bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Wunna Htay Soe 
Published: February 2022

Head trauma or traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most serious, life-threatening conditions in trauma victims. Prompt and appropriate therapy is essential to obtain a favorable outcome. The aim of the acute care of patients with brain injury is to optimize cerebral perfusion and oxygenation and to avoid secondary brain injury. Secondary brain injury develops with times and cause further damage to nervous tissues. The common denominators of secondary injury are cerebral hypoxia and ischemia. A systemic approach such as the Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) algorithm has been recommended for managing head injury patients. Quick initial assessment of the patient’s neurologic condition thoroughly is mandatory. There should be attention in evidence of intrathoracic or intraperitoneal hemorrhage in multiple traumatized patients. Optimizing the open airway and adequate ventilation depending on patient’s neurologic condition is first step in emergency therapy. Cerebral perfusion pressure should be maintained between 50 and 70 mmHg. Systemic hypotension is one of the major contributors to poor outcome after head trauma. Careful stabilization of the blood pressure with fluid resuscitation and a continuous infusion of an inotrope or vasopressor may be necessary. Standard monitoring with direct arterial blood pressure monitoring and periodical measurement of arterial blood gases, hematocrit, electrolytes, glucose, and serum osmolarity are important. Brain monitoring as with an electroencephalogram, evoked potentials, jugular venous bulb oxygen saturation (Sjo2), flow velocity measured by transcranial Doppler (TCD), brain tissue oxygenation (btPo2), and ICP monitoring may be used. The reduction of elevated ICP by means of giving barbituates, hyperventilation, diuretics and hyperosmolar fluid therapy, body posture and incremental CSF drainage are critical. Seizure prophylaxis, early enteral feeding, stress ulcer prophylaxis, prevention of hyperglycemic state, fever and prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis in neurointensive care unit are also important after successful resuscitation of head trauma patients.
DBFU-Net: Double branch fusion U-Net with hard example weighting train strategy to segment retinal vessel
Authors: Huang Jianping , Lin Zefang , Chen Yingyin , Zhang Xiao , Zhao Wei , Zhang Jie , Li Yong , He Xu , Zhan Meixiao , Lu Ligong , Jiang Xiaofei , Peng Yongjun 
Published: February 2022

Background
Many fundus imaging modalities measure ocular changes. Automatic retinal vessel segmentation (RVS) is a significant fundus image-based method for the diagnosis of ophthalmologic diseases. However, precise vessel segmentation is a challenging task when detecting micro-changes in fundus images, e.g., tiny vessels, vessel edges, vessel lesions and optic disc edges.

Methods
In this paper, we will introduce a novel double branch fusion U-Net model that allows one of the branches to be trained by a weighting scheme that emphasizes harder examples to improve the overall segmentation performance. A new mask, we call a hard example mask, is needed for those examples that include a weighting strategy that is different from other methods. The method we propose extracts the hard example mask by morphology, meaning that the hard example mask does not need any rough segmentation model. To alleviate overfitting, we propose a random channel attention mechanism that is better than the drop-out method or the L2-regularization method in RVS.

Results
We have verified the proposed approach on the DRIVE, STARE and CHASE datasets to quantify the performance metrics. Compared to other existing approaches, using those dataset platforms, the proposed approach has competitive performance metrics. (DRIVE: F1-Score = 0.8289, G-Mean = 0.8995, AUC = 0.9811; STARE: F1-Score = 0.8501, G-Mean = 0.9198, AUC = 0.9892; CHASE: F1-Score = 0.8375, G-Mean = 0.9138, AUC = 0.9879).

Discussion
The segmentation results showed that DBFU-Net with RCA achieves competitive performance in three RVS datasets. Additionally, the proposed morphological-based extraction method for hard examples can reduce the computational cost. Finally, the random channel attention mechanism proposed in this paper has proven to be more effective than other regularization methods in the RVS task.
