bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
129 Protein and Amino Acid Modifications During Extrusion
Authors: Bosch Guido 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Extrusion cooking is a high-temperature, short-time process and the foremost technique to produce attractive, nutritious and safe pet foods. As extruded foods are often routinely fed throughout the entire life of pet dogs and cats, it is important to understand the factors that influence protein quality. Protein quality, i.e. the quantity and bioavailability of amino acids, depends on the ingredients and the combination of interrelated process parameters including moisture, temperature, pressure, and mechanical shear. Few studies on the effects of extrusion of pet foods are available and both positive and negative effects on the bioavailability of proteins and amino acids were noted. Effects can in part relate to changes in the food matrix rendering proteins available for digestive enzymes. Moreover, various molecular transformations and chemical reactions can occur including denaturation, aggregation, Maillard reaction, cross-linking, oxidation, and racemisation. Denaturation of proteins is likely not important for facilitating digestion, but denaturation of enzyme inhibitors is key for plant-based pet foods as well as the reduction or elimination of non-protein anti-nutritional factors. It is clear that both ingredient selection and extrusion process parameters impact changes in quantities of bioavailable lysine via the Maillard reaction. The supply of reactive lysine can be insufficient for growing dogs and should be monitored. Bioavailability of methionine and cysteine can also be compromised due to oxidation during processing but is currently understudied. As with studies on lysine, specific analytical procedures should be applied to prevent overestimation of methionine and cysteine in pet foods. In conclusion, the extrusion is a complex process that can impact protein quality in many ways and to various degrees and more studies are required to advance our understanding of the exact underlying molecular mechanisms and to assure the quality of pet foods.
138 Age-Dependent Intestinal Barrier Repair in Suckling Pigs: A Comparative Model to Improve Neonatal Gastrointestinal Health Across Species
Authors: Ziegler Amanda L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
As in porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, strangulating equine colic or necrotizing enterocolitis in human infants, intestinal diseases involving ischemic injury cause mucosal barrier damage and are associated with poorer survival in neonates. The cause of age-dependent outcomes in afflicted individuals has not been fully explained and therefore novel preventatives and treatments are lacking. While traditional rodent models have not demonstrated age-dependent differences in intestinal recovery, our translational pig model is the first to demonstrate an age-dependent intestinal barrier repair defect. We have shown that, while weaned pigs recover rapidly after ischemic intestinal injury, barrier repair is markedly impaired in suckling pigs, due to complete failure of epithelial restitution. Importantly, we found that the restitution defect in suckling pigs can be rescued by the direct application of homogenized mucosa from ischemia-injured small intestine from weaned pigs. Identifying reasons for this age-dependent defect in restitution and the components of the more mature pig mucosal tissues responsible for rescue will inform novel treatment interventions for neonates suffering with intestinal injury. Our lab has associated this age-dependent defect in barrier repair with an underdeveloped enteric glial cell (EGC) network, a postnatally developing component of the enteric nervous system known to regulate the intestinal barrier. We have found sub-epithelial EGC are reduced in neonates, neonatal epithelium in co-culture with EGC restitute more efficiently in vitro, and EGC inhibition ex vivo blocks restitution in juveniles recreating the neonatal phenotype. Further, as this EGC network is known to mature postnatally in response to the microbial colonization, we have found postnatal microbiota modulation with dietary prebiotic fiber supplementation exerts important effects on EGC network development and activity, and on EGC-epithelial pro-restitution crosstalk in vitro. Ongoing work to understand the roles of diet, microbiota, and the enteric nervous system on postnatal development of epithelial barrier repair can inform novel preventatives and interventions to improve intestinal health in vulnerable neonates.
