bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The European Court of Human Rights’ Approach to Causes of Iranians’ Asylum Applications in the light of Non- Refoulement Principle
Authors: Salimi Turkamani Hojjat 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
One of the most important principles of asylum law is the principle of non- refoulement whereby a refugee should not be returned to his/her home country where his /her life or liberty would be at risk. Although this principle is not explicitly recognised in the European Convention on Human Rights (echr), the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), as oversight judicial mechanism of the convention, in its jurisprudence, with its extensive interpretation of Article 3 of the Convention, has made refugees subject to human rights protections. Some Iranians, knowing the importance of this article and the role of the Court in ensuring its observance, seek refuge in European states and eventually recourse to the Court alleging a breach of Article 3 obligations if extradited by a European state. The main question of this article is what is the court’s approach to the reasons for the Iranians’ asylum applications? Case by case study shows that religious, sexual and political reasons are the main reasons for Iranians seeking asylum and the Court has taken a low threshold for religious causes and taken an easy approach, while it has taken a strict approach to sexual and political causes with high thresholds.
Shaping the Future Elite: A Comparative Analysis of French Policy Relating to Student International Mobility from Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco until Decolonisation
Authors: Luce Olivia Holmberg 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Since the middle of the nineteenth century French authorities used education as a tool and strategy to maintain and expand their influence in the north of Africa. Though the colonial histories of Egypt, Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco differ notably, they all contributed to a significant body of international students in France in the first half of the twentieth century. This analysis assesses statistics on student mobility alongside archive material on colonial policy, thereby exploring the relationship between the common narratives and the contesting manifestations of travelling for higher education purposes within each local context.
In doing so the study contributes to our understanding of the region’s cultural relationship with French learning. It serves to demonstrate the way in which the French authorities employed and cultivated an image of France as a centre of modern progress and how that narrative was more strongly projected in regions where French influence was most contested. It also reveals a global temporal significance of early twentieth-century student mobility.
International Migrations and Labour Market Regulation. Spanish Workers in France during the First World War
Authors: Calvo Ángel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A profound, widespread and lasting impact has made the First World War the focus of the early attention of scholars from different fields and backgrounds. Despite the sizeable efforts and progress achieved, some territory remains unexplored. One of these is the foreign workforce’s role and, particularly, the so-called ‘white’ labour force. To fill in the gaps that still exist, this research is divided into four main sections. They include structural and wartime emigration to France, the labour market regulation during the First World War, the migrations to France and its factors, and an approach to differentiation within these migrations. The research builds mainly on exceptional documentation and significant reports found in the French Archives.
“The Soul Sense of a Beautiful Thing”
Authors: Schneider Karen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Katharine Nash Rhoades, a painter, Charles Lang Freer’s assistant, and a member of the Stieglitz Circle, met Freer at Mount Kisco, New York, the country home of Asian art collectors Agnes and Eugene Meyer on June 29, 1913. Their friendship lasted until Freer’s death on September 25, 1919. Although their relationship was relatively short in duration, it was characterized by loyalty, warmth, and mutual respect. Rhoades and Freer shared the pursuit of beauty as the guiding principle in their lives. Rhoades’s paintings reveal the influence that the Japanese art in Freer’s collection had upon her work. She was instrumental in the creation of the Freer Gallery of Art as it is known today. This article, based on extensive research using primary sources, sheds new light on the relationship between Katharine Rhoades and Charles Lang Freer and the ways in which the art of Japan played a key role in their lives.
The Reception of Netsuke in the West since Japonisme
