bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Binge eating disorder
Authors: McNaught Elizabeth , Treasure Janet , Pollard Nick 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common eating disorder. This chapter covers the epidemiology of the disease, and biological, psychological, and socio-cultural risk factors for developing BED. Presentation in a range of settings is discussed, clinical features are listed, and taking a history is explained, alongside potential differential diagnoses. Examination and investigations are discussed, and the diagnostic criteria are outlined. Psychological and pharmacological interventions are presented, and surgical treatment is briefly outlined. Complications to BED, comorbidities, and prognosis are all included.
Pica
Authors: McNaught Elizabeth , Treasure Janet , Pollard Nick 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pica is an eating disorder characterised by the persistent ingestion of non-nutritive substances which is out of context of the patients age and culture. This chapter covers the epidemiology of the disease, and biological, psychological, and socio-cultural risk factors for developing pica. Presentation and clinical features are listed, and taking a history is explained, alongside potential differential diagnoses. Examination and investigations are discussed, and the diagnostic criteria are outlined. Psychological and potential pharmacological interventions are presented, with the importance of the multidisciplinary team. Complications to pica, comorbidities, and prognosis are all included.
Masculinity, male roles, mental illnesses, and social psychiatry
Authors: Watson Cameron , Poulter Daniel , Ventriglio Antonio , Bhugra Dinesh 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMale gender and male gender role expectations can be significant in the development of psychiatric disorders. Psychiatric morbidity relating to male gender roles and gender-based societal expectations can be further influenced by ethnicity and race, as well as by sexual orientation. Social factors, including poverty, homelessness, and unemployment, can lead to poor self-esteem, which can contribute to distress and vulnerability. When confronted with adverse social circumstances, men tend to hide their emotions. Pathways into care can vary as often men are reluctant to seek help as part of what has been described as ‘toxic masculinity’. Some personality disorders, including dissocial personality, are more commonly reported in men. Rates of alcohol and substance misuse, as well as suicide, are generally higher among men, which may be attributed to externalizing behaviours. The symptoms of psychotic disorders are complex and presentations can differ across the sexes. Gay, bisexual, and transgender individuals are often bullied at school and also show high rates of psychiatric disorders. There must be changes at institutional and clinical care levels to ensure that men do not lose out when seeking help and responding to therapeutic needs.
Psychological first aid
Authors: Lewis Catrin , Bisson Jonathan I. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Psychological first aid (PFA) is a framework to address the psychosocial needs of individuals and communities in the acute aftermath of trauma. It is an evidence-informed set of principles that provides immediate support to affected individuals, with the aim of reducing distress, promoting adaptive functioning, enhancing resiliency, and mitigating the negative psychological sequalae of trauma. This chapter aims to introduce PFA and outline the core facets of the approach. The evolution of PFA will be considered alongside a summary of the research findings on which it is based. Widely used PFA frameworks will be described and discussed. Finally, the evidence base for PFA will be explored and recommendations for future research will be presented.
Digital interventions for mental health
Authors: Hariman Keith 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDigital interventions have been employed in psychiatry since the 1980s, when computerized cognitive behaviour therapy was rolled out. There has been an explosion in technological advances since then, with the development of the internet, smartphones, and social media. Social media, in particular, provides a new platform on which mental health interventions may be given. This chapter will first outline the technological advances over the last 40 years, including the various aspects of artificial intelligence. Specific examples through which technology can enhance our ability to assess and diagnose, monitor, and treat patients with mental health illnesses will then be described. The relevant ethical issues on the use of technology in mental health, especially the concerns over privacy, data algorithms, and fairness will also be discussed. The chapter will conclude with a discussion on the specific roles in the treatment of mental illness artificial intelligence is likely to adopt in the future.
Coercion in community mental health care
Authors: Molodynski Andrew 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Coercion is increasingly acknowledged as a problem in mental health care internationally. However, there is little sign of real progress in reducing it and mitigating its effects upon people subject to it. This chapter defines and explains coercion before describing different methods of measuring coercion. Different forms of coercion are then discussed with a clinical case example. Finally, the chapter discusses sources of coercion and their variation internationally before describing some possible ways in which we may reduce its use.
