bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Trends in Heavy Oil and Bitumen Recovery and In-Situ Upgrading: A Bibliometric Analysis During 1900–2020 and Future Outlook
Authors: Omoregbe Osaze , Hart Abarasi 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Bitumen and heavy oil are energy resources with high viscosities, high densities, and high metals and heteroatoms content. This paper reports a bibliometric survey to investigate the historic trends and the future pattern of heavy oil and bitumen recovery and upgrading worldwide. It evaluates research outputs and their impact on the topic from 1900 to 2020. Data were extracted from Web of Science (WoS), vetted using Microsoft Excel, and visualized using VOSViewer. Globally, the study identified 8248 publications. Canada had the highest research output and was also widely cited, and the highest-productive countries are the United States from 1900 to 1970, Canada from 1971 to 2000, Canada from 2001 to 2010, and China from 2011 to 2020. The keywords frequency suggests that most research on heavy oil and bitumen focuses more on viscosity reduction, rheology, asphaltenes, enhanced oil recovery methods, and upgrading. These are the top five most productive institutions in the field: University of Calgary &gt; China University of Petroleum &gt; University of Alberta &gt; Russian Academy of Sciences &gt; China National Petroleum Corporation. The Universities of Calgary and Alberta are, however, the most frequently cited and most impactful, with respective citations and h-indexes of 10367 (50 h-index) and 8556 (47h-index). The future of heavy oil and bitumen depends on crude oil price, the economics of transportation alternatives, climate change policies and technologies, while the design of robust and low-cost catalysts would guide in-situ catalytic upgrading.
Quantifying simulated fine sand fraction in muddy sediment using laser diffraction
Authors: Belzile Claude , Montero-Serrano Jean-Carlos 
Published: May 2022

The objective of this study is to verify whether low amounts of fine sand added to a muddy sediment matrix can be detected and quantified with accuracy using a Mastersizer 3000 (Malvern Panalytical) laser diffraction particle-size analyzer equipped with a Hydro LV large volume liquid dispersion module. To achieve this goal, a postglacial sediment sample was sieved to recover naturally co-occurring sand and clay–silt fractions. Sand in the range of 1%–7% by weight was added to the clay–silt at three concentrations (88, 132, and 276 mg dry weight) and each sample was duplicated. A very strong linear relationship was found between the measured % volume of sand added and the actual weight of sand added to the mud. Sand representing as low as 1% by weight could be detected. On average, there was only a 0.7% absolute difference between the measured and actual % sand values (range 0.02%–1.65%). Sample concentration had a negligible impact on the measured % sand. A range of plausible values for the refractive and absorption indexes, essential parameters for the Mie theory calculation of the size distribution from the measured light scattering, also had very small impact on the measured % sand. The demonstrated possibility of detecting a small input of fine sand to muddy sediment provides a basis for studies using grain-size data to reconstruct past and modern detrital inputs and sediment transport variations.
The Limitations of Optimization from Samples
Authors: Balkanski Eric , Rubinstein Aviad , Singer Yaron 
Published: May 2022

In this article, we consider the following question: Can we optimize objective functions from the training data we use to learn them? We formalize this question through a novel framework we call
optimization from samples
(
OPS
). In
OPS
, we are given sampled values of a function drawn from some distribution and the objective is to optimize the function under some constraint.

While there are interesting classes of functions that can be optimized from samples, our main result is an impossibility. We show that there are classes of functions that are statistically learnable and optimizable, but for which no reasonable approximation for optimization from samples is achievable. In particular, our main result shows that there is no constant factor approximation for maximizing coverage functions under a cardinality constraint using polynomially-many samples drawn from any distribution.
We also show tight approximation guarantees for maximization under a cardinality constraint of several interesting classes of functions including unit-demand, additive, and general monotone submodular functions, as well as a constant factor approximation for monotone submodular functions with bounded curvature.
General Decay of a Nonlinear Viscoelastic Wave Equation with Balakrishnân-Taylor Damping and a Delay Involving Variable Exponents
Authors: Zuo Jiabin , Rahmoune Abita , Li Yanjiao 
Published: May 2022

This paper was aimed at investigating the stability of the following viscoelastic problem with Balakrishnân-Taylor damping and variable-exponent nonlinear time delay term

u

t
t

−
M

∇
u

2

2

Δ
u
+
α

t

∫

0

t

g

t
−
s

Δ
u

s

d
s
+

μ

1

u

t

p

.

