bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gynecologic Cancers: Cervical, Uterine, and Ovarian Cancers
Authors: Hendrickson Andrea E. Wahner 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Globally, cervical cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death among women. In recent decades, the incidence of cervical cancer, along with the mortality rate associated with the disease, have markedly decreased. Uterine cancers are the most common type of gynecologic cancer in developed countries. Overall, endometrial cancer carries a more favorable prognosis than other types of cancer because symptoms often arise early. Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal of the gynecologic cancers and is the fifth leading cause of cancer deaths among US women.
Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Hubbard Joleen M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Colorectal cancer is diagnosed in approximately 137,000 Americans annually and causes 50,000 deaths each year. It is the third most common cause of cancer death in North America and Europe. The incidence of colorectal cancer has decreased since the early 2000s, after it peaked in the late 1990s. The decrease in colon cancer incidence and mortality rate is attributed to improved screening methods, consisting mainly of endoscopic surveillance.
Genitourinary Cancer
Authors: Costello Brian A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Approximately 165,000 new cases of prostate cancer occur annually in the United States. In US men, it is the most common cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer death. Testicular cancer is diagnosed in approximately 9,000 men annually. It is the most common solid cancer in males aged 15 to 35 years. Approximately 81,000 new cases of bladder cancer are diagnosed in the US annually. Approximately 17,000 people die each year of bladder cancer. Each year in the US, 65,000 new cases of kidney cancer are diagnosed. Approximately 15,000 people die of kidney cancer annually.
Lung Cancer and Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Leventakos Konstantinos , Wittich Michelle A. Neben , Price Katharine A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Each year in the United States, approximately 220,000 new cases of lung cancer are diagnosed and approximately 158,000 people die of lung cancer. Lung cancer accounts for approximately 27% of all cancer deaths. Lung cancer is classified histologically into small cell and non–small cell types. The most common head and neck cancer is squamous cell carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma can occur in the nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynx or hypopharynx, oral cavity, and paranasal sinuses. Uncommon cancers of the head and neck include salivary gland cancers, esthesioneuroblastoma, melanoma, lymphoma, sarcoma, and paraganglioma.
Psychotic and Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Authors: Kolla Bhanuprakash , Palmer Brian A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Psychosis is a generic term used to describe altered thought and behavior, in which the patient is incapable of interpreting their situation rationally and accurately. Psychotic symptoms can occur in various medical, neurologic, and psychiatric disorders. Many psychotic reactions seen in medical settings are either associated with the use of recreational or prescription drugs or occur in the context of delirium. Some of these drug-induced psychotic reactions are nearly indistinguishable from schizophrenia in terms of hallucinations and paranoid delusions (eg, amphetamine and phencyclidine [PCP] psychoses).
Critical Care Medicine
Authors: Kennedy Cassie C. , Baqir Misbah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effective functioning of the respiratory system requires 1) normal central nervous system control, 2) intact neuromuscular transmission and bellows function, 3) patent airways, and 4) normal gas exchange at the alveolar-capillary level. Shock is defined as the inadequate provision of oxygen and metabolic substrate to the tissues. Sepsis is a dysregulated response by the host to an infection that causes life-threatening organ dysfunction.
Obstructive Lung Diseases
Authors: Iyer Vivek N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Obstructive lung diseases include chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (eg, chronic bronchitis and emphysema), asthma, bronchiectasis, cystic fibrosis, obliterative bronchiolitis, α1-antitrypsin deficiency, airway stenosis, and diffuse panbronchiolitis. The 2 most prevalent obstructive lung diseases are COPD and asthma.
Pulmonary Vascular Disease
Authors: Cartin-Ceba Rodrigo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the presentation, diagnoses, and treatments for various pulmonary vascular diseases, including pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary vasculitides, alveolar hemorrhage syndrome, pulmonary arteriovenous malformation, hepatopulmonary syndrome, pulmonary artery aneurysm, pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis, pulmonary vascular tumors, superior vena cava syndrome, and pulmonary lymphatic disorers.
