bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nano-ecotoxicology in a changing ocean
Authors: Dedman Craig J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe ocean faces an era of change, driven in large by the release of anthropogenic CO2, and the unprecedented entry of pollutants into the water column. Nanomaterials, those particles < 100 nm, represent an emerging contaminant of environmental concern. Research on the ecotoxicology and fate of nanomaterials in the natural environment has increased substantially in recent years. However, commonly such research does not consider the wider environmental changes that are occurring in the ocean,i.e., ocean warming and acidification, and occurrence of co-contaminants. In this review, the current literature available on the combined impacts of nanomaterial exposure and (i) ocean warming, (ii) ocean acidification, (iii) co-contaminant stress, upon marine biota is explored. Here, it is identified that largely co-stressors influence nanomaterial ecotoxicity by altering their fate and behaviour in the water column, thus altering their bioavailability to marine organisms. By acting in this way, such stressors, are able to mitigate or elevate toxic effects of nanomaterials in a material-specific manner. However, current evidence is limited to a relatively small set of test materials and model organisms. Indeed, data is biased towards effects upon marine bivalve species. In future, expanding studies to involve other ecologically significant taxonomic groups, primarily marine phytoplankton will be highly beneficial. Although limited in number, the available evidence highlights the importance of considering co-occurring environmental changes in ecotoxicological research, as it is likely in the natural environment, the material of interest will not be the sole stressor encountered by biota. As such, research examining ecotoxicology alongside co-occurring environmental stressors is essential to effectively evaluating risk and develop effective long-term management strategies.
In vitro toxicological assessment of PhSeZnCl in human liver cells
Authors: di Vito Raffaella , Levorato Sara , Fatigoni Cristina , Acito Mattia , Sancineto Luca , Traina Giovanna , Villarini Milena , Santi Claudio , Moretti Massimo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPhenylselenenylzinc chloride (PhSeZnCl) is an air-stable selenolate, easily synthesizable through oxidative insertion of elemental zinc into the Se-halogen bond of the commercially available phenylselenyl chloride. PhSeZnCl was shown to possess a marked GPx-like activity both in NMR and in vitro tests, and to effectively react with cellular thiols, and was supposed for a potential use in the chemotherapy of drug-resistant cancers. However, activity of PhSeZnCl in hepatic cells has never been tested before now. In this in vitro approach, we evaluated the cytotoxic, genotoxic, and apoptotic activities, as well as the effects on cell cycle of PhSeZnCl in two preclinical hepatic models, namely HepG2 and HepaRG cells. Results showed that cell viability of HepG2 and HepaRG cells decreased in a dose-dependent manner, with a more marked effect in HepG2 tumour cells. Moreover, treatment with 50 µg/mL PhSeZnCl caused an increase of primary DNA damage (4 h) and a statistically significant increase of HepG2 cells arrested in G2/M phase. In addition, it altered mitochondrial membrane potential and induced chromosomal DNA fragmentation (24 h). In HepaRG cells, PhSeZnCl was able to determine a cell cycle-independent induction of apoptosis. Particularly, 50 µg/mL induced mitochondrial membrane depolarization after 24 h and apoptosis after 4 h treatment. Futhermore, all PhSeZnCl concentrations tested determined a significant increase of apoptotic cells after 24 h. Apoptosis was also highlighted by the detection of active Caspase-3 by Western Blot analysis after 24 h exposure. In conclusion, this first toxicological assessment provides new insights into the biological activity of PhSeZnCl in preclinical hepatic models that will be useful in future safety assessment investigation of this compound as a potential pharmaceutical.
