bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple, Effect of Sevin XLR on Predator Mites And White Apple Leafhopper, 1992
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (‘Red’ Block) at a rate of 125 gal/acre with an FMC CP 3000 sprayer. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete blocks of 12 trees, 2 replicate samples taken from within each block. Applications were made on 25 Aug and 4 Sep. Rubigan, Captan, and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. At the evaluations on 25 Aug, 2, 8, 16 and 24 Sep, samples consisted of 50 leaves per tree (100 per treatment) picked at random and brushed on a mite brushing machine. Mite predator adults (AF and ZM) were counted under a stereo microscope. WALH evaluations were made by picking 50 randomly selected leaves per replicate (100 per treatment) from the periphery of the tree and counting leafhopper nymphs.
Apple, Phytotoxic Effects of Avermectin 0.15 EC, 1992
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pesticides were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (9-Var Block) at a rate of 150 gal/acre with an FMC CP 3000 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of nine tree blocks (one tree of each of nine varieties), each replicated four times. Applications of all materials were made on 10 Jun and 10 Jul. Imidan, Captan, Nova, Lannate, Lorsban, Rubigan, Bayleton, Streptomycin, COCS and Lime were applied separately to all treatments. Evaluation of phytotoxicity was made on 14 Aug and 22 Sep by randomly selecting and examining 25 fruit per tree for signs of phytotoxicity. Individual fruits were for percent of fruit surface with injury.
Apple, Campylomma Insecticide Test, 1992
Authors: Reding M. E. , Beers E. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted in a 12-year-old ‘Delicious’ orchard at the Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center. The experimental design was randomized complete block with ten treatments each with four single-tree replicates. Treatments were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 240 psi and the rate of 400 gal/acre. Nymphs were sampled by jarring MPB on to a 45 cm x 45 cm black cloth tray. One limb per tree (one tap per limb) was sampled on each date. Fruit evaluation was conducted before hand thinning in Jun and before fruit harvest. Forty apples per tree (or every apple on trees with less than 40 apples) were examined at both evaluations. Apples with one or more stings were considered culls.
Pear, Agri-Mek Dilute and Concentrate Evaluation, 1992
Authors: VanBuskirk Philip , Hilton Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The orchard consisted of mature ‘Bosc’ pears tree planted on a 7.6 m by 7.6 m spacing. Treatments were applied: 11 Jun (2nd cover) by using an air carrier sprayer set to deliver 2338.2 liter/ha (dilute) or 935.3 liter/ha (concentrate). Plots consisted of 4 X 5 tree rectangles replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Additional sprays applied to the entire orchard during the trial were Imidan 50% WP 5.69 kg/ha applied 2 Jul. Treatments were evaluated at 1-wk intervals. Samples consisted of 20 leaves from the tree centers and 20 leaves from the middle of 20 terminal shoots selected at random. Arthropods were removed from leaves using a mite brushing machine and PP eggs and nymphs, and TSSM eggs and post-egg stages were counted with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Control of Citrus Red Mite on ‘Washington Navel’ Orange in Louisiana, 1991
Authors: Bourgeois W. J. , Pollet D. K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted on a plot of ‘Washington navel’ citrus trees located at the Louisiana State University Agricultural Center’s Citrus Research Station, Port Sulphur, Louisiana. Pre-spray mite counts were made 11 Jun, and treatments were applied 13 Jun with the aid of an FMC model 100 CP airblast sprayer with an operating pressure of approximately 200 psi and tractor speed of 3rd low 1200 RPM. The study consisted of 5 treatments with 10 single tree replications from which mite counts were determined by taking 5 leaves per tree and counting the number of live mites on the right bottom half of the leaf and then doubling the count to obtain the number of mites per leaf. Once treatment application had occurred, counts were taken at 7, 14, 30, 60, 90, and 120 DAT. When mite population built up to 10+ mites per leaf, that treatment(s) was reapplied. During this study, this occurred with the Kelthane treatment, which was reapplied 12 Jul and for both Morestan treatments which were reapplied 16 Aug. All miticide spray solutions were buffered to a pH of approximately 6.0 with the addition of Triton AG-44 M (Latron AG-44 M).
