bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LensNet: Enhancing Real-time Microlensing Event Discovery with Recurrent Neural Networks in the Korea Microlensing Telescope Network
Authors: Viaña Javier , Hwang Kyu-Ha , de Beurs Zoë , Yee Jennifer C. , Vanderburg Andrew , Albrow Michael D. , Chung Sun-Ju , Gould Andrew , Han Cheongho , Jung Youn Kil , Ryu Yoon-Hyun , Shin In-Gu , Shvartzvald Yossi , Yang Hongjing , Zang Weicheng , Cha Sang-Mok , Kim Dong-Jin , Kim Seung-Lee , Lee Chung-Uk , Lee Dong-Joo , Lee Yongseok , Park Byeong-Gon , Pogge Richard W. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Traditional microlensing event vetting methods require highly trained human experts, and the process is both complex and time consuming. This reliance on manual inspection often leads to inefficiencies and constrains the ability to scale for widespread exoplanet detection, ultimately hindering discovery rates. To address the limits of traditional microlensing event vetting, we have developed LensNet, a machine learning pipeline specifically designed to distinguish legitimate microlensing events from false positives caused by instrumental artifacts, such as pixel bleed trails and diffraction spikes. Our system operates in conjunction with a preliminary algorithm that detects increasing trends in flux. These flagged instances are then passed to LensNet for further classification, allowing for timely alerts and follow-up observations. Tailored for the multiobservatory setup of the Korea Microlensing Telescope Network and trained on a rich data set of manually classified events, LensNet is optimized for early detection and warning of microlensing occurrences, enabling astronomers to organize follow-up observations promptly. The internal model of the pipeline employs a multibranch Recurrent Neural Network architecture that evaluates time-series flux data with contextual information, including sky background, the full width at half-maximum of the target star, flux errors, point-spread function quality flags, and air mass for each observation. We demonstrate a classification accuracy above 87.5% and anticipate further improvements as we expand our training set and continue to refine the algorithm.
Multifrequency Models of Black Hole Photon Rings from Low-luminosity Accretion Disks
Authors: Desire Tejahni , Cárdenas-Avendaño Alejandro , Chael Andrew 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Images of black holes encode both astrophysical and gravitational properties. Detecting highly lensed features in images can differentiate between these two effects. We present an accretion disk emission model coupled to the Adaptive Analytical Ray Tracing (AART) code that allows a fast parameter space exploration of black hole photon ring images produced from synchrotron emission from 10 to 670 GHz. As an application, we systematically study several disk models and compute their total flux density, average radii, and optical depth. The model parameters are chosen around fiducial values calibrated to general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations and observations of M87*. For the parameter space studied, we characterize the transition between optically thin and thick regimes and the frequency at which the first photon ring is observable. Our results highlight the need for careful definitions of photon ring radius in the image domain, as in certain models the highly lensed photon ring is dimmer than the direct emission at certain angles. We find that at low frequencies the ring radii are set by the electron temperature, while at higher frequencies the magnetic field strength plays a more significant role, demonstrating how multifrequency analysis can also be used to infer plasma parameters. Lastly, we show how our implementation can qualitatively reproduce multifrequency black hole images from GRMHD simulations when adding time variability to our disk model through Gaussian random fields. This approach provides a new method for simulating observations from the Event Horizon Telescope and the proposed Black Hole Explorer space mission.
A Bias-free Deep Learning Approach for Automated Sunspot Segmentation
Authors: Chen Jing , Gyenge Norbert G. , Jiang Ye , Erdélyi Robertus , Liu Jiajia , Wang Yimin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Solar activities significantly influence space weather and the Earth’s environment, necessitating accurate and efficient sunspot detection. This study explores deep learning methods to automate sunspot identification in solar satellite images, keeping personal bias to a minimum. Utilizing observations of the Solar Dynamics Observatory, we leverage active-region data from the Helioseismic Magnetic Imager active-region patches to locate sunspot groups detected between 2011 and 2023. The Morphological Active Contour Without Edges technique is applied to produce pseudo-labels, which are utilized to train the U-Net deep learning architecture, combining their strengths for robust segmentation. Evaluation metrics—including precision, recall, F1-score, intersection over union, and Dice coefficient—demonstrate the superior performance of U-Net. Our approach achieves a high Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.97 when compared with the sunspot area estimation of the Space Weather Prediction Center and 0.96 in comparison with the Debrecen Photoheliographic Data. This hybrid methodology provides a powerful tool for sunspot identification, offering the improved accuracy and efficiency crucial for space-weather prediction.
Extracting the X-Ray Reverberation Response Functions from the Active Galactic Nucleus Light Curves Using an Autoencoder
Authors: Deesamutara Sanhanat , Chainakun Poemwai , Worrakitpoonpon Tirawut , Khanthasombat Kamonwan , Luangtip Wasutep , Jiang Jiachen , Pozo Nuñez Francisco , Young Andrew J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We study the X-ray reverberation in active galactic nuclei (AGN) using the variational autoencoder (VAE), which is a machine learning algorithm widely used for signal processing and feature reconstruction. While the X-ray reverberation signatures that contain the information of the accretion disk and the X-ray-emitting corona are commonly analyzed in the Fourier domain, this work aims to extract the reverberation response functions directly from the AGN light curves. The VAE is trained using the simulated light curves that contain the primary X-rays from the lamppost corona, varying its height and the corresponding reflection X-rays from the disk. We use progressively more realistic light-curve models, such as those that include the effects of disk-propagating fluctuations and random noises, to assess the ability of the VAE to reconstruct the response profiles. Interestingly, the VAE can recognize the reverberation patterns on the light curves; hence, the coronal height can be predicted. We then deploy the VAE model on the XMM-Newton data of IRAS 13224–3809 and directly estimate, for the first time, the response functions of this source in various observations. The result reveals the corona changing its height between 3r