155 Effect of Forage Inclusion Strategy on Finishing Beef Cattle Performance and Liver Abscesses
Authors: Paterson Tyen J , Penner Gregory B , Lardner Bart , Stephens Emma , Gruninger Robert J , Yang WenZhu , Beauchemin Karen A , McAllister Tim A , Ribeiro Gabriel O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated different strategies of forage inclusion for finishing beef cattle and their impact on performance, carcass quality, and liver abscesses. Steers (n=360, 400±29 kg) were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to one of four treatments (15 steers/pen, 6 pens/treatment) in a complete randomized experiment. Treatments were: 1) positive control (+CON) fed a diet (7.5% forage on a diet DM basis) with tylosin (11 mg/kg); 2) negative control (–CON; control diet without tylosin); 3) a diet where forage concentration decreased (DECR) every 42 d and was static for the last 84 d (forage represented 15%, 9%, 3%, and 3% of DM, respectively) without tylosin; and 4) a diet where forage concentration increased (INCR), the inverse of the DECR without tylosin. There were no differences in initial BW, DMI, and G:F (P≥0.38). The INCR steers had lower ADG (1.63 vs. 1.74 kg, P=0.05), total BW gain (287 vs. 306 kg, P=0.05), and tended to have lower final BW and carcass weight (P=0.07) compared to +CON, with no differences from the other treatments. No differences were observed for carcass dressing percentage, ribeye area, marbling scores, and quality grades (P≥0.41). Backfat thickness and yield score were lower for INCR steers (14.2 mm and 3.42) compared to –CON (16.9 mm and 3.82, P=0.04), while other treatments did not differ. There was no difference for the percentage of steers with liver abscess or severe abscess (A+; P≥0.17). However, the percentage of steers with minor liver abscesses (A) was numerically less for +CON (51.8%) and DECR (51.8%) compared to –CON (62.2%) and INCR (64.3%, P=0.055). This suggests that higher dietary concentrations of forage in the beginning stages of finishing, with a subsequent decline thereafter has the potential to decrease the proportion of minor liver abscesses, similar to the inclusion of tylosin in a high-grain diet, without impacting growth performance or carcass quality.
147 The Effects of Creatine Monohydrate and Guanidinoacetic Acid Supplementation on Bovine Satellite Cells
Authors: Eckhardt Erika P , Kim WonSeob , Kim Jongkyoo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Creatine (CRE) is an energy-storing molecule of skeletal muscle and is reported as potential growth promotants. With Guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) being a precursor to creatine, the potential to evaluate supplemental GAA's role in the body from a skeletal muscle focus is needed within the beef industry. Study objectives were to evaluate the effects of CRE and GAA on bovine satellite cells (BSCs) proliferation and myogenic potential. BSCs were obtained from three-month-old Holstein calves (n=3), harvested, and incubated with 10% FBS/DMEM. Following 24h of cell adhesion, BSCs were incubated with treatments: 1) Control, 2) 10mM GAA, and 3) 5mM CRE. Cell proliferation rate was measured at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96h. In order to identify the effects of CRE and GAA during myogenic differentiation, satellite cells were incubated in a differentiation medium (2% horse serum/DMEM) containing 10mM GAA and 5mM CRE. After 48h, cells were harvested and used for mRNA gene expression (Myh7, MyoG, IGF-1, and S6KB1). One-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test were used for gene expression. Two-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test were conducted for cell proliferation assay. No interaction effect was noted (P &gt; 0.05) between the effects of treatment against time in end output of cell proliferation. Cell proliferation rate was not altered (P &gt; 0.05), with proliferation rate time measurement having a greater result of cell proliferation (P &lt; 0.001). The expression of IGF-1 was overexpressed (P &lt; 0.05) in GAA treated BSC during the myogenic differentiation. CRE increased (P &lt; 0.01) MyoG expression. GAA and CRE did not alter Myh7 orS6KB1 mRNA gene expression. Results suggest that the treatment of BSCs with creatine or GAA may improve myogenic differentiation and promote skeletal muscle growth via IGF-1, respectively.
