bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How It Could be: Three Stories
Authors: American Association for the Advancement of Science  
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The purpose of these stories is to suggest how curriculum reform could proceed using the ideas laid out in the preceding chapters. Written from the perspective of a time a decade or so in the future, they tell how three quite different school districts went about creating new designs for their K-12 curricula. The Palladio Unified, Edmond Halley, and Lewis & Clark Regional school districts don’t actually exist, except in our imagination, so we can purport to know everything about them and exactly what transpired. The stories in this chapter are most directly about the science, mathematics, and technology components of the curriculum, but much of the account is relevant to other subjects and to the entire curriculum as well. Never mind that these stories are made up. The intent here is to provoke fresh thinking about how we can get beyond marginal change in curriculum, not to prescribe a sure cure for current curriculum ills. Although in each case the reform process is presented as a series of steps, in the real world of schools, things happen in parallel and in loops. Stepwise presentation merely makes it possible to consider and describe the components of curriculum reform. As in architectural design, curriculum design draws as much on the spirit of art as on the spirit of engineering, and hence it inevitably involves compromise between form and function, between respect for the past and an eye for the future, between intellectual integrity and political reality. Knowledgeable readers will recognize that these tales make no effort to deal with any number of serious impediments to the realization of reform in K-12 education. The tales focus narrowly on the process of K-12 curriculum design writ large—not on turning a curriculum design into an actual curriculum and not on operating a curriculum once it is place. In fact, of course, little of that can possibly happen unless the conditions listed in Chapter 3’s Setting the Stage section are realized: consensus on the need for reform, well-developed and evaluated curriculum blocks, better prepared teachers and administrators, supportive policies, and adequate resources.
Nude Bodies in British Women’s Magazines at the Turn of the 1970s: Agency, Spectatorship, and the Sexual Revolution
Authors: Payling Daisy , Loughran Tracey 
Published: August 2022

Summary
Around the turn of the 1970s, women’s magazines began to feature naked female bodies in advertisements for health and beauty products. By the mid-1970s, this nudity had largely disappeared. This article examines the reasons for this spike in nude images, the types of nakedness depicted, and what this tells us about prevalent attitudes to femininity, sexuality and women’s ‘liberation’. Focusing on representations of naked female bodies allows us to explore definitions and operations of sexual ‘knowledge’, especially the role of mass media sources in influencing inchoate ideas about sex and sexuality. In this way, we consider the complex interaction between representation and experience in constructions of sexual knowledge, challenge theories placing women as passive objects of the male gaze and nuance notions of female agency in ‘sexual revolution’.
Effectors from a Bacterial Vector-Borne Pathogen Exhibit Diverse Subcellular Localization, Expression Profiles, and Manipulation of Plant Defense
Authors: Reyes Caldas Paola A. , Zhu Jie , Breakspear Andrew , Thapa Shree P. , Toruño Tania Y. , Perilla-Henao Laura M. , Casteel Clare , Faulkner Christine R. , Coaker Gitta 
Published: August 2022

