bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laser‐Driven Wireless Deep Brain Stimulation using Temporal Interference and Organic Electrolytic Photocapacitors
Authors: Missey Florian , Donahue Mary J. , Weber Pascal , Ngom Ibrahima , Acerbo Emma , Botzanowski Boris , Migliaccio Ludovico , Jirsa Viktor , Głowacki Eric Daniel , Williamson Adam 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDeep brain stimulation (DBS) is a technique commonly used both in clinical and fundamental neurosciences. Classically, brain stimulation requires an implanted and wired electrode system to deliver stimulation directly to the target area. Although techniques such as temporal interference (TI) can provide stimulation at depth without involving any implanted electrodes, these methods still rely on a wired apparatus which limits free movement. Herein organic photocapacitors as untethered light‐driven electrodes which convert deep‐red light into electric current are reported. Pairs of these ultrathin devices can be driven using lasers at two different frequencies to deliver stimulation at depth via temporally interfering fields. This concept of laser TI stimulation using numerical modeling, tests with phantom brain samples, and finally in vivo tests is validated. Wireless organic photocapacitors are placed on the cortex and elicit stimulation in the hippocampus, while not delivering off‐target stimulation in the cortex. This laser‐driven wireless TI evokes a neuronal response at depth that is comparable to control experiments induced with deep brain stimulation protocols using implanted electrodes. This work shows that a combination of these two techniques—temporal interference and organic electrolytic photocapacitors—provides a reliable way to target brain structures requiring neither deeply implanted electrodes nor tethered stimulator devices. The laser TI protocol demonstrated here addresses two of the most important drawbacks in the field of DBS and thus holds potential to solve many issues in freely moving animal experiments or for clinical chronic therapy application.
If Mendel Was Using CRISPR: Genome Editing Meets Non‐Mendelian Inheritance
Authors: Hudzieczek Vojtěch , Hobza Roman , Cápal Petr , Šafář Jan , Doležel Jaroslav 
Published: June 2022

AbstractOn July 20 this year, 200th anniversary of the birth of Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian monk who laid the foundations of genetics, is celebrated. His findings provided the stepping stone for rational crop improvement based on cross breeding and selection. While this approach contributed to the development of superior varieties, its potential is limited by genetic variability available within a species and its relatives. Even though physical and chemical mutagenesis enabled the induction of new genetic variability on a large scale, random mutagenesis did not allow targeting particular genome loci. This became feasible only after the development of genome editing tools in the beginning of the 21st century and the ability to precisely edit plant genomes opened a new era in plant research and crop breeding. Mendel probably did not consider a possibility of directly modifying genetic information and the advantages which genetic engineering can bring to society. However, the basic principles of inheritance he discovered are indispensable for any effort to develop improved varieties. In this review, recent advances in plant genome editing are summarized with emphasis on non‐Mendelian inheritance in the light of the need to produce more food for the growing human population.
Macroporous Graphene Frameworks for Sensing and Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Mohamed Nahla B. , El‐Kady Maher F. , Kaner Richard B. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract3D architectures based on graphene have triggered a great deal of interest in energy, sensing, and environmental applications. This work describes, a simple electrochemical approach for the direct deposition of a functionalized graphene framework by utilizing electrostatic interactions between graphene oxide (GO) and a cationic surfactant. The surfactant improves the adsorption of GO sheets on the electrode surface, allowing the integration of individual graphene sheets into 3D structures with large electrochemically active surface area. Without using binders or conductive additives, the current approach leads to supercapacitors with high specific capacitance (320 F g−1) and areal capacitance (≈400 mF cm−2 for two electrode cells with single‐sided coatings), which compares favorably to commercial activated carbon supercapacitors. Moreover, the supercapacitors demonstrate low internal resistance (≈1 Ω cm−2), excellent cycling stability (no loss observed after 10 000 cycles) while also maintaining superior rate capability. In another application, these frameworks were successfully implemented as an electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous determination of small biomolecules including ascorbic acid, dopamine and uric acid with high sensitivity, selectivity and reproducibility. This work provides a simple, yet effective, strategy for the fabrication of macroporous electrodes with superior chemical, structural, and electrical properties that are desirable for a broad range of applications.
