bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differentiation of Nine Crabapples Based on Bud and Leaf Surface Features1
Authors: Martens Julia , Fretz Thomas A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf and terminal bud samples from 9 crabapples were examined using the scanning electron microscope (SEM) for the purpose of establishing consistent, identifying morphological detail Crabapples utilized in the study included: Malus × purpurea (Hort. Barbier) Redh.; M. × purpurea ‘Aldenhamensis’; M. × purpurea (Hort. Barbier) Rehd.; M. × purpurea ‘Aldenhamensis’; M. × purpurea ‘Lemoinei’; M. baccata var. mandshurica (Maxim.) C. K. Schneid.; M. floribunda Seibold ex Van Houtte; M. hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd.; M. × robusta (Carriere) Rehd.; M. sargentii Rehd.; and M. × zumi var. calocarpa (Matsum.) Rehd. Overall, characters observed on terminal buds were less useful than leaf features. Only 4 species exhibited distinctive bud characters. Terminal bud surfaces of M. × robusta displayed unique networks of fibrillar wax. M. baccata var. mandshurica and M. × zumi var. calocarpa buds had defined stomatal structures. M. hupehensis exhibited singular invaginations in the bud epidermis. All crabapple leaves examined were hypostomatic, and all stomata appeared anomocytic. Stomatal characteristics most definitive for categorization were size and frequency. Adaxial and abaxial trichomes were similar in structure and were uniform among all species and cultivars. Observed types of abaxial cuticular striations were very useful as identification aides. Seven of the 9 crabapples could be characterized by foliage features alone.
Effect of Timing and Number of Applications of Chlormequat and Ancymidol on the Growth and Flowering of Seed Geraniums1
Authors: Miranda Ricardo M. , Carlson William H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Sprinter Scarlet’ and ‘Sprinter Salmon’ geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum L. H. Bailey) treated with repeated applications of (2-chloroethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride (chlormequat, CCC) at 1500 ppm and of α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine-methanol (ancymidol, A-Rest) at 200 ppm flowered significantly earlier than control plants, but differences among growth retardant treatments were non-significant. Growth control increased both with delay in treatment and with increasing number of applications. Flower initiation, as determined by microscopic examination of apical meristems, occurred 1 to 2 weeks earlier in growth-retardant treated plants.
Changes of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic Acid Content in Ripening Fruits in Relation to their Ethylene Production Rates1
Authors: Hoffman Neil E. , Yang Shang Fa 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in the level of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) were compared to ethylene production during fruit ripening of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) banana (Musa sapientum L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Preclimacteric tissues contained less than 0.1 nmol/g of ACC in all tissues. In avocado, the level of ACC increased to 45 nmol/g in the later stage of the climacteric rise, then decreased to 5 nmol/g, and later increased to over 100 nmol/g in overripe fruit. In banana ACC increased to 5 nmol/g during the climacteric, decreased to 2 nmol/g several days after the climacteric peak, and increased up to 5 nmol/g in overripe fruit. Levels of ACC in tomato ranged from 0.1 to 10 nmol/g and were significantly correlated with ethylene production rates in all but overripe fruits. The correlation between the ACC content and the production of ethylene is discussed.
Performance of ‘Marsh’ Grapefruit and ‘Valencia’ Orange Trees on Eighteen Rootstocks in a Closely Spaced Planting1,2
Authors: Castel William S. , Phillips R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The performance of ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and ‘Valencia’ sweet orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb.] on 18 rootstocks was evaluated with trees spaced 3.1 × 4.6 m and planted in 1968 in a deep, sandy soil. Rootstocks had significant effects on tree size, yield, production efficiency (kg of fruit/m3 of canopy), fruit quality and the quantity of soluble solids/tree. The largest, most productive trees were generally those on rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) in contrast to the smallest trees on the hybrid C. sunki Hort. ex Tanaka × Swingle trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf.). Rootstocks that showed promise for use in close-spaced plantings were Rubidoux trifoliate orange, Rusk citrange (P. trifoliata × C. sinensis) Koethen sweet orange × Rubidoux, Rangpur lime (C. limonia Osb.) × Troyer citrange, and a mandarin.
