bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Expanded Study of Proppant Distribution Trends from a Database of Eroded Perforation Images
Authors: Roberts Glyn , Saha Souvick , Waldheim Johanna 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper further develops an analysis of proppant distribution patterns in hydraulically fractured wells initially presented in SPE-199693-MS. A significantly enlarged database of in-situ perforation erosion measurements provides a more rigorous statistical basis allowing some previously reported trends to be updated, but the main objective of the paper is to present additional insights identified since the original paper was published.
Measurements of the eroded area of individual perforations derived from downhole camera images again provide the input for this study. Entry hole enlargement during limited entry hydraulic fracturing provides strong and direct evidence that proppant was successfully placed into individual perforations. This provides a straightforward evaluation of cluster efficiency. Perhaps more importantly the volume of proppant placed into a perforation can also be inferred from the degree of erosion. Summing individual perforation erosion at cluster level allows patterns and biases to be identified and an understanding of proppant distribution across stages has been developed.
Outcomes from an analysis of a database that now exceeds 50,000 eroded perforations are presented. Uniform reservoir stimulation is a key objective of fracture treatments but remains challenging to measure and report. The study therefore focused on understanding how uniformly proppant is distributed across more than 1,800 measured stages.
Results demonstrate how proppant distribution within stages is influenced when treatment parameters change. Our approach was to vary one parameter, for example the stage length, while all other parameters were maintained at a consistent value. We investigated multiple parameters that can be readily controlled during treatment design and show how these can be manipulated to improve proppant distribution. These included stage length, cluster spacing, perforation count per cluster and perforation phase.
Hydraulic fracturing is a complex, high energy process with numerous input parameters. At individual cluster and stage level outcomes can be unpredictable and diagnostic results are often quite variable. The approach taken here was to complete a statistical analysis of a sufficiently large dataset of in-situ measurements. This allowed common trends and patterns to be confidently identified and conclusions reached on how proppant distribution is affected by varying specific design parameters. This should be of interest and value to those designing hydraulic fracture treatments.
The Evaluation and Introduction of Novel Acid-Based Crosslinked Gel for HPHT Acid Fracturing Applications in Carbonate Formations
Authors: Fahad Almulhem Khalid , Malik Ataur , Ghazwi Mustafa 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAcid Fracturing has been one of the most effective stimulation technique applied in the carbonate formations to enhance oil and gas production. The traditional approach to stimulate the carbonate reservoir has been to pump crosslinked gel and acid blends such as plain 28% HCL, emulsified acid (EA) and in-situ gelled acid at fracture rates in order to maximize stimulated reservoir volume with desired conductivity.With the common challenges encountered in fracturing carbonate formations, including high leak-off and fast acid reaction rates, the conventional practice of acid fracturing involves complex pumping schemes of pad, acid and viscous diverter fluid cycles to achieve fracture length and conductivity targets. A new generation of Acid-Based Crosslinked (ABC) fluid system has been deployed to stimulate high temperature carbonate formations in three separate field trials aiming to provide rock-breaking viscosity, acid retardation and effective leak-off control.The ABC fluid system has been progressively introduced, initially starting as diverter / leak off control cycles of pad and acid stages. Later it was used as main acid-based fluid system for enhancing live acid penetration, diverting and reducing leakoff as well as keeping the rock open during hydraulic fracturing operation. Unlike in-situ crosslinked acid based system that uses acid reaction by products to start crosslinking process, the ABC fluid system uses a unique crosslinker/breaker combination independent of acid reaction. The system is prepared with 20% hydrochloric acid and an acrylamide polymer along with zirconium metal for delayed crosslinking in unspent acid. The ABC fluid system is aimed to reduced three fluid requirements to one by eliminating the need for an intricate pumping schedule that otherwise would include: a non-acid fracturing pad stage to breakdown the formation and generate the targeted fracture geometry; a retarded emulsified acid system to achieve deep penetrating, differently etched fractures, and a self-diverting agent to minimize fluid leak-off.This paper describes all efforts behind the introduction of this novel Acid-Based Crossliked fluid system in different field trials. Details of the fluid design optimization are included to illustrate how a single system can replace the need for multiple fluids. The ABC fluid was formulated to meet challenging bottom-hole formation conditions that resulted in encouraging post treatment well performance.
