bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Drevon Jerome 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the comparative study of al-Jamaʿa al-Islamiyya (Islamic Group, IG) and Islamic Jihad (or Jihad Group, JG) in Egypt. After reviewing the literature on violence in Egypt, the introduction presents the analytical framework of the book based on contentious politics studies of violence. The chapter argues that jihadi groups’ evolution is better understood through the study of their radicalization and institutionalization. It then presents the two main argument of the book. First, that armed groups can radicalize in interaction with different actors; each mechanism of radicalization forces them to institutionalize along one dimension. The second argument is that the succession of several phases of radicalization and institutionalization shapes their long-term trajectories and strategic choices. The chapter concludes with the comparative framework of the research and its contribution to existing research.
The Emergence of Non-Violent Political Alternatives
Authors: Drevon Jerome 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 analyzes the emergence of non-violent political alternatives. The chapter argues that the emergence of alternatives is contingent on the interactions of jihadi groups with the Islamist social movement and on the credibility of non-violent political alternatives. But jihadi groups do not necessarily join the political process when authoritarian regimes democratize. A consensual decision to create a political party is contingent on the ability of jihadi groups to take consensual decisions at the leadership level while maintaining the loyalty of their members, which in the case of the IG and JG was rooted in these groups’ institutionalized collective group identities.
Conclusion
Authors: Drevon Jerome 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The conclusion of the book discusses this case study and its generalizability. It begins by discussing the disparate ways in which the IG and JG comparatively radicalized and institutionalized from the 1970s onwards. The chapter goes on to examine the strategic development of AQ and IS in light of the institutional trajectories of the IG and the JG. Finally, it concludes by examining the contribution of this book to existing debates on political violence and democracy and on the role of ideas before presenting new avenues for future research.
How to Make It as an AI
Authors: Graham S. Scott 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the many continuities between artificial intelligence (AI) development and promotion. The chapter traces how success in AI is about building systems that are responsive to a wide range of sociotechnical system pressures that include scientific standards, clinical commitments, regulatory structures, and economic incentives. It details how these system pressures collide to create a fraught landscape for AI development and popularization. This chapter also explores how AI accuracy claims become the foundation of promotional claims and subsequent trust in new AI technologies. In so doing, the chapter investigates competing case studies in the development and promotion of diagnostic AI systems—a breast cancer detection system designed in an industry context and an open science approach to nail fungus diagnosis.
Introduction
Authors: Leader Maynard Jonathan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn efforts to explain mass killings, the role of ideology is deeply disputed. Most existing scholarship falls into one of two camps: a ‘traditional-ideological’ perspective which emphasizes extremist goals and hatreds that motivate ideologically committed perpetrators of mass killing, and a ‘sceptical’ perspective which portrays most perpetrators as lacking ideological commitment, and instead roots the violence in rational incentives and/or various forms of social pressure that arise in certain contexts of crisis. Challenging both these perspectives, this introductory chapter lays out the alternative ‘neo-ideological’ perspective advanced in the book, which understands mass killings as vitally rooted in ideologically radicalized visions of security politics. This involves two key arguments: first, that ideologies provide crucial justificatory narratives for mass killing by exploiting and stretching conventional strategic and moral ideas about security, and second, that ideologies shape violent behaviour in ways that extend beyond deep ideological commitment, binding diverse ‘perpetrator coalitions’ into violence.
Stalinist Repression
Authors: Leader Maynard Jonathan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines mass killing in Joseph Stalin’s Soviet Union between 1930 and 1938. While it is not unusual to see Stalinist mass killing as ideologically rooted, many scholars assume a traditional-ideological account of this case, in which Stalinism provided a radical revolutionary utopia that necessitated the purging of class aliens from society. This chapter instead demonstrates that Stalinist violence did not flow directly from utopian goals, but was rooted in radical ideological narratives about Soviet state security. The chapter begins by detailing the contingent path to Stalinism’s ideological dominance—rooted as it was in the triumph of a hardline Leninist movement in the Russian civil war, and particular processes of subsequent ideological radicalization. The chapter then analyses the dynamics of ideological influence over (i) Stalinist elites, (ii) the Soviet state’s rank-and-file, and (iii) broader public attitudes, showing how these are crucial in explaining Stalinist mass killing.
