bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postharvest Seed Maturation of American Ginseng: Stratification Temperatures and Delay of Stratification
Authors: Jo Jaeseong , Blazich Frank A. , Konsler Thomas R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seeds of freshly harvested American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) were stratified at 5°, 10°, 15°, 20°, or 25°C for 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, or 16 weeks. Regardless of the duration of stratification, respiration was usually lowest at 5° and highest at 20°. For temperatures ≥15°, respiration increased with time, reaching a maximum at week 14 and decreasing thereafter. Measurable embryo growth was not detected at 5° and 10°, but at temperatures ≥15°, growth was observed beginning at week 10. By week 16, the greatest embryo growth was attained at 15°, while the greatest percentage of actively growing embryos occurred at 20°. Changes in embryo length closely paralleled those for the embryo: endosperm length ratio. Delaying the initiation of stratification after seed extraction by as little as 10 days reduced embryo growth.
Hot Dip Treatments Reduce Chilling Injury in Long-term Storage of ‘Valencia’ Oranges
Authors: Wild B. L. , Hood C. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Postharvest treatment of ‘Valencia’ oranges [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] with hot dips of water or water suspensions of benomyl (500 mg liter-1) or thiabendazole (TBZ) (1000 mg liter-1) greatly reduced chilling injury (CI) incidence when fruit were stored for 15 weeks at 1°C. The hot TBZ dip treatment was significantly better than the other hot dip treatments for reducing CI. Pretreatment rind injury inflicted to the fruit before cold storage slightly increased CI incidence. Chemical names used: methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate (benomyl); 2-(4-thiazoIyl)-benzimidazole (thiabendazole).
Measurement of Broccoli Respiration Rate in Film-wrapped Packages
Authors: Forney Charles F. , Rij Roger E. , Ross Stanley R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L., Italica Group) was held at 5°C in a stream of humidified air (control) or of humidified 14% O2/10% CO2 (CA), or it was wrapped with a nonperforated flexible polyvinylchloride (PVC) film and held in a humidified (90% to 95% RH) or nonhumidified (40% to 45% RH) stream of air for 3 weeks. Water loss was reduced 17% by the CA treatment and 50% by wrapping the broccoli. Broccoli stored in CA or wrapped in film retained quality significantly better than the controls. Atmosphere composition within packages reached equilibrium within the first 24 hr and did not change significantly over the 3 weeks. Self-generated atmosphere modification was greater within packages held in humidified air than within those held in nonhumidified air (7.8% vs. 13.2% O2; 9.0% vs. 6.7% CO2, respectively). The steady state of atmospheres within packages allowed the calculation of respiration rates of wrapped broccoli by monitoring changes in the air surrounding the package. Oxygen consumption and CO2 production by samples held in CA or in films were reduced 30% to 40% relative to the controls. The respiratory quotient for the CA and humidified wrapped samples was about 1.30, but 1.15 in the control and nonhumidified wrapped samples.
A Rapid Method for Accurately Measuring Oxygen Concentrations in Milliliter Gas Samples
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E. , Strike Terry 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A method is presented for the rapid determination of O2 concentrations in which 1-ml gas samples are injected into a stream of N2 carrier gas flowing through a specific O2 sensor. Specifically, peaks were produced on a strip chart recorder within 2 sec of injecting 1-ml samples into a 15 liters·hr-1 flow of N2 through an Applied Electrochemistry Inc. Model S-3A O2 analyzer. The response to the injection of 10 O2 concentrations ranging from 0.5% to 18.9% was linear (r = 0.9996). The coefficient of variation was < 1.5% for measurements within each O2 concentration; ranging from 1.4% for concentrations <6%, to 0.7% for concentrations >15%. This corresponded to a resolution of better than 0.4 µl O2 in a 1-ml gas sample. Other nondestructive analyzers using similar N2 carrier gas flow rates (e.g., the Horiba PIR-2000 infrared CO2 analyzer) can be attached in series to analyze for other specific gases in the same injected sample.
Germination Requirements of Hovenia dulcis Seeds
Authors: Frett John J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Japanese raisin tree (Hovenia dulcis Thunb.) is grown for ornamental (2, 4), for medicinal and secondary products (4, 6), and for fruit production (5). It is analogous to cashews in that the peduncles are the edible portion of the plant. Seeds of H. dulcis require acid scarification for germination (1, 2, 4), but the literature does not indicate the need for stratification. Germination varies from “uniform germination in 16 days” (2), to ≍ 40% germination (4) following scarification. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum duration of acid scarification and whether stratification would enhance germination.
