bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomic profiling of climate adaptation in Aedes aegypti along an altitudinal gradient in Nepal indicates nongradual expansion of the disease vector
Authors: Kramer Isabelle Marie , Pfenninger Markus , Feldmeyer Barbara , Dhimal Meghnath , Gautam Ishan , Shreshta Pramod , Baral Sunita , Phuyal Parbati , Hartke Juliane , Magdeburg Axel , Groneberg David A. , Ahrens Bodo , Müller Ruth , Waldvogel Ann‐Marie 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDriven by globalization, urbanization and climate change, the distribution range of invasive vector species has expanded to previously colder ecoregions. To reduce health‐threatening impacts on humans, insect vectors are extensively studied. Population genomics can reveal the genomic basis of adaptation and help to identify emerging trends of vector expansion. By applying whole genome analyses and genotype‐environment associations to populations of the main dengue vector Aedes aegypti, sampled along an altitudinal gradient in Nepal (200–1300 m), we identify putatively adaptive traits and describe the species' genomic footprint of climate adaptation to colder ecoregions. We found two differentiated clusters with significantly different allele frequencies in genes associated to climate adaptation between the highland population (1300 m) and all other lowland populations (≤800 m). We revealed nonsynonymous mutations in 13 of the candidate genes associated to either altitude, precipitation or cold tolerance and identified an isolation‐by‐environment differentiation pattern. Other than the expected gradual differentiation along the altitudinal gradient, our results reveal a distinct genomic differentiation of the highland population. Local high‐altitude adaptation could be one explanation of the population's phenotypic cold tolerance. Carrying alleles relevant for survival under colder climate increases the likelihood of this highland population to a worldwide expansion into other colder ecoregions.
On the path from xylem hydraulic failure to downstream cell death
Authors: Mantova Marylou , Cochard Hervé , Burlett Régis , Delzon Sylvain , King Andrew , Rodriguez‐Dominguez Celia M. , Ahmed Mutez A. , Trueba Santiago , Torres‐Ruiz José M. 
Published: October 2022

Summary

Xylem hydraulic failure (HF) has been identified as a ubiquitous factor in triggering drought‐induced tree mortality through the damage induced by the progressive dehydration of plant living cells. However, fundamental evidence of the mechanistic link connecting xylem HF to cell death has not been identified yet. The main aim of this study was to evaluate, at the leaf level, the relationship between loss of hydraulic function due to cavitation and cell death under drought conditions and discern how this relationship varied across species with contrasting resistances to cavitation.

Drought was induced by withholding water from potted seedlings, and their leaves were sampled to measure their relative water content (RWC) and cell mortality. Vulnerability curves to cavitation at the leaf level were constructed for each species.

An increment in cavitation events occurrence precedes the onset of cell mortality. A variation in cells tolerance to dehydration was observed along with the resistance to cavitation.

Overall, our results indicate that the onset of cellular mortality occurs at lower RWC than the one for cavitation indicating the role of cavitation in triggering cellular death. They also evidenced a critical RWC for cellular death varying across species with different cavitation resistance.
Epidermal growth factor activates a hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α–microRNA‐21 axis to inhibit aquaporin 4 in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Chen Junjun , Liu Dong , Yang Jingpu , Jin Chengxun , Zhao Chang , Cheng Jinzhang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is largely unknown, but accumulating evidence supports the role of the airway epithelium in its pathophysiology. In our study here, we evaluated whether epidermal growth factor (EGF) regulates a hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF‐1α)–microRNA‐21 (miR‐21)–aquaporin 4 (AQP4) axis in nasal epithelial cells from CRS patients. We found that, compared with normal sinus mucosa, EGF, HIF‐1α, and miR‐21 were upregulated and AQP4 was downregulated in sinus mucosa from patients with CRS and in a CRS mouse model. It was established that EGF upregulated HIF‐1α and miR‐21 expression, that HIF‐1α regulated miR‐21 transcription, and that the AQP4 gene was a target of miR‐21. Knockdown of EGF and HIF‐1α mRNAs and of miR‐21, or overexpression of AQP4 mRNA, inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis of hypoxia‐exposed human nasal epithelial cells, effects that were associated with reduced levels of α‐SMA, fibronectin, and vimentin, as well as promoted caspase‐3 activity and E‐cadherin levels. In the mouse CRS model, EGF elevation increased in vivo production of inflammatory IL‐4 and IFN‐γ to promote CRS, which was reversed by AQP4 elevation. Collectively, EGF upregulates HIF‐1α and miR‐21 expression to inhibit AQP4 expression, thereby promoting the proliferation of nasal epithelial cells and the development of CRS.
