bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial Intelligence in Sport: An Ethical Issue
Authors: DC Suman 
Published: March 2022

Sport technology is the tool designed and used by human beings to achieve sporting goals and values. Induction of technology in sports has revolutionized sport equipment, training materials, and biomedical technology, which have already posed a threat to the fairness in sport (Loland, 2018). Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to a technological system which is applied to process the external data to produce knowledge or facts about that data to fulfill specific goals and tasks in a short span of time (Haenlein & Kaplan, 2019). With the aim of fair operation of the game, administrators of modern-day sports have been adopting AI to officiate the game. However, the concept of technology is based on its instrumentality set by human beings, and ethical challenges of adopting AI in sports have greater impacts not only to the game itself but also to its participants (Loland, 2018; Watson, 2019), which itself remains a less explored area of study. To address this gap, this paper has investigated various umpiring technologies applied in modern-day cricket. For this, the study explores the concept of AI and the impacts of umpiring technology on game and stakeholders (players, officials/administrators, and other stakeholders such as broadcasters) through the lens of several cases. Methodologically, the study reviews the academic literature about the application of technology in sports, and qualitative data have been collected through the observation of a set of relevant cases displayed in live telecast of the recent games. Furthermore, official press releases of (inter) national sport governing bodies and their reactions presented by its stakeholders through the media have been analysed to explore the impacts in a wider community regarding umpiring technology. This paper concludes with the final observation and possible resolution of the ethical issues brought forth by umpiring technology in modern- day cricket. In the wider context, this research might help to reflect the ethical considerations of applying technology in global sports.
Millennium Challenge Corporation: Interpretations and Implications for the National Security of Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Ashish 
Published: March 2022

The interpretations of MCC in the Nepali “bazaar” comprise three themes: sovereignty, geopolitics, and governance. This study reveals that these diverging interpretations of MCC, based upon these themes, pose implications to the national security of Nepal. Firstly, it poses a challenge to the unity of the Nepalese people. Second, the composed narratives of the United States against China under a geopolitical theme construct another challenge in the conduct of Nepal’s foreign policy. Last, the absence of interpretations based on economic development perspectives creates a socio-economic challenge related to poverty and unemployment. Formal political synonymy, disdain of United States against China narrative, and new narratives of development are crucial to gradually disparage these challenges. Epistemologically, this paper is interpretative (constructive) and uses an inductive, qualitative method of study. To do so, it collects secondary data in the form of expert interviews from the social, political, legal, and economic spaces of society.
The Impact of Criteria and Flexibility in Nepal’s Rebel-Military Integration Program
Authors: Rana Pranaya SJB 
Published: March 2022

The integration of rebel combatants into regular forces is often a political negation for power. Several examples from the past show how such pursuits have brought about mutinies and communal violence and pushed the countries back to instability. Current literatures do not provide success stories from which crucial elements of rebel-military programs can be extracted for implementation in future programs. The thesis statement presented by the study is that conflicting parties need to invent options for mutual gain, which can be achieved using flexibility and standard criteria when all other means to achieve an agreement fail. In this regard, Nepal’s rebel-military integration process presents a unique case where former Maoist militias were integrated into the Nepali Army as individuals and after fulfilling the toned-down institutional criteria requirements. Using a qualitative design, the study of the rebel-military integration program in Nepal identified the areas within the program that adopted adequate flexibility and criteria fulfillment, and explored how those potentially led to the successful integration of ex-Maoist combatants into the Nepali Army. In order to analyze this information, secondary data such as the Interim Constitution of Nepal, 2007, the Comprehensive Peace Accord (CPA), 2006, integration program documents, journal and news articles, and organizational reports were reviewed. For the cross-validation of information, Key Personnel Interviews were conducted with program executives and Nepali Army representative, and Focus Group Discussions were conducted with regular as well
Signposting in abstract and in paragraphs in the paper: It is a good idea to give a structural overview of your key arguments in the paper, for example, Part I deals with… Part II deals with..

