bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineral Nutrition of Strawberry Plants in Relation to Mite Injury1
Authors: Stoltz L. P. , Chaplin C. E. , Lasheen A. M. , Rodriguez J. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five clones of strawberries varying in degree of resistance to the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, were grown at four nutrient levels. Foliage samples were analyzed for minerals, amino acids, total sugar and total starch. The plants were infested with this mite and were rated for injury. Nitrogen of clones and treatments showed significant correlation with mite injury at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels respectively. Phosphorus of clones was significantly correlated with mite injury. Mite injury and treatments, but not clones, were significantly correlated when the amino acids classified as non-essential to Tetranychus urticae were considered. Total starch and total sugar of treatments had significant negative correlations with mite damage.
Natural Hybridization of Phaseolus vulgaris L. × Phaseolus coccineus L.1
Authors: Rutger J. N. , Beckham L. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Frequency of natural hybridization of P. vulgaris and P. coccineus was observed over two seasons. Natural hybridization ranged from zero to 6.79%, and was dependent upon parental combination. Bumblebees appeared to be the principal insect pollinators. The best P. coccineus pollen parent, P.I. 223803, had scarlet flowers and was relatively early in maturity. The P. vulgaris cultivar which hybridized most frequently, ‘Tender-green’, had a high frequency of atypical flowers. In many of the atypical flowers the standard and keel petals were not fully developed, thereby leaving the reproductive parts exposed to insect pollinators. It is suggested that natural hybridization might be useful in transferring P. coccineus genes for disease resistance into P. vulgaris lines.
Berry Set Response of ‘Thompson Seedless’ Grapes to Prebloom and Bloom Gibberellic Acid Treatment1
Authors: Kuykendall J. R. , Sharples G. C. , Nelson J. M. , True L. F. , Tate H. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In 1967, 10 ppm of gibberellic acid (GA) applied to ‘Thompson Seedless’ grape inflorescences 10 days before bloom reduced the set of normal berries by 20%. In 1968, either 10 or 30 ppm GA applied 10 days before bloom reduced berry set by 8.2% and similar treatments applied at the beginning of bloom (< 1% of calyptras had fallen) reduced berry set by 21%. GA applied at 50% or 70% bloom was ineffective as a thinning agent and increased shot-berries in proportion to concentration. Direct counts of berries set relative to number of flowers present are necessary to estimate fruit thinning responses.
The Effect of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethyl Hydrazide on the Uniform Maturity of Peaches and Nectarines12,3
Authors: Sansavini Silviero , Martin Jean-Marie , Ryugo Kay 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Dixon’ and ‘Fay Elberta’ peach and ‘Independence’ nectarine trees were sprayed with succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar) at the onset of pit hardening in the fruits. Distribution of ‘Dixon’ fruits by color at harvest revealed that the fruits on the lower and upper halves of the treated trees were more uniformly colored than those from non-sprayed trees. Furthermore, maturity was advanced approximately 6 days. Fruits from trees in which just the lower half was treated were, likewise, more uniform than the controls but maturity was advanced only 2 to 3 days. The advancement in maturity was evidenced by increased carotene, lower acid, and higher soluble solids. At the same stage of ripeness, fruits treated with Alar were firmer than those harvested from the check trees.
The maturity of ‘Independence’ and ‘Fay Elberta’ fruits was advanced 2 and 5 days, respectively, by Alar treatments. The physical and chemical changes which accompanied the ripening processes were similar to those found in the ‘Dixon’ fruits. Concomitant with the earlier ripening induced by Alar, the rates of CO2 and ethylene evolution began to increase early in the treated fruits.
Effects of Chemical Compounds on Anthocyanin Formation in ‘McIntosh’ Apple Skin1
Authors: Vestrheim Sigbjørn 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This laboratory study on stimulating anthocyanin production in skin disks of ‘McIntosh’ apples consisted of 3 primary parts, the effects of sugars, calcium containing compounds, and a series of miscellaneous substances. Fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, and sucrose all stimulated anthocyanin production. Lactose increased the color in the skin of immature fruits only. Calcium chelate, tetra sodium EDTA, calcium carbonate, and calcium succinate increased anthocyanin formation, but in varying degrees depending on the stage of fruit maturity. Among possible precursors in anthocyanin synthesis, trans-cinnamic acid and L-phenylalanine stimulated red color development at relatively low concentrations, but acted as inhibitors at higher ones. Shikimic acid had no effects. Solutions with a low pH tended to inhibit anthocyanin formation.
