bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Repeated Load and Waste Polypropylene on the Behavior of Asphalt Layers
Authors: Akram Hind A , Hilal Miami M , Fattah Mohammed Y 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Roads are utilized by many vehicle kinds and heavy vehicles among these may be seen as the most essential for cargo loading, causing paving failure and increasing expenses for rehabilitation and maintenance. In this study, in analyzing a finite element employing Abaqus 6.14, composite effects for wheel loads and temperature were addressed. The asphalt layer was designed as an elastic material, while the base and sub-bases were modeled according to the Mohr coulomb model like an elastic material. And studying the impact of wheel loads on flexible pavement settlement and the main output of analyzing pavement structure is almost represented by the vertical stresses and the surface deformation which are considered as the critical response point. A truck type 2S-2 was tried with two thicknesses of asphalt layer 140 mm and 250 mm and considering that base and subbase layer thicknesses remained constant so it does not affect the variation of displacement. It was found that the increase of asphalt layer thickness from 140 mm to 250 mm leads to a decrease in the vertical displacement of about 0.59% and studied the effect of modified asphalt with polymer and how it effect pavement vertical displacement with an obvious reduction from 0.590 mm to 0.265 mm under the repeated load of 36 ton and The vertical stress decreased from 5.036 kPa to 1.899 kPa
Evaluation of Reclaimed Asphalt Mixtures Modified by Nanoclay Powder on Moisture Damage
Authors: Jaafar Mays A , Joni Hasan H , Karim Hussein H 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Recycling asphalt is a significant stage in pavement industry, yet it can be unfavorable to the durability of the recycled mix due to the loss of binder charachteristics, thus the mixture will be weaker to the external factors like moisture. This study aims to evaluate the influence of nanoclay montmorillonite k10 powder (MMT) on Marshall’s characteristics and moisture resistance in Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) mixtures. Three percentages of rejuvenated RAP were used, 30%, 40%, and 50% of the total mixture, these percentages were modified with 0%, 1%, 3%, and 5% nanoclay (MMT) of the neat binder’s weight. Asphalt Cement AC(85-100) was used to rejuvenate the RAP. The Marshall test was conducted on modified RAP to detect the effect on the Marshall stability and flow and air void, indirect tensile strength tests (ITS) were also conducted before and after nanoclay powder addition to compare and assess the resistance of moisture to rejuvenated RAP mixtures. The results of the laboratory tests have shown that the use of 5% nanoclay in the regenerated RAP mixes offers superior performance than without it, where it enhanced stability by 15%, reduced flow by 14.3%, and increased moisture damage resistance by 3.66% all for 50% RAP mixtures.
Reducing Settlement and Collapse of Gypseous Soil Using Geotextile Reinforcement
Authors: Mohsen Makki K. , Al-Obaidi Qasim A. , Asker Ayad O. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Collapsible soils are problematic soils that have substantial strength while dry but lose strength when wet, resulting in excessive settlements. Soil collapse occurs when increasing moisture weakens chemical or physical connections between soil particles, allowing the soil structure to collapse. The existence of these soils, often with significant gypsum concentration, created serious challenges for structures and major projects. The primary goal of this study is to conduct a series of model tests subjected to static vertical stress to assess the ability of soil stabilization using geosynthetics material by employing single, double, and triple geotextile layers put at various places. A unique model test configuration was employed for this testing. The gypseous soil used was brought from near Sawa Lake by coordinates (31◦18′42.83″N, 45◦00′49.36″E) in Al-Muthanna Governorate. The gypsum content was more than (37%). It was found that, the ultimate bearing capacity of dry and wet gypseous soil models had been determined by using Two Tangent Intersection technique. The results show the Settlement Reduction Factor (SRF) % and the ratio of decreasing the collapse magnitude (Δed )
Supervised Classification Model Using Google Earth Engine Development Environment for Wasit Governorate
Authors: Hasan Sajjad H , AL-Hameedawi Amjed N M , Ismael H S 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
