bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self-Evaluation in Competition Pools
Authors: Alicke Mark D. , Zhang Yiyue , Stephenson Nicole B. , Zell Ethan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of theory and research on competition pools, namely, salient groups in which social comparisons occur routinely and exert a significant impact on self-evaluations. The authors conceptualize competition pools broadly to include competitions among friends, family, coworkers, teammates, and classmates. After a brief overview of social comparison theory, the authors describe the impact of social comparisons that arise in competition pools. Further, the authors note that effects of social comparisons often occur alongside effects of intrapersonal or temporal comparisons. Next, the authors discuss research on how people evaluate referents who outperform them in competition pools. This research, including work on the genius effect and referent status neglect, suggests that people selectively consider the skill level of the referent in order to maintain a positive self-image. The authors then turn to the distinction between local versus global competition pools. Informed by research on the big-fish-little-pond effect and local dominance, the authors argue that social comparisons are most impactful when made locally, among a few immediate others, as opposed to globally, with larger groups. Finally, the chapter concludes by highlighting broader implications of research on competition pools for social comparison theory as well as directions for future research.
W. E. B. Du Bois’s International Lens on Modern US Philanthropy and His Fleeting Hopes for Reform
Authors: Morey Maribel 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter calls on Du Boisian and US philanthropy scholars alike to acknowledge W. E. B. Du Bois’s breadth of knowledge on, and critique of, modern US philanthropic organizations at the international level during the first half of the twentieth century. Describing Du Bois as an avant-garde critical scholar of these elite US organizations across disciplines and oceans, this chapter furthermore describes his fleeting hopes in the 1930s that they would reform their white supremacist ways. Du Bois then was hopeful that these US foundations—established by US titans of industry and their heirs—would alter their longstanding practices of privileging the work, advice, and interests of white people over Black people in the US and throughout colonial Africa and, in doing so, would finance a pan-African encyclopedia shaped by a leading Black scholar such as himself. However, as Du Bois long had known and painfully experienced firsthand in the 1930s, he never would live through a moment of meaningful reform in these key institutions of US capitalism on the world stage.
The Rise and Fall of Fossil Fuels
Authors: Rabinowitz Dan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The nexus of modernity, energy, and climate is analyzed along five interconnected processes: industrial mechanization, the ascent of fossil fuels, material growth in late modernity, greenhouse gas emissions and climate change as unintended consequences, and the current eclipse of fossil fuels in favor of renewables as response. Consequential everywhere, these dynamics have had particularly dramatic impacts in the oil-rich countries of the Persian/Arabian Gulf. Two of them—the ascent of Middle-Eastern oil as pillar of the global economy and the role the region could play in the transition to renewables—have global gravitas. As the oil economy runs its course and as post-normal climate becomes a reality, the Gulf’s future is uncertain. Responding to this dual threat, could countries in the Gulf divert from opposition to the global energy transition to becoming part of it? Should that happen, how will liberal-minded environmentalists, now at the helm of mainstream global efforts to curb climate change, view such intervention? Will despots with tainted records in the realms of human rights, equality, and democratic principles who now seek to steer the global energy transition in their favor be seen as worthy partners to the urgent effort to save the planet’s climate?
War and Environmental Politics
Authors: Sowers Jeannie , Weinthal Erika 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The natural environment continues to be a casualty of war and a weapon in war. Yet the effects of war on civilian populations and environments remain understudied in comparative environmental politics (CEP). This chapter surveys the different ways that the environment and natural resources are linked to armed conflict and to preparations for war across time and space. Through a comparative politics lens, we analyze the environmental impacts of war, linking these to “peacetime” political economies and the continued expansion of military-security complexes in both authoritarian and democratic regimes. We examine the intensifying environmental impacts of military activities, focusing on the examples of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, military land use, the nuclear arms race, and toxic contamination, and the widespread secrecy and lack of accountability around these issues. The chapter then turns to how renewable and non-renewable natural resources are exploited in conflict, and how warring parties target and weaponize environments and natural resources during war. We further highlight how attacks on civilian infrastructure create long-lasting reverberating harm on ecosystems and human health. This chapter thus calls for greater attention in CEP to understanding the environmental impacts of both war and permanent preparation for war.
Climate and Conflict
Authors: Daoudy Marwa 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Does climate change cause conflict? Syria is often mentioned as a key case where climate change caused social protest and revolt. Specifically, some scholars and analysts invoke droughts from climate change as an independent variable that caused the 2011 uprisings and civil war. Drawing on various subfields of environmental politics, security studies, and political economy, this case study of Syria focuses specifically on one key facet of how systems of power shape environmental precarity: the relationship between ideology and resource policy. Drawing on primary sources and interviews, this research shows how the exigencies of political ideology and its contingent infrastructure policies exacerbated environmental and socio-economic vulnerabilities. This analysis tells an alternative story of resource scarcity and conflict with the aim of refining the critical study of environmental security and conflict. Lessons drawn from this case help illuminate other instances in the Global South where climate change conflates with conflict.
