bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les francophiles Grecs au début du XXe siècle
Authors: Manitakis Nicolas 
Published: October 2022

En abordant la question de l’intensité des rapports francohelléniques, tout au long de la période allant de la fondation de l’État hellénique et jusqu’à la guerre greco-turque de 1922, en se posant notamment la question des canaux par lesquels se sont opérés les contacts entre les deux pays, cet article focalise sur les francophiles Grecs. En effet, ceux-ci se sont avérés non seulement des solides appuis des intérêts et de la présence française en Grèce, mais également des intermédiaires facilitant les échanges entre les deux pays. Si leur présence est à signaler tout au long du xixe siècle, force est de constater qu’aux cours des deux premières décennies du xxe un important tournant s’est produit. On observe en effet au cours de cette période une mobilisation sans précèdent des milieux francophiles en Grèce, mobilisation ayant conduit, entre autres, à l’apparition des premières associations francophiles. L’article met l’accent sur le contexte national et international favorisant cette évolution. Il examine, par ailleurs, la composition sociale et professionnelle de ces groupements. Il s’avère ainsi que le lien le plus solide avec la France s’est souvent produit au moyen d’un séjour d’études ou d’une formation professionnelle acquise sur le territoire français et par opposition aux activités des diplômés et stagiaires Grecs formés en Allemagne, qui favorisaient la circulation en Grèce d’un savoir-faire concurrent allemand. L’opposition qui n’a pas tardé à se manifester entre francophiles et germanophiles Grecs a eu comme conséquence un renforcement de l’identité même de francophile, alors même que ce type d’opposition traversait, dans les années 1910, un grand nombre de pays européens et même de pays d’autres continents (Amérique Latine).
Anticancer Activity of tin Oxide and Cerium-Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesized from Ipomoea Carnea Flower Extract
Authors: Prasanth Manivannan , Muruganandam Gurusamy , Ravichandran Krishnasamy , Dayana Jeyaleela Gnanasekar , Shanthaseelan Krishnasamy , Priyadharshini Baskaran Pradhiba 
Published: October 2022

Background:
The aim of the study is to investigate the anticancer potential of tin oxide (SnO2) and different concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) of cerium-doped tin oxide nanoparticles (Ce-SnO2 NPs) using Ipomoea
carnea flower extract. The synthesized SnO2 and different concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) of Ce-SnO2 NPs was tested using a colorimetric-based 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay against MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line cells.

Methods:
Collection and preparation of plant extract is preliminarily carried out followed by the synthesis of Undoped and Cerium doped Tin oxide nanoparticles is achieved by standard protocol along with that its anticancer activity also studied in this research.

Results:
The anticancer activity increased in direct proportion to the cerium-dopant concentration. Experimental results demonstrated that 8% Ce-SnO2 NPs exhibited a potential anticancer effect compared with SnO2 and other concentrations of Ce-SnO2 NPs.

Conclusion:
According to the current findings, large-scale manufacturing of Ce-SnO2 NPs might be recommended to have effective anticancer agents against breast cancer cell lines.
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Nigella sativa Seed Extract and its Efficacy Against Some Multidrug-Resistant Uropathogens
Authors: Ezeh Christian Kelechi , Eze Chibuzor Nwadibe , Dibua Marie Esther Uju , Emencheta Stephen Chijioke , Ezeh Cornelius Chukwuemeka 
Published: October 2022

Background:
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most chronic infections in humans, as well as the most common cause of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogen emergence, necessitating the quest for stringent antibiotic treatment. In the imperative search for effective drugs to combat MDR, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are given priority. The objective of this study was to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the antimicrobial activity of AgNPs synthesized using Nigella
sativa on MDR uropathogens.

