Stopping‐power ratio estimation for proton radiotherapy using dual‐energy computed tomography and prior‐image constrained denoising
Authors: Zimmerman Jens , Thor Daniel , Poludniowski Gavin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundDual‐energy computed tomography (DECT) is a promising technique for estimating stopping‐power ratio (SPR) for proton therapy planning. It is known, however, that deriving electron density (ED) and effective atomic number (EAN) from DECT data can cause noise amplification in the resulting SPR images. This can negate the benefits of DECT.PurposeThis work introduces a new algorithm for estimating SPR from DECT with noise suppression, using a pair of CT scans with spectral separation. The method is demonstrated using phantom measurements.Materials and methodsAn iterative algorithm is presented, reconstructing ED and EAN with noise suppression, based on Prior Image Constrained Denoising (PIC‐D). The algorithm is tested using a Siemens Definition AS+ CT scanner (Siemens Healthcare, Forchheim, Germany). Three phantoms are investigated: a calibration phantom (CIRS 062M), a QA phantom (CATPHAN 700), and an anthropomorphic head phantom (CIRS 731‐HN). A task‐transfer function (TTF) and the noise power spectrum are derived from SPR images of the QA phantom for the evaluation of image quality. Comparisons of accuracy and noise for ED, EAN, and SPR are made for various versions of the algorithm in comparison to a solution based on Siemens syngo.via Rho/Z software and the current clinical standard of a single‐energy CT stoichiometric calibration. A gamma analysis is also applied to the SPR images of the head phantom and water‐equivalent distance (WED) is evaluated in a treatment planning system for a proton treatment field.ResultsThe algorithm is effective at suppressing noise in both ED and EAN and hence also SPR. The noise is tunable to a level equivalent to or lower than that of the syngo.via Rho/Z software. The spatial resolution (10% and 50% frequencies in the TTF) does not degrade even for the highest noise suppression investigated, although the average spatial frequency of noise does decrease. The PIC‐D algorithm showed better accuracy than syngo.via Rho/Z for low density materials. In the calibration phantom, it was superior even when excluding lung substitutes, with root‐mean‐square deviations for ED and EAN less than 0.3% and 2%, respectively, compared to 0.5% and 3%. In the head phantom, however, the SPR accuracy of the PIC‐D algorithm was comparable (excluding sinus tissue) to that derived from syngo.via Rho/Z: less than 1% error for soft tissue, brain, and trabecular bone substitutes and 5‐7% for cortical bone, with the larger error for the latter likely related to the phantom geometry. Gamma evaluation showed that PIC‐D can suppress noise in a patient‐like geometry without introducing substantial errors in SPR. The absolute pass rates were almost identical for PIC‐D and syngo.via Rho/Z. In the WED evaluations no general differences were shown.ConclusionsThe PIC‐D DECT algorithm provides scanner‐specific calibration and tunable noise suppression. It is vendor agnostic and applicable to any pair of CT scans with spectral separation. Improved accuracy to current methods was not clearly demonstrated for the complex geometry of a head phantom, but the suppression of noise without spatial resolution degradation and the possibility of incorporating constraints on image properties, suggests the usefulness of the approach.