bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Professional Orientation of Social Pedagogy Students at Work Placement in Prisons
Authors: Tadič Darja 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe research is based on work placements done by social pedagogy students in Slovenian prisons. It focuses on their professional orientation as reflected by their journal entries. A qualitative substantive analysis of a collection of their journal entries was performed, recognising six key topics that also represented the key aspects in which the journals differentiated drastically. Based on these, a continuum of student orientations was developed, featuring three models: the adoptive, non-professional and engaged orientation. Findings reveal a heterogeneity in the students’ orientations and are in this aspect in line with several other studies that have similarly shown various orientations and operating models in social pedagogy. This research adds to studying this field whilst being a reminder that perhaps the largest potential of social pedagogy today is to be able to state clear position about this variety and to be more assertive in promoting certain models and practices, whilst being critical to others. The research has shown that this can already be done during the students’ studying process, i.e. in the process of forming new future professional identities.
Systematic Review of Service User and Carer Involvement in Qualifying Social Work Education: A Decade in Retrospect
Authors: Stanley Selwyn , Webber Martin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Service user and carer involvement in social work education is well established in the UK and other countries. There has however been limited research on the outcomes of this for social work practice and its subsequent impact on service users and carers. This has been noted in a previous systematic review involving one of the current authors. The current review aimed to synthesise literature from the previous decade (2011–2020) and follows on from the earlier review. PRISMA scoping review guidelines were followed and twenty-eight papers met the inclusion criteria that were framed. Data were extracted and tabulated according to the framework for the evaluation of educational programmes used in the previous review and analysed using narrative synthesis. A ten-item critical appraisal checklist was used to assess the rigour of all papers. The findings were similar to the earlier review. Most studies were from the UK and few evaluated change in students’ skills or subsequent practice; none evaluated subsequent outcomes for service users and carers. All stakeholders were positive about the perceived benefits of service user and care involvement. Future research needs to use more robust evaluation methodologies and evaluate skills development for students and outcomes for service users and carers.
Brain volume abnormalities and clinical outcomes following paediatric traumatic brain injury
Authors: Bourke Niall J , Demarchi Célia , De Simoni Sara , Samra Ravjeet , Patel Maneesh C , Kuczynski Adam , Mok Quen , Wimalasundera Neil , Vargha-Khadem Fareneh , Sharp David J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Long-term outcomes are difficult to predict after paediatric traumatic brain injury. The presence or absence of focal brain injuries often do not explain cognitive, emotional and behavioural disabilities that are common and disabling. In adults, traumatic brain injury produces progressive brain atrophy that can be accurately measured and is associated with cognitive decline. However, the effect of paediatric traumatic brain injury on brain volumes is more challenging to measure because of its interaction with normal brain development. Here we report a robust approach to the individualized estimation of brain volume following paediatric traumatic brain injury and investigate its relationship to clinical outcomes.
We first used a large healthy control dataset (n &gt; 1200, age 8–22) to describe the healthy development of white and grey matter regions through adolescence. Individual estimates of grey and white matter regional volume were then generated for a group of moderate/severe traumatic brain injury patients injured in childhood (n = 39, mean age 13.53 ± 1.76, median time since injury = 14 months, range 4–168 months) by comparing brain volumes in patients to age-matched controls. Patients were individually classified as having low or normal brain volume. Neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric outcomes were assessed using standardized testing and parent/carer assessments.
Relative to head size, grey matter regions decreased in volume during normal adolescence development whereas white matter tracts increased in volume. Traumatic brain injury disrupted healthy brain development, producing reductions in both grey and white matter brain volumes after correcting for age. Of the 39 patients investigated, 11 (28%) had at least one white matter tract with reduced volume and seven (18%) at least one area of grey matter with reduced volume. Those classified as having low brain volume had slower processing speed compared to healthy controls, emotional impairments, higher levels of apathy, increased anger and learning difficulties. In contrast, the presence of focal brain injury and microbleeds were not associated with an increased risk of these clinical impairments.
In summary, we show how brain volume abnormalities after paediatric traumatic brain injury can be robustly calculated from individual T1 MRI using a large normative dataset that allows the effects of healthy brain development to be controlled for. Using this approach, we show that volumetric abnormalities are common after moderate/severe traumatic brain injury in both grey and white matter regions, and are associated with higher levels of cognitive, emotional and behavioural abnormalities that are common after paediatric traumatic brain injury.
