bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Models (NAGARCH & APGARCH) by Using Simulations
Authors: Dhaher Alwan Heba , Najm Abdulla Suhail 
Published: July 2022

Simulation experiments are a means of solving in many fields, and it is the process of designing a model of the real system in order to follow it and identify its behavior through certain models and formulas written according to a repeating software style with a number of iterations. The aim of this study is to build a model that deals with the behavior suffering from the state of (heteroskedasticity) by studying the models (APGARCH & NAGARCH) using (Gaussian) and (Non-Gaussian) distributions for different sample sizes (500,1000,1500,2000) through the stage of time series analysis (identification , estimation, diagnostic checking and prediction). The data was generated using the estimations of the parameters resulting from the application of these models to the return series for the exchange rates of Iraqi dinar against US dollar (IQ/USD) for the period from (21/7/2011) until (21/07/2021) and then using these estimations in the process of generating data. The identifications were made using the (Ljung-Box and ARCH tests) with (1000 replicates) and the result showed the presence of states (autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity) and this states increased with increasing the sample size and the best result of NAGARCH with Normal distribution and the best result of APGARCH with General error distribution. The Maximum Likelihood Estimation method used to estimate the parameters of the models and the best result with largest sample size (2000) , in the diagnostic checking phase the result showed the ability of the models (NAGARCH & APGARCH) to process the states of (autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity) and the best result with (APGARCH) model when the error distributed (General error distribution)
Bayes Analysis for the Scale Parameter of Gompertz Distribution
Authors: A. Naser Al-Obedy Jinan 
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we investigate the behavior of the bayes estimators, for the scale parameter of the Gompertz distribution under two different loss functions such as, the squared error loss function, the exponential loss function (proposed), based different double prior distributions represented as erlang with inverse levy prior, erlang with non-informative prior, inverse levy with non-informative prior and erlang with chi-square prior.
The simulation method was fulfilled to obtain the results, including the estimated values and the mean square error (MSE) for the scale parameter of the Gompertz distribution, for different cases for the scale parameter of the Gompertz distribution, with different samples sizes. The estimates have been compared in terms of their mean-squared error (MSE).
The results of this paper show that bayes estimators of the scale parameter of the Gompertz distribution, under the exponential loss function (proposed) are superior to the bayes estimators under the squared error loss function , based on erlang-chi-square double prior with for all samples sizes and for all the true values of , in terms of their mean-squared error (MSE)
Using Genetic Algorithm to Estimate the Parameters of the Gumbel Distribution Function by Simulation
Authors: Jasim Mohammed Salam , Khalid Khudair Ali , Kadhum shaffeq Shurooq 
Published: July 2022

In this research, the focus was on estimating the parameters on (min- Gumbel distribution), using the maximum likelihood method and the Bayes method. The genetic algorithmmethod was employed in estimating the parameters of the maximum likelihood method as well as the Bayes method. The comparison was made using the mean error squares (MSE), where the best estimator is the one who has the least mean squared error. It was noted that the best estimator was (BLG_GE).
The Effect of the Corona Pandemic (covid-19) on the Quality of the Auditor’s Reporting by Application to Iraqi Economic Units
Authors: Ghazi Zghair Nawfal , H. Yahya Al-Temimi Abbas 
Published: July 2022

Abstract:
The research aims to shed light on the Corona pandemic and its repercussions on the global economy in general, and on the activities of Iraqi economic units in particular. It also aims to show the impact of the auditor’s reporting on the effects of the Corona pandemic on economic units and its reflection on the quality of his reporting. To achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher prepared a questionnaire according to the five-point Likert scale and took into account in its preparation compatibility with the characteristics of the study community, and that the target community for this questionnaire are the economic units listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange that have completed their final accounts for the year 2020 (the year of the pandemic) , the number of (62) economic units, auditors working in the Federal Office of Financial Supervision and private auditing companies and offices, as well as academics specialized in this field, based on the following hypotheses:
1- There is no statistically significant correlation between the auditor’s reporting on the impact of the Corona pandemic and the auditor’s reporting quality.
2- There is no statistically significant effect between the auditor’s reporting on the impact of the Corona pandemic and the auditor’s reporting quality.
The research sample was represented by a group of auditors working in the Federal Office of Financial Supervision and private auditing companies and offices, as well as academics specialized in this field working in the accounting departments of Iraqi universities.

