bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Relationship Between Zero-Dose Communities and Access to Selected Primary Healthcare Services for Children and Pregnant Women in Emergency Settings
Authors: Suprenant MP , Nyankesha E , Moreno-Garcia R , Buj V , Yakubu A , Shafique F , Zaman MH 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this study the authors examine the relationship between “zero-dose” communities and access to other healthcare services. This was done by first ensuring the first dose of the Diphtheria Tetanus and Pertussis vaccine was a better measure of zero-dose communities than the measles-containing vaccine. Once the best variable was selected, it was used to examine the association with access to primary healthcare services for children and pregnant women residing in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh, each of which are currently experiencing emergencies of various contexts and degrees. These services were divided into: a) unscheduled healthcare services such as birth assistance as well as seeking care and treatment for diarrheal diseases and cough/fever episodes and b) other scheduled health services such as antenatal care visits and vitamin A supplementation. Using the most recent Demographic Health Survey data from each country (2014: Democratic Republic of Congo, 2015: Afghanistan, 2018: Bangladesh), data was analyzed via Chi Squared analysis or Fischer’s Exact Test. If results were significant, a univariate linear regression analysis was performed to examine if the noted association was linear. While the linear relationship observed between children who had received the first dose of the Diphtheria Tetanus and Pertussis vaccine (the reverse to zero-dose communities) and coverage of other vaccines was expected, the results of the regression analysis depicted an unexpected split in behavior between scheduled (and birth assistance) and unscheduled illness treatment services. For scheduled and birth assistance health services, a linear relationship was generally observed. Meanwhile, for unscheduled services associated with infectious disease treatments, a linear relationship was generally not observed. While in our study it does not appear that first dose of the Diphtheria Tetanus and Pertussis vaccine, the best proxy of zero-dose communities, can be used to predict (at least in a direct linear manner) access to some primary (particularly infectious treatments) healthcare services in emergency/humanitarian settings, it can serve as an indirect measure of health services not associated with the treatment of childhood infections such as antenatal care, skilled birth assistance, and to a lesser degree even vitamin A supplementation.
Metabolomic and gut microbiome profiles across the spectrum of community-based COVID and non-COVID disease: A COVID-19 Biobank study
Authors: Österdahl Marc F. , Whiston Ronan , Sudre Carole H. , Asnicar Francesco , Cheetham Nathan J. , Miguez Aitor Blanco , Bowyer Vicky , Antonelli Michela , Snell Olivia , dos Santos Canas Liane , Hu Christina , Wolf Jonathan , Menni Cristina , Malim Michael , Hart Deborah , Spector Tim , Berry Sarah , Segata Nicola , Doores Katie , Ourselin Sebastien , Duncan Emma L , Steves Claire J 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWhilst many with SARS-CoV-2 infection have mild disease, managed in the community, individuals with cardiovascular risk factors experienced often more severe acute disease, requiring hospitalisation. Increasing concern has also developed over long symptom duration in many individuals, including the majority who managed acutely in the community. Risk factors for long symptom duration, including biological variables, are still poorly defined.We examine post-illness metabolomic and gut-microbiome profiles, in community-dwelling participants with SARS-CoV-2, ranging from asymptomatic illness to Post-COVID Syndrome, and participants with prolonged non-COVID-19 illnesses. We also assess a pre-established metabolomic biomarker score for its association with illness duration.We found an atherogenic-dyslipidaemic metabolic profile, and greater biomarker scores, associated with longer illness, both in individuals with and without SARS-CoV-2 infection. We found no association between illness duration and gut microbiome in convalescence.Findings highlight the potential role of cardiometabolic dysfunction to the experience of long illness duration, including after COVID-19.
Understanding the impact of COVID-19 risk perceptions on mitigation behaviors: A mixed methods approach using survey instruments and serious games
Authors: Merrill Scott C. , Nowak Sarah A. , Shrum Trisha R. , Hanley John P. , Clark Eric M. , Fredrickson Luke , Liu Tung-Lin , Beattie Robert M. , O’Keefe Aislinn , Zia Asim , Koliba Christopher J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCOVID-19 risk mitigation behavior, including social distancing and mask wearing, was a principal factor influencing the spread of COVID-19. Yet this behavior, and its association with COVID-19 perceptions and beliefs, is poorly understood. Here we used a mixed methods approach combining serious game data with survey instruments to describe relationships between perceptions and behavior. Using a series of survey questions, participants were described along a spectrum denoting their perception of their susceptibility to COVID-19 associated with a list of activities. Afterwards, participants engaged with a serious game to examine behavioral responses to scenarios involving shopping at a grocery store and going to a park during simulated pandemic conditions. Messages describing the simulated infection risk were shown to drive many behavioral decisions. Another significant correlate, derived from survey results, was the participant’s perception of susceptibility associated with various activities for acquiring the COVID-19 infection. Individuals that perceived every day activities, such as grocery shopping, as unlikely to lead to a COVID-19 infection spent more time near others in the game-simulated grocery store environment compared to those that consider such activities as risky. Additionally, we found that participant behavior became increasingly risky as time progresses if they were lucky enough not to experience an infection. This reflects behavior observed in the United States and more broadly, possibly explains how people update their perception of the risk of activities. Overall, results show a link between perception and action with regards to COVID-19 and support the use of targeted risk messaging to influence behavior. Moreover, the link between reported real-world perceptions and game behavior suggest that serious games can be used as valuable tools to test policies, risk messaging and communication, with the goal of nudging individuals with varied and nuanced perceptions and belief sets towards behaviors that will reduce the impact of COVID-19.
