bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
30 years on: A brave new world or an unfolding disaster?
Authors: Turner Stuart 
Published: June 2022

In this short essay, the focus is on social and political aspects of forced migration. It is argued that policies designed to restrict access to developed countries have, rather like the American “prohibition”, produced a thriving criminal market for smugglers, in this case of people. Making travel more difficult increases both their profits and the sophistication of their methods. Provision of targeted, properly controlled, support for refugees in countriesneighbouring conflict zones might help to reduce the pressure on travel to Europe and could be both more successful and more humanitarian. For those who do reach developed countries, there is scope to improve the legal decision-making process. Psychologicalinput should include scientific investigation of legal assumptions, and the provision of relevant expert literature reviews, for exampleconcerning modern knowledge of memory. Trust is the first casualty of repressive violence, and mistrust among opposition groups is probably one of the key mechanisms of its success. We need to make sure that we do not provide further grounds for this sort of reaction. Although there is no brave or new world ahead, we must continue to confront ignorance and prejudice, as we seek to avoid more humanitarian disasters. It is now just over thirty years since we published a potential framework for understanding how survivors of organised state violence react to complex and severe trauma (Turner & Gorst-Unsworth, 1990). We argued that no single psychological process underpins the reactions to this experience, and therefore, there can be no unitary torture syndrome, but rather a series of understandable psychological pathways activated to varying degrees by different experiences, leading to diversity of emotional response, with implications for recovery and treatment. We also asked family doctors about health needs of refugees (Ramsay & Turner, 1993), and it is wonderful to see how the evidence on treatment options has developed since then, especially in recent years. In this paper, looking back over the last thirty years, in celebration of the anniversary of Torture journal, I will focus on political, legal and forensic aspects of forced migration.
The Committee Against Torture tackles violence against women: A conceptual and political journey
Authors: Sveaass Nora , Gaer Felice 
Published: June 2022

In this article, we will examine how the official treaty monitoring body, the Committee against Torture, demonstrated that violenceagainst women was indeed a serious human rights problem that fell squarely within the preview of the Convention against Torture.Because States parties to the Convention are required to report about their compliance with the Convention routinely, the Committee developed a substantial database on national practices and policies. In the course of examining these periodic reports of States parties, and then consolidating findings and conclusionsinto two general comments, the UN Committee Against Torture integrated violence against women in its jurisprudence ontorture and ill-treatment by showing that existing provisions could and did incorporate the obligation to protect against and provideredress for torture and ill-treatment directed against women. Initiatives to raise these issues show how the Committee “placed the range of gender violence—from public to private – squarely within the frame of the Torture Convention” (Copelon, 2008, 242). The article will recall how the adoption of two general commentsto the Convention firmly integrated gender-based violence as a subject of concern under the Convention: General comment no2 (2008) addressed Article 2 on the State obligation to prevent torture and ill-treatment and General comment no 3 (2012) focusedon Article 14 which concerns the obligation to provide redress to victims of torture. Both authors have been members of the Committee during these important years, and it is our aim to provide an overview of the significant processes and decisions taken by the CAT that resulted in the strengthening of the Committee’s inclusiveness and comprehensiveness in the struggle to prevent torture. Finally, we will reflect on some future challengesfaced by main anti-torture body/ies as part of global efforts to fight violence against women.
Comparison of Ultrasound Guided Thoracic Erector Spinae Plane, Thoracic Paravertebral and Thoracic Epidural Blocks for Pain Management after Nephrectomy
Authors: Moharam Saad A. , Elkeblawy Amera M. , Marouf Hesham M. , Elnoamany Thanaa M. 
Published: June 2022

Background: Thoracic epidural and paravertebral blocks carry many risks and hazardous complications when performed for adequate pain management after nephrectomy. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of Erector Spinae block (ESB) as an alternative block compared to thoracic paravertebral (TPVB) and epidural block (TEB) for pain management after nephrectomy.
Methods: This prospective randomized single-blinded controlled study was conducted on 105 adult patients undergoing elective nephrectomy. Patients were randomized into 3 groups (35 patients in each). Group I: ESB, group II: TPVB and group III TEB done at the same level and using the same LA mixture. Postoperative pain evaluated using visual analogue scale (VAS) meperidine (0.5 mg/kg) was given when VAS ≥ 4.
