bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ideology and the Implicit Authorization of Violence as Policy: The Myanmar Military's Conflict-Related Sexual Violence against the Rohingya
Authors: Alam Mayesha , Wood Elisabeth Jean 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDrawing on original fieldwork, other primary and secondary sources, we assess whether widespread sexual violence during Myanmar's 2017 military operations against Rohingya communities was policy (ordered or authorized by commanders) or practice (driven from below and tolerated by commanders). We argue that sexual violence was authorized as a policy based on (1) the regime's long-standing ideological exclusion of the Rohingya from citizenship and its record of demographic engineering to limit their reproduction, (2) the context of ethnic cleansing and commanders’ effective control of forces, (3) evidence that the military engages in a distinct pattern of sexual violence against the Rohingya, including the targeting of reproductive capacity, and (4) a record of long-standing and ongoing impunity for conflict-related sexual violence, including against the Rohingya. Our analysis contributes to scholarly understanding of the conditions under which sexual violence is authorized as policy and those under which ideology prescribes or legitimates specific patterns of violence, including ethnic cleansing. It is also timely for efforts to prosecute and prevent conflict-related sexual violence.
The potential of Ginkgo biloba in the treatment of human diseases and the relationship to Nrf2–mediated antioxidant protection
Authors: Li Yue , Zhu Xue , Wang Ke , Zhu Ling , Murray Michael , Zhou Fanfan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
This review summarises the current findings regarding the therapeutic effects of GBE and its active ingredients in relation to the Nrf2 antioxidant cascade, to provide scientific insights into the clinical applications of GBE in treating oxidative stress-induced diseases.

