bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aerosol generation during coughing: an observational study
Authors: Sanmark E , Oksanen L A H , Rantanen N , Lahelma M , Anttila V-J , Lehtonen L , Hyvärinen A , Geneid A 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveCoronavirus disease 2019 has highlighted the lack of knowledge on aerosol exposure during respiratory activity and aerosol-generating procedures. This study sought to determine the aerosol concentrations generated by coughing to better understand, and to set a standard for studying, aerosols generated in medical procedures.MethodsAerosol exposure during coughing was measured in 37 healthy volunteers in the operating theatre with an optical particle sizer, from 40 cm, 70 cm and 100 cm distances.ResultsAltogether, 306 volitional and 15 involuntary coughs were measured. No differences between groups were observed.ConclusionMany medical procedures are expected to generate aerosols; it is unclear whether they are higher risk than normal respiratory activity. The measured aerosol exposure can be used to determine the risk for significant aerosol generation during medical procedures. Considerable variation of aerosol generation during cough was observed between individuals, but whether cough was volitional or involuntary made no difference to aerosol production.
English as a Southern language
Authors: Hamid M. Obaidul 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDrawing on the epistemologies of the Global South and the sociolinguistic reality of English in postcolonial Bangladesh, this article conceptualises English as a Southern language. This conception recognises the imperative of English for postcolonial societies in an English-dominant world while also emphasising the necessity of breaking away from its hegemony as represented by so-called native speaker or Standard English norms. It is argued that since English works as the principal epistemic tool for knowledge construction and theorising in most disciplines, decolonising knowledge and epistemology in favour of Southern perspectives may not be achieved without decolonising the language in the first place. While English as a Southern language builds on the paradigms of world Englishes, English as a lingua franca, and translanguaging, the proposed conception also seeks a notable departure from them. Calls for the co-existence of epistemologies of the North and South need to recognise English along the same lines. (English as a Southern language, epistemologies of the South, English in Bangladesh, English and representation of the world)*
Generalization in transfer learning: robust control of robot locomotion
Authors: Ada Suzan Ece , Ugur Emre , Akin H. Levent 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a set of robust training methods for deep reinforcement learning to transfer learning acquired in one control task to a set of previously unseen control tasks. We improve generalization in commonly used transfer learning benchmarks by a novel sample elimination technique, early stopping, and maximum entropy adversarial reinforcement learning. To generate robust policies, we use sample elimination during training via a method we call strict clipping. We apply early stopping, a method previously used in supervised learning, to deep reinforcement learning. Subsequently, we introduce maximum entropy adversarial reinforcement learning to increase the domain randomization during training for a better target task performance. Finally, we evaluate the robustness of these methods compared to previous work on simulated robots in target environments where the gravity, the morphology of the robot, and the tangential friction coefficient of the environment are altered.
Comorbid conditions as risk factors for West Nile neuroinvasive disease in Ontario, Canada: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Sutinen Jessica , Fell Deshayne B. , Sander Beate , Kulkarni Manisha A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
West Nile neuroinvasive disease (WNND) is a severe neurological illness that can result from West Nile virus (WNV) infection, with long-term disability and death being common outcomes. Although WNV arrived in North America over two decades ago, risk factors for WNND are still being explored. The objective of this study was to identify WNND comorbid risk factors in the Ontario population using a retrospective, population-based cohort design. Incident WNV infections from laboratory records between 1 January 2002 – 31 December 2012 were individually-linked to health administrative databases to ascertain WNND outcomes and comorbid risk factors. WNND incidence was compared among individuals with and without comorbidities using risk ratios (RR) calculated with log binomial regression.
Three hundred and forty-five individuals developed WNND (18.3%) out of 1884 WNV infections. West Nile encephalitis was driving most associations with comorbidities. Immunocompromised (aRR 2.61 [95% CI 1.23–4.53]) and male sex (aRR 1.32 [95% CI 1.00–1.76]) were risk factors for encephalitis, in addition to age, for which each 1-year increase was associated with a 2% (aRR 1.02 [95% CI 1.02–1.03]) relative increase in risk. Our results suggest that individuals living with comorbidities are at higher risk for WNND, in particular encephalitis, following WNV infection.
