bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endogenous Carbohydrates, Root Promoters, and Root Inhibitors in Easy- and Difficuit-to-Root Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Offshoots1,2
Authors: Reuveni O. , Adato I. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Endogenous root promoting and root inhibiting activity as measured by the mung bean bioassay showed 2 rooting promoters at Rf 0.1-0.2 and at Rf 0.3-0.5, respectively. Extracts were paper chromatographed with isopropanol: water (8:2 v/v). No clear correlation was found between rooting ability and root promoting activity. Root inhibiting activity at Rf 0.5-0.8 was higher in difficult-to-root than in easy-to-root offshoots. The total carbohydrate content was higher in easy-to-root than in difficult-to-root offshoots although the latter contained more reducing sugar.
Precooling of Citrus Fruits Prior to Simulated Transport in Ventilated Ships1
Authors: Chalutz E. , Schiffmann-Nadel Mina , Waks J. , Lattar F. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Precooling at -2°C for 6 - 24 hrs prior to simulated ventilated shipment reduced weight loss of citrus fruit. Weight loss from the fruit was reduced as cooling rate increased. The difference in weight loss between precooled and control fruit was maintained during simulated shipment and after storage. Precooling the fruit to temp below 0°C could adversely affect its quality and should be avoided.
Correlations of Calcium Content of ‘Baldwin’ Apples with Leaf Calcium, Tree Yield, and Occurrences of Physiological Disorders and Decay1
Authors: Drake Mack , Bramlage W. J. , Baker J. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Calcium (Ca) level of leaves sampled in mid- or late summer was closely related to peel Ca levels of mature apples (Malus pumila Mill. cv. Baldwin). Ca content of fruit was directly related to fruit yield of the tree, cycling with biennial bearing. In 1971 bitter pit incidence could be predicted from either leaf or peel Ca; internal breakdown and decay were less predictable. In 1972 leaf Ca and peel Ca averaged, respectively, 27 and 17% higher than in 1971, accompanying increased yield. Little bitter pit, internal breakdown, or decay occurred, even at Ca levels correlated with high incidence rates the previous year. We concluded that Ca must be only 1 among several factors regulating these occurrences.
Photosynthesis in Detached Leaves of Cold-Hardened Citrus Seedings1
Authors: Young Roger , Bell William D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tests of citrus seedlings exposed to a series of hardening temperatures showed that kumquat, Fortunella hindsii (Champ.) Swing., acquired more hardiness at 21°/10°C than did ‘Redblush’ grapefruit, Citrus paradisi Macf., or citron, C. medica L. After 8 weeks’ hardening kumquat was the most cold hardy; citron, the least. Leaf photosynthetic CO2 uptake decreased, and leaf diffusion resistance (sec/cm) increased with hardening in all cultivars, but did not reflect the degree of hardening attained. Stomatal closure during hardening was not caused by moisture stress. Ethylene evolution from leaves did not change during hardening of kumquat, mandarin, C. reticulata Blanco, or grapefruit, but did increase from hardened citron leaves.
Effect of the NH4+:NO3- Ratio on Net Photosynthesis of Carnation1
Authors: Green J. L. , Holley W. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Productivity of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.), was increased to levels attained by C4 plants, such as corn, by adjusting the ratio of ammonium to nitrate N supplied to seasonal solar radiation levels. During periods of low solar radiation, the optimum ratio was one third ammonium and two thirds nitrate N. During periods of highest solar radiation, 100% nitrate was best. At high radiant intensity, reduction of nitrate N in carnation, a C3 plant, apparently increased net CO2 assimilation (growth) by decreasing photorespiration. Nitrate reduction served as an alternate sink for excess photosynthetic energy.
The Metabolism of Abscisic Acid to a Water Soluble Complex in Apple1
Authors: Powell Loyd E. , Seeley Schuyler D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When apple (Malus sylvestris Mill) seedlings are fed abscisic acid (ABA), a water soluble complex of ABA and glucose is rapidly formed. This may be a mechanism for inactivating ABA. Similarly, the trans isomer of ABA (trans-ABA) gives rise to a water soluble complex, which is also presumed to be a glucose complex. Apple seedlings did not convert ABA to trans-ABA during feeding experiments, suggesting that small amounts of trans-ABA occasionally found in apple seedling extracts may be artifacts.
Changes in the Vascular Morphology of Cut Rose Stems: A Scanning Electron Microscope Study1,2
