bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of plant drought strategies and herbivore tolerance after two decades of climate change
Authors: Rauschkolb Robert , Li Zixin , Godefroid Sandrine , Dixon Lara , Durka Walter , Májeková Maria , Bossdorf Oliver , Ensslin Andreas , Scheepens J. F. 
Published: March 2022

Summary

Ongoing global warming, coupled with increased drought frequencies, together with other biotic drivers may have resulted in complex evolutionary adaptation. The resurrection approach, comparing ancestors raised from stored seeds with their contemporary descendants under common conditions, is a powerful method to test for recent evolution in plant populations.

We used 21–26‐yr‐old seeds of four European plant species – Matthiola tricuspidata, Plantago crassifolia, Clinopodium vulgare and Leontodon hispidus – stored in seed banks together with re‐collected seeds from their wild populations. To test for evolutionary changes, we conducted a glasshouse experiment that quantified heritable changes in plant responses to drought and simulated insect herbivory.

In three out of the four studied species, we found evidence that descendants had evolved shorter life cycles through faster growth and flowering. Shifts in the osmotic potential and leaf dry matter content indicated that descendants also evolved increased drought tolerance. A comparison of quantitative genetic differentiation (QST) vs neutral molecular differentiation (FST) values, using double digest restriction‐site associated DNA (ddRAD) genotyping data, suggested that directional selection, and therefore adaptive evolution, was underlying some of the observed phenotypic changes.

In summary, our study revealed evolutionary changes in plant populations over the last decades that are consistent with adaptation of drought escape and tolerance as well as herbivory avoidance.
The shape of root systems in a mountain meadow: plastic responses or species‐specific architectural blueprints?
Authors: Herben Tomáš , Šašek Jan , Balšánková Tereza , Hadincová Věroslava , Krahulec František , Krak Karol , Pecháčková Sylvie , Skálová Hana 
Published: April 2022

SummaryThe efficient uptake of nutrients depends on the ability of roots to respond to gradients of these resources. Although pot experiments have shown that species differ in their ability to proliferate their roots in nutrient‐rich patches, the role of such differences in determining root shapes in the field is unclear.We used fine‐scale quantitative (q)PCR‐based species‐specific mapping of roots in a grassland community to reconstruct species‐specific root system shapes. We linked them with data from pot experiments on the ability of these species to proliferate in nutrient‐rich patches and their rooting depth.We found remarkable diversity in root system shapes, from cylindrical to conical. Interspecific differences in rooting depths in pots were the main determinant of rooting depths in the field, whereas differences in foraging ability played only a minor role. Although some species with strong foraging ability did place their roots into nutrient‐rich soil layers, it was not a universal pattern.The results imply that although the vertical differentiation of grassland species is pronounced, it is primarily not driven by the differential plastic response of species to soil nutrient gradients. This may constrain the coexistence of species with similar rooting depths and may instead favour coexistence of species differing in their architectural blueprints.
Quality improvement in New Zealand pediatric anesthesia: National quality direction, patient experience, equity, and collaboration
Authors: Taylor Elsa , Webster Craig S. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe current priorities of the quality and safety of patient care in New Zealand at a central government level are described, with a focus on equity and patient experience. Priorities between stakeholders differ. We report the current quality activities of New Zealand pediatric anesthetists in relation to these governance aims, seeking gaps and suggesting future directions to align governance priorities and local activities. International relevance is also outlined. New Zealand Māori experience health inequity. Complex systemic factors including those of systemic racism and prejudice contribute to the inequity. The specific contributions to health inequity from pediatric anesthetists are unknown but could include aspects of cultural safety, delays in treatment and treatment deficits. Patient experience is correlated positively with other quality domains. Peri‐operative patient experience tools require outcomes of interest that matter to patients, including relevant cultural safety domains. Risk identification and critical event review contribute to local learnings in departments and institutions, and more widely to national and binational (with Australia) learnings. Several collaborative projects in Australia and New Zealand, whilst not primarily quality improvement projects, may improve pediatric anesthesia. These collaborations include a pediatric anesthesia professional network, a curriculum for a pediatric anesthetic fellowship, contributions to a document on standards for pediatric anesthesia, and a national quality group researching key performance indicators across New Zealand.
