bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth of Chrysanthemum Using an Irrigation System Controlled by Soil Moisture Tension
Authors: Lieth J. H. , Burger D. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chrysanthemum × morifolium Ramat. cv. Polaris plants were grown in containers using an irrigation system based either on time (5 min/day) or on soil moisture tensions of −1.5, −3.5, −7.5, and −15 kPa. Soil moisture tensions of −7.5 or −15 kPa caused significant reductions over the time-based treatment in fresh and dry weights of leaves, stems, and inflorescences and total leaf area, but had no influence on inflorescence diameter or cropping time. Stem length was reduced in those plants exposed to the two higher tensions; however, the resulting cut flowers were still long enough to satisfy commercial demands. The amount of water applied in tension-based treatments was 8% to 24% that applied in the time-based treatment. The −1.5- and −3.5-kPa treatments were best suited for minimizing water use while maintaining high crop productivity.
Supplementary Lighting and Rooting of Three Cultivars of Small Rhododendrons
Authors: French Christopher J. , Alsbury James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Night-break lighting using low irradiance incandescent lamps (INC) from 2000 to 0400 hr stimulated rooting of Rhododendron ‘Thomwilliams’ (R. thomsonii × R. williamsianum), R. ‘Pink Bountiful’ (R. williamsianum × ‘Linswegeanum’), and R. ‘Sonata’ (R. ‘Purple Splendour’ × R. dicroanthum) when applied during spring propagation (February to June). INC stimulated rooting of ‘Thomwilliams’ and ‘Sonata’, but had no effect on ‘Pink Bountiful’ in the fall (September to January). Supplementary irradiance during the day from high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS) had little effect on rooting in spring. In the fall, HPS stimulated rooting of ‘Pink Bountiful’ and ‘Sonata’, but had no effect on ‘Thomwilliams’. For all cultivars, INC was less effective in stimulating rooting when applied with HPS. A night break of 8 hr was more effective than one of 4 hr in stimulating rooting of ‘Thomwilliams’. INC stimulated initial rooting and did not increase root growth.
Growing Green Ash and Red Oak in CuCO3-treated Containers Increases Root Regeneration and Shoot Growth Following Transplant
Authors: Arnold Michael A. , Struve Daniel K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Control of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) and red oak (Quercus rubra L.) root growth in containers treated with CuCO3 and its effects on root regeneration following transplant were studied. Root elongation was controlled by applying 100 g CuCO3/liter of flat-white exterior acrylic latex paint to the interior surfaces of plastic containers. Plants grown in CuCO3-treated containers did not require root-pruning, whereas root-pruning was required to correct root deformations of plants grown in untreated containers. Root pruning removed up to 37% of root dry weight. When plants grown in CuCO3-treated containers were transplanted to 45.6-liter containers, root dry weight beyond the original root ball was greater than that of root-pruned seedlings transplanted from untreated containers. Seedlings transplanted from CuCO3-treated containers to field plots in July, August, or September showed enhanced shoot growth for two growing seasons compared with root-pruned control seedlings. Seedlings transplanted from CuCO3-treated containers appeared to suffer less stress than root-pruned control seedlings transplanted on the same date. Green ash seedlings transplanted in July had greater shoot growth than those transplanted in August and September over two growing seasons.
Pretransplant Treatments of N and P Influence Growth and Elemental Accumulation in Tomato Seedlings
Authors: Widders Irvin E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings, cultured under a moderately low mineral nutrient regime, were fertilized with 4 to 28 mm N and 0.5 to 8 mm P solutions for up to 10 days before transplanting into the field. The high N solution drenches (16 and 28 mm N) promoted accelerated seedling growth, higher relative growth rates during the initial 5 days after field setting, and an increased net accumulation of N and P in the shoot following transplanting into the field. Pretransplant treatments with P did not result in a shoot growth response. The total P concentrations and contents in shoot tissues, however, were significantly higher in the seedlings treated with 4 or 8 mm P than in those receiving 0.5 mm P. Since the rates of P uptake and accumulation in the shoot relative to shoot biomass were enhanced by both the N and P pretransplant treatments, root initiation and growth may have been stimulated.
