bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flowering Crab, Control of Fall Webworm, Wooster, Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Flowering crabapple trees, 2-4 m tall, growing in a research plot at the OSU/OARDC campus, were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against fall webworm larvae. Twigs having small tents were removed, 4 Sep, from Mortis in Allen Co., OH, placed in plastic bags and transported to Wooster in coolers. Tents were attached to Malus trees with a Twistee at the OARDC research plot. A KWH backpack mistblower, operating at half-throttle on aperature setting # 3 for 30 sec, was used to deliver about 600 ml of finished spray to each tree. Sprays were directed toward the web and surrounding foliage on each of 3, single-tree replicates per treatment. Sprays were applied 8 Sep when conditions were cloudy, 21°C, with 0-8 km/h winds. There were 2.5 cm of rainfall in the experimental area during the test period. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 5 DAT by dismantling each web and assessing larval condition.
Control of Orchid Weevils on Dendrobium, Hawaii, 1991
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bioassay tests were conducted from 3 May through 9 May at the University of Hawaii Waiakea experiment station. Established plants growing in 1.27 cm crushed basalt rock were used in this study. Insecticides were applied to runoff using a compressed CO2 sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. Three DAT, 16 leaves per treatment, 4 leaves per rep, were excised and placed into 12.0 x 10.5 cm unwaxed paper containers. Ten orchid weevils collected on bamboo orchids Arundina graminifolia (D. Don) Hochr. were added to each container and covered with organdy. Mortality and the no. of feeding marks were assessed 1, 2, and 3 d after exposure (DAE) to treated leaves.
Control of Insect Pests on Red Ginger, Hawaii, 1990
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy trials were conducted from 7 Jul to 27 Aug in field plantings of red ginger. Plots measured 6 x 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications per treatment. Sprays were applied to runoff using a compressed air sprayer with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. Triton B-1956 was added to the three foliar applications and the control at a rate of 3.0 fl oz/100 gal. Empire 20 MEC was applied as a barrier treatment within the ginger stalks and a 2 ft radius around the planting using the same equipment as foliar applications. Granular materials were applied with a shaker type dispenser and immediately worked into the media with a hoe and watered thoroughly. Insecticides were applied at two wk intervals for a total of 3 applications except for Di-Syston which was applied once. Water was sprayed in control plots. Fifteen flowers were randomly sampled from each treatment at °i maturity and observed for all insect pests under a dissecting microscope. Three species of mealybugs were grouped together for analysis.
Subsurface Placement of Granular Insecticides for White Grub Control, 1990
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Von Bargen K. , Grisso R. D. , Vittum P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE, on a golf course fairway. The predominant grass species was perennial ryegrass maintained at a mowing height of Ys inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.25 to 0.5 inch. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0. Soil moisture was maintained near field capacity throughout the study. Plots were 5 x 10 ft and the experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied on 6 Aug using either a Ryan Mataway Overseeder modified to place insecticide granules at an avg depth of 0.24 inches, or a Gandy 30H12 drop spreader. Immediately following applications, some plots were irrigated with 0.5 inch of water. No additional water was applied for 72 h after treatment. An additional 1.4 inches of irrigated water was applied and 3.18 inches of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 21 DAT on 27 Aug by removing from each plot six, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (2.1 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the no. of surviving grubs.
Control of Aphids on Spiraea
Authors: Miller Fredric 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Spirea aphid control was evaluated by selecting 32 spiraea, ‘Snowmound’ plants growing in 2 gal pots with similar infestation levels. The plants were grown in a shade-house under standard nursery production conditions. Treatments were randomly applied with four single plant replicates per treatment. Plants were sprayed until drip using a one qt capacity hand-held Polysprayer. Temperature at the time of application was 21°C and the relative humidity was 57%. Prior to spraying (0 DAT) and at 2, 4, and 8 DAT, one, 5 cm long terminal was randomly selected from each plant and the total no. of live aphids was recorded. Aphids that were shriveled, distorted, and lacked movement were considered dead.
