bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
356 Neonatal Holstein Calves fed a Pelleted Calf Starter Containing a Botanical Extract and Direct fed Microbial Alone or in Combination
Authors: Casper David P , Olagunju Lydia , Anele Uchenna , Officer Michael , Klanderman Keith 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Botanical extracts (BE; Adisseo North America, Altanta, GA) are known to enhance dry matter intake (DMI) and gut health, while direct-fed microbials (DFM), such as a Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product (RC: RumaCell DF 5G; Pacer Technology, Inc., Murtaugh, ID), had shown improved gut health and growth performance of growing Holstein calves. The hypothesis was this combination may be synergistic to neonatal calf growth performance. Eighty 2- to 5-day old Holstein bull calves were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were: 1) Control: no additives; or 2) BE added at 496 mg/kg to the calf starter (CS); 3) RC added to the CS at 2.50 g/kg with RC added to the milk replacer (MR) at 5 g/d; and 4) BE&RC: BE and RC added to CS at same rates and added RC to MR. The CS was a 25% crude protein dry matter basis and MR was a 22:20 (CP:fat) fed 2x/d at 0630 and 1800 h along with free choice water. Weaning occurred after d 49 for the 70 d experiment. Calves fed RC demonstrated greater (P &lt; 0.05) BW gain compared with calves fed BE&RC with calves fed Control and BE being intermediate and similar (63.9, 63.5, 65.0, and 59.7 kg for Control, BE, RC, and BE&RC, respectively). Total experiment DMI (MR+CS) was less (P &lt; 0.05) for calves fed BE&RC than calves fed the remaining treatments (116.5, 114.2, 116.4, and 104.9 kg). Total experiment BW gain/DMI was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for calves fed BE&RC compared with calves fed Control with calves fed BE and RC being intermediate and similar (0.55, 0.56, 0.56, and 0.57 kg/kg). This experiment demonstrated that specific BE should not be fed in combination with specific DFM.
358 Gastrointestinal Permeability in Unweaned Male Holstein Calves: Colostrum Consumption and Feed Restriction Matters
Authors: Pisoni Lucía , Devant Maria , Bassols Anna , Pujols Joan , Saco Yolanda , Gomez Nestor , Marti Sonia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Male Holstein calves (n = 80; 42.7 ± 1.44 kg and 14.2 ± 0.81 days of age) were used to evaluate the effects of colostrum consumption and feed restriction on gut functionality in calves subjected to an assembly center simulation (ACS). Well-colostrated (WC) calves received 4L of colostrum within the first 2h after birth and 2L of colostrum in the next 3 feedings, and poor-colostrated (PC) calves received 2L of colostrum within the first 2h after birth. At approximately 14 d of age, calves were subjected to ACS (d-4 to d-1) before a 19h-transport (d0) where they were fed 4L of milk replacer/d (moderate restriction; MO) or 4L of a rehydration solution/d (severe restriction; SV). Treatments were: WCMO, WCSV, PCMO, PCSV and a group of control calves (WCCT) also fed concentrate ad-libitum during ACS and not transported. Twenty-four hours after transportation, a gut permeability test using Cr-EDTA was performed and blood samples for the determination of serum citrulline concentration were collected. Afterwards, one-half of the calves/treatment were euthanized to obtain tissue samples for a gut permeability in vitro analysis and morphometry. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Serum Cr-EDTA concentration was greater (P&lt; 0.01) for the WCSV and PCSV compared with the WCMO, PCMO, and WCCT had the least Cr-EDTA concentration after transportation. The PCSV, WCMO and WCSV calves had the least (P&lt; 0.01) serum concentration of citrulline. In vitro measurements of ileum permeability tended (P=0.06) to be greater for PCSV compared with the other treatments. In WCSV, WCMO and PCSV Goblet cells numbers in the ileum were lesser (P=0.02) than in WCCT and PCMO. Feeding rehydrated solution to poor colostrated calves before transport negatively affected gut functionality as indicated by the greatest permeability to Cr-EDTA, the lest serum citrulline concentration, and ileum Globet cells numbers, these findings are supported by the in vitro gut permeability data.
