bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beef Cattle Fly Control with Diflubenzuron (Vigilante tm) Bolus, 1986
Authors: Knapp F. W. , Webb J. , Cilek J. , Christensen C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fifty g Vigilante boluses containing 4.9g AI diflufbenzuron were evaluated for the control of horn flies and face flies under field conditions. Herds were pastured cow/calf operations located within a 40-mile radius in central Kentucky. Control herds were similar operations located within 4 miles of the treated herds. Boluses were administered to cattle with a balling gun at a rate of 1 bolus/250 kg body weight between 1 May and 15 May. Another comparison herd was tagged with Guardian (tm) ear tags during she same period and evaluated concurrently for fly control. Herds were treated as follows: 102 steers (A) treated at a rate of 1 bolus/steer; 45 cows/calves (B) treated at rate of 1.5 bolus/cow and 0.5 bolus/calf; 55 cows and 8 calves as untreated controls (conAB); 39 heifers (C) at 1 bolus/animal; 30 cows (conC) untreated; 30 cow and 12 calves at 1.5 bolus/cow and 1 eartag/calf (D); 38 cows tagged with Guardian ear tags (T) at rate of 2 tags/cow; and 30 cows untreated (conDT). The number of horn flies and face flies were counted on 10 cattle from each herd every 2 weeks. Horn flies were counted on one side of the animal; sice flies were counted on the face and head of the same animal. Fresh manure from 5 animals of each herd was collected biweekly and bioassayed utilizing newly hatched colonized horn face and house fly larvae. Twenty-five larvae were placed in 50-100 g of feces and larval mortality calculated by counting adult (mergence. Bioassays were performed on bolused cattle only.
Dairy Cattle Fly Control with Vigilante (tm) Premix, 1986
Authors: Knapp F. W. , Webb J. , Cilek J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Holstein cattle herds were fed either Vigilante premix feedthrough or Rabon (tm) oral larvicide to evaluate their efficacy against the horn, face, and house fly. Visual counts of the above flies as well as stable flies were also made. The treatment began on 15 May and the herds were separated by a minimum distance of 10 miles. Premixes were administered daily by adding them to the mineral mix concentrate prior to adding into the total ration. Herds were treated as follows: 105 cows along with 44 calves and heifers were given 3.8% Vigilante premix at a rate of 5 mg AI/100 lb body wt. (A); 130 cows and 35 heifers were given a 7.76% Rabon oral larvicide at a rate of 70 mg AI/100 lb body wt. (B); 90 cows untreated (Control). Horn flies and stable flies were evaluated on 10 animals on a bimonthly basis. Horn flies were counted on one side of the animal and stable flies were counted on the legs of the same animal. House fly counts were taken within 1 square meter grids at 10 different locations around the cow loafing area. Normal fly control procedures included sanitation, misting, and hand spraying of resmethrin or permethrins. Fresh manure was collected from 5 animals bimonthly and bioassayed using newly hatched colonized horn fly, face fly, and house fly larvae. Twenty-five larvae were placed in 50-100 g of manure sample and the larvae mortality calculated from the number of emerged adults.
No-Choice Comparisons of 3 Fly Baits, 1986
Authors: Stafford K. C. , Collison C. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Alfacron sugarbait (CGA 18809) was compared with Improved Golden Malrin® fly bait containing 1.0% methomyl and True Grit Blue™ containing 1.0% Bomyl® in separate 30.5 × 30.5 × 30.5 cm aluminum collapsible cages. Three fresh baits or a sugar control (20 g each) were placed into a cage containing 50 adult house flies fed water and sugar and libitum. The study was replicated 4 times with each treatment in each cage in a 4 × 4 Latin square design to isolate any cage or replication differences. No. of dead flies were recorded at 0.5, 8, 24, and 48 h, % mortality calculated, and values transformed (arcs Vp) for analysis. Differences in mortality between the baits at each time interval were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Fisher's protected least significance difference (LSD) test. The study was repeated with bait exposed to the air for one week.
