bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intelligent Sprayer Spray Rates Optimization to Efficiently Apply Chemicals in Modern Apple Orchards
Authors: Rathnayake Anura P , Sahni Ramesh K , Khot Lav R , Hoheisel Gwen A , Zhu Heping 
Published: December 2022

Highlights

Intelligent sprayers require crop canopy-specific base spray rate (SR) adjustments.

SRs can be estimated by Tree Row Volume (TRV) and Unit Canopy Row (UCR) methods.

This study formulated TRV and UCR based SRs for modern apple orchard canopies.

Field trials evaluated spray deposition and coverage variations for these rates.

TRV and UCR based treatments had comparable spray performance to the grower-adapted application rate.

Abstract. The efficiency of air-assisted sprayer-based chemical applications in horticultural crops is dependent on several factors, including that of the application rate as the amount of liquid per ground area (L ha-1 or gal acre-1 [GPA]). In contrast to the conventional GPA-based application rates, recently developed intelligent and precision sprayers use the input spray rate (SR) as the amount of liquid volume (L) required to spray one cubic meter of crop canopy (L m-3 or ounces per cubic foot). This input rate ranges between 0.06 and 0.13 L m-3 depending on the architecture and canopy size. However, the exact value of input SR is decided based on grower experience and manufacturer recommendation and can often be a broad estimation. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore methods that could be used to have a precise estimate of the input SR related to the canopy being sprayed for optimal spray applications. Tree row volume (TRV) and unit canopy row (UCR) methods were used to estimate input SRs and the sprayer field efficiency was evaluated in a vertical fruiting wall-trained commercial apple orchard, typical in the State of Washington, USA. Field spray trials were conducted in the full canopy growth stage, spraying a mix of fluorescent tracer dye of 2 g L-1 concentration at a calibration speed of 1.50 m s-1. Spray deposition and coverage were evaluated in replicated field trials using deposit samplers (mylar cards and screen) and water-sensitive papers, respectively. Test results demonstrated that both TRV (SR: 0.09 L m-3) and UCR (SR: 0.10 L m-3) were effective methods to calculate the spray rates since their spray deposition and coverage were comparable to that of the grower-adapted application rate (935 L ha-1). While the spray rates calculated by both methods provided better application efficiency, an SR of 0.09 L m-3 calculated by the TRV method would be preferable in spray applications of fully foliated fruiting wall-trained apple trees as it sprayed less liquid. Although the TRV method could potentially be applicable for estimating SR with an adjustment factor to compensate for the pruning level, crop-specific further evaluations are suggested for different canopy training systems. Keywords: Intelligent sprayer, Modern orchard systems, Spray rate, Tree row volume, Unit canopy row.
High gain, low noise 1550  nm GaAsSb/AlGaAsSb avalanche photodiodes
Authors: Lee S. , Jin X. , Jung H. , Lewis H. , Liu Y. , Guo B. , Kodati S. H. , Schwartz M. , Grein C. , Ronningen T. J. , David J. P. R. , Campbell Joe. C. , Krishna S. 
Published: December 2022

High sensitivity avalanche photodiodes (APDs) operating at eye-safe
infrared wavelengths (1400–1650 nm) are essential
components in many communications and sensing systems. We report the
demonstration of a room temperature, ultrahigh gain (

M
=

278

,

λ
=

1550

n
m

,

V
=

69.5

V

,

T
=

296

K

) linear mode APD on an InP substrate
using a

G
a
A
s

0.5

S
b

0.5

/

A
l

0.85

G
a

0.15

A
s

0.56

S
b

0.44

separate absorption, charge, and
multiplication (SACM) heterostructure. This represents

∼

10

×

gain improvement (

M
=

278

) over commercial, state-of-the-art
InGaAs/InP-based APDs (

M
∼

30

) operating at 1550 nm. The
excess noise factor is extremely low (

F
<

3

) at

M
=

70

, which is even lower than Si APDs.
This design gives a quantum efficiency of 5935.3% at maximum gain.
This SACM APD also shows an extremely low temperature breakdown
sensitivity (

