bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syntax Matters: Exploring the Effect of Linguistic Similarity in Third Language Acquisition
Authors: Jensen Isabel Nadine , Westergaard Marit 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOver the last two decades, the question of to which linguistic cues learners pay attention when they decode a new language has been subject to controversy in the field of third language (L3) acquisition. In this article, we present an artificial language learning experiment that investigated how lexical and syntactic similarities between an artificial L3 and preexisting grammars impact crosslinguistic influence at the very beginning of the acquisition process. We exposed four groups of 30 Norwegian–English bilinguals each to one of four L3s and gave them training in that L3. The participants gave forced‐choice acceptability judgments on pairs of nonsubject‐initial declarative clauses that differed in word order, one grammatical in English, the other grammatical in Norwegian. The participants had not been exposed to nonsubject‐initial declaratives during the exposure and training phases to avoid confounds with learning. The results showed that both lexical and syntactic similarities affect crosslinguistic influence. We discuss this result considering contemporary accounts of L3 acquisition.
Kleptoparasites of social spider colonies do not track hosts' subdivided population structure
Authors: Straus Samantha , Avilés Leticia 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOrganisms with lower dispersal abilities tend to have more genetically dissimilar populations. The same is true for parasites, whose transmission frequency may depend on the population structure of the host. This should be especially true when hosts and parasites face similar barriers to dispersal. Here, we considered the similarities between host and parasite population structure in a social spider system. In this system, host colonies are typified by rapid growth via internal recruitment followed by budding or fission events when colonies grow too large, with each colony representing a distinct population. Host colonies provide habitat for kleptoparasitic spiders, which steal prey from and may also feed directly on host individuals. We asked whether kleptoparasites exhibit a similar degree of population subdivision as their host. Under the free‐mixing hypothesis (i.e., horizontal transmission), kleptoparasites would have well‐mixed populations across broader regions than a single host nest, whereas host populations would be strongly genetically structured. Under the host‐tracking hypothesis (i.e., vertical transmission), kleptoparasites would have a population structure that parallels that of the host. We conducted a genotype‐by‐sequencing study to assess the population structure of both hosts and kleptoparasites within three nearby regions in eastern Ecuador. We found strong signatures of population differentiation and bottlenecks in the host species, which is congruent with past studies. However, we found that kleptoparasite populations were well mixed across host nests, with no evidence of recent bottlenecks. These results support our free‐mixing hypothesis, suggesting that kleptoparasites follow patterns of horizontal transmission in this social spider system.
Perception and knowledge of low‐ and no‐calorie sweeteners in multidisciplinary stakeholders from Spain
Authors: Laja García Ana Isabel , Samaniego‐Vaesken Maria de Lourdes , Puga Ana M. , Partearroyo Teresa , Varela‐Moreiras Gregorio 
Published: October 2022

AbstractLow‐ and no‐calorie sweeteners (LNCS) as a category are one of the most thoroughly evaluated additives, and thus their safety has been largely recognised. However, their potential risks and benefits generate great controversy and discussion within countries' food policies and public debate. The goal of this study was to evaluate the degree of knowledge and the perception of key Spanish stakeholders about the role of LNCS in diet, their safety, regulatory issues and their impact on health and wellness, as well as to complete a SWOT analysis of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats regarding this topic from their perspective. Participants (n = 45 stakeholders) completed an anonymous survey about their knowledge and perception of LNCS, their role in the diet, safety and legislation, as well as health issues and completed a SWOT analysis. Most of them agreed with aspects related to safety guarantees and authorisation procedure of LNCS; however, certain disparity in their opinion in relation to several of the topics was observed, especially regarding the possible role of LNCS in diet quality and health. Effective communication strategies to inform professionals and the general population, as well as new research that deepens our knowledge of the role of LNCS in weight management and other health outcomes seem to be urgently needed.
