bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of a Standardized Ice-Sheet Cooling Method Following Exertional Hyperthermia
Authors: Caldwell Aaron R , Saillant Michelle M , Pitsas Dina , Johnson Audrey , Bradbury Karleigh E , Charkoudian Nisha 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Exertional heat illnesses remain a major threat to military service members in the United States and around the world. Exertional heat stroke (EHS) is the most severe heat illness, characterized by core hyperthermia and central nervous system dysfunction. Per current Army regulations, iced-sheet cooling (ISC) is the recommended immediate treatment for heat casualties in the field, but concerns have been raised regarding the efficacy of this approach. Thus, the purpose of this study was to quantify the cooling rate of ISC following exertional hyperthermia.

Materials and Methods
We utilized a randomized crossover design with 2 experimental trials. In both trials, exertional hyperthermia was induced by walking (3.5 mph at 5% grade) on a treadmill in an environmental chamber (40 °C, 30% RH) for up to 3 hours or until core body temperature reached 39.2 °C. After the walking portion, individuals either received ISC (experimental trial) or cooling and rested supine in the same environmental conditions for 30 minutes with no ISC (control trial). For ISC, bed sheets soaked in ice water were applied (per Army guidance) at the neck, chest, and groin with another sheet covering the body. Sheets were rotated and resoaked every 3 minutes until core temperature decreased to &lt;38.0 °C.

Results
By design, participants finished exercise with increased core temperature (38.8 ± 0.39 °C vs. 38.90 ± 0.34 °C, ISC and control trials, P = 1.00). The ISC trial provided significantly (P = .023) greater cooling rates, 0.068 °C/min 95% confidence interval [CI; 0.053, 0.086], compared to the control trial, 0.047 °C/min 95% CI [0.038, 0.056]. Additionally, the time to decrease to less than 38.0 °C was significantly (P = .018) faster in the ISC trial (median = 9.3 minutes) compared to the control trial (median = 26.6 minutes).

Conclusion
ISC increases the cooling rate of those recovering from exertional hyperthermia. With the observed cooling rate, we can extrapolate that ISC would reduce core temperature by ∼2 °C within 30 minutes during a case of EHS. We conclude that ISC provides a safe and effective alternative for the field where cold water immersion resources may not be readily available.
The methanol emission in the J1– J0 A−+ line series as a tracer of specific physical conditions in high-mass star-forming regions
Authors: Salii Svetlana V , Zinchenko Igor I , Liu Sheng-Yuan , Sobolev Andrej M , Aberfelds Artis , Su Yu-Nung 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
We present results of the investigations of the properties of the methanol J1 –J0 A−+ line series motivated by the recent serendipitous detection of the maser emission in the 141 – 140 A−+ line at 349 GHz in S255IR-SMA1 soon after the accretion burst. The study includes further observations of several lines of this series in S255IR with the SMA, a mini-survey of methanol lines in the 0.8-mm range towards a sample of bright 6.7-GHz methanol maser sources with the IRAM 30-m telescope, and theoretical modelling. We found that the maser component of the 141 – 140 A−+ line in S255IR decayed by more than order of magnitude in comparison with that in 2016. No clear sign of maser emission is observed in other lines of this series in the SMA observations except the 71 – 70 A−+ line where an additional bright component is detected at the velocity of the maser emission observed earlier in the 141 – 140 A−+ line. Our LVG model constrains the ranges of the physical parameters that match the observed emission intensities. No obvious maser emission in the J1 – J0 A−+ lines was detected in the mini-survey of the 6.7-GHz methanol maser sources, though one component in NGC 7538 may represent a weak maser. In general, the maser effect in the J1 – J0 A−+ lines may serve as a tracer of rather hot environments and in particular luminosity flaring events during high-mass star formation.
Global Population Genomics of Two Subspecies ofCryptosporidium hominisduring 500 Years of Evolution
Authors: Tichkule Swapnil , Cacciò Simone M. , Robinson Guy , Chalmers Rachel M. , Mueller Ivo , Emery-Corbin Samantha J. , Eibach Daniel , Tyler Kevin M. , van Oosterhout Cock , Jex Aaron R. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCryptosporidiosis is a major global health problem and a primary cause of diarrhea, particularly in young children in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum and anthroponotic Cryptosporidium hominis cause most human infections. Here, we present a comprehensive whole-genome study of C. hominis, comprising 114 isolates from 16 countries within five continents. We detect two lineages with distinct biology and demography, which diverged circa 500 years ago. We consider these lineages two subspecies and propose the names C. hominis hominis and C. hominis aquapotentis (gp60 subtype IbA10G2). In our study, C. h. hominis is almost exclusively represented by isolates from LMICs in Africa and Asia and appears to have undergone recent population contraction. In contrast, C. h. aquapotentis was found in high-income countries, mainly in Europe, North America, and Oceania, and appears to be expanding. Notably, C. h. aquapotentis is associated with high rates of direct human-to-human transmission, which may explain its success in countries with well-developed environmental sanitation infrastructure. Intriguingly, we detected genomic regions of introgression following secondary contact between the subspecies. This resulted in high diversity and divergence in genomic islands of putative virulence genes, including muc5 (CHUDEA2_430) and a hypothetical protein (CHUDEA6_5270). This diversity is maintained by balancing selection, suggesting a co-evolutionary arms race with the host. Finally, we find that recent gene flow from C. h. aquapotentis to C. h. hominis, likely associated with increased human migration, maybe driving the evolution of more virulent C. hominis variants.
Genetic Diversity, Heteroplasmy, and Recombination in Mitochondrial Genomes ofDaphnia pulex,Daphnia pulicaria, andDaphnia obtusa
Authors: Ye Zhiqiang , Zhao Chaoxian , Raborn R. Taylor , Lin Man , Wei Wen , Hao Yue , Lynch Michael 
Published: March 2022

