bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVII-2 Effects of Oxidized Beta-Carotene on Sow Reproduction and Piglet Growth Performance
Authors: Elefson Sarah , Ross Jason W , Rademacher Christopher , Pollmann Steve , Greiner Laura L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
As reproductive performance of sows in the commercial U.S. sow herd continues to improve, advancing the impact of gestation and lactation diet supplementation is critical. Beginning on d 60 of gestation through lactation, sows (blocked by parity) were assigned to a standard gestation diet (n = 88), or the standard diet supplemented with 80 ppm OxC-beta (n = 90) provided by Avivagen (Ottawa, ON, Canada) to determine if the supplementation of OxC-beta improves sow reproductive performance, litter growth performance, and alters the abundance of immune cells in sows and piglets. Blood samples were taken from a subset of sows (n = 54 per treatment) at the start of the study, at farrowing, and at weaning; and also, on a subset of piglets at birth and weaning. Also, at birth and weaning, 12 pigs (n = 6 per treatment) were euthanized, and livers were collected and subjected to flow cytometry to analyze phagocytic activity of the Kupfer cells. CD335, CD8, and CD4 populations within whole blood were assessed via flow cytometry. Colostrum at farrowing and milk at weaning were collected for analysis of IgG and IgA. Data were analyzed via SAS 9.4 using PROC GLIMMIX. No differences (P &gt; 0.05) between dietary treatments were observed in sow reproductive performance, sow feed intake, wean to estrus interval, or piglet growth performance. No differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed for vitamin A in the plasma or liver. No immune differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed in the piglet’s liver and blood nor sow antibodies in colostrum and milk. Subsequent litter information was obtained from the sows, and no differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed in reproductive performance. Overall, there were no differences in sow reproductive performance, litter growth performance, and the immune system of sows and piglets of sows supplemented OxC-beta.
PSVII-3 Nutritional Value of a New Source of Cheese Co-Product Fed to Weanling Pigs
Authors: Ortiz Andrea Paola Mallea , Oliveira Maryane Sespere Faria S , Diaz Diego Andres Lopez , Stein Hans H 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA, and metabolizable energy (ME) are greater in a new source of cheese co-product (Keys Manufacturing Co., Inc.) than in fish-meal or enzyme-treated soybean meal (ESBM). The second hypothesis was that cheese co-product can replace spray dried plasma (SDP) or ESBM in diets for weanling pigs. In Exp 1, eight ileal-cannulated weanling barrows (11.0 ± 0.4 kg) were allotted to a repeated 4 × 4 Latin-square with 4 diets (cheese co-product, fish meal, ESBM, N-free) and four 7-d periods. In Exp. 2, 32 weanling barrows (14.0 ± 1.1 kg) were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to a corn diet or diets containing corn and cheese co-product, fish meal, or ESBM. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with diet as fixed effect and pig as random effect. Cheese co-product had greater (P &lt; 0.05) SID of most AA and greater (P &lt; 0.05) ME compared with fish meal and ESBM (Table 1). In Exp. 3, 128 weanling pigs (6.2 ± 0.6 kg) were allotted to 4 diets, eight pens per diet, and 4 pigs/pen. The 4 phase 1 diets were fed from d 1 to 14 post-weaning and included a control diet containing ESBM and SPD or diets in which 6, 7, or14 % cheese co-product replaced ESBM, SPD, or both ESBM and SPD. Orthogonal-polynomial contrasts were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of including cheese co-product in the diets. Results demonstrated that cheese co-product had no influence on growth performance. In conclusion, cheese co-product has greater SID of most AA and greater ME than fish meal and ESBM, and cheese co-product can replace ESBM and SDP in phase 1 diets without affecting growth performance of pigs.
PSVII-12 Using a Multi-Carbohydrolase (Rovabio®Advance) in Grow-Finish Pigs: How Does Not Removing Pigs Affect Growth Performance?