g
and 20r

g
, which is correlated with the source luminosity and in line with previous literature. Finally, we discuss the advantages and limitations of this method.
Galaxy–Galaxy Strong Lensing with U-Net (GGSL-UNet). I. Extracting Two-dimensional Information from Multiband Images in Ground and Space Observations
Authors: Zhong Fucheng , Luo Ruibiao , Napolitano Nicola R. , Tortora Crescenzo , Li Rui , Zhu Xincheng , Busillo Valerio , Koopmans L. V. E. , Longo Giuseppe 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We present a novel deep learning method to separately extract the two-dimensional flux information of the foreground galaxy (deflector) and background system (source) of galaxy–galaxy strong-lensing events using U-Net (GGSL-UNet for short). In particular, the segmentation of the source image is found to enhance the performance of the lens modeling, especially for ground-based images. By combining mock lens foreground+background components with real sky survey noise to train GGSL-UNet, we show it can correctly model the input image noise and extract the lens signal. However, the most important result of this work is that GGSL-UNet can accurately reconstruct real ground-based lensing systems from the Kilo-degree Survey in 1 s. We also test GGSL-UNet on space-based lenses from BELLS GALLERY, and obtain comparable accuracy to standard lens-modeling tools. Finally, we calculate the magnitudes from the reconstructed deflector and source images and use these to derive photometric redshifts (photo-z), with the photo-z of the deflector well consistent with the spectroscopic ones. This first work demonstrates the great potential of the generative network for lens finding, image denoising, source segmentation, and decomposing and modeling of strong-lensing systems. For upcoming ground- and space-based surveys, GGSL-UNet can provide high-quality images as well as geometry and redshift information for precise lens modeling, in combination with classical Markov Chain Monte Carlo modeling for the best accuracy in galaxy–galaxy strong-lensing analysis.
NGDEEP: The Star Formation and Ionization Properties of Galaxies at 1.7 < z < 3.4
Authors: Shen Lu , Papovich Casey , Matharu Jasleen , Pirzkal Nor , Hu Weida , Berg Danielle A. , Bagley Micaela B. , Backhaus Bren E. , Cleri Nikko J. , Dickinson Mark , Finkelstein Steven L. , Hathi Nimish P. , Huertas-Company Marc , Hutchison Taylor A. , Giavalisco Mauro , Grogin Norman A. , Jaskot Anne E. , Jung Intae , Kartaltepe Jeyhan S. , Koekemoer Anton M. , Lotz Jennifer M. , Pérez-González Pablo G. , Rothberg Barry , Simons Raymond C. , Vanderhoof Brittany N. , Yung L. Y. Aaron 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We use JWST/NIRISS slitless spectroscopy from the Next Generation Deep Extragalactic Exploratory Public (NGDEEP) Survey to investigate the physical condition of 178 star-forming galaxies at 1.7 < z < 3.4. At these redshifts, the deep NGDEEP NIRISS slitless spectroscopy covers the [O ii]λλ3726,3729, [O iii]λλ4959,5007, Hβ and Hα emission features for galaxies with stellar masses

