bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stabilized Morphological Evolution of Spiders Despite Mosaic Changes in Foraging Ecology
Authors: Wolff Jonas O , Wierucka Kaja , Paterno Gustavo B , Coddington Jonathan A , Hormiga Gustavo , Kelly Michael B J , Herberstein Marie E , Ramírez Martín J 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA prominent question in animal research is how the evolution of morphology and ecology interacts in the generation of phenotypic diversity. Spiders are some of the most abundant arthropod predators in terrestrial ecosystems and exhibit a diversity of foraging styles. It remains unclear how spider body size and proportions relate to foraging style, and if the use of webs as prey capture devices correlates with changes in body characteristics. Here, we present the most extensive data set to date of morphometric and ecological traits in spiders. We used this data set to estimate the change in spider body sizes and shapes over deep time and to test if and how spider phenotypes are correlated with their behavioral ecology. We found that phylogenetic variation of most traits best fitted an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck model, which is a model of stabilizing selection. A prominent exception was body length, whose evolutionary dynamics were best explained with a Brownian Motion (free trait diffusion) model. This was most expressed in the araneoid clade (ecribellate orb-weaving spiders and allies) that showed bimodal trends toward either miniaturization or gigantism. Only few traits differed significantly between ecological guilds, most prominently leg length and thickness, and although a multivariate framework found general differences in traits among ecological guilds, it was not possible to unequivocally associate a set of morphometric traits with the relative ecological mode. Long, thin legs have often evolved with aerial webs and a hanging (suspended) locomotion style, but this trend is not general. Eye size and fang length did not differ between ecological guilds, rejecting the hypothesis that webs reduce the need for visual cue recognition and prey immobilization. For the inference of the ecology of species with unknown behaviors, we propose not to use morphometric traits, but rather consult (micro-)morphological characters, such as the presence of certain podal structures. These results suggest that, in contrast to insects, the evolution of body proportions in spiders is unusually stabilized and ecological adaptations are dominantly realized by behavioral traits and extended phenotypes in this group of predators. This work demonstrates the power of combining recent advances in phylogenomics with trait-based approaches to better understand global functional diversity patterns through space and time. [Animal architecture; Arachnida; Araneae; extended phenotype; functional traits; macroevolution; stabilizing selection.]
Phylogenomics of Elongate-Bodied Springtails Reveals Independent Transitions from Aboveground to Belowground Habitats in Deep Time
Authors: Yu Daoyuan , Ding Yinhuan , Tihelka Erik , Cai Chenyang , Hu Feng , Liu Manqiang , Zhang Feng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Soil has become a major hotspot of biodiversity studies, yet the pattern and timing of the evolution of soil organisms are poorly known because of the scarcity of paleontological data. To overcome this limitation, we conducted a genome-based macroevolutionary study of an ancient, diversified, and widespread lineage of soil fauna, the elongate-bodied springtails (class Collembola, order Entomobryomorpha). To build the first robust backbone phylogeny of this previously refractory group, we sampled representatives of major higher taxa (6 out of 8 families, 11 out of 16 subfamilies) of the order with an emphasis on the most problematic superfamily Tomoceroidea, applied whole-genome sequencing methods, and compared the performance of different combinations of data sets (universal single-copy orthologs [USCO] vs. ultraconserved elements]) and modeling schemes. The fossil-calibrated timetree was used to reconstruct the evolution of body size, sensory organs, and pigmentation to establish a time frame of the ecomorphological divergences. The resultant trees based on different analyses were congruent in most nodes. Several discordant nodes were carefully evaluated by considering method fitness, morphological information, and topology test. The evaluation favored the well-resolved topology from analyses using USCO amino acid matrices and complex site-heterogeneous models (CAT$+$GTR and LG$+$PMSF (C60)). The preferred topology supports the monophyletic superfamily Tomoceroidea as an early-diverging lineage and a sister relationship between Entomobryoidea and Isotomoidea. The family Tomoceridae was recovered as monophyletic, whereas Oncopoduridae was recovered as paraphyletic, with Harlomillsia as a sister to Tomoceridae and hence deserving a separate family status as Harlomillsiidae Yu and Zhang fam. n. Ancestral Entomobryomorpha were reconstructed as surface-living, supporting independent origins of soil-living groups across the Paleozoic–Mesozoic, and highlighting the ancient evolutionary interaction between aboveground and belowground fauna. [Collembola; phylogenomics; soil-living adaptation; whole-genome sequencing.]
Reunion of Australasian Possums by Shared SINE Insertions
Authors: Doronina Liliya , Feigin Charles Y , Schmitz Jürgen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Although first posited to be of a single origin, the two superfamilies of phalangeriform marsupial possums (Phalangeroidea: brushtail possums and cuscuses and Petauroidea: possums and gliders) have long been considered, based on multiple sequencing studies, to have evolved from two separate origins. However, previous data from these sequence analyses suggested a variety of conflicting trees. Therefore, we reinvestigated these relationships by screening $\sim$200,000 orthologous short interspersed element (SINE) loci across the newly available whole-genome sequences of phalangeriform species and their relatives. Compared to sequence data, SINE presence/absence patterns are evolutionarily almost neutral molecular markers of the phylogenetic history of species. Their random and highly complex genomic insertion ensures their virtually homoplasy-free nature and enables one to compare hundreds of shared unique orthologous events to determine the true species tree. Here, we identify 106 highly reliable phylogenetic SINE markers whose presence/absence patterns within multiple Australasian possum genomes unexpectedly provide the first significant evidence for the reunification of Australasian possums into one monophyletic group. Together, our findings indicate that nucleotide homoplasy and ancestral incomplete lineage sorting have most likely driven the conflicting signal distributions seen in previous sequence-based studies. [Ancestral incomplete lineage sorting; possum genomes; possum monophyly; retrophylogenomics; SINE presence/absence.]
Predictive Patient Factors for Poor Outcomes Following Stapedotomy for Otosclerosis
Authors: Patel Shivam , Benyo Sarah , Saadi Robert , Liaw Jeffrey , King Tonya S. , Isildak Huseyin 
Published: March 2022

