bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Reconstruction of a Republican Political System, 1945‒1955
Authors: Boyer John W. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This final chapter describes the work of Austrian leaders after 1945 to revive the Republic of 1920 under the pressures of the Soviet occupation and the onset of the Cold War in Central and Eastern Europe. The “new” Austria of 1945 came to be governed under the aegis of a restored liberal constitution—the Constitution of 1920, as revised in 1929—and under a second set of constitution-like “liberal” institutions, namely, the Allied Control Council operating under its Control Agreements of 1945 and 1946 as a parallel instrument of power. For Karl Renner, Adolf Schärf, and other Socialists, April 1945 was a chance to restart a history of equity and justice that had ended badly in March 1933 and February 1934. For Leopold Figl and the Catholics, in contrast, April 1945 was a chance to salvage their traditional cultural values and to defend pre-1938 industrial and commercial structures without acknowledging any shame about 1934. Even so, the moderate Catholics and right-wing Socialists joined in a hyper-partisan but effective coalition government that endured until 1966. Citing the Moscow Declaration of 1943 leaders of both the Socialists and the Catholics argued that Austria had been occupied by an external power in March 1938 against its will, and this act of aggression gave the new state of 1945 the status of an official victim under international law. This “victim” thesis (Opferthese) eliminated the need or duty to pay restitution or make reparations, since Austria as a sovereign state after 1945 was not itself either to blame for or to be held legally accountable for the criminal acts committed by the Nazi regime on its territories between 1938 and 1945. Slowly, as the renewed Republic succeeded and gained public credibility and legitimacy, the idea of an Austrian nation emerged, and by the 1960s and 1970s public opinion polls began to show a clear trend of popular confidence in the conception of an unambiguous Austrian national identity. With the massive influx of US development funds under the Marshall Plan, the Red–Black coalition government managed to push forward negotiations for a State Treaty, signed in May 1955 and ending the foreign occupation.
Central Debates in the Field of Organization Theories
Authors: Rouleau Linda 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThere are two central debates in organization theories (OTs). The first relates to the never-ending paradigm debate in OTs—what recent propositions have helped to renew and actualize our comprehension of paradigms? The second relates to the long-standing issue of the quest for novelty in OTs—what is the role of knowledge and how does one advance it? Given the immense research implications of these questions, this chapter compels junior researchers and PhD students to position themselves in these debates. For those who intend to advance knowledge in OTs, the chapter also describes different ways of producing theoretical advancement in the field.
Organizational Institutionalism
Authors: Rouleau Linda 
Published: October 2022

AbstractEven though it originated in the late 1970s, organizational institutionalism has been and continues to be the most influential perspective in organization theories (OTs) all over the world. Since the past 25 years, there have been many significant turns in the very nature of the institutional project. Whereas in the past, the institutional project sought to understand the normative conformity of organizational structures, organizational institutionalism now seeks to explain the variety of organizational responses to institutional pressures. New substreams of institutional research—enriched by notions of change, interests and agency—have emerged such as institutional change, institutional logics, institutional entrepreneurship, and institutional work. The chapter explores these substreams of organizational institutionalism and ends by discussing the greatness and miseries of this perspective.
Convention Analysis
Authors: Rouleau Linda 
Published: October 2022

AbstractConvention analysis or the heterodox model of the economy of worth has been advanced primarily in France and is currently being disseminated all around the world. In organizational economics, this perspective puts forth an original way of bridging social and economic dimensions. This perspective revisits how coordination is achieved within and between organizations and explores mundane valuation processes and activities involved in cooperation. Convention analysis also shines the spotlight on conventions and their underlying common values by opening the black box of controversies in pluralistic contexts and by paying attention to the justification processes through which a normative order gains or maintains legitimacy. This chapter reflects on the contributions of convention analysis and its future in the field of organization theories (OTs).
Discourse Studies
Authors: Rouleau Linda 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSince the end of the 1990s, organizational theories (OTs) have taken a linguistic turn. By seeing organizations as discursive constructions, OTs scholars have provided the field with meaningful contributions aiming at renewing our comprehension of the contextual and pluralistic nature of organizing. Encompassing a broad range of approaches and disciplines, discourse studies seek to highlight the production, distribution and appropriation of texts in organizational settings. The chapter maps the main research streams of discourse studies, namely narrative analysis, communicative constitution of organizations, discourse analysis, and critical discourse analysis. Finally, it explores the pros and cons of discourse studies and discusses the relationships between discourse and materiality.
