bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Levetiracetam Attenuates Adolescent Stress-induced Behavioral and Electrophysiological Changes Associated With Schizophrenia in Adult Rats
Authors: Cavichioli Andreza M , Santos-Silva Thamyris , Grace Anthony A , Guimarães Francisco S , Gomes Felipe V 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Stress during adolescence is a major risk factor for schizophrenia. We have found previously in rats that adolescent stress caused, in adulthood, behavioral changes and enhanced ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine system activity, which were associated with dysregulation of the excitatory-inhibitory (E/I) balance in the ventral hippocampus (vHip). Levetiracetam, an anticonvulsant drug, regulates the release of neurotransmitters, including glutamate, via SV2A inhibition. It also modulates parvalbumin interneuron activity via Kv3.1 channels. Therefore, levetiracetam could ameliorate deficits in the E/I balance. We tested whether levetiracetam attenuate the adolescent stress-induced behavioral changes, vHip hyperactivity, and enhanced VTA dopamine system activity in adult rats.

Study Design
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a combination of daily footshock (postnatal day [PD] 31–40), and three 1 h-restraint stress sessions (at PD31, 32, and 40). In adulthood (PD62), animals were tested for anxiety responses (elevated plus-maze and light-dark box), social interaction, and cognitive function (novel object recognition test). The activity of vHip pyramidal neurons and VTA dopamine neurons was also recorded.

