bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Humble Worker in the Colored Ranks
Authors: Lee John W.I. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on John Wesley Gilbert’s life and career from 1891 to 1910, a period in which he earned a reputation as “the finest Greek scholar in the South” and became nationally known as an educator and civic leader. The chapter begins by examining the scholarly networks that tied Gilbert to the members of the American Philological Association (APA) and the Archaeological Institute of America (AIA) and describes Gilbert’s attendance at the 1900 joint APA-AIA conference held in Philadelphia. The chapter examines the successes of Paine Institute (which became Paine College in 1903) under the joint leadership of Gilbert and Paine president George Williams Walker, as well as the increasing financial stress Paine came under from 1906 onward. The chapter also discusses Gilbert’s community and church work, including his involvement in numerous civic organizations in Augusta as well as his 1901 trip to London as a member of the Colored Methodist Episcopal (CME) delegation to the Ecumenical Methodist Conference. The chapter shows how Gilbert’s life was affected by the growth of Jim Crow segregation in the American South and explains the pressing financial needs that forced him to devote much of his time after 1906 to fundraising for Paine. The chapter closes in 1911, with the deaths of Gilbert’s mentor and father figure George Williams Walker and of his mother Sarah Thomas.
The Old Veteran
Authors: Lee John W.I. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the final decade of Gilbert’s life, following his return from the Belgian Congo. It shows how racism within the MECS and lack of commitment within the CME prevented Gilbert from returning as a missionary to the Congo, despite the great success of his trip with Lambuth. The chapter traces Gilbert’s continuing educational and civic work in Augusta and beyond, paying special attention to the crucial role he played in keeping Paine College alive during the years after 1911. The chapter closes by examining the circumstances of Gilbert’s extended illness, which confined him to bed from 1921 onward, and by describing his death in 1923.
Protesting the PreambleNormative Pronouncements and Feminist Jurisprudence in the Security Council
Authors: Heathcote Gina 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the refinement of feminist legal arguments in the output of the UN Security Council through a close reading of Security Council resolution preambles and their changing format over the life of the Council. The chapter demonstrates how feminist legal arguments—from protests to institutional contributions—are changed, adapted, and neglected within Security Council output. The chapter examines the role of the preamble in thematic resolutions issued by the Security Council, including those on women, peace, and security and in situation-specific resolutions. The chapter uses examples of feminist protest in Sudan and Security Council resolutions on Sudan to examine the journey of legal arguments from protest to preamble to Security Council operative paragraphs.
Anatomy of a Conflict
Authors: Vignal Leïla 
Published: January 2022

The chapter connects the 2011 uprising to the long-term transformations of Syrian society which can be encapsulated under the rubric of social change (education, demographic transition, and urbanisation). It also links the uprising to changes in the authoritarian rule of the Assad regime in the broader context of globalisation. Against this background, the chapter traces the ways in which the uprising unfolded as a popular movement throughout the country. The chapter explores the geographies of this mobilisation, its actors and many modalities, in order to understand the characteristics of the repression and the subsequent war. The fragmentation of the country along internal fronts is rooted in this geography of uprising and repression.
Mapping the Destruction
Authors: Vignal Leïla 
Published: January 2022

The chapter takes stock of the geography of destruction at different geographic scales. It shows that this geography varies considerably in intensity and nature from one region to another and from one neighbourhood to the next. The chapter also traces the land-grabbing operations that have been facilitated under the cover of military operations. In zooming in on three cities – Aleppo, Hama and Douma (near Damascus) – it aims to disentangle the different types of destruction that have been carried out in Syria. In so doing, the chapter offers a useful starting point for reflecting on the future reconstruction of the country.
Getting Down to the Design
Authors: Rademaker Linnea L. , Polush Elena Y. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the nature and components of various research designs and supporting methods. It explores the nature of research problems in more depth and how various designs can better answer specific problems. Practitioner–researchers are cautioned to deeply reflect on problem identification. Often, they can be persuaded to set aside their own goals to address the priorities of those in power. Although at times both goals may coincide, at other times those goals may conflict, and practitioner–researchers need to prioritize problems and needs that are central to their context. Stakeholder inclusion (including those in power and those not in power) can help ensure that all understand the interconnected and relational importance of prioritizing needs and gaps. Rigorous, trustworthy designs that include the voices of all affected can ensure the validity and utility of results. Last, the chapter addresses the importance of being transparent about practitioner–researcher positionality throughout the process.
