bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating photoscreeners II: MTI and Fortune videorefractor
Authors: Mbbs Carolyn D Cooper , Fraco Glen A Gole Md , Borthoptics Julie E Hall , Fraco Deborah J Colville , Fraco Susan M Carden , Mbbs Francis G Bowling PhD 
Published: July 2002

Background: Amblyopia is a public health problem, usually amenable to treatment if detected early. Photoscreeners are camera‐based instruments which can detect risk factors for amblyopia such as squint, refractive errors and media opacities. Objective: To evaluate two commercially available photoscreeners, namely the MTI photoscreener (Medical Technology, Iowa City, IA, USA) and the Fortune Optical VRB‐100 (Fortune Optical, Padova, Italy) videophotorefractor, in a selected childhood population, having a high prevalence of amblyopia, before undertaking a full‐scale trial in the general population. Subjects and Methods: The study design was a double‐masked study. One‐hundred and five children aged between 12 and 44 months with either normal vision or known visual disorders were photoscreened without cycloplegia using the Fortune and the MTI photoscreeners. Each child had a full ophthalmic examination either on the day of screening or in the preceding 6 months. Risk factors were: any manifest strabismus (squint), hypermetropia >3.5 D, anisometropia ≥1 D sphere, myopia ≥2 D sphere, astigmatism ≥2 D, media opacity or fundus abnormality affecting vision. The prevalence of risk factors for amblyopia was 60%. Photoscreen images were reviewed by two independent masked observers for indicators of amblyopiogenic risk factors and compared to the full ophthalmological examination to determine sensitivity and specificity for each instrument. Results: Sensitivities and specificities for the detection of risk factors for amblyopia were as follows. Fortune photoscreener: reader 1, sensitivity 60%, specificity 75%; reader 2, sensitivity 68% specificity 86%. MTI photoscreener: reader 1, sensitivity 56%, specificity 79%; reader 2, sensitivity 61%, sensitivity 86%. The results for reader 1 and 2 showed no significant differences for either instrument. Conclusion: Both instruments performed unsatisfactorily in a study population aged 1–4 years with a high prevalence of amblyopiogenic risk factors. Accordingly, we do not believe that either instrument can be recommended to screen for eye disorders in children between the ages of 1 and 4 years because the low prevalence of amblyopia in this population demands very high sensitivity and specificity in order to avoid inappropriate over‐ or under‐referral.
Efficacy of 7 day lansoprazole‐based triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection in elderly patients
Authors: Pilotto Alberto , Franceschi Marilisa , Leandro Gioacchino , Bozzola Loredana , Fortunato Antonio , Rassu Mario , Meli Salvatore , Soffiati Giuliano , Scagnelli Mariuccia , Mario Francesco , Valerio Gianni 
Published: July 2002

Background: The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori increases with age. However, data regarding the effects of anti‐H. pylori treatments in the elderly are very scarce. Methods: To evaluate the effect of three lansoprazole‐based, 7 day, triple‐therapy regimens on H. pylori eradication rates, symptomatology, chronic gastritis activity and serological markers of H. pylori infection in elderly subjects, we studied 150 symptomatic patients over 60 years of age with H. pylori‐positive duodenal ulcer (DU, n = 34), gastric ulcer (GU, n = 19) or chronic gastritis (CG, n = 97). Patients were consecutively treated with one of the following regimens: (A) lansoprazole (LNS) 30 mg b.i.d. + clarithromycin (CLR) 250 mg b.i.d. + metronidazole (MTR) 250 mg q.i.d.; (B) LNS 30 mg b.i.d. + amoxycillin (AMOX) 1 g b.i.d. + MTR 250 mg q.i.d.; and (C) LNS 30 mg b.i.d. + CLR 250 mg b.i.d. + AMOX 1 g b.i.d. Results: Two months after therapy, the eradication rates of the three treatments, expressed using both intention‐to‐treat and per‐protocol analyses were, respectively; group A, 86 and 91.5%; group B, 80 and 87%; group C, 82 and 89.1%. After therapy, a significant reduction in epigastric pain (P < 0.001), heartburn (P = 0.02), dyspepsia (P < 0.001) and vomiting (P < 0.005) was observed independently of the success of H. pylori eradication. A significantly higher percentage of asymptomatic patients were in the GU‐DU group than in CG group (87.7 vs 70.0%, P = 0.032). After therapy, 33 subjects still suffered from symptoms. Persistence of symptoms was significantly associated with an endoscopic diagnosis of oesophagitis and not with H. pylori infection. Patients cured of H. pylori infection showed a significant decrease in the histological activity of both antral and body gastritis (P < 0.0001), a significant drop in immunoglobulin (Ig) G anti‐H. pylori antibodies (P < 0.0001) and pepsinogen (PG) C (P< 0.0001) and an increase in the PGA/PGC ratio (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: The 7 day, lansoprazole‐based triple therapy was well tolerated and highly effective in the cure of H. pylori infection, the reduction of symptoms, chronic gastritis activity and serum levels of IgG anti‐H. pylori antibodies and PGC. Persistence of symptoms after therapy was significantly higher in CG than GU and DU patients and was significantly associated with oesophagitis.
