bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the scale height of the molecular gas disc in Milky Way-like galaxies
Authors: Jeffreson Sarah M R , Sun (孙嘉懿) Jiayi , Wilson Christine D 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
We study the relationship between the scale height of the molecular gas disc and the turbulent velocity dispersion of the molecular interstellar medium within a simulation of a Milky Way-like galaxy in the moving-mesh code arepo. We find that the vertical distribution of molecular gas can be described by a Gaussian function with a uniform scale height of ∼50 pc. We investigate whether this scale height is consistent with a state of hydrostatic balance between gravity and turbulent pressure. We find that the hydrostatic prediction using the total turbulent velocity dispersion (as one would measure from kiloparsec-scale observations) gives an overestimate of the true molecular disc scale height. The hydrostatic prediction using the velocity dispersion between the centroids of discrete giant molecular clouds (cloud–cloud velocity dispersion) leads to more accurate estimates. The velocity dispersion internal to molecular clouds is elevated by the locally enhanced gravitational field. Our results suggest that observations of molecular gas need to reach the scale of individual molecular clouds in order to accurately determine the molecular disc scale height.
Radiogenic chromium isotope evidence for the earliest planetary volcanism and crust formation in the Solar system
Authors: Zhu Ke , Becker Harry , Li Shi-Jie , Fan Yan , Liu Xiao-Ning , Elliott Tim 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
Erg Chech (EC) 002 is a meteorite with andesitic composition, potentially recording the lava crystallization and crust formation of its parent body. Nucleosynthetic Cr isotope composition (ε54Cr = −0.35 ± 0.06) for EC 002 suggests a non-carbonaceous region of the Solar system, and possibly represents the crustal composition of the brachinite parent body. The 53Mn-to-53Cr decay system shows it crystallized at 4566.6 ± 0.6 Ma, i.e. 0.7 ± 0.6 Ma after Solar system formation (only considering the cogenetic matrix fractions with similar ε54Cr values). This age represents the earliest recorded evidence for planetary melting and volcanism in the Solar system, suggesting that the planetary crust formation occurred very early, only within the first few hundred thousand years of Solar system history. However, the 53Mn–53Cr age does not overlap with 26Al–26Mg dating results, which might indicate that non-carbonaceous achondrites have lower initial 26Al/27Al than the canonical value defined by refractory inclusions in carbonaceous chondrites.
Overnight Abstinence Is Associated With Smaller Secondary Somatosensory Cortical Volumes and Higher Somatosensory-Motor Cortical Functional Connectivity in Cigarette Smokers
Authors: Chen Yu , Dhingra Isha , Chaudhary Shefali , Fucito Lisa , Li Chiang-Shan R 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIntroductionAbstinence symptoms present challenges to successful cessation of cigarette smoking. Chronic exposure to nicotine and long-term nicotine abstinence are associated with alterations in cortical and subcortical gray matter volumes (GMVs).Aims and MethodsWe aimed at examining changes in regional GMVs following overnight abstinence and how these regional functions relate to abstinence symptoms. Here, in a sample of 31 regular smokers scanned both in a satiety state and after overnight abstinence, we employed voxel-wise morphometry and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) to investigate these issues. We processed imaging data with published routines and evaluated the results with a corrected threshold.ResultsSmokers showed smaller GMVs of the left ventral hippocampus and right secondary somatosensory cortex (SII) after overnight abstinence as compared to satiety. The GMV alterations in right SII were positively correlated with changes in withdrawal symptom severity between states. Furthermore, right SII rsFC with the precentral gyrus was stronger in abstinence as compared to satiety. The inter-regional rsFC was positively correlated with motor impulsivity and withdrawal symptom severity during abstinence and negatively with craving to smoke during satiety.ConclusionsThese findings highlight for the first time the effects of overnight abstinence on cerebral volumetrics and changes in functional connectivity of a higher-order sensory cortex. These changes may dispose smokers to impulsive behaviors and aggravate the urge to smoke at the earliest stage of withdrawal from nicotine.ImplicationsOvernight abstinence leads to changes in gray matter volumes and functional connectivity of the second somatosensory cortex in cigarette smokers. Higher somatosensory and motor cortical connectivity in abstinence is significantly correlated with trait motor impulsivity and withdrawal symptom severity. The findings add to the literature of neural markers of nicotine addiction.
Radical flanks of social movements can increase support for moderate factions
Authors: Simpson Brent , Willer Robb , Feinberg Matthew 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Social movements are critical agents of social change, but are rarely monolithic. Instead, movements are often made up of distinct factions with unique agendas and tactics, and there is little scientific consensus on when these factions may complement—or impede—one another’s influence. One central debate concerns whether radical flanks within a movement increase support for more moderate factions within the same movement by making the moderate faction seem more reasonable—or reduce support for moderate factions by making the entire movement seem unreasonable. Results of two online experiments conducted with diverse samples (N = 2,772), including a study of the animal rights movement and a preregistered study of the climate movement, show that the presence of a radical flank increases support for a moderate faction within the same movement. Further, it is the use of radical tactics, such as property destruction or violence, rather than a radical agenda, that drives this effect. Results indicate the effect owes to a contrast effect: Use of radical tactics by one flank led the more moderate faction to appear less radical, even though all characteristics of the moderate faction were held constant. This perception led participants to identify more with and, in turn, express greater support for the more moderate faction. These results suggest that activist groups that employ unpopular tactics can increase support for other groups within the same movement, pointing to a hidden way in which movement factions are complementary, despite pursuing divergent approaches to social change.
COVID-19 Vaccination Status and Concerns Among People Who Use Drugs in Oregon
Authors: Stack Erin , Shin Sarah , LaForge Kate , Pope Justine , Leichtling Gillian , Larsen Jessica E. , Byers Mikaela , Leahy Judith M. , Hoover Daniel , Chisholm Laura , Korthuis P. Todd 
Published: July 2022

