bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lifestyle changes during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic impact metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease
Authors: Fujii Hideki , Nakamura Naotoshi , Fukumoto Shinya , Kimura Tatsuo , Nakano Akemi , Nadatani Yuji , Tauchi Yukie , Nishii Yuuko , Takashima Shingo , Kamada Yoshihiro , Watanabe Toshio , Kawada Norifumi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackground and AimsThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic precipitated lifestyle changes. We aimed to clarify whether COVID‐19–induced lifestyle changes affected the development of metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD).MethodsThis retrospective longitudinal study included 973 participants who underwent health check‐ups between 2018 and 2020. We used data from the MedCity21 health examination registry. Participants' clinical characteristics and lifestyle habits were investigated. Independent lifestyle predictors of MAFLD development before the pandemic (2018‐2019) and during the pandemic (2019‐2020) were identified using logistic regression analysis.ResultsIn 2018, 261 (27%) patients were diagnosed with MAFLD. Before the pandemic, 22 patients developed new MAFLD. During this time, routine late‐night meals were identified as an independent lifestyle predictor of MAFLD development (hazard ratio [HR] 2.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02‐6.36, P = .046). In contrast, 44 patients developed new MAFLD during the pandemic. During this time, higher daily alcohol intake was identified as an independent lifestyle predictor of MAFLD development (HR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01‐1.05, P = .008). In participants aged <60 years, daily alcohol intake and the proportion of participants who ate 2 times/day were significantly higher in patients who developed MAFLD during the pandemic than in those who did not. In participants aged ≥60 years, no lifestyle habits were associated with MAFLD development before or during the pandemic.ConclusionsNew MAFLD diagnoses increased during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Changes in lifestyle factors, particularly in those aged <60 years, must be monitored and addressed as the pandemic continues.
Roles for the mycobiome in liver disease
Authors: Zeng Suling , Schnabl Bernd 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLiver disease, a major cause of global mortality, has been associated with dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microbes). Studies have associated changes in gut bacteria with pathogenesis and severity of liver disease, but the contributions of the mycobiome (the fungal populations of the gut) to health and disease have not been well studied. We review recent findings of alterations in the composition of the mycobiota in patients with liver disease and discuss the mechanisms by which these might affect pathogenesis and disease progression. Strategies to manipulate the gut mycobiota might be developed to treat or prevent liver disease.
Differential priority effects impact taxonomy and functionality of host‐associated microbiomes
Authors: Nappi Jadranka , Goncalves Priscila , Khan Tahsin , Majzoub Marwan E. , Grobler Anna Sophia , Marzinelli Ezequiel M. , Thomas Torsten , Egan Suhelen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMost multicellular eukaryotes host complex communities of microorganisms, but the factors that govern their assembly are poorly understood. The settlement of specific microorganisms may have a lasting impact on community composition, a phenomenon known as the priority effect. Priority effects of individual bacterial strains on a host's microbiome are, however, rarely studied and their impact on microbiome functionality remains unknown. We experimentally tested the effect of two bacterial strains (Pseudoalteromonas tunicataD2 andPseudovibriosp. D323) on the assembly and succession of the microbial communities associated with the green macroalgaUlva australis. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR, we found that both strains exert a priority effect, with strain D2 causing initially strong but temporary taxonomic changes and strain D323 causing weaker but consistent changes. Consistent changes were predominately facilitatory and included taxa that may benefit the algal host. Metagenome analyses revealed that the strains elicited both shared (e.g., depletion of type III secretion system genes) and unique (e.g., enrichment of antibiotic resistance genes) effects on the predicted microbiome functionality. These findings indicate strong idiosyncratic effects of colonizing bacteria on the structure and function of host‐associated microbial communities. Understanding the idiosyncrasies in priority effects is key for the development of novel probiotics to improve host condition.
Efficient semiparametric estimation of time‐censored intensity‐reduction models for repairable systems
Authors: Wang Jinyang , Chen Piao , Ye Zhisheng 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe rate reduction models have been widely used to model the recurrent failure data for their capabilities in quantifying the repair effects. Despite the widespread popularity, there have been limited studies on statistical inference of most failure rate reduction models. In view of this fact, this study proposes a semiparametric estimation framework for a general class of such models, called extended geometric failure rate reduction (EGFRR) models. Covariates are considered in our analysis and their effects are modeled as a log‐linear factor on the baseline failure rate. Unlike the existing inference methods for the EGFRR models that assume the failure data are censored at a fixed number of failures, our study considers covariates and time‐censoring, which are more common in practice. The semiparametric maximum likelihood (ML) estimators are obtained by carefully constructing the likelihood function. Asymptotic properties including consistency and weak convergence of the ML estimators are established by using the properties of the martingale process. In addition, we show that the semiparametric estimators are asymptotically efficient. A real example from the automobile industry illustrates the usefulness of the proposed framework and extensive simulations show its outstanding performance when comparing with the existing methods.
