bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Cognitive Theory
Authors: Myrick Jessica Gall , Yang Yin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Social cognitive theory (SCT), originally developed by social psychologist Albert Bandura, provides a comprehensive account for understanding the antecedents, processes, and consequences of health communication. Essentially, SCT underscores human capabilities of controlling and shaping thoughts, feelings, and actions through an array of processes, such as intentionality, forethought, self‐reactiveness, self‐reflectiveness, and so forth. The vicarious learning and modeling tenets of SCT, in particular, apply to the health communication context as these multistep processes explain how messages about health can affect health‐related behaviors. In the health communication research testing or employing SCT, self‐efficacy and outcome expectations are consistently found to be strong predictors of intentions or behavior. These two components can also be enhanced by health communication, such as viewing health messages in which celebrities or fictional characters model certain behaviors or when trusted peers model or persuade, too. While SCT propositions in health communication research have been largely supported, inconclusive findings also exist and rarely has the model been comprehensively applied. As such, there are limitations of this theory related to its broad account, frequent exclusion of noncognitive processes, and neglect of notable audience/receiver characteristics.
Social Identity Theory
Authors: Guan Mengfei , So Jiyeon 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Social identity theory was initially developed to understand intergroup relations from a social psychological analysis perspective. Over the years, it has been extended to examine how identification with social groups can influence a variety of behaviors, including health‐related ones. The core proposition of the theory is that people define the sense of self in terms of the social groups they belong to. The conceptual focus is on one's collective self (vs. individual self) and social identity (vs. personal identity). Identification with a group involves a cognitive awareness of the identity, a value connotation associated with the group, and an emotional attachment to the group. When people strongly identify with a particular group, they are likely to behave in terms of group membership. In the context of health communication, the impact of social identity on health‐related behaviors can be explained by conformity to group norms, perceived social support, and enhanced self‐efficacy. One way of using social identity as a strategy for health messaging is to tailor the message to the group membership of the intended audience. A related challenge is to persuade people who have an identity that is associated with certain unhealthy behaviors, as messages that target this group of audience may be perceived as a threat to their identity.
Digital Tailored Strategies
Authors: Smit Eline Suzanne , Hoving Ciska 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Tailoring digital health communication (i.e., computer‐tailoring) entails the process during which an individual assessment is matched with relevant pieces of information using software algorithms. Digital tailored strategies have several advantages over offline and generic forms of health communication, such as 24/7 accessibility to personalized information tailored to the individual user's context, a variety of possible delivery modes, and anonymity. Traditionally, computer‐tailored health communication was most often tailored in content, i.e., in terms of
what
health information is communicated to its receiver. However, the effects of this content tailoring always remained – although positive – relatively small. Therefore, other ways of tailoring strategies have been applied and tested as well in the digital setting, such as message frame tailoring (adjustment of
how
a message is communicated, e.g., in terms of tone of voice or other message features) and mode tailoring (adjustment of the message delivery mode(s) based on users' learning styles and mode preferences). In this entry we discuss these different strategies for tailoring digital health communication and elaborate on some novel developments in the field as well: recommender systems and adaptive forms of tailoring.
eHealth
Authors: Duduciuc Alina , Barbaros Maria‐Corina , Ionescu Adina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Historically, digital development and emerging interactive technologies shaped a landscape in which health communication, disease prevention, accurate diagnosis, and symptoms management are at the tip of patients' fingers. eHealth, an umbrella term for using digital technologies and innovations in the healthcare sector, puts the patients at the core of the medical processes, offering a variety of tools for them to understand and cope with their conditions in a more active and informed way. The patient is directly involved in the rehabilitation process and the medical practitioner is assisted to give higher quality diagnoses and to maintain constant communication, using digital extensions (like avatars, Artificial Intelligence, robots, chatbots). This entry provides an overview of the meaning of eHealth in health communication and related fields. We highlight the distinction between eHealth, mHealth, iHealth, interactive health communication, health informatics, etc., and we present the principal theoretical and empirical direction of the eHealth research. The large‐scale adoption of technological innovation comes with benefits and advantages in terms of speed, accuracy, and personalization, but the risks and limitations of digital instruments should be analyzed, looking at the criticism of the concept and future research directions in legal, ethical, and psychosocial areas. It is crucial to understand the impact of eHealth on health communication and the shifting paradigm in the medical domain because developers, creators, health practitioners, and even policymakers and governments need to carefully design a context in which medical processes, clinicians, and new digital technologies can improve the lives of patients.
