bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance imaging study of the sciatic nerve variation in the pediatric gluteal region: Implications for the posterior approach of the sciatic nerve blockade
Authors: Byun Sarang , Morris Sarah , Pather Nalini 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIntroductionIn pediatric patients, the sciatic nerve is one of the most commonly blocked peripheral nerves during orthopedic procedures of the lower limb. Ultrasound guidance is the current standard for a successful localization of the sciatic nerve in the gluteal region. Relevant anatomical landmarks are also used to determine the nerve location when ultrasound is not available or inadequate. However, reports have demonstrated paucity of information regarding the sciatic nerve location and variation in the hip throughout pediatric development. This imaging study aimed to document and analyze the relative morphometric relationship of the sciatic nerve in the pediatric gluteal region throughout development.MethodsThe location of the sciatic nerve in relation to bony landmarks was measured in 84 pediatric magnetic resonance imaging of patients aged 0.7–15.8 years.ResultsThe sciatic nerve was identified medial to the most lateral point of greater trochanter at the level of ischial spine and the tip of coccyx. The strong positive correlation between sciatic nerve to landmark distances and age and stature demonstrated linear variation between sciatic nerve location with age and growth of children. To predict the nerve location in the gluteal region, regression equations using patient age were created, having implications for the posterior approach of the sciatic nerve blockade in children. Clinically significant differences were found between sexes, specifically in the older age group.ConclusionDespite the small sample size of younger age group, this study is the first to document the morphometric changes of the sciatic nerve in the gluteal region across pediatric development and may be useful for providing confirmatory guidelines for nerve location when ultrasound is not accessible or cannot be utilized for practice.
Identification of vacuolar phosphate influx transporters in Brassica napus
Authors: Han Bei , Wang Chuang , Wu Tao , Yan Junjun , Jiang Aosheng , Liu Yu , Luo Yu , Cai Hongmei , Ding Guangda , Dong Xu , White Philip J. , Xu Fangsen , Wang Sheliang , Shi Lei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractRecent progress has shown that vacuolar Pi transporters (VPTs) are important for cellular Pi homoeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa under fluctuating external Pi supply, but the identity and involvement of VPTs in cellular Pi homoeostasis in Brassica napus is poorly understood. Here, we identified two vacuolar Pi influx transporters B. napus, BnA09PHT5;1b and BnCnPHT5;1b, and uncovered their necessity for cellular Pi homoeostasis through functional analysis. Both Brassica proteins are homologs of Arabidopsis AtPHT5;1 with a similar sequence, structure, tonoplast localization, and VPT activity. Brassica pht5;1b double mutants had smaller shoots and larger shoot cellular Pi concentrations than wild‐type B. napus, which contrasts with a previous study of the Arabidopsis pht5;1 mutant, suggesting that PHT5;1‐VPTs play different roles in cellular Pi homoeostasis in seedlings of B. napus and A. thaliana. Disruption of BnPHT5;1b genes also caused Pi toxicity in floral organs, reduced seed yield and impacted seed traits, consistent with the proposed role of AtPHT5;1 in floral Pi homoeostasis in Arabidopsis. Taken together, our studies identified two vacuolar Pi influx transporters in B. napus and revealed the distinct and conserved roles of BnPHT5;1bs in cellular Pi homoeostasis in this plant species.
Neutropenia in pediatric solid organ transplant
Authors: Harshman Lyndsay A. , Williams Robin , Engen Rachel M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractNeutropenia is generally defined as an absolute neutrophil count in the circulation of less than 1500/mm3and occurs in up to 25%–30% of pediatric solid organ transplant recipients (SOT) within the first year after transplantation. In the SOT population, neutropenia is most often a result of drug‐induced bone marrow suppression but can also be secondary to viral infection, nutritional deficiencies, lymphoproliferative infiltrate, and inherited causes. Outcomes for patients with neutropenia vary by degree of neutropenia and type of solid organ transplant. Management of neutropenia should begin by addressing the underlying cause, including reducing or removing medications when appropriate, treating infections, and addressing nutrient deficiencies; however, consultation with an experienced pediatric hematologist and use of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) may be helpful in some cases. Overall, data on clinical outcomes for G‐CSF use remain limited, but observational studies may support its use in patients with infections or severe neutropenia.
