bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of supercritical CO2 pre-treatment and kiln-drying of fresh green Pinus radiata sapwood on kiln brown stain and drying stress
Authors: Dawson Bernard S. W. , Sargent Rosie , Riley Steve G. , Husheer Sean , Simpson Ian G. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHigh pressure (20 MPa), cyclic, supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) treatments can reduce the moisture content of green Pinus radiata sapwood from 150–200% to 35–40%. Such treatments can be used as a dewatering pre-treatment before the kiln-drying of timber. Kiln-drying can utilise various temperature and humidity schedules, targeting around 10% moisture content, with a final stress-relieving steam-conditioning step. After scCO2 treatment and kiln-drying of samples, kiln brown stain was evaluated using the CIE L*a*b* colour space while drying stress was assessed by stress-cup measurements. The most significant results of scCO2 pre-treatment of Pinus radiata sapwood followed by kiln-drying plus steam-conditioning were as follows: Drying from green (36 h from a moisture content (MC) of 164%) using a conventional temperature schedule (90 °C/60 °C) took 2–5 times longer than kiln-drying scCO2 pre-treated boards (37.5% MC) to a target of 10% MC. Colour measurements proved that kiln brown stain does not occur. The use of a steam-conditioning step in reducing internal drying stresses was important irrespective of whether or not there was a scCO2 pre-treatment step. Over all drying schedule combinations, internal drying stress of both green and scCO2 pre-treated timber was similar after kiln-drying plus steam-conditioning. However, using only 90 °C/60 °C schedule data, with steam-conditioning, drying stresses were lower using kiln-drying without the scCO2 pre-treatment. This was surprising since the scCO2 step reduced the moisture content to around 37.5% without significant moisture gradients and so a secondary kiln-drying to 10% moisture content could have been expected to yield lower internal stress levels by preventing large moisture gradients to develop during drying. This result confirms the efficacy of the steam-conditioning step following standard kiln-drying. The colour data demonstrating the prevention of kiln brown stain using kiln-drying schedules offers a path to increasing timber quality for interior applications.
Incidence and treatment of intracapsular femoral neck fractures in Germany
Authors: Szymski Dominik , Walter Nike , Lang Siegmund , Baertl Susanne , Weber Johannes , Alt Volker , Rupp Markus 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Intracapsular femoral neck fractures are one of the most common fractures in Germany. Nevertheless, the epidemiology and treatment modalities are not described comprehensively. For this reason, this study highlights the epidemiology of femoral neck fractures in different age groups and summarizes treatment strategies within the period from 2009 to 2019 based on nationwide data.

Materials and methods
In this retrospective cohort study all cases of intracapsular femoral neck fractures (ICD-10: S72.0) between 2009 and 2019 in Germany were analyzed with regard to epidemiology, incidence and treatment. Operation and procedure classification system (OPS)- codes in combination with intracapsular femoral neck fracture as main diagnosis were taken to investigation. Data was provided by the Federal Statistical Office of Germany (Destatis).

Results
A total of 807,834 intracapsular femoral neck fractures with a mean incidence of 110.0 per 100,000 inhabitants annually was detected within eleven years. In 68.8% of all fractures patients were female. Most patients were older than 70 years (82.4%), and 56.7% were older than 80 years. The overall increase of fracture numbers between 2009 and 2019 was 23.2%. Joint replacement has been most often performed (80.4%). Hemiarthroplasty (56.8%) and total hip arthroplasty (22.8%) were the most common procedures with an increase of 27.1 and 38.6%, respectively. The proportion of cemented hemiarthroplasties was 86.2% while 51.3% of all total hip arthroplasties were totally or partially cemented. Osteosyntheses were mainly conducted using dynamic compression screws (34.0%), conventional screws (31.3%) and nails (22.2%).

