bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pondosa fault zone: A distributed dextral-normal-oblique fault system in northeastern California, USA
Authors: Jobe Jessica Thompson , Briggs Richard , Gold Ryan , DeLong Stephen , Hille Madeline , Delano Jaime , Johnstone Samuel A. , Pickering Alexandra , Phillips Rachel , Calvert Andrew T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The tectonic domains of Basin and Range extension, Cascadia subduction zone contraction, and Walker Lane dextral transtension converge in the Mushroom Rock region of northeastern California, USA. We combined analysis of high-resolution topographic data, bedrock mapping, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology, low-temperature thermochronology, and existing geologic and fault mapping to characterize an extensive dextral-normal-oblique fault system called the Pondosa fault zone. This fault zone extends north-northwest from the Pit River east of Soldier Mountain, California, into moderately high-relief volcanic topography as far north as the Bartle (California) townsite with normal and dextral offset apparent in geomorphology and fault exposures. New and existing 40Ar/39Ar and radiocarbon dating of offset lava flows provides ages of 12.4 ka to 9.6 Ma for late Cenozoic stratigraphic units. Scarp morphology and geomorphic expression indicate that the fault system was active in the late Pleistocene. The Pondosa fault zone may represent a dextral-oblique accommodation zone between north-south–oriented Basin and Range extensional fault systems and/or part of the Sierra Nevada–Oregon Coast block microplate boundary.
Sex-related differences and hormonal effects in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) study
Authors: Zhao Megan , Yu Yinxi , Roy Neeta S , Ying Gui-shuang , Asbell Penny , Bunya Vatinee Y 
Published: December 2022

Background/aimsTo compare dry eye disease (DED) signs and symptoms between men and women, as well as between premenopausal and postmenopausal women, in the Dry Eye Assessment and Management (DREAM) study.Methods434 women and 101 men self-reported prior medical history and underwent a standardised DED assessment using the Ocular Surface Disease Index, Brief Pain Inventory, Tear Break-Up Time (TBUT)(s), Schirmer’s test 2 (mm/5 min), National Eye Institute-graded lissamine conjunctival staining, corneal staining, meibomian gland dysfunction evaluation and tear osmolarity (mOsms/L) at baseline, 6 months and 12 months. Multivariable linear regression models were used to compare these scores.ResultsWomen experienced significantly worse DED signs than men with lower Schirmer’s test scores (9.27 vs 12.16; p<0.001), higher corneal staining scores (3.59 vs 2.70; p=0.006) and worse composite DED sign scores (0.52 vs 0.40; p<0.001). Postmenopausal women experienced significantly worse DED signs than premenopausal women with higher corneal staining scores (3.74 vs 2.58, p<0.001), higher conjunctival staining scores (2.80 vs 2.22, p<0.001), higher tear osmolarity (304 vs 299, p=0.004), lower TBUT (3.37 vs 3.93, p=0.047), worse meibomian gland dysfunction (3.05 vs 2.62, p=0.04) and worse composite DED sign scores (0.54 vs 0.42, p<0.001). There were no significant differences in DED symptoms between sex and between premenopausal and postmenopausal women (all p≥0.08).ConclusionIn the DREAM study, women experienced more severe DED signs than men. Further, postmenopausal women presented with more severe DED signs than premenopausal women. Elucidating these differences may improve DED diagnosis and provide future direction in understanding sex-related differences in DED.Trial registration numberNCT02128763.
Changing faces of mitochondrial disease: autosomal recessivePOLGdisease mimicking myasthenia gravis and progressive supranuclear palsy
Authors: Elwan Menatalla , Schaefer Andrew M , Craig Kate , Hopton Sila , Falkous Gavin , Blakely Emma L , Taylor Robert W , Warren Naomi 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundMitochondrial disorders are known to cause diverse neurological phenotypes which cause a diagnostic challenge to most neurologists. Pathogenic polymerase gamma (POLG) variants have been described as a cause of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia, which manifests with ptosis, horizontal and vertical eye movement restriction and myopathy. Autosomal dominant progressive external ophthalmoplegia is rarely associated with Parkinsonism responsive to levodopa.MethodsWe report a case of a 58-year-old man who presented with an eye movement disorder then Parkinsonism who made his way through the myasthenia then the movement disorder clinic.ResultsA diagnostic right tibialis anterior biopsy revealed classical hallmarks of mitochondrial disease, and genetic testing identified compound heterozygous pathogenic gene variants in thePOLGgene. The patient was diagnosed with autosomal recessivePOLGdisease.ConclusionsIt is important to maintain a high index of suspicion of pathogenicPOLGvariants in patients presenting with atypical Parkinsonism and ophthalmoplegia. Patients withPOLG-related disease will usually have ptosis, and downgaze is typically preserved until late in the disease. Accurate diagnosis is essential for appropriate prognosis and genetic counselling.
How to Avoid Using Too Much of a Good Thing
Authors: Yaffe Philip 
Published: December 2022

