bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stanley Gray
Authors: Lambrinidou Yanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
When Stanley Gray was admitted to the home care program of hospice, he appeared to be dying from congestive heart failure (CHF) and end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). To everyone’s surprise, his condition improved. Although dependent on oxygen, morphine, and eight bronchodilator treatments a day, Mr. Gray started to lead a relatively independent and deeply religious life. A year and a half after his admission to hospice, his social worker believed he was no longer “terminal.” His nurse, on the other hand, argued that although he was functional, he could die at any time. Mr. Gray was the only patient in our study who was still alive when we completed the writing of this book. His case demonstrates the unpredictability of diseases like CHF and COPD and the challenge they present to the current system of hospice care in the United States. It unfolds on the borderland between palliative and long-term care, even as it illustrates the immense personal and relational transformations that can take place near the end of life. It is also a portrait of a certain type of religious faith. Though Mr. Gray’s consuming relationship with God made some members of his hospice team uncomfortable, and the nurse and chaplain even suspected that it compromised his health, Mr. Gray was convinced that it was God who had caused him to outlive his terminal prognosis.
Susan Mulroney
Authors: Boston Patricia 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSusan Mulroney had always considered herself a very private person. She had many friends and a caring family, but all her life she prided herself on being very independent and in control of her own affairs. She never liked to burden family or friends with her problems. When she was diagnosed with advanced cervical cancer at the age of 47, she did not talk much about it to anyone. During the next few months, she remained stoic in the face of her illness and tried to continue with her life normally, as though nothing eventful had taken place. But chemotherapy did not work, and she felt increasingly tired, physically weak, and unable to cope on her own.Not wishing to burden family members, Susan chose to be admitted to the Palliative Care Unit, where her condition rapidly became worse. Her physical symptoms were controlled, and she seemed comfortable. But no one could tell how she was coping emotionally with the knowledge that she would soon die. When people tried to talk with her, she usually found them intrusive. Ten days following her admission to the Palliative Care Unit, she died. Except for one close friend, no one knew much about how she had felt or what the last few months of her life had been like.
Regional anaesthesia
Authors: Love Shona , Bailes Ian 
Published: October 2022

AbstractRegional anaesthesia is a valuable technique in oromaxillofacial surgery. The cranial nerves that supply the head and neck arise deep within the brainstem, following tortuous paths through the bony skull base, emerging as multiple small terminal branches with short courses, each supplying sensation to small, often variable, areas of skin or mucosa. For this reason, targeted nerve blocks are considerably less common than in other surgical specialties, though there are some exceptions, such as the inferior alveolar nerve block for dental procedures. More commonly, this multiplicity of small nerves means that the superficial tissues of the head and neck are generally amenable to a field block. Local subcutaneous or submucosal infiltration of local anaesthetic often provides good anaesthesia. When combined with vasoconstrictors this also helps optimize the surgical field and reduce bleeding. This chapter presents the head and neck as six functional units, consisting of the face, the scalp, the nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the pharynx, and the larynx, with the relevant anatomy and associated regional anaesthetic techniques described for each unit. Techniques for administering local anaesthesia to permit awake tracheal intubation are also discussed, as well as the potential complications associated with local anaesthetic infiltration, and strategies to mitigate these.
Dental anaesthesia
Authors: Gosling Jennifer , Myatt John 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Dental anaesthesia is a challenging area of anaesthetic practice, involving significant heterogeneity in standards and delivery of services (hospital versus community settings), and substantial variability in levels of training and sedation practices by anaesthetists and non-anaesthetists, while meeting the demands of high-turnover day case operating lists and patients with potentially complex medical and nursing needs (namely paediatric patients and adults with learning disability). Operations involve a ‘shared airway’ and necessitate good communication between surgeon and anaesthetist, especially when sedation, rather than general anaesthesia, is being provided. Dental anaesthesia is also a constantly evolving subspecialty, with numerous recent advances in international guidance governing patient safety, practitioner training, vital sign monitoring standards, and preprocedural fasting.
