bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Typology of Cyber Actors
Authors: Smeets Max 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChapter 4 subsequently provides a typology of four different kinds of states based on two key dimensions: the level of an actor's constraints when it comes to conducting cyber effect operations, and the amount of financial and organizational resources an actor has available to conduct cyber operations. The chapter explains that the majority of states that have established a military cyber organization are highly constrained yet have invested limited resources in conducting cyber operations.
The Elements of an Offensive Cyber Capability
Authors: Smeets Max 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter lists the requirements of developing an offensive cyber capability, categorizing five dimensions of such a capability: people, exploits, toolset, infrastructure and organizational structure (the PETIO framework). Through the introduction of this conceptual framework, the chapter explains that an organization seeking to conduct cyber effect operations requires a more diverse workforce than is often acknowledged. In the tools and exploits dimension, even though much attention has been paid to states' stockpiling of zero-day exploits and the development of custom tools, the reality is that known exploits and tools are also often highly effective. The key requirement is that the attacker has superior knowledge of the target systems and networks, and understands how their deployed attack capabilities behave in this environment. Investment in infrastructure--for targeting, development, testing and training--is another essential requirement and can come at a great cost. Lastly, there are trade-offs at the inter-organizational and intra-organizational levels.
Media Personalization in Domestic Political Contexts
Authors: Gattermann Katjana 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChapter 4 investigates the extent to which media personalization is conditional upon domestic political and institutional contexts. To do so, it analyses media personalization with respect to news coverage involving the European Commission and the Parliament in national newspapers from seven European countries between 1992 and 2019. Media personalization is operationalized as individualization, that is, an increasing focus on individual politicians at the expense of either institution, and presidentialization in terms of an increasing focus on the Commission President vis-à-vis the Commission. The chapter cannot confirm any universal trend towards greater media personalization in the news coverage of either institution. Domestic media systems—rather than electoral systems and politicization of EU affairs in domestic contexts—appear to be responsible for cross-country differences in personalization. The chapter concludes that these findings have consequences for the likelihood that European citizens become aware of individual politicians in EU politics.
On the Temporality of Emotions
Authors: Marušić Berislav 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many emotions attenuate more rapidly than the significance of the considerations that gives rise to them as we accommodate ourselves to what happens. Grief often diminishes quickly, even though the dead continue to matter to us; anger often evaporates, even though the injustice to which it responds remains undiminished. Nonetheless, such accommodation seems somehow all right: It would be a mistake to be persistently grieving or to be relentlessly angry. But how could it be all right, if the reasons for grief and anger remain significant? However, matters are different with love. Unlike grief and anger, whose diminution is puzzling, what seems puzzling in the case of love is its continuation. In its self-consciousness, love is endless: In loving someone, we foresee no end to our love. Yet we know that love can end: Hearts are broken, lovers betrayed, and people grow apart. Does the self-consciousness of love involve a mistake? Or can we reasonably think of our love as lasting? On the Temporality of Emotions argues that whereas grief and anger reasonably diminish, love can rationally be conceived as endless. The book draws on contemporary theories of the emotions, especially grief and love, as well as on recent accounts of reasons. It puts forward an account of emotional self-consciousness as, at once, embodied and rational. Nonetheless, it maintains that accommodation reveals an irreconcilable moment in our emotional life, a moment that philosophical reflection ought not seek to resolve, lest our emotions are conceived as too neat and philosophy as too comforting.
Public Scientific Testimony II
Authors: Gerken Mikkel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 concerns science reporting and begins with a critical assessment of some prominent principles of science communication that appeal to scientific consensus, recipient values, etc. This critical assessment serves as the background for a positive proposal, Justification Reporting, which has it that science reporters should seek to include appropriate aspects of the nature and strength of scientific justification in science reporting. The prospects and limitations of this norm are discussed by considering relevant empirical research. The chapter concludes with an ameliorative perspective regarding the journalistic principle of Balanced Reporting according to which science reporters should seek to report opposing hypotheses in a manner that does not favor any one of them. By an application of Justification Reporting, Gerken sets forth an alternative, Epistemically Balanced Reporting, according to which science reporters should report opposing hypotheses by indicating the nature and strength of their respective scientific justifications.
The Rise and Fall of Fortune
Authors: Degenhardt Jane Hwang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 pairs Christopher Marlowe’s Doctor Faustus (c.1588/89) and Robert Greene’s Friar Bacon and Friar Bungay (c.1589/90) to consider how the stage registers the dangers of empires amassed through greed and violent conquest and also celebrates the opportunity to forge a new model of commercial empire based on diplomacy, pan-European alliance, and the opening of England’s borders to global exchange. Foregrounding the critically unrecognized commercial and imperial preoccupations of these plays, the chapter exposes how both plays subscribe to a narrative of translatio imperii that links the continuous rise and fall of empire to shifts in fortune fueled in part by human ambition. While delivering two very different conclusions, these plays explore the intertwined speculative potential of fortune and empire by spotlighting the role of human actors in orienting themselves to the ongoing rise and fall of empire that constitutes world history.
Neutrality and Excellence
Authors: Reiff Mark R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In Liberalism with Excellence, Matthew Kramer makes an argument for how excellence may enter into liberalism despite liberalism’s strong commitment to neutrality. Kramer seeks to challenge not only the uncompromising rejection of this position by liberals such as Jonathan Quong, but also the so-called “blended” approach of “soft-perfectionist” scholars such as Joseph Raz and George Sher. This essay does not so much challenge Kramer’s approach as offer an alternative for accomplishing the same thing. Under Kramer’s approach, support for a particular form of excellence does not violate neutrality if it promotes “warranted self-respect.” Under the proposal in this chapter, support for a particular form of excellence does not violate neutrality if pursuing it does not violate anyone’s individual rights, if the amount of support that it and competing forms of excellence receive is proportional to the support each receive within the relevant polity, and if supporting this particular form of excellence does not prevent anyone from pursuing any other supportable form of excellence. While Kramer justifies his support for certain forms of excellence by incorporating them into what Rawls calls “a thin theory of the good,” to which the principle of neutrality does not apply, the proposal here shows how even if neutrality does apply, it can be fully satisfied.
Does Edificatory Perfectionism Express a Quidnunc Mentality?
Authors: Tahzib Collis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Recently, Matthew Kramer has developed an intriguing and highly original objection to perfectionism in its mainstream “edificatory” form, namely that perfectionist states that seek the elevation and edification of the citizenry are guilty of a “quidnunc mentality.” This mentality, Kramer argues, is akin in important respects to the mentality of a village busybody who meddles in matters that are none of her business, and is objectionable in that it is both “a form of self-aggrandizement and a form of self-abasement.” The contention of this chapter is that Kramer’s quidnunc mentality objection to edificatory perfectionism fails. Section 1 explains what Kramer means by the quidnunc mentality and why he considers such a mentality objectionable. Section 2 argues that the quidnunc mentality objection fails because it begs the question against edificatory perfectionism by assuming precisely what needs to be shown, namely that the edification of the citizenry falls outside the proper bounds of government. In sections 3 and 4, two potential responses available to Kramer are considered and rejected. Finally, section 5 concludes by commenting on a sense in which Kramer’s quidnunc mentality objection, despite not succeeding in undermining edificatory perfectionism, nonetheless contains an underlying insight that opens up a fascinating and novel set of questions.