Characterization and Treatment of Spinal Tumors
Authors: Amadasu Efosa , Panther Eric , Lucke-Wold Brandon 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe prevalence of spinal tumors is rare in comparison to brain tumors which encompass most central nervous system tumors. Tumors of the spine can be divided into primary and metastatic tumors with the latter being the most common presentation. Primary tumors are subdivided based on their location on the spinal column and in the spinal cord into intramedullary, intradural extramedullary, and primary bone tumors. Back pain is a common presentation in spine cancer patients; however, other radicular pain may be present. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the imaging modality of choice for intradural extramedullary and intramedullary tumors. Plain radiographs are used in the initial diagnosis of primary bone tumors while Computed tomography (CT) and MRI may often be necessary for further characterization. Complete surgical resection is the treatment of choice for spinal tumors and may be curative for well circumscribed lesions. However, intralesional resection along with adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy can be indicated for patients that would experience increased morbidity from damage to nearby neurological structures caused by resection with wide margins. Even with the current treatment options, the prognosis for aggressive spinal cancer remains poor. Advances in novel treatments including molecular targeting, immunotherapy and stem cell therapy provide the potential for greater control of malignant and metastatic tumors of the spine.
Optimal multiple stopping problem under nonlinear expectation
Authors: Li Hanwu 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we study the optimal multiple stopping problem under the filtration-consistent nonlinear expectations. The reward is given by a set of random variables satisfying some appropriate assumptions, rather than a process that is right-continuous with left limits. We first construct the optimal stopping time for the single stopping problem, which is no longer given by the first hitting time of processes. We then prove by induction that the value function of the multiple stopping problem can be interpreted as the one for the single stopping problem associated with a new reward family, which allows us to construct the optimal multiple stopping times. If the reward family satisfies some strong regularity conditions, we show that the reward family and the value functions can be aggregated by some progressive processes. Hence, the optimal stopping times can be represented as hitting times.
Prison, Islamic Radicalization and the COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy
Authors: Ravagnani Luisa , Romano Carlo Alberto 
Published: September 2022

AbstractRadicalization in prison is a well-developed field of research that, particularly in the aftermath of 11 September 2001, has involved academics and practitioners in the attempt to highlight possible push and pull factors and dynamics, as well as useful strategies for preventing and countering extremism inside the facilities. Like every subject of great interest, it has given rise to numerous theories about the possible approaches to radical violence, some even at odds with each other. However, there is almost unanimous agreement that isolation from external society and the inadequate management of the right to profess one’s religious faith within prisons may be elements that increase the risk of intramural radicalization. In Italy, the COVID-19 pandemic interfered heavily not only in the lives of people belonging to free society but also – and perhaps even more – in the lives of prisoners, resulting in the total isolation of prison facilities from the outside community. The dramatic efforts to protect public health have effectively eclipsed every other right, including – for prisoners – practising one’s faith with the guidance of authorized religious leaders. The present article explores how and why these anti-virus changes in the management of the Italian penitentiary could have influenced the risk of intramural radicalization.
Invisible Rulers: The ‘Latent Power Structure’ in Two Spanish Governments (2004 and 2012)
Authors: Villena-Oliver Andrés , Aldeguer Bernabé , Lucena-Piquero Delio 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBeyond the observation of official positions and incorporating the ‘Latent Power Structure’ (LPS), this article offers a broadened view of the organization of democratic governments. We define the LPS as a set of former officials, parliamentary and party members, and business directors who are closely related to government members, since they have recruited one or more of them for certain positions in the past. Applied to a Social Network Analysis of two Spanish governments, the LPS reveals a more concentrated structure of power with a far greater range of resources. The LPS analysis shows that governments rely on certain influential organizations in the social structure, to a greater extent than might initially be believed. This finding indicates the existence of government structures that represent a greater risk to democratic representation, and provides evidence for understanding how the state and other critical institutions are related in the social structure.
CORRIGENDUM TO “CLUSTER CATEGORIES FROM GRASSMANNIANS AND ROOT COMBINATORICS”
Authors: BAUR KARIN , BOGDANIC DUSKO , GARCIA ELSENER ANA 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this note, we correct an oversight regarding the modules from Definition 4.2 and proof of Lemma 5.12 in Baur et al. (Nayoga Math. J., 2020, 240, 322–354). In particular, we give a correct construction of an indecomposable rank
$2$
module
$\operatorname {\mathbb {L}}\nolimits (I,J)$
, with the rank 1 layers I and J tightly
$3$
-interlacing, and we give a correct proof of Lemma 5.12.
