bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations into the Roles of Fertilizer Level and Irrigation Frequency on Growth, Quality, and Severity of Pythium Root Rot of Peperomia obtusifolia
Authors: Chase A. R. , Poole R. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Peperomia obtusifolia (L.) A. Dietr. were grown with various fertilizer levels (0.5–3.5 g Osmocote 19-3-10/10-cm pot) and irrigation frequencies (1, 2, or 3 times/week). Plants were inoculated with Pythium splendens Braun 2–6 months after initiation of fertilizer treatments. Top and root quality responses were linear and quadratic with respect to fertilizer level. One month after inoculation, root quality decreased the most for plants with the highest irrigation frequency and the lowest fertilizer level. Plants fertilized at the highest rate did not show a significant decrease in root quality. There was an interaction between fertilizer and irrigation rates as measured by plant height, quality, and disease ratings. Poorest quality plants resulted when watered 3 times/week and fertilized with 0.5 g Osmocote/pot. Highest quality plants resulted when watered 2 or 3 times/week and fertilized with 2.5 g Osmocote/pot.
Summer Pruning of ‘Gala’ Apple: The Relationships between Pruning Time, Radiation Penetration, and Fruit Quality
Authors: Morgan D. C. , Stanley C. J. , Volz R. , Warrington I. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trees of apple cv. Gala (Malus domestica Borkh.), which had previously been dormant pruned, were pruned in mid-December (early summer pruned—73 days after full bloom), mid-January (late summer pruned—108 days after full bloom), or were only dormant pruned (control). On 2 harvest dates (late February and early March) fruit from 4 different regions of the tree canopy were assessed for red blush, background color, soluble solids concentration, and fresh weight. Penetration of photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) to each region was measured at the summer pruning times and at the First harvest. Summer pruning increased the percentage of red blush—but not background color—for both pruning dates, decreased fresh weight of fruit from the early pruned trees, and decreased the soluble solids concentration of fruit from the late-pruned trees. The percentage of red blush and fruit fresh weight both showed a highly positive correlation with PPFD penetration, but for fruit fresh weight, the correlation also was dependent on the pruning treatment. The concentration of soluble solids also was related to PPFD penetration although, in comparison with fresh weight, the differences were reduced. Background color was relatively independent of tree position or pruning treatment.
Nutrient Diagnosis of ‘Valencia’ Oranges by DRIS
Authors: Beverly R. B. , Stark J. C. , Ojala J. C. , Embleton T. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Reference values were derived from field data for use in evaluating the N, P, K, Ca, and Mg status of ‘Valencia’ orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) trees by the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS). DRIS diagnoses generally agreed with diagnoses made by the sufficiency range method, with the advantage that DRIS reflects nutrient balance, and identifies the order in which nutrients are likely to become limiting. DRIS diagnoses were affected by the type and age of the tissue sampled. DRIS reflected changes in nutrient concentrations due to alternate bearing or crop load effects and agreed with the sufficiency range method when concentration changes were sufficient to affect the latter method.
Efficiency of Single-harvest Methods for Measurement of Yield in Fresh-market Cucumbers
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Miller Conrad H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three rapid methods of measuring yield (small plots harvested at the green stage, and single plants harvested at the green or at the mature stage) were tested for correlation with yield from a replicated multiple-harvest yield trial to determine how well they predicted performance of 10 hybrids in 1981, and 18 lines and cultivars tested in 1982. Only 2 methods of measuring yield were evaluated in 1981, small plots harvested once-over at the green stage and the standard replicated multiple-harvest trial. In that year, the most efficient method for measuring yield, based on capacity of the method to handle lines and to predict multiple-harvest trial performance, was 2 or 3 replications of 3 m plots harvested once-over. Those methods had a calculated advantage (relative capacity × correlation coefficient) of 43% to 80% over the replicated multiple-harvest trial. The most efficient method for measuring yield, of the 4 tested in 1982, was single plots with 1, 2, or 3 replications harvested once-over at the green stage. The tests had a calculated advantage of 102 to 107% over the replicated multiple-harvest trial, respectively. It was concluded that 2 or 3 replications in the test would provide the best results by controlling environmental variability without using an excessive number of seeds per family. In addition, the best correlation with yield in the multiple-harvest test was obtained when all fruit from the plot were counted, rather than just those of marketable size (38 to 60 mm diameter).