Objective
To assess patient-related risk factors associated with poor outcomes following stapedotomy for otosclerosis.

Study Design
Retrospective study.

Setting
Academic tertiary care center.

Methods
Retrospective chart review of 107 patients with otosclerosis who underwent stapedotomy between 2013 and 2020. Demographics, comorbidities, and smoking history were obtained. Preoperative and postoperative audiogram data, including air-bone gap (ABG), and complications were collected. Data were analyzed using t test and Fischer’s exact test for continuous and categorical variables, respectively.

Results
Among 107 patients, 29.5% were smokers and 70.1% non-smokers. Overall, the average ABG-gain 3-months postoperatively was 20.2 dB, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were 3.74 and 13.1%, respectively. Those with a history of otologic procedures had a lower mean ABG gain at 3 months compared with those without previous otologic surgery (14.4 dB versus 20.4 dB, p = 0.018). The average ABG gain at 3-months was not significantly different between those with current, former, or no smoking history, respectively (13.5 versus 18.1 versus 20.6, p = 0.08). Current smokers had 4.5 times greater odds of complications compared with non-smokers, although not statistically significant (95% CI 0.9–22.8, p = 0.1912).

Conclusion
Age and history of otologic procedures as independent risk factors did impact hearing outcomes among our patient cohort; however, smoking history did not. Future prospective studies are required to further investigate complication rates by various modifiable risk factors, such as smoking status, body mass index (BMI), and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use, for stapedotomy surgeries.
Stimulating the Cochlear Apex Without Longer Electrodes: Preliminary Results With a New Approach
Authors: Landsberger David M. , Stupak Natalia , Spitzer Emily R. , Entwisle Lavin , Mahoney Laurel , Waltzman Susan B. , McMenomey Sean , Friedmann David R , Svirsky Mario A. , Shapiro William , Roland J. Thomas 
Published: March 2022

Objective:
To investigate a new surgical and signal processing technique that provides apical stimulation of the cochlea using a cochlear implant without extending the length of the electrode array.

Patients:
Three adult patients who underwent cochlear implantation using this new technique.

Interventions:
The patients received a cochlear implant. The surgery differed from the standard approach in that a ground electrode was placed in the cochlear helicotrema via an apical cochleostomy rather than in its typical location underneath the temporalis muscle. Clinical fitting was modified such that low frequencies were represented using the apically placed electrode as a ground.

Main Outcome Measures:
Pitch scaling and speech recognition.