log
(

M

*

/

M

⊙

)
≳
7

, nearly a factor of 100 lower than previous studies. We focus on the [O ii]/[O iii] (O32) ratio which is primarily sensitive to the ionization state and with a secondary dependence on the gas-phase metallicity of the interstellar medium. We find significant (≳5σ) correlations between the O32 ratio and galaxy properties as O32 increases with decreasing stellar mass, decreasing star formation rate (SFR), increasing specific SFR (sSFR ≡ SFR/M
*), and increasing equivalent width (EW) of Hα and Hβ. These trends suggest a tight connection between the ionization parameter and these galaxy properties. Galaxies at z ∼ 2–3 exhibit a higher O32 than local normal galaxies with the same stellar masses and SFRs, indicating that they have a higher ionization parameter and lower metallicity than local normal galaxies. In addition, we observe a mild evolutionary trend in the O32–EW(Hβ) relation from z ∼ 0 to z ≳ 5, where higher redshift galaxies show increased O32 and EW, with possibly higher O32 at fixed EW. We argue that both the enhanced recent star formation activity and the higher star formation surface density may contribute to the increase in O32 and the ionization parameter.
Introduction à la traduction du chapitre des Prinzipien der Wärmelehre : « La comparaison en tant que principe scientifique »
Authors: Santantonio Corto 
Published: February 2025

Dans cette introduction, nous nous employons à
élucider quelques idées importantes et originales que Mach développe
dans le chapitre de ses Prinzipien der
Wärmelehre intitulé « La comparaison en tant que principe
scientifique ». Nous mettons en particulier l’accent sur les éléments
de rationalisme qu’il comporte, comme la nécessité pour le chercheur
d’avoir recours, dans les descriptions qu’il propose des faits, à la
théorie ou à la spéculation. Il n’est jamais question chez Mach d’une
simple « copie » ou « reproduction » de ceux-ci. La spontanéité libre
et créatrice de la pensée a un rôle prépondérant à jouer, et non pas
subalterne par rapport aux sens. Nous revenons également sur la
conception opératoire ou pragmatique de la conceptualité qui est celle
de Mach, et qui le rapproche de Kant plutôt que de l’empirisme anglais
classique.
La comparaison en tant que principe scientifique
Authors: Mach Ernst 
Published: February 2025

