bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract security patterns and the design of secure systems
Authors: Fernandez Eduardo B. , Yoshioka Nobukazu , Washizaki Hironori , Yoder Joseph 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDuring the initial stages of software development, the primary goal is to define precise and detailed requirements without concern for software realizations. Security constraints should be introduced then and must be based on the semantic aspects of applications, not on their software architectures, as it is the case in most secure development methodologies. In these stages, we need to identify threats as attacker goals and indicate what conceptual security defenses are needed to thwart these goals, without consideration of implementation details. We can consider the effects of threats on the application assets and try to find ways to stop them. These threats should be controlled with abstract security mechanisms that can be realized by abstract security patterns (ASPs), that include only the core functions of these mechanisms, which must be present in every implementation of them. An abstract security pattern describes a conceptual security mechanism that includes functions able to stop or mitigate a threat or comply with a regulation or institutional policy. We describe here the properties of ASPs and present a detailed example. We relate ASPs to each other and to Security Solution Frames, which describe families of related patterns. We show how to include ASPs to secure an application, as well as how to derive concrete patterns from them. Finally, we discuss their practical value, including their use in “security by design” and IoT systems design.
Mental health and wellbeing among Egyptian medical students: a cross-sectional study
Authors: El-Gabry Dina Aly , Okasha Tarek , Shaker Nermin , Elserafy Doha , Yehia Mariam , Aziz Karim Abdel , Bhugra Dinesh , Molodynski Andrew , Elkhatib Hossam 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Medical students are prone to experience high levels of stress during their studies, which can lead to burnout and mental health disorders such as anxiety and depression, that can affect their academic performance and ability to practice. We therefore conducted an online survey to collect data on demographics, sources of stress, mental health problems, burnout, and substance use in 547 medical students from two universities in Cairo. We used the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory (OLBI), the General Health Questionnaire 12 (GHQ-12), and the CAGE questionnaire.

Results
Our results indicated that 16% of participants were diagnosed with a mental illness while in medical school, with 88% screening positive for burnout on the OLBI, 63% reaching the threshold as cases on the GHQ-12 and 9% screening positive on the CAGE questionnaire. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between scores on the OLBI and the GHQ-12.

Conclusions
Our study indicated that there were very high levels of psychological distress (burnout, mental illness) among medical students, with high rates of disengagement and exhaustion.
Diagnostic value of platelet indices in COVID 19 infection: a case-control study from a single tertiary care center
Authors: Shankaralingappa Arundhathi , Tummidi Santosh , Arun Babu Thirunavukkarasu 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Platelets are not only involved in hemostasis and coagulation, but play a significant role in innate immunity and inflammatory response. Excess production of cytokines and acute phase reactants affect megakaryopoiesis resulting in the release of immature platelets from the bone marrow altering platelet indices.

Aim
To study platelet indices in RT-PCR-proven COVID patients and non-COVID patients.

Methods
A case-control study was conducted on 199 COVID-19 patients and 198 normal individuals. Blood samples were analyzed in an automated hematology analyzer. The platelet indices like platelet count, mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), platelet large cell count (PLCC), and platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR) were compared among two groups.

Results
Platelet count in COVID-19 patients were significantly low (p<0.01) compared to controls, and a significant number of COVID-19 patients had thrombocytopenia. Plateletcrit (PCT) was also significantly decreased in COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID individuals. MPV, PDW, and PLCR were significantly (p<0.05) high in COVID-19 patients in comparison to controls, but was not significantly raised in a large number of cases. In contrast, there were no significant differences in platelet large cell count (PLCC) values between COVID-19 cases and non-COVID-19 controls.

