bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
254 Impact of Preweaning Factors on Nursery Throughput
Authors: Knauer Mark , Armstrong Terry , Barnes Brandon , Jones Austin , Mobley Bo , O'Dell Tyler , Tyre Lee , Wynn Matthew 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate factors associated with nursery throughput. Data consisted of 3,260 piglets from 320 litters at the NCDA Tidewater Research Station. At weaning, piglets were housed nine per pen (0.23m2 per pig) in onsite nursery facilities for 35 d. Using linear models, farrowing batch (BATCH), gender, litter size (LS), average piglet birth weight (BWT), birth weight CV (BWT_CV), piglet weaning weight (WWT), weaning weight CV (WWT_CV) and weaning age (WEANAGE) were associated with nursery average daily gain (NurADG), nursery exit weight (NurEXITWT), nursery survival (SURVIVAL) and full-value nursery pigs (FULLVALUE, pigs &gt;13.6kg at nursery exit). Litter was the experimental unit. Average WEANAGE, WWT, SURVIVAL and FULLVALUE were 28.1 (±4.7 d), 7.8kg, 98.7% and 94.3%, respectively. Correlations between NurADG with gender, LS, BWT, BWT_CV, WWT, WWT_CV and WEANAGE were zero, -0.04, 0.24, 0.09, 0.81, 0.10 and 0.73, respectively. Factors related (P &lt; .01) to NurADG included BATCH, BWT, WWT and WEANAGE (R2 = 0.80). Within these factors, WWT and WEANAGE explained 70% of the variation in NurADG. A 1kg increase in BWT and WWT increased (P &lt; 0.01) NurADG by 60.3 and 19.4g per pig per d, respectively. A 1 d older WEANAGE increased (P &lt; 0.01) NurADG by 9.36g per pig per d. Increased NurEXITWT was associated (P &lt; 0.05) with BATCH and greater BWT, WWT and WEANAGE (R2=0.88). Within these, WWT and WEANAGE explained 83% of the variation in NurEXITWT. A 1kg increase in BWT and WWT increased (P &lt; 0.01) NurEXITWT by 2.09 and 1.68kg per pig, respectively. A 1 d older WEANAGE increased (P &lt; 0.01) NurEXITWT by 323g per pig. Increased BWT was associated (P &lt; 0.01) with greater SURVIVAL, explaining 4% of the variation. Improved FULLVALUE was associated with (P &lt; 0.05) BATCH and generally greater BWT, WWT and WEANAGE (R2 = 0.44). Of the factors studied, WWT had the greatest impact on the percentage of FULLVALUE at nursery exit (R2 = 0.36).
34 Swine Breeding Herd Practicum Winternship
Authors: Safranski Timothy J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Approximately 70% of Animal Science students at Mizzou enroll without large animal experience, and commercial swine production exposure is very low (1-3%). As such, few consider careers in the swine industry. Winter break is 4 or 5 weeks long, allowing more than enough family time. An opportunity for full-time employment for students for 1-2 weeks over winter break on commercial sow units was arranged for 1 or 2 students each of 2 years. Host farms reported students were ‘shell shocked’ for the first 3 or 4 d, finding the scope of production overwhelming. A more formal program was designed to introduce students to modern swine breeding herd management, combining academic and field training over a period of several months. Eligible students have at least sophomore standing, can demonstrate a sincere interest in learning about careers in commercial pork production, and are able to commute to farms within 2 hr of campus. Cooperating farms provide hands-on experience on a modern commercial sow farm, help arrange housing, and pay students nominally during the winter break portion. Students are interviewed, and those selected to participate (n = up to 6) sign a code of conduct and participation agreement. In the fall semester they attend 8 hours of classroom instruction covering: gilt development; isolation/acclimation and biosecurity; reproductive anatomy/physiology; detection and synchronization of estrus; artificial insemination; pregnancy diagnosis; farrowing room preparation; induction of farrowing; obstetrical intervention; colostrum management; d 1 pig care; feeding and handling sows and piglets; careers. Interspersed on weekends during fall semester are 3 weekend days shadowing/working in pairs on commercial farms within 1.5 hours of campus. This training prepares them for ‘full time employment’ on a breeding farm, and students work for 1 or 2 weeks over the winter break on commercial sow units. Upon completion of the full-time employment phase, students prepare a written summary of their experience, upon which the majority of their grade rests.
