bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological Inhibition of Exosome Machinery: An Emerging Prospect in Cancer Therapeutics
Authors: Syeda Saima , Rawat Kavita , Shrivastava Anju 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:Exosomes are nanocarriers that mediate intercellular communication crucial for normal physiological functions. However, exponentially emerging reports have correlated their dysregulated release with various pathologies, including cancer. In cancer, from stromal remodeling to metastasis, where tumor cells bypass the immune surveillance and show drug resistivity, it has been established to be mediated via tumor-derived exosomes. Owing to their role in cancer pathogenicity, exosomebased strategies offer enormous potential in treatment regimens. These strategies include the use of exosomes as a drug carrier or as an immunotherapeutic agent, which requires advanced nanotechnologies for exosome isolation and characterization. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of exosome machinery surpasses the requisites of nanotechnology and thus emerges as an essential prospect in cancer therapeutics. In this line, researchers are currently trying to dissect the molecular pathways to reveal the involvement of key regulatory proteins that facilitate the release of tumor-derived exosomes. Subsequently, screening of various molecules in targeting these proteins, with eventual abatement of exosome-induced cancer pathogenicity, is being done. However, their clinical translation requires more extensive studies. Here, we comprehensively review the molecular mechanisms regulating exosome release in cancer. Moreover, we provide insight into the key findings that highlight the effect of various drugs as exosome blockers, which will add to the route of drug development in cancer management.
Advancement in Nanoparticle-based Biosensors for Point-of-care In vitro
Diagnostics
Authors: Khizar Sumera , Elaissari Abdelhamid , Al-Dossary Amal Ali , Zine Nadia , Jaffrezic-Renault Nicole , Errachid Abdelhamid 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
Recently, there has been great progress in the field of extremely sensitive and precise de-tection of bioanalytes. The importance of the utilization of nanoparticles in biosensors has been rec-ognized due to their unique properties. Specifically, nanoparticles of gold, silver, and magnetic plus graphene, quantum dots, and nanotubes of carbon are being keenly considered for utilization within biosensors to detect nucleic acids, glucose, or pathogens (bacteria as well as a virus). Taking ad-vantage of nanoparticles, faster and sensitive biosensors can be developed. Here, we review the na-noparticles' contribution to the biosensors field and their potential applications.
Molecular Characterization of Primary and Metastatic Colon Cancer Cells to Identify Therapeutic Targets with Natural Compounds
Authors: Jothimani Ganesan , Ganesan Harsha , Pathak Surajit , Banerjee Antara 
Published: April 2022

Background:Metastasis is the world's leading cause of colon cancer morbidity. Due to its heterogeneity, it has been challenging to understand primary to metastatic colon cancer progres-sion and find a molecular target for colon cancer treatment.Objective:The current investigation aimed to characterize the immune and genotypic profiles of primary and metastatic colon cancer cell lines and identify a molecular target for colon cancer treatment.Methods:Colony-forming potential, migration and invasion potential, cytokine profiling, miRNA, and mRNA expression were examined. Molecular docking for the Wnt signaling proteins with vari-ous plant compounds was performed.Results:Colony formation, migration, and invasion potential were significantly higher in metastatic cells. The primary and metastatic cells' local immune and genetic status revealed TGF β-1, IL-8, MIP-1b, I-TAC, GM-CSF, and MCP-1 were highly expressed in all cancer cells. RANTES, IL-4, IL-6, IFNγ, and G-CSF were less expressed in cancer cell lines. mRNA expression analysis displayed significant overexpression of proliferation, cell cycle, and oncogenes, whereas apoptosis cascade and tumor suppressor genes were significantly down-regulated in metastatic cells more evidently. Most importantly, the results of molecular docking with dysregulated Wnt signaling proteins shows that peptide AGAP and coronaridine had maximum hydrogen bonds to β-catenin and GSK3β with a better binding affinity.Conclusion:This study emphasized genotypic differences between the primary and metastatic co-lon cancer cells, delineating the intricate mechanisms to understand the primary to metastatic ad-vancement. The molecular docking aided in understanding the future molecular targets for bioac-tive-based colon cancer therapeutic interventions.
Ugi Adducts: Design and Synthesis of Natural-based α-glucosidase
Inhibitors
Authors: Iraji Aida , Saeedi Mina , Rafiee-Sereshky Tina , Mojtabavi Somayeh , Faramarzi Mohammad Ali , Akbarzadeh Tahmineh 
Published: April 2022

Background:
α-Glucosidase inhibitors have been found as the main tool for the treatment of
type 2 diabetes. In this respect, the synthesis of a new series of amino-oxoethylcinnamamide derivatives
containing α,β-unsaturated carbonyl-based moiety, was developed to be evaluated for their anti-α-
glucosidase activity.

