bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Simulator for Design and Analysis of Wax Removal Treatment from Well Flowlines Using Thermochemical Fluids
Authors: Qamruzzaman Mohammed , Roy Dhirendra , Raman Ravi 
Published: March 2022

Summary
Treatment of well flowlines with thermochemical/exothermic fluid has shown good results for wax removal compared with conventional hot oil, hot water, or solvent treatments. However, the technique has not gained widespread use because of the lack of sufficient scientific publications that can give more insights into its use and help in designing a safe and effective treatment. This paper presents a novel transient mathematical model for the design and analysis of thermochemical treatment for well flowlines by accounting for the chemical kinetics, heat transfer, fusion of wax, and associated two-phase flow. The governing equations have been solved using the finite-volume method. The resulting simulator can be used to prepare an optimum thermochemical plan by analyzing the effects of important factors including wax details, deposition profile, heat loss, formulation composition, and injection strategy. Simulation results obtained with the developed model indicate that the entire filling of flowline with thermochemical fluid is not necessary for complete wax removal. Injection of a small thermochemical spacer (TCS) in the flowline followed by its displacement with crude oil can be sufficient in the case of short flowlines of onshore fields. Selection of initial reactant concentration and pH has to be done judiciously based on the maximum allowed temperature in the flowline and the desired extent of chemical utilization. A sensitivity analysis has shown the existence of an optimum range of injection rate below which wax removal efficiency is compromised by excessive heat loss and above which it is reduced by insufficient residence time. The major limitation of this technique is encountered for large flowlines where a possibility of resolidification of removed wax deposits exists because of excessive heat loss. Flowlines of length less than 5 km are found to be ideal candidates as in that case, sufficiently high temperatures can be maintained throughout the journey of TCS in the flowline, which will prevent resolidification.
Innovative Techniques for Optimization of Far-Field Diverter Materials to Enhance Fracture Geometry in Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Shah Maunish , Koster Nicholas A. , Clark Connor , Shah Subhash N. 
Published: March 2022

Summary
The technique of employing specialized particulates for far-field diversion is well established during hydraulic fracturing treatments in unconventional formations and is being investigated for use in conventional formations. Far-field diverters (FFD) divert fluid away from the wellbore far into the formation. The injection of FFD at the beginning of the treatment provides an additional stress barrier between the producing interval and adjacent layers by depositing at the layer boundaries where a higher leakoff is encountered. The ensuing restriction in height growth maximizes fracture extension within the producing zone, optimizing geometry for increased hydrocarbon production while limiting excess water. Polylactic acid (PLA) polymer is self-degradable, compatible with reservoir fluids, and has a variety of compositions for different temperature applications. Blending proppant with PLA has been seen to significantly improve the strength of the deposited FFD. Therefore, PLA powder and silica proppant are blended to develop Generation-1 FFD (FFD-Gen1). However, many silica proppants have greater density than PLA, leading to separation during transport which prevents these two components from depositing evenly at the upper fracture boundary. This results in a situation in which excessive downward growth is prevented while upward growth is left unchecked. For this reason, both components need to be simultaneously deposited to develop an effective seal. Generation-2 FFD (FFD-Gen2) is developed by replacing the silica proppant of FFD-Gen1 with a deformable proppant having a density nearly equal to the polymer, which enables uniform deposition on all adjacent formation boundaries where leakoff is encountered. The deformable characteristic improves the pressure withstanding capacity of the diverter pack.
The deposition and degradation behaviors are investigated in the laboratory by performing high-temperature high-pressure (HTHP) filter press and plug stability experiments. Experimental findings suggest that the primary selection criteria for acceptable performance are the material’s mechanical properties. This methodology is used to select the appropriate FFD materials to optimize fracture geometry in carbonate reservoirs. Successful applications prevent excessive water production and substantially increase hydrocarbon production as illustrated in a three-well case study.
