bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Snow Ratio in Mass Balance Change under a Warming Climate for the Dongkemadi Glacier, Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liang Liqiao , Cuo Lan , Liu Qiang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Understanding the effects of the snow ratio on glacier mass balance under variable climatic conditions is crucial for predicting how glaciers will respond to climate change, and for forecasting water supplies to surrounding lowland areas. Due to recent climate change, the historical annual snow ratio of the Dongkemadi (DKMD) Glacier showed a significant increasing trend (0.0538% a−1, p < 0.05), and an abrupt upward change in 1977 due to decreasing precipitation concentration. Snow ratios with fixed precipitation concentration and nonwarming climate scenarios were calculated to isolate the impact of the snow ratio on glacier mass balance. Under nonwarming conditions, the snow ratio showed little variability, ranging from 88.4% to 99.9%. Glacier modeling results comparing five snow ratio scenarios from 1961 to 2009 showed three main features as follows. (i) Glacier mass balance was low and more sensitive to a warming climate for lower snow ratio scenarios. (ii) The difference in mass balance between the scenarios fluctuated, but generally increased with time. Spatially, the ablation area change was larger (0.4 km2), and the equilibrium line altitude was higher (5.9 m) in scenarios with lower snow ratios. (iii) The change in net shortwave radiation was the main reason for changes in glacial melt, and the albedo played a key role in controlling the difference of glacier energy balance between snow ratio scenarios. Rain increment only accounted for about 20%–33% of meltwater increment. Overall, this study provides valuable information to evaluate how snow ratios impact the mass balance of glaciers with ongoing climate change.
Deterministic Model of the Eddy Dynamics for a Midlatitude Ocean Model
Authors: Uchida Takaya , Deremble Bruno , Popinet Stephane 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMesoscale eddies, although being on scales ofO(20–100) km, have a disproportionate role in shaping the mean stratification, which varies on the scale ofO(1000) km. With the increase in computational power, we are now able to partially resolve the eddies in basin-scale and global ocean simulations, a model resolution often referred to as mesoscale permitting. It is well known, however, that due to gridscale numerical viscosity, mesoscale-permitting simulations have less energetic eddies and consequently weaker eddy feedback onto the mean flow. In this study, we run a quasigeostrophic model at mesoscale-resolving resolution in a double gyre configuration and formulate a deterministic closure for the eddy rectification term of potential vorticity (PV), namely, the eddy PV flux divergence. Our closure successfully reproduces the spatial patterns and magnitude of eddy kinetic and potential energy diagnosed from the mesoscale-resolving model. One novel point about our approach is that we account for nonlocal eddy feedbacks onto the mean flow by solving the “subgrid” eddy PV equation prognostically in addition to the mean PV.
Using a statistical learning approach to identify sociodemographic and clinical predictors of response to clozapine
Authors: Fonseca de Freitas Daniela , Kadra-Scalzo Giouliana , Agbedjro Deborah , Francis Emma , Ridler Isobel , Pritchard Megan , Shetty Hitesh , Segev Aviv , Casetta Cecilia , Smart Sophie E , Downs Johnny , Christensen Søren Rahn , Bak Nikolaj , Kinon Bruce J , Stahl Daniel , MacCabe James H , Hayes Richard D 
Published: February 2022

