bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Exotherm Detection in the Differential Thermal Analysis of Grapevine Dormant Buds
Authors: Wolf Tony K. , Pool Robert M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Differential thermal analysis was evaluated as a means of determining the cold hardiness of excised dormant buds of Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay grapevines. The manner in which buds were excised and cooled affected the freezing characteristics of bud primordia. Buds excised with 1 to 2 mm of subjacent nodal tissue exhibited both high temperature exotherms (HTEs) and low temperature exotherms (LTEs). HTEs apparently resulted from freezing of supercooled moisture in bud scales and/or in the subjacent nodal tissue and occurred at inconsistent temperatures. Cooling similarly excised buds on a water-saturated substrate caused HTEs to occur at −4° to −8°C and did not affect the occurrence of LTEs, which were consistently associated with primordia death. Median LTEs associated with primary bud death were 1.5° to 2.0° warmer than LT50s derived from temperature/survival freezing tests of similar buds. Buds killed by freezing did not supercool appreciably when refrozen. Bud cold hardiness increased when single-node cuttings were exposed to a step-wise cooling cycle; however, the ability to detect exotherms decreased under these conditions. The decreased detection of exotherms was due to increased bud death and, presumably, a decrease of freezable (and thus detectable) moisture in the supercooled primordia of viable buds. DTA provides a useful and reliable means of determining grapevine bud cold hardiness when conducted in a standardized fashion.
Use of Nitrogen Isotopes and a Light-textured Soil to Assess Annual Contributions of Nitrogen from Soil and Storage Pools in Mature Almond Trees
Authors: Weinbaum S.A. , Klein I. , Muraoka T.T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mature almond trees [Prunuis dulcis (Mill) D.A. Webb] growing on a very light-textured soil (Delhi sand) were “pulsed” in 1980 with a soil application of 15N-depleted ammonium sulfate. Leaching of labeled N from the soil and dilution (with unlabeled N carriers) of residual label in the soil minimized uptake of labeled N from this soil in subsequent years. The percent annual depletion (PAD) of labeled N in tissue samples was 50% and represented the percent annual influx of tree N from the soil N pool. Nitrogen assimilated in previous years also represented 50% of total tree N. The fractional contribution of N absorbed in any prior year, relative to the total pool of storage N, may be expressed as 1/(2)x, where x represents the number of years prior to the current year. The PAD, as measured in tissue samples, was greater in trees growing in the Delhi sand than among comparable trees growing in a heavier-textured soil (Yolo silty clay loam). A hyperbolic depletion function was fitted to the data to predict endpoints of tissue labeling. These endpoints were estimated to be 8.5 and 86.1 years on the light- and heavy-textured soils, respectively.
Nucleotide Metabolism in ‘Washington’ Navel Orange Fruit: I. Pathways of Synthesis and Catabolism
Authors: Tomlinson Patricia Tolson , Lovatt Carol J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The capacity of ‘Washington’ navel orange fruit [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] to synthesize and catabolize purines and pyrimidines was assessed. De novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotide was demonstrated by [14C] bicarbonate incorporation into purine nucleotides, blockage of this process by four known inhibitors, and assimilation of radiolabeled carbon from formate, both carbons of glycine, and carbon-3 of serine into the adenine ring. De novo synthesis of pyrimidines via the orotate pathway in young fruit was demonstrated by incorporation of [14C] bicarbonate and [6-14C]orotic acid into uridine nucleotides, release of 14CO2 from [7-14C]orotic acid, and blockage of these processes by 6-azauridine. Synthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides via salvage reactions was demonstrated by incorporation of radiolabeled bases and ribonucleosides into nucleotides and into nucleic acids. Release of 14CO2 from radiolabeled adenine, adenosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine, uric acid, urea (purines), uracil, and uridine (pyrimidines) provided evidence the pathways for catabolism (degradation) of purines and pyrimidines in navel orange fruit are similar to those found in microorganisms and animal tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this report is the first to assess the capacity of anabolic and catabolic pathways of purine and pyrimidine nucleotide metabolism in fruit of any species. De novo synthetic activities in orange fruit permit increases in the pools of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides using simple precursors. Further, the patterns of salvage and catabolism suggest riboside pools are reused predominantly as nucleotides, while the majority of base pools are degraded to permit recycling of carbon and nitrogen into other metabolites.
