bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Providing Opinions: State Attorneys General and State Constitutions
Authors: Cauthen James N G 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFederalism scholars have increasingly recognized the impact of state attorneys general in national politics. State attorneys general also are in a unique position to contribute to the development and application of state law through their advisory opinion duties. I examine advisory opinion activity on state constitutional questions across all states for 2016–2018 in the context of legal, institutional, and political explanations developed in studies of attorney general behavior and judicial decision-making. Most opinions addressed issues of finance, legislative power or local power and were most often issued to state legislators and local officials. Republican attorneys general in Southern states with similar political cultures were most active issuing opinions, with significant party collaboration between requesters and attorneys general.
Which policy instrument do citizens and civil servants prefer? A choice experiment on Swedish marine policy
Authors: Ek Claes , Elofsson Katarina , Lagerkvist Carl-Johan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In the choice between alternative environmental policy instruments, economists tend to favor policies capable of attaining cost-efficiency, but other considerations may be more important to stakeholders. We perform a choice experiment modeled on Swedish water and marine policy to estimate preferences for different policy instruments among citizens and municipal civil servants. Both the modal citizen and the modal civil servant prefer direct regulation and subsidies to nutrient trading. Moreover, nutrient trading is unlikely to deliver sufficiently large cost savings for civil servants to prefer it to other instruments. These results are consistent with the apparent reluctance to adopt water quality trading in Europe.
UNWANTED RADIATION EXPOSURE TO RADIOSENSITIVE ORGANS DURING HAND CT
Authors: Nam Dae Jin , Moon Sun Rock , Kang Hong Je 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate unwanted radiation exposure of radiosensitive organs during computed tomography (CT) scans of the hand. Furthermore, we investigated the effectiveness of a shield in reducing unwanted radiation exposure. In a prospective observational study, the patients were randomized to receive a shield during the hand CT scan. Two group of patients were further randomized to undergo multi-detector CT (MDCT) or cone-beam CT (CBCT). The radiation dose was measured in the target point and the nearest skin surface of radiosensitive organs by attached the thermoluminescent dosemeter chips. When shielding was performed, the radiation doses had decreased significantly with a mean of 79% (65–91%) in the MDCT group and 88.6% (85–93%) in the CBCT group. In the non-shielded group, the radiation doses to the radiosensitive organs decreased inversely with increasing distance, which means that the closer the target point is, the more unwanted radiation exposure increases. It is important to keep radiosensitive organs as far as possible from the target point during CT scan. In particular, it is necessary to shield the radiosensitive organs closer to the target point.
Level of Evidence: Level II, Prospective observational study.
Development of a Reference Chart for Monitoring Cancer-Related Fatigue Throughout a Supervised Exercise Program
Authors: Marker Ryan J. , Kittelson Andrew J. , Jankowski Catherine M. , Scorsone Jared J. , Peters John C. , Purcell W. Thomas 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is one of the most reported and functionally limiting symptoms experienced by individuals living with and beyond cancer. Exercise is effective at reducing CRF, although currently it is not possible to predict the magnitude and time course of improvement for an individual participating in an exercise program.

Objective:
To develop a reference chart of CRF improvement for individuals participating in a 3-month cancer-specific exercise program.

Methods:
In this retrospective cohort study, CRF was assessed every 2 weeks (using the FACIT-Fatigue scale, range: 0-52, with lower scores indicating greater fatigue) in 173 individuals participating in a 3-month supervised exercise program (741 observations). No cancer types were excluded and individuals were either undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiation, or within 6 months of completing treatment. The reference chart was developed using Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape.

Results:
Each participant had an average of 4 CRF observations. Lower centiles demonstrated greater improvement than higher centiles (11 points over the duration of the program for the 10th and 4 points for the 90th percentiles).

Limitations:
The population is biased to individuals self-selecting or being referred to a clinical exercise program.

