bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of the gender gap in household educational spending among school and college-going children in India
Authors: Rashmi Rashmi , Malik Bijay Kumar , Mohanty Sanjay K. , Mishra Udaya Shankar , Subramanian S. V. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThough India has achieved near-universal primary school attendance and bridged the gender gap, secondary and technical education schooling remains low. Household ability to pay for education and gender norms at the household and societal levels are possible reasons for variations in school attendance and quality of schooling. Although various studies have examined the gender gap in enrolment and school discontinuation, there are limited studies on gender differentials in educational spending in Indian households. Using data from 174,810 school and college-going children aged 6–22 years from the 75th round of the National Sample Survey Organization, this paper explored the gender gap in household educational spending in India. Descriptive statistics, relative gap, and the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method were used in the analysis. The results suggests that school attendance was 82.7% (95% CI 82.0–83.3) among boys and 78.9% (95% CI 78.1–79.7) among girls aged 16–17 years and 63.1% (95% CI 62.6–63.6) among boys and 51.3% (95% CI 50.7–51.9) among girls aged 18–22 years. The difference in the average per capita educational spending between boys and girls was ₹828 at the primary level (ages 6–10), ₹935 at the middle/secondary level (ages 11–15), ₹3189 at the higher secondary level (ages 16–17), and ₹3813 in higher education (age 18–22). The results obtained from the Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition analysis show that type of educational institution (public or private) contributed more than half of the variation in household educational spending among 6–10- and 11–15-year-old children and was the strongest contributor at every age. The education of the household head considerably reduced the gender gap in higher education. Locational disadvantage and the uniformity in the gender gap across all levels of the economic hierarchy suggest a behavioural bias in the intra-household allocation of educational resources across the states of India.
Strange stars in f(ℛ) gravity palatini formalism and gravitational wave echoes from them
Authors: Bora Jyatsnasree , Gogoi Dhruba Jyoti , Dev Goswami Umananda 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The compact stars are promising candidates associated with the generation of
gravitational waves (GWs). In this work, we study a special type of compact
stars known as strange stars in the f(ℛ) gravity Palatini
formalism. Here we consider three promising f(ℛ) gravity models
viz., Starobinsky, Hu-Sawicki and Gogoi-Goswami models in the domain of MIT
Bag model and linear equations of state (EoSs). We compute the stellar
structures numerically and constrained the f(ℛ) model parameters
with a set of probable strange star candidates. The study shows that the
consideration of stiffer MIT Bag model and linear EoSs within a favourable
set of f(ℛ) gravity model parameters may result in strange stars
with sufficient compactness to produce echoes of GWs. Thus, we have computed
the GWs echo frequencies and characteristic echo times for such stars. It is
found that in compliance with the experimentally obtained possible strange star
candidates, the obtained GW echo frequencies for all the models are in the
range of 65 - 85 kHz.
Closed-loop TMS-EEG reactivity with occipital alpha-phase synchronized
Authors: Ding Zhaohuan , Wang Yong , Li Jiaxi , Li Xiaoli 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Objective. Transcranial magnetic stimulation-electroencephalogram (TMS-EEG) technology has played an increasingly important role in the field of neuroscience, and closed loop TMS has also been gradually concerned. However, the characteristics of closed-loop TMS-EEG were few discussed. To study the dependence of EEG reactivity on cortical oscillation phase under TMS stimulation, we explored in detail the TMS-EEG characteristics induced by closed-loop TMS contingent on occipital alpha phase. Approach. By collecting 30 healthy volunteers’ closed-loop TMS-EEG data, we verified the real-time accuracy of our closed-loop system and analyzed the inter-trial phase coherence (ITPC) value, the TMS-induced natural frequency, the N100 TMS-evoked potential and the spatial characteristics of TMS-EEG data. Main results. The ITPC value of closed-loop TMS-EEG was higher than that of open loop TMS-EEG, suggesting that our research improves the repeatability of TMS-EEG experiments; the alpha power induced by 0° TMS was higher than that induced by 180° stimulation in the central region and parietal/occipital lobe; the N100 amplitude of 90° (3.85 μV) stimulation was significantly higher than that of 270° (1.87 μV) stimulation, and the latency of the N100 of the 90° stimulation (mean 95.01 ms) was significantly less than that of the 270° stimulation (mean 113.94 ms); the topographical distributions of the N45-P70-N100 potential were significantly affected by the O1 alpha phase at the moment of TMS. Significance. Our experimental results provided support for the dependence of EEG reactivity on cortical oscillation phase under TMS stimulation.
