bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical characterization and solvent fractionation of tilapia oil for its potential application as human milk fat substitute
Authors: Cheng Xinyi , Huang Zhuoneng , Jin Qingzhe , Wang Xiaosan 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe natural source of human milk fat substitute (HMFS) is a field worth exploring. In this study, tilapia oil was extracted and analyzed. In the triacylglycerol fraction, the contents of sn‐2 palmitic acid and total sn‐1,3 oleic acid and linoleic acid were 48.01% and 66.62%, respectively. The optimal solvent fractionation conditions were determined to be a tilapia oil‐to‐acetone ratio of 1:8 (w/v), crystallization temperature of −30°C, and crystallization duration of 16 h, giving a solid fraction yield of 64.20%. In fractionated tilapia oil, the total content of 1‐oleoyl‐2‐palmitoyl‐3‐linoleoylglycerol (OPL) and 1,3‐dioleoyl‐2‐palmitoylglycerol (OPO) increased by 20.38%, as determined by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography. Ultra‐high‐performance combined‐phase chromatography combined with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry analysis showed that OPL (17.45%) was the most abundant triacylglycerol in fractionated tilapia oil, followed by OPO (13.90%). Fractionated tilapia oil is thus an excellent source of OPL and has great potential for incorporation in HMFS.Practical ApplicationHuman milk fat substitutes are an important component of infant formulas. This work provides an excellent natural source of oil rich in OPL, which has great potential in the field of preparing human milk fat substitutes highly similar to human milk fat.
Inter‐rater reliability of the Clinical Frailty Scale by staff members in a Swedish emergency department setting
Authors: Hörlin Erika , Munir Ehrlington Samia , Henricson Joakim , John Rani Toll , Wilhelms Daniel 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroductionAs frailty among the elderly is receiving increasing attention in emergency departments (EDs) around the world, the use of frailty assessment tools is growing. An often used such tool is the Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS), whose inter‐rater reliability has been sparingly investigated in ED settings. No inter‐rater reliability study regarding CFS has previously been performed within the Scandinavian ED context. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the inter‐rater reliability of the CFS in a Swedish ED setting.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study conducted at three Swedish EDs. Patients ≥65 years were independently assessed with CFS by their responsible physician, registered nurse, and assistant nurse. Demographic information for each assessor was collected, along with frailty status (frail/not frail) on the basis of clinical judgment. Inter‐rater reliability was calculated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), whereas agreement of frailty assessed by CFS (dichotomized between frail/not frail, cutoff at ≥5 points) versus solely by clinical judgment was calculated by using cross‐tabulation.ResultsOne‐hundred patients were included. We found inter‐rater reliability to be moderate to good (ICC 0.78, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.72–0.84), regardless of whether the care team included an emergency physician (ICC 0.74, 95% CI 0.62–0.83) or an intern/resident from another specialty (ICC 0.83, 95% CI 0.74–0.89). The agreement of clinically judged frailty compared to frailty according to CFS was 84%. In the opposing cases, staff tended to assess patients as frail to a higher extent using clinical judgment than by applying CFS on the same patient.ConclusionsThe CFS appears to have a moderate to good inter‐rater reliability when used in a clinical ED setting. When guiding clinical decisions, we advise that the CFS score should be discussed within the team. Further research needs to be performed on the accuracy of clinical judgment to identify frailty in ED patients.
The utility of ctDNA in colorectal cancer with peritoneal metastases
Authors: Xue Jessica , Prabhakaran Swetha , Prabhakaran Sowmya , Lim Wei Mou , Guerra Glen , Heriot Alexander , Kong Joseph Cherng 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe development of peritoneal metastases (PM) in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) connotates a poor prognosis. Circulating tumour (ctDNA) is a promising tumour biomarker in the management CRC. This systematic review aimed to summarize the role of ctDNA in patients with CRC and PM.MethodsFollowing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review of the literature until June 2022 was performed. Studies reporting on the utility of ctDNA in colorectal PM were included. A total of eight eligible studies were identified including a total of 167 patients.ResultsThe findings from this review suggest an evolving role for ctDNA in CRC with PM. ctDNA can be isolated from both plasma and peritoneal fluid, with peritoneal fluid preferred as the liquid biopsy of choice with higher mutation detection rates. Concordance rates between tissue and plasma/peritoneal ctDNA mutation detection can vary, but is generally high. ctDNA has a potential role in monitoring anti‐EGFR treatment response and resistance, as well as in predicting future prognosis and recurrence. The detection of ctDNA in plasma of patients with isolated PM is also possibly suggestive of occult systemic disease, and patients exhibiting such ctDNA positivity may benefit from systemic treatment. Limitations to ctDNA mutation detection may include the size of peritoneal lesions, as well as the fact that PM poorly shed ctDNA.ConclusionWhile these findings are promising, further large‐scale studies are needed to better evaluate the utility of ctDNA in this subset of patients.