The most prominent finding of the research is that it is necessary for the auditor to reconsider amending the method of obtaining audit evidence, for the purpose of allowing him to finally reach a neutral technical opinion about the fairness of the financial statements, as well as relying on information technologies and other new methods in his work. In addition, the auditor should consider using new procedures to facilitate the audit process, in order to avoid delays in obtaining the information and data necessary to complete the audit in a timely manner.
The Impact of Governance Mechanisms on the Accounting Disclosure of the Sustainable Development of Iraqi Economic Units
Authors: Nazar Mostafa AL-Sarraf Sarah , Fadil Al-Taie Bushra 
Published: July 2022

The research aims to demonstrate the impact of governance mechanisms on the quality of financial reports in the light of the accounting disclosure for sustainable development represented in (accounting disclosure for economic development, accounting disclosure for environmental development, and accounting disclosure for social development) in a sample of banks listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange.
Governance mechanisms were measured by evaluating and analyzing the mechanisms in banks for the research sample consisting of (15) banks, based on the governance guide issued by the Central Bank, as well as the banks’ financial reports for the years 2016 -2018, and the dimensions of accounting disclosure for sustainable development were measured through the use of a form. The survey, which is one of the sources of obtaining data and information related to the accounting disclosure on sustainable development. In preparing the form, the researcher relied mainly on the indicators issued by the (GRI), especially the index (G4), and the form (70) forms were distributed to a sample of bank employees, the sample of the research.
The study model and hypothesis were built based on the literature of previous studies, and the simple and multiple linear regression method was used to test the hypotheses. Senior management and lack of transparency in information disclosure and financial reporting, and the most important thing that the research recommends is activating governance mechanisms in banks that have a positive impact on the relationship between accounting disclosure for sustainability. Development, as it limits the opportunistic behavior of management and encourages banks to achieve more transparency in financial reporting.
Expansión rápida del maxilar: una revisión de literatura
Authors: Vallejo Luis , Vallejo Karla , Collantes Jenny , Rockenbach Cristina 
Published: July 2022

Antecedentes: Hace varias décadas atrás han existido asimetrías faciales transversales y longitudinales en el momento del crecimiento óseo, es debido a esto que autores como Haas empezaron a utilizar la disyunción rápida de los maxilares, en donde se visualizó que estos aparatos guían el crecimiento, mejoran la respiración y corrigen las asimetrías dentofaciales. Los aparatos más utilizados son el Haas y Hyrax, los cuales tienen el mismo objetivo y únicamente se diferencian por el tipo de confección e higiene. Objetivo: El propósito de esta revisión bibliográfica es determinar los efectos positivos producidos por la RME Hyrax y Haas sobre los defectos dentofaciles transversales especialmente clase III y la respiración en niños en etapa de crecimiento. Materiales y Métodos: El tipo de investigación realizada fue descriptiva, estableciendo como muestra los artículos publicados entre los año 2006 al 2021, los cuales fueron recolectados y hallados en las bases PubMed y Science Direct, empleando los términos de búsqueda en ingles effects AND maxilla AND orthodontics AND palatal expansion technique AND children y sus homólogos en español, los cuales se buscaron a través de la página web de descriptores en ciencias de la salud (DeSC) y que fueron determinados por el PICO de la presente investigación. Se consideraron como criterios de inclusión casos clínicos, revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis realizados desde el año 2006 al 2021, que cumplieran el criterio de investigación y como criterios de exclusión se eliminó cualquier divulgación de libros, tesis y monografías publicados desde el año 2006 al 2021. El total de artículos encontrados en las diferentes páginas de búsquedas fueron 21, de los cuales 11 fueron extraídos de PubMed (National Library of Medicine) y 10 artículos sacados de Science Direct, los cuales nos ayudaron al desarrollo de la presente revisión bibliográfica. Conclusión: La expansión rápida del maxilar transversal tiene como resultado la apertura de la sutura de 12 a 14 mm, siendo así el efecto positivo más importante producido por el RME Hyrax y Haas que resuelve defectos dentofaciales transverslaes y ayuda a la expansión de la cavidad nasal mejorando la calidad respiratoria en niños en edades de crecimiento.
Correlação da função motora e respiratória de indivíduos com distrofia muscular de Duchenne
Authors: Garção Diogo Costa , Andrade Poliana , Santos Tatiane de Oliveira , Silva Raquel Prado da , Santos Vívian Fernandes dos , Déda Arthur Valido , Nascimento Jadson , Oliveira Jeison Saturnino de , Fraga Byanka Porto , Moreira Olga Sueli Marques 
Published: July 2022

