bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repatriation of South Sudanese refugees from the West Nile districts, Uganda. What do we learn from the process?
Authors: Komakech Henry , Garimoi Orach Christopher 
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Repatriation is a fundamental and often preferred solution to the refugee crisis around the world. This study explored the process of repatriation of the South Sudanese refugees from the West Nile districts in Uganda.
Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of the process of repatriation of refugees in three west Nile refugee districts of Adjumani, Arua, and Moyo, Uganda. Both qualitative and qualitative data were collected.
Results: The findings showed that several stakeholders were involved in the repatriation exercise including the government at central and district levels, United Nations agencies and non-governmental organizations, and refugee communities. The key steps undertaken during repatriation include information and education campaigns to promote returns focussing on security and socio-economic conditions in South Sudan and the facilitation of confidence-building visits in the areas of origin. During the repatriation exercise, key interventions provided included health care screening and treatment, and the provision of reintegrationsupport services including the provision of food security items and cash allowances.
Conclusions: The findings highlight the fundamental steps followed during a well-planned, structured, and effective repatriation of South Sudanese refugees from Uganda. Understanding repatriation requires an appreciation of how it is implemented to support offering an effective, durable, and lasting solution to refugees to promote their health and welfare.
Keywords: Refugee; repatriation; process of repatriation; South Sudan; West Nile; Uganda.
Longitudinal patients’ cohorts for impactful research and HIV care at the Infectious Diseases Institute
Authors: Castelnuovo Barbara , Kamya Moses , Parkes Ratanshi Rosalind , N Kiragga Agnes , Nakanjako Damalie 
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Observational studies provide important evidence supporting the feasibility and effectiveness of health interventions. The 20-year-old Infectious Diseases Institute (IDI) established to respond to infectious diseases, specifically HIV/AIDS, invested in the set-up of longitudinal cohorts. In this paper we discuss the results of these cohorts and their impact on the response to the HIV pandemic in Uganda.
Methods: IDI invested in experienced system developers, clinic and laboratory capacity to create the infrastructure to host longitudinal cohorts. Several cohorts were created, including patients initiated and followed up on ART, specialized cohorts (e.g. TB co-infection) and long-term cohorts with patients on ART for over 10 years and aged 60 and above. These cohorts function as platforms for sub-studies, attracting collaborators and students.
Results: Data from the IDI cohorts contributed evidence to ART programs on when to start, which drugs to use, how to best monitor and which models of care to implement. Sub-studies contributed to management of opportunistic infections, understanding immunological response and the emerging complications of non-communicable diseases.
Conclusion: Cohorts provide a platform for clinical care, training, and research to inform strategic responses and put Makerere University at the center of the response to the HIV pandemic in the region.
Keywords: Longitudinal Cohorts; Uganda; HIV.
Developing capacity for implementation and evaluation of vaccine trials in Uganda: Perspective of the Makerere University Walter Reed Project
Authors: Naluyima Prossy , Mwesigwa Betty , Tindikahwa Allan , Mugamba Stephen , Thaddeus Ssensamba Jude , Musingye Ezra , Mirembe Grace , Kibuuka Hannah , Wabwire-Mangen Fred 
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Infectious diseases and neglected tropical diseases continue to be a major challenge in resource limited settings, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Although vaccines are a key biomedical prevention tool, resource limited settings often lack the infrastructure, regulatory frameworks, and skilled human resource to conduct vaccine clinical trials. To address this gap, the Makerere University Walter Reed Project (MUWRP) was established and has contributed to vaccine research in Uganda and globally.
Methods: This was achieved through training a strong vaccine clinical trial workforce; development of requisite clinical trial infrastructure for research activities and management of investigational products; conducting phase I-III vaccine trials and contribution to national ethical and regulatory frameworks that protect participants.
Results: As of 2022, MUWRP had successfully conducted and completed five phase I/II HIV vaccine clinical trials, five for Ebola and Marburg, while one phase I/II Schistosomiasis and one phase III COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial are ongoing.
Discussion: The completed vaccine trials provided critical scientific knowledge on the safety and immunogenicity of investigational products which informed the design of better vaccines for diseases of global health importance.
Conclusion: Academia, through establishment of appropriate partnerships can contribute to the identification of solutions to complex public health challenges.
Keywords: Vaccines; community participation; developing countries.
Collaborative research to respond to the HIV epidemic: a case of Uganda (Makerere University)-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration 1988-2021
Authors: Muzanyi Grace , Nakibuuka Justine , Mayanja Harriet 
Published: August 2022