Perioperative outcomes of emergency and elective colorectal surgery: a bi‐institutional study
Authors: Seeto Alexander H. , Nabi Hajir , Burstow Matthew J. , Lancashire Raymond P. , Grundy Joshua , Gillespie Christopher , Nguyen Khuong , Naidu Sanjeev , Chua Terence C. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundEmergency colorectal surgery tends to be associated with poorer outcomes compared to elective colorectal surgery. This study assessed the morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing emergency and elective colorectal resection in two metropolitan hospitals.MethodsPatients were identified retrospectively from two institutions between April 2018 and July 2020. Baseline, operative and postoperative parameters were collected for comparative analysis between emergency and elective surgery groups. A binary logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors of postoperative complications.ResultsDuring the study period, 454 patients underwent colorectal resection, 135 were emergency cases (29.74%) and 319 were elective cases (70.26%). Compared with elective resections, patients undergoing emergency resections were observed to have a higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score of III to IV (53.33% vs. 38.56%) (P = 0.004). The mortality rate was similar between the emergency and elective group (1.48% vs. 0.63%, P = 0.369). The overall complication rate was higher in patients undergoing emergency resections (64.44% vs. 36.68%, P < 0.001), but the major complication rate was similar between groups (12.59% vs. 10.34%, P = 0.484). Independent predictors for postoperative complications included emergency surgery (Odds Ratio (OR) 2.77, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.66 to 4.61) and an ASA Score of III to IV (OR 2.87, 95% CI: 1.84 to 4.47).ConclusionThe overall complication rate was higher in patients undergoing emergency colorectal resection, however, rates of major complications and mortality were similar between groups. Higher complication rates reflect advanced disease pathology in patients who are more comorbid.
Disentangling the effects of phosphorus, nitrogen and species identity on the vegetation reflectance spectrum
Authors: Moeneclaey Iris , Baeten Lander , Verheyen Kris , Van Coillie Frieke 
Published: October 2022

AbstractQuestionsEffective and successful restoration of species‐rich semi‐natural grasslands requires knowledge of the soil nutrient status, including soil phosphorus availability. Plants are solid indicators of soil nutrient status, because their growth reflects nutrient availability integrated over a certain period. The use of reflectance spectroscopy to estimate vegetation nutrient content has the potential to offer a fast and efficient approach to provide information about soil nutrient availability for plants. Here, we investigated the effect and relative importance of vegetation phosphorus content compared with vegetation nitrogen content and species identity in explaining variation in vegetation reflectance.LocationPot experiment mimicking Western European grassland communities on a restoration trajectory.MethodsWe combined a pot experiment with a broad range of mesotrophic grassland species growing along a soil phosphorus gradient with a multivariate modelling approach. We measured vegetation spectra and vegetation phosphorus and nitrogen content in monocultures and mixtures.ResultsAlthough vegetation biochemistry explained a considerable part of the variation in vegetation reflectance, we found no pronounced absorption features for vegetation nitrogen and phosphorus content across the reflectance spectrum. The relatively large effect of species and community identity suggest that other drivers, for example vegetation architecture, overruled the effect of vegetation biochemistry on the reflectance spectrum. Our findings indicate that species detection and indirect case‐specific estimation of nutrients is possible, especially in structurally less‐complex canopies such as monospecific grass swards.ConclusionsDisentangling the specific drivers of variation in spectral reflectance is challenging. Many studies confound the effect of species identity on the vegetation reflectance spectrum with the effect of vegetation biochemistry. Here, we showed the importance of explicitly taking species identity into account. Gaining insight into light–vegetation interactions and the in‐depth integration of ecological theory in remote sensing are the way forward.
