bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sound Velocities of Superhydrous Phase B up to 21 GPa and 900 K
Authors: Xu Chaowen , Gréaux Steeve , Inoue Toru , Noda Masamichi , Gao Jing , Li Ying 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSound velocities and density of Mg10Si3H4O18 superhydrous phase B (SuB) were investigated by synchrotron X‐rays combined with ultrasonic interferometry techniques in a multi‐anvil apparatus, up to 21 GPa and 900 K. Our data show that SuB has compressional (VP) and shear velocities (VS) lower than major anhydrous minerals but higher than majorite garnet. Our data combined with those of other mantle minerals allowed estimation of VP and VS of hydrated mantle regions at depths of the mantle transition zone and upper lower mantle. The local hydration of pyrolitic mantle with SuB as the main water host could explain low VP and low VS anomalies near cold subduction zones while it would be associated with low VP and high VS anomalies in hot mantle regions. The anomalies may be particularly strong in the ∼30 km beneath the 660 km discontinuity, due to the discrepancy of post‐spinel transition between hydrous and dry pyrolite lithologies.
Melting of the Fe‐C‐H System and Earth's Deep Carbon‐Hydrogen Cycle
Authors: Lai Xiaojing , Zhu Feng , Gao Jing , Greenberg Eran , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Meng Yue , Chen Bin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe occurrences and cycling of slab‐originated carbon and hydrogen are considered to be controlled by their reactions with metallic iron from mantle disproportionation and slab serpentinization, to form Fe alloys containing carbon and hydrogen. Here we show experimental results on the phase relations and melting of the Fe‐C‐H system using laser‐heated diamond anvil cell and X‐ray diffraction techniques up to 72 GPa. The incorporation of hydrogen was found to lower the eutectic melting temperatures of Fe‐C alloy by ∼50–178 K at 20–70 GPa, facilitating the formation of metallic liquids in the deep mantle and thus enhancing the mobility and deep cycling of subducted carbon and hydrogen. Hydrogen also substitutes with carbon in Fe‐C metal to form hydride and diamond at relatively high‐temperature conditions (e.g., 42.6 GPa, >1885 K and 71.8 GPa, >1798 K). The hydrogen‐carbon‐enriched metallic liquids provide the necessary fluid environment for superdeep diamond growth.
Buried Paleo‐Channel Detection With a Groundwater Model, Tracer‐Based Observations, and Spatially Varying, Preferred Anisotropy Pilot Point Calibration
Authors: Schilling O. S. , Partington D. J. , Doherty J. , Kipfer R. , Hunkeler D. , Brunner P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAlluvial sand and gravel (ASG) aquifers are highly heterogeneous and exhibit strong, spatially variable anisotropy, often interspersed by buried paleo‐channels of increased hydraulic conductivity. Groundwater flow and solute transport is often characterized by preferential flow caused by anisotropic properties in ASG aquifers. Connected ASG subsurface structures such as buried paleo‐channels, however, are difficult to reproduce with commonly used techniques, and anisotropy is rarely considered in applied groundwater models. To ease the notoriously difficult problem of how to consider anisotropy, we propose a novel modeling framework based on calibration of an integrated surface‐subsurface hydrological model via spatially varying, preferred anisotropy pilot point inversion. The inversion leverages hydraulic and tracer‐based observations representing multiple spatial and temporal scales. We demonstrate the applicability of the framework on a real‐world ASG site used for drinking water production, and we quantify the information content of observations to identify connected paleo‐channels and provide guidance for optimal field‐data acquisition.
Landslide Sensitivity and Response to Precipitation Changes in Wet and Dry Climates
Authors: Handwerger Alexander L. , Fielding Eric J. , Sangha Simran S. , Bekaert David P. S. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSlow‐moving landslides are hydrologically driven. Yet, landslide sensitivity to precipitation, and in particular, precipitation extremes, is difficult to constrain because landslides occur under diverse hydroclimatological conditions. Here we use standardized open‐access satellite radar interferometry data to quantify the sensitivity of 38 landslides to both a record drought and extreme rainfall that occurred in California between 2015 and 2020. These landslides are hosted in similar rock types, but span more than ∼2 m/yr in mean annual rainfall. Despite the large differences in hydroclimate, we found these landslides exhibited surprisingly similar behaviors and hydrologic sensitivity, which was characterized by faster (slower) than average velocities during wetter (drier) than average years, once the impact of the drought diminished. Our findings may be representative of future landslide behaviors in California where precipitation extremes are predicted to become more frequent with climate change.