The Choquet Integral
Authors: Mesiar Radko , Mesiarová‐Zemánková Andrea 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The history of integration stretches back to the nineteenth century BC where first attempts to determine areas and volumes appeared. Reflecting the genuine properties of the related objects, the classical integral theory is based on the‐additivity of the measure. Coming from the statistical mechanics and the potential theory, Gustave Choquet has introduced in 1953 an integral which was based on the capacity (nonadditive in general), rather than on the (‐additive), measure. The Choquet integral provides a powerful tool, especially in the decision theory, where it is able to model interaction between the criteria, which is not possible in the additive approach. In this chapter, we discuss the concept of the Choquet integral. We recall the history and basic properties of the Choquet integral and show several distinct approaches in the perception of the Choquet integral. Recent developments of the theory of the Choquet integral, especially of its discrete form, are also mentioned.
Super‐Assembled Hierarchical Cellulose Aerogel‐Gelatin Solid Electrolyte for Implantable and Biodegradable Zinc Ion Battery
Authors: Zhou Junjie , Zhang Runhao , Xu Ran , Li Yong , Tian Wei , Gao Meng , Wang Meng , Li Dongwei , Liang Xiu , Xie Lei , Liang Kang , Chen Pu , Kong Biao 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTransient devices represent an emerging type of electronics whose main characteristic is the constituent materials that could fully or partially dissolute or disintegrate by chemical or physical processes after completing the mission, and are considered as new research directions for implantable devices. However, research on transient devices is still in its infancy and there are many challenges to overcome, especially the development of transient energy devices is relatively slow. Here, an implantable, biodegradable transient zinc ion battery (TZIB) that assembles a carefully designed cellulose aerogel‐gelatin (CAG) solid electrolyte. The new fully degradable CAG solid electrolyte allows TZIB to achieve controlled degradation and stable electrochemical performance, at the same time maintaining excellent mechanical properties. The entire battery device can be completely degraded within 30 days in the buffered proteinase K solution. More importantly, TZIB has excellent electrochemical performance while meeting controlled degradation, providing a specific capacity of 211.5 mAh g−1 at a current of 61.6 mA g−1 and a wide voltage range (0.85–1.9 V). These results demonstrate the potential of TZIB in future clinical applications and provide a new platform for transient electronic technology.
Phase‐Change‐Enabled, Rapid, High‐Resolution Direct Ink Writing of Soft Silicone
Authors: Wang Yiliang , Willenbacher Norbert 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSoft silicone is an ideal flexible material for application, e.g., in soft robotics, flexible electronics, bionics, or implantable biomedical devices. However, gravity‐driven sagging, filament stretching, and deformation can cause inevitable defects during rapid manufacturing, making it hard to obtain complex, high‐resolution 3D silicone structures with direct ink writing (DIW) technology. Here, rapid DIW of soft silicone enabled by a phase‐change‐induced, reversible change of the ink's hierarchical microstructure is presented. During printing, the silicone‐based ink, containing silica nanoparticles and wax microparticles, is extruded from a heated nozzle into a cold environment under controlled stress. The wax phase change (solid–liquid–solid) during printing rapidly destroys and rebuilds the particle networks, realizing fast control of the ink flow behavior and printability. This high‐operating‐temperature DIW method is fast (maximum speed ≈3100 mm min−1) and extends the DIW scale range of soft silicone. The extruded filaments have small diameters (50 ± 5 µm), and allow for large spans (≈13‐fold filament diameter) and high aspect ratios (≈1), setting a new benchmark in the DIW of soft silicone. Printed silicone structures exhibit excellent performance as flexible sensors, superhydrophobic surfaces, and shape‐memory bionic devices, illustrating the potential of the new 3D printing strategy.
