bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Under investigation; wanted, missing Risk‐Based Process Safety elements
Authors: Broadribb Michael P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWhen the 20 elements of CCPS Risk‐Based Process Safety (RBPS) were published in 2007, they represented a major improvement in risk management over the 14 elements of the OSHA Process Safety Management (PSM) regulation. Not only were several additional elements added, but the scope of many of those elements common with OSHA PSM was broadened. The author has successfully applied RBPS to facilities in countries that do not have process safety regulations and to industries in the United States that are not covered by OSHA PSM (Broadribb, 2020). The author has also previously presented a paper on additional elements that could broaden the scope of RBPS further to promote and drive greater risk reduction where appropriate (Broadribb, 2017). Audits of worldwide facility incident investigations have found quite often that symptoms and events were mistakenly identified as the root cause(s). This failure to identify the true underlying root causes often results in recommendations that are unlikely to prevent the recurrence of the subject incident. To assist companies in correctly identifying the underlying root causes, the author has developed a root cause analysis (RCA) technique that not only systematically drives the RCA to the fundamental, underlying management system weaknesses but also covers occupational safety, health, and environment; the 20 elements of RBPS; and some of the additional elements from the author's previous paper (such as human factors and engineering project phases). This paper describes the issues and solutions in detail with examples illustrated from the RCA technique.
Process hazard evaluation for the epoxidation of soybean oil with calorimetry techniques
Authors: Zhou Xue , Pan Yue , Zhang Lifan , Jiang JiaJia 
Published: June 2022

AbstractEpoxidized soybean oil was widely used in industrial production. However, the epoxidized soybean oil production process releases a lot of heat, which could cause a runaway reaction, resulting in fires and explosions. Therefore, the thermal risk of the soybean oil epoxidation reaction process has been studied. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the thermal stability of reaction materials. The parameters such as initial exothermic temperature and reaction heat were obtained based on heat flow diagrams. EasyMax was used to analyze the soybean oil epoxidation reaction under different reaction temperatures and dosing rate conditions. The maximum temperature of the synthesis reactions, time to maximum rate under adiabatic condition (), and adiabatic temperature rise () were obtained by analyzing the epoxidation reaction. An adiabatic accelerating calorimeter was used to study the adiabatic decomposition of reaction products to obtain safety criteria such as adiabatic temperature rise and maximum reaction rate. The results obtained by the risk matrix evaluation method show that the risk level of the soybean oil epoxidation process was unacceptable. According to the results of the runaway scenario analysis method, the risk level of soybean oil epoxidation reaction was level 5. Therefore, the reaction process needs to be improved to ensure safe production.
Coupled data assimilation at ECMWF: current status, challenges and future developments
Authors: de Rosnay Patricia , Browne Philip , de Boisséson Eric , Fairbairn David , Hirahara Yoichi , Ochi Kenta , Schepers Dinand , Weston Peter , Zuo Hao , Alonso‐Balmaseda Magdalena , Balsamo Gianpaolo , Bonavita Massimo , Borman Niels , Brown Andy , Chrust Marcin , Dahoui Mohamed , Chiara Giovanna , English Stephen , Geer Alan , Healy Sean , Hersbach Hans , Laloyaux Patrick , Magnusson Linus , Massart Sébastien , McNally Anthony , Pappenberger Florian , Rabier Florence 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis article presents coupled data assimilation (DA) activities at the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). Coupled DA is an essential component of the ECMWF Earth‐system strategy. It aims at providing consistent initial conditions to the coupled atmosphere, land, and ocean forecast model. The article introduces the different DA systems and observing systems for each Earth‐system component. It discusses challenges related to observation consistency, availability, and sustainability across the components. It gives a review of coupling methodologies and presents coupling methods in development at the ECMWF. The current ECMWF system relies on weakly coupled DA approaches between land and atmosphere, between wave and atmosphere, and between ocean and atmosphere. Research on coupled DA has been centred on outer loop coupling developments and evaluation, focused on ocean–atmosphere coupling for reanalysis and for numerical weather prediction. The latest configuration of the ocean–atmosphere outer loop coupling combines weak and outer loop coupling methods. The article discusses the challenges in assimilating surface‐sensitive observations and it presents opportunities that coupled DA offers to enhance the exploitation of interface observations. It presents recent developments on land–atmosphere forward operator coupling and multilayer snow‐emission modelling and shows the potential for coupled radiative transfer modelling at low‐frequency passive microwave. The article discusses ongoing developments of in‐house sea‐surface temperature analysis based on coupled skin temperature assimilation. It presents preliminary results that demonstrate meaningful upper ocean temperature increments when assimilating skin temperature information from four‐dimensional variational assimilation. Coupled assimilation results are illustrated and discussed in the context of several applications related to reanalysis, scatterometer impact on coupled ocean–atmosphere, tropical cyclone, impact of weakly coupled sea‐ice–atmosphere data assimilation as well as land surface coupled DA case studies. These examples illustrate benefits and challenges of coupled DA developments. The article discusses future plans of coupled DA developments in support of ECMWF's Earth‐system 2021–2030 strategy.
