bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chromosome-scale assembly of the highly heterozygous genome of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), an allogamous forage crop species
Authors: Bickhart Derek M. , Koch Lisa M. , Smith Timothy P. L. , Riday Heathcliffe , Sullivan Michael L. 
Published: February 2022

Relative to other crops, red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) has various favorable traits making it an ideal forage crop. Conventional breeding has improved varieties, but modern genomic methods could accelerate progress and facilitate gene discovery. Existing short-read-based genome assemblies of the ∼420 megabase pair (Mbp) genome are fragmented into >135,000 contigs, with numerous order and orientation errors within scaffolds, probably associated with the plant’s biology, which displays gametophytic self-incompatibility resulting in inherent high heterozygosity. Here, we present a high-quality long-read-based assembly of red clover with a more than 500-fold reduction in contigs, improved per-base quality, and increased contig N50 by three orders of magnitude. The 413.5 Mbp assembly is nearly 20% longer than the 350 Mbp short-read assembly, closer to the predicted genome size. We also present quality measures and full-length isoform RNA transcript sequences for assessing accuracy and future genome annotation. The assembly accurately represents the seven main linkage groups in an allogamous (outcrossing), highly heterozygous plant genome.
DANGEROUS FUNGAL DISEASE – PEAR MILDEW (GYMNOSPORANGIUM SABINAE (DICKS.) G. WINTER)
Authors: KONDRATYONOK Yu. H. , YAKIMOVICH O. A. , MARTSINKEVICH T. N. 
Published: February 2022

The article provides an analysis of the worldwide prevalence of a harmful disease on a pear – mildew, caused by the
basidiomycete fungus Gymnosporangium sabinae (Dicks.) G. Winter, the taxonomy and biology of the pathogen is given.
Preliminary data on disease-resistant samples of pears from the collection of RUE “Institute of Fruit-growing” (Belarus)
are presented: Allegro, Victoria, Maria, Osoblyva, Smerichka, Souvenir, Shchedra, derived from Pyrgus communis L.;
Augustovskaya rosa, Vernaya, Desertnaya Rossoshanskaya, Krasnobokaya, Podgoryanka, DU 20-3, Chuspan – from Pyrgus
ussuriensis Maxim.; Chukhuang – from P. ussuriensis × Pyrgus ovoidea; Feeriya species derived from pear-leaved (sandy)
Pyrgus pyrifolia (Burm.) Nakai.
High concentrations of ice crystals in upper-tropospheric tropical clouds: is there a link to biomass and fossil fuel combustion?
Authors: Raga Graciela B. , Baumgardner Darrel , Rios Blanca , Díaz-Esteban Yanet , Jaramillo Alejandro , Gallagher Martin , Sauvage Bastien , Wolff Pawel , Lloyd Gary 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Eight years of upper-tropospheric (UT) ice crystal measurements
with the backscatter cloud probe (BCP), installed on commercial aircraft
operated as part of the In-Service Aircraft for a Global Observing System
(IAGOS), have been analyzed to assess the frequency and characteristics of
extreme ice crystal events (EIEs), defined in this study as encounters with
clouds that have number concentrations exceeding 5000 L−1. A total of
3196 events, in clouds of horizontal extent ≥ 2.5 km, were identified during the period from December 2011 to March 2020 in
the latitude band between 30∘ S and 30∘ N. Regions of
anthropogenic sources of carbon monoxide, with particles that can alter
cloud microphysics, were attributed to these EIEs in UT clouds using the
SOFT-IO model. The evaluation of low- and upper-level kinematic variables
from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA5)
reanalysis, combined with spatial distributions of aerosol optical depth and
regions of biomass burning, highlights the physical mechanisms by which the
particles are lofted to flight levels in regions of deep convection. The
maps of lightning frequency, derived from the World Wide Lightning Location
Network (WWLLN), provide additional evidence of the role of deep convection
in transporting aerosol particles, cloud hydrometeors and carbon monoxide to
aircraft cruising altitudes. The evaluation of aerosol particle mass
concentrations and composition from the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis
for Research and Applications, Version 2 (MERRA-2) contributes additional
evidence for a link between regions of EIEs and surface emissions of dust,
black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) and sulfate particles. Given the
composition of the source aerosols and the role of deep convection in their
transport to the UT, the sampled ice clouds likely originate from the
homogeneous or heterogeneous freezing of droplets formed on these particles,
as has been reported in previous studies. The results from this study,
which have been obtained from a large sample of measurements, have
ramifications related to satellite measurement validation, weather
forecasting and climate change. In addition, over 2000 of the randomly
sampled clouds had derived ice water contents larger than 1 g m−3, a
concentration that is considered potentially hazardous to commercial
aircraft operations.
Assessing the spatial and temporal variability of greenhouse gas emissions from different configurations of on-site wastewater treatment system using discrete and continuous gas flux measurement
Authors: Knappe Jan , Somlai Celia , Gill Laurence W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Global emissions linked to wastewater treatment are estimated to account for up to 1.5 % of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions
globally. However, few studies have measured GHG emissions from domestic on-site treatment systems (DWWTSs) directly. In this study, two DWWTSs were
monitored for 446 d and > 42 000 gas flux measurements were conducted using both discrete spot measurements and continuous flux chamber
deployments. The observed GHG fluxes from biological activity in the soil and water phase were found to be highly spatially and temporally variable
and correlated to environmental factors, water usage patterns and system design. In total, the results show that a septic tank discharging effluent
into a well-designed soil treatment unit is estimated to emit a net 9.99 kg-CO2eq.cap-1yr-1, with approximately 63 %,
27 % and 10 % of the total CO2-equivalent net emissions in the form of CO2, CH4 and N2O,
respectively. Emissions from the septic tank surface contributed over 50 % of total emissions and tended to be strongly underestimated by
one-off discrete measurements, especially when episodic ebullitive events are to be considered. Fluxes from the soil treatment unit (STU) stemmed
from both the soil surface and the vent system. Soil fluxes were mostly influenced by temperature but peaked regularly under conditions of rapidly
changing soil water content. Vent fluxes were mostly governed by effluent, quality and a low number of high-emission events were responsible for the
majority of total observed vent emissions. Owing to the strong overall spatial and temporal heterogeneity of observed fluxes from DWWTSs across all
modules, future studies should focus on continuous deployments of a number of flux chambers over discrete measurements to accurately assess GHG
emissions from on-site systems. This study also provided insights into managing GHG emissions from DWWTSs by different system configuration design,
as well as indicating that the current IPCC emission factors for CH4 and N2O significantly overestimate emissions for
on-site wastewater treatment systems.
Hvordan kan oppmerksomt nærvær hjelpe ved rusproblemer?
Authors: Dundas Ingrid , Ravnanger Kari , Vøllestad Jon , Binder Per Einar 
Published: February 2022

