bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local Anesthesia in Outpatient Dental Therapeutic Care for Children. Part II
Authors: Попруженко Т.В. , Быкова У.О. 
Published: November 2022

В статье изложены современные представления о возможностях эффективного и безопасного контроля боли во время лечения зубов. Сделан акцент на особенностях выбора метода анальгезирующего пособия, лекарственных средств и оснащения, выполнения местной анестезии различными методами, а также на организационных и психологических аспектах применения местной анестезии на детском терапевтическом приеме. В первой части обсуждаются механизмы боли и анальгезии, доступные стратегии анальгезии, полезные и нежелательные реакции на лекарственные средства для местной анестезии, во второй части – технологические и организационные аспекты применения местной анестезии в полости рта.
The article outlines the modern ideas about the possibilities of effective and safe pain control during dental treatment. Emphasis is placed on the features of the choice of the method of analgesic aids, medicines and equipment, the implementation of local anesthesia by various methods, as well as on the organizational and psychological aspects of the use of local anesthesia in children’s therapeutic dental treatment. In the first part, the authors describe the mechanisms of pain and analgesia, available analgesic strategies, and beneficial and adverse reactions to drugs for local anesthesia, in the second part, the technological and organizational aspects of the practice of local anesthesia in the oral cavity are discussed.
Training in Tooth Shape Reproduction
Authors: Новак Н.В. , Луцкая И.К. 
Published: November 2022

Для выполнения реставрационных работ, отвечающих требованиям современной эстетической стоматологии, на кафедре терапевтической стоматологии БелМАПО разработаны практикумы, направленные на поэтапное, последовательное освоение врачами-стоматологами навыков объемного моделирования, что является обязательным условием высокого качества эстетических работ. В разработанных четырех практикумах представлены этапы освоения навыков формообразования. На первом этапе основной задачей обучения является формирование высокой объективной оценки восприятия формы, размеров и рельефа зуба. На следующем этапе стоматологов обучают изображать простейшие формы в виде плоских фигур, затем осваивать навыки изображения на плоскости срезов объемных предметов, в том числе зубов. Последующее обучение направлено на воспроизведение объема трехмерных тел, в том числе зубов. Заключительный этап включает моделирование зуба в 3D-проекции, воссоздание групповой принадлежности зубов, макро- и микрорельефа, индивидуальных черт, а также послойного воспроизведения дентина и эмали в зависимости от возрастных изменений морфологии зубов пациента.
To carry out restoration work that meets the requirements of modern aesthetic dentistry, the Belarusian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Education Department of Therapeutic Dentistry has developed workshops aimed at the phased, consistent development by dentists of volumetric modeling skills, which is a prerequisite for high quality aesthetic work. The developed four workshops present the stages of mastering shaping skills. At the first stage, the main task of training is to form a high objective assessment of the perception of the shape, size and relief of the tooth. At the next stage, dentists are trained to depict the simplest shapes in the form of flat figures, then learn the skills of image on the plane of sections of volumetric objects, including teeth. Subsequent training is aimed at reproducing the volume of three-dimensional bodies, including teeth. The final and final stage involves modeling the tooth in 3D projection, recreating the group belonging of the teeth, macro- and micro relief, individual features, as well as layer-by-layer reproduction of dentin and enamel depending on age-related changes in the morphology of the patient’s teeth.
Mastery of STEM-Based Research Approach of Science Teachers In Jakarta
Authors: Amirullah Gufron , Irdalisa Irdalisa 
Published: November 2022

The STEM approach is the right innovation developed at this time to improve the quality of science learning according to the needs of students in 21st century. The purpose of this study was to identify the mastery of STEM-based research approach of science teachers in Jakarta. The research subjects were elementary, middle and high school teachers in DKI Jakata, totaling 40 teachers. Sampling is done by purposive sampling technique. Technique and instrument for collecting data on mastery of STEM-based research approach of science teachers using multiple choice test. Data analysis using t-test using SPSS 20.The results showed that the value of sig (2-tailed) mastery of STEM-based research approach of science teachers (posttest) 0.05. It can be concluded that there is a difference in the average of themastery of STEM-based research approach of science teachersof the experimental class and control class.
Analisis Kemampuan Komunikasi Matematis Siswa SMP pada Materi Relasi dan Fungsi
Authors: Asoraya Mega Shintia , Martila Ruli Redo 
Published: November 2022