Simon the Composite Sorcerer
Authors: Eastman David L. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSimon Magus is a key figure in the earliest apocryphal Acts of Peter. He is a sorcerer and confidant of the emperor who clashes with Peter and, in later apocryphal texts, with both Peter and Paul. However, this is not simply the villain of the Acts of the Apostles. In this article I will argue that the apocryphal Simon is a composite figure drawn substantially, but not necessarily wholly, from the Simon of Acts 8 and the Elymas/Bar-Jesus figure who opposes Paul in Acts 13.
Psalm 143.2 and the Argument of Galatians 3.10
Authors: Moore Peter C. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the ongoing discussions of Gal 3.10–14, interpreters have underappreciated the connection between Paul's argument in 3.10 and his use of Ps 143.2 in 2.16. This article argues that Paul bases his denial of justification by works in 2.16 on the confession of humanity's universal sinfulness in Ps 143.2. Given the rhetorical function of 2.15–21 as well as the close verbal and logical ties between 2.16 and 3.10, it contends the same thought underlies Paul's charge in 3.10 that those of works are under a curse. On this basis, the article assesses various interpretations of Gal 3.10.
Postseismic Process Inversion Using Full Time Series of Surface Deformation: Full Time‐Series Inversion (FTI) Theory and Its Application to the 2017 Sarpol‐e Zahab Earthquake
Authors: Yue Han , Wang Kang , Xue Lian , Shen Zhengkang , Sun Jianbao 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPostseismic processes provide important opportunities to probe into and investigate the frictional, viscous, and porous properties of the seismogenic fault and the surrounding Earth media. To accommodate the temporal and spatial resolutions and long‐term baseline stability of different deformation data, we develop a full time‐series inversion (FTI) technique, which jointly inverts for afterslip patterns using full time series of Global Navigation Satellite System, SAR, and strainmeter data. The FTI linearizes the inversion problem with a prescribed source evolution function to achieve efficient inversion. We conduct synthetic tests to validate the spatial and temporal resolution of the FTI algorithm. FTI outperforms static inversion techniques in terms of inversion stability under high noise level. We apply different parameterization strategies to evaluate its resolution for slip evolution parameters. The tests show that FTI can discriminate spatially separated afterslip with distinct evolution functions. Finally, we apply FTI to investigate the afterslip process following the 2017 Mw 7.3 Sarpol‐e Zahab earthquake that occurred along the Iran‐Iraq border in northwestern Zagros using Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry time series derived from the Sentinel‐1 observations 1 year after the mainshock. Similar to the synthetic tests, the algorithm is capable to discriminate afterslip with different evolution functions in the up‐ and downdip portions of the coseismic rupture zone. By comparing with the stress‐driven afterslip model simulated using rate‐strengthening frictional law, we demonstrate the stability of FTI in resolving the afterslip process. We emphasize the importance of incorporating early postseismic observations for deciphering afterslip evolution and frictional parameters.
Investigation of Tropical Cyclone Wind Models With Application to Storm Tide Simulations
Authors: Wang Shuai , Lin Ning , Gori Avantika 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe hazards induced by tropical cyclones (TCs), for example, high winds, extreme precipitation, and storm tides, are closely related to the TC surface wind field. Parametric models for TC surface wind distribution have been widely used for hazards and risk analysis due to their simplicity and efficiency in application. Here we revisit the parametric modeling of TC wind fields, including the symmetrical and asymmetrical components, and its applications in storm tide modeling in the North Atlantic. The asymmetrical wind field has been related to TC motion and vertical wind shear; however, we find that a simple and empirical background‐wind model, based solely on a rotation and scaling of the TC motion vector, can largely capture the observed surface wind asymmetry. The implicit inclusion of the wind shear effect can be understood with the climatological relationship between the general TC motion and wind shear directions during hurricane seasons. For the symmetric wind field, the widely used Holland wind profile is chosen as a benchmark model, and we find that a physics‐based complete wind profile model connecting the inner core and outer region performs superiorly compared to a wind analysis data set. When used as wind forcing for storm tide simulations, the physics‐based complete wind profile integrated with the background‐wind asymmetry model can reproduce the observed storm tides with lower errors than the often‐used Holland model coupled with a translation‐speed‐based method.