New Communication Technologies
Authors: Paige Samantha R. , Ong Triton , Wilczewski Hattie , Soni Hiral , Barrera Janelle F. , Welch Brandon , Bunnell Brian E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Communication technologies are designed with the goal of fostering information exchanges that are more efficient and convenient than traditional methods. As communication technologies evolve alongside advancements in science and technology, they become closer to humanizing the electronic experience and more precisely meeting the needs of their users. The goal of this entry is to look beyond the basic hardware that typically distinguishes communication technologies from one another. We define new communication technologies with examples that highlight how basic tenets of human interaction are reflected through modern digitized solutions for some of the most devastating health problems worldwide. Examples include social media, telemedicine, remote patient monitoring systems, chatbots, and extended reality. We also highlight considerations for using new communication technologies to facilitate the exchange of health‐related information in research and practice. Considerations include the method of the exchange (i.e., synchronous vs. asynchronous; passive vs. active; continuous vs. periodic), the degree that the mediated program and exchange is customized to the user, as well as the purpose of the exchange and the sources engaged in the transaction.
Virtual Reality
Authors: Novotny Eric , Joo (Grace) Ahn Sun 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) is a mediated platform that consists of digital devices that simulate multiple layers of sensorimotor information such as visual, auditory, and tactile cues, enabling users to perceive these stimuli as natural. Such devices (e.g., head‐mounted displays (HMDs) and handheld controllers) track users' head and body positions while computers adjust the virtual scene accordingly. The high‐speed feedback loop of body tracking and rendering leads to an experience of realistic locomotion through the virtual environment. A growing number of scientific studies are demonstrating that we can use VR to improve health‐related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior.
Media Literacy
Authors: Rozendaal Esther 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The contemporary media environment creates both opportunities and risks for adolescents' health. To maximize opportunities and minimize risks for adolescents, there is a growing call to invest in their media literacy. Applied to health, media literacy can be defined as the set of competencies that one needs to consume and create media messages in a way that benefits health. Educational programs aiming to foster media literacy generally focus on developing the knowledge needed to become critical consumers and creators of media messages in a variety of forms. However, earlier research revealed that even if adolescents acquire the necessary knowledge, this does not mean they also use media in a healthy manner. Existing theories on media literacy fall short in explaining how to overcome this knowledge–behavior gap. To do so, they need to be expanded with insights from theories on behavior change and, because the cognitive capacities needed to translate knowledge into behavior are still developing in adolescents, theories on cognitive development. In light of this need, I propose a novel theoretical framework, the Media Empowerment model, using an integrated theoretical approach to explain how adolescents can be empowered to use media in a way that benefits their health. The Media Empowerment model not only focuses on the knowledge adolescents need to consume and create media messages in a healthy manner, but also takes into account the mechanisms that increase adolescents' agency to actually act on that knowledge. Implications for media literacy interventions are discussed as well.
Media Psychology
Authors: de Leeuw Rebecca N. H. , Buijzen Moniek 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This entry describes why the field of media psychology is important for addressing the biggest challenges of our times, including climate change, inequality, and health issues. After that, it zooms in to the field of positive media psychology and gives potential directions for future research. It describes how stories in the media may help us to develop our character strengths and apply them. Further, it explains why underdog narratives are promising in giving hope and helping to achieve goals. Finally, it describes how stories could be an opportunity for perspective taking and how they can expand our feelings of sympathy for “others.” The ideas for future research are illustrated with the story of climate change activist Greta Thunberg.
Advertising: Tobacco
Authors: Wang Yunwen , Wu Jiaxi , Hong Traci 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Tobacco advertising involves a variety of media formats (i.e., print, radio, television, billboards, point‐of‐sale, movie placement, Internet or social media, direct mail) and applies multiple persuasive tactics (e.g., visual appeal, sex appeal, masculinity and femininity cues, celebrity endorsement, motivational appeal) to encourage tobacco purchase and use. Scientific evidence points to the association between exposure to tobacco advertisements and subsequent increases in tobacco use. Due to the health risks of tobacco use, especially for youth, tobacco advertising is among the most regulated types of advertising. Globally, empirical research found that comprehensive tobacco advertising bans can reduce tobacco consumption, whereas partial tobacco advertising bans will have little or no effect as manufacturers may turn to non‐banned media formats of advertisements. Other factors, such as transnational tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, as well as electronic word‐of‐mouth (eWOM) enabled by the Internet, social media, and mobile communication, also pose additional challenges to health communication programs in tobacco control and prevention. This entry consists of five sections: (i) tobacco products and health risks, (ii) tobacco advertising and persuasive tactics, (iii) regulatory activities, (iv) anti‐tobacco health communication, and (v) implications for health communication.
