bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of anxiety, depression, and stress among students of Jahangirnagar University in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Md. Moyazzem , Alam Md. Asraful , Masum Monirul Hasan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackground and AimsAnxiety and depression, as well as stress, are well‐known problems observed across the world, particularly among students. This study intends to identify the level of anxiety, depression, and stress among university students and determine its association with their sociodemographic characteristics.MethodsThe primary data were collected from 351 students with the help of a self‐administrated questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic information and contains the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale‐21 Items (DASS‐21) instrument over the period December 8, 2019–January 23, 2020. The χ2 test is employed to find the association between the status of stress, anxiety, and depression level with selected sociodemographic variables, and confirmatory factor analysis is used to find interrelationships between DASS items.ResultsThe results illustrate that no students have an extremely severe level of stress. However, the majority have a mild or moderate level of stress and it is associated with sex and residence (urban or rural). More than 40% of students have extremely severe anxiety. Results reveal that gender, residence (urban or rural), and family type of the students are linked with the anxiety level. The results also suggest that the type of accommodation of the students, their family type, and birth order are related to their depression level at a 5% level of significance. The findings also disclose that female students have more levels of depression, stress, and anxiety than their counterparts.ConclusionConsidering the finding, the authors think that the university authority should pay a need for greater interest to the mental well‐being of students to enhance their quality of life. Given the harmful impacts of stress on academic performance and health, university administrators should be incorporating anxiety, stress, and depression management training in orientation activities.
A qualitative study of challenges affecting the primary care system performance: Learning from Iran's experience
Authors: Rahimi Hamed , Haghdoost AliAkbar , Noorihekmat Somayeh 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackground and AimsPrimary care and the use of a referral system are essential components of any health system. The aim of this study was to investigate and identify the challenges affecting the performance of the primary health‐care system in Iran.MethodsThis qualitative study was carried out consisting of 14 interviews with experts and those familiar with the primary care system and its function. Purposive and snowball sampling was used to identify the samples. The recorded files were transcribed and entered into the MAXQDA‐11 software to be analyzed. The conventional content analysis approach was used for data analysis.ResultsThe findings of this study included 72 initial codes classified into 7 main themes and 18 subthemes. Seven main themes consist of governance, manpower, resources, financial management, services delivery, trans‐sectional, and social and cultural. The greatest challenges for Iran's primary health care (PHC) system are governance and human resources problems.ConclusionVarious dimensions of Iran's primary care system especially governance and human resources are facing several challenges that threaten its performance and efficiency. Policymakers and planners must address challenges fundamentally and do not get satisfied with superficial reforms that have short‐term and soothing effects. In this regard, enhancing governance functioning can profoundly solve numerous challenges of Iran's primary care system. We also suggest the strengthening of intersectoral collaboration.
The status and challenges of a modern irrigation system in Kenya: A systematic review
Authors: Kanda Edwin Kimutai , Lutta Valery Osimbo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe modernization efforts of the irrigation subsector in Kenya have been hampered by several challenges. This review describes the status and challenges facing irrigated agriculture in Kenya. The results indicated that as of 2018, the developed irrigation schemes covered an area of 222,240 ha, which is 16% of the irrigation potential of 1.34 million ha. Most large‐scale irrigation schemes use the furrow system. Private and commercial farms and smallholder irrigation schemes use modern irrigation systems. The major challenges to irrigation development are technical, socio‐economic, and institutional. The main technical challenges include poor water infrastructure, water scarcity, and poor water quality. The main socio‐economic challenges include the high cost of modern irrigation systems, inadequate credit facilities, and market inaccessibility. The institutional challenges include the existence of a pluralistic legal framework, inadequate participation by farmers, including women farmers, and poorly organized irrigation water user associations. However, the future of irrigation development is bright through climate change adaptation strategies such as solar‐powered irrigation systems and rainwater harvesting.
Disentangling the effects of peer status and peer victimization on perceived physical health in adolescence
Authors: de Bruine Marieke , Denissen Jaap J. A. , Giletta Matteo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntroductionAlthough exposure to peer victimization during adolescence has been linked to poorer (perceived) physical health, little is known about how multiple peer stressors may independently and conjointly be related with adolescent physical health outcomes. The current study investigated the unique, interactive, and cumulative effects of peer victimization and two types of peer status (i.e., peer preference and peer popularity) on adolescent perceived physical health, while separating between‐ and within‐person effects.MethodsTwo hundred and thirty‐three adolescents (Mage = 12.7 years; 47.2% females) enrolled in two secondary schools in the Netherlands completed self‐report measures and sociometric nominations of peer status four times, every 6 months, during the first 2 years of secondary school.ResultsMultilevel analysis showed that adolescents who reported higher levels of peer victimization than their peers also reported more perceived physical health problems. Moreover, when adolescents were exposed to higher levels of peer victimization (as compared with their own average levels), they also reported poorer perceived physical health (as compared with their own average levels). No main or interactive effects of peer status were found and the effect of a cumulative peer stress score emerged to be driven by peer victimization.ConclusionsFindings revealed both between‐ and within‐person effects of peer victimization on perceived physical health, suggesting that peer victimization may be the most salient peer stressor to affect physical health outcomes in adolescence.
