bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interdependence of sequential cytotoxic T lymphocyte and natural killer cell cytotoxicity against melanoma cells
Authors: Friedmann Kim S. , Kaschek Lea , Knörck Arne , Cappello Sabrina , Lünsmann Niklas , Küchler Nadja , Hoxha Cora , Schäfer Gertrud , Iden Sandra , Bogeski Ivan , Kummerow Carsten , Schwarz Eva C. , Hoth Markus 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells recognize and eliminate cancer cells. However, immune evasion, downregulation of immune function by the tumour microenvironment and resistance of cancer cells are major problems. Although CTL and NK cells are both important to eliminate cancer, most studies address them individually. We quantified sequential primary human CTL and NK cell cytotoxicity against the melanoma cell line SK‐Mel‐5. At high effector‐to‐target ratios, NK cells or melan‐A (MART‐1)‐specific CTL eliminated all SK‐Mel‐5 cells within 24 h, indicating that SK‐Mel‐5 cells are not resistant initially. However, at lower effector‐to‐target ratios, which resemble numbers of the immune contexture in human cancer, a substantial number of SK‐Mel‐5 cells survived. Pre‐exposure to CTL induced resistance in surviving SK‐Mel‐5 cells to subsequent CTL or NK cell cytotoxicity, and pre‐exposure to NK cells induced resistance in surviving SK‐Mel‐5 cells to NK cells. Higher human leucocyte antigen class I expression or interleukin‐6 levels were correlated with resistance to NK cells, whereas reduction in MART‐1 antigen expression was correlated with reduced CTL cytotoxicity. The CTL cytotoxicity was rescued beyond control levels by exogenous MART‐1 antigen. In contrast to the other three combinations, CTL cytotoxicity against SK‐Mel‐5 cells was enhanced following NK cell pre‐exposure. Our assay allows quantification of sequential CTL and NK cell cytotoxicity and might guide strategies for efficient CTL–NK cell anti‐melanoma therapies.
imageKey points
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cells eliminate cancer cells. Both CTL and NK cells attack the same targets, but most studies address them individually.
In a sequential cytotoxicity model, the interdependence of antigen‐specific CTL and NK cell cytotoxicity against melanoma is quantified.
High numbers of antigen‐specific CTL and NK cells eliminate all melanoma cells. However, lower numbers induce resistance if secondary CTL or NK cell exposure follows initial CTL exposure or if secondary NK cell exposure follows initial NK cell exposure. On the contrary, if secondary CTL exposure follows initial NK cell exposure, cytotoxicity is enhanced.
Alterations in human leucocyte antigen class I expression and interleukin‐6 levels are correlated with resistance to NK cells, whereas a reduction in antigen expression is correlated with reduced CTL cytotoxicity; CTL cytotoxicity is rescued beyond control levels by exogenous antigen.
This assay and the results on interdependencies will help us to understand and optimize immune therapies against cancer.
Development of Novel Low-Cost Sustainable Abrasive Flow Finishing Media From Ground Tire Rubber and Its Performance Evaluation
Authors: Ansari Irfan Ahmad , Kar Kamal K. , Ramkumar J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The present experimental endeavor aims to develop and study the characteristics of a novel ground tire rubber media (GTRM) through rheological, thermal, and mechanical characterizations. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals the presence of natural and styrene butadiene rubber in ground tire rubber (GTR) and confirms the thermal stability of developed GTRM under the working temperature of the abrasive flow finishing (AFF) process. Investigation reveals that incorporating GTR into media improves AFF performance up to 50 phr, after which it degrades due to poor self-deforming characteristics and abrasive holding capacity at higher GTR fractions. It has also been observed that the percentage of oil and the size of the GTR particles are significant media parameters that govern the GTRM property and thus influence its performance. GTRM with bigger GTR produces deep abrasive cut marks and nonuniform shearing. A comprehensive study reveals that GTRM containing 50 phr GTR (80 mesh), 10% oil, and 60% SiC (220 mesh) results in the highest percentage improvement in surface roughness (% ΔRa) of 44% on flat geometry. The same media, but with coarser SiC (80 mesh), was also used to polish a micro-grooved workpiece. Results show 64% improvement in Ra for the top surface and 58% for the bottom, respectively. Both surfaces still contain a few pits and unevenness; however, the surfaces and top edge of the groove became smooth after AFF.
