bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Skin Pain Sensation Under Mechanical Stimulus: Wind-Up and Ramp-Off
Authors: Ji Dongcan , Shi Yingli , Yin Yafei , Dong Shaotong , Wang Yang , Li Yuhang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Researchers have been studying the pain sensation extensively in the past few decades. Quantitative simulation and theoretical modeling of pain sensation based on experimental results are necessary for pain research. Many theories have been proposed to explain the mechanism of pain from molecular, cellular, and neuron network perspectives. But some phenomena in pain sensation are not fully understood, including wind-up and ramp-off. This paper focused on the theoretical model of wind-up and ramp-off phenomena in the pain sensation. With the addition of the transduction model, the generation mechanism of wind-up and ramp-off is better explained. The simulations were carried out to analyze the skin pain sensation under the mechanical stimulus, consisting of four different parts: the mechanical model of skin, transduction, transmission, modulation, and perception. The stress distribution on the skin was obtained based on the elastic theory. And the modified Hodgkin and Huxley model and the mathematical model of gate control theory were utilized to analyze the process of transduction, modulation, and perception, respectively. The numerical experiments demonstrated the wind-up occurs with a frequent stimulus of 1 Hz and 2 Hz, and ramp-off appears with the withdrawal of constant mechanical stimulus, which could contribute to the understanding of the pain sensation mechanism.
Two Calculation Verification Metrics Used in the Medical Device Industry: Revisiting the Limitations of Fractional Change
Authors: Guler Ismail , Aycock Kenneth I. , Rebelo Nuno 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Quantifying the fractional change in a predicted quantity of interest with successive mesh refinement is an attractive and widely used but limited approach to assessing numerical error and uncertainty in physics-based computational modeling. Herein, we introduce the concept of a scalar multiplier αGCI to clarify the connection between fractional change and a more rigorous and accepted estimate of numerical uncertainty, the grid convergence index (GCI). Specifically, we generate lookup tables for αGCI as a function of observed order of accuracy and mesh refinement factor. We then illustrate the limitations of relying on fractional change alone as an acceptance criterion for mesh refinement using a case study involving the radial compression of a Nitinol stent. Results illustrate that numerical uncertainty is often many times larger than the observed fractional change in a mesh pair, especially in the presence of small mesh refinement factors or low orders of accuracy. We strongly caution against relying on fractional change alone as an acceptance criterion for mesh refinement studies, particularly in any high-risk applications requiring absolute prediction of quantities of interest. When computational resources make the systematic refinement required for calculating GCI impractical, submodeling approaches as demonstrated herein can be used to rigorously quantify discretization error at a comparatively minimal computational cost. To facilitate future quantitative mesh refinement studies, αGCI lookup tables herein provide a useful tool for guiding the selection of mesh refinement factor and element order.
Roller Bearing Skidding for Aero-Engine Applications: All-Steel Versus Hybrid Bearings
Authors: Dadouche Azzedine , Kerrouche Rami 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Roller bearings operating under light loads may suffer from skidding. The latter is more pronounced as the speed increases and may result in extensive wear and reduced service life of the bearing. The main objective of this study is to analyze skidding occurrence in a custom-made all-steel M50 bearing and a hybrid roller bearing subjected to the same operating conditions. The test bearings have a bore diameter of 90 mm, an outer diameter of 125 mm and 26 rollers. The hybrid bearing features silicon nitride (Si3N4) rollers and steel rings (M50 outer ring and M50-NIL inner ring). The bearings feature special channels to allow for under race lubrication of the bearing components in relative motion. A suite of sensors were used and installed to detect skidding and monitor the overall performance of the test bearing such as vibrations and temperature. The effect of the radial applied load, shaft rotational speed, and oil flowrate on roller skidding has been investigated and discussed. Slip ratio for each of the bearings under various speed–load combinations was also determined and analyzed. Turbo-Oil 2380 was used to lubricate the test bearings at a constant temperature of 77 °C. Tests were conducted on a high-speed rolling bearing test rig, and data were recorded using a 24-bit data acquisition system.
