bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FODDER PRODUCTION AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF PIGEON PEA [Cajanus cajan (L.) MILLSPAUGH] VARIETIES GROWN IN THE SUBTROPICAL REGION OF SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Buthelezi Lindokhuhle , Mupangwa John , Washaya Soul 
Published: July 2022

<p><strong>Background. </strong>Pigeon peas (<em>Cajanus cajan</em>) produce large amounts of high protein leaves that make it suitable for cultivation in arid and semiarid regions. <strong>Objective</strong>. To evaluate the biomass production and chemical composition of three pigeon pea<em> </em>varieties<em> </em>(ICEAP 00557, ICEAP 01514 and CIMMYT 100/01). <strong>Methodology.</strong> A completely randomized design was used. In two growing seasons, the plots were harvested at flowering and biomass yields were measured for fresh forage and dry matter (DM). Harvested leaves were either shade or oven-dried to a constant weight before being milled for chemical analyses. The proximate composition, mineral content, phenolic, tannin and saponnin contents were determined. <strong>Results. </strong>Varieties ICEAP 01514 and CIMMYT 100/01 yielded the highest fodder of 2620.6 and 4458.3 kg DM/ha in 2016 and 2017, respectively. Variety ICEAP 00557 produced the lowest amount of fodder in both 2016 and 2017 at 1997.6 and 2933.3 kg DM/ha, respectively. There were interactions among varieties, seasons and drying methods on proximate composition. The DM, organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were higher for ICEAP 01514 at 96.0, 88.0 and 55.3 %, respectively and digestible dry matter (DDM) (67.8 %) and metabolizable energy (ME) (9.8 MJ/kg DM) were higher for variety ICEAP 00557 in 2017. Shade drying recorded higher crude protein (CP) values (24.2-27.0 %) across all varieties with higher values occurring in 2017 compared to 2016. The interactive effect of season, pigeon peas varieties and drying method had little effect on both macro and micro- minerals except for copper (Cu) values. The ranges in macro-minerals were: calcium (Ca) (1.21-2.35), magnesium (Mg) (0.33-0.89), sodium (Na) (0.1-0.7) and phosphorus (P) (0.13-0.31 %). The ranges in micro-minerals were: iron (Fe) (206.7-283.4) and Cu (5.94-7.95 mg/kg DM). The tannins, phenolic and saponin contents were different (P&lt; 0.05) among varieties and between drying methods. Their ranges were: 2.7-8.0 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g, 13.6-15.9 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 3.4-6.1 %, respectively. <strong>Implications.</strong> Pigeon peas are suitable for farming systems in the drylands and these varieties are suitable diets for ruminants in the subtropics, where CP in the diets are low. <strong>Conclusions. </strong>Air-drying under a shade was recommended to preserve the nutritional quality of pigeon peas fodder. The macro and micro-nutrients in the pigeon peas satisfied the animal requirements, except for the deficiency in Na and Cu. The concentration of the anti-nutritive compounds in the pigeon peas will not limit animal performance.</p>
PRODUCTION SUSTAINABILITY INDEX OF ORGANIC QUINOA (Chenopodium Quinoa WILLD.) IN THE INTERANDEAN VALLEYS OF PERU
Authors: Pinedo-Taco Rember Emilio , Gómez-Pando Luz Rayda , Anderson-Berens Dylan 
Published: July 2022