Conclusion
Platelet indices like platelet count, PCT, MPV, PDW, and P-LCR are significantly altered in COVID-19 infection and thereby can be used as biomarkers in COVID-19. Further research is needed to find if these simple, cost-effective parameters can be used to predict the severity and prognosis in COVID-19 infection.
Status of fish health management and biosecurity measures in fish farms, cages and hatcheries in Western Kenya
Authors: Kyule-Muendo Domitila , Otachi Elick , Awour Fonda , Ogello Erick , Obiero Kevin , Abwao Jacob , Muthoni Cecilia , Munguti Jonathan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Aquaculture is one of the critical sectors contributing to food and nutrition security, income and employment opportunities to millions of people, and is currently the fastest growing food-producing sector globally. With the global increase in aquaculture production, focus on biosecurity and fish health management is becoming increasingly important to address the risks and impacts of aquatic diseases. Within the framework of adaptive research, this study aimed at assessing the levels of awareness and preparedness of fish farmers in Western Kenya to meet fish health management and biosecurity requirements as important parameters determining the success of their farming activities.

Methods
A total of 504 fish farmers were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire generated by a computer-aided personal interview (CAPI). The data collected was summarized using descriptive statistics using SPSS version 25. The homogeneity of frequency data of all the parameters between the three counties was tested using a non-parametric Pearson Chi-Square test at α = 0.05.

Results
The key findings were that 76.1% of the fish farmers reported mortalities in their farms, with 2.3% reporting mortalities above 50% of the stocked fish, but with a majority (85.5%) reporting loss of up to 10%. In extrapolation, the total loss from the farms correlates with stagnation in aquaculture production in Kenya.

Conclusions
This study concludes that there is a paucity of knowledge on fish health management systems and biosecurity measures which presents a serious threat to aquaculture production in the studied counties and poses a great risk to trans-boundary live fish trade between Kenya and her neighbouring countries. Although fish farming is a promising area, it has had so many challenges among them high mortality rates. In China and other Asian countries, which are the world leaders in aquaculture production, they are making headway in fish health management and biosecurity. This study recommends the development of a coordinated awareness campaigns on fish health management and biosecurity measures to fish farmers in Kenya.
Predictors of family caregiving burden of persons with schizophrenia with and without transition of primary caregivers from 1994 to 2015 in rural China
Authors: Peng Man-Man , Ma Zhiying , Chen She-Ying , Luo Wei , Hu Shi-Hui , Yang Xin , Liu Bo , Chan Cecilia Lai-Wan , Ran Mao-Sheng 
Published: April 2022

Background
Little is known about how sociodemographic and clinical factors affect the caregiving burden of persons with schizophrenia (PwSs) with transition in primary caregivers.

Aims
This study aimed to examine the predictive effects of sociodemographic and clinical factors on the caregiving burden of PwSs with and without caregiver transition from 1994 to 2015 in rural China.

Method
Using panel data, 206 dyads of PwSs and their primary caregivers were investigated in both 1994 and 2015. The generalised linear model approach was used to examine the predictive effects of sociodemographic factors, severity of symptoms and changes in social functioning on the caregiving burden with and without caregiver transition.

Results
The percentages of families with and without caregiver transition were 38.8% and 61.2%, respectively. Among families without caregiver transition, a heavier burden was significantly related to a larger family size and more severe symptoms in PwSs. Deteriorated functioning of ‘social activities outside the household’ and improved functioning of ‘activity in the household’ were protective factors against a heavy caregiving burden. Among families with caregiver transition, younger age, improved marital functioning, deteriorated self-care functioning, and better functioning of ‘social interest or concern’ were significant risk factors for caregiving burden.

