bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children: A tertiary center experience
Authors: Bawazir Osama , Banaja Abdulaziz M , Bawazir Razan , Bawazir Abdullah Osama 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIntroductionPercutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is a common procedure in children. The outcomes of PEG could be affected by the associated disease. We aimed to evaluate the outcomes and safety of PEG tube placement in a tertiary care center with special attention to patients with cardiac disease, ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt, or peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter.MethodsThis retrospective study included 113 pediatric patients who had PEG tube insertion from 2011 to 2021. Eighteen patients (15.93%) had cardiac disease, five patients (4.42%) had PD catheters, and three patients (2.65%) had VP shunt.ResultsThe median age was 3 years (interquartile range: 1–6), and females represented 55% of our patients. The weight ranged from 2.57 to 60 kg, and the most common indication for insertion was neurological disease (n = 56; 49.56%). The median operative time was 30 (20–45) minutes. Pneumonia and vomiting were the most frequent complications (n = 20, 17.7%). Thirty‐day mortality occurred in four patients (3.54%) and 1‐year mortality in 10 patients (8.85%). Nine patients (7.96%) required fundoplication, and four patients (3.53%) had tube removal and reinsertion. There was no association between weight and postoperative complications (odds ratio: 0.97; P = .48). There were no differences in postoperative complications among patients with cardiac diseases, PD catheters, and VP shunts. No complications were reported in patients with VP shunt. One patient with cardiac disease and one patient with PD catheter required fundoplication. Removal and reinsertion were needed in one patient with a PD catheter.ConclusionPEG is feasible in low‐weight infants with a low complication rate. The complication rate is low in patients with VP shunt, PD catheter, and cardiac patients.
Night‐time gastric acid suppression by tegoprazan compared to vonoprazan or esomeprazole
Authors: Yang Eunsol , Kim Seokuee , Kim Bongtae , Kim Boram , Kim Yechan , Park Sung Sup , Song Geun Seog , Yu Kyung‐Sang , Jang In‐Jin , Lee SeungHwan 
Published: February 2022

AimsNocturnal acid breakthrough has been considered an unmet need of proton‐pump inhibitors. Tegoprazan, a novel potassium‐competitive acid blocker, is expected to show improved properties for this unmet need. This study was aimed to compare night‐time acid suppression by tegoprazan with that by vonoprazan or esomeprazole, and to explore the effect of CYP2C19 phenotypes on acid‐suppressive effects.MethodsA randomized, open‐label, 3‐period, 6‐sequence crossover study was conducted. A single oral dose of tegoprazan 50 mg, vonoprazan 20 mg or esomeprazole 40 mg was administered at night in each period. Continuous intragastric pH was monitored at baseline and after each dosing.ResultsSixteen healthy subjects (6 CYP2C19 extensive metabolizers, 5 intermediate metabolizers, 5 poor metabolizers) completed the study. After a single dose of tegoprazan, intragastric pH increased more rapidly to over 4 at approximately 1 hour compared to the other treatments, and elevated intragastric pH was maintained stably at night. Tegoprazan exhibited night‐time acid suppression for slightly but not significantly longer than vonoprazan, and greater than esomeprazole; % time at pH ≥ 4 at night was 66.0%, 60.5% and 36.1% for tegoprazan, vonoprazan and esomeprazole, respectively. Night‐time acid suppression by tegoprazan and vonoprazan was not dependent on CYP2C19 phenotypes, while that by esomeprazole tended to be influenced by CYP2C19 phenotypes.ConclusionTegoprazan produced more rapid, potent and well sustained night‐time acid suppression vs. vonoprazan or esomeprazole when administered at night. Furthermore, tegoprazan showed no CYP2C19 phenotype dependency in acid suppression. It suggests the potential of tegoprazan, especially in preventing nocturnal acid breakthrough.
