bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the Theory of the Legal Complex
Authors: Langford Malcolm 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that the legal complex literature is under-theorized and its findings partly overstated. Taking a point of departure in the work on this volume, it begins with a critical perspective of legal complex theory and methodology, focusing on its scholarly historicity, lack of focus on lawyerly motivation, strong roots in historical sociology, and upbeat communication of findings. Taking a departure point in the choices of lawyers in context, the chapter argues for a partial reconstruction of the theory, with a focus on what motivates lawyers to engage in collective action for political liberalism. In particular, it contends that the motivations of individuals to suffer costs in the struggle for political liberalism vary greatly (a question of agency) and lawyers are often rational in choosing whether to engage in the legal or political terrain (a question of structure). By focusing on costs to lawyers and alternative avenues for influence, it concludes that such an approach may help us better understand why legal complexes are highly contingent and are more likely to emerge in particular times and particular countries.
SDG 3 – Historical Perspectives on Health and Well-Being as International Policy Goals
Authors: Gorsky Martin , Nelson Erica 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the historical context of SDG 3, the goal of health and well-being for all. Its 13 targets are wide-ranging, spanning curative and preventive medicine, physical and mental health, infectious and non-communicable diseases, and universal health coverage. We therefore delimit our discussion to the history of health improvement as an object of international policy, with a temporal focus on the twentieth century, albeit with backward glances. The first main section provides an outline history of the management of infectious diseases and health system building, moving from colonial health policies to early cross-national conferences, then to the permanent international organizations established by states or philanthropists. Detailed sections then cover maternal and child health, including programs addressing reproduction; non-communicable diseases related to human behaviors such as consumption habits and road safety; and universal health coverage. We delineate four main factors of change through time: political economy in a world of unequal power distributions; the growth of transnational expertise and advocacy; the impetus of humanitarianism and voluntary action; and the ideal of health as a human right. We close with reflections on whether the health SDG can indeed be fulfilled “leaving no one behind.”
SDG 7 – A History of Fossil Fuel Consumption and Its Replacement with Renewable Sources of Energy
Authors: Penna Anthony N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes current efforts and future plans to end a history of burning coal, oil, and natural gas as primary energy sources that add greenhouse gases to the atmosphere thereby raising global temperatures. Getting to zero greenhouse gas emissions in future decades will be achieved by replacing fossil fuels with renewable and affordable energy. An introduction describes the non-sustainable trajectory of heat trapping gases in the world’s climate system and the goals required to blunt the worst potential outcomes of climate change. The transition that countries in history make to reduce fossil fuel consumption and replace it with wind, water, solar, and nuclear energy sources remains the chapter’s primary focus. Lastly, hydrogen fuel cell and battery storage technology along with promising developments in fusion end the chapter.
SDG 8 – Growth, Decent Work, and the Green Transition
Authors: Xu Zhun , Chakraborty Shouvik 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Modern economic growth as well as the struggles for decent work had their origins in the emergence of capitalism. Capitalism, with its logic of competition and accumulation, is an inherently growth-oriented system. And the transition from feudalism to capitalism generated the modern issue of unemployment and labor-capital conflicts. Both the question of economic growth and the struggle for decent work remain highly relevant today, as most of the world population is not getting either of those. This is further complicated by the increasing concern of global warming and climate change because economic growth is usually associated with increased carbon emissions. This chapter reviews the historical patterns of economic growth and capital-labor relations in the last two centuries and discusses the potential of the transition to a green growth model addressing the issue related to global labor division, environmental justice, and informality, among others.
SDG 9 – Historicizing Production, Innovation, and Infrastructure, from the Industrial Revolution to Contemporary African Strategies of Industrialization
Authors: Gutmann Martin , Adesina Olutayo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the historical experience of industrialization, innovation, and infrastructure development within the context of SDG 9. Two important questions are addressed by this chapter. First, how, when, where, and why did the Industrial Revolution begin? Second, how and why did industrialization efforts take hold in other regions and fail to spread to others? In answering the first question, we trace the global antecedents and impact of the Industrial Revolution in Europe and chart how an uneven global geography of resource procurement, production, and consumption came to define human development. In answering the second, we focus on Sub-Saharan Africa in the twentieth century—the region which has struggled most to implement SDG 9. In answering both questions, we argue that successful industrialization locally is often contingent on and in turn affects geographically broad economic, social, and environmental patterns.
