bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Governing for Transformative Change across the Biodiversity–Climate–Society Nexus
Authors: Pascual Unai , McElwee Pamela D , Diamond Sarah E , Ngo Hien T , Bai Xuemei , Cheung William W L , Lim Michelle , Steiner Nadja , Agard John , Donatti Camila I , Duarte Carlos M , Leemans Rik , Managi Shunsuke , Pires Aliny P F , Reyes-García Victoria , Trisos Christopher , Scholes Robert J , Pörtner Hans-Otto 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Transformative governance is key to addressing the global environmental crisis. We explore how transformative governance of complex biodiversity–climate–society interactions can be achieved, drawing on the first joint report between the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services to reflect on the current opportunities, barriers, and challenges for transformative governance. We identify principles for transformative governance under a biodiversity–climate–society nexus frame using four case studies: forest ecosystems, marine ecosystems, urban environments, and the Arctic. The principles are focused on creating conditions to build multifunctional interventions, integration, and innovation across scales; coalitions of support; equitable approaches; and positive social tipping dynamics. We posit that building on such transformative governance principles is not only possible but essential to effectively keep climate change within the desired 1.5 degrees Celsius global mean temperature increase, halt the ongoing accelerated decline of global biodiversity, and promote human well-being.
Contributions and Challenges of Public Health Social Work Practice during the Initial 2020 COVID-19 Outbreak in China
Authors: He Longtao , Mu Liping , Jean Jason A , Zhang Lei , Wu Han , Zhou Tian , Bu He 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Social workers contributed significantly to the promotion of public and community health during the initial outbreak of COVID-19 in China. Based on a quasi-scoping review of articles on social work practice during that outbreak, this reflective article elucidates how social workers contributed in three chronological stages. In the early stage (late January and February 2020), social workers provided community services offered as part of the governmental structure (moderate information and resource provision); in the middle stage (March 2020), social workers provided services to vulnerable groups alongside supporting the quarantine strategy; and in the late stage (April 2020 onwards), their services were focused on recuperation and recovery after the national lockdown was lifted. In the meanwhile, several issues for public and community health social work as a profession in terms of how it was able to support anti-COVID-19 practices became clear, including a lack of independence and stability, the need for better flexibility and greater ability to act pragmatically and lack of professional agreement. This article aims to enlighten the development of a (re)emerging field—public health and community health social work in China in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Whole Blood Transfusion for Severe Malarial Anemia in a High Plasmodium falciparum Transmission Setting
Authors: Ippolito Matthew M , Kabuya Jean-Bertin B , Hauser Manuela , Kamavu Luc K , Banda Proscovia Miiye , Yanek Lisa R , Malik Rubab , Mulenga Modest , Bailey Jeffrey A , Chongwe Gershom , Louis Thomas A , Shapiro Theresa A , Moss William J ,   for the Southern and Central Africa International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Severe malaria resulting from Plasmodium falciparum infection is the leading parasitic cause of death in children worldwide, and severe malarial anemia (SMA) is the most common clinical presentation. The evidence in support of current blood transfusion guidelines for patients with SMA is limited.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 911 hospitalized children with SMA in a holoendemic region of Zambia to examine the association of whole blood transfusion with in-hospital survival. Data were analyzed in adjusted logistic regression models using multiple imputation for missing data.

Results
The median age of patients was 24 months (interquartile range, 16–30) and overall case fatality was 16%. Blood transfusion was associated with 35% reduced odds of death in children with SMA (odds ratio, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, .52–.81; P = .0002) corresponding to a number-needed-to-treat (NNT) of 14 patients. Children with SMA complicated by thrombocytopenia were more likely to benefit from transfusion than those without thrombocytopenia (NNT = 5). Longer storage time of whole blood was negatively associated with survival and with the posttransfusion rise in the platelet count but was not associated with the posttransfusion change in hemoglobin concentration.

