bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses of ‘Zucchini’ Squash to Storage in Low-O2 Atmospheres at Chilling and Nonchilling Temperatures
Authors: Mencarelli Fabio , Lipton Werner J. , Peterson Sharon J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L.) was stored 2 weeks at 2.5°, 5°, or 10°C and with 1%, 2%, 4%, 8%, or 21% O2 and then was aerated 2 days at 10°. Low O2 levels inhibited the rates of CO2 and ethylene production, particularly at 5° and 10°. Both rates increased during aeration, but much more in samples held previously at 2.5° or 5° than in those from 10°. About 75% and 55%, respectively, of the burst in CO2 production in samples from 2.5° and 5° was due to exposure to low temperature; the remainder was attributed to the effect of exposure to low O2 levels. For ethylene production, the corresponding values were about 95% and 70%. Zucchini squash stored at 5° for 2 weeks was virtually free of chilling injury (Cl), surface mold, decay, or off-flavors; almost all of the fruit still was rated good to excellent in appearance. About ¾ of the squash was still in this category after 2 additional days at 10°. At 5°, squash did not benefit from storage in low-O2 atmospheres. Storage at 2.5° induced severe Cl, which was ameliorated by holding the squash in 4%, 2%, or 1% O2 instead of in 21% or 8% O2. However, amelioration was no longer evident after 2 days of aeration at 10°. Defects not related to Cl—especially off-flavors—developed most noticeably in squash held at 10°; the benefit from low O2 levels was slight. Storing zucchini squash at 6° ± 2° likely would be optimal if it must be held longer than a few days.
Developmental and Anatomical Changes in Leaves of Yellow Birch and Red Kidney Bean Exposed to Simulated Acid Precipitation
Authors: Paparozzi Ellen T. , Tukey H.B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaves of Betula alleghaniensis Britt. (yellow birch) and Phaseolus vulgaris L cv. Red Kidney (bean) were examined microscopically during development and after exposure to simulated rain of pH 5.5, 4.3, 3.2, and 2.8. Yellow birch leaves attained maximal leaf area, midvein length, and cuticle thickness at 21 days. Trichomes were either long, unicellular, or multicellular with caplike head and stalk. Epicuticular wax was a bumpy and amorphous layer. The 2nd trifoliolate leaf of red kidney bean attained maximal leaf area, midvein length, and cuticle thickness when the 3rd trifoliolate leaf was expanding. Trichomes present were long, with a unicellular head and a multicellular base; long, unicellular, and terminally hooked; and small and multicellular. Epicuticular wax was present as small irregular flakes. After 2 days of pH 2.8 and 4 days of pH 3.2 simulated acid rain, round yellow and small tan lesions appeared on birch and bean leaves, respectively. Most injury occurred on or between small veins. Most trichome types were uninjured. Lesions formed as a result of collapsed epidermal and highly plasmolyzed palisade cells. The cuticle was still present over injured epidermal cells and epicuticular waxes were unchanged. There was no statistical difference in mean cuticle thickness due to pH of simulated rain.
In Vitro Culture and Plant Formation from Grape Cultivars with Abortive Ovules and Seeds
Authors: Spiegel-Roy P. , Sahar N. , Baron J. , Lavi U. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Normal embryos and seedling plants were obtained from abortive ovules and seeds of seedless grape cultivars ‘Perlette’, ‘Flame Seedless’ and ‘Sultanina’. Plant development was accompanied by callus formation only in ‘Perlette’. The best medium was Nitsch’s with the addition of 10-5m IAA and 10-6m GA3. Excision and culturing of ‘Flame Seedless’ ovules 49 days after anthesis gave higher germination percentages and more viable plants than excision and culturing at anthesis plus 28. Selfed ‘Perlette’ and ‘Perlette’ × ‘Flame Seedless’ ovules cultured at 52 days gave 11%, and the reciprocal cross over 16% well developed seedlings. The significance of the findings for breeding stenospermocarpic grapes is discussed.
