bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MEDICINAL HERBS IN IRANIAN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE FOR LEARNING AND MEMORY
Authors: Shojaii Asie , Ghods Roshanak , Fard Mehri abdollahi 
Published: May 2022

Background: There are some factors such as age, stress and emotions that may lead to impaired learning, memory loss, amnesia,
and dementia or threats like Schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Traditional Iranian medicine (TIM) recommended some
herbs and herbal preparations for treatment or prevention of CNS problems. In this study, the scientific evidences related to
effectiveness of TIM herbal medicine on memory and learning will be reviewed.
Materials and Methods: The scientific evidences of the plant efficacy were searched in electronic databases including Pub Med,
Scopus, SID, Science Direct, and Google Scholar by keywords like memory, Alzheimer, amnesia, learning and scientific plant
names from 1969 to 2014.
Results: The finding of this study confirmed effectiveness of some of TIM medicinal plants on enhancing memory and learning or in
treatment or prevention of amnesia and AD. Some of TIM plants like Melissa officinalis, Crocus sativus and Nigella sativa showed
improving effect on memory in clinical trials. In some cases, the active principles responsible for efficacy of these plants on memory
were also determined.
Conclusion: Most of the studies on TIM plants were designed in animal models and a few herbs were evaluated in clinical trials on
AD. Also, for some of the herbal medicine used in TIM, there are no or not enough studies to confirm their effectiveness on memory
and learning. Therefore, further experimental and clinical studies are necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of these plants on
memory and AD and also to determine the active components of them.
NEUROTHERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF MANGIFERIN AGAINST HYPOXIC–ISCHEMIC ENCEPHALOPATHY IN NEONATAL RATS
Authors: Lv Xiu-li , Wang Yi , Hu Bing , Kang Le , Xin Jun , Zhang Guo-Ying 
Published: May 2022

Background: Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in perinatal condition is highly associated with mortality and several neurological disabilities. The present experiment was blueprinted to ascertain the protective efficacy of mangiferin (MF) against hypoxic–ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats.
Materials and methods: Fourth six neonatal rats (pubs) were arbitrarily separated into four groups as a sham group that received only water (control; n=12), pubs exposed to Hypoxic–ischemic (HI) insult (HI group-II; n=11), pubs receiving 20 (MF 20+HI-III; n=11) or 40 (MF 40+HI-IV; n=12) mg/kg b. wt of MF dissolved in water via i.p. for 7 consecutive days as pretreatment regimen before HI insult.
Results: MF pretreatment for seven days considerably attenuated the cerebral infarct size, edema level, lipid peroxidation (MDA), inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and NF-p65 subunit) as well as greatly ameliorated the antioxidant activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione reductase (GSH) and thereby maintaining the redox balance. The number of viable neuronal count (nissl bodies) was exponentially increased on administration with both the dosages of MF. Both the dosages showed substantial protection against HIE, however, 40 mg of MF exhibit superior neuroprotection in equivalence with 20 mg of MF.
Conclusion: The outcome of the present study distinctly proving the beneficial effect of MF against HIE by concomitantly improving neuronal count and antioxidant status. Hence, we recommend MF might be used for treating neonatal HIE with some standard drugs.

Keywords: Hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy, Mangiferin, Antioxidant, Inflammation, Neuroprotective
ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL COMPOUNDS FROM NASTURTIUM OFFICINALE
Authors: Quezada-LÃ¡zaro RodrÃ­go , FernÃ¡ndez-ZuÃ±iga Eunice A , GarcÃ­a Abraham , Garza-GonzÃ¡lez Elvira , Alvarez Laura , Camacho-Corona Maria del Rayo 
Published: May 2022