The Rwandan Genocide
Authors: Leader Maynard Jonathan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn explaining the Rwandan Genocide, scholars have been divided on the role of ideology: with early studies often stressing the racist nationalism of Rwanda’s ‘Hutu power’ regime, while more recent work often questions the real levels of ideological commitment amongst the genocidaires. This chapter shows that while the Rwandan Genocide does not match a traditional-ideological image of mass hatreds and zealous belief, it still cannot be explained unless a hardline ethnonationalist narrative of the Rwandan civil war is accorded a central focus. The chapter traces the complex trajectory of hardline ideology in Rwanda from the period of colonial occupation through to the early 1990s. It then analyses the critical role played by ideology in shaping elite choices for genocide, before showing the varied but important impact of ideological belief and activism amongst rank-and-file agents in the genocide and the broader public (two categories that, in this case, overlapped heavily).
Basic properties of semiconductors
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the basic properties of bulk semiconductors, their heterostructures and of Quantum Well (QW) structures. The outline of band structure, density-of-states (DOS), elementary transport properties, and optical processes in bulk semiconductors are first introduced. The heterostructure formation and different band alignments are then introduced. the first example of nanostructure, that is the QW, quantization of electron motion in it, DOS function, and a few optical processes are briefly introduced. elementary properties of multiple QWs, superlattices, quantum wires, and quantum dots are discussed next. Finally, strained heterostructures and band structure alteration due to strain are considered.
Macroscopic theory of optical processes
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The present chapter deals with the macroscopic theory of light-matter interaction. By using the Maxwell’s equations, the wave equation is developed first for free space, and then for a dielectric, and a conductor. The relationship between refractive index and absorption coefficient is then established. The phase and group velocities of the EM wave are defined. The well-known damped harmonic oscillator model is then used to find expressions for real and imaginary parts of the susceptibility. At the end, the two-level atomic system is used to illustrate fundamental processes of light-matter interaction, namely, absorption, spontaneous, and stimulated emissions, and the rates of these processes in terms of Einstein’s A and B coefficients. Absorption, gain, and self-sustained oscillation in a medium with a Fabry–Perot resonator are discussed using the two-level atomic model.
Surface plasmon
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the classical Drude model is used to understand the basic mechanism of plasma wave generation and sub-wavelength propagation, the concept of plasma frequency, the nature of variation of dielectric function, the dispersion relation of surface plasmons in metal-insulator and metal-insulator-metal structures, mentioning the excitation techniques. The use of metal-based plasmonics or alternative materials, like semiconductors in different ranges of EM spectra is examined. Since semiconductors and other conductors are the only materials suitable for mid-IR and THz regimes, the plasmonic properties of, and basic plasmonic devices made of semiconductors in these ranges are studied and discussed. At the end, the envisaged role of semiconductor plasmonics in information processing, uses in communication systems, and data centres will be mentioned. The chapter ends by covering a few applications like surface-enhanced Raman scattering and as biosensors.
Spasers, and plasmonic nanolasers
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Surface plasmon amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (SPASER) produces emitters called a spaser for localized surface plasmon polariton (SPP) and a plasmonic nanolaser for propagating SPPs. This chapter introduces the first proposal for a spaser and its theory of amplification, and a simplified model for a spaser, and then presents the first three reports on spasers and plasmonic nanolasers. The theory of amplification of propagating SPPs in metal-semiconductor based structures and the rate equation analysis predict the extremely high value of the threshold current density due to extremely high metallic losses and a large Purcell factor. However, more careful studies reveal a high modal gain in M-S structure and further experiments confirm lower threshold for plasmonic nanolasers having sub-diffraction dimensions but increasingly high thresholds for photonic nanolasers with such small sizes. The current status for spasers and some application areas like their use in plasmonic interconnects for IC chips are finally mentioned.
Nanolasers
Authors: Basu Prasanta Kumar , Mukhopadhyay Bratati , Basu Rikmantra 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Important milestones in the path of development of semiconductor lasers are first indicated, followed by some basic equations related to semiconductor lasers. The design issues for attaining low threshold current, and high modulation bandwidth are then discussed. The chapter then focuses on nanolasers with their chronological development. The expression for normalized threshold in terms of the ratio of cavity loss and material loss with spontaneous emission coupling factor is then given, based on which a useful comparison of VCSELs, semiconductor nanolasers, spasers, and plasmonic nanolasers is made. Usage of nanolasers in optical interconnects, in particular, power needed to exceed thermal noise in receiver, modulation bandwidth, and linewidths are then evaluated and their efficacy to meet bandwidth and dissipation per bit stipulated by future data centres and computers are examined. In-built metal nanoparticle-based emitters in nanoantenna, based on inelastic electron tunnelling and resonant inelastic electron tunnelling are briefly discussed.
What Is Monism?