Revisiting the Integrated Model
Authors: Rademaker Linnea L. , Polush Elena Y. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Through the use of the integrated framework, practitioner–researchers can promote stakeholder inclusion within reflective praxis, ethics, and rigorous designs to support advancing an equitable society. At the core of practitioner–researchers’ writing and practice as evaluators, educators, and action researchers is the view of evaluation and action research as modes of inquiries that facilitate processes of transformation and change. This chapter addresses the need to implement (utilize) and share the results of inquiry for the improvement of practice, reminding readers of main points discussed throughout the text. It also addresses the philosophical nature of the improvement of contexts and societies. The chapter provides support for imagining societies that value continuous improvement and value learning leaders and organizations that seek to improve organizations using data and new knowledge to support sustainable change.
Gender Relations in a Transnational Space
Authors: Estifanos Yordanos S. 
Published: January 2022

Based on extensive fieldwork in South Africa (Johannesburg and Durban) and Ethiopia (Addis Ababa and Hosaena) since 2014, this chapter focused on the gendered consequences of the increasing feminization of Ethiopian migration to South Africa over the past decade. Few women migrate independently, while most are sponsored by prospective husbands. The chapter contests the dominant narrative that international migration provides opportunities for economic independence, and provides space for emancipation and empowerment of women. It further argues that the feminization of migration morphed from a benevolent relationship that materially benefited spouses into an exploitative one, as husbands control the socioeconomic and political spaces in the informal economy of South Africa leaving women with dual responsibilities as wife and worker. Moreover, men import, appropriate and modify socio-cultural institutions primarily to get financial benefits when a prospective wife arrives in South Africa. Exploitation of women is made more likely as most are teenager and inexperienced. By identifying girls and introducing them to established men in South Africa prior female immigrants reinforce the transnational social networks and sustain smuggling of more women.
Mechanics, Heat, and General Physics
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The chapter covers the topics from mechanics, general physics, heat, and elementary mathematics in the physics context to simple but, at times surprising, phenomena in the day-to-day setting, for instance the physics of hot-dog bending and rupture. Some problems (e.g., Lightbulb and Coal) will teach students how to make back-of-the-envelope estimates, while others (e.g., Ostrich Egg, Joker’s Pendulum, and Slinky Magic) will show methods (such as scaling arguments) to easily solve problems that are difficult to solve via “brute force.”
Optics
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses a variety of topics in optics, such as blackbody radiation, quantum correlations, and quantum optics, with an emphasis on connections with other fields of physics from mechanics to thermal and quantum physics. One problem (Stacking Lenses) shows how stacking together focusing and defocusing lenses into a lens guide may result in an overall focusing effect in direct analogy to the physics in particle accelerators and traps for charged particles.
On Principle and Persuasion: Examining Philip Alston’s Contribution to Economic and Social Rights through the Lens of Health
Authors: Yamin Alicia Ely 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Although relatively little of Philip Alston’s scholarly or other work has been directly related to health, his enormous contribution to the clarification and development of economic and social rights (ESR) norms, as well as the linkages to development paradigms and practice, have greatly contributed to the field. Moreover, patterns of health are a keen reflection of social inequality within and between countries; health has been at the centre of recent development paradigms, which also gave rise to ‘human rights-based approaches to health’; and health access and outcomes are profoundly subject to influence by non-state actors in the global economic order, both directly and indirectly. Thus, the area of health rights provides a particularly relevant lens through which to examine some of Alston’s contributions to the larger field of ESR. This chapter takes up the ‘Recognition, Institutionalization, and Accountability’ (RIA) framework Alston proposed for advancing ESR, which set out the need for: (a) legal recognition, including a minimum core content that cannot be deferred; (b) appropriate institutional arrangements, including implicitly health systems; and (c) measures that promote governmental accountability, including judicial enforcement. Each component of the RIA framework is explored in the context of evolving struggles for the health-related rights over the last three decades.
