bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nature of Scientific Explanation: Examining the perceptions of the nature, quality, and “goodness” of explanation among college students, science teachers, and scientists
Authors: Alameh Sahar , Abd‐El‐Khalick Fouad , Brown David 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIssues regarding scientific explanation have been of interest to philosophers from Pre‐Socratic times. The notion of scientific explanation is of interest not only to philosophers, but also to science educators as is clearly evident in the emphasis given to K‐12 students' construction of explanations in current national science education reform efforts. Nonetheless, there is a dearth of research on conceptualizing explanation in science education. Using a philosophically guided framework—the Nature of Scientific Explanation (NOSE) framework—the study aims to elucidate and compare college freshmen science students', secondary science teachers', and practicing scientists' scientific explanations and their views of scientific explanations. In particular, this study aims to: (1) analyze students', teachers', and scientists' scientific explanations; (2) explore the nuances about how freshman students, science teachers, and practicing scientists construct explanations; and (3) elucidate the criteria that participants use in analyzing scientific explanations. In two separate interviews, participants first constructed explanations of everyday scientific phenomena and then provided feedback on the explanations constructed by other participants. Major findings showed that, when analyzed using NOSE framework, participant scientists did significantly “better” than teachers and students. Our analysis revealed that scientists, teachers, and students share a lot of similarities in how they construct their explanations in science. However, they differ in some key dimensions. The present study highlighted the need articulated by many researchers in science education to understand additional aspects specific to scientific explanation. The present findings provide an initial analytical framework for examining students' and science teachers' scientific explanations.
Engaging Teachers in Genre‐Based Pedagogy for Writing Arguments: A Case Study of Shifts in Practice and Understanding
Authors: Hamman‐Ortiz Laura , Santiago Schwarz Vanessa , Hamm‐Rodríguez Molly , Gort Mileidis 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis article reports on findings from the first year of a professional learning partnership aimed at supporting elementary teachers in improving their writing instruction for emergent bilingual students. Specifically, we present a case study of one fourth grade teacher's writing instruction, exploring how an introduction to a functional approach to teaching argument writing contributed to shifts in practice and in her understanding of effective writing instruction for emergent bilingual students. The research team engaged in two cycles of data collection across 5 months, conducted before and after an introductory seven‐hour professional development workshop on systemic functional linguistics (SFL) genre pedagogy, in order to document changes in how the focal teacher was enacting and conceptualizing writing instruction for emergent bilinguals. Findings revealed three central shifts in the teacher's writing instruction: (1) from surface‐level genre engagement to exploring functional relationships between genre stages, (2) from assessment‐oriented writing instruction to learning activities grounded in authentic purpose and audience, and (3) from general language supports to targeted, contextualized writing scaffolds. This study builds upon existing scholarship by illustrating the potential of (even limited exposure to) SFL genre pedagogy to shift teachers' writing instruction toward social semiotic perspectives of language and literacy. We also extend existing research by interrogating the institutional and ideological challenges teachers encounter when taking up SFL genre pedagogy and by offering some initial insights into the potential for engaging in SFL genre pedagogy in bilingual learning spaces.
Evapotranspiration covers at uranium mill tailings sites