Conclusions:
This reference chart provides a novel method of monitoring CRF improvement during a cancer-specific exercise program. Setting appropriate expectations and informing exercise prescription adaptation are discussed in the context of representative data from 3 participants. Future research can investigate improvements in clinical outcomes and the remote monitoring of CRF through the implementation of the reference chart.
Factors Affecting Rebound Phenomenon After Temporary Hemiepiphysiodesis and Implant Removal for Idiopathic Genu Valgum in Adolescent Patients
Authors: Ko Kyung Rae , Shim Jong Sup , Shin Tae Soo , Jang Min Chang 
Published: February 2022

Background:
The aim of this study was to investigate factors determining postoperative courses, especially focusing on the rebound phenomenon, in adolescent patients with idiopathic genu valgum who underwent temporary hemiepiphysiodesis and implant removal.

Methods:
We identified and reviewed patients with idiopathic genu valgum treated with temporary hemiepiphysiodesis [using tension-band plates (plate group, PG) or transphyseal screws (screw group, SG)] and followed-up to skeletal maturity.

Results:
In our cohort [68 patients and their 68 limbs (randomly selected in bilateral cases)], the mean hip-knee-ankle alignment was –5.4±1.8 degrees at the time of temporary hemiepiphysiodesis (negative means valgus), 2.6±2.1 degrees at the time of implant removal, and 0.7±2.6 degrees at the last follow-up, respectively. Regarding the implants, the correction speed was not significantly different (P=0.192-0.315) between the PG (total 1.29±0.37 degrees/mo, 0.71±0.23 degrees/mo at distal femur, 0.59±0.16 degrees/mo at proximal tibia, n=19) and the SG (total 1.22±0.49 degrees/mo, 0.65±0.25 degrees/mo at distal femur, 0.57±0.23 degrees/mo at proximal tibia, n=49). The magnitude of rebound phenomenon in the PG (4.1±1.9 degrees) was greater (P<0.001) than that in the SG (1.1±3.1 degrees). The use of plates and faster correction speed, rather than more severe preoperative deformity or greater correction angle, were positively associated with the rebound phenomenon in regression analyses. Among the 68 knees, 1 showed valgus alignment ≥5 degrees and 5 showed varus alignment ≥5 degrees at the last follow-up. All the 6 cases were observed in the SG. Surgical wound dehiscence was observed in 1 patient in the PG.

Conclusions:
The use of plates and faster correction speed were positively associated with the rebound phenomenon. Careful attention will be needed with the corresponding conditions for optimal results. Progressive genu varum after transphyseal screw removal, which was observed in this study, should be explored in future research.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative series.
Cancer statistics in China and United States, 2022: profiles, trends, and determinants
Authors: Xia Changfa , Dong Xuesi , Li He , Cao Maomao , Sun Dianqin , He Siyi , Yang Fan , Yan Xinxin , Zhang Shaoli , Li Ni , Chen Wanqing 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background:
The cancer burden in the United States of America (USA) has decreased gradually. However, China is experiencing a transition in its cancer profiles, with greater incidence of cancers that were previously more common in the USA. This study compared the latest cancer profiles, trends, and determinants between China and USA.

Methods:
This was a comparative study using open-source data. Cancer cases and deaths in 2022 were calculated using cancer estimates from GLOBOCAN 2020 and population estimates from the United Nations. Trends in cancer incidence and mortality rates in the USA used data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program and National Center for Health Statistics. Chinese data were obtained from cancer registry reports. Data from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 and a decomposition method were used to express cancer deaths as the product of four determinant factors.

Results:
In 2022, there will be approximately 4,820,000 and 2,370,000 new cancer cases, and 3,210,000 and 640,000 cancer deaths in China and the USA, respectively. The most common cancers are lung cancer in China and breast cancer in the USA, and lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in both. Age-standardized incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer and colorectal cancer in the USA have decreased significantly recently, but rates of liver cancer have increased slightly. Rates of stomach, liver, and esophageal cancer decreased gradually in China, but rates have increased for colorectal cancer in the whole population, prostate cancer in men, and other seven cancer types in women. Increases in adult population size and population aging were major determinants for incremental cancer deaths, and case-fatality rates contributed to reduced cancer deaths in both countries.

