bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Middle East Air Blockade: Revisiting the Jurisdictional Inquiry of the ICAO Council
Authors: Zhang Luping 
Published: March 2022

The present article analyses the most recent appeal relating to international civil aviation in the case of Bahrain, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and United Arab Emirates v. Qatar before the International Court of Justice (ICJ). This case is the second appeal case of an International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Council decision since India v. Pakistan made in 1972. The dispute targets the jurisdictional controversy of the ICAO Council under the Chicago Convention (1944). In its decision of 14 July 2020, the ICJ has redefined the jurisdictional powers of the ICAO Council with respect to dispute settlement governed by the Chicago Convention (1944). However, the question of ‘due process’ governing the dispute settlement regime has yet to be settled.
Dispute Resolution, ICAO Council, Chicago Convention, International Court of Justice, Middle East
European Union Competition Law Developments in the Aviation Sector: July to December 2020
Authors: Strom Martin 
Published: March 2022

The second half of 2020 has seen the aviation industry, and the world in general, continue to grapple with the seismic impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. This article summarizes the main developments over the past six months and provides the reader with greater detail of each of these developments.
The European Commission (the ‘Commission’) has adopted a new Temporary Framework to enable Member States to grant further support and aid measures in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. Under the Temporary Framework, and subject to adherence to the criteria set out therein, Member States are able to take measures which are necessary, appropriate and proportionate to remedy a serious disturbance in the economy of a Member State.
Given the on-going pandemic, and the resultant travel restrictions to control the spread of the virus, it is not surprising that a very significant number of State Aid measures have been enacted by Member States to support entities active in the aviation sector. While the majority of these measures have been directed towards aiding airlines, which have been hit particularly hard by the general fall in demand for air-passenger services and the travel restrictions, measures have also targeted for example ground handlers, airport operators and manufacturers of aviation parts. Similarly, the form of support offered has varied and included, for example, direct grants, loan guarantees, subsidized loans, tax and/or charges deferral schemes and wage subsidy schemes.
The increased number of State Aid notifications to beneficiaries in the aviation sector has led to a similar increase in the number of legal challenges lodged at the EU Courts. Ryanair has been particularly active in challenging State Aid measures which it argues are illegal, and has signalled an intention to lodge further challenges still. Ryanair has taken particular umbrage with what it perceives as attempts by Member States to prop up their own national champions (e.g., operating the aid scheme by reference to the country in which the beneficiary holds an operating licence) at the expense of other competitors active in the Member State who have equally suffered as a result of the pandemic.
aviation, airline, regulation, competition and anti-trust
State Aid to Airports in the Era of COVID-19
Authors: Varsamos Stamatis 
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this article is to illustrate and analyse the decisional practice of the European Commission in assessing during the pandemic outbreak airport State aid schemes, based on Article 107(3)(b) of the Treaty Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and on Article 107(2)(b) TFEU on compensation for damage due to natural disasters and extraordinary events. In this context, it is argued for the necessity of adoption of broader considerations by the European Commission (hereinafter the Commission) in determining the causality between the damage and the pandemic as well as for defining the relevant compensation period.
State aid, airports, COVID-19, compensation
Entered into Force: The 2020 Space Law of Luxembourg
Authors: Hofmann Mahulena 
Published: March 2022

In 2020, a general Law on Space Activities was adopted by Luxembourg, following the 2017 Law on Space Resources. Both texts serve as a legal basis for authorizing and supervising space activities of Luxembourg, replacing the system of concessions based on the 1991 Law on Electronic Media. Moreover, the 2020 Law created conditions for the ratification of the 1975 UN Registration Convention by Luxembourg.
Space activities, Luxembourg, national legislation, authorization
The Extraordinary Circumstances Defence in Regulation (EC) 261/2004
Authors: Pazos Ricardo 
Published: March 2022

This Article explores the main features of the ‘extraordinary circumstances’ defence in Regulation 261/2004. The Regulation, as interpreted by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), grants air passengers a right to a standardized, lump-sum compensation in cases of denied boarding, cancellation, and long delay at arrival. However, in the two last situations, air carriers may exonerate from paying such compensation if they have been caused by ‘extraordinary circumstances which could not have been avoided even if all reasonable measures had been taken’. The present study systematises the CJEU’s case-law on the defence while analysing three issues. First, the notion of extraordinary circumstances, constructed around two cumulative criteria – they must stem from an event which is not inherent in the normal exercise of the activity of the air carrier concerned, and be beyond its actual control. Yet recently a distinction between events ‘internal’ to the operating air carrier and those ‘external’ has gained importance. The second issue is causation between the disruptive event and the cancellation or delay. Basically, the causal link must be ‘direct’, but it may be established with regard to knock-on effects as well. Finally, the third aspect is the interpretation of the unavoidability even if all reasonable measures were taken, which is extensive on two limbs. The carrier will have to prove that it actually took measures for preventing as much as possible the event from resulting in a cancellation or long delay, and to this effect it must deploy all its resources – without making ‘intolerable sacrifices’ with respect to its capacities.
Regulation 261/2004, air transportation, compensation, cancellation, delay, extraordinary circumstances, causation, reasonable measures
‘Extraterritoriality’ in European Law: Airfreight and Beyond
Authors: Puetz Achim 
Published: March 2022

