bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient controlled analgesia in children and adolescents: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Peters J.W.B , Bandell Hoekstra I.E.N.G , Huijer Abu‐Saad H , Bouwmeester J , Meursing A.E.E , Tibboel D 
Published: July 2002

SummaryIn children, patient controlled analgesia (PCA) and continuous infusion (CI) of morphine are well established methods of relieving postoperative pain. This study was designed to assess the efficacy of PCA plus background infusion (BI) (15 μg·kg−1·h−1 and bolus doses of 15 μg·kg−1 with a lock‐out interval of 10 min) with CI (20 to 40 μg·kg−1·h−1) in terms of analgesia, morphine needs and side‐effects. A stratified randomized controlled trial was carried out. 47 children aged 5–18 years undergoing major elective lower/upper abdominal or spinal surgery were allocated. The magnitude of surgery was assessed by the Severity of Surgical Stress scoring (SSS) system. Pain was assessed by self‐report every three h. Side‐effects compatible with morphine as well as morphine consumption were recorded. Morphine consumption was significantly increased in the PCA group compared with the CI group. Moreover, morphine consumption was associated with SSS, independent of the technique of administration. There were no significant differences between groups in pain scores or in the incidence of side‐effects.
How to select patients suitable for transurethral microwave thermotherapy: a systematic evaluation of potentially predictive variables
Authors: WaldÉN  , Dahlstrand  , SchÄfer  , Pettersson  
Published: July 2002

Objective To identify clinical variables useful in predicting outcome after transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) of the prostate with Prostasoft v. 2.0.Patients and methods Thirty‐eight men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were treated with TUMT using the Prostatron device with the low‐energy (v. 2.0) software. Before and 6 months after treatment symptoms were evaluated using the Madsen‐Iversen (M‐I) symptom score, a clinical examination and suprapubic pressure‐flow measurement, free urinary peak flow rate (Qmax ) and determination of post‐void residual urine volume (PVR). Bladder outlet obstruction was assessed from urodynamic pressure‐flow studies using the classification of Abrams and Griffiths, the obstruction grading of Schäfer, and calculation of other published factors, e.g. the urethral resistance, an obstruction index and the detrusor adjusted mean passive urethral resistance factor (DAMPF). Categories of M‐I score (total, irritative and obstructive), PVR and Qmax were investigated to determine whether any could predict the outcome after low‐energy TUMT. The values after treatment and changes in Qmax , M‐I score and PVR were used as efficacy variables.Results Variables describing infravesical obstruction had predictive characteristics that may be useful in selecting patients for TUMT v. 2.0 and significantly better results were obtained in patients with a low to moderate obstruction as graded using the DAMPF classification of obstruction. The results also indicated that patients with a high irritative M‐I score or a Qmax of 7–14 mL/s were those who fared best after TUMT.Conclusions Variables expressing the obstruction grade seem to be useful in predicting outcome after TUMT (v. 2.0). Patients with a high obstruction index are probably unsuitable for TUMT (v 2.0).
Bladder cancer recurrence by implantation of exfoliated cells: is γ‐linolenic acid an effective tumoricidal agent?
Authors: Solomon  , Jennings  , Foley  , Birch  , Cooper  
Published: July 2002

Objective To compare the tumoricidal efficacy of meglumine γ‐linolenic acid (MeGLA), mitomycin C, epirubicin and water on two urothelial cell lines, and to establish the effect of serum protein levels derived from bladder cancer resection craters on the action of these agents.Materials and methods The human urothelial cell lines MGHU‐1 and RT112 and their drug‐resistant variants were exposed to short pulses of aqueous MeGLA, mitomycin, epirubicin and water. Both adherent and suspended cells were exposed to these agents. The MTT viable biomass assay and a clonogenic assay were used to establish tumoricidal efficacy. These experiments were then repeated to assess the effect of added serum proteins on the test results. Estimates of protein in the waste irrigation fluid from 10 patients undergoing transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) were used to select the quantity of protein used in the study, to establish the clinical relevance.Results MeGLA caused >95% reduction in the residual viable biomass of adherent cells, compared with <50% reduction with any other agent. Both epirubicin and mitomycin were as effective as MeGLA in preventing colony formation from suspended drug‐sensitive (parental) cells. However, using multidrug‐resistant (MDR) cell lines, only MeGLA prevented any colony formation, although counts were greatly reduced by mitomycin and epirubicin. Water was least effective as a tumoricidal agent on both adherent and suspended cells. On the latter, water was markedly inactivated by adding 5% serum. TURBT waste irrigation fluid was found frequently to contain such quantities of serous fluid contamination, as shown by albumin estimates in waste fluid from 10 consecutive patients undergoing this procedure.Conclusion MeGLA is an effective tumoricidal agent against both parental and MDR cell lines. Its efficacy is maintained in the presence of clinically relevant serum contamination.
