bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waning of first- and second-dose ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccinations: a pooled target trial study of 12.9 million individuals in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales
Authors: Kerr Steven , Bedston Stuart , Bradley Declan T , Joy Mark , Lowthian Emily , Mulholland Rachel M , Akbari Ashley , Hobbs F D Richard , Katikireddi Srinivasa Vittal , de Lusignan Simon , Rudan Igor , Torabi Fatemeh , Tsang Ruby S M , Lyons Ronan A , Robertson Chris , Sheikh Aziz 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
Several SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been shown to provide protection against COVID-19 hospitalization and death. However, some evidence suggests that notable waning in effectiveness against these outcomes occurs within months of vaccination. We undertook a pooled analysis across the four nations of the UK to investigate waning in vaccine effectiveness (VE) and relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) against severe COVID-19 outcomes.

Methods
We carried out a target trial design for first/second doses of ChAdOx1(Oxford–AstraZeneca) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) with a composite outcome of COVID-19 hospitalization or death over the period 8 December 2020 to 30 June 2021. Exposure groups were matched by age, local authority area and propensity for vaccination. We pooled event counts across the four UK nations.

Results
For Doses 1 and 2 of ChAdOx1 and Dose 1 of BNT162b2, VE/rVE reached zero by approximately Days 60–80 and then went negative. By Day 70, VE/rVE was –25% (95% CI: –80 to 14) and 10% (95% CI: –32 to 39) for Doses 1 and 2 of ChAdOx1, respectively, and 42% (95% CI: 9 to 64) and 53% (95% CI: 26 to 70) for Doses 1 and 2 of BNT162b2, respectively. rVE for Dose 2 of BNT162b2 remained above zero throughout and reached 46% (95% CI: 13 to 67) after 98 days of follow-up.

Conclusions
We found strong evidence of waning in VE/rVE for Doses 1 and 2 of ChAdOx1, as well as Dose 1 of BNT162b2. This evidence may be used to inform policies on timings of additional doses of vaccine.
75 Novel Approaches to Characterize Beef Color Changes
Authors: Ramanathan Ranjith , Piao Daqing , Krishnan Sadagopan , Mafi Gretchen G 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Visual perceptions play an important role in beef purchasing decisions. Any color deviation making beef unacceptable leads to monetary loss and wastage of animal protein. Myoglobin is the primary sarcoplasmic protein responsible for beef color. Myoglobin in beef can exist in three different forms, namely deoxymyoglobin, oxymyoglobin, and metmyoglobin. Depending on oxygen penetration, a thin bright-red layer revealing freshness extends from the surface to the interior. The discoloration is dependent on oxygen partial pressure, and it starts from the interior and extends to the surface. Meat may have a bright red color on the surface, but the metmyoglobin layer starts migrating from the interior, where oxygen partial pressure is between 1-3% interference. During early post-harvest (up to 14days), beef can limit discoloration by the mechanism of inherent metmyoglobin reducing capacity (metmyoglobin formed will be reduced back to deoxymyoglobin and allow oxygen to bind to form bright-red color). The currently used spectrophotometric methods quantify the surface color due to shallow penetration of the myoglobin-probed light associated with the surface-applicator configuration. This presentation will discuss two novel approaches to quantity meat color. First, a novel in-house near-infrared-based needle-probe spectrophotometer was designed to assess interior meat color changes. This approach will help differentiate surface and interior meat color changes. In the second approach, electrochemical sensing will help understand the metmyoglobin reducing capacity of meat. These novel techniques demonstrate the potential to characterize color changes for minimizing losses due to discoloration.
