bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional transmission patterns of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales: A healthcare network analysis
Authors: Tadese Bekana K. , Fujimoto Kayo , DeSantis Stacia M. , Mgbere Osaro , Darkoh Charles 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjective:Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) pose a serious public health threat and spread rapidly between healthcare facilities (HCFs) during interfacility patient movement. We examined patterns of transmission of CRE associated with network clustering and positions during patient interfacility transfer.Methods:A retrospective cohort study was conducted in the Greater Houston region ofTexas, , and social network analysis was performed by constructing facility-to-facility patient transfer network using CRE surveillance data. The network method (community detection algorithm) was used to detect clustering patterns of CRE in the network. In addition, network measures of centrality and local connectivity (clustering coefficient) were computed for each healthcare facility. Zero-inflated negative binomial regression analysis was applied to test the association between network measures and facility-specific incidence rate of CRE.Results:A network of 268 healthcare facilities was identified, in which 10 acute-care hospitals (ACHs) alone accounted for 63% of identified CRE cases. Transmission of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase–producing CRE occurred in 3 clusters, yet all cases were traced to patients who had had medical care abroad. The incidence rate of CRE attributed to ACHs was >4-fold (adjusted rate ratio, 4.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.02–6.72) higher than that of long-term care facilities. Each additional patient shared with another HCF conferred a 3% (95% CI, 2%–4%) increase in the incidence rate of CRE at that HCF.Conclusions:The incidence rates of CRE at a given HCF was predicted by the healthcare network metrics. Increased surveillance and selective targeting of high-risk facilities are warranted.
Food and nutrient intake in dietary supplement users: a nationwide school-based study in Japan
Authors: Ishitsuka Kazue , Asakura Keiko , Sasaki Satoshi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Dietary supplements can be used to compensate for an inadequate diet. However, some studies indicate that supplement users consume healthier diets than non-users, although such data are lacking in Japanese children. The aim of the present study was to investigate the food and nutrient intake of dietary supplement users among school-aged children in Japan. A nationwide school dietary survey was conducted at fourteen elementary schools and thirteen junior high schools in twelve prefectures in Japan. Three-day non-consecutive semi-weighed dietary records were obtained on two weekdays and one weekend day. Analysis of covariance was performed to investigate differences in food and nutrient intake from meals consumed at school and outside of school between dietary supplement users and non-users, adjusted for socio-demographic and health-related characteristics. Of the 910 children included in this analysis, 80 (8⋅8 %) reported supplement use. Based on 3-d dietary records, dietary supplement users consumed higher mean amounts of oils and lower amounts of fruits and vegetables than non-users. In school lunches, users consumed significantly higher amounts of oils and lower amounts of protein than non-users. In meals consumed outside of school, dietary supplement users consumed significantly higher amounts of confectioneries and lower amounts of fruits and vegetables, folate, vitamin C and dietary fibre than non-users. Collectively, our findings indicate that dietary supplement users consumed less healthy diets than non-users. Additional studies are warranted to confirm these results and identify factors contributing to poorer dietary habits in supplement users.
Differential alterations in brain structural network organization during addiction between adolescents and adults
Authors: Joo Yoonji , Lee Suji , Hwang Jaeuk , Kim Jungyoon , Cheon Young-Hoon , Lee Hyangwon , Kim Shinhye , Yurgelun-Todd Deborah A. , Renshaw Perry F. , Yoon Sujung , Lyoo In Kyoon 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe adolescent brain may be susceptible to the influences of illicit drug use. While compensatory network reorganization is a unique developmental characteristic that may restore several brain disorders, its association with methamphetamine (MA) use-induced damage during adolescence is unclear.MethodsUsing independent component (IC) analysis on structural magnetic resonance imaging data, spatially ICs described as morphometric networks were extracted to examine the effects of MA use on gray matter (GM) volumes and network module connectivity in adolescents (51 MA users v. 60 controls) and adults (54 MA users v. 60 controls).ResultsMA use was related to significant GM volume reductions in the default mode, cognitive control, salience, limbic, sensory and visual network modules in adolescents. GM volumes were also reduced in the limbic and visual network modules of the adult MA group as compared to the adult control group. Differential patterns of structural connectivity between the basal ganglia (BG) and network modules were found between the adolescent and adult MA groups. Specifically, adult MA users exhibited significantly reduced connectivity of the BG with the default network modules compared to control adults, while adolescent MA users, despite the greater extent of network GM volume reductions, did not show alterations in network connectivity relative to control adolescents.ConclusionsOur findings suggest the potential of compensatory network reorganization in adolescent brains in response to MA use. The developmental characteristic to compensate for MA-induced brain damage can be considered as an age-specific therapeutic target for adolescent MA users.
