bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agouti‐related peptide neuronal silencing overcomes delayed puberty in neonatally underfed male mice
Authors: Decourt Caroline , Connolly George A. D. P. , Ancel Caroline , Inglis Megan A. , Anderson Greg M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAgouti‐related peptide (AgRP) neurons are thought to indirectly regulate the activity of hypothalamic gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone neurons which control fertility. AgRP neurons also drive caloric intake and are modulated by metabolically‐relevant hormones, providing a link to the hypothalamic–pituitary‐gonadal axis. In mice expressing Cre‐dependant designer receptors (DREADDs) in AgRP neurons, we activated or silenced these neurons in vivo using the synthetic ligand clozapine‐N‐oxide (CNO) to observe the effect of AgRP neuron activity on timing of puberty. To validate these animals, we chronically treated both stimulatory (hM3Dq) and inhibitory (hM4Di) DREADD × AgRP‐Cre mice with CNO, observing a pronounced increase and decrease of food intake, respectively, consistent with the known orexigenic effects of these neurons. RNAscope was performed to visually confirm the activation of AgRP neurons. Puberty onset was assessed in males and females. There was no effect on preputial separation in males or vaginal opening and first oestrus in females after CNO treatment from day 26 to 30 to chronically modulate AgRP neurons. Next, to determine whether the delay in puberty onset occurring in response to neonatal underfeeding could be overcome by inhibiting AgRP neuronal activity, mice were raised in large (neonatally underfed) or normal litter sizes. The delay in puberty from underfeeding was completely reversed in CNO‐treated AgRP‐hM4Di male mice. These data highlight the inhibitory role of AgRP neurons to delay puberty onset when undernutrition occurs during the neonatal period, at least in male mice.Trail registration numberJNE‐22‐0081‐OA.R2
A systematic review of the impact of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) on family members
Authors: Thapwong Parichat , Norton Christine , Rowland Emma , Farah Noora , Czuber‐Dochan Wladyslawa 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackground and AimsInflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) affects patients and their family members, but most reviews have focused only on patients themselves. This review synthesises evidence on the impact of IBD on family members.MethodsA systematic review was undertaken, searching six bibliographic databases, focusing on the impact of IBD on family members, coping strategies, and interventions. A narrative synthesis was conducted. This review was reported following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA).Results3258 records were identified; 33 papers (2748 participants) were included. Three themes were identified: impact of IBD on family members; coping strategies for family members to overcome the impact of IBD; and the support needed by family members. IBD affects family members' well‐being in many ways, including their emotional well‐being, relationship with the patient, social life, work and finances, and leisure time and travel. Family members use adaptive coping patterns such as acceptance, developing resilience, and emotional support from others. Maladaptive coping patterns such as denial of diagnosis, self‐distraction, and self‐blame were also evident. Family members reported that they needed better information about IBD, support groups, and better access to a counsellor or psychologist. No studies assessed interventions to relieve family members' burden.ConclusionsFamily members of IBD patients require psychosocial support to facilitate better family function, cohesion, and enhanced coping strategies. Healthcare services should adopt a multidisciplinary care model with a bio‐psycho‐social approach including an IBD nurse, family therapist, and psychologist, to improve quality of life for patients and their families.