Authors: Caldwell Todd G. , Tabatabai Sarah , Huntington Jena M. , Davies Gwendolyn E. , Fuhrmann Mark 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWaste isolation is a key strategy for mitigating risk from municipal solid waste (MSW) and hazardous waste streams. Conventional covers at MSW facilities are designed for a 30‐yr post‐closure period where compacted soils and geosynthetics are used to minimize percolation into buried waste. Recently, evapotranspiration (ET) covers have shown beneficial use for MSW management. Evapotranspiration covers encourage infiltration, storage, and transpiration of precipitation to minimize percolation. Such covers may also have beneficial use for long‐term waste issues, such as at Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act (UMTRCA) sites. These sites were covered by a clay radon barrier to create tortuous flow paths that allow radioactive decay and attenuation of short‐lived, radon‐222 gas. For long‐term waste isolation, an ET‐radon cover may provide greater resilience by exploiting natural processes instead of resisting them. This update presents a review of the current state‐of‐the‐science regarding ET covers and considerations for long‐term applications.
Poverty and Energy Demand
Authors: Butler Catherine 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe starting point for this book is to explicate key conceptual interventions within the large body of existing work on energy poverty. This chapter discusses the trajectories of this research tradition from analyses focused more narrowly on notions of fuel poverty to those foregrounding issues of energy vulnerability, and through to concepts of precarity and capabilities. It examines the frontiers of analysis engaging with work that has sought to move beyond preoccupations with heat and the spatial domain of the home and advance more complex understandings of the issues. The chapter concludes setting out the key tenets of the literature and discussing how conceptualisations can be further advanced in analysis of energy poverty.
Energy Poverty, Practice, and Inequality
Authors: Butler Catherine 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis chapter builds from the previous one to develop a focused analysis that explores the value of key ideas from practice theory-based energy research for analyses of energy poverty. The chapter uses examples from in-depth qualitative research to give attention to the constitution of need in terms of implications for energy deprivation, as well as examining the ways that power relations shape processes of recruitment and defection from practices. In this, it offers distinctive research trajectories for energy poverty research by extending beyond concern with people’s abilities to meet needs or achieve capabilities. And it offers a basis for response to critiques of practice-informed analyses of energy demand that highlight the limited attention given to inequalities within such work.
A Kantian Argument Against Eating Animals
Authors: Müller Nico Dario 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis chapter uses Kantianism for Animals creatively to develop an argument against eating dead animals. Received vegetarian arguments focus on the relation between meat eating and harm to animals, running into difficulties like the ‘causal impotence problem’, which the chapter discusses. Kantianism for Animals enables the argument that, because animals are moral patients, we have a duty toselfto treat their dead bodies as morally important objects. This duty derives from the obligatory end of our own moral perfection. As the chapter explains, this argument prohibits commodification and treating deceased others as foodstuffs, but not necessarily all forms of eating others. For instance, cannibalism as part of a grieving practice is not prohibited by the argument.
Needs of forensic psychiatric patients with schizophrenia in five European countries
Authors: Oberndorfer R. , Alexandrowicz R. W. , Unger A. , Koch M. , Markiewicz I. , Gosek P. , Heitzman J. , Iozzino L. , Ferrari C. , Salize H.-J. , Picchioni M. , Fangerau H. , Stompe T. , Wancata J. , de Girolamo G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Aims
The purpose was to compare the frequency of needs of patients with schizophrenia in forensic services across five European countries as assessed by both the patients and their care staff.