Background: Nasturtium officinale is a plant used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat respiratory infections such as tuberculosis. In
previous studies, it was found that the chloroform extract of the aerial parts of N. officinale showed good activity against one sensitive and four
drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strains. Therefore, the present research was focused on the fractionation and identification of
the antimycobacterial principles of this species.
Material and Methods: The chloroform extract was prepared and fractionated by column chromatography using silica gel and gradient of
chloroform/methanol, yielding 14 fractions. Each fraction was analyzed by thin-layer chlromatography under UV light. The obtained fractions
were further tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain using Alamar blue microassay.
Results: Of the 14 fractions assayed, only fractions 3 to 5 showed good inhibitory activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. The chemical
composition of three fractions by GC-MS led to the identification of E-phytol as the most abundant and common component.
Conclusion: Antimycobacterial properties of the three active fractions were attributed to E-phytol and palmitic acid.
HEPATIC, RENAL AND ENDOGENOUS ANTIOXIDANT STATUS MODULATORY EFFECTS OF CHRONIC CO-SUPPLEMENTATION OF ROOIBOS (ASPALATHUS LINEARIS) AND RED PALM OIL (ELAEIS GUINEENSIS) IN MALE WISTAR RATS
Authors: Ajuwon Olawale Razaq , Oguntibeju Oluwafemi Omoniyi , Marnewick Jeanine Lucasta 
Published: May 2022

Background: This study investigated the hepatic, renal and endogenous antioxidant status modulatory effects of chronic cosupplementation
of rooibos and red palm oil (RPO) in male Wistar rats.
Materials and Methods: Rats were randomized into four groups (n=10/group) and fed daily either standard rat chow (SRC) and water
(Group I), SRC and the aqueous rooibos extract (2% w/v; Group II), SRC and RPO (200 μL/day) with water (Group III), or SRC and
RPO (200 μL/day) with rooibos (2% w/v; Group IV) for 22 weeks.
Results: Chronic feeding of rooibos, RPO or their combination did not induce any adverse hepatic or renal effects, as shown by serum
levels of alkaline phosphatase, alanine- and aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, albumin, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen
and uric acid. Histopathology analyses showed that liver from the three supplementation groups displayed normal hepatic
histoarchitecture. Chronic feeding of RPO did not influence the redox status in the blood and liver significantly. Supplementation of
rooibos alone for 22 weeks significantly (P
GENETIC TRANSFORMATION OF CERATOTHECA TRILOBA FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ANTHRAQUINONES FROM HAIRY ROOT CULTURES
Authors: Naicker Leeann , Mohanlall Viresh , Odhav Bharti 
Published: May 2022

Background: Ceratotheca triloba was found to contain three anthraquinones (9, 10-anthracenedione, 1-hydroxy-4-methylanthraquinone
and 5, 8-dimethoxy-2, 3, 10, 10a-tetrahydro-1H, 4aH-phenanthrene-4, 9-dione [DTP]) in its roots. Inhibition of the human topoisomerase
II enzyme is the basis of some currently used cancer drugs such as doxorubicin which is shown to be cardio-toxic. For this reason we
decided to investigate anthraquinones from C. triloba as a possible anticancer drug, however the main limitation was the large quantities
of roots that are required to obtain a good yield of the active compound. Therefore the aim of this research was to obtain a higher yield of
anthraquinones in hairy roots cultures than the parent plant as well as to compare yields of hairy root, cell suspension and shoot cultures.
Materials and Methods: Protocols for seed sterilization, seed germination, shoot cultivation, callus induction, A. rhizogenes mediatedtransformation
and hormone supplementations of hairy roots were developed.
Results:The results revealed that stem explants was susceptible to transformation by Agrobacterium rhizogenes at a low optical density
of 0.2. Induced hairy roots were decontaminated by exposure to cefotaxime at 500mg.l-1 for five days and then 200mg.l-1 for eight days.
Visualization of culture extract profiles by TLC revealed anthraquinones were present in all cultures. Analysis of the culture extracts by
HPLC showed the highest yield of anthraquinones was produced in hairy root cultures supplemented with 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid
[NAA] (8 mg). This was a 17 fold increase compared to field roots (0.47 mg).
Conclusion:Therefore C. triloba hairy root cultures are the preferable biological system for anthraquinones production over shoot (0.13
mg) and cell suspension cultures (0.70 mg).
BEST PRACTICE PROGRAMME IN THE STANDARDISATION OF TRADITIONAL MEDICINES: EVALUATION OF AN IMMUNE BOOSTER FORMULATED BY TRADITIONAL HEALERS OF THE VAAL TRIANGLE, SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Pinkoane M.G. , Ngcobo M. , Gqaleni N. 
Published: May 2022

