bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of q-Rung Orthopair Trapezoidal Fuzzy Einstein Aggregation Operators and Their Application in MCGDM Problems
Authors: Sarkar Arun , Biswas Animesh , Kundu Moitreyee 
Published: April 2022

Compared to previous extensions, the q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets are superior to intuitionistic ones and Pythagorean ones because they allow decision-makers to use a more extensive domain to present judgment arguments. The purpose of this study is to explore the multicriteria group decision-making (MCGDM) problem with the q-rung orthopair trapezoidal fuzzy (q-ROTrF) context by employing Einstein t-conorms and t-norms. Firstly, some arithmetical operations for q-ROTrF numbers, such as Einstein-based sum, product, scalar multiplication, and exponentiation, are introduced based on Einstein t-conorms and t-norms. Then, Einstein operations-based averaging and geometric aggregation operators (AOs), viz., q-ROTrF Einstein weighted averaging and weighted geometric operators, are developed. Further, some prominent characteristics of the suggested operators are investigated. Then, based on defined AOs, a MCGDM model with q-ROTrF numbers is developed. In accordance with the proposed operators and the developed model, two numerical examples are illustrated. The impacts of the rung parameter on decision results are also analyzed in detail to reflect the suitability and supremacy of the developed approach.

Received: 25 January 2022 | Revised: 30 March 2022 | Accepted: 11 April 2022

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.
Surgical Site Infection (SSI) Surveillance Program for Mastectomy in the Department of Surgery of the University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital
Authors: Macalindong Shiela S. , Ramirez Arjel D. , Lapitan Marie Carmela M. 
Published: April 2022

