bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analisis Pemahaman Petani Desa Sawaran Kulon Terhadap Penggunaan Pupuk Organik dan Anorganik
Authors: Sudarti Sudarti , Hasanah Alfiatun 
Published: March 2022

Kebutuhan pangan yang menjadi prioritas utama dalam kehidupan mempunyai keterlibatan dengan lingkup pertanian sebagai produsen. Kualitas dan kuantitas yang baik sangat diperlukan bagi masyarakat dan petani itu sendiri, sehingga pemahaman petani mengenai penggunaan pupuk yang mempengaruhi keadaan struktur tanah sebagai media tumbuh tanaman diperlukan kategori yang tergolong baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganilisis pemahaman para petani desa sawaran kulon terhadap penggunaan pupuk organik dan anorganik, agar mereka mengetahui perbedaan antara keduanya dan mana yag baik untuk diterapkan sehingga dapat terhindar dari dampak-dampak yang tidak diharapkan seperti kuantitas panen yang terus turun. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu survei dengan mengunjungi lokasi persawahan milik petani di Desa Sawaran Kulon dengan pengambilan data menggunakan wawancara disertai kuesioner terhadap 30 orang petani yang berumur 40 tahun dan selebihnya. Data penelitian disimpulkan bahwa pemahaman petani Desa Sawaran Kulon Terhadap penggunaan pupuk organik tergolong baik karena sudah memahami manfaat pupuk terhadap kondisi tanah yang subur untuk tanaman dengan pengaplikasian 3 hari sekali. Sedangkan pemahaman penggunaan pupuk anorganik tergolong buruk dan kebanyakan petani melihat manfaatnya secara jangka pendek seperti pupuk anorganik cepat menyuburkan tanah dengan hasil tanaman yang lebih cepat tumbuh, namun pengaplikasiannya tergolong baik sebanyak sebulan sekali tidak sesering pupuk organik.
تصميم الإطار الإبستمولوجي و المنهجي لبناء نظرية الإدارة الإسلامية قراءة نقدية في مؤلفات البروفيسور جاويد إقبال ثاني
Authors: TABETI الحبيب ثابتي 
Published: March 2022

Researchers acknowledge the Western dominance in the field of theoretical and practical management. This dominance has negatively affected the localization of curricula and management tools in non-Western societies. Consequently, many thinkers called for the liberation of the social and human sciences in general and management sciences in particular from the Western hegemony. Many specialists in the South drew up the foundations of alternative management principles and applications that catered to the specific needs of the region and did not collide with its cultural and ethical heritage. Mulsim scholars should also develop their own theory of management. Javed Iqbal Sani is a prominent thinker. He made a significant contribution to the field of Islamic management by writing more than fifty books on Islamic management. He endeavoured to consolidate Islamic management thought in the light of the Qur’ān and the guidance of the Prophet Muḥammad (peace be upon him). The article aims to explore the epistemological and methodological framework designed by Sani to build a theory of Islamic management.
Study the efficacy of Duhsparshadi Leha and Kantakari Avaleha in the management of Vataja Kasa
Authors: Thakre Pooja Prabhakar , Ade Vinod N. 
Published: March 2022

Background: Kasa is an independent disease of Pranvaha Strotas. Kasa is an independent disease and it is not life threatening but it interferes with the quality of routine activity of an individual. Prevalence of Vataja kasa is remarkable. Vataja Kasa is one of the type of Shuskakasa dominated by Vata and Pran Vayu Dusthi. Congested Vayu causes the production of abnormal sound, which may be dry or productive. Aim - Comparative efficacy of Duhsparshadi Leha and Kantakari Avaleha in Vataja Kasa. Material and method –In this study, 40 patients of Vataja Kasa will randomly divided into two groups (20 in each) having typical signs and symptoms of Vataja Kasa were treated. In Group A (Experimental)-10 gms Duhsparshadi Leha will administered twice a day with lukewarm water before meal and Group B (Control) will given 10 gms Kantakari Avaleha twice a day with lukewarm water before meal for 15 days. Subjective criteria like Kasavega, Uraha-parshwashool, Shirshool, Swarbheda TLC (Total Leukocyte Count), Neutrophils, and Absolute Eosinophil Count (AEC) are examples of laboratory measures were assessed before and after treatment. Assessment will be recorded in every week (7th day and 15th day). After treatment, there was a significant improvement in all indicators.
Anti-ulcer activity of Pistacia Atlantica and Punica Granatum hydroalcoholic extract in comparison with omeprazole in male wister rats
Authors: Abdulzahra Asseel Abdulateef , Al-Salih Hutheyfa Abdulhussein Ali 
Published: March 2022

