bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Priors that Allow You to Learn Inductively
Authors: Pettigrew Richard 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, I consider an objection that is inspired by a worry that Wayne Myrvold (2019) raised to my earlier work on epistemic risk. This notes that our account permits priors, such as the uniform prior, that do not allow you to learn from experience in the ways we think you should. In the end, I think these priors, and the inductive scepticism they embody, must be permitted, however little we like the consequences of adopting them. But, unlike in my earlier work, they are not now mandated, which was the central focus of Myrvold's original objection.
The Protestant Church Between Action and Silence
Authors: Beck Hermann 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
During the second half of March and throughout April 1933, the Protestant World Alliance for International Friendship Through the Churches put consistent pressure on German Church leaders to speak out against antisemitic attacks. In this context, the true mindset of the leaders of German Protestantism was largely misunderstood abroad, since fear was by no means the sole reason why German Protestants held back. An equally important factor to explain their reserve was that they largely agreed with the legal measures, as well as with most of the new regime’s overall policies. Members of the German Protestant hierarchy also succeeded in their efforts to minimize and belittle antisemitic attacks to the outside world. The bulk of this chapter focuses on the crucial meeting of 26 April 1933, when possible Protestant Church reactions to antisemitic violence and legal measures were discussed. The discussions among the roughly three dozen Church leaders present make it obvious that, with one exception, that of the Bavarian Church leader Wilhelm von Pechmann, all other formerly critical voices had fallen silent, and an overwhelming majority, led by Hermann Kapler, decided that German Protestantism as a whole would remain mute. The chapter also probes into the reasons for this inactivity. It concludes with the Protestant Church’s memorandum on the “Jewish Question,” which confirms that the Protestant Church leadership shared the reservations and prejudices of other conservative elites, which in turn allowed them to square their indolent reticence with their own conscience.
‘I Will Keep Him in Suit’
Authors: Poos L. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Litigation concerning Ralph Rishton’s marriages and property continued for a decade after his death. Tracing it reveals the paths Elizabethan English people had to pursue through different legal systems to assert rights stemming from complex fact patterns. Ralph left in his wake a trail of deliberately contradictory estate settlements, which this chapter traces in detail to uncover his aspirations for his succession. His second wife doggedly sought, but failed, to have courts (at Chester and York) declare her marriage’s validity. She did succeed, however, in asserting rights to property she received from Ralph as part of her marriage settlement. Ralph’s son by his second marriage likewise sought to claim rights in part of Ralph’s estates: after years of litigation and arbitration he was partially successful, owing to a resolution reflecting the posture of English equity courts towards equitable determination. Tracing these and all the other lawsuits left in Ralph’s wake permits some broader conclusions about law in operation during the period. The chapter reveals the familial and geographical closeness of lawyers to members of the east Lancashire gentry and how that proximity furthered law consciousness. Law for the Rishtons was transactional, a means of finding opportunities and exploiting contingencies.
Talking About
Authors: Unnsteinsson Elmar 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe book develops and argues for a new intentionalist theory of the speech act of singular reference. Specifically, it proposes a Gricean theory of pragmatic competence within which referential competence can be identified and explained. It argues that combining insights from theories of mechanistic explanation in cognitive science and intentionalist theories of speech acts affords a completely new perspective on old questions about reference and speaker meaning. The resulting theory is called edenic intentionalism and it is based on the idea that referential competence is explained by a dedicated cognitive mechanism with a specific function, namely the function of enabling the production of edenic or optimal referential speech acts. Importantly, the author shows how this theory dissolves traditional puzzles in the philosophy of language and mind, puzzles arising from cases where the speaker is confused about the identity of the object of intended reference. The author develops an original account of the mental state of confusion, based on a detailed examination of the distinction between representational actions and representational states, which allows for a satisfying answer to familiar questions about attitude ascription and Frege’s puzzle about identity.
The Life of Symeon Stylites the Younger
Authors: Parker Lucy 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the Life of Symeon the Younger, which shows how the recently deceased leader was memorialized by his disciples to perpetuate his cult posthumously and how they dealt with controversial aspects of his career. It explores the evidence for the Life’s authorship and dating, suggesting that it was probably written shortly after Symeon’s death by a monk from his monastery. It considers previous scholarly interpretations of the Life, arguing that it cannot be seen as a Chalcedonian reaction to the miaphysite takeover of the cult site of Symeon Stylites the Elder at Qalaat Semaan. Rather, the Life of Symeon the Younger can be read as an extended apologia for Symeon’s failure to protect Antioch and its environs from the natural and military disasters of the sixth century. The hagiographer adopts various biblical models, including those of Abraham and Job, to attempt to exculpate Symeon of accusations of failure, but the difficulty of the situation leads him into inconsistencies and problematic theological claims. He also adopts a more aggressive approach, finding scapegoats to blame for the disasters: in particular, he targets the rich of Antioch, whom he depicts as sinful pagans. He goes so far as to support Justinian’s controversial purges, depicting Justinian’s agent Amantios as a divine officer and agent of God’s vengeance.
