bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The field and its prosthesis: Archiving Arctic ecologies in the 1920s
Authors: Bruun Johanne M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper examines the topological entanglements between the naturalistic field and natural history archives, arguing that the spatial categories of ‘field’ and ‘archive’ should be considered in terms of their indexical relations. Conceptually, it points to the prosthetic qualities of the archive, namely its capacity to simultaneously delimit and expand the field by facilitating novel ways of seeing and knowing it. The field, in turn, is a necessary source of plant and animal matter without which there is no archive. Bringing together geographical literatures on ‘field’ and ‘archive’ with literature on cultures and practices of collecting, this intervention is at once conceptual and empirical. The conceptual debate is hinged to, and inspired by, the practices of collecting, classifying, and ordering Arctic ecologies by the three Oxford University Arctic Expeditions to Spitsbergen (now Svalbard) in 1921–24. These expeditions have been hailed as significant episodes in the history of ecology. While ecology as a discipline shared an ordering impulse with the archive, early twentieth‐century ecologists were explicitly distancing themselves from practices they associated with ‘armchair science’. This paper exemplifies how field–archive dialogue remained central to the practices of ecology. Reading field collecting and subsequent specimen analysis as processes of active archiving, the paper hones in on select moments and practices which connected Spitsbergen‐as‐field and UK archival institutions, such as the British Museum of Natural History. In doing so, the paper draws out the distributed nature of archive and field alike, pointing to the non‐limited locality of both localised field operations and archival practices, as well as the co‐constitutional nature of these two sites of knowledge production.
Zonal Detached Eddy Simulation of the Fan-Outlet Guide Vanes Stage of a Turbofan Engine: Part II—Broadband Noise Predictions
Authors: Polacsek Cyril , Daroukh Majd , François Benjamin , Barrier Raphael 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This paper (Part II) presents the broadband noise predictions of a turbofan stage based on a hybrid method proposed by ONERA in the framework of the European project TurboNoiseBB. The numerical approach relies on a ZDES (Zonal Detached Eddy Simulation) strategy that is applied to a fan module at approach conditions and tested in AneCom facility (Wildau, Germany). The ZDES method with main aerodynamic flow features is detailed in a companion paper (Part I), and this one focuses on acoustic analyses. Acoustic codes based on Amiet's theory and FWH (Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings) analogy, both taking into account for duct propagation effects, are briefly described in the article and chained to the computational fluid dynamics to assess the rotor–stator interaction (RSI) noise (focusing on stator sources). The required inputs are the turbulent wake information (issued from either Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) or ZDES) in front of the stator and the unsteady pressure on the vane wall, respectively. Turbulent velocity profiles and velocity spectra are compared to hot-wire measurements in the interstage region. A nice agreement is globally observed with a clear improvement compared to RANS solutions. Then, sound power spectra in the intake and bypass duct provided by acoustic codes are discussed and compared to the experiment. Reliable numerical predictions are obtained when undesirable additional sources in the rear-chord region (believed to be caused by local flow detachments from the vane leading edge and near the trailing edge) are removed from the FWH surface integration. ZDES + FWH spectra are found to be not so far from RANS + Amiet ones, with a best fitting to the experimental spectrum shape and predicted levels 3 dB below the measurements.
A Synergy-Based Approach for the Design of a Lower-Limb, Cable-Driven Exosuit
Authors: Jorge Daniel Rodriguez , Bermejo-Garcìa Javier , Jayakumar Ashwin , Romero-Sánchez Francisco , Alonso Francisco Javier 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A novel, synergy-based design for lower-limb, gait assistance exosuits is proposed in this paper. The general design philosophy is followed by the mathematical model that leads to the exosuit’s actuation system design from a certain set of postural synergies, which may reduce the number of total required actuators and, thus, the overall system weight and price. Cable extensions are chosen as the design variable upon which the principal component analysis is performed, given the high resulting cumulative variance that is obtained with few principal components. Expressions for the pulley radii are then derived and a general exosuit design is proposed, along with a novel transmission system that can combine any number of actuators to follow the gait movements from a synergy perspective. A basic testbench is also presented with such a transmission system implemented and an empirical set of results are shown with a varying number of actuators, proving that cable extensions and synergy-based design provide an excellent solution when reducing the number of actuation units in a walking-assistance exosuit.
