bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship Between Mother's Level of Knowledge About Cervical Cancer in Performing Pap Smear Screening Tests in Kampung Rawa Panjang Bekasi in 2016
Authors: Nurprilinda Marliana , Gultom Moskwadina 
Published: April 2022

Cervical cancer is the second most found cancer in women in Indonesia, and every year, there are at least 40.000 cases of it. Cervical cancer can be detected early with a Pap smear test. This research aims to determine the association of a mother's knowledge regarding cervical cancer on performing Pap smear screening tests. The method used in this research is analytic cross-sectional with a total sample of 77 respondents. The result obtained is that most of the respondents, 51,9%, lack knowledge of cervical cancer, and 66,2% of them disagreed with the concept and objected to Pap smear. The statistical test with Chi-square done on SPSS shows the p-value = 0,03, proving that the association of the mother's knowledge regarding cervical cancer with the performing Pap smear screening test is significant.
Keywords: Knowledge, Cervical Cancer, Pap Smear
An overview on Niosomes: Novel Pharmaceutical drug delivery system
Authors: Sharma Riya , Dua J.S. , Parsad DN 
Published: April 2022

Over the years, researchers have attempted to improve the potency of medicament utilization for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Drug targeting is a phenomenon in which a drug is distributed in the body in such a way that it interacts with the target tissue at a cellular or sub-cellular level to achieve a desired therapeutic response at the desired site while avoiding unwanted interactions at other sites. This can be accomplished using modern drug delivery system targeting methods such as niosomes. Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system that encapsulates the medication in a vesicle. The vesicle is made up of a non-ionic surfactant bilayer. The particle size of the niosome must be in the range of 10 nm -100 nm. Niosomes are preferred over liposomes because they are more stable and less expensive. Niosomes enhance the pharmacological action of drug molecules by delaying the drug's clearance from circulation, protecting the drug from the biological environment, and limiting the effects to the target cells. It has applications in cancer treatment, as a carrier in hemoglobin, delivery of peptide drugs via the oral route, treatment of leishmaniasis, ophthalmic delivery, and as a carrier in dermal drug delivery. This review article focuses on the vesicular system's composition, benefits, types of niosomes, methods of preparation, characterization, and application.
Keywords: Niosomes, Composition, Types, Method of preparation, Characterization, Application.
Pharmacognostical Aspects and Phytochemical Screening of Powdered Rosa centifolia Petal
Authors: Singh Khushbu 
Published: April 2022

Objective: This study would be useful to complement the information regarding pharmacognostical characteristics, physicochemical evaluation, micrometric analysis, and phytochemical exploration in the Ayurvedic system of medicine for its identiﬁcation and pharmacological use of herbal drug Rosa centifolia Petals.
Material and Methods: The ﬂowers of Rosa centifolia were collected, authenticated and shade dried. Rosa centifolia petals were then undergone morphological, physiochemical exploration, micrometric investigation, and Phytochemical analysis. The dried Rosa centifolia Petals were then extracted with different solvents alcohol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether, and their extractive values were calculated. The secondary metabolites were found in ethanol and ethyl acetate extract of the crude drug. Thin Layer chromatography (TLC) was performed for important phytochemicals flavonoids and polyphenol of the ethanol, ethyl acetate, and petroleum ether extract. The presence of Flavonoids and phenolics showed in various extracts with one spot in individual extracts of the crude drug.
Result and discussion: The Physicochemical evaluation of powder crude drug showed values for moisture content, ash values, swelling index, foreign matter, and extractive values which are within the limits of World Health Organization standards for medicinal plants. Micromeritic analysis of rose petal powder discloses good ﬂowability. The preliminary examination of the crude extract indicated the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, ﬂavonoids, and amino acids. TLC Rf values for flavonoid and phenolic were found for ethanolic extract at 0.78 and 0.77, ethyl acetate extract at 0.81 and 0.78, and petroleum ether extract at 0.81 0.78 respectively.
Conclusions: The current study was to explore the crude drug that would be useful to complement the information regarding pharmacognostical features, physicochemical determination, micrometric exploration for the standardization of Rosa centifolia Petals.
Keywords: Rosa centifolia, Macromorphological study, Physicochemical exploration, Phytochemical analysis, micrometric investigation, TLC screening.
Drug Utilization Pattern of Anti-Diabetic Medication: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Linggi Celeste , Shukoor Fathima , Divya Raveendran , Kavyasree Ganne , Nyamagoud Sanat B , Mahendrakumar R B 
Published: April 2022

