bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isomerically Pure Oxindole‐Terminated Quinoids for n‐Type Organic Thin‐Film Transistors Enabled by the Chlorination of Quinoidal Core
Authors: Lin Linlin , Wang Cheng , Deng Yunfeng , Geng Yanhou 
Published: December 2022

AbstractQuinoidal compounds have great potential utility as high‐performance organic semiconducting materials because of their rigid planar structures and extended π‐conjugation. However, the existence ofEandZisomers adversely affects the charge‐transport properties of quinoidal compounds. In this study, three isomerically pure oxindole‐terminated quinoids were developed by introducing chlorine atoms in the quinoidal core. The synthesized quinoids were confirmed to have aZ,Zconfiguration by means of1H NMR spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations, and single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. Importantly, the strategy of chlorination allowed to maintain low‐lying frontier molecular orbital energy levels and ensure favorable intermolecular packing. Consequently, all three quinoidal compounds showed n‐type transport characteristics in organic thin‐film transistors, with electron mobilities up to 0.35 cm2 V−1 s−1, which is the highest value reported to date for oxindole‐terminated quinoids. Our study can provide new guidelines for the design of isomerically pure quinoids with high electron mobilities.
ZnTe/rGO Composite as the Fully Zinced Conversion‐Type Cathodes for Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries**
Authors: Yi Shanjun , Si Rui , Su Yanqiao , Bao Weizhai , Guo Cong , Li Jingfa 
Published: December 2022

AbstractConversion‐type cathodes for aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs) can provide flat plateau slop and stable output potential, compared to general intercalation‐type cathodes. The high volumetric capacity and stable output potential of Te make it a promising cathode for ZIBs, but sluggish kinetics and large volume change hinder its further application. To address these issues, we revisit fully zinced ZnTe and construct ZnTe/rGO composites as the new conversion‐type cathode. The electrode undergoes a solid‐to‐solid conversion reaction and shows a stable output potential with ultra‐flat discharge plateau slop of 0.09 V (Ah g−1)−1. When ZnTe is de‐zinced and transformed to Te during charge process, it has a volume shrinkage which generates empty space in graphene matrix for latter volume expansion of Te. The graphene matrix also improves conductivity and reaction kinetics of the cathode. Due to the combination of pre‐zincation of ZnTe, graphene matrix and the elimination of “shuttle effects” process, ZnTe/rGO electrode exhibits a high and stable capacity of 186 mAh g−1at 500 mA g−1after 300 cycling, with almost no decay after initial 10 cycles.
Assembled Organoruthenium(II) for Formaldehyde Decomposition and Hydrogen Production
Authors: Shen Yangbin , Xu Ying , Zhan Yulu 
Published: December 2022