266 Bentley Lecture: Feeding and Management of Gilts to Maximize Lactation Performance
Authors: Farmer Chantal 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This presentation will provide an overview of nutritional and management strategies that can be used in gilts to maximize their future milking potential. Increasing sow milk yield is most critical because of the current use of hyperprolific sow lines. One important factor affecting milk yield that is often overlooked is mammary development. In swine, there are three periods of rapid mammary development, namely, from 3months of age until puberty, from 90days of gestation until farrowing, and during lactation. It is only during these periods that one can attempt to stimulate mammary development. From 90days of age until puberty, a 20% feed restriction drastically reduces mammary tissue mass whereas decreasing dietary crude protein from 18.7% to 14.4% has no effect on mammary development, and feeding the phytoestrogen genistein increases mammary cell number. During late gestation, feeding very high energy levels (10.5 Mcal ME/d) may have detrimental effects on mammary development and subsequent milk production. On the other hand, increasing SID Lys intake from 18.6g/d to 26.0g/d (via the inclusion of additional soybean meal) led to a 44% greater mass of mammary parenchyma. Increasing concentrations of the growth factor IGF-1 via porcine somatotropin injections from days 90 to 110 of gestation increased mammary parenchymal weight by 22%. Feed intake throughout gestation is important to consider because it affects body condition, and gilts that are too thin (&lt;16mm backfat thicknes) in late gestation have reduced mammary development. Management of primiparous lactating sows is also important. During the first 2days of lactation, special care should be taken to ensure that all teats are being suckled because teats that were not previously suckled will produce less milk in second parity.
85 What Does the Vaginal Lipidome Tell Us?
Authors: Stewart Kara R , Casey Theresa , Ferreria Christina 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Increasing reproductive efficiency in the breeding herd is a fundamental goal of modern swine production systems that depends on a multitude of factors, some of which begin at or before birth. Of particular interest, previous research has identified a link between colostrum consumption in the first 24h of the piglet’s life with survival, growth, and fertility through adulthood. Thus, the ingestion of colostrum appears to set the developmental trajectory of health and fertility in swine. However, the mechanism that link colostrum to long-term growth, health and fertility are not fully understood. Exploratory analysis of vaginal lipidome collected from three-week-old neonates that were followed prospectively to determine fertility found infertile sows had lower levels of arachidonic acid (AHA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and a greater abundance of two very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA: cerotic and ximenic). We surmise that AHA and DHA are markers of colostrum intake as additional studies found that AHA was increased in vaginal lipidome of gilts that consumed colostrum versus being fed milk replacer. We also surmise that high levels of VLCFA in the infertile animals was indicative of a buildup of these fatty acids in the tissue, similar to individuals with peroxisomal disorders with resulting alterations in lipid homeostasis linked to infertility. Taken together, our hypothesis is that differing levels of colostrum intake stimulate differing rates of peroxisomal biogenesis in neonates which in turn affects the development of the reproductive system and long-term fertility.
8 Impact of Increasing Level of Milk Production on Cow and Calf Performance in the Nebraska Sandhills
Authors: Boerman Selby , Musgrave Jacki , Hanford Kathy , Brennan Jameson R , Stephenson Mitch , Mulliniks Travis 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Selection for increased milk production across the United States has resulted in variable cow and calf productivity responses. The calf growth response variability may be due to the relationship between calf milk and forage intake, which nursing and grazing behavior may help explain. The objectives of this study were to determine the impact of increasing level of milk production on cow body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), reproductive performance, calf growth, nursing, and grazing behaviors in the Nebraska Sandhills. In a 2-yr study, data were collected on 118 mature crossbred cow-calf pairs from March- and May-calving herds. On approximately 30, 60, 90, 120, and 210 d postpartum, individual cow 24-h milk yield was estimated through weigh-suckle-weigh techniques. Cow BW and BCS were collected 14 d prior to calving, weekly from d 30 through breeding, and at weaning. Calf BW was recorded at each milking. Calf nursing and grazing behaviors were determined during 3-wk periods at EARLY (65.4 ± 10.0 d) and LATE (162 ± 22.3 d) lactation using high frequency (1 hz) global positioning system (GPS) data collected with neck collars. Milk area under the curve values were calculated to determine total milk production during lactation for each cow and all response variables were analyzed using linear regression analysis. Cow BW, BW change, and reproductive performance were not (P &gt; 0.12) associated with total milk production, except for a tendency (P = 0.09) for lower BW at breeding with increased milk production. At weaning, cow BCS was negatively associated (P = 0.02) with increasing milk production but was not associated at any other physiological stage. Calf percent of time spent grazing was not affected (P = 0.33) by increasing dam milk production. However, percent of time nursing exhibited a tendency (P = 0.10) to decrease with increasing dam milk production. Pre-weaning calf BW was positively associated (P &lt; 0.01) with increased milk production at each weigh date. A positive association of calf average daily gain (ADG) with increasing dam milk production was observed (P &lt; 0.04) from birth to age 120 d with only a tendency (P = 0.09) for a positive association observed from age 120 d to weaning. However, steer ADG in the finishing phase was not associated (P = 0.63) with level of dam milk production. In this study and environmental conditions, increasing milk production had a positive increase in calf growth during the pre-weaning phase without any negative impact reproduction.
