bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SPECTRUM OF HISTOPATHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF DUODENAL BIOPSIES IN PATIENTS WITH UNEXPLAINED ANAEMIA AND CHRONIC DIARRHEA AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH ENDOSCOPIC FINDINGS AND SEROLOGICAL MARKERS
Authors: Yasin Muhammad Awais , Farooq Muhammad Asif , Uddin Nasir , Parveen Bushra , Asghar Asma , Ahsan Javeria 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To evaluate different histopathological patterns and correlate them with indications, findings of Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Esophago-gastro-duodenal (EGD) and serological markers in patients presenting of unexplained anemia and chronic diarrhea.
Study Design: Cross sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Pathology and Gastroenterology, Combined Military Hospital Lahore Pakistan, from Jul to Dec 2020.
Methodology: Histopathological patterns of endoscopic duodenal biopsies, submitted for evaluation of unexplained anemia and chronic diarrhea were studied. Hemoglobin and anti-tTG levels were recorded. Adults with history of unexplained diarrhea and anaemia were included. Biopsies with malignant diagnosis or unfit for evaluation were excluded. Histopathological patterns were correlated with indications and findings of Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and serological markers of celiac disease.
Results: The most common indication for Esophagogastroduodenoscopy in 145 patients was chronic diarrhea. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in 2/3rd of patients revealed no pathology. Histopathological patterns of duodenal biopsies revealed only 15% cases suggestive of celiac disease. Only 12 patients were suggestive of celiac disease both on Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and histopathology combined. Half of patients with anti tTG level >100 u/ml, showed histopathological features of celiac disease on. There was no correlation between histopathological patterns, indications of Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, morphology of Esophagogastroduodenoscopy and serological markers of celiac disease.
Conclusion: Indications for Esophagogastroduodenoscopy, Esophagogastroduodenoscopic findings and histopathological patterns cannot diagnose celiac disease alone.
THE EFFICACY OF PLASMA EXCHANGE IN COVID-19 PATIENTS WITH COMORBID DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Arshad Komal , . Zill-e-Humayun , Kamran Sultan Mehmood , Khaliq Ikram , Asif Muhammad Raza , Tanveer Saman 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To explore the use of therapeutic plasma exchange as adjunctive therapy in COVID-19 patients with and without diabetes mellitus.
Study Design: Prospective, observational study.
Place and Duration of Study: Pakistan Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from Jan to Feb 2021.
Methodology: A total of 90 male patients with laboratory-confirmed coronavirus infection were selected based on our inclusion criteria and their management and outcomes were recorded. The data were analyzed using SPSS-22 and Microsoft Excel.
Results: The mortality rate was lower in patients who received 1 or more sessions of plasma exchange compared to those who did not receive plasma exchange (7.5% vs 12%). A lower mortality rate was seen in patients without diabetes who received therapeutic plasma exchange in addition to standard therapy compared to patients who received standard therapy alone (0 vs 14.82%, p=0.112). In patients with diabetes, a higher mortality rate was found in the group that had received therapeutic plasma exchange in addition to standard therapy instead of standard therapy alone (20% vs 8.7%, p=0.365).
Conclusion: Overall our study supports the use of therapeutic plasma exchange in COVID-19 patients. However, although statistically insignificant, there appears to be a higher mortality rate in patients with diabetes who received therapeutic plasma exchange in addition to standard therapy. As such, we recommend further investigation of this aspect.
OUTCOMES OF REFRACTORY STATUS EPILEPTICUS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Alvi Javeria Raza , Wasim Areeba , Ali Mohsin , Khalily Muhammad Athar , Rehman Zia -Ur- , Sultan Tipu 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To determine the outcome of Refractory Status Epilepticus (RSE) in children and the factors affecting the outcome.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: High Dependency Unit of Pediatrics Neurology Department at the Children’s Hospital and Institute of Child Health, from Aug 2019 to Mar 2020.
Methodology: This study was conducted on the children presenting with refractory status epilepticus. Structured proforma was used for recording predictive factors. Modified Rankin scale prior to the presentation and Glasgow Coma Scale at presentation were documented and compared with the discharge scores.
