bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimentally Investigating Sand Particle Characteristics Under Annular Multiphase Flow Conditions Using a Triaxial Vibration Method
Authors: Wang Kai , Chang Ziang , Li Yichen , Qin Min , Wang Gang , Fu Guangming 
Published: October 2022

SummarySand characterization in annular flows remains challenging for the efficient flow of water-bearing high-production gas wells. In this work, triaxial vibration methods were first developed to quantitatively characterize the sand transport behaviors on pipe walls. First, a series of methods were applied to calculate the time-frequency, noncoherent power, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and statistical features to characterize annular flow formation. Second, four sand conveyance patterns were distinguished from the annular flow with different triaxial time-frequency features. Third, the effects of the particle type (sand or glass), median size (150–550 μm), and superficial flow velocity of the gas (14–18 m/s) and liquid (0.0037–0.0114 m/s) on the vibration energy were evaluated. Finally, the established sand quantitative analysis model was verified and compared with existing methods. Corresponding experimental investigation results were used to identify the sand characteristic frequencies with low error rates for sand conveyance patterns of the forward liquid flow (28.2–34.6 kHz on the xyz-axis and 36.2–38.7 kHz on the xz-axis, with an error rate of 3.35%), reverse liquid flow (20.3–22.8 kHz on the xy-axis and 22.8–25.3 kHz on the z-axis, with an error rate of 2.93%), droplet nonwrapped flow in the gas core (40.5–43.5 kHz on the xyz-axis, with an error rate of 4.08%), and droplet wrapped flow in the gas core (46.2–48.7 kHz on the xyz-axis, with an error rate of 2.68%). Therefore, this study effectively complements the current sand characterization method for annular flows and provides a good foundation for the optimization of sand production monitoring in gas wells.
Population-Level Counterfactual Trend Modelling to Examine the Relationship Between Smoking Prevalence and E-Cigarette Use among US Adults
Authors: Foxon Floe , Selya Arielle , Gitchell Joe , Shiffman Saul 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Studies have suggested that some US adult smokers are switching away from smoking to e-cigarette use. Nationally representative data may reflect such changes in smoking by assessing trends in cigarette and e-cigarette prevalence. The objective of this study is to assess whether and how much smoking prevalence differs from expectations since the introduction of e-cigarettes.
Methods
Annual estimates of smoking and e-cigarette use in US adults varying in age, race/ethnicity, and sex were derived from the National Health Interview Survey. Regression models were fitted to smoking prevalence trends before e-cigarettes became widely available (1999–2009) and trends were extrapolated to 2019 (counterfactual model). Smoking prevalence discrepancies, defined as the difference between projected and actual smoking prevalence from 2010–2019, were calculated, to evaluate whether actual smoking prevalence differed from those expected from counterfactual projections. The correlation between smoking discrepancies and e-cigarette use prevalence was investigated.
Results
Actual overall smoking prevalence from 2010–2019 was significantly lower than counterfactual predictions. The discrepancy was significantly larger as e-cigarette use prevalence increased. In subgroup analyses, discrepancies in smoking prevalence were more pronounced for cohorts with greater e-cigarette use prevalence, namely adults ages 18–34, adult males, and non-Hispanic White adults.
Conclusions
Population-level data suggest that smoking prevalence has dropped faster than expected, in ways correlated with increased e-cigarette use. This population movement has potential public health implications.
Comparison of the analgesic effect of Ketamine and Midazolam with Apotel and Ketorolac in renal colic patients: a clinical trial
Authors: Bahrami Anvar , Zareie Bushra , Jabbari Latife , Zamanimehr Nahid , AzizKhani Leila 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background: This study aimed to determine the effect of the Ketamine and Midazolam combination and compare it with the Apotel and Ketorolac combination in pain management of patients with renal colic in the emergency section.
