bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limited vertical transmission of gut bacteria in commercial chickens
Authors: Shterzer Naama , Rothschild Nir , Sbehat Yara , Dayan Jonathan , Eytan Dor , Uni Zehava , Mills Erez 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background: Efficient vertical transmission of commensal gut microbes is important for the host in order to promote gut microbiota functions such as protection from gut pathogens, and for gut microbes considering microbial competition over limited niche space. While the role of direct contact with parents in transmission is well established, conflicting reports exist regarding transmission in commercial settings where chicks are raised separated from adults, including the utilization of the chicken egg as a transmission mechanism. This question is also relevant to other vertebrates which leave their eggs after laying.
Results: We compared the fecal microbiota of poultry chicks hatched and grown separately, with the microbiota of their mothers over three rounds of egg incubation and chick growth. We found that most bacterial strains identified in the hens did not appear at all in chicks up to two weeks of age. Furthermore, most of the strains common with the hens which did appear in chicks had a low incidence among the chicks. Thus, the gut microbiota of hens does not efficiently transmit to chicks when there is no contact with adults. That been said, a few bacterial strains common with the hens were good colonizers of chicks; these included members of Lactobacillales and Enterobacteriales. Finally, we performed two interventions in an attempt to disrupt transmission. In round two, we sprayed a disinfectant on half of the eggs. In round three, we treated half of the hens with an antibiotic cocktail which decimated their cecum and fecal microbiota. Both interventions resulted in a reduction in chick colonization. Interestingly, both interventions affected strains shared with the hens as well as strains not identified in hen samples, implying many ‘environmental’ opportunistic strains reach the chicks through the egg.
Conclusions: To conclude, vertical transmission in commercial poultry grown separately from hens likely exists but is not efficient, possibly resulting in impairment of microbiota function as evidenced by sensitivity of chicks to gut pathogens. These results also imply that artificial exposure to adult hen bacterial strains might result in improved microbiota functioning.
Enhanced supercontinuum generation in waveguides coated with graphene oxide films
Authors: moss david 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Enhanced supercontinuum generation (SCG) is experimentally demonstrated in integrated silicon nitride (Si3N4) waveguides incorporating highly nonlinear graphene oxide (GO) in the form of two-dimensional (2D) films. On-chip integration of the 2D GO films with precise control of their thickness is realized by using a transfer-free and layer-by-layer coating method. The control of the film length and coating position is achieved via window opening in the upper silica cladding of the photonic integrated chips. Detailed SCG measurements are performed using the fabricated devices with different waveguide geometries and GO film thicknesses, and the results are compared with devices without GO. Significantly improved spectral broadening of ultrashort optical pulses with ultrahigh peaks powers exceeding 1000 W is observed for the hybrid devices, achieving up to 2.4 times improvement in the spectral bandwidth relative to devices without GO. Theoretical analyses for the influence of GO film thickness, coating length, coating position, and waveguide geometry are also provided by fitting the experimental results with theory, showing that there is still significant room for further improvement. This work opens up a promising new avenue towards improving the SCG performance of photonic integrated devices by incorporating functional 2D materials.
Discrete Wavelet Transform-Graph Convolution Network-based Short-Term Traffic Flow Forecasting
Authors: Shen Eric Z. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
One of the research areas in intelligent transportation is traffic prediction. In order to more thoroughly examine the temporal and spatial characteristics of traffic flow sequences and increase forecast accuracy, this study suggests a short-term traffic flow prediction model based on discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) and graph convolutional networks (GCNs). First, the DWT method breaks down the original traffic sequences into precise and approximative components in order to lessen the non-stationarity of the traffic flow data. In order to extract the spatial properties of road networks, the adjacency matrix of the GCN model is secondly improved by the addition of the distance factor term. Finally, the prediction results from each group of components deconstructed by DWT are combined to provide the final prediction value, which is fed to the GCN model independently for each group. The proposed model's mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), when compared to the ARIMA, WNN, and GCN models, have been reduced by $57 \%$ and $59\%$, respectively. This indicates that the proposed model is a successful method for forecasting short-term traffic flow. The model is tested on the Caltrans PeMS dataset.
