bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Action and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Antiseizure Medications
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
At the molecular level, the majority of antiseizure medications (ASMs) modulate excitatory and inhibitory neural transmission. ASMs probably exert their anticonvulsant effects at both the cell membrane and intracellularly. How the various drugs prevent or attenuate seizures is not fully understood, and the mechanisms described here only summarize some of their known potential effects on neurons and glia. Ideally, specific defect(s) that underlie epilepsy in individual patients would be identified and therapy targeted to correct the dysfunctional mechanism. In reality, such identification is rarely possible, and empiric therapy must be planned. The mechanisms described here will enhance fundamental understanding of the various agents. Knowledge of the pharmacokinetic properties of ASMs is crucial in selecting an appropriate agent in any particular clinical context.
Polytherapy with Antiseizure Medications
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
About 40% of patients with epilepsy will have “difficult-to-control” seizures. Focal epilepsies and symptomatic (structural-metabolic) generalized epilepsies are less likely to be controlled easily than the idiopathic (genetic) generalized epilepsies. Many physicians advocate combination therapy once two have failed in monotherapy, using a second drug that may have a different mechanism of action or a similar one. Little evidence shows that using two drugs with differing mechanisms of action (rational polytherapy) is superior to using two drugs with similar mechanisms of action. However, adverse effects may be worse when drugs with similar mechanisms of action are used, and use of differing drug types may offer benefit with regard to adverse effects.
Antiseizure Medications and Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three antiseizure medications—acetazolamide, topiramate, and zonisamide—are typically associated with metabolic acidosis due to their property of inhibiting the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. The metabolic acidosis typically occurs soon after initiation of therapy. Conditions or therapies that predispose to acidosis such as renal diseases, severe respiratory disorders, diarrhea, surgery, ketogenic diet, or other drugs may add to the bicarbonate-lowering effects of topiramate. Baseline and periodic measurements of serum bicarbonate levels during topiramate, zonisamide, and acetazolamide treatment are recommended, especially in children. Hyponatremia occurs in patients treated with carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine or eslicarbazepine acetate. Hyperammonemia can occur in as many as half of the patients receiving valproic acid.
Antiseizure Medications in Patients with Cardiovascular Disorders
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Antiseizure medications (ASMs) may have adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. A number of serologic markers relevant to cardiovascular risk have been found to be affected by the CYP450-inducing ASMs. These include cholesterol and specific atherogenic lipid fractions, lipoprotein(a), C reactive protein, and homocysteine. These alterations suggest that enzyme-inducing ASMs might produce elevations in cardiovascular risk, a notion reinforced by the epidemiologic data. Therefore, monitoring vascular risk factors in patients receiving CYP450-inducing ASMs may be beneficial. In addition, patients with cardiovascular disorders are usually on antihypertensive, anticoagulant, or cardiac drugs, which may have significant interactions with ASMs.
Antiseizure Medications and Ophthalmologic Problems
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ophthalmologic problems in patients with epilepsy may be due to either the disease process or therapy with antiseizure medications (ASMs). Visual disturbances such as blurred vision, diplopia, and oscillopsia are generally benign, reversible, dose-dependent neurotoxic side effects of ASMs. Some ocular complaints may be related to the unique mechanistic properties of individual ASMs and can occur when they are administered at therapeutic levels. Vigabatrin and ezogabine have special retinal toxicity that has greatly limited their use. The clinician must vigilantly monitor patients for visual disturbances, often testing before any changes are noticed by the patient and immediately stopping the offending ASM when problems arise.
Antiseizure Medications and Weight Change
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Many patients with epilepsy experience weight change after starting an antiseizure medication (ASM). Some ASMs are associated with weight loss, some with weight gain, and others have no effect on weight. Weight gain is associated with an increased risk of comorbidities (e.g., type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart diseases) and impairs quality of life and self-esteem; weight loss can also have adverse effects on a patient’s health and self-esteem. Taking these issues into consideration, the clinician should carefully weigh the possible weight-influencing side effects of particular ASMs and tailor their use to the patient’s needs.
Antiseizure Medications and Bone Health
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Patients taking antiseizure medications (ASMs) have higher rates of osteopenia, osteoporosis, and bone fractures than the general population. The decrease in bone mineral density possibly attributed to ASM use leads to increased bone fragility and, hence, greater risk of fracture. When one considers that people with epilepsy have a greater propensity for falls as well, the reduction in bone density has even greater importance than usual for these patients. There are probably multiple causes of the increased rate of osteopenia and osteoporosis in epilepsy. Evidence suggests that ASMs may have negative effects on bone mineral density through a variety of mechanisms.
