bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern cosmology
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 26 introduces ‘modern cosmology’, in which one considers general multicomponent Friedmann-type models described in terms of four parameters. While the previous chapter looked at the Friedmann equation under radiation-dominated, matter-dominated, or vacuum-dominated conditions, this chapter examines situations which allow for all three conditions and relates the theoretical predictions to observational parameters. This leads to the ‘standard cosmological model’ of a flat space-time containing both conventional and dark matter and in which the expansion of the universe is driven by a cosmological constant. Other topics discussed are the cosmic microwave background radiation, the possible origin of the cosmological constant, dark energy, the theory of inflation, and the anthropic principle, which essentially states we see the universe the way it is because we exist. It ends with a review of the main results in the book, and some philosophical musings on the nature of the universe.
Language shift and religious change inCentralPennsylvania
Authors: Brown Joshua R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines language shift as it occurred in Kishacoquillas Valley, Pennsylvania, within a heavily populated Anabaptist (Amish and Mennonite) settlement. Historically, the settlement’s Amish congregations used an archaic form of standard German for written liturgy, parts of education, and occasionally for correspondence. They also spoke Pennsylvania Dutch with members of the in-group and English with out-group members. By the mid-19th century, some of the Amish changed their religious orientation. By allying themselves with national religious movements, the congregations shifted from German and Pennsylvania Dutch to monolingual English. National religious movements and educational and vocational aspirations provided for external ties and were the motivators in this situation of language shift. None of these congregations use German in worship services today and the last speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch in these groups are now elderly. Importantly, this work, involving several languages, shows language shift as it interacts with religion.
Ordinary Lives, Death, and Social Class
Authors: Breathnach Ciara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book focuses on the evolution of the Dublin City coroner’s court and on Dr Louis A. Bryne’s first two years in office. Wrapping itself around the 1901 census, it uses gender, power, and blame as analytical frameworks to examine what inquests can tell us about the impact of urban living from lifecycle and class perspectives. Coroners’ inquests are a combination of eyewitness testimony, expert medico-legal language, detailed minutiae of people, places, and occupational identities pinned to a moment in time. Thus they have a simultaneous capacity to reveal histories from both above and below. Rich in geographical, socio-economic, cultural, class, and medical detail these records collated in a liminal setting about the hour of death bear incredible witness to what has often been termed ‘ordinary lives’. The subjects of Dr Byrne’s court were among the poorest in Ireland and, apart from common medical cause problems linked to lower socio-economic groups, this book covers preventable cases of workplace accidents, neglect, domestic abuse, and homicide.
Unnatural, Suspicious, and Violent Death
Authors: Breathnach Ciara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a systematic way of examining how the coroners’ courts operated as a crucial first step in establishing evidence of criminality vis-à-vis cause of death. It focuses on cases where there was evidence of infanticide, suicide, and homicide. As the vox populi, or voice of the people, jury riders in the coronial setting could be very powerful; they were indicative of the public appetite and support for conviction and sentencing in the criminal courts, especially in the context of capital offences. Where possible, the chapter traces how these cases move from the coroner’s to the police, summary, and criminal courts in an attempt to establish patterns of inquiry and sentencing. Moreover, it shows how verdicts in coronial courts were subject to political, moral, and gender bias even when clear evidence of criminality was apparent.
Pension Product Design and Relations to the Danish Market
Authors: Jarner Søren Fiig , Munk Claus , Steffensen Mogens 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses both the overall design of pension plans and the design of specific pension products found in the Danish occupational pension system. From the perspective of designing a pension plan, or indeed a national pension system, the sponsors and the funding structure are the two most important top-level design choices. In Denmark, the occupational pension system was structured as a nonsponsored, defined contribution system centered on pension funds and life insurance companies. After introductory remarks in Section 4.1, Section 4.2 describes these design choices and how they affect benefit characteristics. Section 4.3 investigates optimal consumption and investment decisions over a lifetime in a theoretical framework. The analysis shows that a mandatory, defined contribution pension plan featuring low-cost annuities leads to significant welfare gains for procrastinators who are incapable of accumulating sufficient retirement savings on their own. Section 4.4 turns attention to a comparison of the theoretically optimal investment profiles with those found in marketed life-cycle products, while Section 4.5 discusses insurance of disability and death risk, which is often an integrated part of pension savings contracts.
Pension Wealth and Macroeconomic Stability
