bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tree Size and Performance of Young Apple Trees of Nine Cultivars on Several Growth-controlling Rootstocks
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Lombard P. B. , Robbins Scott , Bjornstad H. O. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tree size and performance were summarized for five-year-old apple trees, with a range of vigor, in several cultivars on several size-controlling rootstocks. Trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) of trees on EMLA 9 was 86% greater than those on M 9, while trees on EMLA 27 had a 48% smaller TCSA than M 9. The percentage of flowering was greatest on trees on M 9 compared to EMLA 9 and 27; greatest on Clark (C) 54 compared to C 6 and C 43; and least on seedling compared to MM 111, MM 106, and M 7. Trees on EMLA 9 and M 9 had high-yield efficiency (cumulative yield/TCSA), whereas those on EMLA 27 were less yield-efficient. Trees on seedling stock were less efficient than those on MM 111, MM 106, and M 7. Smallest trees based on TCSA were noted for both ‘Oregon Spur Delicious’/EMLA 27 and ‘Starkrimson’/C 54, whereas the largest trees were ‘Starking Delicious’/Merton 793.
Ozone-induced Injury on Field-grown Watermelons
Authors: Decoteau D. R. , Simon J. E. , Eason G. , Reinert R. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Foliage of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] is susceptible to injury induced by ambient concentrations of ozone. Injury symptoms consisted of a premature chlorotic mottle of leaf tissue, followed by stippling and bleaching of the foliage, and necrosis. Older, more mature leaves were more affected than younger leaves. There was a differential cultivar response to ozone, which identified potential insensitive genotypes.
Response of Eastern Black Walnut and Northern California Black Walnut Seedlings to Waterlogging
Authors: Catlin P. B. , Olsson E. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We compared the responses to root-zone waterlogging of seedlings of Juglans nigra L. and Juglans hindsii (Jeps.) Rehder. On the average, the two species did not differ in sensitivity to waterlogging, but substantial variation in sensitivity between individual plants within phenotypes was observed. Both species are highly sensitive to root-zone waterlogging.
Postemergence Control of Goosegrass and Large Crabgrass in Container-grown Ornamentals
Authors: Gilliam Charles H. , Wehtje Glenn , Fare Donna C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Postemergence and preemergence control of goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.] and large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] were evaluated with clopropoxydim, fenoxaprop-ethyl, xylofop-ethyl, and poppenate-methyl. None of these herbicides was injurious to Rhododendron obtusum ‘Coral Bells’, Ilex crenata ‘Compacta’, Euonymus alatus ‘Compacta’, Juniperus horizontalis ‘Plumosa’, or Thuja occidentalis ‘Pyramidal’ and, depending on rate, provided acceptable grass control. Only xylofop-ethyl at 0.12 kg ha−1 and poppenate-methyl at 1.12 kg·ha−1 consistently provided at least 90% control. Poppenate-methyl also provided preemergence activity for one to six weeks. Chemical names used: (E,E)-2-[l-[[(3-chloro-2-propeny)oxy]imino]butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-eyclohexen-l-one (clopropoxydim); (±)-ethyl 2-[4-[(6-ehloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoate (fenoxapropethyl); 2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]-phenoxy]propionic acid (xylofop-ethyl); and methyl-3-hydroxy-4[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]-pentanoate (poppenate-methyl).
The Effect of Chlormequat Chloride, Ancymidol, BAS 106, and SD8339 on Selected Dianthus Cultivars
Authors: Messinger Nancy L. , Holcomb E. Jay 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted during the summer and fall to evaluate the effects of various concentrations of chlormequat chloride, ancymidol, BAS 106, and SD8339 on the height and plant quality of potted Dianthus cultivars ‘Snowfire’, ‘Indian Carpet’, and ‘Persian Carpet’. The effects of the growth retardants on the height and number of vegetative shoots were extremely diverse. The greatest height reduction was from BAS 106 applied at 3.6 mg a.i. per plant. As a result of this treatment, ‘Snowfire’ height was reduced by 70.0%, ‘Persian Carpet’ by 42.7%, and ‘Indian Carpet’ by 67.3%; however, both BAS 106 and SD8339, applied at concentrations that significantly reduced plant height, resulted in severe foliar damage. Chlormequat chloride and ancymidol reduced the height of ‘Snowfire’ at all treatment levels. ‘Snowfire’ height was reduced by 16.4% with 3000 ppm of chlormequat chloride and 47.5% with 144 ppm of ancymidol. Initial phytotoxic damage on ‘Snowfire’ from chlormequat chloride and ancymidol was not evident at the time of harvest. Chlormequat chloride and ancymidol applied to ‘Persian Carpet’ and ‘Indian Carpet’ in amounts to reduce plant height significantly resulted in severe foliage damage. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat chloride); α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4,5,9,10 pentaaza-tetracyclo-5,4,102,6,08,11-dodeca-3-9-diene (BAS 106); and N-(phenylmethyl)-9-(tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)-9H-purin-6-amine (SD8339).
