bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bidirectional Predation Between Larvae of the Hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus (Diptera: Syrphidae) and the Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Li Hui , Wu Kongming 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), a newly invasive pest, has natural insect enemies that hold promise as biological control agents. Here we analyzed predation rates between natural enemy insect, the syrphid Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer) and S. frugiperda in all paired combinations of all immature stages for each insect in petri dishes. The 2nd and 3rd instars E. balteatus larvae consumed 1st and 2nd instars S. frugiperda larvae, and 3rd and higher larval instars of S. frugiperda preyed on all instar larvae of E. balteatus. The 2nd and 3rd instars larvae of E. balteatus preyed on 1st and 2nd larval instars of S. frugiperda, consistent with the Holling type III response in petri dishes, with a theoretical maximum predation of 77 and 71 individuals in 24 h. The 5th and 6th instars S. frugiperda larvae consumed E. balteatus larvae, also with the Holling type III response, with a theoretical maximum predation on 1st instar E. balteatus larvae were 29 and 36 individuals, respectively. In a plant cage trial study, predation results were similar to those in petri dishes but with a lower predation number. None of the S. frugiperda larvae that fed on E. balteatus larvae developed to adulthood, and only about 20% of E. balteatus larvae that fed on S. frugiperda larvae became adults which had a significantly shorter lifespan than those who consume aphids. This two-way predation study revealed the complexity of S. frugiperda invasion and provided new insights into relationship between pests and natural enemies.
Economic Injury Levels and Dynamic Action Thresholds forDiuraphis noxia(Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Australian Cereal Crops
Authors: Van Helden Maarten , Heddle Thomas , Umina Paul A , Maino James L 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia [Kurdjumov, Hemiptera: Aphididae], RWA) was first detected in Australia in 2016 and is threatening an annual cereal industry valued at nearly 10 billion AUD per annum. Considerable uncertainty surrounds the economic risk of D. noxia to Australian cereals, which limits cost-effective farm management decisions. Through a series of inoculated and non-inoculated field trials in 2018 and 2019 in south-eastern Australia, we generated a range of D. noxia pressure metrics under different growing conditions for barley, wheat, and durum wheat. Relative yield loss was best explained by the ‘percentage of tillers with D. noxia’ (%TwRWA) with 0.28% yield loss per percent of tillers with D. noxia, which is significantly lower than 0.46–0.48% for susceptible winter wheat varieties in dryland conditions in the United States. Highest infestation levels were typically reached around GS40–50. To develop an action threshold, we calculated the rate of increase in the %TwRWA through time at 0.021% per day per %TwRWA (with little variation across sites). This allowed prediction of the expected maximum %TwRWA based on observations post tillering (GS30) and the expected duration before GS50 is reached. For earlier growth stages (&lt;GS30), we were unable to determine yield impact and action thresholds since cereal plants produce many new tillers between GS20 and GS30, which may compensate for feeding damage as reported in other studies. This research should improve the cost-effectiveness of management decisions involving D. noxia in Australian cereal production systems.
The LGBTI Inclusion Index: An Innovative Tool to Incentivize Human Rights and Development Data
Authors: Daly Felicity , Crehan Phil R , Grzywnowicz Micah 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article explores the potential of the LGBTI Inclusion Index, an initiative led by the United Nations Development Programme to overcome the paucity of data on the socio-economic status of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex (LGBTI) people and other sexual and gender diverse (LGBT+) populations worldwide. Through the participation of LGBTI civil society and other stakeholders, the Index and its Indicators were designed to measure human rights and development dimensions across economic well-being; education; health; personal security and violence; and political and civic participation. The article reviews the development of the Index and shares findings from a limited number of interviews with stakeholders who were involved in conceptualization and/or dissemination of the concept. It discusses limits to intended participation by UN member states and some challenges in state collection and reporting of data disaggregated by sexual orientation, gender identity or expression and sex characteristics (SOGIESC). Utilization of conceptual features of the Index in multilateral reporting and research is also reviewed. The Index offers SOGIESC indicators which may be useful to human rights and development practitioners seeking to generate new data or use secondary data to measure whether development interventions are accessible to LGBTI people. Two case studies outline the adaptation of selected Indicators from the Index in surveys of LGBT+ people planned and/or undertaken by researchers in collaboration with civil society organizations in Africa and the Caribbean. We encourage utilization of the Index and its Indicators to gain greater insight on interventions that deliver socio-economic development and human rights implementation for LGBTI people.
