bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of chronic physical illness and job dissatisfaction on burnout’s risk among medical interns in Oman: a study of prevalence and determinants
Authors: Al-Mahrouqi Tamadhir , Al-Sinawi Hamed , Al-Ghailani Abdullah , Al-Balushi Naser , Jose Sachin , Al-Alawi Mohammed 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Medical interns are at risk of burnout due to several organizational and individual factors. There is scarcity of studies exploring the role of chronic physical illness and job dissatisfaction on burnout experience among medical interns. This study examined the prevalence of burnout syndrome and explored whether chronic physical illness and job dissatisfaction could independently predict burnout syndrome among medical interns in Oman. This cross-sectional study was conducted among a random sample of medical interns enrolled in the Omani internship program. One-hundred and eighty interns participated in this study and filled in a self-reported questionnaire that included Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), Job Satisfaction Survey (JSS), and data related to physical illness.

Results
The prevalence of burnout syndrome was 15%. Having a physical illness (OR = 7.285, 95% CI = 1.976–26.857, P = 0.003) and job dissatisfaction (OR = 16.488, 95% CI = 5.371–50.614, P = 0.0001) was significant independent predictors of high levels of the EE subscale. In addition, having a physical illness (OR = 4.678, 95% CI = 1.498–14.608, P = 0.008) and being dissatisfied (OR = 2.900, 95% CI = 11.159–7.257, P = 0.023) were significant independent predictors of the high DP subscale. Having physical illness was independent predictors of the low personal accomplishment subscale (OR = 0.258, 95% CI = 0.088–0.759, P = 0.014).

Conclusions
Burnout syndrome is prevalent among medical interns in Oman. Job dissatisfaction and chronic physical illness are risk factors for burnout syndrome. Internship programs should consider these factors when designing burnout mitigative strategies.
Depression, anxiety, substance misuse and self-harm in children and young people with rare chronic liver disease
Authors: Chang Wai Hoong , Foster Graham R. , Kelly Deirdre A. , Lai Alvina G. 
Published: July 2022

