bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Miscellaneous examples
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In previous chapters it has emerged that Monte Carlo (MC) simulation has assumed a place of some importance as a tool for aiding both the interpretation and the analysis of diffuse scattering from a wide variety of different materials that exhibit an equally wide variety of different scattering effects. In this chapter a number of miscellaneous examples are described which have not readily fitted into the discourse to date but which are interesting in their own right and add to the diversity of the systems for which computer simulation and MC simulation in particular has provided useful insights. These are: the defect structure of the zeolite mordenite; the defect structure of sodium bismuth titanate (NBT); and ‘size-effect’-like distortions in quasicrystalline structures.
Polymorphs of benzocaine, C9H11O2N
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The drug benzocaine is bimorphic at 300K. Form (I) is monoclinic and form (II) is orthorhombic. Both show highly structured diffuse scattering. X-ray data were analysed using MC modeling, assuming the scattering to be purely thermal in origin. This indicated the presence of highly correlated molecular motions. In both forms broad diffuse streaks were observed in the 0kl section indicating longitudinal displacement correlations extending over ~50 Å. In the hk0 section streaks between Bragg peaks indicate correlated motions of hydrogen-bonded coplanar pairs of chains forming molecular ribbons. The main difference between the two forms is in the dynamical behaviour of these ribbons and how they are able to slide relative to each other. For form (I) a model involving harmonic springs was able to describe the motion satisfactorily but for form (II) inclusion of anharmonic effects was necessary. These proved to be precursors of a new low temperature phase, form (III).
Lead perovskite relaxors, PZN and PMN
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter details the progress made in developing a model for the relaxors PZN and PMN that satisfactorily accounts for their distinctive diffuse scattering patterns. A simple first model used sets of harmonic springs to represent effective interactions and was based on the supposition that the Pb ions are displaced away from the centres of their coordination polyhedra. This was able to account qualitatively for the observed diffraction features. The diffraction evidence points to a structure in which the Pb displacements align themselves in thin plate-like domains normal to each of the six &lt;110&gt; directions. More recently an atomistic shell model was developed that used a potential based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A similar potential has been used to study BaTiO3 where molecular dynamics simulation allowed dynamical information to be investigated.
The Strange Case of the Package Deal
Authors: Elkins Zachary , Hudson Alexander 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
As the constitutional referendum has become central to the life and work of scholars, politicians, and the voting public alike, arguments about the best use of the devices have proliferated. Until recently, we have lacked basic historical information about both the incidence of such votes and their outcomes. In this chapter we fill this void and focus on some curious differences between votes on replacements (new constitutions) and those on amendments. We introduce a dataset of 644 elections covering the period 1789–2016. A striking finding is that there is a reasonable chance (39%) that voters will reject a proposed constitutional amendment but very little chance (6%) that they will reject a full constitutional proposal. We describe these historical patterns and develop a theory of bundling that explains this divergence. We conclude with an exploration of what we call initialing, which combines a single vote for the bundle together with line-item votes and exhibits some favorable properties.
Discretionary Referendums in Constitutional Amendment
Authors: Albert Richard 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The unexpected results of recent referendums around the world have concealed an important similarity among many of them: the popular votes were not constitutionally required. For example, the Constitution of the United Kingdom did not require a referendum to authorize Brexit nor did the Colombian Constitution require a plebiscite to ratify the FARC peace pact. Yet in both cases constitutional actors felt compelled by political imperatives to bypass the legal rules of constitutional reform in order to bring their constitutional change proposals directly to the people. This is not a rare practice: historically and recently, constitutional actors have often had recourse to popular votes by choice rather than constitutional obligation as part of a larger strategy to legitimate a major constitutional change. In this chapter, I draw from non-obligatory referendums held around the world to develop a typology of discretionary referendums in constitutional amendment. I also examine why constitutional actors use discretionary referendums to amend the constitution and I situate their use against the backdrop of an increasingly observable phenomenon in democracies: the circumvention of formal amendment rules. This occurs when constitutional actors deliberately circumvent the formal rules of constitutional change to amend the constitution, with recourse not only to referendums but to other modalities of constitutional change.
