bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concise Synthesis of (S)-7-Hydroxy-5-aza-8a-epi-d-swainsonine from a d-Erythrose Derivative
Authors: Sousa Cristina E. A. , Salgueiro Daniela A. L. , Alves Maria J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA five-step synthesis of (S)-7-hydroxy-5-aza-8a-epi-d-swainsonine [(3S,4S,4aS,5S,6R)-octahydropyrrolo[1,2-b]pyridazine-3,4,5,6-tetraol] was accessed in good overall yield from readily available d-erythrosyl benzylidene acetal buta-1,3-diene. The key step of the reaction sequence is a full stereoselective Diels–Alder cycloaddition between­ the diene and dienophile: diethyl azodicarboxylate (DEAD) or di-tert-butyl azodicarboxylate (DBAD). The cycloadducts were further transformed into the title 5-aza-indolizidine. Optimized procedures were obtained for the synthesis of intermediates and products.
Synthesis of Structurally Defined Nitroxide Spin-Labeled Glycolipids as Useful Probes for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy Studies of Cell Surface Glycans
Authors: Guo Zhongwu , Yan Xin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFour glycolipids carrying different glycans and a nitroxide free radical spin at the glycan non-reducing end were designed and synthesized from free glucose and maltooligosaccharides by an efficient and streamlined synthetic strategy. The main features of this synthetic strategy include regioselective functionalization of the free carbohydrates and coupling of the radical spin label with functionalized free glycans as the last synthetic step. These glycolipids are useful probes for the study of cell surface glycans by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Moreover, the key synthetic intermediates, free glycolipids carrying a flexible azido group at the glycan non-reducing end, are widely useful platforms for accessing glycolipids with other molecular labels.
Real-World Experience of Treating Young Adult Patients with Breast Cancer from a Single Center in Southern India
Authors: Iyer Priya , Radhakrishnan Venkatraman , Krishnamurthy Arvind , Dhanushkodi Manikandan , V. Sridevi , Ananthi Balasubramanian , Selvaluxmy Ganeshraja 
Published: February 2022

Background Breast cancer in young adults is rare and accounts for 5 to 6% of all cancers in this age group. We conducted the present study to look at the demographic features, clinical presentation, and outcomes in this group of patients treated at our center.Patients and Methods The study included breast cancer patients between the age of 15 and 30 years treated at our institute from January 2009 to December 2016. Data were analyzed retrospectively from case records. Event-free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method.Results Young adult breast cancers were reported in 145 out of 6,000 patients (2.41%) diagnosed with breast cancer in the study period. The median age of the patients was 29 years (range: 21–30 years). Stage I, II, III, and IV was observed in 3.4, 33.7, 46.2, and 16.5% of patients, respectively. The median follow-up was 45 months (range: 1.7–128.1 months). The 5-year EFS and OS for stage I, II, III, and IV was 100, 74.5, 47.9, and 0% and 100, 90.8, 55.1, and 0%, respectively. On univariate analysis, stage of the disease and pregnancy-associated breast cancers were found to have a significant association with decreased EFS and OS (p < 0.001, p = 0.008 and p < 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). On multivariate analysis, stage of disease and pregnancy-associated breast cancers remained significant predictors of EFS and OS.Conclusion Breast cancers in young adults are rare but need to be diagnosed at an early stage to improve survival. Pregnancy-associated breast cancers need to be managed optimally without delay owing to their aggressive tumor biology.
Writing a Case Report in Pediatric Surgery: A Comprehensive Guideline
Authors: Feng Xiaoyan , Wagner Richard , Rogers Silvia , Lacher Martin , Aubert Ophelia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAn effective case report delivers clear and valuable clinical or surgical information to the medical community. Case reports dealing with pediatric surgical issues raise the medical community's awareness of rare diseases, unusual presentations of common disorders, or novel surgical or nonsurgical treatment approaches. Thus, case reports contribute substantially to medical advance by sharing remarkable or unexpected findings. For this reason, case reports should be prepared with vigilance, and current conventions on good medial writing practice should be observed. This guideline aims to assist clinicians and surgeons in the successful publishing of a compelling case report in pediatric surgery that is read and understood by the intended audience.
Anti-GFAP Antibody-Associated Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis
Authors: Tan Chengbing , Zhong Min , Yao Zhengxiong , Hong Siqi , Jiang Li , Jiang Yan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy is an inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disorder that usually presents as steroid responsive encephalitis, meningitis, myelitis, or meningoencephalomyelitis. Hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) is an uncommon disorder that causes a localized or diffuse thickening of the dura mater. Depending on the etiology, HP can be idiopathic or secondary to a wide variety of other diseases. There are no reports of autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy presenting as HP.
