bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
أثر الحرب على بعض المتغيَّرات الاقتصادية الكلية في الاقتصاد اليمني دراسة تحليلية وصفية للفترة (2015-2017)
Authors: د عبده مدهش صالح الشجري  
Published: February 2022

هدفت الدراسة التعرف إلى أثر الحرب على بعض المتغيَّرات الاقتصادية الكلية، وهي: الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، الموازنة العامة، سعر الصرف، الميزان التجاري، المديونية.وتوصَّلت الدراسة إلى النتائج التالية: انكمش الناتج المحلي الإجمالي بمعدل تراكمي خلال السنوات الثلاث الأولى للحرب وصل 55%. بلغ عجز الموازنة العامة بعد الحرب خلال الفترة 2015-2017 كمتوسط 740.2 مليار ريال وبزيادة قدرها 70%، وكنسبة من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي شكَّلت 13.7% بينما كانت قبل الحرب 6.3%. بلغ العجز في الميزان التجاري كمتوسط للفترة( 2015-2017 ) 1330 مليار ريال، وكنسبة من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي 24.8%. انخفضت قيمة العملة بالمتوسط خلال الفترة 2015-2018، بمعدل سنوي 66%. ارتفعت المديونية بعد الحرب بشكل حاد، وشكَّلت كنسبة من الناتج المحلي الإجمالي بلغت 128% كمتوسط للفترة(2015-2017) .
The study aimed at identifying the impact of the war on some macroeconomic variables, namely: gross domestic product, public budget, exchange rate, trade balance, and indebtedness. The study concluded that gross domestic product shrank at a cumulative rate of 55% during the first three years of the war. After the war and during the period 2015-2017, the public budget deficit amounted to an average of 740.2 billion riyals, with an increase of 70%, and accounted for 13.7% of the GDP, compared to 6.3% before the war. The average deficit in the trade balance for the period 2015-2017 amounted to 1330 billion riyals, and as 24.8% of the GDP. The currency’s value, on average, decreased at an annual rate of 66% during the period 2015-2018. The debt rose after the war, and constituted 128% of the GDP as an average for the period 2015-2017.
النفاق في رواية «الحارس في حقل الشوفان» للروائي جي دي سالينجر: تحليل أطر المحادثة
Authors: د.عبدالحميد احمد ناصر المدري  
Published: February 2022

تعد أطر المحادثة إحدى الإنجازات الرئيسية لبول غرايس في مجال التداولية، حيث تلعب دورا هاما في العديد من المجالات ومنها الأدب. إن الإستخدام الفعال لهذة الأطر يجعل عملية التواصل ناجحة. يهدف البحث الحالي إلى تحليل أطر المحاثة التي تضمنتها رواية «الحارس في حقل الشوفان» للروائي جي دي سالينجر، وكيف إن إستخدام هذة الأطر في الرواية يعكس قصد الكاتب في إيصال أفكار معينة كالنفاق والتضليل. إضف إلى ذلك أن هذة الأطر تثري المعاني في الرواية وتجعل عملية التواصل بين الشخصيات فعالة، وتساعد القراء على فهم طبيعة العلاقة بين الشخصيات عن طريق فهم الرسائل الضمنية، وأن الإخلال بهذة الأسس الكلامية في الرواية يشير إلى أن العالم الذي يعيش فيه بطل الراواية هولدن عالم يسوده الغموض والإختلال والشذوذ والزيف والنفاق، وأن عالم كهذا لا يقدر أطر وقيم الكلام يمكن أن يكون عالم تنقصه القيم الأخلاقية، ويزعم بشكل مزيف أنه يمتلك مبادئ سامية.
The Conversational Principle is one of Paul Grice’s major achievements in the field of pragmatics. It plays a very significant role in different fields among which is the field of literature. The effective employment of maxims of conversation makes the process of communication successful. The objective of this research paper is to analyze the maxims of conversation in J. D. Salinger’s The Catcher in the Rye and examine how the use of the maxims reflects the writer’s intention to communicate certain thoughts such as hypocrisy and disinformation. The manipulation of maxims of conversation enriches the meanings in the novel and makes the process of communication between the characters effective. It also helps the readers understand the nature of the relationship among characters through the comprehension of hidden messages. Violations of the maxims of the conversation throughout the novel reflects that Holden lives in an ambiguous, disorderly, irregular, false and hypocritical world. And such a world that shows no respect to the maxims and values of speech is possibly a world that lacks moral values and falsely claiming high principles.
Potensi Candesartan dalam Terapi COVID-19
Authors: Handoko Amelia , Mahardhika Gembong Satria , Zain Haidar 
Published: February 2022

