bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A dynamic 1/f noise protocol to assess visual attention without biasing perceptual processing
Authors: Hanning Nina M. , Deubel Heiner 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPsychophysical paradigms measure visual attention via localized test items to which observers must react or whose features have to be discriminated. These items, however, potentially interfere with the intended measurement, as they bias observers’ spatial and temporal attention to their location and presentation time. Furthermore, visual sensitivity for conventional test items naturally decreases with retinal eccentricity, which prevents direct comparison of central and peripheral attention assessments. We developed a stimulus that overcomes these limitations. A brief oriented discrimination signal is seamlessly embedded into a continuously changing 1/f noise field, such that observers cannot anticipate potential test locations or times. Using our new protocol, we demonstrate that local orientation discrimination accuracy for 1/f filtered signals is largely independent of retinal eccentricity. Moreover, we show that items present in the visual field indeed shape the distribution of visual attention, suggesting that classical studies investigating the spatiotemporal dynamics of visual attention via localized test items may have obtained a biased measure. We recommend our protocol as an efficient method to evaluate the behavioral and neurophysiological correlates of attentional orienting across space and time.
Edge-of-the-Multis: Evidence for a Transition in the Outer Architectures of Compact Multiplanet Systems
Authors: Millholland Sarah C. , He Matthias Y. , Zink Jon K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although the architectures of compact multiple-planet systems are well characterized, there has been little examination of their “outer edges,” or the locations of their outermost planets. Here we present evidence that the observed high-multiplicity Kepler systems truncate at smaller orbital periods than can be explained by geometric and detection biases alone. To show this, we considered the existence of hypothetical planets orbiting beyond the observed transiting planets with properties dictated by the “peas-in-a-pod” patterns of intrasystem radius and period ratio uniformity. We evaluated the detectability of these hypothetical planets using (1) a novel approach for estimating the mutual inclination dispersion of multitransiting systems based on transit chord length ratios, and (2) a model of transit probability and detection efficiency that accounts for the impacts of planet multiplicity on completeness. Under the assumption that the “peas-in-a-pod” patterns continue to larger orbital separations than observed, we find that ≳35% of Kepler compact multis should possess additional detected planets beyond the known planets, constituting a ∼7σ discrepancy with the lack of such detections. These results indicate that the outer (∼100–300 days) regions of compact multis experience a truncation (i.e., an “edge-of-the-multis”) or a significant breakdown of the “peas-in-a-pod” patterns, in the form of systematically smaller radii or larger period ratios. We outline future observations that can distinguish these possibilities, and we discuss implications for planet formation theories.
Early-time Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and Optical Follow-up Observations of the Type IIP Supernova 2021yja
Authors: Vasylyev Sergiy S. , Filippenko Alexei V. , Vogl Christian , Brink Thomas G. , Brown Peter J. , Jaeger Thomas de , Matheson Thomas , Gal-Yam Avishay , Mazzali Paolo A. , Modjaz Maryam , Patra Kishore C. , Rowe Micalyn , Smith Nathan , Van Dyk Schuyler D. , Williamson Marc , Yang Yi , Zheng WeiKang , deGraw Asia , Fox Ori D. , Gates Elinor L. , Jennings Connor , Rich R. Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We present three epochs of early-time ultraviolet (UV) and optical HST/STIS spectroscopy of the young, nearby Type IIP supernova (SN) 2021yja. We complement the HST data with two earlier epochs of Swift UVOT spectroscopy. The HST and Swift UVOT spectra are consistent with those of other well-studied Type IIP SNe. The UV spectra exhibit rapid cooling at early times, while less dramatic changes are seen in the optical. We also present Lick/KAIT optical photometry up to the late-time tail phase, showing a very long plateau and shallow decline compared with other SNe IIP. Our modeling of the UV spectrum with the TARDIS radiative transfer code produces a good fit for a high-velocity explosion, a low total extinction E(B − V) = 0.07 mag, and a subsolar metallicity. We do not find a significant contribution to the UV flux from an additional heating source, such as interaction with the circumstellar medium, consistent with the observed flat plateau. Furthermore, the velocity width of the Mg ii
λ2798 line is comparable to that of the hydrogen Balmer lines, suggesting that the UV emission is confined to a region close to the photosphere.
Cloud AI: A comparison of specimen image data extraction processes
Authors: Scott Ben 
Published: August 2022

