bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing Lateral Shoot Production in Balsam Fir Christmas Trees with Cytokinin Application
Authors: Little C. H. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Current-year branches in the uppermost whorl of unsheared balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] trees were dipped 1, 2, or 3 times at weekly intervals in 0, 125, 250, 500, or 1000 ppm BA + 0.5% Buffer-X surfactant, starting every 2 weeks between 9 June and 18 Aug. 1982. BA applied once during June and early July increased lateral bud number and branch diameter in 1982, and increased lateral shoot production while decreasing lateral and whorl shoot elongation in 1983. The degree of response increased with increasing BA concentration, the greatest effect being obtained with 1000 ppm applied on 24 June when untreated branches had attained about 70% of their final length. Multiple applications were no more effective than a single application and caused phy to toxicity. The results indicate that BA application may be a useful method for increasing crown density in balsam fir Christmas trees.
Growth and Fruiting Responses of Young Apple and Tart Cherry Trees to Weed Control
Authors: Rupp L. A. , Anderson J. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Growth of 2-year-old tart cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) trees as measured by trunk circumference increase or total shoot elongation was significantly greater in plots receiving chemical or mechanical weed control within the tree row than in plots receiving between-row cultivation only. Shoot growth of one-year-old apple (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Delicious’) trees responded similarly to weed control. Tart cherry trees in hand weeded and dinoseb or glyphosate treated plots had greater growth than those in paraquat treated plots. Tart cherry trees in plots receiving chemical or mechanical weed control out-yielded trees in unweeded plots during the first year of production. ‘Delicious’ apple trees in plots treated with dinoseb (6.7 and 10.1 kg/ha), the high rate of glyphosate (1.7 kg/ha), or mechanical weed control also outyielded trees in unweeded plots during the first year of production. Effects of weed control on growth and yield were less distinct during the 2nd year of production. Trees from treated plots came into production one year earlier than trees in the unweeded plots. Chemical names used: 2-(1-methylpropyl)-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb); N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate); 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium ion (paraquat).
Postharvest Water Loss from Freeze-damaged Citrus Fruit
Authors: Purvis Albert C. , Brown G. Eldon , Carter Robert D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Freeze-damaged ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) and ‘Pineapple’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] fruit were sealed in polyethylene shrink film and stored for 6 weeks at 15°C in an attempt to prevent segment dehydration. Although the film greatly restricted water loss from the fruit, segment dehydration was similar to that observed for waxed fruit. During dehydration of freeze-damaged segments of ‘Valencia’ orange fruit, the relative water content of the adjacent mesocarp tissue increased. However, no differences were found in the soluble carbohydrate levels in mesocarp tissue adjacent to damaged and undamaged segments. The results indicate that the mesocarp tissue is not only in the pathway of water loss from free-damaged citrus fruit, but also accumulates water from damaged tissues. Furthermore, segment tissue membranes and walls appear to be differentially permeable to sugars and water.
Osmotically Induced Water Stress on Fertilizer Burn of ‘Glade’ Kentucky Bluegrass
Authors: Johnson S. J. , Christians N. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The practice of applying fertilizer in liquid form to turfgrass has become popular in the commercial lawn care industry, but foliar bum may become a problem following such applications. Fertilizer bum, ranging from leaf tip browning to bleaching of the entire leaf blade may result when a plant suffers physiological drought caused by an excess of soluble salts, either on the foliage or in the soil solution (2, 9). Researchers have reported that increasing levels of soil moisture stress may cause more severe fertilizer burn than nonstress conditions (4, 5, 6).
‘Freedom’, A Disease-resistant Apple
Authors: Lamb Robert C. , Aldwinckle Herb S. , Terry David E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Freedom’ is a productive, large, red apple, Malus domestica Borkh. that is very resistant to apple scab [Venturia inaequalis (Cke) Wint.], moderately resistant to apple powdery mildew [Podosphaera leucotricha (E. & E.) Salm], resistant to cedar apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Schw.), and to fire blight [Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al.]. It has been grown for 23 years without any disease-controlling sprays, and no losses have occurred in New York State. This apple was tested under the number NY 58553-1.
