bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphate starvation-inducible GLYCEROPHOSPHODIESTER PHOSPHODIESTERASE6 is involved in Arabidopsis root growth
Authors: Ngo Anh H , Nakamura Yuki 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plants that are starved of phosphate trigger membrane lipid remodeling, which hydrolyses phospholipids and presumably allows their phosphate to be utilized, whilst replacing them with galactolipids to maintain the integrity of the membrane system. In addition to the two concurrent pathways of phospholipid hydrolysis by phospholipases C and D that have already been established, an emerging third pathway has been proposed that includes a reaction step catalysed by glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterases (GDPDs). However, its functional involvement in phosphate-starved plants remains elusive. Here, we show that Arabidopsis GDPD6 is a functional isoform responsible for glycerophosphocholine hydrolysis in vivo. Overexpression of GDPD6 promoted root growth whilst gdpd6 mutants showed impaired root growth under phosphate starvation, and this defect was rescued by supplementing with the reaction product glycerol 3-phosphate but not with choline. Since GDPD6 is induced by phosphate starvation, we suggest that GDPD6 might be involved in root growth via the production of glycerol 3-phosphate in phosphate-starved plants.
Optimizing Data on Race and Ethnicity for Veterans Affairs Patients
Authors: Peltzman Talya , Rice Korie , Jones Kenneth T , Washington Donna L , Shiner Brian 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Maintaining accurate race and ethnicity data among patients of the Veterans Affairs (VA) healthcare system has historically been a challenge. This work expands on previous efforts to optimize race and ethnicity values by combining multiple VA data sources and exploring race- and ethnicity-specific collation algorithms.

Materials and Methods
We linked VA patient data from 2000 to 2018 with race and ethnicity data from four administrative and electronic health record sources: VA Medical SAS files (MedSAS), Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW), VA Centers for Medicare extracts (CMS), and VA Defense Identity Repository Data (VADIR). To assess the accuracy of each data source, we compared race and ethnicity values to self-reported data from the Survey of Health Experiences of Patients (SHEP). We used Cohen’s Kappa to assess overall (holistic) source agreement and positive predictive values (PPV) to determine the accuracy of sources for each race and ethnicity separately.

Results
Holistic agreement with SHEP data was excellent (K &gt; 0.80 for all sources), while race- and ethnicity-specific agreement varied. All sources were best at identifying White and Black users (average PPV = 0.94, 0.93, respectively). When applied to the full VA user population, both holistic and race-specific algorithms substantially reduced unknown values, as compared to single-source methods.

Conclusions
Combining multiple sources to generate race and ethnicity values improves data accuracy among VA patients. Based on the overall agreement with self-reported data, we recommend using non-missing values from sources in the following order to fill in race values—SHEP, CMS, CDW, MedSAS, and VADIR—and in the following order to fill in ethnicity values—SHEP, CDW, MedSAS, VADIR, and CMS.
Demonstration of an imaging technique for the measurement of PSF elongation caused by Atmospheric Dispersion
Authors: van den Born J A , Jellema W , Dijkstra E 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Elongation of the point spread function (PSF) due to atmospheric dispersion becomes a severe problem for high-resolution imaging instruments, if an atmospheric dispersion corrector is not present. In this work, we report on a novel technique to measure this elongation, corrected or uncorrected, from imaging data. By employing a simple diffraction mask, it is possible to magnify the chromatic elongation caused by the atmosphere and thus make it easier to measure. We discuss the theory and design of such a mask and report on two proof of concept observations using the 40-cm Gratama telescope at the University of Groningen. We evaluate the acquired images using a geometric approach, a forward modelling approach and from a direct measurement of the length of the PSF. For the first two methods, we report measurements consistent with atmospheric dispersion models to within 0.5 arcsec. Direct measurements of the elongation do not prove suitable for the characterization of atmospheric dispersion. We conclude that the addition of this type of diffraction mask can be valuable for measurements of PSF elongation. This can enable high-precision correction of atmospheric dispersion on future instruments.
On the stability of tangential discontinuity in the interaction of solar wind and cometary atmospheres
Authors: Alexashov D B , Baranov V B , Ruderman M S 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
In 2004, European Space Agency launched the spacecraft Rosetta. After almost 10-yr flight it arrived at the Churyumova–Gerasimenko comet. Rosetta was orbiting about the comet for some time observing its environment. One of the most interesting observations obtained during this mission was multiple disappearance of magnetic field. It was suggested that this phenomenon is related to the instability of cometopause, which is a tangential discontinuity separating the solar wind flow from the plasma component of the flow from a comet. In this article, we aim to study this instability. We numerically calculated the stationary state with the account of charge exchange on water molecules and resonant charge exchange. Then, we solved the non-stationary problem using the stationary state as the initial condition. We also studied the stability of the cometopause analytically in the short-wavelength approximation where we substituted the curved cometopause by a tangent plane. Both the numerical and analytical results show that the velocity jump at the cometopause is too weak to overtake the stabilizing effect of the magnetic field and cause the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability. We conclude that the main course of the cometopause instability is the charge exchange, and the instability is similar to the Rayleigh–Taylor instability that occurs in a gravitational field.