Key findings
We found that GBE or its active ingredients activate several signalling mechanisms in cells, including the Nrf2 pathway, which is the master controller of the antioxidant defence that detoxifies reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS-mediated cell and tissue damage contributes to ageing and pathological conditions that underlie several important human diseases, such as diabetic nephropathy (DN), ischemic stroke and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Summary
GBE or its component antioxidants could be applied for the treatment and/or prevention of DN, ischemic stroke and AMD due to their capacity to activate Nrf2 signalling. These strategies may also be applicable to the treatment of other similar conditions that are induced by oxidative stress. Thus, the therapeutic applications of GBE could be expanded.
On the validity of the spectroscopic age indicators [Y/Mg], [Y/Al], [Y/Si], [Y/Ca], and [Y/Ti] for giant stars
Authors: Katime Santrich Orlando J , Kerber Leandro , Abuchaim Yuri , Gonçalves Geraldo 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The abundance ratios [Y/Mg], [Y/Al], [Y/Si], [Y/Ca], and [Y/Ti] have been suggested as chemical clocks for solar-metallicity dwarf stars in the field as well as for giant stars in open clusters. To verify this last hypothesis, we derive these abundances ratios of 50 giant stars belonging to seven open clusters. To calculate the abundances, we analyse FEROS spectra assuming the LTE-hypothesis. We confirm that [Y/Mg], [Y/Al], [Y/Si], [Y/Ca], and [Y/Ti] work as chemical clocks for field dwarf stars at the local region (d &lt; 1 kpc) whereas for the field giants the [Y/Mg], [Y/Al], and [Y/Si] also present trends with the ages but high scattering. [Y/Ca] and [Y/Ti] do not present any correlation with ages in the field giants. In our open clusters, the behaviour is similar, [Y/Mg], [Y/Al], and [Y/Si] present evident trends, whereas [Y/Ca] versus ages is a flat and [Y/Ti] versus ages is less steep. We also confirm that the chemical clocks have high scatter at the early ages. In the case of the compiled sample, the chemical clocks are similar to our results but in some situations there are important differences. Several relations between abundance ratios and ages may be obtained when dwarfs and giants are analysed, confirming the non-universality of the spectroscopic age indicators.
Ultracool dwarfs observed with the Spitzer infrared spectrograph – II. Emergence and sedimentation of silicate clouds in L dwarfs, and analysis of the full M5–T9 field dwarf spectroscopic sample
Authors: Suárez Genaro , Metchev Stanimir 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
We present a uniform analysis of all mid-infrared R ≈ 90 spectra of field M5–T9 dwarfs obtained with the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph (IRS). The sample contains 113 spectra out of which 12 belong to late-M dwarfs, 69 to L dwarfs, and 32 to T dwarfs. Sixty-eight of these spectra are presented for the first time. We measure strengths of the main absorption bands in the IRS spectra, namely H2O at 6.25 $\rm{\mu m}$, CH4 at 7.65 $\rm{\mu m}$, NH3 at 10.5 $\rm{\mu m}$, and silicates over 8–11 $\rm{\mu m}$. Water absorption is present in all spectra and strengthens with spectral type. The onset of methane and ammonia occurs at the L8 and T2.5 types, respectively, although ammonia can be detectable as early as T1.5. Silicate absorption sets in at spectral type L2, is on average the strongest in L4–L6 dwarfs, and disappears past L8. However, silicate absorption can also be absent from the spectra at any L subtype. We find a positive correlation between the silicate absorption strength and the excess (deviation from median) near-infrared colour at a given L subtype, which supports the idea that variations of silicate cloud thickness produce the observed colour scatter in L dwarfs. We also find that variable L3–L7 dwarfs are twice more likely to have above-average silicate absorption than non-variables. The ensemble of results solidifies the evidence for silicate condensate clouds in the atmospheres of L dwarfs, and for the first time observationally establishes their emergence and sedimentation between effective temperatures of ≈2000 and ≈1300 K, respectively.
Using eagle simulations to study the effect of observational constraints on the determination of H i asymmetries in galaxies
Authors: Bilimogga Pooja V , Oman Kyle A , Verheijen Marc A W , van der Hulst Thijs 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
We investigate the effect of observational constraints such as signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio, resolution, and column density level on the H i morphological asymmetry (Amod) and the effect of noise on the H i global profile (Aflux) asymmetry indices. Using mock galaxies from the eagle simulations, we find an optimal combination of the observational constraints that are required for a robust measurement of the Amod value of a galaxy: a column density threshold of 5 × 1019 cm−2 or lower at a minimal S/N of 3 and a galaxy resolved with atleast 11 beams. We also use mock galaxies to investigate the effect of noise on the Aflux values and conclude that a global profile with S/N greater than 6 is required to achieve a robust measurement of asymmetry. We investigate the relation between Amod and Aflux indices and find them to be uncorrelated, which implies that Aflux values cannot be used to predict morphological asymmetries in galaxies.
Comets beyond 4 au: How pristine are Oort nuclei?
Authors: Fulle Marco , Lazzarin M , Forgia F La , Zakharov V V , Bertini I , Epifani E Mazzotta , Ammannito E , Buzzoni A , Capria M T , Carbognani A , Da Deppo V , Corte V Della , Fiscale S , Frattin E , Inno L , Migliorini A , Pernechele C , Rotundi A , Sindoni G , Tubiana C , Milani G , Aletti A , Bacci P , Baj G , Bellini F , Bryssinck E , Di Grazia M , Facchini M , Feraco M , Kugel F , Maestripieri M , Tirelli D , Valvasori A , Snodgrass C , Jones G H 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The ESA mission Comet Interceptor will target an Oort or interstellar comet during its first approach to the Sun. Meanwhile, the Vera Rubin LSST Survey will observe hundreds of active comets per month beyond 4 au from the Sun, where water vapor pressure is expected to be too low to eject dust. We discuss observations of dust tails at heliocentric distances larger than 4 au in order to retrieve the physical parameters driving cometary activity beyond Jupiter by means of a probabilistic tail model, which is consistent with the activity model defining the gas coma parameters due to the sublimation of carbon monoxide, molecular oxygen, methane, ethane and carbon dioxide since the activity onset at 85 au from the Sun. We find that: (i) All the observed dust tails are consistent with the adopted activity model; (ii) The tail fits depend on three free parameters only, all correlated to the nucleus size; (iii) Tail fits are always improved by anisotropic dust ejection, suggesting activity of Oort nuclei dominated by seasons; (iv) Inbound seasons suggest cometary activity before the ejection of protocomets into the Oort cloud, as predicted by the activity model; (v) Oort nuclei larger than 1 km may be characterized by a fallout up to ≈100 m thick deposited during ≈60 yr inbound; (vi) On the other side, Oort nuclei smaller than 1 km may appear more pristine than Jupiter Family Comets when observed at 1 au from the Sun.
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: the link between [α/Fe] and kinematic morphology
Authors: Watson Peter J , Davies Roger L , van de Sande Jesse , Brough Sarah , Croom Scott M , D’Eugenio Francesco , Glazebrook Karl , Groves Brent , López-Sánchez Ángel R , Scott Nicholas , Vaughan Sam P , Walcher C Jakob , Bland-Hawthorn Joss , Bryant Julia J , Goodwin Michael , Lawrence Jon S , Lorente Nuria P F , Owers Matt S , Richards Samuel 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