Jane Addams on Play, Education, and Ethical Teaching
Authors: Boronat Núria Sara Miras 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses Addams’s contribution to childhood education. In Democracy and Social Ethics (1902), Addams claims that the cause of many of our problems is a lack of imagination that prevents us from understanding the experience of other people. Although Addams never wrote a treatise on education (with the exception of The Spirit of the Youth and the City Streets, 1909), notes on play, the arts, and education are scattered throughout all her main works. Not only was her development of these concepts was not only inspired by John Dewey’s work in Chicago’s Laboratory School, but she was also acquainted with the advances of play and education theorists such as Friedrich Frobel, Karl Groos, and Maria Montessori. She expanded these ideas in ways that could be useful for today’s educational challenges. Addams’s revolutionary views are presented regarding (a) the social value of children’s experience and its relation to democracy; (b) the conceptual interdependence of play, the arts, and recreation for children and adults; and (c) the criticism of college education and the possibility of “ethical teaching” with a special focus on service-learning.
Superdiversity and the Everyday
Authors: Wise Amanda 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The chapter situates superdiversity as an enriching paradigm for the concept of everyday multiculturalism, one that demands more granular assessment of power and inequality in relation to quotidian coexistence. It argues that temporary legal status gives shape to the politics, sociabilities, possibilities, and outcomes of lived diversity in everyday multiculturalism. The domains of work and neighborhood are highlighted as spaces of encounter, and the core variable is not racial, ethnic, or national origin, but temporary visa status. Challenging colloquial “too local” understandings of “everyday multiculturalism,” the chapter shows how the wider economic and institutional forces that underpin temporariness as an increasingly typical mode of migrant existence profoundly shape opportunity structures for convivial encounter, social relations, and the formation of communities-in-difference.
ACT for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Petersen Julie M. , Hayes Louise , Gillard Duncan , Ciarrochi Joseph 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Mental health concerns among children and adolescents are a common and growing international concern. Working with youth requires a developmental lens in order to capture the range of changes and contexts that younger populations experience. This article reviews the rationale, implementation, and research on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for youth, with a specific focus on the DNA-V (Discoverer, Noticer, Advisor, and Values) model. Discussed here are challenges (e.g., working with parents) and future directions (e.g., diverse samples, longitudinal study designs) in researching and applying ACT. Overall, significant preliminary evidence supports the use of ACT with younger populations, particularly within certain conditions (e.g., chronic pain).
Historical Origins of Many Commonly Used Neuropsychological Tests
Authors: Barr William B. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Results of practice surveys indicate that clinical neuropsychologists tend to use a clinical test battery consisting of a flexible collection of tests. This chapter traces the origins and history of many of the tests commonly employed in a neuropsychological test battery. What is evident is that approximately 30% of the tests that are employed in contemporary test batteries have origins more than 100 years old. Many of the tests currently used by neuropsychologists are based on dated theories, have not been updated for use with modern digital technology, and fail to address the needs of an increasingly diverse population. Although learning the historical origins of commonly used neuropsychological tests enriches our knowledge and appreciation for how the field has developed, it also places our methodology in a context that makes it clear that there is a need for a continuing evolution of the field’s methodology in order to keep current in an ever-changing world.
Over 40 Years of Teacher Self-Efficacy Research
Authors: Berg David A. G. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Raising the academic achievement of school-aged children has become a pressing concern of societies the world over. This has led to an extensive examination of the skills and attributes necessary for teachers to facilitate student achievement. Following from this, there has been an increasing appreciation of the importance of teachers’ affective states and beliefs. Indeed, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, 2020) has noted that teachers need to have strong self-efficacy, confidence, and well-being if teaching and learning are to be effective. This chapter is concerned with the first of these, teacher self-efficacy: teachers’ beliefs about their ability to use their knowledge and skills to overcome challenges and execute specific teaching behaviors that bring about positive outcomes for their students. It is hoped that the chapter will offer researchers and educators who are new to the topic a solid grasp of what teacher self-efficacy is, why it is important, and to draw attention to some of the thorny issues that are evident in the field. In order to do that, the language, history, and evolution of the theoretical underpinning of teacher self-efficacy are examined; challenges and opportunities related to its measurement outlined; key research findings critically reviewed, implications explored, and future directions discussed.
Comparative study of FLACS vs conventional phacoemulsification for complex cataracts in vitrectomized eyes
Authors: Cai Lei , Ma Dongmei , Xu Xujiong , Han Xiaoyan , Qiu Xiaodi , Lu Yi , Yang Jin 
Published: June 2022

