bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Triphenylphosphine gold(I) derivatives promote antiviral effects against the Chikungunya virus
Authors: Aires Rochanna L , Santos Igor A , Fontes Josielle V , Bergamini Fernando R G , Jardim Ana Carolina G , Abbehausen Camilla 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Herein a systematic series of four [AuLL’]n+ n = 0, +1 complexes, where L = 1,3-bis(mesityl)imidazole-2-ylidene (IMes), or triphenylphosphine (PPh3), and L’ = chloride, or 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), had their in vitro antiviral activity assessed against Chikungunya virus (CHIKV). The PPh3 derivatives inhibited viral replication by 99%, whereas the IMes derivatives about 50%. The lipophilicity of the PPh3 derivatives is higher than the IMes-bearing compounds, which can be related to their more prominent antiviral activities. The dissociation of DMAP is faster than chloride in solution for both IMes and PPh3 derivatives; however, it does not significantly affect their in vitro activities, showing a higher dependence on the nature of L rather than L’ towards their antiviral effects. All complexes bind to N-acetyl-L-cysteine, with the Ph3P-bearing complexes coordinating at a faster rate to this amino acid. The binding constants to bovine serum albumin are in the order of 104, slightly higher for the DMAP complexes in both PPh3 and IMes derivatives. Mechanistic investigations of the PPh3 complexes showed a ubiquitous protective effect of the compounds in the pretreatment, early stages, and post-entry assays. The most significant inhibition was observed in post-entry activity, in which the complexes blocked viral replication in 99%, followed by up to 95% inhibition of the early stages of infection. Pretreatment assays showed a 92% and 80% replication decrease for the chloride and DMAP derivatives, respectively. dsRNA binding assays showed a significant interaction of the compounds with dsRNA, an essential biomolecule to viral replication.
Common Measures to Evaluate Flavored Tobacco Products: Recommendations From the Tobacco Centers for Regulatory Science (TCORS) Flavored Tobacco Products Measurement Subcommittee
Authors: Bansal-Travers Maansi , Price Simani M , Bold Krysten W , Villanti Andrea C , Barnes Andrew , Chansky Melanie , Krishnan-Sarin Suchitra , Goniewicz Maciej L 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Flavored electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and tobacco products are associated with the initiation and progression of tobacco use. With recent restrictions around flavored products, it is critical to measure both the product and the flavor being used. The Tobacco Centers of Regulatory Science (TCORS) Flavored Tobacco Products Measurement Subcommittee (FTPMS) was established to develop core measures to assess flavored tobacco and ENDS product usage, facilitate data harmonization, replicability, and comparisons across studies.

Aims and Methods
The FTPMS used a mixed-method approach to inform the development of recommended measures (first use, current use, reasons for use) to assess tobacco and ENDS product flavors. This included reviewing existing surveys, identifying priority areas, developing new measures, cognitive testing, and finalization of recommended measures.

Results
Recommended measures were selected from national surveys (e.g. PATH study) and survey items used in TCORS studies to evaluate first use, current use, and reasons for use of tobacco and ENDS products. Response options were expanded for questions about specific flavors and adapted to allow for assessments relevant to recent federal policies. Supplemental measures were developed for researchers conducting more in-depth research around flavored products.

Conclusions
Using an expert consensus process supplemented with cognitive testing, the FTPMS developed recommendations for core and supplemental measures for flavored tobacco and ENDS products. Harmonizing data on these factors for flavored tobacco and ENDS products are critical for researchers and may provide actionable evidence to federal, state, and local regulators and policymakers, as well as support evaluations of policies restricting flavors in these products.

