bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entscheidungen treffen in Pandemiezeiten
Authors: Bieber A. , Dammermann A. , Dichter M. N. , Dinand C. , Eich-Krohm A. , Freytag S. , Möhler R. , Sander M. , Thalhammer R. , Fleischer S. 
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
In der ersten Pandemiewelle im Frühjahr 2020 sind in den stationären Langzeitpflegeeinrichtungen überproportional viele Bewohner*innen und Mitarbeiter*innen an COVID-19 erkrankt und hatten den höchsten Anteil im Ausbruchsgeschehen. Leitungspersonen stationärer Altenpflegeeinrichtungen mussten pandemiebedingt teilweise täglich neue eigene Entscheidungen treffen sowie Entscheidungen übergeordneter Stellen interpretieren und integrieren.

Ziel der Arbeit
Ziel war es zu beschreiben, welche Entscheidungen im Umgang mit der COVID-19-Pandemie von Leitungspersonen stationärer Altenpflegeeinrichtungen zu treffen waren, und welche Konsequenzen sich daraus ergaben.

Material und Methoden
Es wurde ein qualitatives multizentrisches Querschnittdesign gewählt. Die Datenerhebung fand mittels semistrukturierter Telefoninterviews statt. Die aufgezeichneten Audiodaten wurden transkribiert, mittels Framework Analysis analysiert und in „peer debriefings“ reflektiert.

Ergebnisse
Es konnten 78 Interviews in 43 Pflegeeinrichtungen geführt werden. Es wurden 3 Hauptthemen mit 10 Subthemen identifiziert: Entscheidungen zu sozialer Teilhabe; Entscheidungen zu Quarantäne und Isolation und Anpassen des Personaleinsatzes.

Diskussion
Gebraucht werden klarere Information und Anordnungen zur Umsetzung von Maßnahmen, z. B. durch bundesweit einheitliche Vorgaben. In der Informationspolitik werden auch die Gesundheitsämter in der Pflicht gesehen. Konsequenzen ihrer Entscheidungen waren für die Leitungspersonen kaum absehbar und von Unsicherheit geprägt. Verantwortlichkeiten für und Konsequenzen von Entscheidungen in der Pandemie sollten weiter evaluiert werden, um Leitungspersonen für Krisenzeiten zu stärken.
Exercise in preventing falls for men with prostate cancer: a modelled cost-utility analysis
Authors: Edmunds Kim , Scuffham Paul , Newton Robert U. , Galvão Daniel A. , Tuffaha Haitham 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Men who receive androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer (PCa) are a vulnerable falls population due to the side effects of treatment. The purpose of this paper is to determine the cost-effectiveness of exercise in preventing falls and fractures for this high-risk population in Australia.

Methods
A decision analytic model was constructed to evaluate the cost utility of an exercise intervention compared to usual care from a health system perspective. The intervention comprised two 1-h sessions of supervised exercise per week over 1 year for men with non-metastatic PCa receiving curative radiation therapy and ADT. A Markov model simulated the transition between five health states: (1) at risk of falling; (2) at recurrent risk of falling; (3) fracture (minor or major); (4) non-fracture injury (minor or major); and (5) death. Model inputs including transition probabilities and utility scores were obtained from published meta-analyses, and costs were drawn from Australian data sources (e.g. Medical Benefits Schedule). The model time horizon was 3 years, and costs and effects were discounted at 5% annual rate. Costs and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) were aggregated and compared between the intervention and control to calculate incremental net monetary benefit (iNMB). Uncertainty in the results was explored using deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses (PSA).

Results
At a willingness-to-pay of AU$50,000 per QALY, the exercise intervention dominated, as it was less costly and more effective than usual care. The iNMB was $3010 per patient. The PSA showed a 58% probability the intervention was cost-effective.

Conclusion
This is the first modelled economic evaluation of exercise for men with PCa. Our results suggest supervised exercise is cost-effective in reducing the risks of falls and fractures in this population.