Effects of Hedging and Selective Limb Pruning of Elliott, Desirable, and Farley Pecan Trees under Three Irrigation Regimes
Authors: Worley Ray E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Twenty-year-old ‘Elliott’, ‘Desirable’, and ‘Farley’ trees were pruned over, an 8-year period using: 1) pruning on only low and broken limbs, 2) removal of competing wood from alternating temporary trees, 3) top and side hedging, and 4) selective limb pruning. Wood removal from temporary trees was low, except for the last two years of the study, and little difference in yield and quality from the control was obtained. Top and side hedging reduced overall yield of ‘Desirable’ and ‘Farley’ and it changed the alternate bearing phase of ‘Elliott’ so that yields were increased and decreased in alternating years. Selective limb pruning increased yield of ‘Desirable’ in one year but, overall, gave no significant yield changes from the control. Selective limb pruning increased ‘Elliott’ yield in some years and reduced it in others to give an overall reduction in yield. Selective limb pruning did not reduce yield of ‘Farley’ significantly. Selective limb pruning usually increased nut size, and pruning effects on quality were erratic. Both hedging and selective limb pruning usually increased terminal growth. Most parameters measured showed significant cultivar × year × irrigation × pruning interactions.
Effect of Relative Humidity Prior to and during Exposure on Response of Peas to Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Kobriger Janice M. , Tibbitts Theodore W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pea (Pisum sativum L. ‘Alsweet’) plants were grown in a controlled environment and exposed to ozone, sulfur dioxide, or a mixture of the 2 pollutants. Plants were preconditioned with low (36%) or high (77%) relative humidity (RH) for 6 days and then exposed to the pollutants for 2 hr in low (31%) or high (67%) RH. Injury was evaluated as both necrosis and chlorophyll concentrations. A high RH prior to exposure to air pollutants greatly increased subsequent plant injury from pollutants. The increased injury with high RH prior to exposure to pollutants was associated with increased stomatal conductance. Relative humidity during exposure to air pollutants had little effect on plant injury.
Correlative Bud Inhibition and Growth Habit of the Strawberry as Influenced by Application of Gibberellic Acid, Cytokinin, and Chilling during Short Daylength
Authors: Braun Joseph W. , Render Walter J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In axillary meristems laid down just prior or subsequent to commencement of growth regulator applications, exogenous gibberellic acid (GA) alone promoted runner formation. Strongly-inhibited axillary buds with leaf primordia responded to GA + BA (benzyladenine) with runner formation in the June-bearer ‘Fortune’. Few of the inhibited buds of the everbearer ‘Geneva’ responded to GA or GA + BA. Following application of BA alone, inhibited buds of June-bearing cultivars formed lateral crowns (‘Fortune’) or runners (‘Earlidawn’). Runner formation following chilling of June-bearing ‘Fortune’ plants exposed to short days (SDs) occurred from meristems initiated after satisfaction of the cold requirement. Comparable buds on plants receiving no chilling during SDs remained inhibited, as did axillary meristems present during SDs. In contrast, runners formed by chilled, everbearing ‘Geneva’ plants originated from axillary meristems initiated prior to chilling but not from subsequent meristems. Chilling ‘Geneva’ plants during exposure to SDs removed the inhibition from existing axillary meristems and promoted runner formation. Runnering did not occur in activley growing ‘Geneva’ plants maintained under long days (LDs).
Delayed Light Emission for Early Detection of Chilling in Cucumber and Bell Pepper Fruit
Authors: Abbott Judith A. , Massie David R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Refreshed (repetitively stimulated) delayed light emission (DLE) of cucumber and bell pepper fruit was strongly related to temperature and duration of exposure to chilling temperatures. At the 10th measurement cycle (about 150 ms), DLE of cucumbers exposed to 2.5°C for ≥12 hr or 5.0° for ≥24 hr was greater than that of cucumbers held at higher temperatures (7.5° to 12.5°) for 12 to 264 hr. Similarly, DLE of bell peppers exposed to 2.5° for ≥48 hr was greater than that of peppers held at higher temperatures. For both cucumbers and peppers, however, there was a greater difference in DLE between fruit held at 2.5° or 5.0° and those held at higher temperatures around measurement cycles 400 to 500 (at 6.0–7.5 sec) and this difference increased with increasing duration of exposure. Amount of refreshed DLE around measurement cycles 400 to 500 or the rate of change in DLE around cycles 180 to 300 is proposed as an indicator of chilling exposure for cucumber and bell pepper fruit.
