bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis
Authors: Walker Mark , Yu Xuefei , Gastaldelli Amalia 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia. This results from decreased pancreatic beta-cell function and impaired insulin action, together with raised circulating glucagon levels and changes in the entero-insular axis. Headway is being made to define the mechanisms that underlie these pathophysiological changes. The combined effects of common but functionally weak genetic susceptibility variants constitute the major genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes. While the majority of the genetic variants are related to altered insulin secretion, a proportion influence insulin action by altering adipose tissue distribution. At the cellular level, mechanisms are emerging that are common across the different tissues, including ectopic fat deposition and lipotoxicity, and the activation of pro-inflammatory pathways. The metabolic derangement in type 2 diabetes extends to altered lipid metabolism and the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Understanding the mechanisms that lead to type 2 diabetes will inform the development of future therapies.
Diagnosis of Non Type 1, Non Type 2 Forms of Diabetes
Authors: Owen Katharine R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Diabetes that is neither type 1 nor type 2 in aetiology accounts for around 5% of cases, with a wide range of causes. The widest differential diagnosis is in the young adult group. Non-type 1/type 2 diabetes includes monogenic causes of both beta-cell dysfunction (MODY, neonatal diabetes, mitochondrial diabetes) and insulin resistance (lipodystrophy, insulin receptor defects and monogenic obesity), as well as pancreatic, endocrine, and syndromic causes. It is important to make the correct aetiological diagnosis as this is likely to affect treatment and other aspects of management as well as defining the risk of diabetes in family members. Apart from clinical features and basic biochemistry, there are a number of investigations which can help with determining aetiology. These include beta-cell antibodies, assessment of endogenous insulin secretion using C-peptide, specific biomarkers, and genetic testing. Combining some of these features has led to the development of an online probability model for MODY. It is important to understand the roles and limitations of these tests and tools in clinical practice.
Structured Education
Authors: Heller Simon , Elliott Jackie 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Structured education is essential to successful diabetes self-management. In type 1 diabetes it provides patients and their families with the complex skills needed to maintain glucose levels close to normal while reducing the risk of hypoglycaemia and improving quality of life. In type 2 diabetes it can motivate individuals to make major lifestyle changes, enabling them to reach treatment goals with little or no medication. Even for those who struggle to lose weight or increase physical activity, increased understanding helps them to work collaboratively with health professionals in agreeing a joint management plan. Despite this, provision and particularly uptake of education programmes remains disappointingly low. Implementation of structured education demands enthusiastic support of professionals to commission high quality programmes meeting national and international standards. Such a policy is not expensive; economic analyses continue to demonstrate value for money and are dwarfed by the vast sums currently spent on diabetic complications.
Insulins and Insulin Delivery Devices
Authors: Choudhary Pratik , Jacob Peter 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Insulin is the life-saving treatment in type 1 diabetes, and increasingly used to treat advanced type 2 diabetes. Over the years there have been improvements and alterations in insulin treatment, moving from animal-derived insulin, through recombinant human insulin to genetically modified analogue insulins to help support people with diabetes to achieve better glucose control. Improved insulin delivery through insulin pens and more complex devices such as insulin pumps have helped improve quality of life and biomedical outcomes such as lower HbA1c and reduced hypoglycaemia. In this chapter we will describe currently available insulins with a focus on clinical trials that demonstrate differences relevant to individual users. We go on to discuss the wide variety of devices used to administer these insulins together with a discussion of their relative advantages and disadvantages.
Type 2 Diabetes in Different Ethnic Groups
Authors: Gholap Nitin Narayan , Khunt Kamlesh 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its associated complications varies significantly between populations, with non-white ethnic populations, indigenous groups, and developing countries bearing a disproportionately higher burden of the disease. High-quality studies examining various aspects of T2DM and its management among diverse non-white ethnic groups remain limited. Furthermore, ethnic disparities in health may vary between countries due to various factors. However, existing evidence has identified common themes across these groups as being key contributors to their greater burden of disease. In the increasingly globalized world, healthcare professionals, and policymakers need to understand ethnic disparities in relation to T2DM and their determinants to provide effective care.
Diabetes Secondary to Pancreatic Disease
Authors: Weston Philip J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Diabetes secondary to pancreatic disease accounts for 0.5% of all cases of diabetes mellitus. These conditions are associated with exocrine as well as endocrine pancreatic failure and present a complex management challenge. Diabetes in patients with haemochromatosis is associated with micro- and macrovascular complications and most patients require insulin therapy. Regular venesection to reduce the iron overload is associated with improvements in glycaemic control. Secondary haemochromatosis occurring in patients with haematological conditions requiring frequent blood transfusions is also associated with diabetes. Diabetes secondary to pancreatic disease is commonly seen and can present complex management problems which are best managed by a multidisciplinary team. Treating the underlying condition, as well as the associated hyperglycaemia, is essential.
