bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Global Dynamical Atlas of the Milky Way Mergers: Constraints from Gaia EDR3–based Orbits of Globular Clusters, Stellar Streams, and Satellite Galaxies
Authors: Malhan Khyati , Ibata Rodrigo A. , Sharma Sanjib , Famaey Benoit , Bellazzini Michele , Carlberg Raymond G. , D’Souza Richard , Yuan Zhen , Martin Nicolas F. , Thomas Guillaume F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Milky Way halo was predominantly formed by the merging of numerous progenitor galaxies. However, our knowledge of this process is still incomplete, especially in regard to the total number of mergers, their global dynamical properties and their contribution to the stellar population of the Galactic halo. Here, we uncover the Milky Way mergers by detecting groupings of globular clusters, stellar streams, and satellite galaxies in action (
J
) space. While actions fully characterize the orbits, we additionally use the redundant information on their energy (E) to enhance the contrast between the groupings. For this endeavor, we use Gaia EDR3‒based measurements of 170 globular clusters, 41 streams, and 46 satellites to derive their
J
and E. To detect groups, we use the ENLINK software, coupled with a statistical procedure that accounts for the observed phase-space uncertainties of these objects. We detect a total of N = 6 groups, including the previously known mergers Sagittarius, Cetus, Gaia‒Sausage/Enceladus, LMS-1/Wukong, Arjuna/Sequoia/I’itoi, and one new merger that we call Pontus. All of these mergers, together, comprise 62 objects (≈25% of our sample). We discuss their members, orbital properties, and metallicity distributions. We find that the three most-metal-poor streams of our galaxy—“C-19” ([Fe/H] = −3.4 dex), “Sylgr” ([Fe/H] = −2.9 dex), and “Phoenix” ([Fe/H] = −2.7 dex)—are associated with LMS-1/Wukong, showing it to be the most-metal-poor merger. The global dynamical atlas of Milky Way mergers that we present here provides a present-day reference for galaxy formation models.
Impact of Bullying and Facts on Victims in Elementary Schools
Authors: Ghofur Abdul , Purwanti Nunuk Sri , Donsu Jenita Doli Tile 
Published: February 2022

Background: Bullying is a serious problem for the mental health development of school-age children. Few studies in Indonesia have reported how the impact of bullying causes children to experience stress and difficulty in building social relationships.
Aim: This study aimed to determine the impact and phenomenon of becoming victims of bullying in elementary schools in Indonesia.
Methods: This research used a mixed-method approach with a sequential explanatory design. The sampling technique used multistage random sampling. The sample population included 617 elementary school students who are in grades 4, 5, and 6. The quantitative data analysis used structural equation modeling (SEM) while the qualitative data analysis was based on the results of SEM analysis.
Results: The impact of bullying on victims is stressful and symptomatic. The victims revealed they became depressed, had poor performance, had difficulty in socializing, did not dare to report fear of being ostracized, feared they would become the next victim, and was advised by the teacher not to reply, be patient, and just let it go. As a result, the victims complained they felt ugly, ashamed among friends, and reluctant to attend the class. Teachers consider bullying as ordinary delinquency because the victim can recover without help, think it is normal, or it was just a joke so there is no need for special rules.
Conclusion: Bullying of elementary school students has a negative impact on their mental health and causes psychosocial problems. There is a tendency to become repeated victims, while the ambivalence of teachers makes victims more vulnerable to bullying.
Production and market comparison of urokinase and streptokinase as effective and cheap fibrinolytic agents for treatment of cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Nawaz Ali , Haq Ikram ul , Amin Haseeb , Shah Zinnia , Javed Ammar , Mukhtar Hamid , Akram Fatima 
Published: February 2022

