bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
26-OR: Metabolic Benefits beyond Glycemic Control with Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, and Whole-Body Digital Twin: Initial Six Months Results of a Randomized Control Trial
Authors: JOSHI SHASHANK R. , SHAH LISA , MOHAMED MALUK , MOHAMMED JAHANGIR , POON TERRENCE , DHARMALINGAM MALA , VADAVI ARUN , SABOO BANSHI , DAMODHARAN SURESH , KESHAVAMURTHY ASHOK , THAJUDEEN MOHAMED , BHONSLEY SUCHITRA , SHAMANNA PARAMESH 
Published: May 2022

We analyzed the efficacy of Twin Precision Treatment (TPT) : a novel whole-body digital twin enabled precision nutrition that utilises 174 health markers and 3000 daily data points from blood tests and connected devices that measure weight, physical activity, sleep and sensor glucose values, for achieving remission, at six months among 199 people with T2D enrolled in RCT in India. Mean age was 43 years (±8.7) ; diabetes duration was 3.7 years (±2.7) .Mean baseline A1C (%) of 9 (±1.8) reduced to 5.7 (±0.5) . 189 people (94.9%) achieved AIC &lt; 6.5%, of which 167 (83.9%) achieved remission (return of HbA1c to less than 6.5%, with absence of glucose-lowering pharmacotherapy, for at least 3 months) . There was a significant improvement in the A1C, metabolic markers (HDL-C, TGs, sdLDL, TG/HDL, VAI, NAFLD scores, hsCRP, ferritin, WBC, ESR, MICR) and SBP, DBP, body weight, BMI, waist circumference and ASCVD risk score. (Figure) . The initial analysis of the ongoing trial demonstrates the efficacy of the proprietary digital twin technology, to achieve remission of T2D. These initial findings need corroboration with long term follow-up, to assess if this remission is durable.

Disclosure
S.R.Joshi: Advisory Panel; AstraZeneca, Consultant; Biocon, Franco India, Glenmark Pharmaceuticals, Marico, Sanofi, Twinhealth , Zydus Cadila, Speaker's Bureau; Abbott, Serdia Pharmaceuticals (India) Pvt. Ltd. A.Keshavamurthy: None. M.Thajudeen: None. S.Bhonsley: None. P.Shamanna: None. L.Shah: None. M.Mohamed: None. J.Mohammed: None. T.Poon: None. M.Dharmalingam: None. A.Vadavi: None. B.Saboo: None. S.Damodharan: None.
261-OR: Dorzagliatin, a Dual-Acting Glucokinase Activator. Improves Insulin Secretion and Glucose Sensitivity in Glucokinase-Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (GCK-MODY)
Authors: CHOW ELAINE , WANG KE , LIM CADMON K.P. , TSOI SANDRA , FAN BAOQI , LUK ANDREA , MA RONALD C. , FERRANNINI ELE , MARI ANDREA , CHEN LI , CHAN JULIANA C. 
Published: May 2022

Glucokinase maturity onset diabetes of the young (GCK-MODY) is caused by heterozygous inactivating mutations in GCK that is not responsive to conventional glucose lowering drugs. We investigated the effects of dorzagliatin, a novel allosteric activator of hepatic and beta-cell GCK on insulin secretion rates (ISR) and glucose sensitivity (GS) in GCK-MODY and recent onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) . In a double-blind, randomized cross-over study, 8 GCK-MODY (mean±SD age 36.1­±6.4years) and T2D subjects (mean age 50.2±6.9 years, median T2D duration 0.90 [0.60-1.42] years) underwent 2-hour 12 mmol/L hyperglycemic clamps following a single oral dose of dorzagliatin 75mg or matched placebo. Insulin and C-peptide were measured. GCK-MODY group showed significantly higher absolute (mean±SD 432±85 versus 272±91 pmol/min/m2, p=0.002) and incremental (342­±91 vs. 241±74 pmol/min/m2, p=0.004) second-phase ISR following dorzagliatin versus placebo. Dorzagliatin significantly improved GS in GCK-MODY (51±21 vs. 33­±13 pmol/min/m2 per mmol/L p=0.028) with an upward and leftward shift in ISR-glucose response. In T2D, basal ISR was significantly improved following dorzagliatin (102±57 vs. 60±42, p=0.018) with smaller increases in second phase ISR and GS. Dorzagliatin improves second phase ISR and GS, with larger effects in GCK-MODY than T2D.

