bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De quand date le peuplement du Brésil ? Contributions osseuses et moléculaires
Authors: Strauss André 
Published: June 2022

L’ancienneté des premières occupations humaines en Amérique fait l’objet d’un grand débat. La date d’arrivée d’Homo sapiens sur le continent varie de 16 000 à 130 000 ans avant le présent (BP). Les âges antérieurs à environ 50 000 ans impliquent que le Nouveau Monde aurait pu être peuplé par d’autres espèces du genre Homo. Les propositions d’une présence antérieure au dernier maximum glaciaire restent toutefois conditionnées au débat sur l’origine anthropique ou naturelle de structures ou d’objets décrits comme des foyers, des artefacts ou des traces de découpe et de fracture d’ossements animaux. Aucun squelette humain antérieur à 12 000 ans BP – ce qui constituerait une preuve incontestable de présence humaine – n’a été décrit dans le Nouveau Monde. Les analyses génétiques de populations actuelles et de squelettes anciens indiquent une date de colonisation ne remontant pas au-delà d’il y a 16 000 ans. Les données biologiques sont donc en faveur d’une occupation de l’Amérique postérieure au dernier maximum glaciaire. Une hypothèse alternative serait de considérer que si une population très ancienne a existé dans le Nouveau Monde, celle-ci a disparu sans laisser de vestiges, un évènement qui serait unique dans l’histoire de l’humanité.
L’institutionnalisation du marché du placement des chômeurs au Brésil (1957-1972)
Authors: Lima Léa 
Published: June 2022

Au Brésil l’histoire des mondes du travail est indissociable de celle des acteurs qui ont fait commerce de la mise à disposition et de la mobilisation de la force de travail. Je me propose ici de remonter aux sources du système d’intermédiation de l’emploi brésilien contemporain qui se distingue dans le monde par l’usage de bureaux de placement payants pour les travailleurs. Dans ce but, l’article retrace le processus d’institutionnalisation du marché du placement des chômeurs qui, en 1972, a conduit le gouvernement autoritaire à dénoncer la convention n° 96 de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT) visant à l’extinction des bureaux de placement payants, texte pourtant ratifié par le pays en 1957. La régulation du commerce du placement est analysée au prisme des rapports entre l’élite gestionnaire des entreprises, l’administration du ministère du Travail et les organisations représentatives des intérêts des intermédiaires.
За царя или за отечество? Отношение участников восстаний Петровской эпохи к стране и ее жителям
Authors: Трефилов Евгений 
Published: June 2022

Cet article s’appuie sur diverses sources pour analyser l’attitude envers le pays et ses habitants des personnes impliquées dans les grandes révoltes de l’époque de Pierre Ier. Contrairement à ses prédécesseurs, l’auteur ne se contente pas d’analyser les déclarations directes de ces gens sur l’État, il analyse également leur proximité avec d’autres sujets de Pierre Ier et avec divers territoires situés à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur de l’État, afin de déterminer l’étendue de l’espace culturel et géographique que les rebelles considéraient comme « le leur ». Il en résulte que cet espace était principalement, sinon exclusivement, coextensif aux territoires situés à l’intérieur de l’État russe, avec pour cœur Moscou, la capitale de la Russie. Cela permet à l’auteur de conclure que les insurgés considéraient l’État russe, ou du moins le territoire habité par des personnes de confession orthodoxe, comme leur patrie, sans pour autant qu’ils ne l’aient jamais directement revendiqué.
Уложенные комиссии в России в 1720-е – начале 1750-х гг. К постановке проблемы
Authors: Бабкова Галина О. 
Published: June 2022