Conclusions
The effects of sociodemographic and clinical correlates on the caregiving burden were different among families with and without caregiver transition. It is crucial to explore the caregiver arrangement of PwSs and the risk factors for burden over time, which will facilitate culture-specific family interventions, community-based mental health services and recovery.
The histone variant macroH2A1.1 regulates RNA polymerase II-paused genes within defined chromatin interaction landscapes
Authors: Recoules Ludmila , Heurteau Alexandre , Raynal Flavien , Karasu Nezih , Moutahir Fatima , Bejjani Fabienne , Jariel-Encontre Isabelle , Cuvier Olivier , Sexton Thomas , Lavigne Anne-Claire , Bystricky Kerstin 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The histone variant macroH2A1.1 plays a role in cancer development and metastasis. To determine the underlying molecular mechanisms, we mapped the genome-wide localization of endogenous macroH2A1.1 in the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. We demonstrate that macroH2A1.1 specifically binds to active promoters and enhancers in addition to facultative heterochromatin. Selective knock down of macroH2A1.1 deregulates the expression of hundreds of highly active genes. Depending on the chromatin landscape, macroH2A1.1 acts through two distinct molecular mechanisms. The first mitigates excessive transcription by binding over domains including the promoter and the gene body. The second stimulates expression of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-paused genes, including genes regulating mammary tumor cell migration. In contrast to the first mechanism, macroH2A1.1 specifically associates with the transcription start site of Pol II-paused genes. These processes occur in a predefined local 3D genome landscape, but do not require rewiring of enhancer-promoter contacts. We thus propose that macroH2A1.1 serves as a transcriptional modulator with a potential role in assisting the conversion of promoter-locked Pol II into a productive, elongating Pol II.
Venom production and secretion in reptiles
Authors: Mackessy Stephen P. 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The venom glands of reptiles, particularly those of front-fanged advanced snakes, must satisfy conflicting biological demands: rapid synthesis of potentially labile and highly toxic proteins, storage in the gland lumen for long periods, stabilization of the stored secretions, immediate activation of toxins upon deployment and protection of the animal from the toxic effects of its own venom. This dynamic system could serve as a model for the study of a variety of different phenomena involving exocrine gland activation, protein synthesis, stabilization of protein products and secretory mechanisms. However, these studies have been hampered by a lack of a long-term model that can be propagated in the lab (as opposed to whole-animal studies). Numerous attempts have been made to extend the lifetime of venom gland secretory cells, but only recently has an organoid model been shown to have the requisite qualities of recapitulation of the native system, self-propagation and long-term viability (&gt;1 year). A tractable model is now available for myriad cell- and molecular-level studies of venom glands, protein synthesis and secretion. However, venom glands of reptiles are not identical, and many differ very extensively in overall architecture, microanatomy and protein products produced. This Review summarizes the similarities among and differences between venom glands of helodermatid lizards and of rear-fanged and front-fanged snakes, highlighting those areas that are well understood and identifying areas where future studies can fill in significant gaps in knowledge of these ancient, yet fascinating systems.
High-fat diet affects measures of skeletal muscle contractile performance in a temperature-specific manner but does not influence regional thermal sensitivity
Authors: Tallis Jason , James Rob S. , Eyre Emma L. J. , Cox Val M. , Hurst Josh 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The present study examined whether high-fat diet (HFD) consumption for 20 weeks had a temperature-specific effect on the contractile performance and regional thermal sensitivity of isolated mouse soleus and diaphragm muscle. Four-week-old female CD-1 mice were randomly selected to consume either a standard laboratory diet or a standard laboratory diet in conjunction with a HFD for 20 weeks. Peripheral soleus and core diaphragm were isolated from each animal and maximal isometric force and work loop power were assessed at 20, 28, 35 and 40°C. Increasing temperature to 35°C resulted in greater isometric stress, lower activation and relaxation time, and higher work loop power in both muscles. A further increase in temperature to 40°C did not affect isometric force but increased work loop power output of the soleus. Conversely, isometric force of the diaphragm was reduced and work loop power maintained when temperature was increased to 40°C. HFD consumption resulted in greater isometric force and absolute work loop power of the soleus and reduced isometric stress of the diaphragm, effects that were less apparent at lower temperatures. When the relationship between temperature and each measure of contractile function was examined by linear regression, there was no difference in slope between the control or HFD groups for either the soleus or diaphragm. These results indicate that whilst contractile function initially increases with temperature, the temperature to elicit maximal performance is muscle and contractile mode specific. Furthermore, HFD effects on contractile function are temperature specific, but HFD does not influence the relationship between temperature and performance.
Using social annotation to construct knowledge with others: A case study across undergraduate courses
Authors: Morales Esteban , Kalir Jeremiah H. , Fleerackers Alice , Alperin Juan Pablo 
Published: April 2022

