bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive effects of parental and developmental environments on offspring survival, growth and phenotype
Authors: Cortese Daphne , Crespel Amélie , Mills Suzanne C. , Norin Tommy , Killen Shaun S. , Beldade Ricardo 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Phenotypic adjustments to environmental variation are particularly relevant to cope with putative environmental mismatches often imposed by natal dispersal.

We used an intergenerational cross‐transplant field‐based experiment to evaluate the morphological and physiological effects of parental and postsettlement water flow environments on the orange‐fin anemonefish Amphiprion chrysopterus through ontogeny (at pre‐ and postsettlement stages).

Offspring born from parents under high water flow had an 18% higher caudal fin aspect ratio (a compound measure of shape) at the presettlement stage, 10% slower growth after settlement, and 55% lower survival after settlement compared to offspring from low water flow parents. At the presettlement stage, caudal fin length was determined by parental caudal fin length. At the postsettlement stage, fish survived equally well with similar phenotypes in both high and low developmental flow environments. However, results suggest potential developmental phenotypic plasticity in caudal fin length, which increases more under low water flow during development. After settlement, growth was the only morphological or physiological trait that was associated with parental water flow, which was lower from parents under high flow, as was survival.

These results give important insights into the parental contribution, both genetic and nongenetic, in determining early offspring phenotype and subsequent growth and survival. Our results also suggest that offspring may possess flexibility to cope with a wide range of local environments including those different from their parents. Overall, the findings of this study show the fitness consequences of living in different environments and the likely trade‐offs between parental and offspring fitness in a wild population.

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The opportunity for selection: A slippery concept in ecology and evolution
Authors: Reed Thomas E. , Visser Marcel E. , Waples Robin S. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Natural selection can only occur if individuals differ in fitness. For this reason, the variance in relative fitness has been equated with the ‘opportunity for selection’ (), which has a long, albeit somewhat controversial, history. In this paper we discuss the use/misuse of and related metrics in evolutionary ecology.

The opportunity is only realised if some fraction of is caused by trait variation. Thus, does not imply that selection is occurring, as sometimes erroneously assumed, because all fitness variation could be independent of phenotype.

The selection intensity on any given trait cannot exceed , but this upper limit will never be reached because (a) stochastic factors always affect fitness, and (b) there might be multiple traits under selection.

The expected magnitude of the stochastic component of is negatively correlated with mean fitness. Uncertainty in realised is also larger when mean fitness or population/sample size are low. Variation in across time or space thus can be dominated (or solely driven) by variation in the strength of demographic stochasticity.

We illustrate these points using simulations and empirical data from a population study on great tits Parus major. Our analysis shows that the scope for fecundity selection in the great tits is substantially higher when using annual number of recruits as the fitness measure, rather than fledglings or eggs, even after adjusting for the dependence of on mean fitness. This suggests nonrandom survival of juveniles across families between life stages. Indeed, previous work on this population has shown that offspring recruitment is often nonrandom with respect to clutch size and laying date of parents, for example.

We conclude that one cannot make direct inferences about selection based on fitness data alone. However, examining variation in (the opportunity for fecundity selection adjusted for mean fitness) across life stages, years or environments can offer clues as to when/where fecundity selection might be strongest, which can be useful for research planning and experimental design.
Life span, growth, senescence and island syndrome: Accounting for imperfect detection and continuous growth
Authors: Rotger Andreu , Tenan Simone , Igual José‐Manuel , Bonner Simon , Tavecchia Giacomo 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Small vertebrates on islands are expected to attain a larger body size, and a greater survival than their mainland counterparts. Comparative studies have questioned whether lizards exhibit this set of adaptations, referred to as the ‘island syndrome’.

We collected data on 730 individuals the endemic Lilford's lizard Podarcis lilfordi throughout a 10‐year period on a small island of the Balearic archipelago (Spain). We coupled a growth function with a capture–mark–recapture model to simultaneously estimate size‐ and sex‐dependent growth rate and survival. To put our results into a wider context, we conducted a systematic review of growth, life span and age at maturity in different Podarcis species comparing insular and mainland populations.

We found a low average growth coefficient (0.56 and 0.41 year−1 for males and females to reach an asymptotic size of 72.3 and 65.6 mm respectively), a high annual survival probability of 0.81 and 0.79 in males and females, and a large variability between individuals in growth parameters.

Survival probability decreased with body size in both sexes, indicating a senescence pattern typical of long‐lived species or in populations with a low extrinsic mortality. Assuming a constant survival after sexual maturity, at about 2 years old, the average life span was 6.18 years in males and 8.99 in females. The oldest animal was a male last captured at an estimated age of ≥13 years and still alive at the end of the study.

