bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physiological Changes Associated with Increased Lateral Branching of Apple Trees Treated with Aminoethoxyvinylglycine
Authors: Curry Eric A. , Williams Max W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In late September of 1981 and 1982, eight-year-old ‘Oregon-spur Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica) trees on M7 rootstock were sprayed immediately after harvest with 500 ppm AVG. The following spring of both years the number of spur leaves and lateral shoots on one-year-old wood was increased on treated trees. Total N was reduced and sucrose and fructose were increased in dormant one-year-old shoots of AVG-treated trees. Cold hardiness was not affected. Throughout the dormant period both apical and one-year-old lateral buds excised from treated trees and incubated in the dark at 24°C produced less ethylene over a period of 24 hr than buds from untreated trees. In situ ethylene production from apical buds of treated trees was also reduced as growth resumed in the spring. Chemical name used: N-(phenylmethyl)-lH-purin-6-amine (AVG).
Seasonal Variation in Vegetative and Reproductive Development in Zinnia elegans Jacq.
Authors: Boyle Thomas H. , Stimart Dennis P. , McIntosh Marla S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cultivars of Zinnia elegans Jacq. were grown under long day (LD) photoperiods in the greenhouse in spring (Sp), summer (Su), fall (F), and winter (W) over 2 years to determine days from seed sowing to flowering (DTF), flower diameter (FD), height (H), node number below first inflorescence (NN), and the role of irradiance and temperature on DTF. All cultivars flowered earliest in Su, and latest in W. Cactus-flowered (cactus) cultivars (‘Carved Ivory’, ‘Rosy Future’, ‘Torch’) flowered later and were greater in H, FD, and NN compared to pompon cultivars (‘Cherry Ruffles’, ‘Pink Ruffles’, ‘Scarlet Ruffles’, ‘Yellow Ruffles’). The principal factor affecting DTF and NN was the season, whereas H and FD variation were due mainly to cultivar differences. Year X season interactions were significant for DTF, H, FD, and NN, but seasonal trends each year were similar. Mean daily temperature (MDT) from transplanting until flowering (DTFT) was lowest in W, highest in Su, and showed a linear correlation with DTFT for cactus (r = −0.89) and pompon (r = −0.92) cultivars. Mean daily photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) for DTFT was highest in Sp, followed by Su, F, and W due to greenhouse shading during Su and part of F; the relation between PPF and DTFT was described by a 2nd degree polynomial for cactus (r = −0.96) and pompon (r = −0.98) cultivars. DTFT was more a function of MDT than PPF for Sp, Su, and F crops, whereas late flowering of the W crop was due to lower MDT and PPF. Results demonstrate that Z. elegans can be accurately scheduled as a greenhouse crop on a year-round basis.
Manganese Toxicity Development in Muskmelons as Influenced by Nitrogen Form
Authors: Elamin Osman M. , Wilcox Gerald E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) ‘Harvest Queen’ seedlings were grown in sand culture at 2, 15, or 30 ppm Mn with 3 different N treatments to evaluate the effects of N form on growth, composition, and development of Mn toxicity. Nitrogen treatments consisted of NO3, NH4, and NH4 shifted to NO3 at 5 days, when Mn toxicity symptoms began to show on NO3-treated plants. Muskmelons produced the most growth with N supplied as NO3, least growth with NH4, and intermediate growth with the NH4-to-NO3 shift treatment. Plants grown with NO3-N at 15 or 30 ppm of Mn had restricted growth, developed Mn toxicity symptoms 5 days after the start of Mn treatments, and had a Mn composition of over 1500 ppm in dry shoot tissue. With NH4 the Mn treatments had no effect on growth, no Mn toxicity symptoms developed, and Mn composition of shoot tissue was <800 ppm. Shifting plants from NH4 to NO3-N resulted in the development of Mn toxicity symptoms and tissue Mn composition over 1500 ppm within 4 days after the shift.