Background: Regulation and standardization of African traditional medicines (ATM) prescribed by traditional healers in South
Africa is still far from being implemented. This is despite the fact that more people are using ATM products than ever. In an effort to
demonstrate that collaboration with traditional health practitioners (THPs) can yield standardized TM products, this study aimed to
evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of an herbal immune booster formulated by traditional healers from the Vaal Region, South
Africa.
Materials and Methods: Using normal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells
(PBMCs) models, doses of the immune booster ranging from 1000 to 10 μg/mL were evaluated for their cytotoxicity, inflammatory
cytokines and chemokines secretion, nitric oxide (NO) secretion, malondialdehyde (MDA) assay, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) assay.
Results: The immune booster induced a dose dependent cytotoxic effect on both normal and LPS stimulated PBMCs with higher
doses showing cytotoxicity while lower dose from 100μg/mL did not show any cytotoxicity. When re-dissolved in aqueous PBS
immune booster doses up to 100 μg/mL showed better DPPH radical inhibition (41%) than ascorbic acid at 40μg/mL (33%). The
immune booster also decreased lipid peroxides significantly (p< 0.05) and this was comparable to ascorbic acid. There was also a
significant (p< 0.05) increase in nitrite (NO) after treatment of LPS stimulated PBMCs with immune booster doses when compared
to untreated samples. The immune booster stimulated inflammatory cytokines secretion in normal PBMCs (IL 1α, IL 1β, IL 6, IL 10
and TNFα while showing a decrease in IFNγ at the higher dose) while in LPS stimulated PBMCs some cytokines were decreased (IL
1α, IL 17α and at lower doses IL 10 and TNFα) and others were increased (IFNγ, TNFα and GM-CSF) depending on the dose used.
In both normal and LPS stimulated PBMCs the immune booster significantly (p< 0.05) increased (MIP 1α) while causing significant
(p< 0.05) decreases in IP 10 (high dose), I-TAC and MIG secretion.
Conclusions: This immune booster showed potential immunostimulatory effects by increasing nitric oxide, inflammatory cytokines
and chemokines secretion in both normal and LPS stimulated PBMCs. This TM also showed promising antioxidant potential in the
MDA and DPPH assays. Further in vitro and animal studies are warranted.
DAIDZEIN: A REVIEW OF PHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS
Authors: Sun Meng-Yao , Ye Ying , Xiao Ling , Rahman Khalid , Xiad Wei , Zhang Hong 
Published: May 2022

Background: Daidzein is an isoflavone with extensive nutritious value and is mainly extracted from soy plants. It is also called
phytoestrogen due to its structural similarity to the human hormone estrogen. However, daidzein is distinct from estrogen due to the
specificity of the estrogen receptor (ER) complex. In recent years, the pharmacological properties of daidzein have been extensively
investigated and considerable progress has been made. The present review aims to evaluate the pharmacological effects and
mechanisms of daidzein as reported in scientific literature.
Materials and Methods: Studies were identified as reported in PubMed, Elsevier, Scholar, and Springer over the last ten years and
this resulted in the identification of 112 papers.
Results: Daidzein is reported to play a significant role in the prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases such as cancer,
cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, skin disease, and neurodegenerative disease. This pharmacological activity is
attributed to various metabolites including equol and trihydroxy isoflavone.
Conclusion: Daidzein appears to play a significant role in the prevention of a variety of diseases and has the potential of being used
in a clinical setting. However, further research is needed to understand its molecular mechanisms and safety for use in humans.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE MEDICINAL PLANTS USED IN TINDIRET, NANDI COUNTY, KENYA
Authors: Kigen Gabriel , Maritim Alice , Some Fatuma , Kibosia John , Rono Hillary , Chepkwony Simon , Kipkore Wilson , Wanjoh Bernard 
Published: May 2022

