bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ambipolar diffusion: Self-similar solutions and MHD code testing
Authors: Moreno-Insertis F. , Nóbrega-Siverio D. , Priest E. R. , Hood A. W. 
Published: March 2022

Context. Ambipolar diffusion is a process occurring in partially ionised astrophysical systems that imparts a complicated mathematical and physical nature to Ohm’s law. The numerical codes that solve the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations have to be able to deal with the singularities that are naturally created in the system by the ambipolar diffusion term.
Aims. The global aim is to calculate a set of theoretical self-similar solutions to the nonlinear diffusion equation with cylindrical symmetry that can be used as tests for MHD codes which include the ambipolar diffusion term.
Methods. First, following the general methods developed in the applied mathematics literature, we obtained the theoretical solutions as eigenfunctions of a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. Phase-plane techniques were used to integrate through the singularities at the locations of the nulls, which correspond to infinitely sharp current sheets. In the second half of the paper, we consider the use of these solutions as tests for MHD codes. To that end, we used the Bifrost code, thereby testing the capabilities of these solutions as tests as well as (inversely) the accuracy of Bifrost’s recently developed ambipolar diffusion module.
Results. The obtained solutions are shown to constitute a demanding, but nonetheless viable, test for MHD codes that incorporate ambipolar diffusion. Detailed tabulated runs of the solutions have been made available at a public repository. The Bifrost code is able to reproduce the theoretical solutions with sufficient accuracy up to very advanced diffusive times. Using the code, we also explored the asymptotic properties of our theoretical solutions in time when initially perturbed with either small or finite perturbations.
Conclusions. The functions obtained in this paper are relevant as physical solutions and also as tests for general MHD codes. They provide a more stringent and general test than the simple Zeldovich-Kompaneets-Barenblatt-Pattle solution.
Moderner Ultraschall in der Diagnostik Neuromuskulärer
Erkrankungen
Authors: Fisse Anna Lena , Pitarokoili Kalliopi , Schreiber Stefanie 
Published: March 2022

ZusammenfassungDer neuromuskuläre Ultraschall hat sich in den letzten Jahren zu einem
festen Bestandteil in der neurologischen Diagnostik entwickelt. Dazu tragen auch
die fortwährende technische Weiterentwicklung der Methode und ihr
unkomplizierter und nebenwirkungsfreier Einsatz direkt am Patienten bei. Im
klinischen Alltag wird der Ultraschall in der Diagnostik und
Differentialdiagnostik sowie in der Verlaufskontrolle traumatischer
Nervenläsionen, sekundärer und dynamischer nervaler
Kompressionssyndrome, hereditärer und akuter sowie chronisch autoimmuner
Polyneuropathien, Motoneuron- und Muskelerkrankungen verwendet. Dabei spielt die
Ultraschalldiagnostik auch zunehmend eine Rolle für
Therapieentscheidungen, v.a. im Hinblick auf die operative Versorgung und den
Einsatz oder die Fortführung immunmodulatorischer Medikamente. In den
nächsten Jahren ist eine weitere interdisziplinäre Verbreitung
und fortwährend zunehmende Standardisierung der Methode zu erwarten.
Penismetastase eines Speicheldrüsenkarzinoms der Zungenbasis: Ein Fallbeispiel
Authors: Tischler Tamara , Trenti Emanuela , Basciu Maria , Hanspeter Esther , Pycha Armin , Kafk Mona , Comploj Evi 
Published: March 2022

