bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unseen urgency: Delay as the new denial
Authors: Shue Henry 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe scientific grounds for the urgency of action to limit climate change are relatively well‐understood. Much less well appreciated, however, are the contingent, but nevertheless profound, political reasons for the urgency of immediate robust action. Most important is the fact, insufficiently appreciated by many normative and economic theorists, that some of the most powerful and wealthy political institutions and economic organizations on the planet are firmly committed to delaying effective action on climate change as long as possible so that they can retain and enhance their current wealth and power resting on fossil fuel assets. Ruthless and entrenched opponents resist actions to slow climate change, and delay is the new denial. The deception practiced by those whose vast wealth and power depends on slowing the transition away from the combustion of fossil fuels necessitates the building of social movements and political campaigns to expose their falsehoods and diversions and to explain and justify transformative alternatives to potentially active citizens. The opponents of climate action have been active for decades and have built powerful political coalitions. The supporters of climate action need to confront them urgently with yet more powerful political coalitions because the remaining time for winning the struggle is shrinking fast. Action is urgent because deceptive delay is relentless.This article is categorized under:Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Climate Change and Global JusticeThe Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Knowledge and PracticeClimate, History, Society, Culture > Ideas and Knowledge
Analysing Diet Composition and Food Insecurity by Socio-Economic Status in Secondary African Cities
Authors: Mackay Heather , Omondi Samuel Onyango , Jirström Magnus , Alsanius Beatrix 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter takes as its starting point theorizing around nutrition and food system transitions thought to be increasingly occurring in urban Africa, and how this may be linked to a growing non-communicable disease burden. We focus specifically on the secondary city context by analysing household survey data gathered from six cities across Ghana, Kenya and Uganda during 2013–2015. We asked how diet composition and diversity, food sources and food security varied by socio-economic status, using expenditure and demographic data to create a proxy for household well-being. In this way, we investigate one of the claimed keystones affecting urban food systems and dietary health in sub-Saharan Africa—that of obesogenic urban food environments. Our findings indicate that the socio-economic status of a household was the most important factor influencing household dietary diversity and food security status, i.e. better-off households were more likely to feel food secure and eat from a greater variety of food groups. In addition, the number of income sources was additionally associated with higher dietary diversity. We also found that a household’s involvement in agriculture had only a small positive effect on food security in one city and was associated with a reduction in dietary diversity scores. Our findings emphasize the importance of supporting aggregated national and international statistics on agricultural production and trade with detailed local analyses that focus on actual household food access and consumption. We also see reasons to be cautious about making causal claims regarding consumption change and obesogenic urban environments as the major contributor to a rising obesity and non-communicable disease burden in Africa.
“We Eat Every Day, but I’m Perpetually Hungry”: Interrogating Food System Transformation and (Forced) Dietary Changes in Tamale, Ghana
Authors: Fuseini Issahaka 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFood system transformation and dietary changes appear ubiquitous in urban areas of Africa. These changes can be as dramatic and rapid as urbanization processes unfolding on the continent. Large cities, secondary cities and small towns all tend to experience these food system changes at varying degree and in unique ways. There is evidence in the Ghanaian context to suggest that urban food system transformations are more prevalent in smaller than larger cities. This chapter is based on a qualitative investigation into urban residents’ lived experiences regarding dietary changes underpinned by complex processes of urban food system transformation in Tamale. It is inspired by a participant’s remark that “we eat everyday but I’m perpetually hungry,” a sentimental expression that captures people’s frustration about ongoing dietary changes borne out of unsatisfactory food availability that affects their subjective wellbeing. The study reveals that the subjective experience of food security among the elderly men is impacted negatively by the unfolding food system transformation in the city. In addition to agricultural and economic development policies, the increased role of women in food decision making and their increased participation in activities outside of the home fuels the micro-level dietary changes. A recommendation is made to broaden the scope of Ghana’s Livelihood Empowerment Against Programme (LEAP) for purposive targeting and better coverage of the elderly urban poor.
