bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The arithmetic mean of what? A Cautionary Tale about the Use of the Geometric Mean as a Measure of Fitness
Authors: Takacs Peter , Bourrat Pierrick 
Published: March 2022

AbstractShowing that the arithmetic mean number of offspring for a trait type often fails to be a predictive measure of fitness was a welcome correction to the philosophical literature on fitness. While the higher mathematical moments (variance, skew, kurtosis, etc.) of a probability-weighted offspring distribution can influence fitness measurement in distinct ways, the geometric mean number of offspring is commonly singled out as the most appropriate measure. For it is well-suited to a compounding (multiplicative) process and is sensitive to variance in offspring number. The geometric mean thus proves to be a predictively efficacious measure of fitness in examples featuring discrete generations and within- or between-generation variance in offspring output. Unfortunately, this advance has subsequently led some to conclude that the arithmetic mean is never (or at best infrequently) a good measure of fitness and that the geometric mean should accordingly be the default measure of fitness. We show not only that the arithmetic mean is a perfectly reasonable measure of fitness so long as one is clear about what it refers to (in particular, when it refers to growth rate), but also that it functions as a more general measure when properly interpreted. It must suffice as a measure of fitness in any case where the geometric mean has been effectively deployed as a measure. We conclude with a discussion about why the mathematical equivalence we highlight cannot be dismissed as merely of mathematical interest.
Psychiatric Symptoms, Posttraumatic Growth, and Life Satisfaction Among Parents of Seriously Ill Infants: A Prospective Case-Controlled Study
Authors: Koivula Krista , Isokääntä Siiri , Tavast Kati , Toivonen Iines , Tuomainen Iina , Kokki Merja , Honkalampi Kirsi , Sankilampi Ulla , Kokki Hannu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe evaluated psychiatric symptoms, posttraumatic growth, and life satisfaction among the parents (n = 34) of newborns (n = 17) requiring therapeutic hypothermia or urgent surgery (interest group). Our control group included 60 parents of healthy newborns (n = 30). The first surveys were completed soon after diagnosis or delivery and the follow-up surveys 1 year later (participation rate 88% in the interest group and 70% in the control group). General stress was common in both groups but was more prevalent in the interest group as were depressive symptoms, too. Anxiety was more common in the interest group, although it showed a decrease from the baseline in both groups. Life satisfaction had an inverse correlation with all measures of psychiatric symptoms, and it was lower in the interest group in the early stage, but similar at 12 months due to the slight decline in the control group. Mothers in the interest group had more anxiety and depressive symptoms than fathers in the early stage. Mothers had more traumatic distress than fathers at both time points. Half of the parents experienced substantial posttraumatic growth at 12 months. In conclusion, the serious illness of an infant substantially affects the well-being of the parents in the early stages of illness and one year after the illness.
Synchronous Fluorescence as a Green and Selective Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Cetirizine and Azelastine in Aqueous Humor
Authors: Abd-AlGhafar Walaa Nabil , Aly F. A. , Sheribah Zeinab A. , Saad Samar 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA green, simple, quick and economical method is implemented for the first time for the simultaneous estimation of cetirizine (CTZ) and azelastine (AZE) as co-administered eye drops. The method relies on synchronous spectrofluorimetry with ∆λ = 60 nm. Cetirizine can be estimated at 231 nm and AZE can be measured at 294 nm, each at the other’s zero crossing point. All factors affecting the method were studied and properly optimized. Good correlation was obtained in the range of 0.1–2 µg mL−1 for both drugs. The limits of detection were 0.014 and 0.010 µg mL−1 and limits of quantitation were 0.043 and 0.029 µg mL−1 for CTZ and AZE, respectively. Moreover, ICH guidelines were carried out to validate the adopted method. The method was suitable for the analysis of CTZ and AZE in synthetic mixtures, eye drops and aqueous humor. The mean percentage of recoveries of CTZ and AZE in spiked aqueous humor were 99.83 and 99.37, respectively. Furthermore, Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and analytical Eco-scale approaches were used to evaluate the greenness of the suggested method.
Effect of Hydrogen on the Internal Oxidation of a Pd–Cr Alloy in Dual-Atmosphere Conditions