Free Convection Heat Transfer From a Spherical Shaped Open Cavity
Authors: Vakacharla Bharat Kumar , Rana Basanta Kumar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A computational work is performed on laminar free convection from an isothermally heated spherical shaped open cavity with negligible wall thickness suspended in the air. Fluid flow and heat transfer are analyzed in detail by solving governing differential equations (continuity, momentum, and energy) numerically over wide ranges of the relevant dimensionless parameters, namely, Rayleigh number, 104 ≤ Ra ≤ 108; and height to diameter ratio, 0.15 ≤ h/D ≤ 0.95. The detailed behavior of thermal and flow fields is delineated by suitable visualization techniques for different Ra and h/D. The influence of Ra and h/D on the local and average Nusselt number is also predicted and it is observed that the average Nusselt number on both outer and inner surfaces decreases with the increase of h/D for a constant value of Ra. A suitable correlation for the net average Nusselt number is obtained for the spherical-shaped open vessel surface as a function of Ra, and h/D based on the computed data points, which is expected to be relevant for various academic and industrial operations. This study can be helpful in various industrial operations, such as heat treatment of foodstuffs, shield surfaces, thermal insulations, melting of polymer pellets, and fluidized reactors.
Hospitalization and mortality in patients with COVID-19 with or at risk of type 2 diabetes: data from five health systems in Pennsylvania and Maryland
Authors: Yeh Hsin-Chieh , Kraschnewski Jennifer L , Kong Lan , Lehman Erik B , Heilbrunn Emily S , Williams Pamela , Poger Jennifer M , Francis Erica , Bryce Cindy L 
Published: June 2022

ObjectiveTo identify the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes across a 12-month period in 2020 and 2021.Research design and methodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study using electronic health records from five academic health systems in Pennsylvania and Maryland, including patients with COVID-19 with type 2 diabetes or at risk of type 2 diabetes. Patients were classified based on 30-day outcomes: (1) no hospitalization; (2) hospitalization only; or (3) a composite measure including admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), intubation, or death. Analyses were conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes and patients at risk of type 2 diabetes separately.ResultsWe included 15 725 patients with COVID-19 diagnoses between March 2020 and February 2021. Older age and higher Charlson Comorbidity Index scores were associated with higher odds of adverse outcomes, while COVID-19 diagnoses later in the study period were associated with lower odds of severe outcomes. In patients with type 2 diabetes, individuals on insulin treatment had higher odds for ICU/intubation/death (OR=1.59, 95% CI 1.27 to 1.99), whereas those on metformin had lower odds (OR=0.56, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.71). Compared with non-Hispanic White patients, Hispanic patients had higher odds of hospitalization in patients with type 2 diabetes (OR=1.73, 95% CI 1.36 to 2.19) or at risk of type 2 diabetes (OR=1.77, 95% CI 1.43 to 2.18.)ConclusionsAdults who were older, in racial minority groups, had multiple chronic conditions or were on insulin treatment had higher risks for severe COVID-19 outcomes. This study reinforced the urgency of preventing COVID-19 and its complications in vulnerable populations.Trial registration numberNCT02788903.
