bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Fourier method for the determination of focus for telescopes with stars
Authors: Tan C Y , Schulz B 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
We introduce a Fourier method (Fm) for the determination of best focus for telescopes with stars. Our method fits a power function, that we will derive in this paper, to a set of images taken as a function of focuser position. The best focus position is where the power is maximum. Fm was first tested with small refractor and Schmidt–Cassegrain telescopes. After the successful small telescope tests, we then tested Fm with a 2 m Ritchey–Chrétien–Coudé. Our tests show that Fm is immune to the problems inherent in the popular half-flux diameter method.
A compact symmetric radio source born at one-tenth the current age of the Universe
Authors: An Tao , Wang Ailing , Zhang Yingkang , Aditya J N H S , Hong Xiaoyu , Cui Lang 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Studies of high-redshift radio galaxies can shed light on the activity of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in massive elliptical galaxies, and on the assembly and evolution of galaxy clusters in the Universe. J1606+3124 has been tentatively identified as a radio galaxy at a redshift of 4.56, at an era of one-tenth of the current age of the Universe. Very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) images show a compact triple structure with a size of 68 pc. The radio properties of J1606+3124, including the edge-brightening morphology, peaked GHz radio spectrum, slow variability, and low jet speed, consistently indicate that it is a compact symmetric object (CSO). The radio source size and expansion rate of the hotspots suggest that J1606+3124 is a young (kinematic age of ∼3600 yr) radio source. Infrared observations reveal a gas- and dust-rich host galaxy environment, which may hinder the growth of the jet; however, the ultra-high jet power of J1606+3124 gives it an excellent chance to grow into a large-scale double-lobe radio galaxy. If its redshift and galaxy classification can be confirmed by further optical spectroscopic observations, J1606+3124 will be the highest redshift CSO galaxy known to date.
Is 2021 PH27 an active asteroid with a meteor shower detectable on Venus?
Authors: Carbognani Albino , Tanga Paolo , Bernardi Fabrizio 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
The recently discovered near-Earth asteroid 2021 PH27 has the shortest orbital period of all known asteroids. It cannot be excluded that 2021 PH27 is also an active asteroid, as (3200) Phaethon. We intend to estimate the consequences of this hypothesis, although testing is difficult with ground-based observations during perihelion passages, due to low solar elongation. Assuming a surface activity similar to that of Phaethon, an increase in brightness of about 1.4 mag can be estimated. Since it is an asteroid with a minimum orbit intersection distance of 0.014660 ± 0.000034 au with Venus, 2021 PH27 could be the equivalent of Phaethon for the Earth and be the progenitor body of a Venusian meteor shower. A good opportunity to observe the hypothetical fireballs in Venus’s atmosphere will take place on the days around 2023 June 7, when Venus will pass at the minimum distance from the nominal orbit of 2021 PH27. Another favourable date will be 2026 July 5. Finally, on 2022 March 28, the asteroid will also be at the maximum Sun elongation of about 52${_{.}^{\circ}}$3 and at the aphelion of its orbit, the most favourable configuration to characterize it from the physical point of view with photometric, polarimetric, and spectroscopic observations.
Analysis of epigenetic features characteristic of L1 loci expressed in human cells
