bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodiversity Litigation in Canada
Authors: Perron-Welch Frederic , Tollefson Chris , Ginsberg Joshua 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although Canada began negotiating and ratifying modern international biodiversity agreements in the 1970s, biodiversity litigation has mostly focused on the implementation of laws and regulations linked to the commitments Canada made when ratifying the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Areas of particular focus have included species at risk, protected areas, and the customary sustainable use of biological resources by Canada’s indigenous peoples. Canada’s courts and tribunals have traditionally shown deference for the actions of other branches of government, but this deference is being challenged where government actions conflict with Canada’s international commitments or with prevailing science. Public interest litigation has shown how courts can grapple with CBD implementation despite traditionalist objections to reliance on international law arguments, and concerns about transforming courtrooms into ‘academies of science’. It remains to be seen whether Canada can reconcile its international commitments to biodiversity and constitutional obligations to its indigenous peoples while it staunchly reaffirms its commitment to resource-based development and the fossil fuel economy. Although this is primarily a political question, litigation offers an avenue to promote change.
Biodiversity Litigation in China
Authors: Zhu Mingzhe 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
China at the same time enjoys mega-biodiversity and suffers from degradation. In the context of China’s commitment to build ‘ecological civilization’, the growing awareness of biodiversity conservation has produced legislative, institutional, and judicial developments. In effect, the political momentum created by EC is so vast that the enterprise of conservation can be seen in different kinds of process, including public interest litigation, criminal justice, and even civil adjudication. Biodiversity litigation in China is not symbolized by a handful of high-profile landmark cases, but by a large number of ordinary judgments rendered by local-level courts. Although the judicial value of international treaties remains ambiguous, international biodiversity law (IBL) serves as a source of inspiration in both the drafting of laws and judicial practice. This chapter proposes that better elaboration of IBL can help to improve China’s judicial practice in conservation, and that future research will shed more light on the use of scientific arguments and the contribution from some often-neglected actors, such as prosecutors.
Biodiversity Litigation in the UK
Authors: Stookes Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
International biodiversity law (IBL) and litigation play a key role in UK environmental law and policy. However, the UK has a complex legal and regulatory landscape and, arguably, it is becoming more complex as parts of the UK distance themselves from the EU post-Brexit. Domestic law is informed by international treaties such as the Convention on Biological Diversity 1992, although, given the dualist constitutional system in the UK, the direct impact of IBL can only ever be said to be influential (often very influential) but ultimately not binding due to the concept of parliamentary sovereignty. That said, the indirect influence of IBL is evident and is likely to increasingly play a role as the UK seeks to place itself as a global leader on the international environmental stage. This chapter explores the influence of IBL in UK litigation in the context of the emerging socio-political and legal landscape but struggles to make sense of a complex environmental law system set in a diverging and fragmented society. It concludes that, although there is the opportunity for the UK to meet its aspiration to become an environmental world leader, whether there is increased reliance on IBL remains to be seen.
International Biodiversity Litigation
Authors: Maljean-Dubois Sandrine , Morgera Elisa 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As a result of the growth of international environmental law and the increasing awareness of the threats to biodiversity, international case law addressing biodiversity issues has so far developed before the International Court of Justice, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the Dispute Settlement Body of the World Trade Organization, as well as before arbitral tribunals. Relevant international cases have also arisen in the fields of human rights and investment protection. The comparative study of international case law shows that international biodiversity law has been increasingly invoked before international courts and tribunals, the decisions of which demonstrate a gradual opening-up to address science and uncertainty related to biodiversity conservation and sustainable use. However, the observable influence of international biodiversity law is still quite limited, operating mainly in indirect ways. A better understanding of the range of available remedies in international law could pave the way for different litigation strategies to emerge in the future, including for more ‘prospective’ litigation, aiming at inducing substantive compliance with international biodiversity law, rather than providing reparation for injury.
India-Pakistan Relations during the UPA Rule
Authors: Saint-Mézard Isabelle 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
At first sight, India-Pakistan relations during the two UPA governments display a familiar pattern—brief moments of bonhomie superseded by suspended ties. However, a closer look reveals some unique features. Sustaining talks and exploring avenues for normalizing ties were the hallmarks of the first UPA government’s approach towards Pakistan. Another feature was UPA’s deliberate choice to maintain a posture of military restraint in response to cross-border terrorism. This chapter is organized into four sections. The first section traces the trajectory of conflict between India and Pakistan. The second section highlights the attempts made by the first UPA government to push multiple formats of negotiations with Pakistan. The third section underlines the reluctance of the UPA governments to resort to the use of force in response to Pakistan-based terrorist attacks. The final section assesses India’s Pakistan policy under the UPA rule, identifying the main factors that hindered the improvement in relationship.
