bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Schonhardt-Bailey Cheryl 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This concluding chapter merges the findings on deliberative accountability parliamentary select committees, as derived from quantitative text analysis, qualitative coding and experimental investigation into the effect of nonverbal behaviour and elite interviews with central bankers, parliamentarians, staff and Treasury officials. By exploring variations in quality of deliberative accountability across different policy types and different institutional settings, it argues that trust suffers where (1) there is little respect among actors (for example, where actors on both sides of the table are aggressive and confrontational), (2) reason-giving is replaced with partisan point-scoring (for example, questioners seek to publicly ‘bash’ policymakers, or policymakers—typically as politicians—seek to whitewash their decisions), and (3) reciprocity in deliberation is absent (for example, answers are diversionary or seek to obfuscate, or questions themselves are inappropriate or unanswerable).
The Road to U-1
Authors: Jeffreys-Jones Rhodri 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter describes the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) as an American institution. It explains how the CIA has fared in its seventy-five-year history by considering its precursors from the earliest days of the nation to the twentieth century. It also emphasizes how the manner of the CIA’s creation and its subsequent fate reflected habits acquired and lessons learned over the seventeen preceding decades. The chapter talks about how the CIA was an executive agency wherein the issue of executive secret powers had a pedigree stretching back to the days of the Founding Fathers of America. It mentions President George Washington’s successors in the White House who continued to pay spies from the Contingency Fund and President Abraham Lincoln’s establishment of the nation’s first spy agency in 1865. It evaluates the role of U-1, the central intelligence organism that operated in the presidency of Woodrow Wilson.
The Great Diminishing Reform Act of 2004
Authors: Jeffreys-Jones Rhodri 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004, the biggest structural and mission change for the CIA since 1947. It mentions CIA critics who sought a scapegoat for the Bush administration’s failure to protect American citizens on the day of 9/11. It explains that the search for causation led to the targeting of the CIA, which was charged with dereliction of its duty of preventive intelligence and punished with demotion for offenses it did not commit. The chapter reviews other causes of the 2004 legislation, which include the alleged complicity of the CIA in inventing the myth of Iraq’s “weapons of mass destruction,” which led the United States into a disastrous war. It indicates how the criticism of America’s intelligence performance from both ends of the political spectrum encouraged the Bush administration to reform.
Estimating Anew and a Military Turn
Authors: Jeffreys-Jones Rhodri 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter explains how the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 marked the end of a longer phase in American history that went back to 1947. It mentions military poaching assisted by intense criticism that threatened to weaken the CIA’s grip on covert action. It also examines common perceptions of what happened to the CIA in Bush’s second term, when the CIA was portrayed as sinking in a mire of ill-fated operations. The chapter deals with the commonly held notion that the 2004 law forced the CIA to yield the analytical high ground in an unsatisfactory manner. It argues that the 2007 Iran estimate nevertheless showed intelligence analysis to be in robust health. It refers to two major characteristics of the Bush years, privatization and militarization.
A Church Militant
Authors: Snape Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This is a study of the relationship between Anglicans and the armed forces, of the military heritage and history of the Anglican Communion, and of the changing nature of this relationship between the mid-Victorian period and the 1970s. This era spanned a time of imperial expansion and colonial conflict around the turn of the twentieth century, the two World Wars, the Cold War, wars of decolonization, and the Vietnam War. In terms of armed conflict, it was the bloodiest period in the history of humanity and marked the advent of weaponry that had the capacity to extinguish human civilization. This book assesses the contribution of an expansive Anglican Communion to the armed forces of the English-speaking world, examines the ways in which this has been remembered, and explores its challenging legacy for the twenty-first-century Church of England.
‘Marching as to War’
Authors: Snape Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter surveys the emergence and growth of the Anglican Communion in the latter half of the nineteenth century and the interactions, orientation, and widely touted mission of this Anglophone (and, for many Anglican apologists, emphatically Anglo-Saxon) Communion around the turn of the twentieth century. In light of the ‘Anglo’ and imperial identity of Anglicanism, it examines its close association with the British Army and the Royal Navy, illustrating the historic (even growing) ascendancy of Anglican influence, the vigour of Anglican pastoral work among soldiers and sailors, and the increasing significance of Anglican links with the armed forces at a local level, in the garrison towns of Great Britain and in the missionary context of British India. It examines the gathering strength of ‘Christian militarism’ in the late Victorian period and expressions of military culture within the Church of England and Church of Ireland on the eve of the First World War, reflected in the rise of the Church Army, the St John Ambulance movement, the Church Lads’ Brigade, and the Ulster Volunteer Force. It also discusses how the English Church came to dominate the fledgling military forces of the settler colonies (or Dominions) and elucidates how the Protestant Episcopal Church established its pre-eminent position in the armed forces of the United States. Finally, it draws attention to the importance of Britain’s armed forces as a site for Anglican party conflict, the solutions that were found for this problem, and their consequences following the outbreak of the First World War.
‘Faithful, True, and Bold’
Authors: Snape Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact and experience of the First World War on the established Anglican–military nexus, commencing by discussing the usually negative portrayals of the Church of England’s conduct during the war. However, by setting this in the wider context of the Anglican Communion, it presents a very different picture of Anglican interaction with the armed forces of the British Empire and United States. For example, and far from being craven recruiting sergeants or disconnected onlookers, it illustrates the costly sacrifices made by the Anglican clergy across the world—including their lengthy, controversial, but revealing roster of clergy combatants (all of whom were volunteers) and the huge and even paralysing losses sustained by clergy families. It also highlights the scale and effectiveness of Western Anglican support for the armed forces, whether rendered by individual parishes or through the burgeoning wartime work of major Anglican organizations such as the Church Army and St John Ambulance. While critically appraising the contribution of Anglican overseas missions to the war in sub-Saharan Africa, it also reconsiders the much-maligned ministry of Church of England chaplains, especially on the Western Front. Though often overlooked, their methods left a lasting legacy in the form of Royal Air Force chaplaincy and in the post-1920 Chaplain Corps of the US Army. In light of their achievements, the chapter concludes by considering whether the Royal Navy and not the British Army was in fact the scene of the greatest disappointments in Anglican ministry to Britain’s armed forces.
‘’Gainst All Disaster’
Authors: Snape Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter commences by considering the anti-war reaction that swept Western Anglicanism in the inter-war period, arguing that its shallow roots were exposed by Anglican responses to the outbreak and conduct of the Second World War—which showed that underlying attitudes to war and the armed forces remained substantially unchanged. While the relationship between Churchill and Roosevelt symbolized inter-Anglican as well as Anglo-American resolve, the Communion’s leadership was influenced by a strong leavening of First World War veterans, whose experience helped guide Anglican ministry among civilians as well as in the armed forces. In the more challenging context of a longer war, Anglican resourcefulness in supporting the welfare of armed forces personnel was unabated, Anglican mobilization in the mission fields of sub-Saharan Africa was resumed, and even the phenomenon of the combatant clergyman reappeared. Despite a tendency to downplay the religious dimensions of the conflict, as ‘Christendom-type’ societies religious conviction remained vital to morale in Great Britain, the Dominions, and the US. This helps account for the success of Montgomery as the morale-raiser par excellence for the British and Dominion armies. Son of Bishop Henry Montgomery, the leading proponent of imperial pan-Anglicanism at the turn of the twentieth century, and a quasi-ecclesiastical figure in his own right, Montgomery’s standing as the ‘People’s General’ served as a telling foil to William Temple’s celebrity as the ‘People’s Archbishop’, their neglected collaboration and affinities underscoring the abiding Anglican culture of the British military, and the abiding military culture of the Church of England.
Introduction
Authors: Vijeyarasa Ramona 
Published: August 2022