<p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) akibat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) menyebabkan kerusakan paru dan mortalitas bagi penderitanya. Di awal pandemi COVID-19, penggunaan obat antihipertensi RAS blocker diduga berperan dalam keluaran yang kurang baik pada pasien COVID-19 dengan hipertensi karena secara teoritis akan meningkatkan ekspresi ACE2 dan memperbanyak jalan masuk virus ke dalam organ. Beberapa penelitian terkini menyatakan sebaliknya. Studi preliminary menunjukkan penurunan mortalitas dan luaran kritis pasien dengan terapi ARB. Candesartan dalam studi in-vitro dapat mengurangi badai sitokin pada COVID-19 dan berpotensi mengurangi efek destruktif lain dari infeksi SARS-CoV-2. Candesartan dapat menekan inflamasi berlebih dan mengurangi stres oksidatif, sehingga berpotensi bermanfaat dalam terapi infeksi akut SARS-CoV-2. Candesartan juga bermanfaat mengurangi komplikasi jangka panjang, bermanfaat untuk fungsi paru dan organ-organ lainnya.</p><p> </p><p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) infection causes lung damage and mortality. At early COVID-19 pandemic stage, use of RAS blocker as antihypertensive drugs was discouraged because it potentially increases the expression of ACE2, therefore increase viral entry into organs. Nevertheless, recent researches suggests otherwise. Preliminary studies has shown reduction in mortality and critical outcomes of patients with ARB therapy. Candesartan in-vitro wasable to reduce cytokine storm in COVID-19 and potentially reduce other destructive effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection by surpressing excessive inflammation and reducing oxidative stress; potentially benefits acute treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Candesartan also play a role in reducing long-term complications of the disease, improving lung function as well as other organs.</p>
HETEROTOPIC OSSIFICATION FOLLOWING NONCEMENTED HIP REPLACEMENT: A COMPARATIVE STUDY USING MINIMAL INVASIVE SURGERY VS. CONVENTIONAL ANTEROLATERAL APPROACH
Authors: Chinkam-akrapat Piyapong 
Published: February 2022

Background: A conventional anterolateral approach was previously a remedy for total hip replacement. Currently, an intermuscular approach is relatively safe, provides excellent exposure and causes less soft tissue damage than the traditional approach.
Objective: The study aimed to compare heterotopic ossification (HO) between minimal invasive surgery (MIS) and conventional anterolateral approach among patients having noncemented total hip replacement.
Methods: A retrospective study was conducted among 47 patients (52 sites) with noncemented total hip replacement who were randomly divided in 2 groups. The first group received treatment with MIS whereas the second group received the conventional anterolateral approach. The incidence of HO was recorded and followed-up for a minimum of 12 months. The demographic data of both groups were analyzed using the chi-square test and the discrete data were analyzed using the chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test.
Results: The incidence of HO in the MIS and conventional anterolateral approach group were within 37.9 and 56.5%, respectively. After 12 months of followed-up, the incidence of HO in the MIS group did not significantly differ compared with that of the conventional group (p=0.291). Severe HO was within 13.79 and 8.69%, respectively (p=0.682) and neither group required further surgery.
Conclusion: The MIS group showed a lower incidence of HO than that found in the conventional anterolateral approach group without statistical significance.
EVALUATION OF SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATE AMONG PATIENTS USING 3 TESLA AND 1.5 TESLA MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING MACHINES
Authors: Saengruang-Orn Supakajee , Noola Busabong 
Published: February 2022