Objectives
The objective of this study was to examine COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and explore reasons for COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among people who use drugs (PWUDs), a population with increased COVID-19 transmission and morbidity.

Methods
We conducted semi-structured in-depth interviews with PWUDs in 7 Oregon counties from May 11 to June 25, 2021. Participants (n = 34) were recruited in partnership with syringe service programs and local community organizations staff, participant-referrals, and flyer advertising. Research staff conducted interviews via telephone to assess participants’ acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine, find knowledge gaps where new educational information about vaccination would be helpful, and identify who would be perceived as a trustworthy source of information. Interviews were transcribed and coded using thematic analysis with a deductive approach.

Results
Most participants had not received the COVID-19 vaccine and were not planning on or were unsure about receiving it. Participants were mistrustful of the rapid COVID-19 vaccine development process, the agencies involved in the development, and vaccines in general. Participants shared varied and contrasting responses about who they would trust to provide information about the COVID-19 vaccine, including peer recovery support specialists, doctors, or other health care professionals, and specified federal agencies or media outlets.

Conclusions
As addiction medicine and public health staff continue to respond to the evolving impacts of COVID-19, vaccination planning should be tailored to the unique needs of PWUD to increase COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in this high-risk population.
Psychologically Informed Practice in Audiological Rehabilitation: Audiologist Perceived Barriers, Facilitators, and Preparedness
Authors: Laird Emma C. , Bryant Christina A. , Barr Caitlin M. , Bennett Rebecca J. 
Published: July 2022

Objectives:
Psychological factors, such as mental illness, mental health, attitudes, emotions, and coping styles, are known to impact the success of audiological rehabilitation. However, evidence suggests that audiologists are not sufficiently addressing client psychological factors. Psychologically informed practice, implemented in other healthcare professions, is a framework that guides clinicians in addressing both the physical and psychological factors of a condition throughout rehabilitation. Psychologically informed practice may also be an appropriate framework to improve client outcomes in audiology. The objectives of this study were (1) to determine the barriers and facilitators to audiologists addressing client mental health, psychological symptoms, emotions, and feelings, and (2) to determine audiologists’ preparedness and willingness to implement aspects of psychologically informed practice in audiological rehabilitation.

