bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robust Markov Decision Processes: Beyond Rectangularity
Authors: Goyal Vineet , Grand-Clément Julien 
Published: April 2022

We consider a robust approach to address uncertainty in model parameters in Markov decision processes (MDPs), which are widely used to model dynamic optimization in many applications. Most prior works consider the case in which the uncertainty on transitions related to different states is uncoupled and the adversary is allowed to select the worst possible realization for each state unrelated to others, potentially leading to highly conservative solutions. On the other hand, the case of general uncertainty sets is known to be intractable. We consider a factor model for probability transitions in which the transition probability is a linear function of a factor matrix that is uncertain and belongs to a factor matrix uncertainty set. This is a fairly general model of uncertainty in probability transitions, allowing the decision maker to model dependence between probability transitions across different states, and it is significantly less conservative than prior approaches. We show that under an underlying rectangularity assumption, we can efficiently compute an optimal robust policy under the factor matrix uncertainty model. Furthermore, we show that there is an optimal robust policy that is deterministic, which is of interest from an interpretability standpoint. We also introduce the robust counterpart of important structural results of classical MDPs, including the maximum principle and Blackwell optimality, and we provide a computational study to demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in mitigating the conservativeness of robust policies. Funding: V. Goyal’s research was supported in part by the National Science Foundation Division of Civil, Mechanical and Manufacturing Innovation [Grants 1351838 and 1636046] and DARPA Lagrange grants. J. Grand-Clément is supported by a grant of the French National Research Agency (ANR), “Investissements d’Avenir” (LabEx Ecodec/ANR-11-LABX-0047) and by Hi! Paris.
ANALISIS KESULITAN GURU DALAM PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN TEMATIK PADA KELAS II DI SD MUHAMMADIYAH KARANGWARU
Authors: Agustina Rima Nur , Erviana Vera Yuli 
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan mengenai kesulitan-kesulitan yang dialami guru khususnya pada kelas II Di SD Muhammadiyah Karangwaru, dalam proses penerapan pembelajaran tematik. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan menggunakan pendekatanÂ deskriptif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini ialah kepala sekolah, wakil ketua kurikulum dan guru kelas II Di SD Muhammadiyah Karangwaru. Objek yang diambil berupa kesulitan guru dalam pelaksanaan pembelajaran tematik dan kesulitan guru dalam penerapan pembelajaran tematik. Teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dari teori Miles and Huberman dengan siklus mulai pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa,Â dalam tahapan pelaksanaan pembelajaran tematik terdapat faktor pendukung dan penghambat. Faktor pendukung berasal dariÂ dorongan yang diberikan kepala sekolah dan fasilitasÂ di dalam kelasÂ yang dapat dimanfaatkan untukÂ kegiatan penyampaian materi pembelajaran. Sedangkan untuk faktor penghambat yang dialami guru adalah kurangnya pelatihan atau pemahaman lebih lanjut mengenai penerapan pembelajaran tematik.Â Pada proses kegiatan,Â guru masih mengalami kesulitan pada tahapan perencanaan pembelajaran terutama proses penyusunan RPP, untuk tahapan pelaksanaannya pada penentuan model dan pendekatan scientific. Untuk mengatasi kesulitan yang dialami guru melakukan forum atau sharingÂ bersama dengan sesama guru kelas II, sedangkan upaya untuk mengaktifkan peserta didik guru menggunakan alat bantu media pembelajaran.
Miskonsepsi materi pengolahan data di sekolah dasar
Authors: Vera Mimin , Sulistyaningrum Rikana , Purnomo Hengki , Murtiyasa Budi 
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi hasil PISA tahun 2019 menunjukkan prestasi Indonesia semakin menurun. Terutama dalam muatan pelajaran Matematika. Matematika merupakanÂ muatan pelajaran yang tidak bisa dipisahkan di kehidupan nyata. Oleh sebab itu miskonsepsi pada muatan pelajaran Matematika harus segera ditangani. Terutama materi pengolahan data. Dilapangan tidak sedikit miskonsepsi yang terkait dengan materi pengolahan data terutama pada tingkat sekolah dasar.20 peserta didik kelas 6 SDN Kepatihan Jebres Surakarta tahun ajaran 2020/2021 adalah subjek dalam penelitian ini. Desain penelitian kualitatif serta analisa data statistika deskriptif adalah metode pada penelitian ini. Teknik pengumpulan data yang dimanfaatkan ialah dokumentasi dan tes. Teknik triangulasi dimanfaatkan untuk menguji keabsahan data yaitu triangulasi. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa masih terjadi miskonsepsi pada materi pengelolaan data yang harus segera dicari solusinya.
Bone turnover markers as surrogates of fracture healing after intramedullary fixation of tibia and femur fractures
Authors: Stewart Christopher C. , O’Hara Nathan N. , Bzovsky Sofia , Bahney Chelsea S. , Sprague Sheila , Slobogean Gerard P. ,   On behalf of Vita-Shock Investigators
Published: April 2022

