bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do we approach the management of medulloblastoma in young children?
Authors: Lafay‐Cousin Lucie , Baroni Lorena , Ramaswamy Vijay , Bouffet Eric 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTherapeutic strategies avoiding craniospinal irradiation were developed for young children with medulloblastoma to improve survival while protecting the neurocognitive outcomes of these vulnerable patients. These strategies most commonly rely on high‐dose chemotherapy with stem cell rescue or conventional chemotherapy combined with intraventricular chemotherapy or conventional chemotherapy with adjuvant focal irradiation. Over the past decade, our growing understanding of the molecular landscape of medulloblastoma has transformed how we risk stratify and allocate treatment in this young age group. We present the results of the most recent approaches and clinical trials for medulloblastoma of early childhood, according to the different molecular subgroups. Overall, young children with sonic hedgehog medulloblastoma treated with intensive adjuvant chemotherapy achieve excellent survival and can safely be spared from radiotherapy. For patients with group 3 and 4 medulloblastomas, the interplay between molecular alterations and treatment intensity still needs to be further delineated. While recent clinical trials point toward more encouraging survival figure for a sizeable number of them, patients identified with very high‐risk feature desperately needs innovative therapies.
Effect of Agave americana fibers used as reinforcement in the preparation of composites based on recycled PVC
Authors: Chelali Lynda , Benaboura Ahmed 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis work deals with the preparation and the study of a new composite obtained from a thermoplastic polymer and a vegetal fiber. The polymer used is a recycled polyvinylchloride (PVC) and the fiber used was extracted from Agave americana, a plant which grows easily under Mediterranean type climates. Prior chemical treatment of the extracted fiber was necessary to modify the surface of the fiber in order to optimize the adhesion between this fiber and the recycled PVC during the preparation of composites from these materials. For this purpose, our investigations led us to attempt various reactions modification of the surface fiber. The method that gave the best results consists of an alkaline treatment followed by a reaction with acetic anhydride. Once completed chemicals treatments of fiber, the material is mixed with the recycled PVC which serves as a matrix to prepare composites at varying rates from 5% to 30% by weight of agave modified fibers. The effects of the incorporation of raw and processed agave fibers on the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of PVC/agave fiber composites were examined and discussed.
Impact of winding on nanoimprinted surfaces in roll‐to‐roll nanoimprint lithography
Authors: Jambhapuram Manogna , Good James K. , Azoug Aurélie 
Published: June 2022