Remaining useful life prediction using composite health index and hybrid LSTM‐SVR model
Authors: Gu Liudong , Zheng Rui , Zhou Yifan , Zhang Zhisheng , Zhao Kunkun 
Published: June 2022

AbstractRemaining useful life (RUL) plays an important role in prognostic and health management to reduce maintenance costs and avoid possible accidents. Massive multi‐sensor data makes it challenging to extract degradation features and predict RUL. This paper develops a novel RUL prediction framework consisted of a multi‐sensor fusion model and a hybrid prediction model. HI curves are constructed by synthesizing multiple metrics including time correlation, monotonicity, robustness, and consistency, making our data fusion method different from existing methods considering only one metric. In many practical situations, the initial degradation levels of obtained HI curves are different, and treating all curves without classification will result in errors in RUL prediction. The K‐means method is used to partition degradation paths into discrete states and the obtained HI curves are grouped by their initial states and then trained separately. A hybrid prediction model combining Long Short‐Term Memory (LSTM) network and Support Vector Regression (SVR) is developed to predict the RUL. The dataset of turbofan engines is used to verify the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method performs better than many existing methods.
Ixekizumab Successfully Treated Severe Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris after COVID-19 Vaccination
Authors: Liu Ya-ting , Wang Shang-shang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Pityriasis rubra pilaris is an inflammatory dermatologic disorder of unknown cause. We report a 67-year-old man with Pityriasis rubra pilaris might induced by COVID-19 vaccination. The patient developed the lesions after the first dose of vaccine and significantly aggravated after the second dose. He had poor effect and liver function impairment developed after acitretin used, but achieved satisfactory efficacy after replacement to ixekizumab, an interleukin-17A inhibitor.
An Ultrasound‐Responsive Theranostic Cyclodextrin‐Loaded Nanoparticle for Multimodal Imaging and Therapy for Atherosclerosis
Authors: Mehta Sourabh , Bongcaron Viktoria , Nguyen Tien K , Jirwanka Yugandhara , Maluenda Ana , Walsh Aidan P G , Palasubramaniam Jathushan , Hulett Mark D , Srivastava Rohit , Bobik Alex , Wang Xiaowei , Peter Karlheinz 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAtherosclerosis is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Left undiagnosed and untreated, atherosclerotic plaques can rupture and cause cardiovascular complications such as myocardial infarction and stroke. Atherosclerotic plaques are composed of lipids, including oxidized low‐density lipoproteins and cholesterol crystals, and immune cells, including macrophages. 2‐Hydroxypropyl‐beta‐cyclodextrin (CD) is FDA‐approved for capturing, solubilizing, and delivering lipophilic drugs in humans. It is also known to dissolve cholesterol crystals and decrease atherosclerotic plaque size. However, its low retention time necessitates high dosages for successful therapy. This study reports CD delivery via air‐trapped polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles (with diameters of 388 ± 34 nm) loaded with CD (CDNPs). The multimodal contrast ability of these nanoparticles after being loaded with IR780 dye in mice is demonstrated using ultrasound and near‐infrared imaging. It is shown that CDNPs enhance the cellular uptake of CD in murine cells. In an ApoE–/– mouse model of atherosclerosis, treatment with CDNPs significantly improves the anti‐atherosclerotic efficacy of CD. Ultrasound triggering further improves CD uptake, highlighting that CDNPs can be used for ultrasound imaging and ultrasound‐responsive CD delivery. Thus, CDNPs represent a theranostic nanocarrier for potential application in patients with atherosclerosis.
Insight on Cathodes Chemistry for Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Batteries: From Reaction Mechanisms, Structural Engineering, and Modification Strategies
Authors: Liu Anni , Wu Feng , Zhang Yixin , Zhou Jiahui , Zhou Yaozong , Xie Man 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBy virtue of low cost, eco‐friendliness, competitive gravimetric energy density, and intrinsic safety, more and more attention has increasingly focused on aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) as a promising alternative for scalable energy storage. However, plagued by a complex interfacial process, sluggish dynamics, lability of electrodes and electrolytes, insufficient energy density, and poor cycle life heavily restrict practical applications of AZIBs, indicating that profound understandings on cathode storage chemistry are necessarily needed. Hence, this paper comprehensively summarizes recent advance in cathodes with critical insight on the energy storage mechanism. Furthermore, the issues and challenges for high‐performance cathodes are meticulously explored, presenting inspiring structural engineering and modification strategies. Finally, rational evaluations on representative cathodes are rendered, suggesting the potential development direction of AZIBs.