Postemergence Control of Weeds in Azaleas with Sethoxydim and Fluazifop
Authors: Frank J. Ray , Beste C. Edward 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A single postemergence application of sethoxydim at 0.5 or 1.0 kg a.i./ha or fluazifop at 1.0 kg a.i./ha controlled established seedlings of slender foxtail (Alo-pecurus myosuroides Huds.) and large crabgrass [Digitada sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] in field-grown Rhododendron obtusum (Lindl.) Planch ‘Delaware Valley White’, ‘Hinocrimson’, and ‘Hershey Red’ azaleas. No significant phytotoxicity symptoms were observed on ‘Delaware Valley White’ or ‘Hershey Red’ azaleas, but ‘Hinocrimson’ azaleas treated with fluazifop at 0.50 or 1.0 kg a.i./ha were significantly injured for up to 82 days. The growth of ‘Hinocrimson’ azaleas also was reduced significantly when observed 82 days after treatment with fluazifop at 0.25, 0.50, or 1.0 kg a.i./ha or sethoxydim at 1.0 kg a.i./ha. ‘Hinocrimson’ azaleas treated with a single application of fluazifop at 1.0 kg a.i./ha were significantly smaller 15 months after treatment. Chemical names used: 2-[l-(ethoxyimino)butyl]-5-[2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclo-hexen-l-one (sethoxydim) and (±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl] oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop).
Postharvest Fruit Conditioning Reduces Chilling Injury in Watermelons
Authors: Picha David H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Symptoms of external chilling injury, primarily brown-staining of the rind, of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] were reduced by conditioning fruit at 26°C for 4 days before storage at 0° or 7°. No loss of marketable fruit occurred in nonconditioned melons stored at 0° for 4 days, or in conditioned melons stored at 0° for 12 days. Further lengths of 0° storage resulted in chilling injury and increased loss of marketable fruit. The amount of brown-staining intensified during 4- and 8-day holding periods at 21° after removal from storage at 0° for 8 days or longer, but was always less in conditioned fruit. Less chilling injury occurred in fruit stored at 7° than at 0°. No loss of marketable fruit occurred in conditioned melons stored for 8 days at 7° followed by holding at 21° for up to 8 days. A slight fruit loss occurred in nonconditioned melons subjected to the same treatment. ‘Charleston Gray’ was slightly more susceptible to chilling injury than ‘Crimson Sweet’ or ‘Jubilee’, among nonconditioned fruit.
The Influence of Cultivar, Price, and Longevity on Consumer Preferences for Potted Chrysanthemums
Authors: Shafer Barbara S. , Kelly John W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A market survey using conjoint methodology was conducted to establish the relative contributions of cultivar, price, and longevity of potted chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum × morifolium L. Ramat) in consumer purchasing decisions. Cultivar characteristics were the most influential in determining whether a consumer would buy a potted mum. While price and longevity possessed similar value for the consumer, the survey results indicated that a consumer's interest in longevity would take precedence over the desire to purchase a mum for a given price. A difference in response to potted mum attributes was observed between males and females. While females perceived price to be relatively similar in value to the cultivar characteristics during a purchase decision, males exhibited less price sensitivity and regarded cultivar attributes as possessing the greatest importance to the decision.
