bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does the Repugnant Conclusion Have Important Implications for Axiology or for Public Policy?
Authors: Budolfson Mark , Spears Dean 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Formal arguments have proven that avoiding the Repugnant Conclusion is impossible without rejecting one or more highly plausible population principles. To many, such proofs establish not only a deep challenge for axiology, but also pose an important practical problem of how policy-making can confidently proceed without resolving any of the central questions of population ethics. Here we offer deflationary responses: first to the practical challenge, and then to the more fundamental challenge for axiology. Regarding the practical challenge, we provide an overview of recent literature that explores the implications for public policy of the Repugnant Conclusion and related puzzles within population ethics, and shows that there is more commonality in the implications of different population axiologies than is generally recognized. The upshot is that uncertainty about population ethics presents no important problem for policy-making and the importance of population ethics to policy-making has been overstated. We then turn to more fundamental issues about axiology and describe a new series of formal proofs that undermine the idea that any plausible axiology could avoid the Repugnant Conclusion, including those that are assumed to avoid it in the literature. The philosophical upshot is that the Repugnant Conclusion cannot plausibly be avoided, and so it is a mistake to assume as a constraint on a plausible axiology that it must be avoided, as is assumed by most of the literature in population ethics, including by all of the fundamental impossibility theorems.
Animal Population Ethics
Authors: Gosseries Axel , Meijers Tim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we explore four features that could potentially render animal population axiology and ethics significantly different from human population axiology and ethics. We begin with the need for and challenges to multispecies population ethics. We then look at the claim that many animals—as opposed to humans—may not have a life worth living. We also consider whether animal species extinction raises distinct issues that differ from human extinction. Finally, we explore whether the means of shaping population size and composition meet ethical standards more easily in the case of animals than in the case of humans. Perhaps measures to reach a demographic goal have a lower bar to clear in the case of animals: restricting procreation or ending lives may be easier to justify when it comes to animals. We conclude that once we abandon (standard) speciesism, none of these four features renders animal population axiology and ethics significantly different from human population axiology and ethics.
Disability and Population Ethics
Authors: Mosquera Julia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Population ethics is concerned with the evaluation of populations that vary in terms of the identity, number, or well-being of the individuals that compose them. The ethics of disability focuses on, among other things, the evaluation of the lives of people with disabilities and decisions concerning current and future disabled individuals. The ethics of disability raises philosophically interesting questions, some of which fall directly within the scope of population ethics. Some people with disabilities have sometimes, as a group, lower average well-being than other salient social groups. Moreover, the size of disabled populations is susceptible to change due to, for example, the availability of reproductive technologies. Given their theoretical similarities, the ethics of disability inherits some of the problems that arise in population ethics. This chapter presents and analyzes some of those problems, focusing on three in particular: (1) problems of procreation where the person created is disabled, (2) problems involving the infliction or removal of a disability, and (3) problems involving changes in the size of the disabled population.
Iranian Cinema and a World through the Eyes of a Child
Authors: Stephens John 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
When the Iranian cinema industry redeveloped after its destruction during the 1979 Islamic Revolution, children’s films became a means through which to question the impact of new social forms, especially in relation to children’s subjectivities. This questioning encouraged a dual visual perspective that swung between a point of view that observes the child character and a child’s point of view that is constituted diegetically as a cognitive stance from which the world is perceived. The technique is employed in the industry’s three main areas: films for young children, films about children, and young-adult films. Always subject to strict censorship, these films negotiate a narrow path between aesthetic pleasure and social critique. Initially, a cinema about boys, by the mid-1990s, films had begun admitting girls as major characters, and then, as funding for children’s films shrank, young-adult films with a focus on youth agency became a major form.
Real Animals and the Problem of Anthropomorphism in Children’s Film
Authors: Alonso-Recarte Claudia , Ramos-Gay Ignacio 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
06Abstract: Throughout their history, Western children’s films (along with the subgenre of family films) have recurrently featured real animals, usually as the partner or sidekick of a protagonist child. This chapter examines the significance that the real animal body, whether a wild or domestic one, has within the genre, and the narrative and ethical challenges it faces within visual culture. By focusing primarily on the tensions between the authentic and the artificial within the context of modernity, the study offers a critical perspective on how anthropomorphism is practiced through the conventions that are appropriate to the genre, and on how such idiosyncratic narrativization of the animal then contributes to the consolidation of ethical discourses pertaining to the use of animals in the film industry.
