bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinically Important Drug Interactions with Antiseizure Medications
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Drug interactions can occur whenever two or more drugs are administered simultaneously. Most clinically important antiseizure medication (ASM) interactions with other drugs result from induction or inhibition of drug-metabolizing hepatic enzymes or significant protein binding properties. Other mechanisms, such as pharmacodynamic interactions between drugs, also may plat a role. Because many ASMs are substrates, inducers, or inhibitors of hepatic enzymes and do exhibit significant protein binding, drug interactions are common in patients with epilepsy. Patients who have renal or hepatic disorders are especially vulnerable to drug interactions.
Antiseizure Medications in Pregnancy
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Due to the potential for teratogenesis and other problems, the risks and benefits of antiseizure medication (ASM) therapy should be weighed carefully in pregnant women or in women of childbearing potential. Pregnancy should be planned in a patient receiving ASMs, so that appropriate measures can be taken in advance. It is essential to determine whether an ASM is still needed, which ASM is needed, if a change in ASM is beneficial, and what dose is required to control seizures. The most important consideration is balancing maternal seizure control against the risk to the developing fetus.
Antiseizure Medications in Lactating Women
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The breast milk of women with epilepsy who take antiseizure medications (ASMs) to control their seizures contains these drugs, which are delivered to the baby with each feeding. The obvious consequences of ASM ingestion in infants include drowsiness and other adverse effects of ASMs. However, some effects may not be readily apparent. Administer single daily-dose medications just before the longest sleep interval for the infant, usually after the bedtime feeding. Feed infants immediately before medication dose when multiple daily doses are needed. Finally, closely monitor the baby for drowsiness, reduced suckling activity, and poor weight gain, particularly, those infants who are premature or in poor health.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Renal Disease
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The use of antiseizure medications (ASMs) in the presence of renal insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of adverse effects. Renal failure is often accompanied by other medical problems that can influence drug levels. These include gastroparesis, which slows absorption, and bowel edema, which may reduce absorption. There is often a decrease in gut cytochrome P-450 metabolism and P-glycoprotein active transport as well, which can affect how much of the drug enters portal circulation. Renal failure is also associated with hypoalbuminemia, which may influence free plasma concentrations of ASMs that are highly protein bound. Knowledge of the mechanisms of elimination of these drugs is crucial when selecting an ASM in patients with renal impairment.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Hyperlipidemia
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Several reports have already shown that chronic treatment with some antiseizure medications (ASMs) influences serum lipid profile, with high total cholesterol concentrations in patients receiving carbamazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, or primidone; high levels of HDL cholesterol in those receiving carbamazepine or phenytoin; high levels of LDL cholesterol in patients treated with carbamazepine and phenobarbital, and high triglyceride levels in patients receiving carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or phenytoin. The effects of ASMs on the serum levels of lipids and lipoproteins could be explained on the basis of different mechanisms. Patients receiving enzyme-inducing ASMs are significantly more likely to require multiple upward dose adjustments of their statin medication, so the clinician should assess the serum lipid profile in patients treated with enzyme-inducing ASMs.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Brain Tumors
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Prophylactic anticonvulsant treatment is not advisable in brain tumor patients who have not experienced seizures. However, 30–50% of patients with brain tumors present with a seizure as their initial clinical manifestation, and the management of seizures associated with brain tumors requires the careful consideration of several aspects, including the drug’s tolerability profile, patient comorbidities, drug interaction potential, and cost. Limited evidence suggests that patients with brain tumors show increased susceptibility to the adverse effects of ASMs; in addition, the possibility of ASMs having a direct influence on the development or, conversely, inhibition of cancers is also being researched.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The International League Against Epilepsy clinical definition of epilepsy allows a diagnosis of epilepsy after a single unprovoked seizure if the 10-year recurrence risk exceeds 60%. Because for most forms of multiple sclerosis (MS) the risk is the same as for the general population, a single seizure may not require long-term antiseizure medication (ASM) treatment. Patients with MS who experience seizures that cannot be explained by any cause other than MS have focal epilepsy, and these patients often responded well to ASM monotherapy. The adverse-effect profile of ASMs and drug interactions with MS disease-modifying agents are significant determining factors in the selection of an appropriate ASM to treat seizure(s) in a patient with MS.