Methods:
Urine samples of suspected UTI patients were collected using sterile sample bottles and cultured on different agar media to isolate and identify uropathogens using conventional method. All isolates were screened for multidrug resistance by disk diffusion method following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guideline with slight modification. N. sativa seed extract was used to synthesize AgNPs from aqueous solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3). AgNPs formed were characterized using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM), dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD). Antibacterial activities of synthesized AgNPs were assessed (in vitro) by disc diffusion method against MDR isolates, and cytotoxicity was evaluated using brine shrimp lethality assay. The formed AgNPs were characterized using UV-Vis, and antibacterial activity of synthesized AgNPs was assessed (in vitro) by impregnated disc diffusion method against MDR isolates.

Results:

Escherichia
coli, Klebsiella sp., and Staphylococcus aureus were isolated. Multiple antibiotic-resistant indexes of the isolates ranged between 0.4 and 0.75 against the different standard antibiotics tested. The color change from pale yellow to dark brown was indicative of AgNP formation. UV-Vis spectrum of solution containing AgNPs exhibited peak wavelengths of 378 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analysis showed that terpenoids, flavonoid, and phenols played an important role in the biosynthesis. Irregular shapes within nanoscale range were detected using SEM. XRD showed that the particles were crystalline in structure with an average size of 32 nm. The mean diameter zone of inhibition (in mm) for the different isolates at the dose of 100 μg/mL concentration showed maximum for E. coli (18 mm) followed by both Klebsiella sp. and S.
aureus at 17 mm.

Conclusion:
The study underscores the efficacy of the plant-mediated nanoparticles as well as their potential for use as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents for the management of MDR uropathogens.
Pretargeting Articulation for Improving the Deliverance of Injected Dose to the Tumor
Authors: Garg Pankaj 
Published: October 2022

Background:
Radiobioconjugate targeting using monoclonal antibodies linked to a high-energy radionuclide is a promising approach for treating metastatic cancer. The central problem of radiobioconjugate targeting is the small fraction of radiobioconjugate localized in the tumor. Pretargeting based on avidin–biotin approach has been recommended to maximize tumor targeting. The current study was conceded with an aim to assess a selective targeting strategy for the site-specific deliverance of an injected radioactive dose to the tumor cells.

Methods:
Two labeling protocols were tested and evaluated, both for the direct and indirect radiolabeling of antibodies with radionuclide technetium. A comparative evaluation of biodistribution studies relating to the deposition of injected dose in different organs was carried out in tumor-bearing nude mice both for a direct single-step and indirect multistep pretargeting approach.

Results:
High concentration of the injected dose was accounted in the nontarget organs and blood for a direct targeting mode, as compared to indirect multistep pretargeting with high tumor uptake. Better tumor visibility and high tumor/nontumor ratio were observed at 24 h and 48 h. However, a considerable deposition of radioactivity in the organs such as liver, spleen, kidney, and lungs as a nonspecific, reticuloendothelial system uptake was observed as a cause of concern and the use of certain blocking agents were explored, effective for reducing the same.

Conclusions:
The study demonstrates a successful targeting efficiency of the radiolabeled bioconjugate for technetium (Tc-99m), through a multistep pretargeting approach, and the same can be applied for other related therapy radionuclides also.
Characterization of Small Colony Variants of Klebsiella pneumoniae
Authors: Hassan Dania , Magaogao Michael , Hossain Ashfaque 
Published: October 2022

Background:
Small colony variants (SCVs) of bacterial pathogens are smaller, slow-growing variants which often pose a challenge to the clinical microbiologist in their identification and characterization. SCVs are receiving much attention in recent years due to their association with several types of chronic infections. In this study, we aimed to develop a suitable culture media for high frequency generation and stable maintenance of SCV of Klebsiella
pneumoniae. We also intended to compare different phenotypic characteristics such as growth, antibiotic resistance pattern, and biofilm-forming potential of SCVs with the original parental strain.

Methods:
We used Mueller–Hinton agar containing the extract of clove (Syzygium
aromaticum) for the generation of SCV. Antibiotic sensitivity was determined using disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration determinations using microdilution method. Biofilm formation was assessed using crystal violet dye binding assay.

