bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Hierarchy of Medical Countermeasures Against Biological Threats
Authors: Biggs Adam T , Littlejohn Lanny F 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTIntroductionEmerging biological threats represent a serious challenge for force health protection (FHP). Against a novel biological threat, medical countermeasures are the first line of defense. However, as exposed by global pandemic conditions, there are significant complications when administering medical countermeasures against novel threats. One such limitation involved the lack of any guiding structure to discuss and deliberate upon the relative value of employing different countermeasures either alone or in tandem. For example, both personal protective equipment and prophylactic medication can provide some protection, but how are individual protections weighed against operational capabilities and FHP initiatives? The goal of this review is to provide a hierarchical organizing structure to the different medical countermeasures available in response to emerging biological threats.Materials and MethodsThis review used no explicit inclusion or exclusion criteria for its literature review. References are provided for illustrative purposes to represent different components of the medical hierarchy.DiscussionThe hierarchy presented here is organized around a resource-durability structure that functions as a push–pull mechanism. Specifically, lower levels of the hierarchy require more resources to sustain FHP conditions while also providing less durable protection. These countermeasures require continual reapplication, and so resources become conceived as much in time and effort to apply as in exhaustible supplies. Higher-order countermeasures require less resources investment as a single application can provide weeks, months, or years of protection. Moreover, higher-order protections are less likely to interfere with military operational capabilities, which further support their classification as superior countermeasures to sustain FHP. The five levels of the hierarchy are presented here as follows, organized from lowest to highest value as a medical countermeasure: (1) Sanitization, (2) personal protective equipment, (3) prophylaxis, (4) vaccines, and (5) optimized immune system. Rationale and descriptions identify how each higher-order countermeasure is superior to its lower-order counterparts while noting that optimizing FHP will likely require employing multiple countermeasures at different levels. The discussion concludes with an overview as to how different countermeasures were employed to various degrees during a novel global pandemic.Conclusions and Future UsesIdentifying medical countermeasures is important to optimizing FHP. Different countermeasures have different advantages, and the hierarchy distinguishes between inferior and superior countermeasures through the push–pull style mechanism of resource-durability assessment. Future deployment and development should focus on superior countermeasures to maximize medical protections and operational readiness while understanding the relative value and complications inherent with different countermeasures.
Dealing with density discontinuities in planetary SPH simulations
Authors: Ruiz-Bonilla S , Borrow J , Eke V R , Kegerreis J A , Massey R J , Sandnes T D , Teodoro L F A 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Density discontinuities cannot be precisely modelled in standard formulations of smoothed particles hydrodynamics (SPH) because the density field is defined smoothly as a kernel-weighted sum of neighbouring particle masses. This is a problem when performing simulations of giant impacts between proto-planets, for example, because planets typically do have density discontinuities both at their surfaces and at any internal boundaries between different materials. The inappropriate densities in these regions create artificial forces that effectively suppress mixing between particles of different material and, as a consequence, this problem introduces a key unknown systematic error into studies that rely on SPH simulations. In this work, we present a novel, computationally cheap method that deals simultaneously with both of these types of density discontinuity in SPH simulations. We perform standard hydrodynamical tests and several example giant impact simulations, and compare the results with standard SPH. In a simulated Moon-forming impact using 107 particles, the improved treatment at boundaries affects at least 30${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the particles at some point during the simulation.
LYRA – II. Cosmological dwarf galaxy formation with inhomogeneous Population III enrichment
Authors: Gutcke Thales A , Pakmor Rüdiger , Naab Thorsten , Springel Volker 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
We present the simulation of a $2\times 10^{9}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ halo mass cosmological dwarf galaxy run to z = 0 at 4 solar mass gas resolution with resolved supernova feedback. We compare three simple subgrid implementations for the inhomogeneous chemical enrichment from Population III stars and compare them to constraints from Local Group dwarf galaxies. The employed model, LYRA, is a novel high-resolution galaxy formation model built for the moving mesh code arepo, which is marked by a resolved multiphase interstellar medium, single stars, and individual supernova events. The resulting reionization relic is characterized by a short (&lt;1.5 Gyr) star formation history that is repeatedly brought to a standstill by violent bursts of feedback. Star formation is reignited for a short duration due to a merger at z ≈ 4 and then again at z ≈ 0.2−0 after sustained gas accretion. Our model z = 0 galaxy matches the stellar mass, size, stellar kinematics, and metallicity relations of Local Group dwarf galaxies well. The dark matter profile does not exhibit a core in any version of the model. We show that the host halo masses of Population III stars affect the assembly history of dwarf galaxies. This manifests itself through the initial gaseous collapse in the progenitor haloes, affecting the central density of the stellar component and through the accretion of luminous substructure.
On positively charged dust in the coma of comet 67P
