bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sarcopenic obesity in liver disease: Handling both sides of the penny
Authors: Hui Yangyang , Cui Binxin , Wang Xiaoyu , Sun Mingyu , Li Yifan , Yang Wanting , Guo Gaoyue , Mao Lihong , Yu Zihan , Fan Xiaofei , Sun Chao 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSkeletal muscle and fat tissue show distinct pathophysiological roles and pivotal functions. The culmination of muscle wasting and fat accumulation represents an opposite terminal of each state. Specifically, this situation has been designated as sarcopenic obesity. However, sarcopenic obesity still lacks a unanimous definition, diagnostic criteria, and generalized modalities for assessment in the context of versatile liver diseases. Moreover, the underpinning mechanisms by which a combination of abnormal skeletal muscle and fat tissue leads to the progression of liver disease and impairs health‐related consequences are still elusive. Additionally, the interplay between skeletal muscle and fat, and the driving factors that shift different body compositions are not well understood. Therefore, in this review, we discuss skeletal muscle and fat components, with the purpose of conceptualization, as well as interpret their roles in liver diseases. We focus on the definitions, diagnostic criteria, and currently available measurements for sarcopenic obesity in the literature. We comprehensively discuss recent data and evidence regarding the potential role of sarcopenic obesity in the development and progression of numerous liver diseases and associated conditions, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver transplantation. Furthermore, explicit information related to the pathogenesis of sarcopenic obesity from basic research is also provided in this narrative review. Finally, we discuss, from the clinical perspective of view, how to manage sarcopenic obesity using nutritional, physical, and pharmacological methods.
State welfare automation, Working‐Class Agency, and Poverty in I, Daniel Blake
Authors: Furlan Brighente Miriam 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this review essay, I examined I, Daniel Blake, a film directed by Loach that depicts Daniel's life, a 59‐year‐old widowed woodworker, who had a heart attack and was unable to work, and the dehumanizing process he experiences when applying to receive government benefits in the United Kingdom. The movie shows how poor and working‐class people struggle to receive state assistance, to have at least something to eat and a place to live. Sadly, applicants often fail or give up midway because the welfare automation system is entirely online, and applicants often do not understand the jargon used by state employees, much less the questions on the application forms. Despite constraints, such as backlashes from the middle class, economic elite, and conservative politicians, the ill, single mothers, and Black people—usually the groups most affected by the welfare automation system—exercise their agency to survive the material and symbolic hardships of poverty, as seen in the scenes of the movie.
Impaired exercise outcomes with significant bronchodilator responsiveness in children with prematurity‐associated obstructive lung disease
Authors: Cousins Michael , Hart Kylie , Williams E. Mark , Kotecha Sailesh 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIntroductionPreterm‐born children have their normal in‐utero lung development interrupted, thus are at risk of short‐ and long‐term lung disease. Spirometry and exercise capacity impairments have been regularly reported in preterm‐born children especially those who developed chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD) in infancy. However, specific phenotypes may be differentially associated with exercise capacity. We investigated exercise capacity associated with prematurity‐associated obstructive (POLD) or prematurity‐associated preserved ratio of impaired spirometry (pPRISm) when compared to preterm‐ and term‐controls with normal lung function.Materials and MethodsPreterm‐ and term‐born children identified through home screening underwent in‐depth lung function and cardiorespiratory exercise testing, including administration of postexercise bronchodilator, as part of the Respiratory Health Outcomes in Neonates (RHiNO) study.ResultsFrom 241 invited children, aged 7–12 years, 202 underwent exercise testing including 18 children with POLD (percent predicted (%)FEV1 and FEV1/FVC < LLN); 12 pPRISm (%FEV1 < LLN and FEV1/FVC ≥ LLN), 106 preterm‐controls (PTc, %FEV1 ≥ LLN) and 66 term‐controls (Tc, %FEV1 > 90%). POLD children had reduced relative workload, peak O2 uptake, CO2 production, and minute ventilation compared to Tc, and used a greater proportion of their breathing reserve compared to both control groups. pPRISm and PTc children also had lower O2 uptake compared to Tc. POLD children had the greatest response to postexercise bronchodilator, improving their %FEV1 by 19.4% (vs 6.3%, 6% 6.3% in pPRISm PTc,Tc, respectively; p < .001).ConclusionPreterm‐born children with obstructive airway disease had the greatest impairment in exercise capacity, and significantly greater response to postexercise bronchodilators. These classifications can be used to guide treatment in children with POLD.
