bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Pleural Fluid C- Reactive Protein and comparison with Light’s criteria to differentiate Exudative from Transudative Pleural Effusions in Nepalese Population.
Authors: Thapa Jiwan , Basnet Amal , Sapkota Kalyan , Thapa Anuja Bhandari 
Published: March 2022

Pleural effusion is a common medical problem with diagnostic dilemma, this study was conducted to determine if C- Reactive Protein level in pleural fluid is a better diagnostic tool in differentiating exudative and transudative pleural effusion, to compare with parameters of modified Light’s criteria and its application in Nepalese population. This was an Analytical, Cross-Sectional, Hospital Based Observational study of patients admitted at Department of Medicine, Bir Hospital during period of one year (January 2014-december 2015). A total of 86 patients with Unilateral Pleural effusion whose cause was unknown were enrolled. Diagnosis of pleural effusion was established by a detailed history, physical examination, chest radiograph, ultrasonography and CT scan in few cases.
Out of 86 samples examine half of them were smokers and smoking had more association with females (58%). Cut-off values of pleural fluid CRP level ≥ 10 mg/dl showed sensitivity of 87.60% where as in case of clinically identified transudates, 1 transudates out of 13 were misclassified as exudates. The specificity is 92.30%, the positive predictive value and negative predictive values were 98.14%, and 37.50% with a significant p value of <0.001. All transudates were classified correctly as transudates by CRP level > 30 mg/dl, whereas 44 exudates were misclassified as transudates. This criterion had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive values of 100%, 36.23%, 27.87% and 100% respectively with a significant p value of <0.001. On evaluating the individual parameters of Light’s Criteria; Pleural fluid LDH level > 2/3rd of LDH level of normal serum classified 64(74.41%) cases of pleural effusion as exudates, this criteria had a sensitivity of 86.30%, specificity of 92.30%, positive predictive value of 98.43 % and a negative predictive value of 54.55 % with a significant p value of< 0.001and Kappa value is 0.77.While on pleural fluid to serum LDH ratio >0.6, 59 (81.94%) exudates were correctly classified as exudates whereas 13 (18.05%) exudates were classified falsely as transudates. This study could be applicable to our population as well, however multi centric studies with larger sample size are necessary.
Epidemiological study of Intestinal Parasitosis in rural area of Nepal.
Authors: Sapkota Kalyan , Thapa Jiwan , Basnet Amal , Dhakal Bijaya 
Published: March 2022

Intestinal parasitosis is one of the major public health and socio-economic problems in Nepal. It is ranked among the top10 morbidities in Nepal. Fecal samples were collected from the patients attending to different hospitals and privatelaboratories throughout the Myagdi district. A total of 985 participants were included in the study. The age ranged from 1to 86 years. Commonly affected age group was of below 15 years. Male to female ratio was 1.3:1. The general prevalence of infection with different types of intestinal parasites was 14.7% (145). The fecal examination revealed different types of helminths (7.2%) and protozoan (7.5%). Giardia lamblia was the most common parasite (5.5%), followed by Entamoeba histolytica 2.0%, Ascaris lumbricoides 4.0%, Hookworm 1.8%, Trichuris trichiura 0.8%, Hymenolepis nana 0.4% and Taenia spp 0.2%. Multiple parasites were observed in 11 samples. Higher prevalence rates of parasitic infections were seen among children.
Ethnobotany, Taxonomy and Phytochemistry of Cannabis sativa.
Authors: Basyal Puskar , Regmi Prerok 
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Cannabis is an annual dioecious plant, which shares its origins with the inception of the first agricultural human societies in Asia. Over the course of time different parts of the plant have been utilized for therapeutic and recreational purposes. Linnaeus was the first person to describe Cannabis as Cannabis sativa (C.sativa). Numerous bioactive phytochemicals are extracted from C. sativa that signal for medicinal development.
Methods:The review aims to provide a different perspective of the ethnobotanical, taxonomy and chemical aspects from the ancient times of C. sativa. The study was conducted with the review of scientific papers from Pubmed, Scopus, Wiley Online Library, Springer, Elseveir, Science Direct, Taylor Francis and online textbooks of C. sativa.
Results: C. sativa has its origin from Asia. It has traditional spiritual, household and therapeutic uses. Cannabis is a monotypic genera with three different varieties: C sativa var. sativa, C sativa var. indica, C sativa var. ruderalis. A total of 565 chemicals (120 cannabinoids and 445 non cannabinoids) have been recorded in Cannabis.
Conclusions: Cannabis is an ethnobotanical rich and phytochemical significant therapeutic plant. Because of lack of scientific research, the taxonomic aspects are still hidden. This study recommends exploratory study on ethnobotanical, taxonomical and phytochemicals of Nepalese Cannabis.
Vaccines and the role of the immune system: An approach in decreasing COVID -19 mortality.
Authors: Marasini Bishnu 
Published: March 2022