Authors: Vigren E , Eriksson A I , Bergman S 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Moment analysis of ion spectrograms measured by the Ion Composition Analyser (ICA) in the coma of comet 67P typically produces an ion number density estimate markedly lower than the number density of free electrons as measured by the Mutual Impedance Probe and the dual Langmuir Probe. While there are good reasons to distrust the ion density moment estimate in these circumstances, the issue cannot yet be considered fully understood and it is of interest to see whether any natural non-instrumental cause is possible. An obvious such cause would be whether a significant fraction of the positive charge density resides in positively charged dust grains that are not measured by the ICA. Here, we show that this scenario is highly unlikely, even near perihelion where photoemission is the strongest. In our semi-analytical grain charging model, we balance the current contributions to grains of photoelectron emission and electron attachment so as to find the expected charge state for a grain of a given radius. The charge state is affected by the ambient electron number density, the electron temperature, and the heliocentric distance. While at times the bulk of the dust population around comet 67P could be charged positive, dust charging, including photoelectron emission, should have a negligible influence on the overall ionization balance in the cometary coma simply because the dust particles are not ubiquitous enough.
Star-forming S0 Galaxies in SDSS-MaNGA: fading spirals or rejuvenated S0s?
Authors: Rathore Himansh , Kumar Kavin , Mishra Preetish K , Wadadekar Yogesh , Bait Omkar 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTWe investigate the origin of rare star formation in an otherwise red-and-dead population of S0 galaxies, using spatially resolved spectroscopy. Our sample consists of 120 low redshift (z &lt; 0.1) star-forming S0 (SF-S0) galaxies from the SDSS-IV MaNGA DR15. We have selected this sample after a visual inspection of deep images from the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys DR9 and the Subaru/HSC-SSP survey PDR3 to remove contamination from spiral galaxies. We also construct two control samples of star-forming spirals (SF-Sps) and quenched S0s (Q-S0s) to explore their evolutionary link with the star-forming S0s. To study star formation at resolved scales, we use dust-corrected H α luminosity and stellar density (Σ⋆) maps to construct radial profiles of star formation rate (SFR) surface density (ΣSFR) and specific SFR (sSFR). Examining these radial profiles, we find that star formation in SF-S0s is centrally dominated as opposed to disc-dominated star formation in spirals. We also compared various global (size–mass relation, bulge-to-total luminosity ratio) and local (central stellar velocity dispersion) properties of SF-S0s to those of the control sample galaxies. We find that SF-S0s are structurally similar to the quenched S0s and are different from star-forming spirals. We infer that SF-S0s are unlikely to be fading spirals. Inspecting stellar and gas velocity maps, we find that more than $50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the SF-S0 sample shows signs of recent galaxy interactions such as kinematic misalignment, counter-rotation, and unsettled kinematics. Based on these results, we conclude that in our sample of SF-S0s, star formation has been rejuvenated, with minor mergers likely to be a major driver.
Forecasting the potential of weak lensing magnification to enhance LSST large-scale structure analyses
Authors: Mahony Constance , Fortuna Maria Cristina , Joachimi Benjamin , Korn Andreas , Hoekstra Henk , Schmidt Samuel J ,   LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration, Alonso David , Singh Sukhdeep , Ricci Marina , Hildebrandt Hendrik , Duncan Christopher , Johnston Harry 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTRecent works have shown that weak lensing magnification must be included in upcoming large-scale structure analyses, such as for the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), to avoid biasing the cosmological results. In this work, we investigate whether including magnification has a positive impact on the precision of the cosmological constraints, as well as being necessary to avoid bias. We forecast this using an LSST mock catalogue and a halo model to calculate the galaxy power spectra. We find that including magnification has little effect on the precision of the cosmological parameter constraints for an LSST galaxy clustering analysis, where the halo model parameters are additionally constrained by the galaxy luminosity function. In particular, we find that for the LSST gold sample (i &lt; 25.3) including weak lensing magnification only improves the galaxy clustering constraint on Ωm by a factor of 1.03, and when using a very deep LSST mock sample (i &lt; 26.5) by a factor of 1.3. Since magnification predominantly contributes to the clustering measurement and provides similar information to that of cosmic shear, this improvement would be reduced for a combined galaxy clustering and shear analysis. We also confirm that not modelling weak lensing magnification will catastrophically bias the cosmological results from LSST. Magnification must therefore be included in LSST large-scale structure analyses even though it does not significantly enhance the precision of the cosmological constraints.
Combined APOGEE-GALAH stellar catalogues using the Cannon
Authors: Nandakumar Govind , Hayden Michael R , Sharma Sanjib , Buder Sven , Asplund Martin , Bland-Hawthorn Joss , De Silva Gayandhi M , D’Orazi Valentina , Freeman Ken C , Kos Janez , Lewis Geraint F , Martell Sarah L , Schlesinger Katharine J , Lin Jane , Simpson Jeffrey D , Zucker Daniel B , Zwitter Tomaž , Nordlander Thomas , Casagrande Luca , Lind Karin , Côtar Klemen , Stello Dennis , Wittenmyer Robert A , Tepper-Garcia Thor 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
