bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pay-for-Performance schemes to trigger energy efficiency investments
Authors: Anagnostopoulos Filippos 
Published: October 2022

Pay-for-Performance schemes to trigger energy efficiency investments
Filippos Anagnostopoulos, Senior Associate for the Institute for European Energy and Climate Policy (IEECP), discusses the role of Pay-for-Performance schemes to increase the scale and effectiveness of energy efficiency financing. The principle of Pay-for-Performance schemes, or P4P, is that payments for energy efficiency should be made according to the performance of implemented measures. Using advanced measurement and verification (M&V) methods, the energy savings resulting from applied measures become a measurable quantity – essentially: an energy efficiency meter.
What are the possibilities of DNA and RNA sequences?
Authors: Beaucage Serge L. 
Published: October 2022

What are the possibilities of DNA and RNA sequences?
Synthetic DNA and RNA sequences are currently being used as nucleic-acid-based drugs for the treatment of a plethora of human diseases under antisense and/or RNA interference therapies. This article from Serge L. Beaucage, Supervisory Research Chemist at the Food and Drug Administration discusses his work with DNA and RNA sequences and the groundbreaking impact this technique could have. Within this Q&A, Beaucage answers questions around the faults with the chemical synthesis process of DNA and RNA sequences, the challenges of purifying DNA and RNA sequences and the technologies you used to help develop this research.
Modelling future climate impacts on human health: lessons from Portuguese metropolitan areas
Authors: Rodrigues Mónica 
Published: October 2022

Modelling future climate impacts on human health: lessons from Portuguese metropolitan areas
Previous studies have supported a relationship between future climate impacts, climate change, and mortality. Nevertheless, little evidence is available about the burden of cause-specific mortality attributable to future temperatures in Portugal; therefore, our knowledge of potential synergistic effects is limited. Here Dr Mónica Rodrigues, from University of Coimbra (UC), explains that future climate impacts may have hazardous effects on the health and wellbeing of the Portuguese population.
Can rice yield more with less water?
Authors: Vanavichit Apichart 
Published: October 2022

Can rice yield more with less water?
Examining global warming and rice yield productivity with Professor Dr Apichart Vanavichit, Director of the Rice Science Center. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major crop, providing food for billions of people globally. However, rice yield and cultivation is less water productive, requiring approximately 2,500 litres of water per kilogram of polished grain produced (Bouman, 2009). Here, Professor Dr Apichart Vanavichit explores how if Thailand’s maximum temperature is increased by 1%, half of the rice yield may risk crop loss and what can be done to future-proof rice production.
Enseñanza de expresiones culturales tradicionales a través de la creación escénica
Authors: Marín Becerra Lady Andrea 
Published: October 2022

Este artículo parte de la sistematización del evento Día de la resistencia campesina, celebrado en el Liceo Mi Refugio (Cali Colombia) a propósito de la Minga Nacional Agraria, Étnica y Popular (2016). Es un proyecto que se gestó en la asignatura Taller Folclórico, y permitió la enseñanza de Expresiones Culturales Tradicionales asociadas al laboreo campesino, a través de la creación escénica, así como una conversación horizontal y pedagógica sobre la situación política con estudiantes de preescolar y primaria. Su finalidad es analizar la enseñanza de las Expresiones Culturales Tradicionales, a través del arte. Para ello, se consulta a sabedores y sabedoras del tema, a nivel regional, con quien se conversan las reflexiones sobre tres categorías de análisis: importancia y función de la enseñanza de Expresiones Culturales Tradicionales en el currículo oficial, metodologías, perfil docente y rol de la Universidad.
El uso de Wuolah como herramienta de colectividad en el ámbito universitario: docencia colaborativa y cultura participativa
Authors: García-Estévez Noelia , Ballesteros-Aguayo Lucia 
Published: October 2022

