bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic hazard assessment: Application to geomagnetic activity
Authors: Richardson Gemma S. , Thomson Alan W. P. 
Published: January 2022

Probabilistic Hazard Assessment (PHA) provides an appropriate methodology for assessing space weather hazards and their impact on technology. PHA is widely used in geosciences to determine the probability of exceedance of critical thresholds, caused by one or more hazard sources. PHA has proved useful with limited historical data to estimate the likelihood of specific impacts. PHA has also driven the development of empirical and physical models, or ensembles of models, to replace measured data. Here we aim to highlight the PHA method to the space weather community and provide an example of how it could be used. In terms of space weather impact, the critical hazard thresholds might include the Geomagnetically Induced Current in a specific high voltage power transformer neutral, or the local pipe-to-soil potential in a particular metal pipe. We illustrate PHA in the space weather context by applying it to a twelve-year dataset of Earth-directed solar Coronal Mass Ejections (CME), which we relate to the probability that the global three-hourly geomagnetic activity index Kp exceeds specific thresholds. We call this a “Probabilistic Geomagnetic Hazard Assessment”, or PGHA. This provides a simple but concrete example of the method. We find that the cumulative probability of Kp > 6−, > 7−, > 8− and Kp = 9o is 0.359, 0.227, 0.090, 0.011, respectively, following observation of an Earth-directed CME, summed over all CME launch speeds and solar source locations. According to the historical Kp distribution, this represents an order of magnitude increase in the a priori probability of exceeding these thresholds. For the lower Kp thresholds, the results are somewhat distorted by our exclusion of coronal hole high-speed stream effects. The PHGA also reveals useful probabilistic associations between solar source location and subsequent maximum Kp for operational forecasters.
Surgical Strategy for Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the External Auditory Canal: Management of Locally Advanced Cases with Skull Base Involvement
Authors: Goto Seiya , Nishio Naoki , Iwami Kenichiro , Yoshida Tadao , Maruo Takashi , Mukoyama Nobuaki , Tsuzuki Hidenori , Yokoi Sayaka , Wada Akihisa , Hiramatsu Mariko , Hayashi Yuichiro , Kamei Yuzuru , Fujii Masazumi , Sone Michihiko , Fujimoto Yasushi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Objective Surgical indications for advanced-stage squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the external auditory canal (EAC) are highly dependent on the skull base surgery team. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes in patients with SCC of the EAC and to clarify the surgical indication of far advanced cases using the T4 subclassification.
Methods Patients with SCC of the EAC who underwent curative treatment from 2002 to 2021 at our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical and surgical results, including operative data, overall survival (OS), and disease-specific survival (DSS), were analyzed. To clarify the surgical indication for advanced-stage tumors, we proposed the T4 subclassification.
Results In the 46 patients included in the study, 8 patients had T1 tumors, 10 had T2 tumor, 5 had T3 tumors, and 23 had T4 tumors. The 5-year DSS with T1, T2, T3, and T4 tumors were 100, 85.7, 100, and 61.7%, respectively. No prognostic impacts for margin status were found between the 5-year OS and DSS (p = 0.23 and 0.13, respectively). Patients with far-advanced-stage (T4b) tumors were significantly associated with shorter DSS than those with early-stage (T1/T2) and advanced-stage (T3/T4a) tumors (p = 0.007 and 0.03, respectively).
Conclusion The present study focused on patients with SCC of the EAC at a university hospital over a period of 20 years, especially with skull base involvement, and a T4 subclassification was proposed. Complete tumor resection in an en bloc fashion could help achieve a good survival rate even in patients with locally advanced tumors.
Neurodevelopmental Outcomes following Preterm Birth and the Association with Postmenstrual Age at Discharge
Authors: Kellner Polly , Kwon Jenny , Smith Joan , Pineda Roberta 
Published: January 2022

Objective This study aimed to (1) define the prevalence of motor, cognitive, and language delays in preterm infants born <32 weeks estimated gestational age (EGA); and (2) identify the relationship between the timing of discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and neurodevelopmental outcome in early childhood.
