bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations of conflict and migration on childhood cognitive development in Ethiopia: Evidence from a longitudinal study
Authors: Demis Lina Y. , Kane Jeremy C. , Greene Martha Claire 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundMigration has substantial consequences on the wellness of affected households, thereby exposing children to circumstances that are detrimental for healthy cognitive development. This study evaluates the relationship between conflict and migration during conception or early childhood and childhood cognitive development outcomes among families in Ethiopia. We hypothesized that migration is associated with worse cognitive development outcomes among children and that this association is mediated by educational disparities and caregiver psychological distress.MethodsThe study used longitudinal data of children enrolled in the Young Lives Study (YLS) conducted in Ethiopia during 2002 (age 1), 2006–2007 (age 5), and 2009–2010 (age 8). We used multivariate linear and logistic regression to analyze the association between migration on cognitive development during middle childhood. Household migration and caregiver psychological distress were measured during round 1, type of education was measured at round 2, and cognitive development was measured at round 3.ResultsResults of the multivariate regression analysis showed that migrant children achieved lower scores on a test of verbal intelligence after controlling for sex, ethnicity, religion, and caregiver distress (β: −8.09; 95% CI: −15.33, −0.85). Results of the mediation analysis show that the type of schooling that children attended, but not caregiver psychological distress, mediated the association between migration and cognitive development. Migrant children were more likely to attend private schools, which buffered the association between migration and lower cognitive development.ConclusionsThis study suggests that migration is a key determinant of childhood cognitive development among migrated populations. More research is needed to build the evidence base to support interventions for this growing, underserved population.
Within‐family relations of mental health problems across childhood and adolescence
Authors: Speyer Lydia Gabriela , Hall Hildigunnur Anna , Hang Yuzhan , Hughes Claire , Murray Aja Louise 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundWhile transactional models suggest that parent and child mental health reciprocally influence one another over development, research has largely focused on parent‐to‐child effects. Additionally, it is not known whether observed associations hold when appropriate statistical tools are used to operationalise within‐family dynamics.MethodsWe investigated within‐family mental health dynamics using autoregressive latent trajectory models with structured residuals, stratified by child gender. Parental psychological distress was assessed using the Kessler (K6) scale, and children’s internalising and externalising problems were assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Both measures were administered at the age 3, 5, 7, 11, 14 and 17 waves of the Millennium Cohort Study (N = 10,746, ~50% female).ResultsMaternal psychological distress was positively associated with subsequent internalising and externalising problems for girls but only with internalising problems for boys. Paternal psychological distress was associated with boys’ later internalising and externalising problems during early adolescence. Among boys, internalising problems were associated with later maternal psychological distress, while externalising problems were associated with later paternal psychological distress. Among girls, internalising problems were associated with subsequent paternal psychological distress, while externalising problems were associated with later maternal psychological distress. Finally, maternal and paternal psychological distress showed negative bidirectional associations in early childhood but positive associations in middle childhood and early adolescence.ConclusionsFindings support a transactional model of family mental health, with both child‐to‐parent and parent‐to‐child effects playing a role in the development of mental health difficulties. Mental health intervention efforts should, therefore, target the whole family system.
Post‐acne erythema treatment: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Kalantari Yasamin , Dadkhahfar Sahar , Etesami Ifa 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPost‐acne erythema (PAE) is a common sequela of acne inflammation, and it refers to telangiectasia and erythematous lesions remaining after the acne treatment. Although some PAE lesions may improve over time, persisting PAE might be esthetically undesirable for patients. The efficacy of various treatment options for PAE has been investigated in many studies but there exists no gold standard treatment modality. In this study, we aimed to give a systematic literature review on various treatment options for PAE, the advantage of each modality, and compare their efficacy, safety, and feasibility. By using the selected keywords, we carried out a systematic search for articles published from the inception to 28 April 2021 in PubMed/Medline and Embase databases. Of the 5796 initially retrieved articles, 18 of them were fully eligible to be enrolled in our study. In this study, we found that light and laser‐based devices were the most frequently used treatments for PAE. Generally, pulsed‐dye lasers were the most commonly used laser devices for PAE. Neodymium:yttrium aluminum‐garnet lasers were the second most commonly used modalities in treating PAE. Topical treatments such as oxymetazoline, tranexamic acid, and brimonidine tartrate are promising treatments in reducing PAE lesions. In our study, no severe side effects were found. In conclusion, both laser devices and topical agents seem to be effective for PAE lesions; however, further randomized clinical trials are needed in this field.
