bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Global Politics of Jesus
Authors: Saiya Nilay 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Since the fourth century, Christians have wrestled with how to interact with political authority—what it means to give to Caesar what is Caesar’s and to God what is God’s. The most common view holds that while Christians’ ultimate loyalty rightfully belongs to God, as earthly citizens they also have loyalties to the countries where they live and a moral responsibility to improve the world that surrounds them. Given these realities, it seems natural for the church to fervently engage in political life and cultivate a close relationship with the state. Such beliefs, however, result in a “paradox of privilege.” The church yielding to political power’s seduction—either by allowing itself to be coopted by worldly powers or by seeking to advance the kingdom of God through the machinery of the state—has often worsened the very problems Christians are trying to solve and harmed the church itself in the process. On the other hand, Christians resisting cooptation by the state, contesting the myth of the chosen nation, and demanding an equal playing field for all faith traditions has placed the church in the best position to fight injustice and violence, promote development, and engage in peacebuilding and reconciliation. Using global data and case studies, the book examines the paradox of privilege with respect to some of the most important areas in contemporary global politics: violence and persecution, human rights, foreign policy, and peace and reconciliation. This book also considers what the paradox of privilege means for the church itself.
Holy Humanitarians? Christianity and Human Rights
Authors: Saiya Nilay 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with the intersection of Christianity and human rights. It argues that support for human rights runs deep in the Christian DNA. The claim that human rights are integral to Christian doctrine raises the important question, though, of why Christians have vacillated in support of them throughout Christian history. This chapter makes the case that Christians have been most supportive of human rights—in particular, women’s rights, racial justice, and religious freedom—when the church has maintained its distance from the state. Thus, in contexts where Christians have insisted on and been given space to act on the most fundamental teachings of their faith, they have been empowered to transform societies for the better in accordance with their understanding of the gospel message by demanding and promoting individual and corporal virtue.
Localized Bargaining
Authors: MA Xiao 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
China’s high-speed railway network is one of the largest infrastructure programs in human history. Despite global media coverage, we know very little about the political process that led the government to invest in the railway program and the reasons for the striking regional and temporal variation in such investments. In Localized Bargaining, Xiao Ma offers a novel theory of intergovernmental bargaining that explains the unfolding of China's unprecedented high-speed railway program. Drawing on a wealth of in-depth interviews, original data sets, and surveys with local officials, Ma details how the bottom-up bargaining efforts by territorial authorities—whom the central bureaucracies rely on to implement various infrastructure projects—shaped the allocation of investment in the railway system. Territorial authorities and their leaders engage in localized bargaining to navigate and forge consensus among the fragmented entities that comprise the central bureaucracy; those who do so effectively gain an advantage for their localities. The book demonstrates in detail how localities of different types invoke institutional and extra-institutional sources of bargaining power in their competition for railway stations. These dynamics have broader implications for our understanding of the institutional arrangements that shape modern-day China and explain such phenomena as its economic miracle and the resilience of the communist government.
Local Ambitions in Central Policymaking
Authors: MA Xiao 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The chapter begins with a description of the process a local government undertakes in seeking approval for its proposals for rail infrastructure in the locality. The fragmented, interlocking nature of central bureaucratic authorities makes bottom-up solicitation by local governments a primary factor in explaining the variations in central allocative decisions. By studying the daily operation of localities’ Beijing offices, the chapter then examines the strategies local authorities employ to solicit central policy benefits, and the conditions under which such efforts succeed or fail. It finds that local leaders’ willingness and efforts, combined with localities’ ranks in the party-state’s hierarchy, are crucial determinants of the bargaining outcomes. The chapter ends with a survey of 893 Chinese local officials. Survey data on officials’ perceptions of the role of bottom-up policy bargains in determining government resource allocation corroborates findings from the qualitative interviews.
The Power of the Masses
Authors: MA Xiao 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the strategies of cleric localities, whose peripheral positions within the party-state limit their voice and capabilities in procuring policy benefits through formal channels. In such localities, leaders seek help from actors outside of the party-state, and often through means that are less institutionalized than those cardinal localities use. One such strategy, which I term “consent instability,” is tacit tolerance by local officials of mass mobilizations in which citizens demand policy benefits from above. The chapter shows that protests in the streets help send a costly signal to higher-level authorities that ignoring the demand for resources will put social stability at risk. This has led to over a dozen local “high-speed railway protests” across China in recent years. The chapter specifies the institutional conditions under which such a bargaining strategy emerges by using a detailed case study, and corroborates findings from the case study with a survey of local party cadres.
