bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Method development to characterise elephant tail hairs by LA-ICP-MS to reflect changes in elemental chemistry
Authors: Sach Fiona , Fields Lorraine , Chenery Simon , Yon Lisa , Henley Michelle D. , Buss Peter , Dierenfeld Ellen S. , Langley-Evans Simon C. , Watts Michael J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper evaluated analytical methods used to generate time-series data from elephant tail hairs, which can be used to reflect changing exposure to environmental geochemistry. Elephant tail hairs were analysed by three methods sequentially, each providing data to inform subsequent analysis. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Microanalysis visually showed the structure of the hair, specific structures such as tubules, and the mineral crusting around the edge of the hair, informing targeting of subsequent analysis by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). LA-ICP-MS generated time-series data which informed sectioning of the tail hairs for subsequent quantitative analysis for potentially toxic elements and micronutrients using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) of dissolved tail hairs. This novel approach to characterise the tail hair enabled time-series analysis to reflect changes in environmental exposure which may result from seasonal or geochemical spatial variation and could inform elephant movement patterns. The seasonal change between wet and dry seasons was reflected down the length of the hair. Correlations were seen between LA-ICP-MS data and ICP-MS data in several elements including Mg, P, Ca, Fe, Na, Mn and U. This study provided time-series data for the analysis of elephant tail hairs by evaluating analytical challenges to obtaining quantitative data, such as improving protocols to ensure removal of extraneous material, determining where to section the tail hairs to best reflect environmental changes/exposure and ensuring representative analyses. A protocol was established to determine mineral status across a 12–18 month time period utilizing single elephant tail hairs.
On Robustly Convergent and Efficient Iterative Methods for Anisotropic Radiative Transfer
Authors: Dölz Jürgen , Palii Olena , Schlottbom Matthias 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper considers the iterative solution of linear systems arising from discretization of the anisotropic radiative transfer equation with discontinuous elements on the sphere. In order to achieve robust convergence behavior in the discretization parameters and the physical parameters we develop preconditioned Richardson iterations in Hilbert spaces. We prove convergence of the resulting scheme. The preconditioner is constructed in two steps. The first step borrows ideas from matrix splittings and ensures mesh independence. The second step uses a subspace correction technique to reduce the influence of the optical parameters. The correction spaces are build from low-order spherical harmonics approximations generalizing well-known diffusion approximations. We discuss in detail the efficient implementation and application of the discrete operators. In particular, for the considered discontinuous spherical elements, the scattering operator becomes dense and we show that $$\mathcal {H}$$
H
- or $$\mathcal {H}^2$$

