bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Comfort and Climatic Potential of Ventilative Cooling in Italian Climates
Authors: Chiesa Giacomo , Fasano Francesca , Grasso Paolo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe chapter describes several climate-correlated variables and suitable key performance indicators (KPIs) to define the local ventilative cooling potential. Furthermore, a methodology is presented to verify potential correlations between climate KPIs and indoor comfort parameters. The latter values are calculated by adopting dynamic energy simulations (EnergyPlus) and comfort models – both Fanger (ISO 7730) and the recently updated EU adaptive comfort approach (EN 16798-1) – considering a sample building unit. Simulations are run by using a parametric-enabling tool developed by the research unit to check correlations and is part of work performed for the PRELUDE project, co-funded by the EU, Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No 958345. The approach is applied to the whole Italian territory considering typical yearly (hourly defined) meteorological conditions for all municipalities (about 8000 data points). Strong connections between climate and building KPIs are underlined together with the high potential of ventilative cooling in reducing discomfort and energy needs in the Italian territory.
Auditing Advanced Information Systems and Technologies in a Modern Digital World
Authors: Berghout Egon , Fijneman Rob , Hendriks Lennard , de Boer Mona , Butijn Bert-Jan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides the introduction to the book auditing advanced information systems and technologies in a modern digital world. First, we provide a brief background on the importance for society of auditing advanced information systems, and the technological developments that has led to the creation of these complex and advanced information systems. Thereafter two basic concepts are described: assurance and complexity. Subsequently, the overall outline of the book is presented and how the chapters are related.
Introduction to Advanced Information Technology
Authors: Butijn Bert-Jan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOver the years Information Systems (IS) have become increasingly complex and are difficult to grapple. The complexity of recent novel technologies like blockchain (BCT), artificial intelligence (AI), and cloud computing constitutes a genuine challenge to IT-auditors tasked with auditing these IS to provide assurance. This chapter discusses the inner-workings, intricacies, and concepts related to these technologies to provide the background necessary to perform an audit.
The Intercompany Settlement Blockchain: Benefits, Risks, and Internal IT-Controls
Authors: Doekhi Rewin J. M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBlockchain is a novel technology that can be employed for a plethora of business applications. A blockchain provides highly reliable transaction data because it has a number of properties that guarantee the integrity of the data that is processed and stored. Paradoxically, the use of blockchain technology is associated with peculiar risks that need to be controlled. Therefore, the sophistication of this technology warrants a rethink of current IT-controls to manage accounting processes while novel controls need to be established to control the technology itself. In this chapter we discuss the impact of blockchain technology on IT-controls, and what IT-controls should be in place to mitigate risks using a case study of a blockchain implementation at the KLM Royal Dutch Airlines.
Algorithm Assurance: Auditing Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Boer Alexander , de Beer Léon , van Praat Frank 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAlgorithm assurance is a specific form of IT assurance that supports risk management and control on applications of risky algorithms in products and in organizations. These algorithms will often be characterized in organizations as applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI), as advanced analytics, or—simply—as predictive models. The aim of this chapter is to introduce the concept of algorithm assurance, to give some background on the relevance and importance of algorithm assurance, and to prepare the auditor for the basic skills needed to organize and execute an algorithm audit. In this chapter we will introduce the algorithm assurance engagement as a specific type of IT audit. After a general discussion of the background of algorithm assurance and the type of IT applications we are concerned with in this type of engagement, we will extensively discuss the scope of an algorithm assurance engagement, how to approach the risk assessment that should take place initially, how to set up and audit plan, and the audit techniques and tools that play a role in an audit plan.
Demystifying Public Cloud Auditing for IT Auditors
Authors: Putters Jacques , Hashemi Jalal Bani , Yavuz Ayhan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to provide insight into the internal audit challenges that a large Dutch bank was confronted with as the consequence of the IT transformation that was focused on leveraging the opportunities offered in the public cloud. Our work contributes to the body of literature by providing a conceptual framework that can help institutions navigate their assurance requirements in the public cloud. Furthermore, we provide practical attention points from the field for IT auditors. Finally, discussion points are shared with respect to the IT auditing of the traditional on-premise and the public cloud environment.
Digitalization and Its Impact on the Internationalization Models of SMEs
