bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Constructionism in the Symbolic Interactionist Tradition
Authors: Francis Ara A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a symbolic interactionist’s introduction to social constructionism in three parts. First, the author reviews Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann’s The Social Construction of Reality and considers its relationship to early symbolic interactionist thought. While the two perspectives shared assumptions about the ever-emergent quality of social life, it is argued, the constructionist perspective offered a conceptualization of social structure that likely appealed to later generations of interactionist scholars. Second, the author outlines interactionist debates about the nature of socially constructed realities, charting the split between “strict” and “contextual” constructionists. Finally, the author considers how recent critiques of constructionism in academic and public discourse might inform future interactionist scholarship. Specifically, the continued utility and potential hazards of social constructionism vis-à-vis race, gender, and a post-truth political environment are explored.
Evolving Perspectives on Disability, Stigma, and
Discrimination
Authors: Lewis Brown Robyn , Batty Evan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to advance an understanding of ableism and the constraints it poses for the life experiences and opportunities of people with disabilities. The chapter contends that efforts to address ableism must confront enduring forms of discrimination and the feelings of stigmatization they elicit. To this point, it first provides an abridged social and sociological history of stigma and discrimination towards people with disabilities. It then draws on work concerning psychiatric disability to illustrate several consequences of underinclusion, and discuss challenges in incorporating physical, psychological and intellectual conditions into a more universal conception of impairment. It concludes by outlining recommendations for an intersectional approach to the study of stigma and discrimination that acknowledges multiple conditions and the comorbidity of impairment conditions.
Crises in Time
Authors: Seabrooke Leonard , Tsingou Eleni 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Crises differ in their intensity, rhythm, and tempo. In order to analyze crisis dynamics, connecting crises to timelines is important if we wish to move beyond crisis management and urgency as primary tools for understanding political action and societal responses. This chapter locates Europe’s contemporary crises in the intellectual history of European crises, and reflects on why crisis intensity, rhythm, and tempo matter for how we distinguish, understand, and attempt to govern them. The contribution provides a framework to distinguish how authorities and publics perceive “fast-burning” and “slow-burning” crises. Fast-burning crises are urgent, and understood as times when ideational and material resources have to be rallied around issues with high political salience, where publics expect policy action from authorities. Slow-burning crises differ in that they are linked to specific policy issues of concern but lack the pressing critical elements to be addressed within established political and business cycles. This leaves space for experts to develop frames and strategies for addressing the issues along different timelines. Distinguishing how authorities and publics perceive crises is important for understanding how they can be tackled with appropriate policy tools, as well as the likely political and socioeconomic effects of ignoring them.
Linguistic Idealism and Human Essence
Authors: Wiseman Rachael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
When Anscombe says in ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ that we should jettison talk of ‘moral obligation’, ‘moral duty’, and ‘moral ought’, she is thinking in part about the ‘use of modal notions’ that is characteristic of a statement of a rule, right, or promise. She thinks that this use is associated with a kind of necessity that depends for its existence on human linguistic practice. The character of this dependence makes associated concepts of obligation and duty poor candidates for the role we want them to perform in moral philosophy when we speak of moral obligation and moral duty. Instead of using modal notions associated with these concepts, Anscombe suggests, we should look to modal notions a use of which is connected to human essence.
Anscombe’s Wittgenstein
Authors: Backström Joel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines two closely intertwined themes: Anscombe’s understanding of Wittgenstein’s thinking, and his influence on hers. It first sketches Anscombe’s general sense of Wittgenstein’s thought and of his influence on her, and her view of his philosophical ‘method’, which she doesn’t want to call quite that. Then it traces his pervasive influence in her writings on intention, the first person, and certain problems about meaning, presenting these as unified by a Wittgensteinian critique of the subject-object paradigm of thought. After showing the connection between Anscombe’s seminal paper ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ and Wittgenstein’s diagnosis of metaphysical illusions, it closes by discussing Anscombe’s and Wittgenstein’s respective approaches to the question of truth in religion, which may in some respects not be as far apart as they initially appear.
