bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in sexual size dimorphism and fit to Rensch's rule in 45 species of Costa Rican hummingbirds
Authors: Avalos Gerardo , Triana Felipe , Klank Jeremy 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAccording to Rensch’s rule, in species where males are the larger sex, increasing body size is coupled with increased sexual size dimorphism (SSD), whereas in species where females are larger, SSD decreases with body size. We describe the variation in SSD for body mass and its fit to Rensch´s rule in 45 species of Costa Rican hummingbirds. We examine SSD in body mass, bill length, and wing size and their fit to Rensch´s rule in nine species of hummingbirds for which we have detailed data. We expected that physiological constraints will limit the variation in SSD since hummingbirds have high metabolic rates, high dependence on energy-dense food, and high costs imposed by small size and hovering flight; these factors scale with body size and elevation. Large species should be physiologically capable of withstanding greater variation in SSD compared to small species, which are more energetically limited. Hummingbirds showed mixed allometry and fit Rensch's rule (slope of the RMA regression male vs female body mass = 0.8630). Eighty percent of the species showed male-biased allometry for SSD in body mass. Average variation in SSD was 12% and varied regardless of size. Physiological limitations act on hummingbirds as a group affecting SSD, independently of body size. SSD differences in body size, bill length, and wing area could influence ecological performance, sexual displays, food resource access, and foraging behavior. The SSD mixed allometry, and the positive relationship between the standard deviation of body mass, wing chord, and wing area with hummingbird size found only in males (9 species), suggests that selective pressures act differentially on the sexes and influence sexual niche segregation. Future research should examine intersexual variation in morphology, and quantify intersexual habitat use, niche segregation, and interspecific and intraspecific competitive interactions, targeting species located at the extremes of the Rensch's rule scatterplot.
The characterization of Docimian white marble (Dokimeion-Phrygia/İscehisar-Turkey) and its significance for architectural materials in ancient times
Authors: Çelik Mustafa Yavuz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Referred to as Docimium marble, Docimian marble, Synnadic marble, or Phrygium marble, the white marble quarried at Dokimeion (İscehisar-Afyon, in central Phrygia, Asia Minor) extracted by the Romans for its fine-grained white quality and it was used extensively for sculpture and sarcophagi in ancient times. In this study, Docimian white marble, which has been of international importance since ancient times, was investigated. In the first stage, the characterization study was conducted, and in the second stage, the importance of Docimian white marble in the Roman period was expressed, it is using in the architectural artifacts, sarcophagi, and sculptures were explained. For this purpose, a multi-analytical study was conducted using the techniques of chemical analysis (major and trace elements), mineralogical-petrographic analysis (XRD, optical and scanning electron microscopy), and maximum grain size measurement (MGS). XRD analyses in agreement with optical microscope analyses revealed that calcite is the main component of the Docimian white marble samples. Maximum grain size (MGS) values were measured from 18.5 to 1009.5 µm on the Docimian white marble. The Docimian white marble has the advantage of low porosity (0.7%), low water absorption by weight (0.02%), and good compressive strength after frost (59 MPa) also it has a good uniaxial compressive strength (70 MPa) property. The abundance of some trace elements such as Sr and Mn can be up to 109 and 74 ppm, respectively, in Docimian white marbles, and it is approximately confirmed the data of the other studies.
Fruit Development, Maturation, Ripening, and Senescence: A Biochemical Basis for Horticultural Terminology1
Authors: Gortner Willis A. , Dull Gerald G. , Krauss Beatrice H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The terminology used to describe developmental stages of fruits is often confusing or even misleading. “Mature” and “ripe” are often used synonymously. We find reference to “green” fruit, based on skin or peel color, used interchangeably with “unripe”, the latter without referring to pigmentation but rather to a state of non-palatability. We see in the literature such words used synonymously as “overripe” and “senescent” in describing a fruit in a very late stage of development. Such terms as “early maturity”, “optimum maturity”, or “full maturity” leave some doubt as to what stage is actually under consideration. At best, different authors are not always referring to the same stage, even when dealing with the same fruit.
Effect of Cytokinins on Apple Shoot Development from Axillary Buds
Authors: Williams Max W. , Stahly E. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cytokinins applied to axillary buds of apple shoots overcame apical dominance. Axillary buds on actively growing apple shoots produced spurs and lateral branches when treated with cytokinins. Buds on shoots that had not received sufficient chilling to break rest were also induced to grow with cytokinins.
Optimum Tree Density for Apple Orchards1
Authors: Cain John C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Orchard density is considered as the fraction of land covered by trees at any time. Using a generalized expression for tree spread as a function of age, a general expression is derived for mean lifetime orchard density for trees of various sizes. These curves show maxima with tree sizes of 10 to 15 ft for orchard lifetimes of 24 to 40 years. Evidence is presented showing a significant negative correlation between tree size and production per unit of tree area. This regression applied to mean lifetime orchard density values shows that maximum lifetime production can be expected from trees whose final “hold spread” is 10 to 12 ft when spaced in the row at this distance with a fixed alley clearance of 8 ft.
