bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Macrorough Sidewalls on Flow Resistance in Steep Rough Channels
Authors: Maager F. , Hohermuth B. , Weitbrecht V. , Boes R. M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPrevious studies showed that macrorough sidewalls increase the stability of step‐pool sequences in steep narrow channels due to grain‐sidewall interactions (i.e., jamming) and bed shear stress reduction due to sidewall friction. The main goal of this study was to quantify sidewall and bed shear stress for six types of macrorough sidewalls using physical model tests. Experiments were conducted in a tilting flume with initial slopes of 4%–10% with fixed rough beds without step‐pool sequences and mobile rough beds containing step‐pool sequences. A hydraulic geometry relation to predict mean flow velocity was extended with the relative sidewall roughness to account for friction effects of macrorough sidewalls, resulting in mean prediction errors below 8% for the mobile bed experiments. Furthermore, the study presents a method to estimate flow resistance caused by the macrorough sidewalls by applying a modified sidewall correction. For the fixed rough bed, the macrorough sidewalls accounted for 10%–70% of the total shear stress. In the mobile bed experiments, the bed freely adjusted to the flow leading to the formation of step‐pool sequences. Consequently, sidewall friction accounted for 5%–40% of the total shear stress because the step‐pool structures induced larger flow resistance compared to the fixed bed experiments. Overall, the results allow to determine bed and sidewall shear stress in steep channels with macrorough bed and sidewalls, thereby enabling future studies to better quantify the mechanisms responsible for the increase in bed stability in step‐pool channels with macrorough sidewalls.
An Effective Trend Surface Fitting Framework for Spatial Analysis of Extreme Events
Authors: Love Charlotte A. , Skahill Brian E. , Russell Brook T. , Baggett Jeffrey S. , AghaKouchak Amir 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe estimation of exceedance probabilities for extreme climatic events is critical for infrastructure design and risk assessment. Climatic events occur over a greater space than they are measured with point‐scale in situ gauges. In extreme value theory, the block maxima approach for spatial analysis of extremes depends on properly modeling the spatially varying Generalized Extreme Value marginal parameters (i.e., trend surfaces). Fitting these trend surfaces can be challenging since there are numerous spatial and temporal covariates that are potentially relevant for any given event type and region. Traditionally, covariate selection is based on assumptions regarding the topmost relevant drivers of the event. This work demonstrates the benefit of utilizing elastic‐net regression to support automatic selection from a relatively large set of physically relevant covariates during trend surface estimation. The trend surfaces presented are based on 24‐hr annual maximum precipitation for northeastern Colorado and the Texas‐Louisiana Gulf Coast.
The Mesoscale Gravity Wave Response to the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption: AIRS and MLS Satellite Observations and Source Backtracing
Authors: Ern M. , Hoffmann L. , Rhode S. , Preusse P. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOn 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai volcano erupted violently. This exceptional event excited a manifold of atmospheric waves. Here, we focus on the mesoscale part of the wave spectrum. About 8.5 hr after the eruption a strong atmospheric gravity wave (GW) was observed in the stratosphere by the satellite instruments Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) and Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) in the vicinity of Tonga. By ray‐tracing, we confirm the eruption as the source of this GW event. We determine the wave characteristics of the GW in terms of horizontal and vertical wavelengths and GW momentum flux. The strength of the GW is compared to the usual Southern Hemisphere flux values during this week. The event is comparable to the strongest convective events considering MLS, and exceptionally strong considering AIRS, which observes faster waves only.
Responses of East Asian Winter Monsoon‐Australian Summer Monsoon to Local and Remote Orbital Forcing During Holocene
Authors: Wen Qin , Yan Mi , Liu Zhengyu , Liu Jian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHere, we perform a set of sensitivity experiments in a climate model to quantify the impacts of local and remote insolation changes on the East Asian winter monsoon (EASM) and Australian summer monsoon (AusSM) at early and middle Holocene relative to the present. We show that the EAWM during Holocene is enhanced, driven overwhelmingly by the local insolation change in the low to mid‐latitude Northern Hemisphere (NH) through its impacts on land‐sea thermal contrast, with the NH high latitude forcing playing a negligible role. In contrast, the AusSM is also enhanced, opposite to the local insolation forcing, because the local forcing impact is overwhelmed by that from the remote forcing of both NH low latitude and Southern Hemisphere high latitude, with the latter dominating in the mid‐Holocene.
