bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2022 roadmap on neuromorphic computing and engineering
Authors: Christensen Dennis V , Dittmann Regina , Linares-Barranco Bernabe , Sebastian Abu , Le Gallo Manuel , Redaelli Andrea , Slesazeck Stefan , Mikolajick Thomas , Spiga Sabina , Menzel Stephan , Valov Ilia , Milano Gianluca , Ricciardi Carlo , Liang Shi-Jun , Miao Feng , Lanza Mario , Quill Tyler J , Keene Scott T , Salleo Alberto , Grollier Julie , Marković Danijela , Mizrahi Alice , Yao Peng , Yang J Joshua , Indiveri Giacomo , Strachan John Paul , Datta Suman , Vianello Elisa , Valentian Alexandre , Feldmann Johannes , Li Xuan , Pernice Wolfram H P , Bhaskaran Harish , Furber Steve , Neftci Emre , Scherr Franz , Maass Wolfgang , Ramaswamy Srikanth , Tapson Jonathan , Panda Priyadarshini , Kim Youngeun , Tanaka Gouhei , Thorpe Simon , Bartolozzi Chiara , Cleland Thomas A , Posch Christoph , Liu ShihChii , Panuccio Gabriella , Mahmud Mufti , Mazumder Arnab Neelim , Hosseini Morteza , Mohsenin Tinoosh , Donati Elisa , Tolu Silvia , Galeazzi Roberto , Christensen Martin Ejsing , Holm Sune , Ielmini Daniele , Pryds N 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Modern computation based on von Neumann architecture is now a mature cutting-edge science. In the von Neumann architecture, processing and memory units are implemented as separate blocks interchanging data intensively and continuously. This data transfer is responsible for a large part of the power consumption. The next generation computer technology is expected to solve problems at the exascale with 1018 calculations each second. Even though these future computers will be incredibly powerful, if they are based on von Neumann type architectures, they will consume between 20 and 30 megawatts of power and will not have intrinsic physically built-in capabilities to learn or deal with complex data as our brain does. These needs can be addressed by neuromorphic computing systems which are inspired by the biological concepts of the human brain. This new generation of computers has the potential to be used for the storage and processing of large amounts of digital information with much lower power consumption than conventional processors. Among their potential future applications, an important niche is moving the control from data centers to edge devices. The aim of this roadmap is to present a snapshot of the present state of neuromorphic technology and provide an opinion on the challenges and opportunities that the future holds in the major areas of neuromorphic technology, namely materials, devices, neuromorphic circuits, neuromorphic algorithms, applications, and ethics. The roadmap is a collection of perspectives where leading researchers in the neuromorphic community provide their own view about the current state and the future challenges for each research area. We hope that this roadmap will be a useful resource by providing a concise yet comprehensive introduction to readers outside this field, for those who are just entering the field, as well as providing future perspectives for those who are well established in the neuromorphic computing community.
Effectiveness of Localized Lockdowns in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Li Yige , Undurraga Eduardo A , Zubizarreta José R 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Nonpharmaceutical interventions, such as social distancing and lockdowns, have been essential to control of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In particular, localized lockdowns in small geographic areas have become an important policy intervention for preventing viral spread in cases of resurgence. These localized lockdowns can result in lower social and economic costs compared with larger-scale suppression strategies. Using an integrated data set from Chile (March 3–June 15, 2020) and a novel synthetic control approach, we estimated the effect of localized lockdowns, disentangling its direct and indirect causal effects on transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Our results showed that the effects of localized lockdowns are strongly modulated by their duration and are influenced by indirect effects from neighboring geographic areas. Our estimates suggest that extending localized lockdowns can slow down SARS-CoV-2 transmission; however, localized lockdowns on their own are insufficient to control pandemic growth in the presence of indirect effects from contiguous neighboring areas that do not have lockdowns. These results provide critical empirical evidence about the effectiveness of localized lockdowns in interconnected geographic areas.
