bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AMNESTY AND RETRIBUTION
Authors: Lenta Patrick 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper addresses the relationship between amnesty granted to perpetrators of serious human rights abuses and retributivism. It rebuts arguments advanced by Dan Markel and Lucy Allais in support of their claim that the granting of conditional amnesty—amnesty in exchange for perpetrators’ confessing to, and disclosing the details of, their wrongdoing—by the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was consistent with retributivism. Markel contends that conditional amnesty was perfectly in line with recipients’ desert, while Allais submits that the TRC secured as much retribution as was possible in the circumstances of South Africa’s democratic transition. The argument of the paper is that while retributivists have good reasons to view conditional amnesty as justified, the reasons provided by Markel and Allais are not among them.
INSURANCE AND EQUALITY REVISITED
Authors: Horne L. Chad 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTheorists of the welfare state increasingly recognize that social insurance programs are not well-justified by distributive egalitarianism, meaning concern for equality considered as a pattern in the distribution of some good. However, recent work by several relational egalitarian theorists suggests that these programs may be justified on relational egalitarian grounds. Relational egalitarians hold that the proper object of egalitarian concern is the way that citizens relate to one another. In this paper, I review the problems facing a distributive egalitarian justification for social insurance before considering and rejecting three relational egalitarian justifications. I close by offering a justification for these programs grounded in efficiency, not equality.
EFFECTIVE ALTRUISM
Authors: Berg Amy 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The effective altruism movement (EA) is one of the most influential philosophically savvy movements to emerge in recent years. Effective altruism has historically been dedicated to finding out what charitable giving is the most overall-effective, that is, the most effective at promoting or maximizing the impartial good. But some members of EA want the movement to be more inclusive, allowing its members to give in the way that most effectively promotes their values, even when doing so isn’t overall-effective. When we examine what it means to give according to one’s values, I argue, we will see that this is both inconsistent with what EA is like now and inconsistent with its central philosophical commitment to an objective standard that can be used to critically analyze one’s giving. While EA is not merely synonymous with act utilitarianism, it cannot be much more inclusive than it is right now.
WHAT IS A FAMILY? CONSIDERATIONS ON PURPOSE, BIOLOGY, AND SOCIALITY
Authors: Kane Laura Wildemann 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this article, I examine and analyze paradigmatic conceptions of the family that are based upon a number of assumed primary purposes that the family serves for its members. In doing so, I argue that existing paradigmatic conceptions of the family do not capture the unique primary purpose of the family. I then suggest that a reconceptualization of the family is necessary to move away from inadequate paradigmatic conceptions and toward a more robust conception of the family. The approach taken in this article requires an examination into the way(s) the family has been defined descriptively—specifically, how families have been defined historically—as a means to determine what a normative theory of the family might look like. The goal of this inquiry is to define the family in normative terms, which consequently moves the definition of the family to a new conceptual landscape. Last, I present my own account of familial relations that aims to capture a normative understanding of the unique primary purpose of the family.
OBESITY POLICY AND WELFARE
Authors: Wilkinson T. M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractGovernments can try to counter obesity through preventive regulations such as sugar taxes, which appear to raise costs or reduce options for consumers. Would the regulations improve the welfare of adult consumers? The regulations might improve choice sets through a mechanism such as reformulation, but the scope for such improvement is limited. Otherwise, a paternalistic argument must be made that preventive regulations would improve welfare despite reducing choice. This paper connects arguments about obesity, health, and choice to a philosophically plausible view of welfare. On the negative side, two errors to avoid are failing to see the limited value of health and thinking that findings of irrationality would alone settle arguments about welfare. On the positive side, preventive regulations could make people better-off if welfare is the satisfaction of preferences and if preventive regulations could better satisfy preferences by overcoming certain forms of irrationality. The leading evidence is from widespread attempts to lose weight. However, at least for the United States, most adults are not trying to lose weight, and that casts doubt on whether they would benefit from preventive regulations. If they would not, that seems a strong albeit not decisive reason against these regulations.
THE PROPERTY QUESTION
Authors: Edmundson William A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe “property question” is the constitutional question of whether a society’s basic resources are to be publicly or privately owned—that is, whether these basic resources are to be available to private owners, perhaps subject to tax and regulation, or are instead to be retained in joint public ownership and managed by democratic processes. James Madison’s approach represents a case in which prior holdings are taken for granted, and the property question itself is kept off of the political agenda. By contrast, John Rawls’s approach abstracts from any actual pattern of holdings, while putting the property question on the political agenda, but at a particular place. This paper compares and contrasts the two approaches. Two unpublished lectures by Rawls—one of them directed at Madison—are included as an appendix.
Fiebre y sus implicaciones en el diagnóstico del paciente neurológico, revisión narrativa de la literatura
Authors: Gutiérrez-Torres German Gustavo , Hernández-Cubides Fabio Enrique , Sánchez-Neira Yaline 
Published: February 2022

