bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introducing the Revised and Updated Financial Reform Database
Authors: Omori Sawa 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
This article introduces a revised and updated version of the Financial Reform Database, which is widely used by economists and political economists. In this revision, country coverage is extended from 91 to 100 economies. Also, the time period covered is extended from 1973–2005 to 1973–2013. Furthermore, the coding rule relating to the enhancement of banking supervision is revised to enhance the clarity of the coding criteria used to measure the independence of a banking supervisory agency, taking into account the concepts of institutional independence and supervisory independence. In addition, in order to systematically compare policy changes across time and countries, seven dimensions of financial policies are further divided into 20 financial policy subdimensions, and each of these subdimensional policy scores is separately coded in this revision. This allows researchers to utilize each subdimension depending on their interests. The detailed policy description of each subdimensional policy reform for all countries and all years is made publicly available. In this article, an overview of the updated Financial Reform Database is provided.
A Chromosome-Scale Genome Assembly of the Okapi (Okapia Johnstoni)
Authors: Winter Sven , Coimbra Raphael T F , Helsen Philippe , Janke Axel 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe okapi (Okapia johnstoni), or forest giraffe, is the only species in its genus and the only extant sister group of the giraffe within the family Giraffidae. The species is one of the remaining large vertebrates surrounded by mystery because of its elusive behavior as well as the armed conflicts in the region where it occurs, making it difficult to study. Deforestation puts the okapi under constant anthropogenic pressure, and it is currently listed as “Endangered” on the IUCN Red List. Here, we present the first annotated de novo okapi genome assembly based on PacBio continuous long reads, polished with short reads, and anchored into chromosome-scale scaffolds using Hi-C proximity ligation sequencing. The final assembly (TBG_Okapi_asm_v1) has a length of 2.39 Gbp, of which 98% are represented by 28 scaffolds &gt; 3.9 Mbp. The contig N50 of 61 Mbp and scaffold N50 of 102 Mbp, together with a BUSCO score of 94.7%, and 23 412 annotated genes, underline the high quality of the assembly. This chromosome-scale genome assembly is a valuable resource for future conservation of the species and comparative genomic studies among the giraffids and other ruminants.
Racializing Trade in Corn: México Fights Maíz Imports and GMOs
Authors: Hernández-López Ernesto 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
International economic law (IEL) is racialized in México. This is evident with the North American Free Trade Agreement, US Mexico Canada Agreement (USMCA), and ongoing litigation changing how Mexicans grow, buy, and consume corn. Racialization develops from law privileging foreign access, at the cost of domestic abilities to counter economic entry. This has domestic and international consequences. Mestizo, campesino, and Indigenous sectors disproportionately bear the domestic effects of corn imports and GMO (genetically modified organism) corn. Imports and GMOs displace rural labor. Meanwhile, GMOs irreparably harm biodiversity. The USMCA protects ‘trade in’ GMOs while simultaneously discounting sovereign determinations by Mexican regulators. This echoes international law’s history of racist reasoning to exclude Global South states. This article proposes racial capitalism methods to pinpoint how and where IEL racializes cross-border trade. They show how neoliberal laws resulted in price spikes, labor migration, and unhealthy diets. Current GMO controversies open the door to two IEL paths: resistance or market access. As resistance, Mexican court rulings based on Precautionary Principle norms prohibit GMO corn seeds. With market access, the USMCA harmonizes biotechnology regulations, effectively trumping determinations by Mexican authorities. In sum, as neoliberal and current developments show, IEL racializes trade with disproportionate consequences felt domestically and by displacing Mexican sovereignty internationally.
