bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of patients hospitalised with COVID-19 in Kenya: a multicentre cohort study
Authors: Ombajo Loice Achieng , Mutono Nyamai , Sudi Paul , Mutua Mbuvi , Sood Mohammed , Loo Alliyy Muhammad , Juma Phoebe , Odhiambo Jackline , Shah Reena , Wangai Frederick , Maritim Marybeth , Anzala Omu , Amoth Patrick , Kamuri Evans , Munyu Waweru , Thumbi S M 
Published: May 2022

ObjectivesTo assess outcomes of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19 and to determine the predictors of mortality.SettingThis study was conducted in six facilities, which included both government and privately run secondary and tertiary level facilities in the central and coastal regions of Kenya.ParticipantsWe enrolled 787 reverse transcriptase-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV2-infected persons. Patients whose records could not be accessed were excluded.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was COVID-19-related death. We used Cox proportional hazards regressions to determine factors related to in-hospital mortality.ResultsData from patients with 787 COVID-19 were available. The median age was 43 years (IQR 30–53), with 505 (64%) being men. At admission, 455 (58%) were symptomatic with an additional 63 (9%) developing clinical symptoms during hospitalisation. The most common symptoms were cough (337, 43%), loss of taste or smell (279, 35%) and fever (126, 16%). Comorbidities were reported in 340 (43%), with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and HIV documented in 130 (17%), 116 (15%), 53 (7%), respectively. 90 (11%) were admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for a mean of 11 days, 52 (7%) were ventilated with a mean of 10 days, 107 (14%) died. The risk of death increased with age (HR 1.57 (95% CI 1.13 to 2.19)) for persons >60 years compared with those <60 years old; having comorbidities (HR 2.34 (1.68 to 3.25)) and among men (HR 1.76 (1.27 to 2.44)) compared with women. Elevated white cell count and aspartate aminotransferase were associated with higher risk of death.ConclusionsThe risk of death from COVID-19 is high among older patients, those with comorbidities and among men. Clinical parameters including patient clinical signs, haematology and liver function tests were associated with risk of death and may guide stratification of high-risk patients.
Is limited access to obstetric services associated with adverse birth outcomes? A cross-sectional study of Korean national birth data
Authors: Min Hye Sook , Kim Saerom , Kim Seulgi , Lee Taeho , Kim Sun-Young , Ahn Hyeong Sik , Choe Seung-Ah 
Published: May 2022

ObjectivesThe geographical disparity in the access to essential obstetric services is a public health issue in many countries. We explored the association between timely access to obstetric services and the individual risk of adverse birth outcomes.DesignRepeated cross-sectional design.SettingSouth Korean national birth data linked with a medical service provision database.Participants1 842 718 singleton livebirths from 2014 to 2018.Primary outcome measuresPreterm birth (PTB), post-term birth, low birth weight (LBW) and macrosomia.ResultsIn the study population, 9.3% of mothers lived in districts where the Time Relevance Index (TRI) was as low as the first quartile (40.6%). Overall PTB and post-term birth rates were 5.0% and 0.1%, respectively. Among term livebirths, LBW and macrosomia occurred in 1.0% and 3.3%, respectively. When the TRI is lower, representing less access to obstetric care, the risk of macrosomia was higher (adjusted OR=1.15, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.20 for Q1 compared with Q4). Similarly, PTB is more likely to occur when TRI is lower (1.05, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.10 for Q1; 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.05 for Q2). There were some inverse associations between TRI and post-term birth (0.80, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.91, for Q2; 0.84, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.93, for Q3).ConclusionsWe observed less accessibility to obstetric service is associated with higher risks of macrosomia and PTB. This finding supports the role of obstetric service accessibility in the individual risk of adverse birth outcomes.
Guidance relevant to the reporting of health equity in observational research: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Rizvi Anita , Lawson Daeria O , Young Taryn , Dewidar Omar , Nicholls Stuart , Akl Elie A , Little Julian , Magwood Olivia , Shamseer Larissa , Ghogomu Elizabeth , Jull Janet Elizabeth , Rader Tamara , Bhutta Zulfiqar , Chamberlain Catherine , Ellingwood Holly , Greer-Smith Regina , Hardy Billie-Jo , Harwood Matire , Kennedy Michelle , Kredo Tamara , Loder Elizabeth , Mahande Michael Johnson J , Mbuagbaw Lawrence , Nkangu Miriam , Okwen Patrick M , Ramke Jacqueline , Tufte Janice , Tugwell Peter , Wang Xiaoqin , Wiysonge Charles Shey , Welch Vivian A 
Published: May 2022

