bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of land-use patterns on the biogeography of the sediment bacteria in the Yarlung Tsangpo River
Authors: Liu Keshao , Hu Anyi , Hou Liyuan , Zhang Lanping , Zeng Qiaoting , Yan Qi , Wang Feng , Zhang Zhihao , Xiao Xiong , Junzhi Liu , Liu Yongqin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Bacteria communities, as key drivers of energy flow and nutrient recycling in rivers, usually consist of a few abundant taxa and many rare taxa. During the last decades, rivers on the Tibetan Plateau have experienced dramatic land surface changes under climate change and anthropogenic disturbances. However, the responses of abundant and rare taxa to such changes and disturbances still remains unclear. In this study, we explored the biogeography and drivers of the abundant and rare bacteria in Yarlung Tsangpo River sediments on the Tibetan Plateau. Our study demonstrated that changes in surrounding land-use patterns, especially in forest land, bare land and cropland, had profound influences on the distribution of the abundant and rare sediment bacteria in the Yarlung Tsangpo River. Although both communities exhibited significant distance-decay patterns, dispersal limitation was the dominant process in the abundant community, while the rare community was mainly driven by heterogeneous selection. Our results also revealed that the abundant bacteria exhibited stronger adaptation across environmental gradients than the rare bacteria. The similar biogeographic patterns but contrasting assembly processes in abundant and rare communities may result from the differences in their environmental adaptation processes. This work provides valuable insights into the importance of land surface changes in influencing the biogeographic patterns of bacteria in fluvial sediments, which helps to predict their activities and patterns in Tibetan rivers under future global climate change and anthropogenic disturbances.
Genome Evolution of a Symbiont Population for Pathogen Defense in Honeybees
Authors: Dyrhage Karl , Garcia-Montaner Andrea , Tamarit Daniel , Seeger Christian , Näslund Kristina , Olofsson Tobias C , Vasquez Alejandra , Webster Matthew T , Andersson Siv G E 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The honeybee gut microbiome is thought to be important for bee health, but the role of the individual members is poorly understood. Here, we present closed genomes and associated mobilomes of 102 Apilactobacillus kunkeei isolates obtained from the honey crop (foregut) of honeybees sampled from beehives in Helsingborg in the south of Sweden and from the islands Gotland and Åland in the Baltic Sea. Each beehive contained a unique composition of isolates and repeated sampling of similar isolates from two beehives in Helsingborg suggests that the bacterial community is stably maintained across bee generations during the summer months. The sampled bacterial population contained an open pan-genome structure with a high genomic density of transposons. A subset of strains affiliated with phylogroup A inhibited growth of the bee pathogen Melissococcus plutonius, all of which contained a 19.5 kb plasmid for the synthesis of the antimicrobial compound kunkecin A, while a subset of phylogroups B and C strains contained a 32.9 kb plasmid for the synthesis of a putative polyketide antibiotic. This study suggests that the mobile gene pool of A. kunkeei plays a key role in pathogen defense in honeybees, providing new insights into the evolutionary dynamics of defensive symbiont populations.
A virtual library for behavioral performance in standard conditions—rodent spontaneous activity in an open field during repeated testing and after treatment with drugs or brain lesions
Authors: Szechtman Henry , Dvorkin-Gheva Anna , Gomez-Marin Alex 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
Beyond their specific experiment, video records of behavior have future value—for example, as inputs for new experiments or for yet unknown types of analysis of behavior—similar to tissue or blood sample banks in life sciences where clinically derived or otherwise well-described experimental samples are stored to be available for some unknown potential future purpose.

Findings
Research using an animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder employed a standardized paradigm where the behavior of rats in a large open field was video recorded for 55 minutes on each test. From 43 experiments, there are 19,976 such trials that amount to over 2 years of continuous recording. In addition to videos, there are 2 video-derived raw data objects: XY locomotion coordinates and plots of animal trajectory. To motivate future use, the 3 raw data objects are annotated with a general schema—one that abstracts the data records from their particular experiment while providing, at the same time, a detailed list of independent variables bearing on behavioral performance. The raw data objects are deposited as 43 datasets but constitute, functionally, a library containing 1 large dataset.

Conclusions
Size and annotation schema give the library high reuse potential: in applications using machine learning techniques, statistical evaluation of subtle factors, simulation of new experiments, or as educational resource. Ultimately, the library can serve both as the seed and as the test bed to create a machine-searchable virtual library of linked open datasets for behavioral performance in defined conditions.