Estimates of Heritabilities and Variance Components for Low-temperature Germination Ability in Cucumber
Authors: Wehner Todd C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Variance components for low-temperature germination ability in cucumber (Cucumus sativus) were estimated for 3 germination variables (actual days to germination, days to 50% germination, and percentage of germination) at 17°C using a North Carolina Design I analysis. The estimates were made using the North Carolina Medium Base Pickle (NCMBP) population, which was developed by intercrossing adapted pickling cucumber cultivars with diverse lines for 3 cycles without selection. Estimates of additive and dominance variance for the percentage of germination and days to 50% germination were equal, but additive variance was predominant for actual days to germination. Heritabilities based on half-sib families tested in 2 replications ranged from 0.44 to 0.61 for the 3 germination variables. There were large significant genetic correlations among the 3 germination variables, ranging from 0.61 to 1.03 in absolute value. Selection for either the percentage of germination or for actual days to germination at 17° should result in significant progress in improving low-temperature germination ability of cucumbers in the NCMBP population.
Spent Mushroom Compost as a Soil Amendment for Vegetables
Authors: Wang Sherry Hsiao-lei , Lohr Virginia I. , Coffey David L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spent mushroom compost (SMC) was used as a soil amendment for field-grown vegetables. Four rates (0, 2, 10, or 20 kg/m2) of SMC were applied to a fine sandy loam in 1981 and 1982. SMC application decreased bulk density and increased the percentage of small pore space, pH, and electrical conductivity. Yields of cucumber and snap bean increased and yield of onion decreased, as the rate of SMC increased in 1981. Yields of cabbage, radish, and tomato were not affected significantly by the addition of SMC. Tomato yield was maximum at 10 kg/m2, then declined as SMC was increased to 20 kg/m2 in 1982. Yield responses of cucumber, fall-planted radish, spinach, and mustard were similar to that of tomato. Salt sensitive crops, such as snap bean, onion, and spring-planted radish, suffered severely reduced plant stands and, consequently, decreased yields. Yield of cabbage, a relatively salt tolerant crop, was not affected by SMC. Concentrations of K in all leaf tissues increased significantly as the level of SMC increased. Mg content in leaf tissue decreased.
Development of the Flower Spike of Bird of Paradise and its Flowering Period in Hawaii
Authors: Criley R. A. , Kawabata O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Time intervals between leaf emergence, flower stalk emergence, and flower cut were determined for 550 Strelitzia reginae Ait. (Bird of Paradise) flowers during 1977–80 at an elevation of 25 m in Hawaii. The interval between leaf emergence and flower stalk emergence averaged 186 days with a range of 173 to 204. The interval between flower stalk emergence and flower cut averaged 64 days with a range of 54 to 74. Seasonal differences in the duration of development did not account for the seasonal differences in yield. Dissection of flowering fans revealed sequences of flower bud abortion which occurred during June to October, and accounted for low flower production during winter and early spring months in Hawaii.
Characterization of Sugar Transport in Storage Tissue of Carrot
Authors: Daie Jaleh 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sugars are a major storage carbohydrate and a primary component of carrot root quality. The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics of sugar transport into the storage cells of carrot [Daucus carota (L.)]. Tissue disks were incubated in a buffered solution (pH 6.5) containing various concentrations of sucrose, glucose, or fructose, 1 mm CaCl2, and 100 mm mannitol. Passive uptake was defined as uptake in the presence of 5 μm carbonyl cyanide, - m chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP). Active uptake was the difference between total (–CCCP) and passive uptake. Characteristic, biphasic kinetics were observed for all sugars. At sugar concentrations below 10 mm, a saturating active component was operating. Above 10 mm, the influx was a nonsaturating, linear transport system. Active transport was pH dependent, showing high rates of uptake at low pH. Glucose and fructose did not inhibit sucrose influx and vice versa, but they did compete with each other. The kinetics of the hexose competition was noncompetitive inhibition. The competition studies suggested the presence of a separate carrier for each sugar. The evidence indicated that sugar transport across membranes of carrot storage cells is a combination of active and passive transport, consistent with transport kinetics observed in other crops. Active sugar uptake is a significant part of uptake, doubling influx at low apoplastic concentrations. At maturity, sucrose is the major transport and storage sugar. Glucose and fructose however, are transported at considerable rates in vitro, when they are present in the free space.