Review of optical methods for fetal monitoring in utero
Authors: Gunther Jacqueline E. , Jayet Baptiste , Sekar Sanathana Konugolu Venkata , Kainerstorfer Jana M. , Andersson‐Engels Stefan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe current technology for monitoring fetal wellbeing during child birth is cardiotocography. However, CTG has high false positive rates that lead to unnecessary emergency Cesarean deliveries and false negatives that result in birth injuries. To curtail these issues, fetal pulse oximetery has been a topic of interest for many decades. Fetal pulse oximetry would yield the oxygen saturation of the fetus in utero and provide a more robust marker for clinicians to make decisions about performing emergency Cesarean deliveries. Here, we present a review of biomedical optical developments related to transabdominal fetal pulse oximetery in the biophotonics field and the challenges that must be overcome to make transabdominal pulse oximetry a clinical reality.
Identification of sacrococcygeal and pelvic abscesses infected with invasive Mycoplasma hominis by MALDI‐TOF MS
Authors: Su Fang , Zhang Junwu , Zhu Yongze , Lv Huoyang , Ge Yumei 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundMycoplasma hominis is the smallest prokaryotic microorganism with no cell wall, high pleomorphism, and slower reproduction than bacteria. It is difficult for clinical technicians to find M. hominis through the negative Gram staining of specimens. Therefore, it is likely to miss detection in routine clinical smear etiological examination. M. hominis is generally considered to be a common colonizing bacterium in urogenital tract with low pathogenicity, and it is usually difficult to invade submucosal tissue and enter the bloodstream.MethodsThe abscesses of the patient were examined histopathologically, and the pus in the abscesses was extracted for etiological examination. MALDI‐TOF MS was used to identify and confirmed the pathogens in the specimens. The commercial Mycoplasma isolation, culture, and drug sensitivity kit was used to determine antibiotic susceptibility.ResultsNo pathogens were found after pathological and smear microscopic examination of the puncture fluid from the sacrococcygeal and pelvic abscesses. Until 48 h later, small, translucent, and gray‐white colonies were observed in the blood plate culture results. The laboratory physician ultimately determined that the pathogen was M. hominis by MALDI‐TOF MS.ConclusionWe report a case of extra‐urogenital cystic abscesses infected by M. hominis, in order to improve clinicians’ comprehensive understanding of the pathogenicity of Mycoplasma. In addition, the clinical laboratory technician should pay attention to the role of Wright–Giemsa staining of puncture fluid smear in the preliminary detection and the application of MALDI‐TOF MS in identification of uncommon pathogenic microorganisms.
The neutrophil percentage‐to‐albumin ratio is related to the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy
Authors: He Xiaojie , Dai Feifei , Zhang Xi , Pan Jiandong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundAmong patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR), no proof was available to confirm the prognostic significance of the neutrophil percentage‐to‐albumin ratio (NPAR). We hypothesized that NPAR plays a role in the incidence of DR in diabetic patients.MethodsWe extracted all diabetes mellitus (DM) data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database between 1999 and 2018, NPAR was expressed as neutrophil percentage/albumin. Multivariable logistic regression and generalized additive model were utilized for the purpose of examining the correction between NPAR levels and DR. Subgroup analysis of the associations between NPAR and DR was carried out to investigate if the impact of the NPAR varied among different subgroups.ResultsAn aggregate of 5850 eligible participants were included in the present research. The relationship between NPAR levels and DR was positive linear. In the multivariate analysis, following the adjustment for confounders (gender, white blood cell, age, monocyte percent, red cell distribution width, eosinophils percent, bicarbonate, body mass index, iron, glucose, basophils percent, total bilirubin, creatinine, and chloride), higher NPAR was an independent risk factor for DR compared to lower NPAR (OR, 95% CI: 1.18, 1.00–1.39; 1.24, 1.04–1.48). For the purpose of sensitivity analysis, we found a trend of consistency (p for trend: 0.0190). The results of the subgroup analysis revealed that NPAR did not exert any statistically significant interactions with any of the other DR risk variables.ConclusionsElevated NPAR is associated with an elevated risk of occurrence of DR in diabetic patients.
