bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amplitude-variation-with-offset inversion using P- to S-wave velocity ratio and P-wave velocity
Authors: Chen Fubin , Zong Zhaoyun , Yang Yaming , Gu Xingyu 
Published: March 2022

The estimation of P- to S-wave velocity ratio (PSR) in the subsurface has many applications in gas-bearing reservoir prospecting, lithology discrimination, and anomalous pore-pressure prediction. Conventionally, it is estimated with the P- and S-wave velocities/moduli/impedances that are directly obtained from prestack seismic data using the existing reflection coefficient equation (e.g., the Aki-Richards approximation). However, this indirect inversion method creates cumulative errors for the estimated PSR results. To eliminate cumulative errors, we first develop a novel generalized elastic impedance that has more explicit physical meaning compared to conventional elastic impedance. Then, we derive a linear P-wave reflection coefficient equation in terms of the PSR, P-wave velocity, and density under the assumption of weak contrast. Furthermore, a robust amplitude-variation-with-offset inversion method is constructed with the proposed reflection coefficient equation in the Bayesian framework. Cauchy and Gaussian probability distributions are used as the prior probability distribution of the model parameter and likelihood function, respectively, to predict the maximum posterior probability solution for PSR, P velocity, and density. Synthetic and field examples illustrate that the proposed direct inversion method performs with higher accuracy compared with the indirect method that inverts for the P- and S-wave velocities and also illustrate the feasibility of our method for inverting the three parameters even with strong noise. Our inverted results conform to the drilling results, which validate the robustness of the proposed direct inversion method.
Fermenting a Twenty–First Century California Wine Industry
Authors: Geraci Victor W. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAt the start of the twenty-first century, California wineries entered a new vinti-business (vertical integration of grape farming, wine production, and wine distribution) era based on the needs of a global wine economy by adapting historic survival lessons learned from their past. This agricultural success story illuminates the entrepreneurial energy and able instincts of California farmers who replicated, with modern twists, the big business canons of Gilded Age agricultural capitalism. Whether it be the Phyloxera outbreak in the 1880s Los Angeles region of Southern California, World War I, Prohibition, the Great Depression, the Second World War, and finally neoprohibition, wine entrepreneurs rebuilt each time by returning to nineteenth-century capitalist tenets intrinsic in a market economy. Successful wineries found ways to achieve the most efficient economy-of-scale operations through their use of science, promotion of sustainable agriculture, aggressive marketing, protection of wine’s image from attacks by neoprohibitionists, and courtship of government agencies for money and favorable policies. After managing domestic production and sales, forward-thinking viticultural entrepreneurs then expanded their operations into the twenty-first century global market-place much like their predecessors from the century before.
Plantation Empire: How Sugar and Tobacco Planters Built Their Industries and Raised an Empire
Authors: Menard Russell R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This essay develops an American approach to the rise of the English Atlantic during the seventeenth century. It argues that productivity gains in plantation agriculture fueled an extraordinary expansion of commerce as planters raising tobacco, sugar, and rice improved their efficiency and were able to lower prices. Lower prices made the products of American plantations affordable to an ever-growing number of European consumers. The increased consumption fueled the expansion of the American plantation colonies, transformed the Atlantic into an English inland sea, and led to the creation of the first British Empire; one of the great commercial successes of the Early Modern Era. The essay also interrogates the concept of productivity gains in a slave economy, arguing that what are often interpreted as improvements in productivity were in fact increases in labor inputs as planters squeezed slaves harder. This raises the question, then, of whether productivity gains (or increased labor inputs) signal that planters were forward-looking entrepreneurs or backward seigneurs?
"The Extension Service Is Not an Integration Agency": The Idea of Race in the Cooperative Extension Service
Authors: Harris Carmen V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article is an institutional history of the development of race policy within the federal Cooperative Extension Service. It demonstrates that the popular belief in African-American inferiority and pragmatic political compromises aimed at creating a bureaucracy serving the nation’s agricultural constituency and ensuring its longevity, led to a conscious marginalization of African-American interests within the program. Federal extension officials not only tolerated, but actively supported, discrimination within the southern branches of the service. African-American leadership protested against the adverse effects of racial policies in the Extension Service from the very beginning. While there were some limited positive gains in the number of staff and availability of services for rural African Americans, these changes did not challenge the suzerainty of whites over the program. In the post-World War II era--especially after 1950--African Americans confronted white extension leadership. Extension officials hid behind a bureaucratic façade and a flawed interpretation of the federal-state cooperative agreement to delay institutional restructuring. Political appointees pushed the service toward policies of racial justice; however, extension leadership continued to move slowly on fundamental transformation. As a result, the adjustments did not lead to a fundamental re-thinking of race policy in the service and ultimately contributed to the disappearance of the African-American extension force to a significant degree.
111 Comparison of Hounsfield Units Versus T-Score in Predicting Postoperative Proximal Junctional Kyphosis
Authors: Mallory Noah , Moranville Robert , Gibbs David C. , Keister Alex , Munjal Vikas , Maggio Dominic , Grossbach Andrew J. , Viljoen Stephanus , Farhadi Francis 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Vertebral body (VB) bone quality is generally estimated indirectly via femoral neck dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) to counsel patients on their risk for development of proximal junctional kyphosis (PJK) after thoraco-lumbar fusion for adult spinal deformity. It is currently unknown whether direct measurement of VB bone quality through Hounsfield unit analysis (HUs) can successfully stratify patients on their risk of delayed complications.

