bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dimilin Boluses, Guardian Ear Tags and Rabon Mineral Blocks for Cattle Fly Control
Authors: Herald F. , Knapp F. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ten percent 50g Dimilin boluses were compared to 0.463% Rabon Sweetlix mineral blocks and 7.5% Guardian ear tags for face fly and horn fly control on cattle. Five mixed-breed beef cow-calf herds and 1 herd of mixed-breed heifers were assigned to treatments as indicated in the table below. Ear tag treatments were done on 13 and 21 Jun at the rate of 2 tags/hd, and bolus treatments were administered on 21 Jun at the rate of 1 bolus/50kg of body weight/cow; calves received 0.5 bolus each. The Rabon Sweetlix mineral blocks were placed on 2 covered mineral feeders at the rate of 1 block/5 cows on 5 Jul. New Rabon blocks were added when 0.67 of the original amount was consumed. Horn fly numbers were estimated on 1 side of each of 10 cows and the total face flies found on the faces of these same cows were recorded. The mean number of flies was used for determining fly reduction.
Evaluation of Permectrin ii 10.0% Ec for Hog Louse Control on Brood Sows, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of Permectrin II 10.0% emulsifiable insecticide was evaluated in Mar and Apr, 1984, for hog louse control on brood sows. Prolate 11.6% emulsiflable insecticide was used to determine comparative efficacy. The following treatment groups were established on 12 Mar in Montgomery Co. VA: A) Permectrin II 10.0% EC, consisting of 5 adult brood sows, weighing 300-500 lb. Each animal was treated with a 0.025% solution of Permectrin (1 qt product per 100 gal water). Each animal received 1 qt of spray mixture. All animals were established in a pastured environment, and all were later moved at varying times in-house to farrow. B) Prolate 11.6% EC, consisting of 5 adult brood sows, weighing 300-500 lb. Each animal was treated with a 0.1% solution of Prolate (1 qt product per 25 gal water). Each animal received 1 qt of spray mixture. All animals were established in a pastured environment and remained there for the duration of the trial, except for 1 which was later moved in-house to farrow. C) Untreated control, consisting of 5 adult brood sows, weighing 300-500 lb. All animals were established in a pastured environment, and all remained there for the duration of the trial. A compressed air sprayer equipped with 1 fan-type nozzle and calibrated to deliver 0.13 GPM beginning at 40 psi was used to apply the insecticides. All treatment groups were penned separately from each other when in pasture, and were individually isolated in modern farrowing crates when in-house.
Effectiveness of Ly 198468 (Fenoxycarb) in Controlling Stored-Product Insects When Applied to Surfaces, 1984
Authors: White N. D. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ethyl[2-(p-phenoxyphenoxy)ethyl]carbamate designated as LY 198468 (fenoxycarb), an insect growth regulator, was obtained from Elanco, Division of Eli-Lilly Canada, as a 50% EC formulation. The material was diluted in acetone and applied to plywood and galvanized steel panels (11 cm x 11 cm) with a Paasche air brush at 69 KPa pressure at rates of 0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g (AI)/m2. Four replicate surfaces were used for each insect-surface-dosage combination. Insects used for bioassay were fouth instar larvae, pupae, and adults of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), and adults of Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens). Four replicates of 20 insects were exposed to treated and control surfaces, inside copper rings 5 cm diam and 3 cm high, for 24th at 25°C and 50% RH 1 day after treatment of the surfaces. The insects were then placed in plastic vials on wheat flour and brewers yeast (19:1, w:w) T. castaneum) or whole wheat + wheat germ (19:1, w:w) C. ferrugineus) and held at 30±1°C and 60±5% RH. Mortality was determined at 1 and 2 wk for the exposed immatures of T. castaneum and 1, 2 and 4 wk for the exposed adults of both species. Numbers of larvae produced by the exposed adults were observed at 4 wk. Following removal of the insects from the treated surfaces, wheat + wheat germ (19:1, w:w) was placed in the copper rings to a depth of 2 cm to simulate grain residues in empty granaries. Four replicates of 20 adult insects of each species were then placed in the grain and the numbers of adults and immatures present after 5 wk of storage at 25±2°C and 50 ±10% RH noted.