Referendums in Federal States
Authors: Tierney Stephen 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the use of referendums in federal constitutional systems. Federalism is under-theorised within constitutionalism and so the chapter also revisits federal thought in light of recent advances in constitutional theory. A particular focus today for constitutional scholars is the issue of constitutional amendment in a world of ever more elaborate constitutions. The concern with constitutional stability and the use of constitutions to promote particular values has led to innovations such as eternity clauses, unamendable constitutional provisions and the further empowerment of the judicial branch. A key question in contemporary debates is how best to reach the appropriate balance between open democratic decision-making on the one hand and constitutional entrenchment on the other. Into this mix the referendum has emerged as a potentially explosive element, raising the question of the extent to which ordinary citizens should be involved in processes of constitutional change. The chapter seeks to adapt important theoretical questions raised by direct democracy to the context of federalism. How does the existence of multiple governments and a foundational constitutional commitment to territorial and societal pluralism complicate further the issue of the demos, in particular when it is called upon to produce constitutional change through the mobilisation of ‘the people’? The chapter focuses upon situations where federalism reflects strong societal or demotic differences; here the use of the referendum has been particularly challenging. How should the referendum as a mechanism of constitutional change be accommodated within federal thought and federal practice, given the commitment of federalism to a carefully-crafted balance of power among the polity’s constituent territories?
Brexit and Two Roles for Referendums in the United Kingdom
Authors: Trueblood Leah 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The 2016 referendum on the United Kingdom’s membership of the European Union is a textbook example of how not to conduct a referendum. Further, the BREXIT referendum was not an isolated democratic failing. It reflects a deeper structural weakness in the use of referendums in the United Kingdom. For decades in the United Kingdom before BREXIT, referendums were used in an ‘unplanned’ and ad hoc way when it was politically convenient. This chapter will argue that the unprincipled use of referendums in the United Kingdom, at least in part, reflects an underlying disagreement about what referendums are for and their relationship with democracy. There are, broadly, two different accounts of the relationships between referendums and democracy in the United Kingdom. On the first view which this chapter calls the ‘referendums as limits’ approach, referendums are a way for voters to act as a check on the actions of their representatives. The second approach is to see referendums as a way of temporarily substituting voters for representatives. On this view, drawing on the civic republican tradition, referendums are deliberative processes of expressing popular sovereignty. Call this latter view ‘referendums as substitutions.’ This latter view of referendums is increasingly reflected in law in the United Kingdom. This chapter argues that the ‘referendums as limits’ approach is the better view both in theory and in practice.
The Global Lab
Authors: Fejerskov Adam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The introductory chapter opens up the book’s aim of exploring the interplay between global forces, ideas, and local circumstance and consequence, addressing questions of what experimentation looks like today in the Global South, who practises it, and to what ends? What types of progress are imagined through it, and who benefits from these futures? The chapter explores the global historical legacies of laboratories and experiments, showing how these are not just vehicles for open-ended explorations of scientific issues, but rather vested with strategic interests and purpose, delivering knowledge, carrying value, and producing authority. Methods are alive and beyond its practicality of scientific technique, experimentation is a structuring way to perceive the world’s being and our understanding of it, not only shaping and producing science, but social, economic, and political life. The chapter shows how treating the real world as a laboratory fit for experimentation often works to exacerbate existing power dynamics, helping to retain the Global South as a laboratory of inequality where subjects are easily accessible and legitimated by scientific aims. Trials become the only available medical treatment for disadvantaged groups, and experiments in one country suddenly structure access to education and health in another radically different context. The chapter takes the reader through the essence of the key concepts at play by exploring the interplay between experimentation, race, bodies, and technology, preparing the reader for what is to come.
Humanitarian Machine Dreams
Authors: Fejerskov Adam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how new forms of human and technological experimentation transform humanitarian work, and through it, affects the lives of some of the world’s most vulnerable people around the world. New digital technologies have radically altered how humanitarian actors identify, prevent, and resolve conflicts and disasters. Mobile phones, geodata technologies, and social networks have made it possible to collect data about when crises occur and how to stop them. Digital payment systems and iris scanners are now used to control the delivery of emergency aid, food, and water in refugee camps. Biometric data are collected and employed to identify and follow refugees and migrants as they move across borders. These inventions are made with hopes of success, yet failure is simultaneously seen as a productive force, and the faster the failure the better, allowing the inventers to produce new and better experiments. Inspired by Silicon Valley, this technological turn in essence opens up for an expanse of new experimental types and forms of humanitarian interventions, in some situations making access to technology in itself a form of relief, just as it opens up room for and dependence on new actors—particularly start-ups or other organizations with limited experience in emergencies. With vague boundaries between the technological and ‘real’ world of humanitarian efforts, the new experimental movement has profound implications for the world’s poorest.
