bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of halothane on mucociliary activity in vivo
Authors: Cervin Anders , Lindberg Sven , Mercke Ulf 
Published: September 2022

The effect of halothane on mucociliary activity in the rabbit maxillary sinus in vivo was recorded photoelectrically. Administration of halothane (1%, 2% or 4%) into the maxillary sinus induced a temporary acceleration of mucociliary activity. The peak increase (39.1% ± 9.1%, p < 0.05, n = 5) was seen after the 4% concentration. Long‐term exposure (60 minutes) of the maxillary sinus to halothane (2%) first induced an increase of 28.4% ± 4.6% (p < 0.05, n = 6), lasting approximately four minutes, and followed after about 15 minutes by a decrease of mucociliary activity. The maximum decrease during the 60‐minute period was 19.6% ± 2.8% (p < 0.05, n = 6). Mucociliary activity returned to its baseline level approximately 25 minutes after withdrawal of halothane. Halothane delivered to the rabbit through a tracheal cannula at 1.1% for 60 minutes did not impair mucociliary activity in the maxillary sinus. On the contrary, it initially stimulated mucociliary activity, 19.9% ± 2.7% (p < 0.05, n = 5). There was also an initial increase in respiratory rate from 62 ± 7.3 to 89 ± 12.9 breaths per minute (p < 0.05), which was noticeable after approximately 10 seconds and lasted 4 to 5 minutes. The dose‐dependent increase in mucociliary activity seen after short‐term exposure to halothane is probalby due to stimulation of afferent C fibers, because halothane may be considered an airway irritant. The reversible depressant effect seen after 15 minutes of exposure is in accordance with findings in previous studies in vitro. The mechanism by which halothane impairs mucociliary activity is at present not known. However, halothane administered to the lower airways does not impair mucociliary activity in the maxillary sinus, indicating that halothane affects the ciliated epithelium directly and that the state of anesthesia itself has no effect on mucociliary activity.
Autologous fibrin tissue adhesive in endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Gleich Lyon L. , Rebeiz Elie E. , Pankratov Michail M. , Shapshay Stanley M. 
Published: September 2022

Endoscopic sinus surgery may be complicated by bleeding, formation of synechia, and infection. This study investigated the application of autologous fibrin tissue adhesive during endoscopic sinus surgery in an attempt to avoid packing, to decrease complications, and to improve healing. Fibrin tissue adhesive from pooled human blood is a hemostatic and bacteriostatic agent. Autologous fibrin tissue adhesive avoids the potential infectious and immunologic risks of the pooled blood product. Twelve patients undergoing bilateral endoscopic sinus surgery participated in the study. Phlebotomy and preparation of the adhesive were performed during the procedure. Fibrin tissue adhesive was applied to only one side, with the contralateral side used as a control. Bacitracin ointment was applied to the adhesive‐treated side, and packing coated with bacitracin was placed on the contralateral side. Patients were observed for a minimum of 3 months, and results were documented with photographic and video recordings. A uniformly high degree of patient satisfaction was achieved because of the elimination of packing and a sensation of increased nasal airway patency on the fibrin‐treated side. Fibrin tissue adhesive provided hemostasis, decreased crusting, accelerated mucosal healing, and diminished synechia. Autologous fibrin tissue adhesive is beneficial in endoscopic sinus surgery, and its application should be considered, especially when the risk of hemorrhage or synechia is increased.
Rhabdomyosarcoma of the nose and paranasal sinuses in adults and children
Authors: Callender Troy A. , Weber Randal S. , Janjan Nora , Benjamin Robert , Zaher Mona , Wolf Pat , El‐Naggar Adel 
Published: September 2022