Influence of Stock Plant Propagation Method on Tissue Culture and Leaf-bud Propagation of ‘Northblue’ Blueberry
Authors: Grout Jeanne M. , Read Paul E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The propagation method and vegetative condition of ‘Northblue’ blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) stock plants influenced microshoot production in vitro and root formation on leaf-bud cuttings. In tissue culture (TC), explants from TC-derived stock plants produced longer shoots than explants from leaf-bud, standard- (ST-) derived stock on either Zimmerman’s (Zimm) medium at pH 4.8, Lloyd and McCown’s woody plant medium (WPM) at pH 4.8 or pH 5.2. Microshoots from explants of TC-stock plants also rooted more readily. Microshoot rootability decreased after 18 weeks on medium containing 68.6 μmol (12 mg/liter) 2iP. Microshoot production and rootability increased after 3 additional weeks on Zimm medium without 2iP present. Leaf-bud cuttings of ‘Northblue’ TC-stock plants treated with 5% and 10% concentrations of a commercial rooting compound (Dip-n-Grow) had a slightly higher rooting percentage and root rating than nontreated cuttings from ST-stock plants. However, cuttings from ST-stock plants of the same age showed larger increases in root formation and percentage of rooting in response to the same rooting compound treatments. Leaf-bud cuttings from vegetative TC-stock plants that developed shoots had more basal branches than those from floral ST-stock plants. Branch elongation was greatest and basal branches fewest on cuttings from floral ST stock plants. Successful propagation with cuttings and in vitro explants may be related to the condition of the stock plants, which have been altered by their own propagation methods and the plant growth regulators applied. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-2H-purin-6-amine (2iP).
Partitioning of 14C-photosynthate among Competing Sinks during Flowering and Early Fruiting in Snap Bean
Authors: Mauk Craighton S. , Breen Patrick J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Photoassimilate distribution was evaluated in bush snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Oregon 1604’) field-grown at low and high plant densities (33 and 54 plants·m−2) and irrigated when soil water potential reached −0.06 MPa (high) or −0.25 MPa (low irrigation). A single trifoliolate leaf per plant, either at a lower (node 2 or 3) or upper (node 5) canopy position, was briefly dosed with 14CO2 and plants harvested after 27 hr. This treatment occurred on 3 dates (25, 27, and 31 July), corresponding to the days when flowers at each of the 3 raceme nodes of the terminal inflorescence sequentially reached 1 to 2 days post-anthesis. 14C activity was measured in shoot parts, including individual flowers and pods. Partitioning was calculated as the percentage of distribution of 14C exported from the exposed leaf. Although irrigation-density effects on 14C-partitioning were slight, the percentage of 14C-assimilate translocated from the dosed leaf to its nearby inflorescence increased sharply at each successive sampling date. On 25 July, flowers at each of the 3 raceme nodes of the terminal inflorescence had only 2–4% of the 14C activity, whereas on 31 July those at the proximal 2 positions had 34% compared to 2% at the distal raceme node. Flowers and pods at distal raceme node positions received small percentages of exported 14C and tended to abscise, while those at proximal raceme nodes sequestered a much higher fraction of 14C and developed mature pods. Sink intensity (the percentage of 14C/dry weight) of flowers at a raceme node was lowest near anthesis, peaked 3 to 4 days after anthesis, and then declined. Maximum sink intensity of basal flowers in an axillary inflorescence lower in the canopy was twice as high as in comparable flowers of the terminal raceme. The reduced accumulation of photoassimilate and declining sink intensity in organs at distal raceme nodes may contribute to their increased rate of abscission.
Filbert Acclimation, Maximum Cold Hardiness, and Deacclimation
Authors: Hummer K. (Brainerd) , Lagerstedt H.B. , Kim S.K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Stem sections of 31 filbert genotypes were collected, artificially frozen, and evaluated by visual browning of cambium and other tissues to determine cold hardiness during 5 sample dates in 1984 and 1985. Corylus heterophylla Fish. ex. Trau. was the most cold-hardy filbert tested, but it deacclimated sharply before the end of February. The tested filberts were divided into 3 temporal groups of acclimation to maximum cold hardiness—early, midwinter, and late. C. avellana L. ‘Butler’, ‘Tombul’, ‘Barcelona’, ‘Ennis’, and ‘Casina’ acclimated early; ‘Gasaway’, acclimated in midwinter season; ‘Daviana’ and ‘Hall’s Giant’ acclimated late. The genotypes tested also were separated into very hardy, hardy, and least hardy groups for cortex-cambium, pistillate bud, and staminate bud tissues. The general order of tissue hardiness from least to most was pith, xylem, cambium, and cortex. Vegetative buds in midwinter were as hardy or hardier than the cambium. Staminate flowers were hardier than pistillate in October, but most pistillate flowers were hardier than staminate by January. Several filberts had fully blooming pistillate flowers that were uninjured at −30°C in December and −40° in January. Filbert flower buds demonstrated maximum cold hardiness during nondormancy.
