bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intergeneric Hybridization in the Juglandaceae: Pterocarya sp. X Juglans regia
Authors: McGranahan G.H. , Tulecke W. , Arulsekar S. , Hansen J.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Intergeneric hybrids between wingnut (Pterocarya sp.) and walnut (Juglans regia) were developed by regenerating plants from somatic embryos produced on immature cotyledons of seed from control-pollinations. Hybridization was confirmed by isozyme analysis using starch gel electrophoresis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of hybrids between wingnut, which has a high level of resistance to Phytophthora spp. and nematodes, and walnut. Wingnut may now be used as a source of germplasm for improving walnut rootstocks.
Influence of Cultivar and Temperature on Lima Bean Yield and Quality
Authors: Smittle Doyle A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted during 1981 and 1982 to determine the yield and quality responses of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) cultivars to air temperatures preceding harvest. Temperature conditions and cultivars that produced large lima bean plants at blossom increased seed yields. Quality parameters of seeds after separation into maturity groups by salt brine were influenced by cultivars and air temperatures. Sugar content, green color intensity, and chlorophyll content decreased as seeds matured. Sugar contents of ‘Nemagreen’, ‘Bridgeton’, and ‘Thorogreen’ were greater than ‘Kingston’ at comparable stages of maturity. Sugar content increased when air temperatures during the period of 0–7 days preceding harvest were high. Air temperatures were most closely related to sugar content of mature seeds. Chlorophyll content was closely correlated with tristimulus chlorimeter – a value. The chlorophyll contents at all maturities were reduced by high air temperatures preceding harvest. The average temperature during the period of 7–14 days before harvest had the greatest influence on the chlorophyll content. The influence of air temperatures on chlorophyll content during this period was 3 to 4 times greater for immature (25% total solids) than for mature (35% total solids) seeds, and minimum air temperatures were more closely correlated with chlorophyll contents than were maximum air temperatures. These results indicate that quality (intensity of green color) was affected more by high air temperatures than was seed yield. Chlorophyll contents were more closely related to minimum than to maximum air temperatures, indicating that the effect of high temperature would be increased in humid areas where night temperatures are high.
Influence of Nutritional Conditioning on Muskmelon Transplant Quality and Early Yield
Authors: Dufault Robert J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pretransplanting nutritional conditioning (PNC) regimes were evaluated for their effects on improving tolerance to transplant shock and increasing early fruit production. Muskmelon seedlings (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus L. ‘Magnum 45’) were fertilized twice weekly with solutions containing N, P, and K to determine nutrient needs required to produce high-quality transplants. Seedling height, stem diameter, leaf area, shoot and root dry weights, leaf number, and shoot: root ratios of 27-day-old transplants increased as N rates increased from 10 to 250 mg liter−1. These growth variables also increased with P from 5 to 25 mg·liter−1 but decreased as P increased from 25 to 125 mgliter−1. Increasing K rates from 10 to 250 mg·liter−1 increased seedling height, stem diameter, and leaf area. Nine PNC regimes ranging from low to high N-P-K status were tested under field conditions to determine any long-term advantage. Generally, as PNC levels increased, transplant shock (percentage of necrotic leaves) increased as measured 12 days after transplanting. However, vining, female flowering, fruit set, and early yields increased as PNC levels increased. A high level of PNC (250N-125P-250K, mg·liter−1) conditioned transplants to overcome shock and to resume growth sooner and yield earlier than those at lower PNC levels.