Results: Intraoperative hypotension and bradycardia were observed at 30 minutes (min) in group III with a significant difference when compared to other groups (P <0.001). Early first rescue analgesia & high analgesic consumption after surgery was noticed in group III.
Conclusion: US-guided thoracic ESB produced adequate analgesia for nephrectomy.
The effect of material assignment in nasal cavity on dose calculation for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) using Acuros XB
Authors: Cheung Michael L. M. , Chow Vivian U. Y. , Kan Monica W. K. , Chan Anthony T. C. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the effect of material assignment in nasal cavity on dose calculation for the volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) using Acuros XB (AXB) algorithm.MethodsThe VMAT plans of 30 patients with NPC were calculated using AXB with material auto‐assignment of nasal cavity to lung and reassignment to air respectively. The doses to the planning target volumes (PTVs) overlapping with nasal cavity with material auto‐assignment of lung (AXB_Lung) were compared to the values obtained when nasal cavity was reassigned to air (AXB_Air) under the dose‐to‐medium (Dm) reporting mode of AXB.ResultsFor dose calculated under AXB_Lung, the D98%, D2%, and Dmean of the PTV69.96_Air Cavity (PTV of prescription dose 69.96 Gy overlapping with nasal cavity) were on average 16.1%, 1.6%, and 8.6% larger than that calculated under AXB_Air, respectively. Up to 19.5% difference in D98%, 3% difference in D2%, and 11.2% difference in Dmean were observed in the worst cases for PTV69.96. Similar trend was observed for the PTV5940_Air Cavity, in which the D98%, D2%, and Dmean calculated under AXB_Lung were on average 14.7%, 2.5%, and 10.2% larger than that calculated under AXB_Air, respectively. In the worst cases, the difference observed in D98%, D2%, and Dmean could be up to 17.7%, 4.5%, and 12.7%, respectively.ConclusionsSignificant dose difference calculated by AXB between the material assignment of lung and air in nasal cavity for NPC cases might imply the possibility of underdosage to the PTVs that overlap with inhomogeneity. Therefore, attention should be put to ensure that accurate material assignment for dose calculation under AXB such that optimal dosage was given for tumor control.
Manipulation of Fluid Convection by Surface Lattice Resonance
Authors: Jing Zhimin , Yu Peng , Movsesyan Artur , Ma Cuiping , Li Peihang , Zhu Yisong , Govorov Alexander O. , Neogi Arup , Wang Zhiming 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe capability of plasmonic metasurfaces (PMs) under illumination to generate heat and induce fluid convection is a promising building approach for optofluidic applications. However, the low quality (Q)‐factor in PMs introduced into optofluidic applications remains a challenging problem. In this paper, a PM optofluidic platform based on surface lattice resonance (SLR) with a highQ‐factor is proposed. Numerical results demonstrate that SLR‐based metasurfaces can manipulate the convective flow of fluid at the nanoscale, with theQ‐factor approaching 138. Moreover, compared to the localized surface plasmon resonance‐based metasurface, the SLR‐based metasurfaces exhibit improved absorption, temperature rise, and flow velocity performance. In particular, the absorption coefficient at the SLR peak in an adequately designed PM can be close to unity. This study reveals that SLR is an efficient and alternative method to manipulate the fluid flow, and paves the way to flexible wavelength‐scale devices for optofluidic applications.
Post‐harvest drone flights to measure weed growth and yield associations
Authors: Miller Jarrod O. , Shober Amy L. , VanGessel Mark J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDrone flights are often only performed during the growing season, with no data collected once harvest has been completed, although they could be used to measure winter annual weed growth. Using a drone mounted with a multispectral sensor, we flew small plot corn (Zea mays L.) fertility, cover crop, and population studies at black layer and 0–14 d after harvest (DAH). Yields had positive correlations to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) at black layer but often had negative correlations to corn yields 0–14 DAH. After harvest, NDVI could be associated with weed growth, and negative correlations to yield could point to reduced corn canopy allowing light to reach late‐season weeds. In fertility studies, excess nitrogen appears to increase weed biomass after harvest, which can be easily identified through drone imagery. Flights should be performed after corn harvest as weed growth may provide additional insight into management decisions.
