bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Will to Realize
Authors: Medhananda Swami 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 reconstructs Vivekananda’s nuanced cosmopolitan account of the dynamics of religious faith. Vivekananda made a unique intervention in late nineteenth-century debates about faith and reason by steering a middle course between the stringent evidentialism of W. K. Clifford and T. H. Huxley and the anti-evidentialist fideism of William James. Vivekananda justifies religious faith on the basis of an “expanded evidentialism,” arguing that supersensuous perception and mystical testimony are valid sources of evidence that support the rationality of religious belief. Vivekananda’s various remarks about faith hint at a dynamic conception of religious faith, according to which one’s faith evolves in the following three stages: (1) faith as sub-doxastic intellectual assent, (2) faith as belief, and (3) faith as self-authenticating realization. The chapter concludes by bringing Vivekananda into critical dialogue with William Alston, who was one of the first Western philosophers to distinguish doxastic and non-doxastic forms of religious faith.
Economic Geographies of Digital Work in Africa
Authors: Braesemann Fabian 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Workers perform a diverse range of digital economy activities both in BPOs and on platforms. This chapter provides a snapshot of how and where these diverse work activities get done in Africa, showing that African workers remain very much a part of contemporary digital capitalism. They perform a wide range of digital work activities from diverse locations—from an office block in the centre of a lively metropolis, to a makeshift room in a town recovering from civil war, as well as a multitude of bedrooms, cafes, and libraries across the continent. In summary, this chapter offers a visual and descriptive outline of the various types of digital activities being performed in newer spaces that are connecting to the global information economy. In doing so, it asks what types of work get done in Africa, and what that means for value creation and capture.
Visual Signs
Authors: Ferris Natalie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The opening chapter examines the aesthetic philosophy and critical influence of Herbert Read, holding in balance his activities as establishment figure, art historian, and poet. It argues for the centrality of his undervalued poetic sequence 'Vocal Avowals' (1959), to which he returned repeatedly throughout the final decade of his life, to suggest that this collection was the most radical attempt made by Read to disturb the expressive potential of language. Referring to correspondence with T. S. Eliot, Ben Nicholson, and other contemporaries, the discussion considers the occasion of the collection’s composition—his ‘abstract’ poetry—as one charged with a confluence of Read’s intellectual, creative, and philosophical motivations, as well as an attempt to bring together Continental and American influences drawn from art and literature both before and after World War Two.
The Homeland of the Ottomans
Authors: Foss Clive 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the Turkish tradition, especially the work of fifteenth century Aşıkpaşazade whose chronicle provides the framework for the discussion. It will focus on the lands where the Ottomans had their origins, using personal observation and early travelers to consider how the physical environment can help understand the rise of Osman, ruler of what was then a small emirate on the Seljuk/ Byzantine frontier. Places mentioned in the tradition will be identified and studied to test its authenticity.
The View from Byzantium
Authors: Foss Clive 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter is based on the Byzantine sources, especially the detailed history of the contemporary Pachymeres, who presents the decline of Byzantine power in western Asia Minor. Emperors could deal with settled states—the Seljuks and the Mongols—but they couldn’t keep out the marauding Turkish tribes, among whom Osman was still a minor figure who only appears on the scene in 1302 when he defeated a Byzantine army. It discusses the other Turcoman tribes as well as the Grand Catalan Company, hired by Byzantium in vain. Relations between Byzantium and the Mongols are another theme: this chapter advances a novel thesis that Osman met defeat and possibly death at the hands of the Mongols in 1307 and notes the 20-year gap in the Turkish tradition. Turning to the south, the spectacular career of Umur of Aydin who became an ally of the empire is presented.
Reconciling the Accounts
Authors: Foss Clive 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This short discussion looking for information common to both Greek and Turkish sources begins by showing that three often cited Greek place names do not in fact have Turkish equivalents, but the crucial Byzantine fortress Malagina can be identified with APZ’s Akhisar, giving a firm chronology to Osman’s conquest of the Sangarius valley. The Turkish tradition includes some major discrepancies from established chronology involving Nicaea, Nicomedia, and the emirate of Karesi. The Turkish and Greek sources can complement each other but rarely present the same information.
An Introduction
Authors: Hossein Caroline Shenaz , Christabell P. J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This collection is about mutual aid and thoughtful and deliberate forms of economic cooperation. This expertise in cooperative-building is not a new thing, and people of the Global South have a long legacy of self-help and cooperation from within. The money cooperatives known as rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs) are living proof that diverse solidarity economies do exist. People organizing ROSCAs draw on their own lived experience to come together to remake business that is equitable and mindful of the systemic biases that exist in a society. Case studies around the world show that ROSCAs may vary in structure and operation, but they have common characteristics that make them unique: decidedly informal, democratic, and locally owned cooperatives focused on strengthening solidarity and community economies. Community economies is embedded in the commoning experience of people everywhere and local knowledges point to this experience. There is a shared understanding that business and social exclusion exists, and that ROSCAs and other forms of economic cooperation rooted in self-help, activism, and the collective are able to push for ethical community-focused businesses.
Introduction
Authors: Hunter Evans Jasmine 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Introduction begins by laying out David Jones’s concerns around the decline of Western civilisation and traces his decision to turn to ancient Rome to explore contemporary issues of decline and cultural renewal. It sets his approach within the contexts central to the study: political rhetoric, cyclical history, Catholic cultural theory, and Welsh nationalism. While providing a brief overview of current scholarship on Jones and on the reception of ancient Rome in twentieth-century discourse, it observes how Jones’s idiosyncratic approach to Rome was shaped by his unconventional education and his artistic intentions. It then makes the case for examining Jones’s reimagining of Rome holistically, in an interdisciplinary fashion and founded on extensive archival research so as to position his diverse works within their shifting intellectual contexts. After setting out the overarching structure and summaries of the chapters, it ends with an analysis of Jones’s poem ‘A, a, a, Domine Deus’.