Purpose:
To compare the visual outcomes and complications of femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) and conventional phacoemulsification (CPS) in patients with prior pars plana vitrectomy (PPV).

Setting:
Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and Ears, Nose, and Throat Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.

Design:
Prospective randomized controlled cohort study.

Method:
According to the Lens Opacity Classification System III, cataract patients with nucleus grade 3 to 6 after prior PPV were randomized to 2 groups (FLACS or CPS). Endothelial cell density (ECD), central corneal thickness (CCT), and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) were evaluated preoperatively and at 1 day, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months postoperatively. Intraoperative parameters and intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded.

Results:
86 eyes (45 and 41 in the FLACS and CPS groups, respectively) were included and analyzed, among which 43 had hard nuclei (grade 5 or 6). Cumulative dissipated energy was lower and ultrasound time was shorter among FLACS patients with hard nuclei (P < .001). CDVA was similar in both groups at the final visit (P > .05). ECD decreased in both groups but was lower among CPS patients with hard nuclei throughout the follow-up period (P < .05). CCT had returned to preoperative levels at the final visit in both groups; however, eyes with hard cataract in the FLACS group recovered sooner. No serious complications occurred in either group.

Conclusions:
FLACS is beneficial in improving surgical safety and providing quicker visual rehabilitation in vitrectomized eyes with hard nuclear cataracts.
Spontaneous resolution of a unilateral cataract in an adult
Authors: Choe Woo Seok , Kim Moosang , Kim Tae Gi 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Rationale:
Cataracts are a disease that is usually caused by aging and involve the irreversible degeneration of the lens material. On the other hand, transient cataracts have also been reported, mainly due to systemic hyperglycemia, which often occurs bilaterally. However, reports of the spontaneous regression of unilaterally occurring cataracts in patients with normal blood glucose levels are rare. Here, we report a rare case of spontaneous regression of unilateral posterior subcapsular cataracts in an adult with normal blood glucose levels.

Patient concerns:
A 42-year-old woman presented with distorted vision in her right eye. The patient was taking medication for diabetes, and her blood sugar level was well-controlled.

Diagnosis:
Upon examination, her uncorrected visual acuity and best-corrected visual acuity were 20/70 in her right eye. Slit lamp microscopy revealed fine, feathery, and streak-like posterior subcapsular opacities. Color fundus photography revealed a star-shaped shadow due to the cataract, and no diabetic retinopathy was observed. Her two hour postprandial glucose level was 115 mg/dL. The patient was diagnosed with posterior subcapsular cataracts, and cataract surgery was planned. The patient was scheduled to visit the clinic again after seven days.