Evaluation of the effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on the growth of cassava storage roots by destructive harvests and ground penetrating radar scanning approaches
Authors: Ruiz‐Vera Ursula M. , Balikian Riley , Larson Timothy H. , Ort Donald R. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) production will need to be improved to meet future food demands in Sub‐Saharan Africa. The selection of high‐yielding cassava cultivars requires a better understanding of storage root development. Additionally, since future production will happen under increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations ([CO2]), cultivar selection should include responsiveness to elevated [CO2]. Five farmer‐preferred African cassava cultivars were grown for three and a half months in a Free Air CO2 Enrichment experiment in central Illinois. Compared to ambient [CO2] (~400 ppm), cassava storage roots grown under elevated [CO2] (~600 ppm) had a higher biomass with some cultivars having lower storage root water content. The elevated [CO2] stimulation in storage root biomass ranged from 33% to 86% across the five cultivars tested documenting the importance of this trait in developing new cultivars. In addition to the destructive harvests to obtain storage root parameters, we explored ground penetrating radar as a nondestructive method to determine storage root growth across the growing season.
The time course of acclimation to the stress of triose phosphate use limitation
Authors: McClain Alan M. , Cruz Jeffrey A. , Kramer David M. , Sharkey Thomas D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTriose phosphate utilisation (TPU) limits the maximum rate at which plants can photosynthesise. However, TPU is almost never found to be limiting photosynthesis under ambient conditions for plants. This, along with previous results showing adaptability of TPU at low temperature, suggest that TPU capacity is regulated to be just above the photosynthetic rate achievable under the prevailing conditions. A set of experiments were performed to study the adaptability of TPU capacity when plants are acclimated to elevated CO2 concentrations. Plants held at 1500 ppm CO2 were initially TPU limited. After 30 h they no longer exhibited TPU limitations but they did not elevate their TPU capacity. Instead, the maximum rates of carboxylation and electron transport declined. A timecourse of regulatory responses was established. A step increase of CO2 first caused PSI to be oxidised but after 40 s both PSI and PSII had excess electrons as a result of acceptor‐side limitations. Electron flow to PSI slowed and the proton motive force increased. Eventually, non‐photochemical quenching reduced electron flow sufficiently to balance the TPU limitation. Over several minutes rubisco deactivated contributing to regulation of metabolism to overcome the TPU limitation.
Engineering effector‐triggered immunity in rice: Obstacles and perspectives
Authors: Vo Kieu Thi Xuan , Yi Qi , Jeon Jong‐Seong 
Published: October 2022

AbstractImproving rice immunity is one of the most effective approaches to reduce yield loss by biotic factors, with the aim of increasing rice production by 2050 amidst limited natural resources. Triggering a fast and strong immune response to pathogens, effector‐triggered immunity (ETI) has intrigued scientists to intensively study and utilize the mechanisms for engineering highly resistant plants. The conservation of ETI components and mechanisms across species enables the use of ETI components to generate broad‐spectrum resistance in plants. Numerous efforts have been made to introduce new resistance (R) genes, widen the effector recognition spectrum and generate on‐demand R genes. Although engineering ETI across plant species is still associated with multiple challenges, previous attempts have provided an enhanced understanding of ETI mechanisms. Here, we provide a survey of recent reports in the engineering of rice R genes. In addition, we suggest a framework for future studies of R gene−effector interactions, including genome‐scale investigations in both rice and pathogens, followed by structural studies of R proteins and effectors, and potential strategies to use important ETI components to improve rice immunity.
