bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Epileptic Activity in the Contralateral Hippocampus of Rats Following Intrahippocampal Kainate Injection
Authors: Yasuda Hiroaki , Fujii Masami , Fujisawa Hirosuke , Ito Haruhide , Suzuki Michiyasu 
Published: July 2002

Summary:  Purpose: To investigate the effects of nitric oxide (NO) on seizure activity observed in brain areas that are remote from a primary epileptic focus.Methods: Following an injection of kainate (concentration 1 mg/ml, volume 1 μl) in the rat hippocampus, we measured NO synthesis in the contralateral hippocampus and epileptic activity by electroencephalogram (EEG). The NO end products, nitrite and nitrate, were measured by in vivo microdialysis combined with an automated NO end‐product analyzer and then used as indices of NO synthesis. We also assessed the effect of a specific inhibitor of neuronal NO synthase (NOS) on both the epileptic activity and NO synthesis in the contralateral hippocampus. For this assessment, we administered 7‐nitroindazole (7‐NI) (50 mg/kg) intraperitoneally 30 min before the kainate injection.Results: Epileptic discharges in the contralateral hippocampus were frequently observed 90 min after unilateral hippocampus kainate injection. The duration of these discharges gradually increased until 240 min after the kainate injection. The NO end‐product levels increased immediately after kainate injection and continued to increase gradually throughout the experiments, to a maximum of 213% of the base level. This elevation of NO end products was followed by epileptic discharges. Both the seizure activity and the elevation of contralateral hippocampus NO end‐product levels were markedly attenuated in the animals that received 7‐NI.Conclusions: The results suggest that remote seizure activity caused by the transneuronal spread of kainate‐induced discharges may be related to NO derived from neuronal NOS.
Electrical transport, optical properties, and structure of TiN films synthesized by low-energy ion assisted deposition
Authors: Savvides N. , Window B. 
Published: July 2002

Thin films of TiN, covering a narrow range around stoichiometric composition, were synthesized by low-energy ion assisted growth at deposition temperatures TD=100, 300, 500, and 700 °C. The deposition apparatus consisted of an unbalanced dc magnetron sputter source which allowed high rate deposition from a titanium target with simultaneous bombardment of the growing film by a beam of mixed Ar+ and N+2 ion species at an ion-to-condensing atom arrival rate ratio of five. For each deposition temperature, films were prepared at various ion energies in the range Ei =2–100 eV. The presence of reactive N+2 ions
and the effects of ion bombardment facilitate increased incorporation of nitrogen and decrease the overall defect density in the structure of TiN. Electrical transport properties of films were investigated by measurements of the temperature dependence of resistivity ρ(T) in the range T=4–300 K, and superconducting transition temperature Tc. These measurements were complemented by measurement of optical reflectance, x-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy investigations to determine the structure and composition of films. Collectively the film properties have a strong dependence on ion energy and deposition temperature. Films deposited at optimum conditions (TD =500 °C and Ei =30–50 eV) possess a high degree of crystalline perfection with a strong (200) texture and a high optical reflectance (82% at λ=800 nm). These properties correlate with the following optimum electrical properties: room-temperature resistivity ρ300∼26 μΩ cm, resistivity ratio RR=2.13, temperature coefficient of resistivity TCR=2.43×10−3 K−1, and Tc =5.35 K. These results represent the best results yet reported for microcrystalline TiN films. The temperature dependence of resistivity has a normal-metal behavior and it obeys Matthiessen’s rule. The phonon contribution to resistivity at room temperature, ρthermal, is about 14 μΩ cm and is in agreement with that of single-crystal TiN. As the disorder in the structure of TiN increases, TCR is found to decrease and zero TCR is predicted for limiting values of resistivity ρ300=300–400 μΩ cm.