<p><strong>Background</strong>. The growing demand for organic quinoa in the national and international market has contributed to the intensification of quinoa cultivation under conventional production systems, causing changes in economic, environmental and social terms in the quinoa-producing areas of the inter-Andean valleys of the highlands of Peru. <strong>Objective</strong>. The aim of the study was to analyze the economic, social and environmental sustainability of organic quinoa production in plots of five communities in the province of Andahuaylas, Peru. <strong>Methodology</strong>. Surveys with structured questions were applied to a stratified sample of 50 organic quinoa producers with a focus on sustainability. The internal consistency of the scales used was validated by Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) using the optimal scale technique and the percentage scale was determined with 0 - 24% very low level of sustainability and 100% as optimal level of sustainability. <strong>Implications</strong>. The value of economic, environmental and social indicators determines the degree of sustainability of organic quinoa production systems. <strong>Conclusions.</strong> An Economic Indicator (KI) of 42.6%, Social Indicator (IS) of 52.7% and Environmental Indicator (EI) of 53.4% were found. The General Sustainability Index (GSI) was 50.9%, which results in an average sustainability level and with critical points related to the market and adverse climatic and biotic factors.</p>
EVALUATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND P SORPTION CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL WITH DIFFERENT LAND USE IN TIGONI, KIAMBU COUNTY, CENTRAL KENYA
Authors: Rop Benard Kiplangat , Karuku George N. , Nduhiu Caroline W. 
Published: July 2022

<p><strong>Background: </strong>Phosphorous is a limiting crop nutrient in highly weathered tropical soils due to fixation, and its availability for plants’ uptake is influenced by soil physico-chemical characterics, land use type and management practices. <strong> </strong> <strong>Objective:</strong> To evaluate the relationship between selected physico-chemical properties and phosphorous sorption characteristics of a humic nitisol (Alfisol) from Tigoni, Kiambu County, central Kenya. <strong>Methodology:</strong> The soil was sampled from the same area with different land uses that include tea plantation, maize field and natural forest at 0-25, 25-50 and 50-75 cm depths. P solution at the rates of 50, 100, 150, 200 mg P L<sup>−1</sup> in a 24 h contact time were used in the study for maximum sorption. The data was analysed by simple regression and Pearson correlation analysis. <strong>Results:</strong> The adsorption data was fitted more to Langmuir model (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.9100-0.9994) compared to Freundlich (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.6815-0.9971). The values of P sorption maxima ( ) determined by Langmuir model ranged from 3,333-5,000 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> and bonding energies ( ) ranged from 0.2308-1.5385 L mg<sup>-1</sup>. The buffering capacity of soil ranged from 769-5000 L kg<sup>-1</sup> and the external P requirement at 0.2 mg kg<sup>-1</sup> ( ranged from 147-1176 mg P kg<sup>-1</sup> both increasing with soil depth. P sorption maxima were negatively and significantly correlated with organic carbon (r<sup>2</sup> = -0.700*) and Ca<sup>2+</sup> (r<sup>2</sup> = -0.703*) contents. The pH of soil and clay content were negatively correlated with adsorption parameters ( ) while Al content was positively correlated though none of them was statistically significant. <strong>Implication</strong>: The data revealed a highly P-sorbing soil particularly<strong> </strong>tea plantation, a situation that can be alleviated by management practices such as liming and enhancing soil organic matter content. Field experiments are however, recommended to validate the findings of this study. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> Land use type influences P-sorption capacity of soil hence, fertilizer recommendations should be based on soil physico-chemical characteristics besides crop nutrient requirements.</p>
CLIMATE CHANGE ADOPTION STRATEGIES BY ARABLE CROP FARMERS IN ETHIOPE EAST LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF DELTA STATE, NIGERIA: A MULTIVARIATE PROBIT APPROACH
Authors: Aramide Ikpoza Eguono , Nwachukwu N.C. , Ohwo O.A. 
Published: July 2022

