bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of 7 Consecutive Systematic Applications of Cryotherapy With Compression
Authors: Jutte Lisa S. , Paracka Dylan J. 
Published: January 2022

Context: Postsurgical and acute orthopedic patients are frequently treated with consecutive systematic cryotherapy despite the void of data to support treatment safety or effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to examine the occurrence of frostbite and measure skin temperatures during the systematic application of 2 cryocompression protocols. Design: A repeated-measures design guided this study. Methods: Nine healthy, college-aged participants (4 men and 5 women; age = 20.7 [1.2] y; height = 174 [11.01] cm; mass = 74 [14] kg) received both cryocompression protocols separated by ≥ 1 week. The static cryocompression protocol consisted of seven 40-minute “on” cycles of cryotherapy (4.4°C) with 45 mm Hg of compression, each followed by a 30-minute “off” cycle (no cryotherapy, compression set at 5 mm Hg). The intermittent cryocompression protocol consisted of seven 40-minute “on” cycles of cryotherapy (4.4°C) with compression alternating between 5 and 45 mm Hg, each followed by a 30-minute “off” cycle (no cryotherapy, compression set at 5 mmHg). At the end of each “on” and “off” cycle, we used a checklist to assess for frostbite, a PT-6 thermocouple to measure skin temperature (in degrees Celsius), and a 10-cm Likert scale to assess comfort. Results: None of the participants experienced any signs or symptoms of frostbite. There were no differences in skin temperature between the compression conditions over time (F14,112 = 1.43; P = .149) nor were there any differences between the 2 compression conditions (F1,8 = 3.75; P = .087; 1−β = 0.40). The skin temperatures were statistically different over the course of all 7 “on” and “off” cycles (F14,112 = 95.12; P < .001). There was no difference between the skin temperatures produced at the end of each “on” cycle. Conclusions: The application of 7 consecutive cryotherapy treatments with compression did not result in any signs or symptoms of frostbite and produced similar skin temperatures with each “on” cycle.
Narrow is normal: Exploring the extent and significance of flooded marine shelves in icehouse, transitional, and greenhouse climate settings
Authors: Burgess Peter M. , Zhang Jinyu , Steel Ronald 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Marine shelves are a ubiquitous feature of modern Earth, developed across a wide range of scales in many sedimentary basins and representing the flooded portion of basin-margin clinoform topsets. Analysis of 80 clinoforms from 10 basins spanning Cenozoic and Mesozoic icehouse, transitional, and greenhouse climate settings indicates that normalized mean greenhouse marine shelf width is 33% of normalized mean total measured clinoform topset length. The equivalent value for transitional settings is 43%, and 72% for icehouse marine shelves. These values demonstrate that greenhouse marine shelves were substantially narrower than icehouse equivalents, suggesting that narrower shelves with persistent shelf-edge deltas were a consequence of lower rates of accommodation change in greenhouse climate intervals that lacked the large ice sheets required to drive high-amplitude high-frequency glacio-eustasy. Because greenhouse climates have been the dominant mode through Earth history, narrow shelves have probably been the dominant form, and conceptual models based on modern relatively wide shelves may be poor predictors of paleogeography, sediment routing, and sediment partitioning throughout much of Earth history.
Middle Oxfordian carbon cycle perturbation expressed in the Smackover Formation, Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Eldrett James S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Middle–Late Jurassic opening of the central Atlantic and proto-Caribbean seaways connecting the Pacific with the Tethys Ocean combined with rising sea level led to a major oceanographic and climatic reorganization conducive to the development of widespread carbonate platforms and diverse reefs. The timing of this shift in carbonate production and opening of the Tethys Ocean is well-constrained from outcrops in Europe and western Asia and marked by a notable positive carbon isotope (δ13C) excursion in the middle Oxfordian Gregoryceras transversarium ammonite Zone, termed “MOxE”. However, the temporal constraints from the western arm of the circum-global seaway through the proto-Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico are not well resolved. Presented here are the first paired organic and carbonate carbon-oxygen isotope records from the Smackover Formation, Gulf of Mexico, that record a positive δ13C isotope excursion that is correlated to the middle Oxfordian transversarium Zone. These data are the first record of the MOxE in the Western Hemisphere and provide temporal constraints on the opening of the Gulf of Mexico. Furthermore, the existence of similar δ13C profiles from European basins strongly suggests a coeval response of the carbon cycle to the opening of the central Atlantic and proto-Caribbean seaways connecting the Pacific with the Tethys Ocean.