Implications
The development of core measures to assess first use, current use, and reasons for use of flavored tobacco and ENDS products will facilitate data harmonization, replicability, and comparisons across studies conducted in different samples or across communities with varying levels of regulation for these products. Use of these standardized measures will allow for a greater understanding of the role of flavors and helps to build a more robust evidence base to inform regulatory decisions to reduce tobacco and ENDS use at the population level.
Safety and Efficacy of Dupilumab for the Treatment of Hospitalized Patients With Moderate to Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Phase 2a Trial
Authors: Sasson Jennifer , Donlan Alexandra N , Ma Jennie Z , Haughey Heather M , Coleman Rachael , Nayak Uma , Mathers Amy J , Laverdure Sylvain , Dewar Robin , Jackson Patrick E H , Heysell Scott K , Sturek Jeffrey M , Petri William A 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background
Based on studies implicating the type 2 cytokine interleukin 13 (IL-13) as a potential contributor to critical coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), this trial was designed as an early phase 2 study to assess dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks IL-13 and interleukin 4 signaling, for treatment of inpatients with COVID-19.

Methods
We conducted a phase 2a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (NCT04920916) to assess the safety and efficacy of dupilumab plus standard of care vs placebo plus standard of care in mitigating respiratory failure and death in those hospitalized with COVID-19.

Results
Forty eligible subjects were enrolled from June to November of 2021. There was no statistically significant difference in adverse events nor in the primary endpoint of ventilator-free survival at day 28 between study arms. However, for the secondary endpoint of mortality at day 60, there were 2 deaths in the dupilumab group compared with 5 deaths in the placebo group (60-day survival: 89.5% vs 76.2%; adjusted hazard ratio [HR], 0.05 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .004–.72]; P = .03). Among subjects who were not in the intensive care unit (ICU) at randomization, 3 subjects in the dupilumab arm were admitted to the ICU compared to 6 in the placebo arm (17.7% vs 37.5%; adjusted HR, 0.44 [95% CI, .09–2.09]; P = .30). Last, we found evidence of type 2 signaling blockade in the dupilumab group through analysis of immune biomarkers over time.

Conclusions
Although the primary outcome of day 28 ventilator-free survival was not reached, adverse events were not observed and survival was higher in the dupilumab group by day 60.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT04920916.
Oral Versus Standard Antimicrobial Treatment for Pyogenic Native Vertebral Osteomyelitis: A Single-Center, Retrospective, Propensity Score-Balanced Analysis
Authors: Marconi Lorenzo , Tedeschi Sara , Zamparini Eleonora , Terzi Silvia , Rossi Nicolò , Boriani Luca , Trapani Filippo , Giannella Maddalena , Ruinato Damiano Alfio , Marchionni Elisa , Gasbarrini Alessandro , Viale Pierluigi 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background
Interest in shorter antimicrobial regimens and oral treatment for osteoarticular infections is growing. The aim of this study is to assess whether there is an association between the administration of an entirely oral antibiotic therapy (OT) and the clinical outcome of native vertebral osteomyelitis (NVOs).

Methods
We conducted a single-center, retrospective, observational study on consecutive patients with pyogenic NVOs over a 10-year period (2008–2018). We performed multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors for clinical failure, both in the whole population and in subgroups. The impact of OT versus standard treatment (intravenous induction followed by oral treatment whenever possible) was assessed in patients with a non-multidrug-resistant microorganism (MDRO) etiology, and the impact of a rifampin-containing regimen was assessed in patients affected by NVOs caused by staphylococci or of unknown etiology.

Results
The study population included 249 patients, and 33 (13.3%) experienced clinical failure; the OT group consisted of 54 patients (21.7%). Multivariate regression analysis of the whole population selected Charlson comorbidity index (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.291; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.114–1.497; P = .001) and MDRO etiology (aOR, 3.301; 95% CI, 1.368–7.964; P = .008) as independent factors for clinical failure. Among patients affected by a non-MDRO NVO, OT was not associated with an increased risk of clinical failure (aOR, 0.487; 95% CI, .133–1.782; P = .271), even after adjustment for the propensity score of receiving OT. In the subgroup of patients with staphylococcal or unknown etiology, NVO rifampin was independently associated with favorable outcome (aOR, 0.315; 95% CI, .105–.949; P = .040).