Authors: Gaweł Aleksandra , Mroczek-Dąbrowska Katarzyna , Pietrzykowski Maciej 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn the European Union, SMEs represent as much as 99% of businesses, but only 3 out of 10 companies have some international involvement. EU policy makers perceive SMEs internationalization as a desired path for global growth; thus, they have put forward certain tools which aim to boost the pace and scope of internationalization, i.e., by creating and facilitating access to support activities, sharing information, promoting cluster and networking initiatives, making support schemes consistent throughout the EU, etc. (Della Corte, Handbook of research on startegic Management in Small and Medium Enterprises. IGI Global, 2014). However, a vital point in creating a successful internationalization framework requires understanding that SMEs internationalization models may and do differ from those of multinational enterprises (MNEs). SMEs have a different structure, and they act differently, since their aims vary from those of MNEs (Knight and Liesch, Journal of World Business 51(1): 93–102, 2016; Buckley, Journal of World Business, 51(1): 74–82, 2016).Former studies of European SMEs indicate that there are specific traits of company characteristics that determine their internationalization process. Amongst the distinguished factors, size, activities performed, age, and experience counted as the most significant determinants of the expansion. However, these findings refer to occurrences dating back at least 5 years. In the era of rapid digitalization and—still—ongoing globalization, the impact of these factors might have diminished, making place for others. Therefore, the rising importance of digitalization calls for the need to identify new barriers and opportunities for SMEs to become international.The aim of this chapter is to see whether and how digitalization has influenced the internationalization models of Polish SMEs. We do not provide quantitative analysis that would allow us to statistically verify hypotheses on that matter; however, given the recent developments of the business world and internationalization trends, we assume that digitalization has had an impact on how companies expand abroad nowadays. The study has a screening aim and should allow us to determine whether, in the case of the Polish context, the matter requires further pursuit. The remainder of this chapter is structured as follows: first, we discuss the internationalization models which commonly referred to the international expansion of SMEs. Secondly, we discuss how digitalization can influence the process and its determinants. Finally, we present our research results based on quasi-focus group discussion with Polish SMEs. The study concerned the impact the digitalization has on the internationalization experience of those companies.
Born Digitals: Understanding the Sustainable Competitive Advantage Across Different Markets
Authors: Jarosiński Mirosław , Sekliuckiene Jurgita , Kozma Miklós 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDigitalization of business is one of the driving forces in today’s environment and seems to be an irreversible trend. At present we can observe not only a digital transformation of firms but also the emergence of firms that are digital from inception. The born digital firms have characteristics that allow them to quickly expand on international markets and stay competitive for sustained periods of time. The purpose of this study is to analyze the characteristics of born digital firms that lead to sustainable competitive advantage and to develop a conceptual model that will serve as a basis for future research. Various sources of born digitals’ competitive advantage are revealed, such as innovativeness, creativity, responsiveness, digital technology, and digital skills of their employees. One of the key findings is highlighting the role creativity plays in how responsive born digital firms can be in times of change, a characteristic that supports their sustainable competitiveness. The newly defined born digitals’ characteristics and sources of competitive advantage should embrace the approach to their competitive advantage across different markets as a complex dynamic construct that is presented, which includes technology advantage, human capital advantage, but also differentiation advantage.
Elements of Graphs and Complexity Theory
Authors: Taillard Éric D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter recalls some elements and definitions in graph theory and complexity theory. On the one hand, basic algorithmic courses very often include graph algorithms. Some of these algorithms have simply been transposed to solve difficult optimization problems in a heuristic way. On the other hand, it is important to be able to determine whether a problem falls into the category of difficult problems. Indeed, one will not develop a heuristic algorithm if there is an efficient algorithm to find an exact solution. Another objective of this chapter is to make the book self-contained.
Population Management
Authors: Taillard Éric D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAfter having generated several solutions, we can seek to learn how to combine them. This chapter review techniques for generating new solution from existing ones and for managing a population of solution. The most popular method in this field is undoubtedly genetic algorithms. However, the latter are less advanced metaheuristics than memetic algorithms or scatter search. The path relinking technique is also part of this chapter. Finally, among the last metaheuristics invented, we find the particle swarm methods, which seem adapted to continuous optimization.
Constructive Methods
Authors: Taillard Éric D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents methods for constructing solutions. It starts with the branch and bound methods, widely used for the design of exact algorithms. Then two basic methods are presented, random and greedy constructions. The latter sequentially selects the elements to include to a partial solution, never changing the choices that have been made. This method can be improved by a deeper evaluation of the consequences of a choice. Beam search and the pilot method are part of it.
Local Search
Authors: Taillard Éric D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractImprovement methods constitute the backbone of most metaheuristics. These methods repeatedly perform slight, local modifications on a current solution to the problem. Hence, for any solution, a set of neighbor solutions must be defined. Clearly, the definition of this set depends on the problem modeling. However, a natural neighborhood may turn out to be either too small to lead to quality solutions or too large, inducing prohibitive calculation times. Various approaches have been proposed to enlarge the neighborhood, such as the filter and fan method or the ejection chains. For reducing the neighborhood size, typical strategies are the granular search and the candidate list.
Das Königreich Bayern im 19. Jahrhundert am Übertritt zur Moderne
Authors: Kränzlein Dirk 
Published: October 2022