Study Design This retrospective study of 172 preterm infants born <32 weeks EGA and hospitalized in a level-IV NICU captured medical factors, including timing of discharge, from the NICU stay. Standardized developmental testing at 1 to 2 years corrected age was conducted in the newborn follow-up clinic.
Results At 1 to 2 years corrected age, the sample had an average Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development (Bayley-III) cognitive composite score of 91.5 ± 17.4, language composite score of 84.5 ± 17.3, and motor composite score of 88.9 ± 18.4. Lower EGA at birth, necrotizing enterocolitis, patent ductus arteriosus, and oxygen requirement for >28 days were independently associated with higher postmenstrual age (PMA) at NICU discharge. Higher PMA at discharge was associated with poorer cognitive outcome [p < 0.001, β = −1.1 (−1.6, −0.7)], poorer language outcome [p = 0.049, β = −0.5 (−0.9, −0.003)], and poorer motor outcome [p <0.001, β = −1.0 (−1.5, −0.5)]. For every additional week of hospitalization, scores were an average of 1.1 points lower in cognitive, 1.0 point lower in motor, and 0.5 points lower in language domains of the Bayley-III assessment.
Conclusion Poorer cognitive, language, and motor outcomes were associated with longer hospitalization, even after controlling for medical risk factors known to be associated with poorer outcome. This provides further evidence for the potential role of the environment in impacting developmental outcomes of infants hospitalized in the NICU.
Key Points
COVID-19-Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in a Neonate with Atypical Coronary Artery Involvement
Authors: Costa Simonetta , Delogu Angelica B. , Bottoni Anthea , Purcaro Velia , D'Andrea Vito , Paladini Angela , Muto Sara , Marano Riccardo , Savino Giancarlo , Secinaro Aurelio , De Benedetti Fabrizio , Carsetti Rita , Mortari Eva Piano , Spanu Teresa , Vento Giovanni 
Published: January 2022

Objective The study aimed to report a novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-associated multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) in a neonate found to have an atypical diffuse thickening in coronary artery walls whose diagnosis required a multi-imaging approach.
Study Design A neonate presented at birth with multiple organ involvement and coronary artery anomalies. A diagnosis of MIS-C associated with COVID-19 was supported by maternal severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during pregnancy, and by the presence of both immunoglobulin (Ig)-G against SARS-CoV-2 and spike-specific memory B-cells response in the neonatal blood. Other plausible causes of the multiple organ involvement were excluded.
Result At admission, a severe coronary artery dilatation was identified on echocardiography, supporting the diagnosis of the MIS-C Kawasaki-like disease; however, coronary artery internal diameters were found to be normal using cardiac computed tomography angiography. At discharge, comparing the two imaging techniques each other, the correct diagnosis resulted to be an abnormal thickening in coronary arterial walls. These findings suggest that the inflammatory process affecting the coronary arterial wall in MIS-C could result not only in typical coronary artery lesions such as dilatation of the lumen or aneurysms development but also in abnormal thickening of the coronary artery wall.
Conclusion Our case provides an alert for pediatric cardiologists about the complexity to assess coronary artery involvement in MIS-C and raises the question that whether an abnormal vascular remodeling, with normal inner diameters, is to be considered like coronary artery dilatation for risk stratification.
Key Points
Endoscopic Operating Platforms and Advancements
Authors: Sethi Ila , Rosenbluth Amy 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe first endoscope was created in 1805 by Philip Bozini in Germany. This endoscope was known as “Lichtleiter,” a light guiding instrument. In the 1950s, the first models of fiberoptic endoscopes were introduced. Since then, the technology associated with endoscopic surgery has grown by leaps and bounds. This article aims to explore current operating platforms and emerging technology associated with endoscopic surgery.