Regulation of Growth, Flowering and Fruit Abscission with 2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid1
Authors: Edgerton L. J. , Greenhalgh W. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The new growth regulator 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid (Ethrel)3 was applied to apple and peach branches or young trees at several stages of development from prebloom to harvest. Application at 1000 to 2000 ppm during the prebloom to early postbloom stages on several apple cultivars virtually eliminated all fruit with little or no phytotoxicity. Peach foliage and shoots were more sensitive to the chemical. Vegetative growth was checked and flower bud formation promoted in some cases. From one week after bloom to 4 weeks after bloom, fruit set could be reduced but it was not possible to eliminate the fruit in all cases without phytotoxicity. Application from then until a few weeks before maturity had little effect on abscission. Fruit abscission at maturity was promoted with application of Ethrel.
Influence of Growth Retardants on Growth, Nutrient Content, and Yield of Tomato Plants Grown at Various Fertility Levels1
Authors: Knavel Dean E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato transplants were grown at different fertility levels in mixtures of peat moss-turface and peat moss-perlite. Growth retardants, Cycocel and Alar, were applied to young plants when they attained the 3 true leaf stage. Cycocel was more effective in reducing growth than was Alar, regardless of the fertility level. Alar was effective in reducing growth of plants in both growing media. Cycocel treated plants were more drought resistant than were the Alar-treated plants. Plants treated with either Cycocel or Alar were more drought resistant and darker green in color than control plants. Chlorophyll content was measured on Alar-treated and control plants. Alar-treated plants contained more chlorophyll, and their leaves had more palisade cells than plants of the control.
Cycocel-treated plants contained more N, P, Ca, and Mg, but less K than the control plants. Alar-treated plants contained more N and P than did the control plants and more K than control plants when grown in peat moss-perlite. In only 1 of 3 experiments did Alar-treated plants contain less Ca than control plants, but the chemical had no effect on the Mg content of the plants’ stems and leaves.
A single spray of Alar at 2500 ppm increased yields of early fruits in 1 of 3 experiments. In this experiment, both early fruit number and weight were increased, but the fruits were smaller than those from Cycocel treated and control plants. Growth retardants and fertility rates used in these studies had no effect on total yields, although interactions existed between growth retardants and nutrient rates in their effect on nutrient uptake.
Some Biochemical Effects in Apple Leaf Tissue Associated with the Use of Simazine and Amitrole1
Authors: Solecka Maria , Profic Hanna , Millikan D. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Simazine at both 4 and 8 lb./A and amitrole at 2 lb./A, alone and in combination, altered the protein and RNA content of apple leaf tissue. Initially, simazine increased the protein content, but this effect progressively diminished until late June when it became nonexistent. Similarly, the use of amitrole caused an early season increase in protein content, later changing to a marked decrease. Greatest effects occurred in the total and globulin fractions while the soluble fraction was affected only slightly and this was limited to the first 6 weeks of growth.
Total RNA also was affected. This effect occurred in mid-May when simazine was stimulatory and amitrole acted as a depressant. These same effects persisted until late June when simazine at 4 lb./A and amitrole strongly decreased the RNA content. Enhanced action due to the simultaneous use of both chemicals did not occur, but there was evidence that the depressing effect due to amitrole was moderated when used with simazine, particularly in the period when shoot expansion ceased.
The Effect of Cultural Practices on the Suitability of Cabbage for Once-Over Harvest1
Authors: Miller C. H. , Splinter W. E. , Wright F. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of cultural practices on the yield and uniformity of 2 cabbage varieties were studied during a 3-year period. There was no advantage of using more than 60 lb. of N per acre. Most uniform plants, as measured by variance of head weights, were produced on plots transplanted at a shallow or medium depth although greater yields were usually produced on the deeply transplanted plots. Largest yields of cabbage were produced by plants designated as large at transplanting. There were no important uniformity differences between plant sizes. Spacing of plants 9 inches apart in the row instead of 12 or 15 inches resulted in larger yields. In all experiments, the hybrid variety ‘Emerald Cross’ was equal to or superior to the non-hybrid ‘Round Dutch’. These experiments suggest that the best combination of conditions for once-over harvest is use of large plants of a hybrid variety fertilized with 60 lb. of N per acre and transplanted 9 inches apart in the row at a medium depth.
