bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual and Contextual Sources of (Mis)Perceptions About the Impact of Immigration on the Welfare State
Authors: NEGASH SAMIR MUSTAFA 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThere is a large discrepancy in European countries between the measured impact of immigration on the welfare state and how this impact is perceived by citizens. This study examines the determinants of individuals’ perception of the impact of immigration on the welfare state. A number of hypotheses at both the individual and contextual level are tested using a multilevel model with data from the European Social Survey. I find that the institutional features of welfare states are associated with different views on the impact of immigration on welfare states: generous contributory social welfare benefits are associated with more favourable attitudes about immigrants, while generous non-contributory benefits, by contrast, are associated with more pessimistic assessments about the fiscal impact of immigration. I argue that this can be because the latter potentially signals to natives that migrants could access generous benefits without any requisite work history. At the individual-level, the results indicate that subjective risk and general opposition to immigration are powerful individual-level predictors: people who feel more economically insecure or who are generally opposed to immigration are more likely to think that it constitutes a burden for the welfare state.
Grasp compliance achieved with a planar hand composed of multiple 3-joint fingers
Authors: Huang Shuguang , Schimmels Joseph M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this paper, the realization of any specified planar Cartesian compliance for an object grasped by a compliant hand is addressed. The hands considered have 2 or more fingers for which each has 3 modulated elastic joints and predetermined link lengths. Geometric construction-based compliance synthesis procedures are developed. Using these procedures, a large set of compliant behaviors can be realized by a single hand simply by adjusting the configuration of each finger and by adjusting the joint stiffness (using variable stiffness actuation) of each finger joint.
“The Great White Mother”: Harriet Maxwell Converse, the Indian Colony of New York City, and the Media, 1885–1903
Authors: Winters John C. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis article reveals the history of the unstudied “Indian Colony” of Gilded Age New York City through the life of its founder and governor, Harriet Maxwell Converse. Converse was a white woman adopted by the Senecas and a salvage ethnographer, a potent combination of Indigenous “authenticity” and scholarly authority that made her an object of fascination to white New Yorkers who read about her in extensive newspaper coverage. The Colony itself was composed of boarding houses, Converse’s own townhouse-turned-museum, and was connected to the New York Police Department. It provided housing and support to resident and visiting Native Americans who found work in the city’s “Indian trade” and booming entertainment industry.By highlighting the extensive newspaper coverage of Converse and her Colony, this article reveals a hidden history of the Indigenous people who lived and worked in the city. It also pushes the periodization of the earliest urban Indian communities backward in time by more than a decade and shows how the media fused the daily life of Converse and the Colonists with popular stereotypes of “savage” and “vanished” Indians, immigrant stereotypes, assimilation, gendered expectations, and the predatory academic desires of museums and salvage ethnographers.
Do coalition and formateur expectations affect vote switching?
Authors: Harsgor Liran , Itzkovitch-Malka Reut , Tuttnauer Or 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe existing literature on vote switching – a major cause of electoral change – rarely discusses strategic incentives as motivating voters to switch parties between elections. We study how coalition-directed voting, a common type of strategic voting in parliamentary democracies, affects vote switching. Utilizing an original three-wave online panel survey conducted in Israel in 2019–2020, we show that voters engage in formateur optimization and policy balancing: they switch their vote in order to affect the identity of the next formateur and desert a party they previously voted for if they believe it will not enter the next coalition. We also show that the perceived level of competition between potential formateurs moderates the effect of coalition expectations on vote switching. The paper highlights the importance of coalition and formateur considerations in electoral change and contributes to a better understanding of both coalition-directed voting and individual-level vote switching.