Introducing HyPeak: An international network on hydropeaking research, practice, and policy
Authors: Alp Maria , Batalla Ramon J. , Bejarano Maria Dolores , Boavida Isabel , Capra Hervé , Carolli Mauro , Casas‐Mulet Roser , Costa Maria João , Halleraker Jo Halvard , Hauer Christoph , Hayes Daniel S. , Harby Atle , Noack Markus , Palau Antoni , Schneider Matthias , Schönfelder Lennart , Tonolla Diego , Vanzo Davide , Venus Terese , Vericat Damià , Zolezzi Guido , Bruno Maria Cristina 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAn increase in the demand for renewable energy is driving hydropower development and its integration with variable renewable energy sources. When hydropower is produced flexibly from hydropower plants, it causes rapid and frequent artificial flow fluctuations in rivers, a phenomenon known as hydropeaking. Hydropeaking and associated hydrological alterations cause multiple impacts on riverine habitats with cascading effects on ecosystem functioning and structure. Given the significance of its ecological and socio‐economic implications, mitigation of hydropeaking requires an inter‐ and transdisciplinary approach. An interdisciplinary network called HyPeak has been conceived to enrich international research initiatives and support hydropower planning and policy. HyPeak has been founded based on exchange and networking activities linking scientists from several countries where hydropeaking has been widespread for decades and numerous studies dedicated to the topic have been carried out. HyPeak aims to integrate members from other countries and continents in which hydropower production plays a relevant role, and grow to be a reference group that provides expert advice on the topic to policy‐makers, as well as researchers, stakeholders, and practitioners in the field of hydropeaking.
Freestanding 2D NiFe Metal–Organic Framework Nanosheets: Facilitating Proton Transfer via Organic Ligands for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Liu Yizhe , Li Xintong , Sun Qidi , Wang Zilong , Huang Wei‐Hsiang , Guo Xuyun , Fan Zhanxi , Ye Ruquan , Zhu Ye , Chueh Chu‐Chen , Chen Chi‐Liang , Zhu Zonglong 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is crucial to electrochemical hydrogen production. However, designing and fabricating efficient electrocatalysts still remains challenging. By confinedly coordinating organic ligands with metal species in layered double hydroxides (LDHs), an innovative LDHs‐assisted approach is developed to facilely synthesize freestanding bimetallic 2D metal–organic framework nanosheets (2D MOF NSs), preserving the metallic components and activities in OER. Furthermore, the research has demonstrated that the incorporation of carboxyl organic ligands coordinated with metal atoms as proton transfer mediators endow 2D MOF NSs with efficient proton transfer during the electrochemical OHads → Oads transition. These freestanding NiFe‐2D MOF NSs require a small overpotential of 260 mV for a current density of 10 mA cm–2. When this strategy is applied to LDH nanosheets grown on nickel foam, the overpotential can be reduced to 221 mV. This outstanding OER activity supports the capability of multimetallic organic frameworks for the rational design of water oxidation electrocatalysts. This strategy provides a universal path to the synthesis of 2D MOF NSs that can be used as electrocatalysts directly.