Concentration Mechanism of Fluorine, Arsenic, and Uranium in Groundwater of the Hailar Basin, China
Authors: LIU Shengfeng , Gao Bai , Qin Huanhuan , Ge Qin , Ling Huilan , Fang Zheng , Ding Yan , Shi Tiancheng 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Located in semi-arid regions of Hulun Buir League in China Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hailar Basin is a region with less precipitation, where groundwater is the most important source for water supply. It is very important to study groundwater characteristics and hydrogeochemical processes for better management of the groundwater resource.The current status of fluorine (F), arsenic (As), and uranium (U) co-contamination exists in groundwater of the Hailar Basin, China. To understand the concentration mechanism of F, As, and U in groundwater in the study area, groundwater samples were collected for detection and analysis. The results showed that the main hydrochemical types were Cl-Na, HCO3-Na, and HCO3-Ca in the study area. The average values of F, As, and U were 3.94 mg/L, 0.04 mg/L, and 0.07 mg/L, respectively, which all exceeded the World Health Organization(WHO) guidelines. Through the Gibbs diagram and the end member diagram, it can be seen that the groundwater in the study area is mainly affected by the hydrogeochemical effects of evaporative crystallization, rock weathering mechanism, and the dissolution of silicate rock and evaporative salt rock minerals. Mineral dissolution, cation exchange, and weakly alkaline environment are important factors affecting F concentration; Low NO3ˉ and SO42- will cause a reducing environment and the competitive adsorption of HCO3ˉ will promote As pollution; The concentration of Ca2+,Mg2+, SO42-,and NO3ˉ have a great influence on the concentration of U.
Allowing the Actual Evapotranspiration Uncertainty in Hydrological Models: Coupling of Interval-Based Water Balance and METRIC Models
Authors: Khodadadi Maryam , Roozbahani Tarokh Maleki , Taheri Mercedeh , Ganji Fatemeh , Nasseri Mohsen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Against the paramount role of actual evapotranspiration (ET) in hydrological modeling, determining its values is mixed with different sources of uncertainties. In addition, estimation of ET with energy-based methods (e.g., METRIC) leads to different results with various acceptable initial and boundary conditions (such as land use and cold/hot pixels). The aim of the current research is to allow the uncertainty effects of ET as an interval-based input variable in hydrological modeling. The goal is achieved via feeding the uncertainty of computed ET values to the developed Interval-Based Water Balance (IBWB) model in terms of gray values. To this purpose, the comprehensive monthly water balance model (including surface and groundwater modules) has been revised to a new interval-based form. Moreover, the METRIC model has been used 20 times in each month of computational period to calculate the ET patterns with different hot/cold pixels to provide monthly ensemble ET values. For a comprehensive assessment, the selected water balance model has been calibrated with ensemble means of the computed ET with its classical type. The study area is a mountainous sub-basin of the Sefidrood watershed, Ghorveh-Dehgolan basin, with three alluvial aquifers in the North of Iran. Not only the paradigm shift from determinist to interval-based hydrologic structure improved the statistical metrics of the models’ responses, but also it decreased the uncertainty of the simulated streamflow and groundwater levels.
