bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Processes Role in the Drive for Industrial Decarbonization
Authors: Palou-Rivera Ignasi , Grieco William 
Published: July 2022

Manufacturers are increasingly focused on meeting sustainability targets by decarbonizing their processes. Process electrification, exploiting the increasing amount of renewable power, is emerging as a viable tool for decarbonizing the chemical process industries (CPI). Electrochemical processing, together with process heating, and supported by electrical energy storage represent the key opportunities for innovation in process electrification.
Electrochemical processing, using electrochemistry in place of or alongside traditional thermochemical or biochemical production methods, is already commonly used to produce aluminum, adiponitrile, chlorine, and caustic soda. Electrolysis is also used to produce hydrogen as a more sustainable alternative to steam methane reforming. Despite these commercial applications, electrochemical processing has not been applied broadly across the CPI due in part to slow development of electrodes, complex requirements for electrochemical cell fabrication and operation, and high capital and operating costs. However, spending on research and development in this area is increasing. Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to C1 compounds (e.g., carbon monoxide, formic acid, and methanol) is demonstrated and scalable, and applied research on cell development for the production of C2 and higher compounds (e.g, ethylene, propylene, dimethyl ether, etc.) is accelerating. Development efforts must focus on demonstration of these process technologies at scale and over a range of operating conditions and feedstock qualities.
Options for the future should include factory-produced, standardized modular platforms that enable cost-effective electrolysis. These platforms could become a mainstream process for distributed hydrogen production, a key requirement for carbon dioxide utilization. Similarly, electrochemical processing modules with various cell configurations could enable distributed carbon dioxide upgrading to C1 and higher compounds. Each of these cases will require development and demonstration of more efficient electromagnetic power sources and more robust electrode and membrane materials.
(Invited) Process Intensification of Electrochemical Systems for CO2 and Biomass Valorization
Authors: Perez-Gallent Elena 
Published: July 2022

Valorization of CO2 and biomass waste streams via electrochemical conversions is a sustainable alternative for the production of fine chemicals and commodity chemicals. This topic has gained a lot of attention in the past decades and major research efforts have been put into it. Key advances has been achieved in the field of material development, where, novel catalysts have been synthesized, developed and have demonstrated to increase the efficiency and selectivity towards the targeted products. Relatively to the large number of studies focused on material development, limited studies are focused on process development, reactor optimization and product separation. Although material development is of paramount importance to achieve an adequate electrochemical reaction performance, it is only the first step needed in order to develop a competitive technology. Process development offers the possibility of enhancing the overall performance of the technology by looking not only at the reaction level, but finding engineering solutions to overcome critical limitations. Process development is essential in order to accelerate the technology towards its envisioned application and advance towards commercial realization. In this talk, we will present several optimization strategies (beyond material development) that helped increase the overall performance of several electrochemical conversion processes, as well as the economic profitability of the complete system.
In addition, in order to advance the technology on the TRL scale and have a positive market potential, the technology needs to be evaluated in several aspects such as the scaling-up challenges, its cost competitiveness and its climate benefits. For this, it is crucial to consider the complete value chain, and evaluate not only the electrochemical reaction but also the upstream and the downstream processes. A complete system approach is paramount for the development of competitive technologies. In this talk we will also show several examples on different process intensification strategies and its benefits on the economic potential of them.
(Digital Presentation) Electron Mediators for the Reductive Leaching of Chalcopyrite: Replacing Smelting with Electrolysis for Copper Production
Authors: Vardner Jonathon , Gencer Elifsu , Farinato Raymond , Nagaraj Devarayasamudram , Banta Scott , West Alan 
Published: July 2022

Copper is expected to be in high demand in the coming decades due to the emergence of wind and solar technologies, which require about five times as much copper as traditional energy sources. Copper, however, is expected to be in short supply in the coming decades due to the high costs associated with the mining, concentrating, and processing of chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), which accounts for about 70% of all copper reserves. This work introduces a potentially transformative hydrometallurgical process for domestic production of copper from CuFeS2. Commercialization of such a process could sustain a high rate of copper production throughout the 21st century. Chalcopyrite is reacted with a redox couple to enable the rapid, clean, and complete recovery of copper. The reductant may be regenerated by an electrolysis unit.
Reactions 1 and 2 show the direct electrochemical reduction of CuFeS2 to Cu2S and Cu0, respectively 2
CuFeS2 + 6H+ + 2e- → Cu2S + 2 Fe2+ + 3 H2 S [1]
Cu2S + 2H+ + 2e- → 2 Cu0 + H2 S [2]
The cathodic reduction of CuFeS2 competes with the hydrogen evolution reaction and therefore becomes inefficient at current densities exceeding 40 mA/cm2. Conversely, the cathodic reduction of an electron mediator circumvents the hydrogen evolution reaction and enables current densities exceeding 100 mA/cm2. Figure 1 shows a result that highlights the use of an electron mediator to facilitate the rapid and complete reduction of chalcopyrite, followed by the dissolution of the resultant solid product into sulfuric acid for the complete recovery of copper. In figure 1a, the release of Fe2+ ions to solution during the progression of the reaction with electron mediator is shown. In all cases, the solution contains 4M H2SO4 and various loadings of CuFeS2 concentrate. Error bars show standard deviations of replicates in triplicate. The reaction nearly goes to completion in 10 minutes. In figure 1b, the subsequent extraction of Cu2+ from mineral products dissolution into 1M H2SO4. The resulting concentration of copper in the sulfuric acid is amenable to electrowinning. Results are shown for high loadings of chalcopyrite, within a practical range for economic viability.
In this work, we report successful results from two redox couples that can be effectively regenerated via electrolysis. A preliminary technoeconomic analysis is discussed, identifying potential opportunities as well as technical challenges.

