bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combined Use of Otolith Morphometry and Microchemistry to Study the Origin of Spring-Spawning Atlantic Herring in the St. Lawrence Estuary and the Gulf of St. Lawrence
Authors: Couillard Catherine M. , Maltais Domynick , Lazartigues Angélique , Sirois Pascal 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
An important goal for the conservation of marine fish metapopulations is to maintain the diversity of components spawning in areas subjected to different environmental pressures. The usefulness of otolith morphometry combined with microchemistry to generate new information on the diversity of spawning components was assessed in declining spring-spawning Atlantic Herring Clupea harengus in the St. Lawrence Estuary (SLE), Restigouche Estuary and adjacent areas (RE), and southern and northern Gulf of St. Lawrence (SGSL and NGSL). Mature Atlantic Herring (6–10 years old) were captured during the spring spawning season from 2013 to 2015 at nine sites with different salinity and temperature conditions along estuarine–marine and southern–northern gradients. Otoliths were measured by image analysis, and various shape indices were calculated. Elemental concentrations (Sr, Ba, and Mg) in the otolith cores were measured using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Natal groups were inferred by hierarchical clustering analysis conducted on shape and microchemical variables separately or combined. Both types of analysis indicated the presence of two main natal groups: one predominant in the SLE and the other predominant in the RE. Proportions of fish having the characteristics of each natal source decreased with increasing distances from the head of the SLE and RE, respectively. Shape analysis provided higher discrimination in the SLE/NGSL, revealing temporal stability of a specific “pygmy” morphotype in the SLE that was previously described in the 1980s and 1990s. Microchemical analysis was more discriminating in the RE/SGSL, revealing a group of fish within the RE that had low Sr in the otolith core. Thus, otolith morphometry and microchemistry provided concordant and complementary information on natal groups, and both markers indicated the potential importance of estuaries as nursery grounds for the recovery of spring-spawning Atlantic Herring stocks in the SGSL and NGSL.
Investigations on tensile and flexural behaviors of sugarcane fiber/boron nitride/fly ash reinforced polymer matrix composite
Authors: Bhardwaj Pradhyumn , Panjabi Rohit Omprakash , Nade Omkar Ashok , Gopalan Venkatachalam , Pragasam Vignesh , Salunke Dinesh Ramesh 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe scientific world always encourages researchers for new material development. This work makes an attempt to develop new epoxy polymer composite with reinforcements from reusable/recyclable/biodegradable materials. Fly ash, boron nitride (BN) and sugarcane fiber are reusable/recyclable/biodegradable materials used as reinforcements in this composite. This work attempts to investigate the influences of wt% of reinforcements such as fly ash, BN, and sugarcane fiber on tensile and flexural behaviors of composite. In order to prepare composite samples with different wt% of reinforcements, one of design of experiment approaches, response surface methodology (RSM) is used. In RSM, central composite design model is utilized to get the composition of different reinforcements in composite samples. Analysis of variance is employed to find the effect of wt% of different reinforcements on tensile and flexural behaviors of composite. To study filler interaction and morphology, scanning electron microscope, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy tests are carried out. Results disclose that level of influences of BN and fly ash are significant for tensile and flexural behaviors respectively.