Variation in Pollen Viability and Induced Chromosome Aberrations Among and Within Propagates of Irradiated Prunus avium L. cv. Lambert1
Authors: Whelan Ernest D. P. , Hornby C. A. , Lapins K. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pollen viability and meiosis of propagates of irradiated Prunus avium L. cv. Lambert were studied to investigate changes in pollen viability and induced chromosome changes. These studies revealed significant differences in pollen viability as measured by propiono-carmine stainability, among propagates and between years. Some propagates showed significantly greater annual variation than others. Propagates of a potentially chimeral nature exhibited significant variation among secondary branches, but not among the blossoms within such branches.
Meiotic studies of 12 propagates with unchanged pollen viability did not show chromosomal abnormalities other than those observed in parent ‘Lambert’ material. Studies of 19 propagates with reduced pollen viability showed 11 instances of translocation or inversion hybridity, or greatly increased univalent frequency compared to the parent clone.
Effects of Day Temperature and Light Intensity on Growth and Composition of Vitis vinifera L. Fruits1
Authors: Kliewer W. M. , Lider L. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three-year-old ‘Cardinal’ and ‘Pinot noir’ vines were grown from véraison to fruit maturity in a stationary and rotating phytotron at high (30°C) and low (20°C) day temperatures in combination with both high (>2,500 ft-c) and low (< 1,200 ft-c) average light intensities. Night temperature (6 PM to 6 AM) was 15°C in all treatments. Berries were collected at weekly intervals and analyzed for various constituents.
Low temperature usually resulted in increased berry weight, total acidity, and malate, and in decreased pH, arginine, proline, and total N in the berry juices, as compared to fruits grown at high temperature. The concentrations of total soluble solids and tartrate in the fruits generally did not significantly differ with temperature. Low light intensity at both high and low temperatures generally resulted in reduced berry weight, total soluble solids, pH, and proline, and in increased levels of total acidity, malate, arginine, and total N in the berry juices compared to grapes grown at high light intensity at the same room temperature. The concentration of arginine was highly correlated with the level of total N in the fruits of both cultivars.
Root Pruning Improves Nursery Tree Quality1,2
Authors: Harris Richard W. , Davis William B. , Stice Norman W. , Long Dwight 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Compared to no pruning, pruning of seedling roots of four tree species during transplantings from the seed flat to peat pots and of the peat-pot liners into gallon cans more than doubled the number of plants with acceptable root systems. Survival and growth were neither significantly nor adversely affected by root pruning done over a range of transplanting dates.
Effects of Rootstock and Length of Interstem on Growth of One-Year-Old Apple Plants in Sand Culture1
Authors: Lockard Raymond G. , Lasheen Aly M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Comparisons were made of MM.111, MM.106 and EM.IX as rootstocks and ‘Red Delicious’ (RD), MM.106 and EM.IX as 1-, 3-, 5- and 7-inch interstems. The dwarfing effects of the rootstocks were greater than those of the interstems. Interstems reduced the growth of most plant parts in direct proportion to the degree of dwarfing of the interstem and there were few significant differences among plants with different interstem lengths. However, plants with interstems of 1 and 3 inches had higher percentage increases in root weight than those with 5 and 7 inch interstems. Plants with EM.IX interstems showed similar patterns of total plant, leaf and new growth weights. Weight increases of RD interstems were lower than those of MM. 106 and EM.IX interstems. The EM.IX rootstock weights were 101 percent of the weights of the plant tops, whereas rootstock weights were approximately 50 percent of the weights of plant tops for all other treatments.
Density and Behavior of Stomata of Pelargonium hortorum Ait. Grown Under Three Soil Moisture Regimes.1,2
Authors: Metwally A. W. , Beck G. Ε. , Struckmeyer Β. Esther 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two cultivars of Pelargonium hortorum Ait. were exposed to 3 soil moisture regimes for 10 weeks at which time rubber silicone impressions were made of the abaxial leaf surface of young and old leaves. ‘Dark Red Irene’ leaves had fewer stomata per unit area and greater diffusion resistance than did ‘Princess Irene’ exposed to the same regime. Increase in soil water content promoted the differentiation of stomata in early stages of leaf development. As the leaves increased in size and matured the number of stomata per unit area became inversely related to soil moisture content as a result of increased leaf area with high soil moisture. The stomatal resistance, determined by diffusion porometer, in young leaves of both cultivars was highest for plants grown in soils with high moisture and lowest with medium moisture.
