bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Whither the Villains?
Authors: Nathan Laurie 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the dilemmas that arise in mediating armed conflict between violent states, insurgents, and external actors like the United Nations and the African Union. The author is a scholar as well as a longtime conflict mediator with the UN and African Union. The chapter examines how mediation efforts often require compromises with armed groups that can leave accountability and justice demands off the table. It then explores AU mediation efforts in Côte d'Ivoire (2010–2011), Libya (2011), and Syria (2011–2018). It characterizes the trade-offs between securing immediate peace and protection of civilians and the long-term pursuit of justice as fundamentally a situational incompatibility of good norms, where a hard choice is required among norms that are both desirable and, in different circumstances, generally compatible.
Why the Peacebuilding Field Needs Clear and Accessible Standards of Research Ethics
Authors: Hume Elizabeth , Baumgardner-Zuzik Jessica 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights the need for rigorous research in crafting viable and effective peacebuilding programs. Across the field, there is relatively little by way of sustained reflection, empirical data, or ethical guidelines that would help one navigate wicked ethical problems. This chapter is especially focused on research that privileges technical mastery and methodological sophistication while ignoring issues of context, the rights and moral standing of research subjects (including vulnerable civilians), and asymmetric power relations. The authors work at the Alliance for Peacebuilding, a central player in modern peacebuilding, with over 120 member organizations from across the humanitarian aid and development worlds, as well as major academic research institutions. The chapter lays out a set of practical guidelines for ethically informed research that underscores the need for conflict sensitivity, protections for vulnerable research populations, and clearer standards for program design, implementation, and monitoring.
The Great Alliance Debate
Authors: Poling Gregory B. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the fraught negotiations over renewal of the U.S.-Philippines Military Bases Agreement in the aftermath of the fall of Saigon, the Nixon Doctrine, and the passage of the War Powers Act, which fueled worries about U.S. willingness to defend its remaining allies. The South China Sea became an integral part of these debates as the Philippines pursued new oil exploration in the area and sought assurances that attacks on its forces either at sea or on disputed islands would trigger alliance obligations. The chapter concludes with the temporary resolution of the debate during the Carter administration, but questions about mutual defense obligations in the South China Sea would resurface and haunt the alliance for decades.
Hard Power and People Power
Authors: Poling Gregory B. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the shifts in Chinese naval power and intentions, regional geopolitics, and the political environment in the Philippines during the 1980s. It provides an overview of China’s occupations in the Spratly Islands at the end of the decade, and Vietnam’s responses, leading to the 1988 Battle of Johnson Reef. The chapter explores the domestic upheavals of the latter Marcos administration and its overthrow in the 1986 People Power Revolution. The chapter ends with the failure of the United States and Philippines to secure passage of a new basing agreement and the subsequent departure of U.S. forces from the country, which would have a major impact on subsequent dynamics in the South China Sea disputes.
Diplomacy Disappointed
Authors: Poling Gregory B. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the expansion of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and its emergent role in managing the South China Sea disputes during the 1990s and 2000s. It explains how new provocations by Beijing, particularly the occupation of Mischief Reef and its subsequent militarization, fueled Southeast Asian anxieties and kickstarted the negotiations that eventually led to the disappointing 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea. The chapter tracks the repeated failures to implement that document and other unsuccessful attempts at joint development and cooperation. It also explores China’s shifting claims, including the elevation of the nine-dash line and “historic rights,” which led to heightened U.S. concerns about freedom of navigation.
Arbitration and Artificial Islands
Authors: Poling Gregory B. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the new dynamics introduced to the South China Sea disputes by the dual Chinese provocations of 2014: the deployment of a deep-water drilling rig over the continental shelf claimed by Vietnam and the launch of a massive island-building campaign in the Spratly Islands. These activities accelerated tensions that had been building for several years between China and the United States, and between China and its Southeast Asian neighbors. But despite belatedly recognizing the scale of the challenge, the Obama administration became trapped in the rhetoric of “freedom of navigation” and only managed to effectively rally international pressure against Beijing in early 2016. That progress was quickly undermined by the election of Rodrigo Duterte as president of the Philippines and his decision to set aside his country’s landmark arbitration victory over China.
A Course to Steer
Authors: Poling Gregory B. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the steady deterioration of the strategic environment in the South China Sea for the United States and its allies over the course of the presidencies of Rodrigo Duterte in the Philippines and Donald Trump in the United States. It looks back at the lessons learned over the course of the book regarding U.S. interests and how to pursue them. It argues that it is not too late to secure freedom of the seas and defend U.S. credibility with the Philippines and its other allies. A combination of short-term deterrence and long-term diplomatic pressure could incentivize Beijing to seek compromises that the United States and the wider international community could live with, but the space to do so is shrinking rapidly.