The Natural History Museum (NHM) of London has embarked on an ambitious programme to digitise the 80 million specimens in its collection, releasing them through the NHM data portal and the global biodiversity research community. As part of the digitisation process, data is transcribed from specimen labels to capture the vital taxonomic and collection event data. Accurate human transcription is slow and the NHM, like many institutions, has been exploring machine learning (ML) for automated specimen analysis and label data capture. This process requires many different models, chained in series: semantic segmentation to identify specimen and label regions of interest; optical character recognition to identify text on labels; natural language processing to extract entities from the text.
As part of SYNTHESYS+, the NHM has been building the Specimen Data Refinery (SDR) (Smith et al. 2019) - a workflow engine for chaining ML models, each performing one atomic task in the data extraction process. The SDR is now in public beta, and we present evaluation metrics from our initial testing. Alongside the SDR project, the NHM has been exploring cloud-based artificial intelligence tools for specimen digitisation, using Google and Amazon technologies. We present an analysis of these different approaches, comparing the results from third-party AI services with models developed specifically for the biodiversity and natural history collection domains. With large corporates providing comparatively low-cost access to AI compute resources and models transferrable to many specimen image digitisation tasks, is developing bespoke solutions still required?
Evolution of GBIF's Taxonomic Backbone
Authors: Miller Joe 
Published: August 2022

GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility) is an international research data infrastructure that mediates data from various sources such as museum collections, citizen science observations and machine generated data such as camera trap and environmental DNA. Data shared with GBIF comes with a taxonomic identification—normally a Linnaean binomial. Large data flows are now coming to GBIF without formal names but are identified by informal species hypotheses, usually based on DNA sequence similarity to a curated reference library.
GBIF’s task is to integrate all this data in a repository that is accessible via a single taxonomic framework that integrates the various individual taxonomic practices. This made more challenging by idiosyncratic names that appear in GBIF-mediated datasets, which are not found in existing taxonomies. This taxonomy is known as the GBIF taxonomic backbone. GBIF is transitioning its infrastructure to build the backbone in the new ChecklistBank infrastructure so that GBIF can take advantage of the new tools the Catalogue of Life-GBIF partnership has built. This taxonomy will be more responsive to community input and will be able to integrate new knowledge at a much faster rate.
Trajectory of Damage Accrual in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Based on Ethnicity and Socioeconomic Factors
Authors: Kallas Romy , Li Jessica , Goldman Daniel W. , Magder Laurence S. , Petri Michelle 
Published: August 2022

Objective The Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SDI) is associated with increased healthcare costs and mortality. We compared the trajectory of total and individual damage items of the SDI in African American vs White ethnicities in a large prospective systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) cohort. We also estimated the association between ethnicity and individual damage items after adjusting for several socioeconomic factors. Methods Poisson regression was used to calculate the rate of damage per year for each organ. Cox regression modeling was used to determine the association between time to the individual damage item and ethnicity. Results We included 2436 patients: 42.9% African American, 57.1% White, and 92% female. There was a linear relationship between time since diagnosis and mean SDI score, with no plateau. Compared to White patients, African American patients had a faster total, renal, pulmonary, and skin damage accrual rate even after adjustment for differences in socioeconomic variables. Conclusion The linear increase in damage in both ethnicities over time is of particular concern. African American patients accrued more damage at a faster rate compared to White patients. For a few organs, higher rates of damage in African American patients was partially explained by socioeconomic differences, whereas for most organs, the difference persisted after adjustment for these factors.
The Effectiveness of a Critical Appraisal Skills Workshop 6 Months After Nurses' Participation
Authors: Chen Shu-Yu , Huang Chin-Yi , Chang Yuan-Ping , Huang Wan-Ting , Chang Shu-Chen 
Published: August 2022

Background
The aim of this study was to explore whether nursing staff retained knowledge, self-confidence, and attitudes 6 months after participating in a critical appraisal skills workshop.

