bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-density Nursery System for Breeding Peach and Nectarine: A 10-year Analysis
Authors: Rodriguez-A. Jorge , Sherman Wayne B. , Lyrene Paul M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 10-year analysis of the high-density nursery (HDN) in the breeding of low-chilling peach and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars indicated selection was effective during the first cropping year for chilling requirement, fruit development period, size, color, shape and firmness but not for crop load, which needs to be evaluated at normal spacing over several years. The HDN system effectively has advanced the breeding program by promoting short generation time, reducing labor and space, and allowing for rating of some characters within 2 years from seed.
Factors Accounting for the Within-tree Variation of Fruit Quality in Sweet Cherries
Authors: Patten K.D. , Patterson M.E. , Proebsting E.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) flower and pistil weight at anthesis decreased at late bloom times. Fruit from early-opening flowers remained larger through harvest and developed higher soluble solids and color than fruit from flowers than opened later. Time of anthesis was delayed and fruit color and soluble solids decreased linearly as flower or fruit location progressed basipetally on one- and 2-year-old wood.
Influence of Tissue Culture and Leaf-bud Propagation on the Growth Habit of ‘Northblue’ Blueberry
Authors: Grout Jeanne M. , Read Paul E. , Wildung David K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Northblue’ blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) plants propagated by tissue culture (TC) have a branching pattern and growth rate different from plants propagated by leaf-bud cuttings. Two to 3 times more basal branches were formed on tissue culture-derived plants by the time they were 27 to 34 weeks old. These basal branches were maintained on older plants in the field, where lateral branching was also twice as high. The growth rate of the young TC-derived plants was 3 times the rate of young leaf-bud, cutting-propagated (ST) plants. However, lateral branch length of older plants in the field was similar for both groups of plants, indicating a reduction in the growth rate of TC-derived plants from 34 to 82 weeks after propagation. Pruning and chilling methods reduced basal branch length and the number of lateral branches produced in the field, while enhancing the length of lateral branches and total buds per lateral branch. Although TC-derived blueberry plants had numbers of total flower buds and total buds per lateral branch similar to ST-derived plants, they produced more flower buds per plant. The enhanced branching framework of TC-derived plants, composed of rapidly forming basal and lateral branches, may increase photosynthesis at an early age and hasten fruit production.
Greenhouse Rose Production with Split Night Temperatures
Authors: Shanks James B. , McArdle Alice J. , Osnos Glenna D. , Mityga Henry G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The reduction of the minimum temperature during the latter part of the dark period as a means of energy conservation was studied for 3 consecutive years with greenhouse roses. A warm temperature during the early part of the dark period was more promotive of growth than at subsequent or continuing portions of the dark period. The most rapid bloom development in the first and 3rd years’ trials was at the continuous warm night temperature of 17°C. During the 2nd year, the greatest production of blooms was also at the continuous minimum night temperature of 17°, but, in the 3rd year, a reduction in the minimum night temperature to 9° from 0100 to 0800 hr did not reduce production below that at a continuous 17° minimum. Split night temperatures did not affect the quality of cut roses when compared to a continuous minimum of 17°.
Defoliation, Flower Bud Cold Hardiness, and Bloom Date of Peach as Influenced by Pruning Treatments
Authors: Marini Richard P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mature ‘Sunqueen’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees were dormant pruned, summer pruned, or summer topped for 4 consecutive years. Dormant-pruned trees defoliated slightly earlier than summer-pruned trees, but the onset and duration of terminal vegetative bud rest was not influenced by pruning treatment. Compared to dormant pruning, summer topping slightly reduced cold hardiness of flower buds on 2 of 4 test dates in 1982, but not in 1984. Bloom on vertical shoots in the upper canopy was advanced by summer pruning and by summer topping in both 1982 and 1983. Bloom development at other canopy positions was not influenced by pruning treatment.