A Theory of Subjective Wellbeing
Authors: Fabian Mark 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The study of “subjective wellbeing” has seen explosive growth in recent decades, opening important new discourses in personality and social psychology, happiness economics, and moral philosophy. Now it is moving into the policy domain. In this it has arguably overstepped its limits. The shallow theoretical base of subjective wellbeing research, the limitations of its measurement instruments, and its ethical naivety make policymaking on the basis of its findings a risky venture. The present volume is an attempt to shore up these weaknesses and set subjective wellbeing scholarship on a course for several more decades of growth and maturation. It presents a theory of subjective wellbeing in two parts. The first is the subjective wellbeing production function—a model of wellbeing as outcome. The second is the coalescence of being—a model of the self-actualization process by which wellbeing is achieved. This two-part model integrates ideas from subjective wellbeing studies with complementary ideas in analytical and continental philosophy, clinical, moral, and developmental psychology, and welfare economics. Importantly, this theory is ethically sensitive, bridging the gap between the philosophical and psychological perspectives on wellbeing in a way that illuminates the complexities facing the application of subjective wellbeing in public policy. The book also provides a thorough review of various ways in which subjective wellbeing can be studied empirically, and the hard trade-offs we face between long surveys that capture the richness of the concept and the parsimony required by social surveys and policy analysis.
Hedonia
Authors: Fabian Mark 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the many things we have learned from hedonic psychology and happiness economics about the nature of subjective wellbeing and how to acquire it. It covers stylized facts about wellbeing like the hedonic treadmill, as well as various hedonic techniques like gratitude, mindfulness, and satisficing rather than maximizing. A key argument of the chapter is that this “hedonic” understanding is not enough to grasp subjective wellbeing holistically. It is conceptually straightforward to show that someone can be in a good mood and even satisfied with their life overall, while still displaying intuitively compelling indicators of illbeing like ennui, listlessness, anxiety, loneliness, and lack of purpose. These variables find their roots in the eudaimonia and conscience dimensions, which together constitute existential as opposed to hedonic satisfaction.
Conscience
Authors: Fabian Mark 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
One of the most underappreciated aspects of subjective wellbeing is the need for life to feel valuable. This was the principal concern of existentialist philosophy in the early to mid-twentieth century. Philosophers like Nietzsche, Beauvoir, and Sartre and psychologists like Frankl, Rogers, Fromm, and Jung were concerned that the decline of rural and religious life in Europe would open an existential vacuum. People would consequently experience nausea (the feeling that life is pointless), a lack of seriousness (the feeling that morality is made up and not binding), and anguish (the feeling that one’s identity is always in flux). This chapter links these ideas to more recent empirical scholarship in psychology that attests to the importance of meaning, virtue, and identity in promoting subjective wellbeing. It closes with a review of existentialism’s underdeveloped solutions to these problems, upon which the coalescence of being builds.
Introduction
Authors: Beck Colin J. , Bukovansky Mlada , Chenoweth Erica , Lawson George , Nepstad Sharon Erickson , Ritter Daniel P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe opening chapter provides an overview of the various ways revolutions have evolved over the past two centuries. It highlights how contemporary revolutionary movements tend to be unarmed, urban, cross-class coalitions that aim at relatively limited goals such as the resignation of a despot or an end to corruption. In contrast, 19th- and 20th-century revolutions were usually armed, class-based, ideologically oriented projects that aimed for comprehensive social transformation. The chapter also provides a brief overview of the four “generations” of revolutionary theory, noting their limits and revealing how none of these theoretical approaches adequately capture the experience of revolution in the 21st century. Finally, the Introduction provides a road map of the book: Part I aims to deconstruct the dichotomous ways that scholars think about revolutions, and Part II provides guidance on new ways of doing revolutions research.
The Social-Political Dichotomy
Authors: Beck Colin J. , Bukovansky Mlada , Chenoweth Erica , Lawson George , Nepstad Sharon Erickson , Ritter Daniel P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractChapter 1 challenges the dichotomous categorizing of revolutions as either social or political. This is a long-standing practice within the field but it is problematic because it conceals other possible outcomes. For instance, many movements are able to oust existing regime leaders but are not able to fully transform rules of governance or institutions under state control (such as the judicial system or the armed forces). In other words, the actors aimed for political revolution but achieved only regime change or executive leadership change. This dichotomy shapes researchers’ thinking about revolutions as events—those explosive moments when insurgents seize state power and oust incumbent rulers—rather than the longer process of changing governance rules and state institutions. A processual view rather than an event-based view shows that revolutionary processes are not linear and unidirectional. A revolutionary regime may move toward a new system, such as democracy, then regress back toward its old system. Hence revolutions may not entail a tidy, direct transition from one type of system to another; state transformation may instead reflect an erratic trajectory. These dynamics are illustrated through an examination of Ukraine’s Orange Revolution in 2004 and the Euromaidan Revolution of 2014.