Latent Viruses: Harmful or Harmless?
Authors: Converse Richard H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
For a virologist who specializes in the virus diseases of small fruit, the rhetorical question posed in the title of this paper has a short, direct answer: harmful! Virologists have long subscribed to the dictum propounded by Holmes (22), “Presumably nearly all, if not all, symptomless carriers are slightly less vigorous than their virus-free counterparts.” However, to stop here is to ignore a wealth of fascinating biological and economic detail whose clarification may be useful to plant breeders and horticulturists.
Inheritance of Bolting Resistance in an Intraspecific Chinese Cabbage × Turnip Cross
Authors: Mero C. E. , Honma S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Segregation for the difference in bolting response from a cross of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. ssp. pekinensis) and turnip (B. campestris L. ssp. rapifera) suggested that bolting was conditioned by 2 major additive genes. The chromosomal genome of the parents also appeared to effect segregation for this character. There was an apparent association between strong bolting resistance and turnip phenotype.
Suberin Deposition as a Measure of Wound Response in Peach Bark
Authors: Biggs A. R. , Miles N. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seven peach clones were assessed for wound response using suberin deposition, lignification, and lignification + suberization as criteria. Suberin and lignin were measured fluorometrically using a new technique that permits unimpeded observation of suberin autofluorescence. Suberin deposition was first observed in cells of the impervious tissue which forms prior to phellogen generation at the wound. Suberin deposition measured as early as 7 days postwounding was negatively correlated with peach canker incidence.
Demonstration of the Penetration of Boron in Apple Fruit Using an Enriched Stable Isotope
Authors: Chamel A. , Andreani A. -M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The uptake and distribution of boron ([10B] boric acid) applied directly to apple fruit (Malus pumila L. ‘Golden Delicious’) was studied by stable isotope ratio measurements, using spark-source mass-spectrometry. Uptake of exogenous boron appeared limited, but the absorbed boron was relatively well distributed in tissues of apple fruit.
Effects of Root Applications of Gibberellic Acid on Photosynthesis, Transpiration, and Growth of Geranium Plants
Authors: Arteca Richard N. , Holcomb E. Jay , Schlagnhaufer Carl , Tsai De-Sheng 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Four concentrations of GA3 were applied to the root systems of 2 geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey) cultivars grown hydroponically. The 0.014 μm GA3 treatment promoted substantial increases in relative growth rate (RGR) in both ‘Sincerity’ and ‘Glacier Crimson’ (Syn. ‘Brum’). A maximum stimulation in RGR was obtained at 0.14 μm and 1.4 μm GA3 concentration in ‘Sincerity’ and ‘Glacier Crimson’, respectively. Transpiration rates in both cultivars exhibited a maximum decrease with the 1.4 μm GA3 treatment, whereas net photosynthetic rates and total chlorophyll were unaffected by GA3. The response to GA3 also was evaluated for geraniums grown in a soil mix. There was a difference in cultivar responsiveness to root applications of GA3. Cutting production was greatest with 2.8 μm GA3 treatment and fresh weight, dry weight, and cutting length were greatest with a 28 μm GA3 concentration for ‘Sincerity’. The number of cuttings and length of cuttings were greatest with GA3 at a 56 μm GA3 concentration, and fresh and dry weight were maximized with a 28μm GA3 concentration for ‘Glacier Crimson’.
Clonal Variability in Response to Light Intensity during Growth and to Subsequent Dark Storage of Ficus benjamina and Ficus retusa
Authors: Ben-Jaacov J. , Ziv D. , Steinitz B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three clones of Ficus benjamina L. and one clone of Ficus retusa L. foliage pot plants were raised under 3 different light intensities. Variations in the morphological development of the clones in response to light intensity were recorded. Leaf abscission from these plants was followed at the end of 2 weeks of dark storage, and during a subsequent period of one month in a simulated home environment. In unstored plants, only low levels of leaf drop were observed. Leaf abscission was stimulated strongly during dark storage and in subsequent indoor environment. The degree of dark storage-promoted leaf abscission, and the response pattern to light intensity during the production phase, with regard to leaf drop during simulated home conditions, showed a clear clone-dependent specificity. It is concluded that the genetic background is a major factor affecting storability and subsequent performance under simulated home conditions.
