bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Democracy’s Foreign Models
Authors: Cuttica Cesare 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In line with the book’s attempt to address key topics and recurrent targets informing the anti-democratic paradigm throughout the late sixteenth century and the first forty-two years of the next, Chapter 4 focuses on a series of foreign ideas, groups, and places which many English authors considered to be clusters of democracy. Most importantly, the chapter does so by dealing with the rich and unexpected constellation of political, social, religious, and cultural critiques advanced in order to depict classical Athens, the cantons of Switzerland, Germany’s Anabaptist enclaves (notably Münster), and other foreign entities as pure democracies. In particular, it examines these states’ ostracism strategies; military and fiscal policies; handling of private property and trade; moral codes; and their inhabitants’ collective behaviour. This approach underlies a few specific questions: what was the experience of democracy like back then? How did educated early modern people feel about real democracies (or about non-monarchical states)? How can that feeling be recovered? In this respect, the chapter delineates what can be called the ‘ethnography’ of democracy with the complex array of characteristics that were attached to it. In studying the different geopolitical realities that were described (and scathingly decried) as typical examples of plebeian democracy, the chapter depicts a series of crucial aspects that, for many, shaped democracy politically, ethically, and socially. Amongst them, democratic cruelty and meanness, anti-intellectualism, religious fanaticism, levelling tendencies, and the search for a degrading equality of all were the most prominent.
Mental Illness in Court
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Courtrooms in the German-speaking areas of the Habsburg Monarchy made use of criminal experts when deciding on court proceedings and on sentencing. The medicalization of murder started before the First World War, while subsequently experts claimed that the rising number of violent cases was accelerated by the war itself, as it brought to the surface previously hidden mental disorders. War was the last straw for these violent perpetrators. Whilst the Criminal Code of 1873 asked for a bright line to be established as to whether the criminal was insane or sane, psychiatrists with their new opinions on degeneracy and on human nature could not provide a clear-cut answer to this. They saw degeneracy as a gradual process and the line between sanity and insanity as a blurred one. Even so, as this chapter demonstrates, investigative magistrates in Vienna increasingly sought out the opinions of court psychiatrists and, as we show in the cases of Franz Pregg and Rosa Ides, expert opinion clearly affected sentences, even in cases of murder.
Poverty in Court
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Psychiatrists in the Czech lands argued that murder was committed not because of degeneracy, but as a result of external factors, namely poverty. This focus on external factors stood in contrast with the experts in Vienna, who prioritized the bodies and minds of those who committed violent acts. As this chapter shows through the cases of Josef Wimmer, Josef Kurka, and the Kolinský brothers, even when defendants had a history of mental illness or experienced war trauma, courts in the Czech lands did not seek a medical evaluation of the perpetrators’ mental state, but blamed the murders on their impoverishment. The chapter argues that the different approach to the medicalization of violence in the Austrian and Czech lands can be explained by examining the various positions of the medical sciences in these two areas of the Habsburg Monarchy. Whilst in Vienna the theory of degeneracy profoundly influenced how the courts perceived the perpetrators, and this theory was deemed to be the height of scientific knowledge, in the Czech lands it did not achieve great influence. This divide between Czech and German medical scientists corresponded to a general chasm in the wider political and cultural sphere from the 1890s. After the war and the foundation of independent Czechoslovakia, material hardship and thus murder were connected to the dark history of the Habsburg period and it was hoped that poverty and murder would be a thing of the past once the new state stabilized.
Gallows and Committees
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In both Austria and Czechoslovakia, crowds resorted to new forms of violence to resolve conflicts that at times led to the escalation of violence. As this chapter shows, in Czechoslovakia because of the unifying narrative of national victory, interpersonal violence was more likely to be theatrical and symbolic. For example, shopkeepers and farmers had to endure mock executions on fake gallows and had to promise to keep their prices at a reasonable level. However, this symbolic violence was only possible because all participants believed in a better future. Violent outbursts were mainly reserved to establishing new codes within the public space, for example removing German-language street signs. In Austria, however the power of a unifying narrative was much weaker, political party considerations played a much greater role than in Czechoslovakia and when the population looked into the future, they had a highly pessimistic outlook that was framed by a broken state and a splintered society. As a result, physical violence transferred to the symbolic level much less and efforts to calm situations frequently led to brutal violence.