Pear: Pest Control, 1984
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty-one year-old pear trees were sprayed 11 Jul with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear psylla. Plots consisted of four 2-tree replicates in randomized block design. Treatments were evaluated for pear psylla control by counts of adults and nymphs at 2-wk intervals. Adults were counted from a 5 beating-tray sample/rep. Nymphs were counted from 50-leaf samples including the proximal, distal and 3 leaves from between, on each of 10 shoots/rep. Leaves were brushed and the resulting slides were examined using a dissecting microscope. Pear psylla russet was rated according to US grade standards for fresh market Bartlett pears on 2 samples of 25 fruit/rep. Fruit and foliage were examined after treatment for phytotoxicity.
Peach, Insecticide/Fungicide Tests, 1984
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Mayes Ralph L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 5-year-old block of Red Haven was used in this test. Six replications (2-tree plots) were used in each of the 3 treatments and the check; combination treatments of insecticide and fungicide were applied 5 Apr, 11 Apr, 19 Apr, 26 Apr, 3 May, 14 May, 29 May, and 8 Jun; and fungicide treatments only were applied on 28 Jun, 4 Jul, and 18 Jul. Sprays were applied to runoff using a 5-horsepower hydraulic sprayer set at 200 lb/in3. A tree gun with a No. 4 disc was used to apply 0.5 gal per tree. On 5 Apr ten tarnished plant bugs were enclosed in muslin sleeves on 4 trees in each treatment immediately after the first spray had dried. The percent mortality was assessed on 9 Apr. Fifty fruit per 2-tree replicates were checked on 29 May for damage by TPB. Oriental fruit moth damage was evaluated by periodically checking all terminals on the trees for flagging. No OFM damage to terminals was noted until 19 June. On 19 June, 40 maturing fruit per two tree plot were examined for OFM injury. The number of brown rot infected fruit per two trees was determined at harvest (10 July).
Control of Leafhopper on Grapes in Pennsylvania, 1984
Authors: Jubb Gerald L. , Eisner Erwin A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
These tests were conducted in an established Concord grape vineyard in North East, PA. Plots consisted of 3 vines in a row replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. One spray was applied in each test using a 6-gal, True-test plant sprayer operated off a high pressure hose of a Myers 61256ET2 hydraulic vineyard sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 lb/in2. Sprays were applied to runoff resulting in 100 gal of spray per acre. Triton AG-98 was the spreader sticker used at the rate of 2 oz per 100 gal. The treatments were evaluated by counting the number of leafhopper nymphs on each of 10 injured leaves selected at random per plot.
Avocado Brown Mite Control on Avocados, 1982
Authors: Bailey J. B. , Olsen K. N. , Goodall G. , Phillips P. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six acaricides were tested on nine-year-old trees (20 X 20 ft spacing) located in Santa Barbara County. A randomized block design was used with 5 single tree replicates of each treatment with single tree buffers separating the test trees both within and between rows. All materials were applied by handgun from a Bean orchard hydraulic spray rig at 400 psi on 28 Sep ’82. The dilution factor used for all materials was based on 1000 gpa, i.e., 10 gal per tree x 100 trees per acre. All trees were sprayed to the point of runoff. Treatments were evaluated by taking random samples of 20 leaves from each of the sprayed and untreated check trees at a height between 2 and 8 ft. The samples were examined in the lab with a dissecting microscope within 3 days of collection. Only motile stages on both sides of one half of each leaf were counted. The pretreatment population of the ABM was high, thus providing a good area in which to evaluate acaricide efficacy.
Performance of Pecan Insecticides: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Payne J. A. , Dutcher J. D. , Ellis H. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
During the last 13 years many insecticides have been evaluated in field and laboratory trials by one or more of the various entomologists employed at the state and federal laboratories across the pecan belt. Many of these pesticide trials were not published, communicated, or made readily available to other interested individuals. In this report we have reviewed the literature and research files of pecan entomologists so a concise updated consensus would be available to serve as a guideline for comparison in future pecan pesticide trials.
Pecan, Hickory Shuckworm Insecticide Efficacy Tests, 1984
Authors: Ring Dennis R. , Harris Marvin K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test blocks of at least 6 trees were established in Adriance Orchard on the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Farm, Burleson County near College Station, Texas. Tests included trees of the Brake, Desirable, Graking, Mahan, Stuart, and Success Cultivars. All chemicals were applied with John Bean Speed Sprayer® as a dilute solution sprayed on the foliage to the point of runoff.