Pseudo-phase transitions of Ising and Baxter–Wu models in two-dimensional finite-size lattices
Authors: Liu Wei , Wang Fangfang , Sun Pengwei , Wang Jincheng 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This article offers a detailed analysis of pseudo-phase transitions of Ising and Baxter–Wu models in two-dimensional finite-size lattices. We carry out Wang–Landau sampling to obtain the density of states. Using microcanonical inflection-point analysis with microcanonical entropy, we obtain the order of the pseudo-phase transitions in the models. The microcanonical analysis results of the second-order transition for the Ising model and the first-order transition for the Baxter–Wu model are consistent with the traditional canonical results. In addition, the third-order transitions are found in both models, implying the universality of higher-order phase transitions.
Correlation between concurrence and mutual information
Authors: Kwon Yong , Baek Seung Ki , Um Jaegon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We investigate a two-qubit system to understand the relationship between concurrence and mutual information, where the former determines the amount of quantum entanglement, whereas the latter is its classical residue after performing local projective measurement. For a given ensemble of random pure states, in which the values of concurrence are uniformly distributed, we calculate the joint probability of concurrence and mutual information. Although zero mutual information is the most probable in the uniform ensemble, we find positive correlation between the classical information and concurrence. This result suggests that destructive measurement of classical information can be used to assess the amount of quantum information.
Ultra-thin corrugated metamaterial film as large-area transmission dynode
Authors: Chan H.W. , Prodanović V. , Theulings A.M.M.G. , ten Bruggencate T. , Hagen C.W. , Sarro P.M. , v.d. Graaf H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Large-area transmission dynodes were fabricated by depositing an ultra-thin continuous film on a silicon wafer with a 3-dimensional pattern. After removing the silicon, a corrugated membrane with enhanced mechanical properties was formed. Mechanical metamaterials, such as this corrugated membrane, are engineered to improve its strength and robustness, which allows it to span a larger surface in comparison to flat membranes while the film thickness remains constant. The ultra-thin film consists of three layers (Al2O3/TiN/Al2O3) and is deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The encapsulated TiN layer provides in-plane conductivity, which is needed to sustain secondary electron emission. Two types of corrugated membranes were fabricated: a hexagonal honeycomb and an octagonal pattern. The latter was designed to match the square pitch of a CMOS pixel chip. The transmission secondary electron yield was determined with a collector-based method using a scanning electron microscope. The highest transmission electron yield was measured on a membrane with an octagonal pattern. A yield of 2.15 was achieved for 3.15 keV incident electrons for an Al2O3/TiN/Al2O3 tri-layer film with layer thicknesses of 10/5/15 nm. The variation in yield across the surface of the corrugated membrane was determined by constructing a yield map. The active surface for transmission secondary electron emission is near 100%, i.e. a primary electron generates transmission secondary electrons regardless of the point of impact on the corrugated membrane.