Paediatric surgery
Authors: Wong Silky , Hui Theresa Wan-Chun 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAnaesthesia for paediatric oromaxillofacial surgery ranges from simple dental procedures, cleft lip and palate, to the temporomandibular joint and ultra-major craniofacial surgeries. In this chapter, paediatric oromaxillofacial abnormalities and their association with congenital syndromes are outlined. In planning, anaesthetists should be aware of the possibility of difficult tracheal intubation and ventilation. Identification and management of the difficult airway in these children is discussed. Different strategies to allay perioperative anxiety including newer techniques such as intranasal dexmedetomidine are introduced. Updated guidelines on fasting, the choice of tracheal tubes, intraoperative concerns such as fluid management for prolonged procedures, blood conservation techniques, prophylaxis and management of postoperative nausea and vomiting, and perioperative pain management are discussed. Anaesthetic management of specific oromaxillofacial surgical procedures is also presented.
Non-technical skills
Authors: Lui Frances 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHuman factors are major contributors to patient safety as medical and technological advancements alone are inadequate in reducing adverse events. Non-technical skills encompass a set of attributes and behaviours that complement medical knowledge, clinical skills, and procedural skills. Anaesthetic non-technical skills (ANTS) comprises four categories (situation awareness, decision-making, task management, and team working), each with component elements, and examples of desirable and less desirable behaviours for each element. This chapter discusses the background and development of the ANTS framework, the different categories and elements of non-technical skills, application in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery, crisis resource management and simulation training, the use of cognitive aids and checklists, and future direction of building a safety culture.
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Authors: Yano Yuichiro , Nadar Sunil K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a well-known complication of long-standing hypertension, with the duration and severity of elevated blood pressure being the major predictive factors in its development. The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) has been implicated as the main pathophysiological mechanism in the development of LVH. The presence of LVH in hypertensive patients is a poor prognostic factor, and those with LVH are at higher cardiovascular risk of future events. Regression of LVH with treatment of hypertension can lead to a corresponding reduction in cardiovascular risk. Antihypertensive agents acting on the RAAS appear to be best at regressing LVH and improving outcomes.
Non-pharmacological management of hypertension
Authors: Buckley Benjamin J. R. , Finnie Stephanie J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The importance of a healthy lifestyle is well understood for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. Numerous studies have emphasized the importance of lifestyle changes as an important component of lowering blood pressure in both patients with hypertension and pre-hypertension. Non-pharmacological interventions are an integral part of not only preventing and managing hypertension, but also reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. The importance of physical activity, exercise training, and a healthy diet need to be re-emphasized as powerful primary and secondary preventive tools. Therefore, physicians and other healthcare practitioners must allow time with patients to discuss patient goals related to non-pharmacological and lifestyle modifications.
Beta blockers in hypertension
Authors: Al-Lawati Hatim 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Beta blockers are not as effective as other classes of antihypertensive medications. Although, previously considered to be a first line agent in lowering blood pressure, a considerable body of evidence from randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses has consistently shown inferior results not only in attaining guideline-recommended blood pressure targets, but also in reducing overall cardiovascular and cerebrovascular event rates. Consequently, current practice guidelines on management of hypertension recommend this class of drugs only as a second-line add-on therapy when other agents have not been successful in lowering blood pressure. As monotherapy, they may however, be considered in special circumstances, especially in the presence of ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, or concurrent arrhythmias, or intolerance to other antihypertensive agents.
Improving medication adherence in hypertension
Authors: Al-Riyami Hassan , Lane Deirdre A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Blood pressure control is strongly correlated with adherence to medications and lifestyle changes. Research has shown that up to half of all patients with hypertension remain non-adherent to medications. Assessment of medication adherence and lifestyle modifications to help control blood pressure are an important part of the management of hypertension. Assessment can be done by direct questioning of patients, use of structured questionnaires, pill count, or more sophisticated methods such as assessment of drug levels in blood and urine and use of electronic pill boxes. There are many socio-economic and healthcare-related factors that affect an individual patient’s adherence to medications. Understanding how these different factors affect each individual patient can help improve their level of adherence by devising strategies to improve medication adherence. Use of multidisciplinary teams and involving the patient and their caregivers in the decision-making process can also improve adherence.
