bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of a Zero-Tillage Cultural System for Asparagus Produced From Seed and Crowns1
Authors: Putnam A. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L. Cv. Cal. 711) grown both from seed and 1-year old crowns was maintained in a zero-tillage cultural system for 4 years and compared with that grown in a conventional tillage system. In the first 3 harvest seasons, yields of asparagus produced from crowns were increased 27% in the zero-tillage system. Asparagus from seed yielded as much as that from crowns after the third year, but spear size was appreciably smaller. Paraquat (1,1’-dimethyl-4,4’-bipyridinium ion) in combination with either simazine (2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-triazine), monuron (3-(P-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea), or terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil) provided excellent weed control during each growing season without injuring asparagus. Rotary chopping was a satisfactory method for returning mature brush to the soil. Additional advantages of zero-tillage were a reduction in volunteer asparagus seedlings, improved late season weed control, and less mechanical injury to crowns and buds. This cultural system provided excellent weed control in fields produced by direct seeding where crown depth was shallow and tillage impractical.
Effect of Potassium Gibberellate on Growth and Development of ‘Black Corinth’ Grapes1
Authors: Bertrand Denne E. , Weaver Robert J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Black Corinth’ clusters at different stages of development were dipped into 25 ppm potassium gibberellate (KGA3). The most compact clusters resulted from treatment at 75% capfall or at succeeding applications up to 2 weeks after bloom. Most reduction in number of berries occurred at beginning of capfall and at 25% capfall. Berries treated between initiation of capfall and 1 week after full bloom were elongated while treatment at earlier or later stages resulted in round berries. The length-to-diameter ratio was greatest at 95% capfall and 3 days after full bloom.
Clusters were treated with KGA3 at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 20, 60, or 100 ppm at 75% capfall, 3 days, or 1 week after full bloom. At the 75% capfall stage, looseness and number of berries was decreased by KGA3 at 100 ppm Berry wt and vol were increased as compared to controls by all concn of KGA3 above 2 ppm. Length, diameter, and the length-to-diameter ratio generally increased progressively as the concn of KGA3 increased.
Mass Selection for Low Oxidation in Sweetpotato1
Authors: Jones Alfred 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mass selection for low oxidation of root flesh was initiated in the fourth generation of an open-pollinated sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] population. Two selection schemes were followed which provided different selection pressures by varying effective population sizes. In one (population A), selected plants were randomly intercrossed by insects each cycle. In the other (population D), approximately 10% of the randomly intercrossing population were selected each cycle and their true seed used to plant the next generation. After 2 cycles of selection in A and 3 in D, they were compared to appropriate generations of the base population. Results were in agreement with selection theory and closely paralleled those obtained with other crops. More rapid advance was made with A, which requires 2 seasons per cycle for any trait not measured in the seedling stage. Good advance was made with D, which allows 1 cycle per season. Study of 21 other traits indicated more changes in unselected traits in A than in D, thus favoring the method of D in early generations of mass selection in sweetpotato. The rapid increase of low oxidizing plants in this study suggests that selection for low oxidizing cvs. may reduce associated processing problems.
Iron-Manganese Relations of ‘Starking Delicious’ Apples in Western Colorado1
Authors: Rogers Ewell 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The combination of sodium ferric ethylenediamine di-(o-hydroxphenylacetate) and (NH4)2SO4, or (NH4)2SO4 plus sodium ferric ethylenediamine di-(o-hydroxphenylacetate) Zn and Mn disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetate increased the Fe and decreased Mn concn in apple leaves. Iron chlorosis was reduced. All treatments which included (NH4)2SO4 increased N and reduced P concn in leaves. The treatments had no significant effect on Zn concn. There were no discernible treatment effects on trunk and shoot growth, or yield and size of fruit.
Ultrastructure of Cuticular Surfaces and Stomata of Developing Leaves and Fruit of the ‘Valencia’ Orange1
Authors: Albrigo L. Gene 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The outer stomatal openings on Citrus sinensis cv. Valencia fruit and leaves were formed by rupturing of the cuticle and possibly some of the outer epidermal cell wall. Small, 5µ diam, structures surrounded by wax were visible on the young fruit surface. The wax on immature fruit was soft, forming a continuous film with little surface structure. With maturation the progressive formation of more and harder epicuticular wax resulted in more visible structure. The eventual cracking and lifting of the wax film indicated loss of its ability to expand with the slow developing cuticle - cell wall complex. Leaves developed some surface wax structure but no platelet wax was formed. The leaves expanded rapidly and the leaf surface wax remained soft during this time.