Conclusion
Authors: MA Xiao 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main findings of the book. Situated in the context of China’s high-speed railway program, the book proposes and tests the argument that the allocation of central policy benefits is shaped by bottom-up, localized bargaining on the part of territorial governments. The findings not only enhance our understandings of policy processes in China, but also contribute to the literature on distributive politics and bureaucracy in general. The chapter then proposes several questions that are related to the subject for future studies. The argument and findings in this book prompt a re-examination of how institutions that facilitate interest articulation and power-sharing contribute to regime resilience in China; It also discusses what recent changes to recentralize power in Chinese politics and the rising popular localism mean for the future of China’s policy process and development.
Introduction
Authors: Lynch Marc 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of the field of Middle East political science from its Cold War origins to the present day. The post-2011 renaissance of scholarship on the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) did not emerge in an intellectual vacuum. It built upon several decades of field-building research, which had gradually positioned scholars of the MENA to respond well to the intellectual, policy, and practical challenges posed by the Arab uprisings. In this way, Middle East political science came to transcend long-standing criticisms of being overly insular, methodologically weak, and politically problematic—aspersions that had dogged this field for decades but which are no longer tenable. The chapter then lays out six major contributions to political science made by regional specialists, which cut across the chapters. It concludes with a dissection of the challenges that MENA scholars now face in an era of ethical dilemmas, authoritarian backsliding, and the coronavirus pandemic.
Islam and Islamism
Authors: Masoud Tarek , al-Anani Khalil , Freer Courtney , Mecham Quinn 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Studies on political Islam have evolved greatly, far outpacing how many other comparative political scientists treat religion in politics. Well before the Arab uprisings, MENA specialists were already making substantive contributions to inquiries about how the sphere of religion interacted with the politics of governance, mobilization, and identity. This chapter examines popular hypotheses that Islam facilitates the persistence of authoritarian regimes over democratic ones, either by inculcating antidemocratic political values and/or explicit preferences for authoritarianism in Muslims or simply because Muslims vote for Islamist political parties. It then turns to the scholarship on Islam and political violence, and specifically addresses debates over the role of Salafi-jihadism in inspiring violence. Finally, the chapter shows how political shifts in the MENA region have opened up new areas of research on the role of religion and religious political actors in multiple sectors of politics.
Conclusion
Authors: Ali Saleem H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Synthesizing the key themes of the book, the Conclusion lays out our current juncture as a civilization in making decisions that may lead toward either a more fragmented or harmonious future order. Five key “take-home” messages from the book’s insights are presented with contemporary examples, including the 2020 US presidential election. Going back to the metaphor of the kaleidoscope with which this book opened, the author presents a coda for “chromatic order” that is partially reminiscent of the balance in society suggested by the ancient Greek polymath Vitruvius, one existing between beauty (venustas), usability (utilitas), and durability (firmitas).
Treaties as Data
Authors: Alschner Wolfgang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter uses data science to empirically trace the design change of over 3,300 international investment agreements. The chapter introduces computational legal scholarship that promises to scale empirical legal research. It then applies computational legal tools to inductively study the change of investment treaties. Using the new and comprehensive Electronic Database of Investment Treaties dataset, which covers virtually all investment treaties in force, the chapter lets “treaties speak for themselves” by applying natural language processing to represent treaty texts as data. This treaty data is then investigated through principal component analysis to reveal the most important design difference that runs through the investment treaty universe. The result is a map that tracks treaty design variation over time. This map is then used to distinguish between old- and new-generation treaty design and to assess the investment arbitration case law under the latter, finding that new treaties have largely produced old outcomes.
Change as Gap-Filling
Authors: Alschner Wolfgang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter uses contract theory, a branch of law and economics, to characterize the change in treaty design revealed in Chapter 1. It argues that contract theory applied to international investment treaties offers a meta-narrative for the treaty design evolution from incomplete to more complete agreements that accommodates existing accounts of treaty design change such as a drive for greater policy space, precision, and control over adjudicators. It empirically shows that the four gap-filling strategies identified by contract theory (1) more comprehensive contracting, (2) escape clauses, (3) relational contracting, and (4) delegation of gap-filling to third parties correspond to how states have designed ever more complete investment agreements. In addition, contract theory helps to understand why state-driven reform has been met with an arbitral backlash as different gap-filling strategies can be in competition.