Background: Social annotation (SA) is a genre of learning technology that enables the addition of digital notes to shared texts and affords contextualized peer-to-peer online discussion. A small body of literature examines how SA, as asynchronous online discussion, can contribute to students’ knowledge construction (KC)—or a process whereby learners collaborate through shared socio-cognitive practices. This case study analyzed how SA enabled student participation in seven KC activities, such as interpretation and elaboration. Methods: We analyzed 2,121 annotations written by 59 students in three undergraduate courses at a Canadian University in the first months of 2019. Using a method of open coding and constant comparison, we coded each annotation for evidence of KC activities. Results: Results showed a range of KC activities in students’ SA. Across courses, interpretation was the most common KC activity (40%), followed by elaboration (20%). Annotations that were part of peer-to-peer discussion included all seven types of KC activities, but some activities, such as consensus building, support, and conflict, were almost exclusively found in replies to others. Conclusions: This study suggests that SA is a productive form of online learning through which undergraduate students in multiple disciplinary contexts can interact with peers, make sense of academic content, and construct knowledge by reading and writing together.
Exploring pandemic-related stress and resilience among digital workers: A basic interpretive qualitative study
Authors: Rahmat Hawa , Cheang Alexius Weng-Onn , Tan Choon-Hong , Koo Ah-Choo , Siew Wei-Fern , Amir Sarji Elyna , Cheng Kin-Meng 
Published: April 2022

Background: Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the world's socio-economic structure must adjust to operate within the new normal for each country for its citizens to survive. Many jobs are now operating online, which has changed regular workers into “digital workers”. The abrupt shift in the nature of work has caused pandemic-related stress among workers and raises the question - can these digital workers thrive during the pandemic? The study aims to evaluate pandemic-related stress faced by digital workers and their resilience and ability to thrive during the pandemic. Methods: A qualitative research methodology in the form of a thematic approach was used to gauge digital workers’ pandemic-related stressors and resilience strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. 15 digital workers from various backgrounds were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Results: Five themes were identified as the pandemic-related stressors among digital workers. These include anxiety about COVID-19 infections, mental exhaustion, physical exhaustion, feeling insecure and uncertain about financial concerns. The resilience factors include an active approach towards problem-solving, a positive outlook even during suffering, staying focused on responsibility for others, managing one’s well-being and a strong reliance on faith. Conclusions: The outcomes of the study were derived from the culmination of a qualitative approach that comprehended the feelings, ideas, and experiences of digital workers. Therefore, there is a need to conduct a quantitative analysis in order to test the hypotheses and assumptions of the study.
Reverse transcription PCR to detect low density malaria infections
Authors: Christensen Peter , Bozdech Zbynek , Watthanaworawit Wanitda , Imwong Mallika , Rénia Laurent , Malleret Benoît , Ling Clare , Nosten François 
Published: April 2022

Background: Targeted malaria elimination strategies require highly sensitive tests to detect low density malaria infections (LDMI). Commonly used methods for malaria diagnosis such as light microscopy and antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are not sensitive enough for reliable identification of infections with parasitaemia below 200 parasites per milliliter of blood. While targeted malaria elimination efforts on the Thailand-Myanmar border have successfully used high sample volume ultrasensitive quantitative PCR (uPCR) to determine malaria prevalence, the necessity for venous collection and processing of large quantities of patient blood limits the widespread tractability of this method. Methods: Here we evaluated a real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) method that reduces the required sample volume compared to uPCR. To do this, 304 samples collected from an active case detection program in Kayin state, Myanmar were compared using uPCR and RT-qPCR. Results: Plasmodium spp. RT-qPCR confirmed 18 of 21 uPCR Plasmodium falciparum positives, while P. falciparum specific RT-qPCR confirmed 17 of the 21 uPCR P. falciparum positives. Combining both RT-qPCR results increased the sensitivity to 100% and specificity was 95.1%. Conclusion: Malaria detection in areas of low transmission and LDMI can benefit from the increased sensitivity of ribosomal RNA detection by RT-PCR, especially where sample volume is limited. Isolation of high quality RNA also allows for downstream analysis of malaria transcripts.
Efficiency of transplacental transfer of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) specific antibodies among pregnant women in Kenya
Authors: Nyiro Joyce U. , Bukusi Elizabeth , Mwaengo Dufton , Nyaguara Amek , Nyawanda Bryan , Otieno Nancy , Bigogo Godfrey , Murunga Nickson , Widdowson Marc-Alain , Verani Jennifer R. , Chaves Sandra S. , Mwangudza Hope , Odundo Calleb , Berkley James A. , Nokes D James , Munywoki Patrick K. 
Published: April 2022

