bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular mechanisms underlying leaf development, morphological diversification, and beyond
Authors: Nakayama Hokuto , Leichty Aaron R , Sinha Neelima R 
Published: April 2022

Abstrvact
The basic mechanisms of leaf development have been revealed through a combination of genetics and intense analyses in select model species. The genetic basis for diversity in leaf morphology seen in nature is also being unraveled through recent advances in techniques and technologies related to genomics and transcriptomics, which have had a major impact on these comparative studies. However, this has led to the emergence of new unresolved questions about the mechanisms that generate the diversity of leaf form. Here, we provide a review of the current knowledge of the fundamental molecular genetic mechanisms underlying leaf development with an emphasis on natural variation and conserved gene regulatory networks involved in leaf development. Beyond that, we discuss open questions/enigmas in the area of leaf development, how recent technologies can best be deployed to generate a unified understanding of leaf diversity and its evolution, and what untapped fields lie ahead.
Feeding value of supplemental fat as a partial replacement for steam-flaked corn in diets for Holstein calves during the early growing phase
Authors: Plascencia Alejandro , Latack Brooke C , Carvalho Pedro H V , Zinn Richard A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In calf-fed Holstein steers, the early growing phase is characterized by very high relative dry matter intake (DMI) accompanied with lower-than-expected efficiency of energy utilization. Although fat is commonly supplemented in growing–finishing diets, the comparative feeding value has not been investigated during the initial receiving–growing period. Eighty-four Holstein calves (127.7 ± 2.1 kg body weight) were used to evaluate the effects of including 3.5% of supplemental yellow grease (YG) in the diet on characteristics of growth performance and dietary energy utilization of calves during the early growth phase. Morbidity and mortality were not affected by dietary treatments. Yellow grease supplementation did not affect DMI, but tended to increase average daily gain (4.6%; P = 0.07), and increased (P ≤ 0.03) gain efficiency (5.8%) and dietary net energy for maintenance (NEm) and gain (NEg) by 4.1% and 5.3%, respectively. Based on performance data, the estimated NE value of supplemental YG was 4.67 and 3.68 Mcal/kg for NEm and NEg, respectively. These values are consistent with current tabular values assigned for vegetable oils (4.75 and 3.51 Mcal/kg), but markedly less (16.6%) than NEm value assigned for YG (5.60 Mcal NEm/kg; NASEM, 2016. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. 8th ed. Washington (DC): National Academy Press.).
What moves young people? Applying the risk perception attitude framework to physical activity behavior and cardiometabolic risk
Authors: Napolitano Melissa A , Tjaden Ashley Hogan , Bailey Caitlin P , DiPietro Loretta , Rimal Rajiv 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Cardiometabolic disease risk factors, including metabolic syndrome and physical inactivity, are prevalent among young adults. However, few young adults are aware of their risk status. The risk perception attitude (RPA) framework was used to categorize participants (n = 456) enrolled in a three-arm randomized controlled weight management trial by their baseline values of cardiometabolic risk perceptions and physical activity self-efficacy. Trial recruitment occurred at two universities from 2015 to 2018 and participants were randomly assigned to one of three weight management interventions: Tailored, Targeted, Control. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted to examine associations between RPA category (i.e., Responsive, Indifferent, Avoidant, Proactive) and physical activity behavior. At baseline, the Responsive group had the highest amount of physical activity (mean [95% CI]: 379.2 [332.6 to 425.8] min/week), the Indifferent group had the lowest (296.7 [261.98 to 331.32] min/week), and the Avoidant/Proactive groups showed intermediate values. Over 6 months, there was a significant interaction between RPA group and intervention arm on change in physical activity adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, baseline body mass index, and baseline moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (p = .017). Among Tailored intervention participants only, the Proactive participants were the only group to have an increase in physical activity (19.97 min/week) and the Indifferent participants had the most significant decrease in physical activity (127.62 min/week). Results suggest the importance of early screening for young adults to help raise awareness of cardiometabolic risk and ultimately support them in health promotion efforts.
Evaluating the use of e-assessment in a first-year pure mathematics module
Authors: Zegowitz Stefanie 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article presents the findings of a case study that introduced online quizzes as a form of assessment in pure mathematics. Rather than being designed as an assessment of learning, these quizzes were designed to be an assessment for learning; they aimed to academically support students in their transition from A-Level mathematics to university-level pure mathematics by providing an extrinsic motivation to engage them with their learning material early on and to emphasize the small details within proofs, such as defining notation, which are not necessarily emphasized by written homework assignments. The results obtained during the 2-year study using online quizzes show e-assessment to be a powerful complementary tool to traditional written homework assignments.
Have Paved Trails and Protected Bike Lanes Led to More Bicycling in Atlanta?: A Generalized Synthetic-Control Analysis
Authors: Garber Michael D. , Flanders W. Dana , Watkins Kari E. , Lobelo Felipe , Kramer Michael R. , McCullough Lauren E. 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Bicycling is an important form of physical activity in populations. Research assessing the effect of infrastructure on bicycling with high-resolution smartphone data is emerging in several places, but it remains limited in low-bicycling US settings, including the Southeastern US. The Atlanta area has been expanding its bicycle infrastructure, including off-street paved trails such as the Atlanta BeltLine and some protected bike lanes.

