bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex‐specific aging in animals: Perspective and future directions
Authors: Bronikowski Anne M. , Meisel Richard P. , Biga Peggy R. , Walters James R. , Mank Judith E. , Larschan Erica , Wilkinson Gerald S. , Valenzuela Nicole , Conard Ashley Mae , de Magalhães João Pedro , Duan Jingyue (Ellie) , Elias Amy E. , Gamble Tony , Graze Rita M. , Gribble Kristin E. , Kreiling Jill A. , Riddle Nicole C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSex differences in aging occur in many animal species, and they include sex differences in lifespan, in the onset and progression of age‐associated decline, and in physiological and molecular markers of aging. Sex differences in aging vary greatly across the animal kingdom. For example, there are species with longer‐lived females, species where males live longer, and species lacking sex differences in lifespan. The underlying causes of sex differences in aging remain mostly unknown. Currently, we do not understand the molecular drivers of sex differences in aging, or whether they are related to the accepted hallmarks or pillars of aging or linked to other well‐characterized processes. In particular, understanding the role of sex‐determination mechanisms and sex differences in aging is relatively understudied. Here, we take a comparative, interdisciplinary approach to explore various hypotheses about how sex differences in aging arise. We discuss genomic, morphological, and environmental differences between the sexes and how these relate to sex differences in aging. Finally, we present some suggestions for future research in this area and provide recommendations for promising experimental designs.
Disposable kin: Shifting registers of belonging in global care economies
Authors: Amrith Megha , Coe Cati 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAs is well discussed in the literature, paid domestic workers become like kin through living with and caring for their employers. Exploring two disparate cases, aging Asian domestic workers in Singapore and African eldercare workers in the United States, the article focuses on two critical junctures when these kin relations are disavowed: the care worker's retirement and the death of a patient. We argue that the flexible registers of kinship that characterize care workers’ relationships with their employers revert, at the end of employment, to fixed notions of kinship based on blood and marriage. These essentialist understandings of kinship arise around inheritance and the worker's care in older age and in illness, enabling employers, states, and private care agencies to avoid post‐employment obligations to domestic workers. The fluctuation between kinship‐as‐doing and kinship‐as‐essence marginalizes domestic workers in a globalized economy as disposable kin, denying their belonging as citizens or social equals.
Global implicit function theorems and the online expectation–maximisation algorithm
Authors: Nguyen Hien Duy , Forbes Florence 
Published: January 2022

SummaryThe expectation–maximisation (EM) algorithm framework is an important tool for statistical computation. Due to the changing nature of data, online and mini‐batch variants of EM and EM‐like algorithms have become increasingly popular. The consistency of the estimator sequences that are produced by these EM variants often rely on an assumption regarding the continuous differentiability of a parameter update function. In many cases, the parameter update function is not in closed form and may only be defined implicitly, which makes the verification of the continuous differentiability property difficult. We demonstrate how a global implicit function theorem can be used to verify such properties in the cases of finite mixtures of distributions in the exponential family, and more generally, when the component‐specific distributions admit data augmentation schemes, within the exponential family. We then illustrate the use of such a theorem in the cases of mixtures of beta distributions, gamma distributions, fully visible Boltzmann machines and Student distributions. Via numerical simulations, we provide empirical evidence towards the consistency of the online EM algorithm parameter estimates in such cases.