Glucanases in Fruits and Vegetables1
Authors: Hinton D. M. , Pressey R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
β-1, 3-glucanase (laminarinase, EC 3.2.1.6) activity was detected in apples, asparagus, beets, cantaloupes, carrots, cherries, cucumbers, peaches, squash and tomatoes. During ripening in peaches and tomatoes, enzyme activities increased as fruit firmness decreased. Gel chromatography revealed that some of the extracts contained two β-1, 3-glucanases differing in molecular weight, pH optimum, and thermostability.
Stomatal Response of Three Birch Species Exposed to Varying Acute Doses of SO21
Authors: Biggs A. R. , Davis D. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of 3 birch species were exposed to either 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, or 1.2 ppm SO2 for 1, 2, 3, or 4 hours. Stomatal conductance rate measurements of 10 plants were taken prior to and immediately following each exposure. The percentage of leaf tissue injured by SO2 was estimated 72 hours after exposure. Stomatal conductance rates of European white birch (Betula pendula Roth.) and yellow birch (B. lutea Michx. f.) increased after exposure to 0.3 ppm SO2 for 1 and 2 hours, and decreased in response to all other doses of SO2. Stomatal conductance rates of gray birch (B. populifolia Marsh.) increased only after exposure to 0.6 ppm SO2 for 1 and 3 hours and decreased in response to all other dosages. European white birch was slightly more susceptible to SO2than gray birch, whereas yellow birch was tolerant.
Resistance of Pin Oak Progenies to Iron Chlorosis1
Authors: Berrang Paul , Steiner Kim C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Progenies of individual pin oaks (Quercus palustris Muenchh.) from 19 natural and 2 cultivated populations were evaluated for severity of iron chlorosis in solution culture and soil environments. Variation among progenies of different parents was statistically significant in all cases; but rankings varied considerably among experimental environments. Population means differed significantly in 2 experiments. There was a weak geographic pattern to population means: populations from northcentral and northwestern portions of the species’ range were consistently among those most resistant to chlorosis. One population from northern Illinois appears particularly promising as a candidate for testing and selection.
ABA Content and Levels of GA-like Substances in Asparagus Buds and Roots in Relation to Bud Dormancy and Growth1
Authors: Matsubara Sachiko 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A high concentration of inhibitors which were as high as that of gibberellin (GA)-like substances was found in young asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) spears using the rice seedling bioassay, and one of inhibitors was identified as abscisic acid (ABA) by gas chromatography. Endogenous ABA was extracted more thoroughly from the lyophilized materials than from frozen tissue. ABA level was the highest in tops including growing points of spears, and was always higher in the distal half than in the proximal, and higher in the cortex than in the pith. Free ABA levels tended to increase with the development of spears, while bound ABA levels remained the same irrespective of age. Three peaks of ABA were found in crown buds and root tips in March or April, August and December. Presumably asparagus crowns were in the deepest dormancy around the middle of December. Clearly the degree of dormancy from October to January paralleled ABA levels in crown buds and root tips. Endogenous levels of ABA in buds at developing stages was found highest in the resting buds.
Onset, Intensity, and Dissipation of Rest in Several Pecan Cultivars1
Authors: Amling H. J. , Amling K. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Onset, intensity, and dissipation of the physiological state of rest were determined in buds of several cultivars of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch]. ‘Stuart’ exhibited the highest rest intensity and ‘Desirable’ the least. Onset of rest in ‘Desirable’ and ‘Stuart’ buds occurred prior to the advent of chilling temperatures below 7.2°C. Further intensification of rest occurred with initial 70 hours accumulated exposure to chilling temperature. Number of days to bud break on shoots collected after 70 hours exposure to field chilling could not be reduced to that obtained before such exposure regardless of additional cold treatment until late winter. Rest intensity was sharply increased in buds of some cultivars under controlled conditions upon initial exposure to 1.2°C when petiole stumps or green fruit were present, thereafter rest was dissipated with additional cold treatment.
