bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolomics analysis of milk thistle lipids to identify drought-tolerant genes
Authors: Ghanbari Moheb Seraj Rahele , Tohidfar Masoud , Azimzadeh Irani Maryam , Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani Keyvan , Moradian Toktam , Ahmadikhah Asadollah , Behnamian Mahdi 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMilk thistle is an oil and medicinal crop known as an alternative oil crop with a high level of unsaturated fatty acids, which makes it a favorable edible oil for use in food production. To evaluate the importance of Milk thistle lipids in drought tolerance, an experiment was performed in field conditions under three different water deficit levels (Field capacity (FC), 70% FC and 40% FC). After harvesting seeds of the plant, their oily and methanolic extracts were isolated, and subsequently, types and amounts of lipids were measured using GC–MS. Genes and enzymes engaged in biosynthesizing of these lipids were identified and their expression in Arabidopsis was investigated under similar conditions. The results showed that content of almost all measured lipids of milk thistle decreased under severe drought stress, but genes (belonged to Arabidopsis), which were involved in their biosynthetic pathway showed different expression patterns. Genes biosynthesizing lipids, which had significant amounts were selected and their gene and metabolic network were established. Two networks were correlated, and for each pathway, their lipids and respective biosynthesizing genes were grouped together. Four up-regulated genes including PXG3, LOX2, CYP710A1, PAL and 4 down-regulated genes including FATA2, CYP86A1, LACS3, PLA2-ALPHA were selected. The expression of these eight genes in milk thistle was similar to Arabidopsis under drought stress. Thus, PXG3, PAL, LOX2 and CYP86A1 genes that increased expression were selected for protein analysis. Due to the lack of protein structure of these genes in the milk thistle, modeling homology was performed for them. The results of molecular docking showed that the four proteins CYP86A1, LOX2, PAL and PXG3 bind to ligands HEM, 11O, ACT and LIG, respectively. HEM ligand was involved in production of secondary metabolites and dehydration tolerance, and HEM binding site remained conserved in various plants. CA ligands were involved in synthesis of cuticles and waxes. Overall, this study confirmed the importance of lipids in drought stress tolerance in milk thistle.
Host neuronal PRSS3 interacts with enterovirus A71 3A protein and its role in viral replication
Authors: Rattanakomol Patthaya , Srimanote Potjanee , Tongtawe Pongsri , Khantisitthiporn Onruedee , Supasorn Oratai , Thanongsaksrikul Jeeraphong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractEnterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes hand, foot, and mouth disease associated with neurological complications in young children. Currently, there is no specific treatment for EV-A71 infection due to the inadequate information on viral biology and neuropathogenesis. Among enteroviruses, nonstructural 3A protein mediates the formation of replication organelles which plays a major role in viral RNA synthesis and assembly. Although enteroviral 3A proteins have been intensively studied, the data on EV-A71 3A, especially in neuronal cells, are still limited. In this study, PRSS3 (mesotrypsinogen, also known as brain trypsinogen) was identified as EV-A71 3A-interacting counterpart from the transfected human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells by pull-down assay and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. It was confirmed that PRSS3 variant 3 derived from human SH-SY5Y cells had the physical interaction with EV-A71 3A. Importantly, the role of PRSS3 in EV-A71 replication was verified by overexpression and siRNA-mediated gene silencing approaches. The detailed mechanism of the PRSS3 involved in EV-A71 replication and neuropathogenesis warrants further experimental elucidation. In conclusion, this study has discovered a novel EV-A71 3A interacting protein that offers the opportunity to study the neuropathogenesis of the infection which paves the way for developing a specific and effective treatment for the disease.