Comparison of feeding diets including dried or ensiled peanut vines as forage sources on the growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and bacterial community in young Holstein bulls
Authors: Zhang Liyang , Shang Yuan , Li Jichao , Fu Tong , Lian Hongxia , Gao Tengyun , Shi Yinghua , Li Ming 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to compare the growth performance, ruminal fermentation, and bacterial community of young bulls fed with diets including dried or ensiled peanut vines and to investigate whether the combination of dry peanut vine and corn silage could exhibit better feeding effects. Forty‐five young Holstein bulls were selected and fed for 60 days. The total mixed ration (TMR) was formulated as follows: (1) a dry peanut vine‐based diet (DPV), (2) a peanut vine silage‐based diet (PVS), and (3) a whole‐plant corn silage mixed with the DPV (WPCS‐DPV). The ratio of dietary concentrate to forage was 50:50. The results showed that the dried and ensiled peanut vines used in beef diet exhibited no difference in the average daily gain of bulls (p = 0.490). The pH of rumen fluid in bulls fed with the WPCS‐DPV and PVS diets was lower than that in bulls fed with the DPV diet (p < 0.001). The bulls fed with the DPV diet had increased Ace and Chao1 values of rumen bacterial community compared with bulls fed with the PVS diet (p < 0.05). This study confirmed the feasibility of ensiling as a preservation procedure for peanut vines and provides a reference for its utilization schemes.
Retracted: An empirical intrusion detection system based on XGBoost and bidirectional long‐short term model for 5G and other telecommunication technologies
Authors: Karthikraja Chinnathangam , Senthilkumar Jayaprakasam , Hariharan Rajadurai , Usha Devi Gandhi , Suresh Yuvaraj , Mohanraj Vijayakumar 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRecently, intrusion detection system (IDS) has become an essential remedy to protect networks from malicious activities and attacks. The attacks force the network activities under risk and cause network data as an unrecoverable one. The attacks have different features in nature and their detection rate is low. An efficient attack detection system requires a huge volume of network transactions and relevant features for training. But the existing datasets have significant and nonsignificant features together. Hence, the significant feature selection plays a major role to detect the attacks. For this reason, this paper adopts the XGBoost approach to identify the relevant (significant) features of the attacks in the dataset. After this XGBoost, this article applies the bidirectional long short term model (Bi‐LSTM) for the detection and classification of the attacks. This Bi‐LSTM model is a novel approach to the IDS and very effective to increase the detection rate. Thus, this article focuses on feature reduction and classification of the attacks. The experimental results show that the proposed XGBoost and Bi‐LSTM combination outperforms in detecting attacks.
Growth rate mediates hidden developmental plasticity of female yellow dung fly reproductive morphology in response to environmental stressors
Authors: Walters Richard J. , Berger David , Blanckenhorn Wolf U. , Bussière Luc F. , Rohner Patrick T. , Jochmann Ralf , Thüler Karin , Schäfer Martin A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractUnderstanding how environmental variation influences even cryptic traits is important to clarify the roles of selection and developmental constraints in past evolutionary divergence and to predict future adaptation under environmental change. Female yellow dung flies (Scathophaga stercoraria) typically have three sperm storage compartments (3S), but occasionally four (4S). More spermathecae are thought to be a female adaptation facilitating sperm sorting after mating, but the phenotype is very rare in nature. We manipulated the flies' developmental environment by food restriction, pesticides, and hot temperatures to investigate the nature and extent of developmental plasticity of this trait, and whether spermatheca expression correlates with measures of performance and developmental stability, as would be expected if 4S expression is a developmental aberration. The spermathecal polymorphism of yellow dung fly females is heritable, but also highly developmentally plastic, varying strongly with rearing conditions. 4S expression is tightly linked to growth rate, and weakly positively correlated with fluctuating asymmetry of wings and legs, suggesting that the production of a fourth spermatheca could be a nonadaptive developmental aberration. However, spermathecal plasticity is opposite in the closely related and ecologically similarScathophaga suilla, demonstrating that overexpression of spermathecae under developmental stress is not universal. At the same time, we found overall mortality costs as well as benefits of 4S pheno‐ and genotypes (also affecting male siblings), suggesting that a life history trade‐off may potentially moderate 4S expression. We conclude that the release of cryptic genetic variation in spermatheca number in the face of strong environmental variation may expose hidden traits (here reproductive morphology) to natural selection (here under climate warming or food augmentation). Once exposed, hidden traits can potentially undergo rapid genetic assimilation, even in cases when trait changes are first triggered by random errors that destabilize developmental processes.
