bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The beginning of the end of the great confinement: Institutional scandals and inquiries in the immediate post‐world war II era
Authors: Stainton Tim 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe immediate post‐world war II era was a critical turning point in the history of learning disability in the United Kingdom and much of the global north. Most notably the gradual move away from institutional provision to a community‐oriented approach. While many diverse threads contributed to this change, a key influence was the slow, and incomplete, recognition that institutional provision was not an acceptable option. From the mid 1950s onward a number of commissions and inquiries considered the question of institutions both generally and in response to specific incidents and scandals. This paper traces the history and influence of this early discourse in the third quarter of the 20th century and locates it within the long history of scandals and abuse.MethodsMethods included a review of original documents from the period along with scholarly and grey literature review.Findings and ConclusionsThe recurring scandals and public outcry that surrounded the long‐stay institutions of this period was a pivotal piece in spurring the move away from institutions towards community care. While significant progress was made deinstitutionalization remains a work in progress and institutions remain remarkably resilient despite a long and consistent history of failure.
Lower versus higher starting tacrolimus dosing in kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Chua Justin C. M. , Mount Peter F. , Lee Darren 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAchieving therapeutic tacrolimus levels is an essential component of balancing immunosuppression in kidney transplantation. At our institution, the starting tacrolimus dose was reduced from .075 mg/kg BD (higher dose [HD]) to .050 mg/kg BD (lower dose [LD]), to better achieve our target level of 6–10 μg/L in the early posttransplant period. Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) transplanted 1‐year before (HD: n = 64) and after (LD: n = 63) the starting dose reduction were retrospectively compared. Achieved tacrolimus levels were significantly lower in the LD group during the first 14 days posttransplant, but not at day 21 or day 28. A higher proportion of LD KTRs achieved therapeutic levels (day 1–3: 36.1% vs. 18.8%; day 4–7: 50.8% vs. 40.6%, day 8–14: 83.6% vs. 71.7%), while the HD KTRs were more likely to have supratherapeutic levels. Tacrolimus dose was significantly lower on day 5 compared to day 0 in the HD group but similar in the LD group. Rates of delayed graft function, posttransplant diabetes, and treated rejection at 6 months and graft outcomes at 3 years were all similar. Lowering the starting tacrolimus dose increased the proportion of KTRs achieving therapeutic range and minimized dose changes early posttransplant without an impact on clinical outcomes.
Changing opportunities for liver transplant for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Zendel Alex , Watkins Randall , Moon Andrew M. , Gerber David A. , Barritt A. Sidney , Desai Chirag S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroductionAim was to study the early impact of acuity circle‐based allocation implementation system on liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients.MethodsWe assessed characteristics of HCC and non‐HCC deceased donor orthotopic liver transplants (OLT) in the year before (2/2019–2/2020) and after (3/2020–2/2021) introduction of the acuity circle policy using the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN)/United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database.ResultsTotal OLTs reduced from 6699 in the preacuity circle era to 6660 in the postacuity circle era (−.6%); this decrease is mostly driven by a decrease in HCC transplants (1529 to 1351; −11.6%). Six out of 11 regions had a reduction in the absolute number and percentage of HCC transplants with significant reductions in regions 2 (−37.8%, p < .001) and 4 (−28.3%, p = .001).DiscussionThe introduction of median model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) at transplant minus 3 (MMaT‐3) exception points, has created differential opportunities for HCC patients, in low‐MELD as opposed to high‐MELD areas, despite having the same disease. This effect has become more prominent following the implementation of acuity circle‐based allocation system. Ongoing investigation of these trends is needed to ensure that HCC patients are not disparately disadvantaged due to their location.
