bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact, Deformation and Cooling Down of Atmospheric Induction Plasma Sprayed Ceramic Particles and Their Influence on Coating Properties
Authors: Dzur B. , Nutsch G. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In the present work ceramic particles (Al2O3, YSZ) are sprayed onto steel substrates using a radio frequency inductively coupled atmospheric plasma spray process (IC APS). Because of the low plasma velocity and the large plasma volume large particles can be completely melted. The particles reach the substrate with low velocities (in the order of 10 m/s). So, a special kind of deformation can be observed. Some characteristic values of impact and deformation are also quite different from some other thermal spraying technologies. Of course, that has an strong influence on the coating properties. It is shown, that a high kinetic energy of impinging particles is not an essential assumption for a high bond strength and a low porosity of the coatings. IC Plasma sprayed particle splats are investigated and compared with DC and HVOF sprayed ones. The influence of the particle impact and deformation on the coating properties is demonstrated. It is shown, that in spite of the low particle velocities coatings can be sprayed by IC APS with comparable quality, but with quite different coating properties such as the crystalline structure.
Application of CAD to CFD for the Wire Arc Spray Process
Authors: Bolot R. , Bonnet R. , Jandin G. , Coddet C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In view of its advantages (simplicity, low cost, high deposition rate), the wire arc spray process has become a widely used technology for the spraying of metals. Nevertheless, numerous parameters (gun design, atomizing gas nature, velocities, pressures, ...) may have a significant influence on the quality of the produced coatings. One of the major problems related in the literature concerns the poor control over the spray pattern; the understanding of this phenomenon has thus become essential for further improvements. In the present study, a special feature of the PHOENICS commercial code (from CAD to CFD ) was used to produce a 3D simulation of the flow within the gun and outside. This method was especially useful in view of the complex geometry of the TAFA 9000 gun, which was investigated. The results show the presence of a highly asymmetric external jet.
Modeling of the Acceleration and Behavior at Impact of Ceramic Suspension Droplets in Aerosol Flame Spraying
Authors: Poirier T. , Vardelle A.M. , Elchinger M.F. , Vardelle M. , Grimaud A. , Vesteghem H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Aerosol Flame Spraying (A.F.S) combines the atomization of a colloidal suspension with the lateral injection of the aerosol in a flame. The aerosol droplets are partially dried when crossing the flame and deposited as a coating onto a substrate. The coating is then consolidated by a heat treatment. In this paper, a modeling of the trajectories, acceleration and vaporization of the droplets is presented. This model supposes that the droplets dry at a constant rate until they impact onto the substrate. It predicts the size and water content of droplets at impact. From these data and hydrodynamic properties (viscosity, surface tension, contact angle) of the suspensions, the morphology and size of the lamella deposited on the substrate can be determined by using classical impact models. A colloidal monoclinic zirconia suspension with a 60-nm particle diameter is used in this study. In spite of the complexity of the mixing of suspension spray and flame, and the diversity of the thermal histories of the droplets, the observation of the latter after impact shows that the results of the model are quite consistent with measurements.
Finite Element Analysis on Residual Stress in a Plasma-Sprayed Functionally Graded Thermal Barrier Coating
Authors: Limarga A.M. , Widjaja S. , Yip T.H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Thermal barrier coating (TBC) structures composed of Al2O3 and ZrO2 with different chemical compositions on the NiCoCrAlY bondcoat are proposed to improve the oxidation resistance of TBC systems. The concept of functionally graded materials (FGM) was applied to manage residual stresses due to sharp interface between dissimilar materials that can lead to a premature failure of the TBC system. A numerical study using finite element analysis was performed to investigate the effects of system architecture on the residual stresses developed in Functionally Graded - Thermal Barrier Coatings (FG-TBCs) and in a typical duplex TBC comprising of NiCoCrAlY bondcoat and ZrO2 topcoat. The effects of different cooling rates and substrate preheating process on the residual stress distribution were also studied. The results showed that lower cooling rate and substrate preheating process reduce stresses within the duplex coating. In addition, the incorporation of Al2O3 interlayer results in a manageable level of residual stress. Stresses at critical locations are reduced, and hence contributing to an increase in resistance to the interfacial crack. The possibility of surface cracks is also reduced since the radial and tangential stresses within the FGTBC system are lower than those of the duplex system. It was found that the thickness of Al2O3 layer and the number of graded layers introduced between Al2O3 and ZrO2 do not significantly affect the stress distribution. To provide adequate comparison to the computational results. X-ray diffraction was used to assess the in-plane residual stresses on the coating surface.
