bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual Reasoning for Design by Analogy: Fuse Visual and Semantic Knowledge
Authors: Jin Yan , Zhang Zijian 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Design by analogy is a design ideation strategy to find inspiration from source domains to generate design concepts in target domains. Recently, many computational methods were proposed to measure similarities between source domains and target domains to build connections between them. However, most existing methods only explore either visual or semantic cues of the concepts in source and target domains but ignore the integration of both modalities. In fact, humans have remarkable visual reasoning ability to transfer knowledge learned from objects in familiar categories (source domains) to recognize objects from unfamiliar categories (target domains). In this paper, we propose a visual reasoning framework to support design by visual analogy. The challenge of this research is how computation methods can mimic the process of humans’ visual reasoning, which fuses visual and semantic knowledge. In the framework, the convolutional neural network (CNN) is applied to learn visual knowledge from objects in familiar categories. The hierarchy-based graph convolutional network (HGCN) is proposed to transfer learned visual knowledge from familiar categories to unfamiliar categories by their semantic distances. Finally, the unfamiliar objects can be reasoned and recognized based on the transferred visual knowledge. Extensive experimental results on one mechanical component benchmark dataset demonstrate the favorable performance of our proposed methods.
Conceptual Design of Foldable Truck Trailer
Authors: Temmerman Sjors , Sharma Saurav , Kumar Siddhant , Jovanova Jovana 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Commercial trucks are not always transporting goods at full capacity, which means that the box-shape trailer is partially occupied or even completely empty on occasions. In this work, we explore foldable trailer design to improve truck efficiency and sustainability. To achieve the folding feature we explore active compliant hinges in origami-inspired design.
Active origami engineering relies on two-dimensional smart hinges able to interact in a three-dimensional design without external forces. The truck trailer is envisioned to be able to fold itself into an aerodynamic wedge shape when the trailer is (partially) empty. This design can be made lighter and more environmentally friendly than the original trailer design and the use of such a foldable trailer can reduce fuel consumption. Smart material layered hinges made from dielectric elastomers actuate the plastic faces of the construction to achieve the folding and deploying of the adaptable trailer design. Initial studies of geometry, materials, and actuation power as well as the potential for energy savings are presented. The drag coefficient is reduced by 33.77% when folded into an aerodynamic shape which leads to an annual decrease in fuel consumption of 6.32% for the average truck that drives around empty 20% of the time and 15.8% for one way transport trucks that drive around empty 50% of the time.
TRIZ Mapping and Novelty Detection of Engineering Design Patents Using Machine Learning
Authors: Hall Sawyer , Mollan Calahan , Pandey Vijitashwa , Mourelatos Zissimos 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Published resources such as technical literature and patent documents are extremely useful in engineering design and form an important input to methods such as TRIZ. Often, design engineers will investigate these resources when working on new design problems. Aside from getting technical information and even direct design solutions, they may find the design principles used in each patent document a useful design stimulus. Unfortunately, patents are not classified based on such “design useful” characterizations. Using unsupervised clustering and Latent Dirichlet Allocation, this paper investigates four hypotheses using engineering patents in informing TRIZ based design. It first investigates the optimal number of TRIZ topics present in a corpus. Using this information, it attempts to map the TRIZ methods to the individual patents using unsupervised machine learning. Both rejected and accepted patents are then tested to determine if an autoencoder can successfully differentiate between the two, just from the text of the document. The autoencoder reconstruction errors of “Vehicle Brake Control” patents are also examined for possible correlation between reconstruction error and patent citation count. Finally, by combining the TRIZ clustering and the trained autoencoder, we show that high reconstruction error patents may be harder to assign to TRIZ methods than low reconstruction error patents.
Modeling and Validation of Compliant Mechanisms and Soft Robots in MATLAB Simscape
Authors: Contreras-Esquen Andrea , Martinez Jose Bonilla , Garcia Martin , Moghadam Amir Ali Amiri , Tekes Ayse 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This paper reports on Simscape modeling and experimental validation of compliant mechanisms and soft robotic systems. During the past decade, there has been a lot of advancements in terms of the development of novel soft robotic systems, actuators, and sensors. However, efficient modeling of these systems is still a challenge for researchers. This is due to the existence of nonlinearities such as large deformation in the structure of soft robotic systems and compliant mechanisms. While analytical models can be used for conventional rigid robots, the application of these models for soft robots is limited. Simscape is an efficient tool for modeling soft robotic systems and compliant mechanisms as it can take into account large deformation. To validate the developed Simscape models we used a 6 DOF electromagnetic position sensor for each of the example systems such as a compliant bistable mechanism, compliant linear actuator, and a soft Delta robot.
