bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Rupture Propagation Through Fault Bifurcation of the 2021 Mw7.4 Maduo Earthquake
Authors: Wei Shengji , Zeng Hongyu , Shi Qibin , Liu Jihong , Luo Heng , Hu Wanlin , Li Yu , Wang Weitao , Ma Zhangfeng , Liu‐Zeng Jing , Wang Teng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFault geometric complexity plays a critical role in earthquake rupture dimension. Fault bifurcations are commonly observed in earthquake geology, yet, robust kinematic rupture processes on bifurcated fault branches are largely missing, limiting our understanding of rupture dynamics and seismic hazard. Here, we holistically study the fault geometry and bilateral rupture of the 2021 Mw7.4 Maduo, China earthquake, that shows clear fault bifurcation near its eastern terminal. We integrate space geodesy imaging, back‐projection of high‐frequency teleseismic array waveforms, multiple point source and finite fault inversions, and constrain in detail the rupture process, in particular, through its fault bifurcation. Our models reveal a stable rupture speed of ∼2.5 km/s throughout the entire rupture and a simultaneous rupture through fault branches bifurcated at 20°. The rupture on bifurcated faults radiated more high‐frequency waves, especially from the stopping phases. The stopping phase on the southern branch likely stopped the rupture on the northern branch.
Thermal Conductivity of Hydrous Wadsleyite Determined by Non‐Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics Based on Machine Learning
Authors: Wang Dong , Wu Zhongqing , Deng Xin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe thermal conductivity of minerals is a fundamental parameter in understanding the evolution and dynamics of the Earth. Wadsleyite, the major mineral in the mantle transition zone (MTZ), can contain abundant water. However, how water affects its thermal conductivity remains unknown. Here, we predicted the thermal conductivity of dry and hydrous wadsleyite at high pressure and temperature (P‐T) by combining non‐equilibrium molecular dynamics and machine learning potential trained with data from first‐principles calculations. We found that the thermal conductivity of wadsleyite is anisotropic and is reduced by ∼10% in the P‐T conditions of the MTZ by the presence of 0.81 wt.% water. The heat flow toward the slab tends to follow the direction with the lowest thermal conductivity due to the lattice‐preferred orientation of wadsleyite and olivine. Both hydration and thermal‐conductivity anisotropy slow down the heating of slabs, allowing hydrous minerals and metastable olivine to survive in the deeper mantle.
Simulating the Impacts of Changes in Precipitation Timing and Intensity on Tree Growth
Authors: Wise Erika K. , Dannenberg Matthew P. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe timing and intensity of precipitation varies from year‐to‐year and is expected to change in the future. Assessing the impacts of this moisture delivery variability on tree growth is important both for future forest health and for our interpretation of pre‐instrumental tree‐ring records. Here, we used the Vaganov‐Shashkin model to investigate how changes in precipitation delivery impact tree growth at five sites representing four species in two North American river basins with high precipitation variability but different seasonal cycles. Evenly distributed precipitation increased tree growth in the Lower Sacramento watershed, while the water‐limited South Platte benefited from concentrated precipitation early in the growing season. Although most experimental simulations retained the pattern of high‐ and low‐growth years, tree growth was reduced with fewer, more intense precipitation events, which could affect interpretation of past climate extremes. Under the RCP4.5 scenario, projected warming offset the potential benefits of increased precipitation on tree growth.