Study Results
Adolescent stress produced anxiety-like responses and impaired sociability and cognitive function. Levetiracetam (10 mg/kg) reversed these changes. Levetiracetam also reversed the increased VTA dopamine neuron population activity and the enhanced firing rate of vHip pyramidal neurons induced by adolescent stress.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that levetiracetam attenuates the adverse outcomes associated with schizophrenia caused by stress during adolescence.
History of ECT in Schizophrenia: From Discovery to Current Use
Authors: de Mangoux Gonzague Corbin , Amad Ali , Quilès Clélia , Schürhoff Franck , Pignon Baptiste 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eighty years ago, schizophrenia was the first indication for electroconulsive therapy (ECT), and likewise ECT was one of the first treatments used for schizophrenia. This paper presents the history of ECT in the treatment of schizophrenia and its evolution, from it’s discovery in the 20th century, which is an example of empiricism with a sequence of “shock” therapies. Following this discovery, the use ECT in schizophrenia has been in expansion during several decades, in a context of lack of efficacy of the treatment in schizophrenia. Then, after World War II and the derivative use of ECT in Germany, the use of ECT has decline during several decades. However, in the last decades, the use of ECT in schizophrenia has reemerged. Indeed, among patients in schizophrenia, rates of resistance to treatment have always been and still are high. In 2017, the concept of “ultra-treatment resistant schizophrenia” was defined when clozapine was tried and failed; and ECT, that had been long since abandoned in the treatment of schizophrenia until recent renewed interest, has emerged especially concerning the add-on of ECT to clozapine. However, ECT remains highly stigmatized and underutilized. This article looks at the history of the practice of ECT in schizophrenia with a historical and clinical approach and makes connections between the history of the treatment and its influence on its current recommendation and practice.
Effect of supplemental methionine on health and performance of receiving beef heifers
Authors: Grant Madeline S , Speer Hannah F , Luchini N Daniel , Blasi Dale A , Titgemeyer Evan C 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMethionine supplementation can improve immune function in transition dairy cattle. Our objective was to determine if supplemental methionine could improve health and performance of newly received growing cattle. Crossbred heifers (n = 384; 222 kg initial body weight; southeastern U.S. origin) were received in four truckloads (blocks) over 9 d. Heifers were weighed at arrival. The following day (d 0) cattle were vaccinated for viral and clostridial diseases, received 2.5 mg tulathromycin/kg body weight, and were stratified within the blocks by arrival body weight to 1 of 8 pens containing 12 heifers each. Within blocks, pens were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 0 (control) or 0.1725% Smartamine M to provide 0.1035% metabolizable methionine to the diet. Cattle were limit-fed at 2.2% of body weight daily (dry matter basis) on a diet containing 40% wet corn gluten feed, 34.5% dry-rolled corn, 10% corn silage, 7.5% supplement, 4% alfalfa hay, and 4% prairie hay. Pen weights were measured weekly to determine the feed offered the following week. Individual body weight and tail-vein blood samples were collected on d 0, 14, and 45. Plasma haptoglobin was measured to assess acute-phase protein response. Incidences of morbidity (1.6% for control, 2.6% for Smartamine M) and mortality (0.5% for both control and Smartamine M) were low. Between d 0 and 45, no differences were observed for average daily gain (1.24 vs. 1.27 kg/d; control vs. Smartamine M, P = 0.55) or gain:feed (0.107 vs. 0.110, P = 0.28), although dry matter intake was 1.3% greater (P &lt; 0.01) for control than Smartamine M due to differences in diet dry matter concentration. An interaction between treatment and linear effect of day was detected for plasma haptoglobin (P &lt; 0.05); over time, haptoglobin increased more for control (2.15, 2.28, and 2.95 mg/mL at 0, 14, and 45 d) than for Smartamine M (2.35, 2.37, and 2.58 mg/mL). Supplemental methionine may alleviate acute-phase protein responses in stressed receiving cattle.
Survey of feedlot nutritionists gives insight on information-seeking behavior
Authors: Rients Emma , VanDerWal Allison , Loy Daniel , Reynolds Mary , Hansen Stephanie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nutrition critically affects feedlot cattle health and growth, and ultimately cost of production. Feedlot producers rely on professionals such as nutritionists, extension educators, feed company representatives, and others to assist them in developing the best nutritional program for their operation. In turn, these professionals depend on feedlot nutrition research to drive decisions for their clients. A survey of feedlot professionals was conducted regarding how published resources are used. Surveys were included in the spring 2020 mailing to potential Plains Nutrition Council meeting attendees; 61 surveys were returned. The objective of this survey was to aid feedlot nutrition researchers to make more informed decisions when publishing new research to maximize impact on the feedlot industry. The survey asked 15 questions regarding the participant’s career, professional organization memberships, frequency and intentions of using research, and ranking the importance of resources, peer-reviewed journals, and learning platforms. Survey respondents primarily served the Midwest and Plains regions (83.1%) with employment by feed companies (34.4%), private consulting firms (21.3%), other aspects of feedlot production (26.2%), or were self-employed (18%). Survey participants found great importance in peer-reviewed journals, though the relevance of peer-reviewed journals sometimes differed due to the professional age of respondents. The main strategies for accessing journals were via society memberships and through open access; utilizing open access publishing may increase the number of industry professionals reached. Looking to the future, we may see a shift in resources used by industry professionals due to the differences seen in preferences of early and late career survey participants, specifically increases in the use of technology-based platforms. These data may inform feedlot researchers on the information-seeking behaviors of feedlot professionals, such as the importance of publishing data in open access formats, allowing for greater impact through increased utilization of newly published research.
Influence of high cyclic ambient temperature and water drinker design on growth performance and water disappearance of growing-finishing pigs
