bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manganese Enrichment of Tomato and Onion Seed1
Authors: Traverse Ross J. , Riekels Jerald W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Soaking tomato seeds in MnS04 solutions of concentrations greater than 0.5 and 1 M MnS04 inhibited germination during treatment without affecting the viability of the seeds. The emergence and early growth of tomato seedlings and the emergence of onion seedlings in soil was greater using seeds previously treated with 1 M MnS04 than with untreated seeds or with seeds treated with 2 and 2.5 M MnS04. These treatments had no effect on onion seedling growth. Soaking seeds in 1 M MnS04 was effective in supplying the Mn requirements of tomato plants grown in Mn deficient solutions for Approx 40 days. Shorter periods of normal growth were obtained by treating the seeds with less than 1 M concn of MnS04.
The amount of Mn retained after desorption and washing was greater with each increase in the soaking temp (0, 10, 20, and 30°C). A substantial amount of the Mn retained by the tomato and onion seeds after soaking appeared to be located on the seed coat or in the “outer space” of the tissue. With onion seeds, an additional portion of the Mn retained after soaking was located on the exchange sites of the seeds.
Inheritance of Resistance to Cowpea Chlorotic Mottle Virus in Southern Pea, Vigna sinensis1
Authors: Rogers Kenneth M. , Norton J. D. , Chambliss O. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The inheritance of resistance to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) in southern pea, Vigna sinensis (L.) Savi., Plant Introduction 255811, was determined in crosses with the susceptible cvs. Knuckle Purple Hull, Mississippi Silver, and Princess Anne. Segregation of F2 and backcross populations indicated that resistance to CCMV in P.I. 255811 is governed by 1 major recessive gene pair.
Participation of Phytochrome in Regulating Internode Elongation of Chrysanthemum morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.1
Authors: Cathey H. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chrysanthemum plants complete flower initiation and development processes by the 12th hr of the daily long night. Artificial light after the 12-hr dark period and continued until sunrise or sunlight promotes internode extension and increased fresh and dry wt without delaying flower initiation and development. Light from incandescent-filament lamps (equal-red and far-red) was the most effective source of morning-lighting effects. Light from fluorescent lamps (red) did not promote internode elongation. Use of photographic safety lamps (BCJ) (far-red) permitted flowers to be initiated, but delayed flower development. Intermittent light (0.5 to 120 ft-c) from incandescent lamps was much less effective than continuous light in promoting stem elongation. Results indicate that 2 phytochrome-mediated systems act sequentially to regulate flowering and stem elongation in chrysanthemum. The first, which responds to light in the middle of the night, delays flowering and promotes internode elongation. The second, which acts after a 12-hr dark period, does not alter the time to flowering but promotes internode elongation. The physiological action of this system permits continued synthesis and/or effectiveness of increased levels of endogenous growth-promoting substances.
Influence of Nitrate on Tomato Growth1,2
Authors: Gomez-Lepe B. E. , Ulrich Albert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum L. cv. VF 145-21-4) in the greenhouse developed over a 5-week period from seedling to early bloom stage, increased in fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, in plant height, and internal NO3-N concentration in relation to the NO3 supply of the culture solution. Increases in NO3-N varied among plant parts: roots < stem < petiole > blade. Growth of shoots was related to NO3-N concentration in plant parts. A petiole from a young mature leaf, leaf 2, was the best indicator of N status of the plant. Its critical value for N deficiency was 275 ppm of NO3-N (dry wt) when estimated at a 10% reduction in growth. A tentative critical value for use under field conditions was set at 500 ppm. Movement of NO3 was primarily unidirectional from the petiole to the blade, with little return movement to the stem and upward to younger petioles.
Persistent-Green Color Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): Color-related Constituents and Quality of Cooked Fresh Beans1
Authors: Zaehringer M. V. , Davis K. R. , Dean L. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Evaluations of cooked fresh beans showed that the persistent-green color (PC) cv., Custer, was darker, greener, and less yellow than the normal-green cv., Canyon. Persistent-green color lines Xlda 71-2081 and Xlda 267-4 were intermediate between the 2. Chlorophyll concentrations were higher in all PC lines than in the normal-green cultivar but the ratio of chlorophyll a/b was lower. Chlorophyll content was significantly correlated with Gardner color values and with visual color scores. No color values correlated with pheophytin or carotene content.