A computing-in-memory macro based on three-dimensional resistive random-access memory
Authors: Huo Qiang , Yang Yiming , Wang Yiming , Lei Dengyun , Fu Xiangqu , Ren Qirui , Xu Xiaoxin , Luo Qing , Xing Guozhong , Chen Chengying , Si Xin , Wu Hao , Yuan Yiyang , Li Qiang , Li Xiaoran , Wang Xinghua , Chang Meng-Fan , Zhang Feng , Liu Ming 
Published: July 2022

AbstractNon-volatile computing-in-memory macros that are based on two-dimensional arrays of memristors are of use in the development of artificial intelligence edge devices. Scaling such systems to three-dimensional arrays could provide higher parallelism, capacity and density for the necessary vector–matrix multiplication operations. However, scaling to three dimensions is challenging due to manufacturing and device variability issues. Here we report a two-kilobit non-volatile computing-in-memory macro that is based on a three-dimensional vertical resistive random-access memory fabricated using a 55 nm complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process. Our macro can perform 3D vector–matrix multiplication operations with an energy efficiency of 8.32 tera-operations per second per watt when the input, weight and output data are 8, 9 and 22 bits, respectively, and the bit density is 58.2 bit µm–2. We show that the macro offers more accurate brain MRI edge detection and improved inference accuracy on the CIFAR-10 dataset than conventional methods.
The Cygnus Allscale Survey of Chemistry and Dynamical Environments: CASCADE
Authors: Beuther H. , Wyrowski F. , Menten K. M. , Winters J. M. , Suri S. , Kim W.-J. , Bouscasse L. , Gieser C. , Sawczuck M. , Christensen I. B. , Skretas I. M. 
Published: July 2022

Context. While star formation on large molecular cloud scales and on small core and disk scales has been investigated intensely over the past decades, the connection of the large-scale interstellar material with the densest small-scale cores has been a largely neglected field.
Aims. We wish to understand how the gas is fed from clouds down to cores. This covers dynamical accretion flows as well as the physical and chemical gas properties over a broad range of spatial scales.
Methods. Using the IRAM facilities NOEMA and the IRAM 30 m telescope, we mapped large areas (640 arcmin2) of the archetypical star formation complex Cygnus X at 3.6 mm wavelengths in line and continuum emission. The data were combined and imaged together to cover all accessible spatial scales.
Results. The scope and outline of The Cygnus Allscale Survey of Chemistry and Dynamical Environments (CASCADE) as part of the Max Planck IRAM Observatory Program (MIOP) is presented. We then focus on the first observed subregion in Cygnus X, namely the DR20 star formation site, which comprises sources in a range of evolutionary stages from cold pristine gas clumps to more evolved ultracompact Hii regions. The data covering cloud to cores scales at a linear spatial resolution of <5000 au reveal several kinematic cloud components that may be part of several large-scale flows around the central cores. The temperature structure of the region is investigated by means of the HCN/HNC intensity ratio and compared to dust-derived temperatures. We find that the deuterated DCO+ emission is almost exclusively located toward regions at low temperatures below 20 K. Investigating the slopes of spatial power spectra of dense gas tracer intensity distributions (HCO+, H13CO+, and N2H+), we find comparatively flat slopes between −2.9 and −2.6, consistent with high Mach numbers and/or active star formation in DR20.
Conclusions. This MIOP large program on star formation in Cygnus X provides unique new data connecting cloud with core scales. The analysis of the DR20 data presented here highlights the potential of this program to investigate in detail the different physical and chemical aspects and their interrelations from the scale of the natal molecular cloud down to the scale of accretion onto the individual protostellar cores.
Feature dependency and the poverty of the stimulus in the
acquisition of L2 German plural allomorphy
Authors: Archibald John 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this study, I investigated the acquisition of L2 German
plural allomorphy via a written production task of classroom
learners in North America. Trommer (2015) has argued that the mutual exclusivity of
marking plural by either an [n] suffix or an umlauted (i.e.
[CORONAL]) stem vowel derives from a universal property of
phonological representations. The crossing of association lines,
which would result from doubly linking the [CORONAL] feature (which
marks the plural), is banned. The data show that the learners made
many errors, but that the number of forms which suggested a
violation of this universal property were statistically
insignificant. I argue that these data are consistent with models
showing that interlanguage phonologies are governed by universal
phonological principles.