Cognitive diagnostic modelling in healthcare professions education: an eye-opener
Authors: Collares Carlos Fernando 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCriticisms about psychometric paradigms currently used in healthcare professions education include claims of reductionism, objectification, and poor compliance with assumptions. Nevertheless, perhaps the most crucial criticism comes from learners' difficulty in interpreting and making meaningful use of summative scores and the potentially detrimental impact these scores have on learners. The term "post-psychometric era" has become popular, despite persisting calls for the sensible use of modern psychometrics. In recent years, cognitive diagnostic modelling has emerged as a new psychometric paradigm capable of providing meaningful diagnostic feedback. Cognitive diagnostic modelling allows the classification of examinees in multiple cognitive attributes. This measurement is obtained by modelling these attributes as categorical, discrete latent variables. Furthermore, items can reflect more than one latent variable simultaneously. The interactions between latent variables can be modelled with flexibility, allowing a unique perspective on complex cognitive processes. These characteristic features of cognitive diagnostic modelling enable diagnostic classification over a large number of constructs of interest, preventing the necessity of providing numerical scores as feedback to test takers. This paper provides an overview of cognitive diagnostic modelling, including an introduction to its foundations and illustrating potential applications, to help teachers be involved in developing and evaluating assessment tools used in healthcare professions education. Cognitive diagnosis may represent a revolutionary new psychometric paradigm, overcoming the known limitations found in frequently used psychometric approaches, offering the possibility of robust qualitative feedback and better alignment with competency-based curricula and modern programmatic assessment frameworks.
Review: Multi-principal element alloys by additive manufacturing
Authors: Li Chenze , Ferry Michael , Kruzic Jamie J. , Li Xiaopeng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMulti-principal element alloys (MPEAs) have attracted rapidly growing attention from both research institutions and industry due to their unique microstructures and outstanding physical and chemical properties. However, the fabrication of MPEAs with desired microstructures and properties using conventional manufacturing techniques (e.g., casting) is still challenging. With the recent emergence of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, the fabrication of MPEAs with locally tailorable microstructures and excellent mechanical properties has become possible. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to understand the key aspects of the AM processes that influence the microstructural features of AM fabricated MPEAs including porosity, anisotropy, and heterogeneity, as well as the corresponding impact on the properties. As such, this review will first present the state-of-the-art in existing AM techniques to process MPEAs. This is followed by a discussion of the microstructural features, mechanisms of microstructural evolution, and the mechanical properties of the AM fabricated MPEAs. Finally, the current challenges and future research directions are summarized with the aim to promote the further development and implementation of AM for processing MPEAs for future industrial applications.
Beyond the money: grantors supporting their grantees
Authors: Boesso Giacomo , Cerbioni Fabrizio , Menini Andrea , Redigolo Giulia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study analyses the relationship between grant-making foundations (grantors) and operative nonprofit organizations (grantees) to determine whether a positive association exists between foundations’ intervention beyond the money and grantees’ organizational capacity development. Data are collected using a survey of grantees who received funding from a Foundation of Banking Origin (FOB) in the context of Italy. The analyses portray three capacity-building factors that FOBs can deploy in addition to the financial grant, namely, operative support, goal alignment, and performance oversight. The results endorse our hypotheses that both the amount of operative support provided by the foundation and the higher perception of goal congruence between grantor and grantees are positively correlated with the organizational capacity of the grantee. Our results also suggest that the benefits of increased oversight prevail over the drawbacks.
Do women always behave as corruption cleaners?
Authors: Guerra Alice , Zhuravleva Tatyana 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe use experimental data to explore the conditions under which males and females may differ in their tendency to act corruptly and their tolerance of corruption. We ask if males and females respond differently to the tradeoff between the benefits accrued by corrupt actorsversusthe negative externality imposed on other people by corruption. Our findings reveal that neither males nor females uniformly are more likely to engage in, or be more tolerant of corruption: it depends on the exact bribery conditions—which can reduce or enhance welfare overall—and the part played in the bribery act. Females are less likely to tolerate and engage in corruption when doing so reduces overall welfare. On the other hand, males are less tolerant of bribery when it enhances welfare but confers payoff disadvantages on them relative to corrupt actors. Females’ behavior is consistent across roles when bribery reduces welfare, but apart from that, gender behavior is strongly role-dependent.
