bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verbal structure and the consequence inflection
Authors: Dixon R. M. W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter commences with a summary of verbal structure. There are: derivational suffixes which just have semantic effect; derivational suffixes which affect transitivity; inflectional suffixes; and suffixes which derive a nominal form. Details are then presented on three of the derivational suffixes which just have semantic effect (the fourth has quantitative meaning, and is dealt with in chapter 5, on the number system). There is a short section on nominalisations. The final part of the chapter deals with the ‘consequence’ inflection (previously called ‘purposive’). This can mark, purposeful consequence, or natural consequence. It may also provide a complementation strategy. When the consequence inflection occurs in the first clause of a sentence, it refers to something consequential on a understood necessity.
Marriage and Its Discontents
Authors: Berman Anna A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
English novels present a paradox: they are full of unhappy or dysfunctional marriages, yet despite all the abuses we come away with an impression of marital bliss and domestic felicity. The novels treat failed marriages as an aberration that must be removed, leaving the institution itself—and the ideal of happy marriage—secure. In Russia, where marriage was more generally understood to be a broken institution, there was room for novels to both diagnose the problems with conjugal life and to attempt repair, tolerating imperfection. Marriage also served different ends in the two traditions. For the English, wedlock was necessary for the vertical family axis, as the foundation for producing legal heirs. The Russians were less concerned about legal sanction and focused more on the state of relations between the couple and their lived experience in the present.
Italian Literature in the Nuclear Age
Authors: Mariani Maria Anna 
Published: November 2022

AbstractItalian Literature in the Nuclear Age: A Poetics of the Bystander explores the overlooked position of the bystander in the nuclear age by focusing on the Italian situation as a paradigmatic case. Host to hundreds of American atomic weapons while lacking a nuclear arsenal of its own, Italy’s status was an ambiguous one: that of an unwilling—and in many ways passive—accomplice. Inspired by Seamus Heaney’s dictum that “there is no such thing as innocent by-standing,” the book frames Italy’s fraught mix of implication and powerlessness not only as a geopolitical question, but as a way to rethink the role of the sidelined intellectual in the face of mass extinction. Italian Literature in the Nuclear Age includes discrete chapters on the major Italian intellectuals of the time: Italo Calvino, Alberto Moravia, Elsa Morante, Pier Paolo Pasolini, and Leonardo Sciascia. Conscious of their own political marginalization, these authors address the atomic question through a wide range of experimental forms, approaching the nearly unthinkable theme in allusive and oblique ways. Often dismissed as disengaged, inconsistent, or merely playful, these works demand instead a political reading capable of recognizing their confrontation with the paradoxes of the nuclear age.
Preserve the Capacity to Not Act
Authors: Mariani Maria Anna 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter delves into the responsibility borne by nuclear physicists, through Sciascia’s The Mystery of Majorana. Standing midway between investigative writing and secular hagiography, The Mystery of Majorana idealizes its protagonist—a brilliant physicist in Enrico Fermi’s research group who disappeared mysteriously, leaving behind him a trail of contradictory clues—to the point of whitewashing him. According to Sciascia, the only possible reason for Majorana’s disappearance is that he foresaw the destruction portended by the atomic bomb. His withdrawal from the world is the radical act of a saint who renounces everything in order to prevent the bomb from being built and ensure humanity’s survival. In telling Majorana’s story, Sciascia fashions a moral allegory that spurs the reader to meditate on the concept of complicity. His objective is also to condemn Italian physics for its responsibility in developing nuclear technology.
Pragmatism as Completing the Enlightenment
Authors: Brandom Robert B. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
During the last decade of his life, Rorty emphasized the anti-authoritarian credentials of his pragmatism. He came to see pragmatism as the fighting faith of a second phase of the Enlightenment. The first stage, as Rorty construed it, concerned our emancipation from nonhuman authority in practical matters: issues of what we ought to do and how things ought to be. The envisaged second stage addresses rather our emancipation from nonhuman authority in theoretical matters. Pragmatism moves beyond the traditional model of reality as authoritative over our cognitive representations of it in language and thought to a new conception of how discursive practices help us cope with the vicissitudes of life.
