bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wellbore Abrasion Comparison with High Strength Coiled Tubing - A Case Study
Authors: McClelland Garry , Galvan Irma Irais , Price Joseph , Mallanao Genesis Lo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Coiled tubing abrasion from well completion interference is a prominent failure mode in the industry. Variables influencing the severity of the abrasion include string design, completion design, well tortuosity and the well environment. The complexity of wells has increased which has required the industry to use higher strength coiled tubing materials and, larger diameters of coiled tubing. In doing so, the tubing force analyses suggest higher normal forces against the casing has become standard.
SPE 81724 (Larsen, Reichert 2003) studied the wet and dry abrasion relationship of 90ksi yield coiled tubing against L80 and L80-13Cr completion materials and found dry abrasion to be 250 times more aggressive compared to wet abrasion in those tests. Furthermore, despite the impression that abrasion occurs more often in chrome completions, the results showed chrome completion abraded the coiled tubing at approximately the same rate as the standard L80 in those tests.
Since then, the use of quench and tempered coiled tubing typically in the range of 110-140 ksi. minimum yield strength is mainstream to navigate the increased length and tortuosity of the wells currently being drilled. As a result, abrasion appears to be more frequent, though intermittently reported because failures near the whip end and bottom hole assembly are commonly dismissed in the field near as normal for operations. In instances where the abrasion occurs in the middle of the string, the results can be more challenging for well control.
The purpose of this paper is to further explore the abrasion relationship between conventional 90 grade coiled tubing and some of the newer high strength quench and tempered materials in the 110-140ksi yield range. These coiled tubing materials were mated with various well completion materials including L80, L80-13Cr, P110 and P110-13Cr. Only dry abrasion was investigated at this time to carefully examine the abrasion relationship of each material. In summary, the data further supports the conclusions in SPE 81724 (Larsen, Reichert 2003) where coiled tubing materials showed similar abrasion rates against the various casing materials with and without chrome additions. Furthermore, the casing abrasion rates could be shown to be consistent with their relative hardness: the harder the material, the lower the abrasion rate. Additional future work will also consider friction reducers and varying normal forces.
A Multidisciplinary Method for Tackling CT Ops in Well Laterals Exceeding 15,000 ft in the US
Authors: Galvan Irma Irais , Mallanao-Aquino Genesis Lo , McClelland Garry , Myatt James Heath , Howell Ross 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
With the goal of providing predictable and repeatable performance in extended laterals exceeding 15,000-ft, customized coiled tubing (CT) solutions that minimize risk and improve overall field economics are driving the industry in unconventional shale resources.
This paper documents the multidisciplinary approach taken to improve operational key performance indicators (KPIs) in extended reach operations, which contributed to the engineering of the largest CT ever manufactured to service super laterals well in North America.
The newest well trajectories involve extensive planning for post-frac plug mill-out and clean-out operations which demand bigger CT sizes and greater pumping pressures to efficiently accomplish the work. Ahead of these interventions, careful job planning involves thorough tubing forces, hydraulics analysis, exact location and number of plugs, fluid selection, and scheduling, in addition to an optimized CT string profile and grade. Upon execution of the operations, results of the post-job analysis of metrics and tubing forces collected from multiple wells were used to feed the analysis of subsequent operations to further improve performance and resolve any previous issues.
Field collected data along with surveys for projected well drillouts fed into the iterative string design methodology that produced a record-breaking string profile of 2.625-in outer diameter with over 30,000-ft in length, using custom-fit wall thickness configurations that featured up to 0.276-in thickness and quench-and-temper 130,000-psi grade materials. This CT engineered solution surpassed 187,000-lbs of combined weight, becoming an important milestone for domestic CT interventions logistics.
Analyses have also shown the need for vibration tools and chemical additives to further extend lateral reach. Operational changes to accommodate this record-setting CT string included the use of the largest capacity CT units in the market and high-powered injector equipment. Additionally, tailored operating techniques helped reduce the average rate of penetration through plugs and stall times, consequently, reducing overall job completion times.
As this paper documents the speed at which the demand for larger and longer CT is growing, continuous innovation is needed in the CT industry. Capabilities of surface equipment, downhole tools, CT materials, and highly engineered string configurations, must be pushed ahead of their current specifications to set CT accessibility records in super lateral wells (Galvan, et.al., 2017).