Elm, Control of Elm Leaf Beetle Larvae, Wooster, Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Elm, 2-2.5 m tall, growing in a research plot at the OSU/OARDC campus in Wooster, OH, were used to evaluate insecticides against late instar elm leaf beetle larvae. Elm twigs, 15-25 cm long, infested with 3-10 larvae each, were removed from trees in Columbus, OH, 7 Aug, placed in plastic bags, and immediately transported to Wooster in coolers. Three of the infested twigs were attached by using ‘Twistems’ to each experimental elm tree at the research plot. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 15 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments 10 Aug under sunny skies, 27°C, and 8-16 km/h winds with no rainfall during test period. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 3 DAT by counting the total no. of live larvae per tree.
Dormant Control of Striped Pine Scale with Sunspray Ultra Fine Horticultural Oil in Indiana, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sunspray oil was applied to evaluate control of overwintering striped pine scale nymphs on heavily infested 6-8 ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Oil was applied on 16 Apr, and replicated four times in a complete randomized block design. Foliar treatments were applied with a Solo Master 412 back pack mist blower operating at full throttle on setting two. Treatments were applied at the rate of 150 gal/acre (454 ml/tree). The following conditions existed on 16 Apr: air temperature, 53°F; water pH, 7.0; RH, 86%; and skies were overcast. Four twigs were randomly selected from each tree, and the viability of the first 50 nymphs was recorded for a total of 200 nymphs per replicate.
Field Trials of Insecticidal Sprays, 1990
Authors: Bohnert T. J. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests determined the relative efficacy and residual life of five spray treatments: 0.20% cypermethrin-40 WP (CWP); 0.06% tralomethrin-40 WP (TWP); 0.06% tralomethrin-CS microencapsulated (TCS); PT 270 WB-0.5% chlorpyrifos (PT 270); and PT 270 WB + ETOC + MGK-264-0.5% chlorpyrifos, 0.03% ETOC, and 0.24% MGK-264 (PT 270 +). The Dorie Miller Homes, Dorie Miller Homes East, Ivanhoe Gardens, and Concord Village, multi-family public housing complexes located in Gary, Indiana, served as the test sites; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. PT 270 and PT 270 + treatments were made with self-pressurized aerosol cans containing formulated active ingredients. The other treatments were applied using 3.8 liter compressed air sprayers equipped with Multee-jet nozzles. Due to the high cockroach populations and poor sanitation, a general “clean-out” procedure was followed. All accessible harborages throughout the apartment were treated. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum pretreatment count of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered as a test. Each treatment was replicated in 12-17 apartments, but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or lack of resident cooperation. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percentage of reductions of the pretreatment counts. Ranks transformation of the actual data were analyzed with ANOVA models, followed by the Fisher’s protected LSD (P = 0.05) to determine significance among the treatments.
Flushing Activity of Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Bohnert T. J. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory tests were conducted to determine comparative flushing activity against adult German cockroaches among 19 treatments. Cockroach harborages were constructed by pairing two tempered masonite panels (4 inch x 2.5 inch) using 0.375-inch pine strips to create a crack between the two panels. This harborage was mounted (vertically) on a 0.25-inch pine base (4 inch X 4 inch). This completed harborage assembly was placed inside of a plastic box (7.5 inch x 5.5 inch X 4 inch) so only the open end of the harborage faced up. The upper, inside edge of the plastic box was lightly coated with a petrolatum-mineral oil mixture to prevent escape of test insects. Ten adults (s 2 wks old; 5 male and 5 nongravid female) were introduced to the box (equipped with a harborage unit and water-wick) 18 to 24 h before testing. Testing was conducted 4-6 h into the photophase of a 12:12 (L:D) photoperiod. The test insecticides were applied using a spray tower apparatus with a mechanized nozzle assembly which travels along a linear track within the spray chamber. A stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Tee-Jet 8001E (flat, fan spray pattern), was used for all applications. The tower was calibrated to deliver 1 gal of finished spray per 1000 ft2 (0.95 ml per 232 cm2) of horizontal surface at 25 psi. The harborage containing the test insects was removed from the plastic box and placed beneath the spray arm of the spray tower, with the open end of the harborage positioned so that it was parallel with the fan spray pattern. As the spray arm passed over the harborage, the sprayer was activated to deliver the treatment to the test insects within the harborage. Immediately following the spray treatment, the harborage was returned to the plastic box for observations. The number of test insects that were flushed from the harborage at various time intervals (min;s) was recorded, as was the number of insects that were subsequently knocked down. Regression analysis of the resulting probit percentage of flushing vs. log10 of time was utilized to estimate the FT^ values. Mortality at 48 h after exposure was analyzed by ANOVA.
