bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saline Versus Balanced Crystalloids for Adults With Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Subgroup Analysis of the SMART Trial
Authors: Mistry Akshitkumar M. , Magarik Jordan A. , Feldman Michael J. , Wang Li , Lindsell Christopher J. , Fusco Matthew R. , Chitale Rohan V. , Bernard Gordon R. , Self Wesley H. , Rice Todd W. , Hughes Christopher G. , Mistry Eva A. , Semler Matthew W. 
Published: May 2022

Background
Whether the composition of intravenous crystalloid solutions affects outcomes in adults with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) remains unknown. Therefore, we determined whether the use of saline is associated with a lower risk of disability and death in patients with aSAH compared with balanced crystalloids.

Methods

We conducted a post hoc subgroup analysis of SMART (Isotonic
S
olutions and
M
ajor
A
dverse
R
enal Events
T
rial), a pragmatic, unblinded, cluster‐randomized, multiple‐crossover clinical trial that enrolled 15 802 adults between June 2015 and April 2017. We compared IV administration of saline to balanced crystalloids in consecutively enrolled patients with aSAH aged 18 years or older whose ruptured aneurysm was procedurally secured at a single academic center in the United States. The primary outcome was the score on the modified Rankin scale (range, 0 [no symptoms]–6 [death]) at 90 days obtained from a prospective institutional stroke registry. Secondary outcome included death by 90 days. Logistic or proportional odds regression models were used to test for between‐group differences adjusted for age, hypertension, aSAH grade, and procedure type.

Results

Of the 79 patients with aSAH procedurally treated during the Isotonic Solutions and Major Adverse Renal Events Trial study period, 78 were enrolled (median age, 58 years; interquartile range, 49–64.5; 64% female), with 41 (53%) assigned to saline and 37 (47%) to balanced crystalloids. Plasma‐Lyte was the primary balanced crystalloid used. Among 72 patients with 90‐day modified Rankin scale assessment, the adjusted common odds ratio, for the modified Rankin scale was 0.68 (95% CI, 0.28–1.63;
P
=0.39), with values <1.0 favoring saline. By 90 days, 2/39 patients (5%) in the saline group and 9/35 (26%) in the balanced‐crystalloids group had died (adjusted common odds ratio, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.00–0.50;
P
=0.02).

Conclusions
Among procedurally treated patients with aSAH, the risk of disability or death at 90 days did not significantly differ between saline and balanced crystalloids. Death occurred less frequently with saline than balanced crystalloids.
Topographical Analysis of Aneurysm Wall Enhancement With 3‐Dimensional Mapping
Authors: Raghuram Ashrita , Varon Alberto , Sanchez Sebastian , Ishii Daizo , Wu Chaorong , Magnotta Vincent A. , Hasan David M. , Koscik Timothy R. , Samaniego Edgar A. 
Published: May 2022

Background
Aneurysm wall enhancement has been identified as a potential biomarker for aneurysm instability. Enhancement has been determined by different approaches on 2‐dimensional multiplanar views. This study describes a new method to quantify enhancement through 3‐dimensional (3D) heatmaps and histograms.

Methods
A custom algorithm was developed using orthogonal probes extending from the aneurysm lumen into the wall to create 3D heatmaps and histograms of wall enhancement on 7T magnetic resonance imaging. Three quantitative metrics for general, specific, and focal wall enhancement were generated from the histograms.

Results

Thirty‐two aneurysms were analyzed and classified based on 3D heatmaps and histograms. Larger aneurysms were more enhancing (Spearman
r
=0.472;
P
=0.006) and had more heterogeneous enhancement (Spearman
r
=0.557;
P
<0.001) than smaller aneurysms. Patterns of enhancement differed between saccular, fusiform, and thrombosed aneurysms. Fusiform aneurysms were larger (
P
=0.015) and had more heterogenous enhancement compared with saccular aneurysms. Fusiform aneurysms had more areas of focal enhancement (
P
<0.001) and right‐skewed histograms (
P
=0.003).