Uptake of Functional Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles in 3D Gut Cell Models
Authors: Sokolova Viktoriya , Ebel Jana‐Fabienne , Kollenda Sebastian , Klein Kai , Kruse Benedikt , Veltkamp Claudia , Lange Christian M. , Westendorf Astrid M. , Epple Matthias 
Published: June 2022

AbstractUltrasmall gold nanoparticles (2 nm) easily penetrate the membranes of intestinal murine epithelial cells (MODE‐K) and colorectal cancer cells (CT‐26). They are also taken up by 3D spheroids (400 µm) of these cell types and primary gut organoids (500 µm). In contrast, dissolved dyes are not taken up by any of these cells or 3D structures. The distribution of fluorescent ultrasmall gold nanoparticles inside cells, spheroids, and gut organoids is examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Nanoparticles conjugated with the cytostatic drug doxorubicin and a fluorescent dye exhibit significantly greater cytotoxicity toward CT‐26 tumor spheroids than equally concentrated dissolved doxorubicin, probably because they enter the interior of a spheroid much more easily than dissolved doxorubicin. Comprehensive analyses show that the cellular uptake of ultrasmall gold nanoparticles occurs by different endocytosis pathways.
Flame‐retarded rigid polyurethane foam conferred by an amino trimethylphosphonate iron and expandable graphite compound flame retardant
Authors: Zhang Xu , Li Renzhou , Liu Bing , Wang Zhi , Xie Hua 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFlame‐retarded rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) conferred by an amino trimethylphosphonate iron (Fe2+‐ATMP) and expandable graphite (EG) compound flame retardant has been successfully fabricated by one‐step all‐water foaming method. The combustion characteristics of the RPUFs and the synergistic effect of Fe2+‐ATMP and EG on RPUF have been studied based on limiting oxygen index (LOI), smoke toxicity analysis, cone calorimeter (CONE), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis and thermal decomposition kinetics analysis. The current results indicated that the flame retardancy and thermal stability of the RPUFs modified by Fe2+‐ATMP and EG had been improved obviously and the contents of smoke toxic gases had been significantly reduced. When the ratio of Fe2+‐ATMP to EG was 1:5, LOI of the modified RPUF was the highest (27.1%). And its peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) were the lowest, which were 135 kW/m2 and 15.7 MJ/m2, respectively, and were 40.5% and 17.8% lower than RPUF‐0. It also showed that the modified RPUF with a Fe2+‐ATMP to EG ratio of 1:5 had the best flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and thermal stability. The present work can provide some reference and guidance for flame retardant modification of polyurethane foam.
Economic, social, and environmental aspects of Positive Energy Districts—A review
Authors: Casamassima Luca , Bottecchia Luigi , Bruck Axel , Kranzl Lukas , Haas Reinhard 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe concept of Positive Energy Districts (PEDs), introduced in the Strategic Energy Technology Plan, is one of the fundamental approaches for a successful, clean and sustainable urbanization by 2025. According to the European Commission, a PED is a set of buildings where the community controls the energy flows and aims at a net positive energy balance over a year by utilizing renewable energy sources. There are a plethora of concepts similar to PEDs, such as Positive Energy Community, Net Zero Energy Neighborhood, Plus Energy Districts, that create a need to establish a structure that can facilitate the definition, development, and precise identification of PEDs. Thus, this paper aims to fill this research gap by comparing these and other related concepts through a critical literature review based on three pillars composing the triangle of sustainability: economic, social and environmental. By doing this, the paper aims to determine the connections between these similar concepts, homogenize the use of terms and avoid the issue of repetitions, which can help draw lessons learnt from other energy‐savings concepts. This study shows how PEDs and Nearly Zero Energy Communities have similar bases, aims and omissions. They diverge in a few key concepts, which can become learning points for PEDs.This article is categorized under:Climate and Environment > Net Zero Planning and DecarbonizationPolicy and Economics > Energy TransitionsHuman and Social Dimensions > Energy and Climate Justice
Distance sampling surveys: using components of detection and total error to select among approaches
Authors: Schmidt Joshua H. , Thompson William L. , Wilson Tammy L. , Reynolds Joel H. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWildlife population estimators often require formal adjustment for imperfect detection of individuals during surveys. Conventional distance sampling (CDS) and its extensions (mark‐recapture distance sampling [MRDS], temporary emigration distance sampling [TEDS]) are popular approaches for producing unbiased estimators of wildlife abundance. However, despite extensive discussion and development of distance sampling theory in the literature, deciding which of these alternatives is most appropriate for a particular scenario can be confusing. Some of this confusion may stem from an incomplete understanding of how each approach addresses the components of the detection process. Here we describe the proper application of CDS, MRDS, and TEDS approaches and use applied examples to help clarify their differing assumptions with respect to the components of the detection process. To further aid the practitioner, we summarize the differences in a decision tree that can be used to identify cases where a more complex alternative (e.g., MRDS or TEDS) may be appropriate for a given survey application. Although the more complex approaches can account for additional sources of bias, in practical applications one also must consider estimator precision. Therefore, we also review the concept of total estimator error in the context of comparing competing methods for a given application to aid in the selection of the most appropriate distance sampling approach. Finally, we detail how the use of more advanced techniques (i.e., informed priors, open‐population distance sampling models, and integrated modeling approaches) can further reduce total estimator error by leveraging information from existing and ongoing data collection. By synthesizing the existing literature on CDS, MRDS, TEDS and their extensions, in conjunction with the concepts of total estimator error and the components of the detection process, we provide a comprehensive guide that can be used by the practitioner to more efficiently, effectively, and appropriately apply distance sampling in a variety of settings.
