bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Everything
Authors: Evans Christopher H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Frances Willard (1839–1898) was one of the most prominent American social reformers of the late nineteenth century. This biography explores Willard’s life, her contributions as a reformer, and her broader legacy as a women’s rights activist in the United States. As the long-time president of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), Willard built a national and international movement of women that campaigned for prohibition. Emphasizing what she called “Do Everything” reform, Willard became a central figure in campaigns supporting woman suffrage, economic justice, Christian socialism, and numerous other reforms during the Gilded Age. A devout Methodist, Willard helped shape predominant religious currents of the late nineteenth century, including being an important figure in the rise of the social gospel movement in American Protestantism. In addition to chronicling Willard’s life, the biography examines ways that Willard crafted a distinctive culture of women’s leadership not fully explored by other scholars. Despite her enormous fame during her lifetime, the book examines reasons that subsequent twentieth-century women reformers have eclipsed Willard’s legacy.
Paternalism
Authors: Tahzib Collis 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter defends the perfectionist conception of justice against Jonathan Quong’s argument that perfectionist political action is paternalistic because it is premised on the belief that, when left to their own devices, citizens will fail to make sound choices about how to use their time and resources. In response, the author concedes that perfectionist political action does involve the assumption that citizens are not always disposed to make rational decisions about their own good, but denies that there is anything disrespectful about proceeding on the basis of such an assumption—especially given that, as mounting evidence from the fields of social psychology and behavioural economics suggests, this assumption is true of all human beings. To defend this position, the author develops an alternative conception of what respect for the moral status of citizens requires—a conception that requires that the state treat citizens as if they are disposed often, but not always, to make rational decisions about their own good, and thus that is compatible with some degree of paternalism.
Descent into Zero Interest Policy and the New Abnormal
Authors: Beenstock Michael 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe adoption of ZIP is placed in historical context, and is chronicled, starting with Japan in 1996 and ending with New Zealand in 2020. Israel, which was not involved in the Subprime Crisis, is used to illustrate the epidemiology of ZIP in small open economies. The relation between ZIP and long-term interest rates is reviewed through term structure theory. Initially ZIP was expected to be temporary; it took several years for long-term rates to decrease. Even then, long-term rates exceeded 2 percent. It took tsunami-style quantitative easing to flatten yield curves completely. Wicksell’s interest rate gap (between the natural rate of interest and the real long-term interest rate) is calculated for various countries, which increased for all countries studied. Debt-to-GDP ratios and kinetic inflation induced by quantitative easing are reviewed.
Socioeconomic Consequences of the New Abnormal
Authors: Beenstock Michael 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIf ZIP lasts indefinitely, Generation X and Millennials will be worse off in retirement than their parents. Since Japan has had the longest experience of ZIP, we use data from the Survey of Household Income and Expenditure in Japan to show that pensioners in 2019 had 20 percent less pension income than their counterparts in 1999. The New Abnormal is inequitable from an intergenerational perspective because future generations bear the burden of public debt. It is less clear whether the New Abnormal is inequitable from an intragenerational perspective. ZIP directly increases house prices because housing is a capital asset whose return is correlated with the yield on long-term bonds. Since these yields have decreased because of ZIP by about 3 percentage points, ZIP increased real house prices by about 25 percent. ZIP increased the price of insurance because insurance companies invest their premium income in liquid assets, which have little or no return.
The Discursification of Transparency
Authors: Koivisto Ida 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter discusses the ‘discursification’ of transparency. The term refers to a process whereby legal or otherwise normative concepts and ideas become detached from their original system of meaning and potential enforcement mechanisms. Hence, those concepts become available to strategic language use outside of the original context. The concept of discursification is discussed both generally and in the context of transparency. It is argued that with discursification, transparency has become potent in legitimizing a variety of practices. This process is exemplified in two contexts: in global governance and in multinational technology companies. In both, the concept of transparency has become hugely popular, yet vague in meaning. It is argued that the discursification of transparency represents a wider development in which procedural law has become a post-ideological vocabulary of morality. In this process, transparency seems to have adopted a circular legitimation structure: instead of democracy, transparency is needed to guarantee transparency.
The Future of Transparency
Authors: Koivisto Ida 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter discusses the effects of digitalization on transparency. The theme is approached through Jean Baudrillard’s concept of hyperreality, and the crisis of representation it entails. In hyperreality, instead of representation—a copy representing the original—the guiding principle is simulation, ie the production of simulacra, ‘copies without an original’. This crisis of representation means that the reality principle that transparency presupposes may cease to be valid in the era of digitalization. In the order of the hyperreal, seeing no longer guarantees understanding. As corollaries of these developments, algorithmic transparency and digital subjects, struggling to manage their impression online, are analysed. The chapter concludes that digitalization challenges the different epistemologies that transparency represents. It argues that the very icono-ambivalent nature of transparency, discussed in chapter two, is a product of hyperreality. Due to these developments, it is argued that transparency may not sustain its legitimating function in the future.