Relative Humidity Affects in Vivo Pollen Germination and Seed Production in Dieffenbachia maculata ‘Perfection’1
Authors: Henny R. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G. Don ‘Perfection’ inflorescences pollinated at high (100%) relative humidity (RH) revealed excellent in vivo pollen germination and produced seed. Those pollinated at low (40-50%) RH showed almost no pollen germination and did not set seed. Anthers dehisced pollen better at high RH than at low.
Responses of Turnip Greens to Preplant Tillage Treatment1
Authors: Phatak S. C. , Glaze N. C. , Dowler C. C. , Threadgill E. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Preplant tillage treatments influenced growth and yield of turnip greens (Brassica campestris L. Rapifera group). Yields in response to moldboard plow, subsoil-bed and subsoil-plant treatments were not significantly different on either Tifton sandy loam or Lakeland sand. Yields with the above tillage treatments were significantly greater than with disc treatments on Lakeland sand. However, on Tifton sandy loam, only moldboard plow treatment resulted in higher yields than with disc treatments. Plants with higher top fresh and dry weights were obtained with moldboard plow treatment on Tifton sandy loam but not on Lakeland sand. Disc treatment increased soil strength and decreased root length.
Tillering of Sweet Corn Reduced by Clipping of Early Leaves1
Authors: Crockett Ron P. , Crookston R. Kent 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tiller development of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) was slowed or terminated following clipping of early leaves. Clipping reduced the size or mass of tillers more than it reduced tiller number. Increasing stand density and early clipping both reduced tillering. Planting date had little effect on tiller production, with or without clipping.
Partitioning of Dry Matter in Open-pollinated and Hybrid Cultivars of Asparagus1
Authors: Benson Brian L. , Takatori Frank H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Variations in plant growth, partitioning of dry matter and leaf area in seedling plants of F1 hybrid and open-pollinated Asparagus officinalis L. were measured and related to the yielding ability of the mature plants. The distribution of dry matter differed between hybrid (UC157) and the open-pollinated (OP) (UC72) cultivar. The root biomass was greater in the F1 throughout the experiment. From 2 to 14 weeks after emergence percent dry weight of root per plant ranged from 32 to 54 for the F1 and from 24 to 48% for the OP and percent dry weight of fern per plant ranged from 65 to 42% for the F1 and from 72 to 48% for the OP. Very high positive correlations were found between number of roots and stalks, length of stalk and root length, and “leaf” area and cladophyll dry weight.
Evaluation of Chinese Cabbage Cultivars from Japan and the People's Republic of China for Resistance to Turnip Mosaic Virus and Cauliflower Mosaic Virus1
Authors: Provvidenti R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In greenhouse and field tests, 46 accessions of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis (Lour.) Olsson), recently introduced from Japan and the People's Republic of China (PRC), were evaluated for resistance to 3 major strains of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV-Cl, TuMV-C2, and TuMV-C3) and one of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV-1). Immunity and/or resistance to the TuMV strains was found among Chinese plant introductions (PI), whereas in Japanese cultivars sources of immunity or resistance were confined to the strains TuMV-C1 and TuMV-C2. None of the 46 cultivars was resistant to CaMV-1. PI 391560(1), PI 418957, PI 418959, and PI 419069 from the PRC were immune or resistant to each of the 3 strains of TuMV, representing valuable germplasm material for intra- and interspecific gene transfer. In early fall of 1979, an isolate of TuMV was recovered from a systemically infected plant of PI 391560(1). Although uncommon, resistance to this newly recognized strain (TuMV-C4) was found in plants of PI 418957. Strain specificity must be considered in developing TuMV-resistant cultivars, since their performance will depend upon the presence and distribution of the virus strains in a given locality.
