bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regrowth Reduction in American Elm and Sycamore by Growth Regulator Injection1
Authors: Brown G. K. , Kwolek W. F. , Wuertz D. E. , Jumper G. A. , Wilson C. L. , Carr S. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Water solutions of commercial formulations of growth regulators were pressure-injected into the trunks of topped American elm (Ulmus americana L.) trees in June to evaluate their ability to reduce sprout regrowth. Regrowth was significantly reduced by methyl 2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-9-carboxylate (chlorflurenol), N-[4-methyl-3-[[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]amino] = phenyl]acetamide (fluoridamid), l,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazine-dione (maleic hydrazide), succinic acid,2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA); α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxypenyl)-5-pyrimidine = methanol (ancymidol) and (2-chloroethyl)trimethyl-ammonium chloride (chlormequat) were ineffective. Some undesirable effects on the tree and foliage were observed. Maleic hydrazide (MH) and daminozide (SADH) were selected for additional field tests at 3 concentration levels on topped American elm and American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.). Regrowth was significantly reduced and foliage condition was acceptable for the high concentration of SADH and the low concentration of MH. Successive measurements in both experiments showed that sprout regrowth was reduced by an amount equivalent to at least 1 year of growth during the first 2 seasons following treatment.
Water Uptake Patterns in Blighted Citrus Trees1
Authors: Young Roger H. , Garnsey Stephen M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sweet orange cultivars, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, in several stages of blight (young tree decline) were studied for characteristics of waterflow or uptake. Many small and major roots and the trunk on moderately blighted trees had restricted waterflow or uptake capabilities. Some small and major roots on the blighted side of early-stage or sectored trees also had restricted waterflow or uptake capabilities, but the healthy side roots functioned similarly to those on healthy trees. Dye uptake patterns confirmed that the waterflow or uptake was restricted in the diseased portions of the trees. On moderately blighted trees, young xylem appeared to be more functional for water movement than older xylem. Necrotic roots were found on the blighted side of early-stage sectored trees and moderately blighted trees, but not on the healthy side of sectored trees or on healthy trees. The sectoring type of early blight expression affords a model system for study whereby both blighted and apparently healthy tissues occur on the same tree.
Effects of Sulfur Dioxide and Controlled Atmospheres on Broken-end Discoloration and Processed Quality Attributes in Snap Beans1
Authors: Henderson J. R. , Buescher R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), when broken during harvesting and handling, develop a brown discoloration on the broken ends which is not removed by processing and is detrimental to the appearance and processed grade. Broken-end discoloration (BED) was controlled when samples were treated before storage with 7500 to 10,000 ppm SO2 for 30 seconds or when samples were stored in controlled atmospheres containing 20 or 30% CO2 for 24 hours. Processed quality attributes of color, flavor, texture, and sloughing were not affected by these treatments. Oxygen levels of 5% or less also controlled BED but caused off-flavors in the canned product. Elevated CO2 levels were not injurious to snap bean quality as long as O2 was maintained at 10% or higher.
Cumulative Toxic Effects of Boron, Lithium, and Sodium in Water Used for Hydroponic Production of Tomatoes1
Authors: Wallihan E. F. , Sharpless R. G. , Printy W. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Tropic’ tomato plants were grown in solution cultures to compare the individual and combined effects of B, Li, Na in the water used to bring solutions up to volume (make-up water). Leaf chlorosis and necrosis were evident after the concentration of B, Li, and Na were increased to 2, 2, and 140 ppm, respectively, in the makeup water. Threshold leaf concentration above which toxicity was evident, are estimated at 170, 80 and 7000 ppm, respectively. Additive effects were not found among these elements at lower concentration.
Light Compensation Points and Acclimatization of Four Tropical Foliage Plants1
Authors: Fonteno W. C. , McWilliams E. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Whole plant net CO2 exchange, light compensation points, and acclimatization were determined for Philodendron scandens Subsp. oxycardium (Schott) Bunt, Epipremnum aureum (Linden & Andre) Bunt (Pothos), Brassaia actinophylla Endl. and Dracaena sanderana Sander before and after 4 and 15 week acclimatization periods at 27 μE m−2 sec−1 (400-700 nm), for 12 hr/day. Philodendron scandens Subsp. oxycardium, E. aureum, B. actinophylla and D. Sanderana exhibited CO2 uptake rates of 0.53, 1.16, 1.18 and 0.50 mg CO2 dm−2hr−1, respectively, at 57 μE m−2 sec−l (3400 lx) after 15 weeks of acclimatization. Each species showed a significant increase in net CO2 uptake during the study period. Dark respiration decreased 63% in P. scandens Subsp. oxycardium, 71% in E. aureum, 53% in B. actinophylla and 64% in D. sanderana during the acclimatization period.
