bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Kolmogorov turbulence in carotid artery stenosis and the impact of carotid stenting on near-wall turbulence
Authors: Saqr Khalid M. , Kano Kiyomitsu , Rashad Sherif , Niizuma Kuniyasu , Kaku Yasuhiko , Iwama Toru , Tominaga Teiji 
Published: January 2022

Endovascular stents have become a standard management procedure for carotid artery stenosis. Recent discoveries related to the complex turbulence dynamics in blood flow necessitate revisiting the pathology of carotid stenosis itself and the impact of stenting on blood hemodynamics. In the present work, and for the first time, the therapeutic hemodynamic changes after carotid artery stenting are explored via high-resolution large eddy simulation of non-Newtonian multiharmonic pulsatile flow in realistic patient-specific geometries. The focus of the present study is the transition to turbulence before and after stent deployment. Transition to turbulence was characterized in space, time, and frequency domains. The multiharmonic flow had generalized a time-dependent Reynolds number of 115 ± 26 at the inlet plane of the computational domain. The inlet boundary condition was defined as a multiharmonic waveform represented by six harmonics that are responsible for transferring at least 94% of the mass flow rate in the common carotid artery. Multiharmonic non-Newtonian pulsatile flow exhibited non-Kolmogorov turbulence characteristics. The stent was found to cause a significant reduction in the velocity oscillations downstream the stenosis throat and restore the inverse kinetic energy cascade. It also stabilized hemorheological fluctuations downstream the stenosis throat. Finally, the stent had a significant effect on the kinetic energy cascade at a distance of 10 µm from the artery wall at the carotid bifurcation and stenosis throat. These findings are important to guide the design and optimization of carotid stents and have significant value in understanding the mechanisms of vascular remodeling and carotid stenosis pathophysiology and symptomatology.
Engineering pan–HIV-1 neutralization potency through multispecific antibody avidity
Authors: Rujas Edurne , Cui Hong , Burnie Jonathan , Aschner Clare Burn , Zhao Tiantian , Insausti Sara , Muthuraman Krithika , Semesi Anthony , Ophel Jasper , Nieva Jose L. , Seaman Michael S. , Guzzo Christina , Treanor Bebhinn , Julien Jean-Philippe 
Published: January 2022

