bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pigment Content and Gas Exchange of Red Raspberry In Vitro and Ex Vitro
Authors: Donnelly D. J. , Vidaver W. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
CO2 uptake and various leaf parameters were examined including photosynthetic pigment content (chlorophyll a, b, and total carotenoids), fresh/dry weight, percentage of water content, gram dry weight/area, and total plantlet leaf areas of an aseptically cultured clone of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) incubated at 5 light intensities, from 2 to 6 klx. Cultured plantlets demonstrated relatively low levels of CO2 uptake, averaging 2.5 mg CO2 dm–2hr–1 and rarely exceeding 4 mg CO2 dm–2 hr–1 at saturating light intensities. Pigment content was higher in plantlets incubated at lower light intensities (2 to 4 klx). Cultures incubated at 3 klx were evaluated both at the time of transfer to soil and 1 month later. Plantlet leaves retained from culture could be distinguished from new leaves by tagging all plantlet leaves prior to soil transfer; both were assessed separately 1 month after transplantation. Leaves retained from culture, 30% of the total leaf area of transplants, contributed less than 10% of the CO2 uptake at 3 klx. These leaves accounted for 10% to 30% of the total leaf area at higher light intensities but were net respirers. There was an increase in dry matter accumulation at 6 and 9 klx in these tagged leaves, but not at 3 klx. Continued accumulation of dry matter by the tagged leaves can be only at the expense of photosynthetic activity of the newly formed leaves. New leaves of transplants had a greater dry matter accumulation at 9 klx and a pigment content greater than the tagged leaves. Their pigment content was similar to that of young, control plant leaves. Transplants were capable of uptake rates of 5–7 mg CO2 dm–2 hr–1 or 50% of field control rates. The photosynthetic contribution of the leaves from culture was small or negative. The first new leaves formed in soil were transitional with intermediate capability. Acclimatization to the soil environment was time dependent and required the production of new leaves initiated in the new environment.
Growth Response in Spinach to Sequential and Simultaneous Exposure to NO2 and SO2
Authors: Hogsett W. E. , Gumpertz M. L. , Holman S. R. , Tingey D. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) was exposed intermittently to NO2 and SO2 (2 hours/week; 0.8 or 1.5 ppm) in a simultaneous or sequential fashion over the 42-day growth period. Nighttime simultaneous exposure to NO2 and SO2 reduced growth and altered assimilate partitioning to the root. The relative growth rate of total plant and root was reduced significantly below controls early in the growth period. In contrast, neither daytime exposure to the pollutant mixture nor sequential exposure to the 2 pollutants affected growth.
Evaluation of Bloater Resistance in Pickling Cucumbers Using a Brine Carbonation Method
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Fleming Henry P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The feasibility of testing the resistance of pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars to bloater damage was determined using a procedure of artificial carbonation at several concentrations of dissolved CO2 during brine storage of unfermented cucumbers. The use of grade 3-size fruit carbonated to saturation with CO2 during brine storage in 18-liter (5-gal) plastic pails appeared to be a simple, rapid (6 days), inexpensive, and reproducible method to test for cultivar differences in susceptibility to bloater damage. The method involves the use of a prescribed brine composition and sequential introduction of N2 and CO2 into the brined cucumbers. Thirty-five cucumber lines and cultivars were statistically separable using the method. Based on the data collected, it is recommended that 6 replications of 15 grade 3 fruit per cultivar or line be used, although good data can be obtained with as few as 2 replications of 5 fruit.
In Vitro Development of Zygotic Embryos of Theobroma cacao
Authors: Kononowicz Andrzej K. , Janick Jules 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Immature zygotic embryos of Theobroma cacao L. (cacao) were cultured for 46 days in a liquid medium based on Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and standard vitamins. Embryos at about the 100-day-stage were stimulated to develop toward maturity, based on increased production of anthocyanins, alkaloids, and lipids, when sucrose levels in the medium were increased to 27% (10 days in 3%, 2 days each in 9%, 15%, and 21%, and 30 days in 27% sucrose). Lipid development of embryos in vitro corresponded to that of zygotic embryos in vivo and asexual embryos in vitro. Embryos at the 150-day-stage did not respond to the high sucrose protocol.
