bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic expression profiling of Dpr and DIP genes reveals cell surface codes in Drosophila larval motor and sensory neurons
Authors: Wang Yupu , Lobb-Rabe Meike , Ashley James , Chatterjee Purujit , Anand Veera , Bellen Hugo J. , Kanca Oguz , Carrillo Robert A. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
In complex nervous systems, neurons must identify their correct partners to form synaptic connections. The prevailing model to ensure correct recognition posits that cell-surface proteins (CSPs) in individual neurons act as identification tags. Thus, knowing what cells express which CSPs would provide insights into neural development, synaptic connectivity, and nervous system evolution. Here, we investigated expression of Dpr and DIP genes, two CSP subfamilies belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily, in Drosophila larval motor neurons (MNs), muscles, glia and sensory neurons (SNs) using a collection of GAL4 driver lines. We found that Dpr genes are more broadly expressed than DIP genes in MNs and SNs, and each examined neuron expresses a unique combination of Dpr and DIP genes. Interestingly, many Dpr and DIP genes are not robustly expressed, but are found instead in gradient and temporal expression patterns. In addition, the unique expression patterns of Dpr and DIP genes revealed three uncharacterized MNs. This study sets the stage for exploring the functions of Dpr and DIP genes in Drosophila MNs and SNs and provides genetic access to subsets of neurons.
Microglia in brain development and regeneration
Authors: Mehl Lindsey C. , Manjally Amritha V. , Bouadi Ouzéna , Gibson Erin M. , Leng Tay Tuan 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTIt has recently emerged that microglia, the tissue-resident macrophages of the central nervous system, play significant non-innate immune roles to support the development, maintenance, homeostasis and repair of the brain. Apart from being highly specialized brain phagocytes, microglia modulate the development and functions of neurons and glial cells through both direct and indirect interactions. Thus, recognizing the elements that influence the homeostasis and heterogeneity of microglia in normal brain development is crucial to understanding the mechanisms that lead to early disease pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders. In this Review, we discuss recent studies that have elucidated the physiological development of microglia and summarize our knowledge of their non-innate immune functions in brain development and tissue repair.
Modulation of autoimmune diabetes by N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea- induced mutations in non-obese diabetic mice
Authors: Chatenoud Lucienne , Marquet Cindy , Valette Fabrice , Scott Lindsay , Quan Jiexia , Bu Chun Hui , Hildebrand Sara , Moresco Eva Marie Y. , Bach Jean-François , Beutler Bruce 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTGenetic association studies of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in humans, and in congenic non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice harboring DNA segments from T1D-resistant mice, face the challenge of assigning causation to specific gene variants among many within loci that affect disease risk. Here, we created random germline mutations in NOD/NckH mice and used automated meiotic mapping to identify mutations modifying T1D incidence and age of onset. In contrast with association studies in humans or congenic NOD mice, we analyzed a relatively small number of genetic changes in each pedigree, permitting implication of specific mutations as causative. Among 844 mice from 14 pedigrees bearing 594 coding/splicing changes, we identified seven mutations that accelerated T1D development, and five that delayed or suppressed T1D. Eleven mutations affected genes not previously known to influence T1D (Xpnpep1, Herc1, Srrm2, Rapgef1, Ppl, Zfp583, Aldh1l1, Col6a1, Ccdc13, Cd200r1, Atrnl1). A suppressor mutation in Coro1a validated the screen. Mutagenesis coupled with automated meiotic mapping can detect genes in which allelic variation influences T1D susceptibility in NOD mice. Variation of some of the orthologous/paralogous genes may influence T1D susceptibility in humans.
Single-cell analysis reveals the Comma-1D cell line as a unique model for mammary gland development and breast cancer
Authors: Werner Rachel L. , Nekritz Erin A. , Yan Koon-Kiu , Ju Bensheng , Shaner Bridget , Easton John , Yu Jiyang , Silva Jose 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
The mammary gland epithelial tree contains two distinct cell populations, luminal and basal. The investigation of how this heterogeneity is developed and how it influences tumorigenesis has been hampered by the need to perform studies on these populations using animal models. Comma-1D is an immortalized mouse mammary epithelial cell line that has unique morphogenetic properties. By performing single-cell RNA-seq studies, we found that Comma-1D cultures consist of two main populations with luminal and basal features, and a smaller population with mixed lineage and bipotent characteristics. We demonstrated that multiple transcription factors associated with the differentiation of the mammary epithelium in vivo also modulate this process in Comma-1D cultures. Additionally, we found that only cells with luminal features were able to acquire transformed characteristics after an oncogenic HER2 (also known as ERBB2) mutant was introduced in their genomes. Overall, our studies characterize, at a single-cell level, the heterogeneity of the Comma-1D cell line and illustrate how Comma-1D cells can be used as an experimental model to study both the differentiation and the transformation processes in vitro.