Cet article se concentre sur les commissions législatives instituées en Russie dans les années 1720 et jusqu’au début des années 1750. Traditionnellement considérées comme inefficaces, ces institutions ont été reconnues comme incapables de composer un nouveau code de lois pour toute une série de raisons (juridiques, techniques, procédurales, etc.). L’étude de leurs documents (procès-verbaux, projets, attestations du personnel, etc.) permet d’affirmer que dans la première moitié du xviiie siècle, les chancelleries des commissions législatives fonctionnaient comme des institutions permanentes. Elles œuvraient comme un service du Sénat, accumulant les documents juridiques et systématisant la législation en vigueur, rédigeant de nouvelles lois, apportant un soutien juridique à toute une série de sujets qui étaient soulevés et discutés à un haut niveau. Dans ce contexte, les commissions législatives de la Russie impériale faisaient partie intégrante du processus législatif, qui n’était pas considéré comme une prérogative totale et indivisible du monarque. Du point de vue des autorités, la procédure d’adoption d’un nouveau code devait inclure une phase de réflexion et d’approbation comprenant un appel à la représentation sociale et professionnelle, pour laquelle le Code juridique de 1649 a servi de modèle.
Drug Abuse among Nigerian High-School Adolescents
Authors: Opakunle Tolulope , Opakunle Olubukola , Toki Damilola , Aloba Olutayo , Nwozo Chioma 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Drug abuse is a global public health problem that is associated with increased psychiatric morbidity and mortality.

Objectives:
This study assessed the prevalence of drug abuse and its relationship with problematic Internet use (PIU), suicidality, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem among high school adolescents.

Materials and Methods:
This is a cross-sectional descriptive study involving 1304 Nigerian high school adolescents recruited through the multistage stratified sampling method. The participants completed a study-specific sociodemographic questionnaire, a 10-item Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST), Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire-Short Form-6 (PIU-SF-6), the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview Suicidality module, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES).

Results:
The prevalence rate of drug abuse was 49.8%. Adolescents who abused drugs had higher mean scores on PIU, suicidality, depression, and anxiety scales and lower scores on the self-esteem scale. All these variables cumulatively accounted for approximately 22% of the total variance in the DAST score.

Conclusions:
Drug abuse is still prevalent among Nigerian adolescents, with a significant association with PIU, suicidality, depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem. All these variables may provide the template for psychological and social interventions that are specifically targeted to the management of drug abuse among Nigerian adolescents.
Prevalence and pattern of dysmenorrhea among secondary school girls in Enugu Metropolis
Authors: Ikpeama Edith C. , Izuka Emmanuel O. , Enebe Joseph T. , Umeh Uchenna A. , Obiora-Izuka Chinelo E. , Nwagha Uchenna I. 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Globally, dysmenorrhea is a common menstrual condition among adolescent girls. It interferes with the emotions and physical activities and adversely affects school attendance and performance. However, the prevalence and pattern of presentation are underexplored in Nigeria.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and patterns of dysmenorrhea and its effect on school attendance in adolescent girls in Enugu, South-East, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:
This study is a population-based cross-sectional survey of the prevalence and pattern of dysmenorrhea among 326 secondary school girls in Enugu Metropolis between October and December 2019. A structured questionnaire was used to collect relevant information. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) IBM version 23.0. Chi square was used to test for association between categorical variables, and a P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
Prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 75%. Majority of the students (60.7%) had 1–2 days of menstrual pain, with 39.3% presenting with severe pain. The length of menstrual cycle (P < 0.011) and duration of flow (P < 0.009) were significantly higher among subjects with dysmenorrhea than those without dysmenorrhea. Forty-six students (14.1%) were absent from school due to dysmenorrhea; however, there was no significant association between dysmenorrhea and school absenteeism (P > 0.05). Also, there was no significant association between degree of pain and school absenteeism (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was high among secondary school girls in Enugu, Nigeria. It was associated with the length of menstrual cycle and duration of flow. There was no association between degree of dymenorrhean and school absenteeism.
Pancreatic Calcification among Children with Childhood Diabetes in Abakaliki, Nigeria
Authors: Ibekwe Maryann U. , Ogugua Chinwe F. , Chikani Ugo N. , Ibekwe Roland , Onwe Emeka O. , Orji Michael O. 
Published: June 2022

Introduction:
Tropical calcific pancreatitis is known to be associated with malnutrition and insulin-requiring diabetes mellitus. Recent studies suggest that genetic and environmental factors play a role in its etiopathogenesis.