Diabetes Secondary to Endocrine Disorders
Authors: Tomlinson Jeremy W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with a variety of endocrine conditions affecting the pituitary, adrenal, and thyroid glands. It may occur as a consequence of hormonal excess (or less commonly deficiency) which interferes with either the secretion and/or the action of insulin. Diabetes is often diagnosed as part of the diagnostic work-up during an oral glucose tolerance test when glucose excursions can be measured alongside assessing the ability of a glucose load to suppress growth hormone levels. These associated conditions can include acromegaly, Cushing’s disease, hypo- and hyperthyroid, hyperaldosteronism, phaeochromocytoma, somatostatinoma, and glucagonoma.
While the principles of management may not differ (and include treating the underling endocrine disease), the fundamental importance lies in making the diagnosis so that appropriate treatment can be instigated without delay.
Type 2 Diabetes and Psychiatry
Authors: Calcia Marilia , Whicher Clare , Price Hermione , Ismail Khalida , Moulton Calum 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Every category of mental disorders in the World Health Organization International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision (ICD-10) is associated with type 2 diabetes. Concurrent mental disorders add an additional £1.8 billion annually to the costs of type 2 diabetes care. This chapter will summarize those mental disorders most commonly associated with type 2 diabetes (depression, eating disorders, psychotic disorders, and dementia). Practical advice for non-specialists in recognizing these disorders and initiating first-line therapy will also be given. Finally, novel interventions to achieve better integration between mental and physical healthcare and improved biomedical outcomes and outlook for patients will be suggested.
Risks of Testosterone Treatment
Authors: Dobs Adrian , Yalamanchi Swaytha 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Testosterone has been increasingly prescribed in recent years, particularly for middle-aged and older men with relatively non-specific symptoms that mimic androgen deficiency. There has thus been considerable interest in understanding the risk–benefit ratio of testosterone treatment in older men who may be particularly vulnerable to some of the adverse effects of exogenous testosterone. The exact risks and patient-important benefits are currently unknown due to lack of data from adequate randomized control trials, but some helpful inferences can be made based on available data. Erythrocytosis, the most commonly reported adverse effect of testosterone therapy, has been reported to be 3–4 times more likely in men treated with testosterone as compared to placebo; however, the form of therapy may play a role with the highest risk seen in men receiving intramuscular testosterone therapy as compared to transdermal formulations. Reassuringly, current data do not demonstrate that exogenous testosterone causes de novo or worsens mild to moderate lower urinary tract symptoms; insufficient data exist in men with severe lower urinary tract symptoms as such men have usually been excluded from testosterone trials. Testosterone has not been demonstrated to cause prostate cancer, but is not recommended presently in men who either have a history of prostate cancer or are otherwise at high risk. The effects of testosterone treatment on cardiovascular disease risk are unknown. The majority of presently available data do not suggest an increased risk, but in the absence of adequately powered randomized controlled trials, caution in men with pre-existing cardiovascular disease is recommended. Overall, further data are needed to better understand both the benefits and risks of exogenous testosterone in older men.
Black hole mergers in compact star clusters and massive black hole formation beyond the mass gap
Authors: Rizzuto Francesco Paolo , Naab Thorsten , Spurzem Rainer , Arca-Sedda Manuel , Giersz Mirek , Ostriker Jeremiah Paul , Banerjee Sambaran 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
We present direct N-body simulations, carried out with nbody6+ + gpu, of young and compact low-metallicity (Z = 0.0002) star clusters with 1.1 × 105 stars, a velocity dispersion of ∼15 $\mathrm{km\, s^{-1}}$, a half-mass radius Rh = 0.6 pc, and a binary fraction of $10{{\ \rm per\,cent}}$ including updated evolution models for stellar winds and (pulsation) pair-instability supernovae (PSNe). Within the first tens of megayears, each cluster hosts several black hole (BH) merger events which nearly cover the complete mass range of primary and secondary BH masses for current LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA gravitational wave detections. The importance of gravitational recoil is estimated statistically during post-processing analysis. We present possible formation paths of massive BHs above the assumed lower PSN mass-gap limit ($45\, {\rm M}_\odot$) into the intermediate-mass black hole (IMBH) regime ($\gt 100\, {\rm M}_\odot$) which include collisions of stars, BHs, and the direct collapse of stellar merger remnants with low core masses. The stellar evolution updates result in the early formation of heavier stellar BHs compared to the previous model. The resulting higher collision rates with massive stars support the rapid formation of massive BHs. For models assuming a high accretion efficiency for star–BH mergers, we present a first-generation formation scenario for GW190521-like events: a merger of two BHs which reached the PSN mass-gap merging with massive stars. This event is independent of gravitational recoil and therefore conceivable in dense stellar systems with low escape velocities. One simulated cluster even forms an IMBH binary (153, 173 M⊙) which is expected to merge within a Hubble time.
