bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thinking about Social Determinants of Health through the Relationality of Work and Drug Use
Authors: Parsons Michelle Anne 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPublic health often frames drug use and addiction as destructive and antithetical to productive citizenship, particularly formal employment. Anthropologists show how drug use emerges in specific institutional, social, and political economic contexts. This attention to context suggests that the relationship between drug use and work may not be as stable as epidemiology models it. There is a multiplicity to the relationality of work and drug use. These results are based on in‐depth interviews conducted in 2018 and 2019 with 16 individuals undergoing addiction treatment at a residential facility in northern Arizona. In some cases, drug and alcohol use led to losing work. In other cases, drug and alcohol use made work more possible. The entanglements between work and drug use fluctuated through time. Social determinants of health are relationally brought into being, part of larger assemblages, and dynamic.
Visual Attention Pattern of Middle School Students During Problem‐Solving in Physics
Authors: Wang Qian , Zhu Yanmei , Wei Lili , Deng Huihua 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTThis study investigated how visual attention differed between students who hold scientific knowledge and those who have misconceptions. We analyzed visual fixations of 98 middle students on problems containing information relevant to scientific knowledge and common misconceptions. It showed that students who acquired scientific concepts paid more attention to appropriate information but took less consideration to irrelevant information. On the contrary, students who held misconceptions fixated more on misleading information but failed to select appropriate information. In addition, the senior students demonstrated more eye fixations on relevant information than their younger peers. These findings reflect that students' conceptual understanding affects the way they evaluate the problem information. Our results also suggest that formal science education improves students' ability to select relevant information and efficiently solve a problem. Studying the visual attention pattern during problem‐solving provides implications for the development of effective instructions to promote their ability to solve scientific problems.
Reclamation of a resource extraction site: A differential game approach
Authors: Marsiglio Simone , Masoudi Nahid 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe study an extraction site reclamation problem in a two‐player differential game setting over a finite time horizon. Environmental regulation requires each firm to engage in reclamation efforts during the entire lifespan of the extraction site and to pay an abandonment reclamation fee at the end of its lease term for the unclaimed pollution caused by firms’ activities. Firms determine their reclamation efforts in order to minimize their reclamation cost. We analyze and compare individual firms’ choices and the pollution stock in the noncooperative and the cooperative cases by distinguishing between situations in which firms are homogeneous and heterogeneous. We study the case in which firms have different lease durations and different degrees of environmental liability. We show that the dynamics of the reclamation efforts may be substantially different under noncooperation and cooperation, and in both cases, it is mainly determined by how the rate of time preference and the growth rate of firms’ liabilities compare. Moreover, in all scenarios, the reclamation efforts generally rise with the degree of liability and fall with the lease duration, suggesting that in order to promote better environmental outcomes, the regulators should carefully determine the lease conditions by introducing intra‐term reclamation fees along with stringent environmental accountability.
Development of allergic rhinitis in early life: A prospective cohort study in high‐risk infants
Authors: Masuda Sawako , Nagao Mizuho , Usui Satoko , Nogami Kazutaka , Tohda Yuji , Fujisawa Takao ,   Investigators of Kinki Hokuriku Airway Disease Conference (KiHAC)
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundAllergic rhinitis (AR) is the most common allergic disease in children. The development process of AR in early childhood, however, is not well understood. We prospectively investigated the process in regard to not only the nasal symptoms and sensitization but also the nasal cytology, in relation to recurrent wheeze in a high‐risk cohort.MethodsInfants under 2 years of age with atopic dermatitis (AD) and/or food allergy (FA) symptoms were recruited and followed prospectively for 2 years. The phenotype of perennial AR was classified based on the presence/absence of (1) persistent nasal symptoms, (2) nasal eosinophils, and (3) HDM sensitization, the most common allergen for perennial AR in Japan. AR‐like phenotypes were defined as positive for at least two of those three categories. High‐risk recurrent wheezer was diagnosed based on the Japanese guidelines and Global Initiative for Asthma. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses for high‐risk recurrent wheeze and the AR‐like phenotype, adjusting for known covariate risk factors for asthma.ResultsA total of 299 children were enrolled, and 237 subjects (78%) completed the 2‐year observation. The prevalence of eosinophilia in nasal secretions increased from 18.5% to 69.9%, while HDM‐specific IgE ≥ 0.35 kUA/L increased from 30.6% to 74.8%. AR‐like phenotypes increased from 18.4% to 65.0%. The AR‐like phenotype at 2 years was associated with development of high‐risk recurrent wheezer (HR 2.062; 95% CI 1.005–4.796).ConclusionsThe prevalence of an HDM‐related AR‐like phenotype was markedly increased during infancy in infants with AD/FA and was associated with high‐risk recurrent wheezer.
