bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legal Philosophy and the Nature of Law
Authors: Dickson Julie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins to consider the issue of whether one important part of legal philosophy can seek to identify and explain the nature of law. It explores aspects of the idea that law is something that exists in our social reality, and that has a character that legal philosophy attempts to identify and explain. It considers what might need to be the case in order for law—a socially constituted and human-made entity—to have a nature, and to have properties which make law into what it is. It outlines some initial considerations relevant to the issue of whether law has a nature: the necessary/contingent distinction; the sense in which law exists in our social reality; and factors which may tell in favour of law having a nature. It concludes with a plea to understand legal philosophical claims about the nature of law in a metaphysically modest and domain-apt manner.
Aquaculture terminology and basic concepts
Authors: Kültz Dietmar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Advancement of aquaculture depends on a thorough understanding of the ecological value of clean water as its main resource. Therefore, ecologically sustainable aquaculture must be properly incentivized to achieve maximal production yield while minimizing reliance on ecosystem services, and maximizing animal welfare and the ratio of food security versus food waste. Seafood is produced by capture fisheries and aquaculture, but only aquaculture continues to increase to keep step with a growing human population and increased per capita consumption. Most aquaculture is practised in freshwater while most capture fisheries take place in the oceans. Mariculture represents aquaculture in seawater and brackish water. Aquaculture systems are diverse, including extensive, semi-intensive, intensive, open, closed, sea ranching, restocking, mono- and polyculture, and multi-trophic integrated approaches. Currently, the most common aquaculture systems are open semi-intensive ponds, cage, and flow-through systems, which rely heavily on common property ecosystem services. Domestication of many aquatic species has started at the beginning of the twentieth century, although some carp (koi, goldfish) have been domesticated for much longer. Animal aquaculture development is now paralleled by the development of methods for growing cell-based seafood, which does not require animal husbandry but relies on aquatic animal cell lines.
Domestication of aquaculture species
Authors: Kültz Dietmar 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDomestication alters genotypes and phenotypes of organisms by changing the selection pressures experienced in captivity compared to those found in natural habitats. Domestication causes significant genetic (and epigenetic) changes in aquatic animals within just a few generations and is often biased towards artificial selection of production traits (growth), but also has potential for reducing the ecological footprint of production and improving animal welfare. Traditional crossbreeding utilizes genetic or physical markers to select for desirable phenotypes (traits), which can be induced by imposing environmental stress on gametes. Stress alters karyotypes (i.e. chromosome structure and ploidy [chromosome copy number]). Genetic engineering represents a rapid way of manipulating genomes with molecular tools that permanently alter the DNA of engineered organisms and their offspring. Two types of genetic engineering are common: 1) insertion of foreign DNA into the genome (random or transposase mediated); and 2) gene targeting/editing (requires specific nucleases). Genetic engineering creates genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which are invaluable models for basic research to establish causality between genotype and phenotype. The commercial production of GMOs has benefits that must be weighed on a case-by-case basis against their pitfalls. Pleiotropy of genes renders assessment of GMO impacts on organisms, ecosystems, and food security difficult and consumer acceptance of GMOs is low. Stock enhancement and sea ranching rely on releasing, rather than confining, hatchery-raised offspring. They require elaborate genetic management plans. Post-release monitoring of genetic diversity of restocked populations is facilitated by physical and genetic markers but restocking impacts are unpredictable.
Overview of aquaculture species diversity
Authors: Kültz Dietmar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Aquaculture species diversity is much greater than that of farmed terrestrial species and they occupy more diverse positions within the network of life. The species that form the network of life are classified by the discipline of taxonomy founded by Carl von Linné, who introduced the unambiguous binomial nomenclature of species. Taxonomic classification of species within higher-level categories in the network of life is based on their phylogenetic (ancestral) relationships that can be revealed by comparing their genomes. Many aquatic animals are used for aquaculture, but three taxa dominate: fish (class of subphylum vertebrates), molluscs (a phylum), and crustaceans (subphylum of phylum arthropods). Although many aquatic species are being cultured, only a handful of fish, mollusc, and crustacean species are produced at high quantity and account for most of global seafood production. Freshwater fish, in particular carp, contribute most to aquaculture yields. A single marine species of crustaceans (Western whiteleg shrimp) accounts for more than half of crustacean aquaculture, the remainder being contributed mostly by freshwater crayfish and prawns. Molluscs are farmed almost exclusively by mariculture with cupped oysters such as the Pacific (Japanese) cupped oyster dominating mollusc aquaculture for production of seafood. Aquaculture production of marine seaweed has tripled since the turn of the millennium but its exact contribution to seafood production is difficult to estimate because of alternative uses.
