bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predator interference and complexity–stability in food webs
Authors: Mougi Akihiko 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIt is predicted that ecological communities will become unstable with increasing species numbers and subsequent interspecific interactions; however, this is contrary to how natural ecosystems with diverse species respond to changes in species numbers. This contradiction has steered ecologists toward exploring what underlying processes allow complex communities to stabilize even through varying pressures. In this study, a food web model is used to show an overlooked role of interference among multiple predator species in solving this complexity–stability problem. Predator interference in large communities weakens species interactions due to a reduction in consumption rates by prey-sharing species in the presence of predators in response to territorial and aggressive behavior, thereby playing a key stabilizing role in communities. Especially when interspecific interference is strong and a community has diverse species and dense species interactions, stabilization is likely to work and creates a positive complexity–stability relationship within a community. The clear positive effect of complexity on community stability is not reflected by/intraspecific interference, emphasizing the key role of interspecific interference among multiple predator species in maintaining larger systems.
Arctic amplification, and its seasonal migration, over a wide range of abrupt CO2 forcing
Authors: Liang Yu-Chiao , Polvani Lorenzo M. , Mitevski Ivan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractArctic amplification (AA), the larger warming of the Arctic compared to the rest of the planet, is widely attributed to the increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO2, and is caused by local and non-local mechanisms. In this study, we examine AA, and its seasonal cycle, in a sequence of abrupt CO2forcing experiments, spanning from 1 to 8 times pre-industrial CO2levels, using a state-of-the-art global climate model. We find that increasing CO2concentrations give rise to stronger Arctic warming but weaker AA, owing to relatively weaker warming of the Arctic in comparison with the rest of the globe due to weaker sea-ice loss and atmosphere-ocean heat fluxes at higher CO2levels. We further find that the seasonal peak in AA shifts gradually from November to January as CO2increases. Finally, we show that this seasonal shift in AA emerges in the 21st century in high-CO2emission scenario simulations. During the early-to-middle 21st century AA peaks in November–December but the peak shifts to December-January at the end of the century. Our findings highlight the role of CO2forcing in affecting the seasonal evolution of amplified Arctic warming, which carries important ecological and socio-economic implications.
Biogeographical and seasonal dynamics of the marine Roseobacter community and ecological links to DMSP-producing phytoplankton
Authors: O’Brien James , McParland Erin L , Bramucci Anna R , Siboni Nachshon , Ostrowski Martin , Kahlke Tim , Levine Naomi M , Brown Mark V , van de Kamp Jodie , Bodrossy Levente , Messer Lauren F , Petrou Katherina , Seymour Justin R 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Ecological interactions between marine bacteria and phytoplankton play a pivotal role in governing the ocean’s major biogeochemical cycles. Among these, members of the marine Roseobacter Group (MRG) can establish mutualistic relationships with phytoplankton that are, in part, maintained by exchanges of the organosulfur compound, dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). Yet most of what is known about these interactions has been derived from culture-based laboratory studies. To investigate temporal and spatial co-occurrence patterns between members of the MRG and DMSP-producing phytoplankton we analysed 16S and 18S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) derived from 5 years of monthly samples from seven environmentally distinct Australian oceanographic time-series. The MRG and DMSP-producer communities often displayed contemporaneous seasonality, which was greater in subtropical and temperate environments compared to tropical environments. The relative abundance of both groups varied latitudinally, displaying a poleward increase, peaking (MRG at 33% of total bacteria, DMSP producers at 42% of eukaryotic phototrophs) during recurrent spring-summer phytoplankton blooms in the most temperate site (Maria Island, Tasmania). Network analysis identified 20,140 significant positive correlations between MRG ASVs and DMSP producers and revealed that MRGs exhibit significantly stronger correlations to high DMSP producers relative to other DMSP-degrading bacteria (Pelagibacter, SAR86 and Actinobacteria). By utilising the power of a continental network of oceanographic time-series, this study provides in situ confirmation of interactions found in laboratory studies and demonstrates that the ecological dynamics of an important group of marine bacteria are shaped by the production of an abundant and biogeochemically significant organosulfur compound.
A method of single‐shot target detection with multi‐scale feature fusion and feature enhancement
Authors: Qu Zhong , Shang Xue , Xia Shu‐Fang , Yi Tu‐Ming , Zhou Dong‐Yang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) is one of the fastest detection algorithms. Although it has achieved good results in detection, it also has the problem of poor detection effect for small targets and occlusion between objects. Here, the authors propose a new target detection method called single‐shot target detection with multi‐scale feature fusion and feature enhancement. Here, the authors introduce multi‐scale feature fusion module, feature enhancement module and efficient channel attention module, and integrate them into the detection module of the original SSD target detection algorithm to improve the ability of network feature extraction. Experimental results on pascal VOC 2007 datasets show that the proposed algorithm works well when the input size is 300 × 300, the detection speed reaches 41.7 frames per second (FPS) and the detection accuracy reaches 79.6%, which is 2.4% higher than the original SSD target detection algorithm. When the input size is 512 × 512, the detection accuracy is 81.9%, and the detection speed reaches 36.5 FPS, which is 3.2% higher than the original SSD target detection algorithm. According to the experimental results, our algorithm has a better performance when there are many objects in the image and there is occlusion.
GEANT4 simulation study of the response of a miniature radiation detector in Galactic Cosmic Rays and inside a spacecraft
Authors: Karafasoulis Konstantinos , Papadimitropoulos Christos , Potiriadis Constantinos , Lambropoulos Charalambos Pan 
Published: February 2022

