bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Rights Obligations of United Nations Peacekeepers: Implementation through the UN’s Own Policies and Remaining Challenges
Authors: Hessbruegge Jan Arno 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
There is no comprehensive document, in which the United Nations sets out its position on the human rights obligations of its peacekeepers. Security Council and General Assembly resolutions do not provide much guidance either. However, a patchwork of United Nations policies – some adopted at the level of the Secretary-General, others by the UN departments responsible for peacekeeping operations and special political missions – recognize and seek to implement a comprehensive set of human rights obligations that rest on United Nations peacekeepers. The present article seeks to place this patchwork into a coherent normative framework consisting of duties to respect human rights, duties to take precautionary steps, duties not to assist human rights violations of others, a responsibility to protect civilians and their human rights and the obligation to provide effective remedies for human rights violations. In doing so, it identifies remaining gaps in the policy framework. While not the primary focus of this article, some of the most significant advances and gaps in the actual implementation of existing policies are highlighted.
The Party for Justice and Development’s “Specialization” in Politics: Metamorphosis and Contradictions
Authors: Munteanu Anca , Seniguer Haoues 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Based on empirical research, this article analyzes “the specialization” of the Moroccan Party for Justice and Development and the internal tensions between its political and religious vocations. The latter is one of the Islamist parties with the longest political experience in the Maghreb area which started its “professionalization” in politics at an early stage, at least since 1997–1998. However, little is known in the literature if this pragmatic decision led to the reformation of the movement’s classical ideology. In fact, the “inclusion-moderation hypothesis” showed that the institutionalization of the Islamists parties does not necessarily entail their ideological moderation. By analyzing the contradictions of the structural reform between the party and the Movement for Unity and Reform this article argues that some practices could question the “specialization” thesis. It highlights that despite the “specialization,” the pjd did not reform its core beliefs which are preserved for both religious and political reasons.
Catholic Charity and Public Poor Relief in Nineteenth-century Belgium: Reconquest, Competition, Complementarity, Superiority
Authors: Heyrman Peter 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The compatibility of public poor relief with private, in particular faith-based, charity is a long-debated issue. Our contribution offers a historical reflection by analysing the evolving discourses of Catholic charity in nineteenth-century Belgium. We highlight its somewhat ambiguous self-imagery and evaluate its (un)willingness to cooperate with official provisions. Belgian Catholics at first sought to complement and even to infiltrate the public structures created under French rule, but rising ideological tensions on the issue in Belgian society from 1850 onwards made them realise that the clock couldn’t be turned back. A further expansion or more pronounced agency of public provisions, however, was considered unwanted and unnecessary. The Belgian Church eagerly defended the pre-eminence of private charity provisions, considering them to be more community-embedded, encompassing, efficient, flexible and innovative. Religious charity was portrayed as morally pre-eminent, much more committed and interpersonal, with strong connotations of vocation, pastorate, penance and salvation emerging from its transcendental perspective. Given this mindset, it was far from self-evident that a division of tasks with public poor relief should be sought. While nineteenth-century Belgian Catholics repeatedly made public appeals for pragmatism and cooperation, the continued expansion of their charitable networks and the associated discourses reveal an inherently competitive strategy and a continuous, even growing conviction that upheld the superiority of private initiative.
High-Risk Culprit Plaque Predicts Cardiovascular Outcomes Independently of Plaque Rupture in ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Insight From Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Wang Ying , Zhao Xiaoxiao , Zhou Peng , Liu Chen , Liao Zhiyong , Wang Xiaoqing , Yan Shaodi , Sheng Zhaoxue , Li Jiannan , Zhou Jinying , Chen Runzhen , Chen Yi , Song Li , Zhao Hanjun , Yan Hongbing 
Published: May 2022

