bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
59 Divergent Planes of Nutrition Altered Concentrations of Hormones and Metabolites but not Semen Characteristics in Mature Rams
Authors: Bochantin Kerri A , Baumgaertner Friederike , Hurlbert Jennifer L , Menezes Ana Clara Baiao B , Kirsch James D , Dorsam Sheri L , Schauer Christopher S , Dahlen Carl R 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate impacts of divergent planes of nutrition on body weight (BW), hormone and metabolite concentrations, and semen characteristics in rams. Mature Rambouillet rams (n = 24, BW = 83.1 ± 2.64 kg) were individually housed and randomly assigned to positive (POS; n = 8), maintenance (MAINT; n = 8), or negative (NEG; n = 8) planes of nutrition for 84 d. Rams were fed a common diet with feed allocations adjusted weekly based on BW to achieve targeted weight gain or loss (approximately 12% initial BW). On d 0, 28, 56, and 84, body condition scores (BCS) and scrotal circumference (SC) were recorded, and blood and semen were collected. Blood was analyzed for triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), testosterone, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), glucose, and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Semen was collected via electroejaculation and analyzed by Computer Assisted Semen Analysis. Data were analyzed with the GLM or MIXED procedure of SAS, with ram as experimental unit and significance determined at P &lt; 0.05. By design, BW was influenced by a treatment × day interaction (P &lt; 0.0001), and daily weight change was greater (P &lt; 0.0001) for POS (0.11 ± 0.011 kg) than MAINT (0.01 ± 0.011 kg), which was greater (P &lt; 0.0001) than NEG (-0.12 ± 0.011 kg). Consequently, BCS, and SC were greater for POS than NEG as evidenced by a treatment × day interaction (P &lt; 0.0001). Concentrations of T3, IGF-1, and NEFA were increased in POS compared with NEG and MAINT by day 84 (P ≤ 0.03), whereas T4, testosterone, and glucose remained unaffected (P ≤ 0.39). No differences were observed among treatments for semen volume/concentration, motility, or morphology (P ≤ 0.49). Collectively, BW, hormone, and metabolites differed among treatments, indicating a potential for epigenetic alterations which could influence offspring outcomes.
262 Ability of Model that Predict Growing-Finishing Pigs Requirements to Predict Dietary Phosphorus Use in Replacement Gilts
Authors: Floradin Piterson , Pomar Candido , Schlegel Patrick , Lautrou Marion , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A modeling approach to predict dynamics of body phosphorus (P) and calcium (Ca) independent of soft-tissue growth in growing-finishing pigs has been developed (Lautrou et al., 2020). Considering that the feeding of replacement gilts differs from that of growing pigs, this study was investigated to evaluate the ability of this model and other available models for growing-finishing pigs (INRAE of Jondreville and Dourmad, 2005; NRC, 2012; CVB of Bikker et Block, 2017) to predict body P and Ca retention in gilts. Data from gilts fed in 2 phases (Growing (C): 55-95 kg, finishing: 95-140 kg) was used to evaluate the models. In the first phase, the gilts received a diet that provided 100% of the Ca and P requirements (C100; 2.1 g of digestible P) ad libitum. In the finishing phase, the gilts received a control diet (F100; 2.1 g of digestible P) or a rich diet providing 160% of the requirements (F160; 3.5 g of digestible P), and daily feed intake and the energy content was reduced for a gain of 700 g/d. Body composition data were used to evaluate the predictive ability of the model according to the mean square error of prediction (MSEP) and its subdivision into central tendency error (CTE), regression (RE) and disturbance (DE). At 95 kg, the proposed model adequately predicted body P (MSPE=2.26%, CTE=0.016%, RE=13.4% and DE=86.5%), while the other models had a higher CTE, thus indicating an underestimation. At 140 kg, accuracy of predictions decreased for all models, with the proposed model overestimating body P and the other models underestimating it. These results will help adapt existing models to replacement gilts.
