bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘Tasty School’ model is feasible for food education in primary schools
Authors: Laitinen Aija Liisa , Antikainen Amma , Mikkonen Santtu , Kähkönen Kaisa , Talvia Sanna , Varjonen Silja , Paavola Saila , Karhunen Leila , Tilles‐Tirkkonen Tanja 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe ‘Tasty School’ is a tailored teacher‐delivered food education model for primary schools in Finland. The aim of the current study was to investigate the feasibility of the Tasty School model in primary schools. Furthermore, the aim was to assess changes during the intervention in the class teachers' perspectives and experiences related to food education and school dining.MethodsThe method involved a quasi‐experimental study with intervention and control groups. A total of 130 class teachers from 15 intervention and 10 control schools from five municipalities in Finland participated in the study during one school year. The theoretical framework of acceptability was utilised to evaluate feasibility using frequencies. The comparison data were analysed using a mixed‐effects model for repeated measures to account for the intervention effects and selected standardising effects.ResultsTeachers reported that the model was highly acceptable and easily integrated into the school environment. Support from principals and colleagues was the most important facilitator of food education, and lack of time was the barrier. Teachers in the intervention schools were more likely to consider school meals healthy after the intervention, and they reported having sufficient materials and supplies for food education.ConclusionsThe Tasty School was shown to be a feasible model for food education in primary schools. The current study especially found that the commitment of the whole school and principals' role are crucial in the implementation of food education. The factors that support the implementation must be strengthened, and efforts must be made to reduce the barriers.
Ribonuclease H‐like gene SMALL GRAIN2 regulates grain size in rice through brassinosteroid signaling pathway
Authors: Huang Yunshuai , Dong Hui , Mou Changling , Wang Ping , Hao Qixian , Zhang Min , Wu Hongmin , Zhang Fulin , Ma Tengfei , Miao Rong , Fu Kai , Chen Yaping , Zhu Ziyan , Chen Cheng , Tong Qikai , Wang Zhuoran , Zhou Shirong , Liu Xi , Liu Shijia , Tian Yunlu , Jiang Ling , Wan Jianmin 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACTGrain size is a key agronomic trait that determines the yield in plants. Regulation of grain size by brassinosteroids (BRs) in rice has been widely reported. However, the relationship between the BR signaling pathway and grain size still requires further study. Here, we isolated a rice mutant, named small grain2 (sg2), which displayed smaller grain and a semi‐dwarf phenotype. The decreased grain size was caused by repressed cell expansion in spikelet hulls of the sg2 mutant. Using map‐based cloning combined with a MutMap approach, we cloned SG2, which encodes a plant‐specific protein with a ribonuclease H‐like domain. SG2 is a positive regulator downstream of GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE2 (GSK2) in response to BR signaling, and its mutation causes insensitivity to exogenous BR treatment. Genetical and biochemical analysis showed that GSK2 interacts with and phosphorylates SG2. We further found that BRs enhance the accumulation of SG2 in the nucleus, and subcellular distribution of SG2 is regulated by GSK2 kinase activity. In addition, Oryza sativa OVATE family protein 19 (OsOFP19), a negative regulator of grain shape, interacts with SG2 and plays an antagonistic role with SG2 in controlling gene expression and grain size. Our results indicated that SG2 is a new component of GSK2‐related BR signaling response and regulates grain size by interacting with OsOFP19.
Deciphering Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra L.) and seal (Phoca vitulina L.; Halichoerus grypus F.) diet: Metabarcoding tailored for fresh and saltwater fish species
Authors: Boyi Joy Ometere , Heße Eileen , Rohner Simon , Säurich Josefin , Siebert Ursula , Gilles Anita , Lehnert Kristina 
Published: July 2022

AbstractLong‐lived top predators shape biodiversity structure in their ecosystems and predator–prey interactions are critical in decoding how communities function. Studies on the foraging ecology of seals and Eurasian otters in Western Europe are outdated and most studies solely performed traditional hard part analysis. Molecular metabarcoding can be used as an innovative noninvasive diet analysis tool, which has proven efficient and complementary to hard part analysis, however, lacking application in the wider North Sea area. In this study, DNA from digesta, collected between 2014–2020, were used to identify fish species in the diet of 47 Eurasian otters, 54 harbour seals and 21 grey seals by applying a next‐generation metabarcoding approach. A newly designed 16S rRNA primer, providing the best coverage of >130 local marine and freshwater fish species, was used to amplify prey DNA from seal scats and otter gut content sampled from the North Sea and regional freshwater bodies. Frequent fish species included tench, ninespine stickleback and white bream in otters; hooknose and common roach in grey seals and Pleuronectidae and sand gobies in harbour seals. Bipartite network analysis showed a strong overlap of harbour and grey seal diets. Otter diet intersected with both seal species in terms of freshwater species. This study provides new knowledge about dietary composition and community assemblage of fish prey in otters and seals in the North Sea and regional freshwaters, and a new molecular tool to elucidate predator–prey interactions and interspecies competition in complex and changing ecosystems under pressure from anthropogenic activities.