Method
A retrospective matched case-control study was conducted to ascertain the effects of this training on the ability to appraise literature.

Results

Mean scores on the critical appraisal knowledge test, self-confidence, and attitudes were significantly higher in the case group compared to the control group (
p
< .001,
p
< .05, and
p
= .031, respectively).

Conclusion

Six months after the workshop, critical appraisal knowledge, self-confidence, and attitudes remained improved among the nursing staff who participated. This indicates that the workshop was effective for learning and can be used for clinical training.

[
J Contin Educ Nurs
. 2022;53(8):372–378.]
Increasing Nurses’ Knowledge of and Self-confidence With Family Presence During Pediatric Resuscitation
Authors: Bush Renee N. , Woodley Lisa 
Published: August 2022

Background
Family presence during resuscitation is becoming more common, and pediatric critical care nurses regularly facilitate this process. However, most hospitals lack policies and education to support nurses in this practice.

Objective
To increase pediatric intensive care unit nurses’ knowledge and self-confidence with family presence during resuscitation through an educational intervention.

Methods
The project used a pre-post intervention study design with anonymous online cross-sectional surveying. Participant demographic data were collected along with participants’ responses to 2 instruments measuring perceived risks and benefits of family presence during resuscitation and participant self-confidence with the process. The educational session consisted of a 2-hour structured session incorporating content presentation, discussion, simulation videos, and parental testimony.

Results
Thirty-six nurses participated in this project. Overall mean scores of both tools and scores of almost every item within each tool significantly increased after the intervention.

Conclusion
Formalized and structured education on family presence during resuscitation appears to promote pediatric intensive care unit nurses’ knowledge, increase their perception of benefits outweighing risks, and enhance their self-confidence in supporting family members. Providing information about family presence during resuscitation and how best to facilitate this practice should be a priority and included as part of standard educational support for pediatric intensive care unit nurses.
Comparative patterns of dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) diversity in native fescue grassland and wooded habitats in the Cypress Hills, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Bezanson G.A. , Goater C. , Floate K.D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae (Aphodiinae, Scarabaeinae) and some Geotrupidae) provide important ecosystem services on pastures by disrupting and burying deposits of cattle dung. The extent of these services is influenced by the number of individuals and species present, which may differ with habitat type. In the present study, we compared dung beetle assemblages in a mosaic of open grassland and wooded habitats on native fescue pastures in the Cypress Hills of southern Alberta, Canada. Using pitfall traps baited with cattle dung and operated from spring through autumn for two years at each of the two sites, we collected 4944 individuals representing 14 dung beetle species. More individuals and species were recovered in grassland habitat, which was dominated by nonnative species associated with cattle dung. Wooded habitat was dominated by a native species associated with deer dung. Dwellers (species that develop within the dung deposit) comprised 93% of the beetles recovered during the study. Significant variation in annual beetle counts in the two habitats highlights the value of studies conducted over multiple years. These results emphasise the importance of habitat diversity and interspecific habitat preference in structuring dung beetle assemblages on fescue grasslands, which are among the most threatened ecosystems in Canada.
Child disability and family-centred care in East Africa: Perspectives from a workshop with stakeholders and health practitioners
Authors: Samia Pauline , Wamithi Susan , Kassam Amina , Tirkha Melissa , Kija Edward , Moges Ayalew , Seal Arnab , Rosenbaum Peter , Armstrong Robert 
Published: August 2022

