bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilogue
Authors: Eldridge Hannah Vandegrift 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis brief epilogue summarizes the suggestions that three centuries of metrical thinking provide for a contemporary understanding of what meter is and what it does. It emphasizes that meter cannot be defined once and for all, since its definition as well as practice differ drastically, and these differences are important for understanding its cultural and aesthetic importance. It reiterates that meter is not a matter of objective phonological measurement, even when poets or theorists say that it is; rather, metrical theory and practice rest on culturally specific norms and ambitions; those norms and ambitions work with and on bodily perception and characteristics of language. It reminds readers that as Klopstock, Nietzsche, and Grünbein show, although the way we think about meter and the way we experience it are shaped by our cultural and historical moment, theories and experience are not fully determined by culture and history—and thus both ideas about and experiences of meter can develop, opening up new forms of poetic experience.
Fraud, Misrepresentation, and Mistake in Indian Contract Law
Authors: Krishnaprasad KV 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines fraud, misrepresentation and mistake as contractual vitiating factors in Indian law. It advances three main arguments. First, the provisions of the Indian Contract Act 1872 that govern fraud and misrepresentation suffer from a drafting flaw. Once the drafting error is recognized, it is clear that the Act regulates the contractual consequences of fraud and misrepresentation in two stages: a consent-based first stage and a more pluralistic second stage. Second, the second paragraph of section 19 of the Act allows a mis-representee to claim that he be ‘put in the position in which he would have been if the representations made had been true’. This provision treats all pre-contractual representations as though they were enforceable promises. This is indefensible. Third, nineteenth century English Courts were faced with the task of reconciling Pothier’s ‘will theory’ with the English doctrine of objectivity. This conflict is also reflected in the Act. Understanding this tension has the potential to yield significant insights into the way in which the Act regulates mistakes.
Misrepresentation and Mistake in Singapore Contract Law
Authors: LOI Kelry CF 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter sets out the law in Singapore relating to the vitiation of contracts on the grounds of misrepresentation and mistake. First, this chapter identifies the legal requirements and doctrinal bases of an operative pre-contractual misrepresentation which, when established, means that the contract is ‘voidable’ or susceptible to rescission or being set aside. It also emphasizes the close connection between misrepresentation and mistake, in that an operative misrepresentation is simply a mistaken belief induced by a mis-statement. Secondly, this chapter sets out the elements and doctrinal bases of different categories of mistakes, as well as the effect of these different types of mistakes on the validity of contracts. These include common fundamental mistake, non est factum, unilateral mistake as to terms, mistake as to identity and common mistake as to terms. Some mistakes may render a contract void, voidable, or susceptible to rectification. Thirdly, apart from examining the vitiating effect of mistakes and misrepresentations on the validity of contracts, this chapter also considers whether they may lead to monetary awards.
Mistake, Fraud, and Misrepresentation in Taiwanese Law: A Comparative Study
Authors: CHEN Tsung-fu 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In order to enforce the principle of party autonomy, any defect in consent may influence the validity of a contract in the law of Taiwan. The Taiwanese Civil Code entitles a mistaken party to avoid a contract, provided that he is not at fault. It is irrelevant whether the other party or any third parties make false statements. The knowledge of the other party does not affect the mistaken party’s right to avoidance, although it influences his claim to reliance damages after the contract has been avoided. A party making a statement is entitled to avoid a contract where there is an error as to the content of the declaration or in making the declaration (e.g. a slip of the tongue). Errors in motive generally do not affect the validity of a contract unless they concern certain characteristics of a person or of the object of the contract. In the law of fraud, an intention to deceive the other party is needed, and mere negligent misrepresentation does not entitle the other party to avoid a contract for fraud. As a general rule, silence cannot amount to fraud, unless there are special circumstances. Where a third party is guilty of fraud, the victim may avoid the contract only if the other party knew or should have known of the fraud. A fraudulent person is liable for damages under both tort law and the law of contract.
‘He Is Athletic and a Lover of All Legitimate Sports’
Authors: McLeod Hugh 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
With the increasing involvement in sport by religious groups of many kinds, some sport came to be specially associated with a specific denomination or current of thinking. Examples include the long-running love affair between the Church of England and cricket, the mystique of the bicycle for Nonconformists and indeed for radicals of all kinds, and the prominence of Jews in boxing, especially in the early decades of the twentieth century. At the same time some sports have continued to be controversial, and some fell under attack from parts of the religious world while being defended by others. One example was boxing which was championed by Anglicans and Catholics, as well as Jews, but often condemned by Nonconformists. A second would be fox hunting, which was attacked both by Nonconformists and by some Anglicans, but practised by many Anglicans, including clergymen. A third was that of horse racing and other sports in which betting played a central part. Bitterly condemned by Nonconformists and by many Anglicans, they were defended by other Anglicans, and by Catholics. But the longest running debate concerned women’s sports, and especially the question of whether some sports were ‘masculine’ and thus ‘unfeminine’ or even damaging to women’s health. The interesting point is that religion played little overt part in this latter debate.