Impact of variant of concern and vaccination status on COVID‐19 infection virological dynamics in end stage kidney disease patients receiving haemodialysis
Authors: Koh Timothy , Ooi Xi Yan , Vasoo Shawn , Yeo See Cheng 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAimIt is unclear if variant of concern and vaccination status impact COVID‐19 infection virological dynamics in haemodialysis patients and affect de‐isolation protocol for dialysis centres.MethodWe performed a retrospective observational cohort study between February 2020 to September 2021, to examine the virological kinetics of vaccinated and unvaccinated haemodialysis patients with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐confirmed COVID‐19 infection of the delta and pre‐delta variants.ResultsOf the 38 subjects with PCR‐confirmed COVID‐19 infection, we found that individuals infected during the delta‐variant period had higher viral load at presentation and required longer duration to achieve a negative PCR swab, compared to those infected in the pre‐delta variant period. Time to achieve negative PCR swab was longest in unvaccinated individuals infected during delta‐variant period. However, vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals achieved high PCR cycle threshold value of ≥25 and ≥30 at similar timing.ConclusionOur study suggests that patients infected during delta‐variant period of COVID‐19 illness, have higher viral load at presentation and prolonged viral shedding, especially in the unvaccinated cohort. However, prolonged time to negative PCR is likely due to inactive virus shedding, and that conversion to negative PCR may not be a necessary pre‐requisite for de‐isolation.
Kuwaitiella rubra gen. et sp. nov. (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), a new filamentous genus and species from the north‐western Indian Ocean
Authors: Hasan Amal Hajiya , Van der Aa Pierrot , Küpper Frithjof C. , Al‐Bader Dhia , Peters Akira F. 
Published: July 2022

SUMMARYA new filamentous marine red alga, Kuwaitiella rubra gen. et sp. nov. (Bangiales, Rhodophyta), is described from Kuwait in the north‐western Arabian Gulf (also referred to as the Persian Gulf). It was found on a submerged fishing line. The intensively red upright thallus of up to 1 cm in length consists of cells containing a single stellate plastid. The thallus is initially uniseriate but becomes biseriate in its distal part upon transformation into globular reproductive cells, possibly archaeospores. The biseriate fertile part is the only morphological difference from other filamentous species of the Bangiales, in which this region is parenchymatous. In culture, bipolar asymmetric germination of the spores of Kuwaitiella led to a new generation of identical erect thalli, fixed to the substratum by colourless rhizoids. According to phylogenetic analyses of partial small subunit nuclear ribosomal DNA (18S) and of the plastid‐encoded ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcL), the new species forms an additional lineage of the Bangiales, genetic similarity with other taxa being limited (maximum 91% in SSU and 90% in rbcL). It was no clear member of any known lineage of the Bangiales but was weakly associated with the filamentous species Minerva and Dione from New Zealand. In a SSU phylogeny, it formed a basal branch in the Bangiales and clustered with M. aenigmata and D. arcuata as sister clade to all other species of the order. In a rbcL phylogeny, it was part of a large polytomy of lineages, its closest relative being D. arcuata. Kuwaitiella forms the 8th lineage of filamentous Bangiales detected so far.
The Shear-Angle Relationship in Metal Cutting
Authors: Shaw M. C. , Cook N. H. , Finnie I. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The several analytical solutions that have been presented for the shear angle in metal cutting are described briefly and the underlying assumptions critically discussed. The friction process that obtains in cutting is considered in detail and it is shown that a variable restraint and accompanying variation in the effective hardness of the metal cut constitute a major difference between ordinary friction and that between chip and tool. This variation in relative restraint and effective hardness accounts for the wide variation of coefficient of friction with rake angle observed in metal cutting. Furthermore, this variable restraint constitutes a significant connecting link between shear and friction processes, and is responsible for the shear plane not being in the direction of maximum shear stress in the general case. These new concepts are incorporated with the best features of previous work, and an equation is presented, in which the angle between the shear plane and direction of maximum shear stress figures prominently. The new equation for shear angle is illustrated and discussed with the aid of experimental cutting data covering a wide range of operating conditions.