Conclusions
An entirely oral, highly bioavailable treatment, including rifampin, may be as effective as parenteral treatment in selected patients with NVOs.
Using 3D and 2D analysis for analyzing large-scale asymmetry in galaxy spin directions
Authors: Shamir Lior 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The nature of galaxy spin is still not fully known. Iye, Yagi, and Fukumoto (2021, AJ, 907, 123) applied a 3D analysis to a dataset of bright SDSS galaxies that was used in the past for photometric analysis. They showed that the distribution of spin directions of spiral galaxies is random, providing a dipole axis with low statistical significance of 0.29σ. However, to show random distribution, two decisions were made, each of which can lead to random distribution regardless of the real distribution of the spin direction of galaxies. The first decision was to limit the dataset arbitrarily to z &lt; 0.1, which is a redshift range in which previous literature already showed that random distribution is expected. More importantly, while the 3D analysis requires the redshift of each galaxy, the analysis was done with the photometric redshift. If the asymmetry existed, its signal is expected to be an order of magnitude weaker than the error of the photometric redshift, and therefore a low statistical signal under these conditions is expected. When using the exact same data without limiting to zphot &lt; 0.1 and without using the photometric redshift, the distribution of the spin directions in that dataset shows a statistical signal of &gt;2σ. Code and data for reproducing the analysis are publicly available. These results are in agreement with other experiments with SDSS, Pan-STARRS, HST, and the DESI Legacy Survey. The paper also examines other previous studies that showed random distribution in galaxy spin directions. While further research will be required, the current evidence suggests that large-scale asymmetry between the number of clockwise and counterclockwise galaxies cannot be ruled out.
Evolutionary instability of selfish learning in repeated games
Authors: McAvoy Alex , Kates-Harbeck Julian , Chatterjee Krishnendu , Hilbe Christian 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Across many domains of interaction, both natural and artificial, individuals use past experience to shape future behaviors. The results of such learning processes depend on what individuals wish to maximize. A natural objective is one’s own success. However, when two such “selfish” learners interact with each other, the outcome can be detrimental to both, especially when there are conflicts of interest. Here, we explore how a learner can align incentives with a selfish opponent. Moreover, we consider the dynamics that arise when learning rules themselves are subject to evolutionary pressure. By combining extensive simulations and analytical techniques, we demonstrate that selfish learning is unstable in most classical two-player repeated games. If evolution operates on the level of long-run payoffs, selection instead favors learning rules that incorporate social (other-regarding) preferences. To further corroborate these results, we analyze data from a repeated prisoner’s dilemma experiment. We find that selfish learning is insufficient to explain human behavior when there is a trade-off between payoff maximization and fairness.
The engagement of histone lysine methyltransferases with nucleosomes: structural basis, regulatory mechanisms, and therapeutic implications
Authors: Li Yanjing , Ge Kexue , Li Tingting , Run Cai , Chen Yong 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Histone lysine methyltransferases (HKMTs) deposit methyl groups onto lysine residues on histones and play important roles in regulating chromatin structure and gene expression. The structures and functions of HKMTs have been extensively investigated in recent decades, significantly advancing our understanding of the dynamic regulation of histone methylation. Here, we review the recent progress in structural studies of representative HKMTs in complex with nucleosomes (H3K4, H3K27, H3K36, H3K79, and H4K20 methyltransferases), with emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of nucleosome recognition and trans-histone crosstalk by these HKMTs. These structural studies inform HKMTs’ roles in tumorigenesis and provide the foundations for developing new therapeutic approaches targeting HKMTs in cancers.
Incidental physical pain reduces brain activities associated with affective social feedback and increases aggression
