bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carotid Plaque Characterization Using Dual‐Energy Computed Tomography: Predicting Imminent Ipsilateral Ischemic Stroke in 30 Days
Authors: Yuenyongsinchai Kampon , Tan Can Ozan , Vranic Justin , Flores Efren , Silverman Scott , Gupta Rajiv 
Published: June 2022

Background
Despite progress in noninvasive means for visualizing and characterizing carotid plaque morphology, current clinical practice and AHA/ASA guidelines do not employ any plaque characteristics in deciding whether a patient should undergo carotid endarterectomy. Our objective is to evaluate the utility of dual‐energy computed tomography imaging characteristics of the carotid plaques to differentiate between the stable and unstable plaques and to predict subsequent ipsilateral ischemic stroke within 30 days.

Methods
In this retrospective case‐controlled study, 1185 consecutive neck computed tomography angiograms from November 2017 to October 2019 were included. In this cohort, 14 patients who experienced acute ischemic strokes caused by carotid plaque rupture within 30 days were identified and analyzed. Forty‐two patients who did not suffer an ischemic stroke but had matched risk factors were selected as control. Univariable and multivariate logistic regressions were used to develop a predictive model. Through a similar retrospective review of 483 stroke patients from November 2019 to October 2020, an independent test data set of 60 patients (15:45) was identified and used to assess the predictive performance of the model.

Results

In the univariable models, the plaque thickness (odds ratio [OR],1.59; 95% CI, 1.12–2.24;
P
=0.009), degree of stenosis (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02–1.09;
P
=0.002), plaque ulceration (OR, 20.00; 95% CI, 3.42–116.80;
P
=0.001), and intraplaque hemorrhage (OR, 7.22; 95% CI, 1.45–35.93;
P
=0.016) showed significant association with a subsequent stroke. Patent luminal diameter (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.45–0.85;
P
=0.003) and maximal external diameter (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.50–0.99;
P
=0.046) were inversely associated with a subsequent stroke. The final predictive model derived from multiple logistic regression included patent luminal diameter, maximal external diameter, degree of stenosis, plaque ulceration, and intraplaque hemorrhage. On the independent test data set, the model showed high specificity (84%) and negative predictive value (90%) with moderate sensitivity (73%) and positive predictive value (61%). The overall accuracy was 82%.

Conclusions
Dual‐energy computed tomography imaging features of carotid plaque may aid in prediction of a subsequent ipsilateral ischemic stroke within 30 days following the imaging study. Such information may guide the clinical management of vulnerable plaque.
Differential Dopamine Receptor-Dependent Sensitivity Improves the Switch Between Hard and Soft Selection in a Model of the Basal Ganglia
Authors: Codol Olivier , Gribble Paul L. , Gurney Kevin N. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The problem of selecting one action from a set of different possible actions, simply referred to as the problem of action selection, is a ubiquitous challenge in the animal world. For vertebrates, the basal ganglia (BG) are widely thought to implement the core computation to solve this problem, as its anatomy and physiology are well suited to this end. However, the BG still display physiological features whose role in achieving efficient action selection remains unclear. In particular, it is known that the two types of dopaminergic receptors (D1 and D2) present in the BG give rise to mechanistically different responses. The overall effect will be a difference in sensitivity to dopamine, which may have ramifications for action selection. However, which receptor type leads to a stronger response is unclear due to the complexity of the intracellular mechanisms involved. In this study, we use an existing, high-level computational model of the BG, which assumes that dopamine contributes to action selection by enabling a switch between different selection regimes, to predict which of D1 or D2 has the greater sensitivity. Thus, we ask, Assuming dopamine enables a switch between action selection regimes in the BG, what functional sensitivity values would result in improved action selection computation? To do this, we quantitatively assessed the model's capacity to perform action selection as we parametrically manipulated the sensitivity weights of D1 and D2. We show that differential (rather than equal) D1 and D2 sensitivity to dopaminergic input improves the switch between selection regimes during the action selection computation in our model. Specifically, greater D2 sensitivity compared to D1 led to these improvements.
Moisture Recharge–Discharge Cycles: A Gross Moist Stability–Based Phase Angle Perspective
Authors: Maithel Vijit , Back Larissa 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Moist static energy (MSE) budgets and gross moist stability (GMS) have been widely used as a diagnostic tool to study the evolution of moisture and convection at different time scales. However, use of GMS is limited at shorter time scales because many points in the tropics have close-to-zero large-scale vertical motion at a given time. This is particularly true in the case of convective life cycles, which have been shown to exist with noise-like ubiquity throughout the tropics at intraseasonal time scales. This study proposes a novel phase angle–based framework as a process-level diagnostic tool to study the MSE budgets during these cycles. Using the GMS phase plane, a phase angle parameter is defined, which converts the unbound GMS into a finite ranged variable. The study finds that the convective life cycles are closely linked to evolution of moisture and effectively behave as moisture recharge–discharge cycles. Convective cycles in different datasets are studied using TOGA COARE, a mix of different satellite products and ERA-Interim. Analysis of the MSE budget reveals that the cyclic behavior is a result of transitions between wet and dry equilibrium states and is similar across different regions. Further, vertical and horizontal advection of MSE are found to act as the primary drivers behind this variability. In contrast, nonlinearities in the radiative and surface flux feedbacks are found to resist the convective evolution. A linearized model consistent with moisture mode dynamics is able to replicate the recharge–discharge cycle variability in TOGA COARE data.

