bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Women in Rheumatology in the Arab League of Associations for Rheumatology Countries: A Rising Workforce
Authors: Ziade Nelly , Hmamouchi Ihsane , El Kibbi Lina 
Published: June 2022

BackgroundAn increase in women physicians in the medical workforce is witnessed in recent decades, paralleled by an increase in leadership positions and, to a lesser extent, in academic advancement.ObjectivesThis study aims to evaluate the women rheumatologists (WR) workforce and to identify the challenges faced by WR in the Arab League of Associations for Rheumatology (ArLAR) countries.MethodsWe collected data from members of special interest groups from 16 ArLAR countries about the number of rheumatologists in the national societies and boards – including WR –, and the estimated percentage of WR involved in academia. Also, a sample of WR was identified based on their established leadership positions and invited to a structured interview addressing their career path and the gender-related challenges.ResultsThe proportion of WR varied widely across the ArLAR countries, with a mean of 56%. Moreover, WR constituted 47% of the society’s board members and roughly 49% of WR were involved in academia. However, only 37% of the current society presidents were females. Structured interviews indicated that WR place a high value on patient care and teaching, followed by research and publications. The primary reported gender-related challenge was balancing work with family demands. Moreover, some WR reported gender-related discrimination incurred by colleagues, patients, and administrations.ConclusionWR constituted more than half of the current rheumatology workforce in the ArLAR countries, with a lower – but steadily growing – proportion of WR in leadership positions. As they embrace their growing role in the workforce, WR must benefit from all the provided tools, from learning from the experience of current women leaders in the field to using the latest technology such as social media platforms to empower them to reach gender equity.
EEG Features of Evoked Tactile Sensation: Two Cases Study
Authors: Qin Changyu , Liang Wenyuan , Xie Dian , Bi Sheng , Chou Chih-Hong 
Published: June 2022

Purpose: Sensory feedback for prosthetics is an important issue. The area of forearm stump skin that has evoked tactile sensation (ETS) of fingers is defined as the projected finger map (PFM), and the area close to the PFM region that does not have ETS is defined as the non-projected finger map (NPFM). Previous studies have confirmed that ETS can restore the tactile pathway of the lost finger, which was induced by stimulation of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) on the end of stump skin. This study aims to reveal EEG features between the PFM and the NPFM regions of the stumps under the same TENS stimulation condition.Methods: The PFM and NPFM regions of the two subjects were stimulated with the same intensity of TENS, respectively. TENS as target stimuli are modulated according to the Oddball paradigm to evoke the P300 components.Result: The PFM regions of both subjects were able to elicit P300 components, while their NPFM regions were not able to elicit P300 components. However, this P300 appears early (249 ms for subject 1,230 ms for subject 2) and has continuous positive peaks (peak 1,139 ± 3 ms, peak 2,194 ± 0.5 ms) in front of it.Discussion: N30 and P300 can prove that the two subjects with PFM can perceive and recognize ETS. The heteromorphisms of the P300 waveform may be related to the difficulty in subjects’ cognition of ETS or caused by the fusion of P150, P200, and P300.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatic Steatosis in Children With Perinatal HIV on Early Antiretroviral Therapy Compared to HIV-Exposed Uninfected and HIV-Unexposed Children
Authors: Rose Penelope C. , Nel Etienne D. , Cotton Mark F. , Pitcher Richard D. , Otwombe Kennedy , Browne Sara H. , Innes Steve 
Published: June 2022