C

b
d

) of

∼

11.83

m
V

/

K

, which is

∼

10

×

lower than equivalent InGaAs/InP
commercial APDs. These major improvements in APD performance are
likely to lead to their wide adoption in many photon-starved
applications.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO TEMPORAL E ESPACIAL DA PRECIPITAÇÃO NO ENTORNO DO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO GONÇALO (RJ) CONSIDERANDO A SÉRIE HISTÓRICA DE 1968 A 2002
Authors: Salgado Carla Maciel , Silva Tatiane da Cruz , Souza Gisele Cristina Augusto de , Freitas Humberto Camelo de 
Published: December 2022

A falta de planejamento urbano e as características ambientais de São Gonçalo (RJ) tornam o município vulnerável Ã ocorrência de enchentes. Para contribuir com ações que minimizem esse problema, este trabalho objetiva caracterizar a precipitação numa perspectiva espaço-temporal, utilizando dados de chuvas de postos pluviométricos situados no entorno de São Gonçalo. A análise da pluviosidade anual ao longo da série histórica (1968-2002) identificou três períodos distintos em que houve variação da pluviosidade: 1968-1980, 1981-1996 e 1997-2002. Constatou-se a variação espacial da precipitação por meio das variáveis de pluviosidade anual e de freqÃ¼ência de classes de chuva. Considerando a proximidade dos postos pluviométricos analisados em relação às bacias hidrográficas que convergem para São Gonçalo ou que se situam em seu território, verifica-se um considerável aporte de água que concorre para a formação de enchentes neste município.
Comparative characteristics of developing morphofunctional features of schoolchildren from different climatic and geographical regions
Authors: Mukataeva Zhanat , Dinmukhamedova Aigul , Kabieva Saltanat , Baidalinova Bibenur , Khamzina Saltanat , Zekenova Laila , Aizman Roman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Adaptation processes in body of schoolchildren, along with study load and social factors, are determined by influence of climatic and geographical factors of residence region. This research has been undertaken to study the morphofunctional characteristics of schoolchildren at the age of 7–17 years.

Methods
The research involved 880 schoolchildren of both sexes in age from 7 to 17 years, studying in secondary school №22 in Pavlodar (Kazakhstan) and secondary school №7 in Kyzylorda (Kazakhstan). The Quetelet index of northern schoolchildren was within the norm but higher compared to southern peers.

Results
The Quetelet index was within the normal range for all schoolchildren, but higher among northerners. The indicator of the life index in the boys of the south was higher up to 10 years, then the adaptive possibilities of breathing decreased; in the girls in the north this indicator was higher in all periods, except for 8–9 years. The physical performance index (PWC170/kg) was higher in children from the southern region.

Conclusions
This study revealed significant geographical differences in the morphofunctional development of children. The obtained data served allowed establishing the “Electronic map of schoolchildren’s health” and indicated the need for systematic accounting of schoolchildren’s health indicators for effective development of differentiated prevention programs.
Developing a new pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) program
Authors: Cicalese Erin , Meisler Sarah , Kitchin Michael , Zhang Margaret , Verma Sourabh , Dapul Heda , McKinstry Jaclyn , Toy Bridget , Chopra Arun , Fisher Jason C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Objectives
We aimed to critically evaluate the effectiveness of a designated ECMO team in our ECMO selection process and patient outcomes in the first 3 years of our low-volume pediatric ECMO program.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients who received an ECMO consultation between the start of our program in March 2015 and May 2018. We gathered clinical and demographic information on patients who did and did not receive ECMO, and described our selection process. We reflected on the processes used to initiate our program and our outcomes in the first 3 years.

Results
Sixty-nine patients received consultations, and of those, 50 patients were potential candidates. 19 (38%) of the candidates were ultimately placed on ECMO. There were statistically significant differences in oxygen saturation, paO2, oxygenation index, A-aDO2, lactate, and pH between the patients who went on ECMO and who did not. We improved our outcomes from 0% survival to discharge in 2015, to 60% in 2018, with an average of 63% survival to discharge over the first 3 years of our program.

