bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anemia falciforme y la resistencia a la malaria. Revisión narrativa
Authors: Roldán-Isaza Mariana , Herrera-Almanza Laura , Hernández-Martínez Alejandro , Martínez-Sánchez Lina María 
Published: January 2022

La enfermedad de células falciformes (SCD, por sus siglas en inglés) es una hemoglobinopatía autosómica recesiva, producida por la mutación del gen de la cadena β-globina que genera la sustitución de valina por el ácido glutámico en la posición del sexto aminoácido de la hemoglobina. Existen diversos mecanismos moleculares y celulares por los cuales se explica su fisiopatología y gracias a su actual entendimiento, se encuentran en investigación clínica y preclínica nuevos agentes farmacológicos. La hemoglobina falciforme (HbS), que es la consecuencia de dicha mutación, se relaciona como una forma de protección contra la malaria en los heterocigotos; sin embargo, el estado homocigoto (HbSS) puede estar asociado con una mayor susceptibilidad a la malaria. Dicha relación de protección en heterocigotos se evidencia en niveles más bajos de parasitemia y de aparición más tardía, lo que se ha tratado de explicar por diversas teorías. Por tanto, este artículo tiene como objetivo revisar la relación entre la SCD y la protección que genera en infección por malaria, además de exponer la fisiopatología y el tratamiento de la SCD para lograr un entendimiento más amplio de la enfermedad.
Criterios para el uso e investigación de medicamentos off-label frente al covid-19 en Latinoamérica
Authors: Carlosama-Rosero Yeison Harvey 
Published: January 2022

La pandemia por COVID-19 representa una de los retos más importantes en materia de salud pública. La ausencia de evidencia científica sólida y la severidad del cuadro clínico han justificado el uso compasivo de medicamentos off-label. No obstante, el uso indiscriminado de estos medicamentos, sin un fundamento sólido por parte de los médicos puede representar un peligro para la salud de los pacientes.
Por otra parte, la comunidad médica y científica de Latinoamérica está llamada a evaluar hipótesis de investigación que mitiguen el impacto de la pandemia en nuestras poblaciones.
Tomando como ejemplo pedagógico el uso de la ivermectina, se proponen criterios como la plausibilidad biológica, la evidencia metodológica y estadísticamente aceptable, una respuesta clínica favorable, un perfil farmacológico seguro, la factibilidad y el interés altruista como sustento para el empleo de medicamentos offlabel durante la pandemia. Estos criterios posibilitarían un uso racional de medicamentos y priorizar en el contexto de una investigación las opciones terapéuticas posiblemente más efectivas.
Biofilms de Pseudomonas aeruginosa como mecanismos de resistencia y tolerancia a antibióticos. Revisión narrativa
Authors: Bolivar-Vargas Andres Felipe , Torres-Caycedo María Inés , Sánchez-Neira Yaline 
Published: January 2022

La tolerancia antimicrobiana mediada por biofilms es un grave problema, principalmente en infecciones asociadas a la atención en salud, debido a los diferentes mecanismos que expresa el biofilm como: la matriz de exopolisacaridos, alteraciones del microambiente, bacterias persistentes, señal de quorum sensing(Q.S), porinas, bombas de eflujo, expresión de genes ,vesículas de membrana, ADN extracelular y enzimas. con base a lo anterior, el objetivo de esta revisión es identificar los mecanismos y efectos del biofilm de Pseudomonas aeruginosa en la resistencia a antibióticos .Para esto, se realizo una revisión de la literatura sobre los principales mecanismos de tolerancia en antibióticos mediada por biofilms en diferentes bases de datos como: Proquest, Science direct, Scielo , Pubmed y Google schoolar con los descriptores MeSH y DeCS. Los biofilms aumentan la tolerancia de estas bacterias a los diferentes tipos de antibióticos, ya que cuando se exponen a cantidades mínimas de este genera la expresión de diferentes genes que expresan mecanismos que disminuyen la penetración y destrucción de los antibióticos sin embargo, no está bien definidos todos los factores que generan este tipo de tolerancia
Encefalopatía hiperamonémica por ácido valproico, sin elevación de transaminasas: Reporte de Caso
Authors: Escobar-Toledo Isabel Eugenia , Berrouet-Mejía Marie Claire 
Published: January 2022

Las encefalopatías tóxicas pueden ser causadas por una gran variedad de xenobióticos por mecanismos directos e indirectos simulando enfermedades metabólicas autoinmunes o neoplásicas. Por ende, requieren un anamnesis adecuada, un examen físico amplio y en cuanto a lo toxicológico tratar siempre de encontrar un nexo epidemiológico. Dentro de las principales causas están psicofármacos y drogas de abuso.
El reconocimiento temprano de una encefalopatía tóxica es fundamental entendiendo que llevará al retiro de la noxa, inicio de manejo disminuyendo complicaciones y mortalidad asociada. Se describe el caso de una paciente co ingesta de ácido valproico quien presentó una encefalopatía por este anticonvulsivante sin compromiso de enzimas hepáticas, con alteraciones en el electroencefalograma que revirtieron por completo con la suspensión del medicamento.
La importancia de este caso está en reconocer al ácido valproico como una causa de encefalopatía.
Corruption as a problem for sustainable human development in the twenty-first century
Authors: Прокопович Г.А. 
Published: January 2022