A different type of RC attachment resolution
Authors: Sokolova Marina , Slabakova Roumyana 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This study investigates attachment resolution of
ambiguous relative clauses (RC) by second (L2) and third (L3)
language speakers of English and Russian. Participants’ sensitivity
to the language of testing, social conventions, and a linguistic
effect of the matrix verb (perception, non-perception) is
investigated. Monolingual controls confirm the established
cross-linguistic variation: high attachment in Russian and low
attachment in English. Non-native speakers demonstrate a tendency to
perform in the target-like manner in their non-native languages.
Both native and non-native speakers favor high attachment after a
perception matrix verb. Neither monolinguals nor L2/L3 learners rely
on social conventions to interpret ambiguous RCs. In other words,
non-native sentence comprehension appears to be sensitive to
syntactic cues prompted by a perception verb in RC resolution.
Do intensifiers lose their expressive force over time?
Authors: Schmidt Jessica 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This article presents a corpus study of German intensifiers, which was conducted with the goal to test the
hypothesis of Biedermann (1969) that intensifiers lose their expressivity over
time. Following the author, frequently used intensifiers wear out, which results in a loss of expressivity. The goal of the
study is to carry out evaluations in the form of synchronic and diachronic frequency distributions. The results show that the
use of intensifiers has increased. According to the data, most of them are in an ascending phase and thus, yield no support
for the hypothesized loss of expressivity. Further investigations are necessary to validate the above-mentioned hypothesis.
Nevertheless, this study provides the first empirical evidence of an increasing use of German intensifiers.
The interpretation of the German additive particle auch (‘too, also’) in quantificational contexts
Authors: Butschety Madeleine 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This article discusses an unexpected interpretation that arises for the German additive particle
auch (‘too, also’) in quantificational contexts. It will be proposed that what auch
conveys in such contexts is a superset-to-subset relation between two of its arguments. This rather unusual meaning and its
alternation with the classical additive meaning will be argued to be tied to specific syntactic constructions in which the
particle occurs. The main purpose of this article is to present novel data and make a tentative suggestion on how the
correspondence between syntactic structure and semantic interpretation could be explained.
The German modal particle ja and selected English lexical correlates in the Europarl corpus
Authors: Gast Volker 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This study deals with lexical correlates of the German modal particle ja in English, using
data from the Europarl corpus for illustration. The central question addressed is whether, or to what extent, English has
expressions that are functionally equivalent to ja. A graph-based model for the analysis and comparison of
linguistic expressions used for discourse management is proposed, and five typical lexical correlates of ja
found in English speeches are analysed in terms of this model: as you know, after all, of course, in fact and
indeed. The question of equivalence with ja is addressed in each case and a number of
descriptive generalizations are made concerning the conditions under which these expressions are found in English translations
of German sentences with ja. It is argued that there is a categorical difference in the use conditions of
ja and the English expressions under study: While ja is never used to (newly) establish
a speaker’s commitment to the truth of a proposition, or any type of consensus, as it requires propositions to be ratified or
uncontroversial at the time an utterance is made, all of the English expressions under study can be used in sentences
establishing some type of epistemic commitment or consensus. At a general level, the conclusion is that none of the English
expressions in question is functionally equivalent to ja, even though – under specific circumstances – they
may have similar communicative effects.
Syntactic change and pragmatic maintenance
Authors: van Kemenade Ans M.C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a corpus-based study of the history of then as a discourse marker in
English. It will be shown that the pragmatic use of then and its status as a discourse particle was more or
less stable throughout the history of English, even though its syntax changed profoundly.
The precursor of then in Old English occurs on a large scale in a fixed position in
questions, imperatives and conditional correlatives, and is presuppositional in the sense that it reflects a speaker’s
response to the context, such as surprise or disapproval in questions, reinforcement or downtoning of the directive in
imperatives.
From early Middle English onward, the pragmatic use of then in questions and imperatives
occurs in available alternative positions in the clause: initially (in yes/no questions and imperatives) and final (in
questions). The older particle position became restricted to questions. The finally position was extended to declarative SVO
clauses.
