bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimates of Genetic Variances for Yield in Pickling Cucumber1
Authors: Ghaderi Ardeshir , Lower R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Between and within F3, family variances were used to estimate the genetic variances for 3 yield characters in 6 crosses of pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Significant additive and/or dominance variances were obtained for all characters in certain crosses. Significant additive variances suggested the effectiveness of selection for development of superior inbred lines, and significant dominance variances could be utilized in the production of hybrids. Fruit number contributes most to the commercial value of pickling cucumber, but selection for this trait will probably be effective if parthenocarpic gynoecious materials are used.
The Influence of Temperature on Regreening and Carotenoid Content of the ‘Valencia’ Orange Rind1
Authors: Coggins Charles W. , Hall Anthony E. , Jones Winston W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Frost Valencia’ [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] budded to trifoliate orange rootstock [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. 1, with orange-colored fruit, were subjected to 4 temperature regimes consisting of 2 day-night shoot environments and 2 constant soil temperatures in 2 glasshouses. In the cool shoot environment (20×15°C, day×night air temperature), carotenoid content of fruit increased substantially, whereas, in the warm glasshouses (30×15°), carotenoid content either changed little (apical and equatorial regions) or decreased slightly (basal region). Chlorophyll content of fruit increased to detectable levels only in the warm glasshouse. Soil temperatures of 15 and 25° had little or no influence on carotenoid or chlorophyll content of fruit in either glasshouse. Thus, regreening occurred only in the warm shoot environment and at both root temperatures. These temperature effects did not appear to operate through a redistribution of nitrogen to the rind.
Influence of Trickle and Sprinkle Irrigation on ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Quality1
Authors: Drake S. R. , Proebsting E. L. , Mahan M. O. , Thompson J. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) from trickle-irrigated plots were more mature than sprinkle-irrigated apples. Trickle-irrigated apples were higher in yellow color, soluble solids, and pH. Titratable acidity and moisture were less in fresh and stored apples that were grown with trickle irrigation. Applesauce from trickle-irrigated apples was superior in consistency and developed less free liquor (weep) than sauce from sprinkle-irrigated apples. Drip losses were greater in frozen apple slices from sprinkle-irrigated apples. Canned or frozen apple slices were firmer when produced from apples that were sprinkle-irrigated. The color of apple products from trickle-irrigated apples was superior to the products from sprinkle-irrigated apples. These differences resulted from treatments where leaf water potential differed by only 1 to 2 bars, –14 and –12 bars with trickle and –12 and –11 bars with sprinklers in 1978 and 1979.
Influence of Light Quality during Seed Development and Drying on Germination in Watermelon1
Authors: Fritts Susan K. , Brent Loy J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of light quality during seed development and drying on subsequent germination was investigated in watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] with ‘Sugar Baby’ and 2 dwarf strains, WB-2 and ‘Sugar Baby’ (dw-2). The light treatments during seed drying, fluorescent (F), incandescent (Inc), red (R), and far-red (FR), did not consistently affect percent germination. Seeds dried under R or F light usually germinated faster than those dried in darkness or under FR light, but the effect was too small to justify application in commercial seed processing. Seeds from fruit covered with black polyethylene during development germinated faster and were less sensitive to light treatments during drying than seeds from uncovered fruit.
