bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exclusive breastfeeding: Measurement to match the global recommendation
Authors: Alayón Silvia , Varela Veronica , Mukuria‐Ashe Altrena , Alvey Jeniece , Milner Erin , Pedersen Sarah , Yourkavitch Jennifer 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe World Health Organization (WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) recommend exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first 6 months of life. To estimate the proportion of infants that are exclusively breastfed, many agencies use the point prevalence of EBF among infants currently 0–5.9 months of age, as recommended by WHO and UNICEF. This measure tends to overestimate the percentage of infants that are exclusively breastfed for the entire recommended period. We compared five methods of measuring EBF, using data from three large‐scale cross‐sectional surveys. The five methods were: the WHO/UNICEF recommended method (EBF‐24H); an estimate of EBF for 6 months, using the 24‐h recall among infants 4–5.9 and 6–7.9 months (EBF‐24H‐Pul); a since birth recall (EBF‐SB); an estimate of EBF for 6 months, using the since‐birth recall among infants 4–5.9 and 6–7.9 months (EBF‐SB‐Pul); a retrospective measure of EBF collected from infants 6–11.9 months, based on the age of introduction of liquids and foods (EBF‐AI). EBF‐24H‐Pul and EBF‐SB‐Pul produced lower estimates of EBF than other measures, while also aligning better with the WHO recommendation, but may be difficult to estimate from multipurpose surveys due to sample size limitations. The EBF‐AI method produced estimates between these, aligns well with the WHO recommendation and can be easily collected in large‐scale household surveys. Additional validation of the EBF‐24‐Pul, EBF‐SB‐Pul, and EBF‐AI methods is recommended to understand how accurately they measure EBF for the recommended 6‐month period.
The N‐terminus of a Fusarium graminearum‐secreted protein enhances broad‐spectrum disease resistance in plants
Authors: Xu Qiang , Hu Su , Jin Minxia , Xu Yangjie , Jiang Qiantao , Ma Jian , Zhang Yazhou , Qi Pengfei , Chen Guoyue , Jiang Yunfeng , Zheng Youliang , Wei Yuming 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFusarium head blight is a destructive disease caused by Fusarium species. Little is known about the pathogenic molecular weapons of Fusarium graminearum. The gene encoding a small secreted protein, Fg02685, in F. graminearum was found to be upregulated during wheat head infection. Knockout mutation of Fg02685 reduced the growth and development of Fusarium in wheat spikes. Transient expression of Fg02685 or recombinant protein led to plant cell death in a BAK1‐ and SOBIR1‐independent system. Fg02685 was found to trigger plant basal immunity by increasing the deposition of callose, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the expression of defence‐related genes. The Fg02685 signal peptide was required for the plant's apoplast accumulation and induces cell death, indicating Fg02685 is a novel conserved pathogen‐associated molecular pattern. Moreover, its homologues are widely distributed in oomycetes and fungal pathogens and induced cell death in tobacco. The conserved α‐helical motif at the N‐terminus was necessary for the induction of cell death. Moreover, a 32‐amino‐acid peptide, Fg02685 N‐terminus peptide 32 (FgNP32), was essential for the induction of oxidative burst, callose deposition, and mitogen‐activated protein kinase signal activation in plants. Prolonged exposure to FgNP32 enhanced the plant's resistance to Fusarium and Phytophthora. This study provides new approaches for an environment‐friendly control strategy for crop diseases by applying plant immune inducers to strengthen broad‐spectrum disease resistance in crops.