El desarrollo de colectividades interconectadas en red presenta múltiples posibilidades en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, al tiempo que plantea nuevos retos para el profesorado. Este artículo realiza un estudio de casos de la plataforma Wuolah con el fin de estudiar el papel de las TICs y de plataformas colaborativas en el ámbito docente universitario y su capacidad para desarrollar experiencias colectivas de aprendizaje y potenciar una cultura participativa y prosumidora.
Concretamente, son objetivos de esta investigación analizar la plataforma Wuolah, conocer la percepción que tienen de la misma el alumnado y el profesorado, así como estudiar la representación del estudiantado creador de contenido (prosumidor) y la del alumnado consumidor del mismo.
Para ello se ha llevado a cabo una triangulación metodológica, basada principalmente en seis entrevistas semiestructuradas al profesorado y al alumnado y una encuesta (n=278) al estudiantado.
Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que Wuolah es la plataforma para compartir apuntes más popular entre el alumnado encuestado que valora muy positivamente su utilidad. El profesorado, en cambio, parte de un importante desconocimiento junto con ciertas reticencias con respecto a su posible contribución en la dinámica docente.
Finalmente, se concluye las metodologías colaborativas no han impactado en las aulas universitarias pese al interés tanto por parte del alumnado de Universidad como por parte del profesorado sobre la necesidad de incorporar en el proceso de aprendizaje y en la práctica docente herramientas de la Web 2.0.
Biological Hallmarks of Cancer
Authors: Hanahan Douglas , Weinberg Robert A. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
A perplexing enigma for cancer medicine lies in its complexity and variability, at all levels of consideration. The hallmarks of cancer constitute an organizing principle that provides a conceptual basis for distilling the complexity of this disease in order to better understand it in its diverse presentations. This conceptualization involves eight biological capabilities—the hallmarks of cancer—acquired by cancer cells during the long process of tumor initiation and development and malignant progression. Two characteristic traits of cancer cells facilitate the acquisition of these functional capabilities. The eight distinctive hallmarks consist of sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, deregulating cellular energetics and metabolism, and avoiding immune destruction. The principal facilitators of their acquisition are genome instability with consequent gene mutation and tumor‐promoting inflammation. The integration of these hallmark capabilities involves heterotypic interactions amongst multiple cell types populating the “tumor microenvironment,” which is composed of cancer cells and a tumor‐associated stroma, including three prominent classes of recruited support cells—angiogenic vascular cells, various subtypes of fibroblasts, and infiltrating immune cells. In addition, the neoplastic cells populating individual tumors are themselves typically heterogeneous, in that cancer cells can assume a variety of distinctive phenotypic states and undergo genetic diversification during tumor progression. Accordingly, the hallmarks of cancer—this set of necessarily acquired capabilities and their facilitators—constitute a useful heuristic tool for elucidating mechanistic bases and commonalities underlying the pathogenesis of diverse forms of human cancer, with potential and rational applications to cancer therapy.
Oncogenes
Authors: Pierotti Marco A. , Frattini Milo , Epistolio Samantha , Sozzi Gabriella , Croce Carlo M. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
The initiation and the progression of human neoplastic disease is a multistep process involving the accumulation of genetic changes, characterized by the activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, in somatic cells. Oncogenes are altered versions of the proto‐oncogenes involved in the regulation of cell growth that are activated by mutation, chromosomal rearrangement, or gene amplification. In this article, at first we describe the methods that have been applied for the discovery and the identification of oncogenes. Then, we present the genetic mechanisms of proto‐oncogenes activation with several examples and the role played by oncogenes in the initiation and progression of various cancers.
The identification of oncogene abnormalities has provided tools for the molecular diagnosis and monitoring of cancer. Most important, oncogenes represent potential targets for new types of cancer therapies that permit to kill cancer cells selectively while sparing normal cells. These therapies display an evident benefit for the treatment of several tumors; however, mainly due to the occurrence of secondary resistance mechanisms, they are not able to kill 100% of neoplastic cells. In the last part of the article, we review all the genes for which a targeted therapy has been developed.
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Authors: Bunz Fred , Vogelstein Bert 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Cancer is a genetic disease caused by alterations in proto‐oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Oncogenes, the first type of gene to be associated with cancer, are activated by somatic mutations and promote unregulated cell growth. In contrast, tumor suppressor genes encode proteins that maintain tissue homeostasis and are inactivated in tumors. Inactivated tumor suppressor genes can be acquired by somatic mutation, during the life of an individual, or transmitted via the germline from one generation to the next, causing familial cancer predisposition syndromes. Tumor suppressor genes thus provide a conceptual link between inherited cancer risk and sporadic cancers.
Epigenetic Contributions to Human Cancer
Authors: Baylin Stephen B. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
The ever‐expanding body of work aimed at understanding the components and roles of the epigenome in normal and neoplastic cells is increasingly being translated for possibilities of enriching cancer management. It is ever more clear that the evolution of cancer from its earliest origins in benign risk states through initiation and progression represents an interplay between epigenetic and genetic alterations. Although the number of FDA‐approved epigenetic therapy agents is still small, and largely for hematopoietic malignancies, a large increase in clinical trials for older and newer drugs that target epigenome abnormalities, often given in combinations, shows promise for the emergence of new therapy paradigms in the near future. New platforms for sensitive detection of epigenetic abnormalities in DNA from blood and other sites are refining our abilities to monitor cancer risk states and predict and monitor therapy responses. All of this above progress accompanies profound advances in other cancer management paradigms, such as immune checkpoint therapy for which epigenetic drugs may enhance the efficacy of these approaches and help reverse resistance which often emerges. The study of the epigenome and the potential for use of the knowledge for translation to improve cancer care is thus an ever more vibrant area of basic and clinical research.
MicroRNA Expression in Cancer
Authors: Nana‐Sinkam Serge P. , Acunzo Mario , Croce Carlo M. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
In the last two decades, researchers have identified a new group of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) classified according to their function and size. The best studied of these ncRNAs termed microRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs that are approximately 22 nucleotides in length and play key roles in the regulation of a large number of biological processes and diseases, including cancer. Since the initial description of an association between miRNA and cancer in 2002, miRNAs have emerged as central regulators of processes fundamental to the initiation and progression of cancer. More recently, miRNAs have been detected in bodily fluids including blood, sputum, and urine, thus making them potential noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of disease. The application of miRNAs in human cancer therapy represents one of the newest frontiers for cancer treatment and thus, the intense focus on investigation. However, our knowledge of these small molecules and their application to human cancers is still growing. In this article, we provide an overview of the connection between miRNAs and cancer with a focus on translation to human application.
Cancer Metabolism
Authors: Pavlova Natalya N. , Rao Aparna D. , DeBerardinis Ralph J. , Thompson Craig B. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Successful cell proliferation is dependent on a profound remodeling of cellular metabolism, required to support the biosynthetic needs of a growing cell. Constitutive signaling through aberrantly activated oncogenes activates pro‐growth metabolic circuits that can lock cancer cells into net macromolecular synthesis and resistance to cell death. Oncogenic signaling can induce cellular uptake of metabolic substrates, such as glucose and glutamine, as well as utilization of unconventional nutrient sources. In contrast to some nonproliferating tissues, which preferentially degrade metabolic substrates to carbon dioxide to maximize energy production, cancer cells prioritize the use of acquired metabolic substrates in anabolic processes, including fatty acid, cholesterol, nonessential amino acid, and nucleotide biosynthesis. The accumulation of these precursors supports the synthesis of the macromolecules necessary to sustain cell growth. Oncogene‐directed increases in levels of select metabolites can also influence cellular processes beyond metabolic circuits, resulting in changes to the cellular epigenetic state as well as long‐ranging effects on cells within the tumor microenvironment. As cancer progresses, the metabolic properties and liabilities of malignant cells evolve to support metastasis and therapy resistance. Recent studies suggest these alterations in tumor cell metabolism can be exploited to improve the diagnosis and treatment of a wide variety of cancers.
Tumor Angiogenesis
Authors: Heymach John V. , Zurita‐Saavedra Amado , Kopetz Scott , Cascone Tina , Nilsson Monique , Guijarro Irene 
Published: October 2022