METHODS:
108 patients who underwent surgery for ASD were enrolled. Demographic characteristics, radiologic measurements, complication profile, and clinical outcomes were recorded both pre- and post-operatively. A Youden J-statistic was calculated based on an ROC analysis of the UIV Hounsfield unit data to give a single HU threshold to segregate patients into either a high or low HU group. Patient groups were then compared with respect to the mentioned clinical and radiographic outcome measures.

RESULTS:
Youden statistic revealed a HU threshold value of 126.8 for maximal group stratification. Significant change in proximal junctional cobb angle (PJCA) was observed between the low and high HU groups at one and two years (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0001 respectively). This was not similarly seen in hip or spine DEXA analysis (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSION:
Assessment of bone quality via pre-operative measurement of the UIV VB HU can predict post-operative changes in PJCA. UIV HUs < 126.8 are associated with 2.8x elevated risk of developing post-operative PJK. Current standard of care measurement of bone quality via femoral neck DEXA is of more limited utility compared to HU analysis.
113 Clinical Presentation Phenotypes of Patients Operated for Lumbar Spondylolisthesis: An Analysis of the Quality Outcomes Database
Authors: Chan Andrew K. , Wozny Thomas A. , Bisson Erica F. , Pennicooke Brenton H. , Bydon Mohamad , Glassman Steven D. , Foley Kevin T. , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Potts Eric A. , Shaffrey Mark E. , Coric Domagoj , Knightly John J. , Park Paul , Wang Michael Y. , Fu Kai-Ming G. , Slotkin Jonathan , Asher Anthony L. , Virk Michael S. , Kerezoudis Panagiotis , Alvi Mohammed A. , Guan Jian , Haid Regis W. , Mummaneni Praveen V. 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Trials of lumbar spondylolisthesis are difficult to compare due to heterogeneity in the populations studied.

METHODS:
This is a study of the prospective Quality Outcomes Database Spondylolisthesis Registry, including patients who underwent single-segment surgery for grade 1 degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis. Twenty-four-month patient-reported outcomes (PROs) were compared. A k-means clustering analysis—an unsupervised machine learning algorithm—was used to identify clinical presentation phenotypes.

RESULTS:
Overall, 608 patients were identified, of which 507 (83.4%) had 24-month follow up. Clustering revealed 2 distinct cohorts. Cluster 1 (high-disease-burden) was younger, had higher BMI and ASA grades, and globally worse baseline PROs. Cluster 2 (intermediate-disease-burden) was older, had lower BMI and ASA grades, and intermediate baseline PROs. Baseline radiographic parameters were similar (p > 0.05). In multivariable adjusted analyses, mean 24-month ODI, NRS-back pain, NRS-leg pain, and EQ-5D were markedly worse for the high-disease-burden cluster (adjusted p < 0.001). However, the high-disease-burden cluster demonstrated greater 24-month improvements for ODI, NRS-back pain, and EQ-5D (adjusted-p < 0.05) and a higher proportion reaching ODI minimal clinically important difference (MCID) (adjusted-p = 0.001). High-disease-burden cluster had lower satisfaction (adjusted-p = 0.02).

