bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainability, Agency, and the Ecologies of Music Heritage in Alentejo, Portugal
Authors: Castelo-Branco Salwa El-Shawan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter contributes to the debate on music heritage and sustainability. Using an ecological perspective, it addresses the impact of state and international heritage regimes and the practices, powers, processes, agents, and interests at play. Focusing on the heritagization of cante (a genre of vocal polyphony practiced by amateur choirs in Alentejo, Portugal), and the revival of the local guitar (viola campaniça) and its articulation with the practice of cante, the chapter addresses central issues in the study of contemporary heritage practices and music revival, and their impact on sustainability. It examines the processes and legacies of the heritagization of cante institutionalized by Portugal’s authoritarian regime (1933–1974), their resignification in democracy, the impact of UNESCO’s ICH paradigm institutionalized by the 2003 Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, the agency of individuals and associations, and the impact of tourism.
Preserving Valuable Objects and Sites, in Times of War and at Other Times
Authors: Gillman Derek 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Recognizing the link between basic values and cultural things provides reasons for preserving the latter. There are instrumental and intrinsic reasons for preserving valuable sites and works. Having introduced a long-standing tension between cosmopolitan and particularist approaches to cultural heritage, illustrated by a set of bronze zodiacal heads created for the Chinese court in the mid-eighteenth century and looted during the Second Opium War, the author argues that it is helpful to focus on basic values adumbrated by John Finnis in 1980. Three of these—knowledge, aesthetic experience, and religion—are especially relevant to material culture. Among the works used here to illustrate value and valuing is the British Museum’s monumental, sixth-century figure of Amitabha Buddha. One marker of value of particular things and practices is consciousness of their vulnerability, prior to any act of destruction. When iconoclastic acts are threatened, the only hope of avoiding destruction is for individuals in positions of power to care about basic values. Caring for basic values is important during warfare, because of the irrevocable consequences of carelessness, and commanders need to be informed about vulnerable works in the field.
Wartime Loot in American Museums
Authors: Reed Victoria 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the author examines case studies of works of art that were offered to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (MFA) during and immediately after World War II. Many of the MFA’s postwar acquisitions had been plundered and needed to be returned, or otherwise have their ownership legally resolved. To understand how these looted works of art made their way to the MFA the author considers, first, the general knowledge of art looting within the museum community during and after the war. The author examines the role of the US government in preventing the circulation of looted art. Finally, the author looks at the actions of individual MFA staff members in exercising due diligence when making acquisitions. Though there are obvious differences between the looting of Europe during World War II and the plundering of archaeological sites today, it is hoped that the lessons afforded by previous wartime experiences can be applied to the present, as museums strive to build their collections diligently during periods of unrest.
The Data Trafficking Dilemma
Authors: Kokas Aynne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 develops the concept of “data trafficking,” the movement of consumer data across borders without informed consent, to underscore how data exploitation by national governments erodes national sovereignty. The management of data, it argues, is the performance of national sovereignty in the twenty-first century, allowing a government to set national boundaries and advance its reach. Any government that can integrate corporate and government data both for its own citizens and for those abroad can establish infrastructure for widespread global control of the political and economic landscape. China is engaged in just such a project, which pairs the US precedent of privileging the rights of corporations over users with extensive PRC government oversight of the tech sector, illiberal surveillance, and pushes for extraterritorial control. Understanding how global data access underpins China’s new model of cyber sovereignty demonstrates the urgent necessity of thwarting data trafficking between the United States and China.
What Happens in Vegas Stays in China
Authors: Kokas Aynne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the United States, the tech sector is at the center of a battle between national security interests and unbridled growth. As the US economy has become dependent on technology firms, which constitute over one-fifth of the S&P 500 stock index, Big Tech’s financial interests have prevailed over the national interests of US digital sovereignty. Chapter 2 argues that a lack of systemic oversight of the US tech sector’s data landscape leaves US consumer data vulnerable to gathering and exfiltration. This oversight vacuum, it shows, protects US firms in the short term but conditions consumers to ignore the question of where their data goes, enabling Chinese tech companies in the United States to harvest and extract this information. By failing to systematically protect consumer data, the US market—from baby monitor manufacturers to social media platforms—has become a treasure trove of data for Chinese firms.
