bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dairy, House Fly Control, 1977
Authors: Schmidtmann E. T. , Pendleton S. R. , Jones C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twelve stanchion-housing dairy barns, 6 in Tompkins County and 6 in adjacent Schuyler County, New York, were selected to evaluate residual wall treatments of Ectiban for house fly control. All barns had a historyo f house fly populations warranting control during summer months. Test treatments were applied to 4 barns in each area, 1 dosageper barn, 2 applications. Two barns in each area served as checks. Aqueous coarse droplet spray treatments were applied to appropriate interior barn surfaces with a doublenozzle spray boom at 100 psi of pressure. A first series of treatments was applied in early June, and second treatments were applied in either mid-July or the first week of August (0.5% treatments, Schuyler County). Insecticidal treatments used check barns were ap-plied by respective farmers and consisted of space sprays, electric grids, and baits; these treatments were used either individually or in various combinations. House fly populations were monitored weekly by the number of fly specks deposited on 1" x 8 1/2" white paper strips.
Apple, Prebloom Mite Treatments, 1977
Authors: Hill Clarence H. , Cobb Leonard J. , Thomas John H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments with four oil formulations along with commonly used and experimental acaricides were applied to mature York apple trees using a Bean, 35 gallon per minute hydraulic sprayer at 540 psi to single tree plots, replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. The trees were sprayed to run-off. The oils were applied on April 1 at the green bud stage. The other acaricides, except Malonoben were applied at pink stage, April 14. At petal-fall stage, May 3, Malonoben was applied and Omite 6E and 30W were reapplied. At first cover period, May 16 and third cover period, June 15, Omite 6E and 30W were reapplied. A modified standard spray program utilizing captan, Topsin M, Imidan, and Phosphamidon was applied to the test trees during the season with an air-blast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gallons of spray per acre.
Apple, Apple Aphid Control and Effect on Beneficials, 1977
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Parrella M. P. , McCaffrey J. P. , Ponton L. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The treatment area was divided into 2 blocks, A and B, consisting of spur and Top Red Delicious trees, respectively. The trees were 5-6 years old and .of uniform size. Various insecticide and miticide treatments were applied prior to the start of the aphid tests. These were: March 17 - Cyprex (1.12 kg/ha, Block A) and superior oil (37.415 litre/ha + Cyprex 1.12 kg/ha, Block B); March 25, 30 - Dikar (2.80 kg/ha, Block A) and superior oil (2.34 litres/ha + Benlate .28 kg/ha, Block B); April 6, 13 - Dikar (2.80 kg/ha, Block A) and superior oil (2.34 litres/ha + Benlate .28 kg/ha + Polyram 1.40 kg/ha, Block B). On April 20, the two blocks were put on different spray programs: Block A - Dikar (2.80 kg/ha + Zolone 1.12 kg/ha); Block B - Benlate (.28 kg/ha + Guthion .28 kg/ha). These materials were applied on April 20, 27 and on May 5, 12, 19 and 26. A pretreatment count of terminals infested with A. pomi was made on May 27. This was done by randomly selecting 200 branches per block; the terminal 20 cm of each branch was checked for apterous aphids; 80% infested in both blocks. Many predators were observed and recorded. Among these were: Deraceocorisnebulosus Uhler, Oriusinsidiosus Say, Stethoruspunctum LeConte, Leptothripsmali (Fitch), Leucopis sp., many species in the Syrphidae and Chrysopidae and a number of spiders. On May 28, the following materials were applied to different treatment plots in each block: Pirimor 50W (0.70 kg/ha), Pirimor 50W (0.35 kg/ha), Cygon 43.5EC (0.12 litres/ha), Cygon 43.5EC (0.06 litres/ha), Phosphamidon 8EC (0.60 litres/ha). The plots consisted of 6 trees each, with 6 plots in the same row. Treatment rows were spaced with a buffer row between them. Each treatment was replicated 4 times, twice in each block.
Apple, Spotted Cutworm Control, 1977
Authors: Howell J. Franklin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The spring treatment (Apr5) with test material at 3 rates was applied to the tree and to the area beneath the tree (2 m diameter area around trunk) in the delayed dormant stage of bud development with a handgun using a Bean piston pump sprayer (pump pressure of 500 psi). The summer application (July 13), also 3 rates, was applied only to the area beneath the trees. Each tree received 3 to 3-1/2 gal of spray/application. There were 4 replicates of each treatment, 4 trees/replicate. The effectiveness of the treatment was determined by caging ten 4th- and 5th-instar spotted cutworm larvae on the plots. In the spring the larvae were caged on the plot at 8 days posttreatment, and mortality was evaluated 5 days later. In the summer test, the larvae were caged on the plots at 2 days posttreatment, and mortality was evaluated 6 days later.