Uma vez que a fraqueza gradual dos músculos respiratórios, principalmente o diafragma, induz complicações respiratórias, o acompanhamento da função pulmonar de pessoas com Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é primordial. Vale destacar que essa deficiência no sistema respiratório é a maior causa de morte de pacientes com DMD. Objetivou-se correlacionar a função motora e respiratória de indivíduos com DMD. Foram avaliados 14 indivíduos sendo subdivididos 09 no grupo estudo e 05 no grupo controle; todos do gênero masculino, com faixa etária de 11,3 (± 0,5) anos. A avaliação foi realizada através das escalas para medida de função motora (MFM), Elgen Klassifikation (EK) e exames de espirometria e manovacuometria. As variáveis da MFM, EK, espirometria e manovacuometria foram analisadas por meio do teste t - student (p<0.05). Foram considerados valores significativos entre função motora e variáveis espirométricas e pressões respiratórias analisados através do índice de correlação de Pearson. Foi demonstrada significativa redução da função motora e maior dependência funcional de indivíduos com DMD. As avaliações espirométricas e manovacuométricas evidenciaram redução da função pulmonar, e as correlações foram significativas, evidenciando forte relação entre o declínio da função motora concomitante à função pulmonar. Os resultados deste estudo apontam que o comprometimento da função motora prediz a intensidade das alterações respiratórias. Pode-se concluir que, nos indivíduos com DMD a função motora e respiratória são reduzidas de acordo com o avanço da idade; e que o desempenho funcional e as condições respiratórias estão diretamente associados. Sugere-se que o tratamento respiratório deve ser realizado combinado ao tratamento do desempenho funcional.
Three-dimensionally rendering of the sphenoid bone of adolescents using Materialise’s Interactive Medical Image Control System software
Authors: Lisboa Luiz Eduardo de Oliveira , Carelli Júlia , Morais Nathaly Dias , Moro Alexandre , Küchler Erika Calvano , Brancher João Armando , Foggiatto José Aguiomar , Torres Maria Fernanda Pioli 
Published: July 2022

The main goal of this study was to reconstruct three-dimensionally (3D) the sphenoid bone of adolescents with the software Materialise Mimics to test the accuracy and reliability of craniometric measurements performed with the software. The study was conducted according to Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) was performed in adolescents before the orthodontic treatment as part of the orthodontic records. The CBCT images were exported as DICOM (Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine) files, in a universal format, with a voxel size of 0.3 mm and sphenoid bone was three-dimensionally rendered with Software Materialise Mimics. Ten sphenoid measurements were performed in triplicate by two trained examiners. The studied population was composed of 26 adolescents, 16 females (61.5%), and 10 males (38.5%) with a mean age of 12.5 years (SD= 1.7). 60 measurements were taken and the intra and inter-examiner accuracy revealed a high degree of data reproducibility (Kappa test higher than 0.90). The reconstruction and rendering of the images obtained by CBTC allowed anatomical details of the sphenoid bone to be measured with very high reproducibility. The Software Materialise Mimics allows you to analyze anatomical structures in detail and presents useful tools to optimize craniometry analyses.
Pacientes oncológicos pediátricos submetidos à amputação como tratamento do osteossarcoma
Authors: Magalhães Letícia Fernanda de , Almeida Gabrielle Souza , Mosquini Juliany da Costa Estral , Silva Emanuelle Toneto Souza , Ferreira Lavínia Chixaro de Sousa , Henz Fernanda Kokkonen , Leite Cleber Queiroz , Romani Ana Maria , Santos Brian França dos 
Published: July 2022

Em primeira análise, é válido ressaltar que o osteossarcoma é uma patologia cancerígena, caracterizada pela dor progressiva dos ossos e por vezes das partes moles, podendo resultar em fraturas ósseas. Tal moléstia, não tem especificidade de grupos de pessoas para ocorrência, mas prevalece em homens, sendo raro o desenvolvimento de sintomas sistêmicos. A biópsia é o principal exame para confirmação diagnóstica, com auxílio de exames de imagem. O tratamento é baseado em quimioterapia, e a intervenção cirúrgica para retirada do tumor também é uma opção, a depender do caso. Outrossim, por vezes, está indicada a amputação do membro acometido, avaliando-se a gravidade da situação. O esclarecimento do quadro clínico para a família, bem como para o paciente são primordiais, devendo-se enfatizar a importância do acompanhamento psicológico. Diante disso, existem casos de osteossarcomas metastáticos, em que a terapia baseia-se apenas em cuidados paliativos, para alívio dos sintomas, oferecendo dignidade no enfrentamento do processo de saúde-doença e assim, proporcionando ao enfermo a melhor qualidade de vida possível até o fim de seus dias e dando suporte a família no momento do luto.
Morphological and Biochemical Investigation of the Healing Effects of Exercise on High Fat Diet Induced Kidney and Bladder Damage
Authors: AÇIKEL ELMAS Merve , BİNGÖL ÖZAKPINAR Özlem , KOLGAZİ Meltem , ŞENER Göksel , ERCAN Feriha 
Published: July 2022