Aims Bone turnover markers (BTMs) follow distinct trends after fractures and limited evidence suggests differential levels in BTMs in patients with delayed healing. The effect of vitamin D, and other factors that influence BTMs and fracture healing, is important to elucidate the use of BTMs as surrogates of fracture healing. We sought to determine whether BTMs can be used as early markers of delayed fracture healing, and the effect of vitamin D on BTM response after fracture. Methods A total of 102 participants aged 18 to 50 years (median 28 years (interquartile range 23 to 35)), receiving an intramedullary nail for a tibial or femoral shaft fracture, were enrolled in a randomized controlled trial comparing vitamin D3 supplementation to placebo. Serum C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX; bone resorption marker) and N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (P1NP; bone formation marker) were measured at baseline, six weeks, and 12 weeks post-injury. Clinical and radiological fracture healing was assessed at three months. Results CTX and P1NP concentrations peaked at six weeks in all groups. Elevated six-week CTX and P1NP were associated with radiological healing at 12 weeks post-injury (odds ratio (OR) 10.5; 95% confidence interval 2.71 to 53.5, p = 0.002). We found no association between CTX or P1NP and functional healing. Baseline serum 25(OH)D showed a weak inverse relationship with P1NP (p = 0.036) and CTX (p = 0.221) at 12 weeks, but we observed no association between vitamin D supplementation and either BTM. Conclusion Given the association between six-week BTM concentrations and three-month radiological fracture healing, CTX and P1NP appear to be potential surrogate markers of fracture healing. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(4):239–250.
Down Syndrome Cures: Perspectives of People With Down Syndrome and Their Parents
Authors: Rogers Julie M. , Weaver Amy L. , Havyer Rachel D. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) research is advancing rapidly, yet efforts have raised ethical questions. This mixed methods study describes views of people with DS (self-advocates) and their parents regarding medical interventions for DS. Responses from 35/171 (20.5%) self-advocates and 430/867 (49.6%) parents showed the majority of self-advocates were glad they have DS (27/35; 77.1%) and liked who they are (33/35; 94.3%), but did want to learn faster (23/35; 65.7%). Parents much more commonly agreed with a willingness to give medications to prevent Alzheimer's disease (427/429; 99.5%) or blood cancer (428/430; 99.5%) as compared with a medicine to cure DS (225/425; 52.9%). Qualitative comments intertwined DS with identity, yet indicated desire for improved quality of life and opportunities. Responses decoupled DS itself from the complications of DS, with treatment of complications being more acceptable.
Highly sensitive RI and temperature sensor based on an asymmetric fiber coupler
Authors: Chen Yufang , Wan Hongdan , Chang Hongqiang , Lin Xueying , Hu Fangren 
Published: April 2022

We propose and demonstrate a highly sensitive refractive index (RI) and temperature sensor based on an asymmetric fiber coupler (AFC). The AFC was fabricated by weak fusion of a pre-stretched single-mode fiber and a few-mode fiber. An ultra-sensitivity RI can be achieved near the dispersion turning point (DTP). The proposed RI sensor achieves a high RI sensitivity of