Sampling Procedure for Foliar Analysis of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana ‘Feuerzauber’1
Authors: Nelson Paul V. , Elliott George C. , Mingis Nancy C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Poelln. ‘Feuerzauber’ plants were grown with sufficient and insufficient levels of N and Ca and differences in leaf concentrations of each nutrient between the sufficient and insufficient treatments (“differential”) were determined at various times between 5 and 14 weeks after planting and for a range of leaf positions. Largest N and Ca differentials generally occurred in the same leaves. In young plants, 5 to 7 weeks old, the largest differentials occurred in the young leaves immediately below the pinch. At 8 weeks the largest differentials were found in the young leaves on the lateral shoots. With increasing plant age the largest differentials were continually found in the younger leaves on lateral shoots. Throughout the 5 to 14 week period, leaves which had the largest consistent differentials were young developing leaves at least 2 cm wide and are deemed best suited for foliar analysis.
Transmission of Red Stele Resistance by Inbred Strawberry Selections1,2
Authors: Melville A. H. , Draper A. D. , Galletta G. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings from a diallel set of crosses of inbred and noninbred strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa Duch.) selections resistant to Phytophthora fragariae Hickman were inoculated with the 5 principal Eastern U. S. races of the fungus. The inbred selections, when selfed or intercrossed to other inbreds or to the noninbreds, did not transmit resistance to a greater portion of their progeny than the control cross, a cross of 2 noninbreds. Specific combining ability was found to be important in transmission of resistance to progeny.
Irrigation Methods and In-row Chiseling for Tomato Production1
Authors: Doss B. D. , Turner J. L. , Evans C. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field studies were conducted on Plinthic and Typic Paleudult soils in central Alabama to determine the response of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), to furrow, sprinkle, and trickle irrigation with and without in-row chiseling. Irrigation by all methods and in-row chiseling increased plant heights which ranged from 70 to 120 cm at first harvest. Marketable tomato yields were influenced more by irrigation (37% increase) than by chiseling (8% increase). Yields averaged 36.7 metric tons/ha with no irrigation and 50.1 metric tons/ha with irrigation. No difference was found between irrigation methods. Amounts of irrigation water applied per season averaged 34.5 cm for furrow, 37.4 cm for sprinkle, and 16.0 cm for trickle. In-row chiseling increased yields an average of 3.7 metric tons/ha, but was significant in only 1 of 3 years.
The Three-dimensional Redistribution of Water and Solutes in a Frozen Container Medium1
Authors: Wiest Steven C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The process of ice formation in media at container capacity was followed by sectioning the frozen medium and determining solute content in each sample using sodium fluorescein as a tracer. H2O apparently moved from the bottom and central interior regions of the container medium to the sides of the container. The phase in which movement occurred is unknown. Fluorescein moved down from the top and central interior regions to the bottom and sides of the container. The final distribution of fluorescein should indicate the location of the majority of liquid H2O due to the exclusion of solutes by ice. In the partially frozen state the greatest amount of liquid water therefore occurs near the container sides – a region normally occupied by a large proportion of the root system.
Base-line Growth Studies of ‘First Lady’ Marigold in Controlled Environments1
Authors: Ormrod D. P. , Hammer P. Allen , Krizek Donald T. , Tibbitts T. W. , McFarlane J. Craig , Langhans Robert W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘First Lady’ marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) was grown 3 times in each of 5 different controlled environment facilities to establish baseline growth rates for this species. Plants were grown under a standardized set of environmental conditions established with a common set of standardized instruments. Data on plants grown only once in two additional laboratories are reported for comparative purposes. The variation in growth within each laboratory was greater than the average variation among laboratories for cotyledon length and width, plant weight measurements, and 3rd leaf length but not for leaf width. The base-line growth data, based on the described procedures, can be used to compare marigold growth in other controlled environments and to provide a check on the operational characteristics of research facilities.
