bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A tale from the atomic nucleus, ca. 1930s–1950s
Authors: Massimi Michela 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents a first case study: nuclear models around the 1930s–1950s. It introduces a number of scientific perspectives at play around 1900–1924 and shows how this plurality of intersecting perspectives made it possible to establish a modally robust phenomenon concerning the stability of some nuclides with special or ‘magic’ numbers, as they became known. The inference from data about abundances in meteorites, ores, rocks, silicate melts, and so forth, to the phenomenon of nuclear stability was perspectival in distinctive ways. It required a number of experimental, theoretical, and technological resources spread out across a number of scientific communities at the time. This plurality of scientific perspectives allowed reliable scientific knowledge claims about, for example, the percentages of particular elements in rocks, alloys in meteorites, and gases in the atmosphere. The methodological-epistemic principles that justified the reliability of the knowledge claims so advanced were themselves perspectival and ranged from principles of normative petrology to those of crystal structure, chemistry, and nuclear physics. The exploratory nature of the 1930s–1950s nuclear models is rooted in their historical evolution in response to new data (e.g. neutron-capture cross-sections, large quadrupole moments) becoming available and new phenomena (e.g. nuclear fission, nuclear prolate shape) being inferred from these data over time. The nuclear models enabled a variety of epistemic communities to make relevant and appropriate inferences to explore what is possible about the nucleus, its internal structure, isotopic stability, and so forth.
A tale from the development of language in children
Authors: Massimi Michela 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents a third case study, from developmental psychology and studies on dyslexia. It introduces four scientific perspectives on dyslexia: behavioural psychology, education studies, neurobiology, and developmental psychology. Then it delves into the role these play in understanding the complex behavioural phenomenon that I shall refer to as ‘difficulties with reading’. It contends that ‘difficulties with reading’ is a modally robust phenomenon that can be evinced via a number of data-to-phenomena inferences that are perspectival in two interesting ways: (1) the data in each case are sourced from experimental, theoretical, and technological resources available to distinct epistemic communities to reliably advance their knowledge claims; and (2) the methodological-epistemic principles at play to justify the reliability of the knowledge claims are also distinctive of different scientific perspectives. Section 4.c.3 briefly discusses the semantic nature of those inferences and the perspectival modelling that enables them: the so-called Developmental Contingency Modelling (DCM) for dyslexia developed by Uta Frith and John Morton. DCM enables a particular kind of inferential reasoning necessary to explore how learning to read and write might be affected by a number of contingent setbacks during the critical early years of development.
Inferential blueprints and windows on reality
Authors: Massimi Michela 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter unpacks the idea that perspectival modelling is modelling possibilities as presented in Chapter 4. How do perspectival models contribute to it? This chapter argues they do so by acting as ‘inferential blueprints’. It starts with an historical interlude on what blueprints are and clarifies the analogy with perspectival drawing in architecture. Perspectival models support a particular kind of inferential reasoning that takes the form of indicative conditionals. The antecedent of these conditionals invites us to imagine—or, better, physically conceive—a certain scenario. The consequent expresses the main claim of knowledge under the supposition of the physically conceived scenario in the antecedent. The notion of physical conceivability is introduced by latching onto the literature on the epistemology of modality. Perspectival models invite us to physically conceive particular scenarios as constrained by laws of nature. The chapter teases out a number of roles that laws of nature play in this context, draws a distinction between lawhood and lawlikeness (where the latter is key to perspectival realism) and responds to possible objections. Finally, the chapter returns to the inferential reasoning supported by perspectival models and highlights a division of modal labour between indicative conditionals and subjunctive conditionals with the former capturing epistemic conditionals with a covert epistemic modal (à la Kratzer) and the latter latching onto lawlike dependencies in phenomena.
Natural Kinds with a Human Face
Authors: Massimi Michela 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter lays the ground for and motivates a novel way of thinking about natural kinds that is elucidated in detail over the next three chapters. To do so, it delves into the details of a number of past and present scientific practices and examples with two main goals in mind. First, in Section 7.2, it identifies four main functions typically associated with natural kinds in the philosophical literature: (A) naturalism, (B) unanimity, (C) projectibility, and (D) nomological resilience. It briefly reviews some philosophical views about natural kinds, which have traditionally emphasized one or more of these four functions. The second goal is to highlight some examples from scientific practice that in various ways invite us to pause and think about what natural kinds really are for. In particular, it draws attention to what is here called engineered kinds (Section 7.3), evolving kinds (Section 7.4), empty kinds (Section 7.5), and in-the-making kinds (Section 7.6). The bulk of the chapter is dedicated to spelling out these varieties of kinds and urging for a perspectival realist stance on natural kinds that is malleable enough to accommodate them. It will be the task of the next three chapters to substantiate and elaborate the details of this stance on natural kinds, ‘Natural Kinds with a Human Face’ (NKHF). All the natural kinds we know and love are ultimately ‘evolving kinds’ that have survived and adapted across scientific perspectives over time.