Background: Our understanding of child disability has undergone major changes over the last three decades transforming our approach to assessment and management. Globally there are significant gaps in the application of these 21st century models of care. There is recognition that economic, cultural, and social factors influence transitions in care and there is need to consider contextual factors.Objectives: A two-day workshop brought together key stakeholders to discuss current models of care and their application in the East African context. This article summarises workshop proceedings and identifies a broadly supported set of recommendations that serve to set a direction for health professionals, families, family-based disability organisations, communities and government.Method: Presentations followed by facilitated round-table sessions explored specific themes with participants reporting their responses communally. Future actions were agreed upon by relevant stakeholders.Results: Many barriers exist to care for children with disabilities in East Africa, including stigma and a lack of human and infrastructural resources. In addition, significant disparities exist with regard to access to medication and specialist care. The International Classification of Functioning framework needs to be translated to clinical practice within East Africa, with due recognition of the importance of family-centred care and emphasis on the life course theory for disability care. Family-centred care, educational initiatives, advocacy on the part of stakeholders and involvement of government policymakers are important avenues to improve outcomes.Conclusion: Further education and data are needed to inform family-centred care and multidisciplinary team implementation across East African care contexts for children with disabilities.
Implementing active surveillance for tuberculosis: The experiences of healthcare workers at four sites in two provinces in South Africa
Authors: Ajudua Febisola I. , Mash Robert J. 
Published: August 2022

Background: The high burden of tuberculosis (TB) in South Africa (SA) is associated with uncontrolled transmission in communities and delayed diagnosis of active cases. Active surveillance for TB is provided by community-based services (CBS). Research is required to understand key factors influencing TB screening services in the CBS. This study explored the implementation of active surveillance for TB where community-oriented primary care (COPC) had been successfully implemented to identify these factors.Methods: This was a qualitative study of four established COPC sites across two provinces in SA where active surveillance for TB is implemented. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with purposively selected healthcare workers in the CBS and citizens in these communities. The recorded interviews were transcribed for data analysis using ATLAS.ti software.Results: The factors influencing active surveillance for TB were directly related to the major players in the delivery of CBS. These factors interacted in a complex network influencing implementation of active surveillance for TB. Building effective relationships across stakeholder platforms by community health workers (CHWs) was directly influenced by the training, capacity building afforded these CHWs by the district health services; and acceptability of CBS. Each factor interplayed with others to influence active surveillance for TB.Conclusion: Community health workers were central to the success of active surveillance for TB. The complex interactions of the social determinants of health and TB transmission in communities required CHWs to develop trusting relationships that responded to these issues that have impact on TB disease and linked clients to healthcare.
Health sciences students’ perception of the communicative impacts of face coverings during the COVID-19 pandemic at a South African University
Authors: Khan Nasim B. , Mthembu Nolwazi , Narothan Aishwarya , Sibisi Zamahlase , Vilane Qiniso 
Published: August 2022

Background: The use of face masks and/or shields can pose a challenge during communication. They block facial expressions thus removing visual cues and affect sound transmission making it difficult to hear speech clearly. Given the widespread use of face coverings, it seems reasonable to clarify if communication in typical speakers and listeners has significantly differed. Health science students as future practitioners need to understand challenges that arise from using face coverings.Objective: This study aimed to determine health sciences students’ perception of the communicative impacts of face coverings.Method: The study employed a descriptive, self-administered online survey, obtaining information from 96 health science undergraduate students.Results: All participants changed their manner of speaking in that they spoke louder when wearing masks and focused more on eye contact when someone was wearing masks. These were statistically significant (p = 0.450 and p = 0.035 respectively). Fifty-three percent reported using more listening effort and feeling anxious when communicating. Approximately 33% indicated that it was challenging to read emotions, such as sad or unhappy, when someone wore a mask. Most, 61%, were positive or very positive about wearing masks. The level of difficulty differed depending on the listening environment. It was harder to understand the doctor, nurse, or other healthcare workers when they wore face coverings than when listening to their friends and family, which had little effect, this being statistically significant (p = 0.025).Conclusion: Challenges envisaged in practice included frequent communication breakdowns, inability to connect and build trust between patient and practitioner, and communicating in noisy environments. Coping strategies, future clinical and research implications were proposed, and limitations acknowledged.
Hepatitis B vaccination coverage amongst healthcare workers in a tertiary academic hospital in Gauteng province, South Africa
Authors: Razwiedani Lufuno L. , Mogale Ntlogeleng M. , Mawela Muthuhadini P.B. 
Published: August 2022