Methods:
The title compounds were synthesized via the Ugi reaction of cinnamic acid, isocyanides,
aromatic aldehydes, and amine derivatives at ambient temperature. All newly synthesized derivatives
were screened for their in vitro α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Results:
Among synthesized compounds, derivative 5b displayed promising anti-α-glucosidase activity
(IC50 = 115.6 μM), approximately 6-fold more potent than the standard drug (acarbose, IC50 = 750.0
μM). Moreover, kinetic characterization of enzyme inhibition was performed to understand the mechanism
of inhibition. To determine the mode of binding interactions of prepared compounds with the enzyme,
molecular docking studies were also conducted.

Conclusions:
Ugi products merit to be investigated in anti-diabetic drug discovery developments.
This paper is dedicated to our unique teacher of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry, Professor Abbas Shafiee
(1937-2016).
Flavonoid Content in Extract Fractions of Morus alba (mulberry) Inducing
Apoptosis in A549 Human Epithelial Lung Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Prakash Om , Singh Ruchi , Kumar Rajesh , Singh Namrata , Verma Neelam , Gupta Amresh , Ved Akash 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Cancer is one of the leading chronic diseases with a high mortality rate
worldwide. Current statistical studies on cancer from the World Health Organization (WHO) in
2020 estimated that cancer is the first or second leading cause of death.

Objective:
The current study investigated the phytochemical, antioxidant, and anticancer effect of MeOH
extract of Morus alba leaves, superoxide scavenging assay, metal chelating, DPPH, and MTT assay employed.

Methods:
MTT assay was performed on A549 cells and chick embryo fibroblasts were used as the control.
DNA fragmentation and real-time assays were performed to check apoptosis and gene expression levels.

Results:
Findings suggest that the MeOH extract of Morus alba exhibited a significant antioxidant activity
compared to standard antioxidants. MeOH extract and chloroform fraction exhibited strong selectivity of
toxicity toward A549 human lung carcinoma cells without affecting normal cells. The chloroform fraction
was found to be most active in the MTT assay against A549 cells, while it was less toxic to normal cells.
Cells exposed to IC50 concentration for the cytotoxicity study of the chloroform fraction exhibited a breakdown
of DNA. Increased expression of p53, Bax, caspase-3 and reduced expression of Bcl-2 gene gave
evidence that the chloroform fraction might induce apoptosis.

Conclutions:
It was concluded that the MeOH extract and its fractions of Morus alba leaves possessed immense
potential for tumor treatment. Therefore, it would be necessary to carry out further studies to isolate
and identify the active principles responsible for these activities.
Phytopharmacological Review of a Food Supplement Zingiber officinale
Roscoe (Zingiberaceae)
Authors: Subraya Chandrashekar Kodangala , Pai Vasudev , Sri Baby Sai , Nanjundaiah Aswatha Ram Holavana Halli 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
Zingiber officinale, a medicinal herb commonly used in Ayurveda belongs to family
Zingiberaceae and is reported to have various therapeutic properties. Roots as well as rhizomes
of this plant are commonly used in the treatment of digestive disorder. It has also been used as
expectorant, spasmolytic, anti-tussive, anti-allergic, antihistaminic activity and inhibits coughing.
The roots and rhizomes are rich sources of essential oil, which may be one of the reasons for
medicinal properties. Required data on this plant were obtained from electronic sources (google
scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science), several classical textbooks on Ayurveda, and ethnopharmacology.
This review article covers all the relevant information on its pharmacological
and phytochemical aspects. In this study, we have critically reviewed recent advancements of
Zingiber officinale in an attempt to authenticate its use as a multipurpose therapeutic ingredient.
Potential Benefits of Pila ampullacea, Tempeh, Moringa oleifera Leaves as
Nutritional Support for Hemodialysis
Authors: Widiany Fery Lusviana , Sja’bani Mohammad , Susetyowati  , Soesatyo Marsetyawan , Lestari Lily Arsanti , Pratiwi Woro Rukmi , Wahyuningsih Mae Sri Hartati , Huriyati Emy 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Hemodialysis patients can experience problems, including proteinenergy
malnutrition, infection, disorders of the immune system, and inflammation. One etiology
of malnutrition in hemodialysis is inadequate energy and protein intake, making patients need
nutritional support, which can be fulfilled by local Indonesian foodstuffs.