Summary
The burden of mental illness in young people with chronic liver disease is not known. In this population cohort study in England, we identified 358 individuals (aged ≤25 years) diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis or liver disease related to cystic fibrosis and 1541 propensity-score-matched controls. By the first year of follow-up, the cumulative burden of psychiatric events in participants with liver disease was high compared with controls: anxiety disorder (6.87 per 100 individuals [95% CI 4.00–9.73] v. 2.22 [95% CI 1.37–3.07]), depression (5.10 [95% CI 2.83–7.37] v. 0.86 [95% CI 0.53–1.19]), substance misuse (10.61 [95% CI 9.50–11.73] v. 1.23 [95% CI 0.71–1.75]) and self-harm (3.09 [95% CI 1.12–5.05] v. 0.20 [95% CI 0.07–0.33]). Participants with liver disease had a 2-fold increase (OR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.45–2.58), a 2.5-fold increase (OR = 2.59, 95% CI 1.91–3.50) and 4.4-fold increase (OR = 4.44; 95% CI 3.46–5.71) in the risk of anxiety, depression and substance misuse, respectively. These findings highlight the need for effective intervention in psychiatric disorders in young people with rare liver disease.
Comparing personalized brain-based and genetic risk scores for major depressive disorder in large population samples of adults and adolescents
Authors: Thng Gladi , Shen Xueyi , Stolicyn Aleks , Harris Mathew A. , Adams Mark J. , Barbu Miruna C. , Kwong Alex S. F. , Frangou Sophia , Lawrie Stephen M. , McIntosh Andrew M. , Romaniuk Liana , Whalley Heather C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a polygenic disorder associated with brain alterations but until recently, there have been no brain-based metrics to quantify individual-level variation in brain morphology. Here, we evaluated and compared the performance of a new brain-based ‘Regional Vulnerability Index’ (RVI) with polygenic risk scores (PRS), in the context of MDD. We assessed associations with syndromal MDD in an adult sample (N = 702, age = 59 ± 10) and with subclinical depressive symptoms in a longitudinal adolescent sample (baseline N = 3,825, age = 10 ± 1; 2-year follow-up N = 2,081, age = 12 ± 1).MethodsMDD-RVIs quantify the correlation of the individual’s corresponding brain metric with the expected pattern for MDD derived in an independent sample. Using the same methodology across samples, subject-specific MDD-PRS and six MDD-RVIs based on different brain modalities (subcortical volume, cortical thickness, cortical surface area, mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, and multimodal) were computed.ResultsIn adults, MDD-RVIs (based on white matter and multimodal measures) were more strongly associated with MDD (β = 0.099–0.281, PFDR = 0.001–0.043) than MDD-PRS (β = 0.056–0.152, PFDR = 0.140–0.140). In adolescents, depressive symptoms were associated with MDD-PRS at baseline and follow-up (β = 0.084–0.086, p = 1.38 × 10−4−4.77 × 10−4) but not with any MDD-RVIs (β < 0.05, p > 0.05).ConclusionsOur results potentially indicate the ability of brain-based risk scores to capture a broader range of risk exposures than genetic risk scores in adults and are also useful in helping us to understand the temporal origins of depression-related brain features. Longitudinal data, specific to the developmental period and on white matter measures, will be useful in informing risk for subsequent psychiatric illness.
Revisiting Pituitary Apoplexy
Authors: Donegan Diane , Erickson Dana 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Pituitary apoplexy (PA) is a rare clinical syndrome due to pituitary hemorrhage or infarction. It is characterized by the sudden onset of one or more of the following: severe headache, visual disturbance, nausea/vomiting, and or altered mental status. Most commonly, PA occurs in an underlying pituitary adenoma. The pathophysiology is not fully understood, but it is thought to involve elements of increased metabolic demand and/or compromise to the vasculature of the pituitary or pituitary tumor. Several risk factors have been described. Stabilization of the patient on presentation, replacement of hormonal deficiencies, and reversal of electrolyte abnormalities are the recommended initial steps in the management of patients with PA. Surgical decompression of the mass effect had been the recommended treatment for patients with PA; however, retrospective studies of patients with PA have demonstrated similar outcomes when a conservative approach is applied. This suggests that in highly selected clinical scenarios (mild visual deficit and improving symptoms), conservative management is possible. Further studies, however, are necessary to better stratify patients but are limited by the rarity of the condition and the acuity.
Drosophila CTP synthase regulates collective cell migration by controlling the polarized endocytic cycle
Authors: Wang Pei-Yu , Chakraborty Archan , Ma Hsin-Ju , Wu Jhen-Wei , Jang Anna C.-C. , Lin Wei-Cheng , Pi Hai-Wei , Yeh Chau-Ting , Cheng Mei-Ling , Yu Jau-Song , Pai Li-Mei 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
Phosphatidylinositol (PI) 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) is involved in many biological functions. However, the mechanisms of PIP2 in collective cell migration remain elusive. This study highlights the regulatory role of cytidine triphosphate synthase (CTPsyn) in collective border cell migration through regulating the asymmetrical distribution of PIP2. We demonstrated that border cell clusters containing mutant CTPsyn cells suppressed migration. CTPsyn was co-enriched with Actin at the leading edge of the Drosophila border cell cluster where PIP2 was enriched, and this enrichment depended on the CTPsyn activity. Genetic interactions of border cell migration were found between CTPsyn mutant and genes in PI biosynthesis. The CTPsyn reduction resulted in loss of the asymmetric activity of endocytosis recycling. Also, genetic interactions were revealed between components of the exocyst complex and CTPsyn mutant, indicating that CTPsyn activity regulates the PIP2-related asymmetrical exocytosis activity. Furthermore, CTPsyn activity is essential for RTK-polarized distribution in the border cell cluster. We propose a model in which CTPsyn activity is required for the asymmetrical generation of PIP2 to enrich RTK signaling through endocytic recycling in collective cell migration.
Microgel culture and spatial identity mapping elucidate the signalling requirements for primate epiblast and amnion formation
Authors: Munger Clara , Kohler Timo N. , Slatery Erin , Ellermann Anna L. , Bergmann Sophie , Penfold Christopher A. , Ampartzidis Ioakeim , Chen Yutong , Hollfelder Florian , Boroviak Thorsten E. 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
The early specification and rapid growth of extraembryonic membranes are distinctive hallmarks of primate embryogenesis. These complex tasks are resolved through an intricate combination of signals controlling the induction of extraembryonic lineages and, at the same time, safeguarding the pluripotent epiblast. Here, we delineate the signals orchestrating primate epiblast and amnion identity. We encapsulated marmoset pluripotent stem cells into agarose microgels and identified culture conditions for the development of epiblast- and amnion-spheroids. Spatial identity mapping authenticated spheroids generated in vitro by comparison with marmoset embryos in vivo. We leveraged the microgel system to functionally interrogate the signalling environment of the post-implantation primate embryo. Single-cell profiling of the resulting spheroids demonstrated that activin/nodal signalling is required for embryonic lineage identity. BMP4 promoted amnion formation and maturation, which was counteracted by FGF signalling. Our combination of microgel culture, single-cell profiling and spatial identity mapping provides a powerful approach to decipher the essential cues for embryonic and extraembryonic lineage formation in primate embryogenesis.
BRAVO self-confined expression through WOX5 in the Arabidopsis root stem-cell niche
Authors: Mercadal Josep , Betegón-Putze Isabel , Bosch Nadja , Caño-Delgado Ana I. , Ibañes Marta 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
In animals and plants, stem-cell niches are local microenvironments that are tightly regulated to preserve their unique identity while communicating with adjacent cells that will give rise to specialized cell types. In the primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana, two transcription factors, BRAVO and WOX5, among others, are expressed in the stem-cell niche. Intriguingly, BRAVO, a repressor of quiescent center divisions, confines its own gene expression to the stem-cell niche, as evidenced in a bravo mutant background. Here, we propose through mathematical modeling that BRAVO confines its own expression domain to the stem-cell niche by attenuating a WOX5-dependent diffusible activator of BRAVO. This negative feedback drives WOX5 activity to be spatially restricted as well. The results show that WOX5 diffusion and sequestration by binding to BRAVO are sufficient to drive the experimentally observed confined BRAVO expression at the stem-cell niche. We propose that the attenuation of a diffusible activator can be a general mechanism acting at other stem-cell niches to spatially confine genetic activity to a small region while maintaining signaling within them and with the surrounding cells.
Ocean acidification impacts sperm swimming performance and pHi in the New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus
Authors: Hudson Michael E. , Sewell Mary A. 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
In sea urchins, spermatozoa are stored in the gonads in hypercapnic conditions (pH&lt;7.0). During spawning, sperm are diluted in seawater of pH&gt;8.0, and there is an alkalinization of the sperm's internal pH (pHi) through the release of CO2 and H+. Previous research has shown that when pHi is above 7.2–7.3, the dynein ATPase flagellar motors are activated, and the sperm become motile. It has been hypothesized that ocean acidification (OA), which decreases the pH of seawater, may have a narcotic effect on sea urchin sperm by impairing the ability to regulate pHi, resulting in decreased motility and swimming speed. Here, we used data collected from the same individuals to test the relationship between pHi and sperm motility/performance in the New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus under near-future (2100) and far-future (2150) atmospheric PCO2 conditions (RCP 8.5: pH 7.77, 7.51). Decreasing seawater pH significantly negatively impacted the proportion of motile sperm, and four of the six computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA) sperm performance measures. In control conditions, sperm had an activated pHi of 7.52. Evechinus chloroticus sperm could not defend pHi in future OA conditions; there was a stepped decrease in the pHi at pH 7.77, with no significant difference in mean pHi between pH 7.77 and 7.51. Paired measurements in the same males showed a positive relationship between pHi and sperm motility, but with a significant difference in the response between males. Differences in motility and sperm performance in OA conditions may impact fertilization success in a future ocean.
Διδακτικές αναλογίες και εννοιολογική αλλαγή: ο ρόλος της προϋπάρχουσας γνώσης στην κατανόηση αντι-διαισθητικών επιστημονικών εξηγήσεων μέσα από τη χρήση διδακτικών αναλογιών
Authors: Σκοπελίτη Ειρήνη , Βοσνιάδου Στέλλα 
Published: July 2022

