bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Hand Model for the Development and Validation of a Fuzzy Controlled Orthosis
Authors: Petroff Neil B. , Mason Paul A. C. , Reisinger Kim D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Restoring hand control to upper extremity paralysis victims will enable them the perform daily tasks and lead independent lifestyles. This study was undertaken to develop a fuzzy controlled hand orthosis that will be unobtrusive, user friendly and aesthetically pleasing. A simplified hand orthosis model, consisting of four fingers and a thumb, is derived for the purpose of planning appropriate grasp trajectories (fingertip pinch, lateral pinch and cylindrical grasp) and validating a fuzzy logic control architecture. The controller is hierarchical in design, consisting of a supervisory controller that uses the intended motion to coordinate individual finger motions and, a lower level controller for each finger that produces the required joint angles for the specific grasp. Preliminary results indicate that the hand orthosis model is capable of achieving the required grasps, and that fuzzy logic can be used as the controller.
Design Issues in the Development of an Externally-Powered Partial Hand Prosthesis
Authors: Weir Richard F. ff. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We are planning to build an externally-powered prosthesis for persons with partial-hand amputations of all digits. Currently, there are no commercially available externally-powered partial-hand prostheses that are functional yet cosmetic. This paper sets out some of the design constraints and issues that must be considered before such a hand can be built. We feel that preservation of the wrist motion for positioning of the terminal device is of paramount importance to achieving maximum function and cosmesis. In a partial hand prosthesis the only space for any mechanisms is in the digits. The challenge is to be able to fit all the requisite mechanisms and electronics in this highly confined volume and still have reasonable performance. The availability of small motors (MicroMo MM1016) operating in synergy (Childress, 1972) makes such a device possible.
The Utilization of Ambient-Stored Pre-Preg Carbon Composite Material With a New Fabrication Technique for the Development of Ankle-Foot Braces
Authors: Fite Richard , Polliack Adrian A. , Landsberger Samuel , McNeal Donald R. , Vargas Vicente 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A novel, room temperature-stored carbon-graphite cloth has been utilized to produce a variety of ankle-foot orthoses (AFO). It was discovered that the curing process of the composite could be altered, and the AFO could be partially cured under vacuum. After removal of the composite AFO from the mold, the material maintains its shape and allows the orthotist to hand-modify it further. Following this, the brace is returned to the oven for final curing. This advance in the fabrication process may allow for the manufacture and distribution of modular AFOs in the partially cured state without need of refrigeration. They could then be custom-shaped by hand to fit the patient. This material is post-formable by heat with no delamination.
Mechanical testing of the carbon cloth is in progress along with evaluation of the brace by able-bodied subjects. Failure mode investigation is also underway and attention is now directed to safety issues. Results of some of these findings are presented.
Experimental Study of a Stress Change in Ankle-Foot Orthoses due to a Weight Change
Authors: Chu Tai-Ming 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
An Ankle-Foot Orthosis (AFO) is a device that prescribed to assist patient during recovering of lost functions, and at the same time, to protect the ankle-foot from further injuries when patients are in motion. Currently, polypropylene is the most popular thermoplastic for all kinds of custom-made orthoses. It has the characteristics of low weight, high strength, high fatigue resistance and excellent molding capabilities. However, there are too many pre-manufacturing parameters such as the thickness and curvatures required that makes the quality control impossible. Supan and Hovorka (1995) studied the thermoplastic Ankle-Foot Orthoses adjustments/replacements in young cerebral palsy and spina bifida patients. Six types of thermoplastic AFOs were tested. They found that neuromusculoskeletal functional status appears to determine the AFO design and its replacement. Chu, et al., (1997) developed an experimental method that studied the stress changes in the AFO due to AFO geometry changes. The goal of this project is to quantify the stress changes associated with a series of body weights and motion change; thus, to determine if the resulting stresses are of such magnitude as to potentially result in fractures and destruction of the AFOs.
Biaxial Fiber Kinematics and Structural Constitutive Modeling of Small Intestinal Submucosa
Authors: Gloeckner D. Claire , Sacks Michael S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) has been studied as a potential biomaterial for use in tissue engineering applications. Extracted from the mammalian small bowel, it consists of two collagen fiber populations at ∼±30° from the longitudinal axis. We have previously investigated the biaxial mechanical properties of SIS (Sacks and Gloeckner, 1998), which were comparable to other bioprosthetic biomaterials. Our long-term goal is to develop structural constitutive models of implantable biomaterials made from SIS and other acellular materials. These models can aid in determining how well a biomaterial will perform in the virgin and remodeled states. Structural models require quantitative morphologic information, especially fiber structure and kinematics. In this study, we examined the change in the fiber kinematics at different states of biaxial stretch and developed an initial structural constitutive model for SIS.
