bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Findings from repeat ablation using high-density mapping after pulmonary vein isolation with pulsed field ablation
Authors: Tohoku Shota , Chun K R Julian , Bordignon Stefano , Chen Shaojie , Schaack David , Urbanek Lukas , Ebrahimi Ramin , Hirokami Jun , Bologna Fabrizio , Schmidt Boris 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAimsPulsed-field ablation (PFA) can offer a novel perspective for atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. We aimed to characterize the incidence of pulmonary vein (PV) reconnection, types of recurrent atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATa) and lesion quality after PFA-guided PV isolation (PVI).Methods and resultsPatients undergoing second ablation for recurrent ATa following the initial PVI using the pentaspline PFA catheter were investigated. The rate of PV reconnection, the features of recurrent ATa, and the amount of isolated posterior wall (PW) surface area (ISAPW%) (ratio of the isolated- to total surface area on PW) were analyzed.ResultsAmong 360 patients treated with PFA, 25 patients (paroxysmal AF, n = 19) with 99 PVs underwent a second procedure 6.1 ± 4.0 months after the initial procedure. The rate of PV reconnection was 9.1% (9 PVs). Patients presented with atrial tachycardia (AT) (n = 16), AF (n = 8) and typical atrial flutter (n = 1). The mechanism of all but one AT was macro-reentry. The critical isthmus was found to be linked to the initial lesion set at the left atrial (LA) PW in eight patients and linked to pre-existing substrate at the LA anterior wall in four patients. One AT had a focal origin at the septum. In three patients, AT were unmappable. Mean ISAPW% was 72.7 ± 19.0%.ConclusionWe revealed a remarkable low reconnection rate with a large antral lesion at the PW after pentaspline PFA catheter-guided PVI. However, macro-reentrant AT with a critical isthmus at the LAPW linked to the PVI lesion set was commonly observed.
Differences in gut microbial fructoselysine degradation activity between breast-fed and formula-fed infants
Authors: van Dongen Katja C W , Ioannou Athanasia , Wesseling Sebastiaan , Beekmann Karsten , Belzer Clara 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Amadori product fructoselysine is formed upon heating of food products and is abundantly present in infant formula while being almost absent in breast milk. The human gut microbiota can degrade fructoselysine for which interindividual differences have been described for adults. The aim of this study is to compare functional differences in microbial fructoselysine degradation between breast-fed and formula-fed infants, in view of their different diets and resulting different fructoselysine exposures. First, a publicly available metagenomic dataset with metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from infant fecal samples was analyzed and showed that query genes involved in fructoselysine degradation (frlD/yhfQ) were abundantly present in multiple bacterial taxa in the fecal samples, with a higher prevalence in the formula-fed infants. Next, fecal samples collected from exclusively breast-fed and formula-fed infants were anaerobically incubated with fructoselysine. Both groups degraded fructoselysine, however the fructoselysine degradation activity was significantly higher by fecal samples from formula-fed infants. Overall, this study provides evidence that infant formula feeding, leading to increased dietary fructoselysine exposure, seems to result in an increased fructoselysine degradation activity in the gut microbiota of infants. This indicates that the infant gut microbiota adapts towards dietary fructoselysine exposure.
Effects of High Levels of Copper on the Depression-Related Memory Disorders
Authors: Liu Xuanjun , Lin Chun , Wang Shuangyan , Yu Xiaoqi , Jia Yanbin , Chen Jinglong 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDepression is one of the most common psychiatric diseases worldwide. With the increase in the number of depressive episodes, cognitive dysfunction may be accelerated. Although significant findings related to the pathogenesis of depression have been reported, the precise molecular mechanisms of depression-related cognitive disorders have not yet been fully clarified. In this study, we collected serum copper levels and evaluated cognitive functions in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy controls. Furthermore, we adopted a chronic restraint stress paradigm to induce depressive-like behaviors in mice, namely stress mice, and C57BL/6J mice were regarded as naive mice. We further measured the copper levels in hippocampus and dendritic spines of hippocampal neurons in stress mice and naive mice. Besides, we evaluated the changes of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor subunit 2B (GluN2B) and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95) levels in hippocampus, and dendritic spines of hippocampal neurons in stress mice with a copper inhibitor. The results revealed that high levels of copper and decreased memory scores exhibited a significant correlation in MDD patients. We further found that the copper inhibitor increased GluN2B and PSD95 levels in hippocampus, which could be involved in the regulation of dendritic spines of hippocampal neurons in stress mice. These results suggested that high levels of copper suppressed GluN2B and PSD95 levels in hippocampus, damaged synaptic function, and caused memory disorders in depression. Our findings provided a promising perspective for high levels of copper in patients with depression-related cognitive disorders, and copper may even be targeted for therapeutic manipulation.
