bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Nine Controlled-release Fertilizers on Chrysanthemum Growth and Foliar Analysis1
Authors: Sharma Govind C. , Patel Ashwin J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Single application of 9 controlled-release fertilizers applied prior to planting and liquid fertilization applied at each watering were evaluated on pot chrysanthemum, Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. Sunny Mandalay. Three rates (20, 40 and 60 g N/35 liter of mix) were applied of the following controlled-release fertilizers (N−P−K): Sulfur-coated urea (36−0−0 as SCU-A and SCU-B), Osmocote (14−6.1 − 11.6) and 18−2.6−9.8) Mag AmP (7−17.5−5.0 as fine and coarse), Precise (8−4.8−4.1 and 12−2.6−5.0) and Agriform (14−1.7−5.0). Liquid fertilization applied 200 ppm N, P2O5 and K2O with each watering. Generally 60 g N/35 liter resulted in higher quality plants than did the lower rates, effect of Osmocote (14−6.1−11.6) on plant dry weight, visual rating and plant spread was not significantly different from liquid fertilizer. Precise (8−4.8−4.1), Osmocote (18− 2.6−9.8) and coarse MagAmP produced marketable plants of slightly lower quality than those obtained with liquid feed. Problems observed were primarily those of nutrient balance: very low P (SCU) and high P content (MagAmP); P-induced Mn deficiency (MagAmP); some lower leaf burn with initial high N release (Precise) and injury probably caused by ammonium and high rates of urea formaldehyde-based fertilizer (Agriform). The low initial release of N to support vegetative growth was also an important limitation with Agriform and other fertilizers.
The Effect of Ultrahighfrequency Electromagnetic Energy on Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity in Germinating Weed Seeds1
Authors: Hooper Gary R. , Rice Robert P. , Flegler Stanley L. , Putnam Alan R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
UHF Electromagnetic energy (2450 MHz) is lethal at dosages from 100-200 J/cm2 to seeds of several weed species. Seeds were exposed to uniform energies by placing them in a quartz tube and inserting the tube in a waveguide. Seeds of barnyard grass, (Echinochlea crusgalli (L.) Beauv.), large crabgrass (Digitaria sauginalis (L.) and common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) showed no visible external damage when viewed in the scanning electron microscope at up to 5,000 × after treatment. No discernible internal damage was visible when tissues were immediately fixed and viewed by transmission electron microscopy after receiving minimum lethal dosages of UHF energy. At higher UHF dosages, membrane breakage and loss of integrity of organelles was observed. ATPase activity in treated seeds was monitored by transmission electron microscopy as an indicator of possible UHF destruction of enzymes. ATPase activity of tissues was absent after minimal or higher dosages of microwaves. Cells receiving minimal UHF treatment otherwise appeared normal. Toxicity from microwaves may occur as a result of selective heating of cells which results in partial protein denaturization and inactivation of key enzymes.
Effects of Evaporative Cooling for Bloom Delay on ‘Bartlett’ and ‘Bosc’ Pear Tree Performance1
Authors: Collins M. D. , Lombard P. B. , Wolfe J. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two mist systems, one in a mature orchard and the other in a young hedgerow, delayed bloom 15 days for ‘Bartlett’ and 8 days for ‘Bosc’ pear (Pyrus communis L.), while a low pressure sprinkler system delayed bloom for 14 days for ‘Bartlett’ and 8 days for ‘Bosc’ in 1976. Bloom delay generally increased fruit set and seed content of the fruit. Return bloom was greatly reduced in the mature orchard ‘Bartlett’ mist and ‘Bosc’ sprinkler plots in 1976 and, in turn, cropping was reduced the following year on these plots. Yield during treatment years was generally lower in the delayed areas. Fruit growth rates were accelerated in the bloom-delayed trees, but total fruit volume was less than the non-delayed fruit. Leaf nitrogen levels were reduced in all bud delayed treatments. Pear psylla oviposition was delayed in the mist system. Fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winslow et al., absent in 1975, was found in the misted ‘Bosc’ and in the sprinkled plots of both cultivars in 1976.