Interventions:
Close observation for one week without any intervention.

Outcomes:
After one week, most of the posterior subcapsular opacities disappeared, and the uncorrected visual acuity and best-corrected visual acuity in the right eye improved to 20/40 and 20/30, respectively.

Lessons:
This case report demonstrates that unilateral posterior subcapsular cataracts may spontaneously regress in patients with normal blood glucose levels. Therefore, it is important to check whether cataracts improve spontaneously through short-term close follow-up before planning cataract surgery to avoid unnecessary surgery.
Diagnostic Value of the Iliac Vein Stenosis Percentage Combined With Indicators of Venous Reflux for Iliac Vein Compression Syndrome With Computed Tomography Venography
Authors: Yin Lei , Wang Xiaoyi , Wei Xiaoqi , Lin Yanqing , Chen Zhihai , You Haole , Bian Liyong , Zheng Weiping 
Published: June 2022

Objectives
To identify a cutoff value of iliac vein stenosis in computed tomography venography (CTV) for assisting in the diagnosis of iliac vein compression syndrome (IVCS). Meanwhile, determining whether the inclusion of venous return and collateral imaging findings could further enhance the diagnostic performance.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective study on 264 patients suspected of IVCS who underwent both CTV and digital subtraction venography (DSV) from January 2016 to December 2020; they were assigned to either a control group (n = 101) or an IVCS group (n = 163) based on the DSV results. The narrowest anteroposterior diameter of the common iliac vein and the anteroposterior diameter of the distal end were measured to calculate the percentage of iliac vein stenosis. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine the predictive accuracy of the percentage of iliac vein stenosis for IVCS and whether the inclusion of venous reflux indicators can further improve the diagnostic accuracy.

Results
With respect to the DSV results, the area under the curve was 0.797 (P < 0.001). The best cutoff value was 46.67%, corresponding to a sensitivity of 83.44% and a specificity of 69.31% for predicting IVCS. Moreover, the combination diagnostic method had higher sensitivity and accuracy (94.48% vs 83.44% [P = 0.01] and 84.85% vs 78.03% [P = 0.04], respectively).

Conclusions
The best cutoff percentage of iliac vein stenosis to diagnose IVCS was 46.67% with CTV. The sensitivity and accuracy of the combined diagnostic method were higher than those of the iliac vein stenosis ratio diagnostic method.
Cauda Equina Atrophy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis on Routine Lumbar Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Matsushima Satoshi , Omoto Shusaku , Shimizu Tetsuya , Baba Akira , Ojiri Hiroya 
Published: June 2022

Objective
The aim of the study was to evaluate the cross-sectional area of the cauda equina in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) on routine lumbar magnetic resonance imaging and investigate the diagnostic accuracy in comparison with age- and sex-matched non-ALS controls.

Methods
This retrospective study included 15 ALS patients and 15 age- and sex-matched non-ALS controls. Two independent neuroradiologists measured and compared the total cross-sectional area of the cauda equina of ALS patients and the non-ALS controls at the level of the L3 and L4 using axial T2-weighted images. The cutoff value, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve were measured. The interobserver reproducibility of the 2 independently obtained measurements was evaluated.

Results
The total cross-sectional area of the cauda equina in the ALS group was significantly smaller than that in the non-ALS group (L3: median, 66.73 vs 90.19 mm2, P < 0.001; L4: median, 52.9 vs 67.63 mm2, P < 0.001). The cutoff values at L3 and L4 were 76.95 and 61.04 mm2 with a sensitivity and specificity of 1 and 0.87 and 0.8 and 0.87, respectively. The area under the curve at L3 and L4 were high at 0.96 and 0.94, respectively. The interobserver reproducibility was 0.88 at L3 and 0.89 at L4.