A randomized, controlled, feasibility study of RD‐X19 in subjects with mild‐to‐moderate COVID‐19 in the outpatient setting
Authors: Stasko Nathan , Cockrell Adam S. , Kocher Jacob F. , Henson Ibrahim , Emerson David , Wang Ye , Smith Jonathan R. , Henderson Nathan H. , Wood Hillary , Bradrick Shelton S. , Jones Terry , Santander Jorge , McNeil John G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe RD‐X19 is an investigational, handheld medical device precisely engineered to emit blue light through the oral cavity to target the oropharynx and surrounding tissues. At doses shown to be noncytotoxic in an in vitro three‐dimensional human epithelial tissue model, the monochromatic visible light delivered by RD‐X19 results in light‐initiated expression of immune stimulating cytokines IL‐1α and IL‐1β, with corresponding inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome‐coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) replication. A single exposure of 425 nm blue light at 60 J/cm2 led to greater than 99% reductions against all SARS‐CoV‐2 strains tested in vitro, including the more transmissible (Alpha) and immune evasive (Beta) variants. These preclinical findings along with other studies led to a randomized, double‐blind, sham‐controlled early feasibility study using the investigational device as a treatment for outpatients with mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). The study enrolled 31 subjects with a positive SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen test and at least two moderate COVID‐19 signs and symptoms at baseline. Subjects were randomized 2:1 (RD‐X19: sham) and treated twice daily for 4 days. Efficacy outcome measures included assessments of SARS‐CoV‐2 saliva viral load and clinical assessments of COVID‐19. There were no local application site reactions and no device‐related adverse events. At the end of the study (day 8), the mean change in log10 viral load was −3.29 for RD‐X19 and −1.81 for sham, demonstrating a treatment benefit of −1.48 logs (95% confidence internal, −2.88 to −0.071, nominal p = 0.040). Among the clinical outcome measures, differences between RD‐X19 and sham were also observed, with a 57‐h reduction of median time to sustained resolution of COVID‐19 signs and symptoms (log rank test, nominal p = 0.044).
Fish zeta diversity responses to human pressures and cumulative effects across a freshwater basin
Authors: Iacarella Josephine C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAimDeclining biodiversity across ecosystems and myriad human pressures necessitate high‐level regional assessments for effective management. Evaluation of biodiversity patterns and stressor accumulation through beta diversity and cumulative effect analyses are two key methods for management prioritization. This study links these concepts to develop a novel cumulative effect metric based on beta diversity responses.LocationFraser River basin, British Columbia, Canada.MethodsMulti‐Site Generalized Dissimilarity Models were used to evaluate nonlinear relationships between fish species compositional differences (ζn, number of shared species across any number of watersheds compared) and human pressure, environmental, and geospatial differences among all watersheds and within low, mid‐, and high elevation clusters. A cumulative effect metric was calculated as the sum of response values generated by the model for each human pressure variable specific to each watershed, when evaluated for ζ2 (equivalent to pairwise beta diversity). This metric was tested against the local contribution of each watershed to beta diversity to determine whether watersheds with unique communities had low cumulative effects and are, therefore, candidates for conservation and conversely, whether watersheds with non‐distinctive communities had high cumulative effects and warrant restoration. Species contributions to beta diversity were also assessed across the basin.ResultsZeta diversity across low elevation watersheds indicated stronger filtering by human pressures than mid‐ and high elevation watersheds, which showed more stochastic community assembly. The relative importance and response to human pressures varied based on the diversity component (i.e., total diversity including compositional nestedness vs. turnover) and order of zeta (number of watersheds compared). Cumulative effects were negatively related to community uniqueness, supporting the use of these metrics for developing management priorities.Main ConclusionsThis assessment contributes to biodiversity conservation efforts by identifying important watersheds, species, and human pressures to manage as well as providing a cumulative effect metric directly based on biodiversity responses.