A known ilarvirus is associated with a novel viral disease in pepper
Authors: Orfanidou Chrysoula G. , Katiou Dimitra , Papadopoulou Efthalia , Katis Nikolaos I. , Maliogka Varvara I. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn 2020, a new pepper disease was recorded in a greenhouse crop in Drama, Greece, exhibiting mild concentric chlorotic rings and deformation on the fruits. High‐throughput sequencing (HTS) of total RNA from a plant with symptoms revealed three viral RNA segments closely related (>90% nucleotide identity) to those of four recently identified Ilarvirus species, Solanum nigrum ilarvirus 1 (SnIV1), surrounding legume associated ilarvirus (sLaIV), Erysiphe necator associated ilar‐like virus (ENaIlV1) and grapevine associated ilarvirus (GaIV). Nucleotide comparisons indicated that SnIV1, sLaIV, ENaIlV1, GaIV and the herein detected ilarvirus are isolates of the same virus species. All these ilarviruses were also discovered with the aid of HTS on different hosts; however, no data existed so far regarding their putative association with a disease. To fulfil Koch's postulates, we conducted mechanical inoculation to indicator plants and cultivated solanaceous species. The virus was transmitted only to Nicotiana benthamiana and Capsicum annuum ‘Arlequin’ plants; mild concentric rings, like the original symptoms, also appeared in the fruits of the pepper plants. We suggest that the new ilarvirus isolate PD be classified as SnIV1. However, the nomenclature of the species, including all the recently determined ilarviruses, should be ultimately addressed by the relevant ICTV group. Finally, a small‐scale survey revealed that SnIV1‐PD is currently not present in other geographical regions; nonetheless, more surveys are needed in Greece and abroad to unravel the geographical distribution, the biological characteristics and the evolutionary history of this virus.
Tobacco necrosis virus A overcomes local cell death response in Nicotiana tabacum
Authors: Garcia Lucila , Gerhardt Nadia , Martin Ana P. , Martínez María F. , Alemano Sergio , Marano María R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTobacco necrosis virus A (TNVA) belongs to the genus Alphanecrovirus in the Tombusviridae family. Symptoms induced by TNVA include necrotic lesions on inoculated leaves in a wide host range. The necrotic cell death response to certain viruses is poorly understood. This study characterizes the mechanisms underlying the local cell death triggered by TNVA in Nicotiana tabacum, showing that it shares several components with the hypersensitive response (HR) mediated by resistance proteins. TNVA perception triggers the accumulation of local viral‐derived small interference RNA and the regulation of biological processes related to pathogen‐associated molecular pattern (PAMP)‐triggered immunity (PTI), including hydrogen peroxide accumulation, cell wall reinforcement, the activation of unfolded protein response and the induction of salicylic acid (SA) and SA‐dependent pathways. However, these antiviral defences do not prevent either local virus multiplication or systemic movement, leading to disease development. Nevertheless, SA‐deficient NahG tobacco plants challenged with TNVA showed an increase in virus accumulation on noninoculated leaves, which was correlated with the development of systemic necrosis, highlighting the role of SA signalling in TNVA‐induced defence. In addition, SA treatment enhanced the local defence response to TNVA infection and suppressed systemic necrosis in N. benthamiana. Taken together, our data suggest that TNVA induces an impaired plant defence response by modulating host factors to persist at low levels in distal tissues.
How robust is the relationship between neural processing speed and cognitive abilities?
Authors: Schubert Anna‐Lena , Löffler Christoph , Hagemann Dirk , Sadus Kathrin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIndividual differences in processing speed are consistently related to individual differences in cognitive abilities, but the mechanisms through which a higher processing speed facilitates reasoning remain largely unknown. To identify these mechanisms, researchers have been using latencies of the event‐related potential (ERP) to study how the speed of cognitive processes associated with specific ERP components is related to cognitive abilities. Although there is some evidence that latencies of ERP components associated with higher‐order cognitive processes are related to intelligence, results are overall quite inconsistent. These inconsistencies likely result from variations in analytic procedures and little consideration of the psychometric properties of ERP latencies in relatively small sample studies. Here we used a multiverse approach to evaluate how different analytical choices regarding references, low‐pass filter cutoffs, and latency measures affect the psychometric properties of P2, N2, and P3 latencies and their relations with cognitive abilities in a sample of 148 participants. Latent correlations between neural processing speed and cognitive abilities ranged from −.49 to −.78. ERP latency measures contained about equal parts of measurement error variance and systematic variance, and only about half of the systematic variance was related to cognitive abilities, whereas the other half reflected nuisance factors. We recommend addressing these problematic psychometric properties by recording EEG data from multiple tasks and modeling relations between ERP latencies and covariates in latent variable models. All in all, our results indicate that there is a substantial and robust relationship between neural processing speed and cognitive abilities when those issues are addressed.