In this double-blind clinical trial study, 200 renal colic patients admitted to the ED with more than 8 NRS* (Numerical Rating Scale) of primary pain were divided into two groups by random blocking: one group received intravenous Ketamine (0.4 mg/kg), and intravenous Midazolam (at a dose of 0.016 mg/kg) and the other group received intravenous Ketorolac (30 mg) and intravenous Apotel (15 mg/kg). After that, we measured patients' pain at 1, 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 min after the procedure.
Results: 124 (62.0%) of 200 patients were men. Initial pain scores were 9(10-9) for Ketamine + Midazolam and 10(10-9) for Apotel + Ketorolac.Linear regression was performed to compare the two groups' adjusted pain scores, correcting for initial pain. The ultimate pain score increased by.392 units for each unit of starting pain. Group and time had significant effects (5.553, -.035, P=.001, respectively).
Apotel + Ketorolac had a higher mean pain score than Ketamine + Midazolam at all post-intervention time intervals. During the trial, both groups' discomfort decreased dramatically.
Conclusions: The combination of Ketamine and Midazolam was more effective than Apotel and Ketorolac in relieving the pain in renal colic. Therefore, if routine medications are contraindicated, a combination of Ketamine and Midazolam is recommended for pain control in patients with renal colic.
Trial registration: This trial was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials with IRCT registration number of IRCT20200422047163N1 (https://www.irct.ir/trial/47370) and registration date of 01/05/2020.
Former smoking as a risk factor for visual field progression in exfoliation glaucoma patients in Sweden
Authors: Ayala Marcelo 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Purpose: The present study aimed to identify whetherformer smoking was a risk factor for visual field progression in exfoliation glaucoma patients.
Methods: Prospective nonrandomized cohort study. The study included patients diagnosed with exfoliation glaucoma. All included patients were followed for three years (± three months) with reliable visual fields. At least five reliable visual fields needed to be included in the study. Exfoliation glaucoma was defined using the European Glaucoma Society Guidelines. The visual fields were tested using the 24-2 test strategy of the Humphrey Field Analyzer. Smoking was assessed through questionnaires. Outcomes: Visual field progression. Three different approaches were used: difference in mean deviation (MD), rate of progression (ROP), and guided progression analysis (GPA).
Results: In total, n=113 patients were included; among them, n=57 were smokers. Smoking was a significant predictor for visual field progression in the three models (MD/ROP/GPA) studied (p=0.01/p=0.001/p≤0.001), even adjusting for intraocular pressure (IOP). Other predictors were includedin the MD model: IOP at diagnosis (p=0.04) and SLT treatment (p=0.01). Other predictors were in the ROP model: VFI (p=0.005), number of medications (p=0.001) and SLT treatment (p=0.001). Other predictors were in the GPA model: the number of medications (p=0.002).
Conclusions: Former smoking induced visual field deterioration in all of the models studied. Smoking status should be considered when establishing the glaucoma diagnosis. Increased glaucoma care should be provided to former smokers to slow the progression of the disease.
Degradation of odorous 2,4,6-trichloroanisole in chlorinated water by UV-LED/chlorination: Kinetics and influence factors
Authors: Zhang Yun-Lu , Lin Yi-Li , Zhang Tianyang , Lu Yong-Shan , Zhou Xiao-Yang , Liu Zhi , Zheng Zheng-Xiong , Xu Meng-Yuan , Xu Bin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
2,4,6-Trichloroanisole (2,4,6-TCA) has aroused a special concern for their odor problem and potential threats. In this study, the degradation of 2,4,6-TCA by UV/chlorination with different UV sources was compared, including low-pressure mercury lamp (LPUV, 254 nm) and ultraviolet light-emitting diode (UV-LED, 275 and 285 nm). The maximum removal of 2,4,6-TCA can be achieved by 275 nm UV-LED/chlorination in neutral and alkaline conditions was 80.0%. The reaction, kinetics and water matrix parameters on 2,4,6-TCA degradation were also evaluated. During UV-LED (275 nm)/chlorination, 2,4,6-TCA degradation was mainly caused by direct UV photolysis and indirect hydroxyl radical (HO•) oxidation, while reactive chlorine radicals (RCSs) had a negligible contribution. The second-order rate constant between HO• and 2,4,6-TCA was determined as 3.1×109 M-1s-1. Increasing initial chlorine dosage and decreasing 2,4,6-TCA concentration or pH value signiﬁcantly promoted 2,4,6-TCA degradation during UV/chlorination process. The presence of natural organic matter (NOM) and bicarbonate (HCO3-) can inhibit 2,4,6-TCA degradation, while chloride ion (Cl-) had a negligible effect. The kinetic model for 2,4,6-TCA degradation was established and validated, and the degradation pathways were proposed based on the identified intermediates. Furthermore, UV-LED (275 nm)/chlorination also exhibited a promising effect on 2,4,6-TCA removal in real water, which can be used to control 2,4,6-TCA pollution and odor problems.
