bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
قراءة كتاب مبدأ سحب الثقة في النظم البرلمانية العراق إنموذجا
Authors: بدرية صالح عبد الله  
Published: November 2022

يتناول الكتاب موضوع في غاية الأهمية للحكومات البرلمانية، كون الرقابة في النظم السياسية المعاصرة تعد الأهم من بين أعمال السلطة التشريعية، و بها يتقوم العمل الحكومي ويتوقف الشطط في استعمال السلطة، وتحقق السياسات العامة اهدافها، والتاريخ السياسي الحديث والمعاصر للنظم السياسية يؤكد نجاعة هذه الآلية الرقابية في حسم الصراع والجدل بين السلطتين التشريعية والتنفيذية. وتتضمن معظـم الدسـاتير في الأنظـمة البرلمانـية مبـدأ حـق السـلطة التشـريعية فـي إعـلانالمسـؤولية السياسـية للـوازرة (سحب الثقـة) بوصفـه ضـرورة أساسـية لديناميكيـة هـذا النظـام، وإنهاء النزاع بين الســلطتين التشــريعية والتنفيذية، ووقايــة وتخليصــا مـن تعسـف الحكومـة فـي اسـتخدامها لحـق حـل البرلمـان، ولـذا فإنـه يمثـل أخطـرأنـواع رقابـة الســلطة التشــريعية علــى الســلطة التنفيذيــة، إذ تعد الســلاح المقابــل لحــل البرلمــان، وعلــى كليهمـا يقـوم التـوازن بيـن السـلطتين التشـريعية والتنفيذيـة. ويعد مبدأ سحب الثقة أو حجب الثقة إجراء دستوري وآلية رقابة عمودية ديمقراطية من صلاحيات وواجبات البرلمان للتعبير عن رفض سياسات الحكومة ودفعها إلى الاستقالة عبر تصويت علني تعبر فيه السلطة التشريعية عن عدم ثقتها بالحكومة القائمة . ويعد الإجراء إحدى الآليات الديمقراطية الضامنة للتوازن بين السلطتين التشريعية والتنفيذية وإبقاء الأخيرة تحت الرقابة البرلمانية المعبرة عن الإرادة الشعبية التي يجب أن تعكس سياسات الحكومة وجهتها العامة.
مستقبل الدور الروسي في منطقة شرق المتوسط
Authors: رسل احسان خليل  , عباس سعدون رفعت  
Published: November 2022

ان دراسة مستقبل الدور الروسي في منطقة شرق المتوسط هي من الدراسات المهمة، وذلك لأنه يتناول فهم الدور لدولة لها مكانتها في الساحة الدولية وتمثل احد القوى الكبرى في النظام الدولي في منطقة تعد من المناطق الحيوية والاستراتيجية ومن المتوقع ان تشهد منطقة شرق المتوسط تطوراً ملحوظاً للدور الروسي، وذلك لان روسيا استطاعت ان تستعيد دورها ونفوذها الإقليمي والدولي، كما انها استطاعت العودة كفاعل أساسي في النظام الدولي ، وان دورها في البيئة الدولية والإقليمية مستمر في التطور، كما انها استطاعت ان تثبت بأنها حليف موثوق به عن طريق دورها في الاحداث السورية فضلاً عن نجاحها في تكوين علاقات وطيدة مع دول المنطقة ، وبناء علاقات اقتصادية في مجال الطاقة والاستثمارات، كما ان روسيا تعلم جيداً انها لا تستطيع مواجهة الولايات المتحدة الامريكية وهي لا ترغب بالدخول في صراع معها ، لأنها تعلم ان امكانياتها قد لا تسمح لها بذلك ، ولذلك قد تعاملت مع قضايا منطقة شرق المتوسط دون تجاوز مصالح الولايات المتحدة الامريكية .
جـدوى القـوة : فـن الحـرب فـي العـالـم المعـاصـر
Authors: صـلاح مهـدي هـادي الشمـري  
Published: November 2022

يرى الجـنرال البريطاني المتقاعد (روبرت سميث Robert Smith) في كتاب: (جدوى القوة: فن الحرب في العالم المعاصر)، إن القوة العسكرية المعتمدة من لدن دول العالم لن تعدّ تجدي نفعاً، معللاً ذلك من حيث فشلها في حل ما تواجهه أو ما نواجهه من مشكلات في العالم، كما يأمل القادة السياسيون لها أن تُحل. معبراً بقوله: (يجب علينا أن نغير الطريقة التي نقاتل بها ونستخدم القوة، قبل أن ندفع الثمن جميعاً إن لم نفعل ذلك) .
ويكشف الجنرال (روبرت سميث) إن كل الجيوش في العالم تواجه الحاجة الضرورية والملحة للتحول، ويضرب أمثلة حول ذلك، كـ (حلف الناتو، وحلف وراسو"السابق")، لكن اليوم النقاش يحوم حول التكنولوجيا والأعداد والهيكلية التنظيمية، لاحول كيفية قتال هذه الجيوش ولأي غرض.
O efeito da adoção do accountability no contexto das organizações sem fins lucrativos: um experimento no Brasil
Authors: Dos Santos Rodrigues Adriana , Gonçalves Tondolo Vilmar Antonio , Lerch Lunardi Guilherme , Régio Brambilla Flávio 
Published: November 2022