Original Sin and the Evolution of Sexual Difference
Authors: Loumagne Ulishney Megan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This monograph develops an interdisciplinary conversation between evolutionary biology, feminist philosophy, and theology to illuminate the entanglement of Christian thinking about original sin with theologies of sexual difference. It assesses the opportunities for rethinking original sin and its implications for theologies of sexual difference in light of new developments in evolutionary thought and feminist philosophy and theology. Despite some resistances in the present age to conceptions of both original sin and meaningful sexual differences, this project aims to demonstrate that both can provide important insights that help to make sense of some features of human life in the twenty-first century, especially the stubborn persistence of inequality, poverty, environmental degradation, and the pernicious patterns of sexual violence and abuse that have been uncovered by the #MeToo movement. The project aims to cultivate a sense of wonder at the diversity and unpredictability of human biology, a value for the role of creativity in the human participation that partially shapes our ongoing evolution, and humility about the extent to which we can predict and control the future of the evolution of our species. The project illuminates the interdependencies that define creaturely life, the persistent entanglement of nature and culture, the centrality of desire to human identity and behaviour, and the role played by biology in the transmission of sin. It develops a vision of material life as evolving, generative, and imbued with activity, but also as simultaneously infected with sin and saturated with the divine.
‘The Human Situation’
Authors: Loumagne Ulishney Megan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines critiques of aspects of Augustine’s thought in a more contemporary key. Valerie Saiving’s article ‘The Human Situation: A Feminine View’ (1960) is arguably the most influential treatment of the relationship between sexual difference and sin. Saiving critiques a tendency she perceived in Christian theology in the 1960s to define sin as pride and dominating self-assertion. She argues that this description of sin does not adequately encompass women’s experience. This chapter analyses Saiving’s argument, and it illuminates the anthropological context that shaped her thought. This chapter offers a fresh consideration of Saiving’s work as it illuminates the reality that ‘The Human Situation’ is an interdisciplinary project that integrates the work of prominent anthropologists of her time with theology. Her contribution is thus also important for this project as it is an example of an early effort in feminist theology to consider sin and sexual difference from the perspectives of both science (anthropology) and theology. Saiving’s influence remains pervasive today, even as her thought has been critiqued and expanded.
Conclusion
Authors: Loumagne Ulishney Megan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The conclusion provides a summary of the central insights of this book in order to indicate some implications for future thinking about soteriology, Christology, Mariology, and ecclesial practices. This project establishes a foundation for the development of a Christian Feminist Materialism that can be used as a generative framework for re-examining other areas of Christian theology in a way that is attuned to the material/biological insights from the natural sciences and the theological resources of the Christian tradition. This Christian Feminist Materialism is grounded in the Incarnation, and its understanding of the Incarnation is developed in a Mariological (as well as a Christological) key. Indeed, Christology and Mariology are intrinsically interconnected, and a robust Mariology is necessary for a complete Christology. However, the Christological implications for theologies of matter have been much more extensively developed in the theological literature than the Mariological implications.
Interventions in Central Europe I: c.1500–1618
Authors: Milton Patrick 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses several interventions in other states which were justified—at least in part—by the need to protect other rulers’ subjects. The geopolitical goals of these interventions are identified, along with their public and private justifications and legitimations. Whether or not they were successful in terms of the interveners’ goals and the consequences for the subjects will also be assessed. The chapter takes a look at the interventions that took place in the context of the rivalry between Emperor Charles V and King Francis I of France, King Henry II of France’s intervention in the Empire in 1552, interventions during the Dutch Revolt of 1568–c.1600, and interventionist trends in the Empire c.1570–1615.
Interventions in Defence of Mediate Subjects
Authors: Milton Patrick 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Here we consider interventions within the Empire, carried out as judicial executions. This chapter will outline some of the cases of regular judicial interventions, implemented mainly in the smallest and small territories of the Reich under the Emperor’s authority, that were aimed at protecting subjects against their rulers. Cases that are examined include the intervention in the territory that is today called Liechtenstein which was aimed in part at protecting the subjects from mass executions during spurious witchcraft trials in the 1680s; an intervention in the small county of Bentheim in 1722 which was aimed at rescuing the territory from corrupt and abusive councillors who took advantage of the ruling count’s mental illness to enrich themselves at great cost to the local subject population.
