bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phthalimide-inhibition of the Ethylene Effect on Sex Expression in Monoecious Cucumber Plants1
Authors: Xu Shao Ying , Bukovac Martin J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The phthalimide 1-(1-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximido)-cyclohexanecarboxamide delayed formation of pistillate flowers in a monoecious cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Sumter). A saturating dose completely inhibited ethylene-enhanced pistillate flower formation in respect to number of nodes preceding the first pistillate flower and number of pistillate flowers produced per plant.
Adaptation Studies on Lima Bean Accessions in Colombia
Authors: Lyman J.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Thirty-six climbing accessions of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) were grown on trellises with minimal chemical inputs in 5 trials at 4 Colombian sites. Mean dry-seed yield of all accessions at all 4 sites was 2.6 mt/ha. Mean yield at the least favorable site was 1.7 mt/ha; at the most favorable site it was 4.8 mt/ha. Although growth was affected adversely on a soil with pH 4.2, the mean yield was 2.5 mt/ha. Mean daily dry-seed productivity rates of all accessions ranged from 15.1 kg/ha/day to 44.1 kg/ha/day for the several locations, in some cases exceeding rates reported for common beans and other legumes at the same location. Mean yield and number of pods per plant varied significantly among sites, dependent upon temperature and soil differences. Days to flower and to dry-seed harvest were relatively stable traits. No relationship was found between yield and seed-coat color. Production constraints were rainfall distribution and acid, phosphorus-deficient soils. These studies demonstrated high productivity of lima beans under adverse and favorable climatic and soil conditions in Colombia
Modeling Cold Hardiness of Red-osier Dogwood
Authors: Kobayashi Kent D. , Fuchigami Leslie H. , Weiser Conrad J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of temperature on cold acclimation and deacclimation of red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea L. syn. Cornus stolonifera Michx.) plants were determined at different stages of plant development. Results were used to develop models for predicting stem hardiness. Acclimation and deacclimation rates were related to temperature and plant developmental stage (expressed as degree growth stage, °GS). Decreasing temperature promoted increasing acclimation. Maximum acclimation rates in the temperature range of 5° to 20°C occurred at maximum rest (270°GS). During the decreasing rest phase (270 to 315°GS), deacclimation occurred at temperatures from 7° to 20°C. At earlier stages of development (315° and 335°GS) during the quiescent phase (315 to 360°GS), 5°C was the only temperature that promoted hardiness, whereas at a later stage (341°GS) all temperatures tested caused deacclimation. The models, using bihourly temperatures and accumulating °GS, predicted hardiness within an average deviation of 4.7°C.
Some Effects of AVG on Fruit Set, Fruit Characteristics, and Vegetative Growth of Apple Trees
Authors: Greene Duane W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Preharvest application of 500 ppm aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) delayed bloom and increased initial fruit set of mature ‘McIntosh’, ‘Spartan’, and ‘Spencer’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.). Final fruit set was enhanced for ‘Spencer’ by a slight suppression of ethylene evolution by flowers harvested during anthesis. AVG reduced fruit weight but increased the fruit length/diameter (L/D) ratios for all 3 cultivars. Vegetative growth effects were confined to an enhancement of spur elongation. Fruit set was improved on ‘Richared Delicious’ and ‘Red Spur Delicious’ by fall (preharvest) and by full-bloom AVG sprays. Postbloom sprays were ineffective. AVG reduced fruit weight but enhanced fruit L/D ratios. A fall treatment of 500 ppm AVG increased both the number and average length of spur shoots on ‘Richared Delicious’. Young ‘Red Spur Delicious’ trees responded to bloom-time AVG (250, 500 ppm) and 6-benzylamino purine (BA) plus gibberellic acid (GA4+7) sprays (500 ppm each) with markedly increased feathering and an overall increase in extension growth and number of leaves per lateral growing point. However, these same treatments reduced the size and weight of individual leaves.