Adverse Events of Nonablative Lasers and Energy-Based Therapies in Subjects with Fitzpatrick Skin Phototypes IV to VI: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hu Shirley , Atmakuri Malika , Rosenberg Joshua 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Although there is an abundance of literature on nonablative laser and energy-based therapies for the management of skin conditions, adverse events are inconsistently addressed and range widely across studies. Fitzpatrick skin phototypes (SPTs) IV to VI are believed to be at higher risk.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine the types and rates of adverse events in nonablative laser and energy-based therapies among patients with SPTs IV to VI.

Methods
Articles addressing nonablative laser and energy-based therapies for skin rejuvenation and acne scarring in patients with SPTs IV to VI that provided data on adverse events were included. The pooled prevalence of each adverse event was calculated. To determine whether age, treatment indication, SPT, and device type influenced incidence, subgroup and meta-regression analyses were performed. Heterogeneity was evaluated with the I2 statistic.

Results
Forty-three studies were included in the meta-analysis. The sample size was 1654, and the median age of subjects was 39.4 years. The most common adverse events were postinflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) (rate, 8.1%) and prolonged erythema (rate, 0.6%). The rate of PIH was significantly higher for diode and erbium-doped lasers compared with intense pulsed light and radiofrequency. PIH correlated positively with SPT, laser density, and total energy delivered.

Conclusions
Although the overall rate of adverse events in nonablative laser and energy-based therapies for SPTs IV to VI is low, the incidence of PIH is not insignificant. Certain lasers, such as diode, Q-switched Nd:YAG, and erbium-doped lasers, tend to have higher rates of PIH, whereas intense pulsed light and radiofrequency have minimal risk. Higher SPTs and higher energy deliverance correlate positively with the incidence of PIH.

Level of Evidence: 4
Asystolic Cardiac Arrest Associated With Unstable Bradycardia During Augmentation Mammaplasty: A Case Report
Authors: Vingan Nicole R , Teitelbaum Steven , Moorman Rita , Kenkel Jeffrey M 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Cardiac arrest is a rare but reported complication during breast augmentation surgery. It is even more rare in a reportedly healthy patient without preexisting cardiac disease. The authors present the case of a healthy 34-year-old female who underwent elective bilateral augmentation mammaplasty and experienced unanticipated asystolic cardiac arrest intraoperatively following general anesthesia supplemented by a regional pectoral (pec I) nerve block. The performing plastic surgeon provided cardiopulmonary resuscitation while the anesthesiologist initiated a rescue protocol per Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) guidelines. Fortunately, the patient was resuscitated in a timely manner and had a successful return of spontaneous circulation within 1 minute. This case report serves to briefly review the literature and recommendations on proper resuscitation of cardiac arrest per ACLS protocols as well as discuss unstable bradycardia in otherwise healthy patients undergoing breast augmentation surgery. Plastic surgeons and anesthesiologists who perform this procedure should be aware of the possible, rare but serious progression to asystole as well as the proper resuscitative measures to take should they be required.

Level of Evidence: 5
XPXP: improving polygenic prediction by cross-population and cross-phenotype analysis
Authors: Xiao Jiashun , Cai Mingxuan , Hu Xianghong , Wan Xiang , Chen Gang , Yang Can 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMotivationAs increasing sample sizes from genome-wide association studies (GWASs), polygenic risk scores (PRSs) have shown great potential in personalized medicine with disease risk prediction, prevention and treatment. However, the PRS constructed using European samples becomes less accurate when it is applied to individuals from non-European populations. It is an urgent task to improve the accuracy of PRSs in under-represented populations, such as African populations and East Asian populations.ResultsIn this article, we propose a cross-population and cross-phenotype (XPXP) method for construction of PRSs in under-represented populations. XPXP can construct accurate PRSs by leveraging biobank-scale datasets in European populations and multiple GWASs of genetically correlated phenotypes. XPXP also allows to incorporate population-specific and phenotype-specific effects, and thus further improves the accuracy of PRS. Through comprehensive simulation studies and real data analysis, we demonstrated that our XPXP outperformed existing PRS approaches. We showed that the height PRSs constructed by XPXP achieved 9% and 18% improvement over the runner-up method in terms of predicted R2 in East Asian and African populations, respectively. We also showed that XPXP substantially improved the stratification ability in identifying individuals at high genetic risk of type 2 diabetes.Availability and implementationThe XPXP software and all analysis code are available at github.com/YangLabHKUST/XPXP.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Effect of perioperative FLOT versus ECF/ECX on short-term outcomes after surgery for resectable oesophagogastric adenocarcinoma: propensity score-matched study
Authors: Moussa Osama , Bhogal Ricky Harminder , Malietzis George , Fribbens Charlotte , Starling Naureen , Gerlinger Marco , Watkins David , Chau Ian , Rao Sheela , Cunningham David , Allum William H. , Chaudry Asif , Kumar Sacheen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Perioperative FLOT (fluorouracil plus leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel) chemotherapy is a recent regimen used to treat resectable oesophagogastric (OG) adenocarcinoma, associated with improved overall survival versus earlier chemotherapy strategies. This study compared short-term perioperative morbidity in a large tertiary centre series of FLOT to a matched cohort receiving ECX/ECF (epirubicin, cisplatin, capecitabine (X) or 5-fluorouracil (F)).

