Electroencephalographic power spectrum and intersubject correlation on acoustic stimulation with modes of Indian music: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kunikullaya U Kirthana , Sasidharan Arun , Vijayadas  , Kunnavil Radhika , Goturu Jaisri , Murthy Nandagudi Srinivasa 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundMusic not just entertains an individual but causes changes in the frequency spectrum of the brain waves and cognition that are recognizable using signals obtained through electroencephalography (EEG). EEG studies on the effect of passive listening to music have predominantly used multi-instrumental western classical music as an acoustic stimulus with very few analyzing solo instrumental Indian music, and thus in the current study Indian modes (Hindustani ragas) were used. The study aimed to investigate overall power spectral changes on EEG and specifically, those changes that show high inter-subject correlation (ISC) on passive listening to three different Indian modes as acoustic intervention, in comparison to control stimuli, heard for 10 minutes.Material & MethodsA randomized control triple-blind trial with 4 groups (three music intervention groups and a control group; n=35 each) was conducted while undergoing EEG recording. The music intervention groups listened to 10-minute audio of one of the three different modes (namelyraga Miyan ki Todi, raga Malkauns, andraga Puriya), while the control group received predominant silence with few natural sounds interspersed. EEG data before, during, and after acoustic interventions were first evaluated for electrode-level power changes in standard spectral bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta1, beta2, and gamma). To understand spectral power changes more specific to music listening, a novel component-level analysis was also done, where the raw spectral data were grouped into the three most prominent components (C1, C2 & C3) based on spatiospectral consistency across subjects (correlated component analysis or CorrCA) and their ISC scores were also computed. For statistical analysis, we applied a hierarchical general linear model with cluster statistics to the electrode-level data and robust ANOVA with post hoc tests to the component-level data.ResultsIn electrode level analysis, the group listening toraga Malkaunsshowed a significant increase in gamma power in the left frontal regions during the intervention. While the group listening toraga Puriyashowed a right frontoparietal decrease in delta power,raga Miyan ki Todishowed a frontal increase in beta1 power after the intervention. In component-level analysis, C1 was globally distributed low-frequency activity, C2 was posteriorly dominant alpha-beta1 activity, and C3 was peripherally dominant broad-band activity, consistent between groups. Besides agreement with electrode-level findings, the most prominent component-level finding was a decrease in C1 power and an increase in C2 power shown byraga Malkauns(strong both during and after intervention) andraga Miyan ki Todi(strong during and weak after intervention), whereasraga Puriyashowed only a weak decrease in C1 (after intervention), compared to control group. ISC scores were comparable between groups, except forraga Puriya, which showed a marginal drop for C3 after the intervention.ConclusionsReduction in globally distributed low-frequency activity and increase in posterior dominant alpha-beta1 activity may be characteristic of passive listening to relaxing Indian modes, which may persist even after the listening period. Among the modes,raga Malkaunsshowed this effect most prominently, followed byraga Miyan ki Todiand least byraga Puriya. As the increase in posterior alpha and low beta power is associated with default mode network (DMN) activity and a decrease in delta power with positive emotional memory, the spectral pattern we observed may indicate observing positive autobiographical memory while listening to musical scales and thereby contributing to a relaxing experience. Further studies that also include phenomenological reports are highly recommended to be taken up to support these findings, and thus build a scientific foundation for the use of Indian music in medicine.Graphical AbstractImpact StatementIn this manuscript on EEG power spectral changes, correlated component analysis, and Intersubject correlation, we found a reduction in globally distributed low-frequency activity and an increase in posterior dominant alpha-beta1 activity during listening to Indian modes of music, in comparison to the control group. Mode-specific changes in correlated components, indicating default mode network activity and probable activation of autobiographical memories were observed.