bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laryngeal trauma: a review of current diagnostic and management strategies
Authors: Iarocci Andrew L. , Winters Ryan D. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to provide the most up to date information on evaluation and management of laryngeal trauma.

Recent findings
Timely diagnosis and proper treatment of laryngeal fractures are imperative for preserving a functional larynx. This review will focus on evaluation and management strategies

Summary
The larynx provides significant functions including respiration, phonation, and airway protection. Algorithms have been developed in order to standardize the evaluation and management of these injuries to preserve a functional larynx. Physicians must diagnose and treat these laryngeal traumas in a timely fashion in order to prevent morbidity and, rarely, mortality.
Dental outcomes after neonatal mandibular distraction
Authors: Morris Lisa 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
The aim of this study was to understand dental complications associated with neonatal mandibular distraction and subsequent dental outcomes.

Recent findings
Dental injury is often associated with neonatal mandibular distraction osteogenesis. Newer technology offers safer techniques to minimize this risk. Long-term follow up and dental outcomes in permanent dentition are needed to better understand the actual risk associated with the procedure.

Summary
Surgeons performing neonatal mandibular distraction osteogenesis need to understand the associated risks to deciduous and permanent dentition as well as techniques to mitigate this risk.
Long-Term Pulmonary Outcomes in Children Mechanically Ventilated for Severe Bronchiolitis*
Authors: de Sonnaville Eleonore S. V. , Knoester Hennie , Terheggen-Lagro Suzanne W. J. , Kӧnigs Marsh , Oosterlaan Jaap , van Woensel Job B. M. 
Published: July 2022

Objectives:
Bronchiolitis is a common indication for mechanical ventilation in the PICU. Both bronchiolitis and invasive mechanical ventilation may cause adverse long-term pulmonary outcomes. This study investigates children with a history of invasive mechanical ventilation for bronchiolitis, addressing: 1) the extent, 2) potential explanatory factors, and 3) possible impact on daily life activities of adverse long-term pulmonary outcomes.

Design:
Single-center cohort study.

Setting:
Outpatient PICU follow-up clinic.

Patients:
Children 6–12 years old with a history of invasive mechanical ventilation for bronchiolitis (age <2 yr).

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Long-term pulmonary outcomes were assessed by a standardized questionnaire and by spirometry. Nineteen out of 74 included children (26%) had adverse long-term pulmonary outcomes, of whom the majority had asthma (14/74, 19%). By logistic regression analysis, we assessed whether background characteristics and PICU-related variables were associated with long-term pulmonary outcomes. In general, we failed to identify any explanatory factors associated with adverse long-term pulmonary outcomes. Nonetheless, atopic disease in family and longer duration of invasive mechanical ventilation (days) were associated with greater odds of having asthma at follow-up (odds ratio, 6.4 [95% CI, 1.2–36.0] and 1.3 [95% CI, 1.0–1.7], respectively). Adverse pulmonary outcome at follow-up was associated with more frequent use of pulmonary medication after PICU discharge. In comparison with those without adverse pulmonary outcomes, we did not identify any difference in frequency of sports performance or school absenteeism.

Conclusions:
In this single-center cohort, one-quarter of the children attending follow-up with a history of invasive mechanical ventilation for bronchiolitis had adverse, mostly previously undetected, long-term pulmonary outcomes at 6–12 years. Atopic disease in family and longer duration of invasive mechanical ventilation were associated with presence of asthma. The presence of adverse pulmonary outcomes was associated with more frequent use of pulmonary medication after PICU discharge.
The Epidemiology of Pediatric Autoimmune Hepatitis in Scotland: A National Cohort Study
Authors: Sutton Harry , Tayler Rachel , Chalmers Iain , Cowieson Jennifer , Fraser Karen , Henderson Paul , Hansen Richard 
Published: July 2022

Objectives:
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare, but potentially severe, cause of liver disease in children. We aimed to summarize how children with AIH in Scotland presented, were investigated and managed in addition to producing novel epidemiological data and outcomes.

Methods:
All prevalent pediatric patients with AIH cared for in pediatric services between January 2013 and September 2018 were included. Individual patient data were obtained from electronic patient records in the 3-main academic pediatric centers in Scotland covering the entire population.

