bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Difficulty of Defining Sensitive Data—The Concept of Sensitive Data in the EU Data Protection Framework
Authors: Quinn Paul , Malgieri Gianclaudio 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe concept of sensitive data has been a mainstay of data protection for a number of decades. The concept itself is used to denote several categories of data for which processing is deemed to pose a higher risk for data subjects than other forms of data. Such risks are often perceived in terms of an elevated probability of discrimination, or related harms, to vulnerable groups in society. As a result, data protection frameworks have traditionally foreseen a higher burden for the processing of sensitive data than other forms of data. The sui generis protection of sensitive data—stronger than the protection of non-sensitive personal data—can also seemingly be a necessity from a fundamental rights-based perspective, as indicated by human rights jurisprudence. This Article seeks to analyze the continued relevance of sensitive data in both contemporary and potential future contexts. Such an exercise is important for two main reasons. First, the legal regime responsible for the regulation of the use of personal data has evolved considerably since the concept of sensitive data was first used. This has been exemplified by the creation of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in Europe. It has introduced a number of requirements relating to sensitive data that are likely to represent added burdens for controllers who want to process personal data. Second, the very nature of personal data is changing. Increases in computing power, more complex algorithms, and the availability of ever more potentially complimentary data online mean that more and more data can be considered of a sensitive nature. This creates various risks going forward, including an inflation effect whereby the concept loses its value, as well as the possibility that data controllers may increasingly seek to circumvent compliance with the requirements placed upon the use of sensitive data. This Article analyzes how such developments are likely to influence the concept of sensitive data and, in particular, its ability to protect vulnerable groups from harm. The authors propose a possible interpretative solution: A hybrid approach where a purpose-based definition acquires a bigger role in deciding whether data is sensitive, combined with a context-based ‘backstop’ based on reasonable foreseeability.
Recipe for Success?: Lessons for Strategic Climate Litigation from the Sharma, Neubauer, and Shell Cases
Authors: Peel Jacqueline , Markey-Towler Rebekkah 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe urgency of the global climate problem has prompted an increasing turn to the courts to accelerate action. While still a relatively new phenomenon, “strategic” climate cases have been on the rise since 2015. Litigants in these cases aim to produce ambitious and systemic outcomes. However, with both time and resources limited, how might we best discern which cases have the greatest prospects of achieving cut through in the policy and public debate, and accelerating climate action? This Article contributes to developing literature evaluating the “recipe for success” in strategic climate claims. It provides a comparative analysis of three recent, high-profile wins in climate cases from Australia—Sharma—, Germany—Neubauer—, and the Netherlands—Shell—, examining their commonalities to give insight into the ingredients for successful strategic climate litigation. Our analysis shows how the three cases combine careful, strategic planning, with legal imagination and innovation to generate outcomes that heighten their capacity for broader impact. Evaluating the success of these types of prominent climate cases provides important guidance for future case design.
It's not all just tit-for-tat: the impact of relational identification on subordinate's attitudes and interpersonal citizenship behavior
Authors: Sluss David M. , Cooper Danielle , Morrell Daniel L. , Thompson Bryant S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe explore how relational identification (RI) complements the influence of relational exchange within work role-relationships. In two temporally-lagged studies, we examine the contribution of RI, after accounting for relational exchange quality (REQ), in predicting organizationally-relevant behaviors and attitudes – namely, (1) interpersonal citizenship behaviors (ICBs; person-focused and task-focused), (2) job satisfaction, and (3) affective organizational commitment. Across samples of ‘non-professional’ (N = 152) and ‘professional’ (N = 197) employees, we found that RI (after accounting for REQ) significantly predicted outcomes. Indeed, we found RI to be the only predictor (after accounting for REQ) with affective commitment (‘non-professional’ sample only), person-focused ICBs (both samples), and task-focused ICBs (both samples). We discuss potential approaches for better specifying both identification and exchange as well as their unique and interactive effects within work role-relationships as well as managerial implications, limitations, and future research directions.
Comparative globalizations: building and dismantling genetic laboratories in Lebanon
Authors: Burton Elise K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper examines two moments in the globalization of human genetics, focusing on the American University of Beirut as a site of interaction between American, European and Middle Eastern scientific actors and research subjects. In the interwar period, the establishment of clinical laboratories at AUB's medical school enabled the development of an informal large-scale programme to study human heredity through anthropometry and sero-anthropology. AUB's Middle Eastern students were trained in these techniques, and research results were disseminated locally in Arabic as well as in international scientific journals. In the post-war period, new technologies transformed human genetics into an internationally coordinated science with specialized laboratories. However, an attempt to establish such a lab at AUB during the 1960s ended in failure: the Anthropological Blood Grouping Laboratory functioned for only four years before closing. The American and British personalities who promoted the ABGL in Lebanon aimed to collect blood samples from across the region without committing to long-term relationships with local scientists and research subjects. As an ‘outpost’ for Western scientists, the ABGL embodied the neo-colonial structure of post-war human population genetics, both in its unfulfilled aspirations to serve metropolitan research agendas and in its marginalization of Middle Eastern scientists.