Background. Mastectomy is a common surgical procedure done worldwide. Surgical site infection (SSI) is a common healthcare-associated infection. Mastectomy SSIs are frequently under-reported.
Objectives. The study aimed to determine the incidence of SSI among mastectomy cases of the Department of Surgery, University of the Philippines – Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH) during one year of full implementation of the Surgical Site Infection Surveillance Program and evaluate the program’s surveillance follow-up rate.
Methods. This study was an observational practice audit research that included all adult patients who underwent a mastectomy in UP-PGH from January 1, 2018, to January 31, 2019, when the SSI Surveillance Program was fully implemented. SSI was monitored and assessed during the patient’s hospital stay, on the day of hospital discharge, and at 30 days (± 2 days) after surgery, either during an outpatient visit or via phone call by a nurse navigator. SSI frequency for mastectomy was computed both during the in-hospital stay and at 30 days after surgery. Surveillance follow-up rate, defined as the proportion of patients who could follow-up up to 30 days after surgery, was determined.
Results. The 30-day SSI rate for mastectomy was 6.8% (19/279). All 279 patients were followed up to 30 days after surgery. Of the 279 patients, 277 (99.3%) were through clinic visits, one was through phone calls, and one was still admitted to the hospital.
Conclusion. Full implementation of the SSI Surveillance Program for mastectomy in UP-PGH for one year showed a higher SSI rate than in published international literature. The program had a complete 30-day patient follow-up, contributing to more accurate SSI reporting. Implementing an SSI surveillance program with standardized protocols, dedicated personnel, patient education component, and the analysis of the information derived from such programs can improve an institution's quality of surgical care.
Opinion: Insights into updating Ambient Air Quality Directive 2008/50/EC
Authors: Kuula Joel , Timonen Hilkka , Niemi Jarkko V. , Manninen Hanna E. , Rönkkö Topi , Hussein Tareq , Fung Pak Lun , Tarkoma Sasu , Laakso Mikko , Saukko Erkka , Ovaska Aino , Kulmala Markku , Karppinen Ari , Johansson Lasse , Petäjä Tuukka 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. As evidence of adverse health effects due to air
pollution continues to increase, the World Health Organization (WHO) recently
published its latest edition of the global air quality guidelines (World Health Organization, 2021). Although
not legally binding, the guidelines aim to provide a framework in which
policymakers can combat air pollution by formulating evidence-based air
quality management strategies. In the light of this, the European Union has
stated its intent to revise the current ambient air quality directive
(2008/50/EC) to more closely resemble the newly published WHO
guidelines (European Commission, 2020). This article provides an informed
opinion on selected features of the air quality directive that we believe
would benefit from a reassessment. The selected features include discussion
about (1) air quality sensors as a part of a hierarchical observation network,
(2) the number of minimum sampling points and their siting criteria, and (3) new
target air pollution parameters for future consideration.
Investigation of ice cloud modeling capabilities for the irregularly shaped Voronoi ice scattering models in climate simulations
Authors: Li Ming , Letu Husi , Peng Yiran , Ishimoto Hiroshi , Lin Yanluan , Nakajima Takashi Y. , Baran Anthony J. , Guo Zengyuan , Lei Yonghui , Shi Jiancheng 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Both weather–climate models and ice cloud remote sensing applications need to obtain effective ice crystal scattering (ICS) properties and the
parameterization scheme. An irregularly shaped Voronoi ICS model has been
suggested to be effective in remote sensing applications for several
satellite programs, e.g., Himawari-8, GCOM-C (Global Change Observation
Mission–Climate) and EarthCARE (Earth Cloud Aerosol and Radiation Explorer).
As continuation work of Letu et al. (2016), an ice cloud optical property
parameterization scheme (Voronoi scheme) of the Voronoi ICS model is
employed in the Community Integrated Earth System Model (CIESM) to simulate
the optical and radiative properties of ice clouds. We utilized the
single-scattering properties (extinction efficiency, single-scattering
albedo and asymmetry factor) of the Voronoi model from the ultraviolet to
the infrared, combined with 14 408 particle size distributions obtained from
aircraft measurements to complete the Voronoi scheme. The Voronoi scheme and
existing schemes (Fu, Mitchell, Yi and Baum-yang05) are applied to the CIESM
to simulate 10-year global cloud radiative effects during 2001–2010. Simulated
globally averaged cloud radiative forcings at the top of the atmosphere (TOA)
for Voronoi and the other four existing schemes are compared to the Clouds and
the Earth's Radiant Energy System Energy Balanced and Filled (EBAF) product.
The results show that the differences in shortwave and longwave
globally averaged cloud radiative forcing at the TOA between the Voronoi
scheme simulations and EBAF products are 1.1 % and 1.4 %, which are
lower than those of the other four schemes. Particularly for regions (from
30∘ S to 30∘ N) where ice clouds occur frequently, the
Voronoi scheme provides the closest match with EBAF products compared with the
other four existing schemes. The results in this study fully demonstrated
the effectiveness of the Voronoi ICS model in the simulation of the
radiative properties of ice clouds in the climate model.
Climate and ocean circulation in the aftermath of a Marinoan snowball Earth
Authors: Ramme Lennart , Marotzke Jochem 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. When a snowball Earth deglaciates through a very high atmospheric CO2 concentration, the resulting inflow of freshwater leads to a stably stratified ocean, and the strong greenhouse conditions drive the climate into a very warm state. Here, we use a coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model, applying different scenarios for the evolution of atmospheric CO2, to conduct the first simulation of the climate and the three-dimensional ocean circulation in the aftermath of the Marinoan snowball Earth. The simulations show that the strong freshwater stratification breaks up on a timescale of the order of 103 years, mostly independent of the applied CO2 scenario. This is driven by the upwelling of salty waters in high latitudes, mainly the Northern Hemisphere, where a strong circumpolar current dominates the circulation. In the warmest CO2 scenario, the simulated Marinoan supergreenhouse climate reaches a global mean surface temperature of about 30 ∘C under an atmospheric CO2 concentration of 15×103 parts per million by volume, which is a moderate temperature compared to previous estimates. Consequently, the thermal expansion of seawater causes a sea-level rise of only 8 m, with most of it occurring during the first 3000 years. Our results imply that the surface temperatures of that time were potentially not as threatening for early metazoa as previously assumed. Furthermore, the short destratification timescale found in this study implies that Marinoan cap dolostones accumulated during the deglacial period, given that they were deposited under the influence of a freshwater environment.
Dynamic boreal summer atmospheric circulation response as negative feedback to Greenland melt during the MIS-11 interglacial
Authors: Crow Brian R. , Prange Matthias , Schulz Michael 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The unique alignment of orbital precession and obliquity
during the Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS-11) interglacial produced perhaps
the longest period of planetary warmth above preindustrial conditions in
the past 800 kyr. Reconstructions point to a significantly reduced Greenland ice sheet volume during this period as a result, although the remaining extent and volume of the ice sheet are poorly constrained. A series of time slice simulations across MIS-11 using a coupled climate model indicates that boreal summer was particularly warm around Greenland and the high latitudes