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine D , Grohmann Nicholas S , Weber Thomas E , Ritter Matthew J , Ellis Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine effects of room temperature and drinker design on growth and water disappearance of growing-finishing pigs (26.9 ± 3.67 to 130.9 ± 5.10 kg live body weight). A split-plot design was used with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: Room Temperature (RT) [Thermoneutral (TN) vs. High (HI); main plot], Drinker Design (DD; Nipple vs. Cup; sub-plot). A total of 316 pigs were used, housed in 32 pens in 4 rooms (8 pens/room; 7 pens of 10 pigs and 1 pen of 9 pigs). Two rooms were on each RT treatment. Room temperature for the TN treatment was constant throughout each day but decreased from 24°C at the start to 20°C and 18°C on d 14 and 45 of the study period, respectively. For the HI treatment, a single, cyclic RT protocol was used throughout the study (30°C from 08:00 to 19:00 h and 20°C from 20:00 to 07:00 h, with 1-h transition periods). Pens had fully-slatted concrete floors and 1 feeder and drinker (either nipple or cup); floor space was 0.67 m2/pig. Pigs had ad libitum access to standard corn-soybean diets, formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) nutrient requirements. Water disappearance was measured using a meter fitted to the water line supplying each drinker. There were no interactions (P &gt; 0.05) between RT and DD treatments. Drinker Design did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) growth performance; water disappearance was 7.3% greater (P ≤ 0.05) for Nipple than Cup drinkers. Compared to the TN treatment, the HI treatment had no effect (P &gt; 0.05) on gain:feed ratio, but resulted in lower (P ≤ 0.05) average daily gain (6.5%) and average daily feed intake (5.5%) and greater (P ≤ 0.05) average daily water disappearance (16.8%). These results suggest that both drinker design and RT can affect water disappearance, and that the high, cyclic RT regime used reduced growth performance of growing-finishing pigs. Further research is needed to determine the contribution of water intake and wastage to treatment differences in water disappearance.
Toxicity mechanism of patulin on 293 T cells and correlation analysis of Caspase family
Authors: Zhang Baigang , Xu Dongmei , Shao Lin , Liang Hairong , Li Jinliang , Huang Chenghui 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPatulin (PAT), a kind of mycotoxin, is a widely disseminated mycotoxin found in agricultural products. Although the existing research results show that PAT can cause nerve, immune, and skin toxicities, resulting in heart, liver, and kidney damages. However, evidence on the underlying mechanisms of PAT is still lacking. Present study aims to investigate the renal toxicity and related mechanisms of PAT on 293 T cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 method was used to reveal the dose-effect relationship and the time-effect relationship of PAT toxicity. Trypan blue staining and Hoechst 33342 staining were used to analyze PAT, which induced apoptosis on 293 T cells. Superoxide-dismutase (SOD), GSH, and malondialdehyde (MDA) were used to measure the changes of oxidative stress status of 293 T cells induced by PAT. The changes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ATP in mitochondria indicate the role of mitochondria when PAT induced cell damage and apoptosis. Through Cyt-C release assay analysis, caspase activity change, and correlation analysis, the potential mechanism of mitochondrial apoptosis pathway was proved. Results demonstrated that PAT significantly induced cell injury, and with the increase of time and concentration, the cell survival rate decreased significantly. Hoechst 33342 staining and Trypan blue staining showed that apoptosis rate was elevated by PAT. As PAT concentration increased, intracellular SOD, glutathion peroxidase activities were decreased and the MDA content was increased. The decrease of intracellular ATP level and accumulation of ROS content indicated an increased permeability of the mitochondrial membrane. Overexpression of Cyt-C activated the cascade reaction of caspase enzyme, leading to apoptosis. The results of enzyme activity assay and correlation analysis indicated that caspase 3 was the most critical caspase in the cascade system and that it was most correlated with caspase 8 and caspase 9.
Intrahost evolution of the HIV-2 capsid correlates with progression to AIDS
Authors: Boswell M T , Nazziwa J , Kuroki K , Palm A , Karlson S , Månsson F , Biague A , da Silva Z J , Onyango C O , de Silva T I , Jaye A , Norrgren H , Medstrand P , Jansson M , Maenaka K , Rowland-Jones S L , Esbjörnsson J 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
HIV-2 infection will progress to AIDS in most patients without treatment, albeit at approximately half the rate of HIV-1 infection. HIV-2 capsid (p26) amino acid polymorphisms are associated with lower viral loads and enhanced processing of T cell epitopes, which may lead to protective Gag-specific T cell responses common in slower progressors. Lower virus evolutionary rates, and positive selection on conserved residues in HIV-2 env have been associated with slower progression to AIDS. In this study we analysed 369 heterochronous HIV-2 p26 sequences from 12 participants with a median age of 30 years at enrolment. CD4% change over time was used to stratify participants into relative faster and slower progressor groups. We analysed p26 sequence diversity evolution, measured site-specific selection pressures and evolutionary rates, and determined if these evolutionary parameters were associated with progression status. Faster progressors had lower CD4% and faster CD4% decline rates. Median pairwise sequence diversity was higher in faster progressors (5.7x10-3 versus 1.4x10-3 base substitutions per site, P&lt;0.001). p26 evolved under negative selection in both groups (dN/dS=0.12). Median virus evolutionary rates were higher in faster than slower progressors – synonymous rates: 4.6x10-3 vs. 2.3x10-3; and nonsynonymous rates: 6.9x10-4 vs. 2.7x10-4 substitutions/site/year, respectively. Virus evolutionary rates correlated negatively with CD4% change rates (ρ = -0.8, P=0.02), but not CD4% level. The signature amino acid at p26 positions 6, 12 and 119 differed between faster (6A, 12I, 119A) and slower (6G, 12V, 119P) progressors. These amino acid positions clustered near to the TRIM5α/p26 hexamer interface surface. p26 evolutionary rates were associated with progression to AIDS and were mostly driven by synonymous substitutions. Nonsynonymous evolutionary rates were an order of magnitude lower than synonymous rates, with limited amino acid sequence evolution over time within hosts. These results indicate HIV-2 p26 may be an attractive therapeutic target.
Optimal depth of electromyographic endotracheal tube: A novel approach using video laryngoscopy
Authors: Lin Yu-Chun , Lin Ming-Chih , Lin Wen-Chun , Shen Ching-Hui 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Electromyographic (EMG) endotracheal tubes with surface electrodes are used during neck surgery to prevent recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury. Proper positioning of the EMG tube is of paramount importance. In this study, we aimed to compare the use of video laryngoscopy with other methods for achieving the optimal depth of the EMG tube.