Health Campaigns: Policy Impact
Authors: Lindstadt Calandra , Yanovitzky Itzhak 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Publicly funded health campaigns are frequently used as policy instruments to alert, educate, and influence large groups of audiences on ways to avoid health risks and/or adopt healthier behavior and lifestyles. Largely overlooked in the health communication literature is the possibility that health campaigns themselves can be an instrument for influencing and shaping public health policy. Our focus here is on outlining and classifying the multiple pathways through which health campaigns potentially influence health policymaking and providing an illustrative example of each. We conclude with a caution about the potential unintended effects of using health campaigns as an instrument for influencing policy and reflect on promising venues and future directions for expanding this line of research.
Message Tailoring
Authors: Huang Hsuan Yuan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Message tailoring is a health communication practice which tailors the design and delivery of health messages to individuals in targeted segments of a population who are most affected by specific diseases or health conditions. This practice increases the likelihood of enhancing knowledge and attitude, and ultimately impacting changes in health behaviors. Unlike non‐tailored or generic communication that assumes “one‐size‐fits‐all,” tailored communication guided by health behavior theories matches the individual on personal factors that can determine a person's decision to engage in healthy behaviors. With the advance in computing technology, message tailoring has expanded its scope and functionality from print materials to more versatile and dynamic internet‐based tailoring including websites and mobile apps, featuring intervention characteristics such as reach, multimodality, and interactivity. Although content tailoring, an approach that creates a match between the content and the individuals, has been commonly practiced, other tailoring approaches such as cultural tailoring and message frame tailoring are needed to address individual difference in preferences over how the tailored health information is presented. The future of message tailoring may be dependent on the emerging applications of mobile and wearable technology and novel strategies to realize its full potential.
Patient‐Centered Communication
Authors: Jäger Simone , Street, JR. Richard L. , Rossmann Constanze 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPatient‐centered communication (PCC) accomplishes the goals of patient‐centered care – helping patients understand health status and treatment options; bringing the patient's perspective into the encounters; getting to know the patient as a person in their everyday context; involving patients in decision making; and making decisions based on the evidence, consistent with patient values, and feasible to implement. Key communicative tasks include effective information exchange, fostering healing relationships, making quality decisions, managing uncertainty, responding to emotions, and enabling patient self‐management of health and well‐being. Research on and practical implications of PCC are mainly focused on clinician–patient interaction and communication, representing the heart of the medical consultation. PCC refers to various aspects of communication, including communication skills consisting of a certain verbal (i.e., empathic statements) and nonverbal behavior (i.e., tone of voice) of both clinicians and patients. The term conveys patient‐oriented communication goals, patient‐reported outcomes, and a partner‐like clinician–patient relationship. It is related to the interaction elements of patient involvement and shared decision making. PCC is a multifaceted term with a broad ontological nature, and thus has different dimensions, both in the literature and in medical practice. There are process‐related (task‐oriented) and functional (goal‐ and outcome‐oriented) elements of medical encounters, diverse domains (individual vs. interaction) and associated perspectives (clinician, patient, relationship, and healthcare system). PCC methods and measures are quite diverse and have been assessed widely across different healthcare systems, medical settings, disease contexts, languages, and cultures. PCC is relevant both in offline face‐to‐face interactions and in digital and online communication, which has become increasingly important.
Cancer: Survivorship (Patient Experience)
Authors: Miller Laura E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This entry reviews the salient experiences of patients throughout cancer survivorship. Cancer can have devastating physical and psychological impacts on patients as they navigate from diagnosis to treatment to remission. After completing treatment, patients may continue to experience heightened levels of uncertainty about their cancer coming back and about communicating with their healthcare clinicians across the lifespan. Such challenges also may alter patients' close relationships and complicate patients' communicative efforts throughout survivorship.