Authors: Rasmussen H. P. , Carpenter W. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Scanning electron microscope analysis of cut rose stems revealed several types of vascular occlusions after 5 to 10 days in either water or sucrose solutions at 18°C. The number of tracheids which exhibited “blocking” at floral senescence was less than 4%. The incidence of vascular “blocking” was equivalent at the stem base, water line and neck. Breakdown of secondary tissue in the xylem was observed more frequently than other types of occlusions, but appeared only after at least 5 days. Occasionally, “blocking” materials were found protruding through the pits and end plates of tracheids. Exudate, which occasionally clogged conducting tissue at the stem base, apparently came from the phloem at the time of harvest. Other exudates, which dried immediately during the process of cutting cross sections, formed crystals which could be misinterpreted as “blocking” materials. Some tracheids in stems held in a 2% sucrose solution developed occlusions with fungal and bacterial growth or “slime plugs”. A progressive breakdown of the secondary thickening of the tracheids was found as the rose senesced. Neither leaf removal nor placement in sucrose solutions influenced the number of occlusions. The occlusions were much larger, however, after 3 days in 2% sucrose or 5-10 days in water.
Time of Gibberellin Application Determines Hardiness Response of ‘Bing’ Cherry Buds and Wood1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Mills H. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Bing’ cherry trees (P. avium, L.) treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) on August 22 and September 12 showed much more severe winter injury than did trees sprayed earlier or later. Fruit buds were least hardy on trees treated September 12 and October 2. Yield was reduced by all treatments with maximum effects following treatment in August to October. Fruit produced on injured trees was very firm and had exceptionally high soluble solids.
Assimilation and Translocation Patterns of Carbon-14 in the Shoot of Fruiting Pecan Trees Carya illinoensis Koch1,2
Authors: Davis Joel T. , Sparks Darrell 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Assimilation and movement of 14c followed 3 patterns in the shoot and 1-year-old branch of pecan. During pattern I (bud break and leaf expansion stages), photosynthates were assimilated but not translocated from the leaves. Patterns II and III were characterized by bidirectional and basipetal translocation, respectively. When a leaf matured, initial translocation from the leaf was basipetal to other parts of the tree and acropetal to immature leaves and pistillate flowers. Bidirectional translocation from the leaf shifted to basipetal once distal leaves began to export photosynthates. Successively, as distal leaves matured, this pattern was repeated until all leaves were exporting photosynthates. Through the fruit-enlargement and shell-hardening stages, basipetal and bidirectional translocation occurred from the lower and upper leaves, respectively. As the kernel developed, the sink capacity of the fruit intensified and translocation from the more basal leaves again became bidirectional. After fruit maturity, translocation of photosynthates was basipetal from all leaves. Relationship of translocation pattern to the irregular fruiting habit of the pecan is proposed.
Effects of Date of Defoliation on Flower and Leaf Bud Development in the Peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch1
Authors: Lloyd Donald A. , Couvillon Gary A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three-year-old peach trees were manually defoliated on 6 successive biweekly dates starting in mid July of 1972. Approximately 30 days after treatment, flowers were forced. Flowers produced on 7/8 and 8/1 treatment trees were atypical, whereas flowers forced on 9/12 and 9/26 treatment trees were apparently normal. Defoliation on 8/15 and 8/29 produced flowers both atypical and normal types. The number of forced flowers, adjusted with trunk diameter, increased with each successive defoliation date although the number of flowers forced on any date was small. Floral abnormalities consisted of large leaf-like sepals without petioles, flowers with poorly colored petals, and exerted stigmas. Some abnormal flowers set fruit.
Vegetative bud break decreased with each successive defoliation date. Neither vegetative nor flower buds were forced when individual shoots were defoliated rather than whole trees.
Net Photosynthesis, Dark Respiration, Specific Leaf Weight, and Growth of Young Apple Trees as Influenced by Light Regime1
Authors: Barden J. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eight different light treatments did not affect shoot length, leaf number, or total leaf area of young ‘Red Yorking’ apple (Malus pumila Mill.) trees grown in a greenhouse. Dry weights of leaves and stems were suppressed by 80% shade. Net photosynthesis (Pn), dark respiration (Rd), and specific leaf weight (SLW) were higher in sun than in shade leaves and adaptations in all 3 parameters occurred as a result of changing light conditions, even after leaf expansion had ceased.
KARBON TABANLIK KULLANIMININ PES PLANUS VE PES KAVUSU OLAN BİREYLERDE AYAK PLANTAR BASINÇ DAĞILIMINA ETKİSİ
Authors: TURAN Can , ARAS BAYRAM Gülay 
Published: August 2022