−
2

u

t

+

μ

2

u

t

t
−
τ

p

.

−
2

u

t

t
−
τ

=
0

in

Ω
×

ℝ

+

,

where

Ω

is a bounded domain of

ℝ

n

,

p

.

:

Ω

¯

⟶
ℝ

is a measurable function,

g
>
0

is a memory kernel that decays exponentially,

α
≥
0

is the potential, and

M

∇
u

2

2

=
a
+
b

∇
u

t

2

2

+
σ

∫

Ω

∇
u
∇

u

t

d
x

for some constants

a
>
0

,

b
≥
0

, and

σ
>
0

. Under some assumptions on the relaxation function, we use some suitable Lyapunov functionals to derive the general decay estimate for the energy. The problem considered is novel and meaningful because of the presence of the flutter panel equation and the spillover problem including memory and variable-exponent time delay control. Our result generalizes and improves previous conclusion in the literature.
DP1 (Prostaglandin D
2
Receptor 1) Activation Protects Against Vascular Remodeling and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Transition to Myofibroblasts in Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension in Mice
Authors: Zou Fangdi , Li Yong , Zhang Shijie , Zhang Jian 
Published: May 2022

Background:

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotype transition plays an essential role in vascular remodeling. PGD
2
(Prostaglandin D
2
) is involved in cardiovascular inflammation. In this study, we aimed to investigates the role of DP1 (PGD
2
receptor 1) on VSMC phenotype transition in vascular remodeling after Ang II (angiotensin II) infusion in mice.

Methods:

VSMC-specific DP1 knockout mice and DP1
flox/flox
mice were infused with Ang II for 28 days and systolic blood pressure was measured by noninvasive tail-cuff system. The arterial samples were applied to an unbiased proteome analysis. DP1
f/f
Myh11 (myosin heavy chain 11) CREERT2 R26
mTmG/+
mice were generated for VSMC lineage tracing. Multiple genetic and pharmacological approaches were used to investigate DP1-mediated signaling in phenotypic transition of VSMCs in response to Ang II administration.

Results:
DP1 knockout promoted vascular media thickness and increased systolic blood pressure after Ang II infusion by impairing Epac (exchange protein directly activated by cAMP)-1-mediated Rap-1 (Ras-related protein 1) activation. The DP1 agonist facilitated the interaction of myocardin-related transcription factor A and G-actin, which subsequently inhibited the VSMC transition to myofibroblasts through the suppression of RhoA (Ras homolog family member A)/ROCK-1 (Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1) activity. Moreover, Epac-1 overexpression by lentivirus blocked the progression of vascular fibrosis in DP1 deficient mice in response to Ang II infusion.

Conclusions:
Our finding revealed a protective role of DP1 in VSMC switch to myofibroblasts by impairing the phosphorylation of MRTF (myocardin-related transcription factor)-A by ROCK-1 through Epac-1/Rap-1/RhoA pathway and thus inhibited the expression of collagen I, fibronectin, ED-A (extra domain A) fibronectin, and vinculin. Thus, DP1 activation has therapeutic potential for vascular fibrosis in hypertension.
Insights From Matched Office and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Youth: Clinical Relevance
Authors: Lurbe Empar , Redon Josep , Alvarez Julio , Grau-Pérez Maria , Martinez Fernando , Mancia Giuseppe 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Information on the relationship between ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) and concurrently office blood pressure (BP) values in youth still suffers from limitations. We provide information on the differences between office BP and ABP, the factors related, and the clinical implications.

Methods:
Three thousand six hundred ninety matched measurements of office BP and ABP on the same day, from 2390 children, aged 5 to 15 years, of both sexes were eligible. Office BP was measured using an oscillometric device (Omron 705 IT) and 24-hour ABP using oscillometric SpaceLabs 90207. Average of office, 24-hour, daytime, nighttime, systolic, and diastolic BP and heart rate was calculated. BP categories according to the European guidelines and phenotype of mismatch office BP versus ABP were defined.