Expecting the best or fearing the worst: Discrepancies between self‐rated health and frailty in an ageing Irish population
Authors: Calvey Bill , McHugh Power Joanna , Maguire Rebecca 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesAgeing populations have the propensity to rate their health status more inaccurately than their younger counterparts. As a result, we (1) devised a metric which categorized older adults into groups based on the discrepancy between their self‐rated health (SRH) and Frailty Index (FI) scores, and (2) investigated which factors predict group membership.DesignA cross‐sectional design was employed using data from The Irish Longitudinal Study of Ageing (TILDA).MethodsA health asymmetry metric was derived: this categorized 6907 participants (aged 50+ years) into three groups: ‘health pessimistic’ where participants underestimated their healthiness, ‘health realistic’ where participants accurately assessed their health, and ‘health optimistic’ where participants overestimated their healthiness. A multinomial logistic regression modelled the ability of a set of sociodemographic, psychosocial, and health behaviour variables in predicting membership of these categories.ResultsA significant proportion of the study population were categorized as ‘health realistic’ (~69%). The prevalence rates of health optimistic individuals increased in older age groups, and conversely, health pessimistic rates decreased in older age groups. Most notably, psychosocial factors significantly predicted being health pessimistic: such as anxiety (OR = 1.03), loneliness (OR = 1.04), and decreased social connectedness (OR = 0.87). However, less clear sociodemographic, psychosocial, and health behaviour associations were found for being health optimistic.ConclusionHealth asymmetry is a useful method of identifying at‐risk individuals for inaccurate SRH. The ability of this metric to predict clinical mental health outcomes should be investigated.
Consumer credit usage in Canada during the coronavirus pandemic
Authors: Ho Anson T. Y. , Morin Lealand , Paarsch Harry J. , Huynh Kim P. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe recent COVID‐19 pandemic has devastated economies worldwide. Using detailed, monthly data from a major consumer credit reporting agency in Canada, we have examined individuals’ use of credit cards and home‐equity lines of credit (HELOCs). We found a dramatic leftward shift in the distribution of credit card and HELOC outstanding balances, providing evidence for a widespread reduction in credit usage. Our findings suggest that, during the COVID‐19 recession, Canadian consumers were able to meet their financial needs without increasing their debt burdens. These results complement other findings concerning a decline in consumer spending and the results of government assistance programs, and imply that the economic consequences of this pandemic are very different from those in other recessions.
Exploration of potential inhibitors for autophagy‐related protein 8 as antileishmanial agents
Authors: Rahman Fazlur , Ali Rahat , Tabrez Shams , Mobeen Ahmed , Akand Sajjadul Kadir , Arish Mohd , AlAsmari Abdullah F. , Ali Nemat , Rub Abdur 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLeishmaniasis is considered a tropical neglected disease, which is caused by an intramacrophagic parasite, Leishmania. It is endemic in 89 different countries. Autophagy‐related protein 8 (Ldatg8) is responsible for the transformation of parasites from promastigote to amastigote differentiation. Ldatg8 is one of the key drug targets of Leishmania donovani (L. donovani) responsible for the defense of parasites during stress conditions. Virtual screening of natural ligand library had been performed against Ldatg8 to identify novel and potent inhibitors. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies showed that urolithin A stably blocked Ldatg8. Urolithins are combinations of coumarin and isocoumarin. Further, we evaluated the antileishmanial effects of urolithin A by antileishmanial assays. Urolithin A inhibited the growth and proliferation of L. donovani promastigotes with an IC50 value of 90.3 ± 6.014 μM. It also inhibited the intramacrophagic parasite significantly with an IC50 value of 78.67 ± 4.62 μM. It showed limited cytotoxicity to the human THP‐1 differentiated macrophages with a CC50 value of 190.80 ± 16.89 μM. Further, we assayed reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and annexin V/PI staining upon urolithin A treatment of parasites to have an insight into the mechanism of its action. It induced ROS significantly in a dose‐dependent manner, which caused apoptosis partially in parasites. The potential inhibitors for Ldatg8, identified in this study, would provide the platform for the development of an effective and affordable antileishmanial drug.