The stigmatized perceiver: Exploring the implications of social stigma for cross‐race face processing and memory
Authors: Hinzman Lindsay , Lloyd E. Paige , Maddox Keith B. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe human face is an important source of information, such as race or ethnicity, which can guide social interaction and outcomes. Research suggests that compared to majority and dominant group members, minority and subordinate group members tend to experience chronic stigma, resulting in more negative life outcomes (e.g., educational and occupational attainment). We argue that theory and research exploring face perception has not led to models that incorporate how the chronic experience of stigma may impact judgments, reflecting a gap with potential consequences for the validity and generalizability of the theories developed. We propose a framework for understanding how experiencing a socially stigmatized racial identity may lead perceivers to engage in face processing differently from their non‐stigmatized counterparts. With a focus on the literature examining the cross‐race effect, we explore the potential impact of chronic social stigma on three theorized moderators guiding processing and memory for same‐versus cross‐race faces. Our analysis suggests that future research focusing on stigmatized perceivers could help to explain some variation in findings, lead to novel theoretical development, and ultimately produce more generalizable research across several domains of inquiry.
On being affected: Desire, passion, and the question of conatus after Spinoza and Deleuze
Authors: Burdon George 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper introduces Spinoza's notion of conatus as the principle of desire that animates how we strive to persist in the world. Spinoza argues that our conatus is affected by the encounters and relations that make up socio‐spatial life, meaning that the desires that animate our striving are more often than not shaped by external powers. Centralising the notion of conatus therefore highlights how what geographers have come to term “affects” can be understood to be thoroughly imbricated in complex conditions of desire. The paper then pulls out the ethico‐political consequences of thinking with conatus. First, this involves engaging the political problem of the “passions” as the affective trace of the processes in which our desires are shaped by powers greater than ourselves and which, Spinoza argues, often leave us striving in ways that are contrary to our flourishing. Second, the paper turns to what Spinoza calls the ‘common notions’ as a way of thinking ethics as a practice for composing more joyful modes of persisting in common. Ethics becomes a practice of thought aimed toward the expression of the numerous ways in which the “I” that desires is inseparable from the powers of others – be they people, ideas, events, institutions, or anything else – such that the very identity of that “I” is thrown into disarray. Throughout, the paper draws on Gilles Deleuze's interpretations of Spinoza for the way that Deleuze foregrounds passivity, the capacity to be affected, not as necessarily a weakness but as a rich field of ethico‐political potential.
HIV responsibilisation: Stigma, disclosure, and care in the age of 90‐90‐90
Authors: King Brian , Rishworth Andrea 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe announcement that World AIDS Day would mark its 30th anniversary with the theme “know your status” was the result of significant advancements in the global response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In making this declaration, UNAIDS emphasised that knowing one's status is crucial to achieving the 90‐90‐90 targets, namely that by 2020, 90% of all people living with HIV will know their status, receive sustained antiretroviral therapy, and have viral suppression. Far removed from an earlier period when access to antiretroviral therapy was limited or unavailable, the “know your status” campaign represents a more hopeful moment. Yet even with its laudatory goal, the campaign reflects a larger trend in global health emphasising that being responsible for one's own health obligates caring for the health of others. The intention of this paper is to engage with geographic scholarship on care to examine how living with HIV involves both personal responsibility and responsibilisation. Drawing from fieldwork in rural South Africa, the paper outlines the challenges for those living with HIV, particularly when stigma and other needs remain stark. We conclude by identifying points of convergence and divergence between theories of responsibility, responsibilisation, and an ethics of care.