The data analysis involved a qualitative exploratory approach in order to analyze the causal variables as discussed in the preceding research design section. The different sources of data allowed data-triangulation in order to better explore which elements of the program applied criteria and flexibility and to what degree, as well as how they impacted the integration process. The details are discussed in the subsequent sections-
The Role of Military Diplomacy in Nepal’s Foreign Policy
Authors: Paudel Jiwan 
Published: March 2022

Military diplomacy is the exploitation of a range of military resources, both bilaterally and multilaterally, to create favorable and cooperative ties with foreign nations in a pacific manner. Mutual security pacts, defense assistance, intelligence sharing, anti-piracy missions, joint military drills, communications assistance, disaster-relief missions, and high-level engagements between senior military hierarchies comprise military diplomacy. Military diplomacy aims to fill in the gaps, when needed, to help its parent nation respond to the challenges and complexity of disruptive, fast changing, strife-torn geopolitical circumstances while working in tandem with other state instruments. Nepal Army’s intense experiences in jungle and mountain warfare’s, tactical operations, and its redoubtable military training exercises have been employed to develop vibrant bilateral relations. The compelling military diplomacy of Nepal Army with foreign nations led to unstinting support and assistance in garnering essentials during the devastating earthquake and COVID-19 situation. Peacekeeping force should be prioritized to enhance foreign policy and seek to direct Foreign Direct Investment to Nepal. Appointment of military attaché to the nations having bilateral relations with Nepal, hosting of cultural and sports meet, high altitude training etc. would strengthen bilateral military relation along with improved foreign policies. The first part of this paper explores the role of Nepalese military diplomacy in Nepal’s foreign policy with Britain, India, China and United Nation in various time periods followed by second part focusing on SWOT analysis, possible counsels for better diplomacy and future prospects. This paper is framed with doctrinal methodology wherein primary data were collected from statues, seminar brochures, research and review papers, interview of current and ex-Nepal Army officer and Ministry of defense reports whereas secondary data sources used for the study are legal prodigals, treaties, encyclopedia, newspaper, reports, and bona fide information
A Discourse on Nepal Army’s Role in Conservation
Authors: Rai Anu 
Published: March 2022

Nepal prides itself as a conservation success story. Credit goes to the Nepal Army for their involvement in multiple conservation activities. They are at the forefront of conservation work in Nepal being stationed in the protected areas and involved in tracking down wildlife trade, controlling encroachment and deforestation, supporting rehabilitation of wild species, and much more. The results are visible having achieved zero poaching years of rhinos and other endangered species. The Nepal Army has thereby provided a great conservation service. But there is a lack of review on how their involvement has been perceived. T , and Part III presents views on rethinking the engagement. For this, google scholar was examined to obtain relevant papers using a combination of search keywords – “Nepal Army”, “Nepal military”, “conservation Nepal”, “civil-military relations Nepal” or its derivatives. Additional papers and newspaper articles pertaining to conservation discourse were also reviewed. Informal interviews with the Sonaha communities near the community forest of Bardiya National Park was also conducted. The review suggests that there is a need to rethink Nepal Army’s involvement in conservation for promoting inclusive conservation and maintaining amicable civil-military relationships.
Role of Nepali Army in Promotion and Preservation of Nepalese Art, Culture, and Traditions
Authors: Gautam Uddhav 
Published: March 2022

The Nepali Army was founded initially as the Gorkha Army around 450 Years ago. Since its inception, the Nepali Army as the nation's largest organization has not only been ensuring our territorial integrity but has also been connecting multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious, multi-cultural Nepalese society in a common thread by preserving its rich tangible and intangible cultural heritages along with the associated traditions. In this regard, this study predominantly illuminates the fact that modern-day Nepal has been shaped through the sacrifices of the Nepali Army and their histories are interwoven altogether. This research illustrates that the Nepali Army has been preserving and promoting Nepalese art, culture, and tradition for centuries both in times of peace and war. Despite socio-economic and political shifts in the nation's history over time, the Nepali Army has remained resolute in its spirit assimilating various cultural transplants within the organization promoting cultural relativism. Within this frame of reference, this study primarily aims to unfold major hurdles the Nepali Army is currently facing in the conundrum of operational and ceremonial duties along with the impacts of modern world issues, such as digitization and modernization. To fulfil objectives, this study follows a qualitative research methodology. It analyzes data collected from various primary and secondary sources and analyze it to draw out relevant inferences. I explore the military institution's roles to promote arts and cultures based on quantitative data with qualitative analysis.
A Survey Study on Social Behaviors towards Nepali Army
Authors: Singh Khadka Bhoj 
Published: March 2022

