bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The short- and medium-term distributional effects of the German minimum wage reform
Authors: Caliendo Marco , Fedorets Alexandra , Preuss Malte , Schröder Carsten , Wittbrodt Linda 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis study quantifies the distributional effects of the minimum wage introduced in Germany in 2015. Using detailed Socio-Economic Panel survey data, we assess changes in the hourly wages, working hours, and monthly wages of employees who were entitled to be paid the minimum wage. We employ a difference-in-differences analysis, exploiting regional variation in the “bite” of the minimum wage. At the bottom of the hourly wage distribution, we document wage growth of 9% in the short term and 21% in the medium term. At the same time, we find a reduction in working hours, such that the increase in hourly wages does not lead to a subortionate increase in monthly wages. We conclude that working hours adjustments play an important role in the distributional effects of minimum wages.
Towards best use and regulatory acceptance of generic physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models for in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) in chemical risk assessment
Authors: Najjar Abdulkarim , Punt Ans , Wambaugh John , Paini Alicia , Ellison Corie , Fragki Styliani , Bianchi Enrica , Zhang Fagen , Westerhout Joost , Mueller Dennis , Li Hequn , Shi Quan , Gant Timothy W. , Botham Phil , Bars Rémi , Piersma Aldert , van Ravenzwaay Ben , Kramer Nynke I. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWith an increasing need to incorporate new approach methodologies (NAMs) in chemical risk assessment and the concomitant need to phase out animal testing, the interpretation of in vitro assay readouts for quantitative hazard characterisation becomes more important. Physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models, which simulate the fate of chemicals in tissues of the body, play an essential role in extrapolating in vitro effect concentrations to in vivo bioequivalent exposures. As PBK-based testing approaches evolve, it will become essential to standardise PBK modelling approaches towards a consensus approach that can be used in quantitative in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (QIVIVE) studies for regulatory chemical risk assessment based on in vitro assays. Based on results of an ECETOC expert workshop, steps are recommended that can improve regulatory adoption: (1) define context and implementation, taking into consideration model complexity for building fit-for-purpose PBK models, (2) harmonise physiological input parameters and their distribution and define criteria for quality chemical-specific parameters, especially in the absence of in vivo data, (3) apply Good Modelling Practices (GMP) to achieve transparency and design a stepwise approach for PBK model development for risk assessors, (4) evaluate model predictions using alternatives to in vivo PK data including read-across approaches, (5) use case studies to facilitate discussions between modellers and regulators of chemical risk assessment. Proof-of-concepts of generic PBK modelling approaches are published in the scientific literature at an increasing rate. Working on the previously proposed steps is, therefore, needed to gain confidence in PBK modelling approaches for regulatory use.
Quantitation of endogenous GnRH by validated nano-HPLC-HRMS method: a pilot study on ewe plasma
Authors: Mecarelli Enrica , Aigotti Riccardo , Asteggiano Alberto , Giacobini Paolo , Chasles Manon , Tillet Yves , Dal Bello Federica , Medana Claudio 
Published: September 2022

