bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thucydides's Tragic Science of Democratic Defeat
Authors: Fisher Mark 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article reinterprets Thucydides's analysis of the post-Periclean turn in Athenian politics by reading it within the context of contemporary “tragic” and “scientific” explanatory traditions. It finds in this analysis an ambitious attempt to reinvent the traditional, tragic pattern of hubris-driven reversal by reinterpreting its underlying causal logic according to a scientific perspective in which the overdetermining effects of deities are replaced by the variable power dynamics of democratic deliberation. The resultant analysis identifies a change in the relative standing of leaders as the determining cause of democratic reversal, not the absolute decline in leadership, thus tracing the Athenian turn towards hubris, great error, and civil discord to the egalitarian ordering of the post-Periclean assembly. In so doing, it shows how Thucydides's analysis posed a powerful challenge to previous attempts, both tragic and scientific, to prognosticate the fate of imperial democracy, as well as offering an exemplary moment of Thucydides's synthetic approach towards tragic and scientific explanatory perspectives.
STONE TOOL FUNCTIONS, HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES, AND FORMATIVE LITHIC ECONOMIES IN NORTHERN TLAXCALA, MEXICO
Authors: Walton David P. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHigh-magnification use-wear analyses create datasets that enable microeconomic studies of lithic consumption and household activities that complement macroeconomic studies of lithic production and exchange to collectively improve our reconstructions of ancient economies. In recent decades, compositional and technological analyses have revealed how certain obsidian sources and lithic technologies were exploited, produced, and exchanged in Mexico's central highlands region during the Formative period (1500b.c.–a.d.100). This article presents use-wear analyses of 275 lithic artifacts from four sites in northern Tlaxcala—Amomoloc (900–650b.c.), Tetel (750–500b.c.), Las Mesitas (600–500b.c.), and La Laguna (600–400b.c.and 100b.c.–a.d.150)—to compare household activities with lithic technologies and evaluate their roles in regional economies. Blades were used for subsistence and domestic crafting; maguey fiber extraction for textile production increased over time, especially in non-elite households. The preparation and consumption of meat acquired by hunting and other methods increased slightly over time, and bipolar tools were used as kitchen utensils. Bloodletting was practiced with two variations of late-series pressure blades, but these and other tools were neither exchanged as nor used to craft prestige goods, often viewed as driving forces of Formative economies in Mesoamerica.
Further development of the intolerance of uncertainty model of GAD: a case series
Authors: Chigwedere Craig , Moran Judy 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Intolerance of uncertainty (IoU) is important in the development and maintenance of worry and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD; Dugas et al., 1997). However, it remains unclear why some people respond so negatively to uncertainty and have poor clinical outcomes. We adapted the IoU model to include the influence of developmental and/or attachment factors, and their possible importance to intolerability of uncertainty and associated hypothetical worries. Seven consecutive GAD referrals for CBT were naturalistically treated with the novel approach. All participants completed the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7; Spitzer et al., 2006), the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ; Meyer et al., 1990), as well as a novel 10-item Premonition Bias Questionnaire (PBQ; C. Chigwedere et al., unpublished). From pre- to post-treatment, results for both GAD (p=.001) and worry (p=.005) improved significantly. Clinically significant change or a post-treatment score within the normal population range were observed for both the GAD-7 and PSWQ. The change in believability of worry, measured on the PBQ was also significant from pre- to post-treatment (p=.008). Overall, the novel approach may be an alternative approach to treating GAD, with some potential, both as an adjunctive or standalone treatment. However, this is a small case series and the presented novel approach requires empirical support and evaluation in larger experimental studies.
