bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated Generation of Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species in Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome
Authors: Davis Ian C. , Zajac Allan J. , Nolte Kurt B. , Botten Jason , Hjelle Brian , Matalon Sadis 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTHantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS) is a life-threatening respiratory disease characterized by profound pulmonary edema and myocardial depression. Most cases of HCPS in North America are caused by Sin Nombre virus (SNV), which is carried asymptomatically by deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). The underlying pathophysiology of HCPS is poorly understood. We hypothesized that pathogenic SNV infection results in increased generation of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (RONS), which contribute to the morbidity and mortality of HCPS. Human disease following infection with SNV or Andes virus was associated with increased nitrotyrosine (NT) adduct formation in the lungs, heart, and plasma and increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the lungs compared to the results obtained for normal human volunteers. In contrast, NT formation was not increased in the lungs or cardiac tissue from SNV-infected deer mice, even at the time of peak viral antigen expression. In a murine (Mus musculus) model of HCPS (infection of NZB/BLNJ mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus clone 13), HCPS-like disease was associated with elevated expression of iNOS in the lungs and NT formation in plasma, cardiac tissue, and the lungs. In this model, intraperitoneal injection of 1400W, a specific iNOS inhibitor, every 12 h during infection significantly improved survival without affecting intrapulmonary fluid accumulation or viral replication, suggesting that cardiac damage may instead be the cause of mortality. These data indicate that elevated production of RONS is a feature of pathogenic New World hantavirus infection and that pharmacologic blockade of iNOS activity may be of therapeutic benefit in HCPS cases, possibly by ameliorating the myocardial suppressant effects of RONS.
Direct Participation of Sam68, the 68-Kilodalton Src-Associated Protein in Mitosis, in the CRM1-Mediated Rev Nuclear Export Pathway
Authors: Li Jinliang , Liu Ying , Kim Byung Oh , He Johnny J. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication requires efficient nuclear export of incompletely spliced and unspliced HIV-1 mRNA transcripts, which is achieved by Rev expression at an early stage of the viral life cycle. We have recently shown that expression of Sam68, the 68-kDa Src-associated protein in mitosis, is able to alleviate Rev function block in astrocytes by promoting Rev nuclear export. In the present study, we utilized an antisense RNA expression strategy to down-modulate constitutive Sam68 expression and examined its effect on Rev function, HIV-1 gene expression, and viral replication. These results showed that down-modulation of constitutive Sam68 expression markedly inhibited HIV-1 production in 293T cells and viral replication in T lymphocytes such as Jurkat and CEM cells, as well as human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Rev-dependent in
trans
complementation and reporter gene assays further demonstrated that inhibition of HIV-1 gene expression by Sam68 down-modulation was due to impeded Rev activity. Moreover, digital fluorescence microscopic imaging revealed that down-modulation of Sam68 expression caused exclusive nuclear retention and colocalization of both Rev and CRM1. Taken together, these data suggest that adequate Sam68 expression is required for Rev function and, thereby, for HIV-1 gene expression and viral replication, and they support the notion that Sam68 is directly involved in the CRM1-mediated Rev nuclear export pathway.