Intensive care unit‐acquired weakness and the COVID‐19 pandemic: A clinical review
Authors: Qin Evelyn S. , Hough Catherine L. , Andrews James , Bunnell Aaron E. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPatients with severe cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) often become critically ill requiring intensive care unit (ICU) management. These individuals are at risk for developing ICU‐acquired weakness (ICUAW), a multifactorial condition in which polyneuropathy, myopathy, and/or disuse muscle atrophy result in motor weakness. This weakness is thought to contribute to the long‐term functional disability frequently observed in survivors of critical illness. This review discusses the current evidence regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, evaluation, risk factors, and rehabilitation‐specific management of ICUAW in patients with COVID‐19. Because of the novelty of COVID‐19, the exact prevalence of ICUAW is not well delineated among COVID‐19 patients. However, ICUAW has been reported in this population with retrospective studies showing weakness occurring in up to 45.5% of patients with severe COVID‐19. There are multiple risk factors for developing ICUAW among COVID‐19 patients, including premorbid health status, sepsis, multiple organ failure, mechanical ventilation, immobilization, neuromuscular blockade, corticosteroid use, and glycemic control. ICUAW is more likely to occur after prolonged mechanical ventilation and long hospital stays and can be diagnosed with manual muscle and electrodiagnostic testing. Although the long‐term sequela of COVID‐19 after ICU stays is not fully studied, increasing evidence indicates significant risk for this population developing long‐term functional impairments. Establishing postacute rehabilitation programs for COVID‐19 survivors will be important for recovery of endurance, mobility, and function.
Lactic acid photochemistry following excitation of S0 to S1 at 220 to 250 nm
Authors: Deal Alexandra M. , Frandsen Benjamin N. , Vaida Veronica 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLactic acid, a small α‐hydroxy acid, is a multifunctional molecule that is prevalent on modern Earth and found in abiotic environments. Recently, there has been interest in the photochemistry of carboxylic acids in general. Specifically, the photochemistry of lactic acid, due to its prevalence and functionality, has garnered attention by the biomass valorization and abiotic chemistry communities. However, aqueous lactic acid photochemistry studies are limited, and gas‐phase lactic acid photolysis had not been performed. This work combines theory and experiments to explore the gas‐phase and aqueous phase photochemistry of lactic acid following excitation of S0 to S1 at 220–250 nm. We find that lactic acid primarily photodecomposes via decarboxylation in both phases. In the gas phase, secondary chemistry leads to mainly CO2 and CO, while in the aqueous phase, subsequent radical chemistry leads to a variety of products with one to four carbons. Isotopic substitutions, including the use of 13C tagged lactic acid and using D2O as a solvent, are used to infer mechanistic pathways for the major photolysis products. Computation shows that individual conformers may contribute to the overall photochemistry to a different degree than their relative abundance would suggest. The identified products and proposed mechanisms shown here serve to illustrate the photochemistry of lactic acid in the presence of high‐energy ultraviolet radiation. This knowledge may aid process and catalyst design for biomass valorization/organic synthesis and may provide insight into abiotic chemistry in environments exposed to high energy ultraviolet radiation.
Ensemble Kalman filter based data assimilation for tropical waves in the MJO skeleton model
Authors: Gleiter Tabea , Janjić Tijana , Chen Nan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is the dominant component of tropical intraseasonal variability, with wide‐reaching impacts even on extratropical weather and climate patterns. However, predicting the MJO is challenging. One reason is the suboptimal state estimates obtained with standard data assimilation (DA) approaches. These are typically based on filtering methods with Gaussian approximations and do not take into account physical properties that are important specifically for the MJO. In this article, a constrained ensemble DA method is applied to study the impact of different physical constraints on the state estimation and prediction of the MJO. The quadratic programming ensemble (QPEns) algorithm utilized extends the standard stochastic ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) with specifiable constraints on the updates of all ensemble members. This allows us to recover physically more consistent states and to respect possible associated non‐Gaussian statistics. The study is based on identical twin experiments with an adopted nonlinear model for tropical intraseasonal variability. This so‐called skeleton model succeeds in reproducing the main large‐scale features of the MJO and closely related tropical waves, while keeping adequate simplicity for fast experiments on intraseasonal time‐scales. Conservation laws and other crucial physical properties from the model are examined as constraints in the QPEns. Our results demonstrate an overall improvement in the filtering and forecast skill when the model's total energy is conserved in the initial conditions. The degree of benefit is found to be dependent on the observational setup and the strength of the model's nonlinear dynamics. It is also shown that, even in cases where the statistical error in some waves remains comparable with the stochastic EnKF during the DA stage, their prediction is improved remarkably when using the initial state resulting from the QPEns.