Each "Communication Corner" essay is self-contained; however, they build on each other. For best results, before reading this essay and doing the exercise, go to the first essay "How an Ugly Duckling Became a Swan," then read each succeeding essay.
We live in a visual age, which has led many public speakers to believe every formal speech they give requires visual aids. This is too simplistic. Visual aids are supposed to aid the speech, not distract from it, i.e., they are useful when they are useful and not useful when they aren't.
Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation of DDR1 Counteracts the Hippo Pathway to Orchestrate Arterial Stiffening
Authors: Liu Jiayu , Wang Jin , Liu Yueqi , Xie Si-An , Zhang Jianrui , Zhao Chuanrong , Zhou Yuan , Pang Wei , Yao Weijuan , Peng Qin , Wang Xiaohong , Zhou Jing 
Published: December 2022

Background:
The Hippo-YAP (yes-associated protein) signaling pathway is modulated in response to various environmental cues. Activation of YAP in vascular smooth muscle cells conveys the extracellular matrix stiffness-induced changes in vascular smooth muscle cells phenotype and behavior. Recent studies have established a mechanoreceptive role of receptor tyrosine kinase DDR1 (discoidin domain receptor 1) in vascular smooth muscle cells.

Methods:
We conduced 5/6 nephrectomy in vascular smooth muscle cells-specific Ddr1-knockout mice, accompanied by pharmacological inhibition of the Hippo pathway kinase LATS1 (large tumor suppressor 1), to investigate DDR1 in YAP activation. We utilized polyacrylamide gels of varying stiffness or the DDR1 ligand, type I collagen, to stimulate the cells. We employed multiple molecular biological techniques to explore the role of DDR1 in controlling the Hippo pathway and to determine the mechanistic basis by which DDR1 exerts this effect.

Results:
We identified the requirement for DDR1 in stiffness/collagen-induced YAP activation. We uncovered that DDR1 underwent stiffness/collagen binding-stimulated liquid-liquid phase separation and co-condensed with LATS1 to inactivate LATS1. Mutagenesis experiments revealed that the transmembrane domain is responsible for DDR1 droplet formation. Purified DDR1 N-terminal and transmembrane domain was sufficient to drive its reversible condensation. Depletion of the DDR1 C-terminus led to failure in co-condensation with LATS1. Interaction between the DDR1 C-terminus and LATS1 competitively inhibited binding of MOB1 (Mps one binder 1) to LATS1 and thus the subsequent phosphorylation of LATS1. Introduction of the single-point mutants, histidine-745-proline and histidine-902-proline, to DDR1 on the C-terminus abolished the co-condensation. In mouse models, YAP activity was positively correlated with collagen I expression and arterial stiffness. LATS1 inhibition reactivated the YAP signaling in Ddr1-deficient vessels and abrogated the arterial softening effect of Ddr1 deficiency.

