bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Building Practical High‐Voltage Cathode Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Xiang Jingwei , Wei Ying , Zhong Yun , Yang Yan , Cheng Hang , Yuan Lixia , Xu Henghui , Huang Yunhui 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIt has long been a global imperative to develop high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) to meet the ever‐growing electric vehicle market. One of the most effective strategies for boosting the energy density of LIBs is to increase the output voltage, which largely depends upon the cathode materials. As the most‐promising cathodes for high‐voltage LIBs (>4 V vs Li/Li+), four major categories of cathodes including lithium‐rich layered oxides, nickel‐rich layered oxides, spinel oxides, and high‐voltage polyanionic compounds still encounter severe challenges to realize the improvement of output voltage while maintaining high capacity, fast rate capability, and long service life. This review focuses on the key links in the development of high‐voltage cathode materials from the lab to industrialization. First, the failure mechanisms of the four kinds of materials are clarified, and the optimization strategies, particularly solutions that are easy for large‐scale production, are considered. Then, to bridge the gap between lab and industry, the cost management, safety assessment, practical battery‐performance evaluation, and sustainability of the battery technologies, are discussed. Finally, tough challenges and promising strategies for the commercialization of high‐voltage cathode materials are summarized to promote the large‐scale application of LIBs with high energy densities.
Foldable Solid‐State Batteries Enabled by Electrolyte Mediation in Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Guo Dong , Shinde Digambar B. , Shin Woochul , Abou‐Hamad Edy , Emwas Abdul‐Hamid , Lai Zhiping , Manthiram Arumugam 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSolid‐state electrolytes with high Li+ conductivity, flexibility, durability, and stability offer an attractive solution to enhance safety and energy density. However, meeting these stringent requirements poses challenges to the existing solid polymeric or ceramic electrolytes. Here, an electrolyte‐mediated single‐Li+‐conductive covalent organic framework (COF) is presented, which represents a new category of quality solid‐state Li+ conductors. In situ solidification of a tailored liquid electrolyte boosts the charge‐carrier concentration in the COF channels, decouples Li+ cations from both COF walls and molecular chains, and eliminates defects by crystal soldering. Such an altered microenvironment activates the motion of Li+ ions in a directional manner, which leads to an increase in Li+ conductivity by 100 times with a transference number of 0.85 achieved at room temperature. Moreover, the electrolyte conversion cements the ultrathin COF membrane with fortified mechanical toughness. With the COF membrane, foldable solid‐state pouch cells are demonstrated.
Dual‐Site Single‐Atom Catalysts with High Performance for Three‐Way Catalysis
Authors: Zhou Xuan , Han Kai , Li Kai , Pan Jing , Wang Xiao , Shi Weidong , Song Shuyan , Zhang Hongjie 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn response to growing levels of air pollution and emission regulations, novel three‐way catalysts (TWCs) with high efficiency are highly coveted. Herein, a multi‐step heating strategy to fabricate a unique dual‐site catalyst composed of strongly coupled Pt and Pd atoms located in neighboring positions on the surface of CeO2 is demonstrated. Outstanding three‐way catalytic performance is demonstrated, especially for NO elimination. Based on comprehensive investigations, the enhancement is attributed to the strong interactions between the neighboring Pt and Pd atoms, which can separately serve as active sites for CO and NO adsorption, efficiently reducing the energy barrier and accelerating the reaction rate. These findings not only contribute to designing and constructing next‐generation catalysts, but also provide a promising opportunity to improve fuel efficiency and control emissions.
Analysis of Carrier Behavior for Amorphous Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide After Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Treatment
Authors: Zhang Jiaona , Zhang Min , Chang Kuan‐Chang , Rong Zhao , Zhang Yuqing , Zhang Shengdong , Chan Mansun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAmorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a‐IGZO) thin‐film quality can be enhanced using supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2). How to verify specific and accurate mechanism for the carriers inside an a‐IGZO layer before and after the SCCO2 treatment is worth investigating. This work designs a‐IGZO thin film transistors with different channel thicknesses (41, 28, and 19 nm), treats them using SCCO2, and analyzes the change in carrier behavior. The effect of the SCCO2 on both carrier density and carrier transport is investigated using energy band information, Technology Computer Aided Design (TCAD) simulations on density of states and resistance analyses. After the treatment, the thinner channel thickness exhibits better drivability enhancement. That is because of the fewer traps and smoother carrier transportation path resulted from better M−O−M frameworks, and decreased M−OH bonds as well as interface charges. Besides the traditional analysis methods and TCAD simulations, layer‐by‐layer X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and sheet resistance measurement are also applied to verify the detailed carrier mechanism behind different phenomena.
