bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Do We Influence Policy?
Authors: Lenette Caroline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Participatory Action Research (PAR) projects yield co-researcher-led recommendations for action that can be translated into strategies to influence policy and effect broader level change. However, without explicit aims to target policymakers from the outset and share or disseminate findings to influence decision-making, collaborative knowledge translation plans can fail to achieve such changes. Chapter 7 describes how PAR outcomes can affect policy and the key obstacles to knowledge translation, such as research–policy gaps and lack of opportunities to disrupt policy. The author outlines the importance of an intersectional feminist policy analysis framework to address enduring inequalities. In Nelli Stavropoulou’s vignette, she reflects on whether participatory research can achieve social justice outcomes, especially in complicated policy contexts. She suggests that participation and action are in fact two constructs along a continuum rather than distinctively different notions. Nelli’s concluding thoughts on the potential of participatory research summarize our responsibilities when engaging in research for social and policy change.
Rise
Authors: Gerstle Gary 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The New Deal order was established following the dual crises of the Great Depression and the Second World War. In the postwar years, the American public, labor unions, and even business constituencies increasingly accepted the need for government management of the economy, firm regulation of markets, and state provision of welfare paid for by progressive taxation. Although some Republicans, led by Senator Robert Taft, continued to oppose the expansion of state authority, they were neutralized politically by the onset of the Cold War and the threat posed by international communism to American national security. The elevation of Dwight D. Eisenhower to the presidency in 1952 signaled that the Republican Party was acquiescing to the electoral and ideological hegemony of the New Deal. Those who continued to oppose the New Deal order were relegated to the margins of political life.
Ascent
Authors: Gerstle Gary 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In the 1970s, the business community, and in particular “proprietary capitalists” who resented New Deal regulation, began to funnel funds to a neoliberal “counter-establishment” formed of intellectuals, think tanks, and right-wing media. The leader of the neoliberal revolution was Ronald Reagan, who assembled a winning electoral coalition in 1980 by peeling away disaffected elements of the New Deal coalition, including white urban voters in the North, southern whites, and evangelical Christians. As president, Reagan slashed taxes on the wealthy, accelerated deregulation, and appointed judges who favored an “originalist” interpretation of the constitution to the Supreme Court. The neoliberal order was buttressed by the repeal of the Fairness Doctrine that ensured balance in media reporting and by a neo-Victorian moral code of personal responsibility that neoliberals believed would contain the socially disruptive effects of the free market. Reagan’s electoral success pushed Democrats associated with the Democratic Leadership Conference to embrace neoliberalism.
Triumph
Authors: Gerstle Gary 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The collapse of the Soviet Union in December 1991 eliminated the Cold War imperatives that had maintained America’s fragile class compromise and narrowed the ideological space for political dissent. The triumph of the neoliberal order was secured not by the Republican Party that had nurtured its ascent but by the acquiescence of Democratic president Bill Clinton to the policy regime they had established. Clinton became the Democrats’ Eisenhower under the influence of political strategist Dick Morris and senior cabinet members who favored supply-side economics, deregulation of telecoms and financial industries, and a balanced budget. By the end of the 1990s, neoliberals within the Treasury, including Robert Rubin and Larry Summers, had decisively outmaneuvered more progressive reformers such as Labor Secretary Robert Reich. Clinton and his fellow New Democrats produced a new ideological fusion that combined a dynamic high-tech economy, free market ideology, and multiculturalism.
Coming Apart
Authors: Gerstle Gary 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The turmoil created by the Great Crash unleashed a series of political insurgencies, the cumulative impact of which caused the neoliberal order to come apart. Some sectors of the white working and middle classes responded to economic precarity by joining the Koch-funded right-wing Tea Party and embracing the ethnonationalist populism of Donald Trump. Many young people on the left were inspired to join Occupy Wall Street, which rehabilitated the subject of inequality within public discourse and cleared the way for socialist Bernie Sanders to challenge Hillary Clinton for the Democratic nomination. Young black protestors joined the Black Lives Matter movement against police violence, helping to dislodge the political dispensation that had created a system of mass incarceration. The triumph of Trump over Clinton in the 2016 elections was a product of the anger felt by many Americans against the neoliberal order and the elites that had sustained it.