Analysis of Ozone Photochemistry over Southern Tropical Megacity, Bengaluru, India
Authors: Gopi Dhanya , Pranesha Talya Shreenivasa Rao , Chate Dilip Motiramji , Beig Gufran 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTRapid infrastructure development, increased population, shift in land use practices and higher vehicular emissions have all influenced Ozone (O3) production through its precursor gases in southern megacity, Bengaluru, India. We have investigated the photochemistry using hourly measurements of O3 and associated precursor gases conducted in Bengaluru during January to December 2019. The rate of formation of O3 is analyzed for Bengaluru for the first time using a photochemical model involving NOx cycle. On the diurnal scale, O3 showed a midday peak (1200–1500 IST), while its precursors showed a bimodal trend with peaks at 0900 IST and 2100 IST. The photolytic rate constants for and were derived from the tropospheric ultraviolet and visible (TUV) radiation model. Using the photolytic rate constants for and under the triad NO‐NO2‐O3, photostationary state (PSS), Leighton ratio (Ф) and its deviations from unity were estimated over Bengaluru. Positive anomalies (Φ > 1) were obtained, and the computed Φ was utilized to determine the total mixing ratios of the peroxy radical (PO2). The seasonal variation in revealed that in the presence of intense solar radiation and NOx, VOCs, CO and NMVOCs in the mixing layer, O3 forms photochemically over the surface.
Regression Discontinuity Designs for Time-to-Event Outcomes: An Approach using Accelerated Failure Time Models
Authors: Adeleke Mariam O. , Baio Gianluca , O'Keeffe Aidan G. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRegression discontinuity designs (RDDs) have been developed for the estimation of treatment effects using observational data, where a treatment is administered using an externally defined decision rule, linked to a continuous assignment variable. Typically, RDDs have been applied to situations where the outcome of interest is continuous and non-temporal. Conversely, RDDs for time-to-event outcomes have received less attention, despite such outcomes being common in many applications. We explore RDDs for a time-to-event outcome subject to right censoring. An accelerated failure time (AFT) approach is used to establish a treatment effect estimate for a fuzzy RDD (where treatment is not always strictly applied according to the decision rule). This estimation approach is robust to different levels of fuzziness and unobserved confounding, assessed using simulation studies and compares favourably to established structural AFT models. A motivating example is presented in which models are fitted to estimate the effect of metformin on mortality and cardiovascular disease rate using real observational data from UK Primary Care.
Are spatial patterns of Covid‐19 changing? Spatiotemporal analysis over four waves in the region of Cantabria, Spain
Authors: De Cos Guerra Olga , Castillo Salcines Valentín , Cantarero Prieto David 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis research approaches the empirical study of the pandemic from a social science perspective. The main goal is to reveal spatiotemporal changes in Covid‐19, at regional scale, using GIS technologies and the emerging three‐dimensional bins method. We analyze a case study of the region of Cantabria (northern Spain) based on 29,288 geocoded positive Covid‐19 cases in the four waves from the outset in March 2020 to June 2021. Our results suggest three main spatial processes: a reversal in the spatial trend, spreading first followed by contraction in the third and fourth waves; then the reduction of hot spots that represent problematic areas because of high presence of cases and growing trends; and finally, an increase in cold spots. All this generates relevant knowledge to help policy‐makers from regional governments to design efficient containment and mitigation strategies. Our research is conducted from a geoprevention perspective, based on the application of targeted measures depending on spatial patterns of Covid‐19 in real time. It represents an opportunity to reduce the socioeconomic impact of global containment measures in pandemic management.