Conclusion
The incidence of intracapsular femoral neck fractures in Germany has been increasing continuously within the last decade. In particular, patients over 80 years suffered predominantly from this type of fracture. The majority was treated with a joint replacement procedure, mainly cemented hemiarthroplasty.
Smooth Rough Paths, Their Geometry and Algebraic Renormalization
Authors: Bellingeri Carlo , Friz Peter K. , Paycha Sylvie , Preiß Rosa 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe introduce the class of “smooth rough paths” and study their main properties. Working in a smooth setting allows us to discard sewing arguments and focus on algebraic and geometric aspects. Specifically, a Maurer–Cartan perspective is the key to a purely algebraic form of Lyons’ extension theorem, the renormalization of rough paths following up on [Bruned et al.: A rough path perspective on renormalization, J. Funct. Anal. 277(11), 2019], as well as a related notion of “sum of rough paths”. We first develop our ideas in a geometric rough path setting, as this best resonates with recent works on signature varieties, as well as with the renormalization of geometric rough paths. We then explore extensions to the quasi-geometric and the more general Hopf algebraic setting.
Does education protect families' well-being in times of crisis? Measurement issues and empirical findings from IT-SILC data
Authors: Giambona Francesca , Porcu Mariano , Sulis Isabella 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis study analyses the relationship between education and material well-being from a longitudinal perspective using the European Survey on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) data collected in Italy in four waves (2009–2012). It has two main aims: (i) to measure household material well-being on the basis of householders’ responses to multiple survey items (addressed to gather information on the household availability of material resources) by advancing indexes, which can account for global and relative divergences in households’ material well-being across survey waves; (ii) to assess how education and other sociodemographic characteristics affect absolute well-being and its variation (i.e. relative well-being) in the time span considered. Both aims are pursued, combining measuring and explanatory modelling approaches. That is, the use of the Multilevel Item Response Theory model allows to measure the global household material well-being and its yearly variation (i.e. relative material well-being) in the four waves. Meanwhile, the use of a multivariate (and multivariate multilevel) regression model allows to assess the effects of education and other sociodemographic characteristics on both components (absolute and relative well-being), controlling for the relevant sources of heterogeneity in the data. The value added to using the proposed methodologies with the main findings and economic implications are discussed.
Influence of marginal incision and Le Fort I osteotomy on periodontal tissues: a prospective longitudinal study
Authors: Bohner Lauren , Lustosa Rômulo Maciel , Stamm Thomas , Hanisch Marcel , Kleinheinz Johannes , Jung Susanne 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate whether the surgical protocol involving marginal incision and Le Fort I osteotomy affects the periodontal outcome. Twenty-nine patients requiring surgical correction of maxillary dysgnathia were selected for this study. Periodontal conditions of maxillary anterior teeth were assessed prior to the surgery (T0), one month (T1), and 6 months (T2) after the surgical procedure. Interdental papillae loss, periodontal parameters and aesthetic outcomes in the anterior zone were assessed. Statistical analysis was performed with Friedman´s test and within ANOVA (p ≤ 0.05) followed by post-hoc tests. Papilla height decreased from T0 to T1 (p = 0.003), followed by an increase from T1 to T2 (p = 0.040). PPD (T0 = 1.72 ± 0.46; T2 = 2.13 ± 0.43) and CAL (T0 = 1.24 ± 0.55; T2 = 1.99 ± 0.70) increased after 6 months. There were statistically significant differences in aesthetic score among T0, T1 and T2. Periodontal changes after orthognathic surgery were within acceptable biological levels. Although a change in papillae height was reported after the surgery, initial values were recovered after 6 months. Surgical incision design might improve the outcome of Le-Fort I osteotomy. Anterior aesthetic zone may benefit from a marginal incision design, as it respects vascularization principle and may ensure a wound healing without complications.
Higher level constructive neutral evolution
