bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 90‐ to 115‐GHz superheterodyne receiver front‐end for W‐band imaging system in 28‐nm complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor
Authors: Wang Xi , Wei Dong , Zhang Zhiyang , Wu Tianxiang , Chen Xu , Chen Yong , Ren Junyan , Ma Shunli 
Published: November 2022

SummaryIn this paper, a broadband superheterodyne receiver (RX) front‐end for millimeter‐wave (mm‐Wave) imaging radar is presented. Realized in 28‐nm CMOS technology, the proposed RX incorporates a wideband low‐noise amplifier (LNA), double‐balanced passive mixers for the dual down‐conversion, a differential power divider, a differential intermediate frequency filters, a current‐mode‐logic divider‐by‐2, and a local oscillator buffers. Wideband technique and layout optimization are taken into consideration in the RX. A four‐stage LNA is devised to realize the high gain and low noise figure (NF) with a common‐gate input stage and three pseudodifferential common‐source stages. Optimized transistor layout and capacitor neutralization technique are developed to improve gain and noise performance. Transformer‐based matching networks with the peak‐staggered technique are adopted in the LNA to achieve a flatter gain response with a wider bandwidth (BW). The passive double‐balanced mixers are implemented with a highly symmetrical layout for broadband down‐conversion. Simulation results show that the mm‐Wave RX front‐end exhibits a BW ranging from 90 to 115 GHz. The simulated NF of our RX is 4.7 dB at 86 GHz. With a supply voltage of 1 V, the presented RX consumes 88.2‐mW power and occupies a chip size of 1.6 × 0.5 mm2 including all the testing pads. The proposed RX is suitable for W‐band imaging systems.
A critical analysis of Indonesia's 2013 national curriculum: Tensions between global and local concerns
Authors: Puad Lalu Mohmmad Abid Zainul , Ashton Karen 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis paper critically examines Indonesia's 2013 national curriculum, implemented in 2019. The most significant change is the mandated use of formative assessment, which we argue is an example of policy borrowing, a trend also seen in many other countries globally. We argue that this policy has been adopted due to global and regional pressure on Indonesia to improve its education system. Alongside this, the 2013 curriculum has a strong emphasis on student attitudes, thereby promoting Indonesian national interests. Taking a holistic approach to our analysis, we follow Priestley et al.'s (2012) conceptual framing of sites of curriculum and draw on a wide range of data including policy texts, existing studies, media texts and teacher voice, to illustrate inconsistencies in the way formative assessment has been interpreted through the policy‐making process. Our analysis also highlights tensions between formative assessment and the Indonesian education system and cultural context. As we exemplify, curriculum making is a complex process involving many stakeholders; teachers are not mere enactors of policy and should not be viewed as the source of the ‘problem’ when issues occur. Our study will be of interest to others in examining the trend of diffused policy borrowing in non‐western settings.
Variability of the urinary and blood steroid profiles in healthy and physically active women with and without oral contraception
Authors: Moreillon Basile , Salamin Olivier , Krumm Bastien , Iannella Loredana , Molaioni Francesco , Kuuranne Tiia , Nicoli Raul , Saugy Jonas J. , Botrè Francesco , Faiss Raphael 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe steroidal module of the athlete biological passport (ABP) targets the use of pseudo‐endogenous androgenous anabolic steroids in elite sport by monitoring urinary steroid profiles.Urine and blood samples were collected weekly during two consecutive oral contraceptive pill (OCP) cycles in 15 physically active women to investigate the low urinary steroid concentrations and putative confounding effect of OCP.In urine, testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (E) were below the limit of quantification of 1 ng/ml in 62% of the samples. Biomarkers' variability ranged between 31% and 41%, with a significantly lesser variability for ratios (except for T/E [41%]): 20% for androsterone/etiocholanolone (p < 0.001) and 25% for 5α‐androstane‐3α,17β‐diol/5ß‐androstane‐3α,17β‐diol (p < 0.001).In serum, markers' variability (testosterone: 24%, androstenedione: 23%, dihydrotestosterone: 19%, and T/A4: 16%) was significantly lower than in urine (p < 0.001). Urinary A/Etio increased by >18% after the first 2 weeks (p < 0.05) following withdrawal blood loss. In contrast, serum T (0.98 nmol/l during the first week) and T/A4 (0.34 the first week) decreased significantly by more than 25% and 17% (p < 0.05), respectively, in the following weeks.Our results outline steroidal variations during the OCP cycle, highlighting exogenous hormonal preparations as confounder for steroid concentrations in blood. Low steroid levels in urine samples have a clear negative impact on the subsequent interpretation of steroid profile of the ABP. With a greater analytical sensitivity and lesser variability for steroids in healthy active women, serum represents a complementary matrix to urine in the ABP steroidal module.