Mixed messages & bounded rationality: The perverse consequences of realIDfor immigration policy
Authors: Stobb Maureen , Miller Banks , Kennedy Joshua 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPolicies concerning undocumented immigrants are inevitably ambivalent, creating uncertainty and confusion in the implementation process. We identify a clear example of this ambivalence —U.S. law setting standards for determining the credibility of asylum seekers—that resulted in an increase in asylum grants despite policymakers' intention to make it harder for individuals to obtain the status. We argue that this law, The REAL ID Act of 2005, sent mixed messages to immigration judges (IJs), street‐level bureaucrats who implement immigration policy. It increased IJ discretion, but set vague limits. We theorize that IJs, behaving in a bounded rationality framework, use their professional legal training as a short‐cut and look primarily to the courts for guidance. Our evidence supports our argument. After the passage of the REAL ID Act, IJ decision‐making is more closely aligned with the preferences of their political and legal principals, and, in the final score, the federal circuit courts are the winners.
Cidofovir‐induced anterior uveitis in an allogeneic stem cell transplant recipient
Authors: O'Brien Aine , Boan Peter 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAnterior uveitis is a reported complication of intravenous cidofovir, almost exclusively described in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients treated for cytomegalovirus retinitis. In this study, we report the case of an allogeneic stem cell transplant recipient with significant visual impairment and hypotony following administration of high‐dose intravenous cidofovir for hemorrhagic cystitis due to BK virus.
Lung abscess and empyema in a heart transplant recipient from Thailand
Authors: Bruminhent Jackrapong , López‐Medrano Francisco , Pogatchnik Brian Patrick , Nascimento Ellen , Namsiripongpun Warunyu , Yingchoncharoen Teerapat , Ngodngamthaweesuk Montien , Sukprapruet Araya , Naratreekoon Bundit , Rodriguez‐Goncer Isabel , Hernández Ana , Polanco Natalia , Andrés Amado , Aguado José María , Pouch Stephanie M. , Clemente Wanessa Trindade 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe case discussed involves a 69‐year‐old Thai woman who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation 9 months before this event. She presented with fever without localizing signs or symptoms. However, her chest images revealed mass‐like consolidation in the left upper lobe. Blood culture and lung tissue identified Rhodococcus equi. She was successfully treated with a combination of antimicrobial therapy, optimization of immunosuppressants, and surgical resection.
Comparative analysis and trends in liver transplant hospitalizations with Clostridium difficile infections: A 10‐year national cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ali Hassam , Patel Pratik , Pamarthy Rahul , Fatakhova Karina , Bolick Nicole Leigh , Satapathy Sanjaya Kumar 
Published: October 2022

AbstractGoals and backgroundClostridium difficile infection (CDI) is the leading cause of antibiotic‐associated diarrhea in the United States. We aimed to determine comparative trends in inpatient outcomes of liver transplant (LT) patients based on CDI during hospitalizations.MethodsThe national inpatient sample database was used to conduct the present retrospective study regarding CDI among the LT hospitalizations from 2009 to 2019. Primary outcomes included 10‐year comparative trends of the length of stay (LOS) and mean inpatient charges (MIC). Secondary outcomes included comparative mortality and LT rejection trends.ResultsThere was a 14.05% decrease in CDI in LT hospitalizations over the study period (p = .05). The trend in LOS did not significantly vary (p = .9). MIC increased significantly over the last decade in LT hospitalizations with CDI (p < .001). LT hospitalizations of autoimmune etiology compared against non‐autoimmune did not increase association with CDI, adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 0.97 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.75–1.26, p = .87). CDI was associated with increased mortality in LT hospitalizations, aOR 1.84 (95% CI 1.52–2.24, p < .001). In‐hospital mortality for LT hospitalizations with CDI decreased by 7.75% over the study period (p = .3). CDI increased transplant rejections, aOR 1.3 (95% CI 1.08–1.65, p < .001). There was a declining trend in transplant rejection for LT hospitalization with CDI from 5% to 3% over the study period (p = .0048).ConclusionCDI prevalence does not increase based on autoimmune LT etiology. It increases mortality in LT hospitalizations; however, trend for mortality and transplant rejections has been declining over the last decade.