Background: A proportion of people with treatment-resistant schizophrenia fail to show improvement on clozapine treatment. Knowledge of the sociodemographic and clinical factors predicting clozapine response may be useful in developing personalised approaches to treatment. Methods: This retrospective cohort study used data from the electronic health records of the South London and Maudsley (SLaM) hospital between 2007 and 2011. Using the Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression statistical learning approach, we examined 35 sociodemographic and clinical factors’ predictive ability of response to clozapine at 3 months of treatment. Response was assessed by the level of change in the severity of the symptoms using the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale. Results: We identified 242 service-users with a treatment-resistant psychotic disorder who had their first trial of clozapine and continued the treatment for at least 3 months. The LASSO regression identified three predictors of response to clozapine: higher severity of illness at baseline, female gender and having a comorbid mood disorder. These factors are estimated to explain 18% of the variance in clozapine response. The model’s optimism-corrected calibration slope was 1.37, suggesting that the model will underfit when applied to new data. Conclusions: These findings suggest that women, people with a comorbid mood disorder and those who are most ill at baseline respond better to clozapine. However, the accuracy of the internally validated and recalibrated model was low. Therefore, future research should indicate whether a prediction model developed by including routinely collected data, in combination with biological information, presents adequate predictive ability to be applied in clinical settings.
The effects of intranasal esketamine on on-road driving performance in patients with major depressive disorder or persistent depressive disorder
Authors: Dijkstra Francis M , van de Loo Aurora JAE , Abdulahad Smedra , Bosma Else R , Hartog Mitch , Huls Hendrikje , Kuijper Dianne C , de Vries Esther , Solanki Bhavna , Singh Jaskaran , Aluisio Leah , Zannikos Peter , Stuurman Frederik E , Jacobs Gabriël E , Verster Joris C 
Published: February 2022

Background: Intranasal esketamine demonstrates rapid improvement of depressive symptoms. However, transient adverse effects (dissociation, sedation and dizziness) may occur, which could impact driving performance. Aims: To evaluate the effects of 84 mg intranasal esketamine on driving performance in unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) or persistent depressive disorder (PDD) patients. Methods: The study consisted of two parts. Part A was a single-blind, double-dummy, randomized three-period, cross-over study to compare effects of esketamine versus placebo on next morning driving, 18 ± 2 h post-treatment. Alcohol was administered to demonstrate assay sensitivity. In Part B, same-day driving, 6 ± 0.5 hours post-treatment, was assessed during twice weekly esketamine administration for 3 weeks. Twenty-seven patients with mild-to-moderate MDD or PDD without psychotic features completed a 100 km on-the-road driving test on a public highway in normal traffic. The primary outcome was standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP; cm; weaving of car). Results: In Part A, alcohol impaired driving performance compared to placebo: Least-square means (95% CI), p-value for delta SDLP (cm) compared with placebo: (ΔSDLP = + 1.83 (1.03; 2.62), p < 0.001), whereas esketamine did not: (ΔSDLP = −0.23 (−1.04; 0.58), p = 0.572). In Part B, weekly driving tests showed no differences between placebo baseline SDLP and after esketamine administration over 3 weeks: Day 11: (ΔSDLP = −0.96 (−3.72; 1.81), p = 0.493), Day 18: (ΔSDLP = −0.56 (−3.33; 2.20), p = 0.686) and Day 25: (ΔSDLP = −1.05 (−3.82; 1.71), p = 0.451). Conclusions: In this study, esketamine did not impair on-road driving performance the next morning following a single dose, or on same day after repeated administration.
Mortality and associated risk factors in patients with severe methanol or ethylene glycol poisoning treated with dialysis: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kuusela Emma , Järvisalo Mikko J. , Hellman Tapio , Uusalo Panu 
Published: February 2022

Objective To compare the initial clinical course and data on 90-day mortality in adults with methanol (MET) or ethylene glycol (EG) poisoning treated with dialysis. Methods Data on patient demographics and clinical parameters at intensive care unit (ICU) admission and for the first 24 hours after dialysis initiation were collected, and 90-day outcome data were collected for patients with MET (n = 15) or EG (n = 13) poisoning treated with dialysis in this retrospective cohort study. Results In univariate analysis, patients with EG poisoning were older and they had lower hourly urine output during the first 24 hours after the initiation of dialysis. Six (46%) patients with MET poisoning and three (20%) patients with EG poisoning died within 90 days of ICU admission. A larger anion gap and lower pH, bicarbonate levels, base excess, and Glasgow Coma Scale scores on admission, as well as the need for mechanical ventilation, were associated with 90-day mortality. Conclusions Metabolic acidosis, a large anion gap, and an altered mental status on admission appear to be associated with mortality in MET or EG poisoning, and EG poisoning may be linked to lower urine output.
Workforce education and corporate innovation
Authors: Li Lingwei , Liu Linlu , Wu Hai 
Published: February 2022

