bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microlitiasis testicular una patología rara y poco conocida. Reporte de casos y revisión de literatura
Authors: Galván-Montaño Alfonso , Cruces-Velázquez Michelle , García-Moreno Silvia , Espinosa de los Monteros-Pérez Luz Elena , Suárez-Roa María de Lourdes , Guzmán-Martínez Sonia 
Published: February 2022

Objective: The aim of the present work was to review the cases of testicular microlithiasis revealed by ultrasound and carry out a review of the literature.
Design: Testicular ultrasounds that identified testicular microlithiasis in patients seen at the Hospital “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, within the time frame of 2011 and 2018, were reviewed. Age, study indication, and laterality were among the variables analyzed.
Results: Twenty-one ultrasounds revealed testicular microlithiasis in patients ranging from 6 to 24 years of age, with a mean of 16 years. Both testes were affected in 81% of the patients, and the left testis was affected in 29%. The indication for ultrasound was testicular pain in 33% (7 cases), testicular tumor in 14% (3 cases), and testicular torsion in 10% (2 cases). Other causes were varicocele, testicular abscess, and testicular trauma.
Study limitations: The conclusions were relative, given the study’s retrospective, observational design.
Originality: Microlithiasis has a reported prevalence of 2.4% to 3.8% in children. It is associated with testicular tumors and can cause infertility. A possible cause is nanobacteria that induce testicular calcifications. The study of the disease could modify its treatment and prevent its appearance.
Conclusions: Testicular microlithiasis is a rare and little-known disease that can be associated with cancer and infertility. Its etiology appears to be nanobacterial infection. More research on the disease should be carried out.
Reconstrucción testicular con toma y aplicación de injerto autólogo de túnica albugínea contralateral por trauma penetrante de testículo por proyectil de arma de fuego. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura
Authors: Ávalos-Jiménez Julio César 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Testicular and scrotal trauma occurs mainly in young people between 15 and 40 years old.
50% of gunshot wounds end in orchiectomy.
The clinical presentation is with pain, edema, ecchymosis and hematoma, skin laceration or tissue exposure. The diagnosis is clinical. Evidence or suspicion of a testicular rupture is an emergency and requires urgent surgical exploration. The recommended surgical management is with primary closure of the tunica albuginea when possible and orchiectomy when it is not possible.

Clinical case:
We present the case of a 20-year-old man with gunshot testicular trauma, conditioning left trauma grade V and grade IV right. Simple left orchiectomy and right partial orchiectomy were performed with contralateral tunica albuginea graft. The patient had a satisfactory evolution with control Doppler ultrasound with preserved vascularity and increasing testosterone levels.

Discussion:
The goal in the treatment of testicular trauma is to preserve viable tissue and repair the testicle. The primary closure is described for a laceration of the tunica albuginea with easily identifiable edges, which was not possible in this case. Within the repairs described there are grafts of tunica vaginalis, absorbable material and biological meshes with contradictory results.
The use of tunica albuginea as repair and protection of the contralateral testicle, allowed an optimal reconstruction, avoiding the pressure increase that occurs when using the ipsilateral tunic and allowing the preservation of the parenchyma and testicular physiology.
Asociación entre Síndrome Metabólico y niveles de Antígeno Prostático Específico
Authors: Cerna-Jamanca Judith Meliza , Gamboa-Vicente Willy 
Published: February 2022

