bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple Identities
Authors: Burke Peter J. , Stets Jan E. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the complexities when two or more identities operate at the same time to verify themselves. Unless the identities agree on the meanings appropriate in the situation, each will be a disturbance for the others, making verification impossible. This is true whether the meanings are held by different identities within a single person (e.g., being a student and a friend) or in separate individuals (e.g., spouses or two friends); the meanings must be consistent or at least independent. Mutual verification can occur if the identities exist in different persons and share meanings. The hierarchical arrangement of multiple identities that exist within a person also is discussed.
The Conatus Project
Authors: Goldstein Rebecca Newberger 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Spinoza explained that the essence of each individual thing is conatus: the drive to persist and to flourish. Appealing to both the physics of entropy and modern evolutionary theory, this chapter explains both why conatus is so fundamental to biological systems and why, in humans, it is transformed into the striving to matter. The uniquely human striving to matter need not be to matter more than others (which is obnoxious), nor to matter cosmically and for all eternity (which generates the religious impulse); rather it is the striving to matter at least to the extent commensurate with all the energy, attention, planning, and emotional outlay that it takes to pursue a human life. Humans are creatures of matter who long to matter. Rather than undermining the human striving to matter, the scientific worldview can be seen to buttress the recognition of what matters above all: that all people matter.
Flourishing in the Flesh
Authors: Johnson Mark 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The conditions of human flourishing transcend those of mere survival and fitness, yet they are built upon and recruit those conditions of human biological well-being. In this sense, flourishing is rooted deeply in embodiment. Antonio Damasio argues that the fundamental value for organic life is homeostasis—the maintenance of a suitable dynamic equilibrium within the boundaries of the organism as it interacts with its physical, interpersonal, and cultural environments. This chapter investigates the issue of how far the notion of homeostasis can be taken as the supreme value underlying human flourishing at four levels of functional organization and complexity: (1) biological functioning, (2) interpersonal relations, (3) communal practices and institutions, and (4) the quest for lives that are meaningful and significant.
A Reconsideration of the Role of Philosophy in the Reconstruction and Promotion of Leisure
Authors: Hansen Jennifer L. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers Mihalyi Cskikszentmihalyi’s concept of “autotelic” or “flow experience” as a way of characterizing philosophical activity. In so doing, the chapter argues that philosophical activity may promote human flourishing insofar as it cultivates positive traits and positive emotions. Drawing on John Sadler and Albert Borgmann’s acute analyses of how instrumental rationality typically overwhelms all other values in democratic institutions, including the university, the chapter endorses their defense of “engagement” as a possible suspension of the “rule of technology” to make space for “eudaimonic values”—specifically the cultivation of leisure—to redirect the priorities of higher education.
The Lost Optimism of Modern Movie Fairytales
Authors: Fletcher Angus 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
By comparing the narrative methods of modern movie fairytales (e.g., Disney’s Beauty and the Beast) with those of pre-Enlightenment fairytales (e.g., Giovanni Straparola’s Adamantina and the Doll), this chapter explains why the former are less psychologically effective at generating durable optimism.
Introduction
Authors: May Isaac Barnes 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The introduction defines the term “God-optional,” which is used to describe religious groups that made theism something that was not required for members. The introduction outlines the term God-optional in its connection to Quakers, Reconstructionist Jews, and Unitarians, who are the groups that embraced the concept. The introduction situates this study within the contemporary scholarship on the religious left and secularization. The relationship of God-optional religion to other movements on the American religious left is explained. The perspective of the author, as well as his status as a religious “insider” to God-optional religion, is discussed. The structure of the rest of the book is outlined.
Scientists and Mystics
Authors: May Isaac Barnes 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The second chapter charts theological shifts among liberal Quakers during the interwar period, which would ultimately lead Quakerism to become remarkably tolerant of differing views about the nature of God. The chapter focuses on three Quaker leaders who had different approaches on how to adapt religion to modernity. The first of these individuals is Jesse Holmes, a professor of religion who argued that Quakerism was an ideal religion for skeptics and that “God” was not a being or person. The second figure, Jane Rushmore, was a denominational leader who championed the idea that Quakerism allowed total freedom of belief and opened the door for more radical theological views. Finally, the chapter looks at Rufus Jones, perhaps the most famous Quaker religious leader of the century, who argued that Quakerism was a mystical religion and different from traditional Christianity.
