bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reforms of an early retirement pathway in Germany and their labor market effects
Authors: Riphahn Regina T. , Schrader Rebecca 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe study causal effects of two early retirement reforms. Reform 1 increased normal retirement age stepwise from 60 to 63. Simultaneously, it became possible to use early retirement with benefit discounts. Reform 2 increased the age of early retirement stepwise from 60 to 63. We investigate behavioral responses to the reforms using administrative data and difference-in-differences strategies. We find strong and significant causal effects of both reforms. Individuals postponed retirement, stayed employed longer, postponed unemployment, and shifted to alternative pathways into retirement. The overall use of the retirement system declined by about 1.5 and 2 months per person after each of the two reforms. Individuals with low pension wealth and those who were affected immediately by the reform responded more strongly.
Reparation for victims of serious violations of international humanitarian law: New developments
Authors: Salmón Elizabeth , Pérez-León-Acevedo Juan-Pablo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article aims to determine what important new developments have emerged in reparation for victims of serious violations of international humanitarian law (IHL). Our hypothesis is that there have been significant new developments in this area of particular relevance to IHL and that reparation for victims of serious violations of IHL is increasingly being incorporated into this body of law as one of its key components. It is submitted that the following developments are evidence of this gradual transformation of IHL: (i) broad recognition of the right of victims of serious violations of IHL to reparation; (ii) extension of the scope of the obligation to provide reparation under IHL to include non-State armed groups and individuals as well as States; (iii) the existence of innovative domestic reparation mechanisms complemented or supervised by regional courts, as evidenced by experiences in Latin America; and (iv) the reparation system of the International Criminal Court as a global mechanism.
Erfassung der Lebendigkeit mentaler Vorstellungsbilder
Authors: Jungmann Stefanie M. , Becker Fritz , Witthöft Michael 
Published: May 2022

Zusammenfassung. Mentale Vorstellungsfähigkeit bezeichnet ein Konstrukt von enormer Bedeutung für diverse psychische Funktionen (z. B. Motivation, Emotion und Handlungssteuerung). Die Lebendigkeit gilt hierbei als ein zentrales und interindividuell variierendes Merkmal mentaler Vorstellungen. Bislang mangelt es allerdings an validierten deutschsprachigen Fragebögen zur Erfassung der Lebendigkeit. Daher wurden an einer Stichprobe von N = 300 Personen aus der Allgemeinbevölkerung (81 % Studierende) deutschsprachige Versionen des Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ; visuelle Vorstellungen) und des Plymouth Sensory Imagery Questionnaire (PSI-Q; multisensorische Erfassung) adaptiert und validiert. Für den VVIQ und PSI-Q konnten die faktorielle (mittels Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling), konvergente und diskriminante Validität belegt werden. Es ergaben sich akzeptable bis hohe interne Konsistenzen, die Retest-Korrelationen (8 Monate) variierten je nach Subskala. Die Lebendigkeit mentaler Vorstellungen zeigte erwartungskonform negative Zusammenhänge mit Defiziten in der emotionalen Verarbeitung (Alexithymie). Insgesamt stellen die beiden Fragebögen ökonomische, reliable und valide Verfahren dar, um die Lebendigkeit mentaler Vorstellungen zu erfassen.