Endogenous Gibberellins and Cytokinins in Spear Tips of Asparagus officinalis in Relation to Sex Expression
Authors: Ombrello Thomas M. , Garrison Stephen A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Endogenous gibberellins (GA) and cytokinins (CK) were extracted from asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) spear tips, purified, and determined by lettuce hypocotyl and amaranthus bioassays, respectively. There was no quantitative difference in GA-Iike activity between heterogametic male and female spears. The major GA fraction in asparagus spears has 1 OH group. Asparagus spears contain 3 major fractions of CK-like activity. Fraction 1 eluted from Sephadex LH-20 and C18 HPLC columns with or before zeatin-riboside. Fractions 2 and 3 eluted in a similar pattern to IPA-riboside and IPA, respectively. There were higher levels of CK fraction 2 and trends toward higher levels of fraction 1 and total CK in female than in heterogametic male spears. There were also higher CK:GA ratios in female than in heterogametic male spears. The data support the hypothesis that sex in asparagus is controlled in part by CK levels or by CK:GA ratios.
Genotype × Environment Interactions in Sweet Potato Yield and Quality Factors
Authors: Collins Wanda W. , Wilson L. George , Arrendell Susan , Dickey Lynn F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Genotype (G) x environment (E) interactions were measured in sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) for yield (seven genotypes, six locations, 3 years) and selected quality factors (nine genotypes, six locations, 2 years). Yield of all grades of roots and all quality factors tested were affected significantly by genotype, environment, and G × E interactions. Quality factors were less affected by G × E interactions than yield factors. Broad-sense heritability estimates ranged from 75% to 92% for yield factors and 94% to 99% for quality factors. Estimates of variances of clonal means with varying years, locations, and replications suggest that 2 years, four locations, and four replications would provide reliable test data for yield and quality factors.
Effect of Fertilization Rates and Sources on Rabbiteye Blueberry
Authors: Spiers J.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rabbiteye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade) were fertilized with various sources and rates of nutrients over a 4-year period. There were no positive differences in plant growth responses to fertilizer source or rate. At the 80 g/plant rate, plants fertilized with Ca(NO3)2 were chlorotic and lower in plant height and vigor than control (no fertilizer) plants. Plants treated with 160 g of either 13N-6P-11K fast release, (NH4)2SO4, or Ca(NO3)2 fertilizer were shorter than control plants. Plants fertilized with cottonseed meal, 14N-6P-12K slow release, and NH4NO3 did not differ from control plants, regardless of application rate. Fruit yield was highest at the 40 g/plant rate regardless of fertilizer source.
Growth and Survival of the Highbush Blueberry in Response to Root Zone Flooding
Authors: Abbott John D. , Gough R.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flooded, 2-year-old highbush blueberry plants (Vaccinium corymbosum L. ‘Bluecrop’) survived 30 months of continuous flooding, but vegetative growth was suppressed after ≈4 months. Plants continuously flooded for 4 months and subsequently placed in the field recovered partially. The greatest number of plants died when flooding began in April and the least number when it was begun in December.
Response of Perennial Cultured Strawberries to Fall Planting
Authors: Caldwell J.D. , Grimes L.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Certified, fresh-dug plants of ‘Apollo’ and ‘Earlibelle’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) were set in single plant rows on 23 Sept., 7 Oct., 21 Oct., and 5 Nov. 1982 at in-row spacings of 7.5, 15, 22.5, and 30 cm. Leaf, inflorescence, flower and fruit number per plant, and fruit size and yield were determined in Spring 1983. The highest yield and fruit numbers were obtained from the 23 Sept. plantings. Yields decreased with each delay in planting through 21 Oct., but the affected yield components varied with planting date, plant spacing, and cultivar. Total yield increased as plant spacing decreased for each planting date. Plant spacing had no effect on fruit size.