As a result of the advancements that have occurred in the technical field of geomatics, particularly after the development of developmental programming environments, they have become the most important machine for conducting image analyses of satellite data, creating and modifying spatial analysis tools, and performing large data analyses at a fast rate without the need for high-end specifications on the personal computer. This study has several objectives, including the definition and popularization of the use of the power of Google Earth Engine (GEE) in the speed of conducting spatial analyzes, which cite by conducting a classification at the level of a governorate and obtaining results with speed and relatively good quality. By using the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and through Javascript programming language, a classification of the land cover of Wasit Governorate, Iraq was created under the supervision of a satellite image (Landsat 8) by creating a training sample, Google Maps’ High Resolution basemap imagery was used to create this map to identify classes of landcover (water, bare soil, vegetation, and urban). Each source pixel is assigned to one of the previously mentioned classes. Then to create a land cover map of the region using the Statistical Machine Intelligence and Learning Engine (SMILE) classifier from the JAVA library, which is used by Google Earth Engine (GEE) to implement these algorithms. The result is an array of pixels (raster data). The pixel value represents the class that was previously determined by the samples.
The Impact of Using Different Types of Soft Soils Treated by Stone Columns on Creep Behavior
Authors: Al-Auqbi Sura Tawfeeq , Salim Nahla M. , Mahmood Mahmood R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The stone column technique is an effective method to increase the strength of soft cohesive soil, which results in a reduction in foundation settlement and an increase in bearing capacity. The topic of restraining creep settlement through the use of stone columns techniques has gained increasing attention and consideration; because stone columns are widely used to treat soft soil deposits, caution should be applied in estimating creep settlement. We discovered a reversible relation between shear parameters and the creep settlement in floating stone columns; while, in case of end-bearing stone columns shows a direct positive relation between shear parameters and the creep settlement, and the creep settlement began at the primary settlement. The shear parameters affected the improvement factor (n) of creep settlement in both floating and end-bearing stone columns. The standard creep coefficient’s n values in floating and end-bearing conditions were more significant than the low creep coefficient’s n values in forwarded geometric conditions. The stress in both floating and end-bearing stone columns was increasing and uniformly distributed along the length of the floating stone column and in the case of end-bearing stone column was limited to the stiffness layer; the maximum vertical stress was in the central point of the embankment. The embankment’s maximum horizontal displacement occurred on the edge.
Effect Of Attapulgite as Internal Curing in High-Performance Concrete with Variable Temperature Curing to Enhance Mechanical Properties
Authors: Abdulrasool Abdulrasool Thamer , Mohammed Safaa S. , Kadhim Noor R. , Kadhim Yasir N. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
One of the most important elements in the development of compressive strength is concrete curing, and a large temperature differential during curing may decrease strength. This exudation is caused by microcracks in the concrete caused by the continuous temperature fluctuation. By minimizing autogenous shrinkage, internal curing has become popular for reducing the danger of early-age cracking in high-performance concrete (HPC). The efficacy of internal wet curing provided by fine Attapulgite aggregate is investigated in this research. On three different HPCs, both with and without internal curing materials, the development of observed mechanical properties is investigated. Two different amounts of normal weight fine aggregate were replaced with attapulgite fine aggregates. Internal cure has been found to benefit from attapulgite fine aggregates. It has been found that adding 20% Attapulgite fine aggregates to HPC enhances the material’s characteristics, resulting in low internal stress and a significant increase in compressive strength. It should be noted that, unlike certain conventional lightweight aggregates, the different amounts of Attapulgite fine aggregates added at various ages have shown no decrease in compressive strength.
