bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’évaluation et l’optimisation de la santé osseuse chez les enfants ayant des affections chroniques
Authors: Rodd Celia , Kirouac Nicole , Orkin Julia , Grimes Ruth 
Published: July 2022

R!sum!
Les professionnels de la santé des enfants jouent un rôle important dans l’optimisation de la santé osseuse. Il est essentiel d’intervenir rapidement pour maximiser le pic de masse osseuse à l’adolescence et au début de l’âge adulte et d’ainsi réduire le risque d’ostéoporose et de fractures plus tard dans la vie. Les enfants et les adolescents ayant une affection chronique peuvent présenter plusieurs facteurs de risque de mauvaise santé osseuse, notamment des maladies inflammatoires sous-jacentes, des activités avec mise en charge limitées, un retard pubertaire et un apport insuffisant de calcium et de vitamine D. Certains médicaments, et particulièrement les glucocorticoïdes, peuvent compromettre la masse osseuse et exposer l’enfant à un risque de fractures de fragilisation. Le présent point de pratique décrit une approche ciblée pour déterminer les facteurs de risque liés à la santé osseuse chez les enfants et les adolescents ayant une affection chronique, expose les mesures à prendre en cabinet pour optimiser l’acquisition de la masse osseuse et propose des outils en ligne utiles et des références médicales à l’intention des professionnels de la santé des enfants. Les indications pour diriger les patients vers un spécialiste de la santé osseuse et pour procéder à des interventions pharmacologiques visant les os sont également abordées.
Evaluating and optimizing bone health in children with chronic health conditions
Authors: Rodd Celia , Kirouac Nicole , Orkin Julia , Grimes Ruth 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Paediatric health care providers (HCPs) play an important role in optimizing bone health. Early intervention is essential to maximize the accrual of peak bone mass in adolescence and young adulthood and to reduce osteoporosis and fracture risk later in life. Children and adolescents with chronic health conditions may have several risk factors for poor bone health, including underlying inflammatory conditions, reduced weight-bearing activity, delayed puberty, and inadequate intake of calcium and vitamin D. Some medications—particularly glucocorticoids—can compromise bone mass and place a child at risk for fragility fractures. This practice point describes a targeted approach to identifying bone health risk factors in children and youth with chronic health conditions, highlights office initiatives aimed at optimizing bone mass accrual, and links HCPs to useful web-based tools and medical references. Indications for referral to a bone health specialist and bone-specific pharmacotherapeutic interventions are also reviewed.
Does increased springtime solar radiation also increase primary production?
Authors: Shinohara Ryuichiro , Matsuzaki Shin-Ichiro S , Nakagawa Megumi , Tsuchiya Kenji , Kohzu Ayato 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that long-term brightening of solar radiation and changes in the underwater light climate would increase the primary production of phytoplankton in the springtime in Lake Kasumigaura, Japan. Global solar radiation fluctuates on a decadal scale, and the solar radiation in May has been increasing since the 1990s in Japan. We developed a model of depth-integrated primary production (gC m−2 h−1) based on long-term monitoring data. The model based on photosynthesis-irradiance curve clarified that primary production increased by 13.2%, from 0.093 gC m−2 h−1 in 1992 to 0.105 gC m−2 h−1 in 2019, because of the combined effects of solar radiation and water temperature increases. Sensitivity analysis of the model showed that primary production was most sensitive to water quality parameters, i.e. the light attenuation coefficient and nutrient effects on Pmax. Nutrient effects were significantly correlated with the particulate organic carbon to nitrogen ratio, indicating that nitrogen shortage in phytoplankton cells may affect primary production. These results suggest that long-term springtime increases in solar radiation and water temperature increase primary production, but that water quality also controls primary production.
Rectosigmoid Cancer—Rectal Cancer or Sigmoid Cancer?
Authors: Hui Caressa , Baclay Richel , Liu Kevin , Sandhu Navjot , Loo Phoebe , von Eyben Rie , Chen Chris , Sheth Vipul , Vitzthum Lucas , Chang Daniel , Pollom Erqi 
Published: July 2022

Objectives:
We aimed to determine the optimal treatment for patients with locally advanced rectosigmoid cancers, and to determine whether this can be guided by distance from anal verge (AV) and/or anatomic landmarks such as the sacral promontory and peritoneal reflection (PR).