A pharmacometrics approach to assess the feasibility of capillary microsampling to replace venous sampling in clinical studies: Tafenoquine case study
Authors: Bachhav Sagar S. , Taylor Maxine , Martin Ana , Green Justin A. , Duparc Stephan , Rolfe Katie , Sharma Hema , Tan Lionel K. , Goyal Navin 
Published: October 2022

AimMicrosampling has the advantage of smaller blood sampling volume and suitability in vulnerable populations compared to venous sampling in clinical pharmacokinetics studies. Current regulatory guidance requires correlative studies to enable microsampling as a technique. A post hoc population pharmacokinetic (POPPK) approach was utilized to investigate blood capillary microsampling as an alternative to venous sampling.MethodsPharmacokinetic data from microsampling and venous sampling techniques during a paediatric study evaluating tafenoquine, a single‐dose antimalarial for P. vivax, were used. Separate POPPK models were developed and validated based on goodness of fit and visual predictive checks, with pharmacokinetic data obtained via each sampling technique.ResultsEach POPPK model adequately described tafenoquine pharmacokinetics using a two‐compartment model with body weight based on allometric scaling of clearance and volume of distribution. Tafenoquine pharmacokinetic parameter estimates including clearance (3.4 vs 3.7 L/h) were comparable across models with slightly higher interindividual variability (38.3% vs 27%) in capillary microsampling‐based data. A bioavailability/bioequivalence comparison demonstrated that the point estimate (90% CI) of capillary microsample versus venous sample model‐based individual post hoc estimates for area under the concentration‐time curve from time zero to infinity (AUC0‐inf) (100.7%, 98.0‐103.5%) and Cmax (79.7%, 76.9‐82.5%) met the 80‐125% and 70‐143% criteria, respectively. Overall, both POPPK models led to the same dose regimen recommendations across weight bins based on achieving target AUC.ConclusionsThis analysis demonstrated that a POPPK approach can be employed to assess the performance of alternative pharmacokinetic sampling techniques. This approach provides a robust solution in scenarios where variability in pharmacokinetic data collected via venous sampling and microsampling may not result in a strong linear relationship. The findings also established that microsampling techniques may replace conventional venous sampling methods.
TinyAD: Automatic Differentiation in Geometry Processing Made Simple
Authors: Schmidt P. , Born J. , Bommes D. , Campen M. , Kobbelt L. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNon‐linear optimization is essential to many areas of geometry processing research. However, when experimenting with different problem formulations or when prototyping new algorithms, a major practical obstacle is the need to figure out derivatives of objective functions, especially when second‐order derivatives are required. Deriving and manually implementing gradients and Hessians is both time‐consuming and error‐prone. Automatic differentiation techniques address this problem, but can introduce a diverse set of obstacles themselves, e.g. limiting the set of supported language features, imposing restrictions on a program's control flow, incurring a significant run time overhead, or making it hard to exploit sparsity patterns common in geometry processing. We show that for many geometric problems, in particular on meshes, the simplest form of forward‐mode automatic differentiation is not only the most flexible, but also actually the most efficient choice. We introduce TinyAD: a lightweight C++ library that automatically computes gradients and Hessians, in particular of sparse problems, by differentiating small (tiny) sub‐problems. Its simplicity enables easy integration; no restrictions on, e.g., looping and branching are imposed. TinyAD provides the basic ingredients to quickly implement first and second order Newton‐style solvers, allowing for flexible adjustment of both problem formulations and solver details. By showcasing compact implementations of methods from parametrization, deformation, and direction field design, we demonstrate how TinyAD lowers the barrier to exploring non‐linear optimization techniques. This enables not only fast prototyping of new research ideas, but also improves replicability of existing algorithms in geometry processing. TinyAD is available to the community as an open source library.