Relation of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization to Fruiting and Petiole Composition of ‘Solo’ Papaya1
Authors: Awada M. , Long C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
N and P fertilizers in factorial combinations were applied to flowering and bearing papaya (Carica papaya L.) grown on aa lava soil. An increase in N fertilization increased the number of harvested fruit and yield of marketable fruit and culls but decreased fruit size. P fertilization increased the number of harvested fruit and yield of culls but did not affect yield of marketable fruit. N fertilization increased petiole concentrations of N, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu and decreased those of K and B. P fertilization increased petiole concentrations of P, N, and Mn, and decreased those of Ca, S, and Cu. Petiole N concentrations associated with maximum yield of marketable fruits were determined under low P (41 kg P/ha) and the combined medium (186 kg P/ha) and high P (723 kg P/ha) plots.
Estimates of Heritabilities and Variance Components in Pickling Cucumber1
Authors: Smith O. S. , Lower R. L. , Moll R. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Variance component estimates were obtained in a North Carolina Design I experiment for several traits in pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) for a simulated once-over mechanical harvest. The reference population was random-mating and derived from 18 inbred lines obtained from several U.S. breeding programs. Environments sampled were the spring and fall of a single year. Data indicated most of the genetic variance was additive for all traits except fruit color. Evidence for relatively large genotype by environment interaction variances were found for number of fruit, length to diameter (L/D) ratio, and fruit firmness. Heritabilities, based on full-sib families grown in 2 replications in each of 2 seasons, for dollar value and number of fruit, were .19 and .17 respectively. Genotypic and phenotypic correlations for number of fruit and dollar value were high indicating selection for increased number of fruit would be effective in increasing crop value.
Soil-plant Water Relations in a New York Vineyard: Resistances to Water Movement1
Authors: Liu W. T. , Wenkert W. , Allen L. H. , Lemon E. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf water potentials did not limit stomatal opening of Vitis labruscana Bailey cv. Concord during the summers of 1972 and 1973 in a New York vineyard. Midday leaf-water potentials ranged from −8 to −16 bars and were closely related to individual leaf irradiance. The diurnal variation of leaf, stem, and fruit cluster water potentials on a typical clear day were about 5, 11, and 6 bars, respectively. Water potential gradients at midday across the root, shoot, and petiole-leaf systems averaged about 10, 1 and 3 bars, respectively. The gradient across the root consistently increased throughout the day relative to plant transpiration rate. Minimum stomatal resistance on days after cold nights (less than 10°C) was 2.7 ± 1.1 s cm-1, while the mean resistance on all other days was 1.0 ± 0.5 s cm-1. Cool night temperatures inhibited stomatal opening and closing independently of leaf water potential.
Hardcore in Some Sweet Potato Cultivars and Lines1
Authors: Hammett H. L. , Albritton R. C. , Withers F. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Twenty-one cultivars and/or breeding lines of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas Lam) were exposed to 1°C for 48 hours followed by 48 hours at 25° and evaluated for hardcore during each of 2 seasons at the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station. Hardcore was 50% more severe in 1976 than in 1975. One breeding line, ‘M3-309’, exhibited no injury symptoms either season; 60% of ‘M2-325’ roots and 15% of the ‘Centennial’ roots were injured. Other cultivars and breeding lines showed intermediate injury. Hardcore susceptibility was not correlated with dry matter content.
Effect of Peach Seedling Rootstocks and Orchard Sites on Cold Hardiness and Survival of Peach1
Authors: Yadava U. L. , Doud S. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two-year-old ‘Redhaven’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) trees on 7 different peach seedling rootstocks growing on short-life and on non-short-life sites were examined for cold hardiness of trunks using trunk cambial browning (TCB), and cold hardiness of twigs using tests for electrolytic conductivity (EC), triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), and ninhydrin-reactive compounds (NRC). It was found that Lovell, Halford, and NA 8 rootstocks invariably imparted more cold hardiness to ‘Redhaven’ budded onto them than other rootstocks tested, whereas maximum cold injury was sustained by trees on NRL 4 rootstock. Tree mortality was higher and cold injury was more severe on the short-life site than on the non-short-life site.