The Effect of Tetcyclasis on Sweet Corn Growth and Water Use
Authors: Vavrina Charles S. , Hook James E. , Phatak Sharad C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The plant growth regulator tetcyclasis applied as a seed treatment [75% wettable powder (WP)] had growth-retarding effects on sweet corn (Zea mays L. ‘Silver Queen’), and modified water use. Tetcyclasis at rates of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 g a.i./kg of seed significantly retarded top growth, while having no effect on root length for 28 days after planting. Water use on a per gram of plant tissue basis tended to be lower under cool-season conditions and equal under warm-season conditions among tetcyclasis seed treatments as compared to nontreated controls. Chemical names used: 5- (4-chlorophenyl)-3,4,5,9,10-pentaaza-tetracyclo(5,4,l,02,6,08,11) dodeca-3,9-diene (tetcyclasis).
Effect of Paclobutrazol on Accumulation of Carbohydrates in Apple Wood
Authors: Wang S. Y. , Steffens G. L. , Faust M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Spartan’ grafted on MM 106 rootstock) planted in 1976 in an orchard at Beltsville, Md., were treated with paclobutrazol a gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitor, in Spring 1982 and again in 1983. In 1982, paclobutrazol [50 wettable powder (WP)] was applied as a foliage spray on 4, 14, and 25 May 1982, at 333 mgliter−1. On 27 Apr. 1983, trunks of these trees were painted with 75 g·liter−1 of paclobutrazol. Paclobutrazol did not inhibit shoot growth in 1983 but it retarded the shoot growth significantly during 1984. The carbohydrate content of paclobutrazol-treated wood was generally higher at all sampling dates from the winter dormant period through growth resumption in the spring. Negative correlation coefficients were found between starch and soluble carbohydrates in the wood during the winter sampling dates, whereas positive correlation coefficients were evident during the spring growth resumption period. The increase in carbohydrates induced by the treatment was similar in both years, when growth was not inhibited (1983) or inhibited (1984), indicated that paclobutrazol has an effect on carbohydrate metabolism as well as growth. Chemical name used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1 -ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Selection Criteria for Breeding Sweet Potatoes for Industrial Uses
Authors: Hamilton M. G. , Jones A. , Dukes P. D. , Schalk J. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Correlation studies indicate visual and Hunter Lab Color and Color Difference Meter aL ratings are of comparable value for classifying flesh color of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] roots. Dry matter content was correlated with flesh color, specific gravity, and dry matter yield and with sugar, starch, and sugar + starch (fermentables) contents. Dry matter yield, starch yield, and other responses of seedlings with light and with dark orange flesh color were as expected from correlation studies. Light flesh color and high specific gravity, in combination with high field yield, appear to be useful selection traits for expediting development of cultivars for industrial uses.
Relative Resistance of Red Raspberry and Related Genotypes to the Root Lesion Nematode
Authors: Vrain T. C. , Daubeny Hugh A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Twenty-one genotypes of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) and related Rubus species were screened for reaction to the root lesion nematode [Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Fillip and Skek.] in greenhouse pot trials; 6 of the genotypes were also screened in a microplot trial in the field. There were significant differences in numbers of nematodes recovered among the genotypes in the greenhouse trials but not in the microplot trial. Among the most resistant genotypes were a seedling of the North American red raspberry (Rubus idaeus strigosus Michx.) and a seedling of an eastern Asiatic species (R. crataegifolius Bge). ‘Nootka’ was the most resistant of the cultivars screened and ‘Glen Clova’ and ‘Chilcotin’ were the most susceptible. There were no significant effects from nematode inoculations on the observed growth parameters of the genotypes in any of the trials.
Sterility Disorder of ‘Darrow’ Blackberry
Authors: Converse R. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A sterility disorder (DSD) of ‘Darrow’ blackberry, a common problem in this cultivar in the eastern United States, causes partial to almost complete sterility without visible damage to other floral or vegetative parts. DSD withstands prolonged heat treatment in the plant, even when followed by shoot apex culture. DSD was not graft-transmissible by petiole insert leaflet grafting from known sterile ‘Darrow’ plants to healthy ‘Darrow’ or healthy ‘Marion’ blackberry plants. DSD is stable in symptom expression in varying environments and remains during various types of vegetative propagation. Therefore, the cause of DSD seems likely to be of genetic origin. A new disease agent, Alpine mosaic agent, was found in this study that is symptomless in ‘Darrow’ blackberry but causes mosaic symptoms in leaflets of Alpine strawberry leaflet-grafted from certain ‘Darrow’ clones, both sterile and fruitful. Its identity and economic importance are unknown.