AbstractRoll‐to‐Roll manufacturing aims at scaling ultraviolet‐ and thermally cured nanoimprint lithography (UV‐NIL, T‐NIL) to commercial production speeds and volumes. Winding is the only convenient way of storing large quantities of nanoimprinted webs as they await unwinding in sequential R2R processes with distinct transport speeds. At production speeds, the imprinted resin is still chemically evolving when the imprinted web enters the winder, through a phenomenon called dark curing. The viscoelastic resin at various curing stages deforms under the contact pressure due to winding. This study is concerned with the impact of the contact pressure on the imprinted peak heights and potentially the functionality of the nanoimprinted surface. We develop a multiscale numerical model of the winding of the imprinted web. First the evolving properties of the resin through time are characterized, combining the effect of dark curing and viscoelasticity on the time‐dependent properties. Second, a finite element model of the imprinted web uses the resin mechanical properties to determine the effective properties of the imprinted web. Finally, the winding model determines the pressure and resulting strain of the imprints in the wound roll. The surface creep is quantified. This prediction will establish how and how long the imprinted materials should be wound.
Quantum Spin Hall Phases in Graphene and the Atomically Thin Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Family
Authors: Haruyama Junji 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe quantum‐spin‐Hall (QSH) phase with helical edge spin states, in which opposite‐moment electron spins counter‐propagate within a topologically preserved time reversal symmetry, is attracting considerable attention. The helical edge spin currents allow zero‐emission energy spintronic‐devices with small error rates by modulating with external bias voltages. Recently, QSH phases and possible 2D topological insulating states have been reported in various atomically thin layers (such as graphene and the transition metal dichalcogenide family). Particularly, (twisted) bi‐layer graphene on heavy substrates is becoming a novel candidate for robust QSH phases (including Chern insulating phases), nevertheless, graphene itself lacks spin‐orbit coupling owing to the light carbon atoms. Here, research of QSH phases focusing on graphene is reviewed, particularly for using heavy adatom decoration and heavy substrates. They will open the door to next‐generation spintronic architectures.
Low‐Light Shadow Imaging Using Quadrature‐Noise Detection with a Camera
Authors: Cuozzo Savannah L. , Barge Pratik J. , Prajapati Nikunjkumar , Bhusal Narayan , Lee Hwang , Cohen Lior , Novikova Irina , Mikhailov Eugeniy E. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper experimentally demonstrates an imaging technique based on quadrature noise modification after interaction with an opaque object. By using a homodyne‐like detection scheme, the detrimental effect of the camera dark noise is eliminated, making this approach particularly attractive for imaging scenarios which require weak illumination. As an example, the image of an object illuminated with a squeezed vacuum is reconstructed using a total of 800 probing photons, utilizing less than one photon per frame on average.
Getting to a good place with science instruction: Rethinking an appropriate conception of teaching science
Authors: Larkin Douglas B. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis essay opens with a question about what science teaching would look like in a world where categorical seams of human diversity were not probabilistic determinants of science learning. After revisiting Hewson and Hewson's description of an “appropriate conception of science teaching,” I detail the ways in which the field of science education has advanced in the decades since that article's publication. Drawing upon Cohen's notion of teaching as an “impossible profession,” I highlight how conceptions of science teaching compete with other popular models of teaching and learning science. Fenstermacher and Richardson's distinction between successful teaching, and good teaching is then presented to demonstrate that even science teaching that is considered successful and good remains embedded in a constrained system where well‐regarded classroom practices may still lead to accumulated negative consequences. The essay ends with a discussion of complexity and recursiveness in science teaching, an argument for science teaching that includes embedded understandings of that teaching and learning on the part of the students themselves, and suggestions for a revised conception of science teaching.
Atomic Fe−N−C Sites on Porous Carbon Nanostructures for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Wang Minkang , Wang Xinming , Liao Tianhao , Zhang Xinglong , Tang Hui 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIron‐nitrogen‐carbon (Fe−N−C) materials are considered as promising oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts due to their high efficiency, low cost, and high tolerance of CO and methanol, with the potential to replace platinum (Pt) based catalysts. However, the complex synthesis procedure and toxic raw materials inhibit the large‐scale production of Fe−N−C catalysts. Herein, an atomic Fe−N−C catalyst, derived from biomass (pig blood) using a facile annealing process is reported. The prepared catalysts possess hierarchical porous structure and exhibit superior ORR efficiency with a high onset potential (Eonset=0.999 V) and a half‐wave potential (E1/2=0.875 V), comparable with commercial Pt/C. The synthesized catalysts show excellent long‐term stability and tolerance to methanol. Moreover, Fe−N−C‐900 catalyst as cathode of Zn‐air battery exhibits high discharge voltage, high power density and cycling stability. Our work proposed the synthesis of Fe−N−C catalysts, using biomass as precursor. These prepared catalysts have great potential for further study and applications in energy.
Probing the Structural Details of Chitin Nanocrystal–Water Interfaces by Three‐Dimensional Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Yurtsever Ayhan , Wang Pei‐Xi , Priante Fabio , Morais Jaques Ygor , Miyata Kazuki , MacLachlan Mark J. , Foster Adam S. , Fukuma Takeshi 
Published: June 2022