33 Nationwide Sheep & Goat Producer Needs Assessment
Authors: Quintana Jaeyln , Froehlich Kelly , Carroll Heidi K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Resources for sheep and goat production are limited despite expanded interest and rising numbers of producers in the United States. It is critical for extension professionals, producer organizations, and industry to be attune to producer needs as educational programming is planned and developed. Therefore, a voluntary needs assessment was conducted to identify US producer interests and enhance future extension efforts. The online QuestionPro survey was peer-reviewed by 15 university small ruminant specialists. Closed-ended and open-ended questions were utilized to identify important production topics, preferred program delivery methods, production challenges, and participant demographics. Six hundred and seventy-two respondents completed at least half of the survey. Most respondents raise sheep only (46%) followed by goats only (35%) then both (19%). Seventy percent of respondents describe their operation as providing supplemental household income. Fifty-five percent direct market products. The largest percentage of respondents indicated live animals (82%) and meat (63%) were “very important” economically to their operation. Seventy-one percent of respondents have flocks/herds of less than 100 animals and 49% have less than 10 years of experience raising small ruminants. “Very important” topics were parasite management (65%), breeding stock nutrition (61%), and reproductive management (60%). Overwhelmingly, 43% of respondents prefer virtual programs to be a single event shorter than 45 minutes while 32% expressed willingness to attend an in-person, all-day program with multiple session. For in-person programming, most respondents preferred wintertime (Dec-Feb, 34%), mornings (41%), and Saturdays (20%). Most indicated that email (38%) was the best way to promote upcoming extension resources. The results of this survey highlighted current needs, interests, and preferences for extension programming and resources by sheep and goat producers in the US. These results are important to enhance extension efforts and collectively strengthen the sustainability of the American small ruminant producer.
38 Beyond the Classroom: Community Engaged Learning in Animal Sciences
Authors: Rivera Rocio M , Foley Ann Marie , Strauch Trista 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
“Companion Animals” is a sophomore level elective in the Division of Animal Sciences at the University of Missouri (MU). This class focuses primarily on dogs, cats, and horses. Topics covered include the pet industry, breeds, wellness, management, care, training, zoonotic diseases, evolution and domestication, toxicology, nutrition, reproduction, genetics, human animal interactions, and biomedical research. As this course is designated a biological science course, several non-majors also enroll in the class each year. What makes this course different from other courses taught in the Division is that it is a “service-learning course.” This means that students volunteer 20-35 hours with non-profits and neighborhood organizations, including the local animal shelter and equine therapy services for persons with disabilities. The partnerships are coordinated by the Office of Service Learning at MU. The benefits for the students include 1) development of professional skills and exploration of possible careers, 2) civic engagement, 3) public service leadership, and 4) understanding of diversity, equity and inclusion. Together, the students in the course perform more &gt;850 hours of community service and their engagement creates &gt;$18,500 of positive economic impact in the state of Missouri. Overall, 93% of MU students would recommend their service experience to a friend. Early in the semester, Dr. Rivera, the course coordinator, meets for 15 minutes with each student to learn about the reason they chose their service, invariably the majority answer, “because of the animals.” Also, at the end of the semester Dr. Rivera meets for 15 minutes with each student to learn about their volunteering experience. When asked “what was the best part of the service?” the vast majority of the students respond “the people.” In conclusion, the general life skills, social conscience, and personal growth that the students attain from their service is not attainable in the typical classroom setting.
39 CAFNR Connections: Building Community for Underrepresented Students in Agriculture
Authors: Byrne Addison 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources (CAFNR) Connections began as a University of Missouri Animal Science upperclassmen’s desire to increase a sense of belonging and inclusion within the CAFNR for students of color in fall 2019. Open to all students across campus, the objective of CAFNR Connections is to provide opportunities for students to gather informally, engage in conversation, and build community. During its short existence, students from Animal Sciences, Natural Resources, Plant Sciences, Hospitality Management, Microbiology, Nursing, Psychology, Biological Sciences, and Spanish have come together in a space to share their personal experiences and grow personally, professionally, and academically. The establishment of a student organization by students for students from underrepresented minority groups, provides a platform for development in interpersonal communication, professional development, and philanthropic activities. The support systems developed within student organizations such as CAFNR Connections provide the necessary scaffolding for student success.