Observed autogamy in Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.)
Authors: Akuaku Jones , Kotey Daniel Ashie , Akumah Asiwome Mensah , Egbadzor Kenneth Fafa 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) is an important wild tree of African origin which is currently attracting interest for domestication. Flower polymorphism observed on baobab trees at the Ho Technical University (HTU), Ghana, raised interest in understanding the phenomenon since it may have implication for reproduction in the species. This led to the objective of examining if baobab flowers could self-fertilize. In furtherance of this, flowering in five, two-year-old baobab trees were monitored. Two of the trees had preanthesis cleistogamous flowers while the other three had dichogamous flowers. The trees with the preanthesis cleistogamous flowers fruited, while those with dichogamous flowers did not. These observations suggested that the preanthesis cleistogamous trees might have self-compatible flowers, while the other type might not have. This seems to be the first report of autogamous fruiting in baobab. Self-compatible trees have a high probability of fruiting and therefore would be higher yielding. In addition, fixing of superior traits is easier in self-compatible trees. Confirmation of the finding is recommended and consequent attempts at domesticating the species should focus on preanthesis cleistogamous baobab trees with desired characters.
Wicked facets of the German energy transition – examples from the electricity, heating, transport, and industry sectors
Authors: Biehl Juliane , Missbach Leonard , Riedel Franziska , Stemmle Ruben , Jüchter Julian , Weber Jessica , Kucknat Johanna , Odenweller Adrian , Nauck Christian , Lukassen Laura , Zech Matthias , Grimm Marie 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Wicked problems occur when decision-makers face constant change or unprecedented challenges and when uncertainty, complexity, and stakeholder divergence are high. We shed light on wicked problems in the German energy transition. Our methods consist of a multiple-case study and comparative multi-criteria analysis, utilising the wicked problems theoretical framework introduced by Horst Rittel and Melvin Webber (1973). Based on four exemplary cases, our research covers four core energy transition sectors: energy supply (developing onshore wind power), heating/cooling (using shallow geothermal energy systems), transport (decarbonising the transport sector), and industry (decarbonising the chemical industry sector). Cross-case results illustrate where and how the 10-point frame of wicked problems manifests in the German energy transition. We do not argue that the German energy transition is inherently wicked, yet we stress the need to consider potentially wicked facets of energy transition challenges. Our results show that the four cases exhibit more wicked tendencies in the governance domain than in the technical dimension. All cases exhibit wicked facets in the governance dimension, given strong normative assumptions, value divergence, and complex governance structures with a plurality of actors. From a technical perspective, the four cases still exhibit some wicked tendencies, e.g. raw material provision, skilled workforce, and waste management. The cases differ in technology maturity, state of knowledge, and degree of policy output and regulations. In applying the wickedness lens, we acknowledge that energy transition problems cannot be solved merely by technical measures but need to be tamed. Our work reflects which challenges and main barriers pertain to the four cases of the German energy transition. Understanding the elements of wickedness in a specific problem in the first step offers insights for addressing and managing these challenges in the next step.
Formation of Whipped Yeast-Free Bread Crumb with Intensive Microwave Convective Baking
Authors: Magomedov Gazibeg , Khvostov Anatoly , Zhuravlev Aleksey , Magomedov Magomed , Taratukhin Aleksei , Plotnikova Inessa 
Published: October 2022

The development of the technology of whipped yeast-free bread made from whole wheat flour is an urgent task of baking. To implement this technology, it is necessary to properly manage the foaming process of whipped yeast-free dough while preserving the highly porous structure of the crumb of whipped dough blanks and thin-walled bread crust during baking. The purpose of the work is to study the quality changes and establish the modes of preparation of churned yeast-free dough, as well as churned dough blanks with their combined microwave-convective heating.