The Slippages of Exemplary Action: The Case of Ataman Semenov
Authors: Humphrey Caroline 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article investigates exemplarity from the point of view of the subject, the person who leads an exemplary life. Asking how this differs from the case of someone who intends more simply to lead a morally good life, it argues that the former requires sharp prioritizing among the range of possible human virtues. While both kinds of actor should be understood in relational terms, namely relations to the self, direct interlocutors, and wider society, a subject becomes an exemplar by objectifying and conveying to others the chosen specific form of virtue. Taking the case of Ataman Semenov, a White general in the Russian Civil War, the article then examines the pitfalls of having to take a culturally particular exemplary position. Some of these relate to the problems that occur in general when moral exemplarity is demonstrated, the subject being unable to control misreading of the exemplary act, the hesitations of followers, or the leeway with which they attempt to emulate or imitate the act. Other problems concern the historical positioning of the exemplary subject, particularly in a time of war. By making overt certain specific virtues, and by the same token backgrounding or suppressing others, he or she has to “stand out” amid general confusion and uncertainty and therefore is certain to arouse animosity, as much as loyalty.
Characteristics, management and outcome of a large necrotising otitis externa case series: need for standardised case definition
Authors: Hodgson S H , Sinclair V J , Arwyn-Jones J , Oh K , Nucken K , Perenyei M , Sivapathasingam V , Martinez-Devesa P , Pendlebury S T , Ramsden J D , Matthews P C , Pretorius P , Andersson M I 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundNecrotising otitis externa is a severe ear infection for which there are no established diagnostic or treatment guidelines.MethodThis study described clinical characteristics, management and outcomes for patients managed as necrotising otitis externa cases at a UK tertiary referral centre.ResultsA total of 58 (63 per cent) patients were classified as definite necrotising otitis externa cases, 31 (34 per cent) as probable cases and 3 (3 per cent) as possible cases. Median duration of intravenous and oral antimicrobial therapy was 6.0 weeks (0.49–44.9 weeks). Six per cent of patients relapsed a median of 16.4 weeks (interquartile range, 23–121) after stopping antimicrobials. Twenty-eight per cent of cases had complex disease. These patients were older (p = 0.042), had a longer duration of symptoms prior to imaging (p < 0.0001) and higher C-reactive protein at diagnosis (p = 0.005). Despite longer courses of intravenous antimicrobials (23 vs 14 days; p = 0.032), complex cases were more likely to relapse (p = 0.016).ConclusionA standardised case-definition of necrotising otitis externa is needed to optimise diagnosis, management and research.
Muslim pasts and presents: Displacement and city-making in a Delhi neighbourhood
Authors: Ahmad Saeed 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThrough an engagement with the histories of Muslim pasts, presences, and absences in the locality of Jangpura-Bhogal in the Indian capital city of Delhi, this article examines the constitutive relationship between displacements and city-making. It addresses Jangpura-Bhogal's post-colonial history (1947–present) through instances of the erasure of Muslim property, spaces, and histories, and the reoccupations, replacements, and redefinition of spaces, properties, and memories that they constituted. The article shows how protracted material displacements of Muslim property and spaces have contributed to the erasure of a Muslim historical presence from Jangpura-Bhogal. By tracing the afterlives of these material displacements, it tracks how narrative discourses draw on these Muslim absences and the sense of an abstract ‘diverse space’ to produce new sets of exclusions and practices of Othering in the present. The discussion focuses on the processual/everyday, ‘below the radar’, and, at times, invisible displacements, more than sudden eruptions of violence or overt ideological projects aimed at a deliberate Muslim erasure. Thus, Delhi's post-colonial history is not only about the well-rehearsed story of migrations and arrivals but equally about departures and displacements that have produced the neighbourhood and the city as particular kinds of majoritarian places and spaces. Current acts of Muslim displacement, that is, the Delhi ‘riots’ of February 2020 are enabled not only through visible and violent histories of Muslim marginalization, but also by longer histories of non-overt erasures, displacements, and replacements.
A Survey on Machine Reading Comprehension Systems
Authors: Baradaran Razieh , Ghiasi Razieh , Amirkhani Hossein 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMachine Reading Comprehension (MRC) is a challenging task and hot topic in Natural Language Processing. The goal of this field is to develop systems for answering the questions regarding a given context. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on diverse aspects of MRC systems, including their approaches, structures, input/outputs, and research novelties. We illustrate the recent trends in this field based on a review of 241 papers published during 2016–2020. Our investigation demonstrated that the focus of research has changed in recent years from answer extraction to answer generation, from single- to multi-document reading comprehension, and from learning from scratch to using pre-trained word vectors. Moreover, we discuss the popular datasets and the evaluation metrics in this field. The paper ends with an investigation of the most-cited papers and their contributions.
