bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barriers to calcium intake in African–American women
Authors: Zablah E. M. , Reed D. B. , Hegsted M. , Keenan M. J. 
Published: July 2002

Summary Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine dietary intake of calcium, intake of food components known to inhibit calcium bioavailability, demographic factors related to calcium intake, and the knowledge needs and barriers related to calcium consumption among low‐income African–American women in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Methods: Ninety subjects were interviewed at local grocery stores. Calcium intake was determined using a 24‐h recall. In addition, a survey was administered to the subjects to determine knowledge needs and barriers towards calcium consumption. Results: Subjects’ mean dietary calcium intake was below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA), with 80% of the subjects having a calcium intake below 75% of the RDA. In addition, intakes of protein and sodium were above the recommended amounts. The general knowledge of the subjects concerning the role of calcium in osteoporosis was high, but this did not have an effect on the consumption of products containing calcium. The most important barriers to dairy product intake were perceived negative taste, perceived association with digestion problems and the perception that they already had adequate intake. Conclusion: Inadequate calcium intake in African–American women is affected by many factors including their lack of awareness of actual consumption. Nutrition education programmes need to address these factors.
The early clinical course of primary Ta and T1 bladder cancer: a proposed prognostic index
Authors: Allard  , Bernard  , Fradet  , TÊtu  
Published: July 2002

Objective To develop a simple prognostic index for anticipating more precisely the early clinical course of primary superficial bladder cancer.Patients and methods The prognostic value of patient and tumour characteristics was examined in 333 patients with primary Ta or T1 bladder cancer who participated in a multicentre prospective study already completed. Primary tumour multiplicity, a diameter of >3 cm, stage T1, and grade 2 or 3 were independent predictors of earlier recurrence in a multivariate analysis. A simplified prognostic index consisted of the number of adverse tumour characteristics (ATCs) initially present.Results After a median follow‐up of 35.3 months, the 60 patients free of ATCs (19%) had a recurrence‐free probability at 12 and 24 months of 86% and 69%, respectively, and none experienced progression. Recurrence outcomes deteriorated consistently as the number of ATCs increased among the other three groups. In patients with 3–4 ATCs, the 12‐ and 24‐month recurrence‐free probability was as low as 30% and 19%, and recurrence and tumour rates were about 2.6 times higher than in patients free of ATCs; 7% of these patients experienced progression within 35 months of follow‐up.Conclusion A prognostic index based on the number of ATCs (primary tumour multiplicity, diameter >3 cm, stage T1, and grade 2 or 3) is a strong indicator of the clinical course of superficial bladder cancer within 3 years of the first endoscopic resection. This proposal is suggested for discussion and for validation in future studies but if confirmed, this simple prognostic index may greatly help to identify indicators for adjuvant intravesical therapy and to determine the optimal periodicity of control cystoscopy regimens.
The role of sulphonylurea in combination therapy assessed in a trial of sulphonylurea withdrawal
Authors: Landstedt‐Hallin L. , Arner P. , Lins P. ‐E. , Bolinder J. , Olsen H. , Groop L. , Team The Scandinavian Insulin–sulphonylurea Study Group Research 
Published: July 2002

Summary Aims To evaluate the effect of adding insulin to sulphonylurea (SU) and the effect of SU withdrawal on glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetic patients who failed on treatment with SU alone.Method One hundred and seventy‐five patients were included in a placebo‐controlled multicentre study. During phase I (4 months), premixed insulin was added to glibenclamide therapy; during phase II (1–4 months, depending on response) the insulin dose was fixed, while placebo or glibenclamide replaced the open SU therapy. Insulin sensitivity (KITT), beta‐cell function (C‐peptide) and metabolic control (HbA1c) were monitored. Results HbA1c improved from 9.65% to 7.23% (P < 0.0001) during phase I. A high HbA1c value (P < 0.0001) and a high KITT‐value (P = 0.045) at baseline were associated with a beneficial response to combination treatment. During phase II, glycaemic control was unchanged in the control (glibenclamide) group. In the placebo group, after SU withdrawal, fasting blood glucose (FBG) increased by 10% or more within 4 weeks in 79% of the patients. Patients (67 of 112) with an FBG increase ≥40% during phase II were defined as ‘SU responders’ by protocol. In a multivariate analysis only a long duration of diabetes was associated with SU response. There were more GAD‐antibody‐positive patients among non‐responders (18% vs. 4%, P = 0.0263). Conclusions Poor glycaemic control in combination with preserved insulin sensitivity and lack of GAD antibodies predicts a beneficial response to combination therapy, which can be achieved in 75% of patients with SU failure.