AbstractChitin is one of the most abundant and renewable natural biopolymers. It exists in the form of crystalline microfibrils and is the basic structural building block of many biological materials. Its surface crystalline structure is yet to be reported at the molecular level. Herein, atomic force microscopy (AFM) in combination with molecular dynamics simulations reveals the molecular‐scale structural details of the chitin nanocrystal (chitin NC)–water interface. High‐resolution AFM images reveal the molecular details of chitin chain arrangements at the surfaces of individual chitin NCs, showing highly ordered, stable crystalline structures almost free of structural defects or disorder. 3D‐AFM measurements with submolecular spatial resolution demonstrate that chitin NC surfaces interact strongly with interfacial water molecules creating stable, well‐ordered hydration layers. Inhomogeneous encapsulation of the underlying chitin substrate by these hydration layers reflects the chitin NCs’ multifaceted surface character with different chain arrangements and molecular packing. These findings provide important insights into chitin NC structures at the molecular level, which is critical for developing the properties of chitin‐based nanomaterials. Furthermore, these results will contribute to a better understanding of the chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis of chitin and other native polysaccharides, which is also essential for the enzymatic conversion of biomass.
Inelastic Dirac dark matter
Authors: Filimonova Anastasiia , Junius Sam , Honorez Laura Lopez , Westhoff Susanne 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Feebly interacting thermal relics are promising dark matter candidates. Among them, scenarios of inelastic Dark Matter evade direct detection by suppressed elastic scattering off atomic nuclei. We introduce inelastic Dirac Dark Matter, a new model with two Dirac fermions in the MeV-GeV mass range. At feeble couplings, dark matter can depart from chemical as well as kinetic equilibrium with the Standard Model before freeze-out. In this case, the freeze-out is driven by conversion processes like coscattering, rather than coannihilation. We show that inelastic Dirac relics are consistent with cosmological observations, in particular with nucleosynthesis and the cosmic microwave background. Searches for dark sectors at colliders and fixed-target experiments, in turn, are very sensitive probes. Compared to the strongly constrained pseudo-Dirac scenario, inelastic Dirac Dark Matter offers a new search target for existing and upcoming experiments like Belle II, ICARUS, LDMX and SeaQuest.
A review of how the biology of male sea turtles may help mitigate female-biased hatchling sex ratio skews in a warming climate
Authors: Hays Graeme C. , Shimada Takahiro , Schofield Gail 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn a warming climate, male sea turtles may become increasingly rare due to temperature-dependent sex determination with females being produced at warmer temperatures. Hence there is widespread concern that a lack of adult males may impact population viability. However, there is controversy over this scenario and here we review aspects of the biology of male sea turtles that will help mitigate female-biased hatchling sex ratios. In particular, there is strong evidence that males generally breed more frequently than females (i.e. have a shorter remigration interval) and that individual breeding males actively search for females and may mate with multiple females from different nesting sites. These aspects of the biology of male turtles will cause female-biased hatchling sex ratios to translate into more balanced adult sex ratios on the breeding grounds (i.e. operational sex ratios). Sexual dimorphism is widespread with adult male turtles generally being smaller than females. In freshwater turtles, this sexual dimorphism is linked to earlier age at maturity for males, although this possibility has not been examined widely in sea turtles. We make a forward-looking horizon-scanning prediction for key changes that might be expected at sea turtle breeding grounds if female-biased sex ratios become so extreme that male turtles start to become limiting and start driving populations to extinction. In particular, as the numbers of adult males on the breeding grounds become limiting there may be changes in egg fertility, multiple paternity and hatching success within clutches.
Species-specific tidal locomotion linked to a parasitic infection in sympatric sea snails
Authors: Ni Steven , Doherty Jean-François 
Published: June 2022

AbstractParasites can play a critical role in mediating inter-species interactions. Potential effects induced by parasites can range from species-wide traits to functional alterations in host community structure. One of the most intriguing host–parasite interactions pertains to adaptative host manipulation, an evolutionary occurrence where parasites alter the phenotype of their host to increase their own fitness. This study aims to address this phenomenon in a marine setting by investigating the effect of a philophthalmid trematode, Parorchis sp., on the vertical upward movement and phototactic behaviour of their intermediate hosts whilst simultaneously addressing the host specificity of these effects. These behaviours could impact the odds of trematodes successfully transmitting from their intermediate snail host to their definitive shorebird host, a crucial step in the life cycle of these parasites. Most trematode species exhibit strong specificity for snail hosts, typically infecting only a single snail species. In this rare system, however, the trematode infects a pair of sympatric and congeneric littorinid sea snails found in the intertidal zone of New Zealand’s rocky shores: Austrolittorina cincta and A. antipodum. Precisely, experiments were conducted in a controlled, laboratory-based setting, extending over a period of six weeks, during which vertical displacement and response to light were measured. Our results demonstrate that vertical upward movement amongst infected snails increased for A. cincta, but not for A. antipodum. No difference in response to light between infected and uninfected groups was evident across either species. Our findings highlight the complex nature of parasitic infections, where trait-specific behavioural effects are dissimilar across even congeneric host taxa.
Antibiotic prophylaxis in patients who had undergone to prostate biopsy in between the EMA warning era: effects of fluoroquinolones in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Results of an observational cohort study
Authors: Bartoletti Riccardo , Claps Francesco , Tulone Gabriele , Perotti Alessandro , Zucchi Alessandro , Riccardi Niccolò , Ficarra Vincenzo , De Nunzio Cosimo , Tubaro Andrea , Simonato Alchiede 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the effects of different antibiotic prophylaxis regimens in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) candidates to trans-rectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUSPB).

Methods
143 outpatients with DM who underwent TRUSPB during the period 2018–2020 were selected from a cohort of 1150 patients in 3 different institutions. Exclusion criteria were allergies, concomitant anti-platelet therapies and uncontrolled DM. Different antibiotic prophylaxis regimens were adopted. Bacterial resistance levels to fluoroquinolones into the different communities were also collected. Univariable and multivariable binomial logistic regression analyses were used to assess the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) testing the risk of infective complications' occurrence after adjusting for clinical covariates.

Results
Overall, DM patients were significantly associated with infective complications' occurrence (p < 0.001). No differences on the event of sepsis were found between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Clinically relevant infections with fever > 37 °C were found in 9.1% and 1.5% (p < 0.001) in diabetic and non-diabetic patients, respectively. Trimethoprim–sulphametoxazole and fluoroquinolones were six times more efficient than Cefixime in non-diabetic patients. Fluoroquinolones confirmed the same effect in diabetic patients although the level of resistance in the period of study decreased only from 56 to 46%.