Heterogenous controls on lake color and trends across the high-elevation U.S. Rocky Mountain region
Authors: Oleksy Isabella A , Collins Sarah M , Sillen Samuel J , Topp Simon N , Austin Miles , Hall Edward K , O’Reilly Catherine M , Yang Xiao , Ross Matthew R V 
Published: September 2022

AbstractGlobal change may contribute to ecological changes in high-elevation lakes and reservoirs, but a lack of data makes it difficult to evaluate spatiotemporal patterns. Remote sensing imagery can provide more complete records to evaluate whether consistent changes across a broad geographic region are occurring. We used Landsat surface reflectance data to evaluate spatial patterns of contemporary lake color (2010–2020) in 940 lakes in the U.S. Rocky Mountains, a historically understudied area for lake water quality. Intuitively, we found that most of the lakes in the region are blue (66%) and were found in steep-sided watersheds (>22.5°) or alternatively were relatively deep (>4.5 m) with mean annual air temperature (MAAT) <4.5°C. Most green/brown lakes were found in relatively shallow sloped watersheds with MAAT ⩾4.5°C. We extended the analysis of contemporary lake color to evaluate changes in color from 1984 to 2020 for a subset of lakes with the most complete time series (n= 527). We found limited evidence of lakes shifting from blue to green states, but rather, 55% of the lakes had no trend in lake color. Surprisingly, where lake color was changing, 32% of lakes were trending toward bluer wavelengths, and only 13% shifted toward greener wavelengths. Lakes and reservoirs with the most substantial shifts toward blue wavelengths tended to be in urbanized, human population centers at relatively lower elevations. In contrast, lakes that shifted to greener wavelengths did not relate clearly to any lake or landscape features that we evaluated, though declining winter precipitation and warming summer and fall temperatures may play a role in some systems. Collectively, these results suggest that the interactions between local landscape factors and broader climatic changes can result in heterogeneous, context-dependent changes in lake color.
Toward ultrahigh thermal conductivity graphene films
Authors: Guo Sihua , Chen Shujin , Nkansah Amos , Zehri Abdelhafid , Murugesan Murali , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yan , Yu Chen , Fu Yifeng , Enmark Markus , Chen Jin , Wu Xinfeng , Yu Wei , Liu Johan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
With increasing demands of high-performance and functionality, electronics devices generate a great amount of heat. Thus, efficient heat dissipation is crucially needed. Owing to its extremely good thermal conductivity, graphene is an interesting candidate for this purpose. In this paper, a two-step temperature-annealing process to fabricate ultrahigh thermal conductive graphene assembled films (GFs) is proposed. The thermal conductivity of the obtained GFs was as high as 3826 ± 47 W m−1 K−1. Extending the time of high-temperature annealing significantly improved the thermal performance of the GF. Structural analyses confirmed that the high thermal conductivity is caused by the large grain size, defect-free stacking, and high flatness, which are beneficial for phonon transmission in the carbon lattice. The turbostratic stacking degree decreased with increasing heat treatment time. However, the increase in the grain size after long heat treatment had a more pronounced effect on the phonon transfer of the GF than that of turbostratic stacking. The developed GFs show great potential for efficient thermal management in electronics devices.
Roles and functions
Authors: Zelden Charles L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the roles served and the functions provided by American courts at each of the four levels of courts. Arguing that form follows function and function is linked to form, it describes in detail the services that each level of court provides, from trial courts of general jurisdiction’s emphasis on dispute resolution, law enforcement, administrative oversight, sanctioning powers, and procedural supervision to the error correcting and policymaking functions of appellate courts. Finally, it explores and answers the question of why it is that the United States, more so than other countries, depends so much on courts of law to provide essential legal functions.
Powers and motivations
Authors: Zelden Charles L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the rules and procedures that shape judicial decision-making. Beginning with the limits on judicial decision-making that are built into the law and judicial structures themselves, it explores how and why courts can still make a transformative difference in peoples’ lives. It describes the different needs of litigants and explains how courts can meet those differing needs. It then moves on to explore various rules of judicial procedure—such as precedent and mootness, immunity and case or controversy, abstention and res judicata—and notes how these and similar rules shape both the scope and the extent of judicial action.
