bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the Interpretation of the "Greater Southwest"
Authors: Saffell Cameron L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In an introduction to papers from the 2003 Agricultural History Society (AHS) symposium, the author discusses the need for international exchange and contributions to the scholarship of a cross-border region that some scholars call the "Greater Southwest." Monographs from several disciplines dealing with this geographic area--the portion of southwestern North America that straddles the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico--have often been specialized examinations that do not overlap in geography or time. Increased understanding of the region is becoming more imperative, and it recently has gained more attention from academia. This symposium offered a chance to add to the body of knowledge, plus have a venue where academics from the United States and Mexico could meet to exchange scholarship. The meeting also marked the return of an Agricultural History Society symposium to an agricultural museum and an invitation for public school teachers to hear current interpretations directly from scholars and museum professionals.
The Country Life Commission: Reconsidering a Milestone in American Agricultural History
Authors: Peters Scott J. , Morgan Paul A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Theodore Roosevelt charged his 1908 Country Life Commission with looking into the deficiencies of agriculture and country life and the means by which they might be remedied. Though some scholars have judged it a positive milestone in American agricultural history, prevailing assessments are critical, negative, and often conflicting. Critics view it as an example of patronizing, technocratic social engineering aimed at urbanizing and industrializing the countryside to benefit national and industrial economic interests. Yet this interpretation is inconsistent with the commission’s report. Rather than offering a technocratic program to engineer agriculture and country life, the report is one of the first high-profile, comprehensive attempts to outline a broad-gauge vision of sustainability in American agriculture. It reflects an ecological sensitivity and a variant of Progressive Era reform devoted to key civic and economic ideals. Though flawed, the commission’s vision of agriculture and country life deserves to be seen as a milestone in the story for the struggle for sustainability.
A Nineteenth–Century Resource for Agricultural History Research in the Twenty–First Century
Authors: Atack Jeremy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The paper announces the imminent availability of a major extension of the well-known Bateman-Foust sample. This new resource will contain linked agricultural and population census data between 1850 and 1880 for thousands of individuals in an expanded group of townships including some from the Pacific Coast states and Massachusetts and has in excess of 220,000 person-observations. The paper discusses a number of problems and complications associated with the creation of this retrospective panel database. It also shows how these data may be linked to other computer-searchable data-bases and resources (such as land records) and discusses the impact of personal and family characteristics on persistence and the likelihood of record linkage within the sample townships using a panel from a completed subsection of the project.
"Fifty–Four Days Work of Two Negroes": Enslaved Labor in Colonial Somerset County, Maryland
Authors: Russo J. Elliott 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The uses of enslaved labor outside the context of staple crop production become evident through an examination of colonial Somerset County, the southernmost Maryland county on the Chesapeake Bay’s Eastern Shore. By the early eighteenth century, conditions in Somerset amounted to something of a paradox. The county’s planters were thoroughly embedded in the larger Chesapeake plantation society and replicated, insofar as they were able, the features of that society, including the use of slave labor and cultivation of tobacco. Yet poor soil conditions pushed residents to the edges of the tobacco economy. Unable to grow tobacco profitably, Somerset’s men and women identified alternative export commodities that were more suited to the resources at hand, including lumber, meat, and ships. In addition, many Somerset residents were active in an expanding coastwide trade that linked economic activity in the county to markets elsewhere in the colonies. Russo examines the allocation of enslaved labor in Somerset’s diversified economy using information drawn from judicial, tax, probate, and land records. Consideration of the evidence for Somerset County indicates that scholars need to devote more attention to the characteristics of slavery in anomalous areas that exist within broad staple-producing regions.
The Old World in the New South: Entrepreneurial Ventures and the Agricultural History of Cullman County, Alabama
Authors: Davis Robert S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The story of the creation of Cullman County in the post Civil War South has been the subject of propaganda and myth that has gone far beyond Alabama. German immigrants from Cincinnati, Ohio, founded an agricultural community that traditional accounts credit with bringing about an agricultural revolution in what had been a frontier area, in the best traditions of innovation in the New South. The reality of Cullman County’s history proves more valuable to understanding southern farming than the rosy legends. Hard geographical and social realties clashed with the often impractical vision of colonizer John G. Cullmann. His Germans, with their traditional work ethic and willingness to experiment with such new products as wine and strawberries, did try, sometimes unsuccessfully, to make practical changes in southern farming. Far more families from neighboring Georgia answered Cullmann’s call, and they implemented the traditional southern cotton culture. Living among both groups were local white and black farm families from before the arrival of the Germans who also struggled in their own ways to survive. How these groups failed, succeeded, and remained outlines just how limited could be the success of even the best laid plans in what remained all too much a part of the traditional South.
Clearing Swamps, Harvesting Forests: Trees and the Making of a Plantation Landscape in the Colonial South Carolina Lowcountry
Authors: Edelson S. Max 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
English colonists and African slaves began occupying the South Carolina Lowcountry in the late seventeenth century. During the eighteenth century thousands of slaves cleared thousands of acres of swamplands to create the colony’s signature rice fields and secure its place within the Atlantic economy. This essay examines the changing perceptions and uses of trees as the key to understanding how planters transformed a perceived wilderness into one of British America’s wealthiest and most repressive plantation societies. Colonists used trees to assess and understand the land’s capacity for market agriculture. Slaves cleared land of its wood to prepare the terrain for planting, provide Britain’s empire with vital commodities, and build the infrastructure of daily material life in the region. As colonists and slaves came into sustained engagement with this landscape they learned to exploit its distinctive natural resources more intensively. This transformation is better understood as a process of agricultural adaptation than as an episode in environmental degradation.
"Be Receptive to the Good Earth": Health, Nature, and Labor in Countercultural Back–to–the–Land Settlements
Authors: Edgington Ryan H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Modern environmental activists unified behind calls for a change in how humans understood their relationships with nature. Yet they approached their concerns through a variety of historical lenses. Countering arguments that suggest environmentalism had its deepest roots in outdoor leisure, the countercultural back-to-the-land movement turned to a markedly American practice of pastoral mythmaking that held rural life and labor as counter to the urban-industrial condition. Counterculturalists relied specifically on notions of simple work in rural collective endeavors as the means to producing a healthy body and environment. Yet the individuals who went back-to-the-land often failed to remedy conflicts that arose as they attempted to abandon American consumer practices and take up a "primitive" and down-to-earth pastoral existence. Contact with rural nature time and again translated to physical maladies, impoverishment, and community clashes in many rural countercultural communes. As the back-to-the-land encounter faded, the greater movement’s ethos did not disappear. Counterculturalists used the consumption of nature through rural labor as a fundamental idea in a growing cooperative food movement. The back-to-the-land belief in the connection between healthy bodies, environments, a collective identity helped to expand a new form of consumer environmentalism.
