bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic, downstream‐propagating thermal vulnerability in a mountain stream network: Implications for biodiversity in the face of climate change
Authors: Leathers Kyle , Herbst David , Safeeq Mohammad , Ruhi Albert 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAs climate change continues to increase air temperature in high‐altitude ecosystems, it has become critical to understand the controls and scales of aquatic habitat vulnerability to warming. Here, we used a nested array of high‐frequency sensors, and advances in time‐series models, to examine spatiotemporal variation in thermal vulnerability in a model Sierra Nevada watershed. Stream thermal sensitivity to atmospheric warming fluctuated strongly over the year and peaked in spring and summer—when hot days threaten invertebrate communities most. The reach scale (~ 50 m) best captured variation in summer thermal regimes. Elevation, discharge, and conductivity were important correlates of summer water temperature across reaches, but upstream water temperature was the paramount driver—supporting that cascading warming occurs downstream in the network. Finally, we used our estimated summer thermal sensitivity and downscaled projections of summer air temperature to forecast end‐of‐the‐century stream warming, when extreme drought years like 2020–2021 become the norm. We found that 25.5% of cold‐water habitat may be lost under high‐emissions scenario representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 (or 7.9% under mitigated RCP 4.5). This estimated reduction suggests that 27.2% of stream macroinvertebrate biodiversity (11.9% under the mitigated scenario) will be stressed or threatened in what was previously cold‐water habitat. Our quantitative approach is transferrable to other watersheds with spatially replicated time series and illustrates the importance of considering variation in the vulnerability of mountain streams to warming over both space and time. This approach may inform watershed conservation efforts by helping identify, and potentially mitigate, sites and time windows of peak vulnerability.
A Rapidly and Highly Self‐Healing Poly(Sulfobetaine Methacrylate) Hydrogel with Stretching Properties, Adhesive Properties, and Biocompatibility
Authors: Jiang Yi‐Jie , Jeng Jiiang‐Huei , Wu Pin‐Hsuan , Chien Hsiu‐Wen 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis study focuses on the preparation of stretchable zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA) hydrogels. To address the weak mechanical properties of chemically crosslinked PSBMA hydrogels, a physical crosslinking method utilizing hydrophobic interactions to crosslink hydrogels to approach tough properties is developed. Here, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐based micelle is used as a physical crosslinker to prepare physically crosslinked PSBMA (PSBMAphy) hydrogels, and ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDMA) is used to prepare a control group of chemically crosslinked PSBMA (PSBMAchem) hydrogels. The mechanical properties of the two hydrogels are compared, and PSBMAphy hydrogels exhibit greater flexibility than the PSBMAchem hydrogels. When the PSBMAphy hydrogels are subjected to external forces, the micelles act as dynamic crosslinking sites, allowing the stress to disperse and prevent the hydrogel from breaking. In addition, the PSBMAphy hydrogels have nearly 100% self‐healing properties within 2.5 min. The PSBMAphy hydrogels exhibit usable adhesive properties to porcine skin and subcutis. MTT and hemolysis tests show that the PSBMAphy hydrogels have excellent biocompatibility and hemocompatibility. This study proposes that the multifunctional PSBMAphy hydrogels with micelles will be potential to carry drugs for use in drug delivery systems in the future.
Thermoresponsive Reversible Unimer Micelles of Amphiphilic Fluorinated Copolymers
Authors: Guazzelli Elisa , Masotti Elena , Kriechbaum Manfred , Uhlig Frank , Galli Giancarlo , Martinelli Elisa 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAmphiphilic fluorinated copolymers PEGMAx‐co‐FAy and TEGMAx‐co‐FAy are prepared by activators regenerated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (ARGET‐ATRP). All polymers present a reversible thermoresponsive lower critical solution temperature‐type behavior, and a cloud point temperature (Tc) in the range of 30–60 °C strictly dependent on the length of the oxyethylene side chain, the content of the hydrophobic counits, and the concentration of the solution. Combined small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and dynamic light scattering measurements are used to study the self‐assembly behavior in water, organic solvents (tetrahydrofuran [THF] and dimethylformamide [DMF]), and a fluorinated solvent (hexafluorobenzene [HFB]). SAXS confirms the formation of compact‐globular single‐chain self‐folded unimer micelles in water below Tc, which generally presents small hydrodynamic diameters (Dh ≤ 8 nm) as a result of the folding of the hydrophobic perfluorohexylethyl acrylate counits. The copolymers are also able to form reverse unimer micelle in HFB. The copolymers are not able to self‐assemble in unimer micelles in THF or DMF solutions, in which they adopt conventional random coil conformations.