Popping the balloon: Abrupt onset of a spinal CSF leak and spontaneous intracranial hypotension in idiopathic intracranial hypertension, a case report
Authors: Sulioti Gary , Gray Linda , Amrhein Timothy J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectivesSpontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH) is a debilitating neurologic condition that is often thought of as separate from idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). The unique case presented here details a spontaneous spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak that developed abruptly following a CSF pressure elevating maneuver in a patient with pre‐existing intracranial hypertension, raising the possibility of a causative link between the two conditions.ResultsA 40‐year‐old woman with symptomatic IIH developed a dural tear of a thoracic spinal nerve root sleeve during an episode of Valsalva maneuver leading to a CSF leak and development of symptomatic SIH. This was successfully treated with epidural blood and fibrin glue patch and the patient is now symptom‐free.DiscussionThe implication of a possible causative link between elevated CSF pressure and subsequent development of dural rupture and SIH raises important questions regarding the pathophysiology of SIH in some cases. Furthermore, it suggests that there could be a potential prophylactic benefit of CSF pressure lowering medications in preventing the development of SIH in patients with IIH.
Using game‐like animations of geometric shapes to simulate social interactions: An evaluation of group score differences
Authors: Brown Matt I. , Speer Andrew B. , Tenbrink Andrew P. , Chabris Christopher F. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study introduces a novel, game‐like method for measuring social intelligence: the Social Shapes Test. Unlike other existing video or game‐based tests, the Shapes Test uses animations of abstract shapes to represent social interactions. We explore demographic differences in Shapes Test scores compared to a written situational judgment test (SJT). Gender and race/ethnicity only had meaningful effects on written SJT, scores while no effects were found for Shapes Test scores. This pattern of results remained after controlling for general mental ability and English language exposure. We also found metric invariance between demographic groups for both tests. Our results demonstrate the potential for using animated shape tasks as an alternative to written SJTs when designing future game‐based assessments.
Investor relations under short‐selling pressure: Evidence from strategic signaling by company site visits
Authors: Ling Xiaoxu , Yan Siyuan , Cheng Louis T. W. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractExploiting the staggered deregulation of short sales in China as a quasi‐experiment, we investigate whether firms change investor relations (IR) strategy when they face short‐selling pressure. We document significant increases in IR efforts as measured by the frequency of company visits when firms’ stocks become shortable in the market. Our cross‐sectional tests further reveal that pilot firms’ engagements of such IR activities vary with their ex‐ante operating performance, accounting quality, short‐selling threat and ownership structure. Moreover, we find that pilot firms with higher IR efforts experience fewer subsequent short sales. We further document that corporate IR efforts are associated with more positive media coverage and facilitate subsequent external financing and capital investment. In addition to the site visits, we also find that pilot firms increase their response rates on online IR platforms. Collectively, results are consistent with our prediction that firms take proactive IR actions as strategic signaling to assist investor communication and discourage short sellers. The findings also suggest that IR activities are effective to reconstruct market perceptions and mitigate downside impacts on firms’ operations produced by short sales.
Evolution of static allometry and constraint on evolutionary allometry in a fossil stickleback
Authors: Voje Kjetil L. , Bell Michael A. , Stuart Yoel E. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAllometric scaling describes the relationship of trait size to body size within and among taxa. The slope of the population‐level regression of trait size against body size (i.e. static allometry) is typically invariant among closely related populations and species. Such invariance is commonly interpreted to reflect a combination of developmental and selective constraints that delimit a phenotypic space into which evolution could proceed most easily. Thus, understanding how allometric relationships do eventually evolve is important to understanding phenotypic diversification. In a lineage of fossil Threespine Stickleback (Gasterosteus doryssus), we investigated the evolvability of static allometric slopes for nine traits (five armour and four non‐armour) that evolved significant trait differences across 10 samples over 8500 years. The armour traits showed weak static allometric relationships and a mismatch between those slopes and observed evolution. This suggests that observed evolution in these traits was not constrained by relationships with body size, perhaps because prior, repeated adaptation to freshwater habitats by Threespine Stickleback had generated strong selection to break constraint. In contrast, for non‐armour traits, we found stronger allometric relationships. Those allometric slopes did evolve on short time scales. However, those changes were small and fluctuating and the slopes remained strong predictors of the evolutionary trajectory of trait means over time (i.e. evolutionary allometry), supporting the hypothesis of allometry as constraint.
