bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Homeowner Spray Products for Gypsy Moth Egg Mass Control, 1982
Authors: Webb Ralph E. , Okey Gary , Wieber Anne M. , Lupp Thomas 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental site was a heavily infested ridge in Frederick Co., Md., before egg hatch in spring. The test materials were applied to individual egg masses until runoff using a 1602 trigger-pump bottle, pressurized aerosol can, or a small paint brush. Some materials were applied to groups of individual egg masses 3 weeks, 2 weeks, and 1 week before hatch. Other materials were tested only once, 2 weeks or 1 week before hatch. Each material-formulation was applied to 20 egg masses. Ten egg masses were brought to the lab where larval hatch and survival were recorded. The remaining 10 were evaluated in the field. Most materials tested resulted in lower survival than the controls. Of the products that were tested on three different dates, the S. C. Johnson products performed significantly better when applied 3 or 2 weeks before hatch than 1 week before hatch. Ficam efficacy was not affected by the time interval between application and hatch. Many of the S. C. Johnson products provided excellent control, as did Ficam at 1 lb/100 gal and 0.5 lb/100 gal. Also among the most efficacious materials were the surfactants Exhault 100, Biofilm, Hydrowet, Triton B-1956, Regulaid, a pine oil (Breath o’Pine), and Neem-seed extract (1:1 in 95% EtOH). Laboratory evaluation allowed accurate 48-h survival counts under artificially controlled temperature and humidity. While field analysis made possible the assessment of product efficacy under realistic natural conditions, only rough estimates of actual mortality could be made. All percentages were transformed to arc sine percentage before analysis.
Pine Spittlebug Control, Scotchpine, 1983
Authors: Homan Hugh W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pydrin and Sevin were evaluated for control of pine spittlebug (probably A. canadiensis Walley) in a Christmas tree plantation 4 to 7 years old planted on 2.15 by 2.15-m centers. The section of the plantation with the most heavily damaged trees (ca. 100 spittle masses per crown) was selected for the experiment. Four, two-tree replications were arranged in a randomized block design. A Mitchell hydraulic spray was used and spray was applied to runoff using approximately 200 lb/in2. Chemicals were applied 20 Jun., when the ambient temperature was 21°C, the skies clear, and the breeze was 4 to 8 kph. Counts were made of spittle masses at 1, 7, and 14 days after treatment (DAT). All insecticide treatments provided about total control within 24 h. No phytotoxicity was observed in any treatment.
Southern Chinch Bug Control on St. Augustine Grass, Florida, 1982
Authors: Reinert James A 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fenpropathrin was evaluated for control of organophosphate-resistant southern chinch bugs on a heavily infested residential lawn of ‘Bitter Blue’ St. Augustine grass in Oakland Park, Broward County, Fla. The lawn had been treated by a commercial lawn service 2 weeks before the test with 1.12 kg of (AI)/ha of chlorpyrifos (the recommended rate) with no resulting control. Plots (1.5 by 3.0 m) were treated with insecticides on 27 Sep. in a RCB experiment with four replicates.
Apple, European Red Mite, Screening for Resistance to Acaricides, 1983
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Polk Dean 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Susceptibility of 14 populations of ERM to Plictran, Kelthane, and Omite was assayed in the laboratory using a foliage dip test. A field test was conducted in two orchards to determine whether laboratory tests would predict field performance. In laboratory test bouquets of terminals were collected in each orchard within 3 days of the test, placed in 5 gal pails of water and brought back to the laboratory. Foliage from all orchards except Cream Ridge carried residues of previous acaricide applications. Terminals were pruned to shoots of five to eight leaves; each shoot was considered a replicate. Six to 10 replicates were used for each dosage per orchard. Shoots were dipped for 3 sec in a suspension of the test acaricide, then placed in an Erlenmeyer flask of water. Counts of live motile mites were made after 72 h, except for one test with CG 121633 (96 h), and Vendex (120 h). Control shoots were dipped in water containing a drop of (B-1956). The effect of treatment is expressed as % reduction in number of live mites on treated foliage compared to controls. Higher dosages were equivalent to field rates for acaricides, and lower rates were 0.25 field rates. Field tests were conducted at 2 locations, the Rutgers Tree Fruit Research Center at Cream Ridge, N.J. Treatments were applied (Hurff) at Monroeville, N.J. Treatments were applied to single-tree plots of a spur-type Red Delicious with four replicates per treatment. Trees were sprayed to runoff, using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun. Treatments were applied on 28 Jul. at Cream Ridge and 5 Aug. at Hurff’s and counts were made after 72 h. Mite population estimates were made by randomly picking 10 leaves per replicate and counting mobile mites.