Methods:
We retrospectively enrolled 489 adult patients (with 675 nerves at risk(NAR)) undergoing surgery using the EMG endotracheal tube. Patients were categorized into three groups with: rigid laryngoscope (n = 140, NAR = 187), conventional laryngoscope (n = 262, NAR = 370), and video laryngoscope (n = 87, NAR = 118). A formula for predicting optimal depths of the EMG tube was obtained from data of the standard group with rigid laryngoscope. Depths of the EMG endotracheal tube were measured and postoperative RLN injuries were analyzed.

Results:
Based on linear regression, the formula was derived for predicting the optimal depth of EMG endotracheal tube (cm) = 11.028 + 0.635 * gender (female = 0; male = 1) + 0.069 * height (cm). Compared to conventional laryngoscope, intubation of EMG tube with video laryngoscope resulted in less discrepancy between its actual value and optimal value, and the tube depth was more correct (OR = 2.888, 95%CI = 1.753- 4.757, p < 0.001). All five postoperative permanent RLN injuries were found in the group with conventional laryngoscope.

Conclusion:
EMG endotracheal tube insertion with video laryngoscopy is superior to conventional laryngoscopy, as well as an alternative to rigid laryngoscopy. The video laryngoscopy is a novel approach to get optimal depth of EMG endotracheal tube during neck surgery.
Spontaneous Volumetric Tumor Regression During Wait-and-Scan Management of 952 Sporadic Vestibular Schwannomas
Authors: Marinelli John P. , Killeen Daniel E. , Schnurman Zane , Nassiri Ashley M. , Hunter Jacob B. , Lees Katherine A. , Lohse Christine M. , Roland Thomas J. , Golfinos John G. , Kondziolka Douglas , Link Michael J. , Carlson Matthew L. 
Published: August 2022

Objective
Spontaneous tumor shrinkage during wait-and-scan management of sporadic vestibular schwannoma is generally considered an uncommon phenomenon. However, most data informing this understanding stem from single-slice linear tumor measurements taken in the axial imaging plane. The objective of the current work was to characterize the regression capacity of sporadic vestibular schwannomas using volumetric tumor measurements.

Study Design
Retrospective cohort study using slice-by-slice, three-dimensional volumetric tumor measurements.

Setting
Three tertiary referral centers.

Patients
Patients with sporadic vestibular schwannoma.

Interventions
Wait-and-scan.

Main Outcome Measures
Regression-free survival rates with regression defined as a decrease of at least 20% of the tumor volume.

Results
Among 952 patients undergoing a total of 3,505 magnetic resonance imaging studies during observation, 123 experienced volumetric tumor regression after diagnosis at a median of 1.2 years (interquartile range, 0.6–2.9 yr). Volumetric regression-free survival rates (95% confidence interval; number still at risk) at 1, 3, and 5 years after diagnosis were 94% (92–95%; 662), 86% (83–89%; 275), and 78% (73–82%; 132), respectively. Among 405 patients who demonstrated an initial period of tumor growth but continued wait-and-scan management, 48 experienced volumetric regression at a median of 1.2 years (interquartile range, 0.8–2.6 yr) after initial growth. Volumetric regression-free survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years after initial growth were 94% (92–97%; 260), 84% (79–89%; 99), and 75% (67–83%; 43), respectively. Ultimately, only 82 of the 952 patients studied showed exclusively volumetric tumor regression (i.e., without any periods of tumor growth) by the time of last follow-up.