Measuring “Weather Whiplash” Events in North America: A New Large‐Scale Regime Approach
Authors: Francis Jennifer A. , Skific Natasa , Vavrus Steven J. , Cohen Judah 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe term “weather whiplash” was recently coined to describe abrupt swings in weather conditions from one extreme to another, such as from a prolonged, frigid cold spell to anomalous warmth or from drought to heavy precipitation. These events are often highly disruptive to agriculture, ecosystems, and daily activities. In this study, we propose and demonstrate a novel metric to identify weather whiplash events (WWEs) and track their frequency over time. We define a WWE as a transition from one persistent continental‐scale circulation regime to another distinctly different pattern, as determined using an objective pattern clustering analysis called self‐organizing maps. We focus on the domain spanning North America and the eastern N. Pacific Ocean. A matrix of representative atmospheric patterns in 500‐hPa geopotential height anomalies is created from 72 years of daily fields. We analyze the occurrence of WWEs originating with long‐duration events (LDEs) (defined as lasting four or more days) in each pattern, as well as the associated extremes in temperature and precipitation. A WWE is detected when the pattern 2 days following a LDE is substantially different, measured using internal matrix distances and thresholds. Changes in WWE frequency are assessed objectively based on reanalysis and historical climate model simulations, and for the future using climate model projections. Temporal changes in the future under representative concentration pathway 8.5 forcing are more robust than those in recent decades. We find consistent increases in WWEs originating in patterns with an anomalously warm Arctic and decreases in cold‐Arctic patterns.
Characterizing Continental US Hurricane Risk: Which Intensity Metric Is Best?
Authors: Klotzbach Philip J. , Chavas Daniel R. , Bell Michael M. , Bowen Steven G. , Gibney Ethan J. , Schreck Carl J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe damage potential of a hurricane is widely considered to depend more strongly on an integrated measure of the hurricane wind field, such as integrated kinetic energy (IKE), than a point‐based wind measure, such as maximum sustained wind speed (Vmax). Recent work has demonstrated that minimum sea level pressure (MSLP) is also an integrated measure of the wind field. This study investigates how well historical continental US hurricane damage is predicted by MSLP compared to both Vmax and IKE for continental United States hurricane landfalls for the period 1988–2021. We first show for the entire North Atlantic basin that MSLP is much better correlated with IKE (rrank = 0.50) than Vmax (rrank = 0.26). We then show that continental US hurricane normalized damage is better predicted by MSLP (rrank = 0.83) than either Vmax (rrank = 0.67) or IKE (rrank = 0.65). For Georgia to Maine hurricane landfalls specifically, MSLP and IKE show similar levels of skill at predicting damage, whereas Vmax provides effectively no predictive power. Conclusions for IKE extend to power dissipation as well, as the two quantities are highly correlated because wind radii closely follow a Modified Rankine vortex. The physical relationship of MSLP to IKE and power dissipation is discussed. In addition to better representing damage, MSLP is also much easier to measure via aircraft or surface observations than either Vmax or IKE, and it is already routinely estimated operationally. We conclude that MSLP is an ideal metric for characterizing hurricane damage risk.
