bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
الدائن والمدين في العراق القديم
Authors: حازم محمد هبة , حنون عطية عبد الرحيم 
Published: July 2022

البحث هو محاولة لإبراز صورة واضحة عن الديون وأهميتها في المجتمع العراقي القديم والأنظمة والقوانين التي تضبط حق الطرفين من القوانين كالعقود والضمانات التي تُعيد حقوق الطرفين كرهن أفراد الأسرة او المدين نفسه وزوجتهِ ورهن الأملاك أيضاً وحددت المدة التي يرهن بها الأشخاص ، إضافة إلى المعاملة الحسنة التي يجب ان تُقام بين الدائن والمرتهن، هذا ولم يكن للدائن حق التصرف بإجبار الفتاة المرهونة في حالة بلوغها عنده على الزواج إلا بعلم وموافقة أبيها واخوتها، وفي بعض الحالات التي يصعب بها سداد الدين كان يحق للدائن قلع الشعر وثقب أذنيهِ وتصبح الرهينة من العبيد.
وتبين ايضاً ان الديون كانت شائعة التداول بين الناس في المجالات الاقتصادية حيث تهدف إلى مساعدة المُعسرين وذوي الحاجة والتخفيف عن كاهل المدين ولوحظ وجود فروق يسيرة بين عقد الدين وعقد القرض بدون فائدة، وهما يختلفان عن بعضهما من حيث الصياغة والغرض.
مسكوكات ملوك الدولة الاخمينية (522-359 ق.م) دراسة تاريخية
Authors: علي حواس ابتسام , حبيب ابراهيم خلود 
Published: July 2022

أسس كورش الثاني(559-529ق.م)([i]) الامبراطورية الاخمينية لكنها توسعت سياسياً واقتصادياً في عهد داريوش الاول(522-486ق.م)([ii]) الذي أحدث تغييرات كثيرة في امبراطوريته , إذ أنه أول من سك وضرب المسكوكات النقدية بأسمه , فدراسة مسكوكات الملوك الاخمينيين في الواقع تساعدنا كثيراً في فهم النظام الاداري والمالي في ايران القديمة, فأغلب المصادر التاريخية تذكر ان المسكوكات الذهبية الاخمينية كانت تسمى داريك (Daric) والفضية تسمى شيكل (Schekel) فالتجارة مع دول الجوار ودفع مستحقات الجنود المرتزقة كانت بالشيكل الذي يزن نحو 6/5 غرام , ويتضمن بحثنا الموسوم مسكوكات ملوك الدولة الاخمينية (522-359ق.م) دراسة تاريخية, مقدمة وتمهيداً وثلاث مباحث خُصص الأول منها لإلقاء نظرة عامة على مسكوكات الملوك الاخمينيين وتطرق الثاني منها الى تفاصيل المسكوكات المعدنية للملوك الاخمينيين (الذهبية والفضية والنحاسية), في حين درس الثالث منها مسكوكات مرزبانات العهد الاخميني (الملوك والحكام التابعين) الذين اقدموا على سك عملات في مناطقهم بأمر الحكومة المركزية, فضلاً عن الاستنتاجات التي توصل اليها الباحثان وقائمة بالمصادر والمراجع الخاصة بالبحث وقد اقتبس الباحثان معلوماتهما من عدد كبير من الكتب والمراجع الفارسية فضلاً عن عدد من الكتب الانكليزية والعربية ومن الله التوفيق.

هوامش الدراسة
[i])) مؤسس الامبراطورية الفارسية الأخمينية التي توسعت تحت حكمه لتضم جنوب غرب آسيا، ومعظم آسيا الوسطى ، وعُدت امبراطوريته اكبر امبراطورية شهدها العالم حتى ذلك الحين , وخلال حكمه الذي دام 29 سنة، حارب كورش بعض أعظم الدول آنذاك، ومنها الدولة الميدية، الدولة الليدية، الدولة البابلية الحديثة. لم يتقدم كورش باتجاه مصر، فقد مات في عام 529 ق.م لكن ابنه قمبيز الثاني قام بغزو مصر خلال فترة حكمه القصيرة.للمزيد يُراجع: محمد داندامایف، تاریخ سیاسی هخامنشیان. ترجمه: فرید جواهر کلام, تهران: انتشارات نشر وپژوهش فرزان روز, تهران,1389ش,ص89-92.
[ii])) صهر كورش الثاني تولى الحكم عام 522 ق. م .كان شديد الشبه بكورش ، ونجح في توسيع الإمبراطورية الاخمينية ، واهتم بإدخال المشاريع الجديدة على الحكم والبلاد معاً , وقسم داريوش مملكته الى عشرين منطقة ادارية عرفت كل منها باسم مَرزُبانية - أي ولاية فارسية خاضعة لحكم مرزُبان – يُعين عادة من بين السكان المحليين. وكان كل واحد من هؤلاء مسؤولاً تجاه الملك بصفته رئيس الحكومة المركزية , مع تمتّعه بدرجة لابأس بها من حرية الحكم الذاتي , وكان داريوش يراقبهم بواسطة شرطته السرية مراقبة شديدة.للمزيد يُراجع:
Shapur Shahbazi, A (1996). " Darius iii. Darius I the Great". Encyclopædia Iranica. New York: Columbia University,p.41-50.
حوار النبي(ص) مع المشركين في ضوء مرويات الإمام الصادق(عليه السلام) (صلح الحديبية انموذجاً)
Authors: حسن فلاح البدري صباح 
Published: July 2022

