bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Canadian–US dollar exchange rate over the four decades of the post‐Bretton Woods float: An econometric study allowing for structural breaks
Authors: Kurita Takamitsu , James Patrick 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to establish a theory‐consistent econometric model for the Canadian–US dollar exchange rate over the post‐Bretton Woods floating period, 1975–2021. In pursuing the objective, this paper reviews Canadian history in the context of major political events, bearing in mind the importance of oil for the Canadian economy, and it also assigns importance to allowing for structural breaks in the early 1980s and 2000s observed in the data. The overall empirical results support the fundamental‐based view of the long‐run exchange rate determination. This study also examines long‐run and short‐run influences of oil prices on the exchange rate dynamics because of the anticipated significant role for the US–Canada dyad.
Normality, safety and knowledge
Authors: Valaris Markos 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRecent epistemology has seen a striking rise in interest in the notion of normality, including in the analysis of justified belief, defeasible reasoning, and knowledge. In the analysis of knowledge in particular, normality has been used to support modal analyses of knowledge, according to which knowledge is safely true belief. In this paper, I sound a note of caution regarding this proposal. As I will argue, the counterexamples that originally seemed to threaten the safety analysis of knowledge in its more traditional formulations have natural counterparts that continue to threaten the newer, normality‐based formulations. Moreover, these reformulated counterexamples seem to exploit structural features of the notion of normality itself, rather than one or another particular conception of normality.
Exploring the geographical distribution of human cryptosporidiosis in Southern Ontario from 2011 to 2014
Authors: Nwosu Andrea , Berke Olaf , Trotz‐Williams Lise A. , Pearl David L 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCryptosporidium is a protozoan parasite of increasing global public health concern because of its ability to cause disease in both humans and animals through contaminated food and water supplies. In Canada, most human cryptosporidiosis cases are due to Cryptosporidium hominis; however, the presence of zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum has been observed. Since 2005, the incidence of cryptosporidiosis in Ontario has been consistently higher than the national average; however, it is not understood why, suggesting an incomplete understanding of the pathogen's ecology, epidemiology and transmission pathways. The goal of this study was to explore the spatial distribution of human cryptosporidiosis across the 29 Public Health Unit (PHU) areas of Southern Ontario from 2011 to 2014. Surveillance data on human cryptosporidiosis were obtained from Public Health Ontario. Choropleth and isopleth maps were used to display the distribution of incidence rates of human cryptosporidiosis. High‐rate clusters of human cryptosporidiosis were identified. Poisson and spatial Poisson regression models were used to determine the relationship between the incidence of human cryptosporidiosis, cattle density and the smoothed farm‐level prevalence of bovine cryptosporidiosis at the PHU level. The annual incidence of reported human cryptosporidiosis in Southern Ontario ranged from 1.62 (95% CI: 1.41–1.86) to 1.82 (95%CI: 1.60–2.06) cases per 100,000 population, with an overall cumulative incidence of 6.91 (95%CI: 6.47–7.39) cases per 100,000 for the 4‐year study period. High‐risk clusters of human cryptosporidiosis were identified in each year. The relative risk for the clusters ranged from 2.03 (95% CI: 1.63–2.55) to 6.87 (95% CI: 5.07–9.30). A relationship was found between the incidence of cryptosporidiosis and dairy cattle density. Based on this study, the Central West region would be an ideal ecological system to conduct further targeted surveillance to identify factors that may be contributing to the higher burden of cryptosporidiosis in the human and bovine populations in the region.
No hay Humanidad sin Mujeres
Authors: Pozzolo Susanna 
Published: March 2022

El derecho de igualdad es afirmado por cada constitución contemporánea, sin embargo siguen profundas la desigualdades en nuestras sociedades y entre estas la más radical se encuentra con la marginalización de las mujeres. El artículo propone unas reflexiones analizando unas raíces de esta subyugación y mirando a cómo transformar el derecho para que las mujeres sean realmente incluidas.
