bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The repeated bout effect influences lower‐extremity biomechanics during a 30‐min downhill run
Authors: Khassetarash Arash , Baggaley Michael , Vernillo Gianluca , Millet Guillaume Y. , Edwards W. Brent 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTThe repeated bout effect in eccentric‐biased exercises is a well‐known phenomenon, wherein a second bout of exercise results in attenuated strength loss and soreness compared to the first bout. We sought to determine if the repeated bout effect influences changes in lower‐extremity biomechanics over the course of a 30‐min downhill run. Eleven male participants completed two bouts of 30‐min downhill running (DR1 and DR2) at 2.8 m.s−1 and −11.3° on an instrumented treadmill. Three‐dimensional kinematics and ground reaction forces were recorded and used to quantify changes in spatiotemporal parameters, external work, leg stiffness, and lower extremity joint‐quasi‐stiffness throughout the 30‐min run. Maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) and perceived quadriceps pain were assessed before‐after, and throughout the run, respectively. DR2 resulted in attenuated loss of MVIC (P = 0.004), and perceived quadriceps pain (P < 0.001) compared to DR1. In general, participants ran with an increased duty factor towards the end of each running bout; however, increases in duty factor during DR2 (+5.4%) were less than during DR1 (+8.8%, P < 0.035). Significant reductions in leg stiffness (−11.7%, P = 0.002) and joint quasi‐stiffness (up to −25.4%, all P < 0.001) were observed during DR1 but not during DR2. Furthermore, DR2 was associated with less energy absorption and energy generation than DR1 (P < 0.004). To summarize, the repeated bout effect significantly influenced lower‐extremity biomechanics over the course of a downhill run. Although the mechanism(s) underlying these observations remain(s) speculative, strength loss and/or perceived muscle pain are likely to play a key role.Highlights
A 30‐min downhill running bout increased contact time and reduced flight time transitioning to an increased duty factor.
Lower‐extremity stiffness also decreased and mechanical energy absorption increased over the course of the first 30‐min downhill running bout.
When the same bout of 30‐min downhill running was performed three weeks later, the observed changes to lower extremity biomechanics were significantly attenuated.
The findings from this study demonstrated, for this first time, a repeated bout effect for lower extremity biomechanics associated with downhill running.
Embedding causal sets into Minkowski spacetime
Authors: Johnston Steven 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We present a new method for embedding a causal set into an interval of Minkowski spacetime. The method uses spacetime volumes for causally related elements to define causal set analogs of Minkowski inner products. These are used to construct matrices of inner products which are then factored using the singular value decomposition to give coordinates in Minkowski spacetime. Results are presented showing good quality embeddings into Minkowski spacetime for dimensions d = 2, 3, 4. The method applies in any dimension and does not require spacelike distances to be used as an input. It offers a new way to define spatial orientation and spacelike distances in a causal set.
Reflections on effects of low doses and risk inference based on the UNSCEAR 2021 report on ‘biological mechanisms relevant for the inference of cancer risks from low-dose and low-dose-rate radiation’
Authors: Wojcik Andrzej 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The 2021 United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) report summarises the knowledge on biological mechanisms of radiation action at low doses where, due to low statistical power of epidemiological investigations, the level of cancer risk must be inferred. It is the fourth UNSCEAR report since 1994 that looks into biological effects following low dose exposure with the aim of examining whether they support the assumption of the linear non-threshold (LNT) dose response for radiation-induced cancers. The conclusions of all four reports are affirmative. The new aspect of the 2021 report is that it focuses on the process of cancer risk inference. The aim of this article is to discuss the consequences of the conclusions regarding LNT and the possibilities of inferring risks from biological studies.
Response of diamond detectors in ultra-high dose-per-pulse electron beams for dosimetry at FLASH radiotherapy