Seasonal Oscillations of Thermosphere Neutral Density at Dusk/Dawn as Measured by Three Satellite Missions
Authors: Zhang Xiaofang , Wang Yegui , Cai Qifa , Chen Guangming 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBased on the neutral mass density measurements from the on‐board accelerometer of Gravity field and steady‐state Ocean Circulation Explorer (GOCE) satellite, the space‐borne atmospheric density detectors on the Atmospheric density detection and Precise Orbit Determination (APOD) satellite and another Chinese satellite (CHN‐sat) over almost a solar cycle, this paper presents the annual and semiannual variations of the dawn/dusk thermosphere mass density at 260 km, 460 km, and 630 km altitudes. Density maxima at dawn appear in the local summer at the southern high latitudes, and near equinoxes in the northern poles with the density maximum in March higher than that in October at solar minimum. Neutral density maxima near 630 km at dusk occur at high latitudes under low solar flux condition, and at low latitudes near the equator at medium solar activity. The latitude‐seasonal density structure obtained from both the CHN‐sat and APOD observations shows a distinct hemisphere asymmetry with a larger magnitude at high latitudes in the summer hemisphere at solar minimum. The semiannual variation dominates from low‐middle latitudes at 260 km altitude and decreases with the increase of solar activity, while the annual variations dominate at 460 and 630 km altitudes in solar minimum. The growth of mass densities with increasing solar radiation gradually saturates in June. The amplitude of annual variation in mass densities at middle‐high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) decreases with increasing solar radiation.
Hydration of a Clay‐Rich Unit on Mars, Comparison of Orbital Data to Rover Data
Authors: Czarnecki S. , Hardgrove C. , Arvidson R. E. , Hughes M. N. , Schmidt M. E. , Henley T. , Martinez Sierra L. M. , Jun I. , Litvak M. , Mitrofanov I. , Lightholder J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractGlen Torridon (GT) is a geomorphic feature of Aeolis Mons (informally Mt. Sharp) in Gale crater, Mars, variably covered by local regolith and wind‐blown basaltic sands. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter's Compact Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) detected clay minerals in GT, making GT a target of investigation by the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover, Curiosity, which confirmed a large abundance of clays. The MSL Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN) instrument observed enrichments in bulk subsurface (<50 cm) hydration along the rover traverse compared to lower stratigraphic sections of Mt. Sharp. Here, we investigate the relationship between the CRISM 3 µm hydration index and DAN results, taking into consideration the different spatial scales and effective depths of these two instruments. We show that the elevated hydration observed by CRISM in one area of GT corresponds to elevated DAN‐derived hydration, while the lower CRISM hydration in another area of GT does not correspond to a significantly lower DAN‐derived hydration. We find that CRISM measured lower hydration in areas with good bedrock exposure or sand cover, while DAN bulk hydration is relatively insensitive to these characteristics. DAN active neutron results also show that the stratigraphically higher section of GT has significantly higher neutron absorption, which could be due to Fe‐ and Mn‐rich diagenetic features. Additionally, DAN results show that GT is enriched in hydrogen with respect to other, less clay‐rich units observed throughout the traverse, suggesting that subsurface clay minerals could be a significant reservoir for the hydration measured by DAN in GT.
Zircon Dates Long‐Lived Plume Dynamics in Oceanic Islands
Authors: Rojas‐Agramonte Yamirka , Kaus Boris J. P. , Piccolo Andrea , Williams Ian S. , Gerdes Axel , Wong Jean , Xie HangXian , Buhre Stephan , Toulkeridis Theofilos , Montero Pilar , Garcia‐Casco Antonio 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this contribution we report the first systematic study of zircon U‐Pb geochronology and δ18O‐εHf(t) isotope geochemistry from 10 islands of the hot‐spot related Galapagos Archipelago. The data extracted from the zircons allow them to be grouped into three types: (a) young zircons (0–∼4 Ma) with εHf(t) (∼5–13) and δ18O (∼4–7) isotopic mantle signature with crystallization ages dating the islands, (b) zircons with εHf(t) (∼5–13) and δ18O (∼5–7) isotopic mantle signature (∼4–164 Ma) which are interpreted to date the time of plume activity below the islands (∼164 Ma is the minimum time of impingement of the plume below the lithosphere), and (c) very old zircons (∼213–3,000 Ma) with mostly continental (but also juvenile) εHf(t) (∼−28–8) and δ18O (∼5–11) isotopic values documenting potential contamination from a number of sources. The first two types with similar isotopic mantle signature define what we call the Galápagos Plume Array (GPA). Given lithospheric plate motion, this result implies that GPA zircon predating the Galápagos lithosphere (i.e., >14–164 Ma) formed and were stored at sublithospheric depths for extended periods of time. In order to explain these observations, we performed 2D and 3D thermo‐mechanical numerical experiments of plume‐lithosphere interaction which show that dynamic plume activity gives rise to complex asthenospheric flow patterns and results in distinct long‐lasting mantle domains beneath a moving lithosphere. This demonstrates that it is physically plausible that old plume‐derived zircons survive at asthenospheric depths below ocean islands.