Social Media
Authors: Kokas Aynne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Despite their playful uses, social media platforms facilitate data trafficking from the United States to China. Using TikTok, Grindr, and WeChat as examples, this chapter examines how the pervasiveness of social platforms transforms them into critical infrastructure. Chinese firms can then traffic data through unclear notice and consent frameworks as well as opaque community standards. Even when government agencies force Chinese-owned social media firms to divest or change their ownership structure to meet US government demands, as was the case with Grindr and may be the case with TikTok, the companies still hemorrhage data. Chinese social media firms, by contrast, are not required to share their data with other national governments. The chapter argues that pervasive communication platforms generate strategically important data. Without careful transnational oversight, weak data protections can enable AI modeling and misinformation campaigns—or compromise whole communication systems.
Health
Authors: Kokas Aynne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
China’s data-gathering practices in the United States include private health data, or biodata. This chapter shows how the pairing of a dysfunctional US health system and Silicon Valley’s exploitative data-gathering practices allows firms in the United States to gather health data and localize it for Chinese-based firms. The movement of biodata across borders, it argues, presents opportunities in China for genetic research and modeling, health surveillance and monitoring, and massive experiments in personalized and precision medicine. Furthermore, biodata provides a foundation for the development of artificial intelligence technologies in health care, commercial genomics products, and even bioterrorism. Once trafficked, biodata can erode the agency that both nation-states and individuals have over the body politic, making it an important domain of sovereign control with the potential to impact individuals, communities, and international relations for generations.
Toward Data Stabilization
Authors: Kokas Aynne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Attempting to force China to change its strategic vision of cyber sovereignty is a fool’s errand. Because pressuring China’s tech regulation structures has proven to be a nonstarter, the United States’ only recourse is to regulate itself. Chapter 10 argues that the only way to stem data trafficking is to stabilize data flows through complementary, incremental data management practices. Drawing a blueprint for data stabilization, it provides comprehensive recommendations across a range of sectors for managing transnational data flows. The risks presented by data trafficking require China’s trade partners to implement comprehensive data security regulations that incorporate inputs from the government, the private sector, and multistakeholder organizations. More broadly, there is need for increased international cooperation, education, policymaking, corporate social responsibility, and reporting. Offering a pathway to navigate between national data lockdowns and continued corporate exploitation of regulatory vacuums, data stabilization is shown to be the only solution to data trafficking.
PMP and Comparative Political Communication
Authors: Wolfsfeld Gadi , Sheafer Tamir , Althaus Scott 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A comparative perspective is needed to understand the wide level of variations when it comes to issues such as the interdependence between the political and the communication ecosystems and communication effects. Yet most comparative political communication studies tend to cover only a small part of the overall picture. What the field of comparative political communication is still lacking is an encompassing approach for putting all individual studies into a broader context. Our goal in this chapter is to demonstrate that the PMP approach can serve as a good conceptual map for doing just that. The conceptual map presented in this chapter allows researchers to identify the types of structural and cultural variations in either the political or communication ecosystems that create similarities and differences with regard to the role of various media in different countries, and it directs the attention of scholars to possible sources of change in political communication performance.
Conclusion
Authors: Wolfsfeld Gadi , Sheafer Tamir , Althaus Scott 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion is devoted to summarizing the major claims proposed in the book, discussing some of the weaknesses that should be addressed in future research, and talking more generally about how other scholars can apply the model to their own work. The chapter starts by restating the two major propositions that constitute the essence of the PMP conceptual map: the “politics first” proposition and the “media selection and transformation” proposition. It then moves on to remind readers about the three dimensions of analysis that help scholars analyze the role of the different forms of media in political processes: the structural dimension, the cultural dimension, and the situational dimension. The fact that these dimensions can be applied to a large set of variables in both the political and communication ecosystems provides a helpful conceptual map for all researchers working in the field of political communication.
Autonomous Vehicles in Drivers’ School
Authors: Hongladarom Soraj , Novotný Daniel D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
As vehicles become more autonomous, the task of designing guiding systems that make morally acceptable decisions is getting more urgent. It is sometimes assumed that one solution will be acceptable across various cultures. In this paper we argue for the importance of intercultural perspectives; in particular, we explore possible insights derived from Buddhist philosophy, taking avail of the virtue of compassion (karuṇā). We suggest that autonomous vehicles should first learn in supervised situations so that they reach a level of decision-making ability that human experts within a given culture deem morally good. How will they be evaluated? In some debates it is assumed that there is a one-fit-all answer to be found based on an agreed-upon moral theory. Apart from problems of ethical pluralism within a given culture, there are also problems due to different moral preferences and driving styles across cultures. One way the problem might be addressed is to introduce a machine-learning training curriculum that would provide autonomous vehicles with a process comparable to a novice human driver learning to drive and passing her own driving license test.
