bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of Mechanisms and Research Methods for Blunt Ballistic Head Injury
Authors: Li Yizhao , Adanty Kevin , Vakiel Paris , Ouellet Simon , Vette Albert H. , Raboud Donald , Dennison Christopher R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHead injuries account for 15%–20% of all military injuries and pose a high risk of causing functional disability and fatality. Blunt ballistic impacts are one of the threats that can lead to severe head injuries. This review aims to examine the mechanisms and injury risk assessment associated with blunt ballistic head injury (BBHI). The review further discusses research methods and instrumentation used in BBHI studies, focusing on their limitations and challenges. Studies on the mechanisms of focal and diffuse brain injuries remain largely inconclusive and require further effort. Some studies have attempted to associate BBHIs with head mechanics, but more research is required to establish correlations between head mechanics and injury severity. Limited access to experimental models and a lack of instrumentation capable of measuring the mechanics of brain tissue in situ are potential reasons for the lack of understanding of injury mechanisms, injury correlations, and injury tolerance levels specific to this loading regime. Targeted research for understanding and assessing head injuries in blunt ballistic impacts is a necessary step in improving our ability to design protection systems to mitigate these injuries.
Thermocline Thermal Storage for Concentrated Solar Power Applications: Characterization of Novel Nitrate Salt Mixtures
Authors: Canneto G. , Tizzoni A. C. , Sau S. , Mansi E. , Gaggioli W. , Spadoni A. , Corsaro N. , Capocelli M. , Caputo G. , Galindo F. , Della Libera A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Parabolic trough concentrated solar power (CSP) plants are particularly promising renewable sources of energy, whose easy integration with thermal energy storage (TES) systems allows to mitigate the intermittency of electricity generation. Currently, molten nitrates, with two tanks arrangement, are mainly used for sensible heat accumulation. To reduce costs and make the CSP storage systems more manageable, single tank configurations have been proposed, where the cold and hot fluids are stored in the same container and separated because of their density difference. The aim of the present work is to study the storage performances presented by two novel ternary and quaternary mixtures, proposed within the European project IN POWER. An experimental campaign was preliminarily performed to investigate the fluids thermo-physical properties, and the obtained values were utilized as input data to model the discharge phase in a thermocline tank. The simulation results were compared with the ones acquired considering two commercial materials, namely, solar salt and Hitec XL®. Overall, considering same temperature ranges, higher discharging times are obtained for the quaternary and ternary mixtures, with the ternary presenting a smaller thermocline thickness than the solar salt while this parameter is the same considering the quaternary and Hitec XL®.
One Long Versus 2 Short Sessions? Physiological and Perceptual Responses to Low-Intensity Training at Self-Selected Speeds in Cross-Country Skiers
Authors: Talsnes Rune Kjøsen , Nordgården Sigrid , Kocbach Jan , Solli Guro Strøm 
Published: August 2022