The unprecedented outbreaks of flu-like illness in the last century have caused a huge disaster for mankind. Similar health disasters were also seen in this century, which succumbed to severe illness, but were brought under control, hence preventing it from becoming a pandemic. The outbreak of a novel coronavirus, the SARS-CoV-2 saw its unusual fate by taking a turn as a pandemic, with millions of lives taken worldwide and numbers still reaching their peak with each successive wave.
There are over billions of different types of viruses found in nature and most of them are found in the sea. Humans over their lifetime encounter several disease-causing viruses, but so far, our body's immune system has been able to cope with them. Furthermore, the SARS-CoV-2 could be defended, only if we had an immune system, which was familiar with this virus-like other virus known to humans. The unique nature along with mutants of this virus has put the entire world at risk of causing mild, moderate to severe forms of the disease.
The finding of the mortality rate of COVID-19 may be a challenge. However, other pandemics were equally deadlier, such as the H1N1 flu pandemic in 2009, during which the estimated cases were 0.7–1.4 billion; and the estimated death was 151,700–575,400 (~0.05%). During the typical seasonal flu, every year 340 million –1 billion people are infected, and the estimated death is 290,000–650,000/year (<0.1%). HIV/AIDS has led to approximately 37.9 million deaths globally. The Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), mortality rate over 35%. Ebola pandemic 2014, mortality rate over 50%.
In the context of Nepal, prediction of both prevalence and mortality rate seems difficult, making it an epidemiological challenge. The communicable nature of this disease along with the various challenges in mass vaccination has made us adhere to stringent public health measures such as social distancing, wearing of face masks, and maintaining hand hygiene to control the spread of disease.
There are certain herbs, spices, and other traditional home remedies, which have been considered to boost the immune system as well as combat the mild form of COVID-19. However, these preparations would put us at health risk, since the evidence regarding such therapies is low.
Novel protein markers of androgen activity in humans: proteomic study of plasma from young chemically castrated men
Authors: Giwercman Aleksander , Sahlin K Barbara , Pla Parada Indira , Pawlowski Krzysztof , Fehninger Carl , Lundberg Giwercman Yvonne , Leijonhufvud Irene , Appelqvist Roger , Marko-Varga György , Sanchez Aniel , Malm Johan 
Published: March 2022

