bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chilling Hour Requirement for Flower Bud Expansion of Two Rabbiteye and One Highbush Blueberry Shoots
Authors: Austin Max E. , Bondari K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three hundred shoots with flower buds were collected from three blueberry types to determine the influence of chilling hours on flower bud expansion. The three types were rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) ‘Brightwell’ and clone T-110, and low-chill highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum L.) ‘Georgiagem’. Chilling hours in this study ranged from 0 to 700 and were defined as accumulated hours of temperatures < 7.2°C. Flower bud expansion of all three blueberry types was influenced significantly by levels of accumulated chilling. The mathematical relationships between bud width and chilling hours were either linear or quadratic. Largest bud expansion occurred after 400 chilling hours for ‘Brightwell’ and ‘Georgiagem’ and after 550 hr for T-110. Overall, ‘Brightwell’ had the smallest bud width, ‘Georgiagem’ was intermediate, and T-110 the largest.
Inarching of Swingle Citrumelo in Israel
Authors: Shaked A. , Cohen A. , Hamou M. , Hasdai D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The presence of tristeza in Israel has prompted an interest in inarching citrus trees grafted on sour orange (C. aurantium L.) or Palestine sweet lime (C. limettoides Tan.) rootstocks. Tests conducted since 1976 at several locations in Israel have shown that: a) Swingle citrumelo (C.P.B. 4475) [C. paradisi Macf. × P. trifoliata (L.) Raf.] outperforms other rootstocks when used for inarching citrus trees; b) Swingle inarches of small diameters grow faster than those of large diameter; c) inarches on young trees grow faster than those on older trees; and d) the effect of Swingle citrumelo, C. volkameriana, and, to a lesser extent, of sour orange on ‘Shamouti’ fruit quality are similar to their effect when used as rootstocks.
Irrigation Management Effects on Spring Pea Seed Yield and Quality
Authors: Raymond Michael A. , Stark Jeffrey C. , Murray Glen A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seed yield and quality of four spring pea cultivars (Pisum sativum L.) were evaluated when subjected to deficient, optimal, and excessive irrigation levels. Irrigation at 100% of the estimated optimal irrigation amount (IR) resulted in the greatest seed yields, whereas irrigation at 60% or 140% IR reduced yields by 468 and 222 kg·ha−1, respectively. Yield reductions for individual cultivars were as large as 694 and 350 kg·ha−1 for deficient and excessive irrigation, respectively. Increased yields for the 100% IR treatment resulted from increases in pods per plant and seeds per pod. Irrigation at 140% IR reduced germination of pea seed by 5% to 13%. Deficient irrigation reduced seed yield more than did excessive irrigation, whereas excessive irrigation caused the greatest reduction of seed quality.
Poinsettia Tolerance of Molybdenum
Authors: Hammer P. Allen , Bailey Douglas A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plants of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.‘Glory’ received seven biweekly 236.5-ml soil drenches, each containing either 0, 10, 40, 80,160, or 320 mg Mo/liter (0, 2.4, 9.5, 18.9, 37.8, and 75.7 mg/pot). No visible phytotoxic effects due to excess Mo were observed on any plants, and no treatment differences were evident for plant height at anthesis, days from start of short days to anthesis, or display bract diameter at anthesis. Foliar nutrient analyses indicated no effect on nutrient uptake due to treatment for any element except Mo. A level of 806 mg Mo/kg dry weight were recorded for poinsettia leaves without adverse effects on plant growth or appearance. Results suggest Mo toxicity is not a real threat in poinsettia production.
Production System Comparisons for Selected Woody Plants in Florida
Authors: Ingram Dewayne L. , Yadav Uday , Neal Catherine A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Quercus virginiana Mill., Magnolia grandiflora L., Liquidambar styraciflua L., Ulmus parvifolia Jacq. ‘Drake’, Lagerstroemia indica L., Ilex opaca Ait. ‘East Palatka’, and Pinus elliottii Engelm. were transplanted from 3-liter containers into 36-cm-diameter fabric Field-Gro containers, directly in the field into 36-cm-diameter auger-dug holes, or into 36-cm-diameter × 33-cm-tall black plastic containers. After 1 year, measured growth parameters of the Magnolia, Ulmus, Lagerstroemia, and Pinus were not affected by production system. Dry weight of Quercus and Liquidambar roots in the “harvest zone” were greater for trees grown in the fabric Field-Gro containers than those grown directly in the field. Quercus height and total carbohydrate content of Quercus and Magnolia primary root samples were increased by the fabric container. The above-ground container system clearly was inferior to the field-grown systems for production of the Quercus and Liquidambar under the conditions of this study.