AbstractChapter 1 introduces readers to this comparative study of women’s leadership and the law. The chapter begins by offering the national and global contexts in which women rise to executive office, which is often hindered and slow. With few female presidents and prime ministers around the world, the chapter demonstrates a notable gap in comparative studies that link women’s leadership, legislation and the legacies of those leaders on the lives of fellow women. The chapter then presents the four women presidents—Presidents Aquino and Macapagal Arroyo of the Philippines, President Megawati of Indonesia and President Kumaratunga of Sri Lanka. Common themes are offered, including existing assumptions about the gendered footprint of women presidents and prime ministers, challenges with quantifying executive power, how domestic and international law are brought into this study and what new knowledge on women presidents can be placed on the theory-building table through experiences from Asia.
Measuring the Legislative Footprint
Authors: Vijeyarasa Ramona 
Published: August 2022

AbstractChapter 4 offers readers an overview of the multi-method, quantitative–qualitative data collection techniques used for this study. Three sets of data are presented. Enacted laws were analysed using the Gender Legislative Index (GLI), a world-first legal index that draws on data science and machine learning to evaluate individual provisions of individual laws for their gender-responsiveness. Such laws are evaluated against international women’s rights standards. As such, significant attention is given in this chapter to grounding this analysis in the lived realities of women and to exploring domestic ownership over the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) in the three countries. Bi-directional links are drawn between international and domestic law. Second, this research involved interviews in all three countries, foremost with one of the former presidents who is the subject of this study—President Macapagal Arroyo—along with current and former members of parliament and government, national women’s rights institutions, the academy and civil society. Finally, speeches have been a key source of knowledge. Such speeches provide readers the publicly articulated viewpoint of the Woman President’s often carefully conceived political agendas and a sense of how those agendas intersected with legislative processes.
The President and the People
Authors: Vijeyarasa Ramona 
Published: August 2022

AbstractChapter 9 considers the role of the Women President in the successes and failings of women’s movements to advocate for the passage of gender-responsive legislation. This chapter uses national-level case studies from across the three countries to offer preliminary reflections on the particular opportunities availed to women’s movements to advance their causes under the tenures of women leaders. Women’s movements are studied in all their forms—feminist movements, conservative women’s organizations, religious women’s affiliations and networks—to see how movements emboldened others to act, primarily the Woman President herself but also those within her administration as well as female legislators, a group of actors generally assumed to be critical players in promoting the interests of marginalized and excluded groups. The five case studies navigate across gender-based violence, gender equality quotas and gender-mainstreaming in national development plans. The strategies employed by movements, such as achieving a united front and exploiting the power of the woman voter are analysed, alongside more typical strategies such as use of the media, balcony parliaments and learning lessons from neighbouring countries. Although discrete, the case studies leave a sense that the presence of women in executive office may mean distinct possibilities, opportunities and expectations when women lead.
Women Leaders in the International Landscape
Authors: Vijeyarasa Ramona 
Published: August 2022

AbstractChapter 10 offers an international lens to the largely domestic picture presented in The Woman President. The chapter responds to questions posed about how women leaders exercise power in the international landscape, whether gender influences a women leader’s response to her foreign policy responsibilities as well as how women leaders respond to each other on the world stage. These questions are largely unexplored in the existing literature. In seeking to provide some answers, the chapter begins by recalling the high visibility of women presidents and prime ministers on the global stage largely because of the low levels of female representation at this level. The chapter then considers how the four presidents exercised their foreign policy responsibilities, before turning its attention to the ways in which women leaders in the international landscape first speak as a collective, such as through the Council of Women World Leaders, second, speak for fellow women and finally speak for the ‘Asian woman’. While the chapter argues that gender was not accorded an explicit priority in articulated foreign policy goals, we simultaneously begin to understand how women leaders may be freer to prioritize gender equality in international dialogues when compared to what the domestic policy landscape may allow.