H

2

-matrix compression can be applied in a black-box fashion to obtain almost linear or linear complexity when applying the corresponding approximations. The effectiveness of the proposed method is shown in numerical examples.
The Universal and Primary Prevention of Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD): A Systematic Review
Authors: Jacobsen Britta , Lindemann Christina , Petzina Rainer , Verthein Uwe 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFoetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) comprises multiple neurodevelopmental disorders caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. With a global prevalence rate of 7.7 per 1000 population, FASD is a leading cause of prenatal developmental disorders. The extent of physical, mental, and social consequences for individuals with FASD can be vast and negatively affect their social environment, daily life, school, relationships, and work. As treatment for FASD is labour- and cost-intensive, with no cure available, prevention is key in reducing FASD prevalence rates. As most systematic reviews conducted so far have focused on specific FASD risk groups, we investigated the effectiveness of universal FASD prevention and primary preventive strategies. We identified a total of 567 potentially pertinent records through PubMed, Cochrane Library, EBSCO, PubPsych, and DAHTA published from 2010 to May 2020, of which 10 studies were included in this systematic review. Results showed a substantial heterogeneity in the studies’ quality, although all preventive measures, except one, proved effective in both increasing knowledge and awareness of FASD, as well as decreasing the risk of an alcohol exposed pregnancy. Limiting factors such as small sample sizes and a lack of behavioural change testing require further studies to support existing evidence for FASD prevention and its implementation, as well as detecting the best course of action for FASD prevention when creating and implementing prevention and intervention approaches.
A Target Recognition Algorithm of Multi-Source Remote Sensing Image Based on Visual Internet of Things
Authors: Sun Xue-jun , Lin Jerry Chun-Wei 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMulti-source remote sensing images have the characteristics of large differences in texture and gray level. Mismatch and low recognition accuracy are easy to occur in the process of identifying targets. Thus, in this paper, the target recognition algorithm of multi-source remote sensing image based on IoT vision is investigated. The infrared sensor and SAR radars are set in the visual perception layer of the iVIOT. The visual perception layer transmits the collected remote sensing image information to the application layer through the wireless networks. The data processing module in the application layer uses the normalized central moment idea to extract the features of multi-source remote sensing image. Contourlet two-level decomposition is performed on the image after feature extraction to realize multi-scale and multi-directional feature fusion. A two-step method of primary fineness is used to match the fused features and the random sampling consensus algorithm is used to eliminate false matches for obtaining the correct match pairs. After the image feature matching is completed, the BVM target detection operator is used to complete the target recognition of multi-source remote sensing image. Experimental results show that the use of the IoT to visually recognizing the desired remote sensing image target has low communication overhead, and the recognition reaches 99% accuracy.
Differences in government accounting conservatism across jurisdictions, their determinants, and consequences: the case of Canada and the United States
Authors: Cziffra Johnathon , Fortin Steve , Singer Zvi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe use the year-end adjustments to the provisions for student loan losses of state and provincial governments in the United States and Canada to study government accounting conservatism and how it varies between these adjacent and highly integrated countries. Building on Canada’s more conservative cultural attributes, we hypothesize and find that Canadian provincial governments report more conservative provisions for student loan losses than U.S. state governments. Moreover, the year-end adjustments to the provisions in Canada are excessively conservative; they are larger than the audit materiality threshold. We further find that the political ideology of the government, government reporting incentives, government debt, and political competition are important determinants of government accounting conservatism. Finally, we find a negative association between the year-end adjustment to the provision and future student lending. This result suggests that government accounting conservatism leads to credit rationing and significant societal consequences for students. Overall, our study highlights important aspects of the determinants and consequences of government accounting conservatism. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to examine government unconditional accounting conservatism.
Violence Regimes: A Useful Concept for Social Politics, Social Analysis, and Social Theory
Authors: Hearn Jeff , Strid Sofia , Humbert Anne Laure , Balkmar Dag 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper critically interrogates the usefulness of the concept of violence regimes for social politics, social analysis, and social theory. In the first case, violence regimes address and inform politics and policy, that is, social politics, both around various forms of violence, such as gender-based violence, violence against women, anti-lesbian, gay and transgender violence, intimate partner violence, and more widely in terms of social and related policies and practices on violence and anti-violence. In the second case, violence regimes assist social analysis of the interconnections of different forms and aspects of violence, and relative autonomy from welfare regimes and gender regimes. Third, the violence regime concept engages a wider range of issues in social theory, including the exclusion of the knowledges of the violated, most obviously, but not only, when the voices and experiences of those killed are unheard. The concept directs attention to assumptions made in social theory as incorporating or neglecting violence. More specifically, it highlights the significance of: social effects beyond agency; autotelic ontology, that is, violence as a means and end in itself, and an inequality in itself; the relations of violence, sociality and social relations; violence and power, and the contested boundary between them; and materiality-discursivity in violence and what is to count as violence. These are key issues for both violence studies and social theory more generally.
A Life-Course Approach to the Relationship Between Education, Family Trajectory and Late-Life Loneliness Among Older Women in Europe
Authors: Fernández-Carro Celia , Gumà Lao Jordi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe aim of this study is to expand our knowledge about the factors that condition late-life loneliness from a longitudinal perspective. We assess the long-term relationship between education, late-life loneliness and family trajectories in terms of the role of partnership and motherhood, as well as their timing for older women. We set two initial hypotheses: (1) family trajectory has a mediating effect and (2) education has a selection effect. Cross-sectional and retrospective data are drawn from the three waves of the SHARE survey (3rd, 5th and 7th waves), selecting a subsample of women aged 65 and over from 11 European countries (N = 10,615). After distinguishing eight different family trajectories by carrying out a Sequence Analysis, the Karlson-Holm-Breen method is used to assess the mediator effect of family trajectory on the relationship between education and loneliness. Multinomial analysis is used to explore whether the probability of different family trajectories of older European women is defined by their level of education. Our results show that education has a selection effect on family trajectories: a higher educational level increases the probability of a non-standardised family trajectory. Significant results of the mediator effect of family trajectory are however only observed for women with medium-level education, as being single and childless at older ages increases the probability of loneliness among these women. Adopting a life-course perspective has permitted us to introduce the longitudinal dimensions of life events, education and family trajectories to the study of feelings of loneliness among women in old age.
Comparing the Monetary and Living Standards Approaches to Poverty Using the Australian Experience
Authors: Saunders Peter , Naidoo Yuvisthi , Wong Melissa 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper compares the monetary and living standards approaches to poverty using Australian data for the period 2006–2017. The aim is to highlight the conceptual and empirical strengths and weaknesses of the two approaches and identify the similarities and differences that emerge when both are applied to examine what happened over the period and to a limited degree, why. The acknowledged limitations of estimating poverty rates by comparing household income with a poverty line have to a degree been addressed by developments in deprivation research that have generated estimates that are more directly related to living standards, more democratic and more credible. But this approach also has limitations, so its growing popularity need not signify the end of poverty line studies. This paper compares the two approaches, with specific attention paid to ensuring that the estimates are internally consistent over time and comparable at a point in time. Both show a consistent pattern of modest improvement in social disadvantage over the period examined, but they reveal different aspects of change. The monetary approach highlights the role of housing costs in driving changes in poverty, while the more nuanced explanation generated by estimates of deprivation provides detailed insights. The results suggest that each has a positive role to play in better understanding the nature of poverty and identifying the factors driving change over time.
Effect of Zinc Dialkyl Dithiophosphate Replenishment on Tribological Performance of Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Oil
Authors: Al Sheikh Omar A. , Salehi F. Motamen , Farooq U. , Neville A. , Morina A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSoot is the main contamination that affects oil performance and increases the frequency of oil changes in heavy-duty engine oil. Several studies discussed that additive concentration in engine oil can be influenced due to additive depletion over time and additive adsorption on soot particles. To extend oil drain intervals and improve oil performance, filter manufactures explore removing the soot to a certain level and replenishing the consumed additives. Zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) is one of the most favored antiwear additives that react very rapidly with rubbing surfaces to form tribofilm that reduces wear. In this study, the experimental work aims to investigate the effect of ZDDP replenishment on tribological performance in the existence of soot and after removing soot from heavy-duty used oil. The study reveals that reclaiming the used oil can be achieved by removing the soot to a certain level. The results demonstrate that the reclaimed oil after removing soot is still not as good as the fresh oil. This study proves that additive depletion, additive adsorption on soot, and the decomposition of antiwear additive adversely influence the reclaimed oil performance. However, replenishing the consumed additive by adding a small amount of ZDDP helps to improve the reclaimed oil performance compared to a large amount of ZDDP which is required to re-gain the oil performance in the existence of soot.
Association of Social Needs and Healthcare Utilization Among Medicare and Medicaid Beneficiaries in the Accountable Health Communities Model
Authors: Holcomb Jennifer , Highfield Linda , Ferguson Gayla M. , Morgan Robert O. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Integration of health-related social needs (HRSNs) data into clinical care is recognized as a driver for improving healthcare. However, few published studies on HRSNs and their impact are available. CMS sought to fill this gap through the Accountable Health Communities (AHC) Model, a national RCT of HRSN screening, referral, and navigation. Data from the AHC Model could significantly advance the field of HRSN screening and intervention in the USA.