Design:
A cross-sectional survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 118 Australian clinical audiologists (83.1%, n = 98 female) working in adult audiological rehabilitation.

Results:
Most participants (91.5%) reported at least one barrier to discussing mental health with clients, with the most common being insufficient knowledge and skills in mental health (39.8%). Applying the COM-B model of behavior change, audiologists reported that factors related to motivation were primarily facilitators, and factors related to opportunity (e.g., lack of time) and capabilities (e.g., insufficient knowledge) were barriers to discussing client mental health. Many participants (83.1%) reported willingness to incorporate a clear protocol, including when and how to refer to psychological services, within audiological rehabilitation.

Conclusions:
Audiologists were generally motivated to incorporate psychologically informed practice into audiological rehabilitation; however, lack of knowledge and organizational barriers would need to be overcome. The insights gained in this study provide a foundation for developing a viable approach to psychologically informed practice, which may ultimately encourage audiologists to engage in person-centered care more actively.
Multifidus Sarcopenia Is Associated With Worse Patient-reported Outcomes Following Posterior Cervical Decompression and Fusion
Authors: Pinter Zachariah W. , Salmons Harold I. , Townsley Sarah , Omar Adan , Freedman Brett A. , Currier Bradford L. , Elder Benjamin D. , Nassr Ahmad N. , Bydon Mohamad , Wagner Scott C. , Sebastian Arjun S. 
Published: July 2022

Study Design.
Retrospective cohort study.

Objective.
The present study is the first to assess the impact of paraspinal sarcopenia on patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) following posterior cervical decompression and fusion (PCDF).

Summary of Background Data.
While the impact of sarcopenia on PROMs following lumbar spine surgery is well-established, the impact of sarcopenia on PROMs following PCDF has not been investigated.

Materials and Methods.
We performed a retrospective review of patients undergoing PCDF from C2 to T2 at a single institution between the years 2017 and 2020. Two independent reviewers who were blinded to the clinical outcome scores utilized axial cuts of T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequences to assess fatty infiltration of the bilateral multifidus muscles at the C5–C6 level and classify patients according to the Fuchs Modification of the Goutalier grading system. PROMs were then compared between subgroups.

Results.
We identified 99 patients for inclusion in this study, including 28 patients with mild sarcopenia, 45 patients with moderate sarcopenia, and 26 patients with severe sarcopenia. There was no difference in any preoperative PROM between the subgroups. Mean postoperative Neck Disability Index scores were lower in the mild and moderate sarcopenia subgroups (12.8 and 13.4, respectively) than in the severe sarcopenia subgroup (21.0, P<0.001). A higher percentage of patients with severe multifidus sarcopenia reported postoperative worsening of their Neck Disability Index (10 patients, 38.5%; P=0.003), Visual Analog Scale Neck scores (7 patients, 26.9%; P=0.02), Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Physical Component Scores (10 patients, 38.5%; P=0.02), and Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System Mental Component Scores (14 patients, 53.8%; P=0.02).

Conclusion.
Patients with more severe paraspinal sarcopenia demonstrate less improvement in neck disability and physical function postoperatively and are substantially more likely to report worsening PROMs postoperatively.

Level of Evidence.
3.
Back to the Future: A Report From the 16th International Forum for Back and Neck Pain Research in Primary Care and Updated Research Agenda
Authors: Dionne Clermont E. , Rossignol Michel , Deyo Richard A. , Koes Bart , Schoene Mark , Battié Michele 
Published: July 2022

Study Design.
The 16th meeting of the International Forum for Back and Neck Pain Research in Primary Care was held in Québec City in July 2019 under the theme of innovation. This paper addresses the state of research in the field.

Objective.
To ascertain the evolution of knowledge and clinical application in back and neck pain and identify shifting research priorities.