THE GENEALOGY OF ‘’
Authors: ELKIND LANDON D. C. , ZACH RICHARD 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe use of the symbol$\mathbin {\boldsymbol {\vee }}$for disjunction in formal logic is ubiquitous. Where did it come from? The paper details the evolution of the symbol$\mathbin {\boldsymbol {\vee }}$in its historical and logical context. Some sources say that disjunction in its use as connecting propositions or formulas was introduced by Peano; others suggest that it originated as an abbreviation of the Latin word for “or,”vel. We show that the origin of the symbol$\mathbin {\boldsymbol {\vee }}$for disjunction can be traced to Whitehead and Russell’s pre-Principiawork in formal logic. Because ofPrincipia’s influence, its notation was widely adopted by philosophers working in logic (the logical empiricists in the 1920s and 1930s, especially Carnap and early Quine). Hilbert’s adoption of$\mathbin {\boldsymbol {\vee }}$in hisGrundzüge der theoretischen Logikguaranteed its widespread use by mathematical logicians. The origins of other logical symbols are also discussed.
Carbon Accumulation, Flux, and Fate in Stordalen Mire, a Permafrost Peatland in Transition
Authors: Holmes M. E. , Crill P. M. , Burnett W. C. , McCalley C. K. , Wilson R. M. , Frolking S. , Chang K.‐Y. , Riley W. J. , Varner R. K. , Hodgkins S. B. ,   IsoGenie Project Coordinators,   IsoGenie Field Team, McNichol A. P. , Saleska S. R. , Rich V. I. , Chanton J. P. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractStordalen Mire is a peatland in the discontinuous permafrost zone in arctic Sweden that exhibits a habitat gradient from permafrost palsa, to Sphagnum bog underlain by permafrost, to Eriophorum‐dominated fully thawed fen. We used three independent approaches to evaluate the annual, multi‐decadal, and millennial apparent carbon accumulation rates (aCAR) across this gradient: seven years of direct semi‐continuous measurement of CO2 and CH4 exchange, and 21 core profiles for 210Pb and 14C peat dating. Year‐round chamber measurements indicated net carbon balance of −13 ± 8, −49 ± 15, and −91 ± 43 g C m−2 y−1 for the years 2012–2018 in palsa, bog, and fen, respectively. Methane emission offset 2%, 7%, and 17% of the CO2 uptake rate across this gradient. Recent aCAR indicates higher C accumulation rates in surface peats in the palsa and bog compared to current CO2 fluxes, but these assessments are more similar in the fen. aCAR increased from low millennial‐scale levels (17–29 g C m−2 y−1) to moderate aCAR of the past century (72–81 g C m−2 y−1) to higher recent aCAR of 90–147 g C m−2 y−1. Recent permafrost collapse, greater inundation and vegetation response has made the landscape a stronger CO2 sink, but this CO2 sink is increasingly offset by rising CH4 emissions, dominated by modern carbon as determined by 14C. The higher CH4 emissions result in higher net CO2‐equivalent emissions, indicating that radiative forcing of this mire and similar permafrost ecosystems will exert a warming influence on future climate.
Rock Glacier Characteristics Under Semiarid Climate Conditions in the Western Nyainqêntanglha Range, Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Buckel Johannes , Reinosch Eike , Voigtländer Anne , Dietze Michael , Bücker Matthias , Krebs Nora , Schroeckh Ruben , Mäusbacher Roland , Hördt Andreas 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRock glaciers are receiving increased attention as a potential source of water and indicator of climate change in periglacial landscapes. They consist of an ice‐debris mixture, which creeps downslope. Although rock glaciers are a wide‐spread feature on the Tibetan Plateau, characteristics such as its ice fraction are unknown as a superficial debris layer inhibits remote assessments. We investigate one rock glacier in the semiarid western Nyainqêntanglha range (WNR) with a multi‐method approach, which combines geophysical, geological and geomorphological field investigations with remote sensing techniques. Long‐term kinematics of the rock glacier are detected by 4‐year InSAR time series analysis. The ice content and the active layer are examined by electrical resistivity tomography, ground penetrating radar, and environmental seismology. Short‐term activity (11‐days) is captured by a seismic network. Clast analysis shows a sorting of the rock glacier's debris. The rock glacier has three zones, which are defined by the following characteristics: (a) Two predominant lithology types are preserved separately in the superficial debris patterns, (b) heterogeneous kinematics and seismic activity, and (c) distinct ice fractions. Conceptually, the studied rock glacier is discussed as an endmember of the glacier—debris‐covered glacier—rock glacier continuum. This, in turn, can be linked to its location on the semiarid lee‐side of the mountain range against the Indian summer monsoon. Geologically preconditioned and glacially overprinted, the studied rock glacier is suggested to be a recurring example for similar rock glaciers in the WNR. This study highlights how geology, topography and climate influence rock glacier characteristics and development.