Purpose: To compare self-selected speeds and corresponding physiological responses and perceived training stress between 1 long session versus 2 shorter sessions of low-intensity training (LIT) in 1 day among cross-country skiers. Methods: Thirteen national-level skiers performed 2 different LIT types during classical roller-skiing matched for the same distance in a counterbalanced order. The training consisted of either 1 long (approximately 3 h) session (1LIT) or 2 shorter (approximately 1.5 h each) sessions (2LIT) with 7 hours of recovery in between. Speed, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and blood lactate concentrations were measured, and perceived training stress (1–10) was assessed after sessions. Results: 2LIT was performed at mean (SD) 1.9% (2.0%) higher speeds versus 1LIT (P ≤ .01). Higher speeds were also found in the second versus first session of 2LIT and the second versus first part of 1LIT (1.9% [3.2%] and 3.2% [3.6%], respectively, both P ≤ .01). There were no significant differences between LIT types in heart rate, although rating of perceived exertion increased in the second versus first part of 1LIT (0.9 [0.8] point, P ≤ .01). Blood lactate concentration was reduced in the second versus first session/part of both LIT types (approximately 0.16 [0.20] mmol·L−1, P ≤ .05). There were no differences in perceived training stress between LIT types 7 and 23 hours after training, although higher perceived muscular exertion (2.0 [1.1] points, P ≤ .01) was found directly after 1LIT. Conclusions: Compared with a distance-matched long session, skiers perform 2LIT at slightly higher self-selected speeds with the same physiological responses elicited, although minor differences in perceived training stress were observed.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Argon and Argon–Water Systems
Authors: Malenkov G. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A molecular dynamics model is created for argon near the critical point. As the temperature falls at a constant density less than critical, It is established that a drop of liquid argon forms in the gas environment. This drop is not spherical, but cylindrical. Liquid argon near the melting point (110 K, density 1.513 g/cm3) is also modeled. The values of the Voronoi polyhedra volumes (VPVs) around argon atoms are calculated and their distribution is plotted. The VPV values lie in the range of 34–55 Å3, with an average value of 43.6 Å3. Argon atoms with low VPV values tend to combine with one another and form branching clusters, as is typical of atoms with high VPV values. Clusters formed by atoms with high and low VPV values are inserted into one another. Issues related to the behavior of argon atoms in argon–water systems are also considered.
The Great Eurasian Natural Tract as an Object of World Importance
Authors: Sobolev N. A. , Belonovskaya E. A. , Kobyakov K. N. , Krenke A. N. , Titova S. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The tasks of establishing an ecological network are presented, outlining some outcome of the long-term study of the Great Eurasian Natural Tract (Backbone), which is a continuous series of natural ecological systems from the Pacific Ocean to Fennoscandia. The story of the tract’s detection is briefly told as a modern geographical discovery. Its delineation is based on the map of Russia’s biomes resulting from remote-sensing analysis with field verification and other open data. Information about changing the area of natural ecosystems and variations of phytomass stock in various biomes are given. The authors give a monetary assessment of the ecosystem services of the Great Eurasian Natural Tract (GEANT), and a short-term forecast of changes in the productivity of its ecosystems is proposed. The issues of GEANT management are discussed: the inclusion of the concept of the ecological network in the Strategy for the Development of a System of Specially Protected Natural Areas in the Russian Federation for the Period up to 2030 and the creation of a state agency that would supervise the territorial conservation. It is proposed to consolidate the GEANT’s status legally as a unique world natural heritage.
Decaying universes and the emergence of Bell-type interuniversal entanglement in varying fundamental constants cosmological model
Authors: Balcerzak Adam , Lisaj Mateusz 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we consider a high-curvature limit of the varying fundamental constants toy model in which both the value of the speed of light and the value of the gravitational constant are related to the values of the two non-minimally coupled scalar fields. The high-curvature limit motivates the application of the third quantization procedure to such a toy model which results in a theory that describes bosonic massive particles that move freely in the three-dimensional minisuperspace associated with the degrees of freedom of the original model. Motivated by the idea that in the quantum cosmological description the minisuperspace gets promoted to a real configurational space of the system we supplement the third quantized action of the considered model with an interaction term that allows for decay and scattering processes. We show that such interaction term induces a scenario in which a parent universe decays into two universes described by a nearly maximally entangled Bell state. We eventually asses the strength of the entanglement, in the created pair of universes, by calculating the von Neumann entropy of entanglement.
Donor Macrophages Modulate Rejection After Heart Transplantation
Authors: Kopecky Benjamin J. , Dun Hao , Amrute Junedh M. , Lin Chieh-Yu , Bredemeyer Andrea L. , Terada Yuriko , Bayguinov Peter O. , Koenig Andrew L. , Frye Christian C. , Fitzpatrick James A.J. , Kreisel Daniel , Lavine Kory J. 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Cellular rejection after heart transplantation imparts significant morbidity and mortality. Current immunosuppressive strategies are imperfect, target recipient T cells, and have adverse effects. The innate immune response plays an essential role in the recruitment and activation of T cells. Targeting the donor innate immune response would represent the earliest interventional opportunity within the immune response cascade. There is limited knowledge about donor immune cell types and functions in the setting of cardiac transplantation, and no current therapeutics exist for targeting these cell populations.

Methods:

Using genetic lineage tracing, cell ablation, and conditional gene deletion, we examined donor mononuclear phagocyte diversity and macrophage function during acute cellular rejection of transplanted hearts in mice. We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on donor and recipient macrophages and monocytes at multiple time points after transplantation. On the basis of our imaging and single-cell RNA sequencing data, we evaluated the functional relevance of donor CCR2
+
(C-C chemokine receptor 2) and CCR2
−
macrophages using selective cell ablation strategies in donor grafts before transplant. Last, we performed functional validation that donor macrophages signal through MYD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88) to facilitate cellular rejection.

Results:

Donor macrophages persisted in the rejecting transplanted heart and coexisted with recipient monocyte-derived macrophages. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified donor CCR2
+
and CCR2
−
macrophage populations and revealed remarkable diversity among recipient monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Temporal analysis demonstrated that donor CCR2
+
and CCR2
−
macrophages were transcriptionally distinct, underwent significant morphologic changes, and displayed unique activation signatures after transplantation. Although selective depletion of donor CCR2
−
macrophages reduced allograft survival, depletion of donor CCR2
+
macrophages prolonged allograft survival. Pathway analysis revealed that donor CCR2
+
macrophages are activated through MYD88/nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells signaling. Deletion of MYD88 in donor macrophages resulted in reduced antigen-presenting cell recruitment, reduced ability of antigen-presenting cells to present antigen to T cells, decreased emergence of allograft-reactive T cells, and extended allograft survival.