Police as threat: The influence of race and the summer of Black Lives Matter on implicit and explicit attitudes towards the police
Authors: Verhaeghen Paul , Aikman Shelley N. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPolice officers partially rely on implicit and explicit stereotypes in their interactions with the public. We investigated if these attitudes are reciprocated, specifically, if people of color implicitly fear police, and whether the events of the summer of 2020 changed the public's attitudes about police. Seven hundred and fifty‐nine college students (235 BIPOC) participated, 373 in 2019, 386 in fall 2020. BIPOC participants more readily implicitly associated police officers with threat; implicit police‐as‐threat scores increased after the summer of 2020 regardless of race. Explicit attitudes showed the same pattern: BIPOC participants had less favorable attitudes of police; participants in Fall 2020 had less favorable attitudes of police. Implicit attitudes were predicted by race, time, the experience of being treated with (dis)respect, and an emphasis on the binding aspect of morality. Explicit attitudes were predicted by the same variables, as well as specific community variables, the moral foundation of individualizing, and implicit attitudes.
Bedside critical ultrasound as a key to the diagnosis of obstructive atelectasis complicated with acute cor pulmonale and differentiation from pulmonary embolism: A case report
Authors: Zhao Haotian , Yan Yaru , Liu Yi , Long Ling , Xue Hongyuan , Zhao Heling 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAcute attack of dyspnea may be combined with acute cor pulmonale (ACP). Rapid and accurate identification of the etiology of ACP is the key to its diagnosis and treatment. Echocardiography is a better imaging tool in the assessment of right ventricular function. Under the guidance of the theory of cardiopulmonary interaction, ultrasonography can detect lung lesions, which causes ACP. We report the case of a 67‐year‐old man who received mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure. Right ventricular dysfunction was detected by echocardiography. Lung ultrasound showed a high risk of pulmonary embolism. However, obstructive atelectasis should not be ruled out after increasing back area ultrasonography. To avoid pitfalls, combined cardiac and lung ultrasound should be used carefully and strictly.
Virtual segmentation of three‐dimensional ultrasound images of morphological structures of an ex vivo ectopic pregnancy inside a fallopian tube
Authors: Peters Rafael , Castro Pedro Teixeira , Matos Ana Paula Pinho , Ribeiro Gerson , Lopes dos Santos Jorge , Araujo Júnior Edward , Werner Heron 
Published: March 2022

AbstractEx vivo ultrasound (US) of human tissues has been used for decades on the study of the acoustic physical aspects of the US, to the study of the morphology of the organs. Using three‐dimensional (3D) US, we demonstrate the possibilities to study surgical specimens from gynecological conditions. 3D images of the surgical specimen were collected and virtually segmented according to the contrast of its images, providing a 3D image of the ectopic pregnancy and its effects on the fallopian tube.
The dilemma of different dental degrees: DDS and DMD
Authors: Giddon Donald B. , Lamster Ira B. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAlthough the Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) evolved from the surgical and the Doctor of Medicine in Dentistry (DMD) from the medical (DMD) roots of the dental profession, dental schools in the US currently award both degrees, verified as equivalent by finding no differences between them in standards of admissions, accreditation, or state licensure requirements while continuing to be subjectively perceived as different enough to create professional and public confusion. In contrast, Doctors of Osteopathy (DOs) and Doctors of Medicine (MDs) are both objectively and subjectively perceived as different in philosophy and healthcare training while objectively passing similar examinations to be licensed as physicians.Following from the history of both dental degrees and their implications for training and dental practice, the objective of this manuscript is to update the scientific, socio‐political, and professional reasons for awarding only the DMD for future graduates while continuing to recognize the contributions of DDS graduates to oral healthcare.Working with the American Dental Association (ADA), American Dental Education Association (ADEA), and dental school librarians, a historical review was undertaken of the establishment of two doctoral degrees for dentists in the United States, including beliefs and attitudes of faculty and local dentists at the times of initiation or change in degrees awarded. Among the current 68 dental schools in the United States, there are approximately equal numbers of DDS‐ and DMD‐granting schools. Except for some Harvard physicians, some of whom practiced dentistry, who wanted dentistry to be a specialty of medicine and the unexpected, serendipitous substitution of “medicine” for “surgery” which could not be translated into required Latin in 1867, all dental schools would have awarded only the DDS degree. Now, with the ongoing reorganization of the healthcare workforce in the United States, a single degree with broader healthcare connotations of the DMD will facilitate the integration of dentistry with overall healthcare, without changing the fundamental oral healthcare responsibilities of both DDS and DMD graduates.
