bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of acute kidney injury and related factors in hospital patients; single center experience
Authors: BİRİCİK Mehmet , BOSTAN Feyzi 
Published: April 2022

Objectives: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a very common clinical problem. This picture is seen in 5-7% of hospitalized patients and in 25-30% of patients hospitalized in intensive care units. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, etiology, clinical features, prognosis and complications in adult patients hospitalized with of AKI.
Methods: This study was organized as an observation study in which the files of the patients admitted to internal medicine and nephrology clinics between September 2012 and September 2017 were examined. All patients admitted to the internal medicine and nephrology clinics with the diagnosis of AKI were included in the study. But those under the age of 18, patients with chronic kidney damage, ex-patients after hospitalization, patients who were sent to the intensive care unit after hospitalization, patients who voluntarily refused treatment or left the service and who were hospitalized for more than 48 hours, but those who did not have biochemical analysis during their stay were excluded. RIFLE creatinine criteria were used for AKI identification.
Results: The study included 354 patients. 177 (50%) patients were male and 177 (50%) patients were female. The incidence of prerenal AKI in the internal medicine and nephrology clinics was 53.39%, renal AKI was 36.44% and postrenal AKI was 10.17%. When the causes of AKI were examined, 33.9% hypovolemia, 15.5% UTI and 13.5% gastroenteritis were detected. The dialysis rate was 23.7%.
Conclusion: Inconclusion, although the incidence of AKI is acceptable in our hospital. It is found to be compatible with the literature and it is possible to catch the early stage of injury by decreasing the frequency especially with better management of elderly patients and more closely monitoring renal functions in this group of patients.
Stress coping strategies used by nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Sierakowska Matylda , Doroszkiewicz Halina 
Published: May 2022

Introduction
The risk of getting SARS-CoV-2 infection, worries about exposing loved ones, anxiety and frustration, emotional and physical exhaustion, burn out, a feeling of being overwhelmed, and struggles and challenges with parenting are a few among many factors that affect nurses’ personal lives and professional functioning. The aim of the research is to assess nurses’ level of stress during the COVID-19 pandemic and their sense of self-efficacy, and to learn what coping strategies they use.

Methodology/Methods
The study was carried out online and based on the diagnostic poll method, using an original survey questionnaire, the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES 10–40), the Mini-COPE questionnaire (0–3), and the Perceived Stress Scale PSS-10 (0–40). The respondent group was made up of nurses (n = 220) who provide health services in inpatient and outpatient health care institutions in the northeastern region of Poland. The statistical analysis was performed using the STATISTICA 13.0 package (StatSoft). The distribution of variables was checked with Shapiro-Wilk tests. The Mann–Whitney U test was used to compare two independent samples, while the Kruskal–Wallis test was used to compare more samples. The adopted statistical significance level was p < 0.05. Multivariate regression analysis was applied to determine which factors were related to the level of stress.

Results
The mean age of the participants was 43.3 years. The vast majority were women (96.4). The mean work experience of the nurses was over 20 years (58.2%). A total of 62.3% worked directly with patients in hospitals, including 11.8% respondents working at COVID-19 units and 37.7% working at primary care institutions. The analyses show that the respondents represented a high level of stress (PSS-10 – 20.9), related to their work experience as a nurse (β −0.250, p = 0.014), the number of hours worked a month (β 0.156, p = 0.015), and self-assessed health status (β −0.145, p = 0.037). They declared an average sense of self-efficacy (GSES – 29.1), which significantly depended on the nurses’ places of employment (p = 0.044). Out of stress coping strategies (Mini-COPE), the younger nurses mentioned venting (p = 0.010), instrumental support (p = 0.011), sense of humour (p = 0.013) and self-blame (0.031). Practice nurses also chose the strategy of behavioral disengagement (p = 0.032), and nurse managers chose the strategy of planning (p = 0.018).

