bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Bioassay Differentiates Resistance to the Colorado Potato Beetle on Tomatoes1
Authors: Schalk James M. , Stoner Allan K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf disks of tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, and L. hirsutum C. H. Mull, subjected to feeding by the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were altered by insect age, sex, moisture level, and plant age. Feeding response was altered by temperatures of 21.1°C or 26.7° in young adult beetles, but not in larvae or older adults. Resistance to feeding by the insect was found with L. hirsutum lines PI 134417 and PI 134418.
Contribution of Components of Tomato Fruit Alcohol Insoluble Solids to Genotypic Variation in Viscosity1
Authors: Stevens M. Allen , Paulson K. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) lines with divergent viscosities and their F1, BCP1, BCP2, and F2 progeny were analyzed for serum viscosity, gross viscosity, and five alcohol insoluble solids (AIS) components. The components were water soluble polysaccharides and polygalacturonides, water-insoluble polysaccharides and polygalacturonides, and acid-hydrolyzed polysaccharides. Stepwise regression analysis of data from parents and progeny was used to establish the relationships between a change in composition and a change in viscosity. The polygalacturonides accounted for most of the variation in gross viscosity among the parental lines. The data indicate that water-insoluble, pectinol-solubilized polysaccharides have the potential for making a large contribution to viscosity at higher concn. The water-soluble polysaccharides and complex polysaccharides (solublized in H2SO4) contributed little to gross viscosity. The sugars identified in the AIS were arabinose, ribose, xylose, mannose, galactose, and glucose. Galacturonic acid was the only organic acid detected. Concentration of the compounds varied among the fractions and among the parental lines.
Trickle Irrigation of Shade Trees Growing in the Nursery: I. Influence on Growth1
Authors: Ponder H. G. , Kenworthy A. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of trickle irrigation on trunk diameter increase was studied with 4 shade tree species in 1973 and 1974. Irrigation treatments consisted of 5.7 liters per hour (2 gal/hr) and no supplemental water on sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos L.). White ash (Fraxinus americana L. cv. Autumn Purple) treatments were no water, 1.4 liters per hour, and 2.8 liters per hour. Irrigated pin oak (Quercus palustris Muench.) trees received 5.7 liters per day at application rates of 5.7, 2.8, and 1.4 liters per hour and application time per day was 1, 2, and 4 hours respectively. Leaf analysis was performed each year.
In 1973 there was a doubling in increase in diameter of irrigated pin oak, white ash, and sugar maple with the higher flow rate per hour over that of checks. Irrigated honey locust trunk diameter increase was greater than checks. In 1974, 1 hr and 2 hr irrigated pin oak and irrigated white ash again outgrew checks but irrigated honey locust and sugar maple did not.
Leaf N and K were the only elements to show consistent changes with all species. Leaf N was lower in 1974 compared to 1973 while K was higher. Trickle irrigation did not promote any consistent significant change in nutrient composition of leaves.
Soil Temperature Effects on Cyclamen Flowering1
Authors: Stephens L. C. , Widmer R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Six-week treatment at a 13°C soil temperature initiated at the 4- and 6-leaf stages most effectively advanced flowering of Cyclamen persicum Mill. cvs. Mayer Reinweiss and Rosa von Zehlendorf-Tas. Stage of flower bud development immediately after treatment of 13°, 18.5, 24.0 and 29.5°C soil temperatures was more advanced, and mean flower bud number increased with each decrease of 5.5°C in soil temperature. At age 9 months, mean days to flower was lower and mean number of flowers per plant was higher with each decrease of 5.5°C in soil temperature. Plants treated at the 6-leaf stage flowered earlier and produced more flowers than those treated at the 4-leaf stage. The 9-month-old plants which had been treated at the 6-leaf stage were generally more advanced vegetatively than those treated at the 4-leaf stage, but the effect of soil temperature treatment on vegetative growth was negligible.