Materials and Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed patients with T3-T4 and/or node-positive rectosigmoid cancers who underwent surgery from 2006 to 2018 with available pelvic imaging. We included tumors at 9 to 20 cm from the AV on either staging imaging, or colonoscopy. Patients were stratified into those who received neoadjuvant therapy, and those who underwent upfront surgery. Comparisons of characteristics were performed using χ2 test and Fischer exact test. Locoregional failure (LRF) and overall survival were compared using Cox regressions and Kaplan-Meier analysis.

Results:
One hundred sixty-one patients were included. Ninety-seven patients had neoadjuvant therapy, and 64 patients had upfront surgery. Median follow-up time was 45.1 months. Patients who had neoadjuvant therapy had tumors that were higher cT stage (P<0.01) with more positive/close circumferential resection margins seen on imaging by radiologists (28.9% vs. 1.6%, P=0.015). The 2-year rate of LRF, distant metastases, or overall survival was not significantly different between the 2 groups. None of 15 patients with tumors below the PR treated with neoadjuvant therapy had LRF, but 1 (25%) of 4 patients with tumors below the PR treated with adjuvant therapy experienced LRF (P=0.05).

Conclusions:
Patients with tumors below the PR may benefit more from neoadjuvant therapy. The PR on imaging may be a reliable landmark in addition to the distance from the AV to determine the most appropriate treatment option.
Impact of preexisting nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance on the effectiveness of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in treatment experience patients
Authors: Micán Rafael , de Gea Grela Alejandro , Cadiñanos Julen , de Miguel Rosa , Busca Carmen , Bernardino Jose I. , Valencia Eulalia , Montes Maria Luisa , Montejano Rocío , Moreno Victoria , Pérez Valero Ignacio , Serrano Lucía , González-García Juan , Arribas Jose R. , Martín-Carbonero Luz 
Published: July 2022

Introduction:
Few clinical trials and cohort studies have evaluated the efficacy of bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF) in people with HIV (PWH) with preexisting M184V/I or other nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) resistance-associated mutations (RAMs). Real-world data are also scarce.

Methods:
Retrospective review of treatment-experienced patients who started B/F/TAF in a cohort of PWH. HIV-RNA less than 50 copies/ml was analyzed at 48 weeks in an intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis (missing=failure) and per protocol analysis (patients with missing data or changes for reasons other than virological failure were excluded). Results were compared in patients with and without previous NRTI-RAMs.

Results:
Five hundred and six PWH were included (16.2% women). Median age and time with HIV infection were 52.3 and 18.9 years, respectively. At baseline, viral load was less than 50 copies/ml in 440 patients (86.6%). Overall, 69 (13.6%) participants had documented preexisting NRTI-RAMs: 57 (11.2%) M184V/I and 30 (5.9%) tenofovir RAMs. In the ITT analysis, 83% (420/506) had HIV-RNA less than 50 copies/ml [82.2% (359/437) and 88.4% (61/69) in persons without and with NRTI-RAMs, respectively (P = 0.2)]. In the per protocol analysis 94.2% (420/445) had HIV-RNA less than 50 copies/ml [94.4% (359/380) vs. 93.8% (61/65); P = 0.2]. A total of 61 participants were excluded from the per protocol analysis (23 missing data, 19 discontinued B/F/TAF because of toxicity, 13 for other reasons, and 6 died).

Conclusion:
Switching to B/F/TAF is well tolerated and effective in the real-world setting, even in patients with preexisting NRTI RAMs, such as M184V and RAMs conferring resistance to tenofovir. These results confirm the robustness of this combination.
Prevalence and risk factors of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis with significant fibrosis in people with HIV
Authors: Michel Maurice , Labenz Christian , Wahl Alisha , Anders Malena , Armandi Angelo , Huber Yvonne , Galle Peter R. , Sprinzl Martin , Schattenberg Jörn M. 
Published: July 2022

Objective:
Metabolic risk factors and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in people with HIV (PWH) have been increasing. Patients exhibiting the inflammatory subtype nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are at increased risk of liver-related complications. Therefore, the aim was to investigate the prevalence of NASH with significant fibrosis in PWH using noninvasive tests (NITs).