The role of an advisory opinion of ITLOS in addressing climate change: Some preliminary considerations on jurisdiction and admissibility
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAs shown in the Antigua and Barbuda‐Tuvalu Agreement of 31 October 2021, the possible role of an advisory opinion of the International Tribunal on the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) as a full court in addressing climate change is attracting growing attention. Adverse impacts of climate change on the oceans can be considered as ‘marine pollution’ under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. However, to obtain an advisory opinion addressing climate change from ITLOS as a full court is not a straightforward matter because there is a need to cross some procedural hurdles. In light of this, it is necessary to examine some preliminary issues with regard to the Tribunal's advisory jurisdiction. This article therefore offers some preliminary considerations on an ITLOS advisory opinion in addressing climate change, focusing particularly on the legal basis for the advisory jurisdiction of ITLOS as a full court and the admissibility of an advisory opinion.
Methyltransferase like 3 enhances pinin mRNA stability through N6‐methyladenosine modification to augment tumourigenesis of colon adenocarcinoma
Authors: He Min , Jiang Danling , Xun Anying , Yang Jian , Luo Qianjiang , Wu Huihua 
Published: August 2022

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
What is the role of pinin (PNN) in the malignant phenotype of colon adenocarcinoma cells and the underlying mechanism?
What is the main finding and its importance?
PNN mRNA can be stabilized and upregulated by methyltransferase like 3 (METTL3), which promotes glycolysis in colon adenocarcinoma and augments cell proliferation, migration and invasiveness. METTL3 and PNN might serve as potential targets for the treatment of colon adenocarcinoma.
AbstractColon adenocarcinoma (COAD) is a fatal malignancy with high morbidity and mortality rates globally. Pinin (PNN), a desmosome associated protein, has been revealed as a tumour driver in several malignancies. This study aims to probe the expression and role of PNN in COAD and the underlying mechanism. PNN was expressed at high levels in clinically collected COAD tumours and was linked to poor prognosis of patients. Downregulation of PNN reduced glucose uptake, lactate production and ATP levels in COAD cells and suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasiveness. Methyltransferase like 3 (METTL3) was positively associated with PNN levels in COAD tumour tissues. RNA immunoprecipitation and N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) quantification assays indicated that METTL3 enhanced PNN mRNA stability and expression in COAD through m6A modification with the involvement of the m6A ‘reader’ protein YT521‐B homology domain family member 1. Downregulation of METTL3 reduced COAD cell glycolysis and proliferation in vitro and suppressed growth and metastasis of xenograft tumours in vivo, but further overexpression of PNN restored malignant behaviours of COAD cells and tumour growth. In summary, this study demonstrates that METTL3 promotes PNN mRNA stability and expression in COAD through m6A modification, which augments glycolysis and proliferation of COAD cells and leads to the resultant tumour progression.
Static and Dynamic Nonlinear In-Plane Effect in the Response of a Cantilevered Plate With Tip Mass Load: Theory and Experiment
Authors: Piccolo Serafim Luisa , Werner Everett , Zhou Joey , Dowell Earl H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this article, two nonlinear effects are investigated. One is the effect of the static stiffness nonlinearity in changing the linear dynamic natural frequency, and the other is the combination of nonlinear stiffness and nonlinear inertia effects in changing the nonlinear dynamic transient response due to a change in the initial release state of the system. A theoretical model has been developed for a cantilevered thin plate with a range of length-to-width ratio using beam theory and considering both stiffness and inertial nonlinearities in the model. Lagrange's equation was used to deduce nonlinear inertia and stiffness matrices for a modal representation. Some insights into how these nonlinear components influence the beam response are presented. Measurements with both a hammer test and also a release test of cantilevered thin plates were done using different configurations and tip mass values. Results from static and dynamic analyses using the linear and the nonlinear theoretical models show good agreement between theory and experiment for natural frequencies and the amplitude displacements versus time.