Gender and Family in Medieval Central Europe
Authors: Antonín Malaníková Michaela , Brzeziński Witold , Mogorović Crljenko Marija 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter recounts converging structures and patterns of familial exchange (marriage), as they were documented in diverse public records across Central Europe. It focuses on marital relations and social interactions that determined gender and familial roles, especially those of women, which modern historiographers have largely underestimated up until recently. A unifying model of marriage across all strata of medieval society, promoted by the Christian church, was a monogamous union analogously reflecting the relationship between Christ and his Church. As such it was sacred and the possibilities for separation were limited. Although the basic parameters of marriage were defined identically across the whole of medieval Europe, models of marital coexistence differed significantly depending mainly on social class and local customs. Medieval Istria presents an interesting example of variability in marriage patterns with diverse implications. Here, three marriage models were used simultaneously: the Istrian, the Venetian, and the Slavic.
Mining, Finances, and Commerce in Medieval Central Europe
Authors: Myśliwski Grzegorz , Nagy Balázs 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights urban production and commerce in medieval Central Europe. It comparatively addresses the circumstances that prompted the region’s trade, such as minting, credit management, and monetary reforms. Mining and the extraction of mineral wealth had particular importance in the countries of medieval Central Europe, especially precious metal production in the Czech lands and Hungary and salt and lead production in Poland. Mining particularly faced technological challenges and was also a field for introducing technological innovations. Mining production required significant monetary investments, thus there are some examples of large-scale financial investors. Royal finances also derived an essential part of their income from activities connected to mining and salt production. The chapter then focuses on the flow of locally and trans-regionally exchanged goods, and touches upon long-distance routes that connected Central Europe with other parts of Europe. This raises some new questions, such as common difficulties in urban production and commerce, indicating some new types of primary sources that need to be scrutinized in future research.
Cultural Landscapes
Authors: Gábor Kiss Farkas , Doležalová Lucie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the diverse landscapes of education and literacy in medieval Central Europe. It addresses education infrastructures and their relations to Western European models, as well as the emerging literary languages of Central Europe’s eastern areas, assessing the common elements of literacy and education as given by modern national literary histories. In the early period, substantial variability in the choice of languages and script eventually resolved itself into patterns similar to those in Western Europe. It seems clear that by the end of the Middle Ages the educational infrastructure in Eastern Central Europe had become similar to Western European models, although its complexity tended to be lower and the density less. Higher education was present in Bohemia and Poland at least, and by the fourteenth century this region produced literary works that raised the interest of medieval readers outside the region. The use of Czech as a literary language was prominent in the region, not only because of the sheer number of works written and the wide variety of genres and subjects for which it was used, but also because of the early use of printing to disseminate these texts.
The Papacy and the Region, Church Structure, and Clergy
Authors: Zielinska Agata , Razum Igor 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the political aspects of the presence of the Roman Curia in medieval Central Europe. It reflects upon diverse forms of the Church’s power relations in Central Europe, and more liberty given in Poland or the Baltic region as opposed to more constraint put on Bohemia and its direct attachment to the papacy. Popes were not necessarily involved in the Christianization of the region from the beginning; lay and ecclesiastical powers already established in the neighboring provinces influenced the process. Missionary activity and the conversions of rulers were the first stages of the Christianization of Moravia, Bohemia, and Poland, which resulted in the creation of the first ecclesiastical structures in the second half of the tenth century. In Pomerania, Prussia, and further up the Baltic Coast, missionizing and conquest continued up to the thirteenth century and beyond, enabling the papacy to take an active role in the oversight of missionary work and, importantly, crusading. The minimal papal involvement in the initial Christianization of East Central Europe was followed by increasingly strong ties, illustrating how strongly the region desired papal involvement. Once episcopal structures had been introduced, clerics and rulers quickly sought papal backing.
Jews in Medieval Central Europe
Authors: Visi Tamás 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the practices of the world of Jewish communities in medieval Central Europe. It compares their structures, legal frameworks, economy, rabbinic movements, intellectual life, and culture across the region, and sums up their influence on the key modern anti-Semitic and anti-Jewish views projected during the nineteenth and twentieth century. Textual sources suggest that the earliest Jewish inhabitants of medieval Central Europe were merchants. During the thirteenth century, the number of the Jewish communities in East Central Europe increased dramatically. This development was directly connected to the process of urbanization; the new towns offered opportunities for Jews to settle and earn a living. Several Central European monarchs issued letters of privilege that defined the basic legal framework of Jewish life. However, violent persecutions and expulsions reshaped the settlement structure of Jews in Austria, Moravia, and Silesia from the end of the fourteenth century on.