Fast Nocturnal Heterogeneous Chemistry in a Coastal Background Atmosphere and Its Implications for Daytime Photochemistry
Authors: Niu Ying‐Bo , Zhu Bo , He Ling‐Yan , Wang Zhe , Lin Xiao‐Yu , Tang Meng‐Xue , Huang Xiao‐Feng 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNitryl chloride (ClNO2) is an important chlorine reservoir in the atmosphere that affects the oxidation capacity by producing first‐ and second‐generation radicals, but it has been rarely observed in the world. Here, online measurements of both N2O5 and ClNO2 at a coastal background site in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in southern China, a region with high atmospheric oxidation capacity in the daytime, are presented. We observed continuous accumulation of elevated ClNO2 at night, while N2O5 was generally low. The maximum concentrations of N2O5 and ClNO2 were 1.4 and 1.7 ppbv, respectively, associated with a transported urban plume with high levels of O3 and NO2. The average product of N2O5 uptake coefficient and ClNO2 yield (γ × f = 0.02, with average γ of 0.027 and f of 0.71) was roughly twice those in urban areas in China, indicating active N2O5 heterogenous chemistry and effective ClNO2 formation in the background atmosphere. The production rate of Cl radicals (pCl) from the photolysis of ClNO2 was estimated to be an order of magnitude higher than those at coastal and rural sites in the literature. Such levels of Cl radical production could have considerable contribution to the atmospheric oxidation capacity after sunrise. In addition, NO2 produced by ClNO2 photolysis in the morning accounted for approximately 10% of the NO2 increase within several hours after sunrise. Thus, high nocturnal ClNO2 production and its following daytime photochemistry should be considered seriously in regional air quality modeling in the PRD and regions with similar conditions.
Molecular characteristics, immune evasion, and impact of SARS-CoV-2 variants
Authors: Sun Cong , Xie Chu , Bu Guo-Long , Zhong Lan-Yi , Zeng Mu-Sheng 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe persistent COVID-19 pandemic since 2020 has brought an enormous public health burden to the global society and is accompanied by various evolution of the virus genome. The consistently emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring critical mutations impact the molecular characteristics of viral proteins and display heterogeneous behaviors in immune evasion, transmissibility, and the clinical manifestation during infection, which differ each strain and endow them with distinguished features during populational spread. Several SARS-CoV-2 variants, identified as Variants of Concern (VOC) by the World Health Organization, challenged global efforts on COVID-19 control due to the rapid worldwide spread and enhanced immune evasion from current antibodies and vaccines. Moreover, the recent Omicron variant even exacerbated the global anxiety in the continuous pandemic. Its significant evasion from current medical treatment and disease control even highlights the necessity of combinatory investigation of the mutational pattern and influence of the mutations on viral dynamics against populational immunity, which would greatly facilitate drug and vaccine development and benefit the global public health policymaking. Hence in this review, we summarized the molecular characteristics, immune evasion, and impacts of the SARS-CoV-2 variants and focused on the parallel comparison of different variants in mutational profile, transmissibility and tropism alteration, treatment effectiveness, and clinical manifestations, in order to provide a comprehensive landscape for SARS-CoV-2 variant research.