Ranching Modernization in Tropical Brazil: Foreign Investment and Environment in Mato Grosso, 1900–1950
Authors: Wilcox Robert W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Accompanying the expansion of modern beef production in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were technologies and methods that proponents assumed were applicable to all ecosystems. Successes in Europe, the United States, and Argentina convinced ranchers, investors, and animal scientists that these could be applied in the tropical Americas with ease. This assumption contributed to a wave of foreign ranching investment in semi-tropical Mato Grosso, Brazil, beginning in the early twentieth century. However, such a view failed to consider the specific characteristics of such environments and led to difficulties for several ventures and a re-evaluation of the relationship between ecosystems and the type of ranching appropriate to them. Ultimately, local Brazilian practice and experimentation proved more successful in tropical and semi-tropical Brazil, forcing foreign ranching concerns to adapt their techniques. Following the logic of earlier decades, more recently cattle-raising practices developed in Mato Grosso and similar regions have been applied in the tropical Amazon, resulting in widespread ecological devastation. The uneven experiences of foreign entrepreneurs in Mato Grosso offer valuable lessons for understanding the application of modernization technologies to diverse ecosystems; such knowledge can lead to a more sustainable approach to meat production.
Landlords and Tenants in the Wake of Abolition and Ecological Devastation in Brazil’s Middle Paraíba Valley
Authors: CROCITTI JOHN J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article uses Barra do Piraí as a case study of rural land tenure, production, consumption, and labor in Brazil’s Middle Paraíba Valley during the half century following abolition of slavery in 1888. Dairy farming and railroad development distinguished Barra do Piraífrom other coffee-producing areas that suffered from ecological devastation. By 1900 the land’s loss of fertility precluded further plantation agriculture in Barra do Pir aí, leading to the transition from lucrative coffee cultivation to dairy farming based on meager capital inputs. Compared to the earlier coffee culture, dairy farms produced only modest wealth for landlords and required fewer laborers, compelling impoverished tenants to migrate in search of employment. Since Barra do Piraí was an important railroad junction, many rural laborers ended up in the locale after using the railroad as a migratory path. At the same time, the railroad and proto-industries that it stimulated provided alternative employment for rural laborers, thereby partially mitigating the leverage landlords had over the abundant labor force. The availability of industrial and proto-industrial employment created occupational diversity among rural tenants and introduced them to work routines that would become commonplace when the region more fully industrialized after 1940.
This Land Ain’t My Land: The Eviction of Sharecroppers by the Farm Security Administration
Authors: ADAMS JANE , GORTON D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The New Deal resettlement communities appear in the literature as efforts to ameliorate the wretched condition of southern sharecroppers and tenants.However, those evicted to make way for the new settlers are virtually invisible in the historic record. The resettlement projects were part of larger efforts to modernize rural America. "Modernization" is a complex process whereby a relatively specific set of assumptions and behaviors make other assumptions and behaviors "wrong, "both morally and pragmatically. The removal of former tenants and their replacement by FSA clients in the lower Mississippi alluvial plain — the Delta — reveals core elements of New Deal modernizing policies, exposing key concepts that guided the FSA’s tenant removals: the definition of rural poverty as rooted in the problem of tenancy; the belief that economic success entailed particular cultural practices and social forms; and the commitment by those with political power to gain local support. These assumptions undergirded acceptance of racial segregation and the criteria used to select new settlers. Alternatives could only become visible through political or legal action — capacities sharecroppers seldom had. However, in succeeding decades, these modernizing assumptions created conditions for Delta African Americans on resettlement projects to challenge white supremacy.
An Unremembered Diversity: Mixed Husbandry and the American Grasslands
Authors: SYLVESTER KENNETH , CUNFER GEOFF 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Green Revolution of the 1960s brought about a dramatic rise in global crop yields. But, as most observers acknowledge, this has come at a considerable cost to biodiversity. Plant breeding, synthetic fertilizers, and mechanization steadily narrowed the number of crop varieties commercially available to farmers and promoted fencerow-to-fencerow monocultures. Many historians trace the origins of this style of industrialized agriculture to the last great plow-up of the Great Plains in the 1920s. In the literature, farms in the plains are often described metaphorically as wheat factories, degrading successive landscapes. While in many ways these farms were a departure from earlier forms of husbandry in the American experience, monocultures were quite rare during the early transformation of the plains. Analysis of a large representative sample, based on manuscript agricultural censuses and involving twenty-five townships across the state of Kansas, demonstrates that diverse production reached even the most challenging of plains landscapes.
"Hop to the Top with the Iowa Chop": The Iowa Porkettes and Cultivating Agrarian Feminisms in the Midwest, 1964–1992
Authors: DEVINE JENNY BARKER 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Over the course of twenty-eight years, between 1964 and 1991, members of the Iowa Porkettes, the women’s auxiliary to the Iowa Pork Producer’s Association (IPPA), promoted pork products in order to assert their roles as agricultural producers. For the members of the Porkettes, technological change and the growth of agribusiness provided new opportunities to challenge patriarchal hierarchies in agricultural organizations. Over time, as the overall number of ho g farmers declined and the agricultural marketplace increasingly demanded professional expertise, the Porkettes transformed a women’s auxiliary into a female-led commodity organization. Initially, members participated in appropriately ’’ feminine" activities including Pork Queen contests, lard-baking contests, consultations with high school home economics instructors, and the distribution of promotional materials. By the late 1970s, however, members began to employ a new rhetoric shaped by their labor on the farm to claim an important stake in the production and marketing of commodities. They took responsibility for large-scale advertising campaigns, managed a growing budget, and became leaders within the IPPA. Their experiences offer insight into broader developments of second wave agrarian feminisms that enabled farm women’s organizations to renegotiate
185 Safety of Venous Thromboembolism Chemoprophylaxis Following Traumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage
Authors: Boulter Jason H. , Szuflita Nicholas S. , Porambo Michael , Dewar Callum D. , Woodle Samuel , Scanlon Michaela , Shields Margaret , Meister Melissa , Brennan Alexandra , Bailey Zachary , Scultetus Anke , Shear Deborah , Ahlers Stephen , Tigno Teodoro A. , Reed Aaron , Dengler Bradley , Bell Randy S. 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) venous thromboembolic (VTE) disease represents a serious complication which occurs not infrequently given the hypercoagulable state of trauma. Unfortunately, VTE chemoprophylaxis has historically been limited by concerns for intracranial hemorrhagic expansion.

