bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indications for additional volume studies for gland volume estimation in prostate cancer brachytherapy
Authors: Khanolkar Rutvij A , Moore Rosanne , Martell Kevin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An estimated gland volume of &gt; 60 cc is a relative contraindication to brachytherapy for prostate cancer. As volume estimation using biopsy ultrasound (Bx-US) alone may be inaccurate, many centers perform additional volume assessments prior to the brachytherapy procedure. At the study institution, computed tomography (CT) based volume assessments were routinely performed on all patients to determine brachytherapy eligibility. This study aimed to determine whether this CT imaging could be omitted for certain Bx-US based gland volume estimates. To investigate this, 1576 consecutive patients that received ultrasound based intraoperatively planned brachytherapy at a single comprehensive cancer center between 2003 and 2021 were reviewed. Gland volume as estimated by Bx-US, CT and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging were compared to intraoperatively contoured gland volume (ICGV) or the larger contoured gland volume on CT for any patients receiving neo-adjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for gland downsizing (IM-US-corr). There was a significant difference between IM-US-corr and estimated gland volume for Bx-US (P &lt; 0.001) and MR (P &lt; 0.001), but not CT (P = 0.160). Bx-US and MR tended to underrepresent the IM-US-corr, with a &gt; 20% difference from actual volume in 31% and 59% of cases, respectively. When Bx-US volume was estimated to be &lt; 40 cc, &lt; 50 cc and &lt; 60 cc, an IM-US-corr &gt; 60 cc was encountered in 2%, 5% and 7% of cases, respectively. In contrast, IM-US-corr &gt; 60 cc was encountered in 0.2%, 1% and 2% of cases for CT estimates of &lt; 40 cc, &lt; 50 cc and &lt; 60 cc. In patients with an estimated gland volume of &lt; 50 cc by Bx-US, dedicated pre-operative volume studies are unlikely to alter management. However, patients above this cut-off stand to benefit from the use of additional volume assessment to better delineate gland volume and determine eligibility for brachytherapy.
Technical report: a high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy boost for residual sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma
Authors: Miyata Yusaku , Murakami Naoya , Honma Yoshitaka , Mori Taisuke , Yoshimoto Seiichi , Kashihara Tairo , Takemori Mihiro , Nakayama Yuko , Itami Jun , Ogo Etsuyo , Igaki Hiroshi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma (SNUC) is a highly aggressive and uncommon neoplasm that arises from the mucosa of the nasal cavity or paranasal sinuses. The multidisciplinary approach that includes surgery, radiation therapy (RT), and chemotherapy has been proven to improve survival rates. However, there is no established evidence for the efficacy of further (boost) irradiation following definitive RT in SNUC patients with residual primary tumor. We describe a successful case of a patient with SNUC who had an uncontrolled primary tumor following induction chemotherapy and radical concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) and underwent a high-dose-rate interstitial brachytherapy (HDR-ISBT) boost. A 75-year-old Japanese woman with unresectable locally advanced SNUC (LA-SNUC) received induction chemotherapy followed by radical CCRT. However, because the residual primary tumor was evident after planned external beam RT, she underwent an HDR-ISBT boost, and the tumor decreased significantly. A complete response (the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, ver. 1.1) was achieved 2 months after brachytherapy, and the patient has been disease-free for 2 years following treatment initiation. In conclusion, an HDR-ISBT boost can be a safe and effective treatment option in patients with residual and inoperable LA-SNUC in the maxillary sinus after initial RT.
Malignant inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor: a rare case presentation
Authors: Spafford Megan , Lunn Danley , Graham Peter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Malignant inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMT) are extremely rare, aggressive tumors with variable presentation. This is a case of a 29-year-old female presented with severe anemia and a large abdominal mass presumed to be a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Severe anemia, leukocytosis and thrombocytosis accompanied the presentation. Final pathological assessment yielded a diagnosis of malignant IMT. Given the rarity of these tumors, no established diagnostic criteria exist aside from histological analysis of the tissue, which may result in delays or inappropriate treatment. As these tumors are aggressive in nature, a high index of suspicion is critical to improve outcomes. Further reports on the presentation, diagnosis and treatment of such rare tumors are important to develop clinical diagnostic guidelines to improve diagnosis and treatment and improve outcomes.