Responses of Stokes Aster Achenes to Chilling
Authors: Campbell T. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Stokes aster [Stokesia laevis Hill (Greene)] is a perennial ornamental; achenes are a prospective source of vernolic acid for the chemical industry. Responses of achenes of 6 Stokes aster accessions to temperatures of 0° to 20°C were studied. There was no germination below 11°; germination was near 0 at 11° and reached a maximum at 20°. Achenes equilibrated at 15% moisture generally germinated more rapidly than those at 5% moisture. In hydration-chilling experiments, more than one day of exposure to chilling prior to germination decreased germination and increased the frequency of abnormal seedlings in some entries. Equilibration at 15% moisture prior to chilling reduced damage slightly compared to 5% moisture. There seemed to be a direct relationship between early imbibition rate and susceptibility to chilling damage. Gradual chilling and warming of germinated achenes resulted in a significant reduction in damage compared to abrupt chilling and warming.
Inheritance of Flowering Response in Cucumber
Authors: Vecchia P. T. Della , Peterson C. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Segregating populations were developed from a cross between 2 parents with distinctly different flowering responses, WI 1606 (P1), a day neutral line of Cucumis sativus L. and PI 215589 (P2), a short-day line from C. sativus ‘hardwickii’ (R.) Alef. Parents (P1, P2) and the F1, F2, BC1P1 and BC1P2 populations were grown in the field at Hancock, Wis., and in the greenhouse under long days (16 hr), and classified as late or early flowering on the basis of the main-stem node at which the 1st flower developed. Segregation within the BC1P2 and F2 populations demonstrated that the short-day requirement for early-flowering in PI 215589 is controlled by a single recessive gene, probably allelic to the previously reported ‘df’ mutant for delayed flowering.
Effects of Delays in Establishing Controlled Atmospheres on Kiwifruit Softening during and Following Storage
Authors: Arpaia M. L. , Mitchell F. G. , Mayer G. , Kader A. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Establishment of a controlled atmosphere (CA) of 2% O2 + 5% CO2 within one day of harvest (no delay) or after a one-week delay in 0°C air retarded rapid softening of CA-stored kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch. ‘Hayward’) during the 1st 6 weeks of 0° storage, relative to those kept in air or in CA established after a 2-week delay. Between the 6th and 24th week of storage, further softening in air-stored fruit was suppressed in all CA treatments, and the 2-week delay CA fruit always were significantly softer than those placed in CA within one day of harvest. The one-week delay treatment resulted in an intermediate flesh firmness. The rates of fruit softening at 0°-air after 12, 16, or 24 weeks of CA storage were comparable to those of fruit stored continuously in 0° air.
Improvement and Genetic Control of Partial Resistance in Sweet Corn to Corn Leaf Rust
Authors: Randle W. M. , Davis D. W. , Groth J. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Evaluation of the progeny populations from crosses between a resistant sweet corn inbred (Zea mays L.) and 3 susceptible inbreds indicated that the variation for partial resistance to corn leaf rust (Puccinia sorghi Schw.) depended on the parents used. Heritability estimates were high with both additive and dominance gene effects important in character expression. Epistasis was shown to influence rust reaction in at least one cross. The ability to improve partial resistance in 2 sweet corn populations was demonstrated by 3 methods of selection.
Coal Cinders with Pine Bark as Azalea Growing Media
Authors: Wagner D. F. , Neal J. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Coal cinders with pine bark were evaluated as containerized plant growing medium. Rhododendron obtusum Lindl. ‘Hinodegiri’ liners were grown in several combinations of media composed of pine bark mixed with an aged and a recently combusted source of cinders. Measurements of media pH, soluble salts, NO3− –N, NH4+ –N, and 19 extractable nutrient and metallic ions were obtained. Leaf tissue samples were analyzed for 19 elements. Top dry weight, visual growth and chlorosis ratings, and root visual ratings constituted the plant growth parameters measured. Satisfactory growth was generated in pine bark amended with up to 50% cinders from either source.