Tissue donations for multiple sclerosis research: current state and suggestions for improvement
Authors: Vanderdonckt Patrick , Aloisi Francesca , Comi Giancarlo , de Bruyn Alexander , Hartung Hans-Peter , Huitinga Inge , Kuhlmann Tanja , Lucchinetti Claudia F. , Metz Imke , Reynolds Richard , Lassmann Hans 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAlthough major progress in multiple sclerosis research has been made during the last decades, key questions related to the cause and the mechanisms of brain and spinal cord pathology remain unresolved. These cover a broad range of topics, including disease aetiology, antigenic triggers of the immune response inside and/or outside the CNS and mechanisms of inflammation, demyelination neurodegeneration and tissue repair. Most of these questions can be addressed with novel molecular technologies in the injured CNS. Access to brain and spinal cord tissue from multiple sclerosis patients is, therefore, of critical importance. High-quality tissue is provided in part by the existing brain banks. However, material from early and highly active disease stages is limited. An initiative, realized under the patronage of the European Charcot Foundation, gathered together experts from different disciplines to analyse the current state of multiple sclerosis tissues collected post-mortem or as biopsies. Here, we present an account of what material is currently available and where it can be accessed. We also provide recommendations on how tissue donation from patients in early disease stages could be potentially increased and for procedures of tissue sampling and preservation. We also suggest to create a registry of the available tissues that, depending on the source (autopsy versus biopsy), could be made accessible to clinicians and researchers.
A data-driven model of brain volume changes in progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Scotton W. J. , Bocchetta M. , Todd E. , Cash D. M. , Oxtoby N. , VandeVrede L. , Heuer H. ,   PROSPECT Consortium, 4RTNI Consortium, Alexander D. C. , Rowe J. B. , Morris H. R. , Boxer A. , Rohrer J. D. , Wijeratne P. A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The most common clinical phenotype of progressive supranuclear palsy is Richardson syndrome, characterized by levodopa unresponsive symmetric parkinsonism, with a vertical supranuclear gaze palsy, early falls and cognitive impairment. There is currently no detailed understanding of the full sequence of disease pathophysiology in progressive supranuclear palsy. Determining the sequence of brain atrophy in progressive supranuclear palsy could provide important insights into the mechanisms of disease progression, as well as guide patient stratification and monitoring for clinical trials. We used a probabilistic event-based model applied to cross-sectional structural MRI scans in a large international cohort, to determine the sequence of brain atrophy in clinically diagnosed progressive supranuclear palsy Richardson syndrome. A total of 341 people with Richardson syndrome (of whom 255 had 12-month follow-up imaging) and 260 controls were included in the study. We used a combination of 12-month follow-up MRI scans, and a validated clinical rating score (progressive supranuclear palsy rating scale) to demonstrate the longitudinal consistency and utility of the event-based model’s staging system. The event-based model estimated that the earliest atrophy occurs in the brainstem and subcortical regions followed by progression caudally into the superior cerebellar peduncle and deep cerebellar nuclei, and rostrally to the cortex. The sequence of cortical atrophy progresses in an anterior to posterior direction, beginning in the insula and then the frontal lobe before spreading to the temporal, parietal and finally the occipital lobe. This in vivo ordering accords with the post-mortem neuropathological staging of progressive supranuclear palsy and was robust under cross-validation. Using longitudinal information from 12-month follow-up scans, we demonstrate that subjects consistently move to later stages over this time interval, supporting the validity of the model. In addition, both clinical severity (progressive supranuclear palsy rating scale) and disease duration were significantly correlated with the predicted subject event-based model stage (P &lt; 0.01). Our results provide new insights into the sequence of atrophy progression in progressive supranuclear palsy and offer potential utility to stratify people with this disease on entry into clinical trials based on disease stage, as well as track disease progression.
The Notch pathway attenuates burn-induced acute lung injury in rats by repressing reactive oxygen species
Authors: Cai Weixia , Shen Kuo , Ji Peng , Jia Yanhui , Han Shichao , Zhang Wanfu , Hu Xiaolong , Yang Xuekang , Han Juntao , Hu Dahai 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a common complication following severe burns. The underlying mechanisms of ALI are incompletely understood; thus, available treatments are not sufficient to repair the lung tissue after ALI.

Methods
To investigate the relationship between the Notch pathway and burn-induced lung injury, we established a rat burn injury model by scalding and verified lung injury via lung injury evaluations, including hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, lung injury scoring, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and wet/dry ratio analyses, myeloperoxidase immunohistochemical staining and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation analysis. To explore whether burn injury affects Notch1 expression, we detected the expression of Notch1 and Hes1 after burn injury. Then, we extracted pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) and conducted Notch pathway inhibition and activation experiments, via a γ-secretase inhibitor (GSI) and OP9-DLL1 coculture, respectively, to verify the regulatory effect of the Notch pathway on ROS accumulation and apoptosis in burn-serum-stimulated PMVECs. To investigate the regulatory effect of the Notch pathway on ROS accumulation, we detected the expression of oxidative-stress-related molecules such as superoxide dismutase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) 2, NOX4 and cleaved caspase-3. NOX4-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) and the inhibitor GKT137831 were used to verify the regulatory effect of the Notch pathway on ROS via NOX4.