Conclusion
The 3D analysis of aneurysm wall enhancement provides topographic data of the entire aneurysm wall. New metrics developed based on this method show that large and fusiform aneurysms have heterogenous enhancement.
Premature Deindustrialization Risk in Asian Latecomer Developing Economies
Authors: Taguchi Hiroyuki , Tsukada Yuta 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This study examines the risk of premature deindustrialization in latecomer developing countries in Asia, focusing on their manufacturing output ratio. Diverging from the literature that treats Asian economies as a group with comparative advantages in manufacturing, this empirical analysis adopts the latecomer index to demonstrate downward shifts in the latecomers’ manufacturing–income relationship, implying a premature deindustrialization risk. Furthermore, it shows that the risk is higher for manufacturing trade-deficit countries (compared with trade-surplus countries) and for South Asian countries (compared with Southeast Asian countries). Therefore, Asian economies should improve their logistics performance for greater global value chain participation to avoid premature deindustrialization.
Full-Span Log-Linear Model and Fast Learning Algorithm
Authors: Takabatake Kazuya , Akaho Shotaro 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe full-span log-linear (FSLL) model introduced in this letter is considered an nth order Boltzmann machine, where n is the number of all variables in the target system. Let X=(X0,…,Xn-1) be finite discrete random variables that can take |X|=|X0|…|Xn-1| different values. The FSLL model has |X|-1 parameters and can represent arbitrary positive distributions of X. The FSLL model is a highest-order Boltzmann machine; nevertheless, we can compute the dual parameter of the model distribution, which plays important roles in exponential families in O(|X|log|X|) time. Furthermore, using properties of the dual parameters of the FSLL model, we can construct an efficient learning algorithm. The FSLL model is limited to small probabilistic models up to |X|≈225; however, in this problem domain, the FSLL model flexibly fits various true distributions underlying the training data without any hyperparameter tuning. The experiments showed that the FSLL successfully learned six training data sets such that |X|=220 within 1 minute with a laptop PC.
Snowpack driven streamflow predictability under future climate: contrasting changes across two western Canadian river basins
Authors: Shrestha Rajesh R. , Dibike Yonas B. , Bonsal Barrie R. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change induced snowpack loss is affecting streamflow predictability, as it becomes less dependent on the initial snowpack conditions and more dependent on meteorological forecasts. We assess future changes to seasonal streamflow predictability over two large river basins, Liard and Athabasca in western Canada, by approximating streamflow response from the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) hydrologic model with the Bayesian regularized neutral network (BRNN) machine learning emulator. We employ the BRNN emulator in a test-bed ensemble streamflow prediction system by treating VIC simulated snow water equivalent (SWE) as a known predictor, and precipitation and temperature from GCMs as ensemble forecasts, thereby isolating the effect of SWE on streamflow predictability. We assess warm-season mean and maximum flow predictability over 2041-2070 and 2071-2100 future periods against 1981-2010 historical period. The results indicate contrasting patterns of change, with the predictive skills for mean flow generally declining for the two basins, and marginally increasing or decreasing for the headwater subbasins. The predictive skill for maximum flow declines for the relatively warmer Athabasca basin, and improves for the colder Liard basin and headwater subbasins. While the decreasing skill for the Athabasca is attributable to substantial loss in SWE, the improvement for the Liard and headwaters can be attributed to an earlier maximum flow timing that reduces the forecast horizon and offsets the effect of SWE loss. Overall, while the future change in SWE does affect the streamflow prediction skill, the loss of SWE alone is not a sufficient condition for the reduction in streamflow predictability.
Seasonality of the Mesoscale Inverse Cascade as Inferred from Global Scale-Dependent Eddy Energy Observations
Authors: Steinberg Jacob M. , Cole Sylvia T. , Drushka Kyla , Abernathey Ryan P. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Oceanic mesoscale motions including eddies, meanders, fronts, and filaments comprise a dominant fraction of oceanic kinetic energy and contribute to the redistribution of tracers in the ocean such as heat, salt, and nutrients. This reservoir of mesoscale energy is regulated by the conversion of potential energy and transfers of kinetic energy across spatial scales. Whether and under what circumstances mesoscale turbulence precipitates forward or inverse cascades, and the rates of these cascades, remain difficult to directly observe and quantify despite their impacts on physical and biological processes. Here we use global observations to investigate the seasonality of surface kinetic energy and upper-ocean potential energy. We apply spatial filters to along-track satellite measurements of sea surface height to diagnose surface eddy kinetic energy across 60–300-km scales. A geographic and scale-dependent seasonal cycle appears throughout much of the midlatitudes, with eddy kinetic energy at scales less than 60 km peaking 1–4 months before that at 60–300-km scales. Spatial patterns in this lag align with geographic regions where an Argo-derived estimate of the conversion of potential to kinetic energy is seasonally varying. In midlatitudes, the conversion rate peaks 0–2 months prior to kinetic energy at scales less than 60 km. The consistent geographic patterns between the seasonality of potential energy conversion and kinetic energy across spatial scale provide observational evidence for the inverse cascade and demonstrate that some component of it is seasonally modulated. Implications for mesoscale parameterizations and numerical modeling are discussed.

