bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Innovation in Delivering a Live, Virtual Cadaver Dissection Course”
Authors: Wang Chien-Wei , Mullen Connor R. , Johnson Shepard P. , Grant David W. , Lisiecki Jeffrey L. , Chung Kevin C. 
Published: August 2022

Summary:
The availability of advanced telecommunication technology and the social restrictions introduced by a global pandemic have compelled the medical community to explore new avenues of surgical education. Although cadaver courses have long been a fundamental method for learning surgical anatomy and improving operative preparedness, the COVID-19 pandemic has made traditional dissections less practical. The need for quality virtual learning experiences motivated us to design and assess the feasibility of organizing a live, virtual upper extremity peripheral nerve cadaver dissection course. Three phases were critical when developing the course: pre-planning, planning, and execution. The success of the live, virtual cadaver dissection depended not only on a detailed curriculum, but the technological audio-video-internet needs to effectively communicate and interact with the viewers. Virtual learning mitigates the risks of in-person dissection courses during a global pandemic and can be enhanced with interactive media, such as illustrations and schematics, to augment learning experiences.
Natural Reconstruction: A Comprehensive Standardized Operating Procedure for Restoring Eyebrow Loss Due to Scarring
Authors: Chen Jian , Qu Qian , Ye Ke , Fan Zhexiang , Wang Jin , Liu Bingcheng , Chen Ruosi , Hu Zhiqi , Miao Yong 
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND:
Scarring that results in eyebrow loss is a serious psychological and cosmetic problem. Although hair transplantation is increasingly utilized for eyebrow restoration, graft loss may occur, preventing achievement of desired results. Single-hair follicle transplantation, however, may be effective. The present study describes outcomes of a standardized method of eyebrow reconstruction, involving single-hair follicle transplantation combined with follicular unit extraction (FUE), in patients with absent eyebrows due to scarring.

METHODS:
This study was approved by the institutional ethics committee of Nanfang Hospital and all patients provided written informed consent before surgery. The medical records of patients who underwent eyebrow reconstruction from 2012–2019 for eyebrow loss caused by scar formation were retrospectively reviewed. Outcomes evaluated included satisfaction, graft survival rate and long-term complications. A nine-step standardized operating procedure was established for eyebrow reconstruction in patients with eyebrow absence due to scarring.

RESULTS:
During the study period, 167 patients (205 eyebrows) underwent eyebrow reconstruction. Following the first stage of reconstruction, 95% of patients were highly satisfied with the density and natural appearance of their eyebrows. The average graft survival rate was 85% (range, 70–90%), significantly higher than the 75% survival rate previously reported. Fewer than 5% of patients underwent the take second stage of reconstruction, with these patients expressing satisfaction with their outcomes. No obvious complications were observed.

CONCLUSION:
This standardized method may optimize outcomes in patients with eyebrow absence due to scarring.
Historic redlining, social mobility, and firearm violence
Authors: Poulson Michael R. , Neufeld Miriam Y. , LaRaja Alexander , Allee Lisa , Kenzik Kelly M. , Dechert Tracey 
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND
Much of the recorded medical literature focuses on individual-level factors that contribute to firearm violence. Recently, studies have highlighted higher incidence of firearm violence in historically redlined and marginalized areas, but few have gone on to study the downstream associations causing these differences. This study aims to understand the effects of historic redlining and current income mobility on firearm violence.

METHODS
Using a retrospective cross-sectional design, shooting incidents were spatially joined with redlining vector files and linked to income mobility data (how much a child makes in adulthood). Participants included all assault and homicide incidents involving a firearm in the city of Boston, between 2016 and 2019. The exposure of interest was redlining designation as outlined by the Home Owner's Loan Corporation (HOLC) in the 1930s and income mobility, stratified by race, defined as the income of a child in their 30s compared with where they grew up (census tract level). The outcome measured was shooting rate per census block.