Methods
Patients with schizophrenia and a history of significant interpersonal violence were recruited from forensic psychiatric services in Austria, Germany, Italy, Poland and England. Participants’ needs were assessed using the Camberwell Assessment of Needs—Forensic Version (CANFOR). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to identify predictors of numbers of needs.

Results
In this sample, (n = 221) the most commonly reported need according to patients (71.0%) and staff (82.8%) was the management of psychotic symptoms. A need for information was mentioned by about 45% of staff and patients. Staff members reported a significantly higher number of total needs than patients (mean 6.9 vs. 6.2). In contrast, staff members reported a significantly lower number of unmet needs than patients (mean 2.0 vs. 2.5). Numbers of total needs and met needs differed between countries. Unmet needs as reported by patients showed positive associations with the absence of comorbid personality disorder, with higher positive symptom scores and lifetime suicide or self-harm history. Significant predictors of unmet needs according to staff were absence of comorbid personality disorder and higher positive as well as negative symptom scores according to PANSS.

Conclusions
Staff rated a significantly higher number of total needs than patients, while patients rated more unmet needs. This indicates that patients’ self-assessments of needs yield important information for providing sufficient help and support.
Modeling the Scale‐up of Surgical Services for Children with Surgically Treatable Congenital Conditions in Somaliland
Authors: Vigliotti Vivian S. , Concepcion Tessa , Mohamed Mubarak , Dahir Shugri , Ismail Edna Adan , Poenaru Dan , Rice Henry E. , Smith Emily R. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundCongenital conditions comprise a significant portion of the global burden of surgical conditions in children. In Somaliland, over 250,000 children do not receive required surgical care annually, although the estimated costs and benefits of scale‐up of children's surgical services to address this disease burden is not known.MethodsWe developed a Markov model using a decision tree template to project the costs and benefits of scale‐up of surgical care for children across Somaliland. We used a proxy set of congenital anomalies across Somaliland to estimate scale‐up costs using three different scale‐up rates. The cost‐effectiveness ratio and net societal monetary benefit were estimated using these models, supported by disability weights in existing literature.ResultsOverall, we found that scale‐up of surgical services at an aggressive rate (22.5%) over a 10‐year time horizon is cost effective. Although the scale‐up of surgical care for most conditions in the proxy set was cost effective, scale‐up of hydrocephalus and spina bifida are not as cost effective as other conditions.ConclusionsOur analysis concludes that it is cost effective to scale‐up surgical services for congenital anomalies for children in Somaliland.
Comparative Safety of Sleeve Gastrectomy and Roux‐en‐Y: A Propensity Score Analysis
Authors: Alalwan Abdullah A. , Friedman Jeffrey , Park Haesuk , Segal Richard , Brumback Babette , Hartzema Abraham 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundUse of bariatric surgery has increased dramatically in the USA. However, there are growing concerns regarding the safety outcomes of different bariatric procedures. We aim to compare the safety of sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB), which includes hospital readmissions, emergency room (ER) visits, gastrointestinal bleeding, and revisional surgery.MethodsA retrospective cohort analysis was conducted for adults (≥ 18 years) who received SG and RYGB in the USA. We used Truven MarketScan Commercial and Medicare supplemental claims databases from January 1, 2005, to October 1, 2015. To adjust for baseline demographic and clinical characteristics, we used stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighting using propensity score. Cox proportional hazard models was used to compare safety outcomes between SG and RYGB after bariatric surgery.ResultsA total of 194,248 patients met inclusion criteria; 79,813 patients (41%) received SG and 114,435 patients (59%) received RYGB. The use of SG was associated with a significantly lower 30‐day hospital readmission rate [adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) 0.77; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.74–0.81] and ER visits [aHR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.80–0.83], and decreased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding [aHR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78–0.98] compared to RYGB. However, SG was associated with an increased risk of revisional surgery, compared to RYGB [aHR,1.21; 95% CI, 1.08–1.35].ConclusionsAmong patients receiving bariatric surgery in a real‐world setting, SG was associated with lower complication rate but a higher risk of revisional surgery compared to RYGB. Further longitudinal studies are needed to assess long‐term findings.
The good, the bad, and the red: implicit color-valence associations across cultures
Authors: Kawai Claudia , Zhang Yang , Lukács Gáspár , Chu Wenyi , Zheng Chaoyi , Gao Cijun , Gozli Davood , Wang Yonghui , Ansorge Ulrich 
Published: July 2022

AbstractCultural differences—as well as similarities—have been found in explicit color-emotion associations between Chinese and Western populations. However, implicit associations in a cross-cultural context remain an understudied topic, despite their sensitivity to more implicit knowledge. Moreover, they can be used to study color systems—that is, emotional associations with one color in the context of an opposed one. Therefore, we tested the influence of two different color oppositions on affective stimulus categorization: red versus green and red versus white, in two experiments. In Experiment 1, stimuli comprised positive and negative words, and participants from the West (Austria/Germany), and the East (Mainland China, Macau) were tested in their native languages. The Western group showed a significantly stronger color-valence interaction effect than the Mainland Chinese (but not the Macanese) group for red-green but not for red–white opposition. To explore color-valence interaction effects independently of word stimulus differences between participant groups, we used affective silhouettes instead of words in Experiment 2. Again, the Western group showed a significantly stronger color-valence interaction than the Chinese group in red-green opposition, while effects in red–white opposition did not differ between cultural groups. Our findings complement those from explicit association research in an unexpected manner, where explicit measures showed similarities between cultures (associations for red and green), our results revealed differences and where explicit measures showed differences (associations with white), our results showed similarities, underlining the value of applying comprehensive measures in cross-cultural research on cross-modal associations.
Moralische Probleme der Versorgung von Menschen mit Demenz durch osteuropäische Live-in-Hilfen: eine ethische Analyse der Erwartungen von Angehörigen in Onlineforen
Authors: Gerhards Simon , von Kutzleben Milena , Schweda Mark 
Published: July 2022

