bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving vaccination rates in older adults and at-risk groups: focus on pertussis
Authors: Choi Jung-Hyun , Correia de Sousa Jaime , Fletcher Monica , Gabutti Giovanni , Harrington Lauriane , Holden Michael , Kim Hyungwoo , Michel Jean-Pierre , Mukherjee Piyali , Nolan Terry , Welte Tobias , Maggi Stefania 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDespite the implementation of effective paediatric vaccination programmes, pertussis remains a global health problem. Disease epidemiology has changed over time, shifting towards the adolescent and adult populations. In adults, the true burden of pertussis is greatly underestimated and pertussis vaccine coverage rates are suboptimal, including individuals with chronic conditions. Here, we report the outcomes of a virtual international scientific workshop to assess the evidence on the burden of pertussis in older adults and identify potential solutions to improve uptake of pertussis vaccines. In adults, pertussis is underdiagnosed in part due to atypical or milder clinical presentation and the lack of testing and case confirmation. However, contemporary epidemiological data denoted an increase in the burden of pertussis among adolescents and adults. This might be related to a variety of reasons including the waning of immunity over time, the lack of booster vaccination, and the improved diagnostic methods that led to increased recognition of the disease in adults. Pertussis sequelae can be severe in older adults, particularly those with existing chronic medical conditions, and the vulnerability of these groups is further enhanced by low pertussis vaccine coverage. Possible measures to increase vaccine uptake include strengthening and harmonisation of immunisation guidelines, healthcare professionals taking a more active role in recommending pertussis vaccination, involvement of vaccination centres and pharmacies in the vaccination process, and improving knowledge of pertussis burden and vaccine efficacy among the general population.
Racial Bias Correlates with States Having Fewer Health Professional Shortage Areas and Fewer Federally Qualified Community Health Center Sites
Authors: Snowden Lonnie R. , Michaels Eli 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Federally Qualified Community Health Centers (FQHCs), serving Health Professional Shortage Areas (HPSAs), are fixtures of the healthcare safety net and are central to healthcare delivery for African Americans and other marginalized Americans. Anti-African American bias, tied to anti- “welfare” sentiment and to a belief in African Americans’ supposed safety net dependency, can suppress states’ willingness to identify HPSAs and to apply for and operate FQHCs. Drawing on data from n = 1,084,553 non-Hispanic White Project Implicit respondents from 2013–2018, we investigated associations between state-level implicit and explicit racial bias and availability of FQHCs and with HPSA designations. After controlling for states’ sociopolitical conservatism, wealth, health status, and acceptance of the Affordable Care Act’s Medicaid expansion, greater racial bias was correlated with fewer FQHC delivery sites and fewer HPSA designations. White’s bias against African Americans is associated with fewer FQHC opportunities for care and fewer identifications of treatment need for African Americans and other low-income people lacking healthcare options, reflecting bias-influenced neglect.
From a Financial to an Entity Model of ESG
Authors: MacNeil Iain , Esser Irene-marié 
Published: January 2022

AbstractESG investing evolved over time from the earlier concept of CSR. The process of evolution moved the focus from the external impact of corporate activities to the risk and return implications for financial investors of failing to address ESG issues in their portfolio selection and corporate engagement. The bridge between the two approaches was the framing of sustainability in the early part of the millennium as an overarching concept that could be mapped onto the supply of capital and the techniques employed by institutional investors. The financial model of ESG investing is now the standard approach around the world and is reflected in ESG ratings, codes, guidance and regulatory rules. It focuses on the role of capital and investors in driving change in sustainability practices and pays much less attention to the role of board decision-making and directors’ fiduciary duties. In this research, we trace the origins and trajectory of this change in emphasis from CSR to ESG and attempt to explain why it occurred. We identify shortcomings in the financial model of ESG investing and propose an alternative ‘entity’ model, which we argue would more effectively promote sustainability in the corporate sector around the world.
Urban morphogenesis analysis based on geohistorical road data
Authors: El Gouj Hanae , Rincón-Acosta Christian , Lagesse Claire 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRoad networks result from a subtle balance between geographical coverage and rapid access to strategic points. An understanding of their structure is fundamental when it comes to evaluating and improving territorial accessibility. This study is designed to provide insight into the progressive structuring of territorial patterns by analyzing the evolution of road networks. Studying road network morphogenesis requires geohistorical data, provided here by historical maps from which earlier road networks can be digitized. A hypergraph is constructed from these networks by combining road segments into “ways” on the basis of a method for defining the continuity of road segments. Next, indicators are computed for these ways based on topological and geometrical features. The road patterns of three cities in the Burgundy Franche-Comte region of France (Dijon, Besançon, and Pontarlier) at three historical periods (the 18th, 19th, and twentieth centuries) are then analyzed. In this manner, their topological features and centrality characteristics can be compared from snapshots at different times and places. The innovative method proposed in this paper helps us to read features of the road patterns accurately and to make simple interpretations. It can be applied to any territory for which data is available. The results highlight the underlying structure of the three cities, reveal information about the history and the functioning of the networks, and give preliminary insights into the morphogenesis of those cities. Prospectively this work aims to identify the mechanisms that drive change in road networks. Detecting stability or variation in indicators over time can help in identifying similar behavior, despite geographic and cultural distances, as well as evolution mechanisms linked to specificities of each city. The study of road network morphogenesis can make a major contribution to understanding how road network structure affects accessibility and mobility.
Überzeugungen von Primarlehrpersonen zu Orthografie und Orthografieerwerb
Authors: Wiprächtiger-Geppert Maja , Riegler Susanne , Kusche Dorothea , Schurig Michael 
Published: January 2022