Fault Zone Imaging With Distributed Acoustic Sensing: Body‐To‐Surface Wave Scattering
Authors: Atterholt James , Zhan Zhongwen , Yang Yan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFault zone structures at many scales largely dictate earthquake ruptures and are controlled by the geologic setting and slip history. Characterizations of these structures at diverse scales inform better understandings of earthquake hazards and earthquake phenomenology. However, characterizing fault zones at sub‐kilometer scales has historically been challenging, and these challenges are exacerbated in urban areas, where locating and characterizing faults is critical for hazard assessment. We present a new procedure for characterizing fault zones at sub‐kilometer scales using distributed acoustic sensing (DAS). This technique involves the backprojection of the DAS‐measured scattered wavefield generated by natural earthquakes. This framework provides a measure of the strength of scattering along a DAS array and thus constrains the positions and properties of local scatterers. The high spatial sampling of DAS arrays makes possible the resolution of these scatterers at the scale of tens of meters over distances of kilometers. We test this methodology using a DAS array in Ridgecrest, CA which recorded much of the 2019 Mw7.1 Ridgecrest earthquake aftershock sequence. We show that peaks in scattering along the DAS array are spatially correlated with mapped faults in the region and that the strength of scattering is frequency‐dependent. We present a model of these scatterers as shallow, low‐velocity zones that is consistent with how we may expect faults to perturb the local velocity structure. We show that the fault zone geometry can be constrained by comparing our observations with synthetic tests.
The Influence of Grain Size Distribution on Mechanical Compaction and Compaction Localization in Porous Rocks
Authors: Carbillet Lucille , Heap Michael J. , Baud Patrick , Wadsworth Fabian B. , Reuschlé Thierry 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe modes of formation of clastic rocks result in a wide variety of microstructures, from poorly‐sorted heterogeneous rocks to well‐sorted and nominally homogeneous rocks. The mechanical behavior and failure mode of clastic rocks is known to vary with microstructural attributes such as porosity and grain size. However, the influence of the grain size distribution, in particular the degree of polydispersivity or modality of the distribution, is not yet fully understood, because it is difficult to study experimentally using natural rocks. To better understand the influence of grain size distribution on the mechanical behavior of porous rocks, we prepared suites of synthetic samples consisting of sintered glass beads with polydisperse grain size distributions. We performed hydrostatic compression experiments and found that, all else being equal, the onset of grain crushing occurs much more progressively and at lower pressure in polydisperse synthetic samples than in monodisperse samples. We conducted triaxial experiments in the regime of shear‐enhanced compaction and found that the stress required to reach inelastic compaction was lower in polydisperse samples compared to monodisperse samples. Further, our microstructural observations show that compaction bands developed in monomodal polydisperse samples while delocalized cataclasis developed in bimodal polydisperse samples, where small grains were systematically crushed while largest grains remained intact. In detail, as the polydispersivity increases, microstructural deformation features appear to transition from localized to delocalized through a hybrid stage where a compaction front with diffuse bands propagates from both ends of the sample toward its center with increasing bulk strain.
Climatological Characteristics of Cold Fronts and Their Impacts on Air Quality in Cold Seasons Over the Eastern China
Authors: Xue Lian , Zhou Derong , Huang Xin , Lou Sijia , Ding Aijun 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEastern China has been frequently suffering from air pollution problems in the past decades. Besides the intensive emissions, weather‐system evolution is generally regarded as an important factor influencing air quality, among which cold fronts are of great importance in regulating the synoptic‐scale variations of regional pollution. Despite numerous case studies conducted, the long‐term climatological behaviors of cold front depicting their overall impacts on air quality remain unrevealed. In this study, an objective front identification approach has been performed to construct a 42‐year climatology of cold‐front activities in eastern China. It is found that the cold fronts and pollution events usually coincide in cold seasons, and have great impacts on air quality in metropolitan regions. A significant accumulation (cleansing) effect on surface air pollutants in the Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei (BTH) region before (after) the passage of the front has been observed in autumn and winter, with mean fine particles (PM2.5) concentrations varying by 40–80 μg/m3 during the processes. The cold fronts that go through the Yangtze River Delta region in winter also lead to the decrease of the PM2.5 concentration after the passages of about 15 μg/m3. Major influencing factors include the changes in meteorological conditions and regional transport driven by frontal circulation, which are favorable for pollutants dispersion and advection. On the interannual scale, the cleansing effect of the cold fronts dominates in BTH regions. The statistical relationship between cold fronts and regional air quality highlighted would help understand the impact of both past and future climate on regional pollution from a synoptic perspective.
