bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Neural Correlates of Analogy Component Processes
Authors: Parsons John‐Dennis , Davies Jim 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAnalogical reasoning is a core facet of higher cognition in humans. Creating analogies as we navigate the environment helps us learn. Analogies involve reframing novel encounters using knowledge of familiar, relationally similar contexts stored in memory. When an analogy links a novel encounter with a familiar context, it can aid in problem solving. Reasoning by analogy is a complex process that is mediated by multiple brain regions and mechanisms. Several advanced computational architectures have been developed to simulate how these brain processes give rise to analogical reasoning, like the “learning with inferences and schema abstraction” architecture and the Companion architecture. To obtain this power to simulate human reasoning, theses architectures assume that various computational “subprocesses” comprise analogical reasoning, such as analogicalaccess, mapping, inference, andschema induction, consistent with the structure‐mapping framework proposed decades ago. However, little is known about how these subprocesses relate to actual brain processes. While some work in neuroscience has linked analogical reasoning to regions of brain prefrontal cortex, more research is needed to investigate the wide array of specific neural hypotheses generated by the computational architectures. In the current article, we review the association between historically important computational architectures of analogy and empirical studies in neuroscience. In particular, we focus on evidence for a frontoparietal brain network underlying analogical reasoning and the degree to which brain mechanisms mirror the computational subprocesses. We also offer a general vantage on the current‐ and future‐states of neuroscience research in this domain and provide some recommendations for future neuroimaging studies.
Understanding Imitation inPapio papio: The Role of Experience and the Presence of a Conspecific Demonstrator
Authors: Formaux Anthony , O'Sullivan Eoin , Fagot Joël , Claidière Nicolas 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWhat factors affect imitation performance? Varying theories of imitation stress the role of experience, but few studies have explicitly tested its role in imitative learning in non‐human primates. We tested several predictions regarding the role of experience, conspecific presence, and action compatibility using a stimulus–response compatibility protocol. Nineteen baboons separated into two experimental groups learned to respond by targeting on a touch screen the same stimulus as their neighbor (compatible) or the opposite stimulus (incompatible). They first performed the task with a conspecific demonstrator (social phase) and then a computer demonstrator (ghost phase). After reaching a predetermined success threshold, they were then tested in an opposite compatibility condition (i.e., reversal learning conditions). Seven baboons performed at least two reversals during the social phase, and we found no significant difference between the compatible and incompatible conditions, although we noticed slightly faster response times (RTs) in the compatible condition that disappeared after the first reversal. During the ghost phase, monkeys showed difficulties in learning the incompatible condition, and the compatible condition RTs tended to be slower than during the social phase. Together, these results suggest that (a) there is no strong movement compatibility effect in our task and that (b) the presence of a demonstrator plays a role in eliciting correct responses but is not essential as has been previously shown in human studies.
The Impact of Information Structure on the Emergence of Differential Object Marking: An Experimental Study
Authors: Tal Shira , Smith Kenny , Culbertson Jennifer , Grossman Eitan , Arnon Inbal 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMany languages exhibit differential object marking (DOM), where only certain types of grammatical objects are marked with morphological cases. Traditionally, it has been claimed that DOM arises as a way to prevent ambiguity by marking objects that might otherwise be mistaken for subjects (e.g., animate objects). While some recent experimental work supports this account, research on language typology suggests at least one alternative hypothesis. In particular, DOM may instead arise as a way of marking objects that are atypical from the point of view of information structure. According to this account, rather than being marked to avoid ambiguity, objects are marked when they are given (already familiar in the discourse) rather than new. Here, we experimentally investigate this hypothesis using two artificial language learning experiments. We find that information structure impacts participants’ object marking, but in an indirect way: atypical information structure leads to a change in word order, which then triggers increased object marking. Interestingly, this staged process of change is compatible with documented cases of DOM emergence. We argue that this process is driven by two cognitive tendencies. First, a tendency to place discourse given information before new information, and second, a tendency to mark noncanonical word order. Taken together, our findings provide corroborating evidence for the role of information structure in the emergence of DOM systems.