Integrating into the Global Nuclear Order as a Responsible Nuclear-Armed State
Authors: Thakur Ramesh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Since May 1998, when India openly proclaimed itself a nuclear-weapon possessing state, India’s nuclear diplomacy has focussed on integrating India into the global nuclear order as a non-NPT de facto nuclear-armed state. This chapter examines India’s nuclear diplomacy during the decade 2004–14 when the two United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments were in the office with Manmohan Singh as the prime minister. The chapter argues that there has been a fundamental continuity in India’s nuclear diplomacy across the NDA and UPA governments based on the pursuit of essentially the same goals despite differences in nuances. The chapter begins with a brief background to establish the continuities until 2004, documents in detail the main thrust of the country’s nuclear diplomacy during 2004–14 and concludes with a comment on the same thrust being maintained by the Narendra Modi government since 2014.
India’s Energy Diplomacy during the UPA Rule, 2004–14
Authors: Kissane Carolyn 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As India grew economically, energy diplomacy became an important, even critical part of its diplomacy. The decade 2004–14 proved to be an especially challenging period for India’s energy diplomacy due to its development imperative and commitment to reducing energy poverty. This chapter studies India’s energy diplomacy during 2004–14 when the Congress party-led United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments were in office. It specifically examines the UPA governments’ strategies to secure oil, gas and coal, nuclear fuel, and technologies from foreign countries to meet the burgeoning energy needs of India’s rapidly growing economy. The chapter starts by examining India’s burgeoning energy needs amidst rising global prices during the period. It provides an in-depth look at the diplomatic strategies for securing energy resources and technologies employed by India during the same period. The chapter concludes by summarizing its findings.
Data Governance
Authors: Obendiek Anke Sophia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis book investigates the governance of digital data as a site of fundamental normative and political ordering processes that unfold in light of ever-increasing inter- and transnational linkages. Data governance is characterized by frequent jurisdictional overlap: regulatory efforts in one jurisdiction are likely to affect the conduct of others. How do different actors resolve overlapping claims? Existing literature has identified the impact of institutional processes and power struggles but has underestimated—and undertheorized—prevailing normative differences. This book argues that actors in the field are united by the perception of common stakes but clash about their conflicting visions of what data governance should achieve or avoid and, in fact, what data actually are. Theoretically, it combines Bourdieusian field theory with the concept of value orders drawing on Boltanski and Thévenot. Based on the analysis of five key conflicts in data governance between the EU, the US, and private companies, the book proposes four distinct normative visions of data governance. These visions articulate calls for action depending on their conceptualizations of data as a governable object and the moral justifications for their governance. First, the idea of liberal protection links human rights with the promotion of sovereignty. Second, proponents of a security partnership promote global security cooperation. Third, a vision of the digital economy endorses progress and innovation. Fourth, a vision of global cooperation emphasizes globally interoperable standards of data governance. In sum, this book offers a novel account of how actors negotiate normative differences in a central policy field.
Being and Possibility
Authors: van Inwagen Peter 
Published: December 2022

AbstractOur discourse commits us to the existence of possibilities—that is, ways things might be. A possibility x includes a possibility y if, necessarily, y is realized if x is. A possibility x is identical with a possibility y if each includes the other. A possibility x is maximal if x is the only possibility that includes x. A maximal possibility is a possible world (or simply a world). A world is said to be actual if it is realized. There is exactly one actual world. Possible worlds are a useful but in principle dispensable device in modal reasoning. A proposition is true in a world if that world includes the possibility of its truth, and an object exists in a world if that world includes the possibility of its existence. Non-actual objects, objects that exist only in non-actual worlds, by definition do not exist.
The Central Doctrine of the Mean
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Aristotle’s doctrine of the mean, understood traditionally, can no more be applied fruitfully in his ethics than in his scientific work. The traditional quantitative interpretation (defended by Urmson and Curzer) produces bizarre results; a preferable interpretation of achieving ‘right action, right people, right circumstances’ and so on is illuminating, but emerges as the idea of hitting the centre of a target rather than anything to do with traditional understandings of the mean. As applied to the emotions, the idea of the mean in the medical sense of achieving balance between extremes illuminates ethical education in the virtues.