Results:
Both daytime systolic and diastolic BP were higher than office BP with a progressive reduction of the differences from 5 to 15 years. The office minus daytime BP differences were the largest in normotensive subjects, less at high-normal, and reversed in hypertensive ones, independently of age and weight status. White coat and masked hypertension covered no more than 13.6% at all ages.

Conclusions:
In youth, it is inaccurate to obtain reference values for ABP by extrapolating from office BP values. The differences between office BP and ABP are minimal in children with office BP values in the range of hypertension, reinforcing the recommendation to use ABP measurement at the time to confirm hypertension.
Association of
RNF213
Variants With Periventricular Anastomosis in Moyamoya Disease
Authors: Xue Yimeng , Zeng Chaofan , Ge Peicong , Liu Chenglong , Li Junsheng , Zhang Yan , Zhang Dong , Zhang Qian , Zhao Jizong 
Published: May 2022

Background:
The pathogenic mechanisms of periventricular anastomosis (PA) in moyamoya disease remain unknown. Here, we aimed to describe the angiographic profiles of PA and their relationships with really interesting new gene (RING) finger protein 213 (RNF213) genotypes.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of moyamoya disease patients consecutively recruited between June 2019 and January 2021 in Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, China. C-terminal region of RNF213 was sequenced. Angiographic characteristics of PA vessels (lenticulostriate artery, thalamotuberal artery, thalamoperforating artery, anterior choroidal artery, and posterior choroidal artery) were compared between different groups of
RNF213
genotypes. The dilatation and extension of PA vessels were measured by using PA score (positive, score 1–5; negative, score 0). Multivariate regression analysis was conducted to assess variables associated with PA score. In addition, gene expression of RNF213 in human brain regions was evaluated from the Allen Human Brain Atlas.

Results:

Among 260 patients (484 hemispheres), 71.2% carried no
RNF213
rare and novel variants, 20.0% carried p.R4810K heterozygotes, and 8.8% carried other rare and novel variants. PA scores in patients with p.R4810K and other rare and novel variants were significantly higher than in wild-type patients (
P
<0.001). Age (odds ratio [OR], 0.958 [95% CI, 0.942–0.974];
P
<0.001), platelet count (OR, 0.996 [95% CI, 0.992–0.999];
P
=0.027), p.R4810K variant (OR, 2.653 [95% CI, 1.514–4.649];
P
=0.001), other rare and novel variants (OR, 3.197 [95% CI, 1.012–10.094];
P
=0.048), Suzuki stage ≥4 (OR, 1.941 [95% CI, 1.138–3.309];
P
=0.015), and posterior cerebral artery involvement (OR, 1.827 [95% CI, 1.020–3.271];
P
=0.043) were significantly correlated with PA score. High expression of RNF213 was detected in the periventricular area.

Conclusions:

RNF213
variants were confirmed to be associated with PA in moyamoya disease. Individuals with
RNF213
p.R4810K heterozygotes and other C-terminal region rare variants exhibited different angiographic phenotypes, compared with wild-type patients.
Weather Conditions and Messaging Associated with Fatal Winter-Weather-Related Motor-Vehicle Crashes
Authors: Tobin Dana M. , Reeves Heather D. , Gibson Maci N. , Rosenow Andrew A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Winter-weather conditions pose an extreme hazard to motorists, resulting in approximately 1000 fatalities annually on U.S. roadways. Minimizing adverse impacts of winter weather requires (i) the identification of hazardous weather conditions leading up to and at the time of fatal crashes, and (ii) effective, targeted messaging of those hazards to motorists. The first objective is addressed by matching motor-vehicle-related fatalities from 2008 to 2019 to nearby weather reports to determine how precipitation types and other observable weather conditions (i.e., precipitation intensity, obscurations, and visibility) change leading up to crashes. One-half of fatalities occur in snow, with 75% occurring in ongoing snowfall. Of fatalities during freezing precipitation, 41% occur near the onset of freezing precipitation. In addition, 42% of fatalities have deteriorating weather conditions prior to the crash, primarily visibility reductions of ≥25%. The second objective is addressed by examining language currently used in National Weather Service Winter Weather Warning, Watch, or Advisory (WSW) issuances for fatal crashes. Only one-third of fatalities have a WSW. These WSWs both identify a road hazard (e.g., “roads will become slick”) and provide an action item for motorists (e.g., “slow down and use caution while driving”) but do not clearly convey tiered road-hazard ratings. Examination of non-weather-related attributes of fatal crashes suggest that variable-message signs along highways may be useful to communicate road hazards, and that future messaging should urge motorists to leave additional space around their vehicles, slow down, prepare for rapidly deteriorating conditions, and teach strategies to regain control of their vehicle.