METHODS:
The Joint Trauma System was queried for United States service members with blast or penetrating TBIs. Data regarding demographics, injury characteristics, and VTE chemoprophylaxis administration were collected and the imaging database was searched for pre- and post-chemoprophylaxis head CTs. All identified hemorrhages were volumetrically analyzed and pre- and post-chemoprophylactic hemorrhage volumes were compared.

RESULTS:
383 patients were identified from the Joint Trauma System. Of those, 136 patients were found to have 393 hemorrhages with a majority being intraparenchymal (55.0%). The mean hemorrhage volume was 3.2cc (SD = 8.1cc) with a mean time from injury to first chemoprophylaxis dose of 71.5 hours (SD = 36.2 hours). There was a significant reduction in volume between the pre- and post-chemoprophylaxis head CTs (3.2cc [SD = 8.1cc] vs 3.0cc [SD = 7.8cc], p = 0.024). When analyzed by time from injury to chemoprophylaxis, there was no difference for patients who received prophylaxis within 48 hours of injury (N = 95, pre: 2.2cc [SD = 4.2cc], post: 2.2cc [SD = 4.9cc], p = 0.964) or within 24 hours of injury (N = 27, pre: 1.8cc [SD = 3.9cc], post: 1.4cc [SD = 2.4cc], p = 0.304). Similarly, when patients were stratified by type of injury, there was no significant difference in hemorrhage volume after chemoprophylaxis administration in patients with closed (N = 137, pre: 1.8cc [SD = 4.2cc], post: 1.5cc [SD = 3.2cc], p = 0.180) or penetrating injuries (N = 233, pre: 4.1cc [SD = 9.5cc], post: 3.8cc [SD = 9.4cc], p = 0.068). Finally, an analysis of larger injuries (defined as hemorrhages greater than 5cc) demonstrated a significant reduction in hemorrhage volume following chemoprophylaxis administration (N = 64, pre: 14.8cc [SD = 14.4cc], post: 12.9cc [SD = 14.9cc], p = 0.003).