The inferentialist view of natural kinds
Authors: Massimi Michela 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter begins to unpack the view of Natural Kinds with a Human Face (NKHF). Chapter 6 placed phenomena rather than properties centre-stage, while Chapter 7 gave the reasons for introducing a more liberal account of natural kinds that can shed light on engineered kinds, empty kinds, kinds in-the-making, and ultimately treat all bona fide natural kinds as evolving kinds. This chapter begins to lay out an inferentialist view of natural kinds that is akin to Neurath’s Boat in being anti-foundationalist and anti-essentialist. Section 8.2 clarifies the Neurathian spirit of the strategy and locates it in the wider context of the rise of inferentialism in philosophy of science, philosophy of physics and philosophy more generally. Section 8.3 discusses the naturalism inherent in this approach to natural kinds: historical naturalism. Section 8.4 illustrates it with an example from ethnobotany, which shed light on the ability of a plurality of situated epistemic communities to historically identify groupings of modally robust phenomena and to fine-grain or coarse-grain associated descriptions of natural kinds in a perspectivalist and thoroughgoingly anti-foundationalist way. Finally, Section 8.4 elucidates some of the details in this inferentialist story, namely how phenomena display (causal or non-causal) lawlike dependencies among relevant features, and how epistemic communities with their respective situated knowledges learn over time to rely on these lawlike dependencies in order to distinguish between in-the-making kinds that are in fact empty kinds and those that instead become evolving kinds.
Sorting phenomena into kinds
Authors: Massimi Michela 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter fills in the details of the broadly inferentialist view of kinds introduced in Chapter 8. Namely, what holds together open-ended groupings of historically identified phenomena? To answer this question, the anti-foundationalist Neurathian strategy has to steer a clear path between two main philosophical views: essentialism and conventionalism. Section 9.1 lays the ground for the Neurathian strategy. Section 9.2 articulates some of the reasons for doing away with ‘deep essentialism’ about natural kinds. Section 9.3 starts from historicist criticisms of scientific realism and elaborates the particular brand of contingentism about kinds that I advocate here. Section 9.4 spells out the positive proposal of sorting phenomena into kinds. It sees natural kinds as sortal concepts, taking loosely inspiration from the way in which Spinoza originally envisaged the notion of a ‘sortal’. It reviews some of the recent literature in experimental philosophy and developmental psychology to elucidate how natural kinds qua sortal concepts can help us make sense of a wealth of studies concerning children’s acquisition of natural kind concepts. Section 9.5 answers the question of what holds open-ended groupings of phenomena together.
Multiculturalism and cosmopolitanism in science
Authors: Massimi Michela 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe final chapter broadens the discussion about perspectival realism by considering the underlying tension between the particular multicultural situatedness of scientific perspectives and their collective cosmopolitan ability to contribute to scientific knowledge. Section 11.2 clarifies the role of multiculturalism in science by introducing the notion of ‘interlacing’ scientific perspectives and offering some normative pointers for it. Section 11.3 teases out two ways of understanding the situatedness of scientific perspectives with a particular focus on historical lineages, and Section 11.4 illustrates this with an example from the early history of magnetism. Section 11.5 warns against two varieties of epistemic injustice affecting scientific narratives: epistemic severing and epistemic trademarking. It discusses ‘reinstatement remedies’ required for these injustices. The argument goes from the value of multiculturalism for science to a non-classist, non-elitist form of scientific cosmopolitanism for which a final plea is made in Section 11.6.
What Should We Do?
Authors: Levine Peter 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Active and responsible citizens form or join and sustain functional groups in which they ask the fundamental civic question: What should we do? In these groups, they characteristically face problems of collective action (such as free-riding), of discourse (e.g., propaganda and ideology), and of exclusion. Elinor Ostrom and the Bloomington School of political economy demonstrate that collective-action problems can be solved and suggest “design principles” that increase the odds of success. Jürgen Habermas argues that people can deliberate; experiments with deliberative democracy offer insights about what makes these conversations go well. Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. offer models of nonviolent social movements that indicate how to address problems of exclusion. Good civic action requires insights from these three traditions of theory and practice. This book concludes with a synthesis of the three traditions that also addresses the challenge of scale: how to preserve intentional, ethical, collective action when millions or billions of people are involved. The Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955–1956 and the current Black Lives Matter movement provide detailed examples. This book also proposes an alternative approach to political theory that focuses on individuals in voluntary groups rather than governments or whole societies.