<p><strong>Background:</strong> The seasonality of most agricultural activities and restricted utilization of inputs in Africa, make it particularly helpless against weather or climate related difficulties across the different phases of the production cycle. <strong>Objective:</strong> This study focused on climate change adoption strategies by arable crop farmers in Ethiope East Local Government Area of Delta State, Nigeria. <strong>Methodology:</strong> A total of one hundred and twenty (120) respondents were used for the study. Data analysis was achieved using descriptive statistics and multivariate probit (MVP) model. <strong>Results: </strong>The study revealed that the average age of the arable crop farmers was 40 years. An average income of ₦28,000 per month was earned by the arable crop farmers. The result on the various climate change adaptation strategies reveals that income diversification (85.0%) was the most utilized adaptation strategy. The result from the multivariate probit regression analysis revealed that age, farm income and extension visits have a significant impact on choice of climate change adaptation method. <strong>Implication:</strong> Households with diversified streams of income have greater chances of adopting climate change adaptation strategies because of their ability to afford them. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>An increase in age, farm income and extension visits have a significant impact on choice of climate change adaptation methods in the study area. It is therefore recommended that farmers in the study area need to expand their source of income in order to form backup savings to invest on adaptation infrastructure.</p>
GROWTH CURVES THROUGH NON-LINEAR MODELS IN CREOLE LAMBS FROM THE MIXTECA REGION OF OAXACA, MEXICO
Authors: Avalos-Castro Raul , Segura-Correa Jose C. , Palacios-Espinosa Alejandro , Romero-Santillan Fernando 
Published: July 2022

<p><strong>Background</strong>. Growth curves allow to predict the mature weight, the grow rate unto maturity, as well as the age and weight at inflexion point, to improve management on productive animals. <strong>Objective</strong>. To identify the best non-linear model (NLM), which best describe the growth curve of Creole sheep from the Mixteca region of Oaxaca, Mexico. <strong>Material and methods</strong>. The live weights of 720 sheep (438 females and 239 males) between 1 and 60 months of age were used. The NLM evaluated were: Logistic, Gompertz, Michaelis-Menten, Weibull and Mechanist. Analyzes were performed with SAS JMP software. The criteria used to select the best model were the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc), Bayesian (BIC) and coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>). <strong>Results.</strong> For females, the Mechanist and Weibull models adjusted better de data (lowest AICc, BIC), but not being differences with the Michaelis-Menten and Gompertz. For males the lowest AICc, BIC and the highest R<sup>2</sup> (0.84) values were for the Logistic, Gompertz and Mechanist models. <strong>Implications</strong>. The knowledge of the parameters of the growth curves of the creole sheep of the Mixteca region could be used for taking better decisions on the management of this type of sheep. <strong>Conclusion</strong>. According to the models, the inflection point of the growth curves was reached at a young age and a lower body weight in females than in males; therefore, different models should be used to study the growth kinetics between sexes.</p>
L’antica amicizia tra Ateniesi e Focidesi e le nuove sfide della Grecia multipolare
Authors: Franchi Elena 
Published: July 2022

According to some sources, the friendship between the Athenians and the Phokians dates back at least to the time of the First Sacred War and proved resilient enough to withstand, and adapt to, the different balances and constellations of alliances that took shape in the classical period. The bipolar Greece of the fifth century meant the Phokians had to choose between the Athenians and the Spartans. For both the Athenians and Spartans, friendship with the Phokians was important for extending their influence in central Greece and in the Delphic Amphictyony, although the Boiotian factor should not be overlooked. The years of Spartan hegemony saw the Phokians allied with the Spartans, also in an anti-Theban key, but when Spartan hegemony was on the wane, the Phokians had no choice but to allow themselves to be drawn into the Theban orbit. This represented a significant turning point: once Spartan power had diminished, Athens no longer needed to form an alliance with the Thebans against Sparta, and the new Spartan-Athenian axis offered the Phokians a fresh range of prospects. The Athenian-Phokian axis lasted also during the delicate phase of negotiations for the conclusion of the Peace of Philokrates and influenced memories of the archaic War of Krisa.
Effects of growing Coptis chinensis Franch in the natural understory vs. under a manmade scaffold on its growth, alkaloid contents, and rhizosphere soil microenvironment
Authors: Wang Yu , Mo Yu R. , Tan Jun , Wu Li X. , Pan Yuan , Chen Xia D. 
Published: July 2022

Background
The main planting modes currently used for the production of Coptis chinensis Franch are under the shade of a manmade scaffold or a natural understory. In this study, we analysed changes in the growth, development, and alkaloids of C. chinensis when grown in a natural understory compared with under a manmade scaffold. We also clarified the differences in the rhizosphere soil microenvironment, represented by soil physicochemical factors, enzyme activity, and microbial community structure of 1- to 5-year-old C. chinensis between the different planting modes. These results will provide theoretical guidance and scientific evidence for the development, application, and extension of ecological planting technologies for C. chinensis.