Performance of ‘Marrs’ Early Orange on Eleven Rootstocks in South Texas1
Authors: Wutscher H. K. , Shull A. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Marrs’ early orange trees, Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck, on Swingle citrumelo rootstock were more productive than trees on Texas sour orange, Cleopatra mandarin, and 8 other rootstocks. Fruit from trees on Swingle was large, but had a Brix 0.8% lower than fruit from trees on Texas sour orange, while the acid content was similar. Leaf concentration of 12 elements was affected by rootstocks, especially by Chinese box-orange.
Flavonoid Composition of Aechmea and Billbergia: Two Closely Allied Ornamental Bromeliads
Authors: Ashtakala Syamala S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the paper by Syamala S. Ashtakala, J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 100(5):546-551, 1975, the caption for Table 3 is in error. The corrected version of the top horizontal column of this table appears below
Effect of Nitrogen Source and the Presence or Absence of Aluminum on the Growth and Calcium Nutrition of Apple Seedlings1
Authors: Kotze W. A. G. , Shear C. B. , Faust M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Open pollinated ‘York Imperial’ apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh) were grown in an acid soil at 2 liming rates or in nutrient solution with or without added aluminum, with either NH4+ or NH3- at various rates as N source. High and equal Ca levels were maintained for the different Al treatments. Growth of seedlings and Ca-uptake in the soil were much less at pH 4.7 than at 5.1, and seedlings responded better to liming when NH4+ was the N source. With either N source, best growth was obtained at a rate of 100 ppm N, whereas growth was lower at 50 and at 200 or 400 ppm N. In nutrient solution, the efficiency of Ca-uptake by roots and of Ca-transport was decreased by the presence of Al. This decrease was the greatest when NH3-, rather than NH4+, was the N source. The findings suggest interference by Al in nitrate metabolism. Al is toxic to apple seedlings at chemical activity in the order of 6.5 × 10—6M.
A Ten-parent Diallel Cross to Evaluate Inbred Line Performance and Combining Ability in Onions1
Authors: Hosfield George L. , Vest Grant , Peterson C. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The diallel cross technique was used to evaluate the performance of onion (Allium cepa L.) inbred lines in F1 combinations and to estimate combining ability of several traits. All possible crosses, including reciprocals, among 10 inbred lines of diverse origin and known horticultural performance were tested at 3 locations in 1973. Cytoplasmic male-sterility was used to insure that all seed from maternal plants was hybrid. Cross variances were highly significant for all traits at all locations. General combining ability effects accounted for most of these differences. Specific combining ability effects were significant at all locations for yield, weight/bulb, firmness, and percent of storage loss. In all instances variance components of general combining ability were larger than those of specific combining ability. Specific rankings of the best and poorest lines for the traits measured according to the effects of their general combining ability were not identical at each location, but the same inbreds were generally in the same positive or negative grouping. Inbreds M728 and M2399 transmitted substantial yield and bulb weight to their progeny, while la163 consistently depressed these traits in the F1's. These results confirm the contribution that inbreds M728, M2399, and la163 make to a hybrid. Significant mean squares for reciprocal effects were apparent at all locations for only yield and maturity. Maternal effects per se influenced reciprocal variation, but were, generally, less important than nonmaternal reciprocal causes.
Changes in Glycoalkaloid Content following Mechanical Injuries to Potato Tubers1
Authors: Wu M. T. , Salunkhe D. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mechanical injuries of tubers of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) such as brushing, cutting, dropping, puncturing, and hammering greatly stimulated glycoalkaloid synthesis in both peel and flesh of tubers. The extent of glycoalkaloid formation depended on cultivar, type of mechanical injury, storage temperature, and duration of storage. High temperature storage stimulated more glycoalkaloid formation than that of low temperature. Most of the injury-stimulated glycoalkaloid formation occurred within 15 days after treatments. Mechanical injury caused by cutting of tubers resulted in the highest contents of glycoalkaloids both in flesh and peel.