Joint inversion of PP and SS precursor waveforms and Rayleigh wave phase velocities for global mantle transition zone structure
Authors: Bissig F , Khan A , Giardini D 
Published: November 2022

SUMMARYWe have compiled a new data set of global PP and SS precursor waveforms that we jointly invert in combination with fundamental-mode and higher-order Rayleigh-wave phase velocities for upper mantle and mantle transition zone (MTZ) structure. We observe clear S410S, S520S, S660S and P410P precursor arrivals, but not P660P, because of interfering phases. Traveltimes and amplitudes of precursor phases reflect a complex interplay of data and modelling factors, implying that MTZ structure is best resolved through direct inversion of waveforms. To model waveforms as accurately as possible, we account for effects arising from data processing, shallow structure, incoherent stacking, attenuation and source effects, among others. As part of the inversion, we consider two independent model parametrizations to obtain quantitative insights into the seismic and thermochemical constitution of the MTZ. These include a ‘classical’ seismic parametrization based on a layered seismic velocity structure and a thermodynamic parametrization, where seismic profiles are self-consistently built from mineral physics data. The results show lateral variations in thermal, compositional and discontinuity structure that partly correlate with tectonic setting. The mantle beneath continents and subduction zones is found to be colder in comparison to oceans and hotspots as reflected in MTZ thickness. In terms of composition, we find that subduction zones are enriched in basalt. Mid-MTZ structure shows a trend from simple sub-ocean single- to complex circum-Pacific subduction-zone-related dual-discontinuity structure—the possible signature of oceanic crustal transport to the MTZ. Statistical analysis indicates that a mechanically mixed mantle matches seismic data better than an equilibrated mantle across ∼2/3 of the globe. Finally, while a large part of the seismic data can be matched by an iso-chemical and adiabatic mantle, complexities within the MTZ are not entirely captured by this assumption.
Human Fecal Mucin Glycosylation as a New Biomarker in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Authors: Robbe Masselot Catherine , Cordier Camille , Marsac Benjamin , Nachury Maria , Léonard Renaud , Sendid Boualem 
Published: November 2022

Lay Summary
For the first time, fecal mucins of Crohn’s disease patients were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Compared with control subjects, Crohn’s disease patients showed a significant decrease in sialylated glycans that we propose as new noninvasive tool for screening of intestinal diseases.
Liposomal amphotericin B—the present
Authors: Maertens J , Pagano L , Azoulay E , Warris A 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMost invasive fungal infections are opportunistic in nature but the epidemiology is constantly changing, with new risk groups being identified. Neutropenia is a classical risk factor for fungal infections, while critically ill patients in the ICU are now increasingly at risk of yeast and mould infections. Factors to be considered when choosing antifungal treatment include the emergence of rarer fungal pathogens, the risk of resistance to azoles and echinocandins and the possibility of drug–drug interactions. Liposomal amphotericin B has retained its place in the therapeutic armamentarium based on its clinical profile: a broad spectrum of antifungal activity with a low risk of resistance, predictable pharmacokinetics with a rapid accumulation at the infection site (including biofilms), a low potential for drug–drug interactions and a low risk of acute and chronic treatment-limiting toxicities versus other formulations of amphotericin B. It is a suitable choice for the first-line empirical or pre-emptive treatment of suspected fungal infections in neutropenic haematology patients and is an excellent alternative for patients with documented fungal disease who can no longer tolerate or continue their first-line azole or echinocandin therapy, both in the haematology setting and in the ICU. Moreover, it is the first-line drug of choice for the treatment of invasive mucormycosis. Finally, liposomal amphotericin B is one of the few antifungal agents approved for use in children of all ages over 1 month and is included in paediatric-specific guidelines for the management of fungal disease.
Evaluating the Effects of Cu2+ on the Development and Reproduction of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Based on the Age-Stage, Two-Sex Life Table
Authors: Yang Yang , Qi Jingwei , Wang Zailing , Zhou Zhixiong , Zhao Changwei , Dong Xiaolin , Li Xihong , Li Chuanren 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Copper (Cu2+) is a micronutrient that promotes the development and reproduction of organisms. However, with the rapid expansion of modern industry and agriculture, Cu2+ concentrations are increasing, which might have negative impacts on biological and ecological safety. Spodoptera litura is not only an intermittent outbreak pest but also can be used as a model organism to assess environmental and ecological risks. Therefore, the effects of the life history and population parameters of S. litura fed on artificial diets with different Cu2+ concentrations were analyzed using the age-stage, two-sex life table. Our results showed that not only the preadult survival rate but also the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and the finite rate of increase (λ) were significantly increased under exposure to low Cu2+ concentrations (2, 4, and 8 mg/kg). In addition, the population growth of S. litura was significantly faster, indicating that S. litura can adapt well to low concentrations and is likely to undergo outbreaks of damage. Whereas, in addition to a significant reduction in preadult survival rate, population growth rate, pupal weight, pupal length, adult body weight, and oviposition were also significantly reduced under exposure to high Cu2+ concentration (32 mg/kg). And when the concentration reached 64 mg/kg, the survival rate of adults was extremely low, suggesting a decrease in the adaptation of S. litura. These results can help to understand the population dynamics of S. litura and predict potential ecological risks.