OBJECTIVETo determine the biologic behavior, risk factors for recurrence, and influence of multimodality therapy on outcome for children and adults with rhabdomyosarcoma of the nose and paranasal sinuses.DESIGNRetrospective review of medical records.PATIENTSDuring a 36‐year period 37 patients (median age, 23.0 years) with histologically confirmed rhabdomyosarcoma of the nose and paranasal sinuses were treated for cure. Median follow‐up was 28 months (range, 1 to 260 months). Histologic subtypes included embryonal, 16; alveolar, 15; mixed, 1; and unclassified, 5. Cervical metastases were present in 38%. Patients were treated with surgery, 4; radiotherapy, 3; chemotherapy, 3; surgery and radiotherapy, 1; surgery and chemotherapy, 1; chemotherapy and radiotherapy, 24; and chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, 1.RESULTSThe overall 5‐year survival was 44%. For patients treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy or chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery, the 5‐year survival was 60%, compared with 19% for patients treated with the other forms of therapy. Factors associated with poorer survival were adult onset of disease, alveolar histology, and treatment with systemic chemotherapy for less than 1 year. Patients receiving chemotherapy for greater than 1 year had a 5‐year survival of 82%, compared with 71 % for those with less than 1 year of treatment. Improved survival was associated with a lower incidence of distant metastasis.CONCLUSIONSA combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy may provide the best means of obtaining local‐regional control for rhabdomyosarcoma arising in the nose and paranasal sinuses. The risk of regional disease is high, requiring comprehensive radiotherapy to the neck in addition to the primary site. Surgical resection should be reserved for patients with residual disease after chemotherapy and radiotherapy, Administration of chemotherapy for more than 1 year is associated with improved survival because of a decreased incidence of metastatic disease.
Localization of cytokines in cholesteatoma tissue
Authors: Marenda Susan A. , Aufdemorte Thomas B. 
Published: September 2022

Acquired cholesteatoma is associated with an intense inflammatory reaction with resuitant tissue and bone destruction. Cytokines are molecules released by inflammatory cells at the site of infection and are potent mediators of inflammation and the immune response. Five cytokines, tumor necrosis factor‐α, transforming growth factor‐β1 and 2, and interleukin‐1 and 6, were immunolocalized in human cholesteatoma epithelium and subepithelial stroma, with greater intensity of staining compared with noninflamed external auditory canal skin. Increased interleukin‐6 activity in cholesteatoma epithelium and stroma correlated significantly with the presence of ossicular and bony erosion and granulation tissue noted intraoperatively. Transforming growth factor‐β2 activity in cholesteatoma epithelium correlated significantly with bony erosion at surgery. Additionally, transforming growth factor‐β1 activity in cholesteatoma epithelium correlated significantly with increased length of disease. Tumor necrosis factor‐a, interleukin‐1, and interleukin‐6 appear to be involved in the inflammation and resultant remodeling associated with cholesteatoma. We hypothesized a protective function of transforming growth factor‐β1 and 2 in the presence of cholesteatoma. The antiinflammatory and osteoclast and keratinocyte inhibitory actions of the transforming growth factor‐βs could potentially slow the proliferation and resultant tissue destructiveness associated with Cholesteatoma.
Studies of inner ear blood flow in animals and human beings
Authors: Miller Josef M. , Ren Tian‐Ying , Nuttall Alfred L. 
Published: September 2022

This article reviews current studies on inner ear blood flow, discusses their relevance to the maintenance of normal homeostasis of the inner ear, reports for the first time clear changes in fundamental properties of cochlear blood flow in the chronic hydropic ear, and describes the potential of applying laser Doppler flowmetry technology to the measurement of inner ear blood flow in human beings. Studies of the guinea pig in which perfusion pressure is varied demonstrate a broad range of autoregulatory capabilities of the inner ear vasculature. Gain factors range from 0.76 and higher for recovery for less than 1 minute of modified perfusion pressure. This is significantly greater than reports obtained for brain autoregulation. In a series of four investigations of cochlear blood flow in the hydropic ear in guinea pigs, a decreased responsiveness to electrical stimulation and direct stimulation of the superior cervical ganglia was found, indicating a change in sympathetic control of cochlear tone. Reduced vasomotion was observed, and autoregulatory capabilities were reduced. In human investigations, changes in cochlear blood flow were demonstrated with direct electrical stimulation of the round window and warm water irrigation of the ear canal, but not with carbogen breathing. Increased cochlear blood flow was observed with increased systemic blood pressure, and a remarkable decrease in cochlear blood flow was observed with the application of 1:10,000 epinephrine to the round window. These observations indicate the potential for development of laser Doppler flowmetry technology in the diagnosis and treatment of inner ear vascular disorders, and the animal Investigations suggest that changes may occur in the chronic hydropic ear that compromise autoregulation and thus increase the sensitivity of the hydropic ear to other stress factors. Treatments can be found to modify such changes in vascular tone.
Effect of Radiotherapy on the Levels of Secretory Immunoglobulin A Against Indigenous and Virulent Streptococci
Authors: Himi Tetsuo , Kukuminato Yasushi , Kita Hideaki , Yoshioka Iwao , Kataura Akikatsu 
Published: September 2022