Conclusion
Spontaneous volumetric tumor shrinkage during wait-and-scan management occurs more frequently than suggested by previous studies using linear tumor measurements and can even occur after previous episodes of documented tumor growth. These data further highlight the dynamic nature of vestibular schwannoma growth. To this end, the application of natural history data to patient management requires a nuanced approach that parallels the complex tumor behavior of vestibular schwannoma.
Washing the air: enhanced condensation of water on aerosols to enable their removal
Authors: Clement C. F. 
Published: August 2022

Previous theory (Clement 1985
Proc. R. Soc. A
398
, 307–339.) is applied to calculate water vapour condensation on aerosol in a chamber with a hot water base, a cooled roof and insulated walls. The fractional aerosol condensation of the water vapour is given by the surface condensation numbers,
Cn
, at the water surface and the roof. The magnitude of the aerosol condensation rate,
M
, per unit area of the base is then obtained from theory using heat transfer correlations. The central well-mixed turbulent region in the chamber is generally equilibrated, and maximum and minimum values of
M
are obtained from the limits of complete vapour condensation, and no condensation, in the boundary layers, respectively. Practically all their difference arises in the cold boundary layer where the supersaturation reaches up to 3 for no condensation. Results for
M
are obtained for water temperatures of 70 and 80°C and roof temperatures of 5–30°C, and range from 0.1 to 1.0 g m
−2
s
−1
. Chamber properties are compared to those of the Pi chamber used to investigate cloud condensation. Estimations for aerosol growth in the chamber are made for varying chamber heights and aerosol number concentrations,
N
. Passage of air through such a chamber could effectively grow aerosols of even the highest
N
up to an easily removable size range in a matter of seconds, enabling the cleaning of polluted air, including that containing viruses.
Distinctive cross-ancestry genetic architecture for age-related macular degeneration
Authors: Gorman Bryan R. , Voloudakis Georgios , Igo Robert P. , Kinzy Tyler , Halladay Christopher W. , Bigdeli Tim B. , Zeng Biao , Venkatesh Sanan , Cooke Bailey Jessica N. , Crawford Dana C. , Markianos Kyriacos , Dong Frederick , Schreiner Patrick , Zhang Wen ,   VA Million Veteran Program,   International AMD Genomics Consortium (IAMDGC), Hadi Tamer , Anger Matthew D. , Stockwell Amy D. , Melles Ronald B. , Yin Jie , Choquet Hélène , Kaye Rebecca , Patasova Karina , Patel Praveen J. , Yaspan Brian L. , Jorgenson Eric , Hysi Pirro G. , Lotery Andrew J. , Gaziano J. Michael , Tsao Philip S. , Fliesler Steven J. , Sullivan Jack M. , Greenberg Paul B. , Wu Wen-Chih , Assimes Themistocles L. , Pyarajan Saiju , Roussos Panos , Peachey Neal S. , Iyengar Sudha K. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTo effectively reduce vision loss due to age-related macular generation (AMD) on a global scale, knowledge of its genetic architecture in diverse populations is necessary. A critical element, AMD risk profiles in African and Hispanic/Latino ancestries, remains largely unknown due to lower lifetime prevalence. We combined genetic and clinical data in the Million Veteran Program with five other cohorts to conduct the first multi-ancestry genome-wide association study of AMD and discovered 63 loci (30 novel). We observe marked cross-ancestry heterogeneity at major risk loci, especially in African-ancestry populations which demonstrate a primary signal in a Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II haplotype and reduced risk at the established CFH and ARMS2/HTRA1 loci. Broadening efforts to include ancestrally-distinct populations helped uncover genes and pathways which boost risk in an ancestry-dependent manner, and are potential targets for corrective therapies.One Sentence Summaryrobing electronic health record data with genomics unearths novel paths to age-related macular degeneration.