SDG 15 – Caretaking, Conservation, and Exploitation in the Evolving Relationship between Humans and Life on Land
Authors: Fürst Christine , Gutmann Martin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter historicizes the UN’s Sustainable Development Goal 15, Life on Land. As such it examines two parallel developments: one, how the human relationship to land has evolved over time and the impact thereof on terrestrial systems; two, how an understanding of and discourse on sustainable development of “life on land” emerged and subsequently evolved into Sustainable Development Goal 15. An introductory overview is provided on the key land use systems and their relevance for biodiversity protection. Subsequently, the chapter picks up historical trends in human life on land and the emergence of efforts at protecting and conserving nature and synthesizes common concepts related to valuation of terrestrial ecosystems through the concepts of sustainability, multifunctionality, and ecosystem services. The chapter concludes on requirements in enhancing the protection of “life on land” and existing gaps.
SDG 16 – The Many Pieces of Peace
Authors: Smith-Simonsen Christine 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief outline of the long road toward, and the many implications of the conceptualizations of peace, justice, and strong institutions, as framed in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16. It presents some of the theoretical underpinnings of various peace concepts, and later ties these to empirical examples in a final discussion of the outcomes and its complexities, shortcomings, and possibilities. The main body recounts how peace and justice has been understood and managed though history, and the development of international institutions to this end, leading up to the formation of the current objectives of SDG 16. The focus is on European and Western developments in this regard since, primarily, the impacts on current international framings of peace are rooted in historical declarations and events that took place in Europe and the West. It draws, however, also on examples of how dimensions of what constitutes peace and justice have been framed elsewhere over time, and some of these pose alternative understandings of universal ways of obtaining peaceful and just societies.
SDG 17 – The History of Global Partnerships and International Cooperation
Authors: Gorman Daniel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sustainable Development Goal 17 is the “operative” SDG, calling for a revitalization of global partnerships to help implement the SDGs as a whole. Global partnerships are a form of international cooperation that are nested within broader structures and networks of global governance, from international organizations to informal networks among private actors. This chapter identifies pre-twentieth century antecedents of global partnerships, sketches the genealogy of the concept of sustainability, and outlines the global social governance issues for which successful global governance partnerships emerged in the twentieth century. It examines significant forms, goals, modalities, and models of global partnerships that have developed from the nineteenth century until the mid 1990s with the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen and the publication of the UN Commission on Global Governance’s report, Our Common Neighbourhood. The chapter concludes with an analysis of different forms of strategic cooperation between public and private actors; the use of benchmarks, blueprints, targets, and other “indicators for the global community”; the concept of capacity building as a key goal of global partnerships; the role of international organizations and networks as problem-solving fora; and the significance of international conferences and international law (both treaty and customary law) as sites and modes of international cooperation.
From Form to Substance
Authors: Herdt Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 takes up the question of how we arrive at the substance of our obligations. Considering Conventionalist, Aristotelian naturalist, and Kantian approaches, the chapter argues that reflection on ethical norms is always reflection from within a contingent form of life, with its attendant norms and practices, even as these are constrained by characteristic human capacities and vulnerabilities and also by features of moral agency itself. The chapter goes on to show that abstract recognition of our reciprocal accountability for tracking commitments and entitlements is insufficient; in order to be perfected as the finite embodied reason-givers that we are, we need the virtues, settled dispositions to respond well to the goods that we encounter, in relation to the obligations that we accrue by way of our participation in discursive communities. Importantly, the virtues imperfectly acquired in imperfect communities equip persons to confront structural injustices embedded in these communities and their practices.
Conclusion
Authors: Herdt Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Having examined friendship as intimate context for nurturing and perfecting relationships of reciprocal recognition and shared enjoyment of the good, this chapter concludes the book by considering the gap between a life well lived and the eschatological reality of perfect happiness, and the joy concomitant to each. The chapter argues that talk of eschatological happiness need not turn away from created goodness but can involve a disciplined form of imagination that refines understanding of the myriad ways in which creaturely flourishing is presently thwarted. Christians name perfect happiness as the activity of being enfolded, in and through the activity of divine grace, in the self-communicative divine life. They affirm their vocation to a shared life of vitally empowered responsiveness to, and celebration of, all the fragile finite goods that persons encounter, and thereby to a participation in their reditus to God.
