bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular and serological detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in mammals in the Taipei Zoo
Authors: Hsu Chin‐Wei , Wang Pao‐Jung , Huang Pei‐Yun , Lien Chen‐Yeh , Wu Li‐Hsin , Lai Yen‐Hsueh , Guo Jun‐Cheng , Chang Yen‐Chen , Cheng Chiu‐Hung , Chang Hui‐Wen 
Published: July 2022

AbstractToxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii affects both conservation and public health efforts. In the Taipei Zoo, toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in ring‐tailed lemurs and a meerkat in 2019 while a freeze–thaw meat strategy had been applied to carnivores before the event. To investigate the possible risk factors associated with T. gondii infection in the Taipei Zoo, 179 veterinary visiting mammals from 2019–2021 and six stray cats were included to detect anti‐T. gondii IgG and IgM in their serum via ELISA, and T. gondii in their faeces and blood via PCR. Although the overall T. gondii IgG seroprevalence was 33.5% and PCR positivity was 16.2% in the zoo mammals, the correlation between T. gondii PCR and systemic IgG results was low. An omnivorous diet (adjusted OR = 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2–1.0), a herbivorous diet (adjusted OR = 3.2; 95% CI: 1.1–9.6), and animals in the Conservation Area where stray cats appeared (adjusted OR = 18.3; 95% CI: 3.9–85.9) were independent risk factors for T. gondii infection. The low T. gondii‐specific IgM positivity (0.6%) suggests that most animals did not have acute T. gondii infection. In conclusion, our findings indirectly support that feeding frozen meat to carnivores, cleaning fresh food, and restricting access to stray cats to prevent faecal contaminants could prevent animals from T. gondii exposure.
On the Application of the Area Metric to Validation Exercises of Stochastic Simulations
Authors: Eça L. , Dowding K. , Roache P. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses the application of the Area Metric to the quantification of modeling errors. The focus of the discussion is the effect of the shape of the two distributions on the result produced by the Area Metric. Two different examples that assume negligible experimental and numerical errors are presented: the first case has experimental and simulated quantities of interest defined by normal distributions that require the definition of a mean value and a standard deviation; the second example is taken from the V&V10.1 ASME Standard that applies the Area Metric to quantify the modeling error of the tip deflection of a loaded hollow tapered cantilever beam simulated with the static Bernoulli-Euler beam theory.
The first example, shows that relatively small differences between the mean values are sufficient for the area metric to be insensitive to the standard deviation. Furthermore, the example of the V&V10.1 ASME Standard produces an Area Metric equal to the difference between the mean values of experiments and simulations. Therefore, the error quantification is reduced to a single number that is obtained from a simple difference of two mean values. This means that the Area Metric fails to reflect a dependence for the difference in the shape of the distributions representing variability.
The paper also presents an alternative version of the Area Metric that does not filter the effect of the shape of the distributions by utilizing a reference simulation that has the same mean value of the experiments. This means that the quantification of the modeling error will have contributions from the difference in mean values and from the shape of the distributions.
Reliability and Validity of the Clinometer™ Smartphone Application for Measuring Knee Flexion
Authors: Miley Emilie N. , Reeves Ashley J. , Baker Russell T. , Baker Jayme , Hanna Samantha 
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the reliability and validity of the Clinometer™ smartphone application. Intrarater and interrater reliability were calculated for devices (i.e., goniometer, Clinometer™, bubble inclinometer) using intraclass correlation coefficient, standard error of measurement, and minimal detectable change. Interinstrument reliability and Clinometer™ validity were also assessed. Intrarater reliability was good (intraclass correlation coefficients = .70 − .83) and interrater reliability was moderate (intraclass correlation coefficient = .63 − .72) across devices. Interinstrument reliability and Clinometer™ validity were supported across analyses. The Clinometer™ is comparable to a goniometer or bubble inclinometer for measuring prone knee flexion.