Comparison of Sampling Methods for the Determination of Seasonal Changes in the Nutrient Content of Apple Leaves1
Authors: Zeiger D. C. , Konsler T. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In studies of seasonal trends in apple leaf nutrients, 5 different seasonal leaf sampling methods using the same shoots of young and old apple trees have been compared with a sampling of mid-shoot leaves on different shoots each sampling date to determine whether there would be any differences in leaf P, K, Ca and Mg trends. Sampling methods resulted in significant interaction with the check only in data for leaf concentration of Ca. The methods which were compared with the check had average seasonal leaf concentrations of P, K, Ca and Mg which differed significantly from the check in a few instances. They also produced slightly to considerably lower coefficients of variation than the check in 78 of 100 possible comparisons. This makes such methods very desirable as alternative sampling procedures where they do not otherwise vary from the standard.
The Effect of Flower Age, Time of Day and Variety on Pollen Germination of Onion, Allium cepa L.1
Authors: Mann Lorraine P. , Woodbury George W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Onion pollen of 2 different parents, B12115C and B2215C, was collected at 9:00 am and 2:30 pm from flowers at approximately 1, 3, and 6 days after anthesis. This was germinated in hanging drops of a sucrose-gelatin medium. The percentage of pollen germination from B12115C was significantly higher than the percentage from B2215C. There was no significant difference in germination between pollen collected and germinated in the morning versus pollen collected and germinated in the afternoon. The results also show a linear relationship between pollen age and pollen germination. The ability to germinate declined rapidly after the first day and approached zero by the sixth day after anthesis. Hand pollination and style studies indicate that onion pollen tubes are capable of growing the entire length of the style, a distance of approximately 4 mm, in 24 hr.
Inherited Characteristics of Sweet Corn as They Relate to the Time Required for Development
Authors: Arnold Charles Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The characteristics of 8 sweet corn hybrids were equated to the time required for them to pass through several phases of development. Environmental effects on the values for the characteristics were reduced by using the mean values for 11 plantings in 3 seasons. The effect of temperature on the required time was reduced by adjusting the observed time to what it would have been at 70°F.
The differences in the time required to reach harvest at 72% kernel moisture was established by the time of tassel initiation and more clearly defined by the time of pollen shed and silking. Differences in the period from silking to harvest were significant but not correlated with the time from planting to harvest.
The physical characteristics found most useful in evaluating the time required were: in the periods from planting to tassel initiation and planting to pollen shed - the number of leaves on the main stalk, in the period from planting to silking - the number of leaves on the main stalk and ear length, in the period from silking to harvest - yield and % oil of the kernels at harvest time.
A significant physiological characteristic was detected in the rate of leaf appearance in the seedling stage. The relative rate between planting and the 4th leaf stage and the one between the 4th leaf and 8th leaf stages were not well correlated. The latter was found to be the best index of the rate of development and gave significant results through all periods of development.
Relation of Slice Gap Width in Oranges and Plant Water Stress1
Authors: Kaufmann Merrill R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Since turgor pressure of orange fruits is important in determining fruit growth, a method of evaluating plant water stress which is based on fruit turgor is desirable. When a fruit is cut halfway through along a plane perpendicular to the axis, a gap forms as a result of fruit turgor. Measurements of the width of the gap indicate that it is strongly influenced by the degree of water stress in the plant. Gap width is also affected by fruit size. A gap will form in fruits which have an endocarp at least 1 cm in diameter; this occurs when fruit diameter is 2 cm or greater. Gap width can be measured through the parts of the growing season during which most of the growth occurs and may be useful, therefore, in determining the need for irrigation. Measurements of gap width during an irrigation cycle demonstrate that the width decreases as water becomes less available but increases after re-irrigation.
The Effects of Root Sectioning and Chemicals on Sweetpotato Plant Production1
Authors: Whatley Booker T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Roots of the ‘Centennial’ variety of Ipomoea batatas Lam. were sectioned and treated with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), Captan, Semesan Bel, and combinations of these chemicals using 5 soaking intervals. A significant difference was found between the effects of chemicals in number of plants produced and mean weight of plants. Combinations of chemicals were better in both cases than chemicals used independently. DMSO treatments yielded significantly more plants than Captan or Semesan Bel treatments; however, the 3 single chemicals produced plants of similar mean weight. Whole roots produced significantly more and a higher average weight of plants than individual root sections. Soaking time had no effect upon number of plants or mean weight of plants.
Occurrence, Severity and Nature of Oedema in Pelargonium hortorum Ait.12
Authors: Balge Russell J. , Struckmeyer B. Esther , Beck G. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five cultivars of Pelargonium hortorum Ait. were used to determine the effect of soil and air temperatures, photoperiod, light intensity, soil water content, and cultivar response on the occurrence and severity of oedema. Oedema was most severe on the peripheral portions of the lower epidermis of the lower, older leaves of the plants. As the disorder progressed, the symptoms became prevalent over the entire lower epidermis. Symptom expression was similar in appearance on most of the cultivars, but the cultivars differed in their susceptibility. A continuously warm moist soil with humid cool night temperatures predisposed plants to oedema. Anatomically, hypertrophy of the spongy parenchyma cells into the sub-stomatal cavity resulted in the occlusion of the stomatal pore. In severe stages the spongy parenchyma cells divided periclinally and a periderm was differentiated which resulted in the raised macroscopic intumescences characteristic of oedema.