3D Waterproof MXene‐Based Textile Electronics for Physiology and Motion Signals Monitoring
Authors: Fan Wenjing , Li Cheng , Li Wei , Yang Jin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMXene‐based textile electronics are great promising wearable devices due to their potential applications in human healthcare and artificial intelligence but are generally hindered by the long response time and absence of physiological signal details. Herein, a novel MXene‐based textile pressure sensor fabricated by assembled MXene onto the scuba knit with a hollow structure is constructed. Benefiting from the high electrical conductivity, specific capacitance, and outstanding mechanical properties of MXene, the as‐designed textile sensor exhibits multiple splendid sensing properties, such as high sensitivity (GF = 23.7 kPa−1), fast response time (71.5 ms), great stability (over 20 000 cycles), and excellent waterproof capability (up to 6 h immersion in water). Based on these splendid properties, this sensor can not only perceive pulse signals with feature points and respiration signals with relatively low frequency but also identify joint activity and different words when attached to the subject's knee and throat. Furthermore, a personalized intelligent health monitoring system integrated with the MXene‐based textile sensor is developed to collect the physiological signals from different people and the support vector machine algorithm applied to identify and distinguish them, proposing a great advance in wearable health monitoring.
Endogenous Ionic‐Liquid‐Infused Coatings by Phase Separation for Anti‐Icing and Anti‐Bacterial Applications
Authors: Wang Hua‐Li , Wang Yi‐Xin , Liang Ze‐Hui , Yang Hao‐Cheng , Xu Zhi‐Kang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSlippery liquid‐infused porous surfaces have received great attention in anti‐adhesion applications, and ionic liquids are selected as the infiltrated liquid in recent research due to their non‐volatility. Beyond the complicated steps, infiltrating the viscous ionic liquid within a porous structure is challenging during the conventional fabrication process. Herein, a facile method is proposed to fabricate polyurethane‐based slippery ionic‐liquid‐infused coatings in one step through a phase separation process. The solid structure grows from the ionic liquid through a liquid–liquid phases separation process. The coatings perform excellent anti‐bacterial and anti‐icing properties owing to the biocide nature, lubricity, and low freezing point of ionic liquids.
Temperature‐Dependent Exciton Dynamics in CdTe Quantum Dot Superlattices Fabricated via Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly
Authors: Lee TaeGi , Ohshiro Kazuma , Watanabe Taichi , Hyeon‐Deuk Kim , Kim DaeGwi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe formation of minibands in quantum dot (QD) superlattices (SLs) dramatically increases the mobility of carriers, giving a new way to apply QDs for optoelectronic devices. In previous studies on QDSLs, only a few studies have investigated the temperature dependence of the photoluminescence (PL) properties of QDSLs focusing on the formation of minibands. Here, a new model is proposed that simultaneously considers the extended and localized exciton states formed in the QDSLs to clarify the PL mechanism of QDSLs. By systematically investigating the temperature dependence of absorption, PL spectra, and PL decay profiles in CdTe QDSLs, it is found that the Stokes shift becomes smaller and the PL decay time of the miniband edge PL becomes longer with an increase in temperature. The elucidated PL mechanism of QDSLs will help clarify further photoexcited dynamics and their physical mechanism intrinsically appearing in the QDSLs with the miniband.