Objective: To determine if there is an association between the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the levels of prostate specific antigen (PSA).
Material and Methods: An observational, analytical and cross-sectional study was carried out, in which 357 men between 50-70 years were included, who went to a prostate control at the Urology Service of the Belén de Trujillo Hospital during the period March - July of the year 2019, which met the selection criteria. According to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATPIII), patients were dichotomized by the presence or absence of MetS and the means of PSA levels in each group were calculated. Subsequently, a linear regression analysis was performed to assess the effect of age, BMI, prostate volume, blood plasma volume and lower urinary tract symptoms score on PSA levels.
Results: In the group of men with MetS, the mean PSA levels were slightly lower in men without MetS (1.54 ± 2.39 vs. 1.85 ± 3.0); obtaining a difference of 0.31 ng / ml; however, this association was not statistically significant (p = 0.103). On the other hand, PSA levels are influenced by blood plasma volume (p = 0.007) and BMI (p = 0.017).
Conclusions: The results obtained in this population affected that the presence of MetS had a non-significant association on PSA levels; However, these findings may be influenced by an antagonistic effect between each of the components of MetS.
Metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder in an ileal conduit stoma. A case report and literature review
Authors: Estigarribia-Benitez Cayo Augusto , Oteo-Manjavacas Pablo , García-Juarranz Cristina , Hernandez-Andres Ines , Fiter-Gomez Luis Ignacio 
Published: February 2022

Clinical case presentation: An 80-year-old man was admitted to our emergency department due to fever and progressively growing mass in the urinary diversion stoma four months after a radical cystectomy for muscle invasive bladder cancer.
Surgical resection was done, and histo-pathological examination revealed metastases of high-grade urothelial carcinoma. After almost three years of follow-up any sign of recurrence did not seen.
Relevance: Urothelial cancer at all stages can metastasize to other organs.
Metastasis occurs hematogenously to all organs, most frequently the lungs, liver, bone, or lymphatically to regional lymph nodes in the pelvis, or further to retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Metastasis of bladder cancer in the ileal conduit stoma is unusual. Cancer recurrence after radical cystectomy has-been reported in ureteroileal anastomosis.
Clinical implications: Surgical treatment is an option in these patients. Adjuvant radiotherapy and / or chemotherapy would be possible alternatives in more than one site of metastasis. There are no clinical guidelines establishing their correct management.
Conclusion: The urinary diversion stoma metastases secondary to a urothelial carcinoma is a rare entity. Direct implantation during the surgical act, hematogenous, lymphatic or mixed dissemination, could justify metastatic implantation.
¿Es el Visual Prostate Symptom Score (VPSS) tan útil como el International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) en la evaluación de los pacientes con síntomas de tracto urinario inferior? Una comparación prospectiva de los 2 cuestionarios.
Authors: Blanco=Silvestre Marc , Barrios=Arnau Laura , Sánchez=Llopis Anna , Poza=Fernández Alba , Ponce=Blasco Paula , Di Capua-Sacoto Carlos , Bosquet-Sanz Manuel , Rodrigo-Aliaga Miguel 
Published: February 2022

Introduction: The symptoms of the lower urinary tract (LUTS) are one of the main reasons for consultation in urology. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) is a useful tool in the assessment of LUTS, but in daily clinical practice it is not always easy for all patients to complete it.

Objective: To check if there is an adequate correlation between the Visual Prostate Symptom Score (VPSS) and the IPSS in the diagnosis of patients with LUTS and to evaluate the differences regarding the need for help and the time required for self-completion of both questionnaires.

Material and methods: A prospective, multicenter study was conducted from June 2019 to January 2020. Both questionnaires were delivered to patients for self-completion in the Urology clinic. Later, in the same clinic, flowmetry and prostate ultrasound were performed. Variables were analyzed: age, IPSS score, VPSS score, need for help completing the questionnaires, time spent, maximum flow (Qmax), prostate volume and educational level. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used for statistical analysis.

Results: A total of 101 patients with LUTS were collected. The mean age was 68'53 years. The maximum flow was 9.2 ml/s on average and the prostatic volume was 50.77 cc on average. The level of studies was: primary studies in 49'5% of patients, secondary 20'8%, vocational training 13'8% and university studies 7'9%. A negative correlation was observed between the total IPSS score and the VPPS with the Qmax. The time required and the need for help were greater for completing the IPPS than for the VPSS, these differences being statistically significant. Patients with primary studies required less time and help to complete the VPPS.