‘Bounty’ Highbush Blueberry
Authors: Ballington James R. , Mainland C. M. , Duke Susan D. , Draper Arlen D. , Galletta Gene J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Bounty’ is a stem blight-tolerant and cane canker-resistant early-midseason to midseason cultivar of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) ripening at about the same time as ‘Murphy’. It has been a consistent producer of very large fruit, with above-average flavor and excellent color, stem scar, and firmness. ‘Bounty’ flavor does not deteriorate rapidly, as is typical with standard highbush blueberries in eastern North Carolina. The name reflects the abundant crops of very large high-quality fruit produced by this cultivar. Released cooperatively by the North Carolina Agricultural Research Service and the USDA. ‘Bounty’ is intended for fancy fresh fruit production in areas subject to cane canker [Botryosphaeria corticis (Demaree & Wilcox) Arx and Muller] and stem blight [Botryosphaeria dothidea (Mouq. ex Fr.) Ces. & de Not.].
‘Rescue’ Pear
Authors: Norton Robert A. , King Jacqueline , Moulton Gary A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Rescue’ is an early pear (Pyrus communis L.) of large size with vivid orange-red blush and stripe over 40% to 90% of the fruit. It has potential not only for home orchard and garden plantings, but also as an attractive cultivar for roadside markets.
Greenhouse Production of Banana in Morocco
Authors: Janick Jules , Ait-Oubahou A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Morocco, occupying a strategic bridge between Northwest Africa and Europe, has a climate similar to California and Northern Mexico. Horticulturally, Morocco is best known as a source of winter vegetables and citrus for Europe, but the development of a plastic greenhouse industry has catalyzed the export industry. Most of Morocco’s tomato exports are produced in unheated plastic greenhouses. The development of bananas under plastic is a unique achievement of Moroccan horticulture.
A Review of Pear Chimeras: Their Identification and Separation into Pure Types
Authors: Chevreau E. , Decourtye L. , Skirvin Robert M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The occurrence of chimeras, which are often unstable, limits the use of mutants in fruit tree improvement. Several types of spontaneous pear (Pyrus communis L.) chimeras have been described: variegated mutants with a chlorophyll deficiency, red mutants, and cytochimeras. Those that have been studied have proved to be periclinal chimeras, the mutation being present in either the L I, L II, or L III histogenic layer. Two methods have been used to separate these chimeras into pure types: 1) irradiation, which produces homogeneous shoots with L II or L III phenotype and a few new chimeral rearrangements; and 2) root cuttings followed by adventitious shoot regeneration, which produce only pure types, most of them with the L III phenotype. Both methods are time- and space-consuming. In vitro adventitious regeneration is suggested as a new technique to separate pear chimeras into pure types, or to be integrated in a mutagenesis program.
CPPU Influences ‘McIntosh’ Apple Crop Load and Fruit Characteristics
Authors: Greene Duane W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Foliar sprays of 10 and 100 mg·liter-1 CPPU were applied at petal fall of the king blossom (PF) or 18 days later to mature ‘McIntosh’/M.7 apple trees. All CPPU sprays reduced crop load. Treatments at PF reduced the crop to near the desired level of about five to six fruit per cm of limb circumference. Fruit weight was increased 21% and 67%, respectively, by 10 and 100 mg·liter-1 applied at PF. Treatments at PF increased fruit size more than at PF + 18, and 100 mg·liter-1 was more effective than 10 mg·liter-1. At the higher rate and later timing, CPPU appeared to retard ripening. These fruit were firmer, red color development was reduced, and degradation of starch appeared to be delayed. Fruit length : diameter (L:D) ratio and seed number were reduced by treatment at PF + 18 days. Total growth was increased on limbs treated with CPPU at PF + 18 days. CPPU at 10 mg·liter-1 reduced flower bud formation, and at 100 mg·liter-1 it nearly eliminated return bloom when applied at either timing. Chemical name used: N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyI)-N’-phenylurea (CPPU).
Differentiating Pollenizer and Pollinator
Authors: Hershey David R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Byrne (1988) discussed the confusion between the words “pollenizer” and “pollinator”. A mnemonic device to remember the difference between the terms is to associate the “t” in pollinator with the word “transfer”, since the definition of pollinator is “the agent of pollen transfer” (Byrne, 1988).