Taxus, Chemical Control of Black Vine Weevil Adults, Wooster, Oh, 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of insecticides for control of black vine weevil adults was evaluated by spraying field plants.and feeding treated foliage to weevils in the laboratory. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 lb/in2 with a TeeJet SS 8004 flat fan nozzle was used to spray plants to runoff on 19 Jul. under sunny skies at 26°C and an 8 to 16 kph breeze. Three plants 0.6 m tall were sprayed with each treatment. Subsequently, at 1, 3, and 7 days posttreatment, 10 to 15-cm twigs were clipped from treated plants and placed individually in 9 by 16 cm cylindrical paper cartons fitted with nylon mesh tops. Three cartons (= replicates) were used for each treatment, each with five ovipositing weevils. Weevils had been collected previously from a nursery in Lake Co. and held at 22°C at 90% RH with taxus foliage until used in this test. Weevil mortality was recorded 72 h after they were introduced to the cartons.
Phytotoxicity Test, Lake Co., Ohio, 1981
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated for phytotoxicity on 18 species of container-grown nursery crops at two Lake Co. nurseries. Treatments were applied 31 Jul. to 4 Aug. Granules were evenly distributed on the surface of each container, followed by 1 in of overhead irrigation. Water dispersable formulations were applied as a drench using 1 pt of solution per pot. Each treatment consisted of three, single plant replicates.
Candidate Pesticide Formulations for Quarantine Use, 1982
Authors: Morgan N. O. , Carroll J. F. , Strasser E. G. , Klag N. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A series of bioassay tests were conducted by treating three test species in commercial transport trailers with volumes of 30 to 68 m in Baltimore, Md. Ten D. variabilis, 10 S. frugiperda and 40 P. japonica were included in each of three replications. Japanese beetles were field collected in methyl eugenol baited traps and caged in 83 mm diam by 60-mm deep, 3-mm mesh wire screen cages. American dog ticks were field collected by dragging white flannel cloth over tick infested fields and were caged in 30-ml clear plastic portion cups with tops replaced with double layers of tulle, nylon mesh screen (7 mesh/mm ). Fall armyworm adults were colony-reared and caged in 0.24-liter paper cans with tops replaced by single layers of tulle, nylon mesh screen. Caged species were placed on the floor near the center and within 25 cm of the wall in each trailer. One piece each of carpet and plywood (25 by 25 cm2) also was placed on the floor at the center of each trailer before each treatment for subsequent residue bioassays with P. japonica. Aerosols were formulated with Freon 12 propellant. Aerosols were released inside closed trailers while applicator walked the length of the trailer. Manual release aerosols were sprayed for the required length of time based on release rate, and an accurate dose was obtained by weighing and releasing material as necessary to give 0.8 g (AI)/1Q00 ft3. Dusts were formulated with HiSil 233 as an inert carrier premeasured to give 1.7 g (AD/1000 ft3 and were introduced into trailers with a CO2 pressurized gun. Dusts were administered through an open rear door. Exposure lasted for 10 min with doors closed and an additional 20 min with one door open to allow fresh air to replace the contaminated air within the van. Knockdown counts were made at 30 min and mortality (dead + moribund) counts were made at 24 h posttreatment. Average air temp inside the trailer during treatment was 25 ± 5°C. Abbott’s formula was used to adjust for control mortality.