Experimental Crystallization of the Lunar Magma Ocean, Initial Selenotherm and Density Stratification, and Implications for Crust Formation, Overturn and the Bulk Silicate Moon Composition
Authors: Schmidt Max W. , Kraettli Giuliano 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEleven isobaric experimental series simulate the fractional crystallization of 1,150 km deep lunar magma ocean. Crystallization begins at 1,850°C with olivine (to 32 per cent solidified, pcs), followed at 1,600°C by olivine + opx ± Cr‐spinel (to 62 pcs), at 1,210°C cpx + plagioclase ± olivine ± Ti‐spinel (to 97 pcs) and at 1,060°C quartz + cpx + plagioclase + Ti‐spinel, leaving 1.8 wt% residual magma that crystallizes minor K‐feldspar and apatite in addition. Melt compositions remain near 45 wt% SiO2, while FeO increases from 11 to 26 wt%, TiO2 peaks at 4 wt% at Ti‐spinel saturation. The available experimental liquid lines of descent yield an overall fractional crystallization sequence of olivine→opx→cpx + plagioclase→quartz→FeTi‐oxide. Plagioclase appears concomitantly with cpx, a result of the low magma ocean floor pressures (≤1 GPa) after 66%–76% of olivine + opx‐fractionation. A few wt% of FeTi‐oxides form mostly once the quartz + plagioclase + cpx‐cotectic is reached, cumulate densities remain ≤3,740 kg/m3. Scaled to a full magma ocean, plagioclase appears at 210–120 km depth, mainly as a function of bulk Al2O3. As buoyancy driven plagioclase‐cpx separation is likely limited, these depths may correspond to the primordial lunar crustal thickness. Allowing for complete plagioclase flotation to the quartz + plagioclase + cpx + FeTi‐oxide ± olivine cotectic yields 95–70 km primordial crust of anorthosite and quartz‐gabbro, far in excess of the 35–50 km observed. This supports an overturn of primordial layers, remelting of dense gabbroic cumulates in the harzburgitic cumulate mantle leading to further mixing and differentiation. We posit that such complex density induced convection led to a lunar marble cake mantle with primitive and fairly evolved reprocessed cumulates next to each other.
Investigation on Horizontal and Vertical Traveling Ionospheric Disturbances Propagation in Global‐Scale Using GNSS and Multi‐LEO Satellites
Authors: Ren Xiaodong , Mei Dengkui , Liu Hang , Zhang Xiaohong 
Published: May 2022

AbstractGlobal Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) observations from worldwide ground‐based stations have been extensively used in traveling ionospheric disturbance (TID) detections. However, these observations primarily cover land area, thus causing a challenging problem of interpreting the global propagating characteristics of large‐scale TIDs (LSTIDs), especially over the ocean area. Meanwhile, Total Electron Content (TEC) values derived from ground‐based GNSS signals propagating through the whole ionosphere have an integral character, and we were unable to obtain the propagation and dissipation of TIDs in the vertical direction using solely ground‐based GNSS TEC data. In this study, apart from ground‐based GNSS observations, in situ data and GNSS observations from precise orbit determination receivers on board Low‐Earth‐Orbit (LEO) satellites were integrated for the first time for the global large‐scale TID investigation during the St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm. Through experiments, we found that LEO satellite observations effectively compensate for areas where the TIDs cannot be detected by sparse ground‐based GNSS data, particularly over the ocean and polar areas. The space‐borne TEC and in situ data provided the new observational evidences of LSTIDs propagating up to the topside ionosphere during the 17 March 2015 storm, serving as great supplements to ground‐based GNSS data. Combining space‐borne GNSS data with in situ data at various orbit altitudes offers opportunities for theoretical studies of TID propagations at different ionospheric heights and for a better understanding of the complex coupled processes of the TIDs with the geospace environment.