Effects of Artificial Enclosure of Young Lettuce Leaves on Tipburn Incidence and Leaf Calcium Concentration
Authors: Barta Daniel J. , Tibbitts Theodore W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The young developing leaves of 20-day-old lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Buttercrunch’) were enclosed by aluminized polyethylene sheaths to decrease transpiration and reduce Ca transport. The plants were grown in recirculating solution culture systems using a modified half-strength Hoagland’s solution under cool-white fluorescent lamps with a photosynthetic photon flux of 350 μmol·s−1·m−2 in a 16:8-hr (light:dark) period. Air temperature and humidity were 20°C and 65%, respectively. After 4 days of enclosure, 53% of the inner leaves (leaves one to 3 cm in length) were tipburned. After the same period, less than 1% of the inner leaves on control plants were tipburned. The concentration of Ca in enclosed inner leaves was 0.63 mg·g−1 dry weight, compared to 1.48 mg·g−1 dry weight in inner leaves that were not enclosed. The Ca concentration in transpiring outer leaves of all plants was 9.9 mg·g−1 dry weight. The Mg concentration in enclosed inner leaves was 2.25 mg·g−1 dry weight, compared to 2.34 mg·g−1 dry weight in inner leaves that were not enclosed. This research documents that enclosure of leaves at the growing point, as would occur with normal head development, is sufficient to create a limiting concentration of Ca in the enclosed tissue and encourage tipburn development.
Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Microcultured, Seedling, and Greenhouse–grown Asian White Birch
Authors: Smith Mary Ann Lila , Palta Jiwan P. , McCown Brent H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Anatomical and physiological comparisons were made between tissues of Betula platyphylla var. szechuanica (Schneid.) Rehd. (Asian white birch) obtained directly from microcultured shoots, from seedlings grown in a micro-culture-like environment, or from micropropagated plants grown in a greenhouse. The diminished stature of microcultured shoots resulted primarily from reduced cell division, although their leaves had reduced cell size as compared to shoots from greenhouse-grown plants. The area occupied by vascular tissue in midrib veins and petioles was significantly reduced in microcultured shoots as was the extent of the palisade layer, indicating that cell differentiation had also been altered. The photosynthetic capacity of leaves from microcultured shoots was less than half that of leaves from greenhouse-grown plants. However, this capacity was restored after non-in vitro rooting of the microcultured shoots. Unlike greenhouse-grown plants, photosynthetic rates of leaves from microcultured shoots were not influenced by decreasing light intensities from 1200 to 200 μmol·s−1·m−2 nor was the respiration rate strongly inhibited by cyanide. Seedlings from a high-humidity, microculture-like environment generally had characteristics intermediate between those of microcultured and greenhouse-grown tissues, indicating that the environment and not the juvenile state of the tissue was probably of overriding importance in influencing these trends.
Influence of Water Stress on Nitrogen Fixation in Cowpea
Authors: Walker David W. , Miller J. Creighton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two greenhouse studies were conducted to investigate the relationship between water stress and N2 fixation among drought-resistant and susceptible cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] genotypes. In both experiments, seeds were planted in 7.6-liter black polyethylene pots containing composted sawdust medium and were inoculated with Rhizobium. Throughout the experiments, flowers were removed to maintain vegetative growth. Water stress treatments were imposed by withholding water, while the control plants were watered as needed. The treatments were applied 58 and 56 days after planting (DAP) in the first and 2nd experiments, respectively. In both experiments, leaf water potential (LWP), shoot fresh weight (SFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), root fresh weight (RFW), nodule fresh weight (NW), nodule number (NN), and plant specific activity (PSA) by both in situ and destructive acetylene reduction methods were measured. Repeated observations of in situ acetylene reduction were made 58, 63, and 71 DAP in the first experiment. All other variables were measured 77 to 78 DAP in the first experiment. Single observations of all variables, including in situ and destructive acetylene reduction were made 56, 67, and 81 DAP in the 2nd experiment. Results suggested that resistant genotypes are capable of maintaining LWP and biomass production (as measured by SDW and SFW) during water stress. In addition, the effect of water stress on N2 fixation was far greater than the influence of genotype when genotypes were selected for relative drought resistance. Path analysis revealed that LWP is correlated to N2 fixation in water-stressed plants, and improvement of plant water status via drought resistance should increase N2 fixation potential under drought conditions. Therefore, breeding for drought resistance in conjunction with N2 fixation may be more beneficial than breeding strictly for N2 fixation potential without regard for environmental adaptation. The in situ method of acetylene reduction was found to be useful for detecting physiological changes due to water stress and estimating its genotypic N2 fixation potential.