Authors: Kranzer R , Schüller A , Bourgouin A , Hackel T , Poppinga D , Lapp M , Looe H K , Poppe B 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective. With increasing investigation of the so-called FLASH effect, the need for accurate real time dosimetry for ultra-high dose rates is also growing. Considering the ultra-high dose-per-pulse (DPP) necessary to produce the ultra-high dose rates for investigations of the FLASH effect, real time dosimetry is a major challenge. In particular, vented ionization chambers, as used for dosimetry in conventional radiotherapy, show significant deviations from linearity with increasing DPP. This is due to recombination losses in the sensitive air volume. Solid state detectors could be an alternative. Due to their good stability of the response with regard to the accumulated dose, diamond detectors such as the microDiamond could be suitable here. The aims of this work are to investigate the response of microDiamond and adapted microDiamond prototypes in ultra-high DPP electron beams, to understand the underlying effects and to draw conclusions for further detector developments. Approach. For the study, an electron beam with a DPP up to 6.5 Gy and a pulse duration of 2.5 μs was used to fulfill the conditions under which the FLASH effect was observed. As a dose rate-independent reference, alanine dosimeters were used. Main Results. It has been shown that the commercially available microDiamond detectors have limitations in terms of linearity at ultra-high DPP. But this is not an intrinsic limitation of the detector principle. The deviations from linearity were correlated with the series resistance and the sensitivity. It could be shown that the linear range can be extended towards ultra-high DPP range by reducing the sensitivity in combination with a low series resistance of the detectors. Significance. The work shows that synthetic single crystal diamond detectors working as Schottky photodiodes are in principle suitable for FLASH-RT dosimetry at electron linear accelerators.
Co-, Fe-, Ni-doped and co-doped rutile GeO2: insights from ab-initio calculations
Authors: Essajai R , Salmani E , Bghour M , Labrag A , Goumrhar F , Fahoume M , Ez-Zahraouy H 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Rutile germanium oxide (rutile GeO2), a semiconductor, can act as a half-metallic compound and is a promising material for spintronic and optoelectronic applications. Calculations were performed using the Korringa–Kohn–Rostoker (KKR) approach and the coherent potential approximation (CPA), which were further combined with two approximations, the local density approximation (LDA) and the self-interaction corrected LDA approximation (LDA-SIC), to study the electronic structure of bulk rutile GeO2 doped and co-doped with three transition-metal impurities: Fe, Co, and Ni. The doping value was set to 10%, while the co-doping level was set to 5% for each impurity. The main findings of this work are: (1) a direct ultrawide bandgap of 4.80 eV is observed and the rutile GeO2 exhibits an N-type semiconducting property. (2) Doped and co-doped GeO2 acquire a magnetic behavior and exhibit half-metallicity. (3) The mechanism responsible for these properties is also studied. (4) The critical temperature can reach 334 K when GeO2 is doped with Fe, while it rises to 398 K when it is co-doped with Fe and Co. (5) The spin polarization can be improved by co-doping. It can be inferred that rutile GeO2 doped or co-doped with (Co, Fe) transition metals can be considered to be potential candidates for spintronic and optoelectronic applications.
Three ultracold fermions in a two-dimensional anisotropic harmonic confinement
Authors: Chen Yue , Xiao Da-Wu , Zhang Peng 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We calculate the energy spectrum of three identical fermionic ultracold atoms in two different internal states confined in a two-dimensional anisotropic harmonic trap. Using the solutions of the corresponding two-body problems obtained in our previous work (Chen et al 2020 Phys. Rev. A 101, 053624), we derive the explicit transcendental equation for the eigen-energies, from which the energy spectrum is derived. Our results can be used for the calculation of the 3rd Virial coefficients or the studies of few-body dynamics.
The effect of moving obstacle on regulation of pedestrian flow in a single exit room
Authors: Xu Han , Zhang Jun , Song Weiguo , Hu Yanghui , Li Xudong , Ren Xiangxia , Yang Longnan , Yu Hang , Jiang Kechun 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
One of the key problems for crowd management is to improve the evacuation efficiency of pedestrians. In this paper, we study pedestrian evacuation from a single exit room based on a social force model by considering the influence of a moving obstacle in front of the exit. The moving obstacle can improve evacuation efficiency for the pedestrians at different desired velocities. With a gap of 0.7 m to the exit and a speed of 0.7 m s−1, it increases the evacuation efficiency by 29.94% to 149.66% for the pedestrians at the desired velocity between 0 m s−1 and 5 m s−1. It can alleviate the ‘faster is slower’ effect and has a screening effect analogous to the effects of fixed obstacles. Besides, it reduces the mean and the relative standard deviation of time headway. The moving obstacle shows the more optimal evacuation results with the gap between the obstacle and the exit approximately equal