Pear, Prebloom Control of Pear Psylla with Pyrethroids, 1986
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied dilute by handgun operating at 200 psi to 13-year-old pear trees. Test plots consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in a randomized block. Treatments were applied 19 Mar (delayed dormant). No other sprays were applied either before or after this date. Treatments were evaluated at 7- to 14-day intervals by beating tray counts of PP adults (2 trays/tree) and counts of PP nymphs on 5 spurs/tree.
Peach, Oriental Fruit Moth and Tarnished Plant BUG Control, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a 4-year old peach orchard on the varieties ‘Red Haven', ‘Crest Haven', ‘Loring', and ‘Jefferson'. Single tree plots replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design were sprayed to runoff (ca 2 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Treatments were applied at 200 degree-days (7 May) and 400 degree-days (19 May) after first OFM catch with a pheromone trap. The baseline temperature for calculating degree-days was 45° F. For disease control the entire orchard was sprayed with sulfur as needed. Sampling methods for OFM and TPB were as follows: OFM = avg no. of OFM damaged terminals/ tree; TPB = avg no. of TPB damaged fruit/100 fruit/tree.
Blueberry, Fruitworm Insecticide Test, 1986
Authors: Johnson D. T. , Mayes R. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A randomized complete block design in a blueberry patch near Rogers, AR was selected. Each plot was composed of 4 rows with 5 bushes in each row (20 bushes) and was replicated 3 times. Materials were applied on 9 and 19 May with a tractor-mounted “vertical boom” type sprayer at ca. 25 GPA. The grower applied Carbaryl and Mesurol on 28 May. Evaluation (3-5 Jun) consisted of examining all berries (&gt;100 per bush) on 10 bushes in each treated and untreated plot for internal and external feeding damage.
Control of Leafhoppers in Grapes. 1986
Authors: Saunders Michael C. , Flanagan Patrick W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
These tests were conducted in 2 established Concord grape vineyards in North East, PA. Plots consisted of 3 vines in a row replicated 4 times in a randomized block designed at both study sites. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. One spray was applied in each test using a small plot R&D sprayer with a single 80° LF nozzle at 30 psi. operating pressure. Spray volume was 40 gal per acre. Evaluations consisted of counting the number of leafhopper nymphs on each of 10 randomly selected damaged leaves within each plot.
Apple, Mite Control, 1985
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test chemicals were applied to 8- to 20-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a hand gun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi and at 300 (Test 3) to 350 gal/acre. Spray dates were 30 Apr (half-inch green, HIG), 11 May (tight cluster, TC), 16 May (pink, P), 24 May (bloom, B), 28-29 May (petal fall, PF), 7 Jun (first cover, IC), and 17 Jul and 25 Jul. The standard pesticide program consisted of Difolatan 4F (5 qt/100) on 24 Apr, Captan 80W (1 lb) on 5 dates, Cyprex 65W (0.8 lb) on 1 date, Imidan 50W (1.1 lb) on 1 date, Sevin 80W (1.25 lb) on 4 dates, and on 4 Jun there was a mixture of epsom salts (15 lb), Solubor 20W (1 lb), zinc chelate (1 lb) and Manzate 200 80W (1 lb). There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used, with 3 ‘Red Delicious’ and 1 ‘Cortland’ cultivar in Test 1 and 2 ‘Red Delicious’ and 2 ‘Cortland’ cultivars in Tests 2 and 3. From each tree 25 leaves were collected at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. May and Jun were cool, the first half of Jul was wet (3.9 inches rain), and Aug was wetter (3.4 inches rain) and cooler than normal.
Navel Orangeworm Control on Walnut, 1986
Authors: Steenwyk R. A. Van , Barclay L. W. , Barnett W. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted at the Westside Field Station at Five Points, CA. Seven treatments were replicated 8 times using a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of an individual tree. Materials were applied to run-off (480 gal spray mixture per acre) with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 250 psi. Applications were made on 22 Aug when the walnut husks had just begun to split. Control was evaluated by inspecting 50 nuts per replicate (tree) for navel orangeworm on 4 Sep, 18 Sep and 1 Oct.