Effect of Chemical Thinners on Fruit Set and Fruit Characteristics of AVG-treated Apples
Authors: Greene Duane W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Initial fruit set was increased on ‘Delicious’ and to a lesser extent on ‘McIntosh’ following a 500 ppm preharvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) treatment. Final fruit set was increased by AVG only on ‘Delicious’. One day following a chemical thinner application, ethylene production in check and AVG-treated limbs was similar. AVG did not inhibit naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) induced ethylene production from either fruits or leaves. June drop from AVG-treated limbs appeared to be increased. Carbaryl reduced fruit set on AVG-treated limbs to the same level as on check limbs, while NAA at 15 ppm on ‘Delicious’ reduced the crop load below that of check limbs. AVG reduced fruit size on ‘Delicious’ (which was not overcome by thinners) but did not reduce fruit size on ‘McIntosh’. The length/diameter (L/D) ratios of ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Delicious’ were increased by AVG, but NAA reduced the L/D ratios on both check and AVG-treated limbs. NAA increased the number of “pygmy” fruit on ‘Delicious’, and when combined with preharvest AVG, the number was twice as great as when NAA was applied alone.
Distinguishing Camellia L. Species Using Dorsal Leaf Surface Impressions
Authors: Ackerman W.L. , Zhang Ao-luo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The dorsal (lower) surfaces of leaf samples taken from 38 species of Camellia were examined for distinctive characters which might serve as an aid in taxonomic characterization of subgenera and sections in Camellia. A simple technique involving cyanoacrylate adhesives was used to prepare microscope slides for examination with a light microscope equipped with differential interference contrast optics. Specific characteristics studied included the distribution of stomata, the shape and size of guard, subsidiary, and other epidermal cells, and the presence or absence of epidermal hairs and gland and corky cells. Characteristics of epidermal cells on the dorsal surfaces of Camellia leaves can serve as a technique for the classification of species and cultivars and in the verification of species purity or determination of hybrid status.
Inhibition of Lycopene Synthesis in Tomato Pericarp Tissue by Inhibitors of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Reversal with Applied Ethylene
Authors: Edwards Julie I. , Saltveit Mikal E. , Henderson Warren R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis—aminoethoxyvinylglycine, aminooxyacetic acid, and α-aminoisobutyric acid—inhibited ethylene and lycopene biosynthesis in 1.5-cm disks of excised pericarp tissue of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Michigan-Ohio Hybrid). Application of 10 μl/liter ethylene promoted normal lycopene synthesis, but did not stimulate ethylene synthesis.
Effects of Inhibitors of Ethylene Synthesis or Action, GA4+7, and BA on Fruit Set of Apple, Sour Cherry, and Plum
Authors: Dennis F.G. , Archbold D.D. , Vecino C.O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several inhibitors of ethylene synthesis or action were tested to determine their effects on fruit set of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.)9 sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) and plum (P. domestica L). None increased set of cherry or plum and only aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) increased set of apple. This compound reduced set in cherry. GA4+7, benzylamino purine (BA), and Promalin (GA4+7 + BA) were ineffective in increasing fruit set of apple with or without AVG, and GA4+7 was likewise ineffective on cherry. AVG (50 to 200 ppm) increased set of apple by as much as 10-fold when applied between pink and petal fall.
Physiological and Compositional Changes in Orange Fruit in Relation to Modification of their Susceptibility to Penicillium italicum by Ethylene Treatments
Authors: El-Kazzaz M.K. , Chordas A. , Kader A.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Exposure of orange fruit to 1000 μl/liter C2H4 at 20°C for 2 to 6 days before inoculation with Penicillium italicum Wehmer reduced fungal growth as indicated by lesion diameter and glucosamine content. Respiration rates were stimulated by C2H4 treatments and fungal inoculation, which also increased C2H4 production rate. Ethylene treatments with or without inoculation did not influence soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, or total phenolics content of fruit juice. Total phenolics of the rind increased in uninoculated fruit, but not in inoculated fruit, in response to C2H4 treatment. No polyphenol oxidase activity was detected. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity exhibited a significant increase in rind of uninoculated fruit, but not in inoculated fruit which were subjected to C2H4 for 6 days followed by 6 days in air at 20°C.
Production Potential and Survival of Fall- and Spring-seeded Asparagus
Authors: Dufault Robert J. , Greig James K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seed of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) germinated normally after 2 months of constant freezing (-10°C) or chilling (4°) under water-saturated conditions in laboratory germination studies. However, temperatures cycling weekly from chilling to freezing for 2 months reduced germination to less than 50%, and temperatures cycling weekly from warm (21°/16°, day/night) to chilling to freezing for 2 months reduced germination to 0. The stands of asparagus, field-seeded in November and December, were reduced 85% by winterkill in comparison to spring seeding in March and April. Seeding densities from 10 to 40 seed/m did not compensate for stand loss. The greatest contributor to winterkill apparently was seed rot. March seeding increased plant height, but not crown quality or the number of shoots initiated in comparison to conventional April seeding. High seeding densities did not reduce plant growth or crown yields in the spring plantings. Stand establishment was not different between the spring planting dates. Early March seeding at high densities is recommended.