HIV/AIDS
Authors: Sastry Shaunak 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The HIV/AIDS pandemic has defined the contours of health communication as a field of study, and the emergence of the global response to HIV coalesces with the disciplinary history of health communication. Health communication research has explored various aspects and dynamics of HIV prevention, education, and stigma. Health communication research on HIV/AIDS spans the interdisciplinary and cross‐cutting breadth of the field. From early calls to study patient–clinician interaction, a later focus on meaning and stigma, and more recent calls to integrate lenses of globalization, development, and gender equity in global HIV governance, health communication research on HIV spans a wide multi‐paradigmatic range of topics and approaches.
Suicide: Stigma
Authors: An Soontae 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of the concept of suicide stigma. Suicide stigma includes a set of undesirable characteristics applied to suicidal behavior. There are two categories of suicide stigma: social stigma and self‐stigma. Social stigma concerning suicide refers to the public's negative attitudes and behaviors toward suicidal behavior, while self‐stigma involves internalizing social stigma by those with suicidality. As such, the consequences of suicide stigma take the form of fear of rejection and being devalued, along with status loss and discrimination by others. With its adverse effects on public health, it is essential to recognize suicide stigma as a critical barrier to suicide prevention. Addressing both the social stigma and self‐stigma of suicide will help the provision and seeking of appropriate help.
Women's Health
Authors: Vardeman Jennifer E. , Sundstrom Beth L. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Despite the nuances of gender and gender identity today, “women's health” is a broad area of health communication that is increasingly receiving scholarly attention and global application. Health communication specific to women occurs at four primary sites and depends on context, ranging from women's personal needs to medical/healthcare clinicians' approaches to treating women's bodies. These contexts tell different stories about the state of women's health, and communication – as an occupational discipline and rhetorical and cultural maintenance strategy – has an important role in each context. Gaps in women's health communication occur at four primary settings, which are
embodied
, or intrapersonal communication, contexts;
political
, or societal/systematic communication, contexts;
rhetorical/representational
, or cultural communication, contexts; and
clinical
, or interpersonal communication, contexts. Several enduring analytical lenses define modern women's health, specifically those of
intersecting identities
, the
life‐course perspective
, and
technological innovations
as ways research and science have conceptualized problems and opportunities in health communication. Health issues and the concept of gender specific to women are also addressed.
Culture‐Centered Approach
Authors: Dutta Mohan J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis entry outlines the key tenets of the culture‐centered approach to health communication, the theoretical commitments of the approach, the methodological anchors, and the praxis‐based elements. It attends to the key concepts of culture, structure, and agency as organizing features to outline communicative inequalities as the basis for health inequalities. The concepts of structural transformation, socialist organizing, collective accountability, and solidarity are offered as the pillars of culture‐centered health communication theorizing.
Global Health Interventions
Authors: Storey Douglas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Global health interventions
refers to an expansive body of communication research, theory, and practice addressing all aspects of health, defined as a state of complete mental, physical, and social well‐being. Health issues are considered global if they concern many countries or are affected by transnational determinants. Intervention approaches are diverse and include mediated and unmediated communication processes designed to influence health outcomes at one or more levels of social structure: individuals, small groups, communities, institutions, and society at large. The field of global health intervention is transdisciplinary and shares much history with the field of communication. Being one of the most heavily funded domains of communication research and practice, it has played a key role in the conceptual, methodological, technological, and political evolution of communication studies. Global health intervention research embraces a wide range of qualitative and quantitative methods that have been creatively adapted to produce locally specific and globally generalizable evidence of how communication works in varied settings and populations. Globally, not all health issues or strategic approaches have received equal research attention: mental health, noncommunicable diseases, and child health under five are relatively underrepresented in the literature. Research on community‐based approaches is more common in low‐ and middle‐income countries while research on interpersonal counseling approaches is more common in higher‐income countries. Integrated multichannel strategies are most effective. Future research efforts may focus on comparative cross‐national studies, on structural and social determinants of health and health disparities, and on the growing influence of social media, both pro and con, on health.
Citizen Science
Authors: Dutta Debalina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Citizen science reflects the public participation of non‐institutional, non‐accredited science enthusiasts and communities who contribute to scientific knowledge and research through their voluntary participation. Citizen scientists work in tandem with expert researchers in making and recording observations with geographical spaces over extended periods of time, processing big data, classifying visuals and tagging, and assembling transcriptions of audio texts among others. The participation of citizens is integral to the development of prevention programs, healthcare resources, and health infrastructure, among others.