The present study explored the predictive value of culprit high-risk plaque (HRP) detected by optical coherence tomography (OCT) for predicting major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). HRP was defined as the simultaneous presence of four criteria: minimum lumen area <3.5 mm2, fibrous cap thickness <75 μm, lipid plaque with lipid arc extension >180°, and presence of macrophages. Patients (n = 274) were divided into non-HRP group (n = 206) and HRP group (n = 68). MACEs were defined as a composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and revascularization. During a mean follow-up of 2.2 years, 47 (17.5%) MACEs were observed: 28 (13.6%) in the non-HRP group and 19 (27.9%) in the HRP group (log-rank P = .005). Patients with HRP were 2.05 times more likely to suffer from a MACE than those without HRP (hazards ratio: 2.05, 95% confidence interval: 1.04-4.02, P = .038); MACE risk was comparable between plaque rupture and plaque erosion. In conclusion, HRP was present in 24.8% of STEMI patients and associated with higher cardiovascular risk independent of plaque rupture, suggesting that HRP detected by OCT may help identify patients at high risk of future cardiac events.
Raman Spectroscopy Study of Skin Biopsies from Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Trends in Alpha-Synuclein Aggregation from the Amide I Region
Authors: León-Bejarano Fabiola , Méndez Martín O. , Alba Alfonso , Rodríguez-Leyva Ildefonso , González Francisco J. , Rodríguez-Aranda María del Carmen , Guevara Edgar , Guirado-López Ricardo A. , Ramírez-Elías Miguel G. 
Published: May 2022

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurological pathologies with a high prevalence worldwide. PD is characterized by Lewy bodies, whose major component is the aggregates of α-synuclein (αSyn) protein. Interestingly, recent works have demonstrated that skin biopsy studies are a promising diagnostic tool for evaluating α-synucleinopathies. In this sense, this work focuses on the detection of αSyn in skin biopsies employing Raman spectroscopy, using three different approaches: (i) the in vitro Raman spectrum of α-synuclein, (ii) the ex vivo Raman spectra of human skin biopsies from healthy and Parkinson’s disease patients, and (iii) theoretical calculations of the Raman spectra obtained from different model αSyn fragments using density functional theory (DFT). Significant differences in the intensity and location of Raman active frequencies in the amide I region were found when comparing healthy and PD subjects related to α-synuclein conformational changes and variations in their aggregation behavior. In samples from healthy patients, we identified well-known Raman peaks at 1655, 1664, and 1680 cm–1 associated with the normal state of the protein. In PD subjects, shifted Raman bands and intensity variations were found at 1650, 1670, and 1687 cm–1 associated with aggregated forms of the protein. DFT calculations reveal that the shape of the amide I Raman peak in model αSyn fragments strongly depends on the degree of aggregation. Sizable frequency shifts and intensity variations are found within the highly relevant 1600–1700 cm–1 domain, revealing the sensitivity of the amide I Raman band to the changes in the local atomic environment. Interestingly, we obtain that the presence of surrounding waters also affects the structure of the amide I band, leading to the appearance of new peaks on the low-frequency side and a notable broadening of the Raman spectra. These results strongly suggest that, through Raman spectroscopy, it is possible to infer the presence of aggregated forms of αSyn in skin biopsies, a result that could have important implications for understanding α-synuclein related diseases.
Management challenges and choices in patients with bipolar disorder: An Egyptian observational study
Authors: Okasha Tarek Ahmed , Abdel Maksoud Menan , Moneum Dalia Mahmoud Abdel , Hegazy Ali Dalia 
Published: May 2022

