bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide Sensitivity of Petunia: Modification by Ethylenediurea1
Authors: Cathey H. M. , Heggestad H. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
N-[2-(2-oxo-l-imidazolidinyl)ethyl]-N’-phenylurea, (EDU or ethylenediurea) reduced the sensitivity of petunia plants (Petunia hybrida Vilm.) to ozone when treated with foliar or root applications. For most plants, EDU gave protection from visible injury within 24 hours of its application as a spray or soil drench. It was much more effective than butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) as a protectant from ozone injury. The activity of EDU was unaffected by the addition of a surfactant to the spray solution or soil drench, by day length, light conditions, temperature, and physiological preconditioning of the plants. Protection from injury by ozone lasted for at least 14 days. Furthermore, a concentration of 500 ppm either as a foliar spray of 1 to 2 ml per plant or as a soil drench of 100 ml per 10-cm diameter pot protected an ozone sensitive cultivar, ‘Snow Magic,’ the moderately sensitive cultivars, ‘White’ and ‘Pink Cascade,’ and the least sensitive cultivars, ‘Comanche Improved’ and ‘Sugar Plum’. Treatment with EDU afforded no protection against sulfur dioxide exposure doses which produced acute injury.
Ethylene Generation, Temperature Responses, and Relative Biological Activities of Several Compounds with Potential for Promoting Abscission of Sour Cherry Fruit1
Authors: Olien William C. , Bukovac Martin J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five compounds were evaluated for consistent promotion of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) fruit abscission under field conditions: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); 2-chloroethyl-tris-(2-methoxyethoxy)-silane (CGA 13586); 2-chloroethyl-methylbis-(phenylmethoxy)-silane (CGA 15281); 1,1,5,5-tetra-methyl-3-dimethylaminodithiobiuret (ER 3952), and beta-hydroxyethylhydrazine (BOH). The compounds were applied to mature trees at equimolar concentrations, and rates of ethylene evolution, effects of temperature on rates of ethylene evolution, and fruit removal forces were measured. Ethephon generated ethylene at adequate rates and was a good promoter of fruit abscission, but its activity was markedly affected by temperature. CGA 15281 promoted fruit abscission with minimal effect of temperature on ethylene evolution. ER 3952 was also a good fruit loosener, although it did not release ethylene directly. CGA 13586 and BOH were not effective in promoting fruit abscission and were poor ethylene generators.
Resistance of Ivy Geraniums to the Twospotted Spider Mite1
Authors: Potter D. A. , Anderson R. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Resistance to the twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) of 18 cultivars of ivy geranium [Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L’Her ex Ait.] was evaluated under greenhouse conditions by mass screening, by measuring fecundity on isolated leaves, and by paired leaf tests for selected cultivars. ‘Sybil Holmes’, ‘Yale’, and ‘Cornell’ were among the most susceptible, whereas ‘Double Lilac White’, ‘Sunset’, and ‘Salmon Queen’ were relatively mite-free. ‘Madeline Crozy’ and ‘Cornell’ were preferred for oviposition over the resistant ‘Double Lilac White’. Mite resistance was not related to density of simple or glandular leaf trichomes, but there was an apparent relationship between mite susceptibility and severity of oedema.
Influence of Cultivar, Extraction and Storage Temperature, and Time on Quality of Muscadine Grape Juice1
Authors: Sistrunk W. A. , Morris J. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A processing study was conducted on 2 cultivars, 3 extraction temperatures, 3 storage temperatures and 3 storage times to assess differences in quality of juice of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) The 2 cultivars responded differently to all other variables in color changes. ‘Carlos’, a bronze-skinned grape was higher in acidity and lower in pH and total phenols than ‘Noble’, a black-skinned cultivar. Higher extraction temperatures leached out more acids, total phenols, and color. Color and overall quality changes were rapid at 32°C storage, making the juice unacceptable at 7 months storage. Greater changes in quality occurred when juice was extracted at 60° than at 24° or 80°.
Economics of Conversion to the Geneva Double Curtain Training System of ‘Concord’ Grapes1
Authors: Markin A. R. , White G. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A net present value analysis was conducted for the conversion from the Umbrella Kniffin training system to the Geneva Double Curtain training system for growing ‘Concord’ grapes (Vitis labruscana Bailey) in New York. The optimal cultural considerations included no overcropping and following a trunk renewal plan. For the optimal plan, conversion to the Geneva Double Curtain system was found to be a profitable investment alternative.