Growth Inhibitors in Xylem Exudates of Persian Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) and their Possible Role in Graft Failure
Authors: Prataviera A.G. , Kuniyuki A.H. , Ryugo K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When walnut trees were bark-grafted leaving nurse-limbs, xylem exudation was observed at a few slashes made low on the tree but not at graft junctures. Scions grew equally well on trees with slashes (74%) as those without slashes (86%). When the same treatments were made without nurse-limbs, 83% of the scions grew where exudates did not appear but only 21% grew where xylem sap exuded nearby. No dormant patch-bud placed in August-September grew the following spring if the sap flowed from any side of the patch, whereas 96% grew where no exudation occurred. Analysis of the xylem exudate revealed the presence of substances which inhibited growth of walnut calli and cucumber seedlings. A strong zone of inhibition on paper chromatograms coincided with the Rf of juglone, a powerful toxin which was identified by absorption spectrophotometry.
Interactions between Air and Root Temperatures on Greenhouse Tomato: I. Growth, Development, and Yield
Authors: Gosselin André , Trudel Marc J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Greenhouse tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Vendor) were grown at 5 root temperatures (12°, 18°, 24°, 30°, and 36°C) and 4 night air temperatures (12°, 15°, 18°, and 21°) for 3 months. Low root and low night air temperatures contributed to high root dry weight. However, under warm soil temperature conditions (30° and 36°), roots were most efficient in sustaining shoot growth and in absorbing water as indicated by the percentage of shoot dry weight. Shoot growth was maximum at 15° night air temperature and 30° root temperature. High root temperatures are required at low night air temperature for maximum shoot growth. Maximum yields were obtained at a combination of 18° night air temperature and 24° root temperature. An increase in soil temperature partly offsets the detrimental effects of low night air temperatures.
Effects of Processing upon Objective and Sensory Variables of Carrots
Authors: Simon P.W. , Lindsay R.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four hybrids of carrot (Daucus carota L.) were analyzed raw, fresh-cooked, canned-cooked, or frozen-cooked for sensory and objective parameters. Processing reduced the carotenoid and volatile terpenoid concentrations of all hybrids. Relative to raw carrots, sugar content was reduced in canned-cooked and frozen-cooked carrots, but was increased in fresh-cooked samples. Depending on the hybrid, 6% to 32% of the free sugar was reducing sugar in raw samples; however, sugars in processed samples were 15% to 33% reducing sugar. Fresh-cooked and frozen-cooked carrots exhibited a 10-fold reduction in shear pressure texture relative to raw texture, while canned carrots had a 30-fold reduction. Harsh flavor was reduced greatly by canning and freezing, but was not reduced as much in fresh-cooked samples. These differences in harsh flavor could be accounted for by variation in volatile terpenoid levels. Differences in sweetness found between raw sampling hybrids also were observed for corresponding samples after processing. Reducing sugars and volatile terpenoids contributed to variation in sweetness and preference.
Quality of Apple Fruit from a High Density Orchard as Influenced by Rootstocks, Fertilizers, Maturity, and Storage
Authors: Fallahi Esmaeil , Richardson D. G. , Westwood Melvin N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit quality of ‘Starkspur Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) on 6 rootstocks [Seedling, Mailing (M) 1, M ailing Merton (MM) 106, M 7, OAR 1, M 26] grown in a high density orchard at 2 levels each of K and N was studied at 3 harvest dates and after 6 months of 0°C storage from 1980 to 1982. Fruit on OAR 1 rootstock had greater soluble solids, more yellow color at harvest and after storage and were relatively firmer at harvest, but were smaller than those from other rootstocks. Fruit on M 7 had lower soluble solids than most of the other rootstocks at harvest time. Fruit from MM 106 had a lower incidence of breakdown in storage than most others. Crop load influenced both harvest and storage quality. Fruit on M 26, which had a light crop in 1981, were larger, yellower, and had higher soluble solids, and also had more storage breakdown (about 20%) and bitterpit (about 12%) than other rootstocks. Rootstocks or fertilizers did not affect fruit respiration. Little effect of K fertilizer was found on any quality indices, whereas high N treatments produced greener fruit than did low N.
