bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning Design From Day One of Undergraduate Studies
Authors: Birmingham Richard 
Published: September 2022

All engineering courses, including naval architecture, have to ensure that the students gain a firm grasp of both analysis and synthesis techniques. However there is a significant difference between how these two are dealt with in educational programmes: analysis techniques are conventionally taught in detail and extensively throughout the three or four years of an undergraduate course, while synthesis is often ignored until the final stages of a degree programme, and then dealt with in a relatively cursory fashion. This is understandable as analysis techniques are far more involved, and require many hours of study to grasp and, more fundamentally, it can be asked, how can you synthesise a solution without first learning to analyse and evaluate it? However naval architects are essentially designers, so it would clearly be beneficial if our students were learning the entire process of design, meaning both analysis and synthesis, from the earliest stages of their programmes.
This paper will report on the recent experience at Newcastle University where, following a review and reorganisation of our undergraduate programmes, design theory and practice has been introduced to the course from day one. In the paper the rational for the reorganisation will be briefly outlined, but the main focus of the paper will be on the teaching and learning process, which has involved presenting the students with a series of paper and cardboard boat design challenges that they have to respond to by undertaking design-and-build exercises throughout the first semester of their course. Despite the students having little of no knowledge of analysis techniques the challenges introduce them to the concepts of elicitation, creativity, synthesis, optimisation, satisfycing, evaluating, and of virtual prototyping.
The paper will conclude with a student led review of the value of this approach.
Ontologies in the Marine Domain and Use Cases for Autonomous Vessel Design and Other Novel Designs
Authors: Arrigan Connor , Emmitt Robert , Singer David 
Published: September 2022

As the marine industry looks to develop and integrate autonomous vessels and platforms into the global fleet, new design challenges emerge as the complexity of the vessel design process increases in parallel with the growing need for larger and more diversified multi-disciplinary design teams. The design of autonomous vessels presents the need for novel marine designs with the use of diverse skill sets, knowledge sets, and technical backgrounds from the early stages of the design process. In developing novel marine designs, explicit, implicit, and tacit knowledge is needed for the development of successful concepts. Given the novelty and complexity of autonomous vessels, a significant amount of conditional, path dependent tacit knowledge is required in the design process. To form successful designs and to form a foundation for future development of autonomous vessels, it is critical that methods and frameworks be developed to represent, share, and codify necessary tacit knowledge and its interdependencies within system design in explicit form ahead of full product development.
To be able to account for the multidimensional relationships that should, could or will exist between design parameters and associated design decisions, a bridge between implicit and tacit knowledge is needed. One approach to bridging the gap between tacit and implicit knowledge is through the shared conceptualization of an ontology. Due to the fact that ontologies can separate concepts and define context-dependent relationships, ontologies have the possibility to enable the understanding of potential design implications associated with integration of the multiple contextual views of design artifacts within a singular framework. This paper will provide a survey of the current uses of ontologies and their possible applications ranging from concept to detailed design across naval design generally and autonomous vessels specifically.
Role Of Design and Operational Deficiencies on Occupational Accidents Onboard Merchant Ships
Authors: Turan Osman , Kurt Rafet , Navas de Maya Beatriz , Flower Courteney , Bantan Hadi , Arslan Ozcan , Uflaz Esma 
Published: September 2022

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Although, occupational injuries and fatalities onboard merchant ships show decreasing trends over the years, they are still significantly above the rates observed in the land based industries.
This study critically evaluates the maritime occupational injuries and fatalities in international merchant shipping over the last 20 years by reviewing the reported studies and publications; available major data sources and taxonomies around the world with an aim of identifying the causes of those injuries and fatalities. The study, also present the detailed results of the systematic analysis of occupational accident database highlighting main causal factors.
The analyses are carried out by studying the injuries and fatalities separately, in order to have a deeper understanding and better identification of the circumstances leading to injuries and fatalities. The study also presents the design and operational deficiencies leading to occupational accidents onboard merchant ships.
Results of the data analyses clearly indicate that fall overboard of a person is the top immediate causal factor for fatalities, while slips, trips and falls on the same level is the top immediate causal factor for injuries.
Regional importation and asymmetric within-country spread of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in the Netherlands
Authors: Han Alvin X , Kozanli Eva , Koopsen Jelle , Vennema Harry ,   RIVM COVID-19 molecular epidemiology group, Hajji Karim , Kroneman Annelies , van Walle Ivo , Klinkenberg Don , Wallinga Jacco , Russell Colin A , Eggink Dirk , Reusken Chantal 
Published: September 2022