Cavity Spot of Carrots Caused by Feeding of Fungus Gnat Larvae1
Authors: Hafidh Fawzi T. , Kelly W. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The root defect of carrot (Daucus carota L.) called cavity spot is injury due to feeding of the fungus gnat larvae, Bradysia impatiens (Joh.). In sand cultures and in the field, carrots treated with the systemic insecticide, aldicarb (2-methyl-2(methylthio) propionaldehyde 0-(methylcarbamoyl) oxime) were free of the defect. The symptoms of cavity spot on carrot roots grown in sand culture were the same as those on field-grown roots. Eliminating Ca from the nutrient solution reduced the Ca content of roots and leaves but had no effect on the incidence of cavity spot. Plants with Ca-deficiency symptoms on the foliage produced roots that, except for size, were indistinguishable from roots of plants receiving the complete nutrient solution.
Postharvest Quality of Fresh and Canned Clingstone Peaches as Influenced by Genotypes and Maturity at Harvest1
Authors: Kader Adel A. , Heintz Christi M. , Chordas Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Large variations in flesh color, firmness, and composition were found among fresh and canned fruits of 8 clingstone peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] genotypes. Flesh color and titratable acidity of fresh fruits were highly correlated with color and sourness of canned fruits, respectively. Sweetness and peach flavor intensity were highly correlated in canned fruits. Genotypic variations in sensory sweetness and peach flavor intensity were not influenced by maturity stage, but variations in sensory sourness and firmness were dependent upon fruit maturity. For all cultivars, picking fruits more mature resulted in higher color and flavor quality of the canned product. Advanced maturity at harvest was accompanied by decreased flesh firmness, green color, and titratable acidity as well as more intense yellow or orange-yellow flesh color, higher carotenoids, ascorbic acid, soluble solids content, and SSC/TA ratio. As much as 42% of the total carotenoids and 95% of the total ascorbic acid were lost during the canning process.
Influence of Mineral Nutrition and Storage on Quality Factors of ‘Jewel’ Sweet Potatoes1
Authors: Hammett Larry K. , Miller Conrad H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Jewel’ sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] were grown for 2 seasons on an Orangeburg loamy sand soil with 3 N sources, 3 K rates, and 2 N rates. NH4NO3 and Ca(NO3)2 were equivalent in influence on root quality at harvest and storage, but NaNO3 significantly reduced root dry matter content. With an increase in N rate from 101 to 202 kgN/ha, weight loss during storage increased and carbohydrate levels, dry matter content, and root intercellular space values decreased. An increase in K applications from 70 to 280 kg/ha reduced root dry matter content.
Characterization of the Light Microclimate in Four Peach Hedgerow Canopies1
Authors: Kappel Frank , Flore J. A. , Layne R. E. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Light levels were estimated by hemispherical photography at 4 different times during the growing season, in 4 different peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] hedgerow canopies: oblique fan, canted oblique fan, modified central leader, and open center. Greatest percentage of sky levels occurred in the area from above to 25 cm below the top of the canopy. There was little difference between canopy training systems except 1 m above the ground. Hedging improved the light microclimate in the canopies, but only within the top 25 cm. Spectral distribution determined in an open-center tree did not follow the general trend of total radiation. As shading increased, not all wavelengths were absorbed equally, resulting in a decrease of the visible to infrared ratio.
Pollen Morphology of Selected Vitis Cultivars1
Authors: Ahmedullah M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and light microscopy (LM) studies were made on pollen samples of selected cultivars of Vitis labruscana Bailey and V. vinifera. Pollen differed in size, shape, and exine characteristics. The majority of cultivars had tricolporate (3-furrowed) pollen, except “abnormal” types which lacked the furrows (colpi). Based on exine and furrow characteristics, shape, and polar axis/equatorial diameter (P/E) ratios of pollen, cultivars were divided into 3 shape groups. Cultivars with pollen lacking furrows were grouped as “abnormal”. Pollen shape and P/E ratios were better parameters to aid in grape ampelography than exine patterns and furrow characteristics.