Centimeter‐Scale Propagation of Optical Surface Waves at Visible Wavelengths
Authors: Vosoughi Lahijani Babak , Descharmes Nicolas , Barbey Raphael , Osowiecki Gael D. , Wittwer Valentin J. , Razskazovskaya Olga , Südmeyer Thomas , Herzig Hans Peter 
Published: March 2022

AbstractGuiding and confining light at interfaces is crucial for applications involving light–matter interactions, such as surface spectroscopy, nonlinear optics, and quantum information technology. While dielectric surface waves offer promising perspectives for strong light confinement at non‐absorbing interfaces, their capacity has not yet been widely explored. This article focuses on the propagation properties of optical modes supported at the free surface of a 1D photonic crystal. The contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic loss mechanisms are investigated. Structures optimized to support long propagating optical surface waves are designed and fabricated. This work experimentally demonstrates, for the first time, the existence of optical surface waves capable of propagating over centimeter‐scale distances in the visible spectral range. The results open new perspectives for the use of optical surface waves in integrated optics and enhanced light–matter interactions.
Metal To Metal Charge Transfer Induced Efficient Yellow/Far‐Red Luminescence in Na2Ca3(Nb, Ta)2O9:Bi3+ toward the Applications of White‐LEDs and Plant Growth Light
Authors: Zhang Hongzhi , Zhang Jing , Su Yuchang , Zhang Xinmin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRed and far‐red spectral components are the basics for color rendering improvement of illumination devices and growth regulation of plants, respectively. Establishing a feasible design principle in solid state materials for the red/far‐red phosphors is significant but challenging. Realizing metal to metal charge transfer (MMCT) in Bi3+‐doped phosphors is a new strategy to target the red/far‐red luminescence. As a proof of concept, the MMCT state involving the ground state of Bi3+ ion and the excited state of host (Nb/Ta)5+ cations in Na2Ca3(Nb, Ta)2O9:Bi3+ induces efficient and tunable yellow/far‐red luminescence (peaking at 597–667 nm). Moreover, benefited from the appropriate distance between Bi3+ and (Nb/Ta)5+ ions, Na2Ca3(Nb, Ta)2O9:Bi3+ possess intense absorption in near‐ultraviolet region and no absorption in visible region. The plant growth light with the blending of Na2Ca3Nb2O9:Bi3+ far‐red phosphor and BAM:Eu2+ blue phosphor yields broadband electroluminescence covering almost the entire absorption spectra of chlorophyll and phytochrome, which is superior to the Cr3+‐ and Mn4+‐based light‐emitting diode (LED) devices. The white‐LED device by employing Na2Ca3Ta2O9:Bi3+ yellow phosphor as the essential component yields full‐spectrum warm white light with high color indexes.
Exosome Processing and Characterization Approaches for Research and Technology Development
Authors: Lai James J. , Chau Zoe L. , Chen Sheng‐You , Hill John J. , Korpany Katalin V. , Liang Nai‐Wen , Lin Li‐Han , Lin Yi‐Hsuan , Liu Joanne K. , Liu Yu‐Chung , Lunde Ruby , Shen Wei‐Ting 
Published: March 2022

AbstractExosomes are extracellular vesicles that share components of their parent cells and are attractive in biotechnology and biomedical research as potential disease biomarkers as well as therapeutic agents. Crucial to realizing this potential is the ability to manufacture high‐quality exosomes; however, unlike biologics such as proteins, exosomes lack standardized Good Manufacturing Practices for their processing and characterization. Furthermore, there is a lack of well‐characterized reference exosome materials to aid in selection of methods for exosome isolation, purification, and analysis. This review informs exosome research and technology development by comparing exosome processing and characterization methods and recommending exosome workflows. This review also provides a detailed introduction to exosomes, including their physical and chemical properties, roles in normal biological processes and in disease progression, and summarizes some of the on‐going clinical trials.