Political Theory and the Dichotomies of Revolution
Authors: Beck Colin J. , Bukovansky Mlada , Chenoweth Erica , Lawson George , Nepstad Sharon Erickson , Ritter Daniel P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractChapter 6 argues that political theory can help explain emergent properties of revolutionary struggles that are unfolding now. Hannah Arendt’s book, On Revolution, departs from the social science model that seeks to generate empirically verifiable propositions about causal dynamics. She asserts the normativity of revolution and embraces “the political” as a decisive sphere of human action. Her ideas value the emancipatory and innovative potential of revolutions and decry their co-optation, derailment, or violent suppression. She invites scholars to evaluate as well as explain revolutionary processes and outcomes. She critiques the revolutionary tradition established by the French Revolution and perpetuated by Marxists, which defines freedom as liberation from economic misery. For Arendt, this social-economic emphasis of revolutionary theory has neglected the political emphasis, which is about the creation of something new and the freedom to participate in community life. This chapter reflects on the way Arendt’s work explores and challenges current theoretical dichotomies and discusses some of the ways it has influenced and aggravated writers concerned with colonial emancipation and racial subjugation.
Methodological Approaches to Studying Revolution
Authors: Beck Colin J. , Bukovansky Mlada , Chenoweth Erica , Lawson George , Nepstad Sharon Erickson , Ritter Daniel P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores a common tension in research methodology. Much research in revolution studies is comparative, focused on cases and a qualitative understanding of particular events through reference to other events. However, recent work has challenged case-specific knowledge of revolutions by demonstrating its shortcomings and the potential of larger comparisons and cross-national, statistical investigation. This is a false dichotomy. A comparative approach does not necessitate denying the advantages of quantitative strategies, nor does the demonstration of average effects in a population deny the utility of case-specific knowledge. This suggests that debates over the generalizability (or lack thereof) of revolutionary theories rest on false premises. Rather, scholars should be clear about the scope conditions of a proffered theory so that future researchers can use it appropriately through application to new cases, elaboration of causal mechanisms, or extension to new levels of analysis. Also, methodology is always in dialogue with theory. An essential issue is recognizing how casing—selection of not only particular instances but also the unit of analysis of those instances—shapes causal stories. The solution to these dichotomies—comparison versus quantification, generalization versus specificity, theory versus method—is self-conscious methodological reflection. Scholars of revolution should be frank about what their methodological choices do: what is gained and lost, how implications are affected, how others should use the conclusions. Reflection of this sort overcomes recursive epistemological debates.
Introduction
Authors: Clary Christopher 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This introduction chapter presents the questions that motivate the book. When and why do rivals pursue cooperation or conflict with one another? When is escalation more likely when crises do emerge, and when is de-escalation of those crises more difficult? Why is peacemaking so challenging even when it seems it might benefit rival states? The chapter proposes an explanation, called leader primacy theory, which predicts that the degree of state responsiveness to strategic incentives will vary based on the presence or absence of concentrated foreign policy authority within a state. The chapter outlines the empirical approach used to test this theory against competing alternative explanations. The India-Pakistan rivalry offers an especially compelling case for examination, for reasons detailed in the chapter. The remaining chapters of the book and their relationship with the argument are also previewed.
Rivals, Leaders, and Change
Authors: Clary Christopher 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses why understanding interstate rivalry is central to understanding international conflict. It then introduces and explains leader primacy theory, a new framework for understanding the causes of peacebuilding and war-making in enduring rivalries. Leader primacy theory argues that international incentives are mediated by the domestic political context within each rival state, namely, whether a leader has concentrated executive authority over foreign policy decision-making. The chapter examines why fractured foreign policy authority is associated with the perpetuation of rivalry or the escalation of violence within rivalry. Using historical examples from many different contexts, the chapter also describes how strategic incentives and the concentration of foreign policy authority, the two principal variables underlying leader primacy theory, will be measured in the remainder of the book.