Authors: Bloxham Darlene J , Giesemann Mark A , Shirley Robert B , Moreland Steven B , Ceccantini Marcio , Gourley Gene , Chinchilla-Vargas Josue , Bruder Emily K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Fiber degrading enzymes that contain single or multiple carbohydrolases are commonly used in the US commercial swine industry to reduce pig mortality. The objective of this study was to examine how pig removal from experimental treatments affects growth performance, with or without Rovabio®Advance P10% (RA). The animals on test consisted of 1,260 DNA barrows that were fed from 5.9 to 133 kg. The 4 dietary treatments were: Positive Control (PC), Low Nutrient Density Control (LNDC), PC plus RA (PC+), and LNDC plus RA (LNDC+). The SID AA and NE of the ingredients used were determined using the ingredient profile of the PC formulations and the nutritional modeling calculator for RA. The PC and LNDC+ diets were formulated to have similar NE and SID AA content. In the PC+ diets, RA was added on-top, without reformulation. At the start of the trial, 21 weanling pigs were allotted per pen, with a space allowance of 0.67 m2/pig. For the entire growout, feeding RA reduced the percentage of pigs removed from test (PC 8.3%, LNDC 7.9%, vs PC+ 5.4% and LNDC+ 4.4%; P &lt; 0.03). By day 150, the number of pigs per pen did not differ per treatment (P &gt;0.4) (PC 18.85, LNDC 19.12, PC+ 19.85 and LNDC+ 19.72); however, the respective pig space (m2/pig) was 0.74, 0.73, 0.71 and 0.71. Using the number of pigs/pen as a covariate for ADG, 0-41 d ADG was not significant (P &gt;0.59); however, there was a tendency towards significantly less ADG for pigs on RA between day 107-164 (988g PC, 966g LNDC vs 961g PC+, 961g LNDC+ P = 0.054). Pig removal increases the space per pig/pen over the course of an experiment, thus potentially influencing the ADG and other treatment effects. This effect must be accounted for in any research trial when evaluating the efficacy of any nutritional product.
PSVIII-4 Growth Performance of Weaned Pigs Fed Diets Containing Yeast-Based High Protein DDGS as Alternative to Commonly Used Protein Sources in Nursery Diets
Authors: Duarte Ricardo Garavito , Perez-Palencia Jorge Y , Herrick Kevin , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
High protein yeast-based DDGS (HP-GDDY) products have similar amino acid and energy digestibility compared with the main ingredients used in commercial pig diets and could potentially be included as an alternative protein source in nursery diets. This study observed the effects of including HP-GDDY as alternative protein resource in nursery diets on growth performance of weaned pigs. A total of 594 weaned pigs were allotted to pens in a randomized complete block design at the SDSU Swine Research and Education Facility. Pens were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: Diet 1 (Control): a corn-SBM basal diet; Diet 2: diet 1 replacing 75% of SBM by GDDY; Diet 3: diet 1 without Fishmeal and HP300 + GDDY inclusion; Diet 4: diet 1 replacing 50% of SBM, Fishmeal, and HP300 by DDGY. Experimental diets were formulated (NRC, 2012) in meal form through 4 phases during the nursery period. Average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), and gain:feed ratio (G:F) was determined on day 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, and 53. During first 14 d, dietary treatments had no significant effects (P &lt; 0.05) on BW, ADG, and ADFI. From d 14 to d 53, the ADG and ADFI was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs from Diet 1 in comparison with those from Diet 2 and 4 but it was similar to pigs fed Diet 3. These data support the idea that weaned pigs fed diets containing HP-DDGY have similar performance in comparison with pigs fed regular commercial diets during the first 2 weeks post-weaning. However, it is necessary to adjust inclusion levels for the late nursery period, where performance can be compromised when inclusion levels exceed 20%. Overall, HP-GDDY is a valuable feedstuff to be included in nursery pig diets, especially during the first couple weeks after weaning.
PSVIII-13 Utilization of a Mechanistic Model to Estimate the Mineral Deposition of Females and Entire Males Growing Pigs
Authors: Lautrou Marion , Samson Arnaud , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Entire male (EM) production is increasing worldwide due to animal welfare regulations. The soft tissue growth and carcass composition of these animals were previously studied, but few data are available about mineral deposition. The objective in this study was to highlight, through modelling, potential differences in bone mineral deposition between female and EM, fed with identical diets. The data of 7 nutritional trials were used to simulate the mineral deposition in bones of EM and females. All diets were tested on both sexes and growth performances were reported. The trials started at about 32 kg of bodyweight and were divided into 2 phases: a growing phase (between 33 and 49 d, until 60 to 69 kg) and a finishing phase (between 47 and 61 d, until 110 to 125 kg). Protein and lipid depositions were calibrated following the InraPorc model principles. The minerals deposition in soft tissues and in bones were simulated according to a recent model predicting the utilization of minerals by growing pigs. The input data were the mean of each treatment, for each sex. The simulated bone mineral content (BMC) and bodyweight of the females and EM were comparable at the beginning of the trials. The BMC at the end of growing phase was less in EM than females (1,280 vs 1,298 g, P &lt; 0.05), whereas bodyweight was equal. The BMC at the end of finishing phase tended to be less in EM than females (P = 0.10), and bodyweight was greater in EM than females (114 vs 116, P &lt; 0.05).These results showed that during the growing phase, where the protein deposition increases quickly, the EM have less mineral in their bones than female. Therefore, with the same diet, these animals could be more sensitive to leg problems, which is reported in the field. These first results based on simulations showed that mineral requirements for EM are greater than females indicating that the mineral requirements must be adjusted according to the sex.