AbstractGenetic variants of mitochondrial DNA at the individual (heteroplasmy) and population (polymorphism) levels provide insight into their roles in multiple cellular and evolutionary processes. However, owing to the paucity of genome-wide data at the within-individual and population levels, the broad patterns of these two forms of variation remain poorly understood. Here, we analyze 1,804 complete mitochondrial genome sequences from Daphnia pulex, Daphnia pulicaria, and Daphnia obtusa. Extensive heteroplasmy is observed in D. obtusa, where the high level of intraclonal divergence must have resulted from a biparental-inheritance event, and recombination in the mitochondrial genome is apparent, although perhaps not widespread. Global samples of D. pulex reveal remarkably low mitochondrial effective population sizes, &lt;3% of those for the nuclear genome. In addition, levels of population diversity in mitochondrial and nuclear genomes are uncorrelated across populations, suggesting an idiosyncratic evolutionary history of mitochondria in D. pulex. These population-genetic features appear to be a consequence of background selection associated with highly deleterious mutations arising in the strongly linked mitochondrial genome, which is consistent with polymorphism and divergence data suggesting a predominance of strong purifying selection. Nonetheless, the fixation of mildly deleterious mutations in the mitochondrial genome also appears to be driving positive selection on genes encoded in the nuclear genome whose products are deployed in the mitochondrion.
Folate dose and form during pregnancy may program maternal and fetal health and disease risk
Authors: Pannia Emanuela , Hammoud Rola , Simonian Rebecca , Kubant Ruslan , Anderson G Harvey 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe role of folate, in its synthetic and bioactive form, as an in utero modifier of metabolic outcomes in mothers and offspring is examined in this review. During pregnancy, a continuum of adaptive changes occurs to support maternal and fetal requirements. However, an unfavorable in utero environment may lead to permanent changes in cellular and physiological functions, adversely affecting the development of the child and postpartum health of the mother. In North American countries, synthetic folic acid (FA) is overconsumed by pregnant women, and uncertainty exists about its potential unintended health effects. Because the metabolism of FA is different than that of other folate forms, it may modulate disease risk differently. The bioactive form of folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, has emerged as a popular alternative to FA, but clinical studies comparing their effects during pregnancy are limited. Current evidence points to the need for caution when maternal intake of either folate form exceed recommended amounts. Research directed toward defining an optimal folate dose and form for healthy pregnancy and long-term metabolic outcomes in mothers and children is urgently needed.
Eosinophilic Syndromes Associated With Daptomycin Use: Re-exposure Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis and Prior Peripheral Eosinophilia
Authors: West Katelyn A , Sheeti Ahmed , Tamura MacKay Kimberly , Forrest Graeme N 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Daptomycin pulmonary eosinophilia (DPE) has been well described in case reports and reporting from the Food and Drug Administration. We report 3 eosinophilic syndromes associated with daptomycin use.