Negotiating East and West When Representing Childhood in Miyazaki’s Spirited Away
Authors: Whitehurst Katherine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how the figure of the child gives insight into the construction of the Japanese nation and culture in Spirited Away (Hayao Miyazaki, 2001). The chapter outlines how Eastern and Western ideologies intersect in Spirited Away and argues that as the child navigates varied cultural expectations to seek a resolution, the child becomes the embodiment of utopic social change within an imagined Japan. The chapter demonstrates how the child in Spirited Away serves as a site to question past ideals of the nation, to resist neoliberal greed, and to project a hopeful future that sees Japan re-craft the interplay between Japanese collectivist values and Western individualism in the wake of neoliberalism.
Screen Adaptations of The Wizard of Oz and Metafilmicity in Children’s Film
Authors: Bunch Ryan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A survey of films associated with L. Frank Baum’s The Wizard of Oz shows that they offer playful metafilmic and material affordances, which audiences have exploited to actively participate in discourses and definitions of childhood and children’s film. By attending to these active negotiations, through what I term the films’ metafilmic address, we can acknowledge the co-presence of children and adults in the theatre without diminishing the status of family films as also fully children’s films or positioning child spectators as passive. Children, in collaboration with adult filmmakers and co-viewers, contribute to the definitions and meanings of children’s films by participating in the practices and discourses available through living repertoires of children’s film and their fictional worlds, in this case, the world of Oz.
The Walt Disney Company, Family Entertainment, and Hollywood’s Global Hits
Authors: Krämer Peter 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In 2016, Disney releases occupied the five top spots on the annual worldwide box-office chart, with Captain America: Civil War, the latest instalment of Marvel’s Avengers franchise; Rogue One: A Star Wars Story; the Pixar sequel Finding Dory; Zootopia, a rare original script filmed by the revived Walt Disney Animation Studios; and a live-action remake of The Jungle Book. Although Disney has since the 1980s had several adult-oriented global hits, the 2016 chart toppers were closely aligned with the company’s traditional emphasis on family entertainment. This chapter charts the rise of the Walt Disney Company to global box-office dominance, paying particular attention to the takeovers of Pixar Animation Studios (in 2006), Marvel Entertainment (in 2009), and Lucasfilm Ltd. (in 2012). It also surveys the prevalence of family oriented global hits released by the other major Hollywood studios, examines the special place of Star Wars (1977) in evolving hit patterns, and highlights several key thematic concerns of Hollywood’s biggest hits (both Disney and non-Disney): parent-child relationships, the threat and reality of large-scale destruction, and internationalism.
Don Bluth and the Disney Renaissance
Authors: Kunze Peter C. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
lidAbstract: The Disney Renaissance, a period of creative revitalization and corporate expansion, has long dominated the history of a larger rejuvenation in US animation production across film and television in the 1980s and 1990s. Perhaps the most important of the feature animators was Don Bluth, a former Disney animator who launched a new animation studio to carry on the Disney legacy and pose the first serious threat to Disney’s domination of feature animation. In focusing on his career, this chapter challenges the hegemony of Disney in animation history and complicates received notions of Disney’s contributions to contemporary children’s film. In so doing, it aims to recover a major contributor to children’s film whose work remains obscured by the legacy and continuing relevance of his former employer and rival.
On “Love Experts,” Evil Princes, Gullible Princesses, and Frozen
Authors: Davis Amy M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Frozen’s release in 2013 began a period of unprecedented popular and commercial success for an animated feature; several years after its cinematic release, Frozen remains a merchandizing and entertainment phenomenon. Additionally, it has spawned multiple short films and, in late 2019, a sequel. A recurring subject of discussion regarding Frozen is its emphasis on “sisterly” love as an important—if not the ultimate—form of true love celebrated by the films. Is this reading accurate? This chapter examines the evidence for these claims interrogates what kinds of love play what roles in the lives of Frozen’s characters, and presents a feminist analysis of the main characters, Anna and Elsa.
Children’s Films and the Avant-Garde
Authors: Kümmerling-Meibauer Bettina 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
IAbstract: This chapter focuses on the relationship between children’s films and avant-garde movements, with an emphasis on avant-garde films. The period it covers spans almost hundred years, from the 1920s to the present, and considers different genres and films from four countries: France, Germany, Russia, and the United States. After a definition and contextualization of the notion of “avant-garde” in general and “avant-garde film” in particular, the chapter first elaborates on early animation films and their relationship to avant-garde tendencies. It then examines the influence of the avant-garde on children’s films produced in the 1920s and 1930s. Next, the chapter discusses references to the avant-garde in children’s films produced in the 1950s and 1960s, followed by an analysis of two contemporary children’s films, which still show their directors’ interest in avant-garde filmmaking. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relevance of this topic for future research in the realm of children’s film studies.
