bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective Parameters in Axial Injection Suspension Plasma Spray Process of Alumina Zirconia Ceramics
Authors: Tarasi F. , Medraj M. , Dolatabadi A. , Oberste Berghaus J. , Moreau C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Suspension Plasma Spray (SPS) is a novel process for producing nano-structured coatings with metastable phases using extra small particles as compared to conventional thermal spraying. Suspension spraying involves, atomization, solvent evaporation and melts consolidation, which can cause substantial complexity in the system. Using feedstock mixtures for composite coatings, such as alumina and zirconia, intricacy of the system increases even more. There is consequently a need to better understand the relationship between plasma spray conditions and resulting coating microstructure and defects. In this study, an alumina/ 8 wt% yttria stabilized zirconia was deposited by axial injection SPS process. The effects of principal deposition parameters on the microstructural features are evaluated by using Taguchi design of experiment (DOE). The microstructural features include microcracks, porosities and deposition rate. To better understand the role of the spray parameters, in-flight particle characteristics, i.e. temperature and velocity were also measured. The role of the porosity in this multi-component structure is studied as well. The results indicate that thermal diffusivity of the coatings, an important property for potential thermal barrier applications, is barely affected by the changes in porosity.
Contamination Free Interface for Thermal Spray Deposition of MCrAlY Coatings through a New Surface Preparation Named Exclean
Authors: Russo D. , Scrivani A. , Rizzi G. , Lanzi A. , Giolli C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The most commonly used structural materials for blades and other high temperature components of gas turbines are nickel base superalloys. A TBC protection coating system consists of a top coat of yttria partially stabilized zirconia and an underlying bond coat, usually MCrAlY (where M stands for Ni, Co or a combination of both). MCrAlY is normally deposited by the thermal spray processes: air plasma spray (APS), vacuum plasma spray (VPS/LPPS) or high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF). The adhesion between the bond coat and the substrate, and therefore of the whole thermal barrier system, strongly depends upon the surface roughness. A high level of roughness generally denotes better adhesion, especially with the HVOF thermal spray process, where it is a necessity. Generally the roughness is reached by means of grit blasting with an abrasive media; this results in a certain level of surface contamination due to the entrapment of abrasive particles. The aim of this work was to set up a new surface preparation process in order to obtain a completely clean surface with a suitable roughness, which can be coated afterwards with HVOF or VPS/LPPS thermal spray technology. The tests carried out by this process on turbine blades, coated with a HVOF system, led to obtaining a coating/base material interface without any contamination caused by the surface preparation.
Comparation of Performance of Twea Sprayed Zinc and Zinc/Aluminium 85/15 Coatings for Ductile Iron Pipe Protection Against Corrosion
Authors: Gulec A. , Turk A. , Cevher O. , Ustel F. , Yilmaz F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ductile iron pipes (DIP) have been used worldwide since 1960s for water transmission and distribution mains. By 1979, ductile iron pipe largely replaced cast iron as the predominant material in water industry. Zn and Zn/Al 85/15 coatings applied by thermal spray technique are used for the protection of the ductile iron pipe against corrosion in heterogeneous soil conditions. In this study, heat treated and non-heat treated ductile iron pipe samples were coated with Zn and Zn/Al 85/15 in optimum spray parameters by twin wire electric arc (TWEA) spraying technique. The coatings were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and analyzed by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Both Zn and Zn/Al 85/15 coatings showed fairly good lamellar structure with acceptable amount of internal porosities and oxides. Annealing oxides available on pipe surface helped the bonding of coatings. The protection performance of the coatings was compared with accelerated corrosion (salt spray) test according to the ASTM B 117 and corrosion products were analyzed by SEM and EDS technique. Salt spray test results showed that Zn/Al 85/15 coatings have better corrosion resistance than Zn coatings and annealing oxide on ductile iron pipe acts as a good corrosion resistant protective layer.
Corrosion Protection of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Superheaters by HVOF Thermal Spray Coatings
Authors: Guilemany J.M. , Torrell M. , Dosta S. , Miguel J.R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Corrosion is a very important problem in the Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator (MSWI) superheaters. This problem causes the plant stops and tube replacements, promoting the loss of energy generation rate. The main corrosion agent is the chlorine deposits. HVOF coatings have been sprayed to improve corrosion resistance of the superheaters inside the MSWI boilers. Inconel 625 and Hastelloy C22 alloys have been sprayed as a powder feedstock material. The spray process has been analyzed by a Spray Watch system that allows carrying out the temperature and velocity measurements of the particles in flight in order to optimize the spraying process. The produced coatings have been characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to evaluate the porosity and oxidation produced in the spray process. Laboratory oxidation test have revealed the formation of Cr2O3, NiO and Fe2O3 as corrosion products as well as Microanalysis by Energy dispersion Spectroscopy (EDS) composition profiles have been used to evaluate the penetration of the corrosion front inside the coating. The Nickel alloys show a good resistance in aggressive environment test and can be a good solution for the corrosion problems in the superheater tubes in MSWI.