Organic Acid Accumulation in Attached and Detached Tomato Fruits1
Authors: Sakiyama Ryozo , Allen Stevens M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in acid content in fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) left on the vine compared with those of fruits removed from the vine at one stage each of development and ripening. Developing fruits detached 28 days after anthesis had an increase in total acidity attributable to increased malic and citric acid concentrations. Detached developing fruits accumulated organic acids more rapidly than attached fruits. Mature fruits detached at the breaker stage decreased more in total acidity than attached fruits which was reflected in a decrease in malic and citric acids, with a greater decrease in malic acid. The data indicate that organic acid accumulation in detached fruits is determined by metabolism at the time of detachment.
Firmness of Peaches Measured Nondestructively1
Authors: Watada Alley E. , Abbott Judith A. , Finney Essex E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Light absorbance and random vibration techniques for estimating firmness of fruit of 4 cultivars of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) nondestructively were evaluated. The correlation between the Magness-Taylor probe pressure-test and the difference in light absorbance at 690 and 740 nm was significant for ‘Early Redhaven’, ‘Garnet Beauty’, and ‘Rio Oso Gem’. The correlation between pressure-test and random vibration data was significant for ‘Redhaven’ and ‘Garnet Beauty’. The linear regression equations differed with cultivar for both systems, but either system could be used to estimate firmness.
Rate of Metabolite Accumulation into Latex of Lettuce and Proposed Association with Tipburn Injury1
Authors: Tibbitts T. W. , Read Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lettuce plants, Lactuca sativa L. cv. Meikoningen, grown in growth chambers and exposed to 14CO2 for 15 minutes in light of 21.5 klx accumulated measurable amounts of labeled metabolites within the lacticifers within 1 hour and a maximum amount within 48 hours. Latex in the outer leaves, inner heart leaves and roots was uniformly labeled at all time periods studied. A significantly greater amount of labeled metabolites accumulated under a light level of 21.5 klx following the initial assimilation period, than under a light level of 10.75 klx or under darkness. This research indicates that with high light conditions accumulation of metabolites in the latex is increased and this could be significant in encouraging tipburn, a physiological injury of lettuce.
Net Morphogenesis and Characteristics of the Surface of Muskmelon Fruit1
Authors: Webster Barbara D. , Craig Mary E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The surface meshwork of tissue, commonly referred to as the “net,” of fruit of Cucumis melo L. cv. PMR-45 is an elaborate system of lenticels. Lenticellar tissue is derived from a subepidermal periderm. Cork cells, which comprise the complementary tissue of lenticels, protrude through the surface fissures which develop as the fruit enlarges. It is suggested that cork cells of the net and of the periderm contribute to resistance to mechanical injury of the fruit; that gaseous exchange is facilitated by lenticellar net development; and that resistance to disease is enhanced by the presence of a surface cuticle and by the development of cork cells with suberized walls.
Effects of the Bi Locus in Cucumber on Reproduction, Attraction, and Response of the Plant to Infection by the Southern Root-knot Nematode1
Authors: Haynes Robert L. , Jones C. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita Kofoid and White (Chitwood), damaged bitter (Bi-) and non-bitter (bibi) plants of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cvs. Tablegreen 65 and Marketmore 70) to the same extent in greenhouse tests as shown by their root-knot index and general plant vigor. However, a significantly greater number of root-knot nematode larvae developed in the non-bitter root tissue and nematodes were significantly more attracted to non-bitter than to bitter excised root pieces on both water agar and in sand. Purified extract discs from bitter cucumber in 2% water agar repelled root-knot nematodes.
Fruit Growth and Cracking in Nectarines1
Authors: Fogle Harold W. , Faust Miklos 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The growth curves of eastern-grown nectarines (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) do not follow closely the three-phase sigmoid curve established for peaches. All clones completed phase I at the same time. However, many clones did not have a well-defined ‘final swell’ and several showed gradual increases in growth through phases II and III. Percentages of final fruit size attained during the final few weeks of growth or percentages of calcium in leaves, fruits or peels were not closely associated with cracking of fruits. Slower growth rate appears linked to the nectarine character, although the linkage seems to have been partially broken in some clones. Growth rates of 41 nectarine clones were not closely associated with field cracking or minor surface cracking.
