bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Streptozotocin‐induced diabetes in rats modifies the role D2, D3and D4dopamine receptors play in cardiac sympathetic inhibition
Authors: Rivera‐Mancilla Eduardo , Altamirano‐Espinoza Alain H. , Manrique‐Maldonado Guadalupe , Villanueva‐Castillo Belinda , Villalón Carlos M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundDiabetes mellitusis associated with abnormalities in peripheral/central catecholaminergic systems, including changes in catecholamine levels and receptor expression.ObjectiveSince quinpirole‐induced cardiac sympathetic inhibition is greater in diabetic than in normoglycemic rats, this study pharmacologically investigated the dopamine D2‐like receptor subtypes that mediate cardiac sympathetic inhibition in diabetic (streptozotocin [STZ]‐pretreated) pithed rats.MethodsFifty male Wistar rats were pretreated with STZ, pithed and conditioned for spinal stimulation (C7‐T1) of the tachycardic sympathetic tone. The resulting increases in heart rate were evaluated following i.v. blocking doses of antagonists at D2, D3and D4receptors during a continuous i.v. infusion of quinpirole (an agonist at D2‐like receptors) or saline (vehicle).ResultsWith this experimental approach, the cardiac sympathetic inhibition produced by quinpirole in diabetic rats was: (i) unchanged after administration of vehicles and; (ii) abolished by the antagonists L‐741,626 (D2), SB‐277011‐A (D3) or L‐745,870 (D4).ConclusionThese findings in diabetic pithed rats imply that: (i) the cardiac sympathetic inhibition by quinpirole involves activation of D2/3/4dopamine receptors; and (ii) there is a differential stimulation of these receptors compared to normoglycemic rats. These D2/3/4receptor subtypes could be a novel drug target for the therapy of typical cardiac complications of diabetes.
Thermochronometry unveils ancient thermal regimes in the NW Pampean Ranges, Argentina: From Mesozoic rifting to Miocene flat‐slab subduction
Authors: Ezpeleta Miguel , Parra Mauricio , Collo Gilda , Wunderlin Cecilia , Borrego Angeles G. , Sobel Edward R. , Glodny Johannes 
Published: July 2022

AbstractReconstructing thermal histories in thrust belts is commonly used to infer the age and rates of thrusting and hence the driving mechanisms of orogenesis. In areas where ancient basins have been incorporated into the orogenic wedge, a quantitative reconstruction of the thermal history helps distinguish among potential mechanisms responsible for heating events. We present such a reconstruction for the Ischigualasto‐Villa Unión basin in the western Pampean Ranges of Argentina, where Triassic rifting and late Cretaceous‐Cenozoic retroarc foreland basin development has been widely documented, including Miocene flat‐slab subduction. We report results of organic and inorganic thermal indicators acquired along three stratigraphic sections, including vitrinite reflectance and X‐ray diffractometry in claystones and new thermochronological [(apatite fission‐track and apatite and zircon [U‐Th]/He)] analyses. Despite up to 5 km‐thick Cenozoic overburden and unlike previously thought, the thermal peak in the basin is not due to Cenozoic burial but occurred in the Triassic, associated with a high heat flow of up to 90 mWm−2 and <2 km of burial, which heated the base of the Triassic strata to ~160°C. Following exhumation, attested by the development of an unconformity between the Triassic and Late‐Cretaceous–Cenozoic sequences, Cenozoic re‐burial increased the temperature to ~110°C at the base of the Triassic section and only ~50°C 7 km upsection, suggesting a dramatic decrease in the thermal gradient. The onset of Cenozoic cooling occurred at ~10−8 Ma, concomitant with sediment accumulation and thus preceding the latest Miocene onset of thrusting that has been independently documented by stratigraphic–cross‐cutting relationships. We argue that the onset of cooling is associated with lithospheric refrigeration following establishment of flat‐slab subduction, leading to the eastward displacement of the asthenospheric wedge beneath the South American plate. Our study places time and temperature constraints on flat‐slab cooling that calls for a careful interpretation of exhumation signals in thrustbelts inferred from thermochronology only.