Intermezzo: A Taster
Authors: Freeden Michael 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides a sample of instances of colloquial language relating to silence. It illustrates the range and versatility of silences and their socio-political impacts. The many contested interpretations to which silences are subject and the pivotal roles they play in human conduct—for example, virtuous, supportive, apathetic, oppressive, enigmatic, disruptive, or marginalizing—are preponderantly unintentional and buried rather than deliberate. Common phrases that convey the cultural integration of silence into regular discourse include ‘turning a deaf ear’, ‘the silent majority’, ‘silence is golden’, ‘tacit consent’, or ‘the strong, silent type’. Silence, as well as thinking about silence, are ubiquitous to human imagination and expression.
Coda
Authors: Freeden Michael 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe power of silence combines its role as the repository of potential and the extinguisher of capacity, not in dichotomous mode but as a series of scattered and disjointed occurrences and weightings. Its key contribution to political life, as to other spheres, is indispensable, adding texture to the fundamental features it embellishes. It does do while remaining permanently ambiguous and indeterminate, as does the political thinking with which it intersects and that it sporadically obscures. The study of silence emphasizes the connectivity, interdependence, and complexity of abutting disciplines whose frames of reference frequently overlap, even as diverse professional languages are marshalled to interpret them. Ultimately, silence’s frequent double-bind of concealing itself might be its greatest political master-stroke.
A Watery Mars
Authors: Marchi Simone 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the formation of Mars. It mentions the likeness of Mars and Earth due to the features of oceans, rivers, and life. Close-range observations done by a spacecraft in the orbit of Mars found that the planet has a dry surface covered in red dust. The reddish colour is found to be iron oxides similar to rust. The chapter expounds on the spacecrafts used in observing Mars such as the Pathfinder, Sojourner, Spirit, Opportunity, and Curiosity. According to mineralogical analysis, the planet has the primary disposition of iron oxide followed by sulfates. On the other hand, craters play a vital role in the exploration of Mars’ water history.
Procedural Requirements for Administrative Limits to Property Rights in Portugal
Authors: da Fonseca Rui Guerra 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In Portugal, expropriation of land and other property rights limitations is based on several constitutional provisions, and it has been so since the beginning of the nineteenth century. It is a matter of concern in terms of fundamental rights limitations and distribution of legislative powers. The Portuguese Code of Expropriations sets the general legal framework for land expropriations for reasons of general interest, namely regarding procedure (with three types of procedure: normal expropriation; urgent expropriation; and most urgent expropriation) and criteria for compensation. Being an administrative procedure, the legality of an expropriation can be judicially challenged and quashed if illegal on the grounds of substance or process. The expropriation of land and other property rights over economic means after 1974 called for the distinction between expropriation and nationalisation (the latter commonly considered as a politically motivated act, while expropriation would be a non-ideological administrative act). While expropriation of land then developed a close relationship with urban planning, nationalisation was progressively abandoned and reverted until recently it was revived because of public interventions in banks' capital and management in the context of the financial crisis.
Cases
Authors: Conticelli Martina , Perroud Thomas 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Part III of the book is at the heart of the 'common core' methodology. The hypothetical cases employed in this research have been discussed with national experts in order to ascertain whether they make sense and whether they are pertinent to all the legal systems selected for comparative analysis. Our questionnaire examines a number of cases: the main requirements for property rights restrictions are presented briefly through national reports and discussed through hypotheticals, while our search for comparative evidence focuses on procedural propriety and fairness, leaving aside other aspects, such as the right to compensation. Procedural deviations from classic expropriation administrative procedure are examined in the first group of cases; the relationship between procedural requirements in urban planning and expropriations are addressed by other cases; further factors of complexity, namely when expropriations take place under exceptional circumstances requiring urgent decisions are the object of a third group of hypotheticals; finally, other cases focus on the relevance of procedural requirements in the event of different forms of public interference arising from partial, indirect, or regulatory expropriations likely to affect the enjoyment of property rights, or representing a deprivation of property. The national reports do not only indicate the solution that is more likely to be provided by jurists in their respective legal orders, but also reflect on the underlying institutional and cultural reasons, including the role played by legal formants. The national reports also prepare the ground for comparative analysis included in Part IV.