Προηγούμενες έρευνες έδειξαν ότι οι αναλογίες που χρησιμοποιούνται σε κείμενα για την διδασκαλία αντι-διαισθητικών επιστημονικών εξηγήσεων, που έρχονται δηλαδή σε πλήρη αντίθεση με τα αισθητηριακά δεδομένα, μπορούν να έχουν θετικές επιδράσεις στη μάθηση. Υποστηρίχθηκε ότι υπάρχει ισχυρή συσχέτιση ανάμεσα στην προϋπάρχουσα γνώση των μαθητών και τα οφέλη που προκύπτουν από τις αναλογίες, αφού συμμετέχοντες με προχωρημένη προϋπάρχουσα γνώση κατανόησαν καλύτερα τις αναλογίες και στον μεταέλεγχο έδωσαν απαντήσεις που ήταν πιο κοντά στην επιστημονική. Παραδόξως όμως, στις έρευνες αυτές υπήρξαν συμμετέχοντες με αφελή προϋπάρχουσα γνώση, που κατανόησαν τις αναλογίες, αλλά και συμμετέχοντες που ενώ κατανόησαν τις αναλογίες, δεν βελτίωσαν τις εξηγήσεις τους στον μεταέλεγχο. Τα ευρήματα αυτά οδήγησαν στη διεξαγωγή έρευνας που στόχο είχε να διερευνήσει περαιτέρω μέσω συνεντεύξεων τη σχέση μεταξύ προϋπάρχουσας γνώσης, κατανόησης της αναλογίας και αποδοχής της επιστημονικής εξήγησης, όταν αυτή δίνεται μέσα από κείμενα που είτε χρησιμοποιούν είτε όχι διδακτικές αναλογίες. Στην έρευνα συμμετείχαν μαθητές της 3ης και 5ης δημοτικού. Χρησιμοποιήσαμε ένα ανοικτού τύπου ερωτηματολόγιο για τη διερεύνηση των γνώσεων των μαθητών σχετικά με τη Γη και την εναλλαγή μέρας/νύχτας και δύο επεξηγηματικά κείμενα. Το ένα εξηγούσε την εναλλαγή μέρας/νύχτας χρησιμοποιώντας μία αναλογία, ενώ το άλλο έδινε την ίδια εξήγηση χωρίς αναλογία. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι για την κατανόηση της επιστημονικής εξήγησης και της αναλογίας προαπαιτείται η κατανόηση της έννοιας της Γης ως ένα σφαιρικό αστρονομικό σώμα που περιλαμβάνει προχωρημένες οντολογικές και αναπαραστασιακές πεποιθήσεις σχετικά με τη Γη. Επιπλέον φάνηκε ότι, ακόμη και αν γίνει κατανοητή η επιστημονική εξήγηση για την εναλλαγή μέρας/νύχτας -κάτι το οποίο διευκολύνεται με τη χρήση διδακτικών αναλογιών- είναι εξαιρετικά δύσκολο για τους μαθητές να αποδεκτούν μία επιστημονική αντι-διαισθητική εξήγηση, εφόσον οι επιστημολογικές τους πεποιθήσεις δεν είναι προωθημένες, ώστε να τους επιτρέπουν να κατανοήσουν ότι τα πράγματα δεν είναι πάντα όπως τα βλέπουμε με τα μάτια μας. Ως εκ τούτου φαίνεται να απαιτείται η χρήση επιπλέον διδακτικών μεθόδων που θα μπορέσουν να ενισχύσουν τα οφέλη των αναλογιών στη μάθηση.
Patient and public involvement in stroke research: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Hall Patricia , Kroll Thilo , Hickey Julianne , Stokes Diarmuid , Lennon Olive 
Published: July 2022