Biharmonic elliptic problems with second Hessian and gradient nonlinearities
Authors: Dwivedi Gaurav , Tyagi Jagmohan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe establish the existence of a solution to the following problem:
where , is a smooth and bounded domain and , where is the ith eigenvalue of symmetric matrix . We assume that and are parameters. Moreover, we assume that if and if . We use variational arguments and an iterative technique to prove our results.
Organocatalytic [2 + 2] Photopolymerization under Visible Light: Accessing Sustainable Polymers from Cinnamic Acids
Authors: Jiang Yu , Zhu Hui , Chen Jianxu , Liao Saihu 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHerein, the successful development of a metal‐free, solution [2 + 2] photopolymerization of natural cinnamic acid‐derived bisolefinic monomers is reported, which is enabled by a strategy based on direct triplet state access via energy transfer catalysis. 2,2’‐Methoxythioxanthone has been identified as an effective organic photocatalyst for the [2 + 2] photopolymerization in solution, which can be excited by visible light and activate the biscinnamate monomers via triplet energy transfer. This method features its metal‐free conditions, visible light utilization, solution polymerization, and abundant biomass‐based feedstock, as well as processable polymer products, which is different from the rigid, insoluble products obtained from solid‐state photopolymerization. This solution polymerization method also shows a good compatibility to monomer structures; cinnamic acid‐derived bisolefinic monomers with different linkers, including diamine, natural diol, and bisphenol, can all readily undergo [2 + 2] photopolymerization, and be transformed into colorless, sustainable polymers.
Influence of public credit risk on private capital in public–private partnership models
Authors: Li Wei , Li Jie , Sun Siwei 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPublic credit risk is an important factor in private capital's decision to participate in public–private partnership (PPP) projects. We explore why private capital participates in such projects using dynamic game theory. We assess the framework of credit rating agencies assessment of local fiscal risk and construct a measure of fiscal commitment risk and public credit risk evaluation indicators. Using China's provincial panel data from 2013 to 2019, we found that government credit risk reduces private partner participation. Private capital participates in PPP projects for profit if the local government has established good credit awareness and contractual spirit.
Reconstructing a rotor from initial and final frames using characteristic multivectors: With applications in orthogonal transformations
Authors: Lasenby Anthony , Lasenby Joan , Matsantonis Charalampos 
Published: November 2022

If an initial frame of vectors
is related to a final frame of vectors
by, in geometric algebra (GA) terms, a rotor, or in linear algebra terms, an orthogonal transformation, we often want to find this rotor given the initial and final sets of vectors. One very common example is finding a rotor or orthogonal matrix representing rotation, given knowledge of initial and transformed points.In this paper, we discuss methods in the literature for recovering such rotors and then outline a GA method, which generalises to cases of any signature and any dimension, and which is not restricted to orthonormal sets of vectors. The proof of this technique is both concise and elegant and uses the concept of characteristic multivectors as discussed in the book by Hestenes and Sobczyk, which contains a treatment of linear algebra using geometric algebra. Expressing orthogonal transformations as rotors, enables us to create fractional transformations and we discuss this for some classic transforms. In real applications, our initial and/or final sets of vectors will be noisy. We show how to use the characteristic multivector method to find a ‘best fit’ rotor between these sets and compare our results with other methods.
The Genetic Composition of Wild Steelhead Based on Spatial Proximity to a Hatchery
Authors: Bowersox Brett J. , Hargrove John S. , Copeland Timothy , Campbell Matthew R. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Management of hatchery and wild stocks of steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss within the same watershed requires careful consideration when management objectives include the use of the hatchery stock to meet fishery objectives while maintaining the genetic integrity of coexisting wild stocks. This scenario can be further complicated when management objectives for the hatchery stock include supplementation of natural production. The lower Clearwater River in Idaho provided an ideal location to evaluate hatchery steelhead genetic influence within a drainage with separate wild steelhead and supplementation management emphasis areas. We collected 813 genetic samples from wild juvenile steelhead from two sample years in 10 tributaries to the lower Clearwater River to explore genetic structure and assess hatchery influence. Overall, levels of genetic diversity of wild groups were comparable with those observed elsewhere in the Snake River basin. Estimates of effective population size of sample tributaries ranged from 22 to 198 spawners, with a median of 84. All but two tributaries had &gt;50 spawners, and evidence of natural gene flow from other stocks was observed. Results of the study display three zones of hatchery influence in the lower Clearwater River: (1) no influence in lower tributaries with wild steelhead emphasis, (2) moderate influence in wild steelhead tributaries in close proximity to the hatchery facility, and (3) significant influence in hatchery-supplementation tributaries. Interestingly, a number of wild steelhead reporting groups from elsewhere in the Snake River basin were observed in the assignments of study fish, suggesting movement of wild steelhead among larger drainage areas. Techniques outlined in this study can be used to monitor future hatchery influence in the Clearwater River drainage, track historic versus contemporary genetic influence in the drainage, and apply to other watersheds with hatchery and wild steelhead management objectives.