of the Atlantic sector for a period of at least 20 kyr. This state of
reduced atmospheric baroclinicity, coupled with an enhanced and
poleward-shifted intertropical convergence zone and North African monsoon,
favored weakened high-latitude winds and the emergence of a single, unified
midlatitude jet stream across the North Atlantic sector during boreal
summer. Consequent reductions in the lower-tropospheric meridional eddy heat
flux over the North Atlantic therefore emerge as negative feedback to
additional warming over Greenland. The relationship between Greenland
precipitation and the state of the North Atlantic jet is less apparent, but
slight changes in summer precipitation appear to be dominated by increases
during the remainder of the year. Such a dynamic state is surprising, as it
bears stronger resemblance to the unified-jet state postulated as typical
for glacial states than to the modern-day interglacial state.
Compilation of a database of Holocene nearshore marine mollusk shell geochemistry from the California Current System
Authors: Palmer Hannah M. , Padilla Vriesman Veronica , Banker Roxanne M. W. , Bean Jessica R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The shells of marine invertebrates can serve as high-resolution records of
oceanographic and atmospheric change through time. In particular, oxygen and
carbon isotope analyses of nearshore marine calcifiers that grow by
accretion over their lifespans provide seasonal records of environmental and
oceanographic conditions. Archaeological shell middens generated by
Indigenous communities along the northwest coast of North America contain
shells harvested over multiple seasons for millennia. These shell middens,
as well as analyses of archival and modern shells, have the potential to
provide multi-site, seasonal archives of nearshore conditions throughout the
Holocene. A significant volume of oxygen and carbon isotope data from
archaeological shells exist, yet they are separately published in archaeological,
geochemical, and paleoceanographic journals and have not been comprehensively
analyzed to examine oceanographic change over time. Here, we compiled a
database of previously published oxygen and carbon isotope data from
archaeological, archival, and modern marine mollusks from the California
Current System (North American coast of the northeast Pacific, 32 to
55∘ N). This database includes oxygen and carbon isotope data from 598
modern, archaeological, and sub-fossil shells from 8880 years before present
(BP) to the present, from which there are 4917 total δ13C and
7366 total δ18O measurements. Shell dating and sampling
strategies vary among studies (1–345 samples per shell, mean 44.7 samples
per shell) and vary significantly by journal discipline. Data are from
various bivalves and gastropod species, with Mytilus spp. being the most commonly
analyzed taxon. This novel database can be used to investigate changes in
nearshore sea surface conditions including warm–cool oscillations, heat
waves, and upwelling intensity, and it provides nearshore calcium carbonate
δ13C and δ18O values that can be compared to the
vast collections of offshore foraminiferal calcium carbonate δ13C and δ18O data from marine sediment cores. By
utilizing previously published geochemical data from midden and museum
shells rather than sampling new specimens, future scientific research can
reduce or omit the alteration or destruction of culturally valued specimens
and sites. The dataset is publicly available through PANGAEA at
https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.941373 (Palmer et al.,
2021).
A combined use of in situ and satellite-derived observations to characterize surface hydrology and its variability in the Congo River basin
Authors: Kitambo Benjamin , Papa Fabrice , Paris Adrien , Tshimanga Raphael M. , Calmant Stephane , Fleischmann Ayan Santos , Frappart Frederic , Becker Melanie , Tourian Mohammad J. , Prigent Catherine , Andriambeloson Johary 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The Congo River basin (CRB) is the second largest river system in the world, but its hydroclimatic characteristics remain relatively poorly known. Here, we jointly analyse a large record of in situ and satellite-derived observations, including a long-term time series of surface water height (SWH) from radar altimetry (a total of 2311 virtual stations) and surface water extent (SWE) from a multi-satellite technique, to characterize the CRB surface hydrology and its variability. First, we show that SWH from altimetry multi-missions agrees well with in situ water stage at various locations, with the root mean square deviation varying from 10 cm (with Sentinel-3A) to 75 cm (with European Remote Sensing satellite-2). SWE variability from multi-satellite observations also shows a plausible behaviour over a ∼25-year period when evaluated against in situ observations from the subbasin to basin scale. Both datasets help to better characterize the large spatial and temporal variability in hydrological patterns across the basin, with SWH exhibiting an annual amplitude of more than 5 m in the northern subbasins, while the Congo River main stream and Cuvette Centrale tributaries vary in smaller proportions (1.5 to 4.5 m). Furthermore, SWH and SWE help illustrate the spatial distribution and different timings of the CRB annual flood dynamic and how each subbasin and tributary contribute to the hydrological regime at the outlet of the basin (the Brazzaville/Kinshasa station), including its peculiar bimodal pattern. Across the basin, we estimate the time lag and water travel time to reach the Brazzaville/Kinshasa station to range from 0–1 month in its vicinity in downstream parts of the basin and up to 3 months in remote areas and small tributaries. Northern subbasins and the central Congo region contribute highly to the large peak in December–January, while the southern part of the basin supplies water to both hydrological peaks, in particular to the moderate one in April–May. The results are supported using in situ observations at several locations in the basin. Our results contribute to a better characterization of the hydrological variability in the CRB and represent an unprecedented source of information for hydrological modelling and to study hydrological processes over the region.
Estimating soil moisture conditions for drought monitoring with random forests and a simple soil moisture accounting scheme
Authors: Tramblay Yves , Quintana Seguí Pere 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Soil moisture is a key variable for drought monitoring, but soil moisture
measurements networks are very scarce. Land-surface models can provide a
valuable alternative for simulating soil moisture dynamics, but only a few
countries have such modelling schemes implemented for monitoring soil
moisture at high spatial resolution. In this study, a soil moisture accounting model (SMA) was regionalized over the Iberian Peninsula, taking
as a reference the soil moisture simulated by a high-resolution land-surface model. To estimate the soil water holding capacity, the sole parameter required to run the SMA model, two approaches were compared: the direct estimation from European soil maps using pedotransfer functions or an indirect estimation by a machine learning approach, random forests, using as predictors altitude, temperature, precipitation, potential evapotranspiration and land use. Results showed that the random forest model estimates are more robust, especially for estimating low soil moisture levels. Consequently, the proposed approach can provide an efficient way to simulate daily soil moisture and therefore monitor soil moisture droughts, in contexts where high-resolution soil maps are not available, as it relies on a set of covariates that can be reliably estimated from global databases.
Paschimi Rajasthan mein pawan chakkiyon dwara vidyut utpadan hetu vayu vishleshan
Authors: VISHNOI BADRI NARAYAN 
Published: April 2022

