bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Black Vine Weevil Larvae Using Nematodes, 1988
Authors: Mulgrew Susan M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
BVW-infested Euonymus fortunel radicans, growing outdoors in 2-gal containers in a Massachusetts commercial nursery were treated with 3 commercially-produced nematode strains.. Two strains of Heterorhabditis sp. (HL 81 and HP 88) and one strain of Steinernema feltiae Filipjev (= Neoplectana carpocapsae Weiser) (NC All) were applied on 3 dates; 6 May (light rain, 17°C); 20 May (cloudy, 20°C); 6 Jun (cloudy, 21°C) to determine the effect of timing of application on the ability of the nematodes to control black vine weevil larvae. The completely randomized experimental design consisted of 20 replicate plants/treatment teematode strain;application date or the untreated check).. The commercial nematode preparations were suspended in 10 liters of tap water and applied to the surface of the container medium (3:2 hardwood bark:sand by vol) at a rate of 1,000,000 nematodes/m2. Efficacy of the treatments was determined by the number of BVW per container that successfully completed metamorphosis and emerged as adults from the container medium (the plants were covered with cheesecloth netting attached to the outside of the container to keep emerging BVW inside the containers and to exclude migrating BVW).
Evaluation of Insecticides for Controlling German Cockroaches, 1988
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Self-pressurized sprays were directed into cracks and crevices of dwellings using appropriate crack and crevice equipment. Microencapsulated chlorpyrifos was applied as a pinstream spot application from a 3.785 liter compressed air sprayer directed towards cracks and crevices. Abamectin was applied into or near cracks and crevices with a hand-type duster. Single-family dwellings, located in Wake, Harnett or Cumberland counties, NC, served as test sites. Kitchens with a minimum of 25 living German cockroaches sighted in a preliminary survey were used, with 5 replications. Preapplication visual tallies of living cockroaches in the kitchens compared to tallies at specified intervals after treatment indicated the efficacy. The amount of insecticide applied and the size, temperature, relative humidity, and sanitation condition of the kitchens, were recorded. Additional insecticide applications were made, with the amount recorded, when living cockroaches were observed during specified reinspection visits, except in 5 kitchens treated with microencapsulated chlorpyrifos. These kitchens did not have any additional insecticide applied in order to determine the efficacy of one application. Other non-test rooms in the dwellings were treated as needed at each visit to minimize migration of German cockroaches. Analyses were calculated on percent reduction of cockroaches (pre- versus post-tallies for a kitchen).
Postharvest Control of Mealybugs Using Dips, 1990
Authors: Tenbrink V. L. , Hansen J. D. , Hara A. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy trials were conducted on mealybug-infested red ginger flowers cut from an untreated field in Hilo, Hawaii. The flowers were randomly divided into groups of 5 stems/treatment and immersed for 1, 5, and 15 min in insecticidal solutions. A one min water dip was used as a control. The flowers were held for 24 h, then the numbers of alive and dead nymphs and adults were counted under a dissecting microscope. Percent mortality was calculated.
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Northern Masked Chafer Grubs Ott a Golf Course Fairway in Snyder Co., Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid and W formulations were applied in 2.0 gal water with a hand held 2.5 gal sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with dry Terra-Green top dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (25 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 80°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 80°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 80°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inch; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 46.3% sand, 45.1% silt, 8.6% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 21.1%; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, 6.0; and soil pH, 6.0; and the amount of rainfall recorded until posttreatment counts were made was 2.85 inches. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was irrigated with 0.075 inch of water, and 4 h after treatment the entire experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 36 DAT (30 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each plot, and the total number of Northern masked chafer grubs ft2 was recorded.
Insecticidal Control of Annual White Grubs Using Artificial Infestations, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Horst G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticides were evaluated for SMC grub control using artificial infestations at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NE. Kentucky bluegrass was maintained at a mowing height of 2 inches. Thatch accumulation was 0.75 to 1.0 inch. Turf-soil cores (8 inches in diam by 4 inches deep) were removed on 16 Apr from plots and potted into corresponding 8 inch deep PVC containers. These had been filled to within 4 inches of the top with soil. Container bottoms were covered with aluminum window screen. Containers were placed into the soil with top rims at ground level. The plot area was then irrigated to reestablish plant growth. First and second instar SMC grubs were collected from a nearby untreated turf area on 1 Aug, and ten grubs were introduced into each of two containers in each plot. Grubs which had not burrowed into the turf-soil core after 10 min were replaced. Insecticide treatments were applied on 8 Aug. Field conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 70°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 73°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.2-6.6; water pH, 6.7; soil moisture 22%. Granular formulations were applied over containers with a precalibrated Gandy 30H12 spreader. Liquid formulations were applied with a C02 sprayer using an LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and 5 gal/1000 ft2 spray volume. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. The test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inch of water immediately following insecticide applications. An additional 4.5 inches of irrigated water was applied and 0.44 inch of rain fell during the posttreatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 29 Aug by removing and breaking apart the contents of each container to obtain a grub survival count. Grub counts from the two containers were combined prior to analysis.
