bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tremors of Controversy
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Almost every major American denomination experienced controversy sometime between 1870 and World War I. These were responses to modern cultural views and to liberal or modernist developments in biblical interpretation or theology. In the South, the controversies were generally short-lived, with conservatives prevailing. For instance, Southern Presbyterian and Southern Methodist controversies led to banning teaching biological evolution of humans. In the North, the greatest controversies were within the large Presbyterian and Baptist denominations. In the Northern Baptist Convention, the divinity school at the University of Chicago became a center for “modernist” teachings. Meanwhile, the dominant conservative party was relatively moderate. That is illustrated in the theology of Augustus Strong.
The Offensive Stalled and Breaking Apart: 1924–1925
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In 1924 Shailer Mathews, dean of the University of Chicago Divinity School, published The Faith of Modernism. That was an answer to J. Gresham Machen’s Christianity and Liberalism. Mathews argued that Christian faith should be measured by its moral and social results. Other denominations, in addition to Baptists and Presbyterians, had fundamentalist controversies. These included the Disciples of Christ, the Protestant Episcopal Church, and the (northern) Methodist Church. In the South, fundamentalist concerns reinforced entrenched social and doctrinal conservatism. Canada also experienced some controversies such as those led by T. T. Shields in Toronto. In 1924 a group of northern Presbyterian leaders issued “The Auburn Affirmation,” arguing for tolerance. In both 1924 and 1925, fundamentalist Presbyterians came close to success but were undercut by evangelical conservatives who opposed strict doctrinal boundaries. Fundamentalist Baptists experienced similar setbacks in the Northern Baptist Convention.
Epilogue: Dislocation, Relocation, and Resurgence: 1925–1940
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Scopes trial in Dayton, Tennessee, had a negative impact on the fundamentalist image. William Jennings Bryan debated Clarence Darrow over the teaching of evolution in public schools. Bryan was ridiculed by the sophisticated press, as well as by H. L. Mencken. Some of the leaders of fundamentalism, such as J. Frank Norris or T. T. Shields, were becoming more extreme. By the later 1920s liberals were proclaiming the demise of the movement. But fundamentalism was not declining so much as relocating in areas where it would take deeper root. It found fertile ground in the South, where varieties of conservative evangelicalism often flourished without much opposition.
Fundamentalism as a Political Phenomenon
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
From its beginnings, fundamentalism was often interpreted as a political phenomenon. Faith and theology were at the center of the movement, but some political concerns were always there. Most of these were conservative, and by 1930 progressive political outlooks had virtually disappeared among fundamentalists. Fundamentalists saw the future of Christian civilization as being at stake. Most of their political views, however, were haphazard. They were not tied to one political party. Anti-communism was a frequent concern. Their view of the universe can be seen as “Manichean,” as divided between forces of light and darkness. They were accordingly often susceptible to conspiracy theories. They also sometimes became super-patriotic.
Populist Authoritarianism: Hungary and Poland
Authors: Tushnet Mark , Bugarič Bojan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides case studies of authoritarianism in Hungary and Poland. After describing the social and economic programs that the populist parties pursued, the chapter examines their constitutional reforms in some detail. Although some of the reforms might in principle be reasonable specifications within thin constitutionalism, in both nations the claim that the reforms were anti-constitutional is ultimately supported, but primarily because the changes were motivated by a desire to bring other institutions to heel and not because the reforms were intrinsically anti-constitutional. Viktor Orbán and Jaroslaw Kaczyński are proto-authoritarians who happen to be populists, and their authoritarianism rather than their populism is more important.
Populism in Western Europe
Authors: Tushnet Mark , Bugarič Bojan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the cases of Italy, where a left-wing populist party entered a coalition government; and Austria, where a right-wing party did so. In neither case were the governments themselves anti-constitutional, nor were the constitutional reforms pursued by the parties. Populist parties can act just as “normal” political parties do, at least when they are constrained by the need to maintain a coalition. The chapter concludes with a detailed examination of the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom and its constitutional aftermath, the prorogation of Parliament, held unlawful by the Supreme Court. The referendum was badly designed, the prorogation at the limits of domestic constitutionalism, though whether it was so arbitrary as to be inconsistent with the rule of law is open to doubt.
