bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Eddy Generation and Dissipation in the Jet Response to Upper- versus Lower-Level Thermal Forcing
Authors: Nie Yu , Zhang Yang , Chen Gang , Yang Xiu-Qun 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The relative roles of upper- and lower-level thermal forcing in shifting the eddy-driven jet are investigated using a multilevel nonlinear quasigeostrophic channel model. The numerical experiments show that the upper-level thermal forcing is more efficient in shifting the eddy-driven jet. The finite-amplitude wave activity diagnostics of numerical results show that the dominance of the upper-level thermal forcing over the lower-level thermal forcing can be understood from their different influence on eddy generation and dissipation that affects the jet shift. The upper-level thermal forcing shifts the jet primarily by affecting the baroclinic generation of eddies. The lower-level thermal forcing influences the jet mainly by affecting the wave breaking and dissipation. The former eddy response turns out to be more efficient for the thermal forcing to shift the eddy-driven jet. Furthermore, two quantitative relationships based on the imposed thermal forcing are proposed to quantify the response of both eddy generation and eddy dissipation, and thus to help predict the shift of eddy-driven jet in response to the vertically nonuniform thermal forcing. By conducting the overriding experiments in which the response of barotropic zonal wind is locked in the model and a multiwavenumber theory in which the eddy diffusivity is decomposed to contributions from eddies and mean flow, we find that the eddy generation response is sensitive to the vertical structure of the thermal forcing and can be quantified by the imposed temperature gradient in the upper troposphere. In contrast, the response of eddy diffusivity is almost vertically independent of the imposed forcing, and can be quantified by the imposed vertically averaged thermal wind.

