bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing and Evaluation Study on the Settling and Dewatering Performance of Activated Sludge in Smart City Sewage
Authors: Peng Min 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Based on the analysis of the current situation of sewage sludge treatment and common sewage sludge treatment schemes in China, the aeration tank sludge of a sewage treatment system in a city was taken as the test object to carry out experimental research on the dewatering performance of activated sludge settlement. Based on the simulation of an aeration tank and sedimentation tank environment, the influence of temperature conditions on the settlement and dewatering performance of activated sludge was analyzed, and it was found that the settlement performance of activated sludge decreased in the low-temperature environment below 15°C.
Genome Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis of Bovine Hepacivirus in Inner Mongolia, Northeastern China
Authors: Liu Ziyan , Li Liang , Guo Yu , Xu Wenbo , Yuan Yongxu , Liang Xiaojie , Wang Wei , Zhao Yinghua , Sui Liyan , Feng Xianmin , Wei Feng , Liu Quan , Wang Zedong 
Published: May 2022

Objective:
Bovine hepacivirus (BovHepV) is a new member of the genus Hepacivirus in the family Flaviviridae, which has been detected in cattle in more than seven countries. The purpose of this study was to identify and genetically characterize BovHepV in cattle in Inner Mongolia, northeastern (NE) China.

Methods:
A total of 116 serum samples from cattle were collected from HulunBuir in Inner Mongolia from April to May, 2021, and were divided into three pools for metagenomic sequencing. The samples were verified with semi-nested RT-PCR with primers based on the BovHepV sequences obtained from metagenomic sequencing. The complete genomes of BovHepV were amplified, and were used for genome characterization and phylogenetic analysis.

Results:
BovHepV was detected in two pools through metagenomic sequencing. Five BovHepV positive samples were identified in Yakeshi of HulunBuir, thus indicating a prevalence of 8.8% (5/57). Two 8840 nucleotide long BovHepV strains YKS01/02 were amplified from the positive samples and showed 79.3%–91.9% nucleotide sequence identity with the discovered BovHepV strains. Phylogenetic analysis classified the YKS01/02 strains into BovHepV subtype G group.

Conclusion:
This study reports the first identification of BovHepV in cattle in northeastern China, and expands the known geographical distribution and genetic diversity of BovHepV in the country.
High-Frequency Hearing Is Required to Compute a Topographic Map of Auditory Space in the Mouse Superior Colliculus
Authors: Si Yufei , Ito Shinya , Litke Alan M. , Feldheim David A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA topographic map of auditory space is a feature found in the superior colliculus (SC) of many species, including CBA/CaJ mice. In this genetic background, high-frequency monaural spectral cues and interaural level differences (ILDs) are used to compute spatial receptive fields (RFs) that form a topographic map along the azimuth. Unfortunately, C57BL/6 mice, a strain widely used for transgenic manipulation, display age-related hearing loss (AHL) because of an inbred mutation in the Cadherin 23 gene (Cdh23) that affects hair cell mechanotransduction. To overcome this problem, researchers have used young C57BL/6 mice in their studies, as they have been shown to have normal hearing thresholds. However, important details of the auditory response characteristics of the SC such as spectral responses and spatial localization, have not been characterized in young C57BL/6 mice. Here, we show that two- to four-month C57BL/6 mice lack neurons with frontal auditory RFs and therefore lack a topographic representation of auditory space in the SC. Analysis of the spectrotemporal RFs (STRFs) of the SC auditory neurons shows that C57BL/6 mouse SC neurons lack the ability to detect the high-frequency (>40 kHz) spectral cues that are needed to compute frontal RFs. We also show that crossing C57BL/6 mice with CBA/CaJ mice or introducing one copy of the wild-typeCdh23to C57BL/6 mice rescues the high-frequency hearing deficit and improves the topographic map of auditory space. Taken together, these results demonstrate the importance of high-frequency hearing in computing a topographic map of auditory space.
Oxytocin Receptor-Expressing Neurons in the Paraventricular Thalamus Regulate Feeding Motivation through Excitatory Projections to the Nucleus Accumbens Core
Authors: Ye Qiying , Nunez Jeremiah , Zhang Xiaobing 
Published: May 2022