Female Faith and the Politics of the Personal: Five Mission Encounters in Twentieth-Century South Africa
Authors: Gaitskell Deborah 
Published: July 2002

This article explores female religious interaction in racially divided ‘colonial’ South Africa through the lives of five unmarried Anglican women missionaries who worked in and around Johannesburg between 1907 and 1960. It particularly analyses the quality of their personal relationships with African women converts, colleagues and students. Deaconess Julia Gilpin, in the imperial, anglicizing post-Boer War years, encouraged devout, respectable wifehood on the mine compounds, contributing to the corporate solidarity of praying mothers as a deeply entrenched feature of most black churches. Dora Earthy interacted in a warmer, more egalitarian way with black churchwomen. Her transfer to Mozambique led not only to evangelistic building on African cultural traditions and pioneering anthropological research but also to the protection and validation of Christian widows’ autonomy against coerced remarriage. Frances Chilton and Dorothy Maud, despite sharply contrasting class origins, struggled to connect with more assertive networks of married women in the segregationist 1920s and 1930s, devoting their energies rather to guiding and enhancing African girlhood and youth. Hannah Stanton, in the more politically fraught 1950s, recognized the necessary independence of African actors and the limitations of outdated white liberal advocacy. Her training of African women promised new theological and organizational maturity, a potential collegiality, cut short by her detention in the 1960 State of Emergency and subsequent expulsion. The historical sweep of this survey suggests which personal and political conjunctures opened up or closed down meaningful interaction between colonized and colonizing women. It also offers a more positive evaluation of the intersection of race and religion as not invariably a ‘fatal combination’. The politics of the personal in women's joint educational, mission and social welfare ventures across the racial divide helped keep alive the idea of a single society and thus aided the surprisingly peaceful transition to democracy in South Africa in 1994.
A Modern Post-Mortem on Böhm's Capital Theory: Its Vital Normative Flaw Shared by Presraffian Mainstream Capital Theory
Authors: Samuelson Paul A. 
Published: July 2002

The Nobel Prize of Piero Sraffa and Joan Robinson that Stockholm never awarded might have pleased at least one of them. Its citation would have included: “Their investigations uncovered a fatal normative flaw in Böhm-Bawerkian and modern mainstream capital theory.”Just prior to Alfred Marshall's 1890 ascendancy as leading world economist, Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk (1851–1914) perhaps wore that crown thanks to his three-volume treatise on the history and fundamentals of interest theories. Böhm (1884, 1889, 1909, 1912) somewhat independently followed in the footsteps of Stanley Jevons (1871) and himself strongly stimulated Knut Wicksell (1893), Irving Fisher (1906, 1907, 1930), and Friedrich Hayek (1931, 1941). Pugnacious and somewhat incoherent, Böhm and his disciples battled cogently the competing school of John Bates Clark (1899) and Frank Knight (1934, 1935a, 1935b), which idealized a permanentscalarcapital alleged to be virtually permanent and with a marginal productivity determining its interest rate in much the same way that primary labor's marginal productivity determines its real wage rate and primary land's marginal productivity determines its real rent rate(s). The Clark-Knight paradigm—and, for that matter, Frank Ramsey's 1928 mathematical clone—shares the Böhm-Hayek vital normative flaw.
Hcp-1, a Protein Involved in Chromosome Segregation, Is Localized to the Centromere of Mitotic Chromosomes in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Moore Landon L. , Morrison Mike , Roth Mark B. 
Published: July 2002

To learn more about holocentric chromosome structure and function, we generated a monoclonal antibody (mAb), 6C4, that recognizes the poleward face of mitotic chromosomes in Caenorhabditis elegans. Early in mitosis, mAb 6C4 stains dots throughout the nucleoplasm. Later in prophase, mAb 6C4 stains structures on opposing faces of chromosomes which orient towards the centrosomes at metaphase. Colocalization with an antibody against a centromeric histone H3–like protein and the MPM-2 antibody, which identifies a kinetochore-associated phosphoepitope present in a variety of organisms, shows that the mAb 6C4 staining is present adjacent to the centromere.
Expression screening using mAb 6C4 identified a protein in C. elegans that we named HCP-1 (for holocentric protein 1). We also identified a second protein from the C. elegans genome sequence database, HCP-2, that is 54% similar to HCP-1. When expression of HCP-1 is reduced by RNA interference (RNAi), staining with mAb 6C4 is eliminated, indicating that hcp-1 encodes the major mAb 6C4 antigen. RNAi with hcp-1 and hcp-2 together results in aberrant anaphases and embryonic arrest at ∼100 cells with different amounts of DNA in individual nuclei. These results suggest that HCP-1 is a centromere-associated protein that is involved in the fidelity of chromosome segregation.
