bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep Supercooling in Stem and Bud Tissues of Pecan
Authors: Rajashekar C. B. , Reid William 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seasonal changes in deep supercooling and cold-hardiness of stem tissue and apical buds of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang enh.) C. Koch] cultivars were studied. All the pecan cultivars showed supercooling in stem and apical buds. Supercooling in stem and apical buds was maximal in early January and least in early spring. A good correlation between killing temperatures and freezing of supercooled water was found in apical buds. Similar results were observed for stem samples collected during early spring. Apical buds appeared to be more prone to injury during spring than stem tissue in all the pecan cultivars. In early April, stem samples of pecan cultivars were killed at or below –20.1C, whereas apical buds were killed at –16C or above. Apical buds of ‘Posey’ showed greater cold-hardiness than those of other pecan cultivars in midwinter and early spring.
Explant Orientation Affects Axillary Shoot Proliferation of Apple Cultivars in Vitro
Authors: Zimmerman Richard H. , Fordham Ingrid 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
More axillary shoots developed from subcultured shoots of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) that were placed inverted in the medium. This effect was particularly noticeable for ‘Delicious’ and strains of it, which normally proliferate poorly and begin to senesce 3 weeks after the beginning of the subculture period. Inverting the subcultured shoots reduced or eliminated the tendency to senesce early. Axillary shoots from inverted shoots rooted as easily as those from ones oriented either vertically or horizontally. Chemical names used: N–(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA), and gibberellic acid (Ga3).
Evaluation of Asparagus Species for resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi and F. moniliforme
Authors: Stephens Christine T. , De Vries Renee M. , Sink Kenneth C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
“Asparagus decline” decreases production and kills Asparagus officinalis L. The principal pathogens involved in the decline are considered to be Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. asparagi Cohen and Heald (FOA) and F. moniliforme (Sheld.) emend. Synder and Hans. (FM). Three- to four-month-old plants of A. officinalis and three other asparagus species were inoculated in the greenhouse and evaluated for resistance to these Fusarium spp. Of the 90 A. officinalis accessions evaluated, two all-male cultivars, Lucullus 234 and 328, received the lowest disease ratings to FOA and FM. Asparagus densiflorus ‘Sprengeri’ and ‘Myersii’ received the lowest disease ratings of the other asparagus species tested. Of the total 95 germplasm entries evaluated, 39% were more resistant than the susceptible control ‘UC 157’, 44% were rated similiar in susceptibility, and 17% were more susceptible. Accessions responded similiarly to both Fusarium spp.
Nitrogen Source and Calcium Supplement Affect Stem Strength of Poinsettia
Authors: Lawton Kay A. , McDaniel Gary L. , Graham Effin T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of nitrate and NH4NO3 used alone or in combination with CaCl2 sprays were examined on self-branching poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) cul-tivars Annette Hegg Dark Red (AHDR) and Gutbier V-14 Glory (Glory) and the standard cultivar Eckespoint C-1 Red (C-1). Stem retention was increased in the AHDR and C-1 that received Ca(NO3)2 liquid fertilization. Calcium chloride sprays enhanced stem strength of C-1 when used in combination with ammonium fertilizer, but not when used with Ca(NO3)2. Calcium chloride foliar sprays did not improve stem strength of the self-branching cultivars with either of the N fertilizer formulations tested.
Adjuvants Affect the Efficacy of Glyphosate on Selected Perennial Weeds
Authors: Swietlik Dariusz 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of glyphosate in controlling bermudagrass (BG) (Cynodon dactylon L.), guineagrass (GG) (Panicum maximum Jacq.), and purple nutsedge (PN) (Cyperus rotundus L.) was determined when the herbicide was used alone or in combination with adjuvants: Frigate, LI-700, or VPG in a volume of 378 liters of water/ha. No loss of BG control was noted as the glyphosate level was lowered from 4.5 to 2.25 kg·ha-1 with Frigate added, but control decreased with VPG or no adjuvant addition (LI-700 not used). No reduction in control of PN was observed when glyphosate amount was lowered from 3.4 to 1.7 kg·ha-1, provided LI-700 was present in the spray solution. With Frigate, VPG, or no adjuvant, however, the degree of PN control was less at 1.7 than 3.4 kg·ha-1. Frigate, LI-700, and VPG were equally effective in improving glyphosate efficacy on GG when the herbicide was used at 3.4 kg·ha-1, but the adjuvants had no effect at the herbicide level of 1.7 kg·ha-1. Chemical names used: α-(p-alkyl phenyl) Ω-hydroxypoly (ethylenoxy) phosphate ester, propylene glycol (VPG); fatty amine ethoxylate (Frigate); isopropylamine salt of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate); phosphatidylcholine methylacetic acid (LI-700).