Vegetative and Reproductive Growth Responses of Three Strawberry Cultivars to Nitrogen1
Authors: Breen Patrick J. , Martin Lloyd W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Abundant (‘Hood’ and ‘Benton’) and poor (‘Olympus’) runnering cultivars of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) were grown in a milled-bark medium over an 8- or 16-fold range of slow-release ureaform N. Growth was poor or normal at low and intermediated rates of N, but inhibited at high rates. Number of leaves, crowns, and runners and subsequent inflorescence and flower production were frequently less than maximum at the highest level of N (4.8 gN/liter bark medium). Applied N had a significant effect on the number of crowns/plant, inflorescences/crown and flowers/inflorescence. In all cultivars, percent N in leaves in August, or in the entire shoot in November, showed a significant linear relationship with applied N. ‘Hood’ accumulated a higher concentration of N in both parts than ‘Olympus’ or ‘Benton’. Flower production in all cultivars was significantly correlated with the percent N in the shoot in November. Although the optimum range of applied N was similar for all cultivars, ‘Olympus’ was the most responsive to N in terms of increased leaf and flower production. When maximum values are compared, ‘Olympus’ in one year produced over 40% more leaves and 75% more flowers but at least 74% fewer runners than ‘Hood’ or ‘Benton’. ‘Benton’ was the only cultivar that at low and intermediate rates of applied N averaged less than one inflorescence/crown. Crown production by the 3 cultivars was not significantly different and high levels of applied N failed to increase the number of crowns available for flower initiation above those obtained at intermediate rates.
Effect of Nitrapyrin and Nitrate Level on Growth, Elemental Composition, and Water Relations of Tomato Grown in Peat-Vermiculite1
Authors: Pill Wallace G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nitrapyrin (NI) incorporation into a peat-vermiculite medium reduced shoot growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Marglobe) but this reduction was less pronounced at higher NO3-N fertilization levels. An initial 50 ppm NI application caused less growth reduction than 7, weekly 7.14 ppm applications. While increasing NO3 level had little effect on shoot ion concentration, with the exception of increasing shoot K and NO3 concentration, the increased shoot total N, Mg, and K concentrations with NI were attributed to the concentrating effect of reduced growth. Single and multiple NI applications decreased and increased, respectively, both plant water stress and medium NO3 retention. Nitrapyrin consistently increased medium NO3 concentration at the 2 highest NO3 fertilization levels. With time, however, medium NO3 concentration decreased and increased with single and multiple NI applications, respectively, relative to each other. Nitrapyrin initially decreased leaf xylem pressure potential (ψp), but with time, water stress decreased below that of the control plants with the single NI application but remained consistently high with multiple applications. Since leaf diffusive resistance and ψp were lower and transpiration rate was initially higher with the single NI application relative to the control, and since plants given the multiple NI applications had the lowest ψp and transpiration rate values throughout the study, it is hypothesized that NI reduced water uptake. That NI decreased both NO3 assimilation and uptake was evidenced by decreased shoot total N content, increased shoot NO3 content, and increased medium NO3 concentration.
Effect of Poultry Manure on Strawberry Fruiting Response, Soil Nutrient Changes, and Leaching1
Authors: Albregts E. E. , Howard C. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) were grown for 3 seasons on a well-drained fine sand which received 0, 4.5, 9, 18, and 36 metric tons (MT)/ha of poultry manure annually. Fruit yields increased each season with increased rates of manure up to 18 MT/ha. The 36 MT/ha rate caused a foliage burn during the first 3 seasons which may have reduced yields. Considerable leaching of the soluble nutrients from manure to and below the 60-cm soil depth occurred from season to season. Analyses of saturated soil extracts indicated that concentrations of soluble salts, K, and NO3–N increased with increasing rates of manure at all 4 depths to 60 cm. The Ca, K, and Mg concentrations at all 4 soil depths increased with increased manure rates and generally decreased with depth. Organic matter content of the surface 15 cm of the soil increased with increased manure rate. Soil pH was only slightly affected by the manure treatments.
Nutrient Composition, Sensory Characteristics, and Texture Measurements of Seven Cultivars of Dry Beans1
Authors: Koehler H. H. , Burke D. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven cultivars representing 5 principal types of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) produced commercially in the state of Washington were analyzed chemically for content of moisture, fat, ash, total protein, calcium, iron, potassium, zinc, thiamin, riboflavin, and amino acids when raw or when freeze-dried following cooking. Samples of cooked beans were subjected to sensory evaluation and shear-force measurement. Protein quality was evaluated using Tetrahymena pyriformis W. Results are being used for comparison with values for new cultivars produced later in the breeding program. The 7 cultivars contained significant percentages of the United States Recommended Daily Allowances (US-RDA) for iron, calcium, potassium, thiamin, and riboflavin. The nutritional quality of their protein was half to two-thirds that of casein. All cultivars were judged to be acceptable in flavor and texture. ‘Pinto UI-114’ was outstanding for both nutritional content and sensory quality.