The current study was conducted to investigate the protective effects of Pistacia Atlantica (mastic gum) hydro-alcoholic extract and Punica Granatum (pomegranate) peel hydro-alcoholic extract treatment against alcohol-induced peptic ulcer in Wister rat and to compare this protective effects between each other and with omeprazole as the most common drug in treatment of peptic ulcer. Thirty five male Wister rats were assigned into five groups (seven rats each group). C- group rats were received normal saline for one week. C+ group rats were received normal saline for one week before receiving one dose of absolute ethanol. OME group rats were received normal saline for one week and one dose of omeprazole one hour before receiving one dose of absolute ethanol. MG group rats were received Pistacia Atlantica hydro-alcoholic extract for one week before receiving one dose of absolute ethanol. PG group rats were received Punica Granatum hydro-alcoholic extract daily for one week before receiving one dose of absolute ethanol. The gross and histopathology lesion of gastric ulcer were assessed. Ulcer index results showed a significant (p<0.05) differences between C+ group and other groups, However, the ulcer index of PG group was significant (p<0.05) compared with OME group.
Hero Meets Penelope, Leander Meets Odysseus: The Intratextual Dialogue between Ov.Her. 1 andHer. 18–19
Authors: Michalopoulos Andreas N. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this paper, I investigate the relationship between Penelope's letter to Odysseus (Her. 1) and the letters of Leander and Hero (Her. 18–19), especially Hero's letter to Leander (Her. 19). The peculiarity of this comparative approach lies mainly in the fact that whereas Penelope and Odysseus were one of the most famous couples in ancient literature and the protagonists of a great epic, the Odyssey, Leander and Hero were considerably less known in Rome during Ovid's time. To prove the close relationship between the letters of Penelope, Leander, and Hero, I present their numerous similarities, and then I suggest the reasons why Ovid took pains to compose the letters of Leander and Hero in a way so closely reminiscent of Penelope's letter to Odysseus.
The Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive: Ten Years After
Authors: Domina Repiquet Mariia 
Published: March 2022

The Alternative investment Fund Managers Directive 2011 is a first pan-European regulation of alternative investment fund industry. It establishes the set of duties for the managers that manage hedge funds and private equity funds. Adopted as a response to the 2007/8 financial crisis, its effectiveness can be questioned after almost ten years of evolving financial markets. This article thus will analyse whether the Alternative Investment Fund Managers Directive (AIFMD) still represents an effective regulatory tool from the three viewpoints: (1) prevention of future financial crises and protection of investors; (2) establishment and maintaining of single European market for financial services; and (3) accommodating for the needs of financial industry post-Brexit.
Alternative investment Fund Managers Directive
SMEs’ Equity Financing: Does Corporate Law Matter?
Authors: Pederzini Elisabetta , Toniolo Anna 
Published: March 2022

