bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron mass renormalization and absorption of hard photons
Authors: Pourjafarabadi Esmaiel , Mojavezi Amirhosein 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMass renormalization of the electron in configurations such as metallic hydride surfaces due to electromagnetic field fluctuations leads to mass enhancement of the electron, which is known as the heavy electron. The effective mass renormalization has substantial consequences in the theory of electromagnetic field interaction with matter (QED). One of the fascinating effects appears when an external photon interacts with the heavy electron. In this case, the wavelength of the scattered photon from the electron increases and the hard photon turns into a soft photon. In this paper, we present a novel mechanism to show how the heavy electron results in hard photon absorption.
Towards the Human Right to Climatic Non-Interference
Authors: Almutawa Ahmed 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article aims to contribute to the academic debate on how to address international climate-induced human displacements and climate change more widely by proposing the inclusion of a new human right in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (udhr). The new right is called the right to climatic non-interference. It consists of two sub-rights, namely, the right not to be subjected to climatic interference by one’s home state and the right not to be subjected to climatic interference by foreign states. First, the content of the right to climatic non-interference is elaborated. The right to climatic non-interference is then contrasted with other existing or proposed environment-related human rights. This is followed by an explanation of the mechanics, significance, and legal effect of adding the new human right to the udhr. Finally, the incentives for states to implement the right to climatic non-interference are considered.
Justice After Covid 19: an Analysis of the Challenges Faced by the Formal Justice Sector in Sri Lanka During a Global Pandemic
Authors: Dissanayake Dinushika 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The formal justice sector in Sri Lanka is almost entirely reliant on physical interactions within the courtroom. Sri Lanka has committed to providing access to justice for all under both domestic and international law. Unfortunately, substantive access to justice for all continues to elude the marginalised. The global pandemic which emerged in January 2020 has thrown a further challenge on this already burdened system. The litigants, lawyers and judges who had relied on an already flawed system are now further physically distanced from the formal justice system. This means that these actors must now seek to ensure that access to justice is restored, albeit without full physical access to courtrooms. This article examines how Covid-19 challenged the dispensation of substantive justice in the formal justice system in order to suggest ways to mitigate these challenges. It discusses the challenges faced by lawyers and litigants during the period 14 March to 15 November 2020. This includes how the physical aspects of dispensation of the day-to-day caseload were resolved, and the strategies that were practised by lawyers, judges and litigants to circumvent these obstacles and challenges. Drawing on postcolonial feminist critique, information gathered through both primary data (gathering of qualitative and quantitative primary data) and secondary data (desk review of laws, regulations and rules), this article attempts to obtain insights into what challenges were experienced by marginalised communities and how these challenges were mitigated by the justice sector. The author applies the strategies used by persons who engaged with courtrooms in the midst of Covid-19 to the theoretical definitions of what justice should look like in an equal society. The article arrives at an understanding of the dispensation of justice during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Beyond Decisions About a Child and Decisions Affecting a Child in Deportation Cases
Authors: Collinson Jonathan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Who should be central to the determination of deportation decisions: parent or child? The state claims an interest in enforcing immigration control by removing the adult. The child, on the other hand, has an interest in maintaining their relationships with both of their parents, as well as the practical and cultural benefits of growing up in the country of their nationality or habitual residence. How to decide between these competing claims is of practical and theoretical importance in human rights determinations under Article 8 echr and Article 3 uncrc. This article investigates the theoretical distinction which is drawn between decisions about a child and decisions affecting a child, and argues that this approach is problematic. First, Article 8 echr is an incomplete vehicle for determining the best interests of the child. Secondly, it reinforces the ‘problematic logical inversion’ found in the European Court of Human Right’s migration jurisprudence.
All Care, No Responsibility
Authors: Kaviani Johnson Afrooz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article examines the duties imposed by international law and domestic legislation to facilitate the reporting of child abuse. With a focus on mandatory reporting legislation in four countries in Eastern and Southern Africa, the article fills a gap in existing literature which largely focuses on the “Global North”. The article elaborates on the complexities of introducing mandatory reporting in countries where the formal capacity to respond to child abuse is constrained and where child protection legislation may not align with the socio-cultural reality. The article posits that mandatory reporting legislation is useful in that it contributes towards an enabling environment to end violence against children. However, such legislation may be tokenistic and potentially undermine the rule of law if it is not accompanied by strengthening of systems of protection and addressing any conflict between formal and informal systems.
Children’s Objections in Hague Child Abduction Convention Proceedings in Australia and the “Strength of Feeling” Requirement
Authors: Fernando Michelle 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction creates an exception to the mandatory return of abducted children if the child objects to being returned to their country of habitual residence and has attained an age and degree of maturity at which it is appropriate to take account of their views. The Australian regulations also require that the child’s objection demonstrates a ‘strength of feeling beyond the mere expression of a preference or of ordinary wishes.’ This article examines this unique requirement and how it has been approached by the Family Court. It finds that many Australian judges treat the “strength of feeling” requirement as an additional hurdle that children must overcome before their objection can be taken into account. This approach is contrary to Australia’s international obligations under the Convention. A less restrictive approach, which some other judges follow, is recommended to ensure that the Convention’s primary objective of protecting children is met.
A new indicator: The diagnostic value of CD8+T/B lymphocyte ratio in sepsis progression
Authors: Peng Yizhi , Wang Xiaofan , Yin Sheng , Wang Min 
Published: August 2022