ZusammenfassungIn deutschen Privathaushalten sind derzeit schätzungsweise 100.000 bis 500.000 in Pendelmigration lebende Live-in-Hilfen tätig, viele von ihnen in der Versorgung von Menschen mit Demenz. Dabei deutet die primär sozialwissenschaftlich ausgerichtete Forschung zu Live-in-Versorgung auf vielfältige strukturell bedingte Missstände hin. Allerdings fehlt bislang eine eingehendere ethische Analyse und Erörterung mit Blick auf das Mikrosetting der betreffenden Versorgungsarrangements selbst.Der vorliegende Artikel geht der Frage nach, welche moralischen Probleme und Konflikte im Mikrosetting häuslicher Live-in-Versorgung von Menschen mit Demenz auftreten und wie diese ethisch einzuschätzen sind. Zu diesem Zweck werden im Zuge einer qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse von 182 Beiträgen aus drei deutschsprachigen Onlineforen die Ansprüche betroffener Angehöriger von Menschen mit Demenz gegenüber Live-in-Hilfen herausgearbeitet und ethisch eingeordnet. Wie sich zeigt, werden diese als Dienstleistungserbringer:in, Pflegekraft, moralische:r Akteur:in und Familienmitglied adressiert.In den vielfältigen und häufig enttäuschten Erwartungen der Angehörigen treten teils problematische und widersprüchliche Ansprüche gegenüber Live-in-Hilfen zu Tage. Eine ethische Analyse ihrer Legitimität und Kohärenz kann zur Verbesserung der individuellen Planung und Gestaltung, der institutionellen Organisation sowie der gesellschaftlichen Verständigung und rechtlichen Regulierung von Live-in-Versorgung beitragen.
Modelling group dynamics for crowd simulations
Authors: Saeed R. A. , Recupero Diego Reforgiato , Remagnino Paolo 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis paper investigates a new method to simulate pedestrian crowd movement in a large and complex virtual environment, representing a public space such as a shopping mall. To demonstrate pedestrian dynamics, we consider groups of pedestrians of different size, sharing a crowded environment. A pedestrian has its own characteristics, such as gender, age, position, velocity, and energy. The proposed method uses a multi-group microscopic model to generate real-time trajectories for all people moving in the defined virtual environment. Additionally, a dynamic model is introduced for modelling group behaviour. Based on the proposed method, all pedestrians in each group can continuously adjust their attributes and optimize their path towards the desired visiting targets, while avoiding obstacles and other pedestrians. Simulation results show that the proposed method can describe a realistic simulation of dynamic behaviour.
Impact of the material and sintering protocol, layer thickness, and thermomechanical aging on the two-body wear and fracture load of 4Y-TZP crowns
Authors: Mayinger Felicitas , Buser Ramona , Laier Maximilian , Schönhoff Lisa Marie , Kelch Matthias , Hampe Rüdiger , Stawarczyk Bogna 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the material and corresponding sintering protocol, layer thickness, and aging on the two-body wear (2BW) and fracture load (FL) of 4Y-TZP crowns.