Moss C, N, P and K stoichiometry and their relationships are related to soil nutrients and environment in a temperate desert of central Asia
Authors: Li Yong-Gang , Zhou Xiao-Bing , Lu Yongxing , Zhang Yuan-Ming 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Previous studies showed that moss stoichiometric characteristics were influenced by moss patch size, shrubs and the environment in the desert. The study of moss stoichiometry in different spatial distribution areas is crucial for an understanding of growth and adaptation strategy of the mosses. In this study, the dominant moss (Syntrichia caninervis) of biological soil crusts and soil under the moss patches in the Gurbantunggut Desert were selected to determine their stoichiometry in different dunes and sites. Moss stoichiometry and soil available nutrients were significantly influenced by different distribution areas except for moss C. The Nabovegroundvs. Nbelowground, Pabovegroundvs. Pbelowground and Kabovegroundvs. Kbelowground scaling exponents of moss were 0.251, 0.389 and 0.442, respectively. The N vs. P scaling exponents were 0.71, 0.84 in above- and below-ground parts of moss. Moss stoichiometry was disproportionately distributed in the above-ground and below-ground parts. Moreover, moss N, P and K elements were influenced by mean annual precipitation (MAP), longitude and soil nutrients. The nutrients of moss were affected by spatial distribution, mean annual temperature (MAT), MAP and soil nutrients. The growth of moss was limited by N element in the temperate desert. This study provides the stoichiometric characteristics of C, N, P and K of moss at different spatial scales and explores their relationships with environmental variables, which can help understand nutrient patterns and utilization strategy of N, P and K, and their potential responses to global climate changes in desert.
‘Low-hanging fruit’? Direct supply in China’s natural gas market reform
Authors: Fang Mandy Meng 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This article is one of the first systematic discussions of the legal and regulatory aspects of direct supply in China’s gas market reform. By allowing large users to bypass urban gas companies and negotiate directly with upstream producers, direct supply can propel China’s gas sector towards a higher degree of marketization. Among the range of measures undertaken to reform the gas market, direct supply has received far less attention. Nevertheless, China’s regulators and policymakers at the central and sub-national levels have increasingly acknowledged the key role of direct supply in reducing the cost of gas and fostering more market competition. However, the remaining challenges to the implementation of direct supply are multiple and mainly originate from the extant restraints posed by the Chinese regulatory system governing the gas sector. Against this background, this article argues that the localized implementation of direct supply represents a ‘low-hanging fruit’ in China’s gas market reform.
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: the relationship between galaxy rotation and the motion of neighbours
Authors: Mai Yifan , Vaughan Sam P , Croom Scott M , van de Sande Jesse , Barsanti Stefania , Bland-Hawthorn Joss , Brough Sarah , Bryant Julia J , Colless Matthew , Goodwin Michael , Groves Brent , Konstantopoulos Iraklis S , Lawrence Jon S , Lorente Nuria P F , Richards Samuel N 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
Using data from the SAMI Galaxy Survey, we investigate the correlation between the projected stellar kinematic spin vector of 1397 SAMI galaxies and the line-of-sight motion of their neighbouring galaxies. We calculate the luminosity-weighted mean velocity difference between SAMI galaxies and their neighbours in the direction perpendicular to the SAMI galaxies’ angular momentum axes. The luminosity-weighted mean velocity offset between SAMI galaxies and neighbours, which indicates the signal of coherence between the rotation of the SAMI galaxies and the motion of neighbours, is 9.0 ± 5.4 km s−1 (1.7σ) for neighbours within 1 Mpc. In a large-scale analysis, we find that the average velocity offsets increase for neighbours out to 2 Mpc. However, the velocities are consistent with zero or negative for neighbours outside 3 Mpc. The negative signals for neighbours at a distance around 10 Mpc are also significant at the ∼2σ level, which indicate that the positive signals within 2 Mpc might come from the variance of large-scale structure. We also calculate average velocities of different subsamples, including galaxies in different regions of the sky, galaxies with different stellar masses, galaxy type, λRe, and inclination. Although subsamples of low-mass, high-mass, early-type, and low-spin galaxies show the 2–3σ signal of coherence for the neighbours within 2 Mpc, the results for different inclination subsamples and large-scale results suggest that the ∼2σ signals might result from coincidental scatter or variance of large-scale structure. Overall, the modest evidence of coherence signals for neighbouring galaxies within 2 Mpc needs to be confirmed by larger samples of observations and simulation studies.