Antiseizure Medications and Cognition
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Treating a patient with epilepsy involves more than just treating seizures. Many patients have associated learning and cognitive problems that can lead to significant difficulties at school or work, such as reductions in attention, IQ, language and perceptual skills, executive functions including problem-solving, verbal and visual memory, and motor speed. Children with epilepsy, even those with normal intelligence, often experience educational difficulties more often than unaffected children. These educational problems tend to persist into adulthood and are sometimes manifested as underemployment. The causes of cognitive impairment in patients with epilepsy include the effect of ongoing seizures, underlying structural brain lesions, and the adverse effects of antiseizure medications.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Neuropathic Pain Syndromes
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Neuropathic pain is defined as pain caused by dysfunction or a primary lesion in the central or peripheral nervous system. Some antiseizure medications (ASMs) can suppress or attenuate pain in these conditions. It is assumed that both epilepsy and neuropathic pain share an underlying common pathophysiology, thus enabling some ASMs to be useful for several neuropathic pain conditions. Most ASMs reduce neuronal hyperexcitability by inhibiting ion channels, and they may act on different parts of the nociceptive pathway. Carbamazepine was approved for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia years before it was approved to treat epilepsy. Carbamazepine, gabapentin, and pregabalin are currently the only three ASMs approved for the treatment of neuropathic pain syndromes.
Antiseizure Medications and Cutaneous Reactions
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug reactions are unexpected and unpredictable adverse reactions that are fundamentally different from the dose-related adverse effects of drugs. Drug-induced rashes are the most common type of idiosyncratic reaction caused by the use of antiseizure medications (ASMs). Most reactions are mildly to moderately uncomfortable rashes without systemic involvement, but occasionally the rash can be severe and present as erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, or toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell syndrome). The ASM hypersensitivity syndrome (AHS), also known as drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), is not common, but is important and potentially life-threatening. All cutaneous reactions to ASM administration must be evaluated promptly.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with HIV Infection/AIDS
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The incidence of seizures may be as high as 11% in HIV-infected patients, with a long list of possible etiologies including acute symptomatic (provoked) causes, CNS opportunistic infections, malignancy, stroke, dementia, and immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, among others. The combination regimens of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV infection often include substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of several cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes, which are often also targeted by various antiseizure medications (ASMs). Complex interactions may occur when these ASMs are administered to patients receiving treatment for HIV infection.
Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Pedroso Vinicius Sousa Pietra , Salgado João Vinícius , Teixeira Antonio L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tardive dyskinesia is a syndrome defined by the emergence of hyperkinetic involuntary movements after the exposure to dopamine receptor antagonists, mainly antipsychotics and antiemetics. It involves two main clinical presentations: orofaciolingual and limb-truncal dyskinesias. There are several nonmodifiable (e.g., age, sex) and modifiable (e.g., dose and duration of exposure) risk factors for tardive dyskinesia. In this context, long-term use of dopamine antagonists should be avoided whenever possible to prevent the development of this condition. Once tardive dyskinesia develops, if the withdrawal of the antipsychotic is not possible, switching to another one with lower risk is recommended. VMAT2 inhibitors can also be used for symptomatic treatment.
Movement Disorders Associated With Stimulants and Other Drugs of Abuse
Authors: Vasconcelos Luiz Paulo , Gandini Jordi , Teixeira Antonio L. , Manto Mario 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Movement disorders including chorea, dystonia, tics, myoclonus, and parkinsonism are among the multiple acute and long-term complications of substance use disorders (SUD), including amphetamines, cathinones (“bath salts”), cocaine, opioids. Although not frequently reported, they might significantly affect the lives of people with SUD. For instance, chorea, tics, and stereotypies are hyperkinetic movements reported in people taking amphetamines. Symptoms usually manifest within the first hours of drug use, subsiding thereafter. In some patients, however, movement disorders can have a chronic course, persisting even after the end of amphetamine misuse. This chapter reports the diversity of movement disorders in SUD and their clinical implications, focusing on the manifestations outside the intoxication phase.
Functional Movement Disorders
Authors: Sharma Jennifer S. , Espay Alberto J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The presumed dichotomy between the fields of neurology and psychiatry offers a major challenge to the construct of functional movement disorder (FMD). FMD has evolved from its root as a “psychogenic” manifestation to a complex neurological disorder anchored on a biopsychosocial framework. Genetics, epigenetics, psychosocial, and traumatic vulnerabilities create the scaffolding on which deficits in attention, emotional processing, sensorimotor integration, and awareness can flourish to generate FMD. Over the past two decades, the possible and probable categories of diagnostic certainty, which require an exclusionary approach to the diagnosis, have been abandoned in favor of ascertaining positive clinical findings demonstrating both inconsistency during periods of observation and incongruence from known neurological disorders, that is, an inclusionary approach to the diagnosis. Adjunct physical and psycho-therapy can considerably improve outcomes but are predicated foremost on the unequivocal acceptance of the diagnosis by the patient. Thus, treatment begins during the diagnostic debriefing through an empathetic explanation of the diagnosis and how it is made: the resolution of symptoms is directly associated with understanding and acceptance of the diagnosis by the patient. While there remain many knowledge gaps, considerable advances have been made in the understanding and treatment of this important source of neurological disability.