Noble Metal‐Free Heterojunction of Ultrathin Ti3C2 MXene/WO3 for Boosted Visible‐Light‐Driven Photoreactivity
Authors: Pang Xin , Xue Shixiang , Zhou Tong , Qiao Mingtao , Li Huaxing , Liu Xue , Xu Quanlong , Liu Gang , Lei Wanying 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDeveloping highly efficient, robust, and noble metal‐free photocatalytic systems is essential for the large‐scale implementation of solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion. Herein, a novel sandwich‐like hierarchical heterostructure of Ti3C2 MXene/WO3 is created by in situ growth of ultrathin WO3 nanosheets onto the surface of few‐layer Ti3C2 nanosheets via a one‐pot solvothermal synthesis strategy. The resultant Ti3C2/WO3 heterostructure holds a large interface contact area, an intimate electronic interaction, and a short carrier migration distance, which is beneficial for bulk‐to‐surface and interfacial charge transfer. Meanwhile, the excellent electrical conductivity of Ti3C2 and the Schottky junction at the interface of WO3 and Ti3C2 expedites the spatial charge separation and transportation. As expected, the as‐prepared Ti3C2/WO3 nanohybrids exhibit a superior visible‐light‐driven photoactivity and stability toward tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) decomposition. Across a range of Ti3C2 concentrations, 3 wt% Ti3C2/WO3 achieves the greatest photodegradation rate of 16.08 × 10−3 min−1 that is approximately ninefold larger than that of pristine WO3. In addition to the underlying photocatalytic mechanism, three TC degradation pathways are identified, highlighting the important roles of ·O2− and h+. This study shows the potential of earth‐abundant MXene family materials in the fabrication of high‐performance and low‐cost photocatalysts applicable for environment purification.
Naphthalimide‐Fused Dipyrrins: Tunable Halochromic Switches and Photothermal NIR‐II Dyes
Authors: Maurya Yogesh Kumar , Chmielewski Piotr J. , Cybińska Joanna , Prajapati Bibek , Lis Tadeusz , Kang Seongsoo , Lee Seokwon , Kim Dongho , Stępień Marcin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA family of tunable halochromic switches is developed using a naphthalimide‐fused dipyrrin as the core π‐conjugated motif. Electronic properties of these dipyrrins are tuned by substitution of their alpha and meso positions with aryl groups of variable donor–acceptor strength. The first protonation results in a conformational change that enhances electronic coupling between the dipyrrin chromophore and the meso substituent, leading to halochromic effects that occasionally exceed 200 nm and switch the absorption between the near‐infrared (NIR)‐I and NIR‐II ranges. A NIR‐II photothermal effect, switchable by acid–base chemistry is demonstrated for selected dipyrrins. Further protonation is possible for derivatives bearing additional amino groups, leading to up to four halochromic switching step. The most electron‐rich dipyrrins are also susceptible to chemical oxidation, yielding NIR‐absorbing radical cations and closed‐shell dications.
Copper‐Catalyzed Substrate‐Controlled Carbonylative Synthesis of α‐Keto Amides and Amides from Alkyl Halides
Authors: Zhao Fengqian , Ai Han‐Jun , Wu Xiao‐Feng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractControllable production of α‐keto amides and amides from the same substrates is an attractive goal in the field of transition‐metal‐catalyzed (double‐)carbonylation. Herein, a novel copper‐catalyzed highly selective double carbonylation of alkyl bromides has been developed. Moderate to good yields of α‐keto amides were obtained as the only products. In the case of alkyl iodides, double‐ and mono‐carbonylation can be achieved controllably under different conditions.
Atroposelective Synthesis of 1,1′‐Bipyrroles Bearing a Chiral N−N Axis: Chiral Phosphoric Acid Catalysis with Lewis Acid Induced Enantiodivergence
Authors: Gao Yaru , Wang Luo‐Yu , Zhang Tao , Yang Bin‐Miao , Zhao Yu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe present herein a highly efficient atroposelective synthesis of axially chiral 1,1′‐bipyrroles bearing an N−N linkage from simple hydrazine and 1,4‐diones. Further product derivatizations led to axially chiral bifunctional compounds with high potential in asymmetric catalysis. For this chrial phosphoric acid (CPA)‐catalyzed double Paal–Knorr reaction, an intriguing Fe(OTf)3‐induced enantiodivergence was also observed.
Aromaticity and Extrusion of Benzenoids Linked to [o‐COSAN]−: Clar Has the Answer
Authors: Poater Jordi , Viñas Clara , Olid David , Solà Miquel , Teixidor Francesc 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBenzene and pyrene can be synthetically linked to [o‐COSAN]− keeping their aromaticity. In contrast, naphthalene and anthracene are extruded in the same reaction. We have proven that extrusion is only favorable if the number of Clar's π‐sextets remains constant. Thus, Clar has the answer to whether an attached polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon to [o‐COSAN]− is extruded or not.
