bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent progress in two dimensional Mxenes for photocatalysis: a critical review
Authors: Haneef Tahir , Rasool Kashif , Iqbal Jibran , Nawaz Rab , Raza Ul Mustafa Muhammad , Mahmoud Khaled A , Sarkar Tapati , Shahzad Asif 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Transition metal carbides and nitrides, generally known as MXenes have emerged as an alternative to improve photocatalytic performance in renewable energy and environmental remediation applications because of their high surface area, tunable chemistry, and easily adjustable elemental compositions. MXenes have many interlayer groups, surface group operations, and a flexible layer spacing that makes them ideal catalysts. Over 30 different members of the MXenes family have been explored and successfully utilized as catalysts. Particularly, MXenes have achieved success as a photocatalyst for carbon dioxide reduction, nitrogen fixation, hydrogen evolution, and photochemical degradation. The structure of MXenes and the presence of hydrophilic functional groups on the surface results in excellent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. In addition, MXenes’ surface defects provide abundant CO2 adsorption sites. Moreover, their highly efficient catalytic oxidation activity is a result of their excellent two-dimensional nanomaterial structure and high-speed electron transport channels. This article comprehensively discusses the structure, synthesis techniques, photocatalytic applications (i.e. H2 evolution, N2 fixation, CO2 reduction, and degradation of pollutants), and recyclability of MXenes. This review also critically evaluates the MXene-based heterostructure and composites photocatalyst synthesis process and their performance for organic pollutant degradation. Finally, a prospect for further research is presented in environmental and energy sciences.
Correlating electronic properties with M-site composition in solid solution Ti
y
Nb2-