Effects of superfine pulverization technology on the morphology, microstructure, and physicochemical properties of Apium graveolens L. root
Authors: Sun Jing , Wang Ning , Wang Chunyan , Zhang Shanzi , Tian Li 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this study, the characteristics of the transverse section of Apium graveolens L. root (AR) were observed. The surface morphology, physicochemical properties, and antioxidant activity of five kinds of powders obtained by superfine pulverization (850–355, 355–180, 180–125, 125–50, and <50 μm) were evaluated. Under the microscope, the transverse section of AR had distinct identification features. Parenchyma cells, cork cells, vessels, fibers, nonglandular hair, and tubing fragments were observed via powder microscopic identification. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that superfine pulverization evidently changed the shape and surface morphology of the AR powders. As particle size decreased, the moisture and oil‐binding capacity (OBC) of AR powder decreased, whereas its total ash content, water solubility index (WSI), swelling capacity (SC), water‐holding capacity (WHC), bulk densities, tapped densities, repose angles, slide angles, and crash angles increased. The AR powder with a particle size of <50 μm had the highest contents of total flavonoids (30.46 mg/g), apiin (15.29 mg/g), and 3′‐methoxyapiin (6.78 mg/g). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis revealed that the chemical composition of the powder and its extracts did not notably change as particle size decreased. Meanwhile, the scavenging ability of DPPH and ABTS radicals increased with the decrease of particle size. Therefore, there are more obvious differences in physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of AR powders with different particle sizes. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of new AR products.Research Highlights
Under the microscope, the transverse section of Apium graveolens L. root (AR) had distinct identification features.
Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to observe the morphology and microstructure of AR after superfine pulverization.
The surface morphology and physicochemical properties of the powders obtained by superfine pulverization were evaluated.
FTIR analysis revealed no notable differences in the chemical composition of the AR powders with different particle sizes.
The effect of captivity on craniomandibular and calcaneal ontogenetic trajectories in wild boar
Authors: Neaux Dimitri , Harbers Hugo , Blanc Barbara , Ortiz Katia , Locatelli Yann , Herrel Anthony , Debat Vincent , Cucchi Thomas 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDeciphering the plastic (i.e., nonheritable) changes induced by human control over wild animals in the archeological record is challenging. Previous studies detected morphological markers associated with captivity in the cranium, mandible, and calcaneus of adult wild boar (Sus scrofa) but the developmental trajectories leading up to these changes during ontogeny remain unknown. To assess the impact of growth in a captive environment on morphological structures during postnatal ontogeny, we used an experimental approach focusing on the same three structures and taxon. We investigated the form and size differences of captive‐reared and wild‐caught wild boar during growth using three‐dimensional landmark‐based geometric morphometrics. Our results provide evidence of an influence of captivity on the morphology of craniomandibular structures, as wild specimens are smaller than captive individuals at similar ages. The food resources inherent to anthropogenic environments may explain some of the observed differences between captive‐reared and wild specimens. The calcaneus presents a different contrasted pattern of plasticity as captive and wild individuals differ in terms of form but not in terms of size. The physically more constrained nature of the calcaneus and the direct influence of mobility reduction on this bone may explain these discrepancies. These results provide new methodological perspectives for bioarchaeological approaches as they imply that the plastic mark of captivity can be observed in juvenile specimens in the same way it has been previously described in adults.
The Late Middle Pleistocene mammalian fauna of Oumm Qatafa Cave, Judean Desert: taxonomy, taphonomy and palaeoenvironment
Authors: Marom Nimrod , Lazagabaster Ignacio A. , Shafir Roee , Natalio Filipe , Eisenmann Vera , Horwitz Liora Kolska 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTThe Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of the southern Levant has proven key to understanding human evolution and intercontinental faunal biogeography. Knowledge of archaeological sites of that period in the southern Levant is biased, with most Middle Pleistocene localities in the Mediterranean areas in the north, despite the mosaic of environments that mark the entire region. A key Middle Pleistocene location in the Judean Desert – on the eastern margin of the Mediterranean zone – is the site of Oumm Qatafa, excavated in the early 1900s, which yielded a faunal collection spanning an estimated time period of 600–200 kya. Here, we present a revised taxonomy of the macromammalian fauna from the site, discuss the palaeoenvironmental implications of this assemblage, and relate the finds to other Pleistocene sites from the Levant. These data enable a more precise palaeoenvironmental reconstruction which attests to an open landscape, but with the addition of a mesic Mediterranean component close by. In addition, detailed taphonomic observations on butchery marks and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of burnt bone link the fauna for the first time to anthropogenic activities in the cave.