Relationship Between Extractable Chlorophyll and an in Situ Method to Estimate Leaf Greenness
Authors: Marquard Robert D. , Tipton Jimmy L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Traditional quantification of leaf chlorophyll requires destructive sampling of leaves and tedious extraction in 80% acetone (1,2), whereas N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is an alternative solvent that does not require tissue grinding (3). Minolta has recently marketed a portable meter (SPAD-501) for a rapid and nondestructive estimate of leaf greenness. Earlier results indicate a weak but significant correlation (r2 = 0.48) between SPAD readings and leaf chlorophyll extracted in acetone from data pooled from 22 species (5). The purpose of this study was to address three questions: a) is there a species-specific relationship between the SPAD readings and extractable chlorophyll; b) is the relationship of SPAD readings stronger when chlorophyll is expressed on a leaf area-or fresh-weight basis; and c) what is the consistency between two individual SPAD-501 instruments?
A Vacuum Multi-point Seeder for Pots
Authors: Townshend J. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many horticultural studies require precise placement of numerous seeds in individual pots of soil. In my experiments on the relationship of inoculum densities of plant parasitics nematodes to alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedling stand and growth (1), and the efficacy of a nematicide applied to alfalfa seeds (2), 20 seeds were planted per pot of soil. This seeding was tedious and time-consuming. Seeding time was reduced somewhat with the use of a multi-point dibble that made 20 evenly spaced depressions in the surface of the soil in 11.5 cm diameter styrofoam pots. However an alfalfa seed still had to be placed in each depression using forceps, the most time-consuming phase of planting. The vacuum multi-point seeder was developed to simplify these operations.
Differential Thermal Analysis for Large-scale Evaluation of Pear Cold Hardiness
Authors: Montano J. M. , Rebhuhn M. , Hummer K. , Lagerstedt H. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
More than 4500 accessions of eight genera including Pyrus at the National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Corvallis, Ore., require testing for cold hardiness. Since pear xylem deep supercools (7), differential thermal analysis (DTA) would be a suitable test if large numbers of samples could be examined simultaneously. The object of this study was to produce a method of multichannel DTA for defining cold hardiness of pear accessions. Visual browning was also examined to confirm cold hardiness values.
Flat-podded Snap Bean Breeding Line VR-Romano
Authors: Silbernagel M. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
ARS/USDA and the Agricultural Experiment Station of Washington State Univ. announce the germplasm release of an Italian-style, flat-podded snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) line, VR (Virus Resistant)-Ro-mano, VR-Romano is unique in this class of snap beans because it is resistant to curly top virus and carries the dominant I gene resistance to bean common mosaic virus (1).
‘Guam Super Hot’ Chili Pepper
Authors: Lee C. T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Guam Super Hot’ chili pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is well-adapted to Guam and Northern Marianas Islands, which possess a tropical climate. It reaches the mature-red harvest stage at about 75 days and can be harvested continually up to 1 year. This cultivar appears to be tolerant to most pests, based on field observation. The major attribute of this cultivar is its exceptionally hot pungent fruit. The fruit, either green, orange, or red in color, are used as a spice in cooking, pickling, and in sauces (1). In Guam, a spicy sauce called “finadene” is prepared with these peppers, onions, soy sauce, and the juice of a lemon or lime. The leaf is also edible and is sometimes cooked with fish.
U.C. Top Mark Fusarium Wilt- resistant (Fom-1) Muskmelon Breeding Line
Authors: Zink F. W. , Gubler W. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
U.C. Top Mark fusarium wilt-resistance (Fom-1) is an andromonecious, salmon orange-fleshed, western shipping-type musk-melon (Cucumis melo L.) breeding line. It has value as a germplasm source for selection as well as the development of commercial hybrids.
