bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altered linear coupling between stimulus-evoked blood flow and oxygen metabolism in the aging human brain
Authors: Turner Monroe P , Zhao Yuguang , Abdelkarim Dema , Liu Peiying , Spence Jeffrey S , Hutchison Joanna L , Sivakolundu Dinesh K , Thomas Binu P , Hubbard Nicholas A , Xu Cuimei , Taneja Kamil , Lu Hanzhang , Rypma Bart 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNeural-vascular coupling (NVC) is the process by which oxygen and nutrients are delivered to metabolically active neurons by blood vessels. Murine models of NVC disruption have revealed its critical role in healthy neural function. We hypothesized that, in humans, aging exerts detrimental effects upon the integrity of the neural-glial-vascular system that underlies NVC. To test this hypothesis, calibrated functional magnetic resonance imaging (cfMRI) was used to characterize age-related changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and oxygen metabolism during visual cortex stimulation. Thirty-three younger and 27 older participants underwent cfMRI scanning during both an attention-controlled visual stimulation task and a hypercapnia paradigm used to calibrate the blood-oxygen-level-dependent signal. Measurement of stimulus-evoked blood flow and oxygen metabolism permitted calculation of the NVC ratio to assess the integrity of neural-vascular communication. Consistent with our hypothesis, we observed monotonic NVC ratio increases with increasing visual stimulation frequency in younger adults but not in older adults. Age-related changes in stimulus-evoked cerebrovascular and neurometabolic signal could not fully explain this disruption; increases in stimulus-evoked neurometabolic activity elicited corresponding increases in stimulus-evoked CBF in younger but not in older adults. These results implicate age-related, demand-dependent failures of the neural-glial-vascular structures that comprise the NVC system.
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging unmasks presumed embolic myocardial infarction due to patent foramen ovale case report
Authors: Liang Kate , Williams Matthew , Bucciarelli-Ducci Chiara 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Occurrence of paradoxical coronary embolism is reported in up to 10–15% of all myocardial infarctions but embolic infarctions presumed to be as a result of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) are rare. Although rare, it is important to identify these patients as they need appropriate investigations to confirm their diagnosis and guide further treatment.

Case summary
We present the case of a gentleman with troponin positive chest pain with non-obstructed coronaries on invasive coronary angiogram. Subsequent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated multi-focal myocardial infarctions in several coronary artery territories. Further investigations including echocardiogram were performed in order to identify a cause and source of the embolic infarctions and led to the diagnosis of patent foramen ovale. The patient was treated as myocardial infarction with non-obstructed coronary arteries most likely due to embolic phenomena in the presence of a PFO.

Conclusion
Multiple focal infarctions in multiple coronary artery territories should raise the suspicion of an intra-cardiac shunt. Multi-modality imaging with cardiac MRI and echocardiogram is important in correctly identifying any source of emboli and the diagnosis of any intra-cardiac shunt. Whilst PFO closure is a possible treatment for patients, considerations regarding risk stratification and local provisions needs to be taken into account. Patients should be referred to the appropriate subspecialist to ensure suitable long-term follow-up.
Who Stays Involved? A Longitudinal Study on Adolescents’ Participation in Voluntary Associations in Germany
Authors: Dederichs Kasimir , Kruse Hanno 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe extent to which people are active in voluntary associations varies with age. While previous research provides clear evidence for an inverse u-shaped pattern across an adult’s life, much less is known about the formative period of adolescence and young adulthood. In this article, we examine changes in voluntary participation starting at age 14 and assess the impact of adolescents’ educational transitions and their socioeconomic status. Our analyses rely on longitudinal survey data following a representative sample of adolescents in Germany (N = 5,013) over 6 years. Using fixed effects regression and moderated mediation analyses, we examine how adolescents’ educational transitions and their socioeconomic status drive changes in participation. Results indicate a substantive decline in participation as individuals grow older. Transitions into higher tertiary education partly account for this decline. Finally, we find that adolescents from higher socioeconomic status are especially likely to reduce their participation, in part because they are more likely to undergo transitions into higher tertiary education. These findings suggest that the socioeconomic gap in participation decreases as adolescents grow older.
Life Course Pathways Into Intergenerational Caregiving
Authors: Rodrigues Ricardo , Filipovič Hrast Maša , Kadi Selma , Hurtado Monarres Miriam , Hlebec Valentina 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
We develop a framework for the analysis of pathways into intergenerational caregiving to older people provided by family members using life course concepts of key turning events in life, cumulative processes, and linked lives within the family realm.