146 Effect of Short-Term Nutritional Increase 30 Days Prior to Artificial Insemination on ADG and Reproductive Efficiency in Beef Heifer Development Systems
Authors: Tadich Landon F , Funston Rick N 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if increasing nutrition 30d before AI would optimize overall heifer pregnancy rates. Angus crossbred heifers were used in a 3-yr study (n=100/yr) at the West Central Research and Extension Center, North Platte, NE. Heifers were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups for the winter period (average 131±3.5d/yr): upland range (RANGE), dry lot low (DLLO), or dry lot high (DLHI). The same diet was offered to DLLO and DLHI until 30d prior to AI, where DLHI received increased nutrients. Heifers developed on RANGE grazed winter range with 0.45kg/d 30%CP cake until the treatment period where they received DLLO diet. Heifer ADG in DLLO (0.64±0.06kg) and DLHI (0.64±0.06kg) was greater (P=0.02) than RANGE (0.25±0.06kg) during the development period, but no differences were seen in ADG during the 30d treatment period between DLHI (1.12±0.13kg), DLLO (0.75±0.13kg), and RANGE (0.67±0.13kg). Heifers were synchronized with melengestrol acetate at 0.5 mg per head per d for 14d, and PGF2a given 19d later. Heifers were either bred on detected estrus or placed with bulls after 5d. All heifers were placed with bulls 10d following AI. Pre-breeding BWs were greater (P=0.0004) for DLHI (375.44±3.39kg) and DLLO (363.5±3.39kg) compared to RANGE (311.8±3.35kg.), but breeding ADG, between pre-breeding and first pregnancy diagnosis, was greater (P=0.0002) for RANGE (0.68±0.01kg) compared to DLHI (0.35±0.02kg) and DLLO (0.37±0.02kg). While pregnancy rates to AI were not different (P=0.43), final pregnancy rates tended to be greater (P=0.09) for DLHI (96%) and DLLO (95%) compared to RANGE (84%). No differences were observed in calving rate or heifers calving in the first 21d. While greater nutrition for DLHI and DLLO heifers led to higher BW, and tended to increase final pregnancy rates, overall short-term nutritional change had no detectable impact on AI conception.
149 Differences in Gene Expression Following Natural Exposure to Gastrointestinal Parasites between Sheep Selected for High Innate Responses and High Antibody-Mediated Adaptive Immune Responses
Authors: Willoughby Olivia B , Borkowski Emma , Dixon Samantha , Cunha Samla Marques , Asselstine Victoria , Perergrine Andrew S , Menzies Paula I , Karrow Niel A , Cánovas Angela 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Parasitism by gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) is a major source of morbidity and mortality for sheep flocks grazed on pasture. Since there is evidence for genetic resistance to GINs in some sheep breeds, genetic selection for immunologic resistance to GIN is a possible management strategy. This study sought to identify differences at the transcriptome level between Ridau-Arcott sheep characterized as high innate immune responders (IIRs, n=5) or high antibody-mediated immune responders (AbMIRs, n=5) following natural exposure to and infection with GINs after spending the summer on GIN-infested pasture; infection was confirmed with individual fecal egg counts. The transcriptomes of the high IIR and high AbMIR animals were also compared with GIN-naïve sheep of the same breed (all medium IIR and AbMIR responders, n = 7). Liver tissue samples from the 17 animals were used to perform transcriptomic analyses using RNA-Sequencing technology. The CLC Genomics Workbench 20.0.4 (CLC Bio, Aarhaus, Denmark) software was used to map reads to the most recent ovine reference genome (Oar rambouillet.v1.0.105), and for differential gene expression analysis. In total, 144 differentially expressed genes (DEG) were found between the high IIRs and the high AbMIRs (FDR&lt; 0.05, and fold change (FC) abs &gt; 2). When compared to the naïve animals, 136 and 53 DEG were found between them and the high IIRs and the high AbMIRs, respectively. In order to verify their function in the host immune response to GINs, functional enrichment analyses were performed on these candidate genes using the AmiGO2 software. Monocarboxilic acid metabolism was identified as an enriched biological process (FDR &lt; 0.05), and ammonia-lyase activity and metalloendopeptidase activity were enriched molecular functions between the high IIR and high AbMIR animals (FDR &lt; 0.05). These preliminary results improve understanding of how host resistance to GINs is genetically regulated through the innate and adaptive immune systems in sheep.