Photometric redshift uncertainties in weak gravitational lensing shear analysis: models and marginalization
Authors: Zhang Tianqing , Rau Markus Michael , Mandelbaum Rachel , Li Xiangchong , Moews Ben 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
Recovering credible cosmological parameter constraints in a weak lensing shear analysis requires an accurate model that can be used to marginalize over nuisance parameters describing potential sources of systematic uncertainty, such as the uncertainties on the sample redshift distribution n(z). Due to the challenge of running Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) in the high-dimensional parameter spaces in which the n(z) uncertainties may be parametrized, it is common practice to simplify the n(z) parametrization or combine MCMC chains that each have a fixed n(z) resampled from the n(z) uncertainties. In this work, we propose a statistically principled Bayesian resampling approach for marginalizing over the n(z) uncertainty using multiple MCMC chains. We self-consistently compare the new method to existing ones from the literature in the context of a forecasted cosmic shear analysis for the HSC three-year shape catalogue, and find that these methods recover statistically consistent error bars for the cosmological parameter constraints for predicted HSC three-year analysis, implying that using the most computationally efficient of the approaches is appropriate. However, we find that for data sets with the constraining power of the full HSC survey data set (and, by implication, those upcoming surveys with even tighter constraints), the choice of method for marginalizing over n(z) uncertainty among the several methods from the literature may modify the 1σ uncertainties on Ωm–S8 constraints by ∼4 per cent, and a careful model selection is needed to ensure credible parameter intervals.
Three-dimensional numerical simulations of ambipolar diffusion in NS cores in the one-fluid approximation: instability of poloidal magnetic field
Authors: Igoshev Andrei P , Hollerbach Rainer 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
We numerically model evolution of magnetic fields inside a neutron star under the influence of ambipolar diffusion in the weak-coupling mode in the one-fluid MHD approximation. Our simulations are 3D and performed in spherical coordinates. Our model covers the neutron star core and includes crust where the magnetic field decay is due to Ohmic decay. We discover an instability of poloidal magnetic field under the influence of ambipolar diffusion. This instability develops in the neutron star core and grows on a time-scale of 0.2 dimensionless times, reaching saturation by 2 dimensionless times. The instability leads to formation of azimuthal magnetic field with azimuthal wavenumber m = 14 (at the moment of saturation) which keeps merging and reaches m = 4 by 16 dimensionless times. Over the course of our simulations (16 dimensionless times) the surface dipolar magnetic field decays, reaching 20 per cent of its original value and keeps decaying. The decay time-scale for the total magnetic energy is six dimensionless times. The ambipolar diffusion induces electric currents in the crust where these currents dissipate efficiently. Strong electric currents in the crust lead to heating, which could correspond to luminosities of ≈1029 erg s−1 during hundreds of Myrs for an initial magnetic field of 1014 G. Ambipolar diffusion leads to formation of small-scale magnetic fields at the neutron star surface.
Echtvar: compressed variant representation for rapid annotation and filtering of SNPs and indels
Authors: Pedersen Brent S , de Ridder Jeroen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Germline and somatic variants within an individual or cohort are interpreted with information from large cohorts. Annotation with this information becomes a computational bottleneck as population sets grow to terabytes of data. Here, we introduce echtvar, which efficiently encodes population variants and annotation fields into a compressed archive that can be used for rapid variant annotation and filtering. Most variants, represented by chromosome, position and alleles are encoded into 32-bits-half the size of previous encoding schemes and at least 4 times smaller than a naive encoding. The annotations, stored separately within the same archive, are also encoded and compressed. We show that echtvar is faster and uses less space than existing tools and that it can effectively reduce the number of candidate variants. We give examples on germ-line and somatic variants to document how echtvar can facilitate exploratory data analysis on genetic variants. Echtvar is available at https://github.com/brentp/echtvar under an MIT license.