Union Theories
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter briefly discusses the account that Scotus gives of the metaphysics of the Incarnation, in terms of a certain non-causal kind of dependence of the human nature on the divine person. This dependence is understood to be some kind of categorial accident of the human nature. The chapter outlines Scotus’s reasons for rejecting the kind of communion theory found in Aquinas. It then provides an account of two later ways, influential in the seventeenth century, in which Scotus’s theory was adapted: first, by Durand of St-Pourçain, and second by Philip Melanchthon. This latter thinker interpreted the dependence relation in causal terms, and thus inadvertently set the stage for the later Lutheran rejection of the theory in favour of a communion theory.
Believing
Authors: Clements Ben , Bullivant Stephen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 provides a detailed analysis of the religious beliefs held by Catholics in Britain, using the new ‘Catholics in Britain’ survey. It begins with consideration of a standard six-option belief in God measure. Beliefs in various generic Christian, Catholic-specific, and non-traditional (spiritual energies, reincarnation) doctrines follow. It then turns to views on a number of debated points of Catholic moral and sacramental doctrine/law (married priests, communion for divorced-and-remarried, women priests). The chapter looks at overall levels of belief (both traditional and non-traditional), examines how levels of religious belief vary based on demographic group (sex and age), and explores how believing is associated with different types of religious practice.
Lyric and Liberalism in the Age of American Empire
Authors: Foley Hugh 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Lyric and Liberalism in the Age of American Empire considers, in the work of five exemplary poets, a particular tension between the lyric representation of individual consciousness and a sense (individual, but part of a wider collective anxiety) that these representations justify, dignify, or ornament the American state, even when raised to the pitch of dissent. The poets discussed are Elizabeth Bishop and Robert Lowell (taken together), Amiri Baraka, John Ashbery, and Jorie Graham. This book examines how questions about the nature of the individual in liberal thought animate poems, and how poets were driven to ask these questions when confronting the nature of American empire. The book argues that each poet saw a resemblance between their own understanding of what poems do, and the liberal idea of the individual. It shows that each poet was able to make use of techniques associated with making a person visible in a lyric poem, in order to stage a critique of liberalism, and to distinguish the subject of a lyric poem from the liberal subject of rights.
Two-Component Semantics
Authors: Berto Francesco , Hawke Peter 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
When do two sentences say the same thing, that is, express the same propositional content? This chapter defends two-component (2C) semantics, the view that propositional contents comprise pairs of irreducibly distinct components: (1) truth conditions, and (2) topic or subject matter. It presents an abstract 2C formal semantics, which gives synonymy conditions while being neutral on the exact nature of subject matter. The chapter compares 2C with 1C semantics, the view that either truth conditions are reducible to subject matter or vice versa, and argues for the superiority of 2C. In order to do so, it develops a ‘topicology’, laying out a series of constraints any good theory of topic or subject matter should obey. In particular, the truth-functional propositional connectives of negation, conjunction, disjunction should be topic-transparent: they should add no topic of their own; and there should be necessary or co-necessary (intensionally equivalent) sentences which express different contents due to differences in topic or subject matter, i.e in what they are about. Finally, the chapter explores some difficulties for the idea that coincidence in truth conditions and topic is both necessary and sufficient for content identity.
Epistemic Closure, Dogmatism, Scepticism, Fallibilism
Authors: Berto Francesco , Hawke Peter 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores an epistemic reading of the two-place TSIM operators, in which they are interpreted as capturing the notion of Knowability Relative to Information (KRI), Kφψ: given total (empirical) information φ, one is in a position to know that ψ. In the KRI setting, the variable strictness of two-place TSIMs makes them suitable to model the non-monotonicity of knowledge acquisition (sometimes one can know less after getting more, even truthful, information) while allowing knowledge to be intrinsically stable. Their topic-sensitivity allows them to invalidate controversial forms of epistemic closure (closure of the relevant knowledge state under full logical consequence) while validating less controversial ones. Unlike the standard Hintikkan modal framework for epistemic logic, the KRI framework models insights friendly to epistemic fallibilism: the view that one can sometimes know that φ even if one is not in a position to rule out all possible scenarios in which φ fails. It also accommodates plausible approaches to the Kripke-Harman dogmatism paradox (the paradox whereby knowing agents seem to be immune to rational persuasion via information bringing in new evidence), which bear on non-monotonicity or on topic-sensitivity.
