bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subjective Validity, Self-Consciousness and Inner Experience: Comments on Kraus
Authors: Sethi Janum 
Published: June 2022

AbstractI raise three related objections to aspects of Katharina Kraus’s interpretation in Kant on Self-Knowledge and Self-Formation. First, I reject her claim that representations count as merely subjectively valid for Kant if they represent objects from the contingent perspective of a particular subject. I argue that Kant in fact describes consciousness of subjectively valid representations as consciousness of one’s own perceptions rather than of the objects perceived, and therefore that it plays a bigger role in his account of self-consciousness than Kraus allows. Second, whereas Kraus argues that the transcendental unity of apperception structures the content of any consciousness that is possible for a subject, I note that Kant also allows for a merely empirical unity of apperception, which he describes as in principle different from transcendental unity. Finally, I raise some worries for Kraus’s suggestion that we can be aware of the activity of thinking through inner sense.
Development and dosimetric evaluation of the IMRT prostate at outside-the-irradiated field in a heterogeneity male pelvis phantom
Authors: Jayamani J. , Osman N. D. , Tajuddin A. A. , Samson D. O. , Kamaruddin K. E. , Abdul Aziz M. Z. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background:
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment delivery requires pre-treatment patient-specific quality assurance (QA) for the dosimetry verification due to its complex multileaf-collimator movement. The prostate target close position between the bladder and rectum requires a tight margin during planning, and mistreatment would have a huge impact on the patient. A commercially available QA tool consists of a homogeneous medium and does not represent an exact photon interaction on the tumour and also on the nearby healthy organ.

Objective:
A heterogeneous male pelvis phantom was developed and investigated the efficiency of the treatment planning system (TPS) calculation on the off-axis region.

Methods:
Polymethyl methacrylate was used for the phantom housing, and the material closed to the bladder, rectum and prostate density was chosen to construct the organ models. The phantom was scanned and validated by the computed tomography number and density. An IMRT treatment was planned in the Monaco TPS, and a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD-100) was used to validate the point dosimetry. In addition, an EGSnrc Monte Carlo simulation was carried out to validate the phantom dosimetry.

Results & Discussion:
The dose measurement between TLD-100, TPS, and EGSnrc was compared and validated in the pelvis phantom. In the prostate region, the dose difference was within ± 5%, and the maximum dose difference outside-the-irradiated field was up to 20·07 % and 47·31 % in TPS and TLD-100, respectively. Meanwhile, the measured dose was lower than the calculated dose, and it was apparent for the dose outside-the-irradiated field.

Conclusion:
The developed heterogeneity male pelvis phantom was validated and verified to be an important QA device for validating radiation dosimetry in the pelvis region. The dose outside-the-irradiated field was underestimated by both TPS and TLD, respectively.
International humanitarian law-making and new military technologies
Authors: Shereshevsky Yahli 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMilitary technology has developed rapidly in recent years, and this development challenges existing norms. It has produced countless debates about the application of international humanitarian law (IHL) to areas of war and technology including cyber military operations, military artificial intelligence (including autonomous weapons), the use of drones, and military human enhancement. Despite these rapid progressions, the prospect of creating new treaties to specifically regulate their use by militaries and in armed conflicts is very low. This is largely due to the unequal allocation of military technology among States and the differing interests that result from this inequality. The absence of formal regulation means that State and non-State actors are increasingly embracing informal means of law-making. This is similar to other areas of IHL, such as the regulation of asymmetric conflicts, where norms are contested. In such cases, State and non-State actors employ various informal law-making techniques to advance their normative positions through treaty interpretation and the identification of customary international law.However, the discussion on military technology differs from other contemporary IHL debates. First, due to the rapid development of such technology and uncertainty about how it will be employed in practice, the interests of the various actors are less clear. Second, there are significant challenges in obtaining accurate information about new military technologies. This makes even the informal law-making path in the context of new technologies more challenging.This paper explores the dynamics of contemporary international law-making as it relates to the regulation of new military technologies. It identifies the main techniques that are used by the relevant actors and explores the common themes among the various debates over military technology, as well as the potential specific challenges in relation to certain technologies.
Visual Translation: A Creative Tool for Practising Metacognition and Analysing Agency and Power
Authors: Swalec Jennifer 
Published: June 2022

