bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polychlorinated Biphenyls: A Review of Recent Updates on Food Safety
and Environmental Monitoring, Health and Toxicological Implications,
and Analysis
Authors: Maghsoudi Armin Salek , Hassani Shokoufeh , Zarerad Elahe , Niksalehi Kimia , Armandeh Maryam , Sani Mahmood Alizadeh , Ataei Mahshid , Mousavi Taraneh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract:
A class of organic chemicals known as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) consists of
chlorine, hydrogen, and carbon atoms. High boiling points, chemical stability, non-flammability,
and insulating properties have enabled them to be used in various industries. Because of their high
toxicity, PCBs were one of the first industrial compounds to be banned from production. These
compounds have high-fat solubility with bioaccumulation and biomagnification properties in the
environment, food chain, and individuals. Hence, they may have an impact not only on individual
organisms but ultimately on whole ecosystems. The main sources of PCB exposure are food and
environmental pollutants. In the toxicology of PCBs, oxidative stress plays the most influential
function. The induction of CYP1A1 due to the high affinity of PCBs for aryl hydrocarbon receptors
is considered a trigger for oxidative stress. Production of reactive oxygen species and depletion of
glutathione occur due to phase Ⅰ and Ⅱ metabolism, respectively. Thus, cellular redox balance may
be disrupted in the presence of PCBs and their metabolites. Chronic and long-term exposure to these
compounds can often lead to life-threatening diseases, like diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular and
neurological diseases, cancer, and reproductive and endocrine disorders. We present the current
knowledge of the routes of PCB exposure and bioaccumulation, the outlook regarding environmental
and food safety, the potential role of PCBs in various diseases, the principal mechanisms responsible
for PCB toxicity, and the main detection techniques used for PCBs.
Biodistribution and Targeted Antitumor Effects of Trastuzumab-Modified
Gold Nanorods in Mice with Gastric Cancer
Authors: Yi Tang , Hongjiao Cai , Minling Zhuo , Xin Yang , Qingfu Qian , Zhixin Chen , Jing Yang , Zhikui Chen 
Published: December 2022

Background and Objectives:
Targeted drug is often engulfed and cleared by the reticuloendothelial
system in vivo, resulting in reduced treatment efficacy. This study aimed to explore the biodistribution
and HER-2-targeted antitumor effects of trastuzumab-modified gold nanorods (Tra-AuNRs) in
a gastric cancer animal model.

Methods:
Gold nanorods were synthesized using a seed-mediated growth method, and then subjected to
trastuzumab-targeted modification. Elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Xray
photoelectron spectroscopy were performed; UV-visible absorption peak, photothermal effects,
morphology, and size distribution of Tra-AuNRs were characterized. The targeted killing effect of Tra-
AuNRs on gastric cancer cells was assessed in vitro. Tra-AuNRs were injected intravenously and intratumorally
into gastric cancer-bearing nude mice in vivo and their distribution was detected. Tumor
growth inhibition rate and tumor apoptosis-related protein expression were compared between groups.

Results:
Tra-AuNRs presented a relatively uniform morphology with an average particle size of 59.9
nm and a longitudinal plasmon resonance absorption peak of 790 nm. The targeted killing rate of gastric
cancer cells in vitro by Tra-AuNRs was 87.9%. After intravenous injection, Tra-AuNRs were mainly
distributed in the liver, tumor, spleen, and lungs. Comparatively, Tra-AuNRs were mainly distributed
in the tumor when intratumorally injected, with a tumor concentration of 6.42 μg/g after 24 h. The tumor
growth inhibition rate reached 78.3% in the intratumoral injection group, with significantly higher
BAX, BAD, and CASPASE-3 expression than that in the intravenous injection group.

Conclusion:
The findings suggest that Tra-AuNRs can be used for HER-2-positive gastric cancer
treatment. Intratumoral injection of Tra-AuNRs significantly increased the local tumor drug concentration
and improved the molecular targeted antitumor growth effect in gastric cancer-bearing nude mice.
An Ex vivo Investigation on Drug Permeability of Sheep Nasal Epithelial
Tissue Membranes from the Respiratory and Olfactory Regions
Authors: Haasbroek-Pheiffer Anja , Viljoen Alvaro , Steenekamp Jan , Chen Weiyang , Hamman Josias 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Besides systemic drug delivery, the intranasal route of administration has
shown potential for direct nose-to-brain drug delivery, which has gained popularity because it bypasses
the blood-brain barrier.

Objective:
The region in the nose from which the epithelial tissue membrane is excised to conduct ex
vivo permeation studies for nasal drug delivery studies may be of importance, but the permeability of
the epithelium from the different nasal regions has not yet been investigated in the sheep model.