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease and is responsible for the significant morbidity and mortality. It is critical to conduct a drug use research of anti-diabetic medications in order to encourage rational drug use in diabetes.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the pattern of drug use of antidiabetic drugs, as well as the prevalence of diabetes and related risk factors throughout treatment period in our sample group.
Materials & methods: This is a prospective observational research involving 200 secondary care hospital in-patients. During a 6-month period, the prescribing pattern was studied and assessed, and drug-related difficulties in subsequent patients were report.
Results: Among 200 patients, 111 (55.46%) were male and 89 (44.5%) were female. Subject of age 65-80 (n=73) were observed to be more suspected. Hypertension 130 (61.32%) was the most common risk factors. In 200 cases, the most commonly used therapy was monotherapy in 89 subjects (44.5%) followed by combination therapy 55(27.5%). Insulin 192(54.5%) was most commonly used followed by oral drugs 160 (45.4%). The most usually prescribed monotherapy was metformin, followed by glimepiride, while the most commonly prescribed combination therapy were metformin+glimepiride.
Conclusion: Prescribing pattern of drugs in diabetic patients concluded that optimized drug therapy led to minimal ensuing DRPs. A continuous observation and reporting of the prescribing practice of anti-diabetic drugs can help the physicians result in therapeutically effective treatment for the patients.
Keywords: Antidiabetics, Drug utilization pattern, Drug related problem, Comorbidities, metformin
Comparison of the Use of Kinetic Model Plots and DD Solver Software to Evaluate the Drug Release from Griseofulvin Tablets
Authors: Ekenna Ifeoma Cynthia , Abali Sunday Okorie 
Published: April 2022

Awareness of the release kinetics of active drugs is important in formulating drugs that have the desired delivery and in predicting the behaviour of the formulated drug in vivo. The study aims to determine the mechanism of drug release from griseofulvin tablets formulated with different surfactants using mathematical models and to compare the use of graphs and DD solver software in fitting dissolution profiles to kinetic models. The batches P1 -P3 were composed of the surfactant - PEG 4000 in different concentrations. A control batch without surfactant and a commercial brand (Mycoxyl 500) were used for comparison. Granule and tablet quality tests indicated quality formulations. Dissolution profiles showed that the surfactant improved drug release of griseofulvin and batches (batches P1 -P3) formulated with PEG 4000 had the best release profiles comparable with the commercial brand. The Excel Add-in DD solver and kinetic plots were used to determine the kinetic model of best fit. The Higuchi model was the best fit for batches P1 -P3. The first order and Hixon -Crowell also fit batches P2 and P3. The Korsmeyer’s model showed that batches P1 -P3 exhibited anomalous diffusion. The tablets formulated with PEG were as good as the commercial brand and they had an anomalous diffusion of the drug from the tablet; meaning that drug diffused following Fickian law and also diffused through a swollen and porous matrix. Kinetic plots and the DD solver can be used for fitting dissolution profiles to kinetic models.
Keywords: Griseofulvin, Kinetics, Models, Surfactants, Polyethylene glycol (PEG) 4000, DD solver, Dissolution profile, mathematical models
Phytochemical Screening, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Aloe buettneri, Mitracarpus scaber and Hannoa undulata used in Togolese Cosmetopoeia
Authors: KOMBATE Bignoate , METOWOGO Kossi , KANTATI Yendube T. , Afanyibo Yaovi-Gameli , FANKIBE Nakpane , HALATOKO Afiwa Wemboo , Yao Sadji Adodo , Eklu-Gadegbeku Kwashie , AKLIKOKOU Kodjo A. 
Published: April 2022

