bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identifying Dominant Processes in Time and Space: Time‐Varying Spatial Sensitivity Analysis for a Grid‐Based Nitrate Model
Authors: Wu Songjun , Tetzlaff Doerthe , Yang Xiaoqiang , Soulsby Chris 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDistributed models have been increasingly applied at finer spatiotemporal resolution. However, most diagnostic analyses aggregate performance measures in space or time, which might bias subsequent inferences. Accordingly, this study explores an approach for quantifying the parameter sensitivity in a spatiotemporally explicit way. We applied the Morris method to screen key parameters within four different sampling spaces in a grid‐based model (mHM‐Nitrate) for NO3‐N simulation in a mixed landuse catchment using a 1‐year moving window for each grid. The results showed that an overly wide range of aquatic denitrification rates could mask the sensitivity of the other parameters, leading to their spatial patterns only related to the proximity to outlet. With adjusted parameter space, spatial sensitivity patterns were determined by NO3‐N inputs and hydrological transport capacity, while temporal dynamics were regulated by annual wetness conditions. The relative proportion of parameter sensitivity further indicated the shifts in dominant hydrological/NO3‐N processes between wet and dry years. By identifying not only which parameter(s) is(are) influential, but where and when such influences occur, spatial sensitivity analysis can help evaluate current model parameterization. Given the marked sensitivity in agricultural areas, we suggest that the current NO3‐N parameterization scheme (land use‐dependent) could be further disentangled in these regions (e.g., into croplands with different rotation strategies) but aggregated in non‐agricultural areas; while hydrological parameterization could be resolved into a finer level (from spatially constant to land use‐dependent especially in nutrient‐rich regions). The spatiotemporal sensitivity pattern also highlights NO3‐N transport within soil layers as a focus for future model development.
Global Pattern of Ecosystem Respiration Tendencies and Its Implications on Terrestrial Carbon Sink Potential
Authors: Yu Peixin , Zhou Tao , Luo Hui , Liu Xia , Shi Peijun , Zhang Yajie , Zhang Jingzhou , Zhou Peifang , Xu Yixin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAs the largest component of carbon export from terrestrial ecosystems, ecosystem respiration (RECO), together with vegetation productivity, determines the carbon stock changes in terrestrial ecosystems, so it is crucial to reveal the response of RECO to climate change. However, the simulation of RECO is usually inaccurate due to the neglect of the lagged response of respiration to changes in water conditions. In this study, we integrated meteorological data, remote sensing data, and soil data, and introduced the indicators of the previous water conditions into the deep learning model to simulate RECO. The conclusions are as follows: (a) There is a 1–2 years' lagged response of RECO to changes in water conditions. (b) It is necessary to consider the influence of previous water conditions when simulate RECO. It not only improved the simulation accuracy of RECO, but also reflected its inter‐annual fluctuations and change trends more accurately, avoiding the underestimation of RECO inter‐annual fluctuations. (c) There is an inconsistency in carbon input and carbon output change trends which impacts the carbon sink pattern and potential of terrestrial ecosystems. The growth trend of Gross Primary Production (GPP) in global terrestrial ecosystems is greater than that of RECO, with a trend of increasing carbon sinks, especially in the northern extra‐tropics; while the carbon sink capacity of tropical regions has gradually saturated, showing that the change trend of RECO is close to that of GPP, which poses a potential risk to the sustainable carbon sink capacity of global ecosystems in the future.
