bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protective neutralizing epitopes in SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Liu Hejun , Wilson Ian A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has caused an unprecedented health crisis and economic burden worldwide. Its etiological agent SARS‐CoV‐2, a new virus in the coronavirus family, has infected hundreds of millions of people worldwide. SARS‐CoV‐2 has evolved over the past 2 years to increase its transmissibility as well as to evade the immunity established by previous infection and vaccination. Nevertheless, strong immune responses can be elicited by viral infection and vaccination, which have proved to be protective against the emergence of variants, particularly with respect to hospitalization or severe disease. Here, we review our current understanding of how the virus enters the host cell and how our immune system is able to defend against cell entry and infection. Neutralizing antibodies are a major component of our immune defense and have been extensively studied for SARS‐CoV‐2 and its variants. Structures of these neutralizing antibodies have provided valuable insights into epitopes that are protective against the original ancestral virus and the variants that have emerged. The molecular characterization of neutralizing epitopes as well as epitope conservation and resistance are important for design of next‐generation vaccines and antibody therapeutics.
Forecasting the recovery period of air passenger transportation by using vector error correction model
Authors: Tüzün Tolga İNAN , Neslihan GÖKMEN İNAN 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has had a significantly negative impact on all transportation modules, especially air passengers. The authors aimed to forecast the air passenger load factor using time series modelling for the affecting variables. After providing general information about this pandemic, the forecasting results regarding getting back into the recovery period were presented by time series modelling. The last five years (2016–2020) and the first eight months of 2021 were examined with the following variables: available seat kilometre, revenue passenger kilometre, passenger load factor, gross domestic product, and domestic and international passenger numbers. The forecast results reveal that the recovery period started in June of 2021 and continues with a robust growth trend until September 2021 due to the vaccination process and the starting of the summer season. This trend changed between September to November 2021 slightly negative, from November 2021 to January 2022 slightly positive, and from January 2022 to March 2022 mildly negative. Correspondingly, passenger load factor (PLF) is affected by itself and domestic transportation in the short‐term period. This effect seems short‐term in domestic and international transport. This research reveals that minimising the economic damage by benefiting from the increasing trend of air passenger numbers increases the recovery period.
Aphid DNA detection by molecular gut content analysis in a natural enemy consuming honeydew
Authors: Owashi Yuta , Hayashi Masayuki 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn agroecosystems, understanding of predator–prey interactions are a prerequisite for the use of natural enemies of pest arthropods. Molecular gut content analyses using prey‐specific primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been widely developed to identify the essential natural enemies of pests. However, these techniques may include uncertainties: interactions other than predation between the studied organisms and pests could result in the detection of the pest DNA in the gut of a supposed predator. Here, we tested whether the DNA of aphids was detectable in their honeydew and in gut content samples of a natural enemy that had consumed honeydew but had never contacted the aphids. We used the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae), and larvae of the green lacewing Mallada desjardinsi (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) that prey on aphids and suck honeydew. By using specific primers for the aphid, we detected that 79.2% of honeydew samples tested positive for the aphid DNA. Aphid DNA was detected in 36.7% of lacewing larvae that had consumed honeydew, in the absence of direct contact between lacewing larvae and aphids. Evaluation of aphid predation by DNA‐based gut content analysis, therefore, carries the risk of determining that an arthropod has preyed on aphids when, in fact, it has not. We believe that PCR results should be interpreted with caution when estimating predation.
House Price Markups and Mortgage Defaults
Authors: CARRILLO PAUL E. , DOERNER WILLIAM M. , LARSON WILLIAM D. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe transaction price of identical housing units can vary widely due to heterogeneity in buyer and seller preferences, matching, and search costs, generating what we term “markups” above or below the average market price. We measure markups for 3.4 million purchase‐money mortgages and show that they can predict mortgage defaults and credit losses conditional on default even after accounting for collateral coverage (loan‐to‐value ratio) and a comprehensive set of other covariates. The findings suggest that standard collateral coverage estimation may be inaccurate, with implications for both individual and portfolio‐level credit risk assessment.