Deep learning acceleration of multiscale superresolution localization photoacoustic imaging
Authors: Kim Jongbeom , Kim Gyuwon , Li Lei , Zhang Pengfei , Kim Jin Young , Kim Yeonggeun , Kim Hyung Ham , Wang Lihong V. , Lee Seungchul , Kim Chulhong 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA superresolution imaging approach that localizes very small targets, such as red blood cells or droplets of injected photoacoustic dye, has significantly improved spatial resolution in various biological and medical imaging modalities. However, this superior spatial resolution is achieved by sacrificing temporal resolution because many raw image frames, each containing the localization target, must be superimposed to form a sufficiently sampled high-density superresolution image. Here, we demonstrate a computational strategy based on deep neural networks (DNNs) to reconstruct high-density superresolution images from far fewer raw image frames. The localization strategy can be applied for both 3D label-free localization optical-resolution photoacoustic microscopy (OR-PAM) and 2D labeled localization photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT). For the former, the required number of raw volumetric frames is reduced from tens to fewer than ten. For the latter, the required number of raw 2D frames is reduced by 12 fold. Therefore, our proposed method has simultaneously improved temporal (via the DNN) and spatial (via the localization method) resolutions in both label-free microscopy and labeled tomography. Deep-learning powered localization PA imaging can potentially provide a practical tool in preclinical and clinical studies requiring fast temporal and fine spatial resolutions.
Long non-coding RNA LINC00926 regulates WNT10B signaling pathway thereby altering inflammatory gene expression in PTSD
Authors: Bam Marpe , Yang Xiaoming , Ginsberg Jay P. , Aiello Allison E. , Uddin Monica , Galea Sandro , Nagarkatti Prakash S. , Nagarkatti Mitzi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which frequently occurs in the aftermath of a psychologically traumatic event is characterized by heightened inflammation. People with PTSD also suffer from a number of comorbid clinical and behavioral disorders that are related to chronic inflammation. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of enhanced inflammation in PTSD can provide insights into the relationship between PTSD and associated comorbid disorders. In the current study, we investigated the role of large intervening non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) in the regulation of inflammation in people diagnosed with PTSD. We observed that WNT ligand, WNT10B, was upregulated in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of PTSD patients. This observation was associated with higher H3K4me3 signals around WNT10B promotor in PTSD patients compared to those without PTSD. Increased H3K4me3 resulted from LINC00926, which we found to be upregulated in the PTSD sample, bringing in histone methyltransferase, MLL1, onto WNT10B promotor leading to the introduction of H3K4 trimethylation. The addition of recombinant human WNT10B to pre-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) led to increased expression of inflammatory genes such as IFNG and IL17A, suggesting that WNT10B is involved in their upregulation. Together, our data suggested that LINC00926 interacts physically with MLL1 and thereby controls the expression of IFNG and IL17A. This is the first time a long non-coding RNA is shown to regulate the expression of WNT10B and consequently inflammation. This observation has high relevance to our understanding of disease mechanisms of PTSD and comorbidities associated with PTSD.
ADAM10-cleaved ephrin-A5 contributes to prostate cancer metastasis
Authors: Cai Chenchen , Zhang Miaomiao , Liu Lei , Zhang Haoliang , Guo Yi , Lan Ting , Xu Yinhai , Ma Ping , Li Shibao 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA disintegrin and metalloprotease-10(ADAM10) promotes the metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa), but the specific mechanism is indistinct. Herein, DU145 cell lines with stable overexpression and knockdown of ADAM10 were constructed. We found that ectopic expression of ADAM10 not only significantly facilitated cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and inhibited apoptosis, but also could specifically hydrolyze ephrin-A5 and release the ephrin-A5 soluble ectodomain into extracellular media in vitro. These effects were reversed by ADAM10 depletion or treatment of GI254023X. Meanwhile, the co-location and physical interaction among EphA3, ephrin-A5, and ADAM10 were observed in PCa cells using immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation techniques. Interestingly, overexpression of EphA3 exerted opposite effects in DU145 (ephrin-A5 + ) cells and PC-3 (ephrin-A5 ± ) cells. In addition, the pro-tumor function of EphA3 was reversed by the treatment with the exogenous ephrin-A5-Fc, which increased the phosphorylation level of EphA3 in PC-3 (ephrin-A5 ± ) cells. In nude mice, ADAM10 accelerated growth of the primary tumor, decreased the level of ephrin-A5 in the tumor tissue, but increased the level of ephrin-A5 in the peripheral blood, accompanied with an increase in the expression of CD31 and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) in the tissue. What is more, the serum ephrin-A5 content of patients with metastatic PCa was significantly higher than that of the non-metastatic group (P < 0.05). The receiver operating characteristic curve(ROC) showed that the area under the curve(AUC) of serum ephrin-A5 as a marker of PCa metastasis was 0.843, with a sensitivity of 93.5% and a specificity of 75%. It is concluded that ADAM10-mediated ephrin-A5 shedding promotes PCa metastasis via transforming the role of EphA3 from ligand-dependent tumor suppressor to ligand-independent promoter, and ephrin-A5 in the blood can be used as a new biomarker for PCa metastasis.