Comparing information derived on food habits of a terrestrial carnivore between animal-borne video systems and fecal analyses methods
Authors: Tezuka Shiori , Tanaka Mii , Naganuma Tomoko , Tochigi Kahoko , Inagaki Akino , Myojo Hiroaki , Yamazaki Koji , Allen Maximilian L , Koike Shinsuke 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn recent years, animal-borne video cameras have been used to identify the food habits of many species. However, the usefulness and difficulties of identifying food habits from animal-borne video cameras have not been sufficiently discussed in terrestrial mammals, especially large omnivores. The aim of this study is to compare the video analysis of foraging behavior by Asian black bears (Ursus thibetanus) acquired by camera collars with estimates from fecal analysis. We attached GPS collars equipped with video cameras to four adult Asian black bears in the Okutama mountains in central Japan from May to July 2018 and analyzed video clips for foraging behavior. Simultaneously, we collected bear feces in the same area to determine food habits. We found that using video analyses was advantageous to recognize foods, such as leaves or mammals, that were physically crushed or destroyed while bears chewed and digested foods, which are difficult to identify to species using fecal analyses. On the other hand, we found that camera collars are less likely to record food items that are infrequently or quickly ingested. Additionally, food items with a low frequency of occurrence and short foraging time per feeding were less likely to be detected when we increased the time between recorded clips. As one of the first applications of the video analysis method for bears, our study shows that video analysis can be an important method for revealing individual differences in diet. Although video analysis may have limitations for understanding the general foraging behavior of Asian black bears at the present stage, the accuracy of food habit data from camera collars can be improved by using it in combination with established techniques such as microscale behavior analyses.
glmm.hp: an R package for computing individual effect of predictors in generalized linear mixed models
Authors: Lai Jiangshan , Zou Yi , Zhang Shuang , Zhang Xiaoguang , Mao Lingfeng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractGeneralized linear mixed models (GLMMs) have been widely used in contemporary ecology studies. However, determination of the relative importance of collinear predictors (i.e. fixed effects) to response variables is one of the challenges in GLMMs. Here, we developed a novel R package, glmm.hp, to decompose marginal R2 explained by fixed effects in GLMMs. The algorithm of glmm.hp is based on the recently proposed approach ‘average shared variance’ i.e. used for multivariate analysis. We explained the principle and demonstrated the use of this package by simulated dataset. The output of glmm.hp shows individual marginal R2s that can be used to evaluate the relative importance of predictors, which sums up to the overall marginal R2. Overall, we believe the glmm.hp package will be helpful in the interpretation of GLMM outcomes.
Fundamental Guarantees
Authors: Bellal Annyssa , Casey-Maslen Stuart 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the fundamental guarantees of the 1977 Additional Protocols. It defines fundamental guarantees as the minimum standards of conduct and treatment below which no party to the salient armed conflict may lawfully fall concerning any persons coming within their power. While most provisions revolve around international humanitarian law (IHL), some correspond closely with fundamental human rights, especially those concerned with the protection of bodily integrity. The chapter recognises how the protection of the rights to life, freedom from torture and other ill-treatment, and security are predominant within the fundamental guarantees in the 1977 Additional Protocols. It also expounds on the prohibitions of murder, denial of the quarter, torture and other ill-treatment, non-discrimination, enslavement, collective punishment, and hostage taking.
The Protection of Women
Authors: Bellal Annyssa , Casey-Maslen Stuart 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks into the protection of women in armed conflicts being guaranteed under the 1977 Additional Protocols. It notes the risk of sexual and gender-based violence amidst an armed conflict, which triggers protection under the international humanitarian law (IHL). The United Nations has been active in its system-wide approach to tackling the issues of protecting women, peace, and security. The chapter also considers the prohibition of sexual violence against women as a serious violation of a war crime and the IHL. The International Criminal Court punishes offenders of rape, sexual slavery, and other forms of sexual violence of comparable gravity as crimes against humanity. The chapter then explains the impacts of conflict-related sexual violence, which has been regarded to last a lifetime.