Simulation of deep eutectic solvents: Progress to promises
Authors: Velez Caroline , Acevedo Orlando 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDeep eutectic solvents (DESs) are binary or ternary mixtures of compounds that possess significant melting point depressions relative to the pure isolated components. The discovery of DESs has been a major breakthrough with multiple fields benefitting from their low cost and tunable physiochemical properties. However, tailoring DESs for specific applications through their practically unlimited synthetic combinations can be as much a hindrance as a benefit given the expense and time‐required to perform large‐scale experimental measurements. This emphasizes the need for fast computational tools capable of making accurate predictions of DES physiochemical properties exclusively from molecular structure. Yet, these systems are not trivial to model or simulate at the atomic level given their exceedingly nonideal behaviors, asymmetry of components, and the complexity of their molecular electrostatic interactions. Despite the challenge, computational reports featuring quantum mechanical (QM) methods have provided significant understanding into the relationship between the melting point depression and the unique and complex hydrogen bond network present in DESs. Classical molecular dynamics (MD) methods have examined bulk‐phase solvent organization in conjunction with thermodynamic and transport properties. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have shown great potential as structure–property prediction tools. Overall, this review highlights computational accomplishments that have meaningfully advanced our understanding of DESs and strives to give the reader a sense of the overall strengths and drawbacks of the methodologies employed while hinting at promises of advances to come.This article is categorized under:
Software > Simulation Methods
Latina Adolescent Suicide Attempts: A Review of Familial, Cultural, and Community Protective and Risk Factors
Authors: Hausmann-Stabile Carolina , Gulbas Lauren E. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, we review and summarize what is known about the familial, cultural, and community protective and risk factors for suicide attempts among Latina adolescents. We begin by describing epidemiological findings about the suicidal behaviors of Latina adolescents living in the United States, then briefly discuss the dominant theoretical frameworks and summarize research findings in this area of scholarship. Research has focused primarily on family functioning, explaining it in terms of culture and acculturation. Family closeness, communication, and harmony reduce the risk of suicide attempts, while family conflicts increase it. Experiences of violence at home (e.g., physical abuse) or at school (e.g., bullying) increase the risk of attempted suicide. The significance of cultural values, such as familism, and the role of acculturation in suicidal behaviors is complex, nuanced, and poorly understood. Despite numerous theoretical suggestions of the cultural basis of this phenomenon, there are no definitive answers about the intragroup dynamics shaping protections and risks for suicide attempts. To move the field forward, interdisciplinary and mixed methods research could compare the suicide attempts of different groups of teens to those of Latinas to identify universal and context-specific intervention targets.
Selling Beautiful Births: The Use of Evidence by Brazil’s Humanised Birth Movement
Authors: Irvine Lucy C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMaternal health care continues to be excessively medicalised in many national health systems. Global, national, and local level policy initiatives seek to normalise low-risk birth and optimise the use of clinical interventions, informed by strong evidence supporting care that is centred on women’s preferences and needs. Challenges remain in translating evidence into practice in settings where care is primarily clinician-led and hospital-based, such as in Brazil.I conducted an ethnography of the movement for humanised care in childbirth in São Paulo between 2015 and 2018. I draw on interviews and focus groups with movement members (including mothers, doulas, midwives, obstetricians, politicians, programme leads, and researchers), and observations in health facilities implementing humanised protocols, state health council meetings, and key policy fora (including conferences, campaigning events, and social media). Key actors in this movement have been involved in the development and implementation of evidence-based policy programmes to “humanise” childbirth. Scientific evidence is used strategically alongside rights-based language, such as “obstetric violence”, to legitimise moral and ideological aims. When faced with resistance from pro-c-section doctors, movement members make use of other strategies to improve access to quality care, such as stimulating demand for humanised birth in the private health sector. In Brazil, this has led to a greater public awareness of the risks of the excessive medicalisation of birth but can reinforce existing inequalities in access to high-quality maternity care. Lessons might be drawn that have wider relevance in settings where policymakers are trying to reduce iatrogenic harm from unnecessary interventions in childbirth and for supporters of normal birth working to reduce barriers to access to midwifery-led, woman-centred care.