The 2001 Taupō Fault Belt Seismicity as Evidence of Magma‐Tectonic Interaction at Taupō Volcano
Authors: McGregor R. F. D. , Illsley‐Kemp F. , Townend J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe Taupō Volcanic Zone (TVZ) is the southern extent of the Tonga‐Kermadec volcanic arc and encompasses the Taupō Rift, with the two structures accommodating extension through the central North Island of New Zealand via magmatic and tectonic processes, respectively. Interplay between components of the TVZ and Taupō Rift are evident at Taupō volcano, which exhibits periods of increased seismicity on a decadal scale. One period of increased seismicity occurred in 2001 outside the caldera in the adjacent Taupō Fault Belt. We use seismological analysis to detect and characterize the Taupō Fault Belt seismicity, which aligns in clusters close to active faults, and was preceded by a large cluster of earthquakes beneath Lake Taupō's Western Bay. This cluster and a temporal change in the local stress field imply that a magmatic intrusion beneath the Western Bay initiated the unrest in the fault belt. Our analysis suggests this intrusion may have occurred outside the silicic reservoir at Taupō and that it represents an example of interaction between the regional tectonic and deep mafic magmatic systems at Taupō.
Solar Cycle, Seasonal, and Dawn‐To‐Dusk Variations of the Hydrogen in the Upper Thermosphere
Authors: Wan Changan , Qin Jianqi , Paxton Larry J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAtomic hydrogen is one of the least‐understood atmospheric constituents whose distribution is important for the studies of aeronomy and magnetospheric physics. Using 6 years of space‐based daytime Lyman‐α observations from 2002 to 2007, we quantify the solar cycle, seasonal, and dawn‐to‐dusk variations of the H density in the upper thermosphere. Our results show evident dawn‐dusk asymmetry of the exobase H density that decreases nearly linearly from dawn to dusk. The observed asymmetry in terms of the dawn‐dusk density ratio decreases with declining solar activity and is larger in summer than in other seasons. Such variations are not predicted by the NRLMSISE‐00 model and the NRLMSIS 2.0 model. Those models predict the opposite solar cycle trend and little seasonal variation of the degree of asymmetry. Moreover, although both models and observations indicate higher densities during lower solar activity and during winter than summer, the climatological models underestimate the H density by ∼50% when compared to the observations. Our results provide systematic data constraints that have long been needed for improving the geocoronal hydrogen theories.
Projections of Future Air Quality Are Uncertain. But Which Source of Uncertainty Is Most Important?
Authors: Doherty R. M. , O'Connor F. M. , Turnock S. T. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractUnderstanding how air pollution events may change in the future is of key importance to decision makers. Multi‐model intercomparison projects focusing on atmospheric chemistry and air quality have been performed to inform the latest IPCC assessments. Future anthropogenic emission changes have generally been the foci of such model experiments, envisaged as the dominant driver of future atmospheric composition. The latest model assessments such as AerChemMIP utilize multi‐model ensembles but also have limited individual model ensembles which permit different sources of uncertainty to be characterized. The recent study by Fiore et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JD035985) specifically considers a multi‐model and multi‐member ensemble approach. It adds to the quantification of uncertainty in future projections through delineating uncertainty due to model diversity and due to internal or natural climate variability within the climate system, for mean and high PM2.5 air pollution events over the Eastern USA in the 21st century. Exploring the separate roles of internal climate variability and model diversity adds further value to the important research issue of quantifying how future anthropogenic climate change impacts air quality. Future multi‐model intercomparisons need to balance the additional knowledge gained from research into understanding multiple sources of uncertainty that can inform decision making vs. the resource costs of performing these experiments using Earth System Models with interactive chemistry.