Occupant Injury and Response on Oblique-Facing Aircraft Seats: A Computational Study
Authors: Somasundaram Karthik , Humm John R. , Khandelwal Prashant , Umale Sagar , Moorcroft David M. , Pintar Frank A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Increased interest in the airline industry to enhance occupant comfort and maximize seating density has prompted the design and installation of obliquely mounted seats in aircraft. Previous oblique whole-body sled tests demonstrated multiple failures, chiefly distraction-associated spinal injuries under oblique impacts. The present computational study was performed with the rationale to examine how oblique loading induces component level responses and associated injury occurrence. The age-specific human body model (HBM) was simulated for two oblique seating conditions (with and without an armrest). The boundary conditions consisted of a 16 g standard aviation crash pulse, 45 deg seat orientation, and with restrained pelvis and lower extremities. The overall biofidelity rating for both conditions ranged from 0.5 to 0.7. The validated models were then used to investigate the influence of pulse intensity and seat orientation by varying the pulse from 16 g to 8 g and seat orientation from 0 deg to 90 deg. A total of 12 parametric simulations were performed. The pulse intensity simulations suggest that the HBM could tolerate 11.2 g without lumbar spine failure, while the possibility of cervical spine failure reduced with the pulse magnitude &lt;9.6 g pulse. The seat orientation study demonstrated that for all seat angles the HBM predicted failure in the cervical and lumbar regions at 16 g; however, the contribution of the tensile load and lateral and flexion moments varied with respect to the change in seat angle. These preliminary outcomes are anticipated to assist in formulating safety standards and in designing countermeasures for oblique seating configurations.
Evaluating View Factors Using a Hybrid Monte-Carlo Method
Authors: Cumber Peter Stewart 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis paper demonstrates that the well-known method for calculating view factors, the Monte Carlo method, combined with ray tracing is not necessarily the most efficient strategy. The Monte Carlo method and quasi-Monte Carlo method combined with numerical integration, provided the surfaces in a configuration are not too close together, are more accurate for the same run-time than a ray tracing-based Monte Carlo method. The Monte Carlo method based on numerical integration is complementary to the Monte Carlo method based on ray tracing. When many rays are required to calculate an accurate view factor, few function evaluations in a numerical integration approach are necessary to achieve the same accuracy. Where the surfaces in a configuration are touching, the Monte Carlo method with numerical integration converges to the exact view factor very slowly due to a singularity in the view factor multi-integral. For these configurations, a hybrid Monte Carlo method and quasi-Monte Carlo method are demonstrated to be the stochastic methods of choice.
Design, Analysis, and Control of a User-Adaptive Ankle Foot Orthosis
Authors: Zhou Yuan , Liu Lu 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the design and preliminary evaluation of a user-adaptive ankle foot orthosis (AFO). To begin with, according to structural characteristics of the human ankle as well as foot dimensions of an able-bodied subject, the ankle orthotic device is conceived. Then, based on a common two-degree-of-freedom (DOF) foot model, a coupled AFO–human system is setup. Further, the system's DOFs are derived; the device's mechanism of user adaptation is analyzed and verified using adams software. After that, the layout of a portable orthotic system, as well as a smart insole that detects gait phases, is illustrated. Finally, the orthotic system is tested on the aforementioned subject. Results show that, during the AFO-based walking with assistive torque, the foot's plantarflexion level before the swing stage and dorsiflexion level in the swing stage approximately increase by 3 deg and 4 deg, respectively, relative to the condition of AFO-based walking without assistive torque. Therefore, the orthosis has the potential to aid body propulsion and control toe clearance.
Effect Analysis on the Maximum Nondimensional Temperature in the Cold Plate in Battery Thermal Management System-Based Artificial Neural Network
Authors: M. Sachin Bharadwaj , S. R. Amrut , Ponangi Babu Rao 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A serpentine channel cold plate is a unique configuration of cold plate used extensively in battery thermal management systems due to its low-pressure drop and high heat transfer performance. Generalized analysis on serpentine channel cold plate for battery thermal management is very limited, especially using the finite element method (FEM). Through this study, we seek to obtain the maximum temperature on the cold plate subjected to uniform heat flux conditions from the Li-ion battery pack. The governing equations for the heat transfer through the cold plate under steady-state conditions are nondimensionalized to reduce the number of operating parameters from 12 to 4. The artificial neural network (ANN) is used to develop a correlation between nondimensionalized maximum temperature and the four nondimensional operating parameters. The ANN prediction has obtained a mean squared error (MSE) loss of the order of 10−6 and R2 value equal to 1 on the validation and test datasets. The temperature surface plots of the cold plate have been obtained for multiple channel configurations. The present study helps in reducing the overall computational time (59.13 s for 1296 simulations) and provides a generalized ANN-based correlation to predict the maximum temperature, which is vital to operate the battery under safe temperature limits.
