bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study to evaluate ocular changes in patients undergoing spine surgery in the prone position
Authors: Kaur Kiranpreet , Khanduri Neetu , Sachdeva Sumit , Singh Roop , Bhardwaj Mamta , Bala Manju 
Published: January 2022

Background and Aims:
AA present prospective study was conducted to evaluate ocular changes occurring in patients undergoing spine surgery in the prone position.

Material and Methods:
A total of 44 patients of either sex, belonging to American society of Anaesthesiology I and II (aged 18-60 years) scheduled for elective spine surgery in prone position were enrolled in the study. Baseline IOP and MAP measurement were taken prior to induction. After induction of anaesthesia patients were intubated using flexo-metallic tube of appropriate size. IOP and MAP were recorded after induction of anaesthesia, following completion of surgery and immediately after turning the patient supine and 30 min following extubation. Blood loss and duration of surgery was also noted. The OPP was derived using the formula (OPP = MAP-IOP). Ophthalmic examination was also performed using direct and indirect ophthalmoscopy on the day prior to surgery and on first post-operative day to rule out anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), posterior ischemic optic neuropathy (PION), and retinal ischemia.

Results:
Mean IOP significantly increased (18.91 ± 3.56 mm Hg) (P < 0.001) at the end of surgery as compared to baseline value 12.85 ± 3.07 mm Hg. As a result mean OPP significantly reduced (75.12 ± 16.45) (P = 0.0018) at the end of the procedure.

Conclusion:
In patient’s undergoing spine surgery in the prone position, careful patient positioning with no extrinsic pressure on the eyes, minimal surgical time and blood loss, and prevention of intraoperative hypotension, should be ensured to prevent the IOP rise and a reduction in OPP which can further prevent post-operative visual disturbance.
Comparison of lidocaine–dexmedetomidine and lidocaine–saline on the characteristics of the modified forearm bier block: A clinical trial
Authors: Ghaderi Kamal , Rahmani Khaled , Rahmanpanah Nasser , Shami Shoaleh , Zahedi Farhad , Nasseri Karim 
Published: January 2022

Background and Aims:
Forearm Modified Bier Block (FMBB) reduces local anesthetic systemic toxicity risks compared to the traditional method. This study was designed and implemented to compare the effects of lidocaine–dexmedetomidine (LD) and lidocaine–saline (LS) on the characteristics of the MFBB in distal forearm and hand surgery.

Material and Methods:
In this randomized double-blind trial, which was conducted after obtaining institutional ethical committee approval, 60 patients were enrolled and randomly divided into two groups. In both groups, the analgesic base of the block was 20 mL lidocaine 0.5% that was supplemented by 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine in the LD group or 1 mL of 0.9% saline in the LS group. Patients were evaluated for the onset and duration of sensory block, time of the first request for postoperative analgesic, and analgesic request frequency during the first 24 h after surgery.

Results:
Sensory block onset in the LD group (7.1 ± 1.4 min) compared to the LS group (8.4 ± 1.4) was faster (P = 0.008). Duration of the sensory block in LD group (49.7 ± 7.2 min) was longer than LS group (33.3 ± 2.6) (P < 0.001). Compared to LS group, time of the first request for postoperative analgesic in LD group was later (P = 0.6), and had lesser analgesic requests during the first 24 h after surgery (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Based on our study’s finding, adding dexmedetomidine to lidocaine in the MFBB increases the duration of sensory block.
A study on oral mucosal changes among tobacco users
Authors: Ramasamy Jeyaseelan , Sivapathasundharam B 
Published: January 2022

Introduction:
Oral malignancies account for about 4% in males and 2% in females among all malignant tumors. Tobacco use in the oral cavity can cause potentially malignant disorders such as oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Factors such as lifestyle changes, habits and limited access to health care increase cancer development and morbidity.

Aim and objectives:
This study aimed at studying and correlating the oral mucosal changes among the tobacco users with the different forms of tobacco used.

