bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Custom-Made Foot Orthotics for People With Lower Limb Conditions
Authors: Barbara Angela M. , Horton Jennifer 
Published: February 2022

There were no statistically significant differences between custom-made foot orthotics and prefabricated foot orthotics for plantar heal pain in adults.
There is limited evidence for short-term pain relief and improved quality of life with custom-made orthotics compared to placebo or no intervention in adults with plantar fasciitis.
Custom-made foot orthotics are less cost-effective than other interventions (placebo, prefabricated orthotics, usual care) in the short and medium term.
Two evidence-based guidelines recommended the use of custom-made foot orthotics in patients with diabetes for prevention and treatment of foot ulceration.
Experimental study of the tribological characteristics of a honed cylinder liner during the running-in process
Authors: Kang Jianxiong , Lu Yanjun , Zhao Bin , Jiang Cheng , Li Pengzhou , Luo Hongbo , Zhang Yongfang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The tribological properties of the cylinder liner are of
great significance in reducing energy loss from an internal combustion
engine's system. In order to improve the antiwear performance of the
cylinder liner at top dead center (TDC), the friction and wear of the honed cylinder
liner during the running-in process are investigated. Using a UMT TriboLab
multifunction friction wear tester, the coefficients of friction (COFs) are
analyzed under different lubrication conditions and loads, and the surface
roughness and profile of the cylinder liner are obtained using a
three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). The COF, roughness and
surface profile are compared in order to investigate the variation in tribology
parameters under different operating conditions. To monitor the COF in real
time, it is predicted using the polynomial fitting method. It is shown
that the COF decreases with an increase in the lubrication oil and load and that
the surface profile more easily becomes smooth under dry (lubrication)
conditions; this can effectively shorten the operation time during the
running-in process. The polynomial fitting method can achieve an assessment of
the COF with a very small standard error.
Synthetic Governance
Authors: Byung Hyun Ahn  , Jill E. Fisch  , Panos N. Patatoukas  , Steven Davidoff Solomon  
Published: February 2022

Although securities regulation is distinct from corporate governance, the two fields have considerable substantive overlap. By increasing the transparency and efficiency of the capital markets, securities regulation can also enhance the capacity of those markets to discipline governance decisions. The importance of market discipline is heightened by the increasingly vocal debate over what constitutes “good” corporate governance.
Securities product innovation offers new tools to address this debate. The rise of index-based investing provides a market-based mechanism for selecting among governance options and evaluating their effects. Through the creation of bespoke governance index funds, asset managers can create indexes that correspond to investors’ governance preferences. We argue that this “synthetic governance” offers a way to gather evidence on the economic impact of corporate governance by providing a market-based tool for evaluating the relationship between corporate governance and stock returns.
We illustrate the potential of synthetic governance by creating a new governance-based index, the Dual Index, which selects portfolio companies on the basis of a dual class voting structure and comparing its performance to various benchmarks. We further modify the Dual Index by implementing synthetic sunsets to highlight the value creation of dual class companies in their early years and provide evidence on the appropriate length of a time-based sunset provision. Finally, we expand our analysis of synthetic governance with a second index—the Split Index—which tests the effect of separating the positions of CEO and chairman of the board. We conclude that synthetic governance demonstrates the ability of securities market innovation to discipline corporate governance.
FAQS Re: FFPS
Authors: William B. Chandler III  , Joseph A. Grundfest  , Virginia F. Milstead  , Peter B. Morrison  
Published: February 2022

