bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alpha dose modeling in diffusing alpha‐emitters radiation therapy—Part I: single‐seed calculations in one and two dimensions
Authors: Heger Guy , Roy Arindam , Dumančić Mirta , Arazi Lior 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundDiffusing alpha‐emitters Radiation Therapy (“DaRT”) is a new method, presently in clinical trials, which allows treating solid tumors by alpha particles. DaRT relies on interstitial seeds carrying μCi‐level 224Ra activity below their surface, which release a chain of short‐lived alpha emitters that spread throughout the tumor volume primarily by diffusion. Alpha dose calculations in DaRT are based on describing the transport of alpha emitting atoms, requiring new modeling techniques.PurposeA previous study introduced a simplified framework, the “Diffusion‐Leakage (DL) model”, for DaRT alpha dose calculations, and employed it to a point source, as a basic building block of arbitrary configurations of line sources. The aim of this work, which is divided into two parts, is to extend the model to realistic seed geometries (in Part I), and to employ single‐seed calculations to study the properties of DaRT seed lattices (Part II). Such calculations can serve as a pragmatic guide for treatment planning in future clinical trials.MethodsWe derive a closed‐form asymptotic solution for an infinitely long cylindrical source, and extend it to an approximate time‐dependent expression that assumes a uniform temporal profile at all radial distances from the source. We then develop a finite‐element one‐dimensional numerical scheme for a complete time‐dependent solution of this geometry and validate it against the closed‐form expressions. Finally, we discuss a two‐dimensional axisymmetric scheme for a complete time‐dependent solution for a seed of finite diameter and length. Different solutions are compared over the relevant parameter space, providing guidelines on their usability and limitations.ResultsWe show that approximating the seed as a finite line source comprised of point‐like segments significantly underestimates the correct alpha dose, as predicted by the full two‐dimensional calculation. The time‐dependent one‐dimensional solution is shown to coincide to sub‐percent‐level with the two‐dimensional calculation in the seed midplane, and maintains an accuracy of a few percent up to ∼2 mm from the seed edge.ConclusionsFor actual treatment plans, the full two‐dimensional solution should be used to generate dose lookup tables, similarly to the TG‐43 format employed in conventional brachytherapy. Given the accuracy of the one‐dimensional solution up to ∼2 mm from the seed edge it can be used for efficient parametric studies of DaRT seed lattices.
Fast measurement of the gradient system transfer function at 7 T
Authors: Scholten Hannah , Lohr David , Wech Tobias , Köstler Herbert 
Published: December 2022

PurposeIn this work, a new method to determine the gradient system transfer function (GSTF) with high frequency resolution and high SNR is presented, using fast and simple phantom measurements. The GSTF is an effective instrument for hardware characterization and calibration, which can be used to correct for gradient distortions, or enhance gradient fidelity.MethodsThe thin‐slice approach for phantom‐based measurements of the GSTF is expanded by adding excitations that are shifted after the application of the probing gradient, to capture long‐lasting field fluctuations with high SNR. A physics‐informed regularization procedure is implemented to derive high‐quality transfer functions from a small number of measurements. The resulting GSTFs are evaluated by means of gradient time‐course estimation and pre‐emphasis of a trapezoidal test gradient on a 7T scanner.ResultsThe GSTFs determined with the proposed method capture sharp mechanical resonances with a high level of detail. The measured trapezoidal gradient progressions are authentically reproduced by the GSTF estimations on all three axes. The GSTF‐based pre‐emphasis considerably improves the gradient fidelity in the plateau phase of the test gradient and almost completely eliminates lingering field oscillations.ConclusionThe presented approach allows fast and simple characterization of gradient field fluctuations caused by long‐living eddy current and vibration effects, which become more pronounced at ultrahigh field strengths.