AbstractGonadotropin-releasing hormone isoform I (GnRH), a neuro-deca-peptide, plays a fundamental role in development and maintenance of the reproductive system in vertebrates. The anomalous release of GnRH is observed in reproductive disorder such as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or following prenatal exposure to elevated androgen levels. Quantitation of GnRH plasma levels could help to diagnose and better understand these pathologies. Here, a validated nano-high-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS) method to quantify GnRH in ewe plasma samples is presented. Protein precipitation and solid-phase extraction (SPE) pre-treatment steps were required to purify and enrich GnRH and internal standard (lamprey-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-III, l-LHRH-III). For the validation process, a surrogate matrix approach was chosen following the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) and FDA guidelines. Before the validation study, the validation model using the surrogate matrix was compared with those using a real matrix such as human plasma. All the tested parameters were analogous confirming the use of the surrogate matrix as a standard calibration medium. From the validation study, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) values of 0.008 and 0.024 ng/mL were obtained, respectively. Selectivity, accuracy, precision, recovery, and matrix effect were assessed with quality control samples in human plasma and all values were acceptable. Sixteen samples belonging to healthy and prenatal androgen (PNA) exposed ewes were collected and analyzed, and the GnRH levels ranged between 0.05 and 3.26 ng/mL. The nano-HPLC-HRMS developed here was successful in measuring GnRH, representing therefore a suitable technique to quantify GnRH in ewe plasma and to detect it in other matrices and species.
Graphical abstract
Added value of quantitative, multiparametric 18F-FDG PET/MRI in the locoregional staging of rectal cancer
Authors: Herold Alexander , Wassipaul Christian , Weber Michael , Lindenlaub Florian , Rasul Sazan , Stift Anton , Stift Judith , Mayerhoefer Marius E. , Hacker Marcus , Ba-Ssalamah Ahmed , Haug Alexander R. , Tamandl Dietmar 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to determine whether multiparametric positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (mpPET/MRI) can improve locoregional staging of rectal cancer (RC) and to assess its prognostic value after resection.

Methods
In this retrospective study, 46 patients with primary RC, who underwent multiparametric 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/MRI, followed by surgical resection without chemoradiotherapy, were included. Two readers reviewed T- and N- stage, mesorectal involvement, sphincter infiltration, tumor length, and distance from anal verge. In addition, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and PET parameters were extracted from the multiparametric protocol and were compared to radiological staging as well as to the histopathological reference standard. Clinical and imaging follow-up was systematically assessed for tumor recurrence and death.

Results
Locally advanced rectal cancers (LARC) exhibited significantly higher metabolic tumor volume (MTV, AUC 0.74 [95% CI 0.59–0.89], p = 0.004) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG, AUC 0.70 [95% CI 0.53–0.87], p = 0.022) compared to early tumors. T-stage was associated with MTV (AUC 0.70 [95% CI 0.54–0.85], p = 0.021), while N-stage was better assessed using anatomical MRI sequences (AUC 0.72 [95% CI 0.539–0.894], p = 0.032). In the multivariate regression analysis, depending on the model, both anatomical MRI sequences and MTV/TLG were capable of detecting LARC. Combining anatomical MRI stage and MTV/TLG led to a superior diagnostic performance for detecting LARC (AUC 0.81, [95% CI 0.68–0.94], p < 0.001). In the survival analysis, MTV was independently associated with overall survival (HR 1.05 [95% CI 1.01–1.10], p = 0.044).

Conclusion
Multiparametric PET-MRI can improve identification of locally advanced tumors and, hence, help in treatment stratification. It provides additional information on RC tumor biology and may have prognostic value.
Incidence, Mechanisms of Injury and Mortality of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: An Observational Population‐Based Cohort Study from New Zealand and Norway
Authors: Weber Clemens , Andreassen Joakim Stray , Isles Siobhan , Thorsen Kenneth , McBride Paul , Søreide Kjetil , Civil Ian 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundComparing trauma registry data from different countries can help to identify possible differences in epidemiology, which may help to improve the care of trauma patients.MethodsThis study directly compares the incidence, mechanisms of injuries and mortality of severe TBI based on population‐based data from the two national trauma registries from New Zealand and Norway. All patients prospectively registered with severe TBI in either of the national registries for the 4‐year study period were included. Patient and injury variables were described and age‐adjusted incidence and mortality rates were calculated.ResultsA total of 1378 trauma patients were identified of whom 751 (54.5%) from New Zealand and 627 (45.5%) from Norway. The patient cohort from New Zealand was significantly younger (median 32 versus 53 years;p < 0.001) and more patients from New Zealand were injured in road traffic crashes (37% versus 13%;p < 0.001). The age‐adjusted incidence rate of severe TBI was 3.8 per 100,000 in New Zealand and 2.9 per 100,000 in Norway. The age‐adjusted mortality rates were 1.5 per 100,000 in New Zealand and 1.2 per 100,000 in Norway. The fatality rates were 38.5% in New Zealand and 34.2% in Norway (p = 0.112).ConclusionsRoad traffic crashes in younger patients were more common in New Zealand whereas falls in elderly patients were the main cause for severe TBI in Norway. The age‐adjusted incidence and mortality rates of severe TBI among trauma patients are similar in New Zealand and Norway. The fatality rates of severe TBI are still considerable with more than one third of patients dying.
Optimal Linear Response for Markov Hilbert–Schmidt Integral Operators and Stochastic Dynamical Systems
Authors: Antown Fadi , Froyland Gary , Galatolo Stefano 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe consider optimal control problems for discrete-time random dynamical systems, finding unique perturbations that provoke maximal responses of statistical properties of the system. We treat systems whose transfer operator has an $$L^2$$