Background: Growing consensus supports public and patient involvement (PPI) in research as the lived experience of patients, family carers and users of health and social care services bring unique insights to healthcare research. The impact and burden of stroke present ongoing challenges for those living with its consequences and could potentially limit PPI activity. This review aims to explore PPI in published stroke research to identify and describe the extent, nature and design of PPI activities, the type/s of studies involved and the profile of PPI participants engaged in stroke research. Methods: This systematic scoping review, guided by the Arksey & O’Malley five step framework, will be reported according to the PRISMA-ScR reporting guidelines. PPI is embedded at each stage of this proposed scoping review from conceptualisation, participation, contribution and collaboration. The Population, Concept, Context (PCC) structure defines the research question which asks - How is PPI in stroke research currently being conducted and how do the study authors report their PPI activities and its impact? A comprehensive range of electronic databases including PubMed, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsychINFO and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews will generate a broad range of studies. Grey literature (e.g. OpenGrey, Lenus) and internationally recognised stroke organisation websites will be searched for additional research reports. Data extraction will adhere to the Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines, with results collated and mapped to the research cycle stage/s. Conclusions: The outlined scoping review protocol will comprehensively identify and map the existing scientific literature that reports PPI in stroke research. Findings will be presented in relation to PPI conceptualisation, participant profiles and activities in stroke research, volume, type and range of approaches. Knowledge gaps may be identified thereby offering opportunities and recommendations for future priorities for PPI in stroke research.
Epidemiology of nodding syndrome in the Greater Mundri area, South Sudan: Prevalence, spatial pattern and environmental risk factors
Authors: Abd-Elfarag Gasim Omer Elkhalifa , Emmanuel Lukudu , Edridge Arthur W. D. , van Beers Stella , Sebit Mohamed B. , van Hensbroek Michaël B. , Rood Ente J. J. 
Published: July 2022