Response of Muskmelon to Three Floating Row Covers
Authors: Hemphill Delbert D. , Mansour N.S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Floating row covers increased air and soil temperatures compared to black polyethylene ground mulch and increased both early and total yield of muskmelon [Cucumis melo (L.)]. In 1983, all 3 row covers increased transplant survival and total yield/plant but decreased mean fruit weight. Cover removal date had little effect on yield or earliness. Due to greater plant survival, total yields were higher with perforated (PCP) and slitted clear polyethylene (SCP) floating covers than with spunbonded polyester (SPE) covers. Direct-seeded plants under floating SCP produced higher total yields and reached peak production earlier than the noncovered transplants. In 1984, SPE and PCP increased yield and earliness but had no effect on mean fruit weight. Transplants outyielded direct-seeded plants and early yield increased with late row cover removal. Neither total nor early yield were significantly affected by type of row cover. Projected economic return was usually increased by the row covers for both transplants and direct-seeded plants.
Dry Matter Distribution and Responses to Pruning Within a Population of Standard, Semidwarf, Compact, and Dwarf Peach Seedlings
Authors: Scorza Ralph , Zailong Li , Lightner G.W. , Gilreath Lenard E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three-year-old limbs of unpruned standard (ST), semidwarf (SD), compact (CT), and dwarf (DW) seedling peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees were separated into component parts at harvest. CT and DW trees had allocated higher percentages of dry matter to one- and 2-year-old branches than ST and SD trees. Although the proportion of dry weight in current season shoots was highest in CT trees compared with the other tree types, fruit dry weight was relatively low. In a separate study ST, SD, and CT trees were pruned and left unpruned, and current season shoot and fruit growth was recorded. Pruning increased the wood dry weight per trunk cross sectional area in current season growth in ST trees and increased the average length of shoots and lowered light penetration in ST and SD trees, but pruning did not affect current season shoot dry weight or length in CT trees. Shoot dry weight and shoot length were greatest in pruned ST trees. The number of shoots was not affected by pruning in any tree type. Total fruit dry weight did not differ with pruning or tree type.
Photoperiodic Responses of Hydrangea
Authors: Shanks James B. , Mityga Henry G. , Douglass Larry W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Following the termination of rest, 16-, 20-, or 24-hr photoperiods hastened flower development of 7 cultivars of hydrangeas [Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.) Ser.] compared to those at 8- or 12-hr photoperiods. The interruption of a 16-hr dark period with 4- or 8-hr incandescent illumination was as effective as continuous light. Stem elongation and cyme expansion increased with length of photoperiod, while the interruption of the dark period had an intermediate effect upon these parameters. Plants undergoing continuous development without defoliation or a rest treatment responded similarly to rested and defoliated plants in rate and extent of growth and initiated flowers more uniformly at an 8-hr photoperiod than at longer photoperiods.
Peach Skin Discoloration
Authors: Denny E.G. , Coston D.C. , Ballard R.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Black, purple, and tan discolorations have been found within red-pigmented areas of the peach fruit skin. Scanning electron and light micrographs show damage caused by defuzzing and roller drying, which could facilitate entry of causal agents associated with peach skin discoloration. Comparisons of reflectance and transmittance spectra (380-700 nm) of discolored (purple) and nondiscolored (red) peaches show the mean reflectance value for discolored peaches is 100% darker than nondiscolored peaches. However, transmittance spectra of acidified extracts of discolored and nondiscolored peach skins are similar throughout these wavelengths. Extracted pigment color was altered by pH changes and metallic ion concentration. At low pH, discoloration may be caused by ion complexing with anthocyanin pigment. At high pH, discoloration may result from alkaline hydrolysis of the pigment molecule.
Characteristics of the Photoperiodic Response of California Poppy
Authors: Lyons R.E. , Booze-Daniels J.N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
California poppy (Eschscholzia californica Cham.) was increasingly sensitive to inductive long day (LD) conditions as the plant aged. A minimum of 10 expanded leaves was required for plants to flower in the shortest time once LD induction began. The amount of photosynthetic leaf area present during LD was not critical for flowering, suggesting specific leaf number to be a dominant factor in the photoperiodic flowering response of California poppy.
