bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consequentializing agent‐centered restrictions: A Kantsequentialist approach
Authors: Portmore Douglas W. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThere is, on a given moral view, an agent‐centered restriction against performing acts of a certain type if that view prohibits agents from performing an instance of that act‐type even to prevent two or more others from each performing a morally comparable instance of that act‐type. The fact that commonsense morality includes agent‐centered restrictions is often seen as a decisive objection to act‐consequentialism. Despite this, I’ll argue that agent‐centered restrictions are more plausibly accommodated within an act‐consequentialist framework than within the more standard side‐constraint framework. For I’ll argue that when we combine agent‐relative act‐consequentialism with a Kantian theory of value, we arrive at a version of consequentialism—namely, Kantsequentialism—that has several advantages over the side‐constraint approach. What's more, I’ll show that this version of consequentialism avoids the disadvantages that critics of consequentializing have presumed that such a theory must have.
Soil depth and precipitation moderate soil textural effects on seedling survival of a foundation shrub species
Authors: Veblen Kari E. , Nehring Kyle C. , Duniway Michael C. , Knight Anna , Monaco Thomas A. , Schupp Eugene W. , Boettinger Janis L. , Villalba Juan J. , Fick Stephen , Brungard Colby , Thacker Eric 
Published: April 2022

In drylands, there is a need for controlled experiments over multiple planting years to examine how woody seedlings respond to soil texture and the potentially interactive effects of soil depth and precipitation. Understanding how multiple environmental factors interactively influence plant establishment is critical to restoration ecology and in this case to broadscale restoration efforts in western U.S. drylands dominated by big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata). We planted sagebrush seedlings across a range of soil textures and depths in the southern portion of the species' range, on the Colorado Plateau, USA. We evaluated survival of repeated plantings of caged and uncaged seedlings over 2 years across 20 plots in wet versus average precipitation years at one site, and examined broader patterns of sagebrush seedling survival during an average precipitation year in 56 plots across four sites. First‐year survival was >9× higher under wet than average precipitation. Under favorable (wet) conditions, early sagebrush seedling survival was highest on coarser soils, especially those that also had a shallower restrictive layer (e.g. 50–100 cm). Under average precipitation, soil texture and depth effects on survival of newly planted seedlings were much weaker, but older (>1 year) seedlings benefitted from growing on coarser‐textured soils. It may be possible to increase survival by sheltering seedlings with small mesh cages, which likely improve moisture availability. Our results provide new insights into environmental factors that limit woody seedling survival in drylands and illustrate that planting in wet years and incorporating detailed soil setting information could increase survival of sagebrush seedlings in restoration projects.
Accounting for Spatial Confounding in Epidemiological Studies with Individual-Level Exposures: An Exposure-Penalized Spline Approach
Authors: Bobb Jennifer F. , Cruz Maricela F. , Mooney Stephen J. , Drewnowski Adam , Arterburn David , Cook Andrea J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the presence of unmeasured spatial confounding, spatial models may actually increase (rather than decrease) bias, leading to uncertainty as to how they should be applied in practice. We evaluated spatial modelling approaches through simulation and application to a big data electronic health record study. Whereas the risk of bias was high for purely spatial exposures (e.g. built environment), we found very limited potential for increased bias for individual-level exposures that cluster spatially (e.g. smoking status). We also proposed a novel exposure-penalized spline approach that selects the degree of spatial smoothing to explain spatial variability in the exposure. This approach appeared promising for efficiently reducing spatial confounding bias.
The Modelling of Movement of Multiple Animals that Share Behavioural Features
Authors: Mastrantonio Gianluca 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this work, we propose a model that can be used to infer the behaviour of multiple animals. Our proposal is defined as a set of hidden Markov models that are based on the sticky hierarchical Dirichlet process, with a shared base-measure, and a step and turn with an attractive point (STAP) emission distribution. The latent classifications are representative of the behaviour assumed by the animals, which is described by the STAP parameters. Given the latent classifications, the animals are independent. As a result of the way we formalize the distribution over the STAP parameters, the animals may share, in different behaviours, the set or a subset of the parameters, thereby allowing us to investigate the similarities between them. The hidden Markov models, based on the Dirichlet process, allow us to estimate the number of latent behaviours for each animal, as a model parameter. This proposal is motivated by a real data problem, where the global positioning system (GPS) coordinates of six Maremma Sheepdogs have been observed. Among the other results, we show that four dogs share most of the behaviour characteristics, while two have specific behaviours.