AbstractFormaldehyde decomposition is not only an attractive method for hydrogen production, but also a potential approach for gaseous formaldehyde removal. In this research, we prepare some assembled organoruthenium through coordination reaction between Ru(p‐Cymene)Cl2 and bridge‐linking ligands. It is a creative approach for Ru(p‐Cymene)Cl2 conversion into heterogeneous particles. The rigidity of bridge‐linking ligand enables assembled organoruthenium to have highly ordered crystalline structure, even show clear crystal lattice with spacing of 0.19 nm. XPS shows the N−Ru bond are formed between bridge‐linking ligand and Ru(p‐Cymene)Cl2. The assembled organoruthenium has high abundant active sites for formaldehyde decomposition at low temperature. The reaction rate could increase linearly with temperature and formaldehyde concentration, with a TOF of 2420 h−1 at 90 °C. It is promising for gaseous formaldehyde decomposition in wet air or nitrogen. Formaldehyde conversion is up to 95 % over Ru‐DAPM is 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane at 90 °C in air. Gaseous formaldehyde decomposition is a two‐steps process under oxygen‐free condition. Firstly, formaldehyde dissolve in water, and be converted into hydrogen and formic acid through formaldehyde‐water shift reaction. Then intermediate formic acid will further decompose into hydrogen and carbon dioxide. We also find formaldehyde decomposition is a synergetic catalysis process of oxygen and water in moist air. Oxygen is conducive to formic acid desorption and decomposition on the active sites, so assembled organoruthenium exhibit slightly higher conversion for formaldehyde decomposition in moist air. This work proposes a distinctive method for gaseous formaldehyde decomposition in the air, which is entirely different from formaldehyde photocatalysis or thermocatalysis oxidation.
Honey bee introductions displace native bees and decrease pollination of a native wildflower
Authors: Page Maureen L. , Williams Neal M. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIntroduced species can have cascading effects on ecological communities, but indirect effects of species introductions are rarely the focus of ecological studies. For example, managed honey bees (Apis mellifera) have been widely introduced outside their native range and are increasingly dominant floral visitors. Multiple studies have documented how honey bees impact native bee communities through floral resource competition, but few have quantified how these competitive interactions indirectly affect pollination and plant reproduction. Such indirect effects are hard to detect because honey bees are themselves pollinators and may directly impact pollination through their own floral visits. The potentially huge but poorly understood impacts that non‐native honey bees have on native plant populations combined with increased pressure from beekeepers to place hives in U.S. National Parks and Forests makes exploring impacts of honey bee introductions on native plant pollination of pressing concern. In this study, we used experimental hive additions, field observations, as well as single‐visit and multiple‐visit pollination effectiveness trials across multiple years to untangle the direct and indirect impacts of increasing honey bee abundance on the pollination of an ecologically important wildflower, Camassia quamash. We found compelling evidence that honey bee introductions indirectly decrease pollination by reducing nectar and pollen availability and competitively excluding visits from more effective native bees. In contrast, the direct impact of honey bee visits on pollination was negligible, and, if anything, negative. Honey bees were ineffective pollinators, and increasing visit quantity could not compensate for inferior visit quality. Indeed, although the effect was not statistically significant, increased honey bee visits had a marginally negative impact on seed production. Thus, honey bee introductions may erode longstanding plant‐pollinator mutualisms, with negative consequences for plant reproduction. Our study calls for a more thorough understanding of the indirect effects of species introductions and more careful coordination of hive placements.
Normal and excessive muscle sympathetic nerve activity in heart failure: implications for future trials of therapeutic autonomic modulation
Authors: Badrov Mark B. , Keir Daniel A. , Tomlinson George , Notarius Catherine F. , Millar Philip J. , Kimmerly Derek S. , Shoemaker J. Kevin , Keys Evan , Floras John S. 
Published: December 2022