Authors: Takesue Akiko 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This essay was developed while translating the article by Matsuo Tomoko, Senior Curator at the Chiba City Museum of Art which was originally published in 2001 (see Appendix). While Matsuo’s article focuses on the historiography of netsuke in Japan, this essay discusses the historical reception of this form of art in the West from the mid-nineteenth century to the turn of the twenty-first century. It is hoped that the essay and the translation together provide a critical perception on netsuke, which has rarely been discussed within the narrative of Japanese art history.
The Power of Procedure
Authors: Canfijn Imran , Fatah-Black Karwan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
While contemporary observers judged Suriname’s legal system to be extremely cruel, arbitrary, and above all outrageously biased, the written record reveals that its criminal court closely adhered to procedure, weighed slave testimony and did not cast judgement outright. This article asks what place slave punishment and legal procedure had in the Suriname system of slavery, and how and why this changed over time. The Suriname legal system offers an almost continuous record of criminal trials held before its main colonial court as well as a record of its locally passed regulations. Research indicates that the court turned away from severe physical mutilation and capital punishments over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The decline of plantocratic dominance and its overbearing use of force suggests a gradual embedding of the court system, making it a predictable institution promoting (an unequal) social cohesion. This leads us to suggest that the amelioration policies of the nineteenth century were not a transformation in the legal system resulting solely from a metropolitan intervention, but were partly a continuation of a trend in the colony itself.
From Family to Franchise? Friendship, Individualism, and the Marketization of the Colombian Youth Gang
Authors: Butti Elena 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The surge of transnational illicit economies has led to important transformations in gang structures and cultures. From locally-bound, solidarity-driven institutions, gangs have morphed into globally-connected, market-driven ones. But how has this change affected the way young gang members relate to each other? This paper explores this question in the particular case of Medellín (Colombia), based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork with adolescents working at the low ends of narco-gangs. It traces the evolution of gangs from the 1970s galladas – peer groups of kids who sought to support each other – to today’s pandillas – ruthless and profit-driven groups that operate as the local franchises of larger criminal organizations. The paper argues that the co-optation of youth gangs by transnational organized crime has drastically reduced the sense of protection, inclusion, and belonging that gangs provide to their youngest members. It has also hampered the role of gangs as institutions of cultural resistance and critique.
When Teleconferencing was the Future: The 1970 ‘Medizin Interkontinental’ Transmission and West German Medicine in the Space Age
Authors: Freis David 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In March 1970, the first ever medical teleconference connected U.S. aeromedical experts in Houston and San Antonio to an audience of 25,000 physicians in congress centres in West Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. As this article shows, the ‘Medizin Interkontinental’ transmission was a costly demonstration of the latest developments in satellite telecommunications and projection technology as well as a stage for space-age visions of the future of medicine in the aftermath of the moon landing. Audio-visual and space technology became, at one at the same time, the medium and the message of medical futurity. As I argue, the teleconference was an audio-visual techno-spectacle that marked the culmination of the German medical community’s infatuation with futurology at the end of the 1960s, but it was also contingent on the concrete interests of the parties involved, which included the German Medical Association, medical futurologists, nasa, the U.S. Air Force, and the Swiss pharmaceutical company Ciba. Decades before teleconferences and telemedicine entered day-to-day medicine, the convergence of new medical and media technology, changes in medical education, Cold War geopolitics, and pharmaceutical sponsorship created a brief glimpse of a technology-based future of medicine that fell apart once these constellations changed in the early 1970s.
A retrospective study analyzing indications and outcomes of mid-trimester emergency cervical cerclage in a tertiary care perinatal centre over half a decade
Authors: Kumari Pushplata , Kumar Manish , David Liji Sarah , Vijayaselvi Reeta , Yadav Bijesh , Beck Manisha Madhai 
Published: April 2022