Methane tunneling in disordered solid argon–nitrogen phases
Authors: Langel W. , Prager M. , Fleger H.-W. , Knözinger E. , Lauter H.-J. , Blank H. , Carlile C. J. 
Published: July 2002

Methane has been matrix isolated in solid Arc(N2)1−c, 0≤c≤1. Neutron spectra and diffractograms from identical samples are reported. In addition vapor-deposited argon and its mixtures with methane and nitrogen were studied by low temperature x-ray powder diffraction. The diffractograms and spectra were interpreted in terms of five different types of sites (I–V) in the vapor-deposited matrix after deposition at temperatures of 7–25 K. Shifts and broadenings of the methane tunneling spectra are caused by these sites: (I) Methane in regular fcc substitutional sites of solid pure argon or pure nitrogen in thermodynamic equilibrium shows nearly free rotation. The effective hindrance potential in nitrogen is lower than that in argon. In earlier IR-absorption work a site splitting of the vibrations was assigned as a splitting of the J=1 level of methane. INS shows that the latter is smaller than 0.030 meV. (II) Due to the nonequilibrium conditions during vapor-deposition, stacking faults and grains with hcp symmetry are formed both in pure argon and krypton, but not in pure nitrogen. Rather sharp lines in the methane spectra at 0.6 meV neutron energy transfer are assigned to such sites. (III) Argon and nitrogen form solid mixtures with an fcc structure in the argon rich phase (c≥0.45). By the addition of nitrogen the concentration of stacking faults and grains with hcp structure is enhanced. Both the peaks at 0.9 and at 0.6 meV are seen without major shift or broadening compared to the spectra of methane in pure argon. (IV) In nitrogen rich mixtures (c≤0.45) broad features in the energy range below 1 meV are observed. They are fitted by a simple mean field model.
The fit shows that replacing of nitrogen next neighbors of a methane molecule by argon atoms strongly enhances the hindrance potential in this concentration range. (V) A major amount of the argon and krypton matrices is strongly distorted and has a very small coherence length. It is speculated that distorted zones are present as small clusters or on surfaces and small angle grain boundaries. The corresponding trapping sites for methane have a very low symmetry. A broad distribution of tunnel transitions around the elastic line occurs in samples which are, to a significant amount, composed of distorted lattices.
The refractive index of colorless liquids in the visible and infrared: Contributions from the absorption of infrared and ultraviolet radiation and the electronic molar polarizability below 20 500 cm−1
Authors: Bertie John E. , Lan Zhida 
Published: July 2002

This paper addresses the separation of the contributions to the visible refractive index of colorless liquids from electronic (ultraviolet) and vibrational (infrared) absorption. The goal is to find the most accurate infrared values of nel(ν̃), the refractive index that results solely from electronic absorption, by fitting and extrapolating currently available visible refractive index data. These values are needed, interalia, to improve the accuracy of infrared real refractive index spectra calculated by the Kramers–Kronig transform of infrared imaginary refractive-index spectra. The electronic molar polarizability αel(ν̃) is calculated from the values of nel(ν̃) at wave numbers between 20 500 and 0 cm−1. The methods are applied to ten liquids: H2O, D2O, CH3OH, CH3COOH, CH3CN (CH3)2CO, CH2Cl2, C6H6, C6H5Cl, and C6H5CH3. The visible refractive indices are expressed as power series in wave number, by expansion of the Kramers–Kronig integral. Terms in ν̃+2m, m=1,2, are due to the electronic contribution and terms in ν̃−2m are due to the vibrational contribution.