Apple, Integrated Test, 1977
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Asquith Dean 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Several insecticide programs were evaluated for insect control, mite suppression, and influence on the predators, Stethoruspunctum and Hyaliodesvitripennis. Sprays were applied to 2-tree plots in a randomized block design with each plot consisting of a York and a Golden Delicious tree. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. Treated plots were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. Treatments were applied as 6X concentrates with a Friend Airmaster 393 sprayer at 25 gpa/alternate side spray driven at 2 mph, except for Ambush 2EC which was applied at 50 gpq/complete spray. Spray dates for the insecticide treatments were: May 3, 12, 20 & 27, June 4, 13, 20 & 27, July 5, 12, 19 & 26, Aug 2, 9, 16 & 24. The Ambush 2EC compound was applied: May 3 & 20, June 4 & 20, July 5 & 19, Aug 2 & 16. The 2 treatments of SD 43775 2.4EC were applied: May 2, 13 & 23, June 4, 14 & 24, July 5, 15 & 26, Aug 5, 15 & 25. Penncap M compound was increased to 177 ml/A and Cygon 25W was dropped on July 5. On July 29, 85 g Plictran 50W/25 gpa was applied to all treatments. Fungicides applied during the season were: Cyprex, Polyram, sulfur, captan and zineb. Avg. temperatures were: May 63.88°F, June 66.23°F, July 74.34°F and Aug 72.67°F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 0.88, June 2.91, July 5.73, and Aug 2.57. Effectiveness on the apple aphid was evaluated by counting the number of infested terminals/10 terminals/tree, the number of aphid infested leaves/terminals, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf/infested terminals.
Apple, Preliminary Insecticides Test, 1977
Authors: Reissig Harvey , Dunham D. H. , Hebding Harold E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied dilute to run-off with a hand sprayer (450 psi) 2nd through 6th cover sprays on June 13, June 27, July 12, July 25, and Aug 8. Each treatment was replicated 3 times on single tree plots (2 Mcintosh and 1 Cortland cultivars) arranged in a randomized block design. At harvest 150 fruit were scored from each replication. Ten actively growing terminals/tree collected on July 27 were placed in a Berlese funnel to sample apple aphids. White apple leafhoppers were counted on 100 spur leaves randomly selected from the 3 replications on Aug 23. The number of leaves infested with spotted tentiform leafminers was recorded during a search around the canopy of each tree from the ground to eye level on Aug 23.
Apple, Leafroller Control, 1977
Authors: Thomas John H. , Hill Clarence H. , Cobb Leonard J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four different experiments were run simultaneously in the Brumback Experimental Block, Winchester, VA. Experiment No. 1 was designed to compare the effectiveness of various commercial formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis (Dipel, Thuricide HPSC, Thuricide HPC 1976 material, Thuricide HPC 1977 material). Experiment No. 2 compares the efficacy of materials already registered to control other orchard pests. Experiment No. 3 provides an in-depth look at one B. t. formulation (Dipel) in combination with other compounds, currently used in orchards, in an attempt to determine if the efficacy of the B. t. would be enhanced Experiment No. 4 compares the effectiveness of synthetic pyrethroids (SD 43775, Ambush 2E) to standard orchard insecticides. The experi-ments were laid out as a randomized complete block with single-tree plots replicated 5 times using 1 Winesap, 2 York, and 2 Rome trees. Trees were sprayed to runoff with the experimental materials using a Bean high pressure sprayer (35 gal/min pump) operating at 540 psi on the following dates: 28 June; 13 July; 11 and 25 August. Cover sprays (100 gal/acre cone) included: 29 March, Polyram; 7 April, Captan + Topsin M + Systox; 15, 26 April and 6, 20 May and 1 June, Captan + Topsin M; 6 May and 20 June, Phosphamidon; 14, 27 June and 11, 26 July and 10 August, Dikar; 26 August, Captan + Topsin M. Efficacy was determined by summer leafroll examinations, midseason and harvest apple evaluations. Leafroll counts were made by examining each tree for 15 minutes on 2-3 August. On 5 August, each treatment was evaluated by examining 250 apples (50/tree) for leafroller damage. Harvest evaluation of damage was made by exam-ining 500 apples (100/tree).