Conceptual engineering: A road map to practice
Authors: Isaac Manuel Gustavo , Koch Steffen , Nefdt Ryan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis paper discusses the logical space of alternative conceptual engineering projects, with a specific focus on (1) the processes, (2) the targets and goals, and (3) the methods of such projects. We present an overview of how these three aspects interact in the contemporary literature and discuss those alternative projects that have yet to be explored based on our suggested typology. We show how choices about each element in a conceptual engineering project constrain the possibilities for the others, thereby giving rise to distinct groupings of possible projects under the banner of conceptual engineering. We conclude with a critical reflection on the potential ethical issues that arise as a result of effectively putting conceptual engineering into practice.
Evaluation of a multischool collaborative COVID‐19 vaccination project
Authors: LeClair Jessica , Zahner Susan J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTo describe experiences of student nurses and faculty who participated in COVID‐19 vaccine delivery through a multischool collaboration. Cross‐sectional survey. Student nurses and faculty members from five university schools and colleges of nursing who participated in one or more COVID‐19 vaccination or education events in 2021. Surveys were designed for students and faculty to document process and outcome experiences associated with project participation. Surveys were administered through an online survey platform. Overall, 648 students and 68 faculty members participated in the project. The evaluation survey was completed by 115 students (18%) and 58 faculty members (85%). Students valued increasing their clinical skills and reported the experience influenced their perspectives on nursing, fueling their passion and informing future career choices. Students reported that it was personally important to contribute to the vaccination effort. Few students reported challenges in participating in the project. Faculty reported positive experiences including gaining knowledge about public health and their communities, fueling their passion for nursing education, feeling a deeper connection with students, and experiencing personal satisfaction from contributing to the pandemic response. This project resulted in meaningful student learning opportunities, enhanced capacity for the public health emergency response, and strengthened partnerships among nursing programs and between academia and public health community partners.
Regional differences in the contribution of smoking, dietary and cooking behaviours to airflow obstruction in China: A population‐based case–control study
Authors: Yan Ruohua , Duong MyLinh , Tse Lap Ah , Yin Lu , Rangarajan Sumathy , Yusuf Salim , Hou Yan , Xu Zhengting , Li Jinyuan , Li Wei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackground and objectiveThe major contributing risk factors to airflow obstruction (AO) in China remain largely unknown. We examined the environmental and lifestyle risk factors of unrecognized AO in the baseline of a population‐based cohort drawn from 115 urban and rural communities across 12 provinces in China.MethodsAmongst 46,285 adults recruited from 2005 to 2009, 3686 were identified with AO on spirometry (defined by the ratio of forced expiratory volume in the first second to forced vital capacity <0.7) and without known chronic lung disease. These cases were age‐ and sex‐matched to 11,129 controls with normal spirometry and no chronic lung disease from the same community. Conditional multivariable adjusted OR and population attributable fraction (PAF) were calculated for each identified risk factor and their combined effect.ResultsCompared to controls, smoking initiation age <20 years (OR 1.22 [95% CI 1.01–1.48]), smoking duration ≥40 years (OR 1.82 [1.50–2.22]), low vegetables (OR 1.86 [1.67–2.07]) and fruits (OR 1.14 [1.02–1.29]) intake, cooking with biomass fuels (OR 2.54 [2.32–2.78]) and poor kitchen ventilation (OR 1.37 [1.19–1.58]) were significantly associated with elevated risks of unrecognized AO. The combined effect of these lifestyle factors significantly elevated the odds by 25 fold (18.6–34.3). The addition of prior tuberculosis and low socioeconomic status further increased the odds to 40.1 (28.2–57.0) and the PAF to 66.7% (51.1–78.1).ConclusionSmoking, unhealthy diet, biomass cooking fuels and low socioeconomic status are strongly associated with AO. Addressing these risk factors could substantially reduce the burden of AO in China.
