bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potential of nanosilicon dioxide extraction from silicon-rich agriculture wastes as a plant growth promoter
Authors: Ibrahim Muhamad Syazlie Che , Meng Teo Han , Ahmad Aziz , Ghazali Mohd Sabri Mohd , Abdullah Wan Rafizah Wan , Chuen Ng Lee 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAgriculture waste has attracted attention as a potential source to produce raw material silicon dioxide, either crystalline (pyrophyllite) or amorphous form (geothermal sludge). It is an unwanted waste produced as a desired result of agricultural activities. Nanosilicon dioxide has undoubtedly gained eager interest in many vital industries. It is renowned for positively enhancing outstanding performance due to tuneable properties over its bulk counterpart. Silicon dioxide scientifically demonstrates a unique ability to convert efficiently into economic value from silicon-rich agriculture waste. Thus, a noble extraction from silicon-rich waste is undoubtedly gaining enormous attention. However, adequate knowledge on local optimisation of nanosilicon dioxide extraction from silicon-rich agriculture waste is lacking. Specific aims of this comprehensive review mainly highlighted a synthesis method of potential nanostructured silicon dioxide from agriculture waste and their potential applications for plant growth promoters. Reverse microemulsion, chemical vapour condensation, solid gelation, and mechanochemical are preferred methods that were typically specified to focus this comprehensive review critically. Optimisation of nanosilicon dioxide can be achieved precisely via the ideal combination of solid gelation and a high-energy ball mill process. Silicon dioxide is undoubtedly an effective agent as a plant growth promoter to overcome biotic and abiotic factors such as heavy metal uptake and translocation, inhibit pathogenic fungi, improve the antioxidant system, and mitigate various stress factors.
Dual-Language Testing of Emotional Verbal Fluency: A Closer Look at “Joy,” “Sadness,” “Fear,” “Anger,” and “Disgust”
Authors: Lam Boji P W , Yoon Jiyoung 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Objective
Assessing neuropsychological functions of dual-language speakers with semantic verbal fluency should consider the impact of language proficiency. Much evidence for the proficiency effect is found in tasks targeting neutral words. The proficiency effect on emotional verbal fluency (Emo-VF) that targets emotional word retrieval, however, is far from conclusive. This study aimed to clarify the proficiency effect on Emo-VF, specifically the extent to which language proficiency impacted positive and negative word retrieval comparably. In addition, the study examined the extent to which dual-languages speakers produced duplicated items and unique, non-duplicated items in each of two languages tested.

Method
Thirty-two adult participants completed Emo-VF tasks that targeted a comprehensive set of basic emotions (“joy,” “sadness,” “fear,” “anger,” “disgust”) in English and Spanish in two sessions separated by at least 72 h. All participants exhibited greater proficiency in English than in Spanish according to subjective and objective measures of language proficiency.

Results
Verbal productivity was comparably lowered for all emotions in the less proficient language. Differences among categories were consistent between languages, with “joy” eliciting more words than other emotions, and “fear” yielding the highest productivity among negative emotions. Finally, dual-language speakers produced a significant number of unique items in different languages, especially for “fear.”

Conclusion
Language proficiency exerts a general effect on positive and negative word retrieval. The study extends previous work by revealing differences between “fear” and other negative categories in addition to replicating positivity biases in unbalanced dual-language speakers. Dual-language testing is valuable in capturing the richness of emotional word repertoire associated with different languages.
Prevalence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy in the Sydney Brain Bank
Authors: McCann Heather , Bahar Anita Y , Burkhardt Karim , Gardner Andrew J , Halliday Glenda M , Iverson Grant L , Shepherd Claire E 
Published: August 2022

AbstractChronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathologic change can only be definitively diagnosed post-mortem. It has been associated with repetitive mild neurotrauma sustained in amateur and professional contact, collision and combat sports, although it has also been documented in people with a single severe traumatic brain injury and in some people with no known history of brain injury. The characteristic neuropathology is an accumulation of perivascular neuronal and astrocytic phosphorylated tau in the depths of the cortical sulci. The tau-immunopositive neurons and astrocytes that are considered pathognomonic for chronic traumatic encephalopathy are morphologically indistinguishable from Alzheimer-related neurofibrillary tangles and ageing-related tau astrogliopathy, respectively, although they are found in different spatial distributions throughout the cortex. The Sydney Brain Bank collection consists of neurodegenerative diseases and neurologically normal controls. We screened 636 of these cases for chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathologic change. A subset of 109 cases had a known history of traumatic brain injury. Three cortical regions were screened for the presence of neuronal and astrocytic phosphorylated tau according to the current 2021 National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke/National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering consensus criteria for chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Five cases (0.79%) showed pathological evidence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy and three of these had a history of traumatic brain injury. Three cases had coexisting Alzheimer’s and/or Lewy body disease pathology meeting criteria for neurodegenerative disease. Another eight cases almost met criteria for chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathological change except for an absence of neuronal tau or a strict perivascular arrangement. Ageing-related tau astrogliopathy was found in all eight cases as a coexisting neuropathology. Traumatic brain injury was associated with increased odds ratio [1.79, confidence interval 1.18–2.72] of having a higher neurofibrillary tangle stage and phosphorylated TAR DNA binding protein 43 (OR 2.48, confidence interval 1.35–4.54). Our study shows a very low rate of chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathological change in brains with or without neurodegenerative disease from the Sydney Brain Bank. Our evidence suggests that isolated traumatic brain injury in the general population is unlikely to cause chronic traumatic encephalopathy neuropathologic change but may be associated with increased brain ageing.
Simultaneous Determination of Ten Active Components From Jinhongtang Granule in Rat Plasma by LC–MS/MS and its Application to a Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study in Normal and Sepsis Rats In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Wu Fan , Zhang Baojing , Zhang Yu , Zhao Ting , Wang Yan , Tian Xiangge , Sun Chengpeng , Fang Bangjiang , Huo Xiaokui , Ma Xiaochi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Jinhongtang granule (JHT) is a traditional Chinese medicine formula used for treatment of infection diseases including severe COVID-19. However, pharmacokinetics of JHT was unknown, especially in infection condition. A liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was developed to simultaneously quantify ten active components form JHT in rat plasma. MS detection was performed by MRM scanning operating in the negative ionization mode. The method showed good linearity (r &gt; 0.997). The accuracy, precision, matrix effect, recovery and stability were all satisfactory with current criterion. The method was successfully applied to compare the pharmacokinetic difference between normal and sepsis rats. The pharmacokinetic behaviors of analytes in sepsis rats were significantly different from those in normal rats. Cmax and AUC of rhein, emodin, aloe emodin, rhein-8-glucoside, aloe emodin 8-glucoside, protocatechuic acid, epicatechin and salidroside, were significantly increased in sepsis rats, except for 4-hydroxycinnamic acid and ferulic acid. In vitro intestinal absorption study using everted intestinal sac preparations indicated that the intestinal permeability was altered under sepsis. In conclusion, pharmacokinetic difference of JHT between normal and sepsis rats were evaluated for the first time, which provided useful information for the clinical application of JHT as an integrative therapy for severe and critical COVID-19.
A Generalized mathematical representation of the shape of the Wheatley heart valve and the associated static stress fields upon opening and closing
Authors: Oliveira H L , McKee S , Buscaglia G C , Cuminato J A , Stewart I W , Wheatley D J 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This note extends previous work of the authors modelling the Wheatley valve by using six intersecting and contiguous ellipses to obtain a generalized mathematical representation of the Wheatley valve: this provides a number of free parameters that could be employed to obtain an optimal design. Since optimality is multi-objective with many of the objectives conflicting we focus on the stresses imposed on the valve by a constant force field. Three distinctly different designs are chosen and an analysis of the stresses is undertaken, conclusions are drawn and results are discussed.
Scaling Relationships of Maximal Gape in Two Species of Large Invasive Snakes, Brown Treesnakes and Burmese Pythons, and Implications for Maximal Prey Size
Authors: Jayne Bruce C , Bamberger Abigail L , Mader Douglas R , Bartoszek Ian A 
Published: August 2022