Methods
This is a retrospective review of all patients who received daptomycin (inpatient or outpatient) from 2010 to 2020 at the Veterans Affairs Portland Healthcare System. Patients who developed DPE while receiving daptomycin were evaluated to determine risk factors. Data collected included daptomycin dose and duration, body mass index, creatinine clearance, and peripheral eosinophilia.

Results
Of 330 patients who received daptomycin, 81.5% developed a peripheral eosinophilia, with 109 (33%) developing peripheral eosinophilia ≥5%. Fifty-one (16%) met criteria for DPE. Primary DPE occurred in 38 of the 51 patients with a median 26 days of treatment, and 49% had peripheral eosinophilia ≥5%. Re-exposure DPE occurred in the other 13 patients and occurred a median of 3 days after initiation of daptomycin. The presence of an elevated peripheral eosinophilia of ≥5% during daptomycin usage was significantly associated with primary (odds ratio [OR], 2.23; 95% CI, 1.2–4.09; P = .008) and re-exposure DPE (OR, 12; 95% CI, 1.6–103; P = .003). All patients recovered after withdrawal of daptomycin without complications.

Conclusions
There are 3 daptomycin eosinophilic syndromes: peripheral eosinophilia, primary DPE occurring about 4 weeks into therapy, and re-exposure DPE. Elevated peripheral eosinophilia ≥5% was a risk factor for both primary and re-exposure DPE, but still identified about half the cases. Peripheral eosinophilia should be carefully monitored during daptomycin treatment, and clinicians should be aware that prior eosinophilia may predict an acute pulmonary reaction upon daptomycin re-exposure.
Treatment and Outcome of Culture-Confirmed Mycobacterium marinum Disease
Authors: Hendrikx Louise , van Hees Colette L M , de Steenwinkel Jurriaan E M , Bax Hannelore I , Sprong Tom , Mulder Bert , Jansz Arjan , van Griethuysen Arjanne , Bosboom Ron , Stemerding Annette , Koetsier Marjolein , van Coevorden Marco , Mourik Bas C , Quint Koen D , Ott Alewijn , van Soolingen Dick , Kuipers Saskia , van Crevel Reinout , van Ingen Jakko 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Mycobacterium marinum is a nontuberculous mycobacterium that causes skin and soft tissue infections. Treatment consists of multiple antibiotics, sometimes combined with surgical debridement. There is little evidence for the choice of antibiotics, the duration of treatment, and the role of susceptibility testing.

Methods
We performed a retrospective cohort study of culture-confirmed M. marinum infections in the Netherlands in the 2011–2018 period. Clinical characteristics, in vitro susceptibility, extent of disease, treatment regimens, and outcomes were analyzed. Incidence was assessed from laboratory databases.

Results
Forty cases of M. marinum infection could be studied. Antibiotic treatment cured 36/40 patients (90%) after a mean treatment duration of 25 weeks. Failure/relapse occurred in 3 patients, and 1 patient was lost to follow-up. Antibiotic treatment consisted of monotherapy in 35% and 2-drug therapy in 63%. Final treatment contained mostly ethambutol–macrolide combinations (35%). Eleven patients (28%) received additional surgery. We recorded high rates of in vitro resistance to tetracyclines (36% of isolates). Tetracycline resistance seemed correlated with poor response to tetracycline monotherapy. The annual incidence rate was 0.15/100 000/year during the study period.