Marine impacts: Sedimentologic fingerprint of event magnitude
Authors: Herreros M.I. , Ormö J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Previous studies of resurge sediments in drill cores from several marine-target impact craters indicated a relationship among the sedimentology, the target water depth, and the magnitude of the event. This offers a potentially valuable opportunity to obtain one of these variables if the other two are known. However, the mechanisms controlling the relationship have remained enigmatic. During the cratering process, fragments from the solid target are mixed with the seawater, and, after an initial turbulent phase, they commonly get deposited inside the seafloor crater when it is filled up by the resurging water. We present a mathematical model for the aquatic settling process of the resurge material. The starting hypothesis is that the finer particles mixed with water give rise to a fluid mixture in which the density and viscosity will depend on the relative water-to-solid content. This variation of the mixture’s properties will cause a different settling velocity of the coarser particles, and thus different settling patterns will be observed for craters with different relative target water depths.
Quantifying controls on the occurrence of nonmarine fossils
Authors: Regan Anik K. , Rogers Raymond R. , Holland Steven M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Although numerous studies have described differential preservation of nonmarine fossils in channel and floodplain facies, quantitative comparisons are lacking. We present measurements of the probability of occurrence of plant, mollusk, and vertebrate fossils in the Campanian Judith River Formation of north-central Montana, USA. The data reveal little difference in the probability of occurrence among higher taxa in channel and floodplain facies, except for plants, which have a higher probability in floodplain deposits. This surprising result supports more recent models in which many organisms are buried initially in floodplain deposits, but those deposits are subsequently exhumed by migrating rivers, and finally buried in those channels. Comparisons across systems tracts revealed intriguing patterns in which plants have a higher probability of occurrence in high-accommodation systems tracts in channel and floodplain deposits, and vertebrates have a higher probability of occurrence in channels of the low-accommodation systems tract. These results confirm that sequence-stratigraphic architecture should be considered in interpretations of the nonmarine fossil record. This probability of occurrence method has promise for many other comparisons of fossilization potential.
Acute seizure risk in patients with encephalitis: development and validation of clinical prediction models from two independent prospective multicentre cohorts
Authors: Wood Greta K , Babar Roshan , Ellul Mark A , Thomas Rhys Huw , Van Den Tooren Harriet , Easton Ava , Tharmaratnam Kukatharmini , Burnside Girvan , Alam Ali M , Castell Hannah , Boardman Sarah , Collie Ceryce , Facer Bethany , Dunai Cordelia , Defres Sylviane , Granerod Julia , Brown David W G , Vincent Angela , Marson Anthony Guy , Irani Sarosh R , Solomon Tom , Michael Benedict D 
Published: September 2022

ObjectiveIn patients with encephalitis, the development of acute symptomatic seizures is highly variable, but when present is associated with a worse outcome. We aimed to determine the factors associated with seizures in encephalitis and develop a clinical prediction model.MethodsWe analysed 203 patients from 24 English hospitals (2005–2008) (Cohort 1). Outcome measures were seizures prior to and during admission, inpatient seizures and status epilepticus. A binary logistic regression risk model was converted to a clinical score and independently validated on an additional 233 patients from 31 UK hospitals (2013–2016) (Cohort 2).ResultsIn Cohort 1, 121 (60%) patients had a seizure including 103 (51%) with inpatient seizures. Admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) ≤8/15 was predictive of subsequent inpatient seizures (OR (95% CI) 5.55 (2.10 to 14.64), p<0.001), including in those without a history of prior seizures at presentation (OR 6.57 (95% CI 1.37 to 31.5), p=0.025).A clinical model of overall seizure risk identified admission GCS along with aetiology (autoantibody-associated OR 11.99 (95% CI 2.09 to 68.86) and Herpes simplex virus 3.58 (95% CI 1.06 to 12.12)) (area under receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC) =0.75 (95% CI 0.701 to 0.848), p<0.001). The same model was externally validated in Cohort 2 (AUROC=0.744 (95% CI 0.677 to 0.811), p<0.001). A clinical scoring system for stratifying inpatient seizure risk by decile demonstrated good discrimination using variables available on admission; age, GCS and fever (AUROC=0.716 (95% CI 0.634 to 0.798), p<0.001) and once probable aetiology established (AUROC=0.761 (95% CI 0.6840.839), p<0.001).ConclusionAge, GCS, fever and aetiology can effectively stratify acute seizure risk in patients with encephalitis. These findings can support the development of targeted interventions and aid clinical trial design for antiseizure medication prophylaxis.