Germinated Seeds for Field-establishment of Watermelon
Authors: Hall Melvin R. , Ghate Suhas R. , Phatak Sharad C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Field-establishment from germinated ‘Crimson Sweet’ watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb). Matsum. & Nakai] seeds was more rapid than from raw seeds, and differences were greater when soil temperatures ranged from less than the optimum (21.3 to 35.3C) to slightly less than the minimum (15.7C) for watermelon seed germination. Total yields were not influenced by planting methods, but germinated seeds and transplants enhanced early yield in 1983.
Postharvest and Preharvest Summer Pruning of ‘Firebrite’ Nectarine Trees
Authors: Day K. R. , DeJong T. M. , Hewitt A. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effect of postharvest and preharvest summer pruning techniques on photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFD) and yield characteristics were studied in mature ‘Firebrite’ nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees. Treatments 14 days after harvest included unpruned control, hand-topping, interior watersprout removal (WSR), and combination of hand-topping and WSR. All pruning treatments initially increased PPFD within the canopies. Forty-five days after pruning, the topped trees had PPFD similar to unpruned controls, while PPFD in the other treatments remained higher. PPFD were similar for all treatments 90 days after treatment. No significant effects of postharvest pruning on flowering or fruit set were observed during the following year. Preharvest summer pruning (23 and 28 days before harvest), imposed on the same set of trees the following year and consisting of WSR, increased fruit size, weight, and redness relative to unpruned trees.
Winter Protection of Container-grown Woody Ornamentals in Zone 9a
Authors: Cobb Gary S. , Keever Gary J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Four methods of overwintering container-grown ornamental nursery stock were evaluated. Canopy temperatures of plants unprotected or covered with a thin layer of ice closely followed air temperatures during subfreezing conditions; minimum ambient air temperature was – 16C. Canopy temperatures under white copolymer film fluctuated widely, while canopy and growth medium temperatures of plants continuously irrigated during subfreezing temperatures did not drop below 0C. Root injury of all species and foliar injury of azalea (Rhododendron × ‘Due de Rohan’), euonymus (Euonymus japonica Thunb. ‘Microphylla’ H. Jaeg.), and pittosporum [Pittosporum tobira (Thunb.) Ait.] were least when plants were continuously irrigated or covered with white copolymer film. Foliage of Japanese holly (Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Compacta’) and dwarf Burford holly (Ilex cornuta Lindl & Paxt. ‘Burfordii Nana’) was not injured with any treatment. Bark splitting of azaleas was most severe under the thinly iced and white copolymer-covered treatments, less severe in the unprotected treatment, and least with continuous irrigation.
Growth and Flowering of Greenhouse-grown Red Raspberry Treated with Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: Goulart Barbara L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Heritage’ and ‘Titan’ tissue-cultured red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) plants were treated with paclobutrazol (4 and 100 mg/pot), cycocel (250 and 900 mg/pot), ancymidol (2 and 10 mg/pot), daminozide (1000 and 5000 ppm), and benzyladenine (100 ppm). Paclobutrazol and 5000 ppm daminozide decreased node number and height. Only the ‘Heritage’ cultivar flowered, and only the 5000 ppm daminozide treatment increased inflorescence number. ‘Titan’ had greater dry mass and a higher relative growth rate, predominantly due to greater root growth, while ‘Heritage’ was taller by virtue of increased internode elongation. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyI)methyl]-α(1,1-dimethylethy)-1H-l,2,4-triazoIe-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); α-cydopropyl-α-[4-methyoxy-phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); (2-chloroethyI)trimethyl ammonium chloride (cycocel); butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (benzyladenine, BA).
Use of Mefluidide for Turf Overseeding
Authors: Eggens J. L. , Wright C. P. M. , Carey Ken 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effect of mefluidide, a growth regulator, on the growth of annual blue-grass (Poa annua L.) was evaluated under pot culture and field conditions. In pot culture, mefluidide caused a significant reduction in shoot and root dry weight and tiller number of single annual bluegrass plants, and of annual bluegrass planted at high densities. In the latter case, mefluidide also increased the success of ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) overseeded into the annual bluegrass. Overseeding success of ‘Fiesta’ perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in field trials increased significantly with increasing rates of mefluidide. No increase in success was noted in overseeding with creeping bentgrass in the field. There was a minimum detrimental effect of mefluidide to turf quality of the established turf species in the golf course fairway. Chemical names used: N-[2,4-dimethyl-5[[[trifluoromethyl] sulfonyl]amino]phenyl]acetamide (mefluidide).