Comparative Model-based Analysis of Screening Programs for Chlamydia trachomatis Infections
Authors: Kretzschmar Mirjam , Welte Robert , van den Hoek Anneke , Postma Maarten J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The design of a screening program for asymptomatic genital infections with Chlamydia trachomatis, requires decisions about which sex or age group should be targeted and whether partner referral should be included in the program. To investigate the effects of various screening programs on the prevalence and incidence of asymptomatic C. trachomatis infections in women, in May 1996 to April 1997 in Bilthoven, the Netherlands, the authors used a stochastic simulation model for C. trachomatis transmission in an age-structured, heterosexual population with a sexually highly active core group. Different screening scenarios were implemented over a time period of 10 years. Prevalence, incidence, and the fraction of infected persons found by partner referral were computed. Through screening of men and women between ages 15 and 24 years (baseline scenario), the prevalence of asymptomatic infections in women could be reduced from 4.2% to 1.4% in 10 years. Increasing the age range of screening up to ages 29 or 34 years led to prevalences of 0.4% and 0.06%, respectively, after 10 years. About 28% of all infected persons were found via partner referral. There are considerable indirect positive effects of screening on those population groups that are not included in the screening because of the reduced risk of becoming infected. Partner referral contributes substantially to prevalence reduction.
Effect of Body Mass on the Association between Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Mortality among Elderly US Women
Authors: Rodriguez Carmen , Calle Eugenia E. , Patel Alpa V. , Tatham Lilith M. , Jacobs Eric J. , Thun Michael J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In observational studies, estrogen replacement therapy is associated with decreased cardiovascular disease rates and increased breast cancer rates. Recent evidence suggests that the impact of estrogen use on disease outcomes may vary by body mass. In a prospective study of 290,827 postmenopausal US women with no history of cancer or cardiovascular disease at enrollment in 1982, the authors examined the association between postmenopausal estrogen use and all-cause, coronary heart disease, stroke, all-cancer, and breast cancer death rates and whether these associations differed by body mass. After 12 years of follow-up, results from Cox proportional hazards models showed that all-cause death rates were lower among baseline estrogen users than never users (rate ratio (RR) = 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78, 0.87). The lowest relative risk was found for coronary heart disease (RR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.58, 0.77). The inverse association between estrogen use and coronary heart disease mortality was strongest for thin women (body mass index &lt;22 kg/m2) (RR = 0.49, p for interaction = 0.02). Breast cancer mortality did not increase with estrogen use overall, and no increased risk was observed for thin or heavy women. In this population, the reduction in coronary heart disease mortality among estrogen users was greatest for thinner women. Additional studies are needed to confirm or refute these results.
Bone Lead and Blood Lead Levels in Relation to Baseline Blood Pressure and the Prospective Development of Hypertension The Normative Aging Study
Authors: Cheng Yawen , Schwartz Joel , Sparrow David , Aro Antonio , Weiss Scott T. , Hu Howard 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Between 1991 and 1997, the authors studied 833 participants of the Normative Aging Study in a substudy of bone lead levels (measured by K-shell x-ray fluorescence), blood lead levels, and hypertension. Among these subjects, 337 were classified as normotensive, and 182 and 314 were classified as having borderline and definite hypertension, respectively, at baseline. These bone and blood lead levels were typical of those of community-exposed men. Among the 519 subjects with no history of definite hypertension at baseline, cross-sectional analyses revealed positive associations between systolic blood pressure and bone lead levels. Of the 474 subjects who were free from definite hypertension at baseline and had follow-up data, 74 new cases of definite hypertension were reported. Baseline bone lead levels were positively associated with incidence of hypertension. In proportional hazards models that controlled for age, age squared, body mass index, and family history of hypertension, an increase in patella (trabecular) lead from the midpoint of the lowest quintile to that of the highest quintile was associated with a rate ratio of definite hypertension of 1.71 (95% confidence interval: 1.08, 2.70). No association was found with blood lead level. These results support the hypothesis that cumulative exposure to lead, even at low levels sustained by the general population, may increase the risk of hypertension.