63 Effects of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus Deficiency on Growth Performance and Subsequent Recovery of Bone Mineralization in Replacement Gilts
Authors: Floradin Piterson , Pomar Candido , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Schlegel Patrick 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study was performed to test the hypothesis that after a depletion period that renders replacement gilts more efficient in their use of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P), they can recover bone mineralization when fed a repletion diet. To this end, 24 gilts were fed according to a 2-phase feeding program (60–95 kg BW and 95–140 kg BW, respectively), corresponding to the period of depletion and repletion in Ca and P, respectively. The experimental diets for the first phase were a finisher control diet (D100; 2.1 g digestible P/kg) providing 100% of estimated Ca and P requirements or a finisher low-P diet (D60; 1.2 g digestible P/kg) providing 60% of estimated Ca and P requirements. In the second phase, one-half of the gilts from each finisher diet were randomly assigned to either a control (R100) diet or a high-P diet (R160; 3.5 g digestible P/kg) according to a 2 × 2 factorial design, resulting in 4 treatments: D60R100, D60R160, D100R100 and D100R160. Whole-body bone mineral content (BMC) and body composition of pigs were measured on each gilt at 2-week intervals by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Diets did not influence the growth performance throughout the experiment. At 95 kg, gilts fed D60 had reduced BMC and BMD (-9% vs D100; P &lt; 0.001). At 140 kg, no significant effect of depletion diets was observed on BMC. These results show the high potential to limit dietary digestible P concentration during the growing period without causing any detrimental effects to gilts at mating, and they confirm the ability of replacement gilts to recover their BMC at 140 kg BW by increasing BMC deposition and their dietary Ca and P efficiency. Finally, high-digestible P content from 95-140 kg BW allowed gilts to increase BMC further, but required the use of dietary phosphates.
71 The Effect of Different Bones and Analytical Method on Assessment of Bone Mineralization Response to Dietary P, Phytase and Vitamin D in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Williams Hadley , Chin Taylor , Gebhardt Jordan T , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Bergstrom Jon R , Rahe Michael , Siepker Christopher , Sitthicharoenchai Panchan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Three hundred-fifty pigs (initially 11.9±0.56 kg) were used to evaluate effects of different bones and analytical methods on assessment of bone mineralization response to dietary P and vitamin D in nursery pigs. Pens of pigs (5 pigs/pen) were randomized to 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 10 pens/treatment. After feeding diets for 28-d, 8 pigs/treatment were harvested for bone analysis. Treatments were: 1) P at 0.19% STTD P (deficient), 2) P at 0.33% STTD P (NRC requirement) using monocalcium phosphate, 3) P at 0.33% STTD P including phytase, 4) P at 0.44% STTD P (industry level) using monocalcium phosphate, phytase, no vitamin D, 5) diet 4 with vitamin D (1,653 IU/kg), 6) diet 5 with additional 2,000 IU/kg 25(OH)D3 (HyD). Final BW, ADG, and ADFI increased linearly (P &lt; 0.05) and G:F improved (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) as P increased. The response to treatment for bone density and ash was dependent upon bone (density×bone interaction, P = 0.044; non-defatted bone ash×bone interaction, P = 0.060; defatted bone ash×bone interaction, P = 0.068). Pigs fed 0.19% STTD P had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) bone density and ash (non-defatted and defatted) for all bones compared with 0.44% STTD P, with 0.33% STTD P generally intermediate or similar to 0.44% STTD P. Pigs fed 0.44% STTD P with no vitamin D had greater (P &lt; 0.05) non-de-fatted fibula ash compared with all treatments other than 0.44% STTD P with added HyD. Pigs fed the 3 diets with 0.44% STTD P had greater (P &lt; 0.05) de-fatted 2nd rib ash compared with pigs fed 0.19% STTD P or 0.33% STTD P with no phytase. In summary, bone density and ash responses varied depending on bone. Differences in bone density and ash in response to vitamin D and P were most apparent with fibulas and 2nd ribs.
69 Impact of DON in a Protocol of Calcium Depletion and Repletion in Piglets
Authors: Sauvé Béatrice , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre , Guay Frédéric 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate factors that modulate phosphorus (P) use, such as calcium (Ca) intake that is well known and deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination which has been the subject of few studies until now. A total of 64 piglets (2 piglets per pen) received 1 of 4 treatments distributed into 8 blocks during an initial 13-d phase: control (DON-) or DON-contaminated treatment (DON+, 2.72 mg/kg) with either a low Ca (Ca-, 0.39%) or normal Ca (Ca+, 0.65%) level with a constant digestible P level (0.40%). During a second 14-d phase, piglets that received Ca+ and Ca- were fed a similar diet containing 0.65% Ca and 0.35% P without DON contamination. Growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of Ca and P for piglets and bone mineral content (BMC) of 1 pig per pen were evaluated. After phase 1, ATTD P was higher for Ca-DON+ (DON x Ca interaction, P &lt; 0.01). The ATTD Ca was higher for DON+ (( P &lt; 0.001). The DON+ increased BMC in Ca+ but opposite effect was observed in Ca- (DON x Ca interaction, P &lt; 0.001). The plasma P concentration was greater for Ca- (P = 0.05). After phase 2, average daily gain (P = 0.08) and average daily feed intake (P = 0.09) tended to be less for Ca- than for Ca+. The Ca- piglets recovered their BMC deficit in DON-, but not those receiving DON+ (DON x Ca interaction, P = 0.06). ATTP P in DON- was lower in Ca+ but increased in DON+ regardless of Ca level (DON x Ca interaction, P = 0.04). Plasma P and Mg were greater for Ca- (P = 0.05). The results show that piglets can regain the BMC caused by Ca depletion in DON non-contaminated feed. DON contamination increased Ca and P digestibility and modified BMC depending on Ca supply.