y
CT
x
MXenes
Authors: Yang Yizhou , Han Meikang , Shuck Christopher E , Sah Raj K , Paudel Jay R , Gray Alexander X , Gogotsi Yury , May Steven J 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
High electrical conductivity is desired in MXene films for applications such as electromagnetic interference shielding, antennas, and electrodes for electrochemical energy storage and conversion applications. Due to the acid etching-based synthesis method, it is challenging to deconvolute the relative importance that factors such as chemical composition and flake size contribute to resistivity. To understand the intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to the macroscopic electronic transport properties, a systematic study controlling compositional and structural parameters was conducted with eight solid solutions in the Ti
y
Nb2−y
CT
x
system. In particular, we investigated the different roles played by metal (M)-site composition, flake size, and d-spacing on macroscopic transport. Hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry revealed changes to electronic structure induced by the M-site alloying. Consistent with the spectroscopic results, the low- and room-temperature conductivities and effective carrier mobility are correlated with the Ti content, while the impact of flake size and d-spacing is most prominent in low-temperature transport. The results provide guidance for designing and engineering MXenes with a wide range of conductivities.
Improved electrical parameter of graphene in Si/SiO2/Al2O3/graphene heterostructure for THz modulation
Authors: Chouksey Abhilasha , Lal Mohan , Kumar Shivnath , Kumar Prashant , Laishram Radhapiyari , Singh Anupama , Rawat J S , Khare Neeraj 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We proposed the extraction of necessary electrical parameters of graphene (Gr) on Si/SiO2/Gr and Si/SiO2/Al2O3/Gr heterostructure THz modulators using the THz measurement technique. The obtained average THz absorption is 24.5% more on Si/SiO2/Al2O3/Gr as compared to the Gr on Si/SiO2. The calculated value of the carrier mobility of graphene on Si/SiO2/Al2O3 is 2.33 times more than that on Si/SiO2. The presence of Al2O3 may play a role of a barrier for diffusion of trap and impurity charges from Si/SiO2 to graphene which may lead to higher mobility and higher THz absorption. THz modulation measurements by optical pumping were also performed. Maximum modulation depth was 18.54% on Si/SiO2/Al2O3/Gr modulator at 2W pumping power which is 16.54% higher as compared to Gr on Si/SiO2. This shows that graphene on Si/SiO2/Al2O3 heterostructure exhibits great potential for the development of an efficient electro-optical THz modulator as compared to Si/SiO2/Gr modulator.
A feasible strategy of fabricating camptothecin (SN38)-loaded holmium ferrite nanocarrier delivery for glioma treatment
Authors: Zeng Yu , Chen Huihui , Yang Fan , Li Huiyong , Yang Pengxiang 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most prevalent and deadly primary brain tumors. The life expectancy of people with gliomas only slightly increases through surgical procedures, radiation, and chemotherapy. Magnetic nanocarriers must be developed to enable drug delivery using a magnetic field. A utilized to fabricate holmium ferrite nanoparticles is described herein. β-Cyclodextrin-polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugate is used as a coat for the holmium ferrite nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are all used to study the nanoparticles. This size range of nanoparticles is optimal for efficient drug delivery. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the fabricated nanoparticles was examined using U87MG and LN229 glioma cancer cells. The acridine orange/ethidium bromide and nuclear staining methods examined the morphological changes in the U87MG and LN229 glioma cells. The mode of cell death mechanism was investigated by Annexin V-FITC/PI flow cytometry methods. The possibility for successful SN38 delivery for the treatment of glioma cancer exists with the SN38@HF-β-CD-PEG.
Microstructure evolution and strengthening mechanism of A356 composites reinforced with micron and nano SiCp
Authors: Song Yahu , Wang Aiqin , Ma Douqin , Xie Jingpei , Wang Wenyan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The single scale SiCp reinforcement has a limited effect on the comprehensive performance of the composite, which restricts the optimization and improvement of its comprehensive performance. In order to improve the material’s strong plasticity, wear resistance, thermal expansion and other properties of the comprehensive requirements. The (micron and nano) dual-scale SiCp/A356 composites with different volume fractions were prepared using the combination of powder metallurgy and hot extrusion. The effects of different volume fractions of dual-scale SiCp (15, 20, 25, 30 vol.%) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of A356 composites were studied, and the strengthening mechanism of dual-scale SiCp/A356 composites was analyzed. The results show that with the increasing of dual-scale SiCp content, the distribution uniformity and mechanical properties of SiCp first increase and then decrease. When the content of dual-scale SiCp is 25%, the mechanical properties reach their maximum values, with the hardness, yield strength and tensile strength of 112.3 HBW, 228 MPa and 310 MPa, respectively. They are improved by 86.9%, 81.0%, 74.2% as compared with those of A356 alloy, respectively. The fracture modes of dual-scale SiCp/A356 composites are mainly Al matrix tearing and SiCp fracture. The main strengthening mechanism is Orowan strengthening, along with thermal mismatch strengthening, load transfer strengthening and fine grain strengthening.
Direct graphene synthesis on LiNbO3 substrate by C implantation on Cu covering layer
Authors: Xu Yuhang , Lu Fei , Liu Yifan , Ma Changdong 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We directly synthesized multi-layer graphene with an area of several hundred square microns on the lithium niobate (LN, LiNbO3) substrate by Carbon (C) implantation into the copper (Cu)-covered LiNbO3. The energy of C ion implantation was optimized per SRIM simulation to ensure that the distribution of C covers the Cu/LiNbO3 interface. The optimized energy was established at 55 keV, such that the formation of C peaks in the respective materials on each side of the Cu/LiNbO3 interface. The diffusion of the accumulated C to the Cu/LiNbO3 interface can form a more uniform C distribution at the interface, which is beneficial to the synthesis of graphene. Following the annealing process and removal of the Cu coating, a multi-layer graphene with an area of several hundred square microns on the surface of LiNbO3 was identified and characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). This remarkable advancement encourages the industrialization of direct graphene synthesis on LiNbO3 substrates via ion implantation.
Segmenting 3D geometry of left coronary artery from coronary CT angiography using deep learning for hemodynamic evaluation
Authors: Sadid Sadman R , Kabir Mohammed S , Mahmud Samreen T , Islam Md Saiful , Islam A H M Waliul , Arafat M Tarik 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
While coronary CT angiography (CCTA) is crucial for detecting several coronary artery diseases, it fails to provide essential hemodynamic parameters for early detection and treatment. These parameters can be easily obtained by performing computational fluid dynamic (CFD) analysis on the 3D artery geometry generated by CCTA image segmentation. As the coronary artery is small in size, manually segmenting the left coronary artery from CCTA scans is a laborious, time-intensive, error-prone, and complicated task which also requires a high level of expertise. Academics recently proposed various automated segmentation techniques for combatting these issues. To further aid in this process, we present CoronarySegNet, a deep learning-based framework, for autonomous and accurate segmentation as well as generation of 3D geometry of the left coronary artery. The design is based on the original U-net topology and includes channel-aware attention blocks as well as deep residual blocks with spatial dropout that contribute to feature map independence by eliminating 2D feature maps rather than individual components. We trained, tested, and statistically evaluated our model using CCTA images acquired from various medical centers across Bangladesh and the Rotterdam Coronary Artery Algorithm Evaluation challenge dataset to improve generality. In empirical assessment, CoronarySegNet outperforms several other cutting-edge segmentation algorithms, attaining dice similarity coefficient of 0.78 on an average while being highly significant (p < 0.05). Additionally, both the 3D geometries generated by machine learning and semi-automatic method were statistically similar. Moreover, hemodynamic evaluation performed on these 3D geometries showed comparable results.
Metal single atom doped 2D materials for photocatalysis: current status and future perspectives
Authors: Wahid Fazli , Ali Sajjad , Ismail Pir Muhammad , Raziq Fazal , Ali Sharafat , Yi Jiabao , Qiao Liang 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
With the increase of energy crisis and greenhouse effect, the development of new photocatalytic systems with efficient solar-driven fuels/chemicals production is of great practical and scientific importance. In this scenario, single atom photocatalytic (SAP) systems are considered a significant breakthrough in the development of heterogeneous photocatalysis due to their superior catalytic efficiency, large surface area, and high atomic utilization. SAPs are consisting of isolated single atoms (SAs) distributed on/or coordinated with surface atoms of a suitable support. The anchoring of SAs on 2D substrates endows the developed SAPs with excellent properties, including high loading, uniform coordination, high light harvesting capability, and enhanced photocatalytic activities. Recently, many 2D substrates, including carbon materials, MXenes, and transition metal chalcogenides, have been used to anchor metal SAs for different photocatalytic applications. This review systematically discusses SAPs and the confining of metal SAs on 2D supports. Moreover, this review highlights the recent advances of SAPs for energy conversion, the existing challenges, and future perspectives. We expect that this review will offer some ideas for the future discovery of novel photocatalytic systems.
Investigating the low-velocity impact behaviour of sandwich composite structures with 3D-printed hexagonal honeycomb core—a review
Authors: Nur Ainin F , Azaman M D , Abdul Majid M S , Ridzuan M J M 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This study aims to comprehensively review previous and present research on the dynamic responses of 3D-printed sandwich composite structures. The low-velocity impact and failure mechanisms caused by the impact load and energy absorption capabilities are discussed. Investigating the processes and mechanics of a material is an essential step in addressing the structural failure problems, which are mostly caused by a fracture. The encouraging impact resistance results have prompted researchers to explore the capabilities of structural integrity to optimize performance, which can be accomplished leveraging the enhanced material and architectural combinations of sandwich composites. The ongoing research into low-velocity behaviour of fabricated sandwich composite structures with 3D-printed hexagonal honeycomb cores and varying core materials is emphasized in this study.
P07 The intraoperative use of augmented and mixed reality technology to improve surgical outcomes: a systematic review
Authors: Bollen E , Awad L , Langridge B , Butler PEM 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Augmented reality and mixed reality technology give the user an altered perception of their surroundings. The intraoperative use of this technology is a novel and rapidly developing area of research. While they show the potential to advance surgical practice, the evidence supporting their proposed benefits is unclear. This systematic review aims to critically appraise the intraoperative use of augmented and mixed reality technology to improve surgical outcomes.

