bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Our Guarantee
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 follows Bob at Queens College, including the launching of his first business, RAMCO, started with his Dad from their home basement. Bob’s hobbyist article—how to build your own theremin—is accepted by Radio and Television News, and offers the “model 201” theremin as a kit, or fully built. Buoyed by some sales, they develop more advanced theremins, the 305, and the 351, and put the company “on the books” as the R. A. Moog Company, a sole proprietorship. Sales are good, but they manage to run a loss. Bob’s second theremin article is accepted by Audiocraft magazine, and he and his father are contacted by Raymond Scott, the eccentric American TV bandmaster who orders their theremin but cuts it up to use in an instrument of his own invention: the Clavivox Bob meets Shirley Leigh, a student at Queens College, and they become engaged, over the objections of Bob’s mother.
Do It Yourself
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Bob launches a company newsletter, Moog Music, revealing his plans to invent some kind of electronic musical device for composers in the future. He polls readers on products they’d want now; they vote for a high-end portable amp. Moog Music also educates readers about electronic music, including two European schools of thought: musique concrète (with Pierre Schaeffer), and Elektronische Musik (with Karlheinz Stockhausen). American pioneers include Vladimir Ussachevsky and Otto Luening at Columbia University. Bob starts a factory in Trumansburg, New York. However, only the Melodia and a high-end theremin, the “Troubador,” are shipped—the amp isn’t ready. Walter Sear becomes company rep and shares a booth with Bob at the New York State School Music Association (NYSSMA) conference. There, Bob meets composer Herb Deutsch and they discuss the laborious process of creating electronic music, deciding to get together so Bob can build equipment to facilitate composing. The Moog’s second daughter, Renée, is born.
A Few Thousand Screws
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
To keep the lights on at R. A. Moog, Bob resorted to picking up odd projects. His sales rep, Walter Sear, brokered a gig producing “junk amps”—cheap amplifiers filled with distortion that teenagers were clamoring for. Bob also took on a project for the “New York Research Group” to design an apparatus of byzantine complexity for what appeared to be a Defense Department contractor. Sear also got Bob a gig designing custom antennas for dancers to interact with in Variations V, a John Cage piece that premiered at Lincoln Center. Bob also designed an ADSR envelope generator for Ussachevsky. None of these jobs brought in much money. Bob submitted his doctoral thesis and earned his Ph.D. In a bid to lure academics to his new equipment, Bob and Herb held a three-week workshop in Trumansburg. Shirleigh entertained the participants while juggling motherhood—a poster child for Betty Friedan’s Feminine Mystique.
Socket to Me, Baby!
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 15 highlights the first use of the Moog live. In 1969, New York’s Museum of Modern Art invited Bob to present a groundbreaking concert in its Sculpture Garden: synthesizers alone carrying an entire concert. The Trumansburg crew designed preset boxes (dubbed 1CAs) to help the performers, who included John McLaughlin and Hank Jones, navigate sound changes more quickly. The Garden had only one electrical outlet and the concert ended abruptly when someone stood on the socket housing, disconnecting all the gear. The Moog continued its ascent. It was called, “the biggest thing since the invention of the piano,” and was included in the Whole Earth Catalog. Bob’s Moog filter patent was approved. Paul Bley and Annette Peacock performed live with the Moog. Wendy Carlos and her Moog appeared with the St. Louis Symphony, and on the same day, the Moog was played at the disastrous Altamont Speedway concert.
Supporting the Troops in Historical Context
Authors: Millar Katharine M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter places the emergence of the troops as a distinct object of political concern in the historical context of US and UK civil-military relations. It tracks the gendered relations of the liberal military contract from the late nineteenth century through the 1990 Gulf War. US and UK civil-military relations are both characterized by movement from an initial suspicion of standing armed forces to a post–World War II veneration of military service as a key component of citizenship and masculinity. It identifies the idea of “the troops” as stemming from the disillusioning US experience of Vietnam, but it quickly came to characterize civil-military relations more broadly (including the UK involvement in the Falklands/Malvinas). By the late twentieth century, support for the troops was naturalized as an apolitical expectation of wartime citizenship. This consensus, following a brief rally round the flag period after 9/11, fractured in the war on terror.
Support and the Making of Political Community
Authors: Millar Katharine M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter plays out the implications of support as the new service for political community. It argues masculinized/ing martial solidarity (a) bounds the liberal polity, determining who is in and (b) redeems the normative status of the liberal polity in the process, recovering from the dissonance of the fracturing martial contract. The chapter then examines the implications of supporting the troops for liberal wars. The gendered, political obligation of solidarity transcends the territorial boundaries of the nation-state. Support can be projected or imposed as a continuity of affinity and/or imperialism. The chapter reads transnational alliance politics among the West as expressing not only liberal but also, neo-colonial, White solidarity in the global war on terror. For people racialized as “Other,” support is expected, and required, to offset a pre-existing presumption of enmity and threat. Even actual military service, however, is not sufficient for the recognition of rights and political belonging.
