bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development and Implementation of a Generation Program on the American Gas and Electric Company System: 1—System Fundamentals
Authors: Sporn Philip 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The paper discusses the fundamentals considered in the development of an optimum power supply for the American Gas and Electric Company System. The recent rapid growth in electric-power demand on this system has required the construction of five new generating plants in less than seven years; emphasis in this paper is on the two most recent additions, Kanawha River Plant of Appalachian Electric Power Company and Muskingum River Plant of The Ohio Power Company. The paper describes the American Gas and Electric Company System, a review of the plant sites and the reasons for selecting these sites, as well as considerations involved in selecting equipment of very large unit size, all of which have been projected in terms of mass production of electric power, with strong emphasis placed on plant location, transmission, and fuel supply to provide a reliable system power supply at the lowest possible cost.
Effect of Temperature Variation on the Long-Time Rupture Strength of Steels
Authors: Robinson Ernest L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a method of computing the factor of safety of a structural member with reference to a stated life, when operating under stress at high temperature when the temperature varies or when the stress varies moderately according to some definite pattern. The formulas presented herein are based on the supposition that the expenditure of each particular fraction of the life span at elevated temperature is independent of and without influence upon the expenditure of all other fractions of the life to rupture. The author makes no claim that this assumption is wholly true. The suggested procedure is offered simply to provide a means for making engineering estimates with some greater validity than always to assume that the worst conditions are present all the time. The desirability of taking account of certain additional influences which may differ from one material to another is recognized.
Oil Flow, Key Factor in Sleeve-Bearing Performance
Authors: Wilcock D. F. , Rosenblatt Murray 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The determination and understanding of the performance characteristics of cylindrical sleeve bearings is based upon three relationships. These are (a) the viscosity-temperature characteristic of the lubricant; (b) the bearing power consumption as a function of oil-film temperature; and (c) the oil flow through the bearing as a function of Sommerfeld number. The first two are well known, and this paper is concerned primarily with the nature and quantitative determination of oil flow, together with the simplified methods for the calculation of bearing performance made possible thereby. The discussion is restricted to those bearings having oil fed under pressure to their oil-distribution grooves. Oil flows from the ends of these bearings because of the pressure in the oil grooves and because of the pressures generated in the load-carrying portion of the oil film. The second type of flow is dependent upon shaft speed. Dimensionless parameters controlling both types of flow have been calculated, and experimental results on several bearing sizes confirm the theory. A detailed study of the circumferential flow of oil in the bearing shows that Petroff’s law is an excellent approximation of power loss up to an eccentricity of 0.7, and that the temperature variation in the oil film may be estimated with simple assumptions. Knowledge of bearing oil-flow characteristics permits the ready calculation of bearing performance by means of the “operating-line method.”
Pulsations in Gas-Compressor Systems
Authors: Chilton E. G. , Handley L. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the causes of pulsation, their effects on the piping and the compressor, and the methods by which pulsations can be reduced. By means of an analogy to electrical networks, the interaction between the compressor and the piping can be visualized more easily, and the action of the system can be expressed in mathematical form. The resultant equations are not readily solvable but can be simplified and solved for the special cases which have a tank or filter close to the compressor. The results of the computations are compared with experiments on a laboratory compressor and a few large-size installations. They are expressed in the form of graphs which make it possible to select an appropriately sized surge tank or filter for any compressor and any allowable pulse magnitude.
Heat Transfer and Fluid Friction During Flow Across Banks of Tubes—IV: A Study of the Transition Zone Between Viscous and Turbulent Flow
Authors: Bergelin O. P. , Brown G. A. , Doberstein S. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The experimental results of a long-term research program on flow across tube banks have been extended from the zone of viscous flow through the transition zone and well into the zone of turbulent flow. Pressure drop and rate of heat transfer are reported for the flow of a light oil across five rectangular banks of ⅜-in-diam tubes. Equilateral triangle, staggered square, and in-line square arrangements on a 1.25 pitch ratio, and equilateral triangle and in-line square arrangements on a 1.50 pitch ratio are discussed. The flow rate of the oil covers a Reynolds number range of from 25 to 10,000. Heating, cooling, and isothermal tests are reported.
The Effect of High-Frequency Sound Waves on an Air-Propane Flame
Authors: Kippenhan C. J. , Croft H. O. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper describes measurements of normal flame velocity of propane-air mixtures by the “burner method.” The experimental burner was so arranged that high-frequency sound could be introduced into the burner and allowed to travel through the gas-mixture column and combustion zone. Experimental measurements indicate that high-frequency sound does not change the magnitude of the normal flame velocity. Visual observations disclose a change of combustion-zone configuration of sound-influenced flames from the usual “cone” to a flattened bowl shape for laminar flames, and to a suspended violently agitated zone in the case of turbulent flames, both possessing remarkable stability.