73 Commercial Management of Fresh Pork Quality Using Post-Mortem pH and Temperature Declines
Authors: Matthews Neal , Fields Brandon , Sosnicki Andrzej 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Historically, research involving the pH decline of pork has been conducted under university conditions with the use of electrical stunning and conventional chilling (minimum temperature &gt; -10). Most large commercial slaughter plants in the U.S. currently use CO2 stunning and many have some form of accelerated chilling of the carcass. With ante-mortem stress level of the pig and post-mortem carcass temperature decline being 2 of the major factors affecting post-mortem pH decline rate, it should be expected that the pH decline rate may be different in current commercial conditions when compared with the literature. Our work has focused on developing methods to measure pH and temperature decline in short intervals (5 min, 15 min, 30 min, or 1 h) and determine the critical time periods to manage the chilling process in order to slow pH decline and obtain higher ultimate pH levels (20h). This research indicates the potential to alter the carcass chill curve to make precision adjustments in the quality of pork.
80 Climate Change and the Beef Industry: A Rapid Expansion
Authors: Stackhouse-Lawson Kim , Thompson Logan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The beef industry has come under scrutiny in recent decades over its perceived impacts on climate change from both climate scientists and the public. In the United States, only 3.8% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions come directly from livestock primarily from enteric methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions (EPA, 2021). While this is a small contribution, relative to other industries, beef cattle are important sources of atmospheric CH4, and mitigation of this gaseous emission has been highlighted as a tool to slow global climate change (Lynch et al., 2021). Unfortunately, there has not been significant investment in practical GHG mitigation solutions outside of continued progress in improvements in efficiency, which result in reduced emissions per unit of meat produced but has not decreased absolute GHG emissions. Recently, there has been an expansion of corporate sustainability programs and since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, significant growth in environmental-social-governance investments which are creating more pressure for companies to act to reduce GHG emissions in their supply chains, referred to as scope 3 GHG emissions. This has spurred many companies in the meat, poultry, and dairy industries to make net-zero climate commitments that will impact producers. To meet these goals public-private partnerships will be crucial to develop strategies that are viable for producers to adopt while simultaneously accounting for regional differences in climate and management. This may include examining the potential for soil carbon sequestration, direct inhibitors of enteric CH4, reducing volatile N loss, and the adoption of GWP. In summary, while climate is the primary sustainability issue for today’s beef producers, we have the potential to be part of the solution while simultaneously improving food security, economic viability of produces, more resilient supply-chains, and the provision of other ecosystem services.
91 Meta-Analysis of 4 Trials: The Effect of Multi-Enzyme Containing Xylanase, β-glucanase, Amylase and Protease on Growth Performance in Weaned Pigs
Authors: Velayudhan Deepak , Li Wenting , Dusel Georg , Gracia Marta I , Kumar Arun , Shoesmith Ellie , Vinyeta Ester , Adeola Olayiwola , Marchal Leon 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the effect of a multi-enzyme complex (MEC) on growth performance in weaned piglets [initial body weight (BW) of 7.6±1.2 kg]. Database was constructed using 4 unpublished studies, contributing 306 data points. The dietary treatments consisted of a conventional diet (CC) with highly digestible nutrients, a high-fiber, low-digestible protein diet (NC), and the NC supplemented with MEC. All diets were corn/wheat/soybean meal based, formulated to meet or exceed NRC specification for weaned piglets. The NC contained ingredients such as barley, distiller's dried grains with solubles, wheat middling, rye and rapeseed meal depending on the geographic location of the study. In all studies, MEC provided 4,000 U/kg Xylanase, 200 U/kg β-glucanase, 100 U/kg Amylase, and 2,000 U/kg Protease. All diets contained 750 FTU/kg of a commercial Buttiauxella phytase. Piglets were fed experimental diets over 2 phases for 42 d, from d 1 of weaning. Growth performance was recorded bi-weekly. Data were analyzed using Mixed Model by JMP 14.0. The average daily gain of piglets fed MEC supplemented diets was increased by 7.4% vs NC (P = 012) during phase 1. The final BW (d 42) was improved by 1.1 kg (4.1%; P = 0. 037) in piglets fed MEC supplemented diets compared with NC. Respective improvements (P &lt; 0.05) in feed conversion ratio during phase 1 and overall were 11% (16 points) and 4.4% (7 points) in MEC supplemented diets when compared with NC, which indicates better nutrient digestibility. In conclusion, supplementing a high fiber weaner diets with a multi-enzyme complex improved final BW and feed efficiency in piglets.