Optimizing Workover Rig Drillout Operations Through Data Acquisition and Analytics
Authors: Nace Christopher Lane , Miller Joe Hubert , Mercer Ashley Maria 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Workover rig drillout operations can be some of the most costly and important activities in the life cycle of a well. Through the expanded collection of operation-specific data, operators and service companies alike can increase operational efficiency, improving both cost and predictability of a given operation. Within the workover rig completion space, this has allowed for more in-depth analysis to be conducted in a previously data-scarce part of the industry. Acquisition and analysis of this data has opened the door for further operational efficiency improvements as well as more consistent and predictable execution.
This paper will focus on three examples that examine the value extracted from analytics conducted on data that has been captured in real time. These include: 1) Establishing baselines for key performance indicators (KPIs), 2) Developing best practices for frac plug milling operations, and 3) Optimal plug selection.
Analysis and implementation of these data-driven solutions have already resulted in significant improvements in the workover rig completion space. Using these techniques to set performance targets for rig personnel, several operators have seen improvements in well-to-well transitions, mobilization and connection times, as well as overall plug milling performance. Data behind several milling practices shows that top performances require the combination of higher average weight on bit, a bit as close to drift ID as possible, and the use of tools that allow pump rate to be maximized. Milling performance recorded on a sample size of over 25,000 plugs provides confirmation of optimal plug selection options in each basin for drillout purposes.
The collection and analysis of data across the industry continues to present opportunities to quantify and implement strategies that have resulted in improvements across the board. Incorporating analytics to stick pipe operations has resulted in comprehensive benchmarking of operations and improved execution of workover rig drillouts.
A Low Impact Rigless Well Abandonment Solution for Complex Wells
Authors: Dahmani Louisa , Joppe Lambertus Carolus , Dekker Vincent 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Discuss a cost-effective rigless methodology to abandon complex onshore wells.
– Onshore wells can be near housing, and multiple non-technical risks (NTR) need to be carefully managed to keep the license to operate. – Select a 100% electric rigless plug and abandonment (P&A) unit to reduce emissions, smell, and noise contour. – Manage and execute a complex P&A scope of work of 60+ wells in three years.
This paper studies the solutions selected and implemented by the project management team in collaboration with the well operator for a successful start-up and cost-effective well abandonment project.
– Implement the first fully integrated well abandonment project solution for onshore P&A in the Netherlands including well P&A services, hydraulic workover (HWO), logistics, and site preparation. – Ensure full compliance with the stringent local mining and environmental regulations. – Select a bespoke P&A unit to provide a robust solution for complex P&A work. – Select downhole services and technologies to successfully execute a complex, rigless P&A work scope.
The project encompasses over 60 wells on 23 different onshore locations drilled over a 50 year period. The known scope of work and requirements of multiple contingencies while managing NTRs resulted in the selection of a rigless well abandonment solution.
– A modular, highly capable rigless well abandonment unit in combination with enabling downhole technologies provides a total solution for simple and complex wells. – A 100-percent electrically powered P&A unit reduces emissions, smell, and noise contour. This was thefirst electrified P&A unit in the history of the operator running on grid power. All well site equipment is electrically powered (HWO P&A Unit, Mud/Cement Pumps, and ancillary equipment) to reduce emissions, smell, and noise contour. – Project management and engineering is key to ensuring efficient planning and close collaboration with the well operator's project team. – Collaboration between partners enables multi-skilling and reduction of POB to save additional costs. – Improve efficiencies and execution through extensive after-action reviews and learning curves. – Successfully execute complex P&A work and re-establish annular cement integrity on multiple complex wells (perforate, wash and cement, section milling, perf, circulate and cement) – More than 40 wells completed in two years, and operations continue today. – This is the first fully integrated well abandonment approach that includes full project management, well-site supervision, cross-product services, and extensive third-party management (HWO, logistics, and other third-party service companies). – A 100% electric P&A unit reduces emissions, smell, and noise contour, delivering a net reduction of CO2 through electrification.