Being Breastfed in Infancy and Breast Cancer Incidence in Adult Life: Results from the Two Nurses' Health Studies
Authors: Michels Karin B. , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Rosner Bernard A. , Hunter David J. , Colditz Graham A. , Hankinson Susan E. , Speizer Frank E. , Willett Walter C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Events during perinatal and early life may influence the incidence of breast cancer in adult life, and some case-control studies suggest that having been breastfed may reduce breast cancer risk. The authors studied this association among premenopausal and postmenopausal women by using data from the two Nurses' Health Studies, the Nurses' Health Study (using data from 1992 to 1996) and the Nurses' Health Study II (using data from 1991 to 1997). A history of being breastfed was self-reported by the study participants. During a total of 695,655 person-years, 1,073 cases of invasive breast cancer were diagnosed. The authors did not observe any important overall association between having been breastfed and the development of breast cancer later in life among premenopausal women (covariate-adjusted relative risk = 0.97, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78, 1.20) or postmenopausal women (covariate-adjusted relative risk = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.92, 1.37). No significant trend was observed with increasing duration of breastfeeding. The authors also used data on breastfeeding retrospectively collected from 2,103 mothers of participants of the two Nurses' Health Studies. With the mothers' reports, the covariate-adjusted odds ratio of breast cancer was 1.11 (95% CI: 0.88, 1.39) for women who were breastfed compared with those who were not. Data from these two large cohorts do not support the hypothesis that being breastfed confers protection against subsequent breast cancer.
Validity of Self-reported Cancer History: A Comparison of Health Interview Data and Cancer Registry Records
Authors: Desai Mayur M. , Bruce Martha Livingston , Desai Rani A. , Druss Benjamin G. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Few studies have addressed the accuracy of self-reported cancer history, although epidemiologic studies routinely use self-reported information as the sole source of exposure or outcome data or as a criterion for exclusion from study participation. In this paper, false-negative reporting of cancer history is examined in a community-based sample by comparing interview data with tumor registry records. Subjects were participants in the 1980 New Haven Epidemiologic Catchment Area study; in 1995, cancer records (from 1935 onward) were obtained by linking the sample to the Connecticut Tumor Registry. Analyses focused on 263 individuals who had at least one tumor reported to the Connecticut Tumor Registry prior to participation in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area study. The overall rate of false-negative reporting was 39.2%. Logistic regression analysis revealed that false-negative reporting was significantly associated with non-White race, older age, increased time since cancer diagnosis, number of previous tumors, and type of cancer treatment received. In addition, false-negative reporting varied widely by cancer site, ranging from 0% for melanoma skin cancer to 83.3% for central nervous system cancers. The false-negative rate for breast cancer was 20.8%, that for colon and prostate cancers was 42.1%, and that for bladder cancer was 61.5%. Implications of these findings for prevalence estimation and future epidemiologic studies are discussed.
Early Therapy for Latent Tuberculosis Infection
Authors: Ziv Elad , Daley Charles L. , Blower Sally M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The risk of developing active tuberculosis is highest within the first 2 years of infection. Therefore, an intervention that targets persons with recent infection, such as identifying contacts of active cases, could be particularly effective as an epidemic control measure. A mathematical model of a tuberculosis epidemic is formulated and used to evaluate the strategy of targeting therapy to persons with recently acquired latent tuberculosis infection. The model is used to quantify the effectiveness of therapy for early latent tuberculosis infection in reducing the prevalence of active tuberculosis. The model is also used to demonstrate how effective therapy for early latent tuberculosis infection has to be to eliminate tuberculosis, when used in conjunction with therapy for active tuberculosis. Analysis of the model suggests that programs such as contact investigations, which identify and treat persons recently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, may have a substantial effect on controlling tuberculosis epidemics.