Humans interact among themselves, and they have different perceptions of public institutions based on their individual approaches and attitudes. Behavior is an interactive product of emotion, thought, and feeling. It is usually resulted from people’s perceptions and activities. Notably, social relation, welfare, accountability, rule of law, democratic culture determines the social behaviors of ­institutions. An in-depth study of social responses about any work or institution through social media has remained unsearched. This study aims to assess social behaviors towards Nepali Army. To fulfill this objective symbolic behaviors: happy, sad, surprised, excited and outraged on news about the Nepali Army published in Online Khabar were analyzed by deploying a quantitative research method. Out of 138, the 28 news were found as per pre-determined news themes and used for study. The findings of the study reveals that 84.5 % and 86.2 % were happy face behaviors on news on the Nepali Army’s social welfares works and military diplomacy on international controversial issues respectively. Likewise, 91.7 % were sad face behaviors on news on sad events for the Nepali Army. This study strongly indicates that Nepali people are satisfied with the work culture of the Nepali Army and that the Nepali Army has a high reputation in the public sphere. The study result also reveals that Army has been contributing to nation development to keep public sentiments as a central by respecting democratic principles. Good deeds have good comments or happy behaviors. Digital media comments are spontaneous; these comments judge the reputation of the institutions fairly.
Evolving Dimension of Security: Bioterrorism
Authors: Yadav Pankaj Kumar 
Published: March 2022

Bioterrorism became a burning issue in the USA after the human-induced incidence of Anthrax and the attack on WTO in 2001. At present, the world is trapped in the COVID 19 pandemic having an estimated monetary loss of 76.69 billion USD, engulfed more than 4.5 million people, and 211 million suffering to date. There is increasing concern toward bioterrorism globally which can happen either intentionally or due to poor laboratory practices. In recent decades technological progress in bioscience has simplified the development of bioweapons. Moreover, the advancement of genetic engineering is chronic biologically. Over a hundred pathogens have been identified as possible bioterrorism agents. The research article aims to explore bioterrorism as an evolving dimension of threat to the public and national security in developing countries like Nepal. In present article introduction section deals with background, statement of the problem and rationale of our study. The main body deals with biological agents of bioterriorism and their targets, history, present scenario of bioterrorism. Finally, awareness and control measures, challenge and prospects of biosecurity in Nepal. The ubiquity of biological equipment, technical knowledge and ease of production has stimulated the threat of bioterrorism. Some of the challenging dimensions are agroterrorism and bioterrorism because the attack is very difficult to detect and has a devastating effect in a short period. The social and environmental consequences of these attacks can be catastrophic. The study revealed that it would be better to pay attention and go for precaution before the occurrence of bioterror. Improving forensic techniques of the national security wing for detecting and disabling biological weapons will assist in rapid detection. The restriction against easy access to potential bioagents, physical protection, border controls, risk policies and strict law enforcement are the major steps for ensuring biosecurity.
Non-Traditional Security Challenges for Nepal: A Case of Covid-19
Authors: Pant Sambid Bilas 
Published: March 2022

The security landscape has undergone profound changes since the start of the twenty-first century. Non-Traditional Security (NTS) threats other than military, political and diplomatic conflicts have greatly impacted the lives of people. Over the years, the nature of threats and security discourses have drastically changed and countries like Nepal with low human development index have been severely affected. The coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic has brought an additional dimension to security challenges. The pandemic’s impact can be felt in all aspects of life in Nepal since it is located between two South-Asian nations: China, where the outbreak was first reported and India, the second-most affected country across the world. In Nepal, COVID-19 has had an adverse impact on health, education, economy, tourism, food security, cyber security and overall development. This paper aims at critically examining the NTS approach taken by the government of Nepal and the role played by the Nepali Army (NA) to address the pandemic to ensure fundamental human rights and development. This study also aims to shed light on lessons learned from the outbreak and the future steps needed to strengthen the Global Health Diplomacy (GHD). The study is divided into four sections namely effects of covid-19, response to covid-19, overall impact at national level, suggestions and recommendations. A descriptive-analytical review of research papers, government reports, policy statements and issues papers was conducted. The paper analyzes and interprets the pandemic preparedness and response by the government and provides recommendations for strengthening health diplomacy to combat Covid-19 pandemic in Nepal.
Social Media and its Impacts in Human Minds
Authors: Adhikari Sulav 
Published: March 2022