Chloroform‐Assisted Rapid Growth of Vertical Graphene Array and Its Application in Thermal Interface Materials
Authors: Xu Shichen , Cheng Ting , Yan Qingwei , Shen Chao , Yu Yue , Lin Cheng‐Te , Ding Feng , Zhang Jin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWith the continuous progress in electronic devices, thermal interface materials (TIMs) are urgently needed for the fabrication of integrated circuits with high reliability and performance. Graphene as a wonderful additive is often added into polymer to build composite TIMs. However, owing to the lack of a specific design of the graphene skeleton, thermal conductivity of graphene‐based composite TIMs is not significantly improved. Here a chloroform‐assisted method for rapid growth of vertical graphene (VG) arrays in electric field‐assisted plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system is reported. Under the optimum intensity and direction of electric field and by introducing the highly electronegative chlorine into the reactor, the record growth rate of 11.5 µm h−1 is achieved and VG with a height of 100 µm is successfully synthesized. The theoretical study for the first time reveals that the introduction of chlorine accelerates the decomposition of methanol and thus promotes the VG growth in PECVD. Finally, as an excellent filler framework in polymer matrix, VG arrays are used to construct a free‐standing composite TIM, which yields a high vertical thermal conductivity of 34.2 W m−1 K−1 at the graphene loading of 8.6 wt% and shows excellent cooling effect in interfacial thermal dissipation of light emitting diode.
High‐Performance Pentacene‐Based Field‐Effect Transistor Memory Using the Electrets of Polymer Blends
Authors: Liu Zhenliang , Yu Tianpeng , Wan Zuteng , Wang Yiru , Li Zhiqiang , Yin Jiang , Gao Xu , Xia Yidong , Liu Zhiguo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOrganic field‐effect transistor (OFET) memory based on pentacene has attracted a lot of attentions due to its promising prospect of application in flexible electronics, while the high programming/erasing (P/E) gate voltages due to the existence of hole barrier at pentacene/polymer interface leaves great challenges for its commercial applications. A high‐performance pentacene‐based OFET nonvolatile memory (ONVM) with polymer blends is reported here as the charge‐trapping layer containing poly(2‐vinyl naphthalene) (PVN) and poly{[N,N'‐bis(2‐octyldodecyl)naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐bis(dicarboximide)‐2,6‐diyl]‐alt‐5,5'‐(2,2'‐bithiophene)} (N2200). The presence of N2200, an n‐type semiconductor, in blends significantly improves the memory performance of pentacene‐based memory devices based on the static‐electric effect. The electrons in N2200 are aggregated near the pentacene/polymer interface due to the electric attraction from the positively charged defects in pentacene. Furthermore, those electrons reduce the height of hole barrier and produce local easy‐transportation paths for holes between pentacene and PVN, which enables the electret‐based ONVM device with low P/E voltages, fast P/E speeds, large mobility and stable multilevel data‐storage ability in ambient air.
Role of Defects and Power Dissipation on Ferroelectric Memristive Switching
Authors: Roy Pinku , Kunwar Sundar , Zhang Di , Chen Di , Corey Zachary , Rutherford Bethany X. , Wang Haiyan , MacManus‐Driscoll Judith L. , Jia Quanxi , Chen Aiping 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAdvancement of information technology requires low power, high speed, and large capacity non‐volatile memory. Memristors have potential applications for not only information storage but also neuromorphic computation. Memristive devices are mostly focused on the use of binary oxides as the resistive switching materials. On the other hand, polarization assisted memristive devices based on ternary ferroelectric oxides are attracting more attention due to their unique switching properties. However, the underlying switching mechanisms and the current–voltage rotation direction are still not fully understood yet. By comparing stoichiometric BaTiO3, BiFeO3, and Bi1‐xFeO3‐δ ferroelectric memristors with different cation stoichiometry, it is found that off‐stoichiometry‐induced traps can play a critical role in controlling the ferroelectric memristive switching behavior. Ferroelectrics with slight off‐stoichiometry show greatly enhanced switching properties, and the switching on/off ratio is mainly determined by the trap energy levels and concentrations. The rotation direction of current–voltage hysteresis loop is affected by the defects, which can be controlled by synthesis and power dissipation. These findings provide insight in understanding the role of defects in ferroelectric memristors and offer guidance to design ferroelectric memristors with enhanced performance.