In the work, samples of churned yeast-free dough obtained on a mixing-churning-forming plant and churned test blanks after pre-microwave heating with a finely porous crumb formed were studied. For an objective assessment of the porosity of bread crumb, a method of optical quantitative analysis of the structure of air bubbles has been developed.
It was found that, taking into account the restriction on the maximum size of air bubbles in the crumb, churned yeast-free test blanks with a density of 0.40 ± 0.03 g/cm3 with finely dispersed air bubbles were preliminarily obtained, in order to form a stable highly porous structure, they were previously subjected to microwave heating at a temperature of 65 ± 1°C in the center of the crumb, and then convective heating at at a temperature of 99 ± 1°C in the center of the crumb to form a thin-walled crust of bread. The conducted studies have shown the dependence of changes in the porosity of the crumb, the formation of its structure on the duration of microwave heating of churned dough blanks. The rational duration of pre-microwave heating of churned dough blanks is determined – 70–80 s and final convective heating during bread baking – up to 14 min. The use of combined microwave-convective heating of churned dough blanks reduces the baking process by 26 min.
The presented approach, together with the method of optical evaluation of air bubbles, allows us to develop an algorithm for optimal control of the process of combined baking bread. The accelerated technology of churned yeast-free bread has been developed and is highly promising for widespread implementation in civil and military bakery.
Cereals and Cereal Products for Dietary Preventive Nutrition
Authors: Urubkov Sergey , Korolev Aleksei , Smirnov Stanislav 
Published: October 2022

Providing senior citizens with specialized gerontological products is one of the most important tasks of the contemporary food industry. The research objective was to develop targeted functional foods for elderly population based on the peculiarities of their metabolism.
The new products included raw materials with a low glycemic index and a high protein content but a low fat and carbohydrate content, e.g., lentil, pea, and barley flour. Kelp powder served as a source of iodine. The content of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates was studied by infrared spectroscopy using a Spectastar 2500 analyzer. Vitamins, minerals, and trace elements were measured by classical and modern analysis methods.
The research also included a sensory evaluation of the new cereals and cereal products. As for the basic nutrients, the protein content was 20.96–24.33 g/100 g, fat – 3.36–3.49 g/100 g, carbohydrates – 45.07–47.10 g/100 g, energy – 327–333 kcal/100 g. One portion (150 g) satisfied the recommended daily intake of proteins by 18.0%, fats – by 2.9%, carbohydrates – by 9.1%, dietary fiber – by 30.5%, and energy – by 9.13%.
The new products had a good nutritional value and were rich in protein, dietary fiber, vitamins, and micro- and macro-elements, e.g., iodine. The new cereals and cereal products can also be used in diets for senior patients with comorbid pathology.
Seasonal Changes in the Protein Composition of Khainak Milk
Authors: Elemanova Rimma 
Published: October 2022

The qualitative composition of commercial milk is a relevant issue of the food industry. The khainak, or yattle, is a hybrid between the yak and domestic cattle. The research objective was to study the seasonal protein composition of khainak milk from the Northern Kyrgyzstan highlands.
The study featured samples of khainak milk obtained from farms located in the Issyk-Kul region at an altitude of 2840 m above sea level. Standard research methods included high pressure liq uid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. Khainak milk has more protein than cow milk, and the mass fraction of protein in it is 3.91–4.39%. In this research, the mass fraction of protein in khainak milk obtained in spring, summer, and autumn exceeded that of cow milk by 0.54, 1.02, and 0.84%, respectively. The total nitrogen content correlated with the mass fraction of protein, i.e., it was at its highest in summer (0.689 ± 0.004%). The content of non-protein nitrogen remained almost the same (0.0489–0.0496%). Spring milk contained by 0.2% more whey protein than summer milk (0.94 ± 0.05%) and autumn milk (0.97 ± 0.05%). Summer milk demonstrated a 1% increase in casein proteins, compared to spring and autumn samples. The average β-lactoglobulin content was 2.35 mg·mL–1, while α-lactoalbumin was 2.12 mg·mL–1 of the total albumin fraction. In terms of amino acid composition, khainak milk was balanced except for tryptophan. In the warm season, the content of essential amino acids was higher than in the cold season ( P < 0.05), which corresponded to the changes in total protein co ntent.