Authors: Andersen Henrik Yde , Hansen Niels Lynggård , Kuchler Andreas 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter reviews and updates the literature on the implications of accumulation of pension wealth for household finances, as well as for macroeconomic and financial stability, with a particular focus on evidence from Denmark. From an international perspective, increasing pension wealth is associated with higher debt levels. Microeconomic evidence also points to pension wealth being an important factor for explaining household wealth and debt positions. The maturing pension system in Denmark has given rise to concerns about the implications of larger household balance sheets for macroeconomic and financial stability. In general, Danish households are resilient and have access to substantial amounts of liquid wealth to buffer unexpected shocks to their disposable income. The balance sheet expansion may, however, have implications for macroeconomic stability since consumption among highly leveraged households tends to be more volatile than that of their less-leveraged peers.
A TREE NEVER LIES
Authors: Gibson David J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with the case of the kidnapping of the infant Charles Lindbergh. It details how the case still resonates in the annals of forensic science as it represents a landmark in the use of scientific expert witnesses and was one of the first uses of botanical evidence in a court of law. It also focuses on wood anatomy, which forms one type of botanical evidence. The chapter looks at the legal principles of evidence, specifically the evidence triangle that connects a victim, a perpetrator, and the crime scene. It considers the principle that perpetrators or witnesses can easily transfer evidence from one location to another, noting that this important evidence is botanical.
Easter 1916 and the Celtic Primitive
Authors: Patten Eve 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter takes its starting point in the Easter Rising of 1916 and traces the legacy of Ireland’s nationalist rebellion in both specific and latent references across English modernist texts, with particular focus on 1920s novels by D.H. Lawrence and Wyndham Lewis. The Irish rising provoked immediate outrage in English authors such as Arthur Conan Doyle, Thomas Hardy, and John Buchan, but over the longer term it also propelled certain modernist writers towards the imaginative contemplation of revolution itself, and to the extension of a violent and proleptic paradigm from Ireland to England. Serially repurposed by Lawrence and Lewis, Ireland’s 1916 drama shadows literary projections of English, European, and then global landscapes, each envisaged in the long wake of the First World War through motifs of atavistic violence, primitivism, and degeneration.
Tonal variability and marginal contrast
Authors: Bennett Ryan , Henderson Robert , Harvey Megan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractUspanteko (Mayan) is unique among the languages of Guatemala in having a full-fledged system of lexical tone. Tone is thoroughly integrated into the morphology of the language, and triggers several predictable phonological alternations. The Uspanteko tone system is also relatively simple, involving at most two contrastive categories. However, tone in Uspanteko shows a high degree of phonetic variability, and there is no consensus as to what tones are phonetically or phonologically active in the language. This paper argues that at least some of this unclarity owes to the effect of intonation, which can obscure lexical tone on vowels. A phonetic study attempting to control for intonation suggests that lexical tone in Uspanteko involves a privative [H]~Ø contrast on short vowels, and either a [H]~Ø or [H]~[L] contrast on long vowels. The relationship between the phonetics of tone and its low functional load in Uspanteko is also discussed
Durham—its regional, economic, and physical setting
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the City of Durham and discusses its location, topography, and history, as well as the regional, economic, and physical aspects of its setting. These glimpses of the city provide context for the weather observations presented in the rest of the chapters in this book. Durham University Observatory was built in 1840, and weather observations commenced in 1841. To date, the unchanged site and limited urban expansion near the Observatory has meant that the urban warming influence on the Durham Observatory is very small, and as such the record is particularly important in climate change studies.
Meteorological observations in Durham
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Weather observations began at the astronomical Observatory at Durham University in 1841. This chapter provides information on the history of the records, with particular attention to the part played by Professor Gordon Manley, the foremost British climatologist of his generation, during his time at Durham. Details are given of the extension of the temperature record back to 1784, and the contribution of urban influence on the Durham record is quantified. The chapter covers the beginning of astronomy in Durham, the start of meteorological observations, and also includes information about the stopping of manual observations and the resulting introduction of automatic weather station records.
October
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Like September, October is another transitional month, and it ushers in shorter, cloudier days, more frequent rainfall, and lower temperatures. Furthermore, the mean daily maximum temperature can be expected to fall more than 5 °C during this month, there is increased precipitation, and autumn’s first air frosts can normally be expected before the month is out. This chapter examines the long-term records (averages and extremes) of temperature, precipitation, sunshine, barometric pressure, wind direction and speed, snowfall, and fog at Durham during the month of October. The chapter includes descriptive accounts and local photographs of notable weather events during the month.
November