Mollusc aquaculture
Authors: Kültz Dietmar 
Published: December 2022

AbstractMollusc aquaculture accounts for 22% of animal aquaculture and 60% of animal mariculture. Most aquaculture molluscs are bivalves, although some are gastropods, notably abalone. Bivalves develop via the trochophore, veliger, and pediveliger larval stages. After attachment, the pediveliger metamorphoses into spat. Mollusc aquaculture is divided into two major phases: 1) spat collection and juvenile development and 2) grow-out. Often the first phase is performed in intensive hatcheries while grow-out is by extensive mariculture. Extensive grow-out methods are on-bottom culture, off-bottom culture on poles or racks, and suspension culture using anchored rafts or long horizontal lines. Oysters dominate mollusc aquaculture production, and the Japanese cupped oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is the species with the highest seafood yield. Aquaculture mussels are represented by marine species of the genera Mytilus and Perna. Unlike oysters and mussels, clams prefer soft sediment substrate into which they can burrow. The Japanese carpet shell (Venerupis philippinarum) is a clam and represents the second- most produced aquaculture species of mollusc. Commercial aquaculture also produces several species of scallops, which are free-living bivalves. Commercially important pearl mussels include the freshwater triangle shell (Hyriopsis cumingii) while most marine pearl oysters belong to the genus Pinctada. Abalone are aquaculture gastropods produced for restocking declining natural populations, to process their large foot muscle as seafood, and to make jewellery. Aquaculture bivalves are filter feeders and considered extractive species. However, they are heterotrophs that generate organic waste and mollusc aquaculture approaches differ widely in their ecological sustainability.
Abiotic parameters
Authors: Kültz Dietmar 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAbiotic parameters that are critical for aquaculture include temperature, photoperiod, turbidity, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO) and carbon dioxide (CO2), pH, and water hardness. Temperature controls metabolic and growth rates through the Q10 effect. Temperature control is only feasible in closed recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) and heating is easier and more economical than cooling. Photoperiod is critical for reproduction and can be manipulated in hatcheries to maximize fecundity and shorten breeding intervals, enable continuous feeding, and prevent hypoxia. Turbidity is a measure of undissolved (suspended) particles and a direct indicator of water quality and eutrophication. Salinity is a measure of the concentration of dissolved inorganic ions (salts) while osmolality includes the concentration of both inorganic ions and organic osmolytes in aqueous fluids. Many aquaculture animals have relatively wide salinity and temperature-tolerances, that is, they are euryhaline and eurythermal, have been selected for high environmental resilience during domestication, and perform well in captivity under a wide range of conditions. DO concentration must be monitored closely in all aquaculture systems because it is much lower than oxygen levels in air and subject to daily fluctuations; DO should always be maintained at or near saturation levels and hypoxia must be avoided by using aeration devices. Dissolved CO2, pH, and water hardness are closely interrelated abiotic parameters referred to as the aquatic carbonate system. This system is strongly impacted by liming, which is a common procedure before stocking aquaculture ponds.
Introduction
Authors: Bittelli Marco , Olmi Roberto , Rosa Rodolfo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe subject of random or stochastic processes analysis is a very important part of scientific inquire. The terms stochastic and random process are used interchangeably. Random processes are used as mathematical models for a large number of phenomena in physics, chemistry, biology, computer science, information theory, economics, environmental science and others. Each subject is described and problems are implemented in the R code, with real data collected in experiments performed by the authors or taken from the literature. With this intent, the reader can promptly apply the analysis to her or his own data, making the subject operational. Consistent with modern trends in university instruction, the book make readers active learners, with hands-on computer experiments directing readers through applications of random process analysis (RPA).
Spectrum Analysis
Authors: Bittelli Marco , Olmi Roberto , Rosa Rodolfo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe analysis of random processes requires a thorough understanding of spectrum and noise analysis. In Chapter 6, Fourier transforms for deterministic and stochastic time series are presented, with application to spectrum analysis. The spectrum analysis for stochastic signal is presented with application to white and coloured noise. The Singular Spectrum Analysis technique is also presented, for analysis and removal of trend.
Bayesian Inference and Stochastic Processes
Authors: Bittelli Marco , Olmi Roberto , Rosa Rodolfo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractChapter 8 focus on a cornerstone of modern statistics, Bayesian inference. Here Bayesian inference is applied for description of autoregressive processes. After introducing the main concepts, examples applied to real data of temperature and CO2 concentration in Antarctica, as well as radar detection, are presented. Bayesian analysis of the Poisson process is presented with the waiting-time paradox. The Chapter ends with an application to lighthouse detection as a remarkable example of Bayesian inference.
Genetic algorithms: an evolutionary-based global random search
Authors: Bittelli Marco , Olmi Roberto , Rosa Rodolfo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractRandom process are used as tools for random search in minimization algorithm, as an alternative to gradient-based searching algorithm used for instance in least square optimization. Genetic algorithms are presented in the Chapter 9, with application to non linear fitting, autoregressive moving average models. As an example of improved optimization with respect to other approaches, the travelling salesman problem is here solved with genetic algorithms.