Mental health in Latin America
Authors: Castaldelli-Maia João Mauricio 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A long era of the military dictatorship in many countries in Latin America ended around the 1980s with emerging hopes of independence and a more egalitarian society, and new philosophies appeared in different industries. Campaigns to close asylums were launched in many countries. Unsurprisingly, there is considerable degree of friction between those who favour community-oriented mental health systems and those who do not. In addition, there is a huge treatment gap for mental and addiction disorders in the region, and the area has reacted unevenly to the challenge in the face of a growing burden of illness related to mental illnesses and addiction disorders. In general, the levels of policy interventions have improved during the period. Regarding diagnostic assessment, the region follows the rest of the world but with the addition of the Revised Version of the Latin American Guide of Psychiatric Diagnosis (GLADP-VR), which has emerged as a new innovative diagnostic tool. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Venezuela are responsible for almost all mental health studies in Latin American countries. Some current challenges are highlighted in this chapter. The minimum number of psychiatric beds need to be identified in national policies. Anti-stigma interventions should be developed and delivered in culturally appropriate way.
Orbit
Authors: Ting Michelle , Than Jonathan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the orbit. It starts off with an outline of orbital anatomy, including the orbital blood supply and neve supply. It continues by describing history taking for orbital disease, and examination of the orbit. It then goes on to describe orbital infections, including preseptal cellulitis, orbital (postseptal) cellulitis, and mucormycosis. Next, it discusses orbital inflammatory disease, including idiopathic orbital inflammatory disease, orbital myositis, Tolosa–Hunt syndrome, dacryoadenitis, and vasculitis. In addition, the chapter discusses vascular malformations, tumours, and thyroid eye disease. The chapter concludes with a discussion of orbital fractures and trauma, and orbital surgery.
The Impact of Deployment and Combat Exposure on Physical Health Among Military Personnel: A Systematic Review of Incidence, Prevalence, and Risks
Authors: Teplova Alina E , Bakker Heilwine A H M , Perry Sander I B , van Etten-Jamaludin Faridi S , Plat Marie-Christine J , Bekkers Margaretha B M 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACT

Objectives
The impact of deployment and combat on mental health of military personnel is well described. Less evidence is available to demonstrate and summarize the incidence, prevalence, and risks of these exposures on physical health. This study aims to (1) systematically review the available literature to determine the incidence and prevalence of physical health conditions among military personnel during and after deployment and (2) investigate the risks of deployment and combat exposure on physical health.

Methods
A systematic review using the PubMed and EMBASE databases was performed. The literature search was limited to articles written in English, published from 2000 through 2019. The quality of studies was assessed with the Joanna Briggs Institute Appraisal Checklist. The results were grouped per system or condition of physical health and presented by forest plots without a combined effect size estimate.

Results
Thirty-two studies were found eligible for this review. We identified a wide variety of incidence and prevalence rates of numerous physical health conditions and a high heterogeneity across the included studies. Acute respiratory symptoms, diarrhea, musculoskeletal injuries, pain, and tinnitus were found to be the most incident or prevalent conditions. Except for hearing loss, no associations with deployment and physical health problems were observed. An increased risk for asthma, headache, hearing loss, and pain was reported in relation to the combat exposure.

Conclusion
Given the characteristics of included studies and extracted data, the magnitude of the found differences in incidence and prevalence rates is most likely to be due to methodological heterogeneity. The specific exposures (e.g., infrastructure, environmental conditions, and activities during deployment) are suggested to be the determinants of (post) deployment physical health problems and need to be addressed to decrease the impact of deployment. Findings from this systematic review highlight which conditions should be addressed in response to service members’ health and wellness needs in the (post)deployment phase and may be used by clinicians, researchers, and policy-makers. However, knowledge gaps regarding the potential risk factors during deployment and combat still exist. Studies using consistent methods to define and measure the physical health conditions and specific exposures are needed.