Results
We successfully established a burn model and revealed that lung injury, excessive ROS accumulation and an inflammatory response occurred. Notch1 detection showed that the expression of Notch1 was significantly increased after burn injury. In PMVECs challenged with burn serum, ROS and cell death were elevated. Moreover, when the Notch pathway was suppressed by GSI, ROS and cell apoptosis levels were significantly increased. Conversely, these parameters were reduced when the Notch pathway was activated by OP9-DLL1. Mechanistically, the inhibition of NOX4 by siRNA and GKT137831 showed that the Notch pathway reduced ROS production and cell apoptosis by downregulating the expression of NOX4 in PMVECs.

Conclusions
The Notch pathway reduced ROS production and apoptosis by downregulating the expression of NOX4 in burn-stimulated PMVECs. The Notch–NOX4 pathway may be a novel therapeutic target to treat burn-induced ALI.
Early neural activity changes associated with stimulus detection during visual conscious perception
Authors: Khalaf Aya , Kronemer Sharif I , Christison-Lagay Kate , Kwon Hunki , Li Jiajia , Wu Kun , Blumenfeld Hal 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe earliest cortical neural signals following consciously perceived visual stimuli in humans are poorly understood. Using intracranial electroencephalography, we investigated neural activity changes associated with the earliest stages of stimulus detection during visual conscious perception. Participants (N = 10; 1,693 electrode contacts) completed a continuous performance task where subjects were asked to press a button when they saw a target letter among a series of nontargets. Broadband gamma power (40–115 Hz) was analyzed as marker of cortical population neural activity. Regardless of target or nontarget letter type, we observed early gamma power changes within 30–180 ms from stimulus onset in a network including increases in bilateral occipital, fusiform, frontal (including frontal eye fields), and medial temporal cortex; increases in left lateral parietal–temporal cortex; and decreases in the right anterior medial occipital cortex. No significant differences were observed between target and nontarget stimuli until &gt;180 ms post-stimulus, when we saw greater gamma power increases in left motor and premotor areas, suggesting a possible role in perceptual decision-making and/or motor responses with the right hand. The early gamma power findings support a broadly distributed cortical visual detection network that is engaged at early times tens of milliseconds after signal transduction from the retina.
Task demands modulate pre-stimulus alpha frequency and sensory template during bistable apparent motion perception
Authors: Han Biao , Zhang Yanni , Shen Lu , Mo Lei , Chen Qi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDespite ambiguous environmental inputs, top-down attention biases our subjective perception toward the preferred percepts, via modulating prestimulus neural activity or inducing prestimulus sensory templates that carry concrete internal sensory representations of the preferred percepts. In contrast to frequent changes of behavioral goals in the typical cue-target paradigm, human beings are often engaged in a prolonged task state with only 1 specific behavioral goal. It remains unclear how prestimulus neural signals and sensory templates are modulated in the latter case. To answer this question in the present electroencephalogram study on human subjects, we manipulated sustained task demands toward one of the 2 possible percepts in the bistable Ternus display, emphasizing either temporal integration or segregation. First, the prestimulus peak alpha frequency, which gated the temporal window of temporal integration, was effectively modulated by task demands. Furthermore, time-resolved decoding analyses showed that task demands biased neural representations toward the preferred percepts after the full presentation of bottom-up stimuli. More importantly, sensory templates resembling the preferred percepts emerged even before the bottom-up sensory evidence were sufficient enough to induce explicit percepts. Taken together, task demands modulate both prestimulus alpha frequency and sensory templates, to eventually bias subjective perception toward the preferred percepts.
Structure Elucidation and Quantitation of 11 N′-n-Acylnornicotines in Cherry-Red Tobacco
Authors: Li Yong , Pang Tao , Shi Junli , Bai Ge , Sui Xueyi , Chen Xuejun 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Eleven consecutive N′-n-acylnornicotines from cherry-red tobacco were structurally elucidated and quantitively analyzed using chromatography and mass spectrometry. All of these N′-n-acylnornicotines are first reported in cherry-red tobacco, whereas N′-propionylnornicotine, N′-n-valerylnornicotine, N′-n-nonanoylnornicotine and N′-n-undecanoylnornicotine are first reported in natural products. The concentration distribution of the identified N′-n-acylnornicotines was studied and it was found that N′-n-octanoylnornicotine and N′-n-hexanoylnornicotine showed the highest concentration, accounting for 94% of the detected N′-n-acylnornicotines. The cherry-red color density of the related tobacco leaves was found to be positively correlated with the concentration of the N′-n-acylnornicotines, whereas the ultraviolet–visible spectra of the N′-n-acylnornicotines showed no absorption larger than 300 nm, indicating the discovered compounds are not responsible for the cherry-red color appearance.