Modulation of Analytical Performance of a Bifunctional Optical Probe at the Micelle‐Water Interface: Selective Sensing of Histidine in Biological Fluid
Authors: Fernandes Rikitha S , Dey Nilanjan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBifunctional bis(indolyl)methane (BIM) derivatives with free carboxylic acid groups have been synthesized for the detection of heavy metal pollutants in the aqueous medium. Unlike in water, compounds in the presence of anionic micelle, showed color change from red to yellow specifically in the presence of Cu2+ ions. The incorporation of ionic surfactants could selectively block one of the binding sites, thereby improved the selectivity. In addition, large local concentration of metal ions (Cu2+) at micelle‐water interface of anionic surfactant improved the sensitivity. Metal ion binding at carboxylic acid (donor site) end not only alter the charge transfer state of the molecules, but also modify the self‐assembly property of probe molecules in the aqueous medium. The sensitivity as well as selectivity of the probes towards Cu2+ was found to be dependent on the number of carboxylic acid units on the central aryl ring. Further, the in‐situ formed Cu2+‐complex was involved for the ppb level recognition of histidine, an amino acid essential for protein biosynthesis and enzymatic activities. Finally, the present system was involved in the analysis of residual Cu2+ contents in natural water samples and histidine in the human urine sample.
N‐Alkoxyphtalimides as Versatile Alkoxy Radical Precursors in Modern Organic Synthesis
Authors: Budnikov Alexander S. , Krylov Igor B. , Lastovko Andrey V. , Yu Bing , Terent'ev Alexander O. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractO‐substituted derivatives of N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) have attracted much attention recently as synthetically available, stable, and convenient reagents for the generation of free radicals under mild conditions. The single‐electron reduction by a photoredox catalyst or another reagent results in the N−O bond cleavage of an NHPI derivative with the release of free radicals that undergo selective synthetic transformations. Whereas N‐acyloxyphtalimides (NHPI esters) are well known as a convenient C‐radical source due to the facile one‐electron reduction followed by the decarboxylation, N‐alkoxyphtalimides are much less studied as radical precursors. The present review shows that N‐alkoxyphtalimides are effective reagents for free‐radical transformations starting from the generation of alkoxy free radicals. Visible light induced reactions are discussed first, these processes are classified according to the way how intermediate alkoxy radicals transformed to C‐centered radicals: via hydrogen atom transfer to oxygen atom (HAT, including 1,5‐HAT, 1,2‐HAT, and intermolecular HAT) or via β‐scission. Other photochemical radical reactions of alkoxyphthalimides and non‐photochemical tin‐mediated processes are discussed separately.
A structural reassessment of the Late Pleistocene femur from Maludong, southwestern China
Authors: Wei Pianpian , Ma Shiwu , Carlson Kristian J. , Ji Xueping , Zhang Quanchao , Liu Wu , Jin Li 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe Late Pleistocene partial right femur from Maludong in southwestern China has been attributed characteristics of early Homo, especially from the Early Pleistocene, putatively representing a late surviving archaic population in the region. Assessment of additional traits is warranted given newly described postcrania from the Late Pleistocene of southwestern China and characterized by relatively modern features.Materials and methodsWe used micro computed tomography (μCT) to extract and evaluate cross‐sectional diaphyseal structure. New predictions of Maludong femoral length were generated from a regression analysis of Holocene modern humans. Robusticity and shape at multiple, standard diaphyseal regions of interest (ROI) were compared to those of Pleistocene and Holocene humans from East Asia and beyond.ResultsStandardized torsional rigidities at mid‐proximal and subtrochanteric Maludong ROIs fell within ranges of variation exhibited by multiple comparative groups, and closest to medians of Early and Middle Upper Paleolithic modern humans (E/MUP). For Ix/Iy diaphyseal ratios, Maludong was higher than comparative groups at both ROIs, falling closest to the upper end of the E/MUP range. For Imax/Imin shape ratios, Maludong fell well above group medians at the mid‐proximal ROI and nearest E/MUP and Middle Pleistocene group medians at the subtrochanteric ROI.Discussion and conclusionsIn diaphyseal robusticity and rigidity ratios, Maludong fits within variation exhibited by other Late Pleistocene modern humans. While we did not re‐analyze external features described as archaic‐like, internal structure of the Maludong femur contradicts this characterization and instead supports expanding intrapopulation variability expressed by Late Pleistocene modern humans in East Asia.