Artificial intelligence in nursing and midwifery: A systematic review
Authors: O'Connor Siobhán , Yan Yongyang , Thilo Friederike J. S. , Felzmann Heike , Dowding Dawn , Lee Jung Jae 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundArtificial Intelligence (AI) techniques are being applied in nursing and midwifery to improve decision‐making, patient care and service delivery. However, an understanding of the real‐world applications of AI across all domains of both professions is limited.ObjectivesTo synthesise literature on AI in nursing and midwifery.MethodsCINAHL, Embase, PubMed and Scopus were searched using relevant terms. Titles, abstracts and full texts were screened against eligibility criteria. Data were extracted, analysed, and findings were presented in a descriptive summary. The PRISMA checklist guided the review conduct and reporting.ResultsOne hundred and forty articles were included. Nurses’ and midwives' involvement in AI varied, with some taking an active role in testing, using or evaluating AI‐based technologies; however, many studies did not include either profession. AI was mainly applied in clinical practice to direct patient care (n = 115, 82.14%), with fewer studies focusing on administration and management (n = 21, 15.00%), or education (n = 4, 2.85%). Benefits reported were primarily potential as most studies trained and tested AI algorithms. Only a handful (n = 8, 7.14%) reported actual benefits when AI techniques were applied in real‐world settings. Risks and limitations included poor quality datasets that could introduce bias, the need for clinical interpretation of AI‐based results, privacy and trust issues, and inadequate AI expertise among the professions.ConclusionDigital health datasets should be put in place to support the testing, use, and evaluation of AI in nursing and midwifery. Curricula need to be developed to educate the professions about AI, so they can lead and participate in these digital initiatives in healthcare.Relevance for clinical practiceAdult, paediatric, mental health and learning disability nurses, along with midwives should have a more active role in rigorous, interdisciplinary research evaluating AI‐based technologies in professional practice to determine their clinical efficacy as well as their ethical, legal and social implications in healthcare.
The incidence of cervical cancer in women with postcoital bleeding and abnormal appearance of the cervix referred through the 2‐week wait pathway in the United Kingdom: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Jasper Brittany , Thorley Emma , Martins Filipe Correia , Haldar Krishnayan 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAimTo determine the incidence of cervical cancer in women referred through the 2‐week‐wait pathway for postcoital bleeding and abnormal appearance of the cervix.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted of women with postcoital bleeding, or abnormal appearance of the cervix referred to colposcopy clinics through the 2‐week‐wait pathway for suspected cervical cancer at Cambridge University Hospitals in the United Kingdom over 5 years. Women were identified from a departmental database. Clinical and demographic data were collected. Categorical data was analyzed with chi‐squared or Fisher's exact tests and predictive values were calculated.ResultsOf the 604 women referred, 1.16% were diagnosed with cervical cancer. None of the women who were up‐to‐date with cervical screening were diagnosed with cervical cancer, while 6.25% of women out‐of‐date with cervical screening or outside the screening age group were diagnosed with cervical cancer (p < 0.001). The positive predictive value for diagnosing cervical cancer was 1.70% for postcoital bleeding (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.64–3.7) and 0.31% for abnormal appearance of the cervix (95% CI 0.0008–1.7).ConclusionsThe incidence of cervical cancer in women referred through the 2‐week‐wait pathway for postcoital bleeding and abnormal appearance of the cervix is low. These referrals have considerable implications for both patients and clinicians, and have a low predictive value for diagnosing cervical cancer. In light of emerging evidence and changing practices, referral guidelines should be reviewed based on up‐to‐date data and current practices.
A successful management algorithm for vulvar abscess: A tertiary hospital experience
Authors: Aksakal Sezin E. , Altınbas Sadiman K. , Ozkan Merve A. , Kayikcioglu Fulya , Tapisiz Omer L. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAimTo develop a treatment and management algorithm for vulvar abscess.MethodsWe evaluated the clinical findings and treatment modalities of patients hospitalized with vulvar abscess via a comprehensive literature review and a clinical study. Patients with a diagnosis of vulvar abscess (n = 28) between 2015 and 2019 in the gynecology clinic of our hospital were included in the clinical study. Each patient's age, obstetric history, body mass index, presence of concomitant diseases, abscess culture and size, mean length of hospital stay, treatment modalities, and recurrence rate were recorded.ResultsThe mean age and body mass index of the patients were 47.7 ± 11.5 years and 30.3 ± 2.7 kg/m2, respectively. Diabetes mellitus was the most common concomitant disease (60.7%, n = 17). The abscesses of 22 (78.5%) patients drained spontaneously. The abscess cavities of the remaining six (21.4%) patients were treated via incisional drainage. Gentamicin + clindamycin or levofloxacin + metronidazole were used as the primary antibiotic treatment. Hemovac drains were placed in four (14.2%) patients with abscess sites greater than 5 cm. By applying our treatment methods, 26 (92.8%) of our patients were discharged with full recovery, and two patients (7.2%) were referred due to uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. The recurrence rate of vulvar abscess was 0%.ConclusionsThis is the first study in the literature to present a successful algorithm for the treatment and management of vulvar abscess. Our treatment methods shed light on the treatment and management of vulvar abscess.