Residual Sprays to Control Insects in Warehouses, 1983
Authors: Strong R. G. , Sbur D. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three representative building materials of low economy grade were used in warehouse tests to assess the relative effectiveness of encapsulated diazinon, diazinon emulsion, and malathion emulsion spray residues against laboratory-reared mature larvae of the warehouse beetle and young adults of the cigarette beetle, the confused flour beetle, and the sawtoothed grain beetle. Squares of aluminum with kraft paper backing 1 ft2 attached with double-stick tape to press board squares of the same size, the smooth side of press-board panels measuring 2 by 4 ft, and 18- in. square concrete stepping stones were sprayed with insecticides from a Namco compressed air sprayer with a fan nozzle (no. 800067). Surfaces were wet with spray as required by the different substrates, but application was stopped before run off. Sufficient substrate was treated with each concentration used to provide eight exposure replications with each test species for aging dates of 1, 7, 14, and 28 days. Sprays were applied and insects were exposed to treated surfaces in the early morning when the 6,300 ft3 warehouse was cool; residues were aged in the warehouse with extreme ambient climatic conditions ranging from low night temp of 58°F and 90% RH to the highest day temp of 112°F and 20% RH. Twenty-five specimens of each species were contained in 7.5-cm diam fluon-treated glass cylinders to keep insects on treated surfaces of each treatment replication. Cylinders on concrete surfaces were ringed at their base with a nontoxic caulking material to prevent escape of insects, and a filter paper cover was put on cylinders to prevent escape of flying cigarette beetles. After an exposure of 2 h on treated surfaces, test insects were removed and placed on food in fresh containers. Then they were held 7 days in a room maintained at 80°F and 50% RH before mortalities were recorded. Appropriate controls were included in the test and mortalities shown in the tabulation of results were corrected for natural mortality, although few insects died in control samples.
Control of German Cockroaches with Amidinohydrazone Bait, 1982
Authors: Bennett G. W. , Runstrom E. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests were conducted to determine the relative efficacy and residual life of various treatments of amidinohydrazone baits and Professional Strength Raid (0.95% propoxur) combinations as related to a standard material currently in use for cockroach control. Field tests were conducted in low income housing units located in Indianapolis, Ind. All treatments were randomly assigned to each apartment before inspection. Treatments of Dursban 4E (0.25%) plus Vaponite 2E (0.25%), full bait (4 to 6 baits/100 ft2), 1/2 bait (2 to 3 baits/100 ft2), full bait + spray, and 1/2 bait + spray were applied in a random order. Evaluations of insecticide efficacy and residual life were accomplished by comparing the percent reduction in cockraoch populations over time.
Evaluation of Insecticide Baits and Sprays for Cockroach Control, 1983
Authors: Runstrom E. S. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests with over-the-counter baits and sprays were conducted in multifamily apartment complexes located in Indianapolis, Ind. Combat (amidinohydrazone 1.65%) roach baits. Raid (chlorpyrifos 0.5%), propoxur 0.665 %, dichlorvos 0.186%), and Raid Ant & Roach Killer were compared. Visual counts were made in the roach bait and Raid kitchen and all bathrooms prior to treatment and at specified intervals after treatment. Counts for Combat were made throughout the apartment since this treatment was only applied in the kitchen and bathroom. Combat was evaluated at 12 baits/apartment (10 kitchen, 2 bathroom). Raid roach baits were placed at 4 to 6 baits per 100 ft2 (average of 45 baits per apartment). Raid Ant & Roach Killer was applied thoroughly upon initial visit and spot applied to any apartment with less than a 60% reduction at subsequent postcounts. Spot retreatments of Raid Ant & Roach Killer were made in all areas where cockroaches were visible.
Activity of Safrotin Against the Rice Weevil, 1982
Authors: Bennett G. W. , Runstrom E. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two dilution rates of Safrotin 4EC were used for testing purposes, 0.5 and 1.0. Masonite panels cut to 1 ft2 (929 cm2) were treated and used as exposure surfaces. A spray apparatus equipped with a conveyor belt was used to apply the pesticide to the panels. A stainless steel nozzle, Spraying Systems Tee-jet 8001, was used during application. The tower was calibrated such that the material was applied at the rate of 1 gal/1,000 ft (42.6 ml/m2). At this rate the 2 dilutions, 1.0 and 0.5%, gave 18.9 and 9.4 mg (AI)/ft2, respectively. Panels were stored in containers such that they did not rub against each other and to allow air circulation between panels during aging. Insect test species were confined to treated surfaces for various lengths of time with the use of lightly greased stainless steel cylinders, 3 in. diam (7.6 cm). Test insects were exposed to panels aged 1 day, 2 weeks, 1 month, and 2 months. At any given exposure period, four exposure times of various lengths were conducted. Insects were confined to the treated panels for periods ranging from 60 sec to 24 h. As time progressed the shorter exposure times were dropped from the protocol due to the lack of mortality exhibited by these times. Mortality counts were taken 24 and 48 h after exposure. Percent mortality was computed using Abbott’s formula.