Chronic hypertension and risk of preterm delivery: National Longitudinal Study of Adolescents to Adult Health
Authors: Delker Erin , Bandoli Gretchen , LaCoursiere Yvette , Ferran Karen , Gallo Linda , Oren Eyal , Gahagan Sheila , Ramos Gladys A. , Allison Matthew 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundChronic hypertension during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of adverse birth outcomes. In 2017, the American College of Cardiology and American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) lowered thresholds to classify hypertension in non‐pregnant adults to SBP ≥ 130 mmHg and DBP ≥ 80 mmHg (ie stage I hypertension), resulting in an additional 4.5‐million reproductive‐aged women meeting criteria for hypertension. Little is known about effects of pre‐pregnancy blood pressure (BP) in this range.ObjectivesTo examine the effect of pre‐pregnancy maternal BP on preterm delivery.MethodsWe analysed the data from two waves of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, including participants that had measured BP at Wave IV (2008–09) and a pregnancy that resulted in a singleton live birth between Waves IV and V (2016–18; n = 2038). We categorised BP using ACC/AHA cut‐offs: normal (SBP < 120 mmHg and DBP < 80 mmHg), elevated (SBP 120–129 mmHg and DBP < 80 mmHg), hypertension stage I (SBP 130–139 mmHg or DBP 80–89 mmHg) and hypertension stage II (SBP ≥ 140 mmHg or DBP ≥ 90 mmHg). We estimated risk ratios (RR) with log‐binomial regression adjusting for maternal demographics, anthropometrics and medication use.ResultsThe prevalence of preterm delivery was 12.6%. A standard deviation (SD) increment in SBP (SD = 12.2 mmHg) and DBP (SD = 9.3 mmHg) was associated with a 14% (95% confidence interval [CI] 2, 27) and 20% (95% CI 4, 37) higher risk of preterm delivery. Compared to normotensive controls, stage I (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.01, 1.74) and stage II (RR 1.34, 95% CI 0.89, 2.00) hypertension were associated with increased risk.ConclusionsWe observed greater risk of preterm delivery among women with higher pre‐pregnancy BP. Women with stage I hypertension during pregnancy may benefit from increased BP monitoring. Additional studies on the utility of foetal surveillance in this group are warranted.
Effect of the donor's age and type of extender (egg yolk versus clarified egg yolk) over the sperm quality of Majorera bucks preserved at 4°C: In vitro results and fertility trials
Authors: Iusupova Kseniia , Batista‐Arteaga Miguel , Martín‐Martel Sergio , Díaz‐Bertrana María Luisa , Rodríguez‐Lozano Oliver 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study assessed the effect of donor´s age and two different extenders in the sperm quality of chilled semen in Majorera bucks. In experiment 1, semen was individually processed from 5 young (10–12 months old) and 4 mature (3–5 years old) bucks and then was diluted in two different extenders: EY (Tris‐glucose, 12% egg yolk) and CEY (Tris‐glucose, 12% clarified egg yolk) and cooled at 4°C; semen quality (sperm motility, percentages of alive spermatozoa, acrosome status and abnormal spermatozoa) was evaluated at 24, 48, 72 and 96 hr after cooling. In experiment II, 72 Majorera goats were assigned to four experimental groups: for groups 24‐EY (n = 18) and 24‐CEY (n = 18), goats were inseminated with EY and CEY cooled semen for 24 hr, respectively, while for groups 72‐EY (n = 18) and 72‐CEY (n = 18), goats were inseminated with EY and CEY cooled semen for 72 hr, respectively. In vitro results confirmed that only ejaculate volume and sperm concentration were significantly different between young and mature bucks. In addition, semen quality was similar between both diluents, presenting values for the first 48 hr similar to that recorded in fresh samples. The fertility rate was around 70% after 24 hr (4°C) in both groups, but the kidding rate was significantly lower (44.4%, p < .05) in goats inseminated with EY diluent preserved for 72 hr. Our results showed that the semen samples may be stored at 4°C in media with egg yolk or clarified egg yolk, and, therefore, the use of clarified egg yolk may represent a valid alternative to chill semen samples. Finally, young bucks (older than 10–12 months) of Majorera breed could be successfully used in breeding programmes with similar efficacy to older males.
Artificial intelligence, algorithms, and social inequality: Sociological contributions to contemporary debates
Authors: Zajko Mike 
Published: February 2022

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) and algorithmic systems have been criticized for perpetuating bias, unjust discrimination, and contributing to inequality. Artificial intelligence researchers have remained largely oblivious to existing scholarship on social inequality, but a growing number of sociologists are now addressing the social transformations brought about by AI. Where bias is typically presented as an undesirable characteristic that can be removed from AI systems, engaging with social inequality scholarship leads us to consider how these technologies reproduce existing hierarchies and the positive visions we can work towards. I argue that sociologists can help assert agency over new technologies through three kinds of actions: (1) critique and the politics of refusal; (2) fighting inequality through technology; and (3) governance of algorithms. As we become increasingly dependent on AI and automated systems, the dangers of further entrenching or amplifying social inequalities have been well documented, particularly with the growing adoption of these systems by government agencies. However, public policy also presents some opportunities to restructure social dynamics in a positive direction, as long as we can articulate what we are trying to achieve, and are aware of the risks and limitations of utilizing these new technologies to address social problems.