The Periodic-Flow Regenerator—A Summary of Design Theory
Authors: Coppage J. E. , London A. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A description is given of the periodic-flow rotary regenerator, and it is contrasted to the other types of heat-exchanger systems which may be employed to “regenerate” or “recuperate” the exhaust-gas thermal energy in a gas-turbine plant. The advantages in principle of the periodic-flow type are considered briefly, and the mathematical complexities of analysis of the more exact theory of its performance are indicated. Available special solutions, obtained by numerical-graphical methods, provided by Hausen, Nusselt, Boestad, Iliffe, and Saunders and Smoleniec are reviewed and their limitations pointed out. An algebraic equation solution corresponding to the special case of high rotative speeds is shown to be exactly the same as the well-known equation for a direct-transfer-type counterflow exchanger. These results are supplemented with an “approximate theory” solution which has the advantage of being in closed form, and the limitations on accuracy of this solution are considered. Recommended design curves are presented using a set of simple nondimensional parameters, of the same nature as those employed for direct-transfer-type exchangers, and which are readily usable for the gas-turbine regenerator-design problem. The curves result from a rational extrapolation of the special case solutions of Hausen, employing the approximate theory as well as the results of Iliffe, to other situations of interest to the gas-turbine designer. An illustrative problem is included.
Pulverized-Coal Gasification Ruhrgas Processes
Authors: Traenckner Kurt 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
After reviewing briefly the situation of Germany’s gas demand and supply which makes it highly desirable to set free larger amounts of coke-oven gas by firing coke ovens with producer gas, the general program of research and development of the Ruhrgas A-G is explained. Main efforts were directed toward the development of two gas producers using low-grade pulverized coal or coal dust obtained from the coal-cleaning operations. The first process, involving gasification of pulverized coal in a vortex-type system, with slagged-ash removal, has reached the state of commercial applicability, and the results obtained exceed those of conventional gas producers gasifying coke. The second process described in some detail, the coal-dust pulse-jet gasifier, is in the experimental stage, but already has shown promising results. Further work is in progress to improve operations and efficiencies.
On the Solution of the Reynolds Equation for Slider-Bearing Lubrication—IV: Effect of Temperature on the Viscosity
Authors: Osterle F. , Charnes A. , Saibel E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Treating viscosity as a function of temperature and pressure, the problem of the slider bearing without side leakage and with film thickness varying exponentially is solved exactly for the case of adiabatic flow. An approximate solution is developed, applicable to both finite and infinite sliders. This approximate solution is found to check very closely with the exact solution for the infinite-slider case.
On the Solution of the Reynolds Equation for Slider-Bearing Lubrication—VI: The Parallel-Surface Slider Bearing Without Side Leakage
Authors: Osterle F. , Charnes A. , Saibel E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Treating the density of the lubricant as a function of temperature and the viscosity as a function of pressure and temperature, the problem of the parallel-surface slider bearing without side leakage is solved exactly for the case of adiabatic flow. The theory permits rapid evaluation of the maximum film pressure, the point in the film where the maximum pressure occurs, the film temperature at this point, and the film temperature at outlet.
Contributions to Hydraulic Control: 5—Lateral Forces on Hydraulic Pistons
Authors: Blackburn J. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Sticking or excessive friction of pistons or valves in their bores has always caused trouble to designers and users of hydraulic equipment. The phenomena involved are complex and incompletely understood. This paper shows that large lateral forces may be caused by hydrodynamic phenomena alone, without the complicating effects of dirt in the oil. It presents expressions describing the lateral force for certain cases of simple geometry, with experimental verification, and discusses other cases qualitatively. Finally, it summarizes briefly present ideas concerning the frictional phenomena involved and lists several questions to which the answers must be obtained by further investigation.
An Investigation of Cemented Tungsten Carbide as Bearing Material
Authors: Kozacka J. S. , Erickson H. A. , Highriter H. W. , Gabriel A. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
There have been many inquiries for application of cemented tungsten carbide as bearing material in designs where high pressures exist and where lubrication is a problem. Considerable interest exists in application of cemented tungsten carbide to precision-grinding spindle bearings, where the life of other bearings is short, a factor resulting in excessive replacement time. There are inquiries for technical data, which up to this time are very scant. To test the feasibility of using cemented tungsten carbide as bearing material, a research project was organized by the Vascoloy-Ramet Corporation, a manufacturer of tungsten-carbide cutting tools, wear parts, and wiredrawing and stamping dies; the Acme Industrial Company, manufacturer of precision-finished parts, and the D. A. Stuart Oil Company, processor and distributor of metalworking lubricants, and extreme-pressure additives. Tests were arranged and co-ordinated by Prof. J. S. Kozacka. This is the first progress report of an investigation to measure cemented-tungsten-carbide bearings performance using different lubricating oils under varying load conditions.