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the ameliorative effects of swimming training on renal and bladder damage caused by a highfat diet (HFD) using morphological and biochemical measurements.
Methods: Sprague Dawley rats were fed either standard chow (CONT, 6% fat) or HFD (45% fat) for 18 weeks, these rats were divided into two subgroups at the last 6 weeks of the experiment. The exercise groups (CONT+EXC, HFD+EXC) were trained daily swimming sessions (1 h per day for 5 days/week) during the last 6 weeks. Kidney and bladder samples were prepared for light and electron microscopic examination at the end of experiment. Malondialdehyde, glutathione, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α were measured by biochemically.
Results: Regular morphology of the renal cortex and bladder mucosa was observed in the CONT and CONT +EXC groups. Degenerated renal corpuscles and proximal tubules in the kidney and degenerated urothelium with leaky tight junctions and mast cell increase in the bladder mucosa were observed in the HFD group. Ameliorated renal cortex and bladder mucosa were observed in the HFD+EXC group. In addition, malondialdehyde, glutathione, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels were also consistent with the histological findings.
Conclusion: HFD-induced renal and bladder damage may be related to increased oxidative damage. It was observed that the histological damage and altered oxidative stress parameters could be reversed by swimming training, and it is thought that moderate swimming exercise may play a role in regulating oxidative stress.
Acute Surge of Atypical Memory and Plasma B-Cell Subsets Driven by an Extrafollicular Response in Severe COVID-19
Authors: Lee Taeseob , Kim Yuri , Kim Hyun Je , Ha Na-Young , Lee Siyoung , Chin BumSik , Cho Nam-Hyuk 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundDespite the use of vaccines and therapeutics against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, this severe disease has been a critical burden on public health, whereas the pathogenic mechanism remains elusive. Recently, accumulating evidence underscores the potential role of the aberrant B-cell response and humoral immunity in disease progression, especially in high-risk groups.MethodsUsing single-cell RNA (scRNA) sequencing analysis, we investigated transcriptional features of B-cell population in peripheral blood from COVID-19 patients and compared them, according to clinical severity and disease course, against a public B-cell dataset.ResultsWe confirmed that acute B cells differentiate into plasma cells, particularly in severe patients, potentially through enhanced extrafollicular (EF) differentiation. In severe groups, the elevated plasma B-cell response displayed increased B-cell receptor (BCR) diversity, as well as higher levels of anti–severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (anti–SARS-CoV-2) spike antibodies in plasma, than those in moderate cases, suggesting more robust and heterogeneous plasma cell response in severe COVID-19 patients. Trajectory analysis identified a differentiation pathway for the EF B-cell response from active naïve to atypical memory B cells (AM2), in addition to the emergence of an aberrant plasma cell subset (PC2), which was associated with COVID-19 progression and severity. The AM2 and PC2 subsets surged in the acute phase of the severe disease and presented multiple inflammatory features, including higher cytokine expression and humoral effector function, respectively. These features differ from other B-cell subsets, suggesting a pathogenic potential for disease progression.ConclusionThe acute surge of AM2 and PC2 subsets with lower somatic hypermutation and higher inflammatory features may be driven by the EF B-cell response during the acute phase of severe COVID-19 and may represent one of the critical drivers in disease severity.
Bioinformatics and In Silico Findings Uncover Bio-Targets of Calycosin Against Heart Failure and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Xu Hongyuan , Qin Jingru , Qin Lixiu , Guo Chao , Yang Bin 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundHeart failure (HF) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are life-threatening diseases. However, existing clinical drugs to treat HF complicated with DM are relatively limited. In this study, we performed a viable bioinformatics strategy combining network pharmacology and molecular docking to identify potential anti-HF and -DM targets and therapeutic mechanisms of calycosin, a functional phytoestrogen.MethodsWeb-based databases were used to collect candidate genes/targets of calycosin and HF/DM and then identify the hub bio-targets of calycosin against HF/DM. Using the online-available database, all functional processes and signaling pathways of calycosin against HF/DM were screened and identified before further visualization.ResultsAll potential bio-targets of calycosin and HF/DM were collected, and 20 hub targets of calycosin against HF/DM were identified. Interestingly, molecular docking findings indicated that mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 (MAPK1), β-arrestin 1 (ARRB1), and homologue-1 (ABL1) may be potent pharmacological targets of calycosin against HF/DM. In addition, all primary molecular functions of calycosin against HF/DM were identified, including regulating protein binding, ubiquitination, and the metabolic process. Furthermore, the top molecular pathways of calycosin against HF/DM were revealed, including cardiomyocyte and chemokine signaling pathways.ConclusionOur bioinformatics analysis uncovered the network targets and therapeutic mechanisms of calycosin against HF/DM. For the first time, the current in silico findings revealed that the identified hub targets may be used to screen and treat HF/DM.