Reduced predation by arthropods and higher herbivory in burned Amazonian forests
Authors: Queiroz Elenir Aparecida , Schoereder José Henrique , Cornelissen Tatiana Garabini , Brando Paulo Monteiro , Maracahipes Leandro , Paolucci Lucas Navarro 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBiodiversity losses have increased in tropical forests due to fire‐related disturbances. As landscape fragmentation and climate change increase, fires will become more frequent and widespread across tropical rain forests worldwide, with important implications for forest dynamics by altering plant–animal interactions. Here we tested the hypothesis that recurrent fires in tropical rain forests change bottom‐up and top‐down forces controlling the abundance of insect herbivores, which in turn increases herbivory. To quantify herbivory, we collected 50 leaves per tree of five species in burned and unburned experimental plots (N = 75) in southeastern Amazonian forests. We measured leaf nitrogen content and leaf thickness of tree leaves as bottom‐up factors that could explain differences in herbivory; we measured predation pressure on model caterpillars and estimated the abundance of predatory ants as top‐down factors. We found higher herbivory in burned than in unburned forests, as well as lower predator attacks in caterpillar models and lower abundance of predatory ants. Leaf nitrogen content did not vary across treatments. Birds attacked model caterpillars more frequently in burned than in unburned forests, and leaf thickness was higher in burned forests, but these factors together were not enough to offset the higher herbivory in burned plots. Fire degrades tropical forests not only by killing trees and altering their structure and community dynamics, but also by reducing predatory arthropods and disrupting predator–prey interactions, which triggers increased herbivory. These indirect impacts of recurrent fires probably contribute to further alter forest structure, functioning, and to decrease regeneration in Amazonian forests.Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
Early marginal bone loss around dental implants to define success in implant dentistry: A retrospective study
Authors: Galindo‐Moreno Pablo , Catena Andrés , Pérez‐Sayáns Mario , Fernández‐Barbero Juan Emilio , O'Valle Francisco , Padial‐Molina Miguel 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to establish an objective criterion in terms of marginal bone level (MBL) to know the prognosis of an implant.Materials and MethodsA group of 176 patients in whom 590 implants were placed were included in this retrospective study. Patients older than 18 years, presenting either Kennedy class I or II edentulous section, or totally edentulous at least in one of the dental arches were included in this study. Those with any type of disturbance able to alter bone metabolism or with nontreated periodontal disease were excluded. Data on radiographic MBL at loading, 6 and 18 months later, age, gender, smoking habits, history of periodontitis, bone substratum, implant, and prosthetic features were recorded. Nonparametric receiver operating curves (ROC) were constructed for the MBL at 18 months in order to establish a distinction among high bone loser (HBL) and low bone loser (LBL) implants. Differences as a function of main variables were also determined, particularly abutment height and periodontal disease.ResultsHBL implants lost at least 0.48 mm of MBL 6 months after loading; they reached at least 2 mm of MBL 18 months after loading. MBL rate followed a nonlinear trend, except in implants restored over long prosthetic abutments and in patients with history of severe periodontitis; in whom the rate of MBL over the time was nearly zero.ConclusionImplants that lose more than 0.5 mm of marginal bone 6 months after loading are at great risk of not being radiographically successful anymore. Therefore, 0.5 mm of MBL is proposed as a distinctive and objective criterion of success in Implant Dentistry within a 6‐month follow‐up period. A prosthetic abutment height ≥2 mm resulted the most protective factor in the peri‐implant bone maintenance.