Greigite (Fe3S4) Formation in Artificial Sediments via Solid‐State Transformation of Lepidocrocite
Authors: Roud Sophie C. , Gilder Stuart A. , Park SoHyun 
Published: July 2022

AbstractGreigite (Fe3S4) is a ferrimagnetic iron‐sulfide mineral that forms in sediments during diagenesis. Greigite growth can occur diachronously within a stratigraphic profile, complicating or overprinting environmental and paleomagnetic records. An important objective for paleo‐ and rock‐magnetic studies is to identify the presence of greigite and to discern its formation conditions. Greigite detection remains, however, challenging and its magnetic properties obscure due to the lack of pure, stable material of well‐defined grain size. To overcome these limitations, we report a new method to selectively transform lepidocrocite to greigite via the intermediate phase mackinawite (FeS). In‐situ magnetic characterization was performed on discrete samples with different sediment substrates. Susceptibility and chemical remanent magnetization increased proportionally over time, defining two distinct greigite growth regimes. Temperature dependent and constant initial growth rates indicate a solid‐state FeS to greigite transformation with an activation energy of 78–90 kJ/mol. Low and room temperature magnetic remanence and coercivity ratios match with calculated mixing curves for superparamagnetic (SP) and single domain (SD) greigite and suggest ∼25% and ∼50% SD proportions at 300 and 100 K, respectively. The mixing trend coincides with empirical data reported for natural greigite‐bearing sediments, suggesting a common SP endmember size of 5–10 nm that is likely inherited from mackinawite crystallites. The average particle size of 20–50 nm determined by X‐ray powder diffraction and electron microscopy accords with theoretical predictions of the SP/SD threshold size in greigite. The method constitutes a novel approach to synthesize greigite and to investigate its formation in sediments.
Dust Storms, Valley Fever, and Public Awareness
Authors: Tong Daniel Q. , Gorris Morgan E. , Gill Thomas E. , Ardon‐Dryer Karin , Wang Julian , Ren Ling 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe discuss several issues raised by Comrie (2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GH000504), which uses a crowdsourced data set to study dust storms and coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever). There is inconsistency in the term “dust storm” used by science communities. The dust data from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Storm Events Database are from diverse sources, unsuitable for assessing dust‐coccidioidomycosis relationships. Population exposure to dust or Coccidioides needs to consider the frequency, magnitude, and duration of dust events. Given abundant evidence that dust storms are a viable driver to transport pathogens, it is in best public interest to advocate dust storms may put people at risk for contracting Valley fever.
Characteristics and Formation of the Luzon Undercurrent in the Western North Pacific: Observational Study
Authors: Li Junlu , Gan Jianping 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe subsurface circulation system in the western North Pacific is dominated by the convergence of the Luzon Undercurrent (LUC) and the Mindanao Undercurrent, which forms the basin‐scale eastward North Equatorial Undercurrent jets. The southward LUC, situated to the east of Luzon Island, plays a significant role in transporting subsurface waters equatorward in the western boundary of the subtropical North Pacific. Despite its crucial contributions to the water, heat, and energy distributions in the subsurface layer, its characteristics and formation mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we utilize monthly climatological temperature and salinity data and the derived geostrophic velocity to investigate the spatiotemporal variability of the LUC and its formation dynamics. The LUC transport exhibits weak seasonality and strong intra‐seasonal variation, peaking in May/June and October. The origin of the LUC is closely connected with the southward veering of the Deep North Equatorial Current (DNEC) off the Ryukyu Islands and the Luzon Strait middle‐layer outflow (LSMO). The DNEC dominates transport in the LUC, and the LSMO of the South China Sea (SCS) Intermediate Water contributes to the water mixing in the LUC. Locally, the appearance of the LUC is dynamically linked with the barotropic effect associated with the sea surface height gradient and the baroclinic effect raised from the downward tilting of the zonal isopycnal off the Philippine coast. Spatially, the core of the LUC shifts from in‐shore to off‐shore waters from May/June to October. This study reveals the spatiotemporal characteristics of the LUC and identifies its separate origins from the interior North Pacific and the SCS middle layer.