Introduction: 20 years of welfare reform in China (2000–2020): Challenges from developmentalism to COVID‐19
Authors: Hong Ijin , Ngok Kinglun 
Published: August 2022

AbstractChina as a welfare system is not yet well understood in social policy circles, despite being a well‐studied case in public administration and political science. Would this party‐state care to commit for its citizens' welfare? For many, associating the idea of a welfare state with China is still something to be frowned upon. Most available literature, especially in the English language, describes social policies in China as residual, unequally distributed, strongly dependent on local finances, prone to social dumping—especially for rural residents and migrant workers—paternalistic, disregarding social needs and so on. Yet, we believe that the social dumping practices of the 1980s and 1990s are now a thing of the past. As the government has taken a decidedly pro‐welfare stance since the 2000s, it could be more reasonable to identify different historical phases through which the welfare system took shape in China. We identify and discuss three stages in particular: the ‘iron rice bowl’ phase of socialist China (1949–1978), the welfare shedding resulting from China's opening up to the market (1979–2002), and the ‘social policy era’ characterised by major welfare expansion (2002–2020).
Proximity‐dependent biotinylation identifies a suite of candidate effector proteins from Fusarium graminearum
Authors: Miltenburg Mary G. , Bonner Christopher , Hepworth Shelley , Huang Mei , Rampitsch Christof , Subramaniam Rajagopal 
Published: August 2022

SUMMARYFusarium graminearum is a fungal pathogen that causes Fusarium head blight in cereal crops. The identification of proteins secreted from pathogens to overcome plant defenses and cause disease, collectively known as effectors, can reveal the etiology of a disease process. Proximity‐dependent biotin identification (BioID) was used to identify potential effector proteins secreted in planta by F. graminearum during the infection of Arabidopsis. Mass spectrometry analysis of streptavidin affinity‐purified proteins revealed over 300 proteins from F. graminearum, of which 62 were candidate effector proteins (CEPs). An independent analysis of secreted proteins from axenic cultures of F. graminearum showed a 42% overlap with CEPs, thereby assuring confidence in the BioID methodology. The analysis also revealed that 19 out of 62 CEPs (approx. 30%) had been previously characterized with virulence function in fungi. The functional characterization of additional CEPs was undertaken through deletion analysis by the CRISPR/Cas9 method, and by overexpression into Triticum aestivum (wheat) leaves by the Ustilago hordei delivery system. Deletion studies of 12 CEPs confirmed the effector function of three previously characterized CEPs and validated the function of another four CEPs on wheat inflorescence or vegetative tissues. Lastly, overexpression in wheat showed that all seven CEPs enhanced resistance against the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae DC3000.
Multi-Fidelity Gaussian Process Surrogate Modeling of Pediatric Tissue Expansion
Authors: Han Tianhong , Ahmed Kaleem S. , Gosain Arun K. , Tepole Adrian Buganza , Lee Taeksang 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth of skin in response to stretch is the basis for tissue expansion (TE), a procedure to gain new skin area for reconstruction of large defects. Unfortunately, complications and suboptimal outcomes persist because TE is planned and executed based on physician's experience and trial and error instead of predictive quantitative tools. Recently, we calibrated computational models of TE to a porcine animal model of tissue expansion, showing that skin growth is proportional to stretch with a characteristic time constant. Here, we use our calibrated model to predict skin growth in cases of pediatric reconstruction. Available from the clinical setting are the expander shapes and inflation protocols. We create low fidelity semi-analytical models and finite element models for each of the clinical cases. To account for uncertainty in the response expected from translating the models from the animal experiments to the pediatric population, we create multifidelity Gaussian process surrogates to propagate uncertainty in the mechanical properties and the biological response. Predictions with uncertainty for the clinical setting are essential to bridge our knowledge from the large animal experiments to guide and improve the treatment of pediatric patients. Future calibration of the model with patient-specific data—such as estimation of mechanical properties and area growth in the operating room—will change the standard for planning and execution of TE protocols.