Objective To reveal the value of single lymphocyte subpopulation and their ratios in the progression of sepsis. Methods From January 2019 to March 2021, 39 sepsis patients, 16 septic shock patients, and 50 healthy volunteers were recruited in the Second Xiangya Hospital for this cross-sectional study. The absolute quantitation of CD4+T, CD8+T, B lymphocytes, and NK cells in peripheral blood were determined by flow cytometry. SPSS Software was used to analyze the results. Results On the whole, the numbers of lymphocytes in the sepsis group and in the septic shock group were lower than that in the healthy control group. Surprisingly, the percentage of CD8+T lymphocytes in the septic shock group was slightly higher than that in the sepsis group. The percentage of B lymphocytes in the sepsis group was higher than that in the healthy control group. The AUC of CD8+T/B was 0.724, with the sensitivity and specificity being 75.00% and 71.79%, respectively. Conclusion The immune expression pattern of patients with sepsis was not a simple decrease in the number of lymphocytes. The change in the ratios of lymphocyte subpopulation might be more meaningful along the development and progression of sepsis. The ratio of CD8+T/B could be used to diagnose the progression of sepsis and reduce the misdiagnosis rate to a certain extent.
The Interactive Effects of Education and Social Support on Cognition in African Americans
Authors: Byrd DeAnnah R. , Jiang Yanping , Zilioli Samuele , Lichtenberg Peter , Thorpe Roland J. , Whitfield Keith E. 
Published: August 2022

Objectives: This study examines whether the effects of receiving and providing social support on cognition differ by education. Methods: Data from 602 African American adults (48–95 years) enrolled in the Baltimore Study of Black Aging—Patterns of Cognitive Aging were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Results: We found no main effects of receiving or providing social support on global cognition. Main effects for receiving or providing social support on memory were detected. Further, a significant moderation effect was observed for memory, such that received social support was more strongly associated with higher working memory among less-educated individuals than those with high levels of education, adjusting for age, sex, marital status, chronic conditions, and depressive symptoms. Discussion: Study findings demonstrate that social support and education have joint effects on memory outcomes, highlighting the importance of considering psychosocial protective factors that might alleviate, reduce, or even eliminate cognitive health disparities in African Americans.
Involvement of caspase-3 in apoptosis of human lymphocytes exposed to cadmium chloride
Authors: Mirkamali Mona , Momeni Hamid Reza , Etemadi Tahereh , Mosayebi Ghasem , Komijani Majid 
Published: August 2022

Background Lymphocytes are a group of white blood cells with a variety of roles their integrity is crucial for the body’s immune responses. Cadmium, a heavy metal and environmental pollutant, is known as a toxicant to exert its adverse effects on some sort of cells including blood cells. Research Design In this study, human lymphocytes were divided into 3 groups: (1) lymphocytes at 0-h, (2) lymphocytes at 24 h (control), (3) lymphocytes treated with cadmium chloride (15 μM). Lymphocyte viability and plasma membrane integrity were assessed in these groups. In addition, the occurrence of apoptosis was investigated by assessment of nucleus diameter and flow cytometry. Activation of caspase-3 was also detected by immunocytochemistry. Results Result showed that lymphocyte’s viability and plasma membrane integrity decreased in lymphocytes treated with cadmium as compared with the control group. Decreased nucleus diameter and result of flow cytometry demonstrated cadmium-induced apoptosis in human lymphocytes. Furthermore, lymphocytes treated with cadmium displayed intensely activated caspase-3 immunoreactivity in their cytoplasm. Conclusion In conclusion, cadmium not only negatively effect on viability and plasma membrane, but also induces caspase-dependent apoptosis in human lymphocytes.
Music therapy for reducing anxiety in patients undergoing total knee replacement surgery under subarachnoid anesthesia
Authors: Abdul Hamid Mohd Rahmat , Mansor Marzida B , Zainal Abidin Mohd Fitry 
Published: August 2022