Crystal Phase Conversion on Cobalt Oxide: Stable Adsorption toward LiO2 for Film‐Like Discharge Products Generation in Li‐O2 Battery
Authors: Zhang Shuting , Qiu Jiachen , Zhang Yu , Lin Yuran , Liu Rong , Yuan Mengwei , Sun Genban , Nan Caiyun 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRegulating the structure and morphology of discharge product is one of the key points for developing high performance Li‐O2 batteries (LOBs). In this study, the reaction mechanism of LOB is successfully controlled by the regulated fine structure of cobalt oxide through tuning the crystallization process. It is demonstrated that the cobalt oxide with lower crystallinity shows stronger affinity toward LiO2, inducing the growth of film‐like LiO2 on the electrode surface and inhibiting the further conversion to Li2O2. The batteries catalyzed by the lower crystallinity cobalt oxide hollow spheres which pyrolyzed from ZIF‐67 at 260 °C (ZIF‐67‐260), go through the generation and decomposition of amorphous film‐like LiO2, which significantly reduces the charge overpotential and improves the cycle life. By contrast, the ZIF‐67 hollow spheres pyrolyzed at 320 °C (ZIF‐67‐320) with better crystallinity are more likely to go through the solution‐mediated mechanism and induce the aggregation of discharge product, resulting in the sluggish kinetics and limited performance. The combined density functional theory data also directly support the strong relationship between the adsorption toward LiO2 by the electrocatalyst and the battery performance. This work provides an important way for tuning the intermediate and constructing the high‐performance battery system.
Synchrotron X‐Ray‐Driven Nitrogen Reduction on an AgCu Thin Film
Authors: Hui Jian , Hu Qingyun , Zhuang Genmao , Hu Wenhui , Yu Jin , Liu Yuzi , Li Tianyi , Fan Longlong , Huang Jier , Wang Xun‐Li , Zhang Xiaoyi , Ren Yang , Wang Hong 
Published: May 2022

AbstractNitrogen (N2) is an essential element for life, but kinetically stable N2 in the atmosphere needs to be reduced to biologically available forms as a nutrient for organisms. Abiotic nitrogen fixation is critical to the origin of life on the early Earth, which is due to lightning or mineral‐based reduction. Here, synchrotron X‐ray‐induced silver nitrate formation on a silver copper (AgCu) thin‐film is reported. Time‐resolved X‐ray diffraction measurements show that under intense X‐ray exposure, initially formed silver oxides (AgOx) are quickly converted to silver nitrate (AgNO3). Interestingly, AgNO3 is first formed in its high‐temperature phase with a space group of R3cH, which gradually transforms to the room temperature phase with a space group of Pbca under continuous X‐ray irradiation. The result not only provides a new clue about the abiotic nitrogen reduction prior to life but also demonstrates a novel strategy of materials synthesis using synchrotron X‐rays.
Li2Mg2Si2S6 and Li2Mg2Ge2S6: Two nonlinear optical sulfides featuring a unique, polar trigonal structure incorporating ethane‐like anions
Authors: Barton Ari T. , Liang Mingli , Craig Andrew J. , Zhang Weiguo , Stoyko Stanislav S. , Radzanowski Anne N. , Fingerlow Delenn , Halasyamani P. Shiv , MacNeil Joseph H. , Aitken Jennifer A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe new compounds Li2Mg2Si2S6 and Li2Mg2Ge2S6 have been prepared via traditional high‐temperature, solid‐state synthesis. The title compounds crystallize in the polar, noncentrosymmetric, trigonal space group P31m (No. 157) and adopt a new structure type featuring staggered, ethane‐like (T2S6)6− units, where T=Si or Ge. These (T2S6)6− units are nestled within the holes of magnesium‐sulfide “layers” that are created through the edge‐sharing of MgS6 octahedra. The holes found in the lithium‐sulfide “layers”, created by LiS6 edge‐sharing octahedra, remain vacant, containing no (T2S6)6− anionic group. Through the face sharing of the respective MgS6 and LiS6 octahedra, the magnesium‐sulfide and lithium‐sulfide “layers” are stitched together resulting in an overall three‐dimensional structure. The optical bandgaps of Li2Mg2Si2S6 and Li2Mg2Ge2S6 are 3.24 and 3.18 eV, respectively, as estimated from optical diffuse reflectance UV‐Vis‐NIR spectroscopy. The compounds exhibit second harmonic generation responses of ∼0.24×KDP and ∼2.92×α‐quartz for Li2Mg2Si2S6 and ∼0.17×KDP and ∼2.08×α‐quartz for Li2Mg2Ge2S6, using a Nd:YAG laser at 1.064 μm. Electronic structure calculations were performed using density functional theory and the linearized augmented plane‐wave approach within the WIEN2k software package. Examination of the electronic band structures shows that these compounds are indirect bandgap semiconductors.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Three Thioether Functionalized Formamidines and Their Corresponding Lithium Formamidinates
Authors: Fink Matthias J. U. , Heiser Christian , Wagner Christoph , Merzweiler Kurt 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThree thioether functionalized formamidines RNHC(H)NR (R=2‐SMe‐C6H4, 2‐StBu‐C6H4, 2‐SPh‐C6H4) were prepared from the corresponding amines RNH2 and triethyl orthoformate. X‐ray crystal structure determinations revealed the typical E configuration about the amidine C=N bond for all three compounds. The 2‐SMe and 2‐StBu derivatives exhibit the most frequently observed anti orientation of the RNH group while the 2‐SPh derivative displays the much more rarely encountered syn arrangement. All three compounds exhibit weak intramolecular N−H⋅⋅⋅S hydrogen bridges of the
(5) type. Treatment of the amidines with n‐BuLi led to the formation of the corresponding lithium amidinates. X‐ray crystal structure determinations of the lithium amidinates revealed several molecular patterns ranging from the mononuclear complex [Li{2‐StBu‐C6H4N)2CH}2(THF)2] to the trimeric compound [Li3{(2‐SMe‐C6H4N)2CH}3].
