bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Holocaust and Humanity: Depicting Realities While Creating Pathways for Future Upstanders, Strengths Use, and Flourishing
Authors: Jacobs Edward , Berenbaum Michael , Niemiec Ryan M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Holocaust has become recognized as a defining event of the twentieth century, with vast implications for the understanding of humanity and the inner workings of government and technology, religion, and culture. The event offers significant insight into the capacity of “ordinary” individuals and groups in the commission of radical evil. It also offers insight into humanity, the insistency of altruistic good, resilience, and the expression of character strengths, especially by way of individuals who behaved not as bystanders but as “upstanders,” taking action despite danger, expressing their courage and moral conviction against perpetrators and their collaborators by helping the victims, and choosing to act in a humane manner. This chapter offers an exemplary case of the creation of a first-ever Holocaust and Humanity Museum in Cincinnati, Ohio, and documents the task, challenges, and unique design of the entire exhibition.
How to Encourage People to Engage with the Arts and Humanities: Suggestions from Self-Efficacy Theory and Research
Authors: Maddux James E. , Kleiman Evan M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Engaging with the arts and humanities (in all their myriad forms) can add a richness to life that can enhance the quality of life and subjective well-being. Too many people, however, often avoid such engagement because they do not believe that they have sufficient knowledge and experience to enjoy and appreciate some of the finer things in life, such as classical music art, literature, theatre, and dance. Self-efficacy theory and research can offer some practical suggestions for how to encourage people to experiment with the arts and humanities, not only as observers and consumers, but also as students and producers of their own work.
Love and Other Positive Emotions in Contemporary Visual and Social Practice Art
Authors: Schneider Claire , Fredrickson Barbara L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter integrates theory and evidence on the science of positive emotions with recent examples of contemporary visual and social practice art that touch on resonant themes. Focus begins with an emphasis on the individual experience of positive emotions and extends to co-experienced positive emotions, at both relational and communal levels. The artists considered—Janine Antoni, Louise Bourgeois, Nick Cave, C.S.1 Curatorial Projects, Harrell Fletcher, Felix Gonzalez-Torres, Sarah Gotowka, Jim Hodges, Emily Jacir, Julia Jamrozik, Miranda July, Coryn Kempster, Felice Koenig, Antonio Vega Macotela, and Kateřina Šedá—as well as the theorists Nicholas Bourraid and Luce Irigaray are all advocating for a more emotional and connected world after decades of highlighting difference. The chapter concludes with specific suggestions for more richly integrating scientific and artistic approaches to understanding and evoking positive human experiences.
The Medical Humanities: Embracing the Interdisciplinary Art of Medicine and Healthcare
Authors: Reiff-Pasarew Faye 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the historical origins, modern development, and current state of the Medical Humanities. It explains how the Medical Humanities create meaning and connection for providers, and the effect on patient experience and provider wellness. Other uses of the Medical Humanities will be presented, such as in medical and allied health professions education and training, as well as directly with patients. The chapter will review the state of the literature with particular attention to the quality level of the data. It concludes with a discussion of present debates and future directions for the field.
Investigating the Contributions of the Public Humanities to Human Development
Authors: Kidd David 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The public humanities provide opportunities for members of the general public to engage with the humanities in a wide range of contexts. This chapter outlines recent advances in empirical investigations of the value of humanistic engagement in public programs, with a focus on illustrating theoretical models of humanistic development using studies of specific programs. Research on museum experiences and adult humanities education programs is reviewed in order to explore the psychological processes activated in the humanities and the forms of human development they cultivate. The chapter concludes with reflection on ways in which future research can benefit from unique features of the public humanities while contributing to both psychological theory and public debates about the value of the humanities.
Emotion Development in Autism
Authors: Conner Caitlin M. , Wieckowski Andrea T. , Day Taylor N. , Mazefsky Carla A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
From the earliest descriptions, children with autism have been described as presenting with differences in emotional expression and regulation. However, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnostic criteria do not include these emotional differences. More recently, research has begun to investigate the emotional impairments observed in individuals with ASD across the life span, including how it contributes to a range of poor outcomes. Atypical emotion development can be used to differentiate those at risk for ASD from typically developing children. Research has also identified differences in emotional awareness, expression, recognition, and regulation among children and adults with ASD. Priority areas for future research, such as longitudinal studies of emotion dysregulation beginning in early childhood; development of interventions targeting emotion awareness, recognition, and expression; and study and treatment of emotion dysregulation among adults, will be discussed.
The Social, Cognitive, and Affective Power of Humor in Infancy
Authors: Mireault Gina 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Within 6 weeks after birth, the endogenous smile comes under infants’ voluntary control, serving as strong social currency between infants and others within their environment. Shortly after, by just 4 months, infants laugh. But why? And what, if anything, does laughter tell us about infants’ understanding of the world? For example, by 5 months, infants appear to perceive the difference between absurd and ordinary events, and seemingly interpret absurd events as comical all by themselves, without relying on cues from others. By 6 months, infants give the impression of employing fake laughter that can goad others into play; and by 8 months, they appear capable of simple acts of deception that underlie teasing. This chapter investigates what early humor creation and perception reveal about infants’ knowledge of the social and physical world, and explores the social, emotional, and cognitive power of humor in infancy.
Parenting, Emotional Self-Regulation, and Psychosocial Adjustment Across Early Childhood and Adolescence in Chinese and Chinese-Immigrant Sociocultural Contexts
Authors: Liew Jeffrey , Zhou Qing 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces a heuristic model and synthesizes extant research on cultural, parental, and child influences on emotion regulation or emotional self-regulation processes and adjustment outcomes in Chinese and Chinese-immigrant families. Consistent with a bioecological framework, where culture is part of the macrosystem, philosophical foundations and core cultural values that are relevant to Chinese parenting and parental socialization of children’s emotion and emotional self-regulation processes are discussed. In addition, major changes that have been observed in Chinese societies and cultures across the 20th and 21st centuries are discussed in relation to parenting and emotional self-regulation processes. In light of such cultural values and dynamics, transactional or bidirectional influences between parent and child factors on children’s emotional self-regulation processes and psychosocial adjustment, along with promising future research directions, are highlighted and discussed.