Generation of electrical energy from wind-mills, has assumed significant importance in the context of the energy crisis over the world community. As the fossil fuels are limited and regular consumption of the same causes the air pollution and global warming, hence it is time to adopt un-traditional methods like solar-energy, wind-energy, hydro-energy and tidal-energy in addition to traditional methods.
Subtropical region where most of the world's deserts are spreaded and heat low formed as the day progress and a shallow level strong wind ( Aandhi ) starts to blow from May to August. Four frontiers district of Western Rajasthan (i.e., Jaisalmer, Bikaner, Jodhpur and Barmer has been selected, where huge area of land is in the form of hillock and sand-dunes) can be utilized by installation of wind-mills with proper management, selection of location, type & design of wind-mills.
Wind recorded by anemometer on every synoptic hour has been classified into four categories i.e., light wind (L= 0 to 9 kmph ), moderate wind (M=10 to 14 kmph), strong wind (S=15 to 19 kmph) and very strong wind (VS= 20 kmph & above). Wind speed data were collected for all the four stations for ten years period (1 January 1999 to 31 December 2008 ). Category wise frequency distributions for all the stations have prepared. To get-rid of green house gases effect of air pollution, un-traditional energy development methods have to be implemented for safer environment and development of agriculture and industrialisation.
Concomitant Glenohumeral Instability and Rotator Cuff Injury: An Epidemiologic and Case-Control Analysis in Military Cadets
Authors: Zhou Liang , Gee Shawn M. , Posner Matthew A. , Cameron Kenneth L. 
Published: April 2022