A broadly protective vaccine against cutaneous human papillomaviruses
Authors: Mariz Filipe Colaco , Balz Kathrin , Dittrich Manuela , Zhang Yueru , Yang Fan , Zhao Xueer , Bolchi Angelo , Ottonello Simone , Müller Martin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSkin colonization by human papillomavirus (HPV) is typically related to inconspicuous cutaneous infections without major disease or complications in immunocompetent individuals. However, in immunosuppressed patients, especially organ transplanted recipients, cutaneous HPV infections may cause massive, highly spreading and recurrent skin lesions upon synergism with UV-exposure. Current HPV prophylactic vaccines are not effective against cutaneous HPV types (cHPV). By applying a modular polytope-based approach, in this work, we explored different vaccine candidates based on selected, tandemly arranged cHPV-L2 epitopes fused to thioredoxin (Trx) as a scaffold protein. Upon conversion to heptameric nanoparticles with the use of a genetically fused oligomerization domain, our candidate Trx-L2 vaccines induce broadly neutralizing immune responses against 19 cHPV in guinea pigs. Similar findings were obtained in mice, where protection against virus challenge was also achieved via passive transfer of immune sera. Remarkably, immunization with the candidate cHPV vaccines also induced immune responses against several mucosal low- and high-risk HPV types, including HPV16 and 18. Based on cumulative immunogenicity data but also on ease and yield of production, we identified a lead vaccine candidate bearing 12 different cHPV-L2 epitopes that holds great promise as a scalable and GMP production-compatible lead molecule for the prevention of post-transplantation skin lesions caused by cHPV infection.
Plankton response to global warming is characterized by non-uniform shifts in assemblage composition since the last ice age
Authors: Strack Tonke , Jonkers Lukas , C. Rillo Marina , Hillebrand Helmut , Kucera Michal 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBiodiversity is expected to change in response to future global warming. However, it is difficult to predict how species will track the ongoing climate change. Here we use the fossil record of planktonic foraminifera to assess how biodiversity responded to climate change with a magnitude comparable to future anthropogenic warming. We compiled time series of planktonic foraminifera assemblages, covering the time from the last ice age across the deglaciation to the current warm period. Planktonic foraminifera assemblages shifted immediately when temperature began to rise at the end of the last ice age and continued to change until approximately 5,000 years ago, even though global temperature remained relatively stable during the last 11,000 years. The biotic response was largest in the mid latitudes and dominated by range expansion, which resulted in the emergence of new assemblages without analogues in the glacial ocean. Our results indicate that the plankton response to global warming was spatially heterogeneous and did not track temperature change uniformly over the past 24,000 years. Climate change led to the establishment of new assemblages and possibly new ecological interactions, which suggests that current anthropogenic warming may lead to new, different plankton community composition.
Pneumococcal within-host diversity during colonization, transmission and treatment
Authors: Tonkin-Hill Gerry , Ling Clare , Chaguza Chrispin , Salter Susannah J. , Hinfonthong Pattaraporn , Nikolaou Elissavet , Tate Natalie , Pastusiak Andrzej , Turner Claudia , Chewapreecha Claire , Frost Simon D. W. , Corander Jukka , Croucher Nicholas J. , Turner Paul , Bentley Stephen D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCharacterizing the genetic diversity of pathogens within the host promises to greatly improve surveillance and reconstruction of transmission chains. For bacteria, it also informs our understanding of inter-strain competition and how this shapes the distribution of resistant and sensitive bacteria. Here we study the genetic diversity ofStreptococcus pneumoniaewithin 468 infants and 145 of their mothers by deep sequencing whole pneumococcal populations from 3,761 longitudinal nasopharyngeal samples. We demonstrate that deep sequencing has unsurpassed sensitivity for detecting multiple colonization, doubling the rate at which highly invasive serotype 1 bacteria were detected in carriage compared with gold-standard methods. The greater resolution identified an elevated rate of transmission from mothers to their children in the first year of the child’s life. Comprehensive treatment data demonstrated that infants were at an elevated risk of both the acquisition and persistent colonization of a multidrug-resistant bacterium following antimicrobial treatment. Some alleles were enriched after antimicrobial treatment, suggesting that they aided persistence, but generally purifying selection dominated within-host evolution. Rates of co-colonization imply that in the absence of treatment, susceptible lineages outcompeted resistant lineages within the host. These results demonstrate the many benefits of deep sequencing for the genomic surveillance of bacterial pathogens.