Developing Emotional Intelligence in Social and Emotional Learning
Authors: Maxwell Bruce , Peplak Joanna 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a critical overview of the evidence on the impact of social and emotional learning (SEL) programs on emotional intelligence (EI). The social and emotional learning movement and research on emotional intelligence are intimately linked. However, exuberance for social and emotional learning in educational circles has contributed to a situation in which program implementation and evaluation has gotten ahead of the impact of social and emotional learning on emotional intelligence as a measureable psychological construct, and frequently ignores relevant theoretical issues. Mapping out this terrain, the chapter shows that despite the extensive research on the impact of SEL on key indicators of academic success and youth well-being, compelling evidence that SEL affects the development of EI remains scant.
The Prosocial Functions of Guilt in Early Childhood
Authors: Vaish Amrisha 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Humans are immensely social and cooperative beings: We rely heavily on our cooperative relationships to survive and succeed as individuals and as a species. When such relationships break down, therefore, it is vital that they are repaired. This chapter argues that the prosocial emotion of guilt helps us meet this requirement, and that a nascent guilt does so from remarkably early in development. By 3 years of age (and to some degree, even 2 years of age), when children cause someone harm, they show an increased motivation to repair that harm, and to do so themselves. This nascent guilt allows even the youngest members of our species to participate in and maintain their valuable cooperative relationships. However, future work will need to clarify the nature of early guilt and to more clearly differentiate it from related but distinct psychological processes.
The Development of Moral Judgments, Emotions, and Sentiments
Authors: Turiel Elliot 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses interconnections between moral judgments and emotions. The development of morality, which begins in early childhood, involves a construction of reasoning about welfare, justice, and rights. A critique is provided of propositions that emotions are primary in moral functioning. In that context, common uses of intuition and guilt are critiqued, with a reframing of guilt as reflection and regret. Positive emotions of sympathy, empathy, and affection as evaluative appraisals are interconnected with the development of moral judgments. It is also proposed that emotions are not separate from processes of moral thinking and moral decision-making. Additionally, the idea of general sentiments, as somewhat distinct from emotions, is considered as part of the process of moral development. Three key sentiments are identified: the value of life, respect for persons, and human dignity.
Neuroscientific Approaches to the Study of Self and Social Emotion Regulation During Development
Authors: Méndez Leal Adriana S. , Silvers Jennifer A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Emotion regulation is a critical skill that promotes physical and mental health across the life span. This chapter describes the neural networks that underlie emotion regulation, and explores how these networks develop during childhood and adolescence. We consider two forms of emotion regulation: self-regulation and social regulation. While developmental theories suggest that parents socially regulate their children’s emotions so as to scaffold burgeoning self-regulation abilities, little neuroscience work has considered the development of self-regulation and social regulation together. This chapter addresses this gap in the literature by describing what is known about the neurodevelopment of self-regulation and social regulation of emotions separately, and by discussing how they might inform one another. Given that little developmental neuroimaging research has examined social regulation, we draw inferences from adjacent research areas including social regulation of stress physiology. Finally, we provide suggestions for future developmental neuroscience work on self and social emotion regulation.
COVID-19 as a policy window: policy entrepreneurs responding to violence against women
Authors: Mintrom Michael , True Jacqui 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Policy windows emerge through alignment among specific policy problems, political forces, and proposed policy responses. During policy windows, it becomes possible for change to occur, driven by the agenda-setting of policy entrepreneurs. We consider how the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) created a significant policy window. As we do so, we seek to advance theorization of the conditions under which policy change occurs and when it sticks. We ground this discussion in exploration of a salient policy matter: responding to violence against women (VAW). Shortly after the World Health Organization declared the spread of COVID-19 a global pandemic, in April 2020, Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuke, Executive Director of United Nations (UN) Women—the entity of the UN dedicated to gender equality and the empowerment of women—coined VAW the “shadow pandemic” and launched a global public awareness campaign. We review the advocacy work that led in 2020 to broader recognition of VAW as a significant policy problem. That advocacy has driven policy changes at local and national levels that are intended to have long-term, trajectory-altering impacts on reducing violence. We conclude by drawing insights to guide theory-driven empirical analysis of other policy windows.
A new semi-empirical model for cosmic ray muon flux estimation
Authors: Bae Junghyun , Chatzidakis Stylianos 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Cosmic ray muons have emerged as a non-conventional high-energy radiation probe to monitor dense and large objects. Muons are the most abundant cosmic radiation on Earth; however, their flux at sea level is approximately 104 min−1m−2, much less than that of induced radiation. In addition, cosmic ray muon flux depends on not only various natural conditions, e.g., zenith angle, altitude, or solar activity, but also the geometric characteristics of detectors. Since the low muon flux typically results in long measurement times, an accurate estimation of measurable muon counts is important to improve the efficiency of muon applications. Here we propose a simple and versatile semi-empirical model to improve the accuracy in muon flux estimation at all zenith angles by incorporating the geometric parameters of detectors, and we name this the ‘effective solid angle model.’ To demonstrate the functionality of our model, it is compared with (i) the cosine-squared model, (ii) the PARMA model, (iii) Monte Carlo simulations, and (iv) experimental measurements. Our results show that the muon count rate estimation capability is significantly improved, resulting in increasing a mean C/E level from 0.7 to 0.95. In addition, by selecting an appropriate intensity correlation, the model can be easily extended to estimate muon flux at various altitudes and also underground.
Healthcare disparities in trauma: why they exist and what we can do
Authors: Bradley A. Steven , Adeleke Ibukun O. , Estime Stephen R. 
Published: January 2022