The vibrational contribution to the visible refractive index is also calculated from experiment by Kramers–Kronig transformation of the known infrared imaginary refractive index spectrum of the liquid. It is shown that the vibrational absorption contributes ≥0.001 to the visible refractive index only for the four hydrogen-bonded liquids, and that, for all ten liquids, at least 25% of the vibrational contribution arises from absorption below 2000 cm−1. If the vibrational intensities are not known, the available visible refractive indices yield the most accurate infrared values of nel for all liquids except H2O if they are fitted to the equation n=a0+a2ν̃2+a4ν̃4. A similar equation, with the additional term a2ν̃−2, is theoretically superior because the latter term adequately describes the vibrational contribution to the visible refractive indices, but only for H2O are the currently available visible refractive indices sufficiently accurate and sufficiently extensive to allow the four coefficients in the equation to be determined with useful accuracy. For H2O, D2O, CH3OH, CH2Cl2, C6H6, C6H5Cl, and C6H5CH3, corrections are given to slightly improve the accuracy of the previously published infrared real refractive-index spectra.
BSE as an organizational construction: a case study on the globalization of risk
Authors: Tacke Veronika 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThis article examines the BSE problem as an example of the ‘globalization of risk’. In order to determine whether the ‘globalization of risk’ is a social construction depending on the context, the paper emphasizes the particular role of organizations. It makes an empirical comparison of the BSE‐related risk‐constructions of five business associations in the German meat industry sector. The results show that the associations construct the risk in close relation to their horizons of globalization, thereby reflecting provision problems, which the companies they are representing face. While the main organizational domains in the sector tried to cope with the risk problem by different means of local market ‘closure’, one association, founded in reaction to the BSE problem, took over a ‘reflexive’ role with regard to the emerging risk communication on BSE in Germany.
Predicting Treatment Response to Naltrexone: The Influence of Craving and Family History
Authors: Monterosso John R. , Flannery Barbara A. , Pettinati Helen M. , Oslin David W. , Rukstalis Margaret , O'Brien Charles P. , Volpicelli Joseph R. 
Published: July 2002

Naltrexone has repeatedly been shown to reduce drinking in alcohol‐dependent patients. Previous clinical research suggests that naltrexone may be more effective at reducing drinking among patients with high levels of alcohol craving at the beginning of treatment. In addition, laboratory studies suggest that naltrexone may be more efficacious among patients with a high familial loading of alcohol problems. We explored both of these possibilities in the context of the first 12‐week phase of a double blind, placebo‐controlled naltrexone trial.A total of 121 patients were randomized to receive 100 mg/day naltrexone and 62 patients were randomized to receive placebo. Both naltrexone and placebo were given in conjunction with a psychosocial intervention designed to be integrated with the use of pharmacotherapy. This intervention was administered by nurse practitioners.Overall, patients randomized to naltrexone reported drinking five or more drinks on fewer days than did placebo controls (p = .04). Interactions were observed between medication group assignment and both craving level prior to randomization (p = .02) and family loading of alcohol problems (p = .05). In both cases, the interaction was in the predicted direction. These data suggest that patients with high levels of alcohol craving or a strong family history of alcoholism are more likely to benefit from naltrexone treatment.
Editorial boards: realizing their potential
Authors: Hames Irene 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTMost journals have editorial boards. Their composition, what the individual members do, and how they operate will vary, but they are generally recognized as having certain central roles. What makes a good editor? How can potential editors be identified and then persuaded to join an editorial board? Once on the board, what can be done to keep them happy, committed, and working productively for the journal? What sorts of problems can arise, and how can they be avoided? These are some of the questions dealt with in this article.