Revisiting the 1899 earthquake series using integrative geophysical analysis in Yakutat Bay, Alaska, USA
Authors: Walton Maureen A.L. , Gulick Sean P.S. , Haeussler Peter J. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA series of large earthquakes in 1899 affected southeastern Alaska near Yakutat and Disenchantment Bays. The largest of the series, a MW 8.2 event on 10 September 1899, generated an ~12-m-high tsunami and as much as 14.4 m of coseismic uplift in Yakutat Bay, the largest coseismic uplift ever measured. Several complex fault systems in the area are associated with the Yakutat terrane collision with North America and the termination of the Fairweather strike-slip system, but because faults local to Yakutat Bay have been incompletely or poorly mapped, it is unclear which fault system(s) ruptured during the 10 September 1899 event. Using marine geophysical data collected in August 2012, we provide an improved tectonic framework for the Yakutat area, which advances our understanding of earthquake hazards. We combined 153 line km of 2012 high-resolution multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection data with compressed high-intensity radar pulse (Chirp) profiles, basin-scale MCS data, 2018 seafloor bathymetry, published geodetic models and thermochronology data, and previous measurements of coseismic uplift to better constrain fault geometry and subsurface structure in the Yakutat Bay area. We did not observe any active or concealed faults crossing Yakutat Bay in our high-resolution data, requiring faults to be located entirely onshore or nearshore. We interpreted onshore faults east of Yakutat Bay to be associated with the transpressional termination of the Fairweather fault system, forming a series of splay faults that exhibit a horsetail geometry. Thrust and reverse faults on the west side of the bay are related to Yakutat terrane underthrusting and collision with North America. Our results include an updated fault map, structural model of Yakutat Bay, and quantitative assessment of uncertainties for legacy geologic coseismic uplift measurements. Additionally, our results indicate the 10 September 1899 rupture was possibly related to stress loading from the earlier Yakutat terrane underthrusting event of 4 September 1899, with the majority of 10 September coseismic slip occurring on the Esker Creek system on the northwest side of Yakutat Bay. Limited (~2 m) coseismic or postseismic slip associated with the 1899 events occurred on faults located east of Yakutat Bay.
Upper-plate structure and tsunamigenic faults near the Kodiak Islands, Alaska, USA
Authors: Ramos Marlon D. , Liberty Lee M. , Haeussler Peter J. , Humphreys Robert 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe Kodiak Islands lie near the southern terminus of the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake rupture area and within the Kodiak subduction zone segment. Both local and trans-Pacific tsunamis were generated during this devastating megathrust event, but the local tsunami source region and the causative faults are poorly understood. We provide an updated view of the tsunami and earthquake hazard for the Kodiak Islands region through tsunami modeling and geophysical data analysis. Using seismic and bathymetric data, we characterize a regionally extensive seafloor lineament related to the Kodiak shelf fault zone, with focused uplift along a 50-km-long portion of the newly named Ugak fault as the most likely source of the local Kodiak Islands tsunami in 1964. We present evidence of Holocene motion along the Albatross Banks fault zone, but we suggest that this fault did not produce a tsunami in 1964. We relate major structural boundaries to active forearc splay faults, where tectonic uplift is collocated with gravity lineations. Differences in interseismic locking, seismicity rates, and potential field signatures argue for different stress conditions at depth near presumed segment boundaries. We find that the Kodiak segment boundaries have a clear geophysical expression and are linked to upper-plate structure and splay faulting. The tsunamigenic fault hazard is higher for the Kodiak shelf fault zone when compared to the nearby Albatross Banks fault zone, suggesting short wave travel paths and little tsunami warning time for nearby communities.
Gender equity in health research publishing in Africa
Authors: Baobeid Anwaar , Faghani-Hamadani Tara , Sauer Sara , Boum Yap , Hedt-Gauthier Bethany L , Neufeld Nicholas , Odhiambo Jackline , Volmink Jimmy , Shuchman Miriam , Di Ruggiero Erica , Condo Jeanine U 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionWomen researchers find it more difficult to publish in academic journals than men, an inequity that affects women’s careers and was exacerbated during the pandemic, particularly for women in low-income and middle-income countries. We measured publishing by sub-Saharan African (SSA) women in prestigious authorship positions (first or last author, or single author) during the time frame 2014–2016. We also examined policies and practices at journals publishing high rates of women scientists from sub-Saharan Africa, to identify potential structural enablers affecting these women in publishing.MethodsThe study used Namsor V.2, an application programming interface, to conduct a secondary analysis of a bibliometric database. We also analysed policies and practices of ten journals with the highest number of SSA women publishing in first authorship positions.ResultsBased on regional analyses, the greatest magnitude of authorship inequity is in papers from sub-Saharan Africa, where men comprised 61% of first authors, 65% of last authors and 66% of single authors. Women from South Africa and Nigeria had greater success in publishing than those from other SSA countries, though women represented at least 20% of last authors in 25 SSA countries. The journals that published the most SSA women as prominent authors are journals based in SSA. Journals with overwhelmingly male leadership are also among those publishing the highest number of SSA women.ConclusionWomen scholars in SSA face substantial gender inequities in publishing in prestigious authorship positions in academic journals, though there is a cadre of women research leaders across the region. Journals in SSA are important for local women scholars and the inequities SSA women researchers face are not necessarily attributable to gender discrepancy in journals’ editorial leadership.