Aerodynamic Design of Efficient Two-Dimensional Channels
Authors: Stanitz J. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A general design method is presented for two-dimensional channels with arbitrary prescribed velocity distributions along the channel walls. The design method is developed for compressible or incompressible fluids and is applied to the design of channels with relatively thin boundary layers. Maximum deceleration rates that avoid turbulent boundary-layer separation are discussed and it is shown that linear variations in a certain velocity parameter along the channel walls give a suitable engineering approximation to the velocity distribution resulting from boundary-layer considerations. For these linear variations in velocity parameter the design method is rapid. Eleven numerical examples are presented for compressible and incompressible flow in elbows and diffusers. In addition, some experimental results are presented which show that, provided the initial boundary layer is sufficiently thin, efficient two-dimensional channels can be designed for prescribed velocity distributions that avoid boundary-layer separation.
New Aspects of Natural-Convection Heat Transfer: Preliminary Study of Effect of Frictional Heating
Authors: Ostrach Simon 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An analysis of the natural-convection process shows that in many new practical cases, the compression work and frictional heating may affect this mode of heat transfer appreciably, depending on the magnitude of a new parameter K¯=GrβfXlcp Study of a simplified problem, namely, the flow between two parallel infinite plates oriented parallel to the direction of the generating-body force shows, in particular, that the frictional heating appreciably alters the velocity and temperature distributions, and hence the heat transfer. Consideration of the frictional heating also leads to the predictions that two states of flow and heat transfer are to be expected for a given set of conditions and also that there exists a critical set of conditions which is analogous to that for thermal choking.
Fatigue Tests of Piping Components
Authors: Markl A. R. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a compilation of available fatigue-test data on piping components and derives therefrom stress-intensification factors relative to straight pipe. These factors are strictly applicable only to the limited range of sizes for which fatigue tests were made. In view of the importance of proper consideration of stress intensifications in cyclically stressed piping and the lack of theoretical developments which would serve to evaluate their magnitude for all shapes involved, the author has taken it upon himself to suggest empirical correlations by which the application of the available data can be expanded to a wider range of sizes and conditions.
The Theory and Design of Long-Deflection Constant-Force Spring Elements
Authors: Votta F. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A thorough study of the “neg’ator,” its present and predictable applications and design procedures are discussed in the light of two years’ experience in neg’ator development, research, and testing. The neg’ator is characterized by properties which permit it to exert constant or controlled varying force through theoretically infinite deflection. Design formulas and operation of the three major forms of the neg’ator, (1) extension member, (2) A-motor, and (3) B-motor, are discussed and illustrated. The major existing applications of the neg’ator are examined in terms of form, function, field, and type of mechanism and are illustrated by several representative designs.
Single-Stage Radial Turbines for Gaseous Substances With High Rotative and Low Specific Speed
Authors: von der Nuell W. T. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The turbine with radial inward flow, long known and in use as a water-power plant (1), is rapidly gaining interest for gaseous energy carriers. Single-stage versions with wheels of shapes well known from aircraft-engine superchargers are now generally accepted in gas and air turbines when, relatively speaking, low mass flow in conjunction with high energy content per weight unit of the working substance characterize the available energy supply. Combining efficiency of 80 per cent and upward with attractive simplicity, this turbine type is bound to conquer its field. At present, aircraft auxiliary-power units represent its predominant application.
A Time-Temperature Relationship for Rupture and Creep Stresses
Authors: Larson F. R. , Miller James 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A relation which evaluates the relative effects of time and temperature on the tempering of steels has been developed by previous investigators. In this paper this relation has been adapted to rupture and creep behavior and applied to existing data on several widely different alloys with outstanding results. Methods are described by which short-time tests can be used to determine long-time properties.
Oil Flow in Plain Journal Bearings
Authors: McKee S. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An analysis is given of the factors affecting the leakage of oil from the ends of plain journal bearings fed either through an oilhole or an axial groove on the unloaded side, or a circumferential groove. With bearings having an oilhole or an axial groove, the oil flow consists of two components, one resulting from the oil-feed pressure, and the other from the hydrodynamic-film pressures supporting the load. For bearings having a circumferential groove, the flow is primarily from the oil-feed pressure. The data given indicate that for any given bearing the oil flow may be expressed in terms of two dimensionless factors involving the oil-feed pressure and the bearing load. The relations between these factors and the generalized operating variable, μN/P, are given for bearings having each of the three designs of oil feed. Further investigations are suggested to provide a more complete understanding of the factors affecting end leakage of oil from plain journal bearings.
Contributions to Hydraulic Control: 1—Steady-State Axial Forces on Control-Valve Pistons
Authors: Lee Shih-Ying , Blackburn J. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A theory is given of the origin of the steady-state force exerted upon a piston by fluid flowing past its corner, brief reference is made to a considerable body of experimental evidence in support of that theory, and a practical valve construction is described which very nearly eliminates that force.