bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A brief history of American political parties
Authors: Maisel L. Sandy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
“A Brief History of American Political Parties” traces the development of US politics from the initial emergence of parties as the Founders differed on policies they believed served the nation’s interests. The modern Democratic Party has transformed from its early manifestation as the Democratic-Republican Party, while the Republican Party was formed as a result of the division over slavery and eclipsed earlier parties, including the National Republicans and Whigs, as the major alternative to the Democrats. Despite party changes, the election process remains the same; it is still about organizing, understanding the rules and the voters, and knowing how to appeal to the voters most efficiently under the rules.
Party organizations:
Authors: Maisel L. Sandy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
“Party organizations: What Do They Look Like? What Do They Do?” examines each of those questions and reveals that political party organizations in the United States reflect the nation’s federal system. The party is organized at each electoral level. The main purpose of the party is to assist their candidates to get into office. The party organization does not define party policy nor do its leaders exercise much authority over those elected under the party label. This is a situation that has changed markedly over the past century as changes have taken place in the electoral process.
Who are Republicans? Who are Democrats? Who are the “others”?
Authors: Maisel L. Sandy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
“Who Are Republicans? Who Are Democrats? Who Are the ‘Others’?” looks at party affiliation and the different relationships citizens have with political parties. Most American citizens have no formal affiliation with a political party, but hold a strong impression of what the two major parties stand for. Many who consider themselves independent will vote for either Democrats or Republicans. Candidates run with the support of party organizations, and once elected, they identify with a party label but exercise a great deal of independence, while the electorate frequently switches support from one party to another.
Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Prichard Alex 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This short book provides a new point of departure for our understanding of anarchism. It questions standard understandings of anarchy and anarchism as an ideology of chaos and disorder, and sheds new light on anarchism as a lived set of prefigurative practices, with a rich historical legacy. The book explores anarchist approaches to public health provision, education, work, law and order, and world politics, including topics of war and violence, federalism, and climate change. By locating the emergence of anarchist ideas in a global history of colonialism and imperialism, it links anarchism into struggles for freedom across the world, and argues that anarchism still holds value for thinking about new models of freedom and democracy today.
The globalization of anarchism
Authors: Prichard Alex 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Why did anarchism became a global movement so quickly? To answer this question we need to see how anarchism emerged in the context of the first wave of globalization, around the middle of the 19th century. Anarchism was carried worldwide on the winds of colonization and industrialization, and appealed to peasants and landless workers, expropriated during the enclosures of the 19th century, and then took root in the emerging industrial unions worldwide. Anarchism also infused anti-colonial movements and struggles worldwide by the turn of the 20th century. Anarchism (and its synonyms, libertarian communism and anarcho-syndicalism) was the most prominent revolutionary ideology prior to the Second World War.
Anarchism and world politics
Authors: Prichard Alex 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This last chapter explores three challenges to anarchist thought: violence, climate change, and global governance. What do anarchists have to say about these issues? The history of anarchist terrorism and anarchist pacifism is explored in the context of the discovery of dynamite and the emergence of nation states. The discussion then turns to how anarchists have understood climate change and emerged as the most vocal and active wing of the environmental movement over the past 30 years. Finally, the anarchist approach to federalism and global governance offers a constitutional framework for linking up myriad experiments in prefigurative lifestyles and communities, a global anarchy underpinned by a new theory of freedom.
Calculation
Authors: Swade Doron 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the history of physical aids used for calculation, from pebbles (calculi) to the desktop mechanical calculators of the early 20th century. It deals with the variety of manual instruments, devices, and mechanisms used to augment human capacity to count and calculate. It traces pre-electronic development from the techniques of antiquity (knotted cords, the abacus), through instruments and scaled devices with graduated markings, including slide rules. It concludes with the mechanical calculators of the office appliance industry of the 1920s and 1930s. It uses a 17th-century quadrant by William Leybourn to identify the defining features of scaled devices and to examine the sense in which such devices can be said to compute. It identifies three features that assist in structuring pre-electronic histories of such devices and aids: the way number is physicalized (representation), the ways in which representations are manipulated (mechanization), and the extent to which human agency is embodied in the machine (automation). It describes the distinction between analogue and digital devices, and explains the concepts of precision, noise immunity, and algorithm. It describes the 17th-century mechanical calculators of Schickard, Pascal, and Leibniz, and a revisionist account of Leibniz’s role is considered. The arithmometer of Thomas de Colmar is presented as a turning point. It briefly describes the industry, based on pinwheel desktop calculators in the 19th century, rivalries, and competition for markets. The overlaps in product life of various device classes are illustrated diagrammatically.