В статье исследуются вопросы противодействия коррупции в ракурсе реализации целей устойчивого развития; проводится анализ недостатков законодательства о противодействии коррупции; вносятся предложения по его усовершенствованию.
The article explores anti-corruption issues in terms of achieving sustainable development goals; analysis of shortcomings of the anti-corruption law; proposals for its improvement is being made.
Уголовно-правовое воздействие и уголовная ответственность
Authors: Гареев М.Ф. 
Published: January 2022

В данной статье рассматривается проблема дифференциации мер уголовно-правового воздействия. Предлагается разграничить меры уголовноправового воздействия на меры, связанные с реализацией уголовной ответственности, включая наказание и иные меры уголовно-правового характера, а также меры уголовно-правового характера, посредством которых она не реализуется. Раскрывается сущность и определение уголовной ответственности, ее место в системе мер уголовно-правового воздействия. Так как уголовная ответственность включает в себя наказание и иные меры уголовно-правового характера, то с учетом законодательно закрепленных норм и институтов уголовного законодательства и различных доктринальных подходов предлагается авторский вариант определения уголовной ответственности. Предлагается авторский вариант содержания ч. 2 ст. 2 УК РФ, где дополняются иные меры уголовно-правового воздействия, посредством которых не реализуется уголовная ответственность
This article examines the problem of differentiation of measures of criminal law impact. It is proposed to distinguish between measures of criminal law impact on measures related to the implementation of criminal liability, including punishment and other measures of a criminal law nature, as well as measures of a criminal law nature, through which it is not implemented. The essence and definition of criminal responsibility, its place in the system of measures of criminal-legal influence are revealed. Since criminal liability includes punishment and other measures of a criminal-legal nature, then, taking into account the legislatively enshrined norms and institutions of criminal legislation and various doctrinal approaches, the author's version of the definition of criminal liability is proposed. The author's version of the content of Part 2 of Art. 2 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, where other measures of criminal law are added, through which criminal liability is not implemented.
THE PRACTICE OF LEGAL REGULATION: ACTUALIZATION AND CATEGORIZATION OF GENERAL THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE
Authors: Валиев Р.Г. 
Published: January 2022

Исследование посвящено актуализации теоретико-правового статуса практики правового регулирования. В порядке развития доктринального восприятия юридической и правовой практики изложены гносеологические основы практики правового регулирования. В контексте дуалистической диалектики раскрыта двойственная структура, определено понятие, дана сущностная и содержательная характеристика и установлен статус практики правового регулирования в общей теории права. Сформулирован вывод, что категоризация практики правового регулирования обусловливает представление о ее интегративной сущности, способной выражать собой весь спектр эмпирических проявлений регулирующего начала юридической и правовой практики.
The study is devoted to the actualization of the theoretical and legal status of the practice of legal regulation. In order to develop the doctrinal perception of legal and legal practice, the epistemological foundations of the practice of legal regulation are described. In the context of dualistic dialectics, the dual structure is revealed, the concept is defined, the essential and meaningful characteristics are given, and the status of the practice of legal regulation in the general theory of law is established. The conclusion is formulated that the categorization of the practice of legal regulation determines the idea of its integrative essence, which can express the whole range of empirical manifestations of the regulatory principle of legal and legal practice.
HUMAN RIGHTS ACTIVITIES AT THE CONTEMPORARY STAGE: CONCEPT AND MEANING
Authors: Дроздова А.М. 
Published: January 2022

Статья посвящена основным проблемам, связанным с пониманием процесса формирования правозащитных механизмов в мире и России и правозащитной деятельности как такой. Отдельно затронуты вопросы структуры механизма реализации и защиты прав человека на основе принципов равенства прав людей, концепции о защите нарушенных прав, идей о социальном статусе личности в обществе. Анализу подвергается понимание сущности деятельности правозащитников и классификации правозащитников на основе реализации принципа справедливости в процессе защиты нарушенных прав и противостояния несправедливости; полученное образование и изначальная профессия значения не имеют, все строится на велении совести. Рассматривается современное состояние правозащитной деятельности и обосновывается ее необходимость для оздоровления общества, для уверенности граждан в защите своих нарушенных прав и борьбы с произволом.
The article is devoted to the main problems associated with understanding the process of formation of human rights mechanisms in the world and in Russia and human rights activities as such. The issues of the structure of the mechanism for the implementation and protection of human rights on the basis of the principles of equality of human rights, the concept of protecting violated rights, ideas about the social status of an individual in society are separately touched upon. The analysis examines the understanding of the essence of the activities of human rights defenders and the classification of human rights defenders based on the implementation of the principle of justice in the process of protecting violated rights and countering injustice; the education received and the original profession do not matter, everything is based on the dictates of conscience. The current state of human rights activity is considered and its necessity is substantiated for the improvement of society, for the confidence of citizens in the protection of their violated rights and the fight against arbitrariness.
STATUS OF PROSECUTOR’S OFFICE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION – FEDERAL GOVERNMENT BODY
Authors: Корякин И.И. 
Published: January 2022