Effects of Weed Control Method and Rootstock on Flowering, Growth and Yield of Apple1
Authors: Crabtree G. D. , Westwood M. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 10-year study of 4 vegetation management regimes in an apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchard showed that a mowed sod ground cover resulted in less efficient trees than those with cultivation, residual or nonresidual herbicides. Considerable differences were found among treatments in the kind and population density of orchard weeds. Of the 6 rootstocks tested, seedlings produced the largest but least efficient trees. Trees on Mailing (M) 4, M 1 and M 7 rootstocks gave the greatest yield efficiency during the 10-year period. No interactions were found between rootstock and orchard floor management practices.
Seasonal Development of Symptoms of Noninfectious Bud-failure in Almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch)1
Authors: Hellali Rachid , Kester D. E. , Ryugo K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shoots of ‘Nonpareil’, ‘Jordanolo’ and their hybrid progenies expressing bud-failure symptoms grew more vigorously and longer than those of normal plants. Viability of lateral buds decreased on abnormal shoots during the summer prior to bud failure, whereas those on normal shoots retained their viability. On abnormal shoots there was an increasing trend of bud-failure from the basal portion to the shoot tip. When propagated in a control nursery, buds collected from trees growing in a warmer area exhibited more bud-failure than those from a cooler zone. When shoots collected over the season from the above trees were treated with potassium salt of gibberellic acid, the inhibition of budbreak was proportional to hormone concentration; the treatment resulted in fewer bud breaks in abnormal shoots than normal ones. Bioassays of extracts from shoot apices from normal and abnormal shoots revealed large variation in hormonal levels.
Induction of Textural Changes in Sweet Potato Roots by Chilling1
Authors: Buescher R. W. , Sistrunk W. A. , Kasaian A. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hardcore was apparent in cooked sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) which had been chilled and transferred to nonchilling temperatures prior to cooking. The severity increased with duration of chilling at 2°C. Hardcore was not observed in roots boiled immediately after chilling, although these roots were firmer than those not chilled. Enhanced levels of pectic substances, soluble in sodium hexametaphosphate, were associated with hardcore tissue, while starch, protopectin, and hemicellulose were related to enhanced firmness of continuously chilled roots. No differences in pectinmethylesterase activity were observed between storage treatments. Reduced levels of alpha amylase activity in continuously chilled roots probably accounted for the enhanced levels of starch after the roots were processed. From data on U.V. absorption, phenolic levels, and electrolyte leakage, we believe that hardcore develops when phenolics or related substances, and possibly cations, bind with cell wall materials.
Endogenous Plant Growth Substances in Developing Fruit of Prunus cerasus L. V. Changes in Inhibitor (ABA) Levels in the Seed and Pericarp1
Authors: Davison Ronald M. , Rudnicki Ryszard M. , Bukovac Martin J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) was isolated from sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) fruit and identified by thin-layer and gas-liquid chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Inhibitor levels in the seed paralleled those in the pericarp and were, in general, directly related to growth rate of the fruit, higher levels being found during the initial rapid growth (Stage I) than during the retarded growth phase (Stage II). The level of the inhibitor increased in Stage III, then decreased in the final stages of maturity. The possible role of endogenous ABA in cherry fruit development is discussed.
Prevention of Winter Sunscald Injury in Michigan Orchards1
Authors: Kesner Charles D. , Hansen Clarence M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven types of protective or sun reflecting materials were tested on the trunks of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) and sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. cvs. Hedelfingen and Napoleon): (Comfort Coat), aluminum foil wraps, 24 gauge aluminum pipe, urethane foam wraps, white latex paint, fiberglass insulation, fiberglass insulation with a plastic covering and heating cables overlain with fiberglass insulation. While all were eficacious to some degree good quality outdoor white latex paint applied to the S and SW sides of tree trunks was shown to be most practical preventing winter sunscald injury. From noon to 3 PM on bright, sunny winter days, white latex paint treated tree trunks maintained an 8-16.7°C (15-30°F) cooler temperature on the S side than unpainted check trees.