Xlda 71-2081 had the highest work-to-shear values, % seed, % fiber, and highest panel scores for fibrousness. Whether the higher values were attributable to genetic controls or to a difference in maturity was not determined in this study. Little sloughing was observed. All cultivars had a slightly to moderately full, natural flavor. The PC beans were equal or superior to the normal-green cultivar in all measured quality characteristics with ‘Custer’ showing the most promise.
Solar Radiation and Water Loss from Glasshouse Roses1
Authors: Stanhill G. , Scholte Albers J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Measurements of global radiation above, and net solar radiation below, the roof of a glasshouse were both highly correlated on a daily and hourly basis with the water loss from a flowering rose crop as measured with a weighing lysimeter. The relationship can be used for an automatic system of irrigation control. Under local glasshouse, soil, and crop response conditions such a system would require an application of 6 liters of water per square meter of bed for every 730 cal cm2 global radiation above the glasshouse. Alternatively, a foliage spray irrigation system to ensure that the upper part of the canopy is kept continuously moist, would require applications of at least 0.4 liters per square meter at radiation intervals between 15 and 4 cal cm2 of global radiation outside the greenhouse, the exact figure depending mainly on the rate of air movement around the foliage. The latent heat equivalent of the crop water loss was 87% of the global radiation incident on the canopy, a figure similar to those listed for other, tall glasshouse crops.
Studies on Lettuce Seed Quality: III. Relationships between Flowering Pattern, Seed Yield, and Seed Quality1
Authors: Soffer Hillel , Smith O. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) showed definite flowering peaks over a 70-day period. Over 90% of the seed yield was from flowers which opened during the first 35 days, and seed produced from flowers opening during the first 2 flowering peaks were heavier than those produced later in the season. Seed size was not correlated with number of seeds per flower head. Seed yield and quality were not affected by early harvest or by withholding water and nutrients during the last half of the flowering period. Flowering rate, seed yield, and seed quality were not related to air temperature in the range 67 to 94°F.
The Influence of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid on Peach Quality and Maturation1
Authors: Sims E. T. , Gambrell C. E. , Stembridge G. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethephon ((2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid) at 50 to 200 ppm hastened the maturation of peach fruit of the cvs. ‘Cardinal’, ‘Ranger’, ‘Redhaven’, ‘Blake’, and ‘Richhaven’ over a range of application times. Stimulation of maturation was not attributed solely to reduced fruit load, since an influence on maturation was found even when ethephon-treated trees bore no fewer fruits than hand-thinned controls. When treated and nontreated ‘Richhaven’ fruit were harvested at a comparable maturity based on firmness, ground and flesh color a and a/b values were increased by ethephon, as were soluble solids. No differences were found in b values for ground or flesh color or in total titratable acidity. Fruit treated with ethephon exhibited more uniformity in firmness and color than untreated fruit at shipping maturity, a characteristic which has potential value in facilitating once-over mechanical harvesting operations.
Influence of O2 and CO2 on o-Diphenol Oxidase Activity in Mushrooms1
Authors: Murr Dennis P. , Morris Leonard L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Storage of mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus, [Lange] Sing.) in 0% O2 reduced discoloration and o-diphenol oxidase (o-DPO) activity for up to 7 days. Levels of O2 above 0% had little or no effect in reducing discoloration and o–DPO activity compared to air controls. Concentrations of CO2 above 5% appeared to increase surface discoloration while markedly inhibiting o-DPO activity. After transfer to air, the effectiveness of the increased CO2 treatments in reducing o-DPO activity in mushrooms depended on storage time in CO2.
In vitro CO2 markedly inhibited o-DPO activity, with 50% inhibition at 25% CO2. Complete inhibition was never attained. The inhibition by CO2 was found to be competitive with respect to catechol and could not be overcome by increasing the O2 concentration above 20%. The action of CO2 in vivo in reducing o-DPO activity could be through a direct competitive inhibition or through the inhibitory effect of CO2 on mushroom maturation.