Some Concepts of Mishnah among Sixteenth-Century Safedian Kabbalists
Authors: Idel Moshe 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the various ideas that the Kabbalists of Safed held about the Mishnah as revealed in the vast Kabbalistic literature generated by Joseph Karo, Moses Cordovero, and Hayyim Vital. These consist of six main features. The first three are mystical and spiritual, involving the use of the Mishnah as a short trigger for achieving mystical experiences, the personified appearance of the Mishnah in the revelations of Joseph Karo’s Maggid meisharim, the search for the tombs of ancient Mishnaic teachers, the Tannaim in the surroundings of Safed, and the attempts to communicate with their souls. The other three are historical and analytical, covering the status of Simeon bar Yohai as a Mishnaic figure and the alleged author of the Zohar; Joseph Ashkenazi’scritical analysis of the text of the Mishnah; and lastly the image of the Mishnaic period as an ideal stage among the Safedian Kabbalists.
The First Complete Latin Translation of the Mishnah (1663–1676)
Authors: Dunkelgrün Theodor 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
From 1663, the Portuguese-Jewish scholar Isaac Abendana worked in Cambridge on a Latin translation of the entire Mishnah, completing it by the beginning of 1676. Abendana’s translation was never printed and the manuscript he delivered remains in Cambridge University Library to this day. This paper revisits the context of Abendana’s translation by looking at several interlocking issues: Abendana’s life as teacher of Rabbinics in Leiden, Cambridge and Oxford; his connections to the various Christian circles invested in producing a Latin Mishnah; the possible reasons for which his Latin commentary was discontinued after the first Order; and the possible reasons for which it was never printed. In light of the discovery of several additional (if partial) copies in his own hand in Oxford and London and in the hand of a student in Wittenberg, it is clear that manuscript copies circulated and knowledge of his work reached across Europe.
Unruly Women
Authors: Sheth Falguni A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Drawing upon Michel Foucault’s accounts of governmentality and neoliberalism, liberal feminist and colonial “civilizing” narratives, and tacit juridical racial dismissal toward visibly Muslim women, this book explores the neocolonial and racial-cultural aesthetics of power as directed toward women of color and Black women. Even as neocolonialism incorporates without acknowledgment the anti-Blackness and settler-colonial roots of its past, along with an anti-immigrationist sentiment—it does not do so overtly. Rather it does so through a range of biopolitical, ontopolitical, and globalizing neoliberal economic norms. Focusing on the discrimination claims of Muslim women, this study examines juridical and political approaches that dismiss Muslim women and other populations of color as culturally backward, misguided in their thinking, and gratuitously nonconformist. Likewise, it analyses the experience of excruciation undergone by the addressees of racial dismissal. Excruciation names the phenomena by which vulnerable populations are pressed into hopeless performances of cultural assimilation. Racial dismissal is excavated through legal opinions, court transcripts, and other encounters between Muslim women and the state. This work finds that the racial address of dismissal and the phenomena of excruciation have been pivotal to a liberal juridical order that otherwise claims neutrality. By concentrating on the treatment of Muslim women, this book uncovers dynamics of social and racial division which have inhabited and bolstered liberal legal neutrality from its inception. This book’s framework, while focusing on Muslim women in the United States, is a template for understanding how exclusion is juridically implemented for other racialized and marginalized populations.
Economies of Performance
Authors: Waksman Steve 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A white ethnic (Italian American) theatrical impresario who used popular song as part of larger strategy to produce a sense of novelty on stage week after week; an African American performer who quickly learned the professional worth of a published song. Tony Pastor and Ernest Hogan had disparate careers, but together they typify a period of major transformation in the history of American entertainment and in the presentation of live music. In the broadest sense, they represent the extended phase during which variety, and then vaudeville, theatrical entertainment supplanted blackface minstrelsy as the dominant form of American public amusement. Pastor and Hogan also had a shared vocation as comic singers. The union of music and comedy was one of the dominant trends of the time and indicated the degree to which music became “theatricalized” in connection with variety and vaudeville performance. To “sell a song” in vaudeville, the singer or instrumentalist had to invest it with qualities of showmanship that could appeal to the least musically inclined of auditors, a talent that was shared by Pastor and Hogan and other comic singers of their ilk. Vaudeville also played a prominent role in the more literal selling of songs that is commonly attached to the term “Tin Pan Alley.” Assessing the careers of Tony Pastor and Ernest Hogan in connection with this new economy of popular song production means giving performance the consideration that it deserves in this larger historical process.