TheHow,Why, andHow Wellof Minority Governments
Authors: Field Bonnie N. , Martin Shane 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter reviews the existing literature on minority governments, details our research questions, and provides a summary of the country case studies. Three core research questions guide this endeavor, and the chapter introduces each in the context of the existing literature, and unanswered questions. First, we ask why minority governments form. This includes whether the formation of minority governments (as distinct from majority coalitions) is related to political institutions (such as legislative rules and organization), electoral incentives, the shape or composition of the party system, or something else. Second, we explore how minority governments govern once in office. After all, government formation is normally a relatively short-lived process compared to the actual time the government will spend in office. Questions here include whether minority governments operate with formal agreements with other parties in parliament, their alliance-building strategies within parliament, and the motivations of the non-governing political parties or individual legislators that provide support to minority governments. Third, we explore how well minority governments perform, cross-nationally and, where useful, compared to periods of majority government in the same country. This includes common indicators of performances—such as the legislative productivity and rates of survival in office of minority governments, and what citizens think of the performance of the minority government—as well as more nuanced assessments that contextualize performance in the particular national context.
Minority Governments in India
Authors: Nikolenyi Csaba 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIndia is a puzzling case for the study of minority governments because of the dramatic shift from four decades of single-party majority governments (1952−1989) to two decades under minority cabinet rule (1989–2014). Moreover, unlike other adversarial Westminster democracies, where hung parliaments normally lead to the formation of a single-party minority governments, almost all of India’s minority governments were multiparty coalitions that were often formed by an extremely large number of parties. Although the era of minority governments seems to have come to an end with the general elections of 2014 and 2019, multiparty coalitions still remain the norm. The chapter highlights the importance of party system federalization and the development of contract parliamentarism in understanding the development and functioning of India’s multiparty minority governments.
Ireland
Authors: Weeks Liam 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMinority governments are a common feature of the Irish political landscape, but they do not occur for the typical reasons. Such governments in Ireland are unusual in that they tend to control more parliamentary seats than the opposition parties—they are, in effect, majoritarian. This outcome is the product of an exceptional presence of independent parliamentarians, who play a role both in the formation and maintenance of these administrations. This role has varied from that of external support to seats at the cabinet table, and this chapter details both the nature of independents’ involvement and the reasons for the variation. As the party system has begun to fragment, making the government formation process more difficult, minority administrations involving parties have also become a feature of the political landscape. It is quite noticeable that these latter arrangements can attract more instability and can be less majoritarian than those involving independents.
Minority Governments in Portugal
Authors: Fernandes Jorge M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the institutional incentives and behavioral motivations for the formation of minority governments in Portugal. My argument is that the roots of the prevalence of minority governments in Portugal rest on the transition to democracy. Elites chose a proportional electoral system and no requirement for a vote of confidence during government formation to curtail the Communist’s access to power and to prevent a one-party dominance in the newly democratic regime. The chapter marshals empirical evidence suggesting that minority governments fulfill as many electoral pledges and deliver the same public policy outcomes as their majoritarian counterparts. Evidence suggests, however, that minority governments tend to be less stable and face early termination more frequently. This chapter adds to the literature on minority governments by linking their prevalence with the hard choices elites had during the transition to democracy.
Minority Government in Australia
Authors: Crowley Kate , Hughes Cath 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In Australia’s two-party dominant Westminster system, federal minority government is rare, however this chapter argues that, as the two-party vote declines, there will be more frequent incidences. It explains minority government in the Australian political context, where single-party federal majority government has been the norm. Crucially, the major parties expect to win elections and govern alone, and, at the federal level, have offered only policy tradeoffs rather than cabinet posts to their supporters. In Australia, the formation of a minority government is affirmed by testing the will of the house with a parliamentary vote, and by the endorsement of the Crown, represented by the Governor General. The minority government is sustained by independents, and at times by minor parties, backing all budget (supply) bills, and by not partaking in votes of no confidence sufficient to bring it down. This chapter reviews the experience of the 2010–13 Labor minority government, the most substantive federal minority government to date. It never lost a vote, ran full term, and was a reformist government, and Australia’s most legislatively successful federal government; but it failed to be re-elected and its supporters largely suffered in its aftermath. Nevertheless, the lessons offered in this chapter are that, while Australian federal minority government is rare, it can form, govern, and deliver, and may in future include power sharing despite its Westminster context.
Conclusion
Authors: Watroba Karolina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion revisits the methodological discussion in the Introduction and recaps the ‘closer reading’ of The Magic Mountain as a work of ‘world literature’ performed in this study. It argues that it is the connections between life and literature, provisionally and contingently established in each individual meeting between a reader and a text, that constitute culture. These connections must be the central object of study for literary scholarship, which can and should attend more seriously to the question of its own value—in practice, not just in theory. An evocative anecdote about Thomas Mann, Konstantin Fedin, and an anonymous Russian steamship machinist is recounted to illustrate this thesis.
