bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Excellent Acting and Upright Character
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Rosenstrauch’s years as an actor in Mecklenburg-Schwerin between 1800 and 1804. He had left Kassel in 1800 for a new engagement with the ducal court theater in Schwerin. The chapter opens with his trip from Kassel to Schwerin, explaining the challenges of traveling between the fragmented states of the Holy Roman Empire and the historical and socioeconomic peculiarities of the Baltic region of Europe to which Mecklenburg belonged. It then describes the differences between Hesse-Kassel and Mecklenburg-Schwerin. In contrast to Hesse, Mecklenburg was dominated by serf-owning nobles, and enlightened absolutism had made few inroads. As a result, the ducal capital, Schwerin, was too small to support a permanent theater, so Rosenstrauch’s troupe, directed by Karl Ludwig Krickeberg, spent much of the year on tour. These tours influenced its theatrical work and took it to places that illustrated the diversity of premodern Germany, including the seaport of Rostock, the beach resort of Doberan, and the Swedish exclave of Stralsund. In Rostock, Rosenstrauch renewed his participation in Freemasonry, which was to be an important aspect of his life for the next two decades.
The Land of Extremes
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the connections between the Holy Roman Empire and Russia. In spring 1804 Rosenstrauch agreed to accept an engagement with the German theater of St. Petersburg. The chapter explores the historical background of the migration of Germans to Russia, and the information and ideas about Russia that were available in Enlightenment Germany in Rosenstrauch’s time. It then describes his preparations as he readied himself for departure: his successful quest for promotion to a higher masonic rank; his attempt (apparently unsuccessful) to divorce his wife; and, as a legal precondition for seeking a divorce, his conversion to Lutheranism. Drawing on accounts by other Germans of the period, the chapter concludes by describing his likely experience sailing on the busy commercial shipping lane through the Baltic to Kronstadt, the port of St. Petersburg.
A So-Called Cosmetics Store
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Freemasonry and international commerce are the focus of this chapter. Rosenstrauch joined a St. Petersburg Masonic lodge in 1806 and, within a few years, became its chairman. The chapter discusses the revival of Russian Freemasonry under Alexander I and the similarities and differences between Masonic life in Russia and Germany. Thanks (apparently) to connections he formed in his Masonic lodge, Rosenstrauch was able to become a merchant of so-called cosmetics, that is, imported luxury goods, but first he had to be naturalized as a Russian subject and become a member of the Russian merchant estate. To make sense of these events, the chapter explores the Russian system of social estates, the process of naturalization for foreigners, the organization of the trade in luxury imports, the specific role of Germans as cultural intermediaries between Russia and the West, and the perils and opportunities of becoming a merchant at a time when Napoleon’s embargo against Great Britain (the Continental System) was strangling Russia’s foreign trade.
The Real Russia
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10 provides an introduction to the interior of Russia. In 1811, Rosenstrauch moved to Moscow to open a “cosmetics” shop there. The first part of the chapter reconstructs his likely experience on the trip to Moscow from St. Petersburg: the system of postal relay stations (iam) that made swift long-distance travel possible; the encounter with the vastness, emptiness, and poverty of the Russian countryside; and the visible signs of the reforming power of the imperial regime, such as the canal system linking Europe with Asia. Drawing on the writings of other travelers, this section also considers the reflections about the Russian social system that such a trip inspired, and discusses the debates among contemporaries about the morality of serfdom, the spread of luxury goods in the provinces, and the civilizing potential of Russia’s authoritarian regime. The second part of the chapter describes Moscow’s role as the premier gathering place for much of the Russian nobility, and the important role that foreign luxury-goods merchants played in Russian noble life as well as the hostility that their activities attracted from Russian nationalists and social critics.
A Man of Consequence
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on society and culture in Moscow between 1812 and 1820. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Emperor Alexander I tried to strengthen the bonds among European states, and also within Russian and European society, on the basis of an ideology that combined conservative and liberal elements and was influenced by the Pietistic religiosity of the Awakening. This chapter shows how the framework of Alexander’s postwar policies allowed Rosenstrauch to reach the peak of his worldly success. It explores how he built a strong business and, through the marriages of his son and daughter, an influential family network; how he positioned himself among the diverse currents of contemporary Lutheranism and became a leading lay member of his congregation; and how he built a large Masonic organization and developed his own understanding of the meaning of Freemasonry. It also describes the backlash that he and others like him faced, both from liberal Russian nationalists who resented the wealth and influence of immigrant merchants, and from conservatives who, after the revolutions in Southern Europe in 1820–1, accused the Freemasons of being revolutionaries. The chapter concludes with the personal crisis that he experienced in 1820, which led him to leave his business and seek to become a pastor in Odessa, in the frontier area on the Black Sea called New Russia.