Results:
All surgeries were successful with no complications. Pitch scaling demonstrated that use of the apically placed electrode as a ground lowered the perceived pitch of electric stimulation relative to monopolar stimulation. Speech understanding was improved compared with preoperative scores.

Conclusions:
The new surgical approach and clinical fitting are feasible. A lower pitch is perceived when using the apically placed electrode as a ground relative to stimulation using an extracochlear ground (i.e., monopolar mode), suggesting that stimulation can be provided more apically without the use of a longer electrode array. Further work is required to determine potential improvements in outcomes and optimal signal processing for the new approach.
Emerging treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: White Perrin C. 
Published: March 2022

Purpose of review
Although the basic treatment of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is well established, there are active clinical research projects to more closely mimic the normal diurnal rhythm of cortisol secretion and to reduce total glucocorticoid doses to minimize adverse metabolic effects.

Recent findings
We review clinical studies on CAH treatment published in the last 18 months or currently underway according to ClinicalTrials.gov listings. These can be grouped into several broad themes: alternative dosing forms of hydrocortisone with altered pharmacokinetics or easier dose titration; corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonists that reduce corticotropin (ACTH) secretion and thereby reduce adrenal androgen secretion; androgen biosynthesis inhibitors; a first clinical trial of a gene therapy vector.

Summary
Alternative dosing forms of hydrocortisone are, or will shortly be, marketed, but cost may be a barrier to utilization, at least in the US market. Trials of corticotropin releasing hormone receptor antagonists and androgen biosynthesis inhibitors are currently underway. The author believes that trials of gene therapy for CAH are premature.
Less Operating and More Overtriage: National Trends in Interfacility Transfer of Facial Fracture Patients
Authors: Wasicek Philip J. , Kantar Rami S. , Gebran Selim , Yoon Joshua , Kalsi Richa , Morrison Jonathan J. , Nam Arthur J. 
Published: March 2022

Background:
The purpose of this study was to characterize demographics, injury patterns, and initial management trends of facial fracture patients who were subject to interfacility transfer.

Methods:
Using the National Trauma Data Bank from 2007 to 2015, facial fracture patients arriving by interfacility transfer were included in the study.

Results:
Over 9 years, 171,618 patients were included, with 37.5 percent having an isolated facial injury. Isolated facial injury patients tended to be younger, less frequently white, more frequently assaulted, and more frequently underwent facial fracture operative repair during the index admission (all, p < 0.001). From 2007 to 2015, insurance coverage increased from 54.6 to 79.0 percent (R2
= 0.90, p < 0.001). In addition, there was a 45 percent proportional increase in patients 50 to 89 years of age compared to a 20 percent decrease in patients 0 to 39 years of age (both, R2
= 0.99, p < 0.001). The proportion of transfer patients with isolated facial injury increased over the study period (32.0 to 39.4 percent, R2
= 0.90, p < 0.001); however, there was a decline in operative intervention (29.5 to 22.1 percent, R2
= 0.94, p < 0.001) and a 151 percent increase in the proportion discharged from the emergency department upon transfer arrival (R2
= 0.99, p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Facial fracture patients subject to interfacility transfer comprise a wide array of demographics and injury patterns, with most having concomitant injuries and only a minority undergoing immediate operative intervention. Over time, this demographic has become older, sustained more isolated facial injury, and undergone fewer immediate operative interventions and is more frequently insured and more frequently discharged from the emergency department upon transfer arrival, reflecting increasing rates of secondary overtriage.
Can the Third Part of Duodenum Behind SMA Be Detected With Confidence on CT as a Proposed Mechanism for Imaging Suspected Malrotation in Children? A Preliminary Proof of Concept Study
Authors: Werndle Melissa C. , Venkatakrishna Shyam Sunder B. , Holjar-Erlic Izidora , Khumalo Zonah , Menegotto Flavia , Zouvani Andrea , Andronikou Savvas 
Published: March 2022

Aim
The aims of this study were to determine frequency and reliability of computed tomography (CT) detection of anatomic landmarks for imaging suspected midgut malrotation in infants and children, and to calculate an estimated effective dose of an upper abdominal CT scan in our patient population.