Flexible Work: Opportunity and Challenge (FLOC) for individual, social and economic sustainability. Protocol for a prospective cohort study of non-standard employment and flexible work arrangements in Sweden
Authors: Svensson Sven , Hallman David M , Mathiassen SvendErik , Heiden Marina , Fagerström Arne , Mutiganda Jean Claude , Bergström Gunnar 
Published: July 2022

IntroductionFlexibility in working life, including non-standard employment (NSE) and flexible work arrangements (FWAs), offers the organisation a better ability to adapt to changing conditions while also posing considerable challenges for organisations as well as workers. The aim of the Flexible Work: Opportunity and Challenge (FLOC) study is to investigate associations between NSE and FWA on the one hand, and individual, social and economic sustainability on the other.Methods and analysisThis prospective open cohort study targets approximately 8000 workers 18–65 years old in 8–10 public and private organisations in Sweden. We will use a comprehensive battery of measurement methods addressing financial performance, physical and psychosocial exposures, and physical and mental health, both at the organisational and the individual level. Methods include valid survey questionnaires and register data, and, in subpopulations, technical measurements, interviews and diaries. Main exposures are type of employment and type of work arrangement. Main outcomes are indicators of social and economic sustainability and, at the individual level, health and well-being. Data, collected over 54 months at approximately 18-month intervals, will be analysed using multivariate methods considering main effects as well as potential effect modifiers. The analyses will take into account that respondents are nested in organisations, divisions and/or have specific managers.Ethics and disseminationFLOC is approved by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (decision numbers 2019–06220, 2020–06094 and 2021–02725). Data will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences, and researchers will assist the organisations in improving policies and routines for employment and organisation of work.
Interactions of ST-elevation myocardial infarction, age, and sex and the risk of major adverse cardiovascular events among Chinese adults: a secondary analysis of a single-centre prospective cohort
Authors: Wang Cuiping , Zhou Lin , Liang Yi , Liu Peijing , Yuan Wei 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate the interactions of ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), ageing and sex with respect to the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) among Chinese adults.DesignSecondary analysis of a single-centre prospective cohort.SettingPatients who were admitted to cardiology clinics of the Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University due to acute myocardial infarction (MI) from June 2017 to November 2019 were eligible for inclusion in the study. This research only examined in-hospital cases.ParticipantsPatients aged <18 years or confirmed dead within 24 hours from admission were excluded. A total of 843 adults were included in the analysis.Primary and secondary outcome measuresMACE was defined as any occurrence of cardiovascular mortality, MI recurrence, cardiogenic shock or heart failure. The relative excess risk due to interaction (RERI), attributable proportion (AP) and the synergy index were computed to quantify the interactions. Men without STEMI and adults without STEMI aged <60 years were the reference groups when examining the risk of MACE.ResultsThe female participants with STEMI showed a statistically higher risk of MACE compared with the male participants without STEMI (relative risk (RR): 2.713, CI: 1.350 to 5.426, p=0.005). A 3.327 times higher risk of MACE was detected in the older adults with STEMI (aged ≥60 years) compared with the adults without STEMI aged <60 years (RR: 3.327, CI: 1.414 to 8.955, p=0.01). Older female patients also had an increased risk of MACE (RR: 3.033, CI: 1.432 to 6.777, p=0.005). A positive additive interaction was detected between STEMI and age (RERI: 1.917, CI: 0.196 to 3.637; AP: 0.576, CI: 0.174 to 0.979). STEMI and sex also indicated an additive interaction (AP: 0.459, CI: 0.018 to 0.899).ConclusionIn this Chinese population with MI, the risk of MACE was increased by about 2.7 times in women with STEMI compared with men without STEMI. MACE incidence increased by about 3.3 times in older patients with STEMI compared with younger patients without STEMI. STEMI and age, and STEMI and sex, may have a positive additive interaction.
Socioeconomic environment and survival in patients after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI): a longitudinal study for the City of Vienna
Authors: Spitzer Sonja , di Lego Vanessa , Kuhn Michael , Roth Christian , Berger Rudolf 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesThis study investigates the relationship between socioeconomic environment (SEE) and survival after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) separately for women and men in the City of Vienna, Austria.DesignHospital-based observational data of STEMI patients are linked with district-level information on SEE and the mortality register, enabling survival analyses with a 19-year follow-up (2000–2018).SettingThe analysis is set at the main tertiary care hospital of the City of Vienna. On weekends, it is the only hospital in charge of treating STEMIs and thus provides representative data for the Viennese population.ParticipantsThe study comprises a total of 1481 patients with STEMI, including women and men aged 24–94 years.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPrimary outcome measures are age at STEMI and age at death. We further distinguish between deaths from coronary artery disease (CAD), deaths from acute coronary syndrome (ACS), and other causes of death. SEE is proxied via mean individual gross income from employment in each municipal district.ResultsResults are based on Kaplan-Meier survival probability estimates, Cox proportional hazard regressions and competing risk models, always using age as the time scale. Descriptive findings suggest a socioeconomic gradient in the age at death after STEMI. This finding is, however, not supported by the regression results. Female patients with STEMI have better survival outcomes, but only for deaths related to CAD (HR: 0.668, 95% CIs 0.452 to 0.985) and other causes of deaths (HR: 0.627, 95% CIs 0.444 to 0.884), and not for deaths from the more acute ACS.ConclusionsAdditional research is necessary to further disentangle the interaction between SEE and age at STEMI, as our findings suggest that individuals from poorer districts have STEMI at younger ages, which indicates vulnerability in regard to health conditions in these neighbourhoods.