All Roads Lead North
Authors: Mulmi Amish Raj 
Published: June 2022

During the June 2020 territorial dispute over Kalapani, India blamed tensions on a newly assertive Nepal’s deepening relations with China. But beyond the accusations and grandstanding, this reflects a new reality: the power equations in South Asia have been redrawn, to make space for China. Nepal did not turn northwards overnight. Its ties with China have deep historical roots built on Buddhism, dating to the early first millennium. While India’s unofficial 2015 blockade provided momentum to the rift with Delhi, Nepal has long wanted deeper ties with Beijing, to counteract India’s oppressive intimacy. With China’s growing South Asian and global ambitions, Nepal now has a new primary bilateral partner--and Nepalis are forging a path towards modernity with its help, both in the remote borderlands and in the cities. All Roads Lead North offers a long view of Nepal’s foreign relations, today underpinned by China’s world-power status. Sharing never-before-told stories about Tibetan guerrilla fighters, failed coup leaders and trans-Himalayan traders, Nepal analyst Amish Raj Mulmi examines the histories binding mountain communities together across the Sino-Nepali border. Part history, part journalistic account, Mulmi's is a complex, compelling and rigorously researched study of a small country caught between two neighbourhood giants.
Veps
Authors: Grünthal Riho 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Veps is geographically the easternmost of the Finnic minority languages in north-west Russia. The Veps speech community has rapidly decreased since the 1930s owing to assimilation, migration, low birth-rate, and political and economic changes. Veps phonology and morphology are clearly distinct from those of other Finnic languages, whereas there are only minor differences between the three major dialects, northern, central, and southern Veps. The morpheme order is word + number + case, whereas possessive suffixes are used very rarely. Verbs have two conjugations, the subjective and the reflexive conjugations. The tense system is shifting towards a two-tense pattern consisting of present and past, instead of four tenses. The basic word order SVO is flexible and may change in terms of topicality and discourse functions. Literary language and spoken varieties differ considerably from one another. The latter displays ample code-switching and Russian vocabulary, whereas literary Veps has been influenced by Finnish.
Samoyedic
Authors: Wagner-Nagy Beáta , Szeverényi Sándor 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Samoyedic branch now consists of the following languages indigenous to Western Siberia: Nenets, Enets, Nganasan, and Selkup. Two Southern Samoyedic languages, Mator and Kamas, are extinct, and also the remaining Samoyedic languages are severely or critically endangered. This chapter describes the characteristics of Samoyedic languages and their background in the reconstructible Proto-Samoyedic. All Samoyedic languages are predominantly agglutinative, but Northern Samoyedic (Enets, Nenets, Nganasan) shows a high degree of fusion in the marking of case and number. In addition to singular and plural, Samoyedic languages have a dual number. Similarly to Ugric and Mordvin, their verbal inflection includes a distinct objective conjugation (object-agreement paradigm). As concerns their syntax, the Samoyedic languages are characterized by PRO-DROP and diverse types of non-finite subordination.
Kamas
Authors: Klumpp Gerson 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Kamas is an extinct Samoyed language of Southern Siberia, most closely related to Selkup. In the extinct Sayan Samoyedic group it is the only language of which proper documentation survives. Its last speaker, Klavdia Plotnikova, died in 1989. Kamas was documented starting from the eighteenth century. Over centuries it had been in close contact with South Siberian Turkic languages, from the nineteenth century on also with Russian. There are two main dialects, Kamas proper and Koybal. The chapter provides an introduction into the grammar of Kamas, based on the main sources from the mid-nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. The chapter also addresses morphosyntactic parallels with Siberian Turkic, as well as the differences between traditional Kamas as documented until 1914 and terminal Kamas, documented in the 1960s and 1970s.
Diffuse X-ray Scattering and Models of Disorder
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Diffuse X-ray scattering is a rich source of local structural information over and above that obtained by conventional crystal structure determination (crystallography). The main aim in the book is to show how computer simulation of a model crystal provides a general method by which diffuse scattering of all kinds and from all types of materials can be interpreted and analysed. Part I gives a description of the experimental methods used to obtain diffuse scattering data including recent improvements both in synchrotron and neutron facilities and latest detectors that are now available. Part II describes a number of stochastic models of disorder, which allows various concepts to be established and enables simple examples to be generated to illustrate key principles. Part III describes example studies of a wide variety of real materials. These examples not only document the development of computer simulation methods for investigating and analysing disorder problems but also provide a resource for helping future researchers recognise the kinds of effects which can occur and for pointing the way to tackling new problems which are encountered. Part IV describes more recent studies in which the increased computational power, coupled with improvements in the quality and quantity of data that is now obtainable, has allowed more quantitative and detailed analyses to be undertaken.