Effects of Grinding and Polishing on Surface Characteristics of Monolithic Zirconia Fabricated by Different Manufacturing Processes: Wet Deposition and Dry Milling
Authors: Jin Manjia , Zhao Jing , Zheng Yuanna 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the effects of grinding and polishing on surface characteristics of monolithic zirconia fabricated by two different manufacturing processes.Materials and MethodsTwo types of monolithic zirconia specimens, self‐glazed zirconia (SZ) and conventional zirconia (CZ), were fabricated by wet deposition and dry milling, respectively. The specimens were randomly assigned into 4 groups (n = 10): as‐sintered, ground, polished with a special zirconia polishing kit, and polished with a general‐purpose ceramic polishing kit. Surface morphology and roughness (Ra) were characterized, followed by one‐way ANOVA analysis (α = 0.05).ResultsThe as‐sintered SZ exhibited a smooth surface with obvious different morphologies compared with the as‐sintered CZ (Ra: 0.26 ± 0.05 μm versus 0.33 ± 0.10 μm). Ra of the ground SZ was significantly higher than that of the as‐sintered SZ (p < 0.001) and the ground CZ (p = 0.011). For both SZ and CZ, Ra decreased significantly after polishing (p < 0.001), and there was no significant difference between the two groups with different polishing kits (SZ‐ p = 0.144; CZ‐ p = 0.322). Surface morphologies of SZ and CZ became similar after grinding and polishing.ConclusionsMonolithic zirconia SZ fabricated by wet deposition exhibited a smooth surface with specific patterns compared to the dry milled CZ. Grinding significantly changed the surface morphology of SZ and increased surface roughness of both zirconia specimens, which can be improved by polishing without being influenced by polishing kit selection.
A clinical and molecular epidemiological survey of hepatitis C in Blantyre, Malawi, suggests a historic mechanism of transmission
Authors: Stockdale Alexander J. , Kreuels Benno , Shawa Isaac T. , Meiring James E. , Thindwa Deus , Silungwe Niza M. , Chetcuti Karen , Joekes Elizabeth , Mbewe Maurice , Mbale Blessings , Patel Pratiksha , Kachala Rabson , Patel Priyanka D. , Malewa Jane , Finch Peter , Davis Chris , Shah Rajiv , Tong Lily , da Silva Filipe Ana , Thomson Emma C. , Geretti Anna Maria , Gordon Melita A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of liver disease worldwide. There are no previous representative community HCV prevalence studies from Southern Africa, and limited genotypic data. Epidemiological data are required to inform an effective public health response. We conducted a household census‐based random sampling serological survey, and a prospective hospital‐based study of patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Blantyre, Malawi. We tested participants with an HCV antigen/antibody ELISA (Monolisa, Bio‐Rad), confirmed with PCR (GeneXpert, Cepheid) and used line immunoassay (Inno‐LIA, Fujiribio) for RNA‐negative participants. We did target‐enrichment whole‐genome HCV sequencing (NextSeq, Illumina). Among 96,386 censused individuals, we randomly selected 1661 people aged ≥16 years. Population‐standardized HCV RNA prevalence was 0.2% (95% CI 0.1–0.5). Among 236 patients with cirrhosis and HCC, HCV RNA prevalence was 1.9% and 5.0%, respectively. Mapping showed that HCV RNA+ patients were from peri‐urban areas surrounding Blantyre. Community and hospital HCV RNA+ participants were older than comparator HCV RNA‐negative populations (median 53 vs 30 years for community, p = 0.01 and 68 vs 40 years for cirrhosis/HCC, p < 0.001). Endemic HCV genotypes (n = 10) were 4v (50%), 4r (30%) and 4w (10%). In this first census‐based community serological study in Southern Africa, HCV was uncommon in the general population, was centred on peri‐urban regions and was attributable for <5% of liver disease. HCV infection was observed only among older people, suggesting a historic mechanism of transmission. Genotype 4r, which has been associated with treatment failure with ledipasvir and daclatasvir, is endemic.