Flow rates of double‐lumen over‐the‐wire catheters for high‐volume fluid resuscitation in large animal species
Authors: Giffoni Juliana H. , Teixeira Raffaella B. C. , Wenceslau Raphael R. , Abrantes Melina A. F. , Oliveira Jéssica G. , Lima Jorge T. B. , Maranhão Renata P. A. , Palhares Maristela S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the maximum in vitro flow rate of 6 types of polyurethane over‐the‐wire double lumen catheters using both ports, for high volume fluid resuscitation in large animal species.SettingsUniversity teaching hospital.DesignProspective in vitro experimental study.InterventionsThe flow rate of both ports of 6 polyurethane double lumen over‐the‐wire catheters (11 and 13–Fr, 15 and 20 cm long, elliptical and tapered tip designs) and 2 types of infusion (with or without pressure bags) were tested on a factorial scheme (6 × 2) in triplicate, using commercial isotonic crystalloid (0.9% NaCl) and synthetic colloid (6% Hydroxyethyl starch, 130/0.4).Measurements and main resultsFlow rates were influenced by catheter diameter, length, tip design and presence or absence of pressure bags (P < 0.05). Mean flow rates during non‐pressurized 0.9% NaCl infusion ranged from 584 mL/min (35 L/h; 11‐Fr x 15 cm x tapered tip catheter) to 905 mL/min (54 L/h; 13‐Fr x 15 cm x elliptical tip catheter). Mean flow rates during non‐pressurized synthetic colloid infusion varied from 404 mL/min (24 L/h; 11‐Fr x 15 cm x tapered tip catheter) to 724 mL/min (43 L/h; 13‐Fr x 15 cm x elliptical tip catheter). Mean flow rates during pressurized infusion were 1.72 and 2.02 times greater than those obtained by gravity alone for 0.9% NaCl and synthetic colloid, respectively (P < 0.05).ConclusionsHighest in vitro flow rates were achieved when larger diameter, shorter and elliptical tip catheters were used during 0.9% NaCl infusion. Catheter diameter, tip design but not length influenced the flow rate during synthetic colloid infusion. The use of pressure bags significantly increased the flow rate of all catheters, for both solutions.
The Potential of a Separated Electric Compound Spark-Ignition Engine for Hybrid Vehicle Application
Authors: Pipitone Emiliano , Caltabellotta Salvatore 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In-cylinder expansion of internal combustion engines based on Diesel or Otto cycles cannot be completely brought down to ambient pressure, causing a 20% theoretical energy loss. Several systems have been implemented to recover and use this energy such as turbocharging, turbomechanical and turbo-electrical compounding, or the implementation of Miller cycles. In all these cases however, the amount of energy recovered is limited allowing the engine to reach an overall efficiency incremental improvement between 4% and 9%. Implementing an adequately designed expander–generator unit could efficiently recover the unexpanded exhaust gas energy and improve efficiency. In this work, the application of the expander–generator unit to a hybrid propulsion vehicle is considered, where the onboard energy storage receives power produced by an expander–generator, which could hence be employed for vehicle propulsion through an electric drivetrain. Starting from these considerations, a simple but effective modeling approach is used to evaluate the energetic potential of a spark-ignition (SI) engine electrically supercharged and equipped with an exhaust gas expander connected to an electric generator. The overall efficiency was compared to a reference turbocharged engine within a hybrid vehicle architecture. It was found that, if adequately recovered, the unexpanded gas energy could reduce engine fuel consumption and related pollutant emissions by 4–12%, depending on overall power output.
Numerical Study on Fragmentation Characteristics of Granite Under a Single Polycrystalline Diamond Compact Cutter in Rotary-Percussive Drilling
Authors: Shi Huaizhong , Ji Zhaosheng , Jiang Jinbao , Li Bangmin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Fragmentation characteristics of granite in rotary-percussive drilling (RPD) are studied using the distinct element method. We developed a model to investigate the interaction between the rock and a polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) cutter. The micro contact parameters in the model are calibrated by conducting a series of simulated mechanical tests of the rock. Sensitivity analyses are then conducted to according the drilling performances which are quantified as the penetration displacement, the fragmentation volume and the specific energy, as well as the lateral force and the particle size distribution. Results show that the model can well represent the typical fracture system under indentation of the cutter, the torque fluctuation phenomenon in drilling, and the formation of lateral chips, which verify the reliability of the model. The cutter with a back rake angle of 55 deg and impact frequency of 30 Hz has the best penetration performance in evaluated parameters. Increasing the frequency has a great effect on the rock breaking speed under the coupling effect of impact and cutting in the low frequency range. Considering crushing efficiency, 50 Hz is the recommended impact frequency. This paper provides a useful tool to represent the fragmentation performance of rotary-percussive drilling and sensitivity analyses shed light on the potential ways to improve the performance.
Effect of Quartz Aperture Covers on the Fluid Dynamics and Thermal Efficiency of Falling Particle Receivers
Authors: Yue Lindsey , Mills Brantley , Christian Josh , Ho Clifford K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Falling particle receivers are an emerging technology for use in concentrating solar power systems. In this study, quartz half-shells are investigated for use as full or partial aperture covers to reduce receiver thermal losses. Quartz half-shell aperture covers offer the ability to minimally interfere with incoming solar radiation from the heliostat field while obstructing thermal radiation and advection from leaving the receiver cavity. The fluid dynamics and heat transfer of a receiver subdomain and surrounding air are modeled using ansys®fluent. We compare the percentage of total incident solar power lost due to conduction through the receiver walls, advective losses through the aperture, and radiation exiting the aperture. Contrary to expected outcomes, results show that quartz aperture covers can increase radiative losses and result in modest to nonexistent reductions in advective losses. The increased radiative losses are driven by elevated quartz half-shell temperatures and have the potential to be mitigated by active cooling and/or material selection. Quartz half-shell total transmissivity was measured experimentally using a radiometer and the National Solar Thermal Test Facility heliostat field with values up to 0.97 ± 0.01. Quartz half-shell aperture covers did not yield expected efficiency gains in numerical results due to increased radiative losses, but efficiency improvement in some numerical results and the performance of quartz half-shells subject to concentrated solar radiation suggest that quartz half-shell aperture covers should be investigated further.