Prestorage and Poststorage Starch Levels in Chemically and Hand-defoliated ‘Delicious’ Apple Nursery Stock1
Authors: Abusrewil G. S. , Larsen Fenton E , Fritts Robert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To investigate the effects of chemical and hand-defoliation on starch levels in apple nursery stock, 1-year old commercially graded whips of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were planted in April 1977 and 1978, headed at 30 cm, and later trained to a single vigorous shoot. Plots were hand-defoliated on October 1, 15, or 30. Additional plots were treated with 1, 2, or 3 applications at 5-day intervals, starting October 5, of 1.5% Dupont WK surfactant (principle functioning agent, trimethylnonylpolyethoxyethanol) alone or plus 20 ppm (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon). All trees were dug Nov. 15 in both years. Starch levels increased as hand-defoliation was delayed and usually decreased with multiple as compared to single chemical applications. These effects were evident both prestorage and poststorage, with starch levels decreasing during storage in roots and stems but changing little in buds. The amount of shoot growth produced on the trees during the summer following storage and replanting displayed a pattern somewhat like that of the levels of starch in the trees. Delaying hand-defoliation until October 30 produced the highest starch levels (hand- or chemically treated) both years at April planting time.
Desiccation Injury and Direct Freezing Injury to Evergreen Azaleas: A Comparison of Cultivars1
Authors: Rosen Peter M. , Good George L. , Steponkus Peter L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four cultivars of kurume azalea (Rhododendron sp.), ‘Hersey Red’, ‘Snow’, ‘Coral Bells’ and ‘Hino Crimson’ reported to have different susceptibilities to winter injury in the nursery were compared for their sensitivities to direct freezing injury (both to roots and leaves) and desiccation injury under controlled conditions. Sensitivity to root freezing injury was inversely correlated with winter injury. A positive association between leaf hardiness to freezing injury and resistance to winter injury was found only in ‘Hino Crimson’. Susceptibility to winter injury was most closely associated with desiccation, as indicated by the minimum water potentials under conditions of frozen soil and high evaporative demand.
Pressure Changes in Oxygen-exchanged, Brined Cucumbers1
Authors: Corey K. A. , Pharr D. M. , Fleming H. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A method was developed for determining internal gas pressure changes of pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) during brine storage. Internal pressure decreased by 55 mm Hg during the first hour after the control fruit had been submerged in brine and then gradually increased over the next 2 hours to about the level of atmospheric pressure that had existed immediately after brining. With cucumbers that were gas-exchanged before brining, the pressure decreased by a maximum of 145 mm Hg when O2 was the exchange gas, and increased slightly when N2 was the exchange gas. Pressure changes in O2-exchanged cucumbers corresponded with changes in the level of brine that surrounded the fruit, suggesting that liquid entered the fruit as a consequence of the partial vacuum. O2-exchanged, brined cucumbers acquired a translucent, cured appearance, due apparently to filling of the intercellular gas spaces with liquid. Mechanically induced vacuum failed to induce the cured appearance. Respiratory conversion of O2 to CO2 in control and in O2-exchanged fruit, with greater dissolution of the CO2 than the O2 which it replaced, is thought to account for the partial vacuum that develops in brined cucumbers.
Influence of Calcium Concentration on Peach Seedling Growth and Nutrient Uptake at Low pH1
Authors: Edwards J. H. , Horton B. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of ‘Lovell’ and ‘Elberta’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were grown in the greenhouse for 29 or 50 days in nutrient solutions containing 8, 16, 33, 66, 132, 264, or 660 µM Ca at pH 4.5. Relative growth rate was unaffected by Ca concentrations. Calcium concentration in the stems was increased from 700 to 4330 µg/g dry weight and in the roots from 348 to 1787 µg/g dry weight by Ca treatments for the 29 days of growth. No Ca deficiency symptoms were observed on the seedlings when the Ca concentration in the leaves exceeded 2300 µg/g dry weight. The Ca uptake rates during the 29 days of growth for ‘Lovell’ increased from 0.46 to 3.77 and for ‘Elberta’ from 0.44 to 2.84 µmoles/g fresh-weight-root/day. After 50 days of growth, Ca uptake rates increased for ‘Lovell’ from 0.58 to 3.51 and for ‘Elberta’ from 0.52 to 3.02 µmoles/g fresh-weight-root/day. Calcium accumulated in stems when Ca concentration in the nutrient solution exceeded 264 µm Ca with no change in total Ca content in the roots. The K and P uptake rates were increased by higher Ca treatments but the Mn uptake rate was decreased when the Ca concentration in nutrient solution was greater than 66 µm.