Automatic computation
Authors: Swade Doron 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes automatic computation in the pre-electronic era, i.e. up to the late 1930s. It traces the main systems devised using mechanical and electromechanical technologies to perform numerical computation. Analogue and digital computers are described. It introduces automatic digital computation through the 19th-century mechanical calculating engines of Charles Babbage. It explores his aspirations for machine computation and his collaboration with Ada Lovelace. It offers correctives to received perceptions. It describes the principles and use of analogue computers for calculation and for solving equations, including Kelvin’s tide predictor, Phillips’ economics computer, and Bush’s electrically driven differential analysers. It traces the revival of automatic digital computation through initiatives in Germany and the US: Zuse’s mechanical and electromechanical machines in Berlin, the machines of Stibitz at Bell Labs using electromechanical relays, and Aiken’s hybrid machine, the Harvard Mark. I. It demonstrates examples of two repeated themes: the challenges of emerging new technologies and the stimulus of war. It discusses the ambitions for the machines and the uses to which they were put. Each is located in the overall developmental arcs of industry, use, and public perception. It recounts the misunderstood origin story of the word ‘bug’.
The computer boom
Authors: Swade Doron 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the emergence of the computer from the workshop into the workplace. It describes the role of the corporate mainframe from the early 1950s to the late 1970s and IBM’s dominance. It starts with IBM’s response to the threat, to its office automation interests, posed by UNIVAC and a new generation of electronic computers. It describes the impetus given to innovation by the Cold War through the Whirlwind project and the SAGE air defence system for the US military. It describes innovative technologies including magnetic-core memory, interactive screen display, reliability protocols and techniques, double-sided printed circuit boards, real-time operating software, duplex standby, digital communication over standard telephone lines, time sharing, and software/programming disciplines. The account shows how SAGE gave IBM a head start in computing, networking, and communications, and how the migration of expertise into the private sector fuelled commercial spin-offs. It describes two sectors transformed by the new technologies: automated banking (ERMA) and the introduction of the credit card, and airline reservation (SABRE). It describes the shakeout in the computer industry in the 1960s in which IBM saw off its competitors (the ‘seven dwarves’) to secure its dominance following the radical introduction of the System/360.
The future of history
Authors: Swade Doron 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers current trends and what they indicate about the future directions and computer history. The collapse of familiar object categories defined by use is discussed. Decentering the computer is identified as a feature of more recent accounts, i.e. the diffusion of computers into our physical environments and the way in which networks and, for example, the Internet of Things (IoT) challenges traditional ideas of computer as localized object. The problems posed by software and the imbalance caused by difficulties integrating its histories into established narratives are discussed. It argues that existing narratives inadequately serve new activities that have outgrown their narrative scope—gaming, entertainment, sport, media, graphics, and communications platforms. The need for a new narrative is seen as an increasingly pressing challenge to history.
Difference and culture
Authors: Belsey Catherine 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter builds upon Chapter 1’s discussion of difference by exploring the implications of Saussure’s account of language for our understanding of culture. If Saussure is right about the non-referential character of language, there are no ideas or values motivating it from outside or beyond culture itself. Culture consists of the meanings its subjects produce and reproduce. Even in the process of analysing it, we are simply taking up another position in culture, inhabiting a space culture itself provides, or can be induced to provide. Outlining the significance of Roland Barthes’s Mythologies and Barthes’s debt to Marxism, the chapter explains how semiology invites us to ask what interests are served by the naturalization of particular convictions and values. It also engages with Louis Althusser’s account of ideology, Claude Lévi-Strauss’s structural anthropology, and the radical challenge to structuralism posed by poststructuralism.
Opioid Use Disorder Among Ohio’s Medicaid Population: Prevalence Estimates From 19 Counties Using a Multiplier Method
Authors: Doogan Nathan J , Mack Aimee , Wang Jianing , Crane Dushka , Jackson Rebecca , Applegate Mary , Villani Jennifer , Chandler Redonna , Barocas Joshua A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The decades-long overdose epidemic in the United States is driven by opioid misuse. Overdoses commonly, although not exclusively, occur in individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). To allocate adequate resources and develop appropriately scaled public health responses, accurate estimation of the prevalence of OUD is needed. Indirect methods (e.g., a multiplier method) of estimating prevalence of problematic substance-use behavior circumvent some limitations of household surveys and use of administrative data. We used a multiplier method to estimate OUD prevalence among the adult Medicaid population (ages 18–64 years) in 19 Ohio counties that are highly affected by overdose. We used Medicaid claims data and the US National Vital Statistics System overdose death data, which were linked at the person level. A statistical model leveraged opioid-related death rate information from a group with known OUD to estimate prevalence among a group with unknown OUD status given recorded opioid-related deaths in that group. We estimated that 13.6% of the total study population had OUD in 2019. Men (16.7%) had a higher prevalence of OUD than women (11.4%), and persons aged 35–54 had the highest prevalence (16.7%). Our approach to prevalence estimation has important implications for OUD surveillance and treatment in the United States.