Disclosure
E.Chow: Research Support; Hua Medicine, Medtronic, Powder Pharmaceuticals Inc., Speaker's Bureau; Novartis AG, Sanofi. L.Chen: Employee; Hua Medicine. J.C.Chan: Board Member; Asia Diabetes Foundation, Consultant; Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Celltrion, Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Roche Diabetes Care, Viatris Inc., Research Support; Applied Therapeutics, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Hua Medicine, Servier Laboratories, Stock/Shareholder; GemVCare Ltd. K.Wang: None. C.K.P.Lim: None. S.Tsoi: None. B.Fan: None. A.Luk: None. R.C.Ma: Other Relationship; Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Research Support; AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Novo Nordisk A/S, Pfizer Inc., Tricida, Inc. E.Ferrannini: Advisory Panel; Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Novo Nordisk, Oramed Pharmaceuticals, Consultant; Elgia Therapeutics, Research Support; Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Oramed Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi-Aventis U.S., Speaker's Bureau; Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH. A.Mari: Consultant; Lilly, Research Support; Lilly.

Funding
Hua Medicine Investigator Initiated Clinical Research
270-OR: Loss of Myeloid IFNgamma Signaling Prevents Hepatic Inflammation and NASH in Obesity
Authors: FRIEDLINE RANDALL H. , ALBUSHARIF MAHAA , NOH HYE LIM , KIM ALLISON M. , KIM LAUREN H. , ZHENG DORIS X.T. , SWINAND GLENNA , BEAVERSON ANNIKA , HU XIAODI , TAUER LAUREN A. , MULLER WERNER , KIM JASON K. 
Published: May 2022

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a major complication of obesity, and interferon-γ (IFNγ) is a key regulator of innate and adaptive immunity by priming macrophages and inducing an inflammatory response. We have recently generated mice with conditional deletion of IFNγ receptor in myeloid cells (Lyz-IFNγR2 KO) . After weeks of high-fat diet (HFD) , male KO and wild-type (WT) mice (n=6) developed fatty liver with a 70% increase in hepatic triglyceride levels compared to chow-fed mice (Figure 1; *P&lt;0.vs. Chow) . Despite fatty liver, Luminex analysis found 20% to 80% decreases in intrahepatic levels of IL-1β, IL-7, IL-15, IFNγ, IL-9, KC, and MIG in KO mice (Figure 2; *P&lt;0.vs. WT) . Next, male mice were fed with a methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet (n=3) for NASH induction, and liver steatosis and fibrosis were noninvasively measured using Sonovol Ultrasound Imaging System. After 4 weeks of MCD diet, WT mice developed liver fibrosis, but KO mice showed significant attenuation of fibrosis, as indicated by a 20% decrease in liver stiffness (Figure 3) . Taken together, these results indicate that mice with conditional loss of IFNγ signaling in myeloid cells are protected from obesity-mediated hepatic inflammation and diet-induced NASH.
In conclusion, our findings identify myeloid IFNγ signaling as a potential therapeutic target in treating metabolic liver disease.

Disclosure
R.H.Friedline: None. L.A.Tauer: None. W.Muller: None. J.K.Kim: n/a. M.Albusharif: None. H.Noh: n/a. A.M.Kim: None. L.H.Kim: None. D.X.T.Zheng: None. G.Swinand: None. A.Beaverson: None. X.Hu: None.