Cleaning Functional Spacer for Improving Sealing Integrity and Zonal Isolation of Cement Sheath in Shale Gas Wells: Laboratory Study and Field Application
Authors: Hao Haiyang 
Published: March 2022

Summary
Maintaining sealing integrity of cement sheath is essential to oil and gas well completion. The development of large-scale hydraulic fracturing reservoir stimulation technology in recent years has put forward higher requirements for the sealing integrity of cement sheath. For horizontal shale gas wells, it is often necessary to clean the oil-based mud (OBM) before pumping cement slurry to ensure sufficient contact and bonding of cement slurry to casing and formation. Therefore, the removal efficiency of OBM determines the cementation quality of cement slurry with casing and formation.
The present work implements and evaluates a novel cleaning functional spacer (CFS) to overcome OBM removal difficulty through laboratory experiments. CFS consists of weighted spacer (CFS I) and chemical preflush (CFS II). CFS I and CFS II both contain chemical washing agent. OBM removal efficiency test results suggest that with the increase of the concentration of chemical washing agent, the removal efficiency of OBM increases, and the increase of temperature will promote the removal of OBM. Also, it can be found that OBM that sticks to the casing is easier to remove than OBM that sticks to the simulated permeable formations. The water drop on an oil-wet surface gives a contact angle of 66.15°, as nonwetting behavior, while it is reduced to almost zero with the treatment of CFS II on OBM surface. Electrical stability test results show that the demulsification voltages of OBM and CFS II mixture fluids decreased as the percentage of the chemical preflush increased. CFS II will cause demulsification of OBM, reducing the demulsification voltage of the mixture and thus facilitating its removal. The viscosity measurement results demonstrate high compatibility of CFS I with OBM at different volume ratio combinations, which shows its pumpability is safe in field application. The shear bonding strength test indicates that the bonding strength increased by more than 3,212.8% with the use of CFS. Also tight cementation formed at the casing cement sheath interface (CCI), cement sheath formation interface (CFI), and no microannulus appearance. A case history of its use in a shale gas well in the field demonstrates the successful application of CFS to prevent sustained casing pressure (SCP) and maintain the sealing integrity of cement sheath.
Correlation of Plasma Cell Assessment by Phenotypic Methods and Molecular Profiles by NGS in Patients With Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
Authors: Chigrinova Ekaterina Rebmann , Porret Naomi A. , Andres Martin , Wiedemann Gertrud , Banz Yara , Legros Myriam , Pollak Matthias , Leibundgut Elisabeth Oppliger , Pabst Thomas , Bacher Ulrike 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) detects somatic mutations in a high proportion of in plasma cell dyscrasias (PCD), but is so far not integrated into diagnostic routine. We correlated NGS data with degree of bone marrow (BM) involvement by cytomorphology (BMC), histopathology (BMH), and multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) in 90 PCD patients.Methods: Diagnoses in the 90 patients were multiple myeloma (n=77), MGUS (n=7), AL-amyloidosis (n=4), solitary plasmocytoma (n=2). The NGS panel included 8 genes CCND1, DIS3, EGR1, FAM46C (TENT5C), FGFR3, PRDM1, TP53, TRAF3, and 7 hotspots in BRAF, IDH1, IDH2, IRF4, KRAS, NRAS.Results: Mutations were detected in 64/90 (71%) of cases. KRAS (29%), NRAS (16%) and DIS3 (16%) were most frequently mutated. At least one mutation/sample corresponded to a higher degree of BM involvement with a mean of 11% pathologic PC by MFC (range, 0.002 - 62%), and ~50% (3 - 100%) as defined by both CM and HP. Conclusions: The probability to detect a mutation by NGS in the BM was highest in samples with >10% clonal PC by MFC, or >20% PC by BMC/BMH. We propose further evaluation of these thresholds as a practical cut-off for processing of samples by NGS at initial PCD diagnosis.
