bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the expression of gastrin‐releasing peptide and its receptor in the trigeminal and spinal somatosensory systems of Japanese macaque monkeys: Insight into humans
Authors: Takanami Keiko , Oti Takumi , Kobayashi Yasuhisa , Hasegawa Koki , Ito Takashi , Tsutsui Naoaki , Ueda Yasumasa , Carstens Earl , Sakamoto Tatsuya , Sakamoto Hirotaka 
Published: June 2022

AbstractGastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP) and its receptor (GRPR) have been identified as itch mediators in the spinal and trigeminal somatosensory systems in rodents. In primates, there are few reports of GRP/GRPR expression or function in the spinal sensory system and virtually nothing is known in the trigeminal system. The aim of the present study was to characterize GRP and GRPR in the trigeminal and spinal somatosensory system of Japanese macaque monkeys (Macaca fuscata). cDNA encoding GRP was isolated from the macaque dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and exhibited an amino acid sequence that was highly conserved among mammals and especially in primates. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that GRP was expressed mainly in the small‐sized trigeminal ganglion and DRG in adult macaque monkeys. Densely stained GRP‐immunoreactive (ir) fibers were observed in superficial layers of the spinal trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Sp5C) and the spinal cord. In contrast, GRP‐ir fibers were rarely observed in the principal sensory trigeminal nucleus and oral and interpolar divisions of the spinal trigeminal nucleus. cDNA cloning, in situ hybridization, and Western blot revealed substantial expression of GRPR mRNA and GRPR protein in the macaque spinal dorsal horn and Sp5C. Our Western ligand blot and ligand derivative stain for GRPR revealed that GRP directly bound in the macaque Sp5C and spinal dorsal horn as reported in rodents. Finally, GRP‐ir fibers were also detected in the human spinal dorsal horn. The spinal and trigeminal itch neural circuits labeled with GRP and GRPR appear to function also in primates.
Macrophage Fate Mapping
Authors: Xu Yingzheng , Schrank Patricia R. , Williams Jesse W. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTissue‐resident macrophages are present in all tissues where they perform homeostatic and immune surveillance functions. In many tissues, resident macrophages develop from embryonic progenitors, which mature into a self‐maintaining population through local proliferation. However, tissue‐resident macrophages can be supported by recruited monocyte‐derived macrophages during scenarios such as tissue growth, infection, or sterile inflammation. Circulating blood monocytes arise from hematopoietic stem cell progenitors and possess unique gene profiles that support additional functions within the tissue. Determining cell origins (ontogeny) and cellular turnover within tissues has become important to understanding monocyte and macrophage contributions to tissue homeostasis and disease. Fate mapping, or lineage tracing, is a promising approach to tracking cells based on unique gene expression driving reporter systems, often downstream of a Cre‐recombinase–mediated excision event, to express a fluorescent protein. This approach is typically deployed temporally with developmental stage, disease onset, or in association with key stages of inflammation resolution. Importantly, myeloid fate mapping can be combined with many emerging technologies, including single‐cell RNA‐sequencing and spatial imaging. The application of myeloid cell fate mapping approaches has allowed for impactful discoveries regarding myeloid ontogeny, tissue residency, and monocyte fate within disease models. This protocol outline will discuss a variety of myeloid fate mapping approaches, including constitutive and inducible labeling approaches in adult and embryo tissues. This article outlines basic approaches and models used in mice for fate mapping macrophages. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Adult Fate MappingBasic Protocol 2: Embryonic Fate Mapping
Aminocatalysts are More Environmentally Friendly than Hydrogen‐Bonding Catalysts
Authors: Sihtmäe Mariliis , Silm Estelle , Kriis Kadri , Kahru Anne , Kanger Tõnis 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe importance of asymmetric organocatalysis in contemporary organic synthesis is widely acknowledged. However, there are practically no data on the environmental safety of organocatalysts, although this aspect is crucial for the sustainability of all new materials, chemicals, and technologies. To start to fill this data‐gap, a library of 26 organocatalysts containing hydrogen‐bonding catalysts [(thio)ureas and squaramides] and aminocatalysts (primary or secondary amines) was evaluated for their toxicity using the naturally luminescent Vibrio fischeri bacteria (ISO assay; one of the most widely used ecotoxicity tests). Thioureas and squaramides were shown to be relatively toxic: none of them was ranked as “not harmful” (i. e., half maximal effective concentration EC50>100 mg L−1), whereas the presence of the trifluoromethyl moiety increased their toxic effect. Importantly, the aminocatalysts, whose EC50 values ranged from 25 to >300 mg L−1, could be considered remarkably more environmentally safe or green alternatives.