Conclusions
Prolonged and susceptibility-guided treatment results in a 90% cure rate in M. marinum disease. Two-drug regimens of ethambutol and a macrolide are effective for moderately severe infections. Tetracycline monotherapy in limited disease should be used vigilantly, preferably with proven in vitro susceptibility.
Rates of Severe Influenza-Associated Outcomes Among Older Adults Living With Diabetes—Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), 2012–2017
Authors: Owusu Daniel , Rolfes Melissa A , Arriola Carmen S , Daily Kirley Pam , Alden Nisha B , Meek James , Anderson Evan J , Monroe Maya L , Kim Sue , Lynfield Ruth , Angeles Kathy , Spina Nancy , Felsen Christina B , Billing Laurie , Thomas Ann , Keipp Talbot H , Schaffner William , Chatelain Ryan , Reed Carrie , Garg Shikha 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is common among older adults hospitalized with influenza, yet data are limited on the impact of DM on risk of severe influenza-associated outcomes.

Methods
We included adults aged ≥65 years hospitalized with influenza during 2012–2013 through 2016–2017 from the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network (FluSurv-NET), a population-based surveillance system for laboratory-confirmed influenza-associated hospitalizations conducted in defined counties within 13 states. We calculated population denominators using the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services county-specific DM prevalence estimates and National Center for Health Statistics population data. We present pooled rates and rate ratios (RRs) of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, pneumonia diagnosis, mechanical ventilation, and in-hospital death for persons with and without DM. We estimated RRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using meta-analysis with site as a random effect in order to control for site differences in the estimates.

Results
Of 31 934 hospitalized adults included in the analysis, 34% had DM. Compared to those without DM, adults with DM had higher rates of influenza-associated hospitalization (RR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.43–1.72]), ICU admission (RR, 1.84 [95% CI, 1.67–2.04]), pneumonia (RR, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.42–1.73]), mechanical ventilation (RR, 1.95 [95% CI, 1.74–2.20]), and in-hospital death (RR, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.23–1.80]).

Conclusions
Older adults with DM have higher rates of severe influenza-associated outcomes compared to those without DM. These findings reinforce the importance of preventing influenza virus infections through annual vaccination, and early treatment of influenza illness with antivirals in older adults with DM.
Three-dimensional geometry and dust/gas ratios in massive star-forming regions over the entire LMC as revealed by the IRSF/SIRIUS survey
Authors: Furuta Takuya , Kaneda Hidehiro , Kokusho Takuma , Nakajima Yasushi , Fukui Yasuo , Tsuge Kisetsu 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We derive the entire dust extinction (AV) map for the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) estimated from the color excess at near-infrared wavelengths. Using the percentile method we recently adopted to evaluate AV distribution along the line of sight, we derive three-dimensional (3D) AV maps of the three massive star-forming regions of N44, N79, and N11 based on the IRSF/SIRIUS point source catalog. The 3D AV maps are compared with the hydrogen column densities N(H) of three different velocity components where one is of the LMC disk velocity and the other two are of velocities lower than the disk velocity. As a result, we obtain a 3D dust geometry suggesting that gas collision is ongoing between the different velocity components. We also find differences in the timing of the gas collision between the massive star-forming regions, which indicates that the gas collision in N44, N79, and N11 occurred later than that in 30 Doradus. In addition, a difference of a factor of two in AV/N(H) is found between the velocity components for N44, while a significant difference is not found for N79 and N11. From the 3D geometry and AV/N(H) in each star-forming region, we suggest that the massive star formation in N44 was induced by an external trigger of tidal interaction between the LMC and the Small Magellanic Cloud, while that in N79 and N11 is likely to have been induced by internal triggers such as gas converging from the galactic spiral arm and expansion of a supershell, although the possibility of tidal interaction cannot be ruled out.
Individual Virtues and Structures of Virtue in Public Health
Authors: Nihlén Fahlquist Jessica 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Public health ethics is commonly analyzed within a consequentialist or rights-based perspective, but recent approaches explore public health from a virtue ethical perspective. Rozier focuses on the virtues of individual members of the public and I discuss public health professionals. MacKay emphasizes the role of the collective level, the practice and social structure of public health. The structure can be important in two ways. First, it potentially affects the cultivation of the virtues of individuals. Second, the structure itself could have virtues. MacKay defends the latter notion and argues that structures become objective reality that is non-reducible to individuals. She implicitly describes public health as an actor, as having hopes and aspirations. MacKay’s account is an interesting contribution to the field. I agree with that the social structure is important but argue that it is primarily important in relation to the cultivation of individual virtues. Public health is not an agent and if it is described as such, it needs a supporting argument concerning moral group agency. I argue that there are no collectives without individuals. Future studies should focus on the links between the individual and social levels and discuss which virtues are the most important.
Race in the Reading: A Study of Problematic Uses of Race and Ethnicity in a Prominent Pediatrics Textbook
Authors: Li Alice , Deyrup Andrea T. , Graves Joseph L. , Ross Lainie Friedman 
Published: March 2022