APOGEE and GALAH are two high resolution multi-object spectroscopic surveys that provide fundamental stellar parameters and multiple elemental abundance estimates for about half a million stars in the Milky Way. Both surveys observe in different wavelength regimes and use different data reduction pipelines leading to significant offsets and trends in stellar parameters and abundances for the common stars observed in both surveys. Such systematic differences/offsets in stellar parameters and abundances make it difficult to effectively utilize them to investigate Galactic abundance trends in spite of the unique advantage provided by their complementary sky coverage and different Milky Way components they observe. Hence, we use the Cannon data-driven method selecting a training set of 4418 common stars observed by both surveys. This enables the construction of two catalogues, one with the APOGEE-scaled and the other with the GALAH-scaled stellar parameters. Using repeat observations in APOGEE and GALAH, we find high precision in metallicity (∼0.02–0.4 dex) and alpha abundances (∼0.02–0.03 dex) for spectra with good signal-to-noise ratio (SNR &gt; 80 for APOGEE and SNR &gt; 40 for GALAH). We use open and globular clusters to validate our parameter estimates and find small scatter in metallicity (0.06 dex) and alpha abundances (0.03 dex) in APOGEE-scaled case. The final catalogues have been cross-matched with the Gaia EDR3 catalogue to enable their use to carry out detailed chemo-dynamic studies of the Milky Way from perspectives of APOGEE and GALAH.
Is the orbital distribution of multiplanet systems influenced by pure three-planet resonances?
Authors: Cerioni M , Beaugé C , Gallardo T 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
We analyse the distribution of known multiplanet systems (N ≥ 3) in the plane of mean-motion ratios, and compare it with the resonance web generated by two-planet mean-motion resonances (2P-MMR) and pure three-planet commensurabilities (pure 3P-MMR). We find intriguing evidence of a statistically significant correlation between the observed distribution of compact low-mass systems and the resonance structure, indicating a possible causal relation. While resonance chains, such as Kepler-60, Kepler-80, and TRAPPIST-1, are strong contributors, most of the correlation appears to be caused by systems not identified as resonance chains. Finally, we discuss their possible origin through planetary migration during the last stages of the primordial disc and/or an eccentricity damping process.
The X-ray disc/wind degeneracy in AGN
Authors: Parker M L , Matzeu G A , Matthews J H , Middleton M J , Dauser T , Jiang J , Joyce A M 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Relativistic Fe K emission lines from accretion discs and from disc winds encode key information about black holes, and their accretion and feedback mechanisms. We show that these two processes can in principle produce indistinguishable line profiles, such that they cannot be disentangled spectrally. We argue that it is likely that in many cases both processes contribute to the net line profile, and their relative contributions cannot be constrained purely by Fe K spectroscopy. In almost all studies of Fe K emission to date, a single process (either disc reflection or wind Compton scattering) is assumed to dominate the total line profile. We demonstrate that fitting a single process emission model (pure reflection or pure wind) to a hybrid line profile results in large systematic biases in the estimates of key parameters, such as mass outflow rate and spin. We discuss various strategies to mitigate this effect, such as including high-energy data covering the Compton hump, and the implications for future X-ray missions.
A dynamics-based density profile for dark haloes – I. Algorithm and basic results
Authors: Diemer Benedikt 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
The density profiles of dark matter haloes can potentially probe dynamics, fundamental physics, and cosmology, but some of the most promising signals reside near or beyond the virial radius. While these scales have recently become observable, the profiles at large radii are still poorly understood theoretically, chiefly because the distribution of orbiting matter (the one-halo term) is partially concealed by particles falling into haloes for the first time. We present an algorithm to dynamically disentangle the orbiting and infalling contributions by counting the pericentric passages of billions of simulation particles. We analyse dynamically split profiles out to 10 R200m across a wide range of halo mass, redshift, and cosmology. We show that the orbiting term experiences a sharp truncation at the edge of the orbit distribution. Its sharpness and position are mostly determined by the mass accretion rate, confirming that the entire profile shape primarily depends on halo dynamics and secondarily on mass, redshift, and cosmology. The infalling term also depends on the accretion rate for fast-accreting haloes but is mostly set by the environment for slowly accreting haloes, leading to a diverse array of shapes that does not conform to simple theoretical models. While the resulting scatter in the infalling term reaches 1 dex, the scatter in the orbiting term is only between 0.1 and 0.4 dex and almost independent of radius. We demonstrate a tight correspondence between the redshift evolution in Λ cold dark matter (ΛCDM) and the slope of the matter power spectrum. Our code and data are publicly available.
Polymerase theta-helicase promotes end joining by stripping single-stranded DNA-binding proteins and bridging DNA ends
Authors: Schaub Jeffrey M , Soniat Michael M , Finkelstein Ilya J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Homologous recombination-deficient cancers rely on DNA polymerase Theta (Polθ)-Mediated End Joining (TMEJ), an alternative double-strand break repair pathway. Polθ is the only vertebrate polymerase that encodes an N-terminal superfamily 2 (SF2) helicase domain, but the role of this helicase domain in TMEJ remains unclear. Using single-molecule imaging, we demonstrate that Polθ-helicase (Polθ-h) is a highly processive single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) motor protein that can efficiently strip Replication Protein A (RPA) from ssDNA. Polθ-h also has a limited capacity for disassembling RAD51 filaments but is not processive on double-stranded DNA. Polθ-h can bridge two non-complementary DNA strands in trans. PARylation of Polθ-h by PARP-1 resolves these DNA bridges. We conclude that Polθ-h removes RPA and RAD51 filaments and mediates bridging of DNA overhangs to aid in polymerization by the Polθ polymerase domain.
Active Smokers Are at Higher Risk of COVID-19 Death: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Patanavanich Roengrudee , Siripoon Tanatorn , Amponnavarat Salin , Glantz Stanton A 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Current evidence indicates that smoking worsens COVID-19 outcomes. However, when studies restricted their analyses to current smokers, the risks for COVID-19 severity and death are inconsistent.