Background:Variants of concern (VOCs) of SARS-CoV-2 have caused resurging waves of infections worldwide. In the Netherlands, the Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta VOCs circulated widely between September 2020 and August 2021. We sought to elucidate how various control measures, including targeted flight restrictions, had impacted the introduction and spread of these VOCs in the Netherlands.Methods:We performed phylogenetic analyses on 39,844 SARS-CoV-2 genomes collected under the Dutch national surveillance program.Results:We found that all four VOCs were introduced before targeted flight restrictions were imposed on countries where the VOCs first emerged. Importantly, foreign introductions, predominantly from other European countries, continued during these restrictions. After their respective introductions into the Netherlands, the Alpha and Delta VOCs largely circulated within more populous regions of the country with international connections before asymmetric bidirectional transmissions occurred with the rest of the country and the VOC became the dominant circulating lineage.Conclusions:Our findings show that flight restrictions had limited effectiveness in deterring VOC introductions due to the strength of regional land travel importation risks. As countries consider scaling down SARS-CoV-2 surveillance efforts in the post-crisis phase of the pandemic, our results highlight that robust surveillance in regions of early spread is important for providing timely information for variant detection and outbreak control.Funding:None.
Regarding String: A Theory-Method-Praxis of/for Co-compos(t)ing Feminist Hope
Authors: Taylor Carol A. , Tobias-Green Karen , Sexton Julia , Healey Joan 
Published: September 2022

This article explores string – what string does, makes possible, and makes happen –as lively matter in co-compos(t)ing human-nonhuman objects, bodies and space. Based on the happenings-doings-thinking generated from a recent workshop, and taking a line of flight with-from Haraway’s (2016) Staying with the Trouble, the article considers how string figuring co-compos(t)ings can work as a post-qualitative experimental feminist materialist/posthumanist research-creation practice which moves outside normative research methods. The article develops a stringly-thingly methodology to explore string figuring’s temporal and spatial possibilities, and propose a theorisation of ‘regard’ which works as a feminist materialist enactment of response-ability which makes better futures in the here-and-now become do-able and thinkable. The theory-method-praxis we propose is an orientation of/for co-compos(t)ing feminist hope.
Effect of Long Term Soil Test Crop Response Based Nutrient Management in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on Physical Properties in a Vertisol
Authors: Bhayal Divya , Kulhare P. S. , Tagore G. S. , Upadhyay A. K. , Bhayal Lalita , Aakash . 
Published: September 2022

A field experiment was carried out during Rabi season of 2020‒21 and 2021‒22 at the Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur research field to find out the effect of long term soil test crop response based nutrient management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) on physical properties in a Vertisol. The treatments details were T1; Control, T2; 120 N: 80 P2O5: 60 K2O kg ha-1, T3; Target yield 4.5 t ha-1, T4; Target yield 6.0 t ha-1, T5; Target yield 4.5 t + FYM 5 t ha-1, T6; Target yield 6.0 t + FYM 5 t ha-1 and carried out in Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four replications. The results indicated that the STCR based treatment with target yield 6.0 t ha-1 along with application of FYM 5 t ha-1 recorded lowest bulk density (1.31, 1.33 and 1.35 Mg m-3) and particle density (2.62, 2.62 and 2.63 Mg m-3) at 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm soil depth. The treatment with target yield 6.0 t ha-1 along with application of FYM 5 t ha-1 recorded highest porosity (50.07, 49.28 and 48.52 %) as well as water holding capacity (44.42, 40.16 and 37.44 %) at 0-15, 15-30 and 30-45 cm soil depth. The long term study based on STCR clearly demonstrated that balanced fertilizer application not only improved the physical properties of soil but also save the fertilizer without impairing soil health.
OmpA and Bap Genes as Virulence Genes Involved in Biofilm Formation of Acinetobacter baumannii
Authors: Oraiby Amira El Sayed El Bassiony , Mohamed Wesam Salah , Elbaradey Ghada Fouad , Elenain Amany Mohamed Abou , Badreldein Nagwa Mansour 
Published: September 2022

Background: Multiple virulence genes involved in biofilm development by Acinetobacter Baumannii (A. baumannii) like ompA and bap genes. These genes may be analyzed to establish their relevance in biofilm formation or antibiotic resistance phenotypes. This research objects to study virulence genes involved in biofilm formation of A. baumannii to be taken in consideration in prophylactic approaches, treatment, and infection control program.
Methods: The prospective study contained 100 isolates including (sputum, endotracheal aspirate, pus from open wounds or open abscesses, mid-stream urine from non-catheterized subjects and catheter-stream urine in catheterized subjects, blood samples and body fluids) were collected from different ICUs. The BD Phoenix Automated System was used to identify the isolates and assess their susceptibility to 21 antibiotics. Biofilm formation was measured by microtiter plate for all isolates, then conventional PCR was done for detection of ompA and bap genes.
Results: The comparison of biofilm strength and MDR revealed significant variance among different groups (P<0.05). The presence or absence of OmpA and bap genes was associated with biofilm biomass (with a P value <0.001). Among the 100 A. baumannii isolates, both genes were found in 44 isolates (44%). The strains having both OmpA and Bap genes (27/27) produce stronger biofilms (100%) than those with just one gene only one gene only (P <0.001). The association among the presence of virulence genes and MDR status was measured. The genes encoding OmpA were found at a higher frequency in MDRAB than in non-MDRAB strains (P=0.014). Bap gene was found in 48/90 (53.3%) MDRAB isolates versus only 2/10 (20%) of non-MDRAB strains (P=0.046).
Conclusions: There is a significant association among MDR and the biofilm-forming ability of A. baumannii. Biofilm-related genes (ompA and bap) are connected with multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains and affect the intensity of biofilm formation.
Climate Change Policy
Authors: Bailey Ian 
Published: September 2022