Deposition Model of Thermal Spray Coatings
Authors: Ghafouri-Azar R. , Mostaghimi J. , Chandra S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A three dimensional model of coating formation has been developed. Using the model we are able to simulate coating formation by deposition of large numbers of droplets. The properties of impacting particles are assumed to vary stochastically using a normal probability density function. Splat curl up is assumed to be the source of porosity formation. The model is able to predict coating porosity, thickness and roughness as a function of spray parameters.
Mechanical and Electrical Properties of Al2O3–TiO2 Coating as Electrical Insulator
Authors: Nakamichi M. , Kawamura H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In a fusion reactor (i.e. ITER), the use of a ceramic coating on structural material (SS3I6LN-IG) has been considered as electrical insulator. Al2O3 including TiO2 (Al2O3-TiO2) is one of most promising materials as coating from a point of high electrical resistivity and so on. However, crack and peeling occur by difference of thermal expansion between substrate material and coating material. Therefore, 80Ni-20Cr was selected as the undercoating between SS316LN-IG substrate and Al2O3-TiO2 coating. In this characterization, Al2O3-3%TiO2 and Al2O3-13%TiO2 were used as ceramic coating material. 80Ni-20Cr undercoating was fabricated by atmospheric plasma spray method. The thickness of 80Ni-20Cr was 50µm. Al2O3-3%TiO2 and Al2O3-13%TiO2 were fabricated by atmospheric plasma spray method. Thickness of these ceramic coatings are 200 and 500µm. From the results of out-of-pile test, it was clear that Al2O3-3%TiO2 and Al2O3-13%TiO2 coating had a good mechanical and electrical properties.
Thermal Sprayed Hard Cr3C2-NiCr Coatings for Wear Protection
Authors: Valente T. , Bartuli C. , Tului M. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Thermal sprayed ceramic coatings play an important role in those industrial applications where exceptional erosion and wear resistance are required. In particular, nickel-chromium based coatings containing chromium carbide particles dispersion are widely used when environment temperature rises up to 800°C. Thick Cr3C2-NiCr coatings were produced with two thermal spray processes: Air Plasma Spray (APS) and High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF). Two different powders have been selected as starting materials. Their dimensional and morphological properties were assessed to verify their sprayability, both in terms of flowability and deposition efficiency. For both APS and HVOF processes, most deposition parameters were selected, after preliminary spraying tests, on the basis of statistical analysis of results, in terms of coating density, hardness and substrate-coating interface quality. The tribological properties of the coatings were evaluated in order to investigate the influence of the deposition process on the behavior of coatings under wear conditions
Scratch Testing of Nanocrystalline Alumina+13%Titania+Zirconia
Authors: Gold M.R. , Berndt C.C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This work examines nanocrystalline thermal spray coatings prepared under several power and stand off distances. The coating material was nanocrystalline alumina + titania and zirconia (ATZ) powder mixture deposited using an air plasma spray process. The experimental design employs a full factorial method totaling four samples. The mechanical properties of four coatings were compared via scratch and hardness testing. The scratching process was monitored for transverse loads during the test and the variation in load monitored. The profiles of scratches were analyzed using white light interference profilometry and studied further via SEM. The results indicate that the microstructure reflected features observed in the scratch test. It was also shown that the scratch process and morphology depend on the normal load and spray process.