Failure of hemostasis and the formation of blood clots in the arteries are the main reasons that provoke the onset of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. Cardiovascular diseases have become the primary cause of deaths and disabilities across the globe. Therefore, this problem needs to be addressed with urgency. The disintegration of blood clots requires fibrinolytic agents, which are involved in thrombolysis. Streptokinase and urokinase are fibrinolytic enzymes; the former is primarily produced from microbial sources and the latter is isolated from urine, respectively. Streptokinase and urokinase have been in use for a long time to treat cardiovascular diseases. This review explains in detail the comparison of employing streptokinase and urokinase for the said purpose in a cost-effective manner. The recombinant production of both the agents has been discussed in detail. Furthermore, the efficacy of both the agents has been compared based upon their side effects and retention time in the body. A thorough study has been made to compare the influence of using both the agents on the health of cardiovascular patients in the last decade.
Nova ocorrência de †Mawsoniidae (Sarcopterygii, Actinistia) na Formação Morro do Chaves, Cretáceo Inferior da bacia de Sergipe-Alagoas, nordeste do Brasil
Authors: Gallo Valéria , Carvalho Marise Sardenberg Salgado de , Santos Hugo Ricardo Secioso 
Published: February 2022

The goal of this paper is to describe a new occurrence of †Mawsoniidae in the Morro do Chaves Formation, Sergipe-Alagoas Basin. This stratigraphical unit is represented by an intercalation of coquina and shale beds, deposited in a lacustrine paleoenvironment during the Upper Barremian (Lower Jiquiá local stage). The description is accomplished on the basis of new and more complete material, represented by articulated bones of the palatoquadrate and lower jaw, as well as by gular plate. It was assigned to the genus Mawsonia based on the presence of a stout angular conspicuously ornamented with wrinkles and ridges, as well as palatoquadrate with a single strengthening ridge on its lateral surface. When this new occurrence of Mawsonia was compared with the other genera of Mawsoniidae occurring in Brazil (i.e., Axelrodichthys and Parnaibaia), it was verified that it differs clearly from Axelrodichthys by the inclination of the suspensorium (obliquely oriented in Mawsonia versus vertically oriented in Axelrodichthys). Regarding Parnaibaia, the ornamentation of the angular and gular plate is more delicate in this genus.
Samambaias e licófitas do município de Caxias, Maranhão, Brasil
Authors: Fernandes Rozijane Santos , Conceição Gonçalo Mendes da , Costa Jeferson Miranda , Paula-Zárate Eliete Lima de 
Published: February 2022

O presente estudo refere-se ao inventário das samambaias e licófitas do município de Caxias (Maranhão, Brasil), representando um segundo trabalho com estes grupos de plantas no estado. Considerando que são plantas pouco inventariadas no Maranhão, compreendemos ser de importância o estudo da sua composição florística para o conhecimento da diversidade da flora como um todo. O município possui uma área de 531.350 ha e está localizado na parte leste do Maranhão, onde a cobertura vegetal é caracterizada pelo contato do cerrado com a floresta, havendo predomínio do primeiro. Para a coleta do material botânico e registro das informações ecológicas das espécies, foram realizadas excursões bimestrais entre novembro de 2005 a agosto de 2007, nas quais foram registradas 11 famílias, 14 gêneros e 21 espécies. As famílias mais representativas foram Pteridaceae (cinco espécies) e Thelypteridaceae (quatro espécies). Seis espécies foram citadas como novos registros para o Maranhão [Selaginella erythropus (Mart.) Spring, S. flagellata Spring, Acrostichum danaeifolium Langsd. & Fisch., Adiantum serratodentatum Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Lindsaea divaricata Klotzsch e Salvinia auriculata Aubl.]. A maioria das espécies apresentou habitat terrestre, ocorreu no interior das matas ciliares e apresentou distribuição americana.
On a poorly known Amazonian ant-plant association: Myrcia madida McVaugh (Myrtaceae) and Myrcidris epicharis Ward (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Pseudomyrmecinae)
Authors: Ferreira Leandro Valle , Vasconcelos Heraldo Luis de 
Published: February 2022

Ecological data are provided for the first time on the myrmecophilious relationship between the ant Myrcidris epicharis Ward (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Pseudomyrmecinae) and the Amazonian tree Myrcia madida McVaugh (Myrtaceae), the only Neotropical species of its family to produce domatia in hollow branches. Ants were collected from 30 plants of various sizes (0.9 to 18 m in height) and all plants were inhabited by Myrcidris epicharis Ward. On average, there were 13.3 adult ant workers, 3.8 larvae, 1.5 pupae, and 2.3 eggs per domatium. Ants tend scale insects that live inside the hollow stems. New colonies of M. epicharis are founded by a single queen, and in none of the plants examined more than one queen was found, suggesting that secondary adoption of queens may not take place in this ant species. Myrcidris epicharis Ward appears to provide protection to its host-plant against both vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores.
Effect of Yagya Science on Environment: A Review
Authors: Agrawal Manan Kumar , Malik Saloni , Anshu  
Published: February 2022