Nodulation and Nitrogen Fixation in Cowpea as Influenced by Zinc Nutrition
Authors: Marsh Dyremple B. , Waters Luther 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Zinc concentration, nitrogen fixation (C2H2 reduction), nodulation and dry-matter distribution in the early maturing cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] line Mn 13 were examined at 5 levels of Zn (0.0, 0.6, 1.5, 2.5 and 5 ppm) under field and greenhouse conditions. Significant increases in nodule number, nodule dry weight, and acetylene reduction occurred when plants received the higher Zn levels. In all plant parts sampled, there was increased Zn accumulation with increased Zn application, with roots having the maximum accumulation. Seeds per pod and seed yield (kg/ha) were highest at the higher applied Zn levels. The yield response to added Zn was reflected primarily by an increase in the number of seeds per pod. Zinc nutrition is important to the nodulation and fixation processes, and it may affect both Rhizobium nutrition and dry-matter accumulation.
Effect of Calcium on Ripening, Respiratory Rate, Ethylene Production, and Quality of Avocado Fruit
Authors: Eaks Irving L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of Ca between 0.05 and 5.0 m on days to ripen, respiratory rates, rates of ethylene evolution, and external and internal quality of ‘Fuerte’ and ‘Hass’ avocado fruit at 20°C when placed directly at 20° or at 20° after 1, 3, and 5 weeks storage at 0° and 5° was determined. Dipping fruit in Ca solutions had no significant effect on these responses. The results discussed are for vacuum-infiltrated fruit. Days to ripen was increased and respiratory rates and rates of ethylene evolution were reduced as the Ca concentration increased. At 0.4 and 0.5 m Ca, no detectable climacteric occurred, essentially no ethylene was produced and the fruit failed to ripen. Exogenous ethylene or propylene exposure for 2 days resulted in typical stimulation of respiratory rates, ethylene production, and ripening of untreated fruit. Treatment with Ca reduced each response. Storage experiments indicated that Ca reduced internal chilling injury symptoms and increased external symptoms. Commercial Ca treatment of avocados to delay ripening and reduce chilling injury symptoms does not seem practical, because of the necessity to vacuum-infiltrate the Ca solution into the fruit and the adverse effect on external quality when ripened after storage.
Influence of Rootstocks and Fertilizers on Ethylene in Apple Fruit during Maturation and Storage
Authors: Fallahi Esmaeil , Richardson Daryl G. , Westwood Melvin N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Internal ethylene of attached fruit of ‘Starkspur Golden Delicious’ apple as influenced by 6 rootstocks: Seedling, Mailing (M1) 1, Mailing Merton 106 (MM 106), M 7, OAR 1, M 26, at 2 levels each of soil-applied K and N were measured during maturation for 2 years (1980 and 1981). Ethylene evolution of detached fruit as a result of these treatments also was measured after 2.5 months of storage at 0°C in 1981. Internal ethylene in the attached fruit was less than 0.1 μl·liter-1 in late September and early October and began to rise between 9 Oct. and 15 Oct. Internal ethylene increased in all treatments, almost at the same time in 1980. In 1981, ethylene in the fruit on OAR 1 began to increase 9 days later than in the other rootstocks. However, levels of ethylene in the fruit were relatively low on OAR 1 and high on M 26 as compared to those on other rootstocks in late October 1980 and 1981 and during poststorage 1981 samplings. Ethylene levels in fruit from other rootstocks were similar. Because of these variable effects of rootstocks, and the effects of a low field temperature in reducing internal ethylene levels, field sampling of internal ethylene levels was an unreliable indicator of the proper harvest time, as measured by other maturity indices. No consistent influence of K or N applications was found in the internal ethylene of the attached fruit; however, high N applications increased ethylene evolution after storage.