Altered motor cortex physiology and dysexecutive syndrome in patients with fatigue and cognitive difficulties after mild COVID‐19
Authors: Ortelli Paola , Ferrazzoli Davide , Sebastianelli Luca , Maestri Roberto , Dezi Sabrina , Spampinato Danny , Saltuari Leopold , Alibardi Alessia , Engl Michael , Kofler Markus , Quartarone Angelo , Koch Giacomo , Oliviero Antonio , Versace Viviana 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackground and purposeFatigue and cognitive difficulties are reported as the most frequently persistent symptoms in patients after mild SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. An extensive neurophysiological and neuropsychological assessment of such patients was performed focusing on motor cortex physiology and executive cognitive functions.MethodsSixty‐seven patients complaining of fatigue and/or cognitive difficulties after resolution of mild SARS‐CoV‐2 infection were enrolled together with 22 healthy controls (HCs). Persistent clinical symptoms were investigated by means of a 16‐item questionnaire. Fatigue, exertion, cognitive difficulties, mood and ‘well‐being’ were evaluated through self‐administered tools. Utilizing transcranial magnetic stimulation of the primary motor cortex (M1) resting motor threshold, motor evoked potential amplitude, cortical silent period duration, short‐interval intracortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation, long‐interval intracortical inhibition and short‐latency afferent inhibition were evaluated. Global cognition and executive functions were assessed with screening tests. Attention was measured with computerized tasks.ResultsPost COVID‐19 patients reported a mean of 4.9 persistent symptoms, high levels of fatigue, exertion, cognitive difficulties, low levels of well‐being and reduced mental well‐being. Compared to HCs, patients presented higher resting motor thresholds, lower motor evoked potential amplitudes and longer cortical silent periods, concurring with reduced M1 excitability. Long‐interval intracortical inhibition and short‐latency afferent inhibition were also impaired, indicating altered GABAB‐ergic and cholinergic neurotransmission. Short‐interval intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation were not affected. Patients also showed poorer global cognition and executive functions compared to HCs and a clear impairment in sustained and executive attention.ConclusionsPatients with fatigue and cognitive difficulties following mild COVID‐19 present altered excitability and neurotransmission within M1 and deficits in executive functions and attention.
Preclinical stage abundance and nuclear antigen reactivity of faecal Immunoglobulin A vary among males and females of lupus‐prone mouse models
Authors: Gudi Radhika , Roy Soumyabrata , Sun Wei , Vasu Chenthamarakshan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the production of pathogenic autoantibodies with nuclear antigen (nAg) specificity. Using (SWRxNZB)F1 (SNF1) mice, we showed higher levels of Immunoglobulin A (IgA) production in the intestine and the nAg reactivity of faecal IgA under lupus susceptibility. Here, we determined whether the faecal IgA abundance and nAg reactivity are higher in, different among, various lupus‐prone preclinical models (MRL/lpr, NZBxNZW‐F1, SNF1, NZM2410 and NZM2328). We also determined whether the faecal IgA nAg reactivity at preseropositive ages correlates with the eventual serum autoantibody levels in males and females of these mouse models. We show that age‐dependent increase in the abundance and nAg reactivity of faecal IgA can vary among different lupus‐prone mouse models. Importantly, faecal IgA in these mice show significant levels of nAg reactivity, starting as early as at juvenile age. Furthermore, the pre‐seropositive stage nAg reactivity of faecal IgA in most lupus‐prone strains correlates well with that of eventual, seropositive stage systemic autoantibody levels. Gender differences in serum autoantibody levels were preceded by similar differences in the faecal IgA abundance and nAg reactivity. These observations suggest that faecal IgA features, nAg reactivity particularly, could serve as a biomarker for early prediction of the eventual systemic autoimmunity in lupus‐prone subjects.