Potential therapeutic effects of adjuvant chemotherapy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced muscle-invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Omura Minami , Kikuchi Eiji , Shigeta Keisuke , Ogihara Koichiro , Hakozaki Kyohei , Hara Satoshi , Shirotake Suguru , Ide Hiroki , Yoshimine Shunsuke , Ohigashi Takashi , Mizuno Ryuichi , Oya Mototsugu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Although the administration of neoadjuvant chemotherapy has been associated with improved prognosis in patients with muscle-invasive bladder cancer, the therapeutic effects of adjuvant chemotherapy remain unknown in real-world settings. Therefore, we herein evaluated the clinical outcomes of adjuvant chemotherapy in pT3/4 muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients.

Materials and Methods
Among 587 bladder cancer patients who underwent radical cystectomy, 200 with a pathological T3 or higher muscle-invasive bladder cancer were included in the present analysis. Recurrence-free survival and cancer-specific survival were assessed by multivariate Cox regression analysis.

Results
Median age was 73 years, and the median follow-up duration was 17 months. The 5-year cancer-specific survival rate was 53.6% in 66 patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, which was significantly higher than that in those without adjuvant chemotherapy (34.0%, P = 0.025). The absence of adjuvant chemotherapy (hazard ratio = 2.114, P = 0.004) and lymphovascular invasion (hazard ratio = 2.203, P = 0.011) was identified as independent prognostic indicators for cancer-specific death. In patients treated without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (n = 143), the absence of adjuvant chemotherapy (hazard ratio:1.887, P = 0.030) remained an independent indicator for cancer-specific death. For those treated with adjuvant chemotherapy without neoadjuvant chemotherapy, three or more adjuvant chemotherapy cycles were independently associated with favourable outcome (hazard ratio = 0.240, P = 0.009). In contrast, for neoadjuvant chemotherapy-treated patients (N = 57), adjuvant chemotherapy was not independently associated with disease recurrence or cancer-specific death.

Conclusion
Adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with improvements in the prognosis of patients, even in those with pT3 or higher muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Although three or more cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy were effective for muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients treated without neoadjuvant chemotherapy, no therapeutic advantages were observed with additional adjuvant chemotherapy in patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
Sequential stabilization of RNF220 by RLIM and ZC4H2 during cerebellum development and Shh-group medulloblastoma progression
Authors: Li Yuwei , Yang Chencheng , Wang Huishan , Zhao Ling , Kong Qinghua , Cang Yu , Zhao Shuhua , Lv Longbao , Li Yan , Mao Bingyu , Ma Pengcheng 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is essential for the proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs), and its misregulation is linked to various disorders, including cerebellar cancer medulloblastoma (MB). During vertebrate neural development, RNF220, a ubiquitin E3 ligase, is involved in spinal cord patterning by modulating the subcellular location of glioma-associated oncogene homologs (Glis) through ubiquitination. RNF220 is also required for full activation of Shh signaling during cerebellum development in an epigenetic manner through targeting embryonic ectoderm development. ZC4H2 was reported to be involved in spinal cord patterning by acting as an RNF220 stabilizer. Here, we provided evidence to show that ZC4H2 is also required for full activation of Shh signaling in CGNP and MB progression by stabilizing RNF220. In addition, we found that the ubiquitin E3 ligase RING finger LIM domain-binding protein (RLIM) is responsible for ZC4H2 stabilization via direct ubiquitination, through which RNF220 is also thus stabilized. RLIM is a direct target of Shh signaling and is also required for full activation of Shh signaling in CGNP and MB cell proliferation. We further provided clinical evidence to show that the RLIM‒ZC4H2‒RNF220 cascade is involved in Shh-group MB progression. Disease-causative human RLIM and ZC4H2 mutations affect their interaction and regulation. Therefore, our study sheds light on the regulation of Shh signaling during cerebellar development and MB progression and provides insights into neural disorders caused by RLIM or ZC4H2 mutations.
Genetic Counseling Considerations for Military Beneficiaries
Authors: Hellwig Lydia D , Krokosky Alyson , Vargason Ashlee , Turner Clesson 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Genetic counseling for military beneficiaries poses unique challenges and counseling opportunities. In order to fully meet the needs of this population, genetic counseling involves critical ethical and psychosocial considerations. This article reviews some elements of genetic counseling that must be considered when working with beneficiaries in the military health system.
