bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mechanochemical Synthesis and Activation of Carbon‐Richπ‐Conjugated Materials
Authors: Xuan Mingjun , Schumacher Christian , Bolm Carsten , Göstl Robert , Herrmann Andreas 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMechanochemistry uses mechanical force to break, form, and manipulate chemical bonds to achieve functional transformations and syntheses. Over the last years, many innovative applications of mechanochemistry have been developed. Specifically for the synthesis and activation of carbon‐richπ‐conjugated materials, mechanochemistry offers reaction pathways that either are inaccessible with other stimuli, such as light and heat, or improve reaction yields, energy consumption, and substrate scope. Therefore, this review summarizes the recent advances in this research field combining the viewpoints of polymer and trituration mechanochemistry. The highlighted mechanochemical transformations includeπ‐conjugated materials as optical force probes, the force‐induced release of small dye molecules, and the mechanochemical synthesis of polyacetylene, carbon allotropes, and otherπ‐conjugated materials.
Chemical–biological approaches for the direct regulation of cell–cell aggregation
Authors: Ma Jia‐Yi , Wang Ya‐Xin , Huang Yan , Zhang Yi , Cui Yun‐Xi , Kong De‐Ming 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCell–cell aggregation is one of the most well‐known modes of intercellular communication. The aggregation also plays a vital role in the formation of multicellularity, thus manipulating the growth and development of organisms. In the past decades, cell–cell aggregation‐related bioprocesses and molecular mechanisms have attracted enormous interest from scientists in biology, and bioengineering. People have developed a series of strategies to artificially regulate cell–cell aggregation through chemical–biological approaches. To date, not only the chemical reagents such as coordination compounds and polymers but also the biomacromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, are employed as the “cell glue” to achieve the control of the cell aggregation. So it is meaningful to review the recent advances of the chemical–biological approaches in cell–cell aggregation manipulation. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms and features of recently developed strategies to control cell–cell aggregation. We introduce molecules and designs relying on chemical reactions and biological conjugations respectively, and talk about their advantages and suitable applications. A perspective on the challenges in future applications in cell manipulation and cell‐based therapy is also proposed. We expect this review could inspire innovative work on manipulating cell–cell aggregation and further modulate cell–cell interactions in the research of bio/chemical fields.
Adiposity and breast, endometrial, and colorectal cancer risk in postmenopausal women: Quantification of the mediating effects of leptin, C‐reactive protein, fasting insulin, and estradiol
Authors: Dashti S. Ghazaleh , Simpson Julie A. , Viallon Vivian , Karahalios Amalia , Moreno‐Betancur Margarita , Brasky Theodore , Pan Kathy , Rohan Thomas E. , Shadyab Aladdin H. , Thomson Cynthia A. , Wild Robert A. , Wassertheil‐Smoller Sylvia , Ho Gloria Y. F. , Strickler Howard D. , English Dallas R. , Gunter Marc J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundMechanisms underlying the adiposity–cancer relationship are incompletely understood. We quantified the mediating roles of C‐reactive protein (CRP), leptin, fasting insulin, and estradiol in the effect of adiposity on estrogen receptor (ER)‐positive breast, endometrial, and colorectal cancer risk in postmenopausal women.MethodsWe used a case–cohort study within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, analyzed as a cumulative sampling case–control study. The study included 188 breast cancer cases, 98 endometrial cancer cases, 193 colorectal cancer cases, and 285 controls. Interventional indirect and direct effects on the risk ratio (RR) scale were estimated using causal mediation analysis.ResultsFor breast cancer, the total effect RR for BMI ≥30 versus ≥18.5–<25 kg/m2 was 1.87 (95%CI,1.11–3.13). The indirect effect RRs were 1.38 (0.79–2.33) through leptin and CRP, 1.58 (1.17–2.43) through insulin, and 1.11 (0.98–1.30) through estradiol. The direct effect RR was 0.82 (0.39–1.68). For endometrial cancer, the total effect RR was 2.12 (1.12–4.00). The indirect effect RRs were 1.72 (0.85–3.98) through leptin and CRP, 1.42 (0.96–2.26) through insulin, and 1.24 (1.03–1.65) through estradiol. The direct effect RR was 0.70 (0.23–2.04). For colorectal cancer, the total effect RR was 1.70 (1.03–2.79). The indirect effect RRs were 1.04 (0.61–1.72) through leptin and CRP, 1.36 (1.00–1.88) through insulin, and 1.02 (0.88–1.17) through estradiol. The direct effect RR was 1.16 (0.58–2.43).ConclusionLeptin, CRP, fasting insulin, and estradiol appear to mediate the effect of high BMI on cancer risk to different extents, with likely varying degrees of importance between cancers. These insights might be important in developing interventions to modify obesity‐associated cancer risk in postmenopausal women.
