bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Analysis of Two Pharmaceutical Combinations Containing Amlodipine with Either Bisoprolol or Candesartan Using Different UV Spectrophotometric Methods
Authors: Ramzy Sherif , Abdelazim Ahmed H , Shahin Mohamed 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Two fixed-dose combination tablets of amlodipine (AML) with bisoprolol (BIS) and amlodipine with candesartan (CAN) were recently approved for the treatment of hypertension.

Objective
Three UV spectrophotometric analytical methods were developed for the estimation of the above drugs in their combination mixtures.

Methods
For the AML and BIS mixture, AML was quantified directly by a zero-order spectrophotometric method at 360 nm without interference from BIS, whereas BIS was quantified by the ratio difference (RD) spectrophotometric method by calculating the difference between the amplitude values of the ratio spectra at 226 and 215 nm. For the AML and CAN mixture, AML was quantified directly by a zero-order spectrophotometric method at 360 nm without interference from CAN, whereas CAN was quantified by the first derivative of ratio spectra method by measuring the amplitude values of the derived spectra at 259 nm.BIS)

Results
The proposed methods were successfully applied for quantitative analysis of AML with BIS and AML with CAN in their synthetic laboratory-prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical tablets with acceptable results in terms of accuracy and precision.

Conclusion and Highlights
Simple, accurate, and environmentally friendly spectrophotometric methods were described for selective determination of the investigated drugs in their fixed-dose combinations.
Which mammals can be identified from camera traps and crowdsourced photographs?
Authors: Kays Roland , Lasky Monica , Allen Maximilian L , Dowler Robert C , Hawkins Melissa T R , Hope Andrew G , Kohli Brooks A , Mathis Verity L , McLean Bryan , Olson Link E , Thompson Cody W , Thornton Daniel , Widness Jane , Cove Michael V 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
While museum voucher specimens continue to be the standard for species identifications, biodiversity data are increasingly represented by photographic records from camera traps and amateur naturalists. Some species are easily recognized in these pictures, others are impossible to distinguish. Here we quantify the extent to which 335 terrestrial nonvolant North American mammals can be identified in typical photographs, with and without considering species range maps. We evaluated all pairwise comparisons of species and judged, based on professional opinion, whether they are visually distinguishable in typical pictures from camera traps or the iNaturalist crowdsourced platform on a 4-point scale: (1) always, (2) usually, (3) rarely, or (4) never. Most (96.5%) of the 55,944 pairwise comparisons were ranked as always or usually distinguishable in a photograph, leaving exactly 2,000 pairs of species that can rarely or never be distinguished from typical pictures, primarily within clades such as shrews and small-bodied rodents. Accounting for a species geographic range eliminates many problematic comparisons, such that the average number of difficult or impossible-to-distinguish species pairs from any location was 7.3 when considering all species, or 0.37 when considering only those typically surveyed with camera traps. The greatest diversity of difficult-to-distinguish species was in Arizona and New Mexico, with 57 difficult pairs of species, suggesting the problem scales with overall species diversity. Our results show which species are most readily differentiated by photographic data and which taxa should be identified only to higher taxonomic levels (e.g., genus). Our results are relevant to ecologists, as well as those using artificial intelligence to identify species in photographs, but also serve as a reminder that continued study of mammals through museum vouchers is critical since it is the only way to accurately identify many smaller species, provides a wealth of data unattainable from photographs, and constrains photographic records via accurate range maps. Ongoing specimen voucher collection, in addition to photographs, will become even more important as species ranges change, and photographic evidence alone will not be sufficient to document these dynamics for many species.
Long-term variation of coronal holes latitudinal distribution
Authors: Maghradze D A , Chargeishvili B B , Japaridze D R , Oghrapishvili N B , Chargeishvili K B 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
We study the evolution of the latitudinal distribution of coronal holes using the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)/Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) 195 Å data from 1996 May to 2020 April. To measure the presence of coronal holes at a given latitude, we use the presence factor, which estimates the length of an object along a given parallel, expressed as a percentage of half of the equator length. By semi-automatic processing of the data series, we obtained the 361 × 7346 latitude–time matrix. The corresponding diagram shows the significant difference in evolutionary shapes of a latitudinal distribution of non-polar and polar coronal holes. However, the morphology of the evolutionary picture and the migration route of the geometric centre of activity of the coronal hole in the diagram indicate that non-polar and polar coronal holes have the same driving mechanism. It is believed that the migration of the centre of activity of the coronal hole in the latitude–time diagram is a combination of two opposite migration paths. They intersect at the equator and diverge to opposite poles, where they form the so-called polar coronal holes, then again move to lower latitudes, and this happens cyclically. Determining the opposite migration paths by antiphase sinusoids, their deviation from antiphase determines the detected north–south asymmetry in the activity of the coronal hole.
Clinical profile and outcome of large-vessel giant cell arteritis in Japanese patients: A single-centre retrospective cohort study
Authors: Yamaguchi Eriho , Kadoba Keiichiro , Watanabe Ryu , Iwasaki Takeshi , Kitagori Koji , Akizuki Shuji , Murakami Kosaku , Nakashima Ran , Hashimoto Motomu , Tanaka Masao , Morinobu Akio , Yoshifuji Hajime 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT

Objectives
Recent advances in imaging revealed that giant cell arteritis (GCA) is frequently associated with large vessel involvement (LVI), but they may also contribute to earlier diagnosis and treatment of LV-GCA. We aimed to compare the clinical characteristics of GCA with or without LVI and evaluate its association with clinical outcomes.

Method
We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 36 patients with GCA in Kyoto University Hospital.

Results
Eighteen patients each were assigned to the LVI(+) and LVI(-) groups. Five-year survival rates in the LVI(+) group were better than in the LVI(-) group (p = .034), while five-year relapse-free survival rates were similar between the groups (p = .75). The LVI(+) group required lower doses of glucocorticoid at month 6 (p = .036). Disease activity evaluated with the Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score at disease onset was higher in the LVI(-) group (p = .014), and the Vasculitis Damage Index score examined at the last visit was higher in the LVI(-) group (p = .011).

Conclusion
GCA without LVI had more active disease, severer vascular damage, and worse survival, possibly because of ophthalmic complications and their greater glucocorticoid requirement. Our results revisit the impact of cranial manifestations on disease severity and morbidity.
From “new social risks” to “COVID social risks”: the challenges for inclusive society in South Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan amid the pandemic
Authors: Choi Young Jun , Kühner Stefan , Shi Shih-Jiunn 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has created tremendous hazards to people worldwide. Incidence, hospitalization, and mortality rates have varied by individual and regional socioeconomic indicators. However, little is known about the indirect social and economic losses following the COVID-19 pandemic and to what extent they have disproportionately affected different groups of people. Building on the traditional conceptualizations of “old” and “new social risks,” this article tracks and analyzes the emerging “COVID social risks” in five critical areas: physical health, employment and income, skills and knowledge, care, and social relationships. The article empirically examines to what extent the manifestations of “COVID social risks” describe the makings of a new class divide in South Korea, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Finally, this article discusses whether “COVID social risks” present a temporary or lasting phenomenon and to what extent interactions with processes of digitization and de-globalization are likely to produce similar problem pressures for East Asian governments amid future crises. East Asian governments should facilitate individuals’ ability to absorb “COVID social risks” and institutionalize a new welfare policy settlement that emphasizes complementarities between the social protection, social investment, and social innovation policy paradigms.
Written With Their Blood: Contemplating Death in South Africa in the Newspaper Poems of 1899–1902
Authors: Rawlinson-Mills Elizabeth 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The South African War of 1899–1902 was a moment of crisis for the British Empire. Although it has been called the high point of British imperialism, its resonances in popular culture texts indicate that that the conflict was a source of national trauma and anxiety as well as an occasion for imperial patriotism. This essay explores the ways in which military and civilian poets writing in English for newspaper publication during the war, in Britain and around the world, were particularly troubled by the wartime landscapes of South Africa. I argue that in their representations of soldiers’ deaths, newspaper poets perform two related mapping exercises. In a cartography of loss, they reflect anxiously on a terrain strewn with British bodies, which were exposed to the extremity of the South African elements and threatened by the landscape’s otherness and apparent emptiness. Meanwhile, other newspaper poems attempt a reparative cartography of remembrance, in which a shared consciousness of buried British bodies and shed British blood could turn topographic locations into beacons in a cultural memory map. Employed by newspaper poets of different political persuasions, these tactics often aimed for patriotic or propagandistic effects, but they simultaneously express uneasiness, about British bodies and British imperial ambitions.
Comparing Risk Factors for Non-affective Psychotic Disorders With Common Mental Disorders Among Migrant Groups: A 25-Year Retrospective Cohort Study of 2 Million Migrants
Authors: Anderson Kelly K , Le Britney , Edwards Jordan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Although migration is a well-established risk factor for psychotic disorders, less is known about factors that modify risk within migrant groups. We sought to assess whether socio-demographic, migration-related, and post-migration factors were associated with the risk of non-affective psychotic disorders (NAPD) among first-generation migrants, and to compare with estimates for common mental disorders (CMD) to explore specificity of the effect.