Significance Statement
We find that approximately 1000 fatalities occur each year on U.S. roadways during winter weather. To inform how to reduce fatalities in the future, we identify weather conditions leading up to and at the time of fatal crashes and determine whether road hazards were publicly messaged alongside weather warnings and advisories. Ongoing snowfall, the onset of freezing precipitation, and visibility reductions were prominent factors found in many fatal crashes, suggesting that these may be important factors to address in future safety studies. Winter-weather warnings and advisories often contain language cautioning road hazards, yet only one-third of fatalities occur during conditions with such official statements. However, these statements do not clearly indicate how hazardous roads will be.
An analysis of nutrient facts labels of pediatric multi-vitamin and mineral supplements: Is there a risk of overexposure?
Authors: Samuel Lalitha , Ethan Danna , Basch Corey , Dunne Stephanie , Quinn Christine 
Published: May 2022

Background Voluntary and mandatory fortification of pediatric foods, along with widespread consumption of dietary supplements have resulted in an increased proportion of children with excessive micronutrient intake. Aim This study aimed to analyze the proportion of pediatric dietary supplements that exceed the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and Tolerable Upper Limit for the individual micronutrients. We further identified the proportion of supplements with large amounts of micronutrients that were marketed through child-friendly and parent-geared promotional language and graphics on the packaging. Methods The nutrient facts label on pediatric supplement packages sold by three large retail pharmacy chains was analyzed for micronutrient content. Labels were examined for the presence of trademarked or generic cartoon characters and parent-geared health promotional statements. Results More than a third and almost a fifth of the samples contained vitamin A and niacin respectively in amounts equivalent to or above the established tolerable upper limit for one- to three-year-old children. A major proportion of these supplements had child-friendly and parent-targeted promotional language on the package. Conclusion The potential for pediatric supplements as a source for excessive micronutrient consumption underscores the need for parents and health care professionals to use nutrition labels as a valuable tool to prevent micronutrient toxicity.
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in children: An update of a single tertiary center 11-Year experience from Croatia
Authors: Bakoš Matija , Braovac Duje , Barić Hrvoje , Belina Dražen , Željko Đurić  , Dilber Daniel , Novak Milivoj , Matić Toni 
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an important treatment option for organ support in respiratory insufficiency, cardiac failure, or as an advanced tool for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Reports on pediatric ECMO use in our region are lacking. Methods: This study is a retrospective review of all pediatric cases that underwent a veno-arterial (VA) or veno-venous (VV) ECMO protocol between November 2009 and August 2020 at the Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia. Results: Fifty-two ECMO runs identified over the period; data were complete for 45 cases, of which 23 (51%) were female, and median age was 8 months. Thirty-eight (84%) patients were treated using the VA-and 7 (16%) using VV-ECMO. The overall survival rate was 51%. Circulatory failure was the most common indication for ECMO ( N = 38, 84%), and in 17 patients ECMO was started after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (E-CPR). Among survivors, 74% had no or minor neurological sequelae. Variables associated with poor outcome were renal failure with renal replacement therapy ( p < .001) and intracranial injury ( p < .001). Conclusion Overall survival rate in our cohort is comparable to the data published in the literature. The use of hemodialysis was shown to be associated with higher mortality. High rates of full neurological recovery among survivors are a strong case for further ECMO program development in our institution.
Is the Femoral-Epiphyseal Acetabular Roof (FEAR) index associated with hip pain in patients with hip dysplasia?
Authors: Urup Tønning Lisa , Schmid Markus , Barroso João , Hovind Benedicte , Hessain Dunia , Balling Marie , Jakobsen Stig Storgaard , Mechlenburg Inger 
Published: May 2022