ZusammenfassungIm Beitrag wird über eine Befragung von Teilnehmer/innen einer ländervergleichenden (CH/D) Videostudie zum Rechtschreibunterricht in der Primarstufe berichtet. Dabei gilt das Erkenntnisinteresse einerseits den Überzeugungen über Orthografie und Orthografieerwerb selbst, andererseits der Bildung von Überzeugungstypen und deren Zusammenhängen mit Kontextvariablen. Ausgangspunkt der Befragung mittels Fragebogen bildet ein heuristisches Modell mit den Dimensionen Überzeugungen über den Lerngegenstand „Orthografie“, über das Unterrichten von Rechtschreiben und über die (Rechtschreib‑)Lernenden. Die Ergebnisse der Befragung sind insgesamt heterogen und spiegeln nur teilweise didaktische Diskurse wider. Es lassen sich dabei vier Überzeugungstypen generieren, die länderspezifisch verteilt sind.
Prioritizing Elective Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic Has Caused Age-Related Inequality: a Multicenter Study
Authors: Uimonen Mikko , Kuitunen Ilari , Ponkilainen Ville , Mattila Ville M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe concern has been that this prioritization has resulted in age-related inequality between patients, with the older population suffering the most. The aim of this multicenter study was to examine the differences in incidence and waiting times of elective surgeries by age during the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in Finland. Data on elective surgery (88 716 operations) were gathered from three Finnish public hospitals for the years 2017–2020. Surgery incidence and waiting times stratified by age groups (younger than 18, 18 to 49, 50 to 69, and 70 or older) were examined, and the year 2020 was compared to the reference years 2017–2019. The mean annual, monthly, and weekly waiting times were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The first COVID-19 wave decreased surgery incidence most prominently in patients younger than 18 (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.64, CI 0.60–0.68) and 70 or older (IRR 0.68, CI 0.66–0.70). After the first wave, the incidence increased in patients aged 50 to 69 and 70 or older by 22% and 29%, respectively. Among patients younger than 18, the incidence in 2020 was 15% lower. In patients younger than 18, waiting times were at mean of 43% longer in June to December compared to the reference years. In patients aged 18 to 49, 50 to 69, and 70 or older, waiting times increased in May but recovered to normal level during fall 2020. COVID-19 decreased the incidence of surgery and led to increased waiting times. Clearing of the treatment backlog started with older patients which resulted in prolonged waiting times among pediatric patients.
Cluster Headache and the Comprehension Paradox
Authors: Pohl Heiko , Gantenbein Andreas R. , Sandor Peter S. , Schoenen Jean , Andrée Colette 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPatients with primary headache disorders such as cluster headache cycle between being entirely healthy and almost completely incapacitated. Sick leave or reduced performance due to headache attacks demands flexibility by their social counterparts. The objective of this study is to test the hypothesis that headache patients cause frustration that grows with the times colleagues have to take over their work. In this study, we analysed cluster headache patients’ answers to an online questionnaire. Participants self-reported their number of sick days, the number of days on which leisure activities were missed and whether they felt understood by colleagues and family. We then investigated the correlation between the number of sick days and the proportion of patients feeling understood by colleagues and friends. We found that feeling understood by colleagues and friends decreases with a growing number of sick days. However, when sick days accrue further, this proportion increases again. The number of sick days correlates similarly with both colleagues’ and friends’ understanding. The number of cluster headache patients feeling understood by others decreases with an increasing number of sick days. Their social circles’ frustration with the patients’ failure to meet obligations and expectations are a likely reason. With a growing number of sick days, however, the portion of patients feeling understood rises again despite patients meeting others’ expectations even less. This ‘comprehension paradox’ implies the influence of other factors. We suspect that growing numbers of sick days foster understanding as the disability of the disease becomes increasingly apparent.
A quantum convolutional neural network on NISQ devices
Authors: Wei ShiJie , Chen YanHu , Zhou ZengRong , Long GuiLu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractQuantum machine learning is one of the most promising applications of quantum computing in the noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era. We propose a quantum convolutional neural network(QCNN) inspired by convolutional neural networks (CNN), which greatly reduces the computing complexity compared with its classical counterparts, with O((log2M)6) basic gates and O(m2+e) variational parameters, where M is the input data size, m is the filter mask size, and e is the number of parameters in a Hamiltonian. Our model is robust to certain noise for image recognition tasks and the parameters are independent on the input sizes, making it friendly to near-term quantum devices. We demonstrate QCNN with two explicit examples. First, QCNN is applied to image processing, and numerical simulation of three types of spatial filtering, image smoothing, sharpening, and edge detection is performed. Secondly, we demonstrate QCNN in recognizing image, namely, the recognition of handwritten numbers. Compared with previous work, this machine learning model can provide implementable quantum circuits that accurately corresponds to a specific classical convolutional kernel. It provides an efficient avenue to transform CNN to QCNN directly and opens up the prospect of exploiting quantum power to process information in the era of big data.
Tuberculosis and Diabetes in India: Stakeholder Perspectives on Health System Challenges and Opportunities for Integrated Care
Authors: Fazaludeen Koya Shaffi , Lordson Jinbert , Khan Salman , Kumar Binod , Grace Chitra , Nayar K. Rajasekharan , Kumar Vinod , Pillai Anand M. , Sadasivan Lal S. , Pillai A. Marthanda , Abdullah Abu S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
India has a dual burden of tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Integrated care for TB/DM is still in the early phase in the country and can be considerably enhanced by understanding and addressing the challenges identified from stakeholders’ perspectives. This study explored the challenges and opportunities at individual, health system and policy level for integrated care of TB/DM comorbidities in India.