يعد الحوار فطرة إنسانية ملازمة للبشرية عبر تاريخها الطويل ، وهو اسلوب مهم لحل الخلافات دون اللجوء الى العنف والقتال، وجاء الدين الإسلامي ملبياً لمتطلبات هذه الفطرة وفق أصول وقواعد تجعله يسير في الاتجاه الصحيح .
تعد السيرة العطرة للنبي(r) انموذجا يقتدي به المسلمون وقد تجسدت تلك السيرة في موقف كثيرة ، ومن تلك المواقف هو حواره المشركين الذي اقتصرنا على جزء منه هو صلح الحديبية الذي كان له اهمية كبرى في مسيرة الدعوة الاسلامية، وقد كان لائمة اهل البيت( عليهم السلام) دورا كبيراً في نقل السيرة النبوية الصحيحة فهم عدل القرآن الكريم وأحد الثقلين الذين وصَّى بهما النبي(r)، وهم عترته الذين أذهب الله تعالى عنهم الرجس وطهَّرهم تطهيراً، وقد كان الامام الصادق(عليه السلام) اكثرهم نقلا لسيرة النبي(r) لأسباب معروفة فقد اورد اهم الاحداث التي رافقت الصلح والغاية منه والنتائج التي ترتبت عليه لذلك جاء بحثنا بعنوان:(حوار النبي(r) مع المشركين(صلح الحديبية انموذجاً) في ضوء مرويات الامام الصادق(عليه السلام))
العمالة الوافدة وأثرها في الاقتصاد السعودي 1960- 1990
Authors: رزاق حمود عمر 
Published: July 2022

تعد ظاهرة الاعتماد على العمالة الأجنبية في المملكة العربية السعودية التي وجدت منذ القدم أذ اعتادت بعض العائلات الغنية على الاعتماد على أفراد يقدمون خدمات للأسرة السعودية فضلاً عن قيامها برعاية المواشي والزراعة ورعاية المنزل والأطفال وكان هؤلاء الرقيق يندمجون مع ملاكهم ويعتبرون كـأحد أفراد الأسرة ومع تغير الأحوال واكتشاف النفط وجدت حاجات ملحة للاستعانة بالكفاءات العمالية المتخصصة في الإدارة والتقنية للمساعدة على تنفيذ الخطط التنموية فقد برزت حاجة المملكة العربية السعودية الى اليد العاملة لاسيما شركة أرامكو(*) النفطية التي احتاجت إلى الخبرة والعمالة الأجنبية لاستغلال احتياطاتها النفطية الهائلة .
قسم البحث إلى ثلاث محاور تناول الأول البدايات الأولى لانتشار العمالة الوافدة في المملكة العربية السعودية وفيه برزت حاجة المملكة العربية السعودية إلى اليد العاملة لاسيما الأجنبية لاستغلال الاحتياطات النفطية الهائلة , أما المحور الثاني فقد تضمن حجم وخصائص العمالة الوافدة في المملكة العربية السعودية وبينا فيه إلى أن عملية النهضة والتطور التي شهدتها المملكة العربية السعودية تحتاج إلى أعداد كبيرة من العمالة الوافدة ذات الخبرات المتعددة والغير متوفرة في داخل المملكة , بينما عالج المحور الثالث تأثير العمالة الوافدة على الواقع الاقتصادي للمملكة العربية السعودية أذ أن النمو في فرص العمل فاق عدد السعوديين الملتحقين بالقوى العاملة الأمر الذي أدى الى شعور الحكومة السعودية بمخاطر زيادة تدفق العمالة إلى البلاد , لذلك لجأت الى أتباع خطة واضحة للتقليل من القوى العاملة الأجنبية وفي مقابل ذلك عملت توفير الأيدي العاملة من الداخل .
State of Psychological Well-being and Self-Care Patterns Among Paramedic Trainees During the First Wave of COVID-19
Authors: Gurung Laxmi , Devkota Narmada , Maharjan Rocky , Rayamajhi Anju , Poudel Radha , Ghimire Suryamani 
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Several studies suggest that health workers and medical students suffer from psychological problems during the pandemic. Paramedic trainees were doing duty at the hospital round the clock as other trainee health care workers during the first wave of COVID-19, but there was no published study regarding mental health issues of paramedic trainees till the date in Nepal. This study aims to assess their well-being to full fill the gap.
Methods: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study design carried out with 280 paramedics. The study period was September - October 2020. Depression, anxiety and stress scale – 21 (DASS 21) and self - care assessment worksheet was used to collect the data after getting permission from the concerned authors.
Results: The point prevalence of psychological problems as defined by DASS-21 was 117 (45.3%). Specifically, DASS-21 sub-scales-defined caseness was: Depression 31 (12.0%), anxiety 55 (21.3%) and stress 31 (12.0%), where 218 (80%) of participants were not taking any self-help care-related training to enhance their coping skills to date. Chi-square (χ2) test found that there was a significant association between emotional self-care and severity of depression (P = 0.001), anxiety (P = 0.03) and stress (P = 0.04).
Conclusions: A significant number of paramedic trainees suffered from depression, anxiety and stress during the first wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Therefore, psychological interventions like stress management, positive coping skills, and self-care training may be beneficial to help them cope with the situation.
Self-reported Adverse Effects in Health Care Professionals Following First and Second Dose Vaccination Against SARS-CoV 2 (Covishield)
Authors: Rayamajhi Heleena , Kaudinnyayana Sammodavardhana , Khadka Anjan , Sen Malla Sudha 
Published: July 2022