IntroductionHealth inequities are defined as unfair and avoidable differences in health between groups within a population. Most health research is conducted through observational studies, which are able to offer real-world insights about etiology, healthcare policy/programme effectiveness and the impacts of socioeconomic factors. However, most published reports of observational studies do not address how their findings relate to health equity. Our team seeks to develop equity-relevant reporting guidance as an extension of the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. This scoping review will inform the development of candidate items for the STROBE-Equity extension. We will operationalise equity-seeking populations using the PROGRESS-Plus framework of sociodemographic factors. As part of a parallel stream of the STROBE-Equity project, the relevance of candidate guideline items to Indigenous research will be led by Indigenous coinvestigators on the team.Methods and analysisWe will follow the Joanna Briggs Institute method for conducting scoping reviews. We will evaluate the extent to which the identified guidance supports or refutes our preliminary candidate items for reporting equity in observational studies. These candidate items were developed based on items from equity-reporting guidelines for randomised trials and systematic reviews, developed by members of this team. We will consult with our knowledge users, patients/public partners and Indigenous research steering committee to invite suggestions for relevant guidance documents and interpretation of findings. If the identified guidance suggests the need for additional candidate items, they will be developed through inductive thematic analysis.Ethics and disseminationWe will follow a principled approach that promotes ethical codevelopment with our community partners, based on principles of cultural safety, authentic partnerships, addressing colonial structures in knowledge production and the shared ownership, interpretation, and dissemination of research. All products of this research will be published as open access.
Conceptualising contexts, mechanisms and outcomes for implementing large-scale, multisite hospital improvement initiatives: a realist synthesis
Authors: Long Janet C , Sarkies Mitchell N , Francis Auton Emilie , Nguyen Hoa Mi , Pomare Chiara , Hardwick Rebecca , Braithwaite Jeffrey 
Published: May 2022

DesignRealist synthesis.Study backgroundLarge-scale hospital improvement initiatives can standardise healthcare across multiple sites but results are contingent on the implementation strategies that complement them. The benefits of these implemented interventions are rarely able to be replicated in different contexts. Realist studies explore this phenomenon in depth by identifying underlying context–mechanism–outcome interactions.ObjectivesTo review implementation strategies used in large-scale hospital initiatives and hypothesise initial programme theories for how they worked across different contexts.MethodsAn iterative, four-step process was applied. Step 1 explored the concepts inherent in large-scale interventions using database searches and snowballing. Step 2 identified strategies used in their implementation. Step 3 identified potential initial programme theories that may explain strategies’ mechanisms. Step 4 focused on one strategy-theory pairing to develop and test context–mechanism–outcome hypotheses. Data was drawn from searches (March–May 2020) of MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed and CINAHL, snowballed from key papers, implementation support websites and the expertise of the research team and experts. Inclusion criteria: reported implementation of a large-scale, multisite hospital intervention. RAMESES reporting standards were followed.ResultsConcepts were identified from 51 of 381 articles. Large-scale hospital interventions were characterised by a top–down approach, external and internal support and use of evidence-based interventions. We found 302 reports of 28 different implementation strategies from 31 reviews (from a total of 585). Formal theories proposed for the implementation strategies included Diffusion of Innovation, and Organisational Readiness Theory. Twenty-three context–mechanism–outcome statements for implementation strategies associated with planning and assessment activities were proposed. Evidence from the published literature supported the hypothesised programme theories and were consistent with Organisational Readiness Theory’s tenets.ConclusionThis paper adds to the literature exploring why large-scale hospital interventions are not always successfully implemented and suggests 24 causative mechanisms and contextual factors that may drive outcomes in the planning and assessment stage.
Coproduction and mental health service provision: a protocol for a scoping review
Authors: Norton Michael John 
Published: May 2022