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the long-term records (averages and extremes) of temperature, precipitation, sunshine, barometric pressure, wind direction and speed, snowfall and fog at Durham during the month of November. The chapter includes descriptive accounts and local photographs of notable weather events during the month. Some Novembers see unseasonably mild or even warm days, but November can also be wintry, and the first snow of the winter is quite likely. November’s mean air temperature falls almost four degrees when compared with October’s, emphasizing the sharp decline in temperature at this time of year, and several frosty mornings can be expected in a normal month.
December
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
December is the shortest month and has the least sunny days of the year, and it is the second-coldest month. The week leading up to Christmas has, on average, the least sunshine of any week in the year, and a normal December will see 13 days without any sunshine whatsoever. It has about 19 measurable days with rain or snow. This chapter examines the long-term records (averages and extremes) of temperature, precipitation, sunshine, barometric pressure, wind direction and speed, snowfall and fog at Durham during the month of December. The chapter includes descriptive accounts and local photographs of notable weather events during the month.
Summer
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Summer is the warmest and sunniest season of the year, although not the wettest. In the northern hemisphere, temperatures typically reach their annual peak at the end of July and the beginning of August. Not surprisingly, the lowest summer temperatures tend to be recorded early in the season. This chapter examines the long-term records (averages and extremes) of temperature, precipitation, sunshine, barometric pressure, wind direction and speed, and fog at Durham during the summer season. The chapter includes descriptive accounts and local photographs of notable weather events during the June–July–August period and assesses summers since 1880 using a quantitative index.
England from Elsewhere
Authors: Dimmock Matthew , Hadfield Andrew 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chapter explores how the English were seen by travellers to England. Travellers came as members of diplomatic missions; as refugees fleeing persecution; or as individuals driven by curiosity. Their observations are often consistent, and travellers comment on the fertility of the soil and number of sheep; the importance of drinking in English society; English hostility to foreigners; the pale skins of the English; and their barbarous language and lack of culture. Four extracts are included: from Nicander Nucius’s ‘Travels’ (1546); Étienne Perlin’s ‘Description of England’ (1553?); Thomas Platter’s Diary (1599), detailing his journey to London from France, and containing his observations of English theatre; and Emmanuel van Meteren’s ‘Description of the English’ (c.1612).
The Nature of Complex Networks
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The researchers studying complex networks will acquire from this advanced modern book a number of new issues and ideas, not yet touched upon in other reference volumes. The book considers a wide range of networks and processes taking place on them, paying particular attention to the recently developed directions, methods, and techniques. It proposes a statistical mechanics view of random networks based on the concept of statistical ensembles, but approaches and methods of modern graph theory, concerning random graphs, overlap strongly with statistical physics. Hence mathematicians have a good chance to discover interesting things in this book, even though it does not contain mathematical proofs and trades off rigour for comprehension, brevity, and relevance. The book combines features of an advanced textbook, a reference book and a detailed review of the current state of the art. This book will be useful for undergraduate, master, and PhD students and young researchers from physics, multidisciplinary studies, computer science, and applied mathematics wishing to gain a serious insight into the principles of complex networks. The book can be used as a text in university courses on complex networks. It proposes to determined students not only a brief trip to the land of complex networks but an option to stay there forever.
Temporal Networks
Authors: Dorogovtsev Sergey N. , Mendes José F. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When a process takes place on an evolving network or this network serves as an evolving substrate of a dynamical system, two time scales naturally emerge: (i) the shortest time of structural changes in a local neighbourhood of each vertex, and (ii) the shortest time (time step) of a process. The notion of a temporal network assumes that local structural changes in an evolving network occur faster than the time step of a process or that these two time scales are comparable. The simplest example of such structural changes is sufficiently frequent emergence and disappearance of edges in a network. A standard example of a process on a network is a random walk, whose shortest time scale is the minimal time a walker stays on a vertex between two moves. Loosely speaking, a temporal network changes locally faster than a process on it or with equal speed. Still, this state of a network can be steady.
Development of prognostic scoring system for predicting 1-year mortality among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in South India
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Yuvaraj , Ezhumalai Komala , Murali Sharan , Rajaa Sathish , Majella Marie Gilbert , Sarkar Sonali , Lakshminarayanan Subitha , Joseph Noyal Mariya , Soundappan Govindarajan , Prakash Babu Senbagavalli , Horsburgh Charles , Hochberg Natasha , Johnson W Evan , Knudsen Selby , Pentakota Sri Ram , Salgame Padmini , Roy Gautam , Ellner Jerrold 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Development of a prediction model using baseline characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) patients at the time of diagnosis will aid us in early identification of the high-risk groups and devise pertinent strategies accordingly. Hence, we did this study to develop a prognostic-scoring model for predicting the death among newly diagnosed drug sensitive pulmonary TB patients in South India.

