bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
France
Authors: Pannier Alice 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines France’s ambivalent relationship with NATO through the analysis of its strategic culture, conception of multilateralism, and vision of European security. Although France is a founding member of NATO, the transatlantic Alliance has always been only one of the various components of France’s defence policy. The historically rooted goal of strategic autonomy has pushed successive French governments to develop national capabilities and to try and make Europeans more autonomous from the United States and therefore from NATO. At the same time, France has developed close military links with the United States and other allies through capability development or in NATO-led or other types of operations. France has also been active in the Alliance’s renewed commitment to Europe’s territorial defence after 2014. However, NATO has not been France’s preferred vehicle for tackling the most pressing security threats it faces, namely, terrorism or instability in the Middle East and North Africa. Similarly, France does not see NATO as the primary organization for dealing with the security challenges stemming from new technology or with the rise of China. Overall, France’s multitrack strategic culture and its lukewarm attitude vis-à-vis the Alliance have recurrently led to a sense of strategic loneliness. Domestically, France’s ambivalence is visible in the shaky public support for NATO as well as the outright anti-NATO discourses from many French political figures.
Germany
Authors: Besch Sophia 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines German NATO policy in the post-Cold War era. It addresses the impact on German policy of external developments such as the waning US interest in Europe, the Afghanistan withdrawal, and the rise of China. It also considers domestic challenges, such as the end of the Merkel era and German political debates over the usefulness of defence spending and nuclear sharing, and analyses their effect on Germany’s role in NATO. It analyses how German policymakers and the German public perceive NATO and their own role in the Alliance, how NATO membership fits into Germany’s strategic culture, and how the German threat perception fits into NATO. It also looks at German contributions to the Alliance—in the operational space, the financial realm, and in terms of Alliance cohesion. It addresses the effects of the Trump presidency on how Germany views NATO’s reliability and solidity and examines how Germany conceives of the division of labour between NATO and other multilateral fora, specifically the European Union. Finally, the chapter reflects on future challenges to German NATO policy: the rise of China, the domestic debate over nuclear participation, the development of the EU as a defence actor, and the consequences of underinvestment in the Bundeswehr.
Walking
Authors: Siganporia Harmony 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This section explores the semiosphere which makes the f/act of walking cohere: it analyses the deep axiological binaries around which meaning is coded, for example, walking alone versus walking in a group; walking as a man versus walking as a woman; walking for pleasure versus walking for a definite purpose. It explores the ways in which Gandhi sometimes overcomes these binaries (for instance, in the form of his seeming ability to walk alone whilst in the middle of crowds), and always pushes their ability for connotative signification. This chapter also urges serious reconsideration of the binary ‘urban’ and ‘rural’, with a focus on what these varied scapes might allow us to decipher of the bodies that traverse them. It also includes an autoethnographic account of what it means to walk the state of Gujarat as a visibly cis woman.
Tobacco Land
Authors: Siganporia Harmony 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Gujarat supplies almost 80% of India’s ‘bidi’ tobacco, and the Anand and Kheda districts the walkers traversed in their third week on the road are known as the State’s de facto ‘growing zones’ for this cash crop. Land and labour relations in this region—from the size of the holdings to the health hazards posed to the workers in this sector—are analysed in this chapter. In the ethnographic sections pertaining to each day spent on the road, there are descriptions of ‘Chudel Mata’ (Witch Mother) temples, the State’s minority Christian population—centred largely around Anand—the State’s rather sizable NRI population, and rising levels of anti-Muslim sentiment the walkers encountered in the wake of a ‘terror attack’ in India in mid-February.
Second Nature, Habitus, and the Ethical
Authors: Lovibond Sabina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The essay offers a comparative discussion of Wittgenstein and Pierre Bourdieu on the themes of ‘second nature’ and habitus. It seeks to distinguish something commendable in Bourdieu, namely the project of using sociological enquiry to facilitate social critique, from certain hyperbolical views about the bodily as distinct from mental nature of some of his key theoretical categories. An insight common to both Wittgenstein and Bourdieu—and deployed also in recent neo-Aristotelian ethics—is that of the grounding of rule-governed, socially informed activity in our ‘natural history’ or in the life of the body. This essay, however, warns against encumbering a valuable emancipatory project—here, the empirical study of damaging processes of social determination—with the questionable idea of a ‘logic of practice’, meaning a kind of normativity ‘below the level’ of intentional action and of our ordinary deployment of concepts.