Restrição de Conteúdo e Impusionamento: Como a Justiça Eleitoral Vem Construindo Sua Estratégia de Controle
Authors: Silveira Marilda de Paula , Fernandes Leal Amanda 
Published: March 2022

O presente artigo busca analisar como a Justiça Eleitoral brasileira vêm onstruindo sua estratégia de controle de conteúdo e restrição nas regras de impulsionamento da propaganda eleitoral. A análise parte da coleta de julgados relativos às eleições gerais de 2018 e tem como hipótese que o controle de conteúdo no contexto do processo eleitoral brasileiro impõe severas limitações à liberdade de expressão que podem dificultar o ingresso de entrantes, favorecendo a manutenção do status quo. Em que pese a regulação geral do contexto confirme a hipótese, a coleta jurisprudencial revela conclusão diversa: especificamente quanto à propaganda na Internet, o Tribunal Superior Eleitoral adota posicionamento defensivo da liberdade de expressão e impõe restrição apenas em hipóteses consideradas limítrofes.
Efficient Uncertainty Quantification and Sensitivity Analysis on the Aerothermal Performance of Turbine Blade Squealer Tip
Authors: Huang Ming , Li Zhigang , Li Jun , Song Liming 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
It is important to accurately estimate the impact of flow and geometric variations for engineering design and manufacture. In this paper, an efficient uncertainty quantification analysis framework based on the combination of Universal Kriging (UK) metamodels and sparse Polynomial Chaos Expansion (PCE) is proposed. A challenging analytical test function and an engineering test are considered to investigate the response performance of the UK-PCE method. Then, this method was applied to the uncertainty quantification on the aerodynamic and heat transfer performance of GE-E3 rotor blade squealer tip. Meanwhile, a global parameter sensitivity analysis using the Sobol Indice method is carried out to identify the key parameters for the aerothermal performance of the squealer tip. Wherein, the inlet total temperature is considered as flow condition uncertainty parameters and tip clearance and cavity depth are considered as geometrical uncertainty parameters. The results show that the UK-PCE method reduces the computational cost by more than 70% in comparison to the typical PCE method. Under the influence of the uncertain geometry and operating conditions, the heat flux of the squealer tip basically conforms to the normal distribution and the statistical mean value of it increased by 5.32% relative to the design value and the probability of it deviating from the design value by 5% is as high as 44.62%. The result of sensitivity analysis reveals that the uncertainty of the aerodynamic characteristics of the squealer tip is almost entirely caused by the tip clearance which accounts for 90.31% and 98.77% of the variance of the leakage flow rate and total pressure loss coefficient. And it is also a key variable for the uncertainty of the heat transfer performance considering that its variance indexes for tip heat flux and blade heat flux are 31.23% and 73.14%, respectively. Finally, the influence mechanisms of the uncertainty parameters on the aerothermal performance of the squealer tip are investigated by detailed flow and thermal field analysis.
Modeling and Multi-Objective Optimization of a Miniature Refrigeration System
Authors: Moctezuma-Hernández J. A. , Belman-Flores J. M. , Soria-Alcaraz J. A. , Espinal-Jiménez A. , Rubio-Maya C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this study, the development of a physical model for a miniature refrigeration system is presented. The model is based on physical foundations and the incorporation of information provided in the manufacturers’ catalogs. The model is able to adequately predict the energy behavior of the refrigeration system, showing a maximum error of 10% in comparison with the experimental information found in the literature. Thus, the model is used to perform a multi-objective optimization by comparing two algorithms, nondominated storing genetic algorithm II and multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm. For this purpose, three scenarios are proposed whose objective functions involve parameters such as coefficient of performance, compressor discharge temperature, energy consumption, and refrigerant mass flowrate. The decision variables are the evaporation and condensation temperatures, the rotational speed of the compressor, and the degrees of subcooling and superheating. Thus, an overview of the optimal operating conditions that represent the best energy performance of the refrigeration system is provided.