Anthropometric and adiposity indicators and risk of type 2 diabetes: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies
Authors: Jayedi Ahmad , Soltani Sepideh , Motlagh Sheida Zeraat-talab , Emadi Alireza , Shahinfar Hosein , Moosavi Hanieh , Shab-Bidar Sakineh 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo present a comprehensive review of the association between measures of body weight, waist, and fat, and different ratios of these measures, and the risk of type 2 diabetes.DesignSystematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies.Data sourcesPubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to 1 May 2021.Review methodsCohort studies looking at the association between general or central adiposity and body fat content and the risk of type 2 diabetes in the general adult population were included. Two of the authors extracted the data in duplicate. Random effects dose-response meta-analyses were performed to estimate the degree of the associations. Curvilinear associations were modelled with a one stage weighted mixed effects meta-analysis.Results216 cohort studies with 2.3 million individuals with type 2 diabetes among 26 million participants were identified. Relative risks were 1.72 (95% confidence interval 1.65 to 1.81; n=182 studies) for an increase in body mass index of 5 units, 1.61 (1.52 to 1.70; n=78) for a 10 cm larger waist circumference, 1.63 (1.50 to 1.78; n=34) for an increase in waist-to-hip ratio of 0.1 units, 1.73 (1.51 to 1.98; n=25) for an increase in waist-to-height ratio of 0.1 units, 1.42 (1.27 to 1.58; n=9) for an increase in visceral adiposity index of 1 unit, 2.05 (1.41 to 2.98; n=6) for a 10% higher percentage body fat, 1.09 (1.05 to 1.13, n=5) for an increase in body shape index of 0.005 units, 2.55 (1.59 to 4.10, n=4) for a 10% higher body adiposity index, and 1.11 (0.98 to 1.27; n=14) for a 10 cm larger hip circumference. A strong positive linear association was found between body mass index and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Positive linear or monotonic associations were also found in all regions and ethnicities, without marked deviation from linearity at a specific cut-off value. Indices of central fatness, independent of overall adiposity, also had positive linear or monotonic associations with the risk of type 2 diabetes. Positive linear or monotonic associations were also found for total and visceral fat mass, although the number of studies was small.ConclusionsA higher body mass index was associated with a greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes. A larger waist circumference, independent of overall adiposity, was strongly and linearly associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42021255338.
Efficacy and safety of efpeglenatide in key patient subgroups from the BALANCE randomized trial, stratified by pre-diabetes status, BMI, and age at baseline
Authors: Pratley Richard E , Jacob Stephan , Baek Seungjae , Trautmann Michael E , Hompesch Marcus , Han OakPil , Stewart John , Sorli Christopher H , Shaunik Alka , Yoon Kun-Ho 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionEfpeglenatide is a long-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist being developed to improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes (T2D). In the BALANCE 205 study (NCT02075281), efpeglenatide significantly reduced body weight versus placebo in patients with obesity, or overweight with comorbidities, and without T2D. These subanalyses explore the efficacy and safety of efpeglenatide in subgroups of patients with pre-diabetes and stratified by body mass index (BMI) or age from the BALANCE study.Research design and methodsThe 20-week BALANCE study randomized patients with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 or ≥27 kg/m2 with comorbidities, and without diabetes, to efpeglenatide 4 mg or 6 mg once weekly, 6 mg or 8 mg once every 2 weeks, or placebo. For these subanalyses, patients were stratified by pre-diabetes status (glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) 5.7%−6.4% (39–46 mmol/mol) or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 100–125 mg/dL) and by BMI or age < or ≥ median values (34.9 kg/m2 and 44 years, respectively) at baseline.ResultsIn patients with pre-diabetes at baseline, all efpeglenatide doses led to greater proportions of patients reverting to normoglycemia (40.6%–64.3%) versus placebo (10.0%), and greater reductions in HbA1c (0.30%–0.38%), FPG (7.7–14.1 mg/dL), and weight (5.6–7.3 kg) versus placebo (nominal p<0.05 for all). In patients with BMI or age < or ≥ median, greater reductions in weight were observed with all efpeglenatide doses versus placebo (nominal p<0.01 for all). The most common adverse events in patients receiving efpeglenatide across patient subgroups were gastrointestinal adverse events.ConclusionsThese results are consistent with the overall BALANCE population and suggest beneficial effects of efpeglenatide on glycemic control and body weight regardless of pre-diabetes status, age, or BMI at baseline. The effects of efpeglenatide on glycemic control in patients with pre-diabetes suggest it might help reduce the likelihood of at-risk patients developing diabetes.