Background:Reliable biomarkers of androgen activity in humans are lacking. The aim of this study was, therefore, to identify new protein markers of biological androgen activity and test their predictive value in relation to low vs normal testosterone values and some androgen deficiency linked pathologies.Methods:Blood samples from 30 healthy GnRH antagonist treated males were collected at three time points: (1) before GnRH antagonist administration; (2) 3 weeks later, just before testosterone undecanoate injection, and (3) after additional 2 weeks. Subsequently, they were analyzed by mass spectrometry to identify potential protein biomarkers of testosterone activity. Levels of proteins most significantly associated with testosterone fluctuations were further tested in a cohort of 75 hypo- and eugonadal males suffering from infertility. Associations between levels of those markers and cardiometabolic parameters, bone mineral density as well as androgen receptor (AR) CAG repeat lengths, were explored.Results:Using receiver operating characteristic analysis, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (4HPPD), insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 6 (IGFBP6), and fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (ALDOB), as well as a Multi Marker Algorithm, based on levels of 4HPPD and IGFBP6, were shown to be best predictors of low (<8 nmol/l) vs normal (>12 nmol/l) testosterone. They were also more strongly associated with metabolic syndrome and diabetes than testosterone levels. Levels of ALDOB and 4HPPD also showed association with AR CAG repeat lengths.Conclusions:We identified potential new protein biomarkers of testosterone action. Further investigations to elucidate their clinical potential are warranted.Funding:The work was supported by ReproUnion2.0 (grant no. 20201846), which is funded by the Interreg V EU program.
Determination of Hydroxyproline Amount of Fermented Sausages by HPLC and Revealing the Relationship between Quality Parameters
Authors: Çakır Osman , Dinçoğlu Ahmet H. 
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Fermented sausage is the food that has the largest share in consumption among other fermented meat products in Turkey. Although it is difficult to achieve the production standard in fermented sausage production, it is necessary not to exceed the legally determined reference values for quality production. Determining and controlling quality parameters in macro and micronutrients in the composition of fermented sausage, compliance with production standards, storage conditions, etc. has become a necessity.
Purpose: It is aimed to determine whether there is adulteration and imitation in the production of fermented sausages, to determine the structural defects during and after production, to evaluate their compliance with legal regulations and their nutritional quality.
Study Design: The study was mainly designed on the determination of hydroxyproline amounts with a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography device.
Study Place and Duration: The samples used in the study were collected within the borders of Burdur province. All experimental studies were carried out at Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University (MAKU), Veterinary Faculty, Department of Food Hygiene and Technology; MAKU Scientific and Technology Application and Research Center and Uşak University, Engineering Faculty, Department of Food Engineering Laboratories. The study covers a period of 3 months between October 2020 and December 2020.
Methodology: A total of 30 fermented sausage samples, which are offered for sale by butchers and markets, were collected, brought to the laboratory by cold chain and subjected to analysis. After the samples were analyzed in terms of hydroxyproline, physicochemical and textural aspects, they were evaluated statistically.
Results: The pH values of the examined fermented sausages were 4.82-5.93, fat ratios were 12.50-38.50%, protein amounts were 12.24-24.49%, total ash values were 2.37-4.58%, salt values were determined as 1.97-4.05%, humidity values as 20.22-50.36%, water activity (aw) values as 0.80-0.97, hydroxyproline amounts as 2.01-14.85 g/kg. In the textural analysis, elasticity was found between 0.51-0.91 mm, cohesiveness values between 0.37-0.85 and hardness in the range of 94.50-2564.13 mm.
Conclusion: The absence of adulteration in fermented sausage production, compliance with legal reference values and increasing the relevant inspections are of great importance in terms of the quality and nutritional value of the product.
Socio-economic Analysis among the Farmers Engaged in Sericulture Practices in Jorhat District of Assam, India
Authors: Hatibaruah D. 
Published: March 2022