Childlessness, personal social networks and wellbeing at advanced ages: a cross-sectional study in a Southern European familistic welfare state
Authors: Vicente Henrique Testa , Guadalupe Sónia 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDuring the past decades, childless old age has attracted a considerable amount of scholarly interest. However, few studies address this phenomenon in Southern European familistic welfare states, where there is a pervading expectation that family members, especially spouses and children, care for their older relatives. The present cross-sectional study aims to analyse the relationship between childlessness, social networks and wellbeing in a sample of 612 Portuguese individuals aged 65 and over, comprising two sub-samples: parents (N = 540) and childless (N = 72). Data were collected through a research protocol that included a sociodemographic questionnaire, a personal social network assessment inventory, and several validated psychometric measures of psychological wellbeing focusing on mental health, loneliness, depression and satisfaction with life. Childless older adults' social networks are smaller but more diverse, including a more significant proportion of friends and neighbours. No differences were found in perceived support from significant others, but network reciprocity was lower among non-parents. The childless subsample also reported more feelings of loneliness and less life satisfaction, but regression analysis showed that parenthood status, per se, is not significantly related to any outcome measures. Besides the central role of sociodemographic characteristics and personal functioning measures in explaining psychological wellbeing variance, several network factors were also identified as influential predictors. Implications for micro-level network intervention and macro-level social policy making are discussed.
A rare cause of hemoptysis in childhood: peripheral pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm to bronchial fistula in a case with tetralogy of Fallot
Authors: Guner Selin , Saritas Turkay , Oner Taliha 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe herein report a patient complaining from significant hemoptysis due to secondary fistulisation of the peripheral branch of the left pulmonary artery and the left bronchial tree, which was successfully treated with a transcatheter angiography.
Inter-Rater Reliability and Agreement Among Mass-Casualty Incident Algorithms Using a Pediatric Trauma Dataset: A Pilot Study
Authors: Fisher Emilia H. , Claudius Ilene , Kaji Amy H. , Shaban Alaa , McGlynn Nicholas , Cicero Mark X. , Santillanes Genevieve , Gausche-Hill Marianne , Chang Todd P. , Donofrio-Odmann J. Joelle 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroduction:Many triage algorithms exist for use in mass-casualty incidents (MCIs) involving pediatric patients. Most of these algorithms have not been validated for reliability across users.Study Objective:Investigators sought to compare inter-rater reliability (IRR) and agreement among five MCI algorithms used in the pediatric population.Methods:A dataset of 253 pediatric (<14 years of age) trauma activations from a Level I trauma center was used to obtain prehospital information and demographics. Three raters were trained on five MCI triage algorithms: Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) and JumpSTART, as appropriate for age (combined as J-START); Sort Assess Life-Saving Intervention Treatment (SALT); Pediatric Triage Tape (PTT); CareFlight (CF); and Sacco Triage Method (STM). Patient outcomes were collected but not available to raters. Each rater triaged the full set of patients into Green, Yellow, Red, or Black categories with each of the five MCI algorithms. The IRR was reported as weighted kappa scores with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Descriptive statistics were used to describe inter-rater and inter-MCI algorithm agreement.Results:Of the 253 patients, 247 had complete triage assignments among the five algorithms and were included in the study. The IRR was excellent for a majority of the algorithms; however, J-START and CF had the highest reliability with a kappa 0.94 or higher (0.9-1.0, 95% CI for overall weighted kappa). The greatest variability was in SALT among Green and Yellow patients. Overall, J-START and CF had the highest inter-rater and inter-MCI algorithm agreements.Conclusion:The IRR was excellent for a majority of the algorithms. The SALT algorithm, which contains subjective components, had the lowest IRR when applied to this dataset of pediatric trauma patients. Both J-START and CF demonstrated the best overall reliability and agreement.