Investigations of disaster information representation from a geospatial perspective: Progress, challenges and recommendations
Authors: Li Weilian , Zhu Jun , Pirasteh Saied , Zhu Qing , Fu Lin , Wu Jianlin , Hu Ya , Dehbi Youness 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe complexity of disasters creates a significant challenge in the knowledge acquisition of the public. With the development of geospatial technologies, maps, geographic information science, and virtual geographic environments are widely used to represent disaster information and help the public better understand disaster risk. However, the application, design, and specific challenges have not been investigated comprehensively in disaster information representation thus far. This article presents the weaknesses and strengths of the existing methods for representing disaster information in recent decades, and then gives some basic ideas for efficient disaster knowledge communication. The objective of this article is to provide a clear image that improves users’ understanding of disaster information and bridge the communication gaps in disaster management.
Prevalence of gallbladder sludge and associated abnormalities in cats undergoing abdominal ultrasound
Authors: Villm Jessica , DeMonaco Stefanie , Larson Martha 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe significance of gallbladder sludge in cats remains largely unknown and has been speculated to be a pathologic finding in cats. The objectives of this retrospective, observational study were to determine the prevalence of gallbladder sludge in the population of cats presenting for abdominal ultrasound; to describe clinical signs, laboratory findings and certain abdominal ultrasound abnormalities; and to compare these findings to cats without gallbladder sludge. One hundred and ninety‐two cats were included. Medical records were searched for cats with an abdominal ultrasound performed between October 2014–2015. Signalment, clinical signs, complete blood count, biochemical findings, presence or absence of gallbladder sludge, and hepatobiliary and pancreatic ultrasound findings were recorded. Gallbladder sludge was present in 44% of cats that underwent an abdominal ultrasound. There was no significant difference in age, sex, presenting clinical signs or clinicopathologic variables between the two groups. Gallbladder wall thickening significantly increased the odds of detecting gallbladder sludge (OR‐3.7 95% CI 1.4 – 10.0). Gallbladder sludge was not associated with other ultrasonographic abnormalities of the liver, gallbladder, bile duct or pancreas. Gallbladder sludge is common in cats undergoing abdominal ultrasound and appears to be a non‐specific finding. The clinical significance of concurrent gallbladder sludge and gallbladder wall thickening present on ultrasound in cats remains to be determined.
Evolution and biogeography of Anablepsoides killifishes shaped by Neotropical geological events (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheilidae)
Authors: Amorim Pedro F. , Costa Wilson J. E. M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAnablepsoides is a widely distributed Neotropical killifish genus found in shallow streams, in both dense forests and open areas, throughout northern and northeastern South America. The phylogenetic and biogeographic relationships of the genus are here analysed, based on two nuclear and four mitochondrial genes of 26 species and six out‐groups. The origin of Anablepsoides was recovered in Early Miocene in an area corresponding to the Paleo‐Amazon‐Orinoco system. The current analyses indicate that the initial diversification of the genus in two main clades was associated with marine transgressions related to the formation of the Pebas mega‐wetland isolating each MRCA of those main clades in the upper Amazon river basin and river basins of the Guiana Shield. The diversification of the genus and the colonisation of new areas may be associated with Miocene and Pliocene events such as changes in the sea level, formation and extinction of wetlands, rupture of the Purus arch and Amazon river assuming the current flow to the East. Also, the evolution of Anablepsoides could be associated with the diversification of several other Neotropical lineages, so that the present study leads to a better understanding of the evolution of the Neotropical freshwater biota and South American geological history.
Training Periodization, Methods, Intensity Distribution, and Volume in Highly Trained and Elite Distance Runners: A Systematic Review
Authors: Casado Arturo , González-Mohíno Fernando , González-Ravé José María , Foster Carl 
Published: April 2022

Purpose: This review aimed to determine (1) performance and training characteristics such as training intensity distribution (TID), volume, periodization, and methods in highly trained/elite distance runners and (2) differences in training volume and TID between event distances in highly trained/elite distance runners. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was carried out using the PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Results: Ten articles met the inclusion criteria. Highly trained/elite distance runners typically follow a pyramidal TID approach, characterized by a decreasing training volume from zone 1 (at or below speed at first ventilatory/lactate threshold [LT]) to zone 2 (between speeds associated with either both ventilatory thresholds or 2 and 4 mmol·L−1 LTs [vLT1 and vLT2, respectively]) and zone 3 (speed above vVT2/vLT2). Continuous-tempo runs or interval training sessions at vLT2 in zone 2 (ie, medium and long aerobic intervals) and those in zone 3 (ie, anaerobic or short-interval training) were both used at least once per week each in elite runners, and they were used to increase the number of either vLT2 or z3 sessions to adopt either a pyramidal or a polarized approach, respectively. More pyramidal- and polarized-oriented approaches were used by marathoners and 1500-m runners, respectively. Conclusions: Highly trained and elite middle- and long-distance runners are encouraged to adopt a traditional periodization pattern with a hard day–easy day basis, consisting in a shift from a pyramidal TID used during the preparatory and precompetitive periods toward a polarized TID during the competitive period.