Purpose
Aspects of medical education and clinical practice continue to reflect the antiquated notion that race is a biologically valid distinction among individuals rather than a social construct. The authors analyzed the use of race and ethnicity in a popular pediatrics textbook to determine if these concepts were being used consistently and correctly.

Method
In May 2021, using the search function on the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) eBooks platform, the authors searched for 29 race- or ethnicity-related terms (e.g., African, Asian, Black, race) in the AAP Textbook of Pediatric Care, 2nd Edition, which was published in 2016. One researcher extracted direct quotes containing at least one of these search terms. Three researchers independently coded each quote as problematic or nonproblematic with respect to the use of the search terms, excluding examples in which the terms were used in irrelevant contexts (e.g., black box warning). The researchers then identified themes based on the quotes that used race and ethnicity problematically.

Results
The search produced 2,167 total results across the search terms, 806 of which were relevant to race or ethnicity and were analyzed. Problematic quotes: (1) used race or ethnicity as a surrogate for social variables, (2) conflated terminology (e.g., conflated socially defined race with genetic ancestry), (3) overgeneralized or made claims based on limited data, (4) lacked clinical relevance, (5) lacked inclusivity, (6) promoted racial stereotypes, or (7) made contradicting claims about race.

Conclusions
The use of race and ethnicity in the AAP Textbook of Pediatric Care, 2nd Edition was not always appropriate, as demonstrated by examples that reified race as a biological fact and thereby promoted structural racism. Critical evaluation of the use of race and ethnicity in all current medical textbooks and future revisions is warranted.
The Effects of Obesity and Bariatric Surgery on Rates of Upper Extremity Compression Neuropathies
Authors: Khalid Syed I. , Maasarani Samantha , Thomson Kyle B. , Pires Giovanna R. , Becerra Adan , Adogwa Owoicho , Mehta Ankit I. , Noland Shelley S. , Torquati Alfonso 
Published: March 2022

Objectives:
To estimate the effects of obesity on all types of upper extremity compression neuropathies (UECN) (carpal tunnel syndrome and other median nerve, radial nerve, and ulnar nerve compression neuropathies) and to assess whether bariatric surgery modifies these effects.

Background:
UECN are increasingly prevalent and decrease the quality of life of affected individuals. Studies suggest obesity as a risk factor for carpal tunnel syndrome, the most common type of UECN.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the PearlDiver Mariner Database, an all-payor claims database containing claims for over 53 million patients from 2010 to 2019 in all 50 US states. Rates and odds of all types of UECN were compared between 1:1:1 exact matched cohorts of obese patients who were medically managed, obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery, and nonobese patients (111,967 patients in each cohort).

Results:
Compared with nonobese patients, patients with obesity were significantly more likely to develop any UECN (odds ratio [OR], 1.13; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09–1.18), carpal tunnel syndrome (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.10–1.30), and 2 or more UECN (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.20–1.48). Compared with obese patients who were managed medically, obese patients who underwent bariatric surgery were significantly less likely to develop any UECN (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84–0.91) and carpal tunnel syndrome (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.81–0.89).

Conclusions:
Obese patients have higher odds of both single and concomitant UECN, specifically carpal tunnel syndrome, compared with nonobese patients. Bariatric surgery decreases the odds of developing UECN compared with obese patients not undergoing surgical intervention.