357 The Effects of Colostrum Consumption and Feed Restriction on Performance, Energy Balance, and Behavior in Unweaned Male Holstein Calves Being Marketed and Transported
Authors: Pisoni Lucía , Devant Maria , Bassols Anna , Pujols Joan , Saco Yolanda , Gomez Nestor , Marti Sonia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Male Holstein calves (n = 80; 42.7 ± 1.44 kg and 14.2 ± 0.81 days of age) were used to evaluate the effects of colostrum consumption and feed restriction on performance, energy balance (serum concentration of BHB and NEFA), and behavior on calves marketed and transported during 19h. Well-colostrated (WC) calves received 4L of colostrum within the first 2h after birth and 2L of colostrum in the next 3 feedings and poor-colostrated (PC) calves received 2L of colostrum within the first 2h after birth. At approximately 14 d of age, calves were subjected to an assembly center simulation (ACS, d-4 to d-1) before a 19h-transport (d0) where they were fed 4L of milk replacer (MR)/d (moderate restriction; MO) or 4L of a rehydration solution/d (severe restriction; SV). After the ACS, treatments were: WCMO, WCSV, PCMO, PCSV and a control group (WCCT) with ad-libitum access to concentrate and not transported. From d1 to d7, all calves were fed the same diet (4L/d of MR and ad-libitum access to concentrate, straw, and water). Data were analyzed using mixed models with repeated measures. There was a time by treatment interaction (P&lt; 0.01) for NEFA and BHB concentrations before transport being greater for the WCSV compared with PCSV calves. After the ACS, BW was reduced (P&lt; 0.01) for the WCSV and PCSV calves compared with the WCCT, WCMO and PCMO calves. After transportation, a time by treatment interaction (P&lt; 0.01) was observed in concentrate intake recovery being lesser for the PCSV and PCMO; it took 4 days for those calves to recover concentrate intake to the same extent that WCCT, WCMO, and PCMO. During the ACS, PCSV calves showed greater (P=0.05) standing times compared with the remaining calves. Colostrum consumption and the degree of feed restriction affect physiological, performance, and behavior responses in calves before and after transportation.
363 In Vitro dry Matter and Fiber Digestibility of Different Varieties of Peanut Tops and Bermuda Grass Forage
Authors: Baloyi Joseph J , Callaway Todd R , Lourenco Jeferson M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of the current study was to evaluate the in vitro of dry matter and fiber digestibility, gas, ammonia N and volatile fatty acid production of peanut tops from seven cultivars, CB91-1, 010-13, IAC322, 13-D, 13-1014, 886 and GA-06G, grown in the state of Georgia, USA, and Bermuda grass. The peanut top samples were harvested towards the end of the growing season at about 125 days after planting and the peanut pods removed. The Bermuda grass was harvested after 4 weeks regrowth. Fresh cut peanut tops and Bermuda grass samples were analysed for dry matter (DM) content and then in vitro DM and fibre digestibility. Hydrogen, methane, pH, ammonia, total gas and volatile fatty acids (VFA) production were measured after 24 hours incubation. Analysis of variance was performed using the General Linear Model procedures of Minitab Statistical package. The peanut top varieties contained an average of 165.4 g/kgDM crude protein, and greater calcium and potassium and less phosphorus than Bermuda grass. There were no significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) in in vitro DM digestibility, pH, hydrogen, methane, ammonia-N production. However, NDF and ADF in the Bermuda grass was significantly more digestible (P &lt; 0.05) than the peanut varieties. The peanut tops did not differ in NDF digestibility (P &gt; 0.05). CB91-1, IAC322 and 886 peanut tops and Bermuda grass had significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) ADF digestibility. There was no significant difference in the acetate contents for all seven peanut varieties (P &gt; 0.05). The GA-06G variety had the greatest propionate and butyrate content. Bermuda grass and CB91-1 variety had the least amount of propionate, isobutryate, butyrate, isovalerate and valerate compared with other peanut varieties. Total VFA of all peanut varieties were similar, while that of Bermuda grass was the least (P &lt; 0.05). The GA-06G had the lowest A:P ratio value compared with the other samples.