to the integer multiple of the pedestrian diameter. The evacuation efficiency has a positive correlation with the speed of the moving obstacle where the speed is between 0.1 m s−1 and 0.5 m s−1, while it is almost constant when the speed is between 0.5 m s−1 and 1.0 m s−1. The moving obstacle promotes pedestrian flow for two reasons: the first reason is that the velocities toward the exit increase for most of the pedestrians, who are under the same crowd density as the scenarios without an obstacle. The second reason is that the crowd density near the exit is reduced, which benefits part of the pedestrians near the exit. The moving obstacle improves the order of the crowd motion leading to the velocities near the exit increasing. With a gap of 0.7 m to the exit and a speed of 0.5 m s−1, it increases polarization by 34.1% to 80.7% for the pedestrians at the desired velocity between 0 m s−1 and 5 m s−1.
The notion of fuzzy soft sets in medical ailment diagnosis
Authors: Emioma D. U. , Imaga O. F. , Edeki S. O. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPeople deal with the complexities of uncertain data; the most effective method for coping with uncertainty is the fuzzy set theory (Uncertain Sets) developed by Zadeh in 1965. This paper proposes a method to examine Sanchez’s medical diagnosis approach using Fuzzy Soft Complement in addition to a matrix representation of Fuzzy Soft Collection. Medical data from a particular hospital in Lagos, Nigeria, were collected and tested for diarrhea, cholera, and dysentery.
Design and cold measurements of a coupled RFQ-SFRFQ cavity
Authors: Wang Z. , Tan Q.Y. , Lu Y.R. , Gao S.L. , Xia Y. , Liu S. , Han M.Y. , Zhao J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Based on the previous research on 26 MHz coupled RFQ-SFRFQ
(Radio Frequency Quadrupole-Separated-function Radio Frequency
Quadrupole) cavity, we propose a higher frequency coupled RFQ-SFRFQ
structure to accelerate proton beam from 35 keV to 2.5 MeV in
continuous wave (CW) mode. RFQ and SFRFQ are placed in a single
cavity, which greatly reduces the size of the accelerator. Instead
of two RF amplifiers, only one RF amplifier is needed with this
structure, as a result, this structure becomes more compact. The
beam dynamic design and electromagnetic simulation have been
accomplished. A 104 MHz coupled RFQ-SFRFQ aluminum model cavity has
been constructed and tested at low power successfully, and the
results show good agreement with the simulations.
Substantial increase in daytime-nighttime compound heat waves and associated population exposure in China projected by the CMIP6 multimodel ensemble
Authors: Xie Wenxin , Zhou Botao , Han Zhenyu , Xu Ying 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the projected changes in daytime-nighttime compound heat waves (HWs) (i.e. concurrent occurrence of HWs both in daytime and nighttime) and associated population exposure in China under the shared socioeconomic pathway (SSP)2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios based on the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 simulations. A comparison with the changes in daytime HWs (i.e. occurring only in daytime) or nighttime HWs (i.e. occurring only in nighttime) is also conducted. The results generally indicate an aggravated risk of compound HWs in China in the future under warmer scenarios. On the national average, the compound HWs are projected to increase persistently toward the end of the 21st century, with larger increase under SSP5-8.5 than that under SSP2-4.5. The greatest changes occur in northwest China and southern China. Compared with the daytime or nighttime HWs, the projected increase of compound HWs is the greatest. Accordingly, the proportion of compound HWs to the total HW events tends to increase and that of daytime HWs tends to decrease toward the end of the 21st century. The substantial increases in the frequency of compound HWs are expected to cause a significant increase in population exposure across the entire country. The projected increase of nationally averaged population exposure is 12.2-fold (7.9-fold) of the current in the mid-century (2046–2065) and further enhances to 16.3-fold (12.4-fold) in the end-century (2081–2100) under SSP5-8.5 (SSP2-4.5). The largest increases are distributed in western China and southern China. These findings raise the necessity and urgency for policy-makers and the public to develop measurements to address compound HW risks.
The Results of the Families Improving Together (FIT) for Weight Loss Randomized Trial in Overweight African American Adolescents
Authors: Wilson Dawn K , Sweeney Allison M , Van Horn M Lee , Kitzman Heather , Law Lauren H , Loncar Haylee , Kipp Colby , Brown Asia , Quattlebaum Mary , McDaniel Tyler , St. George Sara M , Prinz Ron , Resnicow Ken 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Few intervention studies have integrated cultural tailoring, parenting, behavioral, and motivational strategies to address African American adolescent weight loss.