Diploid Plum × Peach Hybrid Rootstocks for Stone Fruit Trees
Authors: Renaud R. , Bernhard R. , Grasselly Ch. , Dosba F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many peach orchard sites in southwestern France have calcareous soils and cold, wet, springtime growing conditions. On these sites, the ordinary peach seedling stock tends to be short-lived. The Grande Ferrade station has been engaged for more than 30 years in developing rootstocks for such soils; ‘Pecher × Amandier’ (GF 677) and ‘Damas’ (GF 1869) are examples of successful introductions from this program.
Machine Harvest of Eastern Thornless Blackberry Cultivars
Authors: Takeda Fumiomi , Peterson Donald L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Separation pull force of thornless blackberries (Rubus spp.) decreased at a rate insufficient to allow adequate mechanical harvest differentiation between the black ripe and red fruit. When a force sufficient to remove 80% of black ripe fruit was applied to floricanes, green and red fruit comprised as much as 50% of detached fruit. Ethephon, applied at 500 and 1000 ppm 4 days prior to harvest, reduced fruit size and total soluble solids, but increased the ripe/unripe harvest ratio more than two-fold. Two shaker models tested were effective in removing black ripe fruit. Of the two, the unit with higher frequency (40 vs. 25 Hz), but with shorter stroke (1.7 vs. 5.0 cm), was more efficient, as it removed fewer unripe fruit. Chemical name used: (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Yields of Greenhouse Tomatoes Managed to Maintain Specific Petiole Sap Nitrate Levels
Authors: Coltman Robert R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Caruso’ tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown in peat-perlite-vermiculite in a greenhouse with five nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) fertilization concentrations in irrigation waters managed to maintain 200, 400, 600, 900, or 1200 µg NO3-N/ml in petiole sap as determined by weekly NO3-N quick tests. Nitrate-N fertilization concentrations immediately were increased 50% when petiole sap NO3-N levels first fell below these target levels; thereafter, NO3-N fertilization concentrations were increased only after petiole sap levels fell below target levels for 2 consecutive weeks. The critical target level of sap NO3-N was defined as the lowest petiole sap NO3-N target level producing maximum marketable fruit yields. Total fruit yields increased with increasing petiole sap NO3-N target levels through 1200 µg·ml–1. Marketable fruit yields were maximized at 3.2 kg/plant, with an estimated critical sap NO3-N target level of 1105 µg·ml–1. Application of the sap NO3-N management rules used in this experiment resulted in five adjustments in N fertilization concentrations over the 27-week crop cycle, with an average of 4.5 weeks between adjustments. This approach to the management of N fertilization based on the sap NO3-N level of the crop has potential to provide significant benefits in improved N use and crop productivity at a modest cost.
Fenoxaprop Combined with Preemergence Herbicides for Crabgrass and Goosegrass Control in Turf
Authors: Dernoeden Peter H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fenoxaprop is an effective postemergence herbicide for summer annual grass weed control in cool-season turfgrasses. Following emergence of smooth crabgrass [Digitarla ischaemum (Schreb.) Muhl.] and goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.], fenoxaprop was applied alone or in combination with one of several preemergence herbicides. The objective of these field studies was to determine whether these herbicide combinations would provide both effective postemergence control of smooth crabgrass and goosegrass, as well as subsequent preemergence control of annual grass weed seed germinating thereafter. When fenoxaprop was applied alone in June or July to smooth crabgrass, the level of control ranged from poor (40%) to excellent (99%), depending on herbicide rate and timing of application. Smooth crabgrass control was erratic where plants had more than four tillers, particularly on a droughty site. When fenoxaprop (0.17, 0.20, or 0.39 kg·ha–1) was applied in combination with bensulide, benefin, DCPA, oxadiazon, pendimethalin, or prodiamine, excellent (90% to 100%) season-long smooth crabgrass control was achieved. Fenoxaprop + preemergence herbicide combinations exhibited complementary action, particularly in tank mixes applied to tillered smooth crabgrass. Fenoxaprop applied alone controlled goosegrass (two-leaf to three-tiller stage), but goosegrass reinfested treated plots from seed germinating after the herbicide application. When fenoxaprop (0.20 kg·ha–1) was applied with oxadiazon (2.2 kg·ha–1) to nontillered goosegrass, exceptional (99%) season-long goose-grass control was achieved. Chemical names used: (±)-ethyl 2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxy] propanoate (fenoxaprop); N-butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoromethyl)benzenamine (benefin); O,O-bis(l-methylethyl)-S-[2-[(phenylsulfonyl)amino]ethyl]phosphorodithioate (bensulide); dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (DCPA); 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-l,3,4-oxadiazol-2-(3H)-one (oxadiazon); N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine (pendimethalin); 2,6-dinitro-N1,N1,-dipropyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzenediamine (prodiamine).