Results: Out of 75 children, 46 (61.4%) were males with mean age of 4.43 ± 3.47 years. Common etiologies were acute symptomatic in 37 (49.3%), progressive encephalopathy in 19 (25.3%), static encephalopathy in 9 (11.9%), remote symptomatic in 4 (5.3%), acute on remote symptomatic in 3 (4.0%), idiopathic and unclassified in remaining patients. Mean time between seizures onset and first benzodiazepine injection was 44 ± 36 minutes. Duration of RSE was <24 hours in 17 (22.7%), 24-48 hours in 15 (20.0%), 48-72 hours in 14 (18.6%), 72-96 hours in 12 (16%) and >96 hours in 17 (22.7%). At discharge 33 (44%) returned to baseline, 31 (41%) developed neurological disability while 11 (15%) expired during the stay. Etiology and duration of status epilepticus had significant impact on outcome with p-value of 0.021 and 0.041, respectively.
Conclusion: Acute etiology was associated with higher mortality whereas return to baseline was also fair among survivors. This poses implications for emergency management to significantly............
MICRO NEEDLING VERSUS CARBON DIOXIDE FRACTIONAL LASER IN MANAGEMENT OF ACNE SCARS
Authors: Obaid Shanza , Iftikhar Nadia , Mashhood Asher , Khokhar Ayesha , Zainab Zarnab , Aftab Kanza 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of carbon dioxide fractional laser with micro needling in acne scarring.
Study Design: Quasi experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dermatology, Pak Emirates Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from Jun 2019 to Mar 2020.
Methodology: Overall 40 patients with acne scars assessed by consultant dermatologist were made part of study. The patients were divided into two treatment groups through lottery method. Group A, was managed by micro needling technique, while Group B was managed by carbon dioxide fractional laser, each to be done monthly for a total of three sessions. The response was measured by the dermatologist and patients in both the groups. The side effects were also compared in both the groups.
Results: Out of 40 patients with acne scars included in study, 17 (42.5%) underwent micro-needling while 23 (57.5%) underwent carbon dioxide fractional laser treatment after randomization. Thirty (75%) patients were female while 10 (25%) were male. The patients with acne scars responded better in carbon dioxide fractional laser group as compared to micro needling in opinion of dermatologists (p-value=0.01) and also patients themselves (p-value=0.03). Side effects were significantly higher in carbon dioxide fractional laser group as compared to micro needling (p-value=0.02).
Conclusion: Significant number of patients respond well to carbon dioxide fractional laser treatment and the response included both expert opinion and patients own opinion, but adverse effects were seen more in same group. Therefore, better response but at the cost of more adverse effects was noted.
EVALUATION OF DEXMEDETOMIDINE ON HEMODYNAMIC STRESS RESPONSE DURING LARYNGOSCOPY AND INTUBATION
Authors: Jamal Abdul Raafeh , Yaseen Bilal , Saeed Mohammad , Khan Rao Ali Shan , Ali Shah Syed Hamid , Akbar Muhammad Zeeshan 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To compare the efficacy of Dexmedetomidine (Precedex) in addressing the mean haemodynamic stress response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation (L&I).
Study Design: Quasi-experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: Anesthesiology Department, Combined Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from Jun 2019 Jun 2020.
Methodology: The patients were divided into two groups. Group A was given Inj. Dexmedetomidine and group B (placebo). Operation theatre assistant randomly assigned the patients to either group A or group B each day. The second person administered the drug or placebo. The third person (researcher) recorded all the parameters mentioned in the proforma.
Results: There were 100 patients with an age range of 18-60 years. The majority of the patients were ASA-I physical status. The main surgical procedure was laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Recording of heart rate and systolic blood pressure during laryngoscopy and intubation, after administration of drug or placebo, showed mean heart rate less than mean basal value in group-A and 22% above mean basal value in group-B, and it was statistically highly significant (p-value <0.001). Whereas mean systolic blood pressure in group-A was 122.42 ± 14.91 (less than the mean basal value) as compared to group B, 155.00 ± 18.32/min (20% above mean basal value). This change was also statistically highly significant (p-value <0.001).
Conclusion: It is concluded that dexmedetomidine showed statistically significant stabilizing effects on the expected changes of the hemodynamic stress response.