Bilateral Optic Neuritis Caused by Meningococcal Meningoencephalitis
Authors: Zellner Herta , Entenmann Andreas , Unterberger Iris , Muigg Armin , Egger Stephan , Kössler Miriam , Zeiner Fiona , Baumann Matthias , Teuchner Barbara , Janjic Tanja , Putz Diana , Zlamy Manuela 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this article, we described a case of pathogen-induced bilateral optic neuritis accompanying meningococcal meningoencephalitis in an adolescent male. A 15-year-old boy presented to our emergency room due to progressive severe headache, stiff neck, diffuse extremity pain, fever, and nausea concerning meningoencephalitis. Intravenous ceftriaxone, metamizole, and ondansetron were started immediately. Due to acute autonomic dysregulation and development of petechiae, he was transferred to the pediatric intensive care unit. Next morning, the patient developed severe visual impairment. Investigations revealed elevated C-reactive protein, procalcitonin and leucocyte count, decreased platelet count, and clotting activation. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis revealed increased leucocyte count, protein, and decreased glucose concentration with pathological CSF cytology. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed an increased contrast enhancement in the optic nerve sheath, consistent with acute bilateral optic neuritis. He was started on high-dose intravenous pulse methylprednisolone therapy. After treatment with ceftriaxone und pulse steroids, the patient was discharged in good condition without any visual sequel.
Peritoneal Dialysis with Rigid Catheters in Children with Acute Kidney Injury: A Single-Centre Experience
Authors: Garg Manasi , V. Lalitha A. , Vasudevan Anil 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPeritoneal dialysis (PD) is a simple and preferred modality of dialysis for children with acute kidney injury (AKI) in resource poor countries. The aim of the study is to evaluate the utility and safety of acute PD using rigid catheter in critically ill children admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) with emphasis on short-term patient and renal outcome and complications. In this retrospective study, outcome and complications of PD using rigid catheter were evaluated in 113 critically ill children admitted in PICU of a tertiary care hospital from 2014 to 2019. The most common causes for AKI were sepsis (39.8%), dengue infection (16.8%), and hemolytic uremic syndrome (13.2%). In 113 patients, 122 PD catheters were inserted, and the median duration of PD was 60 (IQR: 36–89) hours. At the initiation of PD, 64 (56.6%) patients were critically ill requiring mechanical ventilation and inotropes, 26 (23%) had disseminated intravascular coagulation, and 42 (37%) had multiorgan dysfunction syndrome. PD was effective and there was a significant improvement in urea and creatinine, and one-third patients (n = 38; 33.6%) had complete renal recovery at the end of PD. Total complications were seen in 67% children but majority of them were metabolic (39.8%). Total catheter related complications were seen in 21.2% and peritonitis was seen in 4.4%. Catheter removal due to complications was required in 8.8% children. Overall, among children on PD, 53.7% survived. Acute PD with rigid catheters can be performed bedside in absence of soft catheters and significant clearance can be obtained without major life-threatening complications.
Hashimoto's Encephalopathy Masquerading as Rapidly Progressive Dementia and Extrapyramidal Failure
Authors: Aladdin Yasser , Shirah Bader 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Hashimoto's encephalopathy is a rare immune-mediated disorder characterized by subacute encephalopathy with elevated thyroid antibodies. Hashimoto's encephalopathy is also known as steroid-responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis. We report a rare presentation of Hashimoto's encephalopathy presenting with acute neuropsychiatric disturbances, rapidly progressive dementia, seizures, and extrapyramidal failure. Neuroimaging revealed multifocal vasculitides of major cerebral vessels that support the autoimmune vasculitic theory as the underlying pathogenesis for Hashimoto's encephalopathy. Unfortunately, permanent irreversible cerebral damage has already ensued before her presentation to our center, which rendered steroid therapy ineffective. Serological testing for Hashimoto's thyroiditis must be in the investigation of all rapidly progressive dementias as early diagnosis and timely management of autoimmune thyroiditis may salvage sizable and eloquent cerebral tissues. The rarity of the condition should not preclude the investigation of Hashimoto's disease even in the presence of normal levels of thyroid hormones. Delayed diagnosis may result in irreversibly catastrophic encephalopathy in patients who once presented with potentially curable dementia.