Purpose of review
This review will explore the underlying causes of healthcare disparities among trauma patients and offer considerations for reducing inequities to improve trauma care.

Recent findings
Newly recognized racial disparities exist with respect to triaging trauma patients and in acute pain management. Social Determinants of Health offers a model to understand disparity in trauma care.

Summary
Race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and access to healthcare drive outcome disparity among trauma patients. These disparities include reduced healthcare services, inadequate pain management, reduced postdischarge care, and increased mortality. Increasing workforce diversity may mitigate implicit bias and improve cultural competency. Social determinants of health impact the disparities in trauma care and offer a framework to address care through creative solutions.
The impact of coronavirus 2019 on trauma
Authors: Emigh Brent , Clark Damon H. , Schellenberg Morgan 
Published: January 2022

Purpose of review
The relationship between trauma and the ongoing global coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still largely unclear. This comprehensive review of recent studies examining overall trauma volumes, mechanisms of injury, and outcomes after trauma during the COVID-19 pandemic was performed to better understand the impact of the pandemic on trauma patients.

Recent findings
In the early stages of the pandemic, the overall volumes of patients seen in many major trauma centers had decreased; however, these rates largely returned to historical baselines after the cessation of stay-at-home orders. An increasing proportion of trauma patients were injured by penetrating mechanisms during the pandemic. Being a victim of interpersonal violence was an independent risk factor for COVID-19 infection. In two studies utilizing propensity score-matched analysis among trauma patients, COVID-19 infection was associated with a five- to sixfold increase in mortality risk as compared to uninfected patients.

Summary
Consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic include increased financial stressors, job loss, mental illness, and illegal drug use, all of which are known risk factors for trauma. This is particularly true among vulnerable patient populations such as racial minority groups and low socioeconomic status patients. To lessen the impact of COVID-19 on trauma patients, increased awareness of the problem and heightened emphasis on injury prevention must be made.
The Resting State Central Auditory Network: a Potential Marker of HIV-Related Central Nervous System Alterations
Authors: Zhan Yi , Yu Qiurong , Cai Dan-Chao , Ford James C. , Shi Xiudong , Fellows Abigail M. , Clavier Odile H. , Soli Sigfrid D. , Fan Mingxia , Lu Hongzhou , Zhang Zhiyong , Buckey Jay C. , Shi Yuxin 
Published: January 2022

Objective:
HIV positive (HIV+) individuals with otherwise normal hearing ability show central auditory processing deficits as evidenced by worse performance in speech-in-noise perception compared with HIV negative (HIV−) controls. HIV infection and treatment are also associated with lower neurocognitive screening test scores, suggesting underlying central nervous system damage. To determine how central auditory processing deficits in HIV+ individuals relate to brain alterations in the cortex involved with auditory processing, we compared auditory network (AN) functional connectivity between HIV+ adults with or without speech-in-noise perception difficulties and age-matched HIV− controls using resting-state fMRI.