Two eyes are better than one: binocular enhancement in the contrast domain
Authors: Rabin Jeff 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to compare the improvement in visual acuity (VA) with the improvement in contrast sensitivity (CS) with two eyes as compared with one. Computer generated letter charts were used to measure VA and small letter CS (20/25 Snellen equivalent) in 13 emmetropic subjects. Letter size (for VA) and contrast (for CS) were varied in equal log steps making the task comparable for the two types of measurement. VA improved by an average of 10% (2–3 letters), while CS improved by an average of 40% (1 1/2 lines) when tested with two eyes as compared with one. Greater sensitivity in the contrast domain prevailed even when expressed relative to variability. Using this approach, binocular enhancement was identified in 8/13 subjects with CS, but in only 4/13 subjects with VA. Binocular enhancement of letter recognition occurs in both size and contrast domains. However, the effect is 4 × greater when small letters are varied in contrast rather than size. Potential applications are considered.
Empirical forms for the electron/atom elastic scattering cross sections from 0.1 to 30 keV
Authors: Browning R. , Li T. Z. , Chui B. , Ye Jun , Pease R. F. W. , Czyżewski Z. , Joy D. C. 
Published: July 2002

Empirical forms have been found for the total and differential elastic scattering cross sections for electron/atom scattering. The cross sections are valid over the range 0.1–30 keV and across the periodic table. The empirical forms of the cross sections are derived from trends in tabulated Mott scattering cross sections. The form of the total cross section is similar to a previously published cross section and is based on the screened Rutherford cross section. The fit to the differential Mott cross sections is decomposed into two parts, one part being of the same mathematical form as the screened Rutherford cross section σR, and the second part being an isotropic distribution σI. These two mathematical forms were chosen because they give a straightforward generation of random scattering angles. The screened Rutherford part of the differential scattering cross section is first fitted to the half-angle of the Mott cross sections. This fit of the differential screened Rutherford is in turn reduced to a fit of the screening parameter alone over energy and atomic number. The screened Rutherford part of the cross section is highly peaked in the forward scattering direction and needs to be balanced by the isotropic distribution.
The ratio of the total cross sections (σR/σI) between the screened Rutherford part of the differential scattering cross section and the isotropic part of the distribution is then fitted to give the same ratio of forward to backscattered currents as the tabulated Mott differential cross sections. Using this dual form of the scattering cross section for the differential cross section, and the previously (independently) fitted total cross section, the backscattering coefficients for normal incidence are calculated. The two equations describing the differential cross section, one for the Rutherford screening parameter and one for the ratio σR/σI, are simplified to remove redundant parameters, and then fitted to the backscattering coefficients calculated directly from the tabulated Mott cross sections. A straightforward expression for the differential cross section was found to give backscattering results covering all the major trends with energy and atomic number compared to the backscattering coefficients calculated using tabulated Mott cross sections.
Thermal rate constants for the Cl+H2 and Cl+D2 reactions between 296 and 3000 K
Authors: Kumaran S. S. , Lim K. P. , Michael J. V. 