Discussing Dilemmas
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Existing discussions of moral dilemmas tend to presuppose accepting the questioner’s construal of the situation as having only two possible options for the agent, and that once the ‘morally right’ decision has been determined, that the agent has done something morally good. Both of these assumptions are corrupting, and virtue ethicists can give a more sophisticated account of ‘right action’ in moral dilemmas by showing how virtuous agents will try to find other courses of action than those proposed by others, will try to better the situation afterwards (only saying that the action is ‘right’ if conjoined with some other action), and will only call characteristically vicious actions ‘right’ with qualification. This article also features a number of instructive anecdotes from Elizabeth Anscombe on this topic.
Applying Virtue Ethics to Our Treatment of the Other Animals
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Applying a virtue ethical approach to our treatment of the other animals first requires appreciating why we should dismiss an approach in terms of their moral status. Virtue ethics approaches to vegetarianism and medical experiments on them are not ‘human-centred’. The virtues in question do not privilege the human point of view, as the prescriptions of compassion and the virtuous avoidance of cruelty straightforwardly apply to the non-human animals as well (and virtue ethicists can draw easily from utilitarian arguments in this respect). However, virtue ethical approaches have to recognize that the actions they guide us to do may be individually too small, relative to acceptance of the practices, to merit much, if any, praise.
Science, Secrecy, and the Smithsonian
Authors: Regis Ed 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During the 1960s, the Smithsonian Institution undertook a large-scale biological survey of a group of uninhabited tropical islands in the Pacific; however, the survey was initiated, funded, and overseen by the US Biological Laboratories at Fort Detrick, Maryland—home of the American biological warfare program. It was one of the largest and most sweeping biological survey programs ever conducted, a seven-year enterprise during which Smithsonian personnel banded 1.8 million birds; captured live specimens and took blood samples; and cataloged the avian, mammalian, reptile, and plant life of forty-eight Pacific islands. But the twist was that in contracting to perform the survey, the Smithsonian became a literal subcontractor to a secret biological warfare project , and allied itself with secrecy-shrouded government agencies such as Dugway Proving Ground and the Deseret Test Center. Critics charged the Smithsonian with having entered into a Faustian bargain that made the institution complicit in the sordid business of biological warfare, a form of combat that, if ever put into practice against human populations, could cause mass disease, suffering, and death. The Smithsonian had no proper role in any such activities, said critics, and should never have undertaken the survey. The book tells the story of the survey program, its origins in the military’s Project 112, places it in its historical context, describes the biological warfare tests that followed, and evaluates the critical objections to the Smithsonian’s participation in the Pacific Ocean Biological Survey Program (POBSP), also known as the Pacific Project.
Recruitment
Authors: Regis Ed 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter describes the process by which the needed scientists were hired, given security clearances, and were vaccinated against unspecified diseases. Hiring proved to be difficult, as college professors were telling their students not to enroll in the project because it was being undertaken at the behest of the army. But gradually, by word of mouth, the leader of the project, Philip Humphrey, managed to recruit about fifty men (no women) who would become the field team members who would go from island to island making counts of its birds, banding birds to determine their migration patterns, and so on. The chapter also introduces four field team members whose careers in the Pacific Project are followed in the reset of the narrative: Binion Amerson (entomologist), Roger Clapp (ornithologist), Larry Huber (herpetologist), and Fred Sibley (ornithologist).
The “Secret” Emerges
Authors: Regis Ed 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter describes the chronology of events following the story of the POBSP program breaking in the news; it also evaluates the scientific value of the program, and describes Richard Nixon’s termination of the United States biological weapons project. The news first emerged in 1969 in a scientific journal, but soon appeared on the front page of the New York Times, the Washington Post, and the NBC First Tuesday investigative journalism show hosted by Sander Vanocur and Tom Petit. The NBC program implied that the Smithsonian was being used as a “cover” for biological warfare research. The Smithsonian denied all charges, but it was the journal Science that in February 1969 did an effective rebuttal of the claim that the Smithsonian was knowingly providing the Army with a cover story. The chapter also discusses some of the Smithsonian’s earlier work for the US military. Finally, in a major surprise move, at the very end of the POBSP, in November 1969, President Richard Nixon canceled the entire US biological warfare program.