Materials and Methods:
Four thousand and five hundred individuals were examined and patients with habits were categorized as Group A: only chewing, Group B: only smoking and Group C: smoking and chewing. A preformed case sheet with a detailed recording of the patient's habits was used for each individual. The suspected oral lesions were examined with care and a biopsy was taken (if needed) with patient consent. The collected data were compiled and statistical analysis was done.

Results:
Among the three groups OSMF, chewer's mucositis, smoker's palate and OSCC were more compared to other lesions.

Conclusion:
OSCC, OSMF and chewer's mucositis were seen more among A and C Group individuals. Smoker's palate was more in Group B. All the lesions showed a strong correlation with increased usage of tobacco. Lesions were more among males compared to females as there were no females with smoking habits in the study. A future study with larger sample size and equal gender distribution in different population among various locations is to be carried out to get accurate details about the lesions associated with tobacco habits and to correlate between the types, frequency and duration of the habit with the tobacco usage.
Velscope guided oral cancer screening
Authors: Vibhute Nupura Aniket , Jagtap Sunil Vitthalrao , Patil Sujata Vijaysinh 
Published: January 2022

Context:
Early oral cancer diagnosis is an important factor in reducing cancer-associated mortality and morbidity. Traditional oral cancer screening by Conventional Oral Examination (COE) is limited. A new approach in this regard is the use of “optical biopsy systems” like VELscope.

Aims:
Hence, this study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of VELscope, an autofluorescence-based handheld device in detection of dysplasia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in general oral potentially malignant disorder.

Settings and Design:
A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary hospital in western Maharashtra, India.

Materials and Methods:
Thirty patients with presence of clinically suspicious oral lesions were included, and for each lesion, both the COE and Autofluorescence Examination by VELscope were carried out at the same appointment by different experts. All lesions were biopsied and histopathological findings were documented and analyzed.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were estimated to determine the accuracy of VELscope examination analysis outcome.

Results:
The study included a total of 30 subjects including 19 (63.33%) males and 11 (26.66%) females. Autofluorescence examination by VELscope (AFV) revealed Autofluorescence Loss in 24 (80%) patients, while 6 (20%) patients showed Autofluorescence Retained. Comparison between the “high-risk lesions” (moderate/severe dysplasia and OSCC) and “low-risk lesions” (no/mild dysplasia) showed a 90.47% sensitivity but only 44.44% specificity.

Conclusions:
The findings of our study indicate that although AFV cannot be a substitute for COE, it can be used as a potential complementary diagnostic aid in surveillance of the high-risk patient population.
Questionnaire-based survey regarding the opinion of general pathologists on the need for oral pathology services
Authors: Salian Varsha , Natarajan Srikant 
Published: January 2022

Context:
Oral and maxillofacial pathology (OMFP) is a subspecialization having a masters course in India. Due to lesser number of oral pathologists in the country, the biopsy material from the head and neck is catered to by the general pathologist.

Aim:
This survey was conducted to acquire responses from general pathologists and gathering knowledge on their perspective of oral pathology.

Methods:
Pathologists at various medical institutions and at laboratories all over Karnataka were requested to answer a questionnaire comprising 13 questions pertaining to the need and scope of oral pathology.

Results:
In total, 37 (57%) general pathologists completed the questionnaire, of whom 97% (36) were aware of the specialty and 30 (81%) perceived a need for it. Eleven (30%) of them referred oral biopsy specimens to oral pathologists. The most common sources of diagnostic difficulty were identified as odontogenic tumors and cysts. Twenty-six (70%) pathologists felt the need for a short-term posting for their postgraduates in oral pathology, while 28 (76%) of them expressed their opinion about considering an oral pathologist as a part of their team when diagnosing complex head and neck pathologies. Twelve (71%) of them mentioned that they sometimes found that head and neck lesions took longer time to diagnose.