Dans ces quelques pages d’une grande richesse,
étonnamment peu connues et rarement citées par les commentateurs,
Ernst Mach développe des réflexions guère compatibles avec la
présentation généralement donnée de son « positivisme». L’étude de la
comparaison, érigée ici en principe fondamental de l’activité
scientifique, fournit surtout l’occasion de réfléchir, au-delà des
seuls raisonnements analogiques, à ce que l’esprit scientifique ajoute
de lui-même, spontanément, aux faits. Mach nomme cet élément
« théorie» ou « idée théorique» et, tout en insistant sur les risques
qu’entraîne son utilisation acritique, il insiste également et surtout
sur les bénéfices que l’on peut en tirer. Il ne s’oppose aucunement à
son introduction dans les descriptions scientifiques. À vrai dire,
l’on voit mal comment l’on pourrait faire œuvre scientifique sans
théorie. Cette dernière présente une supériorité ou un avantage
incontestable, du point de vue quantitatif, sur l’observation isolée.
Elle permet d’élargir et d’enrichir le fait présentement observé de
déterminations nouvelles, celles obtenus au cours d’observations
passées, et de réaliser d’authentiques découvertes. Au-delà de leur
fonction illustrative, les analogies possèdent une puissance
heuristique. Puisque toute description fait intervenir de tels
éléments théoriques, elle est nécessairement plus qu’une « simple»
description. Même la description dite « directe» implique une forme de
transcendance, elle qui n’a rien d’un décalque ou d’une reproduction
des faits observés, mais doit plutôt être comprise comme leur
reconstruction en pensée. Cette dernière prend leur place, elle se
substitue à eux. La défense d’une position constructiviste, dans les
derniers paragraphes de ce texte, témoigne que Mach a su reconnaître
et donner toute sa valeur à l’activité propre de la pensée (sa
spontanéité), elle-même conçue sur un mode essentiellement pragmatique
ou opératoire (penser, c’est faire des choses, s’engager dans des
activités corporelles et intellectuelles) plutôt que
comparatif-abstractif. E. Mach, « Die Vergleichung als
wissenschaftliches Prinzip», dans Die Prinzipien der
Wärmelehre. Historisch-kritisch entwickelt [1896], mit einer
Einleitung herausgegeben von M. Heidelberger und W. Reiter, Berlin,
Xenomoi, 2016, p. 444–453.
Comparative analysis of efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of betahistine alone, caroverine alone, and caroverine plus ginkgo biloba in moderate tinnitus
Authors: Nayak Laxmipriya , Dehury Suhasini , Rautray Subhalaxmi , Sahu Lorika , Sahu Debadutta 
Published: February 2025

Abstract:

BACKGROUND:
Tinnitus or “phantom sound” continues to be a significant health problem without a uniformly accepted treatment. Numerous pharmaceutical options have been investigated, but satisfactory results are yet to be obtained.

OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this study were to study and compare the efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness of caroverine alone, caroverine combined with ginkgo biloba and betahistine alone in patients of moderate tinnitus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
In this prospective, observational, hospital-based study, wherein 72 patients were distributed equally across three groups – Group A received caroverine 20 mg twice daily, Group B received caroverine 20 mg combined with ginkgo biloba 120 mg twice daily, and Group C received betahistine 8 mg thrice daily for 12 weeks. Efficacy was zanalyzed assessing the changes in tinnitus handicap inventory (THI), tinnitus functional index (TFI), Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score, and pure tone audiometry values from baseline at 4, 8 and 12 weeks. The cost-effectiveness analysis was done at the end of 12 weeks zutilizing the incremental costeffectiveness ratio. The Chi-square test and one-way ANOVA were used to evaluate the statistical significance of the results.

RESULTS:
The reduction in the THI, TFI and VAS scores was maximum in Group B followed by Group A and Group C. All the drugs were well-tolerated, and the adverse effects encountered were mild and nonserious. Combination therapy of caroverine with gingkgo biloba was the most expensive.

CONCLUSION:
Caroverine and ginkgo biloba combination therapy was the most effective in reducing the handicap of moderate tinnitus.
Knowledge, perception and utilization of breast cancer screening among women visiting primary care clinics
Authors: Saeed Rabeeya , Usmani Maaha , Durrani Noureen , Javaid Hamna , Tahir Haya 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT

Context:
Of all the cancers in the world, breast carcinoma claims to be the deadliest for women in the world. It is of key importance that early detection of breast cancer is made possible through awareness programs targeting the general population. However, this solution is fraught with obstacles. Noteworthy of these obstacles are lack of education.

Aims:
To determine knowledge, perception, and utilization of breast cancer screening among women visiting primary care centers in Karachi, Pakistan.

Settings and Design:
This cross-sectional study was conducted in community-based primary care centers at Liaquat National Hospital Karachi from September 2021 to February 2022.

Material and Methods:
The data was collected by using a semi-structured questionnaire. The questions were derived from the Cancer Awareness Measure (CAM) scale, the most frequently used and validated tool to assess awareness of cancer risk factors and screening.

Statistical Analysis:
Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.

Results:
A total of 386 participants were enrolled in the study. The median age of study participants was 32 (IQR=) years. Only a few had correct knowledge regarding the breast cancer screening method (n = 118, 30.6%). However, 114 (29.5%) correctly responded that after 40 years, yearly mammography screening should be conducted (n = 114, 29.5%). The majority considered performing breast self-examination important for health (n = 273, 70.7%). 187 (48.4%) women responded that they once performed a self-examination of their breasts.