The regression correlation coefficient of CO2 uptake with light intensity increased for each species during the study. At 15 weeks, P. scandens Subsp. oxycardium, E. aureum, B. actinophylla and D. sanderana exhibited r values of .95, .98, .96, and .91, respectively. Light compensation points decreased between week 1 and week 15 as follows: 33 to 7 μE m−2 sec−1 in P. scandens Subsp. oxycardium, 38 to 6 μE m−2 sec−1 in E. aureum, 14 to 4 μE m−2 sec−1 in B. actinophylla and 119 to 15 μE m−2 sec−1 in D. sanderana.
As a result of acclimatization, all species exhibited increases in net CO2 uptake and decreases in dark CO2 evolution concomitantly indicating a reduction in dark respiration. Leaf area increase was negatively correlated with light compensation point. B. actinophylla had the highest leaf area increase with 2.16 dm2, E. aureum and P. scandens Subsp. oxycardium were intermediate with 1.08 and 0.96 dm2, respectively, while D. sanderana, the species with the highest light compensation point exhibited the lowest leaf area increase (0.44 dm2). Philodendron scandens Subsp. oxycardium, E. aureum, B. actinophylla, exhibited similarly rapid rates of acclimatization, while D. sanderana acclimatized much more slowly and had a significantly higher light compensation point.
Effects of Growth Regulators and Multiple Applications of Pesticides on Net Photosynthesis and Transpiration of Greenhouse-grown Apple Trees1
Authors: Ferree D. C. , Hall F. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) and (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and multiple applications of selected pesticides were tested for their influence on net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr) of leaves of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). Application by aerosol, spray, soil surface incorporation, and fumigation using commercially available pesticide materials adaptable to each had no influence on Pn. Rates of aldicarb in excess of 5 g/20 cm diameter pot (2.9 liter) caused a reduction in Pn. Rates above 14 g/20 cm pot reduced Tr and induced leaf chlorosis and defoliation. One to 3 applications of diazinon, methomyl, and oxamyl had no affect on Pn or Tr but 5 applications reduced Pn and had no effect on Tr. Plictran decreased Pn of both ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ leaves after 5 applications. A single application of daminozide or ethephon had no measurable influence on Pn or Tr. The growth regulators did not alter the influence of pesticides on Pn. Plictran and oxamyl increased the severity of leaf spotting on ‘Golden Delicious’.
Evaluation of Two Objective Methods and a Subjective Rating Scale for Measuring Tomato Fruit Firmness1
Authors: Kader A. A. , Morris L. L. , Chen P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato fruit firmness is closely associated with its ripeness stage; as the fruit ripens it softens. Correct usage of the UC Fruit Firmness Tester requires that such variables as location of measurement on the fruit, removal of skin, and plunger (tip) diameter be specified. A negative and highly significant correlation (r = −0.75) exists between firmness measurements with the UC Firmness Tester (a destructive method) and the compression testing device (a nondestructive method). Values obtained by both methods were also highly correlated (r = 0.79, UC Firmness Tester; r = −0.81, compression testing device) with subjective evaluation scores based on finger feel. Two possible minimum firmness limits are suggested for tomato fruits at shipping point and at retail.
Field-plot Studies with Sweet Potato1
Authors: Boudreaux J. E. , Jones L. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The coefficient of variation on number of replications required for significance in field trials with sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam decreased in most cases as the plot length and width increased. Using 12% as an arbitrary level of acceptability for the coefficient of variation, a single-row plot 15 to 20 hills, 30.5 cm apart in length and replicated 9 to 11 times appeared to be sufficient to conduct research on the total weight of sweet potatoes. A double-row plot of the same length would require 5 to 7 replications while a triple-row plot would require 3 to 6 replications to be precise enough for research on the total weight of sweet potatoes. For satisfactory research on the total number of roots, a plot 1 row wide and 20 to 25 hills long with 5 to 9 replications appeared to be adequate. A double-row plot the same length would require 3 to 7 replications, and a triple-row plot would require 2 to 6 replications for satisfactory results.
