bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Oxidation Behavior and Evolvement of Grain Morphology of Fe-Cr-Al Alloy at 1200°C and 1300°C
Authors: Zhao Yan , Gao Yang 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this paper, the development of surface oxide scale and the evolvement of spallation mechanism of Fe-21Cr-5.6Al super alloy were investigated at 1200°C and 1300°C. The oxidation kinetic curves were obtained by isothermally measuring the weight gain of alloy oxidized with various time durations. The morphologies of oxide scale and grain structures were observed by SEM/EDX, and the phase structure was analyzed by XRD. The results show that the oxidation processes follow the parabolic law and the oxidation rate is higher at 1300°C than 1200°C. Though the FeCrAl alloy shows capabilities against oxidation even at a high temperature of 1300°C, the oxidation behavior and mechanism are distinct from those at moderate temperatures (&lt;1000°C). Different morphologies and phase structure were found in oxide scales generated at different temperatures within the same time duration. Typical buckling was observed in the super alloy when it was subjected to 1200°C. Equiaixed grains with multiple voids were found near the alloy surface. At 1300°C, a flat and thicker oxide layer was formed. The grains were stretched vertically against the alloy and presented as coarse and compact near the interface. The vertically stretching of grain was triggered by fast element transportation inside the alloy. The differences in grain morphologies among the different test temperatures demonstrated that although the super alloy followed parabolic law at both test temperatures, the oxidation processes were different due to the evolvement of grain morphologies and oxide scale structures caused by exposure to high temperature.
Latest Developments at OBZ Innovation GmbH with Focus on Cold Spraying
Authors: Trenkle F. , Schmidt J. , Lehmann M. , Cichosz M. , Dresel I. , Hartmann S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper deals with some of the latest developments and serial production applications at OBZ innovation GMBH. With three serial production cold gas systems and one for the R&D department, obz innovation gmbh is the leading supplier of cold sprayed coatings. The development of the well-known serial production process of a sinusoidal copper coating for hybrid cars is explained. Furthermore our ferritic chromium steel induction coating and our newly developed product, an immanent temperature limiting function for safety critical reasons, will be addressed. As an example for a current field of research currently examined at obz within a public funded project will be discussed insulating ceramics for power electronics with cold sprayed circuit paths for a potential use in fields like automotive and others. Last but not least, the latest product, “obz fingerprint” and “obz sensor” coatings that can be used against plagiarism and as a sensory element are presented for the first time.
Modular Coating for Flexible Gas Turbine Operation
Authors: Zimmermann J.R.A. , Schab J.C. , Stankowski A. , Grasso P.D. , Olliges S. , Leyens C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
With today’s continuously increasing demand for flexibility in heavy duty gas turbines operation, power plant owners are forced to change their operation regime from base load to cyclic operation. The required coating properties for the two regimes are contradicting and cannot be optimized with current MCrAlY systems. Furthermore, for each turbine component, as well as in individual part locations, the loading boundary conditions are differently weighted. For an overall optimized component protection it is therefore of interest to produce coatings with flexible and individually tailored properties. In this context, ALSTOM invested into the development of an Advanced Modular Coating Technology (AMCOTEC), which is based on several powder constituents and a new application method, allowing in-situ compositional changes. With this approach, coating properties, such as oxidation, corrosion, erosion resistance, cyclic lifetime etc. can be modularly adjusted for individual component types and areas. This also includes production of functionally graded coatings, without changing the chemistry of powder fractions.