Adaptation of the Spearman-Kärber Method for Estimating the T50 of Cold Stressed Flower Buds1
Authors: Bittenbender H. C. , Howell Gordon S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Survival data for cold stressed blueberry flower buds are used to demonstrate application of the Spearman-Kärber (S-K) method for estimating T50. Quantal responses are used. The S-K method determines the T50 for buds stressed over a range of temperatures which produce 0 to 100% bud survival. The general equation can accommodate data containing unequal temperature intervals and unequal numbers of observations per temperature treatment. A single statistic, S, can be calculated using a second equation which is an unbiased indicator of the variance of the temperature-percent survival curve around the T50 point. The major advantages of the S-K method are speed, adaptability to computer programming, and accuracy with small sample sizes. Agreement is within 0.5°C of graphically determined T50 values.
Overcoming Self-incompatibility in Apple with Killed Compatible Pollen1,2
Authors: Dayton Daniel F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Viable ‘Delicious’ pollen set nearly 20% of emasculated ‘McIntosh’ flowers, while self-pollination resulted in O set. The set resulting from a mixture of self + killed ‘Delicious’ (recognition) pollen exceeded that from viable ‘Delicious’ pollen. While self-pollination of emasculated ‘Golden Delicious’ flowers produced a small set, viable ‘Delicious’ pollen set nearly 4 times as many fruits. A mixture of self + recognition pollen was slightly more effective than was viable ‘Delicious’ pollen.
Seed numbers in ‘McIntosh’ fruits set with self + recognition pollen were only slightly lower than in those set with viable pollen of ‘Delicious’. In ‘Golden Delicious’, however, the mean seed content of fruits set with ‘Delicious’ pollen was 3 times greater than in those set with self + recognition pollen. The mean seed content of the few ‘Golden Delicious’ fruits set by traditional self-pollination was lower than in those fruits set with self + recognition pollen.
Sorption of Ozone by Nine Shade Tree Species
Authors: Townsend Alden M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Significant interspecific and intraspecific variation was demonstrated in the rate of foliar sorption of ozone at a concentration of 0.20 ppm. White oak and white birch leaves removed the largest quantities per hour on both a per-g and per-dm2 basis. Red maple and white ash were the least efficient; coliseum maple, sugar maple, redvein maple, Ohio buckeye, and sweetgum were intermediate in rate of ozone removal. Differences in ozone uptake also were significant among 4 seed-source progenies of red maple. A group of seedlings from Pennsylvania demonstrated higher rates of sorption than progenies from Maine, Minnesota, and Alabama. Although significant, the differences among the red maple progenies were not as great as differences in ozone uptake rate among most species. Sorption rates by white birch seedlings increased linearly with increasing ozone concentration from 0 to 0.80 ppm. Red maple seedlings showed a linear increase in sorption rate from 0 to 0.50 ppm; from 0.50 to 0.80 ppm, ozone uptake rate continued to increase with increases in concentration, but not linearly. During a continuous 8-hr fumigation at 0.20 ppm, the rate of foliar uptake of ozone by white birch seedlings decreased only 5%. Removal of ozone by red maple foliage dropped rapidly after 6 hours of continuous exposure, and after 8 hours the rate had decreased to 40% of the original rate.
Inheritance of Flower and Foliage Characteristics in Mountain Laurel (Kalmia latifolia L.)1
Authors: Jaynes Richard A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Many unusual forms of mountain laurel are under simple genetic control. Myrtifolia (m) and polypetala (p) appear to be controlled by single recessive genes. Two types of banding on the inside of the corolla, fuscata (B) and star-ring (Sr), are apparently controlled by single dominant genes: a recessive lethal trait for albino seedlings occurred among some of the banded crosses. Flower color inheritance is complex. True breeding red-budded or white flowered seedlings have been secured, and true breeding pinks appear possible. Red-bud is recessive to white and wild type.