Male Sterile Persistent White Curd Cauliflower NY 7642 A and its Maintainer NY 7642B
Authors: Dickson M. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A major cost factor in the production of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) is the need to tie leaves to avoid brown discoloration of the curd due to the peroxidase activation by sunlight (3). Even lines with a good self wrapping character need tieing, as small cracks between the leaves can permit light to reach the curd and result in a discolored patch or streak. The persistent white curd character (2), obtained from PI 183214 from Egypt, eliminates the need to tie leaves to produce a white curd, making cauliflower production simple and relatively inexpensive. NY 7642 is an early, persistent white-type cauliflower, released in Apr. 1984 by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station.
Growth Response of Azaleas to Fertilizer Tablets, Superphosphate, and Dolomitic Limestone
Authors: Yeager Thomas H. , Ingram Dewayne L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Mrs. G.G. Gerbing’ azaleas (Rhododendron L.), grown 12 months in a 2 pine bark : 1 Canadian peat : 1 sand (by volume) medium in 3-liter containers and fertilized with Woodace 14N-1P-2K compressed fertilizer tablets, had greater shoot and root dry weights if the medium was not amended with dolomitic limestone, compared to plants grown in the medium amended with dolomitic limestone at 3 kg/m3. Shoot and root dry weights were not different for plants grown with or without a superphosphate (9% P) amendment at 3 kg/m3 in combination with or without the dolomitic limestone amendment. Growing-medium Mn levels were greater (0.5 ppm) without the dolomitic limestone amendment, than with the amendment (0.06 ppm), whereas P levels were similar with or without the dolomitic limestone amendment. On day 60, growing-medium P levels were greatest (10 ppm) for the superphosphate-amended medium without dolomitic limestone and decreased to 0.5 ppm on day 300. Tissue P levels were not different with or without the superphosphate amendment in combination with or without dolomitic limestone.
Effects of Magnesium Sulfate Sprays on Growth and Elemental Concentration of Pecan Seedlings
Authors: Sparks Darrell 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Foliar applied Mg (0.0%, 0.24%, 0.48%, or 0.96% MgSO4-7H2O) was compared to root-supplied Mg (Hoagland's solution) in pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wan- genh.) C. Koch] seedlings. Foliar-applied Mg suppressed, but did not prevent, Mg deficiency symptoms and increased leaf concentration of Mg and seedling growth compared to plants grown without Mg. Leaf Mg and growth from foliar sprays were substantially less than for plants with root-supplied Mg. Compared to root-supplied Mg, omitting Mg increased the leaf concentration of P, K, Cu, and Zn; decreased Ca and Mg; and had no effect on N, Fe, Mn, B, and Al. The nutritional imbalances induced by Mg deficiency were alleviated by foliar-applied Mg.
Net Photosynthesis of Orchard Grown Pecan Leaves Reduced by Insecticide Sprays
Authors: Wood B. W. , Payne J. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Eight of 9 insecticides used for pest control in pecan [Carya illionoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] suppressed net photosynthesis (Pn) of mature leaves in the orchard after a single spray treatment. Reductions were on the order of about 20% of pretreatment levels within 1 day after treatment. Sprays continued to suppress Pn for several days after application. Leaves exhibited no visible damage as a result of spray treatments. Emulsifiable concentrate formulations tended to be more detrimental to Pn than were wettable powder formulations. Four applications of fen valerate and carbaryl at 14-day intervals suppressed Pn by about 20% for the duration of the 55- day treatment period. Thus, repeated applications did not influence leaves in an additive or synergistic manner, and leaves did not adapt and become insensitive to the insecticide sprays.