Identification of the synthetic cannabinoid‐type new psychoactive substance, CH‐PIACA, in seized material
Authors: Pasin Daniel , Nedahl Michael , Mollerup Christian Brinch , Tortzen Christian , Reitzel Lotte Ask , Dalsgaard Petur Weihe 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSynthetic cannabinoids (SCs) remain the largest class of new psychoactive substances (NPS), and while the number of NPS that are reported to the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) for the first time each year declines, the number of newly reported SCs still exceeds other NPS classes. This decline can be seen as a result of legislative changes by different jurisdictions which have sometimes transitioned to a more generalized approach when controlling substances by defining common structural scaffolds rather than explicit structures. While the consequences of such legislative changes have been expected over the years, the introduction of so‐called “class‐wide” bans puts further pressure on clandestine laboratories to synthesize compounds which are out of the scope of the legislation, and thus, these compounds are initially harder to detect and/or identify in the absence of analytical data. Recently, a SC with an indole‐3‐acetamide core‐linker scaffold, AD‐18 (i.e., ADB‐FUBIATA or ADB‐FUBIACA), was reported for the first time in China in 2021. Here, an additional cannabinoid with the indole‐3‐acetamide scaffold, N‐cyclohexyl‐2‐(1‐pentyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl)acetamide (CH‐PIACA), is reported which was identified for the first time in a seized material in Denmark. Structural characterization was performed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), liquid chromatography‐high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
Computed tomography image generation from magnetic resonance imaging using Wasserstein metric for MR‐only radiation therapy
Authors: Joseph Jiffy , Hemanth Challa , Pulinthanathu Narayanan Pournami , Pottekkattuvalappil Balakrishnan Jayaraj , Puzhakkal Niyas 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) are the prevalent imaging techniques used in treatment planning in radiation therapy. Since MR‐only radiation therapy planning (RTP) is needed in the future for new technologies like MR‐LINAC (medical linear accelerator), MR to CT synthesis model benefits in CT synthesis from MR images generated via MR‐LINAC. A Wasserstein generative adversarial network (WGAN) architecture with a residual UNet based generator and a patch‐based discriminator is proposed in this paper. The WGAN uses the Wasserstein metric with gradient penalty along with mean absolute error (MAE) as the loss function. The WGAN is trained and tested on an NVIDIA Tesla V100 GPU server using mutually aligned MR‐CT brain images of 26 patients. The proposed model generates synthetic CTs with an average PSNR of 31.09 dB, SSIM of 0.9265, MAE of 48.39 HU, and RMSE of 172.75 HU. The treatment planning was performed on real and synthetic CTs. The dose distributions of the synthetic CTs obtained were similar to that of the corresponding real CTs. The synthetic CTs exhibit good visual quality as well. The experimental outcomes and image quality of the model surpass many of the state‐of‐the‐art methods. The proposed CT synthesizer supports MR‐only radiation therapy while minimizing treatment costs and radiation exposure. A significant increase in the training set can further improve the CT prediction accuracy of the proposed model.
