bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Firearms and Clinical Practice
Authors: Pirelli Gianni , DeMarco Sarah 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Firearms and Clinical Practice: A Handbook for Medical and Mental Health Professionals provides medical and mental health professionals with a practical handbook on the key connections between mental health and firearms, including but not limited to violence and suicide. This handbook will assist readers in applying firearm-related information and concepts grounded in the empirical literature and best practices in the clinical and forensic treatment and assessment arenas. As such, in addition to being an informational and educational source, its primary goal is to facilitate clinical decision-making for medical and mental health professionals practicing in a wide range of settings and contexts. Concepts are presented using a best-practices model that encourages and promotes engaging in empirically-supported clinical work. The handbook is divided into six chapters: a primer on guns; guns and the law; a review of the professional literature vis-à-vis firearms and mental health as well as emerging roles for medical and mental health professionals; therapeutic contexts; forensic mental health assessment and firearm-specific evaluations; and ethical considerations for medical and mental health professionals. The handbook also contains numerous case examples/vignettes and professional tips to consider.
Formal and Informal Social Control of Family Violence
Authors: Emery Clifton R. , Abdullah Alhassan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
When intimate partner violence (IPV) is deterred or completely avoided, children benefit by living in a more stable, secure familial environment free from violence. This chapter reviews the research literature, with a particular focus on the relationship between social control and IPV, organizing the literature on both formal and informal social control into protective and punitive subtypes. Restorative justice approaches are conceptualized as situated primarily within the protective subtype, but evidence suggests that they may merit their own subtype, termed restitute social control. Finally, the chapter argues that social control of IPV and family violence must be based on an appropriate understanding of the role of family heterogeneity in the trajectory of IPV and family violence.
Physical background: X-ray generation, interaction with matter, and radiation dosimetry concepts
Authors: de Knegt Martina Chantal , Hove Jens Dahlgaard , Rossi Alexia 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Cardiac CT uses X-rays to create images of the heart and coronary arteries. The main mechanisms involved in the interaction of X-rays and matter, and therefore in the creation of the CT image, are photoelectric absorption and Compton scattering. The knowledge of these mechanisms is of paramount importance as they strongly influence patient radiation dose and image quality. In dual-energy CT, the application of two X-ray beams with different energetic spectra allows for the differentiation of multiple materials. The use of X-rays has important biological implications as it may damage DNA and lead to cell death (deterministic effects) and mutation (stochastic effects). An effective radiation dose is the parameter currently employed to estimate radiation risk.
Image reconstruction, postprocessing, and fundamentals of image analysis
Authors: Khan Jamal , Moharem-Elgamal Sarah , Pugliese Francesca 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Image reconstruction process produces diagnostic images from raw CT data and uses two main approaches: filtered back projection and iterative reconstruction. A CT image consists of a matrix of pixels, typically a square matrix of 512 × 512 pixels. Pixels are assigned a CT number (Hounsfield units (HUs)) that reflects the mean attenuation of the tissues included in the corresponding voxel. HUs are also affected by the energy of the X-ray beam and are normalized by the attenuation coefficient of water. The CT number scale in the image is mapped to a visual grey scale. Window settings (level/width) allow adjustment of the way CT numbers are mapped to the grey scale. Window settings determine image brightness and contrast, and are modifiable by the user. Although coronary CT angiography raw data are first reconstructed in a series of axial images, image data are isotropic and coronary artery stenosis analysis is based on multiplanar reconstructions (MPRs) and curved MPRs constructed along the vessel of interest. Maximum intensity projection and volume-rendered views display anatomical relationships between structures and are not primarily intended for fine coronary stenosis assessment.
Common CT imaging artefacts
Authors: Gaemperli Oliver 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Cardiac CT image artefacts can be patient- or scan-related, and failure to recognize them can lead to misdiagnosis. Some artefacts can be avoided or reduced by appropriate patient and device selection, optimal preparation, and by adjustments in scan protocols or image reconstruction. The most common cardiac CT artefacts are blurring or discontinuity artefacts from motion (mostly cardiac); hence, the most effective measure to improve image quality is to decrease heart rate and heart rate variability. Other common artefacts include partial volume effects, beam hardening, excessive image noise, slab or banding artefacts, and low contrast enhancement.