Efficacy and safety of the combined metabolic medication, containing inosine, nicotinamide, riboflavin and succinic acid, for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy: a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel group clinical trial (CYLINDER)
Authors: Kharitonova Tatiana , Shvarts Yury G , Verbovoy Andrey F , Orlova Natalia S , Puzyreva Valentina P , Strokov Igor A 
Published: June 2022

IntroductionAntioxidants may have positive impact on diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN), presumably due to alleviation of oxidative stress. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination of antioxidants: succinic acid, inosine, nicotinamide, and riboflavin (SINR) in the treatment of DPN.Research design and methodsIn a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, men and women aged 45–74 years with type 2 diabetes and symptomatic DPN, with initial Total Symptom Score (TSS) ˃5, were randomized into experimental (n=109) or placebo (n=107) group. Patients received study medication/placebo intravenously for 10 days, followed by oral administration for 75 days. Statistical significance was defined as a two-tailed p<0.05.ResultsIn SINR group, mean TSS change after 12 weeks was –2.65 (±1.46) vs –1.73 (±1.51) in the placebo group (p<0.0001; t-test). Reduction of symptoms in the SINR group was achieved regardless of hemoglobin A1c levels, but better results were observed in patients with initial TSS <7.5. The analysis of TSS subscores revealed statistically significant between-group differences by dynamics of the intensity of paresthesia and of numbness starting from day 11 (p=0.035 and p=0.001, respectively; mixed model); by day 57, statistically significant between-group differences were detected also by dynamics of burning intensity (p=0.005; mixed model). Study limitations are small effect size, moderate proportion of patients with severe DPN symptoms, subjective assessment of outcomes, exclusion of participants who received injectable glucose-lowering medications other than insulins, and patients with uncontrolled and type 1 diabetes.ConclusionsThe combination of SINR effectively alleviates DPN symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT04649203; Unique Protocol ID: CTF-III-DM-2019).
Understanding transmission pathways and integrated digital surveillance potential of antimicrobial resistance in Ethiopia in a One Health approach: a mixed-method study protocol
Authors: Asaduzzaman Muhammad , Rodland Ernst Kristian , Mekonnen Zeleke , Gradmann Christoph , Winkler Andrea Sylvia 
Published: June 2022

IntroductionAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) has a critical global impact, mostly affecting low- and middle-income countries. A major knowledge gap exists in understanding the transmission pathway of the gut colonisation with AMR bacteria between healthy humans and their animals in addition to the presence of those AMR bacteria in the surrounding environment. A One Health (OH) approach is necessary to address this multisectoral problem.Methods and analysisThis cross-sectional, mixed-method OH study design will use both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. Quantitative methods will be carried out to assess the prevalence and risk factors associated with multidrug resistant Gram-negative bacteria and vancomycin-resistant enterococci in humans, animals (cattle) and the environment. The focus will be on cattle rearing as an exposure risk for AMR among humans. The assessment of AMR in the population of Jimma, Ethiopia with or without exposure to cattle will reinforce the importance of OH research to identify the impending exchange of resistance profile between humans and animals as well as its ultimate dissemination in the surrounding environment.The targeted semistructured key stakeholder interviews will aid to strengthen the OH-AMR surveillance in Ethiopia by understanding the acceptability of an integrated AMR surveillance platform based on the District Health Information Software-2 and the feasibility of its context-specific establishment.Ethics and disseminationThe study has been approved by the Regional Ethics Committee, Norway, and the Institutional Review Board of Jimma University, Ethiopia. The study’s data will be stored on a secure server known as Services for Sensitive Data hosted by the University of Oslo. In addition, the new European Union Global Data Protection Guidelines for data sharing, storage and protection will be followed. We will publish the results in peer-reviewed journals and present the findings at national and international conferences.