Objective:
This paper aimed to review the potential health benefits of snails (Pila ampullacea),
tempeh, and Moringa oleifera leaves as nutritional support for hemodialysis patients.

Methods:
In this review, the methodology used was based on comprehensive data searched from
PubMed for literature review and technology benchmarking in making nutritional support for
hemodialysis patients. An in-depth discussion, including the advantages and drawbacks of each
foodstuff, is presented and outlined. Furthermore, key solutions are proposed and presented to
overcome hemodialysis issues.

Results:
The mixture of snail, tempeh, and moringa leaves as nutritional support for hemodialysis
patients shows a good combination of natural ingredients from animals and plants. The nutritional
content of the three mixed ingredients is found to meet the dietary requirements of hemodialysis,
which are high protein, calcium and antioxidants, low phosphorus, and a phosphorus-toprotein
ratio of <16.

Conclusion:
The combination of snails, tempeh, and moringa leaves provides several potential
health benefits in overcoming nutritional problems, decreased immune status, and inflammation
of hemodialysis patients.
Dendritic Cells - Winning the Fight against HIV
Authors: Sheykhhasan Mohsen , Poondla Naresh , Ahmadyousefi Yaghoub , Akbari Mohammad , Seyedebrahimi Reihaneh , Farsani Mohsen Eslami , Kalhor Naser 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
HIV is a virus that targets and hijacks the immune cells of the host. It multiplies by attacking
the helper T-lymphocytes. HIV has remained one of the most difficult and dangerous infections in the
world due to the inability to find a successful treatment and a lack of access to medical care. When the
virus reaches the body, dendritic cells are the first cells it encounters. DCs have been identified as one of
the most effective mediators of immune responses, implying a promising strategy against viral infection.
The current state of knowledge about the function of dendritic cells and their subsets is critical for using
their full potential as a candidate for the development of an HIV vaccine. Despite extensive efforts, a
reliable vaccine with the fewest side effects has yet to be found, and further research is needed to find a
dependable and efficient vaccine. The extent to which dendritic cell-based therapy is used to treat HIV
was investigated in this study. As the virus attacks the host immune system, the dendritic cells can trigger
an immune response against HIV-1 infection.
The Effect of Aspirin on the Prevention of Pro-thrombotic States in Hospitalized
COVID-19 Patients: Systematic Review
Authors: Zangiabadian Moein , Nasiri Mohammad Javad , Abdi Masoumeh , Lamardi Zahra Hoseini , Shirjan Fatemeh , Mohammadi Leila , Abadi Sahel Shafiee Dolat , Massoudi Nilofar 
Published: April 2022

Introduction:
Thromboembolic events are one of the important complications in
COVID-19 patients, especially in severe cases. Aspirin affects platelet function by irreversibly
inhibiting cyclooxygenase activity, reducing the risk of thrombosis. The current systematic review
aimed to evaluate aspirin's effectiveness in preventing pro-thrombotic states in COVID-19 hospitalized
patients.

Methods:
The systematic search was done in PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Medrxiv until
September 27, 2021. The following keywords were used: “COVID-19”, “SARS-CoV-2”, “2019
Novel Coronavirus”, “Aspirin,” and “Acetylsalicylic Acid.”

Results:
Twelve studies were included. In COVID-19 patients, aspirin can reduce CRP, IL-6 levels,
and platelet aggregation by inhibiting thromboxane A2. It can also improve antiviral immunity
by hindering the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and lipoxin. Eight out of twelve articles indicated
that aspirin provided a beneficial effect on COVID-19. Most studies consider lowered mechanical
ventilation needs, ICU admission, illness severity, overt thrombosis, and clinical outcomes in
COVID-19 patients receiving aspirin.