IntroductionSince the turn of the millennium, recovery has become mainstream in mental health services across much of the Western world. Resulting from this, many jurisdictions, including Ireland, have created frameworks and policies to support its integration into traditionally, statutory mental health services. Coproduction is a cornerstone of recovery. However, there is confusion about what the term means, along with queries surrounding its implementation. Consequently, studies have identified that coproduction compliments recovery in several ways. This has been found to have a positive impact on a service user’s ongoing recovery journey. However, no synthesis has yet been undertaken into coproduction within mental health service provision. As such, this protocol aimed to provide information on a scoping review to examine the evidence base for coproduction within mental health service provision.Methods and analysisA Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis compliant scoping review is proposed, based on Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. This framework documents a five-stage approach to conducting scoping reviews. Search terms are stated and a variety of databases (CINAHL, Jstor, Ovid SP, PsycINFO, PsycTEST, PubMed, RCNi, Science Direct, Web of Science and Wiley Online Library) and repositories (Cochrane Online Library, ETHos, nz.research.org.nz, ProQuest, National ETD Portal, Google, Google Scholar and ResearchGate) will be examined for papers based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. The search range is from 1 January 1970 to 31 December 2021.Ethics and disseminationThis paper is a protocol which requires no ethical approval. Information relating to the review is stored with OSF Registries, where it is freely available. The protocol details were updated in February and again in May 2022. The resulting scoping review will be distributed through peer-reviewed publications.
Effects of exercise/physical activity on fear of movement in people with spine-related pain: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jadhakhan Ferozkhan , Sobeih Raghip , Falla Deborah 
Published: May 2022

IntroductionLow back pain and neck pain are leading causes of disability. Although several studies have examined the effect of exercise on fear of movement in people with spine-related pain, the overall evidence supporting the beneficial effect of different forms of exercise on fear of movement remains unknown. This systematic review will determine the strength of evidence for the effect of exercise/physical activity on fear of movement in people with non-specific spine-related pain.Methods/analysisThis review protocol was developed following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols. The review will include randomised controlled trials and non-randomised studies that recruited adults (≥18 years) with chronic non-specific spine-related pain and where a validated measure of fear of movement/kinesiophobia such as the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK) and the Fear Avoidance Behaviour Questionnaire (FABQ) or any other validated measures to ascertain fear of movement/kinesiophobia was employed. Bibliographic databases include MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, ZETOC, Web of Science, PubMed and Google Scholar as well as key journals/grey literature will be searched from inception to 31 January 2022. Only articles published in English will be considered eligible. Two independent reviewers will search, screen studies, extract data and assess risk of bias. Preintervention and postintervention mean and SD with 95% CI of the outcome data (TSK or FABQ) will be extracted or estimated where possible. If possible, study results will be pooled into a meta-analysis. A narrative synthesis of the results will be presented if heterogeneity is high. The overall quality of evidence and risk of bias will be assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation and Risk Of Bias in Non-randomised Studies of Interventions guidelines.Ethics and disseminationThis systematic review does not require ethical approval as existing data will be used. The results will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed journal and via national and international conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021295755.
NATIONWIDE SURVEY ON INCIDENTAL DURAL TEARS DURING ENDOSCOPIC SPINE SURGERY IN JAPAN
Authors: Dezawa Akira , Sairyo Kouichi , Nakamura Hiroaki 
Published: May 2022