Apple, Insect and Mite Control, 1987
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied to 31-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a handgun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi at 350 gal/acre. Trees were sprayed on 9 May (prepink), 29 May (petal fall), 8 Jun (first cover), 19 Jun (second cover), 7 Jul (third cover), 21 Jul (fourth cover), 4 Aug (fifth cover), and 18 Aug (sixth cover), as noted in the table. The fungicide program consisted of Difolatan 80 Sprill (8 lb/100) on 16 Apr (quarter-inch green) and Polyram 80W (2 lb) which was mixed with each insecticide treatment at each spray date. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used with 2 'McIntosh' and 2 'Cortland' cultivars. Except for the test trees, the orchard was not sprayed with insecticides or acaricides. On 27 Aug, about 515 apples were picked from the 4 trees of each treatment and examined on 12 Sep for external egg punctures (AM), egg-laying scars (PC), and typical feeding injuries (CM, LAW, and EAS). ERM and 2SSM were counted on dates shown in table on 25 leaves collected at chest height around the periphery of each tree. Leaves were brought into the laboratory and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Aphid counts are based on 10 randomly selected vegetative terminals around each tree. The number of live aphids on the distal 4 unfurled and 1 furled leaves and on the stem included by these leaves were recorded on 26 Jun. June, July, and August were generally warmer than normal; the latter 2 months were relatively dry.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Late Season Sweet Corn with Foliar Sprays, 1987
Authors: Bowman James S. , Barry Donald W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study used Honeymoon' sweet corn planted on the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm, Madbury, N.H. on 6 Jul. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn, and each treatment was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. A spray application of each treatment was made on 8 Aug to whorl stage corn to control a small population of fall armyworms feeding on the leaves. This spray was directed into the whorls using a R&D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single-nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 14.4 gal/acre. When the plants reached the 10% silking stage, silk spray applications of each treatment were initiated by spraying the silk zone on each side of the row on 25 and 30 Aug and 3, 8, and 12 Sep using a spray volume of 28.8 gal/acre.
Whorl Applications to Control Fall Armyworm in Sweet Corn, 1987
Authors: Whalen J. , Breeding R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Silver Queen' sweet corn was planted on 10 Jul near Georgetown, Del. Two row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch band over the whorl on 13 Aug. All plant whorls were removed from each plot, unrolled, and the number of infested plants counted.
Thrips Control in the Texas High Plains, 1986
Authors: Bender David A. , Morrison William P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted at the Texas A&M Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, Tex. 'Stuttgarter' dry sets were planted 3 Apr into double-row beds (10-inch rows, 40-inch centers) on an Olton loam and drip-irrigated as needed. Iprodione at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre was applied on 21 and 29 May and 10 Jul. Maneb + zinc was applied at 2.4 lb (AI)/acre for control of foliar diseases including blast (Botrytis spp.). Plots were 20 ft by 4 beds wide and bordered by 1 bed of wheat. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 8 and 20 May, 13 and 25 Jun, and 8 Jul with CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 2 TX12 nozzles per row at 20 gal/acre and 50 psi. Efficacy was determined by counts of thrips (visual inspection) on 5 plants/plot (3 plants/plot 7 Jul and following due to increased plant size and thrips population) 1 day pretreatment and 3 days posttreatment. One adult thrips was collected from each of 5 plants/plot on each sample date for species identification.
Onion Thrips Control with Reduced Insecticide Rates and Combinations, 1987
Authors: Royer T. A. , Edelson J. V. , Cartwright B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. 'Texas Grano 1105 Y' onions were direct-seeded 3 Dec '86 into single-row beds (40-inch centers) on a Willacy fine sandy loam soil and furrow irrigated as needed. All plots received one application of idoprodine at 0.75 lb (AI)/acre, for control of purple blotch (Alternaria porri (Ell.) Cif.). The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and overlaid on plots measuring 20 ft by 2 beds. The main objective was to evaluate the potential synergistic effects of several insecticide combinations for control of onion thrips. Therefore, rates of all insecticide treatments were reduced to half of their maximum labeled rate. Control could then be measured as either additive, antagonistic, or synergistic. Treatments were applied on 21 and 24 Apr as foliar sprays delivered through a CO2-powered ground sprayer at 30 gal/acre finished formulation. Adult and immature thrips were counted on 5 randomly selected plants per plot on 24 and 28 Apr. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and treatment means were separated by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (P = 0.05). Percent control was calculated using Henderson's (1955) formula.