AimsPatients with sympathetic excess are those most likely to benefit from novel interventions targeting the autonomic nervous system. To inform such personalized therapy, we identified determinants of augmented muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in heart failure, versus healthy controls.Methods and resultsWe compared data acquired in 177 conventionally‐treated, stable non‐diabetic patients in sinus rhythm, aged 18–79 years (149 males; 28 females; left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] 25 ± 11% [mean ± standard deviation]; range 5–60%), and, concurrently, under similar conditions, in 658 healthy, normotensive volunteers (398 males; aged 18–81 years). In heart failure, MSNA ranged between 7 and 90 bursts·min−1, proportionate to heart rate (p < 0.0001) and body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.03), but was unrelated to age, blood pressure, or drug therapy. Mean MSNA, adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and heart rate, was greater in heart failure (+14.2 bursts·min−1; 95% confidence interval [CI] 12.1–16.3; p < 0.0001), but lower in women (−5.0 bursts·min−1; 95% CI 3.4–6.6; p < 0.0001). With spline modeling, LVEF accounted for 9.8% of MSNA variance; MSNA related inversely to LVEF below an inflection point of ∼21% (p < 0.006), but not above. Burst incidence was greater in ischaemic than dilated cardiomyopathy (p = 0.01), and patients with sleep apnoea (p = 0.03). Burst frequency correlated inversely with stroke volume (p < 0.001), cardiac output (p < 0.001), and peak oxygen consumption (p = 0.002), and directly with norepinephrine (p < 0.0001) and peripheral resistance (p < 0.001).ConclusionBurst frequency and incidence exceeded normative values in only ∼53% and ∼33% of patients. Such diversity encourages selective deployment of sympatho‐modulatory therapies. Clinical characteristics can highlight individuals who may benefit from future personalized interventions targeting pathological sympathetic activation.
Toll‐like receptors control the accumulation of neutrophils in lymph nodes that expand CD4+ T cells during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Shen Ping , Rother Madlen , Stervbo Ulrik , Lampropoulou Vicky , Calderon‐Gomez Elisabeth , Roch Toralf , Hilgenberg Ellen , Ries Steffi , Kühl Anja A. , Jouneau Luc , Boudinot Pierre , Fillatreau Simon 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACTToll‐like receptors (TLR) control the activation of dendritic cells that prime CD4+ T cells in draining lymph nodes, where these T cells then undergo massive clonal expansion. The mechanisms controlling this clonal T cell expansion are poorly defined. Using the CD4+ T cell‐mediated disease experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we show here that this process is markedly suppressed when TLR9 signaling is increased, without noticeably affecting the transcriptome of primed T cells, indicating a purely quantitative effect on CD4+ T cell expansion. Addressing the underpinning mechanisms revealed that CD4+ T cell expansion was preceded and depended on the accumulation of neutrophils in lymph nodes a few days after immunization. Underlying the importance of this immune regulation pathway, blocking neutrophil accumulation in lymph nodes by treating mice with a TLR9 agonist inhibited EAE progression in mice with defects in regulatory T cells or regulatory B cells, which otherwise developed a severe chronic disease. Collectively, this study demonstrates the key role of neutrophils in the quantitative regulation of antigen‐specific CD4+ T cell expansion in lymph nodes, and the counter‐regulatory role of TLR signaling in this process.
The evolution of ageing in cooperative breeders
Authors: Kreider Jan J. , Kramer Boris H. , Komdeur Jan , Pen Ido 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCooperatively breeding animals live longer than their solitary counterparts. This has been suggested for birds, mole rats, and social insects. A common explanation for these long lifespans is that cooperative breeding evolves more readily in long-lived species because lower mortality reduces the rate of territory turnover and thus leads to a limitation of breeding territories. Here, we reverse this argument and show that—rather than being a cause for its evolution—long lifespans are an evolutionary consequence of cooperative breeding. In evolutionary individual-based simulations, we show that natural selection favors a delayed onset of senescence in cooperative breeders, relative to solitary breeders, because cooperative breeders have a delayed age of first reproduction as helpers wait in a reproductive queue to obtain breeder status. Especially long lifespans evolve in cooperative breeders in which queue positions depend on the helpers’ age rank among the helpers within the breeding territory. Furthermore, we show that lower genetic relatedness among group members leads to the evolution of longer lifespans. This is because selection against higher mortality is weaker when mortality reduces competition for breeding between relatives. Our results link the evolutionary theory of ageing with kin selection theory, demonstrating that the evolution of ageing in cooperative breeders is driven by the timing of reproduction and kin structure within breeding territories.
Fluid properties of an unsteady MHD free stream flow over a stretching sheet in presence of radiation
Authors: Taneja Shilpa , Poply Vikas , Kumar Parveen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractVariable fluid properties with thermal radiation in an unsteady magnetohydrodynamics free stream incompressible flow over a stretching sheet has been considered. The thermal diffusivity and viscosity of the fluid varies linearly with temperature. The governing partial differential equations are moulded to ordinary differential equations using time‐dependent similarity variables and the stream function. RKF technique with shooting method has been implement to find the solution numerically. In the current analysis the impact of unsteadiness, magnetic field, radiative parameter, variable fluid viscosity and thermal diffusivity parameter on heat and flow behavior with the free stream parameter have been studied. Transition point observed in the velocity profiles with an change in unsteadiness parameter and the effect of magnetic field is reduced in the presence of free stram velocity. The velocity and the temperature gradient are computed on the surface and their outcomes with different parameters have been analyzed in the results shown graphically and in tabular form.
Comparison of secondary attack rate and viable virus shedding between patients with SARS‐CoV‐2 Delta and Omicron variants: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Kang Sung‐Woon , Kim Ji Yeun , Park Heedo , Lim So Yun , Kim Jeonghun , Chang Euijin , Bae Seongman , Jung Jiwon , Kim Min Jae , Chong Yong Pil , Lee Sang‐Oh , Choi Sang‐Ho , Kim Yang Soo , Park Man‐Seong , Kim Sung‐Han 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThere are limited data comparing the transmission rates and kinetics of viable virus shedding of the Omicron variant to those of the Delta variant. We compared these rates in hospitalized patients infected with Delta and Omicron variants. We prospectively enrolled adult patients with COVID‐19 admitted to a tertiary care hospital in South Korea between September 2021 and May 2022. Secondary attack rates were calculated by epidemiologic investigation, and daily saliva samples were collected to evaluate viral shedding kinetics. Genomic and subgenomic SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA was measured by PCR, and virus culture was performed from daily saliva samples. A total of 88 patients with COVID‐19 who agreed to daily sampling and were interviewed, were included. Of the 88 patients, 48 (59%) were infected with Delta, and 34 (41%) with Omicron; a further 5 patients gave undetectable or inconclusive RNA PCR results and 1 was suspected of being coinfected with both variants. Omicron group had a higher secondary attack rate (31% [38/124] vs. 7% [34/456], p < 0.001). Survival analysis revealed that shorter viable virus shedding period was observed in Omicron variant compared with Delta variant (median 4, IQR [1−7], vs. 8.5 days, IQR [5–12 days], p < 0.001). Multivariable analysis revealed that moderate‐to‐critical disease severity (HR: 1.96), and immunocompromised status (HR: 2.17) were independent predictors of prolonged viral shedding, whereas completion of initial vaccine series or first booster‐vaccinated status (HR: 0.49), and Omicron infection (HR: 0.44) were independently associated with shorter viable virus shedding. Patients with Omicron infections had higher transmission rates but shorter periods of transmissible virus shedding than those with Delta infections.
Soy lecithin: A beneficial substance for adjusting the ADC in aqueous solutions to the values of biological tissues
Authors: Fritz Victor , Martirosian Petros , Machann Jürgen , Thorwarth Daniela , Schick Fritz 
Published: December 2022