Background: Collaborative research between institutions may not yield results to transform communities. Many research collaborations come to the end of their life time without achieving their originally set goals and with a dearth of community transformation to show for it.
Objective: To delineate and highlight the achievements of the Uganda (Makerere University)-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration.
Methods: We retrospectively compiled and reviewed the data on research, training and policy impact achievements of the Uganda (Makerere University)-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration over a period of 30 years of its existence.
Results: Over the last 35 years, the Uganda (Makerere University)-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration trained a total of 104 Ugandans with Masters, PhDs and other varied graduate training programs. More than 70 large tuberculosis/TB+HIV studies were conducted with more than 360 manuscripts published including landmark local and global TB/HIV policy impact publications.
Conclusion: The Uganda (Makerere University)-Case Western Reserve University Research Collaboration has in the past 35 years built the capacity of Ugandan and international students through conducting landmark research, training and mentoring and contributed to TB HIV management policy changes in Uganda.
Keywords: UCWRU; collaboration; training; mentoring.
Human anatomical dissection in the generation Z’s medical syllabus
Authors: Romero-Reverón Rafael 
Published: August 2022

Today’s entrance-level medical students were born around the early 2000s and so are of Generation Z so called, being the first generation to grow up digitally hyper-connected. In the medical syllabus, human anatomical dissection has been the cornerstone for properly grasping the inter- relationships between different parts of the human body and improving practical skills along with gaining a threedimensional appreciation of anatomical structures. Generation Z’s medical students have diverse approaches to dealing with human anatomical dissection so, to teach human anatomy, Faculty need to devote both time and creativity in order to be comfortable using available social-media platforms for that purpose. In these covid-19's pandemic times these new approaches to teaching may be a matching method to help to fight the pandemic.
The incidence and morphology of the Gantzer’s muscle in a Kenyan population
Authors: Munguti Jeremiah , Nyaanga Fiona , Neema Bridget , Omondi Dennis , Kipkorir Vincent , Darbar Shane , Sibuor William , Amuti Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Gantzer’s muscle is an accessory head of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL). Its incidence, attachments as well as relations to nervous structures have been shown to exhibit population variations, which have important clinical bearings. Data from our setting however remains partly elucidated. To study the muscle, the skin of the anterior forearm and fascia were removed to expose the flexor compartment of the forearm. The flexor muscles were also identified and reflected. The Ganzter’s muscle was identified as that muscle belly originating from the flexor digitorum superficialis, the radius, the medial humeral epicondyle or the ulna coronoid process and inserted on the flexor pollicis longus or the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. Its prevalence, laterality, origin, insertion, shape and relation to the anterior interosseous nerve were determined. The data obtained was entered into SPSS and percentages calculated for the different variables. The muscle was found in 19/43 (44%) cadavers on the right and on 20/43 (46%) on the left. In 5 out the 43 cadavers (11%), the muscle was present bilaterally while in the rest, it existed solely as either on the right orleft (predominantly on the left, 46%). The Gantzer’s muscle was also noted to predominantly originate from the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis muscle (72% on the left, 76% on the right) and insert on the Flexor pollicis longus (100%). As regards its shape, it was predominantly triangular, on both right side (65%) as well as the left side (54%). In majority of the cases, the muscle also lay posterior to the anterior interosseous structures (100% on the left and 89% on the right). In conclusion, the Gantzer’s muscle is relatively common in our population, exhibits marked population variations and as such should be taken into account especially during surgical approach to the anterior elbow to avoid its inadvertent injury.
Clinico-anatomical relationships between the internal carotid artery and sphenoid sinus usingcomputed tomography
Authors: Aliu Abdulhameed , Asala Samuel Abayomi 
Published: August 2022

Unexpected and sometimes inexplicable massive haemorrhage arising from intracranial injury to the internal carotid artery (ICA) is a life- threatening complication of endoscopic transsphenoidal skull base surgeries. Pre-interventional computed tomography (CT) assessment of the anatomical relationships between the ICA and the sphenoid sinus is necessary to understand and prevent this complication. The aim of this study was to determine the normal anatomical variations between the sphenoid sinus and internal carotid artery using CT and evaluate their relationship with sinus dimensions. The CT scans of 323 sphenoid sinuses of patients aged 18 to 80 years were retrospectively studied. The images were taken with a GE Bright Speed Multi detector Helical CT Scanner and viewed using the Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) viewer. The anteroposterior, craniocaudal and transverse diameters were measured and used to determine sinus volume. Protrusion of the ICA into the sinus cavity, dehiscence, and presence of septal ttachments to the sinus walls bordering the ICA were studied. The prevalence of ICA protrusion, dehiscence of sinus wall, and septal attachment were 28.48%, 17.34% and 13.93% respectively. There was a statistically significant relationship between protrusion of ICA and the anteroposterior and transverse sinus diameters. The relationship between dehiscence of the wall over the ICA and sinus volume as well as the transverse diameter was statistically significant. A careful CT identification of these normal but potentially dangerous variations between the ICA and the wall of the sphenoid sinus prior to surgery is essential for a safe cranial base endoscopic transsphenoidal procedure.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Case Report in Western Maharashtra, India
Authors: Devi A. Manitombi , Bhukya Subhash , Acharya Alok P. , Jamwal VDS , Tandon Aseem 
Published: August 2022