Plasma Spray-Physical Vapor Deposition of La1-xSrxCoyFe1-yO3-δ Oxygen Transport Membranes on Porous Metallic Supports—Controlling Stress State and Phase Composition
Authors: Marcano D. , Mauer G. , Sohn Y.J. , Vaßen R. , Garcia J. , Serra J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
La0.58Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF), deposited on a metallic porous support by means of plasma spray-physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD) is a promising candidate for oxygen-permeation membranes. However, after O2 permeation tests, membranes show vertical cracks leading to leakage during these tests. In this work, a feature leading to crack formation has been identified. More specifically; Membrane residual stress changes during thermal loading have been found to be related to a phase transformation in the support. In order to improve the performance of the membranes, the metallic support has been optimized by applying an appropriate heat treatment. Additionally, it has been found that coatings deposited at lower oxygen partial pressures consist of 70% cubic and 26% rhombohedral perovskite phases. This increases the non-stoichiometry, which drives the formation of non-perovskite phases during annealing, affecting the membrane stability and the ionic conductivity. The amount of oxygen added during spraying can be used to suppress the cubic to tetragonal phase transformation.
Protecting Threaded Surfaces in Pump and Compressor Pipes Used in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Baldaev L. , Mankovsky S. , Ishmukhametov D. , Rigin A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The paper looks at the results of TSPC research to develop coating technology for threaded surfaces in pump and compressor pipes (PCP) used in the oil and gas industry.
Self-Healing Plasma Sprayed Ceramic Coatings
Authors: Ilhan Z. , Hornes A. , Sata N. , Freitag O. , Ansar A. , Schiller G. , Friedrich A. , Guski V. , Weber U. , Krebs A. , Schmauder S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The current paper reports self-healing plasma sprayed Mgspinel (MgAl2O4) coatings. The coatings were used for electrical insulation in high temperature fuel cells. A range of potential self-healing additives consisting of SiC+X (where X was BaO, CaO, ZnO, Y2O3, GeO2, Ta2O5, V2O5) were characterized and SiC+Y2O3 was initially selected for coating development. Coatings of spinel with 20wt% additive were developed using vacuum plasma spraying (VPS) or atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). In the developed coatings, self-healing was demonstrated after heat treatment at 1050°C in air for 10 hour. Thermophysical and thermomechanical properties of self-healing coatings were determined and compared to spinel coatings. Lastly, a modelling technique is presented to simulate the effective elastic moduli of the coatings. Numerical results based on microstructural simulations showed good agreement with experimental data.
The Percarbonate Stripping System for Thermal Spray Coatings—A Success Story at Tinker Air Force Base
Authors: Sauer John P. , Sneed Justin , Fairbourn Dave 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Stripping systems for thermal spray coatings tend to use many hazardous acids which require critical safety procedures and produce heavy volumes of environmentally unfriendly waste streams. A new technology, filed under application numbers 2009/0120804A1 and 2009/0229636A1, and additionally covered under U.S. patent numbers 8262870 and 8377324 has been created using a very safe and environmentally friendly percarbonate based chemical system with minimal DC rectified voltage. It was successfully qualified at Tinker Air Force Base and is currently in production use throughout the facility. It has safely stripped WCCo and CrC-NiCr coatings such as WCCo and CrC-NiCr from Ti 6-4 and IN718 substrates showing minimal stock loss in 48 hr exposure testing. Many lessons were learned during this qualification process which will be shared and documented. Both plasma and HVOF coatings can be stripped with this process in the pH 10-12 range. The system can also be combined with a refining system that purifies the waste water and condenses the coating sludge into a condensed volume, eliminating the tremendous volume of waste chemicals. Numerous case studies and actual stripping data will also be presented and discussed.
Thermally Sprayed Coatings as Corrosion Protection for Steel Structures—Influence of Manufacturing Processes on the Coatings Quality
Authors: Maghet Teodora , Wilhelm Thomas , Sallai Monica , Mährlein Jörg , Friedrich Susanne , Regenspurger Romy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To obtain the desired functionality and provide sustainability for steel structures, costly maintain and repair is needed. For use in particularly critical environments thermally sprayed coatings based on zinc/ aluminum in combination with a sealing supply many advantages. The subject of the ongoing research project is to deepen the knowledge about the influence of the thermal spray process, the spraying parameters, the manufacturing and especially the sealing process on the durability of sealed ZnAl-corrosion protective coatings. Verification is provided by state of the art testing methods to evaluate the coatings quality. The overall objective of the study is to provide recommendations on approaches and boundary conditions for manufacturing and sealing of thermally sprayed coatings for corrosion protection.