241 Evaluating the Effects of Lactate Adaptation in Cannulated Steers on Fermentation Characteristics in an Ex Vivo Model of Ruminal Acidosis
Authors: Gaffney Bree , McNelis Jenna , Buessing Zachary , Linder Haley , Trennepohl Keela , Shike Daniel W , McCann Joshua C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective was to determine if lactate adaption in cannulated steers affected fermentation characteristics in an ex vivo model of ruminal acidosis. Eighteen cannulated steers (790 ± 68 kg) were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 500 mL of H2O (CON) or 1 mM DL-Lactic acid solution per kg steer BW (LAC). After treatments were dosed prior to feeding for 6 d, rumen fluid was collected for an ex vivo study. Three flasks for each steer contained 7.5 g DM of substrate (70% corn, 15% DDG, and 15% silage) and 160 mL of inoculum with rumen fluid and McDougall’s buffer (4:1 ratio). Sample aliquots (1.7 mL) were collected every 4 h from the flask for 36 h fermentation for later analysis. At 12 h, 90 mM of neutralized DL-Lactic acid was added to each flask to further evaluate lactate utilization over time. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with a repeated measures analysis. A treatment by hour interaction was not detected (P = 0.19) for pH. However, steers on LAC tended (P = 0.06) to have a greater pH than CON. No treatment by hour interaction or treatment effect was observed (P ≥ 0.44) for molar proportion of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and ammonia. A treatment by hour interaction tended (P = 0.07) to be observed for total VFA; CON was greater than LAC at hour 8, 13, 16, and 20. Control steers had a greater (P = 0.03) in vitro dry matter disappearance compared with LAC (63.6 vs. 54.0%, respectively). Although results indicated that rumen fluid from lactate-adapted steers had a greater pH in an acidosis model, rumen fluid from CON steers had improved IVDMD and total VFA concentrations.
244 Physiological Response of Nursery Pigs Fed Cold-Pressed Canola Cake-Based Diets with Soluble Fiber Source or Feed Additives
Authors: Sellner Courtney , Levesque Crystal L , Hong Jinsu 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of soluble fiber source or feed additives on physiological response of nursery pigs fed cold-pressed canola cake (CPCC) based diets. A total of 24 nursery pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 7.29 kg] were housed in 24 metabolic crates and fed 6 diets (4 pigs/diet) in a completely randomized design. The diets were a corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based diet and corn-SBM-CPCC (30%)-based diets without or with barley, acidifier, encapsulated butyric acid, and probiotics. The diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) nutrient recommendations for nursery pigs and were fed for 2 weeks. Pig BW and feed intake were measured on day 0 and d 14. On d 14, blood samples were collected for measuring serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4), then all pigs were euthanized for measuring organ weights and pH of digesta in the gastrointestinal tract. Pigs fed corn-SBM based diet had greater (P &lt; 0.05) gain to feed ratio compared with pigs fed CPCC diet by 24%. Dietary acidifier increased (P &lt; 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) of pigs fed CPCC diet by 45.6% and had no difference from that of pigs fed corn-SBM based diet. There were no differences in weight of the thyroid gland, liver, and heart relative to BW. Dietary treatments did not affect serum T3 and T4 concentrations of pigs fed CPCC diets. Dietary barley, acidifier, or butyric acid had no influence on digesta pH of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, proximal colon, and distal colon in pigs fed CPCC diets. However, dietary probiotics increased (P &lt; 0.05) pH of distal colonic digesta (6.62) compared with pigs fed corn-SBM diet (6.15) and CPCC diet (6.13). Supplementation of acidifier in 30% CPCC diet increased average daily gain of nursery pigs while maintaining normal metabolic organ weights and serum thyroid hormones level.