The Free-Piston Engine Development—Present Status and Design Aspects
Authors: London A. L. , Oppenheim A. K. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Three applications of free-piston engines are considered: (a) An internal-combustion engine air compressor combination where the useful output is compressed air for pneumatic purposes. (b) An air compressor combustion-chamber combination for the production of hot gases under pressure for use in a turbine to produce shaft work. (c) The compressor system as described in (a) together with a combustion chamber for internal-combustion heating of the compressed air and then a turbine to utilize the hot gases for the production of shaft work. Performance data for several existing free-piston systems are presented together with the results of cycle studies. The thermodynamic-dynamic design aspects are considered relative to the conventional crank-type reciprocating internal-combustion-engine system. The general conclusion reached is that the free-piston system has the prime advantages of excellent thermodynamic performance combined with mechanical simplicity. Consequently, a major development effort appears to be well warranted.
Investigations of Axial-Flow Compressors
Authors: Bowen J. T. , Sabersky R. H. , Rannie W. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An approximate theory of the general perfect fluid flow in axial turbomachines is presented. The validity of the simplifying assumptions of the theory is justified by comparison with flow patterns measured in a large, low-speed, axial-flow compressor. It is concluded that the theory is convenient to apply and is sufficiently accurate for most engineering purposes. Performance data on blading designed for two and three-dimensional flow show that the blade types have comparable efficiencies. It is suggested that the advantages of unconventional blade types be exploited by designers. The flow regions in which fluid viscosity is important are shown. Experimental studies of cascade losses in the compressor indicate these losses to be greater than those measured in a cascade test tunnel. Measurements show that the rate of growth of the wall boundary layer need not be unusually great in an axial-flow compressor.
Residual Stresses in Machined Surfaces
Authors: Henriksen E. K. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Experiments on measuring stresses in castings for precision equipment in the early 1930’s, led to an investigation of stresses formed by the cutting action. The stress-inducing effect of single-point tools working in steels with varying carbon content has been studied, and methods for computing the stresses induced have been developed. Highly concentrated stresses (up to 100,000 psi) are produced. In ductile materials, such as carbon steel, the stresses are, generally, tensile, in cast iron they are compressive. Methods of investigation are described and data are given for stresses produced in various materials, by various tools, and under various cutting conditions. The possible detrimental effects of the existence of these stresses are discussed.
New Technique for Obtaining Heat-Transfer Parameters of the Wall and Combustion Gas in a Rocket Motor
Authors: Ellion M. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The design of regeneratively cooled rocket motors has been hindered seriously by the lack of available data for the physical properties of both the propellants and alloys used in rocket-motor construction. Bell Aircraft has initiated a program to extend the accuracy and range of available data together with an attempt to broaden the fundamental basis for generalizing the heat-transfer analysis. The program includes a laboratory-test study of the heat transfer through liquid-coolant film, combustion-gas film, and rocket-motor wall. This paper is primarily concerned with the heat transfer through the rocket wall. A test method is discussed for obtaining gas side wall temperatures in a rocket motor in order to evaluate the suitability of various alloys for rocket-motor construction. Eight alloys have been studied by employing a thick-walled water-cooled nozzle into which cylindrical specimens could be inserted for tests. The heat flows and wall temperatures have been determined by employing the nozzle as a heat meter and by using a new calculation method that accounts for variable thermal properties with temperature. The thermal conductivities of all alloys tested have been determined accurately by the Institute of Research, Lehigh University. A modification of this technique is suggested for measuring the combustion-gas film coefficient in a rocket motor.
Phosphoric-Acid-Cleaning of Boilers
Authors: Purcell T. E. , Whirl S. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The demand for clean surfaces, the ability to reach otherwise inaccessible areas, and the speed of the process have been largely responsible for the acceptance of acid-cleaning of high-pressure, high-heat-input boilers. It provides a convenient method with a minimum of labor for removing rust and mill scale from new boilers and water-formed insoluble deposits from old ones. Despite its recognized undesirable features, inhibited hydrochloric acid is generally used for this purpose. Because of the limitations and adverse effects of hydrochloric acid, which were quite evident during the authors’ experience in the cleaning of two boilers, the possibility of using phosphoric acid for boiler cleaning was investigated in the laboratory. These experiments demonstrated that inhibited phosphoric acid is a good solvent without the unfavorable properties and characteristics of inhibited hydrochloric acid. Guided by the results of this study, inhibited phosphoric acid was used successfully for removing rust and mill scale from a new boiler.