Significance Statement
In the tropics, variability of moisture and rainfall are closely linked to each other. Through this study we aim to better understand the evolution of moisture in observed daily time series data. We present a novel phase angle–based diagnostic tool to represent and study the energy budget of the system at this time resolution. Our results suggest that similar processes and mechanisms are relevant across different regions and at different scales in the tropics with moisture dynamics being important for these processes. Further, a key role is played by the energy transport associated with the large-scale circulation that drives moisture evolution in a cyclic pattern.
Nonlinear Seasonal and Long-Term Trends in a Twentieth-Century Meteorological Drought Index across the Continental United States
Authors: Sung Kyungmin , Stagge James H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Analyzing gradual trends in meteorological drought has become increasingly important as anthropogenic climate change and natural climate variability interact to complicate measurement of drought severity. Complex seasonality and long-term trends pose a limitation in understanding spatial trends in nonstationary changes of meteorological drought in the United States. This study seeks to address this issue by simultaneously analyzing recurring seasonal patterns (stationary component) and long-term drought trends (nonstationary component), with a unique focus on nonlinear trends and common regional patterns. We analyzed 696 instrumental precipitation gauges with long historical records in the continental United States, using a novel spline-based model to disaggregate a 3-month meteorological drought index (SPI) into its seasonal and long-term components. The disaggregated components for each gauge were then clustered into subregions with similar seasonality and groupings with similar long-term trends using a two-step process. Our results identify clearly defined regions based on precipitation seasonality, while long-term trends are not spatially coherent with the seasonality. Instead, these findings support prior findings of an increasingly drier western United States and an increasingly wetter eastern United States over the last century, but with more nuanced spatial and temporal patterns. The new clustering analysis based on nonstationary meteorological drought trends can contribute to informing and adapting current water management strategies to long-term drought trends.