Conclusions: VPSS is correlated with IPSS, with the advantage of being easier and faster to complete by patients.
Concordancia del puntaje de Gleason en biopsia transrectal de próstata vs prostatectomía radical
Authors: Chavolla-Canal Alan Johan , López-Monroy Christian Gilberto , Vázquez-Pérez Daniel 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionThe Gleason scale is a fundamental histopathological diagnostic tool, which directly influences decision-making in the treatment of prostate cancer as well as the prognosis. There are discrepancies in the score obtained through the biopsy and its correlation when obtaining the sample by radical prostatectomy.
ObjectiveTo analyze the concordance of the Gleason scale score obtained by transrectal biopsy and radical prostatectomy.
Patients and MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study of concordance of diagnostic tests of pathology records of prostate biopsies and radical prostatectomies performed between 2016-2019 was carried out. Cohen's Kappa correlation index was used to determine agreement between variables. Tables and graphs were used to show the results.
ResultsThe Cohen's Kappa concordance index for Gleason in risk group was 0.154 and weighted Kappa was 0.379, implying a poor and weak concordance respectively between the pathological results of the transrectal prostate biopsy with that of the radical prostatectomy. Being understaged in 11.20%, concordant in 43.80% and overstaged in 45%.
ConclusionsWe found a low concordance of the Gleason score in transrectal prostate biopsy and radical prostatectomy, coinciding with some published reports; most of the patients presented an overestimation in our study. This possibility should be taken into consideration when taking a patient for treatment.
Word count: 205 without title.
Chromosomal and SRY gene findings by FISH in patients with disorders of sexual development
Authors: Herrera Laura Andrea , Zarante Ignacio , Clavijo Ana , Suárez Fernando , Rojas Adriana Patricia , Pérez Jaime , Céspedes Camila , Forero Catalina , Fernández Nicolás , Bolívar John , Moreno-Niño Olga 
Published: February 2022

Objetivo
Los trastornos del desarrollo sexual son un grupo de enfermedades congénitas que afectan la formación normal de los genitales. Dentro los mecanismos fisiopatológicos descritos existen factores genéticos causados por alteraciones cromosómicas o en los genes determinantes en la diferenciación sexual. En este trabajo se analizaron alteraciones cromosómicas y en el gen SRY como posible causa del trastorno. Se realizó cariotipo con bandas G o R y FISH para SRY en linfocitos, tejido gonadal y tejido escrotal.

Materiales y métodos
La información clínica de los sujetos de investigación se obtuvo de los informes de los médicos tratantes. En 9 (73%) casos el sexo asignado fue masculino y en 3 (27%) casos fue femenino. 8 de los casos (66%) tuvieron cariotipo 46,XY; 2 casos (17%) 46,XX y en 2 casos (17%) se reportaron mosaicos con presencia de idic(Y). Un solo caso de tejido gonadal mostró mosaicismo debido a la presencia de una línea celular tetraploide. El diagnóstico clínico más frecuente fue de genitales ambiguos en 8 casos (67%). Seguido de hipospadias en 5 casos (41,7%).