Climate change is predicted to increase the prevalence of vector-borne disease due to expansion of insect populations. ‘ Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ is a phloem-limited pathogen associated with multiple economically important diseases in solanaceous crops. Little is known about the strategies and pathogenicity factors ‘ Ca. L. solanacearum’ uses to colonize its vector and host. We determined the ‘ Ca. L. solanacearum’ effector repertoire by predicting proteins secreted by the general secretory pathway across four different ‘ Ca. L. solanacearum’ haplotypes, investigated effector localization in planta, and profiled effector expression in the vector and host. The localization of ‘ Ca. L. solanacearum’ effectors in Nicotiana spp. revealed diverse eukaryotic subcellular targets. The majority of tested effectors were unable to suppress plant immune responses, indicating they possess unique activities. Expression profiling in tomato and the psyllid Bactericera cockerelli indicated ‘ Ca. L. solanacearum’ differentially interacts with its host and vector and can switch effector expression in response to these environments. This study reveals ‘ Ca. L. solanacearum’ effectors possess complex expression patterns, target diverse host organelles and the majority are unable to suppress host immune responses. A mechanistic understanding of ‘ Ca. L. solanacearum’ effector function will reveal novel targets and provide insight into phloem biology. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Bone marrow transplantation as a therapy for autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type 2 in mice
Authors: Alam Imranul , Gerard‐O'Riley Rita L. , Acton Dena , Hardman Sara L. , Murphy Madeline , Alvarez Marta B. , Blosser Rachel J. , Sinn Anthony , Srour Edward F. , Kacena Melissa A. , Econs Michael J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAutosomal dominant osteopetrosis type II (ADO2) is a heritable bone disease of impaired osteoclastic bone resorption caused by missense mutations in the chloride channel 7 (CLCN7) gene. Clinical features of ADO2 include fractures, osteomyelitis of jaw, vision loss, and in severe cases, bone marrow failure. Currently, there is no effective therapy for ADO2, and patients usually receive symptomatic treatments. Theoretically, bone marrow transplantation (BMT), which is commonly used in recessive osteopetrosis, could be used to treat ADO2, although the frequency of complications related to BMT is quite high. We created an ADO2 knock‐in (p.G213R mutation) mouse model on the 129 genetic background, and their phenotypes mimic the human disease of ADO2. To test whether BMT could restore osteoclast function and rescue the bone phenotypes in ADO2 mice, we transplanted bone marrow cells from 6–8 weeks old male WT donor mice into recipient female ADO2 mice. Also, to determine whether age at the time of transplant may play a role in transplant success, we performed BMT in young (12‐week‐old) and old (9‐month‐old) ADO2 mice. Our data indicate that ADO2 mice transplanted with WT marrow achieved more than 90% engraftment up to 6 months post‐transplantation at both young and old ages. The in‐vivo DXA data revealed that young ADO2 mice transplanted with WT marrow had significantly lower whole body and spine areal bone mineral density (aBMD) at month 6 post‐transplantation compared to the ADO2 control mice. The old ADO2 mice also displayed significantly lower whole body, femur, and spine aBMD at months 4 and 5 post‐transplantation compared to the age‐matched control mice. The in‐vivo micro‐CT data showed that ADO2 experimental mice transplanted with WT marrow had significantly lower BV/TV at months 2 and 4 post‐transplantation compared to the ADO2 control mice at a young age. In contrast, ADO2 control and experimental mice displayed similar BV/TV values for all post‐transplantation time points at old age. In addition, serum CTX was significantly higher at month 2 post‐transplantation in both young and old ADO2 experimental mice compared to the ADO2 control mice. Serum P1NP levels in young ADO2 experimental mice were significantly higher at baseline and month 2 post‐transplantation compared to the ADO2 control mice. These data suggest that BMT may provide, at least, some beneficial effect at both young and adult ages.
Wildfire Smoke Exposure Is Associated with Adverse Respiratory Events under General Anesthesia in At-risk Pediatric Patients
Authors: Marsh Benjamin J. , Kolodzie Kerstin , Robinowitz David , Jacobson Adam , Ferschl Marla 
Published: August 2022

Background
Increasing wildfire activity worldwide has led to exposure to poor air quality and numerous detrimental health impacts. This study hypothesized an association between exposure to poor air quality from wildfire smoke and adverse respiratory events under general anesthesia in pediatric patients.

Methods
This was a single-center retrospective double-cohort study examining two significant wildfire events in Northern California. Pediatric patients presenting for elective surgery during periods of unhealthy air quality were compared with those during periods of healthy air quality. The primary exposure, unhealthy air, was determined using local air quality sensors. The primary outcome was the occurrence of an adverse respiratory event under anesthesia. Secondary analysis included association with other known risk factors for adverse respiratory events.

Results
A total of 625 patients were included in the analysis. The overall risk of a respiratory complication was 42.4% (265 of 625). In children without a history of reactive airway disease, the risk of adverse respiratory events did not change during unhealthy air periods (102 of 253, 40.3%) compared with healthy air periods (95 of 226, 42.0%; relative risk 0.96 [0.77 to 1.19], P = 0.703). In children with a history of reactive airway disease, the risk of adverse respiratory events increased from 36.8% (25 of 68) during healthy air periods to 55.1% (43 of 78) during periods with unhealthy air (1.50 [1.04 to 2.17], P = 0.032). The effect of air quality on adverse respiratory events was significantly modified by reactive airways disease status (1.56 [1.02 to 2.40], P = 0.041).