Conclusions:
The decreasing cancer burden in liver, stomach, and esophagus, and increasing burden in lung, colorectum, breast, and prostate, mean that cancer profiles in China and the USA are converging. Population aging is a growing determinant of incremental cancer burden. Progress in cancer prevention and care in the USA, and measures to actively respond to population aging, may help China to reduce the cancer burden.
Exploring attendance at emergency departments for children with non-urgent conditions in Turkey: a qualitative study of parents and healthcare staff perspectives
Authors: Butun Ahmet , Lynn Fiona , McGaughey Jennifer , McLaughlin Katrina , Linden Mark 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background:
Overcrowding in Emergency Departments (EDs) is a significant global concern with negative consequences for patients, healthcare staff, and healthcare systems. The use of EDs by parents of children with non-urgent conditions is associated with overcrowding, higher healthcare costs, lower quality of care, and longer waiting times. Research in this area has largely been conducted in high-income countries, with a dearth of work originating in middle and low-income regions. The aim of this study was to explore the reasons for parents attending EDs with their child for non-urgent conditions in Turkey.

Method:
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 parents, 15 ED staff, and 10 General Practitioners (GPs) in 2 regions of Turkey between March and May 2017. Data were analyzed using the principles of grounded theory.

Results:
The findings were classified into 5 core categories: (1) parents’ feelings, knowledge, and perceived inability to provide self-care; (2) perceived limitations of healthcare services, system, and staff; (3) parents’ preferences for hospital and ED services; (4) adverse impact on ED services; and (5) perceived needs for care.

Conclusion:
This is the first study conducted in a middle-income country regarding parental reasons for using the ED for nonurgent conditions. Greater efforts must be made to reduce unnecessary visits to the ED to better meet service user needs and to increase the satisfaction of both parents and healthcare staff. The findings of this study may inform healthcare providers, policymakers, healthcare staff, and researchers to design interventions in order to mitigate overcrowding in the ED.
Association of arterial stiffness with coronary artery calcium score in the general-population: the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage study
Authors: Muhammad Iram Faqir , Engvall Jan E. , Persson Margaretha , Borné Yan , Nilsson Peter M. , Östgren Carl Johan , Engström Gunnar 
Published: February 2022

Objectives:
Coronary artery calcium score (CACS) is a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. However, there is little data related to the association between arterial stiffness and CACS in the general population. The aim of this study was to explore the association between carotid femoral-pulse wave velocity (c-f PWV), a widely accepted marker of arterial stiffness, and CACS.

Methods:
Participants with complete measurements on c-f PWV, CACS and confounding variables from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) cohort were included in the final study population (n = 8725). CACS was divided into three categories (<10, >10 and ≤100, and >100) and multinomial logistic regression was performed to explore the association between these categories of CACS and quartiles of c-f PWV, and for per one standard deviation (SD) increment of c-f PWV.

Results:
CACS ≤10, >10 and ≤100, and >100 were present in 69.3, 17.8 and 12.9% of the study population, respectively. The odds ratio (OR) for CACS >100 for the fourth quartile (Q4) of c-f PWV vs. Q1 (reference category) was 1.62 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25–2.12) after adjustments. One standard deviation increase in c-f PWV was independently associated with a higher odds of having a CACS category >100 (OR: 1.25, 95% CI 1.14–1.36) in the final multivariable model.

Conclusion:
c-f PWV is positively associated with increased risk of higher CACS, and can be valuable in identifying individuals at risk for sub-clinical atherosclerosis.

Graphical abstract:

http://links.lww.com/HJH/B863.
The impact of maternal hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy on offspring blood pressure in Soweto, South Africa
Authors: Boerstra Brittany A. , Soepnel Larske M. , Nicolaou Veronique , Kolkenbeck-Ruh Andrea , Kagura Juliana , Ware Lisa J. , Norris Shane A. , Klipstein-Grobusch Kerstin 
Published: February 2022

Background:
The long-term consequences for offspring born to mothers with hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy (HFDP) are not yet well understood and its influence on childhood blood pressure has not previously been assessed in sub-Saharan Africa.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between maternal HFDP and offspring blood pressure in 3 to 6-year-old children in Soweto, South Africa.