Significance Statement
This study investigates the seasonality of upper-ocean potential and kinetic energy in the context of an inverse cascade, consisting of energy transfers to and through the mesoscale. Observations show a scale-dependent cycle in kinetic energy that coincides with temporal variability in mixed layer potential energy and progresses seasonally from smaller to larger scales. This pattern appears dominant over large regions of the ocean. Results are relevant to ocean and climate models, where a large fraction of ocean energy is often parameterized. A customizable code repository and dataset are provided to enable comparisons of model-based resolved and unresolved kinetic energy to observational equivalents. Implications result for a range of processes including mixed layer stratification and vertical structure of ocean currents.
Confidence and Communication Preferences on Weather Forecasts among University Students in Spain
Authors: Gómez Igor , Valor Enric , Molina Sergio , Niclòs Raquel , Caselles Vicente 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Weather forecasts affect many persons’ lives and are used by the general public on a daily basis. However, they are not perfect, and there is an uncertainty associated with the current weather forecasts; users should be aware of this uncertainty. Previous research analyzes the perceptions, uses, and interpretations of uncertainty of Spanish undergraduate students. This study continues with this research line, but we investigate the degree of confidence and communication preferences of students enrolled in three meteorology-related subjects taught at two universities in Spain. We evaluated to what extent students trust in the current weather forecasts and analyzed how students are aware of the uncertainty associated with the forecasts considering different lead times. In addition, we assessed how students value the forecast of several weather elements as well as the students’ preferences for deterministic versus nondeterministic forecasts under two weather situations, with different degree of complexity in the forecast communication. A Google Form questionnaire was developed to address these issues. The survey was conducted in 2018/19, and 101 participants anonymously filled out the survey. Participants were enrolled in three different subjects taught in the degree in marine sciences at the University of Alicante and the degrees in environmental sciences and physics at the University of Valencia. Results show that students have a well-formed opinion of weather forecasts, both for confidence and in relation to the trend found in the current weather forecasts toward less accurate forecasts for larger lead times. For students’ preferences for deterministic versus nondeterministic forecasts, a significant majority of participants prefer weather forecasts that incorporate some uncertainty; a minority prefer single-valued (deterministic) forecasts. In comparing our results with those found in previous studies in different countries and contexts, similar outcomes are observed in general, but some differences are highlighted as well.
Brain MRI features of anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate (anti-NMDA) receptor encephalitis secondary to central nervous system infection in adult patients
Authors: Piao Sirong , Bao Yifang , Yang Liqin , Zhang Yi , Hu Bin , Li Haiqing , Geng Daoying , Li Yuxin 
Published: May 2022