Structural basis for HflXr-mediated antibiotic resistance in Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Koller Timm O , Turnbull Kathryn J , Vaitkevicius Karolis , Crowe-McAuliffe Caillan , Roghanian Mohammad , Bulvas Ondřej , Nakamoto Jose A , Kurata Tatsuaki , Julius Christina , Atkinson Gemma C , Johansson Jörgen , Hauryliuk Vasili , Wilson Daniel N 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
HflX is a ubiquitous bacterial GTPase that splits and recycles stressed ribosomes. In addition to HflX, Listeria monocytogenes contains a second HflX homolog, HflXr. Unlike HflX, HflXr confers resistance to macrolide and lincosamide antibiotics by an experimentally unexplored mechanism. Here, we have determined cryo-EM structures of L. monocytogenes HflXr-50S and HflX-50S complexes as well as L. monocytogenes 70S ribosomes in the presence and absence of the lincosamide lincomycin. While the overall geometry of HflXr on the 50S subunit is similar to that of HflX, a loop within the N-terminal domain of HflXr, which is two amino acids longer than in HflX, reaches deeper into the peptidyltransferase center. Moreover, unlike HflX, the binding of HflXr induces conformational changes within adjacent rRNA nucleotides that would be incompatible with drug binding. These findings suggest that HflXr confers resistance using an allosteric ribosome protection mechanism, rather than by simply splitting and recycling antibiotic-stalled ribosomes.
CellMarker 2.0: an updated database of manually curated cell markers in human/mouse and web tools based on scRNA-seq data
Authors: Hu Congxue , Li Tengyue , Xu Yingqi , Zhang Xinxin , Li Feng , Bai Jing , Chen Jing , Jiang Wenqi , Yang Kaiyue , Ou Qi , Li Xia , Wang Peng , Zhang Yunpeng 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
CellMarker 2.0 (http://bio-bigdata.hrbmu.edu.cn/CellMarker or http://117.50.127.228/CellMarker/) is an updated database that provides a manually curated collection of experimentally supported markers of various cell types in different tissues of human and mouse. In addition, web tools for analyzing single cell sequencing data are described. We have updated CellMarker 2.0 with more data and several new features, including (i) Appending 36 300 tissue-cell type-maker entries, 474 tissues, 1901 cell types and 4566 markers over the previous version. The current release recruits 26 915 cell markers, 2578 cell types and 656 tissues, resulting in a total of 83 361 tissue-cell type-maker entries. (ii) There is new marker information from 48 sequencing technology sources, including 10X Chromium, Smart-Seq2 and Drop-seq, etc. (iii) Adding 29 types of cell markers, including protein-coding gene lncRNA and processed pseudogene, etc. Additionally, six flexible web tools, including cell annotation, cell clustering, cell malignancy, cell differentiation, cell feature and cell communication, were developed to analysis and visualization of single cell sequencing data. CellMarker 2.0 is a valuable resource for exploring markers of various cell types in different tissues of human and mouse.
Glycated albumin to glycated hemoglobin ratio and mortality in diabetic patients on dialysis: a new association
Authors: Hoshino Junichi , Abe Masanori , Hamano Takayuki , Hasegawa Takeshi , Wada Atsushi , Nakai Shigeru , Hanafusa Norio , Masakane Ikuto , Nitta Kosaku 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Hemoglobin A1c (A1c) and glycated albumin (GA) are two blood glycated proteins commonly used to monitor glycemic control in dialysis patients with diabetes. However, little is known about the association between the GA/A1c ratio and mortality in these populations. Here, we examine these associations using a nationwide cohort.

Methods
We enrolled 28 994 dialysis patients with diabetes who met our inclusion criteria (female, 32.9%; mean age, 67.4 ± 11.6 years; mean dialysis duration, 6.3 ± 5.8 years). After dividing the patients into groups based on GA/A1c quantiles and adjusting for 18 potential confounders, adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence limits were calculated for 3-year mortality and cause-specific mortalities. Additionally, propensity score matching analyses were used to compare mortalities between the low and high GA/A1c groups.