Confronting double-detonation sub-Chandrasekhar models with the low-luminosity suppression of Type Ia supernovae
Authors: Ghosh Arka , Kushnir Doron 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are likely the thermonuclear explosions of carbon–oxygen (CO) white-dwarf (WD) stars, but their progenitor systems remain elusive. Recently, Sharon & Kushnir used The Zwicky Transient Facility Bright Transient Survey to construct a synthesized 56Ni mass, MNi56, distribution of SNe Ia. They found that the rate of low-luminosity ($M_\text{Ni56}\approx 0.15\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) SNe Ia is lower by a factor of ∼10 than the more common $M_\text{Ni56}\approx 0.7\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ events. We here show that in order for the double-detonation model (DDM, in which a propagating thermonuclear detonation wave, TNDW, within a thin helium shell surrounding a sub-Chandrasekhar mass CO core triggers a TNDW within the core) to explain this low-luminosity suppression, the probability of a low-mass ($\approx 0.85\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) WD explosion should be ∼100-fold lower than that of a high-mass ($\approx 1.05\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$) WD. One possible explanation is that the ignition of low-mass CO cores is somehow suppressed. We use accurate one-dimensional numerical simulations to show that if a TNDW is able to propagate within the helium shell, then the ignition within the CO core is guaranteed (resolved here for the first time in a full-star simulation), even for $0.7\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$ WDs, providing no natural explanation for the low-luminosity suppression. DDM could explain the low-luminosity suppression if the mass distribution of primary WDs in close binaries is dramatically different from the field distribution; if the Helium shell ignition probability is suppressed for low-mass WDs; or if multidimensional perturbations significantly change our results.
New, late-type spectroscopic binaries with X-ray emission
Authors: Frasca A , Catanzaro G , Busà I , Guillout P , Alonso-Santiago J , Ferrara C , Giarrusso M , Munari M , Leone F 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we present a spectroscopic study of six double-lined binaries, five of which were recently discovered in a high-resolution spectroscopic survey of optical counterparts of stellar X-ray sources. Thanks to high-resolution spectra acquired with CAOS spectropolarimeter during 7 yr, we were able to measure the radial velocities of their components and determine their orbital elements. We have applied our code compo2 to determine the spectral types and atmospheric parameters of the components of these spectroscopic binaries and found that two of these systems are composed of main-sequence stars, while the other four contain at least one evolved (giant or subgiant) component, similar to other well-known RS CVn systems. The subtraction of a photospheric template built up with spectra of non-active stars of the same spectral type as those of the components of each system has allowed us to investigate the chromospheric emission that fills in the H α cores. We found that the colder component is normally the one with the largest H α emission. None of the systems show a detectable Li iλ6708 line, with the exception of TYC 4279-1821-1, which exhibits high photospheric abundances in both components. Photometric time-series from the literature allowed us to assess that the five systems with a nearly circular orbit have also photometric periods close or equal to the orbital ones, indicating spin–orbit synchronization. For the system with a highly eccentric orbit, a possible pseudo-synchronization with the periastron velocity is suggested.