A case of spontaneously ruptured hepatic angiosarcoma resected after transcatheter arterial embolization
Authors: Kashiwadate Toshiaki , Hara Yasuyuki , Hashizume Eiji , Nishida Akiko , Unno Michiaki , Kamei Takashi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hepatic angiosarcoma is a very rare disease, but it has a poor prognosis. Here, we report the case of a 77-year-old man who was referred to our hospital for suspicion of hepatocellular carcinoma and cancerous peritonitis. Based on the imaging findings, a diagnosis of spontaneously ruptured hepatic hemangioma was made. Six days later, the patient was transported to the hospital in a state of shock and an emergency transarterial embolization was performed. He underwent lateral hepatic segmentectomy 7 days later. Histopathologically, he was diagnosed with hepatic angiosarcoma. Fever was observed 21 days after surgery, and computed tomography was performed. Multiple liver masses, which ware increasing rapidly, were found, and hepatic angiosarcoma recurrence was confirmed. He requested home medical care and died at home 36 days after surgery. When a tumor diagnosed as a hepatic hemangioma by imaging has ruptured, the possibility of hepatic angiosarcoma should be considered.
Ursinus, Luciferians, and The Bishops of Rome
Authors: Whiting Colin M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two texts in the Collectio Avellana, a sixth-century collection of documents concerning the relationship between bishops of Rome and emperors, provide us with a unique window into the Christian landscape of Rome in late antiquity. The first is the Quae gesta sunt, a narrative of the contested episcopal election at Rome in 366 between Ursinus and Damasus, written by a supporter of Ursinus. The second is the Libellus precum, a petition from a group of Nicene rigorists called ‘Luciferians’ which details the long persecution they have suffered at the hands of other Nicene Christians in Rome and elsewhere. The relationship between these two documents, and between these two communities, has long been a point of confusion in modern scholarship, but has only rarely been addressed as a question in its own right. This study examines these two documents in their mid-fourth-century context and concludes that they reflect the interests and experiences of separate communities. It concludes with a brief note about how the historical events of the 350s, which compelled these two separate Nicene communities to remain opposed to Damasus in the 360s, caused intractable social ruptures in Rome that Damasus was unable to overcome.
Social networks in the single cell
Authors: Rodriguez Moira , Martinez-Hottovy Ana , Christensen Alan C 
Published: August 2022

This article comments on:
Chustecki JM, Etherington RD, Gibbs DJ, Johnston IG. 2022. Altered collective mitochondrial dynamics in the Arabidopsis msh1 mutant compromising organelle DNA maintenance. Journal of Experimental Botany 73,5428–5439.
PagWOX11/12a positively regulates the PagSAUR36 gene that enhances adventitious root development in poplar
Authors: Liu Rui , Wen Shuang-Shuang , Sun Ting-Ting , Wang Rui , Zuo Wen-Teng , Yang Tao , Wang Chao , Hu Jian-Jun , Lu Meng-Zhu , Wang Liu-Qiang 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Adventitious root (AR) development is an extremely complex biological process that is affected by many intrinsic factors and extrinsic stimuli. Some WUSCHEL-related homeobox (WOX) transcription factors have been reported to play important roles in AR development, but their functional relationships with auxin signaling are poorly understood, especially the developmental plasticity of roots in response to adversity stress. Here, we identified that the WOX11/12a–SMALL AUXIN UP RNA36 (SAUR36) module mediates AR development through the auxin pathway in poplar, as well as under salt stress. PagWOX11/12a displayed inducible expression during AR development, and overexpression of PagWOX11/12a significantly promoted AR development and increased salt tolerance in poplar, whereas dominant repression of PagWOX11/12a produced the opposite phenotype. PagWOX11/12a proteins directly bind to the SAUR36 promoter to regulate SAUR36 transcription, and this binding was enhanced during salt stress. Genetic modification of PagWOX11/12a–PagSAUR36 expression revealed that the PagWOX11/12a–PagSAUR36 module is crucial for controlling AR development via the auxin pathway. Overall, our results indicate that a novel WOX11–SAUR–auxin signaling regulatory module is required for AR development in poplar. These findings provide key insights and a better understanding of the involvement of WOX11 in root developmental plasticity in saline environments.
Weak relevant justification logics
Authors: Standefer Shawn 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper will develop ideas from [44]. We will generalize their work in two directions. First, we provide axioms for justification logics over the base logic B and show that the logic permits a proof of the internalization theorem. Second, we provide alternative frames that more closely resemble the standard versions of the ternary relational frames, as well as a more general approach to the completeness proof. We prove that soundness and completeness hold for justification logics over a wide variety of base logics. Finally, we will strengthen Belnap’s variable sharing for the justification logic context, demonstrating that the justifications are properly relevant justifications.