Methods:
Oscillometric blood pressure was measured in 189 children born to mothers with and without HFDP diagnosed by 75 g 2-h oral glucose tolerance test. The 2017 AAP Guidelines for Childhood Hypertension were used as reference standard, and the term ‘elevated blood pressure’ referred to blood pressure readings above the 90th percentile for age, height and sex. The association between maternal HFDP and offspring blood pressure was analysed using multivariable linear regression.

Results:
Elevated blood pressure was identified in 49.7% of children. Maternal hyperglycaemia was not associated with offspring blood pressure when adjusted for offspring age, height and sex (SBP: 0.199, P
= 0.888; DBP: 0.185, P
= 0.837) or after multivariable adjustment (SBP: –0.286, P = 0.854; DBP: 0.215, P = 0.833). In the full model for SBP, child BMI age z-score was a significant predictor of blood pressure at 3–6years (1.916, P = 0.008).

Conclusion:
Although maternal HFDP was not associated with childhood blood pressure at 3–6 years, the prevalence of elevated blood pressure in this group of preschool-aged children is concerning. Future research is needed to further evaluate childhood obesity as a modifiable risk factor to reduce hypertension and cardiovascular risk in an African setting.
Acute liver failure
Authors: Vasques Francesco , Cavazza Anna , Bernal William 
Published: February 2022

Purpose of review
Present an outline of acute liver failure, from its definition to its management in critical care, updated with findings of selected newer research.

Recent findings
Survival of patients with acute liver failure has progressively improved. Intracranial hypertension complicating hepatic encephalopathy is now much less frequent than in the past and invasive ICP monitoring is now rarely used. Early renal replacement therapy and possibly therapeutic plasma exchange have consolidated their role in the treatment. Further evidence confirms the low incidence of bleeding in these patients despite striking abnormalities in standard tests of coagulation and new findings of abnormalities on thromboelastographic testing. Specific coagulopathy profiles including an abnormal vWF/ADAMTS13 ratio may be associated with poor outcome and increased bleeding risk. Use of N-acetylcysteine in nonparacetamol-related cases remains unsupported by robust clinical evidence. New microRNA-based prognostic markers to select patients for transplantation are described but are still far from widespread clinical applicability; imaging-based prognostication tools are also promising. The use of extracorporeal artificial liver devices in clinical practice is yet to be supported by evidence.

Summary
Medical treatment of patients with acute liver failure is now associated with significantly improved survival. Better prognostication and selection for emergency liver transplant may further improve care for these patients.
Implications and effects of COVID-19 on diagnosis and management of prostate cancer
Authors: Chan Vinson Wai-Shun , Asif Aqua , Koe Jasmine Sze-Ern , Ng Alexander , Ng Chi Fai , Teoh Jeremy Yuen-Chun 
Published: February 2022

Purpose of review
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to uncertainty on the optimal management for prostate cancer (PCa). This narrative review aims to shed light on the optimal diagnosis and management of patients with or suspected to have PCa.

Recent findings
Faecal-oral or aerosol transmission is possible during prostate procedures; caution must be in place when performing digital rectal examinations, transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies and prostate surgeries requiring general anaesthesia. Patients must also be triaged using preoperative polymerase chain reaction tests for COVID-19. COVID-19 has accelerated the adoption of multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), reducing the need for prostate biopsy unless when absolutely indicated, and the risk of COVID-19 spread can be reduced. Combined with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) density, amongst other factors, multiparametric MRI could reduce unnecessary biopsies in patients with little chance of clinically significant PCa. Treatment of PCa should be stratified by the risk level and preferences of the patient. COVID-19 has accelerated the development of telemedicine and clinicians should utilise safe and effective teleconsultations to protect themselves and their patients.