Conclusions
Whole blood given to pediatric patients with SMA was associated with improved survival, mainly among those with thrombocytopenia who received whole blood stored for &lt;4 weeks. These findings point to a potential use for incorporating thrombocytopenia into clinical decision making and management of severe malaria, which can be further assessed in prospective studies, and underline the importance of maintaining reliable blood donation networks in areas of high malaria transmission.
Genome analysis of five recently described species of the CUG-Ser clade uncoversCandida theaeas a new hybrid lineage with pathogenic potential in theCandida parapsilosisspecies complex
Authors: Mixão Verónica , del Olmo Valentina , Hegedűsová Eva , Saus Ester , Pryszcz Leszek , Cillingová Andrea , Nosek Jozef , Gabaldón Toni 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCandida parapsilosis species complex comprises three important pathogenic species: Candida parapsilosis sensu stricto, Candida orthopsilosis and Candida metapsilosis. The majority of C. orthopsilosis and all C. metapsilosis isolates sequenced thus far are hybrids, and most of the parental lineages remain unidentified. This led to the hypothesis that hybrids with pathogenic potential were formed by the hybridization of non-pathogenic lineages that thrive in the environment. In a search for the missing hybrid parentals, and aiming to get a better understanding of the evolution of the species complex, we sequenced, assembled and analysed the genome of five close relatives isolated from the environment: Candida jiufengensis, Candida pseudojiufengensis, Candida oxycetoniae, Candida margitis and Candida theae. We found that the linear conformation of mitochondrial genomes in Candida species emerged multiple times independently. Furthermore, our analyses discarded the possible involvement of these species in the mentioned hybridizations, but identified C. theae as an additional hybrid in the species complex. Importantly, C. theae was recently associated with a case of infection, and we also uncovered the hybrid nature of this clinical isolate. Altogether, our results reinforce the hypothesis that hybridization is widespread among Candida species, and potentially contributes to the emergence of lineages with opportunistic pathogenic behaviour.
Effect of postoperative atrial fibrillation on early and mid-term outcomes of coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Authors: Oraii Alireza , Masoudkabir Farzad , Pashang Mina , Jalali Arash , Sadeghian Saeed , Mortazavi Seyedeh Hamideh , Ghorbanpour Landy Mina , Pourhosseini Hamidreza , Salarifar Mojtaba , Mansourian Soheil , Bagheri Jamshid , Momtahan Shahram , Karimi Abbasali 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVES

The long-term prognostic role of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) in cardiovascular outcomes in patients undergoing cardiac surgery is uncertain. Our goal was to investigate the impact of new-onset POAF on midterm adverse cardiovascular events after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.

METHODS
We performed a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent isolated CABG without a preoperative history of atrial fibrillation/flutter. POAF was defined as episodes of AF lasting ≥30 s during the hospitalization period. The effect of POAF on midterm all-cause mortality and cerebrovascular accidents/transient ischaemic attacks (CVA/TIA) was assessed using a Cox proportional hazard regression model in a competing risk setting. Additional analyses were performed on patients surviving an event-free early postoperative period (i.e. within 30 postoperative days after the index operation).

RESULTS
A total of 9,310 patients were followed for a median duration of 48.7 months. New-onset POAF was associated with an increased risk of midterm all-cause mortality (HR = 1.648, 95% confidence interval: 1.402–1.937; P &lt; 0.001) and CVA/TIA (subdistribution-HR = 1.635, 1.233–2.167; P = 0.001). After excluding patients who died during the early postoperative period, POAF remained significantly associated with higher late all-cause mortality (HR = 1.518, 1.273–1.811; P &lt; 0.001). However, the risk of late CVA/TIA in patients who survived the early postoperative period without having a stroke was similar between those with and without POAF (subdistribution-HR = 1.174, 0.797–1.729; P = 0.418).

CONCLUSIONS
New-onset POAF after CABG is associated with an increased risk of midterm overall mortality and stroke. However, late stroke risk is likely similar between patients with and without POAF who survive an event-free early postoperative period.
Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia prediction in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy using explainable electrocardiogram-based deep neural networks
Authors: Sammani Arjan , van de Leur Rutger R , Henkens Michiel T H M , Meine Mathias , Loh Peter , Hassink Rutger J , Oberski Daniel L , Heymans Stephane R B , Doevendans Pieter A , Asselbergs Folkert W , te Riele Anneline S J M , van Es René 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Aims
While electrocardiogram (ECG) characteristics have been associated with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias (LTVA) in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), they typically rely on human-derived parameters. Deep neural networks (DNNs) can discover complex ECG patterns, but the interpretation is hampered by their ‘black-box’ characteristics. We aimed to detect DCM patients at risk of LTVA using an inherently explainable DNN.

Methods and results
In this two-phase study, we first developed a variational autoencoder DNN on more than 1 million 12-lead median beat ECGs, compressing the ECG into 21 different factors (F): FactorECG. Next, we used two cohorts with a combined total of 695 DCM patients and entered these factors in a Cox regression for the composite LTVA outcome, which was defined as sudden cardiac arrest, spontaneous sustained ventricular tachycardia, or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator treated ventricular arrhythmia. Most patients were male (n = 442, 64%) with a median age of 54 years [interquartile range (IQR) 44–62], and median left ventricular ejection fraction of 30% (IQR 23–39). A total of 115 patients (16.5%) reached the study outcome. Factors F8 (prolonged PR-interval and P-wave duration, P &lt; 0.005), F15 (reduced P-wave height, P = 0.04), F25 (increased right bundle branch delay, P = 0.02), F27 (P-wave axis P &lt; 0.005), and F32 (reduced QRS-T voltages P = 0.03) were significantly associated with LTVA.

Conclusion
Inherently explainable DNNs can detect patients at risk of LTVA which is mainly driven by P-wave abnormalities.
Effects of Parental Experience and Age on Expression of Prolactin, Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide and their Receptors in a Biparental Bird (Columba livia)
Authors: Farrar Victoria S , Ramirez Alison V , Calisi Rebecca M 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAs animals gain parental experience, they often show more rapid and efficient parental care responses that likely improve offspring survival and fitness. Changes in circulating hormones that underlie reproductive behaviors, including prolactin, have been found to correlate with parental experience in birds and mammals. Altered responsiveness to prolactin in key behavioral centers of the brain may also underlie the effects of experience on parental behaviors. Further, experience may also affect responsiveness to prolactin stimulatory hormones, such as hypothalamic vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). While experience has been shown to upregulate neural prolactin receptors and responsiveness in rodents, its effects on prolactin receptor gene expression remain unstudied in birds. To address this, we examined gene expression of pituitary prolactin, hypothalamic prolactin receptors in the preoptic area, hypothalamic VIP, and pituitary VIP receptors in both sexes of the biparental rock dove (Columba livia) when birds were not actively nesting. As age and parental experience are often confounded (i.e.,experienced parents tend to be older than their inexperienced counterparts), we measured gene expression in birds of varying combinations of age (0.6–3 years) and prior reproductive experience (0–12 chicks raised). We found that increasing experience with chicks correlated with lower PRLR expression in the preoptic area, and age correlated with lower VIP expression in birds of both sexes. Pituitary PRL and VIPR expression was not associated with parental experience or age. These results suggest there may be persistent effects of experience and age on neural responsiveness to, and regulation of, prolactin in birds.