Oral Toxicity of Cockroach Bait Toxins, 1989
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Single feeding assays evaluated the oral toxicity of historic (chlordecone-Kepone and dechlorane-Mirex) and current (abamectin, chlorpyrifos, hydramethylnon, and sulfluramid) bait toxicants against German cockroach nymphs. Toxicants were formulated as diets by finely grinding Wayne Rodent Blox™, and reconstituting 5-g portions with 6 ml of water and 3 ml of acetone solution of the technical material. This media was mixed thoroughly, pressed into plexiglass molds, and allowed to dry for 48 h within an evacuation hood, yielding pelletized diets of a known concentration. Several diet concentrations were provided to groups of 10 unsexed, 2-d old, 5th instars which had been denied food for 72 h. Test insects were housed in 100 × 25 mm vented plastic petri dishes supplied with a water vial and a cardboard harborage. 10 mg of each diet concentration was introduced and after 2 h, when this small portion (i.e., single feeding) was completely consumed, untreated diet was then provided through daily observation of mortality until all insects had died or reached adulthood. Each diet concentration was replicated six times and regression of cumulative probit mortality vs. the Log10 of dosage (extrapolated from diet concentration) estimated lethal doses. These analyses were conducted on data from 2 DAT for those toxicants with an acute action, and on data from approximately 14 DAT, when all survivors had become adults, for toxicants with delayed action.
Evaluation of Ivermectin for in Vivo Screworm Control in Sheep, 1984
Authors: Rubink William L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experiments were performed at the USDA Screwworm Research Laboratory in Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas, MX, from Mar to Jun 1984. The two ivermectin products used were IVOMEC injectable, 1.0% (w/v), (Merck, Sharp & Dohme de Mexico, S.A. de C.V.), and IVOMEC drench, 0.08% (w/v) (Merck, Sharp, and Dohme, Ltd., Hoddesdon, Hertfordshire, England). The products were administered to adult Merino sheep in 3 different tests. Test 1 compared the efficacies of ivermectin at recommended dosages. Eight sheep, divided into 2 equal groups, were infested on d 1 with 200 lst-instar larvae reared from egg masses (A-82 production strain) obtained from the Tuxtla Gtz. mass rearing facility. Four sheep were given subcutaneous injections of 0.2 mg/kg body wt 2 h before infestation. Sheep were stanchioned on d 3-6 to allow larval collections. On d 11 postinfestation, reinfestations were made in fresh wounds to assess latent effects of the insecticide. Test 2 was conducted similarly except that 2 previously treated animals (from Test 1) were included (for long term effects). Two animals were subcutaneously administered 1.2 mg/ kg, 4 animals were given 0.4 mg/kg, and 4 were untreated. Test 3 compared the efficacies of the oral and injectable forms of ivermectin. Five sheep/treatment were used, and dosage was 1.2 mg/kg body wt. Larvae were collected and weighed twice daily over the entire crawl-off period (2-3 d). Emerging flies from all tests were sexed and intertreatment crosses were made to assess fertility/fecundity effects of the insecticides. Male and female flies emerging from treated sheep were crossed with female and male flies obtained from control animals. At 8-d postemergence, oviposition was offered individually to 10 flies per treatment group where not prohibited by excessive mortality. Eggs were incubated and fertility estimated with total egg counts (fertile/non-fertile). All females were dissected to determine mating status, and remaining eggs in the ovaries were counted to complete fecundity measurements.