Investigation of Aerobic and Muscular Fitness and Concussion Among Service Academy Cadets at the United States Air Force Academy: Results from the CARE Consortium
Authors: Van Pelt Kathryn L , Wolff Laura , Campbell Darren E , McGinty Gerald , Zupan Michael , Jackson Jonathan C 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionConcussion has become the signature injury facing the U.S. military. However, little is understood about the relationship between military fitness and concussion recovery. The current study examined the recoveries of cadets at a U.S. Service Academy to determine whether preinjury physical fitness improved recovery and whether recovery was associated with post-injury physical fitness measures.MethodsParticipants were enrolled in a longitudinal study of concussion. Aerobic Fitness Test (AFT) and Physical Fitness Test (PFT) data were used to estimate cadet fitness. Survival analysis evaluated significant estimators of concussion recovery time. Linear regression models were used to explore the relationship between recovery duration and change in physical fitness scores.ResultsBetween 2014 and 2017, 307 (n = 70; 22.80% Women) cadets who had sustained a concussion were enrolled. Preinjury physical fitness was not significantly associated with recovery duration (P &gt; .05). Men and intercollegiate cadets took fewer days to reach recovery milestones. Compared to women, men had greater decrements in the Aerobic Fitness Test total score (P &lt; .05) and increased 1.5-mile time postconcussion (P &lt; .05). Women had greater decreases in push-ups postconcussion compared to males (P &lt; .05). There was a trend for a negative association between days until asymptomatic and change in the Physical Fitness Test score (P = .07).ConclusionPreconcussion physical fitness levels do not appear to impact concussion recovery time among a highly physically fit cohort. Possible methods to reduce the effect of symptom duration on strength-related physical fitness should be investigated along with evaluating reductions in strength as a possible mechanism for postconcussion injury risk.
Black hole to breakout: 3D GRMHD simulations of collapsar jets reveal a wide range of transients
Authors: Gottlieb Ore , Lalakos Aretaios , Bromberg Omer , Liska Matthew , Tchekhovskoy Alexander 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a suite of the first 3D GRMHD collapsar simulations, which extend from the self-consistent jet launching by an accreting Kerr black hole (BH) to the breakout from the star. We identify three types of outflows, depending on the angular momentum, l, of the collapsing material and the magnetic field, B, on the BH horizon: (i) subrelativistic outflow (low l and high B), (ii) stationary accretion shock instability (SASI; high l and low B), (iii) relativistic jets (high l and high B). In the absence of jets, free-fall of the stellar envelope provides a good estimate for the BH accretion rate. Jets can substantially suppress the accretion rate, and their duration can be limited by the magnetization profile in the star. We find that progenitors with large (steep) inner density power-law indices (≳ 2), face extreme challenges as gamma-ray burst (GRB) progenitors due to excessive luminosity, global time evolution in the light curve throughout the burst and short breakout times, inconsistent with observations. Our results suggest that the wide variety of observed explosion appearances (supernova/supernova + GRB/low-luminosity GRBs) and the characteristics of the emitting relativistic outflows (luminosity and duration) can be naturally explained by the differences in the progenitor structure. Our simulations reveal several important jet features: (i) strong magnetic dissipation inside the star, resulting in weakly magnetized jets by breakout that may have significant photospheric emission and (ii) spontaneous emergence of tilted accretion disc-jet flows, even in the absence of any tilt in the progenitor.
Tidal modulations and the habitability of exoplanetary systems
Authors: Lingam Manasvi , Pryor Samantha , Ginsburg Idan 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTThe Earth currently experiences rich tidal modulations by virtue of the fact that the tidal forces generated by the Sun and the Moon are approximately a factor of 2 removed from each other. This datum has been adduced by some scientists as one of the major drivers of the origin and evolution of (complex) life on the Earth (e.g. evolution of tetrapods). In this paper, we investigate the conditions under which terrestrial planets in the habitable zone can undergo strong tidal modulations akin to those documented on the Earth. By using an analytical model, we show that higher mass stars are more conducive to hosting potentially habitable planets with such moons, and that late-type M-dwarfs with masses $\lesssim 0.1\, {\rm M}_\odot$ might not host temperate Earth-analogues that fulfil the aforementioned criterion regarding tidal modulations. We also find that the Moon may perhaps be close to the maximal allowed mass limit compatible with producing large tidal modulations.