The Burden of Proof studies: assessing the evidence of risk
Authors: Zheng Peng , Afshin Ashkan , Biryukov Stan , Bisignano Catherine , Brauer Michael , Bryazka Dana , Burkart Katrin , Cercy Kelly M. , Cornaby Leslie , Dai Xiaochen , Dirac M. Ashworth , Estep Kara , Fay Kairsten A. , Feldman Rachel , Ferrari Alize J. , Gakidou Emmanuela , Gil Gabriela Fernanda , Griswold Max , Hay Simon I. , He Jiawei , Irvine Caleb M. S. , Kassebaum Nicholas J. , LeGrand Kate E. , Lescinsky Haley , Lim Stephen S. , Lo Justin , Mullany Erin C. , Ong Kanyin Liane , Rao Puja C. , Razo Christian , Reitsma Marissa B. , Roth Gregory A. , Santomauro Damian F. , Sorensen Reed J. D. , Srinivasan Vinay , Stanaway Jeffrey D. , Vollset Stein Emil , Vos Theo , Wang Nelson , Welgan Catherine A. , Wozniak Sarah S. , Aravkin Aleksandr Y. , Murray Christopher J. L. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractExposure to risks throughout life results in a wide variety of outcomes. Objectively judging the relative impact of these risks on personal and population health is fundamental to individual survival and societal prosperity. Existing mechanisms to quantify and rank the magnitude of these myriad effects and the uncertainty in their estimation are largely subjective, leaving room for interpretation that can fuel academic controversy and add to confusion when communicating risk. We present a new suite of meta-analyses—termed the Burden of Proof studies—designed specifically to help evaluate these methodological issues objectively and quantitatively. Through this data-driven approach that complements existing systems, including GRADE and Cochrane Reviews, we aim to aggregate evidence across multiple studies and enable a quantitative comparison of risk–outcome pairs. We introduce the burden of proof risk function (BPRF), which estimates the level of risk closest to the null hypothesis that is consistent with available data. Here we illustrate the BPRF methodology for the evaluation of four exemplar risk–outcome pairs: smoking and lung cancer, systolic blood pressure and ischemic heart disease, vegetable consumption and ischemic heart disease, and unprocessed red meat consumption and ischemic heart disease. The strength of evidence for each relationship is assessed by computing and summarizing the BPRF, and then translating the summary to a simple star rating. The Burden of Proof methodology provides a consistent way to understand, evaluate and summarize evidence of risk across different risk–outcome pairs, and informs risk analysis conducted as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study.
Association of step counts over time with the risk of chronic disease in the All of Us Research Program
Authors: Master Hiral , Annis Jeffrey , Huang Shi , Beckman Joshua A. , Ratsimbazafy Francis , Marginean Kayla , Carroll Robert , Natarajan Karthik , Harrell Frank E. , Roden Dan M. , Harris Paul , Brittain Evan L. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe association between physical activity and human disease has not been examined using commercial devices linked to electronic health records. Using the electronic health records data from theAll of UsResearch Program, we show that step count volumes as captured by participants’ own Fitbit devices were associated with risk of chronic disease across the entire human phenome. Of the 6,042 participants included in the study, 73% were female, 84% were white and 71% had a college degree, and participants had a median age of 56.7 (interquartile range 41.5–67.6) years and body mass index of 28.1 (24.3–32.9) kg m–2. Participants walked a median of 7,731.3 (5,866.8–9,826.8) steps per day over the median activity monitoring period of 4.0 (2.2–5.6) years with a total of 5.9 million person-days of monitoring. The relationship between steps per day and incident disease was inverse and linear for obesity (n = 368), sleep apnea (n = 348), gastroesophageal reflux disease (n = 432) and major depressive disorder (n = 467), with values above 8,200 daily steps associated with protection from incident disease. The relationships with incident diabetes (n = 156) and hypertension (n = 482) were nonlinear with no further risk reduction above 8,000–9,000 steps. Although validation in a more diverse sample is needed, these findings provide a real-world evidence-base for clinical guidance regarding activity levels that are necessary to reduce disease risk.