Abstract‘Visual Translation: A Creative Tool for Practising Metacognition and Analysing Agency and Power’ describes the design for a ‘visual translation’ project that I developed to help high school students in an advanced Ancient Greek literature course differentiate between literal and literary translation. This project could potentially be adapted for students at any level of Ancient Greek or Latin language studies, but would likely be particularly apt for the longer passages that are taught in intermediate and advanced language courses.
Folates in various African foods: Contents, food processing and matrix effects
Authors: Bationo Fabrice , Savadogo Boubacar , Goubgou Mahamadé 
Published: June 2022

Abstract: Poor folate status is implicated in a wide variety of health disorders including megaloblastic anaemia, neural tube defects, and cardiovascular diseases. Human diet remains the main provider par excellence. Despite several public-health options to overcome this micronutrient deficiency, dietary folate intakes of women of childbearing age and children are still below recommendations in many African countries. Therefore, this review aims at presenting the current knowledge on folate contents in various African foods, and on folate losses during food processing. Seventy one food sources were evaluated in this study. These various food sources included thirty six vegetables, six cereals, height cereal products, six processed leafy vegetables, six pulses, three fruits, three legumes and three roots. All of them were originated from six African countries including Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and South Africa. Folate content ranged between 11 and 73.4 μg/100 g in cereals, 1.8 and 39 μg/100 g in cereal-based processed foods, 8.48 and 48.6 μg/100 g in cooked leafy vegetables, 11.6 and 633 μg/100 g in vegetables, 10 and 22 μg/100 g in pulses, 52 and 148 μg/100 g in legumes, 8 and 106 μg/100 g in fruits. The structure of the food matrix has been shown to influence folate digestibility in foods. High bioaccessible folate, assessed by in vitro digestion, was observed among food products with dense porosity structures while low bioaccessible folate was recorded among food products with open porous structures such as porridges and some gelatinized doughs. Numerous food processing steps have also been shown to influence negatively folate contents in foods.
Improved Dust Representation and Impacts on Dust Transport and Radiative Effect in CAM5
Authors: Ke Ziming , Liu Xiaohong , Wu Mingxuan , Shan Yunpeng , Shi Yang 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDust transport and spatial distribution are poorly represented in current global climate models (GCMs) including the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5). Particularly, models lack explicit representation of super‐coarse dust, which may have important implications for dust radiative forcing and impacts on biogeochemistry. A nine‐mode version of the modal aerosol model (MAM9) has been developed to address these issues. In this new aerosol scheme, four dust modes have been designed to treat dust particles of sizes up to 20 μm. The MAM9‐simulated results are compared with those from the default four‐mode version of MAM (MAM4) and also with the in situ surface measurements of dust concentration and deposition flux, satellite‐retrieved dust extinction profile, and in situ vertical measurements of dust concentrations from the NASA Atmosphere Tomography Mission (ATom). Overall, MAM9 improves the dust representation in remote regions while maintaining reasonably good results near the dust source regions. In addition, MAM9 reduces the fine dust burden and increases the coarse dust burden globally. The increased coarse dust burden has slightly increased the dust direct radiative effect by 0.01 W m−2 while it enhanced dust indirect radiative effect by 0.36 W m−2, globally.
Social epidemiology of early adolescent problematic screen use in the United States
Authors: Nagata Jason M. , Singh Gurbinder , Sajjad Omar M. , Ganson Kyle T. , Testa Alexander , Jackson Dylan B. , Assari Shervin , Murray Stuart B. , Bibbins-Domingo Kirsten , Baker Fiona C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objective
To determine sociodemographic correlates of problematic screen use (social media, video games, mobile phones) among a racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse population-based sample of 10–14-year-old early adolescents.

Study design
We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (Year 2, 2018–2020; N = 8753). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to estimate associations between sociodemographic factors (age, sex, race/ethnicity, primary language, household income, parental education) and adolescent-reported problematic video game (Video Game Addiction Questionnaire), social media (Social Media Addiction Questionnaire), and mobile phone use (Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire).

Results
Boys reported higher problematic video game use while girls reported higher problematic social media and mobile phone use. Native American, black, and Latinx adolescents reported higher scores across all problematic screen measures compared to non-Latinx white adolescents. Having unmarried/unpartnered parents was associated with higher problematic social media use. Although higher household income was generally protective against problematic video game use, these associations were weaker for black than white adolescents (p for interaction <0.05).

Conclusions
Given the sociodemographic differences in problematic screen use, digital literacy education strategies can focus on at-risk populations, encourage targeted counseling by pediatricians, and adapt family media use plans for diverse backgrounds.

Impact

While sociodemographic differences in screen time are documented, we examined sociodemographic differences in problematic screen use in a large, diverse sample of early adolescents in the US.

Boys reported higher problematic video game use while girls reported higher problematic social media and mobile phone use.