Authors: Freeman Benjamin , White Travis , Kaul Tiffany , Stow Emily C , Baddoo Melody , Ungerleider Nathan , Morales Maria , Yang Hanlin , Deharo Dawn , Deininger Prescott , Belancio Victoria P 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Only a select few L1 loci in the human genome are expressed in any given cell line or organ, likely to minimize damage done to the genome. The epigenetic features and requirements of expressed L1 loci are currently unknown. Using human cells and comprehensive epigenetic analysis of individual expressed and unexpressed L1 loci, we determined that endogenous L1 transcription depends on a combination of epigenetic factors, including open chromatin, activating histone modifications, and hypomethylation at the L1 promoter. We demonstrate that the L1 promoter seems to require interaction with enhancer elements for optimal function. We utilize epigenetic context to predict the expression status of L1Hs loci that are poorly mappable with RNA-Seq. Our analysis identified a population of ‘transitional’ L1 loci that likely have greater potential to be activated during the epigenetic dysregulation seen in tumors and during aging because they are the most responsive to targeted CRISPR-mediated delivery of trans-activating domains. We demonstrate that an engineered increase in endogenous L1 mRNA expression increases Alu mobilization. Overall, our findings present the first global and comprehensive analysis of epigenetic status of individual L1 loci based on their expression status and demonstrate the importance of epigenetic context for L1 expression heterogeneity.
Acid–base homeostasis: a historical inquiry of its origins and conceptual evolution
Authors: Eknoyan Garabed 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
To a great extent, the conceptual evolution of acid–base homeostasis has been shaped by progress in chemistry. It began with the theoretical consideration of matter by the natural philosophers of antiquity, progressed into an observational craft as chymistry during the Scientific Revolution, evolved into analytical chemistry in the Enlightenment when acid–alkali interactions began to be deciphered, then was clearly exposed in the organic chemistry of the 19th century and ultimately formulated in mathematical precision as the chemical equations of physical chemistry in the 20th century. Two principal transformational changes shaped their clinical application. The first, launched by the Chemical Revolution of Antoine Lavoisier, introduced quantitation, clarified the language and added experimental rigor to chemical studies, which Claude Bernard then introduced into physiology, formulated the concept of regulatory homeostasis, refined experimental medicine and explored the role of the kidney in acid–base balance. The second transformational change in their gradual clinical applicability began in electrochemical studies that revived the atomic composition of matter and introduced the notion of ions and electrolytes that were fundamental in formulating the concept of acid–base ionization by Svante Arrhenius in 1884 and their measurement from hydrogen ion concentration as pH by Søren Sørensen in 1909. Subsequent studies of Lawrence J. Henderson and Donald D. van Slyke introduced these laboratory-based conceptual advances to the bedside in the 20th century. Clinical studies of acidosis and alkalosis that followed over the past few decades have facilitated and refined the clinical recognition, interpretation and treatment of acid–base disorders.
Rates and predictors of methotrexate-related adverse events in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis: results from a nationwide UK study
Authors: Sherbini Ahmad A , Gwinnutt James M , Hyrich Kimme L ,   RAMS Co-Investigators, Adebajo Ade , Ahmed Khalid , Al-Ansari Atheer , Amarasena Roshan , Bukhari Marwan , Callan Margaret , Chelliah Easwaradhas G , Chinoy Hector , Cooper Annie , Dasgupta Bhaskar , Davis Martin , Galloway James , Gough Andrew , Green Michael , Gullick Nicola , Hamilton Jennifer , Hassan Waji , Hider Samantha , Hyrich Kimme , Kamath Sanjeet , Knight Susan , Lane Suzanne , Lee Martin , Levy Sarah , Macphie Lizzy , Marguerie Christopher , Marshall Tarnya , Mathews Catherine , McKenna Frank , Naz Sophia , Perry Mark , Pollard Louise , Quilty Brian , Robertson Lindsay , Roy Dipak , Sanders Paul , Saravanan Vadivelu , Scott David , Smith Gillian , Smith Richard , Symmons Deborah , Teh Lee-Suan , Viner Nick , Verstappen Suzanne M M 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To estimate prevalence rates and identify baseline predictors of adverse events (AEs) over the first year of treatment in patients with RA starting MTX.

