bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The surgical management of glaucoma: A review
Authors: Lim Ridia 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAfter a long period of little change, glaucoma surgery has experienced a dramatic rise in the number of possible procedures in the last two decades. Glaucoma filtering surgeries with mitomycin C and glaucoma drainage devices remain the standard of surgical care. Other newer surgeries, some of which are minimally or microinvasive glaucoma surgeries, target existing trabecular outflow, enhance suprachoroidal outflow, create subconjunctival blebs, or reduce aqueous production. Some require the implantation of a device such as the iStent, Hydrus, Ex‐PRESS, XEN and PRESERFLO, whilst others do not—Trabectome, Kahook dual blade, Ab interno canaloplasty, gonioscopy‐assisted transluminal trabeculotomy, OMNI and excimer laser trabeculotomy. Others are a less destructive variation of an established procedure, such as micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation, endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation and ultrasound cycloplasty. Cataract surgery alone can be a significant glaucoma operation. These older and newer glaucoma surgeries, their mechanism of action, efficacy and complications are the subject of this review.
The genetics of glaucoma: Disease associations, personalised risk assessment and therapeutic opportunities‐A review
Authors: Aboobakar Inas F. , Wiggs Janey L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGlaucoma refers to a heterogenous group of disorders characterised by progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells and associated visual field loss. Both early‐onset and adult‐onset forms of the disease have a strong genetic component. Here, we summarise the known genetic associations for various forms of glaucoma and the possible functional roles for these genes in disease pathogenesis. We also discuss efforts to translate genetic knowledge into clinical practice, including gene‐based tests for disease diagnosis and risk‐stratification as well as gene‐based therapies.
Prevalence of bladder cancer in Costello syndrome: New insights to drive clinical decision‐making
Authors: Leoni Chiara , Paradiso Filomena Valentina , Foschi Nazario , Tedesco Marta , Pierconti Francesco , Silvaroli Sara , Diego Mario Di , Birritella Lisa , Pantaleoni Francesca , Rendeli Claudia , Onesimo Roberta , Viscogliosi Germana , Bassi Pierfrancesco , Nanni Lorenzo , Genuardi Maurizio , Tartaglia Marco , Zampino Giuseppe 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCostello syndrome (CS) is a rare disorder affecting development and growth characterized by cancer predisposition and caused by mutations in HRAS proto‐oncogene. Somatic HRAS mutations drive bladder carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to analyze prevalence and histological characterization of bladder cancer (BC) in a cohort of patients with CS to help clinicians plan effective management strategies. This study included 13 patients above 10 years of age with molecular diagnosis of CS. Screening cystoscopies (31 total procedures) were performed to exclude BC. Any lesion was analyzed through cold‐cup biopsy or trans‐urethral resection of the bladder. According to histology, patients were followed‐up with urinalysis and abdominal ultrasound yearly, and cystoscopies every 12–24 months. During study enrollment, bladder lesions (often multifocal) were detected in 11/13 patients. Histological analysis documented premalignant lesions in 90% of cystoscopies performed, epithelial dysplasia in 71%, and papillary urothelial neoplasm of low‐malignant potential in 19%. BC G1/low grade (Ta) were removed in 10%. Overall, 76% of patients showed a bladder lesion at first cystoscopy. The present findings document that individuals with CS aged 10 years and older have high prevalence of bladder lesions (premalignant/malignant), highlighting the importance of personalized screening protocols.
Impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on the size of US transplant waiting lists
Authors: Miller Jonathan , Wey Andrew , Valapour Maryam , Hart Allyson , Musgrove Donald , Hirose Ryutaro , Ahn Yoon Son , Israni Ajay K. , Snyder Jon J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundMore patients are waitlisted for solid organs than transplants are performed each year. The COVID‐19 pandemic immediately increased waitlist mortality and decreased transplants and listings.MethodsTo calculate the number of candidate listings after the pandemic began and short‐term changes that may affect waiting time, we conducted a Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients surveillance study from January 1, 2012 to February 28, 2021.ResultsThe number of candidates on the liver waitlist continued a steady decline that began before the pandemic. Numbers of candidates on the kidney, heart, and lung waitlists decreased dramatically. More than 3000 fewer candidates were awaiting a kidney transplant on March 7, 2021, than on March 8, 2020. Listings and removals decreased for each solid organ beginning in March 2020. The number of heart and lung listings returned to equal or above that of removals. Listings for kidney transplant, which is often less urgent than heart and lung transplant, remain below numbers of removals. Removals due to transplant decreased for all organs, while removals due to death increased for only kidneys.ConclusionsWe found no evidence of the predicted surge in listings for solid organ transplant with a plateau or control of the pandemic.
