bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dollar beta and stock returns
Authors: Bruno Valentina , Shim Ilhyock , Shin Hyun Song 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The financial channel of exchange rates operates through changes in risk-taking by investors and is reflected in the response of financial conditions to exchange rate movements. We show that stock returns also reflect the financial channel of exchange rates, with higher local currency stock returns associated with a weaker dollar. The broad dollar index emerges as a global factor, consistent with the financial channel operating through swings in risk-taking by global investors. We introduce the ‘dollar beta’ as the sensitivity of stock returns to swings in the broad dollar index and show that emerging market stock indices that have a higher dollar beta tend to have higher average returns, implying that the dollar beta is a cross-section risk factor that is priced.
Between Federal and Unitary States
Authors: Arretche Marta 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the proposition that the binary distinction between constitutional forms is an expression of clusters of real-world political institutions must be demonstrated rather than assumed. If this proposition is not demonstrated, the binary distinction cannot be considered as a good predictor of different patterns of performance between the two blocs of countries. The chapter is organized into four sections. The first section explores arguments in favour of the analytical utility of employing the binary distinction between federal and unitary states as representative of clusters of political institutions. The second section demonstrates how empirical research has cast several doubts on this proposition. The third examines Latin American democracies with a population of over eight million and demonstrates how this binary distinction hides important institutional variations in the design of governance structures and political institutions. The fourth section discusses problems of endogeneity of the causal relation between political institutions and economic and social performance. The paper concludes that the theorizing of the relations between prescriptive theorization and positive theories of forms of state requires identifying subtypes of governance structures that do not coincide with the constitutional forms of state.
Constitutions and International Law
Authors: Chehtman Alejandro 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of international law in the Constitutional systems of Latin America. The relationship between international law and municipal law is examined within the jurisprudential debate between monism and dualism. At issue in that debate is whether they consist of two separate systems of law, or whether they are both a single legal system. The chapter focuses on the extent to which international law can be validly invoked before domestic authorities, both as a legal and a political issue, and the role these authorities recognize it in their reasoning and decision-making. It considers three specific questions. First, it examines whether international norms can be validly invoked before local authorities, particularly courts. Second, it pays attention to the hierarchy conferred upon these norms under the domestic Constitutional system. Finally, it assesses the role of the case-law or decisions by supranational bodies is considered relevant to the application of these rules by domestic authorities.
Political Participation and Democratic Innovation
Authors: Avritzer Leonardo , Faria Cláudia Feres 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Latin America democratized during the 1980s following a century of authoritarian breakdowns. In the ensuing thirty-five years, the new democracies were strengthened through different democratic processes such as constitution-making, accountability, and participation that have re-energized the regimes in the regions. This chapter shows how the new rights for political participation created many different ways of combining representation and participation in those countries, without promoting political instability. This breaks with a relatively well-established view of democratic theory which affirms that increased social participation generates political instability. The process of constitutional change impacted the relationship between the political system and civil society, allowing more political and social inclusion. Nonetheless, this process of including new actors in the countries’ social policies were not homogeneous. The democratic innovations that were created, as well as the state willingness to implement these innovations, are also important variables to explain these differences.
Judicial Independence in Latin America
Authors: Shankar Shylashri 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of how Asia perceives judicial independence in Latin America. A general definition of judicial independence is that courts can act in ways that are not dictated by the political and administrative organs of the state or by powerful non-governmental actors. Such independence can refer to the institutional autonomy of judges from other individuals and institutions. However, it is not enough for courts to possess structurally (constitutionally) assigned powers such as judicial review, and be insulated in its governance (appointments, promotion, transfers, and budget). Judicial independence also refers to behavioural autonomy of the judges. One has to separate the scope of judicial choices from questions about the direction of such choices.
Latin American Constitutionalism
Authors: Ginsburg Tom 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
For a North American looking at constitutions in Latin America, one recognizes certain broad similarities to the familiar image of constitutions and constitutionalism; thus, one can see the general shape of the phenomenon. But the particular features appear different, even distorted or inverted. On several dimensions, including stability, efficacy, and the relationship between written texts and constitutionalism in practice, the story in Latin America is in many ways the opposite of that in the United States. In Latin America, a colonial legacy of domination and exploitation of large indigenous populations has left the region today as the world’s most unequal with a good deal of violence. Even as both parts of the New World drew on the revolutionary ideas of the 18th century in their independence movements, these were instantiated in different environments and so developed differently. This chapter covers several different arenas in which constitutional norms or practices have diverged.
Xenogeneic Mesh Provides Safe and Durable Long-Term Outcomes in Abdominal Wall Reconstruction of High-Risk Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Class III and IV Defects
Authors: Hassan Abbas M. , Asaad Malke , Liu Jun , Offodile Anaeze C. , Butler Charles E. 
Published: April 2022

Objective:
Evaluate long-term outcomes of abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR) using xenogeneic mesh in patients with Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) class III/IV defects. We hypothesized that AWR with xenogeneic mesh results in acceptable outcomes.