Method:
The permeation of five selected model compounds (i.e., atenolol, caffeine, Rhodamine 123,
FITC-dextran, and Lucifer Yellow) was measured across epithelial tissues that were excised from two
different areas of the sheep nasal cavity, namely the ventral nasal concha (representing respiratory epithelium)
and the ethmoid nasal concha (representing olfactory epithelium).

Results:
Although the selected compounds' permeation was generally slightly higher across the olfactory
epithelial tissues than across the respiratory epithelial tissues, it was not statistically significant except
in the case of atenolol.

Conclusion:
The presence of olfactory nerves and supporting cells and the gaps between them in the
olfactory epithelial tissues may have contributed to the higher permeation of atenolol, but this needs to
be further investigated to elucidate the precise mechanism.
A Case of Subdural Hematoma without Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Secondary to Rupture of Posterior Communicating Artery-infundibular
Dilatation
Authors: Altintas Taslicay Ceylan , Cam Isa , Cakir Ozgur , Ciftci Ercument , Kocer Naci 
Published: December 2022

Introduction:
Subdural hematoma without subarachnoid hemorrhage secondary to intracranial
aneurysm rupture is rare and may complicate patient management due to delay in diagnosis and
subsequent treatment. Herein, we describe a case presenting with pure SDH secondary to the rupture of
a posterior communicating artery infundibular dilatation (PcoA-ID). To the best of our knowledge, this
is the first case of rupture of a PcoA-ID with SDH in the convexity and tentorium, which also tracked
into the upper cervical spine along the subdural space. Additionally, we briefly discuss the previously
published cases of pure SDH secondary to intracranial aneurysm rupture.

Case Report:
A 44-year-old female presented with headache, dizziness, nausea and left-sided diplopia
to an outside institution. Initial diagnostic work-up showed no intracranial hemorrhage, however, magnetic
resonance angiography and subsequent digital subtraction angiography revealed left posterior
communicating artery infundibular dilatation. Two days later, the patient presented with a loss of consciousness.
Computed tomography was positive for bilateral hemispheric subdural hematoma with no
evidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Digital subtraction angiography showed left posterior communicating
artery infundibular dilatation and pseudoaneurysm originating from the inferior area of the
infundibular dilatation, concerning recent rupture. Balloon assisted coil embolization was performed
and the patient had a good outcome without any neurological deficit.

Conclusion:
Subdural hematoma in a young adult without a history of trauma or coagulopathy warrants
additional vascular imaging to search for underlying vascular lesions. It should also be kept in
mind that infundibular dilatation may rupture and cause a pure subdural hematoma.
Skimmianine: Natural Occurrence, Biosynthesis, Synthesis, Pharmacology
and Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Son Ninh The 
Published: December 2022

Background:
For years, plant materials collected from members of the family Rutaceae
have been the subject of various phytochemical and pharmacological studies. In such works, skimmianine
(SM) is a secondary metabolite type furoquinoline alkaloid, which can be seen as a major
component available in medicinal plants of the family Rutaceae. Although there have been numerous
phytochemical and biological experiments, a brief review of this compound is insufficient.

Objective:
The current review with the most aim is to provide information on its natural occurrence,
structural features, biosynthesis, synthesis, pharmacological values, and pharmacokinetic action

Methods:
The list of references was gathered from the following databases: Google Scholar, Pub-
Med, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Medline. In the meantime, “skimmianine” either
alone, or combined “phytochemistry”, “biosynthesis”, “synthesis”, “pharmacology”, and “pharmacokinetics”
was taken into consideration, to search for references.

Results:
Accumulative evidence indicated that many Rutaceae plants, such as genus Zanthoxylum,
were associated with the presence of alkaloid SM. Biosynthesis of organic hetero-tricyclic compound
SM started from anthranilic acid, whereas its short synthetic steps were initially derived from 2,4,7,8-
tetramethoxyquinoline. SM established a great role in pharmaceutical aspect since it possessed antimicrobial,
antiparasitic, antiinsect, antiplatelet, antidiabetic, antiviral, cholinesterase inhibitory, analgesic,
cardiovascular, and estrogenic activities, especially cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activity.
Pharmacokinetic progress of SM in rats mostly involved the changes of double bond C2-C3 and
methoxy groups.