Mediterranean Fruit Fly Control on Persimmon, 1989
Authors: Kawate Michael K. , Coughlin Julia A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted at 3 persimmon orchard sites in Kula, Hawaii. At each site, 10 trees were selected, 5 for treatment and 5 for control. Sprays were applied to bearing trees weekly during harvest to control MFF. Applications were made on 25 Oct; 1, 8, 15, and 22 Nov; 1 Dec. A CO2-backpack sprayer was operated at 30 psi, using an adjustable spray nozzle. Each tree received 20 ml of spray (4.9 liters/ha), 2.75 mg Al/ml. The spray was applied as 2-10 ml broadcast sprays, one on each side of the tree. Control trees were not sprayed. Fruits were harvested on 31 Oct; 7, 14, 21 Nov; 1, 8 Dec. Fruits were categorized into marketable fruit and fruit fly damage fruit and counted. Phytotoxicity was evaluated on 26 Oct.
Mediterranean Fruit Fly Control on Persimmon, 1991
Authors: Kawate Michael K. , Coughlin Julia A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted at a 50-yr-old persimmon orchard in Kula, Hawaii. Thirty trees were used; 15 for treatment and 15 for control. Sprays were applied to bearing trees prior to first harvest and continuing weekly throughout the harvest period to control MFF. Application dates were as follows: 18 and 25 Sep; 2, 9, 16, 23, and 30 Oct; 6, 13, 20, and 27 Nov. Sprays were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer at 30 psi with a single nozzle generating large droplets. Each tree received 100 ml of spray (25 liters/ha), 2.0 mg Al/ml. The spray was directed at the underside of foliage on each tree. Control trees were not sprayed. All mature persimmon fruits on each tree were harvested weekly. Harvest dates were as follows: 10, 15, 22, and 29 Oct; 5, 12, 19, and 26 Nov; 3 Dec. Efficacy of sprays was evaluated weekly at harvest by sorting the harvested fruit from each tree into the following categories: (a) marketable fruit; (b) fruit fly stung fruit; and (c) unmarketable fruit with damage by other factors (minor insect pests, disease etc.). Fruits in each category were counted.
Potato Leafhopper Control in Dry (Navy) Bean, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Sheets Becky 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A large trial was planted at the Staples Irrigation Station on 20 May. The navy beans followed last year’s corn with most cornstalks remaining on the soil surface. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Soil applications were banded in a 10 cm band over the row immediately after planting. Foliar materials were broadcast on 11 and 29 Jul using 2 liter total material on 0.0023 ha, each application, each treatment. Data on stand, moisture and yield were collected and final yields adjusted to a standard moisture. All plots were irrigated.
Aerial Application of Sevin 4-Oil Efficacy Trials, 1976
Authors: Pedigo Larry P. , Hammond Ron 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four soybean plots (Var. Amsoy) were located 3 miles southwest of Ames, Iowa. Each plot measured 300 ft by 135 ft (54 rows) with 30 in centers. Experimental design consisted of each plot being randomly assigned a treatment. Treatments are given in the table. Treatments were applied on August 17 by airplane as follows: Sevin 4 - Oil , airplane with 6 Delavan nozzles (equivalent to Tee Jet 8002), spray pressure 40 psi and application rate at 1 qt/acre; Sevin 80S, airplane with 16 Tee Jet No. 6 D-6 nozzles, spray pressure at 30 psi and application rate at 2 qt/acre. Weather conditions on the day of application were: temperature ca 70° F, wind speed ca 8 mph. Plants were randomly sampled with a 15-in diam sweep-net (50 sweeps/row, 4 rows/plot) on August 17 (pretreatment), August 18 (1-day post-treatment), August 20 (3-day post-treatment) and August 24 (7-day post-treatment). Soybeans were in growth stage R5 (beans growing in size) on all sampling dates. Samples were examined for green cloverworm larvae in the laboratory. Plants were examined for visual signs of phytotoxicity, viz., discoloration of leaves, on August 24. No measurable rainfall occurred during sampling.