Spatial Analysis
Authors: Bittelli Marco , Olmi Roberto , Rosa Rodolfo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractChapter 11 addresses a topic that is not traditionally described in books about random processes: spatial analysis. It is nevertheless an important subject dealing with the application of statistical concepts to properties varying in space. The Chapter provides an introduction to geostatistical concepts and then present a novel approach, where spatial and temporal analysis are combined into a stochastic analysis of spatio-temporal processes. At the end of the chapter, the optimization procedure for spatial parameter is computed also with genetic algorithm, showing the possibility of connecting and applying various techniques presented in the book.
Pulled East
Authors: Meijer Hugo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Among Europe’s three major powers, France retains the largest foothold in the Asia-Pacific in the form of overseas territories, exclusive economic zones (EEZ) and forward deployed forces—largely as the by-product of its colonial history. This chapter examines the evolution of French foreign and security policy in the Asia-Pacific since 1989. It shows that China’s growing assertiveness after 2009—and French policymakers’ perceptions of it—has been the central driver of change in French foreign and security policy in the region. Specifically, rising economic interests in the region and, crucially, heightened threat perceptions of the People’s Republic of China have pulled France strategically into the Asia-Pacific. The first two sections examine the key drivers of France’s security policy in the Asia-Pacific, namely its economic interests in the region and its threat perceptions of China respectively. The subsequent two sections show how these drivers have, in turn, caused Paris’s policy goals and instruments to change over time.
Rigour
Authors: Cartwright Nancy , Hardie Jeremy , Montuschi Eleonora , Soleiman Matthew , Thresher Ann C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
What is rigour? What is it meant to achieve? Suppose the defining features of a rigorous process to be not-trivial, auditable, rule-based, precise, integrable, and based on a valid argument. Using randomised controlled trials as an example, we argue that it is not enough to satisfy such requirements. What these can establish is very narrow in scope. They do not of themselves make it likely, let alone guarantee, results that are reliable for most of what we want to do with science, for example, predicting the outcome when you put a policy into action. This is a problem with all such methods, not just RCTs: they can, even if successful, merely certify through rigour the truth of very narrow claims. The reliability that science delivers requires more than such certification.
The School at Ajmeri Gate
Authors: Razzack Azra , Siddiqui Atyab 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This book is a story of an educational institution situated at Ajmeri Gate, Delhi, just outside what was once known as Shahjahanabad—the Anglo Arabic School. This book explores an educational journey that has its beginnings nearly three centuries ago. Prior to the existence of this school, the campus at Ajmeri Gate had housed the Ghaziuddin madrasa and the famed Delhi College. The book documents the journey of the school from its inception in the late 19th century, its progress in the first half of the 20th century and finally it’s shutting down at the time of partition. The story then moves on to the school’s subsequent regeneration in post-independent India and analyses its journey ever since. It also explores the complex relationship between the school and the community it seeks to serve. In telling the story of the Anglo Arabic School a number of stories are unpacked. Today the school offers a solace to the ‘Delhiwalas’—a remnant of the bygone days. A reminder of the community’s glory and grandeur. With many generations of families having studied here the story of this school is as much about the Muslim community as it is about an educational institution. ‘The School at Ajmeri Gate’ provides a nuanced understanding of the working of an educational institution catering to the largely marginalized sections of the Muslim community. It is also a record of the complexities that arise in attempting to bring about change in a Muslim institution in a ghettoised setting. The insights it provides are illuminative and challenge many of the dominant perceptions of the reasons for Muslim educational backwardness. For those willing to bring about reform, this study draws attention to where it is needed most.
Founding of an Institution and Its Journey
Authors: Razzack Azra , Siddiqui M. Atyab 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter I, Founding of an Institution and Its Journey, is about the founding of the institutions on the campus of Madrasa Ghaziuddin. The establishment of the Anglo Arabic School in 1872 and its growth till 1947 has been explored. The chapter discusses in brief about the founder of the madrasa, Ghaziuddin Khan, the establishment of the Delhi College and its shutting down to give way to the establishment of a college at Lahore. The setting up of the school in 1872 and its shifting to the campus at Ajmeri gate is discussed. The chapter goes on to discuss the controversy around the shias and sunnis at the college and the Itimaduddaulah fund. Progress of the school and the performance of the students provide interesting information. Appointment of C. Eyre Walker as the principal, the growth of the institution to a degree college and the setting up of a girls’ school with an endowment made by a resident of Meerut, Mohammed Ahmad. There is a brief discussion on the relationship of the school with institutions like the Jama Masjid and the Fatehpuri Mosque committees and the financial support extended by them to the school in times of need. The inauguration in 1938 of a new ‘Anglo Arabic College and Schools Society’ and the passing of the control of the schools and college in the hands of the Muslim community of Delhi.