How may mindfulness help in working with substance use disorders?
Mindfulness-based interventions are feasible for individuals with substance-use disorders, and their effects are at least comparable to other interventions. To use these interventions wisely clinicians need to know why they are using mindfulness and how to integrate mindfulness with other approaches. The authors suggest that mindfulness-training provides experiential practice in functional attention and emotion regulation. Both skills are helpful in managing reactivity and impulsivity, in making better decisions, and in increasing self-care and enhancing mentalizing abilities. The authors provide examples of how to use mindfulness when facing triggers and cravings. Although defined as paying purposeful, non-judgemental attention to present experience, mindfulness is compatible with therapeutic use of distraction and visualization. The authors recommend mindfulness as part of the therapeutic «tool kit» in the treatment of substance-use disorders.
Keywords: distraction, mindfulness, substance-dependence, treatment
Constraints on the Genesis of Cobalt Deposits: Part II. Applications to Natural Systems
Authors: Vasyukova O. V. , Williams-Jones A. E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn a companion paper in this issue, the authors reviewed the properties of cobalt, its mineralogy, and the processes that concentrate it to exploitable levels. Using this information and knowledge of the geology of the principal types of cobalt deposits, the present paper assesses the conditions and controls of cobalt transport and deposition and develops/refines plausible models for the genesis of these deposits. Economic cobalt deposits owe their origins to the compatible nature of Co2+, which causes it to concentrate in the mantle, mainly in olivine, and to be released to magmas only after high degrees of partial melting (i.e., to komatiitic and basaltic magmas). Thus, there is a very close association between cobalt deposits and mafic and ultramafic rocks. Magmatic deposits, in which Co is subordinate to Ni, develop through sulfide-silicate liquid immiscibility as a result of the very strong preference of these metals for the sulfide liquid. Predictably, these deposits reach their highest grades where hosted by olivine-rich ultramafic rocks. Approximately 60% of the world’s cobalt resource is of hydrothermal origin and is contained in sediment-hosted copper deposits in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Using a combination of thermodynamic data and geologic information, we have refined a model in which Co is leached from mafic and ultramafic rocks by oxidized, chloride-rich hydrothermal fluids, derived from evaporation, and deposited in response to decreasing fO2 in carbonaceous sediments that accumulated in intracratonic rift basins. Economic Co deposits also develop as hydrothermal vein systems, in which Co is the primary ore metal. In the only deposits of this type that are currently being exploited (Bou Azzer, Morocco), the source of the Co was an adjacent serpentinized peridotite. The ore fluid was an oxidized, high-salinity brine derived from evaporites, and deposition occurred in response to pH neutralization by the felsic to intermediate igneous host. The final major class of Co deposits is laterite-hosted and develops on olivine-rich ultramafic rocks or their serpentinized equivalents. Our thermodynamic modeling shows that Co is leached from an ultramafic source by mildly acidic fluids as Co2+ and is transported down the laterite profile, eventually concentrating by a combination of adsorption on Mn oxides, incorporation in the structure of absolane (an Mn oxide), and precipitation as heterogenite (HCoO2). The dissolution of cobalt at the surface and its deposition at depth are controlled mainly by pH, which decreases downward; oxygen fugacity, which also decreases downward, has the opposite effect, inhibiting dissolution of cobalt at the surface and promoting it at depth. It is our hope that this introduction to the economic geology of cobalt and the processes responsible for the formation of cobalt-bearing ores will help guide future studies of cobalt ore genesis and strategies for the exploration of this critical metal.
Mineralogical and Geochemical Evidence of Dissolution-Reprecipitation Controlled Hydrothermal Rare Earth Element Mineralization in the Amba Dongar Carbonatite Complex, Gujarat, Western India