Figure 1
Simple and Scalable Ball Milling Synthesis of MoS2/Graphite Heterostructures with High Rate Capability for Li-Ion Batteries
Authors: Shah Ami Rani , Miller Thomas Samuel , Cullen Patrick 
Published: July 2022

With the constant rise of consumer demands for energy storage devices, improvements in current Li-ion battery (LIB) technology are paramount. At present, graphite is the most common commercial anode material, with a theoretical capacity of 372 mA h g-1. However, it is inevitable that graphite alone will no longer suffice to meet large capacity and high power requirements.
Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are isostructural analogues of graphite where a transition metal layer is sandwiched between two chalcogen layers by strong intraplanar bonds while each unit is stacked together through weak van der Waal’s interplanar forces. MoS2 is a TMD which has also been considered as a potential candidate for LIB anodes as its theoretical capacity (670 mA h g-1) is almost double that of graphite. Unfortunately, the anode’s practical performance is very poor due to large volume expansion upon charging/discharging and formation of undesirable polysulphides.
Combining MoS2 and graphite could generate an alternating layer heterostructure that exploits the desirable properties of each material. Most syntheses of MoS2/Graphite heterostructures in the literature either require extensive reaction conditions such as long periods of ultrasonication, or produce very low yields such as chemical vapour deposition. Additionally, ultrasonication often introduces many undesirable defects, due to the solvent used and harsh conditions. Alternatively, dry ball milling is a scalable and economically viable technique for producing MoS2/Graphite heterostructures. The process uses mechanical forces exerted by balls to strip layered materials through their weaker van der Waal’s bonding. To date, the only MoS2/Graphite composite synthesised with this method (though under Ar) for Li-ion batteries, was ball milled for 40 hrs and exhibited a practical capacity of ~700 mA h g-1 at 100 mA g-1 current density for 100 cycles.(1)
This work uses simple dry ball milling under atmospheric conditions for 12 hrs to synthesise a MoS2/Graphite composite which exhibits ~350 mA h g-1 at a high current density of 1 A g-1. Additionally, this work shows that dry ball milling MoS2 alone for 12 hrs produces a phase transformation to a conductive 1T MoS2 product. Raman spectroscopy, XRD, XPS, SEM and impedance spectroscopy techniques were used to characterise the materials. By combining MoS2 and graphite with this simple and scalable method, we provide a viable solution to meet rising consumer demands of improved energy storage devices.
(1) Zhao H, Zeng H, Wu Y, Zhang S, Li B, Huang Y. Facile scalable synthesis and superior lithium storage performance of ball-milled MoS2-graphite nanocomposites. J Mater Chem A. 2015;3(19):10466–70.
(Invited) Broadband Electroluminescence from Reverse Breakdown in Individual Suspended Carbon Nanotube Pn-Junctions
Authors: Cronin Stephen B. , Wang Bo 
Published: July 2022

There are various mechanisms of light emission in carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which give rise to a wide range of spectral emission characteristics that provide important information regarding the underlying physical processes that lead to photon emission. Here, we report spectra obtained from individual suspended CNT dual-gate field effect transistor (FET) devices under different gate and bias conditions. By applying opposite voltages to the gate electrodes (i.e., Vg1 = –Vg2), we are able to create a pn-junction within the suspended region of the CNT. Under forward bias conditions, the spectra exhibit a peak corresponding to E11 exciton emission via thermal (i.e., blackbody) emission occurring at electrical powers around 8 μW, which corresponds to a power density of approximately 0.5 MW/cm2. On the other hand, the spectra observed under reverse bias correspond to impact ionization and avalanche emission, which occurs at electrical powers of ~ 10 nW and exhibits a featureless flat spectrum extending from 1,600 nm to shorter wavelengths up to 600 nm. Here, the hot electrons generated by the high electric fields (~ 0.5 MV/cm) are able to produce high energy photons far above the E11 (ground state) energy. It is somewhat surprising that these devices do not exhibit light emission by the annihilation of electrons and holes under forward bias, as in a light emitting diode (LED). Possible reasons for this are discussed, including Auger recombination.
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-020-2941-3