If is well known that the frequency of upper respiratory infection is clinically increased after radiotherapy of the head and neck region. This study found higher antibacterial secretory immunoglobulin A (S‐IgA) activity against three indigenous streptococci (Streptococcus mitis, S. salivarius, and S. sanguis I) and S. pneumoniae in patients who had undergone radiation therapy of the head and neck region than in control subjects. This showed no relation to the extent of the radiation field. Compared with before radiotherapy, the S‐IgA titer against S. pneumoniae and its ratio to the activities against the indigenous streptococci were significantly higher in patients with fully irradiated major salivary glands. These results indicated that the radiotherapy promoted the antigen‐specific S‐IgA production of virulent streptococci in most patients with head and neck cancer, even more than 6 months after radiotherapy. The resulting altered balance in the S‐IgA system of normal indigenous streptococci may also impair the ability to maintain the stable bacterial interference between normal indigenous and virulent streptococci in the oropharyngeal cavity.
Clinical Observations on Coexistence of Sudden Hearing Loss and Vestibular Schwannoma
Authors: Aslan Asim , de Donato Giuseppe , Balyan Fatih ridvan , Falcioni Maurizio , Russo Alessandra , Taibah Abdelkader , Sanna Mario 
Published: September 2022

It has long been recognized that sudden hearing loss (SHL) may be a harbinger of vestibular schwannoma (VS). Among 192 VS patients who underwent operation in the Gruppo Otologico, Piacenza, Italy, from April 1987 to October 1995, the charts of 14 (7.3%) cases with a history of SHL were examined. SHL was the first symptom in 8 (4.2%) patients. Eight (57.1%) of 14 VS cases with SHL anamnesis had reported recovery of their previous hearing either totally or partially before establishment of tumor diagnosis. Five (35.7%) cases had recurrent bouts of SHL. SHL was observed less frequently in cases with large tumors (<3 cm). However, the frequency of SHL in patients with small tumors did not differ from that of medium‐sized tumors. Awareness about coexistence of SHL and VS, as well as concomitant use of auditory brain stem response and magnetic resonance imaging, is crucial to rule out the diagnosis of VS in a patient with SHL.
Bone Graft Incorporation after Cortical Perforations of the Host Bed
Authors: Gordh Monica , Alberius Per , Lindberg Lisbeth , Johnell Olof 
Published: September 2022

A fundamental issue in onlay bone graft persistence is the unpredictable extent of incorporation and volumetric maintenance of the graft. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects on integration of onlays, with either their cancellous or cortical portion facing toward the host bed, positioned over cortical perforations at the recipient site. Tibial or femoral unicortical bone grafts were harvested from isogeneic donors and positioned sub‐periostally on each tibia of 22 adult Lewis rats. On the experimental side, the recipient outer cortical bone surface received multiple perforations, 0.25 mm in diameter. The contralateral side served as a control (no cortical perforations). The findings were assessed after 4 and 20 weeks using routine histologic and immunohistochemistry techniques. Cortical perforations induced a migration of the recipient bone marrow info the graft as well as a reduced size diminution. More cortical bone remodeling and marginal lamellar bone apposition were observed after orientating the cortical portion of the graft toward the recipient site. These observations may be useful clinically to improve long‐term success after autogeneic bone grafting.
Treatment of massive or life‐threatening hemangiomas with recombinant α2a‐interferon
Authors: Bauman Nancy M. , Burke Diane K. , Smith Richard J. H. 
Published: September 2022