Background: Patients with bipolar disorder (BD) had contributed immensely to high health service utilization. Variation in clinical practices that miss to follow the standard guidelines all with the disorder complexity, deepened the management gap. This study aimed to provide an Egyptian epidemiological database of the ongoing clinical practices that framed different diagnostic and management choices in a sample of patients with bipolar disorder. Highlighting challenges and the need for optimized clinical practices. Methods: Over 4 months in 2014, 20 clinicians filled in a designed sheet of their routine healthcare practice with information about; caseload /month, management guidelines knowledge background. Out of 301 patients in acute episode BD, 300 patients aged 20 to 60 years from both sexes, completed their assessment using; (1) a semi-structured interview sheet, (2) Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I (SCID I) for psychiatric diagnoses, (3) Global Assessment of Functioning scale for illness impact. Results: Psychiatrists received 49.5 ± 37.0 (mean ± SD) patient /month. 95% of them reported positive knowledge background on BD diagnostic guidelines and treatment recommendations (G/R), 89.6% of patients had different initial diagnosis than BD.The most commonly given initial diagnosis was major depressive disorder (33%) followed by brief psychotic disorder(20.7%) and others. The median of time taken from the initial to bipolar diagnosis was 12.3 months. Majority of patients had evident functional impairment. Atypical antipsychotics were mostly used. Drug abuse and obesity were high comorbidities. Conclusion: The evident gap in practice and BD complexity have negative impact on clinical outcomes. Physician’s continuous medical education programs and individually tailored standard medical care are recommended for optimized practices.
Effects of a Video-Based Intervention on Emotion Recognition for Children With Autism Who Have Limited Speech in China
Authors: Wang Zhi , Cheong Loh Sau , Tian Jing , Wang Hai yan , Yuan Yue , Zhang Qian 
Published: May 2022

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have difficulties with emotion recognition and a number of interventions have been designed to address this problem. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of video-based intervention (The Transporters) on emotion recognition in four children (aged 4–8 years old) with ASD who have limited speech in China. This study employed a multiple baseline across participants. The results indicated that the video-based intervention effectively improved emotion recognition in all children with limited speech. However, there was a limited effect in the generalization phase after 7 and 15 days completing the intervention phase. Results of this study have important implications for early intervention educators working with children with ASD.
Reducing tumescent anesthetic injection pain by topical anesthesia pretreatment among patients undergoing endovenous radiofrequency ablation of varicose veins: A double-blind randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zhang Yuan-Su , Chen Peng-Jie , Wan Hai-Lin , Chen Jin-Hui , Mei Tong , Wang Wei-Lin , Lu Yong-Ming 
Published: May 2022

Objectives Tumescent anesthesia frequently causes the intraoperative and postoperative pain during radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of varicose veins. We have to find a way to reduce pain caused by these injections. This randomized controlled trial investigated the effectiveness of topical anesthesia pretreatment (TAP) on relieving needle puncture pain during administration of tumescent anesthesia among patients undergoing RFA of varicose veins. Methods Eligible patients treated with RFA were recruited and randomized to either application of TAP with lidocaine-prilocaine cream (EMLA) or water-based cream (placebo). The primary outcome was patient described pain scores on the visual analogue scale (VAS) at different time points during the procedure. Secondary outcomes were technical success rate, complications, satisfaction level, expense, and extra analgesia use. Results Sixty-two patients were randomized: 32 to EMLA and 30 to placebo. Both groups had comparable baseline demographics, CEAP classification, and Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS). Less tumescent anesthetic needle puncture pain was found in the EMLA group (22 ± 7 vs 42 ± 8, p < .01). Pain scores of other time points were equivalent. There was less pain in EMLA pretreated area compared to non-pretreated area in the same patient during needle puncture (22 ± 7 vs 45 ± 7, p < .01), and similar phenomena did not appear in the placebo group. There was no statistical difference in complications, satisfaction level, expense, and technical success between the two groups. And no extra analgesia was used in all patients. Conclusion We recommend the routine use of TAP to reduce the needle puncture pain during tumescent anesthesia in RFA of lower extremity varicose veins.
Impairments in ankle range of motion, dorsi and plantar flexors muscle strength and gait speed in patients with chronic venous disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Nepomuceno de Souza Iara , Fernandes de Oliveira Lucas Fróis , Geraldo Izalino de Almeida Igor Lucas , Ávila Matheus Ribeiro , Silva Whesley Tanor , Trede Filho Renato Guilherme , Pereira Danielle Aparecida Gomes , de Oliveira Luciano Fonseca Lemos , Lima Vanessa Pereira , Scheidt Figueiredo Pedro Henrique , Costa Henrique Silveira 
Published: May 2022