The Genetic Echo of the Tarim Mummies in Modern Central Asians
Authors: Dai Shan-Shan , Sulaiman Xierzhatijiang , Isakova Jainagul , Xu Wei-Fang , Abdulloevich Najmudinov Tojiddin , Afanasevna Manilova Elena , Ibrohimovich Khudoidodov Behruz , Chen Xi , Yang Wei-Kang , Wang Ming-Shan , Shen Quan-Kuan , Yang Xing-Yan , Yao Yong-Gang , Aldashev Almaz A , Saidov Abdusattor , Chen Wei , Cheng Lu-Feng , Peng Min-Sheng , Zhang Ya-Ping 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe diversity of Central Asians has been shaped by multiple migrations and cultural diffusion. Although ancient DNA studies have revealed the demographic changes of the Central Asian since the Bronze Age, the contribution of the ancient populations to the modern Central Asian remains opaque. Herein, we performed high-coverage sequencing of 131 whole genomes of Indo-European-speaking Tajik and Turkic-speaking Kyrgyz populations to explore their genomic diversity and admixture history. By integrating the ancient DNA data, we revealed more details of the origins and admixture history of Central Asians. We found that the major ancestry of present-day Tajik populations can be traced back to the admixture of the Bronze Age Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex and Andronovo-related populations. Highland Tajik populations further received additional gene flow from the Tarim mummies, an isolated ancient North Eurasian–related population. The West Eurasian ancestry of Kyrgyz is mainly derived from Historical Era populations in Xinjiang of China. Furthermore, the recent admixture signals detected in both Tajik and Kyrgyz are ascribed to the expansions of Eastern Steppe nomadic pastoralists during the Historical Era.
STRONG STAYGREEN inhibits DNA binding of PvNAP transcription factors during leaf senescence in switchgrass
Authors: Xie Zheni , Yu Guohui , Lei Shanshan , Wang Hui , Xu Bin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fine tuning the progression of leaf senescence is important for plant fitness in nature, while the “staygreen” phenotype with delayed leaf senescence has been considered a valuable agronomic trait in crop genetic improvement. In this study, a switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) CCCH-type Zinc finger gene, Strong Staygreen (PvSSG), was characterized as a suppressor of leaf senescence as overexpression or suppression of the gene led to delayed or accelerated leaf senescence, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis marked that chlorophyll (Chl) catabolic pathway genes were involved in the PvSSG-regulated leaf senescence. PvSSG was identified as a nucleus-localized protein with no transcriptional activity. By yeast two-hybrid screening, we identified its interacting proteins, including a pair of paralogous transcription factors, PvNAP1/2 (NAC-LIKE, ACTIVATED BY AP3/PI). Overexpression of PvNAPs led to precocious leaf senescence at least partially by directly targeting and transactivating Chl catabolic genes to promote Chl degradation. PvSSG, through protein–protein interaction, repressed the DNA-binding efficiency of PvNAPs and alleviated its transactivating effect on downstream genes, thereby functioning as a “brake” in the progression of leaf senescence. Moreover, overexpression of PvSSG resulted in up to 47% higher biomass yield and improved biomass feedstock quality, reiterating the importance of leaf senescence regulation in the genetic improvement of switchgrass and other feedstock crops.