Dark and luminous mass components of Omega Centauri from stellar kinematics
Authors: Evans Addy J , Strigari Louis E , Zivick Paul 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
We combine proper motion data from Gaia EDR3 and HST with line-of-sight velocity data to study the stellar kinematics of the ω Cen globular cluster. Using a steady-state, axisymmetric dynamical model, we measure the distribution of both the dark and luminous mass components. Assuming both Gaussian and Navarro–Frenk–White mass profiles, depending on the data set, we measure an integrated mass of ≲106 M⊙ within the ω Cen half-light radius for a dark component that is distinct from the luminous stellar component. For the HST and radial velocity data, models with a non-luminous mass component are strongly statistically preferred relative to a stellar mass-only model with a constant mass-to-light ratio. While a compact core of stellar remnants may account for a dynamical mass up to ∼5 × 105 M⊙, they likely cannot explain the higher end of the range. This leaves open the possibility that this non-luminous dynamical mass component comprises non-baryonic dark matter. In comparison to the dark matter distributions around dwarf spheroidal galaxies, the ω Cen dark mass component is much more centrally concentrated. Interpreting the non-luminous mass distribution as particle dark matter, we use these results to obtain the J-factor, which sets the sensitivity to the annihilation cross-section. For the data sets considered, the range of median J-factors is ∼1022−1024 GeV2 cm−5, which is larger than that obtained for any dwarf spheroidal galaxy.
The Slowing Rate of CpG Depletion in SARS-CoV-2 Genomes Is Consistent with Adaptations to the Human Host
Authors: Kumar Akhil , Goyal Nishank , Saranathan Nandhini , Dhamija Sonam , Saraswat Saurabh , Menon Manoj B , Vivekanandan Perumal 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Depletion of CpG dinucleotides in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) genomes has been linked to virus evolution, host-switching, virus replication, and innate immune responses. Temporal variations, if any, in the rate of CpG depletion during virus evolution in the host remain poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the CpG content of over 1.4 million full-length SARS-CoV-2 genomes representing over 170 million documented infections during the first 17 months of the pandemic. Our findings suggest that the extent of CpG depletion in SARS-CoV-2 genomes is modest. Interestingly, the rate of CpG depletion is highest during early evolution in humans and it gradually tapers off, almost reaching an equilibrium; this is consistent with adaptations to the human host. Furthermore, within the coding regions, CpG depletion occurs predominantly at codon positions 2-3 and 3-1. Loss of ZAP (Zinc-finger antiviral protein)-binding motifs in SARS-CoV-2 genomes is primarily driven by the loss of the terminal CpG within the motifs. Nonetheless, majority of the CpG depletion in SARS-CoV-2 genomes occurs outside ZAP-binding motifs. SARS-CoV-2 genomes selectively lose CpGs-motifs from a U-rich context; this may help avoid immune recognition by TLR7. SARS-CoV-2 alpha-, beta-, and delta-variants of concern have reduced CpG content compared to sequences from the beginning of the pandemic. In sum, we provide evidence that the rate of CpG depletion in virus genomes is not uniform and it greatly varies over time and during adaptations to the host. This work highlights how temporal variations in selection pressures during virus adaption may impact the rate and the extent of CpG depletion in virus genomes.
Root-specific Reduction of Cytokinin Perception Enhances Shoot Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Monden Kota , Kojima Mikiko , Takebayashi Yumiko , Suzuki Takamasa , Nakagawa Tsuyoshi , Sakakibara Hitoshi , Hachiya Takushi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Previous studies suggest that root-derived cytokinins (CKs) contribute to shoot growth via long-distance transport; therefore, we hypothesized that an increase in root-derived CKs enhances shoot growth. To verify this, we grafted Arabidopsis Col-0 (wild type, WT) scion onto rootstock originated from WT or a double-knockout mutant of CK receptors Arabidopsis histidine kinase 2 (AHK2) and AHK3 (ahk2-5 ahk3-7; ahk23) because this mutant overaccumulates CKs in the body probably due to feedback homeostasis regulation. The grafted plants (scion/rootstock: WT/WT and WT/ahk23) were grown in vermiculite pots or solid media for vegetative growth and biochemical analysis. The root-specific deficiency of AHK2 and AHK3 increased root concentrations of trans-zeatin (tZ)-type and N6-(Δ2-isopentenyl) adenine (iP)-type CKs, induced CK biosynthesis genes and repressed CK degradation genes in the root. The WT/ahk23 plants had significantly larger shoot weight, rosette diameter and leaves area than did the WT/WT plants. Shoot concentrations of tZ-type CKs showed increasing trends in the WT/ahk23 plants. Moreover, the root-specific deficiency of AHK2 and AHK3 enhanced shoot growth in the WT scion more strongly than in the ahk23 scion, suggesting that shoot growth enhancement could occur through increased shoot perception of CKs. In the WT/ahk23 shoots compared with the WT/WT shoots, however, induction of most of CK-inducible response regulator genes was not statistically significant. Thus we suggest that the root-specific reduction of CK perception enhances shoot growth only partly by increasing the amount of root-derived tZ-type CKs and their perception by shoots. The unknown mechanism(s) distinct from CK signaling would also be involved in the shoot growth enhancement.