OverviewAngiogenesis, the growth of new capillary blood vessels, is central to cancer growth and metastasis and is recognized to be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of cancer. Antiangiogenic agents have become part of the standard treatment armamentarium for many solid tumors, providing significant clinical benefits for some cancers (e.g., renal cell, colorectal) and modest or no benefit for others. This article is focused on principles of tumor angiogenesis that are intrinsic to the behavior of human cancer, and lessons that can be gleaned from the clinical testing and use of angiogenesis inhibitors alone and in combination with other agents to date.
Cancer Bioinformatics
Authors: Weinstein John N. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Bioinformatics is a rapidly advancing interdisciplinary field in which computational methods are applied to the analysis, interpretation, and visualization of biological and/or medical data, most often at the cell or molecular level and usually in the form of large, multivariate datasets. PubMed citations for “bioinformatics” have risen sharply, increasing 24‐fold since the year 2000. Massively parallel sequencing and imaging technologies are now generating a data deluge—many trillions of numbers in all—that strain the capacity of our hardware, software, and personnel infrastructures for bioinformatics; hence, the computational aspect of a sequencing project is often more expensive and time‐consuming than the laboratory work. The field of bioinformatics includes “data scientists,” for whom useful innovative algorithms, software, and data structures are publishable ends in themselves, and “computational biologists,” for whom algorithms, software, and computers are just tools of the trade for answering biological or medical questions. Bioinformatic analysis can be hypothesis‐generating or hypothesis‐testing, and a large number of statistical and artificial intelligence algorithms, scripts, and software packages are now available for each type of analysis. In fact, the rapidly increasing number of options is almost paralyzing. Computational consortia formed around large‐scale, public, molecular profiling projects like The Cancer Genome Atlas project have served as incubators for rapid computational advance, particularly driving major innovations in single‐cell informatics, artificial intelligence, and computational immunology. One attractive working arrangement is a stable “dyad” in which the bioinformatician focuses primarily on database management, statistical analysis, and data visualization, whereas the biologist/clinical researcher focuses primarily on interpretation and biomedical application.
Biomarker Based Clinical Trial Design in the Era of Genomic Medicine
Authors: Harvey R. Donald , Liu Yuan , Owonikoko Taofeek K. , Ramalingam Suresh S. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
The expansion of understanding in genomics and molecular biology of cancer development and progression has led to greater subtyping of tumor types beyond histology alone. Along with improved drug development and medicinal chemistry approaches, this understanding has led to a need for an evolution in clinical trial design and analysis. Multiple groups of smaller populations treated with targeted agents have been employed to improve speed and efficiency of efficacy signals. We review these novel trial designs for the development of biomarker‐driven therapeutics and diagnostics to inform their use.
Herpesviruses
Authors: Cohen Jeffrey I. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Eight herpesviruses have been isolated from humans: two of these, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), and Kaposi sarcoma‐associated herpesvirus (KSHV), are associated with human tumors. EBV has been detected in lesions from patients with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, nasopharyngeal and some types of gastric carcinoma, Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin lymphoma, and certain other lymphoid tumors. KSHV is associated with Kaposi sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and Castleman disease. Each of these viruses encodes proteins important for establishment of latency, transforming cells, and evading the immune system.
Cancer Epidemiology
Authors: Fedirko Veronika , Nead Kevin T. , Daniel Carrie , Scheet Paul 
Published: October 2022