CONCLUSION:
We define two distinct phenotypes—those with high- versus intermediate-disease-burden—operated for lumbar spondylolisthesis. Those with high-disease-burden were less satisfied, had a lower quality of life, and more disability, more back pain, and more leg pain than those with intermediate-disease-burden, but had greater magnitudes of improvement in disability, back pain, quality of life and more often reached ODI MCID.
128 Genome-wide Association Study Reveals Genetic Risk Factors for Trigeminal Neuralgia
Authors: Hale Andrew T. , Akinnusotu Oluwatoyin , He Jing , Sale Rebecca , Wang Janey , Bastarache Lisa , Gamazon Eric R. 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) is a debilitating neuropathic pain disease. While many clinical risk factors have been associated with TN, the genetic basis is largely unknown and no genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed. Here we perform the first GWAS for TN and conduct a fixed-effect meta-analysis including 1,188 TN cases from BioVU, FinnGen, and the UK Biobank.

METHODS:
Age, sex, and five genotype-based principal components were used as covariates in logistic regression models to identify TN-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Fixed-effect meta-analysis was performed using METAL. Genome-wide significance was defined as p < 5.0 x 10-8. Linkage disequilibrium (LD, r2) was determined using the LD matrix tool.

RESULTS:
We identify an intergenic locus on chromosome 1p22.2 flanked by ZNF326 and SNORD3G containing 5 SNPs (rs77449572, rs543311093, rs35117749, rs71666259, and rs116010656) reaching genome-wide significance (p < 5.0 x 10-8), with the SNP rs77449572 as the sentinel variant (p = 1.72 x 10-9). A number of SNPs in the locus are in moderate LD, as highlighted by the heatmap of r2 values. Haploreg analysis identifies rs77449572 which overlaps an enhancer element in cortex-derived neurospheres. In addition, rs71666259 and rs116010656 overlap enhancer elements in embryonic stem cells (HUES48), suggesting potential functional consequences of this locus. We also identify a second locus on chromosome 5q35.1 containing sentinel variant rs62376947 reaching genome-wide significance (p = 2.49 x 10-8). As the Q-Q plot confirms, there is no global inflation in the test statistic (no early separation of the expected from the observed), suggesting that population stratification has been adequately accounted for. The LocusZoom plots show the magnitude of the genome-wide significant associations in the 1p22.2 locus and the 5q35.1 locus.

CONCLUSION:
To our knowledge, we perform the first GWAS of TN, identifying risk loci reaching genome-wide significance.
131 Multi-Institutional Study on MRI-guided Laser Interstitial Thermal Therapy for Corpus Callosotomy (MRIgLITT-CC): Technique Variation, Ablation Coverage, and Need for Additional Surgery
Authors: Pindrik Jonathan A. , Makoshi Ziyad A. , Salehi Afshin , Mallela Arka , Abel Taylor , Smyth Matthew D. 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
MRI-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy for corpus callosotomy (MRIgLITT-CC) offers palliation of intractable drop events and atonic, tonic, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures.

METHODS:
This multi-institutional retrospective study included pediatric patients with medically intractable epilepsy undergoing MRIgLITT-CC. Surgical details, post-operative radiographic results, and need for additional epilepsy surgery were recorded. Percent coverages of the intended ablation zones (anterior, complete, or posterior corpus callosotomy) were estimated from MRI. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics and compared using Chi-square tests.

RESULTS:
A total of 27 subjects (18 male, 9 female) with mean age 13 years +/- 5 years (4 years, 21 years) underwent planned complete (13, 48%), anterior (11, 41%), or posterior (3, 11%) MRIgLITT-CC. Planned complete MRIgLITT-CC entailed 2 (1/13, 8%), 3 (6/13, 46%), or 4 (6/13, 46%) trajectories with 100% (8/13, 62%) or 95-99% (5/13, 38%) coverage of the planned callosal ablation zone. Anterior MRIgLITT-CC cases included 1 (1/11, 9%), 2 (8/11, 73%), or 3 (1/11, 9%) trajectories to achieve 100% (7/11, 64%), 95-99% (2/11, 18%), 90-94% (1/11, 9%), or <90% (1/11, 9%) coverage of the planned callosal ablation zone. There were no significant differences in percent coverage of intended ablation zone as a function of trajectory number (p = 0.6). Three subjects (11%) required repeat callosal surgery while four subjects (15%) underwent additional vagus nerve stimulator (VNS) insertion during clinic follow-up (mean 11.7 months +/-10.6 months; [0.4 months, 37.1 months]). The need for repeat callosal surgery differed significantly between subjects with 100% and less than 100% ablation coverage (0/16 vs. 3/11, p = 0.03).

