bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards the optimization of the Cs evaporation configuration for long pulse operation of negative ion sources
Authors: Mimo A. , Wimmer C. , Wünderlich D. , Fröschle M. , Fantz U. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Negative ion sources for neutral beam injection rely on surface production of negative ions on a caesiated low work-function surface (plasma grid). To maintain the low work function in long pulses (one hour) and the desired source performance (extracted H-/D- ions and limited co-extracted electrons), Cs needs to be constantly delivered onto the plasma grid. The CsFlow3D code was applied to the RF driven negative ion source ELISE to simulate the evaporation and the plasma-assisted redistribution of Cs. The Cs flux stability is investigated for consecutive one hour plasma pulses and compared with experiments. The effect of different positions of the Cs oven for the case of ELISE equipped with two racetrack shaped RF drivers was investigated: a considerable increase of the Cs flux occurs when evaporating where the plasma is in contact with surfaces, as confirmed also by the back-tracking of the Cs particles reaching the PG. Additionally, an alternative evaporation method close to the plasma grid was designed with the help of CsFlow3D and tested in BATMAN Upgrade, with the aim of increasing the Cs flux onto the PG and achieve a better control of caesiation in long pulses.
Radioactive and Stable Ion Beam production at GANIL
Authors: Dubois M. , Bajeat O. , Barué C. , Bosquet V. , Chauveau P. , Damoy S. , Frigot R. , Hormigos S. , Jardin P. , Lechartier N. , Lemagnen F. , Maunoury L. , Métayer V. , Osmond B. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
GANIL Facilities deliver ion beams from Proton to Uranium up to 95MeV/A. The Cyclotron facility combined with the SPIRAL1 facility provides Stable Ion Beams (SIB) since 1983 and Radioactive Ion Beams (RIB) since 2001 for Physics experiments. R&D of new stable and radioactive beams are continuously under progress matching physicist requirements. During the last ten years, the SPIRAL1 facility was upgraded to extend its capabilities to deliver RIBs of condensable elements. After a new one delivered in 2019, off-line R&D’s have been done on the Target Ions Source System and also on the Charge Breeder to improve efficiencies and achieve an operational and reliable facility.
In parallel, the commissioning of the LINAC-SPIRAL2 facility started in 2019 with a proton beam production. In 2020, a 16 kW proton beam was delivered for the first time on the Neutron For Science physics area, and a 4 mA beam of 4He2+ was produced with the PhoenixV3 ECR ion source to mimic a deuteron beam. In this article, an overview of GANIL ion sources, beam properties and future developments are described.
Empirical study of multidimensional Child-Langmuir law with plasma ion source extraction using round apertures
Authors: Kosonen S T , Kalvas T , Tarvainen O , Toivanen V 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
One dimensional Child-Langmuir (CL) law is commonly used in ion source physics to describe space charge limited ion extraction from the plasma. Recently 2D and 3D CL laws have been derived, but plasma ion extraction does not strictly meet the assumptions in these CL laws. Investigations on the applicability of the CL laws to ion source extraction were conducted using filament-driven ion source, measuring the beam currents as a function of extraction voltage. The experiments are complemented with simulations where IBSimu is used for studying the behaviour of plasma meniscus. Three different voltage regions were identified with low, moderate and high voltage. With moderate voltages the extracted beam current density shows signs of 3D CL law. The results indicate that for the total beam current CL laws are not valid but instead require collimation for the CL effects emerge.
Double-sided detector for electron beam alignment and measurement of back-streaming electrons in ExtendedEBIS at BNL
Authors: Ikeda Shunsuke , Beebe Edward , Kanesue Takeshi , Kondrashev Sergey , Okamura Masahiro 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We developed an electron beam detector installed between the superconducting solenoids in ExtentedEBIS. The detector is two-sided. Each side has 4 quadrant plates with an aperture slightly larger than the electron beam radius. The gun-side is for alignment of primary electron beam. The collector side detector is to measure the electrons back-streaming from the collector or the downstream electrodes to the cathode. It is important to understand how the back-streaming electrons behave and how to control it. The detector was designed with considerations of heat load. The influence on the electric potential distribution was investigated. A detector test showed that the back-streaming electrons were affected by the external electromagnetic fields and the space charge of the primary electron beam. It was proved that the behaviour of the electrons can be observed by this detector.