Improvement of Gibberellin Efficiency in Prolonging the Citrus Harvest Season by the Surfactant L-77
Authors: Greenberg J. , Monselise S.P. , Goldschmidt E.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
L-77, a nonionic organo-silicone block copolymer surfactant, significantly increased [14C]GA3 uptake and physiological effects of GA3 on ‘Marsh’ seedless grapefruit, as compared with the commonly used surfactant Triton B 1956. Effects on fruit strength at harvest were assessed by testing rheological parameters and evaluating peel color. Corroborating results also were obtained in field trials with ‘Minneola’ tangelo and ‘Clementine’ tangerine. Using L-77, even one single fall application of 1 ppm GA3 proved commercially effective.
Effects of Parthenocarpy on Fruit Quality in Tomato
Authors: Diaz A.V. Casas , Hewitt J.D. , Lapushner D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two parthenocarpic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) lines segregating for male sterility were grown in the field in three plantings. Male-fertile plants produced both seeded (showing more than five seeds when cut in half transversely) and low-seeded (showing 0-5 seeds) fruit, whereas male-sterile plants produced only parthenocarpic fruit. The objective of the experiment was to compare the compositional quality of seeded and low-seeded fruit from male-fertile plants with parthenocarpic fruit from male-sterile plants. Young fruit were thinned from male-fertile plants so that they would have fruit loads similar to the male-sterile plants. Parthenocarpic fruit were found to have higher percent soluble solids than low-seeded fruit, which, in turn, had higher values than seeded fruit. In general, parthenocarpic and low-seeded fruit had higher pH values than seeded fruit. Only seeded and parthenocarpic fruit were used to compare total solids, the ratio of water insoluble solids : total solids (WIS:TS), titratable acidity, and color. Parthenocarpic fruit, in general, had significantly higher total solids than seeded fruit. No consistent differences between fruit types were observed for WIS:TS ratio, titratable acidity, or color.
Effect of Seed Treatment and Planting Method on Tabasco Pepper
Authors: Sundstrom F.J. , Reader R.B. , Edwards R.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the laboratory, gibberellic acid (GA3) applied to Tabasco pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) seed at 1000 ppm for 48 hr and priming in 2.75% KNO3 for 144 hr significantly stimulated seed germination performance (a function of germination rate and percent germination). In the field, GA3-treated and primed seed treatments were direct-seeded or plug-mix planted and were evaluated for germination, emergence, and yield. In addition, a pregerminated plug-mix seed treatment and a transplanting treatment also were evaluated. Seed priming and GA3 treatment significantly decreased field emergence of both direct-seeded and plug-mix planted treatments. Seedling emergence percentages of untreated seed that was direct-seeded, and pregerminated seed that was planted in plug-mix were significantly higher than other treatments. Greatest stand percentage was observed in the pregerminated seed treatment. Mean rates of emergence increased in primed and pregerminated seed treatments. Total fruit yields of Tabasco were increased by transplanting or pregerminated seed treatments; red fruit yields were greater in pregerminated seed treatments.
Pollen Competition Improves Performance and Reproductive Output of the Common Zucchini Squash Under Field Conditions
Authors: Davis Lynette E. , Stephenson Andrew G. , Winsor Janies A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of pollen competition on offspring quality in the common zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L.). In a controlled field study, we compared the performance of seeds that were produced under conditions of pollen competition (high pollen loads) to seeds produced under conditions of little or no pollen competition (low pollen loads). We found that seeds from high pollen loads were more likely to emerge and emerge more rapidly than seeds from low pollen loads. The high pollen load seedlings also tended to produce more flowers and fruits than the low pollen load seedlings. On a per-plant basis, the high pollen load progeny had significantly greater fruit volume, seed numbers, and total seed weight than the low pollen load progeny. We conclude that in zucchini, seeds produced under conditions of pollen competition are “superior” to seeds produced when pollen competition is minimal or absent. The significance of these results is considered in light of a previous study revealing nonrandom patterns of fruit abortion in this species.
Effect of Polyethylene Mulches, Irrigation Method, and Row Covers on Soil and Air Temperature and Yield of Muskmelon
Authors: Bonanno A. Richard , Lamont William J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field studies were conducted in 1984 and 1985 to document the effects of plastic mulches and row covers on soil and air temperatures and yield of muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.) in North Carolina. Treatments included bare ground, black plastic, and clear plastic, each with and without a slitted clear plastic row cover. In addition, both trickle and overhead sprinkler irrigation were evaluated. Soil temperatures were increased by plastic mulches, with clear polyethylene resulting in the highest soil temperatures. Air temperatures were increased by row covers. In 1984, total and early yields were increased over bare ground plots with the use of either clear or black polyethylene mulches. Row covers did not influence yields. In 1985, a warmer year than 1984, no total yield increases resulted from use of either row covers or mulches; however, row covers and clear plastic mulch increased early yield. Trickle irrigation used less water than did overhead irrigation, but did not increase yields.