Khainak milk is richer in protein and some other components than cow milk, which makes it a valuable non-traditional dairy raw material for such protein products as cheese or cottage che ese, including their functional variants.
Extracting Organic Compounds from Brewer's Spent Grain by Various Methods
Authors: Gribkova Irina , Kharlamova Larisa , Sevostianova Elena , Lazareva Irina , Zakharov Maxim , Borisenko Olga 
Published: October 2022

Brewer's spent grain is a brewing industry waste product that contains various valuable biologically active substances. However, polymers can complicate their extraction. This article focuses on innovative extraction methods, including sustainable deep processing that destroys the internal structures of plant matrix. The research objective was to review publications on the sustainable brewer's spent grain processing as a source of secondary raw materials and plant matrix organic compounds.
The study featured the last 5–10 years of foreign and domestic analytical and technical publications on grain structure and extraction methods.
Unlike the traditional acidic, alkaline, and enzymatic methods of grain processing, physical and mechanical methods aim at extracting biogenic peptides, phenolic compounds, and fatty acids. The nature of the processing depends on the type of the extracted compound. Thus, for the extraction of reducing compounds intended for sorption, exposure to high temperatures (≥ 150°C) is the most effective method. A combined treatment with acids or alkalis of the cellulose-lignin complex makes it possible to achieve a 76.2% yield of hemicelluloses. Acid hydrolysis of arabinoxylans is effective at 120–160°C. Alkaline hydrolysis combined with physical treatment makes it possible to reach 60% of arabinoxylans in a mix with phenolic compounds. When extracting nitrogen-containing, phenolic, and lipid compounds, the degree of grinding of the biomaterial and the organic solvent is of great importance. The optimal degree makes it possible to preserve the spatial structure while maintaining a high yield (86%) of organic compounds. Ultrafiltration concentrates the isolated biogenic compound and preserves its activity with a high yield of up to 95%.
The analysis proved that the brewer's spent grain processing can be both feasible and environmentally friendly. It produces a high yield of pure organic compounds, e.g., peptides, phenolic compounds, fatty acids, etc.
Phylogenetic Diversity of Microorganisms from the Abakan Arzhan Thermal Spring: Potential Producers of Microbial Energy
Authors: Dmitrieva Anastasia , Faskhutdinova Elizaveta , Drozdova Margarita , Kutuzov Sergei , Proskuryakova Larisa 
Published: October 2022

Microbial energy is a promising area of innovative development in bio- and nanotechnology. Recent studies have revealed that microbial communities of thermal springs have excellent implementation prospects in this area. The present article introduces the microbial diversity of the Abakan Arzhan thermal spring and their isolates that are potentially applicable in microbial electricity synthesis.
The research featured microbial isolates obtained from a microbiota analysis of water and slit samples from the Abakan Arzhan thermal spring. The study involved a metagenomic analysis of the microbial community, as well as such molecular biology methods as nucleic acid extraction, PCR, sequencing, phylogenetic, and bioinformatic analysis. The Silva library was used to compare 16S RNA sequences
Firmicutes, Bacteroides, and Proteobacteria proved to be the dominant phylotypes for water samples, while Firmicutes, Thermomonas, Gammaproteobacteria, and Proteobacteria were the dominant phylotypes for slit samples. The analysis of minor phylotypes confirmed the presence of Geobacter and Shewanella in the samples. The total number of obtained enrichment cultures was nine. Two types of resistant colonies were discovered during the isolation of extremophilic iron-reducing isolates. The samples were grown on a medium containing iron (III) acetate and iron (III) nitrate, and the isolates appeared to be in the process of Fe(III) reduction. The isolates showed an intense iron recovery of 409 and 407 µg/mL after 72 h of cultivation.