People
Authors: Zelden Charles L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Courts are living institutions. While they abide by a range of guidelines, rules, procedures, and doctrines, courts are more than the sum of their rules and structures. To ignore the human element in courts is to misunderstand fundamentally one of the primary forces driving the courts. This chapter thus discusses the men and women who make up, operate, and manage the courts of the fifty-one judicial systems in America. It starts with the backgrounds, professional experiences, philosophies, and methods of selection and socialization of judges. Special emphasis is placed on the powerful impact that judges can have on the actions, reactions, and impacts of the American judicial system. This chapter then moves on to discuss the roles, motivations, functions, and impacts of lawyers, jurors, litigants, and the general public in the operation of courts.
The haunted factory
Authors: Todes Daniel P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pavlov from 1890 to 1903 closely supervised about 100 coworkers to conduct the investigations of digestion that he synthesized in his Lectures on the Work of the Main Digestive Glands (1897), for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1904. This research was guided by his metaphorical view of the digestive system as a “complex chemical factory” and conducted through experiments on surgically modified dogs. For Pavlov, the digestive system processed food in two stages: first, by a “psychic secretion” elicited by the pleasures of eating; then, by highly sensitive nerves that signaled digestive glands to produce precisely the amount and quality of secretions necessary for optimal digestion. In Lectures, Pavlov displayed “stereotypical secretory curves” to demonstrate the precise operation of his digestive factory. But he knew that one uncontrollable factor was constantly skewing his results—the dog’s personality, its psyche.
Frameworks of negotiation
Authors: Menkel-Meadow Carrie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides four different frameworks for analyzing negotiations: Adversarial- Distributive-Competitive; Integrative-Collaborative; Accommodative-Sharing; and Mixed-Allocative. First one must assess what is at stake—the res (thing) subject matter of negotiation, then assess whether materiel is scarce, sharable, or capable of being enhanced or increased. Choices of how to behave in a negotiation depend on what is at stake, how many parties, whether one-off or ongoing relationship, and the timing of negotiation and effects on others. The chapter provides analysis of different modes of conflict resolution behavior, including competition, compromise, collaboration, accommodation, and avoidance, and suggests criteria for selection of appropriate behavioral choices to reach agreements. Many important terms are defined and illustrated, e.g. ZOPA (Zone of Possible Agreement), alternatives to negotiated agreements, target points and aspirations, reservation prices. The chapter suggests how to use various conceptual frames to develop creative solutions to complex problems.
Ethical and legal issues in negotiation
Authors: Menkel-Meadow Carrie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses major ethical issues in negotiation: at a macro-level, when should we not negotiate, when is any form of compromise or bargaining not warranted (e.g. in situations of unfairness or evil), when is compromise and agreement a morally good thing? The chapter then focuses on micro-behavioral ethical issues in negotiation—when is deception/lying permitted or prohibited in negotiation; the law of fraud and misrepresentation, what tactics are considered inappropriate in negotiation—e.g. taking advantage of other parties’ weaknesses, lack of resources, etc. What are the legal requirements for enforceable agreements, which are formally contracts or at the international level treaties. Are we responsible for the agreements we make with others that may affect others outside of our negotiations (e.g. future generations, employees, other family members)?
Community
Authors: Katz Mark 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the 21st century, with ever cheaper and smaller headphones and portable players, billions of people regularly listen to music by themselves. Given the ubiquity of solitary listening, we might think that technology has had an inevitably isolating effect on the way we experience music. And yet, technology has also been harnessed to bring people together. In a testament to the deeply rooted human need for community, an array of music technologies has been developed and deployed since the turn of the 20th century to serve our desire to create and experience music together. This chapter considers how technology has both facilitated community and challenged our concepts of community since the late 19th century, with case studies on telephone concerts and phonograph parties in the United States, radio exercise in Japan, karaoke in England and Brazil, and musical community online.