Effect of Soil Depth and In-row Vine Spacing on Yield and Juice Quality in a Mature ‘Concord’ Vineyard1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Cawthon D. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A site was prepared with 2 distinctly different soil depths and a vineyard of ‘Concord’ grapes (Vitis labrusca L.) was established with in-row spacings of 1.52, 1.83, 2.13, 2.44, and 3.05 m. Wider in-row vine spacings resulted in increased vine yields on deeper soils to the point that yields per meter of cordon and per hectare were not reduced; but yield per meter of cordon and per hectare was reduced on the shallow soil when in row vine spacings exceeded 2.44 m. There were few effects on juice quality from either soil depths or in-row vine spacings.
Sugars in Developing and Mature Fruits of Several Watermelon Cultivars1,2
Authors: Elmstrom G. W. , Davis Paul L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sugars in watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] cultivars grown at Leesburg, Florida, were determined by liquid chromatography in 1976, 1977, and 1979. There was a wide variation among cultivars in the ratio of total reducing sugars, fructose plus glucose, to the nonreducing sugar, sucrose. This ratio was dependent upon cultivar and stage of maturity. In 1979, sugars in developing fruit of 8 watermelon cultivars were determined at 7 intervals from 12 to 36 days after anthesis. Initial development of sugar was more rapid in the cultivars ‘Sugarlee’, ‘Crimson Sweet’, ‘Dixielee’, and ‘Yellow Baby’ than in ‘Charleston Gray’ and ‘Jubilee’. Early development of sugar is especially important for production of high quality fruit when melons are harvested before full maturity for the commercial trade. In general, fructose and glucose increased until the 24th day and declined thereafter, whereas sucrose was not detected until the 20th day and increased thereafter. The relative sweetness at all stages was calculated.
Inheritance of Parthenocarpic Yield in Gynoecious Pickling Cucumber for Once-over Mechanical Harvest by Diallel Analysis of Six Gynoecious Lines1
Authors: El-Shawaf I. I. S. , Baker L. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Six gynoecious inbred lines of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were evaluated for parthenocarpic yield by using 2 diallel analysis programs. A complete diallel of F1 and half-diallel of F2 generations, including parents, was used to study the genetics of parthenocarpic yield. Highly significant differences for GCA and SCA effects were found for all yield characters, suggesting that both additive and non-additive gene action were important. Reciprocal differences or maternal effects were not significant for any of the yield characters. Diallel analysis suggested that recessive genes were acting in the direction of higher yields. Accordingly, the development of a parthenocarpic hybrid cultivar with high yield potential would require that both parents possess genotypes with high yield potentials. Heritability estimates varied from nearly 0 to 32% for 3 different yield measurements with number of fruits on the main stem most heritable. Significant ratios for heterosis and heterobeltiosis were obtained for all yield measurements. However, only fruit number on the main stem was affected by an inbreeding depression. Breeding improvement programs for parthenocarpy might include recurrent selection for fruit number on the main stem of gynoecious seed parent lines combined with backcrossing of the gene for hermaphroditic expression into gynoecious parthenocarpic lines for pollen parents.
Comparison of Single and Three-way Crosses of Pickling Cucumber Hybrids for Femaleness and Yield by Once-over Harvest1
Authors: Tasdighi M. , Baker L. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An array of 102 single and 3-way cross hybrids of pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) were evaluated for yield over 2 years under field conditions. Hybrids were produced by crossing lines with gynoecious, monoecious, hermaphroditic, and androecious expression. The significant correlations between femaleness (percent pistillate nodes) and marketable yield were 0.34 for single cross and 0.45 for 3-way cross hybrids. Highest yields were obtained from the single crosses of gynoecious × androecious, and gynoecious × hermaphrodite, followed by the 3-way cross of (gynoecious × hermaphrodite) × androecious, on the basis of either total or marketable fruits per plant. Hybrids having androecious pollen parents exhibited more femaleness and produced higher yields than those with monoecious pollen parents. The possible use of these high yielding parental sex combinations as hybrid cultivars in place of conventional single crosses (gynoecious × monoecious) might improve the production of pickling cucumbers for once-over mechanical harvest.