Quality of Euvitis Hybrid Bunch Grapes after low Temperature Storage with Sulfur Dioxide Generators
Authors: Ballinger W. E. , Nesbitt W. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eighteen lines of Euvitis grapes in 1980, and 30 in 1981, were stored for 9 weeks at 0°C in 5.7-liter telescoping, corrugated cardboard shipping containers with polyethylene liners, with and without commercially available sulfur dioxide (SO2) generators (1 in 1980; 2 in 1981). Decay during storage without SO2 varied greatly among lines (2% to 81% in 1980 and 0% to 62% in 1981). The generator producing SO2 for the entire 9 weeks in 1981 eliminated decay of most grape lots. By comparison, the generators producing SO2 for only 2 weeks permitted 4 times as much decay. Two weeks of SO2, however, permitted only one-fifth as much decay as that associated with no SO2 during storage. Both generators reduced degradation of appearance and flavor of the grapes. The long-term generator was associated with more SO2 damage to the fruit than was the short-term generator. The lines varied widely in tolerance to SO2. SO2 damaged the fruit by entering openings in their surfaces caused by stem tears and cracks.
Quality of Citrus Fruit Following Cold Treatment as a Method of Disinfestation against the Caribbean Fruit Fly
Authors: Adsule P. G. , Ismail M. A. , Fellers P. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit of ‘Valencia’ orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) and ‘Murcott’ tangerine (Citrus reticulata Blanco) were subjected to cold treatment at 1.1°C for 17 days as prescribed for the disinfestation of citrus of the Caribbean fruit fly (Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) in the plant protection and quarantine treatment manual. Fruit quality was evaluated during subsequent storage at 4.4°C for one week followed by 2 weeks at 21.1°. Fruit under cold treatment did not develop any physiological disorders. Fruit color and general appearance remained unaffected. Loss due to decay was 2.3% for ‘Murcott’ tangerine and 7.2% for ‘Valencia’ orange. Moisture loss for both varieties was about 5%. Fruit quality, including flavor, was found to be acceptable in ‘Murcott’ during subsequent storage. Yet the quality of ‘Valencia’ remained acceptable for one week only at 4.4°. Cartons used for packing fruit and stored at 1.1° absorbed more moisture when transferred to 21.1° than the cartons at 4.4° or 21.1° because of moisture condensation on fruit.
Development of Drought-stressed Poinsettias
Authors: Gilbertz David A. , Barrett James E. , Nell Terril A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Single stem Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. cv. Eckespoint C-1 Red were exposed to single or repeated episodes of drought stress to leaf water potentials of −1.0 or −1.3 MPa at different times during crop development. Decreased plant height and delayed flowering generally were caused by treatments including stress prior to time of initial bract coloration. Plant quality was reduced by those treatments that inhibited bract development and caused leaf abscission. Inflorescence diameter was reduced the most by stress after bract coloration. Bract dry weight was sensitive to stress and was reduced by stress between the time of initiating long nights and bract coloration. Leaf abscission resulted from a single exposure to −1.3 MPa after flower initiation. Stress prior to start of long nights had little effect on plant development.
Reversal of Nematode-induced Growth Retardation in Tomato Plants by Inhibition of Ethylene Action
Authors: Glazer Itamar , Apelbaum Akiva , Orion Daniel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum) infected with root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne javanica, contain 2.2 to 2.6-times higher levels of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) in the roots and leaves compared with uninfected plants. The nematode-induced increase in the ACC coincides with increased ethylene production in the infected plants. Foliar spray with aminoethoxyvivyl-glycine (AVG), which inhibits ethylene production or with silver thiosulfate (STS) which inhibited ethylene action, partially or completely eliminated the pathogenic symptoms displayed by a nematode-infected plant, indicating that the ethylene induced by the nematode infection plays a major role in the pathogenic symptoms infliced by the nematode. Foliar spray with 3 mM STS 4 to 8 days after the nematode inoculation was found to be the most effective treatment for reversing the nematode infection symptoms.