PSIII-6 Pre- and Postpartum Locomotor Activity in Nutrient Restricted Primiparous Beef Females
Authors: Johnson Remie M , Redifer Colby A , Wichman Lindsey G , Rathert-Williams Abigail R , Meyer Allison M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
To determine the effects of late gestational nutrient restriction (NR) on pre- and postpartum locomotion, fall-calving Hereford-SimAngus heifers were individually fed 100% (control; CON; n = 11) or 70% (NR; n = 13) of energy and protein requirements for maintenance, pregnancy, and growth from d 160 of gestation to calving. Heifers were housed in 3.7 x 15.8 m pens, and IceQube accelerometers were placed on a hind fetlock on d 265 of gestation to record motion index (MI), standing time (ST), lying time (LT), step count, and lying bout number (LB). Prepartum data were analyzed by day (72 h prepartum), 6-h periods (24 h prepartum), and hour (6 h prepartum). Post-calving data were analyzed by day (7 d postpartum). All analyses had fixed effects of nutritional plane, time period, their interaction, and calving date. In both 72- and 24-h analyses, ST was greater (P ≤ 0.02) in NR compared with CON. Nutritional plane x day affected (P = 0.008) LB within 72 h prepartum, where NR females had an altered pattern across days. In the 6 h prepartum, MI was affected (P = 0.005) by nutritional plane x hour where NR were more variable than CON. Post-calving, standing time tended to be greater (P = 0.06) in NR compared with CON. In the 72-h prepartum analysis, ST increased (P = 0.005) on the final day pre-calving. Step count, MI, and LB increased (P ≤ 0.008) during the last 6 h prepartum. Standing time decreased (P = 0.04) at -1 h prepartum, while LB increased (P &lt; 0.001) at -2 h and again at -1 h prepartum. Step count and MI decreased (P &lt; 0.001) for the first 4 d postpartum, and LB were greatest on d 1 postpartum (P &lt; 0.001). These data suggest late gestational nutrient restriction increases peripartum standing time in beef females.
PSIII-3 Changes in Sow Posture from Weaning to Estrus
Authors: Moest Nicole K , Willard Naomi C , Vande Pol Katherine D , Shull Caleb M , Ellis Michael 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Sows exhibit changes in behavior as they approach estrus that could aid in identifying the optimum time for insemination. The objective was to monitor changes in posture of sows from weaning to the first day that sows exhibited standing reflex. A cross-sectional survey was carried out using 99 multi-parous sows (in 7 groups) that were monitored over an 11–d period following weaning. At weaning, sows were moved from a farrowing to a breeding facility and were housed in individual stalls. Sows were checked daily for standing reflex from d 4 to 8 post-weaning; 97 sows exhibited standing reflex (80.4% of sows by d 6). Continuous video recordings were collected throughout the study period. Scan sampling was carried out on the videos every 5 min with the posture of each sow recorded (lying, standing, or sitting). The relative frequency of each posture was estimated as a percentage of the total number of observations within each day. Regression analyses were carried out using PROC REG of SAS to determine the rate of change in the frequency of active behavior (standing + sitting) from day of weaning to the first day of standing reflex. Over the study period, the frequency of sows lying, standing, and sitting was 76.5%, 20.0%, and 3.5%, respectively. The frequency of active behaviors increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) from day of weaning to day of standing reflex (Table 1); slopes ranged from 1.73 to 4.39 %/d depending on the period analyzed. However, there was considerable variation between sows with 9 showing no change in the frequency of active behavior between weaning and standing estrus. These results suggest that changes in posture could potentially be used as a predictor for the start of estrus; however, further research is needed to understand individual sow variations in these postures.
PSIII-8 The Effect of Pre-Breeding Vaccination with Modified-Live Virus or Inactivated Virus Vaccine on Body Condition and Reproductive Performance in Beef Cows
Authors: Ewing Kylie , Neira Lucas T , Chapple Wesley P , Redden Miles D , Shike Daniel W 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of modified-live virus or inactivated virus vaccines on beef cow performance characteristics. Modified-live virus vaccines have broader immune system stimulation and longer effective duration than inactivated virus vaccines. The subsequent impact on cow performance, particularly reproduction, in well-managed herds is not well understood. Primiparous and multiparous cows (n = 877), from 3 herds, were stratified by age, body condition score (BCS), and body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments; 1) modified-live virus (MLV, 2-mL of Bovi-Shield GOLD FP 5 L5) and 2) inactivated virus (IV, 5-mL of CattleMaster GOLD FP 5 L5). Single dose vaccine administration occurred 42 d pre-breeding, before initiation of a 7-d CIDR-PG timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocol. Ten days following TAI cows were exposed to herd bulls for 60 d. Pregnancy assessment occurred 30 and 100 d post-breeding by rectal ultrasound. Cow BW and BCS were analyzed using PROC MIXED while reproductive performance variables were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS 9.4. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.48) observed in BW or BCS at AI, pregnancy assessment 1, or pregnancy assessment 2 between cows receiving MLV or IV vaccine. No differences (P = 0.55) were observed in TAI pregnancy rate between cows receiving MLV or IV (66 versus 63%, respectively). Overall pregnancy rate did not differ (P = 0.71) between MLV (89%) and IV (90%) vaccines. Additionally, pregnancy loss from pregnancy assessment 1 to pregnancy assessment 2 was not different (P = 0.55) between MLV and IV. In this experiment, pre-breeding vaccine type did not impact cow BW, BCS, or reproductive performance. Overall, these results indicate that either MLV or IV vaccines can be utilized 42 d prior to breeding in beef herds with previous use of modified-live virus vaccines.