90 Efficacy of Different Phytases on Growth Performance, Energy and Nutrient Digestibility and Bone Quality of Weaned Piglets Fed a Wheat-Corn Soybean Meal Based Complex Diet
Authors: Velayudhan Deepak , Lizardo Rosil , Villca Boris , Remus Janet C , Marchal Leon , Dersjant-Li Yueming 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The study determined efficacy of different phytases in diets without inorganic phosphorus (P) in piglets. Piglets (initial body weight 9.7 ± 1.2 kg) were randomly assigned (2 piglets/pen), based on sex and body weight over 6 diets. Positive control (PC) corn-wheat based diet was formulated to meet NRC specification. Negative control (NC) diet was formulated without inorganic P (-0.16% STTD P), with reduced calcium (Ca; -0.15%), net energy (-33 kcal/kg), and standardized ileal digestible amino acids (average -0.02% unit). The NC diets were supplemented with 4 different phytases at 1,500 FTU/kg feed including a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant expressed in Trichoderma reesei (PhyG), a Citrobacter braakii phytase expressed in Aspergillus oryzae (PhyC), a hybrid phytase (Hafnia sp., Yersinia sp. and Buttiauxella sp.) expressed in Aspergillus niger (PhyH) and an Escherichia coli phytase expressed in Pichia pastoris (PhyE). Piglets were fed ad libitum for 42 d. Fecal samples were collected during last 3 d. On d 42, 1 piglet per pen was euthanized and metacarpi collected for bone strength and ash analysis. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA and treatment mean comparison by Tukey test using JMP 14. Pigs fed NC diets showed reduced (P &lt; 0.05) growth, P digestibility, bone ash and bone strength vs PC and all phytases treatments. Overall feed conversion ratio (FCR) was less (P &lt; 0.05) with PhyG (-22 points) and PhyE (-8 points) vs NC, while PhyC and PhyH showed intermediate FCR between PhyG and PhyE. PhyG improved (P &lt; 0.05) bone strength and P digestibility vs PhyC, PhyE and PC. Based on FCR and bone strength, ranking of the phytases are: PhyG &gt;PhyC &gt;PhyH &gt;PhyE. In conclusion, all phytases improved growth, nutrient digestibility and bone strength vs NC; however, only PhyG fully compensated nutrients and energy reduction, fully recovered performance to the level of PC and resulted in improved bone strength compared with PC.
