bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estado del arte de las trayectorias investigativas sobre educación religiosa escolar en Hispanoamérica (1991-2020)
Authors: Sepúlveda Romero Luis Vicente , Saldarriaga Vélez Óscar de Jesús 
Published: January 2022

La presente investigación hace una revisión de la producción académica publicada sobre educación religiosa escolar (ERE) entre los años 1991-2020 en Hispanoamérica, donde la ERE ha estado presente en los sistemas educativos en estos países a partir de la primera evangelización desde la época de la colonia, cambiando de finalidades, métodos y formatos. Entender su lugar en la escuela actual requiere identificar los cambios históricos, de contexto y finalidad, y las distintas preocupaciones de sus actores educativos. La investigación hace una revisión general de las publicaciones de la región, puntualizando en el caso colombiano, argentino, mexicano y uruguayo.

La metodología usa un análisis de contenido que identifica tres niveles de análisis del texto: de superficie, analítico e interpretativo. Los hallazgos se clasificaron en cinco temáticas: 1) análisis jurídicos; 2) estudios historiográficos; 3) análisis sobre las nuevas realidades sociales y educativas; 4) análisis de los currículos y la práctica pedagógica del maestro; y, 5) fundamentación epistemológica de la ERE.

La revisión permite concluir que el tipo de educación religiosa escolar de cada país en Hispanoamérica está determinado por la comprensión de laicidad que cada país tenga en su ordenamiento constitucional y por las complejas trayectorias históricas de las relaciones Iglesia – Estado en su consolidación como nación. Además, los documentos dan cuenta de diversidad de enfoques y preocupaciones por la necesidad –o no- de una educación religiosa fundamentada teológica y pedagógicamente, para un contexto religioso y cultural claramente diverso y plural en el cual se encuentran jóvenes y adolescentes que asisten a la escuela, algunos en búsqueda de identidad y sentido de vida
A review of microbial corrosion in reclaimed water pipelines: challenges and mitigation strategies
Authors: Yang Guangming , Gong Min , Zheng Xingwen , Lin Li , Fan Jinlong , Liu Feng , Meng Junchen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
With the continuous development and expansion of the water reclamation and reuse market, it is vital to ensure water quality safety and stability over the entire water reuse system. Because the quality of reclaimed water is distinct from that of drinking water, it is likely to deteriorate, even after advanced treatment, during distribution and transport. This review identifies the common microbial corrosion in reclaimed water distribution pipelines and end use applications (e.g. industrial cooling system) and the dominant corrosive microorganisms in reclaimed water. The microbial corrosion mechanism and the affecting factors on microbial corrosion are discussed in depth. Moreover, this study also proposes possible strategies for dealing with pipeline microbial corrosion, including the control of the assimilable organic carbon content via coagulation and filtration processes as well as disinfection technologies for microbial inactivation. This study is of great novelty to provide a comprehensive overview of microbial corrosion in reclaimed water distribution and application and point out future directions towards sustainable and long-lasting water reuse.
Potential Effects of Exosomes and their MicroRNA Carrier on Osteoporosis
Authors: Li Qi-Cheng , Li Ci , Zhang Wei , Pi Wei , Han Na 
Published: January 2022

Abstract:
Osteoporosis is a common localized or systemic skeletal illness in the clinic, characterized by bone
production weakness and increased bone resorption, resulting in a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD),
and affecting mostly postmenopausal women. The risk of osteoporosis or even osteoporotic fracture increases
as age increases, putting more pressure on society and families. Although anti-osteoporosis drugs have been developed,
some side effects are still observed in the treatment group. Hence the need for more reasonable therapeutic
strategies. Exosomes are nanosized extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted virtually by all types of cells
in vivo, which play an important role in intercellular communication. Compared with conventional drugs and
stem cells transplantation therapy, exosomes have apparent advantages of lower toxicity and immunogenicity.
Exosomes contain many functional molecules, such as proteins, lipids, mRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), which
can be transferred into recipient cells to regulate a series of signaling pathways and influence physiological and
pathological behavior. In this review, we briefly summarize the current knowledge of exosomes and the therapeutic
potential of exosomal miRNAs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), osteoblasts, osteoclasts,
and macrophages in osteoporosis. Finally, a prospect of new treatment strategies for osteoporosis using new
biomaterial scaffolds combined with exosomes is also given.
Gut Microbiota as the Potential Mechanism to Mediate Drug Metabolism Under
High-altitude Hypoxia
Authors: Bai Xue , Liu Guiqin , Yang Jianxin , Zhu Junbo , Li Xiangyang 
Published: January 2022