SignificanceThe high genetic diversity of HIV-1 continues to be a major barrier to the development of therapeutics for prevention and treatment. Here, we describe the design of an antibody platform that allows assembly of a highly avid, multispecific molecule that targets, simultaneously, the most conserved epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein. The combined multivalency and multispecificity translates into extraordinary neutralization potency and pan-neutralization of HIV-1 strains, surpassing that of the most potent anti-HIV broadly neutralizing antibody cocktails.
Assessment and English as a medium of instruction
Authors: Hultgren Anna Kristina , Owen Nathaniel , Shrestha Prithvi , Kuteeva Maria , Mežek Špela 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
As English as a Medium of Instruction (EMI) continues to expand across the globe, there is a glaring absence of
research on assessment. This article reviews the scarce literature to date and maps out a research agenda for the future. Drawing
on Shohamy’s (2001, 2007) Critical Language Testing and McNamara et al.’s (2019) notions of “fair” and “just” language assessment, our reading of the literature
to date is that it has revealed considerable complexities around implementing assessment in EMI contexts, with key questions
centring not only on what and who to assess but also on how and why assessment should take place. In outlining a research agenda
for the future, we suggest that one way of bypassing such challenges may be to carve out a greater role for assessment for
learning in higher education. This could capitalize on – and raise stakeholders’ awareness of – bodies of
knowledge that are well established within applied linguistics about the integral role of language in learning.
Whilst we acknowledge challenges in securing institutional buy-in for putting this agenda into practice, we suggest that doing so
could turn assessment challenges into opportunities and significantly enhance learning not only in EMI contexts but beyond.
How children learn to use a writing system
Authors: Nag Sonali 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDecoding a writing system is an impressive task requiring recognition of connections between printed symbols and the language they represent. Recognising the linguistic anchors for individual symbols is however not enough. Inferences are needed about unseen and often unstated encoding principles. This paper reviews task demands implicit in children’s books and find the models of orthographic learning in an Indic writing system must go beyond a focus on intra-symbol cues, the size of the symbol set, and the nature of sound-symbol mapping. The child-directed print corpus also shows a substantial demand for recognition of multimorphemic words. Since children encounter an ever-expanding variety of such words in the books they read, it is essential to mount systematic studies on morphological development. At a methodological level, this exploratory study shows the limitations of building models of literacy development when real world encounters with a writing system are not adequately taken into account.
Coaxial multi-ring optical vortex generation based on compound spiral phase plates
Authors: Liu Xiaoxuan , Zhou Jinyun , Xue Jiancai , Meng Ziming 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We propose a new kind of compound optical vortex (COV) generator in this paper. The device consists of an inner spiral phase plate (SPP) and an outer annular spiral phase plate. There is an opaque band between two SPPs. Under the flat-top beam irradiation, concentric multi-ring COV rings with different topological charges in different radial radii can be generated. The theoretical analysis lays a theoretical foundation for the design of the COV generator, and the simulation results prove the effectiveness of the design. The unique characteristics of COV are discussed and some of its potential application scenarios are presented. This work provides a design method for generating COV using compound SPPs, and the advanced COV structure can help to expand the scope of utilization of vortex beam in optical tweezers, optical communication and other fields.
Towards decoding selective attention through cochlear implant electrodes as sensors in subjects with contralateral acoustic hearing
Authors: Aldag Nina , Büchner Andreas , Lenarz Thomas , Nogueira Waldo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objectives. Focusing attention on one speaker in a situation with multiple background speakers or noise is referred to as auditory selective attention. Decoding selective attention is an interesting line of research with respect to future brain-guided hearing aids or cochlear implants (CIs) that are designed to adaptively adjust sound processing through cortical feedback loops. This study investigates the feasibility of using the electrodes and backward telemetry of a CI to record electroencephalography (EEG). Approach. The study population included six normal-hearing (NH) listeners and five CI users with contralateral acoustic hearing. Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEP) and selective attention were recorded using a state-of-the-art high-density scalp EEG and, in the case of CI users, also using two CI electrodes as sensors in combination with the backward telemetry system of these devices, denoted as implant-based EEG (iEEG). Main results. In the selective attention paradigm with multi-channel scalp EEG the mean decoding accuracy across subjects was 94.8% and 94.6% for NH listeners and CI users, respectively. With single-channel scalp EEG the accuracy dropped but was above chance level in 8–9 out of 11 subjects, depending on the electrode montage. With the single-channel iEEG, the selective attention decoding accuracy could only be analyzed in two out of five CI users due to a loss of data in the other three subjects. In these two CI users, the selective attention decoding accuracy was above chance level. Significance. This study shows that single-channel EEG is suitable for auditory selective attention decoding, even though it reduces the decoding quality compared to a multi-channel approach. CI-based iEEG can be used for the purpose of recording CAEPs and decoding selective attention. However, the study also points out the need for further technical development for the CI backward telemetry regarding long-term recordings and the optimal sensor positions.
Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis still an open debate
