bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of Technetium-99m-Ethambutol scintigraphy in the management of spinal tuberculosis
Authors: Diah Lisa Herawati , Kartamihardja Achmad Hussein Sundawa 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Spines is a common site of extrapulmonary Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (MTI). Spine destruction due to MTI can mimic other etiologies. Treatment of choice for spinal tuberculosis (STB) is anti-TB drugs while surgery could be needed in other causes. The gold standard for STB diagnosis is histopathology examination from biopsy tissue. Technetium-99m-ethambutol (99mTc-EMB) scintigraphy can be used to detect and localize of TB. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of 99mTc-EMB scintigraphy in STB management. Retrospective study was carried out from 2006 to 2014. Subject STB were patient STB with suspected of STB and underwent 99mTc-EMB scintigraphy. The histopathologic result was used as gold standard. Whole body planar acquisition was taken at 1 and 3 h postinjection of 370 MBq. Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography acquisition was performed on suspected area. 99mTc-EMB image were analyzed by two nuclear medicine
specialis. The 93 subject STB were included in this study. Histopathologic data were available in 40/93 subject STB. Positive and negative 99mTc-EMB scintigraphy were 32 and 8 subject STB. 99mTc-EMB scintigraphy result STB was concordance with the histopathologic finding in 37 subject STB. Sensitivity, specivicity, positive- and negative-predictive value, and accuracy of 99mTc-EMB scintigraphy 90.91%, 71.43%, 93.75%, 62.5%, and 87.5%, respectively. This study showed that patient STB with suspected 99mTc-EMB scintigraphy result could be directly treated with anti-TB. 99mTc-EMB scintigraphy has significant role in the management of STB.
Cancer Screening in Refugees and Immigrants: A Global Perspective
Authors: Walker Patricia F. , Settgast Ann M. , DeSilva Malini B. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT.
Clinicians in the United States are trained to screen for cancer based on patient age, gender, family history, and environmental risk factors such as smoking. These cancers generally include, breast, cervical, colon, lung, and prostate cancers. We know that refugees and other immigrants to the United States experience dramatic disparities in cancer screening. Additionally, many immigrants experience elevated risks from infection-attributable cancers due to their country or region of origin. U.S.- based clinicians may not routinely consider these unique risk factors. Although this article focuses on refugees, it is also intended to guide clinicians caring for other foreign-born immigrant groups living in the United States (hereafter referred to as “immigrants”). The document contains two sections: 1) special considerations for U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guidelines cancer screening recommendations in immigrants and 2) cancer risks and screening recommendation unique to certain immigrant groups. Disparities in cancer screening and prevalence are often greater for specific immigrant groups than for broader racial or ethnic groups (e.g., Black, Asian, Hispanic) into which they may fit. Disaggregation of data by language or country of origin is useful to identify such disparities and to design intervention opportunities within specific communities that are culturally distinct and/or who have different environmental exposures. Unique cancer risks and disparities in screening support a nuanced approach to cancer screening for immigrant and refugee populations, which is the focus of this narrative review.
Condom use and risk factors of inconsistent or low use of the condoms during heterosexual anal intercourse in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review
Authors: Nyoni Princess , James Nigel 
Published: May 2022

