bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Configuration Design and Screening of Multi-Mode Double-Planetary-Gears Hybrid Powertrains
Authors: Deng Tao , Gan Zhihan , Xu Hui , Wu Changjun , Zhang Yuxiao , Liu Fan , Ding Zhentao , Chen Wei 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Hybrid powertrains with planetary gearset (PG) have been widely used. However, there are few types of powertrains in use, and more powertrains have not been found. Based on the principle of organic chemistry, a design and screening method of multi-mode 2-PGs hybrid powertrain is proposed, which is divided into five stages. First, powertrains are expressed in the form of molecules. Second, powertrains split into the libraries of PGs and power sources. The power sources can be mutually identified to construct new library. Third, the mode switching rules are defined to screen power source group. Fourth, two libraries interact with each other to promote the generation of new molecules, namely, new powertrains. And the more modes, the greater the potential for performance. Powertrains are screened with mode richness theory firstly. Finally, taking the comprehensive evaluation of power performance and fuel economy as the optimal standard, powertrains are screened and evaluated twice. Through the method, hybrid powertrains with smooth mode switching, simpler structure, and optimal power and economy can be obtained.
Bayesian Mass Averaging in Rigs and Engines
Authors: Seshadri Pranay , Duncan Andrew , Thorne George 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper introduces the Bayesian mass average and details its computation. Owing to the complexity of flow in an engine and the limited instrumentation and the precision of the sensor apparatus used, it is difficult to rigorously calculate mass averages. Building upon related work, this paper views any thermodynamic quantity’s spatial variation at an axial plane in an engine (or a rig) as a Gaussian random field. In cases where the mass flowrate is constant in the circumferential direction but can be expressed via a polynomial or spline radially, this paper presents an analytical calculation of the Bayesian mass average. In cases where the mass flowrate itself can be expressed as a Gaussian random field, a sampling procedure is presented to calculate the Bayesian mass average. Examples of the calculation of the Bayesian mass average for temperature are presented, including with a real engine case study where velocity profiles are inferred from stagnation pressure measurements.
In-Stall Compressor Performance and the Effects of Reynolds Number
Authors: Hutchings Jack , Hall Cesare A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Previous research into axial compressor stall has mainly focused on stall inception and methods to extend the stable operating range. This paper considers the performance of an axial compressor beyond stall and investigates how the characteristics of stall cells depend on Reynolds number. An experimental study has been conducted using a single-stage axial compressor capable of operating across the Reynolds number range of 10,000–100,000. Detailed unsteady measurements have been used to measure the behavior across a range of in-stall flow coefficients. These measurements have been used to extract the stall hysteresis and to determine the size, speed, number, and spanwise extent of the stall cells. The results show that for the stalled compressor, as Reynolds number increases, the size of the minimum stable stall cell decreases. This means that a larger change in throttle area is needed to reduce the stall cell down to a size where the compressor can recover from stall. At Re = 100,000, the stall hysteresis is six times greater than at Re = 20,000. At the design Reynolds number, the number of stall cells that form transitions from one, to two, and then to four stall cells as the flow coefficient is reduced. At lower Reynolds numbers, the two-stall-cell state becomes unstable; instead, a single stall cell transitions directly into five stall cells. In all cases, as the number of stall cells increases, so do the speed of the stall cells and the total size. Further reductions in the flow coefficient cause an increase in the total size of the stall cells and a decrease in the stall cell speed.
Numerical Solutions of Two-Dimensional Navier–Stokes Equations Based on a Generalized Harmonic Polynomial Cell Method With Non-Uniform Grid
Authors: Yu Xueying , Shao Yanlin , Fuhrman David R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
It is essential for a Navier–Stokes equations solver based on a projection method to be able to solve the resulting Poisson equation accurately and efficiently. In this paper, we present numerical solutions of the 2D Navier–Stokes equations using the fourth-order generalized harmonic polynomial cell (GHPC) method as the Poisson equation solver. Particular focus is on the local and global accuracy of the GHPC method on non-uniform grids. Our study reveals that the GHPC method enables the use of more stretched grids than the original HPC method. Compared with a second-order central finite difference method (FDM), global accuracy analysis also demonstrates the advantage of applying the GHPC method on stretched non-uniform grids. An immersed-boundary method is used to deal with general geometries involving the fluid–structure interaction problems. The Taylor–Green vortex and flow around a smooth circular cylinder and square are studied for the purpose of verification and validation. Good agreement with reference results in the literature confirms the accuracy and efficiency of the new 2D Navier–Stokes equation solver based on the present immersed-boundary GHPC method utilizing non-uniform grids. The present Navier–Stokes equations solver uses second-order central FDM and Quadratic Upstream Interpolation for Convective Kinematics scheme for the discretization of the diffusion term and advection term, respectively, which may be replaced by other higher-order schemes to further improve the accuracy.