Large-scale evidence generation and evaluation across a network of databases for type 2 diabetes mellitus (LEGEND-T2DM): a protocol for a series of multinational, real-world comparative cardiovascular effectiveness and safety studies
Authors: Khera Rohan , Schuemie Martijn J , Lu Yuan , Ostropolets Anna , Chen RuiJun , Hripcsak George , Ryan Patrick B , Krumholz Harlan M , Suchard Marc A 
Published: June 2022

IntroductionTherapeutic options for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have expanded over the last decade with the emergence of cardioprotective novel agents, but without such data for older drugs, leaving a critical gap in our understanding of the relative effects of T2DM agents on cardiovascular risk.Methods and analysisThe large-scale evidence generations across a network of databases for T2DM (LEGEND-T2DM) initiative is a series of systematic, large-scale, multinational, real-world comparative cardiovascular effectiveness and safety studies of all four major second-line anti-hyperglycaemic agents, including sodium–glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor and sulfonylureas. LEGEND-T2DM will leverage the Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI) community that provides access to a global network of administrative claims and electronic health record data sources, representing 190 million patients in the USA and about 50 million internationally. LEGEND-T2DM will identify all adult, patients with T2DM who newly initiate a traditionally second-line T2DM agent. Using an active comparator, new-user cohort design, LEGEND-T2DM will execute all pairwise class-versus-class and drug-versus-drug comparisons in each data source, producing extensive study diagnostics that assess reliability and generalisability through cohort balance and equipoise to examine the relative risk of cardiovascular and safety outcomes. The primary cardiovascular outcomes include a composite of major adverse cardiovascular events and a series of safety outcomes. The study will pursue data-driven, large-scale propensity adjustment for measured confounding, a large set of negative control outcome experiments to address unmeasured and systematic bias.Ethics and disseminationThe study ensures data safety through a federated analytic approach and follows research best practices, including prespecification and full disclosure of results. LEGEND-T2DM is dedicated to open science and transparency and will publicly share all analytic code from reproducible cohort definitions through turn-key software, enabling other research groups to leverage our methods, data and results to verify and extend our findings.
Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 virus antibodies and sociodemographic features of pregnant women in Mogadishu, Somalia: a cross-sectional survey study
Authors: Sh. Nur Maryan Abdullahi , Dahie Hassan Abdullahi , Hassan Nima Abdi , Garba Bashiru , Adam Mohamed Hussein , Mohamoud Jamal Hassan , Dirie Najib Isse 
Published: June 2022

ObjectiveRecent investigations have revealed that COVID-19 during pregnancy substantially increases the risk of harmful outcomes for mothers and neonates, including preterm death and stillbirth as well as severe maternal morbidity and mortality. Hence, the urgent need to understand the prevalence rate and level of awareness about COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2 virus infection) and the practice of preventive measures against the disease among pregnant women in Somalia. This study aims to determine the prevalence of COVID-19 among pregnant women seeking antenatal care in the Benadir region (Mogadishu) of Somalia and to assess their knowledge and preventive practices towards COVID-19.SettingA hospital-based cross-sectional study involving two major referral maternity hospitals in Mogadishu, Somalia.ParticipantsPregnant women seeking antenatal services were included in our study.MethodsA total of 477 blood samples were collected from pregnant women attending the two referral hospitals in Mogadishu and screened for COVID-19. The participants were subjected to questionnaire interviews where their detailed history and practice of prevention against COVID-19 were evaluated.ResultsThe results showed that 175 (36.7%) were positive while 302 (63.3%) samples were negative for SARS-CoV-2 virus antibodies. Also, out of the 141 pregnant women who had two children or less, 19.4% were positive for IgG/IgM antibodies. Participants who had close contact with patients with COVID-19 were significantly associated for testing positive with a p value 0.0001. Students, teachers, employed people and individuals reported COVID-19 like symptoms were all associated with COVID-19 seropositivity outcomes.ConclusionPregnant women and those with commorbidies should be given special preventive care and health education about COVID-19 transmission.