ZusammenfassungWir berichten über einen 64-jährigen Patienten mit einer Penismetastase zehn Jahre nach Erstdiagnose eines polymorphen Adenokarzinoms der kleinen Speicheldrüsen der Zungenbasis. Unserer Kenntnis gibt es bis dato nur zwei in der Literatur beschriebene Fälle.
Effect of Stimulus Intensity Level on Auditory Middle Latency Response Brain Maps in Human Adults
Authors: Tucker Denise A. , Dietrich Susan , McPherson David L. , Salamat Mimi T. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAuditory middle latency response (AMLR) brain maps were obtained in 11 young adults with normal hearing. AMLR waveforms were elicited with monaural clicks presented at three stimulus intensity levels (50, 70, and 90 dB nHL). Recordings were made for right and left ear stimulus presentations. All recordings were obtained in an eyes open/awake status for each subject. Peak-to-peak amplitudes and absolute latencies of the AMLR Pa and Pb waveforms were measured at the Cz electrode site. Pa and Pb waveforms were present 100 percent of the time in response to the 90 dB nHL presentation. The prevalence of Pa and Pb to the 70 dB nHL presentation varied from 86 to 95 percent. The prevalence of Pa and Pb to the 50 dB nHL stimulus never reached 100 percent, ranging in prevalence from 77 to 68 percent. No significant ear effect was seen for amplitude or latency measures of Pa or Pb. AMLR brain maps of the voltage field distributions of Pa and Pb waveforms showed different topographic features. Scalp topography of the Pa waveform was altered by a reduction in stimulus intensity level. At 90 dB nHL, the Pa brain map showed a large positivity midline over the frontal and central scalp areas. At lower stimulus intensity levels, frontal positivity was reduced, and scalp negativity over occipital regions was increased. Pb scalp topography was also altered by a reduction in stimulus intensity level. Varying the stimulus intensity significantly altered Pa and Pb distributions of amplitude and latency measures. Pa and Pb distributions were skewed regardless of stimulus intensity.
Abbreviations: AMLR = auditory middle latency response, EEG = electroencephalography
Effects of Lexical Factors on Word Recognition Among Normal-Hearing and Hearing-Impaired Listeners
Authors: Dirks Donald D. , Takayanagi Sumiko , Moshfegh Anahita 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAn investigation was conducted to examine the effects of lexical difficulty on spoken word recognition among young normal-hearing and middle-aged and older listeners with hearing loss. Two word lists, based on the lexical characteristics of word frequency and neighborhood density and frequency (Neighborhood Activation Model [NAM]), were developed: (1) lexically “easy” words with high word frequency and a low number and frequency of words phonemically similar to the target word and (2) lexically “hard” words with low word frequency and a high number and frequency of words phonemically similar to the target word. Simple and transformed up-down adaptive strategies were used to estimate performance levels at several locations on the performance-intensity functions of the words. The results verified predictions of the NAM and showed that easy words produced more favorable performance levels than hard words at an equal intelligibility. Although the slopes of the performanceintensity function for the hearing-impaired listeners were less steep than those of normal-hearing listeners, the effects of lexical difficulty on performance were similar for both groups.
Abbreviations: ANOVA = analysis of variance, CVC = consonant-vowel-consonant, NAM = Neighborhood Activation Model, NU-6 = Northwestern University Auditory Test No. 6, SNR = single-to-noise ratio
Field Measurements of Electromagnetic Interference in Hearing Aids
Authors: Levitt Harry , Harkins Judy , Singer Beth , Yeung Eddy 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis investigation was a preliminary field study to determine the acoustic and perceptual characteristics of hearing aid distortion generated by digital wireless telephones, the usability of the telephones under field conditions, and the extent of bystander interference under field conditions. A two-channel analog-to-digital converter was used to monitor voltages generated by an acoustic (real-ear) and electromagnetic probe. Digital recordings of interference and speech plus interference were made on a laptop computer. Fifty-three hearing aid wearers listened to interference and speech plus interference through personal communication service 1900 and time division multiple access digital wireless telephones and rated them in terms of annoyance experienced and usability of the wireless telephone. Ratings of annoyance were also done for the bystander condition. Approximately 80 percent of the sample rated the telephones as unusable; on the other hand, 70 to 90 percent experienced no annoying interference from telephones being used by another person seated nearby (bystander condition).
Abbreviations: BTE = behind the ear, CDMA = code division multiple access, EM = electromagnetic, PBX = private branch exchange, PCS = personal communication service, RF = radio frequency, TDMA = time division multiple access
Practical Information for Audiologists on Access to Wireless Telephones
Authors: Harkins Judy 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAnalog cellular telephone service is being phased out in favor of digital wireless services, which are less accessible to people with hearing loss. As a result, audiologists can expect to receive an increasing number of inquiries from clients about using wireless telephones with hearing aids and other assistive technologies. In this article, the underlying transmission technology, telephone handset, roaming, and current solutions to accessibility problems are described. Public policy affecting the accessibility of wireless telephones to people with hearing loss is explained. Alternatives to wireless voice services are explored, and resources for information in a quickly changing industry are provided.
Abbreviations: CDMA = code division multiple access, FCC = Federal Communications Commission, GSM = Global System Mobile Communications, HAC = hearing aid compatible, TDMA = time division multiple access, TTY = text telephone
Hearing Aid and Cellular Telephone Compatibility: Working Toward Solutions
Authors: Berger H. Stephen 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe ability of hearing aid wearers to use cellular telephones using digital transmission formats has become a prominent issue. This article presents the requirements, technical challenges, and emerging standards for the combined use of hearing aids with cellular telephones.
Abbreviations: ANSI = American National Standards Institute, FCC = Federal Communications Commission, RF = radio frequency
The planning and reflection of police use of force training: a German case study
Authors: Staller Mario S. , Koerner Swen , Heil Valentina , Abraham Andrew , Poolton Jamie 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe current study aimed to elicit the planning and reflecting processes of police trainers with regards to the delivery of police training. Four police trainers were explicitly asked about their planning for and reflecting on training sessions. In total 34 interviews were conducted (17 pre, 17 post) and analysed. The results indicated that police trainers employ two main strategies to progress their learners towards the aims of the training session. First, they focus on making the learning experience fun and second, they point out the relevance of the to be learnt skills by creating the demand, showcasing mistakes and then subsequently focusing on developing the needed skills in isolated contexts. However, the data indicated that police trainers were generally deficient in their capability to set training session objectives and to align their delivery of training in a coherent and effective way. Furthermore, higher levels of reflection of the delivery of the training session were almost absent. The results identify a need for professional development for police trainers in the areas of planning and reflection.
Habitat-specific performance of high-frequency acoustic telemetry tags in a tropical marine environment
Authors: Matley J. K. , Vargas-Araya L. , Fisk A. T. , Espinoza M. 
Published: March 2022