Introducción. La fiebre, se considera uno de los primeros síntomas registrados en pacientes hospitalizados, convirtiéndose en un importante marcador de enfermedad. La presente revisión buscó recopilar evidencia, en torno a la fiebre y su importancia en los diferentes escenarios clínicos que se presentan en el paciente neurológico, ya que en los últimos años se ha logrado comprender mejor el papel que desempeña el sistema nervioso central dentro de la termorregulación. Metodología. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en bases de datos como Pubmed, Ovid, Epistemonikos, Scielo y Google Scholar durante los años 2009 al 2019 en idiomas español e inglés, sobre fiebre e implicaciones en pacientes neurológicos, usando palabras clave como fiebre, sensibilidad, especificidad, likelihood ratio, enfermedades del sistema nervioso, neurología, encefalitis, neuritis y traumatismo del sistema nervioso. Resultados. Se encontraron un total de 374 artículos, de los cuales 48 artículos cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, para la construcción del presente artículo de revisión. Se incluyeron libros de texto, como metaanálisis, revisiones sistemáticas, revisiones scoping, artículos de revisión y estudios observacionales. se analizaron y subdivieron en 8 apartados con temáticas en común para su estudio. Conclusiones. En etapas tempranas de ECV isquémicos o hemorrágicos la fiebre se comporta como una respuesta sistémica secundaria a la injuria de base, siendo crucial corregirla tempranamente. Al mismo tiempo en traumatismo del SNC la fiebre en las primeras 72 horas se identifica como un marcador de mal pronóstico.
Genetic polymorphism of glutathione S-transferases (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1) in patients with bullous pemphigoid in a Polish population
Authors: Rychlik-Sych Mariola , Barańska Małgorzata , Dudarewicz Michał , Skrętkowicz Jadwiga , Żebrowska Agnieszka , Owczarek Jacek , Wiktorowska-Owczarek Anna , Orszulak-Michalak Daria , Waszczykowska Elżbieta 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Introduction. Bullous pemphigoid (BP) is one of the most common bullous diseases with an autoimmune background. The etiology and pathogenesis of BP are believed to be influenced not only by environmental, genetic, and immunological factors as well as by oxidative stress. BP is observed more frequently in elderly patients. Additionally, more potent oxidative stress is observed just in old age. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play key roles in the detoxification of xenobiotics, metabolism of endogenous substrates, and the defense against oxidative stress. The present study examines whether polymorphism of genes encoding three selected GSTs (GSTM1, GSTT1, and GSTP1) might be associated with a higher risk for BP.
Materials and methods. The study involved 71 patients with BP and 100 healthy volunteers from a Polish population. The presence of the deletion type polymorphism for GSTM1 and GSTT1 was confirmed by multiplex PCR. The Ile105Val GSTP1 polymorphism was analyzed by PCR-RFLP.
Results. It was observed that the combination of GSTM1 null/GSTT1 null/GSTP1 Ile/Val, Val/Val genotypes occurred more frequently in patients with BP (8.5%) than in controls (4.0%). The odds ratio for carriers of GSTM1 null/GSTT1 null/ GSTP1 Ile/Val, Val/Val genotypes was 2.22 (95% CI 0.60–8.16; p = 0.3727), but was not statistically significant.
Conclusions. The combination of GSTM1 null, GSTT1 null, GSTP1 Ile/Val, Val/Val genotypes might be related to a greater risk of BP in a Polish population. However, future studies including more individuals are required to confirm this.
Analysis of the causes of the influence of the industrial economy on the social economy based on multiple linear regression equation
Authors: Zhao Yuting , Altalbe Ali 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In industrial economy, the main factors influencing the urban construction and development of social economy is linked to the high-speed rail site accessibility, and this has its influence on the regional economy as a whole, and as an example, this can be explained through the study using a multiple linear regression equation model, built and compared before and after 2 years of data and information. Based on the weighted average travel time and economic potential, it is clear that the construction of urban expressway can help accelerate the aggregation and flow of production factors within the region, to guide the integrated development of local society and economy.
Research on aerobics training posture motion capture based on mathematical similarity matching statistical analysis
Authors: Chen Qiuju , Alsemmeari Rayan Atteah 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Aiming at the freely editable characteristics of human motion posture, a human skeleton model is extracted, and a human motion posture model library is established. The application of motion capture system in dance training is analysed, and a method based on similarity matching between feature planes is proposed to calculate each model. Parameters of motion data between parts are obtained. After verification, the method has high accuracy and robustness for the analysis of human poses so that dancers can accurately compare the differences with standard dance movements and provide theoretical support for dancers to perform scientific dance training.