Men and masculinities studies in Vietnam: A brief review
Authors: An Thanh Ly , Waling Andrea , Bourne Adam 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn recent years, men and masculinities in Southeast Asia has begun to receive more attention from scholars as the result of increasing attention to intersections of race, gender space, colonialism, and place in countries such as Vietnam. This article provides an overview of current research on men and masculinities in Vietnam. It finds research on Vietnamese masculinities is predominantly understood through (i) concepts of Confucianism, with a particular focus on traditional ideas about gender and gender relations in kinship structures; (ii) considerations of Vietnamese masculinities post Đổi Mới (Renovation) and the impact of women's engagement in the labor market; and (iii) a focus on men as “at risk” or vulnerable, including a focus on alcohol consumption and engagement in domestic violence. We highlight limited focus in areas of sexuality and sexual practices, reflexive engagements with concepts of masculinity, focus on men residing in urban centres, considerations of bodywork and body project practices, and an overall Western approach to the study of masculinity in Vietnam. We conclude with a call for further research on men and masculinities in Vietnam framed through postcolonial epistemologies and research methodologies.
A chromosome scale tomato genome built from complementary PacBio and Nanopore sequences alone reveals extensive linkage drag during breeding
Authors: van Rengs Willem M. J. , Schmidt Maximilian H.‐W. , Effgen Sieglinde , Le Duyen Bao , Wang Yazhong , Zaidan Mohd Waznul Adly Mohd , Huettel Bruno , Schouten Henk J. , Usadel Björn , Underwood Charles J. 
Published: February 2022

SUMMARYThe assembly and scaffolding of plant crop genomes facilitate the characterization of genetically diverse cultivated and wild germplasm. The cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) has been improved through the introgression of genetic material from related wild species, including resistance to pandemic strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) from Solanum peruvianum. Here we applied PacBio HiFi and ONT Nanopore sequencing to develop independent, highly contiguous and complementary assemblies of an inbred TMV‐resistant tomato variety. We show specific examples of how HiFi and ONT datasets can complement one another to improve assembly contiguity. We merged the HiFi and ONT assemblies to generate a long‐read‐only assembly where all 12 chromosomes were represented as 12 contiguous sequences (N50 = 68.5 Mbp). This chromosome scale assembly did not require scaffolding using an orthogonal data type. The merged assembly was validated by chromosome conformation capture data and is highly consistent with previous tomato genome assemblies that made use of genetic maps and Hi‐C for scaffolding. Our long‐read‐only assembly reveals that a complex series of structural variants linked to the TMV resistance gene likely contributed to linkage drag of a 64.1‐Mbp region of the S. peruvianum genome during tomato breeding. Through marker studies and ONT‐based comprehensive haplotyping we show that this minimal introgression region is present in six cultivated tomato hybrid varieties developed in three commercial breeding programs. Our results suggest that complementary long read technologies can facilitate the rapid generation of near‐complete genome sequences.
Diffusion of volatile organics and water in the epicuticular waxes of petunia petal epidermal cells
Authors: Ray Shaunak , Savoie Brett M. , Dudareva Natalia , Morgan John A. 
Published: February 2022

SUMMARYPlant cuticles are a mixture of crystalline and amorphous waxes that restrict the exchange of molecules between the plant and the atmosphere. The multicomponent nature of cuticular waxes complicates the study of the relationship between the physical and transport properties. Here, a model cuticle based on the epicuticular waxes of Petunia hybrida flower petals was formulated to test the effect of wax composition on diffusion of water and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The model cuticle was composed of an n‐tetracosane (C24H50), 1‐docosanol (C22H45OH), and 3‐methylbutyl dodecanoate (C17H34O2), reflecting the relative chain length, functional groups, molecular arrangements, and crystallinity of the natural waxes. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to obtain diffusion coefficients for compounds moving through waxes of varying composition. Simulated VOC diffusivities of the model system were found to highly correlate with in vitro measurements in isolated petunia cuticles. VOC diffusivity increased up to 30‐fold in completely amorphous waxes, indicating a significant effect of crystallinity on cuticular permeability. The crystallinity of the waxes was highly dependent on the elongation of the lattice length and decrease in gap width between crystalline unit cells. Diffusion of water and higher molecular weight VOCs were significantly affected by alterations in crystalline spacing and lengths, whereas the low molecular weight VOCs were less affected. Comparison of measured diffusion coefficients from atomistic simulations and emissions from petunia flowers indicates that the role of the plant cuticle in the VOC emission network is attributed to the differential control on mass transfer of individual VOCs by controlling the composition, amount, and dynamics of scent emission.