Published: July 2002

Rate constants for the Cl+H2 and D2 reactions have been measured at room temperature by the laser photolysis-resonance absorption (LP-RA) technique. Measurements were also performed at higher temperatures using two shock tube techniques: laser photolysis-shock tube (LP-ST) technique with Cl-atom atomic resonance absorption spectrometric (ARAS) detection, over the temperature range 699–1224 K; and higher temperature rates were obtained using both Cl-atom and H-atom ARAS techniques with the thermal decomposition of COCl2 as the Cl-atom source. The combined experimental results are expressed in three parameter form as kH2( ± 15%) = 4.78 × 10−16 T1.58 exp(−1610 K/T) and kD2( ± 20%) = 9.71 × 10−17 T1.75 exp(−2092 K/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 for the 296–3000 K range. The present results are compared to earlier direct studies which encompass the temperature ranges 199–1283 (H2) and 255–500 K (D2). These data including the present are then used to evaluate the rate behavior for each reaction over the entire experimental temperature range. In these evaluations the present data above 1300 K was given two times more weight than the earlier determinations.
The evaluated rate constants are: kH2( ±14%)=2.52×10−11 exp(−2214 K/T) (199≤T&lt;354 K), kH2(±17%)=1.57×10−16 T1.72 exp(−1544 K/T) (354≤T≤2939 K), and kD2(±5%)=2.77×10−16 T1.62 exp(−2162 K/T) (255≤T≤3020 K), in molecular units. The ratio then gives the experimental kinetic isotope effect, KIE ≡ (kH2/kD2). Using 11 previous models for the potential energy surface (PES), conventional transition state theoretical (CTST) calculations, with Wigner or Eckart tunneling correction, are compared to experiment. At this level of theory, the Eckart method agrees better with experiment; however, none of the previous PES’s reproduce the experimental results. The saddle point properties were then systematically varied resulting in an excellent model that explains all of the direct data. The theoretical results can be expressed to within ±2% as kH2th = 4.59 × 10−16 T1.588 exp(−1682 K/ T) (200≤T≤2950 K) and kD2th=9.20×10−16 T1.459 exp(−2274 K/T) cm3 molecule−1 s−1 (255≤T ≤3050 K). The KIE predictions are also compared to experiment. The ‘‘derived’’ PES is compared to a new ab initio calculation, and the differences are discussed. Suggestions are noted for reconciling the discrepancies in terms of better dynamics models.
Sociology and the public understanding of science: from rationalization to rhetoric1
Authors: Locke Simon 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThis paper contributes to the reappraisal of sociological theories of modernity inspired by the sociology of scientific knowledge (SSK). As much as these theories rely on received ideas about the nature of science that SSK has called into doubt, so do they rely on ideas about the public understanding of science. Public understanding of science has been assumed to conform to the monolithic logic and perception of science associated with rationalization, leading to an impoverished view of the cognitive outlook of the modern individual. Rationalization has become the basis for the construction of theoretical critique of science divorced from any clear reference to public understanding, with the result that theory has encountered considerable problems in accounting for public scepticism towards science. However, rather than question rationalization, the more typical strategy has been to propose radical changes in the modernization process, such as postmodernism and the risk society. Against this, an alternative view of public understanding is advanced drawn from SSK and rhetorical psychology. The existence of the sociological critique of science, and SSK in particular, suggests that the meaning of science in modernity is not monolithic but multiple, arising out of a central dilemma over the universal form of knowledge‐claims and their necessarily particular, human and social grounding. This dilemma plays out not only in intellectual discourses about science, but also in the public's understanding of science. This argument is used to call for further sociological research into public understanding and to encourage sociologists to recognize the central importance of the topic to a proper understanding of modernity.
The Politics of Ethnic Cleansing: The P.P.R., The P.Z.Z. and Wielkopolska's Nationalist Revolution, 1944–1946
Authors: Curp T. David 
Published: July 2002

“… all of society is caught up in a hatred of Germany … [this] creates a serious possibility of uniting all of society into one entire national front.”Władysław GomułkaThree costly revolutions began in Poland between spring 1944 and summer 1946. The first two were primarily state-sponsored political and socioeconomic revolutions initiated by a minority comprising the Moscow-appointed and -controlled Polish Workers' Party (Polska Partia Robotnicza, P.P.R.) and their allies. Although they dominated the commanding heights of regional and national politics and administration, the P.P.R. and its supporters faced fierce opposition and waged these revolutions with only partial success, relying heavily on fraud and force. These ongoing state-sponsored transformations established an uneven hold on Polish society and depended upon the police power of the new Polish state and, ultimately, the Soviet Union. When the Soviet Union was no longer willing to support its satellites in Eastern Europe by force of arms and the Polish people dismantled their regime's coercive power, much of the laboriously developed political and socioeconomic superstructure of the People's Republic of Poland collapsed.