Methods
Consecutive patients completing four perioperative cycles of FLOT and proceeding to surgery with resectable OG adenocarcinoma were included. This was matched to patients from a historic ECX/ECF cohort from the same institution. A propensity score was calculated, and a secondary analysis using a propensity-matched group performed.

Results
Cohorts were matched by tumour location and operations performed. In total there were 129 (64.5 per cent) oesophageal and 71 (35.5 per cent) gastric resections (FLOT 57 oesophageal, 43 gastric; ECF/ECX 64 oesophageal, 36 gastric). The median length of stay after surgery was 12 days in the FLOT group versus 15 in ECF/ECX (P = 0.035). There were no significant differences in overall perioperative complications and, specifically, no difference in OG anastomotic leaks, analysed by site (gastric (FLOT 0/79 (0 per cent) versus ECX 2/79 (2.5 per cent); P = 0.123), oesophageal (FLOT 4/121 (3.3 per cent) versus ECX 5/121 (4.1 per cent); P = 0.868) or type of surgery (open FLOT 1/121 (0.8 per cent) versus ECX 3/121 (2.5 per cent); P = 0.368; minimally invasive (FLOT 3/121 (2.5 per cent) versus ECX 2/121 (1.7 per cent); P = 0.555)). There was no statistical difference in leak-related return to theatre, 30-day (FLOT 0 (0 per cent) versus ECX 3/100 (3.0 per cent); P = 0.081), or 90-day (FLOT 0 (0 per cent) versus ECX 2/100 (2.0 per cent); P = 0.155) mortality.

Conclusion
In terms of surgical complications, FLOT and ECX/ECF were equally safe in patients undergoing resection for OG adenocarcinoma.
Representation, trust and ethnicity within refugee communities: the case of Darfurians in Israel
Authors: Richlen Lisa 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
International discourse increasingly emphasizes refugee participation and the need for global forums to consult with refugees and refugee organizations. This process has been critiqued for, amongst other things, being driven by the needs of these organizations and for not meaningfully ensuring broad-based refugee participation including, for example, appropriate representation of women. This may contrast with the ways in which refugees understand representation and diversity within their communities. They may be more driven by notions of trust and, thus, prefer representatives from their ethnic group. Because of the power imbalance between refugees and external agencies, these agencies can wield outsized influence on refugees and their organizations and they may act in ways that are inconsistent with the understandings and needs of their communities. This article takes as a test case one such organization: the Sons of Darfur, founded by Darfurian Sudanese in Israel. In this case study, the Israeli government expected the organization to participate in a decision it made without addressing notions of diversity within the Darfurian community. The fallout from this incident resulted in less representative community organizing. Findings are based on interviews with fifty-two people along with professional and personal knowledge of and relationships with the research population spanning many years.