Geochemical evidence for the origin of the IIE parent body from H chondrite‐like material
Authors: Teplyakova S. N. , Humayun M. , Lorenz C. A. , Ivanova M. A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIsotopic compositions of O, Mo, and Cu in the IIE iron meteorites have indicated a close affinity to the H chondrite group. The diversity of trace element compositions and their abundance of silicate inclusions indicate that IIE iron meteorites were formed in multistage processes. To better constrain the formation of the IIE irons, this study analyzed elemental abundances in the metal of five IIE irons (Elga, Miles, Tobychan, Verkhne Dnieprovsk, and Watson) by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The data are interpreted in terms of a new model of IIE crystallization from the metal fraction of completely molten H chondrite‐like material based on the solid/liquid distribution coefficients of siderophile and chalcophile elements changing simultaneously with changes of S concentrations in the remaining liquid during the crystallization of the Fe,Ni phase in the Fe‐Ni‐S system. The model showed that IIE iron compositions could be produced as solid phases at 40–73 wt% of fractional crystallization of the metal component of a bulk H chondrite‐like metallic melt. We propose that IIE iron metal could have originated from the solidified core of a differentiated body of H chondrite‐like composition and sampled different fractions of that core exposed during a catastrophic disruption of the body. The present structure of metal and silicate inclusions of IIE irons was formed by remelting and metal–silicate mixing during late impact event(s) on the parent body surface.
A mixed‐methods characterisation of patient safety incidents by primary eye care practitioners
Authors: MacFarlane Elinor , Carson‐Stevens Andrew , North Rachel , Ryan Barbara , Acton Jennifer 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPurposePatient safety in eye health care is an underdeveloped field of research. A patient safety incident occurs when an unintended incident happens that could have (or did) lead to harm. To enable learning from patient safety incidents in optometry, a characterisation of commonly experienced safety incidents is needed to identify options to improve the quality of care. This study aimed to characterise eye health‐related patient safety incidents from the perspective of eye care practitioners.MethodsAt a national conference in Wales, 56 eye care practitioners participated in a stakeholder workshop on eye care‐related patient safety incidents. Participants were asked to suggest patient safety incidents that have occurred, or based on their experience, could occur in optometric practice. Using the nominal group technique, participants voted on the incident they perceived could cause the most harm and the incident observed most frequently in practice. Framework analysis supported identification of themes about the nature and outcomes of incidents in eye care.ResultsDiagnostic incidents were perceived to be the most severe (highest number of ‘severity votes’, n = 38), whilst administration‐related incidents were most frequent (highest number of ‘frequency votes’ n = 39). Four themes were identified which are as follows: inappropriate clinical decision‐making; delayed or missed referral of patients to general medical practitioners or ophthalmologists; compromised communication with other practitioners or patients and delays in receiving eye care. The results suggest that incidents relating to inappropriate clinical decision‐making could result in the most severe harm to patients but may not occur frequently.ConclusionsDiagnostic‐ and administrative‐related incidents pose clear challenges for improvement in quality and safety of care. The breadth of themes reflecting the nature and outcomes from unsafe eye care highlights the complexity underpinning incidents and the burden to patients. This work has informed the content of an all‐Wales incident report form for primary eye care practitioners.
What's at Stake in the Race Debate?
Authors: Mallon Ron 
Published: July 2022

AbstractHow can there be so much apparent disagreement about what race is, when there is so much agreement on the facts surrounding race? In this paper, I develop this puzzle and consider several interpretations of work in the philosophy of race to try to answer it, several ways of understanding what the metaphysics of race is doing. I consider and reject the possibility that apparent disagreement is metaphysically substantive, and I also consider and reject the view that apparent disagreement primarily reflects semantic disagreements. Instead, I suggest that apparent first‐order disagreement over the existence and character of race is a part of a broader, metalinguistic negotiation or conversation about how racial terms can or ought to be used, and I note a range of considerations—including semantic, pragmatic, epistemic, and ethical—that properly play a role in this discussion.