Epidemiology
Authors: Albin Roger L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The epidemiology of Parkinson disease (PD) is reviewed. PD was identified as a distinct clinical entity in the 19th century, and its pathology was clarified in the first half of the 20th century, but it is likely that it was during and after the mid-20th century that it emerged as a major medical problem. Studies of incidence, prevalence, mortality, and potential risk factors are reviewed. PD is a common age-related disorder with rising worldwide prevalence accompanying population aging. PD is associated with relatively increased mortality compared with appropriate reference populations. Considerable uncertainty exists about specific incidence rates and whether age-adjusted incidence is changing. A number of potential environmental risk factors were identified, but the causal relationship of many putative risk factors to PD incidence is unclear.
Pathology
Authors: Albin Roger L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the pathology of Parkinson disease (PD) is reviewed. Discussions of PD pathology are dogged by the same problems of definition and metasyndromic heterogeneity that arise in other contexts of PD biology. And although pathologic evaluations are often regarded as “gold standards” for disease definition, the PD pathology literature is characterized by notable ambiguities. The intersection of brain aging and PD-specific pathology is discussed, and the key features of intraneuronal accumulation of α-synuclein–immunoreactive Lewy bodies and related inclusions are identified. The distribution of α-synucleinopathy within the substantia nigra, in other brain regions, and in the peripheral nervous system is discussed. The Braak system for staging PD pathology and its implications for understanding pathogenesis are described.
Pathogenesis
Authors: Albin Roger L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of Parkinson disease (PD) are reviewed in this chapter. All proposed mechanisms of neurodegeneration involve disruptions of basic cellular processes, with considerable overlap among and interdigitation of these proposed mechanisms and cellular processes, both in terms of normal functions and potential dysfunctions. PD is an age-related syndrome with incidence focused in and generally rising in the later decades of life, and while many brain regions are affected in PD, there is at least relatively selective neuronal vulnerability to the pathogenic processes causing neuronal dysfunction-degeneration. The relative vulnerability of dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons is reviewed. Major hypotheses including the toxic effects of α-synuclein and its possible prion-like spread, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, endolysomal dysfunction, and neuroinflammation are discussed. The role of neuroprotection trials in addressing major hypotheses of pathogenesis is discussed.
Who opposes refugees? Swedish demographics and attitudes towards forcibly displaced populations
Authors: Rozo Sandra V , Urbina Maria J 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We exploit the quasi-random settlement of refugees in Sweden between 1985 and 1994 to examine characteristics of Swedish voters who showed a disproportionately negative response to increased migration inflows, and we assess whether these responses differed according to economic conditions when refugees arrived. We document that, on average, increases in migration inflows translated to lower support for immigration. These responses disproportionately stemmed from attitudinal changes in young males, those with less wealth, and people who worked in blue-collar occupations. Also, we find more support for immigration where employment increased and tax collection was lower when refugees arrived.
Refugees, trade, and FDI
Authors: Bahar Dany , Parsons Christopher , Vézina Pierre-Louis 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Humanitarian policies aimed at welcoming forced migrants may yield unexpected economic dividends. This article focuses on the trade and investment links forged by refugees between their countries of resettlement and the origins they fled. We document how such immigrant-links differ in the case of refugees, focusing on why their opportunity sets might differ and the difficulties in establishing economic connections against a backdrop of civil conflict and political unrest. We conclude by discussing a range of policies aimed at engaging refugee diasporas to foster development at refugees’ origins.
Covid in the nursing homes: the US experience
Authors: Bjoerkheim Markus B , Tabarrok Alex 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The death toll in nursing homes accounted for almost 30 per cent of total Covid-19 deaths in the US during 2020. We examine the course of the pandemic in nursing homes focusing especially on whether nursing homes could have been better shielded. Across all nursing homes the key predictor of infections and deaths was community spread, i.e. a factor outside of the control of nursing homes. We find that higher-quality nursing homes, as measured by the CMS Five-Star Rating system, were not better able to protect their residents. Policy failures from the CDC and FDA, especially in the early stages of the pandemic, created extended waiting times for Covid-19 tests and slowed attempts to isolate infectious residents. But once infections were widespread, testing would have had to have been much greater to have had an appreciable effect on nursing home deaths. We find, however, that starting vaccinations just 5 weeks earlier could have saved in the order of 14,000 lives and starting them ten weeks earlier could have saved 40,000 lives.