Effect of Preplanting Irrigations on Distribution of Soil Nitrate Nitrogen and Total Soluble Salts in Lettuce Beds1
Authors: Pew W. D. , Gardner B. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A preplant N application and the 2 irrigation methods most commonly used in Arizona to germinate commercially grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were studied in relation to the movement of soil NO3-N and total soluble salts (TSS) in lettuce beds. The intermittent pattern of irrigation resulted in highest levels of TSS at all sampling depths two weeks after the germination and emergence of the lettuce. Total soluble salts and NO3-N concentrations were increased by irrigation and were greatest in the surface 5 cm and center of the bed. Nitrogen application increased the amount of NO3-N found in the lettuce beds. Neither irrigation nor N treatment caused any accumulation of NO3-N in the area of the beds where the lettuce seedlings usually grow. The distribution patterns indicate that preplant N applications would be ineffective in meeting the early N needs of the plants.
A Laboratory Assay for Resistance to the Tobacco Hornworm in Lycopersicon and Solanum spp.1
Authors: Kennedy G. G. , Henderson W. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A laboratory procedure for assaying Lycopersicon spp. for resistance to the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (L.) is described. Results from this procedure, which employed excised foliage from greenhouse grown plants and first instar hornworm larvae from a colony maintained in the laboratory on artificial diet, were similar to those obtained with intact plants, with field collected hornworm larvae, and with field grown resistant plants. The Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum accessions PI 134417 and LA 407 were highly resistant to M. sexta. Resistance was manifest as a significant reduction in larval survival and in weight gained by survivors over a 72 hour period. The interplant variation in larval weight gains within accessions was highly significant, suggesting that most of the accessions tested were segregating for resistance to M. sexta.
Effect of pH on Foliar Absorption of Phosphorus Compounds by Chrysanthemum1
Authors: Reed David W. , Tukey H. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Solution pH differentially affected the foliar absorption of phosphorus compounds by Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. Giant #4 Indianapolis White. All phosphates were absorbed readily at pH 2, which was accompanied by necrosis of the treated area of the leaf. Maximum absorption occurred with Na phosphate at pH 3-6, K phosphate at pH 7-10, and NH4 phosphate at all pH values (3-10), whereas Ca phosphate was not readily absorbed. The results could be explained by pH dictating the phosphate form present in solution; solubility, moisture retention, and crystallization on the leaf surface of the predominant phosphate salt were the factors determining the degree of absorption.
Effects of a Pre-storage High CO2 Treatment on British Columbia and Washington State ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Lau Oi Lim , Looney Norman E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Thirty-two lots of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) from 22 British Columbia (B.C.) orchards varied in their susceptibility to injury from a 10-day 14 or 18% CO2 treatment preceding controlled atmosphere storage. In general, the incidence of injury was much higher than in 25 lots of Washington State ‘Golden Delicious’ treated similarly in a commercial storage. A small improvement in firmness was observed in the B.C. fruit. Within the 32 B.C. lots, susceptibility to CO2 injury was not related to fruit skin color, size, soluble solids or acidity, the N, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Fe or B content of the leaves, or N, K, Mn, Mg, Ca or Zn content of the fruits. However, Washington ‘Golden Delicious’ were less green, were lower in N, Mn and Zn and higher in K, Mg and soluble solids than B.C. fruit which may provide a clue to their resistance to CO2 injury.
Early Root Growth of Carrots in Organic Soil1
Authors: White J. M. , Strandberg J. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Early root growth of carrots (Daucus carota L.) was studied in specially constructed pots containing organic soil under controlled environments at 16°, 20°, 24°, and 28°C. Carrot tops produced greater amounts of bio-mass on a fresh or dry weight basis than did roots, whereas taproots demonstrated faster rates of linear growth than did the tops throughout the 24-day sampling period at all temperatures. The optimum range of temperatures for carrot root growth was 20-24°C. Taproots reached the potential length for market-acceptable storage roots (15.2 cm) between 12 and 16 days after planting at 20°, 24°, and 28°C and after 20 days at 16°C. Average taproot lengths after 24 days at 16°, 20°, 24°, and 28°C were 23.6, 38.5, 35.6, and 16.7 cm, respectively. Secondary roots had developed by the 8th day and tertiary roots by the 20th day. Tertiary roots were confined to the upper 5 cm of the root system at this early date.
Effect of Ozone on Growth and Assimilate Partitioning in Parsley1
Authors: Oshima R. J. , Bennett J. P. , Braegelmann P. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.) Nym. cv. Banquet) incurred leaf injury, reduced growth, and altered assimilate partitioning after exposures to 20 pphm ozone. Total plant dry weight and root dry weight were decreased 23% and 43% respectively, with little effect on leaves. The relative growth rate of fumigated plants was reduced after the initial ozone exposure but leveled off at a steady state above that of the control plants when plant dry weights reached about 4.5 g. Ozone appeared to have its greatest effect on growth during initial exposures.