Outgrowing the Past
Authors: May Isaac Barnes 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The chapter focuses on two Unitarian ministers, John Dietrich and William Sullivan, who were at the center of the Unitarian humanist-theist debates in the late 1920s. Sullivan had been a Catholic priest and wanted to keep Unitarianism focused on God, while John Dietrich began to preach a faith in humanity that rejected appeals to the divine. Dietrich’s side prevailed, but Unitarians managed to keep both positions alive in the denomination. The chapter also explores how in later years, Dietrich began to reconsider his earlier theology; by the end of his life, he had begun to believe he had been wrong, and that there was an order in the universe that could be described as “God.”
The New Jus ad Bellum
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the decision to treat Al Qaeda terrorists as enemies that could be killed in any country rather than consider them as criminals. It analyzes the options to face the conflict that the Bush administration did not contemplate, including making efforts to arrest and prosecute before US courts Osama bin Laden and the Taliban government members that supported him. The chapter discusses the Noriega precedent that showed the possibility to use the military forces to arrest individuals in a foreign country. To protect its personnel from prosecution, the US vetoed the UN Security Council resolution, forced the adoption of a Rome Statute Article 16 deferral, and enacted the American Service Members Protection Act (ASPA), prohibiting US cooperation with the court, including funding or sharing classified information.
Building the Office of the Prosecutor
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains how from his first day in office, the prosecutor consulted his plans with scholars, state representatives, and members of civil society. It also describes the interaction with the other organs to establish the ICC’s foundations and the selection and recruitment of the personnel. In September 2003, the office issued a public policy explaining the “Positive complementarity” approach, and the focus of the investigations on those more responsible. Later, the office made public its policy on “Interest of Justice,” “Victims Participation,” and the draft of its “Policy on Preliminary Examination.”
President Obama’s Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello Decisions in Iraq and Afghanistan
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the jus ad Bellum decision to defeat terrorism renewed by President Obama and its implementation. During his Nobel lecture receiving the Peace Prize, President Obama proposed to use war for humanitarian purposes contradicting the UN Charter. Killing those labeled as enemy combatants in sovereign countries that were not at war with the US became the new accepted norm. The War on Terror created an almost permanent and worldwide exception to the constitutional Due Process Clause. The military plans and superior commands became the most relevant legal systems for US personnel and aliens living in countries considered by the United States “unwilling or unable” to control international terrorism. Even if the War on Terror focused on killing the insurgents could be considered legal, it should be questioned as a matter of efficiency.
The Libya Jus ad Curiam Decision
Authors: Ocampo Luis Moreno 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes how the UN Security Council took a jus ad Curiam decision by consensus and referred the Libya situation to the ICC in just a few days after the beginning of the conflict. The situation was admissible, and the ICC Office of the Prosecutor took a jus ad Curiam decision in a few days. The ICC opened an investigation into the ongoing crimes committed in Libya two weeks after the conflict started. The chapter explores the preventative impact of the Libya preliminary examination.
Thinking as Interrupted Conversation
Authors: Zoloth Laurie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this chapter we consider a case in which a Buddhist family with a child with MELAS syndrome wishes to continue life support based on a faith claim about the most auspicious time to die. The committee needs to decide how to think about such claims, especially when we become aware that their interpretation of Buddhist norms is not widely shared. We consider how the term “futility” is used in the clinical setting to make legible the difficulty in using that term. When I was in the clinic, I had a different task—we would have to make decisions within the bounds of the present. Later, my task was the task of memory and reflection; of second thoughts; of fitting the piece of the case, heard in the small rooms, into the larger picture of American health care, the larger picture of befalleness, fate, and hope that is the pediatric clinic; and later, I came to reflect on the centrality of faith commitments in each of these cases. In this chapter, the second in the book, I return the problem of Jewish thought as it operates in ethical decision-making and consider how applications of theory change over time.
Suffering and Its Uselessness
Authors: Zoloth Laurie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this chapter we meet a Black family with an unusual request. They wish to surgically sterilize their twin girls and block puberty to alleviate the suffering of children with a serious neurological condition. Puberty, growth, and mensuration would create unsurmountable difficulties in caring for the twins at home, but California has careful laws to prevent unjust and unconsented sterilization because of tragic history of misuse. This chapter considers the problem of the suffering Other in all her innocence.
Seeing the Doubting Judge
Authors: Zoloth Laurie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, I consider some of the problems of uncertainty in bioethics case consultation and the way it is written and memorialized, using the way doubtful cases are resolved in Jewish law. We think about the case of a brain cancer and consider what it means to get a court order to do lifesaving surgery against the families’ desires. I think about the limits of scripture and the way that bioethics often turns to the law. Yet the finality of the law may obscure the important details of the case. The chapter also considers that limits of our ability to respond to the complexities of families who are far from home, new immigrants, who are deeply rooted in cultures and religious traditions that are puzzling or even disturbing to the clinicians who have to decide in this case.