Methods
This study followed PRISMA guidelines and is registered with PROSPERO (registration number CRD42020205892). A search of PubMed and Scopus, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO ICTRP was performed. All studies were included which reported empirical data on surgical outcomes with the use of augmented or mixed reality technology intraoperatively. Risk of bias was assessed in accordance with Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.

Results
The literature search identified 6826 articles initially. This number was ultimately reduced to 92 studies on 2462 patients, comprising 76 studies on augmented reality, 15 on mixed reality and one on both. This technology has been used intraoperatively in a broad range of contexts with varying effects. While the current evidence is generally of low quality, it suggests that, when applied correctly, this technology can significantly improve surgical outcomes.

Conclusion
Augmented and mixed reality can improve intraoperative navigational speed and accuracy, thereby improving surgical outcomes. However, they have technical limitations which are the subject of ongoing investigation. Further research is necessary to elucidate how this technology can be best applied intraoperatively.

Take-home message
Research across surgery shows that AR and MR can improve operative speed and accuracy by importing images into the operative field, with good effect on surgical outcomes. However, current evidence and technology are not without their limitations, which necessitates further research.
P09 The golden patient initiative: a systematic review
Authors: Khan S , Elbayouk A , Azam B , Qureshi MK , Ali AM , Hadi S , Halim UA 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Operating theatres and surgical resource consumption comprise a significant proportion of all healthcare costs. Inefficiencies in theatre lists remain an important focus for cost management. During COVID-19 pandemic, the number of patients on theatre waiting lists has surged. Hence there is a pressing need to utilise already limited theatre time and fraught resources with innovative methods. In this systematic review we consider the Golden Patient Initiative (GPI), in which the first patient on the operating list is pre-assessed the day prior to surgery, and we aimed to assess its overall efficacy.