Pharmacological and psychological treatment have common and specific effects on brain activity in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Authors: van der Straten AL , Bruin WB , van de Mortel LA , ten Doesschate F , Merkx MJM , de Koning PP , Vulink NCC , Figee M , van den Heuvel OA , Denys D , van Wingen GA 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundInitial treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) consists of pharmacological treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and/or psychological treatment with cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). The assumption is that both treatments have different neural working mechanisms, but empirical evidence is lacking. We investigated whether these treatments induce similar or different functional neural changes in OCD.MethodsWe conducted a longitudinal non-randomised controlled trial in which thirty-four OCD patients were treated with sixteen weeks of CBT or SSRIs. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was performed before and after treatment during emotional processing (emotional face matching and symptom provocation tasks) and response inhibition (stop signal task). Twenty matched healthy controls were scanned twice with a similar time interval. The study was registered at the Netherlands Trial Registry (NTR6575), https://trialsearch.who.int/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=NTR6575.ResultsBoth CBT and SSRIs were successful in reducing OCD symptoms. Compared to healthy controls, treatment led to a reduction of insula activity in OCD patients during symptom provocation. The comparison between treatment groups revealed wide-spread divergent brain changes in the cerebellum, posterior insula, caudate nucleus, hippocampus, occipital and prefrontal cortex during all tasks, explained by relative increases of activity following CBT compared to relative decreases of activity following SSRIs.ConclusionsPharmacological and psychological treatment primarily lead to opposite changes in brain function, with a common reduction of insula activity during symptom provocation. These findings provide insight in common and specific neural mechanisms underlying treatment response, suggesting that CBT and SSRIs support recovery from OCD along partly distinct pathways.
Effects of behavioral restrictions on COVID-19 spread
Authors: Sasaki Kenji , Ikeda Yoichi , Nakano Takashi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSeveral measures including behavioral restrictions for individuals have been taken to control the spread of COVID-19 all over the world. The aim of these measures is to prevent infected persons from contacting with susceptible persons. Since the behavioral restrictions for all citizens, such as the city-wide lockdown, are directly linked to stagnation of economic activities, the assessment of such measures is crucial. In order to evaluate the effects of behavioral restrictions, we employ the broken-link model to compare the situation of COVID-19 in Shanghai where the lockdown was implemented from March to June 2022 with it in Taiwan where a spread of COVID-19 was known to be well controlled so far. The result shows that the small link-connection probability is achieved by substantial isolation of infected person including the lockdown measures. Although the strict measures for behavioral restrictions are effective to reduce the total infected people, the daily confirmed cases follow the curve which is evaluated by the broken-link model. This result is considered as unavoidable infections for population.
Clinical effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 booster vaccine against Omicron infection in residents and staff of Long-Term Care Facilities: a prospective cohort study (VIVALDI)
Authors: Stirrup Oliver , Shrotri Madhumita , Adams Natalie L. , Krutikov Maria , Nacer-Laidi Hadjer , Azmi Borscha , Palmer Tom , Fuller Christopher , Irwin-Singer Aidan , Baynton Verity , Tut Gokhan , Moss Paul , Hayward Andrew , Copas Andrew , Shallcross Laura 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundSuccessive SARS-CoV-2 variants have caused severe disease in long-term care facility (LTCF) residents. Primary vaccination provides strong short-term protection, but data are limited on duration of protection following booster vaccines, particularly against the Omicron variant. We investigated effectiveness of booster vaccination against infections, hospitalisations and deaths among LTCF residents and staff in England.MethodsWe included residents and staff of LTCFs within the VIVALDI study (ISRCTN 14447421) who underwent routine, asymptomatic testing (December 12 2021-March 31 2022). Cox regression was used to estimate relative hazards of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and associated hospitalisation and death at 0-13, 14-48, 49-83 and 84 days after dose 3 of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination compared to 2 doses (after 84+ days), stratified by previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and adjusting for age, sex, LTCF capacity and local SARS-CoV-2 incidence.Results14175 residents and 19973 staff were included. In residents without prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, infection risk was reduced 0-83 days after first booster, but no protection was apparent after 84 days. Additional protection following booster vaccination waned, but was still present at 84+ days for COVID-associated hospitalisation (aHR: 0.47, 0.24-0.89) and death (aHR: 0.37, 0.21-0.62). Most residents (64.4%) had received primary course of AstraZeneca, but this did not impact on pre- or post-booster risks. Staff showed a similar pattern of waning booster effectiveness against infection, with few hospitalisations and no deaths.ConclusionsBooster vaccination provides sustained protection against severe outcomes following infection with the Omicron variant, but no protection against infection from 3 months onwards. Ongoing surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 in LTCFs is crucial.SummaryThe COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted residents in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Booster vaccination provides sustained moderate protection against severe outcomes, but no protection against infection was apparent from around 3 months onwards. Ongoing surveillance in LTCFs is crucial.
