bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacteria in the cavity-restoration interface after varying periods of clinical service — SEM description of distribution and 16S rRNA gene sequence identification of isolates
Authors: Arora Roopinder Kaur , Mordan Nicola J. , Spratt David A. , Ng Yuan Ling , Gulabivala Kishor 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Objectives
To use extracted human teeth with amalgam (n = 26) or GIC (n = 3) restorations in service up to 20 years to evaluate microbiota at the cavity/restoration interface by SEM or culture.

Materials and methods
Extracted teeth with intracoronal restorations (n = 20) of known history (2–20 years) were fixed, split, and prepared for SEM to ascertain the pattern and structure of bacterial aggregates on cavity and restoration surfaces. Another 9 teeth were anaerobically decontaminated, split and sampled (cavity/restorations), and cultured (anaerobically, aerobically); recovered isolates were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

Results
SEM showed rods, cocci, and filaments in 11/20 teeth (55%) on cavity and corresponding restoration surfaces; 4/20 (20%) on neither surface; 1/20 (5%) on just cavity; and 4/20 (20%) on just restoration. Microbial growth extended from marginal openings into the deeper interfacial microspace to varying extents but was not always evident. Restoration size or age did not predict bacterial presence. Bacteria-free surfaces (cavity/amalgam) showed possible calcification. Cultivation yielded 160 isolates, mainly Gram-positive (86%) and facultative (81%); and morphotypes of rods (43%), cocci (36%), and cocco-bacilli (18%) belonging to Actinobacteria (45%) and Firmicutes (50%). The most frequent genera were Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Actinomyces, and Lactobacillus. Biofilms on cavity and restoration appeared independent of each other.

Conclusions
Cavity and amalgam surfaces were independently colonised and some not. The penetration of microbiota into marginal gaps varied; resembled root caries and was dominated by Gram-positive species.

Clinical relevance
Marginal gaps around restorations are unavoidable but are not always colonised by bacteria after long-term clinical service. Calcification of biofilms in the restorative interface may prevent further colonisation. The viable microbiota in the restorative interface resembled root caries and may be subject to ecological fluxes of activity and arrest and therefore preventative management.
Investigating the susceptibility of treatment-resistant oesophageal tumours to natural killer cell-mediated responses
Authors: Mylod Eimear , McKenna Ellen , Davern Maria , Barr Martin P. , Donlon Noel E. , Bibby Becky A. S. , Bhardwaj Anshul , Reynolds John V. , Lysaght Joanne , Maher Stephen G. , Conroy Melissa J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe majority of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC) patients do not respond to multimodal treatment regimens and face dismal survival rates. Natural killer (NK) cells are crucial anti-tumour immune cells, and this study investigated the susceptibility of treatment-resistant OAC cells to these potent tumour killers. Natural killer receptor (NKR) ligand expression by OE33CisP (cisplatin-sensitive) and OE33CisR (cisplatin-resistant) cells was investigated. The immunomodulatory effects of OE33CisP and OE33CisR cells on NK cell phenotype and function were assessed. Finally, the impact of chemotherapy regimens on NKR ligand shedding was examined. Our data revealed significantly less surface expression of activating ligands B7-H6, MICA/B, ULBP-3 and activating/inhibitory ligands PVRL-1 and PVRL-4 by OE33CisR cells, compared to OE33CisP cells. Co-culture with OE33CisR cells reduced the frequencies of NKp30+ and NKp46+ NK cells and increased frequencies of TIGIT+, FasL+ and TRAIL+ NK cells. Frequencies of IFN-γ-producing NK cells increased while frequencies of TIM-3+ NK cells decreased after culture with OE33CisP and OE33CisR cells. Frequencies of circulating NKp30+ NK cells were significantly lower in OAC patients with the poorest treatment response and in patients who received FLOT chemotherapy, while B7-H6 shedding by OAC tumour cells was induced by FLOT. Overall, OE33CisR cells express less activating NKR ligands than OE33CisP cells and have differential effects on NKR expression by NK cells. However, neither cell line significantly dampened NK cell cytokine production, death receptor expression or degranulation. In addition, our data indicate that FLOT chemotherapy may promote B7-H6 shedding and immune evasion with detrimental consequences in OAC patients.