Conclusions
The experience of the COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need to implement some strategies to protect nurses’ mental health and to take extensive prevention measures in critical situations. Special attention should be given to nurses who are younger and have shorter work experience. It is also important to monitor nurses’ working time and health status, and those who work at outpatient health care institutions should be given more support and information.
4D Ultrasound of Fetal Facial Expressions in Low and High-Risk Pregnancies as an Indicator of Fetal Neuro-Behavior in Last Trimester
Authors: Soliman Eman Mohamed , Saleh Rasha Ali , Elsaed Haytham Haroun , Elmaboud Noha Mohamed Abd 
Published: April 2022

Background: The advancement of four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound allows for not only greater observation of foetal anatomy but also real-time analysis of foetal behaviour. The goal of this study was to use 4D ultrasonography of foetal facial expressions in the last trimester to assess foetal neuro-behavior in low and high-risk pregnancies.
Methods: This prospective study enrolled 50 pregnant females at their last trimester with high-risk pregnancies and with intrauterine growth restriction. Pregnant females were divided into two equal groups, one was pregnant females with low-risk pregnancy and the other group was pregnant females with high-risk pregnancy. All patients were subjected to full history taking and 2D and 4D ultrasound examination.
Results: Cranial sutures and head circumference, post-partum follow up and total KANET score were significantly different between two groups (P<0.001). Post-partum follow-up and total KANET score of high-risk subgroups were significantly different (P<0.001).
Conclusions: 4D ultrasound is considered now a great tool to evaluate foetal neuro-behaviour in low and high-risk pregnancies and to predict the neurological outcomes through foetal facial expressions in the last trimester.
Recent Advances of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Evaluation of Recurrent Perianal Fistula
Authors: Hamada Lubna Abd Elaziz , Dawoud Mohammed Mahmoud , Abdallah Hamdy Sedqy , Hefeda Mohamed Mohamed 
Published: April 2022

Background: Evaluation of recurrent perianal fistulae can be challenging; knowledge of relevant pelvic anatomy and fistula classification remains crucial in the diagnosis of recurrent perianal fistula. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) has been shown to demonstrate accurately the anatomy of the perianal region. In addition to showing the anal–sphincter mechanism, MRI clearly showed the relationship of fistulae to the pelvic diaphragm and the ischiorectal fossae, especially for patients with complex and recurrent fistulae.
Objective: The aim of this study is to discuss the usefulness of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging with contrast and/or local gel or saline injection in evaluation of recurrent perianal fistula.
Methods: This prospective study included 30 symptomatic cases with suspected recurrent perianal fistula referred to Radiodiagnosis and Medical Imaging Department at Tanta University Hospitals through period extending from May 2017 to December 2019. MRI had been done for all selected patients. Perianal fistulas were classified according to the St James’s University Hospital classification.
Results: Contrast enhanced MRI and local gel or saline injection showed 93.3% accuracy in detecting grade I, grade II and 100% accuracy with grade III, grade IV fistulae, ischeoanal abscesses and fibrotic tracts.
Conclusion: Contrast enhanced MRI with local gel or saline injection in selective cases with external oozing opening is a very useful procedure for successful management of recurrent peri-anal fistula by correct assessment of the extent of fisulae, relationship to sphincter complex, detection of secondary tracts and abscesses, aiming to reduce complications and recurrences.
Knowledge and Practices of Oral Health Status among Pregnant Women Attending Liaquat University Hospital Jamshoro
Authors: Balouch Ifat , Jahan Erum , Kandhro Rehmatullah , Bhutto Zubeda , Bibi Batool , Akhtiar Reema , Shams Salman 
Published: April 2022

Background: Pregnant women's oral health behaviors and attitudes are infrequently studied in low-income countries, but they should be taken into account when developing preventive or therapeutic research to lessen the load of oral illnesses.
Objective: To assess the knowledge and practices of oral health in pregnant women attending Oral diagnosis outpatient department OPD of Liaquat university hospital Jamshoro.
Subject and Methods: A total of 150 patients were included in the study. Data was collected by providing questionnaire to pregnant women who attended OPD for their antenatal check up. Socidemographic findings, questions related to participant’s knowledge regarding oral health and practices adopted were recorded.
Results: Most of the patients, 49.3% were in age range of 26 to 35 years with the majority of them being housewives. A total of 48% were illiterate followed by 24.6% who had only just primary education. Around 51.3% have the good habit of brushing twice a day. Only 37.3% had knowledge about nutritional implications in pregnancy, and 34% visit dentist once in six months.
Conclusion: The majority of patients has little or average knowledge regarding oral health in pregnancy.
Contemporary Technologies in Chronopharmaceutic Drug Delivery System
Authors: James Apollo , Palanisamy Mohanraj , Radhakrishnan Arun , Khanam Jasmina 
Published: April 2022