Results:
Thirty-eight patients were included (25 female) with median follow-up of 33 months (range, 2–145 mo) and 136 total patient years. The incidence between 2014 and 2017 was 0.49/100 000/y (95% confidence interval, 0.29-0.78) and point prevalence between 2013 and 2018 was 1.75/100 000 (95% confidence interval, 1.42-2.13). Thirty-five (92%) patients were autoantibody positive, most commonly anti-nuclear antibody (63%) and anti-smooth muscle antibody (42%). Thirty-seven (97%) patients had induction therapy with oral corticosteroids, 30 (79%) required maintenance treatment with azathioprine, and 23 (61%) received ursodeoxycholic acid. There were 1.4 disease flares per 10 patient years and 3 patients required liver transplantation with an overall 5-year survival rate without the need for transplantation of 95%.

Conclusions:
We calculated a novel incidence and prevalence rate for pediatric AIH in Scotland. Nearly all were invariably treated initially with corticosteroids with most placed-on azathioprine as maintenance therapy. Outcomes were generally favorable with low rates of disease flares and the need for transplantation being rare.
Encrypted federated learning for secure decentralized collaboration in cancer image analysis
Authors: Truhn Daniel , Arasteh Soroosh Tayebi , Saldanha Oliver Lester , Müller-Franzes Gustav , Khader Firas , Quirke Philip , West Nicholas P. , Gray Richard , Hutchins Gordon G. A. , James Jacqueline A. , Loughrey Maurice B. , Salto-Tellez Manuel , Brenner Hermann , Brobeil Alexander , Yuan Tanwei , Chang-Claude Jenny , Hoffmeister Michael , Foersch Sebastian , Han Tianyu , Keil Sebastian , Schulze-Hagen Maximilian , Isfort Peter , Bruners Philipp , Kaissis Georgios , Kuhl Christiane , Nebelung Sven , Kather Jakob Nikolas 
Published: July 2022

AbstractArtificial Intelligence (AI) has a multitude of applications in cancer research and oncology. However, the training of AI systems is impeded by the limited availability of large datasets due to data protection requirements and other regulatory obstacles. Federated and swarm learning represent possible solutions to this problem by collaboratively training AI models while avoiding data transfer. However, in these decentralized methods, weight updates are still transferred to the aggregation server for merging the models. This leaves the possibility for a breach of data privacy, for example by model inversion or membership inference attacks by untrusted servers. Homomorphically encrypted federated learning (HEFL) is a solution to this problem because only encrypted weights are transferred, and model updates are performed in the encrypted space. Here, we demonstrate the first successful implementation of HEFL in a range of clinically relevant tasks in cancer image analysis on multicentric datasets in radiology and histopathology. We show that HEFL enables the training of AI models which outperform locally trained models and perform on par with models which are centrally trained. In the future, HEFL can enable multiple institutions to co-train AI models without forsaking data governance and without ever transmitting any decryptable data to untrusted servers.One Sentence SummaryFederated learning with homomorphic encryption enables multiple parties to securely co-train artificial intelligence models in pathology and radiology, reaching state-of-the-art performance with privacy guarantees.
A randomized controlled trial on the effects of decision aids for choosing discharge destinations of older stroke patients
Authors: Aoki Yoriko , Nakayama Kazuhiro , Yonekura Yuki 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn Japanese medical practice, older stroke survivors are bombarded with information regarding their discharge locations, increasing their decision-making difficulties. This study used a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the influence of using decision aids (DAs) matching the values of older stroke patients and their families on the internal conflict and participation in discharge destination decisions.Participants were randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. The intervention lasted for two months, from admission to discharge, and a survey was conducted on both occasions. DAs were provided to the intervention group, and brochures to the control group. The decisional conflict scale (DCS) and the control preference scale (CPS) were the primary and secondary endpoints, respectively. An unpaired t-test and z-test analyzed inter-group differences in DCS, and CPS, respectively. This trial was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network (UMIN Registration No.: UMIN00032623), certified as a test registration institution by the World Health Organization.Ninety-nine participants completed a full analysis set, which revealed that the intervention group had significantly more participants who had already decided on their discharge destination while they were admitted to the hospital. These were “the same place as before admission” in a significant number of cases. No significant inter-group differences were found in the DCS and CPS scores. DAs were effective at reducing uncertainty and controlling the decline in participation rates, especially in participants living alone who were unable to decide their discharge destination, and at clarifying the values of those aged 75 and older. The DA made it possible to increase available choices and explain the disadvantages regarding various locations of discharge destinations, allowing fewer internal conflicts in the decision-making process. Going forward, there is a need to further our understanding of methods of offering DA, the ideal duration of these interventions, and the identification of beneficiaries.
Systemic inflammatory syndromes as life-threatening side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors: Systematic review of the literature
Authors: Liu Lisa L. , Skribek Marcus , Harmenberg Ulrika , Gerling Marco 
Published: July 2022

AbstractImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are associated with a wide range of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). As oncological indications for ICIs widen, their rare side effects become increasingly visible in clinical practice and impact therapy decisions.Here, we provide a systematic review of the literature of CRS and related life-threatening side effects of ICI treatment, such as hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). We searched Medline, Embase, and the Web of Science Core Collection from inception until October 2021 for reports on CRS, cytokine storm, macrophage activation syndrome, HLH, and related hyperinflammatory disorders in patients with solid cancers receiving ICIs. We found n = 1866 articles, which were assessed for eligibility independently by two examiners. Of those, n = 49 articles reporting on n = 189 individuals were eligible for review. We found that the median time from last infusion to the occurrence of CRS/HLH was approximately nine days, while the onset of symptoms varied from immediately after infusion to one month after treatment. Most patients were treated with either corticosteroids or the anti-interleukin 6 (IL-6) antibody tocilizumab, and although the majority of patients recovered, a few cases were fatal. Concomitant IL-6 and ICI treatment was reported as beneficial for both the antitumoral effect and for limiting side effects. Data from international pharmacovigilance databases underscored that ICI-related CRS and HLH are rare events, but we identified significant differences in reported frequencies, which might suggest substantial underreporting.The results from this first systematic review of CRS/HLH due to ICI therapy highlight that life-threatening systemic inflammatory complications of ICIs are rare and non-fatal in the majority of patients. Limited data support the use of IL-6 inhibitors in combination with ICIs to augment the antitumoral effect and reduce hyperinflammation.
Institutional Trust in Times of Corona
Authors: Snel Erik , El Farisi Btissame , Engbersen Godfried , Krouwel André 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDuring the corona pandemic, governments of all countries appealed strongly to the trust of their populations by implementing drastic social and economic measures to prevent the spread of the virus. This study seeks to understand mechanisms that influence the level of institutional trust at the time of the corona pandemic. We are specifically interested in how three explanatory factors (socioeconomic status, experienced economic insecurity and dissatisfaction with the implemented corona policies) can, in mutual association, explain differences in institutional trust. This study is based on data from a large-scale panel survey on the social impact of COVID-19, carried out by Kieskompas research agency (N=22,696). Using a serial mediation analysis, we show that SES has both a direct and indirect effect on the level of institutional trust. People with higher SES experience less economic insecurity and have less dissatisfaction with the corona policies and, partly as a result of this, stronger institutional trust. It is also true that economic insecurity increases dissatisfaction with the corona policies and, partly as a result of this, weakens the level of trust.
The effects of a 20-week exercise program on blood-circulating biomarkers related to brain health in children with overweight or obesity: The ActiveBrains project
Authors: Rodriguez-Ayllon María , Plaza-Florido Abel , Mendez-Gutierrez Andrea , Altmäe Signe , Solis- Urra Patricio , M. Aguilera Concepción , Catena Andrés , Ortega Francisco B. , Esteban-Cornejo Irene 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundEmerging research supports that exercise positively affects neurodevelopment. However, the mechanisms linking exercise with brain health are largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the effect of exercise on (i) blood biomarkers selected based on previous evidence (brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cathepsin B (CTSB), kynurenine, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1)); and (ii) a panel of 92 neurology-related proteins (discovery analysis). We also investigated whether changes in these biomarkers mediate the effects of exercise on brain health (hippocampal structure and function, cognitive performance, and mental health).Methods81 children with overweight/obesity (10.1 ±1.1 years, 41% girls) were randomized to either 20-week of aerobic plus resistance exercise or control. Candidate biomarkers were assessed using ELISA for Kynurenine, FGF21, and CTSB, colorimetry for BHB, and XMap for BDNF and VCAM-1. The 92 neurology-related proteins were analyzed by antibody-based proteomic analyses.ResultsOur intervention had no significant effect on candidate biomarkers (all p>0.05). In the discovery analysis, a reduction in circulating macrophage scavenger receptor type-I (MSR1) was observed (standardized differences between groups (SMD): -0.3, p=0.001). This effect was validated using ELISA methods (SMD: -0.3, p=0.01). None of the biomarkers mediated the effects of exercise on brain health.ConclusionsOur study does not support a chronic effect of exercise on candidate biomarkers. Nevertheless, we observed that chronic exercise reduced the levels of MRS1, while it did not mediate the effects of exercise on brain health. Future studies should explore the implications of this novel biomarker on general health.HighlightsCandidate biomarkers (i.e., brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), cathepsin B (CTSB), kynurenine, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1)) did not mediate the effects of exercise on brain health outcomes.Our discovery analysis, a panel of 92 neurology-related proteins, identified a reduction effect of exercise on blood-circulating MRS1.Exercise-induced changes in MRS1 did not mediate changes in brain health outcomes.The MSR1 is a membrane glycoprotein, that has not been related to exercise before, expressed in macrophages, and involved in pathological processes such as atherosclerosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and neurological diseases.Future studies should confirm the effect of exercise on MRS1 and its implications on general health.
The Efficacy of Facemasks in the Prevention of COVID-19: A Systematic Review
Authors: Alihsan Bedir , Mohammed Arrianna , Bisen Yash , Lester Janice , Nouryan Christian , Cervia Joseph 
Published: July 2022