Postharvest Changes in Sugars, Acids, and Color of Carambola Fruit at Various Temperatures
Authors: Campbell Craig A. , Huber Donald J. , Koch Karen E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Postharvest changes in color and compositional characteristics were monitored in ‘Arkin’ and ‘Golden Star’ carambolas (Averrhoa carambola L.) before, immediately following, and 6 days after they were stored for 44 days at 5, 10, or 15C. General commercial practice has been to store this tropical fruit at 10C or higher to avoid possible chilling injury. Results from the present work demonstrated that fruit stored at 5C maintained better appearance, lost less weight, and exhibited less change in soluble sugar (glucose, fructose, and sucrose) or organic acid (oxalic and malic) concentrations than fruit stored at 10C. Rewarming experiments (6 days at 23C) indicated that these fruit had not lost the capacity to ripen normally and did not develop symptoms of chilling injury. Carambolas therefore can be stored most effectively at 5C.
Pectinesterase and D-Galacturonase Activities in Eight Snap Bean Cultivars
Authors: Summers W. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Moisture content and levels of pectin pectylhydrolase (PE) and poly (1,4-α-D-galacturonide) glycanohydrolase (PG) were evaluated for eight commercial cultivars of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) over four harvest periods. Moisture content varied from 80.8% to 91.7%. Cultivar and harvest period moisture contents differed significantly. PE activity ranged from 208 to 896 units/g dry pod tissue, and PG ranged from 7.1 to 16.6 units/g dry pod tissue. Lines chosen to represent firm-podded, canned snap bean types exhibited higher enzyme activity levels than soft-podded types.
Identification of Raspberry Cultivars in Vivo and in Vitro Using Isoenzyme Analysis
Authors: Cousineau J. C. , Donnelly D. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Isoenzyme analysis of leaf tissue was used to characterize and separate 18 greenhouse-grown red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) cultivars and two purple raspberry (R. ×neglectus Peck) cultivars. Five enzymes were found to be useful: Phosphoglu-coisomerase (PGI), phosphoglucomutase (PGM), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), triose phosphate isomerase (TPI), and isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH). Fourteen of the 20 cultivars were uniquely separated using these enzymes. The remaining six were assigned to three different groups. Staining for additional isoenzymes may lead to the separation of cultivars within these groups. The effect of tissue type on isoenzyme banding patterns was determined by comparing different tissues from three cultivars. No differences were noted, except in the case of the enzyme PGM, for which differences in the relative densities of the bands were seen. For PGM, the best patterns were obtained from mature tissues (leaves, stems, or petioles). Three cultivars were micro-propagated from shoot tips in vitro and were subsequently analyzed by isoenzyme staining. The culture environment was not found to have any effect on isoenzyme phenotype. This result suggests that isoenzyme analysis can be used to identify raspberry cultivars grown in vitro.
Reduction of Plant Height by Head Smut Infection in Sweet Corn Cultivars
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Kean D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Height reduction of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) plants by head smut [Sphacelotheca reiliana (Kuhn) Clinton] was measured in four field studies using seed furrow inoculation. Infected plants were consistently stunted whether sori occurred on the ears only or on ears and tassels. There was a significant relationship between plant height and infection of individual plants. Difference in mean height between plants later determined to be infected or non-infected was measurable 5 weeks after planting and increased steadily until growth ceased. This suggested the possibility of elimination of weaker plants in segregating populations before maturity. Mean height reduction of individual hybrids and inbred lines ranged from 7% to 65% of the height of non-infected plants, with an average of ≍30% reduction for all cultivars. Correlations between mean percent height reduction and disease incidence of cultivars were variable and generally low, ranging from r = −0.34 to 0.17. This suggested that degree of height reduction would be a poor indicator of the susceptibility of a cultivar to infection.