−

10

,

662.4

n
m

/

R
I
U

within the RI range of 1.31–1.35. By packaging the AFC into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), the temperature sensitivity reaches 11.44 nm/°C. The proposed AFC with high RI and temperature sensitivity can be potentially used in the field of chemical monitoring, biochemical detection, and clinical diagnosis.
3  kW power-level all-fiberized superfluorescent fiber source with linear polarization and near-diffraction-limited beam quality
Authors: Ren Shuai , Wang Guangjian , Li Wei , Song Jiaxin , Chen Yisha , Ma Pengfei , Liu Wei , Zhou Pu 
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we demonstrate a high-power linearly polarized all-fiberized superfluorescent fiber source (SFS) with near-diffraction-limited beam quality. The laser system is based on a master oscillator power amplifier configuration, which mainly consists of a polarization-maintained (PM) broadband SFS and multistage PM fiber amplifiers. A linearly polarized fiber laser over 3 kW is obtained at a pump power of about 4.3 kW with the corresponding slope efficiency of 71.9%. The polarization extinction ratio and the beam quality (M2factor) of the output laser are about 12.7 dB and 1.18, respectively, at the maximum output power. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest output power of a linearly polarized broadband SFS with near-diffraction-limited beam quality.
Change in unemployment by social vulnerability among United States counties with rapid increases in COVID-19 incidence—July 1–October 31, 2020
Authors: Tang Shichao , Horter Libby , Bosh Karin , Kassem Ahmed M. , Kahn Emily B. , Ricaldi Jessica N. , Pao Leah Zilversmit , Kang Gloria J. , Singleton Christa-Marie , Liu Tiebin , Thomas Isabel , Rao Carol Y. 
Published: April 2022

Objective
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the unemployment rate in the United States peaked at 14.8% in April 2020. We examined patterns in unemployment following this peak in counties with rapid increases in COVID-19 incidence.

Method
We used CDC aggregate county data to identify counties with rapid increases in COVID-19 incidence (rapid riser counties) during July 1–October 31, 2020. We used a linear regression model with fixed effect to calculate the change of unemployment rate difference in these counties, stratified by the county’s social vulnerability (an indicator compiled by CDC) in the two months before the rapid riser index month compared to the index month plus one month after the index month.

Results
Among the 585 (19% of U.S. counties) rapid riser counties identified, the unemployment rate gap between the most and least socially vulnerable counties widened by 0.40 percentage point (p<0.01) after experiencing a rapid rise in COVID-19 incidence. Driving the gap were counties with lower socioeconomic status, with a higher percentage of people in racial and ethnic minority groups, and with limited English proficiency.

Conclusion
The widened unemployment gap after COVID-19 incidence rapid rise between the most and least socially vulnerable counties suggests that it may take longer for socially and economically disadvantaged communities to recover. Loss of income and benefits due to unemployment could hinder behaviors that prevent spread of COVID-19 (e.g., seeking healthcare) and could impede response efforts including testing and vaccination. Addressing the social needs within these vulnerable communities could help support public health response measures.
Magnitude and predictors of HIV-Drug resistance in Africa: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Melku Mulugeta , Gesesew Hailay Abrha , Ward Paul R. 
Published: April 2022

Introduction
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is continued to be a major public health problem in low-income countries and more importantly in Africa. For the last decade, access to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) and its impact in improving quality of life and reducing HIV-related morbidity and mortality has significantly been improved in Africa. Nevertheless, the emergency of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) has posed challenges in achieving optimal ART treatment outcomes and is alarmingly increasing globally in general and in Africa in particular. Comprehensive epidemiological data on the magnitude of HIVDR and HIVDR mutations, and predictors of HIVDR are, however, limited in Africa.

Objective
The main objective of this systematic review will be to estimate the pooled proportion of HIVDR and HIVDR mutations, and identify factors associated with HIVDR among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH) in Africa.

Method
Published Literature from 2000 until 30 October 2021 will be searched in PubMed/Medline Ovid, HINARI, SCOPUS, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Sciences, and Cochrane electronic databases. Initially, the literature will be screened based on title/abstract and followed by full-text appraisal for methodological quality using JBI critical appraisal tools. Data will be extracted from eligible articles after the full-text appraisal. Heterogeneity will be qualitatively assessed by a visual Funnel plot and quantitatively measured by an index of heterogeneity (I2 statistics). Random-effects model will be fitted to estimate the proportion of HIVDR and each HIVDR mutations. Sub-group and sensitivity analyses will be conducted to reduce heterogeneity. Meta-regression will be done by median year of sampling per study to observe the pattern of changes over time. Publication bias will be assessed by egger’s statistics. In case of publication bias, Trim and Fill analysis will be conducted to overcome small-study effect. Data analysis will be performed using Stata version 14.