CONCLUSION:
In this multi-institutional study, MRIgLITT-CC yielded 100% or 95-99% coverage of the intended callosal ablation zone in most subjects. Trajectory variation between centers did not impact percent coverage of the intended ablation zone. Few subjects required repeat callosal surgery, particularly those with less than 100% ablation zone coverage, or additional VNS insertion.
153 An International Multicenter Matched Cohort Analysis of Incidental Meningioma Progression During Active Surveillance or After Stereotactic Radiosurgery: The IMPASSE Study
Authors: Sheehan Jason P. , Pikis Stylianos , Islim Abdurrahman , Mathieu David , Liscak Roman , Tripathi Manjul , Kondziolka Douglas S. , Bowden Greg N. , Lunsford L. Dade , Jenkinson Michael D. 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
The optimal management of patients with an incidental meningiomas remains unclear. The aim of this study was to characterize the radiologic and neurological outcomes of expectant and SRS management of asymptomatic meningioma patients.

METHODS:
Using data from 14 centers across 10 countries, the study compares SRS outcomes to active surveillance of asymptomatic meningiomas. Local tumor control of asymptomatic meningiomas and development of new neurological deficits attributable to the tumor were evaluated in the SRS and conservatively managed groups.

RESULTS:
In unmatched cohorts, 727 meningioma patients underwent SRS and were followed for a mean of 57.2 months. In the conservatively managed cohort, 388 patients were followed for a mean of 43.5 months. Tumor control was 99.0% of SRS and 64.2% of conservatively managed patients (p<0.001; OR 56.860 (95% CI 26.253–123.150)). New neurological deficits were 2.5% in the SRS and 2.8% of conservatively managed patients (p=0.764; OR 0.890 (95% CI 0.416–1.904)). After 1:1 propensity matching for patient age, tumor volume, location, and imaging follow-up, tumor control in the SRS and conservatively managed cohorts was 99.4% and 62.1%, respectively (p<0.001; OR 94.461 (95% CI 23.082-386.568)). In matched cohorts, new neurological deficits were noted in 2.3% of SRS treated and 3.2% of conservatively managed patients (p=0.475; OR 0.700 (95% CI 0.263–1.863)).

CONCLUSION:
SRS affords superior radiologic tumor control compared to active surveillance without increasing the risk of neurological deficits in asymptomatic meningioma patients. While SRS and active surveillance are reasonable options, SRS appears to alter the natural history of asymptomatic meningiomas including tumor progression in the majority of patients treated.
155 TERT Promoter Mutation Analysis for Blood-based Diagnosis and Monitoring of Gliomas
Authors: Yekula Anudeep , Muralidharan Koushik , Balaj Leonora , Carter Bob S. 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Liquid biopsy offers a minimally invasive tool to diagnose and monitor the heterogeneous molecular landscape of tumors over time and therapy. Detection of TERT promoter mutations (C228T, C250T) in cfDNA has been successful for some systemic cancers but has yet to be demonstrated in gliomas, despite the high prevalence of these mutations in glioma tissue (>60% of all tumors).

METHODS:
Here, we developed a novel digital droplet PCR (ddPCR) assay that incorporates features to improve sensitivity and allows for the simultaneous detection and longitudinal monitoring of two TERT promoter mutations (C228T and C250T) in cfDNA from the plasma of patients with glioma.

RESULTS:
In baseline performance in tumor tissue, the assay had perfect concordance with an independently performed clinical pathology laboratory assessment of TERT promoter mutations in the same tumor samples [95% confidence interval (CI), 94%-100%]. Extending to matched plasma samples, we detected TERT mutations in both discovery and blinded multi-institution validation cohorts with an overall sensitivity of 62.5% (95% CI, 52%-73%) and a specificity of 90% (95% CI, 80%-96%) compared with the gold-standard tumor tissue-based detection of TERT mutations. Upon longitudinal monitoring in 5 patients, we report that peripheral TERT-mutant allele frequency reflects the clinical course of the disease, with levels decreasing after surgical intervention and therapy and increasing with tumor progression.