Results:
Mueller–Hinton agar (MHA) containing clove (Syzygium
aromaticum) extract (10% volume/volume; MHA-C10) supported generation of SCV from K.
pneumoniae at high frequency. SCVs were smaller in colony size and grew slowly in comparison to the wild-type original strain. In addition, SCVs exhibited increased resistance to aminoglycoside group of antibiotics (gentamicin and kanamycin). Crystal violet dye binding spectrophotometric method showed increased biofilm formation potential by SCVs in comparison to their parental counterparts.

Conclusions:
The findings of this study show that MHA-C10 can be used as a bacterial culture media for the formation of SCV by K.
pneumoniae. SCVs, thus, generated on MHS-C10 exhibited typical characteristics of SCVs.
A Novel Experimental Static Deflection Equation for Specific Cantilever beam Made of Ionic Polymer–Metal Composite
Authors: Nasrollah Amin , Farnia Poopak , Hamidgorgani Saba , Ghanavi Jalaledin 
Published: October 2022

Background:
Nowadays, ionic polymer–metal composites are widely used in various industries. They are in the group of electroactive polymers and smart materials with electromechanical properties. By applying a small amount of voltage, the nonlinear stress inside them will happen and their deformation can be seen. The energy transformation from electrical to mechanical is observable during the process of giving voltage to a specimen. The aim of this study is to investigate a novel experimental static deflection equation for specific cantilever beam made of ionic polymer–metal composite.

Methods:
In this paper, an ionic-polymer-metal composite is provided; the main core is based on an electroactive Fluoropolymer named Nafion, and the coated electrodes are made of Platinum. The length of the specimen is 27.131 mm and its width is 5.728mm. Voltage from 1.5 to 4.3V was applied to the specimen used in this study; the y-directional displacement of the IPMC at each step is measured and recorded; then, a finite element analysis was performed. Curve fitting of the data for the experimental analysis was also done. Moreover, the governing relations of IPMC according to the Nernst–Planck equation were investigated in this study.

Results:
The results have been validated in two forms of finite element method and experimental analysis. The results of finite element analysis showed that the ion flux in the polymer is calculated by the equation: [INSIDE:1]. In other words, this equation, which is called Nernst–Planck, is the basic equation of this type of material. This equation is the main governing equation to describe the transfer phenomena of IPMC materials. Furthermore, in order to calculate the deflection of IPMC membrane, 19 equations designed in this study were used. In the next step, the results of the experimental analysis showed that, based on the field emission scanning electron microscope images, the Nafion surface is completely sandblasted and its area is completely uniform. The right image taken by Dino-Lite shows the thesis effect on the electrode. Furthermore, the results showed that IPMC has high-quality coated electrodes.

Conclusions:
It is shown that a nonlinear equation governs the behavior of IPMCs' deflection versus voltage.
The Association of Serum Creatine Phosphokinase Levels with Severity of Lung Involvement and Hypoxia in Patients with COVID-19
Authors: Kiani Arda , Rahimi Fatemehsadat , Afaghi Siamak , Mehrparvar Marjan , Tavana Sasan , Varharam Mohammad , Abedini Atefeh 
Published: October 2022

Background:
An increase in the serum levels of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) could be associated with an unfavorable clinical outcome in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients; however, detailed information on this association is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate upon admission CPK serum level and its relationship with the degree of involvement in chest computed tomography (CT) scans and hypoxia in patients with COVID-19.

Methods:
This cross-sectional survey was conducted on 191 COVID-19 patients who were referred to a major respiratory referral center in Tehran, Iran, in 2019. CPK serum level, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, temperature, and severity of lung involvement (based on lung CT scan) were measured. The severity of lung involvement in cuts of CT imaging was reported with a score between 1 and 4. The descriptive and relational statistics were conducted using Pearson's correlation coefficient and one-way analysis of variance.

Results:
The average age of the patients was 55.22 ± 15.39 years, and the male was predominant in gender (65.4%). There was a statistically significant relationship between CPK serum level and the severity of lung involvement in patients with COVID-19 (P = 0.04). Furthermore, a significant and reverse correlation was observed between CPK serum level and oxygen saturation in the patients (r = –0.160, P = 0.04).