Stress Symptoms of Citrus Trees in Successive Stages of Decline Due to Blight
Authors: Albrigo L.G. , Syvertsen J.P. , Young R.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nutritional and H2O stress symptoms of 1) healthy citrus trees, 2) predecline trees (those with elevated bark Zn but no visible wilt or dieback symptoms), and 3) trees in early decline due to citrus blight were compared. All early decline trees had elevated Zn and reduced H2O uptake in the trunk; N accumulation in trunk wood, bark, and leaf tissues; and increased xylem vessel plugging and correspondingly reduced H2O conductivity compared to healthy trees. The early decline trees did not have reduced feeder root densities, and wood pH was elevated in this stage for only one of 2 locations. Generally, predecline trees had none of the drought-related or decline symptoms associated with blight and only expressed the Zn symptoms — elevated bark Zn followed by elevated wood Zn. Three or 4 of 8 predecline stage blight trees have subsequently reached the stage of blight where trunk H2O uptake is significantly reduced. Xylem plugging and drought stress followed trunk Zn accumulation. Other previously reported blight symptoms occurred only after H2O stress, leaf wilt, and canopy dieback; thus, these results support the contention that Zn accumulation in the trunk bark (active phloem tissues) is the earliest known symptom of blight.
The Influence of Nitrate:Ammonium Ratios on Growth, Fruit Development, and Element Concentration in ‘Floradel’ Tomato Plants
Authors: Hartman Paul L. , Mills Harry A. , Jones J. Benton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Floradel’) plants were grown under greenhouse conditions in a modified Hoagland’s solution to determine the influence of NO3:NH4 ratio (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75) on vegetative growth, fruit development, and tissue levels of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg at 3 stages of maturity. Vegetative growth prior to fruit set was increased significantly by adding 25% of the N as NH4, although higher NH4 ratios reduced vegetative growth. During flower and fruit development, the number of fruit formed with each flower cluster was not influenced by the NO3:NO4 ratio, although fruit weights were reduced significantly when NH4 supplied any part of the N form. With each increment of NH4 in the N ratio, tissue P increased whereas K, Ca, and Mg decreased. Kjeldahl N (less NO3-N) in the vegetative tissue at all harvests increased with each increment of NH4 in the N ratio. It is concluded that the use of Kjeldahl N as an indicator of the N status of the plant without consideration of the effect of N form on the percentage of N as well as the uptake and distribution of other essential elements could be misleading and potentially a misuse of this diagnostic tool.
Effect of a Hydrophilic Polymer Seed Coating on the Imbibition, Respiration, and Germination of Sweet Corn at Four Matric Potentials
Authors: Baxter Lawford , Waters Luther 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the effect of the hydrophilic polymer Waterlock B100 on the imbibition, respiration, and germination of seeds of the sweet corn (Zea mays L. var. saccharum) hybrid ‘Mevak’ at soil water matric potentials of -0.01, -0.40, -1.0, and - 1.5 MPa. Coated seeds had a higher final percentage of imbibition, higher rates of respiration, and germination at -0.01 and -0.40 MPa than uncoated seeds, but as the water potential decreased, the seed coating had a deleterious effect on the physiological processes leading to germination.
Effect of BA + GA4+7, BA, and Daminozide on Growth and Lateral Shoot Development in Peach
Authors: Elkner Timothy E. , Coston D.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of BA alone or in combination with GA4+7 and with either daminozide or a surfactant on growth and lateral development of peach [Prunus persica (L.) cv. Redhaven] were evaluated at 4 stages of terminal growth. BA + GA4+7 at 500 ppm or 1000 ppm daminozide was the most effective treatment for inducing lateral development when applied at terminal growth of 15-20 cm or 31-36 cm. BA + GA4+7 increased both tree height and average internode length for all treatments. BA with either surfactant or daminozide was not effective in inducing lateral shoot formation and caused shorter internodes and retarded tree growth in all treatment combinations except 250 ppm + 1000 ppm daminozide. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA) and (1α,2β,4aα,4bβ,10β)-2,4a,7-trihydroxy-l-methyl-8-methylenegibb-3-ene-l,10-dicarboxylic acid 1,4a-lactone (GA4+7).