Governing Finance in Europe
Authors: Héritier Adrienne 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter builds on recent work in a project funded by the Swedish Research Council on the evolution of regulatory structures in EU financial governance, which provides a comprehensive framework to investigate the dynamics leading to centralization, decentralization, and fragmentation in EU financial regulation. This generalizable theoretical account of regulatory centralization and its counterforces has been subject to an empirical assessment on the basis of major EU legislative packages in financial regulation, including the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive II (MiFID II) and capital markets union. This chapter further builds on the subsequent work, asking who benefits from the regulatory measures analysed, and how are decision-makers and stakeholders held politically and administratively accountable. The chapter focuses on all actors involved in the regulatory process: politicians and regulators, as well as market players such as investors, fund managers, and investment firms, and outlines the modes in which they are linked through various political and administrative accountability mechanisms. Its analysis of accountability channels is related to policy contents by asking whether specific regulatory objectives and results give rise to the mobilizing of available accountability channels, and whether the use of accountability channels helps improve regulatory decisions.
Protecting Investors at all Costs? Due Process Aspects of the Investigatory Powers Granted to Competent Authorities under MiFID II
Authors: Andersson Helene 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a due process examination of the investigatory powers granted to national supervisory authorities under MiFID II. It focuses on the power to carry out on-site inspections and the possibilities of holding the authorities accountable for any arbitrary or disproportionate measures taken in relation to these inspections. Absent clear and adequate procedural safeguards, there is an apparent risk that any measures taken will infringe both the right to privacy and the defence rights of those targeted. Without adequate safeguards, any decisions taken by the authorities risk being contestable on procedural grounds. Moreover, the threat of having to pay hefty fines may already deter some from accepting a managerial function in an investment firm. If the enforcement rules are allowed to be applied in an arbitrary or inconsistent way, allowing the supervisory authorities to escape accountability, it will no doubt become even more difficult to recruit managers and board members in the future. Thus, while lenient procedural safeguards would, in theory, further the interests of effectiveness and efficiency, the reality may be the opposite.
Compliance Requirements in EU Investment Services Regulation
Authors: van Cleynenbreugel Pieter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates how compliance mechanisms have been embedded as a matter of EU financial services law, focusing on the field of EU investment firm regulation. It begins by revisiting the particular compliance requirements in the MiFID II directive, and how those requirements have been given shape by means of a delegated regulation and ESMA guidelines. Notwithstanding its inherent values in integrating financial markets, this type of framework misses the mark on what is supposed to be the key objective of compliance: to encourage certain outcomes in investment firms' processes, and also to reward firms for having reached these outcomes. Having established a compliance culture, this could become an element that is embedded in the overall assessment of whether a sanction needs to be imposed on a firm in a particular context. So far, however, the MiFID II framework has not established such a link between compliance and sanctions. The chapter then analyses whether respect for compliance obligations could be taken into account, as a matter of EU law, in potential sanctioning procedures. It assesses whether the MiFID II framework imposes any clear legal limits on such linkage, before arguing that ESMA could play a more enhanced role at that stage.
Remuneration Policies in Investment Firms
Authors: Söderström Rebecca 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies the post-crisis regulation of remuneration policies in investment firms. The main focus is on variable remuneration, because such compensation schemes highlight the conflict between owners' governance, on one hand, and financial stability and investor protection on the other. The regulation of remuneration in investment firms is one of many attempts to regulate with the purpose of improving corporate governance. The chapter then discusses how MiFID II and related regulation impacts on corporate governance of investment firms, with remuneration policies as examples and the focus of discussion. It links two different levels of accountability already established in literature: the firm level of accountability and the regulatory level of accountability. The reforms of the regulation of investment firms also give reasons to assess whether the EU regulatory policy for the financial markets is changing.