The Miniaturized Detector for Application in Space (MIDAS) is a compact device with dimensions 5 × 5 × 1 cm3that combines position-sensitive Si detectors and a fast neutrons spectrometer. MIDAS is developed with the purpose of acting as a linear energy transfer (LET) spectrometer for the charged particles and measuring dose and dose equivalent from both charged particles and neutrons. It is based on fully depleted monolithic active Si pixel sensors for the charged track and energy deposition measurements, while a plastic scintillator read out by a silicon photomultiplier is used to determine energy depositions from fast neutrons. A simulation study of the detector response in galactic cosmic ray (GCR) radiation fields with the aid of GEANT4 has been performed. Energy depositions and hit pixel addresses have been used to reconstruct tracks and calculate LET spectra. A method to calculate LET∞in water from the measured LET has been elaborated. The dose rate in water and dose equivalent rate has been calculated. The energy and particle composition of the radiation field produced by the interaction of GCR with the Al walls of a spacecraft model has been determined, and the response of MIDAS in this radiation field has been investigated.
Der Effekt von extrakorporaler Stoßwellentherapie bei Frozen Shoulder
Authors: Muhl Marina , Kern Barbara 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungFrozen Shoulder ist ein verbreitetes Krankheitsbild der Schulter, das im deutschsprachigen Raum auch als steife Schulter bezeichnet wird. Die genaue Pathophysiologie ist unbekannt. Es gibt keinen Konsens über die effektivste Therapie in der Physiotherapie. Eine Übersichtsarbeit, die die Wirkung von extrakorporaler Stoßwellentherapie (ESWT) auf Beweglichkeit und Schmerz bei Patient*innen mit Frozen Shoulder untersucht, existiert bis dato nicht. Daher ist das Ziel der Arbeit, dies zu untersuchen.Mittels einer systematischen Literaturrecherche wurden randomisierte kontrollierte Studien (RCTs) gefunden, die den Effekt radialer (rESWT) und fokussierter ESWT (fESWT) auf Schmerz und Beweglichkeit bei Frozen Shoulder (primär und sekundär) untersuchten. Recherchiert wurde auf den medizinischen Fachdatenbanken PubMed, CINAHL, PEDro und Cochrane Library. Die methodologische Qualität der Studien wurde anhand der PEDro-Skala bewertet. Eingeschlossen wurden 9 Studien. Sechs Studien erzielten eine gute und 1 Studie eine exzellente PEDro-Bewertung. Die folgenden Zielparameter wiesen mind. signifikante Ergebnisse auf: 6/7 Studien in Außenrotation, 6/8 Studien in Flexion, 7/8 Studien in Abduktion, 7/8 Studien hinsichtlich der Schmerzmessdaten.Unklar ist, ob die f- und rESWT unterschiedliche Effekte auf die Zielparameter Schmerz und Beweglichkeit haben. Die Unterscheidungen hinsichtlich der Dosierung, Lokalisation und Anwendungshäufigkeit der ESWT-Applikation, die potenziellen Messungenauigkeiten der Gelenkmessungen und die heterogenen Stichprobenzusammensetzungen sind weitere Parameter, die die Interpretation der Ergebnisse erschweren.
Direct Synthesis of N-Monosubstituted Benzimidazol-2-ones via Ph3P–I2-Mediated Reaction of Hydroxamic Acids
Authors: Phakhodee Wong , Wiriya Nittaya , Yamano Dolnapa , Hongsibsong Surat , Pattarawarapan Mookda 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA facile approach for the synthesis of benzimidazolones via a Ph3P–I2 promoted reaction of hydroxamic acids is reported. Upon Lossen-type rearrangement of the O-activated hydroxamic acids, the in situ generated isocyanates undergo an intramolecular attack by ortho N-nucleophiles producing the cyclized products in good yields under mild conditions. The method allows the direct preparation of a single regioisomer of N-monosubstituted derivatives using readily accessible starting materials and low-cost reagents with broad substrate scope.
Determining the Effect of Birth Weight on Therapeutic Hypothermia in Neonates with Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Grzybowski Marysia , Singh Megan , Shah Prakesh S. , Lee Shoo , Toye Jennifer , Kanungo Jaideep , Khurshid Faiza ,   on behalf of CNN Investigators
Published: February 2022