Bell Pepper, Beet Armyworm Control, Hidalgo County, Tex., 1986
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
TAM Bell' green bell peppers were transplanted in September into double-row beds (10-inch rows, 40-inch beds) at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco. Soil type was Hidalgo sandy clay loam. Plots measured 25 ft by 2 rows, were bordered by a buffer row, and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide treatments were applied on 12 Feb through a CO2-powered boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre (60 psi, 4 TX-10 hollow-cone nozzles per plot, 3 mph). Three to 5 h following the treatment application, 10 second- and third-instar beet armyworm larvae were caged on each of 2 randomly selected plants within each plot. Efficacy was evaluated 4 and 8 days following each application by counting larvae that remained alive in the cage.
Wireworm Control on Potato, 1987
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Certified B-size potatoes were planted 19 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. The field, a Waukegan silt loam, had been in alfalfa the previous 3 yr. Treatments were 2 rows, 110 ft long with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with 6 replications. Granular insecticides were applied in furrow with a planter-mounted granular applicator. An untreated check was planted between every 2 insecticidal treatments. The plots were sprayed once, on 26 Aug, with Pydrin 2.4EC + Butacide 8E at 0.1 + 0.25 lb (AI)/acre to control Colorado potato beetle and potato leafhopper. On 28 Sept, potatoes were harvested, counted, and scored for wireworm injury. Control for each treatment was calculated as percent reduction in wireworm damage relative to the adjacent untreated control.
Control of Southern Corn Billbug in Corn, 1987
Authors: All J. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small-plot field experiment was conducted to screen insecticides for control of corn seedling damage by the southern corn billbug. Corn was planted 23 Apr in a Marlboro loamy sand (85.8% sand, 9.2% silt, 5.0% clay). The soil was pH 6.6, with 1.07% organic-matter content. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with 2-row plots, 20 ft long, 30 inches wide, with 3-ft alleys, replicated 5 times. Granular formulations were applied in a 7-inch band over the row at planting time. The granules were lightly raked into the soil. On 26 May all plants in each plot were examined for damage and the presence of southern corn billbug adults. On 15 Sep all plants in 1 row of each plot were harvested for grain.
Field Corn, Larval Corn Rootworm Control, 1987
Authors: Meinke L. J. , Barnhart M. R. , Brown J. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Planting-time and first-cultivation soil insecticide trials were conducted at Mead, Neb. The planting-time test plot was in trap crop during 1986 and had been insecticide-free from at least 1983 to 1986. The cultivation test plot was in trap crop during 1985 (no insecticide) and had been used periodically for multiclass soil insecticide trials for at least 10 yr. The soil type was a silty clay loam. The experimental design for each test was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each replication consisted of single-row treatments that were 35 ft long and 30 inches apart. Planting-time application equipment consisted of modified V-belt seeders mounted on a model 80 John Deere— flex planter. Preweighed amounts of insecticide granules were placed on the V-belts and directed into the seed furrow or banded over the row in front of the press wheel. Noble— granular insecticide metering units mounted on a hand-powered bicycle applicator were used to apply soil insecticides at first cultivation. Granules were banded directly over the plant whorl and then immediately incorporated by the cultivator. The planting-time test was planted 29 Apr, and the cultivation test was planted 8 May. First-cultivation treatments were applied 4 Jun. Soil moisture conditions were excellent when insecticides were applied. Initial corn rootworm egg hatch was detected 22 May. Stand counts were taken on 21 May and 15 Oct in the planting-time test. Plant evaluations were made on 21 May in the planting-time test to determine whether any insecticide treatments adversely affected corn development. Plants were considered abnormal if they were stunted or exhibited deformed growth patterns (i.e., buggy whipping). Corn rootworm feeding damage was evaluated (29 Jun, planting-time test; 9 Jul, cultivation test) by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage by means of the Iowa 1—6 scale (1, no feeding, to 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken on 15 Oct in the plan ting-time test. A plant was recorded as lodged if the angle between the soil