Fibromyalgia and nonfibromyalgia chronic pain: Differences in psychological characteristics and treatment outcomes
Authors: Salaberria Karmele , Ruiz‐Iriondo María , Pérez‐Fernández José I. , Barandiarán Aitziber , Iruin Alvaro 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore differential psychological profiles among patients with chronic pain with and without fibromyalgia, and to determine the results of the cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for pain. Thirty patients with chronic pain and 60 patients with fibromyalgia were referred to 10 weekly sessions of CBT in a general hospital and were evaluated in pain‐related variables, psychopathological symptoms, coping strategies, resilience, and quality of life. The program was implemented in specific groups for patients with fibromyalgia and nonfibromyalgia chronic pain. After the intervention, patients with fibromyalgia showed higher levels of psychopathology, rated their health status as poorer, and presented larger amplification of symptoms, higher levels of somatization, a more ruminating style of thinking and greater distress. Patients without fibromyalgia achieved better therapeutic results in both pain intensity (d = 0.39 vs. d = 0.12) and psychopathological distress (d = 0.77 vs. d = 0.11) compared to patients with fibromyalgia. Therefore, differential profiles and limited therapeutic results in fibromyalgia patients suggest the need to outline differentiated treatments and include other therapeutic strategies.
Analysis of polyamide and fluoropolymer backsheets: Degradation and insulation failure in field‐aged photovoltaic modules
Authors: Pascual Julio , García Miguel , Marcos Javier , Marroyo Luis 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDurability of photovoltaic (PV) modules is of great concern not only from the point of view of cost‐effectiveness but also from the point of view of safety and sustainability. The backsheet of a PV module is one of the most critical parts of the PV module from the point of view of protection and also one of the most important sources of PV modules' failure; hence, it is of great importance to understand its different forms of failure. In this paper we analyze the case of an 8‐MW PV plant, which had suffered a rapid degradation of their PV modules' backsheets. The case is especially relevant as all the PV modules are from the same model and manufacturer but with different backsheet materials (polyamide and fluoropolymer) and different times of exposure: on one hand, all PV modules originally installed in the plant (i.e., 6 years under operation when tested), and also, extra modules that had been stored indoors for replacement and had been mounted in the plant for less than 1 year when tested, serving as reference modules. In this paper we present the signs of degradation of these PV modules after different times of exposure under real operation using different on‐field and laboratory tests. We propose different techniques for rapid diagnosis of backsheet degradation so that the problem can be detected at a very early stage, before it results in major energy losses or in safety issues.
A perspective on redox‐switchable ring‐opening polymerization
Authors: Shawver Nicholas M. , Doerr Alicia M. , Long Brian K. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractA polymer's properties and functionality are directly related to the constituent monomers from which it was synthesized, the order in which these monomers are assembled, and the degree to which monomers are enchained. Furthermore, a standing challenge in the field of polymer synthesis is to provide temporal polymerization control that can be leveraged to access a variety of advanced polymer architectures. Though many polymer classes are attractive for various applications, polyesters have drawn considerable recent interest due to the potential of these materials to provide biodegradable alternatives to other, often petroleum derived, polymeric materials that create concerning, long‐term environmental impacts. Many of these biodegradable polyesters can be produced via the transition‐metal catalyzed ring‐opening polymerization of cyclic ester and cyclic ether monomers. Through researchers' quest to access precise and well‐defined polyesters via ring‐opening polymerization, an intriguing class of stimuli‐responsive catalysts have emerged. More specifically, catalyst systems have been developed in which their electronic nature may be modulated via either ligand‐based or active metal site‐based redox‐switchability. These redox‐switchable catalysts have been shown to exhibit altered chemoselectivity and kinetic modulation as a function of catalyst redox‐state. Herein, we will discuss the beginnings, select recent advancements, and an outlook on the field of redox‐switchable ring‐opening polymerizations.
Electron density and its reduced density gradient in the study of π–π interactions
Authors: Morales‐Pumarino Daniela , Barquera‐Lozada José E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract interactions are unique dispersive interactions that are important for biological systems and materials, but the study of this interaction is not trivial. It is well‐known that density functional theory (DFT) does not describe these interactions correctly and only with empirical dispersion corrections, it produces accurate energies. Moreover, little is known about the error in the electron density (). Non‐Covalent Interaction method (NCI) has been used to analyze stacking from the electron density. However, for these interactions, the information that can be extracted with this method is quite limited. We compare the DFT and CCSD intermolecular . The correlation between both densities is close to one, but DFT underestimates its value. To evaluate, if the strength of the interaction can be qualitatively inferred from density related scalar fields, we study the correlation between these fields ( multiplied by the sign of the second eigenvalue of its hessian, , the laplacian of , , the virial field, , the Lagrangian, , and the Hamiltonian, , kinetic energy density) and the interaction energy. Surprisingly, all the scalar fields have a better correlation with the energy than . This quantity is normally plotted over the reduced density gradient (RDG) isosurface in the NCI method to get an insight of intermolecular interactions, but the other scalar fields give a better picture of the energetic nature of interactions. Moreover, we show that cannot be used as an indicator of repulsive interactions (positive values), because for the studied systems, the more energetic the interaction is, the more positive .