Transplanting Matured Chinese Cabbage Plants for Seed Production
Authors: McCaffery M. W. , Keyes K. A. , Honma S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Since Chinese cabbage, Brassica campestris L. (Pekinensis group), is normally grown as a fall crop in the northern United States, it is impossible to obtain seeds from these plants. The transplanting of selected matured plants from the field to the greenhouse for seed production has not been successful, because a high percentage of the plants succumb to bacterial soft rot, Erwinia carotovora (Jones).
‘Sweet Sandwich’ Onion
Authors: Peterson C. E. , Simon P. W. , Ellerbrock L. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Hybrid onion, ‘Sweet Sandwich’, pedigree (MSU 5718 X MSU 8155) X MSU 826, released in Apr. 1982 by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture with Michigan State and Cornell Univ. Agricultural Experiment Stations, is adapted to areas of New York and the upper Midwest where ‘Spartan Banner’ and other late-maturing storage cultivars are grown. In nine years of trials on organic soil at Palmyra, ‘Sweet Sandwich’ produced consistently high yields, equal to ‘Spartan Banner’, ‘Spartan Banner 80’, ‘Surecrop’, and ‘Sentinel’, widely grown hybrids in northern muckland areas (Table 1). In 1984, ‘Sweet Sandwich’ outyielded ‘Sentinel’, the most widely grown cultivar in New York, in four of seven locations and produced an equal yield in the other three locations. At relatively low plant density during two years of spacing trials in New York, ‘Sweet Sandwich’ produced the large size preferred for mild onions without later maturity and increased storage decay.
‘Tam Mild Chile-2’ Chile Pepper
Authors: Villalon Benigno , Dainello Frank J. , Lipe William N. , Taylor Richard M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The major diseases responsible for the decline of profitable pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) production in Texas and other areas throughout the United States and the world have been the potato Y-type viruses (1). ‘TAM Mild Chile-2’ (TMC-2) is the first mildly pungent long green/red chile with multiple virus resistance (MVR) to tobacco etch virus (TEV), potato virus Y (PVY), pepper mottle virus (PeMV), and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) developed by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station (TAES). It is recommended as a multi-purpose chile for fresh market, for processing in the green stage, or dehydration into red chile powder. The fruit exhibit a very low pungency and a high concentration of extractable red color.
MI-221 and MI-600 Pepper Breeding Populations
Authors: Honma Shigemi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
MI-221 and MI-600 are pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) germplasm released from the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station. MI-221 will be useful to breeders in a longterm improvement of the pepper for mechanical harvest, where a high percentage of mature fruits is necessary for once-over harvest. MI-600 will be useful as a source for improved red fruit color.
Propagation Through Tissue Cultures
Authors: Murashige Toshio 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One major hotrticulture application of tissue cultures appears to be in the area of clonal propagation. Commercial feasibility has been demonstrated with diverse orchids, and the current interest is to extend the utilization to other crops. This issue's cover1 illustrates a successful extension of the tissue culture procesdure to the propagation of gerbera daisy. The upper photograph shows highly varied plants obtained from seedling, and the lower one shows uniform plants that were obtained asexually through tissue cultures (see p.175-180).
Haploidy in Peach1
Authors: Toyama T. K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Twenty-four haploids of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were obtained by visual selection in seedling populations growing in the greenhouse. Frequencies varied markedly between some progenies. Meiosis in pollen-mother cells was extremely irregular. Ten haploids diploidized by colchicine treatment were fertile and resembled natural diploids.
Antitranspirants to Size Peaches and Replace Preharvest Irrigation1
Authors: Davenport D. C. , Uriu K. , Hagan R. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A firm-forming antitranspirant sprayed on trees of ‘Halford’ and ‘Vivian’ cling peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] 1-2 weeks before harvest, increased fruit growth and substituted for a preharvest irrigation. Such replacement of the final irrigation can enable timely entry of harvest equipment to the orchard, unhampered by a wet soil surface, without a reduction in fruit growth.