Glycemic outcomes among rural patients in the type 1 diabetes T1D Exchange registry, January 2016–March 2018: a cross-sectional cohort study
Authors: Gill Arashpreet , Gothard M David , Briggs Early Kathaleen 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionDoes rural status influence glycemic outcomes among participants in the type 1 diabetes T1D Exchange clinic registry?Research design and methodsData from the T1D Exchange clinic registry between January 2016 and March 2018 were identified by rural–urban status and stratified by age and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). Multivariable regression modeling was performed to isolate HbA1c differences. A full model including all significant (p<0.05 via two-sided testing) differential factors was determined with an additional indicator for rural status, and adjusted for duration of diabetes, use of continuous glucose monitoring device, age, race/ethnicity, and private insurance status. The model was reduced using backwards elimination stepwise procedures until only significant factors remained.ResultsMean HbA1c levels for all rural participants were significantly higher (8.71%; 72 mmol/mol) compared with the urban group (8.48%; 69 mmol/mol), p<0.001. For youth under 13 years of age, rural participants had a higher mean HbA1c (8.65%; 71 mmol/mol) compared with urban (8.45% 69 mmol/mol), p=0.022. Rural youth (13–<18 years) had a higher mean HbA1c (9.39%; 79 mmol/mol) than urban youth (9.14%; 76 mmol/mol), p<0.001. Rural young adults (18–<26 years) had a higher mean HbA1c (9.07%; 76 mmol/mol) than urban young adults (8.88%; 74 mmol/mol), p=0.042. Rural adults (≥26 years; n=589) were the only group that did not have a higher mean HbA1c (7.76%, 61.3 mmol) than urban adults (n=4770; 7.72%, 60.9 mmol/mol), p=0.503. Rural locale was highly significant (beta=0.175, p<0.001) despite controlling for potentially confounding differences between rural and urban groups.ConclusionsAmong this T1D Exchange cohort, there is a pattern of higher mean HbA1c being associated with rural status, even after adjustment for characteristic differences, most strikingly among those under 26 years of age. This disparity and contributing factors need to be more thoroughly studied to provide effective solutions.
Improvement of behavioural pattern and alpha-synuclein levels in autism spectrum disorder after consumption of a beta-glucan food supplement in a randomised, parallel-group pilot clinical study
Authors: Raghavan Kadalraja , Dedeepiya Vidyasagar Devaprasad , Ikewaki Nobunao , Sonoda Tohru , Iwasaki Masaru , Preethy Senthilkumar , Abraham Samuel JK 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundAutism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a wide range of behavioural disabilities for which there are no definite interventional modalities available. Remedial therapies remain the only option but with varying outcomes. We have evaluated the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and alpha-synuclein levels in this parallel-group, multiple-arm pilot clinical study after supplementation with a biological response modifier beta-glucan food supplement (Nichi Glucan).MethodsSix subjects with ASD (n=6) Gr. 1 underwent conventional treatment comprising remedial behavioural therapies and L-carnosine 500 mg per day, and 12 subjects (n=12) Gr. 2 underwent supplementation with the Nichi Glucan 0.5 g two times per day along with the conventional treatment.ResultsThere was a significant decrease in the CARS score in all of the children of the Nichi Glucan Gr.2 compared with the control (p=0.034517). Plasma levels of alpha-synuclein were significantly higher in Gr. 2 (Nichi Glucan) than in the control group Gr. 1 (p=0.091701).ConclusionImprovement of the behavioural pattern CARS score and a correlating alpha-synuclein level, followed by a safe beta-glucan food supplement, warrants further research on other parameters, such as gut-microbiota evaluation, and relevant neuronal biomarkers which is likely to cast light on novel solutions.