Nucleotide-Based Lanthanide Coordination Polymer Nano-Probe for Turn-On Fluorescence Sensing of Zn2+ in Serum
Authors: Guo Lili , Baoxia Liu , Yintang Zhang , Peng Qu 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundWater-dispersed lanthanide coordination polymers (LCPs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their superiority in bioanalysis. However, so far, most of the reported LCPs, due to the employment of water-insoluble and toxic organic molecules as ligands, are only competent in organic solution or the gaseous phase. Therefore, the construction of a water-dispersed, LCP-based, especially LCP nanoparticle (LCPNP)-based, sensor is still lacking and challenging.ObjectiveThe aim was to obtain a novel and effective LCPNP-based sensor for Zn2+ by simple self-assembly, utilizing water-soluble guanosine monophosphate (GMP) as ligand and Eu3+ as luminescence center, .MethodsIn aqueous solutions, Eu-GMP NPs were formed via self-assembly reaction between Eu3+ and GMP, and displayed very weak fluorescence due to low energy transfer from GMP to Eu3+ and the rate constant of nonradiactive deactivation of the excited states caused by the O–H vibration of coordinated water molecules. After the introduce of Zn2+, forming Eu-GMP/Zn, very interestingly, an 8-fold fluorescence enhancement was observed due to the removal of coordination water molecules and fluorescence sensitization of Zn2+.ResultsThe fluorescence intensity of Eu-GMP NPs at 614 nm showed a linear relationship with the concentration of Zn2+ from 4 to 240 μM with a detection limit of 4 μM. Due to possessing long fluorescence, Eu-GMP showed prominent achievment for application in serum Zn2+ determination.ConclusionThe LCPNP probe exhibited excellent performance for the determination of Zn2+ in serum.HighlightsFor the first time, we developed and designed a kind of water-dispersed, LCPNP-based turn-on fluorescence assay for Zn2+ in serum. High sensitivity and good recoveries were achieved due to long fluorescence life, good water-dispersed behavior, and the turn-on fluorescence response of the LCPNP probe.
Quantitative 1HNMR Spectroscopy: Analysis of Zinc Gluconate in Utozinc® Tablets, a Mixture of Zinc Gluconate and Vitamin C
Authors: Hassan Marwa H , Hassan Abdalla E A 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
Zinc is an essential metal for humans and plays key roles in several biological events such as immunity, allergy, growth, and inflammation. The deficiency in zinc causes an increased infection rate with pathogens. Organo-zincates such as zinc gluconate are known for better absorption compared with their inorganic zinc salts. Its role in enhancing the immune system has driven a huge demand for organo-zinc supplements and in the treatment protocol of coronavirus disease, the causative agent of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective
Herein, we report on a quantitative analysis of zinc gluconate in the authentic form in presence of vitamin C, and the method was applied to their dosage form (Utozinc® tablets). The method is simple, accurate, and validated according to ICH guidelines.

Method
Quantification of zinc gluconate formulated with vitamin C (Utozinc tablets) using Q-1HNMR. Maleic acid and deuterium oxide were used as internal standards and solvents, respectively.

Results
The linearity range, the limit of detection and quantification, stability, precision, and accuracy, were validated. The validation of the method within five concentration levels (from 10 to 50 mg/0.5 mL D2O) afforded a limit of detection of 4.58 mg/mL, a quantification limit of 15.27 mg/mL, and excellent linearity.

Conclusions
The method proposed in the present study is simple, fast, nondestructive, and accurate. Zinc gluconate quantification values obtained by the Q-1HNMR method were found to show an acceptable correlation with those obtained by the thin-layer chromatographic technique.

Highlights
The method was successfully applied to Utozinc tablets, and the results were compared with the reported reference pharmacopeial method. The salt exchange between maleic acid (IS) and zinc gluconate was tested by noticing the change in the chemical shift of IS and zinc gluconate.
Deep kinetoplast genome analyses result in a novel molecular assay for detecting Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-specific minicircles
Authors: Geerts Manon , Chen Zihao , Bebronne Nicolas , Savill Nicholas J , Schnaufer Achim , Büscher Philippe , Van Reet Nick , Van den Broeck Frederik 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The World Health Organization targeted Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Tbg) human African trypanosomiasis for elimination of transmission by 2030. Sensitive molecular markers that specifically detect Tbg type 1 (Tbg1) parasites will be important tools to assist in reaching this goal. We aim at improving molecular diagnosis of Tbg1 infections by targeting the abundant mitochondrial minicircles within the kinetoplast of these parasites. Using Next-Generation Sequencing of total cellular DNA extracts, we assembled and annotated the kinetoplast genome and investigated minicircle sequence diversity in 38 animal- and human-infective trypanosome strains. Computational analyses recognized a total of 241 Minicircle Sequence Classes as Tbg1-specific, of which three were shared by the 18 studied Tbg1 strains. We developed a minicircle-based assay that is applicable on animals and as specific as the TgsGP-based assay, the current golden standard for molecular detection of Tbg1. The median copy number of the targeted minicircle was equal to eight, suggesting our minicircle-based assay may be used for the sensitive detection of Tbg1 parasites. Annotation of the targeted minicircle sequence indicated that it encodes genes essential for the survival of the parasite and will thus likely be preserved in natural Tbg1 populations, the latter ensuring the reliability of our novel diagnostic assay.