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractOne True Logic defends logical monism. This chapter explores exactly what logical monism amounts to. First, it considers the notion of a true logic. The chapter argues, roughly, that a true logic must be admissible and must be supplemented with a notion of formalization, by which we render natural language sentences into the logic. The chapter goes on to discuss what the admissibility of a logic amounts to, as well as the notion of formalization. Logical monism is the view that there is one such true logic. An epistemic discussion about the role of the applied logician closes the chapter.
Against Pluralism
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter begins by offering a taxonomy of the many varieties of pluralism to be found in the literature. Some versions are deemed to be monism in disguise, and Beall and Restall’s, and Shapiro’s, positions are taken to be pluralism proper. The chapter opens by offering some arguments against each before starting to look at Shapiro’s pluralism—including a discussion of Smooth Infinitesimal Analysis. A novel metalogical argument against any form of pluralism proper is offered. If a form of pluralism countenances many logics then, this book argues, logical nihilism threatens. If a pluralism countenances fewer logics, then the pluralist faces an issue of motivation. Logical monism avoids all such issues.
The Overgeneration Objection
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter considers the most serious objection to isomorphism invariance: overgeneration. As expressed by critics such as Feferman and Bonnay, this objection holds that isomorphism invariance renders logic in some sense sensitive to mathematics. In particular, if we accept isomorphism invariance, there will be sentences that are logically true just if the Continuum Hypothesis is true. It is argued here that the objection fails. The authors offer various precisifications and find that none of them succeeds in establishing a conclusion that should trouble the isomorphism invariantist. This discussion allows us to get much clearer on quite what it means for logic to be sensitive to mathematics, and offers much to help the defender of second-order logic.
The Absoluteness Objection
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn a similar vein to the themes of the previous chapter, some have charged isomorphism invariance with the absoluteness objection. The worry here is that the set-theoretic notions required to articulate isomorphism invariance are not absolute. To better understand this worry, the chapter first explores its possible motivations. First, there are meaning-theoretic motivations. Second, there are motivations stemming from anti-realism about set theory. Finally, there are motivations from the thought that logic and mathematics should be independent. Each one is taken in turn and found to be unconvincing. Isomorphism invariance survives the absoluteness objection.
An Introduction to Online Platforms
Authors: Mariniello Mario 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe emergence of online platforms has radically changed how goods and services are produced, supplied, and consumed. Online platforms became the primary vehicle of information flow between market players and now play a pivotal role in the economy and society. The magnitude of benefits brought by platforms cannot be overstated. Day-to-day benefits and gains range from easier communication thanks to social media and new types of online services, to the convenience and reduced transaction costs related to online purchases and home delivery, to the ubiquitous access to information offered by Internet search engines. But at the same time, as a small number of tech companies grow in dominance in the globally integrated business environment, non-negligible downsides have emerged: platforms have a great potential to cause harm. Given the complexity and the novelty of their business dynamics, market failures are particularly tricky to identify and address. It is the job of policymakers to verify whether the current regulatory framework is still adequate to ensure the correct functioning of markets and, if not, to propose efficient solutions. Updating competition policy and regulatory tools may be amongst those.
Technology and Employment
Authors: Mariniello Mario 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTechnology can improve workers’ productivity, but it can also make them redundant: if machines and algorithms can perform the same job faster and at a lower cost, why would anybody employ human workers? As it turns out, the previous industrial revolutions did not reduce the need for humans in labour markets. Instead, they induced a transformation of the jobs that workers were required to perform, creating new opportunities and tasks that only humans could pursue. It may be reasonable to expect that this time, with the Fourth Industrial Revolution brought about by technological progress, is not going to be any different. New jobs will be created, and technological adoption will not produce structural unemployment. However, even if this is the case, the transition is nevertheless costly and necessarily painful for a significant part of the working population. Thus, public policies are needed to protect workers temporarily displaced or in atypical employment contracts with wide and flexible social safety nets. Lifelong learning may be the best way to ensure a smooth transition to labour markets 4.0.
Bi-linear and sesqui-linear forms*
Authors: Lukas Andre 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bi-linear and sesqui-linear forms which are generalisations of scalar products are introduced. It is shown how the can be described by matrices and how matrix properties, such as being invertible or positive definite, relate to properties of the form. As an important example, the Minkowski product is discussed in detail. The Sylvester theorem classifying these forms in terms of the signature is proved. The results are applied to quadratic hyper-surfaces.