Our results agree with the predictions of the ‘island syndrome’ for survival, life span and growth parameters. A comparative analysis of these values across 29 populations of 16 different species of Podarcis indicated that insular lizards grow slower and live longer than their mainland counterparts. However, our data differed from other island populations of the same species, suggesting that island‐specific characteristics play an additional role to isolation.

Within this study we developed an analytical approach to study the body size‐dependent survival of small reptiles. We discuss its applicability to contrast hypotheses on senescence in different sexes of this species, and provide the code used to integrate the growth and capture–mark–recapture models.
Implementing best practice occupational therapist‐led environmental assessment and modification to prevent falls: A qualitative study of two regional and rural public health services in Australia
Authors: Tynan Anna , Pighills Alison , White Wendy , Eden Alicia , Mickan Sharon 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundOccupational therapist‐led environmental assessment and modification (EAM) is effective in reducing falls for populations at high risk. Two regional and rural public health services in Queensland devised an implementation strategy to embed best practice occupational therapist‐led EAM.MethodsA qualitative study was conducted to compare the determinants of implementation success across the different health services, using the COM‐B model of behaviour change. Six semi‐structured interviews were completed with occupational therapists involved at each site, following 12 months of implementation. Interview data were triangulated with minutes from three combined site steering committee meetings, eight local steering committee meetings, and field notes. Thematic analysis was completed to compare barriers and facilitators to best practice uptake of EAM and differences in outcomes between the two sites.ResultsBoth sites commenced implementation with similar states of capability and motivation. After 12 months, one site considered that practice change had been embedded as noted in steering committee minutes and comments; however, the other site observed limited progress. According to the COM‐B analysis, opportunity (the factors that lie outside the individual's control) had a significant influence on how both sites were able to respond to the practice change and navigate some of the unexpected challenges that emerged, including the COVID‐19 pandemic. Existing team structure, multiple responsibilities of key stakeholders, differences in access to resources, and lack of connection between complementary services meant that COVID‐19 disruptions were only a catalyst for unveiling other systemic issues.ConclusionThis study highlights the power of external factors on influencing behaviour change for best practice implementation. Learnings from the study will provide deeper understanding of completing implementation projects in regional and rural contexts and support the future implementation of EAM in occupational therapy clinical settings.
Considerations for using alternative technologies in nutrient management on Cape Cod: Beyond cost and performance
Authors: Mulvaney Kate K. , Merrill Nathaniel H. , Atkinson Sarina F. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMitigating non‐point source nitrogen in coastal estuaries is economically, environmentally, logistically, and socially challenging. On Cape Cod, Massachusetts, nitrogen management includes both traditional, centralized wastewater treatment and sewering as well as a number of alternative technologies. We conducted semi‐structured interviews with 37 participants from governmental and non‐governmental organizations as well as related industries to identify the barriers and opportunities for the use of alternative technologies to mitigate nitrogen pollution. The interviews were recorded, transcribed, and then analyzed using content analysis and rhetorical analysis. Cost and technical capacity to reduce nitrogen were the most discussed considerations. Beyond those, there were a slew of additional considerations that also impacted whether a technology would be installed, permitted, and socially accepted. These included: maintenance and monitoring logistics, comparisons to sewering, co‐benefits, risk/uncertainty, community culture, extent of public engagement, permitting/regulatory challenges, and siting considerations. The insights about these additional considerations are valuable for transferring to other coastal areas managing nutrient impairments that may have not yet factored in these considerations when making decisions about how to meet water quality goals.
Detecting clonemate pairs in multicellular diploid clonal species based on a shared heterozygosity index
Authors: Yu Lei , Stachowicz John J. , DuBois Katie , Reusch Thorsten B. H. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractClonal reproduction, the formation of nearly identical individuals via mitosis in the absence of genetic recombination, is a very common reproductive mode across plants, fungi and animals. To detect clonal genetic structure, genetic similarity indices based on shared alleles are widely used, such as the Jaccard index, or identity by state. Here we propose a new pairwise genetic similarity index, the SH index, based on segregating genetic marker loci (typically single nucleotide polymorphisms) that are identically heterozygous for pairs of samples (NSH). To test our method, we analyse two old seagrass clones (Posidonia australis, estimated to be around 8500 years old; Zostera marina, >750 years old) along with two young Z. marina clones of known age (17 years old). We show that focusing on shared heterozygosity amplifies the power to distinguish sample pairs belonging to different clones compared to methods focusing on all shared alleles. Our proposed workflow can successfully detect clonemates at a location dominated by a single clone. When the collected samples involve two or more clones, the SH index shows a clear gap between clonemate pairs and interclone sample pairs. Ideally NSH should be on the order of approximately ≥3000, a number easily achievable via restriction‐site associated DNA (RAD) sequencing or whole‐genome resequencing. Another potential application of the SH index is to detect possible parent–descendant pairs under selfing. Our proposed workflow takes advantage of the availability of the larger number of genetic markers in the genomic era, and improves the ability to distinguish clonemates from nonclonemates in multicellular diploid clonal species.
Estimating competition in metacommunities: accounting for biases caused by dispersal
Authors: Xu Liang , Clark Adam T. , Rees Mark , Turnbull Lindsay A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Estimating the strength of interactions among species in natural communities has always been a challenge for empirical ecologists. Sessile organisms, like plants or corals, often occur in metacommunities where they compete only with their immediate neighbours but disperse propagules over a wider area. To estimate the strength of competitive interactions, ecologists often count abundances in cells on a spatial grid for at least two time‐points. This data is then analysed using regression, by modelling the change in population size as a function of local densities, using cells as independent data‐points: a technique known as space‐for‐time substitution. These analyses generate estimates of competition coefficients; however, the method ignores dispersal among cells.

