bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Biofilms Produced by Streptococcus Pneumoniae Isolated from Patients with Upper Respiratory Infections on Avoiding Innate Immunity
Authors: Alwan Ali Hussein 
Published: April 2022

Phagocytosis has been recognized as an important mechanism of the human innate immune response against infections .The aim of this experiment is to test the effect of biofilms produced by Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates as a cause agent of serious infections isolated from children in some Iraqi patients on avoiding some innate immunity aspects in vivo.
Twenty five isolates obtained from sputum of children diagnosed with upper respiratory infections. Two methods were used to detect the ability of biofilms formation, Congo red agar and Tissue Culture Plate (CRA,TCP) on the other hand the capacity to resist some innate immunity mechanisms was evaluated by testing the Percentage of killing, Opsonization factor and phagocytic index.
The results revealed different ability of isolates to form biofilms. 18(72%) producer by CRA, 16(64%) by TCP while 5(20%) weak by CRA and 9(36%) weak by TCP which reflected the different ability to affect by innate immunity as showed in the statistical analysis findings (P-value 0.05) that some isolates appeared strong ability to produce biofilms resisted the innate immunity mechanisms such as isolate numbered 22 showed 32% Bactericidal assay, 20% opsonization and 28% phagocytic index, while some others was sensitive and killed by innate immunity cells.
From the results of this study it can be concluded that the Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates differed in their ability to form biofilms, the important factor in the avoiding some innate immunity aspects and high resistant.
The Effect of Vitamin C and Antacid Tablets (SDI) on the Pharmacokinetics of Aspirin Tablets (SDI) in Human
Authors: Ibraheem Al-Tamimi Jaafar Jaber , Altaii Rihab A J. , Ali Wedad K. 
Published: April 2022

The study explored the effect of vitamin c and antacid on the pharmacokinetics of aspirin in human subjects.
The study was conducted in 12 healthy adults volunteers who were asked to take in the first study, two tablets of aspirin (300 mg) alone. In a second study, the same subjects were given two tablets of aspirin (300 mg) together with one tablet of vitamin c 500 mg. Eventually, in the third study, the subjects were administered two tablets of aspirin (300 mg) and one capsule containing NaHCO3 (500 mg). The three studies were separated by one week wash out period.
In each study, urine was collected from each individual participated in the study at specific time intervals for up to24 hours post dosing to calculate the cumulative amount of salicylate excreted in urine. The excretion rate was plotted against the mid-time sampling time to calculate the elimination rate constant (K), and the elimination half-life (T0.5).
It was found from the current investigation that administration of vitamin c tablet with aspirin tablets reduce (K) values and elongate T0.5, whereas, NaHCO3 intake elevate K values and reduce T0.5 in all subjects participated in the study.
It can be concluded from the current investigation that administration of weak acid drugs like vitamin c, or weak base drugs like antacid have considerable effect on the residence of aspirin in the body and consequently its intensity and duration of clinical effect.
Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of the blessed thistle (Cnicus benedictus L.)
Authors: Yasin Youssef Shakuri , Hussian Shalal Murad , Rahem Saleh M. 
Published: April 2022

The aim of this study is to investigate the activity of the ethanolic extract of Cnicus benedictus L. on pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli , Bacillus pumillus , Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus . In the clinical significance of these characteristics being causing the infections . The results of this study are showed that the ethanol extract of leaves has an affective impact by inhibiting the growth of these microorganisms in Vitro. The highest rate of inhibition of the ethanol extract for the leaves against Bacillus pumillus is reached to (18) mm at the concentration (75) mg/ml, but the least inhibition is (9) at the concentration (25)mg/ml compared to the inhibition of the both antibiotics Gentamicin (CN) (18)mm and Ceftriaxone (CRO) (Zero)mm as control, Whereas the (MIC) for Staph.aureus is reached to (13) mm at the concentration (25)mg/ml compared to the both antibiotics (CRO) and (CN) respectively (19 and 6)mm. The results also showed that the (MIC) to inhibit the E.coli is (8)mm at concentration (50)mg/ml compared to the both antibiotics (CRO) and (CN) respectively (Zero and Zero)mm whereas the (MIC) to inhibit Micrococcus bacteria is (11)mm at the concentration (25)mg/ml compared to the two antibiotics (CRO) and (CN) respectively (22 and 27 )mm. The results shown that the ethanol extract for the leaves has a significant inhibitory effect against some species of pathological bacteria using in the study. In addition, the results of the primary chemical investigation are indicated that the ethanol extract of the Cnicus benedictus L. leaves contained many active compounds alkaloids , flavonoids , Phenoles , tannins and the terpenes.
DetectionOf genesResponsible for BiofilmsFormedby Klebsiella pneumoniaeandEsherichia coliand their effect on innate immunity
Authors: Alwan Ali Hussein , Khwen Noor Naeem 
Published: April 2022