Study Design
We constructed a retrospective cohort of first-generation migrants to Ontario, Canada using linked population-based health administrative data (1992–2011; n = 1 964 884). We identified NAPD and CMD using standardized algorithms. We used modified Poisson regression models to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) for each factor to assess its effect on the risk of each outcome.

Study Results
Nearly 75% of cases of NAPD met the case definition for a CMD prior to the first diagnosis of psychosis. Our findings suggest that younger age at migration, male sex, being of African-origin, and not having proficiency in national languages had a specificity of effect for a higher risk of NAPD. Among migrants who were over 19 years of age at landing, higher pre-migratory education and being married/common-law at landing showed specificity of effect for a lower risk of NAPD. Migrant class, rurality of residence after landing, and post-migration neighborhood-level income showed similar effects across disorders.

Conclusions
Our findings help identify high-risk groups to target for intervention. Identifying factors that show specific effects for psychotic disorder, rather than mental disorders more broadly, are important for informing prevention and early intervention efforts.
Characterizing sleep–wake patterns in mothers and children in an agrarian community: results from the Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study
Authors: Kundel Vaishnavi , Agyapong Prince Darko , Parekh Ankit , Kaali Seyram , Prah Rebecca Kyerewaa Dwommoh , Taweesedt Pahnwat , Tawiah Theresa , Ayappa Indu , Mujtaba Mohammed Nuhu , Agyei Oscar , Jack Darby , Osei Musah , Kwarteng Adolphine Adofowa , Lee Alison , Asante Kwaku Poku 
Published: February 2022