Effects of Planting Densities, Irrigation, and Hornworm Larvae on Yields in Experimental Intercrops of Tomatoes and Cucumbers
Authors: Schultz Brian , McGuinness Hugh , Horwith Bruce , Vandermeer John , Phillips Cruz , Perfecto Ivett , Rosset Peter , Ambrose Robert , Hansen Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In experiments conducted near Ann Arbor, Mich. in 1981 and 1982, yield responses of intercrops of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) were compared to monocultures of each crop with respect to several variables affecting yields. In 1981, the effects of two levels of irrigation (irrigation and no irrigation) and three levels of artificially manipulated numbers of hornworm (Manduca spp.) larvae were compared in intercrops and monocultural controls planted at three different cucumber densities and one tomato density. In 1982, two levels of irrigation were compared across two densities of cucumbers and two densities of tomatoes. Intercrops of tomatoes and cucumbers showed relatively greater increases in yields than monocultures when water availability was greatest and at higher levels of pest (hornworm) attack. Irrigation seemed to relax competition between crop species, and cucumbers may have compensated for tomato defoliation by hornworms.
Restricted Root Zone Volume: Influence on Growth and Development of Tomato
Authors: Ruff Miriam S. , Krizek Donald T. , Mirecki Roman M. , Inouye David W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Better Bush’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were grown in small- (450-cm3) or large-(13,500-cm3) volume plastic containers and harvested every 2 weeks from time of planting until 12 weeks, at which time ripe fruits had developed. Plants were fertilized three to six times daily to prevent drought and nutrient stress. After only 2 weeks, there were significant reductions in total height, node number, leaf area, and dry weight of leaves. By 4 weeks, dry weights of stems and roots were also significantly less in small pots than in large pots. These differences were maintained for the next 10 weeks. Root restriction also generally caused an increase in root : shoot ratio. Roots in small-volume containers formed a highly branched mat, whereas those in large-volume containers had long taproots and showed little branching. Root restriction also significantly reduced the total number and fresh and dry weight of mature fruits. Despite these differences, both groups of plants had nearly 41% of the total photosynthate in the reproductive portion of the plant after 12 weeks of treatment. During weeks 6–8, the mean relative growth rate of plants in small pots was twice that in large pots but thereafter was only half as much. Restricting root volume had little or no effect on net assimilation rate. These data suggest that, for a given growing area, a culture system using small containers would be more efficient in producing fruit for a given weight and size of plant than one using large containers. These findings have important implications for growers and researchers involved in growing plants in confined spaces such as in a phytotron or controlled ecological life support system (CELSS).
Ca2+ in Cell Walls of Ripening Tomato and Peach
Authors: Burns Jacqueline K. , Pressey Russell 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ca2+ content in cell wall-middle lamella (CW–ML) areas of outer and inner pericarp, placenta, and gel parenchyma of ripening tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cvs. Celebrity and Jumbo) and mesocarp of ripening peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Georgia Belle] was determined by energy dispersive (EDS) X-ray microanalysis. Ca2+ increased from 1.50 to 6.95 mg·g–1 dry weight in CW–ML of outer pericarp and 0.98 to 2.60 mg·g–1 dry weight in CW–ML of inner pericarp during ripening. Ca2+ content remained constant in tomato placenta and peach mesocarp, and was undetectable in tomato gel parenchyma throughout ripening. CW–ML of peach mesocarp had lower Ca2+ content than tomato pericarp and placenta at all ripening stages, but total peach uronic acid content was 2.5 times greater. Pectin methylesterase (PME) activity increased in tomato pericarp as fruit ripened, but remained low and unchanged in placenta and gel parenchyma. PME treatment of pericarp increased amounts of CW–ML Ca2+ in the breaker stage but not in the green mature stage. The results indicate that increased amounts of Ca2+ are bound to CW–ML of tomato pericarp as ripening occurs but not in placenta or peach mesocarp. Pectin deesterification and wall softening during ripening may in part be factors that control the presence and amount of CW–ML Ca2+.