Coronary artery calcium imaging
Authors: Willemink Martin J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Coronary artery calcium correlates with the extent of coronary atherosclerosis and has been shown to be a strong and independent predictor of long-term cardiovascular. Coronary artery calcium estimates can be obtained from a non-contrast CT scan at low radiation exposure. The most common quantification metric is the Agatston score, but volume and mass scores can also be used. In clinical practice, coronary artery calcium scores are combined with traditional cardiovascular risk factors to improve risk stratification in asymptomatic individuals at intermediate risk. The absence of coronary artery calcium on a CT scan is associated with a very low 10-year risk. Conversely, elevated coronary artery calcium scores may identify individuals who are likely to benefit from treatment to reduce cardiovascular risk.
CT myocardial perfusion and scar imaging
Authors: Nieman Koen , Pontone Gianluca 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Stress myocardial perfusion imaging by CT allows for identification of inducible myocardial ischaemia and haemodynamically significant coronary artery disease. Dynamic perfusion imaging allows for quantitative perfusion analyses but requires high-end CT technology. CT can identify acute and chronic myocardial injury based on low myocardial enhancement on CT angiograms or increased myocardial intensity on late acquired images.
Aortic valve disease
Authors: Muscogiuri Giuseppe 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Aortic valve can be evaluated using coronary CT angiography (CCTA). Aortic calcification can be evaluated with non-contrast CT. In order to evaluate aortic valve morphology and function, CCTA should be acquired according to the usual protocol, including the entire cardiac cycle. The presence of aortic valve changes, as well as abnormalities of perivalvular aortic structures, can be assessed by CCTA.
Left atrium and pulmonary veins
Authors: Guglielmo Marco 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Cardiac CT is a valuable tool for the detailed study of the pulmonary vein (PV), left atrium (LA), and left trial appendage (LAA) anatomy. Although transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) remains the gold standard for ruling out LAA thrombus, cardiac CT may represent a valuable alternative to exclude LAA thrombosis when TOE is contraindicated. Preprocedural CT enables selection of the most suitable technique before an atrial fibrillation ablation procedure by providing detailed anatomical description of the PVs and LA. Furthermore, cardiac CT images can be merged with electroanatomical maps, which can be used to guide catheters during the procedure. With regard to LAA occlusion, cardiac CT is used before intervention for sizing devices and during follow-up, to identify complications such as peridevice leaks and device-related thromboses.
Dosimetry: Measuring radiation dose
Authors: Greener Tony , Byrne John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes and explains the key concepts in determining radiation dose in tissue, which is crucial for effective radiotherapy. The key areas covered include: the variation of absorbed dose in different tissues and materials, the concepts of absorbed dose, exposure, and kerma (kinetic energy released per unit mass) and their relationship to each other. Also, the principles underlying radiation dose measurement, the methods of measurement (ionization methods, thermoluminescence, calorimetry), the importance and types of calibration standards (local and national) and factors that affect dose measurements.
X-ray beam physics
Authors: MacKay Ranald , Hounsell Alan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter, ‘X-ray beam physics’, describes and discussed the physics of therapeutic X-ray beams including kilovoltage (kV) and megavoltage (MV) energy ranges. As X-ray beam is in reality a spectrum of energies, the chapter begins by explaining how the energy of a beam defined by the quality index and the different quality indices for kV and MV beams. The key clinical parameters are explored in a detailed description of beam characteristics. The physics behind the dose deposition is linked to clinically important concepts such as skin sparing explained. Other clinical characteristics such a field size, penumbra and the shape of the beam profile are defined. Finally, the chapter looks at the way the beam can be modified to improve dose deposition through the use of wedged beams.