Becoming a Moral Pedagogue, 1772−1792
Authors: Bow Charles Bradford 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Dugald Stewart’s transition from student to professor of moral philosophy. As a pupil of Adam Ferguson’s moral science and Thomas Reid’s philosophy of common sense, Stewart adopted the Scottish school of philosophy. His career progression at Edinburgh University from student to professor of mathematics, to professor of moral philosophy at Edinburgh University owed a significant debt to the Scottish tradition of academic patronage. The foundations of demonstrating the general laws of human belief in his educational doctrine derived from his experience as a joint professor of mathematics between 1772 and 1785. His unwavering commitment to abolitionism emerged whilst substituting for Ferguson’s course of lectures on moral philosophy during the winter of 1778−9 at Edinburgh University. But he had not conceived of a moral philosophy of his own between succeeding Ferguson as professor of moral philosophy in 1785 and witnessing the early stages of the French Revolution during the summer of 1789. Robert Burns’s example of exercising the imagination in poetry helped shape the objectives of Stewart’s educational doctrine. Having revised key elements of the way in which he taught moral philosophy during the winter of 1789−90, Stewart became a moral pedagogue as a reaction to formidable currents of credulity in the Age of Revolution.
Globalizing a Moral Empire of the Mind, 1816−1828
Authors: Bow Charles Bradford 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the globalization of Stewart’s educational doctrine. Considered by contemporaries to be his magnum opus, the two completed parts of Stewart’s preliminary Dissertation, exhibiting a general view of the progress of metaphysical, ethical, and political philosophy (1816, 1822) refashioned the revised fourth, fifth, and sixth editions of the Encyclopædia Britannica as a vehicle for his system of moral education. The final volume of his Elements published in 1827 and The Philosophy of the Active and Moral Powers of Man (1828) completed this system of cultivating moral and intellectual character in the science of applied ethics. Having already received reports that his elementary introduction to the science of mind reformed moral education in Europe, Britain, and America, Stewart sought to widen this moral empire of the mind in his final publications. The moral edification of autodidacts in a globalizing knowledge economy became Stewart’s objective during the final years of his life in the Athens of the North after the Scottish Enlightenment.
Recognizing Potentials
Authors: Carolini Gabriella Y. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSouth–South Cooperation (SSC) is marked by deep contradictions in practice, shown in how the largest Southern economies pursue models of economic growth and hierarchical development partnerships of the sort long supported by orthodox international financial institutions and high-income countries in the North. This chapter examines whether other growing platforms for capacity development through SSC, such as the United Nations’ Water Operators’ Partnerships (WOPs) program, can instead deliver on the promises of SSC. Leveraging a case study of a cooperation partnership between water operators in Brazil and Argentina, the chapter explores whether the proximities that mattered to high-level learning in Maputo’s international cooperation project ecosystem were also relevant to the South American WOP. As the collaboration between water operators in Brasília and Salta showed, defying the WOP’s mentor–mentee model indeed proved an effective root for fostering high-level learning that matters for material and knowledge improvements on the ground.
The Spirit of Global Health
Authors: Peng-Keller Simon , Winiger Fabian , Rauch Raphael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Since the beginning of the World Health Organization, many of its staff members, regional offices, Member States, and directors-general have grappled with the question of what a ‘spiritual dimension’ of health looks like, and how it might enrich the health policies advocated by their organization. Contrary to the widespread perception that ‘spirituality’ is primarily related to palliative care and has emerged relatively recently within the WHO, this book shows that its history is considerably longer and more complex, and has been closely connected to the organization’s ethical aspirations, its quest for more holistic and equitable healthcare, and its struggle with the colonial legacy of international health organizations. Such ideals and struggles silently motivated many of its key actors and policies—such as the provision of universal primary healthcare—which for decades have embodied the organization’s loftiest aspirations. The WHO’s official relationship with ‘spirituality’ advanced in fits, leaps, and setbacks. At times creative and interdisciplinary, at others deeply political, this process was marked by cycles of institutional forgetting and remembering. Rather than a triumph of religious lobbyists, this book argues, the ‘spiritual dimension’ of health may be better understood as a ‘ghost’ that has haunted—and continues to haunt—the WHO as it comes to terms with its mandate of advancing health as a state of ‘complete well-being’ available to all.