Evolution and Dynamics of the Coherent Vortices in Contraction and Premix Coaxial Jets
Authors: Ba Zhongren , Hao Zhenhua , Li Junguo , Yang Xin , Li Jiazhou , Zhao Jiantao , Fang Yitian 
Published: January 2022

AbstractContraction and premix coaxial jets are commonly employed in gasification and combustion systems. Understanding the spatial development of coherent structures is a prerequisite to improve the mixing and stability characteristics. The evolution and dynamics of coherent vortices under the contraction and premix coaxial jets are visualized and discussed using flow visualization technology. The contraction configuration increases the instability of the outer shear layer corresponding to an organized rolling up of the outer vortex rings. In the premixed configuration, the earlier interaction between the inner and outer shear layers induces the precocious development of the inner Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) vortices. Two empirical equations are proposed to predict the transition length towards a fully turbulent flow.
Interactions of plant food bioactives‐loaded nano delivery systems at the nano‐bio interface and its pharmacokinetics: An overview
Authors: Shanmugam Haripriya , Rengarajan Chitra , Nataraj Swathika , Sharma Aashima 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPlant food bioactives (PFBs) offer immense health benefits with a greater scope for treating various life‐threatening diseases and lifestyle disorders. Knowing their therapeutic potentials, a lot of research works are being carried out on formulating PFBs‐loaded nano delivery systems (NDSs) to enhance their bioefficacy. However, limited information are available on the interactions occurring at the nano‐bio interface. Therefore, studies on nano‐bio interactions are of immense importance towards designing/formulating effective NDSs for PFBs. Understanding the significance of nano‐bio interface of food bioactive‐loaded NDSs would help us to predict the formation of biocorona as well as the correlation between the nanoparticles and their surrounding environments that are influenced by the NDS's physicochemical properties. The physicochemical characteristics of NDSs like size, shape, and surface charge will decide their fate in the biological fluids and have been discussed in detail. As the bioactives‐loaded NDS enters the gastrointestinal tract, formation of biocorona including protein and enzyme corona at the nano‐bio interface will takes place. Subsequently, the fate of PFBs‐loaded NDSs influences the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes and thereby its bioavailability, bioefficacy, and biosafety. The current review focuses on understanding the journey of PBFs‐loaded NDSs, the nature of interactions happening at nano‐bio interface, and its pharmacokinetics properties. In addition, a specific case study approach on curcumin‐loaded NDSs, and its reported interactions at nano‐bio interface, including ADME mechanism are comprehensively presented.