Conclusion:
The results of this study showed that COVID-19 patients with elevated CPK levels upon admission are prone to more severe lung involvement, worsening oxygenation, and respiratory failure. Hence, considering the initial critical care strategies for such patients could be of the essence.
Endoscopic Changes in the Gastrointestinal Tract in Children with Helicobacteriosis
Authors: Turdieva Shokhida Tolkunovna 
Published: October 2022

Background:
All over the world, chronic gastroduodenal pathology (CGDP) occurs in children from 3.2% to 52% and takes 2nd place after diseases of the respiratory system. The main pathogen is Helicobacter pylori (HP), and the problem of studying endoscopic changes in the stomach and duodenum in n these children remains relevant. This study investigated changes observed by esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) examination of the mucous layer of the upper digestive tract in children CGDP and its features in HP infection.

Methods:
A total of 128 children aged 6 to 15 years exhibited CGDP. All patients underwent EGD, with a description of the visible mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum. Research on HP infection was carried out by two methods: a breath test and an immunochromatographic faecal test.

Results:
It was noted that the rate of Helicobacter pylori infection was higher in patients with ulcerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract than in patients with inflammatory processes (on average 1: 0.6). A high prevalence of gastroesophageal and duodenogastric reflux was revealed in patients with HP infection. In children with HP infection, atrophic lesions of the antrum and body of the stomach, bulbar and distal duodenum prevailed.

Conclusions:
Gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers developed 94% more often in children with HP infection than in HP-uninfected patients (P<0.005), and atrophic changes in the mucous layer of the stomach and intestines were 4 times more common against the background of the more common gastroduodenal (by 77.6%) and duodenogastric (by 67.4%) reflux.
Evaluation of visual field changes with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in primary congenital glaucoma
Authors: Naik Anand , Sihota Ramanjit , Mahalingam Karthikeyan , Angmo Dewang , Dada Tanuj , Kumar Ajay , Kumar Ashok , Gupta Amisha 
Published: October 2022

Purpose:
To evaluate visual field changes in primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) with retinal nerve fiber layer thickness on optical coherence tomography.

Methods:
In this cross-sectional, observational study, consecutive PCG children who underwent combined trabeculotomy with trabeculectomy and on regular follow-up were enrolled. All patients were aged over four years and co-operative for RNFL OCT and visual field examination. Perimetry was done on Humphrey visual field (HVF) analyzer using 30-2 and 10-2 SITA standard algorithms as appropriate. If a reliable automated perimetry was not feasible, kinetic perimetry was done. The following were noted at baseline and every follow-up: age, sex, visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), cup–disc ratio (CDR), corneal diameters, refraction, any topical antiglaucoma medications, surgeries underwent, age at surgery and duration between surgery and final examination.

Results:
Forty-eight eyes of 34 children operated for PCG and 19 eyes of 17 controls were analyzed. A statistically significant thinner average RNFL thickness of 87.2 ± 28 μm was noted in PCG eyes as compared to controls with 100.6 ± 7.2 μm (P = 0.04). The mean cup–disc area ratio on OCT in PCG eyes was 0.43 ± 0.2 (0.02–0.93) and in control eyes was 0.23 ± 0.07 (0.1–0.4) (P < 0.001). On RNFL OCT, there was significant focal RNFL loss in temporal superior (P = 0.003), nasal inferior (P = 0.037) and temporal inferior (P < 0.001) quadrants compared to controls. Among PCG eyes, 20/48 eyes (41.7%), had definitive, reproducible glaucomatous VF defects. Mean baseline IOP in PCG eyes with VF defect was 28.7 ± 5.7 mmHg and in eyes with normal VF was 24.6 ± 5.9 mmHg (P = 0.03). On univariate regression analysis, higher baseline IOP was significantly associated with both RNFL loss (odds ratio (OR): −2.17) and VF defects (OR: 3.35). Fluctuation in follow-up IOP (OR: 3.33) was also significantly associated with the presence of VF defects. On multivariable regression analysis maximum, IOP was significantly associated with RNFL loss and VF defects.