The choice of an H1‐antihistamine for the 21st century
Authors: Howarth P. H. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryIt is clear that as a starting point an H1‐antihistamine for the 21st century should be effective, but non‐sedative and non‐cardiotoxic. In addition it is desirable that an oral H1‐antihistamine should be rapidly absorbed so that it can be distributed to the target organ sites, be readily bioavailable, and have a half‐life sufficient to enable once daily dosing and to have clinical effect throughout a 24‐h dosing interval. The effect of the drug should be maintained with repeated dosing. To give confidence in drug administration it should require no dosage adjustment in renally or hepatically impaired individuals and have no significant drug interactions, especially in view of past experience with drugs such as ketoconazole and macrolide antibiotics that may modify hepatic metabolism. In addition to these considerations there is a desire for a designer molecule that has activity over and beyond H1‐receptor blockade, thus providing an oral therapy with a broader ‘anti‐inflammatory’ activity. Such activity may underlie the improved benefit in quality of life that is evident with some antihistamines over others. As we enter the 21st century there are a number of oral H1‐antihistamines that fulfil the majority of these requirements, with fexofenadine, out of those most widely used, appearing to come closest to the desired profile.
Late‐Onset Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Polliack Michael Leon , Barak Yoram , Achiron Anat 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVE: The onset of multiple sclerosis (MS) after age 50 is infrequent and presents a diagnostic challenge. The purpose of the present study was to review the prevalence, presentation, and clinical characteristics of late‐onset MS.DESIGN: A retrospective chart review.SETTING: The Multiple Sclerosis Center at Sheba Medical Center, Israel.PARTICIPANTS: 640 patients with a definite diagnosis of MS.MEASUREMENTS: Diagnosis of MS was established according to Poser criteria and confirmed by brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using our unit's computerized database. Late‐onset MS was defined as the first presentation of clinical symptoms after the age of 50 years. For each patient, age, gender, clinical presentation, disease course, neurological involvement, disease duration, neurological disability assessed, and Progression Index (PI) were analyzed. All patients were interviewed using the structured clinical interview for DSM‐IV, SCID‐lifetime Hebrew version.RESULTS: Of 640 MS patients, 30 (4.6%) were diagnosed as suffering from late‐onset MS. Mean age at onset was 53.5 ± 3.1, range 50 to 62 years. Female to male ratio was 1.73:1. Mean disease duration was 7.6 years, range 2 to 11 years. In 50% of patients the disease course was relapsing‐remitting. Motor symptoms were the most common neurological presentation at onset (63.3%). Major depressive episode was diagnosed in 6 out of 30 patients (20%) in the two years prior to the diagnosis of MS. After a mean disease duration of 7.6 years there was a marked increase in sphincteric and cerebellar involvement. In addition 7 out of 30 patients had suffered a major depressive episode within 4 years of diagnosis. Mean PI was 0.81, suggesting rapid neurological deterioration.CONCLUSIONS: Late‐onset MS is not rare and may present as major depression and, although neurological presentation at onset is similar to that of young adults, progression to disability is more rapid and a primary progressive course is more prevalent.
Recent experiments with liquid gallium cooling of crystal diffraction optics (abstract)a)
Authors: Smither R. K. , Lee W. , Macrander A. , Mills D. , Rogers S. 