Federal Forum Provisions (FFPs) direct all Securities Act litigation filed in state court to federal court. Delaware’s Supreme Court has ruled that FFPs are facially valid. To date, each state court that has addressed the merits of the question has enforced the FFP before it as lawful and reasonable.
Questions regarding FFP mechanics nonetheless abound, and this Article addresses the most common FAQs about FFPs. In particular, corporations should consider adopting an FFP now. Waiting has no benefit. Publicly traded corporations can most conveniently adopt an FFP in the form of a bylaw. Privately held entities face potential Securities Act liability in connection with registration violations and section 12(a)(2) liability and can adopt FFPs either as charter or bylaw provisions. We view the charter-bylaw distinction as a matter of close-to-indifference. It is also reasonable for corporations chartered outside of Delaware to adopt FFP provisions, inasmuch as most state courts draw substantial guidance from Delaware precedent.
A California trial court recently held that claims against underwriters were not covered by the FFP at issue in that matter. We disagree and welcome California Court of Appeals review of that issue. Other California trial courts have disagreed, as well, finding that substantially identical FFPs do apply to underwriters. However, an essentially costless revision of the form of FFP considered by the California trial courts would eliminate any risk, and we provide two alternative forms of FFP that achieve that result. Corporations with FFPs already in their charters can adopt an additional bylaw to address this risk, or they can amend their charters.
Some FFPs designate a specific federal district court, typically the district in which the corporate headquarters is located, as the venue in which litigation is to proceed. Arguably, federal law governing venue will likely cause the case to proceed in the headquarters district in any event, so companies considering specifying a certain federal district court in the FFP should weigh the risks and rewards of such a provision. For certain foreign issuers, designating a specific federal district court, such as the Southern District of New York, as the venue for all Securities Act claims can be sensible.
Large Securities Act liabilities often also arise in the context of registered debt offerings. Companies should therefore consider including FFPs in the indentures in debt offerings as well.
Jury trial waivers are common in depositary agreements and indentures. To avoid enforceability challenges based on these waivers, particularly in California, these agreements and indentures should either include a severability provision, or the corporation should be prepared, if necessary, to stipulate not to enforce the jury waiver in federal court when moving to enforce an FFP in California or in other states hostile to such waivers.
The Future of Securities Law in the Supreme Court
Authors: A.C. Pritchard  , Robert B. Thompson  
Published: February 2022

Since the enactment of the first federal securities statute in 1933, securities law has illustrated key shifts in the Supreme Court’s jurisprudence. During the New Deal, the Court’s securities law decisions shifted almost overnight from open hostility toward the newly-expanded administrative state to broad deference to agency expertise. In the 1940s, securities cases helped build the legal foundation for a broadly enabling administrative law. The 1960s saw the Warren Court creating new implied rights of action in securities law illustrative of the Court’s approach to statutes generally. The stage seemed set for the rise of “federal corporate law.” The Court swiftly reversed itself, however, with Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr. leading the effort to confine the reach of the securities laws. Powell succeeded in imposing a strict constructionism in securities law that never quite took hold in criminal or constitutional law. When there was a significant shift for the Court, securities law was prominent—at least until Powell’s retirement. Since then, the Court has meandered in its approach to securities law, its decisions neither expansive nor restrictive. The Court’s docket in this space has become a random walk of indifference.
What is the future of securities law in the Supreme Court? We doubt that securities law’s bellwether status during its early days is likely to recur. The Securities and Exchange Commission, a groundbreaking agency of the 1930s, now seems like a small cog in a much larger administrative machine. Without prompting from the SEC, it is quite possible that the Court will continue to meander in the field of securities law. The Court— which Franklin Delano Roosevelt populated with appointees having front-line experience writing the securities statutes, running the SEC, or defending the constitutionality of the securities laws—has not had a member with any direct experience with securities law for more than thirty years.
If the Court’s spotlight were to shine again on securities, we suggest it might well be a Chevron question of the SEC’s authority. Proponents of corporate social responsibility could push the boundaries of the securities laws beyond the SEC’s historical focus on disclosure. Such a move could also be met by a federalism challenge to securities law preempting the field of state corporate law. These possibilities might once again put securities law at the center of the Court’s work to develop the law of the administrative state.
Gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnancy women monitoring at 108 Military Central Hospital: Prevalence, risk factors and pregnancy outcomes
Authors: Cuc Le Thi , Hieu Ho Trung , Ha Nguyen Thu , Hang Le Minh , Nga Tran Thi , Trinh Nguyen Ba 
Published: February 2022