Background: An inventory of the medicinal plants used by herbalists to treat various ailments in Tindiret area of Nandi County, Kenya
was conducted by a team comprising of medical researchers and botanists with a view to preserve indigenous ethnobotanical knowledge
and potential research and development of new drugs.
Materials and Methods: Data was collected from practicing herbalists through semi-structured interviews, group discussions and
observations. The types of medical conditions treated, treatment methods as well as the plants used were recorded.
Results and Conclusion: A total of 50 medicinal plants belonging to 28 families used for the treatment of 32 medical conditions were
recorded. The disease conditions which were treated by the highest number of plants were abdominal/colic pains with 15 different plants
recorded (13%), respiratory disorders 15(13%) and infertility14 (12%). The most widely used medicinal plants were Vernonia
amygdalina 7(7%), Toddalia asiatica 6(6%), Aloe kedongensis 5(5%) and Zanthoxylum gilletii 5(5%); whereas the families with the
highest number of plant usage were Fabaceae 8(14%), Lamiaceae 4(8%) and Solanaceae 4(8%) plants respectively. The study
documents important ethno-medical knowledge on the plants used by herbalists in Tindiret sub-county.
OPTIMAL EXTRACTION PARAMETERS OF THEABROWNIN FROM SICHUAN DARK TEA
Authors: Zou Yao , Qi Guinian , Xu Tian , Cheng Shen-xiang , Liu Ting-ting , Huang Ya-fang 
Published: May 2022

Background: Sichuan Dark Tea is a popular beverage with hypolipidemic and lifting greasy properties in the minority
neighborhoods of Sichuan and Tibet regions. The theabrownin, an important pigment of dark tea, has been proven for the role of the
hypolipidemic property in Sichuan Dark Tea. The objective of the study investigated the extraction process of theabrownin.
Materials and Methods: Theabrownin was extracted from Sichuan Dark Tea with water and organic solvents. The quadratic
regression orthogonally rotational combinational design experiment was performed to obtain the optimal extraction parameters.
Results: The extraction yield of theabrownin was significantly influenced by both water extraction temperature and solid-liquid ratio,
and the contribution of these factors on theabrownin yield was as follows: water temperature﹥solid-liquid ratio﹥organic solvent
temperature. Moreover, the polynomial regression model established could predict the experimental value accurately.
Conclusion: The optimum extraction process of theabrownin from Sichuan Dark Tea was established, which water temperature at
65.69-77.88℃, organic solvent temperature at 13.65-17.48℃ and a solid-liquid ratio of 1:43.58-1:50.75(g/mL).
THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF AN AQUEOUS EXTRACT FROM SMILAX EXCELSA L. AGAINST CARBON TETRACHLORIDE-INDUCED LIVER INJURY IN RATS
Authors: Ozsoy Nurten , Okyar Alper , Arda-Pirincci Pelin , Can Ayse , Bolkent Sehnaz , Akev Nuriye 
Published: May 2022

Background: Because reactive oxygen species (ros) contribute to the pathogenesis of various acute and chronic liver diseases,
dietary antioxidants and drugs from herbal origins have been proved to be beneficial as therapeutic agents in reversing hepatotoxicity
and oxidative stress. The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effect of an aqueous extract from smilax excelsa l.
Shoots and leaves against acute ccl4-induced liver injury as well as the changes in antioxidative defense system in female wistar
albino rats.
Materials and Methods: S. Excelsa extract was administered orally in doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, once daily for
9 days. Acute hepatic toxicity was induced by intraperitoneal injection of ccl4 (1 ml/kg) on the 10th day. 24 h after ccl4 intoxication,
biochemical and histopathological analyses were undertaken on sera and liver tissues.
Results: Ccl4 challenge caused significant increases in the activities of liver enzymes as well as the levels of bilirubin,
malondialdehyde and nitric oxide, while total serum protein levels and antioxidant defense system parameters were reduced
significantly compared to the normal group. Administration of s. Excelsa extract at a dose of 400 mg/kg resulted in a suppression of
ccl4-induced lipid peroxidation and altered oxidative stress parameters to nearly normal values in comparison to ccl4-treated rats.
Nevertheless the extract did not reduce the extent of ccl4-induced mild liver injury, as seen by the histopathology of liver damage.
Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that s. Excelsa could protect the liver tissues against ccl4-induced oxidative stress
probably by increasing antioxidative defense activities.
A STUDY ON CHRONIC EFFECT OF PROFENOFOS ON ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE AND BUTYRYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITIES AND PROTEIN CONTENTS IN VARIOUS TISSUES IN MAJOR CARPS
Authors: Ghazala Ghazala , Mahboob Shahid , Al-Ghanim K. A. , Sultana Salma , Sultana Tayyaba , Almisned F. , Ahmed L. , Shahid Tehniat , Ahmad Zubair 
Published: May 2022