Objective:
The objectives of this was were to study the prevalence, profile, and outcome of children managed for type 1 diabetes mellitus with pancreatic calcification.

Materials and Methods:
This was a cross-sectional study of children managed for type 1 diabetes mellitus in the pediatric endocrine unit of Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, Nigeria. All patients who consented underwent ultrasonography of the pancreas. We undertook a case note review to identify factors that may be associated with pancreatic calcification.

Results:
Thirty-seven children were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. The mean age was 12.3 years (5–17 years), 21 males and 16 females. Twenty of 37 (54.1%) patients were screened for pancreatic calcifications using abdominal ultrasound. Seventeen of 37 were not studied as nine of them (24.3%) died, six lost to follow-up, and two declined to participate. The mean duration of diabetes mellitus was 2.7 years (3 months–8 years). All patients were managed with a premixed twice-daily insulin regimen. Pancreatic calcification was seen in seven out of the 20 (35%) and was commoner among males and older children. The average glycosylated hemoglobin (Hba1c) was 13 and 11, and average height/weight standard deviation score was –1.9/–1.9 and –1.03/–1.02 in those with calcification and those without, respectively.

Conclusion:
Tropical calcific pancreatitis is common among children diagnosed with diabetes mellitus in Abakaliki, Nigeria and is associated with morbidity. Routine pancreatic ultrasound of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus may be necessary.
Accuracy of Mammography in the Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
Authors: Nwammuo Brenda C. , Umeh Eric O. , Ebubedike Uzoamaka R. , Nwosu Skye C. , Elendu Kelechi C. , Umeokafor Chijioke C. , Ukah Cornelius O. , Egwuonwu Ochonma A. 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. Mammography was recently introduced at the Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH), Nnewi, Nigeria for breast cancer screening and diagnosis at the institution.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to determine the diagnostic accuracy of mammography in the assessment of palpable malignant breast lump among adult females referred from the NAUTH outpatient clinics using histopathology as gold standard.

Materials and Methods:
This prospective cross sectional study involved recruitment of consenting adult females with palpable breast lump referred for mammography between October 2017 and November 2019 at NAUTH, Nnewi, Nigeria. Two standard views—cranio-caudal (CC) and medio-lateral oblique (MLO)—were done for each patient. Spot magnification or other supplementary views were only done when indicated. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0 for Windows software.

Results:
The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall accuracy of malignant breast lesions were 41.4%, 98%, 96.7%, 54.4%, and 65%, respectively. The most common features of malignancy were mammographic opacity with an irregular outline (86.7%) and architectural distortion (80%), whereas asymmetric density (10%) was the least common feature.

Conclusion:
Mammography has a fairly high overall diagnostic accuracy in breast cancer diagnosis. However, an alternative imaging modality is required for dense breasts. This study’s reported specificity (98%) suggests that the test has a very high ability to correctly identify non-cancerous breast lumps. This is particularly relevant in breast cancer screening with an objective to rule out the presence of the disease among adult females in the population.
Evaluation of Prostate-specific Antigen Testing
Authors: Meka Ijeoma A. , Okwor Chika J. , Arum Ekene J. , Ogamba Michael I. , Omotowo Babatunde I. , Kanu Okezie O. 
Published: June 2022

Background:
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing has been recommended for prostate cancer screening by the World Health Organization. The combined use of total and free PSA and digital rectal examination is said to improve the sensitivity and specificity of total PSA and also to reduce the need for 20% of unnecessary biopsies. Tertiary hospital laboratories ought to be appropriately equipped to offer these tests for improved patient outcomes.

Objective:
The objective was to determine the proportion of Nigerian tertiary care laboratories that offer quantitative total and free PSA testing.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was carried out in functional government-owned tertiary hospitals in all the geopolitical zones of Nigeria. Respondents were drawn from the Laboratory section of each hospital. Data were collected using semi-structured self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 22.