Ethics and dissemination
As the data sources are published papers, the protocol will not require an ethical approval letter. The final report of the review will be published in a peer-reviewed journal.
Parenting Musically, Lisa Huisman Koops (2020)
Authors: Digby Julie , Cavanagh Barbara 
Published: April 2022

Review of: Parenting Musically, Lisa Huisman Koops (2020)
New York: Oxford University Press, 218 pp.,
ISBN-13 978-0-19087-362-2, p/bk, £25.49
Filling in the GAPS: validation of anion gap (AGAP) measurement uncertainty estimates for use in clinical decision making
Authors: Gifford Jessica L. , Seiden-Long Isolde 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
We compare measurement uncertainty (MU) calculations to real patient result variation observed by physicians using as our model anion gap (AGAP) sequentially measured on two different instrument types. An approach for discretely quantifying the pre-analytical contributions and validating AGAP MU estimates for interpretation of patient results is proposed.

Methods
AGAP was calculated from sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate reported from chemistry or blood gas analyzers which employ different methodologies and specimen types. AGAP MU was calculated using a top-down approach both assuming no correlation between measurands and alternatively, including consideration of measurand correlation. MU-derived reference change values (RCV) were calculated between chemistry and blood gas analyzers results. Observational paired AGAP data (n=39,626 subjects) was obtained from retrospectively analyzed specimens from five urban tertiary care hospitals in Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Results
The MU derived AGAP RCV for paired specimen data by the two platforms was 5.2–6.1 mmol/L assuming no correlation and 2.6–3.1 mmol/L assuming correlation. From the paired chemistry and blood gas data, total observed variation on a reported AGAP has a 95% confidence interval of ±6.0 mmol/L. When the MU-derived RCV assuming correlation is directly compared against the observed distribution of patient results, we obtained a pre-analytical variation contribution of 2.9–3.5 mmol/L to the AGAP observed variation. In contrast, assuming no correlation leads to a negligible pre-analytical contribution (<1.0 mmol/L).