Design:
In this prospectively enrolling cohort study, 282 PWH were explored for hepatic steatosis, fibrosis and steatohepatitis using vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) and the Fibroscan-AST (FAST) score.

Methods:
On the basis of controlled attenuation parameter (CAP; dB/m) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM; kPa), patients were categorized according to the presence of steatosis (≥275 dB/m) and significant fibrosis (≥8.2 kPa). The FAST score was calculated according to established cut-offs.

Results:
The prevalence of hepatic steatosis in this cohort was 35.5% (n = 100) with 75 (75%) of these patients fulfilling the criteria of NAFLD. The prevalence of significant fibrosis (≥ F2) was 6.7% (n = 19). The FAST score identified a total of 32 (12.3%) patients with a cut-off greater than 0.35, of whom 28 (87.5%) PWH qualified as NASH. On multivariable analysis, waist circumference was a predictor of hepatic steatosis and type 2 diabetes was a predictor of significant fibrosis. Type 2 diabetes and ALT remained independent predictors of a FAST score greater than 0.35.

Conclusion:
NASH with significant fibrosis is highly prevalent among PWH. The FAST score may be helpful to identify patients at risk for significant liver disease.
Long and persistent COVID-19 in patients with hematologic malignancies: from bench to bedside
Authors: Laracy Justin C. , Kamboj Mini , Vardhana Santosha A. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
Cancer patients, especially those with hematologic malignancies, are at increased risk for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related complications and mortality. We describe the incidence, clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of persistent COVID-19 infection in patients with hematologic malignancies.

Recent findings
The syndrome of persistent COVID-19 in patients with hematologic malignancies manifests as a chronic protracted illness marked by waxing and waning or progressive respiratory symptoms and prolonged viral shedding. Immunosuppressed patients with lymphoid malignancies may serve as partially immune reservoirs for the generation of immune-evasive viral escape mutants.

Summary
Persistent COVID-19 infection is a unique concern in patients with hematologic malignancies. While vaccination against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has reduced the overall burden of COVID-19 in patients with hematologic cancers, whether vaccination or other novel treatments for COVID-19 prevent or alleviate this syndrome remains to be determined.
Mitigation of nontuberculous mycobacteria in hospital water: challenges for infection prevention
Authors: Kaul Christina M. , Chan Justin , Phillips Michael S. 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to summarize recent literature on nontuberculous mycobacteria in water of healthcare systems. Despite improvement in identification techniques and emergence of infection prevention and control programs, nontuberculous mycobacteria remain present in hospital water systems, causing outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks in healthcare settings.

Recent findings
Waterborne outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks of nontuberculous mycobacteria continue to affect hospitals. Improvements in methods of identification and investigation, including MALDI-TOF and whole genome sequencing with evaluation of single nucleotide polymorphisms, have been used successfully in outbreak and pseudo-outbreak investigations. Recent studies have shown control of outbreaks in immunocompromised patients through the use of sterile water for consumption, as well as control of pseudo-outbreaks by using sterile water for procedures. Construction activities have been implicated in outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks of nontuberculous mycobacteria. Water management programs are now required by the Joint Commission, which will likely improve water risk mitigation.

Summary
Improvement in detection and identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria has led to increasing recognition of waterborne outbreaks and pseudo-outbreaks. Water management programs are of vital importance in infection prevention.
Monoclonal antibodies for prophylaxis and treatment of respiratory viral infections
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit Jim , Boeckh Michael , Waghmare Alpana 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) administration represents an important strategy for preventing and treating respiratory viral infections in vulnerable populations, including immunocompromised individuals. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of mAbs in clinical use against respiratory viruses, highlight factors that modulate mAb clinical efficacy, and provide a perspective on future innovations in the field. This review focuses on publications from the last year.