ZusammenfassungVielerlei Paradigmenwechsel waren im Verlauf des 19. Jahrhunderts in der politischen und militärischen Ausrichtung Bayerns festzustellen. Durch die Kooperation mit Napoleon Bonaparte (1769–1821) erlangte das bayerische Haus Wittelsbach erstmals in seiner Geschichte die Königswürde (1806).
Vorsprung durch Waffentechnik?
Authors: Kränzlein Dirk 
Published: October 2022

ZusammenfassungDurch das Aufkommen der Handfeuerwaffen veränderte sich die Kampfweise auf den europäischen Schlachtfeldern nachhaltig. Die Musketen ermöglichten den Soldaten, Feinde auf eine gewisse Distanz zu bekämpfen. Nicht mehr die physische Kraft und Ausdauer des einzelnen Kämpfers, sondern die Feuerwaffentechnik war die bestimmende Konstante.
Einleitung: Vertrauen in Daten
Authors: Rohde Marieke , Wittenbrink Nicole 
Published: October 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Qualität von Daten sowie die darauf angewandten Transformationen und Berechnungen sind maßgebend für die Qualität der Entscheidungen, die auf ihrer Basis getroffen werden. Auf Seiten potenzieller Nutzender gibt es derzeit immer noch kein ausreichendes Vertrauen in datenbasierte Lösungen. Dies gilt besonders für sicherheitskritische Anwendungen oder Anwendungen im Gesundheitsbereich. In diesem Buchteil werden ausgewählte Lösungsansätze vorgestellt, um die Qualität datenbasierter Dienste und Produkte sicherzustellen beziehungsweise nachzuweisen und so das Vertrauen in diese Angebote zu stärken.
Grenzkostenfreie IoT-Services in den Datenmarktplätzen der Zukunft
Authors: Trauth Daniel , Mayer Johannes 
Published: October 2022