Efficacy of Two Dursban Formulations in the Reduction of German Cockroach Field Populations, 1983
Authors: Ballard James B. , Gold Roger E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
German cockroach, Blattella germanica L., infested homes managed by the Omaha Tribal housing Authority, were treated with a water emulsion containing either 0.5% Dursban 4E or 0.5% Dursban L.O. insecticide. Cockroach population density was quantified through the use of Mr. Sticky sticky traps. Before the insecticide application one trap was placed in each of the following locations: under kitchen sink, adjacent to stove, behind each toilet, and adjacent to furnace in homes with a basement. After one night the traps were retrieved and the cockroaches caught counted. This baseline cockroach count was compared to subsequent one-night catches made at monthly intervals following the application of the insecticide treatment. Insecticide treatments were applied with a B&G sprayer system operated at 137.9 kPa (20 lb/in2) fitted with a fan spray nozzle and using a banding application technique.
Cattle-

Hypoderma

Lineatum

Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1983
Authors: Drummond R. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Government-owned Herefore, Angus, and Hereford-Angus-cross calves and yearlings on pasture at Camp Stanley and Camp Bullis, Vexar Co., Tex., naturally infested with the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum (Villers), are treated with new insecticides that were determined to be systemically active in the mouse-Cuterebra animal systemic insecticide test (Drummond, R. 0., 1983, Insectic. Acaric. Tests 8: 256). Animals are weighed and given insecticides in initial tests either orally by capsule (usually technical grade insecticide) or dermally by whole-body spray of 4 liters/animal at &gt; 150 lb/in2 usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and AI (25 parts) . In other tests, insecticides are administered dermally to cattle by pouron of a specific volume of insecticide (usually water-diluted EC as above or solution in oil) per body weight or intramuscularly or subcutaneously by injection of a specific weight of insecticide per body weight. Normally cattle are treated with new insecticides initially at the highest nonlethal dosages as determined by cooperating veterinary toxicologists; maximum dosages of initial tests are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% spray. If initial dosages are effective, cattle are given lower dosages in order to determine the minimum effective dosage. Other cattle are treated with titrated dosages of labeled systemics in order to determine systemic activity of dosages less than label-listed dosages. After treatment in May or June, the backs of treated cattle (usually 3 to 6 animals per treatment) and untreated cattle of the same age and breed from the same herd are examined monthly from August to February to the next year for encapsulated cattle grubs. As cattle grubs appear, they are located on an outline map of the back of each animal; the cumulative number of grubs in each animal is obtained. Effectiveness of treatment is determined by comparing the average number of grubs in treated cattle with the average number in untreated cattle.
Dairy Cattle, Face Fly and Horn Fly Control with Guardian Ear Tags, 1983
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Guardian 5 and 7.5% (flucythrinate) ear tags were evaluated for face fly and horn fly control on dairy cattle. May through Sep. 1983, in Montgomery Co., Va. Herds and treatments in Test A were as follows: (1) Guardian 5% ear tags applied to 27 nonlactating Holstein cows 3 Jun.; (2) Guardian 7.5% ear tags applied to 31 nonlactating Holstein cows 3 Jun.; (3) standard Ectrin 8% ear tags applied to 59 Holstein heifers 25 May; and (4) an untreated herd of 15 nonlactating Holstein cows. All Guardian 5% and 7.5% treated cows received two tags per animal. The Guardian herds were monitored for 10 weeks, and the Ectrin herd for 11 weeks. Herds and treatments in Test B were as follows: (1) Guardians 7.5% improved design ear tags applied 16 Aug. to same herd as # i, Test A.; (2) Guardian 7.5% improved design ear tags applied 16 Aug. to same herd as #2, Test A; (3) standard Ectrin 8% ear tags existing on same herd as #3, Test A and (4) untreated herd, same as #4, Test A. All Guardian treated cows received two improved design tags per animal; all remaining tags from Test A were removed. All herds in Test B were monitored for 5 additional weeks. Herds in Test A and were maintained in separate pastures and all were situated within ca. 2 miles of each other. Weekly face fly and horn fly estimations were made by the same person on 10 adult animals per herd. Numbers of face flies were estimated on the face and head and horn flies on one side of each animal.