As organizações sem fins lucrativos possuem um papel central na prestação de serviços à população. Como essas organizações dependem de recursos externos, especialmente doações, a transparência das ruas ações é central. Nesse sentido accountability é visto como uma das principais externalizações da transparência aos interessados dessas organizações. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a influência do accountability na percepção de confiança pública, reputação, qualidade percebida e intenção de doação, das instituições sem fins lucrativos. Para tal, foi aplicado um experimento baseado em vinheta com potenciais doadores de organizações sem fins lucrativos. Com base em Becker (2018), a variável accountability foi manipulada em 4 níveis distintos: “Com certificação externa”, “Responsabilização interna”, “Responsabilidade mínima legal” e “Sem padrão de certificação”. Com as seguintes variáveis dependentes: confiança, reputação, qualidade e intenção de doação. Para todos os níveis de accountability, foram feitas as análises das variáveis dependentes por meio da ANOVA. Os resultados indicam que o accountability influencia na confiança pública, na reputação, na qualidade percebida e também na intenção de doação.
The Solution of the Invariant Subspace Problem in Complex Hilbert Space: External non-Archimedean eld *Rc by Cauchy Completion of the internal Non-Archimedean eld *R (Part I)
Authors: Foukzon Jaykov 
Published: November 2022

The incompleteness of set theory ZFC leads one to look for natural extensions of ZFC in which one can prove statements wich appear as independent of ZFC but which look to be \true". In this paper we deal with set theory NC\(^{\#}{_\infty}_{\#}\) based on hyper infinitary logic with Restricted Modus Ponens Rule. Set theoryNC\(^{\#}{_\infty}_{\#}\)contains Aczel's anti-foundation axiom. We present a new approach to the invariant subspace problem for complex Hilbert spaces.This approach based on nonconservative extension of the model theoretical NSA. Our main result will be that: if T is a bounded linear operator on an infinite-dimensional separable complex Hilbert space H;it follow that T has a non-trivial closed invariant subspace.
Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms Among New Statin Users Randomly Assigned to Vitamin D or Placebo
Authors: Hlatky Mark A. , Gonzalez Pedro Engel , Manson JoAnn E. , Buring Julie E. , Lee I-Min , Cook Nancy R. , Mora Samia , Bubes Vadim , Stone Neil J. 
Published: November 2022

ImportanceStatin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) are common and may lead to discontinuation of indicated statin therapy. Observational studies suggest that vitamin D therapy is associated with reduced statin intolerance, but no randomized studies have been reported.ObjectiveTo test whether vitamin D supplementation was associated with prevention of SAMS and a reduction of statin discontinuation.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsMen 50 years or older and women 55 years or older, free of cancer and cardiovascular disease, were enrolled in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of vitamin D supplementation. Participants who initiated statin therapy after randomization were surveyed in early 2016. The data were analyzed in early 2022.InterventionsDaily cholecalciferol (2000 international units) or placebo with assessment of statin prescriptions during follow-up.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMuscle pain or discomfort lasting several days (primary outcome) and discontinuation of a statin due to SAMS (secondary outcome).ResultsStatins were initiated by 1033 vitamin D–assigned participants and 1050 placebo-assigned participants; mean (SD) age was 66.8 (6.2) years and 49% were women. Over 4.8 years of follow-up, SAMS were reported by 317 participants (31%) assigned vitamin D and 325 assigned placebo (31%). The adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.80-1.18; P = .78). Statins were discontinued by 137 participants (13%) assigned to vitamin D and 133 assigned to placebo (13%) with an adjusted OR of 1.04 (95% CI, 0.80-1.35; P = .78). These results were consistent across pretreatment 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels (interaction P value = .83). Among participants with levels less than 20 ng/mL, SAMS were reported by 28 of 85 vitamin D–assigned participants (33%) and 33 of 95 placebo-assigned participants (35%). For those with levels less than 30 ng/ml, SAMS were reported by 88 of 330 vitamin–D assigned participants (27%) and 96 of 323 of placebo-assigned participants (30%).Conclusions and RelevanceVitamin D supplementation did not prevent SAMS or reduce statin discontinuation. These results were consistent across pretreatment 25-hydroxy vitamin D levels.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01169259
Risk Factors Associated With First and Second Primary Melanomas in a High-Incidence Population
Authors: Olsen Catherine M. , Pandeya Nirmala , Dusingize Jean Claude , Neale Rachel E. , MacGregor Stuart , Law Matthew H. , Whiteman David C. ,   QSkin Study, Hayward Nicholas K. , Khosrotehrani Kiarash , Gordon Louisa G. 
Published: November 2022