Long-Term Mechanical Fatigue Response of Porcine Bioprosthetic Heart Valves
Authors: Billiar Kristen L. , Sacks Michael S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Porcine bioprosthetic heart valves (PBHVs) have excellent short-term durability, but have generally poor long-term performance. Although the exact mechanism is still unknown, it is almost certain that mechanical factors play a significant role in PBHV failure. Aortic valve cusps are highly anisotropic with a complex, non-uniform structure (Fig. 1, top). It is therefore understandable that to date there have been no quantitative studies to determine how mechanical behavior is altered by mechanical fatigue. In this study we performed biaxial mechanical tests and uniaxial failure tests on cusps harvested from 4mmHg glutaraldehyde treated PBHVs loaded intact up to 300 × 106 cycles.
Prediction of Effects of Mechanical Stress and Estrogen on Bony Structure Using Fuzzy Logic Control
Authors: Luo Zong-Ping , An Kai-Nan , Turner Russell T. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A theoretical model has been developed based on fuzzy logic control to predict bony response to mechanical load and estrogen. The results show good agreement with the experimental findings, which suggests that bone may be regulated by simple remodeling rules, similar to those used in the fuzzy logic control.
Comparing Standing Characteristics of Prosthesis Users and Normal Subjects Using a Tracking Model
Authors: Chan Richmond B. , Childress Dudley S. , Jhoun Janet H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A model for standing based on a “human tracking” model is presented. The model suggests that the velocity of the center of pressure is proportional to the acceleration of the center of mass, with a time delay. Standing characteristics of seven normal and three bilateral above-knee prosthesis users were studied. There was agreement between the experimental data and prediction of the model. Results support the potential capability of this model to characterize standing behavior.
Non-Invasive Estimation of Wall Stress Distribution in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Raghavan Madhavan Lakshmi , Federle Michel P. , Webster Marshall W. , Vorp David Alan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In the clinical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) patients, it is desirable to determine when, during the course of this disease, the risk of aneurysm rupture justifies surgical intervention and its related complications. Presently, there is no reliable criterion to predict the risk of rupture of AAA and hence make a sound surgical decision. We believe that principles in mechanics may be used to predict the propensity of rupture for AAA. With the development of an aneurysm, the stress on the aortic wall increases progressively (Vorp et al., 1998) until it reaches its gradually decreasing failure strength (Raghavan et al., 1996). Therefore, knowledge of AAA wall stress distribution could be used as a reliable indicator of rupture. Previous stress analyses of AAA by other researchers (e.g., Stringfellow et al., 1987, Elger et al., 1996) were performed using hypothetical, idealized. 2D geometries of AAA and/or simplified mathematical models with the primary goal of understanding the mechanics of the problem. In this work, we demonstrate a methodology to determine more reliable estimates of the in-vivo wall stresses for actual AAA on a patient to patient basis. The ultimate goal of this work is to develop a clinically usable computational tool that may be used for individualized non-invasive assessment of AAA patients.
Integrated Design and Control of Media Advance System for Thermal Inkjet Printers
Authors: Chen Cheng-Yi , Chiu George T.-C. , Cheng Chi-Cheng 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Inkjet printer offers an attractive feature set that fits well to the consumer’s needs at the low-end color hardcopy market. Better performance at the lower cost is and will always be the driving force for the future product development. In this paper, we presented an integrated approach to the design and control of the media advance system in thermal inkjet printers. Using H∞ analysis and synthesis approach, the effects of design tolerance and system disturbance on the achievable performance is characterized. We will use the media advance system of thermal inkjet printers to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The benefit of using an integrated design and control approach will also be discussed.
The Depletion and Retention Characteristics of PFPE Lubricants and X1P on Magnetic Media
Authors: Jiaa Chi L. , Liu Youmin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The depletion and retention characteristics of magnetic thin film rigid disks coated with PFPE lubricants and X1P additive were investigated in this study. The tribological performance was evaluated by a drag test with a waffle head sliding against the disk that was designed to mechanically wear out the lubricant layer. An IR beam was aligned on the test track to directly measure the amount of PFPE lubricants and X1P left on the media surfaces for determining the depletion and retention characteristics of the lubricants. The test results show that under ambient and hot/wet (60°C/80%RH) conditions the media coated with AM3001 have higher retention ratio on the test track than those coated with ZDOL2000. After the head sliding for 100 hours, about 40% AM3001 still remains on the test track, while almost no ZDOL2000 left. However, the X1P was observed to strongly anchor on the surface and not wear out as PFPE lubricants did. The retention characteristics of X1P are independent of lube combination, either AM or ZDOL lubricants. The data indicate that more than 60% of the original X1P remains on the test track under all test conditions. The remaining X1P is quite stable and does not decrease as the drag test time increases during the latter test stage. It is demonstrated that X1P exhibits a good antiwear property and excellent retention performance.