Development of a core measurement set for research in degenerative cervical myelopathy: a study protocol (AO Spine RECODE-DCM CMS)
Authors: Davies Benjamin M , Yanez Touzet Alvaro , Mowforth Oliver D , Lee Keng Siang , Khan Danyal , Furlan Julio C , Fehlings Michael G , Harrop James S , Zipser Carl Moritz , Rodrigues-Pinto Ricardo , Milligan James , Sarewitz Ellen , Curt Armin , Rahimi-Movaghar Vafa , Aarabi Bizhan , Boerger Timothy F , Tetreault Lindsay , Chen Robert , Guest James D , Kalsi-Ryan Sukhvinder , Sadler Iwan , Widdop Shirley , McNair Angus G K , Kwon Brian K , Kotter Mark R N 
Published: June 2022

IntroductionProgress in degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is hindered by inconsistent measurement and reporting. This impedes data aggregation and outcome comparison across studies. This limitation can be reversed by developing a core measurement set (CMS) for DCM research. Previously, the AO Spine Research Objectives and Common Data Elements for DCM (AO Spine RECODE-DCM) defined ‘what’ should be measured in DCM: the next step of this initiative is to determine ‘how’ to measure these features. This protocol outlines the steps necessary for the development of a CMS for DCM research and audit.Methods and analysisThe CMS will be developed in accordance with the guidance developed by the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials and the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments. The process involves five phases. In phase 1, the steering committee agreed on the constructs to be measured by sourcing consensus definitions from patients, professionals and the literature. In phases 2 and 3, systematic reviews were conducted to identify tools for each construct and aggregate their evidence. Constructs with and without tools were identified, and scoping reviews were conducted for constructs without tools. Evidence on measurement properties, as well as on timing of assessments, are currently being aggregated. These will be presented in phase 4: a consensus meeting where a multi-disciplinary panel of experts will select the instruments that will form the CMS. Following selection, guidance on the implementation of the CMS will be developed and disseminated (phase 5). A preliminary CMS review scheduled at 4 years from release.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was obtained from the University of Cambridge (HBREC2019.14). Dissemination strategies will include peer-reviewed scientific publications; conference presentations; podcasts; the identification of AO Spine RECODE-DCM ambassadors; and engagement with relevant journals, funders and the DCM community.
Inhaled recombinant human IL-15 in dogs with naturally occurring pulmonary metastases from osteosarcoma or melanoma: a phase 1 study of clinical activity and correlates of response
Authors: Rebhun Robert B , York Daniel , Cruz Sylvia Margret , Judge Sean J , Razmara Aryana M , Farley Lauren E , Brady Rachel V , Johnson Eric G , Burton Jenna H , Willcox Jennifer , Wittenburg Luke A , Woolard Kevin , Dunai Cordelia , Stewart Susan L , Sparger Ellen E , Withers Sita S , Gingrich Alicia A , Skorupski Katherine A , Al-Nadaf Sami , LeJeune Amandine T , Culp William TN , Murphy William J , Kent Michael S , Canter Robert J 
Published: June 2022

PurposeAlthough recombinant human interleukin-15 (rhIL-15) has generated much excitement as an immunotherapeutic agent for cancer, activity in human clinical trials has been modest to date, in part due to the risks of toxicity with significant dose escalation. Since pulmonary metastases are a major site of distant failure in human and dog cancers, we sought to investigate inhaled rhIL-15 in dogs with naturally occurring lung metastases from osteosarcoma (OSA) or melanoma. We hypothesized a favorable benefit/risk profile given the concentrated delivery to the lungs with decreased systemic exposure.Experimental designWe performed a phase I trial of inhaled rhIL-15 in dogs with gross pulmonary metastases using a traditional 3+3 cohort design. A starting dose of 10 µg twice daily × 14 days was used based on human, non-human primate, and murine studies. Safety, dose-limiting toxicities (DLT), and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) were the primary objectives, while response rates, progression-free and overall survival (OS), and pharmacokinetic and immune correlative analyses were secondary.ResultsFrom October 2018 to December 2020, we enrolled 21 dogs with 18 dogs reaching the 28-day response assessment to be evaluable. At dose level 5 (70 μg), we observed two DLTs, thereby establishing 50 µg twice daily × 14 days as the MTD and recommended phase 2 dose. Among 18 evaluable dogs, we observed one complete response >1 year, one partial response with resolution of multiple target lesions, and five stable disease for an overall clinical benefit rate of 39%. Plasma rhIL-15 quantitation revealed detectable and sustained rhIL-15 concentrations between 1-hour and 6 hour postnebulization. Decreased pretreatment lymphocyte counts were significantly associated with clinical benefit. Cytotoxicity assays of banked peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed significant increases in peak cytotoxicity against canine melanoma and OSA targets that correlated with OS.ConclusionsIn this first-in-dog clinical trial of inhaled rhIL-15 in dogs with advanced metastatic disease, we observed promising clinical activity when administered as a monotherapy for only 14 days. These data have significant clinical and biological implications for both dogs and humans with refractory lung metastases and support exploration of combinatorial therapies using inhaled rhIL-15.