Three Traditions in Search of Solutions
Authors: Levine Peter 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Effective civic action requires learning from iterative traditions of theory and practice. The Bloomington School of political economy, the second generation of the Frankfurt School, and nonviolent social movements offer particularly relevant insights. These three theory/practice traditions are alternatives to positivist social science, to policy research, and to both ideal and nonideal political philosophy. All three focus on means rather than ends, arguing that it is more important to decide how to act together well than to define the objective or end-state precisely. The thought of John Dewey and Hannah Arendt and the concept of phronesis (or phronetic social science) are also helpful but do not offer as much depth.
Nonviolent Social Movements and the Citizen as Bearer of Soul Force
Authors: Levine Peter 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Social movements are defined as polycentric campaigns that use direct actions (e.g., boycotts, strikes, or occupations) to compel responses from target authorities. They typically impose limits on themselves, and one such limitation is nonviolence. Mohandas K. Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr. argue in overlapping ways for nonviolent social movements that demand sacrifice from their participants. Nonviolence offers both ethical and pragmatic advantages. It also produces characteristic challenges: many people must take costly actions simultaneously; the sacrifices demanded of participants may be unreasonable; and movements may choose the wrong objectives. Healthy social movements combine scale, pluralism, unity, and depth (SPUD).
Synthesis
Authors: Levine Peter 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
An adequate theory of civic life must combine insights about collective action, deliberation, and confronting exclusion. Many actual groups, including some firms and religious bodies, address these issues reasonably well. Common-pool resource regimes, deliberative assemblies, and social movements present particularly clear examples of success. Any group deserves loyalty to the extent that it is cooperative and deliberative and relates ethically to outsiders, although these virtues may be in tension. This conclusion is compatible with John Dewey’s understanding of the “democratic idea in its generic social sense.”
Live Music in America
Authors: Waksman Steve 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
When the Swedish concert singer Jenny Lind toured the US in 1850, she became the prototype for the modern pop star. Meanwhile, her manager, P.T. Barnum, became the prototype for another figure of enduring significance: the pop culture impresario. Starting with Lind’s fabled US tour, Live Music in America surveys the ongoing impact and the changing conditions of live music performance in the US into the twenty-first century. It covers a range of historic performances, from the Fisk Jubilee Singers expanding the sphere of African American music in the 1870s, to Benny Goodman bringing swing to Carnegie Hall in 1938, to 1952’s Moondog Coronation Ball in Cleveland—arguably the first rock ‘n’ roll concert—to Beyoncé’s boundary-shattering performance at the 2018 Coachella festival. More than that, it details the roles played by performers, audiences, media commentators, and a variety of live music producers (promoters, agents, sound and stage technicians) in shaping what live music means and how it has evolved. Live Music in America connects what occurs behind the scenes to what takes place on the stage to highlight the ways in which live music is something that is very deliberately produced and does not just spontaneously materialize. Along the way, previously unstudied archival materials shed new light on the origins of jazz, the emergence of rock ‘n’ roll, and the rise of the modern music festival.
Remaking Liveness
Authors: Waksman Steve 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Jazz, in the years of its emergence, assumed meaning in large part through the places where it was played. The cabaret was an especially noteworthy type of place, a small-scale public setting where music and other sorts of theatrical attractions were offered alongside fine dining, consumption of alcohol, dancing, and a kind of sociability between men and women (or men and men, or women and women) that was sexualized to a greater or lesser degree. The cabaret was, in effect, the prototype for the nightclub and ultimately for the jazz club, the performance setting most identified with jazz as a genre throughout its history. Yet that evolution from cabaret to jazz club happened only gradually, from the 1910s to the 1930s; and only constitutes one element in the larger story of how jazz performance entered American life in the first decades of the twentieth century. Jazz inhabited a diverse array of spaces during these years, from public parks to dance halls to low dives to vaudeville theaters, in each of which the musicians adapted the music to fit the contours of the performance situation and to meet the expectations of the audiences who listened and the people that hired them. This chapter explores some of the variety of venues and practices through which jazz assumed public prominence from the 1900s to the 1920s, seeking to understand throughout the kinds of larger changes that the music brought to the performance and presentation of live music in the US in these years.