Objective
To present data from the Greater Houston AHC (GH-AHC) Model site on HRSN frequency and the association between HRSNs, sociodemographic factors, and self-reported ED utilization using a cross-sectional design. Analyses included descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression.

Participants (or Patients or Subjects)
All community-dwelling Medicare, Medicaid, or dually covered beneficiaries at participating GH-AHC clinical delivery sites were eligible.

Main Measures
Self-reported ED utilization in the previous 12 months served as the outcome; demographic characteristics including race, ethnicity, age, sex, income, education level, number of people living in the household, and insurance type were treated as covariates. HRSNs included food insecurity, housing instability, transportation, difficulty paying utility bills, and interpersonal safety. Clinical delivery site type was used as the clustering variable.

Key Results
Food insecurity was the most common HRSN identified (38.7%) followed by housing instability (29.0%), transportation (28.0%), and difficulty paying utility bills (26.7%). Interpersonal safety was excluded due to low prevalence. More than half of the beneficiaries (56.9%) reported at least one of the four HRSNs. After controlling for covariates, having multiple co-occurring HRSNs was strongly associated with increased risk of two or more ED visits (OR 1.8–9.47 for two to four needs, respectively; p < 0.001). Beneficiaries with four needs were at almost 10 times higher risk of frequent ED utilization (p < 0.001).

Conclusions
To our knowledge, this is only the second published study to report screening data from the AHC Model. Future research focused on the impact of multiple co-occurring needs on health outcomes is warranted.
Factors to Consider During Identification and Invitation of Individuals in a Multi-stakeholder Research Partnership
Authors: Parker Roses , Tomlinson Eve , Concannon Thomas W. , Akl Elie , Petkovic Jennifer , Welch Vivian A. , Crowe Sally , Palm Marisha , Marusic Ana , Ekanem Comfort , Akl Imad Bou , Saginur Michael , Moja Lorenzo , Kuchenmüller Tanja , Slingers Nevilene , Teixeira Ligia , Dormer Laura , Lang Eddy , Arayssi Thurayya , Greer-Smith Regina , Brahem Asma Ben , Avey Marc , Tugwell Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Health research teams increasingly partner with stakeholders to produce research that is relevant, accessible, and widely used. Previous work has covered stakeholder group identification.