Generation of proton and carbon ion beam from laser ion source using hydrocarbon oil target
Authors: Takahashi K , Katane H , Miyazaki K , Harukawa N , Ishikuro K , Sasaki T , Kikuchi T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The supply of high-flux proton and carbon ions are required for applications such as accelerator-driven neutron sources and heavy ion radiotherapy. So far, it is shown that a laser ion sources using the target of plastics made of hydrocarbons can provide protons and carbon ions. On the other hand, due to the damage of the target by laser irradiation, it is necessary to change the laser irradiation position every time, and the number of ion supply is limited to the area of the laser target. To solve the problem of target damage, we suggest a laser target in which the surface is continuously renewed by flowing hydrocarbon oil instead of solid hydrocarbon. In this study, we demonstrated the generation of protons and carbon ions using the target made of a hydrocarbon oil for a diffusion pump.
Space Charge Compensation Study of High Intensity Ion Beams
Authors: Shen Z , Sun L T , Jia Z H , Fang X , Qian C , Zhao H W 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The space charge effect is one of the key factors affecting ion beam transport and ion beam quality, especially for low-energy high-intensity ion beams. It can be partially compensated by the secondary electrons produced from the ionization of residual gas molecules in the beam pipe, and we are interested in the accurate value of this compensation degree. In this paper, we use a Three-grid Energy Analyzer (TEA) to measure the secondary ion energy distribution of the beam, which corresponds to the compensated beam potential distribution. To have accurate evaluation of the compensation degree, it is essential to adopt a proper transverse distribution of the ion beam, other than using the Gaussian theorem for uniform beams. The results of a space charge compensation degree study for singly charged ion beams with a 2.45GHz microwave ion source and for multiply charged ion beams with a high charge state ECR ion source are presented.
High Power Density Beam Measurement of a Single Beamlet Multi-Grid Prototype H- Negative Ion Accelerator
Authors: Saquilayan G Q , Kisaki M , Kojima A , Shimabukuro Y , Murayama M , Hiratsuka J , Ichikawa M , Watanabe K , Tobari H , Kashiwagi M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Beam optics of the ITER prototype accelerator with 88 mm acceleration gap length has been examined through H- beam acceleration tests at the ITER target beam perveance. The beam optics has been examined for beam energies up to 790 keV under the ITER target perveance. The total grid heat load was successfully reduced to 10 %, which was lower than the allowable value of 15 %. The beam emittance of the ITER perveance has been measured for the first time by using newly developed emittance measurement system consisting of carbon-fiber-composite (CFC) plate with pin-holes. The emittance of 790 keV H- beam shows the divergence angle of the beam core is satisfied with the ITER requirement of <7 mrad. Measurement at the beam periphery was made possible by modifying the pin-hole size of pepper-pot apertures, and the observed divergent components were 20 mrad. The ratio of the diverged beam became lower with the increase of the beam energy. This result contributes the design of the ITER accelerator and the beam line components.
Production of Radioactive Molecular Ions in Radiofrequency Quadrupole Gas-Reaction Cells
Authors: Charles Chris R.J. , Ames Friedhelm , Kester Oliver , Malbrunot-Ettenauer S. , Babcock Carla , Schultz Brad E. , Peters Cameron , Flannigan Erin L. , Alary Jean-Francois , Laxdal Aurelia , Kunz Peter , Lassen Jens , Teigelhoefer Andrea , McCausland Phil J.A. , Flemming Roberta 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Limited types of radioactive molecules (RM) can be made inside hot-cavity targets at ISOL facilities like TRIUMF. However, extreme conditions in these targets present formidable unsolved challenges to efficient production and delivery of RM’s. Here we propose using RFQ gas-reaction cells to produce RM from radioactive ion beams (RIB) by room temperature RIB-gas chemical reactions at eV energies. Two options are possible: (1) using an ion reaction cell (IRC) that is a linear RFQ ion guide and reaction cell used as an ‘on-line ion source’, and (2) using the ARIEL RFQ cooler-buncher (ARQB). RFQ gas-cells are a controllable and efficient method to produce RM from chemical reactants that cannot be used in ISOL targets. This ‘online chemistry’ offers a way to enable groundbreaking Beyond Standard Model (BSM) physics research, using a wide diversity of new rare and exotic RM beams that would be difficult or impossible to produce in hot-cavity targets.
