bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporations as Irresponsible Artificial People
Authors: Annas George J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Corporations are the most influential life-form affecting the health of our planet and its inhabitants. They are artificial persons, created by law, and the person metaphor has become increasingly fanciful as corporate powers have radically expanded to include freedom of speech and freedom of religion, making the modern corporation almost unregulatable. This chapter describes how this empowered artificial person might be tamed in a way that permits governments to channel the activities of corporations in ways that could improve rather than degrade human and planetary health.
Industry Influence on Research
Authors: Bero Lisa 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Public health policies should be built upon pillars of rigorous evidence. If the evidence base that informs these decisions is flawed or distorted, the entire foundation for systematic reviews, guidelines, health policy, clinical advice, and consumer information crumbles. For decades, tobacco, pharmaceutical, chemical, food, and other companies have used similar strategies to bias evidence to boost sales of their products, minimize regulation, and protect their profits. This chapter focuses on industry influence on the evidence base—the actual data that policy makers have available to inform their decisions. This chapter describes how bias in bodies of evidence can be detected and how companies influence research agendas and the design, conduct, and publication of research to produce a biased body of evidence.
The Global Technology Sector as a Commercial Determinant of Health
Authors: Kenworthy Nora , Storeng Katerini Tagmatarchi , Zenone Marco 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly accelerated the expansion of Big Tech—the dominant American technology companies—into public health policy and practice, with the pandemic contributing to a vacuum of power and services that corporations have moved aggressively to exploit. Despite these trends, the influence of the global technology sector as a commercial determinant of health has largely been overlooked. This chapter provides brief case studies from research of three companies—Meta, Google, and GoFundMe—and the diverse impacts they are having on public health systems. Although in no way a comprehensive look at the technology sector as a contributor to commercial determinants of health, these three cases provide lessons about the strategies that technology companies use to transform and disrupt health systems and help clarify the longer term implications for population health that warrant further in-depth research.
Defining the Commercial Determinants of Health
Authors: Lacy-Nichols Jennifer , de Lacy-Vawdon Cassandra , Moodie Rob 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A critical component of scholarship is defining the commercial determinants of health (CDOH). This chapter develops a more nuanced approach to the CDOH by unpacking existing definitions and argues for the need to acknowledge that some commercial activity is (directly or indirectly) health promoting. It then explores the existing models that demonstrate the complex relationships that exist between upstream drivers, commercial actors, and health outcomes. It problematizes the public health understanding of the private sector by exploring the sheer diversity of commercial actors and activities that could be included within CDOH research. It concludes by theorizing what these new understandings mean for public health researchers and practitioners.
Assessing Power Structures
Authors: Lima Joana Madureira 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In considering how commercial actors influence policy and discourse, a critical step is the assessment and explanation of the various power structures through which commercial actors may operate. This includes overt, invisible, and hidden power at local, state, national, and supranational levels. A multidisciplinary effort to engage intellectually with these structures has in recent years included input from anthropology, public health, epidemiology, law, ethics, and political science. However, such efforts are often focused on the policymaking structures of high-income countries and are not easily applicable to research in low- and middle-income countries. This chapter summarizes progress to date and identifies ways in which more broadly applicable frameworks for commercial power might be developed and used in a variety of contexts.
Commercial Determinants of Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Abdalla Salma M. , Ofei Leona , Maani Nason , Galea Sandro 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Much of the conceptual and empirical scholarship regarding the commercial determinants of health has been often focused on health and policy in high-income countries. However, there is a need for scholarship that focuses on commercial determinants of health globally. There are several factors that can make low- and middle-income countries particularly vulnerable to commercial forces in ways that impact on health. Commercial actors are often multi-national, and so have health impacts and commercial strategies that extend far beyond the national context, mainly driven by global and regional trade agreements. Moreover, low- and middle-income countries may have regulatory and taxation policies that make them vulnerable to the influence of multi-national corporations. Finally, low- and middle-income countries have to address the potential trade-offs between potential economic growth from an expanding commercial base compare to the potential harms from the same commercial forces. This chapter examines some of these important differences; discusses efforts to describe some of these differences in the literature; and identifies significant data, research, and governance gaps.
A Policy Agenda for the Commercial Determinants of Health
Authors: Casswell Sally 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Policy inertia as a result of commercial determinants is a long-standing problem with significant implications for health and democracy. This chapter explores a policy agenda that might maximize the benefits while minimizing the harms of the private sector on democratic processes, discourse, privacy, research, and health. Redressing the discursive power of commercial interests is a priority for a public health policy agenda. The political and institutional architectures intrinsically enmeshed at global and national levels create a system that supports and maintains the negative consequences of commercial determinants of health; a public health policy agenda must address all parts of the system.