Objective: To assess the prevalence, risk factors, and pregnancy outcomes of women with gestational diabetes mellitus. Subject and method: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. The cohort included 430 pregnant women who visited 108 Military Central Hospital between May 2020 and August 2020. A 75-g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was conducted for each participant at 24 - 28 gestational weeks. Result: The mean age of participants was 28.5 ± 4.2 years; (range 19 - 44 years). The incidence of gestational diabetes in our study was 29.5% based on 2019 ADA criteria. Women diagnosed with GDM tended to be older and have greater body mass index (BMI) with p<0.001. We also found that some risk factors such as gravidity, previous preterm birth were associated with GDM, p=0.002 and 0.031, respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of GDM in our study is quite high compared to other studies. Advanced maternal age and higher BMI were associated with increased prevalence of GDM. Thus, early prevention and management of GDM is vital to minimize the risks to both the mother and fetus.
PENILAIAN AUTENTIK DALAM PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB
Authors: Kaukab M. Elfan 
Published: February 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui faktor pendukung dan faktor penghambat guru dalam menerapkan penilaian autentik, serta mengetahui hasil penilaian autentik dalam pembelajaran bahasa arab. Aktivitas dalam analisis data yaitu data reduction, data display, dan conclusion drawing/verification. Penilaian autentik dalam pembelajaran bahasa arab kelas IV MI Ma’arif Kalibeber Wonosobo sudah cukup efektif. Pelaksanaan penilaian autentik dalam pembelajaran bahasa arab kelas IV di MI Ma’arif Kalibeber Wonosobo memiliki beberapa faktor yang mendukung diantaranya kegiatan belajar siswa yang menyenangkan, alat peraga yang terpenuhi, kesiapan siswa dan guru serta waktu yang pas. Sedangkan faktor yang menghambat pelaksanaan penilaian autentik diantaranya peserta didik yang kurang disiplin dalam mengikuti pelajaran, peserta didik yang kurang kemampuannya dalam hal pemahaman, belum bisa membaca bahasa arab dan memahami arti.
CANDI BOROBUDUR SEBAGAI FENOMENA SAKRAL PROFAN Agama dan Pariwisata Perspektif Strukturalisme Levi Strauss
Authors: Tri Yatno  
Published: February 2022

Dualisme fungsi Candi Borobudur sebagai salah satu dampak modernitas. Candi Borobudur sebagai tempat praktik keagamaan sekaligus pariwisata. Hal ini menjadi fenomena sosial budaya dalam konteks sakral profan. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui fenomena Candi Borobudur dalam praktik keagamaan dan pariwisata perspektif strukturalisme Levi Strauss. Metode penelitian menggunakan analisis struktural. Analisis struktural Levi Strauss tidak hanya mengungkap makna yang terkandung dalam simbol, namun juga mengungkapkan logika dibalik makna. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa: lembaga keagamaan dan pariwisata dalam melihat Candi Borobudur dalam perspektif yang berbeda, baik dari segi aktor, langue, parole, mytheme, oposisi biner, order, paradigmati, sintagmatik, dan tranformasi. Dualisme fungsi Candi Borobudur yaitu candi memiliki sistem tanda masing-masing, yakni dalam ruang lingkup spiritual maupaun keduniawian. Candi Borobudur bagi umat Buddha sebagai tempat melaksanakan praktik keagamaan, seperti ritual keagamaan dan dhammayatra. Bagi wisatawan Candi Borobudur sebagai ruang rekreasi yang mengutamakan pemuasan napsu selera, dan bagi industri pariwisata Candi Borobudur sebagai ruang ekonomi.
THE LEVEL OF MOTHER’S KNOWLEDGE ON THE USE OF ZINC IN TODDLERS WITH DIARRHEA IN KARANG PRING HAMLET, RW 01, SUMBER JERUK VILLAGE
Authors: Rashati Dewi - 
Published: February 2022