Innate stimulation of B cells ex vivo enhances antibody secretion and identifies tumour-reactive antibodies from cancer patients
Authors: Karagiannis Panagiotis , Correa Isabel , Chauhan Jitesh , Cheung Anthony , Dominguez-Rodriguez Diana , Terranova-Barberio Manuela , Harris Robert J , Crescioli Silvia , Spicer James , Bokemeyer Carsten , Lacy Katie E , Karagiannis Sophia N 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Human B cells and their expressed antibodies are crucial in conferring immune protection. Identifying pathogen-specific antibodies following infection is possible due to enhanced humoral immunity against well-described molecules on the pathogen surface. However, screening for cancer-reactive antibodies remains challenging since target antigens are often not identified a priori and the frequency of circulating B cells recognizing cancer cells is likely very low. We investigated whether combined ex vivo culture of human B cells with three innate stimuli, interleukin-17 (IL-17), B-cell activation factor (BAFF), and the toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) agonist DNA motif CpG ODN 2006 (CpG), each known to activate B cells through different signalling pathways, promote cell activation, proliferation, and antibody production. Combined IL-17+BAFF+CpG prolonged B-cell survival and increased proliferation compared with single stimuli. IL-17+BAFF+CpG triggered higher IgG secretion, likely by activating differentiated, memory and class-switched CD19+CD20+CD27+IgD- B cells. Regardless of anti-FOLR antibody seropositive status, IL-17+BAFF+CpG combined with a monovalent tumour-associated antigen (folate receptor alpha [FOLR]) led to secreted antibodies recognizing the antigen and the antigen-expressing IGROV1 cancer cells. In a seropositive individual, FOLR stimulation favoured class-switched memory B-cell precursors (CD27-CD38-IgD-), class-switched memory B cells and anti-FOLR antibody production, while IL-17+BAFF+CpG combined with FOLR, promoted class-switched memory B-cell precursors and antibody-secreting (CD138+IgD-) plasma cells. Furthermore, IL-17+BAFF+CpG stimulation of peripheral blood B cells from patients with melanoma revealed tumour cell-reactive antibodies in culture supernatants. These findings suggest that innate signals stimulate B-cell survival and antibody production and may help identify low-frequency antigen-reactive humoral responses.
Evaluation of a gene expression biomarker to identify operationally tolerant liver transplant recipients: the LITMUS trial
Authors: Chruscinski Andrzej , Rojas-Luengas Vanessa , Moshkelgosha Sajad , Issachar Assaf , Luo Jane , Yowanto Handy , Lilly Leslie , Smith Robert , Renner Eberhard , Zhang Jianhua , Epstein Maor , Grant David , McEvoy Caitriona M , Konvalinka Ana , Humar Atul , Adeyi Oyedele , Fischer Sandra , Volmer Felix H , Taubert Richard , Jaeckel Elmar , Juvet Stephen , Selzner Nazia , Levy Gary A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
LITMUS was a single-centre, Phase 2a study designed to investigate whether the gene biomarker FGL2/IFNG previously reported for the identification of tolerance in murine models could identify operationally tolerant liver transplant recipients. Multiplex RT-PCR was used to amplify eight immunoregulatory genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from 69 adult liver transplant recipients. Patients with PBMC FGL2/IFNG ≥ 1 and a normal liver biopsy underwent immunosuppression (IS) withdrawal. The primary end point was the development of operational tolerance. Secondary end points included correlation of tolerance with allograft gene expression and immune cell markers. Twenty-eight of 69 patients (38%) were positive for the PBMC tolerance biomarker and 23 proceeded to IS withdrawal. Nine of the 23 patients had abnormal baseline liver biopsies and were excluded. Of the 14 patients with normal biopsies, eight (57%) have achieved operational tolerance and are off IS (range 12–57 months). Additional studies revealed that all of the tolerant patients and only one non-tolerant patient had a liver gene ratio of FOXP3/IFNG ≥ 1 prior to IS withdrawal. Increased CD4+ T regulatory T cells were detected both in PBMC and livers of tolerant patients following IS withdrawal. Higher expression of SELE (gene for E-selectin) and lower expression of genes associated with inflammatory responses (GZMB, CIITA, UBD, LSP1, and CXCL9) were observed in the pre-withdrawal liver biopsies of tolerant patients by RNA sequencing. These results suggest that measurement of PBMC FGL2/IFNG may enrich for the identification of operationally tolerant liver transplant patients, especially when combined with intragraft measurement of FOXP3/IFNG. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (LITMUS: NCT02541916).
