bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making Refugees in India
Authors: Kapoor Ria 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A global history of India’s refugee regime, this book explores how one of the first postcolonial states of the mid-twentieth-century wave of decolonisation rewrote practices surrounding refugees—signified by its refusal to sign the 1951 UN Refugee Convention. In broadening the scope of this decision well beyond the Partition of India, starting with the so-called ‘Wilsonian moment’ and extending to the 1970s, the refugee is placed within the postcolonial effort to address the inequalities of the subject-citizenship of the British Empire through the fullest realisation of self-determination. India’s ‘strategically ambiguous’ approach to refugees is thus far from ad hoc, revealing a startling consistency when viewed in conversation of postcolonial state building and anti-imperial worldmaking to address inequity across the former colonies. The anti-colonial cry for self-determination as the source of all rights, it is revealed in this work, was in tension with the universal human rights that focused on the individual, and the figure of the refugee felt this irreconcilable difference most intensely. To elucidate this, this work explores contrasts in Indians’ and Europeans’ rights in the British Empire and in the Second World War, refugee rehabilitation during Partition, the arrival of the Tibetan refugees, and the East Pakistani refugee crisis. It finds that the refugee was constitutive of postcolonial Indian citizenship, and that assistance permitted to refugees—a share of the rights guaranteed by self-determination—depended on their potential to threaten or support national sovereignty that allowed Indian experiences to be included in the shaping of universal principles.
Introduction
Authors: Edmondson Belinda 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter identifies and defines key concepts in the literary history of Caribbean Creole (or dialect) literature. It theorizes the concept of literary miscegenation, or the relationship between orality and literature, often coded racially as black (orality) and white (literature). It lays the groundwork for the book’s argument that Creole language itself is not just a characteristic of black populations but has origins in white creole speech. The chapter investigates Noise theory, Kamau Brathwaite’s concept of nation language as it relates to Caribbean Creole, and the roles of violence and blackface minstrelsy in the emergence of Creole literature. Nineteenth-century Caribbean Creole grammar books by early Caribbean grammarians John Jacob Thomas and Thomas Russell are discussed. It explains the interchangeable use of the terms “dialect,” “Creole,” and “vernacular.” The chapter links the emergence of Creole literature in the eighteenth century with today’s popular Creole grammar books and novels.
White Creoles, “Bad” Grammar, and the Birth of Dialect Literature
Authors: Edmondson Belinda 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates the origins of Creole literature in the early writings of the white creoles of the Caribbean, most of whom were hostile to Emancipation during the slavery era. Early literary dialect used forms of racial ventriloquism or pseudo-transcription to argue against the freeing of the enslaved blacks. These ventriloquists, and those that they ventriloquized, yielded a lasting template for an original Caribbean narrative form. The chapter explores the “dialect war” between the abolitionist English author J.B. Moreton and pro-slavery white creole author Samuel August Mathews. White stereotypes of strong black Caribbean women as vectors of Creole speech are discussed.
Travelling Dialect
Authors: Edmondson Belinda 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Dialect is a paradox. Bounded by its geographic and cultural specificity, it is, by definition, insular and local, the product of limited interactions; its literary concerns fleeting and dated, not universal, cosmopolitan, or of lasting value. And yet dialect narratives and musical traditions have been global fixtures for hundreds of years. This chapter explores the theme of travelling dialect in Creole literature. It describes how, in the post-Emancipation period, African-American dialect via sketches and “plantation songs” became a model for the literary rendering of Caribbean dialect. It examines Caribbean attitudes towards African Americans in the nineteenth century, the popularity of blackface minstrelsy in the Caribbean and touring choirs such as the Fisk Jubilee Choir and the Native Choir of Jamaica as major influences on the development of the Caribbean Creole literary tradition.
Home to Harlem
Authors: Edmondson Belinda 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the importance of New York city, Harlem especially, as the location around which Caribbean literary dialect and performative modes coalesced in the early twentieth century. Utilizing the concept of the pan-Caribbean vernacular axis, the chapter discusses the influence of popular Caribbean calypsonians who travelled to New York both to perform and to record calypsos. The lyrics of these calypsos became part of the popular vernacular on both sides of the Atlantic. The career of the Trinidadian calypsonian and comedian Sam Manning is examined, as well as that of the playwright and ex-wife of Marcus Garvey, Amy Ashwood Garvey. The literary career of Jamaican dialect poet and Harlem Renaissance author Claude McKay is used as an example of the pan-Caribbean vernacular axis. It includes a discussion of the controversy over his novel Home to Harlem, and the relationship between Garveyism and dialect.