A hierarchical optimisation framework for pigmented lesion diagnosis
Authors: Huong Audrey , Tay KimGaik , Gan KokBeng , Ngu Xavier 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe study of training hyperparameters optimisation problems remains underexplored in skin lesion research. This is the first report of using hierarchical optimisation to improve computational effort in a four‐dimensional search space for the problem. The authors explore training parameters selection in optimising the learning process of a model to differentiate pigmented lesions characteristics. In the authors' demonstration, pretrained GoogleNet is fine‐tuned with a full training set by varying hyperparameters, namely epoch, mini‐batch value, initial learning rate, and gradient threshold. The iterative search of the optimal global‐local solution is by using the derivative‐based method. The authors used non‐parametric one‐way ANOVA to test whether the classification accuracies differed for the variation in the training parameters. The authors identified the mini‐batch size and initial learning rate as parameters that significantly influence the model's learning capability. The authors' results showed that a small fraction of combinations (5%) from constrained global search space, in contrarily to 82% at the local level, can converge with early stopping conditions. The mean (standard deviation, SD) validation accuracies increased from 78.4 (4.44)% to 82.9 (1.8)% using the authors' system. The fine‐tuned model's performance measures evaluated on a testing dataset showed classification accuracy, precision, sensitivity, and specificity of 85.3%, 75.6%, 64.4%, and 97.2%, respectively. The authors' system achieves an overall better diagnosis performance than four state‐of‐the‐art approaches via an improved search of parameters for a good adaptation of the model to the authors' dataset. The extended experiments also showed its superior performance consistency across different deep networks, where the overall classification accuracy increased by 5% with this technique. This approach reduces the risk of search being trapped in a suboptimal solution, and its use may be expanded to network architecture optimisation for enhanced diagnostic performance.
Methods of anomaly state detection for power systems based on bilateral cyber‐physical information
Authors: Wu Zhong , Wang Qi , Cai Xingpu , Dai Jianfeng , Liu Xuefei , Tian Qidong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCyberattacks have emerged as novel threats to modern power systems. By exploiting the vulnerabilities of insecure devices, an attacker can inject viruses to lurk and collect system conditions through sniffing and then launch well‐designed attacks. Collaboratively applying bilateral cyber‐physical information can help to detect anomalous system states caused by sniffing, which can isolate virus impacts on the cyber side and ensure the stable operation of power systems. Here, a dynamic weight ensemble isolation forest algorithm is proposed to mine anomaly system states utilizing bilateral information based on the hypothesis that the fused cyber‐physical system state under assault has the shortest average path length in a constructed random forest. In addition, the proposed algorithm is able to realize improved performance in power system anomaly status mining and adapt to constantly changing power systems. The method is verified by simulations on a co‐simulation platform. The results show that the method outperforms other anomaly detection methods.
Dynamic manifold Boltzmann optimization based on self‐supervised learning for human motion estimation
Authors: Li Wanyi , Zeng Yuqi , Wu Yilin , Zhang Qian , Chen Guoming , Chen Yongchang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIt is a challenge work to estimate the 3D human motion from image sequence. There are some problems, such as unsatisfactory estimation error, ambiguous matching and transient occlusion. Although the prior information of learning large‐scale samples exists, these problems are still difficult to be solved. How to extract the feature of the high‐dimensional (HD) sample of 3D human motion and find the desired one will become the key to solve these problems above. Some dimension reduction methods can extract the sample features and build the low‐dimensional (LD) space to view their LD features, but how to search the relevant valid and desired LD samples remains the bottleneck problem, which can be used to reconstruct the 3D human motions denoted by the corresponding high‐dimensional samples. Thus, a new method called dynamic manifold Boltzmann optimization (DMBO) is proposed to estimate the 3D human motion from multi‐view images. DMBO can find the best matching 3D human motion model by the help of the self‐supervised learning from Gaussian incremental dimension reduction model (GIDRM). DMBO can avoid the local optimum during searching and solve the problems above, so that the generation of the accurate 3D human motion corresponding to multi‐view images can be achieved.
