bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Long Yan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
How does an authoritarian state oscillate between neglecting and emphasizing an epidemic? How does it dismantle or innovate bureaucratic arrangements controlling its transmission? Whose suffering becomes policy-worthy and whose is overlooked? This opening chapter outlines these central questions of the book, moving beyond conventional domestic factors to introduce a novel framework that examines the dynamic interactions among transnational interveners, government agencies, and local activists in driving the evolution of China’s epidemic control systems. Utilizing eleven-year longitudinal multi-sited ethnography, it demonstrates how foreign interventions promoting liberal reforms can be generative of authoritarian health institutions, either directly through shaping bureaucrats, or indirectly through mobilizing domestic social movements. This generative framework highlights organizational and knowledge dynamics, rather than money and power, in explaining the remarkable impact of seemingly weak transnational AIDS organizations on China.
Victims Unseen
Authors: Long Yan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Through vivid oral history interviews, this chapter explores why victims infected with HIV through polluted blood remained silent instead of seeking redress in the 1990s. Moving beyond the conventional focus on stigma, the chapter reveals how community trust and connectedness—often considered panaceas for health problems—can facilitate the spread of epidemics and conceal abuse. Strong social ties in rural China helped recruit villagers into government-sponsored blood trade by normalizing risks in selling plasma. The subsequent outbreak caused not only physical destruction but also social disintegration, turning people against each other in their tight-knit communities. Deprived of their status as innocent victims, infected villagers were unable to take collective action. The institutional ignorance discussed in Chapter 1 worked in tandem with local community relations to condition the distribution of pain, conceal the government’s responsibility, and diminish the victims’ will to be recognized.
Bureaucratic Feasting on AIDS Projects
Authors: Long Yan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter shifts the focus to the government side and examines why Chinese health bureaucrats, despite the Chinese Communist Party’s aversion to foreign influences, enthusiastically adopted transnational knowledge, rules, and practices in epidemic control between 2004 and 2009. While disruptive to some other agencies, external interventions provided unprecedented resources and opportunities that catalyzed the growth of the Chinese health bureaucracy. This led to a shift in the Chinese public health sector from a morality-oriented socialist contagion model to a technocracy-oriented projectified contracting model centering on short-term project contracts. Health officials were drawn to the demonstration of professional expertise through standardization and quantification, leading to a shift in their normative orders, evaluative standards, and administrative routines. However, their attempts to selectively embrace foreign technical elements while dodging the democratic values and civil society engagement demanded by transnational entities stirred more conflict.
Alternative Futures and a Future Unknown
Authors: Jackson Ashley , Stewart Andrew 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter builds on the preceding examination of the mindset of the British political elite at the end of the war in terms of beliefs, policies, and expectations. Along with Chapter 4 it looks at more indirect, underlying factors that broaden our understanding of the elite’s approach to the future and the context in which plans were made. The first factor is short-termism caused by the emergency of war, meaning that even the immediate future could not be discerned with clarity; it was all about the here and now. The sheer weight and stress of war work dulled Whitehall’s senses and absorbed so much capacity that serious planning for the future was given short shrift. The second factor is the availability, and the plausibility, of alternative futures. During the war British leaders and policymakers operated in a climate in which numerous future scenarios appeared possible, scenarios that differed radically from what came to pass and what we have come to know as the post-war story. The prospect of ‘the future’ did little to dent the elite’s conviction that their country could prosper in the post-war world. This was because the future was barely glimpsed amid the din of war, and because a range of futures other than one defined by national decline and decolonization appeared plausible.
The Colonial Empire, British Thinking, and International Debate
Authors: Jackson Ashley , Stewart Andrew 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter considers the war’s impact on the colonial empire, the fifty-plus colonies and protectorates presided over by the Colonial Office. The chapter offers a recapitulation of some of the ground covered in Part I regarding major trends affecting the colonial empire, and British policy towards it. British colonial policy was centred on the development and welfare thinking that had evolved in the 1930s, and the pledge of gradual progress towards self-government within the imperial structure. War challenged this leisurely approach by internationalizing colonial issues and amplifying criticisms from nationalists and Americans, the British inviting pressure upon themselves by signing up to the egalitarian principles embodied in the Atlantic Charter and UN declaration. The situation was made worse by ignominious defeats and the loss of colonies to the Japanese. However, the British were confident they could deal with these challenges without significant damage to the integrity and long-term viability of the colonial empire. What they needed to do was to stick to the policies articulated in the later 1930s—the goals of self-government and development and welfare—and that would see them through. With careful planning dictated by Whitehall, and the big government and state planning initiatives called forth by war, they could deliver development that would satisfy the needs of colonial peoples, and support the post-war world order. A healthy and modernizing colonial empire would also aid British economic recovery, and by the end of the war it was considered vital to Britain’s continuance as a great power.