Court-Packing or Court Reform?: Challenging Judicial Independence by Enhancing Accountability
Authors: Tushnet Mark , Bugarič Bojan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Many populist governments have engaged in programs of judicial reform, sometimes described as court-packing. After laying out the reasons the people have for electing populist governments, including, importantly, a desire to see ambitious policy reforms adopted, the chapter describes the political logic of constitutional reform, including court reforms. That logic is that existing veto gates can obstruct or slow down the implementation of the policy reforms the people voted for, thereby interfering with democratic choices that constitutionalism freely permits. Removing some of the veto gates enables majority rule, and sometimes replaces them with alternatives that are themselves consistent with thin constitutionalism. Specifically with respect to the courts, some reforms adjust the balance between judicial independence and judicial accountability in ways that remain within the bounds of thin constitutionalism. The chapter introduces the concept of “judicial time” to explain why politicians sometimes are interested in departing from the regular modes of affecting the composition of constitutional courts (such as appointments when vacancies occur). It distinguishes as well between reforms that are permissible fine-tuning and those that amount to “smashing” the courts. The chapter includes case studies of judicial reform proposals in India and Israel to illustrate that distinction. Both reforms failed, for different reasons; the chapter argues that in both nations the reforms were more like fine-tuning even though they probably were motivated by anti-court sentiment.
Populism and Executive Power: Term Limits and Rule by Decree
Authors: Tushnet Mark , Bugarič Bojan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
When populist leaders become chief executives, it is said, they routinely seek to expand executive power so that they can speak for the people. This chapter examines two forms of expanding executive power—the elimination of presidential term limits and the use of decrees rather than statutes in emergency conditions. After laying out the political logic according to which a populist with an ambitious policy agenda might believe it impossible to implement the program within existing term limits, the chapter provides case studies of the term limit issue in Ecuador and Bolivia, and argues that, though populist leaders did indeed seek to eliminate term limits, they were not entirely successful in doing so, at least in practice. They appear to have been constrained to some extent by the people themselves, and to some perhaps small degree by their own views about the importance of implementing their reform programs, whether under their leadership or not. The chapter contrasts those cases with that of Venezuela, where Hugo Chávez probably did seek to eliminate term limits primarily to enhance his personal power. The chapter then turns to rule by decree, using responses to the Covid-19 pandemic to suggest that populist executives did not systematically exploit the crisis to expand executive power, and in the prominent cases of Brazil and the United States affirmative-disclaimed expansive power.
Occult Imperium
Authors: Giudice Christian 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This book examines the life and works of Italian mathematician and occultist Arturo Reghini (1878–1946): through a careful analysis of his writings, a theory arguing the existence of a conservative, anti-modern form of occultism is put forth. Such a theory represents an attempt to counterbalance the many ideas of occultism as exclusively progressive in nature put forth by previous scholars, namely Alex Owen, Marco Pasi, and Corinna Treitel. The work analyzes the intersection between modernity, occultism, and Traditionalism in a key period of Italian history, which includes World War I, the twenty years of Fascist rule, and World War II. Occultism and Traditionalism are also analyzed through the lens of their interaction with reactionary, extreme right-wing politics, with the avant-garde movements of the day, such as Futurism, and through a careful scrutiny of Reghini’s correspondence, some hitherto unpublished, with other giants of occultism of the day, such as René Guénon (1886–1951) and Amedeo Armentano (1886–1966).
The Anti-Modern Side of Modernity
Authors: Giudice Christian 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The opening chapter seeks to familiarize the reader with the technical terms that are used throughout the text: the reader will become acquainted with the working definitions and meanings of anti-modernity, occultism, Western esotericism, and Traditionalism. The three main methodological frameworks used by the author are also introduced: the idea of anti-modernity put forth by Peter King, the idea of multiple modernities developed by S. N. Eisenstadt, and Eric Hobsbawm’s invention of sacred traditions. The chapter is further fleshed out by a review of the existing scholarship on the topic of the intersection between occultism and modernity, and by an overview of the work’s remaining chapters.
Recognizing Extremist Islam in Malaysia
Authors: Ramakrishna Kumar 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the radicalization trajectory of Wan Min Wan Mat, a former senior figure of the Malaysian Jemaah Islamiyah terror network. It is argued that he can best be understood as a Salafabist extremist bureaucrat: that is, the indoctrinated, more or less efficient middle-level functionary who keeps the network functioning. The chapter shows how he was psychologically and ideologically socialized within a wider Salafabist ecosystem that, while not necessarily outrightly violence-oriented, nonetheless in some ways created the mood music for precisely such an eventual outcome in Wan Min’s case. The chapter explicates the ideological ecosystem—person, platforms, and places—within which his eventual Salafi Jihadism found full expression. Finally, the chapter builds upon Wan Min’s case to more generally discern extremism in wider Malaysian Islam, arguing that the inexorable Salafabization of traditionally tolerant Islam in that country is likely to have fateful consequences downstream.