Electricity access, demographic transition and sustainable growth in frontier economies
Authors: Ayinde Taofeek Olusola , Adeyemi Farouq Adekunmi , Fatai Basiru Oyeniran 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe study investigates the mediating role of population growth in the nexus between electricity access and sustainable growth of frontier economies. The study spans the period 2000–2020 for a panel of 25 frontier economies. Predicated on a modified environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) model, the technique of analysis is the panel quantile regression across the three major threshold levels of 25th, 50th and 75th percentiles. Also, higher threshold levels such as 90th, 95th and 97.5th percentiles were investigated. Prior to the estimations, various preliminary tests, including the panel unit root tests, were conducted to confirm the data stability conditions of the variables. The study found that access to electricity engenders sustainable growth in these frontier economies only up to the 95th percentile. However, exchange rate is said to endanger the sustainable growth path of these economies and these economies should not tolerate any idea of currency devaluation. More so, these economies should be made competitive to avoid currency depreciation. Interestingly, the role of population growth can be described as being a dividend rather than a burden but became imperceptible at the 95th percentile. Hence, efforts should be made to make increasing population remain qualitative for growth to remain sustainable.
Destructive creation, creative destruction, and the paradox of innovation science
Authors: Cao Likun , Chen Ziwen , Evans James 
Published: October 2022

AbstractInnovation or the creation and diffusion of new material, social and cultural things in society has been widely studied in sociology and across the social sciences, with investigations sufficiently diverse and dispersed to make them unnavigable. This complexity results from innovation's importance for society, but also the fundamental paradox underlying innovation science: When innovation becomes predictable, it ceases to be an engine of novelty and change. Here we review innovation studies and show that innovations emerge from contexts of discord and disorder, breaches in the structure of prior success, through a process we term destructive creation. This often leads to a complementary process of creative destruction whereby local structures protect and channel the diffusion of successful innovations, rendering alternatives obsolete. We find that social scientists naturally focus far more on how social and cultural contexts influence material innovations than the converse. We highlight computational tools that open new possibilities for the analysis of novel content and context in interaction, and show how this brings us empirically toward the broader range of possibilities that complex systems and science studies have theorized—and science fiction has imagined—the social, cultural and material structures of innovation conditioning each other's change through cycles of disruption and development.
The hidden benefits of patient encounters
Authors: Finnegan Rebecca , Flanagan Orla , Cantillon Peter , McGlacken‐Byrne Sinead 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundWhilst it is widely acknowledged that health care professionals (HCPs) learn from patient encounters, research exploring what HCPs learn from their meetings with patients is relatively sparse, particularly in the context of postgraduate training. Moreover, there are few research studies that examine the contribution of patient encounters to HCP education from both HCP and patient perspectives. This study set out to explore HCPs learning from patient encounters from both HCP and patient perspectives.MethodsQualitative descriptive design was used to conduct this study. Using purposive sampling, we recruited participants from three different groups in a single department of paediatrics in a teaching hospital. Data was collected through interviews, which were transcribed and analysed for key themes.FindingsPatients felt that they played a central role in clinical education and highlighted their ability to educate postgraduate HCPs about their lived experiences of disease. HCPs highlighted the unique insight into a chronic illness gained from patient accounts, essential to developing patient and family orientated approaches to care. HCPs reported that they developed professionally, learning to adapt their negotiation and educational strategies.ConclusionsThis study highlights the importance of patient encounters as critical contributors to HCPs understanding of the lived experiences of patients with chronic disease, and offers insights into how parents view their contribution to clinical education. Much of this learning is embedded and implicit, which suggests that HCP trainees need to develop better in the moment awareness of what they are learning from their meetings with patients and their families.