Recurrent Bilateral Lower Motor Neuron Type of Facial Palsy with Hearing Impairment: Hyperphosphatemic Familial Tumoral Calcinosis
Authors: Gowda Vykuntaraju K. , Raj Anusha , Vamyanmane Dhananjaya K. , Nagarajappa Vani H. , Srinivas Sahana M. , Tirumale Rajalakshmi , Ranganath Jaya , Gaddehosur Chandan , Vishwanathan Gurudatta B. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHyperphosphatemic familial tumoral calcinosis (HFTC) presents with varied neurological manifestations that have been reported in the literature like facial palsy, vision and hearing impairment, stroke, and headache. In this article, we reported a 12-year-old girl child patient with recurrent facial weakness with bilateral hearing impairment and multiple ulcerative lesions on lower limbs and elbows. On examination, she had lower motor neuron (LMN) facial palsy with conductive hearing loss. The investigations showed hyperphosphatemia (9.3 mg/dL) with normal serum calcium (10.4 mg/dL), alkaline phosphatase (147.9 U/L), parathyroid hormone (23.12 pg/mL), and renal function tests. Elevated serum calcium and phosphorus product (96.72 mg2/mL2) and elevated renal tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TMPxGFR) value (9.16) were noted. Skeletal survey showed hyperostosis in the long bone diaphysis, vertebrae, ribs, pelvic bone, skull, and facial bones with narrowing of cranial ostium, characteristically without any peri-articular soft tissue calcifications. An angiogram showed multiple intravascular calcifications. She was managed with a low-phosphate diet, sevelamer, niacinamide, acetazolamide, sucroferric oxyhydroxide to lower serum phosphate level, and topical sodium thiosulfate ectopic cutaneous calcification. Exome sequencing showed novel homozygous inframe deletion of ACG in FGF23 gene exon 3 at c.374_376 delins position (p. Asp125del) in the proband and a mutation in the heterozygous state in the mother and elder sibling, thus confirming a molecular diagnosis of HFTC. Our case had a unique neurological presentation of recurrent bilateral lower motor nerve facial palsy, hearing loss, multiple ectopic cutaneous calcifications without peri-articular deposits, multiple intravascular, intracranial, and vertebral endplate calcification, which has not been reported earlier. The proband showed a novel pathogenic variant suggesting an expanding phenotype of HFTC.
Contiguous-Level Unilateral Cervical Spine Facet Dislocation—A Report of a Less Discussed Subtype
Authors: Das Sunil Kumar , Sekar Arunkumar , Jaidev Srinivas , Patnaik Ashis , Sahu Rabi Narayan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Unilateral facet dislocation of subaxial cervical spine trauma is characterized by dislocation of inferior facet of superior vertebra over the superior facet of inferior vertebra. The injury is due to high-velocity trauma and associated with instability of spinal column. Such unilateral facet dislocations occurring at multiple adjacent levels for some reason are not reported or studied frequently. We have reported two cases of multiple-level dislocation of unilateral facets managed in our hospital with a review of available literature. The injury occurs as one side of the motion segment translates and rotates around an intact facet on the contralateral side. The major mechanism of injury is distractive flexion injury with axial rotation component. The injury is associated with instability secondary to loss of the discoligamentous complex. In cases with multiple-level dislocations of unilateral cervical facets, there are multiple mechanisms associated with significant neurological injury and most of them succumb at the site of injury. Only three other cases are available in English language literature. The neurological outcome is invariably poor. Multiple-level facet dislocations of subaxial cervical spine are reported sparsely in literature. We suspect that due to high-velocity nature of these injuries, most of them succumb soon after injury and not often reported. This article reports two cases of contiguous-level unilateral facet dislocation of subaxial cervical spine with associated injuries and the outcomes with review of literature.