Amaç: Çalışmada kişiye özel üretilen karbon tabanlık kullanımının, pes planus veya pes kavusu olan bireylerde dinamik ve statik plantar basınç analizine etkisini değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya tabanlık kullanması reçete edilen 30 gönüllü birey cinsiyet ayrımı gözetmeksizin dahil edildi. Ağrı değerlendirmesi için Görsel Analog Skala (GAS), dinamik ve statik plantar basınç analizi için sensor medica pedobarografik cihaz ve yaşam kalitesi için Kısa Form-36 Yaşam Kalitesi Anketi kullanıldı. Kişiye özel karbon tabanlık üretilip, katılımcıların 6 ay kullanması istendi. Analizler tekrarlı ölçümlü Anova testi ile başlangıçta, 2. ve 6. ayda yapıldı.
Sonuçlar: Karbon tabanlık kullanımı öncesi ilk ölçüm, 2. ve 6. ayda yapılan GAS değerlendirmelerinde (p
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTS OF SPORTS ON THE QUALITY OF LIFE IN PERSONS WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITIES
Authors: YAZICI-GÜLAY Meltem , KARAKUŞ Ayşenur , KOÇ Haydar , AÇIK Cihangir 
Published: August 2022

Purpose: Sport is an important tool in improving the quality of life of individuals with disabilities. The study aim to examine the life quality of individuals with physical disabilities with different functionality levels in relation to sports.
Methods: A total of 36 individuals with physical disabilities participated in the study. The participants included individuals without any regular exercise (non-sportive, NS), those who played Boccia (B), and persons who played Wheelchair basketball (WCB) who could not provide independent ambulation. The Rivermead Mobility Index (RMI), Functional Independency Measurement (FIM), Trunk Impairment Scale (TIS), and World Health Organization Quality of Life Instrument for People with Intellectual and Physical Disabilities (WHOQOL-DIS) were used for evaluating motor impairment of the trunk, functionality levels, mobility, and quality of life (QoL), respectively.
Results: Group B had lower RMI scores compared to group NS (p0.05), but higher in the WCB group (p
Tailored design of a novel composite foam of sodium alginate used for fluoride ion removal
Authors: Li Wenfei , Wang Zhe , Zhang Xinbo , Zhang Yufeng , Long Tianwei , Wang Xiao , Zhang Jianqing , Liu Jiayuan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fluoride is an essential micronutrient for humans. Nonetheless, when the amount of fluoride ion is greater than required, it will cause skeletal fluorosis and dental fluorosis to threaten human health. In this paper, a series of sodium alginate (SA)-based foam materials are prepared by freeze-drying technique and anchored with the nano-activated alumina (nAl2O3) in the SA to obtain a novel adsorbent of SA-nAl2O3 foam used for fluoride ions removal. The SA-nAl2O3 foam morphology was further explored and confirmed that nAl2O3 existed stably in the SA. The adsorption results showed that the maximal fluoride ion adsorption capacity was 5.09 mg/g with 20 mg/L fluorine solutions at a pH of 3. The adsorption isotherm fitted adequately to the Langmuir isotherm model, which demonstrated that the adsorption process is closer to monolayer adsorption. The adsorption kinetics behavior of SA-nAl2O3 foam was described by a pseudo-second-order model, and the adsorption process occurred by chemisorption. Adsorption thermodynamics analysis emphasized that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. The main mechanism of the foam is ion exchange. The SA-nAl2O3 foam exhibited excellent regeneration performance and stability after three cycles.
Purification, Partial Characterization, and Evaluation of the Antiulcer
Activity of Calotropis procera Leaf Lectin
Authors: Al-Thobaiti Saed A. , Konozy Emadeldin Hassan E. 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Lectins are proteins with therapeutic and diagnostic potential that can be
applied in battling various ailments.

Aim and Objective:
This study was designed to purify and characterize the hemagglutinating
activity derived from the leaves of Calotropis procera and its possible role in protecting the
stomach against ethanol-induced lesions.