The Origin, Evolution, and Epidemiology of HIV-1 and HIV-2
Authors: Kirchner Jeffrey T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the origin of HIV and its entry into humans as well as the different strains and subtypes of HIV. A section of the chapter is dedicated to examining the spread of HIV throughout Africa and the rest of the world. The diversity of HIV is discussed in detail along with treatments and vaccine developments. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion about the future of HIV regional and global genetic diversity.
Immunology
Authors: Hartigan-O’Connor Dennis J. , Brander Christian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The immunology chapter covers how HIV affects the immune system as whole. Mechanisms of chronic inflammation in HIV are discussed as well as pathogenesis of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndromes (IRIS). Immunologic effects of antiretroviral therapy and the role of persistent immune dysfunction during therapy on clinical outcomes is examined in this chapter. The chapter concludes with a review of the future of immune-based therapeutics in HIV disease.
Select Topics in the Care of Women with HIV
Authors: Christensen Theresa , Schafer Jason J. , Short William R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe importance of family planning and preconception care are reviewed in detail in this chapter. Counseling and assessment about childbearing and contraception are covered as well as care for women wishing to conceive. The reader is presented information regarding the recommended frequency and specimen collection technique for cervical Pap smears in HIV-infected women, the role of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, and indications for specialist referral for colposcopy. The chapter concludes with an overview of the clinical management of HIV-positive pregnant women, including recommendations for use of antiretroviral agents and drug disposition.
Antiretroviral Therapy for Children and Newborns
Authors: Nielsen-Saines Karin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses advances in antiretroviral therapy for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission. Pediatric-specific issues of early HIV diagnosis, timing and pathogenesis of HIV disease, and use of surrogate markers of HIV infection in this population are reviewed in the text. The difference between the concepts of HIV exposure and HIV infection is highlighted. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion citing the benefits of antiretroviral therapy in children.
Substance Use in HIV Populations
Authors: David Elizabeth H. , Truong Thanh Thuy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses issues, implications, diagnosis, and treatment of substance use disorders in HIV-positive individuals. The learner will be able to describe the bidirectional interactions between HIV and unhealthy substance use, recognize unhealthy substance use in people with HIV, and provide an initial outline of possible approaches to the treatment of substance use disorders among people with HIV.
Caring for Older People with HIV
Authors: Sangarlangkarn Aroonsiri , Zeuli John D. , Avihingsanon Anchalee 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the differences in HIV care and management for persons with HIV who are 50 years old or older compared to their younger counterparts. Importantly, older patients with HIV present unique and complex cases and disease-centric guidelines do not apply to every patient. Management of diseases in older patients with HIV should be individualized based on aging phenotypes identified by the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) index, interactions with multiple morbidities, and patient preferences. Learners will understand how to conduct a comprehensive geriatric assessment to assess for function, mobility/fall risk, frailty, cognition, mood, and issues related to polypharmacy. Learners will also discuss a comprehensive medication assessment, nutrition and weight changes, social and monetary issues impacting care, symptom burdens and pain, and advance planning. Lastly, learners will be presented with specific coexisting conditions common to aging that are impacted by HIV, including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, bone disease, peripheral neuropathy, certain cancers, and recommended vaccinations.
Non-opportunistic Infections
Authors: Chakrabarti Priyanka 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the diagnosis and treatment of respiratory complications in people with HIV. These complications include nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis, lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, diffuse infiltrative CD8+ lymphocyte syndrome, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Learners will be able to diagnose, differentiate, and treat respiratory complications associated with HIV and antiretroviral use.