THE PLANET IN A GARDEN
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks into the geographic patterns of animals and plants. It highlights how the Wallace Line and other major biogeographical boundaries were discovered, as marking fundamental divisions between the animal and plant communities of Earth. It describes examples in Earth’s geological past when major communities mixed, as when North and South America joined. And it shows how these fundamental divisions are now dissolving worldwide, on the land and in the oceans, as neobiota or ‘introduced species’ have been transported by human activities, or have followed humans on their globe-trotting travels. This homogenization of life on Earth has reset the trajectory of Earth’s biological history, though also in some instances may help ecosystems cope better with the effects of climate change.
THE LOST WORLDS OF THE GIANTS
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter opens with Earth’s gigantic animals, many of which we only know from museum specimens, not only because of ancient extinction events, but because the megafauna of the Ice Ages were among the first to be widely exterminated by human hunting. This has had profound impacts on the Earth’s ecosystems because of these animals’ important role in controlling vegetation patterns. Island extinctions are covered too, both on land with examples such as the Rodrigues Solitaire bird, and increasingly beneath the sea, with seamount communities now threatened by plans for deep-sea mining. The patterns of the great prehistoric mass extinction events are explored, and it is shown how some extinctions—of the rare velvet worms, for instance—might have an evolutionary impact belying their small numbers. The chapter ends by discussing how some of these worrying trends might be halted, at large scales with rewilding, and also at smaller scales, in our own gardens.
The Parrot in the Mirror
Authors: Martinho-Truswell Antone 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book explores animal evolution and behaviour to explain how humans and birds came to share so much. How did we come to be so bird-like? Considering the answer to this question leads to an examination of the animal world that highlights fundamental and profound aspects of biology. The book looks at the value of movement in animals; the way in which traits such as intelligence, size, long life span, and the birth of very immature young are all interconnected. Above all, it assesses how even very different forms of life, experiencing similar evolutionary pressures from their environments, can hit on similar solutions – the phenomenon known as convergent evolution. It is that which lies at the root of our bird-ishness.
TILL DEATH DO US PART
Authors: Martinho-Truswell Antone 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses the similarities in the biological development of humans and birds. There are two different models of growing up: the mewling and puking version is called altricial, while the fluffy little adult version is called nidifugous. Together with the Passerines, their nearest relatives, the parrots, are also altricial, as are the falcons, owls, pigeons, hummingbirds, and numerous other groups. This means that an overwhelming majority of birds hatch out very immature, helpless young that require enormous amounts of care over a long period of time. It is the same with human babies. Human childhood is extremely long and extremely dependent by mammal standards, and our young are very high maintenance. Part of the reason is because of our big brains—or rather, our big heads. Because rearing an altricial offspring is simply not a one-person or one-bird job, monogamy and biparental care follow naturally. The chapter then considers human sexual cheating and brood parasitism.
Utterances without commitment
Authors: Corr Alice 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn many Ibero-Romance varieties, an illocutionary complementizer is used to report second-hand speech (Ceong 2019) in matrix environments. In such ‘presentative’ que expressions, the speaker puts forth (Portner 2006) or presents (Faller 2002, 2006, Déchaine et al. 2017) a proposition into the shared knowledge, without designating a truth value to its content. The construction’s interpretative contribution is licensed by (i) absence of V-to-Fin raising, which enables the speaker to put forth the proposition without committing to—i.e. asserting—its truth; and (ii) the lexicalization of the phasal edge by the complementizer, yielding a maximal expansion of the clausal structure. The availability of presentative que across (Ibero-)Romance inversely correlates with the height of verb movement, such that varieties with a higher landing site cannot put forward a proposition without also asserting—through compulsory V-to-Fin movement—the truth of that set of affairs.
Crystal Clear: Bandstructure of the Empty Lattice
Authors: Jena Debdeep 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the following questions: • How the Bloch theorem combined with the symmetry of the periodic lattice leads to bands, • How the periodicity is experimentally measured by diffraction of light and of particles, and • How to calculate the nearly free-electron bandstructure of any crystal by just knowing the periodicity and lattice constant, and with complete disregard to which atoms are in the crystal.
Doping and Heterostructures: The Effective Mass Method
Authors: Jena Debdeep 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the following questions: • What is the effective mass method, and how does it map the problem of electrons in doped semiconductors or quantum heterostructures to exactly solved single-particle problems in quantum mechanics? • Why it is a powerful tool to design doping, and quantum wells, wires and dots. • How we can easily evaluate the density of states, carrier concentrations, and physically visualize the location of electrons or holes in confined geometries, using the idea of envelope wavefunctions.