Epilogue
Authors: Edmondson Belinda 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter links the emergence of internationally acclaimed contemporary Creole literature to earlier historical eras and literary texts. Utilizing the concept of Creole transnationalism, it discusses the marketing of Caribbean Creoles in the works of authors Marlon James and Junot Diaz. The most extraordinary thing about James’ A Brief History of Seven Killings is that a book written mostly in Jamaican Creole found not just an international audience but a popular one. Jamaican Creole, one of the baddest of the bad grammars, is now part of a global lexicon of, not English, but Englishes. The chapter meditates on the twinned issues of sexual identity and exile in James’ work, and its relationship to his use of Creole. It links the issues of sexual identity and exile to black nationalism and gender politics to the politics of Creole literature in the Caribbean.
Ten Hours
Authors: Levy Daniel S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter recounts the Great Fire of New York, which began on the bitterly cold evening of December 16, 1835, at Comstock & Andrews, a dry goods store on Merchant Street. After the fire alarm was given, Chief Engineer James Gulick and fire crews raced to Manhattan’s Wall Street district. Firemen needed water, and crews tapped nearby hydrants while others headed to the foot of Wall Street to break through the ice on the East River. Soon water flowed. However, the strong winds made quenching the fire especially difficult, and the driving gale slapped the water back into their faces. Despite their best efforts, within 15 minutes of the alarm, Watchman William B. Hays realized that “fully fifty buildings were blazing.” As the flames spread throughout the area, the cold froze the firehoses, and after hours of failing to control the blaze, the mayor and others realized they needed to blow up buildings to make fire breaks to staunch the flames. Numerous structures were quickly imploded. By early morning of December 17, the seemingly relentless march of the fire that had consumed 674 buildings was finally stopped.
“I Would Buy Every Foot of Land on the Island of Manhattan”
Authors: Levy Daniel S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on developments in Manhattan in the years after the Great Fire of 1835. As the city streets stretched out, houses followed. While growth could be volatile and the economy buffeted by booms and busts, many took advantage of the benefits of land ownership. And all the real estate activity was a boon for lawyers, who raked in one to two percent of the value of each deal. The chapter then details the development of squares like Gramercy Park, which remains one of the most coveted private parks in Manhattan. As homes rose and the city stretched out, savvy businessmen launched public transportation lines to help the growing population get around. Throughout, the land baron John Jacob Astor was at the center of much that was happening in New York in the 1830s and 1840s, and particularly in the post–Great Fire years. He had become a legend in the nation's development, renowned for his business insight, work ethic, and of course for his vast wealth.
Panic and Promise
Authors: Levy Daniel S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the Panic of 1837. At the time of the new Bowery Theatre's opening in 1837, the national economy was overheating and buffeted by a combination of President Andrew Jackson's war on the Second Bank of the United States, rabid speculation, an unfettered economic boom, and wildly expanding trade. Then, while Congress was on recess, Jackson issued his Specie Circular, directing government land offices to only accept silver or gold in the hope of stopping the spread of paper money. This helped send the economy into a tailspin. Credit contracted, and British merchants cut back on cotton purchases. The shock from the resulting collapse of the cotton market rippled through New York's economy, and caused a long term and devastating depression, which only started to lift in the early 1840s as British credit was loosened, and European nations sought American crops following their local agricultural failures. Yet throughout, one thing that constantly replenished the city's economy was the arrival of immigrants like the merchant Alexander Stewart. Meanwhile, New York's port and rivers beckoned trade from throughout the world, and the city’s became the center of ship building.
Creating Breathing Space
Authors: Levy Daniel S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter turns to the need for open land in New York. In the 1850s, New York was on its way to becoming a world metropolis, strengthened by its businesses, banks, merchant houses, streets, water aqueduct, railways, ferries, food markets, and housing. However, years of development meant that open space was vanishing, and what remained needed to be preserved. By taking over the African-American community of Seneca Village and the surrounding land that would become Central Park, city officials believed they could redeem their metropolis, bring nature's grace back to Manhattan, and restore what the New York Mirror called “the lungs of the city.” On July 21, 1853, the legislature passed the Central Park Act, declaring hundreds of acres in the middle of Manhattan Island “a public place.” Mayor Fernando Wood chose Egbert Viele to create the park, and the chapter considers the disappointment many had with his plan, and how architect Calvert Vaux agitated to get the city to hold an architectural competition to find a different design of the space.