Authors: Chyrkin Anton , Cossu Camilla , Svensson Jan-Erik , Froitzheim Jan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe effect of hydrogen on oxygen permeability has been studied in a diluted Pd–Cr alloy in dual- and single- atmosphere conditions between 600 and 950 °C. The 0.3 mm thick Pd–1.5Cr foil was exposed in dry and humid air as well as in dual-atmosphere conditions, with one sample surface being exposed to air and one to hydrogen, as encountered in solid oxide fuel cells. At all temperatures, Cr oxidized internally forming internal oxidation zones which were measured in metallographic cross sections. Below 800 °C, an external layer of PdO formed on the surface decreasing the internal oxidation kinetics. No measurable effect of hydrogen on the internal oxidation of Cr in Pd has been detected.
AALpy: an active automata learning library
Authors: Muškardin Edi , Aichernig Bernhard K. , Pill Ingo , Pferscher Andrea , Tappler Martin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAALpy is an extensible open-source Python library providing efficient implementations of active automata learning algorithms for deterministic, non-deterministic, and stochastic systems. We put a special focus on the conformance testing aspect in active automata learning, as well as on an intuitive and seamlessly integrated interface for learning automata characterizing real-world reactive systems. In this article, we present AALpy’s core functionalities, illustrate its usage via examples, and evaluate its learning performance. Finally, we present selected case studies on learning models of various types of systems with AALpy.
The Density of Symbol Systems – A Critique of Nelson Goodman’s Notion
Authors: Guczalski Krzysztof 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNelson Goodman’s theory of symbol systems expounded in his Languages of Art has been frequently criticized on many counts (cf. list of secondary literature in the entry “Goodman’s Aesthetics” of Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy and Sect. 3 below). Yet it exerts a strong influence and is treated as one of the major twentieth-century theories on the subject.While many of Goodman’s controversial theses are criticized, the technical notions he used to formulate them seem to have been treated as neutral tools. One such technical notion is that of the density of symbol systems. This serves to distinguish linguistic symbols from pictorial representations (after Goodman entirely rejected resemblance in that role) and is a crucial part of Goodman’s explanation of what constitutes aesthetic experience (and so indirectly what is art). Thus its significance for Goodman’s theory is fundamental.The aim of this paper is a detailed, logical analysis of this notion. It turns out that Goodman’s definition is highly problematic and cannot be applied to symbol systems in the way Goodman envisaged. To conclude, Goodman’s theory is problematic not just because of its controversial theses but also because of logical problems with the technical notions used at its very core. Hence the controversial claims are not simply contestable, but inaccurately expressed.
Law-Invariant Functionals that Collapse to the Mean: Beyond Convexity
Authors: Liebrich Felix-Benedikt , Munari Cosimo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe establish general “collapse to the mean” principles that provide conditions under which a law-invariant functional reduces to an expectation. In the convex setting, we retrieve and sharpen known results from the literature. However, our results also apply beyond the convex setting. We illustrate this by providing a complete account of the “collapse to the mean” for quasiconvex functionals. In the special cases of consistent risk measures and Choquet integrals, we can even dispense with quasiconvexity. In addition, we relate the “collapse to the mean” to the study of solutions of a broad class of optimisation problems with law-invariant objectives that appear in mathematical finance, insurance, and economics. We show that the corresponding quantile formulations studied in the literature are sometimes illegitimate and require further analysis.
On properties of univariate max functions at local maximizers
Authors: Mitchell Tim , Overton Michael L. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMore than three decades ago, Boyd and Balakrishnan established a regularity result for the two-norm of a transfer function at maximizers. Their result extends easily to the statement that the maximum eigenvalue of a univariate real analytic Hermitian matrix family is twice continuously differentiable, with Lipschitz second derivative, at all local maximizers, a property that is useful in several applications that we describe. We also investigate whether this smoothness property extends to max functions more generally. We show that the pointwise maximum of a finite set of q-times continuously differentiable univariate functions must have zero derivative at a maximizer for $$q=1$$