Do Canadians Support Tailored and Targeted Public Health Programs? A Discrete Choice Experiment
Authors: Card Kiffer G. , Adshade Marina , Hogg Robert S. , Jollimore Jody , Lachowsky Nathan J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background. We aimed to assess public support of tailored and targeted public health interventions for various marginalized communities.Methods. We conducted a discrete choice experiment using a web-based survey advertised to Facebook and Instagram users living in Canada, aged >16. Participants were asked to choose between funding two hypothetical public health programs. Each program was described by its purpose; expected increase in life expectancy; and target group. Demographically-weighted generalized linear mixed-effects models were constructed to identify program factors associated with program selection.Results. 23,889 exercises were completed by 3,054 participants. Selected programs were less likely to focus on prevention (vs. treatment). For each 1-year increase in the marginal years of life gained, there was a 15% increase in the odds of a program being selected. Interventions tailored to marginalized communities or targeting stigmatized health conditions were less likely to be selected compared with interventions targeted to the general population or targeting chronic health conditions. Noteworthy exceptions included an increased preference for interventions aligning with the perceived needs of marginalized communities (e.g. HIV and men who have sex with men).Conclusions. Stigmatizing perceptions of health conditions and key populations likely influence public health programming preferences of Canadians. Informational campaigns highlighting disparities experienced by marginalized populations may improve support for targeted and tailored interventions.
Intra Oral Mucosal Conditions in Older Patients With and Without Complete Dentures: A Cross-sectional Study.
Authors: Sartawi Samiha Yousef , Hassona Yazan , Alqaisi Dua'a , Salim Nesreen A , AL-Omoush Salah 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Objectives: To obtain baseline information on Oral Mucosal Conditions (OMCs) and its relation to age, sex, medical history and the use of complete denture in a sample of edentulous patients. Materials and methods: Edentulous patients attending a university hospital were examined for the presence of OMCs, and demographic data were recorded. Statistical analysis was carried out on SPSS software; the following statistical tests were utilized: descriptive statistics, The Mann Whitney U test, Spearman’s Rho rank correlations, and The hierarchical logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of one hundred and sixty-one participants were examined (34 females and 127 males with a mean age of 59.08 years). More than half of the participants (59.6 %) were non-denture wearers and (40.6%) were denture wearers. Longer edentulism, using dentures for longer duration, and the use of more previous dentures were associated with higher Atwood’s ridge classification. Smoking was associated with higher prevalence of OMCs, particularly hairy tongue, frictional keratosis, smokers’ palate, and leukoedema. Denture wearers had more denture stomatitis and denture induced hyperplasia, and less frictional keratosis than non-denture wearers. Participants with cardiac disease had more incidences of geographic tongue and tie tongue. Conclusion: Mucosal changes with increased age, smoking, medical conditions, and medications may be superimposed by wearing complete dentures.
TRIP13 Activates the PI3K/AKT Signal Pathway to Promote Melanoma Progression by Interacting With FLNA
Authors: Lu Wang , Mengxuan Zhu , Yong Zhang , Ming Ren , Zixu Gao , Simin Zhang , Yang Yang , Leqi Qian , Kangjie Shen , Yanlin Li , Jia Feng , Yiteng Ding , Chuanyuan Wei , Jianying Gu 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background: Skin melanoma is a malignant tumor originated from skin melanocytes. It is highly malignant and easy to relapse and metastasis. Finding new diagnostic and therapeutic targets has become a hot issue. Accumulating evidence now indicates that thyroid hormone receptor interactor 13 (TRIP13) plays important roles in tumor development. However, its role in melanoma remains unclear.Methods: Bioinformatic analyses were employed to excavate crucial genes in melanoma using several public databases. The expression of TRIP13 was detected by immunohistochemistry. MV3 cell and A2058 cell were steadily transfected with TRIP13 knock-down or overexpression lentiviruses, then the function and potential mechanism of TRIP13 were studied in vitro and in vivo. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and mass spectrum were employed to screen out the interacting molecule of TRIP13.Results: Our results showed that TRIP13 was generally upregulated in melanoma tissues and was related to the poor prognosis of melanoma patients. The overexpression of TRIP13 promotes the invasion, migration and EMT transformation of melanoma cells in vitro, and promotes lung metastasis in vivo. Mechanismly, TRIP13 interacts with FLNA, and activates the PI3K/AKT pathway, and then induces melanoma migration, invasion and EMT transformation.Conclusion: Elevated TRIP13 drives tumor progression via the FLNA/PI3K/AKT axis, and TRIP13 is a innovative prognostic molecule and potential target of targeted therapy in melanoma.