В статье рассматривается правовой статус прокуратуры Российской Федерации, как государственного органа. Характеризуются понятие и признаки, принципы и механизмы ее формирования, основное статусное положение и полномочия, правовое регулирование деятельности прокуратуры Российской Федерации.
The paper explores the legal status of the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation as a government body. The concept and features, principles and mechanisms for its formation, the main status provision and authority, legal regulation of the activities of the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation are described and characterized.
The paper explores the legal status of the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation as a government body. The concept and features, principles and mechanisms for its formation, the main status provision and authority, legal regulation of the activities of the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation are described and characterized
IMPROVING THE MECHANISM FOR CORRECTING JUDICIAL ERRORS IDENTIFIED BY THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: Мамитова Н.В. , Полищук Д.А. , Мамитова Н.В. 
Published: January 2022

В статье рассматриваются вопросы пересмотра судебных постановлений, вступивших в законную силу, по новым обстоятельствам на основании постановлений Европейского Суда по правам человека, которыми выявлены судебные ошибки национальных судов Российской Федерации. Автор предлагает введение на законодательном уровне нового механизма пересмотра судебных постановлений российских судов, который будет гарантировать право граждан на справедливое судебное разбирательство, путем пересмотра решений национальных судов, содержащих идентичные судебные ошибки.
The article deals with the issues of revision of court decisions that have entered into legal force under new circumstances on the basis of the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights, which revealed judicial errors of the national courts of the Russian Federation. The author suggests the introduction at the legislative level of a new mechanism for reviewing judicial decisions of Russian courts, which will guarantee the right of citizens to a fair trial, by reviewing the decisions of national courts containing identical judicial errors.
FAMILY AS A FACTOR IN COUNTERACTING THE VICTIMIZATION OF MINORS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Authors: Сергеева А.Ю. 
Published: January 2022

В современном обществе семья как один из важнейших институтов нравственно-правовой социализации личности все более активно выполняет роль фактора противодействия виктимизации несовершеннолетних. Вместе с тем кризис семьи и семейных отношений может, напротив, иметь следствием усиление негативных процессов и сам служить источником криминальной опасности для несовершеннолетних. В связи с этим автор вносит ряд предложений по совершенствованию системы профилактики виктимизации и перспективам девиктимизации несовершеннолетних.
In modern society, the family, as one of the most important institutions of socialization of the individual, is increasingly playing the role of a factor in countering the victimization of minors. At the same time, the crisis of the family and family relations may, on the contrary, result in an increase in negative processes and itself serve as a source of criminal danger for minors. In this regard, the author makes a number of proposals to improve the victimization prevention system and the prospects for the devictimization of minors.
The impact of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) sinks on age of air climatologies and trends
Authors: Loeffel Sheena , Eichinger Roland , Garny Hella , Reddmann Thomas , Fritsch Frauke , Versick Stefan , Stiller Gabriele , Haenel Florian 
Published: January 2022