Apple, Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mite, 1976
Authors: Thwaite W. G. , Kaldor Jill 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven aearicides were applied dilute using a Bean sprayer with hand-held lance on December 24, 1975; about 12 litres was applied per tree. Five trees were sprayed with each acaricide in a completely randomized design with single tree plots. The trees were square planted with 6.5 m centres. Cothion 50 with Captan 83 added was applied dilute to all trees including five controls on January 14, 1976. Twenty mature leaves were picked on the dates given in the table 1-1.5 m and 2-2.5 m above ground. Two heights were sampled to detect any differences between treatments in vertical movement of the mites. The numbers of all active stages were recorded in each sample; direct counts were made except when the number per leaf exceeded 40 when a mite brushing machine was used. As the interaction between treatments and sampling height was not significant the average number of mites per 20 leaves in presented.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1977
Authors: Townsend Howard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were evaluated for efficacy against phytophagous and predatory mites. Treatments were applied using a Bean airblast sprayer at a rate of ca 250 gallons per acre. Pre-treatment counts were taken and the treatments applied on July 6, and post-treatment counts were taken on July 13. Mites were sampled by collecting 25 leaves at random from each 3 tree replicate.
Pear, Pear Psylla Control, 1977
Authors: Weires R. W. , Smith G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A three-year-old pear block was divided into eight tree plots replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. The Morestan treatment was first applied at the white bud stage April 19. The two Ambush treatments were applied June 9 but 2.2 in. of rain fell before these treatments dried. All seven treatments were applied or reapplied on June 13. Treatments were applied dilute to runoff with high pressure handgun sprayer at 425 psi using ca 1.2 gal per tree (225 gal/acre). Treatments were evaluated by sampling four spurs per plot and counting all pear psylla nymphs and eggs on each spur under a binocular scope in the laboratory. The pre-treatment count on June 8 indicated a good 2nd brood nymphal population was present. Post-treatment counts were made June 17 and July 11.
Peach, Insecticide Evaluation, 1977
Authors: Hall F. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single tree plots in a randomized block design with 2-tree replicates each of Halehaven, Golden Jubilee, Elberta and Cumberland peach trees. Sprays were applied with a single hand gun from a truck-mounted Myers hydraulic sprayer at 450 psi. All plots except the check were treated on May 16, and 27, June 10, and 27, July 15, and 27. Approximately 2.5 - 3.0 gallons of spray were applied per replicate tree. All plots except the check included Captan 50WP at 2 lb/100 gal. at each spray date. Oriental fruit moth ratings were made by counting the total number of flagged terminals/tree on June 22. All fruits were harvested and rated per tree on August 4 for Golden Jubilee, August 9 for Cumberland, on August 12 for Halehaven, and September 1 for Elberta.
Control of Grape Berry Moth, 1977
Authors: Jubb Gerald L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticides were screened for efficacy against grape berry moth on grapes in North East, PA. Plots consisted of 6 vines in a row replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Three vines within rows and one row between treated rows isolated the plots. Sprays were applied using an Ortho Spray-ette Queen Size garden sprayer operated off a high pressure hose on a Myers 61256ET2 hydraulic sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 psi. Sprays were applied to run-off resulting in 200 gal of solution being applied per acre. The equivalent of 4 oz DuPont spreader sticker per 100 gal was used with each treatment. Spray application date was July 1, 1977. Treatments were evaluated on Auguit 1 by counting 50 berry clusters at random per plot to determine the number infested by first generation larvae.
Citrus Mealybug Control, 1977
Authors: French J. Victor 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Conventional insecticides and Insect Growth Regulators (IGR’s) were evaluated for efficacy against citrus mealybug (CMB) in a completely randomized experiment on mature Ruby Red grapefruit trees. Each treatment was replicated four times on single-trees spaced 25 ft x 25 ft. Treatments were applied on Aug 18’77 with a handgun of a John Bean Model 1010-MBTB Sprayer at 250 psi, using about 20 gal per tree. Ten days after application, CMB infested fruit (16/tree) were collected at random and examined under a binocular scope. Mortality counts were made of the crawler, 2nd and 3rd nymphal, and adult stages. Percent mortality of each stage was computed for all treatments.