Maleic Hydrazide and Dipel Tank Mix, 1976
Authors: Regan T. E. , Collins W. K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two on-farm tests evaluating potassium salt formulations of maleic hydrazine (6-hydroxy-3-(2H)-pyridazinone) at 2.25 lb a.i./acre for systemic sucker control tank mixed with Dipel wettable powder formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) at 1/4 lb a.i./acre for control of the tobacco hornworm each were replicated twice on flue-cured tobacco at Bladen and Warren counties. North Carolina. Trade names of maleic hydrazine used at the respective locations were Royal MH-30 by Uniroyal and Super Sucker Stuff by Ansul. Plots consisted of 4 rows × 75 ft (ca 150 plants/plot) separated by vacant 5th middles and 10 ftalleys. Since natural hornworm infestations were abnormally low in 1976, field infestations were supplemented with hornworms reared several days in the laboratory. After allowing 2-3 days for artificially infested larvae to begin feeding on plants in the field, counts were made to determine establishment. Treatments applied the following day (July 14 - Warren and 31 - Balden) were: (A) Dipel and maleic hydrazide applied as a tank mix, (B) Dipel + maleic hydrazide (separate applications of rates in A, 1-2 days apart), and (C) maleic hydrazide alone (no insecticide - untreated check). Treatments were applied at full-flower stage of development using tractor sprayer with a 2-row boom and 3 full-cone nozzles (TG-3) per row delivering 50 gal/A at 50 psi. Plants were subsequently topped. Survival counts were made 72 hr and 7 days post-treatment. Comparable observation on amount of sucker growth and possible chemical injury leafburn were made among treatment plots. Yield and quality were obtained at the Warren test. Analyses of variance and orthogonal partitioning of treatments were conducted on 72 hr survival counts and yield data.
Leafhopper Control in First-Year Cottonwood Plantations, 1976
Authors: Oliveria F. L. , Solomon J. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental design was a randomized complete block, containing 10 treated plots paired with adjacent control plots. Each plot consisted of 54 trees (6 rows × 9 trees) planted at 12- × 12-ft spacings. Three similar tests were installed, two in Mississippi and one in Louisiana. During June 1976, carbofuran (FuradanR 10G) at 20 lb/A (2 lb a.i. /A) was applied to each treatment plot as a 6- to 8-inch subsoil treatment with a tractor-drawn applicator. Control plots were not treated. Live leafhoppers on trees in the two center rows (18 trees) of each plot were counted in August 1976. Number of leafhoppers per tree was converted to mean individuals per tree for each treatment. An analysis of variance (0.95 level of confidence) was done to test for statistically significant differences in the means.
Cankerworm Control in Shelterbelts, Walhalla, North Dakota, 1973
Authors: Frye R. D. , McBride D. K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Each insecticide was applied from the air to 1 of 8 one-half mile long single row belts. There were approximately 100 yds between belts. Pre-treatment larval counts were made from five randomly selected 2 ft twigs on each side of 5 frees along each belt on May 29. Twig samples were taken from eye level to approximately 20 ft above ground level. Larvae were in the 1st to the 3rd instar and averaged 22.5/2 ft twig. Cankerworms were significantly more abundant on Siberian elm than on American elm. There were approximately 2 spring cankerworms to 1 fall cankerworm. Treatments were applied May 30. Post-treatment larval counts were similarly made on June 8. The materials were applied with 44, D-7 nozzels at 38 psi and 115 mph. Three gals of water were applied/acre. Imidan 1EC, Imidan 70W and Imidan 5W were applied to American elm. The rest were applied to Siberian elm. The untreated check belt was American elm. Wind speed at application was 5 mph, and rainfall was light during the period between application and post-treatment counts. Data consisted of % reduction in cankerworm counts between pre- and post-treatment counts. No reduction in cankerworms was assumed when post-treatment counts were equal to or greater than pre-treatment counts. The arcsin transformation was applied to the data. Treatments were compared with a series of “t” tests for paired comparisons.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1976
Authors: Asquith Dean , Hull Larry A. , Travis James W. , Mowery Paul D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design with 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 Red Deiicious, both spur-type trees. Experimental sprays were applied with a spray gun from a truckmounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gpm pump on June 24, June 30, and July 15 to all plots except those treated with Sumithion and Vydate “L”. The Sumithion plot listed first in Tables 1 and 2 received only one spray on June 24 and the second Sumithion plot received the first and second sprays on June 24 and June 30. The Vydate “L” treatment was applied on June 24, June 30, July 8, July 15, and July 26. General purpose sprays of 1.5 lb captan 50W, 0.25 lb Guthion 50W, and 1 lb Sevin 50W/100 gallons dilute were applied at ca. intervals of 2 weeks throughout the summer. Average temperatures were: May 57.74° F, June 71.30° F, July 70.09° F, August 67.92° F, and September 62.78° F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 5 . 6 8 , June 2 . 6 3 , July 4 . 8 6 , August 2 . 6 2 , and September 4 . 4 9 . Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the European red mite, twospotted spider mite, and A . fallacis was evaluated by making several counts of mites on samples of 20 leaves/tree, 80 leaves/treatment.