Conclusions:

Distinct populations of donor and recipient macrophages coexist within the transplanted heart. Donor CCR2
+
macrophages are key mediators of allograft rejection, and deletion of MYD88 signaling in donor macrophages is sufficient to suppress rejection and extend allograft survival. This highlights the therapeutic potential of donor heart–based interventions.
Assessment of Clinical Worsening End Points as a Surrogate for Mortality in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Tremblay Élodie , Gosselin Camille , Mai Vicky , Lajoie Annie C. , Kilo Roubi , Weatherald Jason , Lacasse Yves , Bonnet Sebastien , Lega Jean-Christophe , Provencher Steeve 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Clinical worsening (CW) is a composite end point commonly used in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) trials. We aimed to assess the trial-level surrogacy of CW for mortality in PAH trials, and whether the various CW components were similar in terms of frequency of occurrence, treatment-related relative risk (RR) reduction, and importance to patients.

Methods:
We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library (January 1990 to December 2020) for trials evaluating the effects of PAH therapies on CW. The coefficient of determination between the RR for CW and mortality was assessed by regression analysis. The frequency of occurrence, RR reduction, and importance to patients of the CW components were assessed.

Results:

We included 35 independent cohorts (9450 patients). PAH therapies significantly reduced CW events (RR, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.55–0.73]), including PAH-related hospitalizations (RR, 0.61 [95% CI, 0.47–0.79]), treatment escalation (RR, 0.57 [95% CI, 0.38–0.84]) and symptomatic progression (RR, 0.58 [95% CI, 0.48–0.69]), and modestly reduced all-cause mortality when incorporating deaths occurring after a primary CW-defining event (RR, 0.860 [95% CI, 0.742–0.997]). However, the effects of PAH-specific therapies on CW only modestly correlated with their effects on mortality (
R
2
trial
, 0.35 [95% CI, 0.10–0.59];
P
<0.0001), and the gradient in the treatment effect across component end points was large in the majority of trials. The weighted proportions of CW-defining events were hospitalization (33.5%) and symptomatic progression (32.3%), whereas death (6.7%), treatment escalation (5.6%), and transplantation/atrioseptostomy (0.2%) were infrequent. CW events were driven by the occurrence of events of major (49%) and mild-to-moderate (37%) importance to patients, with 14% of the events valued as critical.

Conclusions:
PAH therapies significantly reduced CW events, but study-level CW is not a surrogate for mortality in PAH trials. Moreover, components of CW largely vary in frequency, response to therapy, and importance to patients and are thus not interchangeable.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO
; Unique identifier: CRD42020178949.
Communication & Media Arts: Of the Humanities & the
Future
Authors: Hart Roderick P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The field of communication was added to the menu of higher education in the early part of the twentieth century. One hundred years later, it is thriving at colleges and universities throughout the United States and gaining a foothold abroad as well. This essay recounts its growth, surveys its campus manifestations, and explores the challenges it now confronts. In a world of ever-advancing technologies, of evolving forms of online interaction, and of massive amounts of misinformation and disinformation, no citizen can ignore the changing media environment. While the communication discipline can take pride in its growth, it must also heed the demands of the Old Humanities: to sort fact from fiction, to identify cultural traditions worth honoring, to question how power is arranged and whom it serves, and to help students formulate messages for a diverse and changing world. The field of communication has many challenges before it and that is a glorious thing.
Philosophy, the Humanities & the Life of Freedom
Authors: Appiah Kwame Anthony 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Humanistic disciplines have family resemblances rather than a simple shared common aim or method, and, like literal family resemblances, these have an explanation that comes from their historical relationships to one another. Philosophy, in particular, is closely connected to the sciences it has spun off over the centuries, but remains distinct from them, because normative inquiry uses methods different from those of any contemporary science. But much philosophical inquiry, like much humanistic work, is also idiographic rather than nomothetic; it focuses our attention on particular things, rather than seeking generalizations. The rewards of humanistic study are, therefore, as diverse as what we can gain from paying attention to its diverse objects of study. In ethics and political philosophy, in particular, we learn from studying particular episodes in which we discover the significance of certain values by recognizing what is wrong in societies in which they are not respected.
Hypernormal Science and its Significance
Authors: Collins Harry , Shrager Jeff , Bartlett Andrew , Conley Shannon , Hale Rachel , Evans Robert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract“Hypernormal science” has minimal potential for contestation on matters of principle and practice so that information exchange can be unproblematic. Sciences comprise hypernormal domains and more contestable “normal” domains where knowledge diffusion, like acquiring linguistic fluency, depends on face-to-face interaction. Hypernormal domains belonging to molecular biology are contrasted with normal domains in gravitational wave detection physics. Sciences as a whole should not be confused with their typical domains. The analysis has immediate implications for proposed transitions out of the Covid-19 lockdown, proposed solutions to the replication crisis, and, perhaps, our understanding of the early development of social studies of science.
Uniformitarianism Re-Examined, or the Present is the Key to the Past, Except When It Isn’t (And Even Then It Kind of Is)
Authors: Dresow Max 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Perhaps no term in the geological lexicon excites more passions than uniformitarianism, whose motto is “the present is the key to the past.” The term is controversial in part because it contains several meanings, which have been implicated in creating a situation of “semantic chaos” in the geological literature. Yet I argue that debates about uniformitarianism do not arise from a simple chaos of meanings. Instead, they arise from legitimate disagreements about substantive questions. This paper examines these questions and relates them to several “forms of understanding” pursued by researchers in geohistory.
A Bibliometric Analysis of the Cognitive Turn in Psychology
Authors: Engelen Jan , Verhaegh Sander , Collignon Loura , Pannu Gurpreet 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We analyzed co-citation patterns in 332,498 articles published in Anglophone psychology journals between 1946 and 1990 to estimate (1) when cognitive psychology first emerged as a clearly delineated subdiscipline, (2) how fast it grew, (3) to what extent it replaced other (e.g., behaviorist) approaches to psychology, (4) to what degree it was more appealing to scholars from a younger generation, and (5) whether it was more interdisciplinary than alternative traditions. We detected a major shift in the structure of co-citation networks between approximately 1955 and 1975 and draw novel conclusions about the developments commonly referred to as “the cognitive turn.”
Natural History of Cystic Vestibular Schwannomas
Authors: Ali Noor-E-Seher , Sayyid Zahra N. , Alyono Jennifer C. 
Published: August 2022

