bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘Force of Law’ under Construction—Sensibility, Authority, Performativity
Authors: Van Den Meerssche Dimitri 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
While the introductory chapter set out the central objectives and methodological approach of the book, Part I presents the first stage in the empirical account of how the material practice and professional orientation of international law(yers) in the World Bank have evolved in the past three and a half decades. This part focuses on the tenure of General Counsel Ibrahim Shihata (1984–2000)—a figure who had a tremendous impact on the power and practice of law in the World Bank and whose shadow still looms large in its legal vice presidency. Chapter 2 focuses on Shihata’s arrival in the World Bank and the various strategies through which he sought to enhance and embody the authority of the legal department. The institutional attitude that Shihata cultivated epitomizes a professional ideal of liberal legalism that was institutionally enforced through specific bodily habits, strategies of enrolment, transactional procedures and forms of operational leverage. In bringing an unexplored empirical archive (consisting of previously undisclosed meeting transcripts, oral archives, interviews with former legal advisors and Shihata’s academic writings) in relation with the language of performativity theory, the chapter provides an account of the fragile construction and assemblage of (a particular ideal of) legal authority inside the organization. This reveals the professional ideology and socio-technical repertoire of a salient strand of liberal legalism which Shihata enacted and which reflected a specific esprit de corps. This chapter thereby sheds light on the cultural technique of international law(yering) in this era as well as the significant authority it entailed.
Literary Rebels
Authors: Jaillant Lise 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe first transatlantic history of creative writing programmes in universities, from the 1930s onwards. How many times have you heard that creative writing programmes are factories that produce the same kind of writers, isolated from real life? Only by escaping academia can writers be completely free. Universities are profoundly conservative places, designed to favour a certain way of writing—preferably informed by literary theory. Those who reject the creative/critical discourse of academia are the true rebels, condemned to live (or survive) in a tough literary marketplace. Conformity is on the side of academia, the story goes, and rebellion is on the other side. This book argues against the notion that creative writing programmes are driven by conformity. Instead, it shows that these programmes in the United States and Britain were founded and developed by literary outsiders, who left an enduring mark on their discipline. To this day, creative writing occupies a marginal position in Anglo-American universities. The multiplication of new programmes, accompanied by rising student enrolments, has done nothing to change that positioning. As a discipline, creative writing thrives on opposition to the mainstream university, while benefiting from what the university has to offer. Even when creative writing is located within literature departments, relationships with scholars remain uneasy. Creative writers and scholars are not, and have never been, natural bedfellows.
‘I’m afraid I’ve got involved with a nut’
Authors: Jaillant Lise 
Published: October 2022

AbstractTurning from the Midwest to the South, Chapter 2 focuses on the story of James Culpepper, a young would-be writer who tried to convince William Faulkner to help him succeed in the literary world. While young Southern writers such as Flannery O’Connor launched their careers through the newly created creative writing programmes, Culpepper relied on what can be called the ‘informal mentorship model’. In this model, new writers established informal links with successful authors to gain access to publication. Drawing on previously unknown documents in the Random House records at Columbia University, the chapter highlights a key moment in the history of the American literary field: the moment when the informal mentorship model was being challenged by the model of university education and affiliation. The new model was designed to help outsiders like Culpepper get their foot on the literary ladder, without having to get sponsorship from a famous writer or move to New York City.
Fame, Fortune, and Freedom
Authors: Jaillant Lise 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe re-discovery of the individual creative writer in the 1960s benefited institutions outside the traditional academic system—including private correspondence schools. Chapter 5 takes the example of the Famous Writers School (FWS), which promised fame, fortune, and freedom to anyone who had the aptitude to become a writer. This marketing pitch addressed the aspirations of many Americans, who yearned for an autonomous life, liberated from daily commutes and household chores. The immense success of the FWS shows the consolidation and appeal of the discourse on freedom as a central characteristic of the writing life outside academia (what can be called the model of radical individualism).
Myth Maker
Authors: Jaillant Lise 
Published: October 2022

AbstractChapter 6 addresses the emergence of creative writing programmes in Britain, focusing on Malcolm Bradbury at the University of East Anglia. Throughout his career as writer-scholar, Bradbury cultivated a positioning on the margins of the establishment. Being based in Norwich, at a university deeply influenced by the American academic model, he was able to replicate what Paul Engle had done at Iowa: to create a new literary powerhouse outside traditional centres. This chapter adapts Bourdieu’s model of the ‘loser wins’ to show that creative writing in Britain was, from the start, positioned as an outsider’s discipline—built as a reaction against existing models of literary success. The enduring influence of Bradbury on the discipline is illustrated through the myth of 1970, which is often presented as the founding year in the history of university creative writing in Britain.