Deep Learning Algorithm for Diagnose Endoscopic and Histological Images With Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Ye Yan , Luo Xudong , Nan Qiong , Liu Yanhong , Miao Yinglei , Miao Jiarong 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The goal of treatment for ulcerative colitis is to achieve histological and endoscopic remission. Aiming at the problem that the observer will be affected by subjective factors in the endoscopic evaluation of ulcerative colitis and the cumbersome diagnosis process of histological images, this paper aims to develop a computer-assisted diagnosis system for real-time, objective diagnosis of endoscopic images and use the trained CNN model to predict histological images of patients with ulcerative colitis. Diagnosing endoscopic remission of ulcerative colitis, the accuracy of the CNN is 97.04% (95% CI,96.26%:97.62%). Diagnosing the severity of endoscopic inflammation in patients with ulcerative colitis, the accuracy of the CNN is 90.15% (95% CI, 89.49%:90.82%). The accuracy of predicting histological remission was 91.28%. The kappa coefficient between the CNN model and the biopsy results was 82.56%. The proposed computer-aided diagnosis system can effectively evaluate the inflammation of endoscopic images of patients with ulcerative colitis and predict the remission of histological images with high accuracy and consistency.
The Effect of Polyamines and Silver Thiosulphate on Micropropagation of Date Palm Followed by Genetic Stability Assessment
Authors: Al-Mayahi Ahmed M.W 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
There are some limitations in the practical applications of in vitro date palm tissue culture, such as low multiplication efficiency, low rooting rate, and high mortality experienced by in vitro raised plantlets during laboratory to soil transfer. This study’s objective was to investigate the effect of the two types of polyamines (putrescine "PUT" and spermidine" SPD") in combination with silver thiosulfate (STS) on the growth and development and genetic stability of cultures of Quntar cultivar. Media supplemented with 75 mg L−1 SPD in combination with 10 mgL−1 STS gave the highest percentage of callus producing buds (83.34%) and average bud formation (16.3) per jar. The addition of PUT and STS to the medium was most effective in root formation and the number of roots per shoot, where the best result 91.67% and 6.37 roots per shoot, respectively, were obtained using 75 mgL−1 PUT and 10 mgL−1 STS, resulting in fast-growing plantlets during acclimatization phase, reaching 90% of plant survival. The genetic fidelity assessment of plants derived from micropropagation was confirmed by RAPD analysis. Four operon primers were used, and all of them showed amplified unambiguous (OPA02, OPC-04, OPD-07, and OPE-15). All generated bands were monomorphic and had no variation among the tissue culture-derived plants tested. Accordingly, these results indicate that adding polyamines and silver thiosulfate to the nutrient medium of date palm cv. Quntar is beneficial in improving shoot organogenesis, rooting, and production of genetically stable date palm plants.
An Evaluation of Online Edcraft Gamified Learning (EGL): Understanding Motivation and Intention of Recycling Among Youth During COVID-19 Period
Authors: Cheng Kin Meng , Koo Ah Choo , Shariza Junita , Wong Shen Yuong 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Recycling is a process carried out by various organizations and individuals to enhance the environment’s long-term sustainability. Some youth think that recycling is a monotonous action as it may seem inconvenient, less aware of the environmental issues and more time-consuming than they think and rather go for video games. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between motivation and recycling intention in gamified learning among youth. To address the research aim, this study uses gamification as a motivational driver for a game-like learning experience to improve recycling intentions among youth. Self-determination theory (SDT) and the theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) will be this study's main motivational and behavioural theories. (n=124) high schools and college students were invited to take part in an online gamified recycling activity, Edcraft Gamified Learning (EGL), consisting of two levels of gamified unused plastic-crafting recycling activities. After the activity, the participant will answer a post-event questionnaire and the data collected were analyzed. The result shows that both controlled motivation (CM) and autonomous motivation (AM) positively influenced youth attitudes and social norms. Besides, attitude is the only psychosocial determinant that positively influences the recycling intention of the youth. Gamification only moderates positively between attitude and recycling intention. This study has clearly shown the effectiveness of gamified learning activity towards recycling intention directly and as a component that moderates the relationship between attitude and recycling intention, which shows a favourable evaluation towards recycling intention with gamified learning involved. Moreover, findings show that not all relationships are positive in a gamified learning environment, and it gives a good view on the weakness and strengths with the guide of SDT and TPB.