Results
The results of this study showed that rhizome length, rhizome diameter, and rhizome weight all increased over time in both planting modes. The greatest rhizome length was reached in 4-year-old C. chinensis, while the greatest rhizome diameter and rhizome weight were obtained in 5-year-old C. chinensis. There was no significant difference in rhizome biomass between the two planting modes. The alkaloid content of the four common alkaloids in the rhizome of 5-year-old C. chinensis at the harvest stage met the standards found in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China; the berberine content and total alkaloids in the rhizomes were significantly higher with natural understory planting compared to planting under a manmade scaffold. A redundancy analysis revealed that the physicochemical factors and enzyme activity of rhizosphere soil were significantly correlated with variation in microbial community structure. Soil pH, available potassium, bulk density, available nitrogen, catalase, and peroxidase were all significantly correlated with bacterial and fungal community structures. Among these, soil pH was the most important factor influencing the structures of the fungal and bacterial community. In the two planting modes, the differences in soil enzyme activity and microbial community structure mainly manifested in the rhizosphere soil of C. chinensis between different growth years, as there was little difference between the rhizosphere soil of C. chinensis in a given growth year under different planting modes. The levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and organic matter in the rhizosphere soil under either planting mode were closely associated with the type and amount of fertiliser applied to C. chinensis. Investigating the influence of different fertilisation practices on nutrient cycling in farmland and the relationship between fertilisation and the soil environment will be key to improving the yield and quality of C. chinensis medicinal materials while maintaining the health of the soil microenvironment.
Knowledge, attitude and practice towards bio-medical waste management among healthcare workers: a northern Saudi study
Authors: Thirunavukkarasu Ashokkumar , Al-Hazmi Ahmad Homoud , Dar Umar Farooq , Alruwaili Ahmed Mohammed , Alsharari Saleh Dhifallah , Alazmi Fahad Adel , Alruwaili Saif Farhan , Alarjan Abdullah Mohammed 
Published: July 2022

Background
Health care workers (HCWs) involved in day-to-day care and other healthcare activities play a significant role in biomedical waste (BMW) management. The World Health Organization stated some of the causes for the failure of BMW management, namely, lack of awareness of the health hazards related to BMW and inadequate trained HCWs in BMW management. The present study assessed knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) towards BMW management among the HCWs in northern Saudi Arabia.

Methodology
The present study assessed KAP through a self-administered and validated questionnaire. Using a multistage probability sampling method, 384 HCWs from different healthcare facilities participated in this survey. We performed binomial logistic regression analysis to find association between KAP subscales and sociodemographic characteristics. Spearman’s correlation test was performed to find the strength and direction of correlation (rho) between KAP scores.

Results
Of the population studied, high knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were found in 47.1%, 65.1%, and 49.5% of the HCWs, respectively. The present study found that knowledge score was significantly higher among the age group from 30 to 39 years (ref: age less than 30 years: AOR = 2.25, 95% CI [1.05–4.85], p = 0.04) and non- Saudi nationals (ref: Saudi: AOR = 2.84, 95% CI [1.63–4.94], p < 0.001) The attitude score towards BMW management was significantly lower among the HCWs working in tertiary care settings (ref: PHC: AOR = 0.38, 95% CI [0.12–0.69], p = 0.01). Regarding the practice score, the male categories had a significantly higher score (ref: female: AOR = 1.82, 95% CI [1.19 –2.99], p = 0.02), while pharmacist (ref: physicians: AOR = 0.39, 95% CI [0.18–0.58], p = 0.02) and lab technicians (ref: physicians: AOR = 0.31, 95% CI [0.11–0.53], p = 0.02) had a significant lower practice score. The test results revealed a weak positive correlation of knowledge with the attitude scores (rho = 0.249, p = 0.001), and a moderately strong positive correlation was found between attitude and practice scores (rho = 0.432, p = 0.001).