Methods
Using framework analysis, we analyze semistructured qualitative interviews from a sample of dyads (older cared-for adults and their main family carers comprised of children, children-in-law, and grandchildren) in Austria (N = 24) and Slovenia (N = 52). Data were collected in 2019 through purposive sampling, including dyads from a differentiated socioeconomic background and gender.

Results
The analysis reveals 4 nonexclusive pathways into caregiving. One pathway is associated with single turning events occurring in family or work trajectories of carers that expanded the possibilities for caregiving later in life. A second pathway referred to cumulative processes that later influenced transitions into caregiving, such as personal biographies marked by weak labor market attachment. Another cumulative pathway, exclusive to caregiving, is characterized by continued and sustained exchanges of support within families that cement reciprocal ties that underpin caregiving at later stages. In the fourth pathway, life trajectories of siblings, but also family relationships and conflicts, constrained carers into their role.

Discussion
Decisions regarding caregiving within families can be best understood as processes, linked to developments in other trajectories in carers’ lives, as much as to internal family dynamics and relationships. Becoming a carer may be itself the result of intertwined accumulated vulnerabilities, as well as cumulative exchanges within families.
Perceptions of Childhood Neighborhood Social Cohesion and Cognitive Function in Middle and Late Adulthood
Authors: Peng Changmin , Han Sae Hwang , Burr Jeffrey A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Framed within the life course perspective and the neighborhood stress model, this study investigated the association between perceptions of childhood neighborhood social cohesion and cognitive function among middle-aged and older Chinese adults. We also examined whether gender, childhood hukou status, the Chinese national administrative household registration system, and birth cohort moderated the association.

Research Design and Methods
This study used 3 waves of nationally representative data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (2011–2015; N = 11,469). Cognitive function was measured with the Telephone Interview for Cognition Status instrument. Two-level multilevel modeling was employed to address the research questions.

Results
A higher overall level of childhood neighborhood social cohesion was associated with a higher baseline level of cognitive function (b = 0.26, p &lt; .001) and a slower rate of cognitive decline (b = 0.10, p = .010). Birth cohort membership moderated the linkage between childhood neighborhood social cohesion and the level of cognitive function (b = 0.35, p &lt; .001) and cognitive decline (b = 0.19, p = .014). Gender and childhood hukou status did not moderate these associations.