RESULTS
We find that increases in Black income mobility (BIM) and White income mobility (WIM) are associated with significant decreases in rates of firearm incidents in all HOLC designations; however, there is a larger decrease with increasing BIM (relative risk, 0.47 per unit increase in BIM [95% confidence interval, 0.35–0.64]; relative risk, 0.81 per unit increase in WIM [95% confidence interval, 0.71–0.93]). Plotting predicted rates of firearm violence in each HOLC designation at different levels of BIM, there were no significant differences in shooting rates between historically harmful and beneficial classifications above $50,000 of BIM. Despite level of WIM, there were continued disparities between harmful and beneficial HOLC classification.

CONCLUSION
These findings highlight the importance of structural racism in the form of redlining and discriminatory housing policies, and the preclusion from economic mobility therein, on the incidence of firearm violence today.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level IV.
Biomarkers of endothelial cell dysfunction persist beyond resuscitation in patients with hemorrhagic shock
Authors: Zeineddin Ahmad , Wu Feng , Chao Wei , Zou Lin , Vesselinov Roumen , Chipman Amanda M. , Dong Jing Fei , Huang Huang , Pati Shibani , Kozar Rosemary A. 
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND
It has been shown that microRNA-19b (miR-19b) binds to and degrades syndecan-1 after hemorrhagic shock (HS) and contributes to endothelial dysfunction in vitro and in vivo. The objective of the current study was to assess longitudinal changes in miR-19b and syndecan-1 in HS patients.

METHODS
Blood samples from HS patients (blood pressure <90 mm Hg and ≥2 U blood) were collected upon admission, completion of hemostasis, and after 24 hours for miR-19b (quantitative reverse transcription PCR) and syndecan-1 (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and compared with controls and minimally injured (Injury Severity Score, ≤9). Inflammatory cytokines were measured (Luminex [Thermo Fisher, Waltham, MA]). Correlations between syndecan-1, miR-19b, inflammatory markers, and patient outcomes were performed. Logistic regression models were developed for outcomes.

RESULTS
Thirty-four HS patients were studied: age, 46 (19–89) years; male, 82%; penetrating, 35%; Injury Severity Score, 24 ± 10; and blood products at 24 hours, 21 ± 19 U. MicroRNA-19b was increased upon arrival and further increased over time: 4.6 → 6.7 → 24.1-fold change compared with 0.1 and 1.2 for minimally injured patients and controls, respectively. Syndecan-1 was increased to 42.6 → 50 → 51.5 ng/mL over time compared with 14.7 and 23.5 for minimally injured and controls, respectively. Values for both biomarkers remained significantly increased through 24 hours and were associated with a persistent increase in inflammatory cytokines. Admission syndecan-1 significantly predicted mortality, coagulopathy, and massive transfusion.

CONCLUSION
We have shown for the first time that miR-19b and syndecan-1 were biomarkers for endothelial dysfunction independent of resuscitation. MicroRNA-19b did not demonstrate a strong correlation with syndecan-1 nor outcomes. Admission syndecan-1, however, remains a strong prognostic marker, but its elevation over time suggests a versatile role following HS that requires further investigation.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic/Epidemiological; Level II.
Are ape gestures like words? Outstanding issues in detecting similarities and differences between human language and ape gesture
Authors: Hobaiter Catherine , Graham Kirsty E. , Byrne Richard W. 
Published: August 2022

Opinion piece: ape gestures are made intentionally, inviting parallels with human language; but how similar are their gestures to words? Here we ask this in three ways, considering: flexibility and ambiguity, first- and second-order intentionality, and usage in interactive exchanges. Many gestures are used to achieve several, often very distinct, goals. Such apparent ambiguity in meaning is potentially disruptive for communication, but—as with human language—situational and interpersonal context may largely resolve the intended meaning. Our evidence for first-order intentional use of gesture is abundant, but how might we establish a case for the second-order intentional use critical to language? Finally, words are rarely used in tidy signal–response sequences but are exchanged in back-and-forth interaction. Do gestures share this property? In this paper, we examine these questions and set out ways in which they can be resolved, incorporating data from wild chimpanzees.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates’.
Communicative roots of complex sociality and cognition: preface to the theme issue
Authors: Roberts Sam G. B. , Dunbar Robin I. M. , Roberts Anna I. 
Published: August 2022

