bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Near-infrared imaging of water vapour in air
Authors: Kakuta Naoto , Ozawa Shintaro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study proposes a near-infrared (NIR) imaging method for two-dimensional distributions of water vapour (WV) in the open air. A wavelength of 1872 nm, at which the dependence of the absorption coefficient on the WV concentration is the largest in the v
2 + v
3 band of water molecules, was employed for imaging. The measurement system was a star imaging system, comprising a laser light source and an NIR camera. A measurement space with 0.08 m diameter and 0.30 m length was ensured to obtain the 2D absorbance images of moist air emitted from a gas nozzle and the breath air exhaled from a human subject with and without a mask. The images clearly showed the distributions of WV that flowed around a pipe and impinged on a plate. The exhaled air was clearly visualised, and the difference in air permeability between the masks was demonstrated. These results indicate the potential of the NIR imaging method for various applications that require WV flow visualisation, WV source identification, and evaporation process observation.
Effect of extreme mechanical densification on the electrical properties of carbon nanotube micro-yarns
Authors: Miralaei Cassandre , Le Floch Sylvie , Debord Regis , Nguyen Hung V , Da Silva Julio C , San-Miguel Alfonso , Le Poche Hélène , Pailhès Stephane , Pischedda Vittoria 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We have explored the effect of high pressure post-treatment in optimizing the properties of carbon nanotube yarns and found that the application of dry hydrostatic pressure reduces porosity and enhances electrical properties. The CNT yarns were prepared by the dry-spinning method directly from CNT arrays made by the hot filament chemical vapour deposition (HF-CVD) process. Mechanical hydrostatic pressure up to 360 MPa induces a decrease in yarn resistivity between 3% and 35%, associated with the sample’s permanent densification, with CNT yarn diameter reduction of 10%–25%. However, when increasing the pressure in the 1–3 GPa domain in non-hydrostatic conditions, the recovered samples show lower electrical conductivity. This might be due to concomitant macroscopic effects such as increased twists and damage to the yarn shown by SEM imaging (caused by strong shear stresses and friction) or by the collapse of the CNTs indicated by in situ high pressure Raman spectroscopy data.
Effects of off-axis translocation through nanopores on the determination of shape and volume estimates for individual particles
Authors: Ying Cuifeng , Houghtaling Jared , Mayer Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Resistive pulses generated by nanoparticles that translocate through a nanopore contain multi-parametric information about the physical properties of those particles. For example, non-spherical particles sample several different orientations during translocation, producing fluctuations in blockade current that relate to their shape. Due to the heterogenous distribution of electric field from the center to the wall of a nanopore while a particle travels through the pore, its radial position influences the blockade current, thereby affecting the quantification of parameters related to the particle’s characteristics. Here, we investigate the influence of these off-axis effects on parameters estimated by performing finite element simulations of dielectric particles transiting a cylindrical nanopore. We varied the size, ellipsoidal shape, and radial position of individual particles, as well as the size of the nanopore. As expected, nanoparticles translocating near the nanopore wall produce increase current blockades, resulting in overestimates of particle volume. We demonstrated that off-axis effects also influence estimates of shape determined from resistive pulse analyses, sometimes producing a multiple-fold deviation in ellipsoidal length-to-diameter ratio between estimates and reference values. By using a nanopore with the minimum possible diameter that still allows the particle to rotate while translocating, off-axis effects on the determination of both volume and shape can be minimized. In addition, tethering the nanoparticles to a fluid coating on the nanopore wall makes it possible to determine an accurate particle shape with an overestimated volume. This work provides a framework to select optimal ratios of nanopore to nanoparticle size for experiments targeting free translocations.