Brachytherapy
Authors: Whitelaw Gemma , Corcoran Susan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
‘Brachytherapy’ covers the use of sealed radioactive sources which are generally introduced into suitable body cavities to treat suitable cancers using automated equipment (remote afterloading) or applied directly to tumours by hand (manual afterloading). The requirements of a radioactive source to be used for brachytherapy are presented, leading into discussion on to various afterloading techniques for the treatment of prostatic and gynaecological tumours. The historically important Manchester and Paris ‘class solution’ dosimetry systems are discussed, leading into the modern practice of individualized dosimetry on a case-by-case basis. The chapter concludes with a section on quality assurance for brachytherapy and a robust presentation on the determination of reference air kerma rates for sources.
Geographic Variation in Influenza Vaccination Disparities Between Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White US Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Riester Melissa R , Roberts Anthony I , Silva Joe B B , Howe Chanelle J , Bardenheier Barbara H , van Aalst Robertus , Loiacono Matthew M , Zullo Andrew R 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundDisparities in influenza vaccination exist between Hispanic and non-Hispanic White US nursing home (NH) residents, but the geographic areas with the largest disparities remain unknown. We examined how these racial/ethnic disparities differ across states and hospital referral regions (HRRs).MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included &gt;14 million short-stay and long-stay US NH resident-seasons over 7 influenza seasons from October 1, 2011, to March 31, 2018, where residents could contribute to 1 or more seasons. Residents were aged ≥65 years and enrolled in Medicare fee-for-service. We used the Medicare Beneficiary Summary File to ascertain race/ethnicity and Minimum Data Set assessments for influenza vaccination. We calculated age- and sex-standardized percentage point (pp) differences in the proportions vaccinated between non-Hispanic White and Hispanic (any race) resident-seasons. Positive pp differences were considered disparities, where the proportion of non-Hispanic White residents vaccinated was greater than the proportion of Hispanic residents vaccinated. States and HRRs with ≥100 resident-seasons per age–sex stratum per racial/ethnic group were included in analyses.ResultsAmong 7 442 241 short-stay resident-seasons (94.1% non-Hispanic White, 5.9% Hispanic), the median standardized disparities in influenza vaccination were 4.3 pp (minimum, maximum: 0.3, 19.2; n = 22 states) and 2.8 pp (minimum, maximum: −3.6, 10.3; n = 49 HRRs). Among 6 758 616 long-stay resident-seasons (93.7% non-Hispanic White, 6.5% Hispanic), the median standardized differences were −0.1 pp (minimum, maximum: −4.1, 11.4; n = 18 states) and −1.8 pp (minimum, maximum: −6.5, 7.6; n = 34 HRRs).ConclusionsWide geographic variation in influenza vaccination disparities existed across US states and HRRs. Localized interventions targeted toward areas with high disparities may be a more effective strategy to promote health equity than one-size-fits-all national interventions.
Impact of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic on Antiretroviral Therapy Initiation and Care Delivery for People With Newly Diagnosed HIV in an Integrated Healthcare System
Authors: Mohr Kurtis B , Lee-Rodriguez Christian , Samiezade-Yazd Zahra , Lam Jennifer O , Imp Brandon M , Luu Mitchell N 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted health systems. For patients newly diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus, starting immediate antiretroviral therapy (ART) is recommended. For periods before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, Kaiser Permanente Northern California found similar rates of rapid ART initiation and time to viral suppression, concurrent with an increase in telemedicine.
The uprise of gun violence in the United States: consequences of a dual pandemic
Authors: Schellenberg Morgan , Walters Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Purpose of review
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) viral outbreak and the rise of the anti-Black racism movement have produced a dual pandemic over the past few years, which has been associated with a dramatic rise in gun violence across the United States. This comprehensive review was performed to examine the current levels of gun violence in the context of these dual pandemics, delineate factors which have synergistically produced this surge in interpersonal violence, and propose future directions.