PSVIII-11 The Impact of Dietary Crude Protein and Non-Starch Polysaccharidase Inclusion on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Nisley Mitchell J , Gabler Nicholas K , Sparks Chris , Vanderbeke Erik , De Keyser Kirsten 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effect of crude protein (CP) levels and non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzyme on nursery pig performance. 792 mixed sex pigs (6.2 ± 0.12 kg BW) were randomly allotted across 6 dietary treatments (12 pens/treatment) using a 3x2 factorial. Three base diets, with or without NSPase, were fed in 3 phases (10, 11 and 21 d, respectively). Base diet and Lys per phase were: 1) 17% low CP with of 1.40, 1.35, 1.30% SID Lys (LCP1.4); 2) 24% high CP, 1.40, 1.35, 1.30% SID Ly (HCP1.4); and 3) 17% CP, 1.20, 1.15, 1.10% SID Lys (LCP1.2). Pig weights and feed disappearance were recorded to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F within phase and overall. Pen fecal scores and day 21 fecal dry matter (DM) were evaluated. Data were analyzed with pen as the experimental unit and least square means reported by treatment. Overall and within phase, no diet by enzyme interactions were reported for ADG, ADFI and G:F (P &lt; 0.05). Within diet, HCP1.4 had greater overall ADG compared with LCP1.4 and LCP1.2 (0.42, 0.36, 0.35 kg/d respectively, P &lt; 0.0001). Overall ADFI tended to differ between the LCP1.4, HCP 1.4 and the LCP1.2 treatments (0.60, 0.61 and 0.57 kg/d, respectively, P = 0.066). Overall G:F was greater in the HCP1.4 compared with LCP1.4 and LCP1.2 pigs (0.69, 0.61 and 0.62, respectively, P &lt; 0.0001). Fecal scores and 21-d fecal DM did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) in LCP1.4, HCP1.4 and LCP1.2 pigs (32, 28 and 31% DM, respectively) and with or without enzyme (32 and 29% DM, respectively, P = 0.300). Overall, compared with no enzyme, enzyme was not different (P &gt; 0.05) for ADG (0.37 vs 0.39 kg/d), ADFI and G:F. In conclusion, low CP diets did not enhance pig performance or alter fecal consistency.
PSIV-1 Differential Gene Expression of Methionine-Folate Cycle Enzymes in Heifers Supplemented with One-Carbon Metabolites
Authors: Syring Jessica , Caton Joel , Crouse Matthew S , Ward Alison K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to investigate the impacts of varying levels of one-carbon metabolite [OCM: folate (FA), vitamin B12 (B12), methionine (Met), and choline (Chol)] supplementation on the gene expression of hepatic methionine-folate cycle enzymes at d 14 of the estrous cycle in beef heifers. In this study, 30 Angus beef heifers were fed a standard diet (SHD: 75% alfalfa/grass hay mix, 21% corn silage, and 4% mineral pellet without rumensin) and assigned to 1 of 5 different structures (0XNEG = SHD + 0.9% saline injection; 0XPOS = SHD + rumen protected Met fed at 0.08% inclusion on a DM basis + 60 g/d rumen protected Chol + 0.9% saline injection; 0.5X = SHD + same Met and Chol + 5 mg B12 + 80 mg FA; 1X = SHD + same Met and Chol + 10 mg B12 + 160 FA; and 2X = SHD + same Met and Chol + 20 mg B12 + 320 mg FA) with injections given at d 0 and 7 of the estrous cycle. Heifers were harvested on d 14 of the estrous cycle. Real-time PCR analysis followed by statistical contrasts revealed that combined B12 and FA treatments had greater (P &lt; 0.05) methionine adenosyltransferase 2A (MAT2A), methionine adenosyltransferase 2B (MAT2B), and protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1) expression compared with 0XPOS. The FA treatments yielded linear increases (P &lt; 0.05) in MAT2A, MAT2B, PRMT1, glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT), 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase (MTR), and 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase reductase (MTRR) and tended (P &lt; 0.072) to linearly increase methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) expression. DNA methyltransferase 1, DNA methyltransferase 3A, and methionine adenosyltransferase 1A, were unaltered by treatments. Data are interpreted to imply that strategic supplementation of OCM can increase expression of key genes in the one-carbon metabolic pathways found in the liver of beef heifers.