Background: Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) is radiofrequency power delivered to tissue duringa Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) examination, expressed as watts per kg (W/kg). Radiofrequencypower deposition results in increased heating of patient tissues; thus, the use of MRI has to becontrolled to ensure patient safety.
Objective: The study aimed to evaluate SAR among patients using the 3 Tesla MRI (MRI 3T) and 1.5Tesla MRI (MRI 1.5T) machines.
Methods: Data were obtained from patients who were examined using MRI 3T (1,159 patients, 8,225series) and MRI 1.5T (1,423 patients, 8,605 series) machines. Age, body weight, SAR, repetition time(TR), type of radiofrequency (RF) pulse and anatomical region exposed were studied.
Results: Average SAR for all patients using the MRI 3T was lower than that of the MR 1.5T in everypart (p <0.001) = 0.92 ± 0.57 W/Kg, 2.45 ± 1.01 W/Kg, accordingly. The SAR that the patients receivedusing the spin echo technique revealed that T2 weighted image had lower SAR than T1 weighted imagefrom both MRI 3T and MRI 1.5T (p < 0.001), 0.87 and 0.98 W/kg for MRI 3T, 2.20 and 2.83 W/kg forMRI 1.5T, respectively. For underweight patients, the lowest SAR was 0.89 W/Kg (MRI 3T) and 2.40W/Kg (MRI 1.5T), respectively. Whereas, among overweight patients, the SAR was the highest at 0.97W/Kg (MRI 3T) and 2.52 W/Kg (MRI 1.5T). For SAR categorized by the flip angle of the RF pulse,and patients evaluated by the MRI 3T, the study revealed that the group with the flip angle of the RFpulse <75 degrees had lower SAR than the flip angle of the RF pulse >75 degrees, 0.77 W/Kg and 0.94W/Kg, accordingly (p < 0.001) similar to the MRI 1.5T.
Conclusion: The average SAR of patients evaluated using the MRI 3T was lower than those of patientsevaluated using the MRI 1.5T in every body part examined. SAR was lower when the TR was increasedand flip angle was decreased.
EFFECT OF RENAL SPECIFIC ORAL NUTRITION (ONCE RENAL) ON DIETARY INTAKE AND SERUM ELECTROLYTES IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE STAGE IV
Authors: Satirapoj Bancha , Varothai Narittaya , Boonyagarn Natthida , Pumsutas Yanisa , Chotsriluecha Samitti , Supasyndh Ouppatham 
Published: February 2022

Background and Objectives: Low nutritional intake is common in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and poses a direct risk for malnutrition. Our study evaluated the effects of a renal specific oral nutrition (ONCE Renal) supplement concerning nutritional status, minerals and electrolytes among patients with stage IV CKD.
Methods and Study Design: A total of 32 CKD patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate 16-29 mL/min/1.73 m2, well nourished subjects and anticipated good compliance with the diet received the ONCE Renal diet instead of 1 meal daily for 30 days. Dietary protein and energy intake, body compositions, and serum concentrations of urea, creatinine, calcium, magnesium, phosphate and albumin were assessed at baseline, and at 30 days. A dietary intake by three-day food record were also evaluated by a registered dietitian.
Results: At the end of 30 days, significant improvements in energy, fat, fiber and magnesium intake by dietary interview were noted. In addition, the patients also increased body weight and body mass index after supplement. No significant changes in renal function, serum electrolytes, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium concentration and other nutritional markers including serum albumin, body compositions and protein equivalence of total nitrogen appearance were observedduring study. The compliance with the ONCE Renal diet was good among enrolled patients and no adverse reactions were found.
Conclusions: Renal specific oral diet supplement can improve energy intake, body weight and maintain serum electrolytes concentrations among patients with stage IV CKD.
EFFECTS OF ULTRAVIOLET C (UVC) LIGHT AND DRY HEAT ON FILTRATION PERFORMANCE OF N95 RESPIRATOR MASK
Authors: Hanyanunt Patomroek , Juntanawiwat Piraporn , Chatreewonanakul Tassananwan , Potisuwan Patsanun , Simsiriporn Waristha , Phondee Saowaluck , Sungsirin Nitchatorn , Kesakomol Piyanate , Watanaveeradej Veerachai , Boonsiri Tanit 
Published: February 2022

Background: The emergence of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) creates one of the most pressing issues with a severe shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE) particularly N95 respirators in healthcare settings worldwide. Recently, possible strategies to decontaminate disposable N95 respirators, including using ultraviolet C (UVC) irradiation and heat treatment, were reported to consider safely reusing the respirators. However, both methods create potential risks to reduce the ability of the respirator filter especially when exposed to these methods multiple times resulting in infectious agents passing through the filter.
Objective: The study aimed to ensure the effectiveness of UVC and dry heat to decontaminate N95 respirators.
Methods: N95 respirators were exposed continually to UVC and dry heat at 70°C. Then the ability of the aerosol penetration was assessed by introducing an aerosol containing a rotavirus used as a delegate for SARS-CoV2. The existence of the rotavirus at both external (front) and internal surfaces (back) of the N95 respirators was investigated using RT-PCR.
Results: UVC and dry heat administered at a 30-minute cycle up to 5 cycles did not change the filtration performance of the N95 respirators. Our results suggested that the reuse of disposable N95 respirators decontaminated by either UVC or dry heat could be possible under the test conditions used.
Conclusion: To reuse N95 respirators, UVC and dry heat were useful to apply amid the pandemic of respiratory diseases.
New Alloys and Service Performance on High Speed Crafts
Authors: Philin J. A. , Ushkov S. S. , Chaschinov V. A. 
Published: February 2022

