bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Manufacturing Fixation in Design: Insights From Interviews With Engineering Professionals
Authors: Bracken Brennan Jennifer , Simpson Timothy W. , Miney William B. , Jablokow Kathryn W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Designing for any advanced manufacturing technology necessitates looking beyond the current manufacturing limitations that have constrained one’s previous design ideas. Moreover, fixation on existing and/or familiar manufacturing processes may prevent both the designers and project managers from considering new advanced manufacturing processes. We refer to this type of design fixation as Manufacturing Fixation in Design (MFD), and we explore its impact via semi-structured interviews with nine practicing engineers and engineering managers. These individuals have all personally experienced, or been impacted by, MFD in some form over the course of their careers, which span 17 different companies. We elicit their perceptions of MFD’s impact on manufacturing choices and observations as to when MFD occurs in the design process and how it has influenced past design and manufacturing choices. Our study reveals MFD is frequently experienced as a tendency to select manufacturing processes with which a designer is most familiar without considering other manufacturing options. This can restrict the use of advanced manufacturing technology — a phenomenon several interview subjects have directly observed. Methods of leveraging these findings to expedite the adoption of advanced manufacturing are discussed. Additionally, ways to overcome and mitigate MFD are proposed and identified as topics for future research.
Experimental Investigation on Surface Integrity in Micro-End Milling of Network-Structured TiBw/TA15 Composites
Authors: Yang Minghui , Huang Yu , Peng Fangyu , Rong Yan , Deng Ben , Han Fuqiang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
TiBw/TA15 composites with network architecture is a new class of metal matrix composites with superior mechanical properties. It has great potential to be applied in the aerospace and automotive fields. However, it is still a challenge to obtain the good surface quality in micro-machining of this kind of composite material. Compared with the micro-end milling experiments of non-reinforced TA15 alloy, this paper investigates the influences of cutting parameters and machining mechanism on the surface integrity in micro-end milling of the network-structured TiBw/TA15 composites, and the variations of cutting force, specific cutting energy, surface roughness and surface topography are analyzed. The results show that both brittle and ductile cutting mechanisms are involved in the machining process. The defects (such as voids, pits, microcracks, protuberance) on the machined surface are mainly distributed in a network-structured pattern. And then the detachment of the deboned or fractured reinforcements from matrix can generate the deep and meteor-like grooves emanating from the network-structured areas. It is suggested that the high spindle speed (not less than 30,000 rpm) and small feed rate (not more than 3μm/tooth) can deteriorate the machined surface quality.
Investigation on Tool Performance in Ultrasonic Vibration Assisted Cutting SiCf/SiC Ceramic Matrix Composites
Authors: Xiong Yi-feng , Wang Wen-hu , Shi Yao-yao , Jiang Rui-song , Huang Bo , Liu Cong , Liu Xiao-fen , Zhu Xiao-xiang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Ceramic matrix composites have been a promising advanced material due to its superior properties such as high strength and high temperature resistance. However, due to the high hardness and brittleness of reinforcement and matrix, the machining of this new material still needs to be solved. In this study, investigation of tool performance was conducted on SiC fiber reinforced SiC ceramic matrix composites using ultrasonic vibration assisted machining technique with taking advantages of decreasing cutting force, reducing tool wear and improving machinability. Three types of tools including PDC, brazed diamond tool and electroplated diamond tool were tested by carrying out ultrasonic vibration assisted milling-grinding experiments. The milling-grinding force, material removal volume and machined surface roughness was comparatively studied at the same machining conditions. From experimental results, it was found out that the wear mechanism of PDC and electroplated diamond tool was mainly abrasive wear and fracture of grains while pull-out of grains could be additionally found for brazed diamond tool. The PDC had a better tool performance with material removal volume being 12 times and 50.63 times as larger as that of brazed diamond tool and electroplated diamond tool respectively. It was recommended that the PDC could be used for high precision machining and brazed diamond tool could be chosen for rough machining or semi finish machining in ultrasonic vibration assisted milling-grinding SiC fiber reinforced SiC ceramic matrix composites.