Constrained Gravity Inversion With Adaptive Inversion Grid Refinement in Spherical Coordinates and Its Application to Mantle Structure Beneath Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhong Yiyuan , Ren Zhengyong , Tang Jingtian , Lin Yufeng , Chen Bo , Deng Yangfan , Jiang Yingde 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe develop a novel gravity inversion algorithm in spherical coordinates based on adaptive inversion mesh refinement and multiphysical parameter constraints. The inversion mesh is discretized into tesseroids (spherical prisms) to take the curvature of the Earth into account. To reduce the number of unknowns and computational cost, the inversion mesh is adaptively refined according to the spatial variation of parameters at each iteration. Wavelet compression is used to further reduce the computational requirement. Besides, to alleviate the nonuniqueness of inversion, the algorithm is capable of incorporating a priori models from other geophysical methods via cross‐gradient coupling and/or direct parameter coupling. For cross‐gradient coupling, the vector product of spatial gradients of two model parameters is included in the objective function. For direct parameter coupling, an a priori model is converted to a density model using the relation between two physical properties, which is then used as the initial and reference model in the inversion. A synthetic example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of our inversion method. Finally, we invert the gravity data over the Tibetan Plateau to obtain the density variations in the upper mantle, with a global S wave tomographic model used as a constraint. The inversion model shows that the mantle lithosphere beneath the Himalayan collision zone varies from west to east. Low‐density anomalies are observed beneath the southern and the northern Tibetan Plateau, which are consistent with published low‐velocity anomalies and magmatism distributions, possibly indicating two asthenospheric upwellings.
3D GNSS Velocity Field Sheds Light on the Deformation Mechanisms in Europe: Effects of the Vertical Crustal Motion on the Distribution of Seismicity
Authors: Piña‐Valdés Jesús , Socquet Anne , Beauval Céline , Doin Marie‐Pierre , D’Agostino Nicola , Shen Zheng‐Kang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCrustal deformation and seismicity in Europe are still poorly understood. Seismic activity is classically ascribed to crustal strain rates generated by edge‐driven tectonic forces. However, crustal deformation is not only due to tectonic loading, but can also be related to isostatic and mantellic processes that induce additional stress and strain on the crust by flexure. The influence that those processes have on seismic activity, as well their interaction, is still controversial. The main limitation to study it is because the deformation and its causal mechanisms are usually analyzed separately in small regions. We present here a 3D secular velocity field that covers Eurasia and its plate boundaries including 4,863 Global Navigation Satellite System stations obtained by combining 10 different datasets. We have developed a method based on spatial filtering to identify outliers and smooth the velocity field, and have computed both strain and uplift rate maps that are interpreted in the light of the different driving processes that contribute to the 3D deformation in Europe. The vertical and horizontal deformation features are compared with seismic rates obtained from the spatial and temporal distribution of the seismicity in Europe. Our results suggest that is not possible to explain the seismicity in Europe with edge‐driven horizontal tectonic forces only. In some areas markers of the crustal flexure such as the vertical velocity field and its derivative, resulting from buoyancy‐driven processes, may help to interpret earthquake distribution.
The Dynamics of Forearc – Back‐Arc Basin Subsidence: Numerical Models and Observations From Mediterranean Subduction Zones
Authors: Balázs A. , Faccenna C. , Gerya T. , Ueda K. , Funiciello F. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe subsidence history of forearc and back‐arc basins reflects the relationship between subduction kinematics, mantle dynamics, magmatism, crustal tectonics, and surface processes. The distinct contributions of these processes to the topography variations of active margins during subduction initiation, oceanic subduction, and collision are less understood. We ran 2D elasto‐visco‐plastic numerical models including surface and hydration processes. The models show the evolution of wedge‐top and retro‐forearc basins on the continental overriding plate, separated by a forearc high. They are affected by repeated compression and extension phases. Compression‐induced subsidence is recorded in the syncline structure of the retro‐forearc basin from the onset of subduction. The 2–4 km upper plate negative residual topography is produced by the gradually steepening slab, which drags down the upper plate. Trench retreat leads to slab unbending and decreasing slab dip angle that leads to upper plate trench‐ward tilting. Back‐arc basins are either formed along inherited weak zones at a large distance from the arc or are created above the hydrated mantle wedge originating from arc rifting. Back‐arc subsidence is primarily governed by crustal thinning that is controlled by slab roll‐back and supported by the underlying mantle convection. High subduction and mantle convection velocities result in large wavelength negative dynamic topography. Collision and continental subduction are linked to the uplift of the forearc basins; however, the back‐arc records ongoing extension during a soft collision. During the hard collision, both the forearc and back‐arc basins are ultimately affected by the compression. Our modeling results provide insights into the evolution of Mediterranean subduction zones.