Background:
Optimal mesh selection in AWR of CDC class III/IV defects is controversial. Outcomes using xenogeneic mesh are lacking.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent AWR using xenogeneic mesh in CDC class III/IV defects from March 2005 to June 2019. Primary outcome was hernia recurrence (HR). Secondary outcomes were surgical site occurrence (SSO) and surgical site infection (SSI).

Results:
Of consecutive 725 AWRs, we identified 101 patients who met study criteria. Sixty-eight patients had class III defects, while 33 had class IV defects. Patients had a mean age of 61.3 ± 11.1 years, mean body mass index of 31.8 ± 7.3 kg/m2, and mean follow-up time of 41.9 ± 26.3 months. Patients had HR rate of 21%, SSO rate of 49%, and SSI rate of 24. Class IV defects were predictive of SSOs (odds ratio [OR], 2.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11–7.42; P = 0.029) but not HR (hazard ratio, 1.60; 95% CI, 0.59–4.34; P = 0.355) or SSIs (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 0.85–8.10; P = 0.094).

Conclusions:
Patients with class IV defects have a higher risk of SSOs, but not HR or SSIs, compared with patients with class III defects. Despite the high level of defect contamination, AWR with xenogeneic mesh demonstrated acceptable HR, SSO, and SSI rates. Therefore, safe and durable long-term outcomes are achievable in single-stage AWR using xenogeneic mesh for CDC class III/IV defects.
An Integrated Review of Obstetric Admissions in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Luebcke Caitlin , Smith Beth E. , Abrahamson Kathleen 
Published: April 2022

Background
Critically ill expectant mothers are regularly transferred from obstetrics units to an intensive care unit (ICU), placing one specialty population in an environment designed for another.

Objective
The purpose of this study is to examine the rates of admission, admitting diagnoses, and mortality of obstetric intensive care patients in the United States and peer nations, and discuss implications to the critical care nurse.

Methods
Relevant studies were identified in PubMed and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature following strict eligibility criteria, including peer reviewed primary research, from 2010–2021, that examined rates of admissions, diagnoses, morbidity, and mortality of peripartum women requiring intensive care. Specialty ICU and countries with an overall performance score from the World Health Organization that placed them in the lower two-thirds deciles of all member countries were excluded. Fourteen articles, representing 9 countries, were reviewed by a single doctoral student.

Results
Few obstetrics patients required intensive care. The majority of admissions and deaths occurred within the postpartum period. The most common admitting diagnoses were hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and sepsis. Mean mortality ranged from 0.2% to 9.7%. The most common causes of death were cardiovascular diseases and postpartum hemorrhage.

Discussion
These women represent a truly specialized subset within the critical care population. Limitations include possible selection, confounding, and chronology biases; use of a single data extractor, and a relative dearth of relevant studies, originating in developed nations.

Conclusions
This review provided information on characteristics of the obstetric critical care population. Education and instituting early warning systems, formal debriefings, and standardization of protocols may assist in preparing critical care nurses in confidently caring for this population.
Development of a Comprehensive Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Program in a Cardiac Transplant Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Galos Michelle 
Published: April 2022

Background
A major academic medical center in the Midwest has expanded their extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) program from 8 ECMO cases in 2014 to 97 ECMO cases in 2017. The Extracorporeal Life Support Organization states that standardized policies, procedures, and standards of care are necessary for an ECMO center to be successful.

Local Problem
With the rapid growth of the ECMO program, this medical center has chosen to transition nurses and respiratory therapists into the role of ECMO specialist to bridge the gap in care created by the influx in patients. Currently, no specific set of policies/procedures or standards of care exist for ECMO patients. The primary objective of this study is to improve the self-efficacy of ECMO specialists and bedside nurses through the development of a comprehensive ECMO program that includes standardized policies and procedures, order sets, and evidence-based patient management guidelines.

Methods/Implementation
The General Self-Efficacy Survey was used to assess the self-efficacy of both the ECMO specialists and the bedside nurses before implementation of the program. An ECMO manual was created that contained education on veno-arterial and veno-venous ECMO, policies and procedures, and patient management guidelines. An EPIC order set was created to ensure the correct protocols and management guidelines were ordered for all ECMO patients. Postimplementation self-efficacy surveys, direct observations, and chart audits occurred to assess program fidelity.