Randomized clinical trial of BCG vaccine in patients with convalescent COVID‐19: Clinical evolution, adverse events, and humoral immune response
Authors: Jalalizadeh Mehrsa , Buosi Keini , Dionato Franciele A. V. , Dal Col Luciana S. B. , Giacomelli Cristiane F. , Ferrari Karen L. , Pagliarone Ana Carolina , Leme Patrícia A. F. , Maia Cristiane L. , Yadollahvandmiandoab Reza , Trinh Quoc‐Dien , Franchini Kleber G. , Bajgelman Marcio C. , Reis Leonardo O. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine may confer cross‐protection against viral diseases in adults. This study evaluated BCG vaccine cross‐protection in adults with convalescent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19).MethodThis was a multicenter, prospective, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind phase III study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04369794). Setting: University Community Health Center and Municipal Outpatient Center in South America. Patients: a total of 378 adult patients with convalescent COVID‐19 were included. Intervention: single intradermal BCG vaccine (n = 183) and placebo (n = 195). Measurements: the primary outcome was clinical evolution. Other outcomes included adverse events and humoral immune responses for up to 6 months.ResultsA significantly higher proportion of BCG patients with anosmia and ageusia recovered at the 6‐week follow‐up visit than placebo (anosmia: 83.1% vs. 68.7% healed, p = 0.043, number needed to treat [NNT] = 6.9; ageusia: 81.2% vs. 63.4% healed, p = 0.032, NNT = 5.6). BCG also prevented the appearance of ageusia in the following weeks: seven in 113 (6.2%) BCG recipients versus 19 in 126 (15.1%) placebos, p = 0.036, NNT = 11.2. BCG did not induce any severe or systemic adverse effects. The most common and expected adverse effects were local vaccine lesions, erythema (n = 152; 86.4%), and papules (n = 111; 63.1%). Anti–severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 humoral response measured by N protein immunoglobulin G titer and seroneutralization by interacting with the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 receptor suggest that the serum of BCG‐injected patients may neutralize the virus at lower specificity; however, the results were not statistically significant.ConclusionBCG vaccine is safe and offers cross‐protection against COVID‐19 with potential humoral response modulation. Limitations: No severely ill patients were included.
Finite Element Analysis of the Stress Distribution Associated With Different Implant Designs for Different Bone Densities
Authors: Leblebicioğlu Kurtuluş Ikbal , Kilic Kerem , Bal Burak , Kilavuz Ahmet 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPurposeThe main objective of this study was to investigate the influence of implant design, bone type, and abutment angulation on stress distribution around dental implants.Materials and methodsTwo implant designs with different thread designs, but with the same length and brand were used. The three‐dimensional geometry of the bone was simulated with four different bone types, for two different abutment angulations. A 30° oblique load of 200 N was applied to the implant abutments. Maximum principal stress and minimum principal stresses were obtained for bone and Von misses stresses were obtained for dental implants.ResultsThe distribution of the load was concentrated at the coronal portion of the bone and implants. The stress distributions to the D4 type bone were higher for implant models. Increased bone density and increased cortical bone thickness cause less stress on bone and implants. All implants showed a good distribution of forces for non‐axial loads, with higher stresses concentrated at the crestal region of the bone‐implant interface. In implant types using straight abutments there was a decrease in stress as the bone density decreased. The change in the abutment angle also caused an increase in stress.ConclusionsThe use of different implant threads and angled abutments affects the stress on the surrounding bone and implant. In addition, it was observed that a decrease in density in trabecular bone and a decrease in cortical bone thickness increased stress.
Effects of habitat and sampling time on bacterial community composition and diversity in the gut of the female house fly, Musca domestica Linnaeus (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Neupane Saraswoti , Nayduch Dana 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAdult house flies feed and breed in a variety of microbe‐rich habitats and serve as vectors for human and animal pathogens. To better understand their role in harbouring and disseminating bacteria, we characterized the composition and diversity of bacterial communities in the gut of female house flies collected from three different habitats in Kansas: agricultural (dairy farm), urban (business area dumpsters) and mixed (business located between residential and animal agriculture areas). Bacterial community composition and diversity were influenced more by the house flies' habitat than by sampling time. The most abundant taxa were also highly prevalent in the house flies collected from all three habitats, potentially representing a ‘core microbiome’ attributable to the fly's trophic and reproductive associations with substrates and food sources comprised of decaying matter and/or animal waste. Bacterial taxa associated with vertebrate guts/faeces and potential pathogens were highly abundant in agricultural fly microbial communities. Interestingly, taxa of potential pathogens were highly abundant in flies from the mixed and urban sites. House flies harboured diverse bacterial communities influenced by the habitat in which they reside, including potential human and animal pathogens, further bolstering their role in the dissemination of pathogens, and indicating their utility for pathogen surveillance.
Factors influencing Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum infection incidence and disease development in rose plants
Authors: van der Wolf Jan , Kastelein Pieter , Poleij Leo , Krijger Marjon , Mendes Odette , Sedighian Nasim , Allen Caitilyn , Bonants Peter , Kurm Viola 
Published: May 2022

AbstractGlasshouse experiments were conducted to study infection and disease development in rockwool‐grown rose plants inoculated with Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum. A R. pseudosolanacearum strain isolated from rose plants was more aggressive than strains from anthurium or curcuma. The three rose cultivars tested, Avalanche, Red Naomi, and Armando, differed in susceptibility. At 20°C, the rose strain caused hardly any symptoms over a 6‐week period, whereas at 28°C typical wilt symptoms were observed within 2 weeks after stem inoculation of Armando, the most susceptible cultivar. Inoculating roots with the rose strain resulted only in weak atypical symptoms. Nevertheless, inoculating roots of cv. Armando at a relatively low inoculum dose of 104 cfu/ml led to high densities in the base of stems in one out of two experiments. R. pseudosolanacearum occasionally spread from stem inoculated plants with symptoms in rockwool slabs. This limited spread resulted in a low infection incidence, and only of plants directly adjacent to the plants with symptoms.