Chilling and Budbreak in Lingonberries, Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.1
Authors: Holloway Patricia S. , Stushnoff Cecil , Wildung David K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three seedling populations of lingonberries from Fairbanks, Alaska, Oulu, Finland, and the Pasvik River Valley, Norway were exposed to 0, 170, 344, 513, 681, 843, 1013, and 1185 hours of continuous chilling temperatures (4 ± 1°C) to determine chilling requirements necessary to satisfy rest. Both the Finnish and Alaskan populations required at least 681 hours of chilling to obtain maximum terminal vegetative budbreak. Continuous chilling for 1185 hours was insufficient to obtain maximum budbreak in the Norwegian population. In the Finnish and Alaskan populations neither the percentage of stems exhibiting lateral budbreak nor the number of lateral branches per stem differed among chilling treatments. Plants from Norway showed significantly greater lateral budbreak in the 513- and 681-hour treatments than in all other treatments. At least 681 hours of chilling were necessary to achieve normal flowering in the Finnish population.
Effect of Plant Population and Planting Date on Root and Starch Production of Buffalo Gourd Grown as an Annual1
Authors: Nelson J. M. , Scheerens J. C. , Berry J. W. , Bemis W. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima HBK) produced root yields as high as 34,550 kg/ha with a root starch content of 63.5% on a dry weight basis at a 920-m elevation site. A quadratic relation between root yield and plant population showed maximum yield at 550,000 plants/ha. No clear relation was observed between root starch content and plant population. An April planting resulted in higher root and starch yields than a July planting, at a 370-m elevation site. Vine growth appeared to be restricted when maximum air temperatures were above 40°C.
Growth Changes of Apple Seedlings in Response to Simulated Acid Rain1,2
Authors: Forsline Philip L. , Dee Robert J. , Melious Richard E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a greenhouse experiment, Malus hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd. seedlings were treated weekly with simulated acid rain solutions ranging from pH 2.25 to pH 7.0. Necrotic lesions developed on leaves at pH 2.25 and pH 2.50 immediately after the first application at the 8-node stage. Following the 9th weekly application on seedlings with 23 to 26 nodes, lesions developed at pH levels up to 3.25. At final destructive harvest, 20% of the leaf area at pH 2.25 and 8% of the leaf area at pH 2.50 was injured. Significant growth reduction occurred at these 2 pH levels. Regression analysis indicated extensive growth inhibition at <pH 3.0, no growth inhibition around pH 3.5, some inhibition between pH 4.5 and pH 5.6, and normal growth at pH 7.0 in comparison to the unsprayed control. Growth was negatively correlated with lesion formation at 3 destructive harvest dates. Relative growth rates were reduced only at pH 2.25 and pH 2.50 and reduction in the unit leaf rate was also observed. Lesion development continued to increase on the basal leaves through the 6th weekly application but leveled off during the final applications. Negative correlations of photosynthesis rate to lesion percentage and dry weight to lesion percentage were observed.
Alteration of Growth, Exudation Rate, and Endogenous Hormone Profiles in Mechanically Dwarfed Sunflower1
Authors: Beyl Caula A. , Mitchell Cary A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth in stem length, shoot fresh weight, and leaf surface area of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants was inhibited by periodic shaking (seismo-stress) or rubbing (thigmo-stress), and by drought-stress treatments. Mechanical- and drought-stress treatment of intact plants reduced xylem exudation from detopped plants. This reduction was accompanied by a reduction in root dry weight only in the case of the drought-stress treatment. Exudate from thigmo-stressed plants contained a broad band of extractable inhibitors some of which co-chromatographed with abscisic acid (ABA). ABA-like substances were not detected in exudate from tall or dwarf controls. Enhanced cytokinin (CK)-like substances were detected in exudate collected from seismo-stressed plants. Shoot tip extracts from thigmostressed plants contained no detectable gibberellin (GA)-like substances, whereas those extracts from unstressed controls contained multiple zones of GA-like activity. Extracts of plant parts most disturbed by a given mechanical treatment yielded no detectable GA-like substances. This study provides evidence that, in addition to auxin and ethylene, other endogenous hormones, particularly GA-like substances, are influenced by mechanical stress in sunflower.