Objective: To determine the natural history of cystic vestibular schwannomas (VS). Study Design: Retrospective cohort. Setting: Single tertiary academic hospital. Patients: Adults diagnosed with cystic VS who had at least 2 MRIs performed at least 6 months apart between 2008 and 2016 with no intervening treatment. Main Outcome Measures: Volumetric growth rates of both the entire tumor and individual cystic and solid components were measured. Linear growth rate of the entire tumor was assessed using the largest diameter parallel to the petrous face at the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). Results: Twenty-one patients met inclusion criteria. The average volumetric growth rate of the tumor was 1.1 ± 2 (range: −1.2 to 7.8), while the average growth rate of the cystic component was 0.8 ± 1.6 (range: −0.5 to 5.3) cm3/year. The CPA diameter of the tumor demonstrated an average linear growth rate of was 1.2 ± 4.4 (range: −8to 13.5) mm/year. With regards to tumor diameter, 9/21 (42.9%) remained stable, 3/21 (14.2%) decreased in size, while 9/21 (42.9%) increased in size. Conclusions: Cystic tumors demonstrate a wide variability in growth rate. Larger, multi-center studies will be required to further compare this relationship to solid tumors.
Effect of microcrystalline cellulose on the preparation and performance of rigid polyurethane foam
Authors: Liu Ye , Chen Xujian , Pan Jin , Guan Yong , Anna Zheng , Wei Dafu , Xu Xiang 
Published: August 2022

In order to study the effect of microcrystalline cellulose on the reaction kinetics of polyurethane, in this work, the multi-scale microcrystalline cellulose was added to the foaming system of multifunctional polyether and multifunctional MDI polyurethane. While the chemical reaction was carried out, it was found through in situ FTIR combined with in situ rheological analysis that what was different from the usual inorganic fillers, the hydroxyl on the surface of the microcrystalline cellulose could preferentially react with MDI to generate urethane under the action of the catalyst. In the initial 5–6 min of the reaction, the reaction of soft segment chain growth was the main reaction. Then the main reaction quickly converted to the cross-linking reaction, which greatly increased the viscosity of the system. The addition of microcrystalline celluloses accelerated the improvement of the cross-linking degree and viscosity of the system. The higher the surface hydroxyl content of microcrystalline cellulose, the more significant this trend become. In addition, although the amount of microcrystalline cellulose added was different, the ratio of the reaction rate of the isocyanate group with the hydroxyl group and the amine group eventually tended to be constant, which indicated that there was a stable reactivity rate in the gradual addition reaction during the cross-linking reaction. Combined with SEM analysis, it was found that 25–60 μm microcrystalline cellulose with large hydroxyl content could act as a nucleating agent when the addition amount was less than 0.1%, which was beneficial to increase the cell density and reduce the pore size and improved the impact performance of the foam. The microcrystalline cellulose with a length of more than 90 μm continuously penetrated through several cell walls and destroyed integrity of the cell structure, which would consequently reduce the impact strength of the foam. This paper provided theoretical guidance for polyurethane modified by microcrystalline cellulose.