Background Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis secondary to central nervous system (CNS) infection is a unique subtype of the autoimmune-mediated disease, of which the imaging features are unclear. Purpose To compare the brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features between the anti-NMDAR encephalitis secondary to CNS infection and that without initial infection. Material and Methods A total of 70 adult patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis were retrospectively enrolled (24 in the post-infection group, 46 in the non-infection-related group). Their clinical and imaging features (lesion distribution, lesion shape, enhancement pattern, brain atrophy) were reviewed and summarized. Lesion distributions were compared between the two groups on lesion probability maps. Results The patients with normal brain MRI scans in the post-infection group were less than those in the non-infection related group (29% vs. 63%; P = 0.0113). Among the 24 patients in the post-infection group, visible lesions were shown at the anti-NMDAR encephalitis onset in 17 patients; lesion distribution was more diffuse than the non-infection-related group, showing higher lesion peak probabilities in the bilateral hippocampus, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, insula, and cingulate. The lesions with contrast enhancement were also more common in the post-infection group than the non-infection-related group (7/13 vs. 2/10). Brain atrophy was observed in eight patients in the post-infection group and three in the non-infection-related group. Conclusion Anti-NMDAR encephalitis secondary to CNS infection has its imaging features—extensive lesion distribution, leptomeningeal enhancement, early atrophy, and necrosis—that could deepen the understanding of the pathophysiology and manifestation of the autoimmune encephalitis besides the classic type.
Upregulation of PKN1 as a Prognosis Biomarker for Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Govorov Igor , Attarha Sanaz , Kovalevska Larysa , Andersson Emil , Kashuba Elena , Mints Miriam 
Published: May 2022

Background Several markers of survival among endometrial cancer (EC) patients have been proposed, namely, the oncoprotein stathmin, RAF kinase inhibitor (RKIP), Cyclin A, GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3), and growth and differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15). Their elevated expression correlated significantly with a high stage, serous papillary/clear cell subtypes, and aneuploidy. In a previous study, we reported the elevated expression of the serine/threonine protein kinase N1 (PKN1) in cancerous cells. In the present paper, we studied PKN1 expression in EC tissues from a large cohort of patients, to determine whether PKN1 can serve as a marker for the aggressiveness and prognosis of EC, and/or as a marker of survival among EC patients. Methods Tissue samples from EC patients were examined retrospectively for tumor type, tumor size, FIGO stage and grade, depth of invasion in the myometrium, and presence of lymph node metastasis. The PKN1 protein expression in EC cells was assessed by immunohistochemistry. PKN1 mRNA levels were analyzed in publicly available databases, using bioinformatic tools. Results We found that expression of PKN1 at the mRNA and proteins levels tended to increase in high-grade EC samples (P = .0001 and P = .06, respectively). In addition, patients with metastatic disease had higher PKN1 mRNA levels (P = .02). Moreover, patients with high PKN1 expression could be characterized by poorer survival. Conclusions We have shown a trend of the higher PKN1 expression levels in EC patients with poor prognosis. Therefore, PKN1 might be considered as a candidate prognostic marker for EC.
Typical structure of rRNA coding genes in diplonemids points to two independent origins of the bizarre rDNA structures of euglenozoans
Authors: Hałakuc Paweł , Karnkowska Anna , Milanowski Rafał 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Members of Euglenozoa (Discoba) are known for unorthodox rDNA organization. In Euglenida rDNA is located on extrachromosomal circular DNA. In Kinetoplastea and Euglenida the core of the large ribosomal subunit, typically formed by the 28S rRNA, consists of several smaller rRNAs. They are the result of the presence of additional internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) in the rDNA. Diplonemea is the third of the main groups of Euglenozoa and its members are known to be among the most abundant and diverse protists in the oceans. Despite that, the rRNA of only one diplonemid species, Diplonema papillatum, has been examined so far and found to exhibit continuous 28S rRNA. Currently, the rDNA organization has not been researched for any diplonemid. Herein we investigate the structure of rRNA genes in classical (Diplonemidae) and deep-sea diplonemids (Eupelagonemidae), representing the majority of known diplonemid diversity. The results fill the gap in knowledge about diplonemid rDNA and allow better understanding of the evolution of the fragmented structure of the rDNA in Euglenozoa.