Numerical Modeling of Shallow Foundation Behavior Using Soft Soil Model
Authors: Al-Dawoodi BA , Waheed MQ , Rahil FH 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This study discusses the results of simulation a finite element analysis of the load-settlement curve using soft soil model of shallow foundation subjected to axial load rested on three different types of clayey soils, it was considered different shear strength parameters (C=16, C=25, and C=70). It was concluded for clayey soil of C=16, there was a match to the experimental load – settlement curve using the soft soil model. It was also observed increase in the foundation width led to an increase in bearing capacity, however, bearing capacity increased by around (79 %) for an increase in footing width of (6.25), so it was about (144%) for (12.5).
Characterization of Titanium-Based Films Deposited by DC Sputtering Reactive on AISI 1018 Steel
Authors: Mohammed Neam F. , Mahdi Bahaa S. , Thamir Amin D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The coated surfaces first layer Ti and second layer TiO2 as coating Nanostructured thin films of using DC sputtering on structural steel (AISI l018) and study characterization of coating SEM/EDS inspection shown a clearly perfect incorporation of layer by dc sputtering a granular structure of the layer with a variable hemisphere’s forms varied from 33 to 46 nm in size.
X-XRD test complete for specimen indicates was found anatase phase titanium dioxide, the resulted coating layer of the target of Ti powders gives different morphology from the Ti layer alone The Specimens roughness average of coated Ti and TiO2with respectively was 4.831nm, 7.93 nm. Found that titanium layer will show a major part in increasing the bonding with improving the bond between the substrate steel AISI (1018) and the titanium oxide layer. The Vickers hardness increases when the coating with a layer of titanium with an oxygen content of ceramic layer is formed from 192.3 HV to 227 for Ti as well as important increase was detected in the Tio2 coating to 240 HV. In addition, Ti and Tio2 thin layer considered as a good barrier for hydrogen permeation through steel structure especially at cathode protection in pipelines.
Experimental and Numerical Study on the Winged Pile-Soil Interaction under Lateral Loads
Authors: Mahdi Taha K. , Al-Neami Mohammed. A. , Rahil Falah H. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIncreasing the cross-sectional area of piles leads to an increase in the lateral bearing resistance and reduces displacements near ground level. This increase compensates for the reduction in soil stiffness at the seabed level. Installing wings near the mudline level is one approach for increasing the area of the pile in mudline level. This research paper discusses a number of small-scale laboratory models and FEM models to study the benefit of adding wings on the variation of bearing capacity of laterally pile loaded embedded in sandy soil. To determine the advantages of adding wings to the pile, four embedded ratios (4, 6, 8, 10) were used to model both flexible and rigid pile types with various wing numbers and dimensions. The results revealed that adding wings to the pile improves lateral load resistance and greatly reduces lateral deflection. So, to achieve better resistance, wings must be linked with the pile shaft perpendicular to the lateral load applied nearer the top of the pile head. Increasing the number of wings results in a large increase in lateral pile capacity. The ultimate lateral applied load is proportional to the rise in relative density at the same (L/D) ratio.
Strength of SIFCON- Ferrocement One-Way Ribbed Slabs Contain Steel Fibers
Authors: Qasim Mohammed M , Abdul Rahman Mazin B 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Slurry infiltrated fiber concrete” composites (SIFCON) are a novel type of concrete with improved strength, ductility, and crack resistance. In this study, infiltrating fibers (SIFCON) were used to reinforce of specimens of ferrocement one way ribbed slabs. The laboratory work consists of cast and testing of eight specimens with dimensions of 750 mm in length, 500 mm in width and 50 mm in depth. These samples have the same wire mesh reinforcement and the same shape as the ferrocement slabs. Two reference ferrocement slab without ribs contains SIFCON and six ferrocement slabs with ribs contains SIFCON. The variables were the volumetric ratio of fibers in the ribs, which were (2, 4 and 6)% and type of steel fiber (hook-end and hybrid fiber). Hybrid fibers contain two type of steel fiber (hook-end and micro steel fiber) with equal ratio. All samples were tested under line load up to failure with mid deflections for each test with simple supported. The results of the test showed that the presence of steel fibers in the ferrocement ribs, for both types of steel fibers, improves the resistance to the final loads and the ability to reduce deflection and increases the ductility and stiffness significantly.