Oral administration of caffeine metabolite 7-methylxanthine is associated with slowed myopia progression in Danish children
Authors: Trier Klaus , Cui Dongmei , Ribel-Madsen Søren , Guggenheim Jeremy 
Published: August 2022

PurposeMyopia is associated with an increased risk of permanent vision loss. The caffeine metabolite 7-methylxanthine (7-MX), licensed in Denmark since 2009 as a treatment to reduce the rate of childhood myopia progression, is the only orally administered therapy available. The purpose of the current study was to assess the rate of myopia progression in children taking 7-MX.MethodsLongitudinal cycloplegic refraction and axial length data for 711 myopic children from Denmark treated with varying doses of oral 7-MX (0–1200 mg per day) were analysed using linear mixed models.ResultsThe median age at baseline was 11.1 years (range 7.0 –15.0 years). Children were followed for an average of 3.6 years (range 0.9–9.1 years) and the average myopia progression was 1.34 dioptres (D) (range −6.50 to +0.75 D). Treatment with 7-MX was associated with a reduced rate of myopia progression (p<0.001) and axial elongation (p<0.002). Modelling suggested that, on average, an 11-year-old child taking 1000 mg 7-MX daily would develop −1.43 D of myopia over the next 6 years, compared with −2.27 D if untreated. Axial length in this child would increase by 0.84 mm over 6 years when taking a daily dose of 1000 mg of 7-MX, compared with 1.01 mm if untreated. No adverse effects of 7-MX therapy were reported.ConclusionsOral intake of 7-MX was associated with reduced myopia progression and reduced axial elongation in this sample of myopic children from Denmark. Randomised controlled trials are needed to determine whether the association is causal.
Evaluating how clear the questions being investigated in randomised trials are: systematic review of estimands
Authors: Cro Suzie , Kahan Brennan C , Rehal Sunita , Chis Ster Anca , Carpenter James R , White Ian R , Cornelius Victoria R 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate how often the precise research question being addressed about an intervention (the estimand) is stated or can be determined from reported methods, and to identify what types of questions are being investigated in phase 2-4 randomised trials.DesignSystematic review of the clarity of research questions being investigated in randomised trials in 2020 in six leading general medical journals.Data sourcePubMed search in February 2021.Eligibility criteria for selecting studiesPhase 2-4 randomised trials, with no restrictions on medical conditions or interventions. Cluster randomised, crossover, non-inferiority, and equivalence trials were excluded.Main outcome measuresNumber of trials that stated the precise primary question being addressed about an intervention (ie, the primary estimand), or for which the primary estimand could be determined unambiguously from the reported methods using statistical knowledge. Strategies used to handle post-randomisation events that affect the interpretation or existence of patient outcomes, such as intervention discontinuations or uses of additional drug treatments (known as intercurrent events), and the corresponding types of questions being investigated.Results255 eligible randomised trials were identified. No trials clearly stated all the attributes of the estimand. In 117 (46%) of 255 trials, the primary estimand could be determined from the reported methods. Intercurrent events were reported in 242 (95%) of 255 trials; but the handling of these could only be determined in 125 (49%) of 255 trials. Most trials that provided this information considered the occurrence of intercurrent events as irrelevant in the calculation of the treatment effect and assessed the effect of the intervention regardless (96/125, 77%)—that is, they used a treatment policy strategy. Four (4%) of 99 trials with treatment non-adherence owing to adverse events estimated the treatment effect in a hypothetical setting (ie, the effect as if participants continued treatment despite adverse events), and 19 (79%) of 24 trials where some patients died estimated the treatment effect in a hypothetical setting (ie, the effect as if participants did not die).ConclusionsThe precise research question being investigated in most trials is unclear, mainly because of a lack of clarity on the approach to handling intercurrent events. Clear reporting of estimands is necessary in trial reports so that all stakeholders, including clinicians, patients and policy makers, can make fully informed decisions about medical interventions.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42021238053.