Neurologic Effects of HIV Infection
Authors: Hasbun Rodrigo , Kass Joseph S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter delineates the clinical features, differential diagnosis, and management of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). Learners will understand the high prevalence of HAND in antiretroviral-naive patients and among patents with virologic suppression. Information is given about how to use rapid screening tools such as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) test and Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) test to diagnose HAND in the clinic. The learner will also examine other significant cognitive, behavioral, and motor abnormalities that impact HIV compliance, retention in care for older individuals, and quality of life.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and HIV
Authors: Prokesch Richard C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides a summary overview of the COVID-19 pandemic and how it impacts people with HIV and special considerations for healthcare providers. It summarizes the findings of investigations aimed to determine if people with HIV are more susceptible to COVID-19 compared to non-HIV-infected populations. Lastly it provides guidance and best practices on healthcare delivery during a pandemic.
HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy and Lipoatrophy
Authors: Sekhar Rajagopal V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses abnormal fat distribution (lipodystrophy) associated with HIV and antiretroviral therapy by describing what is currently know about HIV-associated lipodystrophy, the current clinical implications of lipodystrophy in persons with HIV, and the therapeutic interventions that can be used to treat and improve the health status of persons with HIV and lipodystrophy. The learner will also understand the different manifestations of lipodystrophy, including fat loss (lipoatrophy), fat gain (lipohypertrophy), or mixed patterns and the associated increased risk of developing dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, fatty liver disease, renal disease, and metabolic syndrome. Associated treatments are also discussed.
US Healthcare Systems, HIV Programs, and Coverage Policy Issues
Authors: Packett Bruce J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter reviews the broad landscape of the US healthcare systems and payers as they pertain to the provision of care for persons with HIV. The learner will be able to describe the assortment of federal, state, and local programs and private and charitable organizations that provide healthcare to people with HIV who do not have adequate health insurance coverage. Topics such as the Affordable Care Act, Medicare, Medicaid, the Ryan White HIV/AIDS Program, private health insurance, and state insurance exchanges are discussed. Other topics covered are provider reimbursement and billing and coding issues related to the care of persons with HIV.
Legal Issues
Authors: Schouten Jeffrey T. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter covers legal issues surrounding HIV healthcare. Legal topics include recommendations for routine HIV testing in various health care settings, recommended frequency of testing for at-risk populations, consent, and allowable circumstances for HIV testing without consent. The learner will also be able to describe disease reporting requirements, surveillance, molecular surveillance, and reportable associated diseases. Issues related to confidentiality such as partner notification requirements, disclosure issues, perinatal and adolescent disclosure concerns, HIV criminalization, and stigma are also discussed. Additional topics include treatment of minors, confidentiality, HIPAA requirements, and end-of-life issues such as durable power of attorney, advance directives, wills, and physician orders for life-sustaining treatment.
Research Design and Analysis
Authors: Rojas Sarah A. , Ramers Christian B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter helps the learner differentiate between per-protocol and intent-to-treat statistical analyses. It also helps the learner to differentiate between the U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s algorithms that assess virologic response to antiretroviral therapies and when noninferiority analysis may be considered. The learner will also understand the difficulties of drawing cause-and-effect conclusions about associations identified in research studies, including the limitations of observational studies and cross-study comparisons.