Rate of Penetration Prediction Using Quantile Regression Deep Neural Networks
Authors: Ambrus Adrian , Alyaev Sergey , Jahani Nazanin , Pacis Felix James , Wiktorski Tomasz 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
As the petroleum industry makes strides towards meeting the energy efficiency and low emissions goals required to tackle ongoing climate challenges, there is an increasing need for optimizing drilling operations. A central aspect of drilling optimization lies in the ability to select the drilling parameters that improve the rate of penetration (ROP) for the rock formations being drilled. Optimization algorithms require an efficient predictive model of the ROP as a function of key drilling parameters and formation properties. Over the past decades, various mathematical ROP models have been developed. The use of machine learning and artificial intelligence for ROP modeling has become quite common, as indicated by the quickly expanding literature on this topic in recent years. Most of these modeling efforts have focused on providing single-point forecasts of ROP without any indication of the uncertainty surrounding the predictions. However, different factors, such as bit wear or foundering may severely limit the achievable ROP. Without including such uncertainty in the predictions, the reliability of ROP models for optimization and decision-making can be difficult to evaluate.
To address this issue, we present the application of quantile regression deep neural networks (QRDNN) to the ROP prediction problem. In our work, quantile regression models perform probabilistic forecasts of ROP for a given range of drilling parameters and formation properties available from logging while drilling measurements or offset well logs. The model outputs consist of estimated values for different quantiles, such as the P10, P50, and P90 estimates, and associated confidence intervals. Several such models with different input features and neural network architectures, including fully connected, convolutional, and dropout layers, are trained and validated on publicly available field data spanning 12 hole sections from 7 wells drilled in the Volve field in the North Sea. The results indicate that the QRDNN achieves good prediction accuracy within the projected confidence intervals. These results highlight the advantages of combining deep learning with quantile regression compared to using machine learning models which only generate single-point predictions for the ROP.
Validation of Measurement Techniques Used for Slamming
Authors: Økland Ole David , Lian Gunnar , Vestbøstad Tone 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Model test campaigns conducted recent years indicate large wave impact loads on vertical surfaces above the waterline for various types of moored floating structures. The basis for the estimate of characteristic loads is typically slamming pressure measured on a grid of slamming panels.
In order to validate the measurements of slamming pressure, drop tests for a slamming section used in slamming tests (see [1] and [2]) have been conducted. The section was dropped in a small water basin at different configurations to resemble impacts from waves with varying front steepness and velocity of wave front. In Lian et al [3], most of the results from the drop tests were presented and compared to theoretical solutions. It was concluded that the peak slamming coefficient is close to the expected theoretical value, but for small impact angles the load measured during the drop becomes significantly lower than theoretical observations and previous tests results, e.g. by Campbell and Weynberg [4]. Possible sources of errors in the tests may be retardation/change of velocity during impact or effect of 3D flow in drop.
In the work presented in this paper these findings have been investigated further. An alternative drop test using a cylinder with smaller diameter, and neglectable effect from 3D flow, has been carried out. Numerical simulations of the drop tests, where effect of retardation is accounted for, have been conducted. In November 2019, the drop test with the slamming section was repeated and the mass of the section was varied to study the effect of retardation. In the present paper results from drop tests and numerical calculations are compared and findings are reported.
Crack Propagation in Dynamic Power Cables
Authors: Li Zhiyuan , Ringsberg Jonas W. , Johnson Erland , Serdyuk Yuriy 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
One failure mechanism of subsea cables is the degradation of the insulation layers by so-called “water treeing” induced by strong electric fields in defects in the material. Usually, the growth of water trees is studied by considering the cyclic variation of Maxwell stresses at the tip of the defect. However, there is a concern for dynamic power cables (i.e., cables with low bending stiffness) what effects the additional contribution from cyclic mechanical stresses will have on the cable’s structural and electrical integrity and operational life.
