Effects of individual differences, society, and culture on youth‐rated problems and strengths in 38 societies
Authors: Ivanova Masha Y. , Achenbach Thomas M. , Turner Lori , Almqvist Fredrik , Begovac Ivan , Bilenberg Niels , Bird Hector , Broberg Anders G. , Córdova Calderón Mery A. , Chahed Myriam , Dang Hoang‐Minh , Dobrean Anca , Döpfner Mandred , Erol Nese , Forns Maria , Guðmundsson Halldór S. , Hannesdóttir Helga , Hewitt‐Ramirez Nohelia , Kanbayashi Yasuko , Karki Suyen , Koot Hans M. , Lambert Michael C. , Leung Patrick , Magai Dorcas N. , Maggiolini Alfio , Metzke Christa Winkler , Minaei Asghar , Monzani da Rocha Marina , Moreira Paulo A. S. , Mulatu Mesfin S. , Nøvik Torunn Stene , Oh Kyung Ja , Petot Djaouida , Petot Jean‐Michel , Pisa Cecilia , Pomalima Rolando , Roussos Alexandra , Rudan Vlasta , Sawyer Michael G. , Shahini Mimoza , Simsek Zeynep , Steinhausen Hans‐Christoph , Verhulst Frank C. , Weintraub Sheila , Weiss Bahr , Wolanczyk Tomasz , Zhang Eugene Yuqing , Zilber Nelly , Žukauskienė Rita 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundClinicians increasingly serve youths from societal/cultural backgrounds different from their own. This raises questions about how to interpret what such youths report. Rescorla et al. (2019, European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 28, 1107) found that much more variance in 72,493 parents’ ratings of their offspring’s mental health problems was accounted for by individual differences than by societal or cultural differences. Although parents’ reports are essential for clinical assessment of their offspring, they reflect parents’ perceptions of the offspring. Consequently, clinical assessment also requires self‐reports from the offspring themselves. To test effects of individual differences, society, and culture on youths’ self‐ratings of their problems and strengths, we analyzed Youth Self‐Report (YSR) scores for 39,849 11–17 year olds in 38 societies.MethodsIndigenous researchers obtained YSR self‐ratings from population samples of youths in 38 societies representing 10 culture cluster identified in the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavioral Effectiveness study. Hierarchical linear modeling of scores on 17 problem scales and one strengths scale estimated the percent of variance accounted for by individual differences (including measurement error), society, and culture cluster. ANOVAs tested age and gender effects.ResultsAveraged across the 17 problem scales, individual differences accounted for 92.5% of variance, societal differences 6.0%, and cultural differences 1.5%. For strengths, individual differences accounted for 83.4% of variance, societal differences 10.1%, and cultural differences 6.5%. Age and gender had very small effects.ConclusionsLike parents’ ratings, youths’ self‐ratings of problems were affected much more by individual differences than societal/cultural differences. Most variance in self‐rated strengths also reflected individual differences, but societal/cultural effects were larger than for problems, suggesting greater influence of social desirability. The clinical significance of individual differences in youths’ self‐reports should thus not be minimized by societal/cultural differences, which—while important—can be taken into account with appropriate norms, as can gender and age differences.