Cerebrospinal fluid sampling for research of Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative diseases when lumbar punctures are performed by anaesthetists
Authors: Atkins Kelly J , Evered Lisbeth , Scott David A , Fowler Christopher , Masters Colin L , Silbert Brendan 
Published: September 2022

ObjectivesAn increasing number of people are undergoing lumbar puncture (LP) for the purposes of research. Performing LP for research purposes introduces considerations that differ from LP performed for clinical, diagnostic or therapeutic reasons. The demand for research LP will greatly increase as biomarkers are used to both diagnose and monitor disease progression in clinical trials. Minimising adverse events is paramount because research participants receive no clinical benefit and often need repeat procedures. We describe the experience of performing LP for research by anaesthetists.MethodsWe reviewed the clinical protocol and incidence of adverse events in 326 research LP in an anaesthesia department.ResultsThere was a lower incidence of adverse events compared with previous reports when LP was undertaken for clinical reasons. The incidence of severe post-LP headache was 1.3% when an atraumatic spinal needle with a 27 gauge tip and a 22 gauge shaft was used.ConclusionsWe describe the practice to sample cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by LP for research purposes. Specific practices include the sitting position of the participant, aspiration rather than passive CSF withdrawal, attention to the sterility of the procedure, monitoring of vital signs and importantly the use of 22/27 gauge microtip spinal needle.Trial registration numbersACTRN12612000493842,NCT04623242.
Survey of healthcare professionals’ knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding spontaneous intracranial hypotension
Authors: Cheema Sanjay , Anderson Jane , Duncan Callum , Davagnanam Indran , Armstrong Paul , Redfern Nancy , Ordman Anthony , D’Antona Linda , Nissen Justin , Sayal Parag , Vaughan-Huxley Eyston , Lagrata Susie , Iodice Valeria , Snape-Burns Jessica , Joy Clare , Matharu Manjit 
Published: September 2022

ObjectiveTo assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of healthcare professionals regarding the diagnosis and management of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH).MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional, web-based survey of multiple healthcare professional groups in the UK from June to August 2021. There were 227 respondents to the survey, including 62 general practitioners, 39 emergency medicine physicians, 38 neurologists, 35 radiologists, 20 neurosurgeons, 18 anaesthetists and 15 headache nurse specialists. The majority of the respondents were at the consultant level and all worked in the UK National Health Service.ResultsFew general practitioners or emergency medicine physicians had ever been involved in the care of a patient with SIH or received teaching about SIH. Only 3 of 62 (4.8%) general practitioners and 1 of 39 (2.5%) emergency medicine physicians were confident in recognising the symptoms of SIH. Most neurologists were confident in recognising SIH and performed MRI of the brain as a first-line investigation, although there was variability in the urgency of the request, whether contrast was given or MRI of the spine organised at the same time. Most said they never or rarely performed lumbar puncture for diagnosis of SIH. Most neuroradiologists, but few general radiologists, were confident in interpreting imaging of patients with suspected SIH. Lack of access to epidural blood patching, personnel able to perform myelography, and established management pathways were identified by many respondents as barriers to the treatment of SIH.ConclusionsWe have identified a lack of awareness of SIH among non-specialists, several barriers to optimal treatment of SIH and a variation in current management pathways. The results highlight the need for education of healthcare professionals about SIH and the development of clinical practice guidelines to enable delivery of optimal and equitable care for patients with SIH.
Quantitative analysis of International Health Regulations Annual Reports to identify global disparities in the preparedness for radiation emergencies
Authors: Sharma Umesh C , Attwood Kristopher , Pokharel Saraswati 
Published: September 2022

ObjectivesRadiation emergencies are rare but can have minor confined effects to catastrophic consequences across the large geographical territories. Geographical disparities in the preparedness for radiation emergencies can negatively impact public-safety and delay protective actions. We examined such disparities using the global and regional radiation preparedness data from the revised annual International Health Regulations (IHR) data sets.SettingsWe used IHR State Party Annual Reporting (SPAR) tool and its associated health indicators developed to mitigate public health risk from radiation emergencies. Using the most recent (2019) SPAR database developed for radiation emergencies, along with 12 other cross-sector indicators, we examined the disparities among WHO state and region-wide capacity scores for operational preparedness.ResultsBased on the analysis of the 2019 annual reporting data sets from 171 countries, radiation emergency was one of the top three global challenges with an average global preparedness capacity of 55%. Radiation emergency preparedness capacity scores showed highest dispersion score among all 13 capacities suggesting higher disparities for preparedness across the globe. Only 38% of the countries had advanced functional capacity with ≥80% operational readiness, with 28% countries having low to very low operational readiness. No geographical regions had ≥80% operational readiness for radiation emergencies, with 4/6 geographical regions showing limited capacity or effectiveness. Global data from 171 countries showed that the capacity to respond to radiation emergencies correlated with the capacity for chemical events with a correlation coefficient (ρ) of 0.70 (CI 0.61 to 0.77).ConclusionWe found major global disparities for the operational preparedness against radiation emergencies. Collaborative approaches involving the public health officials and policymakers at the regional and state levels are needed to develop additional guidance to adapt emergency preparedness plans for radiation incidents.