Chemical Inhibition of Sprouting of Pruned Lemon Trees1
Authors: Phillips R. L. , Tucker D. P. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Trees of ‘Bearss’ lemon [Gtrus limon (L.) Burm. f] in Florida produce numerous undesirable sprouts on scaffold limbs following severe pruning. Considerable time and expense is involved in removing these by hand. Several formulations containing naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) singly and in combination with ethyl hydrogen 1-propylphosphonate (EHPP) were applied to determine if these sprouts could be satisfactorily controlled with chemicals. NAA by itself was effective and caused no abnormalities in new growth. The addition of EHPP increased sprout inhibition in some cases, but some leaf loss and distortion occurred.
Preharvest Application of Ethephon and SADH on Ripening and Quality of Lowbush Blueberry Fruit1
Authors: Ismail Amr A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Preharvest treatments with succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) had no effect on the rate of ripening of fruit of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium an-gustifolium Alt.). Ripening (color change) was accelerated in berries receiving 2.24 and 4.48 kg/ha (2 chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon). Ethephon at these rates accelerated fruit abscission 14 days after treatment The weight, size, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity and keeping quality of berries were not affected by ethephon or SADH treatments.
Predicting Harvest Date of the ‘Concord’ Grape Crop in Southwest Michigan1
Authors: Van Den Brink Ceel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Modified heat-unit methods, at base temperature 50°F (10°C), were developed that quite accurately forecast the Optimum maturity date for commercial crop harvest of the ‘Concord’ grape (Vitis labrusca L.) in southwest Michigan. Optimum maturity was reached 85 days (SD=4.33) after the date when 1000 units were accumulated for the season and 63 days (SD=4.18) after the date when 1500 units were accumulated. Counting of seasonal accumulation of heat units started April 1. These methods were found to be more accurate than counting days from full bloom to harvest It appears that maturation is determined to a large degree by temperatures during the first 100 days of the season.
The Effect of Relative Humidity on the Quality of Stored Cabbage1
Authors: Pendergrass Ann , Isenberg F. M. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.) was stored for 6 months at 1°C in 100, 85 and 75% relative humidities under 2 atmospheric regimes: normal air and 5% CO2 –2.5% O2 with the balance N2 (controlled atmosphere, CA). Disease, direct weight and color losses were less at 100% relative humidity than at either 85% or 75% relative humidity. CA treatments showed less disease and had better green color than corresponding air treatments for all humidities. Based on high humidity air storage as the control treatment, the ‘Harris Resistant Danish #277 (HRD) showed a greater response to high humidity CA storage in terms of color retention than ‘Green Winter’ (GW). However, GW was the better adapted of the 2 cultivars to all storage treatments tested in that it deteriorated less rapidly.
Screening Carrot Roots for High Soluble Solids by Specific Gravity1
Authors: Bassett M. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Carrot (Daucus carota L.) roots were separated into high and low density groups by placing them in a NaCl solution of known density. The high density roots had mean % soluble solids significantly higher than low density roots. The density of the test solution required for optimum separation of high density roots varied with the cultivar.
Seasonal Mineral Accumulation by the Sweet Potato1
Authors: Scott L. E. , Bouwkamp J. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The concentration and total content of P, K, Ca, Mg, N, Fe, Mn, and B in storage roots and in vines of sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] was followed for a 14 week period beginning 2 months after planting. The concentration of N, P, K, Mn, and Mg in the vines and N, P, and K in the roots decreased slightly during the period. Other elements showed no definite seasonal trends. Total uptake by the vines showed little change after the second sampling period
‘Olympus’ Strawberry1
Authors: Barritt Bruce H. , Schwartze C. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The ‘Olympus’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) was released in November, 1973, by Washington State University for the processing industry of the Pacific Northwest. It is comparable to the industry standards, ‘Northwest’ and ‘Hood’, in processing quality, and has consistently produced higher yields than these cultivars. Its high yield in a single harvest and easy calyx removal make it worthy of trial for mechanical harvesting. ‘Olympus’ was named for the highest peak in Olympic National Park, Washington.
‘Cherokee’ Blackberry1
Authors: Moore J. N. , Brown Elvin , Sistrunk W. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Blackberry production in the United States has been declining steadily for several years, primarily as a result of inadequate harvest labor. The recent development of a mechanical harvester (1) has generated new interest in blackberry culture. Available cultivars, however, have been only moderately suitable for machine harvest and the full development of a blackberry industry has been impeded by lack of high yielding cultivars adapted to machine harvest. ‘Cherokee’ has been released to fill this void in areas in which it is adapted.