Determining Clinically-Viable Biomarkers for Ischaemic Stroke Through a Mechanistic and Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Benemerito Ivan , Narata Ana Paula , Narracott Andrew , Marzo Alberto 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAssessment of distal cerebral perfusion after ischaemic stroke is currently only possible through expensive and time-consuming imaging procedures which require the injection of a contrast medium. Alternative approaches that could indicate earlier the impact of blood flow occlusion on distal cerebral perfusion are currently lacking. The aim of this study was to identify novel biomarkers suitable for clinical implementation using less invasive diagnostic techniques such as Transcranial Doppler (TCD). We used 1D modelling to simulate pre- and post-stroke velocity and flow wave propagation in a typical arterial network, and Sobol’s sensitivity analysis, supported by the use of Gaussian process emulators, to identify biomarkers linked to cerebral perfusion. We showed that values of pulsatility index of the right anterior cerebral artery > 1.6 are associated with poor perfusion and may require immediate intervention. Three additional biomarkers with similar behaviour, all related to pulsatility indices, were identified. These results suggest that flow pulsatility measured at specific locations could be used to effectively estimate distal cerebral perfusion rates, and ultimately improve clinical diagnosis and management of ischaemic stroke.
Optimal survival trees
Authors: Bertsimas Dimitris , Dunn Jack , Gibson Emma , Orfanoudaki Agni 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTree-based models are increasingly popular due to their ability to identify complex relationships that are beyond the scope of parametric models. Survival tree methods adapt these models to allow for the analysis of censored outcomes, which often appear in medical data. We present a new Optimal Survival Trees algorithm that leverages mixed-integer optimization (MIO) and local search techniques to generate globally optimized survival tree models. We demonstrate that the OST algorithm improves on the accuracy of existing survival tree methods, particularly in large datasets.
Some thoughts on silicon and carbon trade-offs in plants
Authors: Hodson Martin J. , Guppy Christopher N. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn 1983, Raven suggested that silica could substitute for lignin or cellulose as a structural material in plants, and should be favoured because of its lower energetic costs. He then asked the question why more plants did not use silica for structural support. Raven’s idea eventually led to a whole series of investigations into the substitution of silicon for carbon in plants, so-called trade-offs. In this Opinion we offer some, hopefully helpful, thoughts on this research, and we attempt to answer Raven’s question. We conclude that more focus on the distribution of silicon and carbon at the cellular level is needed, and that we should be more careful to avoid teleological thinking.
Potential stressors in (prospective) physical education teachers: a comparison of different career stages
Authors: Pels Fabian , Hartmann Ulrike , Schäfer-Pels Alina , von Haaren-Mack Birte 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPrevious studies have identified stressors in physical education (PE) teachers. However, these studies lack a comprehensive consideration of potential teaching-related stressors combined with an analysis of differences in these potential stressors between different career stages. Given that many physical education teachers suffer from stress, the purpose of the present study was to investigate potential stressors in three career stages of (prospective) physical education teachers (student teachers, pre-service teachers, teachers) in order to further develop their education in terms of stress management. The results of a survey of 723 German (prospective) physical education teachers (255 student teachers, 117 pre-service teachers, 351 teachers) showed that, overall, noise, heterogeneity of students, and inadequate curriculum were reported to be the most frequent potential stressors. When controlling for teaching hours per week, teachers, and pre-service teachers did not differ in the frequency of potential stressors. However, both teachers and pre-service teachers reported significantly less lack of facilities/equipment, pupils’ discipline problems, and lack of pupils’ motivation than student teachers, and significantly more noise than PE student teachers. Additionally, teachers reported more heterogeneity of pupils than student teachers. These findings can be explained by characteristics of the specific career stages. For practical application, it can be concluded that there is a need for coping interventions that are tailored to the stressors which are salient in a specific career phase. In future research, studies should investigate stressors in different career stages longitudinally.
Assessment and characterisation of groundwater quality in Akure metropolis, southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Afolabi Olubukola O. , Ogundana Ayodeji K. , Ogundipe Ibukun E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe geology of an area plays a significant role in the chemistry of groundwater. The quality of groundwater can also be adversely affected by anthropogenic activities if not properly monitored. The composition of groundwater in Akure was assessed and characterised in order to determine the chemical behavior of the groundwater system within the city. A total of thirty-six representative groundwater samples were randomly collected within Akure metropolis. The chemical composition of the water samples was analysed and determined using AAS, flame photometry and titration methods. The analysis of the results showed that the chemical concentrations of EC ranged from 35.5 to 1670.0µS/cm; TDS (in mg/l) ranged from 5.0 to 1700.0; Na+(1.0–122.0); K+(1.2–156.7); Ca2+(1.2–17.3); Mg2+(3.9–6.4); Fe3+(0.03–1.03); HCO3− (0.0–622.5); NO3−(0.01–0.25); Cl−(1.99–216.4); SO42−(22.6–`873.9); Mn2+(0.05–0.30); Zn2+(0.06–0.78); Cu2+(0.02–0.32); Pb2+(0.01–0.18); Ni2+(0.0–0.02); Cr3+(0.02–0.32); and Se2+(0.06–0.37). Statistical evaluation of the data showed that the water samples collected within the centre of the ancient city as well as the samples obtained from downstream of the major river draining the city have elevated EC and TDS higher than the WHO and NIS recommended limits. Further evaluation of the results by piper diagram, Gibb’s plot and Chadha classifications showed that the chemistry of the groundwater system in Akure metropolis is largely dominated by rock water interactions. The primary character of the water falls within the alkali metals exceeding alkaline earth metals and strong acidic anions exceeding weak anions. The indicates that the groundwater system in the study area has salinity challenges for both domestic uses and irrigation purposes.