Intradermal Botulinum Toxin A Injection for Scalp Sebum Secretion Regulation: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Prospective Study in Chinese Subjects
Authors: Li Yiming , Chen Xia , Luo Xiaoou , Li Li , Lin Yan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Although botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection has been proved to reduce topical sebum secretion, the impact of intradermal BTX-A injection on scalp sebum production has never been reported.

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of intradermal BTX-A treatment vs intradermal normal saline (NS) injection for scalp sebum secretion regulation.

Methods
This multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, prospective study recruited patients complaining of oily scalp and/or hair. The patients were randomly allocated to receive either 1 session of intradermal BTX-A or NS injection. The baseline and posttreatment scalp sebum secretion at 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours postshampooing was measured with a Sebumeter SM815 (Cutometer Dual MPA 580, Courage & Khazaka, Cologne, Germany) at 1, 3, 4, and 6 months after treatment. The patients’ comments, satisfaction, and adverse events were evaluated and compared.

Results
In total, 25 patients in the BTX-A group and 24 patients in the NS group completed the follow-up. For the treated region, compared with NS, intradermal BTX-A treatment (50-65 U) significantly reduced scalp sebum secretion at 24, 48, and 72 hours postshampooing at the 1- and 3-month follow-up visits (P &lt; 0.05). No significant difference between the 2 groups was observed at 4 and 6 months after the treatment. The patients’ satisfaction ratings were significantly higher for the BTX-A treatment (P = 0.000). No serious adverse events occurred.

Conclusions
Compared with NS, 1 session of intradermal BTX-A injection (50-65 U) effectively and safely reduced scalp sebum secretion and greasiness perception in the treated region at 24 and 48 hours postshampooing for 3 months.

Level of Evidence: 4
A merged molecular representation deep learning method for blood–brain barrier permeability prediction
Authors: Tang Qiang , Nie Fulei , Zhao Qi , Chen Wei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe ability of a compound to permeate across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a significant factor for central nervous system drug development. Thus, for speeding up the drug discovery process, it is crucial to perform high-throughput screenings to predict the BBB permeability of the candidate compounds. Although experimental methods are capable of determining BBB permeability, they are still cost-ineffective and time-consuming. To complement the shortcomings of existing methods, we present a deep learning–based multi-model framework model, called Deep-B3, to predict the BBB permeability of candidate compounds. In Deep-B3, the samples are encoded in three kinds of features, namely molecular descriptors and fingerprints, molecular graph and simplified molecular input line entry system (SMILES) text notation. The pre-trained models were built to extract latent features from the molecular graph and SMILES. These features depicted the compounds in terms of tabular data, image and text, respectively. The validation results yielded from the independent dataset demonstrated that the performance of Deep-B3 is superior to that of the state-of-the-art models. Hence, Deep-B3 holds the potential to become a useful tool for drug development. A freely available online web-server for Deep-B3 was established at http://cbcb.cdutcm.edu.cn/deepb3/, and the source code and dataset of Deep-B3 are available at https://github.com/GreatChenLab/Deep-B3.
Large-scale comparison of machine learning algorithms for target prediction of natural products
Authors: Liang Lu , Liu Ye , Kang Bo , Wang Ru , Sun Meng-Yu , Wu Qi , Meng Xiang-Fei , Lin Jian-Ping 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Natural products (NPs) and their derivatives are important resources for drug discovery. There are many in silico target prediction methods that have been reported, however, very few of them distinguish NPs from synthetic molecules. Considering the fact that NPs and synthetic molecules are very different in many characteristics, it is necessary to build specific target prediction models of NPs. Therefore, we collected the activity data of NPs and their derivatives from the public databases and constructed four datasets, including the NP dataset, the NPs and its first-class derivatives dataset, the NPs and all its derivatives and the ChEMBL26 compounds dataset. Conditions, including activity thresholds and input features, were explored to access the performance of eight machine learning methods of target prediction of NPs, including support vector machines (SVM), extreme gradient boosting, random forests, K-nearest neighbor, naive Bayes, feedforward neural networks (FNN), convolutional neural networks and recurrent neural networks. As a result, the NPs and all their derivatives datasets were selected to build the best NP-specific models. Furthermore, the consensus models, as well as the voting models, were additionally applied to improve the prediction performance. More evaluations were made on the external validation set and the results demonstrated that (1) the NP-specific model performed better on the target prediction of NPs than the traditional models training on the whole compounds of ChEMBL26. (2) The consensus model of FNN + SVM possessed the best overall performance, and the voting model can significantly improve recall and specificity.