A Two-Phase Flow Study on Carbon Dioxide Bubbles Evolution in Direct-Methanol Fuel Cells With Degassing Channels
Authors: Osman Sameer , Ahmed Mahmoud 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Low-temperature fuel cells have the potential to be used in portable and automotive applications, and the direct-methanol fuel cell is a good candidate for such applications as the fuel is in the liquid phase, making it easy to store and handle. Active direct-methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) operate on a liquid methanol solution as a fuel that is pumped to the anode flow channels. Gaseous carbon dioxide can accumulate in the anode channels and block the diffusion layer (DL), limiting the transport of reactants through the DL to the functional layer. This causes a drop in the rate of reaction and therefore limits the maximum current density achievable by the cell. A degassing channel concept is investigated in this study to collect Carbon dioxide bubbles and keep them away from the main channel. A 3D two-phase flow model is developed and validated to investigate bubble development and actuation to the degassing channel. Different wettability conditions for the degassing channel are investigated, and the resulting bubble development pattern is analyzed for the expected effect on mass transport of reactants to the DL. Results indicate that the use of a degassing channel significantly improves the transport of reactants in the main channel, which in turn improves the cell’s performance. Furthermore, using a degassing channel with a slightly hydrophobic treatment achieved around 37% faster bubble actuation rate from the main channel, compared to a degassing channel with plain wettability. However, this treatment created longer bubble slugs that travel about 25% slower than in the plain case. In summary, using this configuration will improve the mass transport of reactants to the diffusion layer, at the expense that bubbles will be extracted more slowly from the flow field overall. These findings create the opportunity to improve the performance of DMFCs by the improvement of mass transport of reactants on the anode side.
Multi-Objective Optimal Kinematic Design of Composite Transverse Leaf Spring McPherson Suspension
Authors: Zhang Junhong , Long Feiqi , Lin Jiewei , Zhang Yiming 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A multi-objective optimization method is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional method which establish the multi-body dynamic model frequently. A multi-body dynamic model of a McPherson front suspension with composite transverse leaf spring is developed in ADAMS/Car. The parallel travel simulation result shows the toe angle, camber angle, kingpin inclination angle, and caster angle deviate from design targets. To converge to the design value and reduce the variation range, the influences of suspension hard points on the kinematic parameters are studied. Eight design variables are identified out of 36 hard point coordinates according to their sensitivity to the target. The root mean square values of the kinematic parameters are set as the optimization objectives. The quadratic polynomial is employed to build the response surface of the kinematic parameters to design variables. The Pareto optimal solution set is obtained using the NSGA-II algorithm. The optimization merges the gap between the initial values and the design targets from [0.3066, 0.3425, 12.6201, 4.7352] to [0.2936, 0.3463, 13.1535, 3.9588] with variation range of [89.42%, 29.46%, 12.05%, 15.77%]. It is shown the method can effectively improve the precision of the dynamic model and lays a foundation for the research of suspension handling and stability performance.
Manufacturing and Performance Assessment of Solar Photo-Voltaic Modules by Adopting Various Heat Dissipation Techniques: A Review
Authors: Subhan Abdul , Mourad Abdel-Hamid I. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
One of the major drawbacks in the performance of PV modules is their operating temperature which grows linearly with the irradiance. It is well known for a fact that solar cell temperature is directly dependent on the electrical conversion efficiency of a PV module. The extra heat generated by the PV module due to the absorption of incoming solar irradiance is seen as an electrical loss to the overall output of the system and also results in thermal stresses getting developed. Therefore, to tackle this issue of overheating, the focus of PV module research in the past two decades has always been to analyze & develop various kinds of Heat dissipation techniques to reduce its cell temperature thereby increasing the maximum power output of the panel. This work presents a comprehensive review of the technologies adopted by researchers for heat dissipation of PV systems by both active and passive cooling techniques such as hybrid Solar PV/T system, usage of phase change materials, improved heat exchanger channel design, heat sinks, jet impingement cooling, thermoelectric cooling etc. This manuscript considers also the most economical, feasible and cost-effective heat dissipation /cooling technique of the PV modules and finally to give a perspective of how feasible they are in being adopted by the manufacturing sector. The outcomes of this study can help researchers, designers and engineers to analyze and come up with a practical solution in development of PV systems.