Star Wars, Children’s Film Culture, and Fan Paratexts
Authors: Geraghty Lincoln 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Star Wars is a prime example of contemporary transmedia storytelling and a modern children’s film franchise. The story and brand are spread out across multiple media platforms and paratexts, driven by a central narrative story arc. George Lucas is the original content creator, originator of the brand, and author of a series of films and associated texts that speak to a family audience. Since the Disney takeover of the Star Wars franchise, the transmedia story has remained an important part of the company’s strategy to produce new content for both children and adult fans. Star Wars fans are long-standing, multigenerational, and engage with transmedia texts across convergent media platforms to access new content. How they interact with franchise paratexts, such as collecting and modifying the toys, highlights the contemporary appeal of children’s film and the continuing effect of nostalgia on both general audiences and the global Star Wars fan community.
A Multimethod Study on Contemporary Young Audiences and Their Film/Cinema Discourses and Practices in Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Veenstra Aleit , Meers Philippe , Biltereyst Daniël 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates the role films and cinema play in young people’s everyday lives. The objective is to test Henry Jenkins’s concept of “convergence culture” with young film audiences. The first part of the chapter is an overview of contemporary theories about film audiences in the digital age in which young people are at the forefront of participation in new technologies. Arguments celebrating audiences’ newfound agency through the use of personalized media channels that allows them to pursue individual preferences are contrasted with arguments about structured limitations and corporate strategies. The second part of the chapter reports on a survey of young people in Flanders, Belgium, which asked the questions: Is cinema still relevant in popular youth culture? Which screens do young people prefer and use, for which films? Do they engage in activities around film? And is the classical divide Hollywood, European, and national cinema reflected in their discourses and practices? The conclusion reflects on the prominent place film continues to have for young people and problematizes the emphasis on active audiences.
Disney’s Adult Audiences
Authors: Mason James R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Disney films are synonymous with children’s films, yet many adults also watch them, with or without children. Adult relationships with Disney films change, and the films that Disney releases change, but audience understandings about what a Disney film is can be inflexible. Using an innovative mixed methods approach, this chapter draws on a wider piece of research that first identifies common themes and attributes across 390 Disney films released between 1937 and 2015, drawing out issues relating to genre and representation. It then turns to adult audiences and their understanding of and relationships with Disney films, drawn from a sample survey and focus groups involving over 3,500 participants. Audience preconceptions and the reasons for adult enjoyment of or antagonism to Disney films is explored, considering how adult perceptions are matched by Disney’s actual film output.
Intertextuality and “Adult” Humour in Children’s Film
Authors: Summers Sam 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
iAbstract: Although intertextual jokes directed toward an adult audience have become ubiquitous in children’s films in twenty-first-century Western cinema, there is an inherent conflict that arises from their use. Utilizing a number of case studies from the recent history of children’s cinema, this chapter will explore the ways in which the push and pull between a film’s deference to a general audience of children or an audience of informed adults plays out on screen. By looking closely at the formal aspects of these jokes and their positioning in their movies’ narratives, the chapter describes the ways in which filmmaking techniques participate in and facilitate this double coding, often directing jokes toward particular audiences while ensuring continuity for others. Ultimately, it identifies three different strategies for including such that have been deployed to prioritize different segments of the audience.
Screening Innocence in Children’s Film
Authors: Olson Debbie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
One of the defining features of childhood in Western popular culture is innocence, that state of purity or unknowing that forms the foundation for concepts like nostalgia. Innocence is an integral part of the cinematic geography of children’s films. This chapter examines the ways cinema manufactures, privileges, and interrogates notions of innocence in film. While there are numerous films made for children that do not feature children (including many animated features), this chapter focuses the discussion of innocence on select case studies of live-action films for children and families that star children. Although innocence is key to any depiction of the child—whether it is being challenged or reinforced—many of the films examined here rely on a central belief in the innocence of the child as an ontological condition, one that either remains intact, is unsettled, or lost completely.
Searching the Notes—All of Them
Authors: Rodin Jesse 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
To understand a musical corpus one must attend to its details. But musical details are notoriously hard to control: without months or even years of close study, how can one know if a given melodic gesture is rare or commonplace, a given contrapuntal progression mysterious or mundane? This essay introduces the Josquin Research Project (http://josquin.stanford.edu), a tool for exploring a central repertory of polyphonic music, ca. 1420–1520. A series of case studies shows how digital resources can facilitate finely tuned musical search and analysis of a sort that is otherwise all but impossible—and how research of this kind can profitably change our engagement with musical corpora.