Operation experience of LION and RHIC-EBIS for RHIC and NSRL
Authors: Kanesue T. , Beebe E. , Coe B. , Ikeda S. , Kondrashev S. , Lopez-Reyes A. , Okamura M. , Schoepfer R. , Rodowicz T. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
LION is a laser ablation ion source to provide singly charged heavy ions of various species for RHIC-EBIS. High charge state heavy ion beams from RHIC-EBIS are used for RHIC physics experiments and NASA Space Radiation Laboratory (NSRL) quasi-simultaneously. The demands for heavy ion beams are growing and more ion species are available and more NSRL beam time is used because of unique capability and flexibility of the sources. With the combination of LION and RHIC-EBIS, ion species can be switched on a pulse-by-pulse basis without the effect of previously used species. The present performance and operation experiences of LION and RHIC-EBIS are shown.
Magnet system design for the new 18 GHz ECR ion source at GSI
Authors: Andreev A , Maimone F , Mäder J , Lang R , Patchakui P T , Tinschert K , Hollinger R 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In order to increase intensities and charge states of available ion species, a new room-temperature ECR Ion Source (ECRIS) operating at 18 GHz is currently under development at GSI. The new ECRIS is based on a Heavy Ion Ion Source Injector (HIISI), developed at the Department of Physics, University of Jyvüskyla (JYFL), and features three normal conducting coils and a permanent magnet hexapole for plasma confinement. The latter has to be installed inside a refrigerated hexapole chamber, allowing to achieve the required radial confining field and avoiding demagnetization of permanent magnets. Computer simulations are carried out with Opera software package for two Halbach hexapole arrangements and the resulting three-dimensional magnetic fields are compared. The demagnetization of permanent magnets due to the superposition of fields generated by the coils and the hexapole is also simulated for both arrangements.
Trapping secondary electrons in ExB drift for an alpha generating penning ion source
Authors: Savard N , Groutso A , Melanson S , Potkins D , Dehnel M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A Penning ion source test stand has been developed by D-Pace to characterize alpha ion extraction from a helium discharge with variations in: extraction potential up to 15 kV, gas flow rate up to 30 sccm, and magnetic field confinement up to 1.1 Tesla. A brief summary of the Penning ion source design is described. Attempts at extraction of ions leads to severe sparking events on the high voltage insulator due to ExB drifts of secondary electrons. This paper shows the design of two sets of electrodes which together trap most electrons moving towards this insulator due to ExB drifts. This eliminates the severe high voltage breakdown on the insulator and allows for a more robust operation of the ion source.
Developments of control system for ion source using machine learning
Authors: Morita Y , Fukuda M , Yorita T , Kanda H , Hatanaka K , Saitou T , Tamura H , Yasuda Y , Washio T , Nakashima Y , Iwasaki M , Koay H W , Takeda K , Hara T , Chong T H , Zhao H 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Various factors influence each other in an ion source. Therefore, when operating an ion source, it is necessary to optimize and adjust various parameters. This time, we performed an experiment to automize adjustment that maximizes the brightness of the beam using machine learning. By automatically adjusting 4 parameters, we succeeded in finding a point with a beam brightness of 4.32 × 10-6 mA/(imm mrad)2 in 25 steps. This shows that automatic adjustment using Bayesian optimization is feasible.