Synopsis
Snakes are a phylogenetically diverse (&gt; 3500 species) clade of gape-limited predators that consume diverse prey and have considerable ontogenetic and interspecific variation in size, but empirical data on maximal gape are very limited. To test how overall size predicts gape, we quantified the scaling relationships between maximal gape, overall size, and several cranial dimensions for a wide range of sizes (mass 8–64,100 g) for two large, invasive snake species: Burmese pythons (Python molorus bivittatus) and brown treesnakes (Boiga irregularis). Although skull size scaled with negative allometry relative to overall size, isometry and positive allometry commonly occurred for other measurements. For similar snout-vent lengths (SVL), the maximal gape areas of Burmese pythons were approximately 4–6 times greater than those of brown treesnakes, mainly as a result of having a significantly larger relative contribution to gape by the intermandibular soft tissues (43% vs. 17%). In both snake species and for all types of prey, the scaling relationships predicted that relative prey mass (RPM) at maximal gape decreased precipitously with increased overall snake size. For a given SVL or mass, the predicted maximal values of RPM of the Burmese pythons exceeded those of brown treesnakes for all prey types, and predicted values of RPM were usually least for chickens, greatest for limbed reptiles and intermediate for mammals. The pythons we studied are noteworthy for having large overall size and gape that is large even after correcting for overall size, both of which could facilitate some large individuals (SVL = 5 m) exploiting very large vertebrate prey (e.g., deer &gt; 50 kg). Although brown treesnakes had longer quadrate bones, Burmese pythons had larger absolute and larger relative gape as a combined result of larger overall size, larger relative head size, and most importantly, greater stretch of the soft tissues.
Safety and efficacy of a biodegradable implant releasing tenofovir alafenamide for vaginal protection in a macaque model
Authors: Massud I , Krovi A , Nishiura K , Ruone S , Li L , Holder A , Gary J , Mills P , Mitchell J , Khalil G , Pan Y , Luecke E , Gatto G , Heneine W , Garcίa-Lerma J G , Johnson L , van der Straten A , Dobard C 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To advance the initiative of ending the global epidemic, long-lasting HIV protection is needed through sustained release of antiretroviral drugs for months to years. We investigated in macaques the safety and efficacy of biodegradable polycaprolactone implants releasing tenofovir alafenamide for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

Methods
Implants were administered subcutaneously in the arm using a contraceptive trocar. Efficacy against vaginal simian-HIV (SHIV) infection was investigated in six pigtailed macaques that received two tenofovir alafenamide implants (0.35 mg/day), one in each arm, for a total release rate of tenofovir alafenamide at 0.7 mg/day. Macaques were exposed to SHIV twice weekly for 6 weeks. Statistical analyses were used to compare outcome with eight untreated controls. Histological assessments were performed on skin biopsies collected near implantation sites.

Results
Median (range) tenofovir diphosphate level in PBMCs was 1519 (1068–1898) fmol/106 cells. All macaques with tenofovir alafenamide implants were protected against vaginal SHIV infection. In contrast, 7/8 controls were infected after a median of 4 SHIV exposures (P = 0.0047). Histological assessment of tissues near tenofovir alafenamide implant sites showed inflammation and necrosis in 5/6 animals, which were not evident by visual inspection.

Conclusions
We demonstrated complete protection against vaginal SHIV infection with two implants releasing a total of 0.7 mg of tenofovir alafenamide per day. We also identified tenofovir diphosphate concentrations in PBMCs associated with complete vaginal protection. Consistent with previous findings, we observed adverse local toxicity and necrosis near the tenofovir alafenamide implant site. Improved tenofovir alafenamide implants that are safe and maintain high efficacy have the potential to provide long-lasting protection against vaginal HIV infection.
Real-world effectiveness of early remdesivir and sotrovimab in the highest-risk COVID-19 outpatients during the Omicron surge
Authors: Piccicacco Nicholas , Zeitler Kristen , Ing Austin , Montero Jose , Faughn Jonathan , Silbert Suzane , Kim Kami 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Remdesivir and sotrovimab both have clinical trial data in the outpatient setting demonstrating reduction in the risk of hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits related to COVID-19.