Government
Authors: Bak János M. , Miljan Suzana 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines central and local administration in medieval Central Europe. In the monarchies in Central Europe, government more and more came into the hands of the politically enfranchised nobility, just like law and politics in general. The more or less informal ducal and royal councils, initially probably consisting of the trusted men of the ruler, from around the thirteenth century came to comprise exclusively prelates and aristocrats. Throughout the Middle Ages, however, lesser nobles increasingly demanded to be included in government, and, in the later period, they occasionally succeeded, although with little influence, at least in Hungary and Bohemia. In Central Europe in general, the lesser office-holders at the court were the various “masters,” of the horse, the butlers, and so on, and these office-holders were, just as in Western European courts, ever less in charge of the tasks in their titles, but in fact members of what may be called the “central government.” These offices, though not formally hereditary, remained in the hands of quite a limited number of great landowning families.
Law and the Administration of Justice
Authors: Bak János M. , Zazuliak Yuriy 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter evaluates legal systems and jurisdictions in medieval Central Europe. Although case law of the type of English common law was never formally accepted in the region, there is no doubt that through the records of judgments such as the Czech zemské desky (land records), the Polish Metryka Koronna (the Records of the Crown), and formularies, precedent was an important source of judgments. Meanwhile, ducal or royal legislation’s place in the legal life of Central Europe was rather equivocal. When initiated by the ruler, statutes may have been seen as attempts at regulating the customary rights of elites, knightly, and urban dwellers alike and are opposed by them. Finally, another source of legal practice, especially for written law, was learned law (Roman and canon) or the ius commune of medieval Europe, which reached the region through students of law and the books compiled by glossators and legists.
Wars, Warfare, and Military Organization
Authors: Bárány Attila 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on medieval war and warfare in Central Europe. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, newly forming polities in Central Europe had common features: they were larger, more stable, and longer lasting than previous entities. Rulers consolidated their positions by incorporating rival chieftains and their followers and adopted Christianity. Strong personages such as St. Stephen, St. Wenceslaus, and Mieszko I headed princely families and convinced (or forced) their subjects to accept a new order. Political unity was well-served by the new religion, but still had to be protected. Military organization was based on earlier nomadic practices, with forces recruited and armed not much differently from tribal times, relying on such skills as the Hungarians’ refined equestrian expertise. The chapter highlights two distinct phases of conflict that dominated the region during the Middle Ages. The first was characterized by the tribal military organization of nomadic Hungarian and Slavic migrations, and the second, by warfare that developed in the period, which lasted until the Ottoman conquest of Hungary in 1526.
Changing Elites in Medieval Central Europe
Authors: Popa-Gorjanu Cosmin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the nobility of Central Europe—first reviewing their self-perception and the modern understanding of what it meant to be noble in medieval Central Europe, then elaborating the stratification of the region’s aristocracies by their roles in administration and land-holding. The emergence of the nobility in medieval Central Europe, part of monarchical or princely administrative social structures, was a mark of increasing sociocultural complexity. It consolidated a hereditary category of landowners (called nobles or boyars) who dominated the exercise of power either on their own demesnes or as subordinates of the monarchs. The nobility, with access to varying economic resources, mainly landed property, were organized in hierarchical ranks, from a wealthy top layer to a low stratum of impoverished nobles barely able to maintain their status. The development of this category of the population in the societies of Central Europe was a phenomenon that began before the turn of the first millennium and lasted well into the modern times. The chapter pays special attention to the lesser nobility—a circle that has often been disregarded in twentieth-century historiography.
An Overview of Cross-Cultural Music Corpus Studies
Authors: Savage Patrick E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The past few decades have seen a rapid increase in the availability and use of large music corpora. However, most music corpus studies remain limited to Western music, limiting our ability to understand the diversity and unity of human music throughout the world. I argue for the potential of cross-cultural corpus studies to contribute to comparative musicological studies in domains including music classification, evolution, universals, and human history. I highlight and discuss a number of important cross-cultural corpora, including the Berlin Phonogramm-Archiv, CompMusic Project, Essen Folksong Collection, Cantometrics Project, Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Natural History of Song, and Deep History of Music projects. In the process, I discuss the pros and cons of music notation vs. recordings, automatic vs. manual analysis, regional vs. global analysis, and associated challenges regarding choosing appropriate analysis methods that can allow meaningful comparison across cultures. I argue for the need for bigger and better global music corpora and more emphasis on integration within and beyond academia, including to domains such as the music industry and cultural heritage organizations.