Physical activity assessment with wearable devices in rheumatic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ocagli Honoria , Agarinis Roberto , Azzolina Danila , Zabotti Alen , Treppo Elena , Francavilla Andrea , Bartolotta Patrizia , Todino Federica , Binutti Marco , Gregori Dario , Quartuccio Luca 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectivesIn the management of rheumatic musculoskeletal disorders (RMDs), regular physical activity (PA) is an important recognized non-pharmacological intervention. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate how the use of wearable devices (WDs) impacts physical activity in patients with noninflammatory and inflammatory rheumatic diseases.MethodsA comprehensive search of articles was performed in PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and Scopus. A random-effect meta-analysis was carried out on the number of steps and moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Univariable meta-regression models were computed to assess the possibility that the study characteristics may act as modifiers on the final meta-analysis estimate.ResultsIn the analysis, 51 articles were included, with a total of 7488 participants. Twenty-two studies considered MVPA outcome alone, 16 studies considered the number of steps alone, and 13 studies reported information on both outcomes. The recommended PA threshold was reached for MVPA (36.35, 95% CI 29.39, 43.31) but not for daily steps (–1092.60, –1640.42 to –544.77). Studies on patients with fibromyalgia report a higher number (6290, 5198.65–7381.62) of daily steps compared with other RMDs. Patients affected by chronic inflammatory arthropathies seemed to fare better in terms of daily steps than the other categories. Patients of younger age reported a higher overall level of PA than elderly individuals for both the number of steps and MVPA.ConclusionPhysical activity can be lower than the recommended threshold in patients with RMDs when objectively measured using WD. WDs could be a useful and affordable instrument for daily monitoring physical activity in RMDs and may support an increase in activity levels.PROSPERO trial registrationCRD42021227681, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=227681.
Standardized nailfold capillaroscopy in children with rheumatic diseases: a worldwide study
Authors: Melsens Karin , Cutolo Maurizio , Schonenberg-Meinema Dieneke , Foeldvari Ivan , Leone Maria C , Mostmans Yora , Badot Valérie , Cimaz Rolando , Dehoorne Joke , Deschepper Ellen , Frech Tracy , Hernandez-Zapata Johanna , Ingegnoli Francesca , Khan Archana , Krasowska Dorota , Lehmann Hartwig , Makol Ashima , Mesa-Navas Miguel A , Michalska-Jakubus Malgorzata , Müller-Ladner Ulf , Nuño-Nuño Laura , Overbury Rebecca , Pizzorni Carmen , Radic Mislav , Ramadoss Divya , Ravelli Angelo , Rosina Silvia , Udaondo Clara , van den Berg Merlijn J , Herrick Ariane L , Sulli Alberto , Smith Vanessa ,   for the EULAR Study Group on Microcirculation in Rheumatic Diseases, Deroo Liselotte , Vanhaecke Amber , Bergkamp Sandy , Nassar-Sheikh-Rashid Amara , Elisa Patrone , Hermann Walter , Bica Francesco , Cattelan Francesco , Gattinara Maurizio , Özcan Zeynep , Murias Sara , Alcobendas Rosa , Remesal Augustin , Pimpale Pallavi , Khubchandani Raju 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo standardly assess and describe nailfold videocapillaroscopy (NVC) assessment in children and adolescents with juvenile rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (jRMD) vs healthy controls (HCs).Material and methodsIn consecutive jRMD children and matched HCs from 13 centres worldwide, 16 NVC images per patient were acquired locally and read centrally per international consensus standard evaluation of the EULAR Study Group on Microcirculation in Rheumatic Diseases. A total of 95 patients with JIA, 22 with JDM, 20 with childhood-onset SLE (cSLE), 13 with juvenile SSc (jSSc), 21 with localized scleroderma (lSc), 18 with MCTD and 20 with primary RP (PRP) were included. NVC differences between juvenile subgroups and HCs were calculated through multivariable regression analysis.ResultsA total of 6474 images were assessed from 413 subjects (mean age 12.1 years, 70.9% female). The quantitative NVC characteristics were significantly lower or higher in the following subgroups compared with HCs: for density: lower in jSSc, JDM, MCTD, cSLE and lSc; for dilations: higher in jSSc, MCTD and JDM; for abnormal shapes: higher in JDM and MCTD; for haemorrhages: higher in jSSc, MCTD, JDM and cSLE. The qualitative NVC assessment of JIA, lSc and PRP did not differ from HCs, whereas the cSLE and jSSc, MCTD, JDM and cSLE subgroups showed more non-specific and scleroderma patterns, respectively.ConclusionsThis analysis resulted from a pioneering registry of NVC in jRMD. The NVC assessment in jRMD differed significantly from HCs. Future prospective follow-up will further elucidate the role of NVC in jRMD.