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges facing humanity in the twenty‐first century and has become the subject of intensive political and policy attention. A range of debates and contributions made by geographical research to understanding and shaping climate change policy is examined. The examination begins with a discussion of debates on the definitions, geographical properties, and goals of mitigation, adaptation, and loss and damages policies. An investigation into developments in climate change policy at the international, national, and local levels over the past 30 years follows, with an exploration into the concept of transnational climate governance and the emergence of multiactor and polycentric approaches to climate policy. A discussion on the role of carbon markets in climate change policy follows, examining their practical performance and conceptual debates on the use of market‐based approaches to promote effective and equitable mitigation of, and adaptation to the effects of, climate change. Finally, avenues for future research by geographers and other social scientists are identified, where particular emphasis is placed on the implications of the climate justice and climate emergency agendas for climate change policy.
Comparison of anatomically informed class solution template trajectories with patient‐specific trajectories for stereotactic radiosurgery and radiotherapy
Authors: Lincoln John David , MacDonald Robert Lee , Little Brian , Syme Alasdair , Thomas Christopher Grant 
Published: September 2022

AbstractClass solution template trajectories are used clinically for efficiency, safety, and reproducibility. The aim was to develop class solutions for single cranial metastases radiotherapy/radiosurgery based on intracranial target positioning and compare to patient‐specific trajectories in the context of 4π optimization. Template trajectories were constructed based on the open‐source Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) average brain. The MNI brain was populated with evenly spaced spherical target volumes (2 cm diameter, N = 243) and organs‐at‐risk (OARs) were identified. Template trajectories were generated for six anatomical regions (frontal, medial, and posterior, each with laterality dependence) based on previously published 4π optimization methods. Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) treatment plans generated using anatomically informed template 4π trajectories and patientspecific 4π trajectories were compared against VMAT plans from a standard four‐arc template. Four‐arc optimization techniques were compared to the standard VMAT template by placing three spherical targets in each of six anatomical regions of a test patient. This yielded 54 plans to compare various plan quality metrics. Increasing plan technique complexity, the total number of OAR maximum dose reductions compared to the standard arc template for the 6 anatomical classes was 4+/−2 (OFIXEDc) and 7+/−2 (OFIXEDi). In 65.6% of all cases, optimized fixed‐couch positions outperformed the standard‐arc template. Of the three comparisons, the most complex (OFIXEDi) showed the greatest statistical significance compared to the least complex (VMATi) across 12 plan quality metrics of maximum dose to each OAR, V12Gy, total plan Monitor Units, conformity index, and gradient index (p < 0.00417). In approximately 70% of all cases, 4π optimization methods outperformed the standard‐arc template in terms of maximum dose reduction to OAR, by exclusively changing the arc geometry. We conclude that a tradeoff exists between complexity of a class solution methodology compared to patient‐specific methods for arc selection, in the context of plan quality improvement.
Manganese‐Based Nanozymes: Preparation, Catalytic Mechanisms, and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Tang Minglu , Zhang Zhaocong , Sun Tiedong , Li Bin , Wu Zhiguang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractManganese (Mn) has attracted widespread attention due to its low‐cost, nontoxicity, and valence‐rich transition. Various Mn‐based nanomaterials have sprung up and are employed in diverse fields, particularly Mn‐based nanozymes, which combine the physicochemical properties of Mn‐based nanomaterials with the catalytic activity of natural enzymes, and are attracting a surge of research, especially in the field of biomedical research. In this review, the typical preparation strategies, catalytic mechanisms, advances and perspectives of Mn‐based nanozymes for biomedical applications are systematically summarized. The application of Mn‐based nanozymes in tumor therapy and sensing detection, together with an overview of their mechanism of action is highlighted. Finally, the prospective directions of Mn‐based nanozymes from five perspectives: innovation, activity enhancement, selectivity, biocompatibility, and application broadening are discussed.
Unraveling the Mechanisms of the Apis mellifera Honeycomb Construction by 4D X‐ray Microscopy