We explore a sample of 1492 galaxies with measurements of the mean stellar population properties and the spin parameter proxy, $\lambda _{R_{\rm {e}}}$, drawn from the SAMI Galaxy Survey. We fit a global $[\alpha /\rm {Fe}]$–σ relation, finding that ${[\alpha /\rm {Fe}]}=(0.395\pm 0.010)\rm {log}_{10}(\sigma)-(0.627\pm 0.002)$. We observe an anti-correlation between the residuals $\Delta [\alpha /\rm {Fe}]$ and the inclination-corrected $\lambda _{\, R_{\rm {e}}}^{\rm {\, eo}}$, which can be expressed as ${\Delta [\alpha /\rm {Fe}]}=(-0.057\pm 0.008){\lambda _{\, R_{\rm {e}}}^{\rm {\, eo}}}+(0.020\pm 0.003)$. The anti-correlation appears to be driven by star-forming galaxies, with a gradient of ${\Delta [\alpha /\rm {Fe}]}\sim (-0.121\pm 0.015){\lambda _{\, R_{\rm {e}}}^{\rm {\, eo}}}$, although a weak relationship persists for the subsample of galaxies for which star formation has been quenched. We take this to be confirmation that disc-dominated galaxies have an extended duration of star formation. At a reference velocity dispersion of 200 km s−1, we estimate an increase in half-mass formation time from ∼0.5 Gyr to ∼1.2 Gyr from low- to high-$\lambda _{\, R_{\rm {e}}}^{\rm {\, eo}}$ galaxies. Slow rotators do not appear to fit these trends. Their residual α-enhancement is indistinguishable from other galaxies with ${\lambda _{\, R_{\rm {e}}}^{\rm {\, eo}}}\lessapprox 0.4$, despite being both larger and more massive. This result shows that galaxies with ${\lambda _{\, R_{\rm {e}}}^{\rm {\, eo}}}\lessapprox 0.4$ experience a similar range of star formation histories, despite their different physical structure and angular momentum.
Morphology of dark matter haloes beyond triaxiality
Authors: Bonnet G , Nezri E , Kraljic K , Schimd C 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The morphology of haloes inform about both cosmological and galaxy formation models. We use the Minkowski Functionals (MFs) to characterize the actual morphology of haloes, only partially captured by smooth density profile, going beyond the spherical or ellipsoidal symmetry. We employ semi-analytical haloes with NFW and αβγ-profile and spherical or ellipsoidal shape to obtain a clear interpretation of MFs as function of inner and outer slope, concentration and sphericity parameters. We use the same models to mimic the density profile of N-body haloes, showing that their MFs clearly differ as sensitive to internal substructures. This highlights the benefit of MFs at the halo scales as promising statistics to improve the spatial modelling of dark matter, crucial for future lensing, Sunyaev–Zel’dovich, and X-ray mass maps as well as dark matter detection based on high-accuracy data.
Updated bounds on axion-like particles from X-ray observations
Authors: Schallmoser Simon , Krippendorf Sven , Chadha-Day Francesca , Weller Jochen 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
In this work, we revisit five different point sources within or behind galaxy clusters to constrain the coupling constant between axion-like particles (ALPs) and photons. We use three distinct machine learning (ML) techniques and compare our results with a standard χ2 analysis. For the first time, we apply approximate Bayesian computation to search for ALPs and find consistently good performance across ML classifiers. Further, we apply more realistic 3D magnetic field simulations of galaxy clusters and compare our results with previously used 1D simulations. We find constraints on the ALP-photon coupling at the level of state-of-the-art bounds with $g_{a\gamma \gamma } \lesssim 0.6 \times 10^{-12} \, \rm{GeV}^{-1}$, hence improving on previous constraints obtained from the same observations.
The 21-cm signal from the cosmic dawn: metallicity dependence of high-mass X-ray binaries
Authors: Kaur Harman Deep , Qin Yuxiang , Mesinger Andrei , Pallottini Andrea , Fragos Tassos , Basu-Zych Antara 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
X-rays from high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs) are likely the main source of heating of the intergalactic medium (IGM) during Cosmic Dawn (CD), before the completion of reionization. This Epoch of Heating (EoH; z ∼10–15) should soon be detected via the redshifted 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen, allowing us to indirectly study the properties of HMXBs in the unseen, first galaxies. Low-redshift observations, as well as theoretical models, imply that the integrated X-ray luminosity to star formation rate of HMXBs (LX/SFR) should increase in metal-poor environments, typical of early galaxies. Here, we study the impact of the metallicity (Z) dependence of LX/SFR during the EoH. For our fiducial models, galaxies with star formation rates of order 10−3–$10^{-1}\, M_\odot$ yr−1 and metallicities of order 10−3–$10^{-2}\, Z_\odot$ are the dominant contributors to the X-ray background (XRB) during this period. Different LX/SFR–Z relations result in factors of ∼ 3 differences in these ranges, as well as in the mean IGM temperature and the large-scale 21-cm power, at a given redshift. We compute mock 21-cm observations adopting as a baseline a 1000 h integration with the upcoming Square Kilometer Array (SKA) for two different LX/SFR–Z relations. We perform inference on these mock observations using the common simplification of a constant LX/SFR, finding that constant LX/SFR models can recover the IGM evolution of the more complicated LX/SFR–Z simulations only during the EoH. At z &lt; 10, where the typical galaxies are more polluted, constant LX/SFR models overpredict the XRB and its relative contribution to the early stages of the reionization.
Human activation-induced deaminase lacks strong replicative strand bias or preference for cytosines in hairpin loops
Authors: Sakhtemani Ramin , Perera Madusha L W , Hübschmann Daniel , Siebert Reiner , Lawrence Michael S , Bhagwat Ashok S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Activation-induced deaminase (AID) is a DNA-cytosine deaminase that mediates maturation of antibodies through somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination. While it causes mutations in immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes and strand breaks in the switch regions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene, it largely avoids causing such damage in the rest of the genome. To help understand targeting by human AID, we expressed it in repair-deficient Escherichia coli and mapped the created uracils in the genomic DNA using uracil pull-down and sequencing, UPD-seq. We found that both AID and the human APOBEC3A preferentially target tRNA genes and transcription start sites, but do not show preference for highly transcribed genes. Unlike A3A, AID did not show a strong replicative strand bias or a preference for hairpin loops. Overlapping uracilation peaks between these enzymes contained binding sites for a protein, FIS, that helps create topological domains in the E. coli genome. To confirm whether these findings were relevant to B cells, we examined mutations from lymphoma and leukemia genomes within AID-preferred sequences. These mutations also lacked replicative strand bias or a hairpin loop preference. We propose here a model for how AID avoids causing mutations in the single-stranded DNA found within replication forks.
‘I want to be able to do what I know the tools will allow us to do’: Practicing evaluative bibliometrics through digital infrastructure
Authors: Krüger Anne K , Petersohn Sabrina 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe proliferation of quantitative research assessment has been accompanied by an increasing growth and diversification of digital infrastructure for evaluative bibliometrics. Since the beginning of the 2000s, insights into academic performance provided by a variety of new databases and devices significantly exceed the capacities of the former Science Citation Index and embedded metrics. Going beyond the research on the construction, uses, and consequences of bibliometric indicators, we therefore posit that a perspective on bibliometric infrastructure is crucial for understanding how evaluative bibliometrics is put into practice. Drawing on interviews with academic librarians on the increasing provision and implementation of bibliometric infrastructure in the years 2013 and 2014, we analyse how the entanglement of technology and its users shapes how evaluative bibliometrics is understood and practiced.
Thigh MRI in antisynthetase syndrome, and comparisons with dermatomyositis and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy
Authors: Zhang Wenhao , Zheng Yiming , Wang Yikang , Xiong Hui , Que Chengli , Zhang Xiaohui , Zhu Ying , Zhao Yawen , Yu Meng , Meng Lingchao , Lv He , Zhang Wei , Hao Hongjun , Xiao Jiangxi , Yuan Yun , Wang Zhaoxia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate MRI changes to define muscle-lesion specific patterns in patients with antisynthetase syndrome (ASS), and compare them with those in other common idiopathic inflammatory myopathy subtypes.