The Relationship Between Work Pressure, Cognitive Evaluation and Burnout of Young Doctors
Authors: Zhang Rui-ting 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectiveAt present, there are relatively few studies on the burnout of young doctors in China. This study can enrich the relationship between work pressure, cognitive evaluation(benign and stress)and burnout among young doctors, and help to understand the current situation of burnout among young doctors.MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted among 116 young doctors from different departments to collect data on career motivation, work stress, cognitive evaluation and burnout.Result(1)The work pressure of young doctors has a predictive effect on burnout.(2)The primary evaluation of young doctors has an independent effect on burnout.(3)The 116 young doctors surveyed in this article are all at a high level of burnout.Conclusion(1)The work pressure of young doctors has a predictive effect on job burnout. Effective intervention on pay-reward can further reduce the sense of burnout of young doctors and reduce occupational stress.(2)The primary evaluation of young doctors has an independent impact on burnout, and positive cognitive evaluation is beneficial to reduce the level of burnout.
Is the self-reporting of mental health problems sensitive to public stigma towards mental illness? A comparison of time trends across English regions (2009-19)
Authors: Gagné Thierry , Henderson Claire , McMunn Anne 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACTPurposeThe prevalence of mental health problems has rapidly increased over time. The extent to which this captures changes in self-reporting due to decreasing stigma is unclear. We explore this by comparing time trends in mental health and stigma-related indicators across English regions.MethodsWe produced annual estimates of self-reported mental disorders (SRMDs) across waves of the Health Survey for England (2009-18, n = 78,226) and three stigma-related indicators (knowledge, attitudes, and intended behaviour) across waves of the Attitudes Towards Mental Illness survey (2009-19, n = 17,287). Differences in trends were tested across nine Government Office Regions using linear models, adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, marital status, and social class.ResultsIn 2009, SRMDs did not vary by region (p = .916) whereas stigma-related indicators did (p < .001), with London having the highest level of stigma and the North East having lowest level of stigma. Between 2009 and 2018-19, SRMDs increased and stigma-related indicators improved at different rates across regions (SRMDs p = .024; stigma-related indicators p < .001). London reported the lowest increase in SRMDs (+0.3 percentage point per year) yet among the largest improvements in attitudes and intended behaviour across regions.ConclusionsImprovements in attitudes towards mental illness did not mirror changes in self-reported mental health problems across English regions over the past decade. The findings do not support the argument that changes in public stigma, at least when defined at this regional scale, have been driving the increase in self-reported mental health indicators in recent years.
Infectiousness of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections and reinfections during the Omicron wave
Authors: Tan Sophia T. , Kwan Ada T. , Rodríguez-Barraquer Isabel , Singer Benjamin J. , Park Hailey J. , Lewnard Joseph A. , Sears David , Lo Nathan C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections in vaccinated individuals and reinfections among previously infected individuals have become increasingly common. Such infections highlight a broader need to understand the contribution of vaccination, including booster doses, and natural immunity to the infectiousness of persons with SARS-CoV-2 infections, especially in high-risk populations with intense transmission such as prisons. Here, we show that both vaccine-derived and naturally acquired immunity independently reduce the infectiousness of persons with Omicron variant SARS-CoV-2 infections in a prison setting. Analyzing SARS-CoV-2 surveillance data from December 2021 to May 2022 across 35 California state prisons with a predominately male population, we estimate that unvaccinated Omicron cases had a 36% (95% confidence interval (CI): 31-42%) risk of transmitting infection to close contacts, as compared to 28% (25-31%) risk among vaccinated cases. In adjusted analyses, we estimated that any vaccination, prior infection alone, and both vaccination and prior infection reduced an index case’s risk of transmitting infection by 22% (6-36%), 23% (3-39%) and 40% (20-55%), respectively. Receipt of booster doses and more recent vaccination further reduced infectiousness among vaccinated cases. These findings suggest that although vaccinated and/or previously infected individuals remain highly infectious upon SARS-CoV-2 infection in this prison setting, their infectiousness is reduced compared to individuals without any history of vaccination or infection, underscoring some benefit of vaccination to reduce but not eliminate transmission.