Patterns and processes in amphibious fish: biomechanics and neural control of fish terrestrial locomotion
Authors: Lutek K. , Donatelli C. M. , Standen E. M. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
Amphibiousness in fishes spans the actinopterygian tree from the earliest to the most recently derived species. The land environment requires locomotor force production different from that in water, and a diversity of locomotor modes have evolved across the actinopterygian tree. To compare locomotor mode between species, we mapped biomechanical traits on an established amphibious fish phylogeny. Although the diversity of fish that can move over land is large, we noted several patterns, including the rarity of morphological and locomotor specialization, correlations between body shape and locomotor mode, and an overall tendency for amphibious fish to be small. We suggest two idealized empirical metrics to consider when gauging terrestrial ‘success’ in fishes and discuss patterns of terrestriality in fishes considering biomechanical scaling, physical consequences of shape, and tissue plasticity. Finally, we suggest four ways in which neural control could change in response to a novel environment, highlighting the importance and challenges of deciphering when these control mechanisms are used. We aim to provide an overview of the diversity of successful amphibious locomotion strategies and suggest several frameworks that can guide the study of amphibious fish and their locomotion.
Cockroaches adjust body and appendages to traverse cluttered large obstacles
Authors: Wang Yaqing , Othayoth Ratan , Li Chen 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTTo traverse complex terrain, animals often transition between locomotor modes. It is well known that locomotor transitions can be induced by switching in neural control circuits or driven by a need to minimize metabolic energetic cost. Recent work revealed that locomotor transitions in complex 3D terrain cluttered with large obstacles can emerge from physical interaction with the environment controlled by the nervous system. For example, to traverse cluttered, stiff grass-like beams, the discoid cockroach often transitions from using a strenuous pitch mode pushing across the beams to using a less strenuous roll mode rolling into and through the gaps. This transition can save mechanical energetic cost substantially (∼100–101 mJ) but requires overcoming a potential energy barrier (∼10−3–10−2 mJ). Previous robotic physical modeling demonstrated that kinetic energy fluctuation of body oscillation from self-propulsion can help overcome the barrier and facilitate this transition. However, the animal was observed to transition even when the barrier still exceeded kinetic energy fluctuation. Here, we further studied whether and how the cockroach makes active adjustments to facilitate this transition to traverse cluttered beams. The animal repeatedly flexed its head and abdomen, reduced hindleg sprawl, and depressed one hindleg and elevated the other during the pitch-to-roll transition, adjustments which were absent when running on a flat ground. Using a refined potential energy landscape with additional degrees of freedom to model these adjustments, we found that head flexion did not substantially reduce the transition barrier (by ∼10−3 mJ), whereas leg sprawl reduction did so dramatically (by ∼10−2 mJ). We speculate that head flexion is for sensing the terrain to guide the transition via sensory feedback control.
Context-dependent effects on attack and defense behaviors in the praying mantisTenodera sinensis
Authors: Bosse Jacob W. , Svenson Gavin J. , Bowers Troy A. , Bourges-Sevenier Brendan M. , Ritzmann Roy E. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTMost behavior needs to strike a balance between the competing needs to find food and protect an animal from predators. The factors that influence this balance and the resulting behavior are not well understood in many animals. Here, we examined these influences in the praying mantis Tenodera sinensis by presenting perching individuals with alternating sinusoidally moving prey-like stimuli and rapidly expanding looming stimuli then scoring their behavior on a defensive–aggressive scale. In this way, we tested the hypothesis that such behaviors are highly context dependent. Specifically, we found that defensive responses, which are normally very consistent, are decreased in magnitude if the animal has just performed an aggressive response to the previous sinusoid. A thrash behavior not normally seen with looming alone was often seen following aggression. In thrashing, the animal tries to push the looming stimulus away. Thrashing almost exclusively followed aggressive responses to the sinusoid stimulus. Moreover, aggression levels were found to shift from low to high and back to low as adult animals aged and, in general, female mantises were more aggressive than males. Finally, the specific nature of the mid-life spike in aggressive behaviors differed according to whether the animals were lab raised or caught in the wild. Lab-raised animals showed roughly equal amounts of increased attention to the stimulus and very aggressive strike behaviors, whereas wild-caught animals tended to either ignore the stimulus or react very aggressively with strikes. Therefore, our hypothesis regarding context-dependent effects was supported, with all four factors influencing the behaviors that were studied.