Influence of Spray Parameters and Nozzle Geometry on Microstructure and Properties of HVOF Sprayed FeCr-VC Coatings
Authors: Wielage B. , Grund T. , Pokhmurska H. , Schuberth S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The thermal spray application of inert gas atomised iron based powders for combined wear and corrosion protection prospectively offers important economical advantages compared to the well-established cermet coatings due to their lower price. Recent studies revealed basic knowledge about the thermal spray processing of these materials. For protecting the substrate from corrosive media, coatings have to be dense and impermeable to fluids. Especially poor bonding, occurring between partially melted or unmelted spray particles, leads to open porosity. Hence a certain degree of melting of particles is required. The GTV K2 spray gun allows the use of different nozzles to vary process temperature and velocity in a wide range. This paper shows the influence of applicated nozzles and process conditions on coating characteristics. Powder and coating characterisation is carried out by means of optical microscopy, digital image analysis, SEM and XRD. Additionally, some results regarding microhardness and wear behaviour are given.
Thermally Sprayed Coatings with Stochastic Microstructures for Thermomechanically High Stressed Surfaces
Authors: Bach F.-W. , Möhwald K. , Drößler B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
New requirements for modern component part surfaces increasingly demand improvements over friction coefficients in the sense of a reduction of friction losses. A substantial control factor in terms of lower friction and wear is the use of coating solutions such as thermal spray coatings. In practice, the application of coatings by means of thermal spray is more and more often used for influencing tribological matching. However, surface microstructuring might represent an additional, further reaching solution for wear and friction behaviour improvements of tribologically high-stressed surfaces. The aim of the reported research project is the development of atmospheric plasma sprayed (APS) coatings with an inherent porous microstructure and surfaces with stochastically distributed nap volumes (from cut pores) regarding lubricant retention and -distribution in running surfaces of friction-type bearings. Subject of these investigations are in particular thermomechanically highly loaded hydrodynamic tribological matchings, amongst others by the example of a piston ring/cylinder system in engine blocks. The use of special fractioned Fe-base powders enables the production of a new type of coatings with an inherent porous microstructure, which offer advantages due to constantly regenerating their surface topology under wear, and maintain employment in tribological systems with increased loads due to optimized lubricant retention and distribution. Hence, this project has an emphasis on the design of optimal nap sizes in coating surface structure in dependence on the hydrodynamical load, as well as on investigations for the controllability of nap volumes by the design of suitable processes.
Tailor-Made Coatings for Turbine Applications using the Triplex Pro 200
Authors: Bobzin K. , Ernst F. , Richardt K. , Sporer D. , Fiala P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In modern jet engines, the efficiency of the compressor stages is highly dependent on the clearance between blade tip and casing. In order to improve efficiency of gas turbines (i.e. areo engines as well as land based gas turbines), the gap between the rotating turbine blades and casing has to be minimized. Any increase in the gap results in power loss. Abradable coatings permit a minimization of the clearance and control of the over-tip leakage by allowing the blade tips to cut into the coating. Thermal sprayed abradable coatings aim at a well balanced profile of properties relevant for the application as abradable seals. Amongst others these include: abradability, ageing resistance, corrosion and oxidation resistance, surface finish and bond strength to substrate materials. In this work, abradable coatings consisting of a multiphase material, comprising a metal matrix in addition to a solid lubricant as well as a defined level of porosity, were developed using the Triplex Pro 200 (Sulzer Metco, Wohlen, Switzerland) in order to increase the reproducibility and deposition efficiency. Additionally the influence of the process parameters on coating characteristics such as porosity, hardness and, resulting from this, coating erosion properties and abradability was investigated.
Metal Foam Sandwich Structure as a High Temperature Heat Exchanger
Authors: Salimijazi H.R. , Pershin L. , Coyle T.W. , Mostaghimi J. , Chandra S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nickel-based superalloys can be used at temperatures up to 1050 °C in air. Superalloy open cell foam sheets with skin layers plasma sprayed on both sides can be used as high temperature heat exchangers provided that the two deposited skins are dense and well adhered to the open cell foam. In this study alloy 625 skins were deposited on each side of a sheet of metal foam by APS and HVOF to form a sandwich structure. Two densities of open cell foams, 20 and 10 pores per linear inch (ppi), were used in this study as the core. The initial Ni foam was converted to an alloy composition by plasma spraying aluminum and chromium on the foam’s struts with subsequent diffusion/solutionizing heat treatments before the alloy 625 skins were deposited. The microstructure of the coatings and the interface between the struts and skins was investigated. A layer of Ni-Al alloy was formed near the surface of the struts as a result of the heat treatment. The foam struts were imbedded more deeply into the coatings deposited by HVOF than the coatings deposited by APS.