It’s the Messenger: Identity-Based Evaluation of Amicable Messages During Conflict
Authors: Chudy Dana , Kampf Zohar 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Despite the potential of amicable messages to transform the course of conflicts, studies have neglected the reasons target audiences accept or reject such messages. This study examines the evaluation of amicable messages conveyed by three groups of leaders perceived as “controversial” in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict from the Israeli perspective: Palestinian, Middle Eastern, and Western. A content analysis of comments (N = 1,885) to news reports about amicable messages delivered by leaders of the three groups showed that the use of Israeli commenters in source-, receiver-, and message-related argument vary when commenting to amicable messages from different leaders. We discuss potential explanations for these distinct patterns and how leaders aiming to appease foreign audiences can formulate effective amicable messages.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Anti-Spike Antibody Levels Following Second Dose of ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BNT162b2 Vaccine in Residents of Long-term Care Facilities in England (VIVALDI)
Authors: Stirrup Oliver , Krutikov Maria , Tut Gokhan , Palmer Tom , Bone David , Bruton Rachel , Fuller Chris , Azmi Borscha , Lancaster Tara , Sylla Panagiota , Kaur Nayandeep , Spalkova Eliska , Bentley Christopher , Amin Umayr , Jadir Azar , Hulme Samuel , Giddings Rebecca , Nacer-Laidi Hadjer , Baynton Verity , Irwin-Singer Aidan , Hayward Andrew , Moss Paul , Copas Andrew , Shallcross Laura 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
General population studies have shown strong humoral response following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccination with subsequent waning of anti-spike antibody levels. Vaccine-induced immune responses are often attenuated in frail and older populations, but published data are scarce. We measured SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike antibody levels in long-term care facility residents and staff following a second vaccination dose with Oxford-AstraZeneca or Pfizer-BioNTech. Vaccination elicited robust antibody responses in older residents, suggesting comparable levels of vaccine-induced immunity to that in the general population. Antibody levels are higher after Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination but fall more rapidly compared to Oxford-AstraZeneca recipients and are enhanced by prior infection in both groups.
The Role of Skills and Gender Norms in Sector Switches: Experimental Evidence from a Job Training Program in Nigeria
Authors: Croke Kevin , Goldstein Markus , Holla Alaka 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Industrialisation and structural change entails shifting workers from low-skill to high-skill occupations. In emerging economies, multiple constraints may impede sectoral switches among workers, including skill and spatial mismatches, and social norms related to gender in the workplace. This study uses a job training experiment across five cities in Nigeria to estimate the overall effect of training on sectoral switches into the information and communications technology and business process outsourcing sector, and to examine the role of various factors that might constrain switching. After 2 years, the treatment group was 26% more likely to work in the information and communication technology (ICT)-enabled service sector, although they were no more likely to be employed than the control group. Sectoral switches were higher among those with sector-relevant skills, and training magnified the skills premium in switching. Switches were also higher in some cities, despite large improvements in skills in all cities. Women who were implicitly biassed against associating women with professional attributes were two times more likely to switch into ICT than unbiased women, suggesting that training helped overcome internalised social norms among female applicants to the program. These results suggest that training can be an effective strategy for inducing sector switches and overcoming social norms that hamper female mobility in the labour market, and that narrower targeting may make such sector-specific job training programs more effective.
Enteric methane emissions, growth, and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers fed a garlic- and citrus-based feed additive in diets with three different forage concentrations
Authors: Bitsie Bryce , Osorio Andrea M , Henry Darren D , Silva Breno C , Godoi Leticia A , Supapong Chanadol , Brand Tassilo , Schoonmaker Jon P 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
One hundred and forty-four Angus × Simmental steers were allotted by body weight (BW; 363 kg), breed composition, and farm origin to a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of six treatments (4 pens per treatment) to determine the effect of Mootral (garlic + citrus extract; 0.25% of the diet dry matter [DM] vs. 0.0%) on methane (CH4) emissions, growth, and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. During the first 84 d, cattle were fed three different forage concentrations in the diet (15%, 41.5%, or 68% corn silage) with or without Mootral. From day 85 to slaughter, corn silage was included at 15% of the diet DM with or without Mootral. CH4 emissions were measured on day 42 to 46 and day 203 to 207. Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Mootral did not affect CH4 emissions on days 42 to 46 (P ≥ 0.47), but there was a forage effect, where steers fed the 68% corn silage emitted more CH4 on a g/d (P = 0.05) and a g/kg of dry matter intake (DMI; P = 0.007) basis and tended (P = 0.07) to produce more CH4 on g/kg BW basis compared to steers fed the 15% corn silage diet. On day 203 to 207, steers fed Mootral emitted less (P ≤ 0.03) CH4 on a g/d, g/kg DMI, and g/kg BW basis compared to steers not fed Mootral. There was an interaction (P = 0.03) between forage concentration and Mootral for DMI from day 0 to 84, where Mootral decreased DMI of steers fed 15% corn silage but did not affect DMI of steers fed 41.5% or 68% corn silage. There were no effects (P ≥ 0.22) of forage concentration or Mootral on BW or average daily gain at any time, or on DMI from day 84 to slaughter and overall. However, overall calculated net energy for maintenance (NEm) and net energy for gain (NEg) tended to be greater for steers fed Mootral (P ≤ 0.10). Intake from day 0 to 84 was lower and gain:feed from day 0 to 84 and overall was greater (P = 0.04) for steers fed 68% compared to steers fed 41.5% corn silage. Calculated NEm and NEg from day 0 to 84 and overall were greater for steers fed 68% corn silage compared to steers fed 41.5% corn silage (P ≤ 0.03). Mootral tended to decrease (P ≤ 0.09) fat thickness and yield grade. In conclusion, increasing forage concentration increased CH4 emissions and Mootral decreased CH4 production in 15% corn silage diets and tended to improve carcass leanness.