Diarrhea is influenced by several factors, including environmental conditions, community behavior, community services, nutrition, population, education which includes knowledge, and socio-economic conditions. Diarrhea is defecation in the form of liquid more than three times in one day and lasts for two or more days. The cause of diarrhea is mostly due to infection.Prevention of diarrhea that can be done is to continue breastfeeding, formula milk, and solid baby food, give ORS or sugar-salt solution to replace lost fluids, give foods that contain fiber, and give zinc for 10 consecutive days.The purpose of this study was to determine the level of mother's knowledge of the use of zinc in toddlers with diarrhea in Karang Pring RW 01, Sumber Jeruk village in the realm of knowing, understanding, and application. The method used is descriptive method with cross sectional analysis research design. In this study, the researcher used a validated questionnaire instrument. The sampling technique used total sampling and obtained 44 samples.Based on the results of data analysis, it was obtained that the percentage level of mother's knowledge on the use of zinc in toddlers with diarrhea in Karang Pring RW 01, Sumber Jeruk village for the July 2021 period in the tofu domain was 64.6%, the understanding domain was 74.2%, and in the application domain 72.7 %. The conclusion in this study is that the realm of knowing is categorized as sufficient, the realm of understanding is categorized as sufficient and in the realm of application it is categorized as sufficient. Keywords: Knowledge level, Diarrhea, zinc
La divulgazione linguistica in RAI: "Le parole per dirlo"
Authors: Fusco Francesca , Dell'Anna Maria Vittoria 
Published: February 2022

Il lavoro – che vuole essere un contributo agli studi su lingua italiana, televisione e divulgazione linguistica - si occupa del programma tematico sull’italiano Le parole per dirlo, in onda ogni domenica mattina su Rai 3 dal mese di ottobre 2020, condotto da Noemi Gherrero con la partecipazione dei linguisti Valeria Della Valle e Giuseppe Patota. Le parole per dirlo è al momento in tv l’unica trasmissione interamente dedicata alla lingua italiana, dato significativo tanto più in un contesto televisivo che dedica ai programmi linguistici uno spazio di gran lunga inferiore a quello occupato da altri generi della divulgazione scientifico-culturale.
Il lavoro presenta il programma in seno alla programmazione linguistica Rai dagli esordi (metà degli anni ‘50 del ‘900) a oggi e a correlati fattori storico-culturali, sociolinguistici, comunicativi (fasi e caratteri del mezzo televisivo e sua evoluzione tecnologica; missione di servizio pubblico della Rai; la “lingua” come oggetto di informazione culturale), descrive struttura delle puntate e aspetti crossmediali, illustra le strategie della divulgazione e i temi linguistici privilegiati, anche con focus su puntate specifiche, riportate secondo gli usuali criteri di trascrizione del parlato televisivo. Osservazioni su lingua e tecniche divulgative si basano su un totale di 28 ore e 20 minuti di materiali audiovisivi.
The essay deals with a thematic programme on the Italian language, Le parole per dirlo, broadcast every Sunday morning on Rai 3 since October 2020. The programme is presented by Noemi Gherrero with the participation of two linguists, prof. Valeria Della Valle and prof. Giuseppe Patota and it is currently the only TV programme entirely dedicated to the Italian language (a very significant fact in a television programming scenario in which programmes about the Italian language are given less space than other scientific and cultural outreach programmes).
The work presents the programme within the Rai linguistic programming from its beginnings (mid 1950s) to the present day and takes into consideration historical-cultural, sociolinguistic and communicative factors (phases and characteristics of the television medium and its technological evolution; Rai's public service mission; "language" as an object of cultural information). It describes then the structure of the episodes and cross-media aspects, the strategies of dissemination and the discussed linguistic themes: the analysis focuses on specific episodes, reported according to the usual criteria of transcription of television speech. Observations on language and dissemination techniques are based on a total of 28 hours and 20 minutes of audiovisual materials.
Waves in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal during the monsoon season
Authors: THIRUVENGADATHAN A. 
Published: February 2022

The wave da1a recorded over the Indian seas by the Russian research vessels during the ISMEX (Indo-Soviet Monsoon Experiment) of 1973 and the Monsoon Experiment of 1977 are analysed. It is found that for given wind speeds, wave heights remain practically the same, the scattering being quite small. This is probably because during the monsoon season, the steadiness of the wind is quite high and the fetch is quite large. An empirical relationship is obtained between the wind-speed and characteristic wave height.