Repellency of Dried Bay Leaves (Lavrvs Nob1Us), Wrigley'S Spearmint Chewing Gum, Raw Osage Orange Fruit (Maclura Pomifera), and Extracts of Osage Orange Fruit to the German Cockroach, 1989
Authors: Karr L. L. , Coats J. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A trial was conducted to assess the repellent properties of three materials and of crude hexane and methanol extracts of the fruit of the osage orange (extracts were tested individually and in combination). Pyrethrins were used as a standard for comparison. Topical toxicity of the osage orange extracts was also examined by applying 0.1, 1.0, 10, or 100 μg of the extracts, dissolved in acetone, to the abdominal venters of adult male cockroaches. The extracts were prepared by shaking 200 g masticated osage orange fruit with 200 ml hexane or methanol for 30 min. The extract and solvent were then filtered through Na2S04. Shaking and filtering were repeated three times. The solvent was evaporated from the resultant extracts via rotary evaporation. To evaluate repellency, a choice-box method was used. The choice box consisted of two clear, plastic chambers (9 × 8.5 × 2 cm), connected via 20 cm of 1-cm-diameter Tygon® tubing. Five adult male cockroaches (2 wk post-molt, wild strain maintained in the laboratory for 5 yr) were placed in each of the two chambers of each choice box for 24 h prior to the start of the experiment. Filter paper (5 cm, Whatman no. 5) bearing small fragments (&lt; 0.5 cm2) of the materials, or treated with the extracts or pyrethrins, was then placed in one randomly chosen chamber of the choice box and untreated filter paper was placed in the other. Treatment concentrations were expressed as parts per million (ppm) based on μg of material added per unit (cm3) of the treated chamber. Treatments were replicated six (for bay leaves, chewing gum, osage orange fruit, and pyrethrins) or seven (for the hexane and methanol extracts) times. Locations of the cockroaches with respect to the treated chambers were then noted at 1, 4, 24, and 48 h following exposure. No food or water was supplied during the experiment and choice boxes were held under 12:12 L:D. Data were expressed as mean % repelled from treated chamber; these data were transformed prior to analysis to arcsin %. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple range test were used to detect and delineate treatment differences.
Control of Aphids in Cotton Using Insecticide Combinations, 1990
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Studebaker Glenn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied on 27 Jul on ‘DPL 50’ cotton in Lonoke County, AR using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre on 50 psi through TX-4 hollowcone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. Plots were 2, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Evaluations were made 4 DAT using a hand-lens to count the number of aphids on a total of 3.6-inches2 of leaf area on the upper portion of the cotton plants in the center 2 rows in each plot.
Control of Bollworm/Budworm Complex in Mississippi Cotton, Trial I, 1992
Authors: Layton Blake , Howell Mike , Head Bob 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied on 20 Jul using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.9 gal of finished spray per acre through 8001 nozzle tips at 40 psi. The plots, which were located in Warren County, were 8 rows wide (38 inch on center) by 50 ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Counts were made 3 and 7 DAT by searching the terminal area of 25 plants per plot for larvae; 4 randomly chosen squares from each plant were examined for damage determination. A total of 0.2 inches of rain fell on the plots approximately 60 hr posttreatment. Pretreatment infestation level within the test area was 18% eggs and 26% small larvae. Of 25 larvae collected from check plots and adjacent untreated areas at 3 DAT, 92% were tobacco budworms.
Control of Boll Weevil in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. , Long D. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against boll weevil in irrigated cotton planted 26 Apr. For both tests, plots consisted of 5 rows (102 cm centers) x 15 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 9, 13, 16, 19 Jul and on 10, 13, 16, 19 Jul in Test 1 and Test 2, respectively. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 56.2 liters total spray/ha through TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 3.02 kg/ cm2. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 squares/plot for evidence of damage. No additional foliar insecticides were applied to the plots during this test. The test area received 2.2 cm rainfall on 16 Jul, 0.9 cm rainfall on 17 Jul, 0.94 cm rainfall on 18 Jul and 1.8 cm rainfall on 19 Jul.