Breaking Bud Dormancy in Corms and Trees with Sulfide Compounds in Garlic and Horseradish
Authors: Hosoki T. , Sakai Y. , Hamada M. , Taketani K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Volatiles from garlic and horseradish paste broke corm dormancy of springflowering gladiolus (Gladiolus × Tubergenii Hort. Effective substances in garlic were allyl sulfide, methyl disulfide, n-propyl disulfide, and those in horseradish were allyl sulfide, allyl isothiocyanate, and n-propyl sulfide. Monosulfide extracted from garlic paste, allyl sulfide, and allyl disulfide were effective in breaking corm dormancy of summer-flowering gladiolus (Gladiolus spp.). Methyl disulfide promoted sprouting and flowering of tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) and flowering of ornamental cherry (Prunus spp.) without phytotoxic symptoms.
In Vitro Propagation of Florists’ Cineraria
Authors: Cockrel Angela D. , McDaniel G. L. , Graham E. T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tissue culture propagation of Senecio cruentus DC. ‘Hansa’ was achieved from shoot tips derived from selected seedlings germinated in vitro. Shoot multiplication was best accomplished on Murashige and Skoog (MS) gerbera medium supplemented with 2.8 μM IAA. Maximum root formation occurred on MS modified medium with reduced salt levels and 1.3 μM NAA. Rooted shoots were established successfully in a soilless medium under high humidity. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-acetic aid (IAA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Chemical Height Control of Lisianthus russellianus
Authors: Tjia B. , Sheehan T. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Lisianthus russellianus Hook., syn. Eustoma grandiflorum, belongs to the Gentianacea and is native from the plains of Nebraska to Louisiana and Mexico. It is a tender annual, grows 45 cm high, and produces 5 lobed, purple, dark-eyed flowers in summer and fall. The flowers have been described as large as 10 cm across under favorable conditions and to number as many as 10 or more on a plant. Flowers have lasted up to 2 weeks.
Gauges for Discrete Plant Measurement
Authors: Russo J. M. , Holcomb E. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Simple, specialized instruments, such as tree calipers, tree diameter tapes, and fruit sizing templates, have been used to quantify dimensions of specific plant parts and provide a standard set of plant measurements. Forshey (3) used a band-type fruit caliper to measure the diameter of McIntosh apples to predict their size at time of harvest.
Scale Bulblet Malformations Seen in Lilium longiflorum during Scale Propagation
Authors: Matsuo E. , Ohkurano T. , Arisumi K. , Sakata Y. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The normal development of bulblets during scale propagation in L. longiflorum is as follows: callus formation followed by organized meristem formation → leaf primordia formation → formation of a scale bulblet which enlarge → leaf emergence from the primordia. In this paper, malformation of a bulblet is referred to as any type of callus, bulblet or plantlet development that is not in normal sequence or is not normal in appearance.
Photoperiodic Control of Growth in Water Lilies
Authors: Kelly John W. , Frett John J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Little research has been conducted on water lilies because of the previous lack of horticultural interest in these species and the difficulty of handling plants in an aquatic environment. Unique anatomical and morphological characteristics associated with these species have been investigated (3), as well as the mechanisms of gas exchange that allow this species to survive underwater (1).
Effects of Rootstock on Cactus Grafted with an Adhesive
Authors: Zieslin N. , Keren A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The commercial formulation of grafting adhesive is based on cyanoacrylate as an active ingredient with a proper solvent and catalyzer. Before grafting, the upper 5-10 mm of the stock are removed transversally. A similar cut should be made at the basal part of the scion. There is no need for drying the cut-surface: a wet surface will accelerate the graft union. A minimal amount of adhesive should be squeezed from the tube on the outer ring (cortex) of the cut without covering the central core (Fig. 1). For convenience, covering the basal part of the scion with the adhesive is preferable. Vascular differentiation, however, will take place even though the graft surface to surface connection is incomplete (2). The stock and scion cut surfaces should be held together for 5-7 seconds to complete the graft.
C35 and C32: Citrange Rootstocks for Citrus
Authors: Cameron J. W. , Soost R. K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
C35 and C32 citranges are being released for rootstock trial because of their relative tolerance to the citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb), to Phytophthora species, and to the tristeza virus. They also impart considerable vigor to their scions and have shown satisfactory yields with some scions in limited tests. Each has certain characteristics that could limit its use.