To determine the impact of ignoring dispersal, we derived the bias that would arise when we apply regression methods to a metacommunity in which a fraction of seeds disperse beyond their natal cells but this dispersal is ignored in the model fitting process. We present results from a range of population models that make different assumptions about the nature of competition and assess the performance of our bias formulae by analysing data from simulated metacommunities.

We reveal that: estimates of competition coefficients are biased when dispersal is not properly accounted for; and the resulting bias is often correlated with abundance, with rare species suffering the greatest overestimation. We also provide a standardized metric of competition that allows the bias to be calculated for a broad range of other population models.

Our study suggests that regression methods that ignore dispersal produce biased estimates of competition coefficients when using space‐for‐time substitution. Our analytical bias formula allows empirical ecologists to potentially correct for biases, but it requires either tailored experiments in controlled conditions or an estimate of the average dispersal rate in a natural community, so may be challenging to apply to real datasets.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of nursing interventions in research from Brazilian postgraduation programs
Authors: da Silva Ricardo Costa , Cavalcante Agueda Maria Ruiz Zimmer , de Sá Erika Silva , Gondim Micaelle Costa , Santana Allison Barros , de Matos Marcos André , Bachion Maria Márcia , de Barros Alba Lucia Bottura Leite , Lopez Karen Dunn , Swanson Elizabeth A. , Moorhead Sue 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate research from Brazilian postgraduate students who provide evidence of effectiveness for Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC).MethodsWe conducted a literature review study of thesis and dissertations available in the Brazilian Digital Library of Dissertations and Theses (D/T) in May 2021 regardless of the year they were conducted. In those studies that did not utilize the NIC in the effectiveness evaluation, the cross‐mapping methodology was employed between NIC and the interventions used by the authors of the studies.ResultsUsing a systematic process, we identified 91 studies. Twenty‐seven met a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria. We found an increase in studies that focused on nursing interventions in the last 10 years (n = 19), a large proportion of clinical trials (n = 16), and the majority of articles from the Southeast region of Brazil (n = 20). The areas of focus were adult and elderly care, and with a special interest in the behavioral domain (n = 11). Two sensitivity criteria were identified in all D/T (n = 27), and each study presented evidence of effectiveness of a minimum of three criteria simultaneously.ConclusionsBased on the effectiveness criteria, the Brazilian scientific production in postgraduate programs carried out by nurses provides evidence of the effectiveness for NIC nursing interventions.Implications for nursing practiceIt is recommended to conduct further research that uses the NIC in the planning, conduct, and evaluation of interventions, based on effectiveness criteria of nursing sensitivity.
Analysts' knowledge structure and performance
Authors: Cao Sheng , Xue Shuang , Zhu Hongjun 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis article examines the effect of financial analysts' knowledge structure on their forecast performance based on manually collected data of 1590 sell‐side financial analysts' educational background. The longer the period of higher education in one major, the profounder the knowledge in a specific area (Ng & Feldman, Personnel Psychology, 62, 2009, 89), and the less likely it is grasped by self‐education outside university. Thus, we argue that analysts who study the same (different) major in undergraduate and postgraduate periods have deeper (wider) knowledge and better (poorer) understanding to a major‐related industry (Brown et al., Journal of Accounting Research, 53, 2015, 1). Our results show that financial analysts with deeper knowledge tend to release more accurate earnings forecasts and their earnings revisions evoke larger market reactions. The forecast advantage of analysts with deeper knowledge is more pronounced when firms' business is more concentrated or more relevant to analysts' knowledge. We conclude that the knowledge structure cultivated by higher education can partially explain analysts' job performance and deeper knowledge can bring better industry understanding besides work experience (Bradley et al., The Journal of Finance, 72, 2017, 751).
Toward staging differentiation for posttraumatic stress disorder treatment