Bi-hierarchical porous Pt microspheres grown on Ti wire with TiO2nanotubes layer for selective alcohol sensing
Authors: Fedorov Fedor S , Goldt Anastasia E , Zamansky Konstantin , Vasilkov Mikhail Yu , Gaev Andrey , Lantsberg Anna V , Zaytsev Valeriy , Aslyamov Timur , Nasibulin Albert G 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTThis study focuses on the synthesis of bi-hierarchical porous Pt microspheres directly on titania nanotube arrays grown on a Ti wire for their application as a one-electrode selective alcohol sensor. We evaluate the synthesis conditions, morphology, structure of the obtained material using scanning, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The sensor performance is assessed in a one-electrode configuration, using thermocycling protocols both to heat and acquire a signal that we further process with a machine learning algorithm for selective determination of alcohols. We found that reduction of Pt precursor by formic acid facilitates the appearance of quasi-1D Pt structures without using any surfactant. High excess of formic acid yields the formation of quasi-dendritic Pt structures with the overall morphology of a sphere and channels whose diameter remains one of the TiO2 nanotubes. Our data suggest the growth of Pt spheres to be diffusion controlled with constant or decreasing nucleation rate that should include assembling of Pt nanorods. The fabricated sensors based on the synthesized structures show a chemiresistive response to methanol, ethanol and isopropanol vapors in the mixture with air, which we selectively determine using only one sensor.
Antisocial Media
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This book explains how Facebook devolved from an innocent social site created by Harvard students into a force that makes personal life a little more pleasurable, but at the same time makes democracy a lot more challenging. It talks about the hubris of good intentions, a missionary spirit, and an ideology that sees computer code as the universal solvent for all human problems. It also addresses how "social media" has fostered the deterioration of democratic culture around the world, from facilitating Russian meddling in support of Donald Trump's election to the exploitation of the platform by murderous authoritarians in Burma and the Philippines. The book analyzes the increase of recognition and reaction against Facebook's power in the last couple of years. It reviews the growing public concern about the influence Facebook exerts over lives and politics around the world.
The Benevolence Machine
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with Mark Zuckerberg's statement at the 2016 Facebook Social Good Forum, wherein he claimed that Facebook has always been about building community and relationships. It talks about disaster reactions, which are part of a series of "socially responsible" programs which Facebook has announced over the years. It also explains reciprocity as a cultural norm which is inherited by Zuckerberg from the hacker community. This emerged as the most compelling force behind the development of free and open-source software and the internet during the 1980s and 1990s. The chapter recounts how corporate social responsibility has risen in importance to the global business culture since the 1970s. It discusses the debates around corporate social responsibility, which have centered on the question of sincerity.
The Protest Machine
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at protests and uprisings around the world since 2007. These have yielded a mixed collection of successes and failures. It explores how social media services, particularly Facebook, affect political and social movements and trigger protests in particular ways. It also details Facebook's ease at alerting people who have declared a shared interest in information and plans, lowering the transaction costs for early organization. The chapter analyzes the ability of Facebook to convince or fool people that those who are motivated and concerned are not alone. It points out that massive protest movements in authoritarian states are only possible when enough people are convinced that enough people will join.
The Politics Machine
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces Alexander Nix, who gave a presentation entitled "The Power of Big Data and Psychographics," wherein he explained the power of big data and psychographics in the electoral process. It argues that most communication companies still segregate their audiences by demographics and geographics in order to predict a person's opinions about the world. It also asks questions about what possible platform could deliver dozens or hundreds of precisely targeted ads to individuals. The chapter describes Facebook as the only platform that could deliver powerfully precise and manipulative text or video ads to almost every potential voter. It reviews an article that appeared on the Swiss website Das Magazin that generated some interest in Europe.
The Nonsense Machine
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the recent boldness of American white supremacist groups, which allowed antiracists to keep tabs on their growth and activities with remarkable success. It refers to the moves of social media platform companies which aim to stem the distribution of white supremacist propaganda on their services. It also points out how impossible it is to filter and moderate content on a global scale, given all the conflicting values at work and the diversity of human relationships. The chapter analyzes how Facebook fools people into thinking that problems can be addressed by harnessing individual donations into some impressive grand total, without any sense of what difference that money makes over the long term. It outlines the difficulties Facebook created in convening and addressing challenges with agreed-upon facts and shared agendas.