Background Non-pharmacological interventions such as music are being increasingly used in clinical settings. Objective To assess the effects of music on patients undergoing total knee replacement (TKR) surgery under subarachnoid anesthesia. Methods This randomized controlled trial examined participants (45/group) in a music and non-music group. Anxiety was measured in both the groups using (1) the adapted hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), (2) Spielberger state trait anxiety inventory (STAI-S), (3) visual analog scale (VAS), (4) cortisol levels, and (5) blood pressure. Music was delivered using an MP3 player and headphones. Hemodynamic data was collected before, during, and after music therapy. Cortisol and stress levels were measured postoperatively. VAS was assessed 30 min before surgery, 30 min after the administration of anesthesia, and 30 min after the surgery ended in the recovery room to obtain comparative data on pain levels at 3 different phases using a numeric rating scale. Results Changes in the mean VAS scores from the pre-to postoperative phase were significantly different between the music and non-music groups ( p = .001). The mean (±standard deviation [SD]) HADS and STAI-S scores of the non-music group were higher than those in the music group (HADS:15.58 ± 2.231 vs 11.91 ± 3.218; STAI-S: 54.04 ± 2.899 vs 48.87 ± 4.595). There were significant differences in the mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure and mean heart rate between the groups based on time (both, p < .001). Correlation regression analysis for the cortisol level revealed a certain relationship between age and cortisol level ( p < .05). Conclusions These results suggest that music can reduce patients’ anxiety level in the operating room. Studies on music therapy for patients undergoing lower limb orthopedic surgery, especially under subarachnoid anesthesia, are extremely limited. Therefore, this study can serve as a reference regarding the application of music therapy in the medical field.
Medical emergency training for doctors and nurses in psychiatry: A quality improvement study
Authors: Sharma Divya Kiran , Dham Pallavi , McDermott Brett 
Published: August 2022

Objective We evaluated the impact of medical emergency simulation training on self-reported attitudes, confidence level and knowledge amongst psychiatric doctors and mental health nurses. Methods Before and following Essential Life Support (ELS) simulation training for medical emergencies, pre and post-questionnaires were employed. Paired t-tests were used to analyse change in self-reported attitudes, confidence in self and the team, and theoretical knowledge. Results In 37 participants we found significant improvement in doctors and nurses attitudes (t = 2.168 p < .05 and 2.651 p < .05) and doctor’s confidence t = 3.711 p < .001) following training. Knowledge increased for all participants and was significant for doctors (t = 2.112, p < .041). Comments supported training. Conclusion Many doctors and nurses in mental health feel inadequately prepared and lack confidence in themselves and their colleagues to respond to medical emergencies. A structured simulation course was useful to change attitudes and increase confidence and knowledge which could benefit the team and patients.
Colorectal Cancer Cell Differentiation Trajectory Predicts Patient Immunotherapy Response and Prognosis
Authors: Qin Yuling , Li Meiqin , Lin Qiumei , Pan Xiaolan , Liang Yihua , Huang Zhaodong , Liu Zhimin , Huang Lingsha , Fang Min 
Published: August 2022

Objectives This study aimed to investigate the differentiation state and clinical significance of colorectal cancer cells, as well as to predict the immune response and prognosis of patients based on differentiation-related genes of colorectal cancer. Introduction Colorectal cancer cells exhibit different differentiation states under the influence of the tumor microenvironment, which determines the cell fates. Methods We combined single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) data from The Cancer Genome Atlas source with extensive transcriptome data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. We obtained colorectal cancer differentiation-related genes using cell trajectory analysis and developed a colorectal cancer differentiation-related gene based molecular typing and prognostic model to predict the immune response and prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer. Results We identified 5 distinct cell differentiation subsets and 620 colorectal cancer differentiation-related genes. Colorectal cancer differentiation-related genes were significantly associated with metabolism, angiogenesis, and immunity. We separated patients into 3 subtypes based on colorectal cancer differentiation-related gene expression in the tumor and found differences among the different subtypes in immune infiltration status, immune checkpoint gene expression, clinicopathological features, and overall survival. Immunotherapeutic interventions involving a highly expressed immune checkpoint blockade may be selectively effective in the corresponding cancer subtypes. We built a risk score prediction model (5-year AUC: .729) consisting of the 4 most important predictors of survival (TIMP1, MMP1, LGALS4, and ITLN1). Finally, we generated and validated a nomogram consisting of the risk score and clinicopathological variables. Conclusion This study highlights the significance of genes involved in cell differentiation for clinical prognosis and immunotherapy in patients and provides prospective therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer.
Effect of size on the eccentric compression performance of damaged square RC columns strengthened with CFRP: An experimental study
Authors: Si Jianhui , Li Kai , Zeng Zhaobao , Liu Zewei , Hu Jiannan 
Published: August 2022