High-frequency (>175 kHz) acoustic telemetry transmitters are increasingly being used to track the movements of small fishes and other aquatic organisms. These transmitters, which are often smaller than conventional types, have primarily been used in freshwater, yet limited information is available on their efficacy in estuarine or marine environments. This study quantified detection ranges (DR) of 180-kHz tags and potential environmental factors influencing detection probability in three different habitats within a large embayment in Costa Rica. Mangrove (DR at 50% detection efficiency; DR50 = 121.0 m ± 8.1 s.e.) and transitional estuarine (DR50 = 145.6 m ± 12.2) habitats had relatively high detection ranges, albeit smaller than similar studies in freshwater, highlighting the effectiveness of using this frequency in tropical marine environments. By contrast, performance within rocky reef habitat was poor (DR50 consistently <0 m), which may have been caused by the heterogeneous bottom structure or close proximity detection interference (CPDI) due to ambient noise. This study provides novel information on the performance of high-frequency acoustic tags in a tropical marine environment serving as an important case study as investigations of the spatial ecology of small fishes in both marine and freshwater become more common.
Adaptive Monte Carlo augmented with normalizing flows
Authors: Gabrié Marylou , Rotskoff Grant M. , Vanden-Eijnden Eric 
Published: March 2022

SignificanceMonte Carlo methods, tools for sampling data from probability distributions, are widely used in the physical sciences, applied mathematics, and Bayesian statistics. Nevertheless, there are many situations in which it is computationally prohibitive to use Monte Carlo due to slow “mixing” between modes of a distribution unless hand-tuned algorithms are used to accelerate the scheme. Machine learning techniques based on generative models offer a compelling alternative to the challenge of designing efficient schemes for a specific system. Here, we formalize Monte Carlo augmented with normalizing flows and show that, with limited prior data and a physically inspired algorithm, we can substantially accelerate sampling with generative models.
Assessing the roles of nitrogen, biomass, and niche dimensionality as drivers of species loss in grassland communities
Authors: Band Nir , Kadmon Ronen , Mandel Micha , DeMalach Niv 
Published: March 2022