Distribution patterns of Triatominae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in the Americas: an analysis based on networks and endemicity
Authors: Ferrari Augusto , Janisch Alvares Diego , Buratto Patrícia Maria , Ribeiro Barão Kim 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTriatominae, commonly known as kissing bugs, are a group of approximately 150 species of hematophagous reduviids, some of which are vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of the Chagas disease. Distributional patterns of triatomines have been studied based on macroecological and historical biogeographic approaches, but the definition of distributional patterns and areas of endemism are yet to be defined based on objective criteria. We used two methods to identify biogeographic units in the Triatominae: the endemicity analysis based on an optimality criterion (NDM/VNDM software) and a network approach aimed to simplify and highlight the underlying structure in species distributions (Infomap Bioregions). Information on species distributions was obtained from a data paper, comprising 21 815 records for 135 triatomine species occurring in the Americas. The resulting areas of each method were clustered using a meta consensus criterion based on dissimilarities and interpreted as recurrent areas. The NDM areas show a nested structure, presenting greater restrictions to the inclusion of species in a given area, requiring broad sympatry. In contrast, bioregions emphasize spatial patterns with better‐delimited areas and species occurrences do not need to be highly congruent. When areas were clustered based on their species composition two clear patterns arose from both methods: (i) areas within the southern Amazon and southeast South America, especially in the Chacoan subregion, formed a cluster, and (ii) areas north of the Amazon, Pacific, Mesoamerica, Mexican transition zone and Nearctic formed another cluster. Moreover, within each of these two clusters, there was a latitudinal gradient of the areas in the Americas showing spatial similarity between the areas found in both methods. Results of both methods show well‐bound areas separating the triatomine fauna in the Brazilian subregions, resulting in the recognition of areas corresponding to the biomes Chaco, Pampa, Cerrado, and Caatinga, and, to a lesser extent, the Atlantic Forest.
Extinction risk of the endemic vascular flora of Kauai, Hawaii, based on IUCN assessments
Authors: Rønsted Nina , Walsh Seana K. , Clark Margaret , Edmonds Merlin , Flynn Tim , Heintzman Scott , Loomis Alexander , Lorence David , Nagendra Uma , Nyberg Ben , Opgenorth Michael , Weisenberger Lauren , Williams Adam , Wolkis Dustin , Wood Kenneth R. , Keir Matthew 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN Red List) is the world's most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of species. Governmental agencies and conservation organizations increasingly rely on IUCN Red List assessments to develop conservation policies and priorities. Funding agencies use the assessments as evaluation criteria, and researchers use meta‐analysis of red‐list data to address fundamental and applied conservation science questions. However, the circa 143,000 IUCN assessments represent a fraction of the world's biodiversity and are biased in regional and organismal coverage. These biases may affect conservation priorities, funding, and uses of these data to understand global patterns. Isolated oceanic islands are characterized by high endemicity, but the unique biodiversity of many islands is experiencing high extinction rates. The archipelago of Hawaii has one of the highest levels of endemism of any floristic region; 90% of its 1367 native vascular plant taxa are classified as endemic. We used the IUCN's assessment of the complete single‐island endemic (SIE) vascular plant flora of Kauai, Hawaii, to assess the proportion and drivers of decline of threatened plants in an oceanic island setting. We compared the IUCN assessments with federal, state, and other local assessments of Kauai species or taxa of conservation concern. Finally, we conducted a preliminary assessment for all 1044 native vascular plants of Hawaii based on IUCN criterion B by estimating area of occupancy, extent of occurrence, and number of locations to determine whether the pattern found for the SIE vascular flora of Kauai is comparable to the native vascular flora of the Hawaiian Islands. We compared our results with patterns observed for assessments of other floras. According to IUCN, 256 SIE vascular plant taxa are threatened with extinction and 5% are already extinct. This is the highest extinction risk reported for any flora to date. The preliminary assessment of the native vascular flora of Hawaii showed that 72% (753 taxa) is threatened. The flora of Hawaii may be one of the world's most threatened; thus, increased and novel conservation measures in the state and on other remote oceanic islands are urgently needed.
Context Matters: Recovering Human Semantic Structure from Machine Learning Analysis of Large‐Scale Text Corpora
Authors: Iordan Marius Cătălin , Giallanza Tyler , Ellis Cameron T. , Beckage Nicole M. , Cohen Jonathan D. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractApplying machine learning algorithms to automatically infer relationships between concepts from large‐scale collections of documents presents a unique opportunity to investigate at scale how human semantic knowledge is organized, how people use it to make fundamental judgments (“How similar are cats and bears?”), and how these judgments depend on the features that describe concepts (e.g., size, furriness). However, efforts to date have exhibited a substantial discrepancy between algorithm predictions and human empirical judgments. Here, we introduce a novel approach to generating embeddings for this purpose motivated by the idea that semantic context plays a critical role in human judgment. We leverage this idea by constraining the topic or domain from which documents used for generating embeddings are drawn (e.g., referring to the natural world vs. transportation apparatus). Specifically, we trained state‐of‐the‐art machine learning algorithms using contextually‐constrained text corpora (domain‐specific subsets of Wikipedia articles, 50+ million words each) and showed that this procedure greatly improved predictions of empirical similarity judgments and feature ratings of contextually relevant concepts. Furthermore, we describe a novel, computationally tractable method for improving predictions of contextually‐unconstrained embedding models based on dimensionality reduction of their internal representation to a small number of contextually relevant semantic features. By improving the correspondence between predictions derived automatically by machine learning methods using vast amounts of data and more limited, but direct empirical measurements of human judgments, our approach may help leverage the availability of online corpora to better understand the structure of human semantic representations and how people make judgments based on those.