Development of Ultra Thin Carbide Coatings for Wear and Corrosion Resistance
Authors: Fischer F.F. , Dvorak M.D. , Siegmann S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The increasing demand of the industry for high quality coatings with a low cost aspect has led to the development of ultra thin, nearby finishing free carbide coatings. The R&D work performed for this publication was focused on the tailoring of carbide powders together with the development of a new generation of HVOF-Systems working on higher combustion chamber pressures. An as-sprayed surface roughness of less than 1,5µm has to be envisaged for a thin nearly finishing free coating. Therefore, the starting powder has to have fine particles size with a homogenous distribution of carbides and matrix metals. To ensure the corrosion resistance, the matrix metals have to be completely alloyed and the coatings have to be dense. The used HVOF-System must be able to feed and spray these fine powders without any blockage of the powder feeder or nozzle clocking. The coating quality has to fulfil the requirements of hardchrome plating as wear and corrosion resistance is concerned. The low cost level of thin hard-chrome coatings shall be matched. The suitability for using this coating on applications like hydraulic cylinders has been proven. Generally, this technique of thermal spraying can be used as a hard-chrome alternative as well as for new applications where thermal spraying was not put into account due to cost and technical reasons. The aim was to fill the gap between thin film technologies as PVD or CVD techniques and conventional thermal spraying. The new technology enables the industry to coat large components with nearly no restrictions in size and for competitive prices.
On-Line Microstructure and Property Control of a Thermal Sprayed Abrasive Coating
Authors: Nylén P. , Wigren J. , Idetjärn J. , Pejryd L. , Friis M. , Moretto P. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A process control tool has been developed for air plasma spraying of a NiAl (bond coat) and Al2O3 (top coat) coating systems. The process is employed at Volvo Aero Corporation for abrasive purposes, such as knife-edge applications on compressor parts. In-flight particle temperatures, velocities and diameters were measured by the DPV2000 system. Several samples were sprayed and the coating microstructures were evaluated using Image Analysis techniques on optical and scanning electron microscope images. Top and bond coat thickness, oxides, porosity, grit blast residues, delaminations, surface roughness (on top, bond and substrate) and tensile strength were evaluated. Statistical regression analysis was then used to establish relationships between process parameters (i.e. current and primary gas flow), particle in-flight characteristics (i.e. velocity and temperature), microstructure properties, and mechanical properties. The equations derived were finally used for development of a tool, which can be used by the operator for on-line monitoring and control of the coating characteristics based on information of the current particle inflight characteristics. The tool makes it possible to continuously adjust the process set points, ensuring a high reproducibility and stability of the process.
Some Considerations for the Routine Testing of Thermal Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Wigren J. , Täng K. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Revealing the true properties is of utmost importance for the optimized use of thermal sprayed coatings and for the realization of the ultimate spray booth. The necessity of the true properties for a successful correlation as well as development of process windows for on-line control cannot is emphasized. Only the true properties can be expected to correlate to the spray parameters or the particle properties in the flame. What is actually meant when stating the following? - The coating has 5% porosity - Tensile bond is 50MPa - Hardness is 1000HV - Coating thickness is 100 nm Different loopholes during the steps of metallographic preparation, hardness and tensile bond strength testing are highlighted and discussed. The microstructure of a thermally sprayed coating typically consists of a multiphase matrix (often a mix between hard, soft and amorphous), pores, oxides, delaminations, cracks, grit residues and unmelted particles. Due to this complexity in the structure there are a number of possible errors that often can be made in metallographic laboratories. Several examples and explanations are given. It is shown that improper handling in the materials laboratory may lead to smearing and pullouts etc. This will ruin the results and effectively hide the true microstructure. Furthermore the use of different epoxies and curing methods effectively varies the tensile bond strength test results by more than 300% for various coatings. By using different preparation routines the micro hardness can be varied by more than HV0.3 100.