Abstract. Mean age of air (AoA) is a common diagnostic for the strength of the stratospheric overturning circulation in both climate models and
observations. AoA climatologies and AoA trends over the recent decades of model simulations and proxies derived from observations of long-lived
tracers do not agree. Satellite observations show much older air than climate models, and while most models compute a clear decrease in AoA over the
last decades, a 30-year time series from measurements shows a statistically nonsignificant positive trend in the Northern Hemisphere extratropical middle
stratosphere. Measurement-based AoA derivations are often founded on observations of the trace gas sulfur
hexafluoride (SF6), a fairly long-lived gas with a
near-linear increase in emissions during recent decades. However, SF6 has chemical sinks in the mesosphere that are not considered
in most model studies. In this study, we explicitly compute the chemical SF6 sinks based on chemical processes in the global
chemistry climate model EMAC (ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry). We show that good agreement between stratospheric AoA in EMAC and MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) is reached through the inclusion of chemical
SF6 sinks, as these sinks lead to a strong increase in the stratospheric AoA and, therefore, to a better agreement with MIPAS satellite
observations. Remaining larger differences at high latitudes are addressed, and possible reasons for these differences are discussed. Subsequently, we demonstrate that
the AoA trends are also strongly influenced by the chemical SF6 sinks. Under consideration of the SF6 sinks, the AoA trends over
the recent decades reverse sign from negative to positive. We conduct sensitivity simulations which reveal that this sign reversal does not result
from trends in the stratospheric circulation strength nor from changes in the strength of the SF6 sinks. We illustrate that even a
constant SF6 destruction rate causes a positive trend in the derived AoA, as the amount of depleted SF6 scales with
increasing SF6 abundance itself. In our simulations, this effect overcompensates for the impact of the accelerating stratospheric circulation
which naturally decreases AoA. Although various sources of uncertainties cannot be quantified in detail in this study, our results suggest that the
inclusion of SF6 depletion in models has the potential to reconcile the AoA trends of models and observations. We conclude the study with
a first approach towards a correction to account for SF6 loss and deduce that a linear correction might be applicable to values of AoA of
up to 4 years.
Ideas and perspectives: Emerging contours of a dynamic exogenous kerogen cycle
Authors: Blattmann Thomas M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract. Growing evidence points to the dynamic role that kerogen is playing on Earth's surface in controlling atmospheric chemistry over geologic
time. Although quantitative constraints on the weathering of kerogen remain loose, its changing weathering behavior modulated by the activity of
glaciers suggests that this largest pool of reduced carbon on Earth may have played a key part in atmospheric CO2 variability across
recent glacial–interglacial cycles and beyond. This work enunciates the possibility of kerogen oxidation as a major driver of atmospheric
CO2 increase in the wake of glacial episodes. This hypothesis of centennial- and millennial-timescale relevance for this chemical
weathering pathway is substantiated by several lines of independent evidence synthesized in this contribution, including the timing of atmospheric
CO2 increase, atmospheric CO2 isotope composition (13C and 14C), kerogen oxidation kinetics, observations of
kerogen reburial, and modeling results. The author hypothesizes that the deglaciation of kerogen-rich lithologies in western Canada contributed to
the characteristic deglacial increase in atmospheric CO2, which reached an inflection point ≤ 300 years after the Laurentide Ice
Sheet retreated into the kerogen-poor Canadian Shield. To reconcile the release of isotopically light carbon via kerogen oxidation with Earth
surface carbon pool constraints, major oceanic degassing and biospheric regrowth must have acted in concert across glacial–interglacial
transitions. Additionally, a process such as a strong shift in the ratio of C3 to C4-derived organic matter must be invoked to maintain
isotope mass balance, a point key for reconciling the hypothesis with the carbon isotope record of marine dissolved inorganic carbon. In order to
test this hypothesis, quantitative constraints on the contribution of kerogen oxidation to CO2 rise at glacial terminations are needed
through systematic studies on (1) CO2 fluxes emanating from the weathering of different lithologies, (2) oxidation kinetics of kerogen
along glacial chronosequences, and (3) high-resolution temporal changes in the aerial extent of glacially exposed lithological units and glacial
flour.
Sensitivity of land–atmosphere coupling strength to changing atmospheric temperature and moisture over Europe
Authors: Jach Lisa , Schwitalla Thomas , Branch Oliver , Warrach-Sagi Kirsten , Wulfmeyer Volker 
Published: January 2022

Abstract. The quantification of land–atmosphere coupling strength is still challenging, particularly in the atmospheric segment of the local coupling process chain. This is in part caused by a lack of spatially comprehensive observations of atmospheric temperature and specific humidity which form the verification basis for the common process-based coupling metrics. In this study, we aim at investigating where uncertainty in the atmospheric temperature and moisture affects the land–atmosphere coupling strength over Europe, and how changes in the mean temperature and moisture, as well as their vertical gradients, influence the coupling. For this purpose, we implemented systematic a posteriori modifications to the temperature and moisture fields from a regional climate simulation to create a spread in the atmospheric conditions. Afterwards, the process-based coupling metric convective triggering potential – low-level humidity index framework was applied to each modification case. Comparing all modification cases to the unmodified control case revealed
that a strong coupling hotspot region in northeastern Europe was insensitive to temperature and moisture changes, although the number of
potential coupling days varied by up to 20 d per summer season. The
predominance of positive feedbacks remained unchanged in the northern part
of the hotspot, and none of the modifications changed the frequent inhibition of feedbacks due to dry conditions in the atmosphere over the Mediterranean and the Iberian Peninsula. However, in the southern hotspot region in the north of the Black Sea, the dominant coupling class frequently switched between wet soil advantage and transition zone. Thus, both the coupling strength and the predominant sign of feedbacks were sensitive to changes in temperature and moisture in this region. This implies not only uncertainty in the quantification of land–atmosphere coupling strength but also the potential that climate-change-induced temperature and moisture changes considerably impact the climate there, because they also change the predominant atmospheric response to land surface wetness.