Studies on Abscission of Phthalimide-induced Parthenocarpic Sour Cherry Fruits
Authors: Retamales Jorge B. , Bukovac Martin J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
AC 94377 (alone and in combination with an auxin), GA3, and BA were evaluated for induction of parthenocarpy and subsequent retention of sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. ‘Montmorency’) fruit. The persistence of AC 94377-treated fruit was enhanced by addition of CFPA or NAA, persistence and growth being greatest with AC 94377 (3.0 × 10−3 m) + CFPA (7.5 × 10−5 m). CFPA alone (7.5 × 10−5 m) often prevented abscission of flowers, but failed to induce significant fruit growth. Parthenocarpic fruit weighed 30-40% less than seeded fruit. Abscission of parthenocarpic fruit occurred primarily during June drop, and was reduced by an additional application of AC 94377 + CFPA with or without GA3 3 weeks after bloom. AC 94377 and NAA sprayed 2 and 3 weeks after full bloom did not affect the magnitude of June drop of open-pollinated fruit. The rate of fruit abscission was related to time after application, presence or absence of seeds, and relative position between seeded and parthenocarpic fruit. When AC 94377, GA3, and CFPA were applied in lanolin paste to defruited pedicels, only mixtures including CFPA reduced the abscission rate significantly. Chemical names used: l-(3-chlorophthalimido)-cyclohexanecarboxamide (AC 94377); 2-chloro,4-fluorophenoxyacetie acid (CFPA); N-(phenylmethyl)-lH-purin-6-amine (BA); gibberellic acid (GA3); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Effects of Delayed Cooling and Delayed Low-ethylene CA Storage on the Keeping Quality of ‘McIntosh’ Apples
Authors: Liu F.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) from trees field-sprayed with daminozide were kept in unstoppered 19-liter jars in air at 3.3°C for various periods of time before being sealed and exposed to low-ethylene controlled atmosphere (CA). Similar apples were kept in sealed jars with flow-through low-ethylene CA at 20° for various periods of time before being cooled to 3.3°. After the prestorage treatments of delayed establishment of low-ethylene CA storage (delayed CA) or delayed cooling, these apples were stored in the same jars with a flow-through simulated low-ethylene CA (2.5-3% O2, 3% CO2, <1 μl·liter−1 ethylene, 2.2°-3.3°) for 7.5 months. Delayed cooling or delayed CA for one to 4 days had little adverse effect on the keeping quality of the apples. Delayed cooling for 5 days or delayed CA for 5 to 7 days caused slight decreases in fruit firmness and acidity after storage and sometimes caused slight increases in ethylene production of the apples during storage. Delayed cooling for 7 to 11 days or delayed CA for 9 to 11 days often caused significant decreases in firmness and acidity and large increases in ethylene production. The adverse effect of extended periods of delayed cooling was greater than that of delayed CA. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono (2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).
Predicting Poststorage Disorders of ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ and ‘Bramley's Seedling’ Apples by Regression Equations
Authors: Autio Wesley R. , Bramlage William J. , Weis Sarah A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Equations were developed that could predict the incidence of senescent breakdown, bitter pit, and decay in ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ apples and senescent breakdown and bitter pit in ‘Bramley's Seedling’ apples. The parameters used to predict the incidences of disorders included fruit Ca, P, and K concentrations; fruit weight; respiration rate; and fruit maturity. Each disorder and each cultivar had a unique prediction equation. Such equations must be established individually for a disorder, cultivar, and, probably, growing region. Given an appropriate data base, this method seems to have broad applicability as a predictive tool for these disorders. However, core flush and low temperature breakdown could not be predicted using the parameters measured in this study.
Water Relations and Water Potential Measurements for Vegetative Poinsettia
Authors: Barrett James E. , Nell Terril A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pressure chamber and thermocouple psychrometer measurements of leaf water potentials in vegetative Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. cv. Eckespoint C-l Red were evaluated. The 2 methods agreed within 0.2 MPa between −0.3 and −1.8 MPa and were equal at −1.1 MPa. Minimum daily water potential for nonstressed plants reached −0.67 MPa by 1230 hr. Abaxial water vapor conductance and water potential varied little between 1230 and 1630 hr. When drought was imposed, incipient stomatal closure occurred at −0.8 MPa with full closure observed at −1.2 MPa. Complete loss of turgor pressure occurred at water potentials between −1.2 and −1.4 MPa. The linear correlation coefficient for conductance and leaf-air temperature differential was 0.96, with leaf and air temperature equal when conductance was 0.6 cm·s−1. Xylem pressure potentials of upper leaves on drought-stressed plants declined to −1.7 MPa in 8 days and abscission of proximal leaves began. There was little change in xylem pressure potentials of upper leaves after leaf abscission began.