Kenntnisse bayerischer Schüler zu sexuell übertragbaren Infektionen: eine Querschnittsstudie
Authors: Rummel Marcel , Clanner‐Engelshofen Benjamin M. , Nellessen Tobias , Zippel Stefan , Schuster Barbara , French Lars E. , Reinholz Markus 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungHintergrund und ZieleTrotz zahlreicher Informationsquellen und Kampagnen zu sexuell übertragbaren Infektionen (STI) haben diese Krankheiten in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren zugenommen. Ziel war es, das Bewusstsein und den Wissensstand junger Schüler in Bayern zu sexuell übertragbaren Krankheiten (STI) mit Schwerpunkt auf humane Papillomaviren (HPV) zu bewerten.MethodenIn einer vollständig irreversibel anonymisierten Querschnittsstudie wurden insgesamt 4100 bayerische Schüler im Alter zwischen 12 und 17 Jahren anhand eines Multiple‐Choice‐Fragebogens hierzu befragt.ErgebnisseInsgesamt wurden 3834 Fragebögen in die Datenanalyse einbezogen. Interessanterweise ist der Bekanntheitsgrad von HPV im Vergleich zu anderen STI bemerkenswert geringer. Mädchen und Jugendliche, die bereits vorbeugende Jugendgesundheitsuntersuchungen absolviert hatten, zeigten im Durchschnitt ein größeres Wissen über STI. Darüber hinaus konnten wir zeigen, dass Jugendliche mit geringerem Bildungsniveau, wie Realschüler, über die geringsten Kenntnisse verfügten.SchlussfolgerungenDie Querschnittsstudie zeigt, dass viele junge Menschen noch unzureichend über STI informiert sind. Die Informationslücken unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit einer intensiven und langfristigen Aufklärungsarbeit.
Charakterisierung der Effekte von neuen Therapien zur Behandlung der atopischen Dermatitis auf den Pruritus
Authors: Bonnekoh Hanna , Butze Monique , Metz Martin 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungChronischer Pruritus ist ein häufiges und beeinträchtigendes Symptom bei Patienten mit atopischer Dermatitis und trägt zur Beeinträchtigung der Lebensqualität bei. Eine wirksame Behandlung des Pruritus sollte daher eines der wichtigsten Behandlungsziele bei Patienten mit atopischer Dermatitis sein. Pathophysiologisch wurde gezeigt, dass Histamin‐unabhängige Pruritogene, das heißt Interleukin (IL)‐31, IL‐13 und IL‐4, bei der atopischen Dermatitis eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Alle drei Zytokine können chronischen Pruritus über Januskinase‐1/2‐Signalwege vermitteln. Neue Medikamente zielen auf diese Signalwege ab und haben in der klinischen Anwendung und in klinischen Studien der Phase II und III eine schnelle und anhaltende Reduktion des Pruritus bei Patienten mit atopischer Dermatitis gezeigt. Hier fassen wir die veröffentlichten Daten zu den Auswirkungen dieser Medikamente auf Juckreizparameter wie die Gesamtreduktion der Juckreizintensität und den Prozentsatz der Patienten mit atopischer Dermatitis, die eine relevante Reduktion des Juckreizes erreichen, zusammen. Jedes der neuen Medikamente zeigt sehr gute Effekte auf den Juckreiz. Diese Daten geben uns Hoffnung, dass wir den Pruritus unserer Patienten mit atopischer Dermatitis in Zukunft noch besser und möglicherweise gezielter behandeln können. Darüber hinaus geben uns die verschiedenen pharmakologischen Ansätze die Chance, mehr über die Pathophysiologie des Pruritus bei atopischer Dermatitis zu erfahren.