EFFICACY OF PERMEATAL ENDOSCOPIC MYRINGOPLASTY IN INACTIVE (MUCOSAL) CHRONIC OTITIS MEDIA
Authors: Niazi Saleem Asif , Maqbool Shahzad , Riaz Yousra , Khan Zafarullah , Zaman Shafaq , Akhtar Rubab 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To determine the efficacy of permeatal ednoscopic myringoplasty, in inactive (mucosal) COM regarding, graft take and hearing improvement.
Study Design: Quasi-experimental study.
Place and Duration of Study: ENT Department, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, from Aug 2019 to Feb 2020.
Methodology: This was conducted on a sample size of n=100. Patients having inactive (mucosal) COM with dry central small, medium and large perforations were included. Patients were divided in to three groups on the basis of age, group A 15-30 years, group B 31-45 years and group C 46-60 years. All the patients underwent per-meatal endoscopic myringoplasty, without raising the tympano-meatal flap, under general anesthesia. Patients were followed up over a period of six months. Graft take was assessed by microscopy. Hearing was assessed by Pure Tone Audiometry (PTA) with improvement in air bone gap to 15db as primary end point. Data was collected on structured performa. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 17.
Results: In this study, 33 (33%) were males and 67 (67%) were females. Age ranged 15-60 years. Out of 5 patients lost to follow up. A total of 95 completed their follow up. Based on age of the patients, in group A, successful graft take was 100%. In group B, it was 91% & in group C it dropped to 46%. On the basis of tympanic membrane perforation size, the graft success rate in small perforations was 94.8%; in medium sized perforations it was 86.8% and in large sized perforations of tympanic membrane it was........
POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN COVID-19 PCR POSITIVE PATIENTS; ITS FREQUENCY AND PSYCHOSOCIAL RISK FACTORS HAVE BEEN OBSERVED IN ENT AND NEUROLOGY OUTPATIENT’S CLINICS
Authors: Mahmood Kausar , Feroz Shanila , Udaipurwala Iqbal Hussain , Anwar Aaqil , Tareen Owais Khan , Nisa Zaib Un 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To find out the occurrence and psychosocial risk factors of post-traumatic stress disorder in COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive patients presented to ENT and neurology clinics of a tertiary care hospital.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Creek General Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from Sep to Dec 2020.
Methodology: Total 60 patients with positive COVID-19 PCR test were included. After taking written and informed consent, they were evaluated using a semi-structured questionnaire. Questionnaire comprises of four main parts; first part includes demographic data, second part includes information about the course of COVID-19 in patient and other members of family, third part comprised of reasons of anxiety during COVID-19 and fourth part consist of Impact of Event Scale-revised (IES-R). Data was entered and analyzed through SPSS-23.
Results: Out of total 60 patients, 36 (60%) had post COVID stress disorder. Females were affected more than the males (63% vs. 57%), above 50 years of age were affected more than below 50 years of age (81% vs 52%), singles were affected more than married (72% vs 38%) and lower socio-economic status were affected more than higher (65% vs 50%).
Conclusion: PTSD was observed as long-term psychiatric problem leading to significant morbidity and mortality in patients with COVID-19 infection.
ANOSMIA AND AGEUSIA IN PATIENTS WITH COVID-19
Authors: Abbas Tahir Ghulam , Siddiqui Atif Hafeez , Zaidi Syed Hasan Abbas , Rahim Danish -Ur- , Shaikh Irfan Ahmed , Soomro Arfat Bashir , Farrukh Muhammad Shuja , Kamal Jahanzeb 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence and diagnostic significance of anosmia and ageusia among COVID-19 positive patients of Karachi, Pakistan.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Dr Ruth K. M. Pfau Civil Hospital, (Dow University of Health Sciences), Karachi Pakistan, from Jan 2021 to Feb 2021.
Methodology: The data were collected prospectively from 265 COVID-19 positive patients. Some patients were interviewed over the telephone, while for patient's ease, an online Google form was also formed, facilitating the online data collection. The patient's demographics, comorbidities, allergies, and COVID-19 associated characteristics were inquired. The statistical analysis was performed on SPSS version 23.