Kazuo Ishiguro
Authors: Jaillant Lise 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCreative writing programmes have continued to position themselves on the margins of the literary field—despite obvious signs that they are now part of the ‘system’. In his 2017 Nobel Prize lecture in Stockholm, Kazuo Ishiguro talked about his experience studying creative writing at the University of East Anglia. His tutors Malcolm Bradbury and Angela Carter helped him develop his writing style and offered practical help to launch his literary career. Chapter 8 argues that Ishiguro’s Nobel Prize award was a moment of triumph for the Anglo-American model of university creative writing, and a symbolic victory over the European model of literary production, long endorsed by the Nobel Prize Committee. But this was a double-edged victory. By consecrating a bestselling writer, the Swedish Academy also gave ammunition to the criticisms of creative writing programmes as factories producing crowd-pleasing products for the mass market.
The Future of Creative Writing Programmes in Continental Europe
Authors: Jaillant Lise 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn an ultra-competitive literary world, the global rise of creative writing courses (within and outside academia) has been largely driven by a quest forself-fulfilment and access to publishing networks. More needs to be done to understand the rapid development of these programmes around the world. There is ample scope for a spatial expansion of the field, towards Europe and Asia in particular. This book touches on the expansion of creative writing in Continental Europe in the Epilogue. It then concludes with an overview of the three models of writing careers that have shaped the literary landscape since the early twentieth century, and with an afterword by Mark McGurl.
Conclusion
Authors: Jaillant Lise 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn an ultra-competitive literary world, the global rise of creative writing courses (within and outside academia) has been largely driven by a quest for self-fulfilment and access to publishing networks. More needs to be done to understand the rapid development of these programmes around the world. There is ample scope for a spatial expansion of the field, towards Europe and Asia in particular. This book touches on the expansion of creative writing in Continental Europe in the Epilogue. It then concludes with an overview of the three models of writing careers that have shaped the literary landscape since the early twentieth century, and with an afterword by Mark McGurl.
Promoting and Democratizing Literature
Authors: Bjerke Paul , Fonn Birgitte Kjos , Halvorsen Lars Julius 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Norway’s literary policy as a central part of the cultural policy was etablished in the 1960s with the aim to preserve and protect Norwegian language and culture, improve the writers’ economy and thus also secure an aftergrowth of new voices, a stable production infrastructure and—according to library studies—public accessibility to Norwegian literature. The system is among other things based on a purchasing scheme for new Norwegian quality books for public libraries, which provides equal service throughout the country. A VAT-exemption for books contributes to stability and predictability. A library compensation fund compensates authors for income they lose from sales when their books are available in libraries, and a copy compensation fund compensates writers collectively for the use of copyrighted material. The system was originally established for fiction writers. Over the years it has—through extensive political processes—been expanded with a limited number of titles for other genres, most notably non-fiction. All evaluations conclude that it has been highly successful. The main features of the policy have been remarkably stable despite varying governments, due to a largely political consensus on objectives like democratization, free speech and diversity. This does not mean that the system has not been contested. Scholars from the fields of sociology of literature and cultural economics have shown that internationalization and liberalization have gone hand in hand with an enhanced pro-competition stance and that digital distribution contributes to putting the policy under pressure. In later years, the public-management logic has also strengthened its position at the expense of the independence of the field. There is however still robust demand for Norwegian fiction and non-fiction written by award-winning authors as well as new and interesting voices.
Negotiating Dilemmas of the Norwegian Sovereign Wealth Fund
Authors: Øvald Camilla Bakken , Tranøy Bent Sofus 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Norwegian state’s ability to combine investing abroad, with relatively moderate and rule-based fiscal spending, compares favourably with most other cases where governance structures have been exposed to large resource-driven income streams. This chapter homes in on two critical junctures in the development of the Norwegian sSovereign Wealth Fund and shows how dilemmas found stable solutions through two conceptual innovations. Established in 1990, the fund’s institutional framework evolved, with the development of a fiscal rule in 2001 and ethical guidelines in 2004 as key decision points. The fiscal rule connecting expected real return and government spending is critical for Norway’s economic policy and the ability to balance spending versus the need to save and protect the non-petroleum sector. Ethical guidelines similarly relieved the Norwegian political system of a potentially debilitating tension between the aim of maximizing financial returns and ethical considerations. However, for 30 years it has been taken for granted that the interest of future generations equals wealth which in turn equals financial savings abroad. The climate agenda and the emerging consensus on the need for a green transition may challenge the terms upon which the two great dilemmas described in this chapter has been resolved until now.