A Melting Pot Boils Over
Authors: Levy Daniel S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how crime and violence grew during the pre–Civil War period. Gangs such as the Bowery Boys, the Chichesters, the Kerryonians, the Forty Thieves, the Atlantic Guards, and the Plug Uglies seemed to be omnipresent in New York. Membership in such groups offered young men status, alcohol, and a chance to rebel against a system seemingly stacked against them. Violence also grew as it became politicized as ethnic, cultural, and social struggles rippled through the city, reflecting the tragic side of New York's extraordinary growth. Many gang members felt a sense of entitlement, and sought to demonstrate their rights with both their ballots and their fists, as well as ways to gain political standing and wealth through saloons, the police department and firehouses. This all led to a spike in violent encounters at polling places and in public gatherings such as in the city's theaters. This state of society is reflected in the bitter rivalry between two actors, the English William Macready and the American Edwin Forrest. At the same time, immigrants flowed into New York, looking for a new home. Many, such as the Irish, encountered widespread discrimination and competition for jobs. Even so, they made a home for themselves in the city.
Ending the Deadly Embrace
Authors: Levy Daniel S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes how, as the American Civil War dragged on, the death toll rose, and the cost of basic necessities increased. Then, in July of 1863, arrived the National Enrollment Act. This military conscription law made all men aged 20 to 45 eligible for the draft if they were physically and mentally healthy, and were not the child of infirm parents, the only son of a widow, or a widower with dependent children. The act angered many whites who resented being forced to fight a war to free African Americans. A mass of people poured out onto the streets to protest the draft. The Metropolitan Police could not control what became known as the Draft Riot. As citizens rampaged, many focused their wrath on African Americans. While some New Yorkers committed murder, many others abhorred what had happened and some tried to stop it. And as a sign of their changed stance toward African Americans, many New Yorkers following the riot favored the idea of arming Black troops fighting for the Union. The chapter then looks at the Confederates’ attempts to torch New York City. The war finally ended on April 9, 1865, when Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Virginia's Appomattox Court House.
Introduction
Authors: Krishek Sharon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter spells out the “neo-Kierkegaardian” nature of the project. Although relying on Kierkegaard’s central conceptions of selfhood, love, and faith, it nevertheless develops these ideas in a way that departs from Kierkegaard’s explicit position. At the same time, the project does not depart from Kierkegaard in the sense that the view of romantic love that it defends ultimately accords with Kierkegaard’s understanding of the good life. Hence, the project presents not only a substantial thesis regarding the nature and value of romantic love, but also an exegetical thesis regarding the significance of romantic love from a Kierkegaardian point of view. The chapter also discusses the concept of possessing a name and shows how being a person with a name—that is, a self—plays a central role in the project’s theory of love. In this context, the chapter introduces the idea of being lovers in essence.
The Meeting of Essences
Authors: Krishek Sharon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses a much debated question in contemporary (analytic) discussions of love, namely, what grounds one’s love for another. First explaining the project’s specific approach to this question, the chapter then focuses on J. David Velleman’s suggestion that it is the personhood of the beloved—personhood being a universal quality essential to a person—that grounds one’s love. While agreeing with Velleman that the beloved’s essence plays a crucial role in grounding one’s love, the argument offered here departs from Velleman’s in two significant ways: first, by positing that the beloved’s essence amounts to selfhood rather than personhood and second, by suggesting that while the beloved’s selfhood is the focus of love, that which grounds love is the correspondence between the selfhood of the beloved and that of the lover.
Love as a Joyful Compassionate Caring
Authors: Krishek Sharon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to account for the nature of love. To do so, it develops a view that continues Kierkegaard’s understanding of love as a selfless caring, while also substantially differing from it. Accepting Kierkegaard’s position that love is a kind of caring, and agreeing with him on the importance of equality and self-denial to loving correctly, it claims, however, that Kierkegaard’s view is nevertheless insufficient. Kierkegaard offers a thin model of love that fails to account for its diversity, and hence disregards the distinctive nature of romantic love. The alternative presented in the chapter is of love as a joyful compassionate caring, and it is argued that joy in the presence of the beloved not only is essential to love, but is also that which distinguishes between the different kinds of love.
The Failure to Love Correctly
Authors: Krishek Sharon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The book having, until now, focused on developing a substantial view of romantic love, this chapter and the next demonstrate that this view not only is consistent with the theistic position of Kierkegaard, but may also be seen as supported by it. The first step in doing so is to textually ground the conception of selfhood as an individual essence, which the chapter does by offering a close reading of The Sickness unto Death. In this text Kierkegaard analyzes despair as the failure to be the self that one is intended to be. The chapter suggests that this state ultimately proves equivalent to loving incorrectly, and thus demonstrates that the long journey to becoming oneself—which is no less the long journey to God—is necessarily carried out in the world. This paves the way for the claim of the final chapter, that loving correctly is the key to the healing from despair.