UNLT: Urdu Natural Language Toolkit
Authors: Shafi Jawad , Iqbal Hafiz Rizwan , Nawab Rao Muhammad Adeel , Rayson Paul 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study describes a Natural Language Processing (NLP) toolkit, as the first contribution of a larger project, for an under-resourced language—Urdu. In previous studies, standard NLP toolkits have been developed for English and many other languages. There is also a dire need for standard text processing tools and methods for Urdu, despite it being widely spoken in different parts of the world with a large amount of digital text being readily available. This study presents the first version of theUNLT (Urdu Natural Language Toolkit)which contains three key text processing tools required for an Urdu NLP pipeline; word tokenizer, sentence tokenizer, and part-of-speech (POS) tagger. The UNLT word tokenizer employs a morpheme matching algorithm coupled with a state-of-the-art stochasticn-gram language model with back-off and smoothing characteristics for the space omission problem. The space insertion problem for compound words is tackled using a dictionary look-up technique. The UNLT sentence tokenizer is a combination of various machine learning, rule-based, regular-expressions, and dictionary look-up techniques. Finally, the UNLT POS taggers are based on Hidden Markov Model and Maximum Entropy-based stochastic techniques. In addition, we have developed large gold standard training and testing data sets to improve and evaluate the performance of new techniques for Urdu word tokenization, sentence tokenization, and POS tagging. For comparison purposes, we have compared the proposed approaches with several methods. Our proposed UNLT, the training and testing data sets, and supporting resources are all free and publicly available for academic use.
Economic Paradigm and Demand-Side Populist Policies in Thailand
Authors: Phumma Naphon , Vechsuruck Tanadej 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn the last decades, demand-side populist policies (DSPPs) have played a significant yet controversial role in Thai politics. Most Thai economists disagree with DSPPs. They have argued that such policies are inefficient and have suggested the Thai government drop short-sighted DSPPs and replace them with supply-side policies that are more effective in the long run. However, Thai politicians have viewed DSPPs as unavoidable for political reasons and turned a deaf ear on economists’ suggestions to stop issuing them. In this paper, we argue that the domination of the neoclassical economics paradigm prevents Thai economists and politicians from understanding the role of DSPPs in shaping the demand and supply sides of the macroeconomy in both the short run and long run. Based on the theory of transformational growth, DSPPs are endogenous phenomena emerging from Thailand's uneven economic development. Therefore, Thailand could implement the policies to facilitate long-run economic growth. We propose three principles for future DSPPs that can positively impact the economy in the long run: boosting productivity, promoting innovation, and addressing income inequality.
Strength of Dry and Wet Quartz in the Low‐Temperature Plasticity Regime: Insights From Nanoindentation
Authors: Ceccato Alberto , Menegon Luca , Hansen Lars N. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAt low‐temperature and high‐stress conditions, quartz deformation is controlled by the kinetics of dislocation glide, that is, low‐temperature plasticity (LTP). To investigate the relationship between intracrystalline H2O content and the yield strength of quartz LTP, we have integrated spherical and Berkovich nanoindentation tests at room temperature on natural quartz with electron backscatter diffraction and secondary‐ion mass spectrometry measurements of intracrystalline H2O content. Dry (<20 wt ppm H2O) and wet (20–100 wt ppm H2O) crystals exhibit comparable indentation hardness. Quartz yield strength, which is proportional to indentation hardness, seems to be unaffected by the intracrystalline H2O content when deformed under room temperature, high‐stress conditions. Pre‐indentation intracrystalline microstructure may have provided a high density of dislocation sources, influencing the first increments of low‐temperature plastic strains. Our results have implications for fault strength at the frictional‐viscous transition and during transient deformation by LTP, such as seismogenic loading and post‐seismic creep.
Springtime Stratospheric Volcanic Aerosol Impact on Midlatitude Cirrus Clouds
Authors: Sporre M. K. , Friberg J. , Svenhag C. , Sourdeval O. , Storelvmo T. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractExplosive volcanic eruptions can reach the stratosphere and cause elevated concentrations of sulphate particles for months to years. When these particles descend into the troposphere, they can impact cirrus clouds though to what degree is unknown. In this study, we combine three satellite data sets to investigate the impact of downwelling sulphate aerosol on midlatitude cirrus clouds during springtime. The results show that cirrus clouds in the northern hemisphere (NH) have lower ice water content (IWC), ice crystal number concentrations, and cloud fraction (CF) when the aerosol load in the lowermost stratosphere is elevated by volcanism. These changes are largest for the coldest clouds at the highest altitudes. The cirrus clouds in the southern hemisphere on the other hand show no significant changes with downwelling aerosol levels. The reduction in cirrus IWC and CF in the NH implies that volcanic aerosol can cool the climate through reduced warming from cirrus clouds.