Results: The observed frequency of anosmia and ageusia in COVID-19 patients was 49.1% & 43.8% respectively. The median time to recovery was 8-8.5 days (median) for both symptoms. We found no significant difference for gender, BMI, marital status, residential area, comorbidities and reason for long-standing breathing difficulties between patients with or without both anosmia and ageusia (p>0.05). Furthermore, most of the cigarette smokers reported none of the two symptoms (anosmia and ageusia), 24% and 25.2% of COVID-19 positive cases with smoking history were presented without anosmia and ageusia, respectively (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Loss of sense of smell and taste was reported in almost half of the studied population infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Therefore, screening for anosmia and ageusia must be considered while COVID-19 suspicion as an important diagnostic clue.
EAR RECONSTRUCTION SURGERY: OUTCOME ANALYSIS OF 108 PATIENTS
Authors: Ali Ghazanfar , Khan Sikandar Ali , Rehman Habib Ur , Rafique Atif , Fareed Ghulam , Raza Maqbool 
Published: January 2022

Objective: To find out the outcome of the ear Reconstruction and its association with improvement in psychological wellbeing along with physical benefits.
Study Design: A cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Plastic Surgery and ENT, Combined Military Hospital Quetta and Multan in liaison with the department of Psychiatry, from Jan 2017 to Jan 2021.
Methodology: A sample size of 108 was estimated while keeping level of significance 5%, confidence level 90%, estimated true proportion 63% based on the observation made in the study by Steffen, and 5% of absolute precision. Specific performas were filled by the patient pre and post operatively and data analysis was performed using SPSS-20.
Results: The mean age was 20 ± 8.75 years with a range of 12-29 years. Thirteen (11.11%) were male and ninety-five (87.8%) were females, 14 (12.9%) were married, 94 (86%) were un-married and all (100%) had social support. Fifty-two (48.1%) had primary education. Ninety-four (94%) were un-employed. Fifty-five (50.9%) of participants had congenital ear defect. Ninetyeight (90.7%) of the participants showed confidence in surgical procedure and would go for the same procedure if required, 5 (4.6%) said no to the same procedure while 8 (7.4%) did not know whether to opt for same procedure.
Conclusion: Ear Reconstruction is a very rewarding procedure for surgeon and patients. Apart from aesthetic and functional improvement it also enhances the self-esteem of the patients.
HANSENÍASE EM POVOS INDÍGENAS DO MARANHÃO NO PERÍODO DE 2016 A 2020
Authors: Martins Julia Pinheiro , Praxedes Thainá Furtado , Guajajara Ilaila Coelho , Sousa Geórgia Marreiros de  
Published: January 2022

O artigo tem por objetivo, descrever os aspectos históricos e epidemiológicos da hanseníase dentro da população indígena. A hanseníase é uma doença infectocontagiosa, causada pelo Mycobacterium leprae, historicamente conhecida como lepra, é considerada uma das doenças mais antigas do mundo. É transmitida através do contato com pacientes multibacilares e pode se manifestar através de sinais e sintomas dermatológicos e neurológicos como lesões na pele e nos nervos periféricos, principalmente na região dos olhos, mãos e pés. Este estudo objetivou identificar os casos de hanseníase por lesões cutâneas notificados no Estado do Maranhão nos períodos de 2016 a 2020. De natureza descritiva e quantitativa, a metodologia utilizada foi a pesquisa na base de dados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN) sobre as ocorrências de hanseníase na população indígena notificadas no estado do Maranhão, delineando seu perfil epidemiológico. Os resultados obtidos no estudo, revelaram que no período de 2016/20, foram registrados 461 casos de hanseníase em indígenas, desse montante a maioria é do sexo masculino, faixa etária entre 15-19 anos, forma clínica e o ano de maior prevalência dos casos. À vista dos dados, ressalta-se a importância da Vigilância Epidemiológica do Estado e dos Municípios, das notificações e dos trabalhos educativos junto a população indígena.
Role of Resilience in Burden and Perceived Public Stigma among Primary Caregivers of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Saleem Farah , Arouj Kehkashan , Zaman Sabir , Shaheen Azmat 
Published: January 2022

The current study intended to find out the role of resilience on perceived public stigma and burden among primary caregivers of the psychiatric patients. The current study highlighted the psychological health of caregivers. A cross sectional study was conducted in region of Islamabad and Rawalpindi, Pakistan. A total of 250 caregivers participated in the study, whom 125 were male and 125 were female caregivers, age range was 25-60 years (M=31.61, SD=5.93). The data was collected from public and private hospitals. Three scales were used for data collection. The resilience was measured through Urdu translated resilience scale, public stigma was assessed by using Urdu version of perceived public stigma, and Burden was measured through interview. The result showed that resilience was negatively associated with burden and perceived public stigma (p< 0.01). Further, the multiple regression showed that resilience acted as moderator between public stigma and burden (? = -1.02, p< .001). The result supported a positive association between public stigma, burden and resilience among caregivers of psychiatric patients.