A Flexibility-Based Inverse Algorithm for Identification of Substructural and Joint Properties
Authors: Park K. C. , Felippa Carlos A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper presents an inverse problem methodology for the identification of structural joint characteristics. The underlying theory employs a substructural flexibility method that allows statistical uncertainties in joints and interfaces. The method partitions structures into continuum and localized joint/interface substructural regions. The former are modeled by continuum finite elements and built up with the standard direct-stiffness method. Joint and interface regions are constructed from continuum and/or special elements. The novel aspect of the method is that the coupling of substructures is effected in terms of node-collocated Lagrange multipliers, which leads naturally to a boundary-flexibility formulation. Coupling through interaction forces addresses the concern that delicate localized effects are not masked out in the overall structural model. This heightened sensitivity is significant for inverse problems in which localized properties and uncertainties are deduced indirectly, through a hierarchical “peeling off” process. The method is applied to identify joint flexibilities in a model engine mount, which demonstrates key features of the method and its high-fidelity capability.
Identification Problems for Vibrating Composite Plates
Authors: Abrate Serge , Perry Marcus 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper addresses an inverse vibration problem for cantilever composite plates. A two-step procedure is proposed to estimate the elastic properties of the material. First, simple formulas are used to provide an initial estimate given experimentally determined natural frequencies. A very accurate Rayleigh-Ritz model is then used to refine these estimates and obtain good agreement between predictions and experimental values. Imperfect support conditions at the root affect the dynamics of the plate significantly. Neglecting this effect leads to unrealistic estimates of the material properties. A procedure to identify the stiffness of the supports is presented and demonstrated on several examples.
Fatigue Crack Propagation Under Variable-Amplitude Load: Part II — A Stochastic Model
Authors: Ray Asok , Patankar Ravindra 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper is the second part in a two-part sequence and presents a stochastic model of fatigue crack propagation in metallic materials that are commonly encountered in mechanical structures and machine components of complex systems (e.g., aircraft, spacecraft, ships and submarines, and power plants). The stochastic model is built upon the deterministic state-space model of fatigue crack growth under variable-amplitude load presented in the first part. Predictions of the stochastic model are in agreement with the experimental data for specimens made of 2024-T3 and 7075-T6 aluminum alloys and Ti-6A1-4V alloy. The (non-stationary) statistics of the crack growth process under (tensile) variable-amplitude load can be obtained in a closed form without solving stochastic differential equations in the Wiener or Itô setting. The crack propagation model thus allows real-time execution of decision algorithms for risk assessment and life prediction on inexpensive platforms such as a Pentium processor.
Model-Based Selection of Accelerometer Locations for Helicopter Gearbox Monitoring
Authors: Wang Keming , Yang Dongzhe , Danai Kourosh , Lewicki David G. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A novel method is introduced to quantify based on the structure of the gearbox the monitoring effectiveness of accelerometer locations on the housing. In this method, monitoring effectiveness of sets of accelerometer locations is defined in terms of two indices: the coverage index and the overlap index. The coverage index is obtained from an influence matrix defining the level of effect of component faults on accelerometer readings. The overlap index denotes the level of overlap between pairs of accelerometers in coverage of components. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified experimentally based on measurement-fault data obtained from an OH-58A main rotor gearbox. The estimated rankings of various sets of accelerometer locations based on the estimated values of their monitoring effectiveness agree closely with those obtained empirically.
Collocation Algorithm for Solving Equations of Motion of Multibody Mechanical Systems
Authors: Pasic Hajrudin , Williams Robert L. , Hui Chunwu , Moody Russell 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A collocation algorithm is applied to solve index three differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) of multibody dynamics. The algorithm is based on the approximation of solutions with polynomials of different degrees. The resultant system of algebraic equations, with the coefficients of the polynomials as the unknown variables, is solved with the Newton-Raphson method. The results show the potential of the collocation algorithm as a general approach for the solutions to initial value problems of higher index, nonlinear, stiff DAEs.
Nonlinear System Identification by Automatic Localized Modeling
Authors: Li C. James , Huang Tung-Yung 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper describes two automated methods to identify binary and continuous systems from their operating data. Both methods employ data clustering and localized modeling. For binary functions, the Karnaugh map is employed to transform an arbitrarily high dimensional distribution into a two-dimensional one where an elliptical clustering algorithm can be performed to identify a set of local neural net models to approximate the data. For real continuous functions, the input space is partitioned into regions that are small enough that a simple neural network can approximate the data well in each region. The partitioning method is inspired by an automatic mesh generation algorithm for Finite Element Method (FEM). A 7-bit Exclusive-OR (XOR), a Van der Pol oscillator, and a pendulum, respectively, are used to test the two proposed algorithms, and they are found to be satisfactory in generating models that can simulate the systems well.