Automatic sleep staging of EEG signals: recent development, challenges, and future directions
Authors: Phan Huy , Mikkelsen Kaare 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Modern deep learning holds a great potential to transform clinical studies of human sleep. Teaching a machine to carry out routine tasks would be a tremendous reduction in workload for clinicians. Sleep staging, a fundamental step in sleep practice, is a suitable task for this and will be the focus in this article. Recently, automatic sleep-staging systems have been trained to mimic manual scoring, leading to similar performance to human sleep experts, at least on scoring of healthy subjects. Despite tremendous progress, we have not seen automatic sleep scoring adopted widely in clinical environments. This review aims to provide the shared view of the authors on the most recent state-of-the-art developments in automatic sleep staging, the challenges that still need to be addressed, and the future directions needed for automatic sleep scoring to achieve clinical value.
MARFE movement and density fluctuations after deuterium pellet injections in H-mode plasmas on EAST tokamak
Authors: Hou Jilei , Chen Yue , Zuo Guizhong , Hu Jiansheng , Mao Songtao , Yuan Xiaolin , Huang Jia , Wu Mingfu , Xu Liqing , Zhao Hailin , Yuan Jingsheng , Wang Shouxin , Liu Haiqing , Meng Lingyi , Shi Tonghui , Li Pan , Li Jiangang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge (MARFE), which is generally considered to be the result of a radiation thermal instability in the edge and usually occurs in high density operation, has been first observed to move up and down along the poloidal cross-section due to edge cooling after cryogenic deuterium pellet injections in EAST tokamak with tungsten divertor. A maximum electron density of 0.84 × n
GW has been obtained using continuous cryogenic pellet fueling. In the meantime, MARFEs, initially located near the divertors of EAST, moves to the inner wall on high field side after each pellet injection. This movement should be attributed to the asymmetry of the power flow to the two sides of the MARFE after pellet injections. Accompanied with MARFE movement, two kinds of strong density fluctuations have been observed. The ones with continuous and regular frequency spectrum, which does not cause a reduction of main plasma density, are confirmed to be induced by MARFE. The others, appearing with magnetic fluctuations, have been determined to be induced by the m/n = 2/1 magnetohydrodynamic activities after pellet injections. All the investigations in this paper will be meaningful for the steady high density operation of future fusion reactors, such as ITER.
Novel CMOS-based multi-band terahertz detector for passive imaging
Authors: Zhang Yongfeng , Zhang Shufang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The existing terahertz detectors based on complementary metal oxide semiconductor cannot meet the design requirements of passive terahertz focal plane imaging chips owing to the problems of excessive noise or high-power consumption. To overcome this limitation, this study innovatively proposes using the gate of an N-type metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) as a matching impedance of a multi-band terahertz on-chip antenna. In this way, the conversion of incident radiation into heat is achieved, and it is concentrated above the NMOS channel. The temperature characteristics of the equivalent impedance of the NMOS in the cutoff region are used to measure the incident radiated power without the DC bias current. The principle and simulation results of the proposed detector are given by system modeling, multi-band terahertz on-chip antenna design, and detector design. The experimental results show that the noise equivalent power of the proposed detector is very close to 1

pW

Hz

−
1

under liquid nitrogen cooling, which can meet the design requirements of passive terahertz focal plane imaging chips.
Spectral fingerprinting: microstate readout via remanence ferromagnetic resonance in artificial spin ice
Authors: Vanstone Alex , Gartside Jack C , Stenning Kilian D , Dion Troy , Arroo Daan M , Branford Will R 
Published: March 2022

AbstractArtificial spin ices (ASIs) are magnetic metamaterials comprising geometrically tiled strongly-interacting nanomagnets. There is significant interest in these systems spanning the fundamental physics of many-body systems to potential applications in neuromorphic computation, logic, and recently reconfigurable magnonics. Magnonics focused studies on ASI have to date have focused on the in-field GHz spin-wave response, convoluting effects from applied field, nanofabrication imperfections (‘quenched disorder’) and microstate-dependent dipolar field landscapes. Here, we investigate zero-field measurements of the spin-wave response and demonstrate its ability to provide a ‘spectral fingerprint’ of the system microstate. Removing applied field allows deconvolution of distinct contributions to reversal dynamics from the spin-wave spectra, directly measuring dipolar field strength and quenched disorder as well as net magnetisation. We demonstrate the efficacy and sensitivity of this approach by measuring ASI in three microstates with identical (zero) magnetisation, indistinguishable via magnetometry. The zero-field spin-wave response provides distinct spectral fingerprints of each state, allowing rapid, scaleable microstate readout. As artificial spin systems progress toward device implementation, zero-field functionality is crucial to minimize the power consumption associated with electromagnets. Several proposed hardware neuromorphic computation schemes hinge on leveraging dynamic measurement of ASI microstates to perform computation for which spectral fingerprinting provides a potential solution.