Assessment of Using Field‐Aligned Currents to Drive the Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model: A Case Study for the 2013 St Patrick’s Day Geomagnetic Storm
Authors: Zhu Qingyu , Lu Gang , Maute Astrid , Deng Yue , Anderson Brian 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this study, field‐aligned currents (FACs) obtained from the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment data set have been used to specify the high‐latitude electric potential in the Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (GITM). The advantages and challenges of the FAC‐driven simulation are investigated based on a series of numerical experiments and data‐model comparisons for the 2013 St Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm. It is found that the cross‐track ion drift measured by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites can be well reproduced in the FAC‐driven simulation when the electron precipitation pattern obtained from Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE) technique is used in GITM. It is also found that including the neutral wind dynamo properly is very important when using FACs to derive the high‐latitude electric field. Without the neutral wind dynamo, the cross‐polar‐cap potential and hemispheric integrated Joule heating could be underestimated by more than 20%. Moreover, the FAC‐driven simulation is able to well reproduce the ionospheric response to the geomagnetic storm in the American sector. However, the FAC‐driven simulation yields relatively larger data‐model discrepancies compared to the AMIE‐driven GITM simulation. This may result from inaccurate Joule heating estimations in the FAC‐driven simulation caused by the inconsistency between the FAC and electron precipitation patterns. This study indicates that the FAC‐driven technique could be a useful tool for studying the coupled ionosphere and thermosphere system provided that the FACs and electron precipitation patterns can be accurately specified.
Space Weather Bibliometrics for 2022: Going Beyond Impact Factor
Authors: Lugaz Noé 
Published: September 2022

AbstractI discuss the impact factor of Space Weather for 2021, its small decrease with respect to the number in 2020, and potential causes for this decrease. The limitations of the impact factor are emphasized as reported in past studies, in particular due to the large weight of highly cited papers. For Space Weather, over several years, the median number of citations received by a paper per year is close to the impact factor at the time of publication, with very few papers receiving no citations. I expect that, as the solar cycle ramps up, the impact factor will start to grow again.
Mathematical operations and equation solving with reconfigurable metadevices
Authors: Tzarouchis Dimitrios C. , Mencagli Mario Junior , Edwards Brian , Engheta Nader 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPerforming analog computations with metastructures is an emerging wave-based paradigm for solving mathematical problems. For such devices, one major challenge is their reconfigurability, especially without the need for a priori mathematical computations or computationally-intensive optimization. Their equation-solving capabilities are applied only to matrices with special spectral (eigenvalue) distribution. Here we report the theory and design of wave-based metastructures using tunable elements capable of solving integral/differential equations in a fully-reconfigurable fashion. We consider two architectures: the Miller architecture, which requires the singular-value decomposition, and an alternative intuitive direct-complex-matrix (DCM) architecture introduced here, which does not require a priori mathematical decomposition. As examples, we demonstrate, using system-level simulation tools, the solutions of integral and differential equations. We then expand the matrix inverting capabilities of both architectures toward evaluating the generalized Moore–Penrose matrix inversion. Therefore, we provide evidence that metadevices can implement generalized matrix inversions and act as the basis for the gradient descent method for solutions to a wide variety of problems. Finally, a general upper bound of the solution convergence time reveals the rich potential that such metadevices can offer for stationary iterative schemes.
GANscan: continuous scanning microscopy using deep learning deblurring
Authors: Fanous Michael John , Popescu Gabriel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMost whole slide imaging (WSI) systems today rely on the “stop-and-stare” approach, where, at each field of view, the scanning stage is brought to a complete stop before the camera snaps a picture. This procedure ensures that each image is free of motion blur, which comes at the expense of long acquisition times. In order to speed up the acquisition process, especially for large scanning areas, such as pathology slides, we developed an acquisition method in which the data is acquired continuously while the stage is moving at high speeds. Using generative adversarial networks (GANs), we demonstrate this ultra-fast imaging approach, referred to as GANscan, which restores sharp images from motion blurred videos. GANscan allows us to complete image acquisitions at 30x the throughput of stop-and-stare systems. This method is implemented on a Zeiss Axio Observer Z1 microscope, requires no specialized hardware, and accomplishes successful reconstructions at stage speeds of up to 5000 μm/s. We validate the proposed method by imaging H&E stained tissue sections. Our method not only retrieves crisp images from fast, continuous scans, but also adjusts for defocusing that occurs during scanning within +/− 5 μm. Using a consumer GPU, the inference runs at <20 ms/ image.