Deprotonation of trinitrotoluene by dichloromethane in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Son Chae Eun , Choi Sung‐Seen 
Published: November 2022

RationaleTrinitrotoluene (TNT) and its derivatives are found in the environment. Depending on the analysis conditions, TNT may be detected as a deprotonated molecule or a molecular ion through atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). Dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) is used as an extraction solvent for TNT from environmental samples and as an ionizing agent to generate chlorinated species. APCI mass spectra of TNT dissolved in CH2Cl2 revealed the presence of only the [TNT − H]− ion. This phenomenon was investigated by reactions with the CH2Cl2‐related reactant ions.MethodsTNT in CH2Cl2 was ionized through APCI, and CH2Cl2 and acetone were used as the eluent. The vaporizing temperature was varied from 200 to 350°C. TNT‐related ions and reactant ions were analyzed. Detection limits for TNT were determined under different conditions. Energy‐minimized structures of the product ions were used to interpret the analysis results.ResultsSignificant [TNT − H]− ion was observed, but the [TNT + Cl]− and TNT•− ions were not detected. The [HCl + Cl]− and [3acetone + Cl]− ions were detected as reactant ions when using CH2Cl2 and acetone as eluent, respectively. Other potential reactant ions such as CH2Cl2•− and [CH2Cl2 + Cl]− were not observed. The detection limit improved as the vaporizing temperature increased. The favorability of [TNT − H]− formation was explained on the basis of the heats of reactions.ConclusionsThe [TNT − H]− ion was primarily produced by the deprotonation reaction between CH2Cl2•− and neutral TNT. This reaction was determined to be significantly exothermic. CH2Cl2 can be helpful for the analysis of TNT in environmental samples through APCI mass spectrometry.
How searching against multiple libraries can lead to biased results in GC/MS‐based metabolomics
Authors: Samokhin Andrey S. , Matyushin Dmitriy D. 
Published: November 2022

RationaleDatabases of electron ionization mass spectra are often used in GC/MS‐based untargeted metabolomics analysis. The results of the library search depend on several factors, such as the size and quality of the database, and the library search algorithm. We found out that the list of considered m/z values is another important parameter. Unfortunately, this information is not usually specified by software developers and it is hidden from the end user.MethodsWe created synthetic data sets and figured out how several popular software products (AMDIS, ChromaTOF, MS Search, and Xcalibur) select the list of m/z values for the library search. Moreover, we considered data sets of real mass spectra (presented in both the NIST and FiehnLib libraries) and compared the library search results obtained within different software products. All programs under consideration use the NIST MS Search binaries to perform the library search using the Identity algorithm.ResultsWe found that AMDIS and ChromaTOF can give biased library search results under particular conditions. In untargeted metabolomics, this can happen when NIST and FiehnLib libraries are used simultaneously, the scan range of the instrument is less than 85, and the correct answer is present only in the FiehnLib library.ConclusionsThe main reason for biased results is that the information about the scan range is not stored in the metadata of library records. As a result, in the case of AMDIS and ChromaTOF software, some unrecorded peaks are considered as missing during the library search, the respective compound is penalized, and the correct answer falls outside the top five or even top 10 hits. At the same time, the default algorithm for selecting the list of considered m/z values implemented in MS Search is free from such unexpected behavior.
Randomized algorithms for tensor response regression
Authors: Cheng Zhe , Xu Xiangjian , Song Zihao , Zhao Weihua 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the estimation algorithm of tensor response on vector covariate regression model. Based on projection theory of tensor and the idea of randomized algorithm for tensor decomposition, three new algorithms named SHOLRR, RHOLRR and RSHOLRR are proposed under the low‐rank Tucker decomposition and some theoretical analyses for two randomized algorithms are also provided. To explore the nonlinear relationship between tensor response and vector covariate, we develop the KRSHOLRR algorithm based on kernel trick and RSHOLRR algorithm. Our proposed algorithms can not only guarantee high estimation accuracy but also have the advantage of fast computing speed, especially for higher‐order tensor response. Through extensive synthesized data analyses and applications to two real datasets, we demonstrate the outperformance of our proposed algorithms over the stat‐of‐art.