The Inheritance of Three Major Fruit Colors in Grapes1
Authors: Barritt B. H. , Einset J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the grape, 3 major fruit color phenotypes occur: white, red, and black. Segregation for fruit color is reported for 43 crosses involving 27 parent varieties. Evidence is presented which supports a 2-gene hypothesis for the inheritance of fruit color. A gene for black fruit color (B - - -) was dominant and epistatic to that for red and white fruit with red fruit (bbR—) dominant to white (bbrr). Fruit color genotypes are presented for 27 grape varieties.
The Effect of Shoot Inclination on Dry Matter Distribution of Prunus persica Stokes and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck Seedlings1
Authors: Alexander D. McE. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of shoot angle on dry matter production and distribution was determined for seedlings of peach over 7 or 11 weeks’ growth and of sweet orange over 12 weeks’ growth. The effect of tilting the pots was also determined for sweet orange. For peach, total weight and leaf weight was greatest and the proportion of root was least for plants with vertical shoots. In the case of citrus, mean plant weights did not differ significantly but the proportion of leaves increased and the proportion of roots again decreased for plants with vertical shoots. Shoot inclination affected the proportion of the growth increment used to develop the root system in both peach and orange. Tilting the pots had no effect on distribution of dry matter in sweet orange.
Studies on the Tolerance of Plants to Ammonium Nutrition1,2
Authors: Maynard Donald N. , Barker Allen V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bean, sweet corn, cucumber and pea plants were susceptible to ammonium toxicity when cultured on an ammonium source of N. Growth of plants was normal, however, when the pH of the nutrient solution was maintained near neutrality by the addition of CaCO3. The control of acidity was effective in altering the distribution of ammonium; ammonium accumulation in the shoot was lessened and accumulation of amides in roots was enhanced. A natural resistance to ammonium was exhibited by the onion plant since it did not accumulate ammonium in the leaves; however, the nonchlorophyllous bulb acted as an ammonium sink.
Washing Techniques for the Removal of Nutrient Element Deposits from the Surface of Apple, Cherry and Peach Leaves1
Authors: Ashby D. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of washing techniques on the removal of nutrient element deposits and on leaching losses from apple, cherry and peach leaves were evaluated. Leaves were dipped in solutions containing N, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn or B, dried, and then washed. In general, a detergent wash and 2 rinses effectively removed most of the nutrient element deposits from leaf surfaces in all 3 tree-fruit species. There was no leaching of N, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, B or K from leaves due to the washing treatments. Some movement of Zn, Fe, Mn and B, but not of N and Mg, into detached apple, cherry and peach leaves was indicated.
Influence of 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic Acid and Gibberellin on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Content of Southern Peas1
Authors: Hipp Billy W. , Cowley W. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted to determine the influence of TIBA and Gibberellin sprays on yield, growth characteristics and chemical composition of ‘California Black eye No. 5’ and ‘Purple Hull Pinkeye’ varieties of southern peas. Yield of peas was slightly increased on both varieties with the application of TIBA. Time of application as well as rate was a critical factor in producing maximum yields. Application of TIBA reduced plant size and concentrated maturity. The application of 50 ppm Gibberellin 5 days after application of 20 g per acre of TIBA further concentrated maturity and increased the desirability of peas for mechanical harvest. Iron concentrations in pea leaves were increased with application of TIBA.
Environmental Factors Influencing Reproductive Differentiation and the Subsequent Formation of the Inflorescence of Brassica oleracea L. var. italica, Plenck, cv. ‘Coastal’1
Authors: Gauss James F. , Taylor George A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Environmental growth chamber studies were employed to determine the influence of temperature, daylength, and seed vernalization on reproductive differentiation of the shoot apex and subsequent formation of the inflorescent head or “button”. Under the conditions employed, low temperature alone did not directly influence differentiation or button formation. However, low temperature markedly retarded vegetative growth so that the plant underwent differentiation and formed buttons at a younger morphological age. Low temperature had no influence on the chronological time of differentiation or button formation except under continuous light. Therefore, in studying the influence of temperature on flowering, a chronological index should be used alone or conjointly with a morphological index.
Under continuous light, seed vernalization or low ambient plant growing temperatures resulted in both chronological and morphological earliness of differentiation and subsequent button formation. It is suggested from these results that a low temperature-mediated phytochrome system may play a part in the control mechanism for flowering of green sprouting broccoli.