Conclusion
Authors: Vaidhyanathan Siva 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter recounts how the United States joined Brazil, India, Hungary, Poland, the Philippines, Israel, Italy, and other countries of the democratic world in enduring a sudden surge in anti-democratic sentiment in the first two decades of the twenty-first century. It mentions the reputation of the United States in being the site of extremist, white-nationalist violence. It also analyzes the 2019 American-style mass shootings driven by white nationalism and anti-Islamic radicalism which killed dozens of victims in Norway and New Zealand, countries not known for their violent cultures. The chapter talks about the ease of movement of people and capital which had put stresses on national identity and wealth in many places, igniting a lethal combination of xenophobia and fear of status slippage for dominant groups. It looks at widespread assumptions on the decentralized nature of the internet, which eroded the power of incumbent institutions, like news networks and newspapers.
Introduction
Authors: Erueti Andrew 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Declaration and its significance in terms of indigenous peoples’ full participation in its design and the resulting rights, especially the inclusion of a right to self-determination. In particular, it was the participation of indigenous advocates of Anglo-settler states of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the United States (CANZUS) and their advancement of a decolonization model that led to the inclusion of a right to self-determination in the Declaration. The chapter indicates the tensions between human rights and decolonization models advanced by indigenous advocates in negotiations and how this struggle has not been fully appreciated by scholars. The chapter also introduces the notion of reconciling the two approaches through a new interpretative approach: the mixed model.
Camera Work
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the fall of 1929, George seeks portrait commissions and envisions returning to Paris. He asks Monie to scout a studio and prospective clients. At Christmas, he works afternoons at Park Place Bookshop to save money. By early 1930, he plans a bookshop portrait show to attract sitters. He spends time with Glenway’s younger brother Lloyd, who poses nude. By March, his exhibition coalesces with minor celebrity sittings. Returning to France becomes possible with the sale of a rare Mark Twain first edition discovered on Dr. Lynes’s bookshelf. George sails following his exhibition opening. In Paris, he puts up at a small flat, photographing faces and street scenes. Barbara Harrison enlists George for pictures to illustrate possible volumes by the newly conceived Harrison of Paris deluxe editions. H.O.P. lands a coup when Monie signs Nobel Prize winner Thomas Mann’s memoir. Monroe returns to America with George, his further travel home delayed by gall bladder surgery and recuperation in Englewood.
A Country House; Cocteau in Coney Island; The Sleepwalker
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
George photographs Cecil Beaton, who introduces his work to Edna Chase, Vogue’s editor-in-chief. In 1935–1936, George’s fashion obligations proceed apace with four pictures each in March editions of Town and Country and Harper’s Bazaar. Agnes Rindge arranges a demanding commission of photographing Vassar’s 1935 graduating class. Next, George photographs noteworthy artists for Chick Austin’s 1936 Hartford Festival program. Lloyd and Barbara Wescott purchase a large dairy farm in New Jersey and gift a nearby house to Glenway, allowing Monie and George continued familial relations with the Wescotts. George decorates and landscapes the “Stone-blossom” over time. In June 1936, Cocteau and his young lover, Marcel Khill, visit New York on a round-the-world tour. A group outing to Coney Island with Cocteau and Khill includes George, Glenway, and Beaton. George’s contribution to Alfred Barr’s historical survey show, “Fantastic Art, Dada, and Surrealism,” becomes one of his iconic images, The Sleepwalker, whose homoeroticism is unmistakable.
The War Comes Home
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
New York City blackouts begin. George imagines war service photography at nearby Mitchell Field. The draft board rejects George for his avowed homosexuality. “Tich” volunteers with the American Field Service; George remains unaware of his whereabouts. George Tichenor is killed during Axis attack on Free French fortifications in Libya. George is stricken, but stoic. “Tich’s” younger brother Jonathan, waiting conscription, starts work at the Lynes studio in fall 1942. Minicam publishes photojournalist images of airmen on duty by Lynes. During Marsden Hartley’s important New York City exhibition, George shoots his portrait—a haunted image of the aging artist. George offers Hartley space to paint at 640 Madison. George borrows money from Russell, continuing a pattern of dependency amid continuing profligacy. Jonathan Tichenor enters George’s life; Monroe appears aware of their romantic attachment. Jonathan joins the Ski Troops training out west. Soon after, George decides to leave the shared East 89th Street apartment.