Caterpillar Control on Cabbage, Spring, 1983
Authors: Leibee Gary L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted 9 Mar into Myakka fine sand on the University of Florida’s Agricultural Research and Education Center-Sanford. A plot consisted of one 30-ft row with 12-inch plant spacing. Each plot row was separated by 2 unplanted rows; row spacing was 30 inches. Nemacur 15G 2 lbs (AI)/acre was applied pretransplant in a 15-inch band for nematode control. Treatments were replicated in 5 randomized complete blocks separated by 25 ft weed-free alleys. Sprays were applied with a COa pressurized sprayer mounted on an Allis-Chalmers model G tractor. Three nozzles were used per row; 1 overhead (TX24) and 1 drop (TX12) on each side. The delivery rate was 50 gpa with a boom pressure of about 50 psi and a speed of 3 mph. Sprays were applied 26 Apr, 5, 12, 20, and 26 May. On 1 Jun in each plot 10 plants were rated for damage on the head and first 4 wrapper leaves using a scale of 1-6 as in Greene et al., Journal of Economic Entomology, 62(4):798-800. The percentage of heads that were marketable was based on the frequency of heads with damage ratings of 3 or less. The number of cabbage looper and diamondback moth larvae per plant was determined on 18 May and 23 May by examining 5 consecutive plants in the middle of each plot.
Control of Diamondback Moth, Imported Cabbageworm, and Cabbage Looper on Cabbage, 1984
Authors: Shelton A.M. , Wilsey W.T. , North R.C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted on 20 Jun at the Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 16-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RGB design. A 2-row tractor-mounted boom, having 3 nozzles/row and delivering 35 gal/acre at 50 psi, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Treatments were applied on 27 Sep and evaluated 4 Oct. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting 3 plants/plot, removing all leaves, and counting larval populations. Diamondback moth populations were extremely low, imported cabbageworm populations moderate, and cabbage looper populations quite high. Cabbage loopers constituted 77% of the total populations in the check.
Tarnished Plant Bug Control on Celery, 1984
Authors: Bowman James S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was located on the Hugh Tuttle farm in Dover, New Hampshire. Celery plants were transplanted into the field on 7 Jun ’84 and spaced about 1 ft apart in rows planted on 3-ft centers. Each plot consisted of a single 10-ft row and was replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Applications were made on 10, 23 Jul, 8 and 20 Aug ’84 using a B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer at a rate of 25 gal/acre (40 psi). All treatments, including the check, received BRAVO 500 at 1.5 pt/acre as a tank-mix application each time the insecticides were applied to protect against leaf blight. Evaluation was made on 5 Sep ’84 by counting the number of TPB injured plants per 10 plants per replicate.
Collard Insect Control in Alabama, 1984
Authors: Kouskolekas C. A. , Harper J. D. , Hollingsworth M. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field plots were established at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation in a field of collards planted at a row spacing of 36 inches with 18 inches between plants within the rows. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 4 repl. Each plot was 2 rows by 15 ft. Materials were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer fitted with a TX 18 hollow cone nozzle and operating at 60 psi. Each row was sprayed 3 times, once over the top and once with the spray directed into each side of the row for a total delivery rate of 33 gallons per acre. All plots were treated on 25 Jul, 1 Aug, and 7 Aug. Treatment efficacy was determined by visual ratings of each plot on 1 and 8 Aug and by larval counts on 3 leaves from the second whorl of leaves from the top of the plant on 7 Aug. Visual ratings were based on a scale of 1 to 6 where 1 = 0 to 1%, 2 = 2 to 5%, 3 = 6 to 10%, 4 = 11 to 20%, 5 = 21 to 50%, and 6 = 51 to 100% defoliation.
Sweetcorn, Corn Earworm Control, 1984
Authors: All J. N. , Javid A. , Guillebeau P. L. , Chamberlin J. R. , All J. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn was planted 2 Apr, ’84, at the University of Georgia Experiment Station, Oconee Co. Soil type was Appling coarse sandy loam. A randomized complete block experimental design with 2-row plots x 6.5-m long x 1-m row width x 1-m alleys and with 5 replicates was used. Plants were treated with a full cone spray using an air pressure sprayer at 30 psi in a final volume of 500 1/ha directed on the plant ears. Plots were sprayed 9 times beginning at the initiation of silking on 15 Jun, and continuing 18, 20, 22, 25, 27, 29 Jun, 2, and 4 Jul. All ears in the center 6 m of row were examined on 6 Jul for the presence of corn earworm larvae or damage.