Significance
Nutrient enrichment of natural ecosystems is a primary characteristic of the Anthropocene and a known cause of biodiversity loss, particularly in grasslands. In a global meta-analysis of 630 resource addition experiments, we conduct a simultaneous test of the three most prominent explanations of this phenomenon. Our results conclusively indicate that nitrogen is the leading cause of species loss. This result is important because of the increase in nitrogen deposition and the frequent use of nitrogen-based fertilizers worldwide. Our findings provide global-scale, experimental evidence that minimizing nitrogen inputs to ecological systems may help to conserve the diversity of grassland ecosystems.
Discovering disease-causing pathogens in resource-scarce Southeast Asia using a global metagenomic pathogen monitoring system
Authors: Bohl Jennifer A. , Lay Sreyngim , Chea Sophana , Ahyong Vida , Parker Daniel M. , Gallagher Shannon , Fintzi Jonathan , Man Somnang , Ponce Aiyana , Sreng Sokunthea , Kong Dara , Oliveira Fabiano , Kalantar Katrina , Tan Michelle , Fahsbender Liz , Sheu Jonathan , Neff Norma , Detweiler Angela M. , Yek Christina , Ly Sokna , Sath Rathanak , Huch Chea , Kry Hok , Leang Rithea , Huy Rekol , Lon Chanthap , Tato Cristina M. , DeRisi Joseph L. , Manning Jessica E. 
Published: March 2022

Significance
Metagenomic pathogen sequencing offers an unbiased approach to characterizing febrile illness. In resource-scarce settings with high biodiversity, it is critical to identify disease-causing pathogens in order to understand burden and to prioritize efforts for control. Here, metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) characterization of the pathogen landscape in Cambodia revealed diverse vector-borne and zoonotic pathogens irrespective of age and gender as risk factors. Identification of key pathogens led to changes in national program surveillance. This study is a “real world” example of the use of mNGS surveillance of febrile individuals, executed in-country, to identify outbreaks of vector-borne, zoonotic, and other emerging pathogens in a resource-scarce setting.
Strain and rupture of HIV-1 capsids during uncoating
Authors: Yu Alvin , Lee Elizabeth M. Y. , Briggs John A. G. , Ganser-Pornillos Barbie K. , Pornillos Owen , Voth Gregory A. 
Published: March 2022

SignificanceThe mature capsids of HIV-1 are transiently stable complexes that self-assemble around the viral genome during maturation, and uncoat to release preintegration complexes that archive a double-stranded DNA copy of the virus in the host cell genome. However, a detailed view of how HIV cores rupture remains lacking. Here, we elucidate the physical properties involved in capsid rupture using a combination of large-scale all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and cryo-electron tomography. We find that intrinsic strain on the capsid forms highly correlated patterns along the capsid surface, along which cracks propagate. Capsid rigidity also increases with high strain. Our findings provide fundamental insight into viral capsid uncoating.
North and South: Naming practices and the hidden dimension of global disparities in knowledge production
Authors: Castro Torres Andrés F. , Alburez-Gutierrez Diego 
Published: March 2022

Significance
Contemporary social sciences aim to be diverse and inclusive, but traces of the historical dominance of Western European and North American academic institutions persist in scientific practices. One such practice is the phrasing of article titles. Our analysis shows that articles studying the global North are systematically less likely to mention the name of the country they study in their title compared to articles on the global South. This constitutes, potentially, an unwarranted claim on universality and may lead to lesser recognition of global South studies. Social and behavioral scientists must reflect on the phrasing of their article titles to avoid reproducing harmful relations of intellectual domination which limit inclusivity and constitute a barrier to the generalizability of scientific knowledge.
Epigenetic MRI: Noninvasive imaging of DNA methylation in the brain
Authors: Lam Fan , Chu James , Choi Ji Sun , Cao Chang , Hitchens T. Kevin , Silverman Scott K. , Liang Zhi-Pei , Dilger Ryan N. , Robinson Gene E. , Li King C. 
Published: March 2022