Lutein and Zeaxanthin in the Diet and Serum and Their Relation to Age-related Maculopathy in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Marse-Perlman Julie A. , Fisher Alicia I. , Klein Ronald , Palta Mari , Block Gladys , Millen Amy E. , Wright Jacqueline D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Relations of the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet and serum to photographic evidence of early and late age-related maculopathy (ARM) among persons over age 40 years (n = 8,222) were examined. Inverse relations of these carotenoids in the diet or serum to any form of ARM were not observed overall. There was a direct relation of dietary levels to one type of early ARM (soft drusen). However, relations differed by age and race. In the youngest age groups who were at risk for developing early (ages 40–59 years) or late (ages 60–79 years) ARM, higher levels of lutein and zeaxanthin in the diet were related to lower odds for pigmentary abnormalities, one sign of early ARM (odds ratio among persons in high vs. low quintiles = 0.1, 95 percent confidence interval: 0.1, 0.3) and of late ARM (odds ratio = 0.1, 95 percent confidence interval: 0.0, 0.9) after adjustment for age, gender, alcohol use, hypertension, smoking, and body mass index. Relations of these carotenoids to ARM may be influenced by age and race and require further evaluation in separate populations and in prospective studies.
Air Pollution from Traffic at the Residence of Children with Cancer
Authors: Raaschou-Nielsen Ole , Hertel Ole , Thomsen Birthe L. , Olsen Jørgen H. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The hypothesis that exposure to traffic-related air pollution increases the risk of developing cancer during childhood was investigated. The authors enrolled 1,989 children reported to the Danish Cancer Registry with a diagnosis of leukemia, tumor of the central nervous system, or malignant lymphoma during 1968–1991 and 5,506 control children selected at random from the entire childhood population. The residential histories of the children were traced from 9 months before birth until the time of diagnosis of the cases and a similar period for the controls. For each of the 18,440 identified addresses, information on traffic and the configuration of streets and buildings was collected. Average concentrations of benzene and nitrogen dioxide (indicators of traffic-related air pollution) were calculated for the relevant period, and exposures to air pollution during pregnancy and during childhood were calculated separately. The risks of leukemia, central nervous system tumors, and all selected cancers combined were not linked to exposure to benzene or nitrogen dioxide during either period. The risk of lymphomas increased by 25% (p for trend = 0.06) and 51% (p for trend = 0.05) for a doubling of the concentration of benzene and nitrogen dioxide, respectively, during the pregnancy. The association was restricted to Hodgkin's disease.
Are US Populations Appropriate for Trials of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vaccine?
Authors: Seage III George R. , Holte Sarah E. , Metzger David , Koblin Beryl A. , Gross Michael , Celum Connie , Marmor Michael , Woody George , Mayer Kenneth H. , Stevens Cladd , Judson Franklyn N. , McKirnan David , Sheon Amy , Self Steven , Buchbinder Susan P. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Questions exist about whether testing of preventive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 vaccines, which will require rapid recruitment and retention of cohorts with high HIV-1 seroincidence, is feasible in the United States. A prospective cohort study was conducted in 1995–1997 among 4,892 persons at high risk for HIV infection in nine US cities. At 18 months, with an 88% retention rate, 90 incident HIV-1 infections were observed (1.31/100 person-years (PY), 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06, 1.61). HIV-1 seroincidence rates varied significantly by baseline eligibility criteria—1.55/100 PY among men who had sex with men, 0.38/100 PY among male intravenous drug users, 1.24/100 PY among female intravenous drug users, and 1.13/100 PY among women at heterosexual risk—and by enrollment site, from 0.48/100 PY to 2.18/100 PY. HIV-1 incidence was highest among those men who had sex with men who reported unprotected anal intercourse (2.01/100 PY, 95% CI: 1.54, 2.63), participants who were definitely willing to enroll in an HIV vaccine trial (1.96/100 PY, 95% CI: 1.41, 2.73), and women who used crack cocaine (1.62/100 PY, 95% CI: 0.92, 2.85). Therefore, cohorts with HIV-1 seroincidence rates appropriate for HIV-1 vaccine trials can be recruited, enrolled, and retained.