Self-Targeting Type IV CRISPR interference in Pseudomonas oleovorans
Authors: Guo Xiaohan , Sanchez-Londono Mariana , Gomes-Filho Vicente , Hernández-Tamayo Rogelio , Rust Selina , Immelmann Leah , Schäfer Pascal , Wiegel Julia , Graumann Peter , Randau Lennart 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Many bacteria contain Class I CRISPR-Cas systems and utilize multi-subunit ribonucleoprotein complexes to interfere with mobile genetic elements. The activities of these complexes are described in detail for Type I effector complexes, showing CRISPR-RNA (crRNA) mediated DNA recognition that (i) relies on the presence of a short DNA sequence termed protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) and (ii) results in the recruitment of the target DNA nuclease Cas3. Type IV CRISPR-Cas systems also belong to Class I, but their substrate requirements have not been defined and a DNA nuclease has not been identified. Here we show that the native Pseudomonas oleovorans Type IV-A CRISPR-Cas system targets DNA in PAM-dependent manner and elicits interference in the absence of DNA nuclease activity. We found that the first crRNA of P. oleovorans contains a perfect match in the host gene coding for the Type IV pilus biogenesis protein PilN. The deletion of the native Type IV-A CRISPR array resulted in upregulation of pilN operon transcription. Reporter gene targeting assays with endogenous and heterologous Type IV-A CRISPR-Cas machineries verified effective CRISPR interference in the absence of DNA nuclease activity. Our results demonstrate that nuclease-free Type IV-A CRISPR-Cas systems can function in host gene regulation. The observed activity resembles CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) methodology using dCas9 or Type I effectors without Cas3. Therefore, Type IV-A CRISPR-Cas activity represents a natural CRISPRi system that is found in many Pseudomonas and Klebsiella species and allows for their manipulation using synthetic crRNAs.
A Combinatorial Optimization Model for Post-Disaster Emergency Resource Allocation using Meta-Heuristics
Authors: Jain Sehej , Bharti Kusum Kumari 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Disasters are large-scale disruptions for the society that cause damage to human lives, infrastructure, and the ecosystem. Multiple emergencies emerge, which need to be handled and resolved efficiently to minimize the impact of the disaster. Therefore, the need for an effective and efficient emergency response system that optimally allocates resources and emergency services is essential. This paper proposes a methodology to model this situation as an optimization problem that can be solved using meta-heuristic algorithms. In the proposed model, four meta-heuristics, namely Particle Swarm Optimization, Cuckoo Search, Grey Wolf Optimizer, and iLSHADE-RSP algorithm, have been used to allocate resources and services. A benchmark dataset consisting of 16 situations is prepared to analyze the proposed model. The conducted empirical analysis demonstrates the applicability of the meta-heuristic algorithms in locating near-optimum solutions for the considered situations. The convergence analysis and statistical tests have been performed to test the validity and significance of the conducted experiments.
RC Structural Damages Observed After 30.10.2020 Seferihisar-İZMİR Earthquake and Analytical Evaluation Existing Sample RC Buildings
Authors: KOÇER Mustafa , ÜNAL Alptuğ 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Turkey, the İzmir Earthquake with Mw = 6.9 moment magnitude with the epicenter 17.26 km off the Seferihisar (İzmir) coast in the Aegean Sea occurred in 30th October 2020 at Turkish time 14.51. According to the acceleration records of İzmir earthquake, the recorded peak ground acceleration (PGA) was approximately 0.182g, and 117 deaths occurred in this earthquake, while 1032 people were injured. In this study, the structural damages occurred on the buildings due to the İzmir Earthquake were examined and discussed in details according to the current and former Turkish regulations. Moreover, a RC building constructed in 1998 and survived the earthquake without any permanent damage (a 5-storey building designed as 3-storey in the existing static project but added 2 more floors without any in-situ strengthening) was subjected to pushover analysis, linear analyses considering regulations and nonlinear time history pushover analysis according to the acceleration records of İzmir Earthquake. The obtained structural results were compared and discussed according to the current and former regulations.
Groundwater potential and quality mapping using GIS-RS modeling and Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) in El-Hamiz Sub-watershed, Algiers, Algeria.
Authors: nemer zoubida , Khaldaoui Fatma , Benaissa Zahia , Belaroui Abdelhakim , Goumrasa Abdeldjalil , Akziz Djamal , Djeddi Mohammed 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
As climate change continue to become more severe, water supplies are becoming scarce and groundwater is becoming more and more exploited worldwide. Groundwater exploration relies mainly on hydrogeological studies and geophysical techniques (electrical methods). Although this technique is inexpensive, easy to implement, and not time consuming, it can be challenging to perform due to topographic effects or small area heterogeneities. Generally, a field trip is scheduled prior to any geophysical survey to scout the area of interest and locate the VES points on site. This costs time, money, and effort. The use of GIS and Remote Sensing analysis of the study area can facilitate the identification of appropriate areas for geophysical surveys. In addition, the final result of groundwater potential is useful in defining areas where VES can provide maximum and accurate results on groundwater occurrence and quality. this study concern groundwater exploration in el-hamiz sub-watershed part of the eastern Mitidja, Algiers. GIS-RS model was developed to highlight the groundwater potential zone and locate VES location. Furthermore, VES data determined the aquifer’s parameters and highlighted a saline pollution.