L
2

kernel, and we consider the problems of finding (i) the infinitesimal perturbation maximising the expectation of a given observable and (ii) the infinitesimal perturbation maximising the spectral gap, and hence the exponential mixing rate of the system. Our perturbations are either (a) perturbations of the kernel or (b) perturbations of a deterministic map subjected to additive noise. We develop a general setting in which these optimisation problems have a unique solution and construct explicit formulae for the unique optimal perturbations. We apply our results to a Pomeau–Manneville map and an interval exchange map, both subjected to additive noise, to explicitly compute the perturbations provoking maximal responses.
Influence of different design parameters on side channel compressor performance
Authors: Adam Johanna , Heinrich Martin , Schwarze Rüdiger 
Published: September 2022

AbstractOnly few design guidelines for side channel compressors are published in open literature. Among those the most common ones are from Grabow, Surek, and Raheel. In this publication we focus on the design guideline of Grabow, which includes, among several analytical equations, two empirical estimates for head coefficient and blade angle. These estimates lead to an uncertainty in the design process and could potentially effect the performance curve of the machine. Therefore, five side channel compressor geometries are designed based on Grabow with different estimates for head coefficient and blade angle in order to assess their influence onto the compressor performance. Those designs are the input parameters for transient CFD simulations to compute total pressure ratio and isentropic efficiency. The results indicate that higher head coefficient during the design process lead to a higher total pressure ratio, in particular for lower flow rates. Similarly, a higher blade angle also increases the total pressure ratio and furthermore reduces the flow circulation in the side channel. In general, influence onto isentropic efficiency is much weaker, though.
Conspecific "gaze following" in bottlenose dolphins
Authors: Johnson Christine M. , Ruiz-Mendoza Christina , Schoenbeck Clara 
Published: September 2022