Glutamate‐dopamine interactions mediate the effects of psychostimulant drugs
Authors: WANG JOHN Q. , McGINTY JACQUELINE F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe striatum, a major central nervous system structure modulating movement, is enriched with glutamatergic and dopaminergic innervation. By altering activities of both glutamatergic and dopaminergic transmissions the psychostimulants, amphetamine and cocaine, induce behavioral changes in experimental animals. Activation of the two systems is also essential in the mediation of drug‐stimulated gene expression in striatal neurons, which is considered to be an important component of the neuroplasticity underlying long‐term profiles of stimulant use. Interactions between the two systems occur at multiple levels that determine the final outcome of drug stimulation. Emerging studies on the detailed transsynaptic and intracellular mechanisms of glutamatedopamine interactions in response to stimulant exposure are providing cellular and molecular insight into the pathophysiology of stimulant abuse.
A Multinational Comparison Of Aphasia Management Practices
Authors: Katz Richard C. , Hallowell Brooke , Code Chris , Armstrong Elizabeth , Roberts Patricia , Pound Carole , Katz Lynn 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe effect of restructuring of healthcare on the quality, quantity, and nature of aphasia management is largely unknown. The current study is the first to examine access, diagnostic, treatment, and discharge patterns of patients with aphasia in Australia, Canada, the UK, the US private sector (US‐Private), and the US Veterans Health Administration in the Department of Veterans Affairs (US‐VA). The authors developed a 37‐item survey to be completed by clinicians working with aphasic patients. The survey focused on eight areas: access to care, evaluation procedures, group treatment, number and duration of treatment sessions, limitations of the number of sessions, termination of treatment, follow‐up practices, and resumption of treatment. 394 surveys were distributed and 175 were returned completed (44% return rate). Respondents represented a range of ages, work experiences, and work settings. There was considerable consistency among respondents from our five healthcare systems. Results suggest that patients may be routinely denied treatment in direct contradiction to the research literature. Just as we carefully monitor the progress of patients receiving our treatment, we are obliged to monitor the effects of managed care on our patients, fellow clinicians, and our profession.
Thinking out loud: an exploration of problem‐solving language in preschoolers with and without language impairment
Authors: Sturn Arlene , Johnston Judith 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study investigates the use of language while engaged in solving a complex spatial problem. Children with specific language impairment (SLI) have been reported to lag behind age peers in certain cognitive tasks, despite normal range non‐verbal intelligence test scores. It was hypothesized that these delays could reflect some failure to employ language to direct and facilitate thought. Dyads of preschool children were taped during a three‐dimensional construction task. Task‐relevant utterances were then coded for function and addressee. The speech of six children with SLI, aged 4;10, was compared with that of two control groups, one matched by age, the other by language level. The SLI group used less problem‐solving speech and fewer modal expressions than their age peers. Not all differences were statistically significant, but the pattern of findings indicated that what differences did occur were due to overall reductions in the amount of speech rather than any specific failure to use language as a tool of thought. Correlations between the use of problem‐solving speech and a measure of cognitive style indicated clear group differences. For children in the control groups, greater use of private speech was associated with greater cognitive efficiency; for children in the SLI group the relationship was in the opposite direction, greater use of private speech being associated with less cognitive efficiency. In all three groups, problem‐solving speech could be addressed either to partner or to self, although some individual preferences were observed. The findings, while preliminary, suggest new directions for studies of cognitive deficits in children with SLI. They also indicate the importance of including socially directed utterances, and controls for language proficiency, in future research on private speech
T Helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 Characteristics Start to Develop During T Cell Priming and Are Associated with an Immediate Ability to Induce Immunoglobulin Class Switching
Authors: Toellner Kai-Michael , Luther Sanjiv A. , Sze Daniel M.-Y. , Choy Richard K.-W. , Taylor Dale R. , MacLennan Ian C.M. , Acha-Orbea Hans 
Published: July 2002

The respective production of specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G2a or IgG1 within 5 d of primary immunization with Swiss type mouse mammary tumor virus [MMTV(SW)] or haptenated protein provides a model for the development of T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 responses. The antibody-producing cells arise from cognate T cell B cell interaction, revealed by the respective induction of Cγ2a and Cγ1 switch transcript production, on the third day after immunization. T cell proliferation and upregulation of mRNA for interferon γ in response to MMTV(SW) and interleukin 4 in response to haptenated protein also starts during this day. It follows that there is minimal delay in these responses between T cell priming and the onset of cognate interaction between T and B cells leading to class switching and exponential growth. The Th1 or Th2 profile is at least partially established at the time of the first cognate T cell interaction with B cells in the T zone.