Lack of appropriate financing is a major issue for European small or medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). They are highly dependent on bank lending for external funding, while there is a strong need for wider use of alternative finance, and especially of equity capital with respect to innovative and growth-oriented firms. In this Article, we explore the relationship between corporate law and SMEs’ access to equity finance, concluding that the organizational and governance structure of the enterprise is essential for making it attractive for investors.First, we provide evidence of this relationship showing the importance that US corporate law, and particularly Delaware corporate law, had in the successful funding of Silicon Valley’s startups. Second, we analyse the European framework. On one side, we address the measures adopted by the EU regulators for promoting SMEs’ alternative finance, which have been ineffective and have completely ignored business organization law. On the other side, we describe how a number of EU jurisdictions – with a focus on the Italian system – have amended their corporate law, easing access to equity finance.Finally, we discuss some empirical data and the possible implications in terms of regulatory competition among the EU Member States.
financing SMEs, alternative finance, equity finance, corporate law, business form, regulatory competition
Free Movement of Companies Under the New Trade and Cooperation Agreement Between the EU and the UK
Authors: Engsig Sørensen Karsten 
Published: March 2022

The new agreement regulating the future relations between the EU and the UK entered into force by 1 January 2021. The agreement aims to allow the UK to remain on the fringe of the internal market. The agreement provides for an extensive free movement of goods, however, the free movement it provides to companies is more limited. The article outlines which companies can benefit from the right to make investments (including establishments) and to provide services, and it outlines the protection given to these companies when they perform such activities. It points out where the free movement of companies is most clearly diminished and furthermore, some issues that are likely to attract attention in the years to come.
Brexit, EU/UK Trade agreement, right to make investments, right to provide services
The Proposed EU Digital Markets Act: A New Era for the Digital Economy in Europe
Authors: Bergkamp Penelope 
Published: March 2022

The analysis presented in this article suggests that the Digital Markets Act (DMA) would be a game-changer for the digital economy. From a legal perspective, the DMA should be regarded as a sector-specific, ‘ex ante’ regulation, i.e., a ‘lex specialis’ in relation to the general EU competition law, which relies on ‘ex post’ enforcement. The DMA restricts self-interested behaviour by ‘big tech’ and grants smaller competitors affirmative competitive rights, even where there is no anticompetitive behaviour by big tech under general EU competition law. By its terms, the DMA is aimed at ensuring ‘contestable and fair digital markets’, irrespective of consumer welfare. To achieve this objective, it will impose generic obligations on big tech that resemble remedies previously employed by the Commission in specific antitrust enforcement measures or that address antitrust complaints that the Commission is currently investigating.
Unlike conventional EU competition law, despite the DMA’s stated purpose, its main effect is not protection of European internet users (although they may benefit indirectly), but the protection of smaller European competitors against US ‘big tech’. These smaller competitors would no longer need to resort to the current system of ex post enforcement against abuse of monopoly power, which is believed to be insufficiently equipped to deal with digital monopoly power. Antitrust proceedings take a long time (five years or more is no exception), and in the meantime the competitive harm can increase. In many cases, the DMAwould make reliance on this slow, ex post enforcement program unnecessary. Instead, it would enable ‘ex ante’ enforcement actions to ensure competitive markets under the threat of very large fines.
Due to its far-reaching terms, the DMA would likely require changes to the business models of big tech. The DMA restates Adam Smith’s famous quip ‘[i]t is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest’. For the digital economy, the saying would be rewritten as: ‘It is not from the regard for their own interest of the gatekeepers that we expect our dinner, but from their benevolence’. Mandatory ‘big tech benevolence’ may well benefit ‘business users’, i.e., people or companies that use platforms to provide goods or services to internet users. Changes in big tech’s business models prompted by the DMA, however, might also affect free internet services. In any event, the DMAwould give rise to significant changes and friction in the operation of the digital economy, which may result in frequent disputes and enforcement actions.
Non-voting Preferred Shares in Portugal: A General Overview
Authors: Pessoa Diogo 
Published: March 2022

In this article we intend to provide a general overview of the Portuguese legal framework regarding the non-voting preferred shares (NVPS). We have also highlighted some of the issues and concerns that may be the reason to justify the almost no use of such shares.
Non-Voting Preferred Shares, Preferred Dividend, Pre-Emption Right, No-Par Value Shares
Mexico (Non-)Adequacy to European Standards on Personal Data Protection in the Context of Employment
Authors: Ramírez María Solange Maqueo 
Published: March 2022