Exchange Rate Volatility and the Performance of Manufacturing Sector in Nigeria: An Econometric Analysis
Authors: Onwuka Chinonye Emmanuel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study examined the impact of exchange rate volatility on the performance of manufacturing sector in Nigeria from 1981 to 2020 using ARCH/GARCH model and Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL). The ARCH/GARCH model confirms that there is a high exchange rate volatility which was validated by their coefficients which were positive and statistically significant at 1% level. The Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) unit root test results showed that all the variables were stationary at first difference and the Bound test confirmed a long run relationship among the variables. The ARDL results show that exchange rate volatility, interest rate and inflation rate has a negative impact on the performance of manufacturing sector in the long run while import and gross capital formation have a positive effect on manufacturing performance in the long run. Also, exchange rate volatility, gross capital formation and interest rate were found to have a significant impact on manufacturing performance while import and inflation were found to be non-significant. The findings also show that in the short run that volatility in exchange rate is negatively and significantly related to the performance of manufacturing sector in Nigeria. Furthermore, the coefficient of error correction term shows that about 66 percent of the disparity between the actual and the equilibrium value of manufacturing performance is corrected every year. The study concludes that monetary authorities should formulate a policy framework that will be targeted at improving and stabilizing naira exchange rate. Also, Nigerian government should appropriate more funds to the manufacturing sector. Finally, interest on lending should be reduced to barest minimal to encourage investment both locally and internationally.
Effectiveness of binocular therapy as a complementary treatment of part-time patching in older amblyopic children: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Zhu Qing , Zhao Qi , Liang Ran , He Xin , Gao Ming-Jun 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the effectiveness of combined use of stereoscopic 3D video movies and part-time patching in treating older amblyopic children with poor response or compliance to traditional patching treatments and comparing this combined treatment with patching alone.Methods Thirty-two children aged 5–12 years with amblyopia associated with anisometropia, strabismus, or both were recruited in a randomized clinical trial. Eligible participants were assigned randomly to the combined and patching groups. Here, binocular treatment refers to using the Bangerter filter to blur the fellow eye and subsequently watching a close-up 3D movie with large parallax. The primary outcome was amblyopic-eye (AE) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) improvement at six weeks. In addition, secondary outcomes included BCVA of AE improvement at three weeks and change of stereo acuity.Results Of 32 participants, mean (SD) age was 6.63 (1.46) years, and 19 (59%) were female. At 6-weeks, mean (SD) amblyopic-eye VA improved to 0.17 ±0.08 logMAR ( 2-sided 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.22; F = 57.2, p＜0.01) and 0.05 ±0.04 logMAR (2-sided 95% CI, 0.05 to 0.09; F = 8.73, p = 0.01) in the combined and patching groups, respectively. The difference was statistically significant (mean difference, 0.13 logMAR [1.3 line]; 95% CI, 0.08–0.17 logMAR [0.8–1.7 lines]; t25 = 5.65, p <0 .01). After treatment, only the combined group had significantly improved stereo acuity, such as binocular function score (median [interquartile range], 2.30 [2.23 to 2.68] vs. 1.69 [1.60 to 2.30] log arcsec; paired, z = –3.53, p ＜0.01), and mean stereo acuity gain was 0.47 log arcsec (±0.22). Changes in other types of stereo acuity were similar.Conclusion Our laboratory-based binocular treatment strategy engaged a high level of compliance that led to a substantial gain in visual function after a short period of treatment for older amblyopic children having poor response or compliance to traditional patching treatments. Notably, the improving stereo acuity showed a greater advantage.
Analysis of movement processes occurring under varying load cases for the optimization of wire race bearings
Authors: Bauer Manuel , Rappold Franziska , Kley Markus 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Rolling bearing technology is used in many areas of mechanical engineering. In order to be able to use and optimize the rolling bearing technology in a meaningful way, a particularly good knowledge of the movement processes in the bearings is required. In this paper the processes in wire race bearings under different loads are considered. In this case the three most common bearing loads, preload, axial load and radial load, were considered. For this purpose, preliminary considerations, simulations and tests were carried out and evaluated. The results of the simulation provide information on how the rolling process, load distribution and contact angle change takes place in the bearing. In the tests, the contact angle change in the bearing was investigated. The results of the preliminary considerations, the simulation and the tests based on these results are used to explain speed changes that occur under different types and intensities of load.