Traditional drug delivery methods aimed for a consistent or sustained medication output to maximize treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects. These dosage forms release medications in a controlled or varied manner. Illnesses are treated by administering drugs to patients in a variety of traditional dose patterns. All these dosage patterns should always be administered monotonously for retaining the drug concentration in a therapeutically effective spectrum. Chronotherapeutics, a type of drug delivery system, has become increasingly important in the treatment of chronic diseases in recent years. Today's environment necessitates chronopharmaceutical formulations that increase patient compliance, optimize medicine distribution at the target site, and minimize side effects to reduce mortality rates. A mechanism in which a medicament has been distributed rapidly after a specified lag interval or time gap in compliance with the circadian rhythm of sickness conditions is known as pulsative drug release. Pulsatile medication delivery is becoming more prevalent these days. The main benefit of this method of the medication delivery system is that the substance is only aired when it is required. Because of this, the risk of developing drug resistance, which is common in both preparations for both conventional and sustained release, is minimized. In addition, certain anticancer medications are quite hazardous. In both traditional and sustained release therapy, these medicines cause serious complications. There are now a plethora of FDA-approved chronotherapeutic medications on the market. This treatment is most useful when a long-term effect is just not necessary and medications are harmful. The most important aspect of this formulation's development is determining the circadian rhythm or an appropriate criterion that would set off the drug's release.
Porous Polymers as Universal Reversal Agents for Heparin Anticoagulants through an Inclusion–Sequestration Mechanism
Authors: Lin Furong , Yu Shang‐Bo , Liu Yue‐Yang , Liu Chuan‐Zhi , Lu Shuai , Cao Jin , Qi Qiao‐Yan , Zhou Wei , Li Xiaopeng , Liu Yi , Tian Jia , Li Zhan‐Ting 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHeparins are widely used anticoagulants for surgical procedures and extracorporeal therapies. However, all of them have bleeding risks. Protamine sulfate, the only clinically approved antidote for unfractionated heparin (UFH), has adverse effects. Moreover, protamine can only partially neutralize low‐molecular‐weight heparins (LMWHs) and is not effective for fondaparinux. Here, an inclusion–sequestration strategy for efficient neutralization of heparin anticoagulants by cationic porous supramolecular organic frameworks (SOFs) and porous organic polymers (POPs) is reported. Isothermal titration calorimetric and fluorescence experiments show strong binding affinities of these porous polymers toward heparins, whereas dynamic light scattering and zeta potential analysis confirm that the heparin sequences are adsorbed into the interior of the porous hosts. Activated partial thromboplastin time, anti‐FXa, and thromboelastography assays indicate that their neutralization efficacies are higher than or as high as that of protamine for UFH and generally superior to protamine for LMWHs and fondaparinux, which is further confirmed by tail‐transection model in mice and ex vivo aPTT or anti‐FXa analysis in rats. Acute toxicity evaluations reveal that one of the SOFs displays outstanding biocompatibility. This work suggests that porous polymers can supply safe and rapid reversal of clinically used heparins, as protamine surrogates, providing an improved approach for their neutralization.
Magnetic Doping Induced Strong Circularly Polarized Light Emission and Detection in 2D Layered Halide Perovskite
Authors: Liu Ying , Jiang Ying , Xu Zheyuan , Li Lihui , Zhang Danliang , Zheng Weihao , Liang Delang , Zheng Biyuan , Liu Huawei , Sun Xingxia , Zhu Chenguang , Lin Lu , Zhu Xiaoli , Duan Huigao , Yuan Quan , Wang Xiao , Wang Shuangyin , Li Dong , Pan Anlian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe generation, manipulation, and detection of polarized light are the foundations of spin optoelectronics. Polarized light has a wide range of applications in new‐generation information transmission, storage, and quantum communications. Hybrid organic–inorganic halide perovskites have attracted extensive attention recently because of their strong spin–orbit coupling, Rashba splitting, spin‐dependent optical selection, and have