Methods:
Using the generalized synthetic-control method, we estimated effects of five groups of off-street paved trails and protected bike lanes on bicycle ridership in their corresponding areas. To measure bicycling, we used 2 years (October 1, 2016 to September 30, 2018) of monthly Strava data in Atlanta’s urban core along with data from 15 on-the-ground counters to adjust for spatiotemporal variation in app use.

Results:
Considering all infrastructure as one joint intervention, an estimated 1.10 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.99, 1.18) times more bicycle–distance was ridden than would have been expected in the same areas had the infrastructure not been built, when defining treatment areas by the narrower of two definitions (defined in text). The Atlanta BeltLine Westside Trail and Proctor Creek Greenway had especially strong effect estimates, e.g., ratios of 1.45 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.86) and 1.55 (1.10, 2.14) under each treatment-area definition, respectively. We estimated that other infrastructure had weaker positive or no effects on bicycle–distance ridden.

Conclusions:
This study advances research on the topic because of its setting in the US Southeast, simultaneous assessment of several infrastructure groups, and data-driven approach to estimating effects. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B936.
Local translation in primary afferents and its contribution to pain
Authors: Gale Jenna R. , Gedeon Jeremy Y. , Donnelly Christopher J. , Gold Michael S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chronic pain remains a significant problem due to its prevalence, impact, and limited therapeutic options. Progress in addressing chronic pain is dependent on a better understanding of underlying mechanisms. Although the available evidence suggests that changes within the central nervous system contribute to the initiation and maintenance of chronic pain, it also suggests that the primary afferent plays a critical role in all phases of the manifestation of chronic pain in most of those who suffer. Most notable among the changes in primary afferents is an increase in excitability or sensitization. A number of mechanisms have been identified that contribute to primary afferent sensitization with evidence for both increases in pronociceptive signaling molecules, such as voltage-gated sodium channels, and decreases in antinociceptive signaling molecules, such as voltage-dependent or calcium-dependent potassium channels. Furthermore, these changes in signaling molecules seem to reflect changes in gene expression as well as posttranslational processing. A mechanism of sensitization that has received far less attention, however, is the local or axonal translation of these signaling molecules. A growing body of evidence indicates that this process not only is dynamically regulated but also contributes to the initiation and maintenance of chronic pain. Here, we review the biology of local translation in primary afferents and its relevance to pain pathobiology.
Validation of the EDAN SA-10 ambulatory blood pressure monitor in general population according to the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation/European Society of Hypertension/International Organization for Standardization Universal Standard
Authors: Wang Bing , Liu Kui , Li Linyi , Yin Shimin , Ren Jie 
Published: April 2022

Objective
To evaluate the accuracy of the EDAN SA-10 oscillometric upper-arm professional office ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitor in general population according to the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI)/European Society of Hypertension (ESH)/International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Universal Standard (ISO 81060-2:2018).