Automated Wheat Disease Detection Using A ROS-Based Autonomous Guided UAV
Authors: Safarijalal Behzad , Alborzi Yousef , Najafi Esmaeil 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
With the increase in world population, food resources have to be modified to be more productive, resistive, and reliable. Wheat is one of the most important food resources in the world, mainly because of the variety of wheat-based products. Wheat crops are threatened by three main types of diseases which cause large amounts of annual damage in crop yield. These diseases can be eliminated by using pesticides at the right time. While the task of manually spraying pesticides is burdensome and expensive, agricultural robotics can aid farmers by increasing the speed and decreasing the amount of chemicals. In this work, a smart autonomous system has been implemented on an unmanned aerial vehicle to automate the task of monitoring wheat fields. First, an image-based deep learning approach is used to detect and classify disease-infected wheat plants. To find the most optimal method, different approaches have been studied. Because of the lack of a public wheat-disease dataset, a custom dataset has been created and labeled. Second, an efficient mapping and navigation system is presented using a simulation in the robot operating system and Gazebo environments. A 2D simultaneous localization and mapping algorithm is used for mapping the workspace autonomously with the help of a frontier-based exploration method.
Optimization of sampling structure on UAV for gas leakage monitoring in the atmosphere
Authors: Ma Denglong , SICHENG Guo , ZHOU Yuxiang , AO Zezhou , QIU Yuhang , GAO Jianmin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In order to make a fast and accurate response for gas leakage event, e.g. gas leakage in hydrogen storage station, it is very important to identify and locate the leakage source accurately and quickly. Due to the flexibility and the adaptability of robot to harsh environment, leakage source tracing based on mobile robot has attracted more and more attention. However, the existing ground robots are limited by the ground environment and thus it is difficult to trace and locate the leakage in the complex environment with ground robot. Although UAV (Unmanned aerial vehicle) can overcome the limitation of ground obstacles, there are still some problems in the accuracy and reliability of gas sampling due to the interference of flow field caused by UAV rotors to the surrounding gases. Based on CFD (Computational fluid dynamic) simulation, a simulation model of UAV with four rotors was established. Combined with test experiments, the influence of flow field around UAV on gas sampling under different UAV speeds, rotors assembly structures, leakage and sampling conditions was analyzed and investigated. The optimized UAV assembly structure and gas sensor installation position were determined and verified by the simulations and experiments. The results showed that the sensor was less affected by the rotor airflow when the UAV rotor was reversely assembled and the gases were sampled above the UAV. This research can provide a guidance of gas sampling for emission source tracing with UAV for process safety management of energy gas storage.
Association Between Prevalence of Anaemia and Malaria in Under-Five of Uganda: A Comparison of Ordered and Binary Logistic Multilevel Models
Authors: Natuhamya Charles , Nareeba Tryphena , Makumbi Fredrick , Ssenkusu John M. , Guwatudde David , Tumwesigye Nazarius Mbona , Nakafeero Mary 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: several analyses of anemia prevalence in multilevel settings have dichotomized anemia as the response variable, ignoring its distinct ordered levels, leading to loss of information that may produce biased estimates. This study aimed at examining estimates from two multilevel models and the association between anemia and malaria in under-five of Uganda. Methods: a sample of 7,632 children, aged 0-59 months from the 2018-19 malaria indicator survey was analyzed using multilevel mixed effects logistic regression models. In one model, anemia was modeled as an ordinal categorical variable (no anemia, mild, moderate and severe) while in another model as a binary variable (no anemia and anemia). The main explanatory variable was the result of malaria test. Five models were fitted using each method (Model-1: the null model, Model-2: with malaria test result as the only covariate, Model-3: with individual level factors, Model-4: with household level factors, Model-5: with cluster level factors). The final model from each method was selected using Akaike’s information criterion (AIC). The model with more reliable estimates was selected basing on standard error (SE) values. Random effects variables were region, cluster and household. Results: anemia prevalence was (overall=51.62%; severe=1.36%; moderate=25.00%; mild=25.26%). The likelihood of a child who tested positive for malaria being anemic was about 5 folds in both models (OR=5.005; 95%CI, 4.369 – 5.733; p<0.001) and (OR=4.697; 95%CI, 3.983 – 5.538; p<0.001) for the ordered and binary logistic model respectively. Generally; sex, age, and wealth index were associated with a lower likelihood of being anemic. Although AIC values were lower in the binary model compared to the ordered model, the former was considered as a better model as it yielded lower standard errors for all estimates hence more reliable values.Conclusion: analysts should use modeling techniques that account for the order aspect in categorical outcome variables and avoid dichotomization. Choice of the best model should be based on standard errors besides AIC. Large standard errors are associated with large confidence intervals that may lead to type II error. Malaria increases risk of anemia.