The many challenges of facial herpes simplex virus infection
Authors: Esmann Jørgen 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Infection with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is common throughout the world, with many cases leading to symptomatic facial herpes. Following primary infection, HSV-1 establishes chronic latency, usually in the trigeminal ganglia, from where it reactivates periodically to cause recurrent outbreaks of infection. Recurrent facial herpes episodes vary in severity; they may be asymptomatic or appear as maculo-papular lesions that subsequently regress (abort), or vesicular lesions may develop which then scab prior to healing. Symptomatic lesions usually occur on the lips, cheeks, within the nose or on the nasal septum; they are often painful and unsightly. During asymptomatic or symptomatic outbreaks, HSV-1 is shed and thus there is a risk of transmission to susceptible individuals. Antiviral therapy in oral or topical formulations has been shown to be effective in treating facial herpes outbreaks. Oral therapy may also be used to suppress frequently recurring or severe episodes. For lesions at less readily accessible sites or when the risk of autoinoculation is high, oral therapy is warranted.
Antiplatelet effect, safety, and pharmacokinetics of vicagrel in patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Zhao Xin , Ma Sicong , Kang Yi , Tang Chengchun , Liu Bin , Jiang Hong , Zheng Mingqi , Tang Yu , Sun Hongbin , Liu Yongqiang , Lai Xiaojuan , Gong Yanchun , Li Yongguo , Qi Zizhao , Ren Ling , Li Jing , Li Yi , Han Yaling 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Aims
Vicagrel, a novel antiplatelet prodrug to overcome the residual high platelet reactivity of clopidogrel induced by inactive metabolism and cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C19 polymorphisms, provides favourable antiplatelet inhibition in healthy volunteers. However, its antiplatelet effect and safety in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) are unclear.

Methods and results
This was a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, triple-dummy, dose-exploring phase II trial comparing the antiplatelet activity and safety of vicagrel at different doses vs. those of clopidogrel in patients with CAD undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). The primary endpoint was inhibition of adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation (%IPA) after loading and maintenance doses (LD/MD) at 28 days. Safety endpoints included adverse events (AEs) and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium-defined any bleeding. Pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles and the influence of CYP2C19 polymorphisms were explored in subgroup analysis. Two hundred and seventy-nine patients diagnosed with stable CAD (51.97%), unstable angina (40.86%), and myocardial infarction (7.17%) were randomized to receive vicagrel 20/5 mg (LD/MD), 24/6 mg, or 30/7.5 mg or clopidogrel 300/75 mg in combination with aspirin. %IPAs on Day 28 were 30.19%, 35.02%, 45.61%, and 32.55% for vicagrel 20/5, 24/6, and 30/7.5 mg and clopidogrel, respectively, and were comparable across all groups (P = 0.0694). The plasma concentration of the vicagrel active metabolite M15-2 had a similar area under curve and Tmax to those of clopidogrel. There were no significant differences in AEs (4.35%, 0%, 1.45%, and 5.56% for vicagrel 20/5, 24/6, and 30/7.5 mg and clopidogrel, P = 0.6667) or any bleeding (13.04%, 14.06%, 11.59%, and 11.11% for vicagrel 20/5, 24/6, and 30/7.5 mg and clopidogrel, respectively, P = 0.95) across four groups. %IPAs and PK profiles of vicagrel did not vary significantly among different CYP2C19 metabolizers.

Conclusion
Vicagrel had comparable antiplatelet effect and safety to clopidogrel in patients with CAD undergoing PCI.