The Persuasive Authority of Philip Alston’s Work for Human Rights Regional Bodies
Authors: Tigroudja Hélène 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The chapter explores the persuasive authority on Regional Courts of Human Rights of Professor Philip Alston’s reports and other contributions, while serving as member of the UN CESCR, Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Executions, and Special Rapporteur on Extreme Poverty and Human Rights. Throughout the reports and multiple general comments he authored, Alston has strongly influenced the approach to human rights. His pleading for the justiciability of economic, social, cultural, and environmental human rights is rendering more visible the connection between the economic situation of an individual, a group or a country and the ideal of universal enjoyment and exercise of human rights. This holistic philosophy centred on the socio-economic conditions of realization of human rights is being increasingly developed by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, while the European Court stands a step back from this movement.
Quite Enough (Still)
Authors: Hoffmann Florian 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This contribution engages with the current wave of fundamental critiques of human rights by both the populist political right and different quarters of the academy, a predicament Philip Alston has dealt with extensively in his recent interventions and which to him represents an unprecedented danger as much to human rights work as to the causes that motivate it. The chapter analyses these critiques as part of the broader crisis of the neoliberal world order and maps out their different intellectual trajectories and potential consequences not just for human rights but also for political agency and social transformation. It sets out the need to defend human rights in a way that takes these critiques seriously, yet also highlights the continuing relevance of and, indeed, necessity for human rights as one of the primary discourses for emancipation and social transformation.
Sight-Reading
Authors: Zhukov Katie , McPherson Gary E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter synthesizes available information on music reading and highlights recent approaches to studying the acquisition of sight-reading expertise. We focus on factors contributing to fluent music reading: eye movement, perceptual skills, auditory skills, and memory. The eye movements of accomplished sight-readers are different from those of slow readers, with expertise measured by fewer and shorter fixations and longer saccades. Skilled sight-readers perceive larger rhythm and pitch patterns than slow sight-readers do, and base their prediction skills on their knowledge of musical styles. Strong auditory skills also play an important role in sight-reading. Fluent sight-reading involves fast retrieval of well-established motor responses from the long-term memory and suppression of irrelevant information in the working memory. We discuss a range of approaches to the acquisition of fluent sight-reading: rhythm training leads to greater rhythmic accuracy, familiarity with musical styles improves pattern recognition, and collaborative playing activities assist in maintaining pacing of a performance. A holistic training approach combining all three of these elements is described in the last section of the chapter. General and specific recommendations for ways musicians can improve their music reading skills are provided together with training strategies aimed at helping musicians become fluent music readers.
Musical Expression
Authors: Schubert Emery 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
“Playing with feeling” is central to music making and is referred to more formally as playing with “expression.” This chapter organizes expressive playing into three components: Knowledge (K); Performance (P—the act of making music in an expressive manner); and Affect (A—the reception of the music by the listener) (KPA). Knowledge is paramount for the musician seeking to understand and improve their capacity to play music expressively, and the chapter catalogues the scientific and psychological literature that provides insight into the knowledge component. Notation, skill acquisition, proprioception, and extramusical knowledge types are discussed. This is followed by a presentation of the sources of musical expression knowledge—individual, situational, cultural, and universal. The author then critiques key theories of musical expression, contrasting the idea of musical expression arising from deviation or modulation of the norm against the empirical but contradictory evidence that optimal musical expression is perceived when a performance is the most average (prototypical). Finally, individual differences in musical expression are discussed, with the proposal that some individuals may prefer to understand musical expression through a performance stance, while others in terms of an affect stance, with both stances being simultaneously possible. The KPA process model of musical expression presents a convenient way for the musician to better understand how to perform from a performance science perspective, without losing the nuances offered by approaches offered by philosophy, pedagogy, and intuition.
Body Movement
Authors: Davidson Jane W. , Broughton Mary C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Abstract: Understanding the central role of body movement in the production and perception of musical performances is necessary for any musician committed to enhancing their skills. This chapter considers relevant research on motor learning and instrumental skill development, musical expression, and expressive movement. It also draws on research from speech and nonverbal communication and on studies that have employed these analytical frameworks to explain gestures and postures found in the body movements of musicians. Examples from studies of solo singers, instrumentalists, ensembles, and conductors highlight the various styles and functions of movement used for musical and extra-musical outcomes. These works include discussion of key historical treatises and individuals of world renown. In addition to performance-enhancing aspects of well-assembled bodily movement, skilled performances inhibited by physical and psychological tensions are also explored, along with techniques commonly used to alleviate such problems. Material is also offered to enable musicians to reflect upon their own performances and consider techniques they may apply to improve the functional, artistic, and communicative uses of body movement in musical performances.