Response of Onions Grown for Transplants to Soil Fumigation1
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , McCarter S. M. , Johnson A. W. , Williamson R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Six general-purpose fumigants applied by different methods were evaluated for control of the fungal-nematode complex on onion (Allium cepa L.) for transplant production. Most soil treatments improved plant vigor, size, uniformity, and yield, and these positive responses were correlated with reduced populations of soil-borne fungi and nematodes. Growth response and control of pathogens varied with the fumigant used and the method of application. Populations of Pythium spp. and Fusarium spp. were reduced with methyl bromide, methyl bromide-chloropicrin mixture, chloropicrin, DD-MENCS (Vorlex), metham (748 liters/ha, drenched) and Bunema (drenched). Metham (748 liters/ha, drenched or drenched and incorporated) controlled Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn. Complete control of root-knot nematodes was obtained with methyl bromide and methyl bromide-chloropicrin mixture and nearly complete control with chloropicrin and DD-MENCS.
Rootstock and Seasonal Influences on Carbohydrate Levels and Cold Hardiness of ‘Redhaven’ Peach1
Authors: Layne R. E. C. , Ward G. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flower buds and apical shoots of ‘Redhaven’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) were shown to be slightly more cold hardy in the autumn and winter when propagated on seedlings of Siberian C than on those of Harrow Blood. Apical shoots consistently had higher levels of total carbohydrates, reducing sugars, and other carbohydrate fractions on Siberian C than on Harrow Blood seedlings from winter to spring. The cold hardiness of flower buds was closely correlated with the hardiness of apical shoots. In addition, both flower bud and shoot hardiness were closely correlated with total sugars, sucrose, and reducing sugars in the shoots from autumn to spring. However, hardiness of flower buds and apical shoots was not correlated with total carbohydrates or starch. The TI50, a new method of expressing the hardiness of apical shoots was an objective index of cold hardiness and somewhat analogous to the T50 method for expressing hardiness of flower buds.
Cuticle Development and Surface Morphology of Olive Leaves with Reference to Penetration of Foliar-applied Chemicals1
Authors: Leon J. M. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Surface morphology and development of the cuticle of olive (Olea europaea L, cv. Manzanillo) leaves were studied in relation to some factors (wetting, retention) that influence absorption of foliar-applied substances. Cuticle deposition occurred at a uniform rate during leaf development, then ceased at full expansion. The total weight of the cuticular membrane per unit surface area remained constant during leaf expansion. The weight of the cuticular membrane of the adaxial epidermis was about 1.4 mg/cm2 and in μg/cm2 the principal constituents were: epicuticular wax, 243; cutin, 886; cuticular wax, 272. The thickness of the cuticle was greater on the adaxial (11.5 μm) than on the abaxial surface (4.5 μm), and both surfaces were covered with large (130 μm diameter) peltate trichomes, their number being greater on the abaxial surface (143/mm2 vs. 18/mm2). Stomata were present only on the abaxial surface (470/mm2). The large number of trichomes contributed significantly to the effective surface area of the leaf, which was about 3 times greater for the abaxial than for the adaxial surface. No epicuticular wax fine-structure was observed. Both surfaces were difficult to wet. The advancing contact angle formed by distilled water was 106° for the adaxial and 125° for the abaxial surface. Retention as indexed by dipping leaves in distilled water was 0.34 μl/cm2. When sprayed, maximum retention was 31.3 and 36.9 μl/cm2 by the adaxial and abaxial surfaces, respectively.
Influence of Plot Size and Seeding Rate in Field Screening Studies for Cucumber Resistance to Cucumber Beetles1
Authors: Quisumbing Alberto R. , Lower Richard L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plot size (number of hills) and seeding rate (SR) were evaluated for their effect on susceptibility of cucumber, Cucumis sativus L., seedlings screened for resistance to the striped and spotted cucumber beetles, Acalymma vittatum (Fabricius) and Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber, respectively. Susceptibility estimates were highest with single-hill plots in 1971 but there was no difference between 2 and 3 hills per plot in 1972. Plot sizes were significantly different only in degree of cotyledon damage. Six replicates appear satisfactory for field studies. SR may or may not influence susceptibility. Combined 1973-1974 data indicate that 15 seeds per hill may be practical for field studies.