Contaminated Sites and Indigenous Peoples in Canada and the United States: A Scoping Review
Authors: Chong Katherine , Basu Niladri 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundIndigenous communities in Canada and the US are disproportionately exposed to contaminated sites, often arising from industrial and waste disposal activities. For instance, ∼34% of US EPA Superfund sites are of Native American interest, and ∼29% of Canadian federal contaminated sites are on Indigenous reserve land. Contaminated sites pose unique challenges to many Indigenous peoples who consider the land as an integral part of food systems, culture, and the economy. Federal management of contaminated sites is challenged by epistemological differences, regulatory barriers, and minimal scientific research.ObjectivesThis scoping review aimed to identify and map information on contaminated sites and Indigenous peoples in Canada and the US, namely: 1) the relationship between contaminated sites and Indigenous people, and their land and food systems; 2) strategies, challenges, and successes for contaminated sites assessment and management on Indigenous land; and 3) Indigenous leadership and inclusion in contaminated site assessment and management.MethodsThree streams of data were retrieved from January to March 2022: a systematic literature search (key word groups: Indigenous people and contaminated sites); a grey literature search; and an analysis of federal contaminated site data (Canada’s Federal Contaminated Sites Inventory (FCSI) and US EPA’s Superfund Database).ResultsOur search yielded 49 peer-reviewed articles, 20 pieces of grey literature, and 8114 federal site records (1236 Superfund, 6878 FCSI), evidencing the contamination of the lands of 815 distinct Indigenous tribes and nations and the presence of 440 different contaminants or contaminant groups. Minimal information is available on the potential health and ecological effects, assessment and management of risks, and collaboration on contaminated site processes relative to the number of sites on or adjacent to Indigenous lands.DiscussionBy integrating three diverse data streams we discovered a multi-disciplinary yet disparate body of information. The results point to a need to prioritize holism, efficiency, and Indigenous leadership in contaminated site assessment, management, and research. This should include a focus on community-specific approaches to site assessment and management; a re-conceptualization of risks related to sites that privileges Indigenous epistemologies; greater collaboration between networks such as the scientific community, Indigenous communities, and federal governments; and a re-evaluation of current management frameworks with Indigenous leadership at the forefront.
Dorsal Hippocampus To Nucleus Accumbens Projections Drive Reinforcement Via Activation of Accumbal Dynorphin Neurons
Authors: Massaly Nicolas , Ibrahim Khairunisa Mohamad , Yoon Hye-Jean , Sandoval Rossana , Williams Sidney , Frye Hannah , Post William , Yu Waylin , Idowu Olayinka , Zec Azra , Pathiranage Sulan , Kash Thomas L. , Morón Jose A. 
Published: August 2022

SUMMARYThe hippocampus represents a key structure in the integration of emotional processing, learning and memory, and reward-related behaviors. While the ventral subdivision of the hippocampus (vHPC) is involved in processing emotional values of salient stimuli and goal-directed behaviors, the dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) plays a critical role in episodic, spatial, and associative memory. In addition, it has been shown that the dHPC is necessary for context- and cue-associated reward behaviors, including the expression of reward seeking. The nucleus accumbens (NAc), a central structure in the mesolimbic reward pathway, integrates the salience of aversive and rewarding stimuli and its activity is sufficient to drive aversive and appetitive behaviors. Recent evidence has demonstrated that dHPC→Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) pathway is necessary for expression of a conditioned place preference. However, despite years of groundbreaking research and identification of direct projections from the dHPC to the NAc, the sufficiency for dHPC→NAC inputs to drive reinforcement and reward associated behavior remains to be determined.Here using a wide range of complementary and cutting-edge techniques including behavior, in-vivo manipulation using optogenetics, chemogenetics, brain clearing, local field potential and fiber photometry recordings, we demonstrate that activation of excitatory projections from the CA1 subregion of the dHPC (dCA1) is sufficient to drive reinforcing behaviors. In addition, we provide strong evidence that this reinforcing behavior is driven by 1) a direct projection from the dCA1 to the NAc and 2) enhanced glutamatergic signaling within the NAc. Furthermore, we uncovered that while dCA1 stimulation increases the activity of both enkephalin- and dynorphin-containing medium spiny neurons in the NAc, the selective activity of dynorphin-containing neurons is necessary for the expression of this reinforcing behavior. Our findings shed light on a novel pathway governing reinforcement and further extend the role of the dHPC on reward seeking.