We studied the indications, success rate, perinatal outcomes and maternal complications following mid-trimester emergency cervical cerclage. All women undergoing mid-trimester emergency cerclage at our centre during 2014–2019 were included in this retrospective study. There were 46 women in our cohort. Mean cervical length was 1.5 cm (SD ± 0.7), and 52.1% of them had bulging membranes. The mean gestational age at cerclage was 23.35 weeks (SD ± 3.341). Three were loss to follow up. Out of 43 pregnancies (23 singletons and 20 twins) analyzed, 37/43, 86.4% had livebirths. Success rate in the singletons and twins were 91.3% and 80% respectively. Maternal complications were seen in 56.5% of patients. Composite neonatal morbidity was significantly more in the twin group (p-value 0.04). Overall live birth rate was 86.4% with similar success rates in singleton and multiple pregnancies. Although, evidence for beneficial effect of prophylactic cerclage in multiple gestation is lacking, emergency cerclage may have a role in twin gestation.
Modified Bentall procedure: A 15-year single-center clinical experience
Authors: Van Hung Dung , Pham Thanh Binh , Chau Chi Linh , Vuong Nguyen Lam 
Published: April 2022

Objective Bentall procedure is a standard technique for complete aortic root replacement but a huge challenge is postoperative bleeding. Many modifications have been proposed and the “button technique” is commonly used. With a 15-year experience, this study was to evaluate outcomes of this modified Bentall procedure. Methods A retrospective study was performed with all patients who underwent the Bentall procedure with a button technique between 2005 and 2020. Commercially available composite grafts were used in 38 patients and self-assembled composite graft was used in 74 patients. Safety outcome was postoperative complications and long-term outcomes included overall and reoperation-free survivals. Results Among 112 patients, the mean age was 46.3 years and 69.6% were men. Indications for the Bentall procedure were ascending aortic aneurysm and valve regurgitation (59.8%), aortic dissection (19.6%), Marfan syndrome (17%), and endocarditis (3.6%). Three patients (2.7%) died in hospital. During a median follow-up period of 42 months, 11 patients died and 7 patients required reoperation. Overall survival and reoperation-free survival were 86.1% and 83.4% at 5 years and 86.1% and 72.6% at 10 years, respectively. Conclusions The Bentall procedure with a button technique is safe and effective for aortic root replacement. Further investigations are required to improve the feasibility and effectiveness of the procedure.
Hospital Variation and Associated Organizational Factors of Pregnancy-Related Venous Thromboembolism in China
Authors: Zhou Qiongjie , Zhao Zhekun , Xu Jinghui , Xiong Yu , Li Xiaotian 
Published: April 2022

Objective Identifying organizational factors affecting venous thromboembolism (VTE) incidence and variations between hospitals. Methods From a 2019 survey of VTE and live births in 113 hospitals, organizational factors: (hospital type, characteristics, live birth number), resource availability: (D-dimer, B-scan ultrasonography of lower extremity veins, computed tomographic pulmonary angiography [CTPA], and competency: [risk assessment, use of anticoagulants and patient education], data were collected and the associations, weighted by live birth number, analyzed. Results Of 113 hospitals in China, 770,828 live births and 526 cases of VTE (68.2 per 100,000 live births) were reported. Nine hospitals lacked B-scan ultrasonography of lower extremity veins and 22 lacked CTPA. Prevalence rates of VTE rates were higher in general hospitals (Odds ratio [OR] = 4.251, 95% CI: 3.373-5.357), hospitals with live births < 10,000 (OR = 1.650-2.193), and hospitals without B-scan ultrasonography (OR = 1.661, 95% CI: 1.096-2.518). Hospitals implementing patient education, had a lower risk of VTE (OR = 0.296-0.374), and VTE rate decreased with the annual increase in live births. Conclusions Improved hospital resource availability and competency, especially patient education, is vital for reducing VTE-related maternal mortality and morbidity risk.
Acute Myocardial Injury Assessed by High-Sensitive Cardiac Troponin Predicting Severe Outcomes and Death in Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Infection
Authors: Laouan Brem Falmata , Chaymae Miri , Rasras Hammam , Merbouh Manal , Bouazzaoui Mohammed-Amine , Bkiyar Houssam , Abda Naima , Zakaria Bazid , Ismaili Nabila , Housni Brahim , El Ouafi Noha 
Published: April 2022

Background Cardiac injury has been linked to a poor prognosis during COVID-19 disease. Nevertheless, the risk factors associated are yet to be thoroughly investigated. Objectives We sought to compare demographical characteristics and in-hospital outcomes in patients infected by the SARS-CoV-2 with and without cardiac injury, to further investigate the prevalence of acute cardiac injury as well as its impact on their outcomes in COVID-19-patients. Methods We included in a retrospective analysis, all COVID-19 patients admitted between October first and December first, 2020, at the University Hospital Center of Oujda (Morocco) who underwent a troponin assay which was systematically measured on admission. The study population was divided into two groups: cardiac-injured patients and those without cardiac injury. Clinical, biological data and in-hospital outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results 298 confirmed COVID-19 cases were included. Our study found that compared to non-cardiac-injured, cardiac-injured patients are older, with higher possibilities of existing comorbidities including hypertension (68 [42.2%] vs 40 [29.2%], P = 0.02), diabetes (81 [50.3%] vs 53 [38.7%] P = 0.044), the need for mechanical ventilation, ICU admission and mortality. A Cox proportional hazards regression analysis shows a significantly increased risk of death among cardiac-injured COVID-19-patients as compared to non-cardiac injured. (HR, 1.620 [CI 95%: 2.562-1.024]) Conclusion Our retrospective cohort found that old age, comorbidities, a previous history of CAD, were significantly associated with acute cardiac injury. COVID-19 patients with acute cardiac injury are at a higher risk of ICU admission, and death.
Part-time adult students’ satisfaction with online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Fiorini Luke A , Borg Anna , Debono Manwel 
Published: April 2022