The End
Authors: Gerstle Gary 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The administration of Donald Trump pulled in two opposing directions. Neoliberals within Trump’s own party were initially appeased by the zeal with which he led a mission to stack the federal courts with judges committed to deregulation and patriarchy, and by reductions in corporate and personal taxes. However, Trump’s hostility to globalization (and to China), free trade, immigration and multiculturalism, and international security alliances indicated that the dismantling of the neoliberal order was under way. The revival of a social democratic left and the election of progressive Democrats to the Senate in 2018 also signaled the end of neoliberal hegemony within the Democratic Party. The rapprochement between the left and the center of the Democratic Party, the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, and the election of Joe Biden to the presidency in the 2020 elections revealed the outlines of an incipient (but very fragile) post-neoliberal political order. Meanwhile, the threat of an authoritarian political order in the form of a Trump restoration loomed.
Alternatives to Populism
Authors: Arato Andrew , Cohen Jean L. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on alternatives to populism. Deploying the ideal typical definition of populism developed earlier, it shows that alternative interpretations of popular sovereignty, part/whole relations, forms of antagonism, and leadership can yield a category of “the popular” distinguished from populism. Only popular (vs. the populist) movements, parties, or governments remain on the normative and political foundation of pluralistic civil society. But populism cannot be defeated by a return to liberal democracy as it was before the new challenge. The chapter renews the authors’ 1992 argument of Civil Society and Political Theory, that the “plurality of democracies” based in present tendencies in civil society, meaning insistence of several and complementary projects in politics, the economy, and culture, is the best way to continue or renew democratization processes. It adds the importance of host ideologies, like democratic socialism, patriotism, and cultural equality, that should be rescued by committed constitutionalist democrats from their populist instrumentalization.
Regulating the Reformed Consensus
Authors: Salazar Greg A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 examines Featley’s role as an ecclesiastical licenser and chaplain to Archbishop George Abbot in the 1610s and 1620s. It offers a reinterpretation of the view that Featley was a benign censor, explores how pastoral sensitivities influenced his censorship, and analyzes the parallels between Featley’s licensing and his broader ecclesiastical aims. Moreover, by exploring how our historiographical understandings of licensing and censorship have been clouded by Featley’s attempts to conceal that an increasingly influential anti-Calvinist movement was seizing control of the licensing system and marginalizing Calvinist licensers in the 1620s, this chapter (along with chapter seven) addresses the broader methodological issues of how to weigh and evaluate various vantage points.
Sidgwick's The Methods of Ethics
Authors: Phillips David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This book, included in the Oxford Guides series, is a concise guide to Henry Sidgwick’s masterpiece, The Methods of Ethics. The book is written for undergraduate students and interested general readers and designed to be read alongside Sidgwick’s text. Its principal aims are to help readers to navigate through the text, and to raise the most significant interpretive and philosophical issues about Sidgwick’s views and arguments. It highlights important connections between the work of Sidgwick and that of others in contemporary moral philosophy and in the history of moral philosophy. Particular attention is paid to his relations to predecessors he discusses, including Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill, and to G. E. Moore and W. D. Ross, his most celebrated successors in the British intuitionist tradition he revitalized. At the end of the first eight chapters there are brief suggestions for further reading. At the end of the final three chapters, when all relevant parts of the Methods have been discussed, there are more substantial overviews of the secondary literature on the aspects of Sidgwick’s work that have generated the most interest among his commentators: metaethics and moral epistemology; consequentialism versus deontology; and egoism and the dualism of practical reason.
Introduction (Methods Prefaces)
Authors: Phillips David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter is introductory. It begins with a section on Henry Sidgwick’s life and work. There is then a section drawing on the so-called “short intellectual autobiography” that E. E. Constance Jones included in the preface to the sixth edition to give an introductory sketch of the Methods. The following sections discuss reasons to read Sidgwick and challenges in reading Sidgwick. These sections draw on the work of the two philosophers who arguably did the most to restore and enhance Sidgwick’s reputation after its early twentieth-century decline: C.D. Broad (1887–1973) and Derek Parfit (1942–2017). The final section outlines the structure of the Methods and the plan of this Guide.
The Method of Egoism (Methods I.VII and Book II)
Authors: Phillips David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on The Methods of Ethics I.VII and Book II. Its topics are the method of egoism and Sidgwick’s views about the nature and measurability of happiness (or pleasure). The first section discusses the method (or, strictly, methods) of egoism, noting that his treating egoism as a method of ethics reflects his broad conception of ethics as practical reason. The second section discusses Sidgwick’s views on the nature of happiness: his rejection of J. S. Mill’s proposal to distinguish higher from lower pleasures, and his definition of pleasure as desirable consciousness. The third section concerns his discussions of difficulties in measuring pleasure and pain. The topic of the fourth section is his argument in II.V that sanctions do not make it the case that egoism and intuitionism always agree in their recommendations. The fifth section raises the concern that Sidgwick is much harder on the intuitionist method than he is on the egoist method.