Influence of Storage Temperature and Ethylene on Firmness, Acids, and Sugars of Chilling-sensitive and Chilling-tolerant Tomato
Authors: Manzano-Mendez J. , Hicks J. R. , Masters J. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two cultivars and 2 experimental chilling-tolerant lines of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were harvested mature-green and stored for 15 days at 5°, 20°, and 35°C with or without the introduction of ethylene; portions of the high and low temperature samples were moved to 20° for an additional 10 days. Samples were analyzed for firmness, sugars, and acids. Fruit of the chilling-tolerant tomato lines were firmer than the commercial cultivars in all temperature treatments. Ethylene enhanced softening in the chilling-sensitive cultivars only at 20°, while the chilling-tolerant lines showed an effect only at 35°. The chilling-tolerant lines appeared to be more heat-tolerant than the sensitive cultivars. Sugar and organic acid analyses were not as clear-cut, often revealing a tendency for the cherrysized fruit to behave similarly to each other and different from the normal-sized fruit. The chilling-tolerant lines held at 5° or moved from 5° to 20° had lower monosaccharide levels than the corresponding sensitive cultivars. This also was true when fruit were moved from 35° to 20°. ‘New Yorker’ tomato had low levels of malate after exposure to 35°, which resulted in a high citrate/malate ratio not evident in the other 3 cultivars. Phosphoric acid levels were higher in the chilling-tolerant tomato fruit and increased with increasing storage temperature. Line 281 deviated from the other 3 cultivars in that, in general, acids increased and sugars decreased with increasing storage temperature.
Influence of N Source, N Rate, and K Rate on the Yield and Mineral Concentration of Sweet Potato
Authors: Hammett Larry K. , Miller Conrad H. , Swallow William H. , Harden Christel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Jewel’ sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] were grown during 2 seasons to evaluate 3 N sources, 3 K rates, and 2 N rates on a sandy loam soil. Nitrogen source did not influence yield; however, NaNO3 significantly increased foliar and root Na concentrations over those obtained with NH4NO3 or Ca(NO3)2. Higher yields were obtained with 140 kg K/ha than with 70 or 280 kg K/ha and 101 kg N/ha than with 202 kg N/ha. No foliar or root mineral concentrations were deficient. Nitrogen, P, Ca, and Mg concentrations were lower in root than foliar tissues.
Dormant Pruning Influence on Auxin, Gibberellin, and Cytokinin Levels in Apple Trees
Authors: Grochowska M. J. , Karaszewska A. , Jankowska B. , Maksymiuk J. , Williams Max W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The levels of auxin, gibberellin, and cytokinin were measured using bioassay methods in pruned and unpruned apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. McIntosh). Vigorous shoot growth following heavy dormant pruning was accompanied by an increase in cytokinin concentration in the tissues in the early spring. As cell division and cell expansion progressed, the levels of auxin and gibberellin increased. The gibberellin activity in samples from pruned trees was 3 times higher than in samples from unpruned trees. Pruning diminished the midsummer level of cytokinins in the annual shoots.
Genetic Potential to Improve Tomato Flavor in Commercial F1 Hybrids
Authors: Jones R. A. , Scott S. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
F1 hybrids between high sugar and acid lines of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were rated higher in sweetness, ‘tomato-like’, and overall flavor intensity than the high-acid parent common to the crosses. Titratable acidity and soluble solids content were responsible for most of the observed differences in sweetness. The results indicate that improved tomato flavor can be achieved by genetically enhancing sugar and acid content. Rapid gains in flavor quality might be achieved in horticulturally acceptable types through F1 hybrids.