Recognizing Extremist Islam in the Southern Philippines
Authors: Ramakrishna Kumar 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Salafabist extremism in the context of Muslim Mindanao in the southern Philippines, using the case of former Abu Sayyaf Group militant Abu Hamdie—a Salafabist extremist stimulus seeker—as a point of reference. It explores Abu Hamdie’s extremist beliefs using the conceptual framework developed in this volume, before examining the Salafabist ecosystem of persons, platforms, and places within which his hard Salafabist, Salafi Jihadi outlook was honed. The chapter argues that reconstruction and regeneration of the key city of Marawi—laid waste in intense urban combat between pro-ISIS terrorist groups and the Armed Forces of the Philippines between May and October 2017—as well as the effective functioning of the newly constituted Bangsamoro Autonomous Region, must be regarded as crucial aspects of the wider challenge of curtailing the seemingly resilient appeal of Salafabist extremism in Muslim Mindanao.
Evaluation and Action Research
Authors: Rademaker Linnea L. , Polush Elena Y. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Today’s societies require research approaches that are creative, responsive to the complexity of human interactions, sensitive to cultural and contextual diversity, inclusive in all processes, rooted in engagement and critical dispositions, and situated within local contexts. Action research and evaluation are human inquiries into human-designed and -populated systems. Both modes of inquiry generate actionable data in specific contexts to facilitate positive social change and to further social justice. This book explores the potential of integrating action research and evaluation frameworks in order to push the barriers that prevent knowledge creation and knowledge democracy. Knowledge is created constantly by those in real-world settings and practical contexts. Practitioners can make and use knowledge to inform practice and decisions and to include stakeholders in ethical ways for sustainability of organizations. The integrated framework presented in this book supports knowledge democracy, ethical practices, and stakeholder inclusion for a more just world. These practices are useful for leaders or practitioners charged with investigating problems in their context.
Evaluation/Action Research Integrated Framework
Authors: Rademaker Linnea L. , Polush Elena Y. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the idea of an integrated framework for research. The framework is defined as a model that can be used by people within an organization—leaders, colleagues, practitioner–researchers, and evaluators—to improve practice and solve problems in context. The chapter introduces this integrated framework in a way that readers can understand its connection to their settings and apply the underlying principles to their own work. In addition, terminology related to action research and evaluation is introduced. Critical questions are provided that will help readers apply the concepts addressed in this chapter. Finally, the described model serves as the foundation on which all other chapters’ contents are developed.
Mixed Methods
Authors: Rademaker Linnea L. , Polush Elena Y. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Organizations use and collect huge amounts of data of many kinds on a daily basis, both from individuals and from groups. Even within the diversity of designs in either qualitative or quantitative inquiries, the use of one mode of inquiry could be limited in its ability to generate more comprehensive (integrated or inclusive) evidence to solve a problem in context. Mixed methods research provides a better understanding of the problem in context than either inquiry by itself. This chapter discusses the importance of returning to one’s purpose in a mixed methods study (either predetermined or emergent), to explore ways that mixed types of data can help in the examination of a study purpose and questions. The chapter explores tensions in integrating both modes of inquiry and discusses strategies to address those tensions. It discusses ethics and positionality, especially in supporting organizational capacity for mixed methods research.
Introduction—The Aim of the Inquiry
Authors: Jansen Nils , Steel Sandy 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis introductory chapter looks at court decisions which show that the modern law of delict, and tort law more broadly, give rise to several doctrinal, conceptual, and structural questions. German law stands as a paradigm case for all systems in which one may observe a decoupling of liability in tort law from real duties of conduct, but to which the system has not adequately reacted. Without a clear understanding of the structure and normative bases of tort law, one may expect only ad hoc solutions to questions of liability. The aim of this book's inquiry consists, then, in explaining (anew) the doctrinal structure of the existing tort law as well as laying down a framework which could serve as the basis for a re-codification of it. This twin perspective seems particularly appropriate today. On the one hand, the original BGB (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch) model is no longer the intellectual focus in German law. The rise and generality of strict liability for risk in various contexts and the active judicial development of the law make this clear. On the other hand, there are increasing calls for the codification of European tort law.
