bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hamiltonian formalism for dynamics of particles in MOG
Authors: Rahvar Sohrab 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
MOG as a modified gravity theory is designed to be replaced with dark matter. In this theory, in addition to the metric tensor, a massive vector is a gravity field where each particle has a charge proportional to the inertial mass and couples to the vector field through the four-velocity of a particle. In this work, we present the Hamiltonian formalism for the dynamics of particles in this theory. The advantage of Hamiltonian formalism is a better understanding and analysing the dynamics of massive and massless particles. The massive particles deviate from the geodesics of space–time and photons follow the geodesics. We also study the dynamics of particles in the Newtonian and post-Newtonian regimes for observational purposes. An important result of Hamiltonian formalism is that while lensing on large scales is compatible with the observations, however the deflection angle from stellar size lensing is larger than general relativity. This result can rule out this theory unless we introduce a screening mechanism to change the effective gravitational constant near compact objects like stars.
A deep learning approach to halo merger tree construction
Authors: Robles Sandra , Gómez Jonathan S , Ramírez Rivera Adín , Padilla Nelson D , Dujovne Diego 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
A key ingredient for semi-analytic models of galaxy formation is the mass assembly history of haloes, encoded in a tree structure. The most commonly used method to construct halo merger histories is based on the outcomes of high-resolution, computationally intensive N-body simulations. We show that machine learning (ML) techniques, in particular Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), are a promising new tool to tackle this problem with a modest computational cost and retaining the best features of merger trees from simulations. We train our GAN model with a limited sample of merger trees from the Evolution and Assembly of GaLaxies and their Environments (EAGLE) simulation suite, constructed using two halo finders–tree builder algorithms: SUBFIND – D-TREES and ROCKSTAR – ConsistentTrees. Our GAN model successfully learns to generate well-constructed merger tree structures with high temporal resolution, and to reproduce the statistical features of the sample of merger trees used for training, when considering up to three variables in the training process. These inputs, whose representations are also learned by our GAN model, are mass of the halo progenitors and the final descendant, progenitor type (main halo or satellite), and distance of a progenitor to that in the main branch. The inclusion of the latter two inputs greatly improves the final learned representation of the halo mass growth history, especially for SUBFIND-like ML trees. When comparing equally sized samples of ML merger trees with those of the EAGLE simulation, we find better agreement for SUBFIND-like ML trees. Finally, our GAN-based framework can be utilized to construct merger histories of low- and intermediate-mass haloes, the most abundant in cosmological simulations.
A Transcriptomic Atlas Underlying Developmental Plasticity of Seasonal Forms of Bicyclus anynana Butterflies
Authors: Tian Shen , Monteiro Antónia 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Organisms residing in regions with alternating seasons often develop different phenotypes, or forms, in each season. These forms are often adaptations to each season and result from an altered developmental response to specific environmental cues such as temperature. Although multiple studies have examined form-specific gene expression profiles in a diversity of species, little is known about how environments and developmental transitions, cued by hormone pulses, alter post-transcriptional patterns. In this study, we examine how gene expression, alternative splicing, and miRNA-mediated gene silencing in Bicyclus anynana butterfly hindwing tissue, varies across two rearing temperatures at four developmental timepoints. These timepoints flank two temperature-sensitive periods that coincide with two pulses of the insect hormone 20E. Our results suggest that developmental transitions, coincident with 20E pulses, elicit a greater impact on all these transcriptomic patterns than rearing temperatures per se. More similar transcriptomic patterns are observed pre-20E pulses than those observed post-20E pulses. We also found functionally distinct sets of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially spliced genes (DSGs) in the seasonal forms. Furthermore, around 10% of DEGs are predicted to be direct targets of, and regulated by, differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) between the seasonal forms. Many DEGs, DEmiRs, or DSGs potentially regulate eyespot size plasticity, and we validated the differential splicing pattern of one such gene, daughterless. We present a comprehensive and interactive transcriptomic atlas of the hindwing tissue of both seasonal forms of B. anynana throughout development, a model organism of seasonal plasticity.
Hierarchical palladium catalyst for highly active and stable water oxidation in acidic media
Authors: Peng Jing , Sun Haofeng , Ni Kun , Wu Jiajing , Sun Xinyu , Su Yueqi , Cheng Han , Liu Yuhua , Guo Yuqiao , Bi Wentuan , Zhu Yanwu , Wu Changzheng , Xie Yi 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Acidic water electrolysis is of great importance for boosting the development of renewable energy. However, it severely suffers from the trade-off between high activity and long lifespan for oxygen evolution catalysts on the anode side. This is because the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction necessitates the application of a high overpotential to achieve considerable current, which inevitably drives the catalysts far away from their thermodynamic equilibrium states. Here we demonstrate a new oxygen evolution model catalyst-hierarchical palladium (Pd) whose performance even surpasses the benchmark Ir- and Ru-based materials. The Pd catalyst displays an ultralow overpotential (196 mV), excellent durability and mitigated degradation (66 μV h−1) at 10 mA cm−2 in 1 M HClO4. Tensile strain on Pd (111) facets weakens the binding of oxygen species on electrochemical etching-derived hierarchical Pd and thereby leads to two orders of magnitudes of enhancement of mass activity in comparison to the parent Pd bulk materials. Furthermore, the Pd catalyst displays the bifunctional catalytic properties for both oxygen and hydrogen evolutions and can deliver a current density of 2 A cm–2 at a low cell voltage of 1.771 V when fabricated into polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyser.
Assessment of Noninvasive Markers of Steatosis and Liver Fibrosis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Monoinfected Patients on Stable Antiretroviral Regimens
Authors: Busca C , Sánchez-Conde M , Rico M , Rosas M , Valencia E , Moreno A , Moreno V , Martín-Carbonero L , Moreno S , Pérez-Valero I , Bernardino J I , Arribas J R , González J , Olveira A , Castillo P , Abadía M , Guerra L , Mendez C , Montes M L 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major nonacquired immune deficiency syndrome-defining condition for persons with human immunodeficiency virus (PWH). We aimed to validate noninvasive tests for the diagnosis of NAFLD in PWH.