Retrospective study of the influence of hypothyroidism on liver function before radioiodine therapy in China: a comparison analysis based on patients with differentiated thyroid cancer
Authors: Ji Yanhui , Zheng Wei , Meng Zhaowei , Wu Cailan , Tan Jian , Wang Renfei 
Published: January 2022

PurposeThe aim of the present study is to investigate the risk factors for hepatic dysfunction before radioiodine therapy in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC).Methods996 patients (314 men, 682 women; age of 45.07±12.98 years) with postoperative DTC were recruited and divided into two groups including patients with and without hepatic dysfunction. The changes in baseline data and traced liver function levels, together with other metabolic profiles, were compared between the two groups.ResultOverall, 31.6% of patients had hepatic dysfunction. Higher aspartate aminotransferase and/or alanine aminotransferase was the most common abnormality (the prevalence rate was 47.5%). The percentages of mild and moderate hepatic dysfunction were 80.0% and 20.0%, respectively. Univariate analyses demonstrated that the most prominent risk factors for hepatic dysfunction (OR=0.324–3.171, p<0.01) were male sex with levothyroxine discontinuation and free triiodothyronine <2.01 pmol/L, free thyroxine (FT4) <4.78 pmol/L, thyroid-stimulating hormone >78.195 µIU/mL, total cholesterol >5.17 mmol/L, triglycerides (TG) >1.71 mmol/L and more than 21 days of thyroid hormone withdrawal. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that for men, FT4 <3.80 pmol/L and TG ≥1.28 mmol/L were the most prominent risk factors.ConclusionsPatients with minor hepatic dysfunction and ortholiposis are more likely to recover to normal liver function. Patients with moderate hepatic dysfunction should be treated with hepatoprotective drugs. For men, FT4 and TG levels tended to be associated with hepatic dysfunction, and the prognosis of hepatic dysfunction was closely related to the TG level.
Impact of COVID-19 on acute trauma and orthopaedic referrals and surgery in the UK during the first wave of the pandemic: a multicentre observational study from the COVid Emergency-Related Trauma and orthopaedics (COVERT) Collaborative
Authors: Sugand Kapil , Aframian Arash , Park Chang , Sarraf Khaled M 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveThis is the first British multicentre study observing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on orthopaedic trauma with respect to referrals, operative caseload and mortality during its peak.DesignA longitudinal, multicentre, retrospective, observational, cohort study was conducted during the peak 6 weeks of the first wave from 17 March 2020 compared with the same period in 2019.SettingHospitals from six major urban cities were recruited around the UK, including London.ParticipantsA total of 4840 clinical encounters were initially recorded. 4668 clinical encounters were analysed post-exclusion.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary outcomes included the number of acute trauma referrals and those undergoing operative intervention, mortality rates and the proportion of patients contracting COVID-19. Secondary outcomes consisted of the mechanism of injury, type of operative intervention and proportion of aerosolising-generating anaesthesia used.ResultsDuring the COVID-19 period, there was a 34% reduction in acute orthopaedic trauma referrals compared with 2019 (1792 down to 1183 referrals), and a 29.5% reduction in surgical interventions (993 down to 700 operations). The mortality rate was more than doubled for both risk and odds ratios during the COVID-19 period for all referrals (1.3% vs 3.8%, p=0.0005) and for those undergoing operative intervention (2.2% vs 4.9%, p=0.004). Moreover, mortality due to COVID-19-related complications (vs non-COVID-19 causes) had greater odds by a factor of at least 20 times. For the operative cohort during COVID-19, there was an increase in odds of aerosolising-generating anaesthesia (including those with superimposed regional blocks) by three-quarters, as well as doubled odds of a consultant acting as the primary surgeon.ConclusionAlthough there was a reduction of acute trauma referrals and those undergoing operative intervention, the mortality rate still more than doubled in odds during the peak of the pandemic compared with the same time interval 1 year ago.