Particle Swarm Optimization / PID-Computed Torque Control for a Manipulator
Authors: Badkoobehhezaveh Hedieh , Fotouhi Reza , Zhang Qianwei 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Dynamic modelling and motion control of a newly developed 5-DOF robot manipulator is presented here. Optimized PID gains are obtained using PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) method. a PID and a PID-CTC (Computed Torque Control) controller with optimized gains are examined for reference trajectory tracking control for the manipulator. Controllers’ performance for unit step inputs are evaluated using computer simulations. It is shown that this PSO optimized gain PID-CTC controller makes the manipulator follow its trajectory with no steady-state error. Controllers lead to small tracking errors, which is suitable for intended application; the PID-CTC controller provides better overall transient responses. The simulation model presented here, can be used for other applications. Contributions of this paper is mostly on application of PSO for the large 5-DOF manipulator with uncertain settings.
Nonlinear Dynamics of Human Balancing
Authors: Tóth Rudolf R. , Molnar Csenge A. , Stepan Gabor 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A nonlinear mechanical model of human balancing is established with the help of ankle stiffness measurements available in the literature. The stability analysis of quiet standing is studied analytically in the presence of the neural reaction delay. This analysis is followed by the investigation of the nonlinear dynamics: increasing reaction time results in supercritical Hopf bifurcation. Still, since saturation limits the control torque, loss of balance occurs for large enough perturbations. The insights provided by the nonlinear analysis of human balancing help in preventing and predicting accidents, particularly for elderly people.
Discovery of Customized Dispatching Rule for Single-Machine Production Scheduling Using Deep Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Chua Ping Chong , Moon Seung Ki , Ng Yen Ting , Ng Huey Yuen , Lopez Manel 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A dispatching rule has become one of the most widely used approaches in producing scheduling due to its low time complexities and the ability to respond to dynamic changes in production. However, there is no one dispatching rule that dominates the others for the performance measure of interest. By modelling the selection of a dispatching rule to transit from one production state to another using a Markov decision process, current methods involving reinforcement learning make use of a predefined list of dispatching rules, which may limit the optimization of a specified performance measure. Greater flexibility can be achieved by creating customized dispatching rules through the important selection of production parameters for the performance measure in question. Using parameters obtained readily within the digital twin setting, this paper investigates the application of deep reinforcement learning to select customized dispatching rules formed by weighted combinations of production parameters on a single machine production scheduling problem. Due to the curse of dimensionality of storing Q values for all possible production states in a Q-table, a deep Q network is trained for the dynamic selection of the customized dispatching rules. Preliminary results show its effectiveness in minimizing total tardiness and outperform well-known existing dispatching rules.
Nonlinear Oscillations in Delayed Collocated Control of Pendulum on Trolley
Authors: Szaksz Bence Mate , Stepan Gabor 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The paper investigates the nonlinear dynamics of the collocated position control of a trolley that carries a pendulum. Delayed proportional derivative control force is considered, which is based on the position and velocity of the trolley only. Stability charts are constructed for different parameter combinations, which show intricate structures in the plane of the control parameters. To examine the nonlinear behaviour of the system, the Hopf bifurcation calculation is carried out after an infinite dimensional center manifold reduction. This indicates that supercritical Hopf bifurcations always exist at the boundary of the first stable lobe, however, for increasing time delays, the reappearing stable lobes may be bounded with subcritical Hopf bifurcations as well, and even quasi-periodic oscillations may occur.
Carbon/PEEK/Zirconia Hybrid Composite for High-Performance Applications
Authors: Pagano Claudia , Basile Vito , Surace Rossella , Terzi Roberto , Schioppa Monica , Palazzo Barbara , Fassi Irene 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Hybrid polymer composites are very promising for applications in a wide variety of sectors, such as automotive, aerospace, robotics, energy and construction. These materials consist of a polymer matrix and two or more fillers, which synergically interact resulting in enhanced specific properties and performance. Among hybrid polymer composites, those based on carbon fibers reinforced poly(ether ether ketone) (C-PEEK) are gaining a primary role for their excellent mechanical and chemical properties; zirconium oxide (ZrO2) nanoparticles can further enhance these properties, improving also the wear resistance. In this paper, a new hybrid C-PEEK+ZrO2 composite has been studied and its mechanical properties compared with its reference composite C-PEEK.
Comparison of Multi-Objective Optimisation Methods for the Design of Electric Motors
Authors: Barri Dario , Soresini Federico , Gobbi Massimiliano , Mastinu Gianpiero 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The paper deals with a comparison between different multi-objective optimisation algorithms, namely Adaptive Pareto Algorithm (APA), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Parameter Space Investigation (PSI). The comparison has been completed by solving a test problem (ZDT1) widely considered in the literature and a real engineering problem concerning the optimisation of traction electric motors. The practical problem is addressed with the help of a specific custom-made tool for the optimisation of electric motors, where Motor-CAD™ is used as multi-physics simulation software. Several metrics have been defined to objectively characterize the Pareto-optimal solutions obtained with the different algorithms.