169 Evaluation and Improvement of the Nutritional Value of co-Products for Swine
Authors: Nyachoti Martin , Lee Jinyoung , Zijlstra Ruurd T 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Feed accounts for the greatest portion of swine production costs, and feed cost has been increasing during the last decades due to increased competition of feed ingredients with the food and biofuel industry. Exposure to climate change is also expected to impact feed cost by changing growing conditions, and recent supply chain disruptions undermine the pricing structure for imported feedstuffs. Therefore, the need for alternative feed ingredients to ensure the economic sustainability of the swine industry cannot be overstated. To this end, utilization of co-products from the agri-processing of cereals and oilseed crops has the potential to help mitigate feed cost and to reduce the environmental footprint of pork production. In general, however, co-products of the agri-processing industry tend to be more variable in their nutrient composition and content of such anti-nutritional factors as non-starch polysaccharides, phytate, and trypsin inhibitors. For these reasons, it is critical that co-products are characterized for the nutritional value and means to enhance their nutritive value examined. We have evaluated a wide range of co-products, including canola meal, camelina meal, hemp meal, extruded soybean meal, wheat co-products, flaxseed meal, etc., and means of enhancing their nutritive values. Examined approaches to ameliorate the negative impact of anti-nutritional factors and optimize energy and nutrient availability in these co-products include: exogenous enzymes supplementation to increase nutrient digestibility, heat treatments to reduce anti-nutritional factors, and particle size reduction to increase nutrient availability. Results of many of our studies clearly demonstrate that the nutritive value of these co-products for swine can be improved significantly through the application of these approaches, thus, offering opportunities to ensure sustainable swine production systems.
175 Persistence and Serendipity: The Ecological Recovery of North American Bison Populations
Authors: Shury Todd K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Bison or buffalo were once the dominant herbivore that impacted the ecology and landscape of North American grassland and forest ecosystems from Alaska to Mexico prior to European colonization. By the early 20th century they were almost extirpated in the wild with two exceptions; in the areas that eventually became Yellowstone and Wood Buffalo national parks. Since then, private individuals, NGOs, government agencies and indigenous peoples have collaborated to restore these populations, but significant hurdles remain to achieving full ecological recovery of the species; a vision which was articulated in a landmark paper in Conservation Biology in 2008 (Sanderson et al 2008 - The Ecological Future of the North American Bison: Conceiving Long-Term, Large-Scale Conservation of Wildlife). Unfortunately, bison have been virtually erased from most people’s consciousness and imagination for over a century now, making restoration efforts for the largest land mammal on the continent particularly challenging. Despite this, several locations have had remarkable success in re-establishing wild, free-ranging bison populations in Canada, the US and Mexico over the past two decades. Bison populations have recently been re-established in Banff National Park, Alaska, and Yakutia (Siberia) and there are plans to restore populations on tribal and indigenous lands in both Canada and the US in the next 10 years. The signing of the Buffalo Treaty in 2014 was the impetus for many of the current restoration efforts on tribal and indigenous lands and indigenous groups are heavily involved in shared stewardship of these transboundary bison populations. While commercially raised bison have very different goals and vastly outnumber their wild counterparts, who are managed for ecological restoration and conservation, both groups have several shared values relating to the long-term goal of maintaining and increasing the overall number of bison in North America as well as maintaining their wild character.
180 Importance and Practices of Interaction with Producers and Industry for Land-Grant Animal Science Faculty: How are These Practices Developed and Implemented?
Authors: Whittier Jack C , Rush Ivan , Lalman David , Meyer Allison M , Mullenix Kim 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Morrill Land Grant Act of 1862 created colleges to “benefit the agricultural and mechanical arts” and established one college per state “where the leading object shall be…to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture…to promote liberal and practical education”. Further, the purpose of Smith-Lever Act of 1914 is “to aid in diffusing among the people of the United States useful and practical information on subjects relating to agriculture…and to encourage the application of the same”. From this legislation the role of universities was established to research and disseminate scientific information to various audiences. A key component of these legislative charges is the feedback loop between university faculty, producers, and industry professionals to assure the continuance of “liberal and practical education”. This feedback loop ensures that relevant information is pursued by faculty and provides an avenue for producer needs to be communicated back to faculty. Development of personal relationships between stakeholders and faculty is an integral part of the information flow. On-farm research and in-person educational programs, along with on-the-ground visits by faculty, have historically served an important mechanism for information flow and feedback. However, across the U.S., Animal Science undergraduate enrollment has increased dramatically while faculty and field staff extension FTEs have declined. Funding for such has remained stable over the past 20 years. These trends resulted in prioritization for undergraduate teaching and grantsmanship among faculty. The advent of electronic communications has diminished personal face-to-face interactions and on-site visits by faculty to production entities. Consulting with producers at their business often is most rewarding in learning and respected by producers, however this interaction is sometimes viewed as “service” which is viewed as a low priority by some administrators. This symposium will examine best practices by faculty to ensure land-grant universities align with the legislative mandates established by Congress and benefit from valuable interaction with clientele.