Abstract"Gaze following"—when one individual witnesses another shift its orientation, and then re-orients in the same direction—has been observed in a wide range of species. Related work with dolphins has to date focused on human–dolphin interactions. In this conspecific study, we examined a group of dolphins orienting, in passing, to gateways between their pools, as opportunities for witnesses to demonstrate "gaze following". Seven bottlenose dolphins were synchronously videotaped on six underwater cameras, for 21 h over three days, and the recordings analyzed by trained observers. The identities of all animals present, their partner state, and whether and to what degree they had altered their access to the gate (e.g., from Monocular to Binocular, or Binocular toVisio-Echoic) was recorded. Compared to animals that did not witness such a change, witnesses of an increase in access by another dolphin were significantly more likely to also act to increase their own access. We observed 460 such cases of "gaze following" in these animals. Dolphins who were partnered (showed sustained swimming within 1 body length) were significantly more likely, than non-partnered animals, to "gaze follow". Dolphins also showed a significant tendency toward matching the kind of access they observed. No significant difference was found in the presence of animals in the back pools, during changes in orientation that were followed, versus in those that were not. These findings support adding bottlenose dolphins to the growing list of species that display conspecific "gaze following".
Herbivory and functional traits suggest that enemy release is not an important mechanism driving invasion success of brown seaweeds
Authors: Mabey Abigail L. , Catford Jane A. , Rius Marc , Foggo Andrew , Smale Dan A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractInvasive species are a global threat to biodiversity and there is a pressing need to better understand why some species become invasive outside of their native range, and others do not. One explanation for invasive species success is their release from concurrent natural enemies upon introduction to the non-native range. The so-called enemy release hypothesis (ERH) has conflicting support, depending upon the ecosystem and species investigated. To date, most studies testing the generality of the ERH have focused on terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we tested whether enemy release might contribute to the success of the invasive non-native brown seaweeds Undaria pinnatifida and Sargassum muticum in the United Kingdom. We conducted choice and no choice experiments to determine herbivore preference on these invaders relative to six functionally-similar native species. We also measured and compared species traits associated with defence against herbivory (carbon to nitrogen ratio, polyphenolic concentration, tensile strength, and compensatory growth). There were no differences in the biomass consumed between invasive and native species for either choice or no choice tests. The carbon to nitrogen ratio (a measure of nutritional quality) was significantly lower for S. muticum compared to the three native fucoid species, but measures of the other three defence traits were similar or even greater for invasive species compared with native species. Taken together, it is unlikely that the ERH applies to invasive seaweeds in the northeast Atlantic, suggesting that other factors may contribute to the success of invasive species in this system.
Biological lability of terrestrial DOM increases CO2 outgassing across Arctic shelves
Authors: Polimene Luca , Torres R. , Powley H. R. , Bedington M. , Juhls B. , Palmtag J. , Strauss J. , Mann P. J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractArctic shelf seas receive greater quantities of river runoff than any other ocean region and are experiencing increased freshwater loads and associated terrestrial matter inputs since recent decades. Amplified terrestrial permafrost thaw and coastal erosion is exposing previously frozen organic matter, enhancing its mobilization and release to nearshore regions. Changing terrestrial dissolved organic matter (terr-DOM) loads and composition may alter shelf primary productivity and respiration, ultimately affecting net regional CO2 air–sea fluxes. However, the future evolution of Arctic Ocean climate feedbacks are highly dependent upon the biological degradability of terr-DOM in coastal waters, a factor often omitted in modelling studies. Here, we assess the sensitivity of CO2 air–sea fluxes from East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) waters to changing terr-DOM supply and degradability using a biogeochemical model explicitly accounting for bacteria dynamics and shifting terr-DOM composition. We find increasing terr-DOM loads and degradability trigger a series of biogeochemical and ecological processes shifting ESAS waters from a net sink to a net source of CO2, even after accounting for strengthening coastal productivity by additional land-derived nutrients. Our results suggest that future projected inputs of labile terr-DOM from peat and permafrost thaw may strongly increase the CO2 efflux from the Arctic shelf sea, causing currently unquantified positive feedback to climate change.
Adaptive immunity or evolutionary adaptation? Transgenerational immune systems at the crossroads
Authors: Veigl Sophie Juliane 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn recent years, immune systems have sparked considerable interest within the philosophy of science. One issue that has received increased attention is whether other phyla besides vertebrates display an adaptive immune system. Particularly the discovery of CRISPR-Cas9-based systems has triggered a discussion about how to classify adaptive immune systems. One question that has not been addressed yet is the transgenerational aspect of the CRISPR-Cas9-based response. If immunity is acquired and inherited, how to distinguish evolutionary from immunological adaptation? To shed light on this issue and obtain conceptual clarity, I will investigate the inheritance of small RNA responses to pathogens in the nematode C. elegans as a further potential instantiation of a transgenerational adaptive immune system. I will explore how to make sense of systems that lie at the crossroads between genetic, immunological, and evolutionary spheres and explore the consequences of a transgenerational perspective on immune systems for immunology and its philosophy.
Misrepresentation of Marginalized Groups: A Critique of Epistemic Neocolonialism
Authors: Chowdhury Rashedur 
Published: September 2022