The Investment Firm’s ‘Horizontal Accountability’ towards Clients
Authors: Della Negra Federico 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses how investment firms can be held accountable for their conduct when they provide investment services to clients. After the 2008 global financial crisis, the financial intermediaries' accountability in their relationships with their clients (horizontal accountability) has been strengthened, in order to ensure a higher level of investor protection. The Level 1 and Level 2 legislation for conduct of business rules set out in MiFID II has been supplemented by the ESMA’s guidelines, recommendations, and other soft law instruments that have to be taken into account by national courts when interpreting the relevant EU law. The intensification of horizontal accountability mechanisms is a consequence of the incrementally greater focus of EU law on retail financial markets governance. However, this governance remains based on a two-layer regulatory framework, composed of EU-derived conduct of business rules and national private law rules. The actual implementation of these accountability regimes is, therefore, based on national courts’ and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) bodies’ application of national private law rules in retail client disputes.
The Poetics of Prose Cures
Authors: Bower Hannah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how the syntactic crafting and figurative language of certain prose remedies can bring the practical, playful, and poetic into conversation. Prose was increasingly popular as a mode of instruction in the later Middle Ages, and this chapter suggests that prose promoted particular kinds of textual crafting in medical texts. That crafting is often sporadic and intermittent and so prose recipes are shown to have a distinctive, fragmentary kind of poetics which was recognized by medieval writers and readers as both disruptive and desirable. These poetic fragments in recipes shape how medical knowledge was communicated, enacted, clarified, and (sometimes) confused. The fragments also create points of intersection and overlap between recipes and canonical literary writings, recontextualizing the language of those canonical texts and drawing attention to the shared communicative traditions both kinds of writing were drawing upon.
Making Verse Remedies
Authors: Bower Hannah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the range of uses that medical verse could have been put to and the range of effects it could have had in the later Middle Ages when the role and ubiquity of instructional verse was changing in relation to prose. The chapter contends that practical aims of memorability and accessibility did not delimit what the form of verse remedies and herbals could signify for late medieval readers. Instead, the experience of reading and writing medical verse was likely to be one in which the advantages and limitations of writing in verse were being constantly negotiated—from both a practical and an aesthetic perspective. This chapter therefore builds upon Chapter 1’s exploration of literary fragments in prose recipes by exploring the kinds of crafting and aesthetic effect that are distinctive to verse remedies: these include more concentrated semantic and syntactic play and greater experimentation with speaking voices.
Experiencing Boundaries
Authors: Bower Hannah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter continues, and broadens, the themes of Chapter 4 by exploring the manifold ways in which remedy collections encourage readers to negotiate boundaries: in addition to boundaries between the marvellous and the mundane, the chapter explores those between the permissible and prohibited and the desirable and undesirable. The chapter also demonstrates how remedies in larger collections might move back and forth across these boundaries when copied in new contexts; each recipe within a collection can offer a new vantage point from which to view others. Remedies involving various human body parts are similarly shown to cross and recross the boundary between the licit and the illicit in relation to the surrounding texts. This topic of taboo and transgression is illuminated by a comparison between recipes and fabliaux. Theoretical understandings of play are also deployed to describe recipes’ peculiar combination of rules, boundaries, flexibility, and adaptability.
Conclusion
Authors: Bower Hannah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion extends the previous chapters’ insights on the interplay between fragment and whole by considering how that interplay might also inform the mode of criticism and reading we practise in relation to medieval recipes. On the one hand, we need to practise a mode of reading that is more fragmentary—that does not try to construct a single narrative of practicality or impracticality but is open to a shifting and unpredictable relationship between these qualities and the individuals involved in the recipes’ production and reception. On the other hand, our way of reading needs to be more holistic and integrative, not only thinking about recipes and the manuscripts that contain them alongside literary texts and manuscripts, but also applying and testing out the same close-reading techniques in relation to both kinds of writing. The chapter ends by acknowledging the many stories left to be told about these quirky and adaptable texts, not least their reinterpretation and material reframing by early modern readers.
Introduction
Authors: Poellner Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out an initial characterization of a paradigm in ethical and meta-ethical thought that the author labels existential modernism, whose representatives to be discussed in this book include Friedrich Nietzsche, Max Scheler, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Robert Musil. After an initial sketch of the general features of this paradigm, a chapter-by-chapter overview of the book’s itinerary explains why it is legitimate to speak of the distinctive common strands in these figures’ thought as instituting a tradition in ethical philosophy, which centres on a certain picture of the relation between affectivity and value and on a kind of ethical perfectionism.