Antiseizure Medications in the Pipeline
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A. , Sperling Michael R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
More than 30% of people with epilepsy have persistent seizures despite the use of appropriate therapies; these patients have drug-resistant epilepsy. Therefore, investigating and discovering new medications to treat epilepsy is of paramount significance. There are multiple dugs in the pipeline to treat epilepsy. This chapter briefly review some of these new antiseizure medications (ASMs), including fenfluramine, ganaxolone, anakinra, padsevonil, and everolimus.
Serotonin Syndrome and Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Authors: Salem Haitham , Finocchio Brittany , Pigott Teresa 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Both serotonin syndrome (SS) and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) are associated with exposure to, respectively, to pro-serotonergic (e.g. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants) and antipsychotic drugs. They often present with key clinical features including mental status changes, autonomic instability, hyperthermia, and rigidity. However, each represents a different and potentially life-threatening syndrome with varying pathophysiology, distinct symptoms, and important treatment differences. As such, quick and accurate diagnosis of signs and symptoms in mild cases is critical to prevent progression to more severe cases. With this in mind, this chapter will review the clinical features, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and treatment options for serotonin syndrome and neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
Autoimmune and Paraneoplastic Encephalopathies
Authors: Rini James F. , Peet Bradley T. , Geschwind Michael D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Movement disorders are a prominent and common feature in many autoantibody-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders and are caused by an expanding spectrum of antibodies. Depending on the presenting and early symptoms, patients with these disorders are often referred to psychiatrists or general, movement disorder and/or behavioral neurologists. Clinicians need to be aware of these conditions in order to know when to consider and test for them, as many are treatable if not reversible. Improved awareness and understanding of these disorders will help with early identification and prompt treatment, thereby reducing long-term morbidity and mortality. This chapter will focus on the most common autoimmune, especially antibody-mediated, syndromes associated with psychiatric and movement disorders. Many of the autoimmune-mediated movement disorders discussed in this chapter are often associated with other features, including psychiatric/behavioral disorders, limbic encephalitis, and other symptoms. Autoimmune limbic encephalitis (ALE) is a syndrome in which parts of the limbic system are involved and classically presents with features including short-term memory loss, irritability, depression, hallucinations, sleep disturbances, and/or seizures.
Trauma in Historical and Social Perspective
Authors: Paris Joel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the historical and social factors in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It explores motivations to validate suffering as a primary reason to focus on trauma and shows how these ideas are applied to psychotherapy. The chapter briefly reviews the history of PTSD and diagnoses that precede this terminology. It describes how the concept broadened from military experiences to civilian life. It then discusses the seemingly paradoxical observation that even as traumatic events have become less frequent, they are a matter of greater concern. The chapter goes on to compare how different societies perceive trauma and PTSD. The chapter ends with a discussion of what has been called a contemporary “culture of trauma.”
Risk, Resilience, and Trauma
Authors: Paris Joel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on factors that underlie resilience to trauma. It begins by explaining why resilience is the rule, not an exception, and places life adversities in a historical context. While the cumulative effects of multiple adversities can override resilience, the chapter goes on to critique some of the misconceptions about trauma that have long been held by psychotherapists. It then reviews some of the longitudinal and birth cohort studies that have placed traumatic events in a larger biopsychosocial perspective. The chapter ends by suggesting some of the mechanisms that promote resilience to trauma in both adults and children.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Personality Disorders, and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Paris Joel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and personality traits. Returning to the concept of personality as a psychological immune system, it makes use of the Five-Factor Model of personality, with an emphasis on the effects of high neuroticism. It applies these principles to the understanding of borderline personality disorder (BPD). The chapter ends with a critique of the concept of complex PTSD, whose clinical features strongly overlap with the phenomenology of BPD. The problem is that most BPD patients lack a consistent history of childhood trauma. While the diagnosis of complex PTSD has been accepted by the World Health Organization, it is not listed in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Treatment for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Paris Joel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter reviews the various treatments that have been developed for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It questions the idea that that psychotherapy needs to be “trauma-focused,” reviewing evidence that standard cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is equally efficacious for most patients. In this context, it argues that eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) has no unique value. The chapter also shows that psychopharmacology plays at best an adjunctive role in treatment. It also shows why critical incident stress debriefing after trauma can be damaging, and that the concept of triggering is vastly overblown. Finally, the chapter explores the links between CBT and Stoic philosophy that suggest a useful basis for contextualizing life adversities.