AbstractStudy ObjectivesSeveral studies have examined sleep patterns in rural/indigenous communities, however little is known about sleep characteristics in women of reproductive age, and children within these populations. We investigate sleep–wake patterns in mothers and children (ages 3–5 years) leveraging data from the Ghana Randomized Air Pollution and Health Study (GRAPHS).MethodsThe GRAPHS cohort comprises of rural/agrarian communities in Ghana and collected multiday actigraphy in a subset of women and children to assess objective sleep–wake patterns. Data were scored using the Cole–Kripke and Sadeh algorithms for mothers/children. We report descriptive, baseline characteristics and objective sleep measures, compared by access to electricity/poverty status.ResultsWe analyzed data for 58 mothers (mean age 33 ± 6.6) and 64 children (mean age 4 ± 0.4). For mothers, mean bedtime was 9:40 pm ± 56 min, risetime 5:46 am ± 40 min, and total sleep time (TST) was 6.3 h ± 46 min. For children, median bedtime was 8:07 pm (interquartile range [IQR]: 7:50,8:43), risetime 6:09 am (IQR: 5:50,6:37), and mean 24-h TST 10.44 h ± 78 min. Children with access to electricity had a reduced TST compared to those without electricity (p = 0.02). Mean bedtime was later for both mothers (p = 0.05) and children (p = 0.08) classified as poor.ConclusionsMothers in our cohort demonstrated a shorter TST, and earlier bed/risetimes compared to adults in postindustrialized nations. In contrast, children had a higher TST compared to children in postindustrialized nations, also with earlier sleep-onset and offset times. Investigating objective sleep–wake patterns in rural/indigenous communities can highlight important differences in sleep health related to sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status, and help estimate the impact of industrialization on sleep in developed countries.
Professionalism: COVID-19 made me do it!
Authors: Karuppiah Arunthevaraja , Zhang Elizabeth , Daniel Ronsard , Prasanna Praveen Dharmapalan 
Published: February 2022

Purpose of review
COVID-19 pandemic has created profound ethical challenges, not only for clinical decision-making but also for defining physician professional conduct.

Recent findings
Multiple ethical questions arose as the COVID-19 pandemic ravaged globally, including physician obligations in a pandemic, allotment of personal protective equipment, care of unvaccinated patients, discern between evidence-based and unreliable information, addressing end-of-life wishes, implications of involving medical students in a public health crisis, and finally physician burnout aggravated by a pandemic.

Summary
There is a need to redefine existing medical professionalism standards so that future healthcare professionals are well prepared to deal with similar public health crisis.
Newborn Clavicle Fractures: Does Clavicle Fracture Morphology Affect Brachial Plexus Injury?
Authors: Ergün Tuğrul , Sarikaya Sevcan 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Newborn clavicle fractures and brachial plexus injuries (BPIs) are rare but serious perinatal complications.

Methods:
The aim of this study was to examine the clinical relationship between the fracture morphology (spiral, oblique, transfer) of clavicle fractures that develop during delivery in newborns and BPI. We retrospectively reviewed all perinatal clavicle fractures diagnosed at our institution over 6 years.

Results:
The study included 55 newborn infants with perinatal clavicle fracture. Of these, 60% (n=33) were male. Right-side clavicle fractures were present in 56.4% (n=31) and shoulder dystocia was present in 58.2% (n=32) of the patients. Of the fracture localization of the patients, 85.5% (n=47) (Allman I) and 14.5% (n=8) (Allman II) were lateral. Allman type I fractures were not associated with increased BPI (P>0.05). It was observed that 40% (n=22) of the clavicle fractures were characterized by oblique morphology, 34.5% (n=19) of the fractures by spiral morphology, and 25.5% (n=14) of the fractures by transfer morphology. In all, 41.8% (n=23) of the sample also had BPI. Of the entire sample, 40% (n=22) most frequently showed oblique morphology fractures, whereas the patient group with BPI showed spiral morphology as the most common fracture, at a rate of 52.2% (n=10). After examining the relationship between fracture morphology and BPI, the study determined a statistically significant correlation between spiral and oblique morphology fractures and the development of BPI.

Conclusions:
To our knowledge, our study is the first to examine the relationship between newborn clavicle fracture morphology and BPI. We think that they should be evaluated for increased BPI risk in newborn patients that have clavicle fractures with spiral and oblique morphology.
Bypass of Epiphyseal Fragmentation Following Early Salter Innominate Osteotomy and Its Clinical Relevance in Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease
Authors: Mishima Kenichi , Kamiya Yasunari , Matsushita Masaki , Imagama Shiro , Kitoh Hiroshi 
Published: February 2022

Background:
It has been demonstrated that early femoral varus osteotomy (FVO) produces a greater probability of skipping or interruption of epiphyseal fragmentation, thereby shortening the length of fragmentation stage for hips in the active stage of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. This “bypassing phenomenon” is thought to effect less disease severity or outcome, whereas it remains to be elucidated whether this phenomenon is specific to early FVO. We sought to investigate the presence and characteristics of the “bypassing phenomenon” following pelvic osteotomy performed in the avascular necrosis or early fragmentation stage as well as its correlation with disease severity and radiographic outcomes.