ImportanceAn increasing number of people develop more than 1 primary melanoma, yet to date, no population-based prospective cohort studies have reported on risk factors for developing first vs second primary melanomas.ObjectiveTo compare the clinical characteristics of first and second melanomas and then to estimate the relative risks of developing 1 vs multiple melanomas associated with demographic, phenotypic, sun exposure, and genetic factors.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis population-based prospective cohort study included men and women aged 40 to 69 years recruited in 2011 and followed up until December 2018 in Queensland, Australia. Data analysis was performed from February to July 2022.ExposuresSelf-reported information about demographic, phenotypic, and sun exposure measures captured using a survey completed at baseline, and polygenic risk score for melanoma.Main Outcomes and MeasuresIncident first or second primary melanoma diagnosis, and histologic and clinical characteristics thereof. The Wei-Lin-Weissfeld model for recurrent events was used to estimate the association of each factor with the risks of first and second primary melanoma.ResultsA total of 38 845 patients (mean [SD] age at baseline, 56.1 [8.2] years; 17 775 men and 21 070 women) were included in the study. During a median follow-up period of 7.4 years, 1212 (3.1%) participants had a single primary melanoma diagnosis, and 245 (0.6%) had a second primary melanoma diagnosis. Second melanomas were more likely than first melanomas to be in situ; for invasive tumors, second melanomas were more likely to be thin (ie, ≤1 mm) than first melanomas. Having many moles at age 21 years (self-reported using visual scoring tool) was more strongly associated with second (hazard ratio [HR], 6.36; 95% CI, 3.77-10.75) than first primary melanoma (HR, 3.46; 95% CI, 2.72-4.40) (P value for difference between the HRs = .01). A high genetic predisposition (ie, polygenic risk score in tertile 3) was also more strongly associated with second (HR, 3.28; 95% CI, 2.06-5.23) than first melanoma (HR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.71-2.49; P = .03). Second melanomas were more strongly associated with a history of multiple skin cancer excisions (HR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.80-3.83) than first melanomas (HR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.61-2.16; P = .05). For all other phenotypic characteristics and sun exposure measures, similarly elevated associations with first vs second melanomas were observed.Conclusions and RelevanceFindings of this cohort study suggest that within the general population, the presence of many nevi and having a high genetic predisposition to melanoma were associated with the highest risks of developing second primary melanomas.
Molecular Typing and Clinical Characteristics of Synchronous Multiple Primary Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Zhao Yandong , Wu Jingjing , Pei Fengyun , Zhang Yanxiang , Bai Shaomei , Shi Lishuo , Zhang Xiang , Ma Jingjiao , Zhao Ximeng , Ma Tonghui , Wang Jianping , Huang Meijin , Fan Xinjuan , Huang Jun 
Published: November 2022

ImportanceSynchronous multiple primary colorectal cancer (sMPCC) is clinically rare, but its incidence has increased over the past decade. However, little is known about the molecular and clinical features of sMPCC, which may differ from those of single primary colorectal cancer (SPCRC).ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical characteristics and pathogenic variations in lesions and the molecular typing of sMPCC.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsFrom November 2012 to April 2021, patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) treated at the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University were enrolled in this cohort study. Follow-up ended on January 31, 2022.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was mismatch repair (MMR) status of each lesion in all patients examined using immunohistochemistry (IHC). Microsatellite instability (MSI) and tumor mutation burden (TMB) were also calculated.ResultsA total of 13 276 patients with CRC were enrolled, and 239 patients with sMPCC (mean [SD] age, 63.3 [12.2] years; 173 men [72.4%]) with available clinical data were evaluated. Seventy-eight patients with sMPCC and 94 with SPCRC also underwent next-generation sequencing (NGS)–based molecular testing. The deficient MMR (dMMR)/MSI-H frequencies in sMPCC were significantly higher than those in SPCRC, which was confirmed by both IHC (50 of 239 patients vs 872 of 13 037 patients) and NGS (17 of 78 patients vs 5 of 94 patients). According to the MMR/MSI status of different lesions in patients with sMPCC, they were further divided into 3 subgroups: all dMMR/MSI-H, dMMR/MSI-H and proficient MMR (pMMR)/microsatellite stability (MSS), and all pMMR/MSS. The EGFR and PIK3CA variants were more common, whereas TP53 variants were less prevalent in patients with sMPCC than in those with SPCRC. Moreover, higher tumor mutation burden was associated with higher MSI in patients with sMPCC rather than in those with SPCRC.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of sMPCC, the incidence of dMMR/MSI-H in patients with sMPCC was significantly higher than that in patients with SPCRC. These findings suggest that sMPCC can be classified into 3 subgroups according to the MMR/MSI status of each lesion, which might be applied to guide personalized therapies for better disease management.
Tunable Dry Adhesion of Soft Hollow Pillars through Sidewall Buckling under Low Pressure
Authors: Wan Guangchao , Tang Yanbing , Turner Kevin T. , Zhang Teng , Shan Wanliang 
Published: November 2022

AbstractControlling adhesion on demand is essential for many manufacturing and assembly processes such as microtransfer printing. Among various strategies, pneumatics‐controlled switchable adhesion is efficient and robust but currently still suffers from challenges in miniaturization and high energy cost. In this paper, a novel way to achieve tunable adhesion using low pressure by inducing sidewall buckling in soft hollow pillars (SHPs) is introduced. It is shown that the dry adhesion of these SHPs can be changed