Oxytocin receptors (OTR) have been found in the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) for the regulation of feeding and maternal behaviors. However, the functional projections of OTR-expressing PVT neurons remain largely unknown. Here, we used chemogenetic and optogenetic tools to test the role of OTR-expressing PVT neurons and their projections in the regulation of food intake in both male and female OTR-Cre mice. We found chemogenetic activation of OTR-expressing PVT neurons promoted food seeking under trials with a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Using Feeding Experimentation Devices for real-time meal measurements, we found chemogenetic activation of OTR-expressing PVT neurons increased meal frequency but not cumulative food intake because of a compensatory decrease in meal sizes. In combination with anterograde neural tracing and slice patch-clamp recordings, we found optogenetic stimulation of PVT OTR terminals excited neurons in the posterior basolateral amygdala (pBLA) and nucleus accumbens core (NAcC) as well as local PVT neurons through monosynaptic glutamatergic transmissions. Photostimulation of OTR-expressing PVT-NAcC projections promoted food-seeking, whereas selective activation of PVT-pBLA projections produced little effect on feeding. In contrast to selective activation of OTR terminals, photostimulation of a broader population of glutamatergic PVT terminals exerted direct excitation followed by indirect lateral inhibition on neurons in both NAcC and anterior basolateral amygdala. Together, these results suggest that OTR-expressing PVT neurons are a distinct population of PVT glutamate neurons that regulate feeding motivation through projections to NAcC.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe paraventricular thalamus plays an important role in the regulation of feeding motivation. However, because of the diversity of paraventricular thalamic neurons, the specific neuron types promoting food motivation remain elusive. In this study, we provide evidence that oxytocin receptor-expressing neurons are a specific group of glutamate neurons that primarily project to the nucleus accumbens core and posterior amygdala. We found that activation of these neurons promotes the motivation for food reward and increases meal frequency through projections to the nucleus accumbens core but not the posterior amygdala. As a result, we postulate that oxytocin receptor-expressing neurons in the paraventricular thalamus and their projections to the nucleus accumbens core mainly regulate feeding motivation but not food consumption.
Environmental Enrichment Mitigates the Long-Lasting Sequelae of Perinatal Fentanyl Exposure in Mice
Authors: Alipio Jason Bondoc , Riggs Lace Marie , Plank Madeline , Keller Asaf 
Published: May 2022

The opioid epidemic is a rapidly evolving societal issue driven, in part, by a surge in synthetic opioid use. A rise in fentanyl use among pregnant women has led to a 40-fold increase in the number of perinatally-exposed infants in the past decade. These children are more likely to develop mood-related and somatosensory-related conditions later in life, suggesting that fentanyl may permanently alter neural development. Here, we examined the behavioral and synaptic consequences of perinatal fentanyl exposure in adolescent male and female C57BL/6J mice and assessed the therapeutic potential of environmental enrichment to mitigate these effects. Dams were givenad libitumaccess to fentanyl (10 µg/ml, per os) across pregnancy and until weaning [postnatal day (PD)21]. Perinatally-exposed adolescent mice displayed hyperactivity (PD45), enhanced sensitivity to anxiogenic environments (PD46), and sensory maladaptation (PD47), sustained behavioral effects that were completely normalized by environmental enrichment (PD21–PD45). Additionally, environmental enrichment normalized the fentanyl-induced changes in the frequency of miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) of layer 2/3 neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). We also demonstrate that fentanyl impairs short-term potentiation (STP) and long-term potentiation (LTP) in S1 layer 2/3 neurons, which, instead, exhibit a sustained depression of synaptic transmission that is restored by environmental enrichment. On its own, environmental enrichment suppressed long-term depression (LTD) of control S1 neurons from vehicle-treated mice subjected to standard housing conditions. These results demonstrate that the lasting effects of fentanyl can be ameliorated with a noninvasive intervention introduced during early development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIllicit use of fentanyl accounts for a large proportion of opioid-related overdose deaths. Children exposed to opioids during development have a higher risk of developing neuropsychiatric disorders later in life. Here, we employ a preclinical model of perinatal fentanyl exposure that recapitulates these long-term impairments and show, for the first time, that environmental enrichment can reverse deficits in somatosensory circuit function and behavior. These findings have the potential to directly inform and guide ongoing efforts to mitigate the consequences of perinatal opioid exposure.
The Implementation of Project Based Learning Strategy in Teaching Spoken English
Authors: Fajarika Nuninsari Dessi , Sutopo Djoko , Anggani Linggar Bharati Dwi 
Published: May 2022