Kemampuan komunikasi matematis siswa menjadi tujuan dalam pembelajaran matematika. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis kemampuan komunikasi matematis siswa kelas VIII pada materi relasi dan fungsi. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari 18 orang siswa kelas VIII di salah satu SMP Kabupaten Karawang. Teknik pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan instrumen tes berupa 3 butir soal uraian kemampuan komunikasi matematis pada materi relasi dan fungsi dan diperkuat dengan hasil wawancara. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukan bahwa pada soal nomor 1 dengan indikator menghubungkan benda nyata, gambar dan diagram ke dalam ide matematika diperoleh skor hal ini dikategorikan tinggi; untuk soal nomor 2 dengan indikator menjelaskan ide, situasi, dan relasi matematika dengan benda nyata, gambar, grafik dan aljabar secara lisan maupun tertulis diperoleh skor hal ini dikategorikan sangat rendah; dan untuk soal nomor 3 dengan indikator menyatakan peristiwa sehari-hari ke dalam bahasa atau simbol matematika diperoleh skor hal ini dikategorikan rendah. Maka, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kemampuan komunikasi matematis siswa kelas VIII di salah satu SMP Kabupaten Karawang masih tergolong rendah.
Preimages under the Bubblesort Operator
Authors: Bouvel Mathilde , Cioni Lapo , Ferrari Luca 
Published: November 2022

We study preimages of permutations under the bubblesort operator $\mathbf{B}$. We achieve a description of these preimages much more complete than what is known for the more complicated sorting operators $\mathbf{S}$ (stacksort) and $\mathbf{Q}$ (queuesort). We describe explicitly the set of preimages under $\mathbf{B}$ of any permutation $\pi$ from the left-to-right maxima of $\pi$, showing that there are $2^{k-1}$ such preimages if $k$ is the number of these left-to-right maxima. We further consider, for each $n$, the tree $T_n$ recording all permutations of size $n$ in its nodes, in which an edge from child to parent corresponds to an application of $\mathbf{B}$ (the root being the identity permutation), and we present several properties of these trees. In particular, for each permutation $\pi$, we show how the subtree of $T_n$ rooted at $\pi$ is determined by the number of left-to-right maxima of $\pi$ and the length of the longest suffix of left-to-right maxima of $\pi$.
Building on this result, we determine the number of nodes and leaves at every height in such trees, and we recover (resp. obtain) the average height of nodes (resp. leaves) in $T_n$.
Discursive Construction of Sexuality among School Going Adolescents in Kenya
Authors: Gacheiya Raphael Mwaura , Kitetu Catherine Wawasi , Chai Jonathan Furaha 
Published: November 2022

Adolescents grapple with many social issues as they strive to cope with the physical, social, and emotional changes that they are experiencing. This is not made any easier by the dictates of the social cultural values in the communities they live in. However, due to socio-economic and political changes many of these values are gradually being abandoned as the adolescents negotiate for their space and construct their individualities in ways they so choose. This paper focuses on one aspect of these individualities: adolescent sexuality. The paper argues that language as an element of culture and identity is important in understanding the adolescent’s world of sexuality. Through Discourse Analysis particularly van Djik’s framework adopted from “Politics, Ideology and Discourse” this paper explores the discursive strategies in the construction of adolescents’ sexuality. Seven strategies are discussed as featuring dominantly in adolescents’ discourse on sexuality: disclaimer, authority, categorization, euphemism, metaphors, number game and hyperbole. These strategies are seen as a means by which adolescents naturalize and rationalize their sexual behaviour. It is hoped that these findings will add to the existing body of knowledge on sexuality discourse and inform stakeholders involved in designing youth sexuality programs in Kenya
Gyvensenos veiksnių poveikis sergantiesiems storosios žarnos vėžiu
Authors: Paulauskienė Lina 
Published: November 2022