Spectroscopy and in‐situ X‐ray diffraction analysis on the corrosion process at the interface Pb/H2SO4 using a low‐cost electrochemical cell
Authors: Espinola Diego O. G. , Fernandes Fabio P. , Basso Rodrigo L. O. , Hönnicke Marcelo G. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSimple and low‐cost electrochemical cells for in‐situ X‐ray powder diffraction (XPD) at 8.04 keV (CuKα) and ex‐situ scanning electronic microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) on the electrode surfaces are presented. Lead (Pb) and aqueous sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution (molar concentration of 5.35) were chosen as electrode and electrolyte, respectively. A formation of a crystalline lead sulfate (PbSO4) on the Pb electrode surface with initial precipitation/nucleation at 1 h and a posterior crystal grow (with orthorhombic crystalline structure) on the Pb electrode surface, over the time (from 4 h to 12 weeks) was observed. The result is consistent with the literature, showing the full characterization capability of the proposed cells.
A Variational Deep Synthesis Approach for Perception Validation
Authors: Grau Oliver , Hagn Korbinian , Syed Sha Qutub 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces a novel data synthesis framework for validation of perception functions based on machine learning to ensure the safety and functionality of these systems, specifically in the context of automated driving. The main contributions are the introduction of a generative, parametric description of three-dimensional scenarios in a validation parameter space, and layered scene generation process to reduce the computational effort. Specifically, we combine a module for probabilistic scene generation, a variation engine for scene parameters, and a more realistic sensor artifacts simulation. The work demonstrates the effectiveness of the framework for the perception of pedestrians in urban environments based on various deep neural networks (DNNs) for semantic segmentation and object detection. Our approach allows a systematic evaluation of a high number of different objects and combined with our variational approach we can effectively simulate and test a wide range of additional conditions as, e.g., various illuminations. We can demonstrate that our generative approach produces a better approximation of the spatial object distribution to real datasets, compared to hand-crafted 3D scenes.
Analysis and Comparison of Datasets by Leveraging Data Distributions in Latent Spaces
Authors: Stage Hanno , Ries Lennart , Langner Jacob , Otten Stefan , Sax Eric 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAutomated driving is widely seen as one of the areas, where key innovations are driven by the application of deep learning. The development of safe and robust deep neural network (DNN) functions requires new validation methods. A core insufficiency of DNNs is the lack of generalization for out-of-distribution datasets. One path to overcome this insufficiency is through the analysis and comparison of the domains of training and test datasets. This is important because otherwise, deep learning cannot advance automated driving. Variational autoencoders (VAEs) are able to extract meaningful encodings from datasets in their latent space. This chapter examines various methods based on these encodings and presents a broad evaluation on different automotive datasets and potential domain shifts, such as weather changes or new locations. The used methods are based on the distance to the nearest neighbors between datasets and leverage several network architectures and metrics. Several experiments with different domain shifts on different datasets are conducted and compared with a reconstruction-based method. The results show that the presented methods can be a promising alternative to the reconstruction error for detecting automotive-relevant domain shifts between different datasets. It is also shown that VAE loss variants that focus on a disentangled latent space can improve the stability of the domain shift detection quality. Best results were achieved with nearest neighbor methods using VAE and JointVAE, a VAE variant with a discrete and a continuous latent space, in combination with a metric based on the well-known z-score, and with the NVAE, a VAE variant with optimizations regarding reconstruction quality, in combination with the deterministic reconstruction error.