Evaluation of Inbred and Hybrid Populations of Streptocarpus × hybridus
Authors: Wolff David W. , Veilleux Richard E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Early generation inbreeding in one selection each of seed-propagated Streptocarpus x hybridus Voss ‘Concorde’ and ‘Mixed Nymph’ was characterized by reduced flower and leaf size, short peduncles, and increased frequencies of deformed flowers. Multivariate cluster analysis revealed exceptional genotypes that resembled the parent cultivar within the generally inferior inbred populations. Although inbreeding depression was apparent, the inbred populations did not increase significantly in homogeneity as determined by coefficients of variation. Reciprocal hybrids between selections of ‘Concorde’ and ‘Mixed Nymph’ and their first inbred populations, although apparently vigorous, were not statistically superior to parental lines. Reciprocal differences were observed for corolla width and length, and peduncle length between hybrids derived from selections of first generation inbreds of each cultivar. Development of superior seed-propagated Cape Primrose cultivars may be achieved through further inbreeding, selection, and hybridization.
Effect of Stratification Temperature and Time on Rest Fulfillment and Growth in American Ginseng
Authors: Konsler T.R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dormant one-year-old roots of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) were exposed to a range of stratification temperatures and times to define limits for these parameters and to quantify their effect on terminating rest when placed in a growing environment. Effective storage temperatures tested ranged from 0° to 9°C. A low percentage of roots produced tops with as few as 30 days of stratification; however, 60 to 90 days were required for 100% emergence. The number of days to emergence, after planting, decreased with increased time in stratification through the maximum storage time of 120 days. The number of days of dormancy (days in stratification + days to emergence) averaged 126 and was relatively constant over the range of effective temperatures and periods of stratification. The minimum predicted period of dormancy was 116 days and was associated with a derived 70 days in storage (1680 hr) at 3.1°. Root growth rate, after emergence, was greatest following 105 days of stratification.
Field Emergence of Tomato, Carrot, and Onion Seeds Primed in an Aerated Salt Solution
Authors: Haigh A.M. , Barlow E.W.R. , Milthorpe F.L. , Sinclair P.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Conditions for priming tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), carrot (Daucus carota L.), and onion (Allium cepa L.) seeds in solutions of K3PO4 + KNO3 and K2HPO4 + KNO3 were optimized in a series of laboratory and field experiments. When primed in K3PO4 + KNO3 (−1.6 MPa) for 7, 14, or 21 days at 15°, 20°, or 25°C, the percentage of emergence was unchanged in tomato, increased in carrot, and decreased in onion. Although there were some species differences, all priming treatments reduced time-spread and increased median rate of emergence. For this solution, priming at 15° for 14 days was optimal for all 3 species. Detailed experiments using optimized priming solutions in an aerated column for tomato (K2HPO4 + KNO3, −1.0 MPa) and for carrots (K3PO4 + KNO3, −1.5 MPa) demonstrated that 18 days was necessary to prime tomato seeds maximally by reducing the time-spread of germination from 73 to 12 hr. With carrots, the maximal response was obtained after 16 days of priming. For both species, continued gains in germination could be obtained from prolonged priming, although only at the expense of a reduced percentage of germination. Air-drying and storing of tomato and carrot seeds for up to 28 days had no effect on subsequent emergence in the field. Conversely, air-drying of onion seeds reduced the percentage of emergence and increased time-spread and rate of emergence. In contrast, salt-primed tomato seeds exhibited an increase in percentage and rate of emergence, and a decrease in time-spread of field emergence. Primed carrot seeds exhibited a faster rate of field emergence than those not primed.
Influence of Crop Load and Maturity on Quality and Susceptibility to Bruising of ‘Bing’ Sweet Cherries
Authors: Spayd S.E. , Proebsting E.L. , Hayrynen L.D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Bing’ cherries from lightly (LC) and heavily (HC) cropped trees were harvested at weekly intervals, subjected to impact damage (bruising), and stored at 4°C for up to 28 days in 1982 and 12 days in 1983. On a given harvest date, cherries from LC trees were firmer (higher bioyield) and riper, as indicated by higher soluble solids and total anthocyanin concentrations (TAcy) than those from HC trees. At a given color (TAcy) within the range of commercial shipping maturity, cherries from HC trees were more susceptible to bruising, were softer, and had lower concentrations of soluble solids, acid, and dry matter than cherries from LC trees.