11 Evaluating Relationships Between Plasma and Liver Retinol Concentrations in the Beef Cow and Calf
Authors: Speer Hannah , Freetly Harvey , Drewnoski Mary E 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In the young calf, vitamin A is particularly important for immune system maturation, and calves rely on colostrum at birth to supply vitamin A. Cow vitamin A status may influence colostral vitamin A concentrations, which can impact vitamin A status of their calves. Very little is understood about this relationship between beef cow and calf vitamin A status. Furthermore, limited data is available on how plasma and liver retinol concentrations in cattle are related to one another. The objective of this study was to examine relationships between liver and plasma retinol concentrations in the cow, calf, and within cow-calf pairs. Multiparous MARC II beef cows (n = 120; 6.4 ± 1.2 SD years of age; 592 ± 58 SD kg BW) in mid-gestation were provided supplemental vitamin A as retinyl acetate in a supplemental pellet at a rate of 21,125 ± 8,560 SD IU/d (current NASEM recommendation = 33,000 IU/d). Cows were individually fed using Calan gates a diet consisting of alfalfa hay, corn silage, and supplemental pellet for 144 d (111 d pre-calving and 32 d post-calving). Basal diet vitamin A concentration was 490 IU/kg of DM. Mean initial liver concentration of cows was 830 µg retinol/g of DM. To assess vitamin A status, liver biopsies and plasma samples were collected on cows and calves at the end of the supplemental period when calves averaged 32 ± 7 days of age (DOA). Pearson correlations were used to test for linear relationships between cow liver and plasma retinol concentrations, calf liver and plasma retinol concentrations, and liver and plasma retinol concentrations between the cow and her calf. No linear relationship (P = 0.10; r=0.16) was observed between liver and plasma retinol in cows. In the present study, mean cow liver retinol concentration (482 ± 182 SD µg/g of DM) fell within the current adequacy reference range of 300–700 µg/g of DM. Cow plasma retinol (272 ± 40 SD ng/mL) was slightly below the reference range of 300–800 ng/mL. A positive correlation (P &lt; 0.01; r=0.37) was detected between calf liver (51 ± 27 SD µg/g of DM) and plasma (190 ± 47 ng/mL) retinol concentrations. Both were below what would be considered adequate (100–350 µg/g of DM in liver; 225–325 ng/mL in plasma) for calves at 32 DOA. There was a positive correlation (P &lt; 0.01; r=0.31) between cow and calf liver retinol, suggesting that as cow retinol liver concentrations increased, calf liver retinol concentrations increased. It appears that despite cows having adequate liver retinol concentrations when 21,125 IU vitamin A/d was fed, it did not result in calf liver retinol stores that would be considered adequate given current reference ranges. USDA is an equal opportunity employer and provider.