Managing Affairs
Authors: Razzack Azra , Siddiqui M. Atyab 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter III, Managing Affairs, examines the arrangement of the school in its post-independence period—its management, its affiliation, its finances—simply put, its systems and structures. How does the school operate and what are the legalities under which it functions are discussed and analysed here. The various pinpricks which the institution faces vis-à-vis its financial resources, relationship with the Directorate of Education, Jamia Millia Islamia, the tenuous minority character, interference by Waqf board and various stakeholders are reflected. The community, the alumni, and the local petty politicians too see themselves as a defender of the legacy of the institution. This poses a challenge. Frequent rifts and clashes are thus inevitable. As a consequence, the smooth and seamless functioning of the institution is adversely impacted.
Challenges: Conflict and Drama
Authors: Razzack Azra , Siddiqui M. Atyab 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter VI titled Challenges: Conflict and Drama discusses the conflicts and challenges faced by the school in its journey since independence. Their range is varied—from the unauthorized occupation of the campus by teachers and staff to the forced entry into the school grounds by devotees of the dargah; from the presence of a red light area in the vicinity of the school to the sale of liquor just outside its gate; from spats with the Delhi Development Authority officials to spats with the community; from bureaucratic diktats of the Directorate of Education to the politics played out by the Waqf Board; and elections fought for positions in the Governing Body—all this and much more have kept the management of the school embroiled in controversy on a near regular basis. Truancy, mischief, and other disruptions and distractions faced by the school are discussed. The setting up of the Anglo Arabic Model School on the same campus and issues related to its recognition too are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Khan Razak 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The introduction to the book explores the historiography of Muslim identity and princely state politics in colonial India. It points at the existing frameworks and raises new questions and approaches on the issue of local history, identifications, belonging and public culture. It highlights the importance of locality and space in order to understand Muslim identities, politics and histories. The argument is that we need to move beyond such homogeneous categories as nation and region, and attempt to comprehend local dynamics that allow a better and closer understanding of the specificities of historical re-negotiations of politics and identity by Muslims in South Asia. This book does so by focusing on the histories and politics of Muslims in Rampur—the last Muslim-ruled princely state in the colonial United Provinces.
Courtly Modernity
Authors: Khan Razak 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 critiques the historical amnesia created by the stereotype about Nawabi rule as “decadent” and the reformist discourse of Rampur as “Harampur” or place of decadence and illegality. The chapter points at the cultural creativity of Nawab Hamid Ali Khan in re-inventing his rule by recasting the patronage tradition, away from the court towards an emergent national public culture. A close look at these local histories of patronage of “cultural artefacts” especially of manuscript, music, and medicine showed the different historical and cultural landscapes in which Rampur existed not in the periphery, but as a centre (markaz) of cultural politics. It also shows the limits of mapping Rampur only within the space of Muslim princely states; Rampur, it emerges, was connected with not just Muslim principalities, but through cultural networks with other princely states and British India.
Short- and long-term responses of leaf day respiration to elevated atmospheric CO2
Authors: Sun Yan Ran , Ma Wei Ting , Xu Yi Ning , Wang Xuming , Li Lei , Tcherkez Guillaume , Gong Xiao Ying 
Published: December 2022

AbstractEvaluating leaf day respiration rate (RL), which is believed to differ from that in the dark (RDk), is essential for predicting global carbon cycles under climate change. Several studies have suggested that atmospheric CO2 impacts RL. However, the magnitude of such an impact and associated mechanisms remain uncertain. To explore the CO2 effect on RL, wheat (Triticum aestivum) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants were grown under ambient (410 ppm) and elevated (820 ppm) CO2 mole fraction ([CO2]). RL was estimated from combined gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements using the Kok method, the Kok-Phi method, and a revised Kok method (Kok-Cc method). We found that elevated growth [CO2] led to an 8.4% reduction in RL and a 16.2% reduction in RDk in both species, in parallel to decreased leaf N and chlorophyll contents at elevated growth [CO2]. We also looked at short-term CO2 effects during gas exchange experiments. Increased RL or RL/RDk at elevated measurement [CO2] were found using the Kok and Kok-Phi methods, but not with the Kok-Cc method. This discrepancy was attributed to the unaccounted changes in Cc in the former methods. We found that the Kok and Kok-Phi methods underestimate RL and overestimate the inhibition of respiration under low irradiance conditions of the Kok curve, and the inhibition of RL was only 6%, representing 26% of the apparent Kok effect. We found no significant long-term CO2 effect on RL/RDk, originating from a concurrent reduction in RL and RDk at elevated growth [CO2], and likely mediated by acclimation of nitrogen metabolism.