Physiological insight into the conserved properties of Caenorhabditis elegans acid‐sensing degenerin/epithelial sodium channels
Authors: Kaulich Eva , McCubbin Patrick T. N. , Schafer William R. , Walker Denise S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAcid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs) are members of the diverse family of degenerin/epithelial sodium channels (DEG/ENaCs). They perform a wide range of physiological roles in healthy organisms, including in gut function and synaptic transmission, but also play important roles in disease, as acidosis is a hallmark of painful inflammatory and ischaemic conditions. We performed a screen for acid sensitivity on all 30 subunits of the Caenorhabditis elegans DEG/ENaC family using two‐electrode voltage clamp in Xenopus oocytes. We found two groups of acid‐sensitive DEG/ENaCs characterised by being either inhibited or activated by increasing proton concentrations. Three of these acid‐sensitive C. elegans DEG/ENaCs were activated by acidic pH, making them functionally similar to the vertebrate ASICs. We also identified three new members of the acid‐inhibited DEG/ENaC group, giving a total of seven additional acid‐sensitive channels. We observed sensitivity to the anti‐hypertensive drug amiloride as well as modulation by the trace element zinc. Acid‐sensitive DEG/ENaCs were found to be expressed in both neurons and non‐neuronal tissue, highlighting the likely functional diversity of these channels. Our findings provide a framework to exploit the C. elegans channels as models to study the function of these acid‐sensing channels in vivo, as well as to study them as potential targets for anti‐helminthic drugs.
imageKey points
Acidosis plays many roles in healthy physiology, including synaptic transmission and gut function, but is also a key feature of inflammatory pain, ischaemia and many other conditions. Cells monitor acidosis of their surroundings via pH‐sensing channels, including the acid‐sensing ion channels (ASICs). These are members of the degenerin/epithelial sodium channel (DEG/ENaC) family, along with, as the name suggests, vertebrate ENaCs and degenerins of the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans.
By screening all 30 C. elegans DEG/ENaCs for pH dependence, we describe, for the first time, three acid‐activated members, as well as three additional acid‐inhibited channels.
We surveyed both groups for sensitivity to amiloride and zinc; like their mammalian counterparts, their currents can be blocked, enhanced or unaffected by these modulators. Likewise, they exhibit diverse ion selectivity.
Our findings underline the diversity of acid‐sensitive DEG/ENaCs across species and provide a comparative resource for better understanding the molecular basis of their function.
Air Handling Unit Shutdowns During Scheduled Unoccupied Hours: US Commercial Building Stock Prevalence and Energy Impact
Authors: CaraDonna Chris , Dombrovski Kelsea 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Commercial buildings account for 18% of U.S. energy consumption, with 44% used for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) 90.1 requires HVAC systems to shutdown fans and outdoor air ventilation during unoccupied times, only allowing fans to cycle on, without outdoor air, to maintain thermostat setpoints. However, it is minimally understood how often existing building operations align with energy code requirements and the energy implications of not doing so. This study used building automation system data from 843 buildings containing 5706 air handling units (AHUs) to determine three unoccupied AHU shutdown control schemes ranging in efficiency and then estimated their prevalence in the U.S. commercial building stock, segmented by building type. ComStock was then used to analyze the energy savings potential of implementing the most energy efficient unoccupied shutdown control scheme in non-participating buildings across the U.S commercial building stock. Results show that only 23% of AHUs align completely with the ASHRAE 90.1 requirement. ComStock modeling results show 4% annual stock energy savings by switching all non-participating buildings to the most efficient scheme, with 19% annual energy savings demonstrated for the median building switching from the least efficient scheme to the most efficient. Findings also show 114.5 TBtu electricity and 75.8 TBtu natural gas fuel savings when converting to the most efficient scheme. These findings help stakeholders understand the high prevalence of buildings not aligning with the ASHRAE-90.1 requirements for unoccupied AHU shutdowns and the energy savings potential of utilizing the most efficient unoccupied AHU shutdown scheme.