Methods
This is a cross-sectional study of PWH on stable antiretroviral therapy with persistently elevated transaminases and no known liver disease. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was calculated to compare the diagnostic accuracy of liver biopsy with abdominal ultrasound, transient elastography (TE) (including controlled attenuation parameter [CAP]), and noninvasive markers of steatosis (triglyceride and glucose index [TyG], hepatic steatosis index [HSI], fatty liver index [FLI]) and fibrosis ([FIB]-4, aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index [APRI], NAFLD fibrosis score). We developed a diagnostic algorithm with serial combinations of markers.

Results
Of 146 patients with increased transaminase levels, 69 underwent liver biopsy (90% steatosis, 61% steatohepatitis, and 4% F ≥3). The AUROC for steatosis was as follows: ultrasound, 0.90 (0.75–1); CAP, 0.94 (0.88–1); FLI, 0.81 (0.58–1); HSI, 0.74 (0.62–0.87); and TyG, 0.75 (0.49–1). For liver fibrosis ≥F3, the AUROC for TE, APRI, FIB-4, and NAFLD fibrosis score was 0.92 (0.82–1), 0.96 (0.90–1), 0.97 (0.93–1), and 0.85 (0.68–1). Optimal diagnostic performance for liver steatosis was for 2 noninvasive combined models of tests with TyG and FLI/HSI as the first tests and ultrasound or CAP as the second tests: AUROC = 0.99 (0.97–1, P &lt; .001) and 0.92 (0.77–1, P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Ultrasound and CAP performed best in diagnosing liver steatosis, and FLI, TyG, and HSI performed well. We propose an easy-to-implement algorithm with TyG or FLI as the first test and ultrasound or CAP as the second test to accurately diagnose or exclude NAFLD.
Feasibility of hybrid in-stream generator–photovoltaic systems for Amazonian off-grid communities
Authors: Brown Erik , Johansen Igor Cavallini , Bortoleto Ana Paula , Pokhrel Yadu , Chaudhari Suyog , Cak Anthony , Sulaeman Samer , Castro-Diaz Laura , Lopez Maria Claudia , Mayer Adam , Walgren Judith , Müller Norbert , Moran Emilio 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
While there have been efforts to supply off-grid energy in the Amazon, these attempts have focused on low upfront costs and deployment rates. These “get-energy-quick” methods have almost solely adopted diesel generators, ignoring the environmental and social risks associated with the known noise and pollution of combustion engines. Alternatively, it is recommended, herein, to supply off-grid needs with renewable, distributed microgrids comprised of photovoltaics (PV) and in-stream generators (ISG). Utilization of a hybrid combination of renewable generators can provide an energetically, environmentally, and financially feasible alternative to typical electrification methods, depending on available solar irradiation and riverine characteristics, that with community engagement allows for a participatory codesign process that takes into consideration people’s needs. A convergent solution development framework that includes designers—a team of social scientists, engineers, and communication specialists—and communities as well as the local industry is examined here, by which the future negative impacts at the human–machine–environment nexus can be minimized by iterative, continuous interaction between these key actors.
Severe Acute Coronary Syndrome After Carbetocin Injection During Cesarean Delivery: A Case Report
Authors: Crabbe M. , Dangoisse M. , Catry A. , Van der Linden P. 
Published: June 2022

(Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2021;38:899–901)
As an analogue of oxytocin the function of carbetocin is similar but has a longer duration of action. This offers the advantage of giving single slow injection of 100 mg for uterotonic effect. The toxicity of carbetocin has not been completely defined and its effective dose, 100 mg, may have been miscalculated. This report reviews the case of a 36-year-old parturient with no cardiovascular risk factors who experienced a severe acute coronary syndrome (ACS) leading to ventricular fibrillation following an injection of carbetocin 30 mg during cesarean delivery (CD).
Twelve-month Treatment Retention and Associated Factors: A Comparison of 2 Medically Assisted Therapy Clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Authors: Mlaki Damas A. , Mbwambo Jessie K. , McCurdy Sheryl , Masao Frank A. , Kaduri Pamela A. 
Published: June 2022

Objectives
Retention in methadone maintenance treatment is instrumental in achieving better treatment outcomes. In this study, we compared 2 medication-assisted treatment (MAT) clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania with respect to patient characteristics, outcomes, and factors that predict 12-month treatment retention.

Methods
This retrospective registry-based cohort study utilized data collected for routine clinical and program monitoring at 2 sites, Mwananyamala and Muhimbili MAT clinics. Cumulative retention in treatment was calculated using life tables. The analysis of treatment retention predictor variables used both Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard analyses.

Results
We examined the socio-demographic and program-related characteristics of 362 (181 from each clinic) patients. Twelve-month treatment retention was higher at Mwananyamala (73%) than Muhimbili (64%) MAT clinic, but the difference was not significant. In both clinics, a higher methadone dose (>60mg) significantly predicted treatment retention (P < 0.05). Being employed and traveling an average short distance (<5 km) from home to clinic significantly increased the likelihood of remaining in treatment in Muhimbili MAT clinic (P< 0.05) only.

Conclusions
A methadone dose of 60 mg and above was associated with longer retention in treatment. At 1 clinic in a denser and more central location, employment and a short travel distance from home to clinic were associated with longer tenure in treatment. These findings have potential implications for clinical practice, research, and scaling up MAT services in Tanzania.
Case Series: Presumed Choroidal Melanoma Diagnosis Expedited by Documented Growth on Serial Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: O'Day Roderick F. J. , McKay Daniel , McKenzie John D. , van Wijngaarden Peter 
Published: June 2022

SIGNIFICANCE
These cases highlight the importance of monitoring choroidal nevi with benign imaging characteristics and the potential to quantify horizontal growth using optical coherence tomography (OCT), in the absence of color fundus photography.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to present reports of two patients with pigmented choroidal tumors with low malignant potential based on their multimodal imaging features at the time of referral, but access to prior OCT imaging confirmed horizontal growth consistent with melanoma.