Efficacy and safety of the new TightRail™ mechanical sheath for transvenous lead extraction: Results of a French multicenter study
Authors: Artus Adrien , Mansourati Jacques , Fatemi Marjaneh , Pierre Bertrand , Schatz Alexandre , Badoz Marc , Laurent Gabriel , Guenancia Charles , Garnier Fabien 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of the TightRail™ sheath for pacemaker/defibrillator transvenous lead extraction (TLE).MethodsMulticenter observational study including patients who underwent a TLE with the TightRail™ sheath in five French university hospitals from September 2014 to January 2020.ResultsTwo hundred and twenty‐five patients (76% males, 71 ± 12 years) underwent a TLE procedure with the TightRail™. A total of 438 leads were extracted using the TightRail™, and the mean age of the extracted leads was 128 ± 85 months; of these, 344 (79%) were pacing leads and 94 (21%) were implantable cardioverter defibrillator leads. The overall clinical success of the extraction procedures was 93%. Overall, 410 of the 438 leads (95%) were extracted (complete or incomplete removal). After multilevel mixed‐effects logistic regression model, we found that lead age (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI] for a 1 year increase: 1.11 [1.07–1.15], p < .001) and number of leads extracted (OR, 95% CI: 2.09 [1.50–2.96], p < .001) were the two independent factors associated with complete lead removal failure. Finally, there were 7 (3%) cases of major complications but no per‐procedural death.ConclusionThis is the first large‐scale survey assessing the efficacy and safety profile of the Tightrail™ mechanical sheath. The clinical success rate was 93%, and the lead removal failure was dependent on the age and number of leads. We show a satisfactory safety profile in this cohort of patients from primarily low‐volume centers with older leads.
TUSC3 inhibits cell proliferation and invasion in cervical squamous cell carcinoma via suppression of the AKT signalling pathway
Authors: Sun Fei , Jie Qiuling , Li Qi , Wei Yunjian , Li Hong , Yue Xiaojing , Ma Yanlin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe decreased expression of tumour suppressor candidate 3 (TUSC3) is associated with proliferation in several types of cancer, leading to an unfavourable prognosis. The present study aimed to assess the cellular and molecular function of TUSC3 in patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Levels of mRNA expressions of TUSC3 were analysed in CSCC tissues and six cell lines using qRT‐PCR. Immunohistochemistry(IHC) was used to evaluate the protein expression level of TUSC3 in four paired specimens, 220 paraffin‐embedded CSCC specimens and 60 cases of normal cervical tissues(NCTs), respectively. Short hairpin RNA interference was employed for TUSC3 knockdown. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were evaluated using growth curve, MTT assay, wound healing, transwell assay and xenograft tumour model, respectively. The results demonstrated that TUSC3 mRNA and protein expression levels were downregulated in CSCC samples. Multivariate and univariate analyses indicated that TUSC3 was an independent prognostic factor for patients with CSCC. Decreased TUSC3 expression levels were significantly associated with proliferation and an aggressive phenotype of cervical cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the knockdown of TUSC3 promoted migration and invasion of cancer cells, while the increased expression of TUSC3 exhibited the opposite effects. The downregulation of TUSC3 facilitated proliferation and invasion of CSCC cells through the activation of the AKT signalling pathway. Our data demonstrated that the downregulation of TUSC3 promoted CSCC cell metastasis via the AKT signalling pathway. Therefore, TUSC3 may serve as a novel prognostic marker and potential target for CSCC.
Flood risk and residential real‐estate prices: Evidence from three US counties
Authors: Miller Ryan G. , Pinter Nicholas 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article analyzes residential property transactions to better understand the impact of urban flooding events and property distributions on the floodplain on real‐estate markets. We studied patterns before and after major fluvial flooding events in three counties that experienced such events between 2009 and 2013: Benton County, Oregon; Boulder County, Colorado; and Cass County, North Dakota. We tested for the presence and distribution of price discounting before and following these flood events using a hedonic difference‐in‐difference regression model. Floodplain discounts were detected in all three counties, over the full study period, including before and after flooding. However, only Boulder County exhibited a statistically significant price discount in the wake of the flooding event at the center of our analysis, with prices falling by 6.26% in the 100‐year floodplain until they rebounded after approximately 2–3 years. In Benton County, we were not able to detect a post‐flood price effect, but prices throughout the study period were 9.4% lower in the 100‐year floodplain compared to comparable properties outside the floodplain. Cass County experienced weaker discounting and only in the 500‐year floodplain, but a large flood control project was widely discussed after the 2009 flood event, which may have prevented widespread price discounting. The Boulder County case study confirms the phenomenon of post‐flood real estate discounting and subsequent rebound, as documented by other researchers. The other two case studies, interestingly, document that such discounting is not universal. We suggest that the difference seems to be explained by differing levels of pre‐flood local flood‐risk awareness, along with the magnitude of the triggering flood event. The new availability of nationwide real‐estate data allows for new and more detailed assessment of these important distinctions.