Methods
Data came from the UK Rheumatoid Arthritis Medication Study (RAMS), a prospective cohort of patients with RA starting MTX. This analysis included patients aged ≥18 years with physician diagnosed RA and symptom duration ≤2 years, who were commencing MTX for the first time. AEs were recorded by interviewing patients at 6- and 12-month follow-up visits. The period prevalence rates of AEs are reported for 0–6 months, 6–12 months and 0–12 months of follow-up. The associations between baseline characteristics and AEs were assessed using multivariable logistic regression.

Results
A total of 1069 patients were included in the analysis. Overall, 77.5% experienced at least one AE. The most commonly reported AEs were: gastrointestinal (42.0%), neurological (28.6%), mucocutaneous (26.0%), pulmonary (20.9%), elevated alanine transaminase (18.0%) and haematological AEs (5.6%). Factors associated with increased odds of AEs were: women vs men (gastrointestinal, mucocutaneous, neurological) and alcohol consumption (nausea, alopecia, mucocutaneous). Older age, higher estimated glomerular filtration rate and alcohol consumption were associated with less reporting of haematological AEs.

Conclusions
AEs were common among patients over the first year of MTX, although most were not serious. Knowledge of the rates and factors associated with AE occurrence are valuable when communicating risks prior to commencing MTX. This can help patients make informed decisions whether to start MTX, potentially increasing adherence to treatment.
CDK12 Is Necessary to Promote Epidermal Differentiation Through Transcription Elongation
Authors: Li Jingting , Tiwari Manisha , Chen Yifang , Luanpitpong Sudjit , Sen George L 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Proper differentiation of the epidermis is essential to prevent water loss and to protect the body from the outside environment. Perturbations in this process can lead to a variety of skin diseases that impacts 1 in 5 people. While transcription factors that control epidermal differentiation have been well characterized, other aspects of transcription control such as elongation are poorly understood. Here we show that of the two cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK12 and CDK13), that are known to regulate transcription elongation, only CDK12 is necessary for epidermal differentiation. Depletion of CDK12 led to loss of differentiation gene expression and absence of skin barrier formation in regenerated human epidermis. CDK12 binds to genes that code for differentiation promoting transcription factors (GRHL3, KLF4, and OVOL1) and is necessary for their elongation. CDK12 is necessary for elongation by promoting Ser2 phosphorylation on the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II and the stabilization of binding of the elongation factor SPT6 to target genes. Our results suggest that control of transcription elongation by CDK12 plays a prominent role in adult cell fate decisions.
Screening South American Potato Landraces and Potato Wild Relatives for Novel Sources of Late Blight Resistance
Authors: Perez Willmer , Alarcon Lesly , Rojas Tania , Correa Yanina , Juarez Henry , Andrade-Piedra Jorge L. , Anglin Noelle L. , Ellis David 
Published: January 2022

Late blight (LB) caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is one of the most important biotic constraints for potato production worldwide. This study assessed 508 accessions (79 wild potato species and 429 landraces from a cultivated core collection) held at the International Potato Center genebank for resistance to LB. One P. infestans isolate belonging to the EC-1 lineage, which is currently the predominant type of P. infestans in Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, was used in whole plant assays under greenhouse conditions. Novel sources of resistance to LB were found in accessions of Solanum albornozii, S. andreanum, S. lesteri, S. longiconicum, S. morelliforme, S. stenophyllidium, S. mochiquense, S. cajamarquense, and S. huancabambense. All of these species are endemic to South America and thus could provide novel sources of resistance for potato breeding programs. We found that the level of resistance to LB in wild species and potato landraces cannot be predicted from altitude and bioclimatic variables of the locations where the accessions were collected. The high percentage (73%) of potato landraces susceptible to LB in our study suggests the importance of implementing disease control measures, including planting susceptible genotypes in less humid areas and seasons or switching to genotypes identified as resistant. In addition, this study points out a high risk of genetic erosion in potato biodiversity at high altitudes of the Andes due to susceptibility to LB in the native landraces, which has been exacerbated by climatic change that favors the development of LB in those regions. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Bacterial Vaginosis and Prospective Ultrasound Measures of Uterine Fibroid Incidence and Growth
Authors: Moore Kristen R. , Harmon Quaker E. , Zhao Shanshan , Taylor Brandie D. , Baird Donna D. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Uterine fibroids often cause intolerable symptoms leading to invasive treatments, most commonly hysterectomy. Reproductive tract infections are hypothesized to influence uterine fibroid development, but few studies exist, especially for the highly prevalent condition bacterial vaginosis (BV). Both fibroids and BV have documented racial–ethnic disparities, with higher burden in Blacks.

Methods:
With prospective data from a community-based study (four standardized ultrasound examinations over 5 years) in young Black women, we examined baseline BV associations with fibroid incidence and growth. We computed adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for incidence comparing BV and no BV (Nugent score ≥7 vs. <7) using Cox proportional hazards models among 1027 women fibroid-free at baseline. Fibroid growth associations were based on linear mixed models estimating volume change between ultrasounds indexed to 18 months. We then expressed BV association as estimated percent difference in growth per 18 months, comparing exposed and unexposed.