The Bible in History
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This book examines the symbiotic relationship between Scripture and the social and cultural contexts shaping its interpretation throughout Western history. Biblical texts have not only shaped the times, but the times have also exerted an enormous impact on shaping the interpretation of texts. The book traces how specific biblical texts—verses, chapters, and portions of books—have at various times emerged to be the inspiration of movements that have changed the course of history. Each chapter is shaped roughly like an hourglass; that is, chapters examine the history of a text on either side of a particular episode in which the text undergoes an innovative interpretation. This critical juncture—the neck of the hourglass—becomes the primary focus of attention in each chapter. Criteria for the selection of texts include their significance in the history of Christianity, the diversity of traditions and texts, and the interpretive strategies and varied themes that demonstrate a cross section of exegetical and hermeneutical approaches. The book consists of ten chapters: Anthony’s call to the desert after hearing words of Matthew 19:21; the biblical rationale for the papacy found in Matthew 16:18; Bernard of Clairvaux’s Sermons on the Song of Songs; the transformative influence of Romans 1:16–17 on Martin Luther; the Anabaptist nonviolent ethic in following Jesus’ teaching in the Sermon on the Mount; the exodus motif in African American history; the texts that gave rise to modern Pentecostalism; the decisive text of Galatians 3:28 in support of women’s ministry; the “Great Commission” text (Matthew 28:18–20) of missionary motivation in the modern period; and biblical texts that encompass the divisive and ongoing controversy of male homosexuality.
“Filled with the Holy Spirit”
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the origins of American Pentecostalism, giving special attention to its early twentieth-century historical and theological roots and its biblical basis in the Book of Acts. Following definitions and descriptions of Pentecostal phenomena, the chapter examines the hermeneutics upon which Pentecostals base their interpretation of the baptism of the Spirit. The discussion shifts to Pentecostalism’s theological antecedents (Wesley’s perfectionism and the second blessing, the “higher life movement,” premillennialism, and the faith healing movement), and then to Pentecostalism’s historical beginnings at Charles F. Parham’s Bible school in Topeka, Kansas, and the explosive results at the Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles. The chapter concludes with a brief examination of the Charismatic Renewal Movement.
Bad Birds
Authors: Suval John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The lands of the West were manifestly not the exclusive domain of white Americans but rather the homelands of myriad Indian peoples and beacons of opportunity for African Americans, Mexicans, and others. Yet, as Democrats extended a loving hand to white settlers, they and their frontier constituents closed ranks to force out non-white people wishing to retain or claim territory of their own. Even Native Americans who practiced yeoman farming felt Uncle Sam’s relentless squeeze, revealing that Jacksonians’ professed love for western farmers ran only skin deep. But white supremacy faced pushback at every turn, from the militant resistance of the Seminoles and Sacs, to the political savvy of the Cherokees, to the resilience and creativity of Free Frank and Lucy McWorter and Leopold Pokagon and his band of Potawatomis, whose persistence delivered the rebuke that no amount of repression could overthrow the reality and enduring power of a multiracial West.
A Squatter’s-Eye View of Bleeding Kansas
Authors: Suval John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In Kansas in the mid-1850s, competing squatter bands became on-the-ground proxies for antagonistic forces in the national showdown over slavery. Stephen A. Douglas and his allies seeded the field of battle with the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, which repealed the Missouri Compromise and opened the territories to white settlers under the principle of popular sovereignty before Indian titles had been cleared or lands surveyed. Squatters filled the resulting vacuum. Doing what they had always done, they organized squatter associations to secure their members’ claims, lending a degree of order to the otherwise chaotic process of settling a new country. But in Bleeding Kansas, national slavery agitation created a pressure-cooker environment that made the politics on the ground uniquely volatile. It was not long before the claim clubs became instruments for waging battles over slavery, contributing to the upheavals that shook the territory and the nation.
The Ordeal of the Squatter King
Authors: Suval John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In 1860, the divided Democrats fielded two candidates for president—John C. Breckinridge, southern planters’ standard-bearer, and Stephen A. Douglas, the favorite of many “plain republicans” in the North and West. Douglas struggled to shed his association with squatters, but the “Squatter King” label stuck as both the Breckinridge faction and Lincoln’s Republicans lampooned him for his unfaltering adherence to popular sovereignty, showing how disruptive the squatter trope had become to the party that had given it life and capitalized on it for so long. The implosion of the Jacksonian political order appeared complete in June 1860 when lame-duck president James Buchanan vetoed the Homestead Act, a policy that in former times would have represented the crowning achievement of Squatter Democracy but instead loomed as a sword of Damocles. Squatters’ symbolic presence in American political culture faded following Douglas’s defeat and death in 1861.
Flow
Authors: Bricca Jacob 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 details how documentaries use various techniques to build seamless experiences for the audience, turning materials that are from wildly different sources and contexts into a single coherent flow. Sound is used to join together disparate shots and imply continuity within scenes. Scenes are stitched together with pivot clips, which act as subtle redirections of the audience’s attention. Pauses are used in order to emphasize the pivots and to strengthen the emotion of particular moments. An alternate approach is to emphasize the discontinuity between scenes by building stark contrasts and juxtapositions so that the connection between scenes is accomplished with subtext rather than more overtly. In these cases, other points of connection usually exist, such as the formal qualities of the shots or broader thematic threads.