The objective of this study was to experimentally analyze the effect of size on the eccentric compression performance of damaged square Reinforced concrete (RC) columns reinforced with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) in a bid to improve the rationality of the design of CFRP-reinforced large concrete members. In the experiment, 18 square RC columns with proportional sizes were prepared, and the principle of the proportional changes in the size was strictly controlled. The effects of the size, eccentricity, pre-damage, and number of CFRP layers were considered in the experiment, and the bearing capacity, lateral deflection, rebar strain, CFRP strain, and failure modes of RC columns of different sizes before and after the reinforcement were studied. The experimental results showed that the CFRP reinforcement could improve the bearing capacity and deformability of damaged square RC columns under small eccentric compression; however, the reinforcement effect gradually decreased with increasing size. When the cross-sectional dimensions were 100, 200, and 300 mm, the bearing capacity increased by 26.17%, 17.27%, and 12.98%, respectively, and the ductility coefficient increased by 104%, 44.80%, and 35.20%, respectively.
Effects of a mitochondrial-acting drug on ischemia/reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac mitochondrial function and inflammatory cytokines in rat: Role of adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels
Authors: Zhang Xin , Li Geng 
Published: August 2022

Objective Ischemia/reperfusion (IR)-induced myocardial arrhythmias are a common clinical manifestation in patients with myocardial infarction after reperfusion therapy. Mitochondria play a critical role in cardioprotection. Here, we investigated the effects of KH176 as a new mitochondrial-acting drug on IR-induced ventricular arrhythmias, mitochondrial function, pro-inflammatory cytokines production, and the role of mitochondrial ATP-dependent K (mK-ATP) channels in rats’ hearts. Methods The hearts of Sprague Dawley rats (250 ± 30 g; 36 rats) underwent 35 min of ischemia followed by 120 min of reperfusion. Myocardial in vivo ischemia was induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. KH176 at concentrations of 10 and 50 μM was intraperitoneally injected to rats 10 min before reperfusion onset. Ventricular arrhythmias were quantified during reperfusion, and cardiac mitochondrial function, nitric oxide, and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were measured by fluorometric, spectrophotometric, and ELISA techniques. Results Administration of KH176 significantly reduced lactate-dehydrogenase release and the number, duration, incidence, and severity of ventricular arrhythmias induced by reperfusion injury. IR-induced elevation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production, and cardiac pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, as well as reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP and nitric oxide levels were significantly restored by KH176 at 50 μM. However, the blockade of mK-ATP channels by 5-hydroxydecanoate considerably inhibited the effects of KH176 on all parameters except nitric oxide. Conclusion KH176 showed strong cardiac antiarrhythmic effects on IR-induced injury through improving mitochondrial function and reducing inflammatory and oxidative responses, and these protective effects are mediated by cardiac mK-ATP channels.
Comparison of Two Anterior Reconstructive Techniques in the Treatment of 3-Level and 4 Level Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: A Meta-analysis of Last Decade
Authors: Wang Tao , Guo Junfei , Long Yubin , Hou Zhiyong 
Published: August 2022

Study Design A meta-analysis. Objective Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) and anterior cervical corpectomy and fusion (ACCF) are widely used in the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM). However, the clinical outcomes and complications between ACDF and ACCF treating multi-level CSM remain poorly understood. Thus, we performed a meta-analysis to compare the clinical outcomes and complications of the two procedures in the treatment of 3-level and 4-level CSM. Methods An extensive search of the literature was performed in the English databases of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library and the Chinese databases of CNKI and WANFANG. We collected factors, including demographic data, surgical factors, and complications. Data analysis was conducted with RevMan 5.3 and STATA 12.0. Results Finally, 14 articles (5429 patients) were included in our study. No significant difference was found in preoperative and 3-month follow-up Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores, neck disability index, preoperative C2-C7, segmental angle, operation time, as well as the number of dysphagia, hoarseness, cerebral fluid leakage, infection, epidural hematoma, axial pain, hardware breakage, and pseudarthrosis between ACDF and ACCF. However, our findings showed that blood loss ( P < 0.00001), the number of total complications ( P < 0 .00001), C5 palsy ( P = 0.0004), graft dislodgement ( P = 0.02), graft subsidence ( P = 0.0003), and revision surgery ( P = 0.0008) in ACDF were significantly less than in ACCF. Additionally, postoperative and change of C2-C7 ( P < 0.00001), segment angle ( P < 0.00001), and fusion rate ( P = 0.001) in ACDF were significantly higher than in ACCF. Post-operative JOA in ACDF was significantly higher than in ACCF ( P = 0.02). Conclusions Although the clinical efficacy of both surgeries was similar, ACDF was superior to ACCF in the reconstruction of cervical lordosis and the number of complications in the treatment of 3-level and 4-level CSM.