Greater effects by performing a small number of eccentric contractions daily than a larger number of them once a week
Authors: Yoshida Riku , Sato Shigeru , Kasahara Kazuki , Murakami Yuta , Murakoshi Fu , Aizawa Kodai , Koizumi Ryoma , Nosaka Kazunori , Nakamura Masatoshi 
Published: July 2022

Our previous study found that one maximal voluntary eccentric contraction (MVC‐ECC) performed daily for 5 days a week for 4 weeks increased MVC‐ECC, isometric (MVC‐ISO), and concentric contraction (MVC‐CON) torque of the elbow flexors more than 10%. The present study investigated the effects of six maximal voluntary eccentric contractions on the MVC torques and biceps brachii and brachialis muscle thickness (MT). Thirty‐six healthy young adults were placed to one of the three groups (N = 12 per group); the 6 × 1 group that performed one set of six contractions once a week, the 6 × 5 group that performed one set of six contractions a day for 5 days a week, and the 30 × 1 group that performed five sets of six contractions a day in a week. The training duration was 4 weeks for all groups, and changes in MVC‐ECC, MVC‐CON and MVC‐ISO torque, and MT before and after the 4‐week training were compared among the groups. The 6 × 1 group did not show significant changes in muscle strength and MT. Significant (p < 0.05) increases in MVC‐ECC (13.5 ± 11.5%), MVC‐ISO (9.3 ± 5.5%), MVC‐CON torque (11.1 ± 7.4%) were evident for the 6 × 5 group only, and increases in MT were found for the 6 × 5 (10.4 ± 4.4%) and 30 × 1 (8.0 ± 5.8%) groups without a significant difference. These results suggest that performing a small number of eccentric contractions 5 days a week is more effective for increasing muscle strength than performing a larger volume of eccentric contractions once a week. However, it appears that training volume is a factor for muscle hypertrophy in a short‐term training.
The relationship between ultrasonography with or without contrast and the clinical outcome in plantar fasciitis
Authors: Johannsen Finn , Magnusson Stig Peter 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundPlantar fasciitis (PF) is a common disorder without objective parameters for disease severity.PurposeTo investigate whether structural changes in the plantar fascia and heel fat pad determined by ultrasound scanning with or without contrast are related to outcome measures in patients with symptomatic PF and to investigate whether there is an association between changes in US findings and improvement in pain and function.MethodsAll patients (n = 90) in a randomized controlled trial treated with training and/or glucocorticosteroid injection were assessed for morning pain, function pain, Foot Function Index (FFI), and ultrasound measured thickness of the fascia and heel fat pad at entry and after 6 months. Thirty patients were included in a longitudinal study that assessed pain, function, and microvascular volume (MV) by contrast‐enhanced ultrasound at entry and after 5 months of treatment.ResultsNone of the ultrasound parameters at the initial examination were related to clinical outcomes at 5–6 months. Changes in US measured thickness of the fascia but not the fat pad correlated with improvement in all outcome measures at 6 months (FFI:r = 0.30,p = 0.005, morning pain:r = 0.21,p = 0.046, function pain:r = 0.28,p = 0.007). MV did not change despite significant improvement in symptoms.ConclusionChanges in ultrasound measured fascia thickness are associated with clinical improvement in PF patients.