Conclusion
Authors: Vijeyarasa Ramona 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis systematic study of the legislative output and impact of the four women leaders offers new tools—and sharpens old ones—to better understand the different portraits of women’s leadership. Chapter 11 presents several observations and extrapolations. First, gender for the woman president is a second skin that cannot be shed. Moreover, too little has been invested to understand the expectations that the woman leader carries when she enters executive office. Women Presidents walk a difficult tight-rope that involves inherited legacies, societal obligations as wives and mothers and a myriad of expectations from women activists, organisations and movements, alongside the day-to-day presidential norms. Nonetheless, it is clear that women in all three countries—the conservative woman as much the radical feminist woman—enjoyed legislative wins throughout the tenures of the four presidents. Yet, there were evident roadblocks to reforms and while the transitions to democracy, peace and economic development in all three countries had to serve both women and men, the concerns of women were raised by these leaders at the political table, but with different degrees of rigour or sincerity. The chapter concludes by using history to define a gender-responsive, transformational Woman President.
DERIVING NEWTON’S SECOND LAW FROM RELATIVITY PRINCIPLES
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAfter Huygens’s pioneering derivation of the laws of free fall from Galilean relativity, many authors used this relativity and Newton’s accelerative relativity to derive Newton’s second law of motion (the law of acceleration). In the eighteenth century, Euler and d’Alembert implicitly relied on Galilean relativity in their rational justifications of the laws of mechanical motion. Late in the century, Laplace derived the discrete-impulse version of Newton’s second law from Galilean relativity. Many French writers followed suit in nineteenth-century physics textbooks. A few of them used a principle of accelerative relativity, Bélanger’s “principle of relative motions,” to derive the continuous version of Newton’s second law. Poincaré criticized these derivations, retained Galilean relativity only, and amplified the idea of relativity as an organizing principle. He soon turned Bélanger’s name into “principle of relativity.”
THE OPTICS OF MOVING BODIES
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe optics of moving bodies started with the first measurements of the velocity of light by Rømer and Bradley. The latter employed stellar aberration, which he understood as an effect of the velocity of the earth on the perceived velocity of the light corpuscles. Later in the eighteenth century, it became clear that in Newtonian optics aberration and other optical phenomena depended only on the relative motion of the bodies involved. In the nineteenth century, many experiments confirmed this relativity. In the now dominant wave optics, there were two competing explanations of optical relativity: through Fresnel’s stationary ether, and through Stokes’s fully dragged ether. Toward the end of the century Fresnel’s concept won by means of subtle compensations for the first-order effects of the motion of the earth in the ether. However, it implied second-order effects of this motion, one of which Michelson and Morley disproved in 1887.
MOSTLY EINSTEIN: TO GENERAL RELATIVITY
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn 1907, Einstein introduced the principle of equivalence between gravitation and inertial acceleration, thus extending relativity to accelerated frames. He used this principle to derive new electromagnetic effects of the gravitational field. In 1912, he designed a full static field theory through a generalized Minkowski metric with variable velocity of light. Next moving to arbitrary fields, he further generalized the metric formula to include any form compatible with the locally Minkowskian character. His main heuristic requirements were the general covariance of the fundamental equations, and the existence of a stress–energy tensor for the gravitational forces. Having failed to combine both requirements, for almost three years he sacrificed the former to the latter. Finally, in November 1915, he realized he could reconcile his two requirements through a field action based on the Christoffel symbols, and he gave correct predictions for the gravitational redshift, the advance of Mercury’s perihelion, and the gravitational curvature of light rays.
EPILOGUE
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis last chapter briefly discusses the historical conditions (role of experiment, of mathematics, philosophies, theoretical views, etc.) of the developments recounted in this book. It then addresses the ways in which the question of the reference of motion appeared in the previous chapters, the intent being to display conceptual continuities and discontinuities over three centuries of reflections on space, time, and inertia. Lastly, critical attention is given to Einstein’s contention that general relativity derived from a generalized principle of relativity.
Contextual Emergence
Authors: Bishop Robert C. , Silberstein Michael , Pexton Mark 
Published: August 2022

