bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plug Fishing with Extreme Pull Force and In-Situ Diagnostics
Authors: Foucher Pierre , Wiggs Kyle , Raghavan Anand , Garzon Francisco , Spicer Jared 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Well access is often a key part of interventions in the Gulf of Mexico for deepwater operations. Multiple challenges can occur and jeopardize an entire costly program and defer potential production gain. Therefore, each intervention is thoroughly planned, and each scenario is reviewed to make sure all the contingencies are anticipated, and the equipment is available if needed.
In the Atlantis field, scale buildup was impairing the production of a dual-zone frac-pack completion (Fig. 1). The smart completion integrated two hydraulically controlled valves to control the flow from an upper and lower zone. The lower zone was isolated due to scale, and the upper zone was kept in production. A lock mandrel with a plug set in an AOF nipple had been blocking the lower zone production for more than 10 years. An intervention was designed with the objective to stimulate the upper zone, and clean out and squeeze scale inhibitor in the lower zone. Post-intervention, both zones would be bought back into production to significantly boost well production delivery.
The Challenges to Retrieve a Stuck Coiled-Tubing Pipe Without Downhole Check Valves in a High-Pressure Well: A Case Study from Argentina
Authors: Vechietti Matias , Di Benedetto Belen , Krasuk Raul Miguel , Mirande Juan Martin , Franco Delgado Ernesto , Trujillo Santiago , Palombizio Giovanni , Jahn Felix , Carreno Nestor 
Published: March 2022

Abstract (300 words)
This paper describes the lessons learned during the completion phase of an unconventional well in Argentina. Where a coiled tubing was used to perform a plug drill out campaign. The article describes the procedure of how the CT service provider followed to release a stuck pipe, the well barrier regains and its recovery.
The potential solutions were analyzed by the engineering teams from both CT service provider at local and headquarter levels and the local vendors. The fact of cutting the pipe after getting stuck and unsuccessful retrieval attempts result on losing the well control barriers inside the CT pipe. There was a need to regain the well control before proceeding with the retrieval process. The use of a mechanical agents to plug the pipe was assessed, it was considered internal mechanical plugs that due to logistics will result in excessive times. Therefore, the team looked into the chemical solutions, and cement plug was also visualized but discarded due to tendency of laying down in the horizontal section of the wellbore; Finally, a high viscous resin that is fast setting time was evaluated as the optimal solution to set a plug inside the CT, which was the key to success on the safe retrieval operation.
The Argentinian well was completed with 57 stages isolated by 56 dissolvable plugs over 3000 m of the horizontal section. After removing all the plugs in the horizontal section down to total depth. CT pipe was being retrieved to surface performing the final wiper trip, when it got stuck. After several unsuccessful release attempts. The decision was to cut the CT pipe at surface to allow the wireline to perform the downhole cutting.
Wireline (WL) rigged up on top of the injector head and performed a tubing puncher run, 3 m below the cutting depth. Then, WL perform a second run at the free point, at a depth of 3900 m, deploying a chemical cutter to release the CT pipe.
Once the CT pipe was confirmed free, the resin service company, proceed to install their high-pressure lines in the top of the injector head and proceed to pump 6.7 bbls of resin at a pump rate of 1.5 bpm, displacing it with 5 bbls of gel and 30 bbls of water leaving the bottom of the plug 500 m above of the new CT end. After the thickening time, a pressure test of the plug was done up to 8000 psi for 30 minutes followed by an inflow test of 6 hours, after the successful completion of both, the retrieval of the CT pipe was followed.
This project describes the design and execution process of pumping a resin plug, without previous experience within our organization at global basis, that is suitable to regain well control on CT pipes that lost the downhole safety valves after being cut due to a stuck condition.
Breaking Paradigms by Performing the First Smart Well Recompletion with a Hydraulic Work Over Unit on the Highest Production Platform, Case History from Brunei
Authors: Dulam Mel , Lim Chee Chong Brian , Muslim Dzaieznny , Chacon Alejandro , Palappetta Rakesh , Larez Frank , Learmonth Steven Jack , Chong Ka Yan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Re-completion operations with hydraulic workover units (HWO) have been carried out extensively within the industry, showcasing the high level of efficiency and compact footprint offered by this type of equipment. In an offshore environment, with small jacket platforms, the benefits of the use of said equipment are much more relevant and significant in terms of overall positive impact on the projects. However, re-completions with control lines and sensors, or usually referred to as smart-well re-completions had not been performed with HWO units in the past.