Comparative effectiveness and safety of extended anticoagulant therapy among Medicare beneficiaries with venous thromboembolism
Authors: Park Haesuk , Kang Hye‐Rim , Huang Pei‐Lin , Lo‐Ciganic Wei‐Hsuan , DeRemer Christina E. , Wilson Debbie , Dietrich Eric A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractGuidelines recommend an extended course of anticoagulation therapy for patients who experienced venous thromboembolism (VTE) without transient provocation, however, optimal duration remains uncertain. We assessed effectiveness and safety of extended use of apixaban and warfarin greater than 6 months of initial treatment in patients with VTE. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries aged greater than or equal to 18 years with deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. Patients were required to have initiated anticoagulants within 30 days of their first VTE diagnosis, completed 6 months of initial anticoagulant treatment, and received extended phase treatment with apixaban (the apixaban group) or warfarin (the warfarin group) or no extended therapy. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards modeling with inverse probability treatment weighting was used to compare recurrent VTE, mortality, and major bleeding risks among the three groups. Mean extended‐treatment duration was up to 10 months and 14 months in apixaban and warfarin groups, respectively. Compared with no extended treatment, apixaban use was associated with decreased risks of recurrent VTE (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.08, [95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.01–0.41]) and mortality (HR = 0.37, [95% CI: 0.27–0.51]) without increased major bleeding risk (HR = 1.29, [95% CI: 0.68–2.45]); warfarin use was associated not with recurrent VTE risk change but with increased major bleeding risk (HR = 2.14, [95% CI: 1.26–3.65]) and decreased mortality risk (HR = 0.39, [95% CI: 0.29–0.51]). Compared with warfarin, apixaban use was associated with decreased recurrent VTE (HR = 0.13, [95% CI: 0.03–0.63]) and major bleeding (HR = 0.56, [95% CI: 0.32–0.98]) risks. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses (e.g., intention‐to‐treat) findings remained consistent. Compared with warfarin or no extended therapy, extended‐apixaban use was associated with reduced risk of recurrent VTE without increased major bleeding risk. Continuing anticoagulant therapy with apixaban greater than 6 months may be effective and safe.
Local complement synthesis—A process with near and far consequences for ischemia reperfusion injury and transplantation
Authors: Nauser Christopher L. , Sacks Steven H. 
Published: October 2022

SummaryThe model of the solid organ as a target for circulating complement deposited at the site of injury, for many years concealed the broader influence of complement in organ transplantation. The study of locally synthesized complement especially in transplantation cast new light on complement's wider participation in ischaemia‐reperfusion injury, the presentation of donor antigen and finally rejection. The lack of clarity, however, has persisted as to which complement activation pathways are involved and how they are triggered, and above all whether the distinction is relevant. In transplantation, the need for clarity is heightened by the quest for precision therapies in patients who are already receiving potent immunosuppressives, and because of the opportunity for well‐timed intervention. This review will present new evidence for the emerging role of the lectin pathway, weighed alongside the longer established role of the alternative pathway as an amplifier of the complement system, and against contributions from the classical pathway. It is hoped this understanding will contribute to the debate on precisely targeted versus broadly acting therapeutic innovation within the aim to achieve safe long term graft acceptance.
Adlayer formation on C‐plane (0001) and R‐plane (11¯${\rm{\bar{1}}}$02) Al2O3 surfaces
Authors: Johnston‐Peck Aaron C. , Maier Russell A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAdlayers on C‐plane (0001) and R‐plane (102) terminated surfaces of corundum phase aluminum oxide were synthesized by annealing mixtures of two oxide powders, aluminum oxide with an additive. Using high‐angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, the adsorbed layers were characterized, and image simulations aided interpretation of the results. The adlayers were pseudomorphic, one atomic layer thick, and with a fractional site occupancy. Atomic positions of the adlayer atoms relaxed and changed relative to the bulk structure, where there is evidence that the magnitude of the relaxation is sensitive to the ionic radius of the adsorbate. The pseudomorphic adlayer structure is formed for different elements including, but not limited to, the lanthanides (i.e., Ge, Ba, and Ln = La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm).