Increased Tomato Fruit Development by CO2 Enrichment1,2
Authors: Knecht G. N. , O'Leary J. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato plants, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Floradel, were grown in environments of 400, 800, or 1200 ppm CO2. Otherwise, identical environmental parameters were maintained. Two successive harvests were made: 1) 50 days from seeding, 2) 64 days from seeding. No significant differences occurred in vegetative growth of plants grown under the 3 CO2 levels. While there was no ultimate difference in either the number or development of flowers, plants growing in 800 and 1200 ppm CO2 environments had both a significantly greater fruit number and greater fruit weight than plants growing in the lower CO2 level of 400 ppm.
Changes in Water Relations of Cornus stolonifera During Cold Acclimation1
Authors: McKenzie J. S. , Weiser C. J. , Li P. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Stomatal resistance of leaves, water absorption through roots, and water content of stem internodes was evaluated during cold acclimation of red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera Michx.). Four weeks of short-days at 20/15°C resulted in a significant reduction in stem water content. This reduction was related to water lost from pith cells as this tissue senesced sequentially in successively younger internodes from the stem base to its apex at autumn growth cessation. A 1.5 fold decrease in relative stomatal resistance of leaves and a 3.5 fold increase in resistance to water flow though roots at 0.15 bars tension occurred prior to hardening to -12°C.
Additional hardening to -40°C resulted in a 28 fold increase in resistance to forced water flow through roots and equalization of water content in all internodes. Thereafter, water content remained constant but stems continued to harden to temperatures below -65°C.
Comparison of resistance to forced water flow through living and dead roots from hardy and tender plants suggested there was a decrease in the permeability of root cells to water during the initial (-12°C) stage of acclimation. Root surfaces became suberized, as acclimation progressed, giving rise to an additional barrier to water uptake in roots of very hardy plants (-45°C). It seems likely that the decrease in hydration of overwintering stems during cold acclimation results from a decreased stomatal resistance and increased root resistance to water movement.
Effects of Low Ethephon Concentrations on Quality of ‘McIntosh’ Apples1
Authors: Greene D. W. , Lord W. J. , Bramlage W. J. , Southwick F. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Red color development of ‘McIntosh’ apples that previously received a mid-July application of succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) and were then treated before harvest with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) occurred earlier and more extensively than on controls. Fruit receiving 150 or 250 ppm ethephon were less firm within 7 or 8 days than fruit receiving only SADH. The respiratory climacteric was advanced 6 to 10 days by ethephon treatments as low as 25 ppm. Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was less effective than 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid (fenoprop) in preventing preharvest drop, especially at higher ethephon concentrations. Fruit from all treatments kept well in both CA and air storage provided they were in good condition at harvest. Scald developed to a greater extent on stored fruit that had received ethephon than on controls.
Stimulation of Yam (Dioscorea) Tuber Growth by Gamma Irradiation1
Authors: Martin Franklin W. , Koo Francis K. S. , Cuevas Jose 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Treatment of aerial tubers and underground tuber pieces of Dioscorea alata L. the 10-month yam, with about 1250 rads of gamma irradiation stimulated tuber germination, vegetative growth, and tuber yield. Higher dosages reduced viability and yields. When different parts of the tuber were irradiated, a slight yield stimulation occurred when the developing shoot was treated, but treatment of parts of the tuber reduced yield. Effects of irradiation disappeared entirely in the second vegetative generation after irradiation.
Short- and Long-term Effects of Antitranspirants on Water Relations and Photosynthesis of Woody Plants1,2
Authors: Davies W. J. , Kozlowski T. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Each of 8 antitranspirants reduced transpiration of 2 species of woody plants. Dow Silicone and CS 6432 were the most effective compounds on Fraxinus americana and Dow Silicone was effective on Pinus resinosa. Keykote, Folicote and Improved Wilt Pruf showed an increased effect on plant water loss and net photosynthesis (measured by net CO2 uptake) of P. resinosa up to 8 days after compound application. Thereafter there was no significant change in the effect of any compound on transpiration or photosynthesis. Effects on F. americana of all compounds except Improved Wilt Pruf decreased with time after application. Scanning electron micrographs of treated leaves suggested that antitranspirant films on F. americana leaves cracked over the guard cell pore, accounting for the decrease in compound effect with time. Antitranspirants apparently reduced water loss of P. resinosa by combining with wax in the stomatal pore and forming an impermeable plug. The compounds tested were toxic to F. americana seedlings and photosynthesis of treated plants decreased with time, even when direct physical effect of a compound had worn off. Pinus resinosa seedlings showed no decrease in photosynthesis with time. F. americana plants treated with Keykote exhibited low rates of water loss and transpiration/photosynthesis ratios that were not significantly different from those of control plants. Folicote was toxic, and Clear Spray increased water loss of F. americana seedlings. Dow Silicone reduced water loss of Pinus seedlings by about 80%, and plants treated with Dow Silicone, Improved Wilt Pruf, Keykote, or Folicote had favorable transpiration/photosynthesis ratios. The effects of antitranspirants on transpiration and photosynthesis were greatly influenced by environmental regimes and by species.