Immunological Aspects of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Delivery to the Mammalian Brain
Authors: Mastakov Mihail Y. , Baer Kristin , Symes C. Wymond , Leichtlein Claudia B. , Kotin Robert M. , During Matthew J. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) are highly efficient vectors for gene delivery into the central nervous system (CNS). However, host inflammatory and immune responses may play a critical role in limiting the use of rAAV vectors for gene therapy and functional genomic studies in vivo. Here, we evaluated the effect of repeated injections of five rAAV vectors expressing different genetic sequences (coding or noncoding) in a range of combinations into the rat brain. Specifically, we wished to determine whether a specific immune or inflammatory response appeared in response to the vector and/or the transgene protein after repeated injections under conditions of mannitol coinjection. We show that readministration of the same rAAV to the CNS is possible if the interval between the first and second injection is more than 4 weeks. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that rAAV vectors carrying different genetic sequences can be administered at intervals of 2 weeks. Our data therefore suggest that the AAV capsid structure is altered by the vector genetic sequence, such that secondary structures of the single-stranded genome have an impact on the antigenicity of the virus. This study provides guidelines for more rational design of gene transfer studies in the rodent brain and, in addition, suggests the use of repeated administration of rAAV as a viable form of therapy for the treatment of chronic diseases.
Survey of junior hospital doctors’ attitudes to cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Authors: Morgan R , Westmoreland C 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Most cardiac arrest teams are made up of junior doctors. The stressful effect of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on doctors has not previously been established. A questionnaire was sent to all 52 junior doctors who participated in the cardiac arrest team at a district general hospital. Forty one questionnaires were returned by 22 junior house officers, 12 senior house officers, and seven specialist registrars. The questionnaire was anonymous so non-responders could not be recontacted. Seventy three per cent found CPR stressful. The main reason for stress was the inappropriateness of CPR on the individual patient (12), poor outcome (13), no advanced life support (ALS) course (4), and the procedure itself (4). Fifty four per cent felt the number of inappropriate CPR had increased in the last six months with the main reason given (48%) being failure of senior staff to make “do not resuscitate” orders. Ninety seven per cent felt some CPRs were inappropriate; 70% felt a debriefing session should occur after CPR, while 88% reported not having one. Seventy six per cent felt competent at performing CPR, 22% felt incompetent of whom none had undergone ALS training. Fifty eight per cent found it difficult to discuss CPR with patients; 46% found it difficult to discuss CPR with relatives.
Most junior doctors feel stress from CPR. Adequate review by senior doctors with documentation of do not resuscitate orders where appropriate, after discussion with patients, might be beneficial. Adequate training, improving communication skills, and support for junior doctors in the cardiac arrest team need to be reviewed since improvement in these areas may reduce stress.
Regional differences in incidence of gastric and colonic cancer in the Maori of New Zealand
Authors: Thompson A G 
Published: July 2002