Philosophical Intuitionism (Methods III.XIII)
Authors: Phillips David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on The Methods of Ethics, Book III, Chapter XIII. Its topic is philosophical intuitionism, Sidgwick’s articulation of axioms which he takes to satisfy the four conditions—unlike the supposed axioms of the common-sense moralist discussed in Chapter 6. The first section discusses the twin dangers facing the attempt to articulate genuinely self-evident axioms. The second section discusses Sidgwick’s axiom of justice. The third section discusses his axiom of prudence noting that, armed with W. D. Ross’s distinction between prima facie duty and duty proper, we can distinguish three possible interpretations. The fourth section discusses his maxim of benevolence, noting parallel ambiguities. The fifth section discusses the maxim of benevolence and the argument for utilitarianism. The final section explores the contrast between Sidgwick’s view and Ross’s view as to what principles are genuinely self-evident.
Hedonism (Methods III.XIV)
Authors: Phillips David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on The Methods of Ethics, Book III, Chapter XIV. Its topic is Sidgwick’s argument for (ethical rather than psychological) hedonism, the claim that happiness is the only intrinsic good. The first section discusses Sidgwick’s arguments in the first two sections of the chapter against a monistic alternative according to which virtue is the only intrinsic good. The second section argues that Sidgwick did not have the more recent idea of virtue ethics as an alternative to consequentialism and deontology. The third section discusses Sidgwick’s arguments in the final two sections of the chapter against a pluralistic alternative to hedonism. The fourth section explores G. E. Moore’s and W. D. Ross’s rejection of Sidgwick’s arguments and their defenses of pluralism. The final section considers whether hedonism is, for Sidgwick, another philosophical intuition.
Intellectual Property
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the history and theory of intellectual property and its ethical, political, and legal foundations. It provides an overview of the U.S. intellectual property system, including discussions of patents, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets, and ownership of research data. This chapter also examines utilitarian and rights-based rationales for protecting intellectual property and considers some moral objections to intellectual property protections. This chapter reviews some instrumental pieces of legislation and legal cases pertaining to intellectual property and discusses some ethical controversies concerning particular types of intellectual property, such as patents on computer programs and algorithms, DNA sequences, and biological materials.
The Use of Animals in Research
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief history of animal research and examines the ethical arguments for and against animal experimentation. It discusses the animal rights views of Peter Singer and Tom Regan and considers some morally significant similarities and differences between animals and humans. The chapter also discusses oversight systems for animal research, including federal and state laws, institutional animal care and use committees, and animal research accrediting agencies. This chapter describes some principles for the ethical treatment of animal in research, such as the “three Rs”—reduction, replacement, and refinement—as well as some ethical dilemmas scientists face when they work with animals.
Introduction: Worlds Enacted
Authors: Hven Steffen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
At the outset in a discussion of the world-building of Dogville (directed by von Trier 2003), the Introduction presents the main theoretical framework of the book and contextualizes it within recent media-theoretical debates concerning the bodily, sensorial, material, and affective aspects of the filmic experience. It is argued that film narratology has remained rooted in the communicational-representational paradigms of structuralism, linguistics, semiology, and cognitive formalism and that this has led to an inevitable clash between the “representational” and the “affective-embodied” studies of cinema. This chapter outlines the “enactive” and “media-anthropological” framework employed to overcome this antagonism by reexploring the “affective-embodied” basis of narrative communication. The main advantage of this framework is its ability to integrate those nonrepresentational aspects of the narrative film that have been systematically neglected by film narratology: the experiential, the affective, the atmospheric, the material, the rhythmic, the kinesthetic, the multisensorial, and the sonic production of the diegesis. Film narratives are thus no longer simply messages awaiting semiotic decoding or cognitive-analytical inferential elaboration, but constructs that depend on a series of embodied practices relative to the social, cultural, and hermeneutic context in which they are rehearsed. Films therefore do not replicate a world; they actively produce one in their own right qua their modulation of embodied perception, attention, cognition, affection, and the sensorimotor system. To comprehend a film, we must expose our own bodily selves to its movements, rhythms, and affects.