Mexico
Authors: Meili Stephen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Mexico exemplifies both the potential for, and the obstacles to, the effective utilization of constitutionalized human rights laws for refugees. On the one hand, it features many characteristics conducive to positive human rights outcomes for refugees: a Constitution replete with human rights provisions, including the right to asylum and the incorporation of international human rights agreements; an active civil society devoted to the protection of refugees; and at least some individual judges willing to apply constitutionalized human rights provisions to cases involving refugees. On the other hand, Mexico also features significant obstacles to the effective enforcement of the human rights of refugees: a social and political culture that has become more hostile to refugees in recent years; many judges who are either unfamiliar with human rights law or unwilling to apply it in cases involving refugees; and complex procedural legal rules which impede the establishment of enforceable judicial precedent. While it is still too early to judge the effectiveness of constitutionalized human rights law in the Mexican asylum system context, there is no doubt that it has had an impact. It has started a conversation between lawyers, courts, and the government about the applicability of those provisions. It has moved that conversation beyond mere words on paper and into courtroom disputes. And in some cases, at least at the lower levels of the judiciary, refugees have prevailed. Mexico’s Supreme Court has, thus far, not been as receptive to these arguments.
The United States
Authors: Meili Stephen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The United States presents a fascinating contrast to the other countries analyzed in this book. It features many factors associated with the successful utilization of constitutionalized human rights law on behalf of refugees: an independent judiciary, a robust cohort of lawyers dedicated to upholding the rights of refugees, a reputation (at least until the Trump Administration) for providing protection to refugees fleeing persecution elsewhere, and a population that is—generally speaking—sympathetic to their plight. What it lacks is a Constitution containing a plethora of human rights provisions applicable to refugees and asylum-seekers. In addition, the U.S. Constitution does not incorporate or reference human rights treaties that the United States has signed, ratified, or otherwise acceded to. As a result, when lawyers representing refugees in the United States invoke the U.S. Constitution to protect their clients, they rely almost exclusively on the due process clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. This chapter demonstrates that the process for greater human rights protections for refugees is not linear. While U.S. lawyers have certainly helped to establish important constitutional rights for non-citizens over the years, an increasingly conservative judiciary and negative depictions of non-citizens in public discourse have reversed or limited those gains. U.S. lawyers, like their counterparts in the other countries featured in this book, have adapted their strategies accordingly, knowing that the path toward greater rights protections for refugees is never straightforward. They also recognize the importance of controlling the public narrative about non-citizens, which has become increasingly acerbic in recent years.
Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Meili Stephen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the book’s contributions to three areas of socio-legal scholarship. With respect to cause lawyering, it summarizes how cause lawyers in each of the featured countries have sought to close the gap between constitutionalized human rights law on the books and how they are implemented with respect to refugees. In doing so, the book returns to the theory of a Constitutionalized Human Rights Law Continuum, along which cause lawyers engage in ever-more ambitious steps toward the goal of full implementation of the constitutionalized human rights of asylum-seekers. With regard to the study of human rights treaty effectiveness, the book has presented qualitative data that provides nuance to quantitative studies seeking to find statistically significant relationships between treaty ratification and improved human rights behavior by states. For example, it has demonstrated the many ways in which lawyers utilize human rights treaty provisions that have been incorporated into national constitutions. The book has also expanded knowledge about how constitutional and international commitments interact to promote de facto rights protection. And regarding refugee law, the book has demonstrated that constitutionalized human rights law in certain national contexts provides refugee lawyers with the means to persuade the state to provide greater protection to refugees. While those efforts have frequently left the lawyers frustrated, there can be little doubt that the rights contained in national constitutions have, at the very least, facilitated the mobilization of lawyers and other activists to push state actors to recognize and enforce the human rights of refugees.
Introduction
Authors: Brownlee Kimberley , Jenkins David , Neal Adam 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Even though our needs for decent human contact, acknowledgement, social inclusion, connection, and intimacy are essential to a minimally decent human life, these social needs have long been the poorest of the poor cousins in human rights debates. They have yet to receive adequate legal recognition or sustained attention from human rights scholars. This pioneering collection of original essays takes a first step toward remedying that by investigating the nature and force of our social needs, including our deep interests in decent interaction, association, belonging, relationship, community, intimacy, and shared ways of living as well as our competing interests in solitude and associative freedom. The fifteen essays initiate a broad conversation that aims to put debates about social human rights on an equal footing with other human rights. These essays identify several unsung human rights and probe the conceptual, normative, and practical implications of taking social rights seriously.