Background Micro instability of the hip joint has been suggested to cause pain in patients with hip dysplasia. Recently, the Femoral-Epiphyseal Acetabular Roof (FEAR) index has been developed to evaluate hip instability in patients with dysplasia. Purpose To investigate associations between the FEAR index and patient-reported outcomes before and six months after periacetabular osteotomy (PAO). Material and Methods Radiographs of patients with hip dysplasia who underwent PAO between 2018 and 2020 were retrospectively assessed by a radiologist and an orthopedic surgeon. Radiographic measurements indicative of hip instability (Shenton's line, FEAR index, center-edge angle of Wiberg, acetabular index of Tönnis, and the femoral neck-shaft angle) were measured. Data on hip pain, function, and quality of life were collected prospectively using the Hip dysfunction and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS). Results A total of 222 patients were included in the study. All radiographic measurements and patient-reported outcomes improved significantly from preoperative to six months postoperative ( P < 0.001). There were no differences in the change score of patient-reported outcomes between patients with a FEAR index >2° (indicative of hip instability) and patients with a FEAR index ≤2°. Conclusion The FEAR index was not associated with hip pain, function, and quality of life among patients with hip dysplasia. This study did not find evidence supporting that instability defined by the FEAR index caused pain in patients with hip dysplasia.
Spatial analysis of acoustic noise transfer function with a human-body phantom in a clinical MRI scanner
Authors: Hamaguchi Takashi , Miyati Tosiaki , Ohno Naoki , Matsushita Tatsuhiko , Takata Tadanori , Matsuura Yukihiro , Kobayashi Satoshi , Gabata Toshifumi 
Published: May 2022

Background The acoustic noise in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) potentially depends on the measurement position and presence of a patient inside the scanner bore. Purpose To analyze the spatial characteristics of the acoustic noise by using the gradient-pulse-to-acoustic-noise transfer function (GPAN-TF) with and without a human-body phantom on the examination table. Material and Methods Acoustic noise waveforms were acquired at 80 and 110 measurement positions with and without a phantom. The GPAN-TFs µPa/(mT/m) in the coils were calculated by deconvolution. The phantom effect on the spatial distribution of the acoustic noise was assessed using the peak sound pressure levels (SPLs), mean values, peak values, and peak frequencies of the GPAN-TFs. Results The peak SPLs in all positions for the X-, Y-, and Z-gradient coils were increased by 11.1 dB, 1.4 dB, and 6.1 dB, respectively, compared with the peak SPL of the magnetic isocenter. The maximum peak SPLs among all positions of the X-, Y-, and Z-gradient coils with the phantom were increased by 4.9 dB, 7.4 dB, and 6.9 dB, respectively, relative to those without the phantom. However, the peak SPLs decreased at some positions with the phantom placed on the table (X-gradient coil = 4.6 dB, Y-gradient coil = 5.0 dB, Z-gradient coil = 8.4 dB). The most common peak frequencies were in the range of 2000–3000 Hz. Conclusion “Hotspot” areas with and without the phantom were associated with acoustic noise sources in the clinical MRI scanner and were enhanced by the phantom's presence.
Reducing Mortality Rate of Traditional Male Circumcision through the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in South Africa
Authors: Coleman Alfred 
Published: May 2022

This paper investigated the causes of youth mortality during traditional male circumcision practices by Traditional Medical Practitioners (TMPs) in South Africa. A case study approach was used. Six participants were drawn from an entire population of Traditional Medicine Practitioners and young men who have been circumcised by TMPs in less than three years. Data was collected using semi-structured open- ended interview questions to inquire about the rationale for using traditional male circumcision, how the circumcision procedures are carried out and what causes death among the young men (initiates). The findings revealed that traditional male circumcision is a cultural and religious practice of many South Africans. The circumcision process is done by the removal of the foreskin of the penis and this cause excessive bleeding, sometimes leading to death of some initiates. Other causes of death revealed by the study included unskilled TMPs, usage of unsterilized equipment leading to infections and ultimately death. Undisclosed isolated and remote venues where the circumcision practices are undertaken also emerged as a contributing factor to the death among initiates. The results led to the proposal of Traditional Male Circumcision ICT Framework (TMC-ICT Framework) to integrate the services rendered by TMPs during traditional male circumcision practices with services from healthcare professionals in government hospitals to reduce the mortality rate of young initiates.