Introduction: The ChAdOx 1 n Cov-19 vaccine, called Covishield, was rolled out in Nepal targeting health care professionals. The study was conducted to assess the pattern of self-reported adverse events following immunization and to compare AEFI on the basis of previous COVID status.
Methods: A cross sectional study of four months duration was conducted in Shree Birendra Hospital, a tertiary care hospital, in Kathmandu, Nepal. AEFI associated with first and second dose of Covishield were assessed for a period of seven days from the day of vaccination in health care professionals and comparison was done based on COVID status.
Results: A total of 100 vaccine recipients were included in the study, out of which 83% showed AEFI. The most commonly reported AEFI after first dose were headache (56%), injection site tenderness (42%), myalgia (29%), fatigue (24%), dizziness (20%), pyrexia (19%), malaise (17%), nausea (10%), chills (8%), vomiting (2%) and arthralgia (1%) while among the AEFI after second dose were injection site tenderness (36%), headache (15%), myalgia (12%), fatigue (11%), nausea (9%), malaise (8%), pyrexia (8%), chills (5%), rashes (3%), drowsiness (3%), arthralgia (1%) and dizziness (1%). Previously infected participants were found to be prone to develop systemic adverse effects. The most of the adverse effects were subsided within four days and commonly used medication was paracetamol to relieve the symptoms.
Conclusions: AEFI following the first and second dose of vaccine were mild. Systemic adverse effects were more frequent in those with the history of COVID-19 infection.
Sleep Deprivation and its Associated Factors Among the Hospitalised Patients
Authors: Magar Sapana Gharti , Shrestha Sarala 
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Sleep is an important factor in maintaining health and wellbeing of an individual. Various factors can lead to poor sleep quality in a patient during hospitalization. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of sleep deprivation and its associated factors among the hospitalized patients.
Methods: This study was done using descriptive survey design. A total of 65 hospitalized patients were selected for the study using non-probability purposive sampling technique. Informed written consent was taken from each respondent beforehand. Data was collected by interviewing the patients meeting the criteria with pretested semi-structured interview schedule at their bedside by maintaining privacy through bedside curtains. Collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics i.e., chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test.
Results: Almost all (98.8%) of respondents had sleep deprivation on the first night of hospitalization which decreased in frequency with increased length of hospital stay. Majority (73.8%) of respondents expressed that hospital environment was disturbing to sleep. Hospital noise (95.8%) and light (66.6%) were reported as the most disturbing factors. Sleep deprivation was associated with hospital environment (p=0.036, p=0.002, p=0.002) on first, second, and third day of hospitalization. This study revealed no significant association of sleep deprivation with age and pain or discomfort of respondents.
Conclusions: Hospital environment is the most important factor of sleep deprivation among hospitalized patients, particularly noise and light. Hospital staff should be more careful during the night shift and take measures to minimize noise and lights in the ward to promote sound sleep among patients.
Study of Lipid Profile in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Presenting at Tertiary Referral Center in Nepal
Authors: K.C. Indu , Deo Rajeeb K , Roka Kumar , Singh Punita , Alam Zafar 
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder associated with dyslipidemia especially in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lipid abnormalities are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the study was to find out the incidence of dyslipidemia in patients with diabetes mellitus presenting at tertiary referral center of Kathmandu, Nepal.
Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in Medicine and Endocrine OPD of Shree Birendra Hospital, Chhauni, Kathmandu, Nepal after approval from the Institution Review committee. Cases within the period from December 2019 to January 2021 were studied. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0.
Results: Out of 150 patients with diabetes mellitus, 32.6% had total cholesterol > 200 mg / dl, 60% had elevated LDL, 26.67% patient had elevated TG and 36% patients had low HDL level. Poor glycemic control (HbA1c > 7%) was observed in 86 (57.33%) subjects. Among patients with HbA1c > 9, 3.33% patients had cholesterol > 200, 4.67% patients had TG > 250, 5.33% patients had LDL > 100 and 6.67% patients had HDL < 40.
Conclusions: Diabetes mellitus is associated with high incidence of dyslipidemia. The most common pattern observed was elevated level of low-density lipoprotein, cholesterol and triglyceride and low level of HDL. Routine monitoring of lipid profile should be part of patient care.
Minimally invasive short segment pedicle screw fixation for Thoraco-Lumbar Trauma: Where we stand?
Authors: Vipin Kumar Gupta  , Arvind malhora  , Ashwani kumar  
Published: July 2022