Lietuvoje storosios žarnos vėžys pagal diagnozavimo dažnį tarp visų piktybinių navikų užima trečią vietą, o tarp mirčių nuo vėžio – antrą vietą [1]. Nors vėžio diagnostikos ir gydymo galimybės gerėja, tačiau sergamumas storosios žarnos vėžiu didėja [2], o vietiškai pažengusio storosios žarnos vėžio atkryčio dažnis siekia netgi 40 proc. [3]. Tyrimų duomenimis, didesnis Pasaulio vėžio tyrimų fondo ir Amerikos vėžio tyrimų instituto (angl. The World Cancer Research Fund/ American Institute for Cancer Research. The Continuous Update Project) vėžio prevencijos gairių laikymasis [4] yra susijęs su mažesniu storosios žarnos vėžiu sergančiųjų mirtingumu, mažesne vėžio atkryčio rizika, ilgesniu išgyvenamumu be ligos progresavimo [5], mažesne gretutinių ligų rizika, geresne su sveikata susijusia gyvenimo kokybe [6] bei mažesne šalutinių gydymo poveikių raiška [7]. Storosios žarnos vėžiu sergantiems pacientams, iki gydymo, gydymo metu ir po jo kiek ir kada įmanoma rekomenduojama palaikyti normalų kūno svorį, būti fiziškai aktyviems (150–300 min. per savaitę vidutinio intensyvumo fizinio aktyvumo), rinktis augalinio pagrindo mitybą (50 proc. viso dienos raciono), kurioje būtų pakankamai pilno grūdo produktų, vaisių, ankštinių daržovių, riboti rafinuotų angliavandenių ir perdirbtų produktų, raudonos mėsos (mažiau kaip 500 g per savaitę) vartojimą, vengti perdirbtos mėsos, riboti alkoholio vartojimą, nerūkyti [8–10]. Rekomenduojamos įvairios streso valdymo intervencijos, kurios yra naudingos ne tik dėl psichologinės savijautos gerinimo, bet taip pat, veikdamos imuninės sistemos parametrus, gali turėti įtakos ligos progresavimui ir gydymo rezultatams [11].
The Detectability of Rocky Planet Surface and Atmosphere Composition with the JWST: The Case of LHS 3844b
Authors: Whittaker Emily A. , Malik Matej , Ih Jegug , Kempton Eliza M.-R. , Mansfield Megan , Bean Jacob L. , Kite Edwin S. , Koll Daniel D. B. , Cronin Timothy W. , Hu Renyu 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The spectroscopic characterization of terrestrial exoplanets over a wide spectral range from the near- to the mid-infrared will be made possible for the first time with the JWST. One challenge is that it is not known a priori whether such planets possess optically thick atmospheres or even any atmospheres altogether. However, this challenge also presents an opportunity, the potential to detect the surface of an extrasolar world. This study explores the feasibility of characterizing with the JWST the atmosphere and surface of LHS 3844b, the highest signal-to-noise rocky thermal emission target among planets that are cool enough to have nonmolten surfaces. We model the planetary emission, including the spectral signal of both the atmosphere and surface, and we explore all scenarios that are consistent with the existing Spitzer 4.5 μm measurement of LHS 3844b from Kreidberg et al. In summary, we find a range of plausible surfaces and atmospheres that are within 3σ of the observationless reflective metal-rich, iron-oxidized, and basaltic compositions are allowed, and atmospheres are restricted to a maximum thickness of 1 bar, if near-infrared absorbers at ≳100 ppm are included. We further make predictions on the observability of surfaces and atmospheres and find that a small number (∼3) of eclipse observations should suffice to differentiate between surface and atmospheric features. We also perform a Bayesian retrieval analysis on simulated JWST data and find that the surface signal may make it harder to precisely constrain the abundance of atmospheric species and may falsely induce a weak H2O detection.
z ∼ 2–9 Galaxies Magnified by the Hubble Frontier Field Clusters. II. Luminosity Functions and Constraints on a Faint-end Turnover
Authors: Bouwens R. J. , Illingworth G. , Ellis R. S. , Oesch P. , Stefanon M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We present new determinations of the rest-UV luminosity functions (LFs) at z = 2–9 to extremely low luminosities (>−14 mag) from a sample of >2500 lensed galaxies found behind the Hubble Frontier Fields (HFF) clusters. For the first time, we present faint-end slope results from lensed samples that are fully consistent with blank-field results over the redshift range z = 2–9, while reaching to much lower luminosities than possible from the blank-field studies. Combining the deep lensed sample with the large blank-field samples allows us to set tight constraints on the faint-end slope α of the z = 2–9 UV LFs and its evolution. We find a smooth flattening in α from −2.28 ± 0.10 (z = 9) to −1.53 ± 0.03 (z = 2) with cosmic time (dα/dz = −0.11 ± 0.01), fully consistent with dark matter halo buildup. We utilize these new results to present new measurements of the evolution in the UV luminosity density ρ