Thermal-Elastohydrodynamic Contacts Lubricated With Oil/Refrigerant Solutions: A New Cavitation Modeling Approach Based on Refrigerant Solubility
Authors: Zhang Fan , Fillot Nicolas , Hauleitner Rudolf , Morales-Espejel Guillermo E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A first cavitation modeling with thermal effects for oil/refrigerant solutions lubricated elastohydrodynamic point contacts is reported in this work. The solubility of the oil/refrigerant system is introduced into the generalized Reynolds equation coupled with the elasticity equation and the energy conservation equation. The numerical results show a very good agreement with the published experimental results concerning film thickness prediction. Moreover, the present model describes the cavitation region on a physical basis. A discussion with other cavitation models from the literature is proposed. It puts into light the necessity of taking into account the solubility of the refrigerant into oil for such problems. Compared to pure oil, oil/refrigerant solutions can potentially reduce the amount of liquid oil for the next contact due to its higher cavitation intensity.
Acoustic Performance of a Metascreen-Based Coating for Maritime Applications
Authors: Shankar Sharma Gyani , Toyoda Masahiro , Skvortsov Alex , MacGillivray Ian , Kessissoglou Nicole 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Time- and frequency-domain numerical models are developed to investigate the acoustic performance of metascreen-based coatings for maritime applications. The coating designs are composed of periodic air-filled cavities embedded in a soft elastic medium, which is attached to a hard backing and submerged in water. Numerical results for an acoustic coating with cylindrical cavities are favorably compared with analytical and experimental results from the literature. Frequencies associated with peak sound absorption as a function of the geometric parameters of the cavities and material properties of the host medium are predicted. Variation in the cavity dimensions that modifies the cylindrical-shaped cavities to flat disks or thin needles is modeled. Results reveal that high sound absorption occurs when either the diameter or length of the cavities is reduced. Physical mechanisms governing sound absorption for the various cavity designs are described.
Design Method of Tuned Mass Damper by Linear-Matrix-Inequality-Based Robust Control Theory for Seismic Excitation
Authors: Miyamoto Kou , Nakano Satoshi , She Jinhua , Sato Daiki , Chen Yinli , Han Qing-Long 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a new design method based on a robust-control strategy in the form of a linear matrix inequality (LMI) approach for a passive tuned mass damper (TMD), which is one of the common passive-control devices for structural vibration control. To apply the robust control theory, we first present an equivalent expression that describes a passive TMD as an active TMD. Then, some LMI-based condition is derived that not only guarantees robust stability but also allows us to adjust the robust H∞ performance. In particular, this paper considers the transfer function from a seismic-wave input to structural responses. Unlike other methods, this method formulates the problem to be a convex optimization problem that ensures a global optimal solution and considers uncertainties of mass, damping, and stiffness of a structure for designing a TMD. Numerical example uses both a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) and 10DOF models and seismic waves. The simulation results demonstrated that the TMD that is designed by the presented method has good control performance even if the structural model includes uncertainties, which are the modeling errors.
Oxygen Poisoning and X-irradiation: A Mechanism in Common
Authors: Gerschman R. , Gilbert D. L. , Nye S. W. , Dwyer P. , Fenn W. O. 
Published: January 2022

A consideration of various isolated reports in the literature has led us to the hypothesis that oxygen poisoning and radiation injury have at least one common basis of action, possibly through the formation of oxidizing free radicals. This article reviews the pertinent material that led to this hypothesis and also presents the supporting evidence obtained from (i) experiments on the protective action against oxygen poisoning by substances of varied chemical nature known to increase resistance to irradiation, and (ii) experiments on the survival in oxygen of mice irradiated and exposed to high oxygen tensions simultaneously or at different intervals.