Conclusions:
Aspirin as an antiplatelet and anti-inflammatory agent may reduce the mortality rates
in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19. Further observational studies are necessary to
determine the effect of aspirin on the prevention of pro-thrombotic states in hospitalized COVID-
19 patients.
The study was registered in the Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO (pending registration
ID: 300515).
A New Wave of COVID-19 in 2021 with Unique Genetic Characters - Present Global Scenario and Beholding Onwards
Authors: Mukherjee Sukhes , Ray Suman Kumar 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
After the first report of a coronavirus-associated pneumonia outbreak in December 2019, the
virus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) that causes the infection/disease
(COVID-19) has developed into a pandemic, with >100 million people infected in over 210 countries
along with two million people deceased from COVID-19 till today. Coronaviruses are positivestranded
RNA viruses having restricted RNA polymerase proofreading ability thus it is very genetically
susceptible to mutation. The evolution of SARS-CoV-2 from a single-point zoonotic introduction in
Wuhan in November or December 2019 was widely expected, and viral sequence surveillance was
developed as a result. When the first sequence of SARS-CoV-2 was released, a race to develop vaccines
started, and several vaccines are now used worldwide. Independent SARS-CoV-2 lineages have
recently been identified in the UK (B.1.1.7), Brazil (P.1), South Africa (B.1.351), and India (B.1.617).
The recent appearance of several SARS-CoV-2 variant strains has shattered faith in the modern generation
of vaccines' ability to provide enduring defense against infection. The risk of escaping natural
and induced immunity has encouraged an urgency to comprehend the implications of these improvements,
as well as a drive to develop new approaches to combat SARS-CoV-2 variants.
Importance of Pharmacophore in Designing Anticonvulsant Agents
Authors: Kale Amol , Kakde Rajendra , Pawar Smita , Jagtap Vishal , Dorugade Rahul 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
Drug design is one of the critical aspects of the drug development process. The present
review focused on different heterocyclic molecules having anticonvulsant activity with structural
diversity and common pharmacophoric features. For the first time (1995), Dimmock and his team
introduced specific arrangements of three important pharmacophores for anticonvulsant activity. These
pharmacophores include two hydrophobic binding sites and one hydrogen binding site. After a few
years (2012), Pandeya modified Dimmock’s concept by adding one more pharmacophoric feature as
an electron donor in the previously suggested pharmacophoric arrangement of the anticonvulsant. As a
result, numerous scientists designed anticonvulsant drugs based on Dimmock’s and Pandeya’s concept.
In addition, marketed anticonvulsant preparation containing Riluzole, Phenobarbital, Progabide,
Ralitoline, etc., also holds the suggested pharmacophores by Dimmock and Pandeya’s pharmacophoric
concept. This review mainly focuses on the compilation of reported scientific literature in the last decade
on the pharmacophoric features of different heterocyclic anticonvulsants, which will help develop
new anticonvulsants.
Current Drug Targets in Alzheimer’s Associated Memory Impairment: A
Comprehensive Review
Authors: K.S Chandrashekar , Mathew Anna , Balaji E Vignesh , Pai Sreedhara Ranganath K. , Kishore Anoop , Pai Vasudev , Pemmireddy Ramadevi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of dementia among geriatrics. It is a
progressive, degenerative neurologic disorder that causes memory and cognition loss. The accumulation
of amyloid fibrils and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain of AD patients is a distinguishing feature
of the disease. Therefore, most of the current therapeutic goals are targeting inhibition of beta-amyloid
synthesis and aggregation as well as tau phosphorylation and aggregation. There is also a loss of the
cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, and first-generation therapeutic agents were primarily focused
on compensating for this loss of neurons. However, cholinesterase inhibitors can only alleviate
cognitive symptoms of AD and cannot reduce the progression of the disease. Understanding the molecular
and cellular changes associated with AD pathology has advanced significantly in recent decades.
The etiology of AD is complex, with a substantial portion of sporadic AD emerging from unknown
reasons and a lesser proportion of early-onset familial AD (FAD) caused by a mutation in several
genes, such as the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PS1), and presenilin 2 (PS2)
genes. Hence, efforts are being made to discover novel strategies for these targets for AD therapy. A
new generation of AChE and BChE inhibitors is currently being explored and evaluated in human
clinical trials for AD symptomatic treatment. Other approaches for slowing the progression of AD include
serotonergic modulation, H3 receptor antagonism, phosphodiesterase, COX-2, and MAO-B inhibition.
The present review provides an insight into the possible therapeutic strategies and their molecular
mechanisms, enlightening the perception of classical and future treatment approaches.
Motion Planning for Autonomous Vehicles Based on Dynamic Bio-inspired Neural Network Model
Authors: Song Jia Yan , Su Shengchao , Yang Chen 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Nowadays, with the increase of the number of cars, traffic accidents occur
frequently, improving the active safety of cars, and traffic safety has become an inevitable requirement
of the development of intelligent transportation.