AbstractI argue that meta-ignorance and meta-insensitivity are the key sources influencing the reoccurrence of the (un)conscious misrepresentation of marginalized groups in management and organization research; such misrepresentation, in effect, perpetuates epistemic neocolonialism. Meta-ignorance describes incorrect epistemic attitudes, which render researchers ignorant about issues such as contextual history and emotional and political aspects of a social problem. Researcher meta-ignorance can be a permanent feature, given how researchers define, locate, and make use of their epistemic positionality and privilege. In contrast, meta-insensitivity is a special issue that arises when researchers miss multiple opportunities to capture valuable aspects of marginalized groups’ voices or their life experiences and expectations. The problem of meta-insensitivity during fieldwork is more serious because researchers—despite their apparent willingness to be innovative—fail to understand how to be sensitive toward marginalized groups. The perpetuation of these elements’ misrepresentation contributes to long-lasting negative consequences for marginalized groups. To counter this, I introduce and conceptualize the idea of oppositional views which researchers can mobilize to address misrepresentation of marginalized groups and challenge epistemic neocolonialism.
Cost-Effectiveness of CCTV Surveillance Systems: Evidence from a Polish City
Authors: Matczak Piotr , Wójtowicz Andrzej , Dąbrowski Adam , Mączka Krzysztof 
Published: September 2022

Abstract Closed-circuit television (CCTV) surveillance has been increasingly popular worldwide as a crime prevention measure, while its effectiveness, efficiency, and related privacy issues are debated. In this paper, we investigated whether the municipal CCTV surveillance system is cost-effective in the case study of Poznan, Poland. The analysis comprised (a) the preventive effectiveness of CCTV, (b) costs of CCTV surveillance system installation and operation, and (c) costs of crime. We collected police data on three categories of street crimes: (a) car burglary/theft, (b) car damage, and (c) robbery, as well as data on the costs of CCTV surveillance system construction and maintenance. We searched for a year after installing the CCTV system when the accumulated, hypothetical financial cost of crime was higher than the actual accumulated cost of crime and CCTV installation and maintenance in any treatment area. The number of crimes in a given category was predicted based on a comparable control area, where there were no cameras. Our study suggests that CCTV surveillance is cost-ineffective in most areas. This result implies the cautious development of CCTV surveillance, taking into account the target crime types and costs, including social costs and benefits. Evaluating cost-effectiveness, although considered as a robust measure, is in practice difficult. However, analysis of the correlation between land use characteristics and cost-effectiveness may provide practical advice on where to develop CCTV surveillance monitoring.
HyperQuaternionE: A hyperbolic embedding model for qualitative spatial and temporal reasoning
Authors: Cai Ling , Janowicz Krzysztof , Zhu Rui , Mai Gengchen , Yan Bo , Wang Zhangyu 
Published: September 2022

AbstractQualitative spatial/temporal reasoning (QSR/QTR) plays a key role in research on human cognition, e.g., as it relates to navigation, as well as in work on robotics and artificial intelligence. Although previous work has mainly focused on various spatial and temporal calculi, more recently representation learning techniques such as embedding have been applied to reasoning and inference tasks such as query answering and knowledge base completion. These subsymbolic and learnable representations are well suited for handling noise and efficiency problems that plagued prior work. However, applying embedding techniques to spatial and temporal reasoning has received little attention to date. In this paper, we explore two research questions: (1) How do embedding-based methods perform empirically compared to traditional reasoning methods on QSR/QTR problems? (2) If the embedding-based methods are better, what causes this superiority? In order to answer these questions, we first propose a hyperbolic embedding model, called HyperQuaternionE, to capture varying properties of relations (such as symmetry and anti-symmetry), to learn inversion relations and relation compositions (i.e., composition tables), and to model hierarchical structures over entities induced by transitive relations. We conduct various experiments on two synthetic datasets to demonstrate the advantages of our proposed embedding-based method against existing embedding models as well as traditional reasoners with respect to entity inference and relation inference. Additionally, our qualitative analysis reveals that our method is able to learn conceptual neighborhoods implicitly. We conclude that the success of our method is attributed to its ability to model composition tables and learn conceptual neighbors, which are among the core building blocks of QSR/QTR.