Evolutionary characteristics and immune mutation of hepatitis C virus genotype 1b among intravenous drug users in mainland, China
Authors: Wu Sheng , Yuan Huangbo , Fan Hong , Xu Yiyun , Liu Zhenqiu , Wu Xuefu , Wu Mingshan , Zhang Xin , Shi Tingting , Zhang Tiejun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractChina is one of the countries with the heaviest burden of hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide, especially subtype 1b. To better control hepatitis C, insights into the characteristics of dynamic spread and genomic mutations are urgently needed. We retrieved sequences of HCV‐1b NS5B among intravenous drug users (IDUs) and general people (Non‐IDUs) in China from 2000 to 2011 in NCBI. Bayesian phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses were used to evaluate the transmission dynamics of HCV‐1b. Non‐synonymous substitutions were detected to illustrate immune adaptation. Evolutionary history demonstrated that HCV‐1b effective population size experienced a sharp increase in 1990. HCV‐1b sequences among IDUs had a higher estimated evolutionary rate (5.7185 × 10−3 substitutions/site/year) than overall (7.7332 × 10−4). 105/136 (77.2%) of HCV‐1b sequences clustered into 38 networks. The average non‐synonymous HCV‐1b immune epitopes among IDUs were 0.211, higher than non‐IDUs, especially in the HLA‐A*02 molecular recognition region. All of these posed significant challenges for the prevention and treatment of HCV. Heterogeneity and genetic linkages of HCV‐1b suggest that evolutionary surveillance of HCV in cities in east‐central China and among IDUs could not be neglected.
Are CO2‐rich seafloor pockmarks a suitable environment for ostracod assemblages? The example of the Zannone Giant Pockmark (central‐eastern Tyrrhenian)
Authors: Aiello Giuseppe , Mazzini Ilaria , Parisi Roberta , Ingrassia Michela , Barra Diana 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDespite their high abundance and diversity, ostracods adapted to a particular chemosynthetic environment and its surroundings have rarely been studied. Therefore, the thresholds and environmental characteristics shaping their assemblages are poorly known. Here, we report a detailed study of the ostracod assemblages occurring around the Zannone Giant Pockmark, a CO2 hydrothermal vent system recently discovered in the central‐eastern Tyrrhenian Sea. Although among crustaceans, ostracods seem to have the longest stratigraphic record in fossil seeps and hydrothermal vents starting in the Palaeozoic, our results indicate that their occurrence is driven by CO2 that represents an insurmountable threshold for ostracods’ life.
Arabidopsis thaliana CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE‐GATED CHANNEL2 mediates extracellular ATP signal transduction in root epidermis
Authors: Wang Limin , Ning Youzheng , Sun Jian , Wilkins Katie A. , Matthus Elsa , McNelly Rose E. , Dark Adeeba , Rubio Lourdes , Moeder Wolfgang , Yoshioka Keiko , Véry Anne‐Aliénor , Stacey Gary , Leblanc‐Fournier Nathalie , Legué Valérie , Moulia Bruno , Davies Julia M. 
Published: January 2022

Summary

Damage can be signalled by extracellular ATP (eATP) using plasma membrane (PM) receptors to effect cytosolic free calcium ion ([Ca2+]cyt) increase as a second messenger. The downstream PM Ca2+ channels remain enigmatic. Here, the Arabidopsis thaliana Ca2+ channel subunit CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE‐GATED CHANNEL2 (CNGC2) was identified as a critical component linking eATP receptors to downstream [Ca2+]cyt signalling in roots.

Extracellular ATP‐induced changes in single epidermal cell PM voltage and conductance were measured electrophysiologically, changes in root [Ca2+]cyt were measured with aequorin, and root transcriptional changes were determined by quantitative real‐time PCR. Two cngc2 loss‐of‐function mutants were used: cngc2‐3 and defence not death1 (which expresses cytosolic aequorin).