Primates live in stable social groups in which they form differentiated relationships with group members and use a range of communication including facial expressions, vocalizations and gestures. However, how these different types of communication are used to regulate social interactions, and what cognitive skills underpin this communication, is still unclear. The aim of this special issue is to examine the types of cognitive skills underpinning the flexible and complex communication that is used to maintain the bonded social relationships found in primates and humans.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates’.
Establishment of the Body Condition Score for adult female Xenopus laevis
Authors: Tix Leonie , Ernst Lisa , Bungardt Britta G. , Talbot Steven R. , Hilken Gero , Tolba René H. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe assessment of animals’ health and nutritional status using a Body Condition Score (BCS) has become a common and reliable tool in lab-animal science. It enables a simple, semi-objective, and non-invasive assessment (palpation of osteal prominences and subcutaneous fat tissue) in routine examination of an animal. In mammals, the BCS classification contains 5 levels: A low score describes a poor nutritional condition (BCS 1-2). A BCS of 3 to 4 is considered optimum, whereas a high score (BCS=5) is associated with obesity. While BCS are published for most common laboratory mammals, these assessment criteria are not directly applicable to clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis) due to their intracoelomic fat body instead of subcutaneous fat tissue. Therefore this assessment tool is still missing for Xenopus laevis.The present study aimed to establish a species-specific BCS for clawed frogs in terms of experimental refinement. Accordingly, 62 adult female Xenopus laevis were weighed and sized. Further, the body contour was defined, classified, and assigned to BCS groups. A BCS 5 was associated with a mean body weight of 193.3 g (± 27.6 g), whereas a BCS 4 ranged at 163.1 g (±16.0 g). Animals with a BCS=3 had an average body weight of 114.7 g (±16.7 g). A BCS=2 was determined in 3 animals (103 g, 110 g, and 111 g). One animal had a BCS=1 (83 g), which would be equivalent to a humane endpoint.In conclusion, individual examination using the presented visual BCS provides a quick and easy assessment of nutritional status and overall health of adult female Xenopus laevis. Due to their ectothermic nature and the associated special metabolic situation, it can be assumed that a BCS ≥3 is to be preferred for female Xenopus laevis. In addition, BCS assessment may indicate underlying subclinical health problems that require further diagnostic investigation.
Multiomics profiling of human plasma and CSF reveals ATN derived networks and highlights causal links in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Shi Liu , Xu Jin , Green Rebecca , Wretlind Asger , Homann Jan , Buckley Noel J. , Tijms Betty M. , Vos Stephanie J. B. , Lill Christina M. , Kate Mara ten , Engelborghs Sebastiaan , Sleegers Kristel , Frisoni Giovanni B. , Wallin Anders , Lleó Alberto , Pop Julius , Martinez-Lage Pablo , Streffer Johannes , Barkhof Frederik , Zetterberg Henrik , Visser Pieter Jelle , Lovestone Simon , Bertram Lars , Nevado-Holgado Alejo J. , Proitsi Petroula , Legido-Quigley Cristina 
Published: August 2022