PSV-13 Lawsonia Intracellularis Increases Cell Proliferation in Swine Enteroids in Vitro
Authors: Klaeui Caitlin , Medida Ramya Lekha , Stone Matthew , Marshall-lund Lacey , Gebhart Connie , Saqui-Salces Milena 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is an enteric pathogen that causes thickening of the intestinal mucosa layer resulting in malnutrition, diarrhea, and poor weight gain in swine. L. intracellularis increases intestinal cell proliferation in vivo. Swine enteroids are 3-dimensional in vitro models that can be used to study bacterial infections. The objective of this study was to evaluate cellular proliferation in swine enteroids infected by L. intracellularis. Ki-67 is a protein expressed by cells that are actively proliferating and is often used to document changes in proliferation. Swine enteroids were cultured in monolayers using transwells, infected with L. intracellularis (PHE/MN1-00), and harvested on 5, 7, and 14 d post infection (dpi). Enteroid monolayers were fixed in 4% formaldehyde overnight, and immunofluorescence for Ki-67 and L. intracellularis were performed. Experiments were replicated 3 times. Immunofluorescent staining using L. intracellularis antibodies demonstrated infection of enteroids. Cell proliferation was assessed by counting the number of Ki-67 positive cells under 20x magnification and comparing to the total number of cells as stained by 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) in infected and non-infected enteroids. Cell counts were analyzed using paired t-test in GraphPad Prism comparing infected enteroids with uninfected enteroids for each dpi time. Cell proliferation between non-infected and infected enteroids were not different at 5 dpi (0.014±0.007 vs. 0.044±0.021, P = 0.21) or 14 dpi (0.101±0.10 vs. 0.061±0.034, P = 0.46). However, at 7 dpi, infected enteroids showed greater cell proliferation (0.67±0.056 vs. 0.078±0.58, P = .047). In infected pigs, it was reported that increased cell proliferation is observed at 7 dpi. In vitro swine enteroids reproduce the proliferative changes observed in vivo, validating their use as a model for L. intracellularis infection.
PSV-18 Time Since Last Meal Until the Onset of Farrowing Affects Survivability of Newborn Piglets
Authors: Gao Xin , Zhao Junmei , Hu Qiong , Chan Lawrence 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether time since last meal until the onset of farrowing affects sow reproductive performance. The results are based on data records compiled from 8 batches for a total of 660 mixed parity (µ = 3.7) sows from the same commercial farm. All sows were fed standard lactation diets twice a day (7:30 AM and 4:30 PM) 1 week before expected farrowing. Time since last meal until the onset of farrowing and farrowing duration were calculated accordingly. Based on the time from the start of last meal to the onset of farrowing, sows were divided into three groups: 0-3 hours, 3-6 hours and 6-16 hours (212, 220 and 228 sows respectively). Probability of born alive, stillborn and mummified piglets were statistically analyzed by a binomial model in R. Farrowing duration of sow was not affected by time since last meal until the onset of farrowing. However, sows farrowed 3-6 hours after feeding had lowest probability of stillborn piglet compared with sows farrowed 0-3 hour and 6-16 hour after feeding (6% vs 8% and 10%; P &lt; 0.01), greater probability of born alive was also found in sows in 3-6 hour group than the other 2 groups (92% vs 89% and 88%; P &lt; 0.01). The probability of mummified piglet was not affected when comparing the three groups. Time since last meal until the onset of farrowing also showed no effect on litter size or litter birth weight. In conclusion, feeding sows the last meal 3-6 hours before farrowing may help improve live born and decrease stillborn piglets.