Cutworm - Armyworm Control in Ground Covers, California, 1976
Authors: Oetting Ronald , Morishita Frank S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were tested for the control of cutworm and armyworm larvae feeding on dichondra and Irish moss. Over 80% of the larvae in these tests were granulate cutworms. Two experiments were conducted on the control of larvae feeding on ground covers. The first was an infestation of larvae on Irish moss at a nursery in San Diego County, Ca. The Irish moss was in flats 17 1/2 in. sq and a treatment consisted of 4 flats and was replicated 5 times. Application of insecticides was with a Bean 5 gpm sprayer operated at 150 psi and ca 400 gal/acre on Sept 1'76. Counts were made immediately before and at 7 day intervals after application by flooding each flat with water and counting the number of larvae which came to the surface. The second experiment was on 2 dichondra lawns in Orange County, Ca. Each lawn was divided into 8 treatments. Application of insecticides was with a hose end attachment sprayer at ca 400 gal/acre on Oct 14'76. Counts represent an average of the 2 lawns and were made immediately before and at 7 day intervals after application by flooding at 10 sq ft areas in each treatment with water and counting the number of larvae coming to the surface.
Evaluation of Several Insecticides For Quarantine Use, 1976
Authors: Fons James , Cawley Bryant M. , Sullivan William N. , Schechter Milton S. , Jaffe Howard , Hayes Dora K. , Morgan Neal O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
All test insects except Japanese beetle were laboratoryreared and hand-carried or airmailed to the test site in Miami, Fla. Insects were caged in either 1 -gal paper tubs (cockroaches, tobacco budworms), plastic cups (boll weevils, Colorado potato beetles, Mexican bean beetles, and mosquitoes), plastic vials, 5 cm deep × 2 Cm diameter (brown dog ticks), or wire screen cylinders (Japanese beetles). All containers were covered wity nylon screen, 6 × 7 mesh/cm2 for mosquitoes, ticks, and Japanese beetles and 4 × 4 mesh/cm2 for all others. Both adult and nymphal cockroaches were treated; all other test species were adults. Cages were arrayed in the center of 71 -m3 trailers. Aerosols were dispensed while walking the length of the trailer. The actual dosage was determined by weighing the container after a release lasting for a predetermined period (predicated by the nominal dosage level). Dusts were preweighed and introduced through the door of the trailer from a CO2_propelled gun. Test animals were exposed for 10 min with trailer doors closed and 20 min with the doors open. After exposure, cages were removed to the laboratory where the tobacco budworms, flies, and mosquitoes were given access to 10% sucrose in distilled water and the Japanese beetles and boll weevils were given halved apples. All test species were held for 24 hrs before mortality was determined. The criterion for mortality was ataxia. During exposure and holding prior to and after testing, the average temperature was 25° C. Each replication consisted of a minimum of 20 specimens. Applications were made over a period of 7 days. There was a control for each day. Abbott's formula was used to correct each day's mortality. The corrected data were pooled. Dust formulations were prepared by dissolving technical material in a sufficient amount of methylene chloride to form a slurry with the carrier. Hi Sil 233, and evaporating off the solvent. Dusts were not micronized. Aerosol formulations were prepared with 50% propellant 11 and 50% propel Iant 12 except the 5% d-phenothrin formulation which contained 97.7% propellant 12. Also, 2 formulations of 0.3% RU-22,974 were prepared, one with a cosolvent and one without. All other formulations contained no cosolvents.
Horn, Face and Stable Fly Control with Feed Additive Insecticides, 1972-75
Authors: Campbell J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Rabon and Famphur were used either as mineral or feed additives. In some of the trials the herds were isolated and in others they were not. The stable fly control trial was at a dairy where cattle were restricted to lots. In several of the trials the control herds were treated by spraying or, at the dairy, mist applications of naled were used. Horn flies were counted on 1 side of an animal with the aid of binoculars. Face flies were counted on the face of animals also with the aid of binoculars. Stable flies were counted on the outside of 1 leg and the inside of the other and the count termed flies/leg. Counts were taken on 10% of the animals with a minimum of 15 animals/count. All herds with the exception of the dairy cattle were yearlings.