Background:
The characteristics of pharmacokinetics and the activity and expression of drugmetabolizing
enzymes and transporters significantly change under a high-altitude hypoxic environment. Gut microbiota
is an important factor affecting the metabolism of drugs through direct or indirect effects, changing the
bioavailability, biological activity, or toxicity of drugs and further affecting the efficacy and safety of drugs in vivo.
A high-altitude hypoxic environment significantly changes the structure and diversity of gut microbiota, which may
play a key role in drug metabolism under a high-altitude hypoxic environment.

Methods:
An investigation was carried out by reviewing published studies to determine the role of gut microbiota in
the regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Data and information on expression change in gut
microbiota, drug-metabolizing enzymes, and transporters under a high-altitude hypoxic environment were explored
and proposed.

Results:
High-altitude hypoxia is an important environmental factor that can adjust the structure of the gut microbiota
and change the diversity of intestinal microbes. It was speculated that the gut microbiota could regulate drugmetabolizing
enzymes through two potential mechanisms, the first being through direct regulation of the metabolism
of drugs in vivo and the second being indirect, i.e., through the regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters,
thereby affecting the activity of drugs.

Conclusion:
This article reviews the effects of high-altitude hypoxia on the gut microbiota and the effects of these
changes on drug metabolism.
Effects of Astragaloside IV on the Pharmacokinetics of Metoprolol in Rats and its
Mechanism
Authors: Shi Zhongbo , Jiang Junhao , Zhao Dezhang , Xie Baogang , Li Yan , Yu Chao 
Published: January 2022

Backgrond:
Astragaloside IV (AST) and metoprolol are often used together to treat cardiovascular diseases,
while the herb-drug interaction (HDI) between them is still unclear.

Objective:
This study investigates the effect of AST on the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol in rats and its mechanism
to predict the HDI.

Method:
First, IC50 value of AST on nine CYP450 enzymes in human liver microsomes (HLMs) was determined by
the cocktail method. We explored the effect of AST on the pharmacokinetics of metoprolol (metabolized by
CYP2D6) in vivo. Twelve male SD rats were equally divided into two groups, with or without pretreatment of AST
(3 mg/kg/day) for 7 days, and they received metoprolol (27 mg/kg) by oral administration. Blood samples were determined
using HPLC. Finally, the mechanism of AST was explored.

Results:
AST exhibited a moderate inhibitory effect on CYP2D6 with IC50 value of 32.28 μM. The pharmacokinetic
parameters of metoprolol were significantly altered by AST with the increase of AUC0-∞ (538.81 ± 51.41 to 1088.34
± 86.46 μg*min/mL, P<0.05) and Cmax (6.21 ± 0.56 to 8.34 ± 0.87 μg/ml, P<0.05). The investigation of the mechanism
showed AST to be an irreversible inhibitor of CYP2D6 with KI value of 2.9 μM and Kinact of 0.018 min−1, respectively.

Conclusion:
AST was found to increase the plasma exposure of metoprolol in rats. AST reduced the metabolism of
metoprolol by inhibiting CYP2D6 activity. The HDI might enhance when metoprolol and AST will be applied in
combination.
Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in the Conversion of Mild Cognitive Impairment
to Dementia: A Prospective Study
Authors: Romero-Sevilla Raúl , López-Espuela Fidel , Fuentes José Manuel , de San Juan Beatriz Duque , Portilla-Cuenca Juan Carlos , Hijon Carmen Cámara , Casado-Naranjo Ignacio 
Published: January 2022

Background:
The effect that cytokines can exert on the progression from mild cognitive
impairment (MCI) to ongoing dementia is a matter of debate and the results obtained so far are controversial.