186 Effect of Feedlot Finishing Compared with Grass fed Beef Following Bale Grazing and Delayed Feedlot Entry on Steer Performance, Carcass Measurement and net Return
Authors: Senturklu Songul , Landblom Douglas G , Paisley Steve , Stroh Christina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In a grass-fed system grazing study, yearling crossbred Aberdeen Angus x Red Angus x Angus x Angus steers (n = 72; 3 reps/8 steers/rep) were assigned to either a grass-fed annual forage (GFANN) or a grass-fed native range (GFNR) system, and compared with a NR feedlot control system (FLT), in a delayed feedlot entry program, to determine the effect of grazing and feedlot finishing performance, carcass measurements, and systems net return. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. After 176.0 grazing days, GFANN, GFNR, and FLT steers were transitioned to free-choice cover crop hay bale feeding (BGRZ) and 3.09 kg daily of a wheatmidd-based supplement (SUP). GFANN and GFNR received hay and SUP for 92 d; FLT control steers received hay and SUP for 69 d before transfer to the University of Wyoming feedlot. Grass-fed and FLT steers were harvested at federally inspected abattoirs in Green Bay, WI, and Ft. Morgan, CO, respectively. BGRZ gain and ADG for GFANN and FLT were greater than GFNR (P = 0.075; P = 0.072). When GFANN and GFNR bale grazing finishing costs were combined with FLT cost, feed cost/unit of gain were greater for GFANN and GFNR compared with FLT (P = 0.006). Steer FLT HCW was 26% and 34% heavier (P = 0.001), marbling score was 32% and 38% greater (P = 0.001), and carcass value was 16% and 24% greater (P = 0.001) than GFANN and GFNR, respectively. Net return was -$88.25, $62.70, and $160.22 for GFANN, GFNR, and FLT, respectively. Farming and long-haul transportation cost for GFANN and GFNR negatively affected net return.
192 Outcomes of Simulated Combinations of Rangeland Management Scenarios on Soil and Nutrient Processes
Authors: Lancaster Phillip A , Tang Minfeng , Presley DeAnn , Fick Walt , Doro Luca , Pendell Dustin , Ahlers Adam , Ricketts Andrew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The relationships among rangeland management practices and ecosystem on soil and nutrient processes are complex. Simulation models can provide valuable insight into this complexity to guide future research and management decisions for sustainable grazing systems. The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the combinations of grazing management (continuous vs. rotational), stocking rate (low, moderate, or high), and burning (none vs. annual spring burn) on soil erosion, nutrient losses, and carbon sequestration. Soil, weather, and forage species data were collected for 3 locations in the Central Great Plains (Konza Prairie Biological Station, Kansas; Agricultural Research Center-Hays, Kansas; Central Plains Experimental Range, Wyoming). These data were used to simulate combinations of rangeland management scenarios using the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model. A stocker cattle operation was simulated at Hays, Kansas and Wyoming locations, and a cow-calf operation at Konza, Kansas location. Burning increased soil loss from water erosion regardless of stocking rate or grazing management. Rotational grazing increased soil loss at the Kansas locations, but decreased soil loss at Wyoming compared with continuous grazing. Stocking rate had little effect on nitrogen losses, but rotational grazing decreased nitrogen loss compared with continuous grazing. Greater stocking rates slightly decreased phosphorus losses with continuous grazing, but not rotational grazing. Burning decreased phosphorus losses with continuous grazing at Konza, but not the other locations. Greater stocking rates decreased the deposition of soil organic carbon especially with continuous grazing, and burning resulted in losses of soil organic carbon at Konza and Wyoming. In conclusion, rangeland management practices differentially affect nutrient processes among ecosystems such that a one-size-fits-all management scheme will not maximize retention of all nutrients in all ecosystems.