13 Supplemental Trace Minerals as Amino Acid Complexed or Inorganic Sources for Beef Cattle During the Receiving Period
Authors: Cheek Robin A , Kegley Beth B , Powell Jeremy G , Russel Jason R , Reynolds Jana L , Shoulders Benjamin P , Midkiff Kirsten A , Galloway Doug L 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
To investigate the effects of inorganic or amino acid-complexed sources of trace minerals (zinc, copper, manganese, and cobalt) on performance and morbidity of beef heifers during the receiving period, crossbred beef heifer calves (n = 287, initial body weight = 231 kg) arriving on 3 delivery dates were used in a 42-day receiving trial. Heifers were processed after arrival and stratified by day -1 body weights and allocated randomly to 8 pens (11 to 13 heifers/pen; total of 24 pens). Within truckload, pens were assigned randomly to dietary treatment (12 pens/treatment). Calves were housed on 0.42-ha grass paddocks, provided ad libitum access to bermudagrass hay and water, and fed grain supplements that served as the carriers of the dietary treatments. Treatments consisted of supplemental zinc (360 mg/d), copper (125 mg/d), manganese (200 mg/d), and cobalt (12 mg/d) from complexed (Availa 4, Zinpro Corporation, Eden Prairie, MN) or inorganic sources (sulfates). Cattle were observed daily for clinical bovine respiratory disease (BRD). If presenting symptoms of BRD and if rectal temperature was ≥ 40°C, cattle were deemed morbid and treated with an antibiotic according to a standard preplanned protocol. Six heifers/pen were bled to determine serum haptoglobin concentrations on days 0, 14, and 28. Statistical analyses were performed using the MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS 9.4 with truckload as a random effect and pen within truckload specified as subject. There tended to be a treatment by day interaction for body weights (P = 0.07). Body weights did not differ on day 0 (P = 0.82) and day 14 (P = 0.36), but heifers supplemented with complexed trace mineral sources had greater body weights on day 28 (P = 0.04) and day 42 (P = 0.05; 264 vs. 260 kg, SE = 1.8). Overall average daily gains were greater for heifers supplemented with the complexed trace mineral sources (P = 0.05; 0.78 vs. 0.70 kg, SE = 0.03). Cattle supplemented with inorganic trace mineral sources had greater BRD morbidity incidence than cattle supplemented with complexed trace mineral sources (P = 0.03; 58 vs. 46%, SE = 3.6). Medication costs were lower for heifers supplemented with complexed trace mineral sources (P = 0.05; $11.01 vs. $14.90, SE = 1.33). Haptoglobin concentrations decreased throughout the trial (day, P &lt; 0.001), and cattle supplemented with complexed trace mineral sources tended to have lower haptoglobin concentrations (P = 0.07). In conclusion, supplementing cattle for the first 42 days after arrival with amino acid complexed trace mineral sources improved heifer performance as compared to heifers supplemented with inorganic trace minerals.
15 Evaluating Repeatability and Scorer Differences When Assigning Feet and Legs Scores in Simmental Heifers
Authors: Zuvich Miranda L , Giess Lane K , Enns R Mark 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The objective of this paper was to determine the relationship and repeatability of between-evaluator scores for claw set (CS), hoof angle (HA), and rear leg side view (RSV). Repeatability of feet and legs scoring has implications on scorer bias and subsequently on the estimation of genetic parameters, expected progeny differences (EPD), and accuracy. Data were collected on 112 13-15-month-old Simmental heifers by 4 evaluators, where scorer 1 (S1) was a trained and experienced evaluator and subsequently trained scorers 2 (S2), 3 (S3), and 4 (S4) for approximately 20 minutes before all 4 evaluators sequentially scored every female at the same time. Training was conducted using feet and leg rubrics provided by the American Simmental Association (ASA) on a 1-9 scale, with 5 being optimum for each trait. Scorers were provided an online evaluation instrument, requiring responses for each evaluator for each animal, and included identification, CS, HA, and RSV. Pearson correlations were computed pairwise, with each new scorer compared to the trained scorer. For partial linear regression, the three new evaluators were fit individually to S1. Pearson correlation values ranged from 0.088 to 0.397. The correlation between S1 and S3 was the strongest for all traits. The weakest correlation of 0.088 was in rear leg side view between S1 and S2. Partial linear regression adjusted R-squared values ranged from 0.00 to 0.15. The correlation between S1 and S3 was the strongest for all traits. The weakest correlation of 0.00 was in rear leg side view between S1 and S2. The correlations between S1 and S2 was significant for CS and HA (P = 0.002, P = 0.039), but not for RSV (P = 0.355). The correlation between S1 and S3 was significant for CS, HA, and RSV [P = 1.5x10^(-5), P = 0.006, P = 0.02]. The correlation between S1 and S4 was not significant for CS, HA, and RSV (P = 0.276, P = 0.085, P = 0.223). Overall, the scores had weak correlations, which illustrates the differences in variability across scorers. The weak correlation also illustrates the need for more robust and intensive training of evaluators. Overall, while the scores are not highly correlated between evaluators, scorer bias should not affect estimation of genetic parameters long as each contemporary group is scored by one evaluator.