Variability of Shoreline Water Levels on an Atoll in the Maldives
Authors: Shimozono Takenori , Shibata Ryotaro , Onaka Susumu , Mori Tomohiro , Awazu Yuta 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMany atolls in tropical oceans are under the threat of sea‐level rise. Mitigation planning requires reliable estimates of increasing wave runup in response to sea‐level rise and changes in wave climate. However, shoreline dynamics on reef‐lined coasts, particularly the effect of low‐frequency waves, are not yet fully understood. Herein, we present a field study on the southernmost atoll of the Maldives to clarify the variability of shoreline water levels driven by waves and tides. The atoll is located just south of the equator and has a moderate wave climate; it is occasionally impacted by long‐distance swells from the South Indian Ocean. Wave evolution on a reef‐lined coast was observed in situ for a period of seven months. The shallow water depth tightly constrains reef‐flat waves under normal wave conditions; however, this constraint is broken under extreme conditions by low‐frequency waves generated from long‐period swells. Particularly, very low‐frequency waves (<0.005 Hz) are amplified via wave resonance over the reef platform and significantly contribute to shoreline motions. Our observation of shoreline motions confirmed that, under energetic conditions, extreme wave run‐ups are characterized by swell run‐ups riding on crests of low‐frequency waves. A combined approach of observations and analytical modeling revealed the long‐term variability of shoreline water levels, highlighting the stochastic nature of extreme water levels influenced by a joint probability of far‐field swells and high tides. Our results suggested that extreme shoreline water levels would increase at a significantly higher rate than sea‐level rise in the future.
Earthquakes Indicated Stress Field Change During the 2006 Unrest of Augustine Volcano, Alaska
Authors: Zhan Yan , Roman Diana C. , Le Mével Hélène , Power John A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTo examine controls on the local stress field at Augustine Volcano, Alaska, before its 2006 eruption, we calculated fault plane solutions for volcano‐tectonic earthquakes from 2002 to 2006. The P‐axis orientation was first aligned to the regional maximum compression (NW) and then rotated by about 90° (perpendicular to the dike alignment) after the onset of surface deformation in mid‐August 2005. Using 3D finite element models, we systematically evaluated the effects of tectonic stresses, volcanic edifice densities, and dike overpressures on the local stress field orientation. Combining data and models to generate “phase diagrams” of different stress controls by these competing effects, we argue that moderate tectonic stress of 2–3 MPa at 600 m above sea level slightly exceeded the edifice loading before the precursory deformation and was then overprinted by a local stress field from dike opening with an overpressure of ∼15 MPa.
Nonlinear Wave Growth Analysis of Chorus Emissions Modulated by ULF Waves
Authors: Li Li , Omura Yoshiharu , Zhou Xu‐Zhi , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Rankin Robert , Yue Chao , Fu Sui‐Yan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe present Van Allen Probes observations of periodic chorus wave emissions in the troughs of compressional ultralow frequency (ULF) waves. During this event, the spectral gap of chorus waves gradually widens as the spacecraft moves from the equatorial source region towards higher latitudes. Moreover, chorus wave intensity increases and frequency range widens after a substorm injection. We show that the periodic occurrence of chorus waves is attributed to the modulation of threshold amplitude for nonlinear growth of chorus waves by the second spatial derivative of ULF compressional magnetic field. The widening gap can be interpreted in terms of the nonlinear damping mechanism. A good agreement is also found between the nonlinear wave growth theory and the observations regarding the influence of substorm injection on the chorus. These findings support the applicability of the nonlinear theory in describing the chorus wave generation and damping, together with their modulations by ULF waves.
Mantle Wedge Water Contents Estimated From Ultrasonic Laboratory Measurements of Olivine‐Antigorite Aggregates
Authors: Wang Duojun , Wang Libing , Zhang Rui , Cai Nao , Zhang Jikai , Chen Peng , Cao Yang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWhile it is known that serpentinized peridotite acts as a water reservoir in the mantle wedge of a subduction zone, the spatial distribution and quantity of the water stored in these reservoirs, as well as the acoustic velocity of the olivine‐antigorite aggregates, are not well constrained. Here, we report the propagation of seismic waves through synthetic olivine–antigorite aggregates, which are used as proxies for various mantle wedge lithologies, by varying the amount of antigorite at pressures up to 8 GPa. Our results indicate that the acoustic velocity is strongly dependent on the proportion of antigorite in the sample and somewhat dependent on pressure. We empirically explore the relationship between the acoustic velocity and the degree of serpentinization as well as pressure to map the water content in the mantle wedge. Our estimations show that the water content among the subducting slabs around the Pacific Ocean is between 0.5 and 5.0 wt%.