Inheritance and Isozyme Diversity for GPI and PGM among Grape Cultivars
Authors: Parfitt Dan E. , Arulsekar S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf isozymes of 145 cultivars of grapes (Vitis vinifera L. and Vitis spp.) were separated via starch gel electrophoresis. They could be separated into 52 groups using glucosephosphate isomerase (GPI) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM) isozymes. Twenty-four cultivars had unique combinations of isozyme patterns. Two loci, Gpi-2 and Pgm-2, were identified and shown to be simply inherited with multiple alleles at each locus. The mean heterozygosity for the two loci (Gpi-2 and Pgm-2) among all the cultivars was 57.5%, indicating a high level of genetic variability among these cultivars. Indirect evidence for expressed linked lethal alleles was demonstrated by the missing classes in Gpi-2 and Pgm-2 segregation ratios (1:2:0 ratios) in several selfed progeny families. Chemical name used: methyl[1-(methylethyl)-1H-benzimidazol-2-y]-carbamate (benomyl).
Delayed Light Emission as a Means of Predicting Papaya Susceptibility to Fruit Fly Infestation
Authors: Forbus W. R. , Chan T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Papayas (Carica papaya L.) at seven stages of maturity were harvested in Hawaii and evaluated for differences in intensity of delayed light emission (DLE) and Hunter ‘b’ values. There was a high correlation (r = −0.92) between DLE intensity and Hunter ‘b’ values for freshly harvested papayas at seven stages of maturity. DLE has a high potential as a rapid screening technique for detecting papays that are ripe enough to be susceptible to fruit fly infestation.
Rowcover Material and Time of Application and Removal Affect Ripening and Yield of Strawberries
Authors: Pritts Marvin P. , Worden Kathleen A. , Eames-Sheavly Marcia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of time of application and removal of straw, clear polyethylene, black polyethylene, polypropylene, and polypropylene–polyamid rowcovers were measured for ‘Earliglow’ and ‘Allstar’ strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). There was no consistent effect of date of autumn application on yield or fruit size for the polypropylene cover. All winter-applied rowcovers resulted in improved yields relative to uncovered plots, although this difference was not always significant. When applied during early spring, opaque materials reduced yields up to 46% and delayed fruiting as much as 3 days, while some translucent materials enhanced yields as much as 94% and accelerated harvest by 8 days compared to uncovered strawberries. Covering with translucent materials during both winter and spring had even stronger positive effects, with ‘Earliglow’ being more responsive. With translucent rowcovers, the time of removal had a greater effect on production and fruit size than rowcover type. Optimal removal dates differed for rowcover type and cultivar. For a short period of time in early spring, rowcovers apparently provide an environment favorable for flower development.
Modeling Row Cover Effects on Microclimate and Yield: II. Thermal Model and Simulations
Authors: Albright L. D. , Wolfe D. , Novak S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An analytical model is described that predicts air and soil temperatures under row tunnels used for early season microclimate modification for field grown vegetables and fruits. The model is time dependent and based on simultaneous solutions of thermal radiation and thermal energy balances for each component of the thermal system. The model's adequacy was tested by comparing its predictions to field data. Reasonable agreement was found considering the approximations used to determine values of required thermal parameters. Sensitivity analyses are presented to demonstrate uses of the model, and the significance of the more important thermal parameters.
Analysis of the Response of Net Photosynthesis of Rose Leaves of Varying Ages to Photosynthetically Active Radiation and Temperature
Authors: Pasian C. C. , Lieth J. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Cara Mia’ rose (Rosa hybrida L.) leaf net photosynthesis rates were measured at four leaf temperatures over a range of irradiance levels. With the four leaf ages measured, a non-rectangular hyperbola with physiologically meaningful parameters was found to adequately represent the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) responses. Maximal net photosynthetic rates exhibited a convex pattern with temperature with an optimum between 30 and 37C. The PAR compensation and saturation points both increased with temperature.