Effect of Endolift laser on upper eyelid and eyebrow ptosis treatment
Authors: Nilforoushzadeh Mohammad Ali , Heidari‐Kharaji Maryam , Behrangi Elham , Lotfi Elaheh , Roohaninasab Masoumeh , Nouri Maryam , Najar Nobari Niloufar 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDrooping of the upper eyelid and eyebrow (ptosis) is common among people and cause the patients dissatisfaction. Various methods have been developed to treatment of the upper eyelid and eyebrow ptosis. However, the current methods focus on surgery to improve the disorder. But patients are worried about the risks of the procedure, and seeking for a non‐invasive alternative method. Therefore, non‐invasive methods with consistent efficient improvement are needed, especially for middle‐aged patients. This study was conducted of 9 patients who underwent the upper eyelid and eyebrow ptosis. Endolift laser method was used to treat the patients’ upper eyelid and eyebrow ptosis. The biometric assessment was used to evaluate the efficiency of the technique. Also the results were evaluated by 3 board‐certified dermatologists (blind). Additionally, patients’ satisfaction was evaluated at the end of the treatment. The biometric results showed that Endolift laser can increase the thickness, density, and elasticity of the skin in the eyelid area. The patient's satisfaction results showed excellent improvement in the 90% of patients. The results by the dermatologist displayed improvement in about 90% of patient. Endolift laser has been proved efficient and consistent for upper eyelid and eyebrow ptosis rejuvenation and treatment.
Prevalence and determinants of medication administration errors in clinical wards: A two‐centre prospective observational study
Authors: Jessurun Janique Gabriëlle , Hunfeld Nicole Geertruida Maria , de Roo Michelle , van Onzenoort Hein Antonius Walterus , van Rosmalen Joost , van Dijk Monique , van den Bemt Patricia Maria Lucia Adriana 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAims and objectivesTo identify the prevalence and determinants of medication administration errors (MAEs).BackgroundInsight into determinants of MAEs is necessary to identify interventions to prevent MAEs.DesignA prospective observational study in two Dutch hospitals, a university and teaching hospital.MethodsData were collected by observation. The primary outcome was the proportion of administrations with one or more MAEs. Secondary outcomes were the type, severity and determinants of MAEs. Multivariable mixed‐effects logistic regression analyses were used for determinant analysis. Reporting adheres to the STROBE guideline.ResultsMAEs occurred in 352 of 2576 medication administrations (13.7%). Of all MAEs (n = 380), the most prevalent types were omission (n = 87) and wrong medication handling (n = 75). Forty‐five MAEs (11.8%) were potentially harmful. The pharmaceutical forms oral liquid (odds ratio [OR] 3.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.43–7.25), infusion (OR 1.73, CI 1.02–2.94), injection (OR 3.52, CI 2.00–6.21), ointment (OR 10.78, CI 2.10–55.26), suppository/enema (OR 6.39, CI 1.13–36.03) and miscellaneous (OR 6.17, CI 1.90–20.04) were more prone to MAEs compared to oral solid. MAEs were more likely to occur when medication was administered between 10 a.m.–2 p.m. (OR 1.91, CI 1.06–3.46) and 6 p.m.–7 a.m. (OR 1.88, CI 1.00–3.52) compared to 7 a.m.–10 a.m. and when administered by staff with higher professional education compared to staff with secondary vocational education (OR 1.68, CI 1.03–2.74). MAEs were less likely to occur in the teaching hospital (OR 0.17, CI 0.08–0.33). Day of the week, patient‐to‐nurse ratio, interruptions and other nurse characteristics (degree, experience, employment type) were not associated with MAEs.ConclusionsThis study identified a high MAE prevalence. Identified determinants suggest that focusing interventions on complex pharmaceutical forms and error‐prone administration times may contribute to MAE reduction.Relevance to clinical practiceThe findings of this study can be used to develop targeted interventions to improve patient safety.