Materials and Methods.
After a brief presentation of the Forum and its history, the current state of the field was depicted from the scientific program and the recordings of the plenary and parallel oral and poster communications of Forum XVI. Research agendas established in 1995 and 1997 were updated from a survey of a multidisciplinary group of experts in the field. A discussion of the progress made and challenges ahead follows.

Results.
While much progress has been made at improving knowledge at managing back pain in the past 25 years, most research priorities from earlier decades are still pertinent. The need for integration of physical and psychological interventions represents a key challenge, as is the need to better understand the biological mechanisms underlying back and neck pain to develop more effective interventions. Stemming the tide of back and neck pain in low and middle-income countries and avoiding the adoption of low-value interventions appear particularly important. The Lancet Low Back Pain Series initiative, arising from the previous fora, and thoughts on implementing best practices were extensively discussed, recognizing the challenges to evidence-based knowledge and practice given competing interests and incentives.

Conclusion.
With the quantity and quality of research on back and neck pain increasing over the years, an update of research priorities helped to identify key issues in primary care.
Comparison of Spinopelvic Configuration and Roussouly Alignment Types Between Pediatric and Adult Populations
Authors: Charles Yann Philippe , Lamas Vincent , Ilharreborde Brice , Blondel Benjamin , Prost Solène , Bauduin Eloïse , Laouissat Féthi , Riouallon Guillaume , Wolff Stéphane , Challier Vincent , Obeid Ibrahim , Boissière Louis , Ferrero Emmanuelle , Solla Federico , Le Huec Jean-Charles , Bourret Stéphane , Faddoul Joe , Abi Lahoud Georges N. , Fière Vincent , Vande Kerckhove Michiel , Lebhar Jonathan , Giorgi Hadrien , Faure Aymeric , Sauleau Erik A. , Pesenti Sébastien ,   The French Spine Surgery Society (SFCR)
Published: July 2022

Study Design.
Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Objective.
The aim was to describe spinopelvic alignment types by pelvic incidence (PI) and age to compare the Roussouly classification between pediatric and adult populations.

Summary of Background Data.
The Roussouly classification was validated for adults. Alignment types may vary during growth.

Materials and Methods.
Radiographs of 1706 non pathologic individuals (5–49 yr) were analyzed. Individuals ≤19 years were stratified by chronological age and skeletal maturity (triradiate cartilage, Risser), and compared with adults. Global and spinopelvic alignment parameters were assessed. Roussouly Types 1, 2, 3, 3A (anteverted pelvis), and 4 were determined. The distribution of parameters was analyzed by Bayesian inference. The relationship between PI and age by Roussouly type was modeled by linear regression.

Results.
The Sagittal Vertical Axis C7 decreased during growth and was significantly smaller in adults (20–34 yr) (Pr>0.99). Thoracic kyphosis and lumbar lordosis increased during growth and were larger in adults (Pr<0.025). Lordosis increased mainly in the cranial arch (Pr<0.025). PI and pelvic tilt increased during growth and were larger in adults (Pr<0.025). In children and adolescents, PI<45° represented the largest proportion, significantly larger compared with adults (Pr>0.99). Proportions of Roussouly Types 1 and 2 were similar throughout ages. Types 3 and 4 were rarer during the prepubertal period (Pr<0.025). The proportion of Type 3A was significantly higher in children and adolescents (Pr>0.99). Linear regression showed that Type 4 had the largest PI increase with age, with significantly higher curve slope compared with other types (Pr>0.9999). Types 3, 3A and 2 had similar slopes and lowest PI increase with age.

Conclusion.
Global and spinopelvic alignment changed during childhood and adolescence, leading to different kyphosis and lordosis distribution compared with adults. Growth-related PI increase influenced Roussouly types with typical predominance of Type 3A in the pediatric population and larger PI increase in Type 4.