Cortical thickness and hippocampal volume in adolescent children with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Lee Min-Hee , Sin Sanghun , Lee Seonjoo , Wagshul Mark E , Zimmerman Molly E , Arens Raanan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractStudy ObjectivesIntermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation due to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may contribute to oxidative tissue damage and apoptotic neuronal cell death, inflammation, and intracellular edema in the brain. We examined whether OSA in overweight and obese adolescent children is associated with cortical thickness and hippocampal structure compared to overweight and obese controls and whether OSA severity is associated with measures of brain integrity.MethodsWe calculated cortical thickness and hippocampal subfield volumes from T1-weighted images of 45 controls (age 15.43 ± 1.73 years, 21 male) and 53 adolescent children with OSA (age 15.26 ± 1.63 years, 32 male) to investigate the association of childhood OSA with the alteration of cortical structure and hippocampal subfield structural changes. In addition, we investigated the correlation between OSA severity and cortical thickness or hippocampal subfield volume using Pearson’s correlation analysis.ResultsWe found cortical thinning in the right superior parietal area of adolescent children with OSA (cluster size 32.29 mm2, cluster-wise corrected p-value = .030) that was negatively correlated with apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) (R=−0.27, p-value = .009) and arousal index (R=−0.25, p-value = .014). In addition, the volume of the right subiculum-head area of the hippocampus of adolescent children with OSA was larger than controls (0.19 ± 0.02 ml vs. 0.18 ± 0.02 ml, β = 13.79, false discovery rate corrected p-value = .044), and it was positively correlated with AHI (R = 0.23, p-value = .026) and arousal index (R = 0.31, p-value = .002).ConclusionsOur findings provide evidence for OSA-associated brain structure alterations in adolescent children prior to the onset of treatment that likely have important implications for timely intervention and continued monitoring of health outcomes.
A comprehensive evaluation of insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea and comorbid insomnia and obstructive sleep apnea in US military personnel
Authors: Mysliwiec Vincent , Brock Matthew S , Pruiksma Kristi E , Straud Casey L , Taylor Daniel J , Hansen Shana , Foster Shannon N , Mithani Sara , Zwetzig Sarah , Gerwell Kelsi , Young-McCaughan Stacey , Powell Tyler , Blue Star John A , Cassidy Daniel G , Mintz Jim , Peterson Alan L 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Study Objectives
The aim of this study was to characterize the sleep disorders of insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and comorbid insomnia and OSA (COMISA) in active duty military personnel.

Methods
Prospective observational study of 309 military personnel with a mean age of 37.17 years (SD = 7.27). Participants served in four branches of the U.S. military (47.9% Air Force, 38.8% Army, 11.3% Navy, and 1.9% Marines). Sleep diagnoses were rendered after video-polysomnography and a clinical evaluation. Validated self-report measures assessed insomnia severity, excessive daytime sleepiness, sleep quality, disruptive nocturnal behaviors, nightmare disorder, shift work disorder (SWD), sleep impairment, fatigue, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, anxiety, depression, and traumatic brain injury (TBI). General linear models and Pearson chi-square tests were used for between-group differences in data analyses.

Results
Insomnia was diagnosed in 32.7%, OSA in 30.4% and COMISA in 36.9%. Compared to military personnel with OSA alone, those with insomnia only and COMISA had significantly greater insomnia severity, disruptive nocturnal behaviors, sleep-related impairment, rates of nightmare disorder, and poorer sleep quality (all Ps &lt; .05). They also reported greater symptoms of fatigue, PTSD, anxiety, and depression (all Ps &lt; .05). There were no significant differences among the three sleep disorder diagnostic groups on sleepiness, SWD, or TBI.

Conclusions
Military personnel with insomnia only and COMISA overall report worsened symptoms of sleep disorders, sleep-related impairment, fatigue, and psychiatric disorders than those with OSA. Results highlight the importance of a comprehensive assessment for sleep-related impairment, sleep, and comorbid disorders in military personnel with clinically significant sleep disturbances.