Task-oriented reading efficiency: interplay of general cognitive ability, task demands, strategies and reading fluency
Authors: Hautala Jarkko , Salmerón Ladislao , Tolvanen Asko , Loberg Otto , Leppänen Paavo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe associations among readers’ cognitive skills (general cognitive ability, reading skills, and attentional functioning), task demands (easy versus difficult questions), and process measures (total fixation time on relevant and irrelevant paragraphs) was investigated to explain task-oriented reading accuracy and efficiency (number of scores in a given time unit). Structural equation modeling was applied to a large dataset collected with sixth-grade students, which included samples of dysfluent readers and those with attention difficulties. The results are in line with previous findings regarding the dominant role of general cognitive ability in the accuracy of task-oriented reading. However, efficiency in task-oriented reading was mostly explained by the shorter viewing times of both paragraph types (i.e., relevant and irrelevant), which were modestly explained by general cognitive ability and reading fluency. These findings suggest that high efficiency in task orientation is obtained by relying on a selective reading strategy when reading both irrelevant and relevant paragraphs. The selective reading strategy seems to be specifically learned, and this potentially applies to most students, even those with low cognitive abilities.
The Early Wittgenstein on Living a Good Ethical Life
Authors: Fairhurst Jordi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper offers a novel interpretation of Wittgenstein’s early conception of ethics and the good ethical life. Initially, it critically examines the widespread view according to which Wittgenstein’s early conception of ethics and the good ethical life involves having a certain ethical attitude to the world. It points out that this reading incurs in some mistakes and shortcomings, thereby suggesting the need for an alternative reading that avoids and amends these inadequacies. Subsequently, it sets out to offer said reading. Specifically, it is argued that the good ethical life is predicated on a good exercise of the ethical will and solving the riddle of life, both of which demand a certain view of, and not an attitude to, the world. This view is the view of the world sub specie aeterni.
How to sanction international wrongdoing? The design of EU restrictive measures
Authors: Meissner Katharina 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSanctions are among the most widely used foreign policy tools of governments and international organizations in response to national or international wrongdoings. Beyond the dichotomous question of whether to adopt or not to adopt sanctions against a target, decision-makers develop different designs when they impose restrictions: targeted sanctions like asset freezes and travel bans, arms embargoes, or economic sanctions such as financial restrictions and commodity bans. What accounts for this variation in the design of sanctions regimes? This article investigates this question by developing a configurational explanation that combines domestic- and international-level factors for the choice of an economic versus a targeted sanctions design. I test these factors on original data mapping European Union (EU) autonomous sanctions against third countries in force in 2019 through set-theoretic methods. The analysis shows that a militarily strong target’s serious misbehavior through grave human rights violations triggers EU action in the form of economic sanctions, however, only in combination with two conditions: first, the EU reacts to a misbehavior through the adoption of an economic design when the United States imposes economic sanctions, too (path 1); second, the salience of a target’s conflict triggers an economic design of sanctions in case of grave human rights violations (path 2).