Significance Statement
This study considered 656 precipitation gauges across the continental United States to find regions with similar precipitation seasonality and then to group records with similar long-term climate trends. The study focused on 3-month average precipitation, a key indicator for drought monitoring. We identified eight regions across the United States with similar precipitation seasonality. From 1920 to the present, we found continuous drying trends throughout the western United States, continuously wetter trends in the northern plains, and an overall wetter trend interrupted by a midcentury dry period (1930–50) for much of the central Plains and Midwest. This study’s use of splines, or fitted curves, allowed these nonlinear patterns, which we believe better capture the nuances and intensification of climate change effects on precipitation.
Is There an Optimal Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Target to Treat Chronic Tinnitus?
Authors: Watson Nathan , Schaper Frederic L.W.V.J. , Jabbour Sandrine , Sadler Samantha , Bain Paul A. , Fox Michael D. , Naples James G. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectiveChronic tinnitus is a clinical symptom that affects 10% to 15% of the adult population. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a promising treatment, but significant heterogeneity exists in the treatment outcomes and stimulation parameters. In this study, we perform a qualitative systematic review to determine if there is an optimal rTMS site to treat tinnitus.Data SourcesA literature search was performed by searching the MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane databases.Review MethodsSham‐controlled studies in adults were included that contained >10 patients with tinnitus for >3 months and utilized 10 to 20 electroencephalography coordinates. Study outcomes were considered positive if the treatment arm reported a significant reduction in the primary tinnitus score relative to sham.ResultsThere were 1211 studies screened. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria, and 8 unique stimulation sites were reported. Studies had 53.7 ± 46.0 patients (mean ± SD). The mean duration of follow‐up was 10.3 ± 9.6 weeks. Positive outcomes regarding tinnitus suppression were reported in 5 of 5 (100%) studies stimulating the temporoparietal junction midway between T3 and P3 or between T4 and P4. Tinnitus suppression at all other sites was less frequent with a combined success rate of only 8 of 14 (57.1%).ConclusionSignificant heterogeneity exists in the literature in regard to the optimal transcranial magnetic stimulation target. These preliminary findings suggest that the temporoparietal junction midway between T3 and P3 or T4 and P4 is a promising nonauditory rTMS target in the setting of chronic tinnitus. Future research should elucidate the effectiveness of this site for tinnitus suppression.
Effects of Varying Laser Parameters During Laser Stapedotomy on Intracochlear Pressures
Authors: Boscoe Elizabeth F. , Banakis Hartl Renee M. , Gubbels Samuel P. , Greene Nathaniel T. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectiveSensorineural hearing loss is a known complication of stapes surgery. We previously showed that laser stapedotomy can result in intracochlear pressures that are comparable to high sound pressure levels. Optimizing laser settings to those that correspond with the lowest pressure changes may mitigate risk for postoperative hearing loss. Here we quantify the effects of various laser parameters on intracochlear pressures and test the hypothesis that intracochlear pressure changes are proportional to the laser energy delivered.Study DesignBasic and translational science.SettingCadaveric dissection and basic science laboratory.MethodsCadaveric human heads underwent mastoidectomies. Intracochlear pressures were measured via fiber‐optic pressure probes placed in scala vestibuli and tympani. Pulses of varied stimulus power and duration from a 980‐nm diode laser were applied to the stapes footplate.ResultsSustained high‐intensity pressures were observed in the cochlea during all laser applications. Observed pressure magnitudes increased monotonically with laser energy and rose linearly for lower stimulus durations and powers, but there was increased variability for laser applications of longer duration (200‐300 ms) and/or higher power (8 W).ConclusionsResults confirm that significant pressure changes occur during laser stapedotomy, which we hypothesize may cause injury. Overall energy delivered depends predictably on duration and power, but surgeons should use caution at the highest stimulus levels and longest pulse durations due to the increasing variability in intracochlear pressure under these stimulus conditions. While the risk to hearing from increased intracochlear pressures from laser stapedotomy remains unclear, these results affirm the need to optimize laser settings to avoid unintended injury.
The Maira-Sampeyre and Val Grana Allochthons (south Western Alps): review and new data on the tectonometamorphic evolution of the Briançonnais distal margin
Authors: Michard André , Schmid Stefan M. , Lahfid Abdeltif , Ballèvre Michel , Manzotti Paola , Chopin Christian , Iaccarino Salvatore , Dana Davide 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHere we describe the structure, the high-pressure, low-temperature (HP-LT) metamorphism and tectonic evolution of the Briançonnais distal margin units from the south Western Alps. The studied area extends southwest of the Dora-Maira (U)HP basement units and east-southeast of the classical Briançonnais nappes. A new structural map accompanied by geological profiles shows the thrusting of the oceanic nappes (Monviso and Queyras units) onto the distal Briançonnais units (D1 and D2 late Eocene deformation phases) under blueschist-facies conditions. Subsequent deformation during the Early Oligocene (D3 deformation phase) took place under greenschist-facies conditions and was associated with back-folding and -thrusting in the units overlying the Dora-Maira massif and with exhumation related to normal reactivation of former thrusts within the latter massif. Two large cover units, detached from their former distal Briançonnais basement, are redefined as the Maira-Sampeyre and Val Grana Allochthons (shortly: Maira-Grana Allochthons = MGA) including, (i) the Val Maira-Sampeyre unit involving Lower and Middle Triassic formations, seemingly detached from the Dora-Maira units during the subduction process, and (ii) the Val Grana unit with Middle-Upper Triassic and Early-Middle Jurassic formations, which was probably detached from the Maira-Sampeyre unit and correlates with the “Prepiemonte units” known from the Ligurian Alps to the Swiss Prealps. Three major shear zones involving tectonic mélanges of oceanic and continental rocks at the base of the Val Grana, Maira-Sampeyre and Dronero units testify to an early phase of exhumation within the subduction channel in front of the Adria plate. We present a new metamorphic map based on published and new petrological data, including new thermometric data obtained by Raman spectroscopy of carbonaceous material (RSCM). The TRSCM values range from ~ 400 °C to > 500 °C, going from the most external Val Grana unit and overlying Queyras schists to the uppermost Dora-Maira unit. During the Late Triassic, the width of the Briançonnais s.l. domain can be restored at ~ 100 km, whereas it reached ~ 150 km after the Jurassic rifting. A significant, second rifting event affected the Briançonnais domain during the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene, forming the Longet-Alpet chaotic breccias, which deserve further investigations.
Genotyping and phenotyping strategies for genetic improvement of meat quality and carcass composition in swine
Authors: Lozada-Soto Emmanuel André , Lourenco Daniela , Maltecca Christian , Fix Justin , Schwab Clint , Shull Caleb , Tiezzi Francesco 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Meat quality and composition traits have become valuable in modern pork production; however, genetic improvement has been slow due to high phenotyping costs. Combining genomic information with multi-trait indirect selection based on cheaper indicator traits is an alternative for continued cost-effective genetic improvement.