Introduction
Authors: Winiger Fabian , Peng-Keller Simon 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Contrary to the widespread perception that the ‘spiritual dimension’ of health is primarily related to palliative care and has emerged relatively recently within the WHO, its history is considerably longer and more complex. The emergence of a ‘spiritual dimension’ in WHO discourse was connected to aspirations for universal primary healthcare, attempts to deliver a more holistic form of healthcare, and the search for a shared ethical framework to unify the disparate national interests represented in the organization. This chapter introduces the reader to the background, rationale, and broader context of the book, and makes some preliminary observations about the topic. It then gives a brief overview of previous research on religion, spirituality, and the World Health Organization, and explains the scope and method used to build on this literature. It concludes with an overview and brief introduction to each chapter in the book.
Dangerous Positions
Authors: Guyer Benjamin M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The fundamental theme of the chapter is resistance. It begins by charting the rise of British resistance theory among the Marian exiles in Europe, with close attention paid to the writings of John Knox. The second section looks at how “reformation” acquired disruptive connotations in protest literature produced in the 1570s; the fifth section returns to this theme by focusing upon the backlash that developed in the 1590s against threats of martial reformation. The third and fourth sections bridge these decades by comparing and contrasting how the Marian and Elizabethan churches discussed reformation. An especial focus is given to analyses of the recent past, such as writings on Cardinal Wolsey and Martin Luther. However, neither the Marian nor the Elizabethan church identified early/mid-sixteenth century events as reformation. By restoring papal unity, Mary’s church availed itself of the conciliar vocabulary of reformation still in use at the Council of Trent. Elizabeth’s church, having refused papal allegiance, could not do so. It thus found itself besieged by reformation on two fronts—that of Trent, and that of militant evangelicals. The Elizabethan church had no discourse of reformation to call its own.
Sick Note
Authors: Millward Gareth 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sick Note is a history of how the British state asked, ‘who is really sick?’ Tracing medical certification for absence from work from 1948 to 2010, it shows that doctors, employers, employees, politicians, media commentators, and citizens each concerned themselves with measuring sickness. At various times, each understood that a signed note from a doctor was not enough to ‘prove’ whether someone was ‘really’ sick. Yet, with no better alternative on offer, the sick note survived in practice and in the popular imagination—just like the welfare state itself. Sick Note reveals the interplay between medical, employment, and social security policy. The physical note became an integral part of working and living in Britain, while the term ‘sick note’ was often deployed rhetorically as a mocking nickname or symbol of Britain’s economic and political troubles. Using government policy documents, popular media, internet archives, and contemporary research, this book covers the evolution of medical certification and the welfare state since the Second World War, demonstrating how sickness and disability policies responded to demographic and economic changes—though not always satisfactorily for administrators or claimants. Moreover, despite the creation of ‘the fit note’ in 2010, the idea of ‘the sick note’ has remained. With the specific challenges posed by the global pandemic in the early 2020s, Sick Note shows how the question of ‘who is really sick?’ has never been straightforward and will continue to perplex the British state.
Introduction
Authors: Spevak Olga 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses various approaches to nominalization and defines it as ‘a noun (phrase) which has a systematic correspondence with a clause structure’. Such nouns are called ‘verbal nouns’. Verbal nouns lack sentential properties. They are compared with non-finite verb forms (participles, infinitives, gerunds, and gerundives), which show a lack of sentential properties (desententialization) to various extents. It is argued that verbal nouns retain some verbal properties, especially the requirement of arguments or obligatory constituents and aspectual (lexical) properties of the corresponding verbs. On the basis of their combinability with temporal expressions, four classes of verbal nouns can be distinguished expressing activities, accomplishments, achievements, or states. Many verbal nouns are polysemous: they can be used as verbal nouns with a verbal meaning, or as nouns with a concrete meaning to denote physical entities.
Verbal nouns in legal texts
Authors: Spevak Olga 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the use of -tio and -tus nouns and their competitors in legal texts, comprising epigraphic material from the Republican period. Many nouns in -tio are legal terms that serve to name legal acts or actions. They are typically used in the nominative with the verb sum in the imperative. The arguments are almost always explicit or at least implicit, including the first argument, denoting the agent, a well-defined but non-specific person. Consequently, the noun phrases involving a -tio noun are often complex. Gerundives, which allow more complexity than verbal nouns, are the principal competitors of -tio nouns at the noun phrase level. They are typically found in expressions of purpose.