Juno Plasma Wave Observations at Ganymede
Authors: Kurth W. S. , Sulaiman A. H. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Menietti J. D. , Mauk B. H. , Clark G. , Allegrini F. , Valek P. , Connerney J. E. P. , Waite J. H. , Bolton S. J. , Imai M. , Santolik O. , Li W. , Duling S. , Saur J. , Louis C. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe Juno Waves instrument measured plasma waves associated with Ganymede's magnetosphere during its flyby on 7 June, day 158, 2021. Three distinct regions were identified including a wake, and nightside and dayside regions in the magnetosphere distinguished by their electron densities and associated variability. The magnetosphere includes electron cyclotron harmonic emissions including a band at the upper hybrid frequency, as well as whistler‐mode chorus and hiss. These waves likely interact with energetic electrons in Ganymede's magnetosphere by pitch angle scattering and/or accelerating the electrons. The wake is accentuated by low‐frequency turbulence and electrostatic solitary waves. Radio emissions observed before and after the flyby likely have their source in Ganymede's magnetosphere.
The 15 January 2022 Hunga Tonga Eruption History as Inferred From Ionospheric Observations
Authors: Astafyeva E. , Maletckii B. , Mikesell T. D. , Munaibari E. , Ravanelli M. , Coisson P. , Manta F. , Rolland L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOn 15 January 2022, the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha’apai submarine volcano erupted violently and triggered a giant atmospheric shock wave and tsunami. The exact mechanism of this extraordinary eruptive event, its size and magnitude are not well understood yet. In this work, we analyze data from the nearest ground‐based receivers of Global Navigation Satellite System to explore the ionospheric total electron content (TEC) response to this event. We show that the ionospheric response consists of a giant TEC increase followed by a strong long‐lasting depletion. We observe that the explosive event of 15 January 2022 began at 04:05:54UT and consisted of at least five explosions. Based on the ionospheric TEC data, we estimate the energy released during the main major explosion to be between 9 and 37 Megatons in trinitrotoluene equivalent. This is the first detailed analysis of the eruption sequence scenario and the timeline from ionospheric TEC observations.
A Strong Anthropogenic Black Carbon Forcing Constrained by Pollution Trends Over China
Authors: Liu Yawen , Wang Minghuai , Qian Yun , Ding Aijun 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEstimates of the effective radiative forcing from aerosol‐radiation interaction (ERFari) of anthropogenic Black Carbon (BC) have been disputable and require better constraints. Here we find a substantial decline in atmospheric absorption of −5.79Wm−2decade−1 over eastern central China (ECC) responding to recent anthropogenic BC emission reductions. By combining the observational finding with advances from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase6 (CMIP6), we identify an emergent constraint on the ERFari of anthropogenic BC. We show that across CMIP6 models the simulated trends correlate well with simulated annual mean shortwave atmospheric absorption by anthropogenic BC over China. Making use of this emergent relationship allows us to constrain the aerosol absorption optical depth of anthropogenic BC and further provide a constrained range of 2.4–3.0 Wm−2 for its top‐of‐atmosphere ERFari over China, higher than existing estimates. Our work supports a strong warming effect of BC over China, and highlights the need to improve BC simulations over source regions.
Radiation Belt Electron Acceleration Driven by Very‐Low‐Frequency Transmitter Waves in Near‐Earth Space
Authors: Hua Man , Bortnik Jacob , Ma Qianli , Bernhardt Paul A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe perform two‐dimensional Fokker–Planck diffusion simulations to quantify the role of Very‐Low‐Frequency (VLF) transmitter waves and other naturally occurring plasma waves in electron acceleration over L = 1.5–3.0. VLF transmitter waves play a dual role in electron acceleration at higher energies from ∼200 to ∼700 keV through energy diffusion, and losses at lower energies below ∼100 keV through pitch angle scattering. Due to the now‐achievable rocket exhaust driven amplification (REDA) of VLF waves suggested by recent studies, control of wave‐induced acceleration can be actively tested with various VLF wave intensities in space. With amplification by a factor of 5, the acceleration by VLF transmitters can overcome the losses by lightning‐generated whistlers and plasmaspheric hiss, leading to net acceleration in the combined scattering. The acceleration occurs within 1 min with amplification factor of 50 dB, which is promising to be observable in the future REDA experiment, representing a feasible test of the theory.