Insufficient social support for fathers of children with developmental disorders
Authors: Ishida Shiori , Okuno Hiromi , Igarashi Hisato , Takahashi Hiroko 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMany parents carry exceptional burdens in childcare, especially while raising children with developmental disabilities (DD). Japanese local governments provide considerable support to mothers and their families, which indicates that such services are in high demand. However, similar assistance for fathers in the context of children with DD may be lacking. This study evaluated the social support status of fathers raising children with DD towards considering increased paternal support. Multiple-choice questionnaires on support for information (6 items), emotion (7 items), evaluation (3 items), and daily living (3 items) were completed by Japanese fathers (n = 85) and mothers (n = 101) of children with DD attending rehabilitation facilities. Regarding information support, fathers answered “spouse” as the main provider for all items, which differed significantly from mothers. For emotional support, fathers significantly more frequently received assistance from their workplace and spouse. Daily living support was also significantly more predominant for fathers in the workplace. Evaluation support sources were comparable between the respondent groups, with “spouse” being most frequently answered by fathers. These findings indicate a deficiency in external resources for fathers and support a need to consider increasing non-spouse resources and social support for fathers in raising children with DD.
Modeling heats of solution for CuNixM(1−x): M = Rh, Sr, and Ir alloys
Authors: Akande T. H. , Matthew-Ojelabi F. , Agunbiade G. S. , Adesakin G. E. , Ojuola T. A. , Fasiku A. 
Published: January 2022

So far, many research works have been carried out on the heats of solutions for binary alloy systems, but research studies on ternary heats of solutions are still scarce. The thermodynamic properties of the ternary CuNixM(1−x) system, where M = Rh, Sr, and Ir, were predicted using the concept of the thermodynamic properties of binary systems for the ternary system. The idea of predicting CuNixM(1−x) values was regarded as the calculation of the values of heats of solutions and Gibbs free energy for the ternary alloys. The embedded atom method formalism was used to calculate the parameters for the heats of solutions of binary alloys in reasonable compliance with the available experiment and was extended to the prediction of the thermodynamic properties of ternary alloys. The calculated heats of solutions of the ternary systems Cu–Ni–Rh, Cu–Ni–Sr, and Cu–Ni–Ir are −0.814, 16.840, and −1.504 eV, respectively. It was observed that the heat of solution decreases as the value of x increases with Rh and Sr, while the heat of solution increases as x increases for Ir. The stability order is Cu–Ni–Ir, Cu–Ni–Rh, and Cu–Ni–Sr. The liquidus temperature TL at various values of x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 for the ternary alloys is presented.
Nanoscale tip positioning with a multi-tip scanning tunneling microscope using topography images
Authors: Leis Arthur , Cherepanov Vasily , Voigtländer Bert , Tautz F. Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Multi-tip scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is a powerful method to perform charge transport measurements at the nanoscale. With four STM tips positioned on the surface of a sample, four-point resistance measurements can be performed in dedicated geometric configurations. Here, we present an alternative to the most often used scanning electron microscope imaging to infer the corresponding tip positions. After the initial coarse positioning is monitored by an optical microscope, STM scanning itself is used to determine the inter-tip distances. A large STM overview scan serves as a reference map. Recognition of the same topographic features in the reference map and in small scale images with the individual tips allows us to identify the tip positions with an accuracy of about 20 nm for a typical tip spacing of ∼1μm. In order to correct for effects such as the non-linearity of the deflection, creep, and hysteresis of the piezoelectric elements of the STM, a careful calibration has to be performed.
Unprecedented severe atomic redistribution in germanium induced by MeV self-irradiation
Authors: Tran Tuan T. , Primetzhofer Daniel 
Published: January 2022

We present a pronounced unprecedented surface modification of a crystalline Ge layer under ion irradiation with a Ge ion beam at the energy of 2.5 MeV. Samples were covered by a thin SiN-protection layer to protect from sputtering and surface redeposition phenomena. Under the irradiation conditions, the Ge layer did not become porous as observed for other projectiles and lower energies but develops into a severely uneven morphology with characteristic length scales of several hundred nanometers. The observed roughness monotonically increases with the irradiation doses. We show that this phenomenon is caused neither by the surface erosion effect nor by a non-uniform volumetric expansion. Rather, atomic redistribution in the bulk of the material is the major drive for the uneven surface. Furthermore, the deformation of the Ge layer likely occurs to the largest extent after irradiation, as indicated by the very flat interface around the end-of-range region. The observed morphology modification is discussed based on irradiation-induced plastic flow, coupled with a larger contribution of the electronic component in the ion–solid interactions.