Purpose
The Families Improving Together (FIT) for Weight Loss trial was a randomized group cohort study testing the efficacy of a cultural tailoring, positive parenting, and motivational intervention for weight loss in overweight African American adolescents (N = 241 adolescent/caregiver dyads).

Methods
The trial tested an 8-week face-to-face group motivational plus family weight loss program (M + FWL) compared with a comprehensive health education control program. Participants were then rerandomized to an 8-week tailored or control online program to test the added effects of the online intervention on reducing body mass index and improving physical activity (moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [MVPA], light physical activity [LPA]), and diet.

Results
There were no significant intervention effects for body mass index or diet. There was a significant effect of the group M + FWL intervention on parent LPA at 16 weeks (B = 33.017, SE = 13.115, p = .012). Parents in the group M + FWL intervention showed an increase in LPA, whereas parents in the comprehensive health education group showed a decrease in LPA. Secondary analyses using complier average causal effects showed a significant intervention effect at 16 weeks for parents on MVPA and a similar trend for adolescents.

Conclusions
While the intervention showed some impact on physical activity, additional strategies are needed to impact weight loss among overweight African American adolescents.
Labiaplasty: Analysis of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database
Authors: Wells Michael W , Chang Irene A , Wu Robin T , Zheng David X , Gatherwright James R , Furnas Heather J 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Labiaplasty is an increasingly popular procedure performed for both cosmetic and pathologic etiologies. Questions have been raised regarding the efficacy of the procedure, especially for cosmetic etiologies.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to examine the complication profiles of labiaplasties for both cosmetic and pathologic etiologies.

Methods
The 2005 to 2017 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was analyzed for patients who, according to the relevant Current Procedural Terminology code, had undergone labiaplasties. Our cohort was further separated into cosmetic and pathologic groups based on International Classification of Diseases codes. Information was collected on patient demographic characteristics, patient comorbidities, and operative variables. Outcomes of interest included surgical complications and delayed length of stay (DLOS). A univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression were applied to determine statistically significant predictors of our outcomes of interest for both etiologies.

Results
There were 640 patients in the cosmetic cohort and 1919 patients in the pathologic cohort. There were no significant differences in rates of surgical complications between the 2 groups, but there was a statistically significant increase in length of stay for the pathologic group. Univariate analysis revealed operative time and plastic surgeon specialty to be predictive of DLOS in the cosmetic cohort. No covariates were implicated with multivariate analysis for either surgical complications or for DLOS in the cosmetic cohort.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that cosmetic labiaplasty is a safe and efficacious procedure with low complication rates and no predictors of adverse outcomes.