Project-Based Learning is a learning model in 2013 curriculum that provides an opportunity for students to actively participate in making a project within the group or individual work to improve English language skills, especially in spoken English. The objectives of this study are to explain; 1) the Implementation of project topic stimulation in project based learning, 2) the implementation of project planning design in project based learning, 3) the implementation of schedule arrangement in project based learning, 4) the implementation of project monitoring in project based learning, 5) the implementation of project assessment in project based learning, and 6) the implementation of project evaluation in project based learning. This study was a descriptive qualitative method. The data were collected by implementing observation, field note, document analysis, questionnaire, speaking transcription, and interview. The subjects were an English teacher of SMA Futuhiyyah Mranggen. The result of the study showed that; 1) the English teacher of Futuhiyyah Senior High Schools have implemented the topic stimulation to begin the project. 2) The project design planning is implemented to create the project design for students. 3) The schedule arrangement should be planned to make the project run well. 4) The teacherâ€™s project monitoring should be implemented in order to guide the studentsâ€™ process in doing the project 5) the projectâ€™s assessment should be implemented to know the studentsâ€™ result in doing the project and 6) the teacherâ€™s evaluation was intended to check whether the students understand or not about the project.
The Implementation of Curriculum 2013 in Teaching Speaking Skill At MAN 2 Bima
Authors: Fujiati Hikmah , Hartono Rudi , Wuli Fitriati Sri 
Published: May 2022

The aim of this research was to investigate how the implementation of curriculum 2013 in teaching speaking skill at MAN 2 Bima. This research was qualitative method and used three English teachers who taught at MAN 2 Bima. The data of this study were collected through interview, questionnaires, observation, video recording, and document analysis. Then, they were classified and analysed qualitatively. The results of the research showed that all teachers implemented the Curriculum 2013 in teaching speaking and fulfill the criteria. The findings showed that firstly the implementation of curriculum 2013 in preparing the syllabus revealed that there were three English teachers were able in developing and arranging the syllabus in accordance with the 2013 Curriculum. Second, the implementation of using the lesson plan showed that 90% had been implemented in the teaching and learning activity. Third, the implementation of the materials showed that 91,74% was done well. Third, the implementation of using media was very effective because it made the students easy to understand the materials or the lesson and the teachers were also easy to deliver the lesson. Fourth, the implementation of technique in teaching speaking using observation checklist showed that 86.66% indicators applied well. Last, The implementation of assessment and evaluation used the observation checklist showed that 82,85% of indicators were applied well. So, from the all result above, it was concluded that the activities of implementing the curriculum 2013 in teaching speaking skill by the English teachers were appropriate with the standard of 2013 Curriculum.
English Teachersâ€™ Perception and Implementation of Authentic Assessment for Speaking Based on 2013 Curriculum
Authors: Mursyida Isnayani Tabi'ul , Faridi Abdurrachman , Suwandi Suwandi 
Published: May 2022

Authentic Assessment is one of important aspects in 2013 Curriculum promoting an idea of assessing studentsâ€™ authentic skills including speaking. However, many teachers claimed to have difficulties in implementing it properly. This research aims at explaining the English teachersâ€™ perception and implementation of authentic assessment for speaking based on 2013 Curriculum in state senior high schools in Semarang. Descriptive qualitative method is applied in this study. By using purposive sampling technique, sixteen English teachers from sixteen state senior high schools in Semarang were involved. There were four instruments to collect the data, namely questionnaire, interview, document analysis, and classroom observation. The findings of this research revealed that the English teachers had good perception of authentic assessment for speaking both in the concept, preparation and implementation. However, in the actual implementation, it was proven that the teachers did not apply authentic assessment for speaking as required by 2013 Curriculum. This was due to several problems such as limited time, teachersâ€™ lack of creativity, studentsâ€™ motivation and other reasons.