Self-Regulated Learning Music Microanalysis
Authors: McPherson Gary E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Abstract: The toolkit of strategies that help individuals adapt their behaviors to break through, feel energized, and perform successfully collectively embody the concept of being a self-regulated learner. This toolkit of strategies is what this chapter is about, and its purpose is to help musicians more skillfully infuse ideas and principles from the self-regulated learning literature within their musical development. These strategies encompass the ability to monitor one’s own thoughts and actions, navigate and control your own emotions especially when you feel frustrated or anxious, and focus your efforts to select the most efficient solutions that will enable you to perform at your personal best. Put another way, becoming self-regulated in the mastery of music involves being able to recognize a challenge, understand the scope and nature of this challenge, focusing your motivation to deal with the challenges, enacting strategies and plans to overcome the challenge, and evaluating your progress toward overcoming the challenge. Self-regulated learning is not a mental ability or skill, but instead a way of mastering musical learning by drawing on and applying a number of self-directive processes that allow musicians to transform their mental abilities into skills. Examples are provided of the self-regulated learning microanalysis technique that are designed for performing musicians who are trying to take more control of their own development and proactively work toward achieving their personal best.
Personality and Individual Differences
Authors: Hruska Emese , Bonneville-Roussy Arielle 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
To many people, music is the very expression of our inner selves. At the same time as it brings people together, music helps us to understand and articulate what it is that makes us unique as individuals. The psychology of individual differences refers to the study of inter-individual variability in people, including socio-demographic characteristics like age and gender, and variability in genetic and psychological factors, such as personality, motivation (including passion and grit), perfectionism, and anxiety. Many of the psychological differences have been associated with distinctive career paths and levels of attainment in music performance. Genetic differences can also play an important role in musical aptitude. While some of these individual differences are stable in musicians, others are considered to be more malleable. This chapter reviews the evidence on these differences in performing musicians from childhood through to the professional level, touching upon divergences concerning gender, and choices between musical genres and instruments. It offers practical suggestions for professional musicians, music teachers, parents, and students on how to deal with the more stable traits like personality and how to enhance the more malleable ones, such as perfectionism and anxiety, that considerably affect one’s musicianship.
Improvisation
Authors: MacDonald Raymond 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Abstract: This chapter overviews the process of improvisation, emphasizing that there has been a dramatic increase of interest around improvisation over the past twenty years. Improvisation is conceptualized as a real-time compositional and decision-making process that is uniquely collaborative, creative, and universally accessible. It is also proposed as a defining aspect of music making. The chapter draws parallels between what might be called everyday improvising, such as turn taking in conversations, and the musical improvising that may take place during the performance of a jazz standard. An overview of ethnographic and cognitive studies is presented. Issues around identities and improvisation are also foregrounded alongside a series of studies investigating how musicians talk about improvising, and in particular how musicians make decisions about what to play when improvising. A case is made for broadening the definition of musical virtuosity to include new virtuosities: social, creative, collaborative, and listening virtuosities. Techniques such as graphic scores, improvised conduction, and text-based approaches are proposed as ways of developing proficiencies and confidence in improvisation. The chapter also suggests that learning to improvise fosters the development of transferable skills, the ability to collaborate, co-operate, compromise, and help reach solutions quickly.
Performing in the Studio
Authors: Slater Mark 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
While studio recordings can resemble live performances and draw upon similar reserves of knowledge and skill, the processes and experiences of performing in the studio are notably different from being on stage in front of an audience. This chapter situates performance within the technological trappings of the studio and its associated social and musical processes, which are now so prevalent in contemporary musicianship. The chapter draws upon ideas from ontology (in terms of how recording modifies the forms of music’s existence), sociology (in that the process of making recordings demands a consideration of the social constructs at play between collaborators), affordances (to describe how people and the material aspects of the studio and its apparatus are entwined in a productive relationship), and poetics (which relates the process of making to the specific conditions of that moment). To draw out the practical implications of the discussion, four proposals are offered, which encourage: (1) a recognition of the similarities and differences between live and recording performance contexts; (2) an understanding of the ideological underpinnings of why a recording is being made; (3) an acknowledgment of the productive effects of technology; and (4) an admission that recordings construct an illusion of some kind of reality.