ZusammenfassungEs kann künftig möglich sein, im Internet der Dinge (engl. Internet of Things, kurz IoT) Daten und Resilienz-Services ebenso souverän wie selbstsicher zu handhaben und auszutauschen. Ähnlich wie dies heutzutage mit physischen Ressourcen möglich ist. Um diese Vision zu realisieren, entwickeln Forschende im Projekt SPAICER einen GAIA-X konformen IoT-Datenraum, der Datenproduzierende, Datenkonsumierende und Datenverarbeitende an einem digitalen Ort vereint und eine medienbruchfreie Datenökonomie ermöglicht. Mit Hilfe dieser medienbruchfreien Datenökonomie lassen sich wichtige Antworten auf relevante Fragen, wie zum Beispiel nach industrieller Nachhaltigkeit und resilienter Produktion, auf Knopfdruck ermitteln. Dabei ist der Vorteil eines IoT-Datenraums, dass skalierbare und grenzkostenfreie digitale Vermögenswerte entwickelt werden können, die Datenproduzierende von produktbezogenen zu nutzungsbezogenen Technologieführern wandeln. Hierdurch werden IoT-Daten zu Wirtschaftsgütern und IoT-Services zu digitalen Geschäftsmodellen.
Einleitung: Datenrecht
Authors: Straub Sebastian 
Published: October 2022

ZusammenfassungDaten sind Grundlage für neue Produkte und Dienstleistungen und zugleich Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung selbstlernender Systeme und künstlicher Intelligenz. Sie stehen im Mittelpunkt des digitalen Transformationsprozesses und der Datenwirtschaft. Die nutzerübergreifende Verwendung von Daten ist aber auch mit Risiken verbunden, insbesondere wenn sensible Informationen über Unternehmensgrenzen hinaus ausgetauscht werden. Neben vertrauenswürdigen Infrastrukturen bedarf es auch einer rechtlichen Absicherung von Datenaustausch und –handel, um rechtssicher zu agieren und die Werthaltigkeit von Daten zu bewahren. In diesem Buchteil werden Diskussionsergebnisse zu Konzepten und Ansätzen, wie ein rechtssicheres Umfeld in datenbasierten Wertschöpfungsnetzen geschaffen werden kann, dargestellt. Dabei werden regulatorische Herausforderungen identifiziert sowie Lösungsansätze erarbeitet und hier für die Lesenden praxisnah aufbereitet.
p-Basilica Groups
Authors: Di Domenico Elena , Fernández-Alcober Gustavo A. , Noce Marialaura , Thillaisundaram Anitha 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe consider a generalisation of the Basilica group to all odd primes: the p-Basilica groups acting on the p-adic tree. We show that the p-Basilica groups have the p-congruence subgroup property but not the congruence subgroup property nor the weak congruence subgroup property. This provides the first examples of weakly branch groups with such properties. In addition, the p-Basilica groups give the first examples of weakly branch, but not branch, groups which are super strongly fractal. We compute the orders of the congruence quotients of these groups, which enable us to determine the Hausdorff dimensions of the p-Basilica groups. Lastly, we show that the p-Basilica groups do not possess maximal subgroups of infinite index and that they have infinitely many non-normal maximal subgroups.
Comprehensive analysis of the immunological implication and prognostic value of CXCR4 in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Guo Wei , Huai Qilin , Zhou Bolun , Guo Lei , Sun Li , Xue Xuemin , Tan Fengwei , Xue Qi , Gao Shugeng , He Jie 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCXCR4 (C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4) is the most commonly expressed of all chemokine receptors in malignant tumors. However, studies on CXCR4 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumor immune microenvironment, including those determining its immune efficacy and prognostic potential, are still scarce. Therefore, in this study, we determined the ability of CXCR4 to predict immunotherapy response and prognosis in NSCLC using immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR, respectively, in two independent cohorts from the National Cancer Center of China. We analyzed transcriptome sequencing data and clinical information from multiple public databases to assess immune cell infiltration in NSCLC and constructed immune risk prognostic signatures based on CXCR4-related immunomodulators. We found that immune cell infiltration is significant differences in NSCLC tissues and is moderately correlated with CXCR4 expression. High CXCR4 expression was significantly associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC patients and a higher response rate to immunotherapy. The ROC curve showed that CXCR4 expression exhibited excellent performance in predicting the efficacy of immunotherapy in NSCLC. We identified 30 CXCR4-related immunomodulators in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) and constructed immune prognostic signatures based on CXCR4-related immunomodulators and CXCR4-related mutant genes. The signature-based prognostic risk score showed good performance in predicting patient prognosis in both LUAD and LUSC; high risk scores were significantly associated with poor prognosis (P < 0.0001) and was established as an independent prognostic factor by multivariate Cox regression. We postulate that CXCR4 is a potential predictive marker of immunotherapy efficacy in NSCLC and should be used in clinical settings. Moreover, the constructed signatures may be valuable in predicting patient prognosis in NSCLC.
Distal locking technique affects the rate of iatrogenic radial nerve palsy in intramedullary nailing of humeral shaft fractures
Authors: Greiner Fabian , Kaiser Georg , Kleiner Anne , Brugger Jonas , Aldrian Silke , Windhager Reinhard , Hajdu Stefan , Schreiner Markus 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Intramedullary humeral nailing is a common and reliable procedure for the treatment of humeral shaft fractures. Radial nerve palsy is a common complication encountered in the treatment of this pathology. The radial nerve runs from posterior to anterior at the lateral aspect of the distal humerus. Hence, there is reason to believe that due to the anatomic vicinity of the radial nerve in this area, lateral–medial distal locking in intramedullary nailing of the humerus may be associated with a greater risk for iatrogenic radial nerve injury compared to anterior–posterior locking.