Discussion and Implications
These findings underscored the long-term ramifications of childhood conditions for later-life cognitive function. Social cohesion at the neighborhood level during childhood may be a factor that promotes healthy cognitive aging.
Transcriptional control of human gametogenesis
Authors: Fang Fang , Iaquinta Phillip J , Xia Ninuo , Liu Lei , Diao Lei , Reijo Pera Renee A 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
The pathways of gametogenesis encompass elaborate cellular specialization accompanied by precise partitioning of the genome content in order to produce fully matured spermatozoa and oocytes. Transcription factors are an important class of molecules that function in gametogenesis to regulate intrinsic gene expression programs, play essential roles in specifying (or determining) germ cell fate and assist in guiding full maturation of germ cells and maintenance of their populations. Moreover, in order to reinforce or redirect cell fate in vitro, it is transcription factors that are most frequently induced, over-expressed or activated. Many reviews have focused on the molecular development and genetics of gametogenesis, in vivo and in vitro, in model organisms and in humans, including several recent comprehensive reviews: here, we focus specifically on the role of transcription factors. Recent advances in stem cell biology and multi-omic studies have enabled deeper investigation into the unique transcriptional mechanisms of human reproductive development. Moreover, as methods continually improve, in vitro differentiation of germ cells can provide the platform for robust gain- and loss-of-function genetic analyses. These analyses are delineating unique and shared human germ cell transcriptional network components that, together with somatic lineage specifiers and pluripotency transcription factors, function in transitions from pluripotent stem cells to gametes. This grand theme review offers additional insight into human infertility and reproductive disorders that are linked predominantly to defects in the transcription factor networks and thus may potentially contribute to the development of novel treatments for infertility.
Covered frozen elephant trunk technique for prevention of distal stent graft-induced new entry
Authors: Okamura Homare , Kitada Yuichiro , Wada Yohnosuke , Adachi Hideo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Distal stent graft-induced new entry is not rare after frozen elephant trunk implantation. We report a case of covered frozen elephant trunk placement for prevention of distal stent graft-induced new entry. Coverage of the rigid distal stent edge using a graft reduces mechanical stress on the intima and radial force of the distal stent; therefore, this technique can potentially prevent distal stent graft-induced new entry.
Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Monoclonal Antibodies VRC07-523LS and PGT121 Administered Subcutaneously for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Prevention
Authors: Mahomed Sharana , Garrett Nigel , Capparelli Edmund V , Osman Farzana , Harkoo Ishana , Yende-Zuma Nonhlanhla , Gengiah Tanuja N , Archary Derseree , Samsunder Natasha , Baxter Cheryl , Mkhize Nonhlanhla N , Modise Tandile , Carlton Kevin , McDermott Adrian , Moore Penny L , Karim Quarraisha Abdool , Barouch Dan H , Fast Patricia E , Mascola John R , Ledgerwood Julie E , Morris Lynn , Abdool Karim Salim S 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundEffective, long-acting prevention approaches are needed to reduce human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence. We evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics of VRC07-523LS and PGT121 administered subcutaneously alone and in combination as passive immunization for young women in South Africa.MethodsCAPRISA 012A was a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation phase 1 trial. We enrolled 45 HIV-negative women into 9 groups and assessed safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, neutralization activity, and antidrug antibody levels. Pharmacokinetic modeling was conducted to predict steady-state concentrations for 12- and 24-weekly dosing intervals.ResultsVRC07-523LS and PGT121, administered subcutaneously, were safe and well tolerated. Most common reactogenicity events were injection site tenderness and headaches. Nine product-related adverse events were mild and transient. Median VRC07-523LS concentrations after 20 mg/kg doses were 9.65 μg/mL and 3.86 μg/mL at 16 and 24 weeks. The median week 8 concentration after the 10 mg/kg PGT121 dose was 8.26 μg/mL. Modeling of PGT121 at 20 mg/kg showed median concentrations of 1.37 μg/mL and 0.22 μg/mL at 16 and 24 weeks. Half-lives of VRC07-523LS and PGT121 were 29 and 20 days. Both antibodies retained neutralizing activity postadministration and no antidrug antibodies were detected.ConclusionsSubcutaneous administration of VRC07-523LS in combination with optimized versions of PGT121 or other antibodies should be further assessed for HIV prevention.
Examination of the Interaction between Parental Military-Status and Race among Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White Adolescents with Overweight/Obesity
Authors: Higgins Neyland M K , Shank Lisa M , Lavender Jason M , Burke Natasha L , Rice Alexander , Gallagher-Teske Julia , Markos Bethelhem , Faulkner Loie M , Djan Kweku G , Kwarteng Esther A , LeMay-Russell Sarah , Parker Megan N , Schvey Natasha A , Sbrocco Tracy , Wilfley Denise E , Ford Brian , Ford Caitlin , Haigney Mark , Klein David A , Olsen Cara H , Quinlan Jeffrey , Jorgensen Sarah , Brady Sheila , Shomaker Lauren B , Yanovski Jack A , Tanofsky-Kraff Marian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectivesAdolescent military-dependents experience distinct risk and protective factors, which may necessitate additional clinical considerations. In civilian youth, overweight/obesity is associated with eating, internalizing, and externalizing difficulties, with some studies reporting more difficulties among non-Hispanic White (vs. non-Hispanic Black) youth. It is unknown if these disparities exist among adolescent military-dependents, or between civilian and military-dependent youth.MethodsNon-Hispanic Black (187 civilian, 38 military-dependent) and non-Hispanic White (205 civilian, 84 military-dependent) adolescents with overweight/obesity (14.7 ± 1.6 years; 73.9% girls; body mass index adjusted for age and sex 1.9 ± 0.5) completed a disordered-eating interview; parents completed a measure assessing their child’s internalizing and externalizing difficulties. Multiple linear regressions examined parental military-status as a moderator of the relationship of participant race with eating, internalizing, and externalizing difficulties.Results    White civilian youth with overweight/obesity reported significantly greater disordered-eating than their Black peers (p &lt; .001); there were no other significant racial differences. In all regressions, parental military-status significantly moderated the association between race and each dependent variable (ps &lt; .047). Black military-dependents (vs. civilians) reported more disordered-eating and internalizing difficulties (ps = .01). White military-dependents (vs. civilians) reported fewer externalizing difficulties (p = .01).Conclusions    Black adolescent military-dependents with overweight/obesity may experience more eating and internalizing difficulties (vs. civilians), a pattern not observed among White participants. Future work should examine if being a military-dependent and a historically marginalized racial group member accounts for these findings. Such data may inform providers of youth with intersecting minority identities.
Emerging avenues for the management of cerebral malaria
Authors: Das Nivedita , Prabhu Priyanka 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a lethal complication of Plasmodium falciparum infection. The multifactorial pathogenesis of the disease involving parasitic invasion of erythrocytes and sequestration of infected erythrocytes within the cerebral blood vessels leading to neuroinflammation and blood–brain barrier (BBB) disruption demands a multi-pronged treatment strategy. This article gives a brief overview of the pathogenesis of CM, challenges associated with its treatment and potential strategies to combat the same.