Conclusions
MU estimates assuming no correlation are more representative of the total variation seen in real patient data. We present a pragmatic approach for validating an MU calculation to inform clinical decisions and determine the pre-analytical contribution to MU in this system.
Development of binary models for prediction and optimization of nutritional values of enriched kokoro: a case of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN)
Authors: Adeoye Babatunde Kazeem , Ajala Olajide Olukayode , Oke Emmanuel Olusola 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Kokoro as a broadly acknowledge maize snack is being consumed every day by both the children and grown-ups, but it is characterized by the low protein content required for survival. The blending of maize flour (MF), sesame flour (SF) and moringa flour (mF) to enhance the nutritional values of kokoro was optimize with response surface technique (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN). MF, SF and mF were mixed at diverse proportion and the optimal blending ratio was gotten using D-optimal design method. The protein and carbohydrate actual contents were compared with their predicted values using RSM and ANN models. The performance of the developed RSM and ANN models were validated with coefficient of determination (R2) and mean square error (MSE). The optimal blending ratio of MF: SF: mF was 54.11: 37.06: 8.83. The optimal blending ratio gave 25.53% of protein content and 45.99% of carbohydrate content. The statistical analysis of the experimental data obtained using different statistical techniques shows that regression models by RSM gave R2 of 0.999 for protein yield and 0.983 for carbohydrate yield while ANN gave R2 of 0.999 with MSE 9.24184 × 10−1. Therefore, it can be concluded from the results that both the RSM and ANN gave good prediction of the model.
The Golden Fetters in the Mediterranean Periphery. How Spain and Italy Overcame Business Cycles Between 1870 and 1913?
Authors: Roldan Alba 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The gold standard was a monetary system based on fixed exchange rates, whereby domestic prices were pegged to the international price level and a high level of control had to be exercised over the money supply. This meant that fiscal discipline also had to be maintained for a country to remain on the gold standard. In times of crisis, countries had to leave the gold standard or use internal devaluation. This article seeks to gain an understanding of the role of the different economic policies in Italy and Spain at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century and how they were used in response to reductions in GDP. This article considers fiscal policy, monetary policy, and exchange rate policy estimating a VAR model. Results show how the exchange rate depreciation had positive effects on the Spanish economy during 1870–1913, while it only helped the Italian economy in specific periods to overcome crises. The expansive monetary policy was necessary for both countries to maintain public expenditure, which in turn allowed a smoothing of the GDP fluctuations. None of these policy options would have been available under the gold standard.
The fat bride and the foolish messengers: humorizing the love theme in an early Islamic poem
Authors: Hussein Ali Ahmad 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The main premise of this study is that the long poem by early Islamic poet Ḥumayd b. Thawr al-Hilālī (d. ca. 68–70/688–690) has a dual function. One is expressive and poetic—striving for elegant and affective verses mainly related to love. The other is humoristic and attempts to amuse. The poem’s humor appears predominantly in the passages describing a corpulent bride, and the failure of two go-betweens to set up a meeting between lovers, with the narration of multiple love affairs further contributing to its comedy. The main objective of this study is to shed light on the use and techniques of humor in classical Arabic culture, a topic neglected in modern research.
The Untold Story of Midijobs
Authors: Herget Anna , Riphahn Regina T. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Midijobs are employment relationships with moderate monthly earnings that benefit from payroll tax subsidies. Since 2003, the subsidy is universally available for all regions, industries, individuals, and employers in Germany. Recently, more than 2.9 million individuals, i.e., almost 9 percent of the German labor force covered by the social security system took advantage of Midijobs. This paper describes the program, its motivation, and utilization over time. We characterize the labor market transitions leading into and out of Midijob employment, the duration of Midijob utilization, and compare recent developments with patterns of program utilization that were observed early on.
Crystal structure of (2-(1-hydroxyheptyl)octahydro-8aH-chromene-5,8,8a-triol), C16H30O5
Authors: Wang Guangdi , Qian Shihao , Yan Sun , Wen Tingchi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
C16H30O5, monoclinic, P21 (no. 4), a = 5.6814(5) Å, b = 13.0181(12) Å, c = 22.833(2) Å, β = 96.473(2)°, V = 1677.9(3) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0508, wRref
(F
2) = 0.1346, T = 296(2) K.
Crystal structure of N-((3s,5s,7s)-adamantan-1-yl)-2-(3-benzoylphenyl)propanamide, C26H29NO2
Authors: Gao Li-Na , Gu Ye , Jin Feng , Hao Duo , Zhang Xin-Ru 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
C26H29NO2, triclinic,

P

1
‾

$P\overline{1}$

(no. 2), a = 10.8490(8) Å, b = 13.2892(9) Å, c = 14.7199(10) Å, α = 89.161(3)°, β = 79.991(2)°, γ = 85.746(2)°, V = 2084.2(3) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0641, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1449, T = 170 K.
A Little Mystery, Mythology, and Romance: How the “Pigmy Flint” Got Its Name
Authors: Piper Stephanie F. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The term “pigmy flint” was coined in 1895 and frequently used to describe small flint implements, many of them microliths, in British and Irish archaeology during the earliest decades of the 20th century. It was briefly adopted in France over a decade later to describe the same tools, translated as “silex pygmée”, the simultaneous emergence of the French term “microlithique” saw the latter become more widely used, however. The Anglicised “microlith” was not commonly incorporated into British archaeological terminology until the mid-1920s. The international interplay in nomenclature and the changing nature of the terminology that was used to describe such “very small implements of flint” are mirrored by the different attitudes of early archaeologists to these tools. They were dismissed by some and marvelled at by others. Moreover, the definitions that surround these terms are embedded within the problematised acceptance of the “Mesolithic” as a distinct chronological entity. The recognition of morphologically similar “pigmies” across the world sparked questions of migration, function, and chronology – in its broadest culture-historical sense – thus shaping the way in which this microlithic technology and its association with the Mesolithic came to be understood by early archaeologists in Western Europe.