UV
brighter than −13 mag from z ∼ 9 to z ∼ 2. Accounting for the star formation rate (SFR) densities to faint luminosities implied by our LF results, we find that unobscured star formation dominates the SFR density at z ≳ 4, with obscured star formation dominant thereafter. Having shown we can quantify the faint-end slope α of the LF accurately with our lensed HFF samples, we also quantify the apparent curvature in the shape of the UV LF through a curvature parameter δ. The constraints on the curvature δ strongly rule out the presence of a turn-over brighter than −13.1 mag at z ∼ 3, −14.3 mag at z ∼ 6, and −15.5 mag at all other redshifts between z ∼ 9 and z ∼ 2.
A Study of the Spectral Properties of Two Gamma-Ray Bursts with the Main Bursts and Postbursts
Authors: Du Tan-Tan , Peng Zhao-Yang , Chen Jia-Ming , Li Ting , Yin Yue 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The jet composition in gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) is still an unsolved issue. We try to provide some clues to the issue by analyzing the spectral properties of GRB 160509A and GRB 130427A with a main burst and a postburst. We first perform Bayesian time-resolved spectral analysis and compare the spectral components and spectral properties of the main bursts and postbursts of the two bursts and find that both bursts have the thermal components, and the thermal components are mainly found in the main bursts, while the postbursts are mainly dominated by the nonthermal components. We also find that the low-energy spectral indices of some time bins in the main bursts of these two GRBs exceed the so-called synchronous dead line, and in the postburst, only GRB 160509A has four time bins exceeding the dead line, while none of GRB 130427A exceed the dead line. We then constrain the outflow properties of both bursts and find that the main bursts is consistent with the typical properties of photosphere radiation. Therefore, our results support the transition of the GRB jet component from the fireball to the Poynting-flux-dominated jet. Finally, after analyzing the correlation and parameter evolution of the spectral parameters of the two bursts, we find that the correlations of the spectral parameters have different behaviors in the main bursts and postbursts. The parameter evolution trends of the main bursts and postbursts also show consistent and inconsistent behavior; therefore, we currently cannot determine whether the main bursts and postbursts come from the same origin.
Self-ionizing Galactic Winds
Authors: Sarkar Kartick C. , Sternberg Amiel , Gnat Orly 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We present hydrodynamical simulations of galactic winds from star-forming galaxies including nonequilibrium ionization and frequency-dependent radiative transfer, processes that have remained largely unaccounted for in galactic wind studies. We consider radiation from massive stars, the metagalactic UV/X-ray background, and the self-radiation of the supernovae heated gas. We compare our results to classical galactic wind solutions and show the importance of our newly included physical processes toward observations of ions such as O iii, O vi, O vii, and O viii plus the observable soft X-ray spectra. Nonequilibrium ionization is reflected in overionized gas compared to equilibrium solutions, leading to much enhanced column densities of highly ionized species. The wind produces excess soft X-ray (E ≳ 100 eV) radiation that is several orders of magnitude higher compared to the metagalactic background. This radiation ionizes the higher ions (such as O vii) somewhat, but affects the lower ions (such as O iii) significantly. We predict that the observable X-ray spectra should contain the signatures of such nonequilibrium effects, especially in X-ray lines such as O vii and O viii. Simple estimates suggest that both the temperature and density of the winds may be overestimated by factors of a few to almost 2 orders of magnitude using simple equilibrium models. We conclude that both the nonequilibrium ionization and the radiation from the wind itself need to be considered for proper modeling of the optical/UV/X-ray emitting plasma in galactic winds.
Oblique Electromagnetic Instabilities Driven by Pickup Ion Ring-beam Distributions in the Outer Heliosheath. II. Hybrid Simulations
Authors: Mousavi Ameneh , Liu Kaijun , Sadeghzadeh Sina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Hybrid simulations are carried out to study the instabilities driven by the outer heliosheath pickup ions of ring-beam velocity distributions. Following the linear instability analysis in the companion paper, the electromagnetic instabilities at various propagation directions (0° ≤ θ ≤ 180°) are studied for pickup ion ring-beam distributions of different pickup angles (0° ≤ α ≤ 90°). Previous studies of the ring-beam pickup ion distributions have been limited to the parallel- and antiparallel-propagating modes (θ = 0° and 180°). In this paper, several one-dimensional hybrid simulations are performed to investigate the most unstable modes of different propagation angles predicted by the linear instability analysis. Moreover, two-dimensional hybrid simulations are conducted to examine the simultaneous excitation of the parallel, antiparallel, and oblique unstable modes and their role in the scattering of the outer heliosheath pickup ions. Our recent one-dimensional hybrid and particle-in-cell simulations with simulation domains along the background magnetic field demonstrated that at small pickup angles, the outer heliosheath pickup ions experience an incomplete scattering limited to the hemisphere of positive parallel velocities with respect to the background magnetic field. In contrast, the present two-dimensional hybrid simulation results show that when both parallel/antiparallel and oblique unstable modes are acting together, the pickup ions can be scattered into the hemisphere of negative parallel velocities and approach a near-isotropic velocity distribution. This is in conflict with the spatial retention scenario of the energetic neutral atom ribbon observed by the Interstellar Boundary Explorer, which requires pickup ions at small pickup angles to stream away from the ribbon directions.
Molecular Gas Reservoirs in Massive Quiescent Galaxies at z ∼ 0.7 Linked to Late-time Star Formation
Authors: Woodrum Charity , Williams Christina C. , Rieke Marcia , Leja Joel , Johnson Benjamin D. , Bezanson Rachel , Kennicutt Robert , Spilker Justin , Tacchella Sandro 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We explore how the presence of detectable molecular gas depends on the inferred star formation histories (SFHs) in eight massive, quiescent galaxies at z ∼ 0.7. Half of the sample have clear detections of molecular gas, traced by CO(2–1). We find that the molecular gas content is unrelated to the rate of star formation decline prior to the most recent 1 Gyr, suggesting that the gas reservoirs are not left over from their primary star formation epoch. However, the recent SFHs of CO-detected galaxies demonstrate evidence for secondary bursts of star formation in their last Gyr. The fraction of stellar mass formed in these secondary bursts ranges from f
burst ≈ 0.3%–6% and ended between t
end-burst ≈ 0–330 Myr ago. The CO-detected galaxies form a higher fraction of mass in the last Gyr (