Identifying Future-Proof Science
Authors: Vickers Peter 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Is science getting at the truth? The sceptics—those who spread doubt about science—often employ a simple argument: scientists were ‘sure’ in the past, and then they ended up being wrong. Such sceptics draw on dramatic quotes from eminent scientists such as Lord Kelvin, who reportedly stated at the turn of the 20th century ‘There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now’, shortly before physics was dramatically transformed. They ask: given the history of science, wouldn’t it be naïve to think that current scientific theories reveal ‘the truth’, and will never be discarded in favour of other theories? Through a combination of historical investigation and philosophical-sociological analysis, Identifying Future-Proof Science defends science against such potentially dangerous scepticism. It is argued that we can confidently identify many scientific claims that are future-proof: they will last forever, so long as science continues. How do we identify future-proof claims? This appears to be a new question for science scholars, and not an unimportant one. It is argued that the best way to identify future-proof science is to avoid any attempt to analyse the relevant first-order scientific evidence, instead focusing purely on second-order evidence. Specifically, a scientific claim is future-proof when the relevant scientific community is large, international, and diverse, and at least 95 per cent of that community would describe the claim as a ‘scientific fact’. In the entire history of science, no claim meeting these criteria has ever been overturned, despite enormous opportunity.
Hume's Imagination
Authors: Magri Tito 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This book proposes a new and systematic interpretation of the nature, function, structure, and importance of the imagination in Book 1, Of the understanding, of Hume’s Treatise of Human Nature. The proposed interpretation has deeply revisionary implications for Hume’s philosophy of mind and for his naturalism, epistemology, and stance to scepticism. The book remedies a surprising blind spot in Hume scholarship and contributes to the current, lively philosophical debate on imagination. Hume’s philosophy, if rightly understood, gives suggestions about how to treat imagination as a mental natural kind, its cognitive complexity and variety of functions notwithstanding. Hume’s imagination is a faculty of inference and the source of a distinctive kind of ideas, which complement our sensible, mental representation of objects. Our cognitive nature, restricted to the representation of objects and of their relations, would leave ordinary and philosophical cognition seriously underdetermined and expose us to scepticism. Only the non-representational, inferential faculty of the imagination can put in place and vindicate ideas like causation, body, and self, which support our cognitive practices. The book reconstructs how Hume’s naturalist inferentialism about the imagination develops this fundamental insight. Its five parts deal with the dualism of representation and inference; the explanation of generality and modality; the production of causal ideas; the production of spatial and temporal content and the distinction of an external world of bodies and an internal one of selves; and the replacement of the understanding with imagination in the analysis of cognition and in epistemology.
The Ultimate Judge of All Systems of Philosophy
Authors: Magri Tito 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The imagination has a complex role in Hume’s epistemology. The science of human nature has explicit epistemological, foundational aims and some of its explanations postulate our grasp of epistemic distinctions. It is thus a pressing question whether epistemic aims and distinctions are consistent with the overarching cognitive role of the imagination. Hume’s complex response to this question consists, in the first place, in proposing a posteriori identifications of epistemic distinctions with properties of the activities of the imagination. Once their reference is fixed, he proceeds to specify their conceptual character as distinctively epistemic (not just pragmatic). The ideas of truth and of fidelity of our faculties are crucial in this respect. Finally, the naturalistic faculty of the imagination can be made consistent with epistemic value and authority by resorting to Hume’s general sentimentalist naturalism about normativity. The imagination comes in this way to replace reason in all its epistemic roles.
The Consolidation of Natural Philosophy
Authors: McGrath Alister E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the rise of natural philosophy during the Middle Ages in western Europe, particularly in universities such as Paris. Although earlier writers in this field, such as Bede, did not draw on Aristotle, medieval discussion of natural philosophy was clearly fashioned along Aristotelian lines. While Christian writers such as Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas played an important part in developing forms of Aristotelian natural philosophy, this chapter also considers the significant role of medieval Jewish and Islamic writers in this development. The role of other approaches to natural philosophy during this period, including magic and alchemy, are also considered, as are the factors leading to the gradual decline of Aristotelian natural philosophy in the later medieval period.