On the Question of Realism
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This essay engages the realism/instrumentalism debate in the philosophy of science. As she pursues her investigation of the world and our place in it, the Second Philosopher comes to believe in molecules and atoms based on evidence beginning with Perrin’s famous experiments on Brownian motion. This would seem to qualify her as a realist, but examination of the positions of leading instrumentalists van Fraassen and Stanford reveals that her claim to rational belief in unobservables on those grounds doesn’t amount to ‘realism’ as they understand it. This result suggests that the debate has gone astray.
Hume and Reid
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Stroud, among others, argues that Hume was the first to reject the Cartesian detached intellect and study human nature empirically. In fact, Hume’s Science of Man seeks to found the sciences in a way that precludes its appeal to scientific conclusions, and the naturalistic credit here actually belongs to Reid. Reid responded to Hume’s external world skepticism by rejecting the theory of ideas and its attendant Argument from Illusion, but more fundamentally, he rejected the Cartesian assumption that the study of human cognition must begin from introspective evidence alone. Introspection, for Reid, is just one among our faculties, all of which are mostly reliable, but occasionally fallible, so it makes no sense to single it out as uniquely problematic and demand that it be justified in terms of the others. Instead, he investigates our perceptual faculties empirically, assessing their strengths and weaknesses in much the same spirit as contemporary cognitive science.
Wittgenstein on Hinges
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Wittgenstein’s On Certainty is often regarded as the sourcebook of contemporary hinge epistemology. However that may be, this essay argues that Wittgenstein himself was not a hinge epistemologist. He did feel the draw, but in the end, hinge propositions were not part of his considered view. Rather, they characterize one of the competing voices in his treatment of external world skepticism, the so-called voice of correctness (analogous to the Kripkean skeptical solution in the rule-following case), with the voice of temptation represented by Moore, as Wittgenstein understands him (analogous to a straight solution in the role-following case). To support this reading of the first-draft notes collected by the editors into OC, the argument extrapolates from readings of the Tractatus, the Philosophical Investigations, and the Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, supplemented by new biographical and philological work by Brian Rogers on Wittgenstein’s final months.
Psychology and the a priori Sciences
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This essay explores the role of psychology in the philosophies of logic and arithmetic. It begins by reviewing the role of developmental psychology in a second-philosophical position on logic, with some attention to whether logical structure is fully represented, then draws this moral: because logic rests on our primitive cognitive mechanisms, we tend to think it couldn’t be otherwise; this explains why we imagine logic to be necessary when it’s actually contingent (e.g., failing in the quantum world). This account extends to elementary arithmetic (2 + 2 = 4), but the potential infinite shifts support from structures present in the world to a conceptual element rooted in the language-learning device. Each of us imagines that our intuitive picture of the infinite natural number sequence is shared and that it’s coherent, unique, and determinate, but the second moral from psychology is that these convictions are less secure than we tend to think.
Enhanced If-thenism
Authors: Maddy Penelope 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This essay attempts to revive if-thenism (or deductivism), the view that contemporary pure mathematics is the study of what follows from what. Historical antecedents are traced in Russell and Putnam, some traditional objections dispatched, and an account of applications different from Putnam’s deployed to undercut the indispensability arguments. The central challenge is that mathematics is not indifferent to what goes in the ‘if’ part of the if-then; this is where Simple If-thenism is enhanced to include an account of the rationality of one choice over another. The connection between the ‘if’ and the ‘then’ is accounted for in terms of the second-philosophical view of logic in Essays ##8 and 9, and arithmetic is treated as in Essays ##9 and 10. The final section deals with matters of meta-mathematics, especially Gödel’s second incompleteness theorem.
The First Wave of the San Francisco Sound
Authors: Niebur Louis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The San Francisco sound emerged in 1978 from the influence of four gay San Franciscans: Marty Blecman, Patrick Cowley, John Hedges, and Sylvester. These four men encompassed the range of gay Castro life perfectly. Cowley was an electronic music, producer, composer, and performer who, through his life as a Castro clone, channeled his experiences and desires into his music. Sylvester captured the public’s imagination as a singer whose intersectional experiences as a gay Black rock counterculture-musician-turned-disco-artist symbolized most visibly the new post-liberation gay movement. The chapter outlines how Cowley and Sylvester, through their songs “You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real)” and “Dance (Disco Heat),” cultivated a new sound in San Francisco, and how Berkeley’s Fantasy Records was the first to introduce the Bay Area sound to the rest of the world.