The average workforce education near firms’ research centers facilitates firms’ matching with innovation talents and acquisition of knowledge. This study documents a positive association between the average education level in the metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) where firms’ research centers are located and the quantity and quality of innovation outputs. The results are confirmed by controlling for various measures of MSA-level economic, population, and employment conditions, as well as research-center level analyses which control for firm-year fixed effects. We further find that local workforce education is more important for firms that are large, less labor-intensive, in non-high-tech industries and located in low education regions. The evidence highlights the importance of having access to well-educated local workforce for corporate innovation. JEL Classification: G30, J24, O31
Renal ultrastructural damage induced by chronic exposure to copper oxide nanomaterials: Electron microscopy study
Authors: Al-Ruwaili Meshref , Jarrar Bashir , Jarrar Qais , Al-Doaiss Amin , Alshehri Mohammed , Melhem Walid 
Published: February 2022

Copper oxide nanomaterials are used in many biomedical, agricultural, environmental, and industrial sectors with potential risk to human health and the environment. The present study was conducted to determine the renal ultrastructural damage caused by 25 nm CuO nanoparticles in renal tissues. Adult healthy male Wister Albino rats ( Rattus norvegicus) were administered 35 intraperitoneal injections of CuO nanoparticles (2 mg/kg). Ultrastructural changes were evaluated using transmission electron microscopy techniques. The renal tissues of rats with subchronic exposure to CuO nanoparticles demonstrated glomerular alterations that included hypertrophic endothelial cells, dilated capillaries and occlusions, podocyte hypertrophy, pedicle disorganization, mesangial cell hyperplasia, and crystalloid precipitation. Moreover, the treated renal cells exhibited mitochondrial swelling and crystolysis, cytoplasmic vacoulization, lysosomal hypertrophy, apoptotic activity, endoplasmic reticulum dilatation, nuclear deformity, chromatin dissolution, and basement membrane thickening. In addition, disruption and disorganization of the renal cells microvilli together with cystolic inclusions were also detected. It was concluded from the present findings that CuO nanoparticles could interact with the components of the renal tissues in ways that could cause ultrastructural injury, suggesting renal tissue pathophysiology. Additional studies are suggested for a better understanding the nanotoxicity of CuO nanomaterials.
Efficacy of Combination Therapy of Albendazole and Praziquantel vs Albendazole Monotherapy in Children With Persistent Neurocysticercosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Singh Karan , Saini Arushi Gahlot , Khandelwal Niranjan , Singhi Pratibha 
Published: February 2022

Aim To compare the efficacy of combined albendazole and praziquantel therapy vs albendazole monotherapy in a placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized trial in children with persisting neurocysticercosis. Methods Children with persistent neurocysticercosis were randomized into 3 groups—albendazole (n = 19), albendazole and praziquantel (n = 21), and placebo (n = 20)—for 30 days and followed up at 3 and 6 months for resolution and recurrence of seizures. Results Mean age of children was 9.3 ± 2.9 years (range 3-14). At baseline, the majority of lesions were ring-enhancing (70%), colloidal (97%), with scolex (68%) and perilesional-edema (45%), and located in the parietal (58%) lobe. One case each in albendazole and placebo groups had a recurrence of seizure in the first month of treatment. The majority (62%) of children in the combination therapy group showed complete resolution of the persisting lesion at the end of 6 months compared to the albendazole alone group (26.3%, P = .02). Percentage reduction in the lesion's mean area at 6 months was highest in the combination group compared with other groups ( P = .006). Rate of calcification was identical in all 3 groups (10%). None of the patients required interruption of therapy. Conclusion Our study demonstrates the safety and efficacy of albendazole and praziquantel in combination for complete radiologic resolution in children with persistent neurocysticercosis when compared with albendazole monotherapy or placebo. The combination therapy did not result in increased seizure recurrence or adverse drug reaction compared with albendazole monotherapy.
Children’s informed signified and voluntary consent to heart surgery: Professionals’ practical perspectives
Authors: Alderson Priscilla , Bellsham-Revell Hannah , Brierley Joe , Dedieu Nathalie , Heath Joanna , Johnson Mae , Johnson Samantha , Katsatis Alexia , Kazmi Romana , King Liz , Mendizabal Rosa , Sutcliffe Katy , Trowell Judith , Vigneswaren Trisha , Wellesley Hugo , Wray Jo 
Published: February 2022