Background: Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major public health concern in South Africa. Hepatitis B virus is a highly infectious blood-borne virus causing liver disease. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk of occupational exposure.Objectives: This study aimed to investigate HBV vaccination amongst HCWs at a tertiary academic hospital in Gauteng province, South Africa.Method: Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data from 500 consecutively sampled HCWs. Data were analysed using Stata version 12.Results: A total of 460 HCWs participated in the study. Most were women (68.7%), 40 years of age (66.9%) and worked for 10 years (66.0%). Almost 50.0% were either doctors or medical students and 40.3% were nurses or student nurses. Most HCWs in the age group of 30 years (79.4%) had received at least 1 dose of HB vaccine. Prevaccination immunity screening was conducted on 17.5% of the HCWs, and only 11.0% reported to be protected against HBV. About 49.0% of HCWs were fully vaccinated. Post-vaccination immunity testing was conducted on 15.1%, and 24.0% of HCWs paid for vaccinations. Nursing staff and those with 10 years of work experience were 2.5 and 2.6 times more likely to be vaccinated, respectively. Cleaning staff were less likely to be vaccinated.Conclusion: Although not all HCWs were fully vaccinated, our study found a higher proportion of fully vaccinated HCWs than previously reported in Gauteng Province. It is recommended that HB vaccination be promoted and a local vaccination policy, aligned with the national policy, be developed and implemented for all HCWs at the tertiary academic hospital.
α-Pinene Influence on Pulpal Pain-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats Via Modulation of the GABAA Receptor
Authors: Rafie Forouzan , Kooshki Razieh , Abbasnejad Mehdi , Rahbar Iran , Raoof Maryam , Nekouei Amir Hossein 
Published: August 2022

Background:
This study investigated the effect of central administration of α-pinene and the interaction of α-pinene with GABAA receptor on pulpal nociception-induced changes in learning and memory performances in rats.

Materials and Methods:
Sixty-six adult male Wistar rats were used. Pulpal nociception was induced by intradental application of capsaicin (100 μg/rat). α-pinene (0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 μg/rat) was injected centrally 10 min before the administration of capsaicin. In addition, α-pinene (0.4 μg/rat) was co-injected with bicuculline (0.5 μg/rat). Spatial and passive avoidance learning and memory were assessed using Morris water maze (MWM) and shuttle box tasks, respectively.

Results:
Experimental results of the MWM test showed that capsaicin increases escape latency and distance traveled to the hidden platform (P < 0.01). The effect was prohibited by α-pinene at the dose of 0.4 μg/rat. Moreover, capsaicin-treated animals spent less time in the target zone than capsaicin + α-pinene (0.4 μg/rat)-treated rats (P < 0.05). In the shuttle box test, α-pinene (0.2 μg and 0.4 μg) prevented an increased number of acquisition trials and time spent in the dark chamber induced by capsaicin, whereas it increased step-through latency (P < 0.01). However, the effects of α-pinene (0.4 μg/rat) in both tests were prohibited by bicuculline (0.5 μg/rat).

Conclusion:
The data showed that central administration of α-pinene might reduce pulpalgia-induced learning and memory impairment, at least partially, via modulation of GABAA receptors.