Induction of memory-like CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells from human naive T cells in culture
Authors: Tokumoto Yasuhito , Araki Yasuto , Narizuka Yusuke , Mizuno Yosuke , Ohshima Susumu , Mimura Toshihide 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Memory T cells are crucial players in vertebrate adaptive immunity but their development is incompletely understood. Here, we describe a method to produce human memory-like T cells from naive human T cells in culture. Using commercially available human T-cell differentiation kits, both purified naive CD8+ T cells and purified naive CD4+ T cells were activated via T-cell receptor signaling and appropriate cytokines for several days in culture. All the T-cell activators were then removed from the medium and the cultures were continued in hypoxic condition (1% O2 atmosphere) for several more days; during this period, most of the cells died, but some survived in a quiescent state for a month. The survivors had small round cell bodies, expressed differentiation markers characteristic of memory T cells and restarted proliferation when the T-cell activators were added back. We could also induce memory-like T cells from naive human T cells without hypoxia, if we froze the activated T cells or prepared the naive T cells from chilled filter buffy coats.
Metabolites as drivers and targets in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Hanlon Megan M , Canavan Mary , Barker Brianne E , Fearon Ursula 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by neovascularization, immune cell infiltration, and synovial hyperplasia, which leads to degradation of articular cartilage and bone, and subsequent functional disability. Dysregulated angiogenesis, synovial hypoxia, and immune cell infiltration result in a ‘bioenergetic crisis’ in the inflamed joint which further exacerbates synovial invasiveness. Several studies have examined this vicious cycle between metabolism, immunity, and inflammation and the role metabolites play in these interactions. To add to this complexity, the inflamed synovium is a multicellular tissue with many cellular subsets having different metabolic requirements. Metabolites can shape the inflammatory phenotype of immune cell subsets during disease and act as central signalling hubs. In the RA joint, the increased energy demand of stromal and immune cells leads to the accumulation of metabolites such as lactate, citrate, and succinate as well as adipocytokines which can regulate downstream signalling pathways. Transcription factors such as HIF1ɑ and mTOR can act as metabolic sensors to activate synovial cells and drive pro-inflammatory effector function, thus perpetuating chronic inflammation further. These metabolic intermediates may be potential therapeutic targets and so understanding the complex interplay between metabolites and synovial cells in RA may allow for identification of novel therapeutic strategies but also may provide significant insight into the underlying mechanisms of disease pathogenesis.
Patients diagnosed with COVID-19 and treated with anakinra: a real-world study in the USA
Authors: Rich Carly , Eriksson Daniel , Dolfi Fabrizio , Jablonska Katarzyna , Dabbous Firas , Nazir Jameel 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Anakinra, a recombinant, non-glycosylated human interleukin (IL)-1 receptor antagonist, has been used in real-world clinical practice to manage hyperinflammation in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This retrospective, observational study analyses US hospital inpatient data of patients diagnosed with moderate/severe COVID-19 and treated with anakinra between 1 April and 31 August 2020. Of the 119 patients included in the analysis, 63.9% were male, 48.6% were of black ethnicity, and the mean (standard deviation [SD]) age was 64.7 (12.5) years. Mean (SD) time from hospital admission to anakinra initiation was 7.3 (6.1) days. Following anakinra initiation, 73.1% of patients received antibiotics, 55.5% received antithrombotics, and 91.0% received corticosteroids. Overall, 64.7% of patients required intensive care unit (ICU) admittance, and 28.6% received mechanical ventilation following admission. Patients who did not require ICU admittance or who were discharged alive experienced a significantly shorter time between hospital admission and receiving anakinra treatment compared with those admitted to the ICU (5 vs. 8 days; P = 0.002) or those who died in hospital (6 vs. 9 days; P = 0.01). Patients with myocardial infarction or renal conditions were six times (P &lt; 0.01) and three times (P = 0.01), respectively, more likely to die in hospital than be discharged alive. A longer time from hospital admission until anakinra treatment was associated with significantly higher mortality (P = 0.01). Findings from this real-world study suggest that a shorter time from hospital admission to anakinra treatment is associated with significantly lower ICU admissions and mortality among patients with moderate/severe COVID-19.