Pathways of Calcium Penetration through Isolated Cuticles of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Fruit
Authors: Glenn G. M. , Poovaiah B. W. , Rasmussen H. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cuticles from ‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were isolated enzymatically. Changes in cuticles of developing fruit at various stages were studied using scanning electron (SEM) and light microscopy (LM). Structures allowing Ca penetration through the cuticle were studied by precipitating permeating Ca in agar as it passed through the cuticle. The importance of lenticels in the penetration of Ca at 2 stages of fruit development was studied under saturated conditions using a diffusion cell. The lenticels had a significant positive effect on Ca penetration. The development of a dense network of structures resembling cracks, as well as occasional surface discontinuities, were observed in cuticles isolated from fruit harvested in September. These structures seemed to provide pathways for cuticular Ca penetration. The importance of lenticels, cracks, or other surface irregularities, and the process of diffusion in the penetration of Ca into apple fruit is discussed.
Ethylene-releasing Compounds and the Laboratory Modeling of Olive Fruit Abscission vs. Ethylene Release
Authors: Lang G. A. , Martin G. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A laboratory system was developed to study olive (Olea europaea L.) organ abscission (21). An improvement of the use of ethylene-releasing compounds in this system is described to provide a model for field abscission responses and characterization of ethylene release. Olive fruit began the separation process as early as 7 to 13 hr after treatment with CGA-15281 (CGA), but not until 19 to 25 hr after treatment with ethephon (ET). CGA is characterized by an immediate, substantial breakdown to ethylene, whereas ET reaches its maximum ethylene release at 12 to 18 hr after application. Ethylene release was much greater from CGA than from equimolar concentrations of ET throughout the abscission initiation period. The relation of ethylene release characteristics to control of olive fruit and leaf abscission is discussed, with the suggestion that fruit respond more rapidly to, and at shorter durations of applied ethylene than do leaves.
Properties of Ice Nuclei Associated with Peach Trees
Authors: Ashworth E. N. , Anderson J. A. , Davis G. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
No relationship was observed between the population of ice nucleation active (INA) bacteria and the temperature at which ice formed in peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] shoots. The ice nucleation temperature remained stable throughout the year, even during periods when INA bacteria were not detected. An intrinsic ice nucleating substance seemed to be responsible for initiating ice formation and limited supercooling to about —2°C. The ice nucleating agent seemed to be a constitutive component of mature wood and was stable under a range of chemical treatments. Ice nucleation was influenced by sample mass, temperature, and length of exposure. The freezing behavior of peach shoots was best described using a stochastic model of ice nucleation.
Initiation of Tomato Fruit Ripening with Copper
Authors: Rushing James W. , Huber Donald J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A vacuum infiltration technique that allowed precise control of both infiltration rate and amount of solution administered to whole tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) fruit was developed. Controlled volumes of 5 mm solutions of CuSO4, Cu(NO3)2, HgCl2, CaSO4, KNO3, (NH4)2C2O4, Na2HPO4, citrate and 1 mm EDTA or EGTA were infiltrated into intact, mature-green tomato fruit and evaluated with regard to their effect on the pattern of tomato ripening. Copper significantly accelerated lycopene accumulation and influenced both the timing and magnitude of climacteric ethylene production. Infiltration with HgCl2 elicited similar effects as copper, but severe phytotoxicity was observed. In contrast, CaSO4, KNO3, and chelators had no significant effect on the pattern of ripening. Copper initiated wound ethylene production in the ripening mutant rin that reached up to 50% of the wound levels observed in normal fruit, but rin was not induced to ripen.
Dormancy and Growth of American Ginseng as Influenced by Temperature
Authors: Lee Jong Chul , Strik Bernadine C. , Proctor John T.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) roots have a dormancy period which can be satisfied by exposure to low temperatures of 0° to 10°C for about 100 days. Three-year-old roots of ginseng were weighed, given variable periods (≥ 50 days) of low temperature (5°C), planted in vermiculite in pots, and grown in light or dark at 5°, 10°, 15°, or 20°. After 50 to 100 days of storage at 5°, stem growth occurred at all temperatures except 20°. At this temperature, a minimum of 75 days at 5° was required to satisfy dormancy. Stem growth rate was relatively constant at 5° and 10° but increased with storage time when grown at 15° or 20°; leaf growth rate was affected similarly, except that no leaf growth occurred at 5°. If optimum cold storage and growth requirements were not met, the plants appeared abnormal and had reduced root dry weights. After 100 days of storage, the greatest growth rate was observed at 15° and 10°. Plant growth rate was the least at 5° and 20°.