24-Hour Movement Behaviors Among US Adults With Functional Disabilities
Authors: Ross Samantha M. , Haegele Justin A. , Schram Bridgette M. , Healy Sean 
Published: April 2022

This study aimed to quantify and compare physical activity, sitting time, and sleep behaviors among US adults with and without disabilities using the 2020 Canadian 24-hour movement framework. The weighted prevalence of 24-hour movement guideline adherence was estimated among a nationally representative sample from the 2017 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey of US adults (18–65 years old) with (n = 1070) and without (n = 33,370) functional disabilities in vision, hearing, mobility, cognitive, and self-care domains. The adjusted odds of single and combination guideline compliance were estimated by disability type, in reference to adults without disabilities, using separate multivariable logistic regressions. After adjusting for age, sex, and income, adults with disabilities in mobility, cognitive, or self-care domains had approximately half the odds of meeting all 3 guidelines, compared with adults without disabilities (adjusted odds range: 0.49–0.77). Significantly lower adherence was observed among adults with functional disabilities, compared with no disabilities, for sleep, and moderate to vigorous physical activity, but not sedentary guidelines. This report establishes baseline prevalence estimates for guidelines compliance among US adults with functional disabilities ages 18–65 years old. Low guideline adherence, and evidence for significant differences in physical activity and sleep, signals a need to further explore combination health behaviors among adults with disabilities.
Middle and late Miocene marine mammal assemblages from the Monterey Formation of Orange County, California
Authors: Parham James F. , Barron John A. , Velez-Juarbe Jorge 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
This study provides new stratigraphic data and identifications for fossil marine mammals from the Monterey Formation in the Capistrano syncline, Orange County, California, showing that there are two distinct marine mammal assemblages. Until now, marine mammals from the Monterey Formation of Orange County have been considered to represent a single assemblage that is 13.0–10.0 Ma in age. By combining data from diatoms with the geographic positions of sites, faunal analysis, and data from the literature, we can assign 59 sites to three main levels: the lower part (ca. 16–13 Ma), the middle part (ca. 13–10 Ma), and the upper part (ca. 10–8 Ma). We assigned 308 marine mammal specimens to 38 taxa, resulting in 97 occurrences (unique record of a taxon for a given site). Of the 38 taxa we identified within the study area, 15 taxa are restricted to the lower part of the Monterey Formation, 15 are restricted to the upper part of the Monterey Formation, eight were found in both, and none has yet been reported from the middle (possibly condensed) section. Six of the eight taxa that occur in both the lower and upper parts of the Monterey Formation are higher-level taxa, which accounts for their broad temporal range. The recognition of two distinct marine mammal assemblages in the Monterey Formation of Orange County is an important step toward a better-calibrated sequence of faunal evolution in the region while improving the utility of marine mammals for regional biostratigraphy.
On Traces of Non-Equilibrium States in the Evolution of Terrestrial Vertebrate Communities across the Paleozoic–Mesozoic Boundary
Authors: Shishkin M. A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEvolutionary change in a living system starts with a disturbance to its equilibrium and an increase in its internal disorderliness. Typical manifestations of this process are exemplified by the transformation of the tetrapod faunas across the Permian–Triassic boundary. These are seen both at the end of the transition to a new equilibrium (in the pioneer Triassic faunas) and at its beginning (in the terminal Permian communities). In the first case, the most distinct manifestations are: unfinished state of structural changes within some new groups; a high degree of endemism of regional pioneer communities, and the heterogeneity of their change with time. In the second case, as can be seen from analysis of the early-crisis (Vyaznikovian) biota of Eastern Europe, the observed events primarily include the “precocious” appearance of some future dominants; the “return” of a number of relics to the fossil record; and examples of explosive group variability in some taxa close to extinction. Actual or probable traces of non-equilibrium changes, similar to those noted in the Vyaznikovian biota, can also be partly traced in other Late Permian faunas of Eurasia and in coeval communities of southern and northern Gondwana.