Observation
Authors: Bird Alexander 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter first characterizes the concept of observation as it has been used in philosophy of science. There the concept combines a claim about the functional role of observation—observation supplies basic evidence in science—and a claim about its nature or identity—observation is perception. If one retains the second, empiricist claim, then anti-realist scepticism about science is warranted, as is shown by an inability to give reductive accounts of testimony and instruments in terms acceptable to the empiricist. Those terms include a commitment to epistemological internalism, since it is internalism that motivates the fundamental role given to perception by empiricism. One should, therefore, reject empiricism. The empiricist, perceptual conception of observation is in any case at odds with how scientists use the term ‘observation’’scientists often claim to observe imperceptible entities such as quarks and m gnetic fields. The chapter proposes a non-empiricist account of observation that allows an observation to be the result of inferences from data. To support this, the chapter draws a distinction between data and observation. And the chapter considers whether science needs perception at all (it does not).
Fathers in a Motherland
Authors: Banerjee Swapna M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Fathers in a Motherland weaves stories of fathers and children into the history of gender, family, and nation in colonial India. Focusing on the reformist Bengali Hindu and Brahmo communities, Banerjee contends that fatherhood assumed new meanings and significance in late nineteenth and early twentieth-century India. During this time of social and political change, fathers extended their roles beyond breadwinning to take an active part in rearing their children. But there were differences in fathers’ attitude towards boy- and girl-children, so fatherhood differed depending on the gender of the child. Utilizing pedagogic literature, children’s magazines, scientific journals, autobiographies, correspondences, and essays, the book documents the different ways the authority and power of the father were invoked and constituted both metaphorically and in everyday experiences. Exploring specific moments when educated men, as biological fathers, literary activists, and educators, assumed guardianship and became crucial agents of change, the book interrogates the connections between fatherhood and masculinity. The last chapter of the book moves beyond Bengal and draws on the lives of Gandhi and Nehru to provide a broader salience to its argument. Reclaiming two missing links in Indian history—fathers and children—the book argues that these biological and imaginary “fathers” assumed the moral guardianship of an incipient nation and rested their hopes on the future generation. While much has been written about the “effeminate Bengali” and colonial masculinity, this study underscores how an s alternate pedagogy outside of school curriculum advocated by the male intelligentsia challenged colonial notions of manliness and masculinity.
Rabindranath Tagore
Authors: Banerjee Swapna M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines Rabindranath Tagore as a father and an educator and his conceptualization of an alternate education and masculinity. Utilizing memoirs, essays and letters, the chapter argues that it is crucial to situate Tagore in his family life in order to comprehend his commitment to the public good. His experiences demonstrated the importance of his family as an enabling and a restrictive force. By taking care of a larger community of children as dependents and by protecting them through training and secular education, Tagore displayed his concern as a modern father endowed with altered sensibilities. He acted as a representative of the private–public man, who was deeply invested in children of his own and of others. While one aspect of Tagore’s masculinity was anchored in everyday acts of reformed fatherhood, the other aspect of his manhood de-linked itself from “maleness” and acquired its meaning through education programmes that challenged colonial domination.
Tuning the intentional corona of cerium oxide nanoparticles to promote angiogenesis via fibroblast growth factor 2 signalling
Authors: Fu Lu , Li Rupeng , Whitelock John M , Lord Megan S 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Inadequate angiogenesis is a hallmark of conditions including cardiovascular diseases, stroke and chronic diabetic wounds, which exhibit tissue ischaemia ensuring that therapeutic strategies to promote angiogenesis are of great interest. However, many angiogenic treatments involve the delivery of growth factors which have limited clinical success due to poor stability, high manufacturing cost and poor efficacy. Cerium oxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) can either promote or inhibit angiogenesis depending on their surface corona chemistry. Here, nanoceria were functionalized with an intentional heparin corona, a polysaccharide which binds and signals growth factors, of different chain lengths and surface grafting density to establish their effect on angiogenesis. These nanoparticles promoted angiogenesis in vivo with the surface grafting density positively correlated with angiogenesis over the widest concentration range; however, chain length did not play a role. The heparin–nanoceria supported fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) signalling in vitro and promoted FGF2-mediated angiogenesis in vivo. The nanoparticles were internalized by endothelial cells in vitro where they trafficked to the lysosomes and reduced cell viability suggesting that the angiogenic activity of heparin–nanoceria is mediated in the extracellular environment. Together, this study adds to our knowledge of the angiogenic effects of heparin–nanoceria towards finding new angiogenic treatments.