New Russia
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 13 is about New Russia, the region along the Black Sea coast that Russia had annexed under Catherine II. The Russian government encouraged the colonization of the area by settlers, including large numbers of immigrants from Germany. Rosenstrauch’s aim was to become a pastor among these settlers. The chapter begins with his trip from Moscow to Odessa, examining the geography, history, and ethnic makeup of the spaces he crossed, and how the character of these regions—particularly the fertile south Russian and Ukrainian farmlands, the sparsely settled steppe, and the multiethnic boomtown of Odessa—were depicted by contemporaries. Then it describes the efforts of the Russian government to find Protestant and Catholic clergy for the region, and the challenges that clergymen faced from the difficult frontier environment and the unruly foreign settlers. Finally, the chapter discusses the unusual way in which Rosenstrauch was able to become a minister despite his lack of conventional credentials, and the formative influence that his experience in Odessa had on his development as a pastor.
The Sage of Kharkov
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the last thirteen years of Rosenstrauch’s life (1822–35), during which he was the Lutheran pastor of Kharkov. Several themes take center stage. One is his management of his congregation. The Russian Empire’s ruling institutions under Nicholas I were growing more professional, but also more hierarchical and bureaucratic; Rosenstrauch did his part by putting the previously disorganized Kharkov congregation on a solid institutional footing. However, his checkered personal history made him personally a perennial outsider in the institutional church. The consequences of this are the chapter’s second theme: he was portrayed as a threat to Russia’s institutions by people who tried to implicate him in the Decembrist revolt and other alleged revolutionary conspiracies, and he found spiritual companionship mainly outside the official church institutions, in informal relations with Pietist fellow believers and efforts to bring the Gospel to congregants on their deathbeds.
Honored Citizens
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how Rosenstrauch’s family tried to adapt to the world of capitalism, nationalism, and bourgeois culture of the nineteenth century. The central figure is Rosenstrauch’s son Wilhelm, who carried on his father’s business in Moscow until his death in 1870. The chapter has two principal themes: the succession of generations, and the evolution of Russian society. Wilhelm had painful memories of the 1790s and 1800s: his parents’ separation, his father’s social marginality as an actor, and the hardships of his family’s early years in Russia. Formed by these experiences of disruption and insecurity, Wilhelm, like many European bourgeois after the Napoleonic Wars, was a forceful but conservative personality and sought above all order and respectability. These qualities allowed him to flourish during the reign of Nicholas I, whose regime wanted to foster a bourgeoisie that would help modernize Russia but be loyal to the autocratic political order. In the 1830s–1850s, Wilhelm was a prominent figure in Moscow society: he was a leading merchant, a philanthropist, a leader in his Lutheran congregation, the consul of Prussia, and a friend of Russian literati (Mikhail Pogodin was a relative and close friend), and he achieved the coveted social status of hereditary honored citizen. In the 1860s, however, Russia was transformed by the Great Reforms, even as Wilhelm himself was growing old and rigid and refused to cede control of his business to the next generation. The final denouement was a calamitous financial scandal, caused by Wilhelm’s son, that led to a lengthy trial, bankruptcy proceedings, and finally the collapse of the Rosenstrauch family business.
Kantian Commitments
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The ten essays collected here represent a series of efforts to rethink many of the fundamentals of Kant’s ethics and to draw out some implications for moral theory and practice. The five essays of Part One revisit and revise several core pieces of Kant’s moral framework, offering a new understanding of the formulas of the categorical imperative, revisiting the idea of making exceptions, and deepening the contrast between Kant’s project and other deontologies (especially recent contractualisms). The key is to take seriously the idea that what Kant gives us is a theory of moral reasoning, with standards of validity and soundness that position moral judgment to explicate the connection between our rational natures and our duties. Part Two takes on some less familiar topics: the ideas behind Kant’s moralized view of history; the implications of a Kantian view of morality for social pluralism; the fit of Kant’s conception of moral psychology with theories of normal human development; the implausible argument about our duties to animals; and last, how to understand the place of the idea of the highest good in a morally good life. The overall aim of these essays is to show that we are far from having a settled account of core Kantian commitments and to initiate a program of inquiry to peel away assumptions brought to the texts that introduce questions their arguments were not meant to answer. The more straightforward readings of central arguments remove obstacles to appreciating Kantian theory’s ambition and scale.