Recent findings
Dual pandemics have mutually contributed to a worsening in many social determinants of health and thereby have had a particularly dramatic impact on many of our most vulnerable patients, including patients of minority races and ethnicities, in terms of interpersonal violence. Firearm injuries are at their highest rate in decades. The challenges in the trauma care of these patients have been compounded by staffing and resource shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic and attrition of medical workers related to burnout.

Summary
Consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the anti-Black racism movement have produced a social environment in the United States in recent years where interpersonal violence, especially firearm injuries, have surged. Particularly, during a time of challenged patient care delivery, the medical system struggles to support the increase in trauma volume. A broad approach to improving social determinants of health should be pursued in order to decrease the risk of gun violence from the recent near-historical high levels.
Thoracic irradiation as consolidation therapy in patients with extensive-stage small cell lung cancer
Authors: Berta Judit , Rózsás Anita , Megyesfalvi Zsolt , Ostoros Gyula , Döme Balázs 
Published: November 2022

Purpose of review
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is marked by an exceptionally high proliferative rate and poor prognosis. Given its high propensity to metastasize, nearly two-thirds of SCLC patients are diagnosed with extensive-stage (ES) disease when surgery is not a treatment option anymore. Over several decades, only minimal changes have been made in the therapeutic armamentarium of ES-SCLC. Recently, however, several new therapeutic avenues were defined, thus renewing the hope for patients with this recalcitrant cancer. Here, we present an overview of the most current therapeutic advances in ES-SCLC focusing in particular on consolidative thoracic radiation therapy (cTRT) and chemo-immunotherapy.

Recent findings
The incorporation of immunotherapy in the standard-of-care of ES-SCLC patients and the resulting outcomes are both a remarkable hallmark of progress and a disappointment. Indeed, chemo-immunotherapy with or without cTRT and prophylactic cranial irradiation contributes to longer survival outcomes with minimal toxicity rates in well selected and properly monitored patients. Nevertheless, the gain in overall survival is still modest relative to that seen in many other solid tumors.

Summary
Despite the encouraging results, further clinical trials are needed to determine the efficacy and safety of these therapeutic approaches, and moreover, to identify new predictive biomarkers of response.
Neuron Navigator 1Regulates Learning, Memory, and the Response to Multiple Potentially Addictive Drugs
Authors: Bagley Jared R. , Tan Yalun , Zhu Wan , Cheng Zhuanfen , Takeda Saori , Fang Zhouqing , Arslan Ahmed , Wang Meiyue , Guan Yuan , Jiang Lihua , Jian Ruiqi , Gu Feng , Parada Isabel , Prince David , Jentsch J. David , Peltz Gary 
Published: November 2022

AbstractGenetic variation accounts for much of the risk for developing a substance use disorder (SUD). Inbred mouse strains exhibit substantial and heritable differences in the extent of voluntary cocaine intravenous self-administration (IVSA). Computational genetic analysis of IVSA data obtained from an inbred strain panel identifiedNav1,a member of the neuron navigator family that regulates dendrite formation and axonal guidance, as a candidate gene. To test this hypothesis, we generated and characterizedNav1knockout (KO) mice.Nav1KO mice exhibited increased cocaine intake during IVSA testing. Surprisingly,Nav1KO mice also displayed a reduced susceptibility to become opioid dependent or develop opioid-induced hyperalgesia after chronic morphine administration, and had impaired spatial learning/memory. Immunohistochemistry and electrophysiology studies revealed that inhibitory synapse density in the cortex ofNav1KO mice was reduced, and excitatory synaptic transmission was increased in theNav1KO cortex and hippocampus. Transcriptomic analysis revealed thatNav1KO mice had a marked increase in excitatory neurons in a deep cortical layer. Collectively, our results indicate thatNav1regulates learning, memory, and the response to multiple addictive drugs, and that changes in the excitatory and inhibitory synaptic balance in the cortex and hippocampus could possibly mediate these phenotypic effects.