Examining the legislative and institutional framework for special units in Cyprus
Authors: Constantia Charalampous , Christos Papademetriou 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper aims at examining the institutional framework within which Special Units (SUs) in Cypriot secondary education operate. The establishment of SU targets to facilitate the education of pupils defined as having special educational needs (SEN) in mainstream schools, and their operation is governed by the 1999 law and subsequent amending acts and circulars. Neither the operation of the SUs and the institutional framework that guides their operation have yet been investigated. The main aim of our research was to investigate teachers’ and parents’ views of the way in which SUs function, as well as their opinions of the legislative sections relating to the special units. This process led to the creation of a critical approach called the Institutional Framework for Special Units in Cyprus. Lastly, the participants were asked to propose ways in which the SUs could operate an inclusive environment. This paper presents qualitative research conducted in three secondary schools in Cyprus. Our sample consisted of 52 participants (heads, special education associate administrators, assistant heads, teachers, parents) over a five month timespan (September 2017-February 2018). The results lead to the conclusion that immediate action for further improvement and change is imperative, primarily for the benefit of pupils defined as having SEN.
Is the secret to effective lifelong learning lurking in the views of prospective kindergarten teachers? Comparing German and Hungarian prospective kindergarten teachers’ views on learning
Authors: Flick-Takács Nikolett 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Lifelong learning (LLL) became a basis for education policies in the 21st century. The GLLI (Global Lifelong Learning Index) ranks countries based on their performance in LLL (Kim, 2016). The present paper aims to compare a successful country (Germany) with a mid-performing country (Hungary) in two ways: (1) by comparing the two countries’ framework strategies and training requirements for lifelong learning, and (2) by comparing prospective views on learning in Hungarian (NH=14) and German (NG=14;) kindergarten student teacher groups using Verges’ association matrices in order to identify the key LLL elements in their views. The target group for the qualitative research was selected based on the pedagogical phenomenon that the views of prospective teachers have a great impact on their later work, including in relation to child development (Ránki, 2002; Dudás, 2005; Takács, 2016). The results show that there are some differences in the interpretation of LLL between the two countries, which can be observed in the regulatory documents and the associations made by student kindergarten teachers. The results reveal differences in the importance of self-regulated learning, learning motivation and social competences, and some common elements, like playfulness or joy, in learning activities.
Searching for learners’ voices: Teachers’ struggle to align pedagogical-reform policy with instructional practice
Authors: Chimbi Godsend Tawanda , Jita Loyiso C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Globally, pedagogical reform policy seeks to give space to learners’ voices. But teachers often struggle to engage learners in knowledge construction, deconstruction and reconstruction; as advocated by official curriculum reform policy. Aligning classroom practice to pedagogical-reform policy remains an uphill struggle for most teachers. This article examines Zimbabwean teachers’ efforts to align teaching methods to new curriculum policy which seeks to engage learners in classroom discourse. Using a qualitative multiple-case study and the theoretical lens of sensemaking, a case study of History teachers assessed how they were implementing new pedagogical prescriptions. Data gathered from the document analysis, interviews and 47 lesson observations suggest that, although participants made efforts to open up a space for learners’ voices, they often drifted towards teacher-centred practice. Some participants complained that the unavailability of technology‑based instructional resources, recommended in the new reform policy, made them resort to rote pedagogy. Others believed that teacher didacticism and the dictation of notes were inevitable in History instruction. The use of learner‑centric approaches (as advocated by policy) appeared to be just a drop in the ocean. This study recommends pedagogical reorientation for teachers if learners’ voices are to be heard and large-scale instructional reforms are to be successfully enacted at classroom level.
Relationship between homocysteine levels and post-stroke cognitive impairment in female and male population: from a prospective multicenter study
Authors: Li Runzhi , Weng Haoyi , Pan Yuesong , Meng Xia , Liao Xiaoling , Wang Mengxing , Zhang Yuan , Sui Yi , Zuo Lijun , Wang Yanli , Jia Ziyan , Sun Mengfan , Li Wenyi , Liu Yaou , Chen Jinglong , Xu Jun , Wang Yongjun 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives:
To investigate the relationship between homocysteine levels and post-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) in Chinese female and male populations with minor acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack.