Influence of 12 Ground Cover Systems on Young ‘Smoothee Golden Delicious’ Apple Trees: I. Growth
Authors: Shribbs J.M. , Skroch W.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two-year-old ‘Smoothee Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) on seedling rootstock were planted in Spring 1981. Twelve different ground cover systems were then established. After one growing season, trees in mulch, bare ground, red sorrel (Rumex acetosella L.), and nimblewill (Mulenbergia schreberii J. F. Gmel.) treatments had greater shoot length than trees in legume, tall broadleaf, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and ‘KY31’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) treatments. In the 4th year, the trunk diameter of trees in straw mulch plots were greater than all other treatments. Tree growth in bare ground and cultivation treatments was not different over the 4 years and was as great or greater than in treatments with living ground covers. Trees in tall broadleaf, Kentucky bluegrass, orchardgrass, and tall fescue treatments were smaller than in all other treatments. Nimblewill, a native species to North Carolina mountains, has potential for replacing Kentucky bluegrass, orchardgrass, and tall fescue in orchard soil management systems.
Use of Ethephon and NAA for Inducing Early Shuck Dehiscence of Pecan
Authors: Wood Bruce W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field observations indicate that conjunctive use of ethephon (Ethrel) and NAA (Fruitone-N) can induce early pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] shuck (involucre) dehiscence, while greatly reducing undesirable leaflet abscission. Comparisons of the efficacy of 2,4-D and NAA in preventing undesirable leaflet abscission revealed that the comparative molar protective activity of 2,4-D greatly exceeds that of NAA, providing leaflets absolute protection against ethephon-induced abscission, but it was functionally inferior to NAA due to the induction of leaflet necrosis. Single ethephon treatments accelerated shuck dehiscence 3 to 6 weeks for several cultivars. Treatment of ‘Stuart’ and ‘Moneymaker’ pecan fruit and foliage, several weeks prior to the completion of natural shuck dehiscence, with a NAA-ethephon mixture accelerated shuck dehiscence by 5 and 3 weeks, respectively, without severe leaflet abscission or loss of nut quality. These data indicate possible development of harvest-aid technology for early harvesting of pecan without severe leaflet abscission. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D); and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
The Effect of Temperature and Bud Type on Rest Completion and the GDH°C Requirement for Budbreak in ‘Redhaven’ Peach
Authors: Scalabrelli G. , Couvillon G.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dormant ‘Redhaven’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] cuttings with flower, lateral vegetative, and terminal vegetative buds were exposed to either 7.2°, 3°, or 2°C for 600, 1340 or 2040 hr. Terminal vegetative (TV) buds had the shortest chilling requirement and showed less differential response to the various temperature levels than the other bud types. ‘Redhaven’ lateral vegetative (LV) and flower buds (FL) had similar chilling requirements. In general, 7.2° was more effective in releasing buds from rest than 3° or 2°. Prolonged chilling (2040 hr) decreased the growing degree hours (GDH°C) required for vegetative bud opening regardless of temperature. However, the GDH°C required for flower bud opening was decreased only by prolonged chilling at 7.2°C.
Effect of Storage on Quality and Sugars in Muskmelon
Authors: Cohen R.A. , Hicks J.R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Melons (Cucumis melo) of 3 cultivars (‘Gold Star’, ‘Saticoy’, and ‘Superstar’) were stored at 5° or 12.5°C for 2, 5, or 9 days and at 20° for 2 and 5 days. ‘Gold Star’ and ‘Superstar’ deteriorated less in storage than ‘Saticoy’. In general, levels of fructose and glucose decreased with an increase in storage time and temperature. The fructose : glucose ratio increased with storage. No change was detected in soluble solids content (SSC) or in sucrose concentration. Sensory evaluations of stored (7 days at 5° or 12.5°) vs. freshly harvested melons showed no difference in texture, flavor, off-flavor, sweetness, or overall acceptability. SSC and sucrose content correlated well with the latter 4 attributes only in ‘Gold Star’ melons.