Significance Statement
Climate models predict enhanced warming over tropical upper troposphere and Arctic surface in response to greenhouse gas increases, which has competing effects on the latitudinal shift of eddy-driven jet and thus requires a better understanding of the relative roles of upper- and lower-tropospheric thermal forcing for future climate projection. We make a new quantitative comparison on responses of eddy generation and dissipation that sustain the jet shift and relate them to the imposed thermal forcing. This approach extends the fundamental eddy closure topic from vertically uniform situation to vertically nonuniform forcing. These quantitative relationships are also helpful for better understanding and predicting the jet and storm-track variabilities under other forms of thermal forcing (e.g., SST front, aerosols, latent heat release).
A New Zonal Wave-3 Index for the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Goyal Rishav , Jucker Martin , Gupta Alex Sen , England Matthew H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Zonal wave 3 (ZW3) is an important feature of the Southern Hemisphere extratropical atmospheric circulation and has strong impacts on meridional heat and momentum transport, regional Antarctic sea ice extent, and Southern Hemisphere blocking events. Attempts have been made in the past to define an index that quantifies the variability in the ZW3 pattern; however, existing methods are based on fixed geographical locations and fail to capture certain ZW3 events because of strong variability in phase. In addition, a fixed spatial index poorly characterizes ZW3 in CMIP models, which can exhibit biases in the mean phase of the ZW3 pattern. In this study, we introduce a new way to characterize ZW3 variability by incorporating two indices, one each for magnitude and phase, based on the combination of the first two empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) of the 500-hPa meridional wind anomalies. We show that the new ZW3 index provides a clear advantage over past indices because it captures a substantially higher proportion of variance (∼40% compared to ∼16%), and it can be used for both reanalysis datasets and coupled climate models regardless of model biases. A composite analysis associated with the new index reveals a strong relationship between the ZW3 defined by our index and sea ice fraction around Antarctica, with significant regional sea ice anomalies during strong ZW3 events with different phases.
Ensemble Dressing of Meteorological Fields: Using Spatial Regression to Estimate Uncertainty in Deterministic Gridded Meteorological Datasets
Authors: Liu Hongli , Wood Andrew W. , Newman Andrew J. , Clark Martyn P. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Most datasets of surface meteorology are deterministic, yet many applications using these datasets require or can benefit from uncertainty estimates in meteorological fields. Motivated by this gap, we evaluated the use of a spatial regression method to estimate the uncertainty in precipitation and temperature fields of existing deterministic gridded meteorological datasets. Taking the widely used North American Land Data Assimilation System 2 (NLDAS-2) precipitation and temperature dataset as an example, we used the deterministic NLDAS-2 values to generate ensemble estimates for daily precipitation, mean temperature, and the diurnal temperature range. Our method is a form of ensemble dressing. Nine variations were tested to assess the impacts of sampling density on the estimates of the mean and uncertainty, and one strategy was selected to generate 100 ensemble members at 1/8° and daily resolution for the period 1979–2019, termed as the Ensemble Dressing of NLDAS-2 (EDN2). Compared with an independent station-based ensemble dataset, the ensemble dressing method produces reasonable uncertainty patterns for precipitation and underestimates uncertainty for temperature. For precipitation, the uncertainty increases with the increase in daily accumulation. For temperature, the uncertainty is relatively small in the warm season and large in the cold season. This ensemble dressing method is applicable to other deterministic gridded meteorological datasets. The generated spatiotemporally varying uncertainty information could support applications such as land surface and hydrologic modeling, data assimilation, and forecasting, especially where application models are tied to a specific meteorological dataset.
Improvement of the Ocean Mixed Layer Model via Large-Eddy Simulation and Inverse Estimation
Authors: Choi Yeonju , Noh Yign , Hirose Naoki , Song Hajoon 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The ocean mixed layer model (OMLM) is improved using the large-eddy simulation (LES) and the inverse estimation method. A comparison of OMLM (Noh model) and LES results reveals that underestimation of the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) flux in the OMLM causes a negative bias of the mixed layer depth (MLD) during convection, when the wind stress is weak or the latitude is high. It is further found that the entrainment layer thickness is underestimated. The effects of alternative approaches of parameterizations in the OMLM, such as nonlocal mixing, length scales, Prandtl number, and TKE flux, are examined with an aim to reduce the bias. Simultaneous optimizations of empirical constants in the various versions of Noh model with different parameterization options are then carried out via an iterative Green’s function approach with LES data as constraining data. An improved OMLM is obtained, which reflects various new features, including the enhanced TKE flux, and the new model is found to improve the performance in all cases, namely, wind-mixing, surface heating, and surface cooling cases. The effect of the OMLM grid resolution on the optimal empirical constants is also investigated.

Significance Statement
This work illustrates a novel approach to improve the parameterization of vertical mixing in the upper ocean, which plays an important role in climate and ocean models. The approach utilizes the data from realistic turbulence simulation, called large-eddy simulation, as proxy observation data for upper ocean turbulence to analyze the parameterization, and the statistical method, called inverse estimation, to obtain the optimized empirical constants used in the parameterization. The same approach can be applied to improve other turbulence parameterization, and the new vertical mixing parameterization can be applied to improve climate and ocean models.
Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Heatwave Risk Perception in the United States
Authors: Schoessow Forrest S. , Li Yajie , Marlon Jennifer R. , Leiserowitz Anthony , Howe Peter D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Extreme heat events are one of the deadliest weather-related hazards in the United States and are increasing in frequency and severity as a result of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Further, some subpopulations may be more vulnerable than others because of social, economic, and political factors that create disparities in hazard impacts and responses. Vulnerability is also affected by risk perceptions, which can influence protective behaviors. In this study, we use national survey data to investigate the association of key sociodemographic factors with public risk perceptions of heatwaves. We find that risk perceptions are most associated with income, race/ethnicity, gender, and disability status. Age, an important predictor of heat mortality, had smaller associations with heat risk perceptions. Low-income, nonwhite, and disabled individuals tend to perceive themselves to be at greater risks from heatwaves than other subpopulations, corresponding to their elevated risk. Men have lower risk perceptions than women despite their higher mortality and morbidity from heat. This study helps to identify subpopulations in the United States who see themselves as at risk from extreme heat and can inform heat risk communication and other risk reduction practices.
Therapeutic Potential of Valproic Acid for Postviral Olfactory Dysfunction: A Single-Arm Pilot Study
Authors: Ogawa Takao , Matsumoto Koji , Tojima Ichiro , Kikuoka Hirotaka , Hira Daiki , Shimizu Takeshi 
Published: July 2022