Air carriers operate, almost by definition, in an international environment. Under air services agreements (ASAs) concluded by European Union (EU) Member States with third countries, with or without the involvement of European institutions, many non-EU airlines offer flights to or from the Union. However, the correlative increase in competition has not only positive effects, e.g., a wider offer and more advantageous flight rates. The fact that the obligations imposed on – and, in general, the conditions applicable to – non-European carriers in their respective countries of origin are different from those that weigh on European airlines leads to situations in which EU and non-EU carriers do not compete on equivalent terms. Furthermore, anticompetitive behaviour on the part of the airlines cannot be ruled out. The question then is whether and to which extent European legislation is applicable to non-EU carriers, both in terms of competition law and sector-specific regulations. The present article aims at reviewing the current state of ‘extraterritorial’ application of European law, mainly from an antitrust perspective, and it does so on the basis of a thorough analysis of a case currently pending before the General Court (GC), where the jurisdiction of the Commission has been challenged precisely for sanctioning non-EU carriers for acts performed outside the Common Market.
Carriage by Air, Competition law, Jurisdiction, Extraterritorial Application of European Law, Air Services Agreements
Leading Edge Roughness-A Way to Improve Propeller Tip Vortex Cavitation
Authors: Johnsson Carl-Anders , Rutgersson Olle 
Published: March 2022

Cavitation has detrimental effects on propeller performance causing high levels of radiated noise for Naval Ships and the effects on the internal environment from vibrations and noise could be very disturbing for Commercial Ships. Tip vortex cavitation, being the first type of cavitation to appear on most propellers, can be delayed by disturbing the vortex shedding at the blade tips. In this paper a practical method to delay the tip vortex cavitation is presented together with results from cavitation tests giving the background and some highlights from the development.
The study had two objectives:
1) To find out if the inception of tip vortex cavitation could be delayed by applying leading-edge roughness or a bulb.
2)To explore the influence of Reynolds' number and gas content of the water on the inception of propeller tip vortex cavitation.
Particularly when investigating the first problem the use of a full scale test object is advantageous. Accordingly, the idea of using a hydrofoil corresponding to the outer part of a full scale propeller blade was adopted.
The hydrofoil was tested in the high speed test section of the SSPA Cavitation Tunnel. By varying the water speed over a wide range, full scale, as well as typical model test Reynolds' numbers, were covered. Also the gas content of the water was varied.
The results confirm the relation between Reynolds' number and inception found in the literature, provided the gas content of the water is not too high.
Different bulbs and roughness patterns were investigated. The bulbs were not very promising but by the most efficient roughness patterns, an increase of the cavitation-free speed of 10-15 percent was obtained. The accompanying increase of the drag was 1-10 percent dependent on the loading. This corresponds to a maximum reduction of the efficiency of the equivalent propeller of about 2 percent. The most efficient roughness configuration will be applied to a high-speed propeller in full scale.
Measurement of Pressure Distribution on Full Scale Propellers
Authors: Uken Yoshitaka , Kudo Tatsuro , Yuasa Hajime , Kamiirisa Hikaru 
Published: March 2022

