bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Institutions and power relations and the implementation of community forestry: a case study of Taiwan
Authors: Li Shau Yin , Marafa Lawal M 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Policy implementation outcomes occur through the interplay between the political interests and power relationships of actors within the underlying institutional arrangements. Using the Community Forestry Program in Taiwan as a case study, this study aims to (1) identify how the historical development of forestry policies shapes current institutional arrangements and the political interests of actors, (2) determine how institutional arrangements shape the power relationships and interactions between actors and (3) understand how these interactions produce the policy implementation outcomes. Focusing on eastern Taiwan, 24 semi-structured interviews were conducted. The respondents included officers at different tiers of Taiwan’s forestry authority and the communities that had participated in the policy between 2013 and 2017. Findings from the thematic analysis reveal that the forestry officers and communities have divergent political interests and expectations for the policy, and when disagreements arose, the political interests of forestry officers often prevailed over those of the communities. These findings further exemplify the state’s dominance in Taiwan’s forest management, wherein local communities are placed at the periphery and power has not yet been devolved formally to the communities under the existing institutional arrangements. Amendments to the broader legal framework are required to alter the existing power relationships and achieve decentralization of forest resource management.
Multi-trait selection for improved solid wood physical and flexural properties in white spruce
Authors: Rashidi-Jouybari Iman , Lenz Patrick , Beaulieu Jean , Nadeau Simon , Bousquet Jean , Achim Alexis 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCommercial production of high-quality lumber for Nordic conifers is negatively impacted by long rotation age and adverse negative correlations between growth and wood quality traits. A prospective solution to ensure sufficient fibre quality from future plantations is to identify key wood traits for desired applications and to consider them in tree breeding programs. In this study, we used the widespread and largely reforested white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) in Canada to investigate the genetic control of wood flexural properties such as stiffness, i.e. modulus of elasticity (MOE), and strength, i.e. modulus of rupture (MOR). We also looked at their phenotypic and genetic correlations with other wood quality and growth traits to assess the efficiency of indirect methods of selection to improve wood flexural properties in the context of multi-trait selection in tree breeding programs. To achieve this, standardized solid wood samples, growth records and standing tree wood quality traits were collected from 289 trees belonging to 38 white spruce families from a polycross genetic trial established on two different sites in the province of Quebec, Canada. Flexural stiffness and strength, height, diameter at breast height (DBH) and wood density showed moderate to high heritability. Flexural stiffness was also positively correlated at the genetic level with flexural strength, average wood density and acoustic velocity as an indirect measure of dynamic MOE (${r}_{\mathrm{G}}$ = 0.99, ${r}_{\mathrm{G}}$ = 0.78 and ${r}_{\mathrm{G}}$= 0.78, respectively). When selecting the top 5 per cent of the trees, the expected genetic gains varied from 3.6 per cent for acoustic velocity to 16.5 per cent for MOE. Selection based on wood density and acoustic velocity would result in considerable genetic gains in flexural stiffness. Several multi-trait selection scenarios were tested to investigate the genetic gains obtained from selecting with different combinations of growth and wood quality traits. The results showed that indirect selection for wood flexural properties by means of acoustic velocity and wood density are efficient methods that can be combined in operational white spruce breeding programs to increase simultaneously genetic gains for growth and wood flexural properties.
Champagne: Automated Whole-Genome Phylogenomic Character Matrix Method Using Large Genomic Indels for Homoplasy-Free Inference
Authors: Schull James K , Turakhia Yatish , Hemker James A , Dally William J , Bejerano Gill 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We present Champagne, a whole-genome method for generating character matrices for phylogenomic analysis using large genomic indel events. By rigorously picking orthologous genes and locating large insertion and deletion events, Champagne delivers a character matrix that considerably reduces homoplasy compared with morphological and nucleotide-based matrices, on both established phylogenies and difficult-to-resolve nodes in the mammalian tree. Champagne provides ample evidence in the form of genomic structural variation to support incomplete lineage sorting and possible introgression in Paenungulata and human–chimp–gorilla which were previously inferred primarily through matrices composed of aligned single-nucleotide characters. Champagne also offers further evidence for Myomorpha as sister to Sciuridae and Hystricomorpha in the rodent tree. Champagne harbors distinct theoretical advantages as an automated method that produces nearly homoplasy-free character matrices on the whole-genome scale.