Yagya is one such meaningful gift given by the sages of Indian culture to Sadi Vasudha, which is considered the basis for maintaining the most productive and holistic environmental center.
Rishis say: Ayam yajno vishwasya bhuvanasya nabhih.!
By saying Yagya, Bhuvan has eaten the base point of the creation of this world.
Yogi raj himself says, Shri Krishna.
saha-yajñāḥ prajāḥ sṛiṣhṭvā purovācha prajāpatiḥ!
anena prasaviṣhyadhvam eṣha vo ’stviṣhṭa-kāma-dhuk!!
In other words: Prajapati Brahma created the subjects and the yajna at the beginning of Kalfa and told them that they might achieve growth through this Yagya. Here the Yagya is going to provide you the desired enjoyment. Yagya is a high level of effort made for charity. Yagya a type of tax: tax: For not giving it to God power like a state. Administration punishes the people. In the same way, the fears come in different forms and create their wrath on the saree world. There is a scientific basis to avoid divine wrath – Yagya. It involves incorporating divinity into the inner world, in the soul of the living being, and by sacrificing the soul of the Apana. The real yajna is to make the samadhi of life home in the form of society. If Satpravarti continues to be included in the feelings, then this is the natural form of Yagya. “Yagyoayam sarvakam dhuk ” Yagya is not the only way to fulfil all desires but the best scientific method of living life is
LIQUIDITY RISK AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF DEPOSIT TAKING SAVINGS AND CREDIT COOPERATIVE SOCIETIES IN KENYA
Authors: Wanjiru Peter , Jagongo Ambrose 
Published: February 2022

Purpose: To investigate the effect of liquidity risk on financial performance of DT-SACCOs in Kenya
Materials and Methods: The study will adopt descriptive research design with data comprising of secondary, panel data which will be collected from the 175 DT-SACCOs for the period of five years between the years 2016-2020. Census sampling will be adopted where all the 175 DT-SACCOs will be considered in the analysis. Data will be collected from audited financial statements and other relevant reports submitted by the DT-SACCOs to SASRA.
Results: Financial performance of DT-SACCOs has been unstable and fluctuating over the years as measured by ROA. In 2016, ROA was 2.45 percent which rose to 2.69 percent in 2017. In 2018, it dropped to 2.40 percent before rising to 2.60 percent in 2019 and again rising to 2.65 percent in 2020. One the other hand, liquid assets to total assets ratio has been reducing. In 2016 it was 12.49 percent, 11.85 percent in 2017, 11.77 percent in 2018, and 11.62 in 2019 only to rise to 14.43 in 2020 (SASRA Report, 2020). This reflects the oscillation in liquidity thereby posing liquidity risk. As reflected by the existing empirical literature, there is an inconsistency and consensus on the research findings on whether liquidity risk affects financial performance of DT-SACCOs in Kenya.
Unique contribution to theory, Practice and Policy: Scholars and other researchers interested in the SACCO sub-sector will benefit from the findings of this study. The findings will add to the body of knowledge existing in this field and provide opportunities for further research in this area. Results from the study will be useful to SASRA and other policy-makers in the SACCO sub-sector to strengthen their regulatory framework as well as in development of a more robust liquidity monitoring policy and enhancement of liquidity management practices. The results will be beneficial to SACCO managers and the board members as it will highlight how profitability is affected by liquidity risk thereby developing more robust liquidity monitoring policy as well as enhancement of oversight on liquidity management practices. SACCO members may get an impetus to continuously hold the management accountable on the level of the profitability. This is so because the members stand to benefit most if liquidity risk is low. In addition, it may lead to members’ satisfaction and trust in the societies and hence increased share contribution.
Relevansi Pendidikan Multikulturalisme Nabi Muhammad dalam Konteks Keindonesiaan : Spirit Profetik dalam Mengelola Keragaman di Basis Masyarakat Multikultural
Authors: Herawati Erna , Ningtias Ratih Kusuma , Habibie M Rudi 
Published: February 2022