Effect of Seed Weight on Emergence and Seedling Vigor of Chinese Chestnut
Authors: Shepard Emily , Miller Diane Doud , Miller Gregory 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Bl.) has much potential as a nut-producing orchard or landscape tree, being resistant to chestnut blight [Endothia parasitica (Murr.) P.J. & H.W. Anderson] and high-yielding. Chestnut is monoecious and largely self-sterile, requiring cross-pollination to produce nuts (Sanders, 1974). There is considerable variation in nut traits, such as size and sugar content, even among nuts from the same tree (Miller, 1987), due to, in part, xenia effects. The nut is composed mostly of cotyledonary tissue with a small embryo and no endosperm (Sanders, 1974). Propagation by seed is generally successful; however, no criteria exist for selection of nuts that will produce superior seedlings. The objectives of this study were to examine the relationships between seed weight, seedling emergence, and seedling growth of half-sib Chinese chestnut seeds.
Uniconazole Effects on Forcing of Florists’ Hydrangeas
Authors: Bailey Douglas A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Florists’ hydrangea is a woody perennial that has been adapted to potted plant production. A major factor in a hydrangea forcing program is height control. Currently, daminozide is used for reducing internode elongation in hydrangeas, but high concentrations (5000 to 7500 mg-liter-1) are sometimes needed to control vigorous cultivars such as ‘Rose Supreme’ (Jung, 1964; Ulery, 1978). Uniconazole has been shown to be an effective height-controlling agent at low concentrations for woody perennials, including Forsythia, Ligustrum, Pyracantha, and Rhododendron spp. (Knox and Norcini, 1987; Vaigro-Wolff and Warmund, 1987). Therefore, uniconazole was examined as a potential height-controlling chemical for florists’ hydrangea. Dormant plants of H. macrophylla ‘Rose Supreme’ were defoliated and placed into 4C dark storage for 6 weeks beginning 2 Dec. 1987. On 13 Jan. 1988, the plants were removed from the cooler, potted one per 1.3-liter plastic container, and placed into a 26/15C (venting/night) greenhouse. The growth medium consisted of a 1 soil : 2 sphagnum peat : 2 perlite (by volume) mixture amended with 890 g treble superphosphate, 593 g KNO3, 593 g MgS04, 4.75 kg ground dolomitic limestone, and 74 g Frit Industries Trace Elements No. 555 (Peters Fertilizer Products, W.R. Grace & Co., Fo-gelsville, Pa.) per cubic meter. The plants were fertilized at each watering with Ν and K, each at 200 mg-liter-1, supplied from 367 mg NH4NO3/liter and 517 mg KNO3/liter, respectively. Fertilizer solution was maintained at 6.0 pH by injecting 75% (w/w) technical grade H3PO4 into the system, supplying 37 mg P/liter at every watering. Each plant was pruned at potting, allowing only two shoots per plant to develop, and pots were spaced at 40 × 40 cm during forcing.
AT-1310, AT-1487, and AT-3365: Clonal Jojoba Germplasm Selected for Horticultural Use
Authors: Palzkill David A. , Younes Mohamed H. , Hogan LeMoyne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cultivars or germplasm with published performance records are presently unavailable for jojoba. Only one cultivar, Mirov, is widely recognized in the industry, and it is not widely planted. Unfortunately, published performance records do not exist for this cultivar. Most existing commercial acreage has been planted with seed or seedlings collected from many different locations, or with cuttings collected from selected female plants growing in seedling plantings. There is a need for cultivars of known performance to both increase seed production of commercial plantings and to provide standards with which to compare other clones. The purpose of this report is to briefly describe three jojoba clones that have been studied for 8 years and have performed well in a field planting and to announce their release.
Fraud, Sloppiness, and Mistakes in Horticultural Science
Authors: Hershey David R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It is hoped that Science Editor Lipton’s opinion [ASHS Newsletter 5(2):1–2] that horticultural research publications are free of fraud is correct, as fraud is typically very difficult to prove and there are considerable pressures to “publish or perish”, even in horticulture. Unfortunately, a type of fraud seems widespread in commercial horticulture in the form of “miraculous” claims for horticultural products, such as fertilizers and biocatalysts. This type of fraud reflects badly on horticultural science; therefore, horticultural scientists have a duty to conduct research that tests such claims.