ObjectivesWe evaluated the prevalence and risk factors for hepatic steatosis in South African children with perinatally acquired HIV (PHIV) who started treatment early and remain on long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART) compared to HIV-uninfected children.DesignA cross-sectional study from April 2019 to October 2021. PHIV, HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) and HIV-unexposed (HU) children were enrolled from an ongoing cohort study.MethodsAll children had transient elastography (TE) with controlled attenuation parameter (CAP). Liver enzymes, lipogram, insulin and glucose were sent after an overnight fast. Multivariable linear regression analyses identified predictors of CAP. Hepatic steatosis was defined as CAP&gt;248kPa.Results215 children (111 [52%] male; median age 14.1 years; IQR 12.7–14.9) participated in the study, 110 PHIV, 105 HIV-uninfected (36 HEU, 69 HU). PHIV initiated ART at a median age of 2.7 months (IQR 1.8–8.5). Hepatic steatosis prevalence was 9% in PHIV, 3% in HEU and 1% in HU children (p = 0.08). However, 8% of lean (body mass index z-score ≤ +1) PHIV had hepatic steatosis compared to zero lean HEU or HU children (p = 0.03). In multivariable linear regression analysis of all PHIV, body mass index (BMI) z-score was positively associated with CAP (p = 0.001) while CD4 count (p = 0.02) and duration of suppression of HIV viraemia (p = 0.009) were negatively associated with CAP, adjusting for age, sex and ethnicity.ConclusionsHepatic steatosis prevalence was higher in lean PHIV than lean HIV-uninfected South African children. Longer suppression of HIV viraemia and higher CD4 count were associated with lower CAP and might be protective factors for hepatic steatosis in PHIV children.
Trends in Abdominal Obesity and Central Adiposity Measures by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry Among US Children: 2011–2018
Authors: Liu Jiahui , Zhao Yue , Tian Yalan , Jiang Nana , Zhao Gang , Wang Xia 
Published: June 2022

ObjectivePrevious studies that have reported trends on abdominal obesity among US children were usually based on anthropometric assessments. However, little is known about the recent trends in central adiposity measures by DXA and abdominal obesity since 2011–2012.Study DesignA serial cross-sectional analysis of US population-weighted data among children from NHANES 2011 to 2018 was conducted.ResultsBetween 2011–2012 and 2017–2018, there was a relatively stable trend among children aged 8–19 years in trunk fat and trunk fat percentage. During the same time periods, there were no significant changes in prevalence of abdominal obesity by waist circumference (18.6 vs. 21.1%) among those aged 2–19 years, and abdominal obesity by WHtR (34.1 vs. 36.2%) among those aged 6–19 years. However, a significant increase trend among boys aged 2–19 years was found in prevalence of abdominal obesity by waist circumference (16.1–22.7%; P = 0.004). For Mexican American youth and non-Hispanic Asian boys, there is a significant increase in mean trunk fat percentage and waist circumference.ConclusionBetween 2011–2012 and 2017–2018, there have been no significant changes in central adiposity measured by DXA and prevalence of abdominal obesity among US children. Our study further supports that there is an urgent need to improve their lifestyle to reduce abdominal obesity for US children, especially for Mexican American youth and non-Hispanic Asian boys.
Cinnamic Acid Toxicity on the Structural Resistance and Photosynthetic Physiology of Faba Bean Promoted the Occurrence of Fusarium Wilt of Faba Bean, Which Was Alleviated Through Wheat and Faba Bean Intercropping
Authors: Yang Wenhao , Guo Yuting , Li Yu , Zheng Yiran , Dong Kun , Dong Yan 
Published: June 2022