Conclusions:
These findings identify DDR1 as a mediator of YAP activation by mechanical and chemical stimuli and demonstrate that DDR1 regulates LATS1 phosphorylation in an liquid-liquid phase separation-dependent manner.
Text and the City: How the City Shaped Language
Authors: Efrat-Kowalsky Nour 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the first case of dramatic and large-scale loss of linguistic diversity. Language death has been part of our history as long as languages were spoken, but in the fourth millennium bce urbanisation and a growing regional economy caused a decrease in both language and typological diversity on a much larger scale than ever before. The first cities in Mesopotamia had developed writing and administration which centralised power and disseminated its influence. In particular, standard languages that were used for official purposes over large areas emerged. Written standard language slowed down the rate of change and consolidated diverging dialects. The larger areas in which languages were spoken in combination with increased mobility and long-distance contacts increased language contact and decreased typological differentiation. Massive population movements due to natural and human made disasters wiped out whole linguistic lineages through language shifts. In effect, this was a first wave globalisation, resulting in the first extensive linguistic diversity eradication.
Spectral Budget of Rotational and Divergent Kinetic Energy in Global Analyses
Authors: Li Zongheng , Peng Jun , Zhang Lifeng 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To study the multiscale interactions between rotational and divergent components of atmospheric motion, a new formulation of spectral budget of rotational kinetic energy (RKE) and divergent kinetic energy (DKE) based on the primitive equations in the pressure coordinate is derived, with four main characteristics: 1) horizontal kinetic energy (HKE) spectral transfer is exactly divided into spectral transfer of RKE and DKE, 2) the exact spectral conversion term between DKE and RKE is constructed, 3) the Coriolis term is considered, and 4) both the baroclinic conversion from available potential energy (APE) and the vertical flux of HKE act only on DKE. With this new formulation, outputs from ERA5 global reanalysis are investigated. At planetary scales, HKE spectral transfer, mainly attributed to β effect, is dominated by downscale DKE transfer. At synoptic scales, it is dominated by an upscale transfer of RKE energized by conversion of DKE mainly due to the Coriolis effect. The ultimate source of DKE in the upper troposphere is conversion of APE, while in the stratosphere it is the vertical flux. At mesoscales, the spectral transfers of RKE and DKE are both downscale, and conversion from RKE to DKE exists at sub-800-km scales in the upper troposphere, which is mainly attributed to the contribution from relative vorticity. At different heights, the intersection scales of RKE and DKE spectra are affected by the scales of positive peaks of the local spectral conversion from DKE to RKE around total wavenumber 10.

Significance Statement
The purpose of this study is to explore more physical insights on the dynamics underlying the atmospheric energy spectra from the perspective of rotational and divergent components of motion. We derive a new formulation of the spectral rotational and divergent kinetic energy budget in the pressure coordinate for the global atmosphere, with application to ERA5 global reanalysis. Our results reveal the differences of spectral energy budget between rotational and divergent motions at different heights and scales. This new formulation provides a good tool for revealing the multiscale cascade and interaction between atmospheric rotational and divergent motions. Future work should investigate these dynamical processes with higher-resolution simulations and datasets.
Key Role of Subdaily Wind Variability for Tropical Surface Wind Stress
Authors: Yan Yunwei , Song Xiangzhou , Oltmanns Marilena 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
High-frequency observations of surface winds over the open ocean are available only at limited locations. However, these observations are essential for assessing atmospheric influences on the ocean, validating reanalysis products, and building parameterization schemes. By analyzing high-frequency measurements from the Global Tropical Moored Buoy Array, the effects of subdaily winds on the mean surface wind stress magnitude are systematically examined. Subdaily winds account for 12.4% of the total stress magnitude on average. The contribution is enhanced over the intertropical convergence zone and reaches a maximum (28.5%) in the equatorial western Pacific. The magnitude of the contribution is primarily determined by the kinetic energy of subdaily winds. Compared to the buoy observations, the ERA5 and MERRA2 subdaily winds underestimate this contribution by 51% and 63% due to underestimations of subdaily kinetic energy, leading to 7% and 8% underestimations in the total stress magnitude, respectively. Two new gustiness parameterization schemes related to precipitation are developed to account for the effect of subdaily winds, explaining ∼80% of the contribution from subdaily winds. Considering the importance of wind stress for ocean–atmosphere interactions, the inclusion of these parameterization schemes in climate models is expected to substantially improve simulations of large-scale climate variability.

