Milk and meat consumption patterns and the potential risk of zoonotic disease transmission among urban and peri-urban dairy farmers in Ethiopia
Authors: Deneke Tilaye Teklewold , Bekele Adam , Moore Henrietta L. , Mamo Tadele , Almaw Gizat , Mekonnen Getnet Abie , Mihret Adane , Tschopp Rea , Yeheyis Likawent , Hodge Catherine , Wood James L. N. , Berg Stefan ,   the ETHICOBOTS consortium, Aseffa Abraham , Mihret Adane , Tessema Bamlak , Belachew Bizuneh , Fekadu Eshcolewyene , Melese Fantanesh , Gemechu Gizachew , Taye Hawult , Tschopp Rea , Haile Shewit , Ayalew Sosina , Hailu Tsegaye , Tschopp Rea , Bekele Adam , Yirga Chilot , Ambaw Mulualem , Mamo Tadele , Solomon Tesfaye , Teklewold Tilaye , Gebre Solomon , Gari Getachew , Sahle Mesfin , Aliy Abde , Olani Abebe , Sirak Asegedech , Almaw Gizat , Mekonnen Getnet , Tamiru Mekdes , Guta Sintayehu , Wood James , Conlan Andrew , Clarke Alan , Moore Henrietta L. , Hodge Catherine , Smith Constance , Hewinson R. Glyn , Berg Stefan , Vordermeier Martin , Nunez-Garcia Javier , Ameni Gobena , Bayissa Berecha , Zewude Aboma , Worku Adane , Terfassa Lemma , Chanyalew Mahlet , Mohammed Temesgen , Zeleke Miserach 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
In the Ethiopian dairy farming system, prevalence of zoonotic diseases such as bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is high in the cattle population. This, combined with some risky milk and meat consumption habits, such as raw milk and uninspected raw meat consumption, poses a considerable risk of zoonotic disease transmission. A survey was conducted to investigate milk and meat consumption patterns, and the level of exposure to urban and peri-urban dairy-keeping households for risks of zoonotic disease transmission.

Methods
Data on milk and meat consumption behaviours and other socioeconomic and demographic variables were collected from 480 urban and peri-urban dairy farms randomly surveyed in major towns in Ethiopia (Mekele, Hawassa, and Gondar towns, Addis Ababa city, as well as five Oromia towns around Addis Ababa). Determinants of raw milk consumption associated with a number of demographic and socio-economic factors were analysed using a generalised ordered logistic model.

Results
The results indicated that about 20% the population consumed raw milk and their awareness about pasteurisation and its benefits were low. Location, gender of the household head, previous bTB testing of cattle on the farm, knowledge of zoonotic risks associated with raw milk consumption, household size, and per-capita milk consumption were found to be important determinants of the frequency of raw milk consumption. About 60% of the respondents were exposed to the risk of zoonotic diseases through their habit of frequently consuming raw meat. This was despite that over 90% of the respondents were aware of possible zoonotic risks of raw meat consumption. The determinants of raw meat consumption behaviours were associated with location, gender and age of the household head, household size, meat type preference, per-capita meat consumption, knowledge about disease transmission risks, and training on zoonoses.

Conclusion
Creating awareness about the risk factors for zoonotic transmission of diseases through training and media campaigns, improving meat hygiene through better abattoir services, and inducing behavioural change around meat sourcing, raw meat and raw milk consumption, are all crucial to the successful prevention and control of the spread of zoonotic diseases, including bTB.