The Rule of Distinction (Persons)
Authors: Bellal Annyssa , Casey-Maslen Stuart 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the rules governing the targeting of persons under the Additional Protocols during the conduct of hostilities. It highlights the obligation of each armed conflict parties to distinguish military operations between civilians and combatants as the cardinal principal of distinction since attack could only be directed against combatants or civilians directly participating in hostilities. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Court appear to have conflated indiscriminate attacks with attacks directed against civilians. The chapter then explains the loss of protection from attack as a consequence of civilians’ direct participation in hostilities. The provisions in the 1977 Additional Protocol I regarding the protection of civilians and governing the loss of immunity from an attack are reflected in customary international law.
Terrorism and Acts of Terror
Authors: Bellal Annyssa , Casey-Maslen Stuart 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the notion of terrorism in relation to armed conflict and customary and conventional international humanitarian law (IHL). It explains how all parties to an armed conflict are prohibited from threatening or perpetrating acts of violence where terrorising civilians is its primary purpose. Two 1977 Additional Protocols, the 1949 Geneva Convention IV, and customary law reflect the rules prohibiting terrorism and protecting civilians and people who are no longer a part of hostilities despite their direct involvement. The Hague Law complementing the human rights law principles of legality and precaution comes into effect when States lawfully conduct counterterrorism operations amidst an armed conflict. The chapter then recognises the lack of agreement on the parameters of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism.
Application and Implementation by Armed Non-State Actors
Authors: Bellal Annyssa , Casey-Maslen Stuart 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on armed non-State actors (ANSAs), who are known to be the most prevalent actors operating in contemporary situations of armed violence. It explores how ANSAs’ behaviour has been regulated by international humanitarian law (IHL). Moreover, improving the respect for IHL norms has been one of the international community’s main contemporary policy concerns in protecting civilians better in armed conflicts. Several types of ANSAs have varying aims and ideologies that do not coincide with the IHL. The chapter expounds on international law addressing the issue of ANSAs around the use of force and self-defence. It recognises ANSAs remaining to be influential and powerful in geopolitics and conflicts in the future.
Recognition and Enforcement of Arbitral Awards
Authors: Blackaby Nigel , Partasides Constantine , Redfern Alan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. It explains the enforcement of awards under the New York Convention, the ICSID Convention, and regional conventions. Most arbitral awards are conducted voluntarily without the need for enforcement from national courts. However, voluntary enforcement could not be relied often upon as a party involved in the arbitration process will likely be unhappy with the results. To achieve the award from a refusing party, the winning party could either invoke the powers of the state or exert pressure such that it would be in the losing party’s best interest to give the award voluntarily. Moreover, the process of enforcing awards differs between countries.
Speed, Skill Retention, and End User Perceptions of iTClamp Application by Navy Corpsmen on a Manikin Model of Femoral Hemorrhage
Authors: Stuart Sean M , Bohan Megan L , Friedrich Emily E 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Tactical Combat Casualty Care guidelines recommend packing junctional wounds with gauze, applying direct pressure for 3 minutes, and then securing with an external pressure dressing. This method is time-consuming, which can be problematic in a combat environment. Alternatively, the iTClamp has documented efficacy and rapid application. However, no studies have evaluated device application by military prehospital medical providers, such as Navy corpsmen, or their user experience with the device.

Materials and Methods
Research data derived from a protocol were approved by the Naval Medical Center Portsmouth’s Institutional Review Board in compliance with all applicable federal regulations governing the protection of human subjects. Navy corpsmen with the current Tactical Combat Casualty Care certification applied the iTClamp or standard pressure dressing on a manikin model of femoral hemorrhage in a crossover study design. Each participant used both devices in a randomized fashion. Time to application was recorded, and participants completed Likert scale surveys to evaluate both devices for preference, ease of use, and physical assessment. A repeat assessment was performed 1 month later to assess skill atrophy. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to compare application time. Likert scale survey data were analyzed using Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon tests to compare survey data within and between time points, respectively.

Results
The application of the iTClamp was more than twice as fast as the application of pressure dressings at both the initial and follow-up evaluations. There was no statistically significant difference in application times between the first evaluation and the 30-day assessment of either device, indicating no atrophy in skill. While 65% and 52% of the participants expressed preference in for the iTClamp in their surveys during the initial and follow-up respective visits, the difference in preference was not statistically significant for either the initial or the follow-up survey. Open-ended survey responses yielded both perceived advantages and disadvantages for each treatment option.

Conclusions
In austere or hostile environments, speed of treatment and extrication can have significant implications for the safety of both the patient and the medical providers. Hemorrhage control interventions must be both effective and easy to use for a prehospital provider to ensure its efficacy in a live battlefield situation. The iTClamp is small, simple, and fast to use, but its wide adoption in the field may be based on limitations perceived by participants, including narrow indications for use. However, based on our findings, it is reasonable to field the iTClamp depending on provider preference.