Online Quality Control of Thermally Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Dvorak M. , Florin C. , Amrhein E. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
An industrial and cost-effective online quality control method for thermally sprayed coatings will be presented. A new concept in pulse-thermography allows online, during the spraying process, the non-destructive evaluation of coated surfaces. This technique employs a heat source that produces a heat impulse. The impulse is directed toward the examined surface and the from the surface reflected and/or emitted signal is collected by an infrared-camera and subsequently treated in a computer. It will be demonstrated that the spraying process itself can be used as a heat source. In principle, the fading behavior of the signal captured by a high speed infrared camera is observed, or else the progression of the induced heat wave within the coating. Differences in coating thickness, coating and adhesion defects, microstructural changes, an aggregation of pores as well as oxide or metallic inclusions provoke a significant change in the signal intensity and are therefore detected. Pulse-thermography enables the non-destructive assessment of the quality of thermally sprayed coatings. A coated part can be examined to check if the desired coating structure has been successfully attained or if and where there are any areas with critical deviations in respect to coating thickness or coating microstructure. The simple set-up allows the integration of the technique in the production line.
Thermal Coating In Europe: A Business Prospective
Authors: Ducos M. , Durand J.-P. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The authors carried out in 1999 a multiclient market research covering the Thermal Coatings business in Europe. This work has allowed to obtain detailed business facts relative to the industry and has provided an in-depth understanding of applications, markets, competition, key factors for success and industry structure. Thermal coatings are defined here as coating parts by hardfacing (e.g. MIG, TIG, PTA, laser...) or thermal spray (flame, arc, plasma, HVOF...). This study also provided a further opportunity to investigate about present business issues and to provide a fresh look into growth opportunities. This presentation intends to provide the scientific community with a summary of this business analysis and to stress business issues and factors found to constrain business growth today. We do expect that a more carefully focused teamwork between independent R&D and the supply chain could significantly accelerate the growth of the Thermal Coatings business in the future.
Process Window for Plasma Spray Processes
Authors: Friis M. , Persson C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A method for creation of a process window for on-line monitoring and controlling of the particle velocity and temperature during plasma spraying in order to enable desired coating microstructure is presented. The desired coating is specified by determination of the ranges within which the different microstructure features and the powder deposition efficiency are allowed to vary. Multiple linear regression models, relating the particle velocity and particle temperature to the coating criterions is utilized to successively delimit the particle velocity and temperature ranges. This results in a process window, giving the limits within which the particle velocity and temperature are allowed to vary in order for the desired coating to be produced.
The Origins of Thermal Spray Literature
Authors: Berndt C.C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The technology of thermal spray will reach its centenary anniversary in the first decade of the 21st century. It is appropriate to summarize the early literature of the 1900's and present, for posterity, several of the key publications upon which this vital technology rests. This article is broken up into three sections; (i) a summary of early US and UK patent literature is presented in tabular format along with a brief commentary; (ii) several articles (prior to 1915) and books (prior to 1970) from the early literature are mentioned; and (iii) three Appendices reproduce those patents which are indicated as "Master Patents" for thermal spray and which spear-headed its art and science. This article is intended to guide the interested reader towards primary sources of literature upon which present thermal spray science and engineering is based.
Liquid Crystal: Best Ideas from 15 Years
Authors: Burgess David 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This article provides an introduction to liquid crystal hot spot detection and its use in electronic device failure analysis. It describes how liquid crystal responds to temperature changes and the equipment typically used to observe it. It explains how to apply these materials to test specimens, how to optimize measurement sensitivity, and how to interpret the results. It also presents hot spot detection procedures and describes failure scenarios for which the method is particularly effective.
Electron Beam Testing and Characterization – Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Joy David C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are the dominant tool for electronic device testing, failure analysis, and characterization. This status was not apparent, however, when the first commercial SEM, the Cambridge Stereoscan, appeared in 1963. A market survey by the manufacturer at that time predicted total sales of six to ten units worldwide. For the last four decades, SEMs have sold at an average rate of one unit every 24 hours, with two out of every three instruments destined for the semiconductor industry.