Optimized Uncertainty and Disturbance Estimator Based Robust Controller for Micro Aerial Vehicle
Authors: Dixit Abhishek , Agrawal Pooja , Misra Ajay 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The work presents optimized uncertainty and disturbance estimator (UDE) based robust controller to achieve the fixed wing micro-aerial vehicle (MAV) longitudinal and lateral stability. In the proposed control methodology, genetic algorithm (GA) is used to find the optimal value of UDE filter parameter (GAUDE) which is filter time constant. GA uses minimization of integral absolute time error (IATE) based fitness function. In this work, the proposed controller is GAUDE-based adaptive sliding mode control (SMC). The Lyapunov theory is used to establish the stability of the presented controller. The performance of proposed SMC-GAUDE controller is analyzed through comparative analysis using numerical simulations. The comparative analysis consists of the proposed controller performance evaluation with existing UDE-based and conventional controllers. The comparative study shows the faster response to attain desired states along with smooth and chattering free control efforts offered by SMC-GAUDE controller. The results present viability of the proposed controller. To show the robustness of the proposed controller, IATE performance index is evaluated. Also, the Monte Carlo simulations are done to highlight the efficacy of the proposed controller in the presence of parametric variations in MAV aerodynamic coefficients and velocity.
Loss Analysis of Cavity Leakage Flow in a Compressor Cascade
Authors: Deng Hefang , Xia Kailong , Teng Jinfang , Lu Shaopeng , Zhu Mingmin , Qiang Xiaoqing 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The cavity flow of shrouded stators is quite complex and not yet completely understood, especially for its loss characteristics. In this paper, a matrix of numerical simulations was designed and conducted to investigate the loss characteristics of the cavity flow in a compressor cascade, with a wide range of incidence, two flow coefficients, and three seal clearances. The effect of the skewed boundary layer was introduced to simulate the practical compressor environment as far as possible. The results show that the total pressure loss coefficient is unable to evaluate the cavity leakage loss correctly since it ignores the temperature rise. With the reduction of the flow coefficient, the entropy loss coefficient and thermal entropy generation rate tend to increase, while the change of the viscous entropy generation rate is dependent on the incidence since the high tangential velocity deteriorates the flow of the pressure side at large negative incidence but significantly improves the flow of the suction side as the incidence increases. In addition, there is a significant difference in loss sensitivity to the seal clearance at various incidences. One of the major reasons is the change of pressure difference between the downstream and upstream. And the other major reason is the distribution difference of the high-loss fluid caused by the variation in the passage vortex. These key findings are able to provide insights leading to reducing the compressor loss due to the cavity leakage flow.
Spinal cord stimulation therapy for patients with Parkinson’s disease and gait problems (STEP-PD): study protocol for an exploratory, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled feasibility trial
Authors: Hvingelby Victor S , Højholt Terkelsen Miriam , Johnsen Erik L , Møller Mette , Danielsen Erik Hvid , Henriksen Tove , Glud Andreas Nørgaard , Tai Yen , Møller Andersen Anne Sofie , Meier Kaare , Borghammer Per , Moro Elena , Sørensen Jens Christian Hedemann , Pavese Nicola 
Published: August 2022

IntroductionGait difficulties are common in Parkinson’s disease (PD) and cause significant disability. These symptoms are often resistant to treatment. Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been found to improve gait, including freezing of gait, in a small number of patients with PD. The mechanism of action is unclear, and some patients are non-responders. With this double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy and feasibility clinical and imaging study, we aim to shed light on the mechanism of action of SCS and collect data to inform development of a scientifically sound clinical trial protocol. We also aim to identify clinical and imaging biomarkers at baseline that could be predictive of a favourable or a negative outcome of SCS and improve patient selection.Methods and analysisA total of 14 patients will be assessed with clinical rating scales and gait evaluations at baseline, and at 6 and 12 months after SCS implantation. They will also receive serial18F-deoxyglucose and18FEOBV PET scans to assess the effects of SCS on cortical/subcortical activity and brain cholinergic function. The first two patients will be included in an open pilot study while the rest will be randomised to receive active treatment or placebo (no stimulation) for 6 months. From this point, the entire cohort will enter an open label active treatment phase for a subsequent 6 months.Ethics and disseminationThis study was reviewed and approved by the Committee on Health Research Ethics, Central Denmark RM. It is funded by the Danish Council for Independent Research. Independent of outcome, the results will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at national and international conferences.Trial registration numberNCT05110053; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier.