The Politics of Social Inclusion in Collective Skill Formation Systems
Authors: Geyer Leonard , Durazzi Niccolo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWhich policies aimed at expanding access to collective skill formation systems receive political support and which ones are likely to be successful? This chapter answers this question by analysing social inclusion policies which were implemented successfully and policies that were proposed, debated but ultimately quashed in Austria and Germany since the 1990s. By theorizing and scrutinizing empirically the preference formation process of trade unions, firms, employers’ organizations, and governments, we shed light on the multi-faceted and variable coalitional politics of socially inclusive measures and draw four conclusions. First, coalitions in favour or against inclusive measures can feature both class conflict and cross-class coalitions. Second, left-leaning governments and unions are most likely to show first-order preferences towards inclusive measures. Third, inclusive measures are politically most feasible when they do not impinge on the efficiency and control dimension. Finally, governments can soften employers’ stance towards socially inclusive measures by granting them more control over the administration of the measures. In sum, the findings highlight the political constraints towards fostering social inclusion through vocational training in the knowledge economy and show how governments can overcome them.
The Credibility of Vocational Qualifications as a Barrier to Increasing the Flexibility of Collective Skill Formation Systems
Authors: Maurer Markus 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses the conditions for the development of policies for the validation or recognition of prior learning (RPL) in collective skill formation systems, with a focus on Switzerland. It compares the Swiss case with similar reforms in statist skill formation systems (focusing on France and Sweden) as well as other collective skill formation systems (focusing on Germany). The chapter demonstrates that key actors in collective skill formation systems, notably employers and representatives of labour market insiders, are mostly unsupportive of RPL schemes, which they fear will diminish the high credibility of existing vocational qualifications. As a result, only more restrictive forms of RPL schemes are established in collective skill formation systems (e.g. providing access to final exams), if at all. That Switzerland is an outlier in this regard, with its attempts to promote comparatively liberal forms of RPL, does not contradict such findings. Rather, the fact that such forms have evolved in the more statist sub-systems (e.g. in Geneva) and have faced considerable implementation challenges simply adds to the granularity of this chapter’s argument.
Green Shoots of Economic Recovery
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The virus had brought in a ‘New Normal’ and largely changed the economic landscape and business environment. While the lockdown brusquely brought businesses to a halt, economic activity and market sentiments saw an uptick with the opening of the Indian economy in Unlock 1.0. The chapter explores factors which resulted in exhibiting signs of green shoots amidst a pandemic. Key macroeconomic indicators such as goods and services tax, IIP, automobile sales, inflation, Sensex, surging foreign exchange reserves etc. were all showing an upbeat and reasons to cheer as far as economic recovery was concerned. Rural employment numbers were showing an improvement and aggressive implementation of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee (MGNREGA) scheme by the government was bearing fruit.
Macroeconomic Perspective
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
To minimize the negative impact on the health of its citizens, ‘India chose to sacrifice its economy and save lives’— ‘जान हैं तो जहान हैं’. A nationwide lockdown beginning 25 March 2020 was announced. The downside of any Lockdown is that economic activity and production come to an abrupt standstill and the economy gets halted in its track of economic growth. Subsequently, in June 2020, the Indian Government with a viewpoint of ‘जान भी जहान भी’— ‘Lives as well as livelihoods’ had decided to open the Lockdown in a phased manner and restart the economy. The chapter discusses in depth the macroeconomic impact of the virus on India and its effect on GDP growth and other key macroeconomic indicators. It explores the possibility of a V, U, K etc. shaped recovery and also looks into the demand and supply-side disruption that the pandemic had led to.
Q2FY22 GDP: Indian Economy on Recovery Track
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Indian economy witnessed a real GDP growth rate of 8.4% in Q2FY22 as against a contraction of 7.4% in Q2FY21. On the demand side, amongst the four growth engines, private final consumption expenditure, which constitutes 54.5% of total GDP, exhibited a growth rate of 8.6%, gross fixed capital formation, commonly referred to as investments, rose by 11%, while government expenditure increased by 8.7%. An improved macroeconomic scenario that had set the Indian economy back on the recovery track was an outcome of the abatement of the second virus wave in Q2, resulting in easing the state-wise and regional lockdowns coupled with increased vaccination coverage. The moot point is with steady progress in covid-19 vaccinations leading to an improved business scenario and consumer confidence levels slowly and steadily reviving, it had resulted in rating agencies, brokerage, and financial institutions revising their forecast numbers for India’s GDP growth rate for FY22. The chapter discusses in detail the macroeconomic scenario that was prevalent on Q2FY22 which had helped the country achieve a real GDP growth rate of 8.4%.