Galaxy cluster photons alter the ionization state of the nearby warm–hot intergalactic medium
Authors: Štofanová Lýdia , Simionescu Aurora , Wijers Nastasha A , Schaye Joop , Kaastra Jelle S 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
The physical properties of the faint and extremely tenuous plasma in the far outskirts of galaxy clusters, the circumgalactic media of normal galaxies, and filaments of the cosmic web remain one of the biggest unknowns in our story of large-scale structure evolution. Modelling the spectral features due to emission and absorption from this very diffuse plasma poses a challenge, as both collisional and photoionization processes must be accounted for. In this paper, we study the ionization by photons emitted by the intracluster medium in addition to the photoionization by the cosmic ultraviolet/X-ray background on gas in the vicinity of galaxy clusters. For near-massive clusters such as A2029, the ionization parameter can no longer describe the ionization balance uniquely. The ionization fractions (in particular of C iv, C v, C vi, N vii, O vi, O vii, O viii, Ne viii, Ne ix, and Fe xvii) obtained by taking into account the photoionization by the cosmic background are either an upper or lower limit to the ionization fraction calculated as a function of distance from the emission from the cluster. Using a toy model of a cosmic web filament, we predict how the cluster illumination changes the column densities for two different orientations of the line of sight. For lines of sight passing close to the cluster outskirts, O vi can be suppressed by a factor of up to 4.5, O vii by a factor of 2.2, C v by a factor of 3, and Ne viii can be boosted by a factor of 2, for low-density gas.
Determination of fluorine distribution in shark teeth by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors: Manard Benjamin T , Hintz Christopher J , Quarles C Derrick , Burns William , Zirakparvar N Alex , Dunlap Daniel R , Beiswenger Toya , Cruz-Uribe Alicia M , Petrus Joseph A , Hexel Cole R 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Quantifying the chemical composition of fast-growing hard tissues in the environment can shed valuable information in terms of understanding ecosystems both prehistoric and current. Changes in chemical composition can be correlated with environmental conditions and can provide information about the organism's life. Sharks can lose 0.1 to 1.1 teeth/day, depending on species, which offers a unique opportunity to record environmental changes over a short duration of time. Shark teeth contain a biomineral phase that is made up of fluorapatite [Ca5(PO4)3F], and the F distribution within the tooth can be correlated to tooth hardness. Typically, this is determined by bulk acid digestion, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), or wavelength-dispersive spectroscopy. Here we present laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) as an alternative and faster approach for determining F distribution within shark teeth. Using a two-volume laser ablation chamber (TwoVol3) with innovative embedded collection optics for LIBS, shark teeth were investigated from sand tiger (Carcharias Taurus), tiger (Galeocerdo Cuvier), and hammerhead sharks (Sphyrnidae). Fluorine distribution was mapped using the CaF 603 nm band (CaF, Β 2Σ+ → X 2Σ+) and quantified using apatite reference materials. In addition, F measurements were cross referenced with EDS analyses to validate the findings. Distributions of F (603 nm), Na (589 nm), and H (656 nm) within the tooth correlate well with the expected biomineral composition and expected tooth hardness. This rapid methodology could transform the current means of determining F distribution, particularly when large sample specimens (350 mm2, presented here) and large quantities of specimens are of interest.
MEK inhibitors for neurofibromatosis type 1 manifestations: Clinical evidence and consensus
Authors: de Blank Peter M K , Gross Andrea M , Akshintala Srivandana , Blakeley Jaishri O , Bollag Gideon , Cannon Ashley , Dombi Eva , Fangusaro Jason , Gelb Bruce D , Hargrave Darren , Kim AeRang , Klesse Laura J , Loh Mignon , Martin Staci , Moertel Christopher , Packer Roger , Payne Jonathan M , Rauen Katherine A , Rios Jonathan J , Robison Nathan , Schorry Elizabeth K , Shannon Kevin , Stevenson David A , Stieglitz Elliot , Ullrich Nicole J , Walsh Karin S , Weiss Brian D , Wolters Pamela L , Yohay Kaleb , Yohe Marielle E , Widemann Brigitte C , Fisher Michael J 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The wide variety of clinical manifestations of the genetic syndrome neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) are driven by overactivation of the RAS pathway. Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitors (MEKi) block downstream targets of RAS. The recent regulatory approvals of the MEKi selumetinib for inoperable symptomatic plexiform neurofibromas in children with NF1 have made it the first medical therapy approved for this indication in the United States, the European Union, and elsewhere. Several recently published and ongoing clinical trials have demonstrated that MEKi may have potential benefits for a variety of other NF1 manifestations, and there is broad interest in the field regarding the appropriate clinical use of these agents. In this review, we present the current evidence regarding the use of existing MEKi for a variety of NF1-related manifestations, including tumor (neurofibromas, malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, low-grade glioma, and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia) and non-tumor (bone, pain, and neurocognitive) manifestations. We discuss the potential utility of MEKi in related genetic conditions characterized by overactivation of the RAS pathway (RASopathies). In addition, we review practical treatment considerations for the use of MEKi as well as provide consensus recommendations regarding their clinical use from a panel of experts.