This paper presents the test results of new propeller alloys developed by the authors to extend the service life of the propellers used on oceangoing hydrofoil craft. Comparative tests of high speed propellers cast with a new grade of corrosion resistant nitrided steel alloy as well as titanium alloys are summarized. These propellers have high specific strength and corrosion resistance in sea water. In addition, the design of these propellers was changed to have large skew to reduce the cavitation effects on the inclined propeller operation.
Steel shafting with oxide coatings and graphite bearing compounds is introduced to avoid corrosion in sea water when titanium propellers are fitted. This approach resulted in the successful corrosion isolation of the titanium propellers from the shafting and hull. When these new propellers were installed they significantly increased the propeller service life on the oceangoing hydrofoil craft.
Optimization and Stochastic Modeling Applied to Propulsion Shafting Alignment
Authors: Owen Steven Eugene 
Published: February 2022

Two aspects of propulsion shaft alignment analysis are discussed: a) finding an optimized solution by minimizing the deviation between bearing loads, and b) determining the acceptability of the optimized solution (or any alignment solution) by calculating the probability of acceptable bearing loads that result from a simulated series of random bearing offset events.
The optimizing method is straight forward: the bearing loads are calculated using a· series of bearing offsets which are independently allowed to vary within a range of predetermined displacements. The acceptability of the alignment solution is judged against desired bearing load criteria. Several types of internal and external causes of bearing elevation effects are recognized, and the combination of the effects are presented as shaft alignment conditions.
By distributing the nominal offset solutions about their most likely values, a simulation can be performed which reveals the probability of an acceptable solution when using the same acceptability criteria used in the optimizing calculations. A triangle distribution is shown in a subroutine and can be employed in an algorithm designed to randomly distribute the bearing offsets. Methods are described and examples are presented which show the application of shaft alignment optimization and probability analysis to produce alignment solutions which meet example criteria.
The relationships between toad behaviour, antipredator defences, and spatial and sexual variation in predation pressure
Authors: Zamora-Camacho Francisco Javier 
Published: February 2022

Background
Animal behaviour is under strong selection. Selection on behaviour, however, might not act in isolation from other fitness-related traits. Since predators represent outstanding selective forces, animal behaviour could covary with antipredator defences, such that individuals better suited against predators could afford facing the costs of riskier behaviours. Moreover, not all individuals undergo equivalent degrees of predation pressure, which can vary across sexes or habitats. Individuals under lower predation pressure might also exhibit riskier behaviours.

Methods
In this work, I tested these hypotheses on natterjack toads (Epidalea calamita). Specifically, I gauged activity time, exploratory behaviour and boldness in standard laboratory conditions, and assessed whether they correlated with body size and antipredator strategies, namely sprint speed, parotoid gland area and parotoid gland colour contrast. Additionally, I compared these traits between sexes and individuals from an agrosystem and pine grove, since there is evidence that males and agrosystem individuals are subjected to greater predation pressure.

Results
Sprint speed as well as parotoid gland contrast and size appeared unrelated to the behavioural traits studied. In turn, body mass was negatively related to activity time, boldness and exploration. This trend is consistent with the fact that larger toads could be more detectable to their predators, which are mostly gape unconstrained and could easily consume them. As predicted, females exhibited riskier behaviours. Nonetheless, agrosystem toads did not differ from pine grove toads in the behavioural traits measured, despite being under stronger predation pressure.
Genetic Aspects in Congenital Heart Diseases in Infant of Diabetic Mother: A Review Article
Authors: H. Hassan Mohammed , Hassany Amany Abdelaty , Rashwan Nagwan I. , Ahmed Ahmed El-Abd 
Published: February 2022