Objective We examine the effect of birth weight (BW) for gestational age (GA) on the temperatures reached during the treatment of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) with therapeutic hypothermia (TH).
Study Design Retrospective data of 1,736 neonates with HIE who received TH were extracted from the Canadian Neonatal Network database for neonates admitted from 2010 to 2017. Neonates were stratified into three BW groups: small for GA < 10th centile, large for GA > 90th centile, and according to GA 10th to 89th centile at a given gestation using Canadian population data norms.
Results There was no significant difference in the lowest temperature reached, the likelihood of overshooting temperatures < 32.5°C during TH, or the change of encephalopathy stages among the three groups.
Conclusion BW for GA did not appear to influence the temperatures neonates reached during hypothermia or encephalopathy stage following TH.
Key Point
Trichomoniasis among men presenting to a sexual health clinic in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Abraham Esha , Fairley Christopher K. , Aung Ei T. , Bradshaw Catriona S. , Chen Marcus Y. , Phillips Tiffany R. , Chow Eric P. F. 
Published: February 2022

Background This study aimed to examine the positivity of urethral Trichomonas vaginalis in men attending an urban sexual health clinic in Melbourne, Australia. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of men who were tested for T. vaginalis using nucleic acid amplification test at the Melbourne Sexual Health Centre between August 2018 and May 2021, and calculated the positivity. Results Of the 893 men who were tested for T. vaginalis, 12 (1.3%; 95% CI 0.7–2.3) tested positive for T. vaginalis. The positivity of T. vaginalis among men who reported sexual contact with a female partner with T. vaginalis was significantly higher than men who were not contacts (18.6% [8/43] vs 0.5% [4/850], P < 0.001). Conclusions The positivity of T. vaginalis was low at our clinic. The high positivity among contacts highlights the importance of partner notification, testing and management.
Environmental outcomes of the US Renewable Fuel Standard
Authors: Lark Tyler J. , Hendricks Nathan P. , Smith Aaron , Pates Nicholas , Spawn-Lee Seth A. , Bougie Matthew , Booth Eric G. , Kucharik Christopher J. , Gibbs Holly K. 
Published: February 2022

SignificanceBiofuels are included in many proposed strategies to reduce anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and limit the magnitude of global warming. The US Renewable Fuel Standard is the world’s largest existing biofuel program, yet despite its prominence, there has been limited empirical assessment of the program’s environmental outcomes. Even without considering likely international land use effects, we find that the production of corn-based ethanol in the United States has failed to meet the policy’s own greenhouse gas emissions targets and negatively affected water quality, the area of land used for conservation, and other ecosystem processes. Our findings suggest that profound advances in technology and policy are still needed to achieve the intended environmental benefits of biofuel production and use.
Coupled CH
4
production and oxidation support CO
2
supersaturation in a tropical flood pulse lake (Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia)
Authors: Miller Benjamin Lloyd , Holtgrieve Gordon William , Arias Mauricio Eduardo , Uy Sophorn , Chheng Phen 
Published: February 2022