Authors: Patel Ashim Kumar , Mishra Biswajit , Upadhyay Dewashish , Pruseth Kamal Lochan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Amba Dongar carbonatite complex in western India comprises an inner ring of carbonatite breccia surrounded by a sövite ring dike. The various carbonatite units in the body include calcite carbonatite, alvikite, dolomite carbonatite, and ankerite carbonatite. The carbonate phases (calcite and ankerite) occur as phenocrysts, groundmass phases, fresh primary grains, and partially altered grains and/or pseudomorphs when hydrothermally overprinted. Rare earth element (REE) enrichment in the groundmass/altered calcite grains compared to the magmatic ones is ascribed to the presence of micron-sized REE phases. Fluorapatite and pyrochlore constitute important accessory phases that are altered to variable extents. Higher concentrations of Sr, Si, and REEs in fluorapatite are suggestive of a magmatic origin. Fresh pyrochlore preserves its magmatic composition, characterized by low A-site vacancy and high F in the Y-site, which on alteration becomes poorer in Na, Ca, and F and displays an increase in vacancy. The C-O isotope compositions of the carbonates also corroborate the extensive low-temperature hydrothermal alteration of the carbonatites.
The REE mineralization is the result of interaction of the carbonatite with a sulfur-bearing, F-rich hydrothermal fluid that exsolved from late-stage carbonatitic magmas. The hydrothermal fluids caused dissolution of the primary carbonates and simultaneous precipitation of REEs and other high field strength element (HFSE)-bearing minerals. Complex spatial associations of the magmatic minerals with the REE fluorocarbonates, [synchysite-(Ce), parisite-(Ce), bastnäsite-(Ce)] and florencite-(Ce) point to the formation of these REE phases as a consequence of postmagmatic hydrothermal dissolution of the REEs from fluorapatite, pyrochlore, and carbonates. Ubiquitous association of fluorite and barite with REE minerals indicates transport of REEs as sulfate complexes in F-rich fluids. Precipitation of REE fluorocarbonates/florencite resulted from fluid-carbonate interaction, concomitant increase in pH, and decrease in temperature. Additionally, REE precipitation was aided and abetted by the removal of sulfur from the fluid by the precipitation of barite, which destabilized the REE sulfate complexes.
Constraints on the Genesis of Cobalt Deposits: Part I. Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Williams-Jones A. E. , Vasyukova O. V. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Cobalt is in high demand because of the key role that cobalt-lithium-ion batteries are playing in addressing the issue of global warming, particularly in facilitating the transition from the internal combustion engine to electrically driven vehicles. Here, we review the properties of cobalt and the history of its discovery, briefly describe its mineralogy, and explore the processes that concentrate it to potentially exploitable levels. Economic cobalt deposits owe their origin to the compatible nature of Co2+, its concentration in the mantle in olivine, and its release, after high degrees of partial melting, to komatiitic and (to a lesser extent) basaltic magmas. Primary magmatic deposits, in which Co is subordinate to Ni, develop through the separation of immiscible sulfide liquids from mafic and ultramafic magmas and the very strong partitioning of these metals into the sulfide liquid. We evaluate the factors that concentrate cobalt to economic levels by these processes. Cobalt is also concentrated by aqueous fluids, either at ambient temperature in laterites developed over ultramafic rocks or hydrothermally in sediment-hosted copper deposits and in cobalt-rich vein deposits, where it crystallizes mainly as sulfide and arsenic-bearing minerals, respectively. Using the available thermodynamic data for aqueous Co species, we evaluate cobalt speciation as a function of temperature and show that, whereas it is transported at ambient temperature in most environments as the simple ion (Co2+), it is most mobile in hydrothermal systems as chloride species. Based on thermodynamic data compiled from a variety of sources, we evaluate stability relationships among some of the principal cobalt sulfide and oxide minerals as a function of temperature, pH, fO2, and αH2S and, in conjunction with the aqueous speciation data, determine their solubility. This information is used, in turn, to predict the physicochemical conditions most favorable for cobalt transport and ore formation by hydrothermal fluids. As thermodynamic data are not available for the cobalt arsenide and sulfarsenide minerals that form the vein-type ore deposits, we use chemographic analysis to qualitatively evaluate their stability relationships and predict the physicochemical controls of ore formation. The data and interpretations of processes presented in this paper provide the theoretical basis for a companion paper in this issue in which we develop plausible models for the genesis of the principal cobalt deposit types.
Statistical prediction of tropical storm motion over the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea
Authors: NEUMANN CHARLES J. , MANDAL G. S. 
Published: February 2022