Structural diversity in a stereotypic organelle — Sensory cilia of Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Maurya Ashish K. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSensory cilia, an ancient organelle, displays a high degree of conservation in its structure and functioning. Sensory cilia also fulfill a wide range of sensory functions, from sensing environmental signals (light, sound, chemicals, and mechanical forces) to interpreting intercellular developmental signals. One way they appear to fulfill these diverse and specialized roles is by adopting a variety of shapes and sizes. We are only beginning to document and appreciate this complexity. Here in this review, using the varied and specialized cilia found on Caenorhabditis elegans sensory neurons, I highlight some of the most obvious examples of this structural diversity and the underlying mechanisms if known. Such structural diversity appears to arise from the modulation of deeply conserved molecular pathways and also from cell‐ and species‐specific mechanisms. Studying these ciliary specializations will thus provide for a comprehensive understanding of ciliary biology and might uncover understudied aspects of ciliary disease biology.
Charitable Triad Theory: How donors, beneficiaries, and fundraisers influence charitable giving
Authors: Chapman Cassandra M. , Louis Winnifred R. , Masser Barbara M. , Thomas Emma F. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNonprofits address some of the world's most pressing problems, and many rely on donations to fund their essential work. Nonprofit marketers are, therefore, tasked with promoting charitable giving. Research on giving has largely focused on identifying the characteristics that make people generous but has generated inconsistent findings, suggesting important moderators that are not well understood. Moreover, there is not yet an overarching theory to help integrate the vast and interdisciplinary literature. To address this, we propose Charitable Triad Theory, a new theory of giving with three key tenets: First, giving is triadic because the characteristics of three actors—donors, beneficiaries, and fundraisers—influence charitable decisions. Second, the characteristics of each of the three actors may be necessary but not sufficient to promote giving. Third, giving is relational because interactive relationships between the triad determine charitable choices. A systematic review of 1337 empirical articles published between 1980 and 2020 helps evidence seven key propositions of the theory, which articulate the ways in which donors, beneficiaries, fundraisers, and the dyadic and triadic relationships between them, can affect charitable behavior. We end with a research agenda outlining specific suggestions for future research on (a) the neglected fundraiser and (b) how beneficiaries influence giving.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Polymer Nanocomposites Welding: Interfacial Structure, Dynamics and Strength
Authors: Chen Ruisi , Zhang Zhiyu , Zhou Mengyu , Han Yue , Li Fanzhu , Liu Jun , Zhang Liqun 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPolymer welding has received numerous scientific attention, however, the welding of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) has not been studied yet. In this work, via coarse‐grained molecular dynamics simulation, the attention on investigating the welding interfacial structure, dynamics, and strength by constructing the upper and lower layers of PNCs, by varying the polymer–nanoparticle (NP) interaction strength εNP‐p is focused. Remarkably, at low εNP‐p, the NPs gradually migrate into the top and bottom surface layer perpendicular to the z direction during the adhesion process, while they are distributed in the middle region at high εNP‐p. Meanwhile, the dimension of polymer chains is found to exhibit a remarkable anisotropy evidenced by the root‐mean‐square radius of gyration in the xy‐ (Rg,xy) and z‐ (Rg,z) component. The welding interdiffusion depth increases the fastest at low εNP‐p, attributed to the high mobility of polymer chains and NPs. Lastly, although the mechanical properties of PNCs at high εNP‐p is the strongest because of the presence of the NPs in the bulk region, the welding efficiency is the greatest at low εNP‐p. Generally, this work provides a fundamental understanding of the interfacial welding of PNCs, in hopes of guiding to design and fabricate excellent self‐healable PNCs.