An accelerometer-derived ballistocardiogram method for detecting heart rate in free-ranging marine mammals
Authors: Czapanskiy Max F. , Ponganis Paul J. , Fahlbusch James A. , Schmitt T. L. , Goldbogen Jeremy A. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
Physio-logging methods, which use animal-borne devices to record physiological variables, are entering a new era driven by advances in sensor development. However, existing datasets collected with traditional bio-loggers, such as accelerometers, still contain untapped eco-physiological information. Here, we present a computational method for extracting heart rate from high-resolution accelerometer data using a ballistocardiogram. We validated our method with simultaneous accelerometer–electrocardiogram tag deployments in a controlled setting on a killer whale (Orcinus orca) and demonstrate the predictions correspond with previously observed cardiovascular patterns in a blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus), including the magnitude of apneic bradycardia and increase in heart rate prior to and during ascent. Our ballistocardiogram method may be applied to mine heart rates from previously collected accelerometery data and expand our understanding of comparative cardiovascular physiology.
Behavioral and postural analyses establish sleep-like states for mosquitoes that can impact host landing and blood feeding
Authors: Ajayi Oluwaseun M. , Marlman Justin M. , Gleitz Lucas A. , Smith Evan S. , Piller Benjamin D. , Krupa Justyna A. , Vinauger Clément , Benoit Joshua B. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTSleep is an evolutionarily conserved process that has been described in different animal systems. For insects, sleep characterization has been primarily achieved using behavioral and electrophysiological correlates in a few systems. Sleep in mosquitoes, which are important vectors of disease-causing pathogens, has not been directly examined. This is surprising as circadian rhythms, which have been well studied in mosquitoes, influence sleep in other systems. In this study, we characterized sleep in mosquitoes using body posture analysis and behavioral correlates, and quantified the effect of sleep deprivation on sleep rebound, host landing and blood-feeding propensity. Body and appendage position metrics revealed a clear distinction between the posture of mosquitoes in their putative sleep and awake states for multiple species, which correlated with a reduction in responsiveness to host cues. Sleep assessment informed by these posture analyses indicated significantly more sleep during periods of low activity. Night-time and daytime sleep deprivation resulting from the delivery of vibration stimuli induced sleep rebound in the subsequent phase in day and night active mosquitoes, respectively. Lastly, sleep deprivation suppressed host landing in both laboratory and field settings, and impaired blood feeding of a human host when mosquitoes would normally be active. These results suggest that quantifiable sleep states occur in mosquitoes and highlight the potential epidemiological importance of mosquito sleep.
Circulating isotocin, not angiotensin II, is the major dipsogenic hormone in eels
Authors: Nobata Shigenori , Takei Yoshio 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
Angiotensin II (AngII) is generally known as the most important dipsogenic hormone throughout vertebrates, while two other neurohypophysial hormones, vasopressin and oxytocin, are not dipsogenic in mammals. In this study, we found that systemic isotocin, but not vasotocin, is the potent dipsogenic hormone in eels. When injected intra-arterially into conscious eels, isotocin, vasotocin and AngII equally increased ventral aortic pressure dose dependently at 0.03–1.0 nmol kg−1, but only isotocin induced copious drinking. The dipsogenic effect was dose dependent and occurred significantly at as low as 0.1 nmol kg−1. By contrast, a sustained inhibition of drinking occurred after AngII injection, probably due to baroreflexogenic inhibition. No such inhibition was observed after isotocin injection despite similar concurrent hypertension. The baroreceptor may exist distal to the gill circulation because the vasopressor effect occurred at both ventral and dorsal aorta after AngII but only at ventral aorta after isotocin. By contrast, intra-cerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of isotocin had no effect on drinking or blood pressure, but AngII increased drinking and aortic pressure dose dependently at 0.03–0.3 nmol per eel. Lesioning of the area postrema (AP), a sensory circumventricular organ, abolished drinking induced by peripheral isotocin, but not i.c.v. AngII. Collectively, isotocin seems to be a major circulating hormone that induces swallowing through its action on the AP, while AngII may be an intrinsic brain peptide that induces drinking through its action on a different circumventricular site, possibly a recently identified blood–brain barrier-deficient structure in the antero-ventral third ventricle of eels, as shown in birds and mammals.