In Vitro Production of Jojoba Liquid Wax by Zygotic and Somatic Embryos
Authors: Wang Yi-Chang , Janick Jules 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Zygotic embryos of jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis Link) accumulated liquid wax in vivo from 10 mg dry weight to maturity (800 mg dry weight) with relatively constant proportions of 36 to 46 carbon length wax esters. Immature zygotic embryos (initial dry weight, 1.6 ± 0.5 mg se), cultured on a semisolid basal medium supplemented with 15% sucrose for 10 weeks, reached 64.7 ± 20.5 mg se dry weight and produced 50% wax, an efficiency twice that of in vivo zygotic embryos of the same size. Somatic embryos (initial dry weight, 0.3 mg) cultured on semisolid basal media containing 9% sucrose for 12 weeks averaged 92.5 ± 32.7 mg se dry weight with 20% wax, 74% of the efficiency of zygotic embryos in vivo of the same size. The proportion of wax esters accumulated by zygotic and somatic embryos produced in vitro was similar to that of in vivo-produced wax.
Effects of Water Stress on Pollen of Phaseolus vulgaris L.
Authors: Shen Xiu Ying , Webster Barbara D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pollen of plants of Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Red Mexican’ is affected adversely by water stress. The critical stress period occurs 10-13 days after emergence, during the transition from the vegetative to the reproductive phase of development. The transition phase is characterized by the presence of tiny green buds (>0.5-2.0 mm in length), bearing anthers that contain tetrads or free microspores. Pollen abortion of plants stressed during the transition phase is significantly higher than that of pollen from nonstressed plants or from those stressed during later phases of reproductive development. The percentage of pollen germination and total pollen production also are reduced in transition phase-stressed plants. Exine development is abnormal. This abnormal development is particularly interesting because the exine is regarded as so genetically stable that it is regularly used for species identification. Results of these experiments raise questions about the infallibility of identifications, since an environmental stress (such as water) imposed at a critical time of gametophytic development can markedly alter exine patterning.
Bulb Organ Changes and Influence of Temperature on Gaseous Levels in a Modified Atmosphere Package of Precooled Tulip Bulbs
Authors: Prince T.A. , Herner R.C. , Lee J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Modified atmosphere (MA) packages of tulip bulbs (Tulipa gesneriana L. ‘Kees Nelis’) composed of 5 bulbs sealed in low-density polyethylene film (LDF-301, Dow Chemical) were exposed to 20°C for one week followed by 3 weeks of temperature regimes between 15° and 25°. The temperature changes resulted in little change in package CO2 and O2 equilibrium levels. Bulbs held in air flowered poorly after 3 or 4 weeks at most of the temperature regimes. Packaged bulbs held below 25°C yielded 80–100% normal flowers after 3 or 4 weeks storage. The dry weight (DW) of daughter bulbs within bulbs in air increased 7-fold during 4 weeks storage. These bulbs also lost 25% of total bulb DW, 35% of scale DW, and 20% of floral shoot DW. There was little daughter bulb enlargement and few significant changes in DW of other bulb organs in film-packaged bulbs during storage.
Identification of Apple Rootstock Cultivars by Isozyme Analysis
Authors: Menendez Ricardo A. , Larsen Fenton E , Fritts Robert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Thirty-three clonal apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) rootstocks were characterized by their peroxidase, esterase, acid phosphatase, and idoleacetic acid oxidase isozyme banding patterns. Polyacrylamide disk-gel electrophoresis of shoot bark protein extracts, with a 5% to 15% acrylamide concentration gradient in the separating gel, provided adequate resolution for the anionic isozymes for all 4 enzymes, while a 5% to 20% gradient was used to separate the cationic isozymes of peroxidase and acid phosphatase. Growing conditions (greenhouse and 3 different field locations) and sample timing (February, May, August, and November) did not affect banding patterns. Virus-tested clones showed isozymic differences compared with the original contaminated material. Tissue culture propagated selections from EMLA 7 and MAC 9 stoolbeds expressed different banding patterns compared to original stocks.