Polychromatic drivers for inertial fusion energy
Authors: Zhao Yao , Sheng Zhengming , Cui Zijian , Ren Lei , Zhu Jianqiang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Although tremendous achievements have been made toward inertial confinement fusion, laser plasma instabilities (LPIs) remain to be an inevitable problem for current drive schemes. To mitigate these instabilities, significant efforts have been paid to produce high-power broadband ultraviolet lasers. However, no practical scheme has been demonstrated up to now for efficient triple-frequency conversion of broadband laser. Here we propose the design of polychromatic drivers for the generation of multicolor beams mainly based upon the optical parametric amplification, which can significantly enhance the third-harmonic conversion efficiency. Each polychromatic light has four colors of monochromatic beamlets with a full spectrum width of 3%, and the beamlet colors of any two adjacent flanges are different. The suppression effects of such polychromatic lights have been investigated via large scale particle-in-cell simulations, which indicate that more than 35% of the incident energy can be saved from the LPIs compared with monochromatic lasers for the direct-drive scheme, or high-density filled target for the indirect-drive scheme. The proposed polychromatic drivers are based on the matured technologies, and thus may pave the way towards realization of robust and high-efficiency fusion ignition.
A comprehensive study of the antibacterial and shielding properties of micro and nano-EPVC lead-free shields
Authors: Ghasemi-Nejad Mahdieh , Gholamzadeh Leila , Adeli Ruhollah , Shirmardi Seyed Pezhman 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Lead-composites products are usable materials for the personal protection of the patient from x-ray during radiation operations. Nevertheless, lead has high toxicity and environmental disadvantages. This research aims at the preparation of flexible, lead-free, and antibacterial composites for protection against x-ray radiation. At first, nanoparticles of molybdenum trioxide (MoO3), copper oxide (CuO), and tin (IV) oxide (SnO2) were synthesized with hydrothermal and sol-gel methods. Six types of composites containing the 50% Wt of various mixtures of nano and micro particles of MoO3, CuO, and SnO2 in the emulsion of polyvinylchloride were prepared. Then, the morphological characteristics and size distribution of the samples were determined by the dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis, and the bond between the matrix and the filler was investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Also, the antibacterial effect of the composites and X-ray diffraction (XRD) of nanoparticles were studied. Furthermore, the x-ray attenuation coefficient was measured in 40, 80, and 120 kVp. Indeed, the mass attenuation coefficients and 0.25 mm lead equivalent thickness were calculated for all samples. The results indicated that the nanocomposites show better attenuation than the other composites in all the energies. The composites containing MoO3 and CuO also proved to have better mass attenuation coefficients than the others. Considering the equivalent thickness for 0.25 mm of lead in high and low energy, the composites containing all the three metal oxides can be considered suitable for attenuation. Also, the composites containing CuO can provide antibacterial properties.