Tulisan artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tentang pola Nabi Muhammad SAW dalam mengelola heterogenitas masyarakat Madinah secara toleran dan inklusif. Pada waktu yang bersamaan tulisan artikel ini juga bertujuan untuk me-landing-kan dan mengontekstualisasikan patronisme Nabi Muhammad dalam mengelola keragaman etnis budaya dan agama dalam konteks pendidikan agama di Indonesia. Disisi lain, tulisan artikel ini juga bertujuan untuk mencari titik temu antara Pancasila dan nilai-nilai ajaran Nabi Muhammad tentang toleransi beragama dalam piagam madinah. Metode analisis yang digunakan dalam tulisan artikel ini adalah studi kepustakaan yang menekankan analisis datanya pada beragam sumber literatur yang otoritatif. Ada beberapa temuan dalam tulisan artikel ini, yaitu: Pertama, posisi Nabi Muhammad sebagai kepala negara yang mampu menginisiasi lahirnya piagam Madinah justuru harus dilihat sebagai cikal bakal teoritis pendidikan multikulturalisme. Dalam rangka mewujudkan pendidikan multikulturalisme tersebut, Nabi Muhammad menjadikan teologi rahmatan lil ‘alamin sebagai bahan bakar kognitif, afektif dan psikomotorik. Masyarakat Madinah yang plural diedukasi oleh Nabi Muhammad melalui nilai-nilai ajaran Islam yang universal. Keteladanan Nabi Muhammad dengan akhlaknya yang universal menjadi modal penting terwujudnya sikap toleransi dalam menyikapi multikulturalisme masyarakat Madinah. Kedua, Indonesia sebagai negara yang terdiri dari berbagai varian ras, suku, agama dan budaya menjadi relevan untuk me-landing-kan nilai-nilai multikulturalisme tersebut. Ketiga, Pada waktu yang bersamaan Pancasila yang dijadikan sebagai falsafah hidup bernegara oleh masyarakat Indonesia selaras dengan ajaran-ajaran tentang toleransi di tengah kehidupan multikulturalisme masyarakat Madinah. Keragaman agama, suku dan budaya mampu disulam dan dirajut secara harmoni melalui nilai-nilai Islam yang universal sebagaimana yang tertuang dalam Pancasila.
Growth rate rather than temperature affects the B∕Ca ratio in the calcareous red alga Lithothamnion corallioides
Authors: Piazza Giulia , Bracchi Valentina A. , Langone Antonio , Meroni Agostino N. , Basso Daniela 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The B/Ca ratio in calcareous marine species is
informative of past seawater CO32- concentrations, but scarce data
exist on B/Ca in coralline algae. Recent studies suggest influences of
temperature and growth rates on B/Ca, the effect of which could be critical
for the reconstructions of surface ocean pH and atmospheric pCO2. In
this paper, we present the first laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analyses of Mg, Sr, Li, and B in
the coralline alga Lithothamnion corallioides collected from different geographic settings and depths
across the Mediterranean Sea and in the Atlantic Ocean. We produced the
first data on putative temperature proxies (Mg/Ca, Li/Ca, Sr/Ca, Mg/Li) and
B/Ca in a coralline algal species grown in different basins from across the
photic zone (12, 40, 45, and 66 m depth). We tested the B/Ca
correlation with temperature proxies and growth rates in order to evaluate
their possible effect on B incorporation. Our results suggested a growth
rate influence on B/Ca, which was evident in the sample with the lowest growth rate of
0.10 mm yr−1 (Pontian Isl., Italy; 66 m depth) and in Elba (Italy; 45 m depth), where the algal growth rate was the highest (0.14 mm yr−1). At these
two sites, the measured B/Ca was the lowest at 462.8 ± 49.2 µmol mol−1 and the highest at 757.7 ± 75.5 µmol mol−1, respectively. A positive
correlation between B/Ca and temperature proxies was found only in the
shallowest sample from Morlaix (Atlantic coast of France; 12 m depth), where
the amplitude of temperature variation (ΔT) was the highest (8.9 ∘C). Still, fluctuations in B/Ca did not mirror yearly seasonal
temperature oscillations as for Mg/Ca, Li/Ca, and Sr/Ca. We concluded that
growth rates, triggered by the different ΔT and light availability
across depth, affect the B incorporation in L. corallioides.
Introduction
Authors: CBLR Editorial Board  
Published: February 2022