Control of Ant Mounds on a Golf Course Fairway, 1991
Authors: Power K. T. , Niemczyk H. D. , Rice V. K. , Belcher M. G. , Shetlar D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was located on a golf course fairway in Clyde, OH. Insecticides and insect growth regulators were applied 8 May to plots 4.58 X 4.88 m arranged in a complete randomized block design with 4 replications. Granular baits were applied with a shaker jar. Diatomaceous earth was mixed in water and applied using a C02 sprayer with Teejet 8015 nozzles at 2.81 kg/ cm2 pressure that delivered a vol of 1600 liter/ha. Liquid treatments were applied using a C02 sprayer with Teejet 8003 lp nozzles at 1.05 kg/cm2 pressure that delivered a vol of 492 liter/ha. Dimilin and NPI-3117D2 plots were retreated 21 May following the above protocol. The plots were not irrigated after treatment. Environmental conditions at time of treatment (8 May) were: Ant mounds: 0-2/m2, 2-6 cm diam. Turf: level, dry, 3.2 cm height, 45% Kentucky bluegrass, 40% fineleaf fescue, and 15% white clover. Thatch: moist, 1.9 cm. Soil: sandy, moist, 58°F at 2.54 cm and 55°F at 7.62 cm. Weather: cloudy, 55°F, 0-8 km/h wind. Water: pH 6.91. Environmental conditions at time of retreatment (21 May) were: Ant mounds: 0-5/m2, 3-8 cm diam. Turf: dry, 3.8 cm height. Thatch: moist, 1.9 cm. Soil: sandy, moist, 60°F at 2.54 cm and 62°F at 7.62 cm. Weather; sunny, 62°, 0 km/h wind. Water: pH 5.80. Posttreatment data taken 29 May, 19 Jun, and 10 Jul (3, 6, & 9 wks, respectively) were based on the number of active mounds in 3 random .837 m2 areas from the center 9.3 m2 of each plot.
Ant Control on a Golf Course, 1990
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were evaluated in 2 trials as area sprays for control of ants on a fairway. Treatment areas ranged in size from 46 to 130 m2. Treatments were not replicated. Sampling consisted of counting all active ant colonies within the confines of a M&gt; m2 wire hoop randomly tossed into the treated area; counts were made in 3 areas/treatment each date. Sprays were applied with a 1.5 gal compression sprayer at the rate of 2 liters/9.3 m2. Treated areas were not irrigated after treatment. Treated areas were only sparcely covered with grass and there was no thatch layer. Soil type is sand consisting of 90.0% sand, 6.4% silt, and 3.6% clay. Cumulative precipitation during Trial 1 was 0, 0, 0.40, 0.40, 0.65, and 0.75 inches at 1, 3, 6, 13, and 20 DAT, respectively; for Trial 2, precipitation was 0, 0, and 1.4 inches at 3, 6, and 20 DAT, respectively.
Preventive and Curative Insecticide Applications for Control of White Grubs, 1991
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Preventive treatment applications were made on 29 May. Plots were 8 × 8 ft arranged in a completely random design on a golf course fairway; the plot area was later converted to rough. Treatments were replicated 4 times. Granules were applied with a hand shaker. Triumph 4 E was applied in 2 liters of water/plot with a sprinkler can. All treatments were watered in with 2 liters of water (by sprinkler can) about 10 min after application. Environmental conditions at application were: air temperature, 32.5°C; soil temperature, 29°C (2 inches and moist); RH 60%; sky clear. Pretreatment counts of grubs avg 12.2/ft2 (90.6% Japanese beetle and 9.4% black turfgrass ataenius). Curative treatment applications were made on 9 Aug in an area adjacent to the preventive treatment plots. Plot size, experimental design, and application methods were the same as for the preventive trial. Environmental conditions at application were: air temperature, 24°C; soil temperature, 25°C; (1 inch and moist to wet); RH, 86%, overcast. Pretreatment counts of grubs avg 60.9/ft2 (98.4% Japanese beetle and 1.6% black turfgrass ataenius). For both trial areas, thatch was about 1/2 inch thick. As part of the original fairway, the plots were irrigated periodically with the fairway irrigation system. Soil type across the trial areas was loam, consisting of 37.0% sand, 46.9% silt, and 16.1% clay; pH was 5.7 and organic matter 7.7%. Evaluations were made by using a cup changer (4.25 inches diam) to remove 4 plugs (2-3 inches depth) from each plot for larval counts.