Figure 1
Association Between Community‐Level Violent Crime and Cardiovascular Mortality in Chicago: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Eberly Lauren A. , Julien Howard , South Eugenia C. , Venkataraman Atheendar , Nathan Ashwin S. , Anyawu Emeka C. , Dayoub Elias , Groeneveld Peter W. , Khatana Sameed Ahmed M. 
Published: July 2022

Background
Violent crime has recently increased in many major metropolitan cities in the United States. Prior studies suggest an association between neighborhood crime levels and cardiovascular disease, but many have been limited by cross‐sectional designs. We investigated whether longitudinal changes in violent crime rates are associated with changes in cardiovascular mortality rates at the community level in one large US city‐Chicago, IL.

Methods and Results

Chicago is composed of 77 community areas. Age‐adjusted mortality rates by community area for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary artery disease from 2000 to 2014, aggregated at 5‐year intervals, were obtained from the Illinois Department of Public Health Division of Vital Records. Mean total and violent crime rates by community area were obtained from the City of Chicago Police Data Portal. Using a 2‐way fixed effects estimator, we assessed the association between longitudinal changes in violent crime and cardiovascular mortality rates after accounting for changes in demographic and economic variables and secular time trends at the community area level from 2000 to 2014. Between 2000 and 2014, the median violent crime rate in Chicago decreased from 3620 per 100 000 (interquartile range [IQR], 2256, 7777) in the 2000 to 2004 period to 2390 (IQR 1507, 5745) in the 2010 to 2014 period (
P
=0.005 for trend). In the fixed effects model a 1% decrease in community area violent crime rate was associated with a 0.21% (95% CI, 0.09–0.33) decrease in cardiovascular mortality rates (
P
=<0.001) and a 0.19% (95% CI, 0.04–0.33) decrease in coronary artery disease mortality rates (
P
=0.01). There was no statistically significant association between change in violent crime and stroke mortality rates (−0.17% [95% CI, −0.42 to 0.08;
P
=0.18]).