Methods:
The Calotropis procera leaf lectin (ProLec), was isolated by homogenization of the
defatted leaf powder in Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) and purified by affinity chromatography
on Sephadex G-100. The lectin was eluted from the affinity column by 3% acetic acid and was
physicochemically characterized. In a dose-dependent manner, ProLec was administered to rats
with ethanol-induced ulcers, and biochemical, histopathological, and toxicological examinations
were performed.

Results:
ProLec is a heterodimer of 75 and 68 kDa. It agglutinated all human RBCs, whereas it
showed weak interaction with animal erythrocytes. The protein was optimally active at 25 °C and
was labile above this temperature. ProLec exhibited two pH optima and was a metalloprotein
requiring Ca, Mn, and Ni. It contains 1.6% tryptophan residues of which about 1% is exposed and
critical for lectin activity. The lectin exhibited a potent gastroprotective effect against ethanolinduced
gastric lesions with no apparent toxicity to both kidneys and liver. Examination of the pH
of the gastric juice of lectin-treated animals indicated a possible role of lectin in maintaining
stomach acidity within the normal ranges compared to the gastric juice pH of animals that received
ethanol only.

Conclusion:
These results may suggest that ProLec could conceivably be a good future drug for the
treatment of gastric ulcers, however, extensive immunological and toxicological research remains to
be done.
Recent Developments in Medicinal Chemistry and Therapeutic
Potential of Anti-Cancer PROTACs-Based Molecules
Authors: Irshad Khan Muhammad Zafar , Nazli Adila , Pan You-Lu , Chen Jian-Zhong 
Published: August 2022

Background:
PROTACs is an emerging technique that addresses the disease causing proteins by targeting protein degradation. PROTACs molecules are bifunctional small molecules that simultaneously bind to the protein of interest (POIs) and an E3 ligase followed by ubiquitination and degradation of the protein of interest by the proteasome.

Objective:
PROTACs technology offers many advantages over classical inhibition such as PROTACs molecules can target intracellular proteins regardless of their function and have good tissue distribution. They are capable to target mutated and overexpressed proteins, thus potent molecules with high degradation selectivity can be designed. Moreover, PROTACs molecules can target the undruggable proteome which makes almost 85% of human proteins. Several PROTACs based compounds have exhibited high therapeutic potency and some of them are currently under clinical trials.

Methods:
Current article gives a comprehensive overview of the current development of PROTACs based anticancer compounds along with the structure-activity relationship of the reported molecules.

Results:
The development in PROTACs based compounds and related research regarding medicinal chemistry are one of the most active and hot topics for research.