AbstractINTRODUCTIONThis study employed an integrative system and causal inference approach to explore molecular signatures in blood and CSF, the Amyloid/Tau/Neurodegeneration [AT(N)] framework, MCI conversion to AD, and genetic risk for AD.METHODSUsing the EMIF-AD MBD cohort, we measured 696 proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (n=371), 4001 proteins in plasma (n=972), 611 metabolites in plasma (n=696) and genotyped data in whole-blood (7,778,465 autosomal SNPs, n=936). We investigated associations: molecular modules to AT(N), module hubs with AD Polygenic Risk scores andAPOE4 genotypes, molecular hubs to MCI conversion and probed for causality with AD using Mendelian Randomization (MR).RESULTSAT(N) framework associated key hubs were mostly proteins and few lipids. In MR analyses, Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 7 showed weak causal associations with AD, and AD was causally associated with Reticulocalbin 2 and sphingomyelins.DISCUSSIONThis study reveals multi-omics networks associated with AT(N) and MCI conversion and highlights AD causal candidates.
Differential immune response induced by two immunization schedules with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in a randomized phase 3 clinical trial
Authors: Gálvez Nicolás MS , Pacheco Gaspar A , Schultz Bárbara M , Melo-González Felipe , Soto Jorge A , Duarte Luisa F , González Liliana A , Rivera-Pérez Daniela , Ríos Mariana , Berríos Roslye V , Vázquez Yaneisi , Moreno-Tapia Daniela , Vallejos Omar P , Andrade Catalina A , Hoppe-Elsholz Guillermo , Iturriaga Carolina , Urzua Marcela , Navarrete María S , Rojas Álvaro , Fasce Rodrigo , Fernández Jorge , Mora Judith , Ramírez Eugenio , Gaete-Argel Aracelly , Acevedo Mónica , Valiente-Echeverría Fernando , Soto-Rifo Ricardo , Weiskopf Daniela , Grifoni Alba , Sette Alessandro , Zeng Gang , Meng Weining ,   CoronaVac03CL Study Group, González-Aramundiz José V , Goldblatt David , González Pablo A , Abarca Katia , Bueno Susan M , Kalergis Alexis M 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe development of vaccines to control the COVID-19 pandemic progression is a worldwide priority. CoronaVac®is an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine approved for emergency use with robust efficacy and immunogenicity data reported in trials in China, Brazil, Indonesia, Turkey, and Chile.MethodsThis study is a randomized, multicenter, and controlled phase 3 trial in healthy Chilean adults aged ≥18 years. Volunteers received two doses of CoronaVac®separated by two (0-14 schedule) or four weeks (0-28 schedule). 2,302 volunteers were enrolled, 440 were part of the immunogenicity arm, and blood samples were obtained at different times. Samples from a single center are reported. Humoral immune responses were evaluated by measuring the neutralizing capacities of circulating antibodies. Cellular immune responses were assessed by ELISPOT and flow cytometry. Correlation matrixes were performed to evaluate correlations in the data measured.ResultsBoth schedules exhibited robust neutralizing capacities with the response induced by the 0-28 schedule being better. No differences were found in the concentration of antibodies against the virus and different variants of concern between schedules. Stimulation of PBMCs with MPs induced the secretion of IFN-γ and the expression of activation induced markers for both schedules. Correlation matrixes showed strong correlations between neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ secretion.ConclusionsImmunization with CoronaVac®in Chilean adults promotes robust cellular and humoral immune responses. The 0-28 schedule induced a stronger humoral immune response than the 0-14 schedule.FundingMinistry of Health, Government of Chile, Confederation of Production and Commerce & Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Chile.Clinical trial numberNCT04651790.summaryTwo immunization schedules were evaluated for the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, Coronavac®, with two doses of the vaccine separated by two or four weeks. We compared humoral and cellular immune responses, showing they are mostly similar, with differences in neutralization capacities.
The thermodynamics of reproduction constrain species ranking dynamics and diversity
Authors: Froese Tom , Froese Rainer 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIñiguez, Pineda, Gershenson, and Barabási proposed that complex systems can be simplified and analyzed in terms of the dynamics of ordered lists. For social, economic, and infrastructural systems, they succeeded in modeling the dynamics of ranking with two mechanisms, namely displacement (i.e., shuffling of ranks among existing elements) and replacement of elements by new elements. A general pattern is that, for open systems with influx and outflux of elements, e.g., a list with a subset of elements, only the top of the list is stable; for closed systems, top and bottom are stable. This model was fitted to empirical data, resulting in a universal curve in which displacement and replacement parameters are inversely related, which implies that a single parameter could regulate both. Our aim is twofold: First, we demonstrate that the pattern generalizes to ranking of biological species, based on FishBase records of fish taxonomy and life history traits. Second, we propose a candidate for a unified mechanism, based on a recent model of the thermodynamics of self-replication.