Understanding Food Security and Hunger in Xai-Xai, Mozambique
Authors: Raimundo Inês Macamo , Caesar Mary 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe cyclical alternation of drought, cyclones and floods threaten food security for households in rapidly growing coastal cities such as Xai-Xai, Mozambique. Inhabitants of Xai-Xai are highly dependent on urban subsistence agriculture and informal markets in order to guarantee food for their households. Both of these food security strategies have been affected by natural disasters in recent years making it difficult for households to access food. Recent research discussed in this chapter demonstrates that urban households are deprived of basic needs and live under permanent stress manifested by their inability to provide a pot of xima meal on household’s tables. The area around Xai-Xai used to be the granary of the southern Mozambique, but it is no longer able to guarantee that role. A common response among Xai-Xai residents to questions about urban food security is that food security is a concept for experts who do not understand their lived experiences. To them, food security associated with the whole household having enough xima. This chapter examines the concept of food security from the perspective of what really matters to households in the context of extreme events. The chapter integrates the lead author’s reflections on her community’s experiences with hunger and food security during her childhood with recent research on food security in Mozambique. The significance of this method in this instance is, as stated above, to uncover food security experiences that may well escape rigorous quantitative methods.
Hunger in an Agricultural City: Exploring Vulnerability in Dschang, Cameroon
Authors: Legwegoh Alexander , Riley Liam 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCameroon is rapidly becoming an urban society and much of the urban population growth is taking place in secondary cities. Dschang is one of these growing secondary cities. A former administrative centre and market hub for an agriculturally productive area, Dschang has expanded and diversified since the establishment of a national university in the 1990s. A household food security survey in 2017 found that two-thirds of households were severely food insecure, even amid high rates of participation in food production and livestock rearing and a robust informal food marketing system. This chapter documents the findings of the survey and outlines three important factors driving household food insecurity in Dschang: the limited power of the local government; the consequences of the political conflict in neighbouring Anglophone regions of Cameroon, and Dschang’s role as a supplier to the regional food system.
Non-timber Forest Products in Cameroon’s Food System and the Impact of Climate Change on Food Security in Dschang
Authors: Kamga Yanick Borel 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCameroon’s forests form an important component of forest block in the Congo Basin with about 20 million hectares containing over 8000 species of vascular plants of which about 150 are endemic. These forest resources are of significant economic value and many people earn their livelihood from the gathering and trading of food, fuel wood, fruits, leaves, medicinal products, and construction materials. Forest foods are vital to Cameroon’s food systems, including urban food systems, but they are threatened by the vulnerability of tropical forest ecosystem to climate change, a vulnerability exacerbated by recurrent past and the present problems related to poor natural resource management, conflict and inequality. Urban residents in Cameroon consume many forest foods and the trade in forest products creates employment for urban residents. This chapter draws together research conducted with forest communities, forest food traders and urban consumers to illustrate the importance of sustainable forest management for urban food security in Cameroon’s secondary cities.
Accessibility of Sanitary Facilities Among Food Sellers in African Secondary Cities: Implications for Food Safety and Urban Planning Policies
Authors: Chilanga Emmanuel , Riley Liam 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFoodborne diseases are a major public health problem in African cities. Residents of secondary cities are often more at risk due to relatively low capacity for municipalities to provide hygiene infrastructure and to enforce food safety regulations. This study aimed to explore underlying factors that are associated with hygienic practices among food traders in Mzuzu, Malawi and Dschang, Cameroon. A multistage cross-sectional study design was conducted to sample 497 food traders in Mzuzu and 848 traders in Dschang. A questionnaire was administered to obtain data related to food safety practices, knowledge and sociodemographic characteristics of participants. Problems revealed by the survey included a lack of the following: knowledge about food safety regulations; toilet and hand washing facilities; waste bins and health inspections. The study suggests poor compliance of food hygiene practices among food traders. It highlights the lack of adequate action by the municipal government in educating food traders and enforcing food safety regulations.
Migrant Remittances and Household Food Security in Mzuzu, Malawi
Authors: Dhakal Anil 
Published: November 2022

AbstractInternational remittances are a major source of income for many low and middle-income countries. As remittances are sent directly to families and friends living at the place of origin, they have a significant impact on alleviating poverty. The literature on remittances suggests that most remittance-receiving households in urban areas use a major portion of the remitted income for food purchase–indicating a close relationship between remittances and food security. However, understanding of how remittances are related to urban food security is still limited. More specifically, what is the role of remittances in overcoming food insecurity both directly (as an additional means available to access food), and indirectly (as a source of investment for income-generating activities)? This chapter explores these relationships between migrant remittances and household food security in the secondary city of Mzuzu, Malawi, based on semi-structured interviews with migrant households, returnee migrants and key informants.