Long‐Term Changes and Influencing Factors of Water Quality in Aquaculture Dominated Lakes Unveiled by Sediment Records and Time Series Remote Sensing Images
Authors: Chen Cheng , Lin Miaoli , Chen Qiuwen , He Mengnan , Zhang Jianyun , Cui Zhen , Zhu Liujun 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHydraulic connectivity has great effects on water quality. Enclosure aquaculture can largely alter lake flow regime and thus deteriorate water quality. Understanding the dynamics and influencing factors of water quality in enclosure aquaculture lakes is of great significance to ecosystem restoration of degraded lakes. However, it remains challenging due to the lack of long time series data. In this study, the dynamics of water quality in aquaculture dominated lakes were captured through 210Pb and 137Cs dating based on sediment records. Meanwhile, the effects of landscape pattern within aquaculture lakes on water quality were revealed by long time series of remote sensing images. Results showed the 210Pb and 137Cs sediment dating could provide an effective way to obtain long‐term series of lake water quality data in the unmonitored area. The contents of lake sediment nutrients showed an upward trend from 1960 to 2018. The transformation of lakes from agriculture dominated to aquaculture dominated had increased sediment nutrients level. The long‐term changes of lake sediment nutrients could be well explained by the landscape pattern metrics within aquaculture lakes, with an average explain power of 87.6%. The configuration metrics at class level had the most contribution (73.6%) to the changes of lake sediment nutrients, followed by the composition metrics (48.8%) and the configuration metrics at landscape level (33.4%). This study can provide a promising method to understand water quality changes in lakes with no historical monitoring data available and is of great benefit to water quality management in aquaculture dominated lakes.
Deformational History of the Kanguer Subduction Complex in the Eastern Tianshan (NW China): Implications for Paleozoic‐Triassic Multiple Accretionary Tectonics of the Southern Altaids
Authors: Mao Qigui , Xiao Wenjiao , Buckman Solomon , Huang Peng , Ao Songjian , Song Dongfang , Zhang Ji'en , Sang Miao , Tan Zhou , Wang Hao , Li Rui 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe Kanguer Subduction Complex in the Eastern Tianshan is critical to understanding the tectonic evolution of the southern Altaids as it marks the terminal suture along which the Paleo‐Asian Ocean was consumed. However, the nature and timing of this final collision, as well as the mechanism of shearing and related magmatism, remain enigmatic. The Kanguer Subduction Complex demonstrates obvious sinistral transtensional and dextral compressional deformation in different tectonic events along the Qiugemingtash Shear Zone in Huangshan area. Three sets of asymmetric plunging folds (e.g., basin‐like, S‐shaped and Z(W)‐shaped) were recognized in the sedimentary rocks. Locally, the folds are offset by dextral strike‐slip faults, indicating that they were formed by dextral shearing. The Huangshandong mafic‐ultramafic complex experienced brittle dextral shearing partitioned around the margins of the intrusion. Detrital zircon U‐Pb dates for deformed sedimentary rocks have maximum deposit ages (MDA) of 251 and 290 Ma, respectively, and syn‐compressional shearing conjugate granitic dikes that intruded into the deformed sedimentary rocks yield crystallization ages of 249 and 245 Ma, respectively. These ages reveal that the extensional and/or transtensional sedimentary basins formed between ca. 290–249 Ma, and dextral compressional shearing started ca. 249 Ma. Combining deformed units with transtensional basins and mantle‐derived magmatism, we suggest that ocean‐ridge subduction induced a sinistral transtensional regime in a forearc/intraarc setting related to the Tuva‐Mongol Orocline in the Permian. The oblique convergence between the Tarim Craton and southern Altaids triggered the Qiugemingtash dextral compressional shearing in the Early Triassic (ca. 249 Ma).