Evaluation of Strawberry Parent Clones for Easy Calyx Removal1
Authors: Barritt Bruce H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Subjective capping ease ratings were used to evaluate 27 strawberry clones over a 4-year period. ‘Puget Beauty’, ‘Olympus’, ‘Totem’ and ‘Hood’ were the easiest cultivars to cap while ‘Shuksan’, ‘Rainier’ and ‘Holiday’ were the most difficult. General combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) and GCA parent values were estimated from seedlings in 79 families. GCA parent values were positively correlated with parent phenotypic assessment (r = .828). GCA variance was 4 times larger than SCA. Heritability based on parentoffspring regression of 89 families was .84.
Effects of Cloudiness on Interior Diffuse Light in Apple Trees1
Authors: Lakso A. N. , Musselman R. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Interior diffuse light readings were taken in trees of semi-dwarf ‘Wayne’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) on days of varying cloudiness. Interior light to shaded spurs was found to be greatest when the total light outside the tree was 60 to 90% of maximum, due to higher diffuse light with haze or light cloudiness. Diffuse light available to a shaded site within the canopy is a function of exterior diffuse light levels and canopy density as affected by cultivar. Calculations of whole canopy photosynthetic potential from light data and photosynthetic light response, indicate that haze or cloudiness is needed to obtain maximum whole canopy rates.
The Effect of Four Abscission Chemicals on Orange Fruit and Leaf Ethylene Production1
Authors: Davies F. S. , Cooper W. C. , Holm R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four abscission materials were evaluated to determine their effects on ethylene production and abscission of fruit and leaves of orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cvs. Hamlin and Valencia): 5-chloro-3-methyl-4-nitro-1H-pyrazole (Release) glyoxal dioxime (Pik-Off), cycloheximide (3-[2-(3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl-2-hydroxyethyl]-glutarimide or Acti-Aid) and cycloheximide in combination with chlorothalonil (DS-27914). All chemicals enhanced internal fruit ethylene levels and subsequent fruit loosening. However, the magnitude and timing of the fruit ethylene response varied with each chemical and correlated with fruit loosening and subsequent retightening. The pattern of ethylene production may indicate the optimum fruit harvest period and the degree of leaf abscission for each chemical.
Differential Susceptibility to Fusarium Stub Dieback in Carnation Cultivars1
Authors: Stack R. W. , Horst R. K. , Nelson P. E. , Langhans R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sixty-three cultivars of carnation (Dianthus cary ophyllus L.) including 42 Sim types, 9 non-Sim standards and 12 miniature types, were tested for susceptibility to Fusarium stub dieback caused by Gibberella zeae (Schw.) Petch. All cultivars were assigned a numerical rating by comparing infection rates to ‘Improved White Sim’ (IWS) used as a standard assigned rating of 1.00. Sixteen cultivars had ratings significantly lower than IWS and 3 significantly higher. The range of the ratings was from 0.20 for ‘Maj Britt’ to 2.61 for ‘Orchid Beauty’. The range for Sim types was from 0.25 for ‘Yellow dusty’ to 1.67 for ‘California White’. It is suggested that sufficient variation exists in commercial cultivars for selection for resistance to Fusarium stub dieback.
Pale Green Lethal Gene in Apple Clones1
Authors: Way R. D. , Lamb R. C. , Pratt Charlotte , Cummins J. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pale green lethal seedlings of apple (Malus spp.) are characterized by yellowish green color, poor growth of lateral roots, of epicotyl and of leaves, early cessation of apical meristematic activity, and death of the whole plant in about 1 month. Lethal seedlings occur in about 25% of the progeny of 2 heterozygous diploid parents. By this test we determined the homozygosity of 107 diploids (LL) and the heterozygosity of 97 diploids (LI). Among tetraploids 12 were quadriplex (LLLL) and 8 were probably duplex (LLll) or triplex (LLLl), but the expected ratios were not obtained.