Biofilms as a major virulence factor of bacteria ,therelationship between bacteria persistence in the urinary tract and genes responsible for biofilms production was studied. The aim is to detect the presence,frequency of the,fimA, fimH, mrkA and mrkD, genes and biofilms production in two species isolated from UTI patients and their effect on some innate immunity aspects. Sixty five isolates of E.coli and fifty of K.pneumoniae isolates were collected. All isolates were initially diagnosed as genus Esherichiacoli andKlebsiella pneumonia. Final identification for the isolates was done by Vitek 2 compact system. The ability to form biofilm was carried out by using Tissue culture plate method (TCP).Adhesion average to epithelial cells of E.coli and K.pneumoniae was studied. Detection of genes were done to by using PCR technique . Immunological experiments were done by using bactericidal activity and opsonization factor. UTI infection were more common in female than male. 75% (49/65) females, 25%(16/65) males ofE.coli isolates and 88% (44/50) females,12%(6/50) males of K.pneumoniaeisolates. Patients ages in children between (2 months -18years) in UTI caused by E.coli was 35%(23/65) while in k.pneumoniae was 74%(37/50),Ages between (18 years-50 years) in E.coli was 37%(24/65) while in K.pneumoniae was 18%(9/50) finally,Ages between (50 years-72years) in E.coli was 28%(18/65) while in K.pneumoniae was 8%(4/50).69% of E.coli isolates and 72% of k.pneumoniae isolates were higher biofilm producers. . Adhesion average to epithial cells of E.coli and K.pneumoniae was 42.9% and 44% respectively. Both E.coli and K.pneumoniae showed that 100% 0f the 12 isolate harbored the fimA, fimH, mrkA and mrkD genes. The bactericidal average was higher in E.coli than K.pneumoniae , P- value( 0.01) for mice injected with fimbriae, Opsonization factor was higher in E.coli than K.pneumoniae the P value (0.05) . Conclusion: A strong relationship between biofilms production and presence of genes of different species isolated from same clinical source that has effected on resistance of bacteria to innate immunity.
β- Cell function in a sample of Iraqi Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus Isam Noori Salman
Authors: Salman Isam Noori 
Published: April 2022

Back ground: Type 2 diabetes is mostly due to impaired β-cell mass and dysfunction which expressed by Insulin secretion, sensitivity and resistance.
Aim of study: to evaluate β- cell function in newly diagnosed and ongoing diabetics.
Method: Eighty eight subjects enrolled in this study with age range (30-59) years, (20) healthy individuals as controls group with mean age (42.95±9.80) years. (68) Diabetic Patients was divided into two groups, (26) newly diagnosed diabetic, mean age (45.81±8.16) years and (42) ongoing diabetics, mean age (49.33±6.64) year. "Fasting glucose", "lipid profile", "glycosylated hemoglobin", "C-peptide levels" were evaluated. Insulin secretion, sensitivity and resistance "HOMA B %", "HOMA S %"and "HOMA IR" respectively were estimated by "Homeostasis Model Assessment" "HOMA2 calculator program".
Results:"Insulin secretion" and "sensitivity" were found to be lower (P 0.001) in both groups of diabetes than that controls, while a high level of insulin resistance in both diabetic groups than controls (P>0.0001)."C-peptide" level is higher in "newly diagnosed" diabetics than" ongoing diabetics" and controls (p˂0.0001).
Conclusion: Patients with low c- peptide level has poor insulin reserve and may need insulin while patients with high level of c- peptide have good insulin reserve and not need insulin to control his blood glucose.
Historical Review of the Penicillin and Related Compounds (β – Lactams)
Authors: Abd Luma Salman 
Published: April 2022