The Emerging Arctic Shipping Corridors
Authors: Min Chao , Yang Qinghua , Chen Dake , Yang Yijun , Zhou Xiangying , Shu Qi , Liu Jiping 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe dramatic sea ice loss makes trans‐Arctic navigation possible. However, navigability assessments at high temporal resolution are still very limited. To bridge this gap, daily sea ice concentration and thickness from CMIP6 projections are applied to evaluate the future potential of Arctic shipping under multiple climate scenarios. The September navigable area will continue to increase through the 2050s for open‐water (OW) ships and the 2040s for Polar Class 6 (PC6) vessels across all scenarios. Quasi‐equilibrium states will then ensue for both OW and PC6 ships under SSP245 and SSP585. The sailing time will be shortened, especially for OW ships, while the navigable days for both types of vessels will increase dramatically. PC6 ships will be able to sail the Arctic shipping routes year‐round starting in the 2070s when the decadal‐averaged global mean surface temperature anomaly hits approximately +3.6°C (under SSP585) compared to pre‐industrial times (1850–1900).
Compositional Measurements of Saturn's Upper Atmosphere and Rings From Cassini INMS: An Extended Analysis of Measurements From Cassini's Grand Finale Orbits
Authors: Serigano J. , Hörst S. M. , He C. , Gautier T. , Yelle R. V. , Koskinen T. T. , Trainer M. G. , Radke M. J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe Cassini spacecraft's final orbits sampled Saturn's atmosphere and returned surprisingly complex mass spectra from the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer. Signal returned from the instrument included native Saturn species, as expected, as well as a significant amount of signal attributed to vaporized ices and higher mass organics believed to be flowing into Saturn's atmosphere from the rings. In this paper, we present an in‐depth compositional analysis of the mass spectra returned from Cassini's last few orbits. We use a mass spectral deconvolution algorithm designed specifically to handle the complexities involved with unit resolution spaceflight mass spectrometry data to determine the relative abundance of species detected in the observations. We calculate the downward external flux and mass deposition rates of ring volatile species into Saturn's atmosphere and conclude that during these observations ring material was being deposited into Saturn's equatorial region at a rate on the order of 104 kg/s.
The relationship between glutamate, dopamine, and cortical gray matter: A simultaneous PET-MR study
Authors: Rogeau Antoine , Nordio Giovanna , Veronese Mattia , Brown Kirsten , Nour Matthew M. , Osugo Martin , Jauhar Sameer , Howes Oliver D. , McCutcheon Robert A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPrefrontal cortex has been shown to regulate striatal dopaminergic function via glutamatergic mechanisms in preclinical studies. Concurrent disruption of these systems is also often seen in neuropsychiatric disease. The simultaneous measurement of striatal dopamine signaling, cortical gray matter, and glutamate levels is therefore of major interest, but has not been previously reported. In the current study, twenty-eight healthy subjects underwent 2 simultaneous [11C]-( + )-PHNO PET-MRI scans, once after placebo and once after amphetamine in a double-blind randomized cross-over design, to measure striatal dopamine release, striatal dopamine receptor (D2/3R) availability, anterior cingulate glutamate+glutamine (Glx) levels, and cortical gray matter volumes at the same time. Voxel-based morphometry was used to investigate associations between neurochemical measures and gray matter volumes. Whole striatum D2/3R availability was positively associated with prefrontal cortex gray matter volume (pFWE corrected = 0.048). This relationship was mainly driven by associative receptor availability (pFWE corrected = 0.023). In addition, an interaction effect was observed between sensorimotor striatum D2/3R availability and anterior cingulate Glx, such that in individuals with greater anterior cingulate Glx concentrations, D2/3R availability was negatively associated with right frontal cortex gray matter volumes, while a positive D2/3R-gray matter association was observed in individuals with lower anterior cingulate Glx levels (pFWE corrected = 0.047). These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the prefrontal cortex is involved in regulation of striatal dopamine function. Furthermore, the observed associations raise the possibility that this regulation may be modulated by anterior cingulate glutamate concentrations.