Constraining the SN Ia host galaxy dust law distribution and mass step: hierarchical BayeSN analysis of optical and near-infrared light curves
Authors: Thorp Stephen , Mandel Kaisey S 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACT
We use the BayeSN hierarchical probabilistic SED model to analyse the optical–NIR (BVriYJH) light curves of 86 Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) from the Carnegie Supernova Project to investigate the SN Ia host galaxy dust law distribution and correlations between SN Ia Hubble residuals and host mass. Our Bayesian analysis simultaneously constrains the mass step and dust RV population distribution by leveraging optical–NIR colour information. We demonstrate how a simplistic analysis where individual RV values are first estimated for each SN separately, and then the sample variance of these point estimates is computed, overestimates the RV population variance $\sigma _R^2$. This bias is exacerbated when neglecting residual intrinsic colour variation beyond that due to light curve shape. Instead, Bayesian shrinkage estimates of σR are more accurate, with fully hierarchical analysis of the light curves being ideal. For the 75 SNe with low-to-moderate reddening (peak apparent B − V ≤ 0.3), we estimate an RV distribution with population mean μR = 2.59 ± 0.14, and standard deviation σR = 0.62 ± 0.16. Splitting this subsample at the median host galaxy mass (1010.57 M⊙) yields consistent estimated RV distributions between low- and high-mass galaxies, with μR = 2.79 ± 0.18, σR = 0.42 ± 0.24, and μR = 2.35 ± 0.27, σR = 0.74 ± 0.36, respectively. When estimating distances from the full optical–NIR light curves while marginalizing over various forms of the dust RV distribution, a mass step of ≳0.06 mag persists in the Hubble residuals at the median host mass.
Slow Protein Dynamics Elicits New Enzymatic Functions by Means of Epistatic Interactions
Authors: Rossi Maria-Agustina , Palzkill Timothy , Almeida Fabio C L , Vila Alejandro J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Protein evolution depends on the adaptation of these molecules to different functional challenges. This occurs by tuning their biochemical, biophysical, and structural traits through the accumulation of mutations. While the role of protein dynamics in biochemistry is well recognized, there are limited examples providing experimental evidence of the optimization of protein dynamics during evolution. Here we report an NMR study of four variants of the CTX-M β-lactamases, in which the interplay of two mutations outside the active site enhances the activity against a cephalosporin substrate, ceftazidime. The crystal structures of these enzymes do not account for this activity enhancement. By using NMR, here we show that the combination of these two mutations increases the backbone dynamics in a slow timescale and the exposure to the solvent of an otherwise buried β-sheet. The two mutations located in this β-sheet trigger conformational changes in loops located at the opposite side of the active site. We postulate that the most active variant explores alternative conformations that enable binding of the more challenging substrate ceftazidime. The impact of the mutations in the dynamics is context-dependent, in line with the epistatic effect observed in the catalytic activity of the different variants. These results reveal the existence of a dynamic network in CTX-M β-lactamases that has been exploited in evolution to provide a net gain-of-function, highlighting the role of alternative conformations in protein evolution.
Beards in the Biblical and Patristic Tradition
Authors: Siecienski A. Edward 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The church fathers did not spend a great deal of time writing about facial hair—after all, there were far more important dogmatic and pastoral questions to be answered. However, when the fathers did have cause to speak of beards, they were, with few exceptions, extremely laudatory. Yet beards were never the real issue, as if they believed them to be holy or imbued by God with an inherent theological significance. The real issue was always morality (particularly sexual morality) and the desire that Christian men should avoid the sins of vanity and lust, especially those deemed contra natura. It is only with this in mind that the canonical legislation of ancient church, which in East and West sometimes mandated, and sometimes outlawed, the growing of facial hair, makes any sense. These canons were never about hair, but about Christian morality. Bearded or beardless, what was important was not how hairy a man was, but how holy he should be.