Malware classification using word embeddings algorithms and long‐short term memory networks
Authors: Andrade Eduardo de O. , Viterbo José , Guérin Joris , Bernardini Flavia 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe number of malicious software applications, or malware programs, increases every year. Their development becomes more sophisticated as new techniques are used to bypass program scanning software applications, such as antiviruses. Thereby, deep learning‐based methods emerge as a new promising way to identify these threats. Our main purpose and contribution in this work is proposing and implementing a successful approach to tackle both binary and multiclass malware classification problems. We used unsupervised word embedding algorithms for representing software applications to be analyzed and long‐short term memory for classifying the software applications. For evaluating our pipeline, we introduce a new dataset for binary and multiclass malware classification because we could not find large datasets containing sufficient samples of cleanware and the various malware types for multiclass classification that could be used to evaluate classification models. Our experimental results reached an accuracy of 88.94% for binary classification and 75.13% for multiclass classification. These results suggest that the proposed dataset is challenging, and using it can help in the training of better malware classifiers, improving security.
Climate change is expected to restructure forest frugivorous bird communities in a biodiversity hot‐point within the Atlantic Forest
Authors: Mota Flávio Mariano Machado , Heming Neander Marcel , Morante‐Filho José Carlos , Talora Daniela Custódio 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAimChanges in climatic conditions are predicted to impact species distribution and hence alter their diversity patterns. Modifications in the composition of biological communities are expected as a result of the loss and replacement of species due to global warming. Forest frugivorous birds already suffer from habitat loss and may disappear locally due to suitable area contraction or range shifts to novel areas, disrupting seed dispersal and consequently the functioning of natural ecosystems. Here, we investigate the impacts of different climate scenarios on alpha and beta diversities of forest frugivorous birds.LocationCentral Corridor of the Atlantic Forest (CCAF), Brazil.MethodsWe used ecological niche models to project species distribution of 68 frugivorous birds for the baseline and future (2050 and 2070) scenarios. We generated binary maps of suitable areas for each species by climate scenario to calculate alpha and beta diversities.ResultsMost forest frugivorous birds were projected to lose suitable area, as a consequence of climate change, reducing alpha diversity in future scenarios and increasing temporal beta diversity, which is dominated by the nestedness component. In addition, species richness decreased from the east to the west portion of the CCAF, while differentiation of bird communities increased in the same direction, a pattern consistent across all climate scenarios evaluated.Main conclusionsClimate change may exert drastic alterations in the composition of frugivorous bird communities in the CCAF. As forest frugivorous birds are critical to seed dispersal of forest plant species, impoverishment of their communities can drastically affect forest regeneration, diversity, and structure in the decades to come. Therefore, a better comprehension of spatio‐temporal changes in diversity patterns of frugivorous birds can help us to avoid the disruption of seed dispersal and its consequences, such as cascading effects that will trigger biodiversity loss in the CCAF.
Evaluating early modern lockdowns: Household quarantine in Bristol, 1565–1604
Authors: Udale Charles 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe know the policy of quarantining plague victims and their families together within their households entailed considerable costs and controversy in early modern Europe. Less clear is the extent to which the authorities implemented the policy in the face of this. This paper presents a novel approach to the measurement of enforcement which relies on linking deceased individuals listed in parish registers into household groups and then measuring changes in within‐household mortality between parishes and epidemics. This provides a more complete assessment of the scale of implementation than would be possible using documentary sources alone. Measuring within‐household mortality allows us to understand patterns of quarantine enforcement in settlements across early modern Europe. Here the focus is restricted to three epidemics that occurred in Bristol – one of England's most populous and prosperous cities. The analysis reveals household quarantine was enforced in 1603–4 with unprecedented vigour. The effects of quarantine are particularly pronounced in the affluent parishes where elite residence was highest. Greater evidence for enforcement is explained by greater elite oversight and control, as well as their desire to protect their own households. The scale of the impact is shocking. Household quarantine could double within household mortality.