Energy restriction induced SIRT6 inhibits microglia activation and promotes angiogenesis in cerebral ischemia via transcriptional inhibition of TXNIP
Authors: Song Ming-Yu , Yi Fang , Xiao Hui , Yin Jun , Huang Qing , Xia Jian , Yin Xiao-Meng , Wen Yan-Bin , Zhang Le , Liu Yun-Hai , Xiao Bo , Gu Wen-Ping 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEnergy restriction (ER) protects against cerebral ischemic injury, but the underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. Here, rats were fed ad libitum (AL) or on an alternate-day food deprivation intermittent fasting (IF) diet for 3 months, followed by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) surgery. The body weight, infarct volume, and neurological deficit score were accessed at the designated time points. ELISA, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting were used to determine cytokine secretion and the expression of SIRT6, TXNIP, and signaling molecules, respectively. Immunofluorescence evaluated microglial activation and angiogenesis in vivo. For in vitro study, oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-treated cell model was generated. MTT and tube formation assays were employed to determine cell viability and tube formation capability. ChIP assay detected chromatin occupancy of SIRT6 and SIRT6-mediated H3 deacetylation. We found that IF or ER mimetics ameliorated cerebral ischemic brain damage and microglial activation, and potentiated angiogenesis in vivo. ER mimetics or SIRT6 overexpression alleviated cerebral ischemia and reperfusion (I/R)-induced injury in vitro. SIRT6 suppressed TXNIP via deacetylation of H3K9ac and H3K56ac in HAPI cells and BMVECs. Downregulation of SIRT6 reversed ER mimetics-mediated protection during cerebral I/R in vitro. Our study demonstrated that ER-mediated upregulation of SIRT6 inhibited microglia activation and potentiated angiogenesis in cerebral ischemia via suppressing TXNIP.
TOPK/PBK is phosphorylated by ERK2 at serine 32, promotes tumorigenesis and is involved in sorafenib resistance in RCC
Authors: Sun Huimin , Zheng Jianzhong , Xiao Juanjuan , Yue Juntao , Shi Zhiyuan , Xuan Zuodong , Chen Chen , Zhao Yue , Tang Wenbin , Ye Shaopei , Li Jinxin , Deng Qiumin , Zhang Lei , Zhu Feng , Shao Chen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractTOPK/PBK (T-LAK Cell-Originated Protein Kinase) is a serine/threonine kinase that is highly expressed in a variety of human tumors and is associated with poor prognosis in many types of human malignancies. Its activation mechanism is not yet fully understood. A bidirectional signal transduced between TOPK and ERK2 (extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2) has been reported, with ERK2 able to phosphorylate TOPK at the Thr9 residue. However, mutated TOPK at Thr9 cannot repress cellular transformation. In the present study, Ser32 was revealed to be a novel phosphorylated site on TOPK that could be activated by ERK2. Phospho-TOPK (S32) was found to be involved in the resistance of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) to sorafenib. Herein, combined a TOPK inhibitor with sorafenib could promoted the apoptosis of sorafenib-resistant RCC. High expression of HGF/c-met contributes to activation of p-TOPK (S32) during the development of sorafenib resistance in RCC. The current research presents a possible mechanism of sorafenib resistance in RCC and identifies a potential diagnostic marker for predicting sorafenib resistance in RCC, providing a valuable supplement for the clinically targeted treatment of advanced RCC.