Having stated this premise, the challenge of performing the first smart well re-completion with an HWO unit presented itself with an additional hurdle, which was the fact that the tubing and control lines had to be cut instead of being able to pull from the production packer. This paper showcases the planning, execution, and results of re-completing a well in one of the top offshore gas-producing platforms in the country. Due to a smaller footprint and the advantage to continue the production from neighboring wells simultaneously, the HWO unit was selected as it represented the best overall value for the customer. The job was performed with additional support from a dynamically positioned (DP-2) vessel and a portable crane for efficient rig up and support during the intervention.
Effect of Fluid Rheology on the Performance of Fibrous Fluid in Horizontal Well Cleanout
Authors: Mendez Michael , Garcia Sergio , Ahmed Ramadan , Karami Hamidreza , Nasser Mustafa , Hussein Ibnelwaleed 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The deposition of solids in the wellbore is a widely known problem encountered during drilling, completion, and intervention operations. Innovative cleanout fluids alleviate problems associated with inefficient hole cleaning. Various methods are known to provide efficient cleanout; however, their effectiveness drops as the wellbore geometry becomes more complex. One of the innovative ways of resolving this issue is to add fibers to the drilling fluid and improve its lifting capacity by reducing the settling velocity of the solids. This study is aimed at evaluating the cleanout performance of fibrous fluids in horizontal wells using a large-scale flow loop.
The flow loop has a 48-ft long annular test section that has a 5-inch wellbore and 2.375-inch drill pipe. In each experiment, the solids bed is initially formed in the annulus with natural sand that has similar particle size distribution as solids found in oil and gas wells. Low-viscosity and high-viscosity polymeric suspensions were used with and without fiber. During the investigation, flow rate and fluid rheology were varied while measuring the equilibrium bed height. The bed height was measured starting at the lowest flow rate. Then, the flow rate was increased step by step until the bed was completely cleaned. The measured test parameters include flow rate and pressure loss, which were monitored and recorded using the data acquisition system. The pipe section was used to monitor the rheology of the fluids before the completion of the test.
The results demonstrated the effectiveness of fiber in improving hole cleanout in horizontal wellbores. When a small amount of fiber (0.04% wt.) was added, the cleanout performance of the high-viscosity fluid did not show a noticeable change while that of the low-viscosity improved significantly. Even though the addition of fiber had minimal impact on the rheological characteristics of the fluids, the fiber improved the solid carrying capacity of the low viscosity fluid. In the horizontal configuration, the cleaning process of solids requires resuspension of deposited solids and transportation of the suspended particles from one location to another. Fiber particles are more effective in improving the carrying capacity of the fluids than their resuspension capability. Hence, the low-viscosity fluid which has a better resuspension capacity as compared to the high-viscosity fluid exhibited better cleanout performance when the same amount of fiber was introduced.
In the absence of pipe rotation during coiled tubing operations, wellbore cleanout after drilling and milling operations require efficient and optimized hole cleaning, especially in horizontal wells. The presented large-scale flow loop study provides a unique analysis of the dynamics of hole cleanout in horizontal wells using novel fibrous fluids.
Smart Intervention Restores Production in Deep Water Well
Authors: Davis Philip Sean , Burger Ronnie , Ransonet Gerald 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Recently, a significant producer in the deep water Gulf of Mexico (GoM) exhibited a loss of production. An investigation determined that a valve in the sliding sleeve assembly, a small portion of the installed completion, malfunctioned and resulted in the valve not opening as commanded. The operator created a team to diagnose the problem without using the usual method of recovery and replacement of the full assembly, which would require a significant amount of time and costly equipment.
The team of various subject matter experts (SME) from the completions unit, the manufacturing company of the equipment and an electric line intervention provider determined that they could use two methods to exploit the design of the sliding sleeve to create a new flow-path and restore production without damaging the rest of the in-place completion. Both challenging methods required a high degree of precision and accuracy. To maintain the mechanical integrity of the downhole equipment, the tolerance window for the cut was within two inches (at depths greater than 27,000 ft), and cut radius tolerances were less than 1/100th of an inch.
Two electric lines intervention tools were found to be capable of performing the type of cut required for the primary and secondary methods (one for each method). These selected tools are frequently used in the GoM, which promotes a high level of confidence in their success.
After extensive surface testing, the tools were deployed downhole and were successful on the first attempt. The operation was monitored and controlled at surface, and the tools performed the required cut in less than sixty minutes. Once the tools were retrieved, the sleeve was commanded open once again, and full communication to the formation was restored. With the utilization of this technology and methodology, the project was able to save in excess of $40,000,000 USD.