Primary Intersubjectivity, Vocal Turn Taking Coordination, and the Development of Language
Authors: Beebe Beatrice , Terrace Herbert 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on one of Colwyn Trevarthen’s most important theoretical contributions—that language emerges from an infant’s prelinguistic communicative competence during primary intersubjectivity. Primary intersubjectivity includes proto-conversation—an infant’s innate ability to coordinate vocalizations, facial expressions, and gestures with a parent. This coordination is seen in correspondences in form, timing, and intensity through coupled rhythms. We specifically address the coordination of the rhythms of turn-taking during primary intersubjectivity and we argue that turn-taking itself is a key aspect of the development of language. We review research that links turn-taking to the development of areas of the brain specialized for language. We also offer an evolutionary hypothesis about how the capacity for intersubjectivity was established in our ancestors.
Intersubjective Conversations
Authors: Marwick Helen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a range of research and theoretical perspectives on adult–infant and infant–infant conversations inspired by Colwyn Trevarthen’s theory of intersubjectivity. The chapter encompasses early seminal work on pre-linguistic reciprocal conversations underpinned by prosodic systems, such as intonation, voice quality, pace, and kinaesthetic expressiveness, and traces the theoretical and practical insights from this to our understanding of more recent theories of concordant intersubjectivity, interpersonal emotional positioning, referential representation, and imaginative creation. It explores intersubjective connections and intersubjective perceptual affordances and processes and highlights their role in underpinning pragmatic understanding in language and communication, conversational implicature, symbolic representation, and pretence. It outlines future directions of research in adult–infant and infant–infant conversations resting on the impact of insights revealed by intersubjectivity theory.
Colwyn Trevarthen’s Theoretical Ideas, Vitality, and Values
Authors: Kennedy Hilary , Simpson Raymond 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter is a celebration of Colwyn Trevarthen’s generosity in sharing and his joy in human interaction and connections. It describes Colwyn’s major contribution to the creation of Video Interaction Guidance (VIG) in the early 1990s and to sustaining VIG development through to the early 2020s. VIG is a video feedback programme that helps parents understand and nurture their child by responding to their initiatives in their own unique and positive ways. Raymond Simpson explains to importance of ‘co-operative intersubjectivity’ to the underlying principles of VIG and describes the history of VIG development in Scotland. Hilary Kennedy highlights current key VIG developments in parents with mental health concerns and their babies, supporting parents where babies have been born pre-term, in Child Protection Situations (a new data collection system), and lastly how VIG has been successfully adapted to be effective online with clients and for training.
Connected Cooperative Companionship Grounds Children’s Dance into Morality
Authors: Narvaez Darcia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Humanity’s evolved nest or evolved developmental niche offers the companionship care that meets basic needs and fosters human cooperation. Humans have multiple basic needs that must be fulfilled to optimize normal development, and to foster and maintain health and wellbeing. Meeting basic needs is part of our species’ wellness-promotion pathway, generating successful adaptations among our ancestors over millions of years. Colwyn Trevarthen shows us that infants demonstrate our inherent dynamic social nature as embodied creatures and how companionship cultivates a cooperative, socially oriented human being. Connected cooperative companionship provides the optimal facilitating environment for social and moral development, which in early life matches the infant’s inborn vitality and readiness for relationship. The evolved nest builds relational attunement and connectedness through extensive affection and breastfeeding, multiple responsive relationships, immersion in nature, and play. As can be observed from societies in which basic needs are met, the results are thriving individuals-in-relationship.
The energy-momentum tensor
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The right-hand side of Einstein’s equation is supplied by the energy-momentum tensor, discussed in Chapter 12, which encodes the energy-momentum of matter fields. In flat spacetime the local conservation of energy-momentum can be expressed via the important constraint ▽⋅T=0. The same expression holds in curved spacetime.
The Friedmann equations
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In the previous chapter we have investigated the possible geometries describing homogeneous, isotopic spacetimes with constant curvature and in Chapter 17 we fill these with matter. Filling the Robertson-Walker universes with a perfect fluid gives us the Friedmann equations for the evolution of the scale factor a(t) with time. These can be given in terms of the dust, radiation and vacuum-energy content of the universe.