Exploration of diet, physical activity, health knowledge and the cardiometabolic profile of young adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Zwack C. C. , McDonald R. , Tursunalieva A. , Lambert G. W. , Lambert E. A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundYoung adults with intellectual disability (ID) are experiencing early mortality, and it is suggested that they are living with undiagnosed cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors (hereafter referred to as cardiometabolic).MethodsWe investigated the association between modifiable risk factors and cardiometabolic health profile in adults with ID aged 18–45 years through clinical evaluation of traditional cardiometabolic parameters, and assessment of physical activity levels, diet and associated health knowledge.ResultsWe found that young adults with ID have an increased obesity (mean body mass index; ID group: 32.9 ± 8.6 vs. control group: 26.2 ± 5.5, P = 0.001), are engaging in less physical activity than the age‐matched general population (total activity minutes per week; ID group: 172.2 ± 148.9 vs. control group: 416.4 ± 277.1, P < 0.001), and overall have unhealthier diets. Additionally, knowledge about nutrition and physical activity appears to be an important predictor of cardiometabolic risk in this population. If young people with ID are to improve their cardiometabolic health to reduce morbidity and early mortality, we need to further explore how to consistently apply health messaging to get lasting behavioural change in this population.
Values diversity in the United Kingdom Supreme Court: abandoning the ‘don't‐ask‐don't‐tell’ policy
Authors: MALLESON KATE 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe case for greater judicial diversity has generally been constructed in terms of the need to appoint more women and those from minority ethnic groups. This article shifts the focus from demographic to cognitive diversity. Drawing on new insights and methodologies from the behavioural sciences on judges’ personal values and analysing the relationship between demographic diversity and values diversity, it sets out the case for the potential benefits of values diversity on the United Kingdom Supreme Court. The article argues that values are already implicitly taken into account in judicial appointments and challenges the claim that seeking values diversity among the Justices would inevitably lead to a United States‐style partisan political court. It proposes greater openness around values in the judicial appointments process to make explicit what is currently tacit and to lift the judicial values blackout, which has given rise to a ‘don't‐ask‐don't‐tell’ approach to the role of Justices’ values in decision making.
Green synthesis of selenium nanoparticles and evaluate their effect on the expression of ERG3, ERG11 and FKS1 antifungal resistance genes in Candida albicans and Candida glabrata
Authors: Hosseini Bafghi M. , Zarrinfar H. , Darroudi M. , Zargar M. , Nazari R. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDrug resistance in Candida species has been considerably increased in the last decades. Given the opposition to antifungal agents, toxicity and interactions of the antimicrobial drugs, identifying new antifungal agents seems essential. This study assessed the antifungal effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on the standard strains of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata and determined the expression genes, including ERG3, ERG11 and FKS1. Selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) were biosynthesized with a standard strain of C. albicans and approved by several methods including, ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometer, X-ray diffraction technique, Fourier-transform infrared analysis, field-emission scanning electron microscopy and EDX diagram. The antifungal susceptibility testing performed the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) using the CLSI M27-A3 and M27-S4 broth microdilution method. The expression of the desired genes was examined by the real-time PCR assay between untreated and treated by antifungal drugs and Se-NPs. The MICs of itraconazole, amphotericin B and anidulafungin against C. albicans and C. glabrata were 64, 16 and 4 µg ml−1. In comparison, reduced the MIC values for samples treated with Se-NPs to 1 and 0·5 µg ml−1. The results obtained from real-time PCR and analysis of the ∆∆Cq values showed that the expression of ERG3, ERG11 and FKS1 genes was significantly down-regulated in Se-NPs concentrations (P &lt; 0·05). This study's evidence implies biosafety Se-NPs have favourable effects on the reducing expression of ERG3, ERG11 and FKS1 antifungal resistance genes in C. albicans and C. glabrata.