How does domestic migration pose a challenge in achieving equitable social health insurance benefits in China? A national cross-sectional study
Authors: Wang Haiqin , Liang Di , Zhang Donglan , Hou Zhiyuan 
Published: August 2022

ObjectivesTo evaluate the benefit distribution of social health insurance among domestic migrants in China.DesignA national cross-sectional survey.Setting348 cities from 32 provincial units in China.Participants1165 domestic migrants who used inpatient care services in the city of a new residence and had social health insurance.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe probability of receiving reimbursements from social health insurance, the amounts and ratio of reimbursement received.ResultsAmong migrants who used inpatient care in 2013, only 67% received reimbursements from social health insurance, and the reimbursement amount only accounted for 47% of the inpatient care expenditure. The broader the geographical scope of migration, the lower the probability of receiving reimbursement and the reimbursement ratio, but the higher the reimbursement amount. Specifically, the probability of receiving reimbursements for those who migrated across cities or provinces was significantly lower by 14.7% or 26.0%, respectively, than those who migrated within a city. However, they received significantly higher reimbursement amounts by 33.4% or 27.2%, respectively, than those who migrated within a city. And those who migrated across provinces had the lowest reimbursement ratio, although not reaching significance level.ConclusionsThe unequal benefit distribution among domestic migrants may be attributed to the fragmented health insurance design that relies on localised administration, and later reimbursement approach that migrating patients pay for health services up-front and get reimbursement later from health insurance. To improve the equity in social health insurance benefits, China has been promoting the portability of social health insurance, immediate reimbursement for inpatient care used across regions, and a more integrated health insurance system. Efforts should also be made to control inflation of healthcare expenditures and prevent inverse government subsidies from out-migration regions to in-migration regions. This study has policy implications for China and other low/middle-income countries that experience rapid urbanisation and domestic migration.
Relationship between working conditions and psychological distress experienced by junior doctors in the UK during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional survey study
Authors: Dunning Alice , Teoh Kevin , Martin James , Spiers Johanna , Buszewicz Marta , Chew-Graham Carolyn , Taylor Anna Kathryn , Gopfert Anya , Van Hove Maria , Appleby Louis , Riley Ruth 
Published: August 2022

ObjectivesThis paper explored the self-reported prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among junior doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic. It also reports the association between working conditions and psychological distress experienced by junior doctors.DesignA cross-sectional online survey study was conducted, using the 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale and Health and Safety Executive scale to measure psychological well-being and working cultures of junior doctors.SettingThe National Health Service in the UK.ParticipantsA sample of 456 UK junior doctors was recruited online during the COVID-19 pandemic from March 2020 to January 2021.ResultsJunior doctors reported poor mental health, with over 40% scoring extremely severely depressed (45.2%), anxious (63.2%) and stressed (40.2%). Both gender and ethnicity were found to have a significant influence on levels of anxiety. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis outlined the specific working conditions which significantly predicted depression (increased demands (β=0.101), relationships (β=0.27), unsupportive manager (β=−0.111)), anxiety (relationships (β=0.31), change (β=0.18), demands (β=0.179)) and stress (relationships (β=0.18), demands (β=0.28), role (β=0.11)).ConclusionsThe findings illustrate the importance of working conditions for junior doctors’ mental health, as they were significant predictors for depression, anxiety and stress. Therefore, if the mental health of junior doctors is to be improved, it is important that changes or interventions specifically target the working environment rather than factors within the individual clinician.