Recent findings
Historically, clinical development of a single mAb has taken over a decade. The COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated that this timeframe can be reduced to less than a year and has catalyzed rapid innovations in the field. Several novel mAbs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have received emergency use authorization by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the early treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19. However, the majority of these mAbs have ultimately failed due to the emergence of variants, highlighting an important lesson about predicting and countering resistance. Novel mAbs are also in clinical use or in late-stage development for the prevention of infection by SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in vulnerable populations. Several factors can be modulated to improve the clinical efficacy of mAbs. For example, Fc modifications can extend mAb half-life and increase respiratory tract bioavailability, both of which are attractive properties for achieving protection against respiratory viruses.

Summary
The mAb landscape is rapidly evolving with numerous examples of success and failure. The armamentarium of clinically-available mAbs to protect vulnerable populations is expected to undergo continued growth.
Use of Cold-Stored Whole Blood is Associated With Improved Mortality in Hemostatic Resuscitation of Major Bleeding
Authors: Hazelton Joshua P. , Ssentongo Anna E. , Oh John S. , Ssentongo Paddy , Seamon Mark J. , Byrne James P. , Armento Isabella G. , Jenkins Donald H. , Braverman Maxwell A. , Mentzer Caleb , Leonard Guy C. , Perea Lindsey L. , Docherty Courtney K. , Dunn Julie A. , Smoot Brittany , Martin Matthew J. , Badiee Jayraan , Luis Alejandro J. , Murray Julie L. , Noorbakhsh Matthew R. , Babowice James E. , Mains Charles , Madayag Robert M. , Kaafarani Haytham M.A. , Mokhtari Ava K. , Moore Sarah A. , Madden Kathleen , Tanner Allen , Redmond Diane , Millia David J. , Brandolino Amber , Nguyen Uyen , Chinchilli Vernon , Armen Scott B. , Porter John M. 
Published: July 2022

Objective:
The aim of this study was to identify a mortality benefit with the use of whole blood (WB) as part of the resuscitation of bleeding trauma patients.

Background:
Blood component therapy (BCT) is the current standard for resuscitating trauma patients, with WB emerging as the blood product of choice. We hypothesized that the use of WB versus BCT alone would result in decreased mortality.

Methods:
We performed a 14-center, prospective observational study of trauma patients who received WB versus BCT during their resuscitation. We applied a generalized linear mixed-effects model with a random effect and controlled for age, sex, mechanism of injury (MOI), and injury severity score. All patients who received blood as part of their initial resuscitation were included. Primary outcome was mortality and secondary outcomes included acute kidney injury, deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, pulmonary complications, and bleeding complications.

Results:
A total of 1623 [WB: 1180 (74%), BCT: 443(27%)] patients who sustained penetrating (53%) or blunt (47%) injury were included. Patients who received WB had a higher shock index (0.98 vs 0.83), more comorbidities, and more blunt MOI (all P<0.05). After controlling for center, age, sex, MOI, and injury severity score, we found no differences in the rates of acute kidney injury, deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism or pulmonary complications. WB patients were 9% less likely to experience bleeding complications and were 48% less likely to die than BCT patients (P<0.0001).

Conclusions:
Compared with BCT, the use of WB was associated with a 48% reduction in mortality in trauma patients. Our study supports the use of WB use in the resuscitation of trauma patients.
Frontal waves and transmissions for temporal laminates and imperfect chiral interfaces
Authors: Movchan A. B. , Movchan N. V. , Jones I. S. , Milton G. W. , Nguyen H.-M. 
Published: July 2022

The analysis of wave patterns in a structure which possesses periodicity in the spatial and temporal dimensions is presented. The topic of imperfect chiral interfaces is also considered. Although causality is fundamental for physical processes, natural wave phenomena can be observed when a wave is split at a temporal interface. A wave split at a spatial interface is a more common occurrence; however, when the coefficients of the governing equations are time-dependent, the temporal interface becomes important. Here, the associated frontal waves are studied, and regimes are analysed where the growth of the solution in time is found. Imperfect interfaces, across which the displacements are discontinuous, are also considered in the vector case of chiral elastic systems. Analytical study and asymptotic approximations are supplied with illustrative numerical examples.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Wave generation and transmission in multi-scale complex media and structured metamaterials (part 1)’.
Buckling versus unilateral constraint for a multistable metamaterial element
Authors: Hima N. , Bigoni D. , Dal Corso F. 
Published: July 2022