Results
We used available genomic (culture and single-cell) sequencing data to assemble complete or almost complete rRNA operons for three classical and six deep-sea diplonemids. The rDNA sequences acquired for several euglenids and kinetoplastids were used to provide the background for the analysis. In all nine diplonemids, 28S rRNA seems to be contiguous, with no additional ITSs detected. Similarly, no additional ITSs were detected in basal prokinetoplastids. However, we identified five additional ITSs in the 28S rRNA of all analysed metakinetoplastids, and up to twelve in euglenids. Only three of these share positions, and they cannot be traced back to their common ancestor.

Conclusions
Presented results indicate that independent origin of additional ITSs in euglenids and kinetoplastids seems to be the most likely. The reason for such unmatched fragmentation remains unknown, but for some reason euglenozoan ribosomes appear to be prone to 28S rRNA fragmentation.
Neonatal cholestasis is an early liver manifestation of children with acid sphingomyelinase deficiency
Authors: Wang Neng-Li , Lin Jing , Chen Lian , Lu Yi , Xie Xin-Bao , Abuduxikuer Kuerbanjiang , Wang Jian-She 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Patients with acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) may be referred to a hepatologist for liver manifestations. This study summarized the liver manifestations of patients with ASMD in the early disease course.

Methods
This study enrolled ASMD patients diagnosed by genetic tests between July 2016 and December 2020 in a national pediatric liver center. The significance of low High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) for aid diagnosis of ASMD in infancy was explored by reviewing 160 consecutive infants with liver manifestations, who underwent both genetic tests and lipid profile studies, between January 2020 and December 2020.

Results
A total of 7 patients were diagnosed as ASMD, and 10 known disease-causing variants were identified. Hepatosplenomegaly, elevated transaminases, and liver foam cells were observed in all the 7 patients at age ranging from 4 to 31 months. Low HDL-C was detected in 5 patients, cherry red spot in 4 patients, development delay in 3 patients, and interstitial lung diseases in 1 patient. Three ASMD patients developed cholestasis around 1 month of age, and bilirubin levels normalized at age ranging from 3 to 10 months. They had persistently elevated transaminases and hepatosplenomegaly, and died within 4 years of age. Among the 160 infants with liver manifestations, 125 (78.1%) had low HDL-C. Fifty-four had both low HDL-C and splenomegaly, including 48 cholestatic infants, but only 1 (1.9%, 1/54) infant without cholestasis was diagnosed as ASMD.

Conclusions
ASMD can manifest as neonatal cholestasis in the early disease course. Cholestasis is a pitfall when low HDL-C is used for aid diagnosis of ASMD in infants with splenomegaly.
At-home sample collection is an effective strategy for diagnosis and management of symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 carriers
Authors: Humphreys Devon P. , Gavin Kathleen M. , Olds Kaylan M. , Bonaca Marc P. , Bauer Timothy A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Diagnostic testing accessibility and asymptomatic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 present major challenges for curbing and preventing community prevalence of COVID-19. At-home sample collection for molecular testing provides a convenient and effective solution for disease containment and prevention.

Methods
This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, case-control study. Our primary aim was to determine the prevalence and relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 among asymptomatic versus symptomatic individuals using at-home sample collection kits for diagnosis. Participants included adults from across the United States who completed a COVID-19 Home Collection kit between May 2020 and September 2021. Main measurements included self-reported symptoms and at-home self-collected anterior nasal swab RT-PCR test results for SARS-CoV-2.

Results
Data from 282,831 individuals were included in this analysis. The overall SARS-CoV-2 prevalence of at-home test takers was low compared to national averages during this period (3.28% vs. 7.68%). Those reporting no symptoms were at lower risk of positive test results compared to those with symptoms (risk ratio: 0.080, 95% CI, 0.078–0.082). However, of all positive SARS-CoV-2 tests, 48.75% were from individuals reporting no symptoms at the time of testing.

Conclusions
We conclude that at-home sample collection is a viable option and potentially important strategy for improving access to testing, detecting asymptomatic cases, and curbing preventable transmission of COVID-19.