Objective:
The aim of the study is to analyze the influence of markers of subclinical inflammation on the progression of MCI to dementia.

Methods:
A prospective study involving a cohort of patients ≥ 65 years of age diagnosed with MCI and followed for 3 years was conducted. 105 patients were enrolled, and serum concentrations of several subclinical inflammatory markers were determined.

Results:
After 3.09 (2 - 3.79) years of follow-up, 47 (44.76%) patients progressed to dementia. Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) was found to be significantly higher in patients who progressed to dementia (486.45 ± 169.18 vs. 400.91 ± 163.03; p = 0.012), and observed to significantly increase the risk of developing dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment (1.004, 1.001-1.007; p= 0.007). IL-10 levels were significantly higher in those who remained stable (6.69 ± 18.1 vs. 32.54 ± 89.6; p = 0.04). Regarding the type of dementia to which our patients progressed, we found that patients who developed mixed dementia had higher IL-4 levels than those who converted to AD (31.54 ± 63.6 vs. 4.43 ± 12.9; p = 0.03). No significant differences were observed between the groups with regard to the ESR and LPa, CRP, IL-1 and TNF-α levels.

Conclusion:
ACT levels have a significant predictive value in the conversion of MCI to dementia. IL-10 levels could be a protective factor. It is necessary to conduct studies with serial determinations of these and other inflammatory markers in order to determine their effect on the progression of MCI to dementia.
Sulfonated Ethylenediamine Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles as a
Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Nanocatalyst for the Green Synthesis of
2,3-Dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones
Authors: Hakimi Fatemeh , Salimi Iman , Fallah-Mehrjardi Mehdi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract:
In the present study, a new magnetically recyclable nanocatalyst, Fe3O4@SiO2@(CH2)3-en-
SO3H/H2SO4, was prepared through the immobilization of sulfonated ethylenediamine on the silicacoated
magnetite nanoparticles. The catalyst was fully characterized by several physicochemical techniques,
including FT-IR, FESEM, TEM, EDS, VSM, XRD and TGA. The resultant nanocatalyst was
then utilized in the green synthesis of 2,3-dihydroquinazolin-4(1H)-ones via the cyclocondensation
reaction of various aldehydes and ketones with anthranilamide in refluxed EtOH. Short reaction times,
high product yields, environmentally friendly reaction conditions, simple operation and reusability of
the catalyst are important features of the present procedure. The catalyst can magnetically be recycled
and reused several times without notable loss in the activity.
Systemic Optimization and Validation of RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation
of Ritonavir from Hybrid Polymeric Nanoparticles in Rat Plasma
Authors: Surendran Vijayaraj , Palei Narahari N. , Vanangamudi Murugesan , Madheswaragupta Prathap 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Hybrid polymeric materials have been in research focus owing to their outstanding progression in drug targeting. A new Quality by Design approach by RP-HPLC was developed and validated for the estimation of hybrid polymeric nanoparticles of Ritonavir in rat plasma.

Objective:
The main objective of the present study was to develop and validate a simple, robust,
and accurate method by QbD approach for the detection of hybrid polymeric nanoparticles of Ritonavir (RTV) in plasma.

Methods:
The mobile phase consisting of a mixture of Acetonitrile: HPLC grade water (60:40
v/v), 1.0 ml/min flow rate and UV detection at 240 nm. Critical Analytical Attributes (CAAs)
were screened and selected by Taguchi orthogonal array model. Box-Behnken's three-level, the 3-
factorial design, was employed to create and analyze a "Design Space" (DoE). This design was
statistically analyzed by ANOVA, contour-plot, and 3D response surfaces plots, which demonstrated that the model was statistically significant. The developed method was validated as per the
ICH guidelines Q2 (R1).

Results:
The developed method showed excellent linearity between 100 and 600 ng/mL with
good regression (R2>0.998), LOD (10 ng/mL) and LOQ (30 ng/mL). The validation results of the
tested parameters were found within the acceptable limit.