100 The Impact of Dietary Analyzed Ca to P Ratios and Standardized Total Tract Digestible P to Net Energy Ratios on Growth Performance, Bone, and Carcass Characteristics of Pigs
Authors: Williams Hadley , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Vier Carine M , Lu Ning , Cast Wayne , Navales Ron , Spindler Matthew , Orlando Uislei A , Zaragoza Luis E , Betlach Alyssa 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 2,184 pigs (initially 12.4 kg) were used to evaluate effects of varying analyzed Ca:P ratios at 2 levels of standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P:NE. Pens of pigs (26 pigs/pen) were assigned to 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 14 pens/treatment. Diets consisted of 2 levels of STTD P:NE: PIC recommendation (1.8, 1.62, 1.43, 1.25, 1.10, 0.99 g STTD P/Mcal NE from 11-22, 22-40, 40-58, 58-81, 81-104, 104-129 kg, respectively) or 75% of the PIC recommendation, and 3 analyzed Ca:P ratios: 0.90:1, 1.30:1, and 1.75:1. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based and contained phytase (Quantum Blue G, AB Vista, Marlborough, UK; 500 to 210 FTU/kg with release values from 0.13 to 0.07% STTD P). There was a Ca:P×STTD P:NE interaction (P &lt; 0.05) observed for ADG, G:F and final BW. For ADG and final BW, when feeding 75% of PIC STTD P recommendation, increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio decreased ADG and final BW (linear, P&lt; 0.001). But when feeding at PIC STTD P recommendation, increasing the analyzed Ca:P ratio tended to improve ADG and final BW (linear, P&lt; 0.10). For G:F, when feeding 75% of PIC STTD P recommendation, increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio tended to decrease G:F (linear, P &lt; 0.10), whereas in pigs fed diets that met PIC STTD P recommendations, increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio tended to improve G:F in a quadratic (P &lt; 0.10) manner. Pigs fed at PIC STTD P recommendations had increased ADG, final BW, and G:F compared with pigs fed 75% of PIC STTD P recommendations (P &lt; 0.001). In summary, pigs fed at PIC STTD P recommendations had improved overall ADG and G:F compared with pigs fed diets at 75% PIC STTD P recommendations. Additionally, increasing analyzed Ca:P ratio reduced ADG and G:F when STTD P was below PIC recommendations, but had marginal impacts when adequate STTD P was fed.
98 Digestibility of Energy, Dry Matter, Protein, and Fat and Concentration of Metabolizable Energy in Sunflower Meal and Sunflower Expellers Fed to Growing Pigs
Authors: Ibagon Jimena A , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that there are no differences among sources in apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE, CP, and fat or in ME of sunflower co-products. Six sources of sunflower meal (SFM) were obtained from the U.S., Ukraine, Hungary, and Italy. A source of sunflower expellers (SFE) from the U.S. was also used. A corn-based control diet and seven diets containing corn and each source of sunflower co-products were formulated. Sixty-four barrows (initial weight = 31.5 kg) were allotted to 8 diets using 4 blocks. Pigs were housed individually in metabolism crates and feces and urine were collected for 4 d after 7 d of adaptation to diets. The statistical model included ingredient as fixed effect and block as random effect. Results indicated that ATTD of GE and CP in SFE was less (P &lt; 0.05) than in SFM, but ATTD of fat in SFE was greater (P &lt; 0.05) compared with SFM (Table 1). No difference in ME between SFM and SFE was observed. Digestibility of GE in SFM from Ukraine and Hungary was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in one of the sources from the U.S. and SFM from Italy. Digestibility of fat did not differ among SFM sources with the exception that ATTD of fat in one of the U.S. sources was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in the other sources. Metabolizable energy in one source from Ukraine and in SFM from Hungary was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in one of the U.S. sources and the SFM from Italy. In conclusion, ATTD of GE and nutrients differed between SFM and SFE, but ME did not differ between the 2 co-products. Among SFM sources, relatively small variations in ATTD of GE, fat, and CP were observed, but ME concentrations varied.
96 Effects of Soybean Meal Inclusion Rate on Growth Performance of 40- to 90-kg Pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of soybean meal (SBM) inclusion rate on growth performance of growing pigs. A total of 1,722 pigs (initial BW = 41.1 kg), placed in pens with 20 or 21 pigs each, were used in a 49-d trial. There were 2 treatments consisting of different SBM inclusion rates. Experimental diets were fed in 3 phases. Treatment 1 (low SBM) contained 18, 14, and 12% SBM and Treatment 2 (high SBM) contained 26, 22, and 19% SBM in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The different SBM levels were obtained by adjusting the inclusion rate of synthetic amino acids. Both treatments were formulated to the same SID Lys (1.00, 0.92, and 0.85% in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively) and net energy levels (2,565, 2,575, and 2,581 kcal/kg in phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively). The net energy of SBM used in diet formulation was equivalent to 90% of corn net energy. There were 42 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed approximately every 2 weeks to calculate ADG, ADFI, G:F, and caloric efficiency. Data was analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. Overall (d 0 to 49), there was no evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.10) on ADG, ADFI, or final BW. Pigs fed the high SBM diets had improved (P &lt; 0.01) G:F and caloric efficiency. The removal and mortality rate was 1.05% (9 pigs) on the low SBM treatment and 0.46% (4 pigs) on the high SBM treatment. In conclusion, increasing levels of SBM resulted in improved G:F and caloric efficiency of growing pigs.