Authors: Loconsole Daniela , Paola Pierucci , Daniele Casulli , Federica Barratta , Maria Chironna , Giovanna Elisiana Carpagnano 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The real-time PCR (RT-PCR) on nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. The exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is used to perform collection of biological fluid condensed in a refrigerated device from deep airways’ exhaled air. We aimed to verify the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the EBC from patients with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection by RT-PCR, and to determine if the EBC may represent a valid alternative to the NPS. Seventeen consecutive patients admitted to the Emergency Department of the Policlinico were enrolled in the present study with RT-PCR, clinical and radiological evidence of SARS-CoV-2. Within 24 h from the NPS collection the EBC collection was performed on SARS-CoV-2 positive patients. Informed written consent was gathered and the Ethic Committee approved the study. The mean age of patients was 60 years (24–92) and 64.7% (11/17) were male. Patient n.9 and n.17 died. All NPS resulted positive for SARS-CoV-2 at RT-PCR. RT-PCR on EBC resulted negative for all but one patients (patient n.12). In this study we did not find any correlation between positive NPS and the EBC in all but one patients enrolled. Based on these data which greatly differ from previous reports on the topic, this study opens several questions related to small differences in the complex process of EBC collection and how EBC could be really standardized for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further studies will be warranted to deepen this topic.
Ship stabilization technology a feature used for energy efficiency
Authors: Ivanovich Epikhin Aleksey , Vasilescu Mihail-Vlad , Scurtu Ionut Cristian 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
From this article the reader can find information regarding ship stabilization technology. Types of stabilization system, comparison between different types of gyrostabilizers, the technical features that differentiate modern marine gyrostabilizer products, advantages and disadvantages of active stabilizers. Shipping is one of the world’s most polluting industries. More than 90000 ships which are crossing the oceans each year, using classical propulsion, are burning nearly two billion barrels of fossil fuels. As a result, is the belch out of large quantities of polluting emissions into the air, principally in the form of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter, which have been steadily rising and endangering human health especially on the principle shipping routes. They create between 2 and 3 per cent of the world’s total greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide, contributing to global warming. In order to decrease the amount of burning fuel for the navy industry, it appeared the ship stabilization technology, which helps the ship to reduce the rolling created by wind and waves, so it will reduce the quantity of burn fuel and last but not least will reduce the polluting emissions, in the same time for the owners increasing the economic efficiency of the ship.
Thin and stretchable extracellular matrix (ECM) membrane reinforced by nanofiber scaffolds for developing in vitro barrier models
Authors: Youn Jaeseung , Hong Hyeonjun , Shin Woojung , Kim Dohui , Kim Hyun Jung , Kim Dong Sung 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
An extracellular matrix (ECM) membrane made up of ECM hydrogels has great potentials to develop a physiologically relevant organ-on-a-chip because of its biochemical and biophysical similarity to in vivo basement membranes (BMs). However, the limited mechanical stability of the ECM hydrogels makes it difficult to utilize the ECM membrane in long-term and dynamic cell/tissue cultures. This study proposes a thin but robust and transparent ECM membrane reinforced with silk fibroin (SF)/polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibers, which is achieved by in situ self-assembly throughout a freestanding SF/PCL nanofiber scaffold. The SF/PCL nanofiber-reinforced ECM (NaRE) membrane shows biophysical characteristics reminiscent of native BMs, including small thickness (<5 μm), high permeability (<9 × 10−5 cm s−1), and nanofibrillar architecture (∼10–100 nm). With the BM-like characteristics, the nanofiber reinforcement ensured that the NaRE membrane stably supported the construction of various types of in vitro barrier models, from epithelial or endothelial barrier models to complex co-culture models, even over two weeks of cell culture periods. Furthermore, the stretchability of the NaRE membrane allowed emulating the native organ-like cyclic stretching motions (10%–15%) and was demonstrated to manipulate the cell and tissue-level functions of the in vitro barrier model.
Research on phase-locked loop technique based on three-dimensional coordinate transformation
Authors: Tan Guangjun , Chen Zhi , Zhao Wei , Sun Xiaofeng 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The traditional phase-locked loop (PLL) technique widely used in three-phase four-wire system can only obtain one phase angle, and cannot obtain other parameters of unbalanced voltages, such as the amplitude and phase angle of each phase voltage. In order to improve the performance of PLL in unbalanced three-phase four-wire system with disturbance and reduce the order of PLL to improve the stability of the system, a PLL technique based on three-dimensional (3D) coordinate transformation was proposed in this paper. Firstly, the phase detector error of three-phase unbalanced voltage was deduced based on the 3D coordinate transformation. The error can be regarded as the expression form in Hilbert space after linearizing of it. Based on the correspondence between the orthonormal basis in Hilbert space and the unit vectors in Euclidean space, the error can be mapped to Euclidean space, and the detection control law for each voltage parameter can be designed respectively based on the principle of perpendicular decoupling. Then, the voltage parameter detection control law in Euclidean space is mapped back to Hilbert space, so the PLL technique scheme can be obtained which is beneficial to the implementation in the actual system. The control law of each unbalance indices, such as the amplitude and initial phase of each phase voltage, can be decoupled into a first-order or second-order system, so the system structure is simple, and the control parameter design is convenient. The detection of unbalance indices of the three-phase unbalanced voltages with zero-sequence component can be realized with fast and stable characteristics. The simulation and experiments of the proposed PLL technique are carried out finally under several transient conditions of grid voltages, stable within a quarter cycle at the fastest and always stable in 50 ms, so as to validate the rapidness and stability of the proposed PLL technique.
OP04 Vedolizumab intravenous is effective across multiple treatment targets in chronic pouchitis: Results of the randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled EARNEST trial
Authors: Travis S , Silverberg M S , Danese S , Gionchetti P , Löwenberg M , Jairath V , Feagan B G , Bressler B , Lindner D , Escher A , Jones S , Shen B 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Pouchitis is a common complication of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) after proctocolectomy in ulcerative colitis (UC). There are currently no approved therapies for chronic pouchitis. Here, we report a multicentre trial of intravenous (IV) vedolizumab (VDZ) for chronic pouchitis after IPAA in patients with UC.