Conclusions
Pediatric patients with underlying risk factors for respiratory complications under general anesthesia had a greater incidence of adverse respiratory events during periods of unhealthy air quality caused by wildfire smoke. In this vulnerable patient population, postponing elective anesthetics should be considered when air quality is poor.

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Anatomical Characteristics and Variations of Thoracic Segmental Arteries with 3-dimensional CT Analysis
Authors: Yamada Yohei , Demura Satoru , Kato Satoshi , Shinmura Kazuya , Yokogawa Noriaki , Handa Makoto , Annen Ryohei , Kobayashi Motoya , Nagatani Satoshi , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2022

Study Design.
Observational study using retrospective contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) analysis.

Objective.
This study aimed to investigate the anatomical characteristics and variations of the thoracic segmental arteries.

Summary of Background Data.
Few cadaver studies of segmental arteries to the thoracic spine have been reported; however, no previous studies have reported the use of contrast-enhanced CT in the upper to middle thoracic spine. Detailed anatomical information of the thoracic segmental arteries is essential to avoid vascular injuries in thoracic spine surgery, such as in the anterior and posterior approaches and minimally invasive surgery.

Methods.
Patients who underwent CT angiography of the thoracic spine between 2012 and 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The pathways of the thoracic segmental arteries were reviewed. Anatomical differences depending on the vertebral level and right/left segmental arteries were investigated.

Results.
Thirty-one patients (15 men and 16 women; mean age 55.8 y) with 591 segmental arteries were surveyed. The distribution of segmental arteries differed depending on the vertebral level, which ran more longitudinally in the upper thoracic region and transversely in the lower thoracic region. Common trunks were frequently observed in the segmental arteries of T3-5. Segmental arteries frequently crossed the discs in the right anterior and left middle areas of the thoracic spine, whereas in the T4/5 discs, segmental arteries crossed the discs over a wide area. The presence of multiple segmental arteries within a single vertebra was higher at the T5-7 vertebral level.

Conclusion.
The distribution of the segmental arteries was asymmetrical and varied depending on the vertebral level. In the upper to middle thoracic, segmental arteries ran at every position of the vertebral body due to their longitudinal nature and the presence of multiple segmental arteries within a single vertebra, especially in T5-7. The results of this study provide critical information for thoracic spine surgery.
Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound Predicts Severe Disease and Death Due to COVID-19: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Blair Paul W. , Siddharthan Trishul , Liu Gigi , Bai Jiawei , Cui Erja , East Joshua , Herrera Phabiola , Anova Lalaine , Mahadevan Varun , Hwang Jimin , Hossen Shakir , Seo Stefanie , Sonuga Olamide , Lawrence Joshua , Peters Jillian , Cox Andrea L. , Manabe Yukari C. , Fenstermacher Katherine , Shea Sophia , Rothman Richard E. , Hansoti Bhakti , Sauer Lauren , Crainiceanu Ciprian , Clark Danielle V. 
Published: August 2022

OBJECTIVES:
The clinical utility of point-of-care lung ultrasound (LUS) among hospitalized patients with COVID-19 is unclear.

DESIGN:
Prospective cohort study.

SETTING:
A large tertiary care center in Maryland, between April 2020 and September 2021.

PATIENTS:
Hospitalized adults (≥ 18 yr old) with positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction results.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
All patients were scanned using a standardized protocol including 12 lung zones and followed to determine clinical outcomes until hospital discharge and vital status at 28 days. Ultrasounds were independently reviewed for lung and pleural line artifacts and abnormalities, and the mean LUS Score (mLUSS) (ranging from 0 to 3) across lung zones was determined. The primary outcome was time to ICU-level care, defined as high-flow oxygen, noninvasive, or invasive mechanical ventilation, within 28 days of the initial ultrasound. Cox proportional hazards regression models adjusted for age and sex were fit for mLUSS and each ultrasound covariate. A total of 264 participants were enrolled in the study; the median age was 61 years and 114 participants (43.2%) were female. The median mLUSS was 1.0 (interquartile range, 0.5–1.3). Following enrollment, 27 participants (10.0%) went on to require ICU-level care, and 14 (5.3%) subsequently died by 28 days. Each increase in mLUSS at enrollment was associated with disease progression to ICU-level care (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 3.61; 95% CI, 1.27–10.2) and 28-day mortality (aHR, 3.10; 95% CI, 1.29–7.50). Pleural line abnormalities were independently associated with disease progression to death (aHR, 20.93; CI, 3.33–131.30).