Conclusions
From 2000 to 2014, a greater decrease in violent crime at the community area level was associated with a greater decrease in cardiovascular and coronary artery disease mortality rates in Chicago. These findings add to the growing evidence of the impact of the built environment on health and implicate violent crime exposure as a potential social determinant of cardiovascular health. Targeted investment in communities to decrease violent crime may improve community cardiovascular health.
Another One Rides the Bus: The Impact of School Transportation on Student Outcomes in Michigan
Authors: Edwards Danielle Sanderson 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
School transportation may increase student outcomes by providing a reliable and safe means of getting to and from school. Little evidence of the effects of such policies exists. In this paper, I provide some of the first causal evidence of transportation impacts on student attendance and achievement using a rich panel of student-level enrollment and address data for Michigan public school students and a unique dataset of district transportation policies for the largest fifty districts in Michigan. I exploit the walking distance cutoffs that determine transportation eligibility using a regression discontinuity design. I find that transportation eligibility increases attendance rates and lowers the probability of chronic absence. These effects are largest for economically disadvantaged students, who experience a 0.5 to 1 percentage point increase in attendance rates and a 2 to 4 percentage point decrease in the probability of being chronically absent. These results are compelling evidence that school-provided transportation increases attendance for students most at risk to miss school. However, I find no effect of school transportation on student achievement outcomes. Given the high costs of school transportation, targeting additional transportation services to chronically absent students as an attendance intervention may be more efficient than increasing bus services for all students.
The Road to Finding a Definition for the Crime of Genocide – the Importance of the Genocide Convention
Authors: Ozoráková Lilla 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Today, genocide is known as “the crime of crimes”, for its fundamental implications for human morality. The 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Genocide Convention) defines genocide as a crime perpetrated against “a national, ethnical, racial or religious group”. The same definition was also adopted verbatim by the statutes of the international criminal tribunals and courts. Although this was a successful step towards the establishment of an international regime of criminal responsibility for one of the most heinous violations of international law (as well as towards the ultimate eradication of the crime of genocide), the definition of genocide, as set out in the Genocide Convention, has often been subjected to criticism due to its limited scope. The definition in Article II of the Genocide Convention was the outcome of a complex process of negotiations and consensus, reflecting the prevailing views on genocide during the drafting of the Genocide Convention. However, in order to understand the reasoning behind the limited scope of the definition, it is necessary to examine the historical context in which the crime of genocide was conceptualized and subsequently criminalized. The aim of this article is to explore the historical background of the concept of genocide, with specific attention to the drafting processes of the most important legal instruments, including the Genocide Convention and the statutes of the international criminal courts and tribunals, to illustrate the foundations of the concept and explain the reasoning behind the current definition of genocide. In particular, this article will focus on examining the legacy of Raphael Lemkin as the father of the term ‘genocide’, as well as the influence of the Nuremberg Trials. In addition, this article will focus on the historical context in which the 1948 Genocide Convention was drafted and subsequently adopted by the United Nations General Assembly as well as explore the developments that emerged in the post-1948 period, with specific attention paid not only to the drafting of the statutes of the international criminal tribunals and the International Criminal Court, but also to their jurisprudence.
Australian Representatives to the UNWCC, 1943–1948
Authors: Morris Narrelle 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Australia had a number of significant personnel involved in the United Nations War Crimes Commission (UNWCC). Yet the strongest Australian influence on the UNWCC was not Australian at all; it was the British-born jurist Lord Wright of Durley, who served as Australia’s representative from mid-1944 and as UNWCC chair during the pivotal years from 1945 to 1948. Lord Wright took charge only months before the wars in Europe and the Pacific ended and thus played a significant role in directing the UNWCC’s efforts during this crucial period. Unfortunately, the UNWCC became less and less able over time to influence its national members and their approaches to prosecuting war crimes. The eventual sidelining of the UNWCC does not, however, change its important place in the history of multilateral institutions that sought to deal with war crimes committed in the twentieth century by means of international criminal law. Nor does it detract from the honest and industrious work of the various national representatives, including Lord Wright, to ensure that war criminals did not escape justice.
Crossroads in London on the Road to Nuremberg: The London International Assembly, Exile Governments and War Crimes
Authors: Eichenberg Julia 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
During the Second World War, representatives of occupied European countries fled the continent, mostly to Great Britain. From 1940 onwards, exiled political representatives of Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Yugoslavia and Free France were situated in London. This initiated debates about a broad range of legal issues, ranging from recognition and legitimacy to post-war justice. Law thus became a focal point in London, both imperative to uphold statehood and legitimacy in exile and an indispensable tool for planning and structuring the post-war world. This article looks at the pre-history of the UNWCC and presents interests and forces behind the creation of such a commission, and the attempts of different groups, states and individuals to maintain agency. This article will introduce discussions around the St James’s Declaration, the London International Assembly (LIA) and at Chatham House as important steps leading towards the UNWCC.
Telemedical and Self-Managed Abortion: A Human Rights Imperative?
Authors: Tongue Zoe L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Early into the COVID-19 pandemic, abortion rights advocates highlighted the importance of maintaining access to abortion through telemedicine. It was argued that telemedical and self-managed abortion was, in the pandemic context, a human rights imperative. This article argues that providing for telemedical and self-managed abortion remains a human rights imperative beyond the duration of the pandemic. Telemedical and self-managed abortion is safe and effective, supports the pregnant person’s preferences and reproductive autonomy, and minimises many of the physical and structural barriers faced by pregnant people in accessing abortion services. International and European human rights standards access to abortion require states to take positive measures to guarantee access to abortion, and this article argues that such measures include telemedical and self-managed abortion.
Microphysical Characteristics of Precipitating Stratiform Clouds in North China Revealed by Joint Observations of an Aircraft and a Polarimetric Radar
Authors: Hu Xiangfeng , Huang Hao , Xiao Haixia , Cui Yi , Lv Feng , Zhao Liwei , Ji Xueshuai 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Microphysical structures and processes in a case of precipitating stratiform clouds in North China on 21 May 2018 are investigated using joint observations from an aircraft and an X-band polarimetric radar. The results show that there are enhancements in differential reflectivity (ZDR) and specific differential phase (KDP) above the 7-km altitude, consistent with the existence of dendrites and platelike ice crystals. The horizontal reflectivity factor (ZH) increases and ZDR decreases downward above the melting layer (ML), due to the prevalent aggregation process, which is confirmed by the downward increasing volume-weighted mean diameter (Dm) and decreasing total number concentration (Nt) observed by the aircraft. Within the ML, the concentration of median-sized particles (2–5 mm) decreases rapidly downward due to the melting process. Within approximately the top 2/3 of the ML, the melting particles’ mean and maximum sizes increase, demonstrating the dominance of the aggregation process. This causes the enhancements of ZH and ZDR within the radar bright band together with the increase in the dielectric constant. Within the bottom 1/3 of the ML, the breakup process is responsible for the decreasing Dm and increasing Nt observed by the aircraft. Below the ML, the measurements by the polarimetric radar and the aircraft only show slight variance with altitude, indicating the near balance between microphysical processes favored by the nearly saturated air. The results of the microphysics in the stratiform case would help improve the microphysical parameterization of numerical modeling in the future.