Control of Boll Weevil in Cotton with Selected Insecticides, 1992
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. , Graves J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against boll weevil in irrigated cotton planted 15 Apr. For both tests, plots consisted of 5 rows (102 cm centers) x 15 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied on 13, 16, 20, 23, and 27 Jul in both tests. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 56.2 liters total spray/ha through TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 2.11 kg/cm2. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 cotton fruit (squares) per plot for evidence of damage. No additional foliar insecticides were applied to the plots during this test. The test area received 0.56 cm rainfall on 14 Jul, 0.7 cm rainfall on 15 Jul, 0.4 cm rainfall on 17 Jul and 0.4 cm rainfall on 22 Jul, 0.3 cm rainfall on 23 and a trace of rainfall on 27 Jul.
Early Season Insect Control with Orthene in Selected Formulations and Application Methods, 1992
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Clay P. A. , Burris E. , Graves J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The insecticidal efficacy, effect on plant growth, and seed cotton yields of selected Orthene treatments applied as in-furrow sprays at planting (IFSAP), in-furrow granules at planting (IFGAP) and preemergence soil applied sprays (PRE) were compared with that of Temik 15 G. Plots consisted of 4 rows on 101.6 cm centers x 15 m. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Cotton was planted in a Gigger Silt Loam (pH = 6.7, 1.8% organic matter) on 23 Apr with a John Deere 7300 planter modified to apply pesticides through a granular applicator hopper box or as a directed spray into the seed furrow. IFSAP treatments were applied with a CO2 charged delivery system calibrated to deliver 46.8 liters total spray/ha through Teejet 8002 flat fan nozzles (1/row) at 3.66 kg/cm2. The PRE treatments were applied on 23 Apr with a tractor mounted boom and compressed air system calibrated to deliver 93.6 liters total spray/ha through Teejet X-12 nozzles (2/row) at 2.81 kg/cm2. Numbers of thrips and aphids were determined by sampling 10 plants on 20 and 25 May using whole-plant washing procedures. Plant stand, leaf area and plant height were measured on 15, 26 and 28 May, respectively. Yields were measured by harvesting the 2 center rows of each plot on 17 Sep and 1 Oct. All plots received Terraclor Super-X (11.2 kg form/ha) at planting as a standard fungicide treatment. Soil moisture was adequate at planting and 90% emergence was observed by 10 d after planting. The entire test was furrow irrigated throughout the season and rainfall was not considered a factor influencing final yields.
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Peanuts in Florida, 1991:
Authors: Funderburk Joe E. , Brown Andrew L. , Gorbet Dan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Peanuts were planted on 5 Jun. Plot size was 4 rows X 7 m with a 92-cm row spacing. Experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. The soil type was a Chiploa loamy sand. Conventional practices were used for fertility and weed and disease control. Lorsban 4 E treatments were applied broadcast preplant and incorporated on 5 Jun, with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with D3 nozzles at 36 psi and the amount of water about 25 gal/acre. The 2 outer rows of plots of selected treatments were used to take soil samples for conducting bioassays against neonate LCB larvae. One 30-cm wide x 10-cm long x 2.5-cm deep soil sample was taken per plot by taking 2 subsamples per plot. This was done every 2 wk on 7 dates beginning immediately after planting. Soil samples were put in prelabeled plastic bags and frozen until bioassays were conducted. Efficacy in each sample was evaluated by bioassaying lst-instars in 30-ml cups that were filled to a depth of 1 cm of soil. Before bioassaying, soil samples were allowed to air dry for 24 hr. Sorghum seedlings were germinated in petri dishes lined with filter paper and moistened with solution containing fungistat benomyl. Five larvae were placed in each cup, with 5 cups used per plot per date. Sorghum seedlings were placed in each cup to provide a continuous supply of food for the larvae. The effectiveness of each treatment was evaluated at 72 hr by counting the number of living larvae. The 2 center rows of each plot were dug at maturity, picked 4 days later, and dried to 8% moisture before taking plot weights to determine yield.