Accurate Spring Counterbalancing
Authors: Rouverol W. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The design of spring counterbalances for commercial purposes customarily has involved a sacrifice in accuracy for the sake of simplicity and economy. Overhead garage doors, automobile trunks, pipe hangers, and many other such products are ordinarily provided with a simple form of spring loading which produces true equilibrium at some central position but 10 to 15 per cent over or under-balancing at the extreme positions. This paper shows that this compromise with real accuracy is unnecessary and describes a method for attaining perfect full-rotation counterbalancing by the proper connection of a standard helical spring.
On the Design of Rotor-Coil Support Rings
Authors: Ryan J. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The construction of large-capacity turbogenerators has placed greater importance upon the evenness of the distribution of the field coils under the rotor-coil support rings. This paper discusses the increase in stresses in the ring due to uneven distribution of the coils, describes a photoelastic investigation for the purpose of checking the theoretical analysis, and suggests that uniform distribution of the coils would reduce the stresses in the rotor-coil support ring.
Centrifugally Cast Bronze-Back Bearings for Heavy-Duty Operation
Authors: Tichvinsky L. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The art of centrifugally casting bronze-backed bearings for use in heavy-duty Diesel engines is only 4 to 5 years old and was introduced by the United States Navy at the end of the last war. Steel-backed bearing material will withstand any actually applied loads in operation without permanent deformation, because of adequate physical properties. However, sand-cast bronze-backed bearings did not operate satisfactorily when subjected to high cyclic loads. The introduction of centrifugally cast bronze for that purpose made it possible to use successfully bronze-backed bearings for heavy-duty application. This paper describes the performance and the salient points of manufacture of centrifugally cast bronze-backed bearings. Comparison of the sand-cast and of centrifugally cast bronzes are discussed and the advantages of the latter are mentioned. Methods of rational casting of bearing-back-bronze material are also discussed in detail and steps for the improvement of their physical properties are indicated.
Discharge Measurements by Means of Venturi Tubes
Authors: Jorissen A. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An attempt is made to present a comprehensive idea of the actual stage of development of the method of flow measurement by means of Venturi tubes. Use has been made here of (a) the latest available American and European Standards, published by the various national associations: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1937; Ente nazionale per l’Unificazione nell’ Industria, 1938; British Standards Institution, 1943; Verein deutscher Ingenieure, 1948; Association francaise de Normalisation, 1949. (b) The decisions taken at the international meetings of the Committees on Flow Measurement: ISA 30, Helsinki, 1939; ISO 30, Paris, 1948. (c) Published research reports. Both the nozzle-type and the Herschel-type Venturi are discussed from the viewpoints of discharge coefficient and pressure losses. The conclusions point out the need of further research and the necessity of an international standardization.
Furnace Heat Absorption in Pulverized-Coal-Fired Steam Generator, Willow Island Station: Part II—Variation in Heat Absorption as Shown by Measurement of Surface Temperature of Exposed Side of Furnace Tubes
Authors: Ely F. G. , Twyman N. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
During the month of June, 1949, a series of thirteen furnace tests were conducted at Willow Island Power Station, a new plant on the system of The Monongahela Power Company, located at Willow Island, West Va. The test program was carried out under the auspices of the ASME Special Research Committee on Furnace Performance Factors, and represents the third in a sequence of field investigations undertaken by the committee for direct measurement of operating performance of commercially important furnace types, previous tests having been conducted at Tidd Station in 1945, and at Paddy’s Run Station in 1947 and 1948. A companion paper describing the tests at Willow Island, deals with the measurement of over-all furnace heat absorption by heat-balance method. The present paper is concerned with supplementary and independent measurements of furnace heat absorption obtained from special thermocouples installed in the furnace wall tubes.
Nondimensional Study of Proportional-Plus-Reset Control of a Single-Capacity System
Authors: Hrones J. A. , Reswick J. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Many systems where the automatic regulation of one variable is an important problem may be considered single-capacity systems. In such systems the entire energy (nearly) stored can be expressed quantitatively in terms of a single variable. Some examples of such systems are shown in Fig. 1. As the dynamic behavior of all linear single-capacity systems can be described by the same relationships, a nondimensional study of the regulation of such a system is applicable to all single-capacity systems. To give physical reality to the discussion this study is developed around the problem of the speed governing of a rotating disk in the presence of viscous damping.