The Dilemma of NGOs in Vindicating Environmental Interests before the Courts: Normative and Empirical Observations from China
Authors: Lu Mengxing 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
As one of the major legal developments of China’s environmental law, public interest litigation (PIL) has achieved impressive progress in boosting public participation and enhancing environmental law enforcement during the past few years. As a result of the concerted efforts by Chinese policy-makers, China has developed a pluralistic legal framework for vindicating environmental interests. This regulatory design could provide a wide variety of enforcement choices, thus better protecting environmental interests. However, the danger is that there may be overlaps and even conflicts concerning the coordination between different actors and approaches. More particularly, there are inherent limits in the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that restrict the practical importance of their intervention in PIL. These limits have manifold reasons, including the lack of legitimacy of NGOs in China, the lack of financial independence, the restrictions on NGOs in challenging administrative authorities, and the ascendancy of administrative authorities in bringing ecological compensation suits. As a result, it is observed that NGOs are caught in a dilemma that, on the one hand, they are expected to play a pioneering role in the promotion of PIL and, on the other hand, they are facing formidable challenges to fully explore their potential in environmental protection.
Centring construction in the political economy of housing: variegated growth regimes after the Keynesian construction state
Authors: Kohl Sebastian , Spielau Alexander 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Keynesian demand regime that existed until the 1970s was characterised by governments steering demand and employment through housing and infrastructure investments. By the 1980s, Western countries began to retreat from these capital-intensive subsidies and turned to the stimulation of homeownership-spreading private mortgage markets, but with three different ideal-typical trajectories until 2008. In construction-repressive countries, like Germany, growing exports were to fill the void of the withdrawing construction engine; in countries with construction booms, like Spain, the mortgage credit expansion temporarily generated another long construction cycle. Conversely, in countries with mortgage booms only, like the UK, mortgages exploded and generated more consumption, but no proportional construction output. We explain the divergence into different trajectories through a policy feedback mechanism: parties in construction (export) economies tend to favour construction (export) policies. While exports, construction and mortgages became alternative drivers of growth, all three trajectories have their downsides which surfaced post-2008 and make them inherently unstable.
Gauging node consistency in accusation–endorsement networks
Authors: Goodloe Oscar , Zhou Zihan , Nishimura Joel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Many signed, directed social networks can be viewed as being composed of positive (endorsements) and negative (accusations) directed edges, and these networks can in turn be created through a variety of different processes. The recently proposed consistency dynamics supposes that when nodes expect to be judged based on their associations in the network, they may create edges out of a desire to appear as having consistent judgements. We develop a quantifiable score that can rate the level of consistency in a node’s judgement. We demonstrate that this consistency score can be efficiently estimated using a modification of the popular personalized PageRank algorithm and evaluate the score’s properties. In order to validate this score’s relevance to empirical networks, we use consistency scores to perform an edge prediction task, and demonstrate that it performs competitively with, and adds complementary information to, more complicated measures designed specifically for that task. We also demonstrate that the nodes in these networks exhibit specific behaviours that consistency can identify across a range of parameterization values and which are not recoverable by other measures in isolation.
Identification of supraoptimal temperatures in juvenile blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) using survival, growth rate and scaled energy reserves
Authors: Guo Lian W , Jordaan Adrian , Schultz Eric T , McCormick Stephen D 
Published: April 2022

AbstractFor young fishes, growth of somatic tissues and energy reserves are critical steps for survival and progressing to subsequent life stages. When thermal regimes become supraoptimal, routine metabolic rates increase and leave less energy for young fish to maintain fitness-based activities and, in the case of anadromous fishes, less energy to prepare for emigration to coastal habitats. Thus, understanding how energy allocation strategies are affected by thermal regimes in young anadromous fish will help to inform climate-ready management of vulnerable species and their habitat. Blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) are an anadromous fish species that remain at historically low population levels and are undergoing southern edge-range contraction, possibly due to climate change. We examined the effects of temperature (21°C, 24°C, 27°C, 30°C, 33°C) on survival, growth rate and energy reserves of juveniles collected from the mid-geographic range of the species. We identified a strong negative relationship between temperature and growth rate, resulting in smaller juveniles at high temperatures. We observed reduced survival at both 21°C and 33°C, increased fat and lean mass-at-length at high temperatures, but no difference in energy density. Juveniles were both smaller and contained greater scaled energy reserves at higher temperatures, indicating growth in length is more sensitive to temperature than growth of energy reserves. Currently, mid-geographic range juvenile blueback herring populations may be well suited for local thermal regimes, but continued warming could decrease survival and growth rates. Blueback herring populations may benefit from mitigation actions that maximize juvenile energy resources by increasing the availability of cold refugia and food-rich habitats, as well as reducing other stressors such as hypoxic zones.