CONCLUSION:
These data suggest that administration of chemoprophylaxis within as little as 24 hours from hemorrhagic TBI does not result in hemorrhage expansion in closed or penetrating injuries irrespective of the volume of damaged tissue.
187 Ketamine and Spinal Fusion Surgery: Does It Increase or Reduce Postoperative Opioid Consumption? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Wijaya Jeremiah Hilkiah , Wong Edbert 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Ketamine is a commonly used anesthetic that can also be used for analgesia and sedation. However, none has examined its role in spinal fusion surgery.

METHODS:
Using the keywords ketamine, spinal fusion surgery, postoperative, and opioid, each reviewer individually carried out a literature search from PubMed, EuroPMC, and Cochrane CENTRAL until May 15, 2021. We only included studies with the adult population, a randomized controlled trial design, English language publications, and reported the key exposure. Additionally, only fully reviewed literature was included. We also excluded non-human literature. The primary endpoint was morphine consumption after 24 and 48 hours of undertaking surgery, whereas secondary endpoints were pain and complications. The pain was analyzed using the visual analogue scale (VAS). We performed a standardized mean difference meta-analysis for postoperative morphine consumption and pain. For complications, we reported the odds ratio as the pooled effect estimate. Each studies quality included was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale.

RESULTS:
We included four notable studies in this study (n = 515). 34.5% male and 65.5% female with the mean age of 45.4 years old. We found that intraoperative ketamine administration were associated with lower postoperative opioid consumption -38.35 mg (95% CI -53.18, -23.52), decreased VAS score -0.83 (95% CI -1.26, -0.39), and lower postoperative complications (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.60, 1.06).

CONCLUSION:
Ketamine administration intraoperatively resulted in a considerable reduction in morphine intake, decreased pain, and fewer adverse reactions in spinal fusion surgery patients.
189 Arterial Hypertension Independently Predicts Recurrence After Microvascular Decompression for Trigeminal Neuralgia—A Modifiable Risk Factor as a Key Component
Authors: Pinto Vasco S. , Sousa Sérgio , Silva Carla , Calheiros Alfredo 
Published: March 2022

INTRODUCTION:
Microvascular decompression is highly effective for the management of classical refractory trigeminal neuralgia. Nonetheless, predictors of post-operative prognosis are incompletely understood.

METHODS:
We performed a retrospective analysis of the classical trigeminal neuralgia cases submitted to microvascular decompression in our center between 2003 and 2019. 57 patients were identified and pre-op clinical and imagiological characteristics, surgical findings, complications and pain control – both immediate and long-term – were described. Outcome was measured using the Barrow Neurological Institute Pain Intensity Score (BNIPIS).

RESULTS:
Mean age at procedure was 63.9 years, with a female predominance (66.7%). Most symptoms were in the V2 and V3 territory and the most common trigger identified was mastication. History of arterial hypertension was identified in 49.1%. Vascular contact at surgery was identified in almost all patients (97.6%). Regarding pain outcome results, at 6 months post-op, 80.7% of patients had a good recovery (BNIPIS = 3). This result was maintained at 12 months, with 78.9% of patients having a good outcome. At long follow-up (median 77 months), 82.5% of patients had a BNIPIS = 3, with 50% achieving a BNIPIS 1. Recurrence was identified in 37.3% of patients, with a median of 44 months. On multivariate analysis, hypertension was independently associated with recurrence (OR = 4.9; 95% CI 1.2-19.3; p = 0.023).

CONCLUSION:
Microvascular decompression is a valuable resource for managing refractory trigeminal neuralgia. Factors associated with recurrence are poorly understood. Arterial hypertension, a potentially modifiable risk factor, might be a recurrence predictor, possibly by modulating local vascular phenomena. Better understanding of the pathophysiology involved can provide physicians means to overcome this incapacitating disease.