This paper describes the first development of a sophisticated pressure measurement technique for a full-scale propeller and the success of the measurement. The full-scale measurements were carried out twice on the training ship “seiun-maru” equipped with a conventional propeller and a highly skewed propeller.
The measured pressure distributions were similar at each propeller loading condition, except cavitation regions. These are compared with those computed by an existing lifting surface theory employing the estimated nominal wake distribution.
For the conventional propeller, excellent agreements with theory were found at most of the measurement points on the backside. For the highly skewed propeller, good agreements of the pressure distribution between the measurements and the theory were observed at the inner region from 70% radial position, while at 90% radial position the measured pressure tends to lower toward the trailing edge and completely differs from the theory.
The present full-scale measurements indicated that there still remain some problems to ·be improved on the lifting surface theory, especially for a highly skewed propeller.
Axonal Demyelination Leading to Neurologic Impairment: A Review Study of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Authors: David Lekpa K. , Komoni Efe E. 
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system auto-immune condition signaled and marked by inflammatory action which leads primarily to demyelination resulting in neurologic impairments. This condition is more common in genetically-disposed individuals and individuals who have had a history of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection
Aim: The study's aim is to examine recent knowledge on the etiology and clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis, as well as diagnostic testing and recent management options that are being explored to improve the living conditions of people living with Multiple Sclerosis.
Method: This review article focuses on research studies that have relevant, up-to-date and current therapies employed in the management of individuals living with Multiple Sclerosis. It also includes research studies that take a look at Multiple Sclerosis from the viewpoint of the caretaker
Results: In this review, it can be seen that the most common clinical manifestation include cognitive impairment, fatigue, psychiatric impairments. The prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis is closely associated with a history of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection as well as genetic predisposition. Pharmacological therapy has been proven to reduce the incidents of a major relapse but hasn’t been advised for patients with a mild relapse. Physical therapy has been proven to be effective when individualized but this is not cost-effective. It has been advised for patients with a mild relapse and for patients undergoing pharmacological therapy, however there is a drawback – physical of therapy can only be administered by very qualified professionals and there is a scarcity of these professionals.
Conclusion: Physical Therapy in conjunction with pharmacological therapy, with further improvements, can drastically improve the quality of lives for people living with Multiple Sclerosis.
Potential Long-term Health Consequences of COVID-19
Authors: Namdeo Satwik , Waghmare Tripti 
Published: March 2022

The Covid 2019 (COVID19) problem is the causal factor for very harsh symptoms of the breathing apparatus of the human body disorders Covid 2 (SARCoV2). Despite the fact that lung problems are the most severe, additional respiratory signs of COVID19 are plentiful. Confirmed cases of COVID19 have now exceeded 64 lakhs worldwide as of the month of nov of last year . With the expected rate of decline (the number of COVID19 transmissions broken down into an extended category of COVID19) varies between 1 and 7%, c It is possible that a large number of individuals have recovered from COVID19 which can accumulate a large number of long-term benefits. Despite the fact that multi-organism COVID19 outbreaks have been widely archived, the drawing ramifications of such waves continue to be revealed. MERSCoV]) all had distinct ramifications for SARSCoV2 infection status to predict limited COVID19 survival outcomes, combined respiratory, cardiovascular, hematologic, renal, essential neurologic, and emerging gastrointestinal and psychosocial utility, although well-known post-mortem care conditions. Show people with post-release COVID19 that they are aware of the extent and seriousness of the results. This can be done by reusing or starting to centralize a large number of companions who have so far focused not only on the effects learned from SARSCoV2, but also on the attributes of invulnerability due to ethnicity and imbalances wages. COVID19 and during hospitalizations. The ultimate fate of COVID19 survivors remains unsettled or undeterrmined, and if this infection persists in us for a long time, the results could increase dramatically as well. Covid 2019 has affected vital organs adversely specially in long term and mental health.
Case report on the Management of Thrombosis in Popliteal Artery, Arterial Embolization and Thrombosis of Left Limb
Authors: Deshkari Dipali S. , Taksande Vaishali 
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Arterial vascular occlusion can be caused by an embolus or acute thrombosis. Acute arterial occlusion can be induced by iatrogenic damage, such as that produced by the insertion of invasive catheters used for arteriography. It can occur as a result of PTA or stent implantation, the use of an intraaortic balloon pump, or IV drug addiction. Other causes include fractures, crush injuries, and penetrating wounds that change the intima of the artery. Reliable identification of an arterial blockage as embolic or thrombotic in origin is necessary to begin appropriate therapy.
Clinical Findings: On examination vitals was heart rate is 80 beats/min respiration 22beats/min blood pressures 120/80 mmHg temperature 97oF the chest was clear, patient is oriented on local examination gangrene over left lower limb, RTPCR test was done and patient was put in isolation ward and on day 3 the RTPCR report is negative.
Diagnostic Evaluation: Coagulation profile APTT-31.5, PT-16.5, INR-1.28, UREA-16, SODIUM-128, POTASSIUM-4.3, RTPCR-NEGATIVE, HBSAG-NON-REACTIVE, HCV-NONREACTIVE.
Therapeutic Intervention: The patient was taken to the catheterization lab and local anesthesia is given and balloonplasty was done using ARMADA 4MM X 120cm with that Inj. Urokinase 1.5 Lac IU is given stat by infusion the
Conclusion: My patient aged 24 years male was admitted to Cardiac unit in AVBRH hospital Sawangi (M) Wardha on date 25/03/2021 for visit in hospital OPD with complaints of leg pain with redness and swelling over the leg.
Postoperative Outcomes of Pterygium Excision Surgery with Autograft Using Autologous Blood Versus Conventional Sutures
Authors: Patel Ashka , Shah Aneri , Prajapati Vaishali , Lo Hasti , Laliwala Farheen , Singhal Deepika , Gaidhane Abhay 
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Pterygium is an extremely common ocular condition believed to be occurring due to proliferation and overgrowth of abnormal epithelial and fibrovascular tissue onto the cornea. They are characterized by cellular proliferation, neovascularization, and inflammation. Ultraviolet rays (UVR) induced elastoid degeneration of subepithelial connective tissue, genetic alteration associated altered cytokine expression plays an important role in the pathogenesis of pterygium. The recent treatment entities include conjunctival autograft with good results. The most commonly used means of fixating conjunctival autografts is by sutures or fibrin glue.
Aim: This study aimed at comparative assessment of postoperative outcomes of pterygium excision surgery with autograft using autologous blood versus conventional sutures.
Methods: Forty post-operative cases of pterygium excision surgery with conjunctival autograft were enrolled in the study and serially followed up. The study included two groups of 20 patients each. Group-A included cases of pterygium excision with autograft using autologous blood, and Group-B included cases of pterygium excision with autograft and sutures. Post-operatively, patients were examined on the 1st, 7th and 30th day to document the graft loss. Graft stability was also assessed on day 1 in both groups. Final comparisons were documented in terms of graft edema, stability and recurrence. Also suture related complications like foreign body sensation, watering, discomfort, granuloma formation and suture abscess were assessed in follow-up.
Results: Group-B (suture group) revealed better graft stability whereas displacement of graft was documented in six cases of Group-A. Graft edema was reported in 10 cases from Group A and 7 cases from Group B. On the 30th day, all patients of both groups presented with similar findings. However, subjective discomfort was reported to be more in group-B as compared to group-A during each follow-up.
Conclusion: Issue of graft displacement was a critical challenge with autologous blood group (Group A) patients compared to suture-related complications in group B. Looking towards the evidence of less remarkable complications and almost similar outcomes, the surgeons dilemma on pterygium management still persists.
Functional Analysis of Fracture Patella Managed with Tension Band Wiring
Authors: Dudhekar Ulhas , Awasthi Abhiram , Jadhav Shiv , Saoji Kiran , Taywade Shounak , Kekatpure Aditya , Salwan Ankur , Ambatkar Suyash 
Published: March 2022