Translocation and Distribution of 14C-photosynthates in Bearing and Nonbearing Pistachio Branches1
Authors: Takeda Fumiomi , Ryugo K. , Crane Julian C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Movement of 14C-photosynthates in bearing and nonbearing branches of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) was examined during the period of inflorescence bud abscission. Most of the 14C transported from leaves accumulated in developing nuts. Inflorescence buds on defruited trees accumulated twice as much 14C-photosynthate as those on fruiting trees. Inflorescence buds competed poorly against the developing fruit for photosynthate and this might be responsible for inflorescence bud abscission and resultant alternate bearing.
Laboratory Evaluation of Some Malus Clones for Susceptibility to Girdling by Pine Voles1
Authors: Wysolmerski J. C. , Byers R. E. , Cummins James N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A laboratory tank test was devised to evaluate susceptibility of 1-year-old stems of 111 Malus cultivars and hybrids to damage from pine voles (Microtus pinetorum Le Conte). This method allowed several clones to be tested at one time; provided the animals with a semi-natural environment in the laboratory; exposed each animal to all stems in the test; and required only small quantities of wood per clone. Cultivars displaying a high degree of resistance to pine vole gnawing included: Malus fusca (Raf.) Schneid. H15; M. sieboldii (Reg.) Rehd. zumi calocarpa; M. × sublobata (Zab.) Rehd. PI 286613; NY 11928 (M. pumila niedzwetzkiana (Dieck) Schneid. × M. × atrosanguinea (Spaeth) Schneid.); M. × robusta (Carr.) Rehd. No. 5 (R5); and M. yunnanensis (Franch.) Schneid. ‘Vilmorin’. Families from R5 and PI 286613 crossed with M. pumila Mill, cultivars exhibited varying degrees of vole resistance.
Effects of pH, Osmolarity, and Oxygen on Solution Uptake by Cut Rose Flowers1
Authors: Conrado Libby Loftus , Shanahan Richard , Eisinger William 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of pH, osmolarity, and oxygen content on solution uptake by cut flowers of Rosa hybrida L. cvs. Cara Mia and White Satin were investigated. Solution uptake was increased at low pH (below 3) while high pH (above 6) inhibited uptake; both effects were amplified with time. Solution uptake was altered by the composition of the buffer. Maximum vase life was achieved with pH 5 solutions. The rates of uptake of various floral chemicals correlated well with the pH values. Mannitol and high concentration of sucrose significantly inhibited total solution uptake but potassium chloride did not inhibit uptake. Deoxygenated solutions were taken up 45% more rapidly during the first 2 hours, but oxygen content had no significant effect on total uptake after 72 hours. High rates of solution uptake do not seem to be required for extension of cut rose vase life.
The Influence of Genotype on Diurnal and Seasonal Patterns of Nitrogen Fixation in Southernpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp)1
Authors: Zary K. W. , Miller J. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Diurnal and seasonal patterns of nitrogen fixation N2(C2H2) in southernpea were delineated, using 7 genotypes which differed in potential to fix nitrogen. Diurnal activity peaked at 1200 hours, at both 34 and 53 days after planting (DAP). Significant differences in total activity between genotypes were observed, with maximum activity generally coincident with full flowering. High fixing genotypes were higher in total nitrogenase activity throughout the growing season, than were the low fixing genotypes. Peak activity for the latter was found at 34 DAP, while the former peaked at 46 DAP. Mean nodule mass, nodule number and plant dry weight were greatest 53 DAP.
Sensitivity and Growth of Five Elatior Begonia Cultivars to SO2 and O3, Alone and in Combination1
Authors: Reinert R. A. , Nelson P. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of SO2 (0.5 ppm) and O3 (0.25 ppm) were tested alone and in combination using 5 cultivars of Elatior begonia (Begonia × hiemalis Fotsch). ‘Schwabenland Red’ and ‘Whisper ‘0’ Pink’ were the most sensitive to O3 based on foliage and flower weight. ‘Fantasy’ was the most sensitive to SO2 and flower production was significantly reduced without visible injury at 0.5 ppm SO2. The only significant (SO2 × O3) interaction occurred with flower weight of ‘Schwabenland Red’, where the combined effect of the 2 pollutants was less than expected from the linear additive model.