Co-expressing fast channelrhodopsin with step-function opsin overcomes spike failure due to photocurrent desensitization in optogenetics: a theoretical study
Authors: Bansal Himanshu , Pyari Gur , Roy Sukhdev 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective. A fundamental challenge in optogenetics is to elicit long-term high-fidelity neuronal spiking with negligible heating. Fast channelrhodopsins (ChRs) require higher irradiances and cause spike failure due to photocurrent desensitization under sustained illumination, whereas, more light-sensitive step-function opsins (SFOs) exhibit prolonged depolarization with insufficient photocurrent and fast response for high-fidelity spiking. Approach. We present a novel method to overcome this fundamental limitation by co-expressing fast ChRs with SFOs. A detailed theoretical analysis of ChETA co-expressed with different SFOs, namely ChR2(C128A), ChR2(C128S), stabilized step-function opsin (SSFO) and step-function opsin with ultra-high light sensitivity (SOUL), expressing hippocampal neurons has been carried out by formulating their accurate theoretical models. Main results. ChETA-SFO-expressing hippocampal neurons shows more stable photocurrent that overcomes spike failure. Spiking fidelity in these neurons can be sustained even at lower irradiances of subsequent pulses (77% of initial pulse intensity in ChETA-ChR2(C128A)-expressing neurons) or by using red-shifted light pulses at appropriate intervals. High-fidelity spiking upto 60 Hz can be evoked in ChETA-ChR2(C128S), ChETA-SSFO and ChETA-SOUL-expressing neurons, which cannot be attained with only SFOs. Significance. The present study provides important insights about photostimulation protocols for bi-stable switching of neurons. This new approach provides a means for sustained low-power, high-frequency and high-fidelity optogenetic switching of neurons, necessary to study various neural functions and neurodegenerative disorders, and enhance the utility of optogenetics for biomedical applications.
Edge transport and fuelling studies via gas puff modulation in ASDEX Upgrade L-mode plasmas
Authors: Schuster C.U. , Wolfrum E. , Fable E. , Fischer R. , Griener M. , Tal B. , Angioni C. , Eich T. , Manz P. , Stroth U. , the ASDEX Upgrade Team  
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Gas puff modulation experiments are performed at ASDEX Upgrade in L-mode plasmas. We model the discharge with the ASTRA transport code in order to determine transport coefficients outside of a normalized radius of ρ
pol = 0.95. The experimental data is consistent with a range of particle diffusivities and pinch velocities of the order of D = (0.20 ± 0.13) m2 s−1 and v = (−1 ± 2) m s−1, respectively. The electron temperature response caused by the gas modulation permits to estimate also that heat diffusivity χ
e increases almost linearly when collisionality rises due to fuelling. The fuelling particle flux is amplified by recycling, overcompensating losses.
Phase shift in periodically driven non-equilibrium systems: its identification and a bound
Authors: Degünther Julius , Koyuk Timur , Seifert Udo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Time-dependently driven stochastic systems form a vast and manifold class of non-equilibrium systems used to model important applications on small length scales such as bit erasure protocols or microscopic heat engines. One property that unites all these quite different systems is some form of lag between the driving of the system and its response. For periodic steady states, we quantify this lag by introducing a generalized phase difference and prove a tight upper bound for it. In its most general version, this bound depends only on the relative speed of the driving.
A radiation tolerant clock generator for the CMS endcap timing layer readout chip
Authors: Sun H. , Sun Q. , Biereigel S. , Francisco R. , Gong D. , Huang G. , Huang X. , Kulis S. , Leroux P. , Liu C. , Liu T. , Liu T. , Moreira P. , Prinzie J. , Wu J. , Ye J. , Zhang L. , Zhang W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We present the test results of a low jitter Phase Locked Loop (PLL) prototype chip for the CMS Endcap Timing Layer readout chip (ETROC). This chip is based on the improved version of a clock synthesis circuit named ljCDR from the Low Power Gigabit Transceiver (lpGBT) project. The ljCDR is tested in its PLL mode. An automatic frequency calibration (AFC) block with the Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) register is developed for the LC-oscillator calibration. The chip was manufactured in a 65 nm CMOS process with 10 metal layers. The chip has been extensively tested, including Total Ionizing Dose (TID) testing up to 300 Mrad and Single Event Upset (SEU) testing with heavy ions possessing a Linear Energy Transfer (LET) from 1.3 to 62.5 MeV × cm2/mg.