Parkinson’s Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes
Authors: Ridgeway-Diaz Julia , Marsh Laura 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APSs), defined mostly by motor features, are frequently complicated by concurrent psychiatric disorders. PD refers specifically to the progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by its three cardinal motor symptoms: rigidity, tremor, and bradykinesia, two of which are required for diagnosis. Parkinsonism, a less specific and nonetiologic term, is used when some of the following motor signs are present—rigidity, tremor, bradykinesia, and impaired postural reflexes. APSs are significantly less common than PD, and include other neurodegenerative disorders that present with parkinsonism, including multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal degeneration (CBD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and vascular parkinsonism (VP). Except for vascular parkinsonism, APSs have historically been referred to as “Parkinson’s plus” syndromes in that the signs and symptoms include, but are not limited to, parkinsonism and can be difficult to distinguish from PD early in the disease course. Each of these conditions needs to be distinguished from medication-induced parkinsonism, a side-effect of multiple psychiatric and nonpsychiatric medications. This chapter provides an overview of Parkinson’s disease and atypical parkinsonian syndromes. It reviews the epidemiology, phenomenology, and treatment of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric features in each condition and includes a discussion of how such patients may present for psychiatric evaluation and guidelines on an approach to psychiatric assessment.
Restless Legs Syndrome and Psychiatric Issues
Authors: During Emmanuel H. , Winkelman John W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a syndrome characterized by unpleasant sensations associated with an urge to move the legs, with onset at rest, worse in the evening or at night, and transiently relieved by standing or walking. RLS is a clinical diagnosis, and common mimics of RLS include neuropathy, akathisia, and leg cramps. There is a bidirectional association between RLS and psychiatric disorders. RLS contributes to psychiatric comorbidity, especially anxiety, depression, and risk of self-harm or suicide, and RLS treatments can have iatrogenic behavioral effects, especially chronic dopaminergic drug. Conversely, serotonergic (e.g., SSRI, SNRI) and antihistamine (e.g., mirtazapine) drugs used to treat depression, chronic anxiety, and insomnia, have the potential to unmask or worsen RLS.
Does Trauma Cause Posttraumatic Stress Disorder?
Authors: Paris Joel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTrauma is a term that is subject to “concept creep,” a phenomenon in which constructs tend to broaden over time. The definition of a trauma in diagnostic manuals has demonstrated this trend. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) needs to be diagnosed on the basis of life experiences that would affect everyone adversely. These problems have made it difficult to study the risk factors for PTSD, as well its epidemiology. Moreover, since PTSD is most likely to develop in people with a temperament marked by high neuroticism, it is partially heritable, and requires a biopsychosocial model. This chapter also examines conditions that are less severe than full PTSD (acute stress disorder) and those that expand the concept to a broader range of psychopathology (complex PTSD).
MediaDive: the expert-curated cultivation media database
Authors: Koblitz Julia , Halama Philipp , Spring Stefan , Thiel Vera , Baschien Christiane , Hahnke Richard L , Pester Michael , Overmann Jörg , Reimer Lorenz Christian 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We present MediaDive (https://mediadive.dsmz.de), a comprehensive and expert-curated cultivation media database, which comprises recipes, instructions and molecular compositions of &gt;3200 standardized cultivation media for &gt;40 000 microbial strains from all domains of life. MediaDive is designed to enable broad range applications from every-day-use in research and diagnostic laboratories to knowledge-driven support of new media design and artificial intelligence-driven data mining. It offers a number of intuitive search functions and comparison tools, for example to identify media for related taxonomic groups and to integrate strain-specific modifications. Besides classical PDF archiving and printing, the state-of-the-art website allows paperless use of media recipes on mobile devices for convenient wet-lab use. In addition, data can be retrieved using a RESTful web service for large-scale data analyses. An internal editor interface ensures continuous extension and curation of media by cultivation experts from the Leibniz Institute DSMZ, which is interlinked with the growing microbial collections at DSMZ. External user engagement is covered by a dedicated media builder tool. The standardized and programmatically accessible data will foster new approaches for the design of cultivation media to target the vast majority of uncultured microorganisms.