Objectives: Although some patients with postviral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) recover spontaneously, many others are left with the degree of smell loss and there are no established drugs for the treatment of patients with PVOD. Valproic acid (VPA) has been widely used for the treatment of epilepsy. Its potential neuroregenerative effects have been shown via animal studies. This is the first study to treat PVOD patients with VPA. This open-label, single-arm, phase II study was conducted to investigate the effects of VPA in patients with PVOD. Methods: The patients received oral tablets of VPA 200 mg twice a day for 24 weeks. In total, 11 patients with PVOD were recruited. Oder scores of recognition and detection threshold (measured with a T&T olfactometer), and visual analog scale were examined during the treatment. Results: All odor scores significantly improved over time. Although the mean duration of olfactory dysfunction in this study was 11.5 months, both odor recognition threshold and odor detection threshold scores significantly improved 4 weeks after treatment initiation compared to the pre-treatment threshold scores. The olfactory recovery rates in patients treated with VPA were clearly better than those we previously reported in PVOD patients who received Toki-shakuyaku-san, the traditional treatment in Japan. The olfactory recovery rates of patients with PVOD at 12 weeks and 24 weeks of VPA treatment were both 77.8%, and the olfactory cure rates at 12 weeks and 24 weeks of VPA treatment were 33.3% and 44.4%, respectively. No serious adverse events were observed. Conclusions: VPA seems to be a safe treatment option in patients with PVOD. The effects of VPA treatment for PVOD patients should be studied with a controlled study design in the future.
Surgical treatment and outcome of intrahepatic shunts in 12 cats
Authors: Economu Lavinia , Strickland Rhiannon , Lipscomb Vicky J 
Published: July 2022

Case series summary The objective of this case series was to describe the presentation, surgical treatment and outcome of a congenital intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (IHPSS) in 12 cats. A retrospective case series of cats undergoing surgical treatment for an IHPSS was undertaken. Signalment, clinical signs, imaging, surgical treatment, complications and short-term outcome (<30 days) were obtained using medical records. Long-term outcome (>1 year after first surgery) was obtained, where possible, using a health-related quality of life owner questionnaire. Seven cats were diagnosed with a left divisional shunt, three with a central divisional shunt and two with a right divisional shunt using intraoperative mesenteric portovenography. Three cats tolerated complete acute suture attenuation, eight cats underwent partial suture attenuation, four of which received complete suture ligation at a second surgery, and one cat underwent partial attenuation with a thin film band. Six cats (50%) developed post-attenuation neurological signs (PANS) after first surgery and two cats (17%) died or were euthanased due to severe PANS. Long-term outcome was available for eight cats (67%), with a median follow-up time of 1743 days (range 364–2228), and was described as excellent in five cats (63%), fair in two cats (25%) and poor in one cat (12%). Relevance and novel information Few papers exist that describe the presentation, intraoperative imaging, treatment and outcome of IHPSSs in cats. This is the first to describe surgical attenuation with a thin film band in a cat with an IHPSS. This case series reports excellent long-term outcomes in a majority of surgically treated cats with IHPSS.
Joint Modeling of Repeated Measurements of Different Biomarkers Predicts Mortality in COVID-19 Patients in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Tong-Minh Kirby , van der Does Yuri , van Rosmalen Joost , Ramakers Christian , Gommers Diederik , van Gorp Eric , Rizopoulos Dimitris , Endeman Henrik 
Published: July 2022