Potential impact of great lockdown on students’ knowledge, attitude and practices towards the COVID-19 outbreak
Authors: Berekaa Mahmoud , Omer Eltigani , Almoslem Munthir , Alsahli Khaled , Aljassim Mohammed 
Published: May 2022

Background: Despite variation in the types of COVID-19 vaccines and genetic variation in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, using preventive measures remains the first choice to reduce risks associated with COVID-19 infection. Methods: This cross-sectional study highlights students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward SARS-CoV-2 infection during the lockdown. The study was conducted at the Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. Data was collected from 43 male preparatory students via an online self-structured questionnaire. Knowledge level was determined using mean scores, while chi-square and t-tests were performed to detect significant differences between groups. Results: Males aged 17–20 displayed better knowledge regarding COVID-19 than other groups (t = 2.03, p = 0.049). Most participants recognized the typical symptoms and transmission routes; 93% indicated they viewed social distancing as a crucial preventive measure. Following lockdown, a 1.7-fold increase in the number of participants who believed that mask-wearing was an effective preventive measure was observed; however, 37.2% did not trust this practice. There was a 2.2-fold increase in the number of participants who took part in awareness programs during lockdown. Students’ knowledge increased from 73.2% to 81.5% following the lockdown. Specifically, mean knowledge regarding the role of contaminated tools in disease transmission increased from 33.7% to 75.5%. After lockdown, 58.1% of participants were anxious and afraid of having contact with their colleagues, while 39.5% missed their classes due to anxiety. Two sources of information impacted students’ knowledge following the lockdown: university studies (t = 2.149, p = 0.038) and friends (t = 2.6, p = 0.013). Conclusions: The findings suggest that IAU preparatory-year students have acceptable knowledge, awareness, and attitudes towards COVID-19 infection. This reflects the impact of media on the improvement in preventive measure uptake. Knowledge of the pandemic may increase if health education programs are designed to target students.
Fecal microbiota transplantation for treatment of moderate to severe ulcerative colitis: a living systematic review protocol
Authors: Correa-Pérez Andrea , Guijarro Jorge de Vicente , Gaetano Gil Andrea , Ocaña Jiménez Juan , Luengo González Raquel , Rigau Comas David , Bendersky Josefina , Rojas Reyes María Ximena , Plana Farrás María Nieves 
Published: May 2022

Background: Primary studies and systematic reviews assessing the safety and effectiveness of fecal microbiota transplantation as a treatment for ulcerative colitis are being continuously published. The objective of this review is to synthesize and keep updated the evidence about the efficacy and safety of fecal microbiota transplantation for adult patients with moderate or severe ulcerative colitis through a living systematic review. Methods: We will carry out a living systematic review including only randomized controlled trials irrespective of publication type, year and language of publication. To prioritize the fecal microbiota transplantation administration route, comparators and outcomes more relevant for supporting the clinical decisions in the treatment of ulcerative colitis patients, we will perform a Delphi process conducted by an expert panel in the field of gastroenterology and colorectal surgery. Searches will be performed in Epistemonikos database and results will be incorporated into the L·OVE platform identified as “Fecal microbiota transplant in ulcerative colitis”. We will evaluate the risk of bias of the included randomized trials using the ROB-2 tool and assess the certainty of evidence using the GRADE approach. We will monitor the L ·OVE platform every two months searching for relevant trials that could imply changes in the available evidence. The living process will end after 12 months of surveillance. PROSPERO registration: CRD42021257579 (29/10/2021).
O modelo do gancho e a formação de hábitos: tecnobehaviorismo, capitalismo de vigilância e economia da atenção
Authors: Franco Bentes Anna Carolina 
Published: May 2022

Em um contexto sociotécnico marcado por uma intensa disputa pela atenção, plataformas digitais investem em estratégias de formação de hábitos, uma vez que isso garantiria o retorno automático dos usuários. Neste artigo, discutiremos as relações entre as engrenagens do capitalismo de vigilância e da economia da atenção a partir de uma análise metodologica do modelo do gancho, guia prático de design comportamental que combina mecanismos psicológicos e tecnológicos voltados para formar hábitos. O gancho é entendido como exemplo emblemático do que chamamos de tecnobehaviorismo para designar a tecnociência que atualiza referências ao pensamento behaviorista, visando a construção de interações humano-computador através de princípios de condicionamento. Argumentaremos que, no elo indissociável entre capitalismo de vigilância e economia da atenção, o tecnobehaviorismo oferece modelos teóricos e práticos ideais para atingir os objetivos econômicos das plataformas digitais, visando o engajamento. Com um olhar crítico, concluímos que a formação tecnobehaviorista de hábito articula modos de automatizar a captura da atenção e o controle do comportamento, explorando vulnerabilidades humanas por mecanismos sutis de influência psicológica e um controle fino dos estímulos nas arquiteturas de escolha dos ambientes digitais.
Femtometer-resolved wavelength monitor based on photodiode optoelectronic chromatic dispersion with RF phase-shift amplification
Authors: Liokumovitch Egor , Glasser Ziv , Sternklar Shmuel 
Published: May 2022

The spectral sensitivity of photodiode-based optoelectronic chromatic dispersion is enhanced by phase-shift amplification using RF interferometry. With phase-shift amplification of

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, a peak phase-shift sensitivity of Δθ = 27 deg/pm is achieved, corresponding to a spectral resolution of Δλ
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= 1 fm. This all-electronic solid-state technology can serve as an on-chip inexpensive technique for femtometer-resolved wavelength monitoring.