Election Campaigns and Welfare State Change
Authors: Kumlin Staffan , Goerres Achim 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFor over three decades, mature European welfare states have been on their way into an austerity phase marked by greater need and more insecure revenues. A number of reform pressures—including population ageing, unemployment, economic globalization, and increased migration—call into question the economic sustainability and normative underpinning of transfer systems and public services. And while welfare states long seemed resilient to growing challenges, it now seems clear that they are changing. This book examines how political leaders and the public respond to reform pressures at a pivotal moment in a mass democracy: the election campaign. Do campaigns facilitate debate and attention to welfare state challenges? Do political parties present citizens with distinct choices as to how challenges might be met? Do leaders prepare citizens for the idea that some policies may be painful? Do party messages have adaptive consequences for how the public perceives the need for reform? Do citizens adjust their normative support for welfare policies in the process? Overall, the answers to these questions affect how we understand welfare state change and the functioning of representative democracy in an era of mounting challenges. The book builds on an integrated set of data sources collected by the authors. These include information about campaign themes from a large number of countries across three decades, content analysis of party leader speeches from the largest parties in Germany, Norway, and Sweden in the 2000s, as well as experiments and panel survey data from these countries.
Cultural Ecosystem Services
Authors: James Simon P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The means–end model is often applied to cases in which nature has cultural value because of its political, religious, mythic, personal, or historical meanings. Those who presuppose this model typically use the concept of a cultural ecosystem service to try to make sense of such cases. They suppose that when natural entities have cultural value, they supply us with cultural ecosystem services. Some object to this practice on the ground that ‘ecosystems’ is rarely an appropriate name for the provider of the relevant cultural service. Some object to attempts to price such services. Both those criticisms have some force, though neither provides a decisive reason to reject attempts to conceive of cultural value in terms of the provision of ecosystem services.
Limitations of the Standard Model
Authors: James Simon P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To think in terms of the provision of cultural ecosystem services is to presuppose that when nature has cultural value, it serves as a causally efficient means to certain ends. Yet that presupposition fails to capture the intimacy of the relations between people and the natural entities they value. Take the cultural value of reindeer for the Saami people of northern Europe. One of the reasons reindeer are of value for the Saami is because they are integral to that people’s cultural identity. This is not to suggest that reindeer have a certain sort of instrumental value for the Saami, for that suggestion would imply, implausibly, that the reindeer could be replaced, without loss of value, by some alternative service provider. Nor is it to suggest that there are two distinct entities, the Saami on the one hand and the reindeer on the other, and a causal relation tying them together. On the contrary, one cannot describe who the Saami as a people are without referring to the fact that they are reindeer herders. To comprehend the value reindeer have for the Saami, one cannot restrict oneself to thinking in terms of causality and instrumental value. One must move beyond the means–end model. These arguments are developed through analyses of two case studies: Navajo relocation and Saami reindeer herding.
Value and Disvalue
Authors: James Simon P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many natural entities have cultural value, but some have cultural disvalue. An entity acquires this kind of disvalue when it undermines a meaningful and valuable whole, as when an earthquake destabilizes one’s religious faith. But entities can also acquire cultural disvalue by contributing to wholes that are meaningful but disvaluable, as when—for example—a particular flower is adopted as an emblem of an evil political cause. In cases of the latter sort, the whole will count as disvaluable, even though it is valued by devotees of the relevant cause. And those entities that contribute to that disvaluable whole will thereby acquire cultural disvalue. If, by contrast, a meaningful whole is not morally bad but merely based on false beliefs, it might nonetheless qualify as valuable and, accordingly, natural entities might acquire constitutive value because of the roles they play in it. The same may be said of traditions and other meaningful wholes that have recently been invented. They, too, might qualify as valuable, and natural entities might therefore have constitutive value because of the roles they play in them. These issues are explored by means of four further case studies: The Great Lisbon Earthquake, Cornflowers, Dark skies, and Eating whales.
Constitution and Rights
Authors: James Simon P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The fact that some natural entity, x, has constitutive value does not entail that x ought, all things considered, to be protected. Nonetheless, in some cases such entities ought to be protected for precisely this reason. The point may be made in terms of rights. More precisely, when x has high constitutive value for Person A, the normative reasons for action that derive from its having that value may be appropriately expressed in the language of rights. One can say that x should be protected out of respect for A’s rights. In the book’s eleventh case study, Jumbo Valley, the relevant right is a right to religious freedom. In its twelfth and final one, Bauxite mining at Wane Kreek, it is a certain kind of property right.
Conclusion
Authors: James Simon P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To understand nature’s contributions to human well-being, one needs a model of value centred on the concepts of cultural meaning and part-whole relations. This book presented one such model. The book’s other main conclusions are summarized. It is then suggested that natural entities are both remote and near: remote in the sense that they are largely unshaped by human actions, near in the sense that they shape our identities. The point is explained by referring to the case of Katherine Smith, the late Navajo activist.
Sex as Crime
Authors: Zellentin Holger M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The second chapter focuses on prohibited and regulated impurity caused by human sexual activity. A continuous legal development can be traced that starts with the prescriptions on prohibited sexual impurity imposed on the gerim, on the non-Israelites, especially in Leviticus 18, throughout all forms of late antique Christianity, in this case even more fully shared with the rabbinic Noahide Laws, to the Qur’an. When it comes to prohibited sexual impurity, the Qur’an seems to dismiss Arabian practices and adopts a biblical model close to that of many late antique Christians. When considering the concept of regulated sexual impurity, by contrast, the Hebrew Bible, along with the Acts of the Apostles, explicates its rulings only for the Israelites, leaving their applicability to the gerim and respectively to gentile Christians open to diverging late antique interpretations. The Qur’an’s point of departure regarding regulated sexual impurity can be pinpointed at the confluence of pagan Arabian culture and the practices of those Christians who endorsed the expansive attitudes towards the Decree of the Apostles, and obeyed laws pertaining to regulated sexual impurity.
Co-evolution of Law and Economy
Authors: Verhagen Hendrik L. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides the analytical framework for examining the co-evolution of Roman law and economy. It will first look at legal evolution from the perspective of social systems theory. This theory provides a useful interpretative scheme for analysing the interactions between law and economy in any society in which the legal system can be regarded as an autonomous subsystem of society. In particular, social systems theory provides a good model for analysing how the origin and evolution of legal rules and institutions are often triggered by economic circumstances, while at the same time they are conditioned by the internal structure of the legal system. The co-evolution of law and economy will be further analysed with reference to socio-cultural evolution theory. It will then carry out a closer examination of how Roman law co-evolved with the Roman economy. It will be concluded with a review of the economic functions of pignus and hypotheca.
Possible Increased Risk of Death from Blood Cancer Drug
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: September 2022