Conclusion
Fluoroquinolones were active in antibiotic prophylaxis of diabetic patients who had undergone to TRUSPB independently from the level of bacterial resistance found in the community. These results conflict with the recent European warning and support the Japanese and American guidelines on the topic.
Generic existence of multiplicity-1 minmax minimal hypersurfaces via Allen–Cahn
Authors: Bellettini Costante 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn Guaraco (J. Differential Geom. 108(1):91–133, 2018) a new proof was given of the existence of a closed minimal hypersurface in a compact Riemannian manifold $$N^{n+1}$$

N

n
+
1

with $$n\ge 2$$

n
≥
2

. This was achieved by employing an Allen–Cahn approximation scheme and a one-parameter minmax for the Allen–Cahn energy (relying on works by Hutchinson, Tonegawa, Wickramasekera to pass to the limit as the Allen-Cahn parameter tends to 0). The minimal hypersurface obtained may a priori carry a locally constant integer multiplicity. Here we modify the minmax construction of Guaraco (J. Differential Geom. 108(1):91–133, 2018), by allowing an initial freedom on the choice of the valley points between which the mountain pass construction is carried out, and then optimising over said choice. We then prove that, when $$2\le n\le 6$$

2
≤
n
≤
6

and the metric is bumpy, this minmax leads to a (smooth closed) minimal hypersurface with multiplicity 1. (When $$n=2$$

n
=
2

this conclusion also follows from Chodosh and Mantoulidis (Ann. Math. 191(1):213–328, 2020).) As immediate corollary we obtain that every compact Riemannian manifold of dimension $$n+1$$

n
+
1

, $$2\le n\le 6$$

2
≤
n
≤
6

, endowed with a bumpy metric, admits a two-sided smooth closed minimal hypersurface (this existence conclusion also follows from Zhou X (Ann. Math. (2), 192(3):767–820, 2020) for minmax constructions via Almgren–Pitts theory).
Pronounced mediastinal emphysema after restorative treatment of the lower left molar—a case report and a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Spille Johannes , Wagner Juliane , Spille Dorothee Cäcilia , Naujokat Hendrik , Gülses Aydin , Wiltfang Jörg , Kübel Paul 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This case report presents an iatrogenic induced mediastinal emphysema after restorative treatment of the lower left second molar, aimed to highlight the potential life-threatening consequences, and providing diagnostics and treatment concepts of complicated dental induced emphysema based on literature review. A 74-year-old female patient was admitted to the emergency department due to a fall on her shoulder. Additional finding was a significant swelling of the face and neck. In the computer tomography of the head, neck, and thorax, a humerus fracture and pronounced soft tissue emphysema from the infraorbital region to the mediastinum was detected. The patient reported that she had been treated by her dentist 4 days earlier. The treatment had to be discontinued after beginning of a pronounced swelling. Other reasons for the emphysema could be excluded out on an interdisciplinary teamwork. The patient was monitored as an inpatient for 5 days and received intravenous antibiotic therapy. This case report shows the rare complication of pronounced mediastinal emphysema after root canal treatment. Emphysema should always be a differential diagnosis of soft tissue swelling and, in case of doubt, a general medical presentation should be made.
The implementation of interprofessional education: a scoping review
Authors: Bogossian Fiona , New Karen , George Kendall , Barr Nigel , Dodd Natalie , Hamilton Anita L. , Nash Gregory , Masters Nicole , Pelly Fiona , Reid Carol , Shakhovskoy Rebekah , Taylor Jane 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Implementation of interprofessional education (IPE) is recognised as challenging, and well-designed programs can have differing levels of success depending on implementation quality. The aim of this review was to summarise the evidence for implementation of IPE, and identify challenges and key lessons to guide faculty in IPE implementation.

Methods
Five stage scoping review of methodological characteristics, implementation components, challenges and key lessons in primary studies in IPE. Thematic analysis using a framework of micro (teaching), meso (institutional), and macro (systemic) level education factors was used to synthesise challenges and key lessons.

Results
Twenty-seven primary studies were included in this review. Studies were predominantly descriptive in design and implementation components inconsistently reported. IPE was mostly integrated into curricula, optional, involved group learning, and used combinations of interactive and didactic approaches. Micro level implementation factors (socialisation issues, learning context, and faculty development), meso level implementation factors (leadership and resources, administrative processes), and macro level implementation factors (education system, government policies, social and cultural values) were extrapolated. Sustainability was identified as an additional factor in IPE implementation.

Conclusion
Lack of complete detailed reporting limits evidence of IPE implementation, however, this review highlighted challenges and yielded key lessons to guide faculty in the implementation of IPE.