Phyllotaxy and Stage of Leaf and Fruit Development Influence Initiation and Direction of Carbohydrate Export from Sour Cherry Leaves
Authors: Kappes Ewald M. , Flore James A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of phyllotaxy and stage of leaf and fruit development on the initiation and direction of carbohydrate (CH2O) export from sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) leaves was investigated during two different seasons. One-year-old ‘Montmorency’ sour cherry trees on ‘Mahaleb’ rootstock were pruned to a single shoot, the seventh and 10th leaf (from the base) were pulsed with 14CO2, and labeled carbon products were located after 24 hr using autoradiography. In 1983, gross export (EG) from the seventh and 10th leaf was initiated when the area of the seventh leaf reached 8.5 cm2 (27% expansion) and when that of the 10th leaf reached 14 to 21 cm2 (48% to 72% expansion), respectively. EG was generally initiated later in 1985 than in 1983, for the seventh leaf later than 26 cm2 (47% expansion) and for the 10th leaf at 36 cm2 (78% expansion). Leaf size was greater at full expansion in 1985 than in 1983. On defoliated shoots, the 10th leaf (54 ± 16 cm2 full expansion) started export between 24 and 28 cm2 (44% to 52% expansion), whereas control leaves on nondefoliated shoots started export at 36 cm2 (78% expansion). We suggest that, after a leaf has developed the potential for phloem loading, the onset of CH2O export is a function of the CH2O availability in the plant at the time of leaf expansion. Translocation paths followed closely the orthostichy of the exporting leaf. Fruit effects on the direction of translocation were studied in 2-year-old trees. During stages I and III of fruit development, leaves closest to the base showed basipetal translocation only. All leaves during stage II and leaves distal to the midpoint of the shoot during stages I and III showed bidirectional translocation to the shoot apex and the fruits.
Characterization of Isozyme Variability in Apricots
Authors: Byrne David H. , Littleton Thomas G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven enzyme systems were examined in 69 apricot [Prunus armeniaca L. and P. mandshurica (Maxim.) Koehne] clones. Three enzymes (6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucose isomerase, and phosphoglucomutase) were polymorphic at five loci. Only seven clones were characterized uniquely by their isozyme phenotypes and 56% fell into two of the 15 phenotypic groups found. Isozyme variability in apricot was greater than in peach, but less than that reported in plum or almond.
Phenotypic Recurrent Selection and Heritability Estimates for Total Dissolved Solids and Sugar Type in Carrot
Authors: Stommel John R. , Simon Philipp W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five cycles of phenotypic recurrent selection for total dissolved solids and sugar type (reducing vs. nonreducing) were performed on four carrot (Daucus carota L.) populations of common background. The populations contained high or low percentage of total dissolved solids (HTDS and LTDS, respectively) with high or low levels of reducing sugar (HRS and LRS, respectively). Effective selection for total dissolved solids (TDS) and sugar type was indicated by significant gains over five cycles of selection. TDS decreased in LTDS/HRS and LTDS/LRS populations by 21.9% and 15.9%, respectively. Corresponding increases of 22.4% and 28.2% were observed in HTDS/HRS and HTDS/LRS populations. Mean reducing sugar levels in HRS roots after five cycles of selection were limited to 2.0% of root fresh weight; sucrose was the primary storage carbohydrate. Reducing sugars were not detected in LRS roots. Mean total sugar levels in the HTDS and LTDS populations were 7.1% and 3.1% of root fresh weight, respectively. Realized heritability estimates ranged from 0.40 to 0.45 for the four populations. The onset of flowering was markedly delayed in plants of the two HTDS populations after five cycles of selection.
Inbreeding, Coancestry, and Founding Clones of Japanese-type Plums of California and the Southeastern United States
Authors: Byrne David H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The mean inbreeding and coancestry coefficients of Japanese-type plums grown in California and the southeastern United States were one-half or less of those calculated for peach. The three most important founding clones for the major California cultivars were ‘Santa Rosa’, ‘Eldorado’, and ‘Gaviota’; for the plums of the southeastern United States they were ‘Methley’, ‘Santa Rosa’, and ‘Mariposa’. The species background of both groups of plums was ≈50% P. salicina, although the sources of P. salicina differed between groups. For the California cultivars, the other half was composed of P. simonii and P. americana, whereas, for the southeastern group, the major contributing species was P. cerasifera, with lesser contributions from P. simonii, P. americana, P. angustifolia, and P. munsoniana.