The relationship has been verified with the data of the Russian research vessels during Monex 1979. The wave heights computed from the reported windspeeds compare quite favourably with the observed values.
Temporal fluctuations of seasonal rainfall patterns
Authors: OGALLO LABAN 
Published: February 2022

In order to investigate temporal fluctuations in the seasonal rainfall over East Africa, monthly rainfall records from about 100 stations during the period 1931- 75 were subjected to harmonic analysis on the yearly basis. Under this method time series were generated from the yearly amplitude and phase angle values of the dominant harmonics for the period 1931- 75. The temporal fluctuations of the generated time series were used to describe temporal patterns of seasonal rainfall in East Africa during the period of study. Yearly fluctuations in the pentad rainfall were also investigated during the wet seasons.

The results from harmonic analysis indicated the dominance of the first three harmonics over most regions of East Africa. Higher harmonics, however, explained substantial variance in some dry regions.

The statistical methods employed indicated that at 95% confidence level, no significant seasonal changes or shifts could be detected in the seasonal rainfall patterns. Spectral analysis, however, displayed water management short period fluctuations within the ranges of 2- 3 years and 5 -6 years. A weak 10 -11 years peak also appeared in some series.
Agricultural droughts and crop planning – A case study For western Rajasthan
Authors: SASTRI A. S. R. A. S. , KRISHNA Y. S. RAMA , RAO G. G. S. N. , RAO B. V. RAMANA 
Published: February 2022

The frequencies of occurrence of agricultural droughts in respect of pearlmillet and kharif pulses were worked out for three stations in western Rajasthan representing semi-arid, arid and extremely arid types of climates. Based on the minimum required values of AE/PE for these crops, the intensities of drought during different cropping seasons (1956-1975) were worked out. The study brought out that kharif pulses are more susceptible to drought than pearlmillet. Also the vulnerability of pearlmillet to drought under early, normal and late receipt of sowing rains under Jodhpur conditions were presented.
On prediction of droughts in the Indian arid region
Authors: KRISHNA Y. S. RAMA , SASTRI A. S. R. A. S. , RAO G. G. S. N. , RAO B. V. RAMANA 
Published: February 2022

Drought is a recurring feature in the arid regions and prediction of droughts has got great relevance with respect to planning for afforestation, sand dune stabilisation, establishment of grasslands etc. Some attempts have been made at the Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur to develop techniques for prognostication of droughts in the Indian arid region on the basis of climatic fluctuation., and variability.

The climatic spectrum of the Indian arid region extends from extremely arid to semi-arid conditions. Through application of the theory of conditional probabilities based on first order Markov chain model, the climatic fluctuations during the years 1901-1970 were studied. It was observed that the occurrence of extreme arid conditions in the succeeding year could be predicted with 92 per cent confidence while climatic types can be predicted with 83 per cent confidence.

Drought incidence may not be affecting whole of the region simultaneously and some parts might experience localised droughts. However, in some years the whole region experienced drought conditions and studies reveal that even In such years the drought intensity and its time of occurrence varied from region to region. Studies on the incidence and spread of droughts over western Rajasthan indicate that drought condition originate first in the northeastern region, during the month of July spread in a south-westerly direction during the month of August and dissipate with an easterly movement in the month of September. This pattern is observed to repeat during the years of. severe drought. In the present paper, the applicability of the above techniques have been discussed.

Long range prediction of droughts is not yet possible with 100 per cent confidence. Therefore, a combination approach using different techniques might provide the necessary confidence in prediction of droughts.