Background: Anal intercourse (AI) has been reported to be the riskiest among other sexual intercourses in spreading human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the risk could be minimized by the use of condoms. Whilst AI is believed to be practised mainly by men who have sex with men, AI has also been reported to occur in heterosexual relationships. However, data on condom use during heterosexual AI are inadequate in sub-Saharan Africa.
Method: A scoping review of English language published articles on condom use during heterosexual anal sex, whose studies were conducted in Sub-Saharan Africa from January 2010 to May 2020 was conducted. Articles were searched systematically on PubMed and Google Scholar electronic databases. Heterosexual AI was defined as penile penetrative anal sexbetween a man and a woman regardless of the sexual orientation of the 2 parties involved in the act of heterosexual AI.
Findings: A total of 21 studies were eligible for analysis. Most of the studies (17 out of 21) reported females to be involved in heterosexual AI whilst 9 out of 21 studies reported males to be involved in heterosexual AI. The lifetime prevalence estimate of condom use during heterosexual AI ranged from 29%-97.5%. Other prevalence estimates of condom use duringheterosexual anal intercourse were reported over various recall periods which were: 12 months’ recall period with prevalence estimates ranging from 2.9%-59%; prevalence estimates for the past 3 months which ranged from 50%-94.4%; 1 month’s recall period with prevalence estimates ranging from 5%-96% and prevalence estimates for the last intercourse experienced ranging from 1%-55%. Condom use during heterosexual AI was generally low and/or inconsistent among female sex workers (FSWs), men who have sex with men and women (MSMW) and some women in the general population. There were no risk factors identified in the study for the inconsistent or low use of condoms during heterosexual AI.
Conclusion: Evidence from this study suggests condom use during heterosexual AI could be fairly low especially among groups such as FSWs, MSMW and some women in the general population. Risk factors for using condoms inconsistently or using condoms less during heterosexual AI are not clear. Heterosexual anal intercourse and condom use during the AIpractice is generally an under-studied subject in Sub-Saharan Africa. Future studies need to explore on heterosexual AI and condom use practices during AI comprehensively so that there can be concrete evidence on the subject which will inform targeted interventions aimed at reducing HIV among heterosexual populations in SSA.
Keywords: Heterosexual anal intercourse; condom use; sub-Saharan Africa.
Association of MTHFR gene polymorphism C677T (rs1801133) studies with early primary knee osteoarthritis in a South Indian population: a hospital-based study
Authors: Poornima Subhadra , Daram Swarnalatha , Krishna Devaki Rama , Merugu Ramchander , Subramanyam Krishna 
Published: May 2022

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most commonly occurring disease of middle and elderly population, which is characterized by focal loss of joint articular cartilage, osteophyte formation and sub chondral bone remodeling. Classical risk factors of OA include age, gender, weight, joint injury, trauma, however hereditary component is one of the main crucial factors. Severalgenome wide association studies and candidate gene approaches have identified genetic variants involved in the influence and association of OA. In the current study influence of Methylene tetra hydro folate reductase MTHFR C677T (rs1801133) gene with early primary knee OA was evaluated.In this study 400 samples were included (200 cases & 200 controls). DNA was extracted & processed for PCR- RFLP evaluation and genotype analysis. Statistical analysis was performed & results indicated a lack of association between MTHFR gene polymorphism and early primary KOA. The stratification was done based on age & gender and also both. Individual’si.e females below the age of 40 years are more prone to the disease when compared with males. MTHFR gene polymorphism showed a lack of association with early primary knee osteoarthritis. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study from south India.
Keywords: Polymorphism; MTHFR gene; Osteoarthritis; molecular analysis.
Incidence of Dengue fever, serotypes, clinical features, and laboratory markers: a case study of 2019 outbreak at district Shangla, KP, Pakistan
Authors: Ur Rehman Abid , Anwar Faheem , Tayyab Muhammad , Haq Ihteshamul , Haq Mohsina , Ahmed Ashfaq , Hala Haq  , Saleem Khan Abbas 
Published: May 2022