Microfacies analysis and depositional environments of the Middle Eocene (Bartonian) Qurn Formation along Qattamiya—Ain Sokhna district, Egypt
Authors: Abd El-Moghny Mohamed W. , Afifi Atef A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe exposed Middle Eocene (Bartonian) Qurn Formation along Qattamiya—Ain Sokhna district is measured, sampled and microscopically investigated. Besides, the vertical distribution of the chemical oxides and strontium (Sr) has been determined to identify their petrographic, geochemical characteristics and interpret their depositional environments. The facies analysis (lithofacies, microfacies, and biofacies) of the studied rocks revealed the recognition of three microfacies associations: (1) restricted lagoon facies association (FT1–FT3), (2) open lagoon facies association (FT4–FT7), and (3) shoal facies association (FT8–FT9). Lithofacies and microfacies analysis of Middle Eocene rocks along Qattamiya—Ain Sokhna district reflect carbonate inner ramp regime ranging from restricted lagoon to shoal buildup depositional conditions. These identified inner ramp microfacies are changed eastward to mid-ramp, while they are represented westward by tidal flat and shallow lagoonal facies. The vertical distribution of both CaO and MgO revealed that MgO is related mainly to the dolomitization process rather than primary deposition. The vertical distribution of Sr in the studied carbonate samples matches with that of SiO2, thus may be related to the warm environmental conditions.
Is ‘Anthropocene’ a Suitable Chronostratigraphic Term?
Authors: Luciano Eugenio 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOver the past two decades, the term ‘Anthropocene’ has ignited widespread academic and public interest. Since 2009, the term has been considered on stratigraphic grounds by the Anthropocene Working Group (AWG). The AWG has been championing a chronostratigraphic definition of the Anthropocene by advancing a proposal to formally recognize the unit as a post-Holocene epoch/series on the Geologic Time Scale and International Chronostratigraphic Chart. The proposal (i.e., the Anthropocene Hypothesis) has ignited debates among human, social, and natural scientists alike. One line of critique against the proposal concerns the chronostratigraphic suitability of the term ‘Anthropocene.’ This type of criticism holds that the term is inconsistent with the standard naming practices of the chronostratigraphic series; that it is inconsistent with other epochs of the Cenozoic era; that its etymology is faulty in several respects; and/or that its informal nature should be emphasized stylistically (e.g., with quotation marks or by writing the term with a lower case initial). The present contribution reviews this criticism and discusses it in the context of (chrono)stratigraphic classification and nomenclature to assess whether ‘Anthropocene’ is a suitable chronostratigraphic term. To do so, the analysis comments on and discusses guidelines, recommendations, and suggestions drafted by the International Stratigraphic Guide, which represents an international framework of reference for stratigraphic classification and nomenclature. Based on the underlying philosophy and recommendation of the Guide, there seem to be reasons to consider the ‘Anthropocene’ a suitable term in the context of chronostratigraphic nomenclature.
Commemorating by Marching: Memorialization and Resistance Practices of the Srebrenica Genocide
Authors: Luitjens Marije R. , Schoorel Esther G. M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUsing the case-study of the Marš Mira, a peace march to commemorate the Srebrenica genocide of July 1995, this article explores how practices of memorialization of genocide and resistance against denial of genocide intersect, in order to gain more insight into the challenges post-conflict societies face. The march retraces the steps that the Bosniak men and boys took while fleeing the Serb army after the fall of the Srebrenica enclave. It is a powerful means of commemorating the genocide and, as such, highlights the importance of space within memorialization. Simultaneously, walking the march serves as an act of resistance to Serb narratives of denial. We argue that resistance against genocide denial and memorialization of the genocide are intricately interwoven in the incentives of Bosniaks participating in the annual Marš Mira, and that they manifest themselves in the use of the landscape in which the march takes place. Through an analysis of four incentives for walking the Marš Mira, we shed light on the challenges that Serb denialism poses to the ability of the Bosniak community to deal with the past of the Srebrenica genocide.
Mysticism, Rationalism, and Criticism: Rabbi Jacob Emden as an Early Modern Critic and Printer
Authors: Morsel-Eisenberg Tamara 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRabbi Jacob Emden (1697–1779) was an important rabbi and scholar in the area of Hamburg. One of his works, Mitpaḥat Sefarim (“Book Cloth,” Altona, 1768), is a critique of the Zohar (“Book of Splendor”), a canonical Jewish mystical text attributed to the ancient scholar Rabbi Shimon bar Yoḥai (ca. 2nd cent. CE). In Mitpaḥat Sefarim, Emden casts doubt upon the Zohar’s provenance, authorship, and age. This critique has led some to identify Emden with the early beginnings of the Haskalah, the Jewish Enlightenment, as an opponent of mysticism. However, Emden took mystical sources very seriously, both in the spiritual realm, and, as this article shows, even in his writings on religious law. This article examines the perceived contradiction in Emden’s thinking, and proposes a view of Emden as an early modern printer and critic with a unique perspective, rather than a confused precursor of modern ideas.