Cultivar Identification in Camellia japonica L. using Allozyme Polymorphisms1
Authors: Wendel J. F. , Parks C. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Allozyme variation at 15 loci resolved from 12 enzyme systems was studied in 205 accessions of cultivated Camellia japonica. All loci were polymorphic and a total of 64 alleles were detected. The sensitivity of electrophoresis in distinguishing clones was high, with 95.4% of the clones uniquely characterized by their 15-locus genotypes. Replicates of cultivars collected in different localities were allozymically identical. The hypothesis that some cultivars originated as sports was tested in a number of cultivar groups. The allozyme data failed to support this hypothesis for some groups, suggesting that in these cases cultivars of independent origin have become incorrectly incorporated into bonafide clone groups during their long history of cultivation.
Vacuum Fumigation with Ethyl Formate to Control the Green Peach Aphid in Packaged Head Lettuce1
Authors: Stewart Joseph K. , Aharoni Yair 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Vacuum fumigation for 2 hours with 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5% ethyl formate (EF) killed 93–97% of the green peach aphids [Myzus persicae (Sulzer)] in film-wrapped, packed head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). EF at 0.5% did not injure the lettuce, but 1.0 or 1.5% EF injured 30 and 97% of the heads, respectively. Regardless of the EF dosage used, about 75% of the fumigant was sorbed by the lettuce within 1 hour. A 1-hour vacuum fumigation using 0.5% EF appears to be optimal to control the green peach aphid in film-wrapped, packed lettuce.
The Relationship Between Ethephon and Auxin on Adventitious Root Initiation in Cuttings of Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz1
Authors: Geneve Robert L. , Heuser Charles W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Adventitious root initiation decreased in ‘Berken’ mung bean cuttings treated with ≥ 10−4 m (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon). Ethephon at 10−3 but not 10−5 m reduced root length and caused a redistribution of roots along the hypocotyl. The application of ethephon in combination with indoleacetic acid (IAA), indolebutyric acid (IBA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) reduced root initiation. An initial treatment of ethephon followed by NAA, or NAA followed by ethephon, inhibited root initiation to the same degree. Ethephon—whether applied at the time of cutting preparation or up to 12 hours later—inhibited root initiation to the same extent.
Association of Calyx Green End Disorder of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples with Tissue Fluoride1
Authors: Barritt Bruce H. , Kammereck R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Calyx green end disorder (GED) of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is a sublethal fruit disorder characterized by a flattening distortion of the calyx lobes and a persistent green coloring of the skin at the calyx end of mature fruit. The severity of the symptom varied from mild skin greening to necrosis and was subjectively evaluated on a scale of one to 5. Fluoride applied as ammonium fluoride to spur leaves, fruit, the whole canopy, and via xylem caused symptoms identical to those in an untreated commercial orchard with a serious GED problem. Increasing severity of GED up to a rating of 3 was associated with increased levels of F in cortical calyx fruit tissue (r = 0.93). In the commercial orchard, the incidence of GED was associated with elevated levels of soil- and air-borne F. Season-long calcium chloride sprays were not effective in reducing GED, but weekly overhead irrigation rinsing treatments did significantly reduce GED severity. Gibberellins A4 + 7 (GA4 + 7) plus 6-benzylamino purine (BA) applied at bloom also reduced severity of GED but, in combination with irrigation rinsing, was no more effective than rinsing alone.
Freezing of Water in Citrus Leaves
Authors: Anderson J.A. , Gusta L.V. , Buchanan D.W. , Burke M.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaves of cold-acclimated lemon [Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.], grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf.), orange [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck], and mandarin (C. unshiu Marc.) trees ranged in cold hardiness from −4 to −11°C. No significant differences in water content (g H2O/g dry weight) or melting point depression were observed. Plots of liquid water content during freezing (g H2O/g dry weight) vs. temperature were similar for the 4 citrus species. The tissues apparently deviated from ideal freezing behavior because less ice was formed. The reduced ice formation could not be accounted for by osmotic effects. Negative pressure potential developed during freezing is hypothesized to play a role in tissue water potential in frozen systems. It was concluded that hardier Citrus leaves survive freezing of a larger fraction of their tissue water.