Zoysiagrass Establishment in Kentucky Bluegrass Using Growth Retardants
Authors: Hubbell G. P. , Dunn J. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Zoysia japonica ‘Meyer’, is frequently used as lawn and golf turf in the upper South because of its excellent summer qualities and superior winter hardiness compared to other warm-season grasses. Planting is mostly by vegetative methods to obtain uniform turf. Planting in existing turf slows spread of zoysiagrass because of plant competition. The objective of this study was to selectively inhibit growth, with growth retardants, of competing Kentucky bluegrass, Poa pratensis L. ‘Baron’, turf into which ‘Meyer’ zoysia had been planted. Mefluidide, at a rate of 0.028 kg/ha, enhanced the spread of zoysiagrass in bluegrass by 20% compared with untreated plots during the 1st year, without serious injury to the bluegrass turf. Fertilizing zoysiagrass plugs with UF (38N-0-0) also increased zoysiagrass cover by 10-20% during the 1st 2 years compared with control plots or those fertilized with urea after zoysiagrass had been transplanted. Irrigation location had no effect on zoysiagrass spread, possibly because of the relatively mild and wet summers of 1981-82 when minimal irrigation was needed to maintain good quality turf. Results of this study show that growth retardants in combination with certain N fertilization techniques can enhance the spread of transplanted zoysiagrass without serious injury to the existing bluegrass sward. This is attributed to selectively decreased growth of bluegrass and, therefore, partial elimination of bluegrass competition from the bluegrass or, to possible stimulation of zoysiagrass by mefluidide.
Gibberellic Acid Stimulated Degradation of Endosperm in Pepper
Authors: Watkins J. T. , Cantliffe D. J. , Huber D. J. , Nell T. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Capsicum annuum (‘Early Calwonder’) seeds germinated (radicle protrusion) in 8 days at 15°C and 4 days at 25°. The seeds have an endosperm 7 to 9 cells in thickness which lies directly in front of the radicle. The external appearance of the endosperm did not change until one day before radicle emergence, when the endosperm in front of the radicle enlarged and protruded outward. This change was accompanied by breakdown and loss of endosperm cellular integrity and reduction in endosperm thickness directly in front of the radicle, but not in other regions of the endosperm. Gibberellic acid (GA4+7) decreased the time for appearance of the protruding endosperm and radicle protrusion through the seed coat by one day. Cell wall degrading activity was detectable during the early stages of germination and became extremely high after radicle emergence. Seeds treated with 100 ppm GA4+7 showed slightly increased enzyme activity during early germination and differences became more pronounced as germination progressed. Cellulase activity was not found in the extracts, but seed enzyme preparations degraded a galactomannan substrate. The enzyme exhibited only endohydrolytic activity, indicating an enzyme which may participate in the weakening of cell wall. It was postulated that an endomannanase is needed for endosperm breakdown in front of the radicle in order for rapid germination of pepper to occur. A reduction in germination temperature from 25° to 15° reduced the rate of radicle movement through the seed coat by one half.
Fruit Temperature Effects on Mechanical Damage of Sweet Cherries
Authors: Patten K. D. , Patterson M. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The resistance of sweet cherries to compression damage as measured by the fruit firmness variables, [force to bioyield (FBY), slope of a compression curve, and maximum and residual forces of a compression-relaxation curve] decreased linearly with increasing fruit temperture. The incidence of impact-induced surface pitting decreased linearly as fruit temperature increased. The rate of decrease in impact damage per degree increase in fruit temperature was a function of the cultivar, contact surface, and drop height.
Hardening Treatments Increase Survival of Synthetically-coated Asexual Embryos of Carrot
Authors: Kitto S. L. , Janick Jules 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Asexual embryos of carrot (Daucus carota L.) were initiated from cell suspensions and hardened by treatments with high sucrose (12% as compared to 2%), high inoculum density (0.8 as compared to 0.4 g/25 ml), or chilling (4°C the last 3 days of a 2-week embryo induction phase otherwise carried out at 29°), individually or in combination with 10−6 m abscisic acid (ABA). Carrot embryos either were encapsulated with a water-soluble resin (Polyox WSR-N 750) or nonencapsulated before drying to constant weight. Nonencapsulated embryos did not survive drying. All hardening treatments increased survival of encapsulated embryos. However, survival of embryos treated with ABA plus each of the other 3 hardening treatments was less than expected, assuming additivity. Encapsulated embryos pretreated with ABA and chilling survived 16 days of storage in darkness at 4°.
Ice Nucleation in Tomato Plants
Authors: Anderson J. A. , Ashworth E. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘US 28’) and plant parts ranging in fresh weight from 6 mg to 180 g were frozen in the presence and absence of epiphytic ice nucleation active (INA) bacteria. As weight increased, freezing temperatures rose from —10.5° to — 2°C in the absence of INA bacteria but varied from —3° to —2° in inoculated samples. The freezing behavior of entire plants could only be estimated using small plant parts when INA bacteria were present. INA bacteria were detected by a plate harvesting method. The fraction of tomato stem sections frozen increased with increasing exposure duration at constant temperature.