The interest premium for left government: Regression‐discontinuity estimates
Authors: Ornstein Joseph T. , Hays Jude C. , Franzese Robert J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper employs a regression‐discontinuity design (RDD) to ascertain the effects of left government on the interest‐rate premium that markets build into government‐bond prices. One advantage of this approach is that RDD does not require, as have some previously employed strategies, strong assumptions about how market actors form political expectations, about the quality and dissemination of political information, or about functional forms or explanatory‐variable selection. We expand from previous RDD studies in exploring effect heterogeneity, namely, whether particular political‐economic conditions produce larger or smaller interest costs of left government. Our findings suggest no or very small and insignificant partisan‐government effects except under specific circumstances: sharp governing alternatives (low fragmentation and high polarization), in certain eras (around the 1950s–1970s), and for a short term (about 1 year). Under these conditions of stark differences between alternative left/right governments and relatively great domestic policy autonomy, however, there is a statistically discernible and substantively notable government‐bond yield increase after left parties enter government following close elections.
Can the introduction of companion plants increase biological control services of key pests in organic squash?
Authors: Lopez Lorena , Liburd Oscar E. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFlorida (USA) is a major producer of squash, Cucurbita pepo L. (Cucurbitaceae), with approximated 16% of the US production in 2019, valued at about 35 million USD. Major insect pests, including the sweetpotato whitefly MEAM1, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), and the melon aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae), jeopardize plant development and transmit viruses of economic importance that can cause up to 50% yield loss in squash crops. Pesticides are generally used for insect management in squash, but the development of insecticide resistance and their non‐target effects are major concerns. A combination of non‐pesticidal approaches was evaluated, including intercropping flowering plants, augmentation, and conservation biological control to manage key pests in organic squash. Refugia increased natural enemies around the squash; however, only a few beneficial arthropods moved from the companion plants towards the squash plants. Whitefly densities and squash silverleaf ratings were reduced, whereas natural enemies were more abundant when the predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii Athias‐Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) was released alone or together with sweet alyssum, Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. (Brassicaceae). All companion plants used in this study increased natural enemies, but only African marigolds and sweet alyssum ultimately increased biological control activities.
The population dynamics of the yellow crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on a tropical island in Malaysia
Authors: Gan Jason Yew Seng , Pathy Taneswarry Sethu , Yeo Deniece Yin Chia , Lee Jin Min , Yek Sze Huei 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes) is a widespread tropical invasive species that causes ecological damage in introduced habitats; their negative impacts are especially prominent on island ecosystems.
We examined abiotic and biotic effects on a tropical island (Lang Tengah Island on the East Coast of Malaysia) that experiences annual monsoonal disturbance and hosts two distinct populations of yellow crazy ants.
To understand how biotic factors affect A. gracilipes, we conducted ant‐ant interaction bioassays to examine the extent of aggression levels between populations.
We tested the abiotic monsoonal rain effect by employing passive (pitfall traps) and active (quantifying ground foragers on marker crossings) sampling, across pre‐and post‐monsoon.
The two populations of A. gracilipes exhibited aggression toward each other. Furthermore, the onset of monsoonal rains reduced A. gracilipes abundance and foraging activity.
Our findings suggest that A. gracilipes populations are sensitive to monsoonal rains and long‐term population fluctuation data are urgently needed to examine the effect of monsoonal rains on this invasive ant's expansion dynamics on island ecosystems.
Wool smuggling from England's eastern seaboard,c. 1337–45: An illicit economy in the late middle ages
Authors: Raven Matt 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe medieval English wool trade was a commercial activity of huge economic importance. The historiography of the medieval wool trade, however, has focused overwhelmingly on its legitimate side. This article uses the evidence of legal proceedings prosecuted in the royal courts to provide the first detailed account of wool smuggling in the fourteenth century, a time of heavy governmental regulation and hugely increased taxation. It demonstrates that a substantial number of merchants responded to these challenges by participating in a flourishing trade in smuggled wool which was considered a serious threat to crown fiscality. In particular, the article explores how smaller‐scale smuggling took place along under‐regulated areas of coastline away from customs ports; how major export operations were able to smuggle wool through the customs system itself; and how concerns over smuggling influenced a series of administrative reforms designed to improve the efficiency of commercial regulation.