Temperature Controlled Floral Induction in Amazon Lily, Eucharist grandiflora, Planch1
Authors: Adams D. G. , Urdahl W. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Time and temp requirements for floral induction in the Amazon lily were found to be 12 days at 29.4°C (85°F) or 3 weeks at 19.4°C (67°F). Greater numbers of bulbs flowered, however, when heated for 16 days at 29.4°C or 3 weeks at 20.6°C (69°F). No detrimental effects, as indicated by percent flowering and flowers per scape, were apparent when bulbs were heated for 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9 weeks at 29.4°C. Total production time was increased as treatment period was extended, but appeared to be definitely modified by season. Days after heating to first flower progressively decreased and total flowers per scape increased as growing conditions improved in spring. The fall crop showed an opposite response.
Copper Toxicity in Phaseolus vulgaris L. as Influenced by Iron Nutrition. II. Elemental and Electron Microprobe Analyses1,2
Authors: Daniels Roland R. , Struckmeyer B. Esther , Peterson L. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In plants grown without Fe or with Fe tartrate, 0.50 ppm Cu reduced Fe concn only in the roots. When FeEDTA was used, Fe concn were higher in the roots at 0.04 and 0.50 ppm Cu than other treatments. Concentrations of Cu in the roots increased with the increase in Cu in the nutrient solution; in the shoots there was little difference. With FeEDTA, the Cu concn in the roots and shoots at both levels of Cu was considerably less than with Fe tartrate or without Fe. Microprobe analysis showed accumulations of Fe in wall areas of some xylem elements in the midrib of leaves of plants grown with Fe tartrate-0.50 ppm Cu only. Iron did not accumulate in comparable tissues with Fe tartrate-0.04 ppm Cu and with FeEDTA-0.04 and 0.50 ppm Cu. Copper was distributed uniformly throughout the tissues but P accumulated only in wall areas of the cells. The localization of Fe and P in the same cell suggested that high Cu induced chlorosis by precipitation of Fe as Fe phosphate.
Anthocyanin in Flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ram. During Anthesis in Relation to Sugar Content1
Authors: Rutland Rufus B. , Seawright Kay Walters 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Anthocyanin concentration decreased and sugar concentration increased in petals of C. morifolium cv. Orchid Queen during petal expansion in a greenhouse from the day of first coloration until full bloom. No correlation was found between either total sugar or reducing sugar and anthocyanin concn. Dry wt % decreased also during petal expansion so that sugar was an increasing proportion of the dry matter. Anthocyanin was at higher concn in petals expanding in Oct. than in July or Nov., but reducing sugar was higher in Nov. and total sugar was higher in Nov. and July than in Oct. The possibility of insufficient sugar substrate for anthocyanin synthesis under these conditions is discounted.
Effect of Pruning Severity and Rootstock on Growth and Yield of Two Grafted, Cane-pruned Wine Grape Cultivars1
Authors: Lider L. A. , Kasimatis A. N. , Kliewer W. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three years of observations were made at Oakville, California, on a vineyard trial of 3 pruning severities on 2 scion grape cultivars, Chardonnay and Gamay Beaujolais, grafted onto 2 phylloxera-resistant rootstocks, ‘St. George’ and ‘A × R #1’. There was a marked increase in crop production with decreased pruning severity. With ‘Chardonnay’ on ‘St. George’ there was nearly a 3-fold increase in yield when the pruning went from 5 retained buds/lb. (453.6g) of prunings to 15 buds/lb. With ‘Gamay Beaujolais’, the yield increase approached 2-fold. Vines on ‘A × R #1’ were markedly more fruitful than those on ‘St. George’, and this rootstock difference was not influenced by pruning severity over a 3-year period.