The Synthesis of Low Pt loading Agcore- Pt atoms-exposedshell Structure by Ligand Exchange Method with High Electrocatalytic Performance for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Di Qian , Zhu Wenjing , Luan Yiliang , Gu Yufeng , Chi Chunlei , Zhang Jun 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Platinum-based nanomaterials are well-known to show excellent hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalytic performance. The sophisticated structural design facilitates the development of related disciplines such as water splitting devices. Here, a kind of Agcore- Pt atoms-exposedshell structure could be synthesized through ligand exchange between Ag nanoparticles and Pt polysulfide precursor at room temperature (RT). The Ag core maintains its face-centered cubic phase (FCC) crystal phase after the formation of Agcore- Pt atoms-exposedshell structure. While Pt atoms account for only 0.4617 percent of the catalyst mass. With a further electrochemical reduction of Pt (IV) atoms into metallic state Pt (0) atoms from -1.2 V vs. RHE to 0.4 V vs. RHE, the HER catalytic performance of Agcore- Pt atoms-exposedshell would exceed that of commercial 20% Pt/C at low potentials (<-0.487 V vs. RHE). Furthermore, we found the HER performance is stable, which verifies that the Pt polysulfide is tightly bound to the surface of Ag. Specifically, the present approach shows great potential for the construction of nanostructure with high atomic utilization.
Synthesis of cube-shaped PtFeNiCuCo alloy catalyst towards high performance alkaline hydrogen evolution
Authors: Liu Shi , Gan Tuanjie , Wu Jianping , Yang Xi , Liu Haiyuan , Chen Zhaoqian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The commercialization of hydrogen fuel cell technologies requires high-performance and low-cost catalysts for production of highly pure hydrogen from electrochemical water splitting. In this work, cube-shaped multicomponent alloy catalysts PtFeNiCu and PtFeNiCuCo supported on carbon nanotubes were synthesized by one-step wet chemical reduction method. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscope imply the successful synthesis of alloy catalysts. The particle size of PtFeNiCu and PtFeNiCuCo is determined to be around 12.6 nm. The impact of the Co-doping into the PtFeNiCu alloy on the structural defects and catalytic performance towards alkaline hydrogen evolution (HER) was explored. It is observed the Co-doping into PtFeNiCu alloy induces sufficient decrease of the crystalline size and enhancement of the microstrain and stacking defects, as revealed by the Williamson-Hall method. It was observed that the overpotential for PtFeNiCuCo at the current density of 10 mA/cm2 in 1 M KOH is only 27 mV and Tafel slope is 34.7 mVdec1, superior to that of PtFeNiCu and commercial Pt/C. Such enhanced electrocatalytic performance was ascribed to the extensile strain and surface defects induced by the Co-doping and the synergistic effect of Co and other metal elements.
Study on the Operation Optimization Dispatching Strategy of Small and Medium-sized Pumped Storage Power Station
Authors: Gu Zhenghan , Zhang Yi , Wu Yifeng , Zhang Feng , Tang Lv , Mo Jianguo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper uses equivalent substitution method and random production simulation method to calculate the static efficiency of daily operation of small and medium-sized pumped storage power stations, maximize the static efficiency under energy storage constraints, and obtain the daily output operation scheduling plan of pumped storage power station. Their utility and effectiveness are demonstrated by using multiple load curves including summer peak load and holiday load and applying the calculation results to practical scheduling operations. This method for the same type of pumped storage power station, has a general practical and guiding value.
Utilizing Metal-Organic Frameworks to Achieve High-Efficiency CO2 Electroreduction
Authors: Guo Gengzhan , Wang Tianyang , Wang Yuzhe 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) is the key part of clean energy generation and utilization, which has great potential to help the world to reach the carbon-neutral energy cycle in the future. In line with the development of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with the large specific area and considerable porosity in the past two decades, some of the MOF-based electrocatalysts have shown superior ability to accelerate CO2RR. However, regarding such a significant CO2RR process, some critical disadvantages, including inferior robustness, low yield and selectivity, and idealistic working environment, are still required to be concentrated on. Herein, a comprehensive outline of the reaction mechanism of CO2 conversion and rational synthesis of the state-of-the-art pristine MOFs is given. Further, recent progress of pristine MOF-based electrocatalysts in CO2RR is systematically summarized. Lastly, the major limitations and future opportunities in MOF electrocatalysis for CO2RR are presented.