Methods
We undertook a longitudinal analysis of cohort data under the Regional Prospective Observational Research for Tuberculosis India consortium. Multivariable cox regression using the stepwise backward elimination procedure was used to select variables for the model building and the nomogram-scoring system was developed with the final selected model.

Results
In total, 54 (4.6%) out of the 1181 patients had died during the 1-year follow-up period. The TB mortality rate was 0.20 per 1000 person-days. Eight variables (age, gender, functional limitation, anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, diabetes, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio) were selected and a nomogram was built using these variables. The discriminatory power was 0.81 (95% confidence interval: 0.75–0.86) and this model was well-calibrated. Decision curve analysis showed that the model is beneficial at a threshold probability ~15–65%.

Conclusions
This scoring system could help the clinicians and policy makers to devise targeted interventions and in turn reduce the TB mortality in India.
An outbreak of Rift Valley fever among peri-urban dairy cattle in northern Tanzania
Authors: de Glanville William A , Allan Kathryn J , Nyarobi James M , Thomas Kate M , Lankester Felix , Kibona Tito J , Claxton John R , Brennan Benjamin , Carter Ryan W , Crump John A , Halliday Jo E B , Ladbury Georgia , Mmbaga Blandina T , Mramba Furaha , Nyasebwa Obed M , Rubach Matthew P , Rostal Melinda K , Sanka Paul , Swai Emmanuel S , Szemiel Agnieszka M , Willett Brian J , Cleaveland Sarah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Human and animal cases of Rift Valley fever (RVF) are typically only reported during large outbreaks. The occurrence of RVF cases that go undetected by national surveillance systems in the period between these outbreaks is considered likely. The last reported cases of RVF in Tanzania occurred during a large outbreak in 2007–2008.

Methods
Samples collected between 2017 and 2019 from livestock suffering abortion across northern Tanzania were retrospectively tested for evidence of RVF virus infection using serology and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR).

Results
A total of 14 RVF-associated cattle abortions were identified among dairy cattle in a peri-urban area surrounding the town of Moshi. RVF cases occurred from May to August 2018 and were considered to represent an undetected, small-scale RVF outbreak. Milk samples from 3 of 14 cases (21%) were found to be RT-qPCR positive. Genotyping revealed circulation of RVF viruses from two distinct lineages.

Conclusions
RVF outbreaks can occur more often in endemic settings than would be expected on the basis of detection by national surveillance. The occurrence of RVF cases among peri-urban dairy cattle and evidence for viral shedding in milk, also highlights potentially emerging risks for RVF associated with increasing urban and peri-urban livestock populations.
Regional anesthesia and analgesia for trauma: an updated review
Authors: Torrie Arissa M. 
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review
This narrative review is an updated summary of the value of regional anesthesia and analgesia for trauma and the special considerations when optimizing pain management and utilizing regional analgesia for acute traumatic pain.

Recent findings
In the setting of the opioid epidemic, the need for multimodal analgesia in trauma is imperative. It has been proposed that inadequately treated acute pain predisposes a patient to increased risk of developing chronic pain and continued opioid use. Enhanced Regional Anesthesia techniques along with multimodal pain therapies is thought to reduce the stress response and improve patient's short- and long-term outcomes.

Summary
Our ability to save life and limb has improved, but our ability to manage acute traumatic pain continues to lag. Understanding trauma-specific concerns and tailoring the analgesia to a patient's specific injuries can increase a patient's immediate comfort and long-term outcome as well.