Microbiomes of bloom-forming Phaeocystis algae are stable and consistently recruited, with both symbiotic and opportunistic modes
Authors: Mars Brisbin Margaret , Mitarai Satoshi , Saito Mak A , Alexander Harriet 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Phaeocystis is a cosmopolitan, bloom-forming phytoplankton genus that contributes significantly to global carbon and sulfur cycles. During blooms, Phaeocystis species produce large carbon-rich colonies, creating a unique interface for bacterial interactions. While bacteria are known to interact with phytoplankton—e.g., they promote growth by producing phytohormones and vitamins—such interactions have not been shown for Phaeocystis. Therefore, we investigated the composition and function of P. globosa microbiomes. Specifically, we tested whether microbiome compositions are consistent across individual colonies from four P. globosa strains, whether similar microbiomes are re-recruited after antibiotic treatment, and how microbiomes affect P. globosa growth under limiting conditions. Results illuminated a core colonial P. globosa microbiome—including bacteria from the orders Alteromonadales, Burkholderiales, and Rhizobiales—that was re-recruited after microbiome disruption. Consistent microbiome composition and recruitment is indicative that P. globosa microbiomes are stable-state systems undergoing deterministic community assembly and suggests there are specific, beneficial interactions between Phaeocystis and bacteria. Growth experiments with axenic and nonaxenic cultures demonstrated that microbiomes allowed continued growth when B-vitamins were withheld, but that microbiomes accelerated culture collapse when nitrogen was withheld. In sum, this study reveals symbiotic and opportunistic interactions between Phaeocystis colonies and microbiome bacteria that could influence large-scale phytoplankton bloom dynamics and biogeochemical cycles.
Evolution and activation mechanism of the flavivirus class II membrane-fusion machinery
Authors: Vaney Marie-Christine , Dellarole Mariano , Duquerroy Stéphane , Medits Iris , Tsouchnikas Georgios , Rouvinski Alexander , England Patrick , Stiasny Karin , Heinz Franz X. , Rey Félix A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe flavivirus envelope glycoproteins prM and E drive the assembly of icosahedral, spiky immature particles that bud across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum. Maturation into infectious virions in the trans-Golgi network involves an acid-pH-driven rearrangement into smooth particles made of (prM/E)2 dimers exposing a furin site for prM cleavage into “pr” and “M”. Here we show that the prM “pr” moiety derives from an HSP40 cellular chaperonin. Furthermore, the X-ray structure of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (pr/E)2 dimer at acidic pH reveals the E 150-loop as a hinged-lid that opens at low pH to expose a positively-charged pr-binding pocket at the E dimer interface, inducing (prM/E)2 dimer formation to generate smooth particles in the Golgi. Furin cleavage is followed by lid-closure upon deprotonation in the neutral-pH extracellular environment, expelling pr while the 150-loop takes the relay in fusion loop protection, thus revealing the elusive flavivirus mechanism of fusion activation.
A degradative to secretory autophagy switch mediates mitochondria clearance in the absence of the mATG8-conjugation machinery
Authors: Tan Hayden Weng Siong , Lu Guang , Dong Han , Cho Yik-Lam , Natalia Auginia , Wang Liming , Chan Charlene , Kappei Dennis , Taneja Reshma , Ling Shuo-Chien , Shao Huilin , Tsai Shih-Yin , Ding Wen-Xing , Shen Han-Ming 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPINK1-Parkin mediated mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy, represents one of the most important mechanisms in mitochondrial quality control (MQC) via the clearance of damaged mitochondria. Although it is well known that the conjugation of mammalian ATG8s (mATG8s) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) is a key step in autophagy, its role in mitophagy remains controversial. In this study, we clarify the role of the mATG8-conjugation system in mitophagy by generating knockouts of the mATG8-conjugation machinery. Unexpectedly, we show that mitochondria could still be cleared in the absence of the mATG8-conjugation system, in a process independent of lysosomal degradation. Instead, mitochondria are cleared via extracellular release through a secretory autophagy pathway, in a process we define as Autophagic Secretion of Mitochondria (ASM). Functionally, increased ASM promotes the activation of the innate immune cGAS-STING pathway in recipient cells. Overall, this study reveals ASM as a mechanism in MQC when the cellular mATG8-conjugation machinery is dysfunctional and highlights the critical role of mATG8 lipidation in suppressing inflammatory responses.