Electronic and Lattice Thermal Conductivity Switching by 3D−2D Crystal Structure Transition in Nonequilibrium (Pb1−xSnx)Se
Authors: Nishimura Yusaku , He Xinyi , Katase Takayoshi , Tadano Terumasa , Ide Keisuke , Kitani Suguru , Hanzawa Kota , Ueda Shigenori , Hiramatsu Hidenori , Kawaji Hitoshi , Hosono Hideo , Kamiya Toshio 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDynamic control of thermal transport in solid materials is highly desired for thermal management technology. However, the development of a material exhibiting large modulation of thermal conductivity (κ) by external stimuli remains a major challenge. Here, the large κ modulation is reported by the reversible 3D to 2D crystal structure transition in a nonequilibrium solid solution of (Pb1−xSnx)Se, where Pb2+ stabilizes a 3D cubic structure while Sn2+ does a 2D layered structure. The phase boundary of these phases is induced in (Pb0.5Sn0.5)Se bulk polycrystals by thermally quenching the high‐temperature solid solution phase. Through the 3D–2D phase transition, the 1/2.9‐times decrease of lattice κ (κlat.) is achieved by strong phonon scattering in the 2D layered structure, and the electronic κ (κele.) is also decreased by 5 orders of magnitude due to the electronic phase transition from a 3D high conductivity state to a 2D semiconducting state. The total κ (=κlat. + κele.) modulation ratio κ3D phase/κ2D phase = 3.6 is attained at 373 K. The present strategy will lead to a novel concept for designing thermal management materials through crystal‐structure dimensionality switch using nonequilibrium phase boundaries.
Operating High‐Energy Lithium‐Metal Pouch Cells with Reduced Stack Pressure Through a Rational Lithium‐Host Design
Authors: Ren Yuxun , Shin Woochul , Manthiram Arumugam 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTransitioning from a liquid electrolyte to an inorganic solid electrolyte offers a potential pathway to enable highly reversible lithium‐metal anodes. However, the solid‐electrolyte‐protected lithium‐metal anode suffers from poor interfacial ionic contacts and requires an impractically high stack pressure (>1.0 MPa) to maintain the interfacial contacts. It is demonstrated here that combining a hollow silver/carbon fiber scaffold and an inorganic/organic composite electrolyte enables a highly reversible lithium‐metal anode. Since the high surface area of the electrode provides intimate contact and the hollow structure of the electrode relieves the lithium plating‐induced stress, the electrode/electrolyte interface remains stable during cycling even under mild stack pressure. This unconventional structural design is validated in practical pouch cells assembled with the 3D lithium host containing a onefold excess of lithium and a high‐nickel cathode. At a mild stack pressure of 320 kPa, the pouch cell displays 83% capacity retention for 200 cycles. The work illustrates that combining a hollow electrode architecture and a robust solid electrolyte offers a practical pathway toward rechargeable lithium‐metal anodes.
Preoperative skeletal muscle status is associated with tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes and prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer
Authors: Daitoku Nobuya , Miyamoto Yuji , Hiyoshi Yukiharu , Tokunaga Ryuma , Sakamoto Yuki , Sawayama Hiroshi , Ishimoto Takatsugu , Baba Yoshifumi , Yoshida Naoya , Baba Hideo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundSarcopenia is associated with poor prognosis in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), but the mechanisms contributing to this association remain unclear. We hypothesized that skeletal muscle status is associated with tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in patients with CRC. Therefore, this study investigated the clinical effect of sarcopenia and its relationship with the local immune system in CRC patients.MethodsA total of 256 consecutive patients with CRC who underwent curative resection between 2008 and 2014 were enrolled. Sarcopenia was determined according to the skeletal muscle index (SMI), which was assessed using L3 skeletal muscle mass on axial computed tomography images, and its relationship with patient clinicopathological characteristics and survival was evaluated. Additionally, TILs (CD3+, CD8+, CD4+, and FOXP3+ T cells) were assayed by immunohistochemistry. The relationship between TILs and skeletal muscle status was evaluated.ResultsPatients with a lower SMI showed significantly shorter recurrence‐free and overall survival compared with those with a higher SMI. Low expression of TILs was associated with significantly shorter recurrence‐free survival. SMI was significantly correlated with the number of CD3+ and CD8+ cells in the ordinal logistic regression analysis. Patients with low skeletal muscle status and low CD3+ and CD8+ cells had an unfavorable prognosis compared with patients with high skeletal muscle status and high CD3+ and CD8+ cells.ConclusionOur data showed an association between skeletal muscle status and local immune cells, and this association may play a pivotal role in the clinical outcome of patients with CRC.