An Opposite Tendency of Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of a High-Strength Al-5024 Alloy Processed by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Zhang Han , Dai Donghua , Xi Lixia , Gökce Bilal , Gu Dongdong 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) manufactured Al-5024 alloy has gained worldwide interest due to its ability to fabricate high-performance complex components. This work focuses on quantitative characterization and synergic optimization of the microhardness, tensile strength, and corrosion resistance of an LPBF manufactured Al-5024 alloy by optimization of heat treatment parameters. The effect of the isothermal heat treatment (IHT) process on the microstructure evolution, mechanical properties, and electrochemical properties of an LPBF-processed Al–4.2Mg–0.4Sc-0.2Zr alloy was systematically revealed. Results showed that superior tensile strength of 506.7 ± 10.4 MPa combined with inferior corrosion resistance was simultaneously obtained at a peak-aging condition. Based on microstructure observations by electron microscopy in backscattered mode (BSE) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), the enhanced mechanical properties were attributed to the generation of a high number density (3.8 × 109/mm2) of grain interior precipitates, while the reduced corrosion resistance was related to the massive Al3(Sc,Zr) precipitates generated along grain boundaries. As aging time further increased, the size and spacing of the precipitates were increased, which blocked the corrosion path along grain boundaries and led to a reduction of mechanical properties and an enhancement of corrosion resistance. Unlike the expected synergistic improvement in mechanical properties and corrosion resistance, an opposite evolution tendency of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of LPBF-processed Al-5024 alloy during heat treatment was revealed in this paper, and its intrinsic mechanism is further analyzed based on microstructure characterization.
Selecting and Optimizing Origami Flasher Pattern Configurations for Finite-Thickness Deployable Space Arrays
Authors: Bolanos Diana , Varela Katie , Sargent Brandon , Stephen Mark A. , Howell Larry L. , Magleby Spencer P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Design parameters of the origami flasher pattern can be modified to meet a variety of design objectives for deployable array applications. The focus of this paper is to improve the understanding of design parameters, objectives, and trade-offs of origami flasher pattern configurations. Emphasis is placed on finite-thickness flasher models that would enable engineering applications. The methods presented aim to provide clarity on the effects of tuning flasher parameters based on existing synthesis tools. The results are demonstrated in the design of a flasher-based deployable LiDAR telescope where optimization is used to converge on optimal design parameters and the results are implemented in proof-of-concept hardware.
Supplemental Material: Stratigraphy of the Eocene–Oligocene Titus Canyon Formation, Death Valley, California, and Eocene extensional tectonism in the Basin and Range Turn on screen reader support
Authors: Midttun N. , al. et 
Published: October 2022

<p>Plate 1. Ten correlated graphical measured sections of the Titus Canyon Formation. Plate should be viewed at 24 inches wide by 36 inches tall.</p>
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<p>Plate 2. Geologic map of the southern Grapevine Mountains and northern Funeral Mountains, with an emphasis on Cenozoic stratigraphy. Plate is intended to be viewed at 50 inches wide and 40 inches tall. Geologic map database can be interactively viewed and downloaded at https://arcg.is/1rriKn. </p>
Educational impact and recommendations from implementation of student-led clinical trial recruitment: a mixed-methods study
Authors: Riad Aya M , Cambridge William A , Henshall David , McAdam Heather , Drake Thomas M , Fairfield Cameron J , Knight Stephen R , Sgrò Alessandro , Shaw Catherine , Glasbey James C , Potter Mark A , Harrison Ewen M , McLean Kenneth A 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Medical students have an essential role in medical research, yet often lack opportunities for involvement within randomised trials. This study aimed to understand the educational impact of clinical trial recruitment for medical students. Tracking wound infection with smartphone technology (TWIST) was a randomised controlled trial that included adult patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery across two university teaching hospitals. All recruiters underwent prerecruitment training based on ‘Generating Student Recruiters for Randomised Trials’ principles, and completed prerecruitment and postrecruitment surveys. Respondent agreement with statements were assessed using 5-point Likert scales (from 1 (‘strongly disagree’) to 5 (‘strongly agree’)). Quantitative data were analysed using paired t-tests to compare differences pre-involvement and post-involvement. Thematic content analysis was performed on free-text data to generate recommendations for future student research involvement. Of 492 patients recruited to TWIST between 26 July 2016 and 4 March 2020, 86.0% (n=423) were recruited by medical students. Following introduction of student co-investigators (n=31), the overall monthly recruitment rate tripled (4.8–15.7 patients). 96.8% of recruiters (n=30/31) completed both surveys, and all respondents reported significant improvement in clinical and academic competencies. Three higher-level thematic domains emerged from the qualitative analysis: (1) engagement, (2) preparation and (3) ongoing support. Student recruitment in clinical trials is feasible and accelerates recruitment to clinical trials. Students demonstrated novel clinical research competencies and increased their likelihood of future involvement. Adequate training, support and selection of suitable trials are essential for future student involvement in randomised trials.