Evaluation of Mk-933 and Avermectin B1 For Control of Northern Fowl Mites, 19 79-1982
Authors: DeVaney Joyce A. , Ivie G. Wayne 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Vitro Tests: The inside surfaces of 12-cm pasteur pipettes were coated with 0, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1 or 10 μg/cm/sq of MK-933 in 25 μl of acetone and air dried. The large end of the pipette was then filled with foam rubber and 10 adult northern fowl mites (NFM) were carefully vacuumed into each pipette and the small end was plugged with clay. Six pipettes of each treatment level were replicated 3 times. Pipettes were held at room temperature and checked for mortality at 1, 24, and 48 h. No NFM death could be attributed to MK-933 at any treatment level. In Vitro Tests: Mature White Leghorn hens were infested with NFM. After NFM populations had become well established, hens were individually treated either orally, by intramuscular (IM) injections, by subcutaneous (SO injections or by whole body sprays with specific formulations of MK-933 or Avermectin B1. Individual hens were given either single or multiple oral treatments or injections. MK-933 for oral treatment was dissolved in propylene glycol. Injectable formulations were suplied by Merck. Sprays were formulated from emulsifiable concentrates (EC) of AI in propylene glycol and Triton X-100 and each hen was treated with 30 ml of solution. NFM populations were visually estimated by the same observer at specified times posttreatment using the following mite index: 0, no mites; 1, 1-10 mites/hen; 2, 11-100 mites/hen; 3, 101-1000 mites/hen; 4, 1001-10,000 mites/hen; and 5, &gt;10,000 mites/hen.
Permethrin Aerosol Concentrate for Control of Bed Bogs in Chicken Breeder Hodses, 1983
Authors: Schmitmann E.T. , Miller R.W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ectiban 5.7% EC was applied undiluted as an aerosol concentrate by electric mist fogger (Challenger Fogmaster, AFA Corp. Miami, Fla) to interior surfaces of two ca. 50 by 500 to 600 ft chicken breeder houses. The fogger was hand held to direct the EC-droplet air blast in a swath across posts, roosting platforms, nest boxes, walls and ceilings, providing both a residual surface treatment and an aerosol fogging. Both houses were treated twice at 14- day intervals; one-half of 1 house that was divided in two sections was a non-treated check for the first treatment. The effect of treatment on bed bug populations was assessed by (1) counting numbers of bed bugs in natural harborages before and after treatment; (2) assessing mortality in sentinel bed bugs exposed to aerosol vapor in vials screened at one end and set out in each house; and (3) bioassay of bed bugs against plywood surfaces that received treatment in breeder houses.
Control of Red Harvester Ant with Insecticide Drenches and Powder Concentrate, 1983
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , King Ed , Bartheld Bill 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Evaluation of red harvester ant control was conducted along a roadside outside of Perkins, Okla. Treatments were randomized and replicated 10 times. Ant mounds were checked for activity and marked before the start of the tests. Treatments were made on 19 Jul. Mounds were checked for activity 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 weeks after treatment. If two ants were observed per mound, the colony was recorded as active. On the 8th week, all mounds were checked for activity by digging to a depth of 6 in. beneath the mound. Treatments were applied over each nest opening to cover an area 4 ft in diam. Diazinon drenches consisted of applying 1 gal of finished spray from a garden sprinkler can and Orthene 75SP was applied by evenly distributing two teaspoons of 75SP over the surface of the mounds. Rainfall in the area during the test was: Jul., 0.0 in.; Aug, 0.88 in.; and Sep., 1.99 in. for a total of 2.87 in.
Cyromazine Tested with Turkeys as A Feed-Through Compound for House Fly Control, 1983
Authors: Miller Ricard W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cyromazine (0.3% premix) was mixed into a breeder turkey diet at levels of 0, 1.5, 3.25, an 5.0 ppm active ingredient. Two 5-week trials were conducted. In each trial, a weighed amount of each ration was fed ad lib to 3 or 4 caged. Large White turkey breeder hens. At the end of each trial, unconsumed feed was weighed and feed intakes calculated. Excreta from the birds were collected 2 times a week, returned to the laboratory and bioassayed for activity against house fly larvae.