Materials and Methods
Fifty consecutive pediatric patients who underwent a CT scan that included their upper abdomen between August 2016 and February 2018 were included. Four pediatric radiology consultants independently reviewed CT scans for detection of the third part of the duodenum and defined their confidence level of this through identification of continuity with the pyloric antrum, D1, D2, and D4 components of the duodenum, as well as the duodenojejunal flexure.
Interobserver variability was assessed using Fleiss κ for agreement. A dose estimate, per scan, was calculated using the scanner dose-length product and published conversion factors by Deak.

Results
Thirty patients were boys. The average age was 7.5 ± 5.4 years (6 days to 16 years). The D3 segment was definitely identified in 70% of scans, with 68% to 73%, moderate agreement between the readers and a Fleiss κ of 0.47 to 0.52. The DJ flexure was definitely identified in only 30.5% cases, with 35%, poor agreement between readers (Fleiss κ of 0.03). The average estimated dose for a targeted CT scan of the abdomen was 0.9 mSv (0.04–2.4 mSv).

Conclusions
The third part of the duodenum, which is integral in excluding malrotation on cross-sectional studies, was “definitely” identified in 70% of CT scans of children in our study, with 68% to 73% agreement between the readers and a Fleiss κ of 0.47 to 0.52.
These preliminary proof of concept results demonstrating a combination of a comparable CT dose in relation to upper gastrointestinal contrast studies and an acceptable number of cases delineating the third part of the duodenum with moderate agreement are a first step in suggesting low-dose CT for an imaging diagnosis of malrotation. Malrotation can be excluded in cases where D3 is well demonstrated in the normal position, which negates the need to automatically refer children with bilious emesis to specialist centers for upper gastrointestinal contrast studies.
Intravenous Contrast Material for Cardiac Computed Tomography
Authors: La Grutta Ludovico , Maffei Erica , Clemente Alberto , Privitera Giambattista , Rengo Marco , Seitun Sara , Malagò Roberto , Toia Patrizia , Acquafresca Manlio , Secchi Francesco , Gravina Matteo , Mantini Cesare , Scardapane Arnaldo , De Rosa Roberto , Carusi Luca Maria , Cossa Stefano , Falzea Fabio , Chiappino Dante , Annoni Andrea , Francone Marco , Di Cesare Ernesto , Midiri Massimo , Cademartiri Filippo 
Published: March 2022

Purpose:
The Italian Registry of Contrast Material use in Cardiac Computed Tomography (iRCM-CCT) is a multicenter, multivendor, observational study on the use of contrast media (CM) in patients undergoing cardiac computed tomography (CCT). The aim of iRCM-CCT is to assess image quality and safety profile of intravenous CM compounds.

Materials and Methods:
iRCM-CCT enrolled 1842 consecutive patients undergoing CCT (≥50 per site) at 20 cluster sites with the indication of suspected coronary artery disease. Demographic characteristics, CCT, and CM protocols, clinical indications, safety markers, radiation dose reports, qualitative (ie, poor vascular enhancement) and quantitative (ie, HU attenuation values) image parameters were recorded. A centralized coordinating center collected and assessed all image parameters.

Results:
The cohort included 891 men and 951 women (age: 63±14 y, body mass index: 26±4 kg/m2) studied with ≥64 detector rows computed tomography scanners and different iodinated intravenous CM protocols and compounds (iodixanol, iopamidol, iohexol, iobitridol, iopromide, and iomeprol). The following vascular attenuation was reported: 504±147 HU in the aorta, 451±146 HU in the right coronary artery, 474±146 HU in the left main, 451±146 HU in the left anterior descending artery, and 441±149 HU in the circumflex artery. In 4% of cases the image quality was not satisfactory due to poor enhancement. The following adverse reactions to CM were recorded: 6 (0.3%) extravasations and 17 (0.9%) reactions (11 mild, 4 moderate, 2 severe).

Conclusions:
In a multicenter registry on CM use during CCT the prevalence of CM-related adverse reactions was very low. The appropriate use of CM is a major determinant of image quality.
Stability of asymptotic behaviour within polarized T2-symmetric vacuum solutions with cosmological constant
Authors: Ames Ellery , Beyer Florian , Isenberg James , Oliynyk Todd A. 
Published: March 2022