Sericulture is profitable and a labour intensive industry with very low input that gives employment generations and regular income to the farmers. Socio-economic factors play an important role in determining the knowledge and adoption levels of sericulture practices for production of eri, muga and mulberry Silk. An investigation has been conducted to know the socio-economic condition of seri farmers in Jorhat and Majuli (undivided) district of Assam. The study revealed that majority of the sericulture farmers of the study are belonged to middle age group (60.00%), high school passed (34.17%), other backward class (OBC) caste (30.84%), small size family (60.83%) and exclusively of farming category (45.83%) as their main occupation. Majority of the respondents are marginal farmers (61.67%) having operational land holding of below 1 hector, annual income (37.50%) were in the range of Rs.35001 to Rs.75000/-. About 50% of the respondents involved in eri culture, muga culture (25%) and in mulberry culture. (25%), have medium level of source of extension contact (67.50%), medium level of risk bearing ability (78.33%) and medium level of decision making ability (79.17%) and 42.50 % of the farmers got training exposure to sericulture practices. The study indicates that Sericulture can come out as the most vital opening, in generating income among the farmers in rural areas. Most of the farmers involved in sericultural activities have minimum educational qualification, so government and state sericulture department can organize effective training and development activities along with the line departments to uplift socio-economic status of the seri farmers in rural areas.
Comprassion the Lipid Profile among Children Suffreing from Nephrotic Syndrome before and after Remission
Authors: Atal Pinky , Choudhary Kalpana , . Meenakshi 
Published: March 2022

Aims: The study aimed to investigate serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL (low density lipoprotein), VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), and HDL (high density lipoprotein) levels in nephrotic syndrome at the onset and during remission in first episode and relapse cases, as well as the relationship between dyslipidemia persistence and severity and disease duration and relapse frequency.
Materials and Methods: A hospital-based prospective study including 30 children aged 0 to 12 years with nephrotic syndrome. They were steroid responsive in 22 cases and steroid dependent in 8 cases. They were assessed clinically and a lipid profile was taken at the start, during remission, and after treatment. A total of 30 children without liver or kidney disease were included as controls.
Results: The mean blood cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL all increased significantly (p0.005). When compared to controls, HDL levels increased dramatically (P value 0.001) after nephrotic syndrome treatment. Lipid levels (serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL) were significantly lower during remission in first-episode nephrotic syndrome cases, whereas lipid levels were significantly greater even during remission in recurrent cases. After treatment, total cholesterol and TGL levels were found to be higher, with P values of 0.004 and 0.004 respectively, as the duration of disease increased.
Conclusion: The current investigation demonstrates that widespread hyperlipidemia is present in nephrotic syndrome. When compared to recently diagnosed with NS, this was much higher in relapse cases. Lipid profiles return to normal during remission recently diagnosed with NS, but they are considerably higher in recurrence instances, even during remission. As a result, there is a justification for treatment.
Assessment of Municipal Treated Wastewater Quality for Irrigation in Orathanadu Block of Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Senthilkumar D. , Latha K. R. , Thavaprakaash N. , Malarvizhi P. , Maheswari M. 
Published: March 2022

Aim: The current study focuses on the threats to the environment and human health that relate to using treated wastewater produced from the municipal sewage treatment plant of Orathanadu for irrigation purposes.
Study Design: For this purpose, samples were taken monthly from the outflow wastewater and grouped into seasons.
Place and Duration of study: Municipal sewage treatment plant located at Orathanadu, Tamil Nadu, during 2019.
Methodology: The treated wastewater quality parameters such as pH, EC, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, five days biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and sodium adsorption ratio were measured monthly and grouped season-wise.
Results: In treated wastewater, the minimal mean electrical conductivity values, total dissolved solids, five days biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, and sodium adsorption ratio were 0.81 dS m-1, 515.20 mg L-1, 25.50 mg L-1, 14.85 mg L-1, and 1.59, respectively. The suitability for irrigation based on the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) was calculated with standard equations and found experimentally as 1.59, 1.62, 1.59 and 1.56 during winter, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon seasons, respectively. To assess water suitability for irrigation, irrigation water classes are utilized for salinity hazard (EC) and sodium hazard (SAR), and samples were C3-S1 class in all four seasons. Furthermore, the data indicated a slight to moderate restriction on using this treated wastewater in irrigation due to chloride hazards.
Conclusion: The results showed that treated wastewater meets national and international irrigation criteria and that treated wastewater can be used without restriction in light and medium-textured soils and in clay soils with leaching and drainage.
Inadvertent Intravenous Administration of an Oral Preparation of Ibuprofen
Authors: Gulzaib Muhammad , Ahsan Salwa , Najam Yawar 
Published: March 2022