Growth and Development of Highbush Blueberry. I. Vegetative Growth
Authors: Gough R. E. , Shutak V. G. , Hauke R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The seasonal vegetative growth sequences of the highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum Ait.) and certain features, including apical abortion, are described during growth under usual conditions and under the influence of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) sprays. Apical abortion, followed by chlorosis and necrosis of the distal portion of the shoot is a natural phenomenon in highbugh blueberry and results in episodic, sympodial extension growth. Daminozide sprays did not substantially alter the abortion pattern, though shoot growth was substantially reduced the first year of spray application. Shoot growth was not significantly reduced in bushes sprayed but not pruned for 2 years.
The Apple Replant Problem in Washington State1
Authors: Benson N. R. , Covey R. P. , Haglund W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The growth of apple seedlings (Malus domestica Brokh.) is negatively correlated with soil arsenic and zero growth occurs at about 450 ppm total arsenic. Soil arsenic concentrations less than 150 ppm, which are frequently found in orchard soils, contribute less to the replant problem than biological factors. Growth of apple trees was increased 50% or more by preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide or trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin) in 87.5% of the trials in 17 apple orchard soils tested. Non-specific plant pathogens in orchard soils attack cereals as well as apple seedlings, but apple orchard soils also contain an entity that specifically affects apples. This is probably the same unknown entity that is responsible for specific apple replant disease in Europe, Australia, and elsewhere.
Changes in the Water Status of Cut Roses and its Relationship to Bent-neck Phenomenon1
Authors: Zieslin N. , Kohl H. C. , Kofranek A. M. , Halevy A. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flowers of different cultivars of rose (Rosa hybrida L.) vary in their sensitivity to bent-neck after cutting with ‘Cara Mia’ the most sensitive, and ‘Samantha’ the most resistant of the cultivars tested. Bent-neck is influenced by several factors: water loss by leaves, differences in water uptake ability of the stem, and the ability of the bloom to absorb water from other plant organs on the flower shoot.
Tissue Culture of Bulb Scale Sections for Asexual Propagation of Lilium longiflorum Thunb.1
Authors: Stimart Dennis P. , Ascher Peter D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An average Easter lily bulb with 100 scales may produce 8000 or more bulbs in 6 weeks when 1 mm thick cross sections from the scales are cultured in the Linsmaier-Skoog medium as modified by Sheridan and supplemented with 0.03 mg/liter NAA. Continuous darkness at 25°C increased bulb number and size at the expense of leaf number and size while a cycle of 16 hours cool white fluorescence at 1.6 klx (150 ft-c) and 8 hours dark at 25°C suppressed bulb formation but enhanced leaf formation, root weight, and fresh weight of callus. Root numbers were equal in both environments. Cultures incubated at 18.3° exhibited no measurable growth after 6 weeks. Explants from the distal part of the bulb scale will grow only with growth regulators present.
The Effect of Temperature on Rate of Ethylene Evolution from Ethephon and from Ethephon-treated Leaves of Sour Cherry1
Authors: Olien William C. , Bukovac Martin J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of temperature on ethylene evolution from ethephon-treated sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) leaves was determined subsequent to foliar application. The upper surface of uniform fully expanded leaves was treated in the field with 125 μg of ethephon, (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid. After 24 hours, leaves were detached and ethylene was measured during incubation at temperatures between 10 and 34°C. Ethephon degradation in buffered solutions was also monitored between 10 and 50° and over a range in pH from 3.0 to 7.0. The effect of temperature on rate of endogenous ethylene evolution was examined for sweet cherry shoots and sour cherry leaves, and was calculated for several other tissues and species from values found in the literature. The rate of ethylene evolution from both ethephon-treated leaves and buffered solutions was markedly temperature dependent, with an apparent energy of activation (Ea) of 30 to 32 kcal mole-1. There was no pH-temperature interaction affecting the Ea for buffered solutions. A generalized Ea for endogenous ethylene evolution was about 13 kcal mole-1.