Conclusions
Authors: Miller Scott A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter has two goals: to summarize the major conclusions that emerge from the research reviewed throughout the book, and to identify needed directions for future study. The most general conclusion is that various forms of advanced theory of mind develop across the childhood and adolescent years and add significantly to the achievements of the first 5 years. We now know quite a bit about the nature, origins, and effects of advanced theory of mind. The theoretical explanations for such developments, however, lag well behind the empirical picture. In addition to the need for more theory, the second section of the chapter identifies four directions for future research: more cultural study, more longitudinal study, more study of the targets for judgment, and more study of a wider range of individual differences.
Introduction
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the topic and main argument of the book. It discusses the historical, theological, and juridical developments of the concepts of belief, credibility, and credulity, and it presents the early modern times as a turning point in the history of belief, due to the newfound centrality that credibility assumed in the process of embracing faith. This chapter also situates the author’s argument in the context of the existing scholarship on early modern Catholicism, and it briefly examines the main changes that the study of the cultural, intellectual, and institutional history of the Roman Church has undergone in the last decades.
Beyond Suárez
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the implications of Navarrus’s and Suárez’s intuitions, demonstrating how widely and profoundly the novel emphasis on credibility permeated the seventeenth-century Catholic discourse. Among the figures and topics analyzed in this chapter are the Jesuit theologians Robert Bellarmine and Gregorio de Valencia, the Jesuit missionary Pedro Gómez, post-Reformation Catholic controversialist literature, and the question of how to prosecute the crime of witchcraft. This chapter argues that all of these contexts and all of these figures provide important evidence of the centrality that credibility had assumed. The chapter also includes a brief examination of the work of the Jesuit theologian Juan Maldonado, a dissenting voice among his fellow Jesuits.
Managing the Flock
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines a selection of case studies in which the Roman Inquisition dealt with people who had used credibility too little. In those cases, the meaning of the word credulitas reverted to its pre-Augustinian meaning: neither belief nor conviction, but credulity. In theological terms, credulity is different from superstition, which comprised all forms of worship that were not performed in accordance with the dictates of the Church. By contrast, credulity was the fault of those people who had no intention of disobeying the Church, but who lacked the judgment to understand what they were doing. Starting from the end of the sixteenth century, the Catholic leaders increased prosecuted cases of spiritual and liturgical malpractice born out of credulity. This chapter shows that the reaction of the seventeenth-century Curia is a testament to both the centrality that credibility had assumed and the ambiguities and difficulties that this centrality had provoked.
The Power of Recoding
Authors: Rothstein Sidney A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 concludes by expanding on the lessons that the case studies from preceding chapters offer for working-class politics in twenty-first-century capitalism. Workers in other sectors, particularly those where management attempts to emulate Silicon Valley, would be well advised to develop counterhegemonic tactics in order to build power in the workplace. To outline how they might do so, the chapter proposes a theory of “discursive opportunism,” through which workers can transform management’s discursive techniques for control into resources for collective action. Building worker power in digital transformation, however, will take more than moments of mobilizing in the workplace. In order to truly exercise power, workers need to build durable infrastructure to defend against employer discretion, and that requires solidarity. The chapter returns to the case of worker mobilization at Google to suggest how the tactic of recoding can provide a basis not just for worker mobilization in the short term, but also for durable worker power in the long term.
Muslim Converts to Christian Orthodoxy
Authors: Katsikas Stefanos 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the reasons that led many Muslims to convert to Christian Orthodoxy during the Greek War of Independence and the way their conversions were treated by the Greek civil and ecclesiastical authorities. The chapter assesses the efforts made by Muslim families separated by the war to reunite with missing Muslim and neophyte family members after the end of the war, as well as the measures taken by the administration of Ioannis Kapodistrias to help family reunification efforts and support economically destitute neophyte. This chapter also discusses legal disputes over property issues between Muslim and neophyte family members in eastern Roúmeli and on the island of Euboea. In addition, it explores the measures taken by the Greek government to solve these disputes, and looks at whether sharia law and the Ottoman legal code were taken into consideration by the courts and the Greek authorities. Did solutions for Muslim property disputes in eastern Roúmeli and on Euboea tacitly slip into two completely different legal systems, one sharia/Ottoman law and the other Roman/Byzantine law of the Hexabiblos/Promptuarium (Russian Shestiknizhia)? This and the next chapter are mostly narrative and expository, and the concluding analysis for both follows in the book’s conclusion.