Conflicted Reproductive Governance: The Co-existence of Rights-Based Approaches and Coercion in India’s Family Planning Policies
Authors: Unnithan Maya 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIndia’s current population policy is situated between two conflicting discourses of population management, one that is governed by a demographic rationale advocating strict State regulation of fertility, and the other that is delineated by a rights-based framework that promotes individual reproductive choice and bodily autonomy. In this chapter, I show how this conflicted policy discourse becomes supportive of processes that empower the State, rather than facilitate reproductive autonomy among claimants on the ground. The chapter draws on textual analysis of policy and programme documents and discussions with health providers, users and policy makers during long-term fieldwork in the state of Rajasthan. I show that, in their role in promoting regional state directives on reproductive health policies, health workers are at once agents and subjects of State policy processes and of their community’s ideologies, preferences and practices related to childbirth and reproductive care. It is in their work and embodied practice of family planning that we most clearly evidence the implications of ‘conflicted reproductive governance’. When health workers struggle for their own remuneration and recognition, the State’s rights-based health policy objectives will remain unreachable.
Exchange rate parities and Taylor rule deviations
Authors: Anderl Christina , Caporale Guglielmo Maria 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper investigates the PPP and UIP conditions by taking into account possible nonlinearities as well as the role of Taylor rule deviations under alternative monetary policy frameworks. The analysis is conducted using monthly data from January 1993 to December 2020 for five inflation-targeting countries (the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and Sweden) and three non-targeting ones (the USA, the Euro Area and Switzerland). Both a benchmark linear VECM and a nonlinear Threshold VECM are estimated; the latter includes Taylor rule deviations as the threshold variable. The results can be summarized as follows. First, the nonlinear specification provides much stronger evidence for the PPP and UIP conditions, the estimated adjustment speed towards equilibrium being twice as fast. Second, Taylor rule deviations play an important role: the adjustment speed is twice as fast when deviations are small and the credibility of the central bank is higher. Third, inflation targeting tends to generate a higher degree of credibility for the monetary authorities, thereby reducing deviations of the exchange rate from the PPP- and UIP-implied equilibrium.
In situ quantification of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and biomass in Cupriavidus necator by a fluorescence spectroscopic assay
Authors: Kettner Alexander , Noll Matthias , Griehl Carola 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy offers a cheap, simple, and fast approach to monitor poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) formation, a biodegradable polymer belonging to the biodegradable polyester class polyhydroxyalkanoates. In the present study, a fluorescence and side scatter-based spectroscopic setup was developed to monitor in situ biomass, and PHB formation of biotechnological applied Cupriavidus necator strain. To establish PHB quantification of C. necator, the dyes 2,2-difluoro-4,6,8,10,12-pentamethyl-3-aza-1-azonia-2-boranuidatricyclo[7.3.0.03,7]dodeca-1(12),4,6,8,10-pentaene (BODIPY493/503), ethyl 5-methoxy-1,2-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3-oxoindole-2-carboxylate (LipidGreen2), and 9-(diethylamino)benzo[a]phenoxazin-5-one (Nile red) were compared with each other. Fluorescence staining efficacy was obtained through 3D-excitation-emission matrix and design of experiments. The coefficients of determination were ≥ 0.98 for all three dyes and linear to the high-pressure liquid chromatography obtained PHB content, and the side scatter to the biomass concentration. The fluorescence correlation models were further improved by the incorporation of the biomass-related side scatter. Afterward, the resulting regression fluorescence models were successfully applied to nitrogen-deficit, phosphor-deficit, and NaCl-stressed C. necator cultures. The highest transferability of the regression models was shown by using LipidGreen2. The novel approach opens a tailor-made way for a fast and simultaneous detection of the crucial biotechnological parameters biomass and PHB content during fermentation.