Statistical analog models for the prediction of tropical cyclone motion have been developed for all of the world's tropical cyclone basins. The popularity and success of these models is related to their ability to optimize the variance reducing potential of climatology and persistence, At the same time, they effectively recognize certain repetitious synoptic patterns without having to use fields of sometimes unavailable and often unreliable synoptic data over the tropics.
The analog method can be simulated by the use of continuous function derived through the use of multivariate regression analysis. This method simulates all aspects of the analog process including the derivation of probability ellipses while avoiding certain operational problems inherent to the purely analog approach.
This paper describes the derivation of such a model for the north Indian Ocean tropical cyclone basin. It is patterned after an earlier paper (Neumann and Randrianarison 1976) which describes the development of a similar model for the southwest Indian Ocean tropical cyclone basin.
Research on the nature of 4G propagation in various environments
Authors: Орманов А.Б. , Бахтиярова Е.А. 
Published: February 2022

В работе рассмотрены характеры распространения сигнала технологии 4G в различных средах. Приведены методы математических моделей и алгоритмы распространения радиоволн в сотовых сетях мобильной связи. Рассмотрены различные влияния препятствий на пути от базовой (БС) до мобильной (МС) станции на распространение радиосигнала. Показаны: 1. Построение математических моделей РРВ в ССМС в различных средах. 2. Построение алгоритма численного расчета РРВ в ССМС на программе Mathcad.3. Сравнительный анализ препятствий.
The paper considers the ways of propagation of the 4G signal technology in various environments. In the technical part of the work some tasks of network coverage of radio waves are considered, analyses and systematization of existing and developing methods of radio planning of mobile communication networks are performed. Methods of mathematical models and algorithms of radio wave propagation in mobile networks are presented. Various effects of obstacles on the path from the base (BS) to the mobile (MS) station on the propagation of the radio signal are considered.
Analysis of the Cost and Efficacy of Intra-Articular Knee Injections
Authors: Pirkle Sean , Seidel Henry , Bhattacharjee Sarah , Shi Lewis L. , Lee Michael J. , Strelzow Jason A. 
Published: February 2022

Introduction:
Intra-articular joint injections have been used with the goal of providing patients with symptomatic relief. Recently, however, the efficacy of corticosteroid (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) injections in the management of knee osteoarthritis (OA) is questionable. In this analysis, we investigated the costs associated with injections by assessing overall use, conversion and average time to total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and reimbursement.