Atmanirbhar Bharat
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In the backdrop of the pandemic, the main driver of economic growth for any nation is increased Government spending and ensuring credit availability and ample liquidity in the financial system of the economy. With the Prime Minister vying for Indians being ‘आत्मनिर्भर’, ie self-reliant and ‘Vocal for Local, the chapter discusses fiscal and monetary policy measures and Atmanirbhar schemes adopted to mitigate the adverse economic impact of the virus. The stimulus package was largely a mix of monetary and fiscal with ease of doing business processes being worked upon and some fundamental reforms being announced. The Indian Government was seen announcing structural reforms and working towards making the nation into an alternative attractive manufacturing destination and maximizing the opportunity presented by the pandemic.
Agricultural Reform: Need for Effective Communication
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Whenever an attempt had been made to reform the agricultural sector, the government faced strong resistance from the vested interests in the guise of farm leaders. One must bear in mind that the Farmers Produce Trade and Commerce (Promotion and Facilitation) Act 2020 did not encroach upon the APMC act, it only promoted free movement of farm produce, inter-state and intra- state trade and allowed them to trade outside the boundaries of deemed markets earmarked under State agricultural market regulations. One cannot fathom how enabling farmers to have direct access to markets and breaking the monopoly of mandis was against the well-being of farmers? How would bringing transparency in the agricultural sector, opening up market access, and giving them the benefit of ‘my crop, my right’ be against the interests of farmers? The chapter discusses the need for effective and transparent communication that should have taken place between the Government and farmer leaders. The government should have directly engaged the agitating farmers and convinced them that the three farm laws were in their interests. If needed, the government should have also resorted to engaging experts and social leaders.
Disinvestment of Air India
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
With the Tatas being declared as the successful bidder for the ailing Air India, the national carrier has finally made its way back home to its original address. The chapter explores how through this much-awaited big-ticket disinvestment process, the government has been able to give a clear-cut signal about its intention of moving ahead with its economic reforms agenda. The landmark deal has again brought the spotlight on the Modi government’s aggressive reform agenda and helped in instilling confidence amongst domestic and foreign investors. Additionally, it also discusses how ground- breaking deal has had its fair share of criticisms levied on the pretext that: Is it right to sell the family silver or the so- called national symbol of the country?
Functional Autonomy to Banks
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A stable financial sector is a prerequisite for the smooth functioning of any business and provides confidence to investors and consumers. With the COVID- 19 pandemic negatively impacting the GDP of countries across the world and resulting in an ever-changing environment, risk prudence was reflective of being sagacious but risk aversion was also not advisable. In light of the pandemic, the 21st issue of the Financial Stability Report (FSR), July 2020 of the Reserve Bank of India, presented a grim picture of the status of Non- Performing Assets (NPAs) in India. The report also highlighted the fact that in response to the pandemic, an amalgamation of fiscal, monetary, and regulatory interventions had ensured a close to normal functioning of the Indian financial markets. The RBI, in response to this worrisome situation, had proposed a three-month moratorium in March 2020 along with a freeze in ratings of customers who were availing of the loan so that it would not impact their credit scores. The chapter discusses how the need of the hour was a calibrated approach of stimulus to be provided by RBI to those sectors only which were still bearing the brunt of the pandemic and a blanket approach to all was not advisable as individuals and corporates were taking undue advantage and unnecessarily deferring payments. It delves into solutions and recomtions that in terms of structural reforms that could make the Indian financial sector more robust and how if given adequate functional autonomy NPAs could be kept to a minimum.
Patenting Crucial Medicines
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
With the onslaught of the second wave of the pandemic wreaking havoc on the lives of people across the world, especially in India, there was a growing urgency to have 100% of the population vaccinated at the earliest. The challenge lay in the demand-supply mismatch, mainly due to the limited production capacity of vaccines. To bridge this gap, there was a growing clamour to invoke the provision of Compulsory Licensing under the Indian Patent Act 1970, as was done a decade back for the treatment of cancer. In October 2020, India and South Africa applied to the World Trade Organization to relax provisions in the international agreements which regulate Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) for medicines and vaccines required for treatment and prevention of COVID- 19, which was backed by the developing countries. The chapter discusses how a humanitarian approach was needed and there might not be any complaints or opposition if traditional norms were violated, whether at the level of WTO or at the domestic front. On the flip side, would it not be better than a balanced approach was adopted, keeping in view not just immediate vaccine supply but also future requirements.