Nanoscale self-organization and metastable non-thermal metallicity in Mott insulators
Authors: Ronchi Andrea , Franceschini Paolo , De Poli Andrea , Homm Pía , Fitzpatrick Ann , Maccherozzi Francesco , Ferrini Gabriele , Banfi Francesco , Dhesi Sarnjeet S. , Menghini Mariela , Fabrizio Michele , Locquet Jean-Pierre , Giannetti Claudio 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMott transitions in real materials are first order and almost always associated with lattice distortions, both features promoting the emergence of nanotextured phases. This nanoscale self-organization creates spatially inhomogeneous regions, which can host and protect transient non-thermal electronic and lattice states triggered by light excitation. Here, we combine time-resolved X-ray microscopy with a Landau-Ginzburg functional approach for calculating the strain and electronic real-space configurations. We investigate V2O3, the archetypal Mott insulator in which nanoscale self-organization already exists in the low-temperature monoclinic phase and strongly affects the transition towards the high-temperature corundum metallic phase. Our joint experimental-theoretical approach uncovers a remarkable out-of-equilibrium phenomenon: the photo-induced stabilisation of the long sought monoclinic metal phase, which is absent at equilibrium and in homogeneous materials, but emerges as a metastable state solely when light excitation is combined with the underlying nanotexture of the monoclinic lattice.
MYCN-driven fatty acid uptake is a metabolic vulnerability in neuroblastoma
Authors: Tao Ling , Mohammad Mahmoud A. , Milazzo Giorgio , Moreno-Smith Myrthala , Patel Tajhal D. , Zorman Barry , Badachhape Andrew , Hernandez Blanca E. , Wolf Amber B. , Zeng Zihua , Foster Jennifer H. , Aloisi Sara , Sumazin Pavel , Zu Youli , Hicks John , Ghaghada Ketan B. , Putluri Nagireddy , Perini Giovanni , Coarfa Cristian , Barbieri Eveline 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNeuroblastoma (NB) is a childhood cancer arising from sympatho-adrenal neural crest cells. MYCN amplification is found in half of high-risk NB patients; however, no available therapies directly target MYCN. Using multi-dimensional metabolic profiling in MYCN expression systems and primary patient tumors, we comprehensively characterized the metabolic landscape driven by MYCN in NB. MYCN amplification leads to glycerolipid accumulation by promoting fatty acid (FA) uptake and biosynthesis. We found that cells expressing amplified MYCN depend highly on FA uptake for survival. Mechanistically, MYCN directly upregulates FA transport protein 2 (FATP2), encoded by SLC27A2. Genetic depletion of SLC27A2 impairs NB survival, and pharmacological SLC27A2 inhibition selectively suppresses tumor growth, prolongs animal survival, and exerts synergistic anti-tumor effects when combined with conventional chemotherapies in multiple preclinical NB models. This study identifies FA uptake as a critical metabolic dependency for MYCN-amplified tumors. Inhibiting FA uptake is an effective approach for improving current treatment regimens.
Lentivector cryptic splicing mediates increase in CD34+ clones expressing truncated HMGA2 in human X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency
Authors: De Ravin Suk See , Liu Siyuan , Sweeney Colin L. , Brault Julie , Whiting-Theobald Narda , Ma Michelle , Liu Taylor , Choi Uimook , Lee Janet , O’Brien Sandra Anaya , Quackenbush Priscilla , Estwick Tyra , Karra Anita , Docking Ethan , Kwatemaa Nana , Guo Shuang , Su Ling , Sun Zhonghe , Zhou Sheng , Puck Jennifer , Cowan Morton J. , Notarangelo Luigi D. , Kang Elizabeth , Malech Harry L. , Wu Xiaolin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractX-linked Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID-X1) due to IL2RG mutations is potentially fatal in infancy where ‘emergency’ life-saving stem cell transplant may only achieve incomplete immune reconstitution following transplant. Salvage therapy SCID-X1 patients over 2 years old (NCT01306019) is a non-randomized, open-label, phase I/II clinical trial for administration of lentiviral-transduced autologous hematopoietic stem cells following busulfan (6 mg/kg total) conditioning. The primary and secondary objectives assess efficacy in restoring immunity and safety by vector insertion site analysis (VISA). In this ongoing study (19 patients treated), we report VISA in blood lineages from first eight treated patients with longer follow up found a > 60-fold increase in frequency of forward-orientated VIS within intron 3 of the High Mobility Group AT-hook 2 gene. All eight patients demonstrated emergence of dominant HMGA2 VIS clones in progenitor and myeloid lineages, but without disturbance of hematopoiesis. Our molecular analysis demonstrated a cryptic splice site within the chicken β-globin hypersensitivity 4 insulator element in the vector generating truncated mRNA transcripts from many transcriptionally active gene containing forward-oriented intronic vector insert. A two base-pair change at the splice site within the lentiviral vector eliminated splicing activity while retaining vector functional capability. This highlights the importance of functional analysis of lentivectors for cryptic splicing for preclinical safety assessment and a redesign of clinical vectors to improve safety.