Background: Dengue is a widely spread mosquito-borne infection in humans, which in recent decades declared is public health problem globally. The dengue virus contains 4 different serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4) which belong to the genus Flavivirus.
Aims: A descriptive experimental study was conducted to determine the epidemiology, types of Dengue serotypes, clinical features, laboratory probe, and markers for primary diagnosis of dengue virus infection in hospitalized patients.
Methodology: A total of 691 suspects were diagnosed from August to October 2019 in district Shangla KP, Pakistan. Serological tests were used for nonstructural protein-1 antigen (NS1), and antibodies (immunoglobulin-M (IgM) & Immunoglobulin-G (IgG)) while real-time PCR was used to confirm the cases. The data was statistically analyzed using IBM-SPSS Statistics 20 version.
Results: The dengue virus infection was more prevalent in the male group (68.09%) than the female group (31.1%). A large number of patients were from rural areas (63.5%) while from urban areas were (36.4%), whereas Besham tehsil was found the most affected compared to other regions. The most prevalent serotype observed in our study was DENV-3 (56.60%) while DENV-4 was the least prevalent serotype (1.88%). Among the age-wise analysis of dengue-virus-infected individuals, the age group of 19–37 years (64.07%) was found the most affected group. The month-wise analysis revealed that the highest number of infections (49.8%) were recorded in September. Significant differences were noticed among blood parameters.
Conclusion: The possible reasons for the dengue overwhelming in the study area could be less or lack of awareness particularly regarding the transmission of viral infections, improper sewage management, and no effective vector control strategies that lead the dengue outbreaks in the study population.
Keywords: Dengue; Outbreak; DENV; real-time PCR; RNA Virus; Pakistan.
Anxiety and depression levels of healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Turan Onur , Yılmaz Demirci Nilgün , AK Güntülü , Akçay Şule , Aka Aktürk Ülkü , Bilaçeroğlu Semra , Coşkun Funda , Köktürk Oğuz , Mirici Arzu , Özdemir Cengiz , Şen Nazan , Yilmaz Ülkü 
Published: May 2022

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19), which causes a pandemic in the world, has started to appear in turkey since March 2020. Healthcare workers are at the top of the groups most at risk for covid-19 infection, which can have a negative impact on psychological state.
Objectives: It was aimed to evaluate anxiety and depression levels among healthcare workers.
Methods: this cross-sectional study performed via an online survey in april 2020. Participants answered questions about sociodemographic features, personal views and experiences about covid-19 and the hospital anxiety and depression scale (hads).
Results: A total of 300 healthcare workers,193 men and 107 women, participated in the survey. According to hads, 44.6% of participants scored above anxiety and 68.2% scored above depression cut-off points. Being younger than 50 and taking care of covid-19 patients in hospitals were independently associated with anxiety risk. Female gender, young age (less than 50) and having comorbidity were independent risk factors for depression.
Conclusion: Healthcare workers were at high risk of anxiety and depression during covid-19 outbreak. For this reason, psychological support should be given, especially to the group with high risk.
Keywords: Healthcare workers; anxiety; depression; covid-19
Mycobacterium tuberculosis mixed infections and drug resistance in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review
Authors: Nkatha Micheni Lisa , Deyno Serawit , Bazira Joel 
Published: May 2022

Background: Sub-Saharan Africa, is a region that records high rates of TB infection. Mycobacterium tuberculosis mixed strain infection, especially when the strains involved are of different susceptibilities, is an area of great interest because it is linked with an increased risk of treatment failure and transmission of resistant strains within the population. This paper reviewed original studies that reported MTB mixed infection and heteroresistance in the region between 2010 and 2020 to understand the extent of mixed strain infection and heteroresistance in the region. This information is very critical in the control of TB and ending the TB epidemic by 2035 as per the World Health Organization's vision.
Methods: Pubmed, Scopus, JSTOR, AJOL, and Google Scholar databases were searched through both key terms and subject headings. The literature was screened, assessed for the quality and evidence synthesized.
Results: Eighteen original articles were included in this review after having met the inclusion criteria. The frequency of mixed strain infection reported in these studies varied between 2.8% and 21.1% while drug resistance range between 0.06% to 19% depending on the study design and the drug susceptibility screening technique utilized. The majority of the studies (50%) utilized Spoligotyping in conjunction with MIRU-VNTR typing in the detection of mixed infections.
Conclusion: Despite the scarcity of data on mixed infections and heteroresistance in sub–Saharan Africa, various studies have revealed that these conditions are frequent in the region than previously thought. Given the evidence of the effect of mixed infections on drug resistance and treatment outcome, we conclude that mixed infection is an unavoidable topic for future studies.
Keywords: Tuberculosis; mixed infection; drug resistance.
Factors associated with risky sexual behaviour among clients undertaking HIV testing and counselling services at a secondary referral hospital Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Adedeji Adejumo Olusola , Ibironke Adebayo Bisola , Adesola Sunday , Bowale Abimbola , Ngozi Adejumo Esther , Atewe Stella , Sijuade Olayinka , Airauhi Andrew , Sodipo Oluwajimi , Shogbamimu Yeside 
Published: May 2022