Summary
COVID-19 transmission during prostate procedures is possible. Patients with a Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) of <3 and PSA density <0.15 ng/ml/ml are deemed low-risk and are safe to undergo surveillance without MRI-targeted biopsy. Intermediate- or high-risk patients should be offered definitive treatment within four months or 30days of diagnosis to avoid compromising treatment outcomes; three-month courses of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy can be considered when a delay of surgery is anticipated.
Baseline HIV drug-resistance testing: 12 US jurisdictions, 2014–2019
Authors: Hugueley Brandon , McClung Robert P. , Saduvala Neeraja , Oster Alexandra M. , France Anne Marie 
Published: February 2022

Objective:
To understand recent patterns in reported baseline HIV drug-resistance testing over time in the United States.

Design:
Data from the National HIV Surveillance System for persons who were aged at least 13 years at the time of HIV diagnosis during 2014–2019 and resided in one of 12 US jurisdictions with high levels of reporting in 2014 and 2015.

Methods:
Among persons included in the analysis, we calculated the total proportion of HIV diagnoses occurring during 2014–2019 with a reported baseline sequence by year of diagnosis and sequence type. A baseline sequence was defined as any protease/ reverse transcriptase (PR/RT) or integrase sequence generated from a specimen collected 90 days or less after diagnosis.

Results:
During 2014–2019, reported levels of baseline PR/RT (with or without integrase) testing varied by year from 46.9% to 51.8% without any clear pattern over time. PR/RT with integrase testing increased (8.3–19.4%) and integrase-only testing remained low (1.9–1.3%).

Conclusion:
While reported levels of baseline PR/RT (with or without integrase) testing have remained sufficiently high for the purposes of molecular cluster detection, higher levels would strengthen jurisdictions’ and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's ability to monitor trends in HIV drug-resistance and detect and respond to HIV molecular clusters. Efforts to increase levels of reported baseline testing likely need to address both gaps in testing as well as reporting.
Intraductal Papilloma With Carcinoma of the Breast Described by Dedicated Breast 18F-FDG PET
Authors: Noritake Mutsumi , Yamada Akimitsu , Yamanaka Shoji , Utsunomiya Daisuke , Inoue Tomio 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Intraductal papilloma (IDP) is a benign tumor of the breast. However, IDP has been reported to show high uptake of 18F-FDG using whole-body PET. We experienced IDP with low-grade ductal carcinoma in situ using dedicated breast PET, which is more sensitive than whole-body PET. The 18F-FDG uptake of the whole tumor was high, and differentiation between the carcinoma and the residual benign lesion was difficult. This is the first report of IDP detected with dedicated breast PET. Diagnosis of IDP is sometimes controversial; papilloma may show glucose uptake similar to that of low-grade carcinoma.
Antidepressant drug use and regional prescribing patterns in Germany: results from a large population-based study
Authors: Dörks Michael , Hoffmann Falk , Jobski Kathrin 
Published: February 2022

Objective
To consider antidepressant prescribing on a population level with a focus on regional prescribing patterns in Germany.

Basic methods
Based on data from about 70 million individuals covered by all statutory health insurance funds in Germany in 2010, the prevalence of antidepressant use (overall, for drug classes and individual drugs) was calculated stratified by age and sex. Regional analyses were performed on a state and also on a district level.

Main results
The study population comprised 68 427 464 (female: 53.0%) persons, of which 5 052 293 (7.4%) were prescribed at least one antidepressant. The most frequently prescribed drug class was tricyclic antidepressants whereas on a substance level citalopram was most commonly used. Antidepressant prescribing was lowest in children and adolescents (0.2%) and most common in persons aged 70 years and older (13.4%). Women more often received antidepressants than men (9.7% vs. 4.8%). Prevalence of antidepressant use varied between 8.7% (Saarland) and 6.3% (Saxony-Anhalt) and was generally highest in the southwestern and lowest in the eastern states. Accordingly, districts with the highest prevalence were located in the southwestern states.

Principal conclusions
Antidepressant use in Germany varied considerably by age and sex and also on a state and district level.