Vitamin D status in healthy Italian school-age children: a single-center cross-sectional study
Authors: Galeazzi Tiziana , Quattrini Sara , Pjetraj Dorina , Gatti Simona , Monachesi Chiara , Franceschini Elisa , Marinelli Luisita , Catassi Giulia N. , Lionetti Elena , Catassi Carlo 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
(1) Background: Vitamin D is involved in calcium homeostasis and bone metabolism, although its extra-skeletal actions are also well-known. Low serum 25(OH)D levels are common both in adults and children worldwide.
(2) Methods: the purpose of this cross-sectional study was to determine the distribution of 25(OH)D levels in a cohort of healthy Italian school-age children, aged 5-10 years, in relationship to determinants of vitamin D deficiency such as season, BMI, gender, age and ethnicity.
(3) Results: the mean serum 25(OH) D level was 28.2 ng/mL; the prevalence of 25(OH)D sufficiency (>30 ng/mL), insufficiency (20-30 ng/mL), deficiency (10-20 ng/mL) and severe deficiency (<10 ng/mL) was 36%, 37%, 21% and 6% of the study-group population, respectively. The lower serum 25(OH)D values were observed during winter (21.6 ng/mL) and spring (22.9 ng/mL), as compared to summer (46.7 ng/mL) (p<0.001). Higher BMI z-scores were associated with lower 25(OH)D level while no statistical difference was observed as related to gender and age groups.
(4) Conclusions: healthy Italian schoolchildren show low 25(OH)D levels, particularly during winter and spring time. Seasonality, ethnicity and overweight/obesity were confirmed to influence the vitamin D status, thus indicating the need for effective initiatives to support adequate vitamin D status in this population group.
Intensive use and low-carbon development of industrial land under the Chinese decentralization: A case study in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region
Authors: Xu Hengzhou , Xu Wenbo , Li Xiaoyan , Han Jie , Han Chengji , Song Lifang 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
To achieve intensive use and low-carbon development of industrial land in China, it is important to coordinate the conflicts of interest among stakeholders in the process of land expropriation and utilization. However, the complex interaction mechanism and influencing factors among stakeholders make it difficult to achieve the goal under the Chinese decentralization and unique land development pattern. To solve these problems, this paper first analyzes the four main stakeholders’ conflicts of interest in the process of land expropriation and utilization, that is, the central government, local government, peasant, and enterprise. Then, we construct two evolutionary game models to examine the dynamic changes of stakeholders’ different strategies and take the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as an example to compare the impacts of factors on strategies under different conditions using simulation analysis. The research shows that under the Chinese decentralization, adjusting the action strengths of different stakeholders can have different effects on system equilibrium. In terms of the central government's reward and penalty, increasing the reward and penalty for local government will shorten the time of system equilibrium to a different degree, and there is little difference between the effects of political and economic penalties. Interestingly, increasing the incentives for peasants cannot promote the system equilibrium in advance. In addition, the key to local governments’ decision on illegal land expropriation lies in benefits rather than costs, and investment in low-carbon technology reform with positive externalities is easier to control than investment in economic production with negative externalities associated with pollution emissions.