image
An Upgraded Chemical Kinetic Mechanism for Iso-Octane Oxidation: Prediction of Polyaromatics Formation in Laminar Counterflow Diffusion Flames
Authors: Hernandez Astrid Ramirez , Kathrotia Trupti , Methling Torsten , Braun-Unkhoff Marina , Riedel Uwe 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Iso-octane is widely recognized as a prominent candidate to represent the oxidation of iso-alkanes within jet fuel and gasoline surrogates. This work evaluated a chemical kinetic mechanism for iso-octane focusing on the model's capability to predict the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). As the model is intended to be further coupled with soot models, the chemical kinetic mechanism must supply good predictability of the formation and consumption of PAHs considered as major soot precursors. A first validation of the iso-octane submodel as incorporated within ESTiMatE-Mech, using experimental data from literature, reveals the need to improve the submodel. Considerable deviations were observed in the prediction of the PAHs, although concentration profiles of major species and fundamental combustion properties, here ignition delay time and laminar flame speed, were accurately predicted. Through rate of production and sensitivity analyses of the mechanism, nine reactions were identified to have a strong impact on the (over) prediction of the PAHs. These reactions have been modified based on information gathered from literature resulting in an updated version of the mechanism called ESTiMatE-Mech_mod. Simulation results with this modified mechanism showed that this updated mechanism is now capable of predicting well the targeted PAHs, while retaining the good initial prediction of the major species concentration profiles as well as of laminar flame speeds and ignition delay times.
Flametube Evaluation of a Lean-Lean Combustor Concept Developed for Supersonic Cruise Aircraft
Authors: Tacina Kathleen M. , Podboy Derek P. , Guzman Francisco J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Gaseous emissions were measured in single-cup flametube tests of an advanced low-NOx combustor concept at simulated supersonic cruise conditions. The combustor concept is a low technology readiness level (TRL), lean front-end design developed under the NASA Fundamental Aeronautics/Supersonics project to minimize NOx emissions at supersonic cruise. The flametube conditions matched or approached combustor conditions at supersonic cruise, with combustor inlet temperatures up to 920 K, inlet pressures up to 19 bar, and combusted gas temperatures up to 2,120 K. Whether these conditions met or just approached supersonic cruise conditions depended on the type of engine the combustor would be installed in. Two types of engines were considered here: a “derivative” engine based on a current technology and an “advanced” engine with a higher operating pressure ratio and higher temperature limits. For the “derivative” engine, the combustor is expected to be at least close to meeting the NASA NOx emissions goal of 10 g-NOx/kg-fuel at supersonic cruise. However, with the higher combustor inlet and flame temperatures of the advanced engine, NOx emissions are expected to be well above the goal.
A Model-Free Kullback–Leibler Divergence Filter for Anomaly Detection in Noisy Data Series
Authors: Zhou Ruikun , Gueaieb Wail , Spinello Davide 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
We propose a Kullback–Leibler divergence (KLD) filter to extract anomalies within data series generated by a broad class of proximity sensors, along with the anomaly locations and their relative sizes. The technique applies to devices commonly used in engineering practice, such as those mounted on mobile robots for nondestructive inspection of hazardous or other environments that may not be directly accessible to humans. The raw data generated by this class of sensors can be challenging to analyze due to the prevalence of noise over the signal content. The proposed filter is built to detect the difference of information content between data series collected by the sensor and baseline data series. It is applicable in a model-based or model-free context. The performance of the KLD filter is validated in an industrial-norm setup and benchmarked against a peer industrially adopted algorithm.