Control of Japanese Beetle with Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course, 1991
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied on 15 Aug to an area that was converted from fairway to rough about 2 months before the trial; grass cutting height was 2Vi inches. Pretreatment counts averaged 24.4 larvae/ft2 and were mixed 2nd and 3rd instars. Plots were 8 × 8 ft arranged in a completely random design, replicated 4 times. Before applying nematodes, each plot was irrigated with 2 liters of water, then the nematodes were applied in 2 liters and immediately irrigated with an additional 2 liters of water. Applications were made with a sprinkler can. Treatments were applied in late afternoon from 1630 to 1730 h. Environmental conditions were: air temperature, 29°C; soil temperature, 26°C (1 inch and surface); RH, 60%; partly cloudy and plot area in tree shade. Plots were sampled 21 DAT with a cup changer (4.25 inches diam) to a depth of 2 to 3 inches; 4 samples/plot were taken. Soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: sand 32.4%, silt 51.0%, clay 16.6%, organic matter 7.4%, pH 5.4. Nematode viability counts at treatment time were: Biosys #2, 65% and Biosys #27 about 50%. Additional amounts of the nematode form were added in an attempt to offset the low viability counts and maintain the desired 1.0 billion/acre rates.
Early Season Control of Chinch Bugs Infesting Buffalograss, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Kalisch J. A. , Riordan T. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted on a buffalograss lawn in Lincoln, NE. Insecticides were applied on 14 Jun to 4 × 4 ft plots arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Buffalograss was maintained at a mowing height of 4.0 inches and mowed at 2.0 inches prior to insecticide applications. Thatch accumulation ranged from 0 to 0.25 inch. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 78°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 75°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0-7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture, 20%. Liquid insecticides were applied with a COa sprayer using an LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal spray/1000 ft2. Granular formulations (G) were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 24H12 spreader. Immediately following application, plots were irrigated with 0.125 inch water. No rainfall occurred during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 5 DAT by removing from each plot three turf-soil cores to a depth of 2 inches with a 4.25-inch diam cup cutter (0.3 ft2 total area per plot). Cores were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. Extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 h.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Imported Fire ANT in Floyd County, Georgia, 1990
Authors: Diffie Stan , Bass Max 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were evaluated for RIFA control as a dry powder over the top of active mounds or as baits sprinkled around the base of acitve mounds. Each circular plot was. permanently marked with an orange surveyor stake and measured 0.2 acre. Three replicates were used for each treatment. Pretreatment counts were taken on 12 Jun in the 0.1 acre inner circle of each plot. Posttreatment counts of active mounds in the 0.1 acre inner circle were made on 11 Jul and 14 Aug, Treatments were made beginning at 4:00 pm on 12 Jun. The average soil temperature was 85°F.
Late Summer Control of Hairy Chinch Bug on Established Fescue Turfgrass in Boalsburg, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fineleaf fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Granular formulations (G) were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with dry Terra-Green top dressing to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (2 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 70°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 70°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 68°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inch; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 22.3% sand, 55.1% silt, 22.6% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 12.5%; organic matter, 2.7%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 6.3. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.2 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 9 Sep, 7 d after the initial treatment. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the no. of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 15 min period. Three flotation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total no. of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Summer Control of Hairy Chinch Bug at Site Two on Established Fescue Turfgrass in Somerset, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 × 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid and SP form were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 30 psi, and delivering 4 gal/1000 ft'. Granular formulations (G) were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (7 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 86°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 84°F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 76°F; RH, 30%; amount of thatch, 0.75-1.5 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 47.3% sand, 35.1% silt, 17.6% clay; soil moisture (oven baked), 11.3%; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, 6.0; soil pH, 6.4; and 0.3 inch of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 13 Aug, 6 d after the initial treatment. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the no. of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 15 min period. Three flotation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total no. of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Taxus, Control of Black Vine Weevil Adults, Wooster, Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Taxus, 20-30 cm tall, growing in 1-gal (3.8 liter) containers were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against black vine weevil adults. Plants were placed inside a poly-house and sprays were applied 5 Sep. Temperatures within the poly-house were 25-30°C during the test period. Plants received 1-2 cm of over-head irrigation every Mon, Wed, and Fri, after first samples were removed. A C02 compression sprayer operating at 30 psi with a single SS8004 flat-fan Teejet nozzle was used to apply sprays to each of 3, single-plant replicates per treatment. Two, 10-15 cm long twigs were removed, at specified intervals, from each of the three replicate plants and placed in 1-liter fonda containers fitted with nylon organdy mesh tops along with 3 ovipositing weevils per replicate. Weevils had been collected from a taxus nursery in Lake Co., OH, and maintained on fresh taxus foliage in the rearing facility at 21-23°C, 80% + RH, and a 16 h photoperiod. Efficacy was evaluated 2, 5, 9, and 16 DAT by allowing the weevils to feed on treated foliage for 72 h. After 72 h, moribund weevils were placed on fresh, unsprayed foliage, and percent mortality was assessed 72 h later.