In spite of the old age of beta lactam, they continue to provide good health and preventing human diseases by virtue of industrial production and discoveries of small new beta-lactam group of secondary metabolite. Antibiotic resistance in bacteria has become a serious problem worldwide therefore, the present survey discusses the event that occurred in the progress of the penicillin, and beta-lactam from discovery to implementation as a therapeutic agent in order to overcome this issue . Moreover, this review provides a descriptive overview of the various published ways to enhance the clinical effectiveness of beta-lactam antibiotics and the methods that lead to synthesis of beta-lactam ring.
Preparation and Evaluation of Microencapsulated Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Using Double Emulsion Method
Authors: Abdul Ameer Mohammed Wajeah , Maraie Nidhal K. 
Published: April 2022

The need for producing sustained release dosage form was increased (especially for chronic diseases) to decrease side effect, increase efficacy of treatment, so it is now possible to administer the drugs once a week to once a year.
Dexamethasone sodium Phosphate (DSP) is a potent corticosteroid used for the treatment of many conditions like osteoarthritis (OA) and post joint replacement surgery. Microencapsulated dexamethasone sodium phosphate (DSP) having continuous prolonged release was prepared. To achieve that, DSP microcapsules were prepared using w/o/w double emulsion method where PLGA was used as a polymer, PVA and glycerol as plasticizer and Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as emulsifying agent. Nine formulas of (PLGA coated (DSP) (microcapsules) were prepared to study the effect of different variables on the % yield and entrapment efficiency (EE) including the effect of internal aqueous phase volume, presence of NaCl (as osmotic pressure enhancer), PLGA concentration, plasticizer concentration and sonication time. The best formula was found to be formula (F1) containing 16 mg DSP coated with PLGA and found to give 85% EE and 94.19% yield.
Effect of Moxifloxacin-Triple Therapy Versus Clarithromycin-Triple Therapy for the Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori Infections Regarding to Age and BMI.
Authors: Kadhim Ahmed Mansur , Mohammed Mohammed Mahmood , Hassan Hussein Muhammad 
Published: April 2022

Helicobacter pylori (H. Pylori) is one of the most common infectious human pathogens, which infected more

than (50%) of the populations worldwide.

pylori induce inflammation, which causes of upper gastrointestinal illnesses including dyspepsia, peptic ulcer

diseases, gastroesophageal reflux disease and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. It is important to use a greatly effective and better tolerated eradication regimen. In this study, fifty newly diagnosed adult patients with H. pylori infection were included, they were allocated into two groups with two different treatment regimens for H. pylori eradications; Group A (25 patients) received oral conventional clarithromycin-triple therapy for 14 days. Group B (25 patients) received oral moxifloxacin triple therapy for 14 days. The results reported in this study indicated a significant higher eradication rate of triple moxifloxacin regimen (80%) of patients with H. pylori infections compared to that of triple clarithromycin regimen (52%). In the present study, using different H.pylori eradication regimens for patients with different age groups demonstrated no statistically significant differences in eradication rate achieved (p< 0.05). The result of this study showed that triple moxifloxacin therapy produced a significant higher eradication rate than clarithromycin triple therapy among normal weight patients with H. pylori infection (100% and 50% respectively (p=0.032)), while there was no significance difference among overweight and obese patients (p< 0.05) between the two groups. The present study concluded that the administration of moxifloxacin triple regimen for H. pylori eradication, demonstrated eradication effectiveness was significantly higher compared to that of clarithromycin triple regimen.
The Protective Effect of Metformin Against Doxorubicin Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rabbits
Authors: Shaty Mohammed Hussein , Arif Inam Sameh , Al-Ezzi Muthanna I. 
Published: April 2022