A dynamic cable installed on a wave energy converter is studied. A vented water tree defect is (assumed to be) initiated in the XLPE insulation material of one of three conductors of a dynamic power cable. COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to simulate how the electric field strength near the tip of the water tree channel increases as the length of the water tree increases. A water tree growth model based on cyclic Maxwell stresses is employed to estimate the time it takes for the water tree to grow until a short circuit of the cable occurs. Numerical simulations in the hydrodynamic software SIMA and the finite element software ABAQUS are carried out for several sea states and ocean current loading conditions to investigate if mechanical stresses due to motions of the dynamic cable shorten the cable’s lifetime. The results from these simulations are used in a fracture mechanics-based model to see how fast a defect in the insulation material grows only due to mechanical stresses. It is found that under the investigated load conditions, the mechanical stresses in the insulation layers are not large enough to contribute to crack growth. It implies that despite the cable motions and the cyclic mechanical stresses in the cable components, the water tree failure of this dynamic cable is mainly associated with the electric field and the resultant cyclic Maxwell stress.
Dynamics of Gas Kick Migration in the Annulus While Drilling/Circulating
Authors: Obi Chinemerem E. , Manikonda Kaushik , Abril Luis , Hasan A. Rashid , Rahman Mohammad A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Multiphase flow pattern during gas kick is made more complex while drilling or circulating out the kick (dynamic conditions). The additional pressure losses due to friction when circulating significantly change the flow pattern in the annulus. This pattern also evolves as the fluid migrates up the wellbore due to changing in-situ conditions and fluid properties. The effects of this scenario on flow pattern evolution have been investigated using water as the continuous phase, air, and carbon dioxide as the kicked fluid.
Experiments were carried out in a 140 ft high tower lab fitted with pressure gauges and digital cameras for visualization. We triggered gas kicks at 80 psi and 90 psi injection pressures and, an average liquid flow rate of about 7-gpm and 15-gpm. The gas rate ranged from about 0.05 ft3/min to 0.5 ft3/min for both air and carbon dioxide injection. The gas injection time ranged from 30 to 500 seconds for air and carbon dioxide to simulate kicks of different gas-liquid mass ratios of about 0.1 ft3/ft3 to 0.3 ft3/ft3. We observed that the fluid distribution, pressure gradient in the annulus of a 2.875-in drill pipe and a 5.5-in outer casing is more complex when circulating drilling fluid than in a shut-in scenario.
The effect of the initial kick pressure on the initial flow pattern observed (Taylor bubble) can be considered negligible. This is due to the fixed 2 in diameter of the gas injection line. The average gas-liquid flow rate and the duration of gas injection significantly affect the flow pattern observed after the “Initial Taylor bubble” (in space). The complexity of this flow behavior is more significant during carbon dioxide kicks than air kicks due to the solubility of carbon dioxide in water. The turbulence following the initial Taylor bubble increased with the average liquid flow rate. This is due to the additional momentum from liquid flow. Similarly, the duration of the kick did not affect the initial Taylor bubble observed but the “After Taylor bubble” flow significantly. These observations are more pronounced during carbon dioxide injection when the liquid is saturated, towards the surface as carbon dioxide begins to come out of solution.
This study shows the need to account for the “After Taylor bubble” flow effects when modeling gas kick behavior. Incorporating the physics of this scenario will significantly improve gas kick models and blow-out mitigation in drilling time.