Narrative Experientiality and Affect
Authors: Hven Steffen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that due to its privileging of narrative as a representational construct, narratology has failed to adequately address how narratives are experienced. This chapter brings together what might just be the two most antagonized dimensions of the current (film) theoretical landscape: namely, affect and representation. Whereas “affect theory” opposes the affective to the more representational registers of emotion and cognition, this chapter argues for an integration of the affective into the very fabric of what is deemed the terroir of the representational par excellence, namely, the filmic narrative. This chapter argues that it is no longer sufficient to point to an affective domain in cinema (or elsewhere) that cannot be domesticated into the fold of representation and sociolinguistic fixation. Far more urgent is it to rethink the basic condition of narrative cinema’s representational capacities through the concept of affect. By readdressing the representational in the narrative film through the lenses of experientiality and affect, a new line of narrative inquiry is enabled. Drawing upon Walter Ruttmann’s Berlin: Symphony of a Great City (Berlin: die Sinfonie der Großstadt,1927), this chapter concludes that cinema as an art form feeds on resonances between “organic” and “technical” rhythms, and that some of the medium’s most subversive, persuasive, exhilarating, attractive, disgusting, repulsive, appealing, and dangerous powers lie exactly in how filmmakers exploit these resonances.
Narratives Spaces and Sonic Environments
Authors: Hven Steffen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
One of the most pressing problems of textualism is the “noise aesthetics” of the increasingly complex acoustic ecologies of modern cinema. In order to develop a narrative theoretical framework capable of integrating “noise”—understood as “insignificant” sounds that define the ambience or acoustic ecology of the diegesis—this chapter employs the notion of the soundscape to enrich our understanding of narrative space beyond its textual confinement as the container of the characters and events. Spurred by the rich sound ecologies of contemporary cinema, this chapter provides a revaluation of narrative space as a dynamic agency that implies the recipients’ material, bodily, sensorimotor, and affective engagements. Essential thus becomes the immediacy of the mediated environment. To capture this paradox at the heart of the cinematic experience, it is argued that the notion of the soundscape should be given analytical precedence over the diegetic/nondiegetic binary that has long inhibited scholars from understanding cineacoustics as more than an accompaniment to the fictional world of the film. As part of the film’s overall affective assemblage, the notion of the soundscape can be employed to understand the narrative rhetoric of films that communicate through “insignificant” noises. As an example of this, this chapter examines the use of “sonic envelopes” and “noise aesthetics” in A Quiet Place (directed by Krasinski 2018) to conclude that cinematic signification cannot be reduced to its “literal” denotations but emerges on the basis of a resonance effect. Cinematic signification thus requires the embodied spectator to partake of the film’s orchestrated flows of movements.
A shared policy model of social rules, part 2
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the contrast between fragility of shared policies and robustness of social rules; the need in our model of social rules for weaker forms of interlocking and interdependence; the cognitive dependence of shared policies on actual patterns; the need for a kernel-penumbra structure to allow for “alienated” participants in a social rule; a Lockean model of the diachronic ties characteristic of social rules; and puzzles about the withering away of kernels and pretense. This supports a model of social rules as involving a pattern of action that is explained by a robust Lockean diachronic network of shared-policy-shaped synchronic networks. And this supports an account of the content of social rules. This account is compared with ideas from Scott Shapiro about “massively shared agency,” from Geoffrey Brennan and colleagues about clusters of normative attitudes, and from Cristina Bicchieri about the role of beliefs about the normative expectations of others.
On the way to organized institutions
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter develops resources for our plan-theoretic model of organized institutions. In making the step from a society infused with shared intentionality and social rules to a society with organized institutions the model appeals to social rules of procedure that say how to resolve certain problems. It distinguishes two kinds of outputs of such social rules of procedure: event outputs and crystallized outputs. In each case it distinguishes action-focused and acceptance-focused outputs. Relevant social procedural rules will in central cases be authority according. And action-focused outputs can sometimes designate certain ends of the action—this is induced teleology. This sets the stage for a model of organized institutions in the spirit of institutional procedural positivism.
A procedural social rule model of organized institutions
Authors: Bratman Michael E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a model of the rule-guided infrastructure of human organized institutions. Building on the shared policy model of social rules, it characterizes an institutional web of social procedural rules. It does this by appeal to a sufficiently rich web of social procedural rules that interlock and to a significant extent require consistency of outputs. It then explains when outputs from rules in that web are institutional outputs. This involves appeal to an output-consistency condition, a functional role condition, and a limit on certain kinds of cognitive divergence. This provides a model of two forms of institutional valuing. And it supports a separation of institutional action-focused output and corresponding shared intention. These ideas are compared to ideas from John Searle about collective acceptance, institutional roles, status functions, and counting as.