Practical Reason and Character-Formation
Authors: Lovibond Sabina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Recent Anglophone ethical theory has found much to admire in the Aristotelian conception of phronêsis (sensitivity to objective practical reasons), developed through initiation into a pre-existing form of social life. However, any such conception has had to face the challenge of powerful sceptical considerations issuing not only from the neo-Humean ‘non-cognitivist’ tradition but also from theoretical anti-humanism in the (continental) European style. This essay takes its cue more from the latter type of scepticism about practical reason, and acknowledges the essential incompleteness of the process of character-formation. But it suggests nevertheless that a sympathetic contemporary reading of ‘Platonic-Aristotelian’ ethics (to use the unitarian term favoured by H.-G. Gadamer) is as well placed as any current philosophy to show that adherence to the ethical standpoint need not be either naïve or dogmatic.
The Elusiveness of the Ethical
Authors: Lovibond Sabina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Cora Diamond celebrates the originality of Iris Murdoch’s writings on ethics, enlisting Murdoch as an ally in her campaign against the ‘departmental’ conception of morality—the idea that moral thought is just one branch of thought among others. In keeping with their rejection of this idea, both philosophers affirm the value of general humanistic reflection on experience, an enterprise in which traditions of imaginative literature as well as of self-conscious theory can invite us to participate. While welcoming this vindication of the claims of ordinary (existentially embedded) moral perception, the essay explores some difficulties flowing from the associated idea that ‘morality’ (in the guise of value-saturated human consciousness) is all-pervasive, and from the ‘perpetually-moralist’ account of our incentive to engage with fictional worlds.
Post-Existentialist Moments
Authors: Lovibond Sabina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
‘Roquentin is a Platonist by nature’, says Iris Murdoch of the hero of Sartre’s Nausea, commenting on his distaste for the gross contingency of existing things. This pathological condition of detachment may admit of transformation into detachment as an ethical ideal, as in Simone Weil’s ‘decreation’. However, alongside the resulting ‘cool Platonist’ attitude, a different ‘angry’ Platonism is possible. Murdoch’s contemporary Patricia Highsmith, herself powerfully influenced by existentialist writings, provides a fictional meditation on this theme in Strangers on a Train, where the principles of order and permanence collide with the psychopathic singularity of a man convinced that it is better to commit murder than to ‘die like sheep’. Murdoch, though, has no time for the idea of the transcendent acte gratuit. Her positive resistance to this idea goes on to shape her mature philosophy.
The potentiality and caution inflections
Authors: Dixon R. M. W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAt first glance, Dyirbal has a positive imperative marked by a verbal suffix, and a negative imperative marked by a different verbal suffix in conjunction with a particle ‘don’t’. However, as one delves further into the grammar, these labels appear inappropriate. The ‘positive imperative’ often has a 2nd person subject, but it can be 1st person dual, ‘let’s go’, or 1st person singular ‘I want to doze off’, or even 3rd person singular, ‘He needed to squeeze the boil’. This verbal inflection indicates a potentiality, which is likely to be realised, and it is labelled accordingly. In similar vein, ‘negative imperative’ issues not a prohibition but a caution, and is so renamed. This all correlates with the conventions of Dyirbal society where life is regulated by common consent. There was no verb ‘order’ and no ordering, just advice.
Noun markers, demonstratives, and verb markers—ancillaries
Authors: Dixon R. M. W. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFollowing the obligatory base element, more than half non-interrogative noun markers, verb markers (and nominal demonstratives) have a further optional element, which we term an ancillary. There are almost a score of ancillaries which group into three systems: one relates to short, medium, or long distance, up and down in relation to hill or river, another just to up, down, and in front, a third to north, south, and west. There is instructive variation, with the northmost dialects lacking the distance specification in the first system. A fascinating feature is that verbs of motion in the Jalnguy avoidance style are verbalisations of ancillaries from the first system.
Eimear McBride’s Bodily Forms
Authors: Battersby Doug 
Published: November 2022

AbstractChapter 6 examines how Eimear McBride has dazzlingly reinvented stream of consciousness techniques to describe acts of sexual violence and exploitation from the perspective of their victims. In interviews and essays, McBride has openly acknowledged the influence of James Joyce’s Ulysses (1922), though, like other late modernists, she has also found fault with the verisimilitude of its interior monologues, specifically lamenting their putative neglect of bodily affect. This chapter’s reading of McBride’s most accomplished novel, The Lesser Bohemians (2016), highlights how this startling prose exploits the first-person present-tense narration popularized by J. M. Coetzee, the syntactical ambiguity and unorthodox punctuation employed by Samuel Beckett (whilst abandoning his commitment to grammatical resolution), and McBride’s own corporeal modes of affective description. It argues that these formal innovations are central to the novel’s representation of the deep-rooted effects of sexual abuse on its victims’ emotional lives, through which McBride explores the kind of philosophical questions about subjectivity, affect, and ethics that have long animated late modernist aesthetics. McBride’s narration of the body and meta-fictional dramatizations of the unpredictable ways in which we can be affected by other people’s narratives together present us with a writer who is at once cautious about the inherent emotional and ethical virtues of late modernist forms and emphatic about their continued necessity for conveying intensities of erotic experience that exceed the bounds of both realist and modernist narration.