Methods:
Patients aged 50 to 70 years with a knee-related diagnosis of pain, effusion, or OA were identified in the Humana insurance national data set. Patients who received intra-articular injections were stratified by the type and number of injection(s) received. The subsequent rates of TKA were compared with Kaplan-Meier curves for patients who underwent CS injections, HA injections, and a benchmarking cohort of patients with OA and no history of knee injections in the medical record. Average time to TKA was determined from index diagnosis, and total cost was compared using Wilcoxon rank sum analyses.

Results:
A total of 778,686 patients were identified. Of these, 637,112 had no knee injection history, while 124,129 received CS and 17,445 received HA injections. The 10-year conversion to TKA was highest in HA cohort (31.6%), followed by the CS cohort (24.0%) and the noninjection cohort (7.3%) (P < 0.001). Time to TKA increased with number of injections for both injection types. For patients who underwent TKA, median cost was greater in HA ($16,687) and CS ($15,563) cohorts relative to noninjection cohort ($14,733) (P < 0.001).

Discussion:
Compared with the noninjection cohort, both HA and CS cohorts experienced increased costs and increased time to TKA. However, while the cost incurred in HA cohort was greater than that in CS cohort, no appreciable benefit was demonstrated for conversion or time to TKA. Therefore, if intra-articular knee injections are indicated for the nonsurgical management of knee OA, the results of this study support CS over HA.
Press Discourse Analysis / News as a sample
Authors: Ahmed Hama Hussein Jwana 
Published: February 2022

The title of this research is { Press Discourse Analysis / News as a sample }. Most discourse analysts have used the term (Discourse) for communication. On the other hand, language has not been defined as a spoken language only but it includes writing or written language like (books, journals, letter writing ).
In this way, all written texts like communication have the same users ( writers and readers ) as well as ( speakers and listeners ). Written texts could be studied according to discourse concept because the language expresses ideas, communication/ writing means spoken language and written texts.
Also, this research sheds light on the characteristics of communications and texts which have related to contexts that have a social influence on text and communication systematically.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE STAGNATION OF SAMPAN (SAPTA MITRA PANTURA) INTERREGIONAL COOPERATION
Authors: Pefridiyono Tri Aji , Keban Jeremias T. 
Published: February 2022

Permasalahan kerjasama antardaerah muncul saat peluang kerjasama antardaerah
semakin terbuka, sedangkan kerjasama antardaerah yang telah berjalan justru mengalami
stagnasi. SAMPAN merupakan salah satu kerjasama antardaerah di Indonesia yang terdiri
dari tujuh wilayah di Jawa Tengah. SAMPAN adalah kerjasama antardaerah di bidang
pengelolaan daerah yang fokus pada pengembangan sektor pariwisata, perdagangan
dan investasi. Meski SAMPAN mengalami stagnasi sejak 2012, beberapa penelitian terkait
SAMPAN mengemukakan bahwa kerjasama antardaerah memberi manfaat bagi daerah.
Penelitian yang berjudul 'Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Stagnasi Kerjasama
Antardaerah SAMPAN' adalah penelitian kualitatif deduktif yang dilakukan dengan
mengolah data dan informasi yang diperoleh dari wawancara dengan pemangku
kepentingan di wilayah SAMPAN. Faktor utama yang mempengaruhi kinerja SAMPAN
adalah transformasi peraturan yang melibatkan mekanisme pendanaan. Faktor lainnya
adalah interdependensi antar anggota. Ini mengacu pada komitmen para eksekutif
(walikota atau bupati), terutama yang berkaitan dengan kebijakan pembangunan lintas
batas, termasuk pembangunan infrastruktur. Faktor terakhir adalah kemauan politik dari
legislatif yang juga berperan dalam pengambilan kebijakan di daerah. Oleh karena itu,
konsekuensi dari faktor-faktor tersebut harus diimplementasikan dalam pendanaan
SAMPAN.