Fertilizer Applications on Field-grown Statice
Authors: Paparozzi Ellen T. , Hatterman Harlene M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three cultivars of annual statice (Limonium sinuatum mill, and L. bonduelli Kuntze) were grown in a fertile, silty clay loam field and fertilized with varying amounts of granular 12N–5.3P–10K. Mean individual stem weight, flower stem number, and mean and total fresh weight increased significantly due to fertilizer applications. Cultivar differences limited increases in rosette diameter, mean stem length, individual stem weight, and flower stem number. Field fertilizer application rates between 45.4 and 68.1 kg N/ha increased total fresh weight of ‘Iceberg’ and ‘Kampf's Blue’, but did not affect ‘Gold Coast’. Number of subsequent fertilizer applications beyond the initial application was not as critical as total amount applied.
Rehydration Characteristics of Cut White Pine and Norway Spruce Christmas Trees
Authors: Seiler John R. , Nichols Thomas J. , Paganelli David J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rehydration characteristics of cut eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] Christmas trees were evaluated over a wide range of xylem water potentials and storage periods. Cut pines failed to rehydrate fully when initial xylem water potential was less than –3.00 MPa. Norway spruce trees completely rehydrated at xylem water potentials as low as –3.50 MPa, with partial rehydration occurring below –4.0 MPa. Twig water content closely paralleled xylem water potential. All sample trees rehydrated fully when outdoor storage periods were < 6 weeks during the months of December and January.
Effects of Dolomitic Lime and Alkaline Water in Sphagnum Peat-based Container Growing Media
Authors: Williams Barbara J. , Peterson John C. , Utzinger James D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A container growing medium of 2 peat : 1 perlite (v/v) was limed with 0, 0.9, 1.8, 2.7, 3.6, 5.4, 7.2, and 9.0 kg·m–3 dolomite. Media were irrigated with water, providing alkalinity equivalent to 0, 38, and 371 mg·liter–1 CaCO3. Samples were incubated at 25° ± 3°C and pH determined at days 2, 5, 7, 14, 28, 56, and 84. Irrigating with even moderately alkaline water over three months increased pH substantially above levels resulting from dolomite amendments alone.
Influence of and Recovery from High-temperature Stress on Harvested Mature Green Tomatoes
Authors: Inaba Makoto , Chachin Kazuo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mature green (MG) tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Kyoryoku toko) were stored at 40°C for 1 to 3 days, then held at 25° for 8 days or stored at 35° for 1 to 6 days, then held at either 25° or 30° for an additional 12 days. During storage, respiration rate, C2H4 production, and color development were measured. The effect of temperature stress at 40° could be reversed if the fruit was exposed for < 1 day and then immediately cooled to 25°. At 35°, fruit ripening was suppressed but could have been reversed if exposure at 35° was < 3 days before the fruit was cooled to 25°. Holding at 30° did not completely reverse the suppression caused by 3 days at 35°C.
Compositional Changes in Yam Bean During Storage
Authors: Pauli Robert E. , Chen Nancy Jung 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Composition of yam bean (Pachyrrhizus erosis L. Urb) tubers stored at 22° and 12.5°C was monitored monthly for up to 5 months. A continual loss of moisture occurred in tubers at both storage temperatures—after 4 months tubers stored at 22° lost 14.5% of their original weight; those stored at 12.5° lost 9.6%. A higher respiration rate of 15 to 28 ml·kg–1·hr–1 occurred during the first 2 months of storage at 12.5°. This was nearly double the respiration rate of tubers stored at 22°. Ethylene was not detected at any time. There are a continual breakdown of starch in tubers. After 3 months, tubers stored at 12.5° had one-sixth the harvest content of starch. At 22°, starch declined to two-thirds the harvest content. The decline in starch content at 12.5° was related to an increase in total sugars in the tuber, particularly sucrose. The sucrose content of the tuber stored at 12.5° tripled over a 3-month period. Glucose and fructose levels declined over the same period irrespective of storage temperature. The results suggest a chilling response that led to a sweeter tuber. Titratable acidity was very low, as was total phenols, and both did not change after harvest.