The Impact of Indonesian Throughflow Constrictions on Eastern Pacific Upwelling and Water‐Mass Transformation
Authors: Eabry M. D. , Holmes R. M. , Gupta A. Sen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) is a key link in the global ocean overturning circulation. Heat gained from upwelling and watermass transformation in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean (PO) is transported through the ITF into the Indian Ocean, ultimately connecting to high‐latitude regions of heat loss such as the North Atlantic. However, state‐of‐the‐art General Circulation Models (GCMs) often poorly simulate upwelling, particularly in the eastern Pacific boundary regions. Recent studies have hypothesized that these difficulties may be related to biases in downstream ITF volume and heat transport, whereby insufficient warm surface water from the western PO passes through the ITF, a complex region that is hard to accurately represent in models. Here, we test this hypothesis using a coarse‐resolution ocean model by artificially widening the ITF and allowing greater quantities of warm water to exit the western PO. This reduces the Indo‐Pacific sea‐surface height and pressure gradient biases. Using diagnostics in temperature coordinates, we trace the source of increased ITF warm‐water transport to enhanced watermass transformation of cold‐to‐warm waters in the eastern tropical PO. Additional cool water is brought to the surface in the Cold Tongue region, resulting in an enhancement of surface flux‐driven warming. However, we find only limited evidence for changes in upwelling at lower temperatures along the eastern PO margins, considerably less than hypothesized in a previous study. Our experiment provides useful insights to help understand simulated ITF mass and heat transport biases and their links with the tropical PO in GCMs.
Microbiome assembly predictably shapes diversity across a range of disturbance frequencies in experimental microcosms
Authors: Santillan Ezequiel , Wuertz Stefan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDiversity is often implied to have a positive effect on the functional stability of ecological communities. However, its relationship with stochastic and deterministic assembly mechanisms remains largely unknown, particularly under fluctuating disturbances. Here, we subjected complex bacterial communities in microcosms to different frequencies of alteration in substrate feeding scheme, tracking temporal dynamics in their assembly, structure and function. Activated sludge bioreactors were subjected to six different frequencies of double organic loading, either never (undisturbed), every 8, 6, 4, or 2 days (intermediately disturbed), or every day (press disturbed), and operated in daily cycles for 42 days. Null modeling revealed a stronger role of stochastic assembly at intermediate disturbance frequencies, with a peak in stochasticity that preceded the occurrence of a peak in α-diversity. Communities at extreme ends of the disturbance range had the lowest α-diversity and highest within-treatment similarity in terms of β-diversity, with stronger deterministic assembly. Increased carbon removal and microbial aggregate settleability (general functions) correlated with stronger deterministic processes. In contrast, higher stochasticity correlated with higher nitrogen removal (a specialized function) only during initial successional stages at intermediate disturbance frequencies. We show that changes in assembly processes predictably precede changes in diversity under a gradient of disturbance frequencies, advancing our understanding of the mechanisms behind disturbance–diversity–function relationships.
Alternating twisted multilayer graphene: generic partition rules, double flat bands, and orbital magnetoelectric effect
Authors: Xie Bo , Peng Ran , Zhang Shihao , Liu Jianpeng 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRecently the alternating twisted trilayer graphene is discovered to exhibit unconventional superconductivity, which motivates us to study the electronic structures and possible correlation effects for this class of alternating twisted multilayer graphene (ATMG) systems. In this work we consider generic ATMG systems with M-L-N stacking configurations, in which the M (L) graphene layers and the L (N) layers are twisted by an angle θ (−θ). Based on analysis from a simplified k⋅p model approach, we derive generic partition rules for the low-energy electronic structures, which exhibit various band dispersions including two pairs of flat bands and flat bands co-existing with various gapless Fermionic excitations. For a mirror-symmetric ATMG system with doubled flat bands, we further find that Coulomb interactions may drive the system into a state with intertwined electric polarization and orbital magnetization orders, which can exhibit an interaction-driven orbital magnetoelectric effect.