Risk SNP‐mediated LINC01614 upregulation drives head and neck squamous cell carcinoma progression via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway
Authors: Hou Yaxuan , Zhou Meng , Li Yuncheng , Tian Tingting , Sun Xun , Chen Mo , Xu Wenmao , Lu Meixia 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAs potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in the tumorigenesis of various tumors. Genetic variation in long noncoding regions can lead to lncRNA dysfunction and even cancer. Nevertheless, studies on the association between lncRNA‐associated single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) remain inadequate. Here, we aimed to explore the association between SNPs in LINC01614 and HNSCC risk, and the potential role of LINC01614 in tumorigenesis. In this study, we found that rs16854802 A > G (odds ratio [OR] = 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22–1.77, p < 0.001) and rs3113503 G > C (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 1.15–1.64, p < 0.001) in LINC01614 increased the risk of HNSCC in the Chinese population. Functional bioinformatic analysis and luciferase reporter assay revealed that rs3113503 G > C variant disrupted the binding of miRNA‐616‐3p to LINC01614, which resulted in the increased expression of LINC01614. Further analysis of the TCGA database demonstrated that the upregulated LINC01614 in HNSCC cancer tissues was associated with poor prognostic in HNSCC patients. In vitro experiments showed that knockdown of LINC01614 inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration ability of HNSCC cells. Mechanistically, allele C of rs3113503 in LINC01614 was more effective than allele G in activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Moreover, the reduced expression of LINC01614 also inhibited the activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. In summary, our findings revealed that the risk SNP rs3113503 G > C in LINC01614 altered the binding to miR‐616‐3p, which led to increased LINC01614 expression and promoted HNSCC progression by activating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
A double‐strand‐break model for the relative biological effectiveness of electrons based on ionization clustering
Authors: Pfuhl Tabea , Friedrich Thomas , Scholz Michael 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe effectiveness of ionizing radiation regarding DNA damage induction depends on its spatial energy deposition pattern. For electrons an increased effectiveness is observed at low kinetic energies due to the enhanced density of energy deposition events at electron track ends.PurposeA model is presented, which enables the calculation of the double‐strand‐break (DSB) yield and the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for DSB induction of electrons.MethodsThe model applies the mean free path between two ionizations and the assumption that two ionizations within a certain threshold distance are necessary to potentially lead to a DSB. Next to an expression for the electron RBE according to its common definition, a local RBE is determined, which describes the electrons' local effectiveness at a defined point on their track.ResultsThis local RBE allows a better understanding of microscopic processes resulting from radiation and can be used, for instance, to describe the mean effectiveness of the mixed electron radiation field as a function of the radial distance to the center of an ion track.ConclusionsThe presented model reflects the experimentally observed increased effectiveness of low‐energetic electrons. It will be used in a future work to improve RBE predictions for ions performed with the local effect model.
The effect of exercise on health‐related quality of life in persons with musculoskeletal pain: A meta‐analysis of randomised control trials
Authors: Amiri Sohrab 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectivesExercise has positive effects on musculoskeletal pain. In this project, the impact of exercise was studied on improving health‐related quality of life in persons with musculoskeletal pain.MethodThe study design was a systematic review and meta‐analysis. A search was conducted to find original studies in four sources, including PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library and Scopus, and this search was limited to the original articles published until April 2021, which were in English. For each study, the effect size was calculated. The analysis was based on the random‐effects method.ResultTwenty‐Seven randomised control trial studies were included in the meta‐analysis. The total population of participants in the meta‐analysis was 1927 persons. Exercise improves health‐related quality of life in these persons and the hedges' g was 0.66 (95% CI = 0.38–0.94; I2 = 88.29%).DiscussionOverall, based on the findings, exercise is associated with improving the health‐related quality of life of persons with musculoskeletal pain, and therefore the health implications of this finding are beneficial to the general population and professionals.
Flares and their impact among male urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome patients: An in‐depth qualitative analysis in the Multidisciplinary Approach to the Study of Chronic Pelvic Pain (MAPP) Research Network
Authors: Quallich Susanne A. , Quentin Clemens J. , Ronstrom Carrie , James Aimee S. , Kreder Karl J. , Henry Lai H. , Naliboff Bruce D. , Rodriguez Larissa V. , Berry Sandra H. , Sutcliffe Siobhan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIntroductionThere has been a sparse exploration of the lived experience of men with urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS), and none with the goal of Investigating the experience of “flares” as part of this chronic pain syndrome in men.MethodsWe conducted three focus groups of male UCPPS patients at two sites of the MAPP Research Network (n = 16 total participants) to explore the full spectrum of flares and their impact on men's lives.ResultsFlare experiences were common and specific symptom components varied widely. Men reported nonpelvic symptoms (e.g., diarrhea), and variability in symptom intensity (mild to severe), duration (minutes to days), and frequency of flares. Flares episodes, and the threat of flares, were disruptive to their lives, social roles, and relationships. Distinct long‐term impacts were reported, such as decreased sexual activity, decreased travel, and potential loss of employment or career. The themes included social isolation and the need for a sense of control and understanding over their unpredictable symptoms.ConclusionsGiven their negative impact, future research with men and UCPPS should focus on approaches to prevent flares, and should consider a multimodal approach to reducing the frequency, severity, and/or duration. Quality of life may be improved by providing men with a sense of control over their symptoms and offering them multimodal treatment options, consistent with the recommendations for further research for women with UCPPS.