Conclusion:
Peripapillary RNFL thickness could be used to identify PCG eyes having visual field loss and possibly poor visual function from PCG eyes without visual field defects. Baseline and follow-up IOP, significantly correlated with RNFL thickness in PCG eyes.
The economic and social costs of visual impairment and blindness in India
Authors: Wong Brad , Singh Kuldeep , Khanna Rohit K , Ravilla Thulasiraj , Shalinder Sabherwal , Sil Asim , Dole Kuldeep , Jain Elesh , Chase Heidi 
Published: October 2022

Purpose:
To provide a current estimate of the economic and social costs (or welfare costs) of visual impairment and blindness in India.

Methods:
Using evidence from the recently conducted Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey across India, the Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health and other sources, we developed an economic model that estimates the costs of reduced employment, elevated mortality risk, education loss for children, productivity loss in employment, welfare loss for the unemployed, and caregiver costs associated with moderate and severe visual impairment (MSVI) and blindness. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were also conducted by varying key parameters simultaneously.

Results:
The costs of MSVI and blindness in India in 2019 are estimated at INR 1,158 billion (range: INR 947–1,427 billion) or $54.4 billion at purchasing power parity exchange rates (range: $44.5–67.0 billion), accounting for all six cost streams. The largest cost was for the loss of employment, whereas the the second largest cost was for caregiver time. A more conservative estimate focusing only on employment loss and elevated mortality risk yielded a cost of INR 504 billion (range: INR 348–621 billion) or $23.7 billion (range: $16.3–29.2 billion).

Conclusion:
Poor eye health imposes a non-trivial recurring cost to the Indian economy equivalent to 0.47% to 0.70% of GDP in the primary scenario, a substantial constraint on the country’s growth aspirations. Furthermore, the absolute costs of poor eye health will increase over time as India ages and becomes wealthier unless further progress is made in reducing the prevalence of MSVI and blindness.
Gore-tex a magic sheet for symblepharon prevention!
Authors: Venugopal Anitha , Ravindran Meenakshi 
Published: October 2022

Background:
Symblepharon occurs as chronic sequelae of severe chemical injuries. The risk of recurrence is high due to unpredictable wound healing of conjunctiva and tenons following excision in young patients. Gore-tex aids in prevention of the recurrence of pterygium 1.

Purpose:
To present a surgical video on role of Gore-tex in grade 4 Symblepharon lysis.

Synopsis:
A 28-year-old male with a previous history of Grade 4 chemical injury presented with symblepharon and total obliteration of both upper and lower fornices after one year in the right eye. He underwent symblepharon lysis, Living related conjunctival allograft, Amniotic membrane graft and Gore-tex. The video explains the surgical steps in detail. A 360-degree complete peritomy was done, Symblepharon was released from the corneal surface, and the fibrotic tissue was extensively dissected away from the corneal surface and released into the fornix. Further, cryopreserved AMG was placed over the entire raw ocular surface and sutured to the episclera with glue. Prepared Gore-tex was placed on the superior and inferior fornix and sutured with 10-0 nylon suture. Again, AMG was placed over the Gore-tex in the fornices and covered with glue. A small 2x2mm biopsy of limbal stem cells from the superior limbus was already excised from the fellow eye (CLAG) and then Lr-CLAL was prepared from the patient’s mother. These two grafts were placed on the nasal and temporal bulbar surface over the AMG and sutured to the underlying AMG and the episclera with glue. The entire surface was then covered with the AMG to promote epithelisation. At one month postoperative period, patient had stable ocular surface with intact Limbal conjunctival graft with mild conjunctival recurrence of fibrosis superiorly.

Highlights:
The video clearly explains the surgical steps of Symblepharon and the benefits of using Gore-tex.

Online Video Link:

https://youtu.be/aFfq2x9QBwA

Key words: Gore-Tex, Symblepharon recurrence, Prevention of growth