FeNiW-Coatings for Casting Molds in the Aluminium Industry
Authors: Wilden J. , Jahn S. , Reich S. , Fischer G. , Drescher V.E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Casting molds in the aluminium industry show a short lifespan due to the high corrosiveness of aluminium melts and alternating thermal and mechanical loads. By using new materials, in example pseudoalloys containing tungsten, the lifetime of casting molds can be elongated up to hundredfold. Today, casting molds made of steel are state of the art. In spite of the advantages of pseudoalloys, high manufacturing cost and the increasing commodity price of tungsten prohibit the use of molds consisting of these progressive materials. By coating the standard steel molds with a FeNiW-layer, the excellent thermal and corrosive resistance of the pseudoalloy surface can be combined with minimal manufacturing costs. For present work steel substrates had been coated with FeNiW-pseudoalloys. Therefore, arc spraying and different deposit-welding methods (Laser, Plasma, TIG) had been compared. By modifying the machine parameter set, a smooth transition between substrate and coating was realized. Thermal and chemical resistance of the samples will be tested. In this paper first results are presented.
Friction and Wear Properties of Plasma Sprayed Nanostructured Chromium Oxide Coatings
Authors: Li Q. , Li S. , Yang W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nanostructured chromium oxide coatings were deposited on stainless steel with an axial powder feeding plasma spray system. Friction and wear properties of the coatings were investigated in view of friction coefficient and volumetric wear loss of the coatings with a SRV oscillating friction and wear tester in a ball-on-disc configuration. The morphology and microstructure of the coatings were evaluated by light microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that the nanostructured chromium oxide coatings were harder and had a lower friction coefficient and much better wear resistance than the conventional chromium oxide coatings.
Fabrication of Bulk Nanocrystalline Ceramic Materials
Authors: Chraska T. , Neufuss K. , Dubsky J. , Ctibor P. , Klementova M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An alternative method to produce bulk nanocrystalline materials and avoid the powder compaction step is to produce amorphous material by rapid solidification followed by controlled heat treatment to introduce nanocrystalline structure. The extremely high cooling rates in plasma sprayed particles give rise to formation of nonequilibrium phases, which may become amorphous for certain materials. Five different materials studied in this work are based on near-eutectic mixtures of alumina, zirconia and silica. The powder feedstock materials have been plasma sprayed using water stabilized plasma torch (WSP) and subsequently heat-treated to prepare nanocomposite materials with varying nanocrystallite size. The as-sprayed materials have very low open porosity and are mostly amorphous. The as-sprayed amorphous materials crystallize at temperatures around 950°C with an associated volume shrinkage of 1-2%. The resulting structure is best described as nanocomposite with very small crystallites (12 nm on average) embedded in inter-crystallite network. Role of the silica compound on phase composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the as-sprayed and annealed materials is discussed. Elastic properties were measured for the nanocrystalline materials. The as-sprayed amorphous materials exhibit high hardness and high abrasion resistance. Both properties are significantly improved in the heat treated nanocrystalline samples.
Self Healing Mechanism in Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Kochubey V. , Sloof W.G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
During service damage in terms of small cracks develops in thermal barrier coatings (TBC), composed of partially yttria stabilized zirconia (PYSZ), and applied to gas turbine components made of Ni-base superalloys coated with an aluminide diffusion or MCrAlY overlay coating. Growth and coalescence of these microcracks results in cracks that run parallel to the interface with the substrate leading to failure by delamination of the TBC. A mechanism is proposed to heal the micro-cracks in a TBC by introducing MoSi2 particles. Upon high temperature expose in air, in the range of 1200 °C, MoSi2 forms amorphous SiO2 that can fill micro-cracks, thereby restoring the integrity of the TBC.
Failure Mechanism for Thermal Fatigue of Thermal Barrier Coating Systems
Authors: Giolli C. , Scrivani A. , Rizzi G. , Borgioli F. , Bolelli G. , Lusvarghi L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
High temperature thermal fatigue causes the failure of Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC) systems. Due to the difference in thickness and microstructure between thick TBCs and traditional thin TBCs, they cannot be assumed a-priori to possess the same failure mechanisms. Thick TBCs, consisting of a CoNiCrAlY bond coat and Yttria Partially Stabilised Zirconia top coat with different values of porosity, were produced by Air Plasma Spray. Thermal fatigue resistance limit of TBCs was tested by Furnace Cycling Tests (FCT) according to the specifications of an Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). TBC systems were analyzed before and after FCT. The morphological and chemical evolution of CoNiCrAlY/TGO microstructure was studied. Sintering effect, residual stress, phase transformation and fracture toughness were evaluated in the ceramic Top Coat. All the tested samples passed FCT according to the specification of an important OEM. Thermal fatigue resistance increases with the amount of porosity in the top coat. The compressive in-plane stresses increase in the TBC systems after thermal cycling, nevertheless the increasing rate has a trend contrary to the porosity level of top coat. The data suggest that the spallation happens at the TGO/Top Coat interface. The failure mechanism of thick TBCs subjected to thermal fatigue was eventually found to be similar to the failure mechanism of thin TBC systems made by APS.