Background: Pesticides widely used for agricultural purposes are carbamates, organophosphates as well as organochlorines. Among
these pesticides, organochlorine compounds have been extensively used to control disease vectors as well as agricultural pests. The
objective of this experiment was to study the chronic effect of a commercial formulation of profenofos on acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
and butylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity in various tissues in Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala fingerlings was
investigated.
Materials and Methods: Healthy fingerlings of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala with an average body length 90±6 mm
and 30.00±2.00 g body weight were collected from the fish seed hatchery and brought to the laboratory. Fishes were maintained in 70
litter glass aquaria (27 ± 1oC, 2.70–2.80 ms and 8.85–9.40 pH). The fingerlings of Catla catla, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala were
exposed to the 3 sub lethal concentrations of profenofos (0.038, 0.019, 0.012; 0.06, 0.03, 0.02 and 0.041, 0.020 and 0.013 mg/L) for 8
weeks. The control experiments were also performed with the addition of carrier solvent alone. Acetylcholinesterase and
butyrylcholinesterase level were estimated according to the methodology of Ellman et al. (1961) and Kuster (2005). Total soluble
proteins were determined by the Bradford (1976) standard method to assess enzymatic activity of the protein.
Results: The least activity of AChE was recorded in muscle samples of Catla catla (1.07±0.040 μmoles/min/g of protein), exposed to the
highest concentration of profenofos. BuChE activity was also reduced against various concentrations of profenofos. The AChE and
BuChE activity was significantly inhibited even when exposed to a minimum concentration of this insecticide. Profenofos exposure
affected the functioning of brain, blood, gills, muscle, kidneys and liver. We concluded that profenofos caused more inhibition in the
liver for AChE and BuChE compared to other tissues.
Conclusion: It has been concluded that profenofos is very highly toxic to the C. catla, L. rohita and C. mrigala fingerlings, but further
studies are required to assign a certain level of toxicity to the said pesticide. Considering the high toxicity of profenofos, it is suggested to
handle the profenofos carefully using all the precautionary measures in order to minimize the harmful effects on non-target organisms.
THE THERAPEUTIC EVALUATION AND MECHANISM ON TREATING BRONCHIAL HYPER-RESPONSIVENESS COUGH BY ZIYINQINGRE PRESCRIPTION
Authors: Zhang Yin , Li Shao dan , Zhang Jun Xiu , Liu Yi , Cui Yi Xin , Yang Ming hui 
Published: May 2022

Objective: Discussing the effects of Ziyinqingre prescription on the level of airway resistance (Rrs), airway response threshold
(Dmin), airway conductance (sGrs) and the level of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) of the
bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) cough patients.
Method: 84 subjects diagnosed as BHR were randomly divided into 42 Chinese Traditional medicine group and 42 control group.
The Chinese Traditional Medicine group received Ziyinqingre prescription twice a day and the control group received 10mg
Montelukast Sodium tablets once a day for two weeks. Observe the clinical symptoms improvement and the changes of the level of
the Rrs, Dmin, sGrs and IL-4, IFN-γ.
Results: After receiving the medicine, the symptoms of the Chinese medicine group were obviously alleviated, the outcome was
more satisfied than that of the control group. Compared with the control group, the level of Dmin increased and sGrs level decreased
more obviously (P
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BIASED COGNITIVE PROCESSING IN ACCIDENTALLY INJURED PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT POSTTRAUMATIC GROWTH LEVELS
Authors: Liang Zhenhong , Liu XiaoHong , Gong ShuMei 
Published: May 2022

Background: Various studies have assessed the negative and/or positive changes in the aftermath of traumatic events. Accidental
injuries (such as accidents, injuries, etc.), for its high incidence and disability rate, is easy to cause serious psychological problems
and hinder the physical and psychological rehabilitation of the patients.
Material and Methods: To explore the characteristics of attention bias in accidentally injured patients with different levels of
Posttraumatic growth (PTG), total score of PTG was adopted to screen out 15 high-PTG group and low-PTG group respectively
among accidentally injured patients. Dot probe task was used with positive, negative and neutral facial expression pictures as
experimental materials. An experimental design of 2 (facial expression: positive and negative)×2 (consistency of probe point and
facial expression: consistent and inconsistent)×2 (PTG level: high and low) was employed.
Results: Patients with low PTG level had attention bias toward the negative emotional stimuli, and difficulty in distraction from the
negative emotional pictures. The value of D and DI were both significantly greater than 0 (p