Extremely strong DLAs at high redshift: gas cooling and H2 formation
Authors: Telikova K N , Balashev S A , Noterdaeme P , Krogager J-K , Ranjan A 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a spectroscopic investigation with the Very Large Telescope/X-shooter of seven candidate extremely strong damped Lyman-α absorption systems [ESDLAs, N(H i) ≥ 5 × 1021 cm−2] observed along quasar sightlines. We confirm the extremely high column densities, albeit slightly (0.1 dex) lower than the original ESDLA definition for four systems. We measured low-ionization metal abundances and dust extinction for all systems. For two systems, we also found strong associated H$\rm _2$ absorption $\log N(\rm{H\rm _2})\,\text{(cm$^{-2}$)}=18.16\pm 0.03$ and 19.28 ± 0.06 at z = 3.26 and 2.25 towards J2205+1021 and J2359+1354, respectively, while for the remaining five we measured conservative upper limits on the H$\rm _2$ column densities of typically $\log N(\rm{H\rm _2})\,\text{(cm$^{-2}$)}\,\lt\, 17.3$. The increased H2 detection rate (10–55 per cent at 68 per cent confidence level) at high H i column density compared with the overall damped Lyman-α population (∼5–10 per cent) confirms previous works. We find that these seven ESDLAs have similar observed properties as those previously studied towards quasars and γ-ray burst afterglows, suggesting they probe inner regions of galaxies. We use the abundance of ionized carbon at the excited fine-structure level to calculate the cooling rates through the C ii λ158 μm emission, and compare them with the cooling rates from damped Lyman-α systems in the literature. We find that the cooling rate distribution of ESDLAs also presents the same bimodality as previously observed for the general (mostly lower H i column density) damped Lyman-α population.
Consciousness as a multidimensional phenomenon: implications for the assessment of disorders of consciousness
Authors: Walter Jasmine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Disorders of consciousness (DoCs) pose a significant clinical and ethical challenge because they allow for complex forms of conscious experience in patients where intentional behaviour and communication are highly limited or non-existent. There is a pressing need for brain-based assessments that can precisely and accurately characterize the conscious state of individual DoC patients. There has been an ongoing research effort to develop neural measures of consciousness. However, these measures are challenging to validate not only due to our lack of ground truth about consciousness in many DoC patients but also because there is an open ontological question about consciousness. There is a growing, well-supported view that consciousness is a multidimensional phenomenon that cannot be fully described in terms of the theoretical construct of hierarchical, easily ordered conscious levels. The multidimensional view of consciousness challenges the utility of levels-based neural measures in the context of DoC assessment. To examine how these measures may map onto consciousness as a multidimensional phenomenon, this article will investigate a range of studies where they have been applied in states other than DoC and where more is known about conscious experience. This comparative evidence suggests that measures of conscious level are more sensitive to some dimensions of consciousness than others and cannot be assumed to provide a straightforward hierarchical characterization of conscious states. Elevated levels of brain complexity, for example, are associated with conscious states characterized by a high degree of sensory richness and minimal attentional constraints, but are suboptimal for goal-directed behaviour and external responsiveness. Overall, this comparative analysis indicates that there are currently limitations to the use of these measures as tools to evaluate consciousness as a multidimensional phenomenon and that the relationship between these neural signatures and phenomenology requires closer scrutiny.
Involvement of platelet-derived VWF in metastatic growth of melanoma in the brain
Authors: Robador Jose R , Feinauer Manuel J , Schneider Stefan W , Mayer Frank T , Gorzelanny Christian , Sacharow Artur , Liu Xiaobo , Berghoff Anna , Brehm Maria A , Hirsch Daniela , Stadler Julia , Vidal-y-Si Sabine , Wladykowski Ewa , Asong Marisse , Nowak Kai , Seiz-Rosenhagen Marcel , Umansky Viktor , Mess Christian , Pantel Klaus , Winkler Frank , Bauer Alexander T 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe prognosis of patients with brain metastases (BM) is poor despite advances in our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. The high incidence of thrombotic complications defines tumor progression and the high mortality rate. We, therefore, postulated that von Willebrand factor (VWF) promotes BM via its ability to induce platelet aggregation and thrombosis.MethodsWe measured the abundance of VWF in the blood and intravascular platelet aggregates of patients with BM, and determined the specific contribution of endothelial and platelet-derived VWF using in vitro models and microfluidics. The relevance for the brain metastatic cascade in vivo was demonstrated in ret transgenic mice, which spontaneously develop BM, and by the intracardiac injection of melanoma cells.ResultsHigher levels of plasma VWF in patients with BM were associated with enhanced intraluminal VWF fiber formation and platelet aggregation in the metastatic tissue and peritumoral regions. Platelet activation triggered the formation of VWF multimers, promoting platelet aggregation and activation, in turn enhancing tumor invasiveness. The absence of VWF in platelets, or the blocking of platelet activation, abolished platelet aggregation, and reduced tumor cell transmigration. Anticoagulation and platelet inhibition consistently reduced the number of BM in preclinical animal models.ConclusionsOur data indicate that platelet-derived VWF is involved in cerebral clot formation and in metastatic growth of melanoma in the brain. Targeting platelet activation with low-molecular-weight heparins represents a promising therapeutic approach to prevent melanoma BM.