We prove the nonlinear stability of the asymptotic behaviour of perturbations of subfamilies of Kasner solutions in the contracting time direction within the class of polarizedT2-symmetric solutions of the vacuum Einstein equations with arbitrary cosmological constantΛ. This stability result generalizes the results proven in Ames Eet al.(2022 Stability of AVTD Behavior within the PolarizedT2-symmetric vacuum spacetimes.Ann. Henri Poincaré. (doi:10.1007/s00023-021-01142-0)), which focus on theΛ=0case, and as in that article, the proof relies on an areal time foliation and Fuchsian techniques. Even forΛ=0, the results established here apply to a wider class of perturbations of Kasner solutions within the family of polarizedT2-symmetric vacuum solutions than those considered in Ames Eet al.(2022 Stability of AVTD Behavior within the PolarizedT2-symmetric vacuum spacetimes.Ann. Henri Poincaré. (doi:10.1007/s00023-021-01142-0)) and Fournodavlos Get al.(2020Stable Big Bang formation for Einstein’s equations: the complete sub-critical regime. Preprint. (http://arxiv.org/abs/2012.05888)). Our results establish that the areal time coordinate takes all values in(0,T0]for someT0>0, for certain families of polarizedT2-symmetric solutions with cosmological constant.This article is part of the theme issue ‘The future of mathematical cosmology, Volume 1’.
Some unusual wormholes in general relativity
Authors: Bronnikov Kirill A. 
Published: March 2022

In this short review, we present some recently obtained traversable wormhole models in the framework of general relativity (GR) in four and six dimensions that somehow widen our common ideas on wormhole existence and properties. These are, first, rotating cylindrical wormholes, asymptotically flat in the radial direction and existing without exotic matter. The topological censorship theorems are not violated due to lack of asymptotic flatness in all spatial directions. Second, these are cosmological wormholes constructed on the basis of the Lemaître–Tolman–Bondi solution. They connect two copies of a closed Friedmann world filled with dust, or two otherwise distant parts of the same Friedmann world. Third, these are wormholes obtained in six-dimensional GR, whose one entrance is located in ‘our’ asymptotically flat world with very small extra dimensions while the other ‘end’ belongs to a universe with large extra dimensions and therefore different physical properties. The possible observable features of such wormholes are briefly discussed.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘The future of mathematical cosmology, Volume 1’.
Beyond energy balance in agrivoltaic food production: Emergent crop traits from wavelength-selective solar cells
Authors: Charles Melodi , Edwards Brianne , Ravishankar Eshwar , Calero John , Henry Reece , Rech Jeromy , Saravitz Carole , You Wei , Ade Harald , O’Connor Brendan , Sederoff Heike 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe integration of semi-transparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) in greenhouses offers new agrivoltaic opportunities to meet the growing demands for sustainable food production. The tailored absorption/transmission spectra of ST-OSCs impacts the power generated as well as crop growth, development and responses to the biotic and abiotic environments. We grew lettuce and tomato, traditional greenhouse crops, under three ST-OSC filters that create different light spectra. Lettuce yield and early tomato development are not negatively affected by the modified light environment. Our genomic analysis reveals that lettuce production exhibits beneficial traits involving nutrient content and nitrogen utilization while select ST-OSCs impact regulation of flowering initiation in tomato. ST-OSCs integrated into greenhouses are not only a promising technology for energy-neutral, sustainable and climate-change protected crop production, but can deliver benefits beyond energy considerations.
sDarken: Next generation genetically encoded fluorescent sensors for serotonin
Authors: Kubitschke Martin , Müller Monika , Wallhorn Lutz , Pulin Mauro , Mittag Manuel , Pollok Stefan , Ziebarth Tim , Bremshey Svenja , Gerdey Jill , Claussen Kristin Carolin , Renken Kim , Groß Juliana , Meyer Niklas , Wiegert Simon , Reiner Andreas , Fuhrmann Martin , Masseck Olivia Andrea 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe developed a new family of genetically encoded serotonin (5-HT) sensors (sDarken) on the basis of the native 5-HT1A receptor and circularly permuted GFP. sDarken 5-HT sensors are bright in the unbound state and diminish their fluorescence upon binding of 5-HT. Sensor variants with different affinities for serotonin were engineered to increase the versatility in imaging of serotonin dynamics. Experiments in vitro and in vivo showed the feasibility of imaging serotonin dynamics with high temporal and spatial resolution. As demonstrated here, the designed sensors showed excellent membrane expression, have high specificity, a superior signal-to-noise ratio, detect the endogenous release of serotonin and are suitable for two-photon in vivo imaging.