Native American, black, and Latinx adolescents reported higher scores across all problematic screen measures compared to non-Latinx white adolescents.

Although higher household income was generally protective against problematic video game use, these associations were weaker for black than white adolescents.

Beyond time spent on screens, pediatricians, parents, and educators should be aware of sociodemographic differences in problematic screen use.
m6A demethylase ALKBH5 is required for antibacterial innate defense by intrinsic motivation of neutrophil migration
Authors: Liu Yang , Song Renjie , Zhao Lu , Lu Zhike , Li Yini , Zhan Xinyi , Lu Fengjiao , Yang Jiang , Niu Yamei , Cao Xuetao 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNeutrophil migration into the site of infection is necessary for antibacterial innate defense, whereas impaired neutrophil migration may result in excessive inflammation and even sepsis. The neutrophil migration directed by extracellular signals such as chemokines has been extensively studied, yet the intrinsic mechanism for determining neutrophil ability to migrate needs further investigation. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification is important in immunity and inflammation, and our preliminary data indicate downregulation of RNA m6A demethylase alkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) in neutrophils during bacterial infection. Whether m6A modification and ALKBH5 might intrinsically modulate neutrophil innate response remain unknown. Here we report that ALKBH5 is required for antibacterial innate defense by enhancing intrinsic ability of neutrophil migration. We found that deficiency of ALKBH5 increased mortality of mice with polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and Alkbh5-deficient CLP mice exhibited higher bacterial burden and massive proinflammatory cytokine production in the peritoneal cavity and blood because of less neutrophil migration. Alkbh5-deficient neutrophils had lower CXCR2 expression, thus exhibiting impaired migration toward chemokine CXCL2. Mechanistically, ALKBH5-mediated m6A demethylation empowered neutrophils with high migration capability through altering the RNA decay, consequently regulating protein expression of its targets, neutrophil migration-related molecules, including increased expression of neutrophil migration-promoting CXCR2 and NLRP12, but decreased expression of neutrophil migration-suppressive PTGER4, TNC, and WNK1. Our findings reveal a previously unknown role of ALKBH5 in imprinting migration-promoting transcriptome signatures in neutrophils and intrinsically promoting neutrophil migration for antibacterial defense, highlighting the potential application of targeting neutrophil m6A modification in controlling bacterial infections.
Natural killer cell homing and trafficking in tissues and tumors: from biology to application
Authors: Ran Guang he , Lin Yu qing , Tian Lei , Zhang Tao , Yan Dong mei , Yu Jian hua , Deng You cai 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells, a subgroup of innate lymphoid cells, act as the first line of defense against cancer. Although some evidence shows that NK cells can develop in secondary lymphoid tissues, NK cells develop mainly in the bone marrow (BM) and egress into the blood circulation when they mature. They then migrate to and settle down in peripheral tissues, though some special subsets home back into the BM or secondary lymphoid organs. Owing to its success in allogeneic adoptive transfer for cancer treatment and its “off-the-shelf” potential, NK cell-based immunotherapy is attracting increasing attention in the treatment of various cancers. However, insufficient infiltration of adoptively transferred NK cells limits clinical utility, especially for solid tumors. Expansion of NK cells or engineered chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) NK cells ex vivo prior to adoptive transfer by using various cytokines alters the profiles of chemokine receptors, which affects the infiltration of transferred NK cells into tumor tissue. Several factors control NK cell trafficking and homing, including cell-intrinsic factors (e.g., transcriptional factors), cell-extrinsic factors (e.g., integrins, selectins, chemokines and their corresponding receptors, signals induced by cytokines, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), etc.), and the cellular microenvironment. Here, we summarize the profiles and mechanisms of NK cell homing and trafficking at steady state and during tumor development, aiming to improve NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy.
Cross-feeding niches among commensal leaf bacteria are shaped by the interaction of strain-level diversity and resource availability
Authors: Murillo-Roos Mariana , Abdullah Hafiz Syed M , Debbar Mossaab , Ueberschaar Nico , Agler Matthew T 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Leaf microbiomes play crucial roles in plant health, making it important to understand the origins and functional relevance of their diversity. High strain-level leaf bacterial genetic diversity is known to be relevant for interactions with hosts, but little is known about its relevance for interactions with the multitude of diverse co-colonizing microorganisms. In leaves, nutrients like amino acids are major regulators of microbial growth and activity. Using metabolomics of leaf apoplast fluid, we found that different species of the plant genus Flaveria considerably differ in the concentrations of high-cost amino acids. We investigated how these differences affect bacterial community diversity and assembly by