Introduction:
Concomitant rotator cuff tear and glenohumeral instability in a large cohort of young and active patients has not been examined. The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence, associated variables, and outcomes in military cadets undergoing shoulder stabilization procedures with these concomitant pathologies.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort study of a consecutive series of collegiate patients who underwent shoulder stabilization from 2014 to 2018 at a single service academy was conducted. Exclusion criteria were noncadets, revision instability cases, multidirectional instability, and prior rotator cuff repair. A nested case-control analysis was done in a matched series of patients with and without MRI evidence of rotator cuff tear. Baseline demographics, VAS pain scale, physical therapy duration, and time to surgery were analyzed. Postoperative metrics included rate of recurrent instability, subjective outcomes, VAS pain scale, and military-specific criteria.

Results:
Three hundred twenty-four cadets met the inclusion criteria, including 272 men and 52 women averaging 20.53 ± 1.80 years of age. MRI demonstrated concomitant rotator cuff tears in 5.56% of cases. A matched case-control comparison between patients with (rotator cuff tear group) and without (no rotator cuff tear group) rotator cuff tear showed no differences in preoperative data, recurrent instability rate, or postoperative VAS pain scores (0.24 versus 0.88, P = 0.207) at mean 44-month follow-up. Fifteen of 17 patients (88.2%) in each group returned to full activity (P > 0.999). No patients failed to graduate due to shoulder concerns. No patients in the rotator cuff tear group underwent a medical board for separation from the military compared with 2 (11.8%) in the no rotator cuff tear group (P = 0.163).

Conclusions:
The incidence of concomitant rotator cuff tears in this study of military cadets undergoing shoulder stabilization was 5.56%. In a matched cohort comparison, the presence of a rotator cuff tear on preoperative MRI was not associated with inferior clinical outcomes.
الدوافع النفس-إجتماعية للعمالة النسوية في الجزائر :من حالة بطالة إلى حالة هشاشة مهنية
Authors: سعدي نوال 
Published: April 2022

يعالج موضوع البحث العمالة النسوية في الجزائر التي برزت مؤخرا كانشط وفاعل إإجتماعي على مستوى كل الأصعدة الإقتصادية والإجتماعية والتقافية، بإعتبار العمل ضرورة أساسية وميزان الحياة االعامة للفرد والمرأة العاملة بالخصوص، وهذا راجع إلى تحقيق جملة من الدوافع النفسية والإجتماعية والتعليمية لإثبات ذاتها ووجودها في المجتمع ،حيث خلصت الدراسة إلى تحصيل جملة من المؤشرات التي كانت من بين الأسياب والآثار في خروج المراة للعمل في مهن ذات طابع هش وكانت البطالة من أهم الدوافع والمشكلات الإجتماعية التي تضاربت معها الفئة النسوية في ظل ظروف إجتماعية ونفسية صعبة.
معالجة تربوية لظاهرة التسرب في الوسط المدرسي – دراسة حالة الثانويات بالجزائر-
Authors: Tebbouche Sabrina 
Published: April 2022

لقد أثار تفشي ظاهرة التسرب المدرسي قلق الكثير من المربين والمثقفين والسياسيين والمهتمين بالاقتصاد التربوي ولقد أولت الكثير من الحكومات اهتماما خاصا من أجل دراسة هذه الظاهرة و البحث عن أسبابها وإيجاد الحلول المناسبة لعلاجها اذ تعد من الآفات التي تواجه العملية التعليمية ومستقبل الأجيال في معظم المجتمعات لكونها إهدار تربوي لا يقتصر أثره على التلميذ فحسب بل يتعدى ذلك إلى جميع نواحي المجتمع ، ونهدف من خلال هذه الدراسة إلى معالجة ظاهرة التسرب في الوسط المدرسي معالجة تربوية نتعرف من خلالها على تفشي الظاهيرة وماهي الحلول البيداغوجية المقترحة
حيث توصلت الدراسة إلى أنه هناك عدة أسباب للظاهرة التسرب في الثانويات بالجزائر باعتبار هذه المرحلة حسب تقرير البنك الدولي 2011 الأسرع في النمو بين جميع قطاعات التعليم النظامي مما جعل هذه الحركية السريعة تقترن بظهور مؤشرات سلبية كثيرة متعلقة بزيادة حالات الفشل الدراسي والتسرب المدرسي.
الكلمات المفتاحية: التسرب –الوسط المدرسي – مؤسسات التعليم الثانوي