Complete Analysis of a Complex Sand Screen Completion in a Single Run in Hole is Enabled by Combination of Novel Passive Acoustic Tools with Conventional PLT and Caliper Techniques
Authors: Troup Duncan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Wells with sand control measures may still exhibit onset of sanding during production, often due to isolated damage of individual screen sections. Positive identification of the location of the sand production allows targeted mitigation to remove the sanding source while retaining as much hydrocarbon flow as possible. This paper discusses the novel acoustic techniques used to identify productive zones and areas of sand production in a well suffering a sanding event.
Ultrasonic methods for sand detection in a downhole environment have proved troublesome primarily due to the difficulty in separating acoustic signatures due to particle impacts from those generated by turbulent flow. Advances in sensor technology and digital sampling have enabled reliable discrimination of turbulence and particle signatures in both controlled flow-loop conditions and in real producing wells. Novel processing algorithms have been developed to not only detect sand ingress points, but also to quantify and characterise sand particles in the flow stream.
A horizontal oil producing well exhibited a change of behaviour following an increase in choke opening, when it started to produce sand along with an increased water cut. A toolstring combining production logging, acoustic sand detection and multifinger caliper with a tractor for conveyance was deployed in the well and a number of passes were made combining continuous logging and stationary recordings. The acquired data indicated there was no crossflow during shut-in, while there were indications of sand build-up over the lower sections of screens. With the well flowing, the PL data showed the inflow profile across all screens and identified a point of very large influx of mostly water. Analysis of the acoustic data using transient statistical sampling techniques showed this to be the main source of sand entering the wellbore and was able to verify sand transport in the flow stream. Analysis using general noise level sampling was able to detect energy due to turbulent flow in and into the wellbore, correlated with spinner responses, and also in the near wellbore environment behind certain screens. Multifinger caliper data confirmed the general integrity of the screens and enabled the planning of isolation measures to shut off sand production while minimising production loss.
The verified ability of the new tool to separate the acoustic signatures of particle impacts from turbulent flow noise brings an additional aspect to production logging interpretation, allowing inflow profiling for solids as well as fluid phases. Statistical analysis of the broad-spectrum noise recorded also reveals information about fluid flow not just in the wellbore but also in the near-wellbore environment behind the primary tubular. This information can prove critical in analysis of completion design.
Fishing More than 8,300-ft of U-Shaped Collapsed Electric-Cable-Equipped Coiled-Tubing: A Case Study from United Arab Emirates
Authors: Franco Delgado Ernesto , Khan Muhammad Talha , Khan Rao Shafin Ali , Molero Nestor , Gilash Anna , Mattos Rafael Fernando , Basha Maged , Laplante Tony , Szeller Mark 
Published: March 2022

Abstract (300 words)
During the completion phase of an unconventional well in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), an electric-cable-equipped coiled tubing (ECE-CT) had to be cut and dropped in hole while performing a plug-and-perf campaign. The CT service provider and tool manufacturer jointly redesigned a specific fishing tool for a flat-shaped collapsed CT pipe, which allowed the latching of the U-shaped collapsed ECE-CT pipe and its safe recovery.
The fish and potential solutions were analyzed by the engineering teams from operator, CT service provider, and tool manufacturer. Because of the U-shape of the fish, the existing techniques of conventional overshot for rounded profiles and flat overshot for flat-shaped profiles could not be applied. The U-shape of the fish was replicated and used to create the overshot entry guide. The prototype was manufactured and tested at surface to ensure the profile was getting inside. The tool-string included an indexing tool to allow controlled rotation, which was key to the success of that fishing operation.
Upon completion of the last perforating stage in a 10-stage completion in the well, the ECE-CT pipe accidentally parted and then collapsed when it was being retrieved to surface. The CT operator activated the pipe/slips ram, but a leak was observed. The 2-in. CT pipe was cut and dropped by activating the shear/seal ram, thus leaving 8,360-ft of CT pipe in the well.
A lead-impression-block (LIB) run to identify the fish profile found the U-shape fish at a depth of 6,686-ft. The electric cable did not cover the top of the fish, thus reducing the risk of the retrieval operation. Despite several attempts made with the available fishing tools for rounded profiles, even when latching was achieved, the fish was lost. Inspection of the overshot after it reached surface showed the presence of broken slips due to uneven load transmission.
After analysis of both the top of fish and available fishing tools, a hybrid rounded/flat overshot was designed to allow the U-shaped CT pipe to get inside the overshot and the traveling slip to latch onto the collapsed body, allowing higher contact area and resulting in the proper latch and retrieval of the collapsed ECE-CT pipe.
Because a suitable overshot was not available, the operation required designing, producing, and implementing a customized hybrid semi-rounded/flat overshot for U-shaped profiles, as well as the development of a new methodology, to successfully latch and recover the pipe. The availability of a tools manufacturer inside the country allowed a fast response, it only took 7-days to design, manufacture, and test the tool prototype, thus limiting the time the well remained idle.