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1987
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Spike B. P. , Gifford J. M. , Tollefson J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Planting-time, soil insecticide test plots were established at 7 Iowa locations in 1987. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications for the root protection trials and 6 replications for the yield trials. All treatments were applied to 50-ft rows spaced 30 inches. The yield trials had double-row treatments. All other trials had single-row treatments. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to deliver material accurately at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter equipped with ripple coulters. Each row was constantly monitored to ensure that insecticide was correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Liquid insecticide formulations were applied immediately after planting with a small-plot sprayer mounted on a bicycle wheel applicator and pressurized with a CO2 canister. Liquids were applied in a 7-inch band over the row with a Teejet 8003E nozzle at 23 psi to deliver 10 gal/acre. A rake dragged lightly over the soil surface was used for incorporation. Cultivation-time insecticide applications were made with electrically driven Noble units mounted on the tool bar of a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Plastic tubes directed the insecticide to both sides of the corn row directly in front of the cultivator sweeps. Liquid insecticides were applied just prior to cultivation with the small-plot bicycle sprayer. In mid July, rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1, no damage or only a few minor feeding scars; 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Chemical phytotoxicity was checked by taking stand counts from 1/1000 acre for each treatment and measuring the height of 10 consecutive plants from each treatment. Lodging counts were taken at harvest time. A plant was considered lodged if the angle between the plant and the ground was —45 degrees or less. Yield trials were machine harvested. Roots dug from the yield trials were taken from a 15-ft area at the end of each replication. This area was not included in the harvest sample. Data were analyzed by means of analysis of variance procedures. Economic damage was observed in all tests (check root rating &gt;3.00). No phytotoxicity was noted with any of the insecticide treatments.
Apple, Integrated Mite Control with Savey, 1987
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to small blocks of 4-tree plots in a completely randomized design consisting of 4 replicates/treatment. Each plot contained one each of the cultivars: 'Red Delicious,' 'Golden Delicious,' 'Stayman,' and 'Rome Beauty.' The sprays were applied as complete applications with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated at 50 gal/acre, driven at 2 mph. Spray dates were as follows Savey 50WP (1 Jul), Plictran 50WP (1 Jul), Plictran 50WP plus Carzol 92SP (8 Jul), and Vydate 2L (17 Jul). A routine schedule of fungicides and insecticides (Dithane M-45, Benlate, Guthion, Lannate, Zolone, and calcium chloride) was maintained throughout the experiment. Effectiveness of the treatments on ERM was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment ('Red Delicious'). The predator S. punctum was observed by making 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the 'Red Delicious' trees.
Apple, Broad Spectrum Control with Insecticides, All-Season Test, 1987
Authors: Johnson James W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 12-yr-old mature trees in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Treatments were applied as dilute sprays to the point of drip with an FMC DP-20 handgun sprayer at 375 psi, using approximately 5 gal finished spray/tree. Applications of treatments were made on 13 Apr (IC), 21 Apr (2C), 29 Apr (3C), 6 May (4C), 20 May (5C), 8 Jun (6C), 23 Jun (7C), 15 Jul (8C), and 29 Jul (9C). Cover sprays of dormant oil, mancozeb, Funginex, Plictran, and Omite were applied separately to all trees. Fruit were harvested on 18 Aug. Samples consisted of 50 fruit/replicate, 150 fruit/treatment. The fruit was collected randomly from around the tree at chest height. Samples were inspected visually, and the numbers of clean and damaged fruit were recorded.