Widespread interspecific phylogenetic tree incongruence between mosquito-borne and insect-specific flaviviruses at hotspots originally identified in Zika virus
Authors: Gaunt Michael W , Pettersson John H-O , Kuno Goro , Gaunt Bill , de Lamballerie Xavier , Gould Ernest A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Intraspecies (homologous) phylogenetic incongruence, or ‘tree conflict’ between different loci within the same genome of mosquito-borne flaviviruses (MBFV), was first identified in dengue virus (DENV) and subsequently in Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), St Louis encephalitis virus, and Zika virus (ZIKV). Recently, the first evidence of phylogenetic incongruence between interspecific members of the MBFV was reported in ZIKV and its close relative, Spondweni virus. Uniquely, these hybrid proteomes were derived from four incongruent trees involving an Aedes-associated DENV node (1 tree) and three different Culex-associated flavivirus nodes (3 trees). This analysis has now been extended across a wider spectrum of viruses within the MBFV lineage targeting the breakpoints between phylogenetic incongruent loci originally identified in ZIKV. Interspecies phylogenetic incongruence at these breakpoints was identified in 10 of 50 viruses within the MBFV lineage, representing emergent Aedes and Culex-associated viruses including JEV, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, and insect-specific viruses. Thus, interspecies phylogenetic incongruence is widespread amongst the flaviviruses and is robustly associated with the specific breakpoints that coincide with the interspecific phylogenetic incongruence previously identified, inferring they are ‘hotspots’. The incongruence amongst the emergent MBFV group was restricted to viruses within their respective associated epidemiological boundaries. This MBFV group was RY-coded at the third codon position (‘wobble codon’) to remove transition saturation. The resulting ‘wobble codon’ trees presented a single topology for the entire genome that lacked any robust evidence of phylogenetic incongruence between loci. Phylogenetic interspecific incongruence was therefore observed for exactly the same loci between amino acid and the RY-coded ‘wobble codon’ alignments and this incongruence represented either a major part, or the entire genomes. Maximum likelihood codon analysis revealed positive selection for the incongruent lineages. Positive selection could result in the same locus producing two opposing trees. These analyses for the clinically important MBFV suggest that robust interspecific phylogenetic incongruence resulted from amino acid selection. Convergent or parallel evolutions are evolutionary processes that would explain the observation, whilst interspecific recombination is unlikely.
Narrative therapy and continuing bonds enquiry with refugees and asylum seekers: Bridging the past and the future
Authors: Draper Ana , Marcellino Elisa , Ogbonnaya Comfort 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRefugees and asylum seekers experience throughout their lives numerous losses of various nature. Treating mental health among these communities is challenging owing to language and cultural barriers. In addition, there are specific stressors associated with migration and settlement to be considered. This paper explores the use of the model ‘continuing bonds’ (CB) in two case studies as a form of enquiry. The authors draw upon social constructionist and narrative ideas to provide an enquiry approach that enables clinicians to understand and respond to the numerous losses of one's culture and relationships as a result of migratory grief. This is an emerging enquiry model based on the authors' work with unaccompanied minors which professionals can make use of in responding promptly and treating mental health difficulties within this population, drawing upon both past and present relationships.
Novel EDAS-Taguchi and EDAS-Taguchi-Pareto Methods for Wire EDM Process Parametric Selection of Ni55.8Ti (Nitinol) Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Okponyia Kenechukwu Obinna , Oke Sunday Ayoola 
Published: April 2022

The EDAS (evaluation based on distance from average solution) method is a broadly utilized tool for multi-criteria analysis with the ability to handle several conflicting criteria. The Taguchi method is an optimization tool with economic capability in experimentation. This article presents EDAS Taguchi (EDAS-T) method based on EDAS and the Taguchi method. It also presents EDAS Taguchi-Pareto (EDAS-TP) method framed from EDAS and Taguchi-Pareto methods. Furthermore, data from the literature to test the proposed methods are presented, which the results are compared. This research shows that the EDAS method produces the optimum combination of parameters at a run with a current of 4A, pulse on time of 50 µs, pulse off time of 14ms, and powder concentration of 1 g/L. Also, the EDAS-Taguchi method reveals a current of 4A, pulse on time of 60 µs, pulse off time of 14 µs, and powder concentration of 1 g/L. However, the principal result is that using the EDAS Taguchi-Pareto method, the optimal current is 3A, pulse on time is 60 µs, and powder concentration is 0.75g/L. The EDAS Taguchi-Pareto method eliminated the pulse off time and pulse on time, claiming that it is not significant to the system's optimum performance. The principal novelty of this article is that it introduces a mechanism of concurrently optimizing and selecting the wire EDM process parameters using the EDAS-Taguchi-Pareto method. The optimization is parallelly conducted as selection occurs, providing an initial notification to ascertain timely detection and control of local optimality of parameters to global optimization before final selection. This is unlike most evaluations, where optimization is done differently from the selection. This study is the first to develop and use EDAS methods for the WEDM process of Ni55.8Ti shape memory alloy.