Beards in the East-West Polemic
Authors: Siecienski A. Edward 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
By the beginning of the ninth century the various linguistic, cultural, and political differences between East and West were already on display for all to see. It was in this atmosphere that the Byzantines first took note of the Latin clergy’s habit of shaving, distinguishing it from the (relatively) long-standing Eastern practice of men wearing beards. At first not much was made of the difference, and exchanges in the ninth century rightly regarded it as a matter of custom rather than theology. Unfortunately, the rising tensions between East and West, coupled with the increased significance Latin authors gave to tonsure as a mark of the clerical state, meant the end of such toleration. By the mid-eleventh century, beards, or the lack of them, became a casus belli in the conflict between Cardinal Humbert and Patriarch Michael Keroularios, and a firm fixture in subsequent polemical exchanges for the next two hundred years.
The Azyme Debate
Authors: Siecienski A. Edward 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The long-simmering hostility between East and West, which occasionally boiled over into violence, as it did in 1182 and 1185, entered a new phase in 1204 following the crusaders’ sack of Constantinople and the establishment of the Latin empire. Although other theological issues began to take center stage, anti-azymite tracts remained plentiful, and the Latins’ use of unleavened bread in the Eucharist remained among the most common charges in the lists of Latin errors. The Latins naturally countered with tracts of their own, arguing not only for the legitimacy of unleavened bread, but also for its superiority over the Greek practice, maintaining that the latter was merely tolerated for the sake of religious peace. Yet despite all their efforts to get the Greeks to admit the validity of an azymite Eucharist, for most it remained, along with commemoration of the pope and the recitation of the Filioque, the clearest manifestations of the Latins’ heretical nature.
Purgatory in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
Authors: Siecienski A. Edward 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
By the beginning of the thirteenth century a host of issues were already dividing Christian East and West with enough fuel to keep the fires of hatred burning on both sides, which is why the addition of a new fire, the ignis purgatorius, seemed remarkably unnecessary. Yet very soon after its introduction as an ecumenical stumbling block in the 1230s Purgatory became a regular feature of the polemical literature on both sides, soon eclipsing clerical marriage, fasting regulations, and other ritual differences as a chief point of division. Within a few short years the Tractatus contra graecos listed Purgatory as one of the chief dogmatic issues preventing the union of East and West.
Anti-Oppressive Social Work Practice and the Carceral State
Authors: O'Brien Patricia , Willison Judith S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This book attempts to chart a path toward transformative justice by using an anti-oppressive social work approach to resist the expansion of the carceral state. It critically examines strategies to shift punishment-centered practices to build collaborative partnerships and possibilities toward decarceration, health, and community power. We argue that it is crucial for social workers to recognize the unjust and ineffective logics of the criminal legal system, from violent policing to inhumane detention and imprisonment, to community surveillance, and including the loss of civil rights. The book offers a social work practice framework that encompasses an anti-oppressive stance, including antiracist and feminist principles, and a public health orientation. It centers anti-oppressive social work practice in and against the carceral state within its sociopolitical context, including structural racism, economic inequality, and the criminalization of mental illness. Methods for assessment and intervention and strategies for implementing diversion from the criminal legal system are described across both custodial and community settings. Recommendations advance anti-oppressive research and avenues to community accountability and safety. The book concludes with a critical discussion of transformative justice, including decarceration/abolitionist organizing and policy initiatives.
Transparency and Transformation in Carceral Detention
Authors: Patricia O’Brien , Willison Judith S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the various detention facilities where adults reside after arrest for a suspected law violation until they make bail or have a legal resolution to the charge. It discusses the harsh conditions that permeate detention centers of all sizes; these conditions accelerate harmful mental health problems and the high rate of suicides. Jails, houses of correction, and immigration detention centers provide little structured social work services unless and until there is advocacy and funding to support it. Options need to be developed as part of an overall anti-oppressive strategy to promote decarceration and abolish detention centers. These facilities are critical sites of carceral state control and a context for front-end diversion and services, including bail reform. Outlined here are anti-oppressive social work roles and opportunities for transformation.
Challenges and Possibilities of Anti-Oppressive Social Work Practice in Prison With Men
Authors: Patricia O’Brien , Willison Judith S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter initially justifies separate chapters on people self-defined by gender within the criminal legal system. It describes the elements that channel men into prison and the inhumane conditions they face while imprisoned. The chapter outlines how the history of white supremacy has differentially shaped the mass incarceration of men related to types of offenses, interpersonal violence, masculinity, and gender. It describes the need for anti-oppressive social work advocacy and practice. It offers evidence-informed approaches to work with men in prison at the individual, group, and institutional levels to lessen incarceration’s traumatic impact and promote recovery and restoration after release.