Background: The law and literature about children’s consent generally assume that patients aged under-18 cannot consent until around 12 years, and cannot refuse recommended surgery. Children deemed pre-competent do not have automatic rights to information or to protection from unwanted interventions. However, the observed practitioners tend to inform young children s, respect their consent or refusal, and help them to “want” to have the surgery. Refusal of heart transplantation by 6-year-olds is accepted. Research question: What are possible reasons to explain the differences between theories and practices about the ages when children begin to be informed about elective heart surgery, and when their consent or refusal begins to be respected? Research design, participants and context: Research methods included reviews of related healthcare, law and ethics literature; observations and conversations with staff and families in two London hospitals; audio-recorded semi-structured interviews with a purposive sample of 45 healthcare professionals and related experts; interviews and a survey with parents and children aged 6- to 15-years having elective surgery (not reported in this paper); meetings with an interdisciplinary advisory group; thematic analysis of qualitative data and co-authorship of papers with participants. Ethical considerations: Approval was granted by four research ethics committees/authorities. All interviewees gave their informed written consent. Findings: Interviewees explained their views and experiences about children’s ages of competence to understand and consent or refuse, analysed by their differing emphases on informed, signified or voluntary consent. Discussion: Differing views about children’s competence to understand and consent are associated with emphases on consent as an intellectual, practical and/or emotional process. Conclusion: Greater respect for children’s practical signified, emotional voluntary and intellectual informed consent can increase respectful understanding of children’s consent. Nurses play a vital part in children's practitioner-patient relationships and physical care and therefore in all three elements of consent.
Factors influencing public health nurses’ ethical sensitivity during the pandemic
Authors: Seo Hyeji , Kim Kisook 
Published: February 2022

Background Ethical sensitivity is a prerequisite for ethical nursing practices. Efforts to improve nurses’ ethical sensitivity are required to correctly recognise ethical conflicts and for sound decision-making. Because an emerging infectious disease response involves complex ethical issues, it is important to understand the factors that influence public health nurses’ ethical sensitivity while caring for patients with COVID-19, an emerging infectious disease. Objectives This study aims to identify the relationship between nursing professionalism, the organisation’s ethical climate, and the ethical sensitivity of nurses who care for emerging infectious disease patients in Korean public health centres. Further, it sought to identify factors influencing ethical sensitivity and the mediating effect of the organisational ethical climate to inform guidelines and improve ethical sensitivity. Research design This was a cross-sectional descriptive study. Participants and research context Data were collected from February 3 to 8 March 2021. Participants included 167 nurses caring for patients with COVID-19 in public health centres in South Korea. Ethical consideration This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Chung-Ang University and followed the principles of research ethics. Results The factors influencing ethical sensitivity were working at a COVID-19 disease direct response department, nursing professionalism, and organisation’s ethical climate. The organisation’s ethical climate showed a partial mediating effect on the influence of nursing professionalism on ethical sensitivity. Conclusion Our findings show that nurses’ ethical sensitivity can be improved by refining the organisation’s ethical climate and nursing professionalism.
Measuring posttraumatic stress disorder following childbirth
Authors: Dobson Hannah , Malpas Charles , Kulkarni Jayashri 
Published: February 2022

Purpose This study aims to assess the reliability and construct validity of the City Birth Trauma Scale (BiTS) in Oceania and confirm the latent factor structure of postpartum posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods Participants completed the City BiTS, demographic and obstetric information via an online survey. Psychometric properties of the City BiTS were investigated using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Results The study included 195 women, with 39 participating in repeat administration. CFA confirmed a two-factor model which included a birth-related symptom (BRS) subscale and general symptom (GS) subscale. High reliability and construct validity was observed for subscales and total score at baseline and follow-up. Conclusion The City BiTS represents a potentially useful tool to assist with screening for postpartum PTSD.
Patient-Specific Instrumentation vs Standard Referencing in Total Ankle Arthroplasty: A Comparison of the Radiologic Outcome
Authors: Heisler Lukas , Vach Werner , Katz Georg , Egelhof Thomas , Knupp Markus 
Published: February 2022