Conclusion:
The study highlighted a significant gap in knowledge regarding breast cancer screening among women. There is a need to emphasize the integration of health education interventions at the primary care level keeping in mind the health literacy level of our population.
Sexual dysfunction among patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus attending diabetes clinics in primary healthcare centers in Bahrain—A cross-sectional study
Authors: Al Ubaidi Basem Abbas A. , Alawainati Mahmood , Ali Mohamed Shaikh , Alhalwaji Mohamed , Mahdi A. Rasool , Husain Hasan A. , Al Matooq Ahmed M. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Sexual dysfunction (SD) is a common problem among males with type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) but often goes underdiagnosed and underreported. This study aimed to measure the prevalence and risk factors of SD among males with T2DM attending diabetes clinics in Bahrain.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted in ten primary health centers in Bahrain using a self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of three parts: sociodemographic characteristics and the Sexual Assessment and Dysfunction in Diabetic Men (SAD-M) questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential analyses, including logistic regression, were performed.

Results:
A total of 313 patients with an average age of 54.3 ± 10.0 years were included. More than half of the patients had dyslipidemia (n = 220, 70.3%) and hypertension (n = 178, 56.9%). Approximately half of the participants had no morning erections (n = 161, 51.4%), and about a third had less than three sexual intercourse attempts in the last six months (n = 90, 28.8%). Of the participants, 32.6% had moderate SD, 42.5% had mild SD, and 25% had no SD. Univariate analysis showed that male patients with SD were older (P < 0.001) and had a higher body mass index (P = 0.036) compared to those without SD. In addition, unemployed patients (P < 0.001), Bahraini (P < 0.001), had diabetes for 10 years or more (P < 0.001) and had prostate and spinal diseases (P = 0.004 and P = 0.010, respectively) had higher rates of SD. Logistic regression analysis showed that older patients (P = 0.007) and patients with a diabetes duration of more than 10 years were more likely to have SD than their counterparts (OR = 14.908, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
SD is a common problem among males with T2DM in Bahrain, especially among older patients and those with a prolonged history of diabetes. Therefore, primary care providers should consider screening for SD in male patients with T2DM.
Prevalence and concomitance of diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy and lower limb peripheral arterial disease in type II diabetics and its correlation with obesity
Authors: Solanki Jayesh Dalpatbhai , Shah Axat Pragnesh , Lalwani Nisha , Trivedi Bansi Janakbhai , Savani Avan Ashokbhai , Sojitra Krupali Parshottambhai 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Among type 2 diabetics (T2D), macrovascular complication lower limb Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) and microvascular complication Diabetic Peripheral Sensory Neuropathy (DPSN) have scarcely studied concordance and their association with obesity. Qualitative and general body fat parameters give a complete picture of obesity. We studied the association of vibration perception threshold (VPT)-based DSPN and ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI))-based PAD, and the effect of obesity on them, in T2Ds.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was done on 152 under-treatment T2Ds. Bio-esthesiometer-based VPT from the sole of each foot and VersaDop-based ABPI from all limbs were assessed. Prevalence of DSPN (VPT ≥25) and PAD (ABPI ≤0.9) was measured and compared for concomitance. The odds ratio was used for testing association and multiple linear regressions were accomplished for predictors of VPT and ABPI taking P value < 0.05 as statistically significant.

Results:
T2Ds had a mean age of 53 years, a mean duration of 67 months, and 48% glycemic control. The prevalence of abnormal VPT and ABPI was 64% and 23%, respectively. VPT-based subgroups do not defer significantly from ABPI and vice versa. Obesity was associated with only abnormal ABPI (visceral > general). Odd’s ratio for neuropathy with vasculopathy was insignificant while VPT and ABPI had differences in significant predictors.

Conclusion:
T2Ds having 64% neuropathy and 23% vasculopathy had one-third concomitance but lack of association and different predictors for each. Vasculopathy not neuropathy was associated with obesity; visceral more than general; suggesting scope for its rectification. It suggests different progression of these complications, despite some cross-talk between them.