The division of labour between particle use and temporal adverb use will be shown to interact, over the
late Middle English and early Modern periods, with major syntactic changes that affected each of the clause types in different
ways: the loss of V2, the auxiliation of the modals and the rise of do-support, and the loss of V to T
movement. Through these developments, the pragmatic use of then has, if anything, expanded. This suggests
that its robust discourse function was a powerful drive for maintenance under syntactic change.
Final though
Authors: Puhl Maike , Gergel Remus 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Starting out from observations in English linguistics, the paper makes a case that final
though is an English particle. An experimental study is conducted indicating that though
is permissive outside of concessive contexts as well. The focus of this study is placed on corpus examples which have remained
unaccounted for in previous approaches. A descriptive generalization is proposed in terms of noteworthiness and an initial
modelling in terms of a split notion of Common Ground following Bar-Asher Siegal &
Boneh (2016) is pursued.
Scalarity as a meaning atom in wohl-type particles
Authors: Grosz Patrick G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
German wohl ‘well’, Norwegian vel ‘well’ and French bien
‘well’ are all known to have a modal particle reading that roughly amounts to ‘surely, probably, I guess’ (see Zimmermann 2008; Fretheim 1991; Detges & Waltereit 2009). This paper addresses the question of how such a reading
could have arisen from the source meaning of these elements (i.e. ‘well’). I propose an analysis of wohl-type
(i.e. ‘well’-type) modal particles as scalar operators, which is based on the observation that each of them appears to have
diachronically gone through an intermediate stage in which it was clearly a scalar modifier (namely wohl
‘approximately’, vel ‘approximately, more than’, and bien ‘very’). The core idea of my
contribution is that the modal particle variant is still a scalar operator in nature, but has emerged through a shift in the
type of scale that the particle operates on (in line with Beltrama’s 2015 approach
to English totally). Scalarity thus emerges as a common meaning atom (or meaning molecule),
in the spirit of von Fintel & Matthewson (2008: 154,172), which serves as a
building block in the semantic makeup of wohl-type particles.
Mandarin exhaustive focus shì and the syntax of discourse congruence
Authors: Erlewine Michael Yoshitaka 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper describes three constraints that together govern the distribution of the exhaustive focus marker
shì in Mandarin Chinese. First, I argue that shì is a sentential focus particle that is
subject to a requirement to adjoin as low as possible within its clause or phase. Second, I show that shì
requires a congruent Question Under Discussion (QUD). Third and finally, I show that there are certain reduced clauses where
shì is completely disallowed, although other focus particles such as ‘only’ may appear. To explain this
last restriction, I propose that reference to a QUD is mediated by a functional head in the clause periphery.
Shì is thus unavailable in reduced clauses which do not project this high functional layer.
Synaptic mechanisms of four W/WO
x
/ITO memristors with different WO
x
structures
Authors: Liu Yanhong , Wang Yusheng , Wang Chunxia , Sun Nan , Cheng Chuanhui , Dai Jianxun , Huang Huolin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Memristor has been an important synaptic device for neuromorphological calculation, but its general model has not been established even though several mechanisms have been accepted widely. Fundamentally, the diversity of mechanisms lies in a wide range of materials that can be used in memristors. Obviously, the top/bottom electrodes and dielectric materials affect the properties/mechanisms of synapses. Hence, we fabricated four different W/WO
x
/ITO memristors among which the WO
x
-based layers have different structures due to the different deposition methods employed, i.e. hot wire chemical vapor deposition and magnetron sputtering. Surprisingly, a small change in WO
x
structure leads to significant differences of synaptic characteristics and mechanisms. By comparing the four W/WO
x
/ITO memristors, the diversity of mechanisms for memristor synapses is revealed and demonstrated deeply.