Authors: Brunet T. D. P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractConstructive Neutral Evolution (CNE) theory provides selectively neutral explanations of the origin and maintenance of biological complexity. This essay provides an analysis of CNE as an explanatory strategy defined by a tripartite set of conditions, and shows how this applies to cases of the evolution of complexity at higher-levels of the biological hierarchy. CNE was initially deployed to help explain a variety of complex molecular structures and processes, including spliceosomal splicing, trypansomal pan-editing, scrambled genes in ciliates, duplicate gene retention and fungal ATP synthetase structure. CNE has also been generalized to apply to phenomena at the cellular level, including protein-protein interaction network modularity, obligate microbial symbioses, eukaryogenesis and microbial unculturability. This essay further extends CNE to cases of complexity at levels of organization higher than the molecular and cellular. These are (1) multicellular phenotypic complexity, (2) multicellular ecological complexity and, (3) some cases of cultural complexity.
An Immunoinformatics Prediction of Novel Multi-Epitope Vaccines Candidate Against Surface Antigens of Nipah Virus
Authors: Rahman Md. Mahfuzur , Puspo Joynob Akter , Adib Ahmed Ahsan , Hossain Mohammad Enayet , Alam Mohammad Mamun , Sultana Sharmin , Islam Ariful , Klena John D. , Montgomery Joel M. , Satter Syed M. , Shirin Tahmina , Rahman Mohammed Ziaur 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNipah virus (NiV) is an emerging zoonotic virus causing outbreaks of encephalitis and respiratory illnesses in humans, with high mortality. NiV is considered endemic in Bangladesh and Southeast Asia. There are no licensed vaccines against NiV. This study aimed at predicting a dual-antigen multi-epitope subunit chimeric vaccine against surface-glycoproteins G and F of NiV. Targeted proteins were subjected to immunoinformatics analyses to predict antigenic B-cell and T-cell epitopes. The proposed vaccine designs were implemented based on the conservancy, population coverage, molecular docking, immune simulations, codon adaptation, secondary mRNA structure, and in-silico cloning. Total 40 T and B-cell epitopes were found to be conserved, antigenic (vaxijen-value > 0.4), non-toxic, non-allergenic, and human non-homologous. Of 12 hypothetical vaccines, two (NiV_BGD_V1 and NiV_BGD_V2) were strongly immunogenic, non-allergenic, and structurally stable. The proposed vaccine candidates show a negative Z-score (− 6.32 and − 6.67) and 83.6% and 89.3% of most rama-favored regions. The molecular docking confirmed the highest affinity of NiV_BGD_V1 and NiV_BGD_V2 with TLR-4 (ΔG = − 30.7) and TLR8 (ΔG = − 20.6), respectively. The vaccine constructs demonstrated increased levels of immunoglobulins and cytokines in humans and could be expressed properly using an adenoviral-based pAdTrack-CMV expression vector. However, more experimental investigations and clinical trials are needed to validate its efficacy and safety.
Selective GSK3β Inhibition Mediates an Nrf2-Independent Anti-inflammatory Microglial Response
Authors: Yousef Mohamed H. , Salama Mohamed , El-Fawal Hassan A. N. , Abdelnaser Anwar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is associated with the proinflammatory phenotype of microglia and has been shown to act in concert with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). GSK3 is also a suppressor of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the principal regulator of redox homeostasis. Agreeing with the oxidative paradigm of aging, Nrf2 is often deregulated in parainflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we aimed to explore a multimodal disease-modifying utility of GSK3 inhibition, beyond neuronal proteopathologies. Furthermore, we aimed to underscore the difference in therapeutic value between the two GSK3 paralogs by isoform-selective chemical inhibition. The anti-inflammatory effects of paralog-selective GSK3 inhibitors were evaluated as a function of the reductive capacity of each to mitigate LPS-induced activation of SIM-A9 microglia. The Griess method was employed to detect the nitrate-lowering capacity of selective GSK3 inhibition. Real-time PCR was used to assess post-treatment expression levels of pro-inflammatory markers and antioxidant genes; pro-inflammatory cytokines were assayed by ELISA. Nuclear lysates of treated cells were examined for Nrf2 and NF-κB accumulation by immunoblotting. Finally, to infer whether the counter-inflammatory activity of GSK3 inhibition was Nrf2-dependent, DsiRNA-mediated knockdown of Nrf2 was attempted. Results from our experiments reveal a superior anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative efficacy for GSK3β-selective inhibition, compared to GSK3α-selective and non-selective pan-inhibition; hence, use of selective GSK3β inhibitors is likely to be more propitious than non-selective dual inhibitors administered at comparable doses. Moreover, our results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of GSK3 inhibition are not Nrf2 dependent.
Graphical abstract
How oxygen deficiency in the Baltic Sea proper has spread and worsened: The role of ammonium and hydrogen sulphide
Authors: Rolff Carl , Walve Jakob , Larsson Ulf , Elmgren Ragnar 
Published: June 2022