The Metric Used in the Global Health Impact Project: Implicit Values and Unanswered Questions
Authors: Asada Yukiko 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The core aims of the Global Health Impact Project include incentivizing pharmaceutical companies for socially conscious production and promoting socially conscious consumption among consumers. Its backbone is a metric that computes the amount of illness burden alleviated by a pharmaceutical drug. This essay aims to assess the connection between values and numbers in the Global Health Impact Project. Specifically, I concentrate on two issues, the anonymity of illness burden and the distribution of health benefits. The former issue asks whether we should treat the illness burden of every person the same. The latter issue asks among whom health benefits should be fairly distributed. Examination of these issues begs for clarification of some of the key concepts of the Global Health Impact Project, such as the definition of essential medicines and the significance of national borders. Although this essay focuses on the two particular metric issues in the Global Health Impact Project, its core argument is applicable to other metrics for ethically motivated initiatives—to construct a metric for an ethically motivated initiative, it is not only important to articulate underlying concepts and values, but it is also important to operationalize them, so they are consistently reflected in the metric.
How Gene–Culture Coevolution can—but Probably did not—Track Mind-Independent Moral Truth
Authors: Cofnas Nathan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractI argue that our general disposition to make moral judgments and our core moral intuitions are likely the product of social selection—a kind of gene–culture coevolution driven by the enforcement of collectively agreed-upon rules. Social selection could potentially track mind-independent moral truth by a process that I term realist social selection: our ancestors could have acquired moral knowledge via reason and enforced rules based on that knowledge, thereby creating selection pressures that drove the evolution of our moral psychology. Given anthropological evidence that early humans designed rules with the conscious aim of preserving individual autonomy and advancing their collective interests, the theory of realist social selection appears to be attractive for moral realists. The goal of evolutionary debunking arguments should be to show not that our moral beliefs are the product of natural selection, but that realist social selection did not occur.
Innovation: It’s in Our DNA
Authors: Kigin Colleen M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Colleen M. Kigin, PT, DPT, MS, MPA, FAPTA, the 52nd Mary McMillan Lecturer, is a consultant focused on innovation. She is a visiting clinical professor at the University of Colorado physical therapy program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, and an adjunct associate professor at the MGH Institute of Health Professions (MGH IHP). From 1998–2014, she held the positions of chief of staff and program manager for the Center of Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology, a 12-institution consortium based in Boston, Massachusetts, developing innovative solutions to health care problems. She subsequently has served as a consultant to such efforts as the University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, United Kingdom, to develop an innovation culture. In 1994, she joined the newly formed Partners HealthCare System in Boston, coordinating the system's cost reduction efforts through 1998. Kigin previously served as director of physical therapy services at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) (1977–1984) and as assistant professor at MGH IHP (1980–1994). While at MGH, she was responsible for the merger of 2 separate physical therapy departments, the establishment of the first nonphysician specialist position, and practice without referral for the physical therapy services. Kigin has held numerous positions within the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA), serving on the Board of Directors from 1988–1997, including as vice president; co-chair of The Physical Therapy Summit in 2007; and co-chair of FiRST, the Frontiers in Rehabilitation, Science and Technology Council. She also served as prior chair of the APTA Committee on Clinical Residencies and served on the American Board of Physical Therapy Specialties. Kigin earned a bachelor of science degree in physical therapy at the University of Colorado, a master of science degree at Boston University, a master's degree in public administration from the Harvard Kennedy School of Government, and a doctor in physical therapy degree from the MGH IHP.
Conflicting Interests and the Effect of Fiduciary Duty: Evidence from Variable Annuities
Authors: Egan Mark , Ge Shan , Tang Johnny 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We examine the variable annuity market to study conflicts of interest and the effect of fiduciary duty in brokerage markets. Insurers typically pay brokers higher commissions for selling more expensive annuities. Our results indicate that sales are four times as sensitive to brokers’ interests as to investors’. To limit conflicts of interest, the Department of Labor proposed a rule in 2016 holding brokers to a fiduciary standard. We find that after the proposal, sales of high-expense products fell by 52$\%$ as sales became more sensitive to expenses. Based on our structural estimates, investor welfare improved overall.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Impact of COVID-19 on the Italian Mental Health System: A Narrative Review
Authors: Carpiniello Bernardo , Vita Antonio 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Italy has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, consequently producing a heavy burden on the Italian National Health Service. From February 2020 until the end of the same year, the Italian Mental Health System (MHS), comprising an extensive network of community services, was subjected to a significant decrease in standards of care followed at the beginning of 2021 by a slow return to usual levels of activity. Data reported in the present article highlight how the Italian MHS – as was the case in the majority of countries—was largely unprepared for this emergency, suggesting an impelling need to develop appropriate supplementary national plans with the aim of preventing similar situations from developing in the future. The upheaval caused by the pandemic has highlighted the need to reinforce, both at a local and national level, the organization and standards of care of the Italian MHS in order to protect and support the mental health of patients with severe mental disorders, health workers, and the general population, thus preventing a potential “pandemic” of mental disorders.