European Corn Borer (ECB), Fall Armyworm (FAW) and Corn Earworm (CEW) Control on Sweetcorn, 1984
Authors: Ferro D. N. , Tuttle A. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn was planted 15 Jun in Sunderland, MA in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Rows were 3 ft apart, 30 ft long and plants were spaced 9 inches apart in the row with 4 rows per plot. 1000 lb of ION: 10P2O5:10K2O/acre was incorporated prior to planting; no additional fertilizer was applied. Atrazine at 1 lb (AI)/acre and alachlor at 1.5 lb (AI)/acre was applied on 20 Jun. Insecticides were applied using a tractor-drawn sprayer equipped with drop nozzles, at 60 psi and in 150 gal. water/acre. Treatments were applied on 13, 21 and 27 Aug. Pydrin at 0.1 and 0.2 lb (AI)/acre was applied up to silking followed by Nudrin at 0.45 lb. (AI)/acre. On 7 Sep, 25 ears were randomly selected and examined from each plot and the number of ears infested with larvae of each pest was recorded. Only ears with damage to kernels were recorded as damaged.
Whorl Applications to Control Fall Armyworm in Sweet Corn, 1984
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted 13 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were 4 rows wide on 30-inch centers and 25 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular whorl treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch hand over the whorl; whorl sprays were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with 1 nozzle centered over each of the middle 2 rows calibrated to deliver 55 gal/acre at 200 psi. Treatments were applied on 10 and 16 Aug. Plant whorls were rated on fall armyworm damage on 23 Aug as follows: (0) no damage; (1) slight damage, 10% whorl feeding; (2) moderate damage, 10-25% whorl feeding; (3) heavy damage, 25-50% whorl feeding; (4) severe damage, 50-75% whorl feeding, tassel damaged and (5) whorl destroyed. Ten plant whorls were removed from the plants, unrolled, and all live fall armyworm and European corn borer (ECB) larvae were counted. In an attempt to determine benefits of whorl-stage applications, all plots were treated with a combination of Lannate 1.8L (.45 lb ai/acre) plus Parathon 8E (.33 lb ai/acre) after first silks appeared to control further insect damage. The silking applications were made on 11, 14, 18, 21 and 24 Sep. All ears within a 17.4-ft distance in each plot were harvested and weighed, sized and rated for insect damage.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Control, 1984
Authors: Knapp Joseph L. , Nelson David D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to a 20-acre mixed block evenly divided into 3 plots. Four randomly selected trees were left untreated as a check. Materials were applied 26 Apr and 2 Aug using a commercial air blast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure adjusted to apply 500 gal/acre. Two hundred fruit in each of the 3 treated areas were randomly examined on a weekly basis using a 10x hand lens with a 1 cm2 grid platform. One cm2 area/fruit/tree was counted for a total of 200 observations. The 4 untreated check trees were counted by randomly selecting and examining 25 fruit from around the canopies of each untreated tree and counted as above. One Texas citrus mite count was made during the course of the test. Twenty-four trees were randomly selected in each of the 3 treated areas and 25 spring flush leaves were randomly picked from around each tree, including the 4 untreated check trees. Leaves were brought back to lab, examined using stereomicroscope, and Texas citrus mite per leaf were counted and recorded.
Cabbage Maggot Control, 1985
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The plot was planted and treated 1 Jul at our research farm near Geneva, New York in a Lima silt loam soil. Seeds (planted at 10/ft) and treatments were applied using hand pushed cone seeders. Germination counts were made 17 Jul. The crop was then thinned to ca. 1 plant every 15 inch. Plots consisted of a single row, 20 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block. Insecticide applications were based on a 36-inch row width. In-furrow liquid applications were made with a gravity system mounted on a cone seeder delivering 50 gpa. Over-furrow applications were applied at 50 gpa to the soil surface after planting using a CO2 powered sprayer. Injury ratings were made 9 Oct by pulling 10 roots/plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present. Extremely dry conditions (only .39 inch of rain from 1 Jun to 30 Sep) resulted in inhibition of both seed germination and soil insecticide activity.
