bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of interleukin 36γ in the epithelial–mesenchymal transition process of chronic rhinosinusitis: A pilot study
Authors: Shen Li‐Fang , Chen Hai‐Hong , Guo Yu 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPurposeEpithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important characteristic in the remodelling of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). IL‐36γ and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) may exacerbate remodelling in CRS. Here, we aimed to determine whether IL‐36γ and FAP expression are associated with EMT and may be a predictor for CRSwNP prognosis.MethodsFifty‐two non‐Eos CRSwNP patients and 12 control patients were obtained and were followed up for more than 1 year after surgery. IL‐36γ, FAP and EMT markers expression were evaluated by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. Masson trichrome staining was adopted to assess tissue fibrotic changes. Furthermore, the soluble form of IL‐36γ and FAP in nasal secretions was detected by ELISA.ResultsWhile basal expression of E‐cadherin decreased, the expression of IL‐36γ, vimentin and FAP increased in nasal polyps. In well‐prognosis patients, the expression of IL‐36γ, vimentin and FAP were significantly decreased than in poor‐prognosis patients, while the protein expression of E‐cadherin was increased. The protein expression of IL‐36γ was notably increased in recurrent nasal polyps than in preoperation specimens. A positive relationship between IL‐36γ and FAP expression, a negative relationship between IL‐36γ and E‐cad expression was noted. The soluble form of IL‐36γ and FAP increased during the development of non‐Eos CRSwNP, with the highest level in poor‐prognosis patients after surgery.ConclusionNon‐Eos CRSwNP have partially undergone EMT under baseline conditions. IL‐36γ and FAP expression were related with EMT, the soluble form of IL‐36γ and FAP in nasal secretions may predict the prognosis of patients.
The Effects of Iconicity and Conventionalization on Word Order Preferences
Authors: Motamedi Yasamin , Wolters Lucie , Schouwstra Marieke , Kirby Simon 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOf the six possible orderings of the three main constituents of language (subject, verb, and object), two—SOV and SVO—are predominant cross‐linguistically. Previous research using the silent gesture paradigm in which hearing participants produce or respond to gestures without speech has shown that different factors such as reversibility, salience, and animacy can affect the preferences for different orders. Here, we test whether participants’ preferences for orders that are conditioned on the semantics of the event change depending on (i) the iconicity of individual gestural elements and (ii) the prior knowledge of a conventional lexicon. Our findings demonstrate the same preference for semantically conditioned word order found in previous studies, specifically that SOV and SVO are preferred differentially for different types of events. We do not find that iconicity of individual gestures affects participants’ ordering preferences; however, we do find that learning a lexicon leads to a stronger preference for SVO‐like orders overall. Finally, we compare our findings from English speakers, using an SVO‐dominant language, with data from speakers of an SOV‐dominant language, Turkish. We find that, while learning a lexicon leads to an increase in SVO preference for both sets of participants, this effect is mediated by language background and event type, suggesting that an interplay of factors together determines preferences for different ordering patterns. Taken together, our results support a view of word order as a gradient phenomenon responding to multiple biases.