enriching leaf bacteria in vitro with only sucrose or sucrose + amino acids as possible carbon sources. Enrichments from F. robusta were dominated by Pantoea sp. and Pseudomonas sp., regardless of carbon source. The latter was unable to grow on sucrose alone but persisted in the sucrose-only enrichment thanks to exchange of diverse metabolites from Pantoea sp. Individual Pseudomonas strains in the enrichments had high genetic similarity but still displayed clear niche partitioning, enabling distinct strains to cross-feed in parallel. Pantoea strains were also closely related, but individuals enriched from F. trinervia fed Pseudomonas more poorly than those from F. robusta. This can be explained in part by the plant environment, since some cross-feeding interactions were selected for, when experimentally evolved in a poor (sucrose-only) environment but selected against in a rich (sucrose + amino acids) one. Together, our work shows that leaf bacterial diversity is functionally relevant in cross-feeding interactions and strongly suggests that the leaf resource environment can shape these interactions and thereby indirectly drive bacterial diversity.
Combination regimen of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and recombinant human thrombopoietin improves the curative effect on elderly patients with leukemia through inducing pyroptosis and ferroptosis of leukemia cells
Authors: Wang Xiaobin , Liu Xiaoyu , Wang Huihan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractLeukemia ranks as the one of most common causes of death from tumor. 51.4% of patients with leukemia are over 65 years old. However, the median overall survival (OS) of elderly leukemia patients is less than one year. It is urgent to explore more effective treatments for elderly patients with leukemia. Our recent prospective phase II single-arm study has revealed that combination regimen of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and recombinant human thrombopoietin (rhTPO) could improve the curative effect on elderly patients with leukemia, yet the precise mechanism remains unknown. This study demonstrated that combination of G-CSF and rhTPO showed greater effect on suppressing leukemia growth than G-CSF or rhTPO alone in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, G-CSF induced pyroptosis through ELANE in leukemia cells. Besides, rhTPO triggered ferroptosis by EP300 in leukemia cells. Moreover, rhTPO suppressed glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression to induce ferroptosis through blocking the interaction between EP300 and GPX4 gene promoter via associating with EP300. In summary, this study illuminated that combination regimen of G-CSF and rhTPO improved the curative effect on elderly patients with leukemia through inducing pyroptosis and ferroptosis of leukemia cells. Therefore, our results provided a theoretical basis for combination regimen of G-CSF and rhTPO treating leukemia and potential therapeutic targets for leukemia.
Transparent neural implantable devices: a comprehensive review of challenges and progress
Authors: Cho Young Uk , Lim Se Lin , Hong Jung-Hoon , Yu Ki Jun 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe key to designing an implantable device lies in condensing the synergistic effects of diagnostic and therapeutic methods in a single tool. In conjunction with the integration of electrophysiology and optical modalities, a transparent neural interface alleviates challenges of conventional metal-based microelectrodes. In this review, the multimodal sensing and stimulation functionalities of recent research are addressed. Next, issues that arise when combining functionalities of conventional metal-based, opaque electrode arrays together with optical modalities—(1) photoelectric artifacts, (2) optical image blocking, and (3) light transmission efficiency—are introduced. Then, an introduction of advancing material candidates for transparent neural interfaces follows with the latest research.
GLUT1 production in cancer cells: a tragedy of the commons
Authors: Bukkuri Anuraag , Gatenby Robert A. , Brown Joel S. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe tragedy of the commons occurs when competition among individual members of a group leads to overexploitation of a shared resource to the detriment of the overall population. We hypothesize that cancer cells may engage in a tragedy of the commons when competing for a shared resource such as glucose. To formalize this notion, we create a game theoretic model of glucose uptake based on a cell’s investment in transporters relative to that of its neighboring cells. We show that production of transporters per cell increases as the number of competing cells in a microenvironment increases and nutrient uptake per cell decreases. Furthermore, the greater the resource availability, the more intense the tragedy of the commons at the ESS. Based on our simulations, cancer cells produce 2.2–2.7 times more glucose transporters than would produce optimal fitness for all group members. A tragedy of the commons affords novel therapeutic strategies. By simulating GLUT1 inhibitor and glucose deprivation treatments, we demonstrate a synergistic combination with standard-of-care therapies, while also displaying the existence of a trade-off between competition among cancer cells and depression of their gain function. Assuming cancer cell transporter production is heritable, we then show the potential for a sucker’s gambit therapy by exploiting this trade-off. By strategically changing environmental conditions, we can take advantage of cellular competition and gain function depression.