bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ducted fans for hybrid electric propulsion of small aircraft
Authors: Weintraub Daniel , Koppelberg Jan , Köhler Jo , Jeschke Peter 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a method for modeling ducted fan propulsion systems for hybrid-electrically driven small aircraft based on mean line flow analysis methods. Studies of the essential design parameters provide the basis for a discussion of potential advantages when compared to free propellers, as well as possible new fields of application for the ducted fan. A two-seater aircraft, equipped with two ducted fans powered by a combustion engine and additionally by a parallel hybrid electric start-boost drive, is used as a reference application case. The fan performance characteristics are described with the aid of aero mean line flow analysis methods and semi-empirical loss correlations. Physics-based methods are applied to assess the nacelle drag and noise emissions. The combustion engine and electric motor performance are described using maps. The ducted fan design variables are investigated to identify the main trade-offs and favorable designs for the target aircraft mission, with special attention to noise. The results show that the performance of fixed pitch fans benefits strongly from hybridization. Ducted fans can also operate considerably more quietly than is required by current certification standards. The physics-based design method presented here can be used for conceptual design and performance prediction of ducted fan propulsion systems, which may be especially interesting if low noise emissions are required.
Kill rates and associated ecological factors for an apex predator
Authors: Cristescu Bogdan , Elbroch L. Mark , Dellinger Justin A. , Binder Wesley , Wilmers Christopher C. , Wittmer Heiko U. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractKill rates and functional responses are fundamental to the study of predator ecology and the understanding of predatory-prey dynamics. As the most widely distributed apex predator in the western hemisphere, pumas (Puma concolor) have been well studied, yet a synthesis of their kill rates is currently lacking. We reviewed the literature and compiled data on sex- and age-specific kill rate estimates of pumas on ungulates, and conducted analyses aimed at understanding ecological factors explaining the observed spatial variation. Kill rate studies on pumas, while numerous, were primarily conducted in Temperate Conifer Forests (< 10% of puma range), revealing a dearth of knowledge across much of their range, especially from tropical and subtropical habitats. Across studies, kill rates in ungulates/week were highest for adult females with kitten(s) (1.24 ± 0.41 ungulates/week) but did not vary significantly between adult males (0.84 ± 0.18) and solitary adult females (0.99 ± 0.26). Kill rates in kg/day differed only marginally among reproductive classes. Kill rates of adult pumas increased with ungulate density, particularly for males. Ungulate species richness had a weak negative association with adult male kill rates. Neither scavenger richness, puma density, the proportion of non-ungulate prey in the diet, nor regional human population density had a significant effect on ungulate kill rates, but additional studies and standardization would provide further insights. Our results had a strong temperate-ecosystem bias highlighting the need for further research across the diverse biomes pumas occupy to fully interpret kill rates for the species. Data from more populations would also allow for multivariate analyses providing deeper inference into the ecological and behavioural factors driving kill rates and functional responses of pumas, and apex predators in general.
Sexual Activity and Physical Tenderness in Older Adults: Prevalence and Associated Characteristics from a Belgian Study
Authors: Cismaru-Inescu Adina , Hahaut Bastien , Adam Stéphane , Nobels Anne , Beaulieu Marie , Vandeviver Christophe , Keygnaert Ines , Nisen Laurent 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundDespite the World Health Organization calling for sexuality to be recognized as an aspect of well-being, no studies have explored sexual activity and physical tenderness in older adults aged ≥ 75 years in Belgium or those aged ≥ 85 years worldwide.AimTo assess the prevalence and predictors of sexual activity and physical tenderness in a sample of older adults.MethodsUsing data from a Belgian cross-sectional study on sexual violence (UN-MENAMAIS), information on sexual activity, physical tenderness, and associated characteristics was collected during structured face-to-face interviews with older adults living in the community, assisted living facilities, or nursing homes. Cluster random probability sampling with a random route-finding approach was used to select the participants.OutcomesCurrent sexual activity and physical tenderness in the previous 12 months, sociodemographic characteristics, chronological age, subjective age, number of sexual partners, sexual satisfaction, attitudes toward sexuality in later life, quality of life, and lifetime sexual victimisation.ResultsAmong the 511 participants included, 50.3% were in a relationship, mainly living with their partner; 31.3% indicated they were sexually active; and 47.3% of sexually inactive participants reported having experienced forms of physical tenderness in the previous 12 months. Sexual activity was associated with the presence of a partner, satisfaction with sexual life, permissive attitudes regarding sexuality in later life, a younger age, and a lack of disability. Physical tenderness was associated with the presence of a partner, community residency, and permissive attitudes regarding sexuality in later life.Clinical ImplicationsRaising awareness among the general population, healthcare professionals, and older adults about sexuality in later life could contribute to ending this taboo and should therefore be a priority for society.Strengths and LimitationsOur study fills a gap in the literature regarding sexual activity and physical tenderness in older adults aged ≥ 70 years, including respondents aged up to 99 years. Additionally, we explored different forms of sexual expression beyond intercourse, and face-to-face interviews contributed to the quality of the collected data. The main limitation of this study was the sample size, although the findings were similar to recent statistical indicators in Belgium.ConclusionOne in 3 older adults aged ≥ 70 years living in Belgium are sexually active. These findings provide an opportunity to inform the general public and older adults about later life sexuality and to educate healthcare professionals about aging sexuality to increase discussions and avoid assumptions of asexuality in later life.