Results:
The study included a total of 34 tertiary care laboratories. The mean (SD) age of respondents was 43.71 (5.2) years. Of the surveyed hospitals, 27 (79.41%) had facilities for PSA testing, whereas 7 (20.59%) had no functional PSA testing facility. Of those with a functional testing facility, 27 (100%) had facilities for total PSA whereas 12 (44.44%) had facilities for free PSA. Three facilities [3 (42.85%)] out of the seven facilities with no functional testing facilities cited equipment breakdown as the reason.

Conclusion:
Availability of PSA testing facilities was not adequate in tertiary care laboratories in Nigeria, with free PSA facilities being less than total PSA facilities. More support is needed in making these important testing facilities more readily available in Nigerian tertiary healthcare laboratories.
Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward mucormycosis among patients presenting to six tertiary eye care hospitals in South India – A multicentric online questionnaire-based survey
Authors: Jayagayathri Rajagopalan , Mohanty Preeti , Yadalla Dayakar , Bakthavatchalam Jayashree , Rangarajan Viji , Maneksha Velu , Tanwar Meghana , Venkatesh Rengaraj , Jayashree Sivagnanam 
Published: June 2022

Purpose:
To study the awareness on mucormycosis among outpatients who visited six tertiary eye care hospitals at Madurai, Pondicherry, Coimbatore, Tirunelveli, Chennai, and Tirupati.

Methods:
This was a telephone-based survey conducted using questionnaires consisting of 38 questions in five sections from July 5 to 25, 2021. Patients visiting the eye hospitals for an examination were contacted over their phones and responses were directly entered onto the Google forms platform.

Results:
A total of 4573 participants were included in the study. Among all participants, a cumulative 83% of participants had some knowledge of mucormycosis. More than 80% of them reported that their prime source of information was through mass communication like television or radio. Around 34.8% of the respondents were aware that it can occur after treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, only half of them (54.3%) knew that systemic steroids were the main risk factor. The knowledge scores were higher for participants who were diabetics (n = 1235) or had been affected by COVID-19 earlier (n = 456) or whose friends had mucormycosis earlier (n = 312). Knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) scores of nonprofessional health-care workers (n = 103) were much better compared to patients.

Conclusion:
Such KAP studies give us an idea of the impact of the measures taken for educating the public. In this study, a cumulative 83% of participants had some knowledge of mucormycosis and 86% knew that this was an emergency. More than 50% of the participants were not aware that diabetes is a risk factor for mucormycosis.
Tear film lipid layer thickness measurement from Ocular Surface Analyzer as a marker to monitor treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction in a study comparing physiological detergent-free eyelid wipes with conventional therapy: A randomized trial
Authors: Runda Neelam , Manna Souvik , Vanathi Murugesan , Tandon Radhika , Gupta Noopur 
Published: June 2022

Purpose:
To compare the efficacy of physiological, non-detergent eyelid wipes with conventional lid hygiene in patients with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).

Methods:
Fifty participants with MGD were recruited and randomized into two groups. Participants in group I used Evolve Pure™ Eyewipes twice a day to clean the eyelid debris along with standard therapy (antibiotic and lubricants) and participants in group II followed lid hygiene with warm compresses along with standard therapy. Symptoms, ocular surface assessment (lipid layer thickness, tear meniscus height, non-invasive tear film breakup time, and meibography), slit-lamp biomicroscopy (eyelash contamination, meibomian gland blockage, meibomian gland secretion, and meibomian gland telangiectasia) and tear film osmolarity were noted at baseline and 90 days after therapy.

Results:
Significant improvement in symptoms and signs of MGD was observed in both groups after treatment (P < 0.001); however, the clinical improvement was better with the use of eyelid wipes. Lipid layer thickness increased significantly in group I (P = 0.0006) and group II (P = 0.0002), which was maintained even after adjusting for sociodemographic variables such as age, sex, and severity score of symptoms and signs.

Conclusion:
Lipid layer thickness of the tear film is a sensitive marker in monitoring response to treatment in patients with MGD. The use of physiological detergent-free eyelid wipes is non-inferior to lid hygiene and warm compresses, which remains the mainstay for treatment of MGD; the clinical improvement with eyelid wipes was noted to be better.
Differentiating intradiploic orbital dermoid and epidermoid cysts utilizing clinical features and machine learning
Authors: Tooley Andrea A , Tailor Prashant , Tran Ann Q , Garrity James A , Eckel Laurence , Link Michael J 
Published: June 2022

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to characterize intradiploic dermoid and epidermoid orbital cysts to determine any differences in clinical, radiographic, or surgical features.