Reproduced by permission.

R. Gerschman, D. L. Gilbert, S. W. Nye, P. Dwyer, W. O. Fenn, Oxygen Poisoning and X-irradiation: A Mechanism in Common.
Science
119
, 623-626 (1954).
Mutation selection and the natural history of cancer
Authors: Cairns John 
Published: January 2022

Survival of the rapidly renewing tissues of long-lived animals like man requires that they be protected against the natural selection of fitter variant cells (that is, the spontaneous appearance of cancer). This article discusses three possible protective mechanisms and shows how they could explain various features of the natural history of certain common cancers of man.
Reproduced by permission.

J. Cairns, Mutation selection and the natural history of cancer.
Nature
255
, 197-200 (1975).
Higher-order aberrations and their association with axial elongation in highly myopic children and adolescents
Authors: Xu Yupeng , Deng Junjie , Zhang Bo , Xu Xian , Cheng Tianyu , Wang Jingjing , Xiong Shuyu , Luan Mengli , Zou Haidong , He Xiangui , Tang Chun , Xu Xun 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundVision-dependent mechanisms play a role in myopia progression in childhood. Thus, we investigated the distribution of ocular and corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) in highly myopic Chinese children and adolescents and the relationship between HOA components and 1-year axial eye growth.MethodsBaseline cycloplegic ocular and corneal HOAs, axial length (AL), spherical equivalent (SE), astigmatism and interpupillary distance (IPD) were determined for the right eyes of 458 highly myopic (SE ≤−5.0D) subjects. HOAs were compared among baseline age groups (≤12 years, 13–15 years and 16–18 years). Ninety-nine subjects completed the 1-year follow-up. Linear mixed model analyses were applied to determine the association between HOA components, other known confounding variables (age, gender, SE, astigmatism and IPD) and axial growth. A comparison with data from an early study of moderate myopia were conducted.ResultsAlmost all ocular HOAs and few corneal HOAs exhibited significant differences between different age groups (all p<0.05). After 1 year, only ocular HOA components was significantly negative associated with a longer AL, including secondary horizontal comatic aberration (p=0.019), primary spherical aberration (p<0.001) and spherical HOA (p=0.026). Comparing with the moderate myopia data, the association of comatic aberration with AL growth was only found in high myopia.ConclusionIn highly myopic children and adolescents, lower levels of annual ocular secondary horizontal comatic aberration changes, besides spherical aberrations, were associated with axial elongation. This suggests that ocular HOA plays a potential role in refractive development in high myopia.
Alterations in plantar vessel blood flow in patients with mild diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Zhou Qiang , Qian Zhihui , Yang Maoguang , Liu Jing , Wu Jianan , Ren Luquan , Ren Lei 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionEarly identification and treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) are crucial. Presently, the mechanism of DPN is not very clear, and there are inconclusive conclusions about the influencing factors of vascular dynamic characteristics in DPN. This study aims to detect and compare the hemodynamic characteristics of plantar blood vessels in patients with mild DPN and healthy participants to explore a simple and reliable new idea and a potential method for early assessment of DPN and to investigate the influence of gender and age on hemodynamic characteristics.Research design and methodsSixty age-matched and gender-matched patients with mild DPN (30 men and 30 women) and 60 healthy participants were randomly recruited. Color Doppler ultrasound was used to measure and analyze the hemodynamic characteristics of plantar-related vessels.ResultsUltrasonic measurements had good test–retest reliability. There may be no statistically significant differences in the blood flow velocity and blood flow in the plantar-related blood vessels of participants, irrespective of their gender and age. For patients with mild DPN, color Doppler ultrasound may indicate early hemodynamic abnormalities when there are no obvious abnormalities in the large arteries of the lower limbs, which are specifically manifested as increased blood flow velocity and blood flow in the distal small vessels.ConclusionsOur study provides in vivo data support for the dynamic characteristics of the plantar blood vessel biomechanical model and provides a new idea of in vivo and non-invasive early diagnosis of DPN.