Energy and resource‐efficient reverse osmosis system with tunable recovery for brackish water desalination and heavy metal removal
Authors: Sutariya Bhaumik , Raval Hiren 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe resource efficiency of a conventional domestic reverse osmosis system is low because it operates at a low water recovery and energy efficiency. Besides, the quality of permeate cannot be controlled, leading to unusual taste, which may result in adverse health effects. In this article, a new system design and operational method of a domestic reverse osmosis system have been studied analytically and experimentally. The study shows that it is possible to tune the permeate quality, and a high water recovery can be achieved with this design and operational method. In addition, specific energy consumption can be reduced. This system is particularly useful in the case of low salinity feed with a trace amount of heavy metals. A synthetic feed solution of As+5 in pure water was used as a feed to verify the same. It was observed that a high water recovery (>85%) could be achieved while removing As+5 from the water. With global rise in decentralized desalination systems, the proposed system design and operational method can be used not only to tune the product recovery and quality but also to reduce the specific energy consumption as well. Hence, this work is in line with United Nations Sustainable Development goals (SDGs).
Atypical human trypanosomosis: Potentially emerging disease with lack of understanding
Authors: Kumar Rajender , Gupta Snehil , Bhutia Wangchuk Dorjee , Vaid Rajesh Kumar , Kumar Sanjay 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTrypanosomes are the hemoflagellate kinetoplastid protozoan parasites affecting a wide range of vertebrate hosts having insufficient host specificity. Climatic change, deforestation, globalization, trade agreements, close association and genetic selection in links with environmental, vector, reservoir and potential susceptible hosts' parameters have led to emergence of atypical human trypanosomosis (a‐HT). Poor recording of such neglected tropical disease, low awareness in health professions and farming community has approached a serious intimidation for mankind. Reports of animal Trypanosoma species are now gradually increasing in humans, and lack of any compiled literature has diluted the issue. In the present review, global reports of livestock and rodent trypanosomes reported from human beings are assembled and discrepancies with the available literature are discussed along with morphological features of Trypanosoma species. We have described 21 human cases from the published information. Majority of cases 10 (47%) are due to T. lewisi, followed by 5 (24%) cases of T. evansi, 4 (19%) cases of T. brucei and 1 (5%) case each of T. vivax and T. congolense. Indian subcontinent witnessed 13 cases of a‐HT, of which 9 cases are reported from India, which includes 7 cases of T. lewisi and 2 cases of T. evansi. Apart from, a‐HT case reports, epidemiological investigation and treatment aspects are also discussed. An attempt has been made to provide an overview of the current situation of atypical human trypanosomosis caused by salivarian animal Trypanosoma globally. The probable role of Trypanosoma lytic factors (TLF) present in normal human serum (NHS) in providing innate immunity against salivarian animal Trypanosoma species and the existing paradox in medical science after the finding on intact functional apolipoprotein L1 (ApoL1) in Vietnam T. evansi Type A case is also discussed to provide an update on all aspects of a‐HT. Insufficient data and poor reporting in Asian and African countries are the major hurdle resulting in under‐reporting of a‐HT, which is a potential emerging threat. Therefore, concerted efforts must be directed to address attentiveness, preparedness and regular surveillance in suspected areas with training of field technicians, medical health professionals and veterinarians. Enhancing a one health approach is specifically important in case of trypanosomosis.
Tonal Noise Suppression of an Underexpanded Orifice Jet Upon Impingement Over Corrugated Geometries
Authors: Sarangi Debivarati , Srinivasan K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The current study investigates the noise generation of an orifice jet upon impingement over different corrugated geometries for different nozzle pressure ratios (NPRs). Semi-circular corrugations of different pitch lengths are considered for this study. A comparison of corrugated geometries is made with the flat plate. A standoff distance of 3.5 times jet diameter is considered during the experiment. The noise propagation at the far-field is observed using a far-field microphone. Several tones and their harmonics of the feedback loops established between the orifice exit and the plates are analyzed. The acoustic spectra show that the corrugated geometries emit less noise at subsonic speed compared to supersonic speed. A reduction of overall sound pressure level (OASPL) up to a range of 3–8 dB is observed for the corrugated plate compared to the base plate at the subsonic range. The tonal noise is reduced for the corrugated geometries at all NPRs. The wavelength of the primary tones is compared with the pitch length of semi-circular corrugations. Schlieren images show the presence of the acoustic feedback loop and standing waves near the impingement region for the flat plate. The flow field in between the semi-circular corrugations is analyzed by solving the large eddy simulation. The directivity study shows a reduction in OASPL value at the upstream direction at NPR 4 and 4.8 for the corrugated geometries.