Factors That Affect the Rates of Adaptive and Nonadaptive Evolution at the Gene Level in Humans and Chimpanzees
Authors: Soni Vivak , Eyre-Walker Adam 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The rate of amino acid substitution has been shown to be correlated to a number of factors including the rate of recombination, the age of the gene, the length of the protein, mean expression level, and gene function. However, the extent to which these correlations are due to adaptive and nonadaptive evolution has not been studied in detail, at least not in hominids. We find that the rate of adaptive evolution is significantly positively correlated to the rate of recombination, protein length and gene expression level, and negatively correlated to gene age. These correlations remain significant when each factor is controlled for in turn, except when controlling for expression in an analysis of protein length; and they also generally remain significant when biased gene conversion is taken into account. However, the positive correlations could be an artifact of population size contraction. We also find that the rate of nonadaptive evolution is negatively correlated to each factor, and all these correlations survive controlling for each other and biased gene conversion. Finally, we examine the effect of gene function on rates of adaptive and nonadaptive evolution; we confirm that virus-interacting proteins (VIPs) have higher rates of adaptive and lower rates of nonadaptive evolution, but we also demonstrate that there is significant variation in the rate of adaptive and nonadaptive evolution between GO categories when removing VIPs. We estimate that the VIP/non-VIP axis explains about 5–8 fold more of the variance in evolutionary rate than GO categories.
Time-course analysis and transcriptomic identification of key response strategies of Nelumbo nucifera to complete submergence
Authors: Deng Xianbao , Yang Dong , Sun Heng , Liu Juan , Song Heyun , Xiong Yaqian , Wang Yunmeng , Ma Junyu , Zhang Minghua , Li Jing , Liu Yanling , Yang Mei 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Water submergence is an environmental stress with detrimental effects on plant growth and survival. As a wetland plant species, lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is widely cultivated in flood-prone lowlands throughout Asian countries, but little is known about its endurance and acclimation mechanisms to complete submergence. Here, we performed a time-course submergence experiment and an RNA-sequencing transcriptome analysis of the two lotus varieties “Qiuxing” and “China Antique”. Both varieties showed low submergence tolerance, with a median lethal time of approximately 10 days. Differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified a number of key genes putatively involved in lotus submergence responses. Lotus plants under complete submergence developed thinned leaves and elongated petioles containing a high density of aerenchyma. All four lotus submergence-responsive ERF-VII genes and gene sets corresponding to the low oxygen “escape” strategy (LOES) were elevated. In addition, a number of lotus innate immunity genes were rapidly induced by submergence, probably to confer resistance to possible pathogen infections. Our data also reveal the probable involvement of jasmonic acid in the modulation of lotus submergence responses, although to a lesser extent than the gaseous hormone ethylene. These results suggest that lotus plants primarily use the LOES strategy to cope with complex submergence-induced stresses, and they will be valuable for understanding the molecular basis underlying plant submergence acclimation.
A Myb transcription factor, PgMyb308-like, enhances the level of shikimate, aromatic amino acids, and lignins, but represses the synthesis of flavonoids and hydrolyzable tannins, in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.)