Photosynthetic Characteristics During Leaf Development in ‘Bing’ Sweet Cherry
Authors: Roper Teryl R. , Kennedy Robert A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Potted sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) trees, grown under constant environmental conditions, were used to determine characteristics of leaf photosynthetic development separate from environmental influences. A maximum rate of photosynthesis of 38 mg CO2/dm2 (per hour) was reached at a leaf plastochron index (LPI) of 10, which is about 80% of full leaf expansion. During development, CO2 compensation points decreased to about 25 μl·liter−1 CO2 at LPI 12, but gradually increased to a value of about 35 for mature leaves. Of 3 leaf ages studied, (LPI 5, 10, and 15) response to low O2 was the least at LPI 10. Carboxylation efficiency doubled between LPI 5 and 10, while stomatal conductance was highest and mesophyll resistance was lowest from about LPI 10 to 13. Light saturation occurred at about 500 μmol·s−1·m−2, and optimal temperature for photosynthesis in sweet cherry was 19° to 25°C. Light and temperature effects were apparently independent of leaf age. Our results indicate major influences of leaf development on photosynthesis in sweet cherry and serve as the basis of continuing studies aimed at the importance of leaf developmental stage for cultural and production practices.
Anthocyanin Patterns in Ripening Thornless Blackberries
Authors: Sapers Gerald M. , Hicks Kevin B. , Burgher Anita M. , Hargrave Donna L. , Sondey Scott M. , Bilyk Alexander 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The pigments of thornless blackberry fruit were investigated by analytical and preparative high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to characterize anthocyanin patterns in representative cultivars and to determine the effects of ripening on these patterns. Cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside were positively identified. In addition, a cyanidin derivative containing xylose and 2 dicarboxylic acid-acylated derivatives of cyanidin-3-glucoside were tentatively identified. Five different anthocyanin patterns were seen among the 33 cultivars and selections compared. During ripening, cyanidin-3-glucoside increased to a greater extent than the other pigments. The accumulation of individual anthocyanins was linearly related to the total anthocyanin content and to the soluble solids : acidity ratio. Cultivar differences in anthocyanin patterns and changes in individual anthocyanins in fruit approaching full ripeness are insufficient to influence fruit color.
Flowering and Fruiting Characteristics of Vaccinium ashei and Vaccinium ashei-Vaccinium constablaei Derivative Blueberry Progenies
Authors: Ballington J.R. , Isenberg Y.M. , Draper A.D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hexaploid Vaccinium hybrid progenies, including F1, F1 intercross, F1 × F2, BC1, BC1 intercross, and BC1 × F2 crosses between V. ashei Reade and V. constablaei Gray, and an intercross between late-blooming V. ashei genotypes, established in the commercial blueberry production area in eastern North Carolina, were compared among themselves and with 2 highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum L.) cultivars for flowering, ripening, primary mummy berry infection, crop, and fruit characteristics. There were significant differences among progenies for all traits, with sufficient variability for selection within most progenies. Differences reflected specific parent combinations rather than type of cross with the V. ashei–V. constablaei derivative progenies. The experiment included both V. ashei and V. ashei–V. constablaei derivative progenies that produced a high percentage of seedlings flowering with or later than highbush blueberries. Two percent of the V. ashei–V. constablaei derivative seedlings bloomed and ripened with the early ripening highbush cultivar ‘Croatan’. Crop ratings were variable in all progenies, and high sds for the cultivars indicated that a high percentage of the variation was environmental. Primary mummy berry infection significantly reduced the crop in several progenies but was not responsible for the poor overall crop performance of most. Mean fruit size of the V. ashei intercross was large enough for hand harvest, while all but the 2 smallest-fruited V. ashei- V. constablaei derivative progenies were large enough for mechanical harvesting. Fruit of most progenies were commercially acceptable for color, picking scar, firmness, and flavor.
Inhibitors of Ethylene Synthesis and Action: A Comparison of Their Activities in a Lettuce Root Growth Model System
Authors: Abeles F.B. , Wydoski S.G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The activity of purported inhibitors of ethylene synthesis and ethylene action was tested in a lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Grand Rapids’) root growth model system. Ethylene production by lettuce seedlings was inhibited by three purported inhibitors of ACC-synthase: AOA, l-canaline (CAN), and AVG. However, except for AVG, these compounds did not increase root growth, suggesting that the endogenous basal rate of ethylene production did not play a role in controlling the growth of these seedling roots. The promotive effective of AVG on root growth was not due to an inhibition of ethylene production, since it retained its effect in the presence of externally supplied ethylene. Of the five purported inhibitors of ethylene action studied, only NBA and silver thiosulfate (STS) demonstrated anti-ethylene action without toxic side effects. Three other compounds reported to block ethylene action—CO2, DIHB, and MCEB—inhibited growth by themselves and failed to provide clear evidence that they blocked ethylene action in the lettuce root growth assay system. Chemical names used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC); (aminooxy)acetic acid (AOA); [S-(E)]-2-amino-4-(2-aminoethoxy)-3-butanoic acid (AVG); 2,5-norbornadiene (NBA); 3,5-diiodo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (DIHB); and 5-methyl-7-chloro-4-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (MCEB).