First insights into the gut microbiomes and the diet of the Littorina snail ecotypes, a recently emerged marine evolutionary model
Authors: Panova Marina A. Z. , Varfolomeeva Marina A. , Gafarova Elizaveta R. , Maltseva Arina L. , Mikhailova Natalia A. , Granovitch Andrei I. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMicrobes can play a prominent role in the evolution of their hosts, facilitating adaptation to various environments and promoting ecological divergence. The Wave and Crab ecotypes of the intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis is an evolutionary model of rapid and repeated adaptation to environmental gradients. While patterns of genomic divergence of the Littorina ecotypes along the shore gradients have been extensively studied, their microbiomes have been so far overlooked. The aim of the present study is to start filling this gap by comparing gut microbiome composition of the Wave and Crab ecotypes using metabarcoding approach. Since Littorina snails are micro‐grazers feeding on the intertidal biofilm, we also compare biofilm composition (i.e. typical snail diet) in the crab and wave habitats. In the results, we found that bacterial and eukaryotic biofilm composition varies between the typical habitats of the ecotypes. Further, the snail gut bacteriome was different from outer environments, being dominated by Gammaproteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidia and Alphaproteobacteria. There were clear differences in the gut bacterial communities between the Crab and the Wave ecotypes as well as between the Wave ecotype snails from the low and high shores. These differences were both observed in the abundances and in the presence of different bacteria, as well as at different taxonomic level, from bacterial OTU's to families. Altogether, our first insights show that Littorina snails and their associated bacteria are a promising marine system to study co‐evolution of the microbes and their hosts, which can help us to predict the future for wild species in the face of rapidly changing marine environments.
Plant–microbial responses to reduced precipitation depend on tree species in a temperate forest
Authors: Raczka Nanette C. , Carrara Joseph E. , Brzostek Edward R. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractGiven that global change is predicted to increase the frequency and severity of drought in temperate forests, it is critical to understand the degree to which plant belowground responses cascade through the soil system to drive ecosystem responses to water stress. While most research has focused on plant and microbial responses independently of each other, a gap in our understanding lies in the integrated response of plant‐microbial interactions to water stress. We investigated the extent to which divergent belowground responses to reduced precipitation between sugar maple trees (Acer saccharum) versus oak trees (Oak spp.) may influence microbial activity via throughfall exclusion in the field. Evidence that oak trees send carbon belowground to prime microbial activity more than maples under ambient conditions and in response to water stress suggests there is the potential for corresponding impacts of reduced precipitation on microbial activity. As such, we tested the hypothesis that differences in belowground C allocation between oaks and maples would stimulate microbial activity in the oak treatment soils and reduce microbial activity in in the sugar maple treatment soils compared to their respective controls. We found that the treatment led to declines in N mineralization, soil respiration, and oxidative enzyme activity in the sugar maple treatment plot. These declines may be due to sugar maple trees reducing root C transfers to the soil. By contrast, the reduced precipitation treatment enhanced soil respiration, as well as rates of N mineralization and peroxidase activity in the oak rhizosphere. This enhanced activity suggests that oak roots provided optimal rhizosphere conditions during water stress to prime microbial activity to support net primary production. With future changes in precipitation predicted for forests in the Eastern US, we show that the strength of plant‐microbial interactions drives the degree to which reduced precipitation impacts soil C and nutrient cycling.