Methods In this case report, we describe a rare case of pediatric HP possibly associated with anti-GFAP antibody.
Results A 13-year-old previously healthy girl presented with headache for nearly 8 months with left-sided peripheral facial palsy and left-sided abductor nerve palsy in the second month of course. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed contrast enhancement of hypertrophic dura mater. Anti-GFAPα antibodies were positive in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. The patient improved clinically after steroid treatment with partial resolution of abnormal intracranial MRI lesions.
Conclusion The present study suggests that HP may be one of the clinical phenotypes for autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy or GFAP antibody is a biomarker for HP.
The self-reported human health effects associated with heat exposure in Agincourt sub-district of South Africa
Authors: Manyuchi Albert Edgar , Vogel Coleen , Wright Caradee Y. , Erasmus Barend 
Published: February 2022

AbstractExposure to heat and heatwaves are associated with mortality and may amplify morbidities. In a climate change context, projections suggest temperatures will likely rise in the foreseeable future. Our paper assesses the current knowledge on human health effects of heat exposure and gathered local knowledge of heat-health effects in a rural area of the Agincourt sub-district of South Africa. Existing, peer-reviewed published literature on heat effects on human health as well as heat-health indicators was reviewed. Interviews and structured observations to collect data on heat effects on human health in Agincourt sub-district were conducted. The Lancet Countdown heat-related indicators were applied as a framework against which to discuss our findings. A total of 93 participants who lived in Agincourt sub-district for 5 years and more were interviewed. Participants reported that temperatures, especially summertime temperatures, had been rising over the past years. Health effects of heat were deemed more apparent in relation to morbidity. Heatwaves were not easily comprehensible as singular ‘events’, and their effects were poorly understood. The population groups disproportionately affected by heat included infants, the elderly, those living with disability and outdoor workers. High ambient temperatures were deemed to be associated with reduced labour productivity of outdoor workers. Community-level perceptions of heat impacts on health were mainly related to illnesses and diseases, with no understanding of mortality risk. Future health awareness campaigns that encompass the full range of heat-health impacts are essential to reduce vulnerability, morbidity, and mortality. Our study provided location-specific, qualitative, and indicator-aligned data for a geographic area expected to undergo significant heat stress in the future. The study findings have significant research, policy, and practice implications in similar resource-limited settings.
Role of lithium intercalation in fluorine-doped tin oxide thin films: Ab initio calculations and experiment
Authors: Perez Israel , Sosa Victor , Gamboa Fidel , Enriquez-Carrejo Jose Luis , Mixteco Sanchez Juan Carlos 
Published: February 2022

Using a combination of experimental techniques and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the influence of lithium insertion on the electronic and electrochemical properties of fluorine-doped SnO2 (FTO) is assessed. For this purpose, we investigate the electrochromic behavior of a commercial FTO electrode embedded in a solution of lithium perclorate (LiClO4). The electrochromic properties are evaluated by UV–vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. These tests show that FTO exhibits electrochromism with a respectable coloration efficiency (η = 47.9 cm2/C at 637 nm). DFT study indicates that lithium remains ionized in the lattice, raising the Fermi level about 0.7 eV deep into the conduction band. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to study chemical bonding and oxidation states. XPS analysis of the Sn 3d core levels reveals that lithium insertion in FTO induces a shift of 350 meV in the Sn 3d states, suggesting that lithium is incorporated into the SnO2 lattice.
Targeting stem-loop 1 of the SARS-CoV-2 5′ UTR to suppress viral translation and Nsp1 evasion
Authors: Vora Setu M. , Fontana Pietro , Mao Tianyang , Leger Valerie , Zhang Ying , Fu Tian-Min , Lieberman Judy , Gehrke Lee , Shi Ming , Wang Longfei , Iwasaki Akiko , Wu Hao 
Published: February 2022

Significance
The COVID-19 pandemic and the ever-evolving variants of SARS-CoV-2 are taking a toll on human health. Despite the successful rollout of vaccines, effective therapies are still urgently needed. Our studies here showing that Nsp1 selectively blocks translation of host but not viral proteins by proper coordination of its N- and C-terminal domains to advance our understanding on SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Our finding that stem-loop 1, a highly conserved sequence in the SARS-CoV-2 5′ UTR, is necessary and sufficient for bypassing Nsp1-mediated shutdown led to the design of antisense oligonucleotides targeting this sequence that make viral translation susceptible to Nsp1 shutdown, interfere with viral replication, and protect SARS-CoV-2–infected mice. This strategy of turning SARS-CoV-2’s own virulence against itself could be harnessed therapeutically.