Level of Maternal Health Literacy (MHL) and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women Attending Antenatal Care Clinics of Public Health Facilities in Southern Ethiopia, 2021: A Facility Based Crossectional Study with Linear Models
Authors: Habte Aklilu , Dessu Samuel , Endale Fitsum , Gizachew Addisalem 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: Maternal Health Literacy (MHL) is defined as a woman's cognitive and social abilities and motivation to access, assess, understand and use basic health information and services to make informed decisions that protect and promote their own and their children's health. Pregnant women's HL will enhance the effectiveness and long-term viability of those services by allowing them to get health-related knowledge and behaviours during this critical period. As a result, this study aimed at assessing the level of health literacy and associated factors among pregnant women in Southern Ethiopia, 2021.Methods: A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 635 pregnant women attending ANC units of selected health facilities from January 1 to February 30, 2021, by using pre-tested, interviewer-administered questionnaires. A multistage sampling technique was employed and study participants were selected by using a systematic random sampling technique. Data were entered into EpiData3.1 and exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. A bivariable statistical analysis was performed through analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-tests and variables with a p-value of < 0.05 were eligible for the multiple linear regression model. To see the weight of each explanatory variable on MHL, multiple linear regression was employed, and the strength and direction of the association were reported by using a regression coefficient (β) with the respected 95% confidence interval.Results: The mean health literacy score of study participants was 23.85±2.87 in which, more than half, 336 (53.5%)( 95%CI: 49.1, 58.1) of the study participants had a good MHL level or above the mean score. The multiple linear regression analysis results revealed a significant relationship between MHL and educational level (β: 1.358; p<0.001), gravidity(β: 1.439; p<0.001), ANC visits (β: 1.418; p <0.001), enrolment in CBHI scheme (β: 2.282; p<0.001) and being a model household(MMH) (β: 1.681; p<0.001).Conclusion and recommendation: The pregnant women in the current study area had a low level of maternal health literacy. Local governments should focus their efforts on establishing adult literacy centers in their respective locations. Pregnant women should be encouraged to attend adequate ANC visits, as per health care providers. Finally, at the community level, administrative bodies and health professionals should work on developing a model household and enrolling unenrolled households in the CBHI scheme.
Ulnar Neuropathy Caused by Intraneural Cold Abscess Due to Leprosy: Case Report
Authors: Abuelnour Moatasem , Harrington Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Introduction: Ulnar neuropathy due to cubital tunnel syndrome is a common presentation in elective orthopaedic clinics with causes usually attributed to idiopathic chronic compression. However, rare diagnoses should be considered. Case presentation: we present a case of chronic insidious ulnar neuropathy in a 52 year old female with a two year history of progressive left hand weakness and decreased sensation. She was born in West Africa and she was noted to be generally fit and healthy. Surgical exploration and decompression of ulnar nerve showed fusiform swelling and caseous material discharged out from small incision in nerve sheath. Leprotic neuropathy was suspected and confirmed by microbiology lab. Pure neurotic leprosy is extremely rare and nerve biopsy is the gold standard for diagnosis. There were 202,256 new leprosy cases registered globally in 2019 according to WHO (World Health Organization) figures, and disease can present decades after exposure. Conclusion: leprotic neuropathy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of peripheral ulnar neuropathy even in temperate regions to avoid delay in diagnosis and undesirable sequalae.
Impact of Ultraviolet-Absorbing 2-Hydroxy-4-Quaternaryammoniumalkoxy Benzophenone Motif on Photodegradation of Disulfoton: A Case Study
Authors: Deota Pradeep , Parmar Hemant S , Patel Gautam M , Bhatt Gaurang J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pesticide deposits post-treatment and before diffusing inside the plants are exposed to sunlight. Many of them degrade into a variety of photo products that may be harmful to living beings through accidental ingestion. The addition of ultraviolet light absorbers to the pesticide formulations is an attractive strategy to prevent photodegradation of the pesticides. Water-soluble quaternary ammonium ultraviolet light absorbers (QAUVAs) were synthesized from 2,4-dihydroxy benzophenones (BP-1) and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, UV, and FTIR. A cost-saving approach for the photoprotection of disulfoton insecticide using these QAUVAs is presented. All the four QAUVAs exhibit excellent UV screening effect. The insesticide disulfoton was recovered in much higher amounts (22.27 ~ 25.64% higher than control) when it was irradiated in the presence of QAUVAs in comparison with the amount of recovery of pesticide exposed in absence of them.