The utility of WhatsApp‐based off‐site evaluation for rapid cytology of EBUS‐TBNA samples
Authors: Damaraju Vikram , Gupta Nalini , Saini Mandeep , Dhooria Sahajal , Prasad Kuruswamy Thurai , Gupta Parikshaa , Muthu Valliappan , Aggarwal Ashutosh N. , Agarwal Ritesh , Sehgal Inderpaul Singh 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundWhether off‐site evaluation of slides by a cytologist viewing the images shared by WhatsApp improves the on‐site evaluation by a pulmonologist (P‐ROSE) remains unknown. This study's objective was to compare the sensitivity of P‐ROSE and WHOSE for adequacy and diagnosis of cytology specimens obtained by endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA).Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed our bronchoscopy database to identify subjects who underwent EBUS‐TBNA for lymph node sampling and had reports of P‐ROSE and WHOSE. We collected data on the adequacy of samples as reported by the pulmonologist (P‐ROSE), remotely by the cytologist (WHOSE), and finally after detailed cytologic evaluation. The study's primary outcome was to assess the increment in sensitivity for adequacy and diagnostic category (using the final cytology report as reference) by incorporating WHOSE.ResultsWe included 264 (P‐ROSE, n = 184; WHOSE, n = 80) subjects. The sensitivity (95% CI) for sample adequacy by P‐ROSE and WHOSE was 65.3% (57.9%‐72%) and 92% (83.6%‐96.2%), respectively. There was a 26.6% (95% CI, 16%‐35.2%) increment in the sensitivity for adequacy. The sensitivity (95% CI) for diagnosis by P‐ROSE and WHOSE was 53.9% (46%‐61.1%) and 89.8% (79.5%‐95.3%), respectively. There was a 35.9% (95% CI, 23.4%‐45%) increment in the sensitivity for diagnosis with WHOSE. The agreement between P‐ROSE and final cytology in adequacy was poor (κ = −0.023, p = 0.616). The agreement between WHOSE and final cytology was moderate for adequacy (κ = 0.491, p = <0.001).ConclusionWe found WHOSE significantly improves the performance of P‐ROSE for rapid assessment of cytology specimens obtained by EBUS‐TBNA.
Remembrance of things past: The consequences of recurrent hypoglycaemia in diabetes
Authors: McCrimmon Rory J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimsPeople with type 1 and type 2 diabetes still frequently experience hypoglycaemia, which can be severe, leading to loss of consciousness. This review will examine the cellular consequences of recurrent hypoglycaemia.MethodsThis review, based on the Dorothy Hodgkin Lecture given at the Diabetes UK 2022 annual symposium by the author, will discuss our current understanding of the mechanisms by which hypoglycaemia is detected and the consequences of recurrent exposure to hypoglycaemia.ResultsGlucose‐responsive cells found in the periphery as well as multiple areas of the brain are organised in a classical sensori‐motor integrative network encompassing peripheral, hindbrain and hypothalamic components. The mechanism used by glucose‐responsive neurons to detect hypoglycaemia parallel those of the classical glucose sensor the pancreatic ß‐cell, namely in their use of glucokinase, KATP channels and AMP‐activated protein kinase. Recurrent exposure to hypoglycaemia results in a series of cellular adaptations that may be designed to increase the resilience of cells to future hypoglycaemia. This review also highlights how hypoglycaemia, as an oxidative stressor, may also exacerbate chronic hyperglycaemia‐induced increases in oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to damage to vulnerable brain regions.ConclusionsImpaired awareness of hypoglycaemia follows the adaptation of central glucose‐responsive neurons to repeated hypoglycaemia and may represent a form of memory called habituation. In diabetes, recurrent hypoglycaemia may have tissue consequences as a result of a profound disruption in the cellular response to a hypoglycaemic challenge that increases vulnerability to oxidative damage.
Alterations in mouse visceral adipose tissue mRNA expression of islet G‐protein‐coupled receptor ligands in obesity
Authors: Ashik Tanyel , Lee Vivian , Atanes Patricio , Persaud Shanta J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundAdipose tissue mass expansion in obesity leads to alterations in expression and secretion of adipokines, some of which may alter islet function by binding to G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) expressed by islets. We have therefore quantified expression of mRNAs encoding islet GPCR ligands in visceral adipose tissue retrieved from lean and diet‐induced obese mice to determine alterations in islet GPCR ligand mRNAs in obesity.MethodsEpididymal adipose tissue was retrieved from C57BL/6 mice that had been maintained on a control‐fat diet (10% fat) or high‐fat diet (60% fat) for 16 weeks and RT‐qPCR was used to quantify mRNAs encoding ligands for islet GPCRs.ResultsOf the 155 genes that encode ligands for islet GPCRs, 45 and 40 were expressed in visceral adipose tissue retrieved from lean and obese mice respectively. The remaining mRNAs were either expressed at trace level (0.0001% to 0.001% relative to Actb expression) or absent (<0.0001%). Obesity was associated with significant alterations in GPCR ligand mRNA expression in visceral adipose tissue, some of which encode for peptides with established effects on islet function (e.g. neuropeptide Y), or for GPCR ligands that have not previously been investigated for their effects on islets (e.g. (C‐C motif) ligand 4; Ccl4).ConclusionMouse visceral adipose tissue showed significant alterations in expression of mRNAs encoding islet GPCR ligands in obesity. Our data point to ligands of interest for future research on adipose‐islet crosstalk via secreted ligands acting at islet GPCRs. Such research may identify islet GPCRs with therapeutic potential for T2D.