Breaking Away
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
George writes sadly to Monie to break up their household. Monroe replies courteously. Glenway relocates to Stone-blossom. George, posing as Jonathan’s father, visits him at a hotel near Fort Dix before he leaves for training. George moves into 421 Park Avenue, then soon initiates an affair with Laurie Douglas. Also courted by Willie Harbach, she breaks that off when George becomes jealous. Shooting armed service publicity, George engages enlistees for official as well as impromptu poses. Often entertaining famous friends at 421 Park, he cheerfully escorts around town enlisted friends-of-friends. In the spring of 1944, Jonathan gets a medical discharge and returns to George. Laurie ends their affair and returns to Harbach. When “Kiko” Harrison, Barbara’s half-brother, is delayed shipping out, George, with Monroe and Glenway, accompany him and Dora Maxwell early morning to a town where quickie marriages are granted men in uniform. The male trio’s own ruptured relations have not left them cynical.
Fortune Tellers and Paying Debts
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Under George’s tutelage, Jonathan garners several photographic commissions. Cadmus introduces them to worldly and attractive Bridget Bate Chisholm. George living “openly” with Jonathan dismays Glenway, fretting over an earlier incident: in February 1943, Lincoln revealed secret maneuvers by a few MOMA board members to fire Monroe due to rumors of an orgy at the East 89th Street flat. Monie had himself considered splitting the threesome. George’s departure freed Monroe from that choice. Russell, to be an editor at Harper’s magazine, plans moving to New York City. George helps Muriel find a snug brownstone. Glenway completes Apartment in Athens. After D-day, George and Jonathan weekend in East Hampton. Summer is full of socializing, cultural outings, and fortune tellers. George finds himself $10,000 in debt. A car accident injures him and Jonathan. Dance Index devotes its entire December 1944 issue to Lynes’s dance photography. That month, Life profiles Gertrude Stein’s survival in Nazi Occupied France; George sends her a last friendly greeting.
“Finis”
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
George takes a summer rental in East Hampton for him and Jonathan. Invited guests include Cadmus, the Frenches, and Bridget Chisholm, who weaves a spell over Jonathan. By end of August, Lynes realizes he and Jonathan are “finis.” Each writes a parting letter; George feels humiliated. He gives up the house. At 640 Madison, blackout paper is removed after V-J day; George experiments with natural light. He consults a psychiatrist, an attempt at self-reflection. Vacationing in California, he visits Katherine Anne Porter, who writes for movies. Bernardine Szold Fritz, now a Hollywood hostess, fêtes Lynes alongside local celebrities. Silent-screen star Janet Gaynor and her husband, costume designer “Adrian,” delight him. A sitting with novelist Christopher Isherwood produces a Lynes portrait with mysterious modulations of light and shadow. Enchanted by California sunshine, George considers moving. He accepts heading up Vogue Studios in Hollywood. George packs up and hastily leaves New York, destroying fifty thousand negatives.
With Stars in Their Eyes
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Aden B. Meinel and Marjorie P. Meinel stood at the confluence of several overarching technological developments of the 20th century: postwar aerial surveillance by spy planes and satellites, solar energy, the evolution of telescope design, interdisciplinary optics, and photonics. In 1945 he was a Navy Ensign ordered to find the secret tunnels in Nazi Germany where the V-2 rockets menacing Great Britain and Belgium were being manufactured. After receiving both his BA degree and PhD in astronomy from the University of California at Berkeley within three years, Aden was invited to join the scientific staff at Yerkes Observatory/University of Chicago. While there he was selected by the National Science Foundation to manage the development of a new national observatory on Kitt Peak, Arizona, and served as its first director. In the early 1960s he founded the Optical Sciences Center at the University of Arizona, which later metamorphosed into the College of Optical Sciences with the doctoral program in interdisciplinary optics. It was here that he also designed the first Multiple Mirror Telescope and with his wife Marjorie pioneered the feasibility of solar energy power on a commercial scale. Aden’s knowledge and expertise in optics made him invaluable in research on cameras for spy satellites and spy planes overflying the Soviet Union and Southeast Asia. After retirement the Meinels worked for NASA/JPL on the precursor of the James Webb Space Telescope and on the exoplanet program. They also served on the team that corrected spherical aberration in the Hubble Space Telescope.
From Tomahawks to Telescopes
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the genealogy of Aden Baker Meinel and Marjorie Pettit Meinel. Aden Meinel’s roots are in Klingenthal in southeastern Germany, but the earliest discovered records extend only to his grandfather, who immigrated to the United States in 1882. Marjorie’s heritage, however, can be traced directly back to Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland (1274–1329). Her father was the well-known solar astronomer Edison Pettit, who worked with his wife Hannah Bard Steele Pettit at Yerkes Observatory before he was hired by George Ellery Hale to work at Mt. Wilson Observatory in 1920. With his colleague Seth Nicholson, Edison observed the radiation from stars in different wavelengths and determined their radiometric magnitudes, temperatures, and angular diameter. They also determined the surface temperatures of the Moon, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. A crater on the Moon and Mars is named after each of them.