Methods:
A retrospective review was performed of patients presenting with intradiplopic dermoid or epidermoid cysts. Additionally, a complete review of the literature was performed to identify cases of intradiplopic orbital dermoid and epidermoid cysts. Data collected included age, sex, presenting symptoms, location of intradiplopic cyst, ophthalmic findings, treatment, and follow-up. Clinical features of dermoid versus epidermoid cyst were compared. Additionally, machine-learning algorithms were developed to predict histopathology based on clinical features.

Results:
There were 55 cases of orbital intradiploic cysts, 49 from literature review and six from our cohort. Approximately 31% had dermoid and 69% had epidermoid histopathology. Average age of patients with dermoid cysts was significantly lesser than that of patients with epidermoid cysts (23 vs. 35 years, respectively; P = 0.048). There was no difference between sex predilection, presenting symptoms, radiographic findings, or surgical treatment of dermoids and epidermoids. The majority of patients (64%) underwent craniotomy for surgical removal. Machine-learning algorithms KStar and Neural Network were able to distinguish dermoid from epidermoid with accuracies of 76.3% and 69%, respectively.

Conclusion:
Orbital intradiploic cysts are more commonly epidermoid in origin. Dermoid cysts presented in younger patients; however, there were no other significant differences in features including ophthalmic or radiographic findings. Despite similar features, machine learning was able to identify dermoid versus epidermoid with good accuracy. Future studies may examine the role of machine learning for clinical guidance as well as new surgical options for intervention.
Standardized single-stage laparoscopic Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy regardless of testis position
Authors: Neheman Amos , Shumaker Andrew , Grazi Jack , Kord Eyal , Bondarenko Sergey , Stav Kobi , Zisman Amnon , Noh Paul 
Published: June 2022

Background/Purpose:
It is generally perceived that a primary laparoscopic orchiopexy has superior outcomes due to preservation of the testicular artery, and thus should be the choice when achievable. The two-stage laparoscopic Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy (LFSO) is considered superior regarding success rate compared to the one-stage procedure when the artery must be transected. Outcomes can be jeopardized when a primary orchiopexy is ultimately realized to be the incorrect procedure due to insufficient testicular artery length. It is preferable to decide the approach before initiating dissection, however, in reality, this does not always occur.

Purpose:
It is generally perceived that a primary laparoscopic orchiopexy has superior outcomes due to preservation of the testicular artery, and thus should be the choice when achievable. The two-stage laparoscopic Fowler-Stephens orchiopexy (LFSO) is considered superior regarding success rate compared to the one-stage procedure when the artery must be transected. Outcomes can be jeopardized when a primary orchiopexy is ultimately realized to be the incorrect procedure due to insufficient testicular artery length. It is preferable to decide the approach before initiating dissection, however, in reality, this does not always occur.

Materials and Methods:
Key surgical maneuvers implicated in the modified one-stage LFSO (M-LFSO) include preservation of a wide peritoneal flap between the vessels and the vas deferens, dissecting the vessels as proximal as possible and avoiding manipulation of the epididymis and vessels between the vas and epididymis when transferring the testis to the scrotum.

Results:
Our cohort included 55 boys (59 testes). Median age and weight at surgery were 13.3 months (interquartile range [IQR] 9.2–32.4) and 10.4 kg (IQR 9.2–12.6). The mean operative time was 70 min (IQR 60–85). The median follow-up was 11 months (IQR 7–12). There was one case of testicular atrophy (2%) and two cases of suboptimal testicular position in the scrotum at 6 months.

Conclusions:
M-LFSO is a standardized approach for all cases of IAT regardless of testicular position. Preservation of a wide peritoneal flap and proximal dissection of the vessels may contribute to the adequate testicular blood supply. The proposed approach eliminates the need for intra-operative decision-making and for ancillary procedures.