Fluorine Functionalized MXene QDs for Near‐Record‐Efficiency CsPbI3 Solar Cell with High Open‐Circuit Voltage
Authors: Xu Dongfang , Li Tong , Han Yu , He Xuexia , Yang Shaomin , Che Yuhang , Xu Jie , Zou Hong , Guo Xi , Wang Jungang , Lei Xuruo , Liu Zhike 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCsPbI3 inorganic perovskites have attracted significant attention due to their desirable bandgap for tandem solar cells and excellent thermal stability. However, CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) still exhibit low efficiency and high energy loss due to nonradiative recombination. Herein, functionalized Ti3C2Fx quantum dots (QDs) are prepared and selected as interface passivators to enhance the performance of CsPbI3 PSCs. The systematic experimental results reveal that Ti3C2Fx QDs serve as effective passivators mainly in three aspects: 1) p‐type Ti3C2Fx QDs can tune the energy level of perovskite films and provide an efficient pathway for hole transfer; 2) Ti3C2Fx QDs can effectively passivate defects and reduce interfacial nonradiative recombination, and 3) Ti3C2Fx QDs form a barrier layer to prevent water invasion and improve the stability of CsPbI3 PSCs. Consequently, the champion CsPbI3 PSC with Ti3C2Fx QDs treatment exhibits an excellent efficiency of 20.44% with a high open‐circuit voltage of 1.22 V. Meanwhile, the corresponding device without encapsulation retained 93% of its initial efficiency after 600 h of storage in ambient air.
Microfluidic T Cell Selection by Cellular Avidity
Authors: Ashby Julian F. , Schmidt Julien , KC Neelima , Kurum Armand , Koch Caroline , Harari Alexandre , Tang Li , Au Sam H. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNo T cell receptor (TCR) T cell therapies have obtained clinical approval. The lack of strategies capable of selecting and recovering potent T cell candidates may be a contributor to this. Existing protocols for selecting TCR T cell clones for cell therapies such as peptide multimer methods have provided effective measurements on TCR affinities. However, these methods lack the ability to measure the collective strength of intercellular interactions (i.e., cellular avidity) and markers of T cell activation such as immunological synapse formation. This study describes a novel microfluidic fluid shear stress‐based approach to identify and recover highly potent T cell clones based on the cellular avidity between living T cells and tumor cells. This approach is capable of probing approximately up to 10 000 T cell–tumor cell interactions per run and can recover potent T cells with up to 100% purity from mixed populations of T cells within 30 min. Markers of cytotoxicity, activation, and avidity persist when recovered high cellular avidity T cells are subsequently exposed to fresh tumor cells. These results demonstrate how microfluidic probing of cellular avidity may fast track the therapeutic T cell selection process and move the authors closer to precision cancer immunotherapy.
2D‐Material‐Integrated Micromachines: Competing Propulsion Strategy and Enhanced Bacterial Disinfection
Authors: Huang Yun , Guo Jianhe , Li Yufan , Li Huaizhi , Fan Donglei Emma 
Published: June 2022

Abstract2D transition‐metal‐dichalcogenide materials, such as molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) have received immense interest owing to their remarkable structure‐endowed electronic, catalytic, and mechanical properties for applications in optoelectronics, energy storage, and wearable devices. However, 2D materials have been rarely explored in the field of micro/nanomachines, motors, and robots. Here, MoS2 with anatase TiO2 is successfully integrated into an original one‐side‐open hollow micromachine, which demonstrates increased light absorption of TiO2‐based micromachines to the visible region and the first observed motion acceleration in response to ionic media. Both experimentation and theoretical analysis suggest the unique type‐II bandgap alignment of MoS2/TiO2 heterojunction that accounts for the observed unique locomotion owing to a competing propulsion mechanism. Furthermore, by leveraging the chemical properties of MoS2/TiO2, the micromachines achieve sunlight‐powered water disinfection with 99.999% Escherichia coli lysed in an hour. This research suggests abundant opportunities offered by 2D materials in the creation of a new class of micro/nanomachines and robots.