Background: Existing literature on the superiority of patient-specific instrumentation (PSI) in total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) over standard referencing (SR) is limited. Advantages presented include better implant alignment, shorter operating times, and increased accuracy of implant size prediction. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze PSI in the hands of an experienced foot and ankle surgeon new to both PSI and SR for this specific implant, in regard to determining implant alignment, operative times, and radiologic short-term outcome and predicting implant size for tibial and talar components. Methods: Twenty-four patients undergoing TAA using PSI were compared to 25 patients using SR instrumentation. Outcome measures included alignment of the tibial component (α coronal plane, γ sagittal plane), the tibiotalar tilt (β), and the talar offset x on the sagittal view as well as the presence of radiolucent lines, operation time, and wound healing. Postoperative outcome was assessed at 6 weeks, 4 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Results: Implant positioning was similar in both groups, and no advantage in regard to the operative time could be seen when comparing TAA using PSI to SR. Implant size prediction was more reliable for the tibia than for the talus. Three patients (1 from the SR group and 2 from the PSI group) showed radiolucent lines around the tibial component. Two patients (both SR group) suffered delayed wound healing, albeit not requiring any additional measures. Conclusion: The PSI method did not show an advantage over SR in regard to positioning of the components or the duration of the surgery. The current study suggests that no initial advantage of PSI over SR are to be expected in standard total ankle replacement. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective study.
Outcomes of Surgical Reconstruction Using Custom 3D-Printed Porous Titanium Implants for Critical-Sized Bone Defects of the Foot and Ankle
Authors: Abar Bijan , Kwon Nicholas , Allen Nicholas B. , Lau Trent , Johnson Lindsey G. , Gall Ken , Adams Samuel B. 
Published: February 2022

Background: Treating critically sized defects (CSDs) of bone remains a significant challenge in foot and ankle surgery. Custom 3D-printed implants are being offered to a small but growing subset of patients as a salvage procedure in lieu of traditional alternates such as structural allografts after the patient has failed prior procedures. The long-term outcomes of 3D-printed implants are still unknown and understudied because of the limited number of cases and short follow-up durations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of patients who received custom 3D-printed implants to treat CSDs of the foot and ankle in an attempt to aid surgeons in selecting appropriate surgical candidates. Methods: This was a retrospective study to assess surgical outcomes of patients who underwent implantation of a custom 3D-printed implant made with medical-grade titanium alloy powder (Ti-6Al-4V) to treat CSDs of the foot and ankle between June 1, 2014, and September 30, 2019. All patients had failed previous nonoperative or operative management before proceeding with treatment with a custom 3D-printed implant. Univariate and multivariate odds ratios (ORs) of a secondary surgery and implant removal were calculated for perioperative variables. Results: There were 39 cases of patients who received a custom 3D-printed implant with at least 1 year of follow-up. The mean follow-up time was 27.0 (12-74) months. Thirteen of 39 cases (33.3%) required a secondary surgery and 10 of 39 (25.6%) required removal of the implant because of septic nonunion (6/10) or aseptic nonunion (4/10). The mean time to secondary surgery was 10 months (1-22). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that patients with neuropathy were more likely to require a secondary surgery with an OR of 5.76 ( P = .03). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 74% of patients who received a custom 3D-printed implant for CSDs did not require as subsequent surgery (minimum of 1-year follow-up). Neuropathy was significantly associated with the need for a secondary surgery. This is the largest series to date demonstrating the efficacy of 3D-printed custom titanium implants. As the number of cases using patient-specific 3D-printed titanium implant increases, larger cohorts of patients should be studied to identify other high-risk groups and possible interventions to improve surgical outcomes. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.