Combining randomized field experiments with observational satellite data to assess the benefits of crop rotations on yields
Authors: Kluger Dan M , Owen Art B , Lobell David B 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWith climate change threatening agricultural productivity and global food demand increasing, it is important to better understand which farm management practices will maximize crop yields in various climatic conditions. To assess the effectiveness of agricultural practices, researchers often turn to randomized field experiments, which are reliable for identifying causal effects but are often limited in scope and therefore lack external validity. Recently, researchers have also leveraged large observational datasets from satellites and other sources, which can lead to conclusions biased by confounding variables or systematic measurement errors. Because experimental and observational datasets have complementary strengths, in this paper we propose a method that uses a combination of experimental and observational data in the same analysis. As a case study, we focus on the causal effect of crop rotation on corn (maize) and soybean yields in the Midwestern United States. We find that, in terms of root mean squared error, our hybrid method performs 13% better than using experimental data alone and 26% better than using the observational data alone in the task of predicting the effect of rotation on corn yield at held-out experimental sites. Further, the causal estimates based on our method suggest that benefits of crop rotations on corn yield are lower in years and locations with high temperatures whereas the benefits of crop rotations on soybean yield are higher in years and locations with high temperatures. In particular, we estimated that the benefit of rotation on corn yields (and soybean yields) was 0.85 t ha−1(0.24 t ha−1) on average for the top quintile of temperatures, 1.03 t ha−1(0.21 t ha−1) on average for the whole dataset, and 1.19 t ha−1(0.16 t ha−1) on average for the bottom quintile of temperatures. This association between temperatures and rotation benefits is consistent with the hypothesis that the benefit of the corn-soybean rotation on soybean yield is largely driven by pest pressure reductions while the benefit of the corn-soybean rotation on corn yields is largely driven by nitrogen availability.
Comparing sources of uncertainty in community greenhouse gas estimation techniques
Authors: Blackhurst Michael , Matthews H Scott 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIndependent methods for estimating local greenhouse gas emissions have been developed utilizing different instrumentation, sampling, and estimation techniques. Comparing independent estimates theoretically improves understanding of emission sources. However, each method estimates emissions with varying fidelity, complicating comparisons across methods, cities, and over time. It is thus difficult for decision-makers to judge how to use novel estimation methods, particularly when the literature implies a singular method is best. We review 650 articles to define the scope and contours of estimation methods, develop and apply an uncertainty typology, and describe the strengths and weaknesses of different approaches. We identify two prominent process-based estimation techniques (summing of utility bills and theoretical modeling), three techniques that attribute observed atmospheric CO2to source locations (eddy covariance footprinting, dispersion models, and regression), and methods that spatiotemporally distribute aggregate emissions using source proxies. We find that ‘ground truth’ observations for process-based method validation are available only at the aggregate scale and emphasize that validation at the aggregate scale does not imply a valid underlying spatiotemporal distribution. ‘Ground truth’ observations are also available post-combustion as atmospheric CO2concentrations. While dispersion models can spatially and temporally estimate upwind source locations, missing validation data by source introduces unknowable uncertainty. We find that many comparisons in the literature are made across methods with unknowable uncertainty, making it infeasible to rank methods empirically. We see promise in the use of regression for source attribution owing to its controlling for confounding emissions, flexibly accommodating different source proxies, explicitly quantifying uncertainty, and growing availability of CO2samples for modeling. We see developing cross-walks between land use and end-use sectors as an important step to comparing process-based methods with those attributing atmospheric CO2to sources. We suggest pooling data streams can produce better decision support resources for cities with proper attribution of empirical fidelity.
HRM
Authors: Wilkinson Adrian 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘HRM’ examines the link between Human Resource Management (HRM) and strategy. Much of the interest in the contemporary HRM literature has been around the idea that the HR unit is now in charge of developing and utilizing the potential of human resources in pursuit of the organization’s strategic objectives. Integration, fit, and the notion of matching dominate the discussion. However, organizations are embedded in society and all that this entails in terms of laws, regulation, culture, and expectations. As such, HRM has to balance and integrate the needs of employers, employees, and the wider society and should be guided by a moral and professional base.