Surface plasmons induce topological transition in graphene/α-MoO3 heterostructures
Authors: Ruta Francesco L. , Kim Brian S. Y. , Sun Zhiyuan , Rizzo Daniel J. , McLeod Alexander S. , Rajendran Anjaly , Liu Song , Millis Andrew J. , Hone James C. , Basov D. N. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPolaritons in hyperbolic van der Waals materials—where principal axes have permittivities of opposite signs—are light-matter modes with unique properties and promising applications. Isofrequency contours of hyperbolic polaritons may undergo topological transitions from open hyperbolas to closed ellipse-like curves, prompting an abrupt change in physical properties. Electronically-tunable topological transitions are especially desirable for future integrated technologies but have yet to be demonstrated. In this work, we present a doping-induced topological transition effected by plasmon-phonon hybridization in graphene/α-MoO3 heterostructures. Scanning near-field optical microscopy was used to image hybrid polaritons in graphene/α-MoO3. We demonstrate the topological transition and characterize hybrid modes, which can be tuned from surface waves to bulk waveguide modes, traversing an exceptional point arising from the anisotropic plasmon-phonon coupling. Graphene/α-MoO3 heterostructures offer the possibility to explore dynamical topological transitions and directional coupling that could inspire new nanophotonic and quantum devices.
The impact of rare germline variants on human somatic mutation processes
Authors: Vali-Pour Mischan , Park Solip , Espinosa-Carrasco Jose , Ortiz-Martínez Daniel , Lehner Ben , Supek Fran 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSomatic mutations are an inevitable component of ageing and the most important cause of cancer. The rates and types of somatic mutation vary across individuals, but relatively few inherited influences on mutation processes are known. We perform a gene-based rare variant association study with diverse mutational processes, using human cancer genomes from over 11,000 individuals of European ancestry. By combining burden and variance tests, we identify 207 associations involving 15 somatic mutational phenotypes and 42 genes that replicated in an independent data set at a false discovery rate of 1%. We associate rare inherited deleterious variants in genes such as MSH3, EXO1, SETD2, and MTOR with two phenotypically different forms of DNA mismatch repair deficiency, and variants in genes such as EXO1, PAXIP1, RIF1, and WRN with deficiency in homologous recombination repair. In addition, we identify associations with other mutational processes, such as APEX1 with APOBEC-signature mutagenesis. Many of the genes interact with each other and with known mutator genes within cellular sub-networks. Considered collectively, damaging variants in the identified genes are prevalent in the population. We suggest that rare germline variation in diverse genes commonly impacts mutational processes in somatic cells.
Dual topological states in the layered titanium-based oxypnictide superconductor BaTi2Sb2O
Authors: Huang Z. , Liu W. L. , Wang H. Y. , Su Y. L. , Liu Z. T. , Shi X. B. , Gao S. Y. , Chen Z. Y. , Yan Y. J. , Jiang Z. C. , Liu Z. H. , Liu J. S. , Lu X. L. , Yang Y. C. , Zhou R. X. , Xia W. , Huang Y. B. , Qiao S. , Zhao W. W. , Guo Y. F. , Li G. , Shen D. W. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTopological superconductors have long been predicted to host Majorana zero modes which obey non-Abelian statistics and have potential for realizing non-decoherence topological quantum computation. However, material realization of topological superconductors is still a challenge in condensed matter physics. Utilizing high-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and first-principles calculations, we predict and then unveil the coexistence of topological Dirac semimetal and topological insulator states in the vicinity of Fermi energy (EF) in the titanium-based oxypnictide superconductor BaTi2Sb2O. Further spin-resolved measurements confirm its spin-helical surface states around EF, which are topologically protected and give an opportunity for realization of Majorana zero modes and Majorana flat bands in one material. Hosting dual topological states, the intrinsic superconductor BaTi2Sb2O is expected to be a promising platform for further investigation of topological superconductivity.