Conclusion:
From the study, it was concluded that QbD driven bioanalytical method is suitable
for the in-vitro and in-vivo estimation of RTV from bulk as well as from hybrid polymeric nanoparticles formulation.
Herbal Approaches in the Management of Mental Depression
Authors: Garg Vandana , Garg Preeti , Alambayan Jyoti 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Human’s existence has become more stressful these days, most likely for the
sake of improving one's lifestyle and fulfilling one's aspirations and needs. Depression is the most frequent
neurological disorder, which affects millions of individuals worldwide. In clinical research, depression
is the second most frequent chronic disease. A variety of herbal medications thought to have
antidepressant-like effects have been reported in ancient pharmacopoeias from around the world. These
provide several prospective chemicals that could be developed into modern mental medications
while also causing no noticeable negative effects.

Objective:
The review is written to provide herbal treatment and comprehensive information about depression.

Methods:
Plants and plant formulations that were found effective in the treatment of depression are
thoroughly reviewed. The antidepressant efficacies of medicinal plants, as well as their dosages, are
investigated using experimental models. The review article contains 140 plants possessing antidepressant
properties, 11 commercial formulations, and 25 active/isolated ingredients, as well as their chemical
structure, which have been thoroughly reviewed with antidepressant activity after studying 283
references.

Results:
Literature revealed that a variety of medicinal plants are effective for the treatment of depression
such as Hypericum perforatum, Catha edulis, Tinospora cordifolia, Curcuma longa, Ferula foetida,
Rhodio larosea, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Crocus sativus, Ocimumba silicum and Embelica officinalis.

Conclusion:
Potential compounds isolated from medicinal plants for the treatment of depressive
disorders need to be established and herbal plant research could aid in this endeavour.
Neuroendocrine Modulation of Food Intake and Eating Behavior
Authors: Iovino Michele , Messana Tullio , Lisco Giuseppe , Mariano Francesco , Giagulli Vito Angelo , Guastamacchia Edoardo , De Pergola Giovanni , Triggiani Vincenzo 
Published: January 2022

Background:
In the first section of this review, we examined the neuroanatomical and neurochemical data on hunger and satiety centers, glucose receptors, sensorial influences on eating behavior, and regulation of energy requirements. The second section is devoted to orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones.

Objective:
This paper aimed to overview and summarize data regarding the role of neuroendocrine regulation of food intake and eating behavior.

Methods:
Appropriate keywords and MeSH terms were identified and searched in MEDLINE/PubMed. References of original articles and reviews were examined.

Discussion and conclusion:
Hunger and satiety center are located in the lateral (LH) and ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Lasting aphagia has been observed following a lesion of LH, while hyperphagia is induced by LH stimulation. On the other hand, increased food intake after VMH lesion and aphagia following VMH stimulation in hungry animals has also been reported. Intracellular glucopenia triggers food intake by reducing neuronal activity at the satiety center level. Moreover, sensory influences are regulated by food palatability as the positive hedonic evaluation of food and energy requirement indicates the average amount of food energy needed to balance energy expenditure. Orexigenic and anorexigenic hormones secreted from the gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue regulate brain areas involved in eating behavior via gastric afferent vagal nerve, circumventricular organ area postrema, or transporter system. Finally, oxytocin (OT) plays a role in reward-related eating by inhibiting sugar intake and decreasing palatable food intake by suppressing the reward circuitry in the brain. Moreover, the anorectic effect of nesfatin-1 is abolished by an OT antagonist.
A Review of Recent Patents on Intelligent Bearings
Authors: Zhao Yanling , Wu Chuanwang , Pan Chengyi , Bao Yudong 
Published: January 2022

Background:
The large amount of data generated by intelligent bearings still needs to be
processed manually, which results in low efficiency, untimely access to status and fault diagnosis
information, and a lack of the best maintenance period for machinery and equipment.

Objective:
By analyzing the research achievements and patents on intelligent bearings, a summary
of the development trend provides a reference for the development of intelligent bearings.