Food insecurity and the risk of HIV acquisition: findings from population-based surveys in six sub-Saharan African countries (2016–2017)
Authors: Low Andrea , Gummerson Elizabeth , Schwitters Amee , Bonifacio Rogerio , Teferi Mekleet , Mutenda Nicholus , Ayton Sarah , Juma James , Ahpoe Claudia , Ginindza Choice , Patel Hetal , Biraro Samuel , Sachathep Karam , Hakim Avi J , Barradas Danielle , Hassani Ahmed Saadani , Kirungi Willford , Jackson Keisha , Goeke Leah , Philips Neena , Mulenga Lloyd , Ward Jennifer , Hong Steven , Rutherford George , Findley Sally 
Published: July 2022

ObjectiveTo assess the potential bidirectional relationship between food insecurity and HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa.DesignNationally representative HIV impact assessment household-based surveys.SettingZambia, Eswatini, Lesotho, Uganda and Tanzania and Namibia.Participants112 955 survey participants aged 15–59 years with HIV and recency test results.MeasuresRecent HIV infection (within 6 months) classified using the HIV-1 limited antigen avidity assay, in participants with an unsuppressed viral load (>1000 copies/mL) and no detectable antiretrovirals; severe food insecurity (SFI) defined as having no food in the house ≥three times in the past month.ResultsOverall, 10.3% of participants lived in households reporting SFI. SFI was most common in urban, woman-headed households, and in people with chronic HIV infection. Among women, SFI was associated with a twofold increase in risk of recent HIV infection (adjusted relative risk (aRR) 2.08, 95% CI 1.09 to 3.97). SFI was also associated with transactional sex (aRR 1.28, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.41), a history of forced sex (aRR 1.36, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.66) and condom-less sex with a partner of unknown or positive HIV status (aRR 1.08, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.14) in all women, and intergenerational sex (partner ≥10 years older) in women aged 15–24 years (aRR 1.23, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.46). Recent receipt of food support was protective against HIV acquisition (aRR 0.36, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.88).ConclusionSFI increased risk for HIV acquisition in women by twofold. Heightened food insecurity during climactic extremes could imperil HIV epidemic control, and food support to women with SFI during these events could reduce HIV transmission.
How the Suboxone Education Programme presented as a solution to risks in the Canadian opioid crisis: a critical discourse analysis
Authors: Sud Abhimanyu , Strang Matthew , Buchman Daniel Z , Spithoff Sheryl , Upshur Ross E G , Webster Fiona , Grundy Quinn 
Published: July 2022

ObjectivesPharmaceutical industry involvement in medical education, research and clinical practice can lead to conflicts of interest. Within this context, this study examined how the ‘Suboxone Education Programme’, developed and delivered by a pharmaceutical company as part of a federally regulated risk management program, was presented as a solution to various kinds of risks relating to opioid use in public documents from medical institutions across Canada.SettingThese documents were issued during the Canadian opioid crisis, a time when the involvement of industry in health policy was being widely questioned given industry’s role in driving the overprescribing of opioid analgesics and contributing to population-level harms.DesignA critical discourse analysis of 69 documents collected between July 2020 and May 2021 referencing the Suboxone Education Program spanning 13 years (2007–2021) from medical, nursing and pharmacy institutions sourced from every Canadian province and territory. Discursive themes were identified through iterative and duplicate analyses using a semistructured data extraction instrument.ResultsDocuments characterised the Programme as addressing iatrogenic risks from overprescribing opioid analgesics, environmental risks from a toxic street drug supply and pharmacological risks relating to the dominant therapeutic alternative of methadone. The programme was identified as being able to address these risks by providing mechanisms to surveil healthcare professionals and to facilitate the prescribing of Suboxone. Medical institutions legitimised the Suboxone Education Programme by lending their regulatory, epidemiological and professional authority.ConclusionsAddressing risk is considered as a central, moral responsibility of contemporary healthcare services. In this case, moral imperatives to address opioid crisis-related risks overrode other ethical concerns regarding conflicts of interest between industry and public welfare. Failing to address these conflicts potentially imperils efforts of mitigating population health harms by propagating an important driving force of the opioid crisis.