Methods
Data from an ongoing breeding program were used in this study. Phenotypic and genomic information was collected on three-way crossbred and purebred Duroc animals belonging to 28 half-sib families. We applied different methods to assess the value of using purebred and crossbred information (both genomic and phenotypic) to predict expensive-to-record traits measured on crossbred individuals. Estimation of multi-trait variance components set the basis for comparing the different scenarios, together with a fourfold cross-validation approach to validate the phenotyping schemes under four genotyping strategies.

Results
The benefit of including genomic information for multi-trait prediction depended on the breeding goal trait, the indicator traits included, and the source of genomic information. While some traits benefitted significantly from genotyping crossbreds (e.g., loin intramuscular fat content, backfat depth, and belly weight), multi-trait prediction was advantageous for some traits even in the absence of genomic information (e.g., loin muscle weight, subjective color, and subjective firmness).

Conclusions
Our results show the value of using different sources of phenotypic and genomic information. For most of the traits studied, including crossbred genomic information was more beneficial than performing multi-trait prediction. Thus, we recommend including crossbred individuals in the reference population when these are phenotyped for the breeding objective.
An artificial intelligence-based risk prediction model of myocardial infarction
Authors: Liu Ran , Wang Miye , Zheng Tao , Zhang Rui , Li Nan , Chen Zhongxiu , Yan Hongmei , Shi Qingke 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundMyocardial infarction can lead to malignant arrhythmia, heart failure, and sudden death. Clinical studies have shown that early identification of and timely intervention for acute MI can significantly reduce mortality. The traditional MI risk assessment models are subjective, and the data that go into them are difficult to obtain. Generally, the assessment is only conducted among high-risk patient groups.ObjectiveTo construct an artificial intelligence–based risk prediction model of myocardial infarction (MI) for continuous and active monitoring of inpatients, especially those in noncardiovascular departments, and early warning of MI.MethodsThe imbalanced data contain 59 features, which were constructed into a specific dataset through proportional division, upsampling, downsampling, easy ensemble, and w-easy ensemble. Then, the dataset was traversed using supervised machine learning, with recursive feature elimination as the top-layer algorithm and random forest, gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT), logistic regression, and support vector machine as the bottom-layer algorithms, to select the best model out of many through a variety of evaluation indices.ResultsGBDT was the best bottom-layer algorithm, and downsampling was the best dataset construction method. In the validation set, the F1 score and accuracy of the 24-feature downsampling GBDT model were both 0.84. In the test set, the F1 score and accuracy of the 24-feature downsampling GBDT model were both 0.83, and the area under the curve was 0.91.ConclusionCompared with traditional models, artificial intelligence–based machine learning models have better accuracy and real-time performance and can reduce the occurrence of in-hospital MI from a data-driven perspective, thereby increasing the cure rate of patients and improving their prognosis.
Evolutionary transitions in diet influence the exceptional diversification of a lizard adaptive radiation
Authors: Ocampo Mauricio , Pincheira-Donoso Daniel , Sayol Ferran , Rios Rodrigo S. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundDiet is a key component of a species ecological niche and plays critical roles in guiding the trajectories of evolutionary change. Previous studies suggest that dietary evolution can influence the rates and patterns of species diversification, with omnivorous (animal and plant, ‘generalist’) diets slowing down diversification compared to more restricted (‘specialist’) herbivorous and carnivorous diets. This hypothesis, here termed the “dietary macroevolutionary sink” hypothesis (DMS), predicts that transitions to omnivorous diets occur at higher rates than into any specialist diet, and omnivores are expected to have the lowest diversification rates, causing an evolutionary sink into a single type of diet. However, evidence for the DMS hypothesis remains conflicting. Here, we present the first test of the DMS hypothesis in a lineage of ectothermic tetrapods—the prolific Liolaemidae lizard radiation from South America.ResultsAncestral reconstructions suggest that the stem ancestor was probably insectivorous. The best supported trait model is a diet-dependent speciation rate, with independent extinction rates. Herbivory has the highest net diversification rate, omnivory ranks second, and insectivory has the lowest. The extinction rate is the same for all three diet types and is much lower than the speciation rates. The highest transition rate was from omnivory to insectivory, and the lowest transition rates were between insectivory and herbivory.ConclusionsOur findings challenge the core prediction of the DMS hypothesis that generalist diets represent an ‘evolutionary sink’. Interestingly, liolaemid lizards have rapidly and successfully proliferated across some of the world’s coldest climates (at high elevations and latitudes), where species have evolved mixed arthropod-plant (omnivore) or predominantly herbivore diets. This longstanding observation is consistent with the higher net diversification rates found in both herbivory and omnivory. Collectively, just like the evolution of viviparity has been regarded as a ‘key adaptation’ during the liolaemid radiation across cold climates, our findings suggest that transitions from insectivory to herbivory (bridged by omnivory) are likely to have played a role as an additional key adaptation underlying the exceptional diversification of these reptiles across extreme climates.