‘Processor 40’ Tomato
Authors: Leeper P. W. , Cox E. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Processor 40’ is a jointless, square-round type tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) adapted to hand or machine harvest, lye peeling, and to processing as peeled whole tomato or tomato products. Its vine is small and determinate and the fruit are borne on short, stiff stems which hold much of the fruit off the ground. A large percentage of the fruit are set on terminal inflorescences which tends to concentrate the yield to the exterior of the plant. ‘Processor 40’ will set fruit at higher than normal temperatures (up to 36°C) with relative humidities of 80% and higher. It is resistant to race 1 of Fusarium oxysporium Schl. f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) Snyder and Hansen (Fusarium wilt) and to Stemphylium solani Weber (gray leaf spot). ‘Processor 40’ was released in 1982 by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station.
‘Prairie Shade’ Elm
Authors: Whitcomb Carl E. , Hickman Gary G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Since the urban population of American elms (Ulmus americana L.) was ravaged by Dutch elm disease fungus [Ceratocystis ulmi Buism. (C. Moreau)], attention has focused on the development of disease resistant elm hybrids. The cultivars ‘Sapporo Autumn Gold’, ‘Urban’, and ‘Regal’ are highly resistant to Dutch elm disease (7, 8, 9); however, they are extremely susceptible to the elm leaf beetle, (Pyrrhalta luteola Muller), because the susceptible Siberian elm Ulmus pumila L.) is a common parent (10). On the other hand, Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. (syn. U. sempervirens), U. chinensis Pers., sometimes listed incorrectly as the lacebark elm (syn. leatherleaf elm, Chinese elm) is highly resistant to Dutch elm disease and the elm leaf beetle (1, 2, 4, 10). Lacebark elm is native to central China, Japan, and Korea, is drought tolerant, and withstands the severe conditions often associated with urban sites (10). Like most other members of the genus Ulmus, lacebark elm is propagated by seed collected in the fall; however, Schopmeyer (6) indicated that less than 50% of the seeds are viable, and only 5% to 12% of the viable seed sown can be expected to produce saleable trees. Four asexually produced cultivars, ‘Sempervirens’, ‘Drake’, ‘True Green’, and ‘Dynasty’ (5), currently sold provide improved consistency and quality.
‘Dr. Magie’ Gladiolus
Authors: Wilfret Gary J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Dr. Magie,’ a gladiolus (Gladiolus × hortulanus L.H. Bailey) with salmon-pink florets, was released in 1983 by the Univ. of Florida. It combines good cut-flower characteristics, such as straight spikes, floral bud count of 18-20, and the tendency to open from the “tight-bud” stage, with tolerance to Fusarium oxysporum Schlect. f. sp. gladioli Snyd. & Hans. Fusarium, expressed as either a corm or root rot, is one of the major diseases of gladiolus grown in Florida and has led to the demise of many successful gladiolus cultivars, including ‘Picardy,’ ‘Spic & Span,’ and ‘Friendship’. ‘Dr. Magie’ performed well in the North American Gladiolus Council trial gardens, which included 8 locations in the United States and 2 in Canada.
Problems of Using Wastewater on Vegetable Crops
Authors: Kirkham M. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
If wastewater is to be recycled safely for agricultural production the problems associated with using it on vegetables need to be known. The objective of this review is to determine those problems. Several earlier reviews dealing with the use of wastewater in agriculture have been published (5, 7, 9, 19, 27, 30, 31, 42). Raw wastewater, or primary effluent, is not considered in this paper because secondary effluent is the type of wastewater generally used for irrigation in the United States (42). Primary treatment involves only settling tanks, from which anything in the raw sewage that can float or sink is removed. Sewage from primary treatment is subjected in secondary treatment to the action of living microorganisms: e.g., activated-sludge processes, trickling filters, treatment ponds (42). Also, this paper is limited in discussion to municipal waste-water and does not mention wastewater from industry, including wastewater from vegetable-processing plants. This review is divided into 3 areas: physical, chemical, and biological problems.