Introduction: Predicting disease severity is important for treatment decisions in patients with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit (ICU). Different biomarkers have been investigated in COVID-19 as predictor of mortality, including C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR). Using repeated measurements in a prediction model may result in a more accurate risk prediction than the use of single point measurements. The goal of this study is to investigate the predictive value of trends in repeated measurements of CRP, PCT, IL-6, and suPAR on mortality in patients admitted to the ICU with COVID-19. Methods: This was a retrospective single center cohort study. Patients were included if they tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR test and if IL-6, PCT, suPAR was measured during any of the ICU admission days. There were no exclusion criteria for this study. We used joint models to predict ICU-mortality. This analysis was done using the framework of joint models for longitudinal and survival data. The reported hazard ratios express the relative change in the risk of death resulting from a doubling or 20% increase of the biomarker’s value in a day compared to no change in the same period. Results: A total of 107 patients were included, of which 26 died during ICU admission. Adjusted for sex and age, a doubling in the next day in either levels of PCT, IL-6, and suPAR were significantly predictive of in-hospital mortality with HRs of 1.523 (1.012-6.540), 75.25 (1.116-6247), and 24.45 (1.696-1057) respectively. With a 20% increase in biomarker value in a subsequent day, the HR of PCT, IL-6, and suPAR were 1.117 (1.03-1.639), 3.116 (1.029-9.963), and 2.319 (1.149-6.243) respectively. Conclusion: Joint models for the analysis of repeated measurements of PCT, suPAR, and IL-6 are a useful method for predicting mortality in COVID-19 patients in the ICU. Patients with an increasing trend of biomarker levels in consecutive days are at increased risk for mortality.
In Vitro Effects of Permethrin on Sinonasal Epithelia
Authors: Lee Jivianne T. , Yang Hong‐Ho , Sanghoon Shin Daniel , Srivatsan Eri , Basak Saroj 
Published: July 2022

Inhalant toxicants are postulated to contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis. Permethrin is a pesticide widely used in agricultural, industrial, and residential settings. The objective of this pilot study is to investigate the in vitro effects of permethrin on sinonasal epithelial cells (SNECs). Sinus mucosa was collected from 4 patients undergoing transsphenoidal pituitary surgery without a history of chronic rhinosinusitis. Cultured SNECs were exposed to varied concentrations of permethrin (0‐156 µM) for 6 days. Cell viability and proliferation were determined via the MTT colorimetric assay and the Incucyte Live Cell Imaging System. Cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) activity was measured by the DCFDA ROS detection assay. A statistically significant reduction in cell viability and proliferation was observed between the exposure and control groups at certain concentrations, and a dose‐dependent increase in ROS activity was also observed. These findings indicate that permethrin may have deleterious effects on SNECs in a dose‐dependent manner.
From ‘at risk’ to ‘a risk’: The criminalisation of young people with cognitive disability in residential care
Authors: McCausland Ruth , Dowse Leanne 
Published: July 2022

There is a growing body of research in Australia and internationally focused on ‘care-criminalisation’: the criminal justice system involvement of young people in out-of-home care. Residential care – a model of out-of-home care where groups of children and young people live with paid staff – has been identified as a specific site of criminalisation for those who live there, in particular young people with cognitive disability and complex support needs. This raises significant human rights concerns and the need for greater systemic scrutiny. This article aims to make a contribution by focusing specifically on the institutional arrangements and characterisations that criminalise young people with cognitive disability in residential care through interrogating the official administrative records of two young people with cognitive disability who spent time in residential care and had contact with the criminal justice system as teenagers. Analysing case studies compiled from these records illustrates the ways that criminal justice intervention becomes justified and normalised for young people with cognitive disability in residential care. We critique the ways that institutional mechanisms and narratives serve to construct, coerce and constrain young people with cognitive disability in residential care. The specific forms of surveillance and control they are subjected to mean that their designation of ‘at risk’ almost routinely transmutes to ‘a risk’ to others, to themselves and to property and in the process their vulnerability and need for care and protection becomes instead a mechanism of criminalisation. Often disability becomes erased or at least overshadowed in administrative records, with care-specific and disability-related behaviour reinscribed as offending behaviour. Particularly stark in this analysis is the institutional and interpersonal violence that accompanies such criminalisation and the pervasive nature of this violence in the lives of young people with cognitive disability in residential care settings: violence they are subjected to by those responsible for their care and safety and violence as their response to the regulation of their circumstances – against property and staff and towards themselves.
Comparative proteomic analysis of glomerular proteins in primary and bucillamine-induced membranous nephropathy
Authors: Kaga Hajime , Matsumura Hirotoshi , Suzuki Takehiro , Dohmae Naoshi , Odaka Masafumi , Komatsuda Atsushi , Takahashi Naoto , Wakui Hideki 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor autoantibody (PLA2R Ab)-associated membranous nephropathy (MN) is the most common form of primary MN (pMN). On the other hand, bucillamine (BCL), an antirheumatic drug developed in Japan, was reported to cause a rare form of secondary MN (sMN). Between these MN forms, comparative proteomic analysis of glomerular proteins has not been performed.