Discrimination in Algorithmic Trolley Problems
Authors: Leben Derek 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Any useful trolley problem must be set up with a range of features that are relevant to the outcomes. This paper will adopt a “task-relevance” standard for which features are irrelevant to decision-making in trolley scenarios, and thus discriminatory. Attributes like age may be relevant to outcomes assessed by collision avoidance systems, while most other attributes like gender and body type are discriminatory. I will contrast this with the use of age as an attribute in risk-assessment algorithms for criminal justice, which may be discriminatory depending on whether one interprets the task of bail and parole hearings to be directed toward the outcomes of desert or public safety (in which age may be relevant). This shows that setting up a trolley-style problem in any domain, along with an algorithmic decision procedure for it, will always require a prior establishment of which features are relevant to the outcomes of that task.
Can Autonomous Cars Deliver Equity?
Authors: Brown Anne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Transportation access today is profoundly inequitable. Where one lives and the resources one has often dictate available modes and shape divergent access to opportunities. Autonomous vehicles (AVs) present an opportunity to rethink our transportation systems, with potentially far-flung equity implications stemming from altered land use patterns, housing costs, and/or new environmental justice issues. One of the most profound ways that AVs could reshape our cities is peoples’ ability to move across space and access opportunities. AVs offer both an enticing remedy for current inequities—a way to bridge the current mobility divide that separates travelers with reliable access to opportunities from those without—but also an ominous risk that this new mode could perpetuate or even exacerbate the existing status quo and further divide mobility haves from mobility have-nots.
Ethics, Autonomous Vehicles, and the Future City
Authors: Borenstein Jason , Bucher John , Herkert Joseph 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Optimism regarding the use of autonomous vehicles (AVs) continues to grow, particularly as a means for increasing mobility for people who were previously unable to operate a motor vehicle independently. Yet expanding the number of people who can ride in a vehicle on their own may be in tension with the commonly voiced hope that AVs will reduce traffic congestion and air pollution. And this is only one of the key ethical tensions that city planners, policymakers, transportation engineers, vehicle designers, software engineers, and others will need to address. This chapter explores the ethical responsibilities of city planners in relation to developing land use and transportation policy for the adoption of AVs. The chapter concludes with recommendations for incorporating the ethical implications of AVs into land use and transportation policy.
Autonomous Vehicles, the Driverless City, and the Pedestrian City
Authors: Hříbek Tomáš 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Although there has been a growing body of literature on the impact of autonomous vehicles (AVs) on the urban form, most authors have not critically examined the very idea of the city. This neglect is reflected in the fact that most contributions on the relations between AVs and urbanism are US-centric; that is, they assume the reality of the North American city on the highway. This chapter urges that a philosophical examination of the idea of the city is needed, if we are to achieve a desirable result by introducing AVs. The discussion starts with a review of the classical concept of the pedestrian city. This is followed by a brief history of the disastrous transformation of the modernist city by the automobile. Finally, it is argued that the introduction of multiple forms of AVs could lead to a partial restoration of the classical ideal of a pedestrian city.
The Gun Policy Fork in the Road
Authors: Spitzer Robert J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by demonstrating that contemporary gun dilemmas resemble those of a century ago. There the similarities end, however, as the chapter sets up the existing policy dilemma of a public strongly supportive of stronger gun laws, and overwhelmingly supporting of existing laws, while gun rights advocates press to repeal existing gun laws by expanding the definition of gun rights, a movement that finds new favor with a profoundly more conservative federal judiciary. That movement is led in part by Justice Clarence Thomas who has been joined on the high court by several recent very conservative appointees. While this legal movement is animated by the theory of constitutional Originalism, our actual gun law history tells a story at odds with that perspective as it pertains to the Second Amendment. The succeeding chapters lay out that argument.
Assault Weapons and Ammunition Magazines
Authors: Spitzer Robert J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The contemporary debate over whether or how to regulate assault weapons and large capacity ammunition magazines has been framed as one where possession of both should properly fall under the Second Amendment rights umbrella. This argument is based on an interpretation of history and law that collides with evidence provided in this chapter. In particular, new evidence is offered here to demonstrate that ammunition magazine regulation was widespread when the technology began to spread a century ago. The same is true of the regulation of semi-automatic and fully automatic weapons, whose regulation predates the modern assault weapons controversy begun the 1980s. In fact, such regulations first appeared in the 1920s. The regulation question is then brought back to the modern era, where the most recent and extensive research available is assessed regarding the criminological and societal consequences of these devices.