Riemann curvature revisited
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In Chapter 35 we once again encounter curvature, but now from a thoroughly modern point of view. Geodesic deviation can be calculated geometrically by considering the condition that the Lie derivative vanishes. The Ricci tensor represents the part of the Riemann tensor that has a focussing effect on volumes. The Weyl tensor represents the parts left over, which have a distorting effect on light rays.
Forms, chains, and Stokes’ theorem
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In Chapter 38, we see how this new approach gives insights into how we understand integrals in physics. All integrals can be expressed as an integral over a differential form. The integral expresses the inner product of the n-form and the n-vector that represents the surface over which the integral is carried out. The general surfaces over which we integrate are chains. The boundaries of chains are found with the boundary operator. An important result is that the boundary of a boundary is zero. Stokes’ theorem is an essential part of our geometrical description of the conservation of charge in electromagnetism, and also of the constraints on curvature caused by the geometry of spacetime.
Complementing Export Regulation with Criminal Accountability
Authors: Hamilton Tomas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 2 evaluates the legal and political constraints on export regulation, from the perspective of International Criminal Law’s distinctiveness. It critiques the failure of the existing export system to prevent weapons from reaching the perpetrators of atrocities, and its inability to provide ex post facto accountability. It draws on studies of the US, UK, France, and the Netherlands to reveal enforcement issues and the pervasive influence of foreign policy, referencing the Dutch prosecutions of Van Anraat and Kouwenhoven in the ‘unlawful trade’ and exports to Saudi Arabia in the ‘lawful trade’. Although the Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) and the EU Common Position have developed standards to prevent atrocity, fundamental differences remain, between punishing an export offence and complicity in an extraterritorial international crime. The chapter argues that International Criminal Law could complement and reinforce the current state-centric regime of export regulation, by providing some degree of criminal accountability.
Dismantling the Death Penalty
Authors: Costanzo Mark 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Dismantling the Death Penalty is a succinct, accessible, and lively overview of research on the costs and consequences of capital punishment. Professor Costanzo uses diverse sources of information, including closing arguments from murder trials; interviews with jurors; statistical analyses of murder rates; survey data; and quotes from defendants, politicians, and the families of victims, to understand the effects and effectiveness of the death penalty. Each chapter answers an essential question: How do juries decide who is sentenced to death? Do executions deter potential murderers? Does the public support the death penalty? Is it “cruel and unusual”? Is it cheaper than life imprisonment? How serious are errors and biases in the system? Is the death penalty morally justified? Although the emphasis is on social scientific research, this comprehensive analysis also places the practice of killing murderers in historical, political, and moral context. The opening chapter chronicles the long, bloody history of executions and changes in how, when, and why we kill criminals. The closing chapter evaluates the politics and future of capital punishment as well as alternatives to executing murderers.
Is Killing Murderers Morally Justified?
Authors: Costanzo Mark 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Compelling evidence show that the death penalty is costly, arbitrary, discriminatory, prone to error, and without deterrent value. In response, those who support its use often rely on moral philosophy to bolster their arguments. They argue that capital punishment is not only morally legitimate, but also morally necessary. And although questions of fact—questions about cost, deterrence, fairness, and public opinion—can be analyzed using relevant data, the question of whether the death penalty is ethically justified cannot be easily resolved. Because some believe that the state is morally or religiously compelled to kill those who kill, then troublesome questions about how the death penalty is administered, its costs, and the consequences of capital punishment are peripheral and without the power to refute a moral imperative.
Ethical Naturalism and the Problem of Normativity
Authors: Copp David 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This book explicates and defends ethical naturalism. It explains the naturalist’s position, why it is important, and why it is plausible even though it faces serious objections. The book answers in detail many such objections, including Moore’s and Parfit’s objections, and including the “just too different” objection. Underlying many of the objections, and motivating them, is the view that ethical naturalism is unable to account for the normativity of the ethical facts and properties that it postulates. This is the normativity objection, and the book as a whole deals with this objection. The book argues that ethical naturalism is able to answer the objection, and, surprisingly, that it is in a better position to explain the nature of normativity than its alternatives, such as nonnaturalism, constructivism, expressivism, and so on. The book evaluates various answers that ethical naturalists can offer to the challenge to explain what normativity consists in. It deals with technical issues about metaphysical analysis and grounding, both metaphysical grounding and normative grounding. It examines Cornell realism, the Canberra program, Neo-Humean Subjectivism, Neo-Aristotelian Naturalism, and Pluralist-Teleology.