BackgroundThe pattern of intercropping wheat and faba bean is an effective means to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles.AimTo study the mechanism by which cinnamic acid promotes faba bean wilt and the mechanism by which intercropping alleviates this effect.MethodsHydroponics was used to study the effects of inoculation with or without Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fabae (FOF) and the effect of addition of different concentrations of cinnamic acid on seedling growth, Fusarium wilt, stem cell wall degrading enzyme activity, lignin content, tissue structure of the stem and leaf photosynthesis in monocropping and intercropping systems following the inoculation of faba bean with FOF.ResultsTreatment with FOF significantly reduced the biomass and leaf photosynthesis of faba bean compared with the control. Microscopic observation showed that the xylem vessels of the stem were slightly thickened. Compared with FOF alone, the combination of FOF and cinnamic acid stress significantly increased the activity of cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) produced by FOF in the stem and content of lignin in the stem. Microstructural observation showed that cell wall thickening of the xylem conduit, stratification, formation of a cavity and even caused the dispersion of tissue cell structure in the stem tissue of faba bean. Furthermore, the biomass and leaf photosynthesis of faba bean decreased significantly, and the occurrence of faba bean wilt increased. Compared with the faba bean monocropping treatment, the wheat and faba bean intercropping treatment significantly reduced the activity of CWDEs of FOF produced in faba bean stems and increased the lignin content. In addition, observation of the microstructure indicated that the tissue structural cell wall thickened after the stem had decreased, and the amount of colloidal substances and their containment decreased, causing a further decrease in tissue deformation, smaller intercellular spaces, less divided layer cell damage, an increase in the aboveground biomass and leaf photosynthesis of faba bean and a decrease in the occurrence of faba bean wilt.ConclusionCinnamic acid decreased the resistance of tissue structure and promoted the occurrence of wilt. Wheat and faba bean intercropping improved the resistance of tissue structure, which reduced the occurrence of wilt.
Efficacy and Tolerability of Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Anxiety: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ching Pao-Yuan , Hsu Tien-Wei , Chen Guan-Wei , Pan Chih-Chuan , Chu Che-Sheng , Chou Po-Han 
Published: June 2022

ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) for patients with anxiety symptoms.MethodWe searched the Pubmed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Embase and Medline for randomized control trials (RCTs) from the time of inception until November 15, 2021, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. The primary outcomes were the mean change scores for anxiety symptoms. The secondary outcomes were the mean change scores for depressive symptoms.ResultsEleven RCTs were eligible (n = 794, mean age: 41.4, mean population of female: 64.8%). CES significantly reduced the anxiety symptoms compared to the control group [k = 11, n = 692, Hedge's g = −0.625, 95% confidence intervals (CIs) = −0.952 to −0.298, P &lt; 0.001] with moderate effect size. The subgroup analysis showed that CES reduced both primary and secondary anxiety (primary anxiety, k =3, n = 288, Hedges' g = −1.218, 95% CIs = −1.418 to −0.968, P = 0.007; secondary anxiety, k = 8, n = 504, Hedges' g = −0.334, 95% CIs = −0.570 to −0.098, P = 0.006). After performing between group analysis, we found CES has significant better efficacy for patients with primary anxiety than those with secondary anxiety (P &lt; 0.001). For secondary outcome, CES significantly reduced depressive symptoms in patients with anxiety disorders (k = 8, n = 552, Hedges' g = −0.648, 95% CIs = −1.062 to −0.234, P = 0.002). No severe side effects were reported and the most commonly reported adverse events were ear discomfort and ear pain.ConclusionWe found CES is effective in reducing anxiety symptoms with moderate effect size in patients with both primary and secondary anxiety. Furthermore, CES was well-tolerated and acceptable.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO, https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021267916.
Relationship Between Post-traumatic Stress Symptoms and Anticipatory Grief in Family Caregivers of Patients With Advanced Lung Cancer: The Mediation Role of Illness Uncertainty
Authors: Sun Di , Mao Zhihui , Zhang Xu , Li Jiaojiao , Zhang Lijuan 
Published: June 2022