Funding
National Institutes of Health (5U2CDK093000)
279-OR: Self-Efficacy, Diabetes Distress, Self-Care, and Blood Glucose: Within-Person Pathways in Adults with T1D
Authors: GONZALEZ JEFFREY S. , SPRUIJT-METZ DONNA , SCHNEIDER STEFAN , PETERS ANNE L. , CRANDALL JILL P. , CRESPO-RAMOS GLADYS , MENDEZ-RODRIGUEZ HEIDY , HOOGENDOORN CLAIRE J. , AGARWAL SHIVANI , JIN HAOMIAO , PHAM LOREE T. , ALI AINA , LEE PEY-JIUAN , RUELAS VALERIE F. , BASILE ROSE , PYATAK ELIZABETH 
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Research links self-efficacy and diabetes distress to suboptimal diabetes self-care and blood glucose (BG) regulation. However, most studies rely on between-person comparisons that cannot rule out confounding by unmeasured variables or capture the dynamic interplay among these variables in real time. Pairing continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) with ecological momentary assessment, we sought to illuminate pathways of influence among these variables in a diverse sample of adults with T1D.
Methods: Participants (N=127, 41±15 yrs, 53% women, 39% Latino, 35% White, 10% Black) wore blinded CGM for 10-14 days and completed smartphone surveys 5-6 times per day. Using dynamic structural equation modeling, we evaluated within-person pathways shown in Figure 1.
Results: Hypothesized pathways were significant, as were indirect effects of:1) morning self-efficacy on that day’s mean BG via diabetes distress and self-care and2) diabetes distress on mean BG via self-care. Similar results were observed for time in range and SD of BG.
Conclusion: Our findings provide novel evidence for a sequential pathway of influence of psychological, emotional, and behavioral variables on BG regulation, observed over time and within individuals. These results provide a roadmap for interventions that target self-efficacy, diabetes distress, and self-care to improve BG regulation among adults with T1D.

Disclosure
J.S.Gonzalez: Consultant; Virta Health Corp. H.Jin: None. L.T.Pham: None. A.Ali: None. P.Lee: None. V.F.Ruelas: n/a. R.Basile: None. E.Pyatak: Research Support; Abbott Diabetes. D.Spruijt-metz: None. S.Schneider: None. A.L.Peters: Advisory Panel; Abbott Diabetes, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Shouti, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, Zealand Pharma A/S, Other Relationship; Omada Health, Inc., Research Support; Abbott Diabetes, Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Leona M. and Harry B. Helmsley Charitable Trust, Stock/Shareholder; Teladoc Health. J.P.Crandall: Research Support; Abbott Diabetes. G.Crespo-ramos: None. H.Mendez-rodriguez: None. C.J.Hoogendoorn: None. S.Agarwal: Advisory Panel; Medtronic, Consultant; Beta Bionics, Inc.

Funding
National Institutes of Health (1R01DK121298-01; P30 DK111022)
28-LB: Increased Expression of Insulin Signaling Intermediates after Six Months of Metformin Medical Intervention in Women with Obesity and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: ANDRISSE STANLEY 
Published: May 2022

Objective: We hypothesize that in women experiencing obesity and PCOS, the women with higher levels of free androgen index will display more dysregulation in the insulin signaling pathway in adipose tissue. More specifically, we believe that visceral more than subcutaneous adipose tissue in the women in the study will display more dysregulation; and lastly that bariatric surgery will alleviate insulin signaling dysregulation.
Methods: Here, we performed molecular analyses (Western blots and qPRC) exploring the insulin signaling pathway in visceral and subcutaneous (SubQ) adipose tissue from women with obesity and PCOS undergoing RYGB bariatric surgery; and SubQ WAT from women with obesity and PCOS at baseline and six-months after medical intervention with metformin (MTF) .
Results: Subcutaneous (SubQ) white adipose tissue (WAT) displayed a trending (p=0.2) but non-significant increase in p-ACC compared to visceral WAT from women with PCOS and obesity pre-bariatric surgery. Six months of MTF increased p-ACC in SubQ WAT by 5-fold compared to zero months (baseline) in women with PCOS and obesity. IR displayed similar expression in the visceral compared to SubQ WAT in women with PCOS and obesity pre-bariatric surgery. IR expression increased by 20-fold at 6-months of MTF compared to baseline in SubQ WAT of women with PCOS and obesity. Phosphorylated forkhead box 01 (p-FOXO1) displayed similar expression in the visceral compared to SubQ WAT in women with PCOS and obesity. However, p-FOXO1 was decreased at 6-months of MTF compared to baseline in women with PCOS and obesity. p-AKT levels were similar in visceral compared to SubQ WAT in women with PCOS and obesity pre-bariatric surgery. However, p-AKT levels were significantly increased by 4-fold at 6-months of MTF compared to 0-months in women with PCOS and obesity.
Conclusion: None of the insulin signaling intermediates measured were altered in visceral compared to SubQ in women with obesity and PCOS.