Methods
EARNEST was a randomised, double-blind, placebo (PBO)-controlled, phase 4 study of VDZ in patients aged 18–80 years with chronic pouchitis after proctocolectomy with IPAA for UC (NCT02790138). Male and female patients with a history of IPAA for UC and chronic pouchitis were eligible. Patients were randomised (1:1) to receive VDZ IV (300 mg) or PBO on Day 1 and at Weeks (W) 2, 6, 14, 22 and 30, as well as ciprofloxacin for the first 4 weeks. The primary endpoint was modified Pouchitis Disease Activity Index (mPDAI) remission at W14; efficacy was also assessed through other mPDAI/PDAI secondary endpoints and endoscopic exploratory endpoints (assessed by a central reviewer) at W14 and W34. Safety (adverse events [AEs]) was monitored throughout the study.

Results
In total, 102 patients were treated (51 per group). Patients had a mean age of 40.8 years (VDZ) and 42.9 years (PBO). mPDAI remission rates (comprising clinical symptoms and endoscopy domains) were 31.4% (n=16/51) for VDZ vs 9.8% (n=5/51) for PBO at W14 (p=0.013; Figure 1). Significant differences in favour of VDZ over PBO were also seen in mPDAI remission at W34, mPDAI response at W14 and W34, and PDAI remission (comprising clinical symptoms, endoscopy and histology domains) at W14 and W34 (Figure 1). The rate of sustained remission (defined as remission at both W14 and W34) was higher for VDZ vs PBO on both the mPDAI (VDZ 27.5% [n=14/51] vs PBO 5.9% [n=3/51]; difference 21.6 percentage points [95% confidence interval (CI), 6.5–37.0]) and the PDAI (VDZ 31.4% [n=16/51] vs PBO 7.8% [4/51]; difference 23.5 percentage points [95% CI, 8.0–38.8]). Endoscopic ulceration analysis showed greater reductions in number of ulcers from baseline for VDZ over PBO at W14 and W34 (Figure 2). A higher proportion of patients in the VDZ vs PBO group had an improved SES-CD score and achieved SES-CD remission of pouchitis (Figure 2). AE rates were similar between groups and no new safety signals were identified (Table).

Conclusion
This is the first and largest randomised, double-blind PBO-controlled trial of biologic therapy to show significant benefits across multiple treatment outcomes in patients with chronic pouchitis after IPAA for UC. VDZ showed consistent treatment benefits over PBO across clinical, endoscopic and histologic endpoints, together with safety consistent with its established profile.
OP23 The efficacy and safety of guselkumab induction therapy in patients with moderately to severely active Ulcerative Colitis: Phase 2b QUASAR Study results through week 12
Authors: Dignass A , Rubin D , Bressler B , Huang K H , Shipitofsky N , Germinaro M , Zhang H , Johanns J , Feagan B , Sandborn W , Sands B , Hisamatsu T , Lichtenstein G , Panes J , Allegretti J 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
The QUASAR Induction Study 1 (NCT04033445) is a phase 2b randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of guselkumab (GUS), an interleukin-23 p19 subunit antagonist, as induction therapy in patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (UC) who had an inadequate response or intolerance to conventional (ie, thiopurines or corticosteroids) or advanced therapy (ie, tumor necrosis factor alpha antagonists, vedolizumab, or tofacitinib).

Methods
Patients included in these analyses had moderately to severely active UC (defined as a modified Mayo score of 5 to 9, inclusive) with a Mayo rectal bleeding subscore ≥ 1 and a Mayo endoscopy subscore ≥ 2 obtained during central review of video endoscopy at baseline. Patients were randomized 1:1:1 to receive IV GUS 200 mg, 400 mg, or placebo at Weeks 0, 4, and 8. The primary endpoint was clinical response at Week 12, and major secondary endpoints included clinical remission, symptomatic remission, endoscopic improvement, histo-endoscopic mucosal improvement, and endoscopic normalization at Week 12. Type 1 error was controlled at the 0.05 significance level for the primary endpoint; no other endpoints were controlled for multiplicity. Safety was assessed through Week 12.

Results
Three hundred thirteen patients were randomized in the primary analysis population (mean age, 41.6 yrs; male 59.1%, mean UC duration, 7.55 yrs; mean Mayo score, 9.2; endoscopy subscore of 3 indicating severe disease, 70%; baseline oral corticosteroid use, 39.6%). Approximately 50% had a prior inadequate response or intolerance to advanced therapy for UC. The baseline demographics and disease characteristics were generally similar among treatment groups (Table 1). At Week 12, a significantly greater proportion of patients treated with GUS 200 mg and 400 mg achieved clinical response compared with placebo (61.4% and 60.7% vs 27.6%, respectively, both p&lt;0.001). A greater proportion of GUS-treated patients compared with placebo-treated patients achieved the major secondary endpoints at Week 12 (Figure 1). The proportions of patients reporting adverse events, serious adverse events, and adverse events leading to discontinuation in the GUS groups were not greater compared with placebo (Table 2). No serious infections were reported for GUS. No cases of malignancy or death were reported.

Conclusion
In patients with moderately to severely active UC, GUS induction treatment demonstrated superior efficacy compared with placebo treatment. Overall, safety results through Week 12 were consistent with the known safety profile of GUS in approved indications. The efficacy and safety of GUS 200 mg and 400 mg were comparable.