bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stool-based Xpert MTB/RIF assay for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in children at a teaching and referral hospital in Southwest Ethiopia
Authors: Dubale Mitiku , Tadesse Mulualem , Berhane Melkamu , Mekonnen Mekidim , Abebe Gemeda 
Published: May 2022

Background
Diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) in children is challenging mainly due to the difficulty of obtaining respiratory specimen and lack of sensitive diagnostic tests. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of Xpert MTB/RIF (Xpert here after) for the diagnosis of pulmonary TB (PTB) from stool specimen in children.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted among consecutively recruited children (less than 15 years old) with presumptive PTB at Jimma Medical Center, Ethiopia. One pulmonary specimen (expectorated sputum or gastric aspirate) was collected from each participant and tested for TB by Xpert and Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) culture. In addition, one stool specimen per child was collected and tested by Xpert after a single step, centrifuge-free stool processing method adapted from KNCV TB Foundation. Diagnostic performance of Xpert was calculated with reference to LJ culture and to a composite reference standards (CRS) comprising of confirmed TB (positive by Xpert and/or culture) and unconfirmed TB (clinical diagnosis with improvement after anti-TB treatment).

Results
A total of 178 children were enrolled; 152 of whom had complete microbiological results. Overall, TB was diagnosed in 13.2% (20/152) of the children with presumptive TB. Of these, only ten had microbiologically confirmed TB (positive Xpert and/or culture) and the remaining ten were clinically diagnosed with positive response to anti-TB treatment and were classified as unconfirmed TB. Stool Xpert had sensitivity of 100% (95%CI: 66.4–100) and specificity of 99.3% (95%CI: 96.2–100) compared to culture; however, the sensitivity was decreased to 50% (95%CI: 27.2–72.8) when compared to CRS. The Xpert on gastric aspirate had sensitivity of 77.8% (95%CI: 40–97.2) compared to culture and 40% (95%CI: 19.1–64) compared to CRS.

Conclusions
The sensitivity of Xpert for stool sample is comparable to that for gastric aspirate. Stool sample is a potential alternative to pulmonary specimen in the diagnosis of pulmonary TB in children using Xpert.
Characteristics of alcohol recovery narratives: Systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Subhani Mohsan , Talat Usman , Knight Holly , Morling Joanne R. , Jones Katy A. , Aithal Guruprasad P. , Ryder Stephen D. , Llewellyn-Beardsley Joy , Rennick-Egglestone Stefan 
Published: May 2022

Background and aims
Narratives of recovery from alcohol misuse have been analysed in a range of research studies. This paper aims to produce a conceptual framework describing the characteristics of alcohol misuse recovery narratives that are in the research literature, to inform the development of research, policy, and practice.

Methods
Systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Electronic searches of databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL, PsychInfo, AMED and SCOPUS), grey literature, and citation searches for included studies were conducted. Alcohol recovery narratives were defined as “first-person lived experience accounts, which includes elements of adversity, struggle, strength, success, and survival related to alcohol misuse, and refer to events or actions over a period of time”. Frameworks were synthesised using a three-stage process. Sub-group analyses were conducted on studies presenting analyses of narratives with specific genders, ages, sexualities, ethnicities, and dual diagnosis. The review was prospectively registered (PROSPERO CRD42021235176).

Results
32 studies were included (29 qualitative, 3 mixed-methods, 1055 participants, age range 17-82years, 52.6% male, 46.4% female). Most were conducted in the United States (n = 15) and Europe (n = 11). No included studies analysed recovery narratives from lower income countries. Treatment settings included Alcoholic Anonymous (n = 12 studies), other formal treatment, and ‘natural recovery’. Eight principle narrative dimensions were identified (genre, identity, recovery setting, drinking trajectory, drinking behaviours, stages, spirituality and religion, and recovery experience) each with types and subtypes. All dimensions were present in most subgroups. Shame was a prominent theme for female narrators, lack of sense of belonging and spirituality were prominent for LGBTQ+ narrators, and alienation and inequality were prominent for indigenous narrators.