Methods
Subjects were recruited according to the AAMI/ESH/ISO Universal Standard using the same arm sequential BP measurement method. Four cuffs of the test device were used for arm circumference 16–21.5 cm (extra small), 20.5–28 cm (small), 27–35 cm (medium), and 34–43 cm (large).

Results
A total of 105 subjects were recruited, and 97 subjects were included in the final analysis. For validation criterion 1, the mean ± SD of the differences between the test device and reference BP readings was −0.59 ± 4.04/−1.79 ± 4.39 mmHg (systolic/diastolic). For criterion 2, the SD of the averaged BP differences between the test device and reference BP per subject was 3.10/3.80 mmHg (systolic/diastolic).

Conclusion
The EDAN SA-10 upper-arm ambulatory BP monitor has passed all the requirements of the AAMI/ESH/ISO Universal Standard (ISO 81060-2:2018) in general population and can be recommended for clinical use.
Health-Promoting Lifestyle Behaviors of Korean American Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Park So-Hyun 
Published: April 2022

Background
Breast cancer incidence has been increasing in Korean American women. However, there are limited data on Korean American breast cancer survivors’ health-promoting lifestyle behaviors. The American Cancer Society (ACS) publishes guidelines on weight, diet, physical activity, and alcohol for cancer survivors. Because of limited data on Korean American breast cancer survivors, their level of adherence to ACS guidelines is unknown.

Objective
The aim of this study was to examine Korean American breast cancer survivors’ level of adherence to ACS guidelines.

Methods
Korean American breast cancer survivors (N = 50) participated in a cross-sectional study. Diet data including alcohol consumption were collected with 4-day diet records. Physical activity data were collected with the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Total score of adherence to ACS guidelines was assessed with a systematic scoring system that ranged from 0 to 8.

Results
Participants’ average body mass index was 23.7 (±2.7). Average daily serving of fruits and vegetables was 3.3 (±2.9), red meat was 0.8 (±1.5), and alcohol was 0. On average per week, participants had 51.8 (±85.2) minutes of moderate physical activity, 35 (±78.3) minutes of vigorous physical activity, and 69.1 (±73.7) minutes of walking. The average total adherence score to ACS guidelines was 5.3 (±1.3).

Conclusions
Findings indicate modest adherence to ACS guidelines, with the alcohol guideline score contributing the most and diet guideline score the least.