Conclusiones
Los resultados muestran la importancia de aplicar diferentes pruebas citogenéticas en el diagnóstico y la necesidad del seguimiento de los pacientes por un equipo transdisciplinario para abordar estas condiciones clínicas.
Correlación del grosor de la pared vesical con síndrome de vejiga hiperactiva y hallazgos urodinámicos
Authors: Carrillo-Núñez Carolina , Velázquez-Castellanos Patricia Inés , Godoy-Rodríguez Nancy , Macías-Vera Norah Nalleli 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Objective: To correlate the bladder wall thickness by transabdominal ultrasound in patients with overactive bladder syndrome and urodynamic findings.
Materials and methods: A prospective, analytical and descriptive study was done that included 30 patients with overactive bladder syndrome diagnosis, who underwent to urodynamic study and measurement of the bladder wall thickness by transabdominal ultrasound, from the Urogynecological Unit of the Hospital Civil Fray Antonio Alcalde from January to December 2018. Descriptive statistics was done. For the quantitative variables, mean comparison tests were performed, using Student's t test. Logistic models were used to predict symptoms and ROC curves with Youden's J to determine a cut-off point for the measurement of bladder thickness in relation to symptoms. As well as correlation of variables using Pearson's test.
Results: Thirty patients with overactive bladder syndrome and urodynamic diagnosis of overactive detrusor were obtained. We made two subgroups, classifying according to the presence or absence of urinary incontinence. The mean age was 58.68 ± 13.61. Compliance was found to be higher, although not significantly, in patients without incontinence. There are trends towards a higher residual volume and bladder pressure among patients with incontinence, at the same time that a moderate negative correlation is observed between incontinence and bladder thickness (R2 = -.444, p <0.05). From this, it was determined by means of the coordinates, the Youden J was obtained, which establishes the cut-off point for the increase of presenting incontinence above 2.95 mm (AUROC 0.696, SENS 53.6%, ESP 88.9%) of bladder thickness and When making the comparisons of urodynamic data, it was found that patients with more than 2.96 mm have a lower compliance (AUROC 0.760, SENS 73.3%, ESP 80%).
Conclusions: The measurement of the bladder wall thickness by transabdominal ultrasound can be a useful tool for the comprehensive evaluation of patients with overactive bladder syndrome, to predict the probability of the disease as well as the prognosis for response to treatment.
Presentación de reporte de caso: Estallido renal espontaneo por tuberculosis
Authors: Rivero Wilmer Roberto , Navarro-Mejía Johana Andrea , Camelo-Pardo Gianmarco , Ramírez-Angarita Diego Isaac , Pinzón-Mantilla Daniela 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis is responsible for the majority of deaths associated with infectious disease. The main involvement in the lung followed by extrapulmonary genitorurinary location, with a predominance of the kidney, epididymis and prostate respectively. The symptoms are nonspecific, suspected in patients with chronic pathologies or a previous diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis. The Gold Standard is the identification of the Bacillus in urine or infrequent techniques such as tuberculin injection. In diagnosed patients, treatment is based on 4 drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide) up to combined therapies, the duration of treatment is according to the symptoms and characteristics of the patient.
Objective. We present the case of a young patient with spontaneous renal flare associated with tuberculosis with medical treatment and emergency surgery and multisystemic deterioration associated with hemodynamic shock.
Conclusion. Genitourinary tuberculosis is characterized by a nonspecific clinical picture making timely diagnosis difficult, the symptoms are related to the compromised organ, suspecting in patients with chronic, nutritional and immunodeficiency alterations, being of vital importance a rapid diagnosis and effective treatment evaluating each patient individually. In this report, a patient with multiple antecedents presents a complication of renal tuberculosis not described in the literature, with immediate surgical intervention and deterioration in her clinical evolution.
Cytogenetic and molecular characterization in gonadal tissue of patients with ovotesticular syndrome and gonadal dysgenesis 46,XY and 46,XX
Authors: Manotas María Carolina , García-Acero Mary , González Daniel , Bernal Camila , Guerra Mariana , Moreno-Niño Olga , Suárez Fernando , Céspedes Camila , Forero Catalina , Pérez Jaime , Rojas Adriana Patricia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Objectives: Etiology of gonadal dysgenesis and ovotesticular syndrome is unknown in a majority of cases. To perform cytogenetic and molecular characterization of a group of patients with ovotesticular syndrome and complete gonadal dysgenesis from peripheral blood and gonadal tissue samples.
Materials and methods: A total of 6 patients were included, 3 with diagnosis of 46,XX ovotesticular syndrome, one diagnosed with 46,XY ovotesticular syndrome; one with suspected 46,XX gonadal dysgenesis, and one with 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis.
Results: All patients were evaluated with karyotype, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for SRY, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) on peripheral blood samples. In cases with available gonadal tissue, the levels of genetic expression of SOX3, SRY, and SOX9 were determined through real-time PCR and immunofluorescence.
Rearrangements involving SRY gene were ruled out. No deletions/duplications or copy-number variations (CNV) were detected as the etiology for sexual development disorder in any of the patients studied. In a case of 46,XX ovotesticular syndrome, the gonadal karyotype was different from the karyotype in peripheral blood. Aberrant expression of SOX3 and SOX9 in gonadal tissue of a case with 46,XX ovotesticular syndrome was observed.
Conclusions: Lower levels of expression of SRY and SOX9 compared to the levels in human cellular lines of embryonic testicle and Sertoli were documented in the gonadal tissue of a case with 46,XY ovotesticular syndrome. Cytogenetic and molecular studies of the gonads as a complement to peripheral blood study have the potential to enrich the understanding of sexual development disorders in patients who are XX or XY in peripheral blood.
Cistitis enfisematosa, la importancia de un diagnóstico precoz: reporte de un caso y revisión bibliográfica
Authors: Ramón y Cajal-Calvo Juan , Muñiz-Suárez Laura 
Published: February 2022