Conclusion:
Pharmacological properties justify its usage in drug development. However, some aspects,
such as the extensive mechanism of action, structure-activity relationship, toxicological, and
clinical studies, demand more research.
Quercetin and Its Role in Reducing the Expression of Pro-inflammatory
Cytokines in Osteoarthritis
Authors: Aleebrahim-Dehkordi Elahe , Soveyzi Faezeh , Arian Ali Sam , Hamedanchi Neda Faal , Hasanpour-Dehkordi Ayda , Rafieian-Kopaei Mahmoud 
Published: December 2022

Abstract:
Osteoarthritis is the most common human joint disease in the world. It is also one of the
most common skeletal muscle defects, destructive joint changes, and the leading cause of disability
and reduced quality of life. Destructive changes in inflammatory joints are associated with a
range of biochemical events, including the overproduction of inflammatory cytokines. Cytokines
are protein compounds that play an essential role in causing and regulating inflammation. A balance
between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is crucial in maintaining a stable
body. In some inflammatory diseases, including osteoarthritis, the balance between these compounds
is disturbed, and the balance shifts to pre-inflammatory cytokines. For this reason, researchers
today are trying to find an effective way to reduce inflammation and treat osteoarthritis
by using certain compounds. Current treatments for osteoarthritis, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory
drugs, glucocorticoids, and hyaluronic acid, are mainly based on reducing pain and
inflammation. However, they have limited effects in controlling symptoms and improving the
patient's quality of life. Also, due to the high level of side effects, synthetic drugs have led to the
identification of compounds of natural origin to give patients a chance to use painkillers and antiinflammatory
drugs with fewer side effects. This review study aimed to present the role of quercetin
as a natural compound in reducing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in osteoarthritis.
This study also discusses the relationship between inflammation and cartilage destruction and
other inflammation-related factors caused by cytokines.
Levothyroxine Sodium - Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy
for Hypothyroidism: A Review of Patent Literature
Authors: Upadhyay Uddeshya , Vora Pratik Ashwinbhai , Patel Rakesh , Prajapati Bijal 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Levothyroxine Sodium is a thyroid hormone replacement therapy
for Hypothyroidism. Levothyroxine Sodium is approved to treat Hypothyroidisim, to suppress
thyroid hormone release from cancerous thyroid nodules, and to prevent the growth
of goiters. In addition, it is also used to treat conditions such as myxedema, cretinism, and
obesity.

Objective:
This assessment highlights the overview of the recent patents of Levothyroxine
Sodium. This review includes patents grouped in sections like product patents, process patents,
and composition-related patents, along with the treatment methodology. The objective
of this article is to impel pseudoscientists to all existing patents in a solitary place.

Methods:
Data were gathered from various internet-based resources, including Patentscope
® (WIPO), Worldwide Espacenet® (EPO), Google Patents, and InPASS (Indian
patent database).

Results:
Several new processes and composition-related patents of Levothyroxine Sodium
have been reported. Further, due to the problem of photosensitivity, oxidation during development,
and stability of Levothyroxine Sodium formulation, several excipients are tried
in these patents to stabilize the same. However, the formulation of Levothyroxine Sodium
with better characteristics needs to be developed.

Conclusion:
Extensive exposure has been carried out towards various processes for the
preparation of Levothyroxine Sodium and the composition of the same. This sort of dynamic
exploration will clear the path for many generic players, which will lead to the reduction
of the expense of the composition and accordingly enhance global health care at a
less expensive cost.
Emergency Department Preparedness toward a Future Pandemic: Safety Management Response Pyramid
Authors: Al Haliq Samer , Khraisat Omar , Al-Bashaireh Ahmad , Al Jumaan Mohammed , Alqudah Zainab , Williams Brett 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Hospitals and other healthcare facilities play a crucial role in national and local responses to emergencies, such as communicable disease outbreaks. In our region, hospital management has established mechanisms for developing and implementing a hospital emergency safety management program, which is designed to ensure the effective management of the risks of internal and external emergencies, including pandemics.

Aim:
To assess and explore the preparedness of the emergency departments in Saudi Arabia at tertiary hospitals toward a future pandemic.

Methods:
A cross-sectional survey was conducted at tertiary hospitals. One hundred forty healthcare providers who are working in the emergency department were surveyed, and the response rate was 75% (105).

Results:
Participants were predominately female (60 (57.1%)), with a bachelor’s degree (72 (68.6%)) and had more than 10 years of experience in their profession (46 (43.8%)). The study revealed that, namely, the junior emergency department staff were poorly trained on average all areas of pandemic preparedness. Healthcare providers reported that the highest implemented measures related to safety/ infection control, emergency department management, and response were, respectively: support N95 respirator fit testing (2.77 (SD = 0.44)), infection prevention techniques (2.85 (SD = 0.39)) and provide criteria for patient assessment (2.72 (SD = 0.51)). On the other hand, the lowest implemented measures were for a unit pandemic safety plan, palliative care, and determined alternate transport resources with a mean of 2.04 (SD = 0.75), 2.22 (SD = 0.83), and 2.19 (SD = 0.80) respectively.