Ten years of NIHR research training: who got an award? A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Mulvey Matthew R , West Robert M , Cotterill Lisa Ann , Magee Caroline , Jones David E J , Harris-Joseph Helen , Thompson Peter , Hewison Jenny 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveIn 2017, the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) academy produced a strategic review of training, which reported the variation in application characteristics associated with success rates. It was noted that variation in applicant characteristic was not independent of one another. Therefore, the aim of this secondary analysis was to investigate the inter-relationships in order to identify factors (or groups of factors) most associated with application numbers and success rates.DesignRetrospective data were gathered from 4388 applications to NIHR Academy between 2007 and 2016. Multinominal logistic regression models quantified the likelihood of success depending on changes in the explanatory factors; relative risk ratios with 95% CIs. A classification tree analysis was built using exhaustive χ2 automatic interaction detection to better understand the effect of interactions between explanatory variables on application success rates.Results936 (21.3%) applications were awarded. Applications from males and females were equally likely to be successful (p=0.71). There was an overall reduction in numbers of applications from females as award seniority increased from predoctoral to professorship. Applications from institutions with a medical school had a 2.6-fold increase in likelihood of success (p<0.001). Classification tree analysis revealed key predictors of application success: award level, type of programme, previous NIHR award experience and applying form a medical school.ConclusionSuccess rates did not differ according to gender, and doctors were not more likely to be successful than applications from other professions. Taken together, these findings suggest an essential fairness in how the quality of a submitted application is assessed, but they also raise questions about variation in the opportunity to submit a high-quality application. The companion qualitative study (Burkshaw et al. (2021) BMJ Open) provides valuable insight into potential candidate mechanisms and discusses how research capacity development initiatives might be targeted in the future.
Enhancing Nutrition and Antenatal Infection Treatment (ENAT) study: protocol of a pragmatic clinical effectiveness study to improve birth outcomes in Ethiopia
Authors: Lee Anne CC , Abate Firehiwot Workneh , Mullany Luke C , Baye Estifanos , Berhane Yoseph Yemane , Derebe Mulatu Melese , Eglovitch Michelle , Fasil Nebiyou , Olson Ingrid E , Kidane Workagegnehu Tarekegn , Shiferaw Tigest , Shiferie Fisseha , Tsegaye Fitsum , Tsegaye Sitota , Yibeltal Kalkidan , Chan Grace J , Christian Parul , Isanaka Sheila , Kang Yunhee , Lu Chunling , Mengistie Mandefro M , Molina Rose L. , Stojanov Michele D , Van Dyk Fred , Tadesse Amare Worku , Wondale Asresie T , Wylie Blair J , Worku Alemayehu , Berhane Yemane 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionThe WHO Nutrition Target aims to reduce the global prevalence of low birth weight by 30% by the year 2025. The Enhancing Nutrition and Antenatal Infection Treatment (ENAT) study will test the impact of packages of pregnancy interventions to enhance maternal nutrition and infection management on birth outcomes in rural Ethiopia.Methods and analysisENAT is a pragmatic, open-label, 2×2 factorial, randomised clinical effectiveness study implemented in 12 rural health centres in Amhara, Ethiopia. Eligible pregnant women presenting at antenatal care (ANC) visits at <24 weeks gestation are enrolled (n=2400). ANC quality is strengthened across all centres. Health centres are randomised to receive an enhanced nutrition package (ENP) or standard nutrition care, and within each health centre, individual women are randomised to receive an enhanced infection management package (EIMP) or standard infection care. At ENP centres, women receive a regular supply of adequately iodised salt and iron–folate (IFA), enhanced nutrition counselling and those with mid-upper arm circumference of <23 cm receive a micronutrient fortified balanced energy protein supplement (corn soya blend) until delivery. In standard nutrition centres, women receive routine counselling and IFA. EIMP women have additional screening/treatment for urinary and sexual/reproductive tract infections and intensive deworming. Non-EIMP women are managed syndromically per Ministry of Health Guidelines. Participants are followed until 1-month post partum, and a subset until 6 months. The primary study outcomes are newborn weight and length measured at <72 hours of age. Secondary outcomes include preterm birth, low birth weight and stillbirth rates; newborn head circumference; infant weight and length for age z-scores at birth; maternal anaemia; and weight gain during pregnancy.Ethics and disseminationENAT is approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Addis Continental Institute of Public Health (001-A1-2019) and Mass General Brigham (2018P002479). Results will be disseminated to local and international stakeholders.Registration numberISRCTN15116516.