Effects of working environments with minimum night lighting on night-shift nurses’ fatigue and sleep, and patient safety
Authors: Hoshi Hokuto , Iwasa Hajime , Goto Aya , Yasumura Seiji 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveNurses working rotating shifts often suffer from insomnia or similar disorders because exposure to room lighting at night inhibits melatonin secretion, resulting in a disturbed circadian rhythm. This study investigated whether dark room lighting would be preferable to brighter rooms in terms of (1) fatigue and sleepiness while working, (2) quality of sleep and (3) non-interference with work performance among nurses.MethodsThis study used a non-randomised open-label trial between night shifts using dark (110 lx) and bright (410 lx) room lighting on the desk surface. A total of 20 nurses were enrolled in the trial from November 2015 to February 2016 at a hospital in Japan. All participants worked first with dark room lighting and then with bright room lighting. The participants completed a self-administered questionnaire at enrolment, which was collected this at the end of the intervention.ResultsFatigue and sleepiness were significantly higher in dark room lighting than in bright room conditions (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in sleep quality between the dark and well-lit conditions. We detected no significant differences in the number of reported incidents or accidents comparing the two types of environments.ConclusionDark room lighting did not ameliorate fatigue and sleepiness during night shifts. Additionally, there was no evidence of improvement in sleep quality among nurses. These findings are important, however, in terms of managing hospital risk.
Medication-related interventions to improve medication safety and patient outcomes on transition from adult intensive care settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Bourne Richard S , Jennings Jennifer K , Panagioti Maria , Hodkinson Alexander , Sutton Anthea , Ashcroft Darren M 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundPatients recovering from an episode in an intensive care unit (ICU) frequently experience medication errors on transition to the hospital ward. Structured handover recommendations often underestimate the challenges and complexity of ICU patient transitions. For adult ICU patients transitioning to a hospital ward, it is currently unclear what interventions reduce the risks of medication errors.The aims were to examine the impact of medication-related interventions on medication and patient outcomes on transition from adult ICU settings and identify barriers and facilitators to implementation.MethodsThe systematic review protocol was preregistered on PROSPERO. Six electronic databases were searched until October 2020 for controlled and uncontrolled study designs that reported medication-related (ie, de-prescribing; medication errors) or patient-related outcomes (ie, mortality; length of stay). Risk of bias (RoB) assessment used V.2.0 and ROBINS-I Cochrane tools. Where feasible, random-effects meta-analysis was used for pooling the OR across studies. The quality of evidence was assessed by Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations.ResultsSeventeen studies were eligible, 15 (88%) were uncontrolled before-after studies. The intervention components included education of staff (n=8 studies), medication review (n=7), guidelines (n=6), electronic transfer/handover tool or letter (n=4) and medicines reconciliation (n=4). Overall, pooled analysis of all interventions reduced risk of inappropriate medication continuation at ICU discharge (OR=0.45 (95% CI 0.31 to 0.63), I2=55%, n=9) and hospital discharge (OR=0.39 (95% CI 0.2 to 0.76), I2=75%, n=9). Multicomponent interventions, based on education of staff and guidelines, demonstrated no significant difference in inappropriate medication continuation at the ICU discharge point (OR 0.5 (95% CI 0.22 to 1.11), I2=62%, n=4), but were very effective in increasing de-prescribing outcomes on hospital discharge (OR 0.26 (95% CI 0.13 to 0.55), I2=67%, n=6)). Facilitators to intervention delivery included ICU clinical pharmacist availability and participation in multiprofessional ward rounds, while barriers included increased workload associated with the discharge intervention process.ConclusionsMulticomponent interventions based on education of staff and guidelines were effective at achieving almost four times more de-prescribing of inappropriate medication by the time of patient hospital discharge. Based on the findings, practice and policy recommendations are made and guidance is provided on the need for, and design of theory informed interventions in this area, including the requirement for process and economic evaluations.