The Effects of Ice Nucleation-active Bacteria on Temperatures of Ice Nucleation and Freeze Injury of Prunus Flower Buds at Various Stages of Development
Authors: Gross D. C. , Proebsting E. L. , Andrews P. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of high (105 to 107 colony-forming units/g) and low populations of ice nucleation-active (INA) Pseudomonas syringae, strain B301D, on the ice nucleation temperatures and the amount of frost injury were determined for ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] and ‘Bing’ sweet cherry [Prunus avium (L.)] flower buds. The experiments were conducted from bud swell in early spring through the small, green fruit stages of development on INA bacteria-inoculated and -noninoculated flower buds that were either excised or attached to 10-cm segments of woody stem tissue. Shoots were immersed one minute in an INA bacterial suspension or sterile buffer 4 hours prior to freeze-testing. Excised-noninoculated buds supercooled to near −4°C before the first exotherm was determined, whereas inoculated buds attached to the stem supercooled only to −2.5°. Ice nucleation temperatures were about −3.0° for excised-inoculated and attached-noninoculated flower buds. The stem tissue contained a nonbacterial source of ice nucleation, active at temperatures similar to INA bacteria, that limited supercooling in the floral organs. While the ice-nucleation temperatures did not change with respect to bud development, the susceptibility of the floral organs to frost injury did change. Before the emergence of the petal tips through the calyx (frost-tolerant phase), the percentage of injury was reduced at higher ice nucleation temperatures, whether induced by stem tissue or inoculation with INA bacteria. Temperatures of −8 to −10° were required to give about 50% injury during this frost-tolerant phase compared with −3 to −4° in the later, frost-sensitive phase. Within a week of petal tip emergence from the calyx, the direct relationship between ice nucleation temperature and frost injury reversed, and the percentage of injury was inversely proportional to supercooling in flower buds. The flowers and fruit were injured by ice formation during the frost-sensitive phase regardless of whether ice was induced by INA bacteria or woody stem tissue.
Evaluation of Combining Ability, Heterosis, and Genetic Variance for Yield, Maturity, and Plant Characteristics in Bush Muskmelon
Authors: Kalb Thomas J. , Davis D. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Combining ability and heterosis for yield, maturity, and plant traits in bush muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) were estimated through the use of a 6-parent diallel evaluated in 1981 at Excelsior, Minn. and at Santa Paula, Calif. The variance of GCA was greater than that of SCA for all traits. Minnesota 266 was the best general combiner for yield weight characteristics. Minnesota 101 was exceptional for GCA in those traits associated with earliness, and U.C. Perlita Bush and U.F. G508 combined well for main crop yield. Correlations between the performance of parental lines and the average of their hybrids were consistently positive and often significant. Favorable heterosis over the midparent was found for all traits but days to first fruit. Favorable heterosis over the superior parent was found for plant health and all yield traits except total number of fruit per plant. In a 3 × 10 design II at Excelsior, estimates of additive variance exceeded those of dominance variance in general, providing for moderately high heritability estimates (40–70%) for most traits.
Genetic and Nutritional Status in Bitter Pit- resistant and -susceptible Apple Seedlings
Authors: Korban Safi S. , Swiader John M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Inheritance of the bitter pit disorder was determined in the field on fruiting seedlings resulting from crosses between the highly susceptible cultivar ‘Prima’, Coop 11 (a scab-resistant advanced selection), and 3 other scab-resistant selections. Segregation ratios indicated that 2 major genes controlled resistance. Both dominant genes, designated Bp-1 and Bp-2, were required to confer resistance. Analysis of leaf and peeled fruit tissues for Ca, Mg, K, and B indicated the presence of higher levels of Ca and B, and lower levels of Mg and K on a dry weight basis in resistant seedlings. A gradient was observed through the flesh on the fruit for all elements tested. Ca content was elevated at the base, but dropped rapidly towards the apex in susceptible fruits. Mg was reduced at the base and increased towards the apex in all fruits, but its level increased sharply in susceptible fruits.
Some Inorganic Element Changes in Trunk Phloem of Healthy and Blight-affected Citrus Trees
Authors: Williams G. L. , Albrigo L. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Levels of several inorganic elements were determined at one time in samples of trunk phloem from 3 adjacent pairs of healthy and blight-affected ‘Marsh Seedless’ grapefruit (2 groves) and ‘Pineapple’ orange (1 grove) trees on rough lemon rootstock. A smaller number of elements were determined seasonally over a 1½-year period in the trunk phloem from 3 similar pairs of healthy and declining trees per grove. Zn, Mn, and N levels in the trunk phloem of blighted trees were significantly higher than in healthy trees, and B levels were significantly lower in the one-time sample analysis for Zn, Mn, Cu, K, Na, Mo, B, Cl, and N. Zn and Mn levels were significantly increased in blighted trees for all samples during the seasonal analysis for Zn, Mn, Cu, K, and Na. Cu and K levels were significantly higher in blighted trees only on some sampling dates. Zn levels continued to increase with time in blighted trees. None of the other elements showed a consistent pattern of change with time. In a study of 5 elements in north- vs. south-side trunk phloem, only Zn in healthy trees was different consistently in each side of the tree.