Qualitative study of emergency clinicians to inform a national guideline on the management of children with mild-to-moderate head injuries
Authors: Tavender Emma J , Wilson Catherine L , Dalziel Stuart , Oakley Ed , Borland Meredith , Ballard Dustin W , Cotterell Elizabeth , Phillips Natalie , Babl Franz E 
Published: August 2022

BackgroundHead injury is a common reason children present to EDs. Guideline development to improve care for paediatric head injuries should target the information needs of ED clinicians and factors influencing its uptake.MethodsWe conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews (November 2017–November 2018) with a stratified purposive sample of ED clinicians from across Australia and New Zealand. We identified clinician information needs, used the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to explore factors influencing the use of head CT and clinical decision rules/guidelines in CT decision-making, and explored ways to improve guideline uptake. Two researchers coded the interview transcripts using thematic content analysis.ResultsA total of 43 clinicians (28 doctors, 15 nurses), from 19 hospitals (5 tertiary, 8 suburban, 6 regional/rural) were interviewed. Clinicians sought guidance for scenarios including ED management of infants, children with underlying medical issues, delayed or representations and potential non-accidental injuries. Improvements to the quality and content of discharge communication and parental discussion materials were suggested. Known risks of radiation from head CTs has led to a culture of observation over use of CT in Australasia (TDF domain: beliefs about consequences). Formal and informal policies have resulted in senior clinicians making most head CT decisions in children (TDF domain: behavioural regulation). Senior clinicians consider their gestalt to be more accurate and outperform existing guidance (TDF domain: beliefs about capabilities), although they perceive guidelines as useful for training and supporting junior staff. Summaries, flow charts, publication in ED-specific journals and scripted training materials were suggestions to improve uptake.ConclusionInformation needs of ED clinicians, factors influencing use of head CT in children with head injuries and the role of guidelines were identified. These findings informed the scope and implementation strategies for an Australasian guideline for mild-to-moderate head injuries in children.
The role of IQOS risk perceptions on cigarette smoking behaviours: results from a prospective pilot study
Authors: DeAtley Teresa , Stone Matthew D , Strasser Andrew A , Audrain-McGovern Janet 
Published: August 2022

BackgroundIQOS is a heated tobacco product marketed as an alternative to combustible cigarette smoking. Little is known about cigarette smokers’ IQOS health risk perceptions and if these risk perceptions impact IQOS use and cigarette smoking behaviour.MethodsAdult, daily, non-treatment-seeking cigarette smokers (n=27), naïve to IQOS, were recruited from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Participants were introduced to IQOS and then completed measures of risk perceptions. Participants were given an IQOS 2.4 holder, charger and HeatSticks, and asked to switch completely from cigarettes to IQOS for 14 days. The effects of risk perceptions on changes in IQOS use, cigarettes per day (CPD), the substitution of IQOS for cigarettes and motivation to quit smoking were evaluated.ResultsOver the 14-day switch period, CPD significantly decreased (B=−0.18, 95% CI=−0.26 to –0.09, p<0.0001), IQOS use significantly increased (B=0.02, 95% CI=0.00 to 0.03, p=0.042), as did the percentage IQOS HeatSticks that replaced CPD (B=0.02, 95% CI=0.01 to 0.03, p=0.005). Participants who perceived IQOS as less risky than cigarettes used fewer IQOS HeatSticks per day. A lower percentage of IQOS HeatStick substitution for cigarettes was observed for participants with higher versus lower risk perceptions (B=−0.14, 95% CI=−0.28 to –0.01, p=0.042). Motivation to quit increased from a mean of 5.53 to 6.79 on the contemplation ladder from baseline to day 14 (B=1.26, 95% CI=0.54 to 1.97, p<0.001).ConclusionsSmokers reduced their smoking rate and increased motivation to quit smoking while using IQOS. IQOS risk perceptions did not directly account for reductions in smoking, although they may contribute indirectly through increased IQOS use.