Conclusions
The ALS patients showed significant atrophy of the cauda equina compared with non-ALS patients.
Effects of Two Botulinum Toxin Type a Evaluated by Shear Wave Elastography and Electromyographic Measurements of Masseter Reduction
Authors: Guo Yu , Diao Xuehong , Dong Dong , Xia Wen , Liu Tianyi , Zhou Yiqun , Zhu Jingjing , Chen Liang , Chen Yue 
Published: June 2022

Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of onabotulinumtoxin A and Chinese botulinum toxin type A (CBA) for masseter reduction using elastography and electromyographic measurement. Female subjects aged 21 to 38 years with benign masseter hypertrophy received 1 treatment of either 50 units onabotulinumtoxin A or 50 units CBA in a double-blind clinical trial. The study enrolled 102 subjects (204 sides of masseters); 51 subjects per group. The thickness and stiffness of the masseter muscle and the electromyographic changes were evaluated before and 1, 4, 12, and 24 weeks after injection. One week after injection, the thickness of the masseter muscle did not change significantly, but the stiffness was reduced by 5% to 9%. After 4 weeks of injection, masseter muscle thickness, stiffness and strength decreased significantly compared with before injection. The changes were significantly at 12 weeks. Muscle stiffness measured by Shear-wave elastography was significantly reduced by 20% to 32% in the relaxed state and 25% to 47% in the contractile state. The electromyography showed that masseter muscle strength changed consistently with Shear-wave elastography value before and after injection. Six months after injection, ultrasound and electromyography showed that the masseter muscle thickness and stiffness began to recover. Between the 2 groups, there are no significant difference in thickness, stiffness and muscle strength reduction of masseters after treatment (P > 0.05), as well as in side effects (P > 0.05). Onabotulinumtoxin A and CBA were comparable in the efficacy and safety for masseter reduction.
Multi-Staged Surgeries for Coexisting Facial Asymmetry and Strabismus in Parry-Romberg Syndrome
Authors: Fang Chien-Liang , Tsai Chong-Bin , Chen Ming-Shan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract:
Parry-Romberg syndrome (PRS) is a rare disorder resulting in disfiguring facial asymmetry. Ocular manifestations can result in complex strabismus. There were limited reports on the treatment of PRS with coexisting strabismus. We present a multistaged surgical approach to manage the facial asymmetry and strabismus.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Cleft and Craniofacial Conditions: An International Analysis of Practice Patterns
Authors: Morales Carrie Z. , Wagner Connor S. , Humphries Laura S. , Vu Giap H. , Kalmar Christopher L. , Bartlett Scott P. , Taylor Jesse , Swanson Jordan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract:
Prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies is associated with increased parental stress. Surgical prenatal counseling for parents expecting a child with an orofacial cleft has been shown to reduce parental anxiety through education and expectation setting. Despite the prevalence and significance of these conditions throughout the world, little is known of international counseling practices as they pertain to clefts and other craniofacial conditions, specifically regarding topics of counseling and discussions of ethical issues including interruption of pregnancy (IOP).
In this study, 50 members of the International Society of Craniofacial Surgery, representing 18 countries, were surveyed. The questionnaire included questions about the number of consultations performed, for which conditions, setting of practice, and regional regulations pertaining to IOP. The authors report that the most frequent topics of discussion included initial treatment of clefts (89%), future surgeries (89%), and speech/language difficulties (85%). North American surgeons more frequently discussed cleft appearance (100%) thansurgeons from Central/SouthAmerica (64%) or Europe (64%, P = 0.019). Overall, 46% of surgeons surveyed believe it is ethical to give parents their opinion on IOP when asked. European surgeons were more likely to report that parents want to receive information about IOP at prenatal consultations (82%), compared to 25% from North America and 8% from Central/South America (P < 0.001). The authors conclude that despite a lack of standard guidelines on conducting prenatal counseling appointments for cleft and craniofacial conditions, discussion topics were similar across country, practice type, and surgeon experience.