Descripción del caso clínico: Paciente de 86 años, hipertensa que acude al servicio de Urgencias por cuadro de mal estado general, desaturación y elevación de reactantes de fase aguda. En este contexto se realizan varias pruebas complementarias, entre ellas pruebas radiológicas que revelan aire ectópico en la pared vesical compatible con cuadro de cistitis enfisematosa. Se decide ingreso hospitalario para antibioterapia intravenosa y control evolutivo. Durante su ingreso la paciente presenta una evolución tórpida y rápida, sufriendo un empeoramiento hemodinámico produciendo exitus letalis ingreso debido a fracaso multiorgánico.
Relevancia: La cistitis enfisematosa es un cuadro infeccioso de rara presentación y más frecuente en pacientes mujeres diabéticas, caracterizado por la presencia de gas en la cavidad vesical. La peculiaridad de nuestro caso se debe a que la paciente no presentaba diabetes, siendo mucho más habitual que acontezca esta patología en pacientes diabéticos.
Implicaciones clínicas: Es de vital importancia una precoz sospecha diagnóstica, sobretodo en pacientes insulinodependientes descompensados con infección urinaria. Los hallazgos de imagen son característicos de esta patología y constituyen el elemento diferencial de su diagnóstico definitivo.
Conclusiones: La cistitis enfisematosa es una patología inusual, pero que puede presentar una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. En la mayoría de las ocasiones presenta buen pronóstico con tratamiento antibiótico y buen control glucémico.
Sacral neuromodulation outcomes in neurourological voiding dysfunction
Authors: Hernández-Martínez Grisel , Cruz-Ordóñez Sandra Xochiquetzal , López-Hernández Paola Alejandra 
Published: February 2022

Objective: To demonstrate the changes in the urodynamic parameters of patients with posterior sacral neuromodulation and compare these changes to their pre-implantation parameters.
Design: Observational, retrospective, comparative study of related variables. Urodynamic studies were performed on neurological patients who were candidates for posterior sacral neuromodulation (n=9). The candidates for a definitive neuromodulator underwent comparative statistical analysis using student´s t test for related samples. We evaluated on pressure-flow study: maximum flow, Pdet max, effectiveness of voiding, and compliance.
Results: Statistically significant results were found in the urodynamic measurements at peak flow (Qmax p<0.002) and in changes in detrusor pressures (p<0.001), there were no statistically significant differences found in voiding effectiveness (p=0.02).
Limitations of the study-implication: A larger number of patients are needed to compare our results to international reports, and to adjust the time of implantation after neurological lesions, since our sample was very heterogeneous.
Originality: There are no reports of sacral neuromodulation in Mexican patients exclusively with neurological disorders as described in other populations; this sample is being described as the largest population of neuromodulator carriers with neurourological diseases in Mexico.
Conclusions: In spite of not finding differences in the effectiveness of voiding in our sample, this difference is of great clinical importance since it means a decrease in or suspension of clean intermittent catheterization, which is probably also reflected in the changes of the detrusor pressures that are within the limits and has benefits for the patient as protection of the upper urinary tract and a decrease of expenses.