Shots
Authors: Decker Todd 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This part breaks Astaire’s dancing on film down to the level of the shot, identifying 932 shots in his output. Objective data, such as average shot length and the lengthiest shot in each routine, provides insight into Astaire’s practices of transferring a dance routine to the medium of film. Descriptive analysis of Astaire shots considers his use of the cutaway (shots of others watching him dance) and the insert (partial body shots of the dancers themselves). Astaire’s default “full figure” framing is described, including his use of shots that reframe the dancing body. The relationship between Astaire’s approach and Leonardo da Vinci’s Vitruvian man drawing highlights the philosophical implications of Astaire’s commitment to “full figure” framing. His approaches to shot duration and content are compared across the four periods of his career, with attention to how aesthetic principles and production conveniences played into the choices evident in his film dances.
Days, Hours, Minutes
Authors: Decker Todd 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This part uses studio production files to present a granular portrait of the creation of studio musicals. Drawing mostly on assistant director reports from RKO and MGM, the days, hours, and minutes it took to make musical films are broken down. Astaire’s process of making a musical film is considered comparatively across his output and at the level of the shot (how many takes he required to get a printable take). Quantitative measures reveal Astaire’s standard practices on the set, as well numbers and films that are outliers (whether very efficient or inefficient). Studio methods for monitoring performing bodies in the musical genre, especially dancers, are also considered, with attention to how individual performers, such as Judy Garland and Ginger Rogers, asserted minimal control over the production process. The day-to-day work of filmmaking is shown in detail.
The Fasces
Authors: Brennan T. Corey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
For an astounding two millennia—from the Etruscans of the seventh century bce, then through the Romans under all their forms of government, indeed down to the last Byzantine dynasty—political authorities used the device known as the “fasces” to induce respect as well as fear. This was a bundle of wooden rods and a single-bladed axe bound with leather straps—in essence, a mobile kit for punishment. In the Renaissance, some writers and artists found it irresistible to associate the fasces with an old (and unrelated) didactic tale from Aesop illustrating how sticks are stronger once bundled. And so, over the course of the sixteenth through the early twentieth centuries, the Roman emblem came to represent not just expected concepts such as power, punishment, and justice, but now also strength, unity, and liberty against tyranny. The “Fascist” movement of Benito Mussolini, which seized power in Italy in October 1922, purported to revive the Roman emblem in its original form. But it retained aspects of the modern reimagining of the fasces, and introduced still further novelties, such as glorification of the “lictors,” the lowly attendants who carried the fasces in antiquity. Since World War II, the fasces has seen widespread but uneven eradication, in the context of a public that has grown progressively unconversant with the symbol. It is precisely the fasces’ long history and relative present-day unfamiliarity that have given an opening to right-wing extremists searching for a symbol that is potent, but not widely provocative at first glance.
The Roman Fasces
Authors: Brennan T. Corey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The fasces plainly had their limits in Rome, for the Republican system featured basic structural curbs regarding how officials who displayed them might exercise their official authority. Chief among them was the institution of the plebeian tribunes, said to be created in 493 bce to defend and support the Roman Plebs, deemed inviolable as to their persons and thus immune from physical contact by lictors—a situation that caught the imagination of Rome’s annalists, always interested in conflict. It was essential to an official’s dignity that he leave the lictors who carried his fasces to do their always unpopular and sometimes bone-chilling physical work, and not personally engage himself. Conversely, when lictors saw their fasces smashed or stolen, the disgrace rebounded onto their superior—and especially so if they could not protect his physical person. In all periods of Roman history into later antiquity, one can detect anxiety about improper use of the fasces and the power they represented. Non-Romans for their part hated the symbol of the fasces. Already in the mid-second century bce, Polybius counts it as the height of Greece’s misfortune that its free cities were compelled to admit Roman rods and axes within their gates. Even the peoples of Italy had much to fear from the fasces while they were still largely excluded from Roman political life before 88 bce. And so, when they could, Rome’s enemies made the most of ironic appropriation of captured insignia.