been regarded as promising candidates for application in spin optoelectronic devices. Herein, the authors report the successful synthesis of 2D layered lead halide perovskites (PEA)2PbI4 (PEI) doped with magnetic metal Co2+ and the observation of strong circularly polarized photoluminescence and photoresponse. The introduction of magnetic metals in perovskites can induce an analogous Zeeman effect in the system, which can increase its energy degeneracy, giving rise to an imbalanced population of electronic spin states, thereby enhancing the spin polarization in doped samples. Thus, a maximum circularly polarized PL of 35% is observed at room temperature. Moreover, the achieved Co2+‐doped (PEA)2PbI4 also exhibits a selective photoresponse with circularly polarized light (CPL) emission, and an outstanding anisotropy factor of 0.41 for photocurrent is achieved. The experimental results lay the foundation for the controlled synthesis of magnetically doped perovskites as well as applications for direct CPL detection in spin optoelectronics.
Formation of van der Waals Stacked p–n Homojunction Optoelectronic Device of Multilayered ReSe2 by Cr Doping
Authors: Rosyadi Adzilah Shahna , Chan Alvin Hsien‐Yi , Li Jia‐Xin , Liu Chang‐Hua , Ho Ching‐Hwa 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe formation of p‐ or n‐type material via impurity doping should be crucial and essentially prior to the establishment of junction devices in semiconductor processing. Especially in a 2D transition‐metal dichalcogenide (TMD), dopant selection for growing p‐ and n‐type TMD semiconductors may suffer much higher difficulty and complexity than conventional Si and III–V compounds owing to the complicated valences occurred in transition metals. Different amount of chromium doped in ReSe2 interestingly showing dissimilar carrier types of p‐ReSe2 with Cr 10% and 20% doping and n‐ReSe2 with Cr 0%, 1%, and 5% doping, respectively, is presented here. According to structural and optical characterization, the crystal structure and bandgap of the Cr‐doped ReSe2 remain unchanged in which a deeper donor of Cr6+ can exist in n‐ReSe2 (1% and 5%) while a shallow acceptor of Cr3+ may appear in p‐ReSe2 multilayer (10% and 20%). A p–n homojunction light‐emitting diode made by stacking multilayered n‐ReSe2 (Cr 0%) and p‐ReSe2 (Cr 20%) is first fabricated, and it emits an electroluminescence of ≈946 nm from the band edge. Another p–n homojunction solar cell is also manufactured to exhibit a maximum axial conversion efficiency of η ≈ 1.05% along with the b‐axis polarization of ReSe2.
Bandgap Engineering in Novel Fluorite‐Type Rare Earth High‐Entropy Oxides (RE‐HEOs) with Computational and Experimental Validation for Photocatalytic Water Splitting Applications
Authors: Nundy Srijita , Tatar Dalibor , Kojčinović Jelena , Ullah Habib , Ghosh Aritra , Mallick Tapas K. , Meinusch Rafael , Smarsly Bernd M. , Tahir Asif Ali , Djerdj Igor 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFive different rare‐earth‐based nanocrystalline high entropy oxides (HEOs) with fluorite structure and average crystallite sizes between 6 and 8 nm are prepared and their photocatalytic behavior toward azo dye degradation and photoelectrochemical water splitting for hydrogen generation is examined. The cationic site in the fluorite lattice consists of five equimolar elements selected from the group of rare‐earth elements including La, Ce, Pr, Eu, and Gd and second‐row transition metals, Y and Zr. The studied HEOs exhibit bandgaps in the range from 1.91 to 3.0 eV and appropriate valence and conduction bands for water splitting. They reveal high photocatalytic activity that is mostly attributed to the accessibility of more photocatalytic active sites, which provide radicals responsible for the azo dye degradation. The materials successfully produce hydrogen by photocatalytic water splitting, suggesting the potential of HEOs as new photocatalysts. The photocatalytic performances of all studied HEOs outperform the single fluorite oxides or equivalent mixed oxides. The Ce0.2Zr0.2La0.2Pr0.2Y0.2O2 (CZLPY) engender hydrogen in 9.2 µmol mg−1 per hour that is much higher content than for pristine CeO2 material which amounts to 0.8 µmol mg−1 per hour.
A Subdural Bioelectronic Implant to Record Electrical Activity from the Spinal Cord in Freely Moving Rats