Objective
We aimed to develop factors for health research teams to consider during identification and invitation of individual representatives in a multi-stakeholder research partnership, with the aim of forming equitable and informed teams.

Design
Consensus development.

Participants
We involved 16 stakeholders from the international Multi-Stakeholder Engagement (MuSE) Consortium, including patients and the public, providers, payers of health services/purchasers, policy makers, programme managers, peer review editors, and principal investigators.

Approach
We engaged stakeholders in factor development and as co-authors of this manuscript. Using a modified Delphi approach, we gathered stakeholder views concerning a preliminary list of 18 factors. Over two feedback rounds, using qualitative and quantitative analysis, we concentrated these into ten factors.

Key Results
We present seven highly desirable factors: ‘expertise or experience’, ‘ability and willingness to represent the stakeholder group’, ‘inclusivity (equity, diversity and intersectionality)’, ‘communication skills’, ‘commitment and time capacity’, ‘financial and non-financial relationships and activities, and conflict of interest’, ‘training support and funding needs’. Additionally, three factors are desirable: ‘influence’, ‘research relevant values’, ‘previous stakeholder engagement’.

Conclusions
We present factors for research teams to consider during identification and invitation of individual representatives in a multi-stakeholder research partnership. Policy makers and guideline developers may benefit from considering the factors in stakeholder identification and invitation. Research funders may consider stipulating consideration of the factors in funding applications. We outline how these factors can be implemented and exemplify how their use has the potential to improve the quality and relevancy of health research.
Tuning Physical Properties of NiFe2O4 and NiFe2O4@SiO2 Nanoferrites by Thermal Treatment
Authors: Bajorek A. , Berger C. , Dulski M. , Zubko M. , Lewińska S. , Prusik K. , Ślawska-Waniewska A. , Grasset F. , Randrianantoandro N. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The comparison between NiFe2O4 (co-precipitation) and NiFe2O4@SiO2 (co-precipitation and microemulsion) ferrite nanoparticles in their as-received and annealed form is presented. The structural characterization revealed the gradual crystallization of as-received samples induced by thermal treatment. The existence of cubic inverse spinel ferrite structure with tetrahedral and octahedral iron occupancy is confirmed in all samples by the comprehensive study. The Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed the typical spinel structure and other Fe-based states, whereas the presence of nonstoichiometric hematite is detected in the annealed NiFe2O4 sample. In the case of nanoparticles embedded into the silica matrix, the crystallization of initially amorphous silica is revealed in structural and microstructural characterization. As shown by FTIR, the applied thermal treatment reduces the water molecules and hydroxyl units compared to the initial material. The separation of the rhombohedral hematite α-Fe2O3 phase in the NiFe2O4 ferrite evidenced during the annealing process is demonstrated in structural and magnetic studies. The analysis of saturation magnetization pointed to the spin canting phenomenon in the surface layer with a slight change of the so-called dead layer upon heating. The room temperature superparamagnetic state (SPM) is modified in the NiFe2O4 sample across annealing as an effect of ferrite crystallization and grain growth as well as hematite separation. For as-received NiFe2O4, with temperature decrease, the blocking process preceded by the freezing process is observed. The silica shell is recognized as the sustaining cover for the SPM state. The electronic structure studies confirmed the complex nature of the Fe-based states.
SEOM-GECP-GETTHI Clinical Guidelines for the treatment of patients with thymic epithelial tumours (2021)
Authors: Remon J. , Bernabé R. , Diz P. , Felip E. , González-Larriba J. L. , Lázaro M. , Mielgo-Rubio X. , Sánchez A. , Sullivan I. , Massutti B. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThymic epithelial tumours (TET) represent a heterogeneous group of rare malignancies that include thymomas and thymic carcinoma. Treatment of TET is based on the resectability of the tumour. If this is considered achievable upfront, surgical resection is the cornerstone of treatment. Platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard regimen for advanced TET. Due to the rarity of this disease, treatment decisions should be discussed in specific multidisciplinary tumour boards, and there are few prospective clinical studies with new strategies. However, several pathways involved in TET have been explored as potential targets for new therapies in previously treated patients, such as multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors with antiangiogenic properties and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI). One third of patient with thymoma present an autoimmune disorders, increasing the risk of immune-related adverse events and autoimmune flares under ICIs. In these guidelines, we summarize the current evidence for the therapeutic approach in patients with TET and define levels of evidence for these decisions.