Randomistas
Authors: Fejerskov Adam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of the randomistas—development economists known for their affinity for experimentation and particularly Randomized Controlled Trials—in constructing and bolstering the knowledge and power of the experimental movement. More than a scientific methodology, RCTs have come to function as tools of influence and power, aiming to shift policy-making towards objective and rational problem-solving with an emphasis on efficiency and effectiveness, ultimately thinking it can reduce messy and complex realities to a set of logical causal chains. How is it that the experimentalist affinities of RCTs have managed to become so dominant in the field, despite econometricians persuasively arguing that the evidence these methods provide is not guaranteed to be more soundproof than other forms of evidence? Who are the main personages and actors driving forward this supposed experimental revolution of our understanding of the effectiveness of development and social policy? And how are they connected to and supported by certain political audiences? This chapter opens up the randomista movement that is as bound together by political concerns as it is by scientific or methodical concerns of the necessity of experimentation in the Global South. We examine the rhetorical and political strategies employed by champions of RCTs to recruit allies and convince audiences of their superiority, allowing us to understand its lines of similarity to the practices and ideas of the other actors in the new experimental movement.
Experimental Futures
Authors: Fejerskov Adam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The concluding chapter ties together the different strings of the story, bringing the book’s empirical central arguments together, whilst looking ahead to a future of growing experimentation and experimental politics not least in the light of Covid-19, at one point forcing 2.5 billion people into lockdown, massively exacerbating inequalities between groups and countries. Despite ‘scientific’ attempts at constructing narratives of certainty, the aftermath and response to the Covid-19 crisis in reality forms the greatest social, political, and economic experiment witnessed in our lifetime. Emergencies and states of exceptionalism in equal parts justify and incite practices of experimentation. This book vividly demonstrates this to be the case today as much as it has been historically, with every society producing its own vulnerabilities. The pandemic has been a noticeable demonstration of politics as scientific instrumentation, and how mathematics and statistics can control countries and billions of people’s actions based on notions of the mathematical purity of complex models, in theory hiding away the experimental qualities of the interventions. It seems the failure of politicians and governments (and to a certain extent its citizens—all of us) to address global challenges of climate, health, and inequality is catapulting us into a new age of experimentation, with the outlook that follows being one of equal parts uncertainty and inequality. This final chapter treats the question of what a future of experimentation and inequality looks like, but also sets out alternative pathways for democratic and participatory forms of experimentation.
Asset Management as a Digital Platform Industry
Authors: Haberly Daniel , Wójcik Dariusz 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
While contemporary technological disruption is increasingly conceptualized in terms of the logic and paradoxes of the digital platform economy, discussions of FinTech have only engaged to a limited extent with these debates—particularly from an economic geographic standpoint. This chapter fills this gap by extending the Global Financial Network (GFN) framework to problematize the organizational and geographic logic of the digital platform economy in finance, and applying it to examine the impact of the digital platform model on asset management. It shows that asset management is being profoundly disrupted by what we dub digital asset management platforms—or DAMPs—which encompass services including index fund and ETF provision, robo-advising, and analytics and trading support. Like other digital platforms, DAMPs do not so much leverage technology to enhance their competitiveness within markets, as to radically restructure the market itself. Also, like other platforms, their rise has produced a winner-take-all paradox of centralization through democratization that defies predictions of technology-enabled industry decentralization. However, the logic and implications of the rise of DAMPs diverges, in other respects, from nonfinancial digital platforms, as finance has long possessed an informational intensity and regulatory and organizational fluidity characteristic of the digital platform economy. Consequently, the digital platform model has mostly developed endogenously in asset management through incremental innovation by major financial firms—in a process that has reinforced the position of leading incumbent asset management centers, and above all New York—rather than being introduced from the outside by upstart technology firms and clusters.
Engaging Characters
Authors: Smith Murray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Having clarified the concept of character and established a ‘cognitive-anthropological’ model of mind driven by active, imaginative problem-solving, for which emotion figures as a part of its reasoning and problem-solving capacity rather than an impediment to it, the ground is clear for an alternative to the conventional model of ‘character identification’. That is the task of this, the pivotal chapter of the study as a whole, in which the interrelations among the various concepts discussed in other chapters are explicated. It introduces the model of character engagement, which posits three distinct levels of engagement with characters—recognition, alignment, and allegiance—which together comprise the structure of sympathy. The chapter concludes with an examination of the distinct role of empathy (and related types of response, including emotional simulation and affective mimicry) in our responses to fiction, and of the relationship between sympathy and empathy.