The Influence of Endotrophic Mycorrhizae on the Growth of Peach Seedlings1
Authors: Gilmore A. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Peach seedlings had severe Zn-deficiency symptoms and grew poorly in pots of steamed Yolo loam with or without sand admixed. Growth was greatly improved in pots by inoculating with one of a number of Endogone (Phycomycetes) cultures, which formed vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae with the seedlings. Plants with inocula disinfested of associated field organisms by treatment with Chloramine Τ were larger than those with untreated spores. All 6 inocula tested were beneficial, although only 2 completely prevented appearance of Zn-deficiency symptoms. Peach seedlings grown with one of these two had foliar Zn levels 2-3 times those of the controls.
Yield, Nutrient Uptake, and Nutrient Removal by Pickling Cucumbers1
Authors: McCollum R. E. , Miller C. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
At a fertilizer rate of 80-42-80 lb of N-P-K per acre, dry matter production by pickling cucumbers through the normal fruiting period totaled 2,800 lb/A, and marketable yields (about 33% of the total dry matter) were in the order of 100,000 fruit/A (10 tons fresh weight). Total N, P, and Κ uptake was 90, 12, and 145 lb/A, respectively, and nutrient removal in the harvested fruit was estimated at 40 lb N, 6 lb P, and 55 lb Κ per acre. The maximum rate of growth and nutrient accumulation occurred about 50 days after seeding.
The Effect of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethyl Hydrazide On the Anatomy of Tagetes erecta L.1
Authors: McConnell Dennis B. , Struckmeyer B. Esther 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar)2 was applied as 3 weekly foliar sprays at concentrations of 0, 1000, and 2000 ppm to ‘Sovereign’, an Fj cultivar of Tagetes erecta L., grown in a complete nutrient supply under long and short day photoperiods. Plants were sampled for anatomical study one week later. Treated plants grown under long days had thicker leaves and a larger root diameter. In short days, the capitula of treated plants were one-half the size of the untreated ones. The amount of phloem fibers in treated plants was less and cortical and pith cells were shorter in both photoperiods. Alar affected cell wall formation and the phloem fibers in the stems were thinner walled and less sclerified.
The Selection of the Potassium Index in Papaya Tissue Analysis1
Authors: Awada M. , Long C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruiting papaya trees (Carica papaya L. cv. Solo), grown on “aa” lava soil at Puna, Hawaii, were supplied K fertilizer at rates of 0, .208, and .519 lb. K/tree/6 weeks. Leaves at 2 stages of maturity were sampled for K analysis. The method of curvilinear regression was used to relate leaf K to yield of papaya.
The multiple correlation coefficients obtained from the curvilinear regressions of yield on K were high with all tissues. Because the recently matured petiole had been selected previously as the N and P index tissue, and because good relationship was obtained in the present study, this tissue was also selected as the K index tissue. The critical concentration in this tissue was 3.61% K on the dry weight basis. At the adequate level of K. fruit weight and fruit soluble solids content were greater than at the deficiency level. At the excess level, fruit weight was unchanged while the soluble solids content increased compared with fruit at the adequate level.
Influence of Sublethal Concentrations of 2, 4-D on Tomatoes and Tomato Juice1
Authors: Carlin Agnes Frances , Huang Tang T. , Weigle Jack L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato plants, cvs. Campbell 1327 in 1967 and Heinz 1350 in 1968, were grown in 6 plastic greenhouses (2,4-D added, filtered or ambient atmospheres) and outside plots.
The effect of 2,4-D added application on the yield and appearance of tomatoes was observed. Measurements were made of total solids content, color, amount of pigment and pH of juice from the tomatoes. Flavor of juice was evaluated by a trained laboratory taste panel.