Clinical factors influencing knowledge and self‐care practice among adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Afaya Richard Adongo , Bam Victoria , Lomotey Alberta Yemotsoo , Afaya Agani 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAimThe objective of the study was to determine the clinical factors associated with knowledge and self‐care practice among adults living with type 2 diabetes mellitus.DesignDescriptive cross‐sectional design.MethodsA convenience sample of 330 participants was recruited over 3‐months in 2018 and data were collected using a structured instrument.ResultsParticipants on insulin treatment modality had four times higher odds of knowledge on diabetes (B = 4.17, p = 0.023) while those on combined therapy (both oral hypoglycaemic agent and insulin) had 7.26 times higher odds of knowledge (B = 7.26, p < 0.001). Participants without medically confirmed diabetic complications had 3.66 higher odds of knowledge of diabetes (B = 3.66, p = 0.002). Participants on insulin treatment modality had a 1.4‐fold higher odds of self‐care practice (B = 1.4, p = 0.028). It was revealed that participants with hypertension and diabetic foot had lower odds of self‐care practice (B = −1.13, p = 0.021).ConclusionIn particular, participants who were on insulin and combined therapy (tablet and insulin) had higher knowledge and better self‐care practice. Self‐care was significantly influenced among those with, than those without diabetic foot and hypertension as complications.
Investigation of bending performance of printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid using acoustic emission
Authors: Wu Siyuan , Shan Zhongde , Chen Ken , Wu Xiaochuan , Zou Dongming , Wang Shaozong , Xiong Jingyun 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn this study, rectangular beams were fabricated by 3D printed continuous carbon fiber reinforced polylactic acid. The effects of deposited space and layer thickness on bending performance are investigated, and the failure modes are analyzed accordingly. At the same time, the acoustic emission technology was applied to test the damage process to facilitate a more in‐depth study compared with related studies, and the principal component analysis method and kmeans++ algorithm were applied to analyze the test signal. The results show that the bending strength and modulus of the printed composites decrease correspondingly with the increase of the layer thickness in the range of layer height of 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 mm. When the fused deposited space is between 0.6 and 0.8 mm, with the increase of the deposited space, the bending strength and modulus also decrease correspondingly. By using principal component analysis, the test signal could be represented by three principal components, and by applying kmeans++ cluster algorithm analysis, the three principal component are divided into five clusters, which correspond to the material failure mode of matrix cracking, interlayer delamination, fiber, and resin debonding, fiber cracking, and fiber fracture. As a result, the bending failure process can be effectively analyzed in detail with the clustering results.
Supporting people with type 2 diabetes who need insulin
Authors: Winkley Kirsty 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The year 2022 marks 100 years since the first person with diabetes received an insulin injection and supporting people with insulin self‐management is a core role for diabetes nurses. Janet Kinson was a diabetes nurse and author. She developed the first diabetes education programme for nurses and the topic of insulin was central to the curriculum. This article will honour the contribution she made by focusing on diabetes education for people with type 2 diabetes who need insulin. It will start by tracing why and when people with type 2 diabetes should start insulin treatment followed by an exploration of the barriers to starting insulin at the level of the individual, the health care professional and the health system. We know that around 50% of people with type 2 diabetes delay starting insulin for seven years when it is clinically indicated. We also know that around a third of people with type 2 diabetes who are insulin treated remain hyperglycaemic or experience frequent hypoglycaemia. Therefore, there is a need for interventions that address delay, optimise starting insulin as well as consider how we best support people with type 2 diabetes to persist with and intensify their insulin over the diabetes journey. This article presents the current literature on interventions to support people with type 2 diabetes with insulin and identify gaps in support that may be addressed in future research. Copyright © 2022 John Wiley & Sons..
Prediabetes screening, treatment, and follow‐up in primary health care: a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Harcke Katri , Graue Marit , Skinner Timothy Charles , Olsson Christina B , Stattin Nouha Saleh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to describe routines for screening, treatment, and follow‐up for prediabetes at primary health care centres in Region Stockholm, Sweden.Methods: The study had a cross‐sectional design. We sent a questionnaire about prediabetes screening, treatment, and follow‐up to diabetes nurses working at primary health care centres in Region Stockholm. Data collection started in October 2019 and ended in June 2021.Results: A total of 84 of the 224 centres that received an invitation responded (37.5%). Routines for screening, treatment, and follow‐up varied widely. This variation meant that people with prediabetes received different care, and the care depended on clinical practice routines at the primary health care centre they attended.Conclusions: A first step toward more consistent, adequate and equitable care should involve developing national and regional guidelines that include a clear and systematic approach to prediabetes screening, treatment and follow‐up. Sufficient funding and human resources will be crucial to implementing these guidelines in primary care to help prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications. Copyright © 2022 John Wiley & Sons.