Results
The self-efficacy was assessed of the ECMO specialists and beside nurses 4 months after implementation of policies, procedures, patient management guidelines, and an ECMO order set. The ECMO specialists' self-efficacy survey responses increased by 25% and the bedside nurses' self-efficacy survey responses increased by 27% after 4 months. Direct observation of ECMO specialist handoff to ensure protocol fidelity also occurred. There was a 40% increase in ECMO specialist handoff taking place and a 72% increase in ECMO circuit examination.

Conclusions
With the significant growth of ECMO patients, policies, protocols, and management guidelines are essential to provide safe care to these patients. There was a statistically significant improvement in the self-efficacy of both the ECMO specialists and bedside nurses. This was shown to directly correlate to an improvement in professional practice behaviors and ultimately improve the quality of patient care provided to ECMO patients.
Refinement of the Intensive Care Unit Complexity Assessment and Monitoring to Ensure Optimal Outcomes III Acuity Tool
Authors: Connor Jean A. , LaGrasta Christine , Hickey Patricia A. 
Published: April 2022

Background
The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) Complexity Assessment and Monitoring to Ensure Optimal Outcomes (CAMEO) acuity tool quantifies patient acuity in terms of nursing cognitive workload complexity.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to refine the ICU CAMEO II acuity tool. An expert panel of nursing staff from 4 pediatric ICUs convened to refine the CAMEO II across a large, freestanding children’s hospital in the United States.

Method
This study used a modified Delphi technique.

Results
Through a series of 4 Delphi rounds, the expert panel identified Domains of Care and nursing care items that were suitable to be collapsed or bundled. The number of Domains of Care decreased from 18 to 10. Each of the expert panel members then completed the ICU CAMEO II tool and the newly revised tool, ICU CAMEO III, on 5 to 10 patients. Sixty completed ICU CAMEO II tools, and ICU CAMEO III tools were available for comparison. The average difference of the 2 tools' total scores was 5 points (minimum, 4; maximum, 7). The level of agreement between the 2 tools by CAMEO Complexity Classification level (I-V) was 90%.

Discussion
The ICU CAMEO III acuity tool is a streamlined measure to describe and quantify the acuity of pediatric critical care nursing. Use of this acuity measure will support projection of staffing models, staffing assignments, and benchmarking across pediatric ICUs. Further research is underway to validate the CAMEO III for multisite use.
Reliability and Validity of a Turkish Version of Multi-Factor Attitude Toward Condoms Scale: A Methodological Study
Authors: Ozdemir Serpil , Oz Emine , Karasahin Kazım Emre , Bicer Burcu Kucuk 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study tested the validity and reliability of the Turkish translation of the Multi-Factor Attitude toward Condoms Scale in a sample of Turkish outpatient clients (N = 336). Internal consistency reliability was demonstrated by a Cronbach α of .82, and test–retest reliability was supported by a positive correlation between initial and retest scores (p < .05). Construct validity was supported by results of an exploratory factor analysis that yielded a three-factor solution, explaining 71.0% of the variance. The Turkish version of the scale was found to be valid and reliable.
Delayed diagnosis of multiple systemic disseminated tuberculosis
Authors: Li Huan , He Fang , Zhong Cejun , Qu Junyan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Rationale:
The clinical manifestations in patients with disseminated tuberculosis (TB) are nonspecific and may present challenges for early diagnosis.

Patient concerns and diagnoses:
We describe the case of a 44-year-old man who presented with abdominal pain and discomfort for more than a month. He had undergone surgery for a chest wall abscess 9 months ago. Computed tomography scans showed a miliary pattern in the lung and multiple abscesses in the liver, spleen, left psoas major muscle, skin, and soft tissue, with rim enhancement. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was detected in the drainage fluid of the abscesses and surgical slices, and disseminated TB was diagnosed.

Interventions and outcomes:
With anti-tuberculosis therapy, the abscesses were gradually absorbed and all cultures were negative.

Lessons:
The patient exemplifies the difficulty of the early diagnosis of disseminated TB. Disseminated TB should be considered first in patients with multisystem illness, and then evidence should be pursued relentlessly to establish a diagnosis.
The efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine exercise therapy for the prevention and treatment of mental health disorders in university students
Authors: Lu Tuoyu , Lu Zhenhui , Yu Yingzi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background:
Mental health disorders are highly prevalent among university students. Mental health is important in the healthy growth and overall development of university students. Many studies have indicated that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) exercise therapies can alleviate anxiety and depression symptoms in university students. However, their definite efficacy and the optimal choice of TCM exercise therapy remain controversial. In this study, we aim to assess and compare the effects of different TCM exercise therapies on anxiety and depression symptoms in university students by network meta-analysis.

Methods:
Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) examining TCM exercise therapies for the anxiety and depression in university students published before January 2022 will be searched in online databases, including the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Embase, China Scientific Journal Database, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and Wanfang Database. Two researchers will be independently responsible for literature screening, data extraction, and assessment of their quality. Standard pairwise and network meta-analysis will be performed to compare the efficacy of different TCM exercise therapies on anxiety and depression symptoms in university students using Stata14.0 and GeMTC0.14.3.