Shaping Rome through ‘Contactual’ Experience
Authors: Hunter Evans Jasmine 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 addresses Jones’s reception of the Roman Empire, which was marked indelibly by his personal experience of war and his growing disillusionment with the British Empire. Charting the transition from patriotic fervour—which drove him to enlist as a private in the First World War—through to post-war frustration with British imperialism and propaganda, provides the necessary context to examine the form, language and political ideology which underpin his early Roman poetry and visual artworks. This chapter explores the development of Jones’s vision of Rome across the period he was writing In Parenthesis (1937) and through his presentation of the experience of the ordinary soldier. In his poetry, Roman legionaries are also British Tommies, and their common humanity becomes the transhistorical unifier of all armies. It concludes by contextualising Jones’s creative approach to merging past and present within wider twentieth-century literary movements that were refashioning the relationship between ancient Rome and modern Britain.
British Imperial Rhetoric
Authors: Hunter Evans Jasmine 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 is concerned with the political foundation of Jones’s Roman fragments, which stand as a challenge to British imperialism. In examining the Roman imperial analogy as it is appears in British political rhetoric across the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this chapter establishes the necessary context for understanding Jones’s poetry as a subversive response to imperial values, capitalism, and propaganda. Analysing the Roman fragments in this way provides the opportunity to explore both Jones’s engagement with British imperial rhetoric and his belief in the creative potential of the Roman analogy to speak to contemporary concerns. It demonstrates the ways in which he based his criticism of modern imperialism—whether of its hypocrisy or its direct acts of force (such as in the poem ‘Isis’ (1956) which responds to the Suez crisis)—within an ancient Roman setting.
The Antithesis of Culture and Civilisation
Authors: Hunter Evans Jasmine 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 traces the complex dialogue Jones maintained with the works of Oswald Spengler from the 1930s onwards. While in the past critics have tried to distance him from the controversy that surrounded Spengler, this chapter examines Jones’s theories as direct and provocative responses to the historian’s ideas. Only by doing so can Jones’s concepts of ‘the Break’ between past and present, and the antithesis of culture and civilisation (in particular, through the divisions of truth-men and fact-men and of the feminine and masculine principles), be recognised as creative reformulations of Spengler’s ideas. When considered in this context, his visual artworks and poetic fragments—including ‘The Dream of Private Clitus’ (c.1940), ‘The Agent’ (c.1940), ‘The Tribune’s Visitation’ (1958) and ‘The Tutelar of the Place’ (c.1960)—act as creative spaces in which Jones was able to challenge Spengler’s nihilistic vision of decline and fight for the renewal of culture.
Poetic Examples
Authors: Vincent Bridget 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores key discussions about the value of literary examples for moral philosophy and asks why poetry has been excluded from these discussions. In tracing the underexamined history of ethical criticism’s narrative bias, the chapter reveals that in some cases, poetry has not simply been passively ignored, but rather, actively excluded. I show that this exclusion is grounded in a distortingly narrow definition of the lyric voice—one which is inherited from a specific form of nineteenth-century idealism rather than a definition which is representative of the possibilities of the form as a whole. I show that that once the unhelpfully narrow conception of poetry on which this rejection is based is re-evaluated and its historical contingencies traced, the impetus for considering poetic examples and their unique contributions becomes clear. Most importantly, the chapter shows that testing out theories about literary exemplarity on poems brings up new caveats and methodological concerns which would remain invisible were the category of examples restricted to prose fiction.
The Exemplary Poetry of Geoffrey Hill
Authors: Vincent Bridget 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The fourth chapter is devoted to Geoffrey Hill’s poetry, including work published posthumously. Focusing on later works, such as A Treatise of Civil Power and The Daybooks, the chapter shows how Hill’s relationship to his literary and intellectual forebears is structured around relations of exemplarity—he treats his forerunners not simply as influences broadly conceived, but rather, as exemplars. The chapter shows how in the late poetry, Hill also reflects on the morally exemplary potential of his own work—including the moral potential of exemplary failure. The chapter ultimately shows how the concept of exemplarity provides important new ways into ongoing debates about Hill’s poetry, particularly around such central preoccupations as memorialization, complicity and culpability, and historical responsibility.
An Algorithmic Approach to the Physical Exam for the Pain Medicine Practitioner: A Review of the Literature with Multidisciplinary Consensus
Authors: Wahezi Sayed E , Duarte Robert , Kim Chong , Sehgal Nalini , Argoff Charles , Michaud Kristina , Luu Michael , Gonnella Joseph , Kohan Lynn 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Increased utilization of telemedicine has created a need for supplemental pain medicine education, especially for the virtual physical assessment of the pain patient. Traditional clinical training utilizes manual and tactile approaches to the physical examination. Telemedicine limits this approach and thus alternative adaptations are necessary to acquire information needed for sound clinical judgement and development of a treatment plan. Clinical assessment of pain is often challenging given the myriad of underlying etiologies contributing to the sensory experience. The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a dramatic increase in the use of virtual and telemedicine visits, further complicating the ease of assessing patients in pain. The increased reliance on telemedicine visits requires clinicians to develop skills to obtain objective information from afar. While eliciting a comprehensive history and medication assessment are performed in a standard fashion via telemedicine, a virtual targeted physical examination is a new endeavor in our current times. In order to appropriately diagnose and treat patients not directly in front of you, a pivot in education adaptations are necessary.