Nehru, Ayub, and the Indus Waters Treaty
Authors: Clary Christopher 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the military coup of Ayub Khan in Pakistan and the fractured and chaotic leadership environment that preceded it. It discusses the multifront stalemate in India-Pakistan negotiations in the mid-1950s over Kashmir, border delimitations elsewhere along the India-Pakistan boundary, and over the distribution of water rights for irrigation involving the Indus River system. It introduces the Cooch-Behar enclaves and the agreement between Jawaharlal Nehru and Feroz Khan Noon that sought to resolve the irksome territorial problem. It discusses Ayub Khan’s success working with Nehru in resolving several border disputes as well as finalizing the text for an Indus Waters Treaty. It concludes by discussing how an Indian judicial ruling and political clamor over the Cooch-Behar enclaves settlement weakened Nehru’s hand on territorial issues and ended this short burst of dispute resolution in the rivalry.
Dhaka, Simla, and an Incomplete Peace
Authors: Clary Christopher 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the rise of Indira Gandhi in India, before turning to Pakistan’s political difficulties in the late 1960s. Elections in 1970 led Pakistan to its gravest political crisis since independence, and ultimately resulted in a brutal military campaign to repress East Pakistani political aspirations. That campaign in turn generated a large refugee crisis, giving India moral and pragmatic reasons to intervene in East Pakistan. Throughout the crisis, Pakistan’s military dictator, Yahya Khan, found his room for maneuver limited by Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, complicating domestic and international negotiations. Pakistan’s decisive defeat in 1971, however, did not produce a lopsided settlement in India’s favor. Bhutto, who replaced Yahya as Pakistan’s leader, used his political weakness to argue persuasively against the far-reaching Simla Accord with India. However, as Bhutto’s political position improved, he demonstrated a willingness and ability to make meaningful concessions to normalize relations with India and a new Bangladesh.
Unity and Catholicity in Christ
Authors: DeMeuse Eric J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Debates concerning the relationship between Tridentine Catholicism and Catholicism after Vatican II dominate theological conversation today, particularly with regard to understandings of the Church and its engagement with the world. Current historical narratives paint ecclesiology after the Council of Trent as dominated by juridical concerns, uniformity, and institutionalism. Purportedly neglected are the spiritual, diverse, and missional aspects of the Church. This book challenges such narratives by investigating the Spanish Jesuit Francisco Suárez’s theology of ecclesial unity and catholicity. The author shows how Suárez wrestles with the new demands of his time and anticipates later ecumenical developments in twentieth-century Catholic ecclesiology. Early modern expansion prompted theologians after Trent to reckon with the ecclesial status of baptized Protestants, the Greek Orthodox, and nonbelievers in the New World. It further prompted reflection on the universality, or catholicity, of the Church, and how the Church’s mission to the nations serves her greater unity in Christ. Throughout this exposition, the author reveals Suárez’s vision of the Church to be deeply spiritual, diverse, and missional—not at the expense of the institutional, but as its necessary and life-giving source. This book further explores not only Suárez’s speculative ecclesiology, but how the unity and catholicity of the body of Christ is lived out in the worship and works of the faithful, and, most notably, in the charism of his own religious order, the Society of Jesus. Suárez thus shows his readers what the spiritual dynamic between Christic unity and missional catholicity should look like in the Church.
The Christic Unity of the Church
Authors: DeMeuse Eric J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the sources, method, and rationale grounding Suárez’s definition of ecclesial unity and membership. Suárez’s primarily spiritual and interior understanding of ecclesial unity differs from that of many of his Catholic contemporaries (resembling instead his Protestant contemporaries), yet it is a faithful but creative recovery of Aquinas, maintaining the priority of Christic union as the basis of ecclesial union. This radical emphasis on a Christological “form” of ecclesial unity bears implications for Suárez’s conception of the members of the Church, particularly for those on the fringes of ecclesial membership—mortal sinners, catechumens, schismatics, the baptized children of heretics, the Greeks, and those who have never heard the gospel. Suárez’s treatment of these persons enables him to recognize Church membership as to some degree a scalar (or gradated) category, even admitting the category of unio imperfecta, a distant anticipation of Vatican II’s formal recognition of degrees of communion.
The Missional Catholicity of the Church
Authors: DeMeuse Eric J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Suárez’s understanding of the catholicity of the Church, or how the ecclesial body united by the bond of Christ is “catholic,” a term that Suárez considers synonymous with “universal or common.” Like his definition of the Church and his conception of ecclesial unity, catholicity is fundamentally Christological. This chapter traces Suárez’s doctrine of catholicity from his early career in Rome through his polemics with James I. Contrary to narratives that present early modern understandings of catholicity as overly concerned with uniformity and quantitative, geographic expanse, this chapter argues that the Christological foundation of catholicity in Suárez’s thought prompts him (1) to acknowledge the diversity of persons and gifts in the Church as an expression of her catholicity and (2) to recognize in catholicity the interior, supernatural, and missional impulse at the heart of the Church—an impulse that seeks the salvation of souls, not the conquering of peoples.