Mechanism and kinetics of gold leaching from copper anode slime using BmimHSO4 as green solvent
Authors: Hernashki Roya Kafi , Rezvani Ali Reza , Khayati Gholam Reza , Saheli Sania 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe cyanide process, as the most common approach in the recovery of gold by hydrometallurgical, suffers from its high toxicity to the environment. The effect of practical parameters, viz., temperature, time, concentration, mechanical activation, and the stirring rate, was investigated using a combination of H2O2, BmimHSO4, and thiourea as green solvent to recover the gold from anode copper slime in an electrorefining plant. The leaching kinetics of Au in the selected slime was also investigated. The results showed that leaching reaches 93.48% after 20 h in the activated sample for 10 h at the temperature of 313.15 K and solvent including 60% (v/v) BmimHSO4, 50 g/L thiourea, 1/15 g/ml pulp density, 25 g/L H2O2, and an agitation speed of 400 rpm. Moreover, the leaching of Au follows the shrinkage particle model, and the diffusion of a solvent through the leaching product was the administrated mechanism. The proposed green solvent can also dissolve gold effectively and is an excellent candidate to replace harmful cyanide‐based solvents.
Flexible 2D Materials beyond Graphene: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Yu Wenzhi , Gong Kaiwen , Li Yanyong , Ding Binbin , Li Lei , Xu Yongkang , Wang Rong , Li Lianbi , Zhang Guangyu , Lin Shenghuang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract2D materials are now at the forefront of state‐of‐the‐art nanotechnologies due to their fascinating properties and unique structures. As expected, low‐cost, high‐volume, and high‐quality 2D materials play an important role in the applications of flexible devices. Although considerable progress has been achieved in the integration of a series of novel 2D materials beyond graphene into flexible devices, a lot remains to be known. At this stage of their development, the key issues concern how to make further improvements to high‐performance and scalable‐production. Herein, recent progress in the quest to improve the current state of the art for 2D materials beyond graphene is reviewed. Namely, the properties and synthesis techniques of 2D materials are first introduced. Then, both the advantages and challenges of these 2D materials for flexible devices are also highlighted. Finally, important directions for future advancements toward efficient, low‐cost, and stable flexible devices are outlined.
New Developments in Gastric Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Authors: Exarchou Klaire , Stephens Nathan A. , Moore Andrew R. , Howes Nathan R. , Pritchard D. Mark 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPurpose of ReviewGastric neuroendocrine neoplasms (g-NENs) are a rare type of stomach cancer. The three main subtypes have different pathogeneses, biological behaviours and clinical characteristics, so they require different management strategies. This article will provide an overview of g-NENs and highlight recent advances in the field.Recent FindingsMolecular profiling has revealed differences between indolent and aggressive g-NENs, as well as a new somatic mutation responsible for some familial type I g-NENs. Novel biomarkers have been developed which will hopefully improve diagnosis, treatment, risk stratification and follow-up. Patient treatment is also changing, as evidence supports the use of less aggressive options (e.g. endoscopic surveillance or resection) in some patients with more indolent tumours.Summaryg-NEN heterogeneity poses challenges in understanding and managing this rare disease. More basic science research is needed to investigate molecular pathogenesis, and future larger clinical studies will hopefully also further improve treatment and patient outcomes.
Ethics, Guidelines, Standards, and Policy: Telemedicine, COVID-19, and Broadening the Ethical Scope
Authors: Kaplan Bonnie 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe coronavirus crisis is causing considerable disruption and anguish. However, the COVID-19 pandemic and consequent explosion of telehealth services also provide an unparalleled opportunity to consider ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI) beyond immediate needs. Ethicists, informaticians, and others can learn from experience, and evaluate information technology practices and evidence on which to base policy and standards, identify significant values and issues, and revise ethical guidelines. This paper builds on professional organizations’ guidelines and ELSI scholarship to develop emerging concerns illuminated by current experience. Four ethical themes characterized previous literature: quality of care and the doctor–patient relationship, access, consent, and privacy. More attention is needed to these and to expanding the scope of ethical analysis to include health information technologies. An applied ethics approach to ELSI would addresses context-specific issues and the relationships between people and technologies, and facilitate effective and ethical institutionalization of telehealth and other health information technologies.