Ultraflex Coatings for Protection of Non-Line-of-Sight Surfaces
Authors: Kimball Douglas , Faust James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Kennametal’s UltraFlex surface treatments provide wear and corrosion resistant coatings in locations that are not easily protected by other methods such as weld overlay or thermal spray. The UltraFlex surface treatments are based on a powder metallurgy process where coatings are applied to substrates in a “green” state and then heated to fuse the coating into a dense, uniform, metallurgically bonded layer with almost no porosity. Unlike most weld or spraying processes, the process for applying UltraFlex does not require direct line-of-sight with the substrate, so components with very complex geometries, difficult to reach locations, or small IDs can be protected with a high-quality surface. UltraFlex coatings are available in multiple grades which are selected depending on the specific application environment. UltraFlex tungsten carbide grades have excellent abrasion and erosion resistance and cobalt alloy grades have excellent corrosion and high temperature resistance.
Use of Flame-Sprayed Coatings as Heating Elements for Polymer-Based Composite Structures
Authors: Lopera-Valle Adrián , McDonald André 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In order to avoid ice accretion on structures that are exposed to cold environments, nickel-chromium-aluminum-yttrium (NiCrAlY) and nickel-20 wt.% chromium (Ni-20Cr) coatings have been deposited on fiber-reinforced polymer composite plates by using flame spraying. Electrical current was supplied to the coatings to increase the substrate temperature by way of Joule heating. The coatings were assessed under free and forced convection conditions at -25°C and 23°C. The electrical resistance of the coating was estimated at different temperatures. At ambient temperatures below 0°C, the temperature on the coating surface remained above 0°C for both the forced and free convection conditions. A nearly homogeneous temperature distribution over the coating surface was observed. The coating materials were found to be Ohmic and their resistance was weakly dependent on temperature. The results suggest that the coating systems may also be used in anti- and de- icing systems.
Wear and Corrosion Resistance of Fe-Based Coatings Reinforced by TiC Particles for Application in Hydraulic Systems
Authors: Bobzin K. , Öte M. , Linke T.F. , Malik K.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Thermally sprayed Fe-based coatings reinforced by TiC particles are a cost effective alternative to carbide coatings such as WC/CoCr, Cr3C2/NiCr and hard chrome coatings. They feature a good wear resistance and, with sufficient amount of alloying elements like Cr and Ni, also a high corrosion resistance. In hydraulic systems the piston is coated for protection against corrosion and wear. New water-based hydraulic fluids require an adaption of the coating system. In order to investigate the wear and corrosion resistance of Fe/TiC a novel powder consisting of a FeCr27Ni18Mo3 matrix and 34 wt.-% TiC was applied by HVOF and compared to reference samples made of WC/CoCr (HVAF) and hard chrome. Besides an in-depth coating characterization (metallographic analyses, EMPA), wear resistance was tested under reverse sliding in a water-based hydraulic fluid. Corrosion resistance was determined by polarization in application-oriented electrolytes (hydraulic fluid at 60 °C, artificial sea water at RT).
Response to Counterfeit Integrated Circuit Components in the Supply Chain: Part I
Authors: Shade Gary F. , Wilson Brian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article is the first of a two-part series on counterfeiting in the IC supply chain. The focus is primarily on semiconductor components that are not available directly from the manufacturer due to quantity or discontinued status. Part I discusses the factors contributing to the rise of such counterfeiting and some of the measures in place to deal with the growing problem. It presents and examines several counterfeit ICs found in the supply chain and describes procurement practices and failure analysis techniques that can help determine whether a product is counterfeit or authentic. Part II, scheduled for the February 2009 issue of EDFA, provides additional procurement and analysis options along with case studies showing how complex analysis can become and how misleading the evidence can seem. It also presents recommended methods for removing counterfeit components from the supply line.