Sweetpotato Population Changes During Six Random Crossing Generations1
Authors: Jones Alfred 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Twenty-four traits in generations 2 to 7 of a randomly intercrossing sweetpotato [(Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] population were studied. Mean changes detected were: increased flowering, reduced leaf whorl purpling, increased vine purpling, decreased vine diam, decreased root wt, fewer smooth skinned types and some increase in vine length. Changes in the fusarium wilt index were not significant but distributional changes were important; fewer plants with high levels of resistance occurred in the later generation. Reductions in vine diam and in root wt were considered independent of each other. There was no indication that the natural selection for increased flowering was responsible for either vine diam or root wt reductions.
Influence of Fertilizer Placement and Micronutrient Rate on Watermelon Composition and Yield1
Authors: Locascio S. J. , Fiskell J. G. A. , Martin F. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plant growth and fruit yield were enhanced by broadcast as compared with band applications of either N-P-K fertilizer or micronutrients. Plant dry wt were similar with applications of either CuSO4-5H2O at 4 and 8 lb./acre Cu or complete micronutrient frit (FTE 503) at 30 and 60 lb./acre in 2 seasons. In 1 season, fruit yields were significantly higher where CUSO4 was used. Increases in rate of either micronutrient source resulted in increased fruit yields where applications were broadcast but a decrease where banded. These responses to increased micronutrient rates were related to an increase in micronutrient efficiency with the broadcast placement and to a toxicity with the band placement.
Solution Culture Investigations of the Influence of Manganese, Calcium, Boron, and pH on Internal Bark Necrosis of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Cooper Richard E. , Thompson Arthur H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Manganese toxicity was expressed as leaf chlorosis, early leaf abscission, reduced flower bud number, reduced growth, and internal bark necrosis (IBN). Increasing Ca or decreasing Mn in the solution were effective in correcting IBN, while increasing B or pH were ineffective. High solution Mn was associated with a decrease in bark Ca, and high solution Ca was associated with decreased Mn accumulation. Severe IBN was observed on the ‘Delicious’ scion, but no bark symptoms were visible on the EM IX clonal stock. Manganese concn were similar in both stock and scion bark, but Ca levels in the stock bark were substantially higher than those in the scion.
The Effect of Temperature and Daylength on Shoot Growth and Bud Formation in Azaleas1
Authors: Pettersen Harold 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Preliminary experiments showed that flower bud initiation took place 3-4 weeks earlier after a “soft” than after a “hard” pinch. The effect of daylength was more pronounced in young than in older plants. In temp/daylength experiments with young plants, bud initiation was stimulated to a varying extent in all 8 cultivars investigated. A critical daylength could not be shown. Optimal daylength for flower bud formation was about 12 hr whereas a 24-hr day inhibited flowering to the greatest extent. The effect of daylength depends on temp. At 15-16°C the plants were nearly day neutral, but they reacted as facultative short day plants above 20°C. Optimum conditions for growth were about 24°C, with continuous light.
Indole-3-Acetic Acid Oxidase Activity from Developing Peach Seeds and Its Inhibition by Extractable Catechin1
Authors: Ritzert R. W. , Hemphill D. D. , Sell H. M. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An indole-3-acetic acid oxidase system was detected and characterized in extracts of immature peach seed (Prunus persica (L) Batsch, cv. Redhaven). The enzyme had a pH optimum of 4.5 to 5.0 and required Mn2+ and 2,4-dichlorophenol for optimum activity. The reaction product appeared to be 3-methyleneoxindole. Catechin, a natural polyphenol, was isolated from peach seed. It inhibited the IAA oxidase system and had a synergistic effect on IAA activity in the Avena coleoptile straight growth assay. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the catechin inhibition was non-competitive with substrate.
The Movement and Fate of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid in Walnut1
Authors: Martin George C. , Abdel-Gawad Hesham A. , Weaver R. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
14C-ethephon applied to a walnut leaflet penetrated and translocated rapidly in young plants, but more slowly in older plants. The compound translocated to the kernel at higher levels when applied to a leaflet than when applied to the hull but in both cases levels of activity were low. Between 5 and 7 days after application the radioactivity in the kernel decreased markedly, 14C-ethephon in the leaves, hull, shell, and kernel was metabolized, but no side products remained in the plant tissue that could be detected by the techniques employed.