The Swedish Child Vaccination Programme
Authors: Blomqvist Paula 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Swedish child vaccination programme (CVP) has a long history and can be seen as a successful policy in several ways. First, it has had programmic success in that it has led to all serious infectious diseases it covers having been eliminated or reduced so that they no longer pose a public health threat in Sweden. This success is explained by the endurance of the programme and the high level of vaccine uptake it managed to create early on after its establishment in the 1950s. The programme also enjoys processual and political success in that the scientific evidence and considerations on which it is based are presented openly to the public, while the actors involved in its creation and maintenance typically express pride in this. The universal CVP offers vaccines free of charge to all children residing in the country against altogether 11 communal diseases. During the Covid-19 pandemic, vaccination became a hot topic in the public debate and anti-vaccination sentiments grew. Despite this, the willingness to take Covid-19 vaccines turned out to be very high in Sweden, an outcome that is believed to have been facilitated by the documented high level of trust in the CVP.
Civil Protection Policies in Iceland
Authors: Bernharðsdóttir Ásthildur Elva , Hrafnsdóttir Steinunn 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this chapter we analyse the level of success of the co-production between civil protection authorities and voluntary organizations in the development and operation of Iceland´s emergency system. The voluntary organizations in focus are the Icelandic Search and Rescue Team (ICE-SAR) and the Icelandic Red Cross (IRC). In our analysis we use the PPPE assessment framework and McConnell´s (2010) spectrum approach to assess the level of success of the collaboration between these parties. Our key argument is that this collaboration between authorities and associated policymaking can be classified as a full to resilient success.
Quality in Finnish Comprehensive Schools
Authors: Kauko Jaakko , Pitkänen Hannele , Varjo Janne 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Evaluation of Finnish comprehensive schools is based on an enhancement-led evaluation model. The model is rooted in historical features of the education and governance systems and a gradual articulation since the 1990s. It builds on the idea that evaluation must benefit, not control, the system being evaluated. The model’s entrenchment has made it possible to oppose the global push for test-based accountability. Finnish education policy supports sample-based testing instead of high-stake standardized testing for whole age cohorts; it is also impossible to form ranking lists that make schools compete through their performance. The chapter concludes that the original programme has successfully endured for decades and has faced little opposition. In addition, the legitimation of a trust-based model is high and can bring political kudos to all the actors involved. Processual shortcomings lacking transparency and discussion make the success only partial. An unresolved contributing feature is the relationship between local and national evaluations. These principles and the process of evaluation have become better articulated through the establishment of the Finnish Education Evaluation Centre, and centralization also brings risks of more radical changes.
Housing First
Authors: Juhila Kirsi , Raitakari Suvi , Ranta Johanna 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The chapter focuses on the public policy to reduce long-term homelessness in Finland, and especially on the success story of this policy starting from 2007 onwards. The year 2007 has been described as a turning point in the policy, as since then, combatting long-term homelessness in Finland had been based mainly on the idea of Housing First. The chapter presents the outset and narrative of this success story and addresses possible signs of non-success of the Finnish Housing First model. It first describes the turn of the Finnish homelessness policy towards Housing First and how it has been narrated as an accomplishment of certain key actors and constructed as a unique and internationally appreciated model. The chapter then explicates the contents and achievements of the four governmental programmes on reducing long-term homelessness (2008–2022). Finally, the level of success of the Finnish Housing First model is evaluated; depending on the viewpoint it can be described as a full success, a resilient success, or as a conflicted success (see McConnell 2010).
The historian’s craft (1)
Authors: Gheeraert-Graffeuille Claire 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter compares Lucy Hutchinson’s earlier relation of her husband’s role during the Civil War between 1642 and 1645—‘the Notebook’ now kept at the British Library—with the corresponding account in the Memoirs. In the Notebook, Lucy Hutchinson was offering a defence of her husband as a governor of the town and castle of Nottingham; she had not conceived the full project of the Memoirs as a monument to his memory yet. But this does not mean she lacked historiographical and literary ambition. This chapter first charts how, in both narratives, Lucy Hutchinson exploits romance tropes so as to give shape and meaning to the confused realities of the Civil War. Second, it shows how she unremittingly fathoms the treacherous motives of the Colonel’s alleged friends and adversaries during the same period.