Selective Dielectric Removal for Failure Analysis of Thin Films on Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Benz Jason , Bentley William , Myers Joseph 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Thin film anomalies cause many device failures but they are often difficult to see. In this article, the authors explain how they found and identified an 8 to 10 nm film of tantalum causing pin shorts in a majority of ASIC modules from a particular lot. Initial attempts to delayer some of the failed modules resulted in the loss of the failure signal. It was then decided to use a focused ion beam to selectively mill through the interlayer dielectric. During milling, a secondary electron image revealed anomalous material between the fingers of a power transistor, which was subsequently identified as tantalum. Such defects, as the authors explain, are common in damascene processes when materials are not properly removed during etching.
Magnetic Current Imaging in Failure Analysis
Authors: Orozco Antonio 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Magnetic current imaging is a proven fault-isolation technique. Its unsurpassed sensitivity and resolution coupled with the fact that magnetic fields are unaffected by packaging and die materials make it a valuable FA tool for a wide variety of ICs and devices. This article reviews the basic measurement physics of magnetic current imaging, describes the general implementation, and presents several practical examples of its use.
Experiences with Layout-Aware Diagnosis—A Case Study
Authors: Chang Yi-Jung , Pang Man-Ting , Brennan Mike , Man Albert , Keim Martin , Eide Geir , Benware Brady , Tai Ting-Pu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This case study compares the FA success rate and turn-around time of traditional logic-only and true layout-aware scan diagnosis. It discusses the basic process flow, identifies key success factors, and evaluates physical FA and diagnostic test results obtained from six dies randomly selected from a 9.8 M-gate, seven-metal-layer ASIC manufactured in 90 nm technology. As shown, layout-aware diagnosis reduces the defect search area on the die, in some cases, by an order of magnitude, providing the means to diagnosis-driven yield improvements.
Combining Refractive Solid Immersion Lens and Pulsed Laser-Induced Technique for Integrated Circuit Failure Analysis
Authors: Goh S.H. , Quah A.C.T. , Phang J.C.H. , Ravikumar V.K. , Phoa S.L. , Narang V. , Chin J.M. , Chua C.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The best spatial resolution that can be achieved with far-field optical fault localization techniques is around 20 times larger than the critical defect size at the 45 nm technology node. There is also a limit on the laser power that can be safely used on 45 nm devices, which further compromises fault localization precision. In this article, the authors explain how they overcome these limitations using pulsed laser-induced imaging techniques and a refractive solid immersion lens. Two case studies show how the combination of pulsed-laser scanning optical microscopy and a solid immersion lens improves localization precision and detection sensitivity.
Innovative Assessment of Thermomechanical Stress Effects in Electronics Components and Assemblies
Authors: Hertl Michael , Weidmann Diane 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Electronic components and assemblies are subjected to temperature variations at every stage of life, resulting in the buildup of internal stress. This article explains how such stress contributes to failures and introduces a measurement technique that allows users to visualize stress distributions and assess their effects on lifetime and reliability. Application examples illustrating the capabilities of the new topography and deformation measurement approach are also presented.
Laser Voltage Imaging: Setting a New Baseline for Circuit Analysis
Authors: Nicholson Roger , Lundquist Ted 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Laser voltage imaging (LVI) enables the global visualization of on-chip circuit activity for the purpose of localizing defects. In a manner reminiscent of e-beam voltage contrast, it allows analysts to visually trace signals through circuit logic in order to see where faults occur. This article explains how laser voltage imaging works and how it is being used in semiconductor failure analysis. It also describes the types of applications for which LVI is not well suited.
ISTFA 2011 Wrap-Up
Authors: Walraven Jeremy A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The 37th International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis (ISTFA 2011) was held in San Jose, Calif., November 13-17, 2011. This article provides a summary of the keynote presentation, technical program, panel discussion, tutorials, User’s Group meetings, and equipment exposition.
Failure Analysis: What is the Problem?