Methods:
A retrospective review of data was conducted for 79 patients with unilateral Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease who had been diagnosed from 1987 to 2015, undergone the Salter innominate osteotomy (SIO) during the stage of avascular necrosis or in the early part of the fragmentation stage between 6.0 and 12.0 years of age, and followed up until skeletal maturity. Epiphyseal fragmentation was classified into 4 patterns according to a previous study. We compared lateral pillar groups and Stulberg grades between patients with and without bypass of the fragmentation stage.

Results:
The mean age at surgery and follow-up period was 8.1 and 7.9 years, respectively. Sixty hips were in the Waldenström stage I and 19 hips in stage IIa at the surgery. In hips receiving SIO during stage I, the mean duration of the fragmentation stage was 276 days. The fragmentation pattern was typical for 40 hips, abortive for 17 hips, and atypical with horizontal fissure for 3 hips. Patients whose fragmentation was aborted experienced significantly less severe lateral pillar involvement and more favorable Stulberg outcomes at skeletal maturity.

Conclusions:
Incomplete bypass of epiphyseal fragmentation was observed in 28% of patients following early SIO performed in the avascular necrosis stage. In contrast to FVO, no patient bypassed fragmentation completely. Patients with incomplete bypass had a significantly higher proportion of less severe hips and a significantly greater probability of being associated with favorable radiographic outcomes compared with those without bypass.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—therapeutic study.
Electricians’ Health After Electrical Shocks
Authors: Biering Karin , Nielsen Kent J. , Carstensen Ole , Kærgaard Anette 
Published: February 2022

Objectives:To examine whether demographic and health factors are associated with risk of electrical shocks and compared mental and physical health before and after an electrical shock.Methods:A 6-month cohort study of 6960 electricians involved weekly questionnaires regarding exposure to electrical shocks, and health. We examined the association between health and demographic factors and the risk of eventual electrical shocks and health before and after a shockResults:Youth and poor health were associated with risk of shocks. Reporting of numbness, cramps/spasms, tremors, tinnitus, dizziness, and flashbacks increased in the week of the shock, but only tinnitus and flashbacks persisted, as other symptoms receded. Severity, high voltage, cross-body exposure, wet entry/exit points, and direct current as well as health worries and/or neuroticism increased some estimatesConclusion:Electrical shocks are common, but rarely result in health effects.
COVID-19-Related Workplace Bullying and Customer Harassment Among Healthcare Workers Over the Time of the COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: Iida Mako , Sasaki Natsu , Imamura Kotaro , Kuroda Reiko , Tsuno Kanami , Kawakami Norito 
Published: February 2022

Objective:
To investigate the prevalences of COVID-19-related workplace bullying and harassment (WBH) and customer harassment among healthcare workers (HCWs) compared to non-HCWs during COVID-19 outbreaks.

Methods:
A baseline (March 2020) and follow-up surveys (May, August, and November 2020) were conducted of full-time employees, with an online questionnaire that included items on COVID-19-related WBH and customer harassment. The prevalences were compared between HCWs and non-HCWs using generalized linear models with repeated measures.

Results:
A total of 800 (56%) respondents completed all the surveys. Prevalences of WBH and customer harassment were 5% to 10% and 10% to 13%, respectively, among HCWs during the follow-up. HCWs had a significantly higher prevalence of WBH in May (Adjusted OR = 2.3) and customer harassment in November (Adjusted OR = 2.7), compared to non- HCWs.

Conclusions:
HCWs remained at high risk of COVID-19-related WBH and customer harassment during the pandemic.