Growth and Mineral Composition of Radish in Response to Nitrification Inhibitors
Authors: Stratton Margie Lynn , Barker Allen V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nitrapyrin, etridiazol, fenaminosulf, sodium azide, and a formulated product of aromatic substances and alkenes were evaluated as nitrification inhibitors under greenhouse conditions for radish (Raphanus sativus L. ‘Cherry Belle’) fertilized with sewage sludge. Nitrapyrin and etridiazol inhibited nitrification, but their use restricted plant growth and lowered the Ca and Mg concentrations of the plants. Nitrification was inhibited slightly by fenaminosulf, which had little effect on plant growth and composition. Sodium azide and the formulated product were not effective as nitrification inhibitors. The azide was phytotoxic, but the formulated product had no toxic effects on growth. The toxic effects of chemicals with efficacy as nitrification inhibitors were due largely to the accumulation of NH4-N in the medium. Chemical names used: 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyI)pyridine (nitrapyrin); 5-ethoxy-3-trichloromethyl-1,2,4-thiadiazole (etridiazol); and sodium p-(dimethylamino)benzenediazosulfonate (fenaminosulf).
Intercellular Volume And Resistance to Air Flow of Fruits And Vegetables
Authors: Calbo A.G. , Sommer N.F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A technique to measure intercellular air volume was developed, based on the relationship between pressure reduction and air expansion, with correction for water vapor pressure. This technique yields air efflux curves, and the extracted air can be used to measure the gas composition of internal atmospheres. ‘Grevenstein’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), ‘Bartlett’ pear (Pyrus communis L.), ‘Hayward’ kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planchon), ‘Independence’ nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], and ‘Russet’ potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) had intercellular volumes of 16.6%, 5.14%, 3.64%, 5.76%, and 1.64%, respectively.
Interaction of Asparagus Root Filtrate with Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. asparagi
Authors: Peirce Lincoln C. , Colby Lindsey W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) root filtrate (RF) depressed asparagus seedling emergence in a sterile peat–vermiculite medium. In a medium inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi (FO), the effect was magnified. The response to RF dose, regardless of level of FO infestation, was quadratic. Comparisons with a sucrose solution of the same percentage of soluble solids as the RF suggested that reduced emergence may have been due in part to enhancement of FO growth by the energy source added to the medium. However, after germinating seeds in RF until radicle emergence, then rinsing and transferring them to FO-inoculated medium, emergence was reduced relative to controls. Therefore, depression of emergence apparently related both to an autotoxin somehow predisposing young radicles and/or hypocotyls to increased FO infection and to stimulation of FO in the rhizosphere by the soluble solids content of the root exudate. Infection was confirmed to be the only role of FO: sterilization of the spore suspension by Millipore (0.2 µm) filtration eliminated pathogen toxicity.
Influence of Maturity, Storage Procedure, Temperature, and Oxygen Concentration on Quality and Disorders of ‘Mcintosh’ Apples
Authors: Lau O.L. , Yastremski R. , Meheriuk M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A firmness benefit in a low-O2 atmosphere (1.0–1.2%) was observed in ‘Mcintosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) stored with a “rapid CA”, but not with a “slow CA” procedure. Incidence of “corky” flesh browning was high in fruit harvested at commercial maturity and stored at 1.7°C (a standard temperature for 2.5% O2 storage in British Columbia) for 6 months or longer in low-O2 atmospheres. The incidence of the disorder varied greatly with fruit lot and was reduced markedly by the use of higher storage temperatures (e.g., 3.0°) in fruit of correct maturity. Advanced maturity (10% or more of the fruit with internal ethylene >1 ppm, starch–iodine index >5, and lower harvest firmness) was conducive to development of this disorder. The results suggest that “corky” flesh browning is a low-temperature, low-O2, and senescence-related disorder.