Feedback between radiation and transport in photovoltaics
Authors: Irvin Nicholas P. , Babcock Sean J. , Chen Eric Y. , King Richard R. , Honsberg Christiana B. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBy building on the generalized Hovel model, this work develops an analytical solution to unify photon recycling, light trapping, and carrier transport in solar cells. Enhanced transport due to photon recycling diffusion is considered. While photon recycling diffusion is often negligible, it can significantly support transport in cases where charge diffusion is low but radiative efficiency is high. Next, the diffusion equation is solved to determine carrier collection for planar and textured cells. Results elucidate novel features in the external quantum efficiency (EQE) curve that occur for textured cells with high absorption and limited transport. Then, the effect of limited transport on the radiative recombination of solar cells is investigated in detail. While the traditional treatment of detailed balance uses the applied voltage to calculate a cell's radiative recombination, the present approach uses the spatially resolved quasi‐Fermi‐level splitting (QFLS). The discrepancy between the models is shown to be inconsequential to performance for cells with low radiative recombination (Si) or with high mobilities (lowly doped GaAs). However, for cells with high radiative recombination and low mobility (highly doped GaAs, polycrystalline CdTe, and thin‐film perovskites), incorporating variation in QFLS in the determination of radiative recombination can become necessary for accurate photovoltaic modeling.
Can Social Movements Save American Democracy? A Review Article
Authors: Lieberman Robert C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recent scholarship on the fragility of American democracy has generally focused on political elites rather than the mass public. Sidney Tarrow's Movements and Parties offers an essential corrective to this view. Tarrow shows how that social movements have been central to historical patterns of democratization and democratic backsliding in American history and how movements have systematically interacted with political parties in ways that have profoundly shaped the American democratic experiment. Tarrow's historical survey reveals a recurring pattern of movements that often make tactical alliances with political parties and then provoke countermovements, and he elucidates the underappreciated importance of this pattern for American political development and the path of democratization and de-democratization in the United States.
Global Breast Cancer Initiative: A platform to address the psycho‐oncology of cancer in low‐ and middle‐income countries for improving global breast cancer outcomes
Authors: Bergerot Cristiane Decat , Dizon Don S. , Ilbawi Andre M. , Anderson Benjamin O. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundPsycho‐oncology is a clinical specialty in which the humanistic aspects of cancer diagnoses and treatment are addressed to reduce the psychological burden for patients and their caregivers to optimize patient participation, cancer outcomes and quality‐of‐life, which is especially critical in cultures where cancer is perceived as invariably fatal. Psycho‐oncology programs face multiple barriers in low‐ and middle‐income countries, including limited resource allocation and lack of training, both of which have been impediments to psycho‐oncology programs becoming recognized as core competencies in cancer management and part of a standard medical curriculum.PurposeThis paper discusses the role of the Global Breast Cancer Initiative (GBCI) in helping to overcome inequities in breast cancer care and improve clinical outcomes from a psycho‐oncology perspective as a model for improved cancer care in limited resource settings.FindingsGBCI applies a comprehensive framework encompassing all phases of cancer care (defined through three pillars spanning the continuum of cancer management) and includes addressing the physical, psychological, and social needs of women throughout the life‐course. Efforts to promote policies that increase access to early detection and treatment programs and improve health literacy among the public are important strategies to mitigate the most common emotional and physical challenges reported by people with cancer accessing care.ConclusionsFuture efforts will focus on the integration of culturally appropriate guidance to promote early cancer detection and treatment completion through training programs for clinicians to establish core competencies in psycho‐oncology. Emerging advocacy efforts in the oncology arena may help guide the integration of psycho‐oncology services into routine care in countries where these services are not already integrated into the standard curriculum.