369 Effect of Diet, Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Their Combination on Predicting Milk Production
Authors: Sujani Sathya , White Robin R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this meta-analysis was to explore variability in milk production associated with rumen fermentation parameters and diet characteristics. Data were extracted from 138 journal articles and used to derive 6 models to predict MY. Each model considered a different set of independent variables, including rumen fermentation parameters (R), diet (D) and their combination (R+D), with or without interactions with rumen pH. Rumen fermentation parameters included total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, molar proportions of major and minor VFA, rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen, and diet variables included dry matter intake (DMI) dietary percentages of dry (DM) and organic matter (OM), crude protein, neutral (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract, and starch. Linear mixed-effects models weighted by the inverse of the standard error were employed. Models were compared based on concordance correlation coefficients after removing random study effects (CCC). The MY models using D, R, D+R and D*pH performed similarly with CCC values ranging from 0.63 to 0.65. Models including an interaction with rumen pH were superior at explaining variation within the data (CCC: 0.75 to 0.76). The Final model derived using D, consisted of DMI and ADF. Molar proportions of acetate and propionate and DMI were in the final model based on R. The interaction between starch and pH remained in the final D*pH model along with DMI, DM, NDF and pH. From these models, we can conclude that rumen pH is an important moderator explaining variability in the associations among diet, rumen VFA, and milk production.
370 Effects of the Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP) for the Efficient Ruminant Product
Authors: Afrose Mia Md Golam Kafi , Hawley Emma , Yusuf Mustapha , Dorsam Glenn , Swanson Kendall C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Feeding high-grain diets can result in reduced ruminal pH, inflammation of ruminal and other tissues, and subacute ruminal acidosis. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a gut hormone with anti-inflammatory and other functions, could have a beneficial role in ruminants fed high-concentrate diets. To determine the effects of VIP injection on dry matter intake, average daily gain, gain:feed, and ruminal pH, wether lambs (n=16; BW=68.5 ±1.8 kg) were blocked by body weight and randomly assigned to VIP treatment (n=8) or control (n=8). All lambs were housed in individual pens, adapted to the same high concentrate diet (75% whole corn and 25% supplemental pellet; DM basis), and feed intake and average daily gain were measured from day 1 to 21 when lambs were placed in metabolism crates. Lambs in the treatment group were injected intraperitoneally with VIP (1.3 nmol/kg BW in 0.9% NaCl), whereas lambs in the control group were injected with 0.9% NaCl every second day over 28 days. Nutrient balance was measured over the final seven days (data will be reported elsewhere), and lambs then were slaughtered and ruminal fluid and tissues collected. The average daily gain was greater (p = 0.04) in VIP treated lambs than in control lambs. However, no difference (p &gt; 0.05) in daily feed intake was observed between treatments. Ruminal fluid pH was not significantly influenced by treatment (5.2±0.11 vs 5.0±0.11 for the control and VIP treatments, respectively). These data indicate that VIP injection may increase ADG and gain:feed in lambs fed high concentrate diets. Further research is needed to verify these results and to delineate the mechanisms responsible for the observed increases in ADG and gain:feed.