Evolutionary progression of collective mutations in Omicron sub-lineages towards efficient RBD-hACE2: allosteric communications between and within viral and human proteins
Authors: Barozi Victor , Edkins Adrienne L. , Bishop Özlem Tastan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe interaction between the Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 and the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) is essential for infection, and is a target for neutralizing antibodies. Consequently, selection of mutations in the S protein is expected to be driven by the impact on the interaction with hACE2 and antibody escape. Here, for the first time, we systematically characterized the collective effects of mutations in each of the Omicron sub-lineages (BA.1, BA.2, BA.3 and BA.4) on both the viral S protein receptor binding domain (RBD) and the hACE2 protein using post molecular dynamics studies and dynamic residue network (DRN) analysis. Our analysis suggested that Omicron sub-lineage mutations result in altered physicochemical properties that change conformational flexibility compared to the reference structure, and may contribute to antibody escape. We also observed changes in the hACE2 substrate binding groove in some sub-lineages. Notably, we identified unique allosteric communication paths in the reference protein complex formed by the DRN metricsbetweenness centralityandeigencentralityhubs, originating from the RBD core traversing the receptor binding motif of the S protein and the N-terminal domain of the hACE2 to the active site. We showed allosteric changes in residue network paths in both the RBD and hACE2 proteins due to Omicron sub-lineage mutations. Taken together, these data suggest progressive evolution of the Omicron S protein RBD in sub-lineages towards a more efficient interaction with the hACE2 receptor which may account for the increased transmissibility of Omicron variants.
Mouse lemur transcriptomic atlas informs primate genes, mutations, physiology, and disease
Authors:   The Tabula Microcebus Consortium, Ezran Camille , Liu Shixuan , Chang Stephen , Ming Jingsi , Guethlein Lisbeth A. , Wang Michael F.Z. , Dehghannasiri Roozbeh , Olivieri Julia , Frank Hannah K. , Tarashansky Alexander , Koh Winston , Jing Qiuyu , Botvinnik Olga , Antony Jane , Pisco Angela Oliveira , Karkanias Jim , Yang Can , Ferrell James E. , Boyd Scott D. , Parham Peter , Long Jonathan Z. , Wang Bo , Salzman Julia , De Vlaminck Iwijn , Wu Angela Ruohao , Quake Stephen R. , Krasnow Mark A. 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACTMouse lemurs (Microcebusspp.) are an emerging primate model organism. However, little is known about their genetics or cellular and molecular biology. In the accompanying paper, we used large-scale single cell RNA-sequencing of 27 organs and tissues to identify over 750 molecular cell types, characterize their full transcriptomic profiles, and study evolution of primate cell types. Here we use the atlas to characterize mouse lemur genes, mutations, physiology, and disease. We uncover thousands of previously unidentified lemur genes and hundreds of thousands of new splice junctions that globally define lemur gene structures and reveal over 85,000 primate splice junctions missing in mice. We systematically explore the lemur immune system, comparing the global expression profiles of key immune genes in health and disease, and molecular mapping of immune cell development, trafficking, and their local and global activation to infection. We characterize primate/lemur-specific physiology and disease including molecular features of the immune program, of lemur adipocytes that exhibit dramatic seasonal rhythms, and of metastatic endometrial cancer that resembles the human malignancy. We identify and describe the expression patterns of over 400 primate genes missing in mice, many with similar expression patterns in human and lemur and some implicated in human disease. Finally, we provide an experimental framework for reverse genetic analysis by identifying naturally-occurring nonsense (null) mutations in three primate genes missing in mice and analyzing their transcriptional phenotypes. This work establishes mouse lemur as a tractable primate model organism for genetic and molecular analysis, and it prioritizes primate genes, splice junctions, physiology, and disease for future study.