The inadvertent intravenous administration of oral suspension which is rarely reported has contributed to potential patient harm. We received an incident report in which a patient had received an oral liquid formulation intravenously. This has been happening when an oral liquid is prepared or dispensed in a parenteral syringe. Due to the break-in mental concentration, the medicine had been administered intravenously. Some health professionals did not accept the fact that the Luer connection on an intravenous syringe facilitates mis-administration. This is why we constantly repeat recommendations to dispense and administer unit doses of oral liquids in particular oral syringes. We strongly support that, the dispensing and administering of commercially available and compounded medicine in a particular cup and oral syringes or any other suitable containers. In order to avoid such medication administration error ensure the availability of oral syringes in the hospital and patient areas where liquid doses are administered orally.
Oral syringes are not available in Pakistan and nurses routinely use injection syringes for oral liquid administration, as it helps in preventing spill of dose especially in young/non-cooperative children or patients. Availability of oral syringes in the hospital may reduce the inadvertent administration of medicine.
Effect of Covid-19 Pandemic on the Management of Medical Emergencies at the Yaounde Emergency Centre
Authors: Charles Kouanfack , Mabou Gabriel Tchatchouang , Chefor Alain Djam , Whegang Youdom Solange , Marie Ange Ngo Yamben , Ines Kwawa , Jérôme Ateudjieu , Tsatedem Faustin Atemkeng , Choukem Siméon Pierre 
Published: March 2022

Background: The current coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has put the world into an unprecedented global crisis. Health systems have been faced with an enormous challenge to provide the necessary care for this vast burden of patients. As a result, emergency and scheduled care for non-COVID patients has been affected. This study evaluates the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the management of medical emergencies at the Yaoundé Emergency Centre.
Methodology: This was an analytical cross-sectional study with an exhaustive sampling, from patients from March to September 2019 and 2020. The analysis was done in Epi-info version 7.2.2.6 and Microsoft Excel 2016.
Results: Data were collected from 5496 patients in medical emergencies. COVID-19 pandemic has eventually decrease medical emergencies [aOR=0.91, 95%CI=0.76-0.91, P=<0,0001] but didn’t impact significantly the rate of mortality [aOR=1.06, 95%CI =0.71-1.57, P=0,79]. Cardiovascular Diseases were the first cause of morbidity.
Conclusion: It emerges from this study that the COVID-19 pandemic has decreased the attendance in medical emergencies but didn’t affect significantly the rate of mortality.
In vitro Antioxidant Properties of Various Extracts of Andrographis Echioides
Authors: Joshy Reenu , Sridevi G. , Selvaraj J. , Preetha S. 
Published: March 2022

Background: Andrographis echioides is a medicinal herb, used in the treatment of various diseases. It has potential antioxidant properties. The present study plan is to find a novel herbal antidote for oxidative stress from Andrographis echioides.
Objective: The aim of the current study is to analyse the in vitro antioxidant property of aqueous, ethanolic and chloroformic extracts of Andrographis echioides.
Materials and Methods: DPPH free radical scavenging assay was performed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of Andrographis echioides. Experiments were carried out in triplicates and percentage inhibition of DPPH radical scavenging activity was calculated. The data was analysed statistically and the level of significance was considered at the level of p<0.05.
Results: There is a dose dependent increase in the percentage of inhibition of DPPH free radical by the extracts. All the three extracts (aqueous, ethanolic and chloroformic extracts) of Andrographis echioides showed significant increase in the antioxidant property with concentration ranging from 100-500 µg.
Conclusion: The study concluded that different extracts of Andrographis echioides showed effective antioxidant properties and it could protect the biological system against oxidative stress including ageing, cancer, diabetes and cardiovascular disorders.