CASE REPORTS
Two patients with pigmented, dome-shaped, subfoveal tumors were referred. Both tumors had basal diameters greater than 5 mm but no other risk factor for growth at the time of referral. Screening OCT scans had been taken of each patient's macula more than 5 years before referral, but color fundus photography was not available for either. Repeat OCT scanning at the time of referral showed horizontal growth of the tumors consistent with melanoma. As per the “To Find Small Ocular Melanoma—Do Imaging” risk factor assessment, the 5-year risk of growth of both tumors would be estimated at 11% at the time of referral, and in the absence of the documented horizontal growth on OCT scanning, the patients would have been monitored for growth. After discussion of the risks and benefits, both patients elected for their tumors to be managed as choroidal melanomas and underwent ruthenium plaque brachytherapy.

CONCLUSIONS
Horizontal growth of choroidal tumors can be established using sequential OCT scans in the absence of color fundus photography. Access to prior imaging can expedite the diagnosis of choroidal melanoma, potentially allowing patients to be treated earlier.
Case Report: Downbeat Nystagmus Due to Epidural Puncture during Labor with Undiagnosed Arnold-Chiari Malformation
Authors: Bhakhri Raman , Messner Leonard 
Published: June 2022

SIGNIFICANCE
Epidural anesthesia is a safe procedure used in pregnant patients during labor. However, caution should be exercised in those patients who have concurrent Arnold-Chiari malformation.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to report a rare and atypical presentation of downbeat nystagmus, in a pregnant patient with Arnold-Chiari malformation type 1 (ACM1), secondary to accidental dural puncture.

CASE REPORT
A 31-year-old African American woman presented with a chief complaint of decreased vision and oscillopsia that occurred after giving birth, 6 months earlier. Her medical history before presentation was unremarkable. Her delivery was typical; however, the patient did receive epidural anesthesia, which resulted in a dural puncture. The patient noted her symptoms a few days after delivery. Upon examination, persistent downbeat nystagmus was noted in both eyes. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 2.5-cm inferior displacement of the cerebellar tonsils below the foramen magnum consistent with ACM1. The patient was referred to neurosurgery for posterior fossa decompression. However, surgery was deferred until appropriate weight reduction could be achieved. Follow-up examination 6 months later revealed no change in her clinical findings.

CONCLUSIONS
This case report highlights an atypical presentation of downbeat nystagmus secondary to an accidental dural puncture in a pregnant patient with undiagnosed ACM1. Clinicians should consider the importance of considering ocular complications that can occur in pregnant patients with ACM1. Questioning of women who have recently given birth about epidural anesthesia should be considered with an acute presentation of downbeat nystagmus.
Weight-Based Versus Flat Dosing of Epinephrine During Cardiac Arrest in the PICU: A Multicenter Survey
Authors: Kienzle Martha F. , Morgan Ryan W. , Dewan Maya , Hebbar Kiran B. , Nadkarni Vinay M. , Srinivasan Vijay , Tegtmeyer Ken , Sutton Robert M. , Wolfe Heather A. 
Published: June 2022

Objectives:
Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS) guidelines include weight-based epinephrine dosing recommendations of 0.01 mg/kg with a maximum of 1 mg, which corresponds to a weight of 100 kg. Actual practice patterns are unknown.

Design:
Multicenter cross-sectional survey regarding institutional practices for the transition from weight-based to flat dosing of epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in PICUs. Exploratory analyses compared epinephrine dosing practices with several institutional characteristics using Fisher exact test.

Setting:
Internet-based survey.