Transgenerational sublethal effects of spiromesifen on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and on its phytoseiid predator Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Rajaee Fahimeh , Maroofpour Nariman , Ghane-Jahromi Mojtaba , Sedaratian-Jahromi Amin , Narciso Carvalho Guedes Raul 
Published: March 2022

One of the farmers' significant challenges is controlling mites and preventing their damage, especially the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae. Meanwhile, the insecticides introduced for controlling T. urticae need to be investigated for direct and indirect effects. This study investigated the low concentrations (LC10 and LC30) impacts of spiromesifen on the life table parameters of T. urticae and its natural enemy, Neoseiulus californicus. The results indicate that spiromesifen caused significant effects on all parameters of the T. urticae life table through successive generations. The insecticide also had significant effects on N. californicus life table parameters. Therefore, spiromesifen was effective against successive generations of T. urticae, but we caution against its use under incidence of N. californicus.
Episodic massive release of methane during the mid-Cretaceous greenhouse
Authors: Chang Biao , Huang Junhua , Algeo Thomas J. , Pancost Richard D. , Wan Xiaoqiao , Xue Yunsong , Jia Jianzhong , Wang Zhou , Hu Jun , Wang Jiasheng , Wang Sheng , Wu Jiaqi , Xie Shucheng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Methane-derived carbonates (MDCs) are common along modern and ancient continental margins, and the majority of such formations are associated with seafloor cold seeps. Here, we document petrographic, rare earth element + yttrium (REE + Y), carbonate clumped isotope temperature (TΔ47), and carbon-isotopic evidence from a shale succession in southern Tibet spanning a ~28 m.y. interval (ca. 113–85 Ma) that coincided with the mid-Cretaceous greenhouse event. At least nine limestone nodule-bearing horizons exhibit seep-associated sedimentary structures, including carbonate fabrics (e.g., micritic crusts, crystal fans, and botryoidal textures) and 13C-depleted isotopic compositions (δ13Ccarb &lt; –32.3‰), which are indicative of methane-derived carbon sources. Along with sedimentary evidence, the patterns of TΔ47–δ13Ccarb–δ18Ocarb support precipitation of these MDCs over a large temperature range. The REE + Y compositions and europium (Eu) anomalies indicate that the release of methane was associated with hydrothermal fluids. Methane may have been derived from both thermogenic and biogenic sources based on the inorganic carbon isotopic signatures of the carbonate. These nodular carbonate horizons document multiple episodes of seafloor methane release during the mid-Cretaceous and represent exceptionally long-lived, active methane seepage. Massive methane release events may have played a role in generating the greenhouse climate of the mid-Cretaceous.
Resolution of outer retinal abnormalities in eyes with vitreomacular traction without macular hole in the OASIS trial
Authors: Thomas Akshay S , Duchateau Luc , Kozma-Wiebe Petra , Jaffe Glenn 
Published: March 2022

Background/aimsTo describe the clinical impact of external limiting membrane (ELM) disruption, ellipsoid zone (EZ) disruption and subretinal fluid (SRF) seen on optical coherence tomography (OCT) in eyes with vitreomacular traction (VMT) without macular hole (MH) in the Ocriplasmin for Treatment for Symptomatic Vitreomacular Adhesion Including Macular Hole study.MethodsPhase 3b randomised double-blind sham-controlled multicentre study including 144 eyes with VMT without MH. Eyes were randomised to receive a single intravitreal injection of ocriplasmin or sham injection and were followed for 24 months. Eyes were analysed for presence, course and clinical impact of ELM disruption, EZ disruption and SRF on OCT.ResultsELM disruption, EZ disruption and SRF were present in 32.6%, 52.2% and 45.8% of ocriplasmin-treated eyes and 39.6%, 42.6% and 37.5% of sham-treated eyes at baseline. VMT resolution was associated with resolution of ELM and EZ disruption and SRF. A small number of eyes had persistent ELM disruption, EZ disruption and/or SRF at the seventh visit or later (17 months or later) following medical or surgical VMT resolution. Resolution of ELM disruption, EZ disruption and/or SRF was associated with an improvement of visual acuity from baseline. Following VMT resolution, ELM recovery usually preceded EZ recovery and SRF resolution.ConclusionsELM disruption, EZ disruption and/or SRF are present in a significant percentage of eyes with VMT without MH. Release of VMT is usually associated with outer retinal recovery and an associated improvement in visual acuity. ELM recovery typically precedes EZ recovery and SRF resolution following VMT release.