Probing the z ≳ 6 quasars in a universe with IllustrisTNG physics: impact of gas-based black hole seeding models
Authors: Bhowmick Aklant K , Blecha Laura , Ni Yueying , Matteo Tiziana Di , Torrey Paul , Kelley Luke Zoltan , Vogelsberger Mark , Weinberger Rainer , Hernquist Lars 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
We explore implications of a range of black hole (BH) seeding prescriptions on the formation of the brightest $z$ ≳ 6 quasars in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations. The underlying galaxy formation model is the same as in the IllustrisTNG simulations. Using constrained initial conditions, we study the growth of BHs in rare overdense regions (forming $\gtrsim 10^{12}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }\,h^{-1}$ haloes by $z$ = 7) using a (9 Mpc h−1)3 simulated volume. BH growth is maximal within haloes that are compact and have a low tidal field. For these haloes, we consider an array of gas-based seeding prescriptions wherein $M_{\mathrm{seed}}=10^4\!-\!10^6\, {\rm M}_{\odot }\,h^{-1}$ seeds are inserted in haloes above critical thresholds for halo mass and dense, metal-poor gas mass (defined as $\tilde{M}_{\mathrm{h}}$ and $\tilde{M}_{\mathrm{sf,mp}}$, respectively, in units of Mseed). We find that a seed model with $\tilde{M}_{\mathrm{sf,mp}}=5$ and $\tilde{M}_{\mathrm{h}}=3000$ successfully produces a $z$ ∼ 6 quasar with $\sim 10^9\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ mass and ∼1047 erg s−1 luminosity. BH mergers play a crucial role at $z$ ≳ 9, causing an early boost in BH mass at a time when accretion-driven BH growth is negligible. With more stringent seeding conditions (e.g. $\tilde{M}_{\mathrm{sf,mp}}=1000$), the relative paucity of BH seeds results in a much lower merger rate. In this case, $z$ ≳ 6 quasars can only be formed if we enhance the maximum allowed BH accretion rates (by factors ≳10) compared to the accretion model used in IllustrisTNG. This can be achieved either by allowing for super-Eddington accretion, or by reducing the radiative efficiency. Our results demonstrate that progenitors of $z$ ∼ 6 quasars have distinct BH merger histories for different seeding models, which will be distinguishable with Laser Interferometer Space Antenna observations.
Photometric and dynamic characterization of active asteroid (248370) 2005QN173
Authors: Novaković Bojan , Pavela Debora , Hsieh Henry H , Marčeta Dušan 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
We present the physical and dynamical properties of the recently discovered active asteroid (248370) 2005QN173 (aka 433P). From our observations, we derived two possible rotation period solutions of 2.7 ± 0.1 and 4.1 ± 0.1 h. The corresponding light-curve amplitudes computed after correcting for the effect of coma are 0.28 and 0.58 mag, respectively. Both period solutions are shorter than the critical rotation limit computed for a strengthless triaxial ellipsoid, suggesting that rotation mass shedding should at least partly be responsible for the observed activity. We confirm that the activity level is fading further, but at a very modest rate of only 0.006 mag d−1, still also compatible with sublimation-driven activity. We found that 248370 likely belongs to the Themis asteroid family, making it a fourth main-belt comet associated with this group. Orbital characteristics of 248370 are also consistent with its origin in the young 288P cluster of asteroids. The 288P cluster is associated with its namesake main-belt comet, providing an exciting possibility for a comparative analysis of intriguing main-belt comets 248370 and 288P.
Two can play at that game: constraining the role of supernova and AGN feedback in dwarf galaxies with cosmological zoom-in simulations
Authors: Koudmani Sophie , Sijacki Debora , Smith Matthew C 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT
There is growing observational evidence for dwarf galaxies hosting active galactic nuclei (AGN), including hints of AGN-driven outflows in dwarfs. However, in the common theoretical model of galaxy formation, efficient supernova (SN) feedback is the tool of choice for regulating star formation in the low-mass regime. In this paper, we present a suite of high-resolution cosmological dwarf zoom-in simulations relaxing the assumption of strong SN feedback, with the goal to determine whether more moderate SN feedback in combination with an efficient AGN could be a suitable alternative. Importantly, we find that there are sufficient amounts of gas to power brief Eddington-limited accretion episodes in dwarfs. This leads to a variety of outcomes depending on the AGN accretion model: from no additional suppression to moderate regulation of star formation to catastrophic quenching. Efficient AGN can drive powerful outflows, depleting the gas reservoir of their hosts via ejective feedback and then maintaining a quiescent state through heating the circumgalactic medium. Moderate AGN outflows can be as efficient as the strong SN feedback commonly employed, leading to star formation regulation and H i gas masses in agreement with observations of field dwarfs. All efficient AGN set-ups are associated with overmassive black holes (BHs) compared to the (heavily extrapolated) observed BH mass–stellar mass scaling relations, with future direct observational constraints in this mass regime being crucially needed. Efficient AGN activity is mostly restricted to high redshifts, with hot, accelerated outflows and high X-ray luminosities being the clearest tell-tale signs for future observational campaigns.