Framing Effects
Authors: Berto Francesco , Özgün Aybüke 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces two kinds of one-place TSIMs representing, respectively, belief activated in working memory and belief left passively stored in long-term memory. The distinction between the two sorts of belief is shown to help with the modelling of a typical form of the well-known framing effect, whereby people can have different attitudes towards logically or necessarily equivalent propositions. The chapter introduces a semantics for active and passive topic-sensitive belief to represent and reason about, agents whose belief states can be subject to framing effects. The analysis of framing calls for a precise characterization of the sense in which framed agents are logically non-omniscient given that they can believe exactly one of two intensionally equivalent propositions even when they are fully on top of the relevant subject matters and, in a ‘dormant’ sense, they are even aware of the equivalence. The formal framework here combines topic-sensitivity with ideas from subset space semantics.
“What Is Natural in Me”
Authors: Stolte Tyson 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter traces how Dickens’s first novel narrated entirely in the first person, David Copperfield, employs that narrative point of view to insist upon the immateriality of the mind. The introspective form of the novel allows Dickens to write in considerably more detail about the structure of David’s mind than he had done with any previous character, and Dickens represents David’s psychology in accordance with the conceptual model of the association of ideas, which posited the construction of complex mental phenomena out of associated simple sensations. The language of association, however, was shared by two schools of psychology that Victorian commentators perceived to be fundamentally opposed, associationism and Scottish faculty psychology. Critics who have noted the novel’s engagement with Victorian psychology have argued that Dickens draws the language of association from the former school, but such arguments ignore the way associationism was popularly constructed in the period: as a materialist body of thought that denied the existence of the soul by suggesting that the mind was wholly derived from experience. Considering the religious language that permeates David Copperfield, as well as David’s insistence on the innate gifts that associationism denied, this chapter positions the novel as instead immersed in the soul-based faculty psychology, which granted to humankind certain God-given ideas, and against which the Victorians invariably set associationism. Yet the critical confusion about Dickens’s psychology in this novel illuminates (and replicates) the difficulties Victorian readers experienced in understanding precisely the nuances of the psychology Dickens wished to endorse.
Walter Pater's European Imagination
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Walter Pater’s European Imagination addresses Pater’s literary cosmopolitanism as the first in-depth study of his fiction in dialogue with European literature. Pater’s short pieces of fiction, the so-called ‘imaginary portraits’, trace the development of the European self over a period of some two thousand years. They include elements of travelogue and art criticism, together with discourses on myth, history, and philosophy, and are not easily classified. With settings ranging from ancient Greece to nineteenth-century England, they engage with the visual arts and operate pictorially in a series of receding planes of frame, foreground, and background. Examining Pater’s methods of composition, use of narrative voice, and construction of character, the book draws on all of Pater’s oeuvre and includes discussions of a range of his unpublished manuscripts, essays, and reviews. It engages with Pater’s dialogue with the visual portrait and problematizes the oscillation between type and individual, the generic and the particular, which characterizes both the visual and the literary portrait. Exploring Pater’s involvement with nineteenth-century historiography and collective memory, the book positions Pater’s fiction solidly within such nineteenth-century genres as the historical novel and the Bildungsroman, while also discussing the portraits as specimens of biographical writing. As the ‘Ur-texts’ from which generations of modernist life-writing developed, Pater’s ‘imaginary portraits’ became pivotal for such modernist writers as Virginia Woolf and Harold Nicolson, and Walter Pater’s European Imagination explores such twentieth-century successors, together with French precursors like Sainte-Beuve and followers like Marcel Schwob.
Introduction
Authors: Østermark-Johansen Lene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Introduction positions Walter Pater’s literary genre of the imaginary portrait within more general discussions of visual portraiture and its concern with presence and absence, life and death. It traces the late nineteenth-century application of the term to actual visual portraits with the aim of addressing Pater’s dialogue between word and image. Discussing such terms as likeness and referentiality, it draws attention to Pater the spectator, the visitor to the galleries, deliberately drawing on and challenging the characteristics of the visual portrait in his imaginary portraits. It discusses Pater’s initial ideas of the portraits as a portrait gallery, characterized by an element of seriality, which invites a comparison between the individual and the type, the specific and the generic. Pater’s interest in the Renaissance as the period in which the modern self emerged both in writing and portraiture encourages a dialogue between Pater’s first book, Studies in the History of the Renaissance (1873), and the imaginary portraits which runs as an undercurrent in the entire monograph. Life-writing and the positioning of the individual in a pictorial context of foreground and background remain aspects of Pater’s Renaissance essays and of his portraits. The blending self and other which characterizes much of Pater’s writing makes him an important contributor to the genre of autobiografiction, toying with the splitting of the self into many different figures, a process perhaps originating in his delight in constructing imaginary relatives, as recounted by several of his friends.