Variation in Nutrient Requirements of Blueberries and Other Calcifuges
Authors: Korcak Ronald F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Calcifuges, represented by the blueberry and cranberry (Vaccinium spp.) and rhododendrons and azaleas (Rhododendron spp.), are an economically important segment of the horticultural industry. They share the common requirement of an acid soil, about pH 5.5 or below, and minimal nutrition. Indeed, overfertilization, particularly when plants are young, can cause foliar injury. Much nutritional research has been performed on these acid-loving plants from the aspects of fertilizer recommendations and soil management practices. It is not the purpose of this paper to review the nutritional requirements or recommendations of blueberries and other calcifuges. Such information can be found elsewhere (Eck, 1966; Joiner et al., 1983; Kenworthy, 1973; Kofranek and Lunt, 1975; Korcak, 1988; Trevett, 1962). Instead, the two-fold purpose of this paper is to first examine the role of selected elements (Mn, Al, Fe, Ca, and N) on blueberry growth in atypical soil/site environments and, second, to explore the potential variation within Vaccinium that may be beneficial in genetic selection for growth under these new situations.
Genetic Aspects of Mineral Nutrition: Future Challenges and Directions
Authors: Sussman Michael R. , Gabelman Warren H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There are several avenues the modern plant scientist can use to study the genetic basis of mineral nutrition. The one that has been most widely followed to date could be termed the classical genetic or breeding approach, which involves collecting and screening germplasm for a particular phenotypic trait. For mineral nutritionists, this might involve looking for plants resistant to stressfully low levels of minerals (Gabelman and Gerloff, 1983) or for plants resistant to high levels of a toxic ion or salt (Rush and Epstein, 1981). A second approach, made possible in part by recent advances in recombinant DNA techniques, could be termed a molecular genetic approach. In this case, the researcher first identifies and isolates a specific gene or gene product that is suspected to play a role in mineral nutrition. Each of these approaches has advantages and disadvantages, as described below.
Guttation as a Technique to Evaluate the Water Status of Strawberry
Authors: Glenn D. M. , Takeda F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The water status of strawberry (Fragaria х ananassa Duchesne) was indicated by the occurrence of guttation. Guttation was present when pre-dawn leaf water potential (PLWP) was greater than -0.07 MPa and absent when PLWP was below – 0.11 MPa. Plants exhibiting guttation had greater stomatal conductivity and lower leaf – air temperature at midday, indicating a greater transpiration rate. Hydathodes on older leaves did not consistently express guttation; thus, the occurrence of guttation must be evaluated on young leaves.
Row Cover Effects on Air and Soil Temperatures and Yield of Muskmelon
Authors: Motsenbocker C. E. , Bonanno A. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three row covers (spunbonded polyester, double-slitted, and perforated polyethylene) used in combination with clear polyethylene mulch and trickle irrigation for muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) production in 1985 and 1986, increased soil (5-cm depth) minimum and maximum temperatures and air (15-cm height) maximum temperatures compared to clear mulch alone. Increased minimum air temperatures resulted from the use of all row covers in 1985. All row covers enhanced earliness in both years. However, in 1985, there were no total marketable yield differences; in 1986, total marketable yield was greater with the spunbonded and double-slitted row covers than with the no row cover treatment. Within row cover treatment, the use of the perforated row cover in 1986 resulted in lower total marketable yields than with the spunbonded row cover. Excessive air temperatures with the perforated row cover may have resulted in reduced marketable yield. Lower minimum air temperatures in 1986 may have resulted in lower yields than in 1985.