Enhanced thermoelectric performance of n-type Mg3Bi2-based materials by Se doping and alloying engineering
Authors: Chen Yanqun , Li Lanwei , Li Shuyao , Yang Gui , Peng Panpan , Wang Chao 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
n-type Mg3Bi2-based materials have been considered to be a promising near-room-temperature thermoelectric material and have recently received a great deal of attention. In this paper, we first investigated the thermoelectric properties of Se doped Mg3Bi2. Compared to the undoped sample, a nearly three-times enhancement in ZT was achieved at 300 K for Mg3Bi1.99Se0.01, which can be attributed to the significantly increasing power factor (PF). The PF increased from 10 to 30 µW cm−1 K−2. The improved PF mainly benefited from the high Seebeck coefficient (150–160 µV K−1 at room temperature), which resulted from band convergence induced by Se doping. To further improve the thermoelectric performance, Mg3Bi1.99Se0.01 alloying with Mg3Sb2 has been explored. The results show that band gap of alloy increased with the increasing Sb ratio. Meanwhile, the effective scattering of phonon due to Bi/Sb disorder lead to the decrease of lattice thermal conductivity. Finally, a peak ZT of 1.3 at 525 K and average ZT of 1.02 in the temperature range of 300–525 K were obtained in Mg3.2Bi1.09Sb0.9Se0.01 sample.
3D porous carbon conductive network with highly dispersed Fe–N
x
sites catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Zhang Wenxin , Liang Zhiwei , Tian Wensheng , Liu Yuan , Du Yuanzhen , Chen Mingming , Cao Dawei 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Intrinsic activity and reactive numbers are considered two important factors in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts. Herein, we report the rational design and synthesis of a strongly coupled hybrid material comprising of FeZn nanoparticles (FeZn NPs) supported by a three-dimensional carbon conductive network (FeZn NPs@3D-CN) for increased ORR performance. Fe–N–C sites can offer high intrinsic activity owing to the unique bonding and oxygen vacancies, and the carbon conductive network facilitating the exposure to active sites, and increasing electron transport. Because of the synergetic effect of the conductive networks containing Fe–N–C and polyaniline, the catalysts exhibited ORR activity in an alkaline medium via a four-electron transfer process. FeZn NPs@3D-CN exhibited outstanding performance with a limited current density (6.2 mA cm−2), the Tafel slope (81.19 mV dec−1), and stability (23 mV negative shift after 2000 cycles), which were superior to those of 20% Pt/C (5.7 mA cm−2, 75.1 mV dec−1, 36 mV negative shift after 2000 cycles). This research highlights the effect of conductive networks expanding pathways and reducing the resistance of mass transport, which is a facile method to generate superior ORR electrocatalysts.
Graph-enhanced U-Net for semi-supervised segmentation of pancreas from abdomen CT scan
Authors: Liu Shangqing , Liang Shujun , Huang Xia , Yuan Xinrui , Zhong Tao , Zhang Yu 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Objective. Accurate segmentation of the pancreas from abdomen CT scans is highly desired for diagnosis and treatment follow-up of pancreatic diseases. However, the task is challenged by large anatomical variations, low soft-tissue contrast, and the difficulty in acquiring a large set of annotated volumetric images for training. To overcome these problems, we propose a new segmentation network and a semi-supervised learning framework to alleviate the lack of annotated images and improve the accuracy of segmentation. Approach. In this paper, we propose a novel graph-enhanced pancreas segmentation network (GEPS-Net), and incorporate it into a semi-supervised learning framework based on iterative uncertainty-guided pseudo-label refinement. Our GEPS-Net plugs a graph enhancement module on top of the CNN-based U-Net to focus on the spatial relationship information. For semi-supervised learning, we introduce an iterative uncertainty-guided refinement process to update pseudo labels by removing low-quality and incorrect regions. Main results. Our method was evaluated by a public dataset with four-fold cross-validation and achieved the DC of 84.22%, improving 5.78% compared to the baseline. Further, the overall performance of our proposed method was the best compared with other semi-supervised methods trained with only 6 or 12 labeled volumes. Significance. The proposed method improved the segmentation performance of the pancreas in CT images under the semi-supervised setting. It will assist doctors in early screening and making accurate diagnoses as well as adaptive radiotherapy.