Abstrak
Penilaian otentik adalah salah satu aspek penting dalam Kurikulum 2013 yang mempromosikan gagasan tentang penilaian kemampuan otentik siswa, termasuk kemampuan berbicara. Namun, banyak guru yang mengaku mengalami kesulitan dalam mengimplementasikannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan persepsi dan pengimplementasian penilaian otentik untuk kemampuan berbicara berdasarkan Kurikulum 2013 oleh guru bahasa Inggris di sekolah menengah atas negeri di Semarang. Metode deskriptif kualitatif digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling, enam belas guru bahasa Inggris dari enam belas sekolah menengah atas negeri di Semarang terlibat. Ada empat instrumen untuk pengumpulan data, yaitu kuesioner, wawancara, analisis dokumen, dan observasi kelas. Temuan penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa para guru bahasa Inggris memiliki persepsi yang baik tentang penilaian otentik untuk kemampuan berbicara, baik dalam konsep, persiapan maupun implementasinya. Namun, dalam implementasi aktualnya, terbukti bahwa para guru belum menerapkan penilaian otentik untuk berbicara seperti yang dipersyaratkan oleh Kurikulum 2013. Hal ini disebabkan oleh beberapa masalah yang dihadapi oleh para guru seperti keterbatasan waktu, kurangnya kreativitas guru, motivasi siswa dan alasan-alasan lainnya.
The Existence of Pragmatic Markers in Americasâ€™ Got Talent Judgesâ€™ Commentaries
Authors: Naben Maria Fridolin , Mujiyanto Januarius , Faridi Abdurrachman 
Published: May 2022

This study attempts to explain the use of pragmatic markers in Americasâ€™ Got Talent judgesâ€™ commentaries. The aims of the study are to analyze the existence of verbal and visual pragmatic markers and explain their relationship. The verbal pragmatic markers are categorized into four types based on the typology of pragmatic markers proposed by Fraser (1996). They are basic markers, commentary markers, parallel markers, and discourse markers. While the visual pragmatic markers divided into thinking face, pointing with gaze and hand movement and smile following the pragmatic function facial gestures from Bavelas & Chovil (2013). This research employed descriptive method with qualitative approach. The object of the study is judges of Americasâ€™ Got Talent season 13 which consist of Simon Cowell, Heidi Klum, Mell B, and Howie Mendel. The study revealed that the judges used the basic markers to express the main message of the comment, commentary markers to express the message contains in the comment toward the main message, parallel markers to express the complement message toward the main message and the discourse markers to express the relation between the main message and the other utterance. The visual pragmatic markers performed also signals certain message related to verbal markers. The judges performed the thinking face to signal the word search, pointing with gaze and hand movement to emphasize the messages convey in utterance and smile to signal pleasure. This research could provide an understanding of EFL learners in using pragmatic markers as a way to improve communication strategy in communication.
The Comparison of Conversational Structures between Zach Sang and The Radio 1 Breakfast Shows
Authors: Izza Awwalia Fitrotin , Mujiyanto Januarius , Yuliasri Issy 
Published: May 2022

This study focused on a comparison of conversational structures between two talk shows, Zach Sang Show and Radio 1 Breakfast Show. This study is a descriptive qualitative study. It used Zach Sang Show and Radio 1 Breakfast Show on an episode interview with Sam Smith as the object of the study. To analyze the data, the researcher used conversation analysis theory proposed by Schegloff and Sacks (1977). The result of the study revealed that both talk shows applied the structures of opening, closing, adjacency pairs, turn taking, and repairs. There are some similarities and differences between these two talk shows in terms of structures. High involvement style and high considerateness style appear in both shows. However, in Zach Sang Show, the two speakers mostly share the same style which is high considerateness style. In conclusion, there are some differences of conversational structures between Zach Sang Show and Radio 1 Breakfast Show on their interviews with Sam Smith.
Keywords: Conversational Structures, Turn-Taking, Adjacency Pairs, Repairs, Conversation Style
Élethosszan át tartó oltási stratégia mint eszköz a pandémiák elleni védekezésben Magyarországon
Authors: Ugrin Irina , Dombrádi Viktor , Joó Tamás , Nagyjánosi László , Palicz Tamás , Varga Gergely , Lakatos Botond , Szerencsés Viktória , Lám Judit 
Published: May 2022