ObjectiveTo explore the interrelationship between post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), illness uncertainty (IU), and anticipatory grief (AG).MethodsStructural equation modeling with bootstrapping estimation was conducted using data from a convenience sample of 254 family caregivers of patients with advanced lung cancer in China. Participants were recruited from a public cancer hospital in Shenyang, China. The family caregivers completed the Impact of Events Scale-Revised, Uncertainty in Illness Scale Family Caregiver Version, and Anticipatory Grief Scale.ResultsThe measurement model has good reliability and validity, and the final model fit the data well. PTSS positively influenced AG (direct effect estimate = 0.391, p = 0.002). Moreover, IU was found to mediate the relationship between PTSS and AG (Indirect effects estimate = 0.168, p = 0.005). The mediating effect of IU accounted for up to 30.1% of the total effect.ConclusionIU mediated the relationship between PTSS and AG. Healthcare professionals should continuously assess PTSS, IU and AG levels in FCs and provide effective intervention options for mitigation.
Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Insights into Novel Ascomycota from Forest Woody Litter
Authors: Wanasinghe Dhanushka N. , Mortimer Peter E. 
Published: June 2022

While surveying the mycobiomes of dead woody litter in Yunnan Province, China, numerous isolates with affinity to Pleosporales (Dothideomycetes, Ascomycota) were recovered. The present work characterizes two species associated with dead woody twigs found in terrestrial habitats in the Kunming area of Yunnan. The novel taxa were recognized based on a polyphasic approach, including morphological examination and multiple gene phylogenetic analyses (non-translated loci and protein-coding regions). Neokalmusia jonahhulmei sp. nov. is introduced in Didymosphaeriaceae (Pleosporales) as a woody-based saprobic ascomycete that possesses multiloculate ascostromata immersed under a black clypeus-like structure, and three-septate, brown, fusiform, guttulate ascospores. Thyridaria jonahhulmei (Thyridariaceae) is introduced with teleomorphic and anamorphic (coelomycetous) characteristics. The teleomorph has the following characteristics: globose to subglobose ascomata with an ostiolum, a pruinose layer of yellow to reddish- or orange-brown material appearing around the top of the ostiolar necks, and brown, ellipsoid to fusoid, two-to-three-septate, euseptate, rough-walled ascospores; the anamorph features pycnidial conidiomata, phialidic, ampulliform to doliiform, conidiogenous cells, and brown, guttulate, ellipsoidal, aseptate conidia.
Forensic Trails Obfuscation and Preservation via Hard Drive Firmware
Authors: Underhill Paul , Oyinloye Toyosi , Speakman Lee , Eze Thaddeus 
Published: June 2022

The hard disk drive stores data the user is creating, modifying, and deleting while a firmware facilitates communication between the drive and the operating system. The firmware tells the device and machine how to communicate with each other and will share useful information such as, disk size and information on any bad sectors. Current research shows that exploits exist that can manipulate these outputs. As an attacker, you can change the size of the disk displayed to the operating system to hide data in, likewise by marking an area of the disk as bad. Users may not be aware of these changes as the operating system will accept the readings from the firmware. However, although the data is not reachable via the operating system this paper looks at the traceability of manipulated data using data recovery software FTK Imager, Recuva, EaseUS and FEX Imager.
This report examines the use of malicious techniques to thwart digital forensic procedures by manipulating the firmware. It is shown how this is possible and current forensic techniques or software does not easily detect a change within the firmware. However, with the use of various forensic tools, obfuscated trails are detectable. This report follows a black box testing methodology to show the validation of forensic tools or software against anti-forensic techniques. The analysis of the results showed that most tools can find the firmware changes, however, it requires an analyst to spot the subtle differences between standard and manipulated devices. The use of multiple software tools can help an analyst spot the inconsistencies.
Including Human Behaviors into IA Training Assessment: A Better Way Forward!
Authors: Collier Henry 
Published: June 2022