Effects of Clearance and Operating Conditions on Tip Leakage Vortex-Induced Energy Loss in an Axial-Flow Pump Using Entropy Production Method
Authors: Kan Kan , Li Haoyu , Chen Huixiang , Xu Hui , Gong Yan , Li Tianyi , Shen Lian 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Tip leakage flow (TLF) is a typical flow phenomenon in the internal flow of axial-flow pumps that has a serious impact on their safety and stability. In this study, numerical simulations are performed to investigate the influence of various tip clearances and operating conditions on the characteristics of the tip leakage vortex (TLV) and energy loss of a prototype of a vertical axial-flow pump. First, based on entropy production theory, the TLV-induced energy loss is quantitatively studied. The entropy production rate caused by turbulence dissipation (EPTD), which is caused by pulsating velocity, contributes the most to the total energy loss. The EPTD at the impeller is principally distributed on the leading edge of the blade due to the influence of the tip clearance. Then, the spatial shape and trajectory of the core of the TLV are discussed, and their correlations with pressure and vorticity are investigated to reveal the spatial distribution characteristics and formation mechanism of TLVs. With increasing tip clearance, the trajectory of the vortex core extends radially outward, and the low-pressure area near the blade tip is consistent with the trajectory of the core of the TLV, which accompanies high vorticity. Fundamentally, pressure gradients and flow separation at the leading edge are the root causes of the TLVs. Lastly, the spatial evolution of TLVs under different calculation schemes is discussed by utilizing the vorticity transport equation, demonstrating that the Coriolis force (CORF) is the main factor that affects the location of a TLV, whereas the vorticity stretching term (VST) has a greater influence on the vorticity variation rate of the TLV than the CORF and plays a predominant role in the spatial development of the TLF.
Machine-Learning Assisted Optimization of Generalized K-Omega (GEKO) Turbulence Model Parameters for Turbocharger Radial Compressor
Authors: Amstad Patrick , So Kwok Kai , Fischer Magnus 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a complete and general machine-learning assisted optimization framework for the Generalized k-ω (GEKO) turbulence model based on experimental measurements. The optimization framework is applied to the use case of a turbocharger radial compressor for three different operating conditions including design and surge conditions. The first optimization of the GEKO turbulence model is performed w.r.t measured global thermodynamic quantities, including the isentropic efficiency and pressure ratio. A second optimization is performed w.r.t local experimental flow quantities, i.e. wall pressure distribution along the diffuser vane. The testing errors of the machine-learning models are compared and analyzed, and the best performing algorithms are Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for modeling the response surface of the GEKO parameters, based on which the turbulence model is optimized by Genetic Algorithm (GA). The aforementioned 2 optimizations result in an equivalent GEKO parameter set, where the optimized GEKO model agrees well with the measurements and the more computationally expensive Explicit-Algebraic Reynold Stress Model (EARSM), and outperforms the Shear Stress Transport (SST) in terms of relative error, and the prediction of onset of surge and flow separation. The optimized GEKO model also generalizes well to different operating conditions as well as another radial compressor with a different diffuser geometry. In addition, a data-based approach is used to quantify the influence of the six GEKO parameters on different flow phenomena in the radial compressor. The result of the data-based approach aligns well with heuristic loss mechanism in turbomachinery.
Hybrid Air Foil Thrust Bearings Design and Performance Measurement
Authors: Xu Fangcheng , Qiu Shuoxian , Chu Jianhua 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Air foil bearings (AFBs) are widely used in high speed and low duty turbomachinery such as fuel cell air compressors, turbo blowers and micro gas turbines due to its high-speed operation, low power loss and good temperature adaptability. However, the applications of air foil thrust bearings to large power compressors such as closed-cycle supercritical CO2 turbines and high power single stage compressors still have many technical challenges due to load capacity limitation. Hybrid air foil bearing (HAFB) combines the benefits of AFB and hydrostatic air bearing. Compressed air is injected through a pipe behind the top foil to enhance pressure inside the thin film to increase bearing load capacity which can be controlled by changing source pressure. This paper presents the manufacturing process of hybrid air foil thrust bearings (HAFTBs) and measurements of bearing performance with three different orifice locations. The experiment was conducted to test the effect of orifice location and air supply pressure on bearing load capacity, friction torque and temperature. The experimental result shows that HAFTBs have significant bearing load capacity enhancement in comparison to AFBs. Source pressure and orifice location are the key parameters of the hybrid air foil thrust bearing.