Trading in Futures
Authors: Zoloth Laurie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this chapter about the particular world of the NICU, I think about this question: What does it mean to stop death? We consider a text about Romans and babies from the Gemora and raise the question about whether the NICU is a site of therapeutic intervention or a site of clinical research. In the case, of phased research interventions, we must ask for consent, and the subjects are clearly told that any given intervention is an experiment that might indeed fail. But in the NICU, many interventions are tried, without either the parents or at times the staff, understanding the deeply experimental nature of the act. The text we will use shows the way violence is implicated in the act of rescue, even if it is unintended.
Final Clearance
Authors: Brier Bob 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
It took Carter nearly ten years to empty the tomb, and this chapter tells why. In addition to the Antechamber and the Burial Chamber there were two smaller rooms packed with Tutankhamun’s treasures. The room called the Treasury seemed to be devoted to Tutankhamun’s funerary equipment and the quest for life after death. There was an alabaster canopic chest that contained four miniature coffins holding the boy-king’s internal organs, which had been removed at the time of mummification. There was also a pair of small mysterious coffins that when opened revealed two fetuses, almost certainly miscarriages of Tutankhamun’s young wife, Ankhesenamun. This chapter traces the journey of these two fetuses, which disappeared for decades and resurfaced in modern times. After the Treasury was emptied, Carter worked on the Annex, which contained exquisite alabaster jars and other treasures. Finally, when Carter’s work on the tomb was done, he seems to have settled into a mild depression from which he never emerged.
X-raying Tutankhamun
Authors: Brier Bob 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
For fifty years the mummy of Tutankhamun remained in the sarcophagus in his tomb, unseen by tourists or researchers. This chapter recounts the first scientific study of the mummy of Tutankhamun since its discovery. However, it first traces the history of mummy studies from early mummy unrollers like Thomas Pettigrew to scientific investigations of mummies at the beginning of the twentieth century. Most of the chapter focuses on the first X-rays of Tutankhamun, taken by Dr. R. G. Harrison, and what was discovered from them, including how Tutankhamun had been mummified. The research also revealed that at some point in modern times, the tomb had been broken into and the mummy severely damaged in an attempt to remove jewelry fragments imbedded in the resin coating the mummy.
Tutankhamun as Warrior
Authors: Brier Bob 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Various objects found in Tutankhamun’s tomb suggest that he may have actually been a warrior. He was buried with a leather suit of armor called a cuirass that had indications of wear. Also supporting the warrior-king thesis is the large number of bows and arrows that Tutankhamun took with him to the next world. In addition to scenes showing the king in battle, which could have been just propaganda, there are scenes of him hunting in the desert, making it probable that he was at least a sportsman. Perhaps the strongest evidence for a warrior pharaoh comes from the stone blocks recovered from Tutankhamun’s now destroyed mortuary temple. Dr. Ray Johnson has reassembled these on paper to show that they depict Tutankhamun in battle against the Syrians. The chapter concludes that all this evidence taken together suggests that Tutankhamun may have actually have been to war.
CSI Thebes: The Case of the Missing Pectoral
Authors: Brier Bob 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights the research of Dr. Marc Gabolde, who has been searching for the pectoral stolen from Tutankhamun’s mummy sometime between the 1930s and the 1980s. Using auction catalogues and museum records, Gabolde has been able to identify several pieces of restrung jewelry made from beads originally found in Tutankhamun’s tomb. It is well established that Carter had these objects in his London apartment and that they were sold as part of his estate after he died. However, they may have been originally taken out of Egypt by Lord Carnarvon and then passed on to Carter after Carnarvon’s death. This chapter shows that far more objects from the tomb than might be expected are in collections around the world.
Tutankhamun as Activist
Authors: Brier Bob 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The history of colonialism in Egypt, from Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasion in 1798 through the 1930s, is discussed. This colonialism included foreign control of the Suez Canal; the British bombardment of Alexandria, which led to their control of the government; and French control of the Antiquities Service. The rise of Egyptian nationalism and the attempt to end foreign control of Egypt coincided with the discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb, but Carter and Carnarvon, seemingly oblivious to this resentment, sold the exclusive rights to the Tutankhamun story to an English newspaper. It was thus natural that Tutankhamun would become a rallying cry for nationalists. This chapter also discusses how Carter made it worse by behaving as if he owned the tomb, and even giving some of its contents to colleagues.
Who Owns Tutankhamun?