UBR5 targets tumor suppressor CDC73 proteolytically to promote aggressive breast cancer
Authors: Xiang Gang , Wang Shuxuan , Chen Ling , Song Mei , Song Xiaoxu , Wang Huan , Zhou Pengbo , Ma Xiaojing , Yu Jing 
Published: May 2022

AbstractUBR5, a HECT-domain E3 ubiquitin ligase, is an attractive therapeutic target for aggressive breast cancers. Defining the substrates of UBR5 is crucial for scientific understanding and clinical intervention. Here, we demonstrate that CDC73, a component of the RNA polymerase II-associated factor 1 complex, is a key substrate that impedes UBR5’s profound tumorigenic and metastatic activities in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) via mechanisms of regulating the expression of β-catenin and E-cadherin, tumor cell apoptosis and CD8+ T cell infiltration. Expression of CDC73 is also negatively associated with the progression of breast cancer patients. Moreover, we show that UBR5 destabilizes CDC73 by polyubiquitination at Lys243, Lys247, and Lys257 in a non-canonical manner that is dependent on the non-phosphorylation state of CDC73 at Ser465. CDC73 could serve as a molecular switch to modulate UBR5’s pro-tumor activities and may provide a potential approach to developing breast cancer therapeutic interventions.
The kinase p38α functions in dendritic cells to regulate Th2-cell differentiation and allergic inflammation
Authors: Han Miaomiao , Ma Jingyu , Ouyang Suidong , Wang Yanyan , Zheng Tingting , Lu Peishan , Zheng Zihan , Zhao Weiheng , Li Hongjin , Wu Yun , Zhang Baohua , Hu Ran , Otsu Kinya , Liu Xinguang , Wan Ying , Li Huabin , Huang Gonghua 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in controlling T helper 2 (Th2) cell-dependent diseases, but the signaling mechanism that triggers this function is not fully understood. We showed that p38α activity in DCs was decreased upon HDM stimulation and dynamically regulated by both extrinsic signals and Th2-instructive cytokines. p38α-specific deletion in cDC1s but not in cDC2s or macrophages promoted Th2 responses under HDM stimulation. Further study showed that p38α in cDC1s regulated Th2-cell differentiation by modulating the MK2−c-FOS−IL-12 axis. Importantly, crosstalk between p38α-dependent DCs and Th2 cells occurred during the sensitization phase, not the effector phase, and was conserved between mice and humans. Our results identify p38α signaling as a central pathway in DCs that integrates allergic and parasitic instructive signals with Th2-instructive cytokines from the microenvironment to regulate Th2-cell differentiation and function, and this finding may offer a novel strategy for the treatment of allergic diseases and parasitic infection.
Selective plasticity of callosal neurons in the adult contralesional cortex following murine traumatic brain injury
Authors: Empl Laura , Chovsepian Alexandra , Chahin Maryam , Kan Wing Yin Vanessa , Fourneau Julie , Van Steenbergen Valérie , Weidinger Sanofer , Marcantoni Maite , Ghanem Alexander , Bradley Peter , Conzelmann Karl Klaus , Cai Ruiyao , Ghasemigharagoz Alireza , Ertürk Ali , Wagner Ingrid , Kreutzfeldt Mario , Merkler Doron , Liebscher Sabine , Bareyre Florence M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) results in deficits that are often followed by recovery. The contralesional cortex can contribute to this process but how distinct contralesional neurons and circuits respond to injury remains to be determined. To unravel adaptations in the contralesional cortex, we used chronic in vivo two-photon imaging. We observed a general decrease in spine density with concomitant changes in spine dynamics over time. With retrograde co-labeling techniques, we showed that callosal neurons are uniquely affected by and responsive to TBI. To elucidate circuit connectivity, we used monosynaptic rabies tracing, clearing techniques and histology. We demonstrate that contralesional callosal neurons adapt their input circuitry by strengthening ipsilateral connections from pre-connected areas. Finally, functional in vivo two-photon imaging demonstrates that the restoration of pre-synaptic circuitry parallels the restoration of callosal activity patterns. Taken together our study thus delineates how callosal neurons structurally and functionally adapt following a contralateral murine TBI.