Sustainable Safety: A Short History of a Safe System Approach in the Netherlands
Authors: Wegman Fred , Aarts Letty , van der Knaap Peter 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAlthough it has never been a real top priority, road safety is an important issue in the Netherlands and much progress has been made. In the last 50 years, the country experienced an enormous growth in population (+30%) and in kilometers travelled (+300%), but the mortality rate dropped by 80%. Many effective interventions were taken. Over time, new insights in traffic risks and causes of crashes led to the adoption of a new road safety vision in the early 1990s: Sustainable Safety, the first attempt worldwide of a Safe System approach (1992). This vision was inspired by the UN-Brundtland report Our Common Future (1987) and applied to road safety. Its basis originated in the knowledge and experiences in the decades before.In a sustainably safe road transport system, risks of crashes and serious injuries are drastically reduced or even eliminated by an infrastructure that is adapted to the limitations of human capacity by proper road design, by vehicles fitted with ways to simplify the tasks of man and constructed to protect the vulnerable human being as effectively as possible, and by road users who are adequately educated, informed, and, where necessary, controlled. If crashes still do occur, serious injuries must be excluded. The vision Sustainable Safety has been translated into a set of characteristics and into Sustainable Safety principles.Sustainable Safety was welcomed by Dutch road safety professionals and received great political support. A massive implementation program was initiated and carried out as from 1995. Many stakeholders were engaged. An evaluation study covering the period 1998–2007 revealed a 30% reduction in the number of fatalities. Benefits of the investments were four times higher than costs. Sustainable Safety empowered and strengthened the Dutch road safety research community and heavily influenced the discourse on road safety in the country.As from 2000, several developments (a different planning structure of road transport, less political priority for road safety – perhaps as a result of successes in the past – and decentralization of policies) caused that Sustainable Safety became less prominent and safety effects less visible. However, the vison and the principles remain a solid basis for making progress towards a casualty-free road transport system and to respond to new developments, such as a changing demography, changing transport modes and traffic patterns, and new technologies. Two more editions have been published (2005 and 2018). Results and impacts are being discussed.
Vision Zero in Sweden: Streaming Through Problems, Politics, and Policies
Authors: Belin Matts-Åke 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn 1997, the Riksdag, the Swedish Parliament, adopted Vision Zero as a new goal and strategy for road safety in Sweden (Swedish Government 1997). In the more than 20 years since the Vision Zero policy was adopted, it has spread internationally as a model of a public road safety policy (OECD/ITF 2008, 2016; World Health Organization 2017). It is not only in the transport sector that Vision Zero has attracted interest; it has also spread and continues to spread to other sectors of Swedish society such as fire safety, patient safety, occupational accidents, and suicide (Kristianssen et al. 2018). Although, road safety policies and strategies can be developed and adopted by a variety of actors at different levels in the society in a democracy, parliaments have a special position, and it establishes an exclusive legitimacy in the society. According to the Swedish Constitution (Swedish Parliament 2016), all public power proceeds from the people, and the Riksdag (the Swedish Parliament) is the foremost representative of the people. Therefore, this chapter focuses on the Swedish Parliament and the Swedish Government and how road safety, as a public policy, finds its way into public agenda in a competing political environment. The decision to adopt Vision Zero in Sweden was a rather radical change (Belin et al. 2011) of that time safety policy. This chapter examines the political decision-making process that preceded the decision by the Swedish Parliament to adopt the Vision Zero policy in 1997 (Swedish Parliament 1997) and the decision to re-evaluate Vision Zero in 2004 (Swedish Parliament 2004).