PSV-8 Effects of Injectable Vitamin C Immediately Prior to Transit Before Slaughter on Meat Color
Authors: Dornbach Colten W , Harsh Bailey , McCann Joshua C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effects of injectable vitamin C (VC) at transit before slaughter on meat color. The prevalence of dark-cutting beef can be exacerbated by transit and environmental conditions resulting in a less desirable product to consumers. Angus × Simmental steers (n = 48; BW = 670 ± 47 kg) were utilized in a completely randomized design. Steers were stratified by BW within pen and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: an intramuscular injection of saline immediately prior to transit (CON), or an intramuscular injection of VC (15 g sodium ascorbate) immediately prior to transit (VITC). Blood was collected prior to treatment injection to assess plasma ascorbate status. Following pre-transit treatment injections, steers were transported for approximately 6 h (639 km) and slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. At 24 h postmortem, surface color readings were measured using a HunterLab Miniscan EZ spectrophotometer and marbling scores were evaluated on the left and right longissimus muscle. Data were analyzed using the MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of treatment, truck, and sire, and random effect of carcass side. Pre-transit plasma ascorbate, body weight, and marbling score were used as covariates. No treatment differences were observed for L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) values (P &gt; 0.16). Hue angle, saturation index, and prevalence of dark cutters (6% of total carcasses) were not affected by treatment (P &gt; 0.78). Initial plasma ascorbate concentrations did not differ between treatments (P = 0.85) but increased with BW (r = 0.39; P ≤ 0.01). Body weight was correlated (r=0.24 to 0.28; P &lt; 0.02) with HunterLab L*, a*, b*, and saturation index values. Overall, injectable VC administered prior to transit to a harvest facility did not impact meat color of beef steers 24 h postmortem.
PSII-18 Impact of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Boulardii Supplementation on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Mercado Aileen Joy L , Tran Huyen , Weeden Terry , Rao Murali Raghavendra , Shields Michael , Arentson Roger , de Rodas Brenda 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Nine hundred newly-weaned pigs (PIC) with average body weight of 6.2 ± 0.1 kg were used in a 43d nursery study to evaluate the effect of a live yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (Levucell SB Advantage, Elanco; LEV), on growth performance of nursery pigs. Each pen within a pen location-block was assigned to 1 of 3 treatments consisting of: 1) a control diet (CON) containing pharmacological levels of Zn (2,500 and 1,500 ppm in phase 1 and 2, respectively) and Cu (200 ppm for all phases), 2) CON with LEV at 0.1% (phase 1) and 0.05% (phase 2-3), and 3) CON but with 150 ppm Zn (phase 1-3) and 22 ppm Cu (phase 1-3). Feeding program consisted of a 3-phase feed budget (3, 6, 20 kg for phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain to feed (G:F), and end weight variation (EWV) were all analyzed using MIXED procedure in SAS using RCBD with treatment, pen location-block and initial BW as covariate. Dietary supplementation of nursery diets with LEV in the presence of high Zn and Cu increased final BW (P &lt; 0.05, +1.3 kg), overall ADG (P &lt; 0.05, +8%), and G:F (P&lt; 0.05, +6%) compared with the control diet containing high Zn and Cu. There was no impact on other parameters (ADFI and EWV). Addition of LEV to low Zn and Cu diet supported the same level of performance (ADG, ADFI, G:F) as the control diet. The results of this study demonstrate growth performance enhancement when using Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii in nursery diets.