High species richness and turnover of vascular epiphytes is associated with water availability along the elevation gradient of Volcán Maderas, Nicaragua
Authors: Berrios Hazel K. , Coronado Indiana , Marsico Travis D. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractResearch that has been conducted documenting species richness patterns on tropical mountains has resulted in conflicting observations: monotonic declines with increasing elevation, monotonic increases with increasing elevation, and a mid‐elevation “bulge.” Currently, it is unclear if these differences are due to environmental differences among study areas, the taxonomic groups or ecological groups (e.g., growth form) sampled, or the scale of study along elevation gradients. Because of the difficulty in sampling and identifying canopy‐dwelling plants, the number of inventories quantifying tropical epiphytes is relatively limited and recent. In this study, we provide a detailed qualitative and quantitative assessment of the vascular epiphyte flora and its spatial distribution on Volcán Maderas, Isla de Ometepe, Nicaragua, including weather and environmental measurements along the entire elevation gradient of the volcano. We sampled epiphytes in five distinct forest types associated with increasing elevation as follows: dry forest, humid forest, wet forest, cloud forest, and elfin forest. Five weather stations were placed along the elevation gradient for us to relate observed patterns to environmental conditions. A mid‐elevation peak in species richness was detected for all vascular epiphytes at approximately 1000 m in elevation (cloud forest), yet epiphyte abundance increased with increasing elevation. In total we identified 206 taxa of vascular epiphytes belonging to 26 families and 73 genera. The most species‐rich family was the Orchidaceae with 55 species for the entire elevation gradient, followed by Bromeliaceae (29 species), Araceae (23), Polypodiaceae (25), Dryopteridaceae (16), and Piperaceae (11), with all other families represented by fewer than 10 species each. We found that richness patterns differ phylogenetically across epiphyte groups, possibly due to different adaptive strategies, and species for the most part appear to be narrowly distributed within specific habitat zones along the elevation gradient. Variables associated with moisture, precipitation, humidity, mist, or cloud cover are key to understanding the observed patterns.
Responses of a semiarid grassland to recurrent drought are linked to community functional composition
Authors: Luo Wentao , Muraina Taofeek O. , Griffin‐Nolan Robert J. , Ma Wang , Song Lin , Fu Wei , Yu Qiang , Knapp Alan K. , Wang Zhengwen , Han Xingguo , Collins Scott L. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractRecurrent droughts are an inevitable consequence of climate change, yet how grasslands respond to such events is unclear. We conducted a 6‐year rainfall manipulation experiment in a semiarid grassland that consisted of an initial 2‐year drought (2015–2016), followed by a recovery period (2017–2018) and, finally, a second 2‐year drought (2019–2020). In each year, we estimated aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), species richness, community‐weighted mean (CWM) plant traits, and several indices of functional diversity. The initial drought led to reduced ANPP, which was primarily driven by limited growth of forbs in the first year and grasses in the second year. Total ANPP completely recovered as the rapid recovery of grass productivity compensated for the slow recovery of forb productivity. The subsequent drought led to a greater reduction in total ANPP than the initial drought due to the greater decline of both grass and forb productivity. The structural equation models revealed that soil moisture influenced ANPP responses directly during the initial drought, and indirectly during the subsequent drought by lowering functional diversity, which resulted in reduced total ANPP. Additionally, ANPP was positively influenced by CWM plant height and leaf nitrogen during the recovery period and recurrent drought, respectively. Overall, the greater impact of the second drought on ecosystem function than the initial drought, as well as the underlying differential mechanism, underscores the need for an understanding of how increased drought frequency may alter semiarid grassland functioning.