The measurement of autoantibodies to insulin informs diagnosis of diabetes in a childhood population negative for other autoantibodies
Authors: Williams Claire L. , Aitken Rachel J. , Wilson Isabel V. , Mortimer Georgina L. M. , Long Anna E. , Williams Alistair J. K. ,   The BOX Study Group, Gillespie Kathleen M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimsSome childhood type 1 diabetes cases are islet autoantibody negative at diagnosis. Potential explanations include misdiagnosis of genetic forms of diabetes or insufficient islet autoantibody testing. Many NHS laboratories offer combinations of three autoantibody markers. We sought to determine the benefit of testing for additional islet autoantibodies, including insulin (IAA) and tetraspanin 7 (TSPAN7A).MethodsRadiobinding assays (RBAs) were used to test for four islet autoantibodies in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes (n = 486; 54.1% male; median age 10.4 years [range 0.7–18.0]; median duration 1 day [range −183 to 14]). Islet autoantibody negative children were tested for TSPAN7A using a luminescence‐based test. Where available, islet cell antibody (ICA) and human leucocyte antigen (HLA) data were considered.ResultsUsing three autoantibody markers, 21/486 (4.3%) children were autoantibody negative. Testing for IAA classified a further 9/21 (42.9%) children as autoantibody positive. Of the remaining 12 (2.5%) autoantibody negative children, all were TPAN7A negative, seven were ICA negative and one was positive for the protective variant DQB1*0602. One was subsequently diagnosed with Maturity Onset of Diabetes in the Young, but follow‐up was not available in all cases.ConclusionsUsing highly sensitive assays, testing for three autoantibodies fails to detect islet autoimmunity in approximately 1/20 children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Testing for IAA in children <5 years and GADA in those >10 years was the most effective strategy for detecting islet autoimmunity. The ability to test for all islet autoantibodies should inform clinical decisions and make screening for monogenic diabetes more cost‐effective.
Once‐weekly semaglutide versus insulin aspart for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in the UK: A long‐term cost‐effectiveness analysis based on SUSTAIN 11
Authors: Evans Marc , Chubb Barrie , Malkin Samuel J. P. , Berry Sasha , Lawson Jack , Hunt Barnaby 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimTo evaluate the long‐term cost‐effectiveness of once‐weekly semaglutide 1 mg versus insulin aspart in the UK.Materials and MethodsLong‐term outcomes were projected over patients' lifetimes using the IQVIA CORE Diabetes Model (vers 9.0). SUSTAIN 11 was used to inform baseline cohort characteristics and treatment effects. Patients were modelled to receive once‐weekly semaglutide plus basal insulin for 3 years before intensifying to basal‐bolus insulin, compared with basal‐bolus insulin for lifetimes in the aspart arm. Costs were accounted from a healthcare payer perspective in the UK, expressed in 2021 pounds sterling (GBP).ResultsOnce‐weekly semaglutide 1 mg was associated with improvements in quality‐adjusted life expectancy of 0.18 quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) versus insulin aspart, due to a reduced incidence and delayed time to onset of diabetes‐related complications. Direct costs were estimated to be GBP 800 higher with semaglutide, with higher treatment costs partially offset by cost savings from avoidance of diabetes‐related complications. Once‐weekly semaglutide 1 mg was therefore associated with an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of GBP 4457 per QALY gained versus insulin aspart.ConclusionsBased on a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of GBP 20 000 per QALY gained, once‐weekly semaglutide 1 mg was projected to be highly cost‐effective versus insulin aspart for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in the UK.