Comparison of Coating Stresses Produced by High Velocity Liquid/Gas Fuel and Triplex Pro 200 Plasma Processes using In-Situ Coating Stress Measurement
Authors: Molz R. , Valarezo A. , Sampath S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The coating stresses induced by thermal spray using a High Velocity Gas Fuel (HVOF) and Liquid Fuel (HVLF) gun and a High Velocity Plasma (HVP) gun with the high velocity nozzle are compared using a curvature based in-situ coating stress analysis approach that measures the deflection of a beam while a coating is applied to it. This novel diagnostic tool provides new insights into the internal stresses generated in a coating system during the actual application of the coating. Coatings were sprayed with three process guns and the same material feed stock that result in similar coating structures and properties. HVOF, HVLF and HVP processes induce similar particle energy states at high velocity regimes as measured with particle diagnostic tools during spraying but due to the differences in particle history are expected to result in different coating stresses. In some cases the actual measured stress conditions using the in-situ coating stress method were dramatically different. Analysis is presented to explain the reason for these surprising results. The understanding of these differences will lead to an improved methodology for mapping coating processes from one another along with a more in depth understanding of coating stresses buildup.
Molten Zinc Corrosion of WC-Co Coatings in Al-Added Zinc Bath
Authors: Huang T.-S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To increase the service life of a sink roll in a continuous galvanizing line has been an important issue in steel industry. It was shown that sink rolls are vulnerable to molten zinc corrosion and can be improved by thermal spraying with WC-Co coatings. Four WC-12Co thermal sprayed coatings were investigated in this study. Samples were immersed in Al-added zinc bath (460°C) for testing. The results show that the conventional coatings are more resistant to molten zinc corrosion than the nanostructured ones. It was also found that coatings containing η- phase have longer life in the zinc bath. Accumulation of Al on the coating surface was also observed.
Electrically Conductive Flame Sprayed Aluminium Coatings on Textile Substrates
Authors: Voyer J. , Schulz P. , Schreiber M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Electrically conductive and flexible Aluminium coatings using powder and wire flame spraying were successfully deposited onto diverse textiles. The influence of different process parameters as well as the fabric materials on the electrical conductivity and microstructure of the metal-fabric composites were studied. Preliminary results show that in order to obtain excellent coating surface conductivity values, a specific coating quantity higher than 20 mg/cm2 is necessary. After further optimization of the spraying parameters, a very good specific surface conductivity (~500 Si) could be obtained even with reduced coating quantities. This corroborates that by performing an adequate parameter optimization a reduction of the specific coating quantity could be done while still keeping high conductivity values. Furthermore, when the coating quantity is reduced, the flexibility of the fabric substrates is better conserved. This study illustrates that optimized electrically conductive composites with flexible fabric substrates can be produced, without any preliminary thermal or chemical fabric specifications.
Optimization of Solution Precursor Plasma Spray Process by Statistical Design of Experiment
Authors: Wang Y. , Coyle T.W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The solution precursor plasma spray (SPPS) process, in which a solution precursor of the desired resultant material is fed into a plasma jet by atomizing gas or high pressure, was developed in the 1990’s and has been studied extensively since then. Recently, it has been shown that the SPPS process is suitable for deposition of porous electrodes for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC). High efficiency SOFC requires electrodes with 30%-40% porosity. Because of the complexity of the SPPS process and the large number of processing parameters, it is difficult to investigate the effect of each parameter on the two important properties, i.e. coating porosity and deposition efficiency, separately. Design of experiments can use a small number of experimental runs to analyze the effect of each processing parameter on the properties of the fabricated product, after which the processing parameter combinations for fabricating a target product can be found. In this project, a small central composite design, a second order statistical model, was used to analyze and optimize the SPPS process for Ni-YSZ anode deposition. The processing parameters investigated include: 1) Hydrogen flow rate, which determines arc voltage, 2) Current , 3) Solute flow rate, 4) Solution concentration, 5) Distance between nozzle and gun, and 6) Stand off distance. The effects of the selected processing parameters were analyzed, and the resultant model used to select a combination of processing parameters which produced a coating with the desired characteristics.