Conclusions
In a low-volume pediatric ECMO center, having a designated team to assist in the patient selection process and management can help provide safe and efficient care to these patients, and improve patient outcomes. Having a strict management protocol and simulation sessions involving all members of the medical team yields comfort for the providers and optimal care for patients. This study describes our novel structure, processes, and outcomes, which we hope will be helpful to others seeking to develop a new pediatric ECMO program.
Activated carbon paper as ethylene adsorber
Authors: Qanytah  , Syamsu Khaswar , Fahma Farah , Pari Gustan , Ambarsari Indrie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The use of activated carbon with KMnO4 activators incorporated on the paper matrix is carried out in this research. Three methods of activated carbon incorporation on paper are carried out to evaluate the paper’s physical parameters and adsorption ability to ethylene. The paper’s physical parameters include grammage, bursting strength, Ring Crush Test (RCT), moisture content, water absorption (Cobb60), and paper microstructures using SEM. Evaluation of the performance of activated carbon paper nanopores as ethylene adsorbent is conducted using GC. The treatment of activated carbon nanopores on non-wood paper causes grammage to increase, but RCT and paper bursting strength decrease. The incorporation of nanopore-activated carbon by the mixing method has produced papers with activated carbon particles spread evenly inside the pulp fibers of the paper. Activated carbon paper with the best adsorption capacity is bamboo+KMnO4&mixing with an adsorption capacity of 1,348 ppm and ethylene amount of 88.58 %. Concentration equilibrium is reached in the 25th minute. The non-linear pseudo-first-order absorbent kinetics model is an appropriate model to describe the equilibrium capacity of ethylene entrant (qe) by nanopore-activated carbon paper with the equation:

qt
=
1.35734

(
1
−

exp

−
0.15312

t

)

\mathrm{qt}=1.35734\hspace{0.1667em}(1-{\exp ^{-0.15312\hspace{0.1667em}\mathrm{t}}})

, with

R

2

=
0.9981

{\mathrm{R}^{2}}=0.9981

.
Study of structure of nonaqueous reverse micelles with o-nitroaniline and methyl orange as molecular probes: comparison with an aqueous reverse micelles
Authors: Kurtanidze Manoni , Mzareulishvili Natia , Rukhadze Marina , Bezarashvili George , Sidamonidze Nelly 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Instead of water reversed micelles can also be formed with polar organic solvents possessed with high dielectric constant and very low solubility in oil phase. Nonaqueous reverse micelles or microemulsions represent an interesting microreactors for various reactions, especially for reactions, where reagents can react with water. Study of localization places of molecular probes in organic polar pockets of reverse micelles is topical. The solvatochromic behavior of optical probes ortho-nitroaniline (o-NA) and methyl orange (MO) was studied in nonaqueous reverse micelles on the basis of surfactants sodium bis (2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (AOT) and polyoxyethylene (4) lauryl ether (C12E4) and polar organic solvents (acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, glacial acetic acid, etc.) insoluble in oil phase hexane. The strength of binding of o-NA and MO to AOT and C12E4 reversed micelles was assesssed via binding constant (K

b
) and association degree (α) respectively. Donor, acceptor, or dipole-dipole interactions ability of the solvent to the head groups of surfactant was taken into account in order to explain results obtained with UV–visible spectroscopic method. The binding constants of o-NA with reverse AOT micelles in the presence of various solvents in the pockets of reversed micelles increase in the following row water < glacial acetic acid < acetonitrile < dimethylformamide < dimethyl sulfoxide, but this sequence is reversed when o-NA binds to C12E4 reverse micelles. The high value of the proton donor or acidity parameter in the water molecule (x

d
= 0.37) determines the weak binding of o-NA to the head AOT groups (K

b
= 20.8) in case of aqueous reverse micelles. The high value of the dipole parameter in the dimethylformamide molecule (x

n
= 0.40) promotes its strong interaction with nonionic polyoxyethylene groups of C12E4, which results in low value of binding constant (K

b
= 26.5) in case of optical probe o-NA and low value of association degree (α = 0.60) using MO as absorption probe. The results of this article will contribute to the improvement of the concept of interfacial processes, viz.: (i) some issues of supramolecular chemistry, (ii) revealing the contribution of parameters of donor, acceptor or dipole-dipole interaction in a polar organic solvent at the surfactant/nonpolar organic solvent interface, and (iii) features of the dissolution of optical probes in non-aqueous reverse micelles.
How Characters Are Learned Leaves Its Mark on the Neural Substrates of Chinese Reading
Authors: Feng Jieyin , Mak Hoi Yan , Wang Jing , Cai Qing 
Published: December 2022