Electrochemical Reactors for Continuous Decentralized H2O2 Production
Authors: Wen Yichan , Zhang Ting , Wang Jianying , Pan Zhelun , Wang Tianfu , Yamashita Hiromi , Qian Xufang , Zhao Yixin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe global utilization of H2O2 is currently around 4 million tons per year and is expected to continue to increase in the future. H2O2 is mainly produced by the anthraquinone process, which involves multiple steps in terms of alkylanthraquinone hydrogenation/oxidation in organic solvents and liquid–liquid extraction of H2O2. The energy‐intensive and environmentally unfriendly anthraquinone process does not meet the requirements of sustainable and low‐carbon development. The electrocatalytic two‐electron (2 e−) oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) driven by renewable energy (e.g. solar and wind power) offers a more economical, low‐carbon, and greener route to produce H2O2. However, continuous and decentralized H2O2 electrosynthesis still poses many challenges. This Minireview first summarizes the development of devices for H2O2 electrosynthesis, and then introduces each component, the assembly process, and some optimization strategies.
Synthesis of an Acidochromic and Nitroaromatic Responsive Hydrazone‐Linked Pillararene Framework by a Macrocycle‐To‐Framework Strategy
Authors: Li Zheng , Yang Zhiqiang , Zhang Yinan , Yang Bing , Yang Ying‐Wei 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTailoring the properties of solid‐state organic luminescent materials using a bottom‐up design principle is highly desirable for many applications. Herein, we present a “macrocycle‐to‐framework” strategy to construct macrocycle‐functionalized and hydrazone‐linked functional organic polymers with bright yellowish‐green luminescence and unique solvatochromism behaviors by the condensation of a diacylhydrazine‐functionalized pillar[5]arene with tris(4‐formylbiphenyl)amine. Outperforming their non‐macrocycle‐incorporated counterparts, the pillar[5]arene‐containing materials display amplified sensitivity to acidic conditions with luminescent and colorimetric dual‐modal patterns assisted by the enhanced intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), and exhibit satisfactory responsiveness to nitrobenzene compounds through rapid luminescence quenching with high selectivity and a low detection limit, where the sensing process proceeds through multiple dynamic quenching pathways.
Heavy‐Atom Quantum Tunnelling in Spin Crossovers of Nitrenes**
Authors: Heller Eric R. , Richardson Jeremy O. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe simulate two recent matrix‐isolation experiments at cryogenic temperatures, in which a nitrene undergoes spin crossover from its triplet state to a singlet state via quantum tunnelling. We detail the failure of the commonly applied weak‐coupling method (based on a linear approximation of the potentials) in describing these deep‐tunnelling reactions. The more rigorous approach of semiclassical golden‐rule instanton theory in conjunction with double‐hybrid density‐functional theory and multireference perturbation theory does, however, provide rate constants and kinetic isotope effects in good agreement with experiment. In addition, these calculations locate the optimal tunnelling pathways, which provide a molecular picture of the reaction mechanism. The reactions involve substantial heavy‐atom quantum tunnelling of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen atoms, which unexpectedly even continues to play a role at room temperature.
Active solution heating and cooling in electrospinning enabling spinnability from various solvents
Authors: Abbas Dunia , Mu'min Muhammad S. , Bonanno Marco , Thiele Simon , Böhm Thomas 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSolution electrospinning is a facile method for the production of nanofibrous meshes. Here, we present a syringe‐jacket heat exchanger as a simple add‐on for solution electrospinning, which enables spinning from various solvents by a direct and precise solution temperature control between −20 °C and 100 °C. An effective manipulation of the solvent evaporation rate is enabled by adjusting the temperature. Exemplarily, we investigated the spinning of poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐co‐hexafluoropropylene (PVDF‐HFP) in pure dimethylacetamide (DMAc) or acetone as representatives of low and highly volatile solvents. Electrospinning of these solutions is not possible at ambient conditions, either due to a too low or too high evaporation rate. However, we find that PVDF‐HFP nanofibers can be successfully electrospun from DMAc at a solution temperature of 75 °C and from acetone at −19 °C. We show for the first time the use of an active solution cooling for electrospinning from a highly volatile solvent such as acetone. The ability to precisely adjust the solution temperature during electrospinning offers an improved process control and broadens the spectrum of spinnable solution compositions. Especially the prospect of replacing highly toxic solvents with less‐toxic solvents such as acetone opens up a wide field of application for the produced fibers.