Objective:
Motion planning for autonomous driving is a challenging problem due to the uncertainty
of the unknown complex environment. Conventional methods may fail in some cases on account of
poor real-time performance and instability. The objective is to propose a motion planning method
to plan a reasonable path autonomously for an autonomous vehicle in unknown environments and
ensure obstacle avoidance.

Methods:
The solution is to use the improved Glasius Bio-inspired Neural Network (GBNN) to
plan a feasible route for the autonomous vehicle, which adaptively changes the direction of movement
according to the changes of neuron values. Neuron connection weight in the neural network is
reasonably improved to increase the update rate of activity value, so that this model can more adapt
to the changes of dynamic environment. Meanwhile, the planned trajectory is fitted to meet vehicle
kinematics model.

Results:
Unstructured and structured roads are tested in static and dynamic environments, respectively.
During the test, static obstacles and surrounding vehicles’ intentions are all generated randomly.
In this way, the generated route can be optimal and adapt to the stochastic as well.

Conclusion:
Simulation results in unstructed road and structed road show the effectiveness of the
proposed algorithm in autonomous motion planning. In addition, the performance of path length,
smoothness and turning angle has been improved.
Agar Microdilution Procedure: A Promising Technique for Antimicrobial
Susceptibility Test of Colloidally Unstable Nanostructures
Authors: Ghanbariasad Ali , Ebrahiminezhad Alireza , Moradi Nahid , Taghizadeh Seyedeh-Masoumeh , Berenjian Aydin 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Broth microdilution is the only available microscale endpoint technique used to
evaluate the antimicrobial potency of nanostructures. In the case of unstable nanostructures or at high
concentrations of nanostructures, this technique is not applicable due to aggregation and sedimentation
issues. Most nanostructures can absorb visible light, and this optical feature can interfere with the OD600
measurement that is commonly employed for the evaluation of microbial cells growth. The demand for
high-tech plate readers is another limitation of the broth microdilution procedure. Agar microdilution can
be a promising novel procedure to overcome all these technical difficulties.

Objective:
In the current experiment, the agar microdilution procedure was developed and introduced to
be employed for the evaluation of antimicrobial potency of colloidally unstable nanostructures even at
extremely high concentrations.

Methods:
Thymus daenensis herbal nanoparticles (HrbNPs) were fabricated through a top-down approach
and were tested against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Also, the particles were
fortified with povidone-iodine and peracetic acid as potent antimicrobial compounds to achieve the enhanced
antimicrobial activity.

Results:
Viscose molten agar media prevented the particles from sedimentation during 96-well plate
preparation. By agar solidification, the nanoparticles were immobilized in the media, and no aggregation
or sedimentation could occur. After incubation, the bacterial growth was recognizable in the well as a thin
creamy layer. The MIC of HrbNPs against MRSA was found to be 20 mg/ml. Fortification with povidone-
iodine had no impact on the antimicrobial potency of HrbNPs. However, fortification of HrbNPs
with peracetic acid resulted in a four-fold increase in the antimicrobial potency of nanoparticles, and MIC
was reduced to 5 mg/mL.

Conclusions:
Results indicated that agar microdilution can be a promising procedure for the antimicrobial
susceptibility test of nanostructures at extremely high concentrations. Also, colloidally unstable
nanostructures can be tested via this procedure without any concern for possible aggregation and sedimentation.
On the other hand, it was found that fortification with antimicrobial compounds can be an
effective approach to increasing the antimicrobial potency of HrbNPs against superbugs.