Changes in racial and ethnic disparities in glucose‐lowering drug utilization and glycated haemoglobin A1c in US adults with diabetes: 2005‐2018
Authors: Li Piaopiao , Zhang Ping , Guan Dawei , Guo Jingchuan , Zhang Yongkang , Pavkov Meda E. , Bullard Kai McKeever , Shao Hui 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimTo examine changes in racial and ethnic disparities in glucose‐lowering drugs (GLD) use and glycated haemoglobin A1c in US adults with diabetes from 2005 to 2018.MethodsWe conducted pooled cross‐sectional analysis using data from the 2005‐2018 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys, and the 2005‐2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Individuals ≥18 years with diabetes were included. Racial and ethnic disparities were measured in (a) newer non‐insulin GLD use; (b) insulin analogue use; (c) non‐insulin GLDs adherence; (d) insulin adherence; and (e) glucose management, along with (f) the proportion of the disparities explained by potential contributing factors.ResultsFrom 2005 to 2018, racial and ethnic disparities persisted in newer GLD use, non‐insulin GLDs adherence, insulin analogue use and glucose management. In 2018, compared with non‐Hispanic white adults, non‐Hispanic black, Hispanic and other race/ethnicity groups had lower rates of using newer GLDs (adjusted risk ratio: 0.44, 0.52, 0.64, respectively; p < .05 for all) and insulin analogues (adjusted risk ratio: 0.93, 0.89, 0.95, respectively; p < .05 for all except other groups), lower non‐insulin GLD adherence (proportion of days covered: −4.5%, −5.6%, −4.3%, respectively; p < .05 for all), higher glycated haemoglobin A1c (0.29%, 0.32%, 0.02%, respectively; p < .05 for all except other group), and similar insulin adherences. Socioeconomic and health status were the main contributors to these disparities.ConclusionsOur findings provide evidence of racial and ethnic disparities in newer GLD use and quality of care in glucose management. Our study results can inform decision‐makers of the status of racial and ethnic disparities and identify ways to reduce these disparities.
Insight on the influence of technology‐enhanced learning in orthodontics' education: A systematic review
Authors: Arqub Sarah Abu , Waleed Mahdi , Al‐Abedalla Khadijeh , Iverson Marissa G. , Uribe Flavio 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjectivesTechnology‐enhanced learning (TEL) provides a pliable and current way to present orthodontic curriculum material to students. This review aimed to assess the effectiveness of TEL compared with traditional learning methods in the field of orthodontics.Materials and MethodsThe search comprised randomised controlled trials (RCTs) related to orthodontics' interactive learning from the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, CENTRAL, Psyclnfo, ERIC, Web of Science, Dissertations and Theses Global. Two authors performed the screening, data extraction and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane tool (Rob 2) blindly and in duplicate. Kirkpatrick's 4‐level evaluation model was used to evaluate educational outcomes.ResultsA total of 3131 records were identified of which 11 RCT were included. On level 1 (Reaction), students had a positive attitude towards TEL. On level 2 (Learning), included studies did not report any significant knowledge improvement when TEL was compared with traditional learning strategies. One study assessed level 3 (Behaviour), where students felt that flipped classroom learning created feelings of greater confidence. On level 4 (Results), most studies suggested that TEL tools are as equally effective in imparting information as traditional tools and recommended that both methods should be considered in teaching students.ConclusionTechnology‐enhanced learning techniques might have the potential to enhance educational outcomes in orthodontic education and students seem to enjoy the implementation of technology in the learning process. These educational tools should be used as an adjunct to the traditional didactic classroom, and not as a replacement, due to the challenges encountered with their application.