PSI-10 Relationships Between Fecal Characteristics, Rumen pH, and Intake During an Acidosis Challenge
Authors: Angus Tyler , Linder Haley , Buessing Zachary , McCann Joshua C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objectives were to: 1) determine the relationship of fecal particle size with rumen pH, fecal pH, dry matter intake (DMI) and 2) determine the ability of fecal characteristics to predict rumen pH and DMI. Decreased ruminal pH during an acidotic bout may reduce fiber digestion and increase subsequent washed fecal particle size. Data were collected in a metabolism experiment using18 ruminally cannulated steers. The study was a completely randomized design evaluating the effect of a lactate adaption before an acidosis challenge. Ruminal pH, DMI, and fecal characteristics (fecal pH and washed fecal particle size) were measured for 4 d after the acidosis challenge. Fecal particle size was measured with 7 sieves with diameters ranging from 4,750 to 600 µm. Average rumen pH over 4 d was associated (r = 0.60; P &lt; 0.01) with mean fecal particle size. However, rumen pH was not correlated with fecal pH (P &gt; 0.1). Fecal pH was not correlated with mean fecal particle size (P &gt; 0.1). Mean fecal particle size was correlated with days after the acidosis challenge (r = 0.36; P &lt; 0.01). Multiple regressions were performed with the GLMSELECT procedure of SAS 9.4 using stepwise selection. Rumen pH was best predicted (r2 = 0.22) by fecal particle size between 1,700 and 1,400 µm, 1,180 and 850 µm, and less than 600 µm. Dry matter intake was best predicted (r2 = 0.17) by fecal particle size between 2,360 and 1,700 µm, 1,400 and 1,180 µm, and 850 and 600 µm. Overall, results indicated mean fecal particle size was correlated with rumen pH and days after the acidosis challenge. Additional data are needed for fecal characteristics to accurately predict ruminal pH and DMI.
PSI-1 Depletion and Repletion Dynamics of Individual and Regional Bone-Mineral Reserves in Replacement Gilts Fed Different Levels of Dietary Phosphorus and Calcium
Authors: Floradin Piterson , Pomar Candido , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Schlegel Patrick 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of replacement gilts to compensate (repletion), before their insemination, bone-mineralization deficit in individual bones or bone regions that resulted from low dietary phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) supply during the growing period (depletion). A total of 24 gilts were fed according to a 2-phase feeding program (60-95 and 95-140 kg BW, respectively). During the depletion period, the gilts were fed ad libitum a finisher diet providing either 100% or 60% of the estimated P requirement (D100 with 2.1 g and D60 with 1.2 g digestible P/kg, respectively). During the repletion period, one-half of the gilts from each finisher diet were randomly assigned to either a restrictively fed control or a high-P diet (R100 with 2.1 g and R160 with 3.5 g digestible P/kg, respectively) according to a 2 × 2 factorial design, resulting in 4 treatments: D60-R100, D60-R160, D100-R100 and D100-R160. Bone mineral content (BMC) in the entire body, individual bones (femur and spine lumbar L2-L4), and bone regions (front legs and hind legs) were measured in each gilt at 2-week intervals using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). At 95 kg, gilts fed D60 had less BMC in the entire body, all individual bones and bone regions than those fed D100 (P &lt; 0.001). The spine lumbar L2-L4 lost more BMC (-17%; P &lt; 0.001) than the other sites, which decreased by 7% in the hind legs (P = 0.001), 9% in the femur (P = 0.002) and 10% in the head and trunk (P = 0.043 and P = 0.006). At 140 kg, all sites studied had similar BMC. In D60 gilts, recovery was reached 2 (P &lt; 0.001) and 4 weeks (P &lt; 0.001) after the depletion period when fed the R160 and R100 diets, respectively. These results show that replacement gilts can regain mineral deficits in all individual bones and bone regions.
PSI-12 The Effects on Maternal Supplementation of Medium Chain Fatty Acids on Offpsring Performance
Authors: DiPippo Leah , Swanson Analicia J , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 39 mixed parity sows were used from d 28 of gestation until weaning to determine the effect of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) in sow and weaned pig diets on sow and offspring growth performance. On d 28 of gestation, sows were blocked by parity and body weight, and allotted to either a control diet (UNSUP) or control plus 0.3% inclusion of MCFA blend in gestation and lactation (SUP). At weaning, piglets were allocated in a 2x2 factorial based on maternal diet (UNSUP or SUP) and post-weaning diet (UNSUPnurs or SUPnurs) in a 3-phase nursery pig feeding program lasting 42 d. Individual piglets were weighed at birth, d 7, weaning and every 2 weeks in the nursery period. There was no difference among maternal diet for birth weight (P = 0.56); however, SUP piglets tended to be lighter at d 7 (P = 0.10) and weaning (P = 0.07) than UNSUP piglets (P = 0.10). There was no interaction between maternal diet and post-weaning diet on offspring performance. Throughout the nursery period, there was no difference in body weight, daily gain, feed intake, or gain:feed by maternal treatment or post-weaning diet. In conclusion, supplementation of MCFA throughout gestation, lactation, and in the nursery period had minimal impact on offspring growth.