A novel approach to myringotomy simulation
Authors: Kelly Z , Cao A , Ahmedli N , Nassar M 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveIn the wake of the 2019 coronavirus disease pandemic, elective cases and opportunities for clinical application have decreased, and the need for useful simulation models has become more apparent for developing surgical skills. A novel myringotomy with ventilatory tube insertion simulation model was created.MethodsResidents across all levels at our institution participated in the simulation. Participants were evaluated in terms of: time of procedure, microscope positioning, cerumen removal, identification of middle ear effusion type, canal wall trauma, tympanic membrane damage and tube placement.ResultsEleven residents participated. Scores ranged from 14 to 34, out of a maximum of 40. The average score among junior and senior residents was 24 and 31, respectively. The simulation was felt to be representative of the operating theatre experience.ConclusionThis study demonstrates a low-cost simulation model that captures several important, nuanced aspects of myringotomy with tube insertion, often overlooked in previously reported simulations.
“Our country has gained independence, but we haven't”: Collaborative translanguaging to decolonize English language teaching
Authors: Rajendram Shakina 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe colonial history of many English language teaching (ELT) contexts has shaped how the concept of language is understood, how language policies are constructed, and how language education is organized. Various aspects of ELT in countries that were colonized continue to promote the imperialism of English (Motha, 2014) through the naming (i.e., labeling of linguistic phenomena as distinct languages, dialects, and language varieties), separation and hierarchization of languages, and the dominance of monolingual policies and practices in the classroom. Translanguaging, a theory and pedagogy that challenges colonial understandings of language and monoglossic norms in language teaching, has the transformative potential to liberate language practices that have been rendered invisible by abyssal thinking in ELT (García et al., 2021). Translanguaging as a theory posits that multilingual learners do not possess two or more autonomous language systems but rather that they select and deploy linguistic features from a unitary linguistic repertoire (Vogel & García, 2017). Translanguaging as a pedagogy urges educators to leverage learners’ entire linguistic and semiotic repertoires to support their learning instead of requiring them to keep certain languages outside the classroom. However, in educational contexts that respond to socially and politically imposed boundaries between languages, there are ideological and systemic challenges to the enactment of translanguaging as a pedagogy. This paper discusses these challenges with reference to the Malaysian language education context and draws on data from a collaborative translanguaging pedagogy designed through teacher-researcher collaboration and implemented in two Malaysian elementary English classrooms to offer recommendations for how ELT can be decolonized.
Criticality, identity, and ethics: Toward the construction of ethical subjectivity in applied linguistics research
Authors: Shin Jaran 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCriticality has become legitimate and prominent in the field of applied linguistics. Given the realities of our uncertain and worrying times, however, it is essential to consider (a) how criticality can move beyond the rhetoric of inclusion, social transformation, and justice, and (b) the direction(s) in which critical applied linguistics research must point. This paper conjoins criticality, identity, and ethics and proposes the construction of ethical subjectivity as a way to reorient applied linguistics research toward the public good. Drawing on Foucault's later work, I contend that the process of becoming an ethical subject, which involves both internal and external transformations, would create alternative spaces and ways of action—giving new momentum to the project of realizing the world we wish to live in together.