Consequence Relations
Authors: Citkin Alex , Muravitsky Alexei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAn in-depth study of the concept of a consequence relation, culminating in the concept of a Lindenbaum-Tarski algebra, intended for advanced undergraduate and graduate students in mathematics and graduate students in philosophy, as well as researchers in the field of mathematical and philosophical logic. The book is aimed to fill the niche left after the publication of Rasiowa and Sikorski’s The Mathematics of Metamathematics (1970), Rasiowa’s An Algebraic Approach to Non-Classical Logics (1974), and Wójcicki’s Theory of Logical Calculi (1988). The problem of obtaining confirmation that a statement is a consequence of a set of statements as prerequisites, on the one hand, and the problem of demonstrating that such confirmation does not exist in the structure under consideration, on the other hand, are considered in a balanced way, using predominantly algebraic methods, as one two-sided problem. Namely, for the second part of this problem, the concept of the Lindenbaum-Tarski algebra plays a key role, which becomes even more important when the considered consequence relation is placed in the context of decidability. This role is traced in the book for various formal objective languages. The included exercises are an essential component of the reader’s assimilation of the book’s material.
Matrix Consequence
Authors: Citkin Alex , Muravitsky Alexei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to matrix consequence. We especially focus on the single-matrix consequence. Namely, we prove the Los-Suszko-Wójcicki theorem, the Wójcicki theorem, and the Shoesmith-Smiley theorem; all these theorems are about when a structural abstract logic (a unifying term for the structural consequence relation and structural consequence operator) has an adequate logical matrix. We conclude this chapter with two discussions — on finitary matrix consequence and on the conception of separating tools.
Education, Occupation, and Marriage
Authors: Gibson Kate 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the life chances of middling and elite illegitimate individuals. Using a prosopographical database of 225 children and grandchildren of peers, the chapter quantifies the effect of illegitimacy on life chances by comparing illegitimate children with their legitimate half-siblings or cousins and allowing for differences in gender and birth order. Quantitative analysis of the database is supplemented by qualitative analysis of the letters and diaries of middling and elite families. It argues that illegitimacy had a measurable negative effect on social status: illegitimate individuals married at a later age, married lower down the social scale, and were less likely to achieve markers of power, such as office and landholding. The chapter explores the nuances behind this disadvantage. Illegitimate men fared worse than illegitimate women due to the impact of illegitimacy on markers of genteel masculinity. Their position was markedly worse to that of legitimate younger sons. Mixed-race and white children followed similar trajectories, suggesting that illegitimacy had a greater impact than race on socio-economic status. The chapter indicates that families made specific, pragmatic decisions about the prospects of illegitimate children. Families gave illegitimate children a cheaper, more practical education focused on financial self-sufficiency, whilst encouraging them into occupations and marriages that would keep them within the status and influence of their paternal family. Throughout, the chapter examines individuals’ ability to remain within their father’s social class, measured through their access to opportunities for power and social connections.
The Individualist Objection
Authors: Fischer Jessica J. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Should we be able to access benefits, based on our membership in a group? While this sometimes seems plausible, at other times an appeal to group-membership seems objectionable. Given that contractualists are interested in the personal claims of individuals, they must take these concerns seriously. This chapter suggests that determining whether claims which arise from an individual’s group-membership are legitimate is particularly difficult when assessing principles of risk imposition. In fact, it may lead us to re-examine a popular contractualist approach to risk, and the puzzle this approach gives rise to: so-called ex ante contractualism sometimes imposes large burdens on some, in order to secure smaller benefits for others, despite the fact that this conflicts with the anti-utilitarian spirit of contractualism. This chapter offers a diagnosis of this puzzle. It is argued that claims which cannot be justified on grounds other than by appeal to an individual’s group-membership fail to constitute truly individual claims. Yet ex ante contractualism nevertheless admits such claims by relying on probabilities which are conditioned by an individual’s group-membership.
Attributive Silencing
Authors: Schroeder Mark 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores a novel form of silencing first discussed in print by Mary Kate McGowan (2017), which I call attributive silencing. Whereas other forms of silencing have been explored through the lenses of epistemology and the philosophy of language, we learn about the possibility of attributive silencing through the philosophy of action and the theory of responsibility. Attributive silencing, I will argue, far from being a bare theoretical possibility, is an indisputably genuine phenomenon, but how easily it can happen will depend on the correct theory of attributability, and hence on the correct theory of persons. On some theories of persons it will be rare, but, according to the interpretive account of persons, attributive silencing can happen quite easily and without fault. The phenomenon of attributive silencing therefore has many important possible applications, one of which is to shed at least partial light on women’s refusals of sexual advances, one of the original applications of theoretical work about silencing.