Prehospital Tourniquet Usage and Diabetes Mellitus Associated with Increased Incidence, Odds, and Risk of Acute Kidney Injury: A Pilot Study
Authors: Paquette Roland , Wampler David , Schaefer Randall , Blume Ashlee , Casillas Holly , Echols Briana , Greene Katelyn , McFarland Mallory , Allen Paul 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroduction:Tourniquets are the standard of care for civilian and military prehospital treatment of massive extremity hemorrhages. Over the past 17 years, multiple military studies have demonstrated rare complications related to tourniquet usage. These studies may not translate well to civilian populations due to differences in baseline health. Experimental studies have demonstrated increased rates of post-traumatic acute kidney injuries (AKIs) in rats with obesity and increased oxidative stress, suggesting that comorbidities may affect AKI incidence with tourniquet usage. Two recently published retrospective studies, focused on the safety of tourniquets deployed within civilian sectors, documented increased incidence of AKI in patients with a prehospital tourniquet as compared to previously published military results. This study aimed to provide descriptive data concerning the association between the use of prehospital tourniquets and AKIs amongst civilian patient populations as AKIs increase mortality in hospitalized patients.Methods:This was a single-center, observational, cross-sectional, pilot study involving chart review of participants presenting to a tertiary Level 1 trauma center. Patient data were extracted from prehospital and hospital electronic medical records. For this study, AKI was defined using theKidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes(KDIGO) guidelines.Results:A total of 255 participants were included. Participants with a history of diabetes mellitus had a significantly higher incidence of AKI as compared to those without. Analysis revealed an increased odds of AKI with diabetes in association to the use of a prehospital tourniquet. Participants with diabetes had an increased relative risk of AKI in association to the use of a prehospital tourniquet. The incidence of AKI was statistically higher than what was previous reported in the military population in association with the use of a prehospital tourniquet.Conclusion:The incidence of AKIs was higher than previously reported. Patients with diabetes had an associated higher risk and incidence of sustaining an AKI after the use of a prehospital tourniquet in association with the use of a prehospital tourniquet. This may be due to the known deleterious effects of diabetes mellitus on renal function. This study provides clinically relevant data that warrant further multi-site investigations to further investigate this study’s associated findings and potential causation. It also stresses the need to assess whether renally-impacting environmental and nutritional stressors affect AKI rates amongst military personnel and others in which prehospital tourniquets are used.
Women and self-defence: an empirical and doctrinal analysis
Authors: McPherson Rachel 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe problem of women's access to self-defence has been internationally recognised. This paper presents original empirical data on women's use of self-defence in practice alongside critical feminist analysis of the requirements of self-defence under Scots law. The empirical findings confirm that women are rarely successful with self-defence at trial level and the doctrinal analysis further demonstrates that self-defence does not adequately reflect women's experience of violence, especially sexual violence, and instead continues to reflect male experiences of (public) violence. It is intended that this research will form part of a larger developing evidence base, the type of which has been called for (Fitz-Gibbon and Vannier, 2017) and can be used to support reform in this area. As such, it represents a significant contribution to socio-legal work that has considered the issue of women's access to criminal defences.