Power‐Function Expansion of the Polynomial Complementary Relationship of Evaporation
Authors: Szilagyi Jozsef , Ma Ning , Crago Richard D. , Qualls Russell J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe linear form of the nondimensional complementary relationship (CR) follows from an isenthalpic process of evaporation under a constant surface available energy and unchanging wind. Mixing of external moisture into the boundary layer (BL) alters the dry‐end second‐type boundary condition yielding a polynomial that can be further generalized into a three‐parameter (Priestley‐Taylor α, a, b) power function (PF3), capable of responding to the level of such admixing. With the help of FLUXNET data and setting a = 2 for a possible recapture of the linear and/or polynomial versions of the CR, it is demonstrated that the resulting two‐parameter PF (i.e., PF2) excels among the CR‐based two‐parameter models considered in this study. PF2 is then employed with a globally set constant value of α = 1.1 and 0.5° monthly data across Australia, while calibrating b against the multiyear water‐balance evaporation rate on a cell‐by‐cell basis. The resulting bi‐modal histogram peaks first near b = 2 (recapturing the polynomial CR) when moisture admixing is significant, and then at b → 1 (yielding the linear CR) when mixing effects are negligible. Unlike the linear or polynomial CR versions, PF2 can respond to the general efficiency of external moisture admixing through its parameter b, making it applicable even near sudden discontinuities in surface moisture. A new duality emerges with the PF2: while α accounts for the effect of entrainment of free tropospheric drier air into the BL on the resulting wet‐environment evaporation rate, b does so for moisture on the drying‐environment evaporation rates.
Developing an internal threshold of toxicological concern (iTTC)
Authors: Arnot Jon A. , Toose Liisa , Armitage James M. , Sangion Alessandro , Looky Alexandra , Brown Trevor N. , Li Li , Becker Richard A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Background
Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approaches are used for chemical safety assessment and risk-based priority setting for data poor chemicals. TTCs are derived from in vivo No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) datasets involving an external administered dose from a single exposure route, e.g., oral intake rate. Thus, a route-specific TTC can only be compared to a route-specific exposure estimate and such TTCs cannot be used for other exposure scenarios such as aggregate exposures.

Objective
Develop and apply a method for deriving internal TTCs (iTTCs) that can be used in chemical assessments for multiple route-specific exposures (e.g., oral, inhalation or dermal) or aggregate exposures.

Methods
Chemical-specific toxicokinetics (TK) data and models are applied to calculate internal concentrations (whole-body and blood) from the reported administered oral dose NOELs used to derive the Munro TTCs. The new iTTCs are calculated from the 5th percentile of cumulative distributions of internal NOELs and the commonly applied uncertainty factor of 100 to extrapolate animal testing data for applications in human health assessment.

Results
The new iTTCs for whole-body and blood are 0.5 nmol/kg and 0.1 nmol/L, respectively. Because the iTTCs are expressed on a molar basis they are readily converted to chemical mass iTTCs using the molar mass of the chemical of interest. For example, the median molar mass in the dataset is 220 g/mol corresponding to an iTTC of 22 ng/L-blood (22 pg/mL-blood). The iTTCs are considered broadly applicable for many organic chemicals except those that are genotoxic or acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. The new iTTCs can be compared with measured or estimated whole-body or blood exposure concentrations for chemical safety screening and priority-setting.

Significance
Existing Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) approaches are limited in their applications for route-specific exposure scenarios only and are not suitable for chemical risk and safety assessments under conditions of aggregate exposure. New internal Threshold of Toxicological Concern (iTTC) values are developed to address data gaps in chemical safety estimation for multi-route and aggregate exposures.