Extracellular ATP‐induced transient depolarization of Arabidopsis root elongation zone epidermal PM voltage was Ca2+ dependent, requiring CNGC2 but not CNGC4 (its channel co‐subunit in immunity signalling). Activation of PM Ca2+ influx currents also required CNGC2. The eATP‐induced [Ca2+]cyt increase and transcriptional response in cngc2 roots were significantly impaired.

CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE‐GATED CHANNEL2 is required for eATP‐induced epidermal Ca2+ influx, causing depolarization leading to [Ca2+]cyt increase and damage‐related transcriptional response.
Let’s talk about sex: A biological variable in immune response against melanoma
Authors: Dakup Panshak P. , Greer Adam J. , Gaddameedhi Shobhan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAs science culture gravitates toward a more holistic inclusion of both males and females in research design, the outlining of sex differences and their respective intersections with disease physiology and pathophysiology should see reciprocal expansion. Melanoma skin cancer, for example, has observed a female advantage in incidence, mortality, and overall survival since the early 1970s. The exact biological mechanism of this trend, however, is unclear and further complicated by a layering of clinical variables such as skin phototype, age, and body mass index. In this perspective, we highlight epidemiological evidence of sex differences in melanoma and summarize the landscape of their potential origin. Among several biological hallmarks, we make a note of sex‐specific immune profiles—along with divergent hormonal regulation, social practices, DNA damage and oxidative stress responses, body composition, genetic variants, and X‐chromosome expression—as probable drivers of disparity in melanoma initiation and progression. This review further focuses the conversation of sex as an influencing factor in melanoma development and its potential implication for disease management and treatment strategies.
Flexible clustering via hidden hierarchical Dirichlet priors
Authors: Lijoi Antonio , Prünster Igor , Rebaudo Giovanni 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Bayesian approach to inference stands out for naturally allowing borrowing information across heterogeneous populations, with different samples possibly sharing the same distribution. A popular Bayesian nonparametric model for clustering probability distributions is the nested Dirichlet process, which however has the drawback of grouping distributions in a single cluster when ties are observed across samples. With the goal of achieving a flexible and effective clustering method for both samples and observations, we investigate a nonparametric prior that arises as the composition of two different discrete random structures and derive a closed‐form expression for the induced distribution of the random partition, the fundamental tool regulating the clustering behavior of the model. On the one hand, this allows to gain a deeper insight into the theoretical properties of the model and, on the other hand, it yields an MCMC algorithm for evaluating Bayesian inferences of interest. Moreover, we single out limitations of this algorithm when working with more than two populations and, consequently, devise an alternative more efficient sampling scheme, which as a by‐product, allows testing homogeneity between different populations. Finally, we perform a comparison with the nested Dirichlet process and provide illustrative examples of both synthetic and real data.
Tomato transcriptional repressor SlBES1.8 influences shoot apical meristem development by inhibiting the DNA binding ability of SlWUS
Authors: Su Deding , Wen Ling , Xiang Wei , Shi Yuan , Lu Wang , Liu Yudong , Xian Zhiqiang , Li Zhengguo 
Published: January 2022

SUMMARYAs the reservoir of pluripotent stem cells, the shoot apical meristem (SAM) is responsible for the production of aboveground plant organs including flower and fruit. The stem cell pool is dramatically influenced by a conserved negative feedback circuit between WUSCHEL (WUS) and CLAVATA (CLV). Numerous studies have focused on the functional mechanism of WUS in maintaining SAM development over the past few years, while the co‐regulators of WUS remain to be discovered. Here, we identified a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) BES1 transcription factor, SlBES1.8, that is specifically expressed in the SAM and flower and functions as a transcriptional repressor. Overexpression of SlBES1.8 resulted in enlarged SAM and extra floral organs in tomato, which eventually led to the formation of pepper‐like fruit with increased soluble sugar and organic acid contents. Direct regulatory effects of SlBES1.8 on the CLV–WUS signaling cascade were not observed; instead, protein–protein interaction between SlBES1.8 and SlWUS was confirmed and the crucial interaction domains were identified. As a result, this heterodimerization significantly repressed the transcriptional regulation ability of SlWUS by inhibiting SlWUS binding to the promoter fragments of CLV3 and downstream genes. Taken together, our findings suggest that SlBES1.8 serves as a novel co‐regulator of SlWUS to influence the development of the SAM.