Umer Chapra - Muslim Civilization: The Causes of Decline and the Need for Reform
Authors: Umar Ibahim 
Published: January 2022

Chapra’s book comes at a time when it is most needed. This is an era of upheavals and attempts at ‘revivalism’ in the Muslim communities and countries across the world. Chapra examines the factors responsible for the decline in Muslim civilization and tries to offer suggestions on alternative routes for the Muslim world to regain its rightful position among the world’s civilisations.
The book begins with raising some fundamental questions as to the reasons behind the current material and moral bankruptcy throughout much of the Muslim world. The author points at the contemporary disparity between the natural resources in the Muslim world and its poor indices of development. He argues that Islam was once a leading civilisation and a beacon for humanity. According to the author, its eclipse led to the crucial question of what has gone awry.
Growing the Malaysian Venture Capital and Private Equity Industry
Authors: Hussain Syed Adil 
Published: January 2022

The venture capital (VC) and private equity (PE) industry in Malaysia is at a crossroads. Despite having received RM3 billion in government aid, according to practitioners the industry will be devoid of any privately-backed organisations within five years if further action is not taken. This situation is problematic for many reasons - not least being that the government believes a robust venture capital and private equity sector would contribute to Malaysia’s development goals. Through a review of existing academic literature and in-depth interviews with 25 senior executives of Malaysian financial firms, this article investigates the state of the Malaysian VC/PE industry, and whether the government should intervene to improve its condition. Many financial executives argue that government intervention to aid the VC/PE sector is necessary at the present juncture. Although government efforts to grow VC/PE sectors have yielded less than desirable results in many nations, scholars have noted that a well-structured intervention can minimise such risks. In order to overcome those problems, this article recommends the creation of a RM1 billion ‘fund-of-funds’.
Herbert Illig - Wer hat an der Uhr gedreht? Wie 300 Jahre Mittelalter erfunden wurden
Authors: Marcinkowski Christoph 
Published: January 2022

Within historiography, ‘historical revisionism’ is the reinterpretation of orthodox views on evidence, motivations, and decision-making processes surrounding a historical event. Revisionists, such as the author of the book here under review, assume the interpretation of a historical event or period, as accepted by the majority of scholars, needs significant change. ‘Historical revisionism’ is certainly a legitimate approach within historiography once it is based on generally accepted facts.
However, there is also a danger when ‘revisionism’ results in the distortion of history, which - if it constitutes the denial of historical crimes - is sometimes also called ‘negationism’. In ‘revising’ the past, this kind of illegitimate historical revisionism appeals to the intellect - via techniques illegitimate to historical discourse - to advance a given interpretive historical view.
Religion, Law, and Governance in Malaysia
Authors: Bari Abdul Aziz 
Published: January 2022

Although the number of provisions pertaining to Islam in the Federal Constitution of Malaysia is small, the substance of the religion practically permeates various aspects of governance in Malaysia. This seems to be quite natural given that Islam stands at the very heart of Malay civilisation and culture. Apart from this, the Malays form the majority of the country’s population. This would explain why - despite the fact that Malaysia belongs to the Westminster and Common Law systems of government and law - the Islamic character and essence of the polity remain visible. This is indeed interesting given that the country was governed by Europeans for several centuries – starting with the Portuguese who defeated the Sultanate of Malacca in 1511. As of now, the author argues that it would be possible to have a full-fledged Islamic system within the existing constitutional framework. According to him, the Malaysian experience could serve as an example of how a modern system of governance could co-exist with traditional Islamic values and systems. In recent years, the country has made significant progress in the field of Islamic banking and finance, as well as the systemisation of Islamic courts and education. Even the civil courts have eventually been able to strike a balance between the modern idea of liberty and Islamic notions of rights; something that was evident even in cases involving the question of apostasy. Interestingly enough, all of these achievements have been accomplished within the existing framework of the Constitution.