The Tang Dynasty
Authors: Fettweis Christopher J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The next case shifts the focus to the other side of the world, where a great dynasty rose as Europe slipped into a centuries-long economic depression. China’s relative power has waxed and waned over time, but it was indisputably dominant under the Tang Dynasty, which ruled between roughly 618 and 907. These emperors led their country to heights unmatched before or since, a golden age when the arts and economy flourished throughout East Asia. Tang China was different from all the other cases in this book because it could not depend on the greatest military of its time. The empire’s strengths instead rested largely on economics and “soft power,” or cultural leadership. Relying on such tools entails rather substantial risk, which the Tang emperors generally handled with admirable skill. Eventually a bloody rebellion crippled their ability to wield both hard and soft power, but until then they enjoyed an extraordinary level of regional dominance. As it turns out, a martial culture is not a prerequisite for national security and prosperity.
“The Situation at the Time”
Authors: Kokin Serhii , Hale-Dorrell Aaron 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In Chapter 6, Kokin documents the Great Terror in Zhitomir Oblast, following the cases of a series of mid-level NKVD operatives purged before and after the November 1938 directive curtailing mass operations. In this oblast as elsewhere, the mass operations developed at a pace and scope that almost predetermined the use of torture to obtain what were fake confessions within a compressed period. Here, NKVD operatives were charged with looting at the place of execution and the removal of gold teeth from victims. Kokin surveys the results of the arrests of NKVD leaders Grigorii Viatkin and Grigorii Grishin and speculates as to the different sentences for various leaders, suggesting that the harshest sentences were dealt to mid-level NKVD operatives. Kokin also reminds readers that despite the arrest of these NKVD operatives in the Beria purge, no one ever questioned the Great Terror.
In Praise of Ambivalence
Authors: Coates D. Justin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Ambivalence is a form of inner volitional conflict that we experience as being irresolvable without significant cost. Because of this, very few of us relish feelings of ambivalence. Yet for many in the Western philosophical tradition, ambivalence is not simply an unappealing experience that’s hard to manage. According to the unificationists, ambivalence is a failure of well-functioning agency. The reasons for this, we’re told, are threefold. First, ambivalence precludes agents from resolving their wills in a way that is necessary for autonomy. Second, ambivalence precludes agents from fully affirming their lives, and in particular from fully affirming the choices they make. As a result, it robs them of an important source of meaning. Finally, ambivalence causes agents to act in self-defeating ways. In so doing, they act without integrity. Ambivalence is thus seen as a threat to a trio of important agential goods, and as a result, it imperils the best forms of human agency. In Praise of Ambivalence argues that ambivalence does not preclude volitional resolution or normatively significant forms of affirmation. Nor does it guarantee self-defeat. Consequently, ambivalence as such is no threat to autonomy, meaning, or integrity. In the course of assessing these arguments, ambivalence is also revealed to have an important role in securing the very goods that unificationists contend it undermines. The best forms of human agency are therefore shown not only to be compatible with ambivalence but to frequently require it. Ambivalence is thus not a volitional defect, but a crucial constituent of well-functioning agency.
Introduction
Authors: Coates D. Justin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Ambivalence is a familiar but typically unwelcome phenomenon. We instead prefer to be unified or wholehearted in what we do. Unificationists like Plato, Augustine, Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Harry Frankfurt, and Christine M. Korsgaard (among many others) defend the claim that agential unity is preferable to ambivalence because it alone secures autonomy, meaningfulness, and integrity. Being unified or wholehearted is, on the unificationist view, the hallmark of ideal or well-functioning agency. This chapter introduces three unificationist arguments: the Resolution Argument, the Affirmation Argument, and the Argument from Self-Defeat. It then briefly identifies an alternative account of well-functioning agency, one that identifies disunity of a certain form as being crucial for evaluative competence.
Ambivalence and Integrity
Authors: Coates D. Justin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 considered two versions of the Argument from Self-Defeat. This chapter offers a direct argument that integrity sometimes requires agents to be ambivalent. This argument rests on an analysis of Agamemnon’s infamous sacrifice of his daughter. In that case, we see and agent who makes himself wholehearted, and as a result, betrays himself and guarantees self-defeat. This chapter also begins to explore how ambivalence would better serve agents like Agamemnon. This chapter concludes that ambivalence cannot be intrinsically self-defeating (as unificationists claim) in a way that precludes agential integrity. This result serves as the beginning of a more systematic explanation of what goes wrong with the unificationist account of agency.
Morality and Meaningfulness
Authors: Coates D. Justin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that for the normatively competent agent, ambivalence in the face of practical conflict is regularly called for. To do this, it considers how ambivalence-meriting conflicts arise given the axiological and normative commitments of several leading moral theories: pluralism, Kantianism, utilitarianism, and virtue ethics. It then extends this general argument to the conditions that make our lives meaningful. Building on ideas due to Susan Wolf and Thaddeus Metz, the chapter argues that a meaningful life will regularly involve a plurality of commitments and projects that come into conflict in ambivalence-meriting ways. Well-functioning agents therefore have reason to be open to ambivalence.