OverviewThis article gives a straightforward introduction to cancer epidemiology and is organized as follows. We first provide US data on cancer cases, deaths, and survival. These data, typically derived from national registries and surveys from scientific organizations devoted to the cause, for example, surveillance by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (SEER) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), form the basis for policies centered around cancer control. We then discuss epidemiological methods the practicing oncologist may encounter in research or literature, followed by a tour of common (e.g., tobacco) and emerging (e.g., energy balance) causes of cancer. We follow this by describing molecular epidemiology, a subfield rejuvenated by molecular technologies to inform components of environmental factors and risks associated with the host, such as genetics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, and the microbiome. Finally, we discuss future directions, the potential and current importance of epidemiology.
Diet and Nutrition in the Etiology and Prevention of Cancer
Authors: Clinton Steven K. , Giovannucci Edward L. , Tabung Fred K. , Grainger Elizabeth M. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Over the last two centuries, improvements in food production, processing, storage, and distribution have led to major changes in diet composition throughout the world. During this period, life expectancy also dramatically increased within economically developed nations because of a combination of factors, including public health measures, improved occupational safety, and major reductions in nutrient deficiency syndromes. As the population has aged, there has been a shift in the major causes of morbidity and mortality toward chronic diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. In the United States, recent decades are characterized by an increasingly sedentary population with an epidemic of obesity, a trend that is emerging worldwide. Although nutritional deficiencies still plague subpopulations in developed nations amongst the poor, aged, chronically ill, and alcoholics, we now recognize that the affluent dietary pattern contributes to the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases, including cancer, that afflict the vast majority of the population. Efforts to understand the often complex etiologies of various cancers have led to laboratory, clinical, and epidemiologic studies that strongly implicate specific nutrients and certain dietary patterns in human carcinogenesis. The objective of this article is to provide an overview of efforts to define public health guidelines that impact policy for global health organizations and nations, while also providing a foundation for individuals seeking to consume healthy dietary patterns.
Psycho‐Oncology
Authors: Banerjee Diya , Roth Andrew J. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Cancer increasingly is a disease of aging adults, given better diagnostic tools and improved and innovative treatments. This once uniformly deadly experience has been transformed into one that if not cured, can be lived with for longer periods of times as a chronic illness. Thus, the emotional needs of patients, family members and society has also morphed into more hope for potential and realized cures and therapies. However, dealing with a life‐threatening disease and the existential reality of mortality still brings on various emotions from sadness to depression, worry to anxiety to panic, to traumatic stress. Harsh treatments can cause delirium as well as changes in cognition., and the biology of cancer itself, with an impact on hormonal axes and generation of inflammatory responses, can engender psychiatric sequelae. These emotional, medical and psychiatric sequelae of cancer and cancer treatment are important to recognize and address in order to enhance adherence with complicated cancer treatment regimens, potentially improving success of these treatments, and, if needed, coping better with adverse outcomes. This article outlines basic information oncology treatment providers need for assessment and management of the most common psychiatric complications.