Abstract

Background
It is known that there are ethnic differences in cancer in New Zealand between Maori (the indigenous people) and non-Maori, however, until now no regional comparisons have been made.

Study design
A retrospective study of patients diagnosed at Whangarei Hospital, New Zealand between 1995 and 1997 with gastric or colonic cancer was combined with population data from the 1996 census for Whangarei District to calculate incidence figures. The incidence of cancer was compared to national rates.

Results
Between 1995 and 1997, 19 Maori and 24 non-Maori were diagnosed with gastric cancer, and 10 Maori and 125 non-Maori with colonic cancer. The age standardised rates (per 100 000) for Maori and non-Maori with gastric caner were 68.3 and 7.9 respectively. Gastric cancer is known to be increased in the Maori, but in Whangarei was significantly higher than the national Maori rates (20.5). There was no difference in the rate of colonic cancer in the Maori and non-Maori in Whangarei, again this differs from the national trends, in which the Maori are protected against cancer.

Conclusion
This study highlights that there is still much more to be learnt in understanding the aetiology of gastrointestinal cancers, to explain such strong regional differences.
The <bigwig> project
Authors: Brabrand Claus , Møller Anders , Schwartzbach Michael I. 
Published: July 2002

We present the results of the <bigwig> project, which aims
to design and implement a high-level domain-specific language for
programming interactive Web services.
A fundamental aspect of the development of the World Wide Web
during the last decade is the gradual change from static to dynamic
generation of Web pages. Generating Web pages dynamically in dialog
with the client has the advantage of providing up-to-date and
tailor-made information. The development of systems for
constructing such dynamic Web services has emerged as a whole new
research area.
The <bigwig> language is designed by analyzing its
application domain and identifying fundamental aspects of Web
services inspired by problems and solutions in existing Web service
development languages. The core of the design consists of a
session-centered service model together with a flexible
template-based mechanism for dynamic Web page construction. Using
specialized program analyses, certain Web-specific properties are
verified at compile time, for instance that only valid HTML 4.01 is
ever shown to the clients. In addition, the design provides
high-level solutions to form field validation, caching of dynamic
pages, and temporal-logic based concurrency control, and it
proposes syntax macros for making highly domain-specific
languages.
The language is implemented via widely available Web
technologies, such as Apache on the server-side and JavaScript and
Java Applets on the client-side. We conclude with experience and
evaluation of the project.
Discoveries of Vitamin B12 and Selenium Enzymes
Authors: Stadtman Thressa Campbell 
Published: July 2002

[Figure: see text] [Figure: see text] ▪ Abstract  My undergraduate education at Cornell University was followed by graduate studies on methane fermentations under the guidance of H.A. Barker at the University of California, Berkeley. My Ph.D. degree was granted in June 1949. Two anaerobic microorganisms isolated from the mud flats of San Francisco Bay served as sources of biochemical research material for later studies at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda. These organisms, Methanococcus vannielii and Clostridium sticklandii, proved to be especially rich sources of selenium-dependent enzymes and seleno-tRNAs. New B12 coenzyme-dependent enzymes that catalyzed intermediate steps in the anaerobic conversion of lysine to fatty acids and ammonia were isolated from C. sticklandii and characterized. My research efforts since 1970 have dealt primarily with various aspects of selenium biochemistry. We have shown that selenium is an essential constituent of several enzymes in prokaryotes. Se is present in these either as a selenocysteine residue in the protein or alternatively, in a few molybdoenzymes, as a component of a bound cofactor. Recent studies with a human adenocarcinoma cell line led to the unexpected discovery that selenocysteine occurs in mammalian thioredoxin reductase. The selenium located in a redox center of this enzyme is essential for catalytic activity.
Tight-Binding Theory of Native Point Defects in Silicon
Authors: Colombo Luciano 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Vacancies and self-interstitial defects in silicon are here investigated by means of semi-empirical quantum molecular dynamics simulations performed within the tight-binding model. We extensively discuss the process of formation and migration of native point defects and investigate their interaction and clustering phenomena. The formation of larger stable structures is further studied by combining tight-binding and Monte Carlo simulations. Tight-binding simulation results provide a global picture for defect-induced microstructure evolution in bulk silicon. These results are consistent with state-of-the-art experimental data and elucidate many relevant atomic-scale mechanisms.
Effects of Plasma Prenitridation and Postdeposition Annealing on the Structural and Dielectric Characteristics of the Ta2 O 5 / Si System
Authors: Lai Yi-Sheng , Chen Kuan-Jen , Chen J. S. 
Published: July 2002

Material and dielectric properties of

Ta

2

O

5

layers grown on bare Si, as well as

N

2

O

and

NH

3

plasma nitrided Si substrates, before and after postdeposition annealing in oxygen, were investigated. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals that

NH

3

and

N

2

O

plasma nitridation on Si at 450°C formed a nitrogen-rich and an oxygen-rich

SiO

x

N

y

layer, respectively. Capacitance-voltage

(
C
­
V
)

measurements show that

Ta

2

O

5

layers deposited on the prenitrided Si exhibit a higher relative dielectric constant and contain a lower density of charge trapping sites

(

N

h

)
,

as compared to the one on bare Si. In contrast, the interface state density

(

D

it

)

near the midgap is

∼

10

13

cm

−
2

eV

−
1

for non-nitrided and

NH

3

nitrided samples, but it is

∼

10

12

cm

−
2

eV

−
1

for the

N

2

O

nitrided sample. Postdeposition annealing at 650 or 800°C leads to an increment of

N

h

,

except to a lesser extent for the

N

2

O

nitrided sample, and reduces all

D

it

to

∼

10

12

cm

−
2

eV

−
1

.