Sweet Corn Seedling Responses to Band-applied Sources and Rates of Nitrogen Fertilizers
Authors: Peck Nathan H. , MacDonald George E. , Barnard John 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn seedlings (Zea mays L. var. rugosa cv. Jubilee) were grown with urea, (NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, and Ca(NO3)2 at linearly increasing increments from 0 to 18 g of N/m of row. The N fertilizers, with 5 g of P from concentrated superphosphate and 5 g of K from KCl per meter of row, were placed in a band 5 cm below seed depth to the side of the seed at planting time in a Honeoye fine sandy loam soil with pH 7.0. Seedlings were sampled ≈30 days after planting for fresh and dry weight and for nitrate N, total N, P, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu. Sweet corn seedlings grown with (NH4)2SO4 or NH4NO3 grew more rapidly than seedlings grown with urea, especially at the high rates of N fertilizers, and much more rapidly than seedlings grown with Ca(NO3)2 at all rates and for two planting dates. Seedlings grown with ≈3 g of N/m of row had the highest fresh and dry weights per seedling. Seedlings grown with (NH4)2SO4 or NH4NO3 had a higher concentration of P than seedlings grown with urea or Ca(NO3)2. Seedlings grown with (NH4)2SO4 had lower concentrations of nitrate N and Ca than seedlings grown with the other sources of N fertilizers. Seedlings grown with Ca(NO3)2 had higher concentrations of Ca and Mg, but lower concentrations of Zn and Mn than seedlings grown with the other sources of N fertilizer.
A Comparison Between Bags and Boxes for Shipping Texas Short-day Onions
Authors: Pike Leonard M. , Yoo Kil Sun , Camp Thomas H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Quality was compared for short-day onions (Allium cepa L.) packed in corrugated paper boxes or conventional mesh bags when stored at 1, 15, or 24C for 3 weeks and an additional 2 weeks after transfer to a 24C holding room. It took 18 to 24 hr to equalize the air and bulb temperatures to 24C room temperature after transfer. Air temperatures in bags increased slightly faster than in boxes, but the bulb temperatures increased at the same rate. Weight loss was 2% to 4% after 5 weeks and was only slightly higher in bags. Incidence of black mold (Aspergillus niger Teigh.) was greatest at 24C continuously and was not affected by kind of container. Incidence of “slippery skin” (Pseudomonas spp.) was higher at 24C than at lower temperatures after 3 and 4 weeks, but was not affected by containers. Decay incited by Botrytis spp. occurred randomly and no sprouting was found during storage.
Responses of ‘Fuyu’ Persimmon to γ-Irradiation
Authors: Wheeler Denise R. , Packer John E. , MacRae Elspeth A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mature ‘Fuyu’ persimmons (Diospyros kaki L.) were exposed to 300 and 1000 Gy of γ-irradiation in combination with modified atmospheres generated by polymeric film bags. Only fruit treated with 1000 Gy when in such bags developed scald-like skin damage during a shelf-life period after cool storage. These fruit also produced elevated quantities of ethane immediately after irradiation. These results have implications relating to the handling of persimmons and for potential insect disinfestation by irradiation.
Postharvest Handling of Alstroemeria
Authors: Healy Will , Lang David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Vase life of Alstroemeria hybrida ‘Regina’ was longest in inflorescences with secondary and tertiary florets. The presence of additional florets on a cyme decreased the vase life of the primary floret. Maximum flower opening and normal coloration occurred when the primary florets were harvested at the “rolled petal stage”. Cutting Alstroemeria stems above the blanched portion of the stem before placement in water increased water uptake and vase life. When secondary florets were present, leaf removal did not decrease vase life.
ABA and Polyox-encapsulation or High Humidity Increases Survival of Desiccated Somatic Embryos of Celery
Authors: Kim Yong-Hwan , Janick Jules 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Survival of desiccated somatic embryos of celery (Apium graveolens L. cv. Utah Improved #15) was increased by pretreatment with 10-6 M ABA during the embryo production phase and encapsulation with Polyox, a water-soluble ethylene oxide polymer. Nonencapsulated embryos survived 48 or 72 hr of desiccation at 70% or 90% RH; no embryos survived desiccation at 30% or 50% RH. Embryos encapsulated with Polyox survived 7 to 9 days of desiccation at 70% RH. Embryo survival was generally highest at 3% sucrose with or without embryo encapsulation. Chemical names used: abscisic acid (ABA); ethylene oxide polymer WSR-N-750 (Polyox); 6-(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enylamino)purine (zeatin); 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D).