Mechanisms of individual variation in large herbivore diets: Roles of spatial heterogeneity and state‐dependent foraging
Authors: Walker Reena H. , Hutchinson Matthew C. , Potter Arjun B. , Becker Justine A. , Long Ryan A. , Pringle Robert M. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMany populations of consumers consist of relatively specialized individuals that eat only a subset of the foods consumed by the population at large. Although the ecological significance of individual‐level diet variation is recognized, such variation is difficult to document, and its underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Optimal foraging theory provides a useful framework for predicting how individuals might select different diets, positing that animals balance the “opportunity cost” of stopping to eat an available food item against the cost of searching for something more nutritious; diet composition should be contingent on the distribution of food, and individual foragers should be more selective when they have greater energy reserves to invest in searching for high‐quality foods. We tested these predicted mechanisms of individual niche differentiation by quantifying environmental (resource heterogeneity) and organismal (nutritional condition) determinants of diet in a widespread browsing antelope (bushbuck, Tragelaphus sylvaticus) in an African floodplain‐savanna ecosystem. We quantified individuals' realized dietary niches (taxonomic richness and composition) using DNA metabarcoding of fecal samples collected repeatedly from 15 GPS‐collared animals (range 6–14 samples per individual, median 12). Bushbuck diets were structured by spatial heterogeneity and constrained by individual condition. We observed significant individual‐level partitioning of food plants by bushbuck both within and between two adjacent habitat types (floodplain and woodland). Individuals with home ranges that were closer together and/or had similar vegetation structure (measured using LiDAR) ate more similar diets, supporting the prediction that heterogeneous resource distribution promotes individual differentiation. Individuals in good nutritional condition had significantly narrower diets (fewer plant taxa), searched their home ranges more intensively (intensity‐of‐use index), and had higher‐quality diets (percent digestible protein) than those in poor condition, supporting the prediction that animals with greater endogenous reserves have narrower realized niches because they can invest more time in searching for nutritious foods. Our results support predictions from optimal foraging theory about the energetic basis of individual‐level dietary variation and provide a potentially generalizable framework for understanding how individuals' realized niche width is governed by animal behavior and physiology in heterogeneous landscapes.
Iron‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Azidabenzoyl Difluoromethylation of Alkenes to Access β‐Difluoroacyl Azides
Authors: Wang Xia , Fang Mougui , Wu Shiguang , Wu Jingjing , Wu Fanhong 
Published: November 2022

AbstractA Fe(II)‐catalyzed three‐component reaction of 2‐iodo‐2,2‐difluoroacetophenones, alkenes and TMSN3 is described, which provides a particularly valuable route to access difluoroalkylated azides with high yields. The method permits the efficient azidation of varied β‐difluoroacyl‐benzylic radicals in mild conditions with high functional group tolerance. Preliminary mechanistic investigation indicated that a radical‐mediated process was involved in this azidadifluoroacylation reaction.
Does Environmental Exposure to Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Product Residues Result in the Selection of Antimicrobial-Resistant Microorganisms, and is this Important in Terms of Human Health Outcomes?