Published: July 2002

The x-ray beams for the next generation of synchrotrons will contain much more power (1–10 kW) than is available at present day facilities. Cooling the first optical components in these beam lines will require the best cooling technology that one can bring to bear. Argonne continues to pioneer the use of liquid metals as the cooling fluid and has adopted liquid gallium as the liquid metal of choice. Its low melting point, 29.7 °C and its very low vapor pressure make it an easy fluid to handle and its high thermal conductivity and heat capacity make it an excellent cooling fluid. A series of experiments were performed during April 1991 with the wiggler beam at the F2 station of the CHESS facility at Cornell to investigate the cooling of large areas of high power. Two types of cooling crystal geometries were tested, one where the cooling channels were core-drilled just below the surface of the crystal and a second where slots were cut into the crystal just below the surface with a diamond saw. Both crystals performed well with beam powers up to 1050 W and power densities of up to 14.5 W/mm2 at normal incidence.
An infrared camera was used to measure the variation in the temperature of the top layer of the silicon crystals. For the core-drilled crystal the peak temperature measured at the center of the beam at a power density of 12.3 W/mm2 was 15 °C hotter than the crystal surface outside of the beam with a flow of liquid gallium of 2 gpm (gallons per minute) and was 10 °C with a flow of 4 gpm. The maximum distortion of the crystal surface distortion of the core drilled crystal was about ±2.0 arcsec for the 2 gpm case with a maximum power density of 10.9 W/mm2 and about 5% of the expected beam intensity was lost at peak power of 14.5 W/mm2. For the slotted crystal the peak temperature difference for a peak power of 10.9 W/mm2 was 3.5 and 2.0 °C for liquid gallium flows of 1 and 2 gpm, respectively. No intensity loss was measured for the maximum power density of 14.5 W/mm2. The fact that the peak temperature differences on the surface of both crystals was decreasing with increased flow of liquid gallium suggests that even higher power densities can be accommodated with higher flows of liquid gallium. This work is supported by the Department of Energy, BES-Materials Sciences, under Contract W-31-109-Eng-38.
Matrix elements of U(2n) generators in a multishell spin–orbit basis. I. General formalism
Authors: Burton P. J. , Gould M. D. 
Published: July 2002

This is the first in a series of papers which derives the matrix elements of the spin-dependent U(2n) generators in a multishell spin–orbit basis, i.e., a spin adapted composite Gelfand–Paldus basis. The advantages of such a multishell formalism are well known and well documented. The approach taken exploits the properties of the U(n) adjoint tensor operator denoted by Δij(1≤i,j≤n) as defined by Gould and Paldus [J. Chem. Phys. 92, 7394 (1990)]. Δ is a polynomial of degree two in the U(n) matrix E=[Eij]. The unique properties of this operator allow the construction of adjoint coupling coefficients for the zero-shift components of the U(2n) generators. The Racah factorization lemma may then be applied to obtain the matrix elements of all the U(2n) generators.
In this paper we investigate the underlying formalism of the approach and discuss its advantages and its relationship to the shift operator method of Gould and Battle [J. Chem. Phys. 99, 5961 (1993)]. The formalism is then applied, in the second paper of the series, to calculate the matrix elements of the del operator in a two-shell spin–orbit basis. This immediately yields the zero-shift adjoint coupling coefficients in such a basis. The del-operator matrix elements are required for the calculation of spin densities in a two-shell basis. In the third paper of the series we derive the remaining nonzero shift adjoint coupling coefficients all of which are required for the multishell case. We then use these coupling coefficients to obtain formulas for the matrix elements of the U(2n) generators in a two-shell spin–orbit basis. This result is then generalized, in the fourth paper, to the case of the multishell spin–orbit basis. Finally, we demonstrate that in the Gefand–Tsetlin limit the formula obtained is equivalent to that of Gould and Battle for a single-shell system.
Taylor dispersion in the presence of time-periodic convection phenomena. Part I. Local-space periodicity
Authors: Shapiro M. , Brenner H. 
Published: July 2002

Generalized Taylor dispersion theory is herein extended to circumstances for which the transport of dissolved or suspended chemically reactive (as well as inert) solutes is affected by carrier-solvent flow fields and/or external forces that are time periodic in both their global and local microscale spaces (and possess commensurate frequencies). The local-space- and time-averaged solute transport process is characterized by three time-independent, but frequency-dependent microscale phenomenological coefficients—K̄*, Ū*, and cf6D*, representing the mean chemical reaction rate, velocity vector, and dispersivity dyadic of the solute, respectively. These macroscale transport coefficients are expressed in terms of time-periodic eigenfunctions and corresponding eigenvalues using a recently developed solution scheme. This scheme permits the analysis of phenomena involving time-periodic transport coefficients on a par with that for the classical case of time-independent microscale phenomenological coefficients.