Germination Studies of Clay-coated Sweet Pepper Seeds1
Authors: Sachs M. , Cantliffe D. J. , Nell T. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seed germination of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is inhibited after the seed is coated. The inhibitory effect of pellet-coating of ‘Early Calwonder’ pepper seed was caused by the physical properties of the coating materials. Clay coating limited part of the oxygen (O2) from reaching the germinating seed and provided a mechanical barrier to protrusion of the radicle. Clay-coated pepper seed germinated satisfactorily on filter paper in a high O2 environment or with minimum moisture on agar. Pellet coating formulations which would provide more O2 to the imbibing seed would assure comparable germination of raw and coated sweet pepper seed.
The Influence of Summer Pruning on Photosynthesis, Transpiration, Leaf Abscission, and Dry Weight Accumulation of Young Apple Trees1
Authors: Taylor B. H. , Ferree D. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Young, container-grown ‘Topred Delicious’/Malling (M) 9 apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) trained to a single shoot out-of-doors were summer pruned to remove 0, 25, 50 or 75% of 78 cm shoots. Net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration (Tr) were as much as 36% greater on older, basal leaves of trees with 50 and 75% shoot removal than on unpruned trees. These differences were present for 39 days after pruning. Basal leaves did not abscise in the 11-week period after pruning on trees with 75% shoot removal and remained longer on trees with 50% shoot removal than on unpruned trees. Leaf area removed by pruning was partially compensated by leaves on subsequent regrowth. All summer pruning treatments suppressed the area of individual leaves on regrowth by about 50% of the size of similar aged leaves on unpruned trees. Summer pruning suppressed the dry weight of basal stem sections and roots roughly in proportion to shoot removal amounts, while dry weight of shoot regrowth was less influenced. Eleven weeks after pruning, dry weight of roots on summer pruned trees with 25, 50 and 75% shoot removal was 20, 39 and 50% less, respectively, than root dry weight of unpruned trees.
Inheritance of Resistance to Blackeye Cowpea Mosaic Virus in Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.1
Authors: Walker Charles A. , Chambliss Oyette L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A single recessive gene, blc, controls resistance to blackeye cowpea mosaic virus (B1CMV) in progeny from a cross between southernpea (cowpea) cultivars ‘Worthmore’ (homozygous resistant) and ‘California Blackeye No. 5’ (homozygous susceptible). All F1 plants and backcrosses to the susceptible parent were susceptible, indicating that resistance is recessive to susceptibility. Backcrosses to the resistant parent segregated 1 susceptible: 1 resistant and F2 plants segregated 3 susceptible:1 resistant.
Winter Injury to Apple Cultivars as Affected by Growth Regulators, Weed Control Method, and Rootstocks1
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Bjornstad H. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of cultivars, rootstock, and long-term growth regulator and herbicide treatments on above-ground tree damage from a December 1972 freeze were recorded soon after the freeze and again 7 years later. Ultimate injury was greatest with ‘Jonared’ and least with ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) in the growth regulator plot, while in the herbicide plot it was opposite for the 2 cultivars. There was not a good relationship between injury to specific plant parts (flower buds, spurs, leaders, and lower trunks) observed soon after the freeze, and ultimate tree mortality. Growth regulator treatments significantly increased freeze damage to flowers and spurs, but ultimate tree mortality was reduced by daminozide sprays. Clean cultivation increased flower and spur mortality but did not reduce yield or increase tree mortality compared to the sod treatment. Trees on Mailing (M) 5, M 7 and M 9 rootstocks showed greater initial trunk injury than those on seedling roots, but only those on M 9 showed significantly greater ultimate mortality.