Collection and Burning of Locomotive Cinders
Authors: Boer E. J. , Allen J. M. , Landry B. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Standing tests of the Norfolk and Western Railway locomotive No. 1112 equipped with a cinder collector designed at Battelle were conducted to determine the percentage collected and the percentage burned when returned to the firebox. Results of the tests, which were sponsored by Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., and the Norfolk and Western Railway, indicate that an average of 80 per cent of the cinders are separated from the flue gases and about half of the reinjected cinders are burned. By far the greater part of these burn in the bed, thereby releasing their ash on the grate. At the highest rate of burning used, the fuel consumption was reduced 10.5 per cent and the stack emission was reduced 55 per cent by collection and reinjection of cinders from the resultant-size coal. Substitution of a double-screened coal for the resultant size gave, with collection and reinjection, an over-all reduction in fuel consumption of 16.4 per cent and a reduction in stack emission of 65 per cent, as compared with the use of the resultant size without collection and reinjection.
A Summary of Viscosity and Heat-Conduction Data for He, A, H2, O2, N2, CO, CO2, H2O, and Air
Authors: Keyes F. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The available viscosity data in the literature have been collected, reduced to a uniform basis, and formulated by means of an empirical equation containing three constants. At very high temperatures, the equation approaches the form of the Sutherland formula. In the case of helium and argon, it was not found possible to represent the data over the whole temperature range of the available measurements with a single set of constants. Attention is called to the fact that the available viscosity data are in many instances known over a sufficiently long temperature range and with an accuracy which requires for its representation a more exact knowledge of the intermolecular field than can be obtained from the application in transport theory of a two-constant field representation. The question of the viscosity of mixtures is discussed briefly, and the use of a theoretical formula deduced by Enskog is illustrated by application to the binary mixtures, hydrogen-carbon dioxide and hydrogen-propane. The formulation of the available heat-conductivity data for the substances listed in the title has been carried out using an equation of the same general form applied for viscosities. A table of formula constants for the substances is given.
Measurements of the Heat Conductivity of Nitrogen–Carbon Dioxide Mixtures
Authors: Keyes F. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Measurements have been made of the heat conductivity at 0, 50, and 150 C for three mixtures of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. At 50 C the conductivity of the pure compounds was measured over a range of pressure for constituents and mixtures. A discussion of the pressure effects is given, based upon a theoretical formula deduced by Enskog for pure gases, and it is found that to a good approximation the coefficients of p/T for the mixtures are a linear function of the composition. In the course of making the measurements on the mixtures a limit was observed of the pressures at which accurate results could be obtained. It is suggested in explanation of the phenomenon, that thermal diffusion causes a separation of the constituents in the temperature gradient of the apparatus. The conductivity cell employed was designed for measurements in the case of pure gases, to pressures far in excess of the pressures at which the effect was observed for the binary mixtures. The Enskog equation for the heat conductivity of binary mixtures at low pressure is applied to the heat-conductivity data for hydrogen-carbon dioxide at two temperatures and also to the new conductivity results for nitrogen-carbon dioxide mixtures. The comparison of observed and computed conductivities suggests the desirability of making new measurements on the hydrogen-carbon dioxide mixtures to determine whether or not the effect noted in making the new measurements has invalidated the older data.
Study of Linear-Resistance Flowmeters
Authors: Fleming F. W. , Binder R. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A linear or linear-resistance type of flowmeter can consist of a straight piece of pipe with a porous plug, or a resistance element, and a differential gage across the porous plug. In a certain flow range the volume rate of flow through the meter is directly proportional to the pressure drop across the plug. An investigation was made of linear flowmeters with cotton and steel-wool plug elements. The tests covered a range of pipe sizes, plug lengths, and plug specific weights. Typical characteristic curves are presented. A set of dimensionless ratios is proposed for a correlation of all the data for general application.
Viscosity and Density of Lubricating Oils from 0 to 150,000 Psig and 32 to 425 F
Authors: Bradbury Donald , Mark Melvin , Kleinschmidt R. V. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This is a summary of work done at Harvard University over the past two years under an ASME Grant, sponsored by the Special Research Committee on Lubrication. The studies involved obtaining data over a wide pressure and temperature range on the viscosity of a selected group of lubricants.
Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Steel Valve Casting After 50,000 Hours of Service at 900 F
Authors: Armstrong T. N. , Greene R. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Extensive tests have indicated that nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel, conforming to the requirements of ASTM Specifications A-217 is very resistant to graphitization under conditions imposed in the laboratory in testing cast valves and fittings of this composition for steam temperatures up to 950 F. Through the co-operation of The Detroit Edison Company a cast-steel valve of approximately WC-4 composition that had been in service over 6 years was made available for study. The paper describes tests made on this valve and the results obtained.