Use of artificial intelligence to enable dark nudges by transnational food and beverage companies: analysis of company documents
Authors: Brooks Ruby , Nguyen Duy , Bhatti Asim , Allender Steven , Johnstone Michael , Lim Chee Peng , Backholer Kathryn 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjective:To describe the use of artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled dark nudges by leading global food and beverage companies to influence consumer behaviour.Design:The five most recent annual reports (ranging from 2014 to 2018 or 2015 to 2019, depending on the company) and websites from twelve of the leading companies in the global food and beverage industry were reviewed to identify uses of AI and emerging technologies to influence consumer behaviour. Uses of AI and emerging technologies were categorised according to the Typology of Interventions in Proximal Physical Micro-Environments (TIPPME) framework, a tool for categorising and describing nudge-type behaviour change interventions (which has also previously been used to describe dark nudge-type approaches used by the alcohol industry).Setting:Not applicable.Participants:Twelve leading companies in the global food and beverage industry.Results:Text was extracted from fifty-seven documents from eleven companies. AI-enabled dark nudges used by food and beverage companies included those that altered products and objects’ availability (e.g. social listening to inform product development), position (e.g. decision technology and facial recognition to manipulate the position of products on menu boards), functionality (e.g. decision technology to prompt further purchases based on current selections) and presentation (e.g. augmented or virtual reality to deliver engaging and immersive marketing).Conclusions:Public health practitioners and policymakers must understand and engage with these technologies and tactics if they are to counter industry promotion of products harmful to health, particularly as investment by the industry in AI and other emerging technologies suggests their use will continue to grow.
Visible to Mid‐Infrared Optical Constants of Orthopyroxenes
Authors: Rucks Melinda J. , Ye Cheng , Sklute Elizabeth C. , Arnold Jessica A. , DiFrancesco Nicholas J. , Glotch Timothy D. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRadiative transfer models of remotely acquired infrared spectra result in quantitative identification of minerals on planetary surfaces. Optical constants, or the real (n) and imaginary (k) indices of refraction are necessary inputs in such models. Pyroxenes are ubiquitous on the surfaces of terrestrial bodies within our solar system and can be readily used as thermo‐barometers to interpret magmatic histories. However, optical constants for intermediate pyroxene compositions are undetermined. Here, we have determined the optical constants of two natural orthopyroxenes both in the visible/near‐infrared (VNIR) and mid‐infrared (MIR) regions. VNIR reflectance spectra were measured using powdered samples and modeled using a combination of Hapke theory and Kramers‐Kronig analysis. MIR reflectance spectra were measured on oriented single crystal samples with non‐normal incidence and modeled using Lorentz‐Lorenz dispersion theory. The optical constants derived here are available to the scientific community at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4758045 to be used in the interpretation of remote sensing data.
Benthic Biolayer Structure Controls Whole‐Stream Reactive Transport
Authors: Roche Kevin R. , Dentz Marco 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHyporheic zone reaction rates are highest just below the sediment‐water interface, in a shallow region called the benthic biolayer. Vertical variability of hyporheic reaction rates leads to unexpected reaction kinetics for stream‐borne solutes, compared to classical model predictions. We show that deeper, low‐reactivity locations within the hyporheic zone retain solutes for extended periods, which delays reactions and causes solutes to persist at higher concentrations in the stream reach than would be predicted by classical approaches. These behaviors are captured by an upscaled model that reveals the fundamental physical and chemical processes in the hyporheic zone. We show how time scales of transport and reaction within the biolayer control solute retention and transformation at the stream scale, and we demonstrate that accurate assessment of stream‐scale reactivity requires methods that integrate over all travel times.
3D Microseismic Monitoring Using Machine Learning
Authors: Chen Yangkang , Saad Omar M. , Savvaidis Alexandros , Chen Yunfeng , Fomel Sergey 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMicroseismic source localization is important for inferring the dynamic status of the subsurface stress field during hydraulic fracturing. Traditional deterministic methods for 3D microseismic source localization require either ray tracing or full waveform modeling, thus are computationally expensive. We propose a very efficient (e.g., within 1 s) microseismic source localization method based on machine learning. First, three‐dimensional (3D) ray tracing is performed with hypothetical event locations and realistic acquisition geometry to calculate the theoretical travel‐times. The theoretical travel‐time differences and the spatial locations of the stations are treated as the input features of the training data set, and the corresponding source locations are used as the labels. The manually or automatically picked arrival time differences between different stations and a reference station after a microseismic event and the actual station locations are fed into the well‐trained model for a fast and accurate location prediction. The proposed method is efficient enough to be widely applied for the real‐time monitoring of hydraulic fracturing. The machine learning model is analogous to 3D grid search but performs 3D ray tracings before the actual localization, and needs to be retrained when applied to a new study area. We use several synthetic tests and a real data example from the Weiyuan hydraulic fracturing experiment in Sichuan, China, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The application of the proposed method to earthquake localization is also demonstrated to be straightforward.