Some Alternatives to Ethical Naturalism
Authors: Copp David 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses eight alternatives to ethical naturalism. Some are realist but not naturalist. Some are irrealist. Some are difficult to categorize, but since they are not clear examples of naturalism, this chapter also considers them. The theories discussed are standard nonnaturalism (e.g., G. E. Moore, David Enoch, William FitzPatrick), Meinongian theories (e.g., John Skorupski, T. M. Scanlon), non-ontological success theories (Derek Parfit), error theory (e.g., J. L. Mackie, Jonas Olson), fictionalism (e.g., Richard Joyce), expressivism (e.g., Simon Blackburn, Allan Gibbard), constructivism (e.g., Christine Korsgaard, Sharon Street), and constitutivism (e.g., Michael Smith, David Velleman). These theories are evaluated primarily on the basis of whether they are able to provide a plausible objectualist account of robust normativity. The chapter argues that none of them can do this.
Morality and Discourse
Authors: Haugh Michael , Reiter Rosina Márquez 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Questions of morality are not new in research on language and social interaction, but have received increasing attention as part of the broader moral turn in the humanities and social sciences. The aim of this chapter is to provide an introduction to research on how morality unfolds and gets practically done in discourse, and the implications of this for the empirical analysis and theorization of morality. After providing a brief overview of the moral turn in studies of discourse and interaction, the chapter highlights some of the key findings that have emerged from these various strands of research. It then outlines some of the key conceptual foundations for the study of morality in discourse. This is followed by an overview of the four parts of this volume and each of the contributions therein, in which attention is drawn to the ways in which morality is approached in these essays.
Negotiating Moral Responsibility for Remedying Troubles
Authors: Alshammari Bandar , Haugh Michael 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Talking about or reporting troubles to others can make a range of different responses relevant, including a remedy or offer of assistance. However, one practical question facing interactants is what their moral responsibilities with respect to responding to those troubles are. This chapter focuses on cases where the troubles being reported are also hearable as complaints, and how moral responsibility for remedying those troubles-complaints is negotiated in telephone-mediated and copresent institutional encounters between Saudi and Australian coparticipants. It is proposed that negotiating moral responsibilities concerns questions about both who is culpable for those troubles (moral responsibility as culpability), and who is responsible for remedying those troubles (moral responsibility as remediability). The analysis of these encounters shows that the negotiation of culpability for the troubles-complaint is done in ways that eschew imputations of blame being directed at either the troubles-teller or troubles-recipient, but nevertheless holds the latter responsible for remedying those troubles.
Mothering Morality in the Everyday Violence of Domestic Abuse
Authors: Trinch Shonna 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In this chapter it is argued that children are a locus for moral stance-making and stance-taking in women’s narratives of domestic abuse. Building on analysis of protective order application interviews between Latina women and sociolegal interviewers informed by Membership Categorization Analysis (MCA), this chapter examines how women and their abusive partners get constructed as moral and immoral characters—in their categories of mothers and fathers—vis-à-vis their positioning toward their children in their narratives. Instances of mundane morality are gleaned from the ways in which women and their abusive partners are framed, where descriptions occur, and what descriptions are doing. Discursive techniques such as topic management, references to emotion, claims of responsibility, and blame attribution as well as the interviewers’ cooperative and disapproving silences are analyzed in the turn-taking accomplished (and thwarted) to see how women take moral stances as mothers in their narratives of abuse.
Morality at the Abyss
Authors: Silva Daniel N. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter draws from fieldwork in Complexo do Alemão, a group of favelas in Rio de Janeiro where some 80,000 residents live. It investigates the discursive constitution of moral authority by Black activists. The author demonstrates that moral authority here depends on modern juridical formations, in particular human rights law and discourse. The chapter presents two case studies unpacking the situated and historically specific construction of authoritative tropes—Blackness, peripheral membership, local registers—that contextually come to inhabit critical stances to the criminalization of poverty and Black youths. Further, the case studies entertain grassroot modes of countersurveillance and valorization of local forms of life, with important effects for (in)securitization in Rio de Janeiro. Fundamentally, the discursive construction of moral authority that the author unpacks resists a “morality at the abyss,” that is, a set of justifications and rationalizations for the elimination of the Other alongside their communicative and cultural practices.