The variability in level of pruning, as estimated from a visual inspection of individual vines, was great. This could account for both low yields and high vine sizes with ‘Chardonnay’. The pruning level used by an experienced pruner was about 8 retained buds/lb. of prunings on average-sized vines of ‘Chardonnay’ on ‘St. George’, and about 6 buds on the largest vines.
The most severe pruning was very restrictive on yields per vine, and vine vigor was enhanced at these low bud counts. Fruit maturity was delayed by the least-severe pruning level and, in some instances, vine size was reduced the following year. Under the conditions of the test site, the intermediate level of pruning severity, 10 buds/lb. of prunings, was appropriate for the small-clustered, cane-pruned cultivars at the intermediate vine sizes.
The Effect of Nitrate and Ammonium Nitrogen on the Free Amino Acid Composition of Tomato Plants and Tomato Fruit1
Authors: Hoff J. E. , Wilcox G. E. , Jones C. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The N form had a pronounced effect on the levels of free amino acids. When compared to NO3, NH4 brought about a several fold increase in free amino acids (dry basis) in the roots, while smaller increases were observed in mature, fully expanded leaves, in young growing leaves, and in tomato fruit. Plants fed a combination of the 2 N forms had intermediate levels. The pattern of response to NH4 indicated that aspartic and glutamic acids as well as their amides were predominantly snythesized in the roots when the N source was NH4. The site of synthesis shifted to the leaves when the N source was NO3. The amino acids arginine, serine, alanine, and γ-aminobutyric acid were predominantly synthesized in the leaves irrespective of N form. Topical application of Ca on fruit grown with NH4 resulted in amino acid levels in the fruit similar to those of NO3 fruit. Ammonium toxicity was found to be accompanied by large increases in the levels of GABA and serine in the leaves. It is suggested that ammonium toxicity is a manifestation of intracellular Ca deficiency.
Chemical Stimulation of Germination Rate in Aged Tomato Seeds1
Authors: Earl Puls E. , Lambeth Victor N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The germination rate of 10-year-old seeds of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., line Mo. 17-St-23 was significantly increased by continuous soak treatments of GA3 (0, 10 ppm) + kinetin (1, 10, 50 ppm) + KNO3 (.01 M). Germination percentages 10 days after start of treatment, however, did not differ from those of untreated seeds. GA-induced increases in soluble sugars and in protein hydrolysis, increases in ribonuclease activity in both GA3 and kinetin-treated seeds, and increased cytochrome oxidase activity with KNO3 treatment were observed, suggesting that these chemicals speeded germination by correcting enzymatic and substrate deficiencies at the initial stages of germination.
Effects of Irrigation on Growth, Yield, and Quality of Peas for Processing1
Authors: Pumphrey F. V. , Schwanke R. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Irrigation water was applied at various growth stages to peas (Pisum sativum L.) grown for processing. Irrigation increased all growth characters measured, extended blooming and pod setting, and delayed maturity 1 to 7 days. Irrigation at pod filling increased yield more than irrigation at any other growth stage and produced the greatest yield increase per cm of water applied. Irrigated peas were of lower quality for processing than non-irrigated peas.
Propagation of Chrysanthemum in Vitro. I. Multiple Plantlets from Shoot Tips and the Establishment of Tissue Cultures1,2
Authors: Earle E. D. , Langhans R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Small (0.5 mm high) shoot tips of Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Giant #4 Indianapolis White’ were grown on Murashige-Skoog medium containing various levels of kinetin, NAA, and GA3. Formation of roots, single or multiple shoots, plantlets and friable, hard or leafy callus depended on the hormone levels used. Multiple shoots and green leafy callus were produced on medium containing 2.0 mg/l kinetin and 0.02 mg/l NAA. The leafy callus was suitable for subculture and subsequent reorganization of plantlets. Multiple shoots were rooted and grown into normal plants or were used to start new cultures which formed more multiple shoots. This technique will be useful for storage and propagation of Chrysanthemum and especially for detection and rapid multiplication of virus-free plants.