The Good Hegemon
Authors: Park Susan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the multilateral development banks and their operations in developing countries. It provides an overview of the rise of the accountability as justice norm in the 1990s, which emerged as a result of member states questioning of their efficacy and being made aware of their contribution to environmental and social harm. This triggered debates over the need for accountability to people not to member states. It lays out different ways of understanding what accountability is used for, and how justice can be linked to formal sanctioning processes. Arguably the United States pushed for an accountability as justice norm in the MDBs. It then outlines the theoretical approach and methods used, and provides an outline of the rest of the book.
The Politics of Subjective Wellbeing
Authors: Fabian Mark 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is twofold. First, to review philosophical arguments against wellbeing theories of the sort I have outlined. This should hopefully sensitize subjective wellbeing scholars to the ethical nuances of applying subjective wellbeing outside the context of academic research. Ethical critiques of subjective wellbeing are especially potent when it is government rather than friends or therapists trying to promote it. This is the second purpose of the chapter: to argue that government should be very cautious about promoting subjective wellbeing directly. They should instead focus on welfare—the options available to citizens. The final part of the chapter discusses ways to begin applying subjective wellbeing in public policy without crossing ethical risky red lines.
Introduction
Authors: Ali Saleem H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Humans have an ambivalent relationship with order. We are fascinated by structure and patterns but also resist being ordered to limit our behavior. This long introduction to Earthly Order lays out the key motivations for writing this book. The author’s childhood fascination with kaleidoscopes and how they can create ordered patterns from random pieces of glass led him to consider the importance of structures in nature. However, he soon learned that patterns are not inherently valuable, and we must consider their functionality first rather than becoming subservient to their design. Encounters with eminent scientists such as Stephen Jay Gould and Benoit Mandelbrot paved the way for this book’s attempt to harmonize understanding of earth systems across a range of disciplines. The ultimate goal of such harmonization is to have a more productive approach to charting a sustainable development path for humans on the planet. While conventional approaches to sustainability showed three equally overlapping circles of social, environmental, and economic imperatives, this book argues for a nested system in which social and economic order are inherently nested in ecological order. The zone of overlap between social and economic order constitutes political order.
Seduction of Structure in Nature
Authors: Ali Saleem H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Starting with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, this chapter lays out how natural forms such as viruses acquire structure. What are the mechanisms by which ordered natural systems arise from chaotic assemblages? This chapter considers the quest for understanding the fundamental forces of nature by presenting the most current debates in the context of functional understandings of natural order. Material phases and crystals are considered alongside geometric anomalies such as quasicrystals. The four types of constants relayed by Einstein and their role in defining the laws of nature are presented in the context of cosmic ratios and other established norms of physics. The chapter concludes with a recognition that many of the patterns observed in nature do not necessarily have any particular value or purpose. “Beauty” is not always a normatively useful or positive attribute in natural systems, as our initial instincts may lead us to believe.
Mindful Errors and Social Order
Authors: Ali Saleem H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Considering how human societies evolve, the process of learning from errors is a key attribute that deserves attention. The work of Claude Shannon in building the bridge between the study of entropy in physics to information theory is a key way to consider how learning from such errors can be harnessed in human and artificial systems. Scott Page’s notion of “collective intelligence” and its linkage to a shared economy may be a means of making systems more efficient. Next, the chapter considers how risk and uncertainty can be conflated in trying to maintain social order and how this can lead to errant “precautionary” approaches in environmental decision-making. Finally, the chapter considers how social systems might gain from disorder when considering “anti-fragile” structures, and it concludes with a discussion of logic and cause in social systems.
Perpetuating Mistakes through Precedent
Authors: Alschner Wolfgang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses how precedent grounds the interpretation of new treaties in old case law thereby creating a final means for rolling back innovation in new-generation treaties. The chapter explains that tribunals’ preference for following prior cases, institutional incentives that favor citing past awards, ineffective controls, and the self-reinforcement of case law make precedent sticky in investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). Early awards set path-dependent developments in motion that frame subsequent interpretive debates including under new treaties. As a result, states struggle to displace existing precedent through new treaties. The chapter outlines two specific ways in which precedent undermines innovation and creates consistency where states seek change. First, when tribunals under recent treaties rely on case law rendered under incomplete international investment agreements, they risk reading new treaties in light of old ones, displacing explicit balancing language under new exceptions with implicit balancing languages imported via precedent, for example. Second, the chapter shows that precedent grows progressively older in ISDS. In consequence, precedent increasingly undermines the effect of intervening, corrective state interventions with, for example, zombie precedents surviving set-aside proceedings and perpetuating past mistakes that states sought to correct. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how states can police the use of precedent more effectively to ensure that new treaties are not read in light of old case law.