Backside Analysis: Focused-Ion-Beam Applications for Flip Chip Packaged ICs
Authors: Ring Rose M. , Goruganthu Rama R. , Stevenson Leslie 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Flip chip mounted devices are difficult debug using conventional FIB tools because their internal circuitry is not easily accessible. New flip chip focused ion beam (FC FIB) systems overcome this limitation, however, making it possible to access circuits from the backside through the bulk silicon. In this article, the authors explain how they used the new system to gain access to signal lines for backside waveform acquisition. They also describe some of the procedures they developed to repair and modify flip chip circuits from the backside and prepare cross-section samples from the backside for failure analysis and characterization.
Simulating Financial Risks on the Basis of Statistical Assessment Methods
Authors: PARFENTSEVA N. , HOLUBOVA H. 
Published: June 2022

Financial risks are summed up by type and form, macro- and micro-level. The importance of monitoring of financial risks in insurance, banking, monetary activities and various business processes is substantiated. It is emphasized that the sound assessment of risks constitutes an important tool in risk management. The essence, advantages and disadvantages of selected methods for financial risk assessment is shown: Value-at-Risk, Monte Carlo method, methods based on IRB approach, Shortfall, LDA, methods using Bayesian programming. The importance of statistical methods for the assessment of financial risks like non-parametric techniques of Kaplan – Meier and Cox proportional hazards model is substantiated. It is emphasized that the cumulative hazard function by Cox model reflects the cumulative level of bank losses, hence, its application in risk assessment is capable to protect and warn the bank about a potential threat. Kaplan – Meier method allows to assess the probability of risk occurrence and risk level in various client groups, which is a necessary component of risk monitoring. But its drawback is its incapability to account for several risks at the same time. In view of this, a sounder method for risk assessment is Cox proportional hazard regression. The input data for constructing this regression can include both categorical and continuous variables, thus enabling for accounting of a multiplicity of risk-related factors. It is concluded that Kaplan – Meier method should be used with caution, because the survival function may overvalue the probability of occurrence of “critical” event, depending on the internal nature of data and their individual variances. Hence, applications of semiparametric techniques of Cox proportional hazards model should be an alternative approach to the survival analysis.
Klasifikasi Stok Barang Menggunakan Algoritma Naïve Bayes Pada Pt.Dharma Electrindo Manufacturing
Authors: Kokom Komariyah  , Rahaditya Dasuki  , Dias Bayu Saputra  , Saeful Anwar  , Gifthera Dwilestari  
Published: June 2022

Prediksi di perusahaan pada umumnya masih dilakukan secara manual dan ditangani oleh seorang karyawan yang dipercaya oleh perusahaan tersebut. Karena hanya melihat perkiraan berdasarkan penjualan yang telah terjadi bulan sebelumnya tanpa mempertimbangkan tingkat persaingan pasar Salah satu alat bantu yang dapat mendukung menyelesaikan masalah tersebut adalah komputer. Dengan adanya sistem komputerisasi, maka akan dibuat program bantu prediksi penjualan dan persediaan stok barang untuk menyelesaikanmasalah yang dihadapi perusahaan.Tahapan dari proses algoritma Naive Bayes adalah: Menghitung jumlah kelas / label, Menghitung Jumlah Kasus Per Kelas, Kalikan Semua Variable Kelas, Bandingkan Hasil Per KelasBerdasarkan hasil dari pengolahan data, menjelaskan bahwa data yang diambil dari Januari sampai dengan Maret 2020 tentan distributor kabel di PT. Dharma Electrindo Manufacturing, PT. Dharma Electrindo Manufacturing, menggunakan model naïve bayes menghasilkan akurasi sebesar 56,52% bahwa nilai akurasi sebesar 78,14% dengan rincian sebagai berikut. Prediksi Over dan Ternyata True Over Sebesar 62. Prediksi Over dan Ternyata True Cukup Sebesar 0. Prediksi Cukup dan Ternyata Over Sebesar 32. Prediksi Cukup dan Ternyata True Cukup Sebesar 52. Dengan class recall layak sebesar 65,96% dan Class Recall Tidak Layak Sebesar 100%.