AbstractChapter 2 begins with some very preliminary issues that set up defining and explicating contextual emergence (Section 2.2). The chapter then describes the key features of contextual emergence (Section 2.3), followed by a detailed illustration of how it works in a concrete scientific case: Rayleigh–Bénard convection (Section 2.4).
Intertheoretic Relations and Multiscale Modeling
Authors: Bishop Robert C. , Silberstein Michael , Pexton Mark 
Published: August 2022

AbstractChapter 3 has two main focuses. First, intertheoretic relations are discussed, and it is shown that contextual emergence helps us make sense of several moves and tensions present in the literature. Second, multiscale modeling in the sciences is discussed. Such modeling does not aim at intertheoretic relations as philosophers of science have traditionally conceived, but is central to scientific practice. It is argued that multiscale modeling is also best understood within the framework of contextual emergence.
Classical and Quantum Physics
Authors: Bishop Robert C. , Silberstein Michael , Pexton Mark 
Published: August 2022

AbstractChapter 4 focus on examples from physics because it is often thought of as the home of reductionism and as the reductionistic model for the rest of the sciences. What follows is a series of case studies, some in more detail, some in less, illustrating the pattern of contextual emergence across subdisciplines in physics. The chapter dives into the cases, some of which have been taken to be workhorse examples of successful ontological reductions, such as temperature and chemical potential (Section 4.3), the macroscopic world’s relationship to the microscopic (Section 4.5), and molecular structure (Section 4.6), while others illustrate particular aspects of contextual emergence nicely, such as white dwarf stars (Section 4.4), quantum entanglement (Section 4.7), and renormalization group explanations (Section 4.8). The chapter is rounded out with some briefer miscellaneous examples of contextual emergence.
Ontological and Scientific Implications of Contextual Emergence
Authors: Bishop Robert C. , Silberstein Michael , Pexton Mark 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe first part of Chapter 7 pursues the claim that modality of all varieties are grounded in extrinsic dispositions and their multiscale relations (Sections 7.2–7.10). The rest of the chapter compares contextual emergence with other accounts of emergence in the philosophy and metaphysics of science, answers common questions, and addresses objections (Sections 7.11–7.13). In doing so, the chapter addresses broader concerns such as causal closure of the physical, the mind–body problem, mental causation, and multiple realizability.