Self‐reported executive function problems in adults born very low birthweight
Authors: Kim Hyun Min , Horwood L. John , Harris Sarah L. , Bora Samudragupta , Darlow Brian A. , Woodward Lianne J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundExecutive function difficulties are common among children born very preterm and/or very low birthweight (<1500 g; VLBW), but little is known about whether they persist into adulthood.ObjectivesExamine the nature and pattern of self‐reported executive functioning at 23 and 28 years of age using data from a national cohort study of adults born VLBW and a comparison group of same‐age full‐term (FT) born adults. Also examined were associations between executive function difficulties and socio‐economic outcomes.MethodsAll infants born VLBW in New Zealand during 1986 were prospectively included in an audit of retinopathy of prematurity (n = 413), with 250 (77% of survivors) followed to median age 28 years. A comparison group of FT adults was also recruited at age 23 and followed to 28 years (n = 100). Across both adult assessments, executive functioning was assessed using the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function—Adult Version (BRIEF‐A) and analysed with semi‐parametric models to examine the effects of age and group on executive function.ResultsAt 23 and 28 years, VLBW adults had increased risk of executive function impairment compared with FT adults in behaviour regulation (relative risk [CI] 2.37, 95% confidence interval (CI)1.27, 4.45), meta‐cognition (RR 6.03, 95% CI 2.18, 16.78) and global functioning (RR 3.20, 95% CI 1.40, 7.28). Impaired global executive functioning was associated with lower socio‐economic status (regression estimate [b] = −0.43, 95% CI −0.59, −0.27) and a reduced likelihood of home ownership by age 28 years (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.96, 1.00), even after controlling for sex, ethnicity and parental socio‐economic backgrounds for both groups.Conclusion(s)VLBW‐born adults continue to experience more executive function difficulties in their everyday life relative to term controls at age 28 years. These difficulties were negatively associated with their socio‐economic opportunities as young adults.
Lockdown, Earnings Losses and Household Asset Buffers in Europe1
Authors: Kuypers Sarah , Marx Ive , Nolan Brian , Palomino Juan C. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMeasures taken to contain the spread of COVID‐19 affected some workers' capability to work and hence earning more than others. The initial impact may have been mitigated, for instance by relying on savings and assets, but access to these buffers likely varied within and across countries. In this article we estimate COVID‐19 potential earnings losses using the Lockdown Working Ability Index and relate this to households' savings and assets observed in the Eurosystem Household Finance and Consumption Survey. We find that, without government support, households in the Euro Area could only offset on average half of their losses by relying on liquid assets and almost half would deplete their savings in doing so, although there is significant cross‐country variation. When considering the effect of income support policies, liquid assets cover on average 65 percent of the remaining losses and still 20 percent would exhaust their liquid assets on average in the Euro Area.
Last meals and final statements: Social science research on America's death row
Authors: Walliss John 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOver the past two decades, a growing body of work has emerged in the social sciences that explores various aspects of capital punishment in the contemporary United States. This article reviews one strand of this literature that focuses on the execution ritual itself – specifically on condemned inmates’ last meals and the final statements that they make in the execution chamber just prior to their execution. It also discusses some of the limitations of the research and offers some ideas for future scholarship in this area.
Cytomegalovirus antiviral stewardship in solid organ transplant recipients: A new gold standard
Authors: Jorgenson Margaret R. , Descourouez Jillian L. , Kleiboeker Hanna , Goldrosen Kerry , Schulz Lucas , Rice John P. , Odorico Jon S. , Mandelbrot Didier A. , Smith Jeannina A. , Saddler Christopher M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPurposeAntimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are essential entities that promote the appropriate use of antimicrobials, leading to improved patient outcomes and reduced resistance. Application to the immunocompromised host is a natural progression for expansion. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is a common complication following solid organ transplant with significant implications on graft survival, making it an attractive ASP target. The aim of this piece is to review our center‐specific experience with the development, implementation, and maintenance of a CMV stewardship initiative at a large transplant center.MethodsOur CMV stewardship initiative began in 2018. Herein, we review 3 years’ experience and quality‐related improvement that occurred from initiation to present state and share our stewardship algorithms. Special attention is paid to the impact of the program as well as our increased understanding of the complex interplay between prevention, treatment, and host development of CMV‐specific cell‐mediated immunity (CMI).ResultsWe found our stewardship initiative not only reduced the incidence of ganciclovir resistance but also streamlined care via a centralized and structured approach. This objective, protocolized program has resulted in a significant shift away from a reactive to a proactive state and in turn, reduced CMV treatment rates (26% at initiation to 12% in the current state, p = .012).ConclusionA dedicated multidisciplinary team focused on CMV stewardship is imperative in providing a patient‐centered approach focused on development of CMV‐specific CMI, and as a result prevention of CMV disease. We believe these programs will be the new gold standard for CMV management.