Observations and Implications of Diurnal Climatology and Trends in Direct and Diffuse Solar Radiation Over China
Authors: Wang Yawen , Zhang Jiahua , Trentmann Jörg , Fiedler Stephanie , Yang Su , Sanchez‐Lorenzo Arturo , Tanaka Katsumasa , Yuan Wenping , Wild Martin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSolar radiation received at the Earth's surface (Rs) is comprised of two components, the direct radiation (Rd) and the diffuse radiation (Rf). Rd, the direct beam from the sun, is essential for concentrated solar power generation. Rf, scattered by atmospheric molecules, aerosols, or cloud droplets, has a fertilization effect on plant photosynthesis. But how Rd and Rf change diurnally is largely unknown owing to the lack of long‐term measurements. Taking advantage of 22 years of homogeneous hourly surface observations over China, this study documents the climatological means and evolutions in the diurnal cycles of Rd and Rf since 1993, with an emphasis on their implications for solar power and agricultural production. Over the solar energy resource region, we observe a loss of Rd which is relatively large near sunrise and sunset at low solar elevation angles when the sunrays pass through the atmosphere on a longer pathway. However, the concentrated Rd energy covering an average 10‐hr period around noon during a day is relatively unaffected. Over the agricultural crop resource region, the large amounts of clouds and aerosols scattering more of the incoming light result in Rf taking the main proportion of Rs during the whole day. Rf resources and their fertilization effect in the main crop region of China further enhances since 1993 over almost all hours of the day.
Upskilling Low‐Fidelity Hydrodynamic Models of Flood Inundation Through Spatial Analysis and Gaussian Process Learning
Authors: Fraehr Niels , Wang Quan J. , Wu Wenyan , Nathan Rory 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAccurate flood inundation modeling using a complex high‐resolution hydrodynamic (high‐fidelity) model can be very computationally demanding. To address this issue, efficient approximation methods (surrogate models) have been developed. Despite recent developments, there remain significant challenges in using surrogate methods for modeling the dynamical behavior of flood inundation in an efficient manner. Most methods focus on estimating the maximum flood extent due to the high spatial‐temporal dimensionality of the data. This study presents a hybrid surrogate model, consisting of a low‐resolution hydrodynamic (low‐fidelity) and a Sparse Gaussian Process (Sparse GP) model, to capture the dynamic evolution of the flood extent. The low‐fidelity model is computationally efficient but has reduced accuracy compared to a high‐fidelity model. To account for the reduced accuracy, a Sparse GP model is used to correct the low‐fidelity modeling results. To address the challenges posed by the high dimensionality of the data from the low‐ and high‐fidelity models, Empirical Orthogonal Functions analysis is applied to reduce the spatial‐temporal data into a few key features. This enables training of the Sparse GP model to predict high‐fidelity flood data from low‐fidelity flood data, so that the hybrid surrogate model can accurately simulate the dynamic flood extent without using a high‐fidelity model. The hybrid surrogate model is validated on the flat and complex Chowilla floodplain in Australia. The hybrid model was found to improve the results significantly compared to just using the low‐fidelity model and incurred only 39% of the computational cost of a high‐fidelity model.
Therapeutic potential of PIMSR, a novel CB1 receptor neutral antagonist, for cocaine use disorder: evidence from preclinical research
Authors: Galaj Ewa , Hempel Briana , Moore Allamar , Klein Benjamin , Bi Guo-Hua , Gardner Eliot L. , Seltzman Herbert H. , Xi Zheng-Xiong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractCannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) have been major targets in medication development for the treatment of substance use disorders. However, clinical trials with rimonabant, a CB1R antagonist/inverse agonist, failed due to severe side effects. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of PIMSR, a neutral CB1R antagonist lacking an inverse agonist profile, against cocaine’s behavioral effects in experimental animals. We found that systemic administration of PIMSR dose-dependently inhibited cocaine self-administration under fixed-ratio (FR5), but not FR1, reinforcement, shifted the cocaine self-administration dose-response curve downward, decreased incentive motivation to seek cocaine under progressive-ratio reinforcement, and reduced cue-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking. PIMSR also inhibited oral sucrose self-administration. Importantly, PIMSR alone is neither rewarding nor aversive as assessed by place conditioning. We then used intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) to explore the possible involvement of the mesolimbic dopamine system in PIMSR’s action. We found that PIMSR dose-dependently attenuated cocaine-enhanced ICSS maintained by electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle in rats. PIMSR itself failed to alter electrical ICSS, but dose-dependently inhibited ICSS maintained by optical stimulation of midbrain dopamine neurons in transgenic DAT-Cre mice, suggesting the involvement of dopamine-dependent mechanisms. Lastly, we examined the CB1R mechanisms underlying PIMSR’s action. We found that PIMSR pretreatment attenuated Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)- or ACEA (a selective CB1R agonist)-induced reduction in optical ICSS. Together, our findings suggest that the neutral CB1R antagonist PIMSR deserves further research as a promising pharmacotherapeutic for cocaine use disorder.