The Homeric Poem
Authors: Weaver William P. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Melanchthon’s theory of poetic unity, which he developed in his reading of Homer and Scripture alike. Homer and Scripture were the supreme models of poetic unity, exhibiting divine inspiration, eloquence, and arrangement (oeconomia). The chapter compares his argument of unity in a 1538 oration with ancient accounts and shows that he transformed an ancient tradition of literary criticism. In his concept of the Iliad and the Odyssey as a single poem, Melanchthon revised Aristotle’s concept of poetic unity and developed a concept of unity reflecting Protestant biblical interpretation. He made an original contribution to Homer scholarship, though he himself probably would have credited the Roman poet Virgil with showing the way. Virgil’s Aeneid is an irreplaceable witness to the unity of the Homeric poem.
The Family Novel in Russia and England, 1800-1880
Authors: Berman Anna A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This book offers a new understanding of the relationship between family structures and narrative structure in the nineteenth-century novel. Comparing Russia and England, it argues that the two nations had fundamentally different conceptions of the family and that these, in turn, shaped the way they constructed plots. The English placed primary value on the vertical, diachronic family axis—looking back to ancestors and head to progeny—while the Russians emphasized the lateral, synchronic axis—family expanding outward in the present from nuclear core, to extended and chosen kin. This difference shaped the way authors plotted consanguineal relations, courtship and marriage, and alternative kinship constructions. Idealizing the domestic sphere and emphasizing family continuity, the English novel made family a conservative force, while Russian novels approached it as a backward site of patriarchal tyranny in desperate need of reform. Russian family plots offered a progressive, liberalizing push toward new, nontraditional family constructions. The book's comparative approach calls for a re-evaluation of reigning theories of the novel, theories that are based on the linear English family model and cannot accommodate the more complex, Russian alternative. It reveals where these theories fall short, explains the reasons for their shortcomings, and offers a new way of conceptualizing family's role in shaping the nineteenth-century novel. Classics from Dickens, Eliot, and Trollope, to Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, and Turgenev are contextualized in the broader literary landscape of their day, and Russia's great women writers regain their rightful place alongside their male counterparts as the book draws together family history, literary analysis, and novel theory.
Introduction
Authors: Berman Anna A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The introduction lays out England and Russia’s contrasting family models. The English prioritized the vertical, generational family axis—focusing on origins, lineage, and descent—while the Russians emphasized the lateral axis—focusing on expansive kinship networks in the here and now. These differing conceptions of the family shaped narrative form. Many standard theories of the novel make assumptions based on the English family model and the linear structures it enforces; adding Russia into the picture offers a challenge to these theories. In both countries, the stakes for writing about the family in the nineteenth century were high, as it was often held up as the building block and model in microcosm for the State. Novels and literary criticism were a crucial site of social critique.
Contrasting Family Models
Authors: Berman Anna A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 brings readers into the worlds of Russia and England in the nineteenth century, exploring the large structural forces that shaped the two nations’ differing conceptions of the family. The English obsession with lineage was predicated on a sense of stability: rights were inherited like family estates and passed down generation to generation. In Russia, where the Tsar could (and often did) confiscate wealthy families’ property, people lived with a kind of radical uncertainty that made them focus on the present. This opposition underlies the English vertical model of family and the custom of primogeniture versus the Russian partible model of inheritance that spread family concern outward in the present. The chapter also explains the different constructions of social class in Russia and England, making clear the two models for attaining gentry status in Russia (hereditary or earned through service) that also weakened the importance of ancestry.
Brothers
Authors: Berman Anna A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the plotlines for brothers. In the English novel, when brothers take center stage, their standard plotline is romantic rivalry, and the second brother cannot be accommodated in the novel’s conclusion. Resolution most often comes through removing a brother (usually through his death). The Russians, by contrast, gave brothers a central role in their reconfiguring of family plots. With a partible inheritance system that equalized siblings and reduced structural tensions, they were free to create plots that were not progressive—driven toward the telos of a singular heir—but instead focused on the challenges of lateral bonds in the here and now. Blood kinship (rodstvo) is not only about bloodline, but also about the clan of kin who share in it. The narrative structure this creates is more of a woven mesh than a spun-out line. This type of lateral plotting is directly related to the structure of the Russian family.