375 Genomic Approaches for Feed Efficiency in Sheep
Authors: Posbergh Christian , Schaub Daniel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
United States seedstock sheep producers have selected sheep for higher weaning and post-weaning weights using estimated breeding values for approximately forty years. Despite this, little work has investigated if the increased performance has inadvertently resulted in increased feed intakes, increasing total feed costs for the producer. Eighty range-breed ewe lambs (forty Targhee and forty Rambouillet) were enrolled in a residual feed intake (RFI) trial shortly after weaning at approximately four months of age. Feed intake was recorded utilizing a GrowsafeTM feeding system modified for sheep. Following a two-week adaption period, feed intakes were recorded daily for forty-two days. Body weights were collected at the beginning, end, and weekly throughout the trial period. Residual feed intake was calculated utilizing mid-trial body weights and feed intake measurements. Six ewes were removed from the trial due to failure to adapt to the feeding system. Linear regressions were utilized to determine the association between post-weaning weight estimated breeding values and RFI and body weight. As expected, there was a significant relationship (p&lt; 0.05) between post-weaning estimated breeding value and body weight during the trial. No statistically significant relationship between post-weaning weight estimated breeding value and RFI was identified, indicating selection for increased body weight has not resulted in decreased feed efficiency during the growth phase. Additional feed efficiency measures will be collected on these same ewes at a later life stage to represent the maintenance phase of production as opposed to the growth phase. In addition, genetic and rumen microbial analysis is ongoing. Together these approaches will aid in the construction of a framework for eventual genetic and genomic selection of feed efficiency in U.S. range sheep.
376 Genetic Approaches to Improve Reproductive Performance in the U.S. Sheep Industry
Authors: Murphy Thomas W 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The U.S. sheep industry has experienced many changes over the last 50 years, the most prominent being a 75% reduction in the national breeding ewe inventory. Wool now accounts for ~10% of enterprise returns compared to ~80% from the sale of market lambs. Most breeding objective work indicates greatest emphasis should be placed on traits associated with ewe reproductive efficiency [e.g., number of lambs born/weaned (NLB/NLW), lamb survival]. Still, average NLB across the U.S. (1.07 lambs/ewe) and within geographic regions (East = 1.13, Midwest = 1.25, West = 1.09, Southwest = 0.79 lambs/ewe) remains low. Several genetic technologies are available to improve reproductive performance. Introgression of large effect gene variants, such as those within BMPR-1B, have increased NLB by ~1.0 and ~1.5 lambs in heterozygous and homozygous ewes, respectively. However, without joint improvement in maternal ability and/or husbandry, advantages in NLW are less pronounced and few U.S. producers utilize such variants in practice. Reproductive efficiency traits present challenges in selection programs as they are lowly heritable (&lt; 0.15) and sex-limited. Previous single-trait selection experiments had modest improvement in NLB (0.01 – 0.02 lambs/yr). Selection accuracy is greatly improved by including pedigree and/or genomic relationships when deriving estimated breeding values (EBV). Since 2000, NLW EBV have increased by 0.01 lambs/yr with concurrent improvement in direct (0.02 kg/yr) and maternal (0.04 kg/yr) weaning weight for Polypay flocks enrolled in the National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP). Still, NSIP flocks represent &lt; 1% of production-oriented U.S. flocks so considerable expansion is needed to realize within-breed genetic improvement at a national level. Perhaps most importantly, large differences in reproductive efficiency traits exist across breeds and should be utilized to a greater extent in strategic crossbreeding systems. Optimizing reproductive performance for specific production environments is essential for the sustainability of the U.S. sheep industry.
377 Derivation and Use of Genomic Enhanced Estimated Breeding Values for Selection in Sheep
Authors: Lewis Ronald M , Brown Daniel J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of selection programs in sheep depends on accurate evaluation of genetic merit. Globally, genetic evaluations are based on best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) in which fixed effects and breeding values are estimated simultaneously. With genotyping becoming increasingly routine, pedigree, performance, and genomic data are being combined in single-step genomic BLUP (ssGBLUP) evaluations to generate genomic enhanced estimated breeding values (GEBV). Since GEBV are more accurate, younger animals can be selected more reliably; a corollary benefit is a shortened generation interval. Traits that are lowly heritable, expressed in one sex, measured late in life, or difficult and/or expensive to measure benefit most from genomic evaluation. Adoption of this technology has lagged in sheep most likely due to the higher cost of genotyping compared to the value of an animal. Nevertheless, genomics has been successfully incorporated in sheep breeding programs in several countries (e.g., Australia, France, New Zealand). Increases in accuracy of EBV of up to 60% have been reported. In 2021, the efficacy of genomic selection in a U.S. sheep breed (Katahdin) was tested by comparing predictive ability and bias of EBV using ssGBLUP and pedigree BLUP for weight and fecal egg counts at weaning. Approximately 5,000 animals, most born within the last 5 years, were genotyped with a 50k array. Nearly 70k body weights and 14k fecal egg counts were available. Genomic information improved predictive ability for both traits by as much as 10%, and reduced bias in the evaluation of fecal egg counts. Accuracies of EBV improved appreciably in younger genotyped animals (by as much as 1.81 times). An outcome was release of GEBV in the evaluation of U.S. Katahdin sheep. With integration of genomics into genetic evaluation, there is clear opportunity to augment the reliability of genetic evaluation and thereby rates of selection response in sheep.