Level of Evidence: 4
Modeling multi-scale data via a network of networks
Authors: Gu Shawn , Jiang Meng , Guzzi Pietro Hiram , Milenković Tijana 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMotivationPrediction of node and graph labels are prominent network science tasks. Data analyzed in these tasks are sometimes related: entities represented by nodes in a higher-level (higher scale) network can themselves be modeled as networks at a lower level. We argue that systems involving such entities should be integrated with a ‘network of networks’ (NoNs) representation. Then, we ask whether entity label prediction using multi-level NoN data via our proposed approaches is more accurate than using each of single-level node and graph data alone, i.e. than traditional node label prediction on the higher-level network and graph label prediction on the lower-level networks. To obtain data, we develop the first synthetic NoN generator and construct a real biological NoN. We evaluate accuracy of considered approaches when predicting artificial labels from the synthetic NoNs and proteins’ functions from the biological NoN.ResultsFor the synthetic NoNs, our NoN approaches outperform or are as good as node- and network-level ones depending on the NoN properties. For the biological NoN, our NoN approaches outperform the single-level approaches for just under half of the protein functions, and for 30% of the functions, only our NoN approaches make meaningful predictions, while node- and network-level ones achieve random accuracy. So, NoN-based data integration is important.Availability and implementationThe software and data are available at https://nd.edu/~cone/NoNs.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Sociogenetic structure, reproductive strategies and queen replacement in the erratic ant (Tapinoma erraticum)
Authors: De Pletincx Nathan Lecocq , Aron Serge 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAncestral eusocial insect societies were probably headed by a single and singly mated reproductive queen. However, eusocial Hymenoptera have since secondarily evolved highly diverse mating systems and social structures, which include multiple mating by queens, the coexistence of several reproductive queens within a given colony, and queen replacement over time. Here, we report pronounced plasticity in sociogenetic structure and reproductive strategies in the erratic ant, Tapinoma erraticum. Notably, colonies can be headed by one or several queens. Nestmate queens display a varying degree of genetic relatedness; they range from being unrelated to full sisters to mothers and daughters. Queens mate with one to three males. There is again variability in the degree of relatedness. The queens and their male mate(s) are sometimes related and sometimes unrelated; the same is true for the males that had mated with nestmate queens. Finally, genotypic comparisons between age-based cohorts (i.e. adult workers vs. worker larvae) indicate that new queens, both related and unrelated, appear in established colonies. We suggest that the highly plastic reproductive systems found in T. erraticum might have opened the door evolutionarily to supercoloniality and invasiveness in the genus Tapinoma.
10 Tip-Apex Distance in DHS & IM Nail Fixations for Hip Fractures
Authors: Tan G. , Ong C.T. , Kainth G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Aim
Dynamic hip screws (DHS) and intramedullary nail (IMN) fixations have been successful in treating extracapsular hip fractures. Tip to apex distance (TAD) is defined as the total sum of distance from tip of the lag screw to the femoral head tip on both AP and lateral radiographs. Baumgartner et al. defined TAD&lt;25 mm to be predictive of a successful result, with reduced rates of metalwork failure. Therefore, this study aims to assess if TAD principles are practiced during DHS and IMN fixations.

Method
102 patients were identified between December 2019 and February 2020. The distance was measured on AP and lateral radiographs to calculate the TAD. Patients were followed up for 1 year where the fractures either united or failed.

Results
Patients recruited had age ranges between 19–103 years old, of which 36% are male and 64% are female. 68% had underwent DHS while 32% underwent IM nail. In the DHS group, 13 patients had TAD of &gt;25 mm, 28 with TAD of 20–25 mm, 18 with TAD of 15–20mm and 6 with TAD of &lt;15 mm. For the IM nail group, there are 7 with TAD of 20–25 mm, 13 with TAD of 15–20mm and 10 with TAD of &lt;15 mm.

Conclusions
There were no IM nails that exceeded TAD of 25mm, but 13 DHS fixations were &gt;25mm. 12/13 DHS fixations &gt;25mm TAD were performed by trainees. We advocate emphasis on the TAD principle and re-enforcing to orthopaedic trainees to improve the outcome of DHS in patients with neck of femur fractures.