Reasoning to Obligation
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers an attractive simplification of some of the basic elements of Kant’s moral philosophy that hinge on our interpretation of the categorical imperative, especially in its universal law formulation. It takes as its point of departure the idea that if the will is practical reason, good willing is correct reasoning. It’s a small adjustment with extensive ramifications, especially as it resists the misguided psychologizing of Kant’s account of moral action and motivation. New interpretations are offered of the formula of universal law (and law of nature), what it means to act “from duty” (and why overdetermination of motive is not a problem for moral worth), the independence of the nonmoral imperatives, and the need for moral premises as conditions of sound practical reasoning.
Making Exceptions
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The standard line about Kantian ethics is that as an ethics of duty it can brook no exceptions, no matter how awful the results of acting from duty. This chapter argues that the standard line misunderstands what a Kantian ethics of duty is, and where, in the deliberative structure of a duty, its necessity lies. What duties rule out are exceptions to their requirement for self-interest as such. Various contexts of self-killing are explored to make this point. And it is explained why the discretion that comes with an imperfect duty like beneficence is not a matter of making exceptions to a general duty at all.
A Mismatch of Methods
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses Derek Parfit’s aim in On What Matters to produce an extended and inventive critical reconstruction of Kant’s ethics in a hybrid contractualism. The mismatch is immediate. Contrary to Parfit’s view, Kantian theory sees objective goodness as a function of, not independent of, moral principle. Other fundamental differences follow, from the scope of moral wrongness to the role of motive in action assessment. Parfit also claims that Kantian theory has too little to say about the nonmoral ends we prize, its prohibitions indifferent to the costs they impose. In response, the chapter reintroduces Kant’s deliberative reasoning account of morality, emphasizing the work of obligatory ends as premises of moral reasoning that encourage the development of nonmoral ends. A discussion of the necessary lie closes the chapter, showing how the deliberative theory is not trapped in the kind of rigid duty-following that is indifferent to outcomes.
Kantian Commitments
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter starts with the idea that when competing moral theories adjust to each other’s attractive parts in a ptolemaic manner, the resulting theory is neither satisfactory nor stable. Contemporary contractualists who align themselves with Kantian aversion to maximizing principle in just this way not surprisingly miss the core commitments of Kantian moral theory and inadvertently drift towards consequentialism. Their mistake is in regarding reasons as primitive and the moral relevance of states of affairs that reasons track as about benefits and burdens. But the core commitment of Kantian theory begins in reasoning: to actions, ends, and principles. Reasons and interests enter only as justified in relation to the conditions of rational and moral agency. The chapter argues that the deliberative structure about the choice of ends, both for individuals and for their social environment, shows Kantian ethics, often treated as a retrospective, individualist view, has natural continuity with forward-looking social and political philosophy.
A Habitat for Humanity
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In his Idea for a Universal History with a Cosmopolitan Aim Kant suggests that we should tell the story of the development of reason and so of morality as the result of blind (even nasty) historical processes that have mature reason and morality as their telos. This chapter seeks to understand the point of this conjecture, and considers how it comports with the activity of good moral agents who seem just a by-product of a non-moral process. The key is in the idea of a proleptic effect: the emergent idea of a possible occurrence (a moral order) the understanding of which contributes essentially to bringing it about.
Religion and the Highest Good
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
John Rawls once said that Kant’s turn to religion was a disappointment. That verdict missed some of the non-foundational parts of religion that Kant investigates in the second and third parts of Religion within the Boundaries of Mere Reason. This chapter looks at the contribution Kant saw religion making in managing anxieties about the sufficiency of even good moral character. Using Christianity as an example (scripture and church), Kant shows how it can be read as reconciling persons with the deep challenges of moral subjectivity. His argument suggests that the same value might also be had through the discipline of progressive collective action.
Topological features of DMMs
Authors: Di Ventra Massimiliano 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This Chapter shows that DMMs employ critical points and trajectories between them (instantons) to efficiently solve combinatorial optimization problems. It does so by introducing supersymmetric Topological Field Theory. It then shows that temporal and spatial dynamical long-range order emerges during the dynamics of DMMs. This is key for their efficient exploration of the phase space.
