor impact on the mass distribution, which is top-heavy, regardless of the redshift. In cases either with a low metallicity of Z/Z⊙ ≲ 10−2 or at a high redshift z ≳ 10, the mass spectrum consists of a low-mass Salpeter-like component, peaking at 0.1 M⊙, and a top-heavy component with 10–50 M⊙, with the fraction in the latter increasing with increasing redshift. In galaxies forming at z ≳ 10, the major targets of the future instruments including JWST, CMB heating makes the stellar mass function significantly top-heavy, enhancing the number of supernova explosions by a factor of 1.4 (2.8) at z = 10 (20, respectively) compared to the prediction by Chabrier initial mass function when Z/Z⊙ = 0.1.
The formation of the first quasars: the black hole seeds, accretion, and feedback models
Authors: Zhu Qirong , Li Yuexing , Li Yiting , Maji Moupiya , Yajima Hidenobu , Schneider Raffaella , Hernquist Lars 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) of $\sim 10^9\, \rm M_{\odot }$ are generally believed to be the central engines of the luminous quasars observed at z ≳ 6, but their astrophysical origin remains elusive. To investigate the formation of these distant quasars, we perform a suite of zoom-in simulations on a favourable halo, with a mass of $\sim 10^{13}\, \rm M_{\odot }$ at z = 6 and a history of multiple major mergers, ideal for BH growth. We test BH seeds of $10 {\!-\!} 10^6\, \rm M_{\odot }$, and various accretion and feedback models, including thin-disc and slim-disc accretion. We find that abundant gas supply and efficient angular momentum transport by gravitational torques are critical to BH accretion, and that the final BH mass depends strongly on the seed mass and radiative efficiency which in turn depends on feedback model. In our simulations, heavy seeds of $\gtrsim 10^4\, \rm M_{\odot }$ can grow rapidly to SMBHs of $10^8 {\!-\!} 10^9\, \rm M_{\odot }$ by z ∼6 in both thin and slim disc accretion models, provided that the duty cycle of near-Eddington accretion with an Eddington ratio λEdd ≳ 0.6 is maintained at $\gtrsim 40{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. In particular, for a $10^5\, \rm M_{\odot }$ seed, both our fiducial model and the supercritical accretion model with no spin produce bright quasars with SMBHs of $\sim 10^9\, \rm M_{\odot }$ at z ∼ 7.5. On the other hand, the light seeds of $\lesssim 10^3\, \rm M_{\odot }$ failed to grow to $10^8\, \rm M_{\odot }$ by z ∼ 6 in our simulations. We caution that the results are inconclusive due to limitations of our numerical methods and physical models, and we stress the need for further investigations on the growth of BH seeds with more advanced methods.
The thesan project: predictions for multitracer line intensity mapping in the epoch of reionization
Authors: Kannan Rahul , Smith Aaron , Garaldi Enrico , Shen Xuejian , Vogelsberger Mark , Pakmor Rüdiger , Springel Volker , Hernquist Lars 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Line intensity mapping (LIM) is rapidly emerging as a powerful technique to study galaxy formation and cosmology in the high-redshift Universe. We present LIM estimates of select spectral lines originating from the interstellar medium (ISM) of galaxies and 21 cm emission from neutral hydrogen gas in the Universe using the large volume, high resolution thesan reionization simulations. A combination of subresolution photoionization modelling for H ii regions and Monte Carlo radiative transfer calculations is employed to estimate the dust-attenuated spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of high-redshift galaxies (z ≳ 5.5). We show that the derived photometric properties such as the ultraviolet (UV) luminosity function and the UV continuum slopes match observationally inferred values, demonstrating the accuracy of the SED modelling. We provide fits to the luminosity–star formation rate relation (L–SFR) for the brightest emission lines and find that important differences exist between the derived scaling relations and the widely used low-z ones because the ISM of reionization era galaxies is generally less metal enriched than in their low-redshift counterparts. We use these relations to construct line intensity maps of nebular emission lines and cross-correlate with the 21 cm emission. Interestingly, the wavenumber at which the correlation switches sign (ktransition) depends heavily on the reionization model and to a lesser extent on the targeted emission line, which is consistent with the picture that ktransition probes the typical sizes of ionized regions. The derived scaling relations and intensity maps represent a timely state-of-the-art framework for forecasting and interpreting results from current and upcoming LIM experiments.
Birth order differences in education originate in postnatal environments
Authors: Isungset Martin Arstad , Freese Jeremy , Andreassen Ole A , Lyngstad Torkild Hovde 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Siblings share many environments and much of their genetics. Yet, siblings turn out different. Intelligence and education are influenced by birth order, with earlier-born siblings outperforming later-borns. We investigate whether birth order differences in education are caused by biological differences present at birth, that is, genetic differences or in utero differences. Using family data that spans two generations, combining registry, survey, and genotype information, this study is based on the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). We show that there are no genetic differences by birth order as captured by polygenic scores (PGSs) for educational attainment. Earlier-born have lower birth weight than later-born, indicating worse uterine environments. Educational outcomes are still higher for earlier-born children when we adjust for PGSs and in utero variables, indicating that birth order differences arise postnatally. Finally, we consider potential environmental influences, such as differences according to maternal age, parental educational attainment, and sibling genetic nurture. We show that birth order differences are not biological in origin, but pinning down their specific causes remains elusive.
Firms and Local Governments: Relationship Building during Political Turnovers
Authors: Fang Hanming , Li Zhe , Xu Nianhang , Yan Hongjun 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe study how firms build relations with local governments in emerging markets without established rules of political lobbying. We document that following a turnover of the Party Secretary or mayor of a city in China, firms (especially privately owned enterprises, POEs hereafter) headquartered in that city significantly increase their “perk spending,” for example, expenses for travel and entertainment among others. Both the instrumental-variable-based results and heterogeneity analysis are consistent with the interpretation that the perk spending is used to build relations with local governments. In addition, we find that local political turnover in a city tends to be followed by changes of the Chairmen or the CEOs of state-owned enterprises that are controlled by the local government. We also discuss and rule out several alternative explanations for the above findings.
Do Credit Rating Agencies Influence Elections?
Authors: Cunha Igor , Ferreira Miguel A , Silva Rui C 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
We show that credit rating agencies can influence political elections. We find that incumbent political parties experience an increase in their vote shares following municipal bond upgrades. The evidence is consistent with rating agencies affecting elections indirectly by expanding local governments’ debt capacity and directly through an impact on voters’ perceptions of the quality of incumbent politicians. To identify these effects, we examine election outcomes within neighboring counties by exploiting exogenous variation in municipal bond ratings due to Moody’s recalibration of its scale in 2010.