Methods
Qualitative and semi-quantitative thigh MRI evaluations were conducted in patients with ASS, DM and immune-mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM).

Results
This study included 51 patients with ASS, 56 with DM and 61 with IMNM. Thigh MRI revealed muscle oedema (62.7%), myofascial oedema (90.2%), subcutaneous-tissue oedema (60.8%) and fatty infiltration of muscles (68.6%) in patients with ASS. Compared with IMNM, ASS and DM were associated with more frequent adductor-muscle relative sparing (40.6% vs 3.6%, P&lt;0.001, and 25.6% vs 3.6%, P&lt;0.001) and subcutaneous-tissue oedema (60.8% vs 23.0%, P&lt;0.001, and 57.1% vs 23.0%, P&lt;0.001). Although ASS and DM exhibited similar oedema patterns, there were certain subtle differences between them. The ASS group was less frequently symmetric (60.6% vs 88.4%, P=0.005, and 60.6% vs 80.0%, P=0.048), but more frequently showed myofascial oedema of the tensor fasciae latae (80.4% vs 48.2%, P&lt;0.001, and 80.4% vs 31.1%, P&lt;0.001) than either the DM or IMNM groups. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed an optimal combination of thigh MRI findings had an area under the curve with 0.893 for diagnosing ASS.