Critical Role of Removing Impurities in Nickel Oxide on High‐Efficiency and Long‐Term Stability of Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Wang Shuangjie , Li Yuke , Yang Jiabao , Wang Tong , Yang Bowen , Cao Qi , Pu Xingyu , Etgar Lioz , Han Jian , Zhao Junsong , Li Xuanhua , Hagfeldt Anders 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe performance enhancement of inverted perovskite solar cells applying nickel oxide (NiOx) as the hole transport layer (HTL) has been limited by impurity ions (such as nitrate ions). Herein, we have proposed a strategy to obtain high‐quality NiOx nanoparticles via an ionic liquid‐assisted synthesis method (NiOx‐IL). Experimental and theoretical results illustrate that the cation of the ionic liquid can inhibit the adsorption of impurity ions on nickel hydroxide through a strong hydrogen bond and low adsorption energy, thereby obtaining NiOx‐IL HTL with high conductivity and strong hole‐extraction ability. Importantly, the removal of impurity ions can effectively suppress the redox reaction between the NiOx film and the perovskite film, thus slowing down the deterioration of device performance. Consequently, the modified inverted device shows a striking efficiency exceeding 22.62 %, and superior stability maintaining 92 % efficiency at a maximum power point tracking under one sun illumination for 1000 h.
Design and Synthesis of Tunable Chiral 2,2′‐Bipyridine Ligands: Application to the Enantioselective Nickel‐Catalyzed Reductive Arylation of Aldehydes
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Perveen Saima , Ouyang Yizhao , Xu Liang , Yu Tao , Zhao Min , Wang Linghua , Song Peidong , Li Pengfei 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA new class of chiral 2,2′‐bipyridine ligands, SBpy, featuring minimized short‐range steric hindrance and structural tunability was rationally designed and developed, and the effectiveness was demonstrated in the first highly enantioselective Ni‐catalyzed addition of aryl halides to aldehydes. In comparison with known approaches using preformed aryl metallic reagents, this reaction is more step‐economical and functional group tolerant. The reaction mechanism and a model of stereocontrol were proposed based on experimental and computational results.
Soft Alloys Constructed with Distinct Mesoatoms via Self‐Sorting Assembly of Giant Shape Amphiphiles
Authors: Wang Yicong , Huang Jiahao , Yan Xiao‐Yun , Lei Huanyu , Liu Xian‐You , Guo Qing‐Yun , Liu Yuchu , Liu Tong , Huang Mingjun , Bian Fenggang , Su Zebin , Cheng Stephen Z. D. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe packing structures of spherical motifs affect the properties of resultant condensed materials such as in metal alloys. Inspired by the classic metallurgy, developing complex alloy‐like packing phases in soft matter (also called “soft alloys”) is promising for the next‐generation superlattice engineering. Nevertheless, the formation of many alloy‐like phases in single‐component soft matter is usually thermodynamically unfavourable and technically challenging. Here, we utilize a novel self‐sorting assembly approach to tackle this challenge in binary blends of soft matter. Two types of giant shape amphiphiles self‐sort to form their discrete spherical motifs, which further simultaneously pack into alloy‐like phases. Three unconventional spherical packing phases have been observed in these binary systems, including MgZn2, NaZn13, and CaCu5 phases. It's the first time that the CaCu5 phase is experimentally observed in soft matter. This work demonstrates a general approach to constructing unconventional spherical packing phases and other complex superlattices in soft matter.
Comparative Study of the Performance of Two Different Luciferases for the Analysis of Fumonisin B1 in Wheat Samples
Authors: Luque‐Uría Álvaro , Peltomaa Riikka , Navarro‐Duro Marina , Fikacek Sabrina , Head Trajen , Deo Sapna , Daunert Sylvia , Benito‐Peña Elena , Moreno‐Bondi María C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe development of two different immunoassays for the determination of fumonisin B1 in wheat samples is reported. A previously described mimopeptide for fumonisin B1 (FB1) was used to produce fusion proteins in combination with two different luciferases: Gaussia luciferase (GLuc) and NanoLuc luciferase (NLuc). The production, expression and the development of two immunoassays based on these fusion proteins (A2‐GLuc and A2‐NLuc) is detailed. The assay showing the best performance, A2‐NLuc, with a limit of detection of 0.61 ng mL−1 and a dynamic range from 1.9 to 95 ng mL−1, was employed for the analysis of spiked wheat samples, a reference matrix material, as well as naturally contaminated wheat samples. The recoveries obtained in the spiked samples were acceptable, between 81.5 and 109 %, with relative standard deviations lower than 14 %. The analysis of naturally contaminated wheat was validated by a liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass detection method.