Conclusion:
Although the utilization of OMFP specialists’ services in the state is quite low, general pathologists strongly feel the need for OMFP training as head and neck specimens form a considerable proportion of biopsies received by them.
Cephalic index, facial index and dental parameters
Authors: Muralidhar Nitin V , Ranjan Abhishek , Jayashankar Rao J S , Sreeshyla H S , Nitin Priyanka 
Published: January 2022

Background:
It becomes extremely challenging for forensic artists to reconstruct the highly decomposed faces, especially during mass disasters. It would be of great help for the identifying team of experts if there was a method to determine the facial and cephalic dimensions. This study aims to provide a method to generate a simplified method to calculate the facial and cephalic indices of an individual based on the dentition since human dentition remains almost intact in most scenarios.

Materials and Methods:
The sample consisted of 200 participants with the age range of 18–23 years belonging to Kerala. The cephalic and facial indices were measured using a caliper. The interincisal, intercanine, interpremolar and intermolar widths of maxillary dentition were measured on study models using a digital vernier caliper. The mean cranial and facial index were calculated and were correlated with interdental measurements.

Results:
It was concluded that dominant head types in Kerala males were dolichocephalic (50.2%) followed by mesocephalic (29.8%). In females, the dominant head types were dolichocephalic (42.7%) followed by mesocephalic (42.2%). In the facial types, majority of individuals were found to be leptoprosopic. A good correlation was found between the intercanine width with facial width and cranial width and a simplified formula were derived to estimate the cranial and facial index for this population.

Conclusion:
The results of the study suggest that the facial index and cranial index of a particular population can be evaluated from interdental measurements of the maxillary cast, especially the intercanine width.
Yogic postures and brain wave activation
Authors: De Anup , Mondal Samiran , Ghosh Soumendra Nath 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Yoga is a practice to control and develop the mental function. Scientists are trying to establish the effect of yoga on the various systems and organs in the human body by using different scientific methods and research techniques. The brain is one of the main targeted organs in yoga research.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to identify the electrical responses of the brain after immediate yogasana practices.

Materials and Methods:
Ten male (n=10) yoga practitioners having more than 8 years of experience in yogasana practice were selected as participants. Before and after immediate practices of six specific yoga postures were assessed on three different consecutive days for 15, 22.5, and 30 min. Delta, theta, alpha, sensory-motor rhythm (SMR), beta, and gamma amplitudes were assessed under the circumstance of electrical activity of the brain and measured using NeXus-10 device.

Results:
The outcome of the brain wave components showed that there was a decrease in delta (9.12%, 12.3%, and 19.52%), theta (12.32%, 15.9%, and 16.09%), alpha (11.99%, 17.49%, and 13.21%), SMR (6.89%, 17.27%, and 13.5%), beta (0.29%, 13.95%, and 14.4%) amplitude immediately after 15, 22.5, and 30 min practice of yoga postures, respectively. In the case of gamma amplitude, initially, it increased 8.58% in 15 min practice, there after decreasing trend was observed in 22.5 min (11.47%) and 30 min practice (15.9%).

Conclusions:
Immediate yogasana practices may enhance the functions of brain wave activity which increases motor activity, autonomic flexibility, and associates with a better cognitive state.
COVID-19 in Asia – Changing Life as We Know It and the New Normal
Authors: Rošker Jana S. 
Published: January 2022

The present issue of Asian Studies is devoted to the investigation of the causes, effects, and ethical and ideological implications of the COVID-19 pandemic in Asia, particularly in East and South-East Asia. COVID-19 has had a dramatic impact on global societies. There have been enormous changes in the economy, lifestyles, education, culture, and many other aspects of social life (Caron 2021, 1). The COVID-19 pandemic has transformed societies, cultures, organizations, infrastructures, and many social services into a completely new reality. In this respect, the COVID-19 pandemic is without doubt a crisis of global proportions. Therefore, the whole of humanity should try to find a strategic solution to it, and to this end, the importance of intercultural dialog is manifested in a particularly clear and unambiguous way.
Assessment of the Impact of Natural Ventilation in the Renovated Katsina General Hospital, Katsina State, Nigeria.
Authors: Abdulhamid Fahad , Tukur Rukayyatu Bashiru 
Published: January 2022