Disclosure
S. Andrisse: None.
286-OR: The CREATE Trial: Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing Open-Source Automated Insulin Delivery with Sensor Augmented Pump Therapy in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: BURNSIDE MERCEDES J. , LEWIS DANA M. , CROCKET HAMISH , MEIER RENEE , WILLIMAN JONATHAN , SANDERS OLIVIA J. , JEFFERIES CRAIG A. , FAHERTY ANN M. , PAUL RYAN , LEVER CLAIRE S. , WHEELER BENJAMIN J. , JONES SHIRLEY , FREWEN CARLA M. , GUNN TIM , LAMPEY CHRISTINA , DE BOCK MARTIN 
Published: May 2022

Objective: Open-source automated insulin delivery (AID) pre-dated the availability of commercial systems and is used by thousands of people with T1D despite no regulatory approval. Our objective was to examine efficacy and safety of open-source AID.
Methods: A 24 week, multi-center RCT in children (7-15 years) and adults (16-70 years) with T1D comparing open-source AID (using the OpenAPS algorithm from a version of AndroidAPS implemented in a smartphone with the DANA-i™ insulin pump and Dexcom G6® CGM) , to sensor augmented pump therapy (SAPT) . The primary outcome was change in the percent of time in target sensor glucose range (TIR; 3.9-10mmol/L) from run-in to the last two weeks of the RCT.
Results: Ninety-seven patients (48 children and 49 adults) were randomized. Glycemic data are shown in table 1. Mean TIR (±SD) at study end was 74.5±11.9% using AID (Δ+ 9.6±11.8% from run-in; P&lt;0.001) for adults, and 67.5±11.5% (Δ+ 9.9±14.9% from run-in; P&lt;0.001) for children. Mean TIR at study end for the SAPT arm was 56.5±14.2% and 52.5±17.5% for adults and children respectively, with no change from run-in. No severe hypoglycemic or DKA events occurred in either arm. Two participants withdrew from AID due to hardware issues.
Conclusion: Open-source AID using the OpenAPS algorithm within a version of AndroidAPS, a widely used open-source AID solution, appears safe and effective.

Disclosure
M.J. Burnside: None. D.M. Lewis: None. H. Crocket: None. R. Meier: None. J. Williman: None. O.J. Sanders: None. C.A. Jefferies: None. A.M. Faherty: None. R. Paul: Advisory Panel; Eli Lilly and Company. Speaker's Bureau; Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk. C.S. Lever: None. B.J. Wheeler: Research Support; Dexcom, Inc., i-SENS, Inc., Medtronic. T. Gunn: Other Relationship; Sooil Development Co. C. Lampey: None. M. de Bock: Research Support; Dexcom, Inc., Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, SOOIL, Ypsomed AG. Speaker's Bureau; Ypsomed AG.

Funding
Health Research Council of New Zealand (19/481 and 21/001)
287-OR: Eliminating Manual Meal Bolusing: A Feasibility Trial Using MiniMed 780G and Hand Gesture Algorithms
Authors: ROY ANIRBAN , GROSMAN BENYAMIN , MILLER DIANA , ENGEL TALY , COHEN OHAD , SHALIT ROY , SHALEM SHIRAN , HIRSH MAYA LARON , COHEN YAEL , TIROSH AMIR 
Published: May 2022

Background: Carb-counting is a significant burden for persons with diabetes who require insulin to mitigate postprandial hyperglycemia. A closed-loop (CL) system with auto meal-bolus that eliminates manual mealtime bolusing was studied in adults with T1D.
Methods: The system included the MiniMed™ 780G pump and a smartphone-paired smartwatch with the KLUE application that detects eating hand-gestures using motion sensors. A smartphone algorithm converted eating hand-gestures to carb amounts that were relayed to the pump for automatic bolusing. For 6 days, participants (N=17, aged 18-75 years) with T1D used the system with the KLUE app disabled and completed traditional carb-counting and -entry (Baseline) . Thereafter, the KLUE app was enabled for 5 days and carb-counting/carb-entry was prohibited (Study) . Participants were given the same 5 test-meals (one/day) of varying caloric and carb sizes during both periods. Otherwise, they had no other meal restrictions.
Results: No significant difference in TIR was observed between periods and time spent at &lt;70 mg/dL was significantly less during the Study period (Table) .
Conclusion: Data suggest that the novel CL system maintains glycemic control similar to that with manual meal bolusing. By eliminating the burden of carb-counting, the new CL system may improve the quality of life in persons with T1D.