Alternative Family Models in Time
Authors: Berman Anna A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at alternatives to the nuclear family norm: blended, extended, and chosen family. It argues that the vertical family axis, with its focus on ancestry and futurity, is a conservative force that must be weakened for alternative family formations to arise and thrive. The lack of concern for producing a singular heir to continue the line enables family to expand in the present. Such conditions appear frequently in Russia, where many people saw a historical breakdown in the vertical family model. In England, where there was still faith in the patriarchal family ideal, more extreme conditions were needed to remove the emphasis from the bloodline. English novels that embraced alternative family tended to have an absent vertical (e.g. orphaned hero) or a queer challenge to reproductive futurity.
1968, 1969: Social Protest, European ‘Revival’
Authors: Andry Aurélie Dianara 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how, at the end of the 1960s, some new concern emerged for the ‘social dimension’ of European integration. First, the uprisings of 1968 and rising economic and monetary turmoil started to alert European political elites of the need to make up the European Community’s (EC’s) social deficit. Second, the late 1960s saw an evolution of many forces of the Left—in particular, socialist and communist parties, and their ‘sister’ trade unions—towards a position of ‘pro-European’ reformism. Finally, this ‘European turn’ occasioned intensifying calls for a more ambitious European social policy and more inclusion of trade unions in European policymaking, and started opening new perspectives. The European revival decided by European governments in 1969 at The Hague, despite its meagre commitment on social issues, paved the way for a broader rethinking of Europe’s social purpose.
Introduction
Authors: Mariani Maria Anna 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe introduction reconstructs how Italy occupied an ambiguous position in the nuclear age: the position of the bystander. It establishes a parallel between the Italian nation’s irrelevance and complicity and the Italian intellectual’s irrelevance and complicity, framing the bystander as a simultaneously geopolitical and literary category. After setting out the book’s key terms and claims, the introduction outlines five rhetorical strategies for the nuclear age: journalism’s extreme simplification, science-fiction’s use of massively expanded temporal and spatial scales, the koan’s critique of instrumental reasoning, the literary inquiry’s dismantling of historical connections, and the essay-film’s critique of the passive spectator. It is through these tactics that Italian intellectuals tried to counter the metaphysical intractability of the nuclear question, containing it inside forms that made it concretely approachable.
Expand Responsibility
Authors: Mariani Maria Anna 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter re-examines Italo Calvino’s “lightness” through the filter of his apocalyptic obsession, demonstrating how the science-fiction meta-narrative he employs in his later works is far from being playful; it should be understood instead as the only feasible way to represent a reality imbued with the simulation that characterized the Cold War era. The chapter focuses especially on the collection Cosmicomics, written shortly after the Cuban missile crisis. In it, Calvino contemplates the original possibility of existing precisely at the time when the threat of collective extinction was so deeply engrained in the collective imagination. These stories—whose narrator is non-human but patterned on anthropomorphic categories, and who fluctuates between multiple and incommensurable time scales—also offer the opportunity to reflect on the ethical aspects associated with these constant breaks with the human scale of perception. The collection invites readers to expand their moral imagination and hone their sense of responsibility for the long-term consequences of their actions.
Minority Governments in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jones Andrew , Whitaker Richard 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how the office-seeking goals of the Conservative and Labour Parties interact with those of smaller policy-seeking parties to ensure that minority government is the preferred option in minority situations in the UK. The chapter examines two types of minority situation: first, when no party wins a majority in an election and second, when the governing party loses its majority between elections. We show that the same dynamics that see minority governments form in the aftermath of an election also allow governing parties to stay in office after losing their majority. The electoral dominance of the two main parties ensures the largest party often only needs support of one other party, but it also reduces the number of potential support parties. The premium that smaller parties with a geographic base receive under the single-member plurality (SMP) electoral system means larger parties must often look to regional parties for support. The scarcity of such parties, multilevel territorial considerations and the centralized control of government spending in the UK means regional parties look to extract policy rewards without incurring the costs of entering national government. Larger parties then use the strong agenda-setting powers afforded governments in the UK to maintain control over policy-making. This has seen minority governments perform more effectively than might be anticipated. Interestingly, when minority government has performed ineffectively, such as in late-2019, it has resulted as much or more from dissent within the governing party than from divisions between support parties and those in office.