Introduction
Authors: Siecienski A. Edward 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The “other issues”—clerical beards, azymes, Purgatory—that divided East and West do not get the attention that the Filioque and the papacy have gotten, mostly because hierarchs and scholars have (perhaps rightly) decided that they do not have the same theological significance. Yet to write off these other issues completely just because they are not on the same level as the Filioque and the papacy would be to ignore an inescapable historical truth—for the Christians who first began to identify their Latin or Greek counterparts as the religious “other,” these issues were just as important as, if not more important than, the ones we currently regard as church-dividing. Thus if one wants to understand the schism between East and West, or (going even further) to try to heal it, one is forced to deal not only with the reasons it remains, but also with the reasons it began.
The Azyme Debate
Authors: Siecienski A. Edward 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It is a historical fact that the debate over Eucharistic bread, and not the Filioque or the power of the pope, was the immediate cause of the schism that eventually split the Christian world. Unfortunately for the cause of Christian unity, the Greeks’ first attacks on the Latin’s use of azymes occurred precisely at the moment the papacy was emerging from the saeculum obscurum and coming to understand its mission in universalist terms. Thus the criticisms of Leo of Ohrid and Michael Keroularios were perceived not only as an assault against the Latins’ orthodoxy, but also against the authority of the Roman See, and it was for this reason that Rome took up the challenge and answered accordingly.
Purgatory from Ferrara-Florence to Modern Times
Authors: Siecienski A. Edward 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The initial stages of the Purgatory debate had found the Latins better prepared, with the doctrine firmly ensconced in Western theology and culture as part of the afterlife’s three-tiered system. The Greeks had only begun to formulate a positive response to Latin queries about the afterlife, but knew, almost instinctually, that the Western theology of Purgatory was not an acceptable option. This dynamic changed in 1438–39, during the conciliar debates on Purgatory, when the East, thanks in large part to Mark of Ephesus, gave the Orthodox world a positive framework within which to work. Although the next few centuries would not evidence much progress on the issue, the twentieth century provided new opportunities to move the dialogue on Purgatory beyond the polemics of the past. This was especially true among Roman Catholic theologians, where discussion of Purgatory once again began to emphasize its purificatory rather than punishing aspects.
Mapping Media Metamorphosis: From Humble Beginnings to Powerful Empires
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The media metamorphosis has become a necessity with the evolving times. No industry is immune to the transformative forces of the social, regulatory, economic, and technological forces but in media, it is profoundly changing how content is produced, distributed and consumed. Beset by changes and development on various fronts over several years, the media industry, traditionally comprising the familiar print, and broadcast channels of mass communication, has been undergoing a major transformation, change that appears certain to continue swiftly. The transformation is not restricted to the fusion of new technology into the mediascape but also, the various undergoing experiments to broaden the horizon of the existing conventional methodologies. Thereby, the industry is evolving at the rate of the technology cycle. The chapter maps the historical developments and metamorphosis of media in India from 1780 to 2019. The media evolved with changing the preference of the consumer, developing technology, and media convergence of traditional and digital platforms, the functioning of the media industry has reflected abundance in changes and development over the years. The Indian economy is fast growing and the changing dynamics of the media sector reflect this. The growth of the media sector was aided by positive demographics, growth in incomes, and increasing demand for knowledge, sports, escapism, and news.
BCCL: Moving with the Times
Authors: Dahiya Surbhi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Times Group has undergone growth and transformation which is unparalleled. The author traces an unencumbered growth and immensely thrilling 181-year-old journey of this humongous media house. The Times Group started out in the year 1838 as Bombay Journal of Commerce, which was later Indianized, once the British were ousted from the country and metamorphosed to a full-fledged family-owned business run by Dalmias followed by the Sahu Jain family. It is under the patronage of this family that the Times Group grew to become the conglomerate it is today. The group not only withstood the uncertainty and challenges of the changing times, but also has its own business tale to tell. The Jains have transformed the company into a major media behemoth spanning print, television, radio, and Internet. The group today owns multiple publications, TV channels, radio stations, and webportals. The group has also branched out to other business areas such realestate, advertising, matrimony, etc. The author in this book has delved deep into the history of the organization and has given a detailed analysis of what resulted in the genesis of the group, to its dissection into subsidiaries, to the launch of new divisions, diversification, product launches, joint ventures, market domination, and what were the major strategic business milestones the group achieved till date. The author met Vineet Jain and tried to understand the business model of the organization.