Tort Law Norms
Authors: Jansen Nils , Steel Sandy 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers a theoretical description of liability norms. According to the prevailing ‘twin-track’ model of tort law, a categorical, structural distinction exists between the law of delict, which is concerned with ‘unlawful conduct’, and strict liability. The law of delict conceives of liability as ‘duty-based’ and therefore ‘conduct-based’: the duty to pay compensation is the legal consequence of the breach of a duty to behave in a certain way. By contrast, strict liabilities are normally defined in terms of the existence of an objectively described risk-source; they are then in principle not ‘conduct-based’. The defendant is liable independently of his behaving in a particular way. And here the breach of a duty is not a requirement of liability. The chapter shows that these models do not represent exhaustive alternatives. The possibility of a third model, which is conduct-based but not duty-based, leads to the question of the extent to which a particular model can adequately describe tort law, and whether there are abstract reasons for preferring one model or another. The chapter also considers what the legal subject matter of tortious causes of action is. This will involve discussion of the relationship between individual rights, like property, to rules of conduct, and to tort liability rules.
The Structure of Normative Reasoning in Tort Law
Authors: Jansen Nils , Steel Sandy 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter analyses the normative structure of tort law, that is, the abstract structure of the reasons generating tortious liability. The object of tort law consists in the distribution of the risks of loss between victims and injurers who are outcome responsible for those losses by means of compensation. This does not exclude the possibility that principles of corrective and distributive justice conflict with each other. However, principles of corrective justice have priority over distributive principles, even if not in the sense of a strict priority, certainly a strong pro tanto priority. If principles of corrective justice must give way to distributive principles, the resulting rule is not a rule of tort law according to general understanding. Outcome responsibility is not equivalent in meaning to being under a duty to pay compensation. But it grounds a duty to compensate so far as no liability-excluding arguments are made. That distinction gives rise to another, structurally central, distinction between liability-generating and liability-excluding rules.
The Effect of Tort Liability upon Behaviour
Authors: Jansen Nils , Steel Sandy 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the effect of tort law upon behaviour. The primary question here is to what extent the behaviour effects of tort law may be relevant to particular questions of tort doctrine. The answer is largely negative. The reason for this is not that the deterrent effect of tort law should be ignored for some normative reason or the claim that tort law actually has no deterrent effect. On the contrary: the consequences which legal rules have upon people's conduct should be relevant in evaluating them—and the possibility of tort liability does indeed reduce accidents to a significant extent. The real reason for the irrelevance of concrete economic considerations to the construction of particular tort rules is rather that the modification of these rules normally does not lead to observable changes in people's conduct. In part this already follows from economic analysis of tort law itself and in part it follows from empirical observations. In such cases, arguments directed at the deterrent effect of legal rules are irrelevant. However, this is not always the case: tortious liability can sometimes influence behaviour, and so, freedom from liability can lead to more losses.
Interest and Capital
Authors: Toporowski Jan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The book puts together Kalecki’s published fragments on monetary theory and policy to show his distinctive approach to money and its circulation in the capitalist economy. In Kalecki’s theory money has both an industrial and financial circulation. Corporate finance takes its place at the centre of monetary considerations because it is the money of capitalists that is the autonomous determinant of expenditure in the economy. The theory has important implications for the rate of interest, which is not related to the rate of profit, nor to the kind of portfolio adjustments necessary to maintain portfolio equilibrium, but to the kind of financing that may prevail in any given phase of the business cycle. Fiscal policy then has the function of transferring money from financial circulation into circulation in the real economy, while monetary policy serves to maintain financial stability and ease government expenditure and debt management. The book offers a critical comparison of Kalecki’s monetary thinking with Keynesian and Post-Keynesian monetary theory, as well as recent central banking. Kalecki’s critique of the international monetary arrangements proposed by Keynes and White at Bretton Woods casts new light on the international monetary imbalances that have since disrupted the international economy. The greater importance of debt management revealed in Kalecki’s monetary analysis makes it particularly relevant to the policy dilemmas of developing countries and governments facing high levels of debt following the Covid-19 pandemic.
Nausea and vomiting
Authors: Lapointe Bernard J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Nausea is a symptom that can create profound misery for the patient. It can occur with or without vomiting. In patients with palliative care needs, these symptoms are frequently present and result from a broad range of pathologic and physiologic conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract, the peritoneal cavity, the central nervous, and the endocrine and metabolic systems. They may also be the result of psychiatric conditions such as anxiety and depression. Care must be taken to take a thorough history to determine the potential cause. Treating the underlying cause, whenever possible, is important. However, for some patients, palliating the symptoms is the only recourse. When one medication is not effective, using another with a different mechanism can be of benefit.