High-resolution crystal structure of a 20 kDa superfluorinated gold nanocluster
Authors: Pigliacelli Claudia , Acocella Angela , Díez Isabel , Moretti Luca , Dichiarante Valentina , Demitri Nicola , Jiang Hua , Maiuri Margherita , Ras Robin H. A. , Bombelli Francesca Baldelli , Cerullo Giulio , Zerbetto Francesco , Metrangolo Pierangelo , Terraneo Giancarlo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCrystallization of atomically precise nanoclusters is gaining increasing attention, due to the opportunity of elucidating both intracluster and intercluster packing modes, and exploiting the functionality of the resulting highly pure crystallized materials. Herein, we report the design and single-crystal X-ray structure of a superfluorinated 20 kDa gold nanocluster, with an Au25 core coated by a shell of multi-branched highly fluorinated thiols (SF27) resulting in almost 500 fluorine atoms, i.e., ([Au25(SF27)18]0). The cluster shows a switchable solubility in the fluorous phase. X-ray analysis and computational studies reveal the key role of both intracluster and intercluster F···F contacts in driving [Au25(SF27)18]0 crystal packing and stabilization, highlighting the ability of multi-branched fluorinated thiols to endow atomically precise nanoclusters with remarkable crystallogenic behavior.
Deep learning of a bacterial and archaeal universal language of life enables transfer learning and illuminates microbial dark matter
Authors: Hoarfrost A. , Aptekmann A. , Farfañuk G. , Bromberg Y. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe majority of microbial genomes have yet to be cultured, and most proteins identified in microbial genomes or environmental sequences cannot be functionally annotated. As a result, current computational approaches to describe microbial systems rely on incomplete reference databases that cannot adequately capture the functional diversity of the microbial tree of life, limiting our ability to model high-level features of biological sequences. Here we present LookingGlass, a deep learning model encoding contextually-aware, functionally and evolutionarily relevant representations of short DNA reads, that distinguishes reads of disparate function, homology, and environmental origin. We demonstrate the ability of LookingGlass to be fine-tuned via transfer learning to perform a range of diverse tasks: to identify novel oxidoreductases, to predict enzyme optimal temperature, and to recognize the reading frames of DNA sequence fragments. LookingGlass enables functionally relevant representations of otherwise unknown and unannotated sequences, shedding light on the microbial dark matter that dominates life on Earth.
Dual-comb thin-disk oscillator
Authors: Fritsch Kilian , Hofer Tobias , Brons Jonathan , Iandulskii Maksim , Mak Ka Fai , Chen Zaijun , Picqué Nathalie , Pronin Oleg 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) normally operates with two independent, relatively low power and actively synchronized laser sources. This hinders the wide adoption for practical implementations and frequency conversion into deep UV and VUV spectral ranges. Here, we report a fully passive, high power dual-comb laser based on thin-disk technology and its application to direct frequency comb spectroscopy. The peak power (1.2 MW) and the average power (15 W) of our Yb:YAG thin-disk dual-comb system are more than one-order-of-magnitude higher than in any previous systems. The scheme allows easy adjustment of the repetition frequency difference during operation. Both combs share all cavity components which leads to an excellent mutual stability. A time-domain signal recorded over 10 ms without any active stabilization was sufficient to resolve individual comb lines after Fourier transformation.
Activity-induced polar patterns of filaments gliding on a sphere
Authors: Hsu Chiao-Peng , Sciortino Alfredo , de la Trobe Yu Alice , Bausch Andreas R. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractActive matter systems feature the ability to form collective patterns as observed in a plethora of living systems, from schools of fish to swimming bacteria. While many of these systems move in a wide, three-dimensional environment, several biological systems are confined by a curved topology. The role played by a non-Euclidean geometry on the self-organization of active systems is not yet fully understood, and few experimental systems are available to study it. Here, we introduce an experimental setup in which actin filaments glide on the inner surface of a spherical lipid vesicle, thus embedding them in a curved geometry. We show that filaments self-assemble into polar, elongated structures and that, when these match the size of the spherical geometry, both confinement and topological constraints become relevant for the emergent patterns, leading to the formation of polar vortices and jammed states. These results experimentally demonstrate that activity-induced complex patterns can be shaped by spherical confinement and topology.