Subjects:
U.S. PICU representatives (one per institution) involved in resuscitation systems of care.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Of 137 institutions surveyed, 68 (50%) responded. Most responding institutions are freestanding children’s hospitals or dedicated children’s hospitals within combined adult/pediatric hospitals (67; 99%); 55 (81%) are academic and 41 (60%) have PICU fellowship programs. Among respondents, institutional roles include PICU medical director (13; 19%), resuscitation committee member (23; 34%), and attending physician with interest in resuscitation (21; 31%). When choosing between weight-based and flat dosing, 64 respondents (94%) report using patient weight, 23 (34%) patient age, and five (7%) patient pubertal stage. Among those reporting using weight, 28 (44%) switch at 50 to less than 60 kg, 17 (27%) at 60 to less than 80 kg, five (8%) at 80 to less than 100 kg, and eight (12%) at greater than or equal to 100 kg. Among those reporting using age, four (17%) switch at 14 to less than 16 years, five (22%) at 16 to less than 18, and six (26%) at greater than or equal to 18. Twenty-nine respondents (43%) report using ideal body weight when dosing epinephrine in obese patients. Using patient age in choosing epinephrine dosing is more common in institutions that require Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) certification for some/all code team responders compared with institutions that do not require ACLS certification (52% vs 22%; p = 0.02).

Conclusions:
The majority of PICUs surveyed report epinephrine dosing practices that are inconsistent with PALS guidelines.
Metapredict V2: An update to metapredict, a fast, accurate, and easy-to-use predictor of consensus disorder and structure
Authors: Emenecker Ryan J. , Griffith Daniel , Holehouse Alex S. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACTIntrinsically disordered proteins and protein regions make up 20-40% of most eukaryotic proteomes and play essential roles in a wide gamut of cellular processes, from intracellular trafficking to epigenetic silencing. Given their importance, the ability to robustly, quickly, and easily identify IDRs within large proteins is critical. Here we present metapredict V2, an update to our deep-learning-based disorder predictor metapredict. Metapredict V2 has substantially improved accuracy, more features, and a more user-friendly interface via our web server (https://metapredict.net/), Python package, and command-line tool. To illustrate V2’s improved performance we undertake a systematic analysis of human transcription factors, as well as illustrate that metapredict V2 works well for synthetic or non-natural proteins.KEY POINTSMetapredict is a fast and easy-to-use disorder predictor released in 2021.Metapredict V2 was released in March 2022 and includes improved accuracy and new features.Metapredict V2 is now the default metapredict implementation, although the original implementation is available as ‘legacy’ metapredict.This manuscript provides a summary of how we improved the accuracy of metapredict and compares the original version (legacy) to our improved version (V2)This manuscript will not be submitted to a journal; if you use metapredict V2 please cite the original paper and make reference to the fact that V2 is being used.
Going with the flow – how a stream insect,Pteronarcys californica,exploits local flows to increase oxygen availability
Authors: Birrell Jackson H. , Woods H. Arthur 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFor insects, aquatic life is challenging because oxygen supply is typically low compared to air. Although many insects rely on stream flows to augment oxygen supply, oxygen limitation may occur when oxygen levels or flows are low or when warm temperatures stimulate metabolic demand for oxygen. Behavior may allow insects to mitigate oxygen shortages – by moving to cooler, more oxygenated, or faster flowing microhabitats. However, whether stream insects can make meaningful choices depends on: i) how much temperature, oxygen, and flow vary at microspatial scales in streams and ii) the ability of insects to exploit that variation. We measured microspatial variation in temperature, oxygen saturation, and flow velocity within riffles of two streams in Montana, USA. Additionally, we examined the preferences of nymphs of the stoneflyPteronarcys californicato gradients of temperature, oxygen, and flow in lab choice experiments. Temperature and oxygen level varied modestly within stream riffles (∼ 1.8 °C, ∼ 8.0% of air saturation, respectively). By contrast, flow velocity was highly heterogeneous, often varying by more than 125 cm s-1within riffles and 44 cm s-1around individual cobbles. Exploiting micro-variation in flow may thus be the most reliable option for altering rates of oxygen transport. In alignment with this prediction,P. californicanymphs showed relatively little ability to exploit laboratory gradients in temperature and oxygen. By contrast, they readily exploited micro-variation in flow – consistently choosing higher flows when conditions were warm or hypoxic. These behaviors may help stream insects mitigate low-oxygen stress from climate change and other anthropogenic disturbances.Summary StatementStonefly nymphs stressed by higher temperatures and lower oxygen availability often relocate to areas of higher flow. This behavior likely increases the ratio of oxygen supply to demand.