Nondestructive Spectrophotometric Determination of Dry Matter in Onions
Authors: Birth G. S. , Dull G. G. , Renfroe W. T. , Kays S. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The techniques used in near infrared spectrophotometry for nondestructive analysis of agricultural products were applied to determine the percentage of dry matter (% DM) of intact onions (Allium cepa L). Transmittance data were recorded for the 700 nm to 1000 nm spectral region. Second derivative data processing was used with a stepwise multiple regression analysis to develop an equation to predict the % DM of individual onions. The correlation between optical data and % DM was 0.996. In a 2nd and completely independent experiment, we obtained equivalent results demonstrating the repeatability of the method. This repeatability was demonstrated even further through the satisfactory field testing of a portable instrument.
Ice Formation in Prunus persica under Field Conditions
Authors: Ashworth E.N. , Anderson J.A. , Davis G.A. , Lightner G.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ice formation was initiated between –0.6° and –2.6°C in mature Prunus persica (L.) Batsch trees growing in the field. Trees supercooled very little. Ice formation was initiated at several locations in the tree and subsequently spread throughout. The release of the latent heat of fusion following ice formation in the tissue maintained tissue temperatures 1° to 3° above air temperature for several hours and mitigated the tissue's response to ambient temperatures.
Changes in Phenolic Acids and Internal Ethylene during Long-term Cold Storage of Pears
Authors: Blankenship Sylvia M. , Richardson Daryl G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
High performance liquid chromatography of mature ‘Beurre d'Anjou’ and ‘Beurre Bosc’ pear (Pyrus communis L.) fruit flesh showed that the major phenolics at harvest were chlorogenic acid, catechin, and arbutin. Neither cultivar contained epicatechin nor p-coumaroyl quinate. During 160 days at –1°C the chlorogenic acid content of d'Anjou increased significantly. In ‘Bosc’, chlorogenic acid levels decreased during storage. Catechin content increased linearly while arbutin levels remained nearly constant in both cultivars. Coincident with the completion of the cold requirement for initiation of ripening and endogenous ethylene production, i.e., 20 days for ‘Bosc’ and 50 days for ‘d'Anjou’, there was an appearance of low levels of a p-coumaric acid derivative and trace amounts of epicatechin/p-coumaroyl quinate. At 120 days epicatechin/p-coumaroyl quinate increased in ‘d'Anjou’ but not in ‘Bosc’. There is a coincidence, and perhaps relationship, between ethylene production and the quantity as well as the composition of phenolics present during storage. Bruising pear fruit after 120 days of storage caused a 30% increase in chlorogenic acid and a 50% increase in catechin, but no increase in p-coumaric acid derivatives.
Fruit Age and Growth Regulator Effects on the Quantity and Structure of the Epicuticular Wax of ‘Washington’ Navel Orange Fruit
Authors: El-Otmani Mohamed , Coggins Charles W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in ‘Washington’ navel orange [Citrus sinensis (L.). Osbeck] fruit epicuticular wax quantity and structure were followed during fruit development, maturation, and senescence. Whole-tree sprays of 10 ppm GA3, 16 ppm 2,4-D, and a combination of GA3 (10 ppm) plus 2,4-D (16 ppm) were made at fruit color-break, and effects on wax were examined at 4-week intervals. The total epicuticular wax produced per fruit and per unit of fruit surface area increased with time on control and on treated fruit. GA3-treated fruit produced significantly lower amounts of wax per unit of surface area than did control or fruit treated with 2,4-D alone. Total epicuticular wax per unit of fruit surface area of the control was similar to that of the 2,4-D-treated fruit until late in the season, when that of the control significantly exceeded that of the 2,4-D treatment. Wax per unit of fruit area of the GA3-treated fruit was not significantly different from that of the GA3 plus 2,4-D-treated fruit until late in the season, when GA3 plus 2,4-D treatment resulted in significantly higher values. Scanning electron microscopy revealed significant changes in surface morphology and ultrastructure of the epicuticular wax during fruit development, maturation, and senescence. Control fruit and 2,4-D-treated fruit were similar, but GA3 delayed ultrastructural changes that were seen in the control fruit. The incidence of ‘sticky’ rinds was reduced significantly by GA3 treatment, and ‘sticky’ rind surface wax had a structure similar to that of senescing surfaces. Chemical names used: (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D); gibberellic acid (GA3).