Results:
The results of this meta-analysis will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal for publication.

Conclusion:
This meta-analysis will provide the evidence for supporting the intervention strategies of TCM exercise therapy for improving negative emotions such as anxiety and depression among university students.
OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/VTGBE.
Primary fibroblastic osteosarcoma of sternum
Authors: Fu Shaozi , Zhou Yile , Xu Heyun 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Rationale:
Osteosarcoma, a malignant bone tumor, rarely occurs in the sternum, especially the fibroblastic type, and is associated with poor survival. This case report describes a patient with a neoplasm of the sternum who underwent tumor resection 3 times and reconstruction twice because of the high risk of recurrence.

Patient Concerns:
A 60-year-old Chinese man presented with a 3-cm palpable bulging mass located in front of his sternum. Chest computed tomography (CT) revealed an anterior chest wall neoplasm with sternal destruction.

Diagnosis:
Pathological examination revealed that the mass was a low-grade malignant primary fibroblastic osteosarcoma.

Interventions:
Locking plates were used for chest wall reconstruction, demonstrating good structural stability and economic applicability. Regarding the ineffectiveness of current therapies, whole-exome sequencing was conducted, and no targets matched any of the currently available agents.

Outcomes:
No recurrence was found on regular reexamination.

Lessons:
Surgery is the first choice of treatment for patients with primary fibroblastic osteosarcoma of the sternum. The reconstruction-locking plate is a good alternative for chest wall reconstruction. Whole-exome sequencing can shed new light on this uncommon disease and help identify novel therapeutic targets.
Evaluation of efficacy and safety of aspirin combination treatment in treating patients with coronary heart disease
Authors: Wang Xueling , Han Lin , Yang Jiyuan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background:
Coronary heart disease (CHD) has a high incidence rate as a cardiovascular condition, primarily affecting the elderly and middle-aged individuals. CHD has debilitating effects on the standard of life of the elderly, and affecting their physical and psychological health. Reportedly, using aspirin alone is less effective as a first line of treatment for CHD. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis will synthesize evidence on the effectiveness and safeness of aspirin combination treatment in treating patients with CHD.

Methods:
A comprehensive meta-analysis is to be performed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of aspirin combination treatment for CHD patients. A search will be performed on PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central, WanFang, and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure till December 25, 2021 to identify randomized controlled trials, assess all related studies on the aspirin combination treatment in treating patients with CHD. In this systematic review, we will adopt the second version of Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool to assess the bias risk in all studies that fulfil the eligibility conditions. Two authors will separately conduct the study selection process, risk of bias assessment, and data extraction. Moreover, a random-effects meta-analysis will be conducted to synthesize evidence for all outcomes. Provided there is sufficient homogeneity among the studies, we will perform meta-analysis. I
2 test will be employed to assess the heterogeneity of the outcomes.

OSF registration number:
10.17605/OSF.IO/MDTCA
Anesthetic management of patients with carnitine deficiency or a defect of the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway
Authors: Yu Ho Kyung , Ok Seong-Ho , Kim Sunmin , Sohn Ju-Tae 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCarnitine is essential for the transport of long-chain fatty acids from the cytoplasm to the mitochondrial matrix. The carnitine shuttle transports long-chain fatty acylcarnitine to the mitochondrial matrix. Subsequently, long-chain fatty acyl CoA, which is split from long-chain fatty acylcarnitine by carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, undergoes fatty acid β-oxidation. Acetyl CoA is produced from long-chain fatty acyl CoA via fatty acid β-oxidation and aids in the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate via the tricarboxylic acid cycle and electron transport chain. In addition, in the fasting state, it leads to ketone body production in the liver and glucose production via gluconeogenesis. However, patients with compromised fatty acid β-oxidation, owing to carnitine deficiency as well as defects in carnitine transport and the fatty acid β-oxidation pathway, develop hypoglycemia, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, and hypotonia. These conditions are attributed to the accumulation of released fatty acids and acylcarnitine. This review aimed to shed light on the anesthetic management of patients with compromised fatty acid β-oxidation undergoing various surgeries by assessing relevant case reports associated with fatty acid β-oxidation disorder in PubMed. Pre-anesthetic and intraoperative evaluation should include monitoring of glucose and carnitine levels and specific cardiac tests, such as echocardiography. Considering that propofol is dissolved in 10% long-chain fatty acids, propofol infusion should be avoided because of increased long-chain fatty acid loading in patients with compromised fatty acid β-oxidation. Thus, anesthesia using opioids (remifentanil and fentanyl), midazolam, dexmedetomidine, etomidate, and non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents would be appropriate in such patients.