WITHDRAWN: Vertical Electrical Sounding Technique as an Efficient and Rapid Tool for Groundwater Investigation in a Basaltic Environment at Kodana Station for the Shami goats Case Study from Southern Syria
Authors: Asfahani Jamal 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Geoelectrical survey was conducted by using vertical electrical sounding technique (VES) with adapting Schlumberger configuration, to locate and drill a borehole for groundwater extraction in the Kodana station for the Shami goats, Southern Syria. An integrated approach is proposed to increase the efficacy of the VES technique and to reduce the uncertainties and the high failures in locating and drilling a successful groundwater borehole. The approach is essentially based on analyzing the Dar-Zarrouk parameters with constraining several conditions to obtain the optimum hydrogeophysical model. The 1D inversion quantitative interpretation of twelve VES sounding points and the Dar-Zarrouk parameters allowed the characterization of the study area in terms of depth and the Neogene pyroclastic basalt aquifer. The result showed that VES point (V6) has the optimum and favorable properties for drilling a successful borehole in the area. The V6 has GPS coordinates of E: 3589614, N: 3301961 and Z: 770m. The Neogene pyroclastic basalt aquifer at this V6 point is characterized by a thickness (h) of 217m, a resistivity (ρ) of 227Ω.m, a transverse resistance (R) of 49259Ω.m2, and an anisotropy parameter (λ) of 1.15. The advantages of the proposed approach are well proven and documented, in comparing with other techniques that require the combination of VES technique with other available geophysical technique. The VES technique within the proposed approach is therefore recommended to be easily applied for groundwater investigations, and locating the suitable positions for drilling boreholes in similar basaltic environments.
The moderating role of body image and BMI in the relationship between physical activity and internalizing problems during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Han Bing , Du Guoli , Yang Yashu , Chen Jiping , Sun Guoxiao 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background: Internalizing problems is a worldwide burden that is not being abated with our current knowledge and treatment of the condition. Numerous clinical trials have supported that physical activity (PA) can reduce the internalizing problems in adolescents , but little is known about its mechanism of action. Therefore, the study objectives were to explore the potential relationship between physical activity (PA) and internalizing problems (depression and anxiety) from the perspective of body image and body mass index (BMI), and to provide an important reference for future self-esteem education and health promotion intervention.
Methods: The participants in this study were 251 Chinese college students between 17 and 22 years old. Participants completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form (IPAQ-SF), the Body Image Questionnaire (BIQ), the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS) and the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS). A descriptive and correlational approach was used, using the PROCESS macro for Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).
Results: (1) Physical activity was significantly negatively correlated with both dimensions of internalizing problems (t = -0.237, p < 0.001; t = -0.193, p < 0.01). (2) Body image had a significant moderating effect on the relationship between physical activity and anxiety among college students, but there was no moderating effect between depression and physical activity. BMI has no moderating effect on the two interrelationships.
Conclusion: There is only body image that moderates the relationship between anxiety and physical activity.
The final countdown: Presence of an invasive mosquito extends time to predation for a native mosquito
Authors: Beckermann Alexis J , Medley Kim A , Adalsteinsson Solny A , Westby Katie 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Larvae of the predatory mosquito Toxorhynchites rutilus consume arthropods within container habitats, including native Aedes triseriatus and invasive Aedes japonicus mosquitoes. Previous studies, which did not account for common habitat attributes such as habitat structure and predation cues, conflict on whether Ae. triseriatus and Ae. japonicus differ in their vulnerability to predation. We conducted two laboratory experiments to assess how habitat attributes modulate Tx. rutilus predation on Ae. triseriatus and Ae. japonicus. In experiment 1, we added fine particulate organic matter (FPOM) and assessed vulnerability for each species separately. Experiment 2 contained the following treatments: presence/absence of predation cues, presence/absence of habitat structure (FPOM and leaves) and three species combinations: Ae. triseriatus or Ae. japonicus alone, and both species together. We added one Tx. rutilus to feed in each microcosm for 24h (experiment 1 and 2) and until all prey were consumed (experiment 2 only). When reared alone, Ae. triseriatus had higher survival compared to Ae. japonicus in experiment 1 (71% vs. 52%) but there were no significant differences at 24 hours in experiment 2. When we followed the cohort to total predation, Ae. triseriatus had a lower daily survival rate compared to Ae. japonicus (hazard ratio 1.165) when the species were kept separately. When the species were mixed, however, Ae. japonicus was more vulnerable than Ae. triseriatus (hazard ratio 1.763), prolonging Ae. triseriatus time to total cohort predation. Both species were less likely to be consumed in the presence of predation cues. We detected no effect of habitat structure. These results demonstrate vulnerability is context dependent and the presence of an invasive congener can relax predation pressure on a native prey species when they co-occur in the same habitat.