The need for ecologically realistic studies on the health effects of microplastics
Authors: Mills C Lauren , Savanagouder Joy , de Almeida Monteiro Melo Ferraz Marcia , Noonan Michael J 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPlastic pollution is now so widespread that microplastics are consistently detected in every biological sample surveyed for their presence. Despite their pervasiveness, very little is known about the effects of microplastics on the health of terrestrial species. While emerging studies are showing that microplastics represent a potentially serious threat to animal health, data have been limited toin vivostudies on laboratory rodents that were force fed plastics. The extent to which these studies are representative of the conditions that animals and humans might actually experience in the real world is largely unknown. Here, we review the peer-reviewed literature in order to understand how the concentrations and types of microplastics being administered in lab studies compare to those found in terrestrial soils. We found that lab studies have heretofore fed rodents microplastics at concentrations that were hundreds of thousands of times greater than they would be exposed to in nature. Furthermore, health effects have been studied for only 10% of the microplastic polymers that are known to occur in soils. The plastic pollution crisis is arguably one of the most pressing ecological and public health issues of our time, yet existing lab-based research on the health effects of terrestrial microplastics does not reflect the conditions that free-ranging animals are actually experiencing. Going forward, performing more true-to-life research will be of the utmost importance to understand the impacts of microplastics and maintain the public’s faith in the scientific process.
The Cation/H+exchanger OsCAX2 is involved in cadmium tolerance and accumulation through vacuolar sequestration in rice
Authors: Zou Wenli , Zhan Junhui , Meng Lijun , Chen Yuetong , Chen Dandan , Zhang Mingpei , He Haohua , Chen Jingguang , Ye Guoyou 
Published: November 2022

AbstractExcessive cadmium (Cd) in rice grains is a serious food safety problem. The development of Cd-safe varieties requires the identification of germplasms and genes with major effect on Cd accumulation but without negative effects on other important traits. Here, we reported that OsCAX2, a member of the rice Cation/H+exchanger (CAX) family, is an important Cd transporter.OsCAX2encodes a tonoplast-localized protein and is strongly upregulated by Cd, mainly expresses in root exodermis, parenchyma in cortex, endodermis and stele cells. Depletion ofOsCAX2resulted in enhanced Cd sensitivity and root-to-shoot translocation in rice, while overexpression ofOsCAX2significantly increased Cd tolerance and reduced Cd transport by promoting root Cd influx and vacuolar storage, which ultimately reduced Cd transport via xylem.OsCAX2also had significant effects on tissues/organs distribution of Cd but had no effects on grain yield and agronomic traits. Importantly, theOsCAX2overexpressing lines had more than 70% lower grain Cd accumulation, increased iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) and reduced copper (Cu) accumulation. Therefore,OsCAX2is an ideal gene for developing Cd-safe rice varieties via transgenic approach.
MerCat2: a versatilek-mer counter and diversity estimator for database-independent property analysis obtained from omics data
Authors: Figueroa Jose L. , Panyala Ajay , Colby Sean , Friesen Maren , Tiemann Lisa , White Richard Allen 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSummaryMerCat2 (“Mer-Catenate2”) is a versatile, parallel, scalable and modular property software package for robustly analyzing features in omics data. Using massively parallel sequencing raw reads, assembled contigs, and protein sequences from any platform as input, MerCat2 performsk-mer counting of any lengthk, resulting in feature abundance counts tables, quality control reports, protein feature metrics, ecological diversity metrics, and graphical representation (i.e., PCA). MerCat2 allows for direct analysis of data properties in a database-independent manner that initializes all data, which other profilers and assembly-based methods cannot perform. MerCat2 represents an integrated tool to illuminate omics data within a sample for rapid cross-examination and comparisons.Availability and implementationMerCat2 is written in Python and distributed under a BSD-3 license. The source code of MerCat2 is freely available athttps://github.com/raw-lab/mercat2. MerCat2 is compatible with Python 3 on Mac OS X and Linux. MerCat2 can also be easily installed using bioconda: conda install MerCat2.ContactRichard Allen White III, UNC Charlotte,rwhit101@uncc.eduSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available online.