Pediatric growth patterns in youth‐onset type 2 diabetes mellitus: Implications for physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic models
Authors: Hosey Chelsea M. , Halpin Kelsee , Shakhnovich Valentina , Bi Chengpeng , Sweeney Brooke , Yan Yun , Leeder J. Steven 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAn accurate understanding of the changes in height and weight of children with age is critical to the development of models predicting drug concentrations in children (i.e., physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic models). However, curves describing the growth of a typical population of children may not accurately characterize growth of children with various conditions, such as obesity. Therefore, to develop height and weight versus age growth curves for youth who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, we extracted data from electronic medical records. Robust nonlinear models were parameterized to the equations describing height and weight versus age as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC z‐scores were calculated using an internal program. The growth curves and z‐scores were compared to CDC norms. Youth with type 2 diabetes were increasingly heavier than CDC norms from early childhood. Except for a period around puberty, youth with type 2 diabetes were, on average, shorter than CDC norms, resulting in shorter average adult height. Deviations in growth were apparent in youth who develop type 2 diabetes; such deviations may be expected for other conditions as well, and disease‐specific growth curves should be considered during development of model‐informed drug development for pediatric conditions.
Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination in low‐risk infants born very preterm: a longitudinal prospective study
Authors: Romeo Domenico M. , Apicella Massimo , Velli Chiara , Brogna Claudia , Ricci Daniela , Pede Elisa , Sini Francesca , Coratti Giorgia , Gallini Francesca , Cota Francesco , Bovis Francesca , Vento Giovanni , Mercuri Eugenio 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimTo describe the profile of global and single items of the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) in a population of low‐risk infants born very preterm during the first year of life.MethodThe HINE was performed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months’ corrected age in a population of low‐risk infants born preterm with a gestational age of fewer than 32 weeks and with normal or minimal changes on neuroimaging.ResultsA total of 174 infants born preterm (96 males, 78 females; mean gestational age = 27 weeks [SD = 1.8], range 23–31 weeks) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The 10th centile cut‐off score with median and range was reported for the HINE global and subsection scores. A progressive increase in global HINE scores was observed. Most of the single items, especially those related to tone, posture, and reflexes, showed progressive maturation.InterpretationOur results, which provide longitudinal data for single‐item and global scores in a population of low‐risk infants born very preterm, can be used as a reference in both clinical and research settings to monitor early neurological signs in these infants. These data could be used as normative data when examining low‐risk infants born preterm.
Economic reform and political stagnation: The inconsistent patterns of institutional change
Authors: Khalid Usman , Okafor Luke , Shahbaz Muhammad 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study examines whether convergence in institutional quality distinguished by economic and political dimensions of institutions has occurred across countries. The study uses data from 81 countries over the period of 1985 to 2018. The study tests the convergence hypothesis by using three different measures of institutional quality capturing political and economic dimensions of institutions. The empirical results show that convergence in economic institutional quality has occurred and most countries with weak economic institutions have a higher rate of change compared with countries with strong economic institutions. In contrast, for political institutions, the convergence process is short‐lived.
Suppression of IL‐12/IL‐23 p40 subunit in the skin and blood of psoriasis patients by Tofacitinib is dependent on active interferon‐γ signaling in dendritic cells: Implications for the treatment of psoriasis and interferon‐driven diseases
Authors: Vincken Nanette L. A. , Welsing Paco M. J. , Silva‐Cardoso Sandra C. , Bekker Cornelis P. J. , Lopes Ana P. , Olde Nordkamp Michel , Leijten Emmerik F. A. , Radstake Timothy R. D. J. , Angiolilli Chiara 
Published: March 2022

AbstractInterleukin (IL)‐12 and IL‐23 are pro‐inflammatory cytokines produced by dendritic cells (DCs) and associated with Psoriasis (Pso) and Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA) pathogenesis. Tofacitinib, a Janus kinase inhibitor, effectively suppresses inflammatory cascades downstream the IL‐12/IL‐23 axis in Pso and PsA patients. Here, we investigated whether Tofacitinib directly regulates IL‐12/IL‐23 production in DCs, and how this regulation reflects responses to Tofacitinib in Pso patients. We treated monocyte‐derived dendritic cells and myeloid dendritic cells with Tofacitinib and stimulated cells with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or a combination of LPS and IFN‐γ. We assessed gene expression by qPCR, obtained skin microarray and blood Olink data and clinical parameters of Pso patients treated with Tofacitinib from public data sets. Our results indicate that in DCs co‐stimulated with LPS and IFN‐γ, but not with LPS alone, Tofacitinib leads to the decreased expression of IL‐23/IL‐12 shared subunit IL12B (p40). In Tofacitinib‐treated Pso patients, IL‐12 expression and psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) are significantly reduced in patients with higher IFN‐γ at baseline. These findings demonstrate for the first time that Tofacitinib suppresses IL‐23/IL‐12 shared subunit IL12B in DCs upon active IFN‐γ signaling, and that Pso patients with higher IFN‐γ baseline levels display improved clinical response after Tofacitinib treatment.