Cement Sheath Integrity Evaluation Under Multiple Cyclic Loading Using Mechanical Equivalent Experiment for Gas Storage Wells in Eastern China
Authors: Su Donghua , Li Zaoyuan , Wu Xuning , Li Jin , Sun Jinfei , Zheng Guanyi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Gas storage wells in eastern China have been in operation for nearly 30 years. Fatigue damage may have occurred in the cement sheath after years of injection-production cycles. If the risk of integrity failure of the cement sheath can be predicted accurately, optimization or remedial measures can be implemented over time to further prolong the life of gas storage wells. In this paper, we established a mechanical equivalent method to restore the wellbore load borne by the cement sheath to the self-developed wellbore simulation device, and carried out the cyclic load tests of 376, 141 and 54 rounds at the injection-production differential pressure of 5, 10 and 15 MPa, respectively. Based on this method and the twin-shear unified strength theory, the integrity failure mechanism of the cement sheath was analyzed. We found that after cyclic loading, the tensile strength of the cement sheath decreased. Fatigue-tensile failure was the main reason for the integrity failure of the cement sheath in gas storage wells. Residual tensile strength decreased with the increase in cycle time and injection-production differential pressure. Taking a gas storage well in eastern China as an example, it was found that if the well maintains the current injection-production differential pressure, there is a risk of cement sheath failure. In this regard, the optimization measures of reducing injection-production pressure difference were proposed to prolong wellbore life. At the same time, the suggestion of using a modified cement system in gas storage wells was also proposed. The research results can provide an important reference for predicting gas storage well life and designing mechanical properties of cement sheath.
Physics-Informed Neural Network With Numerical Differentiation for Modelling Complex Fluid Dynamic Problems
Authors: My Ha Dao , Pao-Hsiung Chiu , Jian Cheng Wong , Chin Chun Ooi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this study, novel physics-informed neural network (PINN) methods are proposed to allow efficient training with improved accuracy. The computation of differential operators required for loss evaluation at collocation points are conventionally obtained via automatic differentiation (AD). Such PINNs require large optimization iterations and are very sample intensive because they are prone to optimizing towards unphysical solutions without sufficient collocation points. To make PINN training sample efficient, the idea of using numerical differentiation, coupled with automatic differentiation, is employed to define the loss function. The proposed coupled-automatic-numerical differentiation scheme — labeled as can-PINN — strongly links the collocation points, thus enabling efficient training in sparse sample regimes. The superior performance of can-PINNs is demonstrated on several challenging PINN problems, including the rotational flow problem and the channel flow over a backward facing step problem. The results reveal that for the challenging problems, can-PINNs can always achieve very good accuracy while the conventional PINNs based on AD fail.
Blast Loading Profile of Gaseous Hydrogen in Confined Space Under Various Leak Conditions
Authors: Kim Seon Jin , Lee Hyun Ho , Park Soung Woo , Baeg Dae Yu , Kim Jeong Hwan , Seo Jung Kwan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Research on hydrogen facilities in the shipbuilding industry and on hydrogen fuel ships and carriers is growing due to the depletion of fossil fuels and the increasingly strict regulation of environmental pollution. Compared with hydrocarbon-based fuels, hydrogen fuel has low minimum ignition energy and a wide-ranging flammability limit. Therefore, before utilizing hydrogen energy, hazard assessment studies of hydrogen leakage and explosion must be performed to ensure safety. It is hazardous to the release of gaseous hydrogen into confined spaces, such as storage and engine rooms of ships, because the hydrogen gas cloud, which is less dense than air, stagnates and accumulates near the ceiling. The main objective of this study is to examine the effects of gaseous hydrogen leakage conditions in confined spaces on the behavior of flammable gas cloud and blast loading profile. To analyze hydrogen gas cloud behavior, hydrogen release experiments were conducted in a 1.0 m × 1.0 m × 3.0 m enclosure at various leak nozzle heights (0.3, 1.5, and 2.7 m) and leak rates (100, 200, and 300 L/min). The results of hydrogen leakage experiments, the flammable gas cloud volume were found to increase with increasing leakage rate and decreasing leakage nozzle height. Due to the lack of the number of concentration sensors, there was a limit to the analysis of all the concentration field of hydrogen in the enclosure. All flammable concentration fields in the enclosure were evaluated and compared using FLACS, the computational fluid dynamics simulation software. In addition, the effects of ignition heights on hydrogen blast loading were analyzed using FLACS. The simulation revealed that a high hydrogen leak rate and a far leak nozzle-ceiling distance tends to result in a large gas cloud volume, which in turn results in high peak pressure and impulse. The highest overpressure and impulse were approximately 5 barg and 39 kPa·s, respectively. These results suggest that in confined spaces, equipment with high potential for hydrogen leakage (e.g., pipes) should not be designed near the ground. This paper thus contributes to the design standard for hydrogen storage facilities in confined spaces (e.g., ships) and lays the foundation for establishing a standard for marginal safety blast walls for protection from hydrogen explosions.