Significance
Freshwaters inextricably link flows of carbon between the land, oceans, and atmosphere. Resulting carbon dioxide supersaturation relative to the atmosphere in most of the world’s lakes and rivers has long been assumed to come from aerobic respiration. Although carbon dioxide also comes from the oxidation of anaerobically produced methane, this has been largely ignored within freshwaters. Here, we use stable carbon isotopes of carbon dioxide and methane to show that a nontrivial proportion of the total dissolved carbon dioxide in a tropical flood pulse lake comes from methane oxidation. Seasonal pulses of flooding are common in the tropics, suggesting that coupled methane production and oxidation likely contribute more broadly to flows of carbon between the land, understudied tropical freshwaters, and atmosphere.
MadR mediates acyl CoA-dependent regulation of mycolic acid desaturation in mycobacteria
Authors: Cooper Charlotte , Peterson Eliza J. R. , Bailo Rebeca , Pan Min , Singh Albel , Moynihan Patrick , Nakaya Makoto , Fujiwara Nagatoshi , Baliga Nitin , Bhatt Apoorva 
Published: February 2022

SignificanceOur studies show that the mycolic acid desaturase regulator (MadR) acts as a molecular switch, controlling the desaturation and biosynthesis of mycolic acids, key lipids of the cell envelopes of mycobacteria. MadR works by a distinct mechanism wherein it binds various acyl-coenzyme As (aceyl-CoAs), but only saturated acyl-CoAs relieve DNA binding and repression. This suggests a unique mechanism that involves sensing of acyl-CoA pools as a checkpoint for coordinating mycolic acid remodeling and biosynthesis in response to cell surface perturbation. Our findings further our understanding of how mycobacteria control cell wall composition in response to stress across various environments ranging from soil to an intracellular niche in infected macrophages, with implications for understanding strategies for pathogenesis in the tubercle bacillus.
Stabilizing selection on Atlantic cod supergenes through a millennium of extensive exploitation
Authors: Sodeland Marte , Jentoft Sissel , Jorde Per Erik , Mattingsdal Morten , Albretsen Jon , Kleiven Alf Ring , Synnes Ann-Elin Wårøy , Espeland Sigurd Heiberg , Olsen Esben Moland , Andrè Carl , Stenseth Nils Chr. , Knutsen Halvor 
Published: February 2022

SignificanceEcological disruption due to human impacts is evident worldwide, and a key to mitigation lies in characterizing the underlying mechanisms of species and ecosystem stability. Here we show that three extensive “supergenes” are maintained in Atlantic cod by stabilizing selection, tying these genes to the persistence of a keystone species distributed across the northern Atlantic Ocean. Removal of this species has caused severe ecosystem reshuffling in several areas of its range. Genomic inference of historic stock sizes further shows that cod has been under pressure in the North Sea system since the Viking period, in line with zooarchaeological records. Expansion of fisheries in Northern Europe through the past millennium is well documented and supports the inferred long-term declines.
Why marginal CO2emissions are not decreasing for US electricity: Estimates and implications for climate policy
Authors: Holland Stephen P. , Kotchen Matthew J. , Mansur Erin T. , Yates Andrew J. 
Published: February 2022