Vitamins C, B1, and B2 Contents of Stored Fruits and Vegetables as Determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Watada Alley E. , Tran Tony T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for analyzing vitamin B1, and the method was used with other HPLC methods to monitor vitamins C, B1, and B2 of fresh fruits and vegetables stored at different temperatures. Ascorbic acid content of most commodities either dropped after being placed in storage or decreased during storage. Thiamine increased during storage of ‘Tendergreen’ beans and decreased in ‘BelRus’ potatoes; whereas riboflavin decreased in ‘Tendergreen’ beans and increased in ‘Superior’ potatoes. The changes in other cultivars or commodities were not significant.
Changes in Tannin Cell Morphology with Growth and Development of Japanese Persimmon Fruit
Authors: Yonemori Keizo , Matsushima Jiro 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Morphological changes in tannin cells were observed in ‘Fuyu’ [pollination-constant and nonastringent (PCNA)] and ‘Hiratanenashi’ [pollination-variant and astringent (PVA)], two of the four types of Japanese persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki L.). Pores in the tannin cell walls of ‘Fuyu’ started to occlude on 24 July when cell enlargement had ceased. This occlusion coincided with cessation of tannin accumulation, as determined by soluble tannin content and fresh weight of fruit. The pores were almost completely occluded on 7 Aug. Pore occlusion preceded the coagulation of tannins. In ‘Hiratanenashi’, pores in the tannin cell walls expanded until 7 Aug. When enlargement of tannin cells ceased on 14 Aug., occlusion of the pores in the cell walls was initiated. This event also nearly coincided with cessation of tannin accumulation. The process of occlusion was much slower than in ‘Fuyu’ and was about complete on 16 Oct. Thus, the pores in the tannin cell walls appear to be involved in tannin accumulation.
In Vitro Propagation of Dry Bean from Seedling Shoot Tips
Authors: Saam Mary M. , Hosfield G.L. , Saunders J.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A protocol for in vitro propagation was developed with two dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars. Shoot cultures were initiated by placing seedling shoot tips (1.0 to 1.5 cm) on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium in which the effects of kinetin and BA alone or in combination with IAA or NAA were examined with regard to shoot multiplication and root or basal callus formation. The combination of BA (3.0 mg liter–1) and NAA (0.1 mg·liter–1) was most effective in shoot multiplication. At high concentrations of BA or kinetin (>10 mg·liter–1), shoot production and internode elongation decreased markedly and rosette-like cultures with multiple buds developed. Shoots were rooted on basal MS medium. Ramets grew to maturity in the greenhouse or field and produced fertile flowers, pods, and seeds. Chemical names used: N-(2-furanylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin); N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA); 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Interspecific Differences in the Percentage of Anthocyanins, Aglycones, and Aglycone-sugars in the Fruit of Seven Species of Blueberries
Authors: Ballington J.R. , Ballinger W.E. , Maness E.P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
HPLC analysis of seven blueberry species, V. ashei Read (2n = 6x = 72), V. constablaei Gray (2n = 6x = 72), V. corymbosum L. (2n = 2X = 24 and 2n = 4X = 48), V. elliotti Chap. (2n = 2X = 24), V. pallidum Ait. (2n = 2X 24 and 2n = 4X = 48), V. simulatum Small (2n = 4X = 48), and V. tenellum Ait. (2n = 2X = 24), identified the 3-monoarabinosides, 3-monogalactosides, and 3-monoglucosides of cyanidin, delphinidin, malvidin, peonidin, and petunidin in each species. Differences in relative percent of individual anthocyanins in some instances were useful in distinguishing among both species and ploidy levels. Differences in percent aglycones were also useful in distinguishing among species. Evidence presented does not support grouping V. elliotti, V. simulatum, and V. constablaei into a single “highbush” species (i.e., V. corymbosum). Percent cyanidin-3-galactoside appeared useful in distinguishing ploidy levels in V. pallidum and between 4X V. pallidum and the “palloid” phase of V. constablaei (6X).