The study confirmed the ability of the acquired isolates to reduce iron, making them a priority for future microbial energy research. The isolates belonged to the Shewanella algae and Geobacter sulfurreducens species, as determined by 16S RNA morphology and phylogenetic analyses.
Identifying Bioactive Peptides from Poultry By-Products
Authors: Voroshilin Roman , Kurbanova Marina , Yustratov Vladimir , Larichev Timothy 
Published: October 2022

Bioactive peptides derived from food proteins are becoming increasingly popular ingredients due to their beneficial effect on the immune system and other functional properties. We aimed to develop a technology for obtaining peptides from poultry by-products and identify their bioactivity.
Pepsin was the main reagent for the in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis. Specialized equipment and methods were used to determine the key indicators. The molecular weight and bioactivity of the resulting peptides were calculated by using the Peptide Mass Calculator and PeptideRanker online resources.
First, we developed a flow chart for obtaining bioactive peptides and produced hydrolysates from poultry by-products. The hydrolysates had identical physicochemical parameters, with no significant differences. The molecular weight distribution revealed that most protein fractions were represented by peptides with a molecular weight below 20 kDa. Then, we evaluated the bioactivity of the peptides. The hydrolysate obtained using pepsin with an activity of 30 units per 100 g of material showed higher bioactivity in the FD peptides (0.922094). The hydrolysate obtained using pepsin with an activity of 45 units per 100 g of material had greater bioactive properties in the CYG p eptides (0.947378).
Based on the results, we designed a flow chart for obtaining hydrolysates from poultry by-products and evaluated the bioactive properties of the peptides obtained. For further work, these properties should be confirmed by in vitro experiments to determine the reliability of our data and identify specific bioactive properties of the peptides.
Depression: Does water matter?
Authors: Shi Hongxu 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Subjective well-being is a metric for assessing the effectiveness of public policy. However, the relationship between depression, an important indicator of subjective well-being, and access to clean water (ACW) has received scant attention. This study investigates the effect of ACW on depression using the 2014–2018 waves of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS). Using ordinary least squares (OLS) two-way fixed effects (FE) estimation, the results indicate that ACW leads to lower levels of depression. The ACW–depression relationship is mediated by individual self-reported health and household food expenditure, but the mechanism varies across subsamples, as determined by structural equation modelling of the underlying mechanisms. The results of the heterogeneity analysis demonstrated that the total effect of the absence of ACW on depression is mitigated when rural migrants reside in cities, and that the effect disappears entirely when the migrant has an urban hukou. These findings demonstrate the negative impact of urban–rural disparities and hukou issues on mental health.
Investigating socio-economic factors underlying urban consumers' willingness to pay extra for drinking water
Authors: Nouri-Khajebelagh Rassol , Khaledian Mohammadreza , Kavoosi-Kalashami Mohammad 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of economic and social factors on increasing public participation in the urban drinking water sector to develop a suitable plan for the coming years due to the growing population. The research instrument is a researcher-made questionnaire whose validity and reliability were confirmed. Then, 1,230 questionnaires were distributed among the citizens of Ardabil, Iran. A two-stage Heckman approach was used to estimate the valuation model. The results showed that the education, age, water health concern, income, household cost, household size and water quality satisfaction had a significant role in the amount of willingness to pay extra (WTP). The results showed that the variable age, income and water quality have a positive effect on WTP; with increases in the age, income and the water quality, WTP increases. However, in contrast to the water bill, concerns about the health of water and children have a negative effect on WTP. The results showed that the government could increase their tendency to participate with the government by informing people to water value and improve the quality of water.