What Is True?
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
What is true? Is there truth? These are among the most profound questions that have preoccupied humanity since the dawn of civilization. The nature of truth needs to be clarified prior to any discussion of ideology, ideological differences, and ideological fixation. Sweeping through the history of thought, from the ancient Greeks (and the Buddhists) to the modern philosophy of mind and the postmodernists, the chapter argues that while the skeptical tradition concerning the existence of truth has a point, this point has been vastly overdrawn. Truth as correspondence to reality is a valid notion, but as vastly simplified and finite code representations of features of the world that cannot fully encompass reality’s infinite diversity and are intrinsically partial and incomplete. While some propositions are untrue, others can be perfectly true while never being the whole truth, as our conceptual grid of reality can always be further refined, elaborated, and contextualized.
Conclusion
Authors: Gat Azar 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion argues against the so-called Mannheim Paradox (which Mannheim did not share), according to which every factual statement about the world is inevitably tied up with, and therefore shaped by, value preferences; that there is no such thing as objectivity about the facts; and that any rejection of an ideological bias is supposedly grounded in the critic’s own ideological perspective and bias. The Conclusion further suggests why—as the historical record demonstrates—ideological fixations seems to be all the more associated with the intellectual profession.
Rational Democratic Deliberation
Authors: Fleck Leonard M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Shaping the democratic deliberative process to address wicked problems of health care justice related to precision medicine requires a careful structuring of that process. The deliberative process needs very specific focal points for discussion, such as the use of CAR T-cell therapy with a front-end cost of $475,000 to attack hematologic cancers. Is that a cost-effective use of social resources? Is this a just use of limited health care resources compared to very expensive therapies for life-threatening disorders (heart failure, hemophilia, AIDS) outside cancer? If 30% of CAR T-cell therapy patients will gain less than an extra year of life and if there were a biomarker that could identify those patients before the fact, would it be unjust to deny them CAR T-cell therapy? These are the sort of wicked ethical challenges generated by precision medicine that must be the focus of specific deliberative conversations.
Demagoguery in Office
Authors: Zug Charles U. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how the U.S. Constitution was designed to incentivize desirable rhetorical conduct in public officials through institutional design, articulating the Constitution’s implicit standards of conduct for evaluating uses of demagoguery in different constitutional offices. These standards are easiest to glimpse in the Supreme Court because the public still has a fairly developed sense of what kinds of public speech are appropriate for Justices and for judges generally. This chapter articulates the constitutional understandings on which that sense of judicial conduct is based, and then proceeds to discuss Congress and the presidency as well. While members of Congress are authorized to deploy relatively aggressive rhetoric because of their role as advocates for their constituents and overseers of the rest of the state, presidents have Constitutional responsibilities that require holding them to a higher rhetorical standard.
Introducing Constitutional Specificity
Authors: Brown Adam R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDetailed constitutions reduce institutional flexibility by establishing more complicated political machinery, and they reduce policy flexibility by reducing the range of options available to government officials. Developing a detailed constitution requires costly negotiation. Constitution writers are more willing to bear these costs when they wish to delegate authority more precisely—that is, when they have less trust in the elected officials who will eventually wield constitutional authority. State constitutions ballooned in length in the late 19th century, for example, when distrust of legislatures and of centralized authority peaked. Even today, state constitutions adopted at that time remain lengthier than others. However, this specificity also comes with long-term costs: adding detail to a constitution locks in current political compromises, making it harder for future generations to adapt to new circumstances. A brief case study of Alabama, with the world’s lengthiest written constitution, illustrates these challenges.
Principles of Cyber-Warfare
Authors: Moore Daniel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWhat is cyber-warfare, and where does it fit? What are the thresholds that cross from an espionage campaign or an influence operation to an act of cyber-warfare? This chapter tackles the above questions not through a legal lens, but by layering military analysis with the realities of attacking through networks. The chapter has two principal parts; one establishes a five-step model--targeting, impact, attacker, goals, and relationships--to consider any incident as cyber-warfare. Each step requires increasingly complex analysis and allows the reader to distinguish between acts of social activism, peacetime espionage, criminal pursuits or military conflict. The second part of the chapter then dives into the differences between cyberwar and cyber-warfare. More than semantics, the former is a vehicle for fearmongering while the latter explains the role offensive cyber operations play in conflict.