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is warning that an increased risk of death is possible with the use of duvelisib (Copiktra) compared with the monoclonal antibody ofatumumab in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Serious adverse effects also appear to be more likely with duvelisib use.Nurses should monitor for adverse effects and report them to the FDA's MedWatch program.
New Approval for Drug Treating Large B-Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Aschenbrenner Diane S. 
Published: September 2022

The Food and Drug Administration has approved lisocabtagene maraleucel (Breyanzi) to treat large B-cell lymphoma in adults who relapsed or were refractory after first-line treatment.Lisocabtagene maraleucel continues to be prescribed under the Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy due to the risk of fatal or potentially fatal cytokine release syndrome and neurologic toxicities.Nurses need to closely monitor patients for these and for other serious adverse effects for at least seven days after infusion of the drug.
Pathway to Becoming a Progressive Care Certified Nurse
Authors: Benike Linnea , Wozniak Janelle 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
Nurses working on progressive care units (PCUs) use specialized knowledge and skills to provide care to acutely ill patients. The literature suggests that specialty certification may have a positive impact on patient and nurse outcomes alike, although results are mixed. A project team set out to create a culture that encouraged nurses to pursue progressive care certified nurse (PCCN) certification on three cardiac medical PCUs at a large academic health center by implementing a Pathway to PCCN program, which is a structured, cohort-based approach to certification preparation.
The primary aim of the intervention was to achieve a 10% PCCN certification rate within one year. Additionally, the project team evaluated whether participating in the Pathway to PCCN program affected staff nurses' self-reported confidence in their clinical judgment in 10 patient care domains: cardiac, pulmonary, behavioral, neurological, musculoskeletal, hematological, endocrine, gastrointestinal, renal, and multisystem.
Project methods included structured strategies within a “4R” framework developed by the project team: recruitment, obtaining resources, providing reassurance, and celebrating certification through recognition. Project methods were evaluated using anonymous electronic surveys and staff interviews.
The percentage of staff with PCCN certification increased from 0% to 15.2%. The average confidence levels reported by nurses who participated in the project (N = 64) increased in eight out of nine (89%) of the clinical judgment domains tested on the PCCN examination in Cohort 2, and in nine of the clinical judgment domains in Cohorts 1 and 3. Implementing a structured cohort pathway for specialty certification using the 4R framework is a strategy that can increase rates of specialty certification among eligible nurses.
New Data on Paxlovid Reported
Authors: Rosenberg Karen 
Published: September 2022