Isozyme Polymorphism during Rooting at Elevated CO2
Authors: Bhattacharya Nikhil C. , Bhattacharya Sheila , Strain Boyd R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of CO2 enrichment and IAA on adventitious root formation of hypocotyl cuttings of Impatiens balsamina L. ‘Camellia’ were examined. Root numbers increased significantly at 675 and 1000 µl CO2/liter compared to 350 µl liter-1. In the presence of IAA, the number of roots increased at 675 and 1000 µl CO2/liter and the effect was most pronounced with 5 µg IAA/ml at 675 µl CO2/liter. IAA-treated cuttings, compared to those in deionized water, exhibited slightly increased intensities of some of the isoperoxidases coinciding with root initiation and development in a CO2-enriched atmosphere. The data also indicate that at least two isozymes of peroxidase are associated with root development. Chemical names used: l-H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
Auxin Type, Gel Concentration, Rooting, and Survival of Cheiranthera volubilis in Vitro
Authors: Williams Richard R. , Taji Acram M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Auxin promoted rooting in 70% to 95% of in vitro shoot cultures of Cheiranthera volubilis compared with 25% on auxin-free medium. The type of auxin in the medium affected root morphology, which, in turn, affected plantlet survival on transfer to soil. IBA in the medium caused thickened roots or callusing, with poor survival of rooted plantlets (10% to 40%). NAA or NOA alone stimulated thread-like root growth and increased survival (60%). A low gelrite concentration (0.125%) gave good rooting (84%), but reduced plantlet survival (27%), whereas a high concentration of gelrite (0.5%) inhibited rooting (51%) but increased survival (70%). The best combination was 1 µM of NOA in 0.375% gelrite, giving 82% rooting and 65% survival. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); β-naphthoxyacetic acid (NOA).
Soluble Sugars and Respiration of Flavedo Tissue of Grapefruit Stored at Low Temperatures
Authors: Purvis Albert C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study was initiated to determine if differences exist in the rates at which reducing sugars accumulate in the flavedo tissue of interior and exterior canopy ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) during low-temperature storage and if intermittent warming treatments alter the conversion of sucrose to reducing sugars. Sucrose concentrations decreased and reducing sugar concentrations increased in the flavedo tissue of grapefruit stored at 5C. Relative changes in sucrose and reducing sugar concentrations were similar in fruit harvested from interior and exterior canopy positions. Thus, differences in chilling sensitivity of interior and exterior canopy fruit were not related to the concentrations of sugars in the peel tissue. Reducing sugars accumulated and sucrose decreased more rapidly in the flavedo tissue of intermittently warmed grapefruit than in similar tissue of grapefruit held constantly at 5C. Exogenous glucose did not stimulate O2 uptake by grapefruit flavedo tissue in air (21% O2) or in 100% O2 at any time during the harvest season. Dinitrophenol stimulated O2 uptake by tissue in 100% O2, but not in air. Thus, sugar substrate appeared to be adequate to support the respiratory rates of grapefruit flavedo tissue and O2 availability limited respiration. Chilling sensitivity of grapefruit is not directly related to the concentration of reducing sugars per se.
Blossom End Defects and Fruit Fly Infestation in Papayas Following Hot Water Quarantine Treatment
Authors: Zee Francis T. , Nishina Melvin S. , Chan Harvey T. , Nishijima Kate A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Viable larvae of the Oriental fruit fly (Dacus dorsalis Hendel) were found in Carica papaya L. ‘Kapoho’ fruit after hot water double-dip quarantine treatment in Hawaii. Two types of blossom end defects, navel and definite pinhole, were responsible for the failure of the quarantine treatment. These defects resulted from abnormal placental growth near the blossom end of fruit. Defective fruit also had higher incidences of internal infection by Cladosporium sp. and Fusarium spp. A survey conducted in the Puna district of the island of Hawaii showed that the incidence of trees bearing defective fruit ranged from 5.3% to 31%.