This article analyses the main standards and regulations put in place by the European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe with respect to the privacy and personal data protection of workers. It demonstrates that there is a current tendency toward the establishment of specific rules aimed at strengthening employees’ rights vis-à-vis employers’ interests. It also shows that there is a preventive rather than a reactive approach in the European model. However, this article argues that, albeit strongly influenced by Europe, the Mexican legal framework on personal data protection does not follow this trend, due to legislative asymmetries between the public and private sector, as well as the lack of specific regulation in this field.
Chile, Privacy, Constitutional Law, Personal Data, Private Communications, Informational Self-Determination
Data Processors’ Liability from a Uruguayan Data Protection Perspective
Authors: Anza Sofía , Motta Josemaría 
Published: March 2022

Since the processing of personal data has become global, and the presence of data processors has been increasing over time, it is of paramount importance to analyse how responsibilities are allocated among data controllers and data processors. Therefore, the aim of this article is to analyse how responsibilities and obligations of data controllers and data processors established in Uruguay – or abroad but subject to Uruguayan Data Protection Regulations due to their extraterritorial effect – are distributed and why this matter should be regulated in further detail.
Uruguay, Liability, Responsibility, Obligations, Data Controllers, Data Processors, Data Recipients, Principles, Territorial Scope
Report: Privacy in Latin America During COVID-19 Times and Reasonable Digital Security
Authors: E. Larrea Guillermo , Carlos Quinzaños Juan 
Published: March 2022

The global COVID-19 pandemic has tested the business and human capacity in Latin America to adapt to the digital world. While the world has experienced similar developments in privacy and data protection, the Latin American region is rarely analysed as a whole in terms of privacy and data protection. Besides GDPR, Latin America has older and even more robust data protection regimes than the US and is now quickly shifting to cybersecurity. In this article, we provide a quick overview of the data protection regimes in Latin America to summarize representative actions that countries in Latin America took for the protection of privacy and personal data during the pandemic period. We examine the factors and circumstances that have affected the region’s privacy through this period, including unsuitable data processing, the design of new tracking technologies, teleworking, the risks of relying on digital platforms, and alleged new cybersecurity regulation. With that in mind, we are making a value proposition towards identifying common factors for a reasonable security in order to help companies preparing to confront risks. This digital trend will undoubtedly resonate on the complexity of data transfers inbound and outbound the region, and the consequences of security breaches for those improperly processing data in the region.
Mexico, Latin America, COVID-19, Digital Transformation, Cybersecurity, Personal Data, Data Processing, Incident Response, Teleworking, Reasonable Security, Privacy
The IKEA Judgment: Some Thoughts on the ECJ Ruling
Authors: Gambardella Maurizio 
Published: March 2022

On 27 September 2007, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) ruled on IKEA Wholesale Ltd (hereinafter also ‘Ikea’) v.Commissioners of Customs & Excise. This ruling touches a range of matters, such as the right of importers to claim repayment of anti–dumping duties not in fact due and to which extent WTO agreements affect the European legal system.
In order to go through such matters and comment on the impact that the IKEA judgment may have, it is worth briefly summarizing the case law at stake and summarize which conclusion the Court of Justice reached, namely with regard to the right of repayment of anti–dumping duties and the direct effect of WTO law.
Trading Airport Slots: The European Perspective
Authors: Abeyratne Ruwantissa 
Published: March 2022

Air transport is a beleaguered and complex business, which barely survives at the best of times. The industry differs in its commercial practices due to its own particular nature and the manner in which it is treated by States and the commercial world. One of the paradoxes faced by the air transport industry is that, while on the one hand it has to be liberalized with wellmanaged open skies agreements, on the other, unrestricted air transport services that are operated untrammelled would add to the congestion at airports, bring to bear environmental issues, and pose problems for slot allocation.
This article examines the general principles of slot allocation with a focus on Europe, through applicable treaties and regulatory recommendations of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). It also examines the trading of slots and legal nuances related thereto and makes concluding observations.
Promises Are Meant to Be Kept: A Case Comment on Attorney General of Canada v. United States Steel Corporation
Authors: Facey Brian A. , Sosnow Clifford R. 
Published: March 2022