CONCLUSIONS:
Participants with a mLUSS greater than or equal to 1 or pleural line changes on LUS had an increased likelihood of subsequent requirement of high-flow oxygen or greater. LUS is a promising tool for assessing risk of COVID-19 progression at the bedside.
Ultrasound-guided selective trunk block: Evaluation of ipsilateral sensorimotor block dynamics, hemidiaphragmatic function and efficacy for upper extremity surgery. A single-centre cohort study
Authors: Sivakumar Ranjith Kumar , Samy Winnie , Pakpirom Jatuporn , Songthamwat Banchobporn , Karmakar Manoj Kumar 
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND
Selectively locating and blocking the individual trunks of the brachial plexus with small volumes of local anaesthetic, a selective trunk block (SeTB), may produce anaesthesia of the entire upper extremity except for the T2 dermatome.

OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of an ultrasound-guided (USG) SeTB on ipsilateral sensorimotor block dynamics, hemidiaphragmatic function, and efficacy as an all-purpose regional anaesthetic technique for upper extremity surgery.

DESIGN
Prospective cohort study.

SETTING
Single-centre, university hospital in Hong Kong, China from February 2021 to July 2021.

PATIENTS
Thirty patients (aged 53.2 ± 14.8 years and BMI 23.8 ± 3.6 kg m
-2), ASA physical status I to III, scheduled for upper extremity surgery under a brachial plexus block.

INTERVENTIONS
USG SeTB with 25 ml (7, 8 and 10 ml to the superior, middle and inferior trunks, respectively) of a 1 : 1 mixture of 2% lidocaine with 1 : 200 000 epinephrine and 0.5% levobupivacaine.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
Ipsilateral sensorimotor blockade of the suprascapular (only motor), axillary, radial, ulnar, median and musculocutaneous nerves were assessed at regular intervals for 45 min. Ipsilateral hemidiaphragmatic excursion was also measured, at 30 min after the SeTB, using M-mode ultrasound. The SeTB was considered a success if it was possible to complete surgery without any rescue analgesia or conversion to general anaesthesia.

RESULTS
Complete motor blockade of the suprascapular nerve was achieved in median [range] 5 [5 to 15] min. Complete sensory and motor blockade were achieved in all the other 5 nerves in 17.5 [10 to 30] and 15 [10 to 30] min respectively. The SeTB was successful in 93% and ipsilateral hemidiaphragmatic paresis (HDP) was present in 82%, of patients.

CONCLUSION
SeTB produces sensorimotor blockade of the entire upper extremity, causes ipsilateral HDP, and is effective as the sole anaesthetic for surgery from the proximal humerus to the hand.

TRIAL REGISTRION
ClinicalTrials.gov, Trial Registration No: NCT 04752410, Date submitted for Registration: 09 February 2021, Date first posted: 12 February 2021, Dates of patient enrolment: 19 February 2021 to 27 July 2021 (https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04752410).
Hypertension, remnant cholesterol and cardiovascular disease: evidence from the China health and retirement longitudinal study
Authors: Zheng Xiaowei , Han Longyang , Shen Suwen 
Published: August 2022

Objective:
Previous studies had reported the significant association between hypertension, remnant cholesterol (RC) and risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of present study was to evaluate the combined effect of hypertension and RC on the risk of CVD.

Methods:
A total of 9456 participants from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study were included. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to explore the associations between hypertension, RC and new-onset CVD, stroke and cardiac events.

