Subjective identification and ablation of drivers in persistent atrial fibrillation (CHAOS-AF study): results of the first 50 patients
Authors: Franco E , Lozano-Granero C , Matia R , Hernandez-Madrid A , Sanchez-Perez I , Zamorano JL , Moreno J 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.

Background
Ablation of drivers in persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) has shown controversial results [1-5].

Purpose
To test the efficacy of a tailored approach for persistent AF ablation which includes pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) plus ‘subjective’ identification and ablation of drivers.

Methods
From May 2017, selected patients with persistent AF and ongoing AF at the beginning of the ablation procedure were included. Conventional high-density mapping catheters were used. Drivers were subjectively identified as: a) fractionated continuous (or quasi-continuous) electrograms on 1-2 adjacent bipoles, without dedicated software (Figure, A, dashed line; PR = PentaRay NAV); and b) sites with spatiotemporal dispersion (i.e. all the cycle length comprised within the mapping catheter) plus non-continuous fractionation on single bipoles (Figure, B, arrows; in panels A and B: paper speed 200 mm/s; ORB = 24-pole ORBITER Woven catheter, blue bipoles around tricuspid annulus and green bipoles into the coronary sinus). Ablation included PVI + focal or linear ablation targeting sites with drivers. Ablation success was defined as conversion to sinus rhythm or atrial flutter during ablation. Follow-up included visits with 24h Holter ECG at 3-6-12 months. The primary endpoint was one-year survival free from atrial arrhythmias lasting &gt;30 seconds. We present the results of the first 50 patients included, comparing them with all consecutive patients with persistent AF treated with a PVI-only strategy.

Results
173 Patients received ablation: 50 with the tailored approach (61,2±9,6 years; 24% females) and 123 with only PVI (62,5±9,6 years; 25% females; 89% cryoablation). Basal characteristics were similar (Table), but more patients with long-standing persistent AF were ablated witth the tailored-approach group. In the tailored-approach group, 21 patients (42%) presented 40 detectable sites with continuous fractionated electrograms, 38 on the left atrium and 2 on the right atrium, which was only mapped if ablation of drivers in the left atrium was not successful; 18 (45%) were located within the pulmonary vein antra. 41 patients (82%) showed 143 sites with spatiotemporal dispersion (4 [3 – 4] per patient). Ablation success was achieved in 21 patients (42%; conversion to sinus rhythm, n=7; conversion to atrial flutter, n=14) in the tailored-approach group and 1 patient (0,8%, sinus rhythm) in the PVI-only group. Excluding a 3-month blanking period, the tailored approach, compared to only PVI, improved one-year freedom from atrial arrhythmias (70% Vs 52%, p=0,032) (Figure, C), at the cost of a longer median procedural time (244 [187–275] Vs 108 [81–143] min, p&lt;0,001) and fluoroscopy time (41 [28–65] Vs 33 [21–45] min, p&lt;0,001).

Conclusion
Subjective identification and ablation of drivers, added to PVI, improved one-year survival free from atrial arrhythmias.