On 12 December 2011, the Canadian Minister of Industry announced that an out-of-court settlement had been reached with United States Steel Corporation (hereinafter 'US Steel') in relation to a dispute that arose from alleged non-compliance of undertakings that US Steel had given the Minister in the context of receiving regulatory approval for its acquisition of the Canadian steel manufacturer Stelco Inc. in 2007. This case note briefly discusses the background to this first-of-its kind dispute in Canada, the settlement and the implications thereof that non-Canadian investors should be aware of when considering an investment in Canada.
Tariffs as an Instrument of Trade Policy: The Unique Case of Kosovo
Authors: Creskoff Stephen , Gashi Petrit 
Published: March 2022

Although all sovereign nations use import tariffs as an instrument of trade policy, most nations today are restricted by tariff bindings in trade agreements. Kosovo, a nation that has been independent for only five years, is an exception. Kosovo's only current restrictions regarding tariff increases are its tariff binding obligation in the eight nation Central European Free Trade Area (CEFTA) agreement. This gives Kosovo unusual power to vary tariff levels to carry out its economic and trade policy objectives, power that it to date has not utilized. During Kosovo's administration by the United Nations (UN), a uniform tariff of 10% ad valorem was adopted to collect revenue for the state and for ease of administration. Trade policy concerns were not taken into consideration. This uniform 10% tariff on imports, with few exceptions, is still applied by Kosovo today in 2013. In contrast to Kosovo, other CEFTA nations and the European Union (EU) impose a widely variegated tariff structure to carry out their trade policy objectives and frequently have a higher average applied tariff rate than Kosovo's. This article briefly reviews Kosovo's current trade regime and policy regarding trade in goods and argues that Kosovo should revise its uniform tariff of 10% on imports to carry out a trade policy based upon sound economic analysis. Four options for a new tariff policy - maintenance of the current 10% tariff with a phasing out of tariffs through the use of exemptions and new regional and bilateral free trade agreements; adoption of unilateral free trade; maintenance of the current average applied tariff rate of approximately 5.3% with adjustments to individual tariff rates to benefit consumers and local producers; and adoption of an industrialization strategy scheme - are evaluated.
The Obstacles to Concluding the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement and Lessons for the Future
Authors: White Eric 
Published: March 2022

This article examines three issues arising out of the EU-Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement and puts forward suggestions as to how they may be avoided in future EU agreements. The three issues are the participation of EU Member States as parties to such agreements (‘mixity’), the goal of regulatory convergence and the provision of an investor-state dispute resolution mechanism. The article argues that in future EU Member States should not be included as parties to trade agreements and that issues which the EU Member States do not want to allow the Union to include in such an agreement be placed in a separate mixed agreement. On regulatory convergence, it is suggested that such a goal can only realistically be pursued in multilateral agreements and that including such provisions in bilateral agreements is unrealistic and leads to unnecessary complication and opposition. Finally, the article argues that the whole issue of private enforcement of trade agreements needs to be re-thought and that the provision of favourable treatment to foreign investors only is legally problematic.
From the Locker Room: Some Observations on Training Programmes in International Trade
Authors: Ram Jayant Raghu 
Published: March 2022

Training programmes form an important means of capacity building for developing countries. While there are several training programmes being run across the world, both by international organizations as well as by countries themselves, there is limited scholarship and publicly available information on the inner workings of training programmes, their effectiveness, challenges faced by the stakeholders, and other related issues. This Note is a modest attempt to bridge this gap. The notes forming the basis of this Note are derived from my experiences gained from organizing, participating and facilitating such training programmes, while working in the research and policy sector. Some of the discussions in this Note also concern the practical aspects of training programmes. Towards the end of the Note, I offer some constructive suggestions towards enhancing the effectiveness of training programmes.
capacity building, developing countries, training programmes, technical assistance, resources persons, international trade, ACWL, WTO, ITEC