Authors: Burgess Dave 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
One of the co-chairs of the Case Histories sessions at ISTFA 2012 provides a summary of three papers that demonstrate a solid understanding of the semiconductor FA process. The first paper describes the investigation of fractures in PCB traces, the second paper presents a method for analyzing defects due to implanter charging effects, and the third paper explains how analysts determined the cause of automatic test pattern generation failures concentrated in certain areas of the wafer.
Comparison of Off-Axis Electron Holography and Junction Staining of TEM Sections for Dopant Anomaly Visualization
Authors: Subramanian Sam , Ly Khiem , Chrastechy Tony 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Off-axis electron holography is a TEM-based imaging technique that reveals dopant anomalies and junction profiles in semiconductor devices. This article explains how the method works and how it is being used to visualize transistor source-drain regions, diffusion-related defects, and other features of interest in TEM samples. It also discusses related challenges and compares off-axis electron holography with other profiling techniques, particularly junction staining.
Tool Maintenance for Failure Analysis Labs
Authors: Higgins Jason , Daniels Lisa , Boyles Tom 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this article, the authors explain how they were able to reduce downtime and overall lab costs by setting up a tool maintenance program and adapting it over time. They provide examples of the type of preventive and corrective maintenance required to keep FA tools running at peak performance. They also discuss the importance of recognizing the need for outside help and knowing when to retire a tool.
EUFANET Workshop 2012 Report
Authors: Touzel Jérôme , Langer Eckhard , Zschech Ehrenfried 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The third extended European Failure Analysis Network (EUFANET) workshop, “Smart FA for New Materials in Electronic Devices,” was held in Dresden, Germany, September 17-18, 2012. This article provides a summary of the event with highlights from presentations on flexible organic electronics, crystal defects in SiC, nanoprobing, and the capabilities of nano X-ray tomography.
Analysis of Electronic Devices with a Three-Dimensional Atom Probe
Authors: Mutas Sergej 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article discusses the basic procedures involved in atom probe tomography (APT) and demonstrates its use on complex material stacks. Although still a relatively new technique, APT has moved to the forefront of semiconductor failure analysis because it can provide 3D chemical composition of a wide range of materials on a near-atomic scale.
ISTFA 2014 Wrap-Up
Authors: Bodoh Dan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The 40th International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis (ISTFA 2014) was held November 8 to 14, 2014, at the George R. Brown Convention Center in Houston, Texas. “Exploring the Many Facets of Failure Analysis,” the theme of ISTFA 2014, emphasized the diverse nature of semiconductor failure analysis in the 21st century. The technical sessions, keynotes, and tutorials at ISTFA 2014 covered a wide range of topics from fault isolation and sample prep to extreme environment failures and the birth of the digital signal processor.
A Through-Silicon Metrology Target for Solid Immersion Lenses, Part II: Other Applications
Authors: Lo William , Marks Howard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This is the second article in a two-part series that explains how to measure the performance of solid immersion lenses (SILs) used for backside imaging and analysis. In Part I, published in the February 2015 issue of EDFA, the authors describe how they modified a frontside metrology target and used it to evaluate a SIL in a backside imaging system, which prompted the development of an unmounted, backside-specific version of the through-silicon target. In Part II, they explain how these new targets, in addition to measuring resolution, are being used to determine the field of view as well as the line spread and edge response of backside imaging systems. They also discuss some of the challenges encountered when using the targets to characterize emission microscopy systems.
Thinning and Polishing Highly Warped Die: Part II; A Discussion of the Mechanical Limitations of Flattening a Curved Die in Preparation for Die Thinning
Authors: Martin Kirk A. , Weavers Nancy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This is the second article in a two-part series on how to properly thin curved and highly warped die. Part I, published in the August 2015 issue of EDFA, introduces the concept of contour machining, a CNC technique driven by thickness measurement data, and describes a multistep grinding and lapping process along with the results. Part II covers the mechanical, physical, and mounting variables associated with thinning and polishing, giving particular attention to mounting procedures and their effect on surface profiles and thickness variations.