Disorder in higher dimensions
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The basic differences from 1D that a higher dimension imparts are discussed by exploring a simple 2-dimensional growth model. In this model – a simple extension of the 1D Markov chain – a point is added to the lattice depending on its nearest predecessors in two directions. Comparison of the growth and Ising formulations has allowed analytical solutions to be found in some special cases. Of particular interest is the fact that disordered distributions having the same 2-point correlations but different 3-point or 4-point correlations can be generated. The Ising formulation is more general than the growth formulation and these extra degrees of freedom can be explored using Monte Carlo simulation. A modulation wave approach for directly synthesizing a disordered distribution of diffuse scattering is also described.
Interactions between occupancies and displacements
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A general description of diffuse scattering is described that allows for both short-range compositional (chemical) order and associated local atomic distortions. This leads to the concept of diffuse intensity components – short-range order (SRO), size-effect, thermal diffuse scattering (TDS) and Huang scattering. An Ising-like model that incorporates both occupations and displacements is described and is used to demonstrate the meanings of the different components. The effect of local distortions on systems with multi-site correlations is discussed.
p-chloro-N-(p-methyl-benzylidene)aniline (MeCl)
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
MeCl is one of a number of para disubstituted benzylidene anilines that have been of interest to theoretical chemists studying the way in which molecular shape and conformation influences the crystal structure of a compound. The molecular site in the structure contains molecules in one of four different orientations related by end-to-end and side-to-side flips. The complex diffuse scattering pattern has been successfully reproduced using a Monte Carlo simulation model in which 4 independent sets of random variables were used. These were binary variables for the side-to-side and end-to-end flips and Gaussian displacement variables for displacements parallel and perpendicular to the length of the molecule. (105 words)
Mullite
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Mullite is an important material since it is a major component of all alumino-silicate ceramics. It has a stability field intermediate in composition between sillimanite Al2SiO5 and alumina Al2O3. Diffuse scattering data display a rich diversity of detail. In order to carry out analysis it was assumed that only the distribution of oxygen vacancies is important and that the shifts of neighbouring cations follow directly from these. Then it was possible to treat the system as a simple disordered mixture of two different molecular motifs and carry out analysis using only the SRO component of the scattering equation. SRO parameters describing the distribution of vacancies could then be extracted from the X-ray data by simple Fourier inversion.
Wüstite
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A study of the non-stoichiometric oxide wüstite, Fe1−xO is described. Though the average structure is simple the rock-salt type the diffraction patterns are complex. It is shown how the diffraction patterns can be explained by a model in which clusters of defects occur on a paracystalline lattice of spacing ~2.7a where a is the cubic cell spacing. The clusters comprise a combination of vacancies (V) forming a tetrahedron on neighbouring Fe2+ sites and Fe3+ on interstitial (T) sites. Clusters of different sizes, V4T, V13T4 and V16T5 are considered and it is concluded that a combination of the latter two are needed to satisfy the overall composition. Strong size-effect relaxation around each defect is indicated. The diffraction also indicates that the paracystalline lattice is not complete but covers only a certain volume fraction of the crystal.
Cubic stabilised zirconias
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Cubic stabilised zirconias (CSZs) have an extremely simple average structure (the fluorite CaF2 structure) but they exhibit extremely complex diffuse X-ray diffraction patterns. Y-CSZ is used as a pedagogical example to show how various simulation methods together with knowledge of basic diffraction theory can be used to give insight into this complex diffraction problem. Zr and Y differ in atomic number by only one and their X-ray scattering factors are practically identical. Consequently the observed X-ray patterns are dominated by the displacements of the cations and must therefore be described by scattering components I2 and higher. A model is developed which involves local ordering of O vacancies with size-effect relaxation of the cations around these defects. Finally the vacancy-ordering model is modified to take into account what is observed in electron diffraction. (132 words)
Disorder involving multi-site interactions
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this chapter two systems are described in which a treatment in terms of ‘pair-interactions’ is clearly not appropriate. In these, a simple model involving a multi-site interaction is able to explain the really quite complex diffraction patterns. For the oxyfluoride, K3MoO3F3, a 6-site energy term involving the sum of the dipole moments of the cluster of six (MoO3F3)3– octahedra that surround each KX6 octahedron, is sufficient to reproduced the observed scattering. For bismuth zinc niobate (BZN), which is of the conventional cubic A2B2O6O′ pyrochlore structure type, most of the observed diffuse scattering comes from the disorder of Zn and Bi in the corner-connected tetrahedra of the O’A2 substructure. Bond-valence requirements dictate that each tetrahedron should contain 3Bi and one Zn. This is essentially a 4-site energy constraint.