The global contribution of roots to total soil respiration
Authors: Jian Jinshi , Frissell Max , Hao Dalei , Tang Xiaolu , Berryman Erin , Bond‐Lamberty Ben 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimSoil respiration (RS) is one of the largest fluxes in the global carbon cycle. It is composed of respiration by roots and heterotrophic organisms, with each component having distinctive drivers and sensitivities and, consequently, varying feedback potential to climate change. Global drivers of the total flux of RS are widely studied and generally accepted, but our understanding of the factors governing its component fluxes lags far behind.LocationGlobal.Time period1962–2015.Major taxa studiedPlant roots and soil microbes.MethodsCombining a newly updated global database of RS partitioning measurements with biotic and abiotic variables, we examined the world‐wide distribution of the proportion of the annual root respiration (Rroot) contribution to RS (Rroot:RS). We investigated how Rroot:RS varies by ecosystem type, measurement method and climate. We used a random forest model to predict the relationship between field measurements of Rroot:RS (n = 880) and 14 biotic and abiotic factors, including climate, nitrogen deposition, soil, mycorrhiza, biomass and satellite‐derived greenness. Finally, we present a global map of predicted Rroot:RS at 0.5° resolution.ResultsConsistent with previous studies, we found no clear trends of mean Rroot:RS across ecosystem types and measurement methods. The area‐weighted overall mean of predicted Rroot:RS was .42 (SD ± .18; i.e., 42% of total global RS was generated by plant roots). Predicted Rroot:RS and related environmental factors did exhibit clear spatial patterns between climatic regions, with higher Rroot:RS in dry and cold regions and lower Rroot:RS in temperate and tropical regions.Main conclusionsGiven that Rroot:RS is linked to plant carbon use efficiency (CUE, the ratio of net primary production to gross primary production), but generated from measurements completely independent of plant CUE, it might provide crucial insights into ecosystem‐ to global‐scale carbon cycling. This study thus provides a framework to explore global carbon allocation under global climate change.
The prevalence of predialysis hyperkalemia and associated characteristics among hemodialysis patients: The RE‐UTILIZE study
Authors: Agiro Abiy , Duling Ian , Eudicone James , Davis Jill , Brahmbhatt Yasmin G. , Cooper Kerry 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntroductionHyperkalemia (HK), defined as serum potassium (K+) >5.0 mEq/L, is an independent predictor of mortality in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HD). This study investigated the annual prevalence of HK and examined patient characteristics potentially associated with a higher annual HK prevalence.MethodsThis retrospective observational cohort study used Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS) survey data from US patients undergoing in‐center HD thrice weekly from 2018 to 2019. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with any predialysis HK (K+ >5.0 mEq/L) within 1 year from the index date (date of DOPPS enrollment), using the first hyperkalemic K+ value. Secondary endpoints were the proportion of patients with moderate‐to‐severe (K+ >5.5 mEq/L) or severe (K+ >6.0 mEq/L) HK.FindingsOverall, 9347 patients on HD were included in this analysis (58% male and 49% aged >66 years). Any predialysis HK (K+ >5.0 mEq/L) occurred in 74% of patients within 1 year of the index date, 52% within 3 months, and 38% within 1 month. The annual prevalence of moderate‐to‐severe and severe HK was 43% and 17%, respectively. Recurrent HK (at least two K+ >5.0 mEq/L within 1 year) occurred in 60% of patients, and 2.8% of patients were prescribed an oral K+ binder. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed younger age, female sex, Hispanic ethnicity, and renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitor use were significantly associated with a higher annual prevalence of any predialysis HK, while Black race, obesity, recent initiation of HD, and dialysate K+ bath concentration ≥3 mEq/L were associated with a lower prevalence of HK.DiscussionThe annual prevalence of predialysis HK and recurrence were high among US patients on HD, whereas oral K+ binder use was low. Further studies are needed to understand the impact of dialysate K+ bath concentrations on predialysis HK among patients on HD.
Identification of the coupled fouling mechanism involved in microfiltration of tobacco extracts liquid by multistage Hermia model
Authors: Gao Mengfeng , He Qiaole , Dong Huizhong , Wang Jiale , Shi Junfeng , Xie Chuanqi , Lo Yangming Martin , Zhao Liming 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMicrofiltration (MF) is a promising technique widely applied in the separation of solid–liquid mixtures. However, the potential application of MF was not explored much in the purification of tobacco extracts liquid. To be efficient, it necessitates having an assessment of the fouling mechanisms involved in MF processing. In this work, a thorough design of experiments was carried out to investigate various operating conditions, while specifying their effects on permeate flux were studied. Both single‐stage and multistage Hermia models were used to elucidate the fouling mechanisms. The results of the single‐stage Hermia model showed that cake layer formation was the dominant model, yet with fitting accuracy lower than 0.9; the type of fouling mechanism does relate to the operating conditions. Subsequently, the multistage Hermia model was used for determining the fouling mechanism during different time stages. It was found that the determinant coefficients R2 were significantly increased and multiple fouling mechanisms could be coupled or occurred simultaneously. A ternary plot was established to visualize the contribution of each model and to bridge the relationship between the fouling mechanism and the operating conditions. Therefore, the proposed method is a valid, convenient tool when selecting optimal operating conditions with the lowest irreversible fouling. The flux recovery of fouled membranes exceeded 95% after successive cleaning with deionized water, a 1 wt% NaOH + 0.5 wt% SDS mixed solution, and a 0.5% (vol/vol) HNO3 solution.Practical ApplicationsCeramic microfiltration membrane could separate tiny particles and macromolecules from tobacco extracts liquid (TEL) while it can keep most of active ingredients. The present study aims to have a better understanding of the complex membrane fouling mechanism in the MF processing of TEL. The fouling mechanism involved in the MF of TEL was firstly reported and a new method to bridge operating conditions and the fouling mechanism was proposed. It demonstrated that it is feasible to reduce irreversible membrane fouling by changing operating conditions during the initial stage of the MF processing. Identification of fouling mechanisms in the present study could be used to postpone fouling of the membranes by optimizing the operating parameters, and reduce irreversible membrane fouling.