Growth of Resting Buds1
Authors: Young L. C. T. , Winneberger J. T. , Bennett J. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Vegetative buds of trees of ‘Hardy’ and ‘Bartlett’ pears, ‘Pearmain’ apple, and ‘Sugar’ prune increased in weight steadily from their inception in spring throughout the rest period. Buds of ‘Bartlett’ grew most rapidly. Apple and prune were the slowest and grew at similar rates. In none of the species did the rest period appear to have any relation to the rate of growth. Lateral buds on trees of ‘Hardy’ during a temperature induced 4 year period of dormancy continued to grow with the formation of additional leaf primordia each year. Earlier formed primordia died and performed the function of scales. All buds of ‘Hardy’ growing in an orchard increased steadily in fresh and dry weights with no apparent effect from the rest period. The ratio of dry to fresh weight of the entire bud as well as its interior parts remained relatively constant during the period of observation.
Crude Oil, Neutral Lipids, Glycolipids, and Phospholipids in Maturing Sweet Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Pascual Loreto R. , Wiley Robert C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven mutant maize genotypes with sweet corn backgrounds and 4 commercially grown sweet corn cultivars were harvested from 18-45 days after pollination (DAP). The lipids were extracted with chloroform-methanol 2: 1 (v/v) and separated on a silicic acid column into neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids. Mutant genotypes influenced lipid development while inbred lines seemed important in amount of oil synthesized by the kernel. Crude oil and neutral lipids increased from 18-45 DAP while phospholipid and glycolipid values (mg/10 g fresh weight basis) were higher 23-28 DAP which is the prime processing time. During the developmental period studied, neutral lipids, phospholipids and glycolipids amount to 63, 20, and 12% respectively of the crude oil extracted. About 5% of the crude oil was lost in the separation procedure.
Effect of Seed Size on Uniformity of Pimiento Transplants (Capsicum annuum L.) at Harvest Time1
Authors: Cochran H. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Replicated field plots of small, medium, and large pimiento seeds, cv. Truhard Perfection, were planted in mid-February of 1972 and 1973. Compared to seedlings produced by small seeds, those from medium and large seeds emerged 2 days earlier to a significantly better stand, and attained in 71 days the growth, the hardened condition, and the root system required of usable transplants by canners. Transplants from small seeds failed to reach these requirements within the 75-day duration of this study.
Patulin from Penicillium expansum in Stone Fruits and Pears1
Authors: Buchanan J. R. , Sommer N. F. , Fortlage R. J. , Maxie E. C. , Mitchell F. G. , Hsieh D. P.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Concentrations of patulin in blue mold lesions caused by Penicillium expansum Lk. ex Thom in pears and stone fruits were similar to those reported for apples. Of fruits tested, only the plum was a poor substrate for accumulation of the mycotoxin. The total patulin within disease lesions increased as the lesions enlarged. However, the concentration of patulin varied considerably, with the largest lesions usually yielding the lowest concentrations. Little or no patulin permeated healthy tissue surrounding the disease lesions unless fruits were overripe or had senescent breakdown.
Effects of Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization on Quality of Sweet Potatoes1
Authors: Constantin Roysell J. , Hernandez Travis P. , Jones L. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Whenever supplemental irrigation was applied to sweet potatoes, root quality was reduced. Dry matter content, color of both fresh and processed sweet potatoes, firmness of the canned product, and percent protein decreased as the moisture content of the soil increased. Moisture content had little or no influence on fiber content or cortex thickness of fleshy roots.
Nitrogen levels also influenced quality factors. As N levels increased there was a reduction in flesh color and increases in protein content and firmness of the canned potatoes. Nitrogen had little effect on fiber content, dry matter content or cortex thickness.
Yearly variations occurred for dry matter content, fiber content, firmness of the canned product and flesh color.
Effects of Rootstocks and Length and Type of Interstock on Growth of Apple trees in Sand Culture1
Authors: Lockard Raymond G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Comparisons were made of the fresh weights of trees on apple rootstocks MM 111, MM 106 and M.9 and of the weights of trees with interstocks of ‘Red Delicious’ (RD), MM 106 and M.9 of 2.5, 7.5, 12.5 or 18 cm lengths on MM 111 rootstocks. All scions were RD and the experiment covered the 1969-1972 growing seasons. Weight of all plant parts increased over the 4 years but the percentage of leaves and new growth decreased from 1970 to 1972, whereas the increase in scion and interstock weight tended to be a greater percentage of total plant weight increase (TPI) each year. Treatments MM 106 and M.9 rootstocks and M.9 interstock dwarfted the trees 37, 40, and 40 percent, respectively. M.9 rootstock and interstock and MM 106 interstock increased in weight proportionately more than comparable parts on the least dwarfing graft combinations. M.9 interstock also induced a proportionately larger root system than the other 2 interstocks.