A structural element is designed and investigated, forming the basis for the development of an elastic multistable metamaterial. The leitmotif of the structural design is the implementation of a strut characterized by a bifurcation occurring at either vanishing tensile or compressive load. It is shown that buckling at null load leads to a mechanical equivalence with a unilateral constraint formulation, introducing shocks in dynamics. Towards a future analysis of the latter, the nonlinear quasi-static response is investigated, showing the multistable character of the structure, which may appear as bistable or tetrastable.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Wave generation and transmission in multi-scale complex media and structured metamaterials (part 1)’.
Ad26.COV2.S priming provides a solid immunological base for mRNA-based COVID-19 booster vaccination
Authors: Geers Daryl , Sablerolles Roos S.G. , van Baarle Debbie , Kootstra Neeltje A. , Rietdijk Wim J.R. , Schmitz Katharina S. , Bogers Susanne , Gommers Lennert , Nieuwkoop Nella J. , van Dijk Laura L.A. , van Haren Eva , Lafeber Melvin , Dalm Virgil A.S.H. , Goorhuis Abraham , Postma Douwe F. , Visser Leo G. , Huckriede Anke L.W. , Sette Alessandro , Grifoni Alba , de Swart Rik L. , Koopmans Marion P.G. , van der Kuy P. Hugo M. , GeurtsvanKessel Corine H. , de Vries Rory D. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA large proportion of the global population received a single dose of the Ad26.COV2.S coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccine as priming vaccination, which was shown to provide protection against moderate to severe COVID-19. However, the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants that harbor immune-evasive mutations in the spike protein led to the recommendation of booster vaccinations after Ad26.COV2.S priming. Recent studies showed that heterologous booster vaccination with an mRNA-based vaccine following Ad26.COV2.S priming leads to high antibody levels. However, how heterologous booster vaccination affects other functional aspects of the immune response remains unknown. Here, we performed immunological profiling on samples obtained from Ad26.COV2.S-vaccinated individuals before and after a homologous (Ad26.COV2.S) or heterologous (mRNA-1273 or BNT162b2) booster vaccination. Both homologous and heterologous booster vaccination increased antibodies with multiple functionalities towards ancestral SARS-CoV-2, the Delta and Omicron BA.1 variants. Especially, mRNA-based booster vaccination induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies and antibodies with various Fc-mediated effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and phagocytosis. In contrast, T cell responses were similar in magnitude following homologous or heterologous booster vaccination, and retained functionality towards Delta and Omicron BA.1. However, only heterologous booster vaccination with an mRNA-based vaccine led to the expansion of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell clones, without an increase in the breadth of the T cell repertoire as assessed by T cell receptor sequencing. In conclusion, we show that Ad26.COV2.S priming vaccination provides a solid immunological base for heterologous boosting with an mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine, increasing humoral and cellular responses targeting newly emerging variants of concern.One sentence summaryAd26.COV2.S priming provides a solid immunological base for extension of cellular and humoral immune responses following an mRNA-based booster.
Optimization of energy and time determines dynamic speeds for human walking
Authors: Carlisle R. Elizabeth , Kuo Arthur D. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractHumans make a number of choices when they walk, such as how fast and for how long. The preferred steady walking speed seems chosen to minimize energy expenditure per distance traveled. But the speed of actual walking bouts is not only steady, but rather a time-varying trajectory, which can also be modulated by task urgency or an individual’s movement vigor. Here we show that speed trajectories and durations of human walking bouts are explained better by an objective to minimize Energy and Time, meaning the total work or energy to reach destination, plus a cost proportional to bout duration. Applied to a computational model of walking dynamics, this objective predicts dynamic speed vs. time trajectories with inverted U shapes. Model and human experiment (N= 10) show that shorter bouts are unsteady and dominated by the time and effort of accelerating, and longer ones are steadier and faster due to energy-per-distance. Individual-dependent vigor may be characterized by the energy one is willing to spend to save a unit of time, which explains why some may walk faster than others, but everyone may have similar-shaped trajectories due to similar walking dynamics. Tradeoffs between energy and time costs can predict transient, steady, and vigor-related aspects of walking.