AbstractEven large inflows of oxygen-rich seawater to the Baltic Proper have in recent decades given only short-lived relief from oxygen deficiency below the halocline. We analyse long-term changes in oxygen deficiency, and calculate the “total oxygen debt” $$\Sigma$$
Σ
OD, the oxygen required to oxidize the hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonium (NH4) that builds up during stagnation periods. Since the early 1990s, oxygen below 65m has gradually decreased during successive stagnation periods, and the $$\Sigma$$
Σ
OD has increased, with NH4 more important than previously recognised. After the major inflow in 2014, the Baltic Proper $$\Sigma$$
Σ
OD has reached its highest level so far. The gradual shift of the $$\Sigma$$
Σ
OD to shallower sub-halocline waters in the western and northern basins has increased the risk of periodic coastal hypoxia and export of hypoxic water to the Bothnian Sea. The potential for inflows large enough to more than eliminate the $$\Sigma$$
Σ
OD seems limited in the near term.
Application of circulating tumour cells to predict response to treatment in head and neck cancer
Authors: Zhang Xi , Ekanayake Weeramange Chameera , Hughes Brett G. M. , Vasani Sarju , Liu Zhen Yu , Warkiani Majid Ebrahimi , Hartel Gunter , Ladwa Rahul , Thiery Jean Paul , Kenny Liz , Punyadeera Chamindie 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Local recurrence and metastasis remain the major causes of death in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are shed from primary and metastatic sites into the circulation system and have been reported to play critical roles in the metastasis and recurrence of HNC. Here, we explored the use of CTCs to predict the response to treatment and disease progression in HNC patients.