Authors: Stanton Isobel C. , Tipper Holly J. , Chau Kevin , Klümper Uli , Subirats Jessica , Murray Aimee K. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The environment plays a critical role in the development, dissemination, and transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) enter the environment through direct application to the environment and through anthropogenic pollution. Although there is a growing body of evidence defining minimal selective concentrations (MSCs) of antibiotics and the role antibiotics play in horizontal gene transfer (HGT), there is limited evidence on the role of non-antibiotic PPCPs. Existing data show associations with the development of resistance or effects on bacterial growth rather than calculating selective endpoints. Research has focused on laboratory-based systems rather than in situ experiments, although PPCP concentrations found throughout wastewater, natural water, and soil environments are often within the range of laboratory-derived MSCs and at concentrations shown to promote HGT. Increased selection and HGT of AMR by PPCPs will result in an increase in total AMR abundance in the environment, increasing the risk of exposure and potential transmission of environmental AMR to humans. There is some evidence to suggest that humans can acquire resistance from environmental settings, with water environments being the most frequently studied. However, because this is currently limited, we recommend that more evidence be gathered to understand the risk the environment plays in regard to human health. In addition, we recommend that future research efforts focus on MSC-based experiments for non-antibiotic PPCPS, particularly in situ, and investigate the effect of PPCP mixtures on AMR. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:623–636. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
More cost‐sharing, less cost? Evidence on reference price drugs
Authors: Herr Annika , Stühmeier Torben , Wenzel Tobias 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis paper evaluates the causal effects of changes in reference prices (RP) on prices, copayments, and overall expenditures for off‐patent pharmaceuticals. With reference pricing, firms set prices freely and the health plan covers the expenses only up to a certain threshold. We use quarterly data of the German market for anti‐epileptics at the package level and at the active substance level and exploit that the RP has been adjusted in some of the active substances but not in others in a difference‐in‐differences framework. At the product level, we find that a lower RP reduces prices for both brand‐name drugs and generics, but leads to higher copayments, especially for brand‐name drugs. At the aggregate level, we find that a lower RP leads to savings for the public health insurer since revenues decrease substantially for brand‐name firms and, to a lesser extent, also for generic firms. Overall expenditures (payments by the health insurer and the patients) for brand‐name drugs decrease in proportion to the decrease in the RP, while the adjustment does not significantly influence overall expenditures for generics.
Rate of atypical nodal metastases in surgically treated HPV‐associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Miller Lauren E. , Au Vivienne H. , Sivarajah Shanmugappiriya , Lin Derrick T. , Deschler Daniel G. , Varvares Mark A. , Faden Daniel L. , Feng Allen L. , Sadow Peter M. , Richmon Jeremy D. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundUnderstanding of nodal metastasis in patients with HPV+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is warranted.MethodsPatients with HPV+ OPSCC who underwent neck dissection (ND) between 2016 and 2021 were reviewed. Pathology reports were reviewed for lymph node (LN) metastases. Noncontiguous metastases were defined as pathologic evidence of level II disease with another involved LN in a noncontiguous neck level. Skip metastases were defined as pathologic lymph node(s) in the neck without disease in level II.ResultsOne hundred and thirty‐one patients underwent levels II–IV ND with a mean (SD) LN yield of 33.3 (±13.5). The rate of atypical metastases in both the therapeutic and elective ND cohort was 5%. The noncontiguous and skip metastases were in level IV (n = 2) and level III (n = 4), respectively.ConclusionsSkip and noncontiguous metastases were rare in patients with HPV+ OPSCC undergoing surgical treatment. Surgeons may consider a selective ND omitting Level IV in select patients with HPV+ OPSCC undergoing surgery.
Eulerian multiphase study of direct steam generation in parabolic trough with OpenFOAM
Authors: Achi Alladdine , Demagh Yassine 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDirect steam generation (DSG) in parabolic trough solar collectors is a feasible option for economic improvement in solar thermal power generation. Three‐dimensional Eulerian two‐fluid simulations are performed under OpenFOAM to study the turbulent flow in the evaporation section of the parabolic trough receiver and investigate the phase change, and pressure drop of water as a heat transfer fluid. First, the model's validity has been tested by comparing the numerical results of a laboratory scale boiler with the available correlations and semi‐correlations of boiling flows from the literature. Simulations agreed well with Rouhani–Axelsson correlation for horizontal tubes, with a mean relative error of less than 7.1% for all studied cases. However, despite a mean relative error of less than 13.19% compared to the experimental data in the literature, the reported pressure drop factor remains valid; overprediction remains tolerable for most engineering applications. Second, the scaling effect on the mathematical model, from laboratory to commercial‐scale configuration, was tested with experimental data of the DISS test loop in Platforma Solar de Almeria, Spain. The Monte Carlo Ray Tracing method under the Tonatiuh package allowed for obtaining the nonuniform heat flux distribution. Due to the large size of the evaporation section in the DISS loop (eight collectors), each collector is considered independently in the simulations. Thus, simulations follow each other, taking the numerical results of each collector output as input data in the next collector and so on until the last. The numerical results showed an excellent agreement for the void fraction with 3.53% against the Rouhani–Axelsson correlation. Frictional pressure losses are within a 17.06% error of the Friedel correlation, in the range of previous work in the literature, and the heat loss is less than 4.69% error versus experimental correlation.