MioceneNautilus(Mollusca, Cephalopoda) from Taiwan, and a review of the Indo‐Pacific fossil record ofNautilus
Authors: Goedert James L. , Kiel Steffen , Tsai Cheng‐Hsiu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe fossil record of the cephalopod genusNautilushas been obscured because a few influential taxonomists during the 20th Century decided that fossils similar toNautiluswere instead other genera. We now recognize fossils once classified as species of other genera as species ofNautilus. This includes fossils from Miocene rocks of Taiwan that were previously described asKummelonautilus taiwanumbut herein recognized instead as being the northernmost Neogene record ofNautilusin the Indo‐Pacific region. The name is corrected toNautilus taiwanus, and now known to occur in two formations in central Taiwan, the early Miocene Shihmentsun and early to middle Miocene Houdongkeng formations. Miocene fossils from Indonesia that were placed in other genera are now considered to representNautilusas they were originally assigned, in addition to several Miocene species from Australia, which provide the southernmost Neogene fossil record for the genus. Some of these Indo‐Pacific fossils may represent the same species, but more specimens are needed to determine the amount of variability within these Neogene taxa.
The prevalence of hypertension in Chinese adolescents aged 15–17 years: A comparison of different criteria
Authors: Zhou Haoqi , Li Suning , Wang Xin , Chen Zuo , Zhang Linfeng , Shao Lan , Tian Ye , Yu Jing , Zheng Congyi , Chen Lu , Cao Xue , Wang Zengwu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study intended to compare the prevalence of hypertension in adolescents aged 15–17 years in China according to different criteria defined by various guidelines. We included 28 715 adolescents aged 15–17 years from the China Hypertension Survey study (CHS) 2012–2015, and the 2017 American Association of Pediatrics (AAP) Clinical Practice Guideline and 2018 Chinese guidelines for children and adults were used to define hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension among Chinese adolescents aged 15–17 years was 24.4% according to the 2018 Chinese guidelines for children; the corresponding values were 18.6% according to the 2017 AAP Guidelines, and 3.5% according to 2018 Chinese guidelines for adults. The age‐specific prevalence of hypertension in the age of 15, 16, and 17 years in the same population was 26.2%, 24.4%, and 23.3% according to 2018 Chinese guidelines for children; 18.8%, 17.9%, and 19.2% as per the 2017 AAP Guidelines; 3.4%, 3.4%, and 3.6% as per the 2018 Chinese guidelines for adults. A highest prevalence of hypertension was observed according to 2018 Chinese guidelines for children than the other two guidelines. Compared with the 2018 Chinese guidelines for children, a higher 95th percentile BP (systolic and diastolic) was also observed in the present study in each gender‐age‐height‐specific group. And the height, which was key factor to influence blood pressure, was similar between adolescents aged 15–17 and adults, and a paralleled result was seen in the present study. Therefore, the 2018 Chinese guidelines for adults may also be appropriate for adolescents aged 15–17 years.
Joint flood control scheduling strategy of large cascade reservoirs: A case study of the cascade reservoirs in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China
Authors: Jing Zhu , Zhang Rongqi , Bao Hexin , Zhang Shanghong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe flood control ability of cascade reservoirs is affected by many factors, such as the inflow flood form, and flood control scheduling rules. When large cascade reservoirs were built, it is necessary to evaluate the overall flood control ability of the reservoirs and explore the best joint scheduling strategy. In this study, cascade reservoirs in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in China were selected as the research case. A stochastic model of inflow floods and a dynamic capacity flood regulation model for the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) were established, and the most dangerous inflow floods for downstream flood control were generated. Different scheduling strategies for the cascade reservoirs were set to block the TGR inflow flood to explore the flood control risk in the Jingjiang area under joint operation of the TGR and the upstream cascade reservoirs. The research results show that the joint flood control scheduling strategy has a huge impact on the flood control ability of cascade reservoirs, and different scheduling schemes must be adopted according to the inflow flood characteristics of the reservoirs. This study provides a new idea for systematically evaluating the flood control ability of large cascade reservoirs and selecting appropriate scheduling strategies.