Conclusions
Review provides characteristics of alcohol recovery narratives, with implications for both research and healthcare practice. It demonstrated knowledge gaps in relation to alcohol recovery narratives of people living in lower income countries, or those who recovered outside of mainstream services.

Protocol registration
Prospero registration number: CRD42020164185.
Screenwriting is Filmmaking: The Theory and Practice of Writing for the Screen, Brian Dunnigan (2019)
Authors: Brawner Misty 
Published: May 2022

Review of: Screenwriting is Filmmaking: The Theory and Practice of Writing for the Screen, Brian Dunnigan (2019)
Marlborough: The Crowood Press Ltd., 168 pp.,
ISBN: 978-1-78500-609-8, p/bk, USD$22.88
Helicobacter pylori Antibiotic Resistance in the United States Between 2011 and 2021: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ho Jonathan J.C. , Navarro Matthew , Sawyer Kelsey , Elfanagely Yousef , Moss Steven F. 
Published: May 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Antimicrobial resistance among Helicobacter pylori strains has been rising globally, leading to declining eradication rates. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the resistance patterns of H. pylori strains in the United States between 2011 and 2021.

METHODS:
Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane CENTRAL databases were searched for manuscripts and conference abstracts published between 2011 and 2021 reporting H. pylori antibiotic resistance. A mixed-effects model estimated pooled rates of resistance to clarithromycin, amoxicillin, metronidazole, tetracycline, rifabutin, levofloxacin, or a combination of these, with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS:
A total of 19 studies including 2,660 samples, met inclusion criteria. The pooled rate of resistance to metronidazole was 42.1% (95% CI 27.3%–58.6%), levofloxacin 37.6% (95% CI 26.3%–50.4%), clarithromycin 31.5% (95% CI 23.6%–40.6%), amoxicillin 2.6% (95% CI 1.4%–5.0%), tetracycline 0.87% (95% CI 0.2%–3.8%), rifabutin 0.17% (95% CI 0.00%–10.9%), and dual clarithromycin and metronidazole 11.7% (95% CI 0.1%–94.0%). Considerable data heterogeneity was evident for pooled resistance prevalence rates (I2 > 50%), with the exception of rifabutin resistance.