Objective
To summarize best care practices in the telemedicine physical exam while presenting an algorithmic approach towards virtual assessment for the pain practitioner.

Design
Review of the literature and expert multidisciplinary panel opinion.

Setting
Nationally recognized academic tertiary care centers.

Subjects
Multidisciplinary academic experts in pain medicine.

Methods
Expert consensus opinion from the literature review.

Results
An algorithm for the virtual physical exam for pain physicians was created using literature review and multidisciplinary expert opinion.

Conclusions
The authors here present simple, comprehensive algorithms for physical exam evaluations for the pain physician stemming from a review of the literature.
Potential application of conversational agents in HIV testing uptake among high-risk populations
Authors: Garett Renee , Young Sean D 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHuman Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) continues to be a significant public health problem, with ~1.2 million Americans living with HIV and ~14% unaware of their infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that patients 13 to 64 years of age get screened for HIV at least once, and those with higher risk profiles screen at least annually. Unfortunately, screening rates are below recommendations for high-risk populations, leading to problems of delayed diagnosis. Novel technologies have been applied in HIV research to increase prevention, testing and treatment. Conversational agents, with potential for integrating artificial intelligence and natural language processing, may offer an opportunity to improve outreach to these high-risk populations. The feasibility, accessibility and acceptance of using conversational agents for HIV testing outreach is important to evaluate, especially amidst a global coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic when clinical services have been drastically affected. This viewpoint explores the application of a conversational agent in increasing HIV testing among high-risk populations.
Mineral and vitamin supplementation on sheep farms: &#x2028;a survey of practices and farmer knowledge
Authors: Hession Daniel V , Loughrey Jason , Kendall Nigel R , Hanrahan Kevin , Keady Timothy W J 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Mineral and vitamin (MV) supplementation is a routine management practice in many pasture-based systems of prime lamb production. The aim of the current study was to establish the MV supplementation practices on Irish sheep farms and farmer’s knowledge and opinions in relation to supplementation strategies and MV deficiencies. A survey, consisting of 22 questions, was administered to all farmers participating in the Teagasc National Farm Survey (NFS) in 2016 which had a sheep enterprise (n = 177). The Teagasc NFS is a stratified random sample of farms with each farm assigned a weighting factor so the results are representative of the national population of farms. Sixty-nine percent of respondents supplemented their flocks with MV in addition to concentrate feed. Twenty-two percent supplemented based on laboratory analysis results (soil, herbage, blood, or tissue analysis). Thirteen percent supplemented based on veterinary advice with only 30% of this advice based on laboratory analysis results. Sixty-five percent supplemented for reasons other than laboratory analysis or veterinary advice; mainly due to tradition and previous experience. The most common stages to supplement ewes were pregnancy (78%), lactation (61%), and pre-mating (50%). Fifty-one percent supplemented lambs post weaning. Mineral buckets (free access solidified molasses-based licks containing MV and in plastic containers) and drenching (oral dosing with MV containing liquid) were the most common methods of supplementing ewes and lambs, respectively. Generic MV products (containing multiple minerals and vitamins) were the most commonly used followed by cobalt only products. Ease of use/labor requirements and cost were the most important factors influencing choice of supplementation method. Forty-six percent rated their level of knowledge on mineral requirements of sheep as “limited or no education/knowledge”. Supplementation with MV did not increase (P &gt; 0.05) ewe productivity (number of lambs reared/ewe joined) or gross margin/ewe. It is concluded that most supplementation decisions in sheep production systems are undertaken in the absence of veterinary advice or laboratory results, therefore are not evidence based. Knowledge transfer activities need to be designed to communicate best practice as regards MV supplementation.
Antihypertensive medication adherence and persistence among Black women
Authors: Abel Willie M. , Greer Danice B. , Sue-Ling Carolyn , Kirkland Tracie W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract:
The prevalence of hypertension in Black women (57.6%) is among the highest in the world. Many of those who identify as Black do not readily adhere to prescribed antihypertensive medications nor persist with long-term therapy. This qualitative study describes self-reported approaches used by Black women with consistent adherence and persistence to medication-taking for BP control.
Leadership Development in U.S. Undergraduate Medical Education: A Scoping Review of Curricular Content and Competency Frameworks
Authors: Matsas Bridget , Goralnick Eric , Bass Michelle , Barnett Erica , Nagle Baily , Sullivan Erin E. 
Published: February 2022