Stable Solid Electrolyte Interphase In Situ Formed on Magnesium‐Metal Anode by using a Perfluorinated Alkoxide‐Based All‐Magnesium Salt Electrolyte
Authors: Xiao Jianhua , Zhang Xinxin , Fan Haiyan , Zhao Yuxing , Su Yi , Liu Haowen , Li Xuanzhang , Su Yipeng , Yuan Hua , Pan Ting , Lin Qiyuan , Pan Ludi , Zhang Yuegang 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPassivation of the Mg anode surface in conventional electrolytes constitutes a critical issue for practical Mg batteries. In this work, a perfluorinated tert‐butoxide magnesium salt, Mg(pftb)2, is codissolved with MgCl2 in tetrahydrofuran (THF) to form an all‐magnesium salt electrolyte. Raman spectroscopy and density function theory calculation confirm that [Mg2Cl3·6THF]+[Mg(pftb)3]− is the main electrochemically active species of the electrolyte. The proper lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level of the [Mg(pftb)3]− anion enables in situ formation of a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on Mg anodes. A detailed analysis of the SEI reveals that its stability originates from a dual‐layered organic/inorganic hybrid structure. Mg//Cu and Mg//Mg cells using the electrolyte achieve a high Coulombic efficiency of 99.7% over 3000 cycles, and low overpotentials over ultralong‐cycle lives of 8100, 3000, and 1500 h at current densities of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mA cm−2, respectively. The robust SEI layer, once formed on a Mg electrode, is also shown highly effective in suppressing side‐reactions in a TFSI−‐containing electrolyte. A high Coulombic efficiency of 99.5% over 800 cycles is also demonstrated for a Mg//Mo6S8 full cell, showing great promise of the SEI forming electrolyte in future Mg batteries.
Organic Heterojunction Transistors Based on DEP‐DTT Isomers and PTCDI‐CH2C3F7
Authors: Zhao Shuai , Ma Zhiying , Wang Hua , Shi Jianwu 
Published: June 2022

AbstractOrganic heterojunction transistors (OHJTs) are fabricated with three isomers, DEP‐bb‐DTT, DEP‐bt‐DTT, and DEP‐tt‐DTT as p‐type semiconductors, and PTCDI‐CH2C3F7 as n‐type semiconductor. All the OHJTs present n‐channel and ambipolar operating modes in turn with the thickness (t) of the isomers films increasing. The properties of p‐type semiconductors directly affect the performances of OHJTs. The amplitude variation of the highest field‐effect mobilities for holes (μh) and electrons (μe) in OHJTs is consistent with that of μuni in their unique OFETs. The μe in DEP‐bb‐DTT/PTCDI‐CH2C3F7 OHJTs present flipped V‐shaped behaviors, while they show the upright and inverted V‐shaped combination patterns in DEP‐bt‐DTT/PTCDI‐CH2C3F7 and DEP‐tt‐DTT/PTCDI‐CH2C3F7 OHJTs. By analyzing these p‐type isomers pristine and annealed films, a transformation from monolayer to bilayer occurring in the initial growth course of the DEP‐bt‐DTT and DEP‐tt‐DTT films is discovered and responsible for the variation tendencies of μe. The layers of the p‐type materials films are responsible for the occasions of the highest μh and μe emerging.
Liquid–Liquid Encapsulation of Ferrofluid Using Magnetic Field
Authors: Banerjee Utsab , Misra Sirshendu , Mitra Sushanta K. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractEncapsulated magnetic microdroplets are of paramount importance in drug targeting and therapeutic applications. However, conventional techniques for generating encapsulated magnetic microdroplets suffer from several challenges, including lack of monodispersity, inflexibility in core–shell combinations, and complex device architecture to achieve encapsulation. Herein, a facile magnet‐assisted framework to controllably wrap ferrofluid (FF) droplets inside polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) floating on a water bath is developed. A permanent magnet placed at the bottom of a static glass cuvette pulls the ferrofluid droplet across the PDMS–water interface, which results in the wrapping of the FF droplet by a thin PDMS layer. The deformation of the FF–PDMS interface and the encapsulation of FF inside PDMS thereof is attributed to the interplay of magnetic force and force due to PDMS–water interfacial tension. Based on the experimental observations, three regimes are identified, namely, stable encapsulation, unstable encapsulation, and no encapsulation, which depends on the magnetic Bond number (Bom) and the thickness of the PDMS layer (δ). The versatility of the technique is demonstrated further by showing stable wrapping of multiple ferrofluid droplets inside the same encapsulated cargo and successful underwater manipulation of the encapsulated droplets, which finds relevance in the encapsulation and magnet‐assisted actuation of novel encapsulated materials.