Rheumatoid arthritis-associated peripheral ulcerative keratitis outcomes after early immunosuppressive therapy
Authors: Ruiz-Lozano Raul E , Ramos-Davila Eugenia M , Garza-Garza Lucas A , Gutierrez-Juarez Kathia , Hernandez-Camarena Julio C , Rodriguez-Garcia Alejandro 
Published: April 2022

Background/aimsTo evaluate the role of early immunosuppressive therapy (IMT) in the management of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-associated peripheral ulcerative keratitis (PUK).MethodsSingle-centre, retrospective, comparative cohort study. Patients with RA-associated PUK were divided into two groups; those exposed to and those not exposed to early IMT, defined as administrating therapy within the first 4 weeks from the PUK onset. Outcomes included PUK recurrence, control of inflammation and development of ocular complications, including corneal scarring and perforation, cataract formation or progression and permanent visual loss.ResultsA total of 52 eyes from 36 patients were included for analysis; 37 (71.2%) eyes received early IMT and 15 (28.8%) eyes did not. Follow-up time was 41.2+53.3 months (range: 4–236 months). While early IMT was a protective factor (HR 0.345, 95% CI 0.126 to 0.946, p=0.039), late RA diagnosis after PUK onset (HR 4.93, 95% CI 1.75 to 13.85, p=0.002) and retarded (≥2 months) control of inflammation (HR 8.37, 95% CI 1.88 to 37.16, p=0.005) were risk factors for PUK recurrence. Late IMT (OR 7.75, 95% CI 2.00 to 29.99, p=0.003), an unknown diagnosis of RA at first visit (OR 4.14, 95% CI 1.15 to 14.91, p=0.030) and at least one PUK recurrence (OR 6.42, 95% CI 1.71 to 24.07, p=0.006) were risk factors for visual loss. Survival analysis rendered eyes exposed to early IMT a lower risk of PUK recurrence (p=0.039).ConclusionEyes with RA-associated PUK exposed to early IMT were more likely to achieve earlier inflammatory control, fewer recurrences and had better visual outcomes.
Emergency nurses’ triage narrative data, their uses and structure: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Picard Christopher Thomas , Kleib Manal , O'Rourke Hannah M , Norris Colleen M , Douma Matthew J 
Published: April 2022

IntroductionThe first clinical interaction most patients have in the emergency department occurs during triage. An unstructured narrative is generated during triage and is the first source of in-hospital documentation. These narratives capture the patient’s reported reason for the visit and the initial assessment and offer significantly more nuanced descriptions of the patient’s complaints than fixed field data. Previous research demonstrated these data are useful for predicting important clinical outcomes. Previous reviews examined these narratives in combination or isolation with other free-text sources, but used restricted searches and are becoming outdated. Furthermore, there are no reviews focused solely on nurses’ (the primary collectors of these data) narratives.Methods and analysisUsing the Arksey and O’Malley scoping review framework and PRISMA-ScR reporting guidelines, we will perform structured searches of CINAHL, Ovid MEDLINE, ProQuest Central, Ovid Embase and Cochrane Library (via Wiley). Additionally, we will forward citation searches of all included studies. No geographical or study design exclusion criteria will be used. Studies examining disaster triage, published before 1990, and non-English language literature will be excluded. Data will be managed using online management tools; extracted data will be independently confirmed by a separate reviewer using prepiloted extraction forms. Cohen’s kappa will be used to examine inter-rater agreement on pilot and final screening. Quantitative data will be expressed using measures of range and central tendency, counts, proportions and percentages, as appropriate. Qualitative data will be narrative summaries of the authors’ primary findings.Patient and public involvementNo patients involved.Ethics and disseminationNo ethics approval is required. Findings will be submitted to peer-reviewed conferences and journals. Results will be disseminated using individual and institutional social media platforms.
Effects of different brisk walking intensities on adherence and cardiorespiratory endurance of cardiac rehabilitation among patients with CHD after PCI: protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Piao Jing Jing , Wan Boya , Zhao Haomei , Shang Zhiyang , Yan Lingjun , Hao Zhina , Wang Yonghong , Zhang Yanqing , Gu Yanmei 
Published: April 2022

IntroductionCardiac rehabilitation (CR) is a critical treatment for patients with coronary heart disease after percutaneous coronary intervention. Unfortunately, participation and adherence of CR are unexpectedly poor. This study aims to test whether low-intensity or medium-intensity brisk walking is more helpful in improving early attendance, adherence and physical results.Methods and analysisThis randomised controlled study will compare the effects of low-intensity and medium-intensity brisk walking to improve adherence and cardiopulmonary endurance. Participants will be randomly allocated to low-intensity or medium-intensity groups and will be followed-up for 8 weeks. Primary and secondary outcome data will be collected at baseline and at 2, 4 and 8 weeks. Primary outcomes measure changes in oxygen consumption (VO2) peak value (mL/kg/min), as well as adherence. Secondary outcomes include changes in body mass index, oxygen pulse, maximal metabolic equivalent, breathing reserve, vital capacity, ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity, Δoxygen consumption/Δwork rate (ΔVO2/ΔWR), minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production and self-efficacy.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval and informed consent form have been obtained from the Ethics Committee of Hebei General Hospital (approval number: NA-2021–03). The study background and main objective, as well as potential benefits and risks, will be fully explained to the participants and their families. Findings from this study will be published on academic journals in Chinese or in English for widespread dissemination of the resultsTrial registration numberChiCTR2100047568.