Characterising the health and social care segment of the BCS (The Chartered Institute for IT) membership and their continuing professional development needs
Authors: MacLure Katie , MacLure Andrew , Levy Sharon , Dearing Wendy 
Published: March 2022

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to identify and characterise the health and social care membership of the British Computer Society (BCS), an international informatics professional organisation, and to determine their ongoing development needs.MethodsA prepiloted online survey included items on professional regulatory body, job role, work sector, qualifications, career stage, BCS membership (type, specialist group/branch activity (committees, event attendance)), use of BCS.org career planning/continuing professional development (CPD) tools, self-reported digital literacy and other professional registrations. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics in JASP V.0.9.2 to report frequencies and correlations.ResultsResponses were received from 152 participants. Most were male (n=103; 68%), aged 50–59 years (n=41; 28%), working in England (n=107; 71%) with master’s or honours degrees (n=80; 53%). Most were either new (5 years or less; n=61; 40%) or long-term members (21 years or more; n=43; 28%) of BCS. Most were not interested in health specialist groups (n=57; 38%) preferring non-health specialist groups such as information management (n=54; 37%) and project management (n=52; 34%).DiscussionThis is the first paper to characterise the health and social care membership of an IT-focused professional body and to start to determine their CPD needs. There are further challenges ahead in curating the content and delivery.ConclusionThis study is the starting point from which members’ CPD needs, and ongoing interest, in being recognised as health and social care professional members, can be acknowledged and explored. Further research is planned with the participants who volunteered to be part of designing future CPD content and delivery.
Over-the-counter provision of emergency contraceptive pills: a systematic review
Authors: Atkins Kaitlyn , Kennedy Caitlin E , Yeh Ping Teresa , Narasimhan Manjulaa 
Published: March 2022

ObjectiveTo synthesise evidence around over-the-counter (OTC) emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs) to expand the evidence base on self-care interventions.DesignSystematic review (PROSPERO# CRD42021231625).Eligibility criteriaWe included publications comparing OTC or pharmacy-access ECP with prescription-only ECPs and measuring ECP uptake, correct use, unintended pregnancy, abortion, sexual practices/behaviour, self-efficacy and side-effects/harms. We also reviewed studies assessing values/preferences and costs of OTC ECPs.Data sourcesWe searched PubMed, CINAL, LILACS, EMBASE, clinicaltrials.gov, WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, Pan African Clinical Trials Registry, Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, Cochrane Fertility Regulation and International Consortium for Emergency Contraception through 2 December 2020.Risk of biasFor trials, we used Cochrane Collaboration’s tool for assessing risk of bias; for other studies, we used the Evidence Project risk of bias tool.Data extraction and synthesisWe summarised data in duplicate using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Evidence Profile tables, reporting findings by study design and outcome. We qualitatively synthesised values/preferences and cost data.ResultsWe included 19 studies evaluating effectiveness of OTC ECP, 56 on values/preferences and 3 on costs. All studies except one were from high-income and middle-income settings. Broadly, there were no differences in overall ECP use, pregnancy or sexual behaviour, but an increase in timely ECP use, when comparing OTC or pharmacy ECP to prescription-only ECP groups. Studies showed similar/lower abortion rates in areas with pharmacy availability of ECPs. Users and providers generally supported OTC ECPs; decisions for use were influenced by privacy/confidentiality, convenience, and cost. Three modelling studies found pharmacy-access ECPs would lower health sector costs.ConclusionOTC ECPs are feasible and acceptable. They may increase access to and timely use of effective contraception. Existing evidence suggests OTC ECPs do not substantively change reproductive health outcomes. Future studies should examine OTC ECP’s impacts on user costs, among key subgroups and in low-resource settings.