Five theses about music and technology
Authors: Katz Mark 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The concluding chapter proposes five central takeaways from this volume in the form of five theses about music and technology. They are as follows: 1. All music is technological. 2. Our relationship with music technology is fundamentally collaborative. 3. All uses of musical technologies reveal power relationships. 4. The mass mediation of music has not eliminated cultural differences. 5. The study of music technology is the study of people. The five theses are illustrated through a diverse array of examples, including a comparison of the traditional piano and the player piano; the musical demands and possibilities of video games such as Guitar Hero; the use of radio in Nazi Germany; the emergence of the steel drum as a musical instrument in Trinidad; hip hop in Zimbabwe; and the musical handclapping and rope jumping games of African American girls.
A distinct intra-individual suppression subnetwork in the brain’s default mode network across cognitive tasks
Authors: Leonards Christine A , Harrison Ben J , Jamieson Alec J , Steward Trevor , Lux Silke , Philipsen Alexandra , Davey Christopher G 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSuppression of the brain’s default mode network (DMN) during external goal-directed cognitive tasks has been consistently observed in neuroimaging studies. However, emerging insights suggest the DMN is not a monolithic “task-negative” network but is comprised of subsystems that show functional heterogeneity. Despite considerable research interest, no study has investigated the consistency of DMN activity suppression across multiple cognitive tasks within the same individuals. In this study, 85 healthy 15- to 25-year-olds completed three functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks that were designed to reliably map DMN suppression from a resting baseline. Our findings revealed a distinct suppression subnetwork across the three tasks that comprised traditional DMN and adjacent regions. Specifically, common suppression was observed in the medial prefrontal cortex, the dorsal-to-mid posterior cingulate cortex extending to the precuneus, and the posterior insular cortex and parietal operculum. Further, we found the magnitude of suppression of these regions were significantly correlated within participants across tasks. Overall, our findings indicate that externally oriented cognitive tasks elicit common suppression of a distinct subnetwork of the broader DMN. The consistency to which the DMN is suppressed within individuals suggests a domain-general mechanism that may reflect a stable feature of cognitive function that optimizes external goal-directed behavior.
RNA-targeted therapeutics in cardiovascular disease: the time is now
Authors: Krychtiuk Konstantin A , Rader Daniel J , Granger Christopher B 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)-targeted therapeutics, including antisense oligonucleotide technologies as well as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), represent a new class of medications that may overcome several of the disadvantages of small molecule drugs or monoclonal antibodies. Specifically, upstream targeting at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level renders any disease-related protein a potential target, even those pathways previously deemed ‘undruggable’. Additional advantages include the comparably simple and cost-effective way of manufacturing and the long dosing intervals. A few agents are already approved and a wide array of cardiovascular drugs is in development, aimed at hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, myocardial storage diseases, and the coagulation system. Here, we provide an update on the current status of RNA-targeted therapeutics in the cardiovascular arena.
Sex differences in arterial hypertension
Authors: Gerdts Eva , Sudano Isabella , Brouwers Sofie , Borghi Claudio , Bruno Rosa Maria , Ceconi Claudio , Cornelissen Véronique , Diévart François , Ferrini Marc , Kahan Thomas , Løchen Maja-Lisa , Maas Angela H E M , Mahfoud Felix , Mihailidou Anastasia S , Moholdt Trine , Parati Gianfranco , de Simone Giovanni 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There is strong evidence that sex chromosomes and sex hormones influence blood pressure (BP) regulation, distribution of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and co-morbidities differentially in females and males with essential arterial hypertension. The risk for CV disease increases at a lower BP level in females than in males, suggesting that sex-specific thresholds for diagnosis of hypertension may be reasonable. However, due to paucity of data, in particularly from specifically designed clinical trials, it is not yet known whether hypertension should be differently managed in females and males, including treatment goals and choice and dosages of antihypertensive drugs. Accordingly, this consensus document was conceived to provide a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on sex differences in essential hypertension including BP development over the life course, development of hypertension, pathophysiologic mechanisms regulating BP, interaction of BP with CV risk factors and co-morbidities, hypertension-mediated organ damage in the heart and the arteries, impact on incident CV disease, and differences in the effect of antihypertensive treatment. The consensus document also highlights areas where focused research is needed to advance sex-specific prevention and management of hypertension.