Alternatives to QUD
Authors: Ozerov Pavel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The paper critically examines some central principles of the Question Under Discussion (QUD) framework and ultimately explores the concept of ‘question’, central to QUD-models. It demonstrates how fine-grained, interactionally informed analyses of language-specific categories can reveal building blocks of interaction and explain the sources of the observed information- and discourse-structuring interpretations (such as update, contrast and more). Employing data from Anal Naga (Trans-Himalayan, India), it proceeds to a fine-grained analysis of the notion of ‘question’. The decomposition of ‘questions’ into smaller building blocks similarly reveals how diverse categories and discourse processes can trigger the interpretation of an information request. These findings and additional theoretical arguments suggest that QUD-models are problematic for various reasons: such models are non-parsimonious as they add superfluous extra layers to explain the observations; the explanatory apparatus is circular, as the extra layers are derived from within the explananda but regarded as underlying explanatory factors; and the models gloss over the actual factors by channelling them into cover terms prematurely regarded as primitive. Finally, since ‘question’ does not constitute a primitive concept but is a product of diverse discourse processes, discourse cannot be modelled on this foundation.
Online discourses of ‘homosexuality’ and religion
Authors: Jantunen Jarmo Harri , Kytölä Samu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article examines Finnish online forum discussions where religion and discourses of ‘homosexuality’ are connected in various ways. Previous research (e.g.Jantunen 2018a) shows that in Finnish online discussions where sexual minorities are the topic, religion stands out as a significant feature – particularly in discourses on ‘homosexuality’. Via corpus-assisted discourse analysis (CADS), the present study adds to previous knowledge on this subject by qualitatively analyzing the occurrences of certain keywords in the Finnish societal context – one in which immigration and the visibility of both Islam and sexual minorities are perceived to have increased. The analysis found four interrelated key discourses in these online discussions: (1) Islamization as an alleged threat to gay people (in the data: ‘homosexuals’); (2) the alleged indifference/ignorance of people to Islam’s stance against sexual minorities; (3) relativist discourse(s) claiming all fundamentalists to be similar; and (4) othering – including for instance, the verbal stylization of Muslims as being particularly hypersexual.
Formation of electronic coherences in conical intersection-mediated dynamics
Authors: Neville Simon P , Stolow Albert , Schuurman Michael S 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We consider the formation of vibrationally-induced transient electronic coherences driven by conical intersection (CI)-mediated population transfer between two electronic states. By invoking fundamental symmetry arguments, we identify several important factors which modulate the magnitude of these electronic coherences. We consider the sub-cases where the two electronic states have either the same or different Abelian point group symmetry at the Franck–Condon geometry. For the different symmetry case, due to the inherent symmetry of the molecular Hamiltonian, significant electronic coherences are unlikely to form. In contrast, for electronic states of the same symmetry, large magnitude electronic coherences can form. However, the magnitude of these coherences is highly dependent on the topography of the CI. These results offer a guide to experimental studies of electronic coherences which may (or may not) be induced by nuclear motion in the vicinity of a CI, as well as to ab initio simulations which are employed to simulate them.
Flow field tomography with uncertainty quantification using a Bayesian physics-informed neural network
Authors: Molnar Joseph P , Grauer Samuel J 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe report a new approach to flow field tomography that uses the Navier–Stokes and advection–diffusion equations to regularize reconstructions. Tomography is increasingly employed to infer 2D or 3D fluid flow and combustion structures from a series of line-of-sight (LoS) integrated measurements using a wide array of imaging modalities. The high-dimensional flow field is reconstructed from low-dimensional measurements by inverting a projection model that comprises path integrals along each LoS through the region of interest. Regularization techniques are needed to obtain realistic estimates, but current methods rely on truncating an iterative solution or adding a penalty term that is incompatible with the flow physics to varying degrees. Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) are new tools for inverse analysis that enable regularization of the flow field estimates using the governing physics. We demonstrate how a PINN can be leveraged to reconstruct a 2D flow field from sparse LoS-integrated measurements with no knowledge of the boundary conditions by incorporating the measurement model into the loss function used to train the network. The resulting reconstructions are remarkably superior to reconstructions produced by state-of-the-art algorithms, even when a PINN is used for post-processing. However, as with conventional iterative algorithms, our approach is susceptible to semi-convergence when there is a high level of noise. We address this issue through the use of a Bayesian PINN, which facilitates comprehensive uncertainty quantification of the reconstructions, enables the use of a more intuitive loss function, and reveals the source of semi-convergence.