Background: Fracture patella accounts for around 1% of all skeletal fractures. It is basically of 2 types: displaced fracture and un displaced fracture. It mainly occurs due to direct blows to the knee joint such as car accidents, injuries, or direct falls on the ground with bent knees. Management of these fractures varies from cylindrical cast application to surgical management for displaced fractures. This study focuses on the functional evaluation of fracture patella managed with tension band wiring.
Materials and Methods: 17 patients with displaced transverse patella fracture managed with tension band wiring were included in the study. An interventional study was performed in AVBRH hospital Wardha between 2017-2019. Operated patients were followed up at one month, two months, and three months for functional assessment. On every follow-up, x-ray was taken to assess the union and implant positioning.
Observations and Results: 41.47 were the mean age (in years) of patients participating in the study. In the study, 17 patients participated, 13 were males (76.47%) and 4 were females (23.53%). Comminuted and oblique fractures were excluded from the study. Out of 17 patients at final follow up, 70.58% patients had excellent results, 29.42 percent had good results, and no patient had a poor functional outcome.
Conclusion: Tension band wiring of fracture patella yields better fun outcomes outcome and an inexpensive method of managing fractured patella. Early knee mobilization and knee range of motion exercises should be started to avoid quadriceps muscle wasting.
Assessment of Drug Dependence in Neonates Due to Intra-Uterine Drug Exposure- Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Authors: Pande Arundhati , Nagpure Shailesh 
Published: March 2022

A female, during her pregnancy, if consumes drugs exposes her fetus to the drug in its intra-uterine life. Once the drug enters the body, it sends information from VTA to the nucleus accumbens and then to the prefrontal cortex, activating the reward center in the brain. The fetus is exposed to this drug passing through the placenta. The drug binds to the mu receptors and causes hyperpolarisation of receptors. As a result, there is an increase in levels of dopamine. Due to this repetitive cycle, the fetal brain interprets these increased dopamine levels as resting dopamine levels. After delivery, the baby is now no longer under the drug influence. Due to abrupt cessation, the body cannot cope and undergoes withdrawal symptoms; this condition is known as “Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS).” The baby shows various symptoms like crankiness, irritation, loud crying, fever, jaundice, tremors, etc. The baby is treated with medicines that the same drug family is exposed to during intrauterine life, such as buprenorphine and methadone. The doses are given to help the infant adjust to the abrupt stoppage of the drug, gradually decreasing the dosage to help wean off the drug. Early and timely treatment with close observation of both the infant and the mother is crucial.