Background: The pathogenesis and effects of maternal diabetes on their infants is still not entirely understood, but it's likely to have several teratogenic mechanisms. The fetal heart is anatomically and physiologically altered by diabetes mellitus. About 400 genes are thought to be involved in the etiology of congenital heart disease such as DAW1, DNAI1,DRC1, PDE2A,CCDC39,TMEM67, and ICAM. Endothelial cells and immune system cells exhibit the cell surface glycoprotein CD54, also known as intercellular adhesion mollecule-1 (ICAM-1), which is thought to contribute to atherogenesis by increasing monocyte accumulation within the artery intima. In adult individuals with unexplained cardiac dysfunction as well as animals with myocarditis, ICAM-1 expression has been seen on cardiac myocytes. So, the aim of our review is to explore variant genetic aspects implicated in development of congenital heart diseases (CHD) in infants of diabetic mothers and the possible effect of diabetes mellitus.
Conclusion: Genes that were highly enriched in cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) were found to be among the many differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in embryonic heart tissues from diabetic mothers, including ICAM-1, which had the greatest connection degree in the protein-protein interaction (PPI) of both upregulated DEGs and shared DEGs and are major determinants in development of CHD among infant born to diabetic mothers.
Umbilical Cord Care Knowledge and Practice: What is the Status of National Chlorhexidine Gel Scale-Up in Nnewi Nigeria?
Authors: Onubogu C. U. , Okeke K. N. , Ugochukwu E. F. , Ezeudu C. E. , Igwe W. C. , Muokwugwo E. O. , Edokwe E. S. , Agu N. V. 
Published: February 2022

Background: Use of chlorhexidine gel for cord care was scaled up in Nigeria to address the high burden of neonatal deaths from severe sepsis but there is scarcity of data on its uptake.
Aim: A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the cord care practices of mothers in Nnewi.
Methods: Data was obtained using an interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire, and analyzed with SPSS version 21. P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: Mean age of the 214 studied mothers was 29.6 ± 5.53 years. Majority had at least secondary education (93.5%), were income earners (83.2%), attended ante-natal clinic (ANC) (83.1%) or delivered (81.8%) in a health facility with skilled provider, and received health education on cord care during pregnancy for the index baby (80.4%). Health education was mostly received during ANC (75.6%[130/172]) and from nurses (73.3%[126/172]). Majority knew about methylated spirit use (89.3%) and the consequence of poor cord care (75.7%) but only 2.8% were aware of chlorhexidine gel use.
Umbilical stump was commonly cleaned with methylated spirit (89.3%) and or hot compress (24.8%). Thereafter, 47.7% applied nothing while others applied petroleum jelly (33.2%), toothpaste (8.9%), dusting powder (3.3%) etc. Reasons given for adopting a particular practice included efficacy (54.7%), advice by people (25.7%), peer’s influence (8.4%) and convenience (8.4%). Factors significantly associated with using an antiseptic agent for cord care were maternal age, educational level, access to or source of health education, and frequency of ANC visits.
Conclusion/Recommendation: Respondents demonstrated good knowledge and practice of standard cord care but awareness and use of chlorhexidine gel was almost non-existent. .
Hindrances to effective national chlorhexidine scale-up should be identified and addressed. There’s serious need for enlightenment campaigns on chlorhexidine efficacy using public media channels such as radio jingles.
Serological Evidence of Rickettsial Infection by Weil-Felix Test in Tertiary Care Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Begam Mahfuja , Shampa Shaira Akter , Farzana Aleya , Chowdhury Mahbuba , Tarafder Shirin 
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Rickettsial infections are re-emerging diseases and are major causes of febrile illnesses throughout the Asia-Pacific region. It is difficult to diagnose due to the non-specific clinical manifestations, absence of reliable and affordable diagnostic tests thereby contributes to increasing the acute febrile burden and preventive illness in many populations. Undiagnosed or late-diagnosed cases are associated with high morbidity and mortality.
Objectives: The study aimed to determine rickettsial disease by Weil-Felix test and to know the frequency of rickettsial diseases in febrile patients presenting to tertiary care hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Methods: In this study, a total of 135 peripheral blood samples were taken and tested by Weil Felix test from clinically suspected patients of rickettsial fever.
Results: Weil- Felix test was positive in 33((24.4%) cases. Of Weil- Felix test-positive cases, OX-2 was positive in 87.87% cases, followed by OX-K (6.06%), OX-19 (3.03%), and both OX-2 & OX-K (3.03%) cases. OX-2 positive cases are suggestive of spotted fever group, OX-K of scrub typhus group, OX-19 of typhus group, and OX-2 & OX-K are suggestive of both spotted fever group and scrub typhus group. This finding suggests that most cases were infected with spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR).
Conclusion: Analyzing the present study's findings, it may be concluded that rickettsial infection is not uncommon in Bangladesh. Weil-Felix test can be used in laboratories to diagnose rickettsial diseases where specific reliable serological or molecular test is not available.