Prognostic validation of a new classification system for extent of resection in glioblastoma: A report of the RANO resect group
Authors: Karschnia Philipp , Young Jacob S , Dono Antonio , Häni Levin , Sciortino Tommaso , Bruno Francesco , Juenger Stephanie T , Teske Nico , Morshed Ramin A , Haddad Alexander F , Zhang Yalan , Stoecklein Sophia , Weller Michael , Vogelbaum Michael A , Beck Juergen , Tandon Nitin , Hervey-Jumper Shawn , Molinaro Annette M , Rudà Roberta , Bello Lorenzo , Schnell Oliver , Esquenazi Yoshua , Ruge Maximilian I , Grau Stefan J , Berger Mitchel S , Chang Susan M , van den Bent Martin , Tonn Joerg-Christian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Terminology to describe extent of resection in glioblastoma is inconsistent across clinical trials. A surgical classification system was previously proposed based upon residual contrast-enhancing (CE) tumor. We aimed to (1) explore the prognostic utility of the classification system and (2) define how much removed non-CE tumor translates into a survival benefit.

Methods
The international RANO resect group retrospectively searched previously compiled databases from 7 neuro-oncological centers in the USA and Europe for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma per WHO 2021 classification. Clinical and volumetric information from pre- and postoperative MRI were collected.

Results
We collected 1,008 patients with newly diagnosed IDHwt glioblastoma. 744 IDHwt glioblastomas were treated with radiochemotherapy per EORTC-26981/22981 (TMZ/RT→TMZ) following surgery. Among these homogenously treated patients, lower absolute residual tumor volumes (in cm3) were favorably associated with outcome: patients with “maximal CE resection” (class 2) had superior outcome compared to patients with “submaximal CE resection” (class 3) or “biopsy” (class 4). Extensive resection of non-CE tumor (≤5 cm3 residual non-CE tumor) was associated with better survival among patients with complete CE resection, thus defining class 1 (“supramaximal CE resection”). The prognostic value of the resection classes was retained on multivariate analysis when adjusting for molecular and clinical markers.

Conclusions
The proposed “RANO categories for extent of resection in glioblastoma” are highly prognostic and may serve for stratification within clinical trials. Removal of non-CE tumor beyond the CE tumor borders may translate into additional survival benefit, providing a rationale to explicitly denominate such “supramaximal CE resection.”
Effects of anthocyanin-rich supplementation on cognition of the cognitively healthy middle-aged and older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Feng Ruo Chen , Dong Yan Hong , Hong Xian Li , Su Ya , Wu Xi Vivien 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Context
The prevalence of age-related cognitive decline has been on the rise as the global population age, putting the independence and quality of life of elderly at risk. Anthocyanin, as a subclass of dietary flavonoids, may have a beneficial impact on cognitive outcomes.

Objectives
To examine the effects of dietary anthocyanin supplementation on cognition of the cognitively healthy middle-aged and older adults.

Data Sources
PubMed, ScienceDirect, CINAHL, EMBASE, ProQuest and Cochrane databases were searched.

Data Extraction and Analysis
Thirteen studies were included in this meta-analysis. Anthocyanin-rich supplementation was found to significantly improve the processing speed of the older adults (95%CI 0.08, 0.44; P = 0.004). No significant differences were observed between intervention and control groups on memory, attention, executive function and psychomotor performance. Current neuroimaging studies have found promising effects of anthocyanin supplementation on brain activation and cerebral perfusion.

Conclusion
Anthocyanin-rich supplementation may preserve cognitive processing speed and neuro-activities in older adults, which improves their daily functioning and quality of life. This review provides useful insights to guide direction and methodological designs for future studies to explore the underlying mechanisms of anthocyanins.

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Registration
PROSPERO registration No. CRD42021228007.