The Impossibility of Neutrality? How Courts Engage with the Neutrality Argument
Authors: Smet Stijn 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The principle of state neutrality vis-à-vis religion and belief is contested and illusive. Some scholars even label it an impossible principle. Nevertheless, the meanings and functions assigned to neutrality are often determinative of, among others, the scope of the right to manifest one’s religion in public institutions. Focusing on recent developments in Europe, this article makes two claims: one conceptual and the other doctrinal. The conceptual claim is that neutrality can be deployed either as a shield to protect freedom of religion and belief or as a sword to strike religious claims down. Given that lawmakers and policymakers in Europe are increasingly relying on the second function of neutrality, the article goes on to evaluate how the courts have responded. The doctrinal claim of the article is that courts can engage—and have engaged—with the neutrality argument in three ways: (i) through deference to other interpreters of neutrality; (ii) through substantive interpretation of the neutrality principle; and (iii) through circumvention of the neutrality argument. The article suggests that the third approach may well be preferable.
Deng’s Ghost
Authors: Shirk Susan L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains how the historical lessons of the CCP rule under Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping contribute to the overreach today. Mao Zedong’s rule is a classific exemplification of overconcentration of power in a personalistic leader. Despite his embrace of economic and political reform, Deng Xiaoping, as the chief engineer behind the collective leadership system, failed to sufficiently constrain the Party actors due to his aversion to the Western style separation of powers, appeasement to the Left, and the fear of social unrest. By discussing the historical significance of Mao and Deng’s rule, this chapter delineates the historical context of the overreach under Hu and Xi.
Loss of Restraint
Authors: Shirk Susan L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes a deeper dive into the international overreach under Hu’s second term of office following the 2008 global financial crisis. It focuses on how the fragmentation of collective leadership prompted a more assertive foreign policy. It highlights the South China Sea dispute and the deteriorating US-China relations as two examples of how unchecked interest groups in areas such as propaganda and the military extended into foreign policy making. Hu’s efforts to improve China’s relationships with neighboring countries in Asia was also hamstrung by domestic interest groups. Consequently, by the end of Hu’s second term of office, China had become one of the “loneliest rising powers in world history.”
Real Property
Authors: Mallat Chibli 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
From concepts of land law and waqf (trusts) in classical law through the recent establishment of the cadaster, the vast Saudi territory is subject to a complex mixture of real rights. Among Islamic law categories and principles, most important are the principle of revived land and the power of the ruler to grant land to the citizens. A law of 1388/1968 classified land for eventual distribution by the state, leading to continuous conflicts on the ownership of land under the label of istihkam, especially in the perimeter of cities. A cadaster was established to provide better stability and clarity to land transactions and titles. Alongside the tug of war between classical and modern property concepts, the country adopted Western legislation on land expropriation and on condominiums. Some sui generis Saudi categories have emerged, such as “white land.” The chapter also examines special categories: conveyancing, preemption, waqf, water rights.
Introduction
Authors: Besharov Douglas J. , Call Douglas M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the major themes of the volume by describing recent changes to safety-net policies in the United States. In early 2021, the United States implemented a revamped and greatly expanded federal Child Tax Credit that removed the requirement that parents have earnings in order to receive the payments. Severing this connection to work essentially reversed a key tenet of American welfare policy that had been in place since the enactment of the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) in 1996. The chapter then discusses the divergent trend in many European counties that have pursued policies designed to discourage long-term recipiency and encourage work and other work-related behaviors (“activation”) and extended them beyond the US model. The chapter concludes by summarizing the chapters in the volume and identifying how these trends are manifest in different areas of countries’ social safety nets including unemployment insurance, disability benefits, social assistance, and public employment services.
Less Activation in US Social Assistance Programs?
Authors: Weidinger Matt 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews work activation in the US cash welfare program currently known as Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). It focuses on developments surrounding major bipartisan reforms enacted in 1996, when the former Aid to Families with Dependent Children program was replaced with the TANF block grant. Those reforms sought to strengthen the degree to which recipients—primarily single mothers—were expected to engage in work, training, or other activities in exchange for monthly benefit checks. While reforms were followed by significant increases in work and earnings and decreases in poverty and dependence, key features—and how states implemented the new program—subsequently weakened the effects of TANF work activation policies. The chapter concludes that other federal benefit programs—including recent monthly Child Tax Credit checks paid to even non-working parents—have largely eclipsed the TANF program and its work activation policies.