And Yet
Authors: Bendroth Margaret 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 describes the spiritual aftermath of the suffrage movement, with attempts to redefine the nature of feminine spirituality in a modern context. In the 1920s, Protestant churchwomen saw an opportunity to move beyond old Victorian gender roles, which had set separate spheres for men and women in church and society, and also assumed that women were naturally the more religious sex. This arrangement had afforded women some independence and the opportunity to build a network of separate organizations, but prevented them from obtaining full equality. The question stood: how could they continue to support the churches, retaining their supposedly innate religiosity, but also pursue the opportunity to achieve and explore, regardless of the conventions of gender?
Race and Class, but Not Gender
Authors: Bendroth Margaret 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 details the work of churchwomen’s organizations toward racial reconciliation, important and ground-breaking work undertaken under the conviction that “ecumenical meant interracial.” The YWCA played an early role in pioneering these efforts, which focused primarily on the building of interracial friendships. Other women’s organizations, including United Church Women, made racial reconciliation a fundamental organizing principle. This chapter also explores the limitations white churchwomen faced, especially as seen through the eyes of black churchwomen. This includes an analysis of the social class conventions and the style of Protestant piety that dampened radicalism. In many ways, it was almost easier to forge cross-racial friendships than to declare “sisterhood,” because identifying as gender-based organizations invited worries about feminization.
Assuming Equality
Authors: Bendroth Margaret 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This portrait is a reflection on the career of Methodist theologian Georgia Harkness, who taught at Garrett-Evangelical Seminary in the 1950s and was at the time, one of only two women who were professors of theology. Despite this milestone, Harkness was a typical woman of achievement in her time, overworked and ailing, and also marginalized by the male academic elite. Expressing outright anger was not an option, however. As this portrait demonstrates, Harkness suffered both physical and psychological pain during her career. Her talk to pastors on “The Spirit of Heaviness” details some of her own struggles with what would now very likely be diagnosed as depression, which accompanying physical symptoms.
Introduction
Authors: Balbo Mattia , Santangelo Federico 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The title of this volume states some working assumptions, and seeks to engage with a debate that has a long and complex history. It explicitly alludes to a book that just over a decade ago put forward a radical reassessment of the history of the Roman Republic, its structure, and its periodization. In Roman Republics (2010), Harriet Flower argued that the five centuries or so between the end of the regal period and the emergence of the Augustan regime are not best understood as a coherent or unified Republican age, but should instead be viewed as a sequence of fundamentally different, if interrelated, Republican setups. A central chapter in Flower’s volume is devoted to the second century bce as a whole, and places it under the rubric “A Community in Transition”: an age in which new rules, new protagonists, and new problems came to the fore. This volume seeks to flesh out that agenda by pursuing a number of thematic approaches in a set of interconnected chapters. This introduction summarizes their key research questions and findings.
Climate Change and Rome’s Changing Republic
Authors: Tan James 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
By the Augustan period, it is clear that Rome had entered a stable and warm period conventionally known as the “Roman Climatic Optimum.” The question as to just how early that climate can be identified is not settled science, but various proxies—most notably 14C and 10Be indications of solar radiation—suggest that it was in more or less full effect by 200 bce. On that provisional understanding, it is worth examining how the climate of the second century could have affected Rome as a “Community in Transition.” This chapter focuses on three particular macrotrends of the period: military expansion, the movement of the population, and the shift from a settled and apparently uncontroversial distribution of Italian land, to a highly contentious situation in which the status quo became challenged. To the extent that this chapter relies on any given reconstruction of the climate, it will of course be provisional and contingent on new climate studies research. Working within our best current reconstructions, however, the goal is to demonstrate to students and scholars how consideration of climate can affect—and eventually become integrated into—our understanding of more conventional historical topics for the period.
Goodbye to All That
Authors: Taylor Michael J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the Roman militia system from the end of the Third Macedonian War to the outbreak of the Social War (167–91 bce). This period saw dramatically lower military deployments and significantly less intensive fighting than had characterized the years from 218 to 167 bce, defined by persistent and intensive hegemonic warfare. The reduction in both the deployment tempo and the intensity of fighting had a number of important implications for Rome’s citizen militia, namely: (1) diminution in the collective military experience within the citizen body; (2) increased military failures by less-experienced soldiers, officers, and commanders; and (3) increased reluctance of citizens to serve in campaigns, especially in Spain from 153 to 133 bce, in Numidia against Jugurtha, and against the Cimbri and Teutones from 112 to 101 bce, operations characterized by repeated debacles and significant casualties.