Concurrently, crystallization of the

Ta

2

O

5

layer and depletion of nitrogen in the

SiO

x

N

y

interlayer formed by

NH

3

plasma nitridation are observed after annealing at 800°C. As for current-voltage

(
I
­
V
)

characteristics, all as-deposited samples exhibit large leakage currents, regardless of the prenitridation process. Postdeposition annealing will significantly lower the leakage currents, and the annealed

Ta

2

O

5

deposited on

N

2

O

nitrided Si exhibits better

I
­
V

character than the others at high electric field. Effects of various prenitridation and postannealing processes on the structural and electrical characteristics of

Ta

2

O

5

/
Si

systems are discussed. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Figure—Ground Segregation in a Recurrent Network Architecture
Authors: Roelfsema Pieter R. , Lamme Victor A. F. , Spekreijse Henk , Bosch Holger 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Here we propose a model of how the visual brain segregates textured scenes into figures and background. During texture segregation, locations where the properties of texture elements change abruptly are assigned to boundaries, whereas image regions that are relatively homogeneous are grouped together. Boundary detection and grouping of image regions require different connection schemes, which are accommodated in a single network architecture by implementing them in different layers. As a result, all units carry signals related to boundary detection as well as grouping of image regions, in accordance with cortical physiology. Boundaries yield an early enhancement of network responses, but at a later point, an entire figural region is grouped together, because units that respond to it are labeled with enhanced activity. The model predicts which image regions are preferentially perceived as figure or as background and reproduces the spatio-temporal profile of neuronal activity in the visual cortex during texture segregation in intact animals, as well as in animals with cortical lesions.
Neural Differentiation of Lexico-Syntactic Categories or Semantic Features? Event-Related Potential Evidence for Both
Authors: Kellenbach Marion L. , Wijers Albertus A. , Hovius Marjolijn , Mulder Juul , Mulder Gijsbertus 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to investigate whether processing differences between nouns and verbs can be accounted for by the differential salience of visual-perceptual and motor attributes in their semantic specifications. Three subclasses of nouns and verbs were selected, which differed in their semantic attribute composition (abstract, high visual, high visual and motor). Single visual word presentation with a recognition memory task was used. While multiple robust and parallel ERP effects were observed for both grammatical class and attribute type, there were no interactions between these. This pattern of effects provides support for lexical—semantic knowledge being organized in a manner that takes account both of category-based (grammatical class) and attribute-based distinctions.
The Timing of Action-Monitoring Processes in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Authors: Veen Vincent van , Carter Cameron S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) has been shown to respond to conflict between simultaneously active, incompatible response tendencies. This area is active during high-conflict correct trials and also when participants make errors. Here, we use the temporal resolution of high-density event-related potentials (ERPs) in combination with source localization to investigate the timing of ACC activity during conflict and error detection. We predicted that the same area of the ACC is active prior to high-conflict correct responses and following erroneous responses. Dipole modeling supported this prediction: The frontocentral N2, occurring prior to the response on correct conflict trials, and the ERN, occurring immediately following error responses, could both be modeled as having a generator in the caudal ACC, suggesting the same process to underlie both peaks. Modeling further suggested that the rostral area of the ACC was also active following errors, but later in time, contributing to the error positivity (P E), and peaking at 200–250 msec following the ERN peak. Despite the inherent limitations of source localization, these data may begin to shed light on the timing of action-monitoring processes. First, the time course of caudal ACC activity follows the time course as predicted by the conflict theory of this region. Second, caudal ACC activity might be temporally dissociated from rostral ACC activity during error trials, which possibly reflects a separate, affective component of the evaluative functions of the ACC.
Sustained Mnemonic Response in the Human Middle Frontal Gyrus during On-Line Storage of Spatial Memoranda
Authors: Leung H.-C. , Gore J. C. , Goldman-Rakic P. S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The mapping of cognitive functions to neural systems is a central goal of cognitive neuroscience. On the basis of homology with lesion and physiological studies in nonhuman primates, Brodmann's area (BA) 46/9 in the middle frontal gyrus (MFG) has been proposed as the cortical focus for both the storage as well as processing components of working memory in the human brain, but the evidence on the segregation of these components and their exact areal localization has been inconsistent. In order to study this issue and increase the temporal resolution of functional mapping, we disambiguated the storage component of working memory from sensory and motor responses by employing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in spatial delayed-response (DR) tasks with long delay intervals and different conditions of demand. We here show that BA 46 can support a sustained mnemonic response for as long as 24 sec in a high-demand task and the signal change in this area exceeded that in the other prefrontal areas examined. Our findings support a conservation of functional architecture between human and nonhuman primate in showing that the MFG is prominently engaged in the storage of spatial information.
A Transparent, Interactive Software Environment for Communicating Life‐Cycle Assessment Results: An Application to Residential Windows
Authors: Norris Gregory A. , Yost Peter 
Published: July 2002