Objective To verify the differences in ankle range of motion (ROM), muscle strength of dorsi and plantar flexors, and gait speed among healthy subjects, and patients with chronic venous disorders (CVD) with and without venous leg ulcer. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis ( http://osf.io/b7n3k ) were conducted following a search of MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINAHL, LILACS, Scopus, and EMBASE databases. Results Eight papers were included. The ankle ROM was significantly lower both in dorsiflexion and plantar flexion in patients with venous leg ulcer when compared to healthy individuals and CVD patients without venous leg ulcer. The muscle strength of the plantar flexors and gait speed were reduced in CVD patients when compared to healthy ones. Conclusion Impaired muscle strength and gait speed can be detected in CVD patients compared to healthy individuals, and ankle ROM tends to be reduced in CVD patients even in the absence of venous leg ulcers.
Virtual versus true non-contrast images of the brain from spectral detector CT: comparison of attenuation values and image quality
Authors: Kessner Rivka , Sommer Jennifer , Große Hokamp Nils , Laukamp Kai R. , Nayate Ameya 
Published: May 2022

Background Prior studies focused on utilization of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) to better detect intracranial pathology and to reduce artifacts. It is still unclear whether virtual non-contrast (VNC) images of DECT can replace true non-contrast (TNC) images. Purpose To compare attenuation values and image quality of VNC images to TNC images of the brain, obtained using spectral detector CT (SDCT). Material and Methods We retrospectively evaluated patients that underwent head CT with and without contrast material, on a SDCT scanner at our institution (n = 33). The attenuation values of different brain structures were obtained from TNC images, the conventional images of the post-contrast exams (n = 16) or the CT angiography (CTA) (n = 17), and the derived VNC images. In total, 591 regions of interest were obtained, including white and gray matter. Two neuroradiologists independently evaluated the image quality of the VNC and TNC images, using a 5-point Likert scale. Results The mean difference between the attenuation values on the VNC versus the TNC images was <4 HU for almost all the structures. The difference reached statistical significance ( P < 0.05) for the deep gray structures but not for the white matter. The image quality score of the TNC images was 5 in all the patients (excellent gray–white matter differentiation). The scores of the VNC images differed between post-contrast and CTA examinations, with means of 4.9 ± 0.3 (excellent) and 3.2 ± 0.4 (fair), respectively ( P < 0.001). Conclusion Our results show minor differences between attenuation values of different brain structures on VNC versus TNC images of SDCT.
Prevalence of Contralateral Hip Abductor Tears and Factors Associated With Symptomatic Progression
Authors: Arvesen John , McCallum Jeremy , Pill Stephan G. , Cannady Holly , Adams Kyle J. , Jackson Isaiah , Wienke Jeffrey R. , Folk Jason 
Published: May 2022