Photosynthetic Response Curves for Chrysanthemum Grown at Different PPF Levels
Authors: Holcomb E. Jay , Flore J. A. , Heins R. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ‘Bright Golden Anne’ cuttings were grown in a controlled environment at 50, 325, or 600 µmol·s–1·m–2 for 5 weeks at a 10-hr photoperiod. Photosynthetic rates were determined on individual leaves with an open gas analysis system at a range of photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) levels. Plants grown at low PPF (50 µmol·s–1·m–2) had a maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pn) that was about 39% of that for plants grown at 325 µmol·s–1·m–2. Pn of plants grown at 325 or 600 µmol·s–1·m–2 did not differ significantly.
Response of Tobacco Callus to Shoot Tip Exudation from Five Species
Authors: Compton Michael E. , Preece John E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effect of auxin and cytokinin on shoot tip explant exudation, and the effect of such exudation on the growth of tobacco callus, were studied. Shoot tips of Rubus sp. ‘Dirkson Thornless’ (blackberry), Juglans nigra L., Euphorbia Lathyris L., and Hibiscus Rosa-sinensis L. were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium. Rhododendron ‘P.J.M. Hybrids’ shoot tips were cultured on Anderson medium. Media contained a factorial combination of IBA and BA (2iP for rhododendron), each at 0, 1, and 10 µM. IBA reduced stem necrosis of hibiscus and rhododendron shoot tips, whereas BA increased length of browning of hibiscus shoot tips on average of 1.1 mm. The shoot tips were removed after 1 week and replaced with tobacco callus (Nicotiana tabacum L. ‘McNair 944’). After 3 weeks, callus growth was reduced on media that previously had black walnut and Euphorbia shoot tips (2939 and 532 mm3 of visible stain). Blackberry, hibiscus, and rhododendron shoot tips had no influence on tobacco callus growth (576, 0, and 1046 mm3 of visible staining). Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2iP); and 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
Yield: A Challenge for all Seasons
Authors: Daie Jaleh 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Human existence and civilization have always depended on an adequate supply of food. Throughout history, agriculturists have been at the helm of a remarkably successful enterprise to increase the quantity and improve the quality of the world food supplies. The giant achievements of the past, however, are dwarfed by the tasks that still lie ahead. As a reminder, the 5 billionth, currently living, individual of the human race was born in July 1986.
New Opportunities in Breeding
Authors: Austin Roger B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Long before the days of modern plant breeding, farmers and gardeners had selected improved forms of wild plant species and had established, for many crops, productive cultivars giving goodquality produce. For example, most of the fruits and vegetables now grown in England, including the introduced species, have been established items of diet for at least several centuries. Many of the cultivars of fruits and vegetables that are grown today have changed little from the forms that were cultivated a hundred or more years ago. Where there have been substantial changes, often these have been made to adapt cultivars to make them suitable for new agronomic practices; to improve the uniformity of size, shape, color, and time of maturity; and to increase resistance to pests and diseases. Some of these improvements have increased marketable yields and economic returns to the grower, but there is little evidence that there have been genetic increases in total biological productivity. However, substantial increases in biological yields have been achieved by improved cultural practices, including the use of herbicides and crop protection chemicals and of more fertilizer, although in recent years there has been an increasingly vociferous environmental lobby to reduce the use of agrochemicals.
Nomenclature of the Meiwa and Changshou Kumquats, Intrageneric Hybrids of Fortunella
Authors: Fantz Paul R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Meiwa and Changshou kumquats originally were described as species, bearing the names Fortunella crassifolia Swingle and Fortunella obovata Tanaka, respectively, Authoratative references of citrus taxonomy do not recognize a scientific name for these kumquats. Botanical names were rejected when data proposed that these two kumquats were intrageneric hybrids of Fortunella, not true species. Application of the International Code of Botanic Nomenclature indicates the correct name of the Meiwa kumquat should be Fortunella × crassifolia Swingle (pro sp.) and the correct name of the Changshou kumquat should be Fortunella × obovata Tanaka (pro sp.). A key is provided for the six taxa of Fortunella.