The miR157‐SPL‐CNR module acts upstream of bHLH101 to negatively regulate iron deficiency responses in tomato
Authors: Zhu Huihui , Wang Jiayi , Jiang Dan , Hong Yiguo , Xu Jiming , Zheng Shaojian , Yang Jianli , Chen Weiwei 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIron (Fe) homeostasis is critical for plant growth, development, and stress responses. Fe levels are tightly controlled by intricate regulatory networks in which transcription factors (TFs) play a central role. A series of basic helix‐loop‐helix (bHLH) TFs have been shown to contribute to Fe homeostasis, but the regulatory layers beyond bHLH TFs remain largely unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER‐BINDING PROTEIN‐LIKE (SPL) TF SlSPL‐CNR negatively regulates Fe‐deficiency responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) roots. Fe deficiency rapidly repressed the expression of SlSPL‐CNR, and Fe deficiency responses were intensified in two clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9‐generated SlSPL‐CNR knock‐out lines compared to the wild‐type. Comparative transcriptome analysis identified 47 Fe deficiency‐responsive genes the expression of which is negatively regulated by SlSPL‐CNR, one of which, SlbHLH101, helps regulate Fe uptake genes. SlSPL‐CNR localizes the nucleus and interacts with the GTAC and BOX 4 (ATTAAT) motifs in the SlbHLH101 promoter to repress its expression. Inhibition of SlSPL‐CNR expression in response to Fe deficiency was well correlated with the expression of the microRNA SlymiR157. SlymiR157‐overexpressing tomato lines displayed enhanced Fe deficiency responses, as did SlSPL‐CNR loss‐of‐function mutants. We propose that the SlymiR157‐SlSPL‐CNR module represents a novel pathway that acts upstream of SlbHLH101 to regulate Fe homeostasis in tomato roots.
Effects of exercise training on obesity‐related parameters in people with intellectual disabilities: systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Salse‐Batán J. , Sanchez‐Lastra M. A. , Suárez‐Iglesias D. , Pérez C. Ayán 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundEfforts to synthesise existing knowledge concerning the effects of exercise interventions on obesity (i.e. changes in body weight and composition) have been made, but scientific evidence in this matter is still limited. This systematic review and meta‐analysis aims to identify and critically analyse the best available evidence regarding the use of physical exercise as a strategy to attenuate obesity through its effects on adiposity‐related anthropometric parameters in people with intellectual disability (ID).MethodsFollowing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses guidelines, a literature search was performed using PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL and the Cochrane Library through specific keywords up to July 2020. The search adhered to the population, intervention, comparison and outcome strategy. Randomised controlled trials addressing the effects of the exercise intervention on adiposity‐related anthropometric parameters (body mass index, waist circumference, waist–hip ratio, fat percentage or body weight) in children, adolescents and adults with ID were included. The methodological quality of the studies found was evaluated through the PEDro scale.ResultsA total of nine investigations with children and/or adolescents (10–19 years) and 10 investigations with adults (18–70 years) were selected, mostly experiencing mild and moderate ID. Methodological quality was fair in 13 of these publications, good in five and excellent in one. Seventeen trials reported comparable baseline and post‐intervention data for the intervention and control groups and were included in the meta‐analysis. In nine studies, the intervention group performed a cardiovascular training programme. Five papers described a combined training programme. Two trials executed whole‐body vibration training programmes, and one publication proposed balance training as the primary intervention. According to the meta‐analysis results, the reviewed studies proposed exercise modalities that, in comparison with the activities performed by the participants' in the respective control groups, did not have a greater impact on the variables assessed.ConclusionsWhile physical exercise can contribute to adiposity‐related anthropometric parameters in people with mild and moderate ID, these findings show that exercise alone is not sufficient to manage obesity in this population. Multicomponent interventions appear to be the best choice when they incorporate dietary deficit, physical activity increase and behaviour change strategies. Finding the most effective modality of physical exercise can only aid weight loss interventions. Future research would benefit from comparing the effects of different exercise modalities within the framework of a multicomponent weight management intervention.
Non‐surgical facelift—by PDO threads and dermal filler: A case report
Authors: Goel Anupriya , Rai Kritika 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundNon‐surgical, minimally invasive techniques are an effective way to bring a facelift with long lasting results; and minimal downtime and side effects. Due to an increased awareness and growing social acceptability, a large number of patients have been seeking these treatments to maintain a youthful appearance.ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of combined use of PDO threads and hyaluronic acid fillers for non‐surgical facelift in a male patient.MethodA 39‐year‐old male patient underwent a non‐surgical facelift using a combination of PDO threads and hyaluronic acid dermal fillers. Treatment was done in two sessions at an interval of one week using 4 pair mint PDO cog threads in the first session followed by injection of 5 ml of hyaluronic acid dermal filler (4 ml JuvedermVoluma and 1 ml Juvederm Ultra Plus).ResultsCombined use of PDO threads and dermal fillers is an effective technique for face lift and to correct sagging. Significant improvement is seen within a week of procedure which ensures high degree of patient satisfaction.ConclusionFacial rejuvenation and lifting using PDO cog threads and hyaluronic acid dermal fillers are effective in providing immediate, long lasting results with minimal downtime.