Optimizing Somatic Embryo Production in Mango
Authors: DeWald Stephen G. , Litz Richard E. , Moore Gloria A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Medium components and characteristics that affect the growth of embryogenic mango (Mangifera indica L.) nucellar cultures and production of somatic embryos in vitro were studied. These included the role of complex organic supplements, basal medium formulations, solidifying agents, and liquid vs. solid media. Growth of embryogenic cultures in suspension was more efficient than on solid medium; however, subculture onto solid medium was essential for high-frequency production of morphologically normal somatic embryos, and Gelrite was more effective in this respect than Difco Bacto-agar. Modified B-5 basal medium was better for maintenance of cultures and for production of morphologically normal somatic embryos than either Murashige and Skoog or Woody Plant Medium. Sucrose concentrations at 5% to 6% were optimal for somatic embryo production, and also increased the frequency of recovery of normally differentiated early heart-shaped somatic embryos. Coconut water (20%, v/v) enhanced somatic embryo production by 18%; other complex organic addenda alone or in combination with coconut water were either ineffective (casein hydrolysate) or highly inhibitory (yeast extract) in comparison with basal medium alone.
Photosynthetic Photon Flux Influences Macroelement Weight and Leaf Dry Weight per Unit of Leaf Area in Prune Tree Canopies
Authors: Weinbaum S. A. , Southwick S. M. , Shackel K. A. , Muraoka T. T. , Krueger W. , Yeager J. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relationship between canopy position and foliage concentrations of several phloem-mobile and -immobile essential nutrients was determined over a 20-fold range of average incident photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) (50 to 1000 μmol·s−1·m−2) in 7-year-old prune (Prunus domestica L., syn. ‘Prune d’Agen’) tree canopies. Mineral weight per unit of leaf area (LA) increased with increasing PPF within the canopy according to the relationship N > Ca > Mg > K > P. Dry weight per leaf area (DW/LA) increased 3-fold over the range of light exposures sampled. Leaf nutrient concentration expressed as percent dry matter (DM) did not vary with PPF. Both DW/LA and leaf N/LA appear to integrate the light microenvironment at the canopy coordinates of leaves sampled and may be correlated with photosynthetic capacity. Thus, these parameters may have diagnostic value in orchard management and crop production.
Validation of a Computer Model for a Single-truss Tomato Cropping System
Authors: McAvoy Richard J. , Janes Harry W. , Giacomelli Gene A. , Giniger Michael S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The accuracy of a computer planning model for the management of a single-truss tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) production system was tested in the greenhouse. The model was used to generate a production schedule for 24 successive crops during a 15-month study. The time, in days, required for an emerging seedling to reach anthesis and the total fresh weight fruit yield were predicted for each of the 24 crops by the planning model. Correlation analysis, used to compare the expected crop response (i.e., data generated by the planning model) to the actual crop response, indicated that both the number of days from emergence to anthesis and fresh weight fruit yield were accurately forecast, r2 = 0.76 and 0.83, respectively. More important, the cropping schedule that was generated by the planning model successfully produced a continuous harvest of tomatoes from sequential crops.
Effects of Plant Density on Growth and Biomass Partitioning in Pickling Cucumbers
Authors: Widders Irvin E. , Price Hugh C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L. cvs. Tamor and Castlepik) were direct-seeded at six plant densities (in thousands, 44, 77, 97, 121, 152, 194) using two between-row spacings (71 and 36 cm) and three within-row spacings (29, 14, and 11 cm between plants). Compared with the 29 cm within-row spacing, the 11- and 14-cm spacings resulted in significantly lower total above-ground plant dry weights, growth rates, and total leaf areas for both cultivars as early as 21 to 27 days after planting. The between-row spacing effects on plant growth were similar, but were of a lower magnitude and appeared later in plant development than for the within-row spacing effects. Leaf lamina and fruit tissue exhibited the largest reduction in tissue dry weights per plant compared to stem and petiole tissue when plant density was increased from ≈4.5 to 20 plants/m−2 (45,000 to 200,000 plants/ha). Lower fruit productivity per plant at higher plant densities resulted from fewer fruit set per plant and lower fruit : shoot ratios. Unit leaf rate (g dry weight/day per g of lamina dry weight) was not affected by plant spacing during the fruit development period. Increased densities resulted in significantly higher leaf area indexes, and vegetative and total above-ground dry weights/m−2. Total fruit yield with a single harvest did not increase above ≈77,000 plants/ha for both cultivars. A high correlation (r = 0.877) between leaf lamina dry weight and fruit growth rate indicates that net photosynthetic capacity might be limiting fruit productive potential in pickling cucumbers.