Modeling and Assessment of Vegetation Water Content on Soil Moisture Retrieval via the Synergistic Use of Sentinel‐1 and Sentinel‐2
Authors: Wang Qi , Jin Taoyong , Li Jiancheng , Chang Xin , Li Yunwei , Zhu Yongchao 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAs an indispensable surface parameter, soil moisture is of great significance for analyzing global water cycle, establishing the hydrological model and assessing drought. Due to differences in the capability of establishing vegetation water content (VWC) models based on different vegetation indices, the influence of the different VWC models on retrieval accuracy has not been effectively assessed. Therefore, the suitability of vegetation parameters obtained from different VWC models established by different vegetation indices for accurate soil moisture retrieval requires further investigation. In this study, the different VWC models were established by different vegetation indices derived from Sentinel‐2 data and compared. Based on the Sentinel‐1 Synthetic Aperture Radar and Sentinel‐2 data, combined with microwave scattering models, the impact of different VWC models on the accuracy of soil moisture retrieval was investigated using the Look Up Table algorithm. The results indicate that, an exponential relationship between the measured VWC and different vegetation indices was obtained in the growth cycle of winter wheat, except for quadratic relationship of Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index vegetation index. Compared with other VWC models, higher accuracy of VWC could be retrieved using NDWI1, and the short‐wave infrared band located at 1610 nm achieved higher accuracy than the band located at 2190 nm. With respect to all VWC models, the combination of near‐infrared and short‐wave infrared bands was more suitable for VWC retrieval. When the contribution of soil scattering exceeded that of vegetation scattering, the results of soil moisture retrieval with different VWC models established by vegetation indices exhibit no discernible difference, regardless of the differences that occurred in VWC itself.
The Impact of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation on the Mesosphere and Ionosphere
Authors: Sun Ruidi , Gu Sheng‐Yang , Dou Xiankang , Zhang Ruilong , Kuai Jiawei , Tsuda Toshitaka 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe studied the responses of the mesosphere and ionosphere to the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) in the stratosphere using meteor radar zonal wind observations over monitoring station Kototabang (KB, 0.2°S, 100.3°E), global zonal wind data from the thermosphere and ionosphere extension of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM‐X), equatorial electrojet (EEJ) data over the monitoring station Jicamarca (12°S, 77°W) and global total electron content (TEC) maps. The Fourier fitting method was applied to obtain the monthly mean amplitudes of zonal wind, TEC and EEJ. The least squares fitting method was utilized to perform a spectral analysis. Our data indicate that the QBOs of the stratosphere and mesosphere are present in the zonal winds between 20 and 40 km and 82 and 96 km at KB. The QBO is also present in the global TEC at 40°S to 40°N latitude and is characterized by the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA). We propose that the QBOs in the mesosphere are linked to the QBOs in the ionosphere through the modulation of the E region dynamo by neutral winds and the equatorial ionospheric fountain effect. This model is verified by the QBO signals in the EEJ and diurnal tides in the E region of the ionosphere. The absence of QBO signals in the zonal wind at 250 km confirms that QBO signals in the TEC are not modulated by the zonal wind in the F region ionosphere, which further substantiates the model.
The Control of Plant and Soil Hydraulics on the Interannual Variability of Plant Carbon Uptake Over the Central US
Authors: Zhang Xue‐Yan , Niu Guo‐Yue , Zeng Xubin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe interannual variability (IAV) of gross primary productivity (GPP) reflects the sensitivity of GPP to climate variations and contributes substantially to the variations and long‐term trend of the atmospheric CO2 growth rate. Analyses of three observation‐based GPP products indicate that their IAVs are consistently correlated to terrestrial water storage anomaly over the central US, where episodic droughts occur. A land surface model explicitly representing plant hydraulics and groundwater capillary rise with an adequate soil hydraulics well captures the observed GPP IAV. Our sensitivity experiments indicate that, without representations of plant hydraulics and groundwater capillary rise or using an alternative soil hydraulics, the land model substantially overestimates the GPP IAV and the GPP sensitivity to water in the central US. This study strongly suggests the use of the van Genuchten water retention model to replace the most commonly used Brooks–Corey model, which generally produces too strong matric suction of soil water especially in dry conditions, in land surface modeling. This study highlights the importance of plant and soil hydraulics and surface–groundwater interactions to Earth system modeling for projections of future climates that may experience more intense and frequent droughts.