Methods
Blood samples were collected at diagnosis from HNC patients (n = 119). CTCs were isolated using a spiral microfluidic device and were identified using immunofluorescence staining. Correlation of baseline CTC numbers to 13-week PET-CT data and multidisciplinary team consensus data were conducted.

Results
CTCs were detected in 60/119 (50.4%) of treatment naïve HNC patients at diagnosis. Baseline CTC numbers were higher in stage III vs. stage I-II p16-positive oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs) and other HNCs (p = 0.0143 and 0.032, respectively). In addition, we found that baseline CTC numbers may serve as independent predictors of treatment response, even after adjusting for other conventional prognostic factors. CTCs were detected in 10 out of 11 patients exhibiting incomplete treatment responses.

Conclusions
We found that baseline CTC numbers are correlated with treatment response in patients with HNC. The expression level of cell-surface vimentin (CSV) on CTCs was significantly higher in patients with persistent or progressive disease, thus providing additional prognostic information for stratifying the risk at diagnosis in HNC patients. The ability to detect CTCs at diagnosis allows more accurate risk stratification, which in the future may be translated into better patient selection for treatment intensification and/or de-intensification strategies.
Numerical conservation laws of time fractional diffusion PDEs
Authors: Cardone Angelamaria , Frasca-Caccia Gianluca 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper introduces sufficient conditions to determine conservation laws of diffusion equations of arbitrary fractional order in time. Numerical methods that satisfy discrete counterparts of these conditions have conservation laws that approximate the continuous ones. On the basis of this result, we derive conservation laws for a mixed scheme that combines a finite difference method in space with a spectral integrator in time. A range of numerical experiments shows the convergence of the proposed method and its conservation properties.
Ultra-bright green carbon dots with excitation-independent fluorescence for bioimaging
Authors: Singh Amandeep , Qu Zhi , Sharma Astha , Singh Mandeep , Tse Brian , Ostrikov Kostya , Popat Amirali , Sonar Prashant , Kumeria Tushar 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCurrent and future diagnostics urgently need imaging agents that are non-toxic and superior to clinically used small molecule dyes. Herein, we have developed luminescent green light-emitting carbon dots (GCDs) via a single-step hydrothermal reaction using a low-cost chemical precursor, p-toluenesulfonic acid. The GCDs exhibit excitation-independent fluorescence (FL) emission with the photoluminescence quantum yield of 70% and no FL quenching up to 1.25 mg/mL. The GCDs exhibit negligible cytotoxicity up to 250 µg/mL concentration in RAW 264.7 cells. Interestingly, GCDs exhibit an excitation-independent and concentration-dependent fluorescence emission behaviour. In vitro, the peak emission was obtained at 520 nm using the excitation at 430 nm. Whereas FL intensity increased with increasing concentration up to 1.25 mg/mL and a sharp decrease in FL intensity is observed upon further increasing the concentration of GCDs. Upon subcutaneously injecting the GCDs into a euthanized mouse, a similar concentration-dependent FL behaviour is evident. Background autofluorescence hinders the use of the GCDs at 420 nm excitation, however, a strong FL emission at 520 nm can be obtained by exciting subcutaneously injected GCDs at 465 nm—demonstrating excitation-independent emission characteristics. The above results indicate the potential of the non-toxic, low-cost carbon dots for diverse bioimaging applications.
Graphical abstract
Ultra-bright green-emitting carbon dots (GCDs) with photoluminescence quantum yield of 70% were synthesized using p-toluenesulfonic acid and ethylenediamine as precursors. The GCDs were subcutaneously injected into fresh mouse cadaver for fluorescence (FL)bioimaging, showing dose-dependent FL intensity behaviour.
Friends with or without benefits? An empirical evaluation of bilateral trade and economic integration between some of the post-Soviet economies
Authors: Cieślik Andrzej , Gurshev Oleg 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe third decade of post-Soviet transition has seen a significant resurrection of economic integration centered around Russia. This paper analyzes bilateral trade of the Eurasian Economic Union (EUEA) members using gravity models with incomplete specialization in production and reviews the impact of newly signed preferential/free trade agreements across 2008–2019. The presented study relies on the explicit use of per worker physical capital endowments in determining cross-country trade and theory-consistent discrimination method between a variety of neoclassical and monopolistic models of trade. Our analysis highlights the importance of intra-industry trade in low processing sectors such as agri-food, mineral products, and metals between the block members. We find that the impact of new treaties has been primarily beneficial for imports, where the EUEA-Vietnam treaty had the most significant and persistent economic effect, while the EUEA membership has generated short-lived gains across different modes of trade for all members, except Kyrgyzstan.
The Evolution of China’s Railway Network (CRN) 1999-2019: Urbanization Impact and Regional Connectivity
Authors: Wang Wei , Du Wenbo , Liu Kun , Tong Lu 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWith the rapid development of China’s economy and society, China’s railway transportation system has been dramatically improved in terms of its scale and operational efficiency. To uncover the underlying relationship between urbanization and railway network structure, this paper examines the evolution of China’s railway transportation system from 1999 to 2019 by applying complex network theory. The results show that China’s railway network (CRN) has become more connected, more “small-world” and more heterogeneous since the beginning of the twenty-first century. Based on the train flow and train travel distance, the evolutionary course of CRN is found to undergo two apparent stages, with a turning point in 2007. By calculating the regional railway connection index (RRCI), it is revealed that the planned core cities in different regions act as bridges connecting the regions to the rest of the whole network.
Systematic review and meta-analysis for the impact of rod materials and sizes in the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Bowden Dawn , Michielli Annalisa , Merrill Michelle , Will Steven 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To assess surgical and safety outcomes associated with different rod materials and diameters in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) surgery.

Methods
A systematic literature review and meta-analysis evaluated the surgical management of AIS patients using pedicle screw fixation systems (i.e., posterior rods and pedicle screws) with rods of different materials and sizes. Postoperative surgical outcomes (e.g., kyphosis and coronal correction) and complications (i.e., hyper/hypo-lumbar lordosis, proximal junctional kyphosis, revisions, reoperations, and infections) were assessed. Random-effects models (REMs) pooled data for outcomes reported in ≥ 2 studies.

Results
Among 75 studies evaluating AIS surgery using pedicle screw fixation systems, 46 described rod materials and/or diameters. Two studies directly comparing titanium (Ti) and cobalt–chromium (CoCr) rods found that CoCr rods provided significantly better postoperative kyphosis angle correction vs. Ti rods during a shorter follow-up (0–3 months, MD = − 2.98°, 95% CI − 5.79 to − 0.17°, p = 0.04), and longer follow-up (≥ 24 months, MD = − 3.99°, 95% CI − 6.98 to − 1.00, p = 0.009). Surgical infection varied from 2% (95% CI 1.0–3.0%) for 5.5 mm rods to 4% (95% CI 2.0–7.0%) for 6 mm rods. Reoperation rates were lower with 5.5 mm rods 1% (95% CI 0.0–3.0%) vs. 6 mm rods [6% (95% CI 2.0–9.0%); p = 0.04]. Differences in coronal angle, lumbar lordosis, proximal junctional kyphosis, revisions, and infections did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) among rods of different materials or diameters.

Conclusion
For AIS, CoCr rods provided better correction of thoracic kyphosis compared to Ti rods. Patients with 5.5 mm rods had fewer reoperations vs. 6.0 and 6.35 mm diameter rods.

Level of evidence
III.