Research on Deformation Reconstruction Based on Structural Curvature of CFRP Propeller With Fiber Bragg Grating Sensor Network
Authors: Ding Guoping , Wang Fu , Gao Xiaoling , Jiang Siyuan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe deformation and reconstruction of the composite propeller under the static load in the laboratory is studied so as to provide the basic research for the deformation and reconstruction of the underwater deformed propeller. The fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor is proposed to be used for strain monitoring and deformation reconstruction of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) propeller, and a reconstruction algorithm of structural curvature deformation of the CFRP propeller based on strain information is presented. The reconstruction algorithm is verified by using variable-thickness CFRP laminates in the finite element software. The results show that the relative error of the reconstruction algorithm is within 8%. Then, an experimental system of strain monitoring and deformation reconstruction for the CFRP propeller based on the FBG sensor network is built. The propeller blade is loaded in the form of the cantilever beam, and the blade deformation is reconstructed by the strain measured by the FBG sensor network. Compared with the blade deformation measured by three coordinate scanners, the reconstruction relative error is within 15%.
Hyper-Spectral Speckle Imaging for Space Situational Awareness
Authors: Hall Ryan , Jefferies Stuart M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWhen observing targets in the near-Earth space environment using ground-based telescopes, the Earth’s turbulent atmosphere and the telescope’s aperture combine to act as a low-resolution spectrometer. The light at disparate wavelengths from a given point in the object lands at different spatial locations in the focal plane. Here we investigate the feasibility of capitalizing on this effect to provide snapshot hyper-spectral imaging of targets in the near-Earth space environment through ultra-broadband speckle imaging. In particular, we focus on the potential for using ultra-broadband speckle images for high-resolution, high-contrast imaging of closely spaced objects with a large contrast in brightness. It was found that this technique is capable of distinguishing closely spaced objects down to 0.14 arc-seconds and providing estimates on the spectra. The primary component of the closely spaced objects had very good recovery, while the secondary’s recovery was dependent on dependent on separation and contrast ratio.
Automorphism groups and normal forms in Normaliz
Authors: Bruns Winfried 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe discuss the computation of automorphism groups and normal forms of cones and polyhedra in Normaliz and indicate its implementation via nauty. The types of automorphisms include integral, rational, Euclidean and combinatorial, as well as algebraic for polytopes defined over real algebraic number fields. Examples treated in detail are the icosahedron and linear-ordering polytopes whose Euclidean automorphism groups are determined.
Use of Individual Tree and Product Level Data to Improve Operational Forestry
Authors: Keefe Robert F. , Zimbelman Eloise G. , Picchi Gianni 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Individual tree detection (ITD) methods and technologies for tracking individual forest products through a smart operational supply chain from stump to mill are now available. The purpose of this paper is to (1) review the related literature for audiences not familiar with remote sensing and tracking technologies and (2) to identify knowledge gaps in operational forestry and forest operations research now that these new data and systems are becoming more common.

Recent Findings
Past research has led to successful development of ITD remote sensing methods for detecting individual tree information and radio frequency identification (RFID), branding, and other product tracing methods for individual trees and logs. Blockchain and cryptocurrency that allow independent verification of transactions and work activity recognition based on mobile and wearable sensors can connect the mechanized and motor-manual components of supply chains, bridging gaps in the connectivity of data. However, there is a shortage of research demonstrating use of location-aware tree and product information that spans multiple machines.

Summary
Commercial products and technologies are now available to digitalize forest operations. Research should shift to evaluation of applications that demonstrate use. Areas for improved efficiencies include (1) use of wearable technology to map individual seedlings during planting; (2) optimizing harvesting, skidding and forwarder trails, landings, and decking based on prior knowledge of tree and product information; (3) incorporation of high-resolution, mapped forest product value and treatment cost into harvest planning; (4) improved machine navigation, automation, and robotics based on prior knowledge of stem locations; (5) use of digitalized silvicultural treatments, including microclimate-smart best management practices; and (6) networking of product tracking across multiple, sensorized machines.