Demonstration of long-range correlations via susceptibility measurements in a one-dimensional superconducting Josephson spin chain
Authors: Tennant D. M. , Dai X. , Martinez A. J. , Trappen R. , Melanson D. , Yurtalan M. A. , Tang Y. , Bedkihal S. , Yang R. , Novikov S. , Grover J. A. , Disseler S. M. , Basham J. I. , Das R. , Kim D. K. , Melville A. J. , Niedzielski B. M. , Weber S. J. , Yoder J. L. , Kerman A. J. , Mozgunov E. , Lidar D. A. , Lupascu A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSpin chains have long been considered an effective medium for long-range interactions, entanglement generation, and quantum state transfer. In this work, we explore the properties of a spin chain implemented with superconducting flux circuits, designed to act as a connectivity medium between two superconducting qubits. The susceptibility of the chain is probed and shown to support long-range, cross-chain correlations. In addition, interactions between the two end qubits, mediated by the coupler chain, are demonstrated. This work has direct applicability in near term quantum annealing processors as a means of generating long-range, coherent coupling between qubits.
Engineering circular RNA for enhanced protein production
Authors: Chen Robert , Wang Sean K. , Belk Julia A. , Amaya Laura , Li Zhijian , Cardenas Angel , Abe Brian T. , Chen Chun-Kan , Wender Paul A. , Chang Howard Y. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractCircular RNAs (circRNAs) are stable and prevalent RNAs in eukaryotic cells that arise from back-splicing. Synthetic circRNAs and some endogenous circRNAs can encode proteins, raising the promise of circRNA as a platform for gene expression. In this study, we developed a systematic approach for rapid assembly and testing of features that affect protein production from synthetic circRNAs. To maximize circRNA translation, we optimized five elements: vector topology, 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions, internal ribosome entry sites and synthetic aptamers recruiting translation initiation machinery. Together, these design principles improve circRNA protein yields by several hundred-fold, provide increased translation over messenger RNA in vitro, provide more durable translation in vivo and are generalizable across multiple transgenes.
An annotated image dataset for training mosquito species recognition system on human skin
Authors: Ong Song-Quan , Ahmad Hamdan 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis paper introduces a new mosquito images dataset that is suitable for training and evaluating a recognition system on mosquitoes in normal or smashed conditions. The images dataset served mainly for the development a machine learning model that can recognize the mosquito in the public community, which commonly found in the smashed/damaged form by human. Especially the images of mosquito in hashed condition, which to the best of our knowledge, a dataset that fulfilled such condition is not available. There are three mosquito species in the dataset, which are Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus, and the images were annotated until species level due to the specimen was purely bred in a WHO accredited breeding laboratory. The dataset consists of seven root files, six root files that composed of six classes (each species with either normal landing, or random damaged conditions) with a total of 1500 images, and one pre-processed file which consists of a train, test and prediction set, respectively for model construction.