Close and Distant Reading
Authors: Freedman Richard 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The sixteen volumes of four-voice Chansons nouvelles published in Paris by Nicolas Du Chemin between 1549 and 1568 contain some 380 chansons. A typological thesaurus of musical devices provided a common vocabulary for analysts who systematically searched through about 200 of the complete works, eventually building a database of some 11,000 individual events. This database served as the reference point for the author’s team’s attempts to reconstruct the missing parts in dozens of incomplete pieces from the last five books, which are themselves arrayed in digital editions that allow users to compare and comment on the solutions. This database, however, can also be read in the aggregate, inviting us to imagine new possibilities of distant as well as close readings of texts, surveying stylistic patterns in hundreds of encoded compositions at once, or entertaining questions of style and authenticity.
When the Extraordinary Becomes Mundane
Authors: Rohlinger Deana A. , Sobieraj Sarah 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This introduction explores sociology’s late entrance to the study of digital media and highlights the value of a sociological lens in helping us re-recognize them as extraordinary even as they begin to feel mundane. We then outline the theoretical and substantive contributions of this volume and its theoretical interventions into existing conceptualizations of the digital self, digital economy, and digital society. The volume explores the way digital media affect key social institutions, influence understandings of identity and community, and reproduce (as well as challenge) social and political inequity. The chapter concludes with a call for sociologists to engage in more interdisciplinary endeavors and to shift their focus beyond North America, Europe, and Australia.
American Indian Leadership
Authors: Jolivétte Andrew J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Gender diversity in Native American and Indigenous communities is deeply embedded in a long genealogical history of culturally rooted ontologies that inform contemporary sociological understanding of geographies of gender. This chapter defines geographies of gender as those sites of convergence where Indigenous place-making intersects with settler scripts to resist, remake, and restore tribal and urban Indian-specific notions of gender thrivance. Geographies of gender are therefore a methodological intervening in settler constructions of gender and sexuality. This chapter applies this concept within the United States, with a specific focus on the San Francisco Bay Area and Southwest Louisiana. It challenges the Eurocentric binary construction of gender through an examination of Two-Spirit history as well as by documenting the often underrepresented leadership contributions of American Indian women who engage culturally specific practices to advance Native American and other Indigenous communities. The lives of five women leaders demonstrate how geographies of gender are not only land- and place-based, but also embedded within a cultural system that is specific to Indigenous worldviews and practices.
Multidimensionality and Superdiversity
Authors: Lessard-Phillips Laurence , Fajth Veronika 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Multidimensionality has recently arisen as a (welcomed) concern in scholarship around superdiversity and related fields. It is based on the understanding that multiple, interactive, and interdependent domains are present and need to be considered empirically, ideally in a simultaneous manner. This chapter aims to explore the ways in which multidimensionality could be examined from a quantitative empirical perspective, given its relatively rare occurrence thus far in the field of superdiversity. It examines how multidimensionality has been conceptualized and analyzed within superdiversity and draws further examples on how multidimensionality may be engaged with from related fields such as social exclusion, migrant integration, and race studies. The chapter sheds light on two main kinds of approaches to multidimensionality, terming them multidimensionality of characteristics and multidimensionality of outcomes. Superdiversity has so far tended to focus on the former. Overall, within and beyond superdiversity, the study of multidimensionality opens interesting avenues for empirical enquiry. It raises conceptual questions and methodological challenges, especially with regard to measurement and analytical strategies. The chapter argues that the notion of multidimensionality, rather than being limiting, calls for the potential emergence of quantitative empirical research within superdiversity scholarship as an exciting avenue for inquiry, despite potential limitations.
Migrants and New Media
Authors: Palmberger Monika 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter brings superdiversity into conversation with digital ethnography and transnationalism. It argues that there is a need to include digitalized lifeworlds and, especially, practices related to new information and communication technologies in ethnographies of superdiversity in order to do justice to the social relations and the complexities involved. First, the chapter provides a broad overview of the historical importance of information and communication technologies for migrants and the study of migrants’ lives and of the evolving research field of digital migration studies. It will then bring digital migration studies into conversation with the superdiversity debates, particularly through a (shared) focus on transnationalism. From a methodological perspective, it suggests a digital ethnographic approach for further interweaving these still widely separate research fields. Ultimately, the chapter outlines how a digital ethnography approach can advance conceptual and theory-driven discussions about superdiversity. The chapter ends with an outlook and by raising key questions to be tackled.