In today’s world, social media can make differences in the minds of people across the world. It has not only become the source of information but also is a part of human’s life. It can be termed as the vehicle of communication which lets each one of us to convey and share our content in each and every corner of the world via the internet. According to the data of the year 2020, there were more than 3.6 billion users of social media and it’s expected to increase up to 4.41 billion till 2025 which is massive.
The above extracted data is huge, and it is crystal clear that social media is booming day by day. Indeed, among all the young generations are the active users of social media platforms. Knowing these data, we can observe the significance of social media in our life. The social media platforms that are utilized rapidly include Facebook, YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram and so on. These platforms have a prominent impact on everyone’s life whether it may be positive or negative.
On the one hand, the positive side includes that; it permits us to communicate and connect with our dear ones. Also, we can gain up-to-date information and news happening around the globe. Many skills and opportunities can be flourished and gained respectively with the assistance of social media and its platforms. Similarly, on the negative side, cyber bullying, fraud, rumour spreading etc. are gaining huge attention which is the drawback of social media. And mostly the youths are found being engaged in such activities. So, these social media platforms exhibit both the positive and negative sides.
In summary, we observed that, if social media and its platforms are used in a productive and informative technique, then we tend to secure multiple benefits from it. Otherwise, it will take no time to degrade our valuable time and lives. After glancing, observing and analyzing the above stated statements and problem domain, discussion and explanation must be performed on how these social media and its platforms will impact and influence young high school students before their minds fully develop.
Formulation of Rifampicin Suspension
Authors: A. Sabri Lubna , A. Abdul-Rasool Alaa , A. Shehab Muayad 
Published: March 2022

Rifampicin is the drug of choice in treatment of tuberculosis. Also, it is effective in treatment of various bacterial infections.This study was carried out to prepare a stable suspension for rifampicin through preparation of different formulas of rifampicin aqueous suspension either as ready to use or as granular powder to be reconstituted.The selected formula (A) was evaluated and compared with commercial brand of rifampicin (RifactineÂ®) as a reference through measuring their dissolution rates and other physical properties.The results indicated that the selected formula had better dissolution rate compared with the reference suspension and the rheogram showed that the selected formula was less viscous than the reference one.Also, it was found that the granular rifampicin was more stable than the ready to use suspension, since the expiration date of granular rifampicin was 2.6 years, while the expiration date of ready to use suspension was 1.8 years.
Key words :Rifampicin , Suspending agent ,Powder for reconstitution , Aqueous suspension
Micro encapsulation of Naproxen By Complex Coacervation and Aqueous Colloid Dispersion Part ( 1 )
Authors: N.Abood Ahmad , I. Khalil Yehia 
Published: March 2022

Naproxen is a non steroidal anti inflammatory and antipyretic drug which has local irritation effect on the stomach, and unpleasant taste, besides bad flowability and light sensitivity .The drug was prepared as microcapsules by complex coacervation method using acacia-gelatin coating materials , and aqueous colloid polymer dispersion method ( ACPD ), using ethyl cellulose and sodium alginate coating materials . The results indicated that microcapsules prepared by 2:1 core:wall ratio is the best for both methods, with an average encapsulation efficiency (75%) and avarege yield (90%) .
Moreover the drug release was affected mainly by core : ratio ,pH enviroment and method of microencapsulation .
Key words: Naproxen,Microcapsule , Aqueaus colloid polymer dispersion
The Chages in Sex Hormones in Female Working in Battries Manufacturing Plant
Authors: A. Taher Mohammed , A.Hammadi Salim , A.Ali Ali 
Published: March 2022

Lead has toxic effects on reproduction of both male and female. It can cause decreased sex drive , infertility and abnormal menstrual cycle in women. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of exposure to lead in batteries female workers on sex hormones level in the serum.Thirty nine (39) female workers (volunteers) in Iraqi Batteries Manufacturing Plants, Al-Waziriya / Baghdad were participated in this study. They are classified into 3 groups, first group included fourteen (14) female that have been employed for 1-7 years , second group included thirteen (13) female that have been employed for 8-14 years , third group included twelve (12) female have been employed for15-22 years and and fourteen females were included as the control . Blood lead level, serum FSH, LH, prolactin and total testosterone were measured and compared for all subjects.The results indicated that mean of blood lead levels (BLL), testosterone levels were highly significant in all worker groups compared to the control (p<0.005).Prolactin levels in group I and FSH in group III were significantly higher than that in control ( P< 0.005) and (P<0.05) respectively. LH levels in groups II and III were significantly higher than that in control (P<0.05, P<0.005 respectively). High incidence of hirsutism (48%) and miscarriages (50%) were observed in worker groups compared to control (11%). The results indicated that there are hormonal changes in female workers exposed to lead associated with increased incidence of hirsutism and miscarriages compared to non exposed females .
Key words: Lead , Sex hormones hyperandrogenemia