Authors: Harland Bruce , Aqrawe Zaid , Vomero Maria , Boehler Christian , Cheah Ernest , Raos Brad , Asplund Maria , O'Carroll Simon J. , Svirskis Darren 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBioelectronic devices have found use at the interface with neural tissue to investigate and treat nervous system disorders. Here, the development and characterization of a very thin flexible bioelectronic implant inserted along the thoracic spinal cord in rats directly in contact with and conformable to the dorsal surface of the spinal cord are presented. There is no negative impact on hind‐limb functionality nor any change in the volume or shape of the spinal cord. The bioelectronic implant is maintained in rats for a period of 12 weeks. The first subdural recordings of spinal cord activity in freely moving animals are presented; rats are plugged in via a recording cable and allowed to freely behave and move around on a raised platform. Recordings contained multiple distinct voltage waveforms spatially localize to individual electrodes. This device has great potential to monitor electrical signaling in the spinal cord after an injury and in the future, this implant will facilitate the identification of biomarkers in spinal cord injury and recovery, while enabling the delivery of localized electroceutical and chemical treatments.
Material and Structural Engineering of Ovonic Threshold Switch for Highly Reliable Performance
Authors: Seo Hyun Kyu , Ryu Jin Joo , Lee Su Yeon , Park Minsoo , Park Seong‐Geon , Song Wooseok , Kim Gun Hwan , Yang Min Kyu 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAs a selection device for highly integrated crossbar‐type data storage, the chalcogenide‐based ovonic threshold switch (OTS) shows high selectivity, fast switching speed, and bi‐directional operation ability for stacking with versatile memory devices. These promising performance features of OTS are based on electronic resistance switching through the amorphous chalcogenide active layer. However, there is a need to improve the thermal stability of the chalcogenide material, which is essential for maintaining the amorphous structure, and the minimization of the operation voltage shift phenomenon, which is essential for achieving sufficient endurance performance. In this study, the active layer of Se‐doped (at 5%) GeTe (SGT) is investigated as a selection device with the potential for high thermal stability (<400 °C) and extreme endurance performance (>1012). The Se introduced into the GeTe (GT) layer compensates for the Te vacancy in the GT layer, making the SGT layer resistant to crystallization in high‐thermal‐budget circumstances. To achieve extremely high endurance performance, a device structural reconfiguration is proposed that minimizes the operation voltage shift by restricting the surge current in its initial resistance switching stage. The results of analyses of the materials and electrical characteristics of the OTS demonstrate its enhanced performance.
Carbon Catalysts for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction toward Multicarbon Products
Authors: Pan Fuping , Yang Xiaoxuan , O'Carroll Thomas , Li Haoyang , Chen Kai‐Jie , Wu Gang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractElectrochemical CO2 reduction offers a compelling route to mitigate atmospheric CO2 concentration and store intermittent renewable energy in chemical bonds. Beyond C1, C2+ feedstocks are more desirable due to their higher energy density and more significant market need. However, the CO2‐to‐C2+ reduction suffers from significant barriers of CC coupling and complex reaction pathways. Due to remarkable tunability over morphology/pore architecture along with great feasibility of functionalization to modify the electronic and geometric structures, carbon materials, serving as active components, supports, and promoters, provide exciting opportunities to tune both the adsorption properties of intermediates and the local reaction environment for the CO2 reduction, offering effective solutions to enable CC coupling and steer C2+ evolution. However, general design principles remain ambiguous, causing an impediment to rational catalyst refinement and application thrusts. This review clarifies insightful design principles for advancing carbon materials. First, the current performance status and challenges are discussed and effective strategies are outlined to promote C2+ evolution. Further, the correlation between the composition, structure, and morphology of carbon catalysts and their catalytic behavior is elucidated to establish catalytic mechanisms and critical factors determining C2+ performance. Finally, future research directions and strategies are envisioned to inspire revolutionary advancements.