Implications for Practice
Findings from this study can be used to inform healthcare providers to educate Korean American breast cancer survivors on improving their diet and physical activity behaviors.
The Central Cavitation in Pulmonary Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Detected by 18F-FDG PET/CT
Authors: Lin Nan , Xie Hangyu , Zhang Wenjie , Ma Xuelei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Primary pulmonary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is a rare type of extranodal lymphoma with PET/CT manifestations of consolidations, ground-glass opacities, and high 18F-FDG uptake. Because of its rarity and the lack of typical imaging features, it can hardly be diagnosed through PET/CT. The central cavitation was occasionally seen in pulmonary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and may be a key imaging feature in differential diagnoses. In this report, we describe an 80-year-old man diagnosed as having pulmonary diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, which demonstrated the central cavitation detected by 18F-FDG PET/CT.
Impact of a Multidisciplinary Nutritional Support Team on Quality Improvement for Patients Receiving Home Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Rothkopf Michael M. , Pant Mohan D. , Brown Rebecca , Haselhorst Jamie , Gagliardotto Francine , Tallman Allison , Stevenson Debbie , DePalma Andrew , Saracco Michael , Rosenberg Dan , Proudan Vladimir , Shareef Kishwar , Ayub Nudrat 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionHome parenteral nutrition (HPN) is an essential therapy for patients requiring long term nutritional support. The Amerita Quality Improvement Project for HPN Patients (QIP-PN) explored opportunities for QI for patients under its service. As a component of QIP-PN,we studied the effect of a Physician Nutrition Expert (PNE)-led multidisciplinary nutritional support team (MNST) on HPN care.ObjectiveTo test the effect of an MNST on adherence to protocols, outcomes and QOL in HPN.MethodsThe study was divided into 3 phases: data review (phases 1a and 1b), observation (phase 2) and intervention (phase 3). 7 Amerita branch locations were selected as “study branches” based upon their volume of long-term HPN cases. All patients in the study were drawn from this population. Since the study was part of a QI project rather than a randomized controlled study, we employed a quasi-experimental design with a case-matched control group (control). Data were collected on demographics, treating physicians PNE status, HPN care variables, recommended interventions, quality-of-life assessment, adverse outcomes and hospitalizations. Paired t-test was used to compare continuous data between phases 2 and 3. Comparison between the study and control groups utilized a negative binomial regression model. Statistical analysis utilized R (https://www.r-project.org/).Results34 patients were reviewed in phase 1a and 197 in phase 1b . 40 study patients completed phase 2 and progressed into phase 3, of whom 30 completed ≥60 therapy days. Improvements in weight, BMI and QOL were seen in the study patients during intervention. Recommendations made and accepted by treating physicians differed based on PNE status. Study patients had fewer adverse outcomes and related hospitalizations than controls.ConclusionMNST recommendations improved clinical, biochemical parameters and patients’ self-reported overall health. MNST input reduced adverse outcomes, hospitalization and hospital length of stay. This study highlights the potential for MNST to have a significant impact on the quality and overall cost of HPN management.
“Efficacy and Safety of Fixed Combination of Hydroxychloroquine with Azithromycin Versus Hydroxychloroquine and Placebo in Patients with Mild COVID-19: Randomized, double blind, Placebo controlled trial”
Authors: Roy-García Ivonne A , Moreno-Noguez Moises , Rivas-Ruiz Rodolfo , Zapata-Tarres Marta , Perez-Rodriguez Marcela , Ortiz-Zamora Magaly A , Navarro-Susano Lourdes Gabriela , Guzman-Rivas Lilia M , Garcia-Cortes Luis Rey , Palma-Lara Icela , Gutierrez-Catrellón Pedro 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTo determine the efficacy and safety of fixed combination of hydroxychloroquine/azithromycin (HCQ+AZT) compared to hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) alone or placebo in mild COVID-19 outpatients to avoid hospitalization.Materials and methodsThis randomized, parallel, double-blind clinical trial included male and female patients aged 18 and 76 years non COVID vaccinated, who were diagnosed with mild COVID-19 infection. All patients underwent liver and kidney profile test, as well as a health questionnaire and clinical revision to document that they did not have uncontrolled comorbidities. They were randomly assigned to one of the three treatment arms: 1) hydroxychloroquine with azithromycin 200 mg/250 mg every 12 hours for five days followed by hydroxychloroquine 200 mg every 12 hours for 5 days; 2) hydroxychloroquine 200 mg every 12 hours for ten days; or 3) placebo every 12 hours for ten days. The primary outcome of the study was hospitalization, while the secondary outcomes were disease progression, pneumonia, use of supplemental