CONCLUSION:
Our results demonstrate the feasibility of detecting circulating cfDNA TERT promoter mutations in patients with glioma with clinically relevant sensitivity and specificity.
161 Return to Work Following Surgery for Lumbar Disc Herniation: Comparison of a Universal and Multitier Health Care System
Authors: Ayling Oliver G. S. , Dea Nicolas , Charest-Morin Raphaële , Fisher Charles 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Canada has a universal health care system that is funded by the government. In contrast, the United States utilizes a combined public and private payer system where patients may directly access specialists.

METHODS:
Surgical lumbar disc herniation patients enrolled in the Canadian Spine Outcome Research Network (CSORN) prospective multicenter registry and were compared with the surgical cohort enrolled in the Spine Patients Outcome Research Trial (SPORT) study.Patient reported outcomes (PROs) and return to work were compared at 3 months and 1 year post-operatively were analyzed.

RESULTS:
The CSORN cohort consisted of 157 patients and the SPORT cohort was made up of 397 patients that were actively working at the time of surgery. The rate of depression (9.1% vs. 16.5%, p = 0.016) and symptom duration greater than 6 months were higher in the CSORN cohort (23.4% vs. 73.2%, p < 0.0001). 100% of the CSORN cohort had public insurance compared to 1% in the SPORT cohort (p < 0.001) and patients in the CSORN group were more likely to have compensation claims (17.8% vs. 9.1%, p = 0.0049). CSORN patients had better baseline ODI and SF36/12-PCS scores (ODI: 50.9 ± 19.7 vs. 45.8 ± 14.9, p = 0.0031; SF36/12 PCS: 29.9 ± 7.9 vs. 35.7 ± 7.4, p < 0.001). At 3 months post-operatively the rate of patients that had returned to work was significantly lower in the CSORN cohort (47.8% vs. 72.8%, p < 0.0001), but was not different at 12-months post-operatively (86.7% vs. 91.6%, p = 0.11). Membership in the CSORN cohort and compensation claims were significant independent predictors of not returning to work at 3-months post-operatively on multivariable logistic regression (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.09-0.29, p < 0.001; OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.26-0.85, p = 0.012).

CONCLUSION:
Patients undergoing surgical treatment for lumbar disc herniation in Canada (CSORN cohort) had a lower rate of return to work at 3 months but not 1 year post-operatively compared to the United States cohort (SPORT) despite better disability scores prior to surgery.
169 Individual Differences in Postoperative Recovery Trajectories for Adult Symptomatic Lumbar Scoliosis
Authors: Greenberg Jacob K. , Bridwell Keith , Landman Joshua , Bess Shay , Smith Justin S. , Lenke Lawrence , Shaffrey Christopher I. , Kelly Michael 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
The Adult Symptomatic Lumbar Scoliosis-1 (ASLS-1) trial demonstrated the overall benefit of ASLS surgery. However, the extent to which individuals differ in their postoperative recovery trajectories is unknown.

METHODS:
We included adult patients that underwent surgical treatment as part of the ASLS-1 study. We used multilevel models to analyze postoperative recovery trajectories in Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Scoliosis Research Society-22 (SRS-22) sub-scores, which were measured every three months until two years after surgery. The impact of baseline disability was measured using the conditional R2, which measured the variance explained by allowing each patient to have their own intercept (i.e., baseline disability). In addition, we created multilevel, multivariable models that identified the most influential trajectory moderators, including radiographic, comorbidity, pain/function, demographic, and surgical factors. The performance of these models was quantified using the marginal R2, which represented the amount of variability in ODI/SRS-22 collectively explained by each model.

RESULTS:
Among 178 included patients, there was substantial variability in recovery trajectories. Applying the average trajectory to each patient explained 15% of the variability in ODI and 21% of the variability in SRS sub-scores. However, accounting for differences in baseline disability levels explained an additional 56-57% of the variability in recovery trajectories. The final model predicting recovery trajectory for ODI explained 50% of the variability in recovery trajectories. The final model for SRS-22 explained 57% of the variability in recovery trajectories.

CONCLUSION:
ASLS patients have highly variable postoperative recovery trajectories, largely related to differences in baseline disability but also impacted by moderators such as number of levels fused.