21 Young Scholar Talk PHD: Effects of Pre-Transportation Feeding Program on Intake, Body Weight Loss, Rumen Fermentation, and Physiological Responses of Receiving Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Figueroa-Zamudio Joaquin J , Birkenstock Bianca , Sanchez-Sandoval Ulises A , Smythe Brandon G , Gouvêa Vinicius N , Löest Clint A , Soto-Navarro Sergio A 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of preconditioning diet management and transportation on performance, rumen pH, and rectal temperature of feedlot receiving cattle. Twenty rumen cannulated angus heifers (758 ± 50.7 lb) were used in a complete randomized design with a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments with repeated measures related to time of transportation. One factor was the preconditioning diet management consisting on offering a preconditioning diet for the 30 days prior to transportation (diet), or offer the same diet for 27 days and the last 3 days prior to transportation received only hay (hay). The second factor was transportation and consisted of transporting or not transporting the heifers for 12 hours. All heifers received a commercial feedlot receiving diet at arrival and for 14 days. Measurements were obtained at 92 and 20 h before transportation, at 0 (right before loading for transportation), 6, 12, 78, 76, 172, 340 h after transportation. All the sampling points but 0, 6 and 12 h were 4 h after feeding or around peak of fermentation. Performance, rectal temperature and ruminal pH were analyzed using MIXED procedures. Rectal temperature, rumen pH, intake presented diet×time interactions. Rectal temperature was greater (P = 0.02) for hay at time 0 and no effects at other times (P &gt; 0.10). Rumen pH was greater (P = 0.01) at 20 h prior and at 76 h after, and lower (P = 0.05) at 340 h after transportation for hay than diet and no effects at the rest of the time points. Intake was lower (P ≤ 0.05) at 20 h prior and 76 and 172 h after transportation for hay than for diet. In conclusion, changing the preconditioning diet to hay only prior transportation had detrimental effects on rumen fermentation characteristics and intake of the receiving diet. Such dietary changes might have switched the rumen bacterial population to more cellulolytic bacteria. Findings of this experiment suggest the needs of further research that assesses the effect of manipulating the diet right before transportation.
2 Effects of Multiple Bovine Appeasing Substance Administration During a 42-Day Preconditioning Program on Physiologic, Health, and Performance Responses of Feeder Cattle
Authors: Marques Rodrigo S , Kvamme Keenan , Cruz Vinicius , Colombo Eduardo , Cooke Reinaldo 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This experiment evaluated the effects of multiple bovine appeasing substance administration during a 42-day preconditioning program followed by feedlot receiving period on productivity, health, and physiological variables of feeder cattle. Ninety recently weaned calves were obtained from Red Bluff Ranch (Norris, MT). All calves were weaned and weighed (prior to transport). Calves were loaded into a livestock trailer, transported for 70 km, and unloaded at the Bozeman Agricultural Research and Teaching Farm for a 42-day preconditioning program. Upon arrival, calf body weight was recorded, and both pre- and post-transport body weight were averaged and used as calf weaning initial body weight. Calves were sorted by body weight, sex, and age, and assigned to receive 1) multiple administration of bovine appeasing substance at weaning (d0), d 14, 28, and before transport and feedlot entry (d 42; BAS; RSEA Group, Quartier Salignan, France), or 2) placebo (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether; CON). Treatments (5 mL) were applied topically to the nuchal skin area of each animal every 14 d during the preconditioning period. Calves within treatment groups were ranked by initial BW, sex, and age, and allocated to 1 of 18 drylot pens. On day 42, calves were combined within treatment group, loaded into 2 different single double-deck commercial livestock trailers, and transported for 1000 km (approximately 16 h). Upon arrival (day 43), calves were unloaded at the same feedyard and with the same pen distribution used prior to transport and fed ad libitum a TMR diet. Blood samples were collected on day 0 (weaning), 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 (prior transport), 43 (feedlot arrival), 46, 50, 57, 64 and 90. Average daily gain and final BW did not differ (P &gt; 0.52) between BAS and CON calves in both the preconditioning and receiving phases. No treatment effects were also detected (P &gt; 0.44) for daily TMR intake in any of the phases. Overall feed efficiency did not differ between BAS and CON calves (P &gt; 0.54). No treatment effects were detected (P = 0.98) for plasma concentrations of cortisol. A treatment × day interaction was detected (P &lt; 0.001) for plasma haptoglobin concentrations, which was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in CON on day 3 and 7 vs. BAS calves. Therefore, multiple applications of BAS mitigated an acute-phase response associated with accumulative stress caused by weaning, transport, and vaccination.