In Vitro Based Mass-Screening Technique for Early Selection of Banana Mutants Resistant to Fusarium Wilt
Authors: Khiabani Behnam Naserian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBanana and plantains are among the most valuable agricultural commodities in the world. Banana Fusarium wilt, caused by the soil-borne Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc), is one of the most devastating diseases of banana globally. In the 1990s a new strain of Fusarium oxysporum called tropical race 4 (TR4) emerged in Southeast Asia that affected commercial Cavendish plantations. The development of resistant cultivars is an effective strategy for management of the disease. Field-based screening to identify Foc-resistant plants is time-consuming, expensive and is often challenged by variable environmental conditions. Here we present an early selection protocol enabling evaluation of the disease under in vitro conditions. This method provides a preliminary screening and allows evaluation of a large number of in vitro plantlets. Using this method, within a short time and in a small laboratory, breeders can evaluate thousands of banana plantlets, produced via irradiation. Subsequently, putative, disease-resistant mutant lines can be identified and evaluated in the field.
Lab-Based Screening Using Hydroponic System for the Rapid Detection of Fusarium Wilt TR4 Tolerance/Resistance of Banana
Authors: Noordin Norazlina , Hassan Affrida Abu , Mahadevan Anis Nadia Mohd Faisol , Ahmad Zaiton , Ariffin Sakinah 
Published: May 2022

AbstractField-based screening and evaluation of banana plant tolerance or resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) Tropical Race 4 (TR4) or also known as Fusarium wilt TR4 is ideal though not always feasible. Alternatively, screening of banana plantlets at lab-stage seems to be an effective method for early detection of Foc TR4 tolerance. We present a simple hydroponic system, that allows plant to grow in a water-based condition. The system has two layers, the upper layer is a tray that has holes for plantlets to be placed where the root system is supported using an inert medium such as rock-wool. The lower layer is a perforated container filled with a water-based nutrient solution. For this lab-based screening, ex vitro gamma irradiated banana cv. Berangan (AAA) rooted plantlets with a pseudostem height of 10–15 cm were inoculated by soaking in a Foc TR4 conidial suspension (106 spores/ml) for 2 h under room temperature. The Foc TR4 inoculated rooted plantlets were screened using the hydroponic system and disease symptoms were scored. In this chapter, protocols on acclimatization of ex vitro irradiated rooted plantlets, inoculation with a Foc TR4 conidial suspension, lab- screening using hydroponic system, observation for early detection of disease symptoms and scoring of disease severity are presented.
On the word problem for special monoids
Authors: Nyberg-Brodda Carl-Fredrik 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA monoid is calledspecialif it admits a presentation in which all defining relations are of the form$$w = 1$$w=1. Every group is special, but not every monoid is special. In this article, we describe the language-theoretic properties of the word problem, in the sense of Duncan and Gilman, for special monoids in terms of their group of units. We prove that a special monoid has context-free word problem if and only if its group of units is virtually free, giving a full generalisation of the Muller-Schupp theorem. This fully answers, for the class of special monoids, a question posed by Duncan and Gilman (Math Proc Camb Philos Soc 136:513–524, 2004). We describe the congruence classes of words in a special monoid, and prove that these have the same language-theoretic properties as the word problem. This answers a question first posed by Zhang (Math Proc Camb Philos Soc 112:495–505, 1992). As a corollary, we prove that it is decidable (in polynomial time) whether a special one-relation monoid has context-free word problem. This completely answers another question from 1992, also posed by Zhang.