Texture Modification of ‘Van’ Sweet Cherries by Postharvest Calcium Treatments1
Authors: Lidster P. D. , Porritt S. W. , Tung M. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Calcium (Ca) moved rapidly into sweet cherry fruit (Prunus avium L.) flesh and reached a maximum in 7 days after a postharvest calcium chloride (CaCl2) dip. Flesh Ca content was increased by increasing the CaCl2 or thickener concentration or by prolonged immersion time in the dipping solution. After 21 days of 0°C storage, texture attributes of fruit firmness and bioyield were positively correlated with fresh Ca levels.
Flower Production of Freesia hybrida Seedlings under Night Interruption Lighting and Short Day Influence1
Authors: Gilbertson-Ferriss Terry L. , Wilkins H. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flowering dates of freesias (Freesia hybrida Bailey) sown at monthly intervals varied according to monthly temperature fluctuations over a 2-year period. Seeds germinated from April to June reached anthesis from December to March. April through June seeding dates were acceptable for obtaining optimal flower production and quality in Minnesota, but these plants were slower to flower than those seeded from July through November. Night interruptions by incandescent light hastened flowering, but flower quality was poorer than from plants grown under natural days. Short days and night interruptions using BCJ-Ruby incandescent lamps had no influence on flowering date.
Quality of Sweet Corn Stored in Controlled Atmospheres or under Low Pressure1
Authors: Spalding Donald H. , Davis Paul L. , Reeder William F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tobelle’ sweet corn (Zea mays var. saccharata (Sturtev.) Bailey) stored for 3 weeks at 1.7°C and 98100% relative humidity in controlled atmospheres (2 or 21% 02 with 0, 15, or 25% CO2) or at low atmospheric pressure (50 mm Hg) did not differ significantly in appearance or flavor. Sucrose content of stored corn remained higher in 2% O2 at normal or low atmospheric pressure (76 mm Hg) than in other atmospheres. Ethanol content increased during storage, except in 21% O2 without added CO2, and was highest in corn stored in atmospheres containing 25% CO2. The high sucrose content of ‘Florida Sweet’ even after 3-weeks-storage suggests that for maintenance of high market quality, breeding cultivars that retain quality in combination with prompt precooling offers more chance of success than modified atmospheres.
Postharvest Characteristics of Poinsettias as Influenced by Handling and Storage Procedures1
Authors: Staby George L. , Thompson J. F. , Kofranek A. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sleeved poinsettia plants (Euphorbia pulcherrima, Willd. cvs. Annette Hegg Supreme and Annette Hegg Dark Red) stored best at 10°C. Lower temperatures (2-7°C) induced chilling damages as manifested mainly by bract blueing. Higher temperatures (up to 16°) resulted in increased leaf petiole epinasty and bract drooping. The bract blueing and leaf petiole epinasty disorders became worse as storage duration increased from 2 to 10 days, while bract drooping decreased during this same period. Plants sleeved and stored in paper were generally of higher quality upon removal than those sleeved and stored in plastic. Under relatively static conditions (15m/minute air speed), poinsettias froze at about −4°. Sleeving poinsettias delayed low-temperature damage. The injury of sleeved poinsettias was related to temperature, air speed, and exposure time which can be estimated by: time to injury (minutes) = 3.94 × chill factor (°C) + 61.9.
Promotion of Inflorescence Development by Growth Substance Treatments to Tomato Plants Grown in Insufficient Light Conditions1
Authors: Kinet J. M. , Hurdebise D. , Parmentier A. , Stainier R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The development of the inflorescence of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants grown in adverse light conditions was stimulated by exogenous applications of benzyladenine (BA) and gibberellin (GA) directly on the inflorescence. These two compounds had sequential effect in regulating the development of the inflorescence, the action of BA being exerted first and that of GA only subsequent to BA action. In combination with BA, GA4+7 was more effective than GA3 in promoting the development of the inflorescence. Determinations of carbohydrate contents in the inflorescences showed that during the treatment period with the growth substances, the soluble sugars and starch levels increased temporarily. Studies on the partitioning of the dry matter between the different plant portions suggested that the growth substances modified the distribution pattern of the assimilates within the plant; the inflorescence being favored at the expense of the young leaves above.