Charge distribution in turbulent flow of charged liquid—Modeling and experimental validation
Authors: Ratschow Aaron D. , Stein Sigrun , Gross Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractElectric discharges due to the flow of charged organic liquids are a common ignition source for explosions in the chemical and process industry. Prevention of incidents requires knowledge of electric fields above the surface of charged liquids. Quantitative methods often estimate electric fields based on simplifying assumptions like homogeneous volumetric charge distribution and neglect of surface charge. More detailed electrohydrodynamic (EHD) models are only available for laminar flow regimes. This work presents a model for forced turbulent EHD flows of dielectric liquids based on Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes equations that predicts the electric field in the gas phase in good agreement with our experiments. We observe diminishing surface charge accumulation at the liquid surface with increasing flow velocities and thereby unify seemingly contradictory previous findings regarding the relevance of surface charge. The model can efficiently be applied to various industrial flow configurations and provide a central tool in preventing electrostatic hazards.
Reinforcing folding board boxes by printing a PLA patterned grid on their panels: A new approach for lightweighting stiff packaging
Authors: Bonnet Nicolas , Viguié Jérémie , Beneventi Davide , Chaussy Didier 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe potential of printing stiffeners of polylactic acid (PLA) by fused deposition modelling (FDM) on the panels of folding board boxes was investigated in view of reducing the board weight while maintaining the box resistance to vertical compression. Cyclic loading and unloading compression tests were performed under standard (50% relative humidity [RH]) and humid (85% RH) environmental conditions on boxes printed with different grid patterns. By only adding 7% in weight of PLA to the whole packaging, the performance was improved by 29% under standard conditions and 60% under humid conditions when the inner surface of box panels was printed with an orthogonal‐type grid. A comparison with a higher basis weight folding board suggested that 30% of raw materials could be saved. Results suggested that the grid mainly improved the stiffness of panels and could delay their buckling and thus the box collapse.
Enhancing Tungsten Oxide Gasochromism with Noble Metal Nanoparticles: The Importance of the Interface
Authors: Longato Alessandro , Vanzan Mirko , Colusso Elena , Corni Stefano , Martucci Alessandro 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCrystalline tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin films covered by noble metal (gold and platinum) nanoparticles are synthesized via wet chemistry and used as optical sensors for gaseous hydrogen. Sensing performances are strongly influenced by the catalyst used, with platinum (Pt) resulting as best. Surprisingly, it is found that gold (Au) can provide remarkable sensing activity that tuned out to be strongly dependent on the nanoparticle size: devices sensitized with smaller nanoparticles display better H2 sensing performance. Computational insight based on density functional theory calculations suggested that this can be related to processes occurring specifically at the Au nanoparticle‐WO3 interface (whose extent is in fact dependent on the nanoparticle size), where the hydrogen dissociative adsorption turns out to be possible. While both experiments and calculations single out Pt as better than Au for sensing, the present work reveals how an exquisitely nanoscopic effect can yield unexpected sensing performance for Au on WO3, and how these performances can be tuned by controlling the nanoscale features of the system.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Bi2S3/TiO2/rGO Heterostructure with Red Light‐Driven Photovoltaic Effect for Remote Electrotherapy‐Assisted Wound Repair
Authors: Qiao Zi , Ding Jie , Wu Chengheng , Zhou Ting , Wu Kai , Zhang Yusheng , Xiao Zhanwen , Wei Dan , Sun Jing , Fan Hongsong 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe past decades have witnessed the rational design of novel functional nanomaterials and the potential to revolutionize many applications. With the increasing focus on electronic biological processes, novel photovoltaic nanomaterials are highly expectable for empowering new therapeutic strategies such as establishing a link between endogenous electric field (EEF) and electrotherapy. Compared to traditional invasive stimulation, the light‐initiating strategy has the advantages of non‐invasion, non‐power supply, and precise controllability. Whereas, common photoactivated materials require short‐wavelength light excitation accompanied by poor tissue penetration and biohazard. Herein, by the construction of p‐n heterostructured Bi2S3/TiO2/rGO (BTG) nanoparticles, broadener light absorption and higher light conversion than regular UV excitation are realized. Simultaneously, the photoelectric performance of BTG heterostructure, as well as the synergistic effect of Bi2S3 morphology, are revealed. Besides, the rationally designed biomimetic hydrogel matrix consisting of collagen and hyaluronic acid provides appropriate bioactivity, interface adhesion, mechanical matching, and electron transfer. Therefore, the photovoltaic BTG‐loaded matrix provides a platform of light‐driven electrical stimulation, coupling the EEF to modulate the electrophysiological and regeneration microenvironment. The implementation of photoelectric stimulation holds broad prospects for non‐drug therapy and electrical‐related biological process modulation including osseointegration, nerve regeneration, electronic skin, and wound healing.