Investigation of 3D flow of magnetized hybrid nanofluid with heat source/sink over a stretching sheet
Authors: Farooq Umar , Tahir Madeeha , Waqas Hassan , Muhammad Taseer , Alshehri Ahmad , Imran Muhammad 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe thermal processes with inclusion of nanomaterials provide a wide range of applications pertaining to heat exchangers and cooling of compact heat density devices. The current research investigates the three-dimension flow of hybrid nanofluid comprising TC4(Ti-6A-14V) and Nichrome 80% Ni and 20% Cr nanoparticles mixed within engine oil as the base fluid for the enhancement of heat and mass transfer rate. The effects of homogeneous-heterogeneous processes and thermal radiation are incorporated. The heat transfer occurs due to a rotating inclined stretched sheet is discussed against prominent factors such as thermal radiation, inclined angle parameter, rotation parameter, and heat source/sink. The leading mathematical formulation consists of a set of PDEs, which are then transmuted into ordinary differential equations using suitable similarity transformation. The numerical solutions are obtained by using MATLAB's built-in function bvp4c. The results for velocity profile, temperature profile and concentration distribution are evaluated for suitable ranges of the controlling parameters. The graphical result shows that when the angle of inclination, magnetic parameter, and the volumetric concentration of hybrid nanomaterials increase the axial flow profile of the hybrid nanofluid is reduced. However, the rotation parameter reveals the opposite response. The temperature is intensified with an increment of heat source/sink, shape factors, and magnetic field parameter. For enhanced nanoparticle volumetric concentration, the temperature of the fluid rises up. The graphical validation is also illustrated using streamlines and statistical plots for hybrid nanofluid.
Combined endoscopic-percutaneous treatment of upper gastrointestinal enterocutaneous fistula using vacuum therapy and resorbable plug insertion (Vac-Plug)
Authors: Kantowski Marcus , Karstens Karl , Scognamiglio Pasquale , Melling Nathaniel , Reeh Matthias , Izbicki Jakob , Rösch Thomas , Tachezy Michael 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAfter gastrointestinal resections, leakages can occur, persist despite conventional therapy and result in enterocutaneous fistulae. We developed a combination method using flexible endoscopic techniques to seal the enteric orifice with an absorbable plug in addition to a percutaneously and fistuloscopically guided open-pore film drainage (Vac-Plug method). We retrospectively searched our endoscopy database to identify patients treated with the outlined technique. The clinical and pathological data were assessed, the method analyzed and characterized and the technical and clinical success determined. We identified 14 patients that were treated with the Vac-Plug method (4 females, 10 males with a mean age of 56 years, range 50–74). The patients were treated over a time period of 23 days (range 4–119) in between one to thirteen interventions (mean n = 5). One patient had to be excluded due to short follow-up after successful closure. Seventy-seven percent (10/13) were successfully treated with a median follow-up of 453 days (range 35–1246) thereafter. No treatment related complications occurred during the therapy. The data of the analysis showed that the Vac-Plug therapy is safe and successful in a relevant proportion of the patients. It is easy to learn and to apply and is well tolerated. In our opinion, it is a promising addition to the armamentarium of interventional methods of these difficult to treat patients. Of course, its usefulness must be further validated in larger prospective studies.
Structural basis for the simultaneous recognition of NEMO and acceptor ubiquitin by the HOIP NZF1 domain
Authors: Rahighi Simin , Iyer Mamta , Oveisi Hamid , Nasser Sammy , Duong Vincent 
Published: July 2022

AbstractUbiquitination of NEMO by the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) is essential for activating the canonical NF-κB signaling pathway. While the NZF1 domain of the HOIP subunit of LUBAC recognizes the NEMO substrate, it is unclear how it cooperates with the catalytic domains in the ubiquitination process. Here, we report a crystal structure of NEMO in complex with HOIP NZF1 and linear diubiquitin chains, in which the two proteins bind to distinct sites on NEMO. Moreover, the NZF1 domain simultaneously interacts with NEMO and Ile44 surface of a proximal ubiquitin from a linear diubiquitin chain, where the C-term tail of the ubiquitin is in the proximity of the NEMO ubiquitination site (Lys285). We further propose a model for the linear ubiquitination of NEMO by HOIP. In the model, NZF1 binds the monoubiquitinated NEMO and recruits the catalytic domains to the ubiquitination site, thereby ensuring site-specific ubiquitination of NEMO.