Methods
A literature search using four databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and the Cochrane library identified all clinical research concerning the GPI. Two independent authors screened articles against eligibility criteria, using a process adapted from PRISMA guidelines. Data extracted included outcomes measured, follow-up period and study design. The result displayed significant heterogeneity; therefore a narrative review was conducted.

Results
13 of 73 eligible articles were included for analysis. Outcomes included delay in theatre start time, number of surgical case cancellations and changes to total case numbers. Across the studies, a 19–30 minute improvement of theatre start time was reported (P&lt;0.05), as was a statistically significant decrease in case cancellations.

Conclusion
Our analysis gives encouraging conclusions for theatre efficiency with the GPI, a low cost solution which can easily be implemented to help improve patient safety lead to cost savings. However, at present it is largely implemented amongst local trusts, hence larger multicentre studies are required to provide conclusive evidence.

Take-home message
Our analysis gives encouraging conclusions for greater theatre efficiency with the GPI, a low cost solution which can easily be implemented to help improve patient safety lead to cost savings.
P12 Sustainability: staff knowledge of which items of waste can be recycled in the orthopaedic operating theatre
Authors: Peacock C , Liu P , Gurung B , Fu H , Phoon K , Afzal I , Sochart D , Kader D , Asopa V 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Introduction
NHS England generates over 20 million tonnes of CO2 per year, representing 4% of the nation's greenhouse gas emissions. One third of all hospital waste comes from operating theatres. Our aim was to investigate the degree of knowledge of sustainable waste segregation amongst theatre staff in an elective orthopaedic centre and identify ways to improve their waste segregation practice.

Methods
Over a one-week period, 20 randomly selected theatre staff of different roles, completed a questionnaire asking them which disposal bin 11 commonly used orthopaedic theatre items should be placed in – general waste or recycling. After initial data collection, posters specifically identifying recyclable items were created and displayed in each operating theatre. Following this intervention, data was re-collected from another 20 randomly selected theatre staff using the same questionnaire.

Results
Results from the initial questionnaire showed general waste and recyclable items were correctly identified by staff in 65% (78/120 responses) and 59% (59/100 responses), respectively. Following the educational intervention, the percentage of correct responses increased to 68.3% (82/120 responses) and 85% (85/100 responses); i.e. staff knowledge of what can go into a recycling bin improved by 36%.

Conclusion
Educating staff by placing posters in the operating theatre can improve knowledge of what orthopaedic theatre items can be recycled and is a simple and effective way of producing sustainable change in surgery. Guiding and empowering individuals to exercise sustainable practice in the operating theatre will help the NHS to overcome the significant challenge of achieving net zero carbon by 2045.

Take-home message
Educating staff by placing posters in the operating theatre is a simple and effective way of improving waste segregation practice and will help the health service to overcome the significant challenge of achieving net zero carbon.
O033 Video tuition of intracavernosal alprostadil injection for management of erectile dysfunction
Authors: Śluzar P , MacAskill F , Gordon P , Briggs K , Sandher A , Hewson S , Barron E , Yap T , Eardley I , Shabbir M 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Intracavernosal injections (ICI) are the second line treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). To reduce the risk of complications, primarily priapism, the first administration has traditionally required face-to-face appointments. With a move to remote working, the safety and feasibility of an instructional video for the first self-administration of ICI was assessed.

Methods
Two centres recruited patients, with participants receiving a pack comprising a written instruction leaflet and a Viridal Duo prescription, followed by an email with our instructional video. Patients were given a specific time to self-administer their ICI (Alprostadil 2.5 micrograms), when our CNS was available for support. The same CNS would follow up two hours later via telephone to assess the experience using a Likert scale semi-structured interview.

Results
Thirty-nine patients were recruited between two centres, with 35 continuing to injection. The median age was 63 years (range 34–78). The most common ED aetiology was post-prostatectomy (18/35). Thirty-four (97%) recruits found the video instructions clear, with it being watched a mean 2 (range 1–8) times. Only 1 patient (3%) required telephone support. At the 2.5mcg dose, the mean erection hardness score was 2 (range 1–4) after an average of 5 minutes. No patients reported significant bruising at the injection site and there was no priapism. Thirty-three patients (94%) were very or extremely likely to recommend this method for starting ICI therapy.

Conclusion
Our study shows ICI tuition does not require direct supervision, thereby reducing face-to-face contact and will tackle significant waiting lists by increasing productivity.

Take-home message
Our study shows ICI tuition does not require direct supervision, thereby reducing face-to-face contact and will tackle significant waiting lists by increasing productivity.