Seasonal Predictability of Lightning Over the Global Hotspot Regions
Authors: Mallick Chandrima , Hazra Anupam , Saha Subodh K. , Chaudhari Hemantkumar S. , Pokhrel Samir , Konwar Mahen , Dutta Ushnanshu , Mohan Greeshma M. , Vani K. Gayatri 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSkillful seasonal prediction of lightning is crucial over several global hotspot regions, as it causes severe damages to infrastructures and losses of human life. While major emphasis has been given for predicting rainfall, prediction of lightning in one season advance remained uncommon, owing to the nature of problem, which is short‐lived local phenomenon. Here we show that on seasonal time scale, lightning over the major global hotspot regions is strongly tied with slowly varying global predictors (e.g., El Niño and Southern Oscillation). Moreover, the sub‐seasonal variance of lightning is highly correlated with global predictors, suggesting a seminal role played by the global climate modes in shaping the local land‐atmosphere interactions, which eventually affects seasonal lightning variability. It is shown that seasonal predictability of lightning over the hotspot is comparable to that of seasonal rainfall, opens up an avenue for reliable seasonal forecasting of lightning for special awareness and preventive measures.
Distinct Diurnal Cycle of Supercooled Water Cloud Fraction Dominated by Dust Extinction Coefficient
Authors: Wang Yang , Li Jiming , Zhao Yuxin , Li Yarong , Zhao Yang , Wu Xiaolin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCloud phase (CP) partitioning (e.g., supercooled water cloud fraction, SCF) is often misrepresented in model simulations. One of the remarkable uncertainties involves the poor understanding of SCF diurnal cycle due to lack of observations. By using 33 months of lidar observations from Cloud‐Aerosol Transport System which provides cloud top phase at different local times for a given grid and isotherm, this study first characterizes the diurnal cycle of SCF between 51°S and 51°N. Distinct SCF diurnal variations have been found near‐global at different isotherms, especially for −22.5°C, where SCF diurnal ranges even reach 60%. Correlation analysis shows a robust dependence of SCF diurnal cycle on the variation of dust aerosol extinction coefficient instead of other dust load indicators and meteorological parameters. Given the important roles of SCF on the radiation budget, this study will help us better constrain aerosol‐cloud interaction and simulations of CP partitioning in models.
On the Air‐Sea Couplings Over Tropical Pacific: An Instantaneous Coupling Index Using Dynamical Systems Metrics
Authors: Huang Yu , Yuan Naiming , Shi Ming , Lu Zhenghui , Fu Zuntao 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the tropical Pacific, such as El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events, can cause intensified air‐sea couplings and different climate impacts. Although there are quite a few indices describing the event magnitude, little attention is paid to directly measuring air‐sea coupling strengths. Using Dynamical Systems Metrics, we introduce an index to quantify air‐sea coupling strengths over the tropical Pacific. This coupling index explains the relatively weak impact of the super El Niño in 2015/2016, and characterizes the ENSO diversity and asymmetry. Particularly, this index can identify several unusual neutral days with prolonged strong air‐sea couplings, where SST anomaly distributions are not as homogeneous as the ENSO events, but which have caused intense climate impacts. Our results demonstrate the close relationship among air‐sea coupling strengths, SST anomalies, and coupled feedbacks, which may promote better understandings on the events diversity related to SST anomalies over the tropical Pacific.
Regime‐Dependent Impacts of Aerosol Particles and Updrafts on the Cloud Condensation Nuclei and the Enhanced Warm Rain Suppression: Evidence From Synergistic Satellite and LiDAR Observations
Authors: Huang Tao , Zhu Yannian , Rosenfeld Daniel , Yang Yuanjian , Lam David H. Y. , Leung W. H. , Lee Harry F. , Cheng Jack C. H. , Yim Steve H. L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe regime‐dependence of aerosol‐cloud interaction has recently been highlighted and explored using idealized cloud‐resolving models in previous studies. We further utilized synergistic observations from satellites and LiDARs to reinforce understandings of this interaction, and then examined and clarified the regime dependence of aerosol indirect effects. Results from regional satellite retrievals confirm that in clean conditions, the activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) was limited by the particle numbers whereas in polluted regimes updraft velocities played a crucial role. Also, warm rain suppression was significantly enhanced especially over inland areas. Similar evidence was provided by a LiDAR network over a more limited spatial domain. In polluted environments with heterogeneous deep convective cloud events, turbulence‐induced updrafts not only acted as a dynamical condition for the increase of aerosol particles, but also altered the aerosol‐cloud interaction into updraft‐limited regime, making the activation of CCN more sensitive to the enhancement of updraft velocities.