DISCUSSION:
Metronidazole, levofloxacin, and clarithromycin resistance rates each exceed 30%; thus, choosing an empiric antibiotic regimen without knowledge of the likely pattern of antibiotic resistance is not appropriate. Resistance to tetracycline, rifabutin, and amoxicillin remains low. Given the scarcity of available data with considerable heterogeneity among studies, continued surveillance, ideally with a more systematic approach to data collection, is an increasingly important goal in H. pylori management.
Vanishing Bile Duct Syndrome Associated With Estrogen
Authors: Benfield John , Shah Raj A. , Grider Douglas J. , Sahebjam Farhad 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
Vanishing bile duct syndrome (VBDS) refers to a form of cholestatic liver disease with many etiologies. Vanishing bile duct syndrome is characterized by biliary ductopenia and chronic cholestasis. This is a challenging condition for clinicians because of its rarity and unclear pathophysiology. Presented is an 18-year-old woman who developed cholestatic liver injury and intrahepatic biliary ductopenia after a course of oral contraceptives and intravenous estrogen for uterine bleeding. A year later, this patient did not have significant improvement in liver biomarkers and was referred for transplantation.
Unreliable Accounts: Governing behind a Veil
Authors: Williams Paul F. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This paper serves as a commentary to Professor Ramanna’s paper, “Unreliable Accounts: How Regulators Fabricate Conceptual Narratives to Diffuse Criticism.” The case analyzed by Professor Ramanna is the case of CON 8 in which the FASB changed the qualitative characteristics originally identified in CON2 to eliminate the concept of reliability from those qualities accounting data must possess before such data is decision useful. This commentary intends to add some historical depth to the particular case analyzed by Professor Ramanna to demonstrate that conceptual veiling has been a continuous process since the FASB’s original concepts statements that created a conceptual framework made up of two conflicting narratives, i.e. a mixing of the language of two metaphors for accounting. These two metaphors are “accountability” and “information.” The fateful error that has plagued the concepts statements with incoherence since the FASB began was the repurposing of accounting to that of “decision usefulness.” Decision usefulness as defined by FASB had to contain the property of prediction, explicitly predicting the timing, amount and uncertainty of cash flows. However, information is always “about something;” it is not a free-floating abstraction. Since knowledge about the future in economic affairs has eluded the ability of economists and likely always will, FASB is allegedly providing information about the future for which is has not any noteworthy expertise. CON 8 is just another stage of the growing incoherence of the concepts project. The norms of double entry accounting that developed over centuries and shaped accounting’s fundamental concepts served the purposes of accountability for which information to be information must be reliable. The entire edifice of science would collapse if scientific information were not reliable. Without reliability, the boundary between information and misinformation is blurred to the point of invisibility. Professor Ramanna’s analysis provides great insight into the absurdity standard setters now endorse that information does not have to reliable!
Evaluation of serum neurofilament light in the early management of mTBI patients
Authors: Kahouadji Samy , Bouillon-Minois Jean-Baptiste , Oris Charlotte , Durif Julie , Pereira Bruno , Pinguet Jérémy , Rozand Agathe , Schmidt Jeannot , Sapin Vincent , Bouvier Damien 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Serum S100B allows a one-third reduction of computed tomography (CT) scans performed for mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) patients. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic performance of serum NF-L in the detection of intracranial lesions induced by mTBI.

Methods
One hundred seventy-nine adult mTBI patients presenting to the emergency department of Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 14–15 were included. S100B assays were performed for clinical routine while NF-L samples were stored at −80 °C until analysis. CT scans were performed for patients with S100B levels above the decision threshold of 0.10 μg/L. Later, NF-L and S100B levels were compared to CT scan findings to evaluate the biomarkers’ performances.

Results
The area under the ROC curve (AUC) evaluating the diagnostic ability in the prediction of intracranial lesions was 0.72 (95% CI; 0.58–0.87) for S100B and 0.58 (95% CI; 0.45–0.71) for NF-L, the specificities (at a threshold allowing a 100% sensitivity) were 35.7% for S100B, and 28% for NF-L (p=0.096). AUCs of NF-L and S100B for the identification of patients with neurological disorders were statistically different (p<0.001). The AUCs were 0.87 (95% CI; 0.82–0.93) for NF-L and 0.57 (95% CI; 0.48–0.66) for S100B. There was a poor correlation between NF-L and S100B, and NF-L levels were correlated to patients’ age (Spearman coefficient of 0.79).