Characterization of RNA content in individual phase-separated coacervate microdroplets
Authors: Wollny Damian , Vernot Benjamin , Wang Jie , Hondele Maria , Safrastyan Aram , Aron Franziska , Micheel Julia , He Zhisong , Hyman Anthony , Weis Karsten , Camp J. Gray , Tang T.‐Y. Dora , Treutlein Barbara 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCondensates formed by complex coacervation are hypothesized to have played a crucial part during the origin-of-life. In living cells, condensation organizes biomolecules into a wide range of membraneless compartments. Although RNA is a key component of biological condensates and the central component of the RNA world hypothesis, little is known about what determines RNA accumulation in condensates and to which extend single condensates differ in their RNA composition. To address this, we developed an approach to read the RNA content from single synthetic and protein-based condensates using high-throughput sequencing. We find that certain RNAs efficiently accumulate in condensates. These RNAs are strongly enriched in sequence motifs which show high sequence similarity to short interspersed elements (SINEs). We observe similar results for protein-derived condensates, demonstrating applicability across different in vitro reconstituted membraneless organelles. Thus, our results provide a new inroad to explore the RNA content of phase-separated droplets at single condensate resolution.
Plasma-induced surface cooling
Authors: Tomko John A. , Johnson Michael J. , Boris David R. , Petrova Tzvetelina B. , Walton Scott G. , Hopkins Patrick E. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPlasmas are an indispensable materials engineering tool due to their unique ability to deliver a flux of species and energy to a surface. This energy flux serves to heat the surface out of thermal equilibrium with bulk material, thus enabling local physicochemical processes that can be harnessed for material manipulation. However, to-date, there have been no reports on the direct measurement of the localized, transient thermal response of a material surface exposed to a plasma. Here, we use time-resolved optical thermometry in-situ to show that the energy flux from a pulsed plasma serves to both heat and transiently cool the material surface. To identify potential mechanisms for this ‘plasma cooling,’ we employ time-resolved plasma diagnostics to correlate the photon and charged particle flux with the thermal response of the material. The results indicate photon-stimulated desorption of adsorbates from the surface is the most likely mechanism responsible for this plasma cooling.
Genome editing in animals with minimal PAM CRISPR-Cas9 enzymes
Authors: Vicencio Jeremy , Sánchez-Bolaños Carlos , Moreno-Sánchez Ismael , Brena David , Vejnar Charles E. , Kukhtar Dmytro , Ruiz-López Miguel , Cots-Ponjoan Mariona , Rubio Alejandro , Melero Natalia Rodrigo , Crespo-Cuadrado Jesús , Carolis Carlo , Pérez-Pulido Antonio J. , Giráldez Antonio J. , Kleinstiver Benjamin P. , Cerón Julián , Moreno-Mateos Miguel A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe requirement for Cas nucleases to recognize a specific PAM is a major restriction for genome editing. SpCas9 variants SpG and SpRY, recognizing NGN and NRN PAMs, respectively, have contributed to increase the number of editable genomic sites in cell cultures and plants. However, their use has not been demonstrated in animals. Here we study the nuclease activity of SpG and SpRY by targeting 40 sites in zebrafish and C. elegans. Delivered as mRNA-gRNA or ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, SpG and SpRY were able to induce mutations in vivo, albeit at a lower rate than SpCas9 in equivalent formulations. This lower activity was overcome by optimizing mRNA-gRNA or RNP concentration, leading to mutagenesis at regions inaccessible to SpCas9. We also found that the CRISPRscan algorithm could help to predict SpG and SpRY targets with high activity in vivo. Finally, we applied SpG and SpRY to generate knock-ins by homology-directed repair. Altogether, our results expand the CRISPR-Cas targeting genomic landscape in animals.