Fourier Analysis of the Main Head Shape of Artichoke
Authors: De Pace Ciro , Delre Vitantonio , Scarascia-Mugnozza Giantommaso 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A procedure for analyzing shape of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) main head, independent of size, is presented. The method uses a Fourier harmonic model for fitting bud profile shape. Each of the parameters in the model describes a different 2-dimensional conformation of a main-head profile and jointly provides a close fit (r > 0.93) to observed profile coordinates. The parameters are amenable to statistical analysis and can be used in a quantitative study of shape when a continuous genetic distribution of shape profiles is observed.
Inter- and Intra-row Inter-genotypic Competition Influences Selection for Avoidance of White Mold Disease in Dry Edible Beans
Authors: Fuller Peter A. , Coyne Dermot P. , Steadman Janies R. , Mumm Robert F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two field experiments were conducted to explore possible causes of inefficient selection for architectural avoidance of white mold disease reported in dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Near-isogenic breeding lines for maturity and plant growth habit were blended in 4 paired combinations (with 5 mixture levels/blend) to investigate their intrarow competitive influence on disease severity. Results from regressing the disease severity for each blend component on the mixture level showed the disease severity of an individual plant to be dependent upon its own maturity, as well as on the maturity of its neighbors. An increase in the proportion of late plants in the blend led to a significant and linear increase in their disease severity. A comparable decrease in disease severity was observed as the proportion of early plants in the blend was increased. Disease severity was not influenced by the proportion of indeterminate or determinate plants in the blend, regardless of maturity. The determinate growth habit, however, as well as early maturity, resulted in greater disease avoidance than the indeterminate growth habit or late maturity when grown in pure stands. In a 2nd experiment, 4 dry bean cultivars possessing different architectures were used to study the interrow influence of plant architecture on disease severity, incidence, and seed yield. Significant differences in disease severity and incidence observed between plots bordered by an upright genotype or a dense, prostrate genotype indicated that the level of disease in the test row was determined to a large extent by the architecture of adjacent rows. The failure to obtain an accurate assessment of a genotype's performance may account partially for the difficulty in selecting for architectural avoidance.
Sweet Corn Growth Responses and Leaf Concentrations as Affected by Lime Types and Fertilizer Treatments in a Five-year Study
Authors: Smith Cyril B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 5-year sweet corn nutrition experiment involving 4 lime treatments, 14 fertilizer treatments, and 2 hybrids was conducted on Hagerstown silt loam which had an initial pH of 5.2. Calcitic, calcitic with 3% Mg and dolomitic (12% Mg) limes applied during the 1st and 3rd years at 4.5 MT/ha increased vigor, yield, percentage of marketable ears, leaf N, leaf P and decreased leaf Mn and Zn. Calcitic lime increased leaf Ca and Mg by 21% and 31%, respectively. Dolomitic lime more than doubled leaf Mg but did not affect leaf Ca. Dolomitic lime increased leaf Mg by 55% 60 days after application. The best fertilizer responses were obtained with 56 kg/ha each of N and P banded for ‘Northern Belle’, with 112 kg/ha of N (75% broadcast, 25% banded), and 56 kg/ha P banded for ‘Deep Gold’. These treatments increased yields (by 36% and 60%, respectively, compared to the check), plant height, ear size and weight, and hastened maturity by 5 days. Additions of K or Mg did not improve the response. Height and yield were reduced and maturity was delayed when Ca (NO3)2 rather than NH4 NO3 was used as the N source. Leaf Ca, Mg, and Mn were lower with Ca (NO3)2 than with NH4 NO3 and urea sources, but leaf N, P, Mn, Cu and Zn increased with the urea source. Leaf Ca and Mg were enhanced by NH4 NO3, Ca (NO3)2, and urea, and depressed by KC1.