PurposeTo test soy lecithin as a substance added to water for the construction of MRI phantoms with tissue‐like diffusion coefficients. The performance of soy lecithin was assessed for the useable range of adjustable ADC values, the degree of non‐Gaussian diffusion, simultaneous effects on relaxation times, and spectral signal properties.MethodsAqueous soy lecithin solutions of different concentrations (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 3% …, 10%) and soy lecithin–agar gels were prepared and examined on a 3 Tesla clinical scanner at 18.5° ± 0.5°C. Echoplanar sequences (b values: 0–1000/3000 s/mm2) were applied for ADC measurements. Quantitative relaxometry and MRS were performed for assessment of T1, T2, and detectable spectral components.ResultsThe presence of soy lecithin significantly restricts the diffusion of water molecules and mimics the nearly Gaussian nature of diffusion observed in tissue (for b values <1000 s/mm2). ADC values ranged from 2.02 × 10−3 mm2/s to 0.48 × 10−3 mm2/s and cover the entire physiological range reported on biological tissue. Measured T1/T2 values of pure lecithin solutions varied from 2685/2013 to 668/133 ms with increasing concentration. No characteristic signals of soy lecithin were observed in the MR spectrum. The addition of agar to the soy lecithin solutions allowed T2 values to be well adjusted to typical values found in parenchymal tissue without affecting the soy lecithin–controlled ADC value.ConclusionSoy lecithin is a promising substance for the construction of diffusion phantoms with tissue‐like ADC values. It provides several advantages over previously proposed substances, in particular a wide range of adjustable ADC values, the lack of additional 1H‐signals, and the possibility to adjust ADC and T2 values (by adding agar) almost independently of each other.
Mitigating undersampling errors in MR fingerprinting by sequence optimization
Authors: Heesterbeek David G.J. , Koolstra Kirsten , van Osch Matthias J.P. , van Gijzen Martin B. , Vos Franciscus M. , Nagtegaal Martijn A. 
Published: December 2022