Back ground: Doxorubicin is a very effective anticancer therapy of the anthracycline's family used in many pediatric and adult cancers. However, due to severe cardiotoxicity adverse effect, the uses of doxorubicin are limited. Metformin reducing basal and
postprandial glucose levels. Metformin has a good treatment efficacy and safety profile in treatment of T2DM in conjunction with lifestyle modification. Metformin have a cardioprotective effect in addition to reducing basal and postprandial levels of glucose by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species, maintaining energy homeostasis and apoptosis regulation by its activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase.
Method: Thirty-six white male rabbits randomly divided to six groups, each comprising of six rabbits. 1- Control group injected 2 ml saline single dose intraperitoneally. 2- Metformin group 300 mg/kg/daily for 14 days orally. 3- Acute doxorubicin induction group 16 mg/ kg intraperitoneally as a single dose. 4- Chronic doxorubicin induction group 4mg/kg intraperitoneally twice a week for two weeks. 5- Metformin+ acute doxorubicin induction group 16 mg/kg intraperitoneally single dose and Metformin 300 mg/kg/daily for 14 days orally, three days before doxorubicin treatment. 6- Metformin + chronic doxorubicin induction group 4 mg/kg intraperitoneally, twice a week for two weeks and Metformin 300 mg/kg/daily for 14 days orally, three days before doxorubicin treatment.
Result: our results revealed the treatment with metformin significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the serum level of troponin I and MMP2 in Metformin+ acute doxorubicin induction and Metformin + chronic doxorubicin induction groups in comparison with the acute doxorubicin and chronic doxorubicin groups.
Conclusion: From these results in this study, we can conclude that metformin has a cardioprotective effect against doxorubicin induced cardiotoxicity in acute and also the chronic induction by decreasing serum level of troponin I and MMP2.
Controlling phase transformation during milling in the pre-formulation of Active pharmaceutical Ingredients
Authors: Hameed Ghaidaa Sulaiman 
Published: April 2022

A high percentage of active pharmaceutical ingredient are available in the insoluble crystalline phase. During pharmaceutical processing such as milling there are many issues can be initiated due to the transformation of this crystalline materials. Some trans-formation might be positively
solving the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) problems such as solubility and dissolution rate while others might negatively affect these factors which render the APIs into inactive compound. Therefore, during the pre-formulation study, all of these issues must be resolved to ensure drug stability and hence its bioavailability. This review will shed the light on the most popular transformations that happened, factors affecting them, and the characterization methods used for the detection of phase formed. The studying of these factors, will help to avoid them in future
Effect of Curcumin Supplement on Pulmonary Functions, Total and Differential White Blood Cell Count, Serum Level of Leptin and Body Mass Index in a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Chronic Bronchial Asthma
Authors: Khdair Sura Abbas , Abdulridha Manal Khalid , Fatah Mostafa Abdal 
Published: April 2022

Asthma is a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation together with increased oxidative stress that lead to clinical symptoms of asthma.
Obesity is a known risk factor of asthma as the obesity is correlated with systemic inflammation and airway restriction. Curcumin, a natural product derived from the rhizomes of Curcuma longa (Turmeric), has a wide range of beneficial properties including anti-inflammatory and weight reducing agent. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of curcumin as supplement therapy on the pulmonary function, total and differential white blood cell count and metabolic status of chronic bronchial asthmatic patients. It is a prospective randomized controlled interventional study carried out on 40 patients visiting Al-Yarmouk teaching hospital and conducted from October 2017 to April 2018. The patients were allocated into group1; include 17 asthmatic patients assigned to receive conventional therapy for asthma alone, and group 2; include 23 asthmatic patients assigned to receive conventional therapy for asthma plus 750 mg curcumin capsule twice daily for two months. Results revealed significant improvement in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and the ratio of forced expiratory volume in one second to forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) in group 2 patients after two months(P<0.01). The total white blood cell count didn’t show any difference after treatment except decrease in neutrophil count after curcumin supplement (p< 0.05). The leptin level and body mass index present with no significant difference in both groups after two months (p >0.05).
Preparation and Evaluation of Emulgel as Topical Drug Delivery for Nimesulide by Using Conventional Emulsion
Authors: Mohammed Ali Mayssam H. , Ali Wedad K. 
Published: April 2022

