Data from 14,577 cosmological objects and 14 FRBs confirm the predictions of new tired light (NTL) and lead to a new model of the IGM
Authors: Ashmore Lyndon E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Predictions by New Tired Light were tested using 14,577 objects from the NED-D compilation of redshift-independent distances. These objects give an electron number density of ne
= 0.499 m
−3 compared to the predicted one of ne
= 0.5 m
−3. In NTL the Hubble constant is given by H = 2nehre
/me
and, using this value for ne
gives 62.5 km/s per Mpc which is very close to the accepted values. NTL predicts a linear relationship between distance and ln (1 + z) with gradient (mec/2ne hre
= 1.46×1026
m). Plotting all the 14,577 points gives a straight line with gradient 1.40×1026
m – just 4% off the predicted value. Using distances from the compilation the redshift is calculated by NTL and a graph of predicted versus observed redshift is drawn. This has a gradient of 0.9756 close to the value ‘1.0’ expected in a 1:1 relationship between prediction and expected. Both graphs are linear up to redshifts of ‘9’ with no hint of relativistic effects. In NTL, there is a delay between an electron in the IGM absorbing and re-emitting a photon whereby the electron recoils (leading to the redshift). Data from FRB 121102 gives the time lag between two frequencies arriving and using the extra number of photon-electron interactions made by the longer wavelength the time delay is found. This tells us the length of the delay at each interaction as ≈ 10−10
s. Using NTL and DM the redshift of the host galaxy was calculated and found to be z = 0.143 compared to the measured value of z = 0.19 – the difference lying well within the uncertainty in DMIn NTL, DM and redshift are produced by the electrons in the IGM and so there is a direct relation between them. DMIGM
= (mec/2hre
){ln(1 + z)} or DMIGM
= 2470{ln(1 +z){. Plotting data from 14 localised FRBs on a graph of DM versus {ln(1 + z)} does give a straight-line graph but a selection of eight from the fourteen are colinear with a gradient of 1244 ± 147 pc cm
−3 much closer t that predicted. Several hosts are said to be tentative and so we will continue to plot this graph as more and more FRBs are located. Often tired light models are discounted on the basis of an old model of the IGM as having a neutral plasma at high temperature and/or they are using Compton scatter. In NTL, recoil takes place along the line of sight so there is no blurring. Several mainstream papers show that every dust particle in the IGM is positively charged with an excess of protons due to photoionisation. This means an equal number of electrons have been released into the intervening space. On this basis the IGM is a ‘dirty plasma’ with the protons trapped on dust particles and a sea of electrons in-between. When a group of electrons come together in this way, they will arrange themselves onto a BCC lattice (Wigner-Seitz crystal). Calculations show that if we use dust density restricted by considerations of an expanding Universe there is not enough to give the ne
= 0.5 m
−3 found by observation but would need a dust density of ρIGM
≈ 3×10−25
kgm
−3. A previous paper looked at the photoionisation of Hydrogen clouds surrounding a galaxy with the protons staying behind and forming dark matter whilst the electrons went off into the IGM to form on their crystal lattice held by mutual repulsion. The mass of dark matter surrounding the Milky Way galaxy is known and so, if this is all protons, we can find the number of protons there. An equal number of electrons will have been released into the IGM and dividing this by the average volume occupied by a galaxy gives us the ne
= 1 m
−3 and agrees with observation.