The Perfect Package
Authors: Waksman Steve 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Rock ‘n’ roll concerts, like the jazz concerts of an earlier era, played a vital role throughout the 1950s in defining the genre. Radio DJ Alan Freed’s concert promotion activities were especially significant in this light. There was arguably no other place in American culture where the phrase “rock ‘n’ roll”—which he began applying to his concerts in 1955—appeared with such visibility and such consistency; and the artists who played on the package bills assembled by Freed served as an index for the emergent genre, marking its changes and continuities as it evolved. The concerts promoted by Freed and others such as Irvin Feld, Tommy Smalls, and Georgie Woods, also made a significant contribution to the racial integration of musical entertainment. Black and white artists nearly always appeared alongside one another in the package shows assembled by Freed and his peers; just as crucially, audiences were also often integrated to greater or lesser degrees, which posed a challenge to the segregationist practices that remained in place in many parts of the US. Rock ‘n’ roll concerts did not sweep away the barriers to racial integration, but instead became one of the primary sites in the culture of the 1950s where the boundaries drawn around race in the public sphere were contested and revised.
The Politics of Scale
Authors: Waksman Steve 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The economy that grew around arena and stadium concerts sought to impose a level of predictability upon the staging of large-attendance music events that was lacking in the festival economy as it existed in the early 1970s. Arena rock was the cornerstone of a move to industrialize the production of live music that was unprecedented in its scope. This chapter seeks to understand how arena and stadium concerts worked, how such events were produced and how they exemplify a crucially important stage in the evolution of live music in the US. The sheer dollar amounts at stake in arena concerts of this era far surpassed anything that been generated before, one result of which was a particular set of entangling relationships within which promoters, artists, managers, agents, and other figures all negotiated to gain what they believed to be their fair share. If money was at the root of a charged mode of competitive enterprise, it also underpinned peculiar efforts to give the “people”—that is, the audience—a performance that somehow matched the value of a ticket price. Thus, the imperative to put on a “show” intensified throughout the 1970s and forward, which manifested in a whole other set of complex relationships between sound engineers, stage designers, and others who worked in collaboration with the artists to make concerts that were visually and sonically compelling but could also be transported and re-created at every stop along the way.
Staging Hip-Hop
Authors: Waksman Steve 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Hip-hop histories rarely give concert performances or tours more than passing attention. More so than other twentieth-century genres, hip-hop has been considered a medium in which the record is the thing above all. This chapter seeks to tell the history of hip-hop as a live medium, guided by the understanding that the genre has much to say about the larger state of American live music in the last decades of the twentieth century and the early years of the twenty-first. In strictly commercial terms, the success of hip-hop on the record charts has never fully been matched by its success as a concert medium. The very difficulties that hip-hop faced in becoming established as a broad-based concert medium reveal the degree to which the upper ranks of the live music industry remained uniquely exclusionary regarding black music artists. Despite the anxieties that surrounded live hip-hop in large venues, something like “arena rap” did become an established reality by the mid-1980s. Meanwhile, starting in the early 1990s with the Lollapalooza tours, hip-hop figured significantly in the rejuvenation of the American music festival that gained further momentum with the founding of the Coachella and Bonnaroo festivals in 1999 and 2002, respectively. If anything, the festival scene even more than the arena concert realm exemplified the paradoxes of live hip-hop into the twenty-first century: at once central and peripheral, the presence of hip-hop was considered integral to the staging of a successful event but dedicated hip-hop festivals could hardly be found.
Conclusion
Authors: Waksman Steve 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Beyoncé’s 2018 performance at Coachella serves as a potent medium to reflect on the ways that live music has evolved in the twenty-first century. The terms of Beyoncé’s breakthrough represent the continued limits that have been faced by African American artists and other artists of color, and especially by women of color. Beyoncé loudly highlights and commemorates her achievement as the first black woman to headline Coachella to draw attention to the fact that such events have followed the pattern long entrenched in the live music industry, wherein black artists are too often assigned a marginal or secondary place. Beyoncé’s performance further commanded attention because festivals have become so central to US musical life and the music economy in the twenty-first century. Behind the rise of music festivals designed on the model of Coachella is a larger transformation in the organization of the live music industry signaled by the domination of a clutch of global corporations: Live Nation, AEG Live, and Ticketmaster. Many of the largest and most successful festivals in the US are owned by either Live Nation Entertainment or AEG Live. Coachella is owned by the latter but did not begin that way. The story of Coachella’s evolution from an independent festival produced by a regionally based promoter to a signpost of the new live music economy can be taken as an allegory for the ways that live music has evolved in the age of consolidation.
Introduction
Authors: Miller Scott A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
As the title indicates, this chapter provides an introduction to the chapters that follow. The chapter begins with a discussion of an issue that is central to the book’s premise: the distinction between first-order theory of mind and advanced theory of mind. As part of this discussion, the chapter introduces the two most often used measures of each construct: the first-order false belief task and the second-order false belief task. The chapter then moves to an overview of the major theories of theory of mind, noting that each was initially devised solely to explain first-order developments. The chapter concludes with a preview of what is to come in each of the book’s remaining chapters.