Topical drug administration is a mean by which various types of dosage forms such as ointments, creams, gels and emulgels are applied at a specific site of the body such as skin, ophthalmic, vagina and various parts of gastrointestinal tract to

give either local or systemic effect. Nimesulide is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which has good anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity.
In this study, eight formulations of nimesulide emulgel containing conventional emulsion were prepared to investigate the effects of different variables on the physical appearance, pH, spreadability, viscosity and in vitro drug release. These variables are the type of oil phase of the emulsion (olive and coconut oil), type and concentration of emulsifying agent (span 80 and tween 80), type of gelling agent (carbopol934 and HPMCK15M), preservative and penetration enhancer.
The results revealed that (F4) which consist of 2.5% HPMCK15M, 4% (combination of span80 and tween80), 8% coconut oil and 1% nimesulide was an optimum formulation, since it shows maximum drug release after 7 hrs in addition to excellent physical appearance.
Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, molecular docking and ADME studies of new derivatives of ketoprofen as cyclooxygenases inhibitor
Authors: Allawi Mustafa M. , Mahdi Monther F. , Raauf Ayad M. R. 
Published: April 2022

The synthesis of new selective COX-2 enzyme is an approach for obtaining potent, anti-inflammatory drugs that have fewer side effects. Ketoprofen has a very low selectivity toward COX-2 enzyme and has a serious GIT side effects because it induces gastric ulcer. A new series of 4-thiazolidinones bearing ketoprofen moiety was designed, synthesized, and then evaluated as a
new inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).
Characterization and identification of the synthesized compounds were established by determination of 1H-NMR spectra,13C-NMR spectra, FT-IR spectroscopy, and physical properties.
These newly synthesized compounds have been evaluated in vivo for their anti-inflammatory efficiency and in silico selectivity toward COX-2 throughout molecular docking by using GOLD.suite.v.5.6.2. All the tested. compounds via molecular. docking showed significant. activities when compared. With ketoprofen and diclofenac as references drugs, the results were consistent with the study of in in vivo acute. anti-inflammatory activity.
Also, ADME studies had been accomplished in order to predict the absorption sites, bioavailability, topological polar surface Area (TPSA), and also drug-likeness. The ADME results reported that. All the synthesized. compounds can be absorbed by the GIT.
Lipidomics application to explain acute cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin
Authors: Abdul Karim Lubna Zuhair , Arif Inam Sameh , Al Saady Fouad A. 
Published: April 2022

Doxorubicin (DOX) induced cardio-toxicity is one of the important limiting factors for the clinical use of this drug, the exact mechanism underlying the cardiotoxicity is still under debate and different experimental protocols were used. Lipidomics technology was used in this study to investigate the underlying
the cardiotoxicity is still under debate and different experimental protocols were used. Lipidomics technology was used in this study to investigate the underlying mechanism of cardiotoxicity induced by DOX. Lipidomics refers to the complete analysis of lipid profile of a cell or organism based on the principles and tools of analytical chemistry particularly mass spectrometry. This study was designed to investigate cardiotoxicity induced by doxorubicin using lipidomics technology.
Method: Twelve adult male rats divided randomly into two groups, each group comprising of six rats. 1: Control group (single dose (1ml) saline intraperitoneally); 2: DOX group (20 mg/ kg single dose intraperitoneally). After anesthesia, the myocardial tissue harvested and stored in liquid nitrogen, then the metabolites will be extracted from left ventricle of the heart tissue, derivatized using boron trifluride-methanol 10% and then the metabolites identified using GC-MS.
Results: The results showed that treatment with DOX produced significant (P<0.05) increase in the level of acetic acid, cholesterol, myristic acid, and stearic acid. Whereas the level of arachidonic acid, linolic acid, pentadecanoic acid, oleic acid and ricinoleic acid, decreased significantly (P<0.05) in DOX group. Lauric acid, palmitic acid, and methylcyclohexane, were found to be increased in DOX group.
Conclusion: This study showed that DOX induced cardiotoxicity can be identified by lipidomics technique by measuring lipid biomarkers of cardiotoxicity in heart tissue which include the saturated fatty acids (stearic acid, acetic acid and palmitic acid), unsaturated fatty acids (arachidonic acid, linoleic acid, and oleic acid) as well as cholesterol