Investigating the Effect of Traffic Flow on Pollution, Noise for Urban Road Network
Authors: Mansour Ali I , Aljamil Hamid A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Congestion has a significant impact on the environment. It’s the predominant source of pollution, as noise and air pollution. The sound produced by vehicles as well as horns creates the worst possible environment. High motorized traffic flow nowadays is the major contributor to rising externalities, vehicle emissions, and other pollutants that impact the environment and the atmosphere, which result in negative atmospheric phenomena, global warming, and climate change. Vehicle emissions cause numerous vulnerabilities, so a serious consequence may arise in the long term, both regional and global. This study investigated Noise and pollution for different roads in the different cities based on field data at peak periods of traffic flow, shows that the major pollutants that are emitted from engines are: nitrogen oxides (NOX), carbon monoxide (CO), unburned hydrocarbons (CxHy), sulfur oxides (SOX), solid particles, including aerosols, as well as carbon dioxide (CO2).
Cyclic performance of exterior R.C beam-column strengthened with different thicknesses of CFRP sheets
Authors: Hamzah Mustafa Kareem , Rashid Raizal Saifulnaz M. , Hejazi Farzad 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The recent ground motion results indicated that the RC buildings are required to be retrofitted by different strengthening techniques. Nowadays, the external strengthening gain interest since its easy, cost effective and not required redesign of buildings. The CFRP sheets are suitable solution and utilized by a number of researchers. However, the numerical cyclic performance of connection strengthened with different thicknesses of CFRP need to be well investigated. This study assessed the performance of RC exterior beam column connection strengthened with CFRP sheets First, two grades of concrete are utilized to be control specimens, normal concrete compressive strength (C20) and high concrete compressive strength (C50) then, the specimens are retrofitted with different thicknesses (1.2, 2.4, 3.6mm) of CFRP sheets. The stresses and damage states showed the importance of connection retrofitting. The CFRP shift the plastic hinge zone away from the panel zone. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that by increase of CFRP thickness the connection resistance will be improved. The comparison between the hysteresis curves demonstrated that the yield and ultimate loading were enhanced for strengthened connection for both concrete grades and the incremental in thicknesses also increase them. The outputs also exhibited that the stiffness and ductility has increased for retrofitted specimens indicating that the CFRP comprehensively overcome the applied cyclic loading and the beam column connection is able to resist such type of loading.
Soil Texture Distribution for East Wasit Province, Iraq
Authors: Shamkhi Mohammed S. , Al-Badry Hassan Jameel 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Soil texture affects many physical and chemical properties of soil. Knowledge of soil texture is essential for all water and soil studies. The aim of the research is to draw a map of the spatial distribution of soil texture in the region of eastern Wasit province and know the relationship of texture to the soil’s hydrological groups. Laboratory tests were conducted on 25 soil samples. With a depth of 50-75 cm, were selected from locations that represent the study area. According to the unified classification system, The results showed that the soil texture for the samples locations was 40% sand, 16% for both silt loam and sandy loam, 12% for loamy sand, 8% for both sandy clay loam and sandy loam. A soil texture classification map was produced for the study area. The first soil texture map for the area differs significantly from the World Food and Agriculture Organization soil texture classification map. It adopts signed tests of the site. The statistical analysis showed that the per cent sand’s standard deviation was 22.65%, silt 19.247%, and 6.416% clay. It turns out that 52% of the soil models from hydrologic group A, 24% from hydrologic group B and 24% from hydrologic group C, Arc GIS software was used to produce maps.
GIS Based Analysis Freight Demand in Jisr Diyala Area.