Method:
This paper introduces the key technologies associated with intelligent bearings and reviews
various representative patents relating to intelligent bearings. The advantages and disadvantages
of these patents are also analyzed.

Results:
At present, the development of intelligent bearing technology relies primarily on the sensor
bearing. Most intelligent bearing patents have utilized the bearing gap to best arrange monitoring
devices, and in some cases, the bearing structure has been changed to obtain the best arrangement.
These intelligent bearings can achieve a degree of self-monitoring. For the integration of detection
data processing and big data, research on the self-adaptation aspect of bearing is the initial step.

Conclusion:
Adapting to the host operation requirements is the direction of the development of intelligent
bearings, and this requires intelligent bearings to involve self-awareness, self-decision, selfdiagnosis,
and self-adaptation functions. In the future, these functions should be realized from the
perspectives of systematization, diversification of monitoring information, and intelligent data analysis.
Interleukin 6 Concentration in Synovial Fluid of Patients with Inflammatory
and Degenerative Arthritis
Authors: Mihailova Anna 
Published: January 2022

Aim:
The present study aims to compare interleukin 6 concentration in synovial fluid in patients with known types of arthritis.

Background:
Persistent synovitis without known markers, such as Rheumatoid Factor (RF), Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies (ACPA), and genetic markers as HLA-B27, is not uncommon. It is valuable to determine the presence of chronic inflammation and put it in correlation with age-related changes, which are especially relevant for middle-aged patients with mono- or oligoarthritis, when the dilemma to start disease-modifying drugs for inflammatory disease often is present. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) plays a significant role in chronic inflammation.

Objectives:
IL-6 concentration in synovial fluid reflects the presence and activity of joint inflamma-tion.

Methods:
Synovial fluid was obtained from 101 patients with chronic synovitis. IL-6 concentration was determined by the immunochemical luminescence method.

Results:
The median IL-6 concentration in synovial fluid in patients with osteoarthritis (OA) was 138.0 pg/ml (interquartile range (IQR) 43.4 to 296.0); in patients with rheumatoid arthritis was 2516.5 pg/ml, (IQR 1136.0 to 25058.0); in reactive arthritis 2281.0 pg/ml (IQR 1392.0 to 8652.0); psoriatic arthritis 1964.0 pg/ml (IQR 754.0 to 7300.0); ankylosing spondylitis 2776.0 pg/ml (IQR 514.7, 3944.0); in a group with negative RF, ACPA and HLA-B27 inflammatory arthritis 2163.0 pg/ml (IQR 822.0 to 7875.0). There is statistically significant difference of IL-6 concentration com-paring OA and each inflammatory arthritis group, p<0.0001.

Conclusion:
IL-6 detection in the synovial fluid is helpful in arthritis evaluation. The results show that an IL-6 level over 1000 pg/ml suggests the diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis.
Electroporation: An Effective Method For In Vivo Gene Delivery
Authors: Nikyar Arash , Bolhassani Azam 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Gene therapy is a promising approach for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, hereditary disorders, and some viral infections.
The development of efficient and safe gene delivery systems is essential for facilitating gene trans-fer to various organs and tissues in vivo.

Objective:
In this review, we briefly describe the principal mechanisms of gene delivery systems, particularly electroporation, and discuss the latest advancements in the application of electro-poration for in vivo gene transfer.

Methods:
A narrative review of all the relevant publication known to the authors was conducted.

Results:
In recent years, electroporation-based strategies have emerged as an auspicious and versa-tile platform for efficient and controlled delivery of various biomolecules, including nucleic acids. Applying electric pulses of enough magnitude leads to the formation of hydrophilic pores in the cell membrane and allows the entry of otherwise membrane-impermeant molecules, such as DNA. Alt-hough electroporation has been initially developed for in vitro transfection of cells, it has recently advanced to preclinical in vivo applications and finally to clinical trials.

Conclusion:
Electroporation has already entered the clinical practice for antitumor therapy and may be an essential part of future personalized treatments. Given the ability of electroporation to deliver multiple genes in a single event, it will also certainly be further developed both as a stand-alone de-livery approach and when coupled with other technologies.