Objectives
To evaluate the effectiveness of remdesivir in comparison with sotrovimab and matched high-risk control patients in preventing COVID-19-related hospitalizations and ED visits during the Omicron B.1.1.529 surge.

Patients and methods
This retrospective cohort study included outpatients positive for SARS-CoV-2, with non-severe symptoms for ≤7 days and deemed high-risk for severe COVID-19 by an internal scoring matrix. Patients who received remdesivir or sotrovimab from 27/12/2021 to 04/02/2022 were included (n = 82 and n = 88, respectively). These were compared with a control cohort of high-risk COVID-19 outpatients who did not receive therapy (n = 90). The primary outcome was a composite of 29 day COVID-19-related hospitalizations and/or ED visits. Pre-specified secondary outcomes included components of the primary endpoint, 29 day all-cause mortality and serious adverse drug events.

Results
Patients treated with remdesivir were significantly less likely to be hospitalized or visit the ED within 29 days from symptom onset (11% versus 23.3%; OR = 0.41, 95% CI = 0.17–0.95). Patients receiving sotrovimab were also less likely to be hospitalized or visit the ED (8% versus 23.3%; OR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.11–0.71). There was no difference in the incidence of hospitalizations/ED visits between sotrovimab and remdesivir.

Conclusions
Our highest-risk outpatients with Omicron-related COVID-19 who received early sotrovimab or remdesivir had significantly lower likelihoods of a hospitalization and/or ED visit.
Lessons learned from developing a statewide research data repository to combat the opioid epidemic in Alabama
Authors: Hudnall Matthew , Lewis Dwight , Parton Jason , Sellers Christopher 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Many states are continuing to struggle with opioids and other commonly abused drugs. Alabama, being the highest opioid prescription per-capita state since 2012, has pulled together state agencies, private companies, academia, and community organizations to form a data council and repository to provide unified insights and information to the public and partner stakeholders. The lessons learned in constructing this data environment are documented so that other states and organizations can benefit from the challenges and success that Alabama has experienced. The centralized data repository consists of almost a dozen data streams from public agencies and private companies. The data are transformed and linked within the repository to provide geo-temporal linkages between data sources. The data are stored in a secure multi-tiered environment in a Microsoft SQL Server database, de-identified, aggregated, and then published to a public web portal for open consumption. The public-facing website from the project successfully integrates multiple disparate data sources into a common platform for streamlined and cohesive data communications. Drug addiction cannot be easily quantified, viewed, or otherwise examined when only looking at a portion of society. By bringing together multiple data sources and linking them, a more clear picture of trends, influences, and metrics can be obtained. A statewide drug use data partnership between public and private entities is both possible as well as beneficial to all parties involved. Items like legal contracts can inhibit data sharing, but certain best practices can help scale and streamline multiple agreements.
The initial delay to mitotic activity in primary cultures of equine satellite cells is reduced by combinations of growth factors
Authors: Barshick Madison R , Gonzalez Madison L , Busse Nicolas I , Helsel Patricia J , Johnson Sally E 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSatellite cell (SC) activation is defined as the time frame during which the stem cell becomes poised to reenter G1 of the cell cycle. The growth factors and events leading to full mitotic activation in equine SCs remain largely unknown. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) are sequentially transcribed during the muscle repair and recovery period following strenuous exercise in adult horses. Expression of IGF-I occurs within 24 h of the postexercise recovery period suggesting it may affect early SC actions. As a first step, gluteus medius muscle cryosections from adult horses (n = 9) were examined for the presence of central nuclei (CN), a marker of SC addition to the fiber. Results demonstrate few CN fibers prior to exercise with a 3-fold increase (P = 0.05) 24 h postexercise. Cultures of SC (n = 4 isolates) were treated with 100 ng/mL IGF-I for varying times prior to measurement of myogenic events. Results demonstrate that IGF-I does not affect the initial lag period, proliferation, or subsequent differentiation of equine SC in vitro (P &gt; 0.05). However, media containing a combination of IGF-I and 10 ng/mL FGF2 and 25 ng/mL HGF hastens (P &lt; 0.05) the time to S-phase entry in fresh isolates of SCs. Media supplementation with optimal concentrations of FGF2, HGF, or a combination of HGF and FGF2 suppresses (P &lt; 0.05) the percentage of myogenin immunopositive SCs to levels below that found in control- or IGF-I-treated SCs. These results provide new insight into the combinatorial roles growth factors play during equine SC myogenesis.