A reentrant phase transition and a novel polymorph revealed in high-pressure investigations of CF4 up to 46.5 GPa
Authors: Laniel Dominique , Fedotenko Timofey , Winkler Bjoern , Aslandukova Alena , Aslandukov Andrey , Aprilis Georgios , Chariton Stella , Milman Victor , Prakapenka Vitali , Dubrovinsky Leonid , Dubrovinskaia Natalia 
Published: January 2022

The high-pressure behavior of simple molecular systems, devoid of strong intermolecular interactions, provides a unique avenue toward a fundamental understanding of matter. Tetrahalides of the carbon group elements (group 14), lacking all intermolecular interactions but van der Waals, are among the most elementary of molecular compounds. Here, we report the investigation of CF4 up to 46.5 GPa—the highest pressure up to which any tetrahalides of group 14 elements have been studied so far—by a combination of single-crystal x-ray diffraction (SC-XRDp), Raman spectroscopy, and ab initio calculations. These measurements reveal a pressure-induced reentrant phase transition (phase II →2.8GPa phase III →∼20GPa phase IIR) at room temperature and the formation of a previously unknown CF4 cubic polymorph, named phase IV, after the laser heating of CF4 at 46.5 GPa. In this work, the structures of phases IIR, III, and IV were solved and the atomic coordinates were refined on the basis of SC-XRDp. A comparison of tetrahalides of group 14 elements underlines that reducing the intermolecular halogen–halogen distances leads to a structural rearrangement from close packing of the tetrahedral molecules to close packing of the halogen atoms.
A micro-thin-film getter–heater unit for high vacuum capsulation of MEMS devices
Authors: Ji Yucheng , Feng Liuhaodong , Guo Song , Peng Xinlin , Chen Shuo , Li Wenbing , Wang Shinan 
Published: January 2022

In this paper, we proposed a micro-getter unit with a square thin-film getter formed atop a thin-film heater for vacuum packaging of a Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) device. This innovation through an integrated module unit can be fabricated by MEMS compatible processes and can be sealed together with a MEMS device by wafer level package technology sequentially. It has the advantage of locally and repeatedly activating the getter by supplying a DC power to the micro-thin-film heater. Two models have been studied comparatively in this work, in which a conventional solid structure (SS) model with a micro-heater directly above a silica glass substrate was used as a reference model for comparison with the newly designed innovative floating structure (FS) model with a micro-heater floating over a cavity in a silicon substrate. According to a finite element method simulation based on Fourier’s law of heat conduction, the FS model showed better thermal efficiency than the SS model during the activation process. For a square micron thin-film getter with a size as 1000 × 1000 × 5 µm3, a rather low input voltage as 2 V can raise the temperature of the getter up to 300 °C calculated by the FS Model, while the SS model requires a much higher input voltage as 18 V to reach the same temperature.
“Sitting in the back of the class”
Authors: Steadman Angel N. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This study examines how teacher candidates’ positions in a fully
online MA TESOL program accumulate into more stable positional identities
over the span of a 7.5-week course. Overreliance on asynchronous, text-based
posts mired teacher candidates in static positions that hindered their
learning. One participant, positioned as a good teacher,
did not receive the constructive criticism he wanted, while the other
participant, positioned as inexperienced and
deficient, resorted to participatory patterns that
isolated her from the group. These findings illustrate the effects that
course design may have on identity construction in online settings in which
outside peer-to-peer interaction may be limited.