Disclosure
A.Roy: Employee; Medtronic. A.Tirosh: Advisory Panel; Abbott Diagnostics, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Merck & Co., Inc., Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Consultant; Bayer AG, DreaMed Diabetes, Ltd., Research Support; Medtronic, Speaker's Bureau; Eli Lilly and Company. B.Grosman: Employee; Medtronic. D.Miller: Employee; Medtronic. T.Engel: None. O.Cohen: Employee; Medtronic. R.Shalit: Speaker's Bureau; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk. S.Shalem: None. M.Laron hirsh: None. Y.Cohen: None.
288-OR: Effect of 24 Months of Optimised Glucose Control on Residual C-Peptide Secretion in Youth with New Onset Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)
Authors: BOUGHTON CHARLOTTE K. , WARE JULIA , ALLEN JANET M. , WILINSKA MALGORZATA E. , HARTNELL SARA , THANKAMONY AJAY , RANDELL TABITHA , GHATAK ATRAYEE , BESSER RACHEL , ELLERI DANIELA , TREVELYAN NICOLA , CAMPBELL FIONA , SIBAYAN JUDY , BAILEY RYAN , CALHOUN PETER , DUNSEATH GARETH J. , HOVORKA ROMAN , CONSORTIUM CLOUD 
Published: May 2022

Background: We assessed whether improved glucose control with hybrid closed loop can preserve C-peptide secretion compared to standard insulin therapy in youth with T1D.
Methods: In a multicentre, randomised, parallel trial, youth aged to &lt;17 yrs were randomised within 21 days of T1D diagnosis to hybrid closed loop using Cambridge algorithm (CL) or standard insulin therapy (control) for 24 months. Analysis was by intention to treat.
Results: We randomised 97 participants (mean±SD age 12±2 yrs) , 51 to CL and 46 to control. There was no difference in C-peptide AUC at 12 months (primary endpoint) or 24 months between groups (geometric mean [95% CI] 12 months CL: 0.35 pmol/mL [0.27, 0.43] vs. control: 0.46 pmol/mL [0.33, 0.61]; mean adjusted difference -0.[-0.14 to 0.03]; p=0. and 24 months CL: 0.17 pmol/mL [0.12, 0.23] vs. control: 0.25 pmol/mL [0.12, 0.39]; mean adjusted difference -0.[-0.14 to 0.05]; p=0.25) . Glycated haemoglobin was lower in the CL group by 4 mmol/mol [0.4%] (95% CI 0 to 8 mmol/mol [0.0 to 0.7%]) at 12 months, and mmol/mol [0.9%], (95% CI 7 to 15 mmol/mol [0.4 to 1.5%]; p&lt;0.001) at 24 months. Five severe hypoglycaemic events occurred in CL group (3 participants) , and two in control group (2 participants) ; one DKA occurred in the CL group.
Conclusions: In new onset T1D, optimising glucose control for 24 months does not appear to prevent the decline in residual C-peptide secretion.

Disclosure
C.K. Boughton: Consultant; CamDiab Ltd. J. Ware: None. J.M. Allen: None. M.E. Wilinska: Consultant; CamDiab Ltd. S. Hartnell: Advisory Panel; Medtronic. Speaker's Bureau; Dexcom, Inc., Sanofi. Other Relationship; Ask Diabetes Ltd. A. Thankamony: None. T. Randell: Consultant; Abbott Diabetes. Speaker's Bureau; Novo Nordisk. A. Ghatak: None. D. Elleri: None. R. Bailey: None. G.J. Dunseath: None. R. Hovorka: Advisory Panel; Eli Lilly and Company. Research Support; Abbott Diabetes, Dexcom, Inc., Medtronic. Speaker's Bureau; Dexcom, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk. Other Relationship; CamDiab Ltd.