Conclusion
Thigh MRI in ASS exhibited frequent myofascial oedema. ASS oedema patterns resembled those of DM more than those of IMNM. Bilateral asymmetry, adductor-muscle relative sparing and remarkable myofascial oedema of tensor fasciae latae were the most characteristic ASS imaging findings.
NAMS 2021 Utian Translational Science SymposiumSeptember 2021, Washington, DCCharting the path to health in midlife and beyond: the biology and practice of wellness
Authors: Santoro Nanette F. , Coons Helen L. , El Khoudary Samar R. , Epperson C. Neill , Holt-Lunstad Julianne , Joffe Hadine , Lindsey Sarah H. , Marlatt Kara L. , Montella Patti , Richard-Davis Gloria , Rockette-Wagner Bonny , Salive Marcel E. , Stuenkel Cynthia , Thurston Rebecca C. , Woods Nancy , Wyatt Holly 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Charting the Path to Health in Midlife and Beyond: The Biology and Practice of Wellness was a Translational Science Symposium held on Tuesday, September 21, 2021. Foundational psychosocial and behavioral approaches to promote healthy aging and strategies to disseminate this information were discussed. The following synopsis documents the conversation, describes the state of the science, and outlines a path forward for clinical practice. Wellness, in its broadest sense, prioritizes an orientation toward health, and an embrace of behaviors that will promote it. It involves a journey to improve and maintain physical and mental health and overall well-being to fully engage and live one's best life. It is more about recognizing and optimizing what one can do than what one cannot do and emphasizes the individual's agency over changing what they are able to change. Wellness is therefore not a passive state but rather an active goal to be sought continually. When viewed in this fashion, wellness is accessible to all. The conference addressed multiple aspects of wellness and embraced this philosophy throughout.
Intimate Partner Violence Knowledge and Preparation: Perspective of Health Care Profession Students
Authors: Hughes Charmayne M. L. , Southard Rachel , Walsh Lilia , Gordon-Murer Chloe , Hintze Amy , Musselman Elaine 
Published: April 2022

Introduction.
Victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) access various health care services for diagnosis and treatment of their injuries. The primary aim of this study was to examine whether IPV attitudes, perceived knowledge, and preparation differ by the health care program in which the students are enrolled. The secondary aim was to determine whether demographic and clinical variables known to predict self-perceived IPV knowledge and preparation differ between health care professions.

Review of Literature.
Intimate partner violence is a global public health concern affecting approximately 25% of women and 10% of men. Persons with a history of IPV have elevated health care utilization rates compared with persons with no history of IPV. Health care providers without adequate IPV training may discount/minimize the abuse or blame the victim for the abuse.

Subjects.
Respondents included students enrolled in entry-level physical therapy/occupational therapy programs (n = 96), prelicensure nursing programs (n = 141), and medical school (n = 154).

Methods.
Respondents completed the Nursing Roles and Values Scale, Domestic Violence Myth Assessment Survey, and a modified Provider Readiness to Manage IPV Survey online.

Results.
Physical Therapy/Occupational Therapy (PT/OT) students had the lowest self-perceived IPV knowledge and preparation scores and were more likely to adhere to IPV myths. Self-perceived IPV knowledge and preparation were predicted by student's opinions about IPV and level of IPV training, regardless of health care profession. Lifetime IPV experience predicted medical student's level of IPV knowledge but did not predict PT/OT and nursing students' knowledge.

Discussion and Conclusion.
Intimate partner violence education was shown to significantly influence students' perceived knowledge and preparation to care for victims of IPV, supporting the need for inclusion of IPV content in health profession curricula. Academic programs provide an ideal opportunity to prepare future health care providers with the knowledge and preparation to appropriately respond to IPV in the clinical environment.