Phytotoxic Responses of Florida Grapefruit to Low-dose Irradiation
Authors: Hatton T. T. , Cubbedge R. H. , Risse L. A. , Hale P. W. , Spalding D. H. , von Windeguth D. , Chew V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven irradiation tests (with exposures of 0, 7.5, 15, 30, 60 and 90 krad) were conducted on 26 lots of grapefruit throughout the 1981–82 and early 1982–83 citrus seasons. Fruit treated with 60 and 90 krad showed rind breakdown and scald after storage for 28 days at optimum temperatures. Scald was the dominant injury in early-season fruit in tests conducted during Oct. and Dec. 1981 and Sept, and Oct. 1982. Rind breakdown, especially pitting, was the dominant injury in all other tests with midseason and late-season fruit. At the 7.5-, and 15-, and 30-krad exposures, injury was minimal, and fruit exposed to these dosages were acceptable. Although some 60- and 90-krad exposures resulted in excessive injury, 2 tests at 60 and 90 krad were acceptable with early fruit. In some instances, injured areas developed decay after storage and marketing conditions at 21°C.
Stability Differences among Fresh Market Tomato Genotypes—1. Fruit Yields
Authors: Stoffella Peter J. , Bryan Herbert H. , Howe Teresa K. , Scott Jay W. , Locascio Salvadore J. , Olson Stephen M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ten fresh market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes were evaluated for yield stability in 7 environments within Florida. Genotype × environment interaction was significant for yield of marketable fruit. Linear relationships between mean yields of individual genotypes and environmental mean yields were evaluated to determine genotype stability. Mean square deviations from linear regression (s2d), regression coefficients (b1) and coefficient of linear determination (R2) were used to evaluate phenotypic stability. ‘Sunny’, Castlehy 1035’, ‘Burgis’, ‘FTE 12’, and ‘Duke’ were considered stable and high yielding. An advanced breeding line, 827015-IBK, was considered stable but low yielding. ‘Hayslip’, D76127, ‘Flora-Dade’, and ‘Walter PF’ were considered unstable. This study suggests that yield stability differences occur among fresh market tomato genotypes. Therefore, selection of tomato genotypes for improved adaptability should be considered in tomato breeding programs.
Influence of Seed Moisture on Lima Bean Stand Establishment and Growth
Authors: Bennett Mark A. , Waters Luther 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field studies were conducted to examine the effect of increasing the moisture content of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus ‘Kingston 098’) seed prior to planting. Seed moisture was adjusted by combining seed, vermiculite, and varying amounts of water in plastic packets which were then sealed and incubated at 22°C for 3 days. Initial seed moisture ranged from 8% to 56%. Trials were planted at 2 locations in 1981 (Becker and Rochester, Minn.), and at 3 locations in 1982 (Becker, St. Paul and Waseca, Minn.). Seed moisture above the normal 8% to 10% range increased emergence and stand establishment at all locations. As a general trend, increased seed moisture up to about 40% improved percentage of emergence and stand establishment. Harvest data varied between locations. Results from one location in both years showed elevated seed moisture to increase pods per plant, total pod dry weight, and total plant dry weight. Results from harvest (yield) data did not show consistent increases in the variables measured.
Free and Bound Abscisic Acid and Free Gibberellin-like Substances in Pecan Kernel Tissues during Seed Development
Authors: Wood B. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pecan [Carya illinoinensis) (Wangenh.) K. Koch] kernel development was characterized by an initial rapid localized expansion of testa and endosperm, which was closely associated with low levels of free and bound abscisic acid (ABA) and with high levels of gibberllin-like (GL) substances. Rapid cotyledon growth began with the termination of testa and endosperm expansion, which was subsequent to a sharp increase in both free and bound ABA. The rate of change for growth in kernel dry weight was highly correlated with the rate of change in levels of both free ABA (R2 = 0.86) and bound ABA (R2 = 0.88). Levels of GL substances (ng/g kernel), as measured by the dwarf pea and cucumber bioassays, were relatively low after the rapid accumulation of kernel dry weight, however, GL substances detected by the barley endosperm bioassay were high during the last 30 days of kernel development. Abscisic acid and GL substances seem to exercise a significant role in seed development.