SummaryLife‐cycle assessments (LCAs) can be used to support the selection of environmentally preferable building materials. But the dominance of the usage phase in the life cycle of building materials represents a special challenge for two reasons. First, many aspects of a building material's usage phase can be context specific. Second, the LCA outcome may rest on a building material's service life, a parameter for which there is typically insufficient information for proper determination. For example, in the selection of a window, important usagephase, context‐specific factors that could be determinant include lo‐cation/climate, heating‐system characteristics (efficiency and fuel), and product durability. A prototype software tool, the Life Cycle Explorer, has been developed that enables decision makers to assess the relative importance of literally dozens of such influential parameters in determining the outcomes of LCA evaluations for building components. The software employed by the Life Cycle Explorer permits extensive layering while maintaining ease of browsing, with the intent of accessibility to both the layperson and the expert. An initial application of the tool addressed residential window selection; the design principles of the software are relevant to the communication phase of a wide variety of LCA and industrial‐ecologyrelated modeling projects.
How to Distinguish Aristotle's Virtues
Authors: Deslauriers Marguerite 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper considers the distinctions Aristotle draws (1) between the intellectual virtue of phronêsis and the moral virtues and (2) among the moral virtues, in light of his commitment to the reciprocity of the virtues. I argue that Aristotle takes the intellectual virtues to be numerically distinct hexeis from the moral virtues. By contrast, I argue, he treats the moral virtues as numerically one hexis, although he allows that they are many hexeis 'in being'. The paper has three parts. In the first, I set out Aristotle's account of the structure of the faculties of the soul, and determine that desire is a distinct faculty. The rationality of a desire is not then a question of whether or not the faculty that produces that desire is rational, but rather a question of whether or not the object of the desire is good. In the second section I show that the reciprocity of phronêsis and the moral virtues requires this structure of the faculties. In the third section I show that the way in which Aristotle distinguishes the faculties requires that we individuate moral virtues according to the objects of the desires that enter into a given virtue, and with reference to the circumstances in which these desires are generated. I then explore what it might mean for the moral virtues to be different in being but not in number, given the way in which the moral virtues are individuated. I argue that Aristotle takes phronêsis and the political art to be a numerical unity in a particular way, and that he suggests that the moral virtues are, by analogy, the same kind of unity.
SEEING AND SINGING: VISIONS AND HYMNS IN THE BOOK OF AMOS
Authors: Paas Stefan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn the present composition of the Book of Amos, a striking relationship can be found between the hymns (Am. iv 13; v 8; ix 5-6) and three of the five vision-reports (vii 1-3, 4-6; ix 1-4). Thus, at least the second part of the Book is presented as a 'progress of doom', in which the prophet is more and more absorbed in the execution of YHWH's judgment, personally and qua communicative strategy. The second pair of vision-reports (vii 7-9; viii 1-3) serve in the current shape of the Book as a framework for the so-called biographical section Am. vii 10-17. This composition is aimed at a reading audience that is exhorted to learn from the bad example of Amaziah and to believe the divine origin of Amos' words.