Paclobutrazol—A Plant Growth Retardant for Increasing Yield and Fruit Quality in Muskmelon
Authors: Nerson Haim , Cohen Ron , Edelstein Menahem , Burger Yosef 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of paclobutrazol (cultar, PP333) on yield and fruit quality of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Naud. cv. Galia) were examined in a series of field experiments, in the spring at Newe Ya’ar (northern Israel) and in autumn at Biq’at HaYarden (lower Jordan Valley, eastern Israel). In the spring experiments, paclobutrazol applied at 2 and 4 mg·liter−1 as a drench to the media-mix of muskmelon transplants increased total fruit yield 15% to 20% at various plant populations and in combination with ethephon and/or chlorflurenol, but tended to decrease the early yield. Yield increase was due to an increase in fruit weight rather than number. Paclobutrazol, in general, tended to improve marketable yield, yield concentration, and netting index. In the autumn experiment, paclobutrazol was applied at 250 mg·liter−1 as a spray from flowering through fruit maturation and compared with benzyladenine (BA), and N, P, and K fertilization. Paclobutrazol reduced early leaf-yellowing symptoms, but was not as effective as BA. Paclobutrazol in the autumn experiment did not affect yield or yield components, but soluble solids content was significantly increased and keeping-quality was unaffected. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-l ethanol (paclobutrazol); (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); (methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-(9)-carboxylate) (chlorflurenol); benzyladenine (BA).
Cuticular Properties and Postharvest Calcium Applications Influence Cracking of Sweet Cherries
Authors: Glenn Gregory M. , Poovaiah B. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of stomata, the stylar scar, cuticular fractures, and Ca2+ on susceptibility of ‘Bing’ sweet cherry fruit (Prunus avium L.) to water injury was studied. Water injury was first detected as an increase in cell turgor. Water penetration caused separation of the cuticle from the epidermal cell wall. Swelling in the epidermal cell wall region resulted in cuticular fracturing that generally preceded fruit cracking. Uncracked fruit that had cuticular fractures softened rapidly. Stomata were sparsely distributed on the fruit surface and were often fixed in an open or partially open position. Water injury was not visible at stomata even when injury occurred adjacent to the stomatal region. Initial signs of injury were commonly visible near the stylar scar. Histochemical studies revealed that the surface of the stylar scar was devoid of a cuticle covering and was rich in insoluble carbohydrates. Greater penetration of solute containing 45Ca2+ occurred at the stylar scar. Fine fractures in the cuticle surface were observed in fruit at harvest time in 1985 and 1986. Cherry fruit with cuticular fractures had a higher water absorption rate than unfractured fruit. In immersion tests, Ca2+ reduced cherry cracking. EGTA increased fruit cracking; this increase was negated by adding Ca2+. Neither Ca2+ nor EGTA affected the water absorption rate of the fruit. EGTA decreased the cracking threshold of the fruit, while Ca2+ increased it. Soluble pectin content of the immersion solution rose with increasing incubation times. EGTA increased while Ca2+ markedly decreased soluble pectin concentration in the immersion solution. Histochemical studies indicated a breakdown of the cell wall structure in the epidermal region of water-injured fruit. Autoradiographs of fruit immersed in a solution containing 45Ca2+ showed the epidermal region to be the site of Ca2+ action in altering fruit cracking. Chemical name used: Ethyleneglycol-bis-(β-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid (EGTA)
Modeling Peach Fruit Growth and Carbohydrate Requirements: Reevaluation of the Double-sigmoid Growth Pattern
Authors: DeJong T. M. , Goudriaan J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seasonal patterns of fruit growth were measured on early and late-maturing peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) cultivars (‘June Lady’ and ‘O’Henry’, respectively). Seasonal relative growth rates of fruit dry matter accumulation were calculated. The relationships between fruit relative growth rates and respiration were used to develop a quantitative carbon budget model of peach fruit growth and sink activity. The resulting model indicates that the double-sigmoid growth pattern of peach fruits involves only two physiologically distinct phases of sink activity instead of the three stages that are traditionally recognized. The traditional stage II of fruit growth is apparently a function of the timing of the shift between these two physiological phases of sink activity.