The increasing cases of accidents, ailments, epidemics, pandemics (such as the most recent novel Corona virus) and growing population causes overcrowding and air stagnation. Low air velocity, dampness and high thermal discomfort in the interior of the hospitals causing series of deteriorations. These problems compelled the Katsina State Government to embark on general renovation and expansion of General Hospital Katsina adding more facilities to support the growing health needs of its citizens. The study aims to assess the impact of the renovation of the General Hospital Katsina which commenced late 2016 and completed in 2018 on natural ventilation considering the climate of the region. This study takes qualitative approach using physical measurement of temperature and air velocity before and after the successful renovation exercise. Data were collected from the study area. Comparison of indoor air velocity and air temperature as indicators of natural ventilation was done and air velocity increases to 0.06 m/s while temperature dropped with 10C which enhance thermal comfort. It is highly recommended that professionals should look into natural ventilation during design of hospitals.
Keywords: air temperature, air velocity, natural ventilation, Katsina General Hospital
Synthesis and Evaluation of the Antidiabetic Potentials of Chitosan Combinations with Metformin and Momordica Balsamina Leaf Extract in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Kabir Nafisatu , Aliyu Aliyu Sunusi , Jibrin Jibrin Iliyasu 
Published: January 2022

Chitosan, a carbohydrate biopolymer, is medically gaining attention as a dietary supplement and a drug beneficial for improving blood glycemia, impaired glucose tolerance and altered lipid metabolism. Largely obtained from crustaceans, chitosan is also a promising vehicle used to deliver anti-diabetic drugs in implantable as well as injectable and oral routes. The present study is therefore aimed to synthesize chitosan and evaluate its antidiabetic potentials in combination with metformin and/or methanolic leaf extract of Momordica balsamina (MBM) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Chitosan was synthesized from crayfish shell through demineralization, deproteinization, deacetylation, and decolouration of the produced chitin. In the present study, a simple and an inexpensive acid-base titrimetric method was used for the determination of degree of deacetylation while the physicochemical properties; moisture content and ash content were determined using standard procedures.The efficacy of the drug binary systems of chitosan-metformin and chitosan-MBM were evaluated on the glucose tolerance of Wistar Albino rats made diabetic by a single interperitoneal injection of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight). The oral administration of both drug binary systems and chitosan exerted a significant (p<0.05) improvement on carbohydrate metabolism via glucose tolerance test when compared to the untreated diabetic rats. The blood glucose level of the chitosan group returned to near normal level 2 hours post-porandially, while chitosan-MBM, chitosanmetformin and metformin groups returned to their initial values only after 4 hours. Our findings are suggestive of the fact that chitosan-based drug binary systems possess anti-hyperglycemic activities and thus the potential to improve the pharmacokinetic and pharmacological profile of oral hypoglycemic drugs/herbs. Our findings could serve as basis for the development of novel antidiabetic drug systems.
Keywords: Antidiabetic, Chitosan, Metformin, Methanolic extract, Momordica balsamina
A Mathematical Model of Political Rumour in Assakio Community with Conditional Latent Period in a Varying Population
Authors: Emmanuel Atanyi Yusuf , Akayede Imam , Olagunju A. S , Aimufua Aimufua , Zion Apene Oghenevovwero , Sani Umar , Isah S. H. 
Published: January 2022