Results:
During the follow-up period, 1702 CVD events (including 563 stroke and 1282 cardiac events) were recorded. Compared to those without hypertension and low RC level, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.09 (0.95–1.24) for individuals with high RC alone, 1.27 (1.10–1.46) for individuals with hypertension alone and 1.32 (1.15–1.51) for individuals with comorbid hypertension and high RC. Individuals with co-existence of hypertension and high RC also had the highest risks of stroke and cardiac events.

Conclusion:
Our study indicated that there was a combined effect of hypertension and RC on the risk of CVD, stroke and cardiac events. Larger-sample prospective cohort studies are still required to test the potential application of combination of hypertension and RC as a screening method to identify individuals at risk of CVD.
Side Effects and Complications Associated with Treating Plutonium Intakes: A Retrospective Review of the Medical Records of LANL Employees Treated for Plutonium Intakes, with Supplementary Interviews
Authors: Glover Lauren , Bertelli Luiz , Dumit Sara , Poudel Deepesh , Smith Lauren , Waters Tom , Klumpp John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Anecdotal evidence indicates there may be unpublished physical and psychological events associated with the medical treatment of plutonium intakes. A thorough review was conducted of the medical and bioassay records of current and previous Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) employees who had experienced plutonium intakes via wound or inhalation. After finding relatively incomplete information in the medical records, the research team interviewed current LANL employees who had undergone chelation therapy and/or surgical excision. Although the dataset is not large enough to reach statistically significant conclusions, it was observed that adverse events associated with treatment appear to be more frequent and more severe than previously reported.
Bicarbonate Effects on Antibacterial Immunity and Mucus Glycobiology in the Cystic Fibrosis Lung: A Review With Selected Experimental Observations
Authors: Siew Ruth , Ou Tzung-Lin , Dahesh Samira , Akong Kathryn , Nizet Victor 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The primary defect in cystic fibrosis (CF) is abnormal chloride and bicarbonate transport in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator epithelial ion channel. The apical surface of the respiratory tract is lined by an airway surface liquid (ASL) layer composed of mucin comprising mainly MUC5A and MUC5B glycoproteins. ASL homeostasis depends on sodium bicarbonate secretion into the airways and secretion deficits alter mucus properties leading to airway obstruction, inflammation and infections. Downstream effects of abnormal ion transport in the lungs include altered intrinsic immune defenses. We observed that neutrophils killed Pseudomonas aeruginosa more efficiently when it had been exposed to sodium bicarbonate, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps by neutrophils was augmented in the presence of increasing bicarbonate concentrations. Physiological levels of bicarbonate sensitized P. aeruginosa to the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin LL-37, which is present in both lung ASL and neutrophil extracellular traps. Sodium bicarbonate has various uses in clinical medicine and in the care of CF patients and could be further explored as a therapeutic adjunct against Pseudomonas infections.
A Pragmatic Study on Nurse-Led Home Phototherapy
Authors: Matthews Sarah W. , Binick Stephanie , Sherman Karen J. , Chien Andy J. 
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND
Narrowband ultraviolet phototherapy is a safe and effective treatment option for chronic skin conditions. The requirements of clinic-based phototherapy can be burdensome, with home-based phototherapy as a reasonable alternative.

OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to analyze the effects of a nurse-led home phototherapy program and describe the clinical resources required.

METHODS
A pragmatic multicenter prospective observational cohort study was conducted from 2019 to 2021. Eighteen participants were enrolled in the program and followed for 9 months. Outcome measures included clearance rates, erythema incidence, Dermatology Life Quality Index, the burden of treatment scores, dermatologic medication usage, and clinic contacts.

RESULTS
Fourteen of the 18 patients (77.8%) reported high skin clearance. Mild erythema was common, moderate erythema was rare, and two episodes of severe erythema were recorded overall. Dermatology Life Quality Index and burden of treatment impact were minimal. Adjunct topical medications decreased by half. Nurses successfully reached participants up to the 3-month time point, with completed contacts decreasing over time. Unplanned contacts included phone calls and emails.

CONCLUSION
Dermatology nurses possess the skills needed to lead safe and effective home phototherapy programs. Although this pragmatic study was small, results are optimistic for the future of nurse-led home phototherapy.