Conclusions
NF-L showed poor performances in the early management of mTBI patients. NF-L levels are strongly correlated to neurodegeneration, whether physiological, age-related, or pathological.
Analyzing the characteristics of land use distribution in typical village transects at Chinese Loess Plateau based on topographical factors
Authors: Zhao Yizhen , Cao Jiannong , Zhang Xiaodong , Zhang Ming 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The spatial distribution of land use at different terrain gradients has been used as an important index for the land management and ecological restoration in the Loess Plateau of China. Based on the land use data surveyed in 2015 and digital elevation model data with a resolution of 30 m from typical village transects in the Loess Plateau area in Yan’an City, Shaanxi Province, this study analyzed the terrain niche index, distribution index, land utilization comprehensive index, and land use equilibrium degree for four village transects. The results demonstrated that the land use types in the four village transects were mainly grassland, forest land, and cropland. Land use types showed obvious differences in respect to topographical gradient with built-up land, traffic land, water bodies, cropland, and orchard distributed in low terrain gradient areas, forest land, and grassland distributed in medium- and high-terrain areas. As terrain gradient increased, the land utilization comprehensive index and land use equilibrium degree showed a generally decreasing trend. These findings may provide a useful reference for land use planning and land resource allocation in the Loess Plateau region.
Lower bound on growth of non-elementary subgroups in relatively hyperbolic groups
Authors: Cui Yu-Miao , Jiang Yue-Ping , Yang Wen-Yuan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This paper proves that, in a non-elementary relatively hyperbolic group, the logarithm growth rate of any non-elementary subgroup has a linear lower bound by the logarithm of the size of the corresponding generating set.
As a consequence, any non-elementary subgroup has uniform exponential growth.
Storytelling beyond body text in popular science books: a multimodal analysis
Authors: Virtanen Mikko T. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article examines multimodal storytelling performed outside the main body text in book-length popular science. By employing a case study approach, the study examines three kinds of visually detached stories: i) fragmentary case stories of lay experience, ii) fictional stories of prehistorical lifeworld and iii) scientists’ personal stories with everyday photography. The article shows that detached stories are digressions from the locally, or also globally, dominant ways of making meaning. These digressions can be modality shifts (from verbal to multimodal) but also more complex shifts that engage with cultural boundaries of (popular) science. Furthermore, the article complements prior studies of photographic storytelling by discussing the affordances of everyday photography in public occasions. The analytic framework combines Systemic-Functional genre studies, Social Semiotic and related models of visual design as well as approaches to factuality and fictionality in Narrative Studies. The data consists of contemporary Finnish popular science books representing the natural sciences.
Microstructural evolution and impression creep properties of a lead-based alloy PbSn16Sb16Cu2
Authors: Wang Duanzhi , Qi Yuan , Zhang Dong , Song Baoyong , Pan Zhongwen , Tong Yang , Kang Huifeng , Han Wenzhong 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The impression creep behavior of a lead-based PbSn16Sb16Cu2 alloy was studied at stresses in the range from 15 to 30 MPa and temperatures in the range from 333 to 393 K. XRD, SEM, and EDS techniques were used to analyze microstructural evolutions of the alloy before and after creep at different impression creep conditions. Results show that, in the range of experimental conditions, the calculated stress exponent and the creep activation energy of the alloy are 4.12 and 60.56 kJ mol−1, respectively. Grain boundary diffusion-dominated dislocation climbing is the main impression creep mechanism of PbSn16Sb16Cu2 alloy. Creep rate increases and creep resistance decreases with the increase of temperature and stress, respectively. Two reasons dominate the creep process: first, Sn is largely precipitated from the solid solution in the matrix, which weakens the overall strength of the matrix during the creep process; second, as temperature and stress increase, the atoms are vibrated more fiercely by thermal energy, which results in a softening of the matrix and SnSb phase.
Study on stress distribution of SiC/Al composites based on microstructure models with microns and nanoparticles