Authors: Nijdam Mirjam J. , Vermetten Eric , McFarlane Alexander C. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractObjectivesSeveral medical and psychiatric disorders have stage‐based treatment decision‐making methods. However, international treatment guidelines for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) fail to give specific treatment recommendations based on chronicity or stage of the disorder. There is convincing evidence of a finite range of PTSD symptom trajectories, implying that different phenotypes of the disorder can be distinguished, which are highly relevant for a staging typology of PTSD.MethodsState‐of‐the‐art review building on prior work on staging models in other disorders as a mapping tool to identify and synthesize toward PTSD.ResultsWe propose a four‐stage model of PTSD ranging from stage 0: trauma‐exposed asymptomatic but at risk to stage 4: severe unremitting illness of increasing chronicity. We favor a symptom description in various chronological characteristics based on neurobiological markers, information processing systems, stress reactivity, and consciousness dimensions. We also advocate for a separate phenomenology of treatment resistance since this can yield treatment recommendations.ConclusionA staging perspective in the field of PTSD is highly needed. This can facilitate the selection of interventions that are proportionate to patients' current needs and risk of illness progression and can also contribute to an efficient framework to organize biomarker data and guide service delivery. Therefore, we propose that a neurobiologically driven trajectory‐based typology of PTSD can help deduct several treatment recommendations leading to a more personalized and refined grid to strategize, plan and evaluate treatment interventions.
Effectiveness of subnational implementation of minimum unit price for alcohol: policy appraisal modelling for local authorities in England
Authors: Brennan Alan , Angus Colin , Pryce Robert , Buykx Penny , Henney Madeleine , Gillespie Duncan , Holmes John , Meier Petra S. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAimsEvidence exists on the potential impact of national level minimum unit price (MUP) policies for alcohol. This study investigated the potential effectiveness of implementing MUP at regional and local levels compared with national implementation.DesignEvidence synthesis and computer modelling using the Sheffield Alcohol Policy Model (Local Authority version 4.0; SAPMLA).SettingResults are produced for 23 Upper Tier Local Authorities (UTLAs) in North West England, 12 UTLAs in North East England, 15 UTLAs in Yorkshire and Humber, the nine English Government Office regions and England as a whole.CasesHealth Survey for England (HSE) data 2011–13 (n = 24 685).MeasurementsAlcohol consumption, consumer spending, retailers’ revenues, hospitalizations, National Health Service costs, crimes and alcohol‐attributable deaths and health inequalities.FindingsImplementing a local £0.50 MUP for alcohol in northern English regions is estimated to result in larger percentage reductions in harms than the national average. The reductions for England, North West, North East and Yorkshire and Humber regions, respectively, in annual alcohol‐attributable deaths are 1024 (−10.4%), 205 (−11.4%), 121 (−17.4%) and 159 (−16.9%); for hospitalizations are 29 943 (−4.6%), 5956 (−5.5%), 3255 (−7.9%) and 4610 (−6.9%); and for crimes are 54 229 (−2.4%), 8528 (−2.5%), 4380 (−3.5%) and 8220 (−3.2%). Results vary among local authorities; for example, annual alcohol‐attributable deaths estimated to change by between −8.0 and −24.8% throughout the 50 UTLAs examined.ConclusionsA minimum unit price local policy for alcohol is likely to be more effective in those regions, such as the three northern regions of England, which have higher levels of alcohol consumption and higher rates of alcohol harm than for the national average. In such regions, the minimum unit price policy would achieve larger reductions in alcohol consumption, alcohol‐attributable mortality, hospitalization rates, NHS costs, crime rates and health inequalities.
Age estimation in the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) based on the closure of skull sutures and synchondroses
Authors: Kahle Patricia , Gallus Maren , Kierdorf Horst , Kierdorf Uwe 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAge estimation of individuals is an important tool for the management of marine mammals and is mostly done by microscopic analysis of growth layer groups (GLGs) in teeth (cementum and dentin) and bone. The present study evaluated the use of sutural and synchondrosal closure in the skull of the harbour seal (Phoca vitulina) as a potential non‐destructive alternative for age estimation. For that, we scored the ectocranial closure of 12 selected sutures and synchondroses in a sample of 303 Eastern Atlantic harbour seals (P. v. vitulina; 138 males, 165 females), for which data on age at death were available, based on determined gross‐morphological criteria in individuals younger than 1 year and cement layer analysis in canines in older individuals. A strong positive relationship between the sum of closure level scores (SCS) and age (males: r = 0.8797, females: r = 0.8825) was recorded, which was stronger than that for the relationship between age and condylobasal length (CBL, males: r = 0.7085, females: 0.7086) (all p‐values <0.0001). In adult individuals (≥5 years), CBL was higher in males than females (p < 0.0001), while SCS did not significantly differ between the two sexes (p = 0.148). Our findings show that the analysis of sutural/synchondrosal closure is a valid alternative for age estimation in harbour seals, thereby confirming results of previous studies on other pinniped species.