Introduction
Authors: Rathey Markus 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
introduction outlines the methodology of the book and challenges the common distinction between “sacred” and “secular” music. Instead, the chapter suggests viewing Bach’s works in the context of his own world, in which the sacred and secular spheres were intrinsically intertwined. Religion provided a foundation for political structures, and political and social discourses left their mark on several of the religious and liturgical works. As part of public displays of political power, Bach’s music was embedded in a multimodal communicative framework that straddled different art forms (literature, visual arts, and music) and that transcended the simple polarity between sacred and secular.
Trumpets, Drums, and Thundering Cannons
Authors: Rathey Markus 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Te Deum, a liturgical chant that dates to the fourth century, was often performed to celebrate peace treaties and victories in battles and during celebrations in honor of secular rulers. While this practice was widely criticized during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it still remained common, as can be seen in the Te Deum compositions by G.F. Handel and others. While Bach did not write a larger setting of the complete hymn, he quotes the chant in several of his cantatas. On the background of the common use of the Te Deum in his time, it is noteworthy that all these cantatas were written for occasions that celebrated secular authorities: the beginning of the secular New Year on January 1 and the inauguration of a new town council. After elaborating on the theological and political understanding of the hymn, the chapter analyzes the traces of these views in Bach’s own works.
Taming the Coquette
Authors: Rathey Markus 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Coffee Cantata BWV 211 presents a caricature of the fascination with coffee in the early eighteenth century. The themes of the cantata resonate with numerous treatises on the benefits and dangers of coffee consumption that were published around the same time. On a deeper level, the cantata also engages with gender stereotypes of the time by juxtaposing a dominant father and an insubordinate daughter. An analysis of the libretto by Picander shows that the text deploys the stereotype of the “coquette” that was just becoming popular in German literature. While Bach mostly follows Picander’s libretto, his musical setting as well as the addition of two new movements challenges and subverts the original message of Picander’s text. While the father had originally been the dominating character, it is now his daughter, who appears as the winner.
Creative Juxtaposition
Authors: Coogan Jeremiah 
Published: October 2022

AbstractEusebius’ creative juxtapositions transformed Gospel reading, connecting material in ways that previous Gospel configurations had not. Eusebius states in the Epistle to Carpianus that his objective is to show “the similar things” (τὰ παραπλήσια) in the Gospels. Although Eusebius engages the Gospels in the company of earlier thinkers, his overarching approach and many of his specific juxtapositions are unprecedented. By analyzing Eusebius’ creative juxtapositions, this chapter challenges a misunderstanding of the Eusebian apparatus that pervades previous scholarship. Since the nineteenth century, scholars have assumed that the apparatus centered (or should have centered) on resolving discrepancies and reconstructing a historical sequence of events behind the Gospels. Critics have dismissed Eusebius’ project because they perceive him to have failed in these twin objectives. But this is to misunderstand the Eusebian apparatus. Eusebius declined history and apologetic as objectives for the apparatus; instead, he reconfigured the Gospels to create new patterns of reading based on echo, allusion, and narrative parallel. Eusebius transformed Gospel reading by mapping creative theological patterns that remain fruitful for contemporary readers who seek fresh approaches to Gospel texts.
Conclusion
Authors: Coogan Jeremiah 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe Eusebian apparatus offers a window into early Christian literary innovation and into broader questions of technology and textuality in the ancient Mediterranean and beyond. Eusebius’ apparatus offers a standpoint from which to observe how material and textual technologies participated in a late ancient transformation in knowing. Eusebius’ fourfold Gospel effervesces with new contexts and readerly trajectories. His innovative project and its robust reception invite us to narrate a new history of Gospel literature, integrating phenomena that are too often kept separate: the authorial and the editorial, the textual and the paratextual. This brief conclusion synthesizes the arguments of the monograph, focusing on histories of (Gospel) reading as histories of use.
“This Is Not a Home, It Is a Temple”
Authors: Ilkama Ina Marie Lunde 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Dealing with the South Indian practice of kolu, this chapter explores how religious and ritual practices are important vehicles for maintaining cultural continuity and passing on ideas and practices, while at the same time renewing the same cultural and religious tradition. The author shows how new female performers of the high-caste domestic ritual kolu in the South Indian town Kanchipuram appropriate the ritual and in this process creatively add caste-specific practices to it, drawn from their own cultural resources. A successful yet self-appointed female religious specialist uses her position as instrument of sociopolitical critique, transforming herself into an agent of change, enacting modes of protest and resistance. While the ritual space is and remains female, it is fundamentally transformed: the house becomes the temple, and the housewife becomes the priest. Agency is here more than resistance against oppressive structures and taking over roles traditionally reserved for men. The author speaks of ritual or religious agency as the power of creativity and innovation, highly visible in the aesthetics of kolu.