A developmental understanding of the self may provide valuable insight into the experience of selfhood in dementia
Authors: Mentzou Aikaterini , Ross Josephine 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe self is a complex and multidimensional construct with both reflective and experiential aspects. The experience of selfhood has been well documented in both developmental psychology and dementia research. However, these research fields have rarely come together. This is unfortunate since a lack of sensitive measurement of self in adults with dementia has historically led to erroneous assumptions that people diagnosed with dementia experience total loss of self. Dementia causes profound self‐alterations, particularly associated with gaps in autobiographical and semantic self‐knowledge. However, important experiential manifestations of self may remain intact. Focusing on the emergence of different levels of self‐processes in early childhood, and reflecting on conceptual similarities as well as methodological perspectives, the aim of this article is to explore how developmental approaches may be applied to provide a promising new direction into the experience of selfhood in dementia.
Isolated rupture of the corpus spongiosum with urethral injury diagnosed by pre‐surgical MRI
Authors: Yokoyama Shuhei , Tsuboi Ichiro , Ogawa Kohei , Yoshioka Saori , Kobayasi Yusuke , Nakajima Hirochika , Nagami Taichi , Yamasaki Seigen , Wada Koichiro 
Published: November 2022

IntroductionPenile fracture is typically defined as the rupture of the corpus cavernosum.Case presentationA 61‐year‐old man presented with swelling, pain, and bruising of his penis, along with gross hematuria. He reported that he sustained this injury while having sex with his wife. We suspected a penile fracture and obtained magnetic resonance imaging, which showed a rupture of the ventral corpus spongiosum and clarified the appropriate approach for repair. We used a direct transverse incision to repair both the urethral injury and the corpus spongiosum. Surgery went well, without any significant intraoperative or postoperative complications. We removed the urinary catheter on postoperative day 8, and cystoscopy showed no urethral stenosis on postoperative day 17. The patient's postoperative erectile function was the same as before his injury.ConclusionMagnetic resonance imaging was useful for detect the site of rupture. Ventral direct transverce incision made him a good clinical course.
Assessing water productivity and energy use for irrigating rice in Pakistan
Authors: Akbar Ghani , Hameed Shahid , Islam Zafar 
Published: November 2022

AbstractOverirrigation of rice crops from groundwater negatively impacts water productivity, energy use and the environment in Pakistan. Therefore, four decades (1981–2020) of data on rice crop area and production were assessed for water productivity, and alternative options for irrigation application and energy use were explored. The results show a maximum average yield of 2.42 t ha‾¹ and water productivity of 0.16 kg m‾3 (6211 L kg‾¹) for the last decade (2011–2020), with an average decadal yield increase of 14%. The last year's rice crop during 2020 consumed 14.43 million acre‐feet (MAF) of groundwater, assuming a minimum irrigation application of 1500 mm per season. The maximum equivalent energy required for pumping is approximately 386 MW for electrical and 4966 MW for diesel‐driven tube wells. Diesel combustion for pumping caused 1.26 million t (467 kg ha‾¹) of CO2 emissions per season. The capital cost for converting all installed capacities of electrical (2311 MW, PKR 481 billion) and diesel (16 517 MW, PKR 1909 billion) tube wells to solar energy can be recovered in less than 4 years. Improved governance and optimized site‐specific solar system designs can avoid undergoing groundwater. Improving water productivity and using solar energy for irrigation indicates the prospects of improved sustainability of rice crops in Pakistan.