Effects of alkaline mineral complex water supplementation on growth performance, inflammatory response, and intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets
Authors: Chen Jian , Xu Ya-Ru , Kang Jian-Xun , Zhao Bi-Chen , Dai Xue-Yan , Qiu Bai-Hao , Li Jin-Long 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of drinking water alkaline mineral complex (AMC) supplementation on growth performance, intestinal morphology, inflammatory response, immunity, antioxidant defense system, and barrier functions in weaned piglets. In a 15-d trial, 240 weaned piglets (9.35 ± 0.86 kg) at 28 d of age (large white × landrace × Duroc) were randomly divided into two groups: the control (Con) group and the AMC group. Drinking water AMC supplementation improved (P &lt; 0.01) final body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) in weaned piglets compared to the Con group. Importantly, AMC reduced (P &lt; 0.01) the feed-to-gain (F:G) ratio. AMC water improved the physical health conditions of piglets under weaning stress, as reflected by the decreased (P &lt; 0.05) hair score and conjunctival score. Moreover, there was no significant (P &gt; 0.05) difference in relatively small intestinal length, organ (liver, spleen, and kidney) indices, or gastrointestinal pH value in weaned piglets between the two groups. Of note, AMC significantly promoted the microvilli numbers in the small intestine and effectively ameliorated the gut morphology damage induced by weaning stress, as evidenced by the increased (P &lt; 0.05) villous height (VH) and ratio of VH to crypt depth. Additionally, AMC lessened the levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, P &lt; 0.01) and the contents of IL1β (P&lt;0.05), and TNF-α (P&lt;0.05) in the weaned piglet small intestine. Conversely, the gut immune barrier marker, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) levels in serum and small intestine mucosa were elevated after AMC water treatment (P &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, AMC elevated the antioxidant mRNA levels of (P &lt; 0.05) SOD 1-2, (P &lt; 0.01) CAT, and (P &lt; 0.01) GPX 1-2 in the small intestine. Likewise, the mRNA levels of the small intestine tight junction factors Occludin (P &lt; 0.01), ZO-1 (P &lt; 0.05), Claudin 2 (P &lt; 0.01), and Claudin 5 (P&lt;0.01) in the AMC treatment group were notably higher than those in the Con group. In conclusion, drinking water AMC supplementation has an accelerative effect on growth performance by elevating gut health by improving intestinal morphology, the inflammatory response, the antioxidant defense system, and barrier function in weaned piglets.
Clustering memory-guided anomaly detection model for large-scale screening of esophageal endoscopic images
Authors: Wu Yanbing , Zhao Zijian , Pang Xuejiao , Liu Jin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A deep learning screening model of esophageal endoscopic images can reduce the burden on endoscopists. However, most deep learning methods require many labeled data with balanced categories, and their ability to deal with new diseases not appearing in the training set is limited. This study elaborated a semi-supervised anomaly detection model for the initial screening of esophageal endoscopic images, requiring a single class of samples as a training set. The reconstruction-based method was used for anomaly detection. The model’s framework was a variational auto-encoder, with two memory modules added in latent space to restrain its generalization ability. In the memory module, a clustering operation was introduced to provide a better distribution of memory vectors, promoting their compactness with encoded features and separation from each other. A detailed description and theoretical substantiation of the proposed model were presented. A dataset containing 7989 esophageal endoscopic images labeled by experienced endoscopists was used for numerical experiments. The proposed model results were compared with those of other auto-encoder-based anomaly detection methods, outperforming them and achieving an area under the curve of 0.8212. The ablation study was also conducted to validate the effectiveness of each model’s part, and new data were successfully incorporated to assess the model feasibility and applicability range.