Foams Stabilized by AquivionTM PFSA: Application to Interfacial Catalysis for Cascade Reactions
Authors: Feng Andong , Dedovets Dmytro , Zhang Shi , Sha Jin , Schwiedernoch Renate , Gao Jie , Gu Yunjiao , Pera‐Titus Marc 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFoams are attractive platforms for engineering gas–liquid–solid catalytic microreactors with enhanced triphasic contact. In this study, the foaming properties of surface‐active AquivionTM perfluorosulfonic acid resin (AquivionTM PFSA) are unraveled. Stable aqueous and non‐aqueous foams are prepared driven by hydrogen bond interactions between AquivionTM PFSA and protic solvents (e.g., benzyl alcohol, aniline, water). In light of these unique properties, a catalytic foam system for one‐pot cascade deacetalization–hydrogenation reactions is designed. As proof of concept, benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal is converted into benzyl alcohol with 84% overall yield at room temperature in a foam system in the presence of AquivionTM PFSA and Pd/SiO2 catalysts, whereas the yield is halved in a non‐foam system. The enhanced reaction efficiency is attributed to a marked increase in interfacial area of the foam system and preferential location of catalytic acid centers at the gas–liquid interface.
Low‐Cost Volumetric 3D Printing of High‐Precision Miniature Lenses in Seconds
Authors: Xu Ya , Huang Peng , To Suet , Zhu Li‐Min , Zhu Zhiwei 
Published: June 2022

Abstract3D printing is a promising method for the generation of complex‐shaped optical components. However, the printing efficiency, form accuracy, and surface smoothness are still challenging, especially for the printing of optical components. In this study, by synergizing the volumetric projection stereolithography, meniscus equilibrium effect, and iterative learning scheme, a low‐cost volumetric 3D printing method is developed for the ultra‐fast and high‐precision fabrication of miniature lenses with sub‐nanometric roughness. By including the covered liquid film as a part of the printed lens in the iterative learning, a low form error at the micrometer scale is achieved for the printed lens without any prior knowledge of the 3D printing process. As a demonstration, a sphere lens at the millimeter scale is directly printed in 2 s, achieving a peak‐to‐valley profile error of less than 5 µm, a sub‐nanometric roughness of rms = 0.614 nm, and an imaging resolution of 203.2 lp mm−1. It suggests that besides fast prototyping, the developed 3D printing strategy is suitable for the massive production of precise lenses.
Ultra‐Thin and Conformable Electrodes Composed of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks for Skin‐Contact Dielectric Elastomer Actuators
Authors: Horii Tatsuhiro , Okada Kei , Fujie Toshinori 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSkin‐contact dielectric elastomer actuators (DEAs) consisting of skin‐conformable, stretchable electrodes are fabricated using a roll‐to‐roll‐based gravure coating method. In this method, single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are continuously applied on a free‐standing ultra‐thin film (nanosheet) of poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene) (SBS) to produce an SWCNT‐SBS nanosheet of 101‐nm thickness. After the first SWCNT coating, the SWCNT‐SBS nanosheet shows a Young's modulus (i.e., 80.9 MPa) comparable to that of the SBS film and a sheet resistance of 4.6 kΩ sq−1. Using the free‐standing SWCNT‐SBS nanosheets as electrodes, a ten‐layered DEA is fabricated without glue or dielectric elastomer precursors on three substrates with different stiffness, namely glass, Ecoflex 00–30, and a urethane elastomer model skin. The low flexural rigidity of the ten‐layered DEA (105 nN m) ensures conformability to the shape of an index finger. Application of an actuation voltage of 2100 V produces a two‐fold larger displacement of the DEA on the Ecoflex 00–30 substrate compared with that on the glass substrate. The ability of the DEA to conform to the surface of skin will enable its application in skin‐contact haptic devices.
Pressure Sensitivity of Electron Emission from SiOx Tunneling Diodes and their Outstanding Emission Performance under Rough Vacuum
Authors: Zhan Fangyuan , Li Zhiwei , Yang Wei , Wei Xianlong 
Published: June 2022

AbstractOn‐chip electron sources with low pressure‐sensitivity and outstanding emission performances under rough vacuum are highly desired for developing miniature fully encapsulated vacuum electronic devices. Here, the sensitivity of electron emission from SiOx tunneling diodes formed in electroformed SiOx to the variation of ambient vacuum pressure from ≈10−4 to ≈102 Pa is explored. Electron emission from SiOx tunneling diodes is found to be insensitive to pressure variation when the pressure is lower than ≈10−1 Pa and exhibits fast degradation above the pressure, showing much lower pressure sensitivity than field emission sources. Despite emission current degradation above ≈10−1 Pa, SiOx tunneling diodes exhibit stable and reproducible electron emission under fixed rough vacuum up to 8 Pa, and good restorability after being repeatedly exposed to air pressure. By analyzing transport current of SiOx tunneling diodes under varying ambient vacuum pressure, the degradation of emission current above ≈10−1 Pa is attributed to the widening of insulating SiOx channel in the diode due to the transformation of Si conducting filament to SiOx with increasing oxygen partial pressure.