RNAi therapy with givosiran significantly reduces attack rates in acute intermittent porphyria
Authors: Sardh Eliane , Harper Pauline 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAcute hepatic porphyria (AHP) is a group of inherited metabolic disorders that affect hepatic heme biosynthesis. They are associated with attacks of neurovisceral manifestations that can be life threatening and constitute what is considered an acute porphyria attack. Until recently, the sole specific treatment for acute porphyria attacks consisted of the intravenous administration of hemin. Although attacks are often sporadic, some patients develop recurrent acute attacks, with devastating effects on quality of life. Liver transplantation has historically been the sole curative treatment option. The clinical manifestations of AHP are attributed to the accumulation of the heme precursor 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and porphobilinogen (PBG). Advances in molecular engineering have provided new therapeutic possibilities for modifying the heme synthetic pathway. We reviewed the background and current status of AHP treatment using liver‐directed small interfering RNA targeting ALAS1. The therapeutic aim was to normalize the levels of ALAS1, which is highly upregulated during acute porphyria attacks. Givosiran is now an approved drug for use in adults and adolescents aged 12 years and older. The results of clinical trials have shown that givosiran treatment leads to a rapid and sustained reduction of ALAS1 mRNA, decreased heme precursor levels, and a decreased rate of acute attacks compared with placebo. The clinical trials (phases I, II, and III) were all randomized and placebo controlled. Many patients enrolled in the initial clinical trials have continued treatment in open label extension and extended/compassionate‐use programs in countries where givosiran is not yet commercially available.
Chemical Composition and Flexural Strength Discrepancies Between Milled and Lithography‐Based Additively Manufactured Zirconia
Authors: Revilla‐León Marta , Al‐Haj Husain Nadin , Barmak Abdul B. , Pérez‐López Javier , Raigrodski Ariel J. , Özcan Mutlu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the chemical composition, flexural strength, and Weibull characteristics of milled and lithography‐based additively manufactured (AM) zirconia.Materials and methodsA virtual design of a bar (25×4×2 mm) was completed using a software program. The standard tessellation language file was used to manufacture all the specimens: 3Y‐TZP zirconia (Priti multidisc ZrO2 monochrome) milled (M group) and 3Y‐TZP zirconia (LithaCon 3Y 210) lithography‐based AM (CeraFab System S65 Medical) (AM group) bar specimens (n = 20). The chemical composition of the specimens was determined by using energy dispersive X‐ray (EDAX) elemental analysis in a scanning electron microscope. Flexural strength was measured in all specimens using 3‐point bend test according to ISO/CD 6872.2 with a universal testing machine (Instron Model 8501). Two‐parameter Weibull distribution values were calculated. The Shapiro‐Wilk test revealed that the data were normally distributed (p < 0.05). Flexural strength values were analyzed using independent Student's t‐test (α = 0.05).ResultsThere were no major chemical composition differences observed between M and AM groups. The AM specimens (1518.9 ± 253.9 MPa) exhibited a significantly higher flexural strength mean value compared to the milled (980.5 ± 130.3 MPa) specimens (DF = 13, T‐value = –5.97, p < 0.001). The Weibull distribution presented the highest shape for M specimens (11.49) compared to those of AM specimens (6.95).ConclusionsThere was no significant difference in the chemical composition of milled and AM zirconia material tested. AM zirconia tested exhibited significantly higher flexural strength compared with the milled zirconia evaluated.