Authors: Franklin Rahul , Niverty Sridhar , Harpur Brock A. , Chawla Nikhilesh 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHoneycomb is one of nature's best engineered structures. Even though it has inspired several modern engineering structures, an understanding of the process by which the hexagonal cells are formed in 3D space is lacking. Previous studies on the structure of the honeycomb are based on either 2D microscopy or by direct visual observations. As a result, several critical features of its microstructure and the precise mechanisms of its growth are not well understood. Using 4D X‐ray microscopy, this study shows how individual and groups of honeycomb cells are formed. Cells grow additively from a corrugated central spine in a dynamic manner. The previously undocumented, corrugated spine contributes significantly to the comb's robust mechanical properties in all three dimensions. As cells grow, honey bees create a “coping,” which this study shows to be the location where new wax material is deposited behind where compaction and densification take place. This is exemplified by pores in the wax observed at the coping and alternating rear junctions between the comb cells that arise from the additive building technique and the highly efficient cell packing methodology, respectively. Additional mechanisms for growth and formation are discussed and described.
Morphology‐Control Growth of Graphene Islands by Nonlinear Carbon Supply
Authors: Li Junzhu , Samad Abdus , Schwingenschlögl Udo , Tian Bo , Lanza Mario , Zhang Xixiang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractControlling the morphology of graphene and other 2D materials in chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth is crucial because the morphology reflects the crystal quality of as‐synthesized nanomaterials in a certain way, and consequently it indirectly represents the physical properties of 2D materials such as bandgap, selective ion transportation, and impermeability. However, precise control of the morphology is limited by the complex formation mechanism and sensitive growth‐environment factors of graphene. Therefore, the CVD synthesis of single‐crystal hexagonal‐shaped graphene islands with specific sizes is challenging. Herein, an unconventional nonlinear‐carbon‐supply growth strategy is proposed to realize controllable CVD growth of desired hexagonal graphene islands with specific sizes on Cu substrates. Large‐area graphene films of isolated islands with desired densities, sizes, and distances between the islands are successfully synthesized. Subsequently, the direct growth of a planar‐tunnel‐junction structure based on two parallel gapped graphene islands is achieved by specific adjustment of the growth and etching processes of graphene CVD synthesis. It is therefore demonstrated that the nonlinear‐carbon‐supply growth strategy is a reliable method for the synthesis of high‐quality graphene and can facilitate the direct growth of graphene‐based nanodevices in the future.
Phenotypic variability in RERE‐related disorders and the first report of an inherited variant
Authors: Niehaus Annie D. , Kim Jenny , Manning Melanie A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractRERE‐related disorders, also known as Neurodevelopmental Disorders with or without Anomalies of the Brain, Eye, or Heart (NEDBEH), are caused by heterozygous pathogenic variants in the arginine‐glutamic acid dipeptide repeats gene (RERE). Up‐to‐date, 20 cases have been reported with the core characteristics of developmental delay, intellectual disability, and/or autism spectrum disorder. Here, we describe three additional cases. In the first case, the patient was found to have a previously reported de novo missense variant; her clinical findings of global developmental delay, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, vision abnormalities, musculoskeletal anomalies, dysmorphic facial features, and a congenital heart defect strengthen existing genotype–phenotype correlations. We also describe the first inherited variant in RERE, found in a patient (case 2) with developmental delay, autism, and hyperopia and his mother (case 3) with ADHD, myopia, and history of mild speech delay. Lastly, by summarizing the clinical features presented in the 23 cases now reported, we provide an updated review of the literature.
Pseudocapacitive Features of Freestanding Nickel‐Zinc Organometallic Nanostructure for High‐energy Density Coin‐cell Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Zeng Jie , Devarayapalli Kamakshaiah Charyulu , Li Changping , Vattikuti S. V. Prabhakar , Shim Jaesool 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBinder‐free two‐dimensional mesh‐like structure of nickel‐zinc metal‐organic framework on in‐situ‐coated carbon cloth (Ni−Zn MOF/CC) and Ni−Zn MOF powder were developed via a solvo‐hydrothermal reaction for electrochemical storage application. The electrochemical properties of these electrodes show that the electrodes self‐assembled on carbon cloth substrates exhibit remarkably excellent performance. The Ni−Zn MOF/CC electrode exhibited a capacitance of 653.54 F/g at 1 A/g through a capacity retaining of 87.65% after 10000 cycles. Furthermore, the Ni−Zn MOF//AC coin‐cell asymmetric supercapacitor device (CASD) exhibited remarkable energy and power densities of 54.31 Wh/kg and 825 W/kg, respectively, with adequate capacitance retention up to 94.63% over 5000 cycles at 1.5 V. The CASD also exhibited a significant power density of 4950 W/kg at 19.67 W h/kg, which suggests that these in‐situ developed MOF‐based electrodes may discover application in energy storage devices.