Significance Statement
Surface wind stress drives upper-ocean circulation, which is critical for the redistribution of mass, momentum, and energy in the ocean. Moreover, it is one of the key factors controlling oceanic turbulent mixing and therefore has significant impacts on the distribution of temperature, salinity, and associated ocean variability. Using high-resolution buoy observations, this study highlights the importance of subdaily winds for integrated wind stress estimates. In addition, it finds that current state-of-the-art and widely used reanalysis products largely underestimate the effect of subdaily winds. Two new parameterization schemes are developed, leading to a better representation of the effect of subdaily winds. Including the proposed parameterization schemes in climate models is expected to substantially improve their simulations of large-scale climate variability.
Just What Is “Good”? Musings on Hail Forecast Verification through Evaluation of FV3-HAILCAST Hail Forecasts
Authors: Adams-Selin Rebecca D. , Kalb Christina , Jensen Tara , Henderson John , Supinie Tim , Harris Lucas , Wang Yunheng , Gallo Burkely T. , Clark Adam J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hail forecasts produced by the CAM-HAILCAST pseudo-Lagrangian hail size forecasting model were evaluated during the 2019, 2020, and 2021 NOAA Hazardous Weather Testbed (HWT) Spring Forecasting Experiments (SFEs). As part of this evaluation, HWT SFE participants were polled about their definition of a “good” hail forecast. Participants were presented with two different verification methods conducted over three different spatiotemporal scales, and were then asked to subjectively evaluate the hail forecast as well as the different verification methods themselves. Results recommended use of multiple verification methods tailored to the type of forecast expected by the end-user interpreting and applying the forecast. The hail forecasts evaluated during this period included an implementation of CAM-HAILCAST in the Limited Area Model of the Unified Forecast System with the Finite Volume 3 (FV3) dynamical core. Evaluation of FV3-HAILCAST over both 1- and 24-h periods found continued improvement from 2019 to 2021. The improvement was largely a result of wide intervariability among FV3 ensemble members with different microphysics parameterizations in 2019 lessening significantly during 2020 and 2021. Overprediction throughout the diurnal cycle also lessened by 2021. A combination of both upscaling neighborhood verification and an object-based technique that only retained matched convective objects was necessary to understand the improvement, agreeing with the HWT SFE participants’ recommendations for multiple verification methods.

Significance Statement
“Good” forecasts of hail can be determined in multiple ways and must depend on both the performance of the guidance and the perspective of the end-user. This work looks at different verification strategies to capture the performance of the CAM-HAILCAST hail forecasting model across three years of the Spring Forecasting Experiment (SFE) in different parent models. Verification strategies were informed by SFE participant input via a survey. Skill variability among models decreased in SFE 2021 relative to prior SFEs. The FV3 model in 2021, compared to 2019, provided improved forecasts of both convective distribution and 38-mm (1.5 in.) hail size, as well as less overforecasting of convection from 1900 to 2300 UTC.
Mechanical properties of 3D printed parts: Effect of ultraviolet PLA filaments ageing and water absorption
Authors: Souissi Slim , Bennour Wael , Khammassi Rahma , Elloumi Ahmed 
Published: December 2022

In additive manufacturing, fused deposition modelling (FDM) is one of the most often-used technologies. Polylactic Acid (PLA) is the most frequently applied polymer for prototyping or for real uses. This study mainly focuses on the mechanical properties of PLA parts printed with filament exposed to UV light to mimic the effect of recycled filament. Three radiation periods were studied, respectively, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h. Tensile tests were carried out to characterize the influence of building orientation (On flat/on-edge) and raster angles (0°, 45°, 90°, 0°/90°, −45°/+45°). Failure modes were also discussed. Printed specimens were subjected to water absorption to assess the mechanical properties in real application. Generally with the same raster angle, the interlayer structure of specimens manufactured in on-edge orientation has greater adhesion than the specimens in flat orientation. The results show that mechanical properties are lower in case of flat building orientation and the raster angle has the same trend in both orientations. Elsewhere, edge orientation exhibited lower water absorption thanks to the inwall that protected the printed part. UV radiation enhances the interface between printed layers for the lower period. The mechanical properties were affected by the degradation of the bulk material in the direction of 90°.
Removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution by magnetic hydrogel nanocomposite absorbents
Authors: Wan Tao , Yu Mingrui , He Songsong , Wang Tairan , Wang Jian , Jia Yang , Tang Qi 
Published: December 2022