An arterial aneurysm is defined as a permanent localized dilatation of the vessel at least 150% compared to a relative normal adjacent diameter of that artery. Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is defined as localized enlargement of the abdominal aorta such that the diameter is greater than 3 cm. AAA is potentially life-threatening finding. AAA may be detected incidentally or at the time of rupture. We reported a case of fusiform type of abdominal aortic aneurysm in a donated cadaver which was found during the routine dissection of a 76-year-old male died of acute myocardial infarction in western Maharashtra. The dimensions were measured by using both manual and verniers caliper method. The dimensions were 7 cm in length, 3.5cm in width, 11 cm in circumference, unruptured and positioned below the renal arteries, just above the aortic bifurcation. Owing to the vital role of aorta in the abdomen, we believe that the knowledge of this vascular pathology will be enlightening the field of medicine.
Histomorphogenic changes during uterine development of the Nigerian indigenous breed of dog: A post-natal study
Authors: Nathaniel Wanmi , Onoja Benedict , Shawulu Clinton , Jibrin Imam 
Published: August 2022

Demand for dog is on an increase because they are used as watchdog, hunting and its breeding serves as a source of income to both rural and urban dwellers. As demand is increases, breeders often mate dogs at premature age thereby causing several complications from conception to birth. This study was aimed at considering the post-natal development of the uterus from histomorphological aspects and to correlate features to attainment of puberty. Hysterectomy was carried out to secure the uterus from Day 2, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12 and Week 20. This developmental study attempted highlighting some silent microanatomical parameters, including the circular muscle, longitudinal muscle, myometrial glands, blood vessels and epithelial features of the uterus in the Nigerian indigenous bitch. The inner circular muscle and the germinal epithelium were the first microstructures to be observed on day 2 and week 4 of postnatal development respectively. Within these range of development, little or no histological variations occurred. Simple columnar epithelium and longitudinal smooth muscle were seen on the twelfth week. The inner circular muscle and outer longitudinal muscles made up the fundamental component of the smooth muscle. The significant of this study is to indicate histological changes that takes place within the uterus and this finding show some corresponding relationship that exist between age and uterine development, an indicator for determining puberty.
Comparative oestrogenic effects of Allium sativum and Allium cepa in ovariectomised rats
Authors: Risikat Kadir Eniola , Sheriff Ojulari Lekan , Adetayo Lawal Ismail , Lukman Sulu-Gambari , Abdulmalik Hussein , Ayodele Hamza , Abdulhamid Aliagan Imam , Lukman Oyewole 
Published: August 2022

Oestrogens are steroid hormones that influence the growth, differentiation, and functioning of many target organs, including the male and female eproductive organs. Menopause, an important sign of aging in women is characterized by oestrogen depletion, which is associated with many menopausal problems. Oestrogen supplements that are mostly used are not readily safe and have been reported to cause serious health hazards Phytoestrogens are plant compounds that are essentially correspondent to oestradiol (17-β oestradiol) and can relate with oestrogen receptors to elevate and/or prohibit oestrogenic responses. This study therefore aimed at evaluating the possible therapeutic efficacy of Allium sativum and Allium cepa on oestrogenic activities of adult ovariectomised wistar rats. Adult Wistar rats were ovariectomized, then administered various doses of the extracts for 28days, then sacrificed and tissues harvested for analysis. Results shows Allium cepa and quercetin to increase endometrial thickness, increase neural cells in synaptophysin stained cells of hippocampus and dentate gyrus. A conclusion of Allium cepa possessing similar strogenic properties as estradiol group in these ovariectomized rats was drawn, which can offer some ameliorative effects of estrogen deficiency.
Anatomic variations of Calvarial intrasutural bones: An autopsy study
Authors: Idowu Olufemi Emmanuel , Oyeleye Oluwole Olarinmoye , Soyemi Sunday Sokunle , Idowu Jeuel Ogooluwa 
Published: August 2022

Calvarial intrasutural bones (CIB) incidences are known to vary in different populations. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency, location, number and gender difference if any, of CIB in Nigerian skulls. This descriptive observational study included 96 adult skulls. Out of 96 subjects, 58 were males and 38 were females (M:F=1.5:1). The mean age was 50.2±16.5 years (19-83 years). Most of the skulls studied (56%) had CIB. Sixty percent of the males and 50% of the females had CIB (p=0.318). The lambdoid suture (33.3%) and lambda (20.8%) area were the most common sites for CIB. When present, CIB were mainly on the right (43.8%). The bregma, pterion and coronal suture were rare sites for CIB in this study population. These results established that CIB are common in adult Nigerian skulls and that there is no significant association between presence of CIB with gender or age. This variation should be taken into consideration in patient evaluation and surgical planning.
Demographic factors and teachers’ effectiveness among secondary school teachers in calabar education zone cross river state, nigeria
Authors: Constance A. Dien,  , Kingsley B. Abang,  , Anthony N. Ngban,  
Published: August 2022