Versatile Mechanochromic Sensor based on Highly Stretchable Chiral Liquid Crystalline Elastomer
Authors: Han Woong Chan , Lee Young‐Joo , Kim Se‐Um , Lee Hye Joo , Kim Young‐Seok , Kim Dae Seok 
Published: December 2022

AbstractA mechanochromic strain sensor that is capable of distinguishing the orientation, the location, and the degree of deformation based on the highly stretchable membrane of main‐chain chiral liquid crystalline elastomer (MCLCE) is proposed. The MCLCE film is designed to exhibit uniform and significant color shift upon the small strain by using step‐growth polymerization of liquid crystal (LC) oligomer and its phase‐stabilization in solvent mesogen. As conformally placed on the bottom elastomer sheet, the MCLCE film shows multimodal, instantaneous color change for sensing arbitrary in‐plane deformation, out‐of‐plane bending, and nonzero Gaussian deformation. Based on high freedom in the device design, it is also demonstrated that this sensor can display color patterns or encrypted images in response to the localized weight or strain. The simple and straightforward concept proposed here can be applicable in the fields of wearable devices, displays, and soft robotics.
Dietary calcium and magnesium intake and risk for incident dementia: The Shanghai Aging Study
Authors: Luo Jianfeng , Zhang Chenbo , Zhao Qianhua , Wu Wanqing , Liang Xiaoniu , Xiao Zhenxu , Mortimer James A. , Borenstein Amy R. , Dai Qi , Ding Ding 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIntroductionCalcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), or the calcium to magnesium (Ca:Mg) ratio may affect the risk of dementia via complex mechanisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of dietary Ca, Mg, and Ca:Mg ratio with dementia risk at the prospective phase of the Shanghai Aging Study.MethodsWe analyzed data from 1565 dementia‐free participants living in an urban community who had measurements of dietary Ca and Mg intake derived from a food frequency questionnaire at baseline and incident dementia during follow‐up.ResultsOver the 5‐year follow‐up, 162 (10.4%) participants were diagnosed with incident dementia by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria. Participants with the lowest tertile of dietary Ca (<339.1 mg/day) and Mg (<202.1 mg/day) had the highest incidence rates of dementia (3.3/100 person‐years for Ca, 3.3/100 person‐years for Mg) compared to those with higher Ca and Mg intake. In the subgroup with Ca:Mg ratios ≤ 1.69, Mg intake >267.5 mg/day was related to an increased risk for dementia (adjusted hazard ratio: 3.97, 95% confidence interval: 1.29–12.25).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that high dietary intake of Mg is associated with an increased risk of dementia mainly among older adults with low Ca:Mg intake ratios. Proper balance of Ca to Mg in the diet may be critical to the relationship between Mg intake and risk of dementia.Highlights
Participants with the lowest tertile of dietary calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) had the highest incidence rates of dementia.
In the subgroup with Ca:Mg ratios ≤1.69, Mg intake >267.5 mg/day was related to an increased risk for dementia.
Balance of Ca to Mg in diet may be critical to the relationship between Mg intake and risk of dementia.