q
=
1

, but arbitrarily close to the maximizer, the derivative may not be defined, even when $$q=3$$

q
=
3

and the maximizer is isolated.
Viral and Clinical Oncology of Head and Neck Cancers
Authors: Goon Peter , Schürmann Matthias , Oppel Felix , Shao SenYao , Schleyer Simon , Pfeiffer Christoph J. , Todt Ingo , Brasch Frank , Scholtz Lars-Uwe , Göerner Martin , Sudhoff Holger 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Purpose of Review
This study assesses the current state of knowledge of head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC), which are malignancies arising from the orifices and adjacent mucosae of the aerodigestive tracts. These contiguous anatomical areas are unique in that 2 important human oncoviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human papillomavirus (HPV), are causally associated with nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal cancers, respectively. Mortality rates have remained high over the last 4 decades, and insufficient attention paid to the unique viral and clinical oncology of the different subgroups of HNSCC.

Recent Findings
We have compared and contrasted the 2 double-stranded DNA viruses and the relevant molecular oncogenesis of their respective cancers against other head and neck cancers. Tobacco and alcohol ingestion are also reviewed, as regard the genetic progression/mutation accumulation model of carcinogenesis. The importance of stringent stratification when searching for cancer mutations and biomarkers is discussed. Evidence is presented for a dysplastic/pre-invasive cancerous phase for HPV+ oropharyngeal cancers, and analogous with other HPV+ cancers. This raises the possibility of strategies for cancer screening as early diagnosis will undoubtedly save lives.

Summary
Staging and prognostication have changed to take into account the distinct biological and prognostic pathways for viral+ and viral− cancers. Diagnosis of pre-cancers and early stage cancers will reduce mortality rates. Multi-modal treatment options for HNSCC are reviewed, especially recent developments with immunotherapies and precision medicine strategies. Knowledge integration of the viral and molecular oncogenic pathways with sound planning, hypothesis generation, and clinical trials will continue to provide therapeutic options in the future.
Treatment Approaches for Functional Neurological Disorders in Children
Authors: Vassilopoulos Areti , Mohammad Shekeeb , Dure Leon , Kozlowska Kasia , Fobian Aaron D. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPurpose of ReviewFunctional neurological disorder (FND) is a multi-network brain disorder that encompasses a broad range of neurological symptoms. FND is common in pediatric practice. It places substantial strains on children, families, and health care systems. Treatment begins at assessment, which requires the following: themedicaltask of making the diagnosis, theinterpersonaltask of engaging the child and family so that they feel heard and respected, thecommunicationtask of communicating and explaining the diagnosis, and thelogisticaltask of organizing treatment.Recent FindingsOver the past decade, three treatment approaches—Retraining and Control Therapy (ReACT), other cognitive-behavioral therapies, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation—have been evaluated in the USA, Canada, and Australia. Of children treated in such programs, 63 − 95% showed full resolution of FND symptoms. The common thread across the programs is their biopsychosocial approach—consideration of biological, psychological, relational, and school-related factors that contribute to the child’s clinical presentation.SummaryCurrent research strongly supports a biopsychosocial approach to pediatric FND and provides a foundation for a stepped approach to treatment. Stepped care is initially tailored to the needs of the individual child (and family) based on the pattern and severity of FND presentation. The level of care and type of intervention may then be adjusted to consider the child’s response, over time, to treatment or treatment combinations. Future research is needed to confirm effective treatment targets, to inform the development of stepped care, and to improve methodologies that can assess the efficacy of stepped-care interventions.
Critical Illness Myopathy: Diagnostic Approach and Resulting Therapeutic Implications
Authors: Rodriguez Belén , Larsson Lars , Z’Graggen Werner J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Purpose of review
Critical illness myopathy (CIM) is a common neuro-muscular complication of intensive care treatment associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The current guidelines for diagnosis include clinical and electrophysiological criteria as well as a muscle biopsy, and allow diagnosis only at an advanced stage of the disease. To date, there is no treatment for CIM available, apart from symptomatic and rehabilitative interventions. In this review, we discuss different diagnostic approaches and describe new treatment possibilities for CIM.