Currently reported adsorbents for wastewater purification generally have only limited adsorption capacity and low adsorption rate towards dye contaminants. In this work, KH570-modified magnetic hydrogel nanocomposites (KH570-mHNCs) with semi-IPNs structure were prepared based on poly (acrylamide-co-acrylic acid), polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), and KH570-modified magnetic nanoparticles, and it exhibited high absorption capacity and absorption rate for methylene blue dye. KH570-mHNCs had a rough surface with many porous and gully structures, and FTIR results preliminarily confirmed the target structure of KH570-mHNCs. KH570-mHNCs could rapidly absorb methylene blue by approaching absorption equilibrium at 90 min. Dye absorption of KH570-mHNCs had maximum dye absorption capacity at pH = 8, and methylene blue adsorption capacity was 255.4 mg/g, 326.3 mg/g, and 418.5 mg/g in the condition of initial dye concentrations of 700 mg/L, 900 mg/L, and 1100 mg/L, respectively. Methylene blue adsorption isotherms and kinetics conformed to the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, respectively. Methylene blue adsorption for KH570-mHNCs was a spontaneous, exothermal, and entropy reduction process. In addition, KH570-mHNCs had good magnetic response, desorption, and reusability, which made it a potential application in the field of methylene blue removal from the aqueous solution.
Proportion of stable femoral neck fracture types in different age groups: a population-based study
Authors: Jiang Yu-xuan , Feng Dong-xu , Wang Xiao-long , Huang Wei , Jiang Wu-qiang , Wu Chengxi , Zhu Yang-jun 
Published: December 2022

Objective The treatment and incidence of femoral neck fracture (FNF) in older patients is controversial. We investigated the new AO (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteosynthese) classification in patients with FNF by age to determine the proportions of stable fracture and change trends according to patients’ age. Methods We divided patients with FNF hospitalized in Xi'an Honghui Hospital from 2018 to 2020 into five groups according to age: young (<50 years), middle-aged (50–59 years), young-elderly (60–69 years), middle-elderly (70–79 years), and very elderly (≥80 years) groups. We retrospectively collected data of patients’ sex, admission date, fracture side, mechanism of injury, and new AO classification. Results In total, 2071 patients were included for analysis, with 1329 women (64.2%); 1106 patients (53.4%) had left-side fracture. The main mechanism of injury was falling. In the young-elderly, middle-elderly, and very-elderly groups, 33.3%, 29.2%, and 24.1% had stable fracture type, respectively). The proportion of patients with FNF did not show a change trend by age during the 3-year investigation period. Conclusion In our study, the proportion of older patients with FNF did not increase, and as many as a third of patients with FNF aged 50 to 70 years had stable fracture.
Morphological Risk Factors for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Tear and Tibial Avulsion Injuries of the Tibial Plateau and Femoral Condyle
Authors: Huang Wen-Tao , Kang Kai , Wang Juan , Li Tong , Dong Jiang-Tao , Gao Shi-Jun 
Published: December 2022

Background: Identification of morphological risk factors associated with the knee that threaten ligaments is important for understanding injury mechanisms and prevention. However, the morphological risk factors for posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) lesions are not clearly understood. Purpose: To investigate whether the medial tibial depth (MTD), medial and lateral posterior tibial slope, asymmetry of the medial and lateral slopes, radius of the sagittal plane medial femoral condyle, coronal tibial slope, and notch width index (NWI) were risk factors for PCL intrasubstance tearing (PCLIT) and tibial avulsion fractures (PCLAF). Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Between January 2015 and March 2022, 82 patients with isolated PCLIT, 68 patients with isolated PCLAF, and 82 controls without any ligamentous or meniscal pathologic findings as determined via physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging were included. Values were compared among the 3 groups. Logistic regression analysis was performed to confirm the risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic curves were defined for the morphological indicators and combination of risk factors. Results: Logistic regression analysis revealed (1) MTD, lateral minus medial posterior tibial slope, radius of the posterior circle of the medial femoral condyle, and NWI as significant independent predictors for PCLIT and (2) MTD and NWI for PCLAF. The areas under the curve combining the 4 indicators for PCLIT and noncontact PCLIT were 0.79 (95% CI, 0.72-0.86) and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.85-0.96), respectively. The area under the curve for the combination of MTD and NWI for PCLAF was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.70-0.86). Conclusion: Decreased MTD and NWI were associated with an increased incidence of PCLIT and PCLAF. Increased asymmetry of the medial and lateral slopes and the radius of the posterior circle of the medial femoral condyle were associated with the presence of PCLIT. In addition, the model of a combination of risk factors showed good predictive ability for noncontact PCLIT. These findings may aid clinicians in identifying patients at risk for PCL lesions. Further studies are warranted for identifying the effect of these factors on biomechanical mechanisms.