Detection of Children’s Molars Based on Noise Filter
Authors: Yan Zhiwen , Chen Ying , Song Jinlong , Zhu Jia , Li Jianbo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Pit and fissure sealant is for children aged seven to twelve years to prevent molars from becoming caries. In this paper, we propose a new detection framework to identify whether children need pit and fissure sealing. We divide the framework into two parts: molar detection and molar classification. According to the characteristics of teeth, we propose to use the clustering method to filter the bounding box in the object detection part. In the region divided by clustering, we only keep one detection frame in the same category. In the classification part, we propose a noise filtering layer based on wavelet transform for feature extraction. We map the training samples to another space in the training process based on metric learning to increase the distance between categories and improve the accuracy of classification.
Cigarette Smoke Extract and Lipopolysaccharides Induce Pyroptosis in Rats Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells
Authors: Wang Qizhi , Liu Min , Liu Yu , Zhang Zhen , Bai Zhengping 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the activity and pyroptosis of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs). Methods: PMVECs were cultured without treatment or with CSE (1%-25%), LPS, or CSE+LPS. Cell viability was detected using the CCK8 method. Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry. Cell morphology was evaluated using optical microscopy. The content of IL-1β and IL-18 was measured by ELISA. Results: CSE decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. The cells in the CSE+LPS group showed the most obvious cytomorphological changes and the highest pyroptosis rate under the microscope. Flow cytometry showed that the CSE and LPS groups showed higher apoptosis rates than the blank group; the apoptotic rate in the CSE+LPS group was even higher (P<0.01). Compared with the bkank group, the levels of IL-18 and IL-1β in the cell supernatant of the CSE, LPS, and CSE+LPS groups increased significantly, with significant differences (P<0.01). There were no differences between the CSE and LPS groups (P>0.05). Compared with the CSE and LPS groups, the CSE+LPS group had higher IL-18 and IL-1β (P<0.01). Conclusion: The effect of CSE on cell viability is dose-dependent. CSE+LPS can induce cell pyroptosis and increase the levels of inflammatory cytokines in PMVECs. These observations demonstrated that pyroptosis caused by CSE and LPS might play an important role in pulmonary vascular remodeling.
Power Mean Based Image Segmentation in the Presence of Noise
Authors: Rahman Afzal , Ali Haider , Badshah Noor , Zakarya Muhammad , Hussain Hameed , Rahman Izaz Ur , Ahmed Aftab , Haleem Muhammad 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In image segmentation and in general in image processing, noise and outliers distort contained information posing in this way a great challenge for accurate image segmentation results. To ensure a correct image segmentation in presence of noise and outliers, it is necessary to identify the outliers and isolate them during a denoising pre-processing or impose suitable constraints into a segmentation framework. In this paper, we impose suitable removing outliers constraints supported by a well-designed theory in a variational framework for accurate image segmentation. We investigate a novel approach based on the power mean function equipped with a well established theoretical base. The power mean function has the capability to distinguishes between true image pixels and outliers and, therefore, is robust against outliers. To deploy the novel image data term and to guaranteed unique segmentation results, a fuzzy-membership function is employed in the proposed energy functional. Based on qualitative and quantitative extensive analysis on various standard data sets, it has been observed that the proposed model works well in images having multi-objects with high noise and in images with intensity inhomogeneity in contrast with the latest and state of the art models.