Effects of Polaris on Yield, Dry Matter, and Soluble Solids of Sweet Potato Roots1
Authors: Alvarez M. N. , Whatley B. T. , Henderson J. H. M. , Phills B. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Foliar application of N,N-Bis(phosphonmethyl)glycine (Polaris) at 0.28 or 0.56 kg/ha once or twice 15 days before harvest increased root yield of sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas Lam.). At these rates, there was no effect on % dry matter and % total soluble solids either freshly harvested or after curling.
Evaluation of Scoring, Limb Spreading and Growth Regulators for Increasing Flower Bud Initiation and Fruit Set on Young ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Greene D. W. , Lord W. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 3-year study was undertaken to compare the effectiveness of mechanical and chemical techniques to enhance flower bud initiation and fruit set on young ‘Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. Scoring, limb spreading, and growth regulators predictably reduced terminal growth, but only scoring consistently increased bloom. When bloom was increased, fruit set did not always follow. The most effective treatment for increasing fruit set was (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 1000 ppm plus 1000 ppm succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide). Combination sprays of ethephon plus daminozide show promise for restricting vegetative growth of non-bearing ‘Delicious’.
Endogenous Gibberellin-like Activity in Cranberry at Different Stages of Development as Influenced by Nitrogen and Daminozide1
Authors: Luke Nai-Chia , Eck Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gibberellin (GA)-like activity in ‘Early Black’ cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.), as affected by N and treatment with succinic acid-2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (daminozide) was measured at different growth stages. Cranberry buds and young leaves contained relatively high levels of GA activity. Activity in the leaves of uprights declined during July, coinciding with active elongation of the stems and increased in August, after terminal bud formation. Leaves of runners contained relatively high levels of GA activity, and may represent important sources of GA production during active runner growth. Plants receiving the lowest level of N had the highest GA-like activity in both runners and uprights. High N treatment increased vegetative growth, which may have diluted endogenous GAs. Leaves of uprights of daminozide-treated plants had higher GA-like activity than control plants, at the low and medium N rate. Daminozide-treated plants produced significantly more runners than control plants, except at the high N rate.
Low Pressure Storage of Tulip, Hyacinth, and Daffodil Bulbs Prior to Planting1
Authors: De Hertogh A. A. , Barrett J. E. , Blakely N. , Dilley D. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tulip bulbs (Tulipa spp.) were placed under ventilated low pressure storage (LPS) conditions for 14 days in either August or September. Compared to 760 mm Hg stored bulbs, LPS suppressed leaf growth and floral development. These effects were highly visible after storage in air at either 76 or 150 mm Hg and in the month of August. When tulip bulbs were forced, LPS treatments applied in August delayed flowering of most cultivars and flower size was occasionally reduced; in September treatments, LPS ventilation with additional O2 and CO2 accelerated flowering of 2 cultivars, but flower size was reduced. When stored under 76 mm Hg in air in August, most cultivars of hyacinth (Hyacinthus spp.) were subsequently delayed in flowering, but daffodils (Narcissus spp.) were not. Except for one cultivar of each species, LPS did not affect the percent of plants flowering, plant height or flower size. Penicillium growth on the bulb tunics was enhanced by humidifying the air under LPS conditions. It is concluded that LPS provides no advantages over the ventilated, temperature controlled units presently employed.
Salt Tolerance of Ornamental Shrubs, Trees, and Iceplant1
Authors: Francois L. E. , Clark R. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Salt tolerance of 10 shrub, 2 tree, and 4 iceplant species was determined in plots artificially salinized with NaCl and CaCl2.Tolerant species such as Texas sage (Leucophyllum frutescens (Berland) I. M. Johnst.), brush cherry (Syzygium paniculatum Gaertn.). Aleppo pine, (Pinus halepensis Mill.), European fan palm (Chamaerops humilis L.) and the 4 iceplants (Hymenocyclus croceus (Jacquin) Schwanter, Lampranthus productus (Haworth) N. E. Brown, Drosanthemum hispidum (L.) Schwart, and Delosperma alba Hort.) were affected little, if at all, by soil salinities of 7 mmho/cm (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract: ECe). Sensitive species like glossy abelia (Abelia grandiflora (Andre) Rehd.) Photinia (Photinia fraseri Dress.) Oregon grape holly (Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt.) and Pyrenees cotoneaster (Cotoneaster congestus Bak.) were severely damaged or killed at ECe's of 4 mmho/cm. In general, leaves were injured only at levels that suppressed growth 50% or more.