Authors: Wang Yanfang , Li Lu , Cai Junhao , Li Huaifang , Wang Chenbo 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPhysical pain may lead to aggressive behavior in a social context. However, it is unclear whether this is related to changes of social information processing. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying pain-induced aggression using functional magnetic resonance imaging. In the experiment, 59 healthy participants were recruited: 31 were treated with topical capsaicin cream (pain group) and 28 with hand cream (control group). Participants completed a social network aggression task, during which they underwent two phases: feedback processing and attack exerting. The results revealed that participants in the pain group exhibited more aggression than those in the control group. During the feedback-processing phase, physical pain reduced brain activation in the right insula, left orbitofrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex, which typically exhibited stronger activation in response to negative (and positive) vs neutral social feedback in the control group. However, during the attack-exerting phase, pain did not significantly alter the activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that pain increased aggression, while before that, it suppressed brain activities of the salience network involved in the process of salient social information and the value system associated with the value representation of social events.
A Deeper Dive Into the Relation Between Psychotic-like Experiences and Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors in Children Across the United States
Authors: Jay Samantha Y , Schiffman Jason , Grattan Rebecca , O’Hare Kirstie , Klaunig Mallory , DeVylder Jordan , Karcher Nicole R 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackground and HypothesisChildren who endorse psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) appear to be at a greater risk for suicidal ideation and behavior (SI/SB) compared to their peers who do not endorse PLEs. Despite evidence of differential relations among subtypes of PLEs and SI/SB, the research on which PLE subtypes produce the strongest associations remains mixed. Further, though there is evidence that general psychological distress may help explain the relation between PLEs and SI/SB, no research has investigated the role of distress specific to PLEs in this association.Study DesignThe present study sought to assess the associations among individual Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief Child Version (PQ-BC) items and SI/SB, as well as to explore the role of distress associated with PLEs as a mediator and/or moderator in a demographically diverse sample of children across the United States (N = 11 875).Study ResultsResults revealed that individual items of the PQ-BC may be differentially predictive of lifetime SI (ßs = 0.000–0.098) and SB (ßs=0.002–0.059), even when controlling for sociodemographic variables, internalizing symptoms, and traumatic experiences, with particularly strong associations observed among items indexing thought control, auditory hallucinations, suspiciousness, and nihilistic thinking/dissociative experiences. Item 13, nihilistic thinking/dissociative experiences, displayed the strongest effect sizes. Findings from moderation and mediation models provided evidence consistent with distress as both a partial mediator and moderator of the relation between total PLEs and individual PQ-BC items with SI and SB.ConclusionsDistress specific to PLEs may be an important modifiable risk factor to target in suicide assessment, prevention, and intervention efforts.
Reserved powers in BVI and Cayman trusts: what we see now
Authors: Mander Henry , Howson Matthew 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Settlors from a wide range of jurisdictions continue to favour trusts whose terms, in some way, reserve powers and duties over the investment and management of the trust fund away from the trustee. We shall here consider the British Virgin Islands (BVI) and Cayman Islands. Each of these jurisdictions has a statutory form of reserved powers trust which operate in different ways, and each can also accommodate the bespoke reserved powers trust. However the reasons to use these trusts, and the forms favoured, continue to evolve.
Non-Malaria Causes of Fever among under-5 Children with Negative Results for Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Test in South-Western Nigeria
Authors: Orimadegun Adebola E , Dada-Adegbola Hannah O , Michael Obaro S , Adepoju Adedayo A , Funwei Roland E , Olusola Fiyinfoluwa I , Ajayi IkeOluwapo O , Ogunkunle Oluwatoyin O , Ademowo Olusegun G , Jegede Ayodele S , Baba Ebenezer , Hamade Prudence , Webster Jayne , Chandroman Daniel , Falade Catherine O 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background
Although the global malaria burden is decreasing, there are still concerns about overdiagnosis of malaria and the danger of misdiagnosis of non-malaria causes of fever. Clinicians continue to face the challenge of differentiating between these causes despite the introduction of malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs).