Cattle-

HYPODERMA LINEATUM

ANIMAL SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE TEST, 1976
Authors: Drummond R. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Government-owned Hereford and Angus calves and yearlings on pasture at Camp Stanley and Camp Bullis, Bexar County, Texas, naturally infested with the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (deVillers), are treated with new animal systemic insecticides detected in the mouse-Cuterebra animal systemic insecticide test (Drummond, R.O., 1976, Insectic. Acaric. Tests 1: 117-8). Animals are weighed and given insecticides in initial tests either orally by capsule (usually technical grade insecticide) or dermally by whole-body spray of 4 liters/animal at&gt;150 psi (usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and Al (25 parts)). In secondary tests, insecticides may be administered dermally by pouron of a specific volume of insecticide (usually water-diluted EC or solution in oil) per body weight or intramuscularly by injection (usually technical grade insecticide in diethyl succinate). Usually cattle are treated initially at the highest nonlelhal dosages determined by cooperating veterinary toxicologists; maximum dosages for initial tests are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% spray. After the treatment in May or June, the backs of treated cattle (usually 3 animals/treatment) and untreated cattle of the same age and breed from the same herd are examined monthly from August to February (next year) for encapsulated cattle grubs. As cattle grubs appear, they are located on an outline map of the back of each animal; and the cumulative number of grubs in each animal is obtained. Effectiveness of a treatment is determined by comparing the average number of grubs in treated cattle with the average number in untreated cattle. The most recent report of tests with new systemics in cattle was presented by Drummond, R. O., and T. M. Whetstone, 1974, J. Econ. Entomol. 67: 237-9.
Apple, Insecticide Tests, 1976
Authors: Hill Clarence H. , Cobb Leonard J. , Thomas John H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied dilute with a Bean, 35 gallon per minute sprayer operating at 540 psi to 20 year old Rome trees. Trees were sprayed to run-off. The treatments were made on single trees and replicated in random fashion 5 times. Applications were made 5 times on the following dates: May 24, June 9 & 28, July 19 and August 11. Other materials used during the season were: Oil + Difolatan, Polyram, Karathane, Sulfur and Captan.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University Shenandoah Valley Research Station Steeles Tavern, Virginia 24476 European Red Mite Control on Peach, 1976
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Ponton L. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The commercial planting at Lovingston, Virginia, in which the tests were conducted, was planted in 1963 and set 15 feet between trees and 22 feet between rows. Due to complete freeze out of buds in March there was no crop and no commercial spraying was done in this orchard in 1976. All treatments were applied randomly in each of three rows. Unsprayed guard trees were left between each treatment tree and an unsprayed guard row was left between each treatment row. All applications were applied with an adjustable hand gun at 250 psi to the point of run off. Sprays were applied on May 12, 1976 and May 20 to single tree plots replicatec 3 times. Mites and eggs from 25 randomly selected leaves/tree were counted microscopically on the dates indicated after brushing from the leaves according to the Henderson-MacBurnie method. Data on the abundance of rust mite, Eriophyidae spp on the treatment trees was collected and analyzed for the August 3 sampling date. Data were tabulated as mites per leaf, or eggs per leaf, and subjected to analysis of variance.
Control of Grape Cane Gallmaker in Pennsylvania, 1976
Authors: Jubb Gerald L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six insecticides were evaluated for control of grape cane gallmaker in 1976 on grapes near Harborcreek, PA. Plots consisted of 6 vines in a row replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Guard plants of 3 vines within rows and one row between treated rows isolated the plots. Sprays were applied using an Ortho Spray-Ette Queen Size garden sprayer. This was operated off a high pressure hose on a Myers 61256ET2 hydraulic sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 psi. Sprays were applied to run-off, resulting in 100 gallons of solution being applied per acre. Spray application dates were May 27 and June 9; shoot lengths (± SD) at times of application were 10.4 inches (+ 2.2) and 26.6 inches (± 4.7), respectively. In sampling, 75 shoots were selected at random per plot and examined for gallmaker injury. Numbers of injured shoots were transformed t o ^ x + 0.5 and treated by analysis of variance and Duncan's modified (Bayesian) least significant difference test. Two fungicide applications (July 13 and August 16) were applied to the entire experimental area: Folpet 50WP 2 lb ai/acre.