The analysis generalizes to time-periodic local-space phenomena a previous treatment, in which only the global-space coefficients were allowed to vary periodically with time. This greatly enlarges the scope of potential applications of the analysis. In addition to the time-averaged phenomenological coefficients K̄*, Ū*, and CF6D*, comparable instantaneous coefficients are defined governing the local-space-averaged instantaneous solute concentration. In contrast with their time-averaged counterparts, K̄*, Ū*, and CF6D*, the latter instantaneous transport coefficients are shown to depend upon the initial solute distribution within the local space. Because of coupling between the local- and global-space transport processes in oscillatory flows and/or oscillatory external force fields, all harmonics of the resulting global-space solute velocity field contribute to the mean convective solute transport. This phenomenon may result, for example, in zero solvent–nonzero solute net macroscale transport (or vice versa). The driving frequency of the local-space time-periodic transport process may be used to parametrically control the macroscale solute reactivity rate coefficient, as well as the solute’s mean velocity and dispersivity about that mean. A companion paper (Part II) [Phys. Fluids A 2, 1744 (1990)], provides an example, albeit for the nonreactive case.
Measured lives: the rise of assessment as the engine of change in English schools
Authors: James Mary 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe year 2000 marks the end of compulsory education for the first cohort of students to experience the National Curriculum throughout their school careers. This article describes their experience of assessment and compares it with the testing regime that those children who start school in 2000 are likely to experience. Changes in policy from the early Task Group on Assessment and Testing proposals are analysed, especially the increasing priority given to the use of assessment for monitoring and evaluating the performance of teachers, schools and local education authorities. This shift is interpreted in terms of underlying assumptions about effective strategies for change. While Conservative and Labour governments have pursued somewhat different goals, they have used a similar change strategy. This explains why the general thrust of policy has continued in a broadly similar direction — towards ever more testing in schools and the use of results as performance indicators. It is argued, however, that this strategy cannot be pursued indefinitely. After a point, further improvements will only be made if teachers are helped to work ‘smarter’, not just harder. Policy‐makers need, therefore, to look again at the contribution that formative assessment — or assessment for learning as part of pedagogy — can make to lifelong learning, in a more coherent, balanced and ‘educational’ system.
Book Reviews
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL 
Published: July 2002

Book reviewed in this article: Suicide in Alcoholism GEPRGE E. MURPHY Criminalizing the Drink‐Driver ROY LIGHT Appetite: Neural & Behavioural Bases CHARLES R. LEGG & D. A. BOOTH (Eds) Beyond Adolescence: Problem Behaviour and Young Adult Development RICHARD JESSOR, JOHN E. DONOVAN & FRANCIS M. COSTA Substance Misuse in Adolescence THOMAS P. GULOTTA, GERALD R. ADAMS & R. MONTEMEYER A World of Opportunities: Lifestyle and Economic Behaviour of Heroin Addicts in Amsterdam MARTIN GRAPENDAAL, ED LEUW & HANS NELEN
Symmetry observations in long nucleotide sequences: a
commentary on the Discovery Note of Qi and Cuticchia
Authors: Forsdyke D. R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The relative quantities of bases in DNA were determined chemically many years before sequencing technologies permitted direct counting of bases. Apparently unaware of the rich literature on the topic, bioinformaticists are today rediscovering the ‘wheels’ of Chargaff, Wyatt and other biochemists. It follows from Chargaff’s second parity rule (%A = %T, %G = %C for single stranded DNA) that the symmetries observed for the two pairs of complementary mononucleotide bases, should also apply to the eight pairs of complementary dinucleotide bases, the thirty-two pairs of complementary trinucleotide bases, etc. This was made explicit by Prabhu in 1993 in a study of complete genomes and long genome segments from a wide range of taxa, and was rediscovered by Qi and Cuticchia in 2001 in a study of complete genomes. It follows from Chargaff’s GC-rule (%GC tends to be uniform and species specific) that, within a species, oligonucleotides of the same GC% will be at approximately equal quantities in single stranded DNA. Thus, for example, while quantities of CAT and ATG (reverse complements) will be closely correlated because of both of the above Chargaff rules, CAT and GTA (forward complements) will show some correlation only because of the latter rule. The need for complete genomic sequences in bioinformatic analyses may have been somewhat overplayed.