Dynamics of Flow and Heat Transfer Around Two Circular Cylinders of Different Diameters in Tandem Subjected to Forced Convection
Authors: Homsi Rami , Islam Md , Fatt Yap Yit , Janajreh Isam 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Two-dimensional numerical simulations for heated and unheated flows over two circular cylinders of different diameters in tandem are conducted. The study is conducted for Re = 150 and temperature ratio 1 ≤ (T* = Ts/T∞) ≤ 2.3. The study is limited to spacing ratios in the range 2 ≤ L/Dd ≤ 8 and diameter ratios 0.5 ≤ Du/Dd ≤ 2. The effect of heating on the flow is captured by modelling the thermophysical properties of the fluid fitted as polynomial functions of temperature. The flow features are visualized by plotting the streamlines and velocity magnitude contours. These flow patterns are also discussed based on the reattachment and co-shedding regimes which are classification found in literature. The effect of varying geometrical parameters on the flow in terms of change of regime is discussed. Furthermore, the drag coefficient (Cd) on both upstream and downstream cylinders is presented as a function of spacing and diameter ratios. Additionally the average surface heat transfer coefficient (h) is presented for the interval of spacing and diameter ratios stated. Results show that the presence of an upstream cylinder led to reduction of Cd on the downstream cylinder to a value lower than that of single cylinder for all cases studied. Heating both cylinders causes Cd on both cylinders to become less sensitive to a change in L/Dd, and increasing Du/Dd is found to decrease h on both upstream and downstream cylinders.
High Temperature LVDT Design and Modeling
Authors: Gao Yuan , Ban Heng , Fleming Austin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The linear variable displacement transducer (LVDT) is a widely used displacement sensor in engineering. The ability to work in a high-temperature and radioactive environment is an advantage of LVDT’s application in nuclear engineering. This paper utilizes the FEM to explore the LVDT design and performance space. Model validation is accomplished by comparing the simulation results with published experimental results. Important parameters, such as magnetic core permeability, core radius, and coil thickness, are discussed based on simulation results. The influence of temperature is investigated when the permeability is larger than a certain value (permeability saturation point). The FEM model agrees with the experiment well, and it can help to explore the characteristic of LVDT and guide the future design. For high-temperature LVDT designs, selecting the magnetic core material with permeability higher than the permeability saturation point in the whole measurement range is essential for steady output.
Pull-Out Force of Bean Plants Grown in Agar With Fluidic Microchannels
Authors: Azlan Abdul Aziz , Lim Kai Boon , Zuruzi Abu Samah 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Agar have long been used as a growth media in biology and medicine. This contribution reports on the results of pull out force of bean plants grown in agar with nutrients-filled microchannels. A jig was developed for pull-out of individual plants grown in agar with nutrients-filled microchannels. Similar tests were carried out on plants grown in agar without nutrients as comparison. A conventional mechanical test machine was used to perform the pull out on days-old Black Eye bean (Vigna Unguiculata) and Mung bean (Vigna Radiata) plants. During pull out tests, load increases linearly with displacement until a maximum load is reached which corresponds to the observed pull-out of the hypocotyl from the agar. In general, load at pull out increases with age of plants. However, when grown without nutrients bean plants develop long tap root length but that does not necessarily translate to larger pull-out force. These observations suggest agar with channels is a suitable platform to study effect of nutrients on root structure and pull-out force.