Insights from developing and evaluating the NHS blood choices transfusion app to support junior and middle‐grade doctor decision making against guidelines
Authors: Dhesi Amanpreet Singh , Wyatt Jeremy C. , Estcourt Lise J. , McSporran Wendy , Allard Shubha 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo: 1. Develop a CE‐marked smartphone App to support doctors' concordance with transfusion guidelines in non‐bleeding adult patients, emphasising informed consent and anaemia management. 2. Test App accuracy and potential to improve user decisions.BackgroundStudies have shown inappropriate use of blood components and that most junior doctors own smartphones with medical apps.MethodsA multidisciplinary team developed App screens and logic through an iterative process based on national guidelines. Thirty medical or surgical transfusion scenarios were developed based on national guidelines and each sent to Consultant Haematologist experts in Transfusion Medicine. To obtain a clinical consensus and exclude ambiguous scenarios, their independent decisions and associated certainty were compared. The consensus clinical decision was then compared with guidance from the App. To explore potential App impact on simulated user decisions, 26 junior doctors responded to five transfusion scenarios before and after access to the App.ResultsThe Blood Choices App agreed with 91% (95% CI: 72%–99%) of expert decisions with a sensitivity of 100% (69% to 100%) and specificity of 85% (55%–98%). Excluding one malfunction scenario, the App had the potential to increase correct decisions by junior doctors from 83% (73%–90%) pre‐App use to 96% (88%–99%) post (p‐value 0.013), with 90% (67%–99%) saying they would use it in practice.ConclusionsTransfusion guidelines can be converted into an App with potential to improve guideline concordance. However, evaluating such Apps is essential to understand their limitations, detect malfunctions and prevent harm.
Benefits, companion animal zoonotic disease prevalence and public perceptions of pet ownership among people experiencing homelessness in northern California
Authors: Conway Kimberly Lynn , Jasuja Raina Marie , Hauser Naomi Elisabeth , Foley Janet Elizabeth 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCalifornia has the highest proportion of unhoused individuals in the country, and up to 25% of unhoused individuals own pets, providing substantial benefits but unique challenges including access to housing, transportation and unfounded grounds for social stigmatization. Unhoused individuals and pets may also be at risk for diseases due to impaired access to sanitation facilities. The purpose of this cross‐sectional survey was to evaluate differences in perceived benefits, challenges and public perceptions among pet owners of varying housing security and the prevalence of diseases among their pets. Questionnaires were administered to housed and unhoused pet owners and pet blood screened for rickettsiosis, bartonellosis, ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, borreliosis, West Nile fever and heartworm. Among 147 canine and 16 feline blood samples, seropositivity of ectoparasitic diseases did not vary by housing status. Among 45 housed and 56 unhoused owners, unhoused owners were significantly more likely to report protective benefits, challenges obtaining housing, finding a flea on their pet, using bottled water for their pet and their pet sleeping in their bed. Housed owners were significantly more likely to report companionship and entertainment benefits, challenges with pet sitting and consistently administering parasite preventatives. Similar (96–98%) percentages stated they would not give up their pet for better housing and 31% of housed pet owners believed that people should not own pets if they do not have secure housing. Social stigma against unhoused pet owners is present within the community, requiring education to change public perception and guide policy regarding housing for pet owners experiencing homelessness.
Approaches for Minimizing Joints in Single-Degree-of-Freedom Origami-Based Mechanisms
Authors: Brown Nathan C. , Ynchausti Collin , Lytle Amanda , Howell Larry L. , Magleby Spencer P. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Origami patterns have been used in the design of deployable arrays. In engineering applications, paper creases are often replaced with surrogate folds by providing a hinge-like function to enable motion. Overconstraint observed in multivertex origami patterns combined with imperfect manufacturing may cause the resulting mechanisms to bind. The removal of redundant constraints decreases the likelihood of binding, may simplify the overall system, and may decrease the actuation force by reducing friction and other resistance to motion. This paper introduces a visual and iterative approach to eliminating redundant constraints in origami-based mechanisms through joint removal. Several techniques for joint removal are outlined and illustrated to reduce overconstraints in origami arrays.