Well-functioning securities markets are critical to the stability of the U.S. financial system, yet they are changing rapidly. Both securities markets and investors have new complexions, adding to the conventional picture of domestic public trading. For example, an increasing number of transactions today are private. Worldwide, private investment grew more than 250% between 2010 and 2019 before dipping with the COVID-19 pandemic, and in the United States, Regulation D offerings roughly doubled in the decade from 1997 to 2017. Simultaneously, cross-border asset holdings have risen: between 2012 and 2021, American holdings of foreign securities have increased by about 100%, while foreign holdings of American securities have increased by about 125%. New investment strategies have gained popularity, too. Capital increasingly flows through institutions—which, in the United States, in 2019 held assets equal to 291.3% of U.S. GDP, up from 249.3% of GDP in 2012—and into passive investment vehicles. Now, passive investment strategies tracking various indices of market or industry performance and traditional active management strategies each direct about 15 trillion in assets. Both retail and environmental, social, and governance investing, though heretofore less successful in generating investment, have made notable strides of late, as well.
STUDI PENGGUNAAN APLIKASI PADLET PADA KELAS MENULIS
Authors: Arina Rohmatika  , Puput Arianto,  , Rangga Maysa Putra  
Published: February 2022

Abstrak
Pengajaran Bahasa Inggris khususnya menulis selalu mempunyai tantangan tersendiri di Indonesia. Seiring dengan berkembangnya teknologi, makin banyak apliaksi yang banyak digunakan sebagai media pembelajaran Bahasa Inggris. Salah satu aplikasi yang banyak digunakan dalam pengajaran Bahasa Inggris adalah aplikasi Padlet. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan Implementasi, masalah dan solusi terhadap penggunaan Aplikasi Padlet pada kelas menulis pada mahasiswa semester pertama Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris IAIN Surakarta, Tahun Akademik 2019/2020. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi pada buku padlet dosen dan mahasiswa. Analisis data dilakukan melalui proses pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan dan verifikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan aplikasi Padlet pada kelas menulis menunjukkan hasil yang positif khususnya pada proses Brainstorming. Permasalahan utama yang terjadi selama implementasi Aplikasi Padlet lebih kepada masalah teknis dimana mahasiswa kurang familiar/ memahami fitur Padlet itu sendiri. Selain itu, masalah jaringan yang tidak stabil juga menjadi kendala bagi Sebagian besar mahasiswa. Evaluasi rutin di kelas dengan mengecek tugas secara tertulis, mencari referensi di Aplikasi Padlet serta memanfaatkan koneksi WIFI di kampus untuk mendapatkan sinyal yang lebih stabil dan baik terbukti menjadi solusi bagi permasalahan yang ada.
Rainfall distribution over India during the monsoon months in the absence of depressions and cyclonic storms
Authors: DHAR O. N. , MANDAL B. N. , RAKHECHA P. R. 
Published: February 2022

It is well known that monsoon depressions and cyclonic storms play an important role in the distribution of rainfall over India. Naturally, their absence from the Indian area during any month of the monsoon season is considered to be responsible for causing deficient rainfall and consequent drought conditions. It is, therefore, of interest to know as to what extent the absence of these synoptic systems cause deficient rainfall during the Individual monsoon months. This aspect has been examined by computing the average rainfall of the different meteorological sub-divisions of the Indian plains north of Lat. 15°N for those monsoon months which were free from depressions and cyclonic storms.

There have been in all 25, 13, 7 and 4 occasions of June, July, August and September respectively, when no depressions or cyclonic storms moved through the Indian land area during the period 1891-1980. This study has shown that (i) of the 4 monsoon months, the September month is worst affected by the absence of these disturbances and (ii) in the case of other monsoon months of June, and August, rainfall can be abnormally deficient depending upon the presence of any of the following meteorological situations :
(a) Late arrival and subsequent weak monsoon con lions over the country,
(b) The axis of monsoon trough remains shifted to the north of its normal position, and
(c) Non-occurrence of low pressure areas (or land lows) across the country.

It has been seen that rainfall over the country can be normal or even above normal inspite of the absence of these disturbances if the meteorological situations like the above are not there.

This study has, therefore, shown that the absence of monsoon depressions and cyclonic storms are not the main factors which cause deficient rainfall and consequent drought conditions in this country.