oxygen, and adverse events. This study was registered in clinicaltrials.gov with the NCT number of 04964583.ResultsA total of 92 participants were randomized. Of whom, 30 received HCQ+AZT, 31 received HCQ, and 31 received placebo. The median age was 37 years, 27.2% of the participants had comorbidities, and the global incidence of hospitalization was 2.2%. The incidence of hospitalization was 6.7% (2/30) in the HCQ+AZT group compared to the HCQ or placebo groups, in which there were no hospitalizations. Progression of disease was higher in the HCQ group [RR=3.25 (95% CI, 1.19-8.87)] compared with placebo group. There was no statistical difference between the HCQ+AZT group and the placebo group in progression of disease. The incidence of pneumonia was 30% in the HCQ+AZT group, 32.2% in the HCQ group, and 9.6% in the placebo group (HCQ + AZT vs Placebo; p=0.06). There was a significant risk of pneumonia versus placebo only in the HCQ group [RR=3.33 (95% CI, 1.01-10.9)]. Supplemental oxygen was required by 20% (6/30) of the patients in the HCQ+AZT group, 6.4 (2/31) of the patients in the HCQ group, and 3.2% (1/31) of the patients in the placebo group,[(HCQ + AZT vs Placebo; p=0.100), (HCQ vs Placebo, p=0.610)]. There was no statistical difference between groups for negative test (PCR) on day 11. The most frequent adverse events were gastrointestinal symptoms. No lengthening of the QT interval was observed in patients receiving HCQ+AZT or HCQ.ConclusionThe use of HCQ+AZT does not decrease the risk of hospitalization in patients with mild COVID-19. The use of HCQ increases the risk of progression and pneumonia.
Pathogen detection and characterization from throat swabs using unbiased metatranscriptomic analyses
Authors: Toma Ryan , Duval Nathan , Shen Nan , Torres Pedro J. , Camacho Francine R. , Chen Jiapeng , Ogundijo Oyetunji , Banavar Guruduth , Vuyisich Momchilo 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveInfectious diseases are common but are not easily or readily diagnosed with current methodologies. This problem is further exacerbated with the constant presence of mutated, emerging, and novel pathogens. One of the most common sites of infection by many pathogens is the human throat. Yet, there is no universal diagnostic test that can distinguish these pathogens. Metatranscriptomic (MT) analysis of the throat represents an important and novel development in infectious disease detection and characterization, as it is able to identify all pathogens in a fully unbiased approach.DesignTo test the utility of an MT approach to pathogen detection, throat samples were collected from participants before, during, and after an acute sickness.ResultsClear sickness-associated shifts in pathogenic microorganisms are detected in the participants along with important insights into microbial functions and antimicrobial resistance genes.ConclusionsMT analysis of the throat represents an effective method for the unbiased identification and characterization of pathogens. Since MT data include all microorganisms in the sample, this approach should allow for not only the identification of pathogens, but also an understanding of the effects of the resident throat microbiome in the context of human health and disease.
Effect of fasting therapy on vitamin D, vitality and quality of life. A randomized control trial
Authors: Tewani Gulab Rai , Silwal Karishma , Sharma Gita , Yadav Dinesh , Siddiqui Aarfa , Kriplani Sucheta , Nathani Varsha Vijay , Sharma Neha , Keswani Jyoti , Sharma Himanshu , Nair Pradeep M.K. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of the present study was to determine the effects of prolonged fasting (10 days) in the vitamin D, B12 levels, body mass index (BMI), weight, hemoglobin, vitality and quality of life (QoL) compared to normal diet.MethodsThis randomized control trial included 52 participants (aged 19-74 years) randomized in to a fasting group (FG) or a normal diet group (NDG) with 26 participants in each group. The study was conducted at an in-patient setting where the FG were on a fasting diet (500 kCal/day) which included holy basil herbal tea, lemon honey juice and water (3 L). The NDG (1500 kCal/day) consumed routine diet that included Indian breads, pulses, steamed rice, vegetable salads and beverages.ResultsThe FG has shown significant increase in the Vitamin D levels (p=0.003, d=0.475), vitality (p=0.006, d=0.425), physical QoL (p<0.001, d=0.549), psychological QoL (p=0.002, d=0.488), environmental QoL (p=0.004, d=0.457) compared to NDG. No significant changes were observed in Vitamin B12, weight, BMI, hemoglobin and social QoL. A weak to moderate (ρ= 0.330-0.483) positive correlation was observed between vitality scores and QoL domains, whereas BMI scores showed an inverse correlation (ρ=−0.280) with vitamin D levels.DiscussionThe results suggest that prolonged fasting can improve the vitamin D levels, vitality and promote quality life compared to normal diet. Unlike previous studies FG does not differ from NDG with respect to weight and BMI. Nevertheless, fasting may be utilized as an effective tool to tackle vitamin d deficiency and associated health insufficiencies.Trial RegistryClinical Trial Registry of India CTRI/2022/02/040446.