Distribution of 14C Photosynthetic Assimilates in ‘Valencia’ Orange Seedlings at 10° and 25°C1,2
Authors: Guy C. L. , Yelenosky G. , Sweet H. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The distribution of 14C-photosynthate was determined in 8-month-old potted ‘Valencia’ orange seedlings [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] during 25° and 10°C temperature regimes. Seedlings were pulse-labeled with 14CO2 for 3 hr after equilibration with ambient air. Radioactive assimilates were extracted at selected intervals, from leaves, stems, and roots and separated into several biochemical fractions. Low-temperature (10°) exposure resulted in a greater retention of 14C in the sugar fraction of leaves and a lower rate of 14C incorporation into organic and amino acid fractions. Data indicate a lower rate of metabolism of photosynthate and a reduced distribution of 14C in citrus seedlings at 10° than at 25°C.
Evaporative Cooling Irrigation Influences Disease, Insect, and Mite Pests of ‘Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Olcott-Reid Brenda , Sutton Turner B. , Unrath C. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Evaporative cooling, trickle, and no irrigation were compared under a reduced pesticide program and no pesticides for effects on pests of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) at 1 location in 1979 and at 2 locations in 1980. Evaporative cooling slightly increased foliar scab in one orchard and fruit scab at both locations on trees receiving no fungicides, but fungicides applied to one side of the trees overcame this effect. Irrigation treatments did not affect white rot incidence. Evaporative cooling lowered bitter rot incidence on non-sprayed trees in the year in which they were inoculated, apparently by washing off spores, but increased bitter rot on trees receiving fungicides in the following year when inoculum levels were much higher. Aphid colonies and damage from external fruit feeders and codling moth all increased under evaporative cooling when populations were high enough to detect differences between treatments, but this occurred during only one season at one location for each pest. Following either delayed dormant oil or selective miticide applications in June, evaporative cooling consistently maintained European red mites and usually maintained two-spotted spider mites below damaging levels, while pest mite populations on trickle- and non-irrigated trees resurged to high levels.
Chromosomal Behavior in Octoploid Strawberry Progenies and their Parental Clones during Meiosis1
Authors: Ibrahim Atef M. F. , Sadanaga K. , Denisen E. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chromosomal behaviro during diakinesis and metaphase I was studied in 4 octoploid cultivated strawberry progenies and their parental clones (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). In all genotypes studied, most of the chromosomes were paired as bivalents. Loose bivalents and/or univalents were observed in some pollen mother cells (PMCs) during diakinesis. Two nucleoli were observed in a few PMCs. Twenty-eight bivalents in diakinesis indicated that the progenies and their parents were octoploid, with 2n = 8χ = 56 chromosomes. Some bivalents associated together were observed for all genotypes; however, the configurations of these associations were only end-to-end, end-to-side, or side-to-side, but not ring or chain configurations. The appearance of these configurations, therefore, indicated that they are probably formed by the aggregation of bivalents and are pseudomultivalents, not genuine multivalents.
Effects of Controlled-release Fertilizers and Application Methods on Growth and Leaf Elemental Concentration of Kalanchoe Blossfeldiana ‘Pixie’1
Authors: Kovacic Mary T. , Holcomb E. Jay 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
No significant differences in height or fresh weight were observed whether slow-release fertilizers were incorporated or topdressed on Kalanchoe grown in a sub-irrigation system. Osmocote 14–6.1–11.6 (NPK) at either 8.3 or 16.6 kg/m3 and Osmocote 19–2.6–10 at either 5.9 or 11.8 kg/m3 produced the tallest and heaviest plants. Plants fertilized with MagAmp 7–17.5–5 at 5.9 kg/m3 flowered in less time than plants receiving other fertilizers. No differences were found for supplemental micronutrients applied as one-time drench or those not treated with micronutrients. Leaf analysis ranges in high quality kalanchoe plants are reported for 10 elements.