Efficacy of cetuximab plus PD-1 inhibitor differs by HPV status in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang Siqi , Zheng Mengge , Nie Deheng , Xu Lili , Tian Huimin , Wang Mengmeng , Liu Wenjia , Feng Zhenbang , Han Fujun 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundThe addition of cetuximab significantly increased the antitumor effect of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitors in recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, preliminary analyses suggested that human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive disease benefited less than HPV-negative disease. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess whether the efficacy of the combination therapy varied according to HPV status in HNSCC.MethodsWe identified clinical trials of patients with recurrent or metastatic HNSCC who received PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy or the combination therapy of cetuximab plus a PD-1 inhibitor. The participants were divided into four groups based on the type of therapy (combination vs monotherapy) and HPV status (positive vs negative). We focused on three comparisons (monotherapy vs combination therapy by HPV status and HPV-positive vs HPV-negative disease in combination therapy). The primary and secondary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR) and 1-year overall survival (OS) rate, respectively. The ORR and 1-year OS rate were pooled using random-effects models for each group and were compared for the different comparisons.ResultsOverall, 802 patients from seven trials were eligible for the ORR assessment; of which, 684 patients received PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy and 118 patients underwent the combination therapy. Compared with PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy, the addition of cetuximab improved the ORR in HPV-negative disease (pooled ORR in monotherapy vs combination therapy: 15% vs 46%, p<0.001) but not in HPV-positive disease (17% vs 18%, p=0.686). The efficacy of adding cetuximab was consistent for the 1-year OS rate in HPV-negative disease (pooled 1-year OS rate in monotherapy vs combination therapy: 36% vs 59%, p<0.001) and in HPV-positive disease (40% vs 55%, p=0.252). After the combination therapy, HPV-positive disease had a significantly lower ORR than HPV-negative disease (odds ratio: 0.29, p=0.004), but no differences were shown in the 1-year OS rate.ConclusionsOur meta-analysis suggests that the addition of cetuximab to a PD-1 inhibitor is more effective compared with PD-1 inhibitor monotherapy only in patients with HPV-negative HNSCC. Despite the retrospective nature of this meta-analysis, these findings should help in designing relevant clinical trials rationally.
On the tension between the latest NO$$\nu $$A and T2K data
Authors: Rahaman Ushak , Raut Sushant K. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe latest data from the T2K and NO$$\nu $$νA experiments show a tension in their preferred values of the oscillation parameters. In this work, we try to identify the source of the tension between the data from these two experiments. An analysis of their data from various channels (individually, and combined) shows that the tension arises primarily from the$$\nu _e$$νeappearance data, and is compounded by the$$\bar{\nu }_\mu $$ν¯μdisappearance data. We provide an explanation for the tension based on parameter degeneracies. Apart from the analysis with the standard matter effect, we also analyse the data with the vacuum oscillation hypothesis. We find that vacuum oscillations fit the data as well as matter effects do; and also reduce the tension between the two experiments. We have also done a study of the future run of NO$$\nu $$νA, T2K and DUNE in the context of establishing this tension with higher statistical significance.
On the propagation across the big bounce in an open quantum FLRW cosmology
Authors: Battista Emmanuele , Steinacker Harold C. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe propagation of a scalar field in an open FLRW bounce-type quantum spacetime is examined, which arises within the framework of the IKKT matrix theory. In the first part of the paper, we employ general-relativity tools to study null and timelike geodesics at the classical level. This analysis reveals that massless and massive non-interacting particles can travel across the big bounce. We then exploit quantum-field-theory techniques to evaluate the scalar field propagator. In the late-time regime, we find that it resembles the standard Feynman propagator of flat Minkowski space, whereas for early times it governs the propagation across the big bounce and gives rise to a well-defined correlation between two points on opposite sheets of the spacetime.