Seasonal Changes in the Carbohydrate Concentration in Pecan Shoots and Their Relationship to Flowering
Authors: Smith Michael W. , McNew Ronald W. , Ager P.L. , Cotten B.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Vegetative and fruiting shoots were tagged in Oct. 1982 and 1983 on ‘Squirrel’, ‘Stuart’, and ‘Cape Fear’ pecan trees [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh) C. Koch], and flowering was determined the following years. One-year-old shoots were sampled from vegetative and fruiting shoots of each cultivar on 14 Oct. 1982, 9 Feb., 11 Apr., 14 Oct., and 24 Nov. 1983, and 6 Jan. and 17 Apr. 1984 and analyzed for reducing and nonreducing sugars and starch concentrations. Fruiting reduced return bloom of ‘Cape Fear’ in 1983 and 1984, and ‘Stuart’ in 1983. Sugar and starch concentrations varied inversely. Sugar concentrations were increased in November, January, and February, and starch concentrations were greatest during October and April. The total carbohydrate concentration in fruiting shoots of each cultivar was greater or equal to that of vegetative shoots in all but one instance. The degree of return fruiting was positively associated with cultivars with early fruit ripening dates.
Gas Exchange and Flooding Stress of Highbush and Rabbiteye Blueberries
Authors: Davies Frederick S. , Flore James A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Bluecrop’) and rabbiteye (V. ashei Reade ‘Woodard’) blueberry plants were flooded in the greenhouse to determine how transpiration, stomatal conductance to water and CO2, residual conductance, and C assimilation are affected during flooding and recovery. Carbon assimilation was measured using a portable CO2 analyzer and stomatal conductance using a steady-state porometer. Stomatal conductance and transpiration decreased significantly after 4 to 5 days of flooding, and responses were similar for highbush and rabbiteye blueberries. Carbon assimilation decreased for both species within 9 days and became negative in 11 to 19 days due to decreased photosynthesis, stomatal conductance to CO2, and high leaf temperatures, which increased respiration. Recovery after 24 days of flooding to preflood stomatal conductance values required 18 days for ‘Woodard’ and more than 18 days for ‘Bluecrop’. In laboratory experiments flooded plants were less responsive to changes in ambient CO2 and vapor pressure deficits than unflooded plants, and flooding durations of greater than 9 days significantly decreased residual conductance of the leaves.
The Inheritance of Parthenocarpy in Oregon T5-4 Tomato
Authors: Kean D. , Baggett J.R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The inheritance of a tendency to set parthenocarpic fruit in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) line Oregon T5-4 (T5) was studied in the field in crosses with 3 normal, seeded cultivars. F1, F2, and backcross data indicated that the parthenocarpic tendency in T5 is recessive. F2 data fit a 9 seeded : 7 seedless ratio, indicating that normal seediness requires 2 complimentary dominant genes. Parthenocarpic plants were earlier than seeded plants. Early ripening in T5 crosses resulted in most instances from a reduced period of time from first flower to first ripe fruit, and not from early flowering. The F2 from a cross of T5 with ‘Severianin’, an unrelated parthenocarpic cultivar, approached a theoretical 27 seeded : 37 seedless for 3 complimentary gene pairs and demonstrated that parthenocarpic tendency is determined by different factors in these 2 parents.
Quantitative Inheritance of Plant Growth Habit in Blueberry Progenies
Authors: Luby J.J. , Finn C.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Genetic variance components, narrow-sense heritabilities, and general combining ability (GCA) effects were estimated for plant growth habit traits from a partial diallel cross among 17 blueberry (Vactinium corymbosum L., V. angustifolium Ait., and V. corymbosum x V. angustifolium hybrids) parents. Plant height, plant diameter, and a subjective stature rating were recorded for parent and progeny plants in 1984 after 9 growing seasons at Becker, Minn. General and specific (SCA) combining ability variances were significant for all traits. GCA variance components were larger than SCA components for height and stature rating, and heritabilities (family-mean basis) were 0.68 and 0.64, respectively, indicating the relative importance of additive genetic variance for these traits. Desired stature or height in this population should be recoverable through recurrent phenotypic selection. SCA variance components were much larger than GCA components for plant diameter measures, and heritability was low. Vaccinium angustifolium parents had very negative GCA effects for plant height and stature ratings, while parents with largely V. corymbosum ancestry had positive effects. Coefficients of determination between parental phenotype and GCA effects indicated that progeny performance should be predicted by parental phenotype for stature or height but not for diameter.