Risk factors for unplanned paediatric intensive care unit admission after anaesthesia—an international multicentre study
Authors: Taylor Katherine L , Frndova Helena , Szadkowski Leah , Joffe Ari R , Parshuram Christopher S 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectivesUnplanned intensive care unit (ICU) admissions are associated with near-miss events, morbidity, and mortality. We describe the rate, resource utilization, and outcomes of paediatric patients urgently admitted directly to ICU post-anaesthesia compared to other sources of unplanned ICU admissions.MethodsWe performed a secondary analysis of data from specialist paediatric hospitals in 7 countries. Patients urgently admitted to the ICU post-anaesthesia were combined and matched with 1 to 3 unique controls from unplanned ICU admissions from other locations by age and hospital. Demographic, clinical, and outcome variables were compared using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables and chi-square or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. The effect of admission sources on binary outcomes was estimated using univariable conditional logistic regression models with stratification by matched set of anaesthesia and non-anaesthesia admission sources.ResultsMost admissions were &lt;1 year of age and for respiratory reasons. Admissions post-anaesthesia were shorter, occurred later in the day, and were more likely to be mechanically ventilated. Admissions post-anaesthesia were less likely to have had a previous ICU admission (4.8% compared to 11%, P=0.032) or PIM ‘high-risk diagnosis’ (9.5% versus 17.2%, P=0.035) but there was no difference in the number of subsequent ICU admissions. There was no difference in the PIM severity of illness score and no mortality difference between the groups.ConclusionsYoung children and respiratory indications dominated unplanned ICU admissions post-anaesthesia, which was more likely later in the day and with mechanical ventilation.
Innovative Team Approach for Achieving DNP Program Competencies for Distance Learners During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hardin Lee M. , Gurley Lisa E. , Cortes Cyndi 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Doctor of nursing practice (DNP)-prepared nurses must be competent in organizational and systems leadership, advanced clinical skills, and initiation of policy and programmatic changes. Students develop competencies in the DNP advanced practice and nurse administrator specialty tracks through online didactic and in-person practicum experiences within various settings. The COVID-19 pandemic created a barrier to in-person practicum experiences and an urgent need for flexible practicum opportunities. In response, faculty developed, implemented, and evaluated an innovative pedagogical strategy utilizing a team-based case study assignment to facilitate achievement of DNP program competencies for distance learners in these specialty tracks.
Using checklists to improve care in the nonoperating room environment
Authors: Latzman Jessica Anne , Castellanos Jim G. , Anca Diana 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
As the number and complexity of cases performed in the nonoperating room environment continue to increase to a higher share of all anesthetic procedures, checklists are needed to ensure staff and patient safety.

Recent findings
Providing anesthesia care in the nonoperating room environment poses specific challenges. Closed claims data base analysis shows a higher morbidity and mortality in this setting. This is driven by the location-related challenges, and critical patients undergoing minimally invasive procedures, as well as a higher percentage of emergency and after-hours procedures. Although adequate case preparation and maintaining the same standard of care as in the main operating room, establishing protocols and checklists for procedures in nonoperating room locations has emerged as a sound strategy in improving care and safety.

Summary
Anesthesia in the nonoperating room environment is becoming an increasing share of total anesthesia cases. Establishing protocols and implementing site-specific checklists is emerging as a strategy in improving care in the environment of nonoperating room.

Video Abstract

http://links.lww.com/COAN/A89.