Genetic Criticism and Related Fields of Study
Authors: Van Hulle Dirk 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Genetic criticism is not an isolated discipline. It plays a natural role in an ecosystem of related fields of study, such as bibliography, book history, archive studies, filologia d’autore, variantistica, writing studies, digital humanities, and scholarly editing. Usually ‘textual scholarship’ is employed as the umbrella term covering these fields of study, which have been compartmentalized for decades. It is time for a rapprochement, and the digital medium is a great catalyst in this process. Rather than mere pigeonholes, these fields are interconnected areas of study that can inform each other in innovative ways, especially by way of digital scholarly editing. This chapter discusses the place of genetic criticism in this ecosystem of literary and textual scholarship.
Compiling a Genetic Dossier
Authors: Van Hulle Dirk 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Notebooks, marginalia, manuscripts, and typescripts (even if one works with scans) give a concrete dimension to literature. Their study can be a helpful reading strategy. On the one hand, this involves concrete, transferable skills such as aspects of transcription and digital scholarly editing. On the other hand, it also involves more abstract theoretical issues. This chapter focuses on the concrete skills, starting with discerning different types of documents and draft material, such as field notes, commonplace books, reading notes, maps, lists, sketches, diaries, letters, digital drafts, fair copies, typescripts, carbon copies, foldings and gatherings, annotated editions, or production notes. It also zooms in on the temporal dimension of literature: (absolute and relative) chronology as the backbone of the literary genesis, along the two axes of narrative sequence and the chronology of versions. Practical skills such as transcription and digitization are discussed, as well as the relevance of (intradocument and interdocument) variants.
Ecologies of Writing
Authors: Van Hulle Dirk 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In science and scholarship, modelling is often used to purposefully simplify complex processes. In the case of genetic criticism, these processes are of a creative nature. They either have resulted in a work of art or at least have left traces. By means of these traces, genetic criticism tries to reverse-engineer the complex process, resulting in various models. One of these models is the ‘ecology’. This chapter discusses writers’ libraries as creative ecologies. A single document can be an ecology in its own right, for instance when a notebook fills up with notes and becomes such a stimulating creative space that a writer only reluctantly leaves it when it is full. Another ecology is the interactions with confidants, editors, censor, critics, and translators that constitute the sociology of writing, involving collaborative revision, editorial collaboration, censorship and self-censorship, collaborative translation, adaptations, collaborations for performance, or writing on commission. The author’s own writings can become an ecology as well, as concurrent projects often influence each other. The chapter ends with a discussion of this creative concurrence.
‘Sentenced to Die as in Cases of High Treason’
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter surveys the English Catholic martyrologies of the sixteenth century up until the early 1580s. It distinguishes the martyr texts of the Henrician Reformation from those which were generated in and after the late 1570s. It reintegrates Catholic claims about persecution into some of the more recent accounts of a mid-Elizabethan political crisis and, more specifically, of what happened when the discontents of contemporary puritanism expressed themselves via critiques of royal policy. Here, the queen confronted those who disliked her preferred politique methods of dealing with religious dissent and of trying to construct European dialogues and alliances without resort to what some saw as a European ‘Protestant cause’. From a position in the 1560s where external political forces meant that there was often an incentive for those in authority not to identify public expressions of Catholicism with sedition, despite the Northern Rebellion of 1569, the papal bull of excommunication Regnans in Excelsis, and then the Ridolfi conspiracy, we arrive at a point in the later 1570s and the early 1580s when that was exactly what some of the queen’s councillors did. Front and centre here we have the two Jesuit priests, Edmund Campion and Robert Persons. Their high-profile intervention in the politics of the queen’s diplomacy with the French court, often referred to as the ‘Anjou match’ negotiations, provoked a raft of new legislation in parliament and a violent reaction from the regime to what it interpreted as Catholic treasons.
After Campion
Authors: Questier Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with the aftermath of the regime’s decision to prosecute Edmund Campion and his associates. Having introduced new legislation to thwart the perceived threat from the activism of a Continentally trained Catholic clergy, the regime had baulked at using it against Campion and was then faced with the issue of whether it had trespassed into the realms of actual oppression rather than confining itself to the maintenance of the queen’s safety. Even while a number of Catholics who had gone into separation in response to the Jesuit agitation of 1580–1 now conformed, and others, not least Robert Persons himself, may have been radicalized by, as they saw it, the regime’s injustices, there were those who identified the queen’s real enemies as puritans. In this context, the use of the treason law in and after 1582 remained controversial and provoked more insistent Catholic comment and claims that the regime was in a political crisis of its own making. This led in late 1583 to the exposure of the Throckmorton conspiracy and Lord Burghley’s attempt to impose closure on the debate about loyalty and treason with his pamphlet entitled The Execution of Justice in England.