According to this study:

In a phase 2/phase 3 study of Paxlovid use in patients at standard risk for developing severe COVID-19, the primary end point of self-reported sustained alleviation of all symptoms for four consecutive days wasn't met.A nonsignificant risk reduction in hospitalizations and death was seen in a subgroup of patients who had at least one risk factor for severe COVID-19.
Injuries That Happen at Work Lead to More Opioid Prescriptions and Higher Opioid Costs
Authors: Asfaw Abay , Quay Brian , Bushnell Tim , Pana-Cryan Regina 
Published: September 2022

Objectives
This study aimed to compare opioid prescription incidence, supply days, and cost associated with occupational injury and other injury-caused conditions.

Methods
We used Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) data for 2010–2019. The MEPS provides information on medical conditions and associated medical encounters, treatments, and treatment costs, as well as demographic, education, health, working status, income, and insurance coverage information. We used descriptive statistics and logistic and 2-part regressions.

Results
Controlling for covariates and compared with other injury-caused conditions, occupational injury–caused conditions resulted in 33% higher odds of opioid prescribing, 32.8 more opioid prescription supply days, and $134 higher average cost.

Conclusions
Occupational injuries were associated with higher opioid incidence and costs, and more opioid supply days. These findings point to the need to focus on making work safer and the role employers may play in supporting worker recovery from injury and opioid use disorders.