Erkenntnisse zum Tragverhalten von Fertigschraubpfählen unter axialer Belastung
Authors: Höppner Robert , Boley Conrad 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFertigschraubpfähle werden mit hydraulischen Geräten drehend in den Boden eingebracht. Die Herstellungsart bietet Zeit‐ und Kostenvorteile gegenüber Ortbeton‐ und Verbundbauweisen. Zur Untersuchung der bodenmechanischen Vorgänge beim Abtrag von axialen Lasten durch Fertigschraubpfähle wurden kleinmaßstäbliche 1g‐Versuche unter Anwendung der PIV‐Methode durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse werden vorgestellt und mit Ansätzen zur analytischen Berechnung der Tragfähigkeit aus der Literatur verglichen. Den Erkenntnissen aus den Modellversuchen werden Beobachtungen aus großmaßstäblichen Laborversuchen und Feldversuchen gegenübergestellt. Abschließend werden Empfehlungen für die Bemessung und Qualitätssicherung gegeben.
The moderating effect of innovation on the relationship between environmental and financial performance: Evidence from high emitters in Australia
Authors: Wedari Linda Kusumaning , Moradi‐Motlagh Amir , Jubb Christine 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis study examines whether environmental‐related innovation moderates the association between environmental and financial performance measured respectively as carbon emissions and return on assets (ROA). The sample comprises 119 companies subject to Australia's National Greenhouse Energy Reporting Act (NGER) for the period 2009–2017. The results show that environmental innovation positively moderates the relationship between environmental performance and financial performance. The findings also imply that the impact of environmental innovation in improving environmental performance is observable with a 1‐year lag. The results are robust to the alternative financial performance measures of Tobin's Q and Altman's Z score. The findings have important implications for company managers and policymakers and provide useful information on innovation's role in enhancing environmental and financial performance.
Real‐world data of atezolizumab plus carboplatin and etoposide in elderly patients with extensive‐disease small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Shiono Ayako , Imai Hisao , Wasamoto Satoshi , Tsuda Takeshi , Nagai Yoshiaki , Minemura Hiroyuki , Yamada Yutaka , Kishikawa Takayuki , Umeda Yukihiro , Takechi Hiroki , Yamaguchi Ou , Mouri Atsuto , Kaira Kyoichi , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Minato Koichi , Kagamu Hiroshi 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of atezolizumab plus carboplatin and etoposide combination chemotherapy in elderly patients with extensive‐disease (ED) small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC).MethodsThis retrospective study evaluated 65 SCLC patients who received atezolizumab, carboplatin, and etoposide for ED‐SCLC in nine study institutions between August 2019 and September 2020. Clinical efficacy, assessed according to response rate and survival, and toxicity were compared between the elderly (n = 36 patients; median age: 74 years [range: 70–89 years]) and the non‐elderly group (n = 29 patients; median age: 67 years [range: 43–69 years]).ResultsThe response rate was 73.8% (80.5% in the elderly group and 65.5% in the non‐elderly group). There was no significant difference in both the median progression‐free survival (5.5 months vs. 4.9 months, p = 0.18) and the median overall survival (15.4 months vs. 15.9 months, p = 0.24) between the elderly group and the non‐elderly group. The frequencies of grade ≥3 hematological adverse events in the elderly patients were as follows: decreased white blood cells, 36.1%; decreased neutrophil count, 61.1%; decreased platelet count, 8.3%; and febrile neutropenia, 8.3%. One treatment‐related death due to lung infection occurred in the elderly group.ConclusionDespite hematologic toxicities, especially decreased neutrophil count, atezolizumab, carboplatin, and etoposide combination chemotherapy demonstrates favorable effectiveness and acceptable toxicity in elderly patients. Thus, atezolizumab plus carboplatin and etoposide could be the preferred standard treatment modality for elderly patients with ED‐SCLC.