Conclusion:
It is believed that the current review article can be helpful to understand the logical design of more efficacious PROTACs based molecules with less toxicity and more selectivity.
Antimicrobial Application of Chitosan Derivatives and their Nanocomposites
Authors: Lin Xuezheng , Gong Xiaochen , Ruan Qicheng , Xu Wei , Zhang Chunjing , Zhao Kai 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
Chitosan is derived from chitin polysaccharide, the main component of crustacean
shells. Chitosan is a biocompatible, nontoxic, and biodegradable polymer soluble
in acidic solutions. It is widely used in the medical and pharmaceutical fields. Antimicrobial
activities of chitosan against different bacterial, fungal, and viral pathogens have
been considered one of its attractive properties, making chitosan valuable for biological
applications, including textile, food, tissue engineering, agriculture, and environmental
protection. Additionally, chitosan has beneficial effects on livestock, poultry, fish, and
crustaceans, which can enhance immunity, improve feed conversion, and promote
growth. However, the water solubility of chitosan influences antimicrobial capabilities,
limiting its application. In the present work, we reviewed the preparation, factors affecting
antimicrobial activity, morphological structure, antimicrobial mechanism, and application
of chitosan derivatives, and the problems and prospects were pointed out. Collectively,
this review provided an update on the application of chitosan derivatives and their
potential for further advanced applications in the antimicrobial field.
Opuntia ficus indica(L.) Mill. An Ancient Plant Source of Nutraceuticals
Authors: Sinicropi Maria Stefania , Baldino Noemi , Ceramella Jessica , Iacopetta Domenico , Scali Elisabetta , Basile Giovanna , Saturnino Carmela , Catalano Alessia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (OFI) is a plant with numerous beneficial properties known in traditional medicine. It has been a domesticated plant in Latin America, Africa, Mediterranean countries, the Middle East, India and Australia. Nowadays, the research concentrates on natural compounds to lower costs and the possible side effects of synthetic compounds. The use of nutraceuticals, bioactive compounds of vegetable origin with important nutritional values, is encouraged. OFI has shown numerous activities due to its high content of antioxidants, including flavonoids and ascorbate, pigments, carotenoids and betalains, phenolic acids and other phytochemical components, such as biopeptides and soluble fibers. The most important effects of OFI are represented by the activity against acne, arthrosis, dermatosis, diabetes, diarrhea, fever, high blood pressure, prostatitis, rheumatism, stomachache, tumor, wart, allergy, wound, colitis and some viral diseases. Moreover, a promising role has been suggested in inflammatory bowel disease, colitis and metabolic syndrome. The most recent studies addressed the role of OFI in preventing and treating COVID-19 disease. In light of the above, this review summarizes the biological activities and health benefits that this plant may exert.
Neuronavigated Repetitive Transcranial Stimulation Improves Neurocognitive
Functioning in Veterans with Schizophrenia: A Possible Role of
BDNF Polymorphism
Authors: Wu Fengchun , Xiu Meihong , Su Xiuru , Liu Haixia , Wang Xuan , Pan Xiuling , Zhang Xuan , Lu Xinyan , Zhao Long , Chen Yingnan , Shang Yujie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
Previous literatures have reported that high-frequency (HF) neuronavigated repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may improve neurocognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia. Nonetheless, the heterogeneity of the research findings with regards to the effectiveness of HF-rTMS on the neurocognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia greatly hinders its clinical application. The current study was designed to determine the predictive role of BDNF variants for neurocognitive improvements after rTMS administration in veterans with schizophrenia. 109 hospitalized veterans with schizophrenia were randomly allocated to active 10Hz rTMS (n=63) or sham stimulation (n=46) over left DLPFC for 4 consecutive weeks. Neurocognitive functions were assessed by using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) at baseline and at the end of week 4. BDNF polymorphism was genotyped by the technicians. Compared with sham stimulation sessions, the immediate memory performance was significantly increased in active sessions after neuronavigated rTMS administration. In addition, patients with the CC homozygotes demonstrated greater improvement of immediate memory after rTMS treatment, while T allele carriers showed no significant improvement in immediate memory domain relative to baseline performance of immediate memory. Our findings suggest that add-on neuronavigated 10Hz rTMS is beneficial on immediate memory only in patients with CC homozygotes, but not in T allele carriers. This pilot study provides further evidence for BDNF as a promise biomarker in predicting the clinical response to rTMS stimulation.
Deep Learning Based COVID-19 Detection Using Medical Images: Is
Insufficient Data Handled Well?
Authors: Babu Caren , Manohar O Rahul , Chandy D Abraham 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
Deep learning is a prominent method for automatic detection of COVID-19 disease
using a medical dataset. This paper aims to give a perspective on the data insufficiency issue that
exists in COVID-19 detection associated with deep learning. The extensive study of the available
datasets comprising CT and X-ray images is presented in this paper, which can be very much useful
in the context of a deep learning framework for COVID-19 detection. Moreover, various data
handling techniques that are very essential in deep learning models are discussed in detail. Advanced
data handling techniques and approaches to modify deep learning models are suggested to
handle the data insufficiency problem in deep learning based on COVID-19 detection.
Progress in the Detection of Cerebrospinal Fluid by Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Zeng Tingting , Song Yali , Bian Handan , Lin Ting , Liu Yuxin , Deng Shanying , Liao Juan , Mao Zhigang , Chen Si 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
As a precious sterile body fluid, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) examination plays an important role in the diagnosis of many clinical diseases. Early diagnosis can significantly improve these diseases survival rate. Raman spectroscopy is a scattering spectrum that has been used for the research and analysis of molecular structures. It has been widely used in many fields, such as protein detection, tumor genes, microbiological pathogen compound materials, and food and medical monitoring, with high sensitivity and specificity. In this review, we briefly introduce the mechanism of Raman spectroscopy and summarize its progress in detecting cerebrospinal fluid, mainly focusing on the application of neurodegenerative diseases by Raman spectroscopy. Meanwhile, we also prospect the development of Raman spectroscopy in the detection of CSF and other fluids.