Methods
We used an outlier case study approach and conducted stakeholder interviews and focus group discussions with relevant program personnel including field staff and program managers of TB and DM control programs as well as officials of partners in Indian states, Kerala and Bihar.

Results
The integrated management requires strengthening the laboratory diagnosis and drug management components of the two individual programs for TB and DM. Focused training and sensitization of healthcare workers in public and private sector across all levels is essential. A district level management unit that coordinates the two vertical programs with a horizontal integration at the primary care level is the way forward. Substantial improvement in data infrastructure is essential to improve decision-making process.

Conclusion
Bi-directional screening and management of TB/DM comorbidities in India requires substantial investment in human resources, infrastructure, drug availability, and data infrastructure.
Navigating norms and invisible rules: Explaining the case of business influence in international shipping regulation
Authors: Hendriksen Christian 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article develops a micro-level theoretical perspective of business influence in international negotiations. By drawing on organizational institutional theory, the article proposes that site-specific institutionalized norms can structure the nature and extent of business power. The article illustrates the value of this perspective through an illustrative case study of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) through interviews and participant observation of on-site dynamics during negotiations on environmental shipping regulation. The article shows how, in the case of the IMO, specific institutionalized norms and beliefs structure private actors’ possible influence and their claims to authority. In particular, strongly held beliefs about the nature of political deliberation in the IMO both constrain and enable business interests, sometimes overriding the general structural power of the shipping industry. This research implies that future scholarship of business power and lobbying should be attentive to specific institutionalized ideas structuring business actors’ range of legitimate activities, in particular in international institutions where individual negotiation sites can develop idiosyncratic norms and beliefs about the legitimacy of private actor participation.
Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Undergraduate Nursing Towards Novel Corona Virus (COVID 19)
Authors: Hasan Abd Alhadi , AlJarrah Imad 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background:
The recent emerging respiratory disease caused by the novel type of Coronavirus has been named as COVID-19. This respiratory illness has received international attention and it is categorized as a high-threat disease in the US by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. The purpose of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of undergraduate nursing students towards COVID-19.

Methods:
Descriptive cross-sectional design was used to assess knowledge, practice and attitudes of 255 undergraduate nursing students towards COVID-19. Study participants were recruited from the nursing college to Fakeeh College for Medical Sciences, between April and July, 2020.

Results:
The results of study participants showed that undergraduate nursing students had moderate knowledge of COVID-19. Also, participants had high level of knowledge regarding nature of diseases and precautionary measures by health care providers’ dimensions however, they expressed limited knowledge towards modes of transmission. Moreover, study participants demonstrated an optimistic attitude toward disease and good practice towards COVID-19.