Research on the mechanism and application of rigid and flexible metal-organic frameworks in selective adsorption
Authors: Zhou Wenjing 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are materials with porousness that metal ions and organic bridging ligands make up the composition to join. They are commonly employed in gas separation applications because of their extraordinarily high sorption capacities and complicated sorption behaviour. This article mainly introduces the mechanism and application of rigid and flexible MOFs used in selectively separating various gases. Rigid MOFs are just standard MOFs with rigid backbones and porous frameworks that are comparably stable and strong. Based on molecular sieving effect, interactions between adsorbates and surfaces, and the cooperative effects of size/shape exclusion and adsorbate-surface interactions, rigid MOFs used in selective adsorption of H2, O2, CH4 were highlighted. For flexible MOFs, the crystalline order of the underlying coordination network is combined with cooperative structural transformability in them. Based on size/shape exclusion, adsorbate-surface interactions and gate-opening or structural rearrangement caused by adsorbate-surface interactions, gate-opening forces that are particular to each gate, flexible MOFs used in selective adsorption of C2H2, CO2 and CH4 were discussed.
Study on protection measures of lightning electromagnetic pulse in automatic weather station
Authors: Liu Qiangjun , Chang Mingyang , Wang Lizhi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Due to automatic meteorological station, the distribution of the unique geographical location and environment, the equipment has a large number of sensors and electronic components, and a highly integrated, combined with the electronic components of low dielectric strength, compression ability and the ability to resist electromagnetic interference and weak ability to resist shock current and lightning electromagnetic pulse is easy to damage to electronic equipment. Therefore, this paper analyzes the existing problems and harms in lightning protection design of automatic weather station system in Shanxi Province, and puts forward improvement and protection measures.
Analysis of Slip rate Control Technology of Electric Vehicle Based on Sliding Mode Algorithm
Authors: Zou Xiang 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
With the increasingly prominent environmental and energy problems, it is very important to strengthen the research of new energy vehicles. In the research process of new energy vehicles, the safety of electric vehicles during driving is extremely important. In the braking process of electric vehicles, wheel slip control is an important factor to ensure the safety of electric vehicles. In the process of slip rate control, it is necessary to identify the wheel slip rate under different road surfaces, so as to complete the design of the slip rate controller on the basis of mastering the wheel friction characteristics. In this research, we mainly consider the maximum braking torque limit of motor output, scientifically distribute regenerative braking and hydraulic braking torque, complete the design of slip rate controller based on sliding mode algorithm, and introduce saturation function to solve the buffeting problem in road friction adaptive slip rate control method. Put forward the core of slip rate control strategy of electric vehicle. Through research, it is determined that the reasonable division of regenerative braking and mechanical braking based on slip rate can improve the safety of vehicle braking and ensure the efficiency of energy recovery. Therefore, in the process of electric vehicle slip rate control, the regenerative braking control method based on slip rate closed-loop control has application value.
Design of the Comprehensive Monitoring System of Ro-Ro Ship Power Plant Based on LabVIEW
Authors: Liu Luyuan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this paper, using power machinery monitoring technology, testing technology, signal analysis and processing technology, combined with the characteristics of the dual-engine and double-propeller arrangement, carrying, complex waters and variable operating conditions of the power unit of the ro-ro ship, a set of virtual instruments is designed for the power of the ro-ro ship. Device integrated monitoring system. The system has a complete set of comprehensive monitoring system, which can monitor the power output working status of the power unit of the ro-ro ship. Under different working conditions, the system can collect and analyse signals through sensors, and automatically obtain information such as combustion work in the cylinder, gearbox gear transmission and meshing, shaft trajectory dynamic vibration and shaft power, and is a monitoring platform for marine power plants. The development and intelligent cabin provide technical support. The system realizes the automatic monitoring of ships, effectively improves the safety and reliability of ship operations, and reduces and avoids the occurrence of major accidents. At the same time, it has also completed the integration and digitization of ship power plant monitoring, providing support for decision-making in the use, operation and control, maintenance, and management of equipment and systems, effectively improving the safety and reliability of ship operations, and further promoting the development of smart ships and smart engine rooms.