Materials and methods:
A total of 1070 participants with clinically confirmed acute minor ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack and baseline homocysteine information from a nationwide multicenter prospective registry study in China were included in this study. Of these, 919 patients had cognitive assessments at 3-month follow-ups and 584 participants had cognitive assessments at 12-month follow-ups. The incidence of PSCI was defined as a Montreal Cognitive Assessment score ≤22. The differences in homocysteine levels and the incidence of PSCI were compared between female and male populations. Relationships between homocysteine levels and the incidence of PSCI in female and male populations were analyzed using multiple logistic regression, respectively.

Results:
Females had lower baseline homocysteine levels than males. Compared to males, females had lower education levels, lower rates of smoking and alcohol intake, and higher rates of diabetes and hypertension. No relationship was observed between elevated homocysteine level and 3-month PSCI incidence in either females or males. After adjusting the confounders, elevated baseline homocysteine significantly increased the 12-month PSCI risk (odds ratio 3.28, 95% confidence interval 1.47–7.34, P = 0.004) in females, but not in males (odds ratio 0.86, 95% confidence interval 0.49–1.49, P = 0.586).

Conclusion:
Elevated homocysteine levels increased the 12-month PSCI risk in females, but not in males with minor acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack.
Effect of local anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy to prevent the formation of stenosis in outflow vein in arteriovenous fistula
Authors: Huang Xin , Guan Jibin , Sheng Zitong , Wang Menghua , Xu Tianhua , Guo Guangying , Wan Pengzhi , Tian Binyao , Zhou Junlei , Huang Aoran , Hao Junfeng , Yao Li 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives:
Vascular stenosis and angiogenesis are the major causes of short expectancy of arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) has been suggested to play an important role in the pathophysiologic process. Anti-VEGF has been proved to be effective on anti-angiogenesis and applied in clinical practice, but its effect on anti-stenosis remains to be verified before it could be applied to prevent stenosis of AVF. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of local anti-VEGF therapy to prevent the formation of stenosis in the outflow vein in AVF and its mechanism.

Methods:
Bioinformatics of VEGF-A and its downstream-regulated molecules from the STRING PPI database were analyzed in this study. The biopsy samples from outflow veins of AVF in patients and C57BL/6 mouse models were analyzed to examine the mechanisms of pathologic vascular stenosis associated with VEGF pathways and their potential therapeutic targets.

Results:
We found that the reduction of VEGF-A could downregulate downstream molecules and subsequently reduce the intimal hyperplasia and abnormal vascular remodeling by analyzing the STRING PPI database. Venous wall thickening, intimal neointima formation, and apoptosis of vascular endothelial cells in the proliferative outflow vein of the AVF were significantly more obvious, and upregulation of expression of VEGF was observed in dysfunctional AVF in patients. In mouse models, the expression of VEGF, Ephrin receptor B4 (EphB4), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2, MMP9, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)1, TIMP2, and caspase 3 in the control-shRNA surgical group was significantly higher than in the sham group (P < 0.05), and all of these indicators were significantly lower in lentiviral transfection group and Avastin group than in control-shRNA surgical group (P < 0.05) on the 14th day after AVF operation.

Conclusion:
VEGF expression is significantly increased in vascular endothelial cells in stenosed or occluded outflow veins of dysfunctional AVF. Local injection of Avastin into the adventitia of the proximal outflow vein in autologous AVF procedure has an excellent potential to prevent the subsequent local stenosis of the proximal outflow vein.
Lung adenocarcinoma-specific three-integrin signature contributes to poor outcomes by metastasis and immune escape pathways
Authors: Wang Yizhe , Hou Kezuo , Jin Yue , Bao Bowen , Tang Shiying , Qi Jianfei , Yang Yang , Che Xiaofang , Liu Yunpeng , Hu Xuejun , Zheng Chunlei 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
Inhibitors targeting integrins (ITGs) are applied as a novel strategy for cancers including lung cancer; however, the heterogeneity of ITG subunits might explain why ITG-targeted inhibitors only show limited efficacy for a small group of lung cancer patients.

Materials and methods:
RNA-Seq data of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) and lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) patients were obtained from the TCGA database. Cox regression analysis was performed to construct the prognostic signature and generate the nomogram combined with pathologic stages (pStage). GEO datasets were used for verification. The related biological functions were analyzed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) software and the TIMER database.

Results:
By Cox regression analysis of 30 ITG subunits, ITG subunit alpha 5 (ITGA5), ITG subunit alpha 6 (ITGA6), and ITG subunit alpha L (ITGAL) were identified as the prognostic factors in LUAD, which were included in the construction of a LUAD-specific 3-ITG signature. Following the calculation of risk score (RS) of each patient based on 3-ITG signature, patients with high RS in LUAD were found to exhibit worse prognosis, especially in early stage. Nomogram combined with RS and pStage could predict the prognosis of LUAD patients accurately. Mechanism exploration by GSEA showed that metastasis-related microenvironmental pathways were significantly enriched in the high-RS group. An elevated expression of ITGA5 was mainly associated with the promotion of cell migration and invasion, while the high expression of ITGAL had a strong positive correlation with the capability of recognizing and killing cancer cells.

Conclusions:
Three-ITG signature could improve the prediction ability combined with pStage in LUAD and might contribute to poor prognosis by metastasis and immune escape-related pathways.