Significance
Dynamic epigenetic activity is a fundamental mechanism underpinning how the brain changes its function during development and aging and in response to environmental and disease stimuli. We developed a technology called epigenetic MRI (eMRI) that enables noninvasive imaging of DNA methylation in the brain, a major epigenetic mechanism. eMRI reveals strong regional differences in global DNA methylation in pig brains, a model with stronger resemblance to human brains than are rodents. Given the noninvasive nature of eMRI, our results pave the way for a DNA-methylation imaging paradigm for living human brains. We expect eMRI to enable many studies to unravel the molecular control of brain function and disease.
EMI as discursive positioning
Authors: Trent John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Set against a background of societal pressure and preference for English language education in Hong Kong, this paper explores the policy and practice of English medium instruction (EMI) from the perspective of one group of content subject teachers. Grounded in Bakhtin’s dialogism, the paper reports the results of a qualitative study that used in-depth interviews to explore the perspectives and experiences of these teachers as they implement EMI policy in Hong Kong schools. The results reveal the existence of several discourses of EMI in Hong Kong that position the teachers at community, institutional, and professional levels. The results also suggest that the interplay of EMI discourses can offer content subject teachers positions which they regard as undesirable. Suggestions for ensuring that the voices of these teachers are heard within the context of teacher professional development opportunities in EMI settings are considered and implications for future research are discussed.
L2 processing of filled gaps
Authors: Dong Zhiyin Renee , Han Chao , Hestvik Arild , Hermon Gabriella 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper investigates how late L2 learners resolve filler-gap dependencies (FGD) in real-time and how proficiency and working memory (WM) modulate their brain responses in an event-related potential (ERP) experiment. A group of intermediate to highly proficient Mandarin Chinese learners of English listened to sentences such as “The zebra that the hippo kissed *the camel on the nose ran far away,” in which the extra noun phrase “the camel” created a ‘filled-gap’ effect. The results show that although L2 behavioral responses are comparable to native speakers and are positively correlated with proficiency and WM span, the brain responses to the filled gap are qualitatively different. Importantly, L2 processing patterns did not become more nativelike with higher proficiency levels or greater WM capacity. Specifically, while the native speakers exhibited a P600 typically observed for syntactic violations and repair, the L2 group produced a prefrontal-central positivity. Similar ERPs have previously been reported to reflect domain-general attentional and non-structural-based processes, suggesting that the L2 group has a reduced sensitivity to structural requirements for gap positing in the online resolution of FGDs. Our findings are discussed in light of various proposals accounting for L1-L2 processing differences, including the Shallow Structure Hypothesis.
Openness to experience, absorption-like states, and the aesthetic, explanatory, and pragmatic effects of literary reading
Authors: Kuiken Don , Douglas Shawn , Kuijpers Moniek 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAlthough several measures of reading engagement (e.g., absorption, immersion) have been developed in recent years, the possibility that they reflect different constructs has not been systematically examined. The present study investigated two factorially independent forms of reading engagement measured by the Absorption-Like States Questionnaire (ASQ;Kuiken & Douglas, 2017,2018). We examined whether (a) expressive enactment (ASQ-EE) and integrative comprehension (ASQ-IC) differentially predict aesthetic, explanatory, and pragmatic reading outcomes; (b) whether the components and outcomes of ASQ-EE and ASQ-IC differ from those of another measure of reading engagement (the Story World Absorption Scale, SWAS;Kuijpers et al., 2014), and (c) whether ASQ-EE and ASQ-IC are differentially related to two measures of trait openness to experience: the Tellegen Absorption Scale (Tellegen & Atkinson, 1974) and the Big Five Aspects Scale for Openness/Intellect;DeYoung et al., 2007).
Infinite-derivative linearized gravity in convolutional form
Authors: Heredia Carlos , Kolář Ivan , Llosa Josep , Maldonado Torralba Francisco José , Mazumdar Anupam 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article aims to transform the infinite-order Lagrangian density for ghost-free infinite-derivative linearized gravity into non-local form. To achieve it, we use the theory of generalized functions and the Fourier transform in the space of tempered distributions

S

′

. We show that the non-local operator domain is not defined on the whole functional space but on a subset of it. Moreover, we prove that these functions and their derivatives are bounded in all

R

3

and, consequently, the Riemann tensor is regular and the scalar curvature invariants do not present any spacetime singularity. Finally, we explore what conditions we need to satisfy so that the solutions of the linearized equations of motion exist in

S

′

.