Authors: Dhakarey Rohit , Yaritz Uri , Tian Li , Amir Rachel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Pomegranate fruit peels are highly abundant in metabolites derived from the shikimate pathway, such as hydrolyzable tannins (HTs) and flavonoids. These metabolites are beneficial to human health (commercial juice is enriched with peel metabolites), and also protect the fruit from environmental stresses. To understand the transcriptional control of shikimate pathway-related metabolites in pomegranate, we cloned and characterized a subgroup S4 R2R3 Myb transcription factor, PgMyb308-like. Overexpressing PgMyb308-like in pomegranate hairy roots increased the accumulation of shikimate, aromatic amino acids, isoferulic acid, and total lignins, but led to reduced gallic acid and its downstream products HTs, as well as multiple flavonoids. Changes in these metabolites are supported by the increased expression of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate synthase and shikimate dehydrogenase 1 (PgSDH1) (the SDH isoform associated with shikimate biosynthesis), and the reduced expression of PgSDH4 (the SDH isoform suggested to produce gallic acid). Transcriptome analysis of PgMyb308-like-overexpressing hairy roots further revealed reprogramming of cell wall-related genes, while overexpression of PgMyb308-like in Arabidopsis thaliana plants uncovered its distinct role in a different genetic and metabolic background. These results together suggest that PgMyb308-like activates genes in the shikimate pathway and lignin biosynthesis, but suppresses those involved in the production of HTs and flavonoids.
Potato StLecRK-IV.1 negatively regulates late blight resistance by affecting the stability of a positive regulator StTET8
Authors: Guo Lei , Qi Yetong , Mu Yang , Zhou Jing , Lu Wenhe , Tian Zhendong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Plant receptor-like kinases (RLKs) regulate many processes in plants. Many RLKs perform significant roles in plant immunity. Lectin receptor-like kinases (LecRLKs) are a large family of RLKs. However, the function of most LecRLKs is poorly understood. In this study, we show that a potato LecRLK, StLecRK-IV.1, is involved in plant immunity against Phytophthora infestans. As a negative regulator of immunity, StLecRK-IV.1 is downregulated by P. infestans and activated by abscisic acid. The transient expression of StLecRK-IV.1 in Nicotiana benthamiana enhanced P. infestans leaf colonization significantly. In contrast, the size of disease lesions caused by P. infestans was reduced by virus-induced gene silencing of the StLecRK-IV.1 ortholog in N. benthamiana, NbLecRK-IV.1, as well as in potato plants with stable RNA interference of StLecRK-IV.1. Tetraspanin-8 (StTET8) was identified to be interacting with StLecRK-IV.1 using a membrane yeast two-hybrid system, which was further verified by co-immunoprecipitation, a luciferase complementation assay, and a bimolecular fluorescence complementation test. StTET8 is a positive immune regulator that restrains P. infestans infection. The co-expression of StLecRK-IV.1 with StTET8 antagonized the positive roles of StTET8 against P. infestans. Moreover, the co-expression of StTET8 with StLecRK-IV.1 affected the stability of StTET8, which was confirmed by a western blot assay and confocal assay. Taken together, our work first reveal that a potato L-type lectin RLK, StLecRK-IV.1, negatively regulates plant immunity by targeting a positive regulator, StTET8, through affecting its stability.
‘All England Was Present at that Siege’: Imperial Defences and Island Stories in British Culture
Authors: Wallace Brian 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In 2018, a controversy over the commemoration of Rorke’s Drift in a London Tube station demonstrated the tensions inherent in twenty-first-century imperial memory. This article traces how imperial sieges like Rorke’s Drift, Lucknow, and Mafeking played a central role in shaping Victorian Britain’s imperial self-image, with besieged garrisons celebrated as microcosms of their island homeland in a patriotic vision deployed to justify and popularize often-controversial imperial wars. Drawing on sources including diaries, journalism, art, theatre, and political rhetoric, it demonstrates how these racially-charged siege narratives still shape nostalgic postcolonial visions of empire through popular culture like the 1964 film Zulu.