Methods
We used renal biopsy specimens from 6 patients with PLA2R Ab (+) pMN, 6 patients with PLA2R Ab (‒) pMN, 6 patients with BCL-induced sMN, and 5 control cases (time 0 transplant biopsies). Proteins were extracted from laser-microdissected glomeruli and analyzed using mass spectrometry. The quantification values of protein abundance in each MN group were compared with those in the control group.

Results
More than 800 proteins with high confidence were identified. Principal component analysis revealed a different distribution between the pMN and sMN groups. For further analysis, 441 proteins matched with ≥ 3 peptides were selected. Among the pMN and sMN groups, we compared the profiles of several protein groups based on the structural and functional characteristics, such as immunoglobulins, complements, complement-regulating proteins, podocyte-associated proteins, glomerular basement membrane proteins, and several proteins that are known to be associated with kidney diseases, including MN. In all MN groups, increased levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM), complements (C3, C4, and C9), complement factor H-related protein 5, type XVIII collagen, calmodulin, polyubiquitin, and ubiquitin ligase were observed. For some proteins, such as type VII collagen and nestin, the fold-change values were significantly different between the pMN and sMN groups.

Conclusions
Between the pMN and BCL-induced sMN groups, we observed common and different alterations in protein levels such as known disease-associated proteins and potential disease marker proteins.
Analyzing multi-level governance dynamics from a discourse network perspective: the debate over air pollution regulation in Germany
Authors: Nagel Melanie , Bravo-Laguna Carlos 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Designed to set limits to air pollutant emissions, EU Directive 2008/50/EG has pushed city administrations to strengthen their commitment to environmental protection with mixed results. However, the effectiveness of these policies remains suboptimal. Within this context, this paper provides original empirical evidence on the nature and evolution of the debate over air pollution in the EU that helps readers understand how the interplay among discourse coalitions across levels of governance relates to the implementation of air pollution directives in Europe. To provide this evidence, we apply the discourse-coalition framework to a multi-level governance context by comparing debates over air pollution and examining their evolution in different contexts through the use of discourse network analysis.

Results
Our results show that the debate in the EU institutions is largely dominated by pro-environmental coalitions, whereas discussions in Stuttgart and Berlin show different degrees of permeability to such arguments. Hence, the relative prominence of certain actors and levels of governance in the local discourse helps explain the extent to which debates at the local level align with the arguments put forward by the EU institutions. For their part, governmental organizations have a tendency to act as bridges between discourse coalitions.

Conclusions
This novel empirical evidence provides clues that help make sense of the varying levels of implementation of EU air pollution directives at the local level. In this regard, the ability of supranational and national bodies to align their discourse with those of local organizations might facilitate a common understanding and the successful implementation of EU policies. Policymakers aiming to improve air quality at the local level may want to consider engaging actively with this debate by reinforcing the arguments of pro-environmental coalitions. They may also want to make a special effort to ensure that the messages conveyed to supranational and national bodies are also effectively conveyed to lower levels of governance.