Background: This study determined the prevalence of risky sexual behaviour and its associated factors among clients who accessed HIV counselling and testing services at a secondary referral hospital in Lagos, Nigeria.
Methods: A retrospective review of clients’ records was conducted. The Client Intake Form of people who accessed HIV counselling and testing services at Mainland Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria between July 1, 2016, and December 31, 2017, were reviewed. Multivariate analysis was conducted to determine the associated factors of risky sexual behaviour.
Results: A total of 4273 client’s records were analyzed, 3884 (90.9%) reported having sex before HIV counselling and testing (HCT). The prevalence of risky sexual behaviour among clients was 41.5%. More males and HIV positive clients had unprotected sex with a casual partner three months before HIV counselling and testing (p < 0.05). More singles than the married had unprotected sex with casual partners (p <0.001) and multiple sexual partners (p =0.002). The prevalence of risky sexual behaviour reduced with advancing age. Being single and having an HIV infection were associated with risky sexual behaviour in this study.
Conclusion: Age, marital status and HIV status were associated factors of risky sexual behaviour.
Keywords: Risky sexual behaviour; associated factors; HIV counselling; testing.
Predictivity of fatty liver index for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean females with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Arıkan Didem , Önmez Attila , Aksu Erson , Taşdemir Nicel 
Published: May 2022

Background: Fatty liver index (FLI) is a simple tool used to predict non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The role of FLI in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) for the prediction of NAFLD has not been elucidated.
Methods: This case-control study was from January 2014 to January 2016. Anthropometric measurements, biochemical testing, and abdominal ultrasonography were performed in 83 premenopausal otherwise healthy women with PCOS and 58 controls. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasound. The predictivity of FLI for NAFLD in lean and overweight/obese females with PCOS was analyzed.
Results: The γ-glutamyl transferase levels were significantly higher in the females with PCOS than in the controls (p = 0.001). In women with PCOS, FLI was significantly higher in females with NAFLD comparing to those without NAFLD (47.1 ± 33.6 vs. 16.9 ± 21.6; p = 0.001). For the PCOS group, Body Mass Index had the strongest relationship with FLI (p < 0.05, r = 0.908). FLI < 30 was calculated for all the lean females. The lean females with PCOS had a significantly higher rate of NAFLD (27.5%vs. 8.8%; p = 0.041) than lean controls.
Conclusion: An FLI < 30 was not sufficient to rule out NAFLD in the lean PCOS patients.
Keywords: Polycystic ovary syndrome; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; fatty liver index.
Mathematical Modelling of Syphilis Transmission Dynamics: Impacts of Mass Media Report, Risky Sexual Behavior and Treatment
Authors: Mwanga Gasper G. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Syphilis is one of the deadly sexually-transmitted diseases. This paper studied the impacts of sexual behavior, mass media report and treatment of infected individuals on the dynamics of syphilis transmission. The analytical and numerical analyses of the model are presented. The disease free equilibrium of the model is both locally and globally asymptotic stable when the associated reproduction number is less than unity. Analysis of the Reproduction number shows that it is not possible to control syphilis disease transmission if the rate of individuals practicing risky sexual behavior is high. Furthermore, the treatment of late (latent and tertiary) syphilis infection is beneficial to the infected individuals, but has no impact in the lowering of the reproduction number. This study suggests that the effective control strategy of syphilis must focus on lowering the number of individuals practicing risky sexual behavior and applying higher treatment rates for early syphilis infections. Furthermore, the media function should address the issues regarding safe sexual behavior.
Keywords: Syphilis, sexually transmitted infection, Risky sexual behavior, Mass media
A Survey Study on Sleep Breathing in Individuals with Malocclusion Characterized by Maxillary Transversal Deficiency and Snoring Problem
Authors: HOXHA Saimir , ESER Esin Gizem , TOYGAR MEMİKOĞLU Tülin Ufuk 
Published: May 2022