Control of Citrus Rust Mite with Vendex, 1977
Authors: French J. Victor , Reeve Reed J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Vendex 50WP (0.125 lb and 0.50 lb ai/100 gal) was compared to Acaraben 4E (0.50 lb ai) in full season spray trials for citrus rust mite (CRM) control. Vendex formulated in water soluble bags was compared to the standard WP. Each treatment was applied to a single row of 40 mature grapefruit trees (15 ft x 25 ft spacing). Spray applications were made by a John Bean Model F-357 CP Speed Sprayer at 1 mph. Applications were made on May 3’77, Jul 9’77 and Sept 9’77. CRM counts were made at 30 and 60 days posttreatment. For each count, 10 fruit in each of 10 trees/treatment were examined for CRM and mite density was rated using the following scale: 0.0 = no mites; 1.0 = 1-5; 2.0 = 6-10; 3.0 = ≥10 mites per sample. A spray is normally recommended when CRM density ≥ 1.0/fruit. Rust mite damage evaluations were made at harvest on Nov 11 ‘77. Twenty fruit were randomly sampled from each of 10 trees, i.e., 200/treatment, and graded using the “United States Standards for Grades of Grapefruit” USDA Agric. Marketing Service Bui. Oct 1’69.
Citrus Red Mite Control with Zardex, 1977
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Arvizo G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied with a speed sprayer to 1-acre blocks on Apr 4 at 100 gal/ acre operating at 100 psi. The infestation was more or less uniform throughout the test area. Results were checked 7, 11, 16, 35, and 44 days after treatments.
Texas Citrus Mite Control, 1976
Authors: Vaughan A. W. , Fitzpatrick G. E. , Bullock Robert C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Texas Citrus Mite Control, 1976: Six compounds were evaluated in dilute sprays vs. Texas citrus mites in a block of double-bedded ‘Temple’ orange trees. The 3-tree plots were replicated 4 times/treatment in randomized blocks and were separated from adjacent plots by unsprayed guard rows. Applications were made Feb 8 with a John Bean Royalier JK-20T hydraulic sprayer operated at 300 psi and equipped with a double Boyce gun. Approximately 6 gallons of spray were needed to spray each tree to ‘run-off’. At the indicated pre- and posttreatment intervals, 25 leaves, randomly selected from the center tree in each treatment plot, were picked into a pint Mason jar containing 50% alcohol and brought to the lab. Each jar was vigorously shaken and then leaves removed separately and surface-rinsed into the funnel of a Millipore filter system with a stream of 50% alcohol from a wash bottle. The leaf-wash and the liquid from the Mason jar were drawn through the filter. Mites on the filter disc were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting scope.
Armored Scale Control with Non-Oil Scalecides, 1977
Authors: French J. Victor 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two rates each of SD 43775 and Imidan were compared to Supracide for scale control on Marrs Early orange trees. Treatments were completely randomized and replicated three times in single-tree plots. Applications were made using a 2 gal Hudson Sprayer with CO2 at 80 psi as a spray propellent. Spray was applied until runoff, with an area of ca. 2 square meters sprayed in each tree. Treatments were made on Aug 3’77, with scale mortality counts of both crawler and sessile stages at 2 and 6 weeks posttreatment. At each count, 8-10 terminals consisting of twigs, leaves and fruit were sampled from the treated areas in each tree and examined for scale under a binocular microscope. Any mortality from parasitism, chiefly by Aphytis sp., was recorded and subtracted from mortality due to the scalecide treatment.
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1977
Authors: Boethel David J. , McBride Jere M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1977: The experiment was conducted on mature “Success” pecan trees at Shreveport, La. The experimental design was a randomized block design consisting of 3 blocks with 2 trees per treatment per block. Applications were made August 15 with a John Bean 957 sprayer with each tree receiving ca. 33 gal of spray. Evaluation occurred on August 19 by counting the aphids present on 10 randomly selected compound leaves per tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Snap Beans, Insect Control, 1976
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
’Slender White’ beans were planted using a Planet Jr. in 24-ft rows on 38-inch centers on July 1, 1976, at Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, North Carolina. Eight single-row plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The granular insecticides were applied at planting, while foliar insecticides were applied at approximately one-week intervals beginning July 27 and ending September 2 for a total of 6 applications. Sprays were applied with a 2.5-gallon CO2-pressurized hand sprayer operated at 40 psi with a single hollow-cone nozzle. A foliage rating was made on September 1 of two-spotted spider mite and Mexican bean beetle damage. On September 13 yields were obtained from 2 ft of row/plot. Harvested beans were then rated for damage by corn earworms.