The article aims to discuss teaching effectiveness in relation to teacher demographic factors like teachers’ age and teachers’ gender among Secondary School teachers in Calabar Education Zone of Cross River State, Nigeria. To achieve this aim, two hypotheses were stated and tested. These variables have important role to evaluate teachers’ effectiveness as scholarly proven through literatures. The descriptive survey design was adopted for use. The sample consist of one hundred and sixty-four (164) teachers and three hundred and twenty-eight (328) student from the Calabar Education Zone. Teachers’ Demographic Factors Questionnaire (TDFQ) and Teaching Effectiveness Questionnaire (TEQ) were developed by the researcher and validated by experts in Sociology of Education and Test/Measurement. The descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, a post-hoc scheffe & independent t-test were used.
The result revealed that teachers’ age and gender significantly influence teaching effectiveness. Based on the findings, it is recommended among others that Government should see teachers age as an asset thereby put in more resources to train them so that they will be of benefit to the students and the society at large.
Healthcare Diagnosis Support System for Detection of Heart Disease in a Patient using Machine Leaming Methods
Authors: Ogundokun Roseline Oluwaseun , Abikoye Oluwakemi Christiana , Awotunde Joseph Bamidele , Sadiku Peter O. , Jimoh Rasheed 
Published: August 2022

One of the most considerable investigative areas has remained the applications area of medical advancement. The early warning method for heart disease (HD) is one of these medical technologies. The goal of a healthcare diagnosis support system (HDSS) is to diagnose HD at an early stage such that the diagnosis can be streamlined, advanced cases stopped, and care costs can be minimized. A machine learning (ML) HDSS for heart disease identification is obtainable in this study, and it is capable of obtaining and learning information from each patient's experimental data automatically. The authors employed a dimensionality reduction technique autoencoder (AE) with three ML classifiers detection of HD. The HD dataset employed for the HDSS was collected from the National Health Service (NHS) database. The result was evaluated using the confusion matrix performance measures such as accuracy, specificity, detection rate, Fl score, and precision. The result shows that NB+Autoencoder outperformed the other two classifiers with an accuracy of 57.2% and 55.4 precision.
Immunomodulation of IFN-ã, IL-4, and IL-10 Cytokines by Polyherbal Formulation in Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression among Wistar Rats
Authors: Hamid K.M. , Abubakar N.K. , Yeldu M.H. , Abdullahi M.I. , Usman A.B. , Isah S.Y. , Aliyu M. 
Published: August 2022

This study evaluated the immunomodulatory potential of aqueous extract of polyherbal formulation (PHF) in cyclophosphamide (CP)- induced immunosuppression in Wistar albino rats. The rats were randomly divided into six (6) groups of four (4) rats each. The normal control group received 10 ml/kg b.w of normal saline for 28 days orally. The Positive control group received 50mg/kg b.w of Levamisole Hydrochloride for 28 days orally. Cyclophosphamide (CP) control group had 10 mg/ kg b.w of CP for three days subcutaneously. While the Treatment control group received 1500 mg/ kg b.w of PHF orally for 28 days. Treatment 1 group received 10 mg/ kg b.w of CP for three days subcutaneously, followed by oral administration of 1500 mg/ kg b.w of PHF for 28 days. Lastly, Treatment 2 group received 1500 mg/ kg b.w of PHF for 28 days orally, followed by subcutaneous administration of 10 mg/ kg b.w of CP for three days. On the first day prior to any intervention, 1 ml of the blood sample was collected from each rat which serve as a pre-treatment sample. At the end of the experiment (after 28 days), a blood sample was collected from each rat which serve as a post-treatment sample. The serum concentration of IFN-ã, IL-4, and IL-10 were determined using the ELISA technique. For pre-treatment samples, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean serum concentration of the cytokines across the groups (p >0.05). For post-treatment samples, there was a statistically significant difference in the mean serum concentration of IFN-ã (p < 0.0001) and IL-4 (p<0.001) across the groups. There was a significant difference when normal controls were compared with other groups in IFN-ã and IL-4 (p <0.05). No significant difference was observed in IL-10. The formulation seems to neutralise the immunosuppressive condition and induce immunostimulatory activity on the immune cells responsible for the secretion of IFN-ã and IL-4.