Drug-loaded Microbubble Delivery System to Enhance PD-L1 Blockade Immunotherapy with Remodeling Immune Microenvironment
Authors: Zheng Jun , Huang Ju , Zhang Liang , Wang Mengna , Xu Lihong , Dou Xiaoyun , Leng Xiaojing , Fang Mingxiao , Sun Yang , wang zhigang 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Compared with the conventional tumor therapeutic modalities, immune checkpoint blockade (e.g., PD-1/PD-L1) immunotherapy demonstrates great promise in the treatment of metastatic cancers. Although PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy is applied to a variety of tumor types, only a small number of patients respond to this treatment. The efficacy of PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy is based on the expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells and the infiltration of T cells in tumor tissue. Herein, we reported a drug-loaded microbubble delivery system to enhance PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy.
Methods
Docetaxel (DTX) and imiquimod (R837)-loaded microbubbles (RD@MBs) were synthesized via a typical rotary evaporation method combined with mechanical oscillation. the targeted release of drugs was achieved by using the directional "bursting" capability of ultrasound-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) technology. The antitumor immune response by RD@MBs combining αPD-L1 were evaluated on 4T1 and CT26 tumor models.
Results
The dying tumor cells induced by DTX release TAAs, together with R837, promote the activation, proliferation and recruitment of T cells. Besides, DTX upregulates the expression of PD-L1 on tumor cells, induces the polarization of M2-phenotype tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) to M1-phenotype, and reduces the proportion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Also, R837 exhibits satisfactory copolarization effects on TAMs, which synergizes with DTX to alleviate immunosuppression. The RD@MBs + αPD-L1 synergistic therapy not only effectively inhibited the growth of primary tumors, but also significantly inhibited the mimic distant tumors as well as lung metastases.
Conclusion
PD-L1 blockade immunotherapy was enhanced by RD@MBs delivery system.
Antarctic ice stream thickening under Pliocene warmth
Authors: Braga Martim Mas e , Jones Richard Selwyn , Bernales Jorge , Andersen Jane , Fredin Ola , Morlighem Mathieu , Koester Alexandria , Lifton Nathaniel , Harbor Jon , Suganuma Yusuke , Glasser Neil , Rogozhina Irina , Stroeven Arjen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Ice streams regulate most ice mass loss in Antarctica. Determining their response to Pliocene warmth could provide insights into their future behaviour, but is hindered by poor representation of subglacial topography in ice-sheet models. We address this limitation using a high-resolution regional model for Dronning Maud Land (East Antarctica). We show that the region’s largest ice stream, Jutulstraumen, thickens by 700 m under warm late-Pliocene conditions despite ice-shelf collapse and a retrograde bed slope, while nearby ice streams thin. While it is known that unstable retreat on a retrograde slope can be slowed under certain conditions, this finding illustrates that an ice stream can thicken and gain mass. We attribute thickening to high lateral stresses at its flux gate, which constrict ice drainage. Similar stress balances occur today in 27% of East Antarctica, and understanding how lateral stresses regulate ice-stream discharge is necessary for accurately assessing Antarctica’s sea-level rise contribution.