Afterword Engaging Characters
Authors: Smith Murray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Afterword revisits the arguments of the first edition of Engaging Characters, the context of its genesis and composition, and some of the responses to it. Echoing one of the book’s key methods, the chapter advances its arguments in relation to a host of fresh examples, historical and contemporary, from a range of national cinemas and filmmaking traditions. The chapter explores further the ‘twofold’ nature of characters, realist and anti-realist accounts of character, character in documentary, the relationship between character and situation, experiments in relation to our recognition of and alignment with characters, complex forms of engagement with anti-heroic and villainous characters, and the political and moral valence of empathy and emotional responses to character. Through these topics, the chapter surveys a wide array of contemporary research, as well as various social and political trends, related to the major themes of the book.
A Model-Free Term Structure of U.S. Dividend Premiums
Authors: Ulrich Maxim , Florig Stephan , Seehuber Ralph 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe estimate a model-free term structure of the ex ante dividend risk premium by combining two data sets with different information about future dividends. We aggregate survey forecasts about future dividends for single companies over multiple horizons to construct a term structure of expected S&P 500 dividend growth rates. We use European call and put option prices on the S&P 500 to estimate the term structures of options-implied dividend growth rates and risk-free rates. Applying the method to 2004–2021 data offers a new, ex ante perspective on the conditional time variation of the term structure of the dividend risk premium.
Undocumented Again? DACA Rescission, Emotions, and Incorporation Outcomes among Young Adults
Authors: Aranda Elizabeth , Vaquera Elizabeth , Castañeda Heide , Martinez Rosas Girsea 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Former President Trump’s election and subsequent anti-immigrant policy initiatives brought an unprecedented sense of uncertainty for undocumented immigrants. This is particularly true for those who had experienced expanding opportunities through the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) executive action signed by former President Obama in 2012. We use in-depth interviews with undocumented young adults to explore how the 2016 presidential election and 2017 executive action that rescinded DACA evoked emotions of anticipatory loss—including sadness and grief—and ontological insecurity—including anxiety and uncertainty. We adopt an interpretive and social constructionist approach to explore these emotions and their implications, demonstrating how even the threat of policy change impacts immigrant young adults’ societal incorporation. We illustrate how DACA recipients conceptualized loss and how these experiences manifested in educational attainment, labor market incorporation, feelings of belonging, and civic participation. Our study provides an innovative contribution to interpret in real-time the incorporation trajectories through the emotions of living with precarious legal status.
The Racial Paradigm and Dalit Anti-Caste Activism in the United States
Authors: Kurien Prema A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Based on interviews, some field research, and an analysis of online material, this paper focuses on the rights struggles of diasporic Indian caste groups formerly considered “Untouchable” whose self-chosen descriptor is “Dalit.” It examines Dalit activism in the United States around caste discrimination in both India and the U.S. The goal of this study is to demonstrate how Dalit American leaders use racial analogies in their international activism, and why race is a contested frame within the community. It makes clear that “universalistic” frames can obscure crucial particularities, making it harder to address the issue at hand. But it also reveals that dogmatic, particularistic frames can compromise the unity and mission of transnational movements. A 2020 lawsuit against Cisco Systems alleging caste discrimination toward a Dalit employee by Brahmin supervisors has opened the opportunity for anti-caste activists to develop a global norm specifically around how to address caste-based discrimination.
Immunomodulatory potential of black soldier fly larvae: applications beyond nutrition in animal feeding programs
Authors: Koutsos Elizabeth , Modica Bree , Freel Tarra 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Insect-derived ingredients, including whole larvae, protein-rich meal, and oil, have been extensively studied in recent years and shown to be a sustainable source of quality nutrition for virtually all animal species and life stages. In addition to the ability to use these ingredients as a source of essential nutrition, more recent research has demonstrated the potential for the immunomodulatory activity of various components of insect-derived ingredients. For all insects studied, antimicrobial peptides make up a critical part of the insects’ innate immune system and these peptides have antimicrobial efficacy when purified from hemolymph and tested in vitro. From black soldier fly larvae, in particular, lauric acid is a predominant fatty acid deposited into the insect, and lauric acid also has potential antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo. Finally, the chitin and chitosan components of the insect exoskeleton may modulate microbial activity in a variety of ways. In companion animals, poultry, and livestock species, insect-derived ingredients have shown the potential to reduce the impact of actual or simulated disease challenge on several parameters of animal health and well-being. This review describes the current state of knowledge of the immunomodulatory potential of insect-derived ingredients.