Conversion of Catalytically Inert 2D Bismuth Oxide Nanosheets for Effective Electrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Catalysis via Oxygen Vacancy Concentration Modulation
Authors: Wu Ziyang , Liao Ting , Wang Sen , Mudiyanselage Janith Adikaram , Micallef Aaron S. , Li Wei , O’Mullane Anthony P. , Yang Jianping , Luo Wei , Ostrikov Kostya , Gu Yuantong , Sun Ziqi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOxygen vacancies (Vo) in electrocatalysts are closely correlated with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity. The role of vacancy defects and the effect of their concentration, however, yet remains unclear. Herein, Bi2O3, an unfavorable electrocatalyst for the HER due to a less than ideal hydrogen adsorption Gibbs free energy (ΔGH*), is utilized as a perfect model to explore the function of Vo on HER performance. Through a facile plasma irradiation strategy, Bi2O3 nanosheets with different Vo concentrations are fabricated to evaluate the influence of defects on the HER process. Unexpectedly, while the generated oxygen vacancies contribute to the enhanced HER performance, higher Vo concentrations beyond a saturation value result in a significant drop in HER activity. By tunning the Vo concentration in the Bi2O3 nanosheets via adjusting the treatment time, the Bi2O3 catalyst with an optimized oxygen vacancy concentration and detectable charge carrier concentration of 1.52 × 1024 cm−3 demonstrates enhanced HER performance with an overpotential of 174.2 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2, a Tafel slope of 80 mV dec−1, and an exchange current density of 316 mA cm−2 in an alkaline solution, which approaches the top-tier activity among Bi-based HER electrocatalysts. Density-functional theory calculations confirm the preferred adsorption of H* onto Bi2O3 as a function of oxygen chemical potential (∆μO) and oxygen partial potential (PO2) and reveal that high Vo concentrations result in excessive stability of adsorbed hydrogen and hence the inferior HER activity. This study reveals the oxygen vacancy concentration-HER catalytic activity relationship and provides insights into activating catalytically inert materials into highly efficient electrocatalysts.
An Endotenon Sheath-Inspired Double-Network Binder Enables Superior Cycling Performance of Silicon Electrodes
Authors: Jiang Meifang , Mu Pengzhou , Zhang Huanrui , Dong Tiantian , Tang Ben , Qiu Huayu , Chen Zhou , Cui Guanglei 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSilicon (Si) has been regarded as an alternative anode material to traditional graphite owing to its higher theoretical capacity (4200 vs. 372 mAh g−1). However, Si anodes suffer from the inherent volume expansion and unstable solid electrolyte interphase, thus experiencing fast capacity decay, which hinders their commercial application. To address this, herein, an endotenon sheath-inspired water-soluble double-network binder (DNB) is presented for resolving the bottleneck of Si anodes. The as-developed binder shows excellent adhesion, high mechanical properties, and a considerable self-healing capability mainly benefited by its supramolecular hybrid network. Apart from these advantages, this binder also induces a Li3N/LiF-rich solid electrolyte interface layer, contributing to a superior cycle stability of Si electrodes. As expected, the DNB can achieve mechanically more stable Si electrodes than traditional polyacrylic acid and pectin binders. As a result, DNB delivers superior electrochemical performance of Si/Li half cells and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2/Si full cells, even with a high loading of Si electrode, to traditional polyacrylic acid and pectin binders. The bioinspired binder design provides a promising route to achieve long-life Si anode-assembled lithium batteries. "Image missing"
Employment Outcomes for Men and Women Following an Economic Downturn: Labour Underutilisation in Australia
Authors: Baum Scott , Mitchell William 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn Australia, as elsewhere, there has been continuing interest in understanding questions regarding unequal employment opportunities. While aggregate patterns provide a useful overview, it is insightful to consider employment outcomes across segmented markets. One such segmented market is between men and women, where it is widely understood that labour market engagement opportunities will differ. This paper provides an investigation of these uneven labour market outcomes. It presents an analysis of labour underutilisation for men and women using panel data, taking account of both individual-level supply-side factors together with the strength of the local labour market (demand side) and the performance of the broader macroeconomic environment. The result is an analysis that accounts for the impact of changing macroeconomy, local labour market conditions and men and women's employability assets.
The effect of copper on the multiple carbon nanofilaments growths by the methane decomposition over the oxidized diamond-supported nickel–copper bimetallic catalyst
Authors: Shiraishi M. , Nakagawa K. , Ando T. , Nishitani-Gamo M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTo clarify the indispensable parameters for the multiple carbon nanofilaments (CNFs) growths, in other words, having a unique Octopus-like morphology consisting of the Marimo-like carbon (MC), we have systematically studied to synthesize the MC by the decomposition of methane using oxidized diamond-supported Ni–Cu bimetallic catalysts. We discovered that a Cu addition of 20 wt.% by weight and a growth temperature in the region of 550 °C to 600 °C resulted in many CNF forms from a single catalyst particle, specifically the "Octopus-like" morphology of CNFs. We also discovered that the several CNFs forms might occur from the carbon dissolved in the sintered catalyst particles. We described a model process of the unique structure formation. We expect that the Octopus-like CNFs growth gives enough space volume in the MC for a mass transfer, consequently, it should contribute to realizing a higher power generation performance of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) although under a higher-voltage generation region.