Összefoglaló. Különböző tényezők következtében az új és újra
felbukkanó fertőző betegségek megjelenésére a 21. században egyre nagyobb az
esély, ezzel párhuzamosan a pandémiák kialakulása is nagyobb valószínűségű. A
2019-ben felbukkant COVID–19-járvány azt is közvetíti számunkra, hogy egyes új
és újra jelentkező fertőző betegségek – az eredményes intézkedések elmaradása,
késlekedése esetén – gyorsan terjedhetnek. A fertőző betegségek elleni harc
egyik fő eszköze a védőoltás segítségével történő immunizáció. A jelen tanulmány
célja bemutatni a védőoltások előnyeit, fókuszba helyezve az elöregedő
társadalomban az élethosszan tartó immunizációs stratégiának a személyes
egészségre ható, közegészségügyi, gazdasági, valamint társadalmi érdekeit. Az
oltás előnyeinek minél nagyobb fokú kihasználásához egy élethosszan tartó
immunizációs stratégia felállítása javasolható, amelynek aspektusait és
gyakorlatba ültetésének lehetséges lépéseit foglaltuk össze közleményünkben. Orv
Hetil. 2022; 163(14): 535–543.
Summary. Due to various factors, the chances of infectious disease
emergence or re-emergence have increased in the 21st century, thus, the
likelihood of new emerging pandemics has also increased. The COVID–19 pandemic,
which appeared in 2019, has highlighted that certain new and re-emerging
infectious diseases – in the case of lack or delay in effective measures – can
spread very rapidly. The main tool for the fight against infectious diseases is
immunization through vaccination. While focusing on the personal health, public
health, economic and societal benefits of a lifelong immunization strategy,
especially in light of the aging society, the goal of this paper is to present
the benefits of vaccines. In order to increase the added value of vaccinations
it is recommended to create a lifelong immunization strategy. Our paper
summarizes the relevant aspects of such a strategy, highlighting potential
practical steps towards implementation. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(14): 535–543.
Targeted Disruption of a Proximal Tubule–Specific TMEM174 Gene in Mice Causes Hyperphosphatemia and Vascular Calcification
Authors: Miyazaki-Anzai Shinobu , Keenan Audrey L. , Blaine Judith , Miyazaki Makoto 
Published: May 2022

Significance Statement
Hyperphosphatemia is a major complication in the later stages of CKD, causing vascular calcification. We have identified 54 kidney-enriched genes, 19 of which are expressed in renal primary proximal tubule cells. One of the proximal tubule–specific genes, TMEM174, interacted with NPT2A, and its knockdown attenuated the reduction of NPT2A protein by fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) treatments in proximal tubule cells. TMEM174 knockout mice had significantly increased levels of serum phosphate, FGF23, and PTH, resulting in vascular calcification.

Background
The proximal tubules play a critical role in phosphate (Pi) homeostasis by reabsorbing Pi via sodium-dependent Pi cotransporters. NPT2A is a major proximal-specific Pi cotransporter, whose expression is regulated by circulating hormones, such as parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). In this study, we aimed to find a novel regulator in Pi homeostasis.

Methods
Using RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analysis, we identified proximal tubule cell–enriched genes. We next used RNAi screening of the identified proximal tubular cell–enriched genes to identify a novel proximal tubule–specific gene that contributes to FGF23- and PTH-mediated inhibition of Pi uptake and NPT2 reduction. We created mice lacking this novel regulator of Pi homeostasis to examine whether the novel regulator contributes to Pi homeostasis in vivo.

Results
We identified 54 kidney-enriched genes, 19 of which are expressed in renal primary proximal tubule cells. One of the proximal tubule–specific genes, TMEM174, interacted with NPT2A, and its knockdown blocked the reduction of NPT2A protein by FGF23 and PTH treatments in human and opossum proximal tubule cells. TMEM174 KO mice had significantly increased levels of serum Pi, FGF23, and PTH, resulting in vascular calcification.

Conclusions
TMEM174 is a novel regulator of Pi homeostasis that interacts with NPT2A.