Purpose: The Japanese Orthopedic Association has conducted a nationwide survey on the status of endoscopic spine surgery in Japan every year since 2006. This study aimed to analyze incidental dural tear. Method:We sent questionnaires to all spine surgery hospitals in Japan and received responses from an average of 1296 hospitals (974–1746) each year. The average response rate for the questionnaire was 63.7% (45.2–85.8). Results:The average number of facilities performing endoscopic spine surgery was 314 (222–415). The percentage of facilities performing endoscopic procures was 24.3% (20.3–27.3%). Incidental dural tear accounted for 65.4% (3113/4758) of all complications, which was significantly higher than nerve root injuries, cauda equina injuries (4.6%), and hematomas (10.0%). The number of accidents resulting in harm to patients was 154 (3.6%) for incidental dural tear which was significantly less than that for hematoma (75.5%) and for nerve root cauda equina injury (49.5%). Conclusion:As the number of endoscopic procedures increased, the number of complications increased year by year. However, the rate of complications has remained constant, with incidental durotomy tending to be the most common endoscopic lumbar laminectomy for lumbar spinal canal stenosis.
A hybrid machine learning model for timely prediction of breast cancer
Authors: Dalal Surjeet , Onyema Edeh Michael , Kumar Pawan , Maryann Didiugwu Chizoba , Roselyn Akindutire Opeyemi , Obichili Mercy Ifeyinwa 
Published: May 2022

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of untimely deaths among women in various countries across the world. This can be attributed to many factors including late detection which often increase its severity. Thus, detecting the disease early would help mitigate its mortality rate and other risks associated with it. This study developed a hybrid machine learning model for timely prediction of breast cancer to help combat the disease. The dataset from Kaggle was adopted to predict the breast tumor growth and sizes using random tree classification, logistic regression, XBoost tree and multilayer perceptron on the dataset. The implementation of these machine learning algorithms and visualization of the results was done using Python. The results achieved a high accuracy (99.65%) on training and testing datasets which is far better than traditional means. The predictive model has good potential to enhance early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer and improvement of treatment outcome. It could also assist patients to timely deal with their condition or life patterns to support their recovery or survival.
Natural Source Zone Depletion (NSZD): from process understanding to effective implementation at LNAPL-impacted sites
Authors: Smith Jonathan W.N. , Davis Greg B. , DeVaull George E. , Garg Sanjay , Newell Charles J. , Rivett Michael O. 
Published: May 2022

This paper describes the proceedings of a Special Session on Natural Source Zone Depletion (NSZD) at the AquaConSoil conference, held virtually in June 2021. It spans research across Europe, the United States of America and Australia.
NSZD has been described as the ‘combination of processes that reduce the mass of LNAPL light non-aqueous phase liquid) in the subsurface’. LNAPL NSZD research and investigations have been focused on a range of hydrocarbon products, such as gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, as well as crude oil. Key NSZD processes include aerobic biodegradation, fermentation and methanogenesis of LNAPL constituents, dissolution of LNAPL constituents into groundwater and volatilization of LNAPL constituents into the unsaturated zone. In turn the generated methane, carbon dioxide and dissolved/volatilized constituents can be cycled and biodegraded in the unsaturated and saturated zones. Importantly these physical, chemical, and biological processes can act without human intervention to reduce the NAPL mass and toxicity. Over time NSZD can both reduce LNAPL mass, and change its chemical composition resulting in risk reduction, and ultimately source depletion.
Methanogenesis of organic materials has long been recognized in municipal landfills and natural anoxic environments, such as peat and wetlands. Recognition of similar processes in LNAPL source zones in the past decade along with high rates of aerobic biodegradation observed in unsaturated zones above LNAPL-impacted areas, has significantly revised the conceptual model of LNAPL source zone behaviour and persistence. Several NSZD monitoring approaches have been developed and are being applied in field studies. While the quantitative NSZD rates derived can vary between techniques, they all demonstrate that NSZD LNAPL removal can exceed that delivered by engineered LNAPL recovery techniques, particularly for mature LNAPL bodies.
A Novel Vertically Stacked Circular Nanosheet FET for High-Performance Applications
Authors: Kallepelli Sagar , Maheshwaram Satish 
Published: May 2022