Results
After adjusting for possible confounders, significantly increased mortality was found in patients with GA/A1c ratios of 3.6–4.0 [HR 1.21 (1.10–1.34)] or higher [HR 1.43 (1.30–1.58)] than in those with GA/A1c ratios of 3.0–3.3. The risks of infectious and cardiovascular death were higher in these patients regardless of their nutritional status. In the propensity score matching analyses, significantly increased mortality was consistently found in those with a higher ratio (≥3.3) [HR 1.23 (1.14–1.33)] than in those with a lower ratio.

Conclusions
The GA/A1c ratio was significantly associated with 3-year mortality, especially infectious and cardiovascular mortality, in dialysis patients with diabetes. This ratio may be a promising new clinical indicator of survival in these patients, independent of their current glycemic control and nutritional markers.
Prenatal cannabis use and its impact on offspring neuro-behavioural outcomes: A systematic review
Authors: Thompson Mary , Vila Merima , Wang Li , Thabane Lehana , Shea Alison K 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroductionCannabis is a widely used substance in pregnancy, yet there is a paucity of literature addressing the neuro-behavioural consequences for prenatally exposed children. Our systematic review synthesizes currently available data for the impact of prenatal cannabis use on offspring intelligence and cognitive functioning.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychINFO, CINAHL, and Clinicaltrials.gov were searched. Observational studies comparing prenatal cannabis use to controls were included. Offspring neuro-behavioural outcomes were grouped in prespecified domains of (1) intelligence and (2) cognitive functioning. Random-effect models were performed for meta-analyses when at least three studies reported the same outcome. All others were summarized qualitatively. GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations) framework was used to assess evidence certainty.ResultsOf the 1982 reviewed studies (n = 523,107 patients), 28 were included. Significant heterogeneity and cohort redundancy limited meta-analysis. Very low-quality evidence from pooled analyses showed no significant associations between prenatal cannabis exposure and attention [standardized mean difference = −0.27 (95% CI = −0.60 to 0.07)], global intelligence quotient [−0.16 (−0.42 to 0.10)], reading [−0.05 (−0.29 to 0.20)], written comprehension [−0.09 (−0.40 to 0.22)], spelling [−0.04 (−0.26 to 0.17)], and mathematics [−0.01 (−0.15 to 0.13)]. No significant associations were found between prenatal cannabis exposure for all other outcomes. Individual studies reported significant differences between the heavy use groups and non-exposed, although this did not prove to be significant when outcomes were pooled.ConclusionsThe current review did not find a clear association between prenatal cannabis use and offspring neuro-behavioural outcomes. However, evidence was low quality and heterogenous. Further prospective investigation is needed to elucidate any potential association between prenatal cannabis use and long-term neuro-developmental outcomes.
Chung Un Lee: The trailblazer of tropical medicine in China
Authors: Liu Huan , Wei Yifan , Gao Wanying , Cheng Hao 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Chung Un Lee, (李宗恩, 1894–1962) was a pioneer of tropical medicine research in China, serving as the president of Guiyang Medical College, the dean of Peking Union Medical College, the vice president of the Chinese Medical Association, a member of the British Medical Association and the Far Eastern Tropical Medical Association (Fig. 1) (Lu, 1992). Chung Un Lee spent his life in medical education and scientific research, with outstanding achievements in research on filariasis, schistosomiasis, malaria, and kala-azar, confirming the reservoir of filariasis in China, innovating the application of plasmochin to combat malaria, proving that sandflies and dogs are sources of infection in human kala-azar, and making a clinical diagnosis of the early manifestations of kala-azar in China. Chung Un Lee is a distinguished medical scientist and medical educator, one of the founders of Chinese Tropical Medicine, who fought for forty years for the prevention and treatment of tropical diseases in China and conducted pioneering research in Chinese Tropical Medicine.