Bumble Bee (Bombus vosnesenskii) Queen Nest Searching Occurs Independent of Ovary Developmental Status
Authors: Sarro Erica , Tripodi Amber , Woodard S Hollis 
Published: February 2022

Synopsis
Studies on the physiological states of wild-caught organisms are essential to uncovering the links between ecological and physiological processes. Bumble bee queens emerge from overwintering in the spring. At this time, queens develop their ovaries and search for a nest site in which to start a colony. Whether these two processes, ovary development and nest-searching, interact with or influence one another remains an unresolved question in behavioral physiology. We explored the hypothesis that ovary development and nest-searching might be mechanistically connected, by testing whether (1) ovary development precedes nest-searching behavior; (2) nest occupation precedes ovary development; or (3) ovary development and nest-searching occur independently, in bumble bee (Bombus vosnesenskii) queens. We collected queens either nest-searching (and thus prior to occupying a nest) or pollen-collecting (and thus provisioning an occupied nest) and measured their degree of ovary activation. We further screened these queens for parasites or other symbionts, to identify additional factors that may impact their reproductive success at this time. We found that queens searched for and occupied nests at all stages of ovary development, indicating that these processes occur independently in this system. Nest-searching queens were more likely to have substantial mite loads than pollen-collecting queens, who had already located and occupied a nest. However, mite loads did not significantly predict ovary developmental status. Collectively, our work shows that nesting status and symbionts alone are insufficient to explain the variation in spring bumble bee queen ovary development. We propose that ovary development and nest-searching occur opportunistically, which may enable queens to begin laying eggs earlier in the season than if these processes occurred in discrete succession.
Both/And or Neither/Nor? On the Prospect of “New Cosmopolitanism” to Serve as a Middle Ground between Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism
Authors: Rolf Jan Niklas 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOver the course of the past three decades, Western politics has gone from one extreme to another. Whereas the immediate post-Cold War years were marked by a cosmopolitan heyday, in recent years we are witnessing a nationalist backlash. Given this heightened political polarization, the quest for a viable middle ground becomes all the more pressing. The unlikely candidate that this article considers is the body of thought that has been termed “new cosmopolitanism,” but that on closer inspection is neither new nor cosmopolitan. Tracing its dualistic conception in Stoicism and Kantianism, it is argued that “new cosmopolitanism” is much richer and more modest than its label suggests. Whether this qualifies it to serve as a middle ground between cosmopolitanism and nationalism, however, depends on the readiness of “new cosmopolitans” to make practical either/or choices where both/and or neither/nor categories do not hold. Treating the Olympic Games as a microcosm, the article explores whether the biannual festivals of humankind and nationhood hold any lessons for “new cosmopolitans” in that regard.
Application of persuasive systems design principles to design a self-management application user interface for Hispanic informal dementia caregivers: user preferences and perceptions
Authors: Lucero Robert J , Yoon Sunmoo , Suero-Tejeda Niurka , Arcia Adriana , Iribarren Sarah , Mittelman Mary , Luchsinger Jose , Bakken Suzanne 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective
We designed an mHealth application (app) user interface (UI) prototype informed by participatory design sessions, persuasive systems design (PSD) principles, and Lorig and Holman’s self-management behavior framework to support self-management activities of Hispanic informal dementia caregivers and assessed their perceptions and preferences regarding features and functions of the app.

Materials and Methods
Our observational usability study design employed qualitative methods and forced choice preference assessments to identify: (1) the relationship between user preferences for UI features and functions and PSD principles and (2) user preferences for UI design features and functions and app functionality. We evaluated 16 pairs of mHealth app UI prototype designs. Eight paper-based paired designs were used to assess the relationship between PSD principles and caregiver preferences for UI features and functions to support self-management. An Apple iPad WIFI 32GB was used to display another 8 paired designs and assess caregiver preferences for UI functions to support the self-management process.

Results
Caregivers preferred an app UI with features and functions that incorporated a greater number of PSD principles and included an infographic to facilitate self-management. Moreover, caregivers preferred a design that did not depend on manual data entry, opting instead for functions such as drop-down list, drag-and-drop, and voice query to prioritize, choose, decide, and search when performing self-management activities.