Recent findings
Of the diagnostic approaches evaluated, a new electrophysiological technique for measuring muscle excitability has the greatest potential to allow earlier diagnosis of CIM than the current guidelines do and thereby may facilitate the conduction of future pathophysiological and therapeutic studies. Although clinical trials are still lacking, in animal models, BGP-15, vamorolone, and ruxolitinib have been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects, to reduce muscle wasting and to improve muscle function and survival.

Summary
In recent years, promising methods for early and confirmatory diagnosis of CIM have been developed, but still need validation. Experimental studies on novel pharmacological interventions show promising results in terms of preventive CIM treatments, but future clinical studies will be needed to study the effectiveness and safety of these drugs.
Clock monitoring is associated with age-related decline in time-based prospective memory
Authors: Schmidt Nadine , Haas Maximilian , Krebs Christine , Klöppel Stefan , Kliegel Matthias , Peter Jessica 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn laboratory time-based prospective memory tasks, older adults typically perform worse than younger adults do. It has been suggested that less frequent clock checking due to problems with executive functions may be responsible. We aimed to investigate the role of clock checking in older adults’ time-based prospective memory and to clarify whether executive functions would be associated with clock checking and consequently, with time-based prospective memory. We included 62 healthy older adults (62-85 years of age) and applied tasks of time-based prospective memory as well as of executive functions (i.e., inhibition, fluency, and working memory). We used mediation analysis to test whether time-based prospective memory declined with advancing age due to less frequent clock checking. In addition, we tested whether there would be an association between executive functions and clock checking or time-based prospective memory. Time-based prospective memory declined with advancing age due to less frequent clock checking within 30s prior to intention completion. We only found a link between executive functions and clock checking (or time-based prospective memory) when not controlling for age. Our results support the importance of clock checking for time-based prospective memory and add to the current literature that older adults’ prospective memory declines because they are less able to adapt their clock checking. Yet, the reason why older adults are less able to adapt their clock checking still remains open. Our results do not indicate that executive function deficits play a central role.
Recent advances in integrated optical directed logic operations for high performance optical computing: a review
Authors: Qiu Ciyuan , Xiao Huifu , Wang Liheng , Tian Yonghui 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOptical directed logic (DL) is a novel logic operation scheme that employs electrical signals as operands to control the working states of optical switches to perform the logic functions. This review first provides an overview of the concept and working principle of DL. The developing trends of DL computing are then discussed in detail, including the fundamental optical DL gates, combinational optical DL operations, reconfigurable logic computing, low power optical logic computing, and programmable photonic network. The concluding remarks provide an outlook on the DL future development and its impacts in optical computing.
Graphical Abstract
Geology of the Simlipal Volcano-sedimentary Basin of Singhbhum Revisited: A Simplistic Interpretation
Authors: Kar Asima , Ray Jyotisankar , Sinha Subhajit , Kar Rajib , Manikyamba C. , Paul Madhuparna , Dey Payel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The status of the Proterozoic volcano-sedimentary Simlipal complex (covering latitudes 21°14’-22°20’N and longitudes 86°03’-86°35’E) of Singhbhum, eastern India remains unclear till date. The Simlipal complex has classically been designated to represent three layers of alternate spilitic volcanics and quartzite deposited in a geosyncline that unconformably overlies the meta-sedimentary Singhbhum Group of rocks. The study of the authors (entailing digital elevation map) bring out that the concentric ring-like outcrop pattern of Simlipal complex is only topography-controlled and repetitive bands of quartzite and volcanics do not exist. Further, it has been documented that the Simlipal complex comprises basemental weakly metamorphosed quartzite-phyllite (~450m thick) heterolith unit (proposed Lulung Formation), which is followed upward by fresh, sub-horizontal (~250m thick) volcanic unit (proposed Barehipani Formation) with local presence of peridotite-gabbro, and finally to quartz arenite unit (~150m thick) as the topmost layer (proposed Jurunda Formation). The heterolith unit (proposed Lulung Formation) has been envisaged as a part of the older Singhbhum Group. The basaltic rocks (Barehipani Formation) correspond to calc-alkaline tectonic affinity based on geochemistry. We propose an arc-subduction related setting for the Simlipal complex which may be further confirmed through detailed major/trace elements and isotopic studies.