Key points
• Intracellular quantification of PHB and biomass using fluorescence spectroscopy.
• Optimizing fluorescence staining conditions and 3D-excitation-emission matrix.
• PHB was best obtained by LipidGreen2, followed by BODIPDY493/503 and Nile red.

Graphical abstract
Incorporation of CENP-A/CID into centromeres during early Drosophila embryogenesis does not require RNA polymerase II–mediated transcription
Authors: Ghosh Samadri , Lehner Christian F. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn many species, centromere identity is specified epigenetically by special nucleosomes containing a centromere-specific histone H3 variant, designated as CENP-A in humans and CID in Drosophila melanogaster. After partitioning of centromere-specific nucleosomes onto newly replicated sister centromeres, loading of additional CENP-A/CID into centromeric chromatin is required for centromere maintenance in proliferating cells. Analyses with cultured cells have indicated that transcription of centromeric DNA by RNA polymerase II is required for deposition of new CID into centromere chromatin. However, a dependence of centromeric CID loading on transcription is difficult to reconcile with the notion that the initial embryonic stages appear to proceed in the absence of transcription in Drosophila, as also in many other animal species. To address the role of RNA polymerase II–mediated transcription for CID loading in early Drosophila embryos, we have quantified the effects of alpha-amanitin and triptolide on centromeric CID-EGFP levels. Our analyses demonstrate that microinjection of these two potent inhibitors of RNA polymerase II–mediated transcription has at most a marginal effect on centromeric CID deposition during progression through the early embryonic cleavage cycles. Thus, we conclude that at least during early Drosophila embryogenesis, incorporation of CID into centromeres does not depend on RNA polymerase II–mediated transcription.
Gender-specific differences in haemostatic parameters and their influence on blood loss in bimaxillary surgery
Authors: Schwaiger Michael , Edmondson Sarah-Jayne , Rabensteiner Jasmin , Prüller Florian , Gary Thomas , Zemann Wolfgang , Wallner Jürgen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Objective
The objectives of this prospective cohort study were to establish gender-related differences in blood loss and haemostatic profiles associated with bimaxillary surgery. In addition, we aimed to identify if any gender differences could be established which might help predict blood loss volume.

Materials and methods
Fifty-four patients (22 males; 32 females) undergoing bimaxillary surgery for skeletal dentofacial deformities were eligible for inclusion. Blood samples were taken 1 day preoperatively and 48 h postoperatively for detailed gender-specific coagulation analysis incorporating global coagulation assays (endogenous thrombin potential) and specific coagulation parameters. Blood loss was measured at two different time points: (1) the end of surgery, visible intraoperative blood loss (IOB) using ‘subtraction method’; and (2) 48 h postoperatively perioperative bleeding volume (CBL-48 h) using ‘haemoglobin-balance method’ and Nadler’s formula. Correlation and regression analyses were performed to identify relevant parameters affecting the amount of blood loss.

Results
Significant differences in IOB and CBL-48 h were observed (p < 0.001). Men had higher IOB versus women, lacking statistical significance (p = 0.056). In contrast, men had significantly higher CLB-48 h (p = 0.019). Reduced CBL-48 h was shown to be most closely associated with the level of Antithrombin-III being decreased in females.

Conclusions
Male gender is associated with higher IOB and CBL-48 compared with females. Gender does not affect IOB regarding haemostatic profile but does correlate strongly with procedure length. Conversely, CBL-48 is closely associated with gender-specific imbalances in the anticoagulant system.

Clinical relevance
Knowledge of gender-related differences will help clinicians establish predictive factors regarding excessive blood loss in orthognathic surgery and identify at-risk patients.