Background: Aloe buettneri, Mitracarpus scaber and Hannoa undulata are three plants species used in the Togolese traditional medicine to cure dermatosis. This study aims at assessing their anti-oxidant and anti-microbial activities on acne-developing micro-organisms.
Methods: Six micro-organisms including Cutibacterium acnes ATCC 6919, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853; Escherichia coli ATCC 25922; Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 700603; Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213; and Candida albicans ATCC 35659 were used. Inhibition diameter was assessed using the agar well diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory and minimum microbicidal concentrations have been achieved through the liquid dilution method. Anti-oxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH antiradical scaving and FRAP methods. Phytochemical screening was also realized.
Results: All the microorganism’s strains tested, excepted Candida albicans and Escherichia coli, were susceptible to plants extracts at 250 mg/mL in the agar well diffusion assay with inhibition diameters ranging from 12.10 ± 0.07 to 18.20 ± 0.10 mm. The MICs values were comprised between 15.625 mg/mL and 62.5 mg/mL, when MMCs ranged from 31.25 to 125 mg/mL. At the concentration of 500 µg/mL, the scavenging properties on DPPH radicals were 49.20 ± 0.15% for H. undulata, 41.29 ± 0.51% for A. buettneri, 59.57 ± 0.41% for M. scaber and 87.22 ± 0.03% for Quercetin. For FRAP assay, the effective concentration (EC50) of A. buettneri, M. scaber and H. undulata extracts were 977.44 ± 1.13 µg/mL; 267.74 ± 10.13 µg/mL and, 272.54 ± 12.87 µg/mL respectively while quercetin presented the EC50 of 48.63 ± 2.00 µg/mL. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of these species might be required to the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, triterpenes, saponoside and alkaloids identified by phytochemical screening.
Conclusion: The three plants extracts are all potential natural antimicrobial and antioxidant candidates for treating acne vulgaris.
Keywords: Aloe buettneri, Mitracarpus scaber, Hannoa undulata, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity, phytochemical screening, Acne vulgaris
Application of Foot Exercises in Diabetes Mellitus Clients with Blood Glucose Levels Instability: A Case Study
Authors: Saprianto Saprianto , Khairunnisa Khairunnisa 
Published: April 2022

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder caused by a lack of the hormone insulin in a person's body. Lack of the hormone insulin in a person's body. Lack of the insulin hormone causes the sugar (glucose) consumed by the body to be imperfect. This situation causes the patient to experience hyperglycemia or excess blood sugar. In diabetes, the condition of excessive blood sugar levels can result in long-term damage, dysfunction and failure of various organs, especially feces, kidneys, nerves, heart and blood vessels. This study aims to determine blood glucose levels before and after the application of foot exercises. With the method of writing in this study using data collection methods, with 2 clients affected by Diabetes Mellitus. The tool used to measure blood glucose is using a glucometer. The results showed that management to overcome instability of blood glucose levels in clients with diabetes mellitus can be done by applying foot exercise techniques. From this study it can be concluded that there are changes in blood glucose in diabetes mellitus clients before and after implementing foot exercises. The application of diabetic foot exercises can be used to improve blood circulation in the legs and prevent swelling and injuries to the feet. Further researchers are advised to increase the number of respondents so that they can reduce blood glucose levels more from this study
Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, blood glucose levels, foot exercise
Metagenomics Analysis of Breast Cancer to Study Bacterial Diversity
Authors: Jain Muskan , Yadav Ruchi 
Published: April 2022

Introduction: Breast cancer is the swelling structures in the breast cells. After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most broadly accepted malignancy analysed in ladies in the United States. Breast cancer can happen in both males and females, yet it's undeniably more normal in ladies. Indications of mammary glands cancer may involve a ball or lumps in the breast, an alteration of breast shape, scratching of the skin, fluid coming out from areola, a recently reversed areola, or a red or textured fix of skin. In those with removed lay out of the illness, there can be bone agony, swollen lymph hubs, windedness, or yellow skin. There are certain microorganisms that are involved in breast cancer and have function thereof. The study of these microorganisms can be done through metagenomics study and comparing with normal samples.
Methods: For current study pairwise metagenomics data for breast cancer sample was retrieved from ENA site. Four FASTQ files were retrieved with the Accession no PRJEB25419 and complete metagenomics analysis was done using GALAXY Server. Tools like FASTQC, Trim galore, KRAKEN2, Krona pie chart etc. were used for classification and identification of microorganisms in the samples.
Results: The taxonomic and functional analysis of the metagenome of breast cancer identifies different organisms like. Actinobacteria, Bifidobacterium cuniculi, Murnine leukemia virus, Human endogenous retrovirus, Pezizomycotina. Different microbes and their percentage in the breast cancer have been predicted that are 4% of Nematocera, 2% of Brachycera, 3% of Galegeae, 2% of Nelumbo nucifera.
Conclusion These results give insights into the metagenome of breast cancer that can be used for clinical perspectives. Detailed study is required to establish the association of these microbes with development and progression of breast cancer.
Keywords: - Breast cancer, Metagenomics, Galaxy, ENA Database, Krona pie chart.
Quality By Design: A Review
Authors: Savitha S , Devi K. 
Published: April 2022