Looper Control on Cabbage, 1984
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Greenback’ variety cabbage was direct-seeded on 29 Aug ’84 into double-row beds (10-inch rows, 40-inch beds) at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Annex Farm, Mercedes, TX. Soil type was a Raymondville clay loam. Two-bed plots 50 ft long were bordered by 1 row of a wheat-barley grass mixture and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Insecticide treatments were delivered through a CO2-powered, backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 14 gal per acre (25 psi, 4 flat-fan nozzles per plot). Treatments were applied on 15, 21, and 29 Nov ’84. Additional applications of CME-13406 were applied on 14 Dec ’84 and 4 Jan ’85. Efficacy was evaluated three days postspray by counting loopers on 10 adjacent plants per plot. Leaf damage and head damage ratings were taken on 17 Jan ’85 in plots treated with CME-13406 on 5 adjacent plants per plot.
Apple, Seasonal Control of Fruit Pests, 1985
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Danitol was evaluated for its ability to provided seasonal control of codling moth and other apple pests. This test was conducted in a 15-year-old apple orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 single-tree replicates per treatment. Materials were applied in a dilute spray to the point of drip (approximately 400 gal per acre) with a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. One application was made in the delayed dormant (dd) period (10 Apr) combined with 4 gal of spray oil per acre. The check was treated in the delayed dormant period with 8 gal of spray oil per acre. There were no subsequent insecticide applications to the check. Two applications were made against first generation codling moth. The first was timed to coincide with predicted 3% egg hatch or 250 degree days following first moth (23 May). The second was made 21 days following the first (13 Jun). One application was made against second generation and timed at 1290 degree days after first moth (19 Jul). All fruit on each tree were examined after first generation of codling moth was complete. Numbers of entries were recorded. At harvest (23 Sep) all fruit(or a maximum of 400) from each tree were examined and numbers of injured fruit recorded. Mites were sampled bi-weekly from mid-Jun through Sep. Fifty leaves were collected from each treatment (10 per tree), brushed in a mite brushing machine and the mites of each species counted. At harvest terminals infested with green apple aphid were counted and recorded. Woolly apple aphid densities were estimated by examining 10 shoots per tree and counting colonies observed. Densities of white apple leafhopper were determined by counting nymphs and caste skins on 10 leaves per tree.
Insect Control in Celery, 1985
Authors: Hayden J. , Grafius E. , Connington L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Celery was transplanted at the MSU Muck Crops Experimental Farm in Bath, MI (Clinton Co.) on 16 May. The plots were 8 rows wide (24-inch spacing between rows) by 25 ft long. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications per treatment. Standard commercial fertilizer, herbicides and fungicides were applied. Treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gpa on 24 Jun, 1, 8, 16, 23, 30 Jul, 7 and 14 Aug. Sweep samples of 20 sweeps/plot were taken on 28 Jun, 12, 19, 29 July, 2, 9, and 16 Aug. Twenty plants were harvested from the middle rows of each plot on 21 Aug and evaluated for damage from CW, TPB, CLT and aster yellows disease.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Sweet Corn, 1985.
Authors: Cheshire J. M. , Slaughter W. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide-treated and untreated corn seed were planted in Spaldinf Co., GA (‘Silver queen’) on 22 May (Test 1) and in Pike Co., GA (‘Truckers favorite’) on 3 Jun. Soil types were Cecil loamy clay in Test 1 ant! Appling sandy loam in Test 2. The tests were each arranged as a randomized complete block experimental design with 4 replicates. All plots were planted with a 2-row cone-type small plot planter (double-disk opener, press wheel, 32-inch row spacing). The planter was equipped with pressurized canisters for delivery of liquid insecticides (30 gal/acre at 20psi) and an electric metering unit for delivery of granular insecticides. Liquid anti granular formulations were applied at planting in a 7-inch band in front of each press wheel. Data were collected from 2-row × 30 ft plots in Tes; 1 and 2 row × 27 ft plots in Test 2. Each plot was bordered on each side by a row which received the same treatment. The numbers of healthy and LCB-damaged plants were counted in each plot 16 and 40 days after planting in Test 1, and 14 and 28 days after planting in Test 2. Each plan with LCB damage was identified by characteristic damage symptoms (dead or dying central whorl, or complete wilting) and also by the presence of LCB larvae or their silken feeding tubes which extend laterally in the soil from plant bases.