Impact of Fkbp5 × early life adversity × sex in humanised mice on multidimensional stress responses and circadian rhythmicity
Authors: Nold Verena , Portenhauser Michelle , Del Prete Dolores , Blasius Andrea , Harris Isabella , Koros Eliza , Peleh Tatiana , Hengerer Bastian , Kolassa Iris-Tatjana , Slezak Michal , Allers Kelly Ann 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe cumulative load of genetic predisposition, early life adversity (ELA) and lifestyle shapes the prevalence of psychiatric disorders. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human FKBP5 gene were shown to modulate disease risk. To enable investigation of disease-related SNPs in behaviourally relevant context, we generated humanised mouse lines carrying either the risk (AT) or the resiliency (CG) allele of the rs1360780 locus and exposed litters of these mice to maternal separation. Behavioural and physiological aspects of their adult stress responsiveness displayed interactions of genotype, early life condition, and sex. In humanised females carrying the CG- but not the AT-allele, ELA led to altered HPA axis functioning, exploratory behaviour, and sociability. These changes correlated with differential expression of genes in the hypothalamus, where synaptic transmission, metabolism, and circadian entrainment pathways were deregulated. Our data suggest an integrative role of FKBP5 in shaping the sex-specific outcome of ELA in adulthood.
Comparison of UK paediatric SARS-CoV-2 admissions across the first and second pandemic waves
Authors: Swann Olivia V. , Pollock Louisa , Holden Karl A. , Munro Alasdair P. S. , Bennett Aisleen , Williams Thomas C. , Turtle Lance , Fairfield Cameron J. , Drake Thomas M. , Faust Saul N. , Sinha Ian P. , Roland Damian , Whittaker Elizabeth , Ladhani Shamez N. , Nguyen-Van-Tam Jonathan S. , Girvan Michelle , Donohue Chloe , Donegan Cara , Spencer Rebecca G. , Hardwick Hayley E. , Openshaw Peter J. M. , Baillie J. Kenneth , Harrison Ewen M. , Docherty Annemarie B. , Semple Malcolm G. ,   on behalf of ISARIC4C Investigators
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
We hypothesised that the clinical characteristics of hospitalised children and young people (CYP) with SARS-CoV-2 in the UK second wave (W2) would differ from the first wave (W1) due to the alpha variant (B.1.1.7), school reopening and relaxation of shielding.

Methods
Prospective multicentre observational cohort study of patients <19 years hospitalised in the UK with SARS-CoV-2 between 17/01/20 and 31/01/21. Clinical characteristics were compared between W1 and W2 (W1 = 17/01/20-31/07/20,W2 = 01/08/20-31/01/21).

Results
2044 CYP < 19 years from 187 hospitals. 427/2044 (20.6%) with asymptomatic/incidental SARS-CoV-2 were excluded from main analysis. 16.0% (248/1548) of symptomatic CYP were admitted to critical care and 0.8% (12/1504) died. 5.6% (91/1617) of symptomatic CYP had Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). After excluding CYP with MIS-C, patients in W2 had lower Paediatric Early Warning Scores (PEWS, composite vital sign score), lower antibiotic use and less respiratory and cardiovascular support than W1. The proportion of CYP admitted to critical care was unchanged. 58.0% (938/1617) of symptomatic CYP had no reported comorbidity. Patients without co-morbidities were younger (42.4%, 398/938, <1 year), had lower PEWS, shorter length of stay and less respiratory support.

Conclusions
We found no evidence of increased disease severity in W2 vs W1. A large proportion of hospitalised CYP had no comorbidity.

Impact

No evidence of increased severity of COVID-19 admissions amongst children and young people (CYP) in the second vs first wave in the UK, despite changes in variant, relaxation of shielding and return to face-to-face schooling.

CYP with no comorbidities made up a significant proportion of those admitted. However, they had shorter length of stays and lower treatment requirements than CYP with comorbidities once those with MIS-C were excluded.

At least 20% of CYP admitted in this cohort had asymptomatic/incidental SARS-CoV-2 infection.

This paper was presented to SAGE to inform CYP vaccination policy in the UK.