Molecular Dynamic Approach to Predict the Miscibility of Excipients for Lipid-based Formulations.
Authors: Babu Murugesan Anand , Nithya Radhakrishnan , Sankar Veintramuthu , Muniswamy Nithyananth 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This research work sought to investigate the miscibility of various excipients with Nebivolol hydrochloride (NBV) to develop stable lipid-based nanoparticles. The miscibility of NBV with excipients such as Glyceryl Mono Oleate (GMO), VIT-E TPGS and Poloxamer 407 was predicted using molecular simulation. The miscibility predicted by in-silico approach was corroborated with a thermogram obtained from Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Desmond MD engine using OPLS-3e force field was used to perform molecular dynamic (MD) simulations. The cohesive energy density and the solubility parameters (δ) were determined for all the compounds. Solubility parameters computed from the simulation indicate that the mixture of NBV/GMO and NBV/VITE-TPGS are miscible with each other. The miscibility is determined by the difference in solubility parameter between drug and carrier. DSC thermogram observations have substantiated the miscibility of NBV /GMO, NBV/Poloxamer 407 and NBV/VITE-TPGS. This finding indicates that Nebivolol hydrochloride is soluble in GMO and this combination is further miscible with Poloxamer 407. NBV/POLOXAMER 407 is predicted as immiscible. With this study, we report that the molecular dynamic simulation can potentially be used to understand the molecular level insights to develop the thermodynamically stable formulation.
Establishment and characteristics of GWH04, a new primary human glioblastoma cell line
Authors: Guo Dongsheng , Cheng Fangling , Mao Feng , Wan Xueyan , Li Youwei , Peng Peng , Xu Sanpeng , Han Chao , wang Bofeng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a common and fatal disease of the central nervous system. It has a worldwide occurrence and affects people from diverse backgrounds. GBM cell lines are fundamental tools used in GBM research. The establishment of novel continuous GBM cell lines with clear genetic backgrounds could facilitate the exploration of molecular mechanisms and the screening and evaluation of antitumor drugs in GBM studies. Here, we established a novel primary glioblastoma cell line, named GWH04, from a patient with glioblastoma, and examined its short-tandem repeat (STR) genotype and various tumor parameters. The STR information of GWH04 was identical to that of the original primary tumor tissue. Compared with existing cell lines, GWH04 had a similar in vitro proliferation rate as U87 cell line, but a faster rate than GL15 cell line, and a substantial soft agar clone formation capacity. GWH04 showed subcutaneous and intracranial tumorigenic capacity, with an aneuploid karyotype and median 84 chromosomes. Gene sequencing further revealed the mutational status of genes TP53, PTEN, PDGFRA, ERBB2, BRCA1, NF1, and MLH1 and the promoter region of TERT (C228T) in this cell line. Altogether, these results indicate that GWH04 can facilitate human GBM studies both in vitro and in vivo.