Psychological functioning in paediatric patients with single ventricle heart disease: a systematic review
Authors: McCormick Amanda D. , Wilde Megan M. , Charpie Christine E. , Saylor Kate M. , Yu Sunkyung , Schumacher Kurt R. , Cousino Melissa K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackground:Patients with single ventricle heart disease are living into adulthood due to medical and surgical advancements but have significant physical comorbidities and an increased risk for psychological comorbidities compared to healthy subjects or those with other CHD diagnoses. This study aimed to systematically review psychological functioning in paediatric single ventricle heart disease.Methods:Literature was searched using PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL Complete and Scopus. Peer-reviewed articles that included patients ages 0–25 years with single ventricle heart disease, and quantitative measures of psychological outcomes were included. Meta-analysis using a fixed-effect model was conducted for internalising and externalising t-scores, utilised by the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist.Results:Twenty-nine records met the criteria for inclusion. 13/24 studies demonstrated increased risk for internalising disorders, such as anxiety/depression; 16/22 studies demonstrated risk for externalising disorders, such as attention or behavioural problems. Meta-analysis of four studies revealed that paediatric single ventricle heart disease patients had no significant difference in internalising and externalising t-scores compared to normative values.Conclusions:The current review demonstrates the need for further studies to better understand psychological functioning in patients with single ventricle heart disease, with a majority of studies showing increased risk for psychological problems despite no difference seen in a small meta-analysis. This summary of the literature underscores the need for regular psychological screening, earlier intervention and integrated mental health therapies in paediatric single ventricle heart disease.
Morphological Awareness Performance Profiles of First- Through Sixth-Grade Students
Authors: Apel Kenn , Henbest Victoria S. , Petscher Yaacov 
Published: January 2022

Purpose:
We examined whether diverse profiles of strengths and weaknesses would emerge when assessing different aspects of morphological awareness in first- through sixth-grade students using a recently developed standardized test, the Morphological Awareness Test for Reading and Spelling (MATRS; Apel et al., 2021).

Method:
Four thousand fifty-nine first- through sixth-grade students completed the eight morphological awareness tasks of the MATRS. The eight tasks represent the multiple ways that morphological awareness impacts both spoken and written language skills for the English language. Exploratory finite mixture models estimated the number of latent subgroups that best reflected heterogeneity in task-level performance by grade level. Specific profiles were chosen that demonstrated strong reliability and included a set of tasks that were consistent between first- and second-grade students and between third- and sixth-grade students.

Results:
Different performance profiles emerged when the students completed multiple morphological awareness tasks. At each of the six grades (first through sixth), clusters of students performed differentially on specific tasks.

Conclusions:
The findings demonstrate that students can differ in patterns of strength and weaknesses of their morphological awareness given a range of tasks that assess different aspects of morphological awareness. The clinical implications of these findings suggest that by identifying students struggling in specific areas of morphological awareness, clinicians can develop and implement specific prescriptive instructional plans.
Understanding the local chemical environment of bioelectrocatalysis
Authors: Edwardes Moore Esther , Cobb Samuel J. , Coito Ana Margarida , Oliveira Ana Rita , Pereira Inês A. C. , Reisner Erwin 
Published: January 2022

Significance
Enzyme bioelectrochemistry concerns the integration of oxidoreductase enzymes into electrodes to enable and study the transfer of electrons between the solid-state material surface and the biological catalyst. To achieve higher enzyme loading, and hence greater current densities, high-surface-area strategies have been employed to immobilize enzymes, but these porous electrode architectures amplify the formation of local chemical gradients. Enzyme selectivity and activity is highly dependent on such changes in local environment, such as substrate concentration, pH, and electrolyte species concentration. Here, electrochemistry and computational techniques are applied to explore, and hence optimize, the local environment of the fuel-producing oxidoreductases, hydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase, within porous electrodes.
A new way of thinking about pains
Authors: Loeser John D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The traditional construct of acute pain vs chronic pain is arbitrary and obscures fundamental differences in clinical pain phenomena. A more powerful dichotomy between peripherally generated pain and centrally maintained pains can facilitate advances in both pain research and clinical care. We should abandon the temporally based pain classification scheme because it does not accurately reflect the underlying principles inherent in the phenomena of pain.