Development of a magnetorheological elastomer rubber joint with fail-safe characteristics for high-speed trains
Authors: Gong Ning , Yang Jian , Li Zhixiong , Ning Donghong , Jin Hu , Gong Xinglong , Li Weihua , Zhang Shiwu , Sun Shuaishuai 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The stiffness of the train’s rubber joint at the primary suspension system has a crucial influence on the operation stability and curve-passing performance. As traditional rubber joint only provides unadjustable parameters, they cannot meet the conflicting stiffness requirements when the train is running at high speed on straight track and passing through the curve track. To solve this problem, this paper proposed a new rubber joint with fail-safe characteristics based on magnetorheological elastomer (MRE). The joint stiffness is controlled by a hybrid magnetic field generated by permanent magnets and electromagnets. With this hybrid magnetic field, the initial stiffness of the MRE joint can be designed to be hard so as to suppress the hunting motions and vibrations of wheelsets and thus keep the trains’ high-speed stability; furthermore, the stiffness can decrease by energizing the electromagnets when passing through a curve track. With this characteristic, the joint can guarantee the safety of the train at high operation speed even when the joint control system fails. The prototype of the MRE joint was fabricated and assembled. Stiffness controllability of the MRE joint was tested using a Material Testing Systems machine. The result reveals that the stiffness of this MRE joint can be controlled effectively. According to the testing results, a new phenomenological model was built to predict the joint’s dynamic performance. Then this established model was integrated into dynamic models of trains to numerically evaluate the new joint’s influence on the train’s stability and trafficability. The evaluation result shows that the proposed MRE joint is fully effective on providing controllable stiffness to satisfy the conflicting stiffness requirement with fail-safe characteristics.
Study on the rheological and polishing properties of electromagnetic two-phase composite particles with abrasive characteristics
Authors: Chen Zhijun , Pan Jisheng , Yan Qiusheng , Huang Zhanliang , Zhang Fenglin , Chen Shumei 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Electromagnetic composite rheological polishing (EMRP) is a new ultra-precision machining technology that combines electro-rheological polishing (ERP) and magneto-rheological polishing (MRP). The key technology of the polishing method is the preparation of electromagnetic composite rheological fluid (EMRF) with both ERP and MRP, especially the preparation of composite particles with electro- and magneto-rheological effects. In this study, the EMRF was prepared by using electromagnetic two-phase particles with abrasive characteristics. The electromagnetic two-phase composite particles are synthesized in two steps: the coupling method and sol-gel method. The two-step method successfully prepared the electromagnetic two-phase composite particles with nano-diamond particles embedded randomly on the surface. The electro-rheological shear stress of EMRF can reach 160.7 Pa when the test parameter voltage is 2.5 kV, and magneto-rheological shear stress of EMRF can reach 4076 Pa when the electromagnet excitation current is 3 A. When a fused silica glass is polished under a single magnetic field, the material removal depth reaches a maximum of 2.7 μm at a radius of 13.5 mm. Under the action of the electromagnetic compound field, the removal profile of the work-piece is smoother, and the material removal depth reaches the maximum value of 2.1 μm at a radius of 10.5 mm. This proves that the stiffness distribution of the polishing pad under the electromagnetic composite field is more dispersed than that under a single field. Therefore, the distribution of electromagnetic two-phase composite particles can be controlled by applying an electromagnetic composite field, which provides a good foundation for the abrasive control technology of EMRP.
Far-field subwavelength imaging by harnessing the single-mode resonance and sparsity
Authors: Mu Yadong , Yu Gaokun , Wang Ning 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Although far-field superlenses and resonant metalenses provide a way to obtain the far-field subwavelength imaging through the resonant excitation of multiple surface wave modes, the high sensitivity of these resonant modes to the absorption loss hinders their practical applications. To break this limitation, only a single resonant mode which survives the absorption loss is chosen for imaging, where a reconstruction algorithm based on the sparsity is adopted to compensate for the reduction of the number of degrees of freedom. An experiment is carried out to verify a far-field subwavelength imaging of two home-made sources, and it is found that the two imaged sources can be well resolved by using multiple frequencies near the fifth resonant mode.
Doubling off-axis electron cyclotron current drive efficiency via velocity space engineering
Authors: Chen Xi , Petty C.C. , Lohr J. , Su D. , Prater R. , Cengher M. , Austin M. , Holcomb C. , Lao L. , Pinsker R.I. , Victor B. , Zeng L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
For the first time, experiments on the DIII-D tokamak have demonstrated electron cyclotron current drive with more than double the conventional efficiency by tailoring the wave–particle interactions in velocity space using a novel ‘top launch’ geometry. Steering the EC waves to propagate nearly parallel to the resonance drives current more efficiently by (1) selective damping on electrons with higher parallel velocity v||, and (2) longer absorption path to compensate for inherently weaker absorption at higher v||. Experiments using a fixed-injection top launch system find an optimal velocity space interaction for maximum current drive efficiency at ρ ∼ 0.5 where the ease of drawing out a high v|| electron tail is balanced by sufficient absorption.