Breathing new futures in polluted environments (Taranto, Italy)
Authors: Jokela‐Pansini Maaret , Militz Elisabeth 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper analyses the ways that young people create new futures in Taranto, Southern Italy, a city hosting one of the largest and most polluting steel factories in Europe. It draws on ethnographic fieldwork in Taranto and uses storytelling to understand how young people – a minority of residents aged between 24 and 35 years – shape futures in industrially polluted environments. The study weaves together geographic and anthropological scholarship about futures in (post‐)industrial cities, conceptualisations of breathing as well as lived experiences in highly polluted areas. Through mobilising the notion of breathing, we highlight the embodied, entangled, and emotional dimensions of the young people's everyday practices and develop our concept of “breathing new futures.” We argue that both pollution and the envisioning of a new future become visible in everything the study's participants do; the ways they promote environmental awareness, take care of animals, or seek to foster children's education. By focusing on generational differences, the study expands on recent scholarship analysing environmental pollution in relation to intersectional identities such as race, ethnicity, and gender, and sheds light on the activities of young people to imagine and live new futures in polluted environments.
Topology Optimization on Complex Surfaces Based on the Moving Morphable Component Method and Computational Conformal Mapping
Authors: Huo Wendong , Liu Chang , Du Zongliang , Jiang Xudong , Liu Zhenyu , Guo Xu 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In the present article, an integrated paradigm for topology optimization on complex surfaces with arbitrary genus is proposed. The approach is constructed based on the two-dimensional (2D) Moving Morphable Component (MMC) framework, where a set of structural components are used as the basic units of optimization, and computational conformal mapping (CCM) technique, with which a complex surface represented by an unstructured triangular mesh can be mapped into a set of regular 2D parameter domains numerically. A multipatch stitching scheme is also developed to achieve an MMC-friendly global parameterization through a number of local parameterizations. Numerical examples including a saddle-shaped shell, a torus-shape shell, and a tee-branch pipe are solved to demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed approach. It is found that compared with traditional approaches for topology optimization on 2D surfaces, optimized designs with clear load transmission paths can be obtained with much fewer numbers of design variables and degrees-of-freedom for finite element analysis (FEA) via the proposed approach.
Experimental Investigation of the Mechanical Clinching Process of Al5052-H32/Polyoxymethylene Hybrid Structure
Authors: Ouyang Yawen , Chen Chao , Ren Xiaoqiang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In the current study, the mechanical clinching process of the Al5052-H32/polyoxymethylene (POM) hybrid structure has been explored. The influence of diverse forming forces on the forming process of Al5052-H32/POM hybrid joints was discussed. The geometric parameters were measured to analyze the forming ability of the hybrid joints. The tensile-shear test and energy absorption calculation are accomplished to estimate the joinability and reliability of joints. The failure microstructure was observed to analyze the failure mechanism. The conclusions have shown that the hybrid structure between Al5052-H32 and POM sheets can be effectively connected through mechanical clinching technology (MCT) as the forming force is greater than 22 kN. Two failure modes were observed in the tensile-shear testing, including button separation and neck fracture. Increasing the forming force led to the enhancement of the joint strength and energy absorption. Nonetheless, the tensile-shear load is basically uncharged when the forming force is large.
Spring Configurations and Attachment Angles Determination for Statically Balanced Planar Articulated Manipulators
Authors: Juang Chia-Wei , Chen Dar-Zen 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Admissible spring configurations for statically balanced planar articulated manipulators have been investigated in previous studies. However, in these spring configurations, springs are only identified by the connection between links. The attachment angles and distance for springs to be properly installed remain unaddressed. In this study, a method to determine attachment angles and distance for springs is developed to ensure all the springs are acting for the benefit of static balancing. Here, the gravitational and elastic potential energies are represented in stiffness matrix form, it is shown that term by term compatibility exists between the first row of gravitational stiffness matrix and the first row of the elastic stiffness matrix. In accordance with these compatibility conditions, the admissible spring attachment angles are found to ensure all the ground-connected springs are acting for the benefit of gravity balancing. And the remained components below the first row of the elastic stiffness matrix are offset by the non-ground-connected springs. In accordance with the compatibility between the remained components and the elastic stiffness matrix of non-ground-connected springs, the spring attachment angles to ensure all the non-ground-connected springs acting for the benefit of elastic balancing are found. The determination of the admissible spring configurations is revisited in addition to the connection between links, and the attachment angles of springs are also specified. The admissible spring configurations of statically balanced planar articulated three- and four-link manipulators are derived. A four-link planar manipulator is used as an example for illustration.