Human Assisted Walking Robot
Authors: Neuhaus Peter D. , Kazerooni H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The design goal was to invent a machine that could successfully maneuver heavy loads in isolated areas for extended periods of time. The motivation was to reduce the complexity of autonomous walking robots by involving the human in the operation of the machine. By taking advantage of the intelligence of the operator, the complexity of bipedal locomotion was reduced to tractable problem. The result of this research is that a two-legged, single actuated degree of freedom, walking machine was designed, built, and tested. The robot successfully navigated terrain including steep inclines and stairs. Additionally, a mechatronic control system was added to provide for smooth speed control and regulation. The leg driving architecture, the double four-bar linkage, designed for this machine can be extended to produce simplified four- and six-legged walking machines. The preliminary results can be used to extend this concept to a machine with an actuated balance assist system based on the human operator’s interaction with the machine.
Perception and Control of Finger Forces
Authors: Jones Lynette A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The focus of this research is on the perception and control of forces produced by the hand. It is known that the change in force that subjects can reliably discriminate is approximately 6%, and that subjects are able to match forces generated by two corresponding muscle groups with an accuracy of approximately 15%. The present study was concerned with measuring the ability to control finger force using only haptic feedback and both haptic and visual feedback. It was found that subjects were surprising good at controlling forces for up to 120 s using only haptic feedback with mean absolute errors of less than 0.3 N over a force range of 2–6 N. The variation in force averaged 10.5% when haptic feedback was available and decreased to 6% when visual feedback was also provided. These results provide a framework for specifying the characteristics of force-reflecting haptic interfaces that should optimize human perception.
Tactile After-Images From Static Contact
Authors: Singh U. , Fearing R. S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
It is well known that human skin is a viscoelastic material, and the mechanical and electrophysiological responses to transient indentation have been studied and modelled. For tactile display system design, it is also important to determine the perceptual effects, if any, of skin viscoelasticity. The spatial characteristics and sinusoidal steady state response of the sense of touch have been comparatively well studied. This paper describes initial work in quantifying tactile “after-images” resulting from large loads applied over several seconds to the finger tip. We first measured finger tip relaxation responses. We then ran psychophysical experiments on human subjects to determine if viscoelastic memory affects tactile perception. To reduce sensitivity to fine surface detail and since most teletaction systems will include an elastic layer as an anti-aliasing filter, our tests were carried out with a layer of elastic material on the finger. We found a statistically significant correlation between mechanical memory and perception “after-images” from large loads presented to the subjects. We offer a possible explanation for the results based on simplified mechanical models of the skin.
Dextrous Haptic Interface for JACK™
Authors: Popescu Viorel G. , Burdea Grigore C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a simulation system which integrates a real-time hand sensing and force-feedback interface (the Rutgers Master II) with a full body modeling software (JACK™). The RM-II system and the Polhemus Fastrak™ 3D magnetic tracker were initially integrated with “JACK” full-body simulation software. The system performance (graphics update rates, sensorreading updates) is evaluated on two graphic workstations (SGI High Impact and SGI Infinite Reality). Next we propose the concept of a Virtual Human Agent enhanced with haptic feedback. This concept is illustrated by a simulation developed using the RM-II system, JACK software library and a speech recognition engine.
Design and Characteristic Analysis of 7 DOF Hybrid Master Arm With Human Arm Kinematics
Authors: Choi Jonghyun , Kim Jungtae , Kim Dongshin , Lee Chongwon , Park Jong-Oh , Park Jang-Hyun 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
There are already various types of master arm for teleoperation. But the viewpoint of human arm characteristic requires higher adaptability of master device to human arm. Several characteristics of human arm required for design of new master arm are as follows: hybrid kinematics of human arm (serial and parallel in consideration of kinematics and actuator configuration), distributed muscle. New concept of master arm with human arm characteristics was generated. It has 7 DOF hybrid kinematics and distributed form. Modeling and kinematic analysis was done. Master arm construction and teleoperation system were developed and related control routine was explained. This new master arm shows several improvements in light weight even with worn-type and higher adaptability to distributed human muscles.
Experimental Analysis of a Haptic Interface Design for Endosurgery
Authors: Faraz Ali , Payandeh Shahram , Salvarinov Andon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In Endosurgery, tissue manipulation is performed by long graspers which have poor force-reflection property, i.e. they do not reflect the grasping force to the hand of the surgeon. In this paper, a novel design of electro-mechanical system is considered which can enhance the force-reflecting capability of endosurgical graspers. The type synthesis of such a haptic interface have led to the application of tunable spring. The design of tunable spring is optimized based on the haptic and surgical requirements. Moreover, by using suitable control laws, it is shown that the primary requirements of the design application can be met. Simulation and experimental results are presented using a prototype model of such haptic interface[6] to demonstrate the practicality of such design concept.