Computational Fluid Dynamics and Students’ Creativity
Authors: Mokhtar Wael A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
One of the known definitions of engineering is the creative application of principles. Also, one of the recent trends in engineering education is a more comprehensive view of design skills, ABET, Student Outcomes 2. The design constraints have been expanding beyond the technical requirements to include public health, safety, and welfare, as well as global, cultural, social, environmental, and economic factors. Creativity and deign are two sides of one coin. In the published literature, there is a debate if creativity can be taught and grow in students or it is a personal gift for a limited number of future engineers. In this work, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is discussed as a tool that can grow the creativity kills in students. With the enhanced simulation environment of CFD tools, students can expand their design skills and grow their creativity beyond the limitations of physical modeling.
A Framework for Integrating Reliability, Robustness, Resilience, and Vulnerability to Assess System Adaptivity
Authors: Rostami Milad , Bucking Scott 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The growing effort to improve a mechanical system’s performance with a sustainable perspective has created more complexity due to the need for additional technological subsystems. Increased complexity could result in new failure modes for systems making performance assessment more challenging. Therefore, it is essential to develop frameworks to assess performance based on a broader approach beyond single indicators. However, when considering reliability, resilience, robustness, and vulnerability (3RV) concepts as single mathematical-based models for assessing a system’s performance, designers are confronted by similarities between these concepts. In this regard, integrating these four concepts and developing a comprehensive variable (herein called system adaptivity) could better unify 3RV as a single objective function. Consequently, this study presents independent definitions for each concept and identifies common aspects and interrelationships between them. Finally, a system adaptivity objective function will be defined quantitatively by evaluating identified characteristics and internal and external relations for each concept in the previous step. This new prospect could represent a system’s adaptivity as an integrated framework towards different defined failure scenarios.
Self-Driven Transport of Liquid Droplets in V-Shaped Grooves Due to Asymmetric Evaporation
Authors: He Xukun , Cheng Jiangtao 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Evaporation and transport of a liquid droplet are generally regarded as two independent procedures in various scenarios. Here, we reveal a self-propelled mechanism allowing for the directional transport of an evaporating droplet between two non-parallel hydrophobic surfaces with dihedral angle α. Based on force and energy analyses, the confined droplet of volume V would drift towards an equilibrium position of distance le from the cusp with the lowest Gibbs free energy G. And the directional motion of the evaporating droplet results from the consecutively decreasing le, which is scaled as ∼α−1V1/3 during droplet evaporation. Herein the droplet motion could be characterized by the creeping mode and the slipping mode. Thus, the self-driven behavior of droplet is ascribed to its relaxation process from the stretched regime to the equilibrium regime. Our finding on the intrinsic mechanism of droplet actuations sheds light on a novel approach to manipulating the confined droplet behaviors in a passive and decisive fashion.
An Approach for Safeguarding Autonomous Mobile Robots Using Monitoring Tools
Authors: Müller Manuel , Schinzel Natalie , Jazdi Nasser , Weyrich Michael 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Autonomous mobile robots with manipulators are becoming increasingly important in industry because they are the most flexible type of mobile robots. Therefore, these mobile robots are employed in dynamic, heterogeneous and partly structured environments. However, as depicted in ANSI/RIA R15.08-1-2020, new safety requirements focusing the fitness of the mobile robots to its operational scenarios arise. In contrast to fenced industrial robots, mobile robots need to reason about their environment, specifically the monitored space and adapt accordingly. However, since the monitored space is often limited, today’s autonomous industrial mobile robots type C (IMR-C) as R15.08-1-2020 names this kind of robots waste much potential reducing their pace of work due to limited monitored space. To counteract this issue, we first analyze the effects of limited monitored space using system theoretic process analysis (STPA) and then come up with a novel monitoring tool closing the blind spots of the IMR-Cs. The comparison of the STPAs with and without external monitoring tools show risk reduction in the original loss scenarios but new loss scenarios and consuming effort in order to assemble them. We present a methodology to weight the gains and losses of assembling an additional monitoring tool using the Digital Twin. The evaluation of our prototype in a goods receipt scenario shows promising results.