Conclusion
Our assessment approaches allowed us to discern which UI features, functions, and designs caregivers preferred. The targeted application of PSD principles in UI designs holds promise for supporting personalized problem identification, goal setting, decision-making, and action planning as strategies for improving caregiver self-management confidence.
‘Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act’ of India: An Analysis of Substantive Access to Rights of a Transgender Community
Authors: Bhattacharya Shamayeta , Ghosh Debarchana , Purkayastha Bandana 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The amendments to the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act of India in 2019 address non-binary persons’ constitutional rights, recognition of their gender identity, and non-discrimination laws across institutional spaces (for example, family, workplace, education, and healthcare). The Act discusses legal rights in isolation of praxis, structural support and, more importantly, lacks guidelines needed to substantively access rights. Such a disconnection relegates human rights to merely legal changes with limited practice. In this article, we discuss the achievements and failures of the act from the perspective of a transgender community in India, and the impact it has had on their lives from its formulation in 2014. Although non-binary communities are recognized, they face severe abuse and discrimination. We analyse accounts of 15 transgender persons’ lived experiences and challenges they faced in claiming their rights in Kolkata, a metropolis in eastern India. We used the framework of substantive access to rights, that is, the actual ability to practice and access documented rights, to critically discuss our findings across family, work, education, and healthcare spaces, often showing the gaps between achieved legal status, and the practical realities on the ground. We provide several recommendations to bridge these gaps—improving educational equity for non-binary people, including transgender specific training for healthcare providers and, more importantly, increasing the adequate representation of non-binary people in the positions of negotiation. The road to claiming social and economic rights following legal rights for non-binary gender communities cannot be achieved without overcoming their erasure within families and hypervisibility in public spaces.
Impact of Hypnotic Drug Zolpidem Tartrate on the Development of Forensic FlySarcophaga ruficornis(Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
Authors: Ahmed Al-Keridis Lamya , Al Galil Fahd Mohammed Abd , Al-Mekhlafi Fahd A , Wadaan Muhammad A , Al-Khalifa Mohammed S 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe flesh fly Sarcophaga ruficornis (Fabricius) is one of the fly species of significant medical and forensic importance since it is one of the most common flesh flies used in forensic investigations. Zolpidem tartrate is a sedative-hypnotic drug used for the short-term treatment of insomnia in adults and its use has been implicated in many suicide cases worldwide. Fresh chopped liver of buffalo Bubalus bubalis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) containing different concentrations of Zolpidem tartrate was given to S. ruficornis larvae to evaluate the effect of Zolpidem tartrate on the developmental rate of the different stages, life cycle duration, and the morphological parameters. The findings have shown significant variation in the time required for the different developmental stages and total life cycle duration, which correlated positively with the Zolpidem tartrate concentration in different cultures. Compared to the control, the morphological parameters were negatively correlated with the concentration of Zolpidem tartrate in the treated cultures. The obtained results indicate that the Zolpidem tartrate retards larval development and alters the estimation of the total developmental duration. Thus, when Zolpidem tartrate may be the cause of death, the entomological evidence needs to be analyzed so it takes zolpidem-related changes to the mPMI into account.
Morphological Description of the Female, Pupa, and Fourth-Instar Larva and Redescription of the Male of Culex (Melanoconion) aliciae (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Bangher Débora N , Rossi Gustavo C , Almirón Walter R , Stein Marina 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The female, pupa, and fourth-instar larva of Culex (Melanoconion) aliciae are described for the first time, and the male is redescribed. The cibarium, female and male genitalia, pupa, and fourth-instar larva are illustrated. Information on distribution, bionomics, and taxonomy is also included. Males of Cx. aliciae Duret and Cx. martinezi Casal & Garcia are indistinguishable, except for the appearance of the ninth tergal lobes. The female of Culex martinezi has not been described before. The females of Culex aliciae can be recognized by characteristics of the occipital scales, cibarium, and genitalia. The larva of Cx. aliciae and Cx. martinezi can be distinguished from characters of the thorax and abdomen.