Aims and Methods
This meta-analysis explored the association between current smoking and the risk for mortality based on the studies that reported all three categories of smoking (current, former, and never smokers) to overcome the limitation of the previous meta-analyses which former smokers might have been classified as nonsmokers. We searched PubMed and Embase up to January 1, 2021. We included studies reporting all three categories of smoking behaviors of COVID-19 patients and mortality outcomes. A random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression were used to examine relationships in the data.

Results
A total of 34 articles with 35 193 COVID-19 patients was included. The meta-analysis confirmed the association between current smoking (odds ratio [OR] 1.26, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–1.58) and former smoking (OR 1.76, 95% CI: 1.53–2.03) with COVID-19 mortality. We also found that the risk for COVID-19 death in current smokers does not vary by age, but significantly drops by age in former smokers. Moreover, current smokers in non-high-income countries have higher risks of COVID-19 death compared with high-income countries (OR 3.11, 95% CI: 2.04–4.72 vs. OR 1.14, 95% CI: 0.91–1.43; p = .015).

Conclusions
Current and former smokers are at higher risk of dying from COVID-19. Tobacco control should be strengthened to encourage current smokers to quit and prevent the initiation of smoking. Public health professionals should take the COVID-19 pandemic as an opportunity to promote smoking prevention and cession.

Implications
This study makes an important contribution to the existing literature by distinguishing between current and former smoking and their separate effects on COVID-19 mortality. We also explore the effects by age of patients and country income level. Findings from this study provide empirical evidence against misinformation about the relationship between smoking and COVID-19 mortality.
Educators’ occupational well-being in health and social care education
Authors: Rinne J , Leino-Kilpi H , Saaranen T , Pasanen M , Salminen L 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
The occupational well-being (OW) of educators can be defined as a balance between resources and workload factors as seen from four aspects of working life: (i) individual, (ii) working conditions, (iii) professional competence and (iv) work community. The research in this study examined the individual aspect as particular importance to the physical and mental workability of educators.

Aims
To study the individual aspect of the OW of educators as well as the associating factors.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey design was conducted among educators working in health and social care education in Finland. The data were collected with an electronic survey using the ‘Occupational well-being of social and health care teachers—index questionnaire’. The data were analysed with an SPSS version 27 using descriptive statistics, explorative factor analysis and linear regression analysis.

Results
The educators (n = 552, response rate 31%) assessed their resources for managing their mental workload as quite poor (2.41, standard deviation [SD] 0.98). In addition, workplace support promoting OW was assessed as being quite poor (2.37, SD 0.88), and as especially requiring more measures during working hours. Associations with the individual aspect of OW were found between the personal and work-related background variables as well as overall OW.

Conclusions
The perceptions of the educators indicated that resources to cope with workload factors should be promoted. Investing in educators’ resources at work, enabling well-being actions during working hours and avoiding backlog situations would all help promote the educators’ OW.