The addition of killed Bordetella pertussis to the hapten–protein induces nonhapten-specific IgG2a and IgG1 plasma cells, whereas the anti-hapten response continues to be IgG1 dominated. This indicates that a Th2 response to hapten–protein can proceed in a node where there is substantial Th1 activity.
TOPAL: recombination detection in DNA and protein sequences.
Authors: McGuire G , Wright F 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
SUMMARY: TOPAL scans a multiple sequence alignment for evidence of recombinant sequences, prior to phylogenetic analysis. AVAILABILITY: The TOPAL package may be accessed at http://www.bioss.sari.ac.uk/grainne, and by anonymous ftp at ftp.bioss. sari.ac.uk in the directory pub/phylogeny/topal. CONTACT: grainne@bioss.sari.ac.uk
History of the enzyme nomenclature system
Authors: Tipton Keith , Boyce Sinéad 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Naming things is essential for people to understand one another, no matter what language or field of interest is involved. This is as true for enzymes, genes and chemicals as it is for birds, food, flowers, etc. Effective communication requires a lack of ambiguity, but, in practice, ambiguities abound even between people who use the same language in different parts of the world, or even within the same country. Whereas ambiguities in the words used for common objects or actions have been the basis for many, more-or-less memorable jokes, they can also cause a great deal of confusion. Such linguistic chaos is welcomed by many as being a part of a diverse heritage that should be preserved at all costs to prevent us from descending into Orwellian ‘newspeak’. However, in the sciences, there are distinct advantages in others being able to understand what one is doing. Many groups have stressed the need for standardized, universally accepted systems of nomenclature in chemistry, genetics, enzymology, etc. However, it is the universal acceptance that usually causes the problem. It is rare to find people who will admit that they find nomenclature to be an interesting subject, but many who profess contempt for it will get very excited if it is suggested that their pet nomenclature should be changed in the interest of clarity or uniformity. This account will consider the development of the enzyme nomenclature system, its benefits, shortcomings and future prospects.
Contact: ktipton@tcd.ie
The complexity of comparing reaction systems
Authors: Ettinger Mark 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: As more genomic data becomes available there is increased attention on understanding the mechanisms encoded in the genome. New XML dialects like CellML and Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML) are being developed to describe biological networks of all types. In the absence of detailed kinetic information for these networks, stoichiometric data is an especially valuable source of information. Network databases are the next logical step beyond storing purely genomic information. Just as comparison of entries in genomic databases has been a vital algorithmic problem through the course of the sequencing project, comparison of networks in network databases will be a crucial problem as we seek to integrate higher-order network knowledge.
Results: We show that comparing the stoichiometric structure of two reactions systems is equivalent to the graph isomorphism problem. This is encouraging because graph isomorphism is, in practice, a tractable problem using heuristics. The analogous problem of searching for a subsystem of a reaction system is NP-complete. We also discuss heuristic issues in implementations for practical comparison of stoichiometric matrices.
Contact: ettinger@lanl.gov