In this paper a rumour propagation model with conditional latent period and varying population is considered. In the literature, classical model assume that an ignorant individual enters the latent period and decide whether to become a spreader or stifler. In our model we introduce a new compartment called the blackmailers, another type of spreaders who spread the rumour for selfish reason. The model equations are first transformed into proportions, thus reducing the model equations from five to four differential equations. The model exhibit two equilibra, namely the Rumour Free Equilibrium (RFE) and the Rumour Endemic Equilibrium (REE). Using the method of linearized stability, we establish that the RFE state exist and is locally asymptomatically stable when R0 < 1 and that when R0 > 1 the endemic state exist. The model allows us to discuss the relationship between spreaders and blackmailers, and the effect of blackmailers on the stiflers. Finally, we present numerical simulations that show the impact of political motivated rumours and how its control can be achieved.
Keywords: Rumor propagation, Political motivated rumour, Epidemiological models; stability analysis, Transition parameter
Assessment of Human Perception on the Impact of Climate Change and Population Growth on Water Scarcity in Katsina Urban Area, Katsina State, Nigeria
Authors: Hassan Mudassir , Maiwada Abdulmalik Sada 
Published: January 2022

Water is part of the global resources facing a great threat from the current changing climate and population increase, its scarcity and dramatic decrease in Arid and semi-arid regions of the world implies a setback to socio-economic development. This study examines the impact of climate change and population increased on water scarcity in urban Katsina through human perception. A purposive sampling method was employed and a total of 245 questionnaires were administered to the household heads in the study area. Descriptive statistics of frequency distribution and percentage were used in the analysis of the collected data. The results revealed that majority (70.2%) of the respondents are aware of the changing climate and its impact on water resource. Changes in the volume of water resources over years in the study area was significantly decreased (well 67.6%, tap 72.5% and rainwater 47.3%) which resulted in scarcity as perceived by the respondents. Majority (53.8%) have no idea about the changes in volume of boreholes water. The most significant impacts of climate change on water resource in the study area were low rainfall duration and intensity, drying up of wells, lowering of water table and increase frequency and occurrence of drought. It is recommended that water resource supply infrastructures, integrated water resource management and creation of awareness on the impacts of climate change on water should be provided as part of the strategies to ameliorate the impact of climate change on water resources.
Keywords: Climate change; Perception; Population Growth; Urban Katsina; Water scarcity.
Effect of fresh soy milk and its compounds on apoptosis in human leukemic cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Ali Qalidah Mohamad , Kumolosasi Endang , Bakry Mohd Makmor 
Published: January 2022

Purpose: To determine the effect of fresh soy milk and its compounds (coumestrol, daidzein and genistein) on apoptosis in human leukemic cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).
Methods: The apoptotic effect of fresh soy milk and its compounds on human leukemic cells (K562, Jurkat, U937) and PBMC was determined by flow cytometry. The PBMC from healthy donors were isolated by conducting density gradient centrifugation principle. Lymphoprep and cytotoxicity of the compounds was evaluated by 3-(4,5- ‘;1dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) MTT) assay.
Results: PBMC treatment of daidzein and genistein had a significantly higher half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value (p < 0.01) and (p < 0.0001), compared to the leukemia cells. In addition, soy milk had a significantly higher IC50 value (p < 0.05) in PBMC than the leukemia cells. Coumestrol induced a significantly increased apoptotic cells in K562, U937 cells (p < 0.01) and Jurkat cells (p < 0.05). However, daidzein only increased apoptosis (p < 0.05) in K562 and U937. Genistein reported a significantly increased apoptotic cell in K562, Jurkat (p < 0.01) and U937 cells (p < 0.001). Nonetheless, in PBMC, significant apoptosis by the compounds did not occur. However, only soy milk induced a significantly increased apoptosis in PBMC (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The findings indicate that coumestrol, daidzein, genistein and soy milk inhibits the viability of leukemia cells by apoptosis induction, but they are non-toxic toward normal cells. Therefore, the results suggest that the compound alone, and thus, soy milk might have a therapeutic effect in leukemia.