Quality by Design is the most recent quality-related trend in pharmaceutical manufacturing (QbD). This paper discusses Pharmaceutical Quality by Design (QbD) as a way to guarantee high-quality pharmaceuticals. Details about Quality by Design are given in addition to a list of its components. The quality parameters and attributes of each unit operation are unique. Pharmaceutical products can benefit from Quality by Design and the steps that can be taken to implement it. High-quality pharmaceuticals and their manufacturing processes form the core of pharmaceutical R&D. It is impossible to verify the quality of a product because this document includes a breakdown of the product's quality profile and the most important aspects of Quality by Design. Comparing the quality of various products can be done in two ways: through Quality by Design and end-product testing (QbD). Quality by Design is based on the ICH Guidelines. ICH guidelines govern the development of pharmaceuticals and the implementation of quality assurance systems. Pharmaceutical development and production can benefit from Quality by Design (QbD).
Keywords: Concept & background of QbD, Traditional vs QbD Approach, Key elements, PAT, Challenges, Current & Future perspective.
'Ioυδαíα in the Geographical List of Acts 2:9–11 and Syria as "Greater Judea"
Authors: HENGEL MARTIN 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe appearance of 'Ioυδαíα in the geographical list presented in Acts 2:9–11 has puzzled interpreters almost from the time of the publication of the book of Acts. It will be argued that this word should be retained in the text and should be understood in the light of traditional and especially messianic ideas about the extent of the promised land. The close association of Judea and Syria is especially important for understanding the meaning of 'Ioυδαíα in Acts 2:9–11.
The Function of LXX Habakkuk 1:5 in the Book of Acts
Authors: WALL ROBERT W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This case study of Scripture's intertextuality follows the route of LXX Hab 1:5 through the Acts of the Apostles, from Paul's citation of it in climaxing his inaugural (and programmatic) sermon (Acts 13:41), to its intra-/intertextual echo in Acts 15:3. Its function in Acts 13:41 underscores the redemptive importance of Paul's "report" of God's "work" among the Gentiles: to dispute the prophet's "report" (ἐκδιηγέομαι) is to reject God's bid to save God's people. When Paul's travel "report" (ἐκδιηγέομαι, 15:3) of his Gentile mission is again disputed by Jewish believers in Antioch (15:1) and Jerusalem (15:5), their eternal life is threatened according to biblical prophecy.
Questions of Canon Viewed through the Dead Sea Scrolls
Authors: VanderKam James C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe formation of the biblical canon was a gradual one. Questions concerning who, what, when, and how are obscure. The Dead Sea Scrolls indicate that clusters of writings were gathered into recognizable groupings, but that these clusters were not fixed during the time of the Dead Sea community. Indeed, the evidence of Qumran suggests that it was believed that revelation and inspiration continued, at least in the time of the Teacher of Righteousness. The MS evidence of the Scrolls suggests that the text of even the books of Torah was not finally settled. Therefore, it would better fit the ancient evidence from Qumran if we avoided using the words Bible and biblical for this period and this communíty.
"Amtscharisma": Through the Eternal Spirit (Hebrews 9:14)
Authors: EMMRICH MARTIN 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The article argues a new approach to the elusive language of Heb 9:14. The phrase "eternal Spirit" refers to the Holy Spirit bestowed upon Christ for the specific purpose of carrying out his sacerdotal (that is, high-priestly) appointment. This notion of Amtscharisma is well documented in relevant Jewish literature, where the presence of the Spirit is viewed as the "insignia" of the high priest's office. The author of the epistle has modified this tradition with his own eschatological understanding of the significance of Christ's entry into the heavenly sanctuary.
Jesus the Good Shepherd Who Will Also Bring Other Sheep (John 10:16): The Old Testament Background of a Familiar Metaphor