Questions/purpose
To assess whether the choice of distal locking (lateral–medial versus anterior–posterior distal locking) in intramedullary humeral nailing of humeral shaft fractures affects the risk for iatrogenic radial nerve injury.

Patients and methods
Overall, 203 patients (116 females, mean age 64.3 ± 18.6 years), who underwent intramedullary nailing of the humerus between 2000 and 2020 at a single level-one trauma center, met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in this retrospective case–control study. Patients were subdivided into two groups according to the distal locking technique.

Results
Anterior–posterior locking was performed in 176 patients versus lateral–medial locking in 27 patients. We observed four patients with iatrogenic radial nerve palsy in both groups. Risk for iatrogenic radial nerve palsy was almost 7.5 times higher for lateral–medial locking (OR 7.48, p = 0.006). There was no statistically significant difference regarding intraoperative complications, union rates or revision surgeries between both groups.

Conclusions
Lateral–medial distal locking in intramedullary nailing of the humerus may be associated with a greater risk for iatrogenic radial nerve palsy than anterior–posterior locking. Hence, we advocate for anterior–posterior locking.

Level of evidence
Level III retrospective comparative study.
Urea versus fractional Er:YAG laser pretreatment of methylene blue photodynamic therapy in the treatment of moderate toenail onychomycosis: short- and medium-term effects
Authors: Alberdi Enrique , Gómez Clara 
Published: October 2022

AbstractKeratolytic properties of urea 40% have long time used for the treatment of onychomycosis. Fractional ablative lasers enhance the delivery of topically applied photosensitizers improving photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy. The aim of this study was to compare the short- and medium-term efficacy of a pretreatment with urea 40% and fractional Er:YAG (Fr Er:YAG) laser radiation before PDT mediated by methylene blue (MB) for moderate toenail onychomycosis. Twenty-first-toe toenails were randomized to receive either urea 40% (Group I) or Fr Er:YAG laser (Group II) pretreatment and 9 sessions of MB/PDT over the course of 16 weeks. At baseline, 28- and 40-week follow-ups, clinical efficacy was assessed by digital photographs [allowing determination of the onychomycosis severity index (OSI)], whereas mycological efficacy was assessed by histological examination and fungal culture. Details of the side effects and patients’ satisfaction were also recorded. In both groups, a significant decrease in OSI values was observed at the 28-week follow-up and a slight rebound at the 40-week follow-up. The percentage of nail involvement decreased significantly in both groups at the 28-week follow-up, to continue declining gently in Group I at 40 weeks, in contrast to the rebound observed during this period in Group II. The mycological cure rate was 20% and 30% at 28-week follow-up and 70% and 40% at 40-week follow-up, in Group I and II, respectively. Patients reported being fairly satisfied, and no side effects were detected in any groups. Although both pretreatments favor the action of PDT for the treatment of onychomycosis, the use of urea at 40% is more effective in the medium term.