Mass Advertising’s Appeals
Authors: Rosenberg Anat 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Drawing on reception evidence for advertising c.1840–1914, Chapter 1 shows that mass advertising brought forth a range of experiences based in non-rational ontologies and a sense of mystery, which motivated contemporaries to respond to its appeals: possibilities of transformation, even redemption, mundane miracles, animated environments, a consciousness of a greater design, a surplus of meaning in things, a wide scope for imagination, dreams, fantasies, play, and adventure. These were elements of a commercially driven enchantment, which became a prevalent cultural condition. Their prevalence did not rule out a sense of reason and realism, all the less agency. To the contrary, advert viewers revealed a will to enchantment as they actively pursued it. Enchanted experiences also did not imply a unified belief system, nor consistent emotive or cognitive stances; they were varied and patchy. These qualities of enchantment by advertising gave it its distinctly modern character. The analysis examines a variety of sources: testimonies of consumers in fraud cases against advertisers; comments in the press; autobiographies and diaries; fiction; works of art; albums and scrapbooks. The chapter does not attempt to harmonize them but rather explores symptomatic recurrences within a variety, so as to shed light on the role of enchantment in the first decades of mass advertising.
Imperfect Divisions of Agential Labor
Authors: Bazargan-Forward Saba 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 builds on previous chapters in which, in all the cases discussed, a deliberator furnishes for the executor a morally problematic purpose; the deliberator is accordingly accountable for that wrong-making feature of the executor’s conduct. It has been assumed so far that the participants in the division of agential labor a) are fully committed to what they’re doing together, b) are not coerced into participating, c) know what it is that they are doing together and why they are doing it. One might worry that the argument for authority-based accountability holds water only given these idealizing assumptions. In what follows, this worry is addressed. The upshot will be that the authority-based accountability survives cases in which the executor—but not necessarily the deliberator—suffers from alienation, coercion, and ignorance.
War Ethics
Authors: Bazargan-Forward Saba 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on warfare as a paradigm of cooperative activity. How do we make sense of an individual combatant’s accountability in an unjust war, given that the typical combatant sees no combat and contributes little to the war-effort? It is argued that the authority-based accountability can help answer this question. It is also explained how authority-based accountability copes with the accountability-mitigating circumstances common in warfare, including ignorance, alienation, and coercion. Combatants, then, can bear authority-based accountability for what their comrades do. But what about civilians? Authority-based accountability might seem to illicitly overgeneralize by inculpating civilians as well—but the chapter argues that it does not have that consequence.
Percepts and Concepts
Authors: Hill Christopher S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 describes a number of essential differences separating perceptual experiences from high-level cognitive phenomena, and, in particular, from concepts and propositional attitudes. The chapter embraces the widely accepted view that concepts are akin to words in that they have reference and belong to logical categories, along with the companion view that the propositions that are the objects of attitudes like belief and desire are like sentences in that they have truth conditions and logical forms. In sum, concepts and propositions are quasi-linguistic. Not so for perceptual representations. The chapter argues that perceptual experiences are metaphysically independent of conceptualization. It also maintains that, on the one hand, perceptual representations lack the logical properties that are essential to concepts and propositions, and that, on the other hand, the former representations differ from the latter in that they are often isomorphic to the domains and individual entities that they represent.
The Sources of Entrepreneurial Hesitancy, 1950–1958
Authors: Sogner Knut 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter about the 1950s emphasizes the insecure and scattered grasp of the research agenda that was influenced by the strict drug regulation. During the 1950s, the threat of nationalization became replaced by a drug regulatory hand that continued to keep profits low but pharmaceutical companies private. Nyegaard’s one prioritized unique project failed. Nyegaard & Co. primarily aimed to copy foreign products to be sold on the Norwegian market. It also started to develop non-pharmaceutical products to get away from drug regulation. However, the regulatory philosophy also opened up for scientific progress, reflecting Norway’s modern medical ecosystem. At the end of the decade, Nyegaard & Co. got the right to market an exportable test product developed by an internationally famous Norwegian professor of medicine. And just by renewing its large product portfolio, Nyegaard accidentally discovered a patentable molecule that was very promising as a basis for an X-ray contrast medium.