From mechanisms to markers: novel noninvasive EEG proxy markers of the neural excitation and inhibition system in humans
Authors: Ahmad Jumana , Ellis Claire , Leech Robert , Voytek Bradley , Garces Pilar , Jones Emily , Buitelaar Jan , Loth Eva , dos Santos Francisco Páscoa , Amil Adrián F. , Verschure Paul F. M. J. , Murphy Declan , McAlonan Grainne 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBrain function is a product of the balance between excitatory and inhibitory (E/I) brain activity. Variation in the regulation of this activity is thought to give rise to normal variation in human traits, and disruptions are thought to potentially underlie a spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions (e.g., Autism, Schizophrenia, Downs’ Syndrome, intellectual disability). Hypotheses related to E/I dysfunction have the potential to provide cross-diagnostic explanations and to combine genetic and neurological evidence that exists within and between psychiatric conditions. However, the hypothesis has been difficult to test because: (1) it lacks specificity—an E/I dysfunction could pertain to any level in the neural system- neurotransmitters, single neurons/receptors, local networks of neurons, or global brain balance - most researchers do not define the level at which they are examining E/I function; (2) We lack validated methods for assessing E/I function at any of these neural levels in humans. As a result, it has not been possible to reliably or robustly test the E/I hypothesis of psychiatric disorders in a large cohort or longitudinal patient studies. Currently available, in vivo markers of E/I in humans either carry significant risks (e.g., deep brain electrode recordings or using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) with radioactive tracers) and/or are highly restrictive (e.g., limited spatial extent for Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). More recently, a range of novel Electroencephalography (EEG) features has been described, which could serve as proxy markers for E/I at a given level of inference. Thus, in this perspective review, we survey the theories and experimental evidence underlying 6 novel EEG markers and their biological underpinnings at a specific neural level. These cheap-to-record and scalable proxy markers may offer clinical utility for identifying subgroups within and between diagnostic categories, thus directing more tailored sub-grouping and, therefore, treatment strategies. However, we argue that studies in clinical populations are premature. To maximize the potential of prospective EEG markers, we first need to understand the link between underlying E/I mechanisms and measurement techniques.
The mycotoxin viriditoxin induces leukemia- and lymphoma-specific apoptosis by targeting mitochondrial metabolism
Authors: Stuhldreier Fabian , Schmitt Laura , Lenz Thomas , Hinxlage Ilka , Zimmermann Marcel , Wollnitzke Philipp , Schliehe-Diecks Julian , Liu Yang , Jäger Paul , Geyh Stefanie , Teusch Nicole , Peter Christoph , Bhatia Sanil , Haas Rainer , Levkau Bodo , Reichert Andreas S. , Stühler Kai , Proksch Peter , Stork Björn , Wesselborg Sebastian 
Published: November 2022

AbstractInhibition of the mitochondrial metabolism offers a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of cancer. Here, we identify the mycotoxin viriditoxin (VDT), derived from the endophytic fungusCladosporium cladosporioides, as an interesting candidate for leukemia and lymphoma treatment. VDT displayed a high cytotoxic potential and rapid kinetics of caspase activation in Jurkat leukemia and Ramos lymphoma cells in contrast to solid tumor cells that were affected to a much lesser extent. Most remarkably, human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells derived from healthy donors were profoundly resilient to VDT-induced cytotoxicity. Likewise, the colony-forming capacity was affected only at very high concentrations, which provides a therapeutic window for cancer treatment. Intriguingly, VDT could directly activate the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway in leukemia cells in the presence of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. The mitochondrial toxicity of VDT was further confirmed by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration, breakdown of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), processing of the dynamin-like GTPase OPA1 and subsequent fission of mitochondria. Thus, VDT-mediated targeting of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) might represent a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma without affecting hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells.
HNRNPU promotes the progression of triple-negative breast cancer via RNA transcription and alternative splicing mechanisms
Authors: Han Bo-yue , Liu Zhebin , Hu Xin , Ling Hong 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a great detriment to women’s health due to the lack of effective therapeutic targets. In this study, we employed an integrated genetic screen to identify a pivotal oncogenic factor, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (HNRNPU), which is required for the progression of TNBC. We elucidated the pro-oncogenic role of HNRNPU, which can induce the proliferation and migration of TNBC cells via its association with DEAD box helicase 5 (DDX5) protein. Elevated levels of the HNRNPU-DDX5 complex prohibited the intron retention of minichromosome maintenance protein 10 (MCM10) pre-mRNA, decreased nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, and activated Wnt/β-catenin signalling; on the other hand, HNRNPU-DDX5 is located in the transcriptional start sites (TSS) of LIM domain only protein 4 (LMO4) and its upregulation promoted the transcription of LMO4, consequently activating PI3K-Akt-mTOR signalling. Our data highlight the synergetic effects of HNRNPU in RNA transcription and splicing in regulating cancer progression and suggest that HNRNPU may act as a potential molecular target in the treatment of TNBC.