Quantification of Fecal Spot Production as a Measure of Environmental Contamination Based on Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae:Cimex lectulariusL.) Population Size
Authors: Wilson Morgan M , Miller Dini M 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe presence of fecal spots has often been used to verify the existence of a bed bug (Cimex lectularius) infestation. However, no research has been conducted to determine how much fecal material that a bed bug population produces over time. In this study, the number of fecal spots that each nymphal life stage was capable of producing after a bloodmeal was quantified. Adult fecal spots were also quantified to determine if there was consistent production between feedings. During this study, it was discovered that bed bugs produced visible fecal spots and clear spots that were only visible under ultraviolet light. Therefore, three types of fecal spots were quantified: dark feces, light feces, and clear spots. Clear spots were produced in greater amounts (38.5–55.5%) than either dark spots (27.3–40.7%) or light spots (17.3–21.9%). For example, 5th instar bed bugs were thought to produce an average of 21 spots (dark and light) after a single bloodmeal. However, using the ultraviolet light, it was found that the 5th instars actually produced an average of 44.7 spots. Using the total fecal spot data collected during this study, researchers could project contamination potential for an infestation starting with a single gravid female over 30, 60, and 90 d. In addition, the amount of area covered by these spots was projected to be over 12 m2 in just 3 mo, which could greatly reduce the environmental and aesthetic quality of a home.
Comparative Efficacy of Superheated Dry Steam Application and Insecticide Spray Against Common Bed Bugs Under Simulated Field Conditions
Authors: Ramos Rodrigo Soares , Cooper Richard , Dasgupta Tirthankar , Pashley Nicole E , Wang Changlu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe common bed bug, Cimex lectularius L., is a difficult urban pest to control. A simulated field study was conducted to compare the efficacy of steam application and an insecticide mixture spray (0.05% acetamiprid and 0.06% bifenthrin mixture) against C. lectularius. Three types of furniture (desk chair, upholstered armchair, and wooden table) were treated in the laboratory. The efficacy of the treatments was evaluated by visual inspection and placement of interceptor traps under the legs of the furniture. One hundred mixed stages of an insecticide-resistant population of C. lectularius were released onto each furniture item. After a 10-day acclimation period, each furniture item received steam treatment, insecticide spray, or no treatment. The second application of treatment was conducted 14 d later. Bed bug counts from interceptors and visual inspections were recorded at 13 d and 28 d after the initial treatment. At 28 d, the mean (± SE) live bed bug count in the steam, spray, and control group was 1 ± 0, 2 ± 1, and 83 ± 10, respectively. Both treatment methods were highly effective in controlling bed bugs on furniture. The mean bed bug count from interceptors in the steam, spray, and control groups were 0.3 ± 0.2, 11 ± 7, and 47 ± 9, respectively. There was no significant difference in the efficacy between steam and spray treatments based on either visual inspection or bed bug counts from interceptors. However, based on interceptor counts, the steam treatment caused faster bed bug population reduction than insecticide sprays.