Conclusion:
The study results revealed that the study’s participants demonstrated good knowledge with favorable and accepted practice. This study suggests the importance of emphasis on infectious disease in the nursing curriculum.
Recruitment, Readiness, and Retention of Providers at a Field Hospital During the Pandemic
Authors: Gupta Ishaan , Siddiqui Zishan K. , Phillips Mark D. , Singh Amteshwar , Eid Shaker M. , Wortman Laura , Kisuule Flora , Ficke James R. ,   CONQUER COVID Consortium, Kantsiper Melinda E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In response to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, the State of Maryland established a 250-bed emergency response field hospital at the Baltimore Convention Center to support the existing health care infrastructure. To operationalize this hospital with 65 full-time equivalent clinicians in less than 4 weeks, more than 300 applications were reviewed, 186 candidates were interviewed, and 159 clinicians were credentialed and onboarded. The key steps to achieve this undertaking involved employing multidisciplinary teams with experienced personnel, mass outreach, streamlined candidate tracking, pre-interview screening, utilizing all available expertise, expedited credentialing, and focused onboarding. To ensure staff preparedness, the leadership developed innovative team models, applied principles of effective team building, and provided “just in time” training on COVID-19 and non-COVID-19-related topics to the staff. The leadership focused on staff safety and well-being, offered appropriate financial remuneration, and provided leadership opportunities that allowed retention of staff.
A Tsunami of Cases: Challenges and Recommendations to Combat the Second Wave of the Pandemic in India
Authors: Jain Shubhika , Phadke Rachana , Dapke Kartik , Goyal Samarth , Khurana Navpreet , Thakre Akanksha , Yawalikar Aditya , Mukherjee Dattatreya , Essar Mohammad Yasir , Ahmad Shoaib , dos Santos Costa Ana Carla 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjective:India, a developing country, was hit hard by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, having reached the second position in the ranking of countries with the highest number of cases.Methods:After reaching the peak of the pandemic in September 2020, the daily number of new cases due to the disease inexplicably began to decrease, despite the relaxation and non-compliance with the restriction measures. However, since March 2021, there has been a steady increase in the number of cases reported, signaling a very devastating second wave.Results:The collapse of the Administration, collapsing of the health-care system, and insufficient vaccinations are the major causes of this condition. Understanding the factors involved and the sequence of events that led to the flattening of the contagion curve in India during the ending of 2020 is also essential, since it can helped guide the next steps in the fight against the virus.Conclusions:Contributing a greater percentage of gross domestic product toward health care seems to be the way to go as the ultimate strategy for curtailing the second wave. The advantages India has over the first wave, vaccines and a year of experience with the disease, should not be overlooked and used to its maximum in fighting against this pandemic.
Countermeasures for Health Care Disruptions During Lockdowns
Authors: Low Benjamin Chu Yuan , Yap-Tan Patricia 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Many countries did not have alternative healthcare arrangements during their initial coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdowns. This is surprising as partial and full lockdowns have been previously used to manage terrorism and the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreak of 2002–2003. This paper examines how lockdowns disrupt normal health care services and discusses countermeasures that can be used during lockdowns regardless of the emergency that engendered them. Solutions for consultations and pharmacy operations are discussed pragmatically with frontline clinicians, health care managers, and policy-makers in mind. Mental health services are used as a case in point with generalizable lessons for other healthcare specialties.
Spectral broadening for multi-Joule pulse compression in the APOLLON Long Focal Area facility
Authors: Bleotu P.-G. , Wheeler J. , Papadopoulos D. , Chabanis M. , Prudent J. , Frotin M. , Martin L. , Lebas N. , Freneaux A. , Beluze A. , Mathieu F. , Audebert P. , Ursescu D. , Fuchs J. , Mourou G. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSpectral-broadening of the APOLLON PW-class laser pulses using a thin-film compression technique within the long-focal-area interaction chamber of the APOLLON laser facility is reported, demonstrating the delivery of the full energy pulse to the target interaction area. The laser pulse at 7 J passing through large aperture, thin glass wafers is spectrally broadened to a bandwidth that is compatible with a 15-fs pulse, indicating also the possibility to achieve sub-10-fs pulses using 14 J. Placing the post-compressor near the interaction makes for an economical method to produce the shortest pulses by limiting the need for high damage, broadband optics close to the final target rather than throughout the entire laser transport system.
Using machine learning to examine drivers of inappropriate outpatient antibiotic prescribing in acute respiratory illnesses
Authors: King Laura M. , Kusnetsov Michael , Filippoupolitis Avgoustinos , Arik Deniz , Bartoces Monina , Roberts Rebecca M. , Tsay Sharon V. , Kabbani Sarah , Bizune Destani , Rathore Anirudh Singh , Valkova Silvia , Eleftherohorinou Hariklia , Hicks Lauri A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractUsing a machine-learning model, we examined drivers of antibiotic prescribing for antibiotic-inappropriate acute respiratory illnesses in a large US claims data set. Antibiotics were prescribed in 11% of the 42 million visits in our sample. The model identified outpatient setting type, patient age mix, and state as top drivers of prescribing.