Heat Transfer and Fluid Friction During Flow Across Banks of Tubes—VI: The Effect of Internal Leakages Within Segmentally Baffled Exchangers
Authors: Bergelin O. P. , Bell K. J. , Leighton M. D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
An experimental study has been made of the leakage past segmental baffles within tubular heat exchangers with no fouling. Orifice coefficients are given which will permit calculation of the amount of leakage if the pressure difference across the baffle is known. For the case of turbulent flow of the main stream in the exchanger, the effect of internal leakage upon pressure drop and heat transfer is shown by comparing experimental results from exchangers with known internal clearances with the results from an exchanger with no internal clearances. Internal clearances comparable to those encountered in commercial practice were found to lower the heat-transfer coefficient to around 55 per cent and the pressure drop to around 30 per cent of the values without internal leakage. Graphs are presented which will aid in estimating the reduction in pressure drop and heat transfer resulting from internal leakages.
Accelerated Field Tests of Cavitation Intensity
Authors: Knapp R. T. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to describe a new technique for measuring the intensity of the cavitation attack in a piece of hydraulic equipment operating in the field, and to present the results and conclusions of a preliminary trial of this method in a 30,000-kw hydraulic turbine. This technique has been referred to as an accelerated test because the time required for the test run is measured in minutes, and by careful planning the total outage time required for installation and removal of the test plates is short.
Force Components, Chip Geometry, and Specific Cutting Energy in Orthogonal and Oblique Machining of SAE 1015 Steel
Authors: Kececioglu Dimitri 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A three-component, SR-4 strain-gage, lathe dynamometer is described. Orthogonal and oblique cutting data obtained with this dynamometer, when dry, end-cutting SAE 1015, 118 Bhn seamless-steel tubing are presented. Tools tipped with all-purpose, steel-cutting grade carbide and having normal rake angles varying from −10 to 37 deg and inclination angles varying from 0 to 36 deg were used to obtain the cutting data at speeds varying from 125 to 750 fpm and feeds varying from 0.004 to 0.012 ipr. The variation of the machining-force components, the cutting ratio, the thickness ratio, and the specific cutting energy with the normal rake angle, the inclination angle, the cutting speed, and the tool feed is given.
Calculation of Theoretical Flame Temperatures in Furnaces
Authors: Myers J. W. , Goldberg S. A. , Smith R. W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper presents thermodynamic data in graphical form to be used in determining adiabatic flame temperatures for combustion processes at atmospheric pressure. The data are applicable for coal, coke, and liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels when burned with air at values of excess air ranging from 0 to 100 per cent. A technique for using electronic computing machines to calculate the equilibrium composition and enthalpy of gaseous products of combustion is discussed. The data are presented in a generalized form so that the heat of dissociation and total enthalpy can be determined for any gas composition within the range considered and for any temperature between 2400 and 4000 F. Conversely, the adiabatic flame temperature may be determined if it lies between these limits and if the enthalpy of the system is known. Plots of the heat of dissociation of flue gases permit the determination of flame temperature with an accuracy of ±20 F by means of additional calculations and auxiliary plotting. Simplified plots of total enthalpy enable the flame temperature to be determined directly with an accuracy of ±75 F. Although only four gas components, CO2, H2O, O2, and N2 were considered, it is unlikely that minor constituents will affect the results appreciably. Trial calculations showed that the error introduced by including SO2 with CO2 when burning a high-sulphur coal amounted to less than 10 F at extreme conditions of temperature and excess air.
In-Service Washing of Ljungstrom Air Preheaters on Pulverized Coal-Fired Steam Generators
Authors: Hupfer H. J. , Stanley R. J. , Van Sickle A. H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The St. Clair Power Plant of The Detroit Edison Company has experienced difficulty with air-preheater fouling caused by flue-dust deposits on the cold-end surface. Removal of these deposits by the conventional out-of-service washing technique has not been satisfactory, pointing up the need for an effective method of in-service washing. This paper includes a discussion of the equipment and methods used, and the results obtained from 11 in-service washings of air preheaters at the St. Clair Plant. The known factors responsible for the success or failure of in-service washing also are discussed.