Strategies to implement competencies as it relates to a competency framework in a dental undergraduate curriculum: A systematic review
Authors: Maart Ronel D. , Adam Razia Z. , Frantz José M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroductionWorldwide, dental schools are underpinned by approved competency frameworks or competency statements developed for specific contexts or countries. Literature are replete with competencies required and assessed within this frameworks however limited literature that guides the incorporation of competencies and implementation of the competencies related to the competency framework in dental curricula.Materials and MethodsA systematic review design was used. The research question addressed for this systematic review was: What are the strategies used to develop core competencies undergraduate dental curricula? Databases included in the searches were: MEDLINE(ebscoHost), Science Direct, MEDLINE(Pubmed), Wiley Online Library, ERIC. A meta‐synthesis analysis consisting of a descriptive meta‐synthesis to critically analyse and discuss emerging themes from the findings of the six included studies were completed.Results and DiscussionStrategies used to develop core competencies were divided into four components namely organizational structure, faculty development, teaching strategies and assessment strategies. To consider a holistic approach to develop core competencies, changes in the organizational structure needs to be in place first. With the appropriate organizational structure in place, faculty development to implement competency strategies would be more supported and feasible. From the findings of the included articles, faculty development regarding teaching strategies and assessment methods were considered necessary to implement core competencies in a dental curriculum.ConclusionA strong relationship between the suggested implementation strategies from this systematic review findings and the multifaceted approach for the CanMEDS exist. Teaching and assessments, faculty development strategies are common strategies. Surprisingly, organisational structure changes were not included as implementation strategy of CanMEDS.
Inter‐industry FDI spillovers from foreign banks: Evidence in transition economies
Authors: Qi Shusen , Hui Kent Ngan‐Cheung , Ongena Steven 
Published: October 2022

AbstractUsing a sample of nonfinancial domestic firms in transition economies from Eastern Europe and Central Asia, we examine whether and how inter‐industry spillover from foreign direct investment in the banking sector occurs. Our findings show that the innovation pursued by domestic firms benefits from foreign bank penetration. However, these positive inter‐industry spillovers surprisingly do not seem to work through enhanced credit access. We further find these positive spillovers to occur mainly for foreign banks that use relationship lending, domestic firms that do not export, and host countries that are less open to the global market.
Species life‐history strategies affect population responses to temperature and land‐cover changes
Authors: Albaladejo‐Robles Gonzalo , Böhm Monika , Newbold Tim 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHuman‐induced environmental changes have a direct impact on species populations, with some species experiencing declines while others display population growth. Understanding why and how species populations respond differently to environmental changes is fundamental to mitigate and predict future biodiversity changes. Theoretically, species life‐history strategies are key determinants shaping the response of populations to environmental impacts. Despite this, the association between species life histories and the response of populations to environmental changes has not been tested. In this study, we analysed the effects of recent land‐cover and temperature changes on rates of population change of 1,072 populations recorded in the Living Planet Database. We selected populations with at least 5 yearly consecutive records (after imputation of missing population estimates) between 1992 and 2016, and for which we achieved high population imputation accuracy (in the cases where missing values had to be imputed). These populations were distributed across 553 different locations and included 461 terrestrial amniote vertebrate species (273 birds, 137 mammals, and 51 reptiles) with different life‐history strategies. We showed that populations of fast‐lived species inhabiting areas that have experienced recent expansion of cropland or bare soil present positive populations trends on average, whereas slow‐lived species display negative population trends. Although these findings support previous hypotheses that fast‐lived species are better adapted to recover their populations after an environmental perturbation, the sensitivity analysis revealed that model outcomes are strongly influenced by the addition or exclusion of populations with extreme rates of change. Therefore, the results should be interpreted with caution. With climate and land‐use changes likely to increase in the future, establishing clear links between species characteristics and responses to these threats is fundamental for designing and conducting conservation actions. The results of this study can aid in evaluating population sensitivity, assessing the likely conservation status of species with poor data coverage, and predicting future scenarios of biodiversity change.