Sharing stories around the digital campfire
Authors: Green-Eneix Curtis , De Costa Peter I. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
As the educational landscape evolves to address emerging
international demands (De Costa,
Green-Eneix & Li, 2020), teacher educators and researchers
have begun to reevaluate what it means to be a ‘good’ teacher within digital
classrooms. An area that has not been fully explored is how language teacher cognition
(LTC) and language
teacher emotions (LTE) dialectically occur through the stories
and conversations in asynchronous online language teaching classrooms. This
semester-long netnographic case study (Kozinets, 2010) sets out to understand how a fully asynchronous
class helps novice in-service language teachers better understand their LTC
and LTE concerning their respective teaching contexts. We found a digital
space for in-service teachers to develop professionally both in the
classroom and their respective contexts.
Gender assignment in mixed noun phrases
Authors: Bellamy Kate , Parafita Couto M. Carmen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Noun phrases (NPs) constitute one of the most frequent sites where bilingual speakers code-switch.
In this chapter we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of research into grammatical gender assignment in mixed
NPs, namely NPs containing a noun from one language and a gender-agreeing element from another. We outline the three
main gender assignment strategies observed in mixed NPs: (i) translation equivalent, (ii) shape-based, and (iii)
default, and in which language pairs, using which tasks, they have been observed. We discuss how the order of
acquisition of the gendered and non-gendered language, language dominance, task type, and community norms combine with
linguistic properties to modulate gender assignment patterns. Findings suggest that bilinguals who learned a gendered
language first seem to prefer the translation equivalent strategy. Since insufficient data from a wide variety of
language dyads is currently available, we are cautious about offering further generalisations. Nonetheless, we
highlight findings suggesting that more habitual code-switchers prefer the masculine default strategy. In order to
progress beyond the current state of the art, we suggest that the field needs to expand into more language dyads, as
well as extend existing research on individual language dyads, using multiple methodologies and in communities
differing in their code-switching frequency.
Constructional variation and change in N-is focaliser constructions
Authors: Hundt Marianne 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper revisits the emergence of N-is focaliser constructions. It is the first to systematically use qualitative evidence from the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) and Early English Books Online (EEBO) to establish the chronology of developments from a full clause to a parenthetical. In a second step, diachronic evidence from the Late Modern English Corpus of Historical American English (COHA) is used for a quantitative, variationist study of constructional change in the Late Modern period. The relevant stages for this are determined in a bottom-up fashion, using Variability-based Neighbour Clustering (VNC). Multivariate statistical modelling is then applied to model the relative importance of predictor variables for the degree of syntactic integration. The chronological data from the OED and EEBO provide evidence of lexical diffusion from truth is and various other shell nouns to problem is. COHA data further show N-is focalisers to be spreading in discourse frequency. The variationist evidence shows that punctuation is not the most important predictor variable throughout and that it interacts in interesting ways with other predictors. Finally, relatively minor (i.e. numerically infrequent) but conceptually salient changes (such as article omission) are taken to contribute to further constructionalisation.
Principles of integrated language policy
Authors: Grin François 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter proposes a novel perspective on language policy as a form of public policy, highlighting some of the epistemological implications of this approach and discussing its linkages with more standard approaches originating in applied linguistics. After introducing the relevance of interdisciplinarity and complexity as defining features of this enterprise, it focuses on the connections between principles of public policy on the one hand, and the specificities of language policy on the other hand. To this end, this chapter develops an entirely novel typology of the main dimensions of language policy (type, domain, sphere, tier, welfare, target, causation and instrument), with which the latter may be extensively described and characterised. These dimensions bring to the fore the importance of jointly considering the micro, meso and macro levels at which language policies necessarily unfold. Given the extreme complexity of practically any language policy, and the associated difficulty of establishing the full range of effects (including both advantages and drawbacks) of alternative policy choices, analysts often need to fall back on pragmatic solutions in the selection and design process. Accordingly, this chapter emphasizes the role of plausibility as a valid criterion for evaluating such effects.