Conclusion:
The findings of this study support the need for formalized pandemic preparedness training, developing a pandemic safety plan to protect the community and healthcare professionals, improving palliative care during and after the pandemic, and defining strategies to allocate healthcare resources.
A Review on Green Synthesis of Biologically Active Compounds
Authors: Jyoti Archana , Kushwaha Smriti , Baranwal Jyoti , Singh Swastika 
Published: December 2022

Abstract:
In recent decades, green synthesis is increasingly being employed for more environmentally
friendly processes and constitutes one central theme of research and development in both academic and
industrial chemistry. “Green Chemistry” refers to the design of products and processes that imply the
reduction or elimination of substances that are harmful to life or the environment. Due to the benefits of
green synthesis, such as reduced waste and expense, not just pharmaceutical firms but also other chemical
industries have begun to take steps towards it. Green synthesis techniques include using green solvents,
catalysts, and other materials. This review article illustrates the utilization of sustainable methods in the
synthesis of biologically active compounds via different green methodologies, such as green solvents,
green catalyst, green media, etc. We hope that this chapter will provide a quick overview of the different
aspects of green chemistry.
Nanomaterials: Potential Broad Spectrum Antimicrobial Agents
Authors: Chidre Prabhurajeshwar , Chavan Ashajyothi , Mallikarjunaiah Navya Hulikunte , Revanasiddappa Kelmani Chandrakanth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract:
Nanotechnology is a promising science with new aspects to fight and prevent various diseases
using nanomaterials. The capability to expose the structure and functions of biosystems at the
nanoscale level supports research leading to development in biology, biotechnology, medicine and
healthcare. This is predominantly advantageous in treating microbial infections as an alternative to antibiotics.
However, widespread production, and use and misuse of antibiotics have led to the emergence
of multiple-drug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria. Due to infectious diseases from these
drug-resistant pathogenic strains, human mortality rates have consistently increased and are becoming
an epidemic in our society. Consequently, there is a strong demand for developing novel strategies and
new materials that can cope with these problems. The emergence of nanotechnology has created many
new antimicrobial options. The small size of these nanomaterials is suitable for carrying out biological
operations. Several metals and metal oxides, such as silver, copper, gold, zinc oxide and iron oxide
nanoparticle types, have shown toxicity toward several pathogenic microbes. Metal-based nanoparticles
have been broadly examined for a set of biomedical applications. According to the World Health
Organization, the reduced size and selectivity of metal-based nanoparticles for bacteria have established
them to be effective against pathogens, causing concern. Metal-based nanoparticles are known
to have non-specific bacterial toxicity mechanisms, which not only make the development of resistance
by bacteria difficult, but also widen the spectrum of antibacterial activity. Metal-based nanoparticle
efficiency studies achieved so far have revealed promising results against both Gram-positive
and Gram-negative bacteria. Here we discuss the potential nanomaterials to either treat microbial resistance
or induce the development of resistance. However, fundamental research is required to focus
on the molecular mechanism causing the antimicrobial activity of nanomaterials.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA TRUST DENGAN SELF DISCLOSURE PADA REMAJA PUTRI PENGGUNA TIKTOK
Authors: Boer Pradana Yitami , Pratama Mario 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACTIntroduction There is an increase in the use of social media, one of which is TikTok social media which is dominated by teenagers, especially young women. The aim of this research is to find out the relationship between trust and self disclosure in young women using TikTok in Padang City.
Methods In this study using quantitative methods with a population of young women who are domiciled in the city of Padang. The sample in this study was 209 respondents and used purposive sampling technique. The measuring instrument uses a trust scale and a self disclosure scale.
Results Based on the results of the analysis using product moment analysis, the correlation coefficient (R) = 0.595 with a significant value of p = 0.000 (p <0.05) means that there is a positive relationship between trust and self-disclosure in young women using TikTok in Padang City.
Conclusions Thus, it shows that the higher the trust, the higher the level of self-disclosure among young women using TikTok in Padang City.
Keywords: trust, self disclosure, adolescent women using TikTok
ABSTRAK
Pendahuluan Terjadinya peningkatan penggunaan media sosial, salah satunya media sosial TikTok yang didominasi oleh remaja khususnya remaja putri. Penelitian yang dilakukan memiliki tujuan untuk mengetahui adanya hubungan antara trust dengan self disclosure pada remaja putri pengguna TikTok di Kota Padang.
Metode Pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan populasi remaja putri yang domisili di Kota Padang. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah 209 responden dan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Alat ukur menggunakan skala trust dan skala self disclosure.
Hasil Berdasarkan hasil analisis menggunakan analisis product moment didapatkan koefisien yang korelasi (R) = 0.595 dengan nilai signifikan sebesar p= 0,000 (p< 0,05) artinya terdapat hubungan yang positif antara trust dengan self disclosure pada remaja putri pengguna TikTok di Kota Padang.
Kesimpulan Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa semakin tinggi trust maka akan semakin tinggi tingkat self disclosure pada remaja putri pengguna TikTok di Kota Padang.
Kata kunci: trust, self disclosure, remaja putri pengguna TikTok