Results:
There were n = 247 incident fibroids and 1181 growth measures; average fibroid growth per 18 months was a 78% (95% CI: 69 to 87) increase in volume. BV prevalence was 51% and not associated with fibroid incidence (aHR: 1.0, 95% CI: 0.80 to 1.4) or growth (estimated % difference in growth, −3% (95% CI: −12 to 6).

Conclusions:
In this first study (to our knowledge) of ultrasound-monitored fibroid development and Nugent-assessed BV, we found no evidence to support the hypothesis that BV increased risk of fibroid incidence or growth or BV’s role in the high burden of fibroids in Black women.
Dose-Related Reference Range as a Tool in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Authors: Haen Ekkehard 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) aims to individualize drug therapy. This systematic review provides a state-of-the-art overview of the benefits of adding the dose-related reference range (DRR) as a second reference range to the set of tools used by TDM for measurement and evaluation. It discusses alternative pharmacokinetic approaches for individualization of drug therapy.

Methods:
Literature was searched in PubMed. Textbooks provided Bateman transformations for calculating expected drug concentrations at various times after drug application in “normal patients,” that is, the population of phase II clinical trials. The review compiles conditions and prerequisites for these transformations to be valid.

Results:
Relating a measured drug concentration to the orienting therapeutic reference range provides pharmacodynamic information for improving the benefit-to-risk ratio of desired drug effects versus adverse drug effects. The discriminating DRR considers a patient's individual pharmacokinetic situation. DRR is statistically based on the pharmacokinetic parameters total clearance, time to reach maximal concentrations, and elimination half-life. Relating the measured drug concentration to a range rather than a particular value, DRR determines if individual patients do or do not belong to the population of “normal patients.” Once a patient is identified to be outside the population of “normal patients,” the clinical–pharmacological TDM report elaborates the cause. It consists of the measured value, the TDM 9-field-board, the elimination pathways table, and a medication recommendation taking into account clinical information. The internet-based platform KONBEST supports editing of the clinical–pharmacological TDM report. It is personally signed and send to the therapist.

Conclusions:
The DRR embedded into a clinical–pharmacological TDM report allows adjusting a patient's medication to the patient's individual needs (individualization of drug therapy).
A Patient With Sepsis-Induced Multiorgan Failure and Increasing Serum Methadone Concentration: A Case Study
Authors: Dale Gro Helen , Holmaas Gunhild , Berg Jon A. , Riedel Bettina , Schjøtt Jan , Bjånes Tormod K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract:
The authors describe a patient with substance use disorder admitted to the hospital with septic shock and multiorgan failure, in whom the serum concentration of methadone kept increasing despite discontinuation of the drug. Therapeutic drug monitoring was performed to monitor the methadone serum concentration during treatment of the underlying diseases.
Genetics of sudden cardiac death
Authors: Ben-Haim Yael , Behr Elijah R. 
Published: January 2022

Purpose of review
Numerous cardiac diseases may cause sudden cardiac death (SCD), and a genetic basis for SCD has been established in the inherited cardiac conditions (ICCs). Previously, ICCs were thought to have a Mendelian inheritance pattern, wherein a rare pathogenic/likely pathogenic variant in a known diseasecausing gene conferred risk. This inheritance model, however, could not explain a large proportion of cases.

Recent findings
Advancements in genomic technology have facilitated application of genome-wide association studies (GWAS), allowing appreciation of the full spectrum of genetic variation in large populations. It has become clear that common variants may contribute to disease phenotype in ICCs as well, albeit with a smaller effect size and the need for additional factors. This has caused a shift in the understanding of inheritance patterns in ICCs, now thought to have a more complex, polygenic nature.