OBJECTIVETo assess the response of massive, life‐threatening, or function‐impairing hemangiomas in pediatric patients receiving daily α2a‐interferon subcutaneously.METHODSThe effect of 3 or more months of subcutaneous α2a‐interferon (3 mU/m2) was prospectively evaluated in 10 patients with hemangiomas necessitating medical intervention. Hemangioma characteristics and extent were initially assessed by radiographic imaging in all but one patient. α2a‐interferon tolerance was monitored, and reduction in hemangioma size was recorded as marked (>50%), moderate (25% to 50%), or minimal (<25%).RESULTSHemangiomas were apparent at birth in 8 of 10 patients, and α2a‐interferon was initiated at a median age of 4.5 months. Symptoms necessitating therapeutic intervention included congestive heart failure, airway obstruction, dysphagia, infection, failure to thrive, external auditory canal occlusion, visual axis impairment, and severe facial deformity. Four patients received treatment before referral that included systemic steroids (n = 2), intralesional steroids (n = 1), or surgical/taser excision (n = 2). α2a‐Interferon therapy was well tolerated. Most patients had a temporary elevation in body temperature during the first month of therapy. One patient with anorexia required nasogastric feedings and a temporary reduction in her α2a‐interferon dose. An additional patient with irritability was withdrawn from the study at his parents' request even though this symptom persisted after drug cessation. Hemangioma response to α2a‐interferon was marked in six patients, moderate in two, and minimal in one whose lesion had features suggestive of a vascular malformation. Early signs of involution were usually evident within 6 weeks and often heralded by cutaneous blanching. α2a‐Interferon therapy was concluded in four patients after a mean duration of 20 months.CONCLUSIONSDaily subcutaneous α2a‐interferon is well tolerated in pediatric patients and appears effective in hastening involution of symptomatic hemangiomas. A significant response is unlikely in lesions with features suggestive of a vascular malformation.
Anomalous Articulation of the First Rib Mimicking Supraclavicular Neoplasia
Authors: Zrada Stephen E. , Finkelstein Jeffrey M. 
Published: September 2022