What Did Homeowners Do with Home Equity Borrowing? Contemporaneous and Long‐Term Effects
Authors: GUO SHENG 
Published: January 2022

AbstractUsing a panel sample from the Panel Study Income Dynamics (1999–2015), I find that homeowners' contemporaneous spending and nonhome wealth increased with home equity withdrawals, but their longer term spending and wealth declined if their home equity was extracted during the housing boom period. Following Hurst and Stafford's (2004) definition of liquidity constraint, I find that the constrained homeowners' contemporaneous spending increased less, while their financial wealth increased more than those of the unconstrained. Unconstrained homeowners invested more than constrained homeowners in nonhome real estate and businesses. In the long run, the consumption spending of both groups persistently declined, while their wealth recovered from initial declines.
α2δ‐1 protein promotes synaptic expression of Ca2+ permeable–AMPA receptors by inhibiting GluA1/GluA2 heteromeric assembly in the hypothalamus in hypertension
Authors: Zhou Jing‐Jing , Shao Jian‐Ying , Chen Shao‐Rui , Chen Hong , Pan Hui‐Lin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGlutamate AMPA receptors (AMPARs) lacking GluA2 subunit are calcium permeable (CP‐AMPARs), which are increased in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and maintain sympathetic outflow in hypertension. Here, we determined the role of α2δ‐1, an NMDA receptor–interacting protein, in regulating synaptic CP‐AMPARs in the hypothalamus in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Co‐immunoprecipitation showed that levels of GluA1/GluA2, but not GluA2/GluA3, protein complexes in hypothalamic synaptosomes were reduced in SHR compared with Wistar–Kyoto rats (WKY). The level of GluA1/GluA2 heteromers in endoplasmic reticulum‐enriched fractions of the hypothalamus was significantly lower in SHR than in WKY, which was restored by inhibiting α2δ‐1 with gabapentin. Gabapentin also switched AMPAR‐mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (AMPAR‐EPSCs) from inward rectifying to linear and attenuated the inhibitory effect of IEM‐1460, a selective CP‐AMPAR blocker, on AMPAR‐EPSCs in spinally projecting PVN neurons in SHR. Furthermore, co‐immunoprecipitation revealed that α2δ‐1 directly interacted with GluA1 and GluA2 in the hypothalamus of rats and humans. Levels of α2δ‐1/GluA1 and α2δ‐1/GluA2 protein complexes in the hypothalamus were significantly greater in SHR than in WKY. Disrupting the α2δ‐1–AMPAR interaction with an α2δ‐1 C terminus peptide normalized GluA1/GluA2 heteromers in the endoplasmic reticulum of the hypothalamus diminished in SHR. In addition, α2δ‐1 C terminus peptide diminished inward rectification of AMPAR‐EPSCs and the inhibitory effect of IEM‐1460 on AMPAR‐EPSCs of PVN neurons in SHR. Thus, α2δ‐1 augments synaptic CP‐AMPARs by inhibiting GluA1/GluA2 heteromeric assembly in the hypothalamus in hypertension. These findings extend our understanding of the molecular basis of sustained sympathetic outflow in neurogenic hypertension.
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The role of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone neurons in polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: McCartney Christopher R. , Campbell Rebecca E. , Marshall John C. , Moenter Suzanne M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGiven the critical central role of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in fertility, it is not surprising that the GnRH neural network is implicated in the pathology of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common cause of anovulatory infertility. Although many symptoms of PCOS relate most proximately to ovarian dysfunction, the central reproductive neuroendocrine system ultimately drives ovarian function through its regulation of anterior pituitary gonadotropin release. The typical cyclical changes in frequency of GnRH release are often absent in women with PCOS, resulting in a persistent high‐frequency drive promoting gonadotropin changes (i.e., relatively high luteinizing hormone and relatively low follicle‐stimulating hormone concentrations) that contribute to ovarian hyperandrogenemia and ovulatory dysfunction. However, the specific mechanisms underpinning GnRH neuron dysfunction in PCOS remain unclear. Here, we summarize several preclinical and clinical studies that explore the causes of aberrant GnRH secretion in PCOS and the role of disordered GnRH secretion in PCOS pathophysiology.