Michels and German Social Democracy
Authors: Bonnell Andrew G. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides the most complete reconstruction to date of Robert Michels’ involvement with the German Social Democratic Party. It is this practical experience of a modern democratic mass party which is often seen as having informed Michels’ analysis in Political Parties. The chapter shows how Michels’ involvement in writing for the Social Democratic Party press came into conflict with his academic ambitions to a degree he had not anticipated. Drawing on largely overlooked archival and newspaper sources, the chapter goes on to reconstruct Michels’ participation as an activist in the Social Democratic Party in the atypical environment of the small university town of Marburg, and demonstrates that Michels held a view of his political work that was primarily ethical in its focus. The conviction of his superior ethical qualities and his experience of party organization in a quiet area with little industrial working-class population arguably coloured his view of the party. The chapter goes on to trace Michels’ sympathies with the left of the Social Democratic Party, even while he continued to hope for a university position and wrote for non-socialist journals, and it traces his progressive disillusionment with the party and estrangement from it.
Internationalism, Patriotism, Nationalism
Authors: Bonnell Andrew G. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Robert Michels’ writings on the complex of issues around nationalism, patriotism, and internationalism have continued to attract scholarly interest. There was a strong situational element to Michels’ views on these topics. From his earliest writings, Michels demonstrated an allergy to the kind of nationalism that prevailed in Wilhelmine Germany. This allergy may have had a combination of sources—the aversion of his Francophile Rhineland family background to the Prussian-dominated empire, generational revolt against the repressive official culture of Wilhelmine Germany, and an aversion to German militarism fed by his own negative experiences of military service. On the other hand, Michels always evinced a warmer attitude to Italian nationalism, even when it took on more aggressive imperialist forms after 1910. For Michels, Italian nationalism, as represented by figures such as Mazzini and Garibaldi, was more democratic and fed by more positive national characteristics than its German counterpart. Even while Michels’ attitudes to nationalism, patriotism, and internationalism evolved as he moved away from an embrace of the concept of class struggle to a more elitist attitude, his strong aversion to German militarism remained a consistent feature of his writing.
The Legal Status and Limitations on Investor–State Arbitration in Africa
Authors: Dagbanja Dominic Npoanlari 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 critically analyses how investment treaty arbitration affects the exercise of judicial authority of the courts in Africa. Investor–state arbitration permits foreign investors to bypass municipal courts and thereby make foreign investors less accountable to the host state through established state institutions. Yet, African constitutions studied vest original, appellate, and final jurisdiction over legal disputes to municipal courts. The chapter establishes that foreign investors do not have an automatic and direct right in customary international law to access international dispute resolution. In this regard, the chapter challenges the capacity of African states to agree to investment treaty arbitration in light of national constitutions and customary international law. The principles of constitutional governance, especially on accountability of governments through the judiciary, transparency, rule of law, and the need to put citizens first prohibit an automatic, absolute substantive and procedural preferential treatment to foreign investors. The chapter makes a case for African states to reconsider the role of domestic courts and state-state dispute settlement mechanisms for both investment and trade disputes that are consistent with constitutional governance, the rule of law and democracy.
The Environment, Human Rights, and the Investment Treaty Regime in Africa
Authors: Dagbanja Dominic Npoanlari 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on human rights and environmental regulation of foreign investment. The environment and human rights are protected, in part, by the enactment or making and enforcement of environmental and human rights laws and policies. The African constitutions studied and the international human rights treaties and international environmental treaties to which African states are parties guarantee, recognise, and provide for the protection of fundamental human rights and the right to a healthy environment and impose corresponding obligations on African states to fulfil these rights. This chapter also analyses arbitral cases challenging environmental and human rights protection measures in order to assess how investment treaties restrict or might constrain the adoption of measures aimed at protecting the environment and human rights in Africa. It argues that African states’ duties to protect the environment and human rights emanate from national constitutions and international environmental and human rights treaties. Therefore, fundamental human rights and the right to a clean and safe environment and corresponding duties of African states place legal limitations on the standards of investment protection the states can undertake depending on their constraining effects on regulatory autonomy. It suggests that investment treaty terms must be made to be consistent with environmental and human rights obligations of African states.