A community in transition: Analysis of health and well‐being in people living during and following aridification
Authors: Caine Alyson C. , Roberts Charlotte A. , Kennet Derek 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper considers skeletal and dental lesions to assess the effects of aridification on two skeletal samples from the Bronze Age in what is now the United Arab Emirates (UAE), located on the eastern end of the Arabian Peninsula. This paper hypothesized that the sample from Qarn al‐Harf (QAH) Tomb 6 would show a greater prevalence of skeletal and dental lesions in comparison with that from QAH Tomb 5, because QAH Tomb 6 dates to a period of aridification when compared with the wetter Wadi Suq period (~2000 B.C.). The skeletal remains from two tombs from QAH cemetery are studied: one dated to the transition period from the Umm an‐Nar to Wadi Suq period (~2000 B.C.) (Tomb 6, n = 141) and one Wadi Suq period tomb (Tomb 5, n = 44; 2000–1600 B.C.). Skeletal and dental lesions, including carious lesions, antemortem tooth loss, dental enamel hypoplasia, periosteal new bone formation, cribra orbitalia, and porotic hyperostosis, were recorded and used to assess differential lived experience. Findings from the two tombs are compared with five contemporary sites of the Umm an‐Nar and Wadi Suq periods. Fisher's exact tests found more statistically significant differences in the prevalence of cribra orbitalia (p = 0.0050) and non‐adult mortality (p = 0.0118) for the QAH Tomb 6 skeletal sample than that from QAH Tomb 5. No other skeletal or dental lesions were significantly different according to Fisher's exact tests. While not significant, periosteal new bone formation rates in QAH 6 in conjunction with cribra orbitalia rates suggest individuals were experiencing stressors that were not impacting QAH Tomb 5 individuals. Skeletal and dental lesion rates are not directly attributable to climate change; however, we argue that intense aridification around 2000 B.C. caused desiccated crops and an increased reliance on marine sources for QAH Tomb 6. This reliance likely promoted nutritionally deficient diets manifesting as observed higher rates of cribra orbitalia and periosteal new bone formation.
Modification and refinement of three‐dimensional reconstruction to estimate body volume from a simulated single‐camera image
Authors: Chiu Chuang‐Yuan , Dunn Marcus , Heller Ben , Churchill Sarah M. , Maden‐Wilkinson Tom 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectiveBody volumes (BV) are used for calculating body composition to perform obesity assessments. Conventional BV estimation techniques, such as underwater weighing, can be difficult to apply. Advanced machine learning techniques enable multiple obesity‐related body measurements to be obtained using a single‐camera image; however, the accuracy of BV calculated using these techniques is unknown. This study aims to adapt and evaluate a machine learning technique, synthetic training for real accurate pose and shape (STRAPS), to estimate BV.MethodsThe machine learning technique, STRAPS, was applied to generate three‐dimensional (3D) models from simulated two‐dimensional (2D) images; these 3D models were then scaled with body stature and BV were estimated using regression models corrected for body mass. A commercial 3D scan dataset with a wide range of participants (n = 4318) was used to compare reference and estimated BV data.ResultsThe developed methods estimated BV with small relative standard errors of estimation (<7%) although performance varied when applied to different groups. The BV estimated for people with body mass index (BMI) < 30 kg/m2 (1.9% for males and 1.8% for females) were more accurate than for people with BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 (6.9% for males and 2.4% for females).ConclusionsThe developed method can be used for females and males with BMI < 30 kg/m2 in BV estimation and could be used for obesity assessments at home or clinic settings.