Double layer PVDF blends PVDF‐HFP membrane with modified ZnO nanoparticles for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD)
Authors: Mat Radzi Nurul Hafifah , Ahmad Abdul Latif 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this work, the double layer (DL) polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) blends polyvinylidene hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP) membrane is prepared via the double casting phase inversion (DCPI) method. The PVDF blended PVDF‐HFP incorporation with ZnO nanoparticles is cast on the top layer of the membrane. The morphology of the fabricated membrane displays two layers of the membrane with different morphology, where the top layer is dense and no macrovoid form. Furthermore, the water contact angle increase due to the increment of perfluorinated polymer content in the top layer, which is 147°. Besides, the liquid entry pressure of water (LEPw) is 0.76 bar with average pore size of the top surface is 0.24 μm, while the bottom surface is 8 μm. The porosity of the DL PVDF blends PVDF‐HFP membrane do not have significant changes compared to the single layer (SL) membrane, with 87%. A stable flux of 6.14 L/m2h was achieved over the 6 h of operation of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) lab‐scale unit. The DL membrane removes almost 99% salt.
A green and biodegradable plasticizer from copolymers of poly(β‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐ε‐caprolactone)
Authors: Chen Haiying , Oveissi Farshad , Daly Sean , Shahrbabaki Zahra , Naficy Sina , Dehghani Fariba 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBiodegradable polymers such as poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and polycaprolactone (PCL) blends are considered as potential replacements for non‐degradable polymers, however, their brittleness is an obstacle for their full realization in biomedicine and food packaging. Here, new biodegradable plasticizers are developed to improve the physicochemical properties of PHB and PCL blends. These plasticizers are synthesized through a one‐step random copolymerization process using different mass ratios (1:1, 2:1, 1:2) of β‐butyrolactone (HB) and ε‐caprolactone (CL) monomers. Plasticizer with larger content of CL segments (1:2) shows a thermal stability higher than other ratios. The addition of plasticizers to PHB/PCL blends enhances the elongation at the break of PHB50/PCL50 blend at least 4 to 6‐fold compared to pure PHB. This process also decreases the melting point and crystallization of PHB/PCL blends which are pivotal for thermal processing, such as extrusion, while no adverse impact on the tensile strength and elastic modulus of blends was observed.
Effect of mixing on the sequence structure of molecular chain and properties of copolyurea
Authors: Gao Zhangcheng , Feng Lianfang , Gu Xueping , Duan Jintang , Zhang Cailiang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCopolyureas have a variety of sequence structures because of the diversity of monomer types and quantities, which directly determine their properties. 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), m‐phenylenediamine (MPD), and polyoxypropylenediamine (D2000) are used as monomers to study the influence of mixing on the sequence structure of as‐prepared copolyurea. D2000 as a macromolecular aliphatic diamine has an extremely high reactivity with MDI, which is two to three orders of magnitude higher than that of MPD with MDI. While the molecular chain of D2000 is much longer than that of MPD, resulting in that the reaction between D2000 and MDI is much easier to change from reaction control to diffusion control than that between MPD and MDI. It is verified that the enhanced mixing can dramatically reduce the hindered effect of diffusion, and promote the reaction of MDI and D2000 to change the sequence structure of as‐synthesized copolyurea. Specifically, as the stirring speed increased from 100 to 800 rpm, the content of MPD‐MDI‐MPD segment decreased from 57 to 15 mol%, while that of MPD‐MDI‐D2000 and D2000‐MDI‐D2000 segments increased from 39 and 4 mol% to 64 and 21 mol%, respectively. As a result, the as‐synthesized copolyureas become more ductile from the high tensile strength and hardness. More specifically, the Shore A hardness, tensile strength, and the broken elongation of the as‐synthesized copolyureas were changed from 81, 56 MPa and 65% to 68, 40 MPa and 188%, respectively.