Correlates of gambling and gambling problems among Rhode Island young adults: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Noel Jonathan K , Rosenthal Samantha R , Sammartino Cara J 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Numerous states in the USA have legalized sports betting due to recent legal decisions by the US Supreme Court. Here, sociodemographic correlates of current gambling and specific gambling activities associated with symptoms of gambling problems were identified.

Methods
Cross-sectional data were obtained from the 2020 Rhode Island Young Adult Survey (RIYAS). RIYAS participants (n = 540) were a convenience sample of 18 to 25 year olds who lived in Rhode Island for at least part of 2020. Data were collected from May to October 2020. Four gambling activities were assessed (i.e. sports betting; betting on races; gaming tables at a casino; poker machines at a casino). Logistic regression models assessed main effects.

Results
22.4% engaged in one or more gambling activities. 11.5% of participants had any gambling problems. Odds of gambling activities were higher among men; Black, Indigenous, People of Color; older young adults; and essential workers. Odds of gambling problems were 2.4 times higher among participants who engaged with sports betting.

Conclusions
Gambling activities are common among several population subgroups, and participation in sports betting may be a risk factor for the development of problem gambling. Comprehensive prevention policies are needed.
The Theatre of Entrepreneurship: Learning to Perform the Speculative Self in University Entrepreneurship Programs
Authors: Chen Victor Tan , Goldstein Jesse 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
How do colleges teach students to be entrepreneurial? For three years, we observed young entrepreneurs, most of them students at Virginia Commonwealth University. Drawing from interviews with 57 students and recent graduates and observations of entrepreneurship-related events, we argue that entrepreneurial training encourages students to embrace a future-oriented and relational form of human capital. This speculative self (1) requires a performed authenticity that conveys the individual’s passion and relatability; (2) emphasizes potential for scalability and growth; and (3) is oriented toward the expectations of investors. Much of this work happens through the performance of the startup pitch, a well-crafted narrative of personal and commercial awakening. This study highlights three aspects of entrepreneurship training. First, students are encouraged to pitch continuously, the pitch serving as a means of affirming one’s entrepreneurial identity. Second, students are trained to convey their devotion to their venture through a relatable narrative. Third, students learn to pitch for investors interested in their potential to become an investment with rapid market growth. This performance is not limited to university entrepreneurship programs, but speaks to a broader transformation of the ways that workers are asked to demonstrate their value to a world unsure about whether they are a worthwhile investment.
Hepatitis A Seroprevalence in Mogadishu, Somalia
Authors: Akbulut Ulas Emre , Arslan Ebubekir 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
The hepatitis A virus (HAV) is the most frequent global causes of vaccine-preventable viral hepatitis. Since Somalia is regarded as highly endemic for hepatitis A, the hepatitis A vaccine was not included in the World Health Organization’s expanded immunization program. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of hepatitis A infection in the Somalia capital, Mogadishu.

Methods
The serological results of 1153 individuals presenting to the Mogadishu Training and Research Hospital between January 2019 and January 2021 were examined retrospectively to evaluate the presence of anti-HAV IgG and IgM. The seroprevalence of anti-HAV IgG and IgM was analyzed on the basis of age and sex. The seroprevalence of anti-HAV IgG was also compared among the 11-year age group.

Findings
The seroprevalence of anti-HAV IgG and IgM did not vary significantly between the sexes. Overall, the seroprevalence of anti-HAV IgG was 67.6%. The percentage of seropositivity for anti-HAV IgG was highest in adults aged ≥41 years (88.9%) and lowest in children aged 1–2 years (29.4%). Estimated age at midpoint of population immunity was 5 years which is compatible high endemicity. In addition, a significant rate of hepatitis A infection was also observed in the adolescent age group.

Conclusions
This study confirms the high HAV endemicity in Mogadishu. These data will be useful towards planning preventive and control measures by improving the sanitation programs in Mogadishu. Furthermore, prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings and evaluate urban–rural heterogeneity.