Materials and methods
Multi-layer 4Y-TZP crowns in three thicknesses (0.5 mm/1.0 mm/1.5 mm) were sintered by high-speed (Zolid RS) or conventional (Zolid Gen-X) sintering. 2BW of ceramic and enamel antagonist after aging (1,200,000 mechanical-, 6000 thermal-cycles) was determined by 3D-scanning before and after aging and subsequent matching to determine volume and height loss (6 subgroups, n = 16/subgroup). FL was examined initially and after aging (12 subgroups, n = 16/subgroup). Fractographic analyses were performed using light-microscope imaging. Global univariate analysis of variance, one-way ANOVA, linear regression, Spearman’s correlation, Kolgomorov–Smirnov, Mann–Whitney U, and t test were computed (alpha = 0.05). Weibull moduli were determined. Fracture types were analyzed using Ciba Geigy table.

Results
Material/sintering protocol did not influence 2BW (crowns: p = 0.908, antagonists: p = 0.059). High-speed sintered Zolid RS presented similar (p = 0.325–0.633) or reduced (p < 0.001–0.047) FL as Zolid Gen-X. Both 4Y-TZPs showed an increased FL with an increasing thickness (0.5(797.3–1429 N) < 1.0(2087–2634 N) < 1.5(2683–3715 N)mm; p < 0.001). For most groups, aging negatively impacted FL (p < 0.001–0.002). Five 0.5 mm specimens fractured, four showed cracks during and after aging.

Conclusions
High-speed sintered crowns with a minimum thickness of 1.0 mm showed sufficient mechanical properties to withstand masticatory forces, even after a simulated aging period of 5 years.

Clinical relevance
Despite the manufacturer indicating a thickness of 0.5 mm to be suitable for single crowns, a minimum thickness of 1.0 mm should be used to ensure long-term satisfactory results.
Clinical performance of tooth implant–supported removable partial dentures: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Molinero-Mourelle Pedro , Bischof Frank , Yilmaz Burak , Schimmel Martin , Abou-Ayash Samir 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Objective
To assess the clinical performance of tooth implant–supported removable partial dentures in terms of abutment survival in relation to the attachment system used.

Methods
An electronic search in MEDLINE/PubMed Web of Science and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases was performed. The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Survival rates after 3 years and 5 years, loss, and complication rates per 100 years were estimated by Poisson regression.

Results
A total of twelve studies were included; eleven studies were used for the meta-analysis. Survival analysis for mixed attachments showed an estimated survival rate of 100% after 3 years and 5 years. For uniform attachments, the estimated survival rate was 99.3% after 3 years and 98.8% after 5 years. Tooth abutment survival analysis for mixed attachments estimated a survival rate of 95% after 3 years and 91.7% after 5 years: Uniform attachments reached a survival rate of 97.2% after 3 years and 95.4% after 5 years. The prosthetic survival rate was 100% for mixed and uniform abutments after 3 years and 5 years of function.

Conclusions
Tooth implant–supported removable partial dentures can be considered as a reliable option with excellent prosthetic and implant survival rates and favorable rates for the abutments after 3-year and 5-year follow-ups. Complications may be reduced when 5 or more abutments are used.

Clinical relevance
Tooth implant–supported removable partial dentures are a favorable and potential alternative to restore a partially edentulous arch by optimizing the number and distribution of abutments.
Network manipulation algorithm based on inexact alternating minimization
Authors: Müller David , Shikhman Vladimir 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we present a network manipulation algorithm based on an alternating minimization scheme from Nesterov (Soft Comput 1–12, 2020). In our context, the alternative process mimics the natural behavior of agents and organizations operating on a network. By selecting starting distributions, the organizations determine the short-term dynamics of the network. While choosing an organization in accordance with their manipulation goals, agents are prone to errors. This rational inattentive behavior leads to discrete choice probabilities. We extend the analysis of our algorithm to the inexact case, where the corresponding subproblems can only be solved with numerical inaccuracies. The parameters reflecting the imperfect behavior of agents and the credibility of organizations, as well as the condition number of the network transition matrix have a significant impact on the convergence of our algorithm. Namely, they turn out not only to improve the rate of convergence, but also to reduce the accumulated errors. From the mathematical perspective, this is due to the induced strong convexity of an appropriate potential function.