Understanding Secondary City Typologies: A Food Governance Lens
Authors: Haysom Gareth 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSub-Saharan Africa is urbanizing rapidly, but this urbanization process is not well understood, in intermediate or secondary cities in particular. Secondary cities will be home to the majority of Africans. Rapidly growing African urban areas encounter multiple, mutually reinforcing development realities related to food and nutrition. Development and governance challenges are amplified when food system-related transitions intersect with other transitions taking place in secondary African cities. Drawing on food systems studies carried out in three secondary African cities, this chapter calls for far greater focus on the different types of secondary cities, and not overly simplistic definitions that use population size as the defining metric. The typologies discussed in this chapter include the trunk city; the satellite city; and the resource city. Understanding the typology of city potentially offers greater governance focus and targeting, ensuring that governance outcomes are positive, pro-poor and health enhancing is food systems governance specific to the diverse African urban contexts.
Co-productive Urban Planning: Protecting and Expanding Food Security in Uganda’s Secondary Cities
Authors: Brown Andrea M. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCo-production, a strategy increasingly being adopted by urban planners, has potential for protecting and expanding urban food security. Its goals go beyond those of participation to include substantive sharing in policy design, implementation and monitoring: shifting some power associated with these decisions and actions to primary stakeholders. Co-production is desirable for empowerment outcomes, and also on grounds of greater efficiency, cost savings and more locally informed planning. Slum/Shack Dwellers International (SDI) is a lead actor in co-production and has partnered with the Government of Uganda, working on pro-poor urban development projects underway in several secondary cities, including Jinja and Mbale. SDI frames slum dweller advocacy in a rights-based discourse with provisions that informal settlement residents articulate their own priorities. Given food access is a central priority of the urban poor, co-production creates opportunities to address urban food insecurity. However, governments, including municipal and national governments in Uganda, resist genuine power sharing with urban slum dwellers. This research explores how co-production engages slum dwellers and governance actors in the secondary cities of Jinja and Mbale, Uganda. It seeks to understand the possibilities and limitations of the current SDI co-productive programing in the context of urban food security. Empirical evidence to support this research is drawn from interviews with urban planning stakeholders in Kampala, Jinja and Mbale in 2015 and 2018.
Food Insecurity, Food Sourcing and Food Coping Strategies in the OOO Urban Corridor, Namibia
Authors: Nickanor Ndeyapo , Kazembe Lawrence , Crush Jonathan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe urbanizing world population has seen increased food insecurity in urban spaces, a result of unsustainable food systems, growing inequalities and weak urban governance that lacks urban food strategies. To improve our knowledge of household strategies employed to survive in urban spaces, we conducted a household survey to examine the relationship between coping strategies,food insecurity and dietary diversity in the secondary cities corridor of Oshakati-Ongwediva-Ondangwa (OOO) in Northern Namibia. The data were collected from 853 households, using a cluster-stratified sampling design. Household food insecurity in the corridor was77%, while the mean dietary diversity was less than 5. These measures differed by coping strategy andfood sourcing mechanism. The most common coping strategy was to rely on less preferred and less expensive foods (67%). Rural–urban food transfers were another common strategy (55%), while some households grow some of their own food in rural areas (23%). Urban agriculture is very limited as are informal social protection strategies such as sharing meals, borrowing from neighbours and providing food to neighbours or other households in the community.
Time After Time: Imprisonment, Re-entry and Enduring Temporariness
Authors: McNeill Fergus , Thomas Phil Crockett , Frödén Lucy Cathcart , Scott Jo Collinson , Escobar Oliver , Urie Alison 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter aims to address the scant attention that has been paid to time and temporalities in re-entry and re/integration research. Drawing on data from the ‘Distant Voices—Coming Home’ project, which used creative methods to explore re/integration after punishment—we illustrate and analyse three ‘travails’ of penal time. We use the term travails here to stress the significant, difficult and active work involved in addressing these temporal challenges. Respectively, these travails concern the struggles caused by ‘de-synchrony’ between time inside and outside of prison and the problems of ‘re-synchrony’ that it creates; the contestation of ‘readiness’ for progression and release; and the problem of living with the paradox of ‘enduring temporariness’. In our conclusion, we argue that tackling these three challenges requires people re-entering society to travel not just through spaces and to places but also through time, both backwards and forwards. These journeys are fraught with both difficulty and danger.