SignificanceMarginal emissions of CO2from the electricity sector are critical for evaluating many climate policies. We provide estimates of marginal CO2emissions for electricity use in the United States that vary by region, hour of day, and year to year. Despite a decrease in average emissions over the last decade, marginal emissions have increased. We apply our estimates to an analysis of the Biden administration’s target of having electric vehicles make up 50% of new vehicle purchases by 2030. We find that, without significant and concurrent changes to the electricity sector far more substantial than those over the last decade, the increase in electricity emissions is likely to offset more than half the emission reductions from having fewer gasoline-powered vehicles.
Light and flow regimes regulate the metabolism of rivers
Authors: Bernhardt Emily S. , Savoy Phil , Vlah Michael J. , Appling Alison P. , Koenig Lauren E. , Hall Robert O. , Arroita Maite , Blaszczak Joanna R. , Carter Alice M. , Cohen Matt , Harvey Judson W. , Heffernan James B. , Helton Ashley M. , Hosen Jacob D. , Kirk Lily , McDowell William H. , Stanley Emily H. , Yackulic Charles B. , Grimm Nancy B. 
Published: February 2022

Significance
This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the annual patterns of ecosystem productivity and respiration for more than 200 rivers, comparing the magnitude and phenology of river metabolic regimes with annual estimates from more than 150 terrestrial ecosystems. Although mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation explain much of the variation in terrestrial productivity and are used to define biomes, for rivers the most important controls are annual light availability and flow stability. Attention to these gradients will substantially improve our ability to scale and model river ecosystem dynamics and may fundamentally change the way rivers are studied.
Tension-dependent stabilization of E-cadherin limits cell–cell contact expansion in zebrafish germ-layer progenitor cells
Authors: Slováková Jana , Sikora Mateusz , Arslan Feyza Nur , Caballero-Mancebo Silvia , Krens S. F. Gabriel , Kaufmann Walter A. , Merrin Jack , Heisenberg Carl-Philipp 
Published: February 2022

Significance
Cell–cell contact formation is a key step in the evolution of multicellularity. While the molecular and cellular processes underlying cell–cell adhesion and contact formation have been extensively studied, comparably little is known about the physical principles guiding these processes. Actomyosin cortex tension differentially applied at the cell–cell and cell–medium interfaces was shown to promote expansion of the cell–cell contacts. Here, we uncover a nonlinear relationship between cortex tension and cell–cell contact size; in a low-tension regime, cell–cell contact size positively scales with cortex tension, while the high-tension regime promotes small contacts. This change in behavior is due to tension decreasing the turnover of adhesion molecules at the cell–cell contact, limiting contact expansion.
Universals in machine translation?
Authors: Luo Jinru , Li Dechao 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
By examining and comparing the linguistic patterns in a self-built corpus of Chinese-English translations produced by WeChat Translate, the latest online machine translation app from the most popular social media platform (WeChat) in China, this study explores such questions as whether or not and to what extent simplification and normalization (hypothesized Translation Universals) exhibit themselves in these translations. The results show that, whereas simplification cannot be substantiated, the tendency of normalization to occur in the WeChat translations can be confirmed. The research finds that these results are caused by the operating mechanism of machine translation (MT) systems. Certain salient words tend to prime WeChat’s MT system to repetitively resort to typical language patterns, which leads to a significant overuse of lexical chunks. It is hoped that the present study can shed new light on the development of MT systems and encourage more corpus-based product-oriented research on MT.
Tumor spheroid invasion in epidermal growth factor gradients revealed by a 3D microfluidic device
Authors: Suh Young Joon , Pandey Mrinal , Segall Jeffrey E , Wu Mingming 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF), a potent cytokine, is known to promote tumor invasion both in vivo and in vitro. Previously, we observed that single breast tumor cells (MDA-MB-231 cell line) embedded within a 3D collagen matrix displayed enhanced motility but no discernible chemotaxis in the presence of linear EGF gradients using a microfluidic platform. Inspired by a recent theoretical development that clustered mammalian cells respond differently to chemical gradients than single cells, we studied tumor spheroid invasion within a 3D extracellular matrix (ECM) in the presence of EGF gradients. We found that EGF gradients promoted tumor cell detachment from the spheroid core, and the position of the tumor spheroid core showed a mild chemotactic response towards the EGF gradients. For those tumor cells detached from the spheroids, they showed an enhanced motility response in contrast to previous experimental results using single cells embedded within an ECM. No discernible chemotactic response towards the EGF gradients was found for the cells outside the spheroid core. This work demonstrates that a cluster of tumor cells responds differently than single tumor cells towards EGF gradients and highlights the importance of a tumor spheroid platform for tumor invasion studies.