Underrepresented on the Field and in the Literature: A Scoping Review of Latinas in Sport
Authors: Alanis Melody , Cunningham George B. , Desimone Ashley 
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this study was to conduct a scoping review of Latinas in sport. Such analyses are particularly useful when a body of research has not been thoroughly reviewed. The authors searched four databases (Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO, and Academic Source Complete) for studies focusing on Latinas in sport and that were U.S.-based studies, published from 1980 to 2020, in academic journals, in English, and with full-text available. The search yielded 85 articles. Further results indicated (a) only 14 studies had a specific focus on Latinas in sport; (b) most researchers (74.1%) adopted a quantitative approach; and (c) over half of the scholars did not explicitly state the theoretical lens from which they were drawing, and the researchers who did use theory to frame their work most commonly drew from psychological or sociological theories. The authors discuss the contributions of the research, offer implications, note limitations, and advance areas for future research.
The Blåhø Nappe, central Norwegian Scandinavian Caledonides: An oceanic arc–back-arc assemblage distinct from the Seve Nappe Complex
Authors: Hollocher* Kurt , Robinson Peter , Van Nostrand Maria , Walsh Emily 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
The Scandinavian Caledonides have a complex latest Proterozoic–Early Devonian history, but they were finally assembled during the Silurian–Devonian (Scandian orogeny) collision between Baltica and Laurentia. Their dominant structural components are the Lower (Baltican margin), Middle (Baltican and farther outboard), Upper (Iapetan arcs), and Uppermost (Laurentian margin) Allochthons. This study examined the Blåhø Nappe, a complex unit of metamorphosed, intensely deformed igneous and sedimentary rocks assigned to the Middle Allochthon. Metamorphic grades are regionally amphibolite facies, but granulite- and eclogite-facies rocks are locally found. Although most metamorphic ages span a range from Middle Ordovician to Devonian, Blåhø eclogite and other high-pressure rock ages are exclusively Scandian. We analyzed 95 samples of Blåhø Nappe metamorphosed igneous rocks, which were mostly mafic rocks, composed of a minor arc-derived set and a major set transitional between arc and depleted to enriched mid-ocean-ridge basalt (MORB), a range characteristic of back-arc basins.
Historically, the Blåhø Nappe has been assigned to the Seve Nappe Complex, the upper part of the Middle Allochthon as mapped in western Sweden and easternmost Norway. In contrast to the Blåhø Nappe, eclogites and other high-pressure rocks in the Seve Nappe Complex have yielded exclusively pre–Scandian orogeny Cambrian and Ordovician ages. Additionally, post–mid-Proterozoic igneous rocks of the Seve Nappe Complex are overwhelmingly dike swarms that were emplaced during the latest Proterozoic breakup of Rodinia, which have rift and MORB-type chemical signatures rather than arc and back-arc signatures, as has the Blåhø Nappe.
We hypothesize that the Blåhø Nappe precursors formed on the upper plate, above a west-directed, late Cambrian to Ordovician subduction zone off the Baltican margin. Subduction of the Baltican margin, and possibly rifted fragments on the lower plate, produced the older Seve Nappe Complex eclogites and thrust the Blåhø and Seve Nappe Complex materials onto Baltica. This left the Blåhø Nappe and Seve Nappe Complex precursors on the lower plate during Scandian subduction and collision with Laurentia, allowing exclusively Scandian eclogite formation in the Blåhø Nappe. The Blåhø Nappe and Seve Nappe Complex thus seem to have distinct origins and should not be correlated with one another.