Determination of Urban Expansion Areas by Parcel Based Estimation Model (Saray Case Study)
Authors: KURU Azem , Yüzer Mehmet Ali 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Population growth causes urban spatial expansion and harms ecological units on the periphery of cities. Determining the growth trends of an urban area is vital in developing predictive planning techniques, defining manageable urban processes, directing investments to be made in the city, and increasing the quality of life with the balance between natural and built environment. It is a necessary planning tool for determining the dynamics affecting the expansion directions of the urban area and determining the possible urban growth areas with a holistic approach, detecting the possible problems that may occur in the future and finding solutions to these problems. The scope of this study is to build a model that predicts the possible urban expansion areas. The model is developed in line with the main criteria defined as proximity, natural environments, built-up environments, and plan decisions. The weights of each criterion and related sub-criteria were determined with the analytical hierarchy process (AHP). As a result of the study, the most probable urban development areas that will serve the 2040 projection population for the city of Saray were determined. This study aims to predict the growth direction of the urban area and determine the areas under the pressure of construction depending on the city's current dynamics. Thus, a practical urban growth estimation model has been put forward for future planning studies. The model results show that the city of Saray is inclined to continue its urban form as mono-centric and compact in the year 2040.
State-Constrained Bipartite Tracking of Interconnected Robotic Systems Via Hierarchical Prescribed-Performance Control
Authors: Ge Ming-Feng , Gu Zhi-Wei , Su Peng , Liang Chang-Duo , Lu Xiang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper investigates the collaborative design problem aiming to achieve state-constrained bipartite tracking of interconnected robotic systems (IRSs) with prescribed performance. We propose a hierarchical state-constrained estimator-based control frame to reduce the complexity of algorithms and improve the adaptation of the tracking control when the robotics are constrained to physical boundaries and external environment. Without the pre-known tracking trajectory, the estimator-based layer can estimate the tracking trajectory at each time interval by the interconnected topology. The position constraints are never violated during the convergence process by designing of control algorithms. The theoretical proof and simulation results are presented to validate the feasibility of the control algorithms.
Measuring Mindfulness in Black Americans: A Psychometric Validation of the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire
Authors: Okafor Gold Nneka , Ford Brett Q. , Antonoplis Stephen , Reina Anita , Lutfeali Samina , Shallcross Amanda 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Objectives: Black Americans disproportionately experience higher levels of chronic stress. Mindfulness is a promising, cost-efficient treatment option for reducing stress and related mental health outcomes such as depression and anxiety. The Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) is one of the most widely used tools to measure mindfulness; however, Black American samples have been underrepresented in validation studies of the FFMQ. Consequently, the validity of the FFMQ within Black Americans is unknown. The present study assessed the psychometric properties and nomological network of the original 39-item FFMQ (FFMQ-39) and the short form 15-item FFMQ (FFMQ-15) among a non-clinical, Black American sample in the United States. Methods: In a longitudinal study, 586 Black Americans completed either the FFMQ-39 or the FFMQ-15 at two time points one month apart. Results: Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses supported a five-factor structure in both questionnaires. Both questionnaires had good fit indices ( RMSEA > .05, SRMR > .05, CFI > .92, TFI > .92) and demonstrated strong test-retest reliability, expected associations with nomological network variables, and invariance across gender, mindfulness meditation experience, depression level, everyday discrimination, lifetime discrimination, household income, ethnic heritage, and skin tone. Conclusion: The results indicate that both the FFMQ-39 and the FFMQ-15 can validly and reliably measure mindfulness in a non-clinical, Black American sample. These findings contribute to cultural generalizability and mindfulness assessment within underrepresented populations.
Analysing daytime summer thermal comfort conditions for Turkey’s third largest tourism destination
Authors: Cinar İsmail , Karakus Nihat , Toy Süleyman 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tourism is the one of the most competitive sectors in the world and climate serves as potential and source for tourism on one side and natural barrier for some outdoor activities on the other. Outdoor thermal conditions are important for tourist satisfaction. Therefore, several tourism – climate indices include this parameter as a component. Mediterranean basin harbours world famous summer and cultural tourism destinations among others and climate change is expected to affect the region including the third primary destination of Turkey. The aim of this study is to analyse human thermal comfort conditions, combined effect of atmospheric elements on humans, in the southwest part of Turkey, world – famous summer tourism region using Physiologically Equivalent Temperature (PET) and Mean Radiant Temperature (Tmrt) values and Geographic Information System (GIS) as tool to show their spatial distribution as a component of tourism climate indices. As the result of the study, the most influential factors on human thermal comfort conditions are marine effect e.g. sea breezes, humidity, air movement and dense urbanisation around the meteorological stations established in 12 districts. Suggestions to reduce high PET and Tmrt values are offered in the study.