Structures of the two 3D domain‐swapped RNase A trimers
Authors: Liu Yanshun , Gotte Giovanni , Libonati Massimo , Eisenberg David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWhen concentrated in mildly acidic solutions, bovine pancreatic ribonuclease (RNase A) forms long‐lived oligomers including two types of dimer, two types of trimer, and higher oligomers. In previous crystallographic work, we found that the major dimeric component forms by a swapping of the C‐terminal β‐strands between the monomers, and that the minor dimeric component forms by swapping the N‐terminal α‐helices of the monomers. On the basis of these structures, we proposed that a linear RNase A trimer can form from a central molecule that simultaneously swaps its N‐terminal helix with a second RNase A molecule and its C‐terminal strand with a third molecule. Studies by dissociation are consistent with this model for the major trimeric component: the major trimer dissociates into both the major and the minor dimers, as well as monomers. In contrast, the minor trimer component dissociates into the monomer and the major dimer. This suggests that the minor trimer is cyclic, formed from three monomers that swap their C‐terminal β‐strands into identical molecules. These conclusions are supported by cross‐linking of lysyl residues, showing that the major trimer swaps its N‐terminal helix, and the minor trimer does not. We verified by X‐ray crystallography the proposed cyclic structure for the minor trimer, with swapping of the C‐terminal β‐strands. This study thus expands the variety of domain‐swapped oligomers by revealing the first example of a protein that can form both a linear and a cyclic domain‐swapped oligomer. These structures permit interpretation of the enzymatic activities of the RNase A oligomers on double‐stranded RNA.
Nitric Oxide Delivering Surfaces: An Overview of Functionalization Strategies and Efficiency Progress
Authors: Beurton Jordan , Boudier Ariane , Barozzi Seabra Amedea , Vrana Nihal Engin , Clarot Igor , Lavalle Philippe 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAn overview on the design of nitric oxide (NO) delivering surfaces for biomedical purposes is provided, with a focus on the advances of the past 5 years. A localized supply of NO is of a particular interest due to the pleiotropic biological effects of this diatomic compound. Depending on the generated NO flux, the surface can mimic a physiological release profile to provide an activity on the vascular endothelium or an antibacterial activity. Three requirements are considered to describe the various strategies leading to a surface delivering NO. Firstly, the coating must be selected in accordance with the properties of the substrate (nature, shape, dimensions…). Secondly, the releasing and/or generating kinetics of NO should match the targeted biological application. Currently, the most promising structures are developed to provide an adaptable NO supply driven by pathophysiological needs. Finally, the biocompatibility and the stability of the surface must also be considered regarding the expected residence time of the device. A critical point of view is proposed to help readers in the design of the NO delivering surface according to its expected requirement and therapeutic purpose.
Zero‐Strain High‐Capacity Silicon/Carbon Anode Enabled by a MOF‐Derived Space‐Confined Single‐Atom Catalytic Strategy for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Bingjie , Chen Lu , Zu Lianhai , Feng Yutong , Su Qingmei , Zhang Chi , Yang Jinhu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDeveloping zero‐strain electrode materials with high capacity is crucial for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). Here, a new zero‐strain composite material made of ultrasmall Si nanodots (NDs) within metal organic framework‐derived nanoreactors (Si NDs⊂MDN) through a novel space‐confined catalytic strategy is reported. The unique Si NDs⊂MDN anode features a low strain (<3%) and a high theoretical lithium storage capacity (1524 mAh g‐1) which far surpasses the traditional single‐crystal counterparts that suffer from a low capacity delivery. The zero‐strain property is evidenced by substantial characterizations including ex/in situ transmission electron microscopy and mechanical simulations. The Si NDs⊂MDN exhibits superior cycling stability and high reversible capacity (1327 mAh g‐1 at 0.1 A g‐1 after 100 cycles) in half‐cells and high energy density (366 Wh kg‐1 after 300 cycles) in a full cell. This study reports a new catalog of zero‐strain electrode material with significantly improved capacity beyond the traditional single‐crystal zero‐strain materials.