Echinacoside inhibited cardiomyocyte pyroptosis and improved heart function of HF rats induced by isoproterenol via suppressing NADPH/ROS/ER stress
Authors: Ni YaJuan , Zhang Jing , Zhu Wenjing , Duan Yixuan , Bai HongYuan , Luan Chunhong 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPrevalence of heart failure (HF) continues to rise over time and is a global difficult problem; new drug targets are urgently needed. In recent years, pyroptosis is confirmed to promote cardiac remodelling and HF. Echinacoside (ECH) is a natural phenylethanoid glycoside and is the major active component of traditional Chinese medicine Cistanches Herba, which is reported to possess powerful anti‐oxidation and anti‐inflammatory effects. In addition, we previously reported that ECH reversed cardiac remodelling and improved heart function, but the effect of ECH on pyroptosis has not been studied. So, we investigated the effects of ECH on cardiomyocyte pyroptosis and the underlying mechanisms. In vivo, we established HF rat models induced by isoproterenol (ISO) and pre‐treated with ECH. Indexes of heart function, pyroptotic marker proteins, ROS levels, and the expressions of NOX2, NOX4 and ER stress were measured. In vitro, primary cardiomyocytes of neonatal rats were treated with ISO and ECH; ASC speckles and caspase‐1 mediated pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes were detected. Hoechst/PI staining was also used to evaluate pyroptosis. ROS levels, pyroptotic marker proteins, NOX2, NOX4 and ER stress levels were all tested. In vivo, we found that ECH effectively inhibited pyroptosis, down‐regulated NOX2 and NOX4, decreased ROS levels, suppressed ER stress and improved heart function. In vitro, ECH reduced cardiomyocyte pyroptosis and suppressed NADPH/ROS/ER stress. We concluded that ECH inhibited cardiomyocyte pyroptosis and improved heart function via suppressing NADPH/ROS/ER stress.
Methadone‐induced hypoglycemia: A case report
Authors: Malboosbaf Ramin , Hatami Neda , Maghsoomi Zohreh 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHypoglycemia is rare in patients without diabetes mellitus. Methadone is a synthetic μ‐opioid receptor agonist used for cancer or non‐cancer pain and the treatment of opioid dependence. Here, we report a case of a 31‐year‐old man who presented with recurrent hypoglycemic events that resolved on discontinuation of methadone. Thus, if hypoglycemia occurs while a patient takes methadone, the amount should be reduced or replaced with another opioid before a full investigation for inappropriate hyperinsulinism is initiated.
On the role of cell surface associated, mucin‐like glycoproteins in the pennate diatom Craspedostauros australis (Bacillariophyceae)
Authors: Poulsen Nicole , Hennig Helene , Geyer Veikko F. , Diez Stefan , Wetherbee Richard , Fitz‐Gibbon Sorel , Pellegrini Matteo , Kröger Nils 
Published: October 2022

Diatoms are single‐celled microalgae with silica‐based cell walls (frustules) that are abundantly present in aquatic habitats, and form the basis of the food chain in many ecosystems. Many benthic diatoms have the remarkable ability to glide on all natural or man‐made underwater surfaces using a carbohydrate‐ and protein‐based adhesive to generate traction. Previously, three glycoproteins, termed FACs (Frustule Associated Components), have been identified from the common fouling diatom Craspedostauros australis and were implicated in surface adhesion through inhibition studies with a glycan‐specific antibody. The polypeptide sequences of FACs remained unknown, and it was unresolved whether the FAC glycoproteins are indeed involved in adhesion, or whether this is achieved by different components sharing the same glycan epitope with FACs. Here we have determined the polypeptide sequences of FACs using peptide mapping by LC–MS/MS. Unexpectedly, FACs share the same polypeptide backbone (termed CaFAP1), which has a domain structure of alternating Cys‐rich and Pro‐Thr/Ser‐rich regions reminiscent of the gel‐forming mucins. By developing a genetic transformation system for C. australis, we were able to directly investigate the function of CaFAP1‐based glycoproteins in vivo. GFP‐tagging of CaFAP1 revealed that it constitutes a coat around all parts of the frustule and is not an integral component of the adhesive. CaFAP1‐GFP producing transformants exhibited the same properties as wild type cells regarding surface adhesion and motility speed. Our results demonstrate that FAC glycoproteins are not involved in adhesion and motility, but might rather act as a lubricant to prevent fouling of the diatom surface.