A hard, fixed mass in the supraclavicular fossa often suggests malignancy. However, a skeletal irregularity underlying the neck may also present as a hard mass, thereby simulating neoplasia. Recognition of a skeletal neck mass precludes the need for costly computed tomography (CT) scans and potentially dangerous diagnostic interventions such as fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) and open biopsy.We report a case of a 15‐year‐old girl with a hard 3 × 3 cm mass in the supraclavicular fossa that was eventually diagnosed as an anomalous articulation of the first rib. This normal variant, which is usually asymptomatic and found incidentally during routine chest roentgenograms, has not been previously reported as simulating a neck mass. The various types of skeletal structures that may mimic a neck mass are also reviewed in an attempt to underscore the importance of the often overlooked skeletal neck mass.
Microdata collection and openness in the Middle East and North Africa
Authors: Ekhator-Mobayode Uche E. , Hoogeveen Johannes 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article uses a “mystery client” approach and visits the websites of National Statistical Offices and international microdata libraries to assess whether foundational microdata sets for countries in the Middle East and North Africa region are collected, up to date, and made available to researchers. The focus is on population and economic censuses, price data and consumption, labor, health, and establishment surveys. The results show that about half of the expected core data sets are being collected and that only a fraction is made available publicly. As a consequence, many summary statistics, including national accounts and welfare estimates, are outdated and of limited relevance to decision-makers. Additional investments in microdata collection and publication of the data once collected are strongly advised.
THE HAIHUNHOU CAPSULE BIOGRAPHIES OF KONGZI AND HIS DISCIPLES
Authors: Csikszentmihalyi Mark 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article introduces the biographical texts accompanying illustrations of Kongzi and several disciples on the wooden frame and cover of a mirror stand excavated in 2015 from the Haihunhou tomb near Nanchang. These texts are analyzed with reference to evolving portrayals of these figures in the Western Han, paying particular attention to parallels with two generically similar chapters in theShi ji(Records of the Archivist). Of particular interest is the way the excavated disciple biographies share biographical elements with transmitted counterparts, but select different dialogues for each disciple, most of which are also found in theLun yu(Analects). This suggests that the artists who created the mirror stand relied on a different source text from the compilers of theShi jichapter, perhaps on a pairing of visual and biographical information about the disciples calledKongzi dizi(Kongzi's disciples). The biographies also evince a heightened emphasis on the disciples and Kongzi's judgments about them, consistent with the Han view that the proper selection of ministers was a key aspect of the master's “Kingly Way.”
Congenital aural atresia: hearing rehabilitation using active middle-ear implants
Authors: Thurnheer S , Müller T , Linder T , Simmen D , Harder M 
Published: September 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo assess hearing rehabilitation in patients with congenital aural atresia using an active middle-ear implant (Vibrant Soundbridge).MethodsOf a cohort of 70 microtia and atresia patients, 10 underwent Vibrant Soundbridge implantation between 2008 and 2021. Two of the 10 patients had binaural implantation, resulting in 12 ears for analysis. Pre- and post-operative audiometry data were analysed, and patient satisfaction was evaluated. Surgical issues regarding coupling sites and outcomes were analysed.ResultsPure tone average (0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz) improved from a pre-operative mean (standard deviation) of 65.3 (8.7) dB HL to a post-operative mean of 26.8 (4.9) dB HL. This resulted in a mean pure tone average gain of 38.5 dB HL. The results indicate no obvious difference between stapes (n = 8) and incus (n = 4) coupling. The mean effective gain for 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 kHz was −17.8 dB HL (standard deviation = 4.3). Concerning effective gain, Vibrant Soundbridge performed best at 2 kHz. Patients reported high overall satisfaction, good sound quality and strongly improved directional hearing.ConclusionAn active middle-ear implant (Vibrant Soundbridge) allows hearing rehabilitation in selected atretic ears, and provides long-term hearing stability in children and adults.
Governance and human rights implications of ASEAN's Smart Cities Network: a knowledge commons analysis
Authors: de Jonge Alice 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLaunched in April 2018, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations' Smart Cities Network (ASCN) initiative raises important issues regarding the tensions between achieving smart city objectives on the one hand and protection of human rights on the other. The aim of this paper is to explore these tensions using a Knowledge Commons Framework analysis. I first analyse the three key pillars of the ASCN pilot city knowledge commons – knowledge resources, community attributes and governance ‘rules in use’ – using human rights criteria. I the apply the lessons of this analysis to two fundamental aspects of human experience in smart city contexts – mobility through transport systems and access to essential services through energy supply.
International crimes through the lens of global constitutionalism
Authors: Zysset Alain 
Published: September 2022

AbstractScholars of global constitutionalism have recently come to examine international criminal law (ICL) and its associated institutions, in particular the International Criminal Court (the ICC). This article prolongs these efforts by pointing to and remedying two deficits of that project with particular emphasis on the Rome Statute crimes. First, how does one account for the role of the international trial in global constitutionalist terms? Second, can global constitutionalism insightfully explain the content and scope of these crimes – that is, both their substantive definition and the predominant modes of liability developed by the ICC? This article answers both questions affirmatively and offers an account of their nexus. It first shows that the Rome Statute crimes are often perpetrated through a hierarchically organized apparatus of control, and interprets their global constitutional significance via the principle of constituent power. It then makes use of Antony Duff’s relational account of criminal liability to offer an account of the international trial. In the international context, one can conceive of the trial as allowing state or state-like authorities to call each other to account, which renders justice to the core function of enabling and limiting political authority on which global constitutionalism centres.