Body Politics and the Gendered Politics of Hindu Militancy
Authors: Bedi Tarini 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter’s empirical focus is on the women of Shiv Sena, a right-wing political party in Western India. Analyzing women’s vernacular embodied practices, called “dashing,” the author illustrates how agency in Hindu cultural nationalist movements is not simply the capacity to act, but the capacity to act with and through the body. The author shows how performing hegemonic maleness lets “dashing ladies” appropriate traditional male spaces of activity, namely public policing and politics. “Dashing,” the capacity to display public anger, is for these Shiv Sena women the capacity to act through dissenting public behavior. At the same time Bedi shows that we must also pay attention to the body politics of “intimate” Hindu religiosity, as women of Shiv Sena regularly also use intimate forms of embodied practices that are associated with women’s Hindu religious practices outside the male gaze. Overall, Bedi finds that right-wing political parties and right-wing women are rarely fixed or ideologically coherent subjects.
Buddhist “Radicalism”
Authors: McKay Melyn , Frydenlund Iselin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with women who are affiliated with radical Islamophobic Buddhist organizations in contemporary Myanmar and Sri Lanka. The authors ask why women sympathize with such ideologies, and why they actively and participate within such movements. Nationalist movements across time and space have shown a particular concern for controlling the female body and female reproduction. Following similar Islamophobic tropes in Europe and India, the expected worldwide increase in Muslim population is presented as an existential threat to Buddhism. The authors find that through their membership and activities within these organizations, the women are able to access broader lay and monastic networks, allowing them to operate translocally as “protectors of Buddhism,” a role and religious space traditionally reserved to men.
Right to Pray
Authors: More Shefali 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with the actual process, the legal proceedings, and public repercussions of allowing women to enter und utilize Hindu places of worship in India that were previously out of their reach. The author compares the processes leading to the inclusion of women in the Śani temple in Shani Shingnapur (Maharashtra) and in the Sabarimala Ayyappan Temple in Kerala. Especially in the early 21st century, India has repeatedly witnessed women challenging the religious authorities regarding the restrictions put on women’s entry in temples or access to specific parts of worship sites. Only the women’s public and “loud” challenge initiated a public discussion of these bans. The chapter scrutinizes the arguments used by the authorities of the places of worship as well as the arguments used by the women who challenge the regulations, the legal complications in these matters when they are discussed in the public sphere and in court, and the role of social media, social activists, judiciary, and the state governments. The author shows how the entanglement of actors, motives, and strategies played a central role in securing access for women to the two sites of worship and engages the concept of distributed agency.
Tradition, Innovation, and Resistance?
Authors: Hüsken Ute 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The chapter deals with a Veda school (Pāṇini Kanyā Mahāvidyālaya) for girls in Varanasi. While traditionalists among the local Brahmins claim that women can and may not perform Vedic rituals, this school gives access to religious and ritual knowledge to girls, who since 2014 also publicly perform Vedic rituals every morning at Assi Ghat. The author discusses the history and reception of this school and its activities in influential Brahmin circles in Varanasi, contextualizes this in light of discussions of female religious agency (adhikāra) in ancient India, and presents some views of the school’s teachers and students on these matters. While the young women learn to claim public spaces that are traditionally monopolized by men, the school associates with the ruling BJP party, and thereby implicitly teams up with a Hindu nationalist agenda, even though Hindu nationalist ideologies reinforce aggressive patriarchal structures. Paradoxically, it is this connection that allows the girls and women to occupy agentive spaces within these structures, with the support of important and powerful parts of the local communities.
Hangzhou Buddhism in Historical Perspective
Authors: Welter Albert 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the innovative aspects of Buddhism developed through the textual production emanating from masters associated with the Wuyue Kingdom, namely the Zongjing lu (Record of the Source-Mirror) by Yongming Yanshou (904–975), the Da Song Seng shilüe (Topical Compendium of the Buddhist Clergy) by Zanning (919–1001), and the Jingde Chuandeng lu (Record of the Transmission of the Lamp Compiled in the Jingde Era) by Daoyuan (d.u.). It proposes that the tripartite-pillar structure of the Buddhist Eightfold Path—śila (moral training), samādhi (mental training), and prajñā (training in wisdom)—as a method by which to address the issue of Buddhist transition and that the three texts produced by masters from Wuyue each suggests supplements to this structure that influenced subsequent developments in East Asian Buddhism.