Differential Sensitivity of ‘Com-Pact Redhaven’ and ‘Redhaven’ Peach Shoot Tips to BA in Vitro
Authors: Scorza R. , Cordts J. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Shoot tip cultures of ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica L. (Batsch)] and its compact mutant ‘Com-Pact Redhaven’ reacted differentially to exogenous BA in vitro. ‘Com-Pact Redhaven’ produced the highest number of axillary shoots at 30 µm BA, while the maximum proliferation of ‘Redhaven’ occurred at 10 µm BA, with a significant decrease in proliferation at 30 µm BA. At 100 µm BA, axillary shoot proliferation was more than twice as high in ‘Com-Pact Redhaven’ as in ‘Redhaven’ cultures. Maximum increase in total fresh weight of explants occurred at 10 µm BA for both culti-vars, but, at 30 µM BA, fresh weight increase of ‘Redhaven’ was less than half that of ‘Com-Pact Redhaven’. This study suggests that compact growth habit in peach can be selected in vitro based on reaction to BA. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-lH- purin-6-amine (BA), lH/-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
Dormancy-breaking Agents on Acclimation and Deacclimation of Dogwood
Authors: Tanino K. K. , Fuchigami L. H. , Chen T. H. T. , Gusta L. V. , Weiser C. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Hydrogen cyanamide or hot-water treatment (47C) for 1 hr at the 250°GS (Growth Stage) effectively broke rest in dogwood buds within 10 to 12 days. At this growth stage, control plants grown at 25/18C (day/night) maintained an LT50 of –25C throughout the 3-week study period, whereas plants treated with H2CN2 or hot water gradually lost hardiness. After 3 weeks at 5/2C (day/night), the control plants hardened to a hardiness (LT50) of –45C, and H2CN2-treated plants maintained an LT50 of –25C. The results demonstrate that the extent of acclimation and deacclimaton of dogwood plants may be influenced by environmental temperatures and rest status.
Nature and Inheritance of Compact Plant Habit in Cuphea leptopoda Hemsley
Authors: Thompson Anson E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plants with a compact growth habit have been identified in populations of Cuphea leptopoda Hemsley. The primary morphological effect has been shown to be conditioned by a single recessive gene, designated si for shortened internodes. Short internodes on compact plants result in reduced length of the main stem, reduced number and length of both primary and secondary branches, and reduced flowering resulting from a decrease in number of flowers per node on the main stem and branches. The compact growth habit and more concentrated flowering of the shortened-internode plants may have horticultural and agronomic value in new interspecific hybrids being developed.
Prolonged Storage of Grape Nodal Culture Using a Low Concentration of Ammonium Nitrate
Authors: Moriguchi Takaya , Yamaki Shohei 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A convenient method of conserving grape (Vitis labrusca L. cv. Delaware; F. thunbergii; V. vinifera L. cv. Rizamat) was developed by culturing nodal segments in Murashige and Skoog’s medium, but at a lower than normal concentration of ammonium nitrate under standard tissue culture conditions consisting of a 16-hr photo-period at 28C. The cultures had a higher rate of survival after 262 to 290 days of storage under low ammonium nitrate condition than under low temperature (5 or 10C).
In Vitro Propagation of Geraldton Wax: Initiation, Proliferation, and Rooting
Authors: Page Yvonne M. , Visser Johannes H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In vitro propagation of geraldton wax (Chamelaucium uncinatum Schauer) was achieved using nodal explants excised from actively growing shoots of adult plants. Murashige and Skoog basal medium (BM) supplemented with 4.4 μΜ BA was optimum for enhanced axillary shoot growth. Repeated subculturing of in vitro-grown axillary shoots resulted in a propagation rate of 5.7 ± 1.1 (±SE) shoots every 6 weeks. Sixtytwo percent of the shoots obtained by this method rooted on half-strength BM supplemented with 58.4 mM sucrose and 5.0 μΜ NAA. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Measuring Sap Flow in the Stem of Small Trees by a Heat Balance Method
Authors: Valancogne C. , Nasr Z. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A heat balance method has been developed that directly estimates sap volume flow rate (m3s-1). The measuring device involves: a) a heating jacket wound around the stem that delivers constant heat, and b) four thermal sensors (copper-constantan thermocouples) used to measure temperature changes in the sap and thermal gradients at the upstream and downstream ends of the heating jacket. Lateral heat losses, minimized by surrounding the heat jacket with good insulation, are ignored. This method requires no previous calibration since empirical coefficients can be computed when the sap flow is zero. The method has been tested under laboratory conditions on stem segments and in a greenhouse on small potted fruit trees. The results appear satisfactory, especially under high flow conditions.