AbstractUnderstanding how the brain functions differently as one learns to read may shed light on the controversial nature of the reading ability of human being. Logographic writing system such as Chinese has been found to rely on specialized neural substrates beyond the reading network of alphabetic languages. The ability to read in Chinese has also been proposed to rely on writing skills. However, it was unclear whether the learning-related alteration of neural responses was language specific or resulted from the more reliance on writing practice during acquisition. This study investigated whether the emergence of typical logographic-specific regions relied on learning by writing. We taught proficient alphabetic language readers Chinese characters and used pre-test and post-test to identify changes in two critical stages of reading, namely, orthographic processing and orthographic-to-phonological mapping. Two typical left hemispheric areas for logographic reading showed increased responses to characters in the brains of proficient alphabetic readers after learning, regardless of whether the learning strategy involved writing practice. Moreover, learning strategy modulated the response magnitude or multivoxel patterns in the left superior parietal lobule, left middle frontal gyrus, and right fusiform gyrus, some of which were task dependent. The findings corroborated a limited role of writing in the emergence of logographic-specific reading network and suggested the heterogeneous nature of different brain regions in this network.
An Early Enriched Experience Drives an Activated Microglial Profile at Site of Corrective Neuroplasticity in Ten-m3 Knock-Out Mice
Authors: Rogerson-Wood Lara , Petersen Justin , Kairouz Abe , Goldsbury Claire S. , Sawatari Atomu , Leamey Catherine A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractEnvironmental enrichment (EE) is beneficial for brain development and function, but our understanding of its capacity to drive circuit repair, the underlying mechanisms, and how this might vary with age remains limited. Ten-m3 knock-out (KO) mice exhibit a dramatic and stereotyped mistargeting of ipsilateral retinal inputs to the thalamus, resulting in visual deficits. We have recently shown a previously unexpected capacity for EE during early postnatal life (from birth for six weeks) to drive the partial elimination of miswired axonal projections, along with a recovery of visually mediated behavior, but the timeline of this repair was unclear. Here, we reveal that with just 3.5 weeks of EE from birth, Ten-m3 KOs exhibit a partial behavioral rescue, accompanied by pruning of the most profoundly miswired retinogeniculate terminals. Analysis suggests that the pruning is underway at this time point, providing an ideal opportunity to probe potential mechanisms. With the shorter EE-period, we found a localized increase in microglial density and activation profile within the identified geniculate region where corrective pruning was observed. No comparable response to EE was found in age-matched wild-type (WT) mice. These findings identify microglia as a potential mechanistic link through which EE drives the elimination of miswired neural circuits during early postnatal development. Activity driven, atypical recruitment of microglia to prune aberrant connectivity and restore function may have important therapeutic implications for neurodevelopmental disorders such as autistic spectrum disorder.
Host‐derived O‐glycans inhibit toxigenic conversion by a virulence‐encoding phage in Vibrio cholerae
Authors: Wang Benjamin X , Takagi Julie , McShane Abigail , Park Jin Hwan , Aoki Kazuhiro , Griffin Catherine , Teschler Jennifer , Kitts Giordan , Minzer Giulietta , Tiemeyer Michael , Hevey Rachel , Yildiz Fitnat , Ribbeck Katharina 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPandemic and endemic strains of Vibrio cholerae arise from toxigenic conversion by the CTXφ bacteriophage, a process by which CTXφ infects nontoxigenic strains of V. cholerae. CTXφ encodes the cholera toxin, an enterotoxin responsible for the watery diarrhea associated with cholera infections. Despite the critical role of CTXφ during infections, signals that affect CTXφ‐driven toxigenic conversion or expression of the CTXφ‐encoded cholera toxin remain poorly characterized, particularly in the context of the gut mucosa. Here, we identify mucin polymers as potent regulators of CTXφ‐driven pathogenicity in V. cholerae. Our results indicate that mucin‐associated O‐glycans block toxigenic conversion by CTXφ and suppress the expression of CTXφ‐related virulence factors, including the toxin co‐regulated pilus and cholera toxin, by interfering with the TcpP/ToxR/ToxT virulence pathway. By synthesizing individual mucin glycan structures de novo, we identify the Core 2 motif as the critical structure governing this virulence attenuation. Overall, our results highlight a novel mechanism by which mucins and their associated O‐glycan structures affect CTXφ‐mediated evolution and pathogenicity of V. cholerae, underscoring the potential regulatory power housed within mucus.
Risk Factors of Chronic Kidney Disease after Partial Nephrectomy
Authors: Makevičius Jurijus , Kirstukaitė Beata , Komiagienė Renata , Želvys Arūnas , Jankevičius Feliksas , Miglinas Marius 
Published: December 2022