Der Einfluss der Ernährung bei entzündlichen Gesichtsdermatosen
Authors: Gürtler Anne , Schmitt Laurenz 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungDer Einfluss von Ernährung auf die Pathogenese und den klinischen Schweregrad entzündlicher Gesichtsdermatosen wird seit Jahren kontrovers diskutiert. Das zunehmende Gesundheitsbewusstsein in unserer Gesellschaft hat zuletzt dazu beigetragen, dass auch die Wahl der Nahrungsmittel von Patienten bewusster getroffen wird und Behandler aktiv nach diätetischen Empfehlungen gefragt werden. Viele neue Erkenntnisse zum Thema Haut und Ernährung gründen auf dem Verständnis eines diätetisch beeinflussbaren Darm‐, und Hautmikrobioms, dem sogenannten Konzept der Darm‐Haut‐Achse. So können gastrointestinale Beschwerden bei Rosazea‐Patienten auf eine Dysbiose des Darmmikrobioms hindeuten, deren Behandlung auch den Schweregrad der Hautkrankheit verbessert. Spannende Forschungen bei Aknepatienten untersuchen den klinischen Effekt von Omega‐3‐Fettsäuren und Probiotika auf das Hautbild. Im Rahmen eines Behandlungskonzepts sollten neben pharmakologischen daher auch ernährungsmedizinische Empfehlungen gemäß der aktuellen Evidenz bei Patienten mit entzündlichen Gesichtsdermatosen beachtet werden. Während es bei Akne‐ und Rosazea‐Patienten bereits konkrete ernährungsmedizinische Empfehlungen gibt, ist die Studienlage bei seborrhoischem Ekzem und perioraler Dermatitis hingegen noch limitiert. Die aktuellen Entwicklungen und Erkenntnisse geben einen ersten Einblick in den Zusammenhang von Ernährung und entzündlichen Gesichtsdermatosen. Die Vernetzung von Dermatologie und Ernährungsmedizin wird zukünftig sowohl klinisch als auch wissenschaftlich intensiviert werden.
S1‐Leitlinie Atypisches Fibroxanthom (AFX) und pleomorphes dermales Sarkom (PDS)
Authors: Helbig Doris , Ziemer Mirjana , Dippel Edgar , Erdmann Michael , Hillen Uwe , Leiter Ulrike , Mentzel Thomas , Osterhoff Georg , Ugurel Selma , Utikal Jochen , von Bubnoff Dagmar , Weishaupt Carsten , Grabbe Stephan 
Published: February 2022

ZusammenfassungDas atypische Fibroxanthom (AFX) und das pleomorphe dermale Sarkom (PDS) sind seltene Neoplasien der Haut und histomorphologisch, genetisch sowie epigenetisch Varianten eines Tumorspektrums. Die Tumoren treten typischerweise bei hochbetagten Männern in chronisch lichtexponierter Haut als unspezifische, haut‐ bis fleischfarbene, häufig ulzerierte Knoten auf. Das AFX imponiert meist als gut umschriebener Tumor, während das PDS häufiger unscharf abgegrenzt und infiltrativ wachsend ist. Die Wachstumsdynamik beider Tumorarten ist variabel. Histologisch sind sie charakterisiert durch spindelförmige und epitheloide Tumorzellen mit pleomorphen Kernen sowie atypische mehrkernige Tumorriesenzellen und häufig atypische Mitosen. Im Unterschied zum AFX erfasst das PDS relevante Anteile der Subkutis und/oder weist nekrotische Tumoranteile und/oder eine perineurale Infiltration auf. Aufgrund der regelhaften Entdifferenzierung von AFX/PDS (Grad 3) erfolgt die Sicherung der Diagnose durch eine immunhistologische Ausschlussdiagnostik, insbesondere anderer kutaner Sarkome, undifferenzierter Karzinome und Melanome.Die Therapie der Wahl ist die mikroskopisch kontrollierte Chirurgie. Beim AFX kann nach vollständiger Exzision von einer Heilung ausgegangen werden. Soweit PDS mit einem Sicherheitsabstand von 2 cm operiert wurden, ist die Lokalrezidivrate ebenfalls gering. Lokoregionäre Metastasen können bei sehr dicken oder unvollständig exzidierten Tumoren auftreten, selten kommt es zu Fernmetastasen. Eine zugelassene wirksame medikamentöse Therapie ist nicht bekannt.