Background: Maternal immunisation to boost respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antibodies in pregnant women, is a strategy being considered to enhance infant protection from severe RSV associated disease. However, little is known about the efficiency of transplacental transfer of RSV-specific antibodies in a setting with a high burden of malaria and HIV, to guide the implementation of such a vaccination program. Methods: Using a plaque reduction neutralization assay, we screened 400 pairs of cord and maternal serum specimens from pregnant women for RSV-specific antibodies. Participants were pregnant women of two surveillance cohorts: 200 participants from a hospital cohort in Kilifi, Coastal Kenya and 200 participants from a surveillance cohort in Siaya, Western Kenya. Transplacental transfer efficiency was determined by the cord to maternal titre ratio (CMTR). Logistic regression was used to determine independent predictors of impaired transplacental transfer of RSV-specific antibodies. Results: A total of 800 samples were screened from the 400 participants. At enrollment the median age was 25 years (Interquartile range (IQR): 21-31). Overall, transplacental transfer was efficient and did not differ between Kilifi and Siaya cohort (1.02 vs. 1.02; p=0.946) but was significantly reduced among HIV-infected mothers compared to HIV-uninfected mothers (mean CMTR: 0.98 vs 1.03; p=0.015). Prematurity <33 weeks gestation (Odds ratio [OR]: 0.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.06–0.85; p=0.028), low birth weight <2.5 kgs (OR: 0.25, 95% CI: 0.07–0.94; p=0.041) and HIV infection (OR: 0.47, 95% CI:0.23-0.98; p=0.045) reduced efficiency of transplacental transfer among these women. Conclusions: Transplacental transfer of RSV-specific antibodies among pregnant women in Kenya is efficient. A consideration to integrate other preventive interventions with maternal RSV vaccination targeting infants born premature (<33 weeks gestation), with low birth weight <2.5 kgs, or HIV-infected mothers is likely to improve vaccine outcomes in this setting.
Depiction of mental health issues during Covid-19 pandemic in media: an analysis framework model and a pilot study (the cases of Australia, Germany and Lithuania)
Authors: Karaliuniene Ruta , Sumskiene Egle , Akstinaite Vita 
Published: April 2022

Aim of the studyTo present the new model for the depiction of mental health issues during Covid-19 pandemic in the mediaSubject or material and methodsA unique 11-item framework was created for the analysis of the articles and the pilot study was conducted.Results365 online media articles related to mental health and Covid-19 from multiple news websites in Lithuania, Australia and Germany were included in the pilot study, which showed the power of the proposed model for depicting the mental health issues during Covid-19 pandemicDiscussionThe authors suggest that the proposed model could be used for further studies gathering not only the newspapers but also the other sources of media (podcasts, TV news, radio) to have a wider scope for analysis and interpretation. As a lot of information nowadays is being gathered through social media, this could also be used as a source in future studies, especially to those relating to the younger generation.ConclusionsAs indicated in our pilot study, many articles tend to focus on the adverse effects of the pandemic. Moreover, the news also lacked statistical information, a detailed explanation of the events and solutions to address the issues presented in the articles. With such a high flow of negative information, it is unsurprising that some experts estimate the mental health problems to rise rapidly in the upcoming months and years.