Aim: The aim of this survey study is to evaluate the awareness of parents on sleep disorders and their side effects, and to measure their level of awareness to those respiratory problems can lead to dental and jaw disorders.
Materials and Methods: A survey was applied to the parents of 30 children whose average age was 11.86, who had snoring, mouth breathing, and narrow maxilla, who applied to the Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University. While the first six questions of the questionnaire are about general information, the next 37 questions are about the smoking status of the parents, the child's snoring characteristics, and apnea, day and night complaints that are typically seen in children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome.
Result: In our survey study, it was determined that the awareness of people that snoring in children can be a symptom of a disease is weak. 40% of parents do not have information on this issue. In addition to that, parents do not think that snoring seen in children while sleeping at night may influence school success.
Conclusion: In our study, it was found that the level of awareness of parents about the effects of breathing problems during sleep on jaw development was also low. Because of that, orthodontists and physicians interested in sleep should inform the society more about this issue.
TEACHING STUDENTS THE STOCHASTIC NATURE OF STATISTICAL CONCEPTS IN AN INTRODUCTORY STATISTICS COURSE
Authors: MELETIOU-MAVROTHERIS MARIA , LEE CARL 
Published: May 2022

The article argues that the persistence of student difficulties in reasoning about the stochastic, despite significant reform efforts, might be the result of the continuing impact of the formalist mathematical tradition, affecting instructional approaches and curricula and acting as a barrier to instruction that provides students with the skills necessary to recognize uncertainty and variability in the real world. It describes a study driven by the conjecture that the reform movement would have been more successful in achieving its objectives if it were to put more emphasis on helping students build sound intuitions about variation. It provides an overview of how the conjecture guiding the study was developed and linked to classroom practice, and briefly discusses the experiences and insights gained from a teaching experiment in a college level, introductory statistics classroom, which adopted a nontraditional approach to statistics instruction with variation at its core. By contrasting students’ intuitions about the stochastic prior to instruction to their stochastical reasoning at the completion of the course, it illustrates the potential of the instructional approach as an alternative to more conventional instruction.
First published December 2002 at Statistics Education Research Journal: Archives
Assessment of the surgical outcomes of esotropia in pediatric subjects with high accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio
Authors: Bhojane Vidya Ramanth , Bule Sunil Maruti , Moolchandani Monesh Mahesh 
Published: May 2022

Background: Treating subjects with a high AC/A ratio and with esotropia is a challenging and complex procedure, often associated with increased near deviation which may lead to various outcomes following the surgery. Aims: The present study was conducted to assess outcomes following surgery in children with esotropia who were surgically treated with primary bilateral medial rectus (BMR) recessions. The study also compared preoperative and postoperative measurements in subjects with a high AC/A ratio to a normal AC/A ratio to assess surgical outcomes. Materials and Methods: 122 subjects were divided into 2 groups based on AC/A ratio into high AC/A ratio and normal AC/A ratio The subjects with high AC/A were treated with bifocal management if they had near persistent ET of ≥10Δ in full cycloplegic correction and not if they had far ET of ≥10Δ. Target angle at the time of the surgery was assessed with stereopsis presence via positive butterfly/fly, and near and distance deviations ≤10Δ within orthophoria. These success outcomes were compared in subjects with normal AC/A ratio and AC/A ratio groups. The collected data were subjected to statistical evaluation.
To explore the effect of pandemic on student teacher relationships
Authors: Asif Mohammad 
Published: May 2022

Aim: Present investigation aimed at investigating the effect of pandemic On student teacher relationship. Methodology: For present investigation researcher selected the sample size of approximately n=100 students sampling technique used was convenience sampling technique data was collected from schools STRS and LSBP tools were used to collect the data both the tools are highly reliable and valid. Results: Findings were in- conformity with previous researches linear regression showed that pandemic had an effect on student and teacher relationship multiple correlation showed R=.460 which is highly significant and very strong multiple correlation value. Conclusion: Findings show that there is an effect of pandemic on student teacher relationship furthermore it is also suggestive that since there are not lot studies on this topic so further more researches are needed to be conducted. Also, time with online media also increased which increased that seems to have significant impact on the mental well- being, value system is also affected significant in negative way.