STArS (STrain-Amplicon-Seq), a targeted nanopore sequencing workflow for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics and genotyping
Authors: Maestri Simone , Grosso Valentina , Alfano Massimiliano , Lavezzari Denise , Piubelli Chiara , Bisoffi Zeno , Rossato Marzia , Delledonne Massimo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDiagnostic tests based on reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT–qPCR) are the gold standard approach to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection from clinical specimens. However, unless specifically optimized, this method is usually unable to recognize the specific viral strain responsible of coronavirus disease 2019, a crucial information that is proving increasingly important in relation to virus spread and treatment effectiveness. Even if some RT–qPCR commercial assays are currently being developed for the detection of viral strains, they focus only on single/few genetic variants that may not be sufficient to uniquely identify a specific strain. Therefore, genome sequencing approaches remain the most comprehensive solution for virus genotyping and to recognize viral strains, but their application is much less widespread due to higher costs. Starting from the well-established ARTIC protocol coupled to nanopore sequencing, in this work, we developed STArS (STrain-Amplicon-Seq), a cost/time-effective sequencing-based workflow for both SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics and genotyping. A set of 10 amplicons was initially selected from the ARTIC tiling panel, to cover: (i) all the main biologically relevant genetic variants located on the Spike gene; (ii) a minimal set of variants to uniquely identify the currently circulating strains; (iii) genomic sites usually amplified by RT–qPCR method to identify SARS-CoV-2 presence. PCR-amplified clinical samples (both positive and negative for SARS-CoV-2 presence) were pooled together with a serially diluted exogenous amplicon at known concentration and sequenced on a MinION device. Thanks to a scoring rule, STArS had the capability to accurately classify positive samples in agreement with RT–qPCR results, both at the qualitative and quantitative level. Moreover, the method allowed to effectively genotype strain-specific variants and thus also return the phylogenetic classification of SARS-CoV-2-postive samples. Thanks to the reduced turnaround time and costs, the proposed approach represents a step towards simplifying the clinical application of sequencing for viral genotyping, hopefully aiding in combatting the global pandemic.
In Alzheimer-prone brain regions, metabolism and risk-gene expression are strongly correlated
Authors: Ye Fengdan , Funk Quentin , Rockers Elijah , Shulman Joshua M , Masdeu Joseph C , Pascual Belen ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Neuroimaging in the preclinical phase of Alzheimer’s disease provides information crucial to early intervention, particularly in people with a high genetic risk. Metabolic network modularity, recently applied to the study of dementia, is increased in Alzheimer’s disease patients compared with controls, but network modularity in cognitively unimpaired elderly with various risks of developing Alzheimer’s disease needs to be determined. Based on their 5-year cognitive progression, we stratified 117 cognitively normal participants (78.3 ± 4.0 years of age, 52 women) into three age-matched groups, each with a different level of risk for Alzheimer’s disease. From their fluorodeoxyglucose PET we constructed metabolic networks, evaluated their modular structures using the Louvain algorithm, and compared them between risk groups. As the risk for Alzheimer’s disease increased, the metabolic connections among brain regions weakened and became more modular, indicating network fragmentation and functional impairment of the brain. We then set out to determine the correlation between regional brain metabolism, particularly in the modules derived from the previous analysis, and the regional expression of Alzheimer-risk genes in the brain, obtained from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. In all risk groups of this elderly population, the regional brain expression of most Alzheimer-risk genes showed a strong correlation with brain metabolism, particularly in the module that corresponded to regions of the brain that are affected earliest and most severely in Alzheimer’s disease. Among the genes, APOE and CD33 showed the strongest negative correlation and SORL1 showed the strongest positive correlation with brain metabolism. The Pearson correlation coefficients remained significant when contrasted against a null-hypothesis distribution of correlation coefficients across the whole transcriptome of 20 736 genes (SORL1: P = 0.0130; CD33, P = 0.0136; APOE: P = 0.0093). The strong regional correlation between Alzheimer-related gene expression in the brain and brain metabolism in older adults highlights the role of brain metabolism in the genesis of dementia.