Cabbage Looper Control on Cabbage, 1977
Authors: Gerhardt Paul D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Golden Acre YR’ cabbage seed was planted August 11, 1977, using a Stanhay precision planter, which planted 2 seed rows per 40-inch bed. Planting was in Laveen clay loam soil, in a dry seed bed and the crop furrow irrigated. Plants were thinned on September 14 to 14-inch spacing. Plots were 4 beds wide and 25 ft long. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block. Spray applications were started September 15 and were made at approximately weekly intervals for a total of six treatments. Sprays were applied using a 2-gallon, CO2-pressurized, back-pack sprayer with a 2-nozzle boom operating at 50-55 psi and delivering 35 gallons of spray per acre. A single, hollow-cone nozzle was used per row on the young plants. As the plants became larger, 2 nozzles per row were employed. Effectiveness of the different materials was determined by counting the cabbage looper eggs and larvae on 10 plants from the middle two beds of each plot. Looper damage evaluation was made on plants in the middle 2 beds of each plot. A 1-5 rating scale was used: 1 indicating no damage and 5 indicating heavy damage. Cabbage looper populations began early and persisted throughout the season. There was extremely heavy population pressure present this year, which is indicated by counts as high as 191 eggs per 10 plants, early in the season. Although larvae counts were high for some treatments, such as 29 per 10 plants for Ambush and 21.8 for Lannate, most of these larvae were first and second instar with few reaching the larger instars. FMC-45498 appeared to be the most effective material in this trial.
Cabbage Looper and imported Cabbageworm Control On Cabbage, 1977
Authors: Hogenkamp Derk J. , Radcliffe E. B. , Cancelado Rafael E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eli Lilly and Co.’s experimental molt inhibiting insecticide EL-494 was tested against cabbage looper and imported cabbageworm. Treatments were applied to ‘Late Flat Dutch’ cabbages planted June 10at the University of Minnesota Rosemount Experiment Station. Field plots were single, 25-ft rows spaced 40 inches apart, with 18-inch in-row plant spacing. The insecticide was applied August 11 for the first test and August 19 for the second with a 2-gallon hand-operated compressed-air sprayer in 137 gal water/acre at ca 40 psi. Different plots were used for each test. The day after spraying cabbage leaves were cut from treated plants and from untreated checks, and larvae of both insect species were collected from untreated plants in an adjacent plot. The larvae used in the first test were fifth instar, in the second test the cabbage loopers were third instar and the imported cabbageworm fourth instar. Leaves were harvested from the treatments 1 day after application of thesprays, placed in plastic bags and held at 4°C until used. In the laboratory previously unexposed larvae were placed individually in petri dishes on ca 4 square inches of cabbage leaf. Each test consisted of 10 larvae and was replicated 3 times. Insects were examined daily and food changed as necessary.
Cabbage Looper Control on Cauliflower, 1977
Authors: Gerhardt Paul D. , Short Kevin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Trials were conducted on ’Snowball X’ variety of cauliflower, grown on Laveen clay loam at the University of Arizona, Mesa Branch Station. Seed was planted in a dry seed bed on August 11, 1977, and furrow irrigated. Planting was with a Stanhay precision planter on 40-inch-wide beds with 2 seed rows per bed. Plots were 25 ft long by four beds wide and replicated four times in a randomized complete block. Sprays were applied with a CO2-pressurized back-pack sprayer, operating at 50-55 psi and applying 35 gallons of spray mixture per acre. Initially sprays were applied with a hand boom having 1 hollow-conenozzle per plant row. As the plants became larger, 2 hollow-cone nozzles per row were used to obtain better coverage. All plots were sprayed September 6 with Lannate at 0.45 lb ai/acre to protect the seedling stand. Regular spray treatments were applied September 22, 29, October 5, 12, and 20 for a total of five applications. Insect counts for cabbage looper eggs and larve were made by examining 10 plants picked at random from the middle two beds of each plot. Looper larvae were classified as small, medium, and large, which is recorded here as looper larvae.