Few can argue against the reality that humans are the weakest link in cybersecurity, and Social Engineers work very hard to take advantage of this human weakness. Many cybersecurity practitioners believe the only way to solve this problem is through a technical solution; however, this solution is elusive because humans are still in control and can circumvent these technical measures. In cybersecurity, the human is the critical component of the human firewall, and it is going to take a multi-disciplinary approach to solve the human problem. The human firewall is the first line of defense for cybersecurity. Historically, the primary solution to the human problem has been the Information Awareness training program, designed to teach the end-user about the risks and assess their risk. The biggest problem with the information awareness training program is that it does not modify behavior. Cybersecurity practitioners need to understand better the human firewall and how it can be strengthened. It is necessary to understand how the human makes security-minded decisions, how these decisions affect the cybersecurity decision-making process, and if there is a way to assess a person's susceptibility level more precisely when working to strengthen the human firewall. Humans are multifaceted, complex beings influenced by both internal and external factors. The most significant internal factor that affects a person's decision-making process is behavior, while Social Media is one of the most significant external factors that impact a person's decision-making capacity. This study presents a new method of assessing a person's susceptibility to cybercrime by including behavioral and social media usage factors into a Dynamic/Adaptable information awareness training assessment tool. This study shows that including human behaviors and social media usage behaviors into an Information Awareness (IA) training assessment tool produces a more precise measure of a person's accurate susceptibility level.
Effective Cyber Threat Hunting: Where and how does it fit?
Authors: Ntingi Nombeko , Duvenage Petrus , Du Toit Jaco , Von Solms Sebastian 
Published: June 2022

Traditionally threat detection in organisations is reactive through pre-defined and preconfigured rules that are embedded in automated tools such as firewalls, anti-virus software, security information and event management (SIEMs) and intrusion detection systems/intrusion prevention systems (IDS/IPS). As the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) brings with it an exponential increase in technological advances and global interconnectivity, the cyberspace presents security risks and threats the scale of which is unprecedented. These security risks and threats have the potential of exposing confidential information, damaging the reputation of credible organisations and/or inflicting harm. The regular occurrence and complexity of cyber intrusions makes the guarding enterprise and government networks a daunting task. Nation states and businesses need to be ingenious and consider innovative and proactive means of safeguarding their valuable assets. The growth of technological, physical and biological worlds necessitates the adoption of a proactive approach towards safeguarding cyber space.
This paper centers on cyber threat hunting (CTH) as one such proactive and important measure that can be adopted. The paper has a central contention that effective CTH cannot be an autonomous ‘plug in’ or a standalone intervention. To be effective CTH has to be synergistically integrated with relevant existing fields and practices. Academic work on such conceptual integration of where CTH fits is scarce. Within the confines of the paper we do not attempt to integrate CTH with many of the various relevant fields and practices. Instead, we limit the scope to postulations on CTH’s interface with two fields of central importance in cyber security, namely Cyber Counterintelligence (CCI) and Cyber Threat Monitoring and Analysis (CTMA). The paper’s corresponding two primary objectives are to position CTH within the broader field of CCI and further contextualise CTH within the CTMA domain. The postulations we advanced are qualified as tentative, exploratory work to be expanded on. The paper concludes with observations on further research.
Planning the building a SOC - A Conceptual Process Model
Authors: Jacobs Pierre , Von Solms Sebastiaan 
Published: June 2022

There are few frameworks available to consult when building Security Operation Centers (SOCs). (P. Jacobs, 2015). Jacobs proposed such a framework, and this paper builds on the “Planning” part of that framework. The authors could not find any existing conceptual process models where it comes to the planning phase when building SOCs. We propose a conceptual process model to follow during the planning phase of the SOC. Conceptual models are used to represent systems typically made up of the composition of concepts (Robinson; Arbez; Birta; Tolk; Wagner, 2015). The aim of our conceptual process model is to help SOC builders understand the proposed process to be followed during the SOC planning phase and is meant to guide the SOC builder's thinking during the planning phase.

The conceptual process model will start by determining the services that the SOC in development will be offering, followed by deciding on a SOC model. After the determination of the SOC services and model we will identify the technologies and tools to facilitate the services, keeping in consideration the influence the SOC model has on the service. For each of the steps in our conceptual model we have identified existing, public frameworks, standards or best practices. Our conceptual process model will be mapped to these frameworks, standards or best practices with the intention to be used to augment our model.