Trends and Disparities in Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease‐Associated Hospitalizations in the United States
Authors: Dybbro Eric , Dongarwar Deepa , Salihu Hamisu M. , Ihekweazu Faith D. 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACTObjective:Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of disease characterized by accumulation of fat in the liver and is associated with co‐morbidities linked to metabolic syndrome. The prevalence of NAFLD in children has increased in the United States over time and with marked racial differences observed in geographically limited studies. This study aims to provide a current, nation‐wide analysis of temporal trends of pediatric NAFLD‐related hospitalizations and associated co‐morbidities as well as assess for racial/ethnic disparities.Methods:A cross‐sectional study was conducted using the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2004 to 2018 and included NAFLD‐associated hospitalizations of children ages 0–17 years of age based on ICD‐9/10 diagnosis codes. Rates and patient characteristics analyzed via descriptive statistics and associations via survey logistic regression. Temporal trends assessed via joinpoint regression.Results:There was an overall increase in pediatric NAFLD‐associated hospitalizations with an average annual percent change (AAPC) of 6.6 with highest rates among Hispanic patients (AAPC = 11.1) compared to NH‐White (AAPC = 4.1) and NH‐Black (AAPC = 2.1). Analysis of race/ethnicity and NAFLD hospitalization showed an increased association in Hispanic patients (odds ratio [OR] = 1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.51–1.77) and a decreased association in non‐Hispanic (NH)‐Black patients (OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.45–0.54) when compared to NH‐White patients.Conclusion:Utilizing a nation‐wide database we demonstrated significant increases in NAFLD‐associated hospitalizations with highest prevalence and rates seen in Hispanic patients. In addition, sex and comorbidities showed notable correlation to these hospitalization rates displaying the need for further studies on these relationships and highlights the potential for interventions aimed at high‐risk groups.
Assessing maintenance budget elements for building maintenance management in Nigerian built environment: a Delphi study
Authors: Ogunbayo Babatunde Fatai , Ohis Aigbavboa Clinton , Thwala Wellington Didibhuku , Akinradewo Opeoluwa Israel 
Published: January 2022

PurposeA maintenance budget is an element of maintenance management (MM) that deals with financial planning for maintenance operations and execution within a maintenance organisation. Developed countries have standardised MM structures which guides maintenance activities. This, however, cannot be said of developing countries, as there are few or no MM standards adopted. Given this contextual setting, the study aims to validate the relevance of maintenance budget (MB) elements utilised in developed countries for developing countries – using Nigeria as a case study exemplar. Also, the study further examines the effectiveness of the validated maintenance budget elements.Design/methodology/approachThe research adopts qualitative techniques and employs the Delphi survey to collect and analyse primary data from an operational perception through structured questionnaires to solicit views from panellists on the subject being assessed. A relative importance index (RII) was used in measuring consensus for the Delphi study outcomes, while a Cronbach Alpha test was carried out on all the MB elements to determine their level of reliability.FindingsThe key finding from the study reveals that of the 21 elements that influence the implementation of MB, 10 elements have a very high influence on the MM of buildings (VHI: 9.00–10.00), 5 elements had a high influence (HI: 7.00–8.99) and 6 other elements scored medium impact (MI: 5.00–6.99). The elements of MB that recorded very high influence on prompt MM effectiveness include MB implementation, corruption-free maintenance process, reduction in maintenance expenditure, maintenance financial plan, cost implication of maintained asset, cash flow indexing, prioritisation of maintenance financing, maintenance funding, incorporation of financial indicators and audit of operational maintenance cost.Practical implicationsOn a practical note, these elements will guide the built environment professionals in organising maintenance activities to best use limited resources.Originality/valueCumulatively, the research presented shows that these elements are similar to those of other countries. Effective MM of buildings is assured when these elements are integral to developing a MB.