Consistency in the transabdominal ultrasound measurement of cervical length in mid‐pregnancy
Authors: Pedretti Michelle K. , Nathan Elizabeth A. , Doherty Dorota A. , Dickinson Jan E. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPurposeThe Western Australian Preterm Birth Prevention Initiative recommends a transabdominal cervical length (TACL) measurement at the mid‐pregnancy ultrasound to screen low‐risk women for preterm birth risk. In view of this recommendation, we assessed the inter‐observer consistency of TACL screening in mid‐pregnancy.MethodsRoutinely collected mid‐pregnancy TACL ultrasound images were graded from 0 to 4 according to the anatomical landmarks identified by a single expert. A random selection of 10 images of each grade were disseminated in an electronic survey to determine inter‐ and intra‐observer variations in the classification of the cervical image.ResultsA total of 244 participants graded 50 TACL images. Six participants repeated the grading. Overall agreement to the exact initial grade for all images was 49.6%, highest for images at both ends of the spectrum (83% Grade 0 and 70.4% for Grade 4). Overall agreement to the initial diagnostic Grades 3 and 4 was 75.3% (95% CI 74.5–76.0%) and was higher when the maternal bladder was empty. There was moderate inter‐rater agreement (κ = 0.42) for Grades 3 and 4 (diagnostic) or Grades 1 and 2 (non‐diagnostic). The intra‐rater agreement was fair to good (κ = 0.59, 95% CI 0.49–0.70) for those who repeated the assessment (including the expert grader).ConclusionsSonographic CL screening is considered an important tool for the identification of women at high risk of preterm birth. Image classification of TACL performed poorly compared with previous studies assessing transvaginal cervical length. Improved reliability and measurement consistency may be achieved through high levels of quality assurance, ongoing training and image audit.
Morphine analgesia in male inbred genetic diversity mice recapitulates the among‐individual variance in response to morphine in humans
Authors: Yang Yin , Guan Bowen , Wei Qiang , Wang Wei , Meng Aimin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMorphine is a widely used analgesic, but its use in clinical precision medicine is limited by the variance in response among individuals. Although previous studies have shown that individual differences in morphine can be explained in terms of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, genetic polymorphisms also play an important role. However, the genetic basis of different sensitivity and tolerance susceptibility to morphine remains ambiguous. Using 15 strains of inbred Genetic Diversity (GD) mice, a new resource with wide genetic and phenotypic variation, we demonstrated great variance in sensitivity to morphine analgesia and susceptibility to morphine tolerance between different GD strains. Among‐individual variance in response to morphine analgesia in the population can be modeled in GD mice. Two loci respectively may be associated with the among‐individual variance in morphine sensitivity and tolerance, confirming the role of genetic factors in among‐individual different responses to morphine. These results indicate that GD mice may be a potential tool for the identification of new biomarkers to improve the clinical administration of morphine.
Highly Active Si Sites Enabled by Negative Valent Ru for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution in LaRuSi
Authors: Shen Shijie , Hu Zhiyun , Zhang Huanhuan , Song Kai , Wang Zongpeng , Lin Zhiping , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin , Zhong Wenwu 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe discovery and identification of novel active sites are paramount for deepening the understanding of the catalytic mechanism and driving the development of remarkable electrocatalysts. Here, we reveal that the genuine active sites for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in LaRuSi are Si sites, not the usually assumed Ru sites. Ru in LaRuSi has a peculiar negative valence state, which leads to strong hydrogen binding to Ru sites. Surprisingly, the Si sites have a Gibbs free energy of hydrogen adsorption that is near zero (0.063 eV). The moderate adsorption of hydrogen on Si sites during the HER process is also validated by in situ Raman analysis. Based on it, LaRuSi exhibits an overpotential of 72 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in alkaline media, which is close to the benchmark of Pt/C. This work sheds light on the recognition of real active sites and the exploration of innovative silicide HER electrocatalysts.