A Large Range Compliant Nano-Manipulator Supporting Electron Beam Lithography
Authors: Liu Yijie , Zhang Zhen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Electron beam lithography (EBL) is an important lithographic process of scanning a focused electron beam (e-beam) to direct write a custom pattern with nanometric accuracy. Due to the very limited field of the focused e-beam, a motion stage is needed to move the sample to the e-beam field for processing large patterns. In order to eliminate the stitching error caused by the existing “step and scan” process, we in this paper propose a large range compliant nano-manipulator so that the manipulator and the e-beam can be moved in a simultaneous manner. We also propose an optimized design of the geometric parameters of the compliant nano-manipulator, so that the dimensions and rotational stiffness are suitable for EBL applications in a vacuum environment. Experimental results demonstrate 1 mm × 1 mm travel range with high linearity, ∼0.5% cross-axis error and 5 nm resolution. Moreover, the high natural frequency (∼56 Hz) of the manipulator facilitates it to achieve high-precision motion of EBL.
Grooved Cam Mechanism With a Translating Follower Having an Added Ternary-Roller Intermediate Link
Authors: Hsu Kuan-Lun , Pan Tung-Hsin , Wu Long-Iong 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The paper presents an analytical approach for designing grooved cam mechanisms with a modified arrangement of the common translating follower. That is, an intermediate link having three rollers is added between the cam and the common follower. On the basis of an existing cam mechanism with a common roller follower, an intermediate link that has three rollers is added between the cam and the common follower. Such a cam mechanism has two sets of profile and can create multiple contact points between the cam and the follower at any instant. The two sets of profiles of such a cam mechanism can serve as the grooved types. Since the follower has three rollers that can simultaneously contact the cam at any instant, it can be positively driven along the guided groove of the cam contour. The contact forces and contact stresses of such a cam mechanism are analyzed to illustrate the advantage of spreading the force transmission and reducing the contact stress of this uncommon follower. The obtained results indicate that the contact stress at the surface of the cam and the follower for such a cam mechanism can be reduced by 30 to 47% in comparison with those of the cam mechanism with a common translating roller follower. In conclusion, the cam mechanism with a translating follower having an added ternary-roller intermediate link can be a preferable choice for the applications that follower is against heavy loads or moves at high speed.
The Correlation Between Wear Evolution and Mechanical Property Degradation of Wire Rope in a Multilayer Winding System
Authors: Chang Xiang-dong , Peng Yu-xing , Cheng De-qiang , Zhu Zhen-cai , Wang Da-gang , Lu Hao , Tang Wei , Chen Guo-an 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Surface wear is one of the major causes of damage to wire ropes in multilayer winding systems. This damage leads to performance degradation and affects the service safety of wire rope. To reveal the wear evolution and the performance degradation of wire rope in service, the correlations between the wear characteristic parameters and the residual strength were investigated. The results show that the variation in the wear parameters is affected by the wear distribution and the structure of the wire rope. The main wear mechanisms between wire ropes are adhesion wear and abrasive wear. Different wear parameters should be combined to evaluate the wear state of the wire rope. The tensile temperature rise could accurately reflect the wear evolution of the in-service wire rope under the condition of a large wear degree. The negative correlation between the residual strength and the wear area of the damaged rope samples is the strongest.
A New Moving Kirchhoff–Love Plate Element for Dynamic Analysis of Vehicle–Pavement Interaction
Authors: Xu Yan , Yang Caijin , Zhang Weihua , Zhu Weidong , Fan Wei 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A new moving Kirchhoff–Love plate element is developed in this work to accurately and efficiently calculate the dynamic response of vehicle–pavement interaction. Since the vehicle can only affect a small region nearby, the wide pavement is reduced to a small reduced plate area around the vehicle. The vehicle loads moving along an arbitrary trajectory is considered, and the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) method is used here for coordinate conversion. The reduced plate area is spatially discretized using the current moving plate element (MPE), where its governing equations are derived using Lagrange’s equations. The moving plate element is validated by different plate subjected to moving load cases. Then a vehicle–pavement interaction case with constant and variable speed is analyzed here. The calculation results from the moving plate element are in good agreement with those from the modal superposition method (MSM), and the calculation time with the moving plate element is only one-third of that using the MSM. The moving plate element is accurate and more efficient than the MSM in calculating the dynamic response of the vehicle–pavement interaction.