Conclusion
Authors: Gheeraert-Graffeuille Claire 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The conclusion highlights the superimposition of two views of history in the Memoirs. They first offer a disenchanted, tragic vision of the English Revolution, associated with the defeat of the Good Old Cause and the death of Colonel Hutchinson. But taken as a whole, the Memoirs propose a way out of this tragic perplexity at the time of Puritan defeat. Through the Colonel’s martyrdom, they convey the promise of a godly republic and better times to come for the saints. From this perspective, Lucy Hutchinson’s Memoirs may be construed as a counter-history of the English Revolution capable of challenging official historiography in the Restoration age.
Disciplining Meter
Authors: Eldridge Hannah Vandegrift 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter outlines the stakes of nineteenth-century metrical theory and practice by situating metrical thinking within the context of nineteenth-century German culture, the years after Klopstock’s death and leading up to Nietzsche’s career. It demonstrates that for the nineteenth century, questions of meter overlap with and even determine questions of disciplinary identity and cultural difference. The chapter tracks the migration of metrical theory through classical philology’s disciplinary crisis in the years between 1801 and 1870 as well as into new disciplines such as Germanic and historical linguistics, musicology, and music theory. It reveals that obscure figures such as Gottfried Herrmann, Carl Fuchs, and Rudolf Westphal as well as better known ones such as Schopenhauer, Wagner, and Eduard Hanslick were crucial parts of the nextwork of Nietzsche’s interlocutors.
Achieving Consistency in Sentencing
Authors: Harris Lyndon 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Consistency in sentencing is widely considered to be an essential component of a fair sentencing system; but what is consistency? This work argues that it incorporates both procedural and substantive elements, focusing upon the proper application of principle. In doing so, the notion of comparing ‘like’ cases is rejected as simplistic, impractical, and unprincipled. It is argued that a more principled approach reconciles the tension between consistency and individualized justice which has been argued to exist. In the face of clear and consistent empirical evidence—from multiple jurisdictions—of inconsistency in the face of an absence of structure, it is vital that discretion at sentencing is structured in a way which encourages sentences to be imposed in accordance with the principles underpinning the scheme while maintaining the ability to individualize sentences. It seeks to analyse various methods of structuring discretion and in doing so, uses England and Wales as a ‘case study’. England and Wales has a developed system of appellate guidance at sentencing in addition to a narrative guidelines system which is now two decades old. As such, there is much to analyse and many lessons to be learned, for England and Wales and other jurisdictions. The latter part of this work therefore examines the tripartite relationship between the primary givers of guidance: Parliament, the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division), and the Sentencing Council, and draws conclusions (good and bad) as to way in which consistency can be achieved.
Are individualized justice and consistency incompatible?
Authors: Harris Lyndon 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the perceived tension between the concept of consistency and individualized justice. There is literature which suggests that the two concepts are ‘in perennial conflict’. Chapter 4 argues that this view is based on a misunderstanding of the concept of individualized justice. Rather, it is argued that viewing the concept as loose and tending towards a rehabilitative disposal in a particular case is incorrect; on the contrary, a conception of individualized justice which focuses on the proper application of the principles underpinning the particular sentencing scheme in question to the unique aspects of the case at hand promotes principled sentencing which, in accordance with the definition offered in Chapter 2 promotes consistency. With such an approach, the apparent tension between the two concepts evaporates.
Mistake and Misrepresentation in Hong Kong Contract Law
Authors: Lee Rebecca 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the doctrines of mistake and misrepresentation in Hong Kong contract law. It shows that whilst the relevant laws are largely Anglo-centric, Hong Kong courts have become more receptive to developments in other common law jurisdictions. In commercial cases, where commercial certainty and protection of the freedom of contract are paramount, the Hong Kong courts have arguably gone even further than their English counterparts in entrenching a restrictive doctrine of mistake and misrepresentation in practice. Further, the chapter also shows that the scope and remedial consequences of the two doctrines are very different, reflecting the different policy considerations underlying the formation and vitiation of contract.