Patient preferences and choices as a reflection of trust—A cluster analysis comparing postsurgical perceptions in a private and a public hospital
Authors: Barnea Royi , Tur‐Sinai Aviad , Levtzion‐Korach Osnat , Weiss Yossi , Tal Orna 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundActive participation of patients in managing their medical treatment is a major component of the patient empowerment process and may contribute to better clinical outcomes. Patient perceptions and preferences affect the patient–physician encounter in a variety of dimensions, such as patient autonomy, freedom of choice and trust in the healthcare system. The Israeli healthcare system is mostly publicly funded, with additional private healthcare services for surgery and other medical treatments. The aim of this study was to compare the perceptions and preferences of patients in the public and private hospitals in Israel.MethodsA cross‐sectional study among 545 individuals who had surgical procedures at two hospitals in Israel (one public and one private). A structured questionnaire comprising 23 items was used to collect perceptions via personal telephone interviews. The responses were categorized into five clusters and compared by type of health services provider (public vs. private) and sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age and education level).ResultsA hierarchical cluster analysis methodology identified five conceptual groups: trust, concern towards medical errors, dialogue between medical staff and the patient/patient's family, confidentiality and staff bias towards more informed patients, or those with supportive families. Four main themes that highlight patients' preferences were found: physical conditions, personal empowerment and perceived autonomy, patient experience and patient–provider encounter communication. Significant differences between the private and the public healthcare systems were found in four clusters: trust and patient care, patient's concerns, the extent of explanation and medical staff's commitment. Differences secondary to sociodemographic parameters were noticed: patients treated at the private hospital scored significantly higher items of trust, medical staff caring and the importance of choosing their treating surgeon, while patients treated at the public hospital scored higher staff commitment to the patient than those treated at the private hospital.ConclusionsThe study revealed the perceptions underlying the decisions of patients to undergo surgical procedures in public or private hospitals. Mutual learning could pave the way to better patient–physician encounters.Patient or Public ContributionPatients from the two hospitals were involved in this study by responding to the questionnaire. The data presented is based on the patient's responses.
Effect of immersion freezing with the edible medium on protein structure, chemical bonding and particle size in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) during frozen storage
Authors: Yuduan Diao , Gao Pei , Jiang Qixing , Xia Wenshui , Yang Fang 
Published: July 2022

SummaryOne of the most worrisome problems with frozen fish is its undesirable softening texture, due in part to the alteration of fish protein structure. Therefore, a new immersion freezing (IF) technology with the edible medium, which was proven to improve food freezing speed and quality, was compared with air blast freezing (AF) and liquid nitrogen freezing (LNF) on the scope of protein structure. Protein fractions, structure, chemical bonds and particle size of the grass carp muscle were used as indicators. At the end of 24 weeks of frozen storage, the content of salt‐soluble protein in IF (106.22 ± 1.01 mg g−1 meat) was significantly higher than that of AF (90.77 ± 1.11 mg g−1 meat) and LNF (97.44 ± 1.40 mg g−1 meat) (P < 0.05). Compared to AF, the α‐helix content of IF and LNF was higher, the content of β‐turn and random coil was lower, while no statistical difference was detected in IF and LNF groups (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the intrinsic fluorescence intensity, ionic bonding and hydrogen bonding in IF were significantly higher than in AF. The lowest value of D[3,2] was observed in the IF group after 24 weeks storage. Therefore, IF is an effective approach to reducing protein denaturation and can be adopted as an alternative freezing method.
The effects of sonication on the stability of eggs during extended storage
Authors: Yüceer Muhammed , Yıldırım Gözde , Caner Cengiz 
Published: July 2022

SummaryThe efficacy of sonication with different powers (80, 160 and 360 W) on fresh eggs for maintaining internal qualities such as pH, Haugh Unit (HU), yolk index (YI), relative whipping capacity (RWC), total solids, rheological behaviour and eggshell strength were investigated during storage at room temperature. Differences in significant (P < 0.05) on HU and YI were observed between control and sonicated eggs after 1 week. At 4 weeks of storage, the albumen pH of 160 W (9.40) and 360 W (9.39) sonicated eggs were considerably lower than that of 80 W (9.44) and control (9.54). At the conclusion of storage, the RWC of the 360 W (857), 160 W (847), and 80 W (835) was substantially greater than determined for nonsonicated (control) eggs (RWC = 705). The lowest strength of eggshells (4.1 kgf) was determined when the highest sonication power was used (360 W) due to the effect of cavitation, which may cause micro‐cracks that decreased the eggshell quality. Instead, the eggs sonicated at 80 or 160 W maintained the eggshell strength for at least 1 week of storage without any adverse impact. This study underlines that sonication, at the optimal power and treatment time, can be a viable nonthermal alternative method for enhancing the stability of eggs during storage.