Feeding Influence of Three Pecan Aphid Species on Carbon Exchange and Phloem Integrity of Seedling Pecan Foliage
Authors: Wood B.W. , Tedders W.L. , Thompson J.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Feeding injury by pecan aphids on fully expanded pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh) K. Koch] seedling foliage reduced net CO2 exchange within 2 weeks of infestation and was dependent upon aphid density and species. Increasing aphid population levels resulted in increasing reductions in net photosynthesis. Carbon exchange rates after a buildup and subsequent rapid decline of either Monellia caryella (Fitch) or Monelliopsis pecanis (Bissell) populations resulted in a 50% reduction in net photosynthesis and 25% reduction in dark respiration. This effect can persist at least 12 weeks after the cessation of aphid infestation. Such leaves exhibit aphid-induced clogging of the phloem with callose and other substances. Such clogging may be associated with the commonly observed aphid population decline in pecan orchards. Observations indicate that the influence of aphid feeding on leaf photosynthetic physiology may impair pecan productivity.
Effects of Stempiece and Rootstock Combinations on Growth, Leaf Mineral Concentrations, Yield, and Fruit Quality of ‘Empire’ Apple Trees
Authors: Lord William J. , Greene D.W. , Damon R.A. , Baker J.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of Mailing (M)26, M9, M27 rootstocks and stempiece/rootstock combinations M9/Malling-Merton (MM)106, M9/MM111, M27/MM106, and M27/MM111 on growth, leaf nutrition, and fruit quality of ‘Empire’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) was evaluated. After 8 growing seasons, height and spread of trees on M26, M9/MM106, M9/MM11, M27/MM106, and M27/MM111 were similiar and were greater than those of trees on M9 and M27. Mn concentration in leaves from trees on M27 was higher than that of leaves from trees on other rootstock and stempiece/rootstock combinations. Production of trees on M26, M9/MM106, and M27/MM106 was greater than that on M9/MM111, M9, and M27. When fruitfulness was related to trunk area, trees on the various rootstock and stempiece/rootstock combinations did not differ in production efficiency. Effect of rootstock or stempiece/rootstock on fruit size was inconsistent. Fruit from trees on M27/MM111 entered in to their climacteric later than those from trees on M26 and M 27 for 2 years and from trees on M9 and M9/MM106 for 1 year, but the delay was small. No fruit flesh firmness differences were detectable. Soluble solids content of fruit from trees on M27 was higher than that of fruit on M26, M9/MM111, and M27/MM111. Senescent breakdown was more prevelant in fruit from trees on M26 than on M9, M27, M9/MM111, and M27/MM111.
Genetic Variation within and between Two Cucumber Populations Derived via the Inbred Backcross Line Method
Authors: Owens K.W. , Bliss F.A. , Peterson C.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Selected inbred backcross lines from 2 cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) populations were studied to determine whether genetic variation existed within and between 2 populations for fruit length and weight. F1 hybrids from intra-population diallel and inter-population North Carolina Design II matings were evaluated in 1981 under greenhouse or field conditions. Significant genetic variability was found among selected inbred backcross lines within each population for fruit length and weight. General (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability estimates were significant, indicating that both additive and nonadditive effects were important for trait expression among lines from the same population. Analysis of inter-population design II F1 hybrids indicated that male and female (GCA) or additive effects accounted for most of the variation between lines for fruit length and weight. Significance of specific combinations (SCA) and the F2 data confirmed that genetic variation existed between populations. Therefore, selection and intercrossing of specific inbred backcross lines from both populations may lead to maximum fruit size and recovery of the desired horticultural characterisics of the recurrent parent. The inbred backcross line method is well suited for the transfer of genes controlling a quantitative trait from an unadapted or exotic source into a commercially acceptable type.
Growth Capacity of ‘Valencia’ Orange Buds on Different Rootstocks during Cold-hardening Temperatures
Authors: Yelenosky G. , Wutscher H.K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Growth Capacity of ‘Valencia’ Orange Buds on Different Rootstocks during Cold-hardening Temperatures” by G. Yelenosky and H.K. Wutscher [J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110(1):78–83. 1985.], the figure captions for Figures 2 and 3 were reversed.