Effect of Soil Acidity and Magnesium on Muskmelon Leaf Composition and Fruit Yield
Authors: Elamin Osman M. , Wilcox Gerald E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The response of muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.) to Mg fertilization and soil pH was studied on a Princeton loamy sand that contained 34 kg·ha−1 available Mg at pH 4.8. Calcitic limestone was used to adjust the soil to pH 5.4 in 1984 and 5.8 in 1985. Magnesium was added for 2 years at 0, 56, 112, and 168 kg·ha−1. Lime application increased exchangeable soil Ca and decreased exchangeable Mn. Liming had no effect on exchangeable Mg, but Mg application increased exchangeable Mg linearly. Plants developed Mg deficiency in plots receiving no Mg treatment regardless of soil pH and Mn toxicity in unlimed plots at pH 4.8. Leaves developed Mg deficiency symptoms when the Mg concentration in leaf tissue was 0.30%. Magnesium application increased leaf tissue Mg and reduced leaf tissue Mn concentrations. Application of calcitic limestone increased leaf tissue Ca and reduced leaf tissue Mg and Mn concentrations. Muskmelon fruit yields were increased both by liming and Mg applications. Yield increases due to liming were attributed to reduced Mn levels in plant tissue.
Lettuce Infectious Yellows Tolerance in Lettuce
Authors: McCreight James D. , Kishaba Albert N. , Mayberry Keith S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivars and breeding lines differed in tolerance to lettuce infectious yellows virus. Correlations of symptom severity in field tests with fresh weight of control plants in a greenhouse test indicate a relationship between symptom severity and the inherent vigor of a cultivar. ‘Climax’ had the mildest symptoms and was the most vigorous cultivar. The level of tolerance exhibited by ‘Climax’ and a few other cultivars will not prevent occurrence of lettuce infectious yellows, but could ameliorate its effect on lettuce production.
Adaptability of Blueberry Species to Various Soil Types: I. Growth and Initial Fruiting
Authors: Korcak R.F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bulk A horizon samples of 4 soils, with or without the addition of peatmoss, and 5 blueberry crosses were used in a study of the adaptability of blueberries to upland soil conditions under 3 fertilization regimes and trickle irrigation in outdoor pots. Blueberry progenies ranged from essentially pure highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) to interspecific hybrids containing varying amounts of evergreen (V. darrowi Camp), lowbush (V. augustifolium Aiton), black highbush (V. atrococcum Heller), and rabbiteye (V. ashei Reade) blueberry germplasm. Blueberry growth, as measured by plant volume, initially was greatest on Manor clay loam, a Piedmont soil high in clay (30%), but by the 2nd growing season, growth was superior on Berryland soil. Various fertilizer sources affected small differences in growth. Generally those progenies that contained less highbush (V. corymbosum) parentage produced more vigorous growth. Depth of rooting and estimated root distribution were affected significantly by soil, but the addition of peatmoss had no consistent effect. Berryland sand and Manor loam soils, which represent extremes in clay content, both produced the deepest root systems. Fruiting and fruit characteristic data from the 2nd growing season indicated a significant effect of peatmoss on the Pope and Galestown soils, which resulted in lowered total fruit acidity. The Berryland soil produced fruit with the lowest total acidity. Blueberry plant growth over the first 2 seasons indicates that soil type can have pronounced effects on plant growth and rooting. These growth differences were due to soil characteristics other than particle size distribution, with fertilizer source having minimal effects on growth.
A Comparison of the Effects of ABA and an Antitranspirant on Chilling Injury of Coleus, Cucumbers, and Dieffenbachia
Authors: Semeniuk Peter , Moline H.E. , Abbott J.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Coleus blumei Benth ‘Buckley Supreme’, Cucumis sativus L. ‘Victory’, and Dieffenbachia picta Schott ‘Rudolph Roehrs’ plants were exposed to 5°C for 48 and 72 hr following pretreatment with abscisic acid (ABA) or an antitranspirant (ENVY). Foliar injury of untreated leaves occurred after 48 hr of exposure at 5°. Application of 200 mg.liter−1 ABA as a foliar spray provided protection against chilling symptoms in coleus and cucumber, but foliar application of ENVY had no protective effect. Dieffenbachia was not protected by either ABA or ENVY. Measurements of refreshed delayed light emission (RDLE) from excited chlorophyll molecules in intact leaves confirmed that ABA protected chilled cucumber chloroplasts; however, there was no difference between ABA-treated and untreated chilled dieffenbachia. Chemical names used: [S-(Z,E)]-5-(l-hydroxy-2,6,6-trimethyl-4-oxo-2-cyclohexen-l-yl)-3-methyl-2,4-pentadienoic acid [abscisic acid (ABA)].