Authors: Wazer Z A , Asmael N M 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In determining the economy of the region, freight transportation plays a major role. Usually, efficient freight distribution networks take care of reducing the cost of transporting goods to and from transportation facilities. The purpose of this analysis is to find an alternative route for the Jisr Diyala entrance, using aggregate freight data and Spatial Analysis techniques from GIS, in particular, to analyze the travel pattern of intercity truck traffic. Shipping data is obtained through roadside surveys and interviews which represent the primary source of data for this study. The study concludes by determining the best route for trucks, which reflects the current path in fact, and proposing a path to split trucks from small vehicles to avoid the current problem, as the questionnaires revealed that the largest amount of goods type was for construction materials by 32%, with the majority of commercial areas intended for users. The path and the study of the paths that link them. Using GIS techniques, various assessments of freight demand are made, and producing this analysis is helpful for decision-makers to apply the right decisions.
The Effect of Both Moisture and Clay Content on The Soil Corrosion Process for Different Periods of Time as A Geomorphological Study in Al-Kut City
Authors: Abdulameer Ehssan A. , Al-Uqaily Raheem A.H. , Al-Bayaty Subhi A.H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Soil corrosion is a major hazard to subterranean infrastructure including gas and oil transmission pipes, underground storage tanks and others. The impacts of soil engineering characteristics on buried mild steel coupons’ metal loss are investigated in this work. Soil characteristics such as soil clay and moisture content are the focus of the present research in Al-Kut city near Tigris River. For a twelve month period, 100 pieces of mild steel coupons were put underground in five different sites across to look into the effects of the aforementioned variables on loss of metal owing to corrosion of soil. Every three months, the samples were recovered to evaluate the rate of weight loss and corrosion rate development. The data show that the high moisture content of the soil is linked to rapid corrosion development. Corrosion on clay soil, on the other hand, takes longer to start. According to the qualitative assessment, soil moisture content has a greater impact on corrosion dynamics than clay content.
Evaluation of the river bank filtration technology in water purification in Iraq
Authors: Nehme Al-Juhaishi Amir Sadiq , Nabi Ghazal Kariem Abdul 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Water purification of pollutants is a major challenge to the sustainable development of health in arid and arid regions of the world. Organization of water purification by the river bank filtration is a natural technique. Therefore, this survey was conducted to evaluate the shoulder of the Kufa River in purifying water from pollutants in an inexpensive and natural way. Six water samples were taken from six different locations of the river course, and six corresponding water samples were taken from the well locations near the river. The chemical analyzes of the samples were conducted during the month of December of the year 2020. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SAS program. The results showed that there were significant differences, as they showed the superiority of the concentration of phosphorous, cadmium, lead, copper, iron, manganese, chromium, molybdenum, and the total number of bacteria in river water compared to their concentration in well water. While it was observed that the concentration of total dissolved salts, sulfate, nickel and chlorine was superior in well water compared to river water. From this, it is clear that the effectiveness of the river shoulder technology in purifying the water of the Kufa River is low because the process of pumping water from wells is not continuous. It is assumed that to achieve the effectiveness of this technology, we need continuous months of pumping until the work of the river shoulder technology is achieved.
The Impact of Nano Clay on Normal and High-Performance Concrete Characteristics: A Review
Authors: Mansi Aseel , Sor Nadhim Hamah , Hilal Nahla , Qaidi Shaker M A 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe use of nano clay to improve the qualities of construction materials and engineering applications has attracted a lot of discussion in recent years. This review article summarizes the influence of nano clay as a cement substitute and supplement on the performance of conventional and high-performance concrete. The addition of nano clay to high performance concrete revealed an increase in compressive and flexural strength, as well as durability attributes such as resistance to elevated temperatures and sulfate attack, while simultaneously decreasing porosity, permeability, and water absorption. This enhancement is a result of nano clay’s roles as nano reinforcements, nanofillers, nucleation sites, and reactive pozzolans, which promote hydration and increase material characteristics.