f

M

1

Gyr

=
2.6
%
±
1.8
%

) compared to the CO-undetected galaxies (

f

M

1

Gyr

=
0.2
%
±
0.1
%

). The galaxies with gas reservoirs have enhanced late-time star formation, highlighting this as a contributing factor to the observed heterogeneity in the gas reservoirs in high-redshift quiescent galaxies. We find that the amount of gas and star formation driven by these secondary bursts are inconsistent with that expected from dry minor mergers, and instead are likely driven by recently accreted gas, i.e., gas-rich minor mergers. This conclusion would not have been made based on SFRUV+IR measurements alone, highlighting the power of detailed SFH modeling in the interpretation of gas reservoirs. Larger samples are needed to understand the frequency of low-level rejuvenation among quiescent galaxies at intermediate redshifts, and to what extent this drives the diversity of molecular gas reservoirs.
L’impérialisme fossile français, le sous-impérialisme sud-africain et la résistance anti-impériale
Authors: Bond Patrick , Fondu Guillaume 
Published: November 2022

Les opérations actuelles que mène Total en Afrique suivent un schéma ancien : l’exploitation, tournée vers les énergies fossiles, et la corruption des économies, des gouvernements, des sociétés et des environnements des pays en développement, le tout soutenu par la puissance étatique française. Emmanuel Macron rendit la chose tout à fait manifeste en 2021, lorsqu’il insista pour défendre le gaz possédé par Total au Mozambique (20 milliards de dollars) par une intervention militaire, menée par des soldats rwandais et sud-africains. Le rôle sous-impérialiste de Pretoria explique son soutien désespéré aux nouveaux magnats du pétrole avec lesquels Total a fait alliance depuis la moitié des années 2010 pour exploiter d’importantes réserves de gaz et chercher de nouveaux gisements par dynamitage sismique. Mais depuis 2021, deux formes de résistance ont fait vaciller Total : les guérillas islamiques au Mozambique et les mobilisations écologistes et sociales déclenchées le long des côtes sud-africaines, tant du côté de l’océan Atlantique que de l’océan Indien. Mais il faudra dans les mois et les années à venir, organiser une campagne globale contre le renouveau de l’impérialisme – et du sous-impérialisme – fossile.