Cell membrane-anchored and tumor-targeted IL-12 (attIL12)-T cell therapy for eliminating large and heterogeneous solid tumors
Authors: Hu Jiemiao , Yang Qing , Zhang Wendong , Du Hongwei , Chen Yuhui , Zhao Qingnan , Dao Long , Xia Xueqing , Natalie Wall Fowlkes , Zhang Zhongting , Mahadeo Kris , Gorlick Richard , Kopetz S , Dotti Gianpietro , Li Shulin 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundAdoptive T-cell transfer has become an attractive therapeutic approach for hematological malignancies but shows poor activity against large and heterogeneous solid tumors. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) exhibits potent antitumor efficacy against solid tumors, but its clinical application has been stalled because of toxicity. Here, we aimed to develop a safe approach to IL-12 T-cell therapy for eliminating large solid tumors.MethodsWe generated a cell membrane-anchored IL-12 (aIL12), a tumor-targeted IL-12 (ttIL12), and a cell membrane-anchored and ttIL-12 (attIL12) and a cell membrane-anchored and tumor-targeted ttIL-12 (attIL12) armed T cells, chimeric antigen receptor-T cells, and T cell receptor-T (TCR-T) cells with each. We compared the safety and efficacy of these armed T cells in treating osteosarcoma patient-derived xenograft tumors and mouse melanoma tumors after intravenous infusions of the armed T cells.ResultsattIL12-T cell infusion showed remarkable antitumor efficacy in human and mouse large solid tumor models. Mechanistically, attIL12-T cells targeted tumor cells expressing cell-surface vimentin, enriching effector T cell and interferon γ production in tumors, which in turn stimulates dendritic cell maturation for activating secondary T-cell responses and tumor antigen spreading. Both attIL12- and aIL12-T-cell transfer eliminated peripheral cytokine release and the associated toxic effects.ConclusionsThis novel approach sheds light on the safe application of IL-12-based T-cell therapy for large and heterogeneous solid tumors.
Role of open access echocardiography in detection of cardiac structural and functional abnormalities
Authors: Chai Jason , Mohiaddin Hasan , Mandal Amit K J , Gan Jasmine , Hirani Trisha , Sholapurkar Radhika , Missouris Constantinos G 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Purpose
To evaluate the prevalence and incidence of significant structural heart disease in targeted patients with cardiac symptoms referred by general practitioners (GPs) using open access echocardiography, without prior clinical evaluation by a cardiologist.

Design
Data were derived from 488 subjects who underwent transthoracic echocardiography between January and April 2018. Patients were referred directly by GPs in East Berkshire, South England, through an online platform. Echocardiography was performed within 4–6 weeks of referral and all reports were assessed by a consultant cardiologist with expedited follow-up facilitated pro re nata. Results were analysed to determine the frequency of detection of structural abnormalities, particularly of the left ventricle and cardiac valves.

Results
Echocardiography was prospectively performed in consecutive subjects (50% male, mean (±SD) age 68.5±22 years; 50% female; mean (±SD) 64.6 (±19.1)). At least one abnormality likely to change management was found in 133 (27.3%) of all open access echocardiograms. Clinical heart failure with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) and diastolic dysfunction was confirmed in 46 (9%) and 69 (14%), respectively. Of the 46 patients with LVSD, 33 were new diagnoses. Significant cardiac valve disease was found in 42 (8.6%) patients. 12 of these had known valvular disease or previous valvular surgery, and 30 were new diagnoses.

Conclusion
Major structural and functional cardiac abnormalities are common in late middle-aged patients who present to GPs with cardiac symptoms and signs. Reported, unrestricted open access echocardiography enables early detection of significant cardiac pathology and timely intervention may improve cardiovascular outcomes.