Key findings
There are several roadblocks in the successful treatment of CM. Resistance to artemisinin-based therapies has been reported in malaria-endemic regions. The paucity of targeted delivery to the brain necessitates the administration of antimalarials such as quinine in large doses causing toxic effects. There is a need for compounds to prevent oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and BBB disruption to decrease the menace of neurological sequelae associated with CM.

Summary
Extensive research endeavours are now oriented towards investigating compounds that can act against neuroinflammation; developing brain-targeted nanocarriers to selectively deliver therapeutics against CM; and repurposing existing drugs and a combination of antimalarial and anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory molecules for the treatment of CM. Protocols for evaluating novel proposed therapies against CM should be revisited to integrate monitoring of neurological parameters in parallel with the estimation of parasite load and survival.
Efficacy and safety of daily treatments for drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Imazu Priscila , Santos Josiane M , Beraldi-Magalhães Francisco , Fernandez-Llimos Fernando , Tonin Fernanda S , Pontarolo Roberto 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To evaluate and update the evidence on the comparative efficacy and safety of antimicrobial drugs regimens for treating pulmonary drug-susceptible tuberculosis (DS-TB).

Methods
A systematic review was performed with searches in PubMed and Scopus (PROSPERO-CRD42019141463). We included randomised controlled trials comparing the effect of any antimicrobial regimen lasting at least 2 weeks. The outcomes of interest were culture conversion and incidence of adverse events. Bayesian network meta-analyses and surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) analyses were performed. Results were reported as odds ratio with 95% credibility intervals.