Although plants in greenhouses with 2,4-D added tended to produce fewer, but larger, fruit than the other treatments, no significant differences were found among the treatments on yield of fruit per plant. But pH, color, beta-carotene, total pigment and flavor of juice were not affected. The lycopene content was similar for the tomato juices from fruit grown in the various greenhouses. But the juice from tomatoes grown in outside plots had a lycopene content significantly lower than that from tomatoes grown in greenhouses. The trace level of 2,4-D used had a significant effect (P<0.005) on total solids content of the juice.
Metabolism of Pyrazon in Susceptible Species and Inbred Lines of Tolerant Red Beet (Beta vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Stephenson G. R. , Baker L. R. , Ries S. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pyrazon (5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone) was readily metabolized to the N-glucosyl derivative of pyrazon (N-2-chloro-4-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone glucosamine) in red beet (Beta vulgaris L. cv. Detroit Dark Red), but there was no metabolism of pyrazon in the 8 susceptible species examined. In leaf discs from 9 inbred lines of red beet, the percent conversion of pyrazon to the N-glucoside ranged from 44% to 76% after 10 hr. In 2 lines of red beet treated with 2 concentrations of pyrazon in nutrient culture, there was a direct relationship between the rate of pyrazon metabolism and plant tolerance.
Inheritance in Pisum sativum L. of a Symptomless Response to Infection by Pea Streak Virus1
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Lin J. D. , Hampton R. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pea cultivars may be severely or mildly affected (susceptible), or completely symptomless (resistant) when infected with an Oregon isolate of PSV. Infected plants of susceptible and resistant cultivars contained substantial virus concentrations which were not consistently related to symptom severity. The severity of symptoms in inoculated plants and the numbers of plants showing symptoms differed in various tests, apparently in response to changes in environment and the virulence of the virus. When apparent maximum symptom expression occurred, it was shown that the highest degree of resistance was due to a single recessive gene. Deviations from the expected ratio of 3 susceptible: 1 resistant (symptomless) were always the result of excess symptomless plants, probably because of combinations of effects of the environment, modifying genes from one or both parents, and in the later phases of the study, a reduced virus virulence. Observations and limited tests suggested that symptom development was promoted by conditions which were unfavorable for optimum plant growth.
Evaluation of the Potassium Nutrient Status of Seedling Lettuce by Plant Analysis1
Authors: Berry Wade L. , Carey Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lettuce seedlings were grown in a modified Hoagland’s solution at concentrations of 0.03 to 8.0 mM/liter of K. In the low K solutions the lettuce seedlings developed K deficiency symptoms which were atypical in that chlorosis followed by random necrotic lesions were the predominant symptoms while the typical symptom of marginal scorch did not develop. Tissue levels of K in 13 day-old deficient seedlings (thinning stage of development) dropped to a low of 0.3% K. The critical level for the evaluation of the K nutrient status in the conductive, lamina, and root tissue were respectively: 2, 1.8 and 1.3% K on a dry wt basis. Seedling lettuce was reduced in yield (weight) when the concentration of K remaining in the culture solution at harvest time was less than 0.01 mMK and they were unable to reduce the concentration of K below 0.001 mMK.
Analysis of Low Temperature Stimulation of Floral Initiation in Poinsettia cv. Paul Mikkelsen1
Authors: Hackett Wesley P. , Kofranek Anton M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The floral initiation response of ‘Paul Mikkelsen’ poinsettia to low temperature under long days was saturated after exposure to constant temperatures of 60°F for 10 days. Low temperature was perceived by the shoots but not the roots. As has been reported by others, high temperatures (80°F) during and after short days inhibited floral initiation. Gibberellin A3 was an effective inhibitor of low temperature stimulated floral initiation under long days and Cycocel promoted flowering under long days at 70°F but not at 80°. Neither light source nor intensity greatly influenced low temperature stimulated floral initiation. These findings are discussed in relation to a possible mechanism by which low temperatures stimulate floral initiation in this short day plant and in relation to cultural practices.
Minimum Cost Locations for the Frozen Green Pea Industry in the U. S.1
Authors: Greig W. Smith , Heifner Richard G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A mathematical analysis of optimum locations for frozen green pea processing was conducted. Inputs to the model included: raw product costs, procurement costs, economies of scale in freezing and freezer storage, labor costs, fuel and electrical costs, state, local and federal taxes, length of the pea processing season, length of the total processing season, weighted regional consumption by state, and transportation costs to market centers (states). Analytical procedures used Stollsteimer’s method for number and sizes of plants combined with a transhipment model to compare regions.