Primary support optimization of large-span and shallow buried hard rock tunnels based on the active support concept
Authors: Liu Quanwei , Li Yongshun , Li Weiteng , Zhao Jizeng , Qin Zhe , Yang Xuxu , Feng Qiang , Jiang Bei , Wang Ke , Li Yang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractConsidering the large-span underground excavation subway station of Qingdao Metro Line 6 of China for analysis, it is necessary to optimize the traditional support system by investigating relevant codes and other tunnel projects. Based on the active support concept, a high prestressed rock bolt support system is proposed, and the optimization direction is defined to apply a high prestress force to rock bolts, increasing the appropriate spacing between supporting arches and strengthening support at key parts such as the large arch foot area, sidewalls and junctions. Numerical calculations and field monitoring are performed to analyze and evaluate the new support system. Numerical simulation results show that the new support system can effectively improve the stress state of the surrounding rock; the tensile stress area markedly decreases in size or disappears; and the plastic area also decreases in size. Field monitoring results show that the settlement of the arch crown is concentrated at 2–5 mm and the deformation rates are less than 0.5 mm/day. The supporting arches, shotcrete and rock bolts are all less than the yield strength and a high safety reserve. These results verify the safety and rationality of the proposed support system, which can be used as a reference for similar projects.
Prevalence of post-intensive care syndrome in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19
Authors: Nanwani-Nanwani Kapil , López-Pérez Lorenzo , Giménez-Esparza Carola , Ruiz-Barranco Inés , Carrillo Elena , Arellano María Soledad , Díaz-Díaz Domingo , Hurtado Beatriz , García-Muñoz Andoni , Relucio María Ángeles , Quintana-Díaz Manuel , Úrbez María Rosario , Saravia Andrés , Bonan María Victoria , García-Río Francisco , Testillano María Luisa , Villar Jesús , García de Lorenzo Abelardo , Añón José Manuel 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCoronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) patients usually require long periods of mechanical ventilation and sedation, which added to steroid therapy, favours a predisposition to the development of delirium and subsequent mental health disorders, as well as physical and respiratory sequelae. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of post-intensive care syndrome (PICS) at 3 months after hospital discharge, in a cohort of mechanically ventilated patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). An ambispective, observational study was conducted in three hospitals with intensive care unit (ICU) follow-up clinics. We studied adults who survived a critical illness due to SARS-CoV-2 infection requiring invasive mechanical ventilation. A physical (muscle strength and pulmonary function), functional [12-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12), and Barthel score], psychological [hospital anxiety and depression (HADS) and posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity scales], and cognitive [Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) test] assessment were performed. A total of 186 patients were evaluated at 88 days (IQR 68–121) after hospital discharge. Mean age was 59 ± 12 years old, 126 (68%) patients were men, and median length of mechanical ventilation was 14 days (IQR 8–31). About 3 out of 4 patients (n = 139, 75%) met PICS criteria. Symptoms of cognitive and psychiatric disorders were found in 59 (32%) and 58 (31%) patients, respectively. Ninety-one (49%) patients had muscle weakness. Pulmonary function tests in patients with no respiratory comorbidities showed a normal pattern in 93 (50%) patients, and a restrictive disorder in 62 (33%) patients. Also, 69 patients (37%) were on sick leave, while 32 (17%) had resumed work at the time of assessment. In conclusion, survivors of critical illness due to SARS-CoV-2 infection requiring mechanical ventilation have a high prevalence of PICS. Physical domain is the most frequently damaged, followed by cognitive and psychiatric disorders. ICU follow-up clinics enable the assistance of this vulnerable population.