Summary
Implementing this knowledge into genetic testing of SCD decedents will improve its diagnostic yield by identifying a subset of patients who do not carry a variant in one of the acknowledged disease-causing genes. It will also assist our understanding of modification of phenotype and potentially outcomes.
Radiation Dose to Veterinarians and Veterinary Technicians During Radioiodine Treatment of Felis Catus
Authors: Dieffenthaller Meghan M. , Johnson Thomas E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The uptake of radioiodine in veterinarians or veterinary staff when 131I is administered via injection to domesticated cats (Felis catus) with hyperthyroidism has not been well studied. Veterinarians and staff undergo specific training for the handling of radioiodine injection of cats to minimize and prevent an inhalation intake. An in-vivo bioassay is performed post cat injection to determine if 131I was inhaled or absorbed. The frequency of in-vivo bioassays requires dedicated time of the veterinarians and those who must perform the bioassay. Bioassay data from veterinarians and staff at the Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital administering 131I from the past 20 years were analyzed (n = 168) to ascertain if there is a correlation between the amount of time elapsed between the 131I administration, the bioassay, and the net counts resulting from the bioassay. The amount of 131I administration and the bioassay net counts were also analyzed to determine if there was a correlation. No correlations were found, and out of 168 131I administrations over 20 years, only 3 bioassays resulted in measurable doses of 131I with a committed dose equivalent (CDE) of 0.19 mSv, 0.77 mSv, and 1.6 mSv. The current precautions taken to prevent the inhalation intake of 131I appear sufficient to consider changing the requirements for veterinary bioassay after routine administration of 131I to cats.
VISUAL PROGNOSTIC VALUE OF NEUTROPHIL-TO-LYMPHOCYTE RATIO AND PLATELET-TO-LYMPHOCYTE RATIO IN BEHÇET UVEITIS
Authors: Lee Eun Kyoung , Lee Sang-Yoon , Kim Bo Hee , Park Un Chul , Yu Hyeong Gon 
Published: January 2022

Purpose:
To investigate the significance of systemic indicators, including neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), as long-term visual prognostic factors in patients with Behçet uveitis.

Methods:
This study comprised 114 eyes from 114 patients diagnosed with Behçet uveitis. Ophthalmologic evaluations and biochemical measurements including NLR and PLR values were consecutively obtained at each visit. Patients were divided into good and poor visual outcome groups, based on the visual acuity of 0.5 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution in the worse-seeing eyes at the last visit. Factors associated with poor visual outcomes were analyzed, and optimal cutoff values of NLR and PLR were also evaluated.

Results:
Sixty-six eyes (57.9%) were included in the good visual outcome group. Multivariate regression analysis showed that younger age of onset (odds ratio = 0.939; P = 0.010), longer disease duration (odds ratio = 1.164; P < 0.001), higher maximum NLR (odds ratio = 1.215; P = 0.033), and higher initial PLR (odds ratio = 1.014; P = 0.039) were significantly associated with poor visual outcomes. The optimal cutoff value for patients with poor visual outcome was 5.608 for NLR and 128.078 for PLR.

Conclusion:
A higher maximum NLR and higher initial PLR, as well as a younger age of onset and longer disease duration, were significantly associated with poor visual outcomes. Systemic inflammatory factors might be important indicators of visual prognosis in Behçet uveitis.
Mind Your Heart
Authors: Salmoirago-Blotcher Elena , Walaska Kristen , Trivedi Dyuti , Dunsiger Shira , Breault Christopher , Levine Daniel , Wu Jia-Rong , Cohen Ronald 
Published: January 2022

Background
Mindfulness training (MT) may promote medication adherence in outpatients with heart failure.

Objective
The aims of this study were to determine the feasibility and acceptability of MT (primary outcomes) and explore effects on medication adherence, functional capacity, cognitive function, depression, and mindfulness skills (secondary outcomes).

Methods
In this pre/post-design study, participants received a 30-minute phone-delivered MT session weekly for 8 weeks.

Results
We enrolled 33 outpatients (32% women; 69.7 White; mean age, 60.3 years). Retention was 100%, and session attendance was 91%. Overall, participants (97%) rated MT as enjoyable. Objectively assessed (P < .05) adherence decreased post intervention, whereas improvements were noted in functional capacity (P = .05), mindfulness (P < .05), and cognitive function (reaching significance for Flanker scores).

Conclusions
Phone-delivered MT was feasible and acceptable. Whereas no improvements were noted in medication adherence and depression, cognitive function, functional capacity, and mindfulness levels increased post intervention, suggesting MT may have beneficial effects in outpatients with heart failure.