Effect of cigarette smoking on serum anti-Mullerian hormone and antral follicle count in women seeking fertility treatment: a prospective cross-sectional study
Authors: Bhide Priya , Timlick Elizabeth , Kulkarni Abhijit , Gudi Anil , Shah Amit , Homburg Roy , Acharya Ganesh 
Published: March 2022

ObjectivesThe relationship between smoking and ovarian reserve markers is inconclusive. The primary objective of our study was to assess the effect of cigarette smoking on the quantitative ovarian reserve parameters, serum anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and antral follicle count (AFC) as relevant to prediction of fertility outcomes in women seeking fertility treatment. Our secondary aims were to validate self-reported smoking behaviour using biomarkers and evaluate the association between biomarkers of ovarian reserve (serum AMH and AFC) with biomarkers of smoking exposure (breath carbon monoxide (CO) and urine cotinine levels).DesignProspective, cross-sectional study.SettingSingle tertiary care fertility centre.ParticipantsWomen ≤35 years seeking fertility treatment.Primary outcome measuresSerum AMH and AFC.ResultsSignificant differences were found among current smokers, ex-smokers and never smokers for breath CO (F(2,97)=33.32, p<0.0001) and urine cotinine levels (p<0.001). However, no significant differences were found either for serum AMH (F(2,91)=1.19, p=0.309) or total AFC (F(2,81)=0.403, p=0.670) among the three groups. There was no significant correlation between pack years of smoking and serum AMH (r=−0.212, n=23, p=0.166) or total AFC (r=−0.276, n=19, p=0.126). No significant correlation was demonstrated between breath CO and serum AMH (r=0.082, n=94, p=0.216) or total AFC (r=0.096, n=83, p=0.195). Similarly, no significant correlation was demonstrated between urine cotinine levels and serum AMH (r=0.146, n=83, p=0.095) or total AFC (r=−0.027, n=77, p=0.386).ConclusionWe did not find a statistically significant difference in quantitative ovarian reserve markers between current smokers, ex-smokers and never smokers which would be clinically meaningful in our study population. We confirmed that self-reported smoking correlates well with quantitatively measured biomarkers of smoking. This validated the self-reported comparison groups to ensure a valid comparison of outcome measures. There was no significant association between biomarkers of smoking and biomarkers of ovarian reserve. We were also unable to demonstrate a correlation between the lifetime smoking exposure and ovarian reserve.
Predicting hospitalisations related to ambulatory care sensitive conditions with machine learning for population health planning: derivation and validation cohort study
Authors: Yi Seung Eun , Harish Vinyas , Gutierrez Jahir , Ravaut Mathieu , Kornas Kathy , Watson Tristan , Poutanen Tomi , Ghassemi Marzyeh , Volkovs Maksims , Rosella Laura C 
Published: April 2022

ObjectiveTo predict older adults’ risk of avoidable hospitalisation related to ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSC) using machine learning applied to administrative health data of Ontario, Canada.Design, setting and participantsA retrospective cohort study was conducted on a large cohort of all residents covered under a single-payer system in Ontario, Canada over the period of 10 years (2008–2017). The study included 1.85 million Ontario residents between 65 and 74 years old at any time throughout the study period.Data sourcesAdministrative health data from Ontario, Canada obtained from the (ICES formely known as the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences Data Repository.Main outcome measuresRisk of hospitalisations due to ACSCs 1 year after the observation period.ResultsThe study used a total of 1 854 116 patients, split into train, validation and test sets. The ACSC incidence rates among the data points were 1.1% for all sets. The final XGBoost model achieved an area under the receiver operating curve of 80.5% and an area under precision–recall curve of 0.093 on the test set, and the predictions were well calibrated, including in key subgroups. When ranking the model predictions, those at the top 5% of risk as predicted by the model captured 37.4% of those presented with an ACSC-related hospitalisation. A variety of features such as the previous number of ambulatory care visits, presence of ACSC-related hospitalisations during the observation window, age, rural residence and prescription of certain medications were contributors to the prediction. Our model was also able to capture the geospatial heterogeneity of ACSC risk in Ontario, and especially the elevated risk in rural and marginalised regions.ConclusionsThis study aimed to predict the 1-year risk of hospitalisation from ambulatory-care sensitive conditions in seniors aged 65–74 years old with a single, large-scale machine learning model. The model shows the potential to inform population health planning and interventions to reduce the burden of ACSC-related hospitalisations.