Surgeon educator perspectives of implementing a national undergraduate curriculum in otolaryngology
Authors: Hall A , Jones H , Hannan A 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe General Medical Council will be implementing a national medical licensing assessment for all UK medical students by 2024–25. Surgeon educator perceptions on a national undergraduate curriculum in otolaryngology were reviewed accordingly.MethodA mixed methods study was undertaken within a UK school of surgery assessing ENT surgeon educators. Perspectives on teaching content, quality and student experience were assessed with degree of agreement assessed (Likert scoring). Associated qualitative focus group sessions underwent detailed thematic analysis according to grounded theory.ResultsA response rate of 50 per cent was achieved involving 21 participants working across 14 hospitals. These showed strong agreement that implementation of a national curriculum would improve the standard of teaching delivered at a personal, institutional and national level. Further themes were identified relating to the personal, institutional and specialty related factors influencing practical delivery.ConclusionA series of practical recommendations are made to potentially assist the implementation of a national ENT curriculum.
Teaching about the senses in antiquity: exploring the ancient world of scents through recreating ancient perfumes
Authors: Diemke Justine 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article presents the results of a student experiment conducted at the University of Hamburg as part of a course about scents and smells in antiquity. In the experiment, students produced their own versions of ancient perfumes. Located at the intersection of the humanities and the sciences, this project aimed to bring ancient olfactory spaces to life for the students by reconstructing and manufacturing ancient fragrances as authentically as possible. As a source for the fragrance recipes, we used the work of the physician Dioscorides, whose writing provides information on the ingredients and procedures used in the ancient manufacture of perfumes. This article illuminates the added value of such experiments by encouraging the integration of experimental archaeology into teaching processes.
An Improved Scheme for Correcting Remote Spectral Surface Reflectance Simultaneously for Terrestrial BRDF and Water‐Surface Sunglint in Coastal Environments
Authors: Greenberg Evan , Thompson David R. , Jensen Daniel , Townsend Philip A. , Queally Natalie , Chlus Adam , Fichot Cédric G. , Harringmeyer Joshua P. , Simard Marc 
Published: February 2022

AbstractGlobal spectroscopic missions, such as NASA’s Surface Biology and Geology, will observe coastal environments and must account for the optical properties of both land and sea. Specifically, they must consider reflectance effects that arise from interactions between surface structures and variable observing geometries that are unique to terrestrial and aquatic domains. Over vegetated surfaces, Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BDRF) effects must be corrected to consistently map vegetation properties. At the water surface interface, sunglint effects must be corrected to estimate water column and benthic properties. Current analyses focus on vegetation or aquatic domains and do not easily address environments with mixed water and vegetation cover. Wetland environments within global spectroscopic data sets will pose a challenge to correction methods when scientific applications in coastal regions require continuous reflectance correction over both surface types. Here, we present the first simultaneous treatment of terrestrial BRDF and aquatic sunglint in a wetland environment. We evaluate existing vegetation‐BRDF correction methods and pair them with sunglint correction of aquatic pixels. We test multiple sunglint correction strategies to produce continuous corrected products over both vegetation and water surfaces. We show that the addition of sunglint correction in wetland environments significantly reduces error between overlapping image regions. Comparisons between airborne and in situ data demonstrate sub‐percent error in remote estimates of water‐leaving reflectance. Our results demonstrate the importance of both BRDF and sunglint corrections in wetland environments. A unified treatment will be critical for global‐scale hyperspectral spectroscopy missions.