Funding
National Institute for Health Research EME Grant (14/23/09) Leona M & Harry B Helmsley Charitable Trust Grant (#2016PG-T1D046) Additional support for the artificial pancreas work is from National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, and Wellcome Strategic Award (100574/Z/12/Z) . Medtronic and Dexcom supplied discounted CGM devices, sensors and details of communication protocol to facilitate real-time connectivity. Abbott Diabetes Care provided Libre Pro sensors.
290-OR: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Alleviate Carbohydrate Counting in Type 1 Diabetes with Automated Fiasp and Pramlintide Closed-Loop Delivery
Authors: COHEN ELISA , TSOUKAS MICHAEL , VON OETTINGEN JULIA E. , YALE JEAN-FRANÇOIS , GARFIELD NATASHA , VALLIS MICHAEL , GOUCHIE-PROVENCHER NIKITA , JAFAR ADNAN , GHANBARI MILAD , PALISAITIS EMILIE , RUTKOWSKI JOANNA , LEGAULT LAURENT , HAIDAR AHMAD 
Published: May 2022

We conducted a non-inferiority randomized crossover trial to alleviate carbohydrate counting (CC) in people with diabetes using automated dual-pump delivery of faster aspart (Fiasp) and pramlintide. Adults (N=15, 9 F, 39 ± 14 years, A1c 7.2 ± 0.9%) and adolescents (N=15, 8 F, 16 ± 1 years, A1c 8.4 ± 0.9%) used (i) Fiasp and placebo with CC, (ii) Fiasp and pramlintide with meal announcement (MA) , and (iii) Fiasp and placebo with MA for 2 weeks. Fiasp and pramlintide were delivered at a fixed 1 U:µg ratio to mimic a co-formulation. MA arms delivered fixed, user-specific priming meal boluses, independent of carbohydrate content. Prior to the first arm, participants had a 1-week run-in with automated Fiasp (single pump) delivery and CC, with mean time in range (70-180 mg/dL) of 71% in adults and 64% in adolescents. In adults, mean time in range was 65% on Fiasp and placebo with CC, 71% on Fiasp and pramlintide with MA, and 64% on Fiasp and placebo with MA; non-inferiority with a pre-defined 6.25% margin was achieved in both MA arms with pramlintide and placebo (difference -6 [95% CI -12.6, 0.5]; 1 [-3.0, 4.6]) . In adolescents, mean time in range was 51%, 55%, and 46% in the three respective arms; non-inferiority was only achieved on Fiasp and pramlintide with MA (-4 [-9.0, 1.7]) . We conclude that automated Fiasp and pramlintide delivery may alleviate CC without degrading glucose control.

Disclosure
E.Cohen: None. E.Palisaitis: Other Relationship; Eli Lilly and Company. J.Rutkowski: None. L.Legault: Advisory Panel; Abbott Diabetes, Insulet Corporation, Novo Nordisk A/S, Other Relationship; Eli Lilly and Company, Research Support; AstraZeneca, Merck & Co., Inc. A.Haidar: Consultant; Eli Lilly and Company, Research Support; ADOCIA, Dexcom, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. M.Tsoukas: Speaker's Bureau; AstraZeneca, Bausch Health, Canada, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Johnson & Johnson, Novo Nordisk Canada Inc. J.E.Von oettingen: None. J.Yale: Advisory Panel; Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk Canada Inc., Sanofi, Research Support; Bayer AG, Speaker's Bureau; Abbott Diabetes, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Dexcom, Inc., Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Merck & Co., Inc., Novo Nordisk Canada Inc., Sanofi. N.Garfield: None. M.Vallis: Advisory Panel; Bausch Health, Canada, Novo Nordisk Canada Inc., Consultant; Abbott Diabetes, LifeScan, Speaker's Bureau; AbbVie Inc., Bausch Health, Canada, LifeScan, Novo Nordisk, Novo Nordisk A/S. N.Gouchie-provencher: None. A.Jafar: None. M.Ghanbari: None.

Funding
Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International (2-SRA-2018-654-M-B) , Canada Research Chairs