AbstractFacemasks have become a symbol of disease prevention in the context of COVID-19; yet, there still exists a paucity of collected scientific evidence surrounding their epidemiological efficacy in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. This systematic review sought to analyze the efficacy of facemasks, regardless of type, on the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in both healthcare and community settings.The initial review yielded 1732 studies, which were reviewed by three study team members. Sixty-one full text studies were found to meet entry criteria, and 13 studies yielded data that was used in the final analysis.In all, 243 subjects were infected with COVID-19, of whom 97 had been wearing masks and 146 had not. The probability of getting COVID-19 for mask wearers was 7% (97/1463, p=0.002), for non-mask wearers, probability was 52% (158/303, p=0.94). The Relative Risk of getting COVID-19 for mask wearers was 0.13 (95% CI: 0.10-0.16).Based on these results, we determined that across healthcare and community settings, those who wore masks were less likely to contact COVID-19. Future investigations are warranted as more information becomes available.
EARLY WARNING INDICATORS AT FACILITIES IN THE SOUTHERN HIGHLANDS REGION OF TANZANIA: LESSONS FOR HIV DRUG RESISTANCE SURVEILLANCE
Authors: Khamadi Samoel A , Mavere Caroline , Bahemana Emmanuel , Lwilla Anange , Mizinduko Mucho , Bwigane Seth , Peter Adela , Makando Joy , Peter Benjamin , Agaba Patricia , Shah Neha , Julu Boniphase , Ganesan Kavitha , Coakley Peter , Lee Elizabeth H. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe World Health Organization early warning indicators (EWIs) permit surveillance of factors associated with the emergence of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR). We examined cross- and within-region performance on HIVDR EWIs for selected HIV care and treatment clinics (CTCs) in five regions of southern Tanzania.MethodsIn 2016, we retrospectively collected EWI data from 50 CTCs for the January to December 2013 period. EWIs included the following: on time ART pick-up, retention on ART, ARV stockouts, and pharmacy prescribing and dispensing practices. Data for pediatric and adult people living with HIV were abstracted from source files, and frequencies and proportions were calculated for each EWI overall, as well as stratified by region, facility, and age group.ResultsAcross and within all regions, on average, on-time pick-up of pills (63.0%), retention on ART (76.0%), and pharmacy stockouts (69.0%) were consistently poor for the pediatric population. Similarly, on-time pill pick up (66.0%), retention on ART (72.0%) and pharmacy stockouts (53.0%) for adults were also poor. By contrast, performance on pharmacy prescribing and dispensing practices were as desired for both pediatric and adult populations with few facility-level exceptions.ConclusionIn this study, regions and facilities in the southern highlands of Tanzania reported widespread presence of HIVDR risk factors, including sub-optimal timeliness of pill pickup, retention on ART, and drug stockouts. Routine EWI monitoring provides a check on quality of service delivery, as well as affordable, large-scale surveillance for HIVDR risk factors. EWI monitoring remains relevant particularly in the context of new ART drug roll-out such as dolutegravir, during the COVID-19 pandemic when resultant HIV service disruptions require careful monitoring, and for virologic suppression as countries move closer to epidemic control.