James Purdy
Authors: Snyder Michael 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
One of the most iconoclastic twentieth-century American novelists, James Purdy penned original and sometimes shocking works about those on the margins of American society, exploring small towns, urban life, alienation, sexuality, and familial relations. Purdy was a compelling if eccentric figure, declared an “authentic American genius” by Gore Vidal. James Purdy: Life of a Contrarian Writer is the first biography of the gay American novelist, story writer, playwright, and poet. From his roots in Ohio, Purdy moved to a world of bohemian artists and jazz musicians in Chicago in the late 1930s and 1940s, traveled in Spain, studied in Mexico, enlisted in the Army Air Corps, worked for the Federal Security Agency, and taught in Cuba and at a Wisconsin college for nearly a decade. All the while, he aspired to become a writer, but struggled to publish. Only when friends financed the private publication of his work did he find a champion in poet Edith Sitwell, who helped get him published in England, which led to publication in the United States. After moving to New York in 1957, he spent nearly fifty years writing in Brooklyn Heights. Although Purdy’s reputation peaked in the 1960s and he never enjoyed a bestseller, his often queer and edgy content found a diverse following that included Tennessee Williams, Langston Hughes, William Carlos Williams, Dorothy Parker, Jonathan Franzen, and many LGBTQ readers. Difficult and often contrarian, Purdy sometimes hampered his own career as he sought recognition from a conservative, cliquey New York publishing world.
James Purdy Begins
Authors: Snyder Michael 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Resigning from Lawrence College, Purdy moved in with Jorma Sjoblom in Allentown, Pennsylvania, where he had taken a position with Air Products. Now James could throw himself into his writing undisturbed. In late 1956 and 1957, Purdy reaped a harvest of responses from recipients of his short story collection that was privately published by Osborn Andreas, and a novella by Sjoblom. This bounty vindicated his talent and decision to leave his teaching position. Offering praise were Edith Sitwell, Carl Van Vechten, Thornton Wilder, Tennessee Williams, Noël Coward, Elizabeth Bishop, and more. Purdy visited Van Vechten in Manhattan and was photographed, and met Sitwell in person. Sitwell got him published in Britain, which led to being accepted for US publication with New Directions. Purdy wrote Malcolm for Jorma, who relished reading new installments after work. They lived on the woodsy edge of town before moving to a diverse neighborhood downtown.
The Mourner Below
Authors: Snyder Michael 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In the 1960s, working with editor Robert Giroux, Purdy grew as a writer. His novels were widely reviewed and he drew attention from an increasing number of major writers and critics. But privately, it was a time of sorrow; in 1962 and 1964 he lost his mother and father. As some consolation, he met two gay composers who became close friends, Richard Hundley and Robert Helps. Hundley encouraged Purdy to write poems and set them to music. Another stage adaptation, Color of Darkness, appeared with Edward Albee attending. Cabot Wright Begins (1964), a satirical novel about people trying to write and publish a book about a serial rapist, split and scandalized critics, some of whom found themselves sent up. Susan Sontag declared Purdy one of six US writers worth taking seriously, while Joyce Carol Oates found it tiresome and badly written. He drafted his stunner, Eustace Chisholm and the Works.
Solitary Confinement
Authors: Snyder Michael 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Purdy in the early 1970s often felt lonely and trapped. He wrote a novel called The House of the Solitary Maggot, the second novel in the Sleepers in Moon-Crowned Valleys series. His editor, Sandy Richardson, was inattentive, however. Purdy missed the editorial relationship he had with Robert Giroux, who had edited his first four novels. Sam Steward offered a long endorsement and the Los Angeles Times gave a glowing review, but the New York Times did not even review Solitary Maggot, which was not issued in paperback in the United States until 2005. Purdy was livid and blamed editor John Leonard and writer Edmund White, who declined to review it, as did novelist Guy Davenport, who had praised Jeremy’s Version in the New York Times. Purdy and some aficionados consider it perhaps his greatest work, while others see it as a lesser novel. Purdy felt overlooked and unappreciated.
An Empire Made Portable
Authors: Snyder Saskia Coenen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 follows diamonds from South Africa to London, the global trading hub for rough stones. Jewish merchants successful in South Africa established new firms in London to facilitate international trade, expanding and consolidating transhemispheric commercial networks. Hatton Garden, to this day London’s primary diamond district, developed during this time. This chapter discusses the founding in London of the Diamond Syndicate, made up of ten Jewish firms, whose company directors had first made careers on the South African diamond fields and became leading merchants. The Syndicate distributed over ninety percent of global diamond production by the turn of the century. The chapter also zooms in on international colonial exhibitions and world’s fairs—spaces where diamond mining and production were displayed to the public, popularizing African stones and whetting the appetite of consumers.