Making a Case for the Case: An Introduction
Authors: O’Mathúna Dónal , Iphofen Ron 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter agues for the importance of case studies in generating evidence to guide and/or support policymaking across a variety of fields. Case studies can offer the kind of depth and detail vital to the nuances of context, which may be important in securing effective policies that take account of influences not easily identified in more generalised studies. Case studies can be written in a variety of ways which are overviewed in this chapter, and can also be written with different purposes in mind. At the same time, case studies have limitations, particularly when evidence of causation is sought. Understanding these can help to ensure that case studies are appropriately used to assist in policymaking. This chapter also provides an overview of the types of case studies found in the rest of this volume, and briefly summarises the themes and topics addressed in each of the other chapters.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in a Time of Pandemics: Developing Options for the Ethical Governance of COVID-19 AI Applications
Authors: Kritikos Mihalis 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter analyses the various applications of artificial intelligence (AI) developed in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and examines the range of ethical questions that their multi-level deployment may raise. Within this frame, the author sheds light on the challenges posed by the fast-tracking authorization of some of the AI systems and pays particular attention to the form and shape that ‘emergency response’ in the field of ethics has taken in order to cope with these extraordinary challenges and the ethical practices that have been developed thus far. The chapter will also provide a detailed set of policy suggestions to overcome these challenges with a special focus on the need to develop an emergency ethics framework that will allow policy-makers to authorize the deployment of AI-powered tools in a responsible and trustworthy manner.
Automated Justice: Issues, Benefits and Risks in the Use of Artificial Intelligence and Its Algorithms in Access to Justice and Law Enforcement
Authors: Gans-Combe Caroline 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of law has generated many hopes. Some have seen it as a way of relieving courts’ congestion, facilitating investigations, and making sentences for certain offences more consistent—and therefore fairer. But while it is true that the work of investigators and judges can be facilitated by these tools, particularly in terms of finding evidence during the investigative process, or preparing legal summaries, the panorama of current uses is far from rosy, as it often clashes with the reality of field usage and raises serious questions regarding human rights. This chapter will use the Robodebt Case to explore some of the problems with introducing automation into legal systems with little human oversight. AI—especially if it is poorly designed—has biases in its data and learning pathways which need to be corrected. The infrastructures that carry these tools may fail, introducing novel bias. All these elements are poorly understood by the legal world and can lead to misuse. In this context, there is a need to identify both the users of AI in the area of law and the uses made of it, as well as a need for transparency, the rules and contours of which have yet to be established.
Has the Case for the Case Been Made? Concluding Remarks
Authors: O’Mathúna Dónal , Iphofen Ron 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter brings together some of the general themes that can be gleaned from a consideration of all the case studies in this volume taken as a whole. Despite the substantive uniqueness of specific cases, no less than the ones collected here, there remain some key advantages to examining cases in detail and drawing on the broader lessons that can be learned from adopting the case study method. Equally important are the lessons that can be learned about how ethically generated evidence can help inform trustworthy and effective policies.
Data Protection in Croatia: An Indicator of Ethics Processes in Research Institutions
Authors: Koporc Zvonimir 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe implementation of the European Union’s(EU) General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the Republic of Croatia did not include derogations for scientific research purposes at the national level except for official statistical purposes. Research has shown that the Croatian Personal Data Protection Agency (AZOP) received very few inquiries related to personal data protection from academic and research institutions in Croatia, both before and after GDPR, but received many general inquiries and non-research-related reports. This chap uses Croatia as a case study to assess two explanations for this: that data protection is managed well in Croatian research, or that potential ethics issues in research data protection are not sufficiently recognized. This chap summarizes research findings exploring these issues, the inferences that can be drawn, and lessons learned that could contribute to research ethics processes in other European Member States.
The PRO-RES Guidance Framework for Scientific Research: A Novel Response to Long-Standing Issues
Authors: Kavouras P. , Charitidis C. A. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFor more than three quarters of a century the large-scale application of superconductors demanded the use of expensive liquid helium, rendering large-scale application of superconductors unfeasible. The only way out of this deadlock was the invention of high temperature or high TC superconductors. In 1986, J.G. Bednorz and K.A. Müller demonstrated superconductivity at the record temperature of 30 K. This publication fostered a scientific research rush that culminated in the development, by P. Chu, of a material that turned into a superconductor below 93 K. The stakes could not be higher from academic, technological and economic perspectives, since high TC superconductivity could bring a Nobel Prize in Physics to its creators, would open up the way to commercial applications of superconductors, triggering a major technological revolution, and most possibly, create a multibillion-dollar market. In this chapter, we discuss cases of possible breaches of research integrity that occurred during the so-called “race for the superconductor”, as was chronicled in the book “The Breakthrough: The Race for the Superconductor” by R.M. Hazen, vis-à-vis the values and principles established within the PRO-RES normative framework, which is being built to merge the principles of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI), required from researchers, and research funding and performing organizations, with an aim to balance political, institutional and professional contradictions and constraints.