Nuclear myosin VI maintains replication fork stability
Authors: Shi Jie , Hauschulte Kristine , Mikicic Ivan , Maharjan Srijana , Arz Valerie , Heidelberger Jan B. , Schaefer Jonas V. , Dreier Birgit , Plückthun Andreas , Beli Petra , Ulrich Helle D. , Wollscheid Hans-Peter 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe actin cytoskeleton is of fundamental importance for cellular structure and plasticity. However, abundance and function of filamentous (F-) actin in the nucleus are still controversial. Here we show that the actin-based molecular motor myosin VI contributes to the stabilization of stalled or reversed replication forks. In response to DNA replication stress, myosin VI associates with stalled replication intermediates and cooperates with the AAA ATPase WRNIP1 in protecting these structures from DNA2- mediated nucleolytic attack. Using nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and ubiquitin E3-fusion DARPins to manipulate myosin VI levels in a compartment-specific manner, we provide evidence for the direct involvement of myosin VI in the nucleus and against a contribution of the abundant cytoplasmic pool during the replication stress response.
ATM and MSH2 control blunt DNA end joining in immunoglobulin class switch recombination
Authors: Sible Emily , Attaway Mary , Fiorica Giuseppe , Michel Genesis , Chaudhuri Jayanta , Vuong Bao Q. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractClass switch recombination (CSR) produces secondary immunoglobulin isotypes and requires AID-dependent DNA deamination of intronic switch (S) regions within the immunoglobulin heavy chain (Igh) gene locus. Non-canonical repair of deaminated DNA by mismatch repair (MMR) or base excision repair (BER) creates DNA breaks that permit recombination between distal S regions. ATM-dependent phosphorylation of AID at serine-38 (pS38-AID) promotes its interaction with APE1, a BER protein, suggesting that ATM regulates CSR through BER. However, pS38-AID may also function in MMR during CSR, although the mechanism remains unknown. To examine whether ATM modulates BER- and/or MMR-dependent CSR, Atm-/- mice were bred to mice deficient for the MMR gene Msh2. Surprisingly, the predicted Mendelian frequencies of Atm-/-Msh2-/- adult mice were not obtained. To generate ATM and MSH2-deficient B cells, Atm was conditionally deleted on an Msh2-/- background using a floxed ATM allele [Atmf] and B cell-specific Cre recombinase expression (CD23-cre) to produce a deleted ATM allele (AtmD). As compared to AtmD/Dand Msh2-/- mice and B cells, AtmD/DMsh2-/- mice and B cells display a reduced CSR phenotype. Interestingly, Sμ-Sγ1 junctions from AtmD/DMsh2-/-B cells that were induced to switch to IgG1 in vitro showed a significant loss of blunt end joins and an increase in insertions as compared to wildtype, AtmD/D, or Msh2-/- B cells. This data indicates that the absence of both ATM and MSH2 blocks non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), leading to inefficient CSR. We propose a model whereby ATM and MSH2 function cooperatively to regulate end-joining during CSR through pS38-AID.SummaryLoss of the DNA repair genes Atm and Msh2 produces a novel synthetic lethality in mice. B cell specific deletion of Atm on an Msh2-/- background reduces Ig CSR and inhibits NHEJ.