Design and Modeling of a Biomimetic Robotic Wrist via Hybrid Mechanism
Authors: El Kihal Mohammed , Wang Jiamin , Barry Oumar 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The wrist is critical to people’s activities of daily living, which consists of two major degrees of freedom (DOF) — flexion-extension (FE) and radial-ulnar-deviation (RUD). This paper proposes a novel 2-DOF biomimetic robotic wrist design for a forearm mannequin, which is developed as a safe test bench that emulates human forearm movements for exoskeleton experimentation. Due to the complexity of the coupled motions of FE and RUD, existing robotic wrists mainly focus on the FE motion, and sometimes incorporate the forearm pronation/supination instead of the RUD motion. To solve this issue, the robotic wrist features a simple but effective hybrid mechanism for FE and RUD motions, which avoids the axes offset between FE and RUD from producing unnatural wrist movements and allows ranges of motions comparable to those in a human wrist. We analyze the kinematics of the hybrid wrist mechanism, which leads to the establishment of the dynamical model through a generic constrained multibody formulation. A robust controller is then adopted for reference trajectory tracking control. We then perform numerical simulations, which validate the control performance and actuator choice, and evaluate the workspace, rotation axes offset, and inertial characteristics. The results preliminarily verify the biomimetic robotic wrist as a feasible solution for the forearm mannequin to realize natural wrist movement emulation.
Frequency-Amplitude Response of Parametric Resonance of Electrostatically Actuated MEMS Cantilever Beams Driven by Fringe Effect
Authors: Martinez Miguel A. , Caruntu Dumitru I. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This work deals with the frequency-amplitude response of parametric resonance of electrostatically actuated micro-electro-mechanical-system (MEMS) cantilever beam resonators driven by the fringe effect. The system involves a flexible MEMS cantilever beam parallel to a ground plate. The electrostatic force induced is due to the electric field between the cantilever beam and the ground plate (volume between cantilever and ground plate) and the electric field outside this volume which leads to the fringe effect. In this work, the cantilever is driven only by the fringe effect. The electrostatic force due to the electric field within the volume between cantilever and ground plate is neglected due to hole in the ground plate (size of cantilever). Excitations due to the fringe effect near the natural frequency of the MEMS cantilever beam lead the MEMS cantilever resonator into parametric resonance. The partial differential equation describing the motion of the cantilever resonator is nondimensionalized and a reduced order model is developed. This is a one-mode of vibration model which is solved using the Method of Multiple Scales (MMS). The frequency-amplitude response (bifurcation diagram) is predicted. The fringe effect was modeled by neglecting the electrostatic force term, and keeping the first four terms of the Taylor polynomial of the fringe effect (small terms due to small bookkeeping parameter). The method shows a zero-amplitude steady-state stable branch (trivial solution) for the entire range of resonant frequencies. In addition, two branches, one stable and one unstable, with two bifurcation points, subcritical and supercritical, are predicted. The response due to the fringe effect is compared to responses that involve the electrostatic force only as well as electrostatic and fringe combined. The influence of damping and voltage on the frequency-amplitude response are also investigated. As the damping increases, both non-zero steady-state branches, are shifted to higher frequencies and larger amplitudes. On the other hand, as the voltage increases the two non-zero branches are shifted to lower frequencies and smaller amplitudes.
Using Compliant Implants to Reduce Post-Operative Pain in Pectus Excavatum Correction
Authors: Roubicek Clark , Sargent Brandon , Garcia Victor , Howell Larry 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this work, we propose a medical device to be used for correcting pectus excavatum. Pectus excavatum is the most common chest wall deformity, resulting in exercise intolerance, shortness of breath, and chest pain. The current correction method uses a rigid bar that causes moderate to severe pain in patients. The device presented in this paper (termed the Elastic Bar) utilizes the phenomenon seen in pectus carinatum patients in which the patient’s chest wall becomes less stiff after a force is applied for an extended period of time; the device leverages this phenomenon to create gradual correction of the deformity. The elastic bar is a compliant solution to pectus excavatum. We present a set of requirements that determine the success of the compliant solution to correcting pectus excavatum. To analyze the performance of the device against these requirements, two models are developed, one using a fixed-guided modeling approach and the other using an initially curved beam modeling approach. We then use analytical models (developed following the Pseudo-Rigid-Body modeling technique), finite element analysis simulations, and a physical prototype to verify the feasibility of this new device. We find that the three different verification methods agree within approximately 10%. We conclude that this device has the potential to provide improved care to patients with pectus excavatum.