Design:
Based on the speech recognition threshold of the hearing-in-noise test, twenty-seven HIV+ individuals were divided into a group with speech-in-noise perception abnormalities (HIV+SPabnl, 38.2 ± 6.8 years; 11 males and 2 females) and one without (HIV+SPnl 34.4 ± 8.8 years; 14 males). An HIV− group with normal speech-in-noise perception (HIV−, 31.3 ± 5.2 years; 9 males and 3 females) was also enrolled. All of these younger and middle-aged adults had normal peripheral hearing determined by audiometry. Participants were studied using resting-state fMRI. Independent component analysis was applied to identify the AN. Group differences in the AN were identified using statistical parametric mapping.

Results:
Both HIV+ groups had increased functional connectivity (FC) in parts of the AN including the superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and Rolandic operculum compared to the HIV− group. Compared with the HIV+SPnl group, the HIV+SPabnl group showed greater FC in parts of the AN including the middle frontal and inferior frontal gyri.

Conclusions:
The classical auditory areas in the temporal lobe are affected by HIV regardless of speech perception ability. Increased temporal FC in HIV+ individuals might reflect functional compensation to achieve normal primary auditory perception. Furthermore, increased frontal FC in the HIV+SPabnl group compared with the HIV+SPnl group suggest that speech-in-noise perception difficulties in HIV-infected adults also affect areas involved in higher-level cognition, providing imaging evidence consistent with the hypothesis that HIV-related neurocognitive deficits can include central auditory processing deficits.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients With Frailty Admitted to ICU With Coronavirus Disease 2019: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis
Authors: Subramaniam Ashwin , Anstey Christopher , Curtis J. Randall , Ashwin Sushma , Ponnapa Reddy Mallikarjuna , Aliberti Márlon Juliano Romero , Avelino-Silva Thiago Junqueira , Welch Carly , Koduri Gouri , Prowle John R. , Wan Yize I. , Laurent Michaël R. , Marengoni Alessandra , Lim Jun Pei , Pilcher David , Shekar Kiran 
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Frailty is often used in clinical decision-making for patients with coronavirus disease 2019, yet studies have found a variable influence of frailty on outcomes in those admitted to the ICU. In this individual patient data meta-analysis, we evaluated the characteristics and outcomes across the range of frailty in patients admitted to ICU with coronavirus disease 2019.

DATA SOURCES:
We contacted the corresponding authors of 16 eligible studies published between December 1, 2019, and February 28, 2021, reporting on patients with confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 admitted to ICU with a documented Clinical Frailty Scale.

STUDY SELECTION:
Individual patient data were obtained from seven studies with documented Clinical Frailty Scale were included. We classified patients as nonfrail (Clinical Frailty Scale = 1–4) or frail (Clinical Frailty Scale = 5–8).

DATA EXTRACTION:
We collected patient demographics, Clinical Frailty Scale score, ICU organ supports, and clinically relevant outcomes (ICU and hospital mortality, ICU and hospital length of stays, and discharge destination). The primary outcome was hospital mortality.

DATA SYNTHESIS:
Of the 2,001 patients admitted to ICU, 388 (19.4%) were frail. Increasing age and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, Clinical Frailty Scale score greater than or equal to 4, use of mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, renal replacement therapy, and hyperlactatemia were risk factors for death in a multivariable analysis. Hospital mortality was higher in patients with frailty (65.2% vs 41.8%; p < 0.001), with adjusted mortality increasing with a rising Clinical Frailty Scale score beyond 3. Younger and nonfrail patients were more likely to receive mechanical ventilation. Patients with frailty spent less time on mechanical ventilation (median days [interquartile range], 9 [5–16] vs 11 d [6–18 d]; p = 0.012) and accounted for only 12.3% of total ICU bed days.

CONCLUSIONS:
Patients with frailty with coronavirus disease 2019 were commonly admitted to ICU and had greater hospital mortality but spent relatively fewer days in ICU when compared with nonfrail patients. Patients with frailty receiving mechanical ventilation were at greater risk of death than patients without frailty.