Association between control status of blood pressure and frailty among middle-aged and older adults with hypertension in China: a longitudinal study
Authors: Shen Feifei , Chen Jiangyun , Yang Ruijing , Yang Jun , Li Haomiao 
Published: March 2022

ObjectiveTo assess the association between blood pressure (BP) control and frailty among middle-aged and older populations with hypertension in China from 2013 to 2018.DesignProspective longitudinal study.SettingThis study analysed data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, a nationally representative survey administered in 28 provinces of China.ParticipantsA total of 3254 participants diagnosed with hypertension previous to 2013 were taken into analysis. 1932 participants who were not frail in 2013 were enrolled to calculate relative risk.Outcome measuresThe frailty score was constructed following Rookwood’s Cumulative deficit frailty index, with a score >0.25 defined as frailty (outcome variable). The self-reported status of BP control (exposure variable) represented the general status of the participant’s BP level. A fixed-effects model was used to analyse the association between BP control and frailty. A Cox proportional hazard model was further used to further calculate the relative risk of frailty for different BP control levels.ResultsThe fixed-effects model showed that compared with well-controlled BP, poorly controlled BP exhibited a positive association with frailty score (β=0.015; 95% CI 0.011 to 0.019; p<0.001). The Cox proportional hazard model also revealed a higher risk of frailty in the poorly controlled group (HR=1.96; 95% CI 1.49 to 2.56; p<0.001). Based on subgroup analyses, poorly controlled BP was positively associated with frailty in respondents aged <60 years old (fix-effects model: β=0.015, p=0.021; Cox model: HR=2.25, p<0.001), but not significant among those aged ≥75 years old.ConclusionsWe provide new evidence of a negative association between BP control and frailty risk, but the findings differ among different age groups. Individualised strategies for BP management should be developed, especially for older hypertension patients.
Impact of the implementation of the WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist on essential birth practices and adverse events in two Brazilian hospitals: a before and after study
Authors: Sousa Kelienny de Meneses , Saturno-Hernández Pedro Jesús , Rosendo Tatyana Maria Silva de Souza , Freitas Marise Reis de , Molina Rose L , Medeiros Wilton Rodrigues , Silva Edna Marta Mendes da , Gama Zenewton André da Silva 
Published: March 2022

ObjectiveThe WHO Safe Childbirth Checklist (SCC) is a promising initiative for safety in childbirth care, but the evidence about its impact on clinical outcomes is limited. This study analysed the impact of SCC on essential birth practices (EBPs), obstetric complications and adverse events (AEs) in hospitals of different profiles.DesignQuasi-experimental, time-series study and pre/post intervention.SettingTwo hospitals in North-East Brazil, one at a tertiary level (H1) and another at a secondary level (H2).Participants1440 women and their newborns, excluding those with congenital malformations.InterventionsThe implementation of the SCC involved its cross-cultural adaptation, raising awareness with videos and posters, learning sessions about the SCC and auditing and feedback on adherence indicators.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSimple and composite indicators related to seven EBPs, 3 complications and 10 AEs were monitored for 1 year, every 2 weeks, totalling 1440 observed deliveries.ResultsThe checklist was adopted in 83.3% (n=300) of deliveries in H1 and in 33.6% (n=121) in H2. The hospital with the highest adoption rate for SCC (H1) showed greater adherence to EBPs (improvement of 50.9%;p<0.001) and greater reduction in clinical outcome indicators compared with its baseline: percentage of deliveries with severe complications (reduction of 30.8%;p=0.005); Adverse Outcome Index (reduction of 25.6%;p=0.049); Weighted Adverse Outcome Score (reduction of 39.5%;p<0.001); Severity Index (reduction of 18.4%;p<0.001). In H2, whose adherence to the SCC was lower, there was an improvement of 24.7% compared with before SCC implementation in the composite indicator of EBPs (p=0.002) and a reduction of 49.2% in severe complications (p=0.027), but there was no significant reduction in AEs.ConclusionsA multifaceted SCC-based intervention can be effective in improving adherence to EBPs and clinical outcomes in childbirth. The context and adherence to the SCC seem to modulate its impact, working better in a hospital of higher complexity.