Level of Evidence.
Level III.
Age- and Gender-based Global Sagittal Spinal Alignment in Asymptomatic Adult Volunteers: Results of the Multiethnic Alignment Normative Study (MEANS)
Authors: Sardar Zeeshan M. , Cerpa Meghan , Hassan Fthimnir , Kelly Michael , Le Huec Jean-Charles , Bourret Stephane , Hasegawa Kazuhiro , Wong Hee-Kit , Liu Gabriel , Dennis Hey Hwee Weng , Riahi Hend , Lenke Lawrence 
Published: July 2022

Study Design.
Multicenter Cohort.

Objective.
Assess normative values of sagittal spinal and lower extremity alignment in asymptomatic volunteers stratified by age and gender.

Summary of Background Data.
Our understanding of ideal sagittal alignment is still evolving. The Multiethnic Alignment Normative Study (MEANS) investigated skeletal alignment of the largest multiethnic cohort of asymptomatic adult volunteers. We aim to assess normative values of sagittal spinal and lower extremity alignment in asymptomatic volunteers stratified by age and gender.

Materials and Methods.
Asymptomatic volunteers between the ages of 18–80 years were enrolled prospectively and then analyzed retrospectively from six different centers. Volunteers included reported no significant neck or back pain, nor any known spinal disorder(s). All volunteers underwent a standing full-body or full-spine low-dose stereoradiograph.

Results.
MEANS consisted of 468 volunteers with a mean age of 40.4±14.8 years. Thoracic kyphosis (TK) from T4 to T12 showed a mean of 37.4±10.9°. The average L1–S1 lumbar lordosis (LL) was −57.4±11.3°. LL did not show significant differences across the five age groups. TK showed a significant difference based on age (P<0.0001). Sagittal vertical axis increased across age groups from −14.2 mm in young adults to 17.0 mm in patients >64. Similar trend was seen for T1 pelvic angle with a mean of 5.0° in young adults and 13.7° in those older than age 64. Knee flexion increased across age groups without a significant change in odontoid-knee distance which is a surrogate for the center of the head aligned over the knees.

Conclusions.
In asymptomatic volunteers, sagittal alignment parameters showed a slow and steady change across age groups exemplified by an increase in TK. However, LL did not show a significant decrease across age groups. Volunteers used compensatory mechanisms such as slight pelvis retroversion, knee flexion, and neck extension to maintain an aligned sagittal posture with their head centered over their knees (odontoid-knee).

Level of Evidence.
3
Technique for Reconstruction of Midcarpal Instability Associated with Lunotriquetral Coalition
Authors: Hall Shannon M. , Lee Frank G. , Wallace Sean J. , Miller Nathan F. 
Published: July 2022

Summary:
Carpal coalition is a rare congenital presentation of 2 or more fused carpal bones due to a failure of apoptotic segmentation during development. The most common subtype is lunotriquetral coalition (LTC). Most cases are asymptomatic and found incidentally on imaging; however, a few symptomatic cases requiring treatment have been reported. Surgical intervention of arthrodesis and proximal row carpectomy in adults have been reported where conservative management of splinting, physiotherapy, anti-inflammatory medication, or steroid injections have failed. We report a unique case of Minnaar type 2 LTC in a 20-year-old man with a 6-year history of daily right wrist pain and symptomatic wrist instability whose previous conservative therapies failed. Midcarpal instability and volar intercalated segment instability—volar flexion of the lunate—were present. A novel technique using the palmaris longus tendon to reconstruct the triquetrohamate, triquetrocapitate, and dorsal radiolunate ligaments was performed. The graft was secured dorsally to the hamate, triquetrum, and capitate. An additional graft from the lunate to distal radius acted as a biomechanical checkrein. There were no complications. Temporary Kirschner wires were removed 2 months postoperatively, followed by occupational hand therapy. At 1-year follow-up, the patient no longer reported pain or lunotriquetral tenderness. Midcarpal instability and volar intercalated segment instability resolved. Postoperative right wrist flexion and extension were 40 and 75 degrees, respectively. We discuss the successful outcome of this novel technique as an alternative to arthrodesis in the surgical management of LTC.