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in many tertiary institutions switching overnight from taught to online lectures without much preparation. Studies suggest that the sudden change has impacted on students’ satisfaction with online learning in differing ways. Yet, little is known about how this change impacted specifically on adult part-time students, which is the focus of this study. Methods: Part-time adult undergraduate students responded to a mixed methods online questionnaire. Close-ended questions were analysed quantitatively in order to determine levels of satisfaction with online learning during COVID-19 as well as its correlates. Open-ended questions were analysed qualitatively in order to explore the perceived benefits and challenges associated with online learning during this period. Results: Levels of satisfaction with online learning were found to be high, especially among students who were female, those who did not have young children, had partners who worked in excess of 40 hours, were able to follow lectures from locations other than the home, and those following non-technical courses. Several benefits of online learning were identified, including time saved on commuting, the ability to study from the comfort of home and the fact that lectures could now be recorded. Challenges included those related to technology, a lack of interaction amongst students and part-time lecturers who struggled with the sudden switch to online learning. Despite this, most students indicated they would like online lectures to continue to various degrees even after it was safe to return to class. Conclusion and implications: Online lectures were generally rated positively by adult part-time students. In view of the benefits and some of the challenges associated with online learning, it is recommended that future academic programmes adopt a blended approach whilst more support is provided to those who find it challenging to follow lectures from home.
Revisiting the Paradox of Smoking: Radioactivity in Tobacco Smoke or Suppressing the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2, via Aryl-Hydrocarbon Receptor Signal?
Authors: Mortazavi Seyed Alireza , Bevelacqua Joseph J , Rafiepour Payman , Ghadimi-Moghadam AbdolKarim , Saraei Pouya , Jooyan Najmeh , Mortazavi Seyedeh Hanieh , Javad Mortazavi Seyed Mohammad , Welsh James S 
Published: April 2022

Despite current controversies, some reports show a paradoxical mitigating effect associated with smoking in individuals with symptomatic COVID-19 compared to the general population. To explain the potential mechanisms behind the lower number of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, it has been hypothesized that cigarette smoking may reduce the odds of cytokine storm and related severe inflammatory responses through cholinergic-mediated anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Japanese scientists have recently identified a potential mechanism behind the lower numbers of COVID-19 cases amongst smokers compared to non-smokers. However, we believe that this mitigative effect may be due to the relatively high concentration of deposited energy of alpha particles emitted from naturally occurring radionuclides such as Po-210 in cigarette tobacco. Regarding COVID-19, other researchers and our team have previously addressed the anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating effects of low doses of ionizing radiation. MC-simulation using the Geant4 Monte Carlo toolkit shows that the radiation dose absorbed in a spherical cell with a radius of .9 μm for a single 5.5 MeV alpha particle is about 5.1 Gy. This energy deposition may trigger both anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic effects which paradoxically lower the risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19 in smokers.
Prevalence and characterization of cerebral small vessel disease in young adults with intracerebral hemorrhage
Authors: Periole Charlotte , Blanc Clémence , Calvière Lionel , Fontaine Louis , Viguier Alain , Albucher Jean-François , Chollet François , Bonneville Fabrice , Olivot Jean-Marc , Raposo Nicolas 
Published: April 2022

Background and aims: Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is the main cause of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in older individuals but has not been systematically studied in younger people. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and characteristics of CSVD in young adults with symptomatic ICH. Methods: We conducted a cohort study of consecutive adults aged 18–50 years with non-traumatic ICH. All patients were evaluated with brain and vascular imaging. Using validated imaging markers (cerebral microbleeds (CMBs), white matter hyperintensities and/or lacunes), patients were categorized as having CSVD-related ICH or non-CSVD-related ICH. Factors associated with CSVD were evaluated using multivariable analyses. CSVD subtypes were characterized using pre-specified criteria. Results: Of 146 young adults with ICH (mean age = 37.7), CSVD was present in 41 patients (28.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 21.0–36.1). In multivariable analysis, older age, male sex, and hypertension were independently associated with the presence of CSVD. Deep perforator arteriopathy (48.8%) and mixed CSVD (31.7%) were the most common CSVD subtypes. Conclusion: Our results suggest that CSVD is a frequent cause of ICH in young adults and provide new insights into the characterization of the disease. These findings may have important implications since the treatment and management differ from other causes of ICH.
The value of qualitative methods to public health research, policy and practice
Authors: Stickley T , O’Caithain A , Homer C 
Published: April 2022

This article reviews the role and use of qualitative methods in public health research. ‘Signs of quality’ are introduced to help guide potential authors to publish their qualitative research in public health journals. We conclude that high-quality qualitative research offers insights that quantitative research cannot. It is time for all public health journals to recognise the value of qualitative research and increase the amount that they publish.