Background
Nodding syndrome (NS) is a progressive neurological disease that has been described in several sub-Saharan African counties, but South Sudan is considered the most affected. However, knowledge about the exact burden and the epidemiological risk factors of NS in South Sudan is lacking.

Objective
To determine the prevalence, distribution and epidemiological risk factors of NS in the Greater Mundri area, the epicenter of NS in South Sudan.

Methods
A NS prevalence house-to-house survey was conducted in multiple villages between February 2018 and November 2019. Geographical distribution and clustering of NS cases was identified using spatial and binomial regression analysis. Epidemiological risk factors of NS were identified using univariate and multivariate models.

Results
Of the 22,411 persons surveyed in 92 villages, 607 (2.7%) persons with NS were identified, of which 114 (19%) were new-onset cases. The highest prevalence was found in Diko village with a prevalence of 13.7%. NS showed a significant spatial pattern with clustering of cases between adjacent households and along rivers. Risks factors for NS include all behaviors around rivers (drinking, cooking, handwashing and bathing) and exposure to poultry. On the other hand, ownership of mobile phone decreased the risk of NS. Many other factors, including prior ivermectin treatment and internal displacement were not associated with NS.

Conclusion
Our study demonstrates a very high burden of the NS disease in the Greater Mundri area, strengthens the association with rivers, and identified possible new clues for an underlying cause.
Quantitative interpretation of Sedia LAg Assay test results after HIV diagnosis
Authors: Sempa Joseph B. , Grebe Eduard , Welte Alex 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundTesting for ‘recent HIV infection’ is common in surveillance, where only population-level estimates (of incidence) are reported. Typically, ‘recent infection’ is acategory, obtained by applying a threshold on an underlying continuous biomarker from some laboratory assay(s). Interpreting the biomarker values obtained for individual subjects, as estimates of the date of infection, has obvious potential applications in the context of studies of early infection, and has also for some years attracted significant interest as an extra component of post-test counselling and treatment initiation. The applicable analyses have typically run aground on the complexity of the full biomarker growth model, which is in principle a non-linear mixed-effects model of unknown structure, the fitting of which seems infeasible from realistically obtainable data.MethodsIt is known that to estimate Mean Duration of Recent Infection (MDRI) at a given value of the recent/non-recent -infection discrimination threshold, one may compress the full biomarker growth model into a relation capturing the probability of a recent test result as a function of time t since infection, given a value of assay threshold h which defines the recent/non-recent discrimination. We demonstrate that the derivative (gradient), with respect to h. of the probability of recent infection, seen as a function of both t and h, is identical to the formal likelihood relevant to Bayesian inference of the time since seroconversion, for a subject yielding an assay result h, at or close to the date of their first positive HIV test. This observation bypasses the need for fitting a complex detailed biomarker growth model. Using publicly available data from the CEPHIA collaboration, we calibrated this likelihood function for the Sedia Lag assay, and performed Bayesian inference on hypothetical infection data.ResultsWe demonstrate the generation of posteriors for infection date, for patients with various delays between their last negative and first positive HIV test, and a range of LAg assay results (ODn) hypothetically obtained on the date of the first positive result.ConclusionDepending on the last-negative / first-positive interval, there is a range of ODn values that yields posteriors significantly different from the uniform prior one would be left with based merely on interval censoring. Hence, a LAg ODn obtained on the date of, or soon after, diagnosis contains potentially significant information about infection dating. It seems worth analysing other assays with meaningful dynamic range, especially tests already routinely used in primary HIV diagnosis (for example chemiluminescent assays and reader/cartridge lateral flow tests which admit objective variable line intensity readings) which have a sufficient dynamic range that corresponds to a clinically meaningful range of times-since-infection that are worth distinguishing from each other.