Subsurface Resistivity Image of Sikkim Himalaya as Derived from Topography Corrected Magnetotelluric Data
Authors: Kumar Sushil , Patro Prasanta K. , Chaudhary B.S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Sikkim Himalaya is the eastern division of the Himalayan arc and is located between the Nepal and Bhutan Himalaya. Due to the complex geology, the abnormal trend of Main Central Thrust (MCT) and duplex structure in Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) zone, the magnetotelluric (MT) data in Sikkim Himalayan region is modeled using topographic correction. In the present research, the three-dimensional (3-D) topographic correction using impedance tensor correction algorithm was applied to eight sites from the Sikkim Himalayan region and then inverted on the flat terrain. This paper presents the effectiveness of the 3-D topographic correction on two dimensional (2-D) modeling by comparing inversion models (a) model with distorted data on flat terrain, (b) distorted data with topography, (c) 3-D topography corrected data on flat terrain, to mitigate the effects of topography in MT data. The major outcome of the present study is in the form deciphering much bigger dimension in case of topography corrected data of the overlying resistive block (~9000 ohm.m) having depth up to 15 km between the sites Manglay and Lema, which correlate with the exposures of the Daling Formation in the northern Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS) and Lingste granite in the MCT zone. The topography corrected MT data brought out the topography of the resistive Indian crust more clearly.
Use of Principal Component Analysis for Parameter Selection to Compute Water Quality Index and Assessment of Groundwater Quality Status: A Case Study of Sanganur Stream, Coimbatore City
Authors: Mohammed Siraj Ansari A. , Saraswathi R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Coimbatore is a major industrial city in Tamil Nadu, India. Due to urbanization there is a rapid increase in the generation of wastewater. The Sanganur stream is one of the major unlined drains in Coimbatore, flowing about 10.8 kilometre within the city. The drain is fed with wastewater from household and industrial units. This study is to explore the physio-chemical contamination in the groundwater sources located near the unlined drains and to assess groundwater quality by computing water quality index using the selected parameters from principal component analysis. Groundwater samples are collected from bore wells close to the drain at respective intervals. The parameter like pH, EC, TDS, chlorides, sulphates, alkalinity and hardness are estimated. Principal component analysis is used to predict the major contributors having impact on groundwater quality and water quality index was computed using the predicted contributors. The results shows that the water quality status was either poor or very poor. Therefore, it is necessary to control the contamination of groundwater by taking proper remedial measures.
An optimized system for mobility evaluation in frailty phenotype assessment
Authors: Pierleoni Paola , Belli Alberto , Pinti Federica , Paoletti Michele , Raggiunto Sara , Palma Lorenzo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe rapid ageing of society makes necessary the development of advanced technologies for the identification of frailty. In this paper, we present a system for mobility evaluation in frailty phenotype assessment. The system is equipped with wireless, small and non-invasive wearable sensors for an objective evaluation of mobility. The paper proposes an optimization of gait analysis algorithm using a dynamic threshold. The results obtained from a comparison with the gold standard show errors of 3.7% for double support, 5.1% for stride length, and 5.8% for stride speed. Moreover, a simple and automatic tool, which estimates postural and walking parameters to assist medical staff in assessing frailty, is developed.