Experimental Analysis of Flexural-Torsional Forced Vibrations of A Piezoelectric Double-Cantilever
Authors: Zargarani Anahita , O’Donnell John , Mahmoodi S. Nima 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the experimental flexural-torsional forced vibration of a piezoelectric double-cantilever structure is studied and compared with analytical results. The structure of interest consists of two uniform and identical Euler-Bernoulli cantilever beams that are connected by a rigid tip connection at their free ends. Each of the cantilever beams can be excited by a piezoelectric layer attached on its top surface. The time response to the forced vibrations of the structure induced by the piezoelectric actuators is found using the Galerkin approximation method. The effects of dimensional parameters, the length of the cantilever beams and the length of the tip connection, as well as the piezoelectric input voltage on the flexural-torsional amplitude of the vibrations of the structure are studied analytically and experimentally. The amplitude of the flexural-torsional vibrations of the structure is observed to be proportional to the piezoelectric input voltage. However, the slope of the curves defining this relationship depends on dimensional parameters. For a constant input voltage, the effect of either of the dimensional parameters on the amplitude of vibrations is dependent on the other dimensional parameter such that a turning point, whose location is dependent on the configuration of the structure, exists in all the curves.
The Cognitive Costs of Design Tasks: The Evolution of Cognitive Load in Design and Its Relationship With Design Outcomes
Authors: Calpin Nicole , Menold Jessica 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Problem solving can be a cognitively intensive undertaking; as design is characterized by ambiguity and unknowns, design problems in particular can be cognitively expensive. Few studies examine the evolution of cognitive load during the engineering design process and the linkages between sub-dimensions of cognitive load and design task outcomes. To address this issue, the goal of this work is to establish a relationship between cognitive load, design task, and design outcomes. Twenty participants were recruited to perform a design task where their mental workload was recorded at each stage of the design process. Their ideation and prototype outcomes were then evaluated to determine if there is a relationship between cognitive load, design task, and design outcomes. Results suggest that there is a significant difference in cognitive load experienced by the designer during each stage of the design process and while cognitive load is correlated with idea generation design outcomes, it may not be tied to prototyping design outcomes.
Applications of Origami Principles in Deployable Childcare Furniture
Authors: Ames Daniel C. , Mittelman Aliya , Jones Jaxon , Halverson Denise , Bateman Terri , Magleby Spencer P. , Howell Larry L. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Design projects in childcare settings present unique design challenges because of their function, size, and specific safety concerns. In selecting effective childcare furniture, stowage space, safety, and ease of access for childcare furniture are important considerations. Origami-inspired design can be useful in addressing these issues in an innovative way by introducing flat-foldability and deployability into childcare furniture. Fundamental design considerations for childcare furniture and mechanical design principles for deployable furniture are examined in order to understand how to make safe and functional furniture pieces. Childcare furniture must be very child-safe. This means that origami principles used must not add safety concerns like decreased stability or pinch points. Nonhazardous, durable, and comfortable materials must be used. Extra precaution must be taken when designing folding structures for use in a childcare environment. Mechanical principles for such systems, including folding methods and thickness accommodation, are examined in the context of childcare spaces. Various types of joints are also examined and the M-LET compliant joint is shown as a potential replacement for rigid hinges in folding furniture. Using this understanding, this work presents two simple flat-folding techniques and a compliant joint suitable for a childcare setting and demonstrates these principles through functional “safe space” furniture.
DTM Past, Present, and Future: Reflections on and by the Design Theory and Methodology Research Community
Authors: Toh Christine , Cagan Jonathan , Fu Kate , McAdams Dan A. , McComb Christopher , Seering Warren , Thurston Deborah , Wood Kristin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This paper describes the results of an agenda-setting panel session that took place at the 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences organized by the Design Theory and Methodology (DTM) research community. While the state of design research in engineering design has advanced tremendously in the last thirty-five years since the formation of the DTM community, reflecting on the successes and challenges faced by this community revealed several key directions and opportunities that this community is well positioned to take. Namely, panelists and audience members in the session identified five new agenda items that have the potential to further strengthen research on Design Theory and Methodology: 1) Ethics, Equity, and Justice-focused design research, 2) Design for Sustainability research programs, and 3) Research on Computational Agents as team members in the design process,4) Building new theories from research conducted on Design Theory and Methodology, and 5) Focus on inclusive excellence in the review process of new and cross-disciplinary research. These agenda items as well as reflections on the history and legacy of the Design Theory and Methodology research community on the evolution of design research more broadly are discussed in this paper. The results of the panel session provide directions for next-generation design theory and methodology research that is effective, inclusive, and impactful.