Authors: Brier Bob 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The chapter presents an overview of the history of antiquities leaving Egypt, both legally and illegally. In the early part of the nineteenth century almost anything could be taken out of Egypt, and this is when European museums such as the British Museum and the Louvre began building their impressive collections of Egyptian antiquities. In 1883, when the French were in control of the Antiquities Service, it was decreed that foreign excavation teams could keep a portion of the duplicates that they excavated. During this period of division of the finds, many American museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, and the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago built their collections. This policy of partage began to change shortly after the discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb. It was a slow process, but in 1983, Egypt passed Law 117, forbidding the export of any antiquities. This chapter discusses the role of the discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb in this change.
Traditions of Inquiry on Language and Writing
Authors: Demattè Paola 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the philosophical and philological debates about language and writing in Europe and China by comparing the different approaches concerning the nature of the bond between writing and language. It shows that classical Chinese philosophers and etymologists, like those from ancient Greece, debated language and writing in the context of larger philosophical debates on the nature of reality. However, unlike the classical Greek philosophers, who saw speech as the primary form of communication, these thinkers privileged the written form. This chapter also recounts stories and legends about the origins of Chinese writing which came into being in the Late Zhou and Han period.
The Influence of Digital on Evangelical Reader Behavior
Authors: Dyer John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter compares the habits and hermeneutics of Bible readers when they shift from printed Bibles to Bible apps. It draws on quantitative research in several churches that tested participants’ comprehension rates, daily reading behaviors, and understanding of the meaning and significance of a text. These data indicate that readers have a complex relationship with their phones, and that the place of the phone in modern life affects when and how religious people engage with the Bible and the version of God they encounter when they read. The demographics of the readers also appear to be a significant factor in the way they adapt to technology and apply it to their faith.
Introduction
Authors: English James F. , Love Heather 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Of all humanities disciplines, none is more resistant to the program of positive psychology or more hostile to the prevailing discourse of human flourishing than literary studies. Rather than gloss over that antagonism or launch a series of blasts against positive psychology and the happiness industry, this volume reflects on how the kinds of literary research the contributors themselves are doing, the kinds of work to which they are personally committed, might become part of an interdisciplinary conversation about human flourishing. To provide some context, a brief sketch is provided of the literary history of happiness as a major theme from Aristotle’s writing on eudaimonia to the works of Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Austen, and of the fate of happiness in the often dark and melancholic literature of modernism and into the twenty-first century. Literary studies, which emerged as a university discipline in these latter periods, has often been regarded as a killjoy profession, wedded to critique and only recently awoken to the potentialities of ameliorative or reparative reading. This introduction presents a different history of the discipline, emphasizing higher education pedagogy and the tradition of British cultural studies, to show that even at its most fiercely critical, literary studies has been deeply entangled with the search for the good life. Interdisciplinary conversations about the forms and means of human flourishing do not require literary scholars to undergo a “eudaimonic turn” away from their traditional ways of reading and teaching, simply to convey the discipline’s true aims and ambitions more clearly.
Introduction
Authors: Goudie Andrew S. , Brunsden Denys 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Jurassic Coast in southern England displays some of the world’s most important geological and geomorphological sites. The area provides one of the finest sequences of strata from the Triassic of East Devon to the Cretaceous rocks in the East of Dorset. The strata provide an almost unbroken record of Earth history between 251 and 66 million years ago, representing a remarkable range of past environments. The Jurassic Coast was inscribed by the UNESCO, not only for its geological sequence and fossils, but also for the quality, variety, and significance of the landforms and ongoing geomorphological processes. The coast has iconic landslides and beaches, with a huge variety of forms and dramatic changes. It was highly important in the history of science and was a birthplace of the geological sciences. In addition to introducing the geology of the coast, this chapter provides an introduction to the scope of geomorphology and the role of women in Earth Science.
The Fossil Collectors
Authors: Goudie Andrew S. , Brunsden Denys 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Fossil collectors played a very fundamental role in the study of the geology of the Jurassic Coast. Here the world’s first ichthyosaurs were identified, the world’s first complete plesiosaur followed, and the first British pterodactyl was identified. These discoveries seemed to stimulate the activities of many famous collectors, including the Philpot sisters, who founded the Lyme Regis Museum and put together the collection now in the Oxford University Museum. The work of Mary Anning and Elizabeth Philpot in Lyme Regis was especially important. Also important was the work undertaken at Durlston Bay by Samuel Beckles and Peter Brodie, by Thomas Hawkins on ‘The Great Sea Dragons’, and by Robert Damon of Weymouth. It was during this period that the nature and importance of dinosaurs became established.