380 Awardee Talk: Deer eat Birds and Other Revelations: Teaching a Changing Demographic of Animal Science Student
Authors: Scheffler Jason M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Animal Science (ANS) programs have seen the demographics of their students progressively shift to include more urban and suburban students with limited firsthand knowledge of production agriculture. A major contributor to that shift is an influx of students with the intent of pursuing veterinary school, primarily with the goal of working with companion animals. The change in students has its challenges, but also presents opportunities. It is a chance to communicate with our customers, voters, and prospective thought leaders and decision makers. It is also a chance to recruit new and diverse talent into animal agriculture to help solve current and future problems. Despite the high number of students interested in pursuing vet school, a small percentage gain admittance making it important to help students recognize alternate career paths as soon as possible. This is particularly critical at the University of Florida where 41% of our students are transfers. We questioned if the students’ focus on entering the veterinary field is due to viewing it as their best career opportunity, or their only opportunity. We conducted a career awareness survey at the start and end of the ANS3006 Introduction to Animal Science course over the past several years. Over 49% could not list more than two ANS-related careers. Veterinarian was the most common and appeared on 76% of responses. In turn, we have incorporated more career-related content into ANS3006. In the post survey evaluation, 57% listed more than two careers and 18.8% of students indicated their career goals had changed over the course of the semester, with more than 2/3 of those being students who changed from a veterinary path. Anecdotally, our advisors report students are more amenable to changing from the pre-vet track when encouraged. Emphasizing the opportunities is an effective way to help students find the career paths they may have otherwise missed.
208 Single Cell RNA Sequencing (Scrna-seq) in Studying the Early Embryonic Muscle Development
Authors: Zhao Liang , Du Min 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
During the early development, skeletal muscle, adipose, and connective tissues have high plasticity and are sensitive to in uterine nutritional fluctuations. During the past decade, maternal nutrition-induced changes in myogenesis and adipogenesis during the fetal stage have been extensively studied and their alterations are closely associated with changes in production efficiency and meat quality of farm animals. Organogenesis initiates during the embryonic stage, which sets the blueprint for later growth and development. Limited but growing evidence support that nutritional changes during the early embryonic stage also have profound effects on animal production efficiency. Using single-cell transcriptomic analysis (scRNA-seq), we investigated the effects of maternal obesity (MO) on the embryonic myogenesis in embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) mouse embryos. First, we identified myogenic subpopulations within the dermomyotome (DM) and a developmental trajectory of embryonic myogenesis was reconstructed. Our results showed that MO induced systematic hypoxia, which was correlated with enhanced BMP signaling and impaired skeletal muscle differentiation within the DM. The Notch-signaling effectors, HES1 and HEY1, which act downstream of BMP signaling, were activated by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1A) and suppressed myogenic differentiation through transcriptionally repressing an important myogenic regulator MEF2C. In conclusion, MO induces hypoxia and impairs myogenic differentiation by up-regulating BMP signaling within the DM, which may account for the disruptions of skeletal muscle development and function in progeny. Understanding the developmental programming of the skeletal muscle, as well as adipose and fibrotic tissues, especially at the embryonic stage, will facilitate the development of stage-specific nutritional management strategies to optimize production efficiency and meat quality.