Longitudinal associations between coping and peer victimization: Moderation by gender and initial peer victimization
Authors: McWood Leanna M. , Erath Stephen A. , El‐Sheikh Mona 
Published: July 2022

AbstractStress coping theories suggest that the effectiveness of coping depends on the level of stress experienced. Existing research shows that efforts to cope with high levels of peer victimization may not prevent subsequent peer victimization. Additionally, associations between coping and peer victimization often differ between boys and girls. The present study included 242 participants (51% girls; 34% Black, 65% White; Mage = 15.75 years). Adolescents reported on coping with peer stress at age 16 and on overt and relational peer victimization at ages 16 and 17. Greater use of primary control engaged coping (e.g., problem‐solving) was associated positively with overt peer victimization for boys with higher initial overt victimization. Primary control coping was also associated positively with relational victimization regardless of gender or initial relational peer victimization. Secondary control coping (e.g., cognitive distancing) was associated negatively with overt peer victimization. Secondary control coping was also associated negatively with relational victimization for boys. Greater use of disengaged coping (e.g., avoidance) was associated positively with overt and relational peer victimization for girls with higher initial victimization. Gender differences and the context and level of stress should be considered in future research and interventions related to coping with peer stress.
Numerical simulations of convective heat transfer of a viscous fluid inside a rectangular cavity with heated rotating obstacles
Authors: Nadeem Sohail , Haider Jamil Abbas , Akhtar Salman , Ali Shahbaz 
Published: July 2022

With the help of commercial software, we have discussed the novel numerical simulations for a two-dimensional rectangular cavity with two square rotating obstacles, Fig. 1, that has fixed dimensions from the reference point (0, 0) placed in it, and we have interpreted a detailed convection analysis for fluid flow that highlights the physical, mathematical and numerical aspects of this system. The square obstacles having an anti-clockwise rotation are heated to a certain temperature, respectively, where the behavior of the fluid distribution depends upon the values of Reynolds number. We have conducted this research by fixing Reynolds number at four different positions like Reynolds 10, 30, 50 and 80. The prime effects of Reynolds number and Prandtl number are highlighted for convection analysis. Finally, we have analyzed the results of velocity, pressure, vorticity and temperature from the viewpoint of numerical simulations. Heat transfer has a huge dependence on the Reynolds number and Prandtl number.
Recent Issues in Politics, Preamble and Constitution of India: An Overview
Authors: Kumar Abhinav 
Published: July 2022

When India is marching to celebrate seventy-five years of Independence, Indian politics has undergone several changes. India has seen one-party dominance, the Emergency period, multi-party alliances, a crisis to the Constitution and much more. Many political parties and socio-political movements have come and gone through the passage of time. Many new streams of thoughts, personalities and movements have emerged. But whatever exists now owes its existence to the legacy of the previous years. Hence, it is necessary to understand and have a general idea of politics of post-colonial India. This article seeks to draw an overview of the political history of India since its Independence up to the current period; from the Congress System after Independence, to the Emergency period under Indira Gandhi, and finally the surge and dominance of the BJP in 2014 and 2019. Focus would be laid on major issues and debates of the respective periods: Current political issues, such as the Citizenship Amendment Act, protests over the farm laws and other issues have raised the debate on the wording of the Preamble and the rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India.
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Postgraduate Psychiatry Teaching- Learning and Evaluation in India: A Nationwide Survey
Authors: Deshmukh Deepanjali , Patil Anuradha V. , Deore Rajrajeshwar , Bhise Manik C. 
Published: July 2022

Background: COVID-19 pandemic had disrupted postgraduate (PG) medical education in India. This study aimed to assess PG teaching, learning, evaluation (TLE), and innovative TLE methods used during the pandemic. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey using Google Forms to seek anonymous responses from psychiatry teachers across India. Information about PG TLE, postings in COVID-19 care units, methods of teaching adopted in different settings, difficulties faced, and methods of evaluation used were sought in responses. Descriptive statistics methods were used for analysis. Results: The pandemic led to compromised TLE opportunities for the students. Posting of students and teachers in COVID-19 wards for an average of 15 months, students and teachers getting COVID-19, conversion of psychiatry wards to COVID-19 wards, and reduced number of outpatients and inpatients impaired the teaching-learning opportunities. For examination, the evaluation was done with limited standards, like using dummy patients or case vignettes. A few innovative TLE methods were also used during the pandemic. Conclusions: COVID-19 pandemic had led to sub-optimal PG TLE. Teachers suggested many alternative and flexible TLE methods and platforms.