Quality of Pistachio Nuts as Affected by Time of Harvest1
Authors: Crane Julian C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Kernel dry weight and crude fat accumulation, as well as shell dehiscence and change in shell color, all indicated that the nut of pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) is physiologically mature at the time the hull separates easily from the shell. Harvesting prior to or after that critical point resulted in undeveloped kernels or in stained and unattractive shells, respectively. The data indicate that nuts of highest quality may be obtained by harvesting within a period of about one week.
The Effect of a Substituted Amino Acid on Ethylene Biosynthesis, Respiration, Ripening and Preharvest Drop of Apple Fruits1
Authors: Bangerth Fritz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spraying trees of ‘King of the Pippin’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ (Malus domestica Borkh.) with the substituted amino acid aminoethoxyvinylglycine hydrochloride (AVG), within 1 month of harvest delayed fruit ripening, reduced preharvest drop, and increased fruit removal force (FRF). Five sprays of 5 × 10-4m AVG inhibited the development of the climacteric of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruits. Reduced biosynthesis of ethylene was probably responsible for these effects. Naphthaleneacetic acid and AVG synergistically reduced ethylene biosynthesis and warrant further investigation, especially in connection with preharvest drop.
Abscission Mechanism Studies With Apple Fruitlets1
Authors: Schneider G. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) applied as a spray to apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees, entire limbs, or foliage only, reduced fruit retention but, when applied to fruit only, retention was unaffected. Silver nitrate sprays did not alter the effect of NAA on fruit retention. A galactose spray did not affect fruit retention. Excised fruits from NAA-sprayed trees took up less 14C-sucrose and lost less 14C-indoleacetic acid than those from unsprayed trees. 14C-sorbitol translocation from lateral leaves to growing shoot tips was reduced more by naphthaleneacetamide (NAM), NAA, and ethephon than was 14C-sucrose. 14C-sucrose and 14C-sorbitol translocation was affected by NAM but not by NAA or ethephon. Additional shade of 25% during 2 consecutive cloudy days reduced retention of ‘Delicious’ fruitlets, indicating that a small reduction of metabolites available to young fruit may adversely affect their retention.
Characterization of Citrus Cultivars by Chemical Differentiation1
Authors: Tatum James H. , Hearn C. Jack , Berry Robert E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf extracts from 58 cultuvars of citrus were examined by thin-layer chromatography and the methoxyflavones, flavanones and coumarins in the extracts used to show the relationships between parents and offspring as well as to indicate possible relationships for cultivars of unknown genetic origin.
Distinguishing Rose Cultivars by Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis. I. Extraction and Storage of Protein and Active Enzymes from Rose Leaves1
Authors: Kuhns Larry J. , Fretz Thomas A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Procedures were developed to extract protein and active enzymes from rose leaves. A suitable extraction medium, extraction time, and sample application rate was determined for each system in which bands could be separated. Sixteen enzyme systems and anionic protein were investigated, with only anionic protein, peroxidase, esterase, malate dehydrogenase, cytochrome oxidase, phenoloxidase, and polyphenoloxidase producing clear bands. Existing staining techniques were adequate for staining cytochrome oxidase, phenoloxidase, and polyphenoloxidase activity, but modifications of the reported anionic protein, peroxidase, esterase and malate dehydrogenase stains were required. Isoenzyme changes which occur during 0, 9, 12, and 16 weeks storage are discussed.
The Occurrence and Some Effects of Raspberry Bushy Dwarf Virus in Red Raspberry1
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. , Stace-Smith R. , Freeman Jack A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) was found in 25 of 75 cultivars maintained in the British Columbia red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) breeding program. Crumbly-appearing fruit and leaf abnormalities were associated with infection in some of the cultivars. No RBDV was found in commercial fields of the Willamette cultivar. Comparisons of RBDV-infected and virus-free plants of BC 64-6-68, a selection from the breeding program, showed that the virus reduced yield and fruit size, and increased drupelet abortion resulting in crumbly fruit. RBDV infection did not affect vegetative growth. Field spread of the virus in BC 64-6-68 was through pollen.