Spring Control of Pine Needle Scale on Scotch Pine with Biorational and Conventional Formulations in New Castle, Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four treatments were applied to evaluate control of pine needle scale nymphs on moderately infested 6-8 ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 7 May and replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 mist blower operating at full throttle on setting two. Treatments were applied at the rate of 150 gal/acre (454 ml/tree). At treatment time, the following conditions existed: air temperature, 46°F; water pH, 7.0; RH, 59%; and skies were partly cloudy. At 14 DAT (21 May), at least 5 infested needle fascicles were removed randomly from each tree at each of four cardinal locations. Fascicles were then individually placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler to the laboratory, where the viability of the first 100 nymphs observed under a stereo dissecting microscope was determined. Counts were always made from a minimum of 5 fascicles.
Scotch Pine, Control of a Pine Needle Scale at Three Separate Developmental Stages, Wayne Co., Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Scotch pine, 2-2.5 m tall, growing in a Christmas tree plantation in Wayne Co., OH, were used to evaluate insecticides against three separate stages of a pine needle scale: overwintering eggs, crawlers with some 1st stage nymphs, and new females prior to oviposition. Treatments were applied to overwintering eggs on 16 Apr under sunny skies, 15°C, and 16-24 km/h winds with 10.5 cm rainfall during this test period. On 7 May crawlers and settled 1st stage nymphs were treated under sunny skies, 23°C, and 24-32 km/h winds, with 5.33 cm rainfall during this test period. On 20 Jun new females were treated under cloudy skies, 18°C, and 8-16 km/h winds, with 2.3 cm rainfall during this test period. An Echo backpack mistblower operating at half-throttle on aperture setting # 3 for 25 s was used to deliver ca. 1260 ml of finished spray to each of the three, single-tree replicates per treatment. Dormant, over-wintering egg treatments were evaluated 18 May by removing three needle fascicles from each replicate tree and counting the number of non-parasitized (with chorion) females vs the number of live crawlers per fascicle. Crawler/lst stage nymph treatments were evaluated 18 May by removing five fascicles from each replicate tree and assessing percent mortality of scales present. Treatments to control new females were evaluated 2 Jul, using the same method.
Sulfur Dioxide Control of Omnivorous Leafroller in the Laboratory, 1991
Authors: Vail Patrick V. , Steven Tebbets J. , Smilanick Joe 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Table grapes are routinely fumigated with sulfur dioxide (S02) at 5,000 to 10,000 ppm for 20 to 30 min at ambient temperature or during cooling to control postharvest decay in storage. This translates to CT product exposure levels (defined below) of about 800 to 1,500 ppm-h. The grapes are refumigated weekly during cold storage with 1,000 to 5,000 ppm S02. We conducted preliminary experiments in the laboratory to determine if S02 gas had insecticidal activity against a lepidopterous pest of grapes. Thirdinstar OLR larvae were exposed to S02 gas in a 0.3 m3 battery jar. The jar was sealed with a metal lid fitted with a rubber gasket. The lid had six holes drilled in the center, each stoppered with a no. 6 rubber stopper. Sulfur dioxide was introduced from a primary standard grade lecture bottle (99.5% AI) using a constant-flow system (flow rate = 100 ml/min). Sulfur dioxide concentrations were continuously monitored, using an Horiba° infrared analyzer with a 200 mm path cell, and recorded every 2 min. Doses were expressed as CT products (ppm-h): the product of concentration (ppm) and time of exposure (h). Tests were conducted at 22 ° 2°C and 90 to 95% relative humidity. Third-instar larvae were placed inside cylindrical cages (2 cm x 6 cm) made from 50 mesh stainless steel wire (n = 14 to 20 larvae per cage). Five cages, each attached to the bottom side of a no. 6 rubber stopper, were suspended inside that jar through the holes in the lid. Every 12 minutes, one cage was removed and the hole quickly plugged with another stopper. By this method, we obtained exposure times of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 h with only minimal effect on the concentration of the S02 gas inside the chamber. One cage was left unexposed (control) outside the test area. Following the test, both fumigated and control larvae were transferred to an agar-based semi-synthetic diet in 30 ml plastic cups (1 larva per cup) and held at 27 ° 1°C. Mortality evaluations were made at the time of transfer to the diet cups and at 1, 2, and 4 days posttreatment. The test was replicated three times.