PurposeTo develop a method for MR Fingerprinting (MRF) sequence optimization that takes both the applied undersampling pattern and a realistic reference map into account.MethodsA predictive model for the undersampling error leveraging on perturbation theory was exploited to optimize the MRF flip angle sequence for improved robustness against undersampling artifacts. In this framework parameter maps from a previously acquired MRF scan were used as reference. Sequences were optimized for different sequence lengths, smoothness constraints and undersampling factors. Numerical simulations and in vivo measurements in eight healthy subjects were performed to assess the effect of the performed optimization. The optimized MRF sequences were compared to a conventionally shaped flip angle pattern and an optimized pattern based on the Cramér–Rao lower bound (CRB).ResultsNumerical simulations and in vivo results demonstrate that the undersampling errors can be suppressed by flip angle optimization. Analysis of the in vivo results show that a sequence optimized for improved robustness against undersampling with a flip angle train of length 400 yielded significantly lower median absolute errors in : and : compared to the conventional (: , : ) and CRB‐based (: , : ) sequences.ConclusionThe proposed method is able to optimize the MRF flip angle pattern such that significant mitigation of the artifacts from strong k‐space undersampling in MRF is achieved.
Semi‐analytical solution for the two‐dimensional transport of organic contaminant through geomembrane with strip defects to the underlying soil liner
Authors: Sun De'an , Li Tianyi , Peng Mingqing , Wang Lei , Chen Zheng 
Published: December 2022

AbstractGeosynthetic materials are widely adopted as part of barrier liners in landfills, while the existence of defects in geomembrane (GM) will significantly reduce the barrier efficiency and lead to unexpected pollution in the surrounding environment. In this study, a novel semi‐analytical model was proposed to investigate the two‐dimensional (2D) migration of organic contaminant through the GM with strip defects to the underlying soil liner (SL). This model has the superiority to consider the concentration condition in the defects, and describe more accurate concentration profiles in the SL. The combination of discretization method and integral transforms were applied to obtain semi‐analytical solutions, which were then verified by numerical solutions. Results show that the existence of defects can substantially accelerate the migration process of contaminant through flawed GM to the underlying SL. Specifically, the time interval between migration curves in the model with defects can be 2 or 3 orders of magnitude shorter than that without defects under the same condition.
Closed form radial return algorithm for plane stress elastic‐plastic analyses
Authors: van 't Hof Cornelis , Huetink Han J. , van Erkel André G. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPlane stress numerical simulations of elastic‐plastic deformations are commonly based on in‐plane projected equations. It is shown that in case of the isotropic Von Mises material model the numerical procedure can be simplified and faster when the full 3D yield criterion is used. Plane stress is preserved by plane stress trial stresses in the return mapping procedure.
Wind erosion in European agricultural landscapes: More than physics
Authors: Bartkowski Bartosz , Schepanski Kerstin , Bredenbeck Simon , Müller Birgit 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Wind erosion from agricultural land is an underrated and understudied environmental challenge in Europe. Its societal and policy relevance will likely increase in the near future due to climate change and associated increases in the frequency, severity and patterns of atmospheric events such as droughts.

We review the research on this issue and find it to be fragmented, siloed and dominated by natural sciences, leaving important research gaps. The most important gaps that circumscribe a research agenda for the future include specific effects of future climate change on wind erosion, the relevance of wind erosion for public health and ecosystem functioning, farmers' behaviour affecting erosion risk and feedback between land management and environmental change, and appropriate policy approaches to address wind erosion risks. Social science contributions are thus required to make wind erosion research relevant for addressing the related societally most pressing questions.

We provide a social–environmental systems perspective to highlight the potential of inter‐ and transdisciplinary research into wind erosion in times of climate change and the increasingly recognized need to transform agriculture towards more sustainability and climate resilience.

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