Aim
To determine the prevalence and causes of non-malaria-caused fever in children in South-Western Nigeria.

Methods
Secondary analysis of data obtained to evaluate the effect of restricting antimalarial treatment to positive mRDT children in rural and urban areas of southwest Nigeria. Clinical examinations, laboratory tests for malaria parasites (including thick blood film and mRDT) and bacterial identification were performed on children aged 3–59 months (n = 511). The non-malaria group comprised febrile children who had both negative mRDT and microscopy results, while the malaria group included those who were positive for either mRDT or microscopy. We compared the causes of fever among children with non-malaria fever and those with malaria.

Results
The prevalence of non-malaria fever and bacteria–malaria co-infection was 37.2% and 2.0%, respectively. Non-malarial pathogens identified were viral (54.7%) and bacterial (32.1%) infections. The bacterial infections included bacteriaemia (2.7%), urinary tract infections (21.6%), skin infections (11.6%) and otitis media (2.6%). The leading bacterial isolates were Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Conclusion
The high prevalence and wide range of non-malarial infections reinforces the need for point-of-care tests to identify bacterial and viral infections to optimize the treatment of febrile illnesses in malaria-endemic areas.
Socio-epidemiological factors and comorbidities associated with Chagas disease manifestations in two urban reference health care centres in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Portela Luciana F , Mesquita Maíra B , Giraldes Juliana M , Varela Margareth C , Brasil Pedro Emmanuel A A , Costa Andréa R , Mediano Mauro F F , Sangenis Luiz Henrique C , Pedrosa Roberto C , Hasslocher-Moreno Alejandro Marcel , Saraiva Roberto M 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Chagas disease (CD) is still an important public health issue in Latin America. This study aims to analyse the association between socio-epidemiological factors and comorbidities with clinical manifestations of CD.

Methods
We performed a cross-sectional study of 985 adult patients (65±11 y; 59.5% women) with CD. Data collection was based on questionnaires and medical records review. CD clinical forms (indeterminate, digestive, cardiac and cardiodigestive) and the stages of the cardiac form were classified according to the II Brazilian Consensus on CD. Statistical analyses were based on univariate and multivariate logistic regression.

Results
Older age and Brazilian birth state (Minas Gerais and Bahia) were associated with a greater likelihood of the cardiac form of CD. A greater likelihood of the digestive form was seen in men and those of older age. Patients with arterial hypertension and diabetes were less likely to have the digestive form. Men had a greater likelihood of having a more severe cardiac presentation. Those from Minas Gerais and Bahia states had a greater likelihood of having stage B1 or B2.

Conclusions
The results reinforce the aging of the CD population living in urban areas in Brazil, the high prevalence of comorbidities and that epidemiology, sex and the presence of comorbidities may be related to the clinical form of CD.
Factors associated with Cyclospora infection in a Venezuelan community: extreme poverty and soil transmission relate to cyclosporiasis
Authors: Chacin-Bonilla Leonor , Sanchez Yulaicy , Cardenas Ricardo 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background
Transmission dynamics of Cyclospora cayetanensis in endemic areas and the factors associated with soil contamination remain unclear. The effects of environmental factors on Cyclospora have been insufficiently studied, particularly in South America, thus a Venezuelan community was studied to profile risk factors for infection.

Methods
A cross-sectional stool survey of 732 individuals was conducted. For Cyclospora screening, an acid-fast-stained smear of formalin–ethyl acetate concentrate and ultraviolet (UV) epifluorescence examination of a wet mount were used. Water (n=14), soil (n=50) and produce (n=77) samples were collected, processed and examined by UV epifluorescence. Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression.

Results
Cyclospora infections were identified in 73 (9.9%) subjects. Variables associated with the infection were age ≤10 y (odds ratio [OR] 14), hut living (OR 5), well water use (OR 18.5), drinking untreated water (OR 7.6), toilet absence (OR 8), having contact with faeces-contaminated soil (OR 4) and poultry exposure (OR 3). Infections (63%) were clustered in 25 huts. Oocysts were identified in 28.6%, 18% and 3.9% of the water, soil and produce samples, respectively.

Conclusions
There was an explicit association of Cyclospora infection with extreme poverty and soil transmission reflecting the household socio-economic correlate of cyclosporiasis in this community.