Nanosheet MOSFETs with circular layout geometry, i.e. Circular Nanosheet MOSFETs (C-NSFETs) are explored using fully calibrated TCAD for High performance (HP) applications at 10 nm gate length. The DC parameters such as drive current (ION), leakage current (IOFF), ION/OFF current ratio, Subthreshold slope (SS), and Drain-induced-barrier lowering (DIBL) are extracted. Further, we analyzed the behavior of C-NSFETs by vertically stacking the number of sheets (2-sheet, 3-sheet, and 4-sheet) and named stacked Circular Nanosheet MOSFETs (SC-NSFETs) and also compared the variations of their DC FOMs (figures of merit), is observed that the device drive current level is further improving by stacking of multiple Nanosheets within the same foot-print. The drive current of the device with the stacking of 4 sheets has an improvement of ∼4 times when compared to single sheet C-NSFET.
Risk Factors of Futile Recanalization Following Endovascular Treatment in Patients With Large‐Vessel Occlusion: Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Shahid Adnan H. , Abbasi Mehdi , Larco Jorge L. Arturo , Madhani Sarosh Irfan , Liu Yang , Brinjikji Waleed , Savastano Luis E. 
Published: May 2022

Background
Although successful recanalization (modified Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction score 2b–3) can be achieved in >80% of patients experiencing stroke attributable to large‐vessel occlusion, up to 50% of patients may develop poor clinical outcomes (modified Rankin scale score at 90 days of 3–6), termed as futile recanalization (FR). The meta‐analysis aims to determine various risk factors associated with FR.

Methods
In February 2021, a comprehensive literature search on risk factors associated with FR was performed with keywords, including “stroke,” “thrombectomy,” “treatment outcome,” and “risk factors.” Their correlations with FR were evaluated using the random effect size meta‐analysis model.

Results

Twenty studies with 3037 patients were included with an FR rate of 51.0%. Our meta‐analyses showed that age (mean difference [MD], 5.6; 95% CI, 4.7–6.6), National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score (MD, 4.2; 95% CI, 3.2–5.1), Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography (CT) Score (MD, −0.5; 95% CI, 0.8–0.3), hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 1.5; 95% CI, 1.3–1.9), systolic blood pressure (MD, 6.9; 95% CI, 3.6–8.7), atrial fibrillation (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.2–1.8), IV tPA (tissue‐type plasminogen activator) (OR, 0.7; 95% CI, 0.5–0.8), puncture to recanalization time (MD, 9.6; 95% CI, 5.3–13.8), and time of onset to recanalization (MD, 32.1; 95% CI, 6.5–47.7) were significantly associated with FR (
P
<0.001).

Conclusions
Age, admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score, comorbidities, including hypertension, systolic blood pressure, atrial fibrillation, and use of IV tPA, as well as time frames, including onset to recanalization and onset to arrival, were significant influencing factors for FR after mechanical thrombectomy. Future research on the mechanism underlying FR is warranted.
Draining International Water Law: Lessons from the Israel–Occupied Palestinian Territory Context
Authors: Beshtawi Ahmed , Cuadrado-Quesada Gabriela 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article discusses the complexities of International Water Law (IWL) in the Israel Occupied Palestinian Territory (OPT) context. In the Oslo Accords, Israelis and Palestinians agreed to employ the core principles of IWL in their respective utilisation of shared water resources, in particular, over shared water resources in the West Bank: the principle of equitable and reasonable utilisation of water courses, the principle of no significant harm and the duty of co-operation. This article critically discusses these three principles in the Israel–OPT context and addresses in particular the questions: To what extent these principles are applicable in the Israeli–Palestinian context, and to what extent have they been implemented? The article concludes that there is an evident lack of implementation of such principles which has resulted in adverse effects on Palestinian water rights and have been on the expense of the OPT.