Background & Overview of Literature: Use of MISS or Percutaneous pedicle screws for thoracolumbar trauma has shown superiority in terms of postoperative pain, blood loss, operating time, hospital stay and incision size as compared to open surgical method. The use of MISS in thoracolumbar trauma has been limited due to the high cost and lack of posterolateral fusion. There is conflicting evidence for and against the use of MISS in AO spine A3/A4 fractures without any neurological deficit and maybe managed conservatively as well. Purpose: To establish efficacy and safety of MISS, short segment pedicle screw fixation in patients of thoraco-lumbar fractures but without any neurological deficit. Study Design: Retrospective case reports of 2 years in which 20 patients of thoraco-lumbar trauma that underwent minimally invasive short segment spine fixation were included. Material & Methods: Retrospective analysis of 20 patients of thoraco-lumbar spine fractures that were operated from 2017 to 2019 at Government Medical College & Hospital, Chandigarh. Patients included were in the age group of 23-70 years, operated within one week of trauma, AO type A3 and A4, and operated using short segment fixation. Our exclusion criteria were trauma more than one week old, multiple levels of fractures and non-traumatic fractures. Clinical and radiological data were collected and tabulated. Results: Most patients (8 out of 20) had fracture of D12 vertebra. 18 out of 20 patients were involved in a road traffic accident. The mean blood loss was 25.78 mL. Cobb’s angle was used to measure focal deformity and the average gain in Cobb’s angle after surgery was 10.9°. Mean loss in correction was 2.35°. All patients were pain-free after 6 months as measured on the VAS score. The average time taken in getting back to work after surgery was 26 days. Conclusion: MISS is the ideal treatment of choice in patients of thoraco-lumbar spine trauma without any neurological deficit. MISS provides higher safety, early mobilization, less blood loss during surgery, shorter recovery time, and less post-operative pain.
Prediction of Quality of Life by Helsinki CT Scoring System in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Shrestha Bibhusan , Man Karmacharya Robin , Shalike Narendra 
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is an alteration in normally maintained homeostasis and function of the brain owing to any external forces. It is one of the major causes leading to increased disability and morbidity among patients suffering trauma. Hence, we aim to study the association between Helsinki computed tomography CT score on admission to patient’s Quality of Life (QoL) following traumatic brain injury in Dhulikhel Hospital, Nepal.
Methods and Materials
A prospective observational study was conducted among 44 patients who suffered traumatic brain injury. Eligible patients over 18 years of age diagnosed with traumatic brain injury which is confirmed with a computed tomography scan on admission were included. Outcomes were assessed using the quality of life scale “Project for the Epidemiological Analysis of Critical Care Patients scale (PAEEC)”.
Results: Among 44 participants suffering from TBI owing to various modes of injury, male to female ratio was 2.3:1. The mean age among participants was 41.07 years with standard deviation of ± 20.13 (Range 18 – 90 years). Correlation analysis showed that QoL, up to 6 months post-TBI, was significantly associated with Helsinki CT classification. Group 1 and group 2 encompassed subjects who sustained TBI and are in their scheduled 3 monthly and 6 monthly follow up. And significant correlation was noted between two variables r1 = 0.536, p-value = 0.027 and r2 = 0.565, p-value = 0.001 respectively.
Conclusion: The present study showed that patients with TBI experience significant quality of life deterioration up to 3-6 months post-TBI. And such deterioration can be predicted by use of Helsinki CT score on admission.
Ideological Origins of the Unified Labor School
Authors: Pozdnyakov Alexander Nikolaevich 
Published: July 2022