Background: Patients with gluteus medius tendinopathy present with laterally based hip pain that can be diagnosed under the greater trochanteric pain syndrome diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can assist in diagnosing pathology of the symptomatic hip, and when a pelvic MRI that includes both hips, the clinician may identify asymptomatic tears in the nonsurgical hip. In patients who undergo unilateral gluteus medius repairs, little is known about the prevalence or subsequent onset of clinical symptoms in the nonsurgical hip. Purpose: To describe (1) the prevalence of asymptomatic contralateral gluteus medius tears in patients with unilateral symptoms, (2) the presentation and time before symptom onset, and (3) the morphological characteristics on MRI of future symptomatic tears. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: A total of 51 consecutive patients who underwent gluteus medius tear surgery were reviewed for contralateral hip pathology; of these, 43 patients were 2 years out from index surgery with reviewable preoperative MRI scans. A musculoskeletal radiologist reviewed the MRI scans for tear size, tendon retraction, and fatty infiltration using the Goutallier-Fuchs grading system. Medical record review identified contralateral hips requiring subsequent treatment. Results: Of the original 43 patients, 10 (23%) had no contralateral tear, 19 (44%) had low-grade partial tears, 9 (20%) had high-grade partial tears, and 5 (11%) had full-thickness tears. Thirty-seven patients had unilateral symptoms; the other 6 had mild contralateral hip pain at enrollment. Of the 37 patients with unilateral symptoms, 27 (73%) had a contralateral tear; of those, 10 became symptomatic at an average of 24 months after index presentation (range, 6-50 months). In patients with symptomatic progression, 7 had low-grade partial tears, 1 had a high-grade partial tear, and 2 had full-thickness tears, with an average retraction of 17 mm. Tendon tear grade on MRI did not always correlate with symptoms or future presentation. All symptomatic progression remained mild to moderate. Seven patients required a corticosteroid injection, and none needed contralateral hip surgery within 2 years. Conclusion: Of patients who underwent surgery for a gluteus medius tear, 73% (27/37) had an incidental MRI-confirmed contralateral hip abductor tear. Of these, 37% (10/27) developed symptoms consistent with greater trochanteric pain syndrome during the 2-year study period.
Understanding Discrepancies in Nutritional Outcomes Among Under-Fives in Laos: A Mixed-Methods Study Using the Positive Deviance Approach
Authors: Boulom Sayvisene , Bon Daniëlle M. , Essink Dirk , Kounnavong Sengchanh , Broerse Jacqueline E. W. 
Published: May 2022

Background: Stunting is one of the main contributing factors in the under-five mortality rate worldwide. In Laos, the prevalence of stunting remains high, particularly in mountainous rural areas. To prevent stunting, insight into positive deviant behaviors can help understand how people can cope or adapt in resource-poor settings. Objective: This study aims to analyze the practices and underlying factors that explain discrepancies in nutritional outcomes in children under the age of 5 in remote mountainous areas in Laos. Methods: This mixed-methods study included all children under the age of 5 living in 6 selected villages. Anthropometric measurements were taken, and a Z-score for stunting was calculated to select the positive and negative deviant children. To identify the causes of discrepancies in childhood stunting, household questionnaires, focus group discussions, observations, and individual interviews with family members and health workers were conducted. Results: Fifty-five percent of children were stunted. Inappropriate care and feeding practices were observed such as providing unbalanced diets and not attending health facilities. Positive deviant mothers were less likely to follow inappropriate practices, experienced less food insecurity, and had higher motivation and autonomy, which resulted in prioritizing their children’s health. An active role of fathers seemed to benefit positive practices within households. Conclusions: The combination of many different practices in which positive deviant families are doing slightly better was associated with in less stunting of children. Those practices are related to the household resources, such as access to food and social support; and the mother’s motivation, autonomy, and perspectives on child health.
If You Ask Them, They Will Support: A National Study of Local Initiatives Developed to Provide Social Care to Older Adults in the Community
Authors: Koumoutzis Athena , Heston-Mullins Jennifer , Mayberry Pamela S. , Applebaum Robert 
Published: May 2022

Objectives: Some communities across the nation are utilizing alternative funding sources to better support home and community-based services for older adults. Methods: A variety of methods identified local initiatives across the United States. An online survey was distributed to a total of 377 communities in 15 states identified as using locally raised funds to provide aging services, yielding a 55% response rate. Results: Total funding from programs generated almost 400 million dollars annually with funding ranging from $8000-$47 million. Commonly provided services with local funds include home-delivered and congregate meals, transportation, and homemaker services with provision varying by the size of the levy initiative. Additionally, six in 10 initiatives reported local funds being used to provide at least one family or friend caregiver service. Conclusion: Locally-funded initiatives fill a gap in long-term services needs for older adults, yet policy concerns regarding potential inequities across states and communities warrant attention.