Purpose
To inform research on developing or adopting leadership competency frameworks for use in U.S. undergraduate medical education (UME), this scoping review describes the content of U.S. UME leadership curricula, associated competency frameworks, and content delivery.

Method
The authors searched PubMed, Embase, and ERIC databases on June 22, 2020. They included English-language studies that described U.S. UME curricula in which the primary end goal was leadership development. They excluded studies published before January 1, 2000. Data were extracted on leadership competency frameworks and curricular content, audience, duration, electivity, selectivity, learning pedagogies, and outcome measures. The curricular content was coded and categorized within the Medical Leadership Competency Framework (MLCF) using the constant comparative method. A repeated search of the literature on May 14, 2021, did not yield any additional studies.

Results
Of 1,094 unique studies, 25 studies reporting on 25 curricula met inclusion criteria. The course content of the curricula was organized into 91 distinct themes, most of which could be organized into the first 2 competencies of the MLCF: Demonstrating Personal Qualities and Working With Others. Thirteen curricula (52%) aligned with leadership competency frameworks, and 12 (48%) did not appear to use a framework. Number of participants and target learner level varied widely, as did curricula duration, with fewer than half (n = 12, 48%) spanning more than 1 semester. Most curricula (n = 14, 56%) were elective, and many (n = 16, 64%) offered experiential learning. Most studies (n = 16, 64%) reported outcomes as student perception data.

Conclusions
The authors found wide variation in content of U.S. UME leadership development curricula, and few curricula aligned with an established leadership competency framework. The lack of professional consensus on the scope of medical leadership and how it should be taught thwarts effective incorporation of medical leadership training within UME.
Results of Low Distal Femur Periprosthetic Fractures
Authors: Virkus Walter , Lieder Charles , Jang Yohan , Rea Parker , Gaski Greg 
Published: February 2022

Objectives:
To compare retrograde intramedullary nail (RIMN) and open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) in very distal periprosthetic distal femur fractures (PDFFs) to determine whether RIMN is an acceptable option for these fractures that are often considered too distal for IMN due to limited bone stock.

Design:
Retrospective comparative series.

Setting:
Level 1 trauma center.

Patients:
Patients were treated with fracture fixation for a very distal PDFF, defined as the fracture extending to the anterior flange of the implant or distal. Fifty-six patients met inclusion criteria, with 8 excluded for less than 12 months of follow-up.

Intervention:
The intervention involved fracture fixation with RIMN or ORIF.

Main Outcome Measurements:
The primary outcome was unplanned return to surgery. Secondary outcomes included fracture union, radiographic alignment, visual analog score, and Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Physical Function (PF) and Pain Interference.

Results:
The mean follow-up period was 27 months. Twelve patients were treated with ORIF and 36 with RIMN. Twenty-one fractures were at the flange, and 27 extended distal to the flange. There were no differences between fixation methods for reoperation, deep infection, nonunion, malunion, visual analog score pain score, and PROMIS Pain Interference score. The mean PROMIS PF score was higher in the RIMN group compared with that in the ORIF group. There were 5 reoperations in the RIMN group (14%) and 3 in the ORIF group (25%).

Conclusions:
This is the largest series, to the best of our knowledge, of a subset of very distal PDFFs. The results suggest that RIMN may be an acceptable treatment option for these very difficult fractures.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.