An effective field theory treatment of the production and annihilation of magnetic monopoles and their relic abundance
Authors: Abreu Luciano M. , Brandão Pedro C. S. , de Montigny Marc , Ouimet Pierre-Philippe A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe revisit the thermal production and annihilation of magnetic monopoles and their relic abundance in order to gain a deeper physical interpretation on the monopole phenomenology predicted from the Baines et al.’s effective field theory, recently proposed in the description of monopole pair production via Drell–Yan and photon fusion processes. In this sense, we use of the vacuum cross sections for the Drell–Yan reactions derived within the mentioned framework to evaluate the cross section averaged over the thermal distribution associated to other particles that constitute the hot medium where the monopoles propagate. In the considered range of monopole mass with spin-zero and spin-half, our findings suggest that the thermally averaged cross sections for the pair production are highly suppressed, while at higher temperatures those for the annihilation of lighter pairs reach larger magnitudes. Besides, we observe that smaller temperature leads to a rate of annihilation for scalar monopoles smaller than the one for fermionic monopoles, which might be interpreted as a theoretical evidence of a more pronounced stability for spin-zero and heavier monopoles. Then we input these thermally averaged cross sections into the kinetic equation that describes the evolution of the monopole abundance via an extension of a freeze-out theory. Our results infer that heavier monopoles achieve the equilibrium at earlier stages of the expansion, and consequently at higher temperatures. In addition, larger monopole masses produce higher values of the relic abundance. Besides, the results indicate that the abundance does not behave differently for spin-zero and spin-half relic monopoles.
Millennial-scale changes in abundance of brachiopods in bathyal environments detected by postmortem age distributions in death assemblage (Bari Canyon, Adriatic Sea)
Authors: Tomašových Adam , García-Ramos Diego A. , Nawrot Rafał , Nebelsick James H. , Zuschin Martin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Inferring the composition of pre-Anthropocene baseline communities on the basis of death assemblages (DAs) preserved in a surface mixed layer requires discriminating among recently-dead shells sourced by living populations and older shells from extirpated populations. Here, we assess the distribution of postmortem ages in the DA formed by the brachiopod
Gryphus vitreus
at 580 m depth in the Bari Canyon (Adriatic Sea), with no individuals collected alive. The
Gryphus
DA exhibits millennial time averaging (inter-quartile range = 1250 years) and two modes in abundance at 500 and 1750 years BP. As high abundance of species in time-averaged DAs can reflect passive accumulation of shells sourced by populations with low standing population density, we reconstruct changes in annual density on the basis of the abundance maxima detected in the distribution of postmortem ages and on the basis of estimates of per-specimen disintegration rate. We find that adults (>20 mm) achieved densities of at least 10–20 individuals/m
2
(assuming lifespan is 10 years), and the pulses in abundance were thus associated with a high population density in the past, followed by the decline over the last few centuries. We infer that bathyal populations were volatile during the Late Holocene, with brachiopods sensitive to siltation that was induced by temporal changes in sediment dispersal into the Bari Canyon due to deforestation and climatic changes.