Lessons for Labor Policy in the Aftermath of the Great Recession
Authors: Montgomery Edward 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Great Recession and COVID-19 pandemic brought profound dislocation to the United States and much of Europe, taxing their social safety nets to an extent not seen in the post-World War II period. The United States and other advanced economies changed their policy responses over the course of these crises, providing an opportunity to look within and across countries in assessing the effectiveness of their labor market responses in increasing employment and improving labor market outcomes. This chapter reviews that evidence and uses it to propose changes to the existing US unemployment insurance system, changes that would both ensure that fewer workers fell through the social safety net and, in part by using labor activation policies, enhance the speed at which they return to work.
Vascular Dementia
Authors: Noble James M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers vascular dementia, which is the third most common cause of dementia. It differentiates between the different types of vascular dementia: single-infarct dementia, subcortical white matter disease, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Large single-infarct dementia refers to a single major stroke that may leave someone suddenly disabled and dependent upon others. Meanwhile, the net effect of many subcortical strokes is slow mental processing speed, problems with paying attention and staying focused, and depressive symptoms. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy causes hemorrhagic strokes, both small and large, that are sometimes only seen on MRI. The chapter then looks at genetic forms of vascular dementia. It also considers the importance of controlling vascular risk factors in preventing stroke.
The New Power Elite
Authors: Gautney Heather 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A “remake” of C. Wright Mills’ The Power Elite, this book charts patterns of elite domination amid paradigmatic changes in the structuring of U.S. social institutions and political life since the postwar period that lay bare the essentially corrupt and authoritarian nature of neoliberal capitalism and the power elites behind it. Driven by an inexhaustible pursuit of profits and wealth accumulation, power elites of the last half century conceived of and imposed a new form of global capitalism that has positioned the “free market” as an ultimate political and cultural authority. In the process, they have suppressed policies and rules, social movements, and political organizations that might impede profitability and exacted an unspeakable toll on human and planetary life. Similar to Mills, The New Power Elite elucidates the means through which today’s elites accumulate wealth and power, including the subordination of military and governmental systems, media and culture, and labor, finance, and production to “market imperatives.” It departs from Mills, however, in accounting for major transformations in the political geography of corporations and labor, the rise of finance capital, and role of U.S. imperialism in the structuring of global capitalism. And, unlike Mills, the book argues that while the American State, mass media, and cultural institutions can still operate as a sites of contestation, political, military, and cultural institutions today should not be considered as autonomous from market forces, as their principal function is to serve the interests of capital and operate on its behalf.
A Comparison of Decisions Made on Four “Pre-Theoretical” Problems by Talcott Parsons and Alfred Schütz
Authors: Garfinkel Harold 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter compares “pre-theoretical decisions” made by Talcott Parsons and Alfred Schütz on the following dimensions: (1) a theory of objects; (2) the logical status and uses of empirical ideal types; (3) the observer as part of the field of observation; and (4) the logical status and uses of the “subjective” categories. A key distinction, somewhat indebted to Kaufmann (1944), is between the neo-Kantian “correspondence” and phenomenological “congruence” theories of reality. This distinction informs the four “pre-theoretical” decisions and the issues to which they are heir. The emphasis in extant sociological theory mostly has been predicated on the neo-Kantian solutions that informed Parsons’s approach to the pre-theoretical decisions, whereas Schütz’s decisions provide, inter alia, for a fresh attack on the relevance of time in the definition and conceptualization of action structures. The chapter is a condensation of themes from Chapter 5 of Harold Garfinkel’s dissertation, “The Perception of the Other: A Study in Social Order,” Harvard University: Department of Social Relations (1952), and was prepared by Garfinkel for a seminar in 1960.
Garfinkel’s Studies of Work
Authors: Lynch Michael E. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn the early 1970s, Harold Garfinkel launched a research program on studies of work. Such work was not limited to on-the-job performances in specific occupations or professions. Although it included labor practices associated with particular organizations and occupations, it also encompassed the work of driving in traffic, queuing for a service, and other everyday practices. “Work” thus was salient in at least two ways: first, as a reference to occupational, professional, and organized recreational activities; and second, as a reference to the practical accomplishment of a broad range of what Garfinkel called “naturally organized ordinary activities.” This chapter focuses on both aspects of such studies of work: the study of specialized organizational activities and the study of everyday activities. In addition to reviewing the studies of work program and tracing its influence in fields such as science and technology studies (STS) and computer-supported cooperative work (CSCW), the chapter focuses on distinctive themes, such as “the unique adequacy requirement of methods” and “instructed actions” in the production of social order. Finally, the chapter discusses practical and professional implications of Garfinkel’s proposal for the development of “hybrid” fields that would integrate ethnomethodology with the practices studied.