Background: In comparison with radical nephrectomy, partial nephrectomy (PN) is considered a better option for small renal mass surgery, because of optimal kidney tissue removal and parenchyma preservation. But there are patients with worsening postoperative renal function (RF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) after PN. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate and detect risk factors for CKD after PN.Materials and Methods. A prospective observational study was conducted, which consisted of 91 individuals who received PN with warm ischemia and an estimated preoperative glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 60 ml/min/1.72m2 without pathologic albuminuria. Preoperative and intraoperative factors like intraoperative hypotension (IOH), blood loss, and resected part volume were analyzed.Results. At 6-month follow-up, 14 (15.4 %) patients experienced postoperative CKD. After 12 months of follow-up, 15 (16.5 %) patients had CKD. Patients with CKD had a lower preoperative eGFR than non-CKD group (69.0 vs 91.0 ml/min/1.72m2, p < 0.001), longer ischemia (20.0 vs 14.0, p = 0.002) and IOH time (40.0 (40.0; 47.5) vs 0.0 (0.0; 26.2) min, p < 0.001). Also, higher volumes of resected kidney part tumor and removed parenchyma with higher glomerulosclerosis amounts (73.3 % vs 14.5 %, p = 0.009) were found in CKD group. Estimated blood loss > 500 ml during PN was discovered to be the major risk factor for CKD development (OR 11.13, 95 % CI 1.88–65.92, p = 0.008). Furthermore, kidney resected part volume (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.05-1.10, p = 0.033) and IOH time (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03-1.19, p = 0.005) were identified as risk factors for postoperative CKD. Conclusions. Patients after PN are at an increased risk of CKD development. Most commonly, postoperative CKD occurs in the first 6 months after PN and appears stable after 12 months of follow-up. Blood loss > 500 ml during PN, IOH and resected kidney volume can have an impact on postoperative RF and increase the risk of CKD.
Investigation of Parametric, Non-Parametric and Semiparametric Methods in Regression Analysis
Authors: YAVUZ Esra , ŞAHİN Mustafa 
Published: December 2022

Regression analysis is known as statistical methods applied to model and analyze the relationship between variables. Regression method can be examined as parametric, non-parametric and semiparametric regression methods.
The parametric regression method assumes that the dependent variable is in a linear relationship with the independent variables and that the shape of the relationship is known. If these assumptions are not met, non-parametric regression methods are applied. However, these methods cause difficulties especially in the interpretation part due to the problem of multidimensionality when there is more than one independent variable. Thus, when there is more than one independent variable, some of the independent variables may be in a linear relationship with the dependent variable, while the other part may be in a nonlinear relationship. Thus, in order to model these relationships, semiparametric regression methods, which are the additive combination of parametric and non-parametric regression methods, are used.
In this study, parametric regression method, definition of non-parametric regression method and assumption conditions are given. It has been shown that the semiparametric regression method can be applied in cases where these assumptions are not met. Thus, in the study, regression methods were examined in three different parts, and parametric, non-parametric and semiparametric regression methods were examined theoretically.