Upwelling of Atlantic Water in Barrow Canyon, Chukchi Sea
Authors: Li Shutong , Lin Peigen , Dou Tingfeng , Xiao Cunde , Itoh Motoyo , Kikuchi Takashi , Qin Dahe 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUsing long‐term moorings data together with wind and sea ice measurements, we document the characteristics and variations of upwelling in Barrow Canyon and investigate the upwelled Atlantic Water (AW) on the Chukchi Sea shelf and how it impacts the ice cover. Driven by strong northeasterly winds, upwelling occurs more often in the cold months, and the occurrence tends to increase interannually since 2001. Over the 12‐year mooring record at the mouth of Barrow Canyon, roughly 10% of the upwelling events can drive AW onto the Chukchi Sea shelf. Both AW and non‐AW upwelling events have more occurrence and stronger strength in the cold months, but do not present a significant interannual trend. These variations are associated with the northeasterly winds. Comparing to the non‐AW upwelling, the AW upwelling is generally characterized by more vertical displacement of the AW layer at the mouth of Barrow Canyon, and stronger up‐canyon volume and heat transport. In the ice‐covered period, these two types of upwelling have different consequences for forming polynyas on the shelf. Under similar wind forcing, the ice reduction appears confined in the coastal region in the non‐AW upwelling events, while during AW upwelling events, the sea ice declines dramatically in the shelf interior with 15% more ice loss. It elucidates that the heat carried by the upwelled AW plays a considerable role in modulating the ice cover in the shelf interior.
Integrating Aquatic and Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes to Assess the Net Landscape Carbon Balance of a Highly Erodible Semiarid Catchment
Authors: Ran Lishan , Wang Xuhui , Li Siliang , Zhou Yuanyuan , Xu Yi‐Jun , Chan Chun Ngai , Fang Nufang , Xin Zhongbao , Shen Hongxun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe magnitude of the carbon (C) sink due to terrestrial primary production may be overestimated if the C losses through fluvial networks are not properly accounted for. In this study, we hypothesize that terrestrial‐aquatic C transfers represent a major loss of the terrestrial C sink in semiarid catchments. To test the hypothesis, we assessed the net landscape carbon balance (NLCB) of a highly erodible catchment on the semiarid Chinese Loess Plateau by compiling terrestrial net ecosystem productivity (NEP) estimates and aquatic fluxes of downstream C export, emission of CO2 and CH4, and C burial. Our results showed that, despite the severe erosion and strong C mobilization, this catchment was a net C sink (NLCB = 48.3–54.8 Mg C km−2 year−1). Downstream C export at catchment outlet and evasion of CO2 and CH4 only offset terrestrial NEP by 7.7%–8.5% due largely to low flow discharge and small water surface area of the stream network. Furthermore, C burial in reservoirs played a considerable role, reducing an additional 7.5%–8.3% of the NEP. Altogether, approximately 84% of the net terrestrial C production was stored within the catchment. Our study reveals that semiarid catchments with widespread erosion and low terrestrial production remain a net C sink, although the magnitude is lower than those found in other climate zones. Our study further advocates the need to integrate terrestrial‐aquatic C transfer into a comprehensive net C balance accounting at the landscape scale. Ignoring the aquatic C loss will cause biased estimates of the overall C sink strength.
Multi‐Task Deep Learning of Daily Streamflow and Water Temperature
Authors: Sadler J. M. , Appling A. P. , Read J. S. , Oliver S. K. , Jia X. , Zwart J. A. , Kumar V. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDeep learning (DL) models can accurately predict many hydrologic variables including streamflow and water temperature; however, these models have typically predicted hydrologic variables independently. This study explored the benefits of modeling two interdependent variables, daily average streamflow and daily average stream water temperature, together using multi‐task DL. A multi‐task scaling factor controlled the relative contribution of the auxiliary variable's error to the overall loss during training. Our experiments examined the improvement in prediction accuracy of the multi‐task approach using paired streamflow and water temperature data from sites across the conterminous United States. Our results showed that for 56 out of 101 sites, the best performing multi‐task models performed better overall than the single‐task models in terms of Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency for predicting streamflow with single‐site models. For 43 sites, the best multi‐task, single‐site models made no significant difference in predicting streamflow. The multi‐task approach had a smaller effect when applied to a model trained with data from 101 sites together, significantly improving performance for only 17 sites. The multi‐task scaling factor was consequential in determining to what extent the multi‐task approach was beneficial. A naïve selection of this factor led to significantly worse‐performing models for 3 of 101 sites when predicting streamflow as the primary variable, and 47 of 53 sites when predicting stream temperature as the primary variable. We conclude that a multi‐task approach can make more accurate predictions by leveraging information from interdependent hydrologic variables, but only for some sites, variables, and model configurations.