The purpose of the article is based on the analysis of materials published in the pre-October period and in the first post-revolutionary years to identify theoretical ideas and practical developments in the field of pedagogy, which formed the basis for the design of the Soviet labor school.
Research material. The main sources of the research are scientific and pedagogical publications of representatives of Western pedagogical thought and Russian pedagogy, published in the first decades of the XX century.
Research results and conclusions. The analysis of the research source base allowed us to identify the ideological foundations formed in the late XIX – early XX centuries, on which the theory and practice of the labor school were built. The goal of the school was to, based on the labor principle of education The goal of the school was to ensure, based on the labor principle of education, the overall development of the intellectual abilities of the child, to teach him to observe the world around him and explore it independently, to gain knowledge by experience, to be able to continue and expand them, organically merging into one whole worldview.
The developed ideological foundations became the basis for the theoretical development in 1918 of the project of a new Soviet school. However, by the end of the 1920s, in the conditions of the aggravation of the inconsistency of the proclaimed ideas with the requirements of the emerging Soviet state-political system, the increase of errors and shortcomings in their implementation, the model of the labor school ceased to be in demand.
INFLUENCE OF MANAGERIAL OWNERSHIP, LEVERAGE, PROFITABILITY, ON CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY DISCLOSURE
Authors: Saleh Sri Madona , Yenti Elfina 
Published: July 2022

This study aims to see the effect of managerial ownership, leverage, profitability on the disclosure of corporate social responsibility. The type of research used is casual comparative quantitative. The results of this study indicate that managerial ownership has a positive and significant effect on corporate social responsibility. Leverage (DER) has a negative and insignificant effect on corporate social responsibility. Profitability (ROA) has a negative and insignificant effect on corporate social responsibility. Simultaneous testing concludes that managerial ownership, leverage (DER), and profitability (ROA) variables simultaneously have a significant effect on corporate social responsibility. From the coefficient of determination test, it can be concluded that 43.6% of corporate social responsibility disclosures can be explained by managerial ownership, leverage (DER) and profitability (ROA). Keywords:Corporate Social Responsibility, Managerial Ownership, Leverage, And Profitability
Information technology for analysis of waste management objects infrastructure
Authors: Danshyna Svitlana , Nechausov Artem , Andrieiev Sergey , Cheranovskiy Valeriy 
Published: July 2022

The subject of study in this article is the process of analyzing infrastructure objects for waste management. The current article increases the objectivity of waste management infrastructure objects estimated by developing a model and method of information technology for analyzing several indicators of these objects based on the use of spatially distributed data. Objectives: to analyze the key factors affecting the waste management infrastructure (WMI) to select possible ways to improve the efficiency of its functioning; to develop a model of the WMI objects analyzing process, which determines the structure of information technology for analyzing several indicators of these objects using spatially distributed data; to improve the method of identification and verification of data about WMI objects. The following results were obtained. An approach to the estimation of WMI objects based on set-theoretical and functional modeling of the process of analyzing these objects is proposed. The method for identifying and verifying data about WMI objects has been improved, based on considering them in the form of geographical objects, considering current cartographic and satellite data, which, in contrast to the existing ones, will allow an objective assessment of their compliance with legal and construction standards. For the first time, the structure of information technology for analyzing several indicators of WMI objects is proposed, the use of which in decision support systems will make objective judgments about the existing infrastructure based on spatial data using geoinformation systems. Conclusions. The results of the bibliographic research confirmed that effective monitoring of WMI objects to ensure compliance with legislation in the field of waste management is extremely difficult. This process requires the development of specialized models and methods focused on the use of geoinformation systems for their implementation in decision support systems. Scientific and methodological support of information technology for analyzing several indicators of WMI objects has been developed. Its usage in the tasks of estimating the state of the corresponding objects of the Kharkiv region confirmed that many of them do not meet the existing legal and building requirements, which requires close attention to the problem of waste management and the development of appropriate management decisions.