Conclusion
This study suggests that a regular training program for the HCWs on BMW management is necessary through symposiums, role play, interactive lectures, and other feasible training methods. Furthermore, a multicentric prospective exploratory study is to be conducted in other regions of the KSA to understand the region-specific training needs of HCWs.
Prospecção Tecnológica do Queijo de Leite de Cabra Tipo Coalho Condimentado e do não Condimentado
Authors: Lima Thamirys Lorranne Santos , Alves Rerisson do Nascimento , Cavalcanti Mônica Tejo , Rocha Thayse Cavalcante da , Gonçalves Mônica Correia 
Published: July 2022

O queijo Coalho é um dos produtos lácteos com o maior volume de fabricação e de consumo na Região Nordeste do Brasil, sendo produzido, principalmente, nos estados do Ceará, do Rio Grande do Norte, da Paraíba e de Pernambuco. O objetivo deste estudo prospectivo foi realizar o levantamento da quantidade de patentes, artigos, teses e dissertações a partir de termos específicos relacionados a queijo Coalho de leite de cabra como “queijo Coalho caprino, embalagem, produção e novos produtos”. As buscas foram realizadas nas bases de dados do United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), da Intellectual Property Digital Library da World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), do European Patent Office(Espacenet), do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial (INPI), do Periódicos CAPES, da Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), do Google Acadêmico e da Science Direct. Os resultados demostraram, considerando todas as bases pesquisadas, que existem 30 patentes e 12 documentos acadêmicos acerca do tema, abrindo-se uma nova perspectiva de pesquisa e inovação para o queijo de leite de cabra tipo Coalho condimentado e o não condimentado.
Projective Personification Approach to the Experience of People With Acne and Acne Scarring—Expressing the Unspoken
Authors: Tan Jerry , Chavda Rajeev , Leclerc Marjorie , Dréno Brigitte 
Published: July 2022

ImportanceThe association of acne with emotional and social well-being is not limited to active acne because acne scarring can extend long after cessation of active lesions.ObjectiveTo explore the psychosocial burden of facial and truncal acne (FTA) and acne scars (AS) in a spontaneous manner using qualitative research.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis qualitative study recruited participants via local panels. A personification exercise, “Letter to my Disease,” was developed for participants of 2 independent arms, FTA and AS, of an international qualitative study in the form of letter completion.Main Outcomes and MeasuresStudy outcomes comprised perceptions, psychosocial effects of FTA and AS, and coping behaviors.ResultsA total of 60 participants were recruited for the FTA and AS study. Among participants with FTA, 17 were women (57%), 21 (70%) were aged 13 to 25 years, and 9 (30%) were aged 26 to 40 years. Twenty-six (87%) participants had severe active acne and 4 (13%) had moderate active acne. Among participants with AS, 18 were women (60%), 9 (30%) were aged 18 to 24 years, and 21 (70%) were aged between 25 and 45 years. Of these 60 participants, 56 (FTA, 28 and AS, 28) completed the projective exercise, “Letter to my Disease,” the analysis of which is presented in the current study. During completion of the letter exercise, participants spontaneously expressed emotional and physical burden as well as the social stigma associated with their skin condition. Three major themes emerged, namely, (1) burden of the condition, (2) attitudes and beliefs, and (3) relationship to the personified condition.Conclusions and RelevanceConsistent with their skin condition, participants associated acne, through personification, with the character of an intruder and unwanted companion responsible for their poor self-esteem and emotional impairment. The findings of the joint analyses of letters (FTA and AS), as a catalytic process and free-expression space, outline the continuous burden of active acne starting from adolescence and then continuing into adulthood and beyond active lesions with AS, and highlight the struggle for self-acceptance.