The faster growth rate of plants on MM 111 rootstock resulted from more rapid growth of woody tissues; leaf weights were similar. Plants with an RD or MM 106 interstock showed numerous variations in growth over the 4 years, but those with an M.9 interstock were uniform in growth habit.
Plants with a 12.5 cm interstock weighed the least of all 3 interstock types. A comparison of weight of plants with a 2.5 or 7.5 cm interstock with those with a 12.5 or 18 cm interstock showed a reduction in growth due to the longer interstems only on plants with an M.9 interstock.
Inheritance of an Enhanced Branching Character in the Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)1
Authors: Campbell C. G. , Nonnecke I. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An unusual branching habit was found in plants of a Guelph tomato line. The axillary buds of the cotyledons and leaves of these plants exhibited vigorous growth at an early stage producing compact, many branched plants with a high number of flower clusters at the first bloom stage. The character was determined by a single, partially dominant gene. No linkage was confirmed with a number of known genes in the tomato genome. The rate of branch growth differed in progeny of crosses with stocks carrying the marker genes indicating the character was influenced by parental genotypes. The gene is designated Lp (Lateral promoter).
Effect of Temperature on Ontogeny of Berries of Vitis Vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon1
Authors: Hale C. R. , Buttrose M. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of temperature on development of ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ berries was examined in growth cabinets beginning 3 weeks after flowering and terminating 6 weeks after the start of stage III. High temperature, 35/30°C, reduced the amount and duration of berry growth during stage I; it lengthened stage II by inhibiting the onset of stage III. Final berry size was irreversibly reduced by high temperature during stage I. The duration of stage II was also lengthened by lowering the day/night temperature during stage I from 25/20 to 18/13°C. Maximum berry size was attained most rapidly at the intermediate and most slowly at high temperature. Generally, stages I and II were more sensitive to temperature than stage III.
Final berry weight was lowest at 35/30°C. The concentration of total soluble solids was low when both stages II and III were at 35/30 and high when stage I or both stages I and II were at 35/30 and subsequent growth at 18/13. Once stage III had started, temperature had little effect on berry size or total soluble solids. Acidity was highest when all stages of development were at 18/13 and was reduced by high temperature at any stage of development.
Freeze Disruption of Sour Orange Leaf Cells1
Authors: Young Roger , Marshall Mann 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sour orange leaves (Citrus aurantium L.) from cold-hardened and unhardened plants were sectioned and prepared for light and electronmicroscopy examination after freezing at -3.3°C and -6.7°. Severe membrane destruction was visible in both hardened and unhardened cells after freezing. These membranes included the tonoplast, outer chloroplast membrane, and the cristae membrane in the mitochrondria. The thylakoids of the grana, the intergrana lamella, and the outer mitochrondrial membranes remained intact. Membrane destruction resulted in gross disorganization of cell contents. Disruption of cells was evident and included palisade and mesophyll cells, the lower epidermal layer, and xylem, fiber, and pith cells in the vascular system.
Tolerance to Pierce’s Disease and the Associated Rickettsia-like Bacterium in Muscadine Grape1
Authors: Hopkins D. L. , Mollenhauer H. H. , Mortensen J. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rickettsia-like bacteria, implicated as the casual agent of Pierce’s disease, were easily observed by electron microscopy in the xylem of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) with symptoms of Pierce’s disease. The symptoms included severe stunt, marginal leaf burn, and dieback. The bacterium was observed only in the tracheary elements of the xylem.
Differences in levels of tolerance to Pierce’s disease were found in muscadine cultivars and breeding selections. Muscadine cultivars and selections developed at Experiment, GA were generally more tolerant to the disease than those developed at Meridian, MS or Raleigh, NC, however, there were some highly tolerant cultivars from all 3 locations. Cultivars from MS were much more tolerant to the disease than were selections from that location which were never considered acceptable for release to commercial growers.