Key findings
Fifteen studies were included the meta-analysis (n = 7560 patients). No regimen was statistically more effective than the WHO standard approach (rifampicin, isoniazid, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide). The use of rifapentine 450 mg instead of rifampicin in the standard regimen demonstrated to be statistically safer than all other options for serious adverse events (e.g. hepatotoxicity, arthralgia) (OR ranging from 0.0 [Crl 0.00–0.04] to 0.0 [0.00–0.97]; SUCRA probabilities of 10%). Therapies containing rifapentine (Rp1500HEZ, Rp900HEZ) and moxifloxacin (RMEZ, RHMZ) are effective regarding culture conversion, but statistical uncertainty on their safety profile exists.

Conclusion
The WHO standard regimen remains an overall effective and safe alternative for DS-TB. For intensive phase treatments, drugs combinations with rifapentine and moxifloxacin seem to reduce treatment duration while maintaining efficacy.
Evaluation of methotrexate-loaded surfactants, ceramides and cholesterol-based lamellar phases as a topical treatment for psoriasis
Authors: Alves Cintia Oliveira , Novaes Rômulo Dias , Bernardes Maria Tereza Carneiro Paschoal , Gonçalves Reggiani Vilela , da Silva Laíla Pereira , Agostini Sandra Barbosa Neder , Pereira Gislaine Ribeiro , Carvalho Flávia Chiva 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder. Oral or subcutaneous methotrexate (MTX) is a first-line antipsoriatic treatment, whose adverse effects can be observed even at low doses. To minimize systemic side effects, antipsoriatic drugs should be administered topically, since they could permeate the stratum corneum. As liquid crystals with lamellar phase (LP) can be helpful in promoting skin permeation, this work evaluated two MTX-loaded LPs (C1CH and C1CHCE), based on stearic acid, cholesterol and ceramides, like topical treatments for mice with imiquimod-induced psoriasis.

Methods
C1CH and C1CHCE were topically administered to mice with imiquimod-induced psoriasis. Dexamethasone cream was used as positive treatment control. Skin histology and inflammation biomarkers were assessed.

Key findings
C1CH and C1CHCE exhibited marked immunomodulatory effects and induced extensive microstructural skin remodelling on the epidermis and dermis. These formulations increased keratinization score, epidermis thickness, inflammatory infiltrate, hair follicle hypertrophy and vascular congestion in the dermis. C1CH and C1CHCE also attenuated IL-10 upregulation and upregulated IL-1, IFN-γ, TNF-α and prostaglandin E2 levels, as well as myeloperoxidase, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and cyclooxygenase 2 activity compared with untreated psoriatic animals.

Conclusion
Although liquid crystals have been reported as good options for carrying topical drugs, they need to be carefully assessed on a case-by-case basis.
X-ray intraday variability and power spectral density profiles of the blazar 3C 273 with XMM–Newton during 2000–2021
Authors: Pavana Gowtami G S , Gaur Haritma , Gupta Alok C , Wiita Paul J , Liao Mai , Ward Martin 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
We present X-ray intraday variability and power spectral density (PSD) analyses of the longest 23 pointed XMM–Newton observations of the blazar 3C 273 that were taken during 2000–2021. These good time intervals contain between 5 and 24.6 h of data. Variability has been estimated in three energy bands: 0.2–2 keV (soft), 2–10 keV (hard), and 0.2–10 keV (total). 9 of the 23 observations exhibited some variability, though no major variations exceeding 5 per cent were detected. Typical time-scales for variability were ∼1 ks. For those variable light curves, we find that a power-law model provides good fits to each PSD, with most of the slopes between −1.7 and −2.8. Although no variations of hardness ratio (HR) could be measured in any individual observation, an anticorrelation in flux and HR is found in long term data that indicates a harder when brighter trend. Our flux and spectral analyses indicate that both particle acceleration and synchrotron cooling processes make an important contribution to the emission from this blazar.