Authors: Gao Zi-han , Gao Han-jun , Zhang Yi-du , Wu Qiong , Chen Shu-guang , Zhou Xin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The simulation model represents the microstructure that can accurately analyze and predict composites’ micro-stresses and mechanical properties. The conventional representative volume element (RVE) model can only contain one single-particle form. It makes that all the particles in the simulation model have the same shape, which is significantly different from actual particles. In the present study, four typical particle-modeling methods were adopted to establish geometric models to analyze the particle morphology and RVE size selection rules. Particles with the same granularity and similar volume were selected to generate RVE models with randomly distributed particles to predict the mechanical properties and analyze the micro-stress. The micro-stress distribution of the matrix and particles conformed to the rule of normal distribution, while the stress of the interphase does not conform to this law. The particle morphology has a negligible effect on the stress distribution of the matrix; however, it has a significant influence on the stress distribution of particles and interphases, especially during plastic deformation. Furthermore, the micro-stress of composites containing nanoparticles also conforms to the above law, but the stress of the interphase is more minor, and the stress of particles is more dispersed than composites with micron particles.
Effects of a Short-Term Heat Acclimation Protocol in Elite Amateur Boxers
Authors: Stone Brandon L. , Ashley John D. , Skinner Robert M. , Polanco Jose P. , Walters Mason T. , Schilling Brian K. , Kellawan J.M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Stone, BL, Ashley, JD, Skinner, RM, Polanco, JP, Walters, MT, Schilling, BK, and Kellawan, JM. Effects of a short-term heat acclimation protocol in elite amateur boxers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2022—Boxing requires proficient technical and tactical skills coupled with high levels of physiological capacity. Although heat and humidity negatively affect acute exercise performance, short-term exercise training in hot and humid environments can lead to physiological adaptations that enhance exercise performance in both hot and thermoneutral conditions. In highly trained endurance athletes, exercise-induced acclimation can occur in as little as 5 days (known as short-term heat acclimation [STHA]). However, the impact of a 5-day heat acclimation (5-DayHA) in combat athletes, such as elite amateur boxers, is unknown. The aim of the present investigation was to determine whether a 5-DayHA improves aerobic performance in a thermoneutral environment and causes positive physiological adaptations in elite boxers. Seven elite amateur boxers underwent a 5-DayHA protocol, consisting of 60-minute exercise sessions in an environmental chamber at 32 °C and 70% relative humidity. Repeat sprint test (RST) evaluated aerobic performance in a thermoneutral environment 24 hours before and after the 5-DayHA. Presession and postsession hydration status (urine specific gravity) and body mass were assessed. After a 5-DayHA period, boxers significantly improved RST performance (13 ± 7 to 19 ± 7 sprints, d = 0.92, p = 0.03) but not pre-exercise hydration status (1.02 ± 0.01 to 1.01 ± 0.01, d = 0.82, p = 0.07). Therefore, these findings suggest 5-DayHA enhances aerobic performance in elite-level amateur boxers and may provide a viable training option for elite combat athletes.
Effects of Vest and Sled Resisted Sprint Training on Sprint Performance in Young Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Fernández-Galván Luis Miguel , Casado Arturo , García-Ramos Amador , Haff Guy Gregory 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Fernández-Galván, LM, Casado, A, García-Ramos, A, and Haff, GG. Effects of vest and sled resisted sprint training on sprint performance in young soccer players: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000–000, 2022—The aim of the meta-analysis was to determine the effect of resisted sprint training (RST) on sprint performance in young (<20 years) soccer players and to analyze whether the training equipment (sled or vest) and magnitude of the resistive load (above or below 20% of body mass [BM]) influences the long-term adaptations in sprint performance. Resisted sprint training reduced the acceleration phase time [standardized mean difference (SMD) = −0.41], with greater reduction in sprint time occurring in response to applying resistance with a vest (SMD = −0.70) when compared with a sled (SMD = −0.27). Similar reductions were determined for resistive loads <20% (SMD = −0.55) and ≥20% of BM (SMD = −0.31). Full sprint time showed a small reduction after RST (SMD = −0.36), regardless of the training equipment (sled: SMD = −0.44; vest: SMD = −0.26) and resistive load (<20% of BM: SMD = −0.40 ≥ 20% of BM: SMD = −0.21). There was a small and nonsignificant reduction in the maximum-velocity phase after RST (SMD = −0.25), which was comparable when the training was performed with vest (SMD = −0.34) or sled (SMD = −0.22). No significant differences in the changes of the acceleration phase time (SMD = 0.05) or full sprint time (SMD = 0.08) were observed between the experimental (sled or vest RST) and control groups (only soccer or unresisted sprint training). In conclusion, RST is effective to improve sprint performance in young soccer players, but the improvements are not superior to unresisted sprint training.