The Encapsulation Effect on Thermal Performance of Micro-Encapsulated Phase Change Materials During Energy Absorption
Authors: Benner Jingru Z. , Shannon Rebecca C. , Wu Wentao , Metsack Austen P. , Shen Lu , Zhao Jingzhou 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Understanding the performance of the thermal storage materials is required to successfully meet the needs of next generation concentrating solar power projects. This study focuses on the thermal characteristics of the micro-encapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) with metallic core under high temperature. A numerical model was developed and verified to study the transient heat absorption process of MEPCMs made of tin, aluminum and copper core. Convective heat transfer rate, total energy absorption and volumetric energy density were presented. The effect of encapsulation on theses variables was analyzed under various boundary and initial conditions. Its impact on characteristic time variables was discussed. The method presented can be adopted to analyzing both manufacturing and application processes for MEPCMs of various compositions, during which melting and solidification happen. Given certain operating conditions, the results from the model can be referenced to obtain optimal thermal performance of these materials.
Spindle Bearings Fault Diagnosis Technique Based on Integration of Zero Resonator Frequency Filter and Discrete Wavelet Packet Transform
Authors: Mwelinde Avitus Titus , Jin Hongyu , Banzi Jamal , Fu Hongya , Han Zhenyu 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Spindle bearing is one of the machine elements in the spindle that is mostly vulnerable to failure. Its failure may result into total machine tool breakdown and other associated catastrophic consequences. An early identification of the failure is emphasized for reducing extreme damages of the machine tools. This study develops a novel hybrid algorithm combining the Zero Resonator Frequency Filter (ZRFF) and the Discrete Wavelet Packet Transform (DWPT) for early spindle bearing fault detection and diagnosis. The integrated method uses the ZRFF as the first level of de-noising the vibration signals and the DWPT for clear extraction of crucial periodic impulse features that are not easily visible from the first de-noising. The obtained frequency spectrum gives a dominant peak line which corresponds to the fault frequency of interest. An optimum wavelet decomposition level is also determined using the minimum Shannon entropy criteria. The experimental datasets from Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) and simulated signal were used to test the validity of the proposed algorithm. The proposed algorithm had superior performance in terms of computational efficiency (45s) and high classification accuracy of the bearings faults when compared with other methods.
The Influence of Sustainable Cooling Strategies and Uncut Chip Thickness on Surface Integrity in Finish Machining of Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Authors: Chen Guang , Chen Shi , Schoop Julius , Caudill James , Jawahir I. S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this work, orthogonal cutting experiments with varying uncut chip thickness (10–50 μm) were performed under a range of sustainable (dry, MQL and cryogenic) cooling strategies to study the combined ploughing and cutting processes for Ti-6Al-4V alloy. With the increasing uncut chip thickness, from 20 μm to 50μm, the principal force increased approximately linearly from 200 N to 480 N. However, the thrust force increased only slightly from 400 N to 500 N. For the minimum uncut chip thickness (10 μm), the forces at the dry and MQL conditions generated fluctuation due to the unstable cutting process, which means that the materials accumulated ahead of cutting edge periodically due to the combined effects of sliding, ploughing and cutting. The thickness of the grain refinement layer with uncut chip thickness of 10 μm was thicker than those produced with larger uncut chip thickness, i.e., more material was ploughed to machined surface at uncut chip thickness of 10μm than those at larger uncut chip thickness conditions. The measured micro-hardness of machined surface at the uncut chip thickness of 10 μm at different cooling/lubrication conditions was about 380–395 HV, higher that those with uncut chip thickness of 50μm (350–360 HV). The increase in surface hardness at the small uncut chip thickness was mainly caused by the grain refinement related to the sever plastic deformation (SPD) due to the ploughing effect. Overall, orthogonal machining of Ti-6Al-4V alloy with cryogenic cooling and small uncut chip thickness exhibited finish machining surface integrity and mechanical behaviors.