Authors: KÖSTENBERGER ANDREAS J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractJohn 10:16 is one of the major Johannine mission texts that sheds significant light on Jesus' messianic consciousness during his earthly ministry. Almost exclusively, however, scholarly treatments focus on the fourth evangelist's use of the Hebrew Scriptures without entertaining questions regarding the historical Jesus. Taking its point of departure from a study of the literary and historical contexts of John 10 and an investigation of its genre, the present essay seeks to uncover the fabric of OT motifs that converge in Jesus' pronouncement in John 10:16, focusing particularly on prophetic passages in Ezekiel, Zechariah, and Isaiah as well as Davidic typology. The scope of this article also includes Qumran, the apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, and rabbinic literature. Jesus emerges as a faithful interpreter of the Hebrew Scriptures who understood himself as the eschatological Davidic messianic "shepherd." John the evangelist is found to uphold the lofty vision of a community—composed of both Jews and Gentiles—united by faith in the God-sent Messiah.
A Boeotian Die in Context: Gaming Pieces, Jewellery, Seals, Spindle Whorls and Bird Bowls in a Female Burial of Status
Authors: Sabetai Victoria , Nikita Euthymia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The present paper presents a die in its archaeological context, which is a rich grave in the region of Boeotia. It attempts to understand with what other items this gaming piece coexisted and why, as well as who was the person who played with it during lifetime. The Boeotian die is a solid cube made of clay that presents a peculiarity in its numbering system, for the face normally bearing six dots features twenty-five instead. The date of the die in the Archaic period and the sex of the deceased can be established from its associated grave-group which comprises 48 Boeotian (mostly bird bowls) and Late Corinthian vases, minor objects, such as spindle whorls, and gaming pieces from raw natural materials (such as pebbles, shells, a terracotta animal in secondary use, etc), as well as jewellery such as rings, bracelets, necklaces, brooches, pins, spiraled tubes, seals and rosettes attached on a -now lost- head cover. The age of the dead is estimated as young from osteological analysis, which situates our die and its gaming assemblage in the cultural context of the “mors immatura” in Archaic Greece. Dice among other gaming pieces are known from antiquity, yet undisturbed (and sexed) contexts of the Archaic period are rare. In the 6th century BC dice occur in sanctuaries; none is known from Boeotia, hence the significance of publishing one here in its assorted grave-group.
Game Board or Abacus? Greek Counter Culture Revisited
Authors: Dasen Véronique , Gavin Jérôme 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA late 5th century BC funerary altar from the necropolis of Krannon (Central Greece) depicts a bearded man and a boy on either side of a board with five lines carved on a block. The fact that the man is seated and the horizontal position of the board reveal important information about Greek education and the history of Greek numeracy. This paper analyses the iconography of the relief, the link between theFive Linesgame (Pente grammai) and abaci, examines the possible identification of the man as a “pebble arithmetician”, of the boy as a student, and suggests a new reconstruction of the reckoning system operated on an abacus composed of five horizontal lines. A special practical function is proposed for the half-circle at one end of the abacus. This five lines pattern and the related material, especially counters, are considered from a wider perspective, a system of cultural practices associated with boards and counters throughout the Greek world.
Une « Triple Enceinte » Et L’inscription Funéraire De Agate Filia Comites Gattilanis À Milan
Authors: Muscolino Francesco 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The funerary slab of Agate, daughter of an Ostrogoth comes, dated to 512 AD, shows a hitherto unnoticed tabula lusoria or symbolic representation in the blank space below the inscription. The pattern, used for the game of Nine men’s morris, is accurately incised, and not hastily scratched, in a central and visible position. Interesting questions arise: is the pattern a game board? Is it precedent, coeval or posterior to the funerary inscription? How could the presence of the design be explained in such a context? Could the Nine men’s morris pattern have had a symbolic overtone, or is it just connected to a secondary utilization of the slab? These questions will be evaluated mainly through the reconstruction of the conservation history of the slab.