Introduction
Authors: Han JeongHun , Pacheco Pardo Ramon , Cho Youngho 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
South Korea is best known for its economic development, democratic consolidation, proactive civil society, and, more recently, for its emergence as a cultural powerhouse. The country has experienced various transitions including political, democratic, economic, societal, and demographic and, thus, its contemporary politics are considerably different from its traditional patterns through the process of responding to these transitions. Overall, South Korea and its politics are far distant from the outdated images and grand perspectives associated with them, which tended to underappreciate the complex and diversified nature of South Korean politics. By critically evaluating the contemporary politics of South Korea in their areas of expertise, contributors to this handbook point out that South Korean politics have been moving in the direction of introducing the principle of checks and balances over the South Korean presidential system. Different groups, including political parties and civil society, have diverse channels to make their voices heard. Strong state-led developmentalism has been replaced by a thriving market-driven economy with heterogenous demands. Instances and practices of international cooperation and mutual learning have eroded the unity of political elites, now divided into competing groups with different reference points behind their policy orientations.
Judicial Politics
Authors: Cha Dongwook 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Currently, academic and practical interest in the role of the judicial branch is increasing throughout all of South Korean society. This phenomenon was triggered by public concern over the incapability of South Korea’s representative system to solve diverse political, economic, and social problems in South Korean society. Now the South Korean public is showing a tendency to turn towards the judicial branch, hoping that it will exercise its power to solve those problems. In any system of divided powers, there must be a disinterested institution to referee conflicts over the division of power. In South Korea, this task has been assigned especially to the Constitutional Court. Since its creation in 1988, the South Korean Constitutional Court has successfully introduced into the South Korean political system a new dimension of constitutional review and has substantially helped the democratic transition in South Korea. Nevertheless, currently, the South Korean Constitutional Court is facing unprecedented political and social pressures from highly polarised political forces.
Political Control AND Bureaucratic Autonomy
Authors: Kwon Huck-ju 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
South Korea has achieved great transformations of economic development and democratisation over the past six decades. In recent years, however, there have been growing concerns about the sustainability of South Korean democracy in general and the competence of the bureaucracy in particular. The South Korean bureaucracy has been criticised for not exercising professionalism or utilising its expertise: ‘The South Korean bureaucracy has lost its soul.’ With such observations and interpretations, an important question emerges: what is the relationship between democratically elected governors (in particular, the presidents and political appointees) and bureaucracy in the post-developmental and democratisation era? This chapter starts from the hypothesis that such problems are related to the balance between political control and bureaucratic autonomy. The chapter thus examines such relationships from the viewpoint of accountability. It defines accountability as the balance between political control and bureaucratic autonomy and professionalism. It examines government policies, including institutional arrangements and political measures, which were intended to enhance political control and accountability. The chapter also pays special attention to institutional arrangements that hold the bureaucracy accountable.
Tribal Sovereignty and the Limits of Race for American Indians
Authors: Small-Rodriguez Desi , Rocha Beardall Theresa 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Circumscribed by more than five centuries of settler-colonial relations and concurrently straddling race, ethnicity, and nationality, American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) identity is one of the most complex and contentious identity formations in the United States. While the discipline of American sociology typically treats AIANs as a population of color similar to other racial and ethnic minorities, tribal nations and their citizens reserve a political status completely outside the realm of racial constructs. This chapter interrogates the relationship between race, law, and tribal sovereignty to reveal the significance of race as a social category for AIANs today. The chapter is interested in both the limits and possibilities of this lived reality. As a result, it examines how state mechanisms of racial classification have contributed to the erasure of Indigenous peoplehood and the silencing of tribal sovereignty in standard sociological narratives. Mindful of the inherent tensions between race and Indigenous peoplehood, the chapter considers how, and to what extent, the analytical framework of Tribal Critical Race Theory (TribalCrit) creates possibilities for American sociology to move beyond racializing social structures and toward scholarship that centers the political significance of tribal sovereignty.