The results suggest that the numbers of processing plants within an area are significantly less important than cost differentials between areas. The models developed were sensitive to changes in many costs – raw product costs, wage rates, length of season, allocation of overhead, freight costs, and in some states, state and local taxes.
The optimum solution called for a few large plants in each of the Eastern, Midwestern and Western regions. The Washington-Oregon-Idaho complex would predominate with approximately 59 percent of total production, followed by Maryland-Delaware with 14 percent and Wisconsin with 10 percent.
Inheritance of Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) in Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Hartmann Richard W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although previous workers reported that root-knot nematode resistance was controlled by 2 pairs of genes, there were more than 1/16 resistant plants in an F2 population from ‘Alabama No. 1’ (resistant) crossed with ‘Hawaiian Wonder’ (susceptible). The evaluation of F3 families showed that the excess of resistant individuals was not due to escapes. The 2-gene hypothesis was insufficient to account for the segregation patterns in the F3 families, but they could be explained on a 3-gene basis. The simplest genetic explanation is that there are at least 3 pairs of genes which are equal in their action, but a certain minimum number of genes for susceptibility are necessary before all resistance is lost.
Sterility of Some Interspecific Allium Hybrids1
Authors: McCollum Gilbert D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seed set on the interspecific hybrids Allium cepa X A. galanthum and A. cepa X A. pskemense was very low, generally less than 0.5% of the theoretical maximum 6 germinative seeds per flower, compared with the set on the species which ranged from about 20% to 50% after open pollination. Allium cepa cannot therefore be said to be freely interfertile with either A. galanthum or A. pskemense. Although most of the progeny of open-pollinated F1’s as sterile as the F1’s themselves, a few plants showed were slightly improved fertility.
Chlorophyll Content of Persistent-Green and Normal Snap Bean Pods (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Mayland H. F. , Dean Leslie L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chlorophyll concns decreased rapidly as pods matured from the 1-day-old fruit stage. Total chlorophyll a + b per pod was influenced by pod length as well as pigment concn. Apparent chlorophyll synthesis occurred in field-grown green snap bean fruits up to 11-mm diam pods (sieve size 5 or 6), but a net decrease occurred with further maturation. Dry-mature persistent-green pods contained 300 ppm chlorophyll on a dry matter basis, whereas normal-green pods had none. Lack of consistent agreement between visual and chemical methods to rank cultivars for pod color suggested differences in chlorophyll distribution in external versus internal tissue.
Relative Survival of Seven Gladiolus Cultivars After Field Exposure to Fusarium oxysporum f. gladioli1
Authors: Pryor R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven cultivars of gladiolus were evaluated for survival in mixed and separate plots exposed to Fusarium oxysporum over a period of 6 years. In mixed plantings the most resistant cultivars became the dominant survivors within 5 years. Cultivars planted separately (A) showed highly significant differences for wt of corms and cormels, number of cormels, and the number of flower spikes produced each year. Survival and production of these cultivars under field conditions were correlated with resistance to Fusarium oxysporum. Mixed plots (B) showed a highly significant shift in flower spike production toward resistant cultivars.
Hormone-Directed Transport of Certain Organic Compounds in Malus sylvestris Seedlings1
Authors: Hatch A. H. , Powell L. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellins A4 + A7 (GA4&7) and benzyladenine (BA) were applied to apple seedlings to determine their influence on movement or translocation of 14C-sorbitol, 14C-glycine, 14C-naphthaleneacetic acid (14C-NAA), 3H-gibberellin A1 (3H-GA), and 14C-kinetin. The materials mobilized 14C-sorbitol in an acropetal direction, but only after root competition had been eliminated by steam girdling. A mixture of the 3 growth substances brought about mobilization of 14C-glycine acropetally that was greatly enhanced after root competition had been eliminated. 14C-NAA was not mobilized acropetally or basipetally by GA4&7, and/or BA. BA mobilized 3H-GA1 acropetally and mobilization was enhanced by the addition of IAA. A mixture of IAA and BA also mobilized 3H-GA1 basipetally. An acropetal movement of 14C-kinetin was induced only with a mixture of GA4&7 and IAA.