An Exothermic Process Involved in the Freezing Injury to Flower Buds of Several Prunus Species1
Authors: Quamme H. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Freezing injury to overwintering flower buds of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.), European plum (P. domestica L.), Japanese plum (P. salicina Lindl.), peach (P. persica (L.) Batsch.), sweet cherry (P. avium L.) and sour cherry (P. cerasus L.) was found to be associated with an exothermic process detected on the time temperature profile. This exothermic process varied with seasonal fluctuations in the hardiness of 2 peach cultivars and was consistent with the hardiness of 5 cultivars tested on 3 dates during winter. No similar exotherm was detected in pear and apple. These results suggest that flower bud injury in some Prunus species was related to a specific event that involved freezing of a ‘bound’ or ‘supercooled’ fraction of water. This fraction of water remained unfrozen in the flower bud until the temperature fell below a critical level which in our studies was as low as -27°C. Exotherm flower bud hardiness in these fruit species.
Effect of Leaves on Carbohydrate Content and Movement of 14C-Assimilate in Plum Cuttings1
Authors: Breen Patrick J. , Muraoka Tom 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The top leaf of fresh softwood cuttings of ‘Marianna 2624’ plum (Prunus cerasifera × Prunus munsoniana) was exposed to 14CO2 and the effect of leaf area and indolebutyric acid (IBA) on rooting and distribution of 14c was assessed. IBA enhanced the rooting of cuttings with 1/2 or 3 leaves, whereas leafless cuttings failed to root regardless of treatment. Most of the 14C remained in the upper portion of the stem adjacent to the treated leaf; the mid-stem segment acquired about 40% of the activity. Little radioactivity reached the base of fresh cuttings, but upon rooting it accumulated 4 times the percentage of 14c found in comparable non-rooting bases. In all cuttings the incorporation of 14C into starch was much greater in the mid-stem than in the base. As much as 75% of the radioactivity in rooted bases was recovered in a residue remaining after ethanol soluble substances and starch were removed. The level of starch declined continually in the base but decreased in the mid-stem only at the end of the study. The concentration of sugars in both segments was relatively constant while that of sorbitol declined markedly and was hardly detectable in rooted bases. The largest loss of carbohydrates occurred in the bases treated with IBA. The similarity in levels and trends of carbohydrate utlization in the bases of cuttings with or without leaves indicated that in this cultivar the stimulatory effect of leaves on rooting is not associated with their being a source of carbohydrates.
Uptake, Transport and Metabolism of (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium Chloride in Seedlings of Almond (Prunus amygdalus, Batsch.)1
Authors: Intrieri C. , Ryugo K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Radioactivity in almond seedlings treated with (2-chloroethyl)-trimethylammonium chloride (CCC, Cycocel) labelled in the 1 and 2 positions was initially translocated acropetally from the fully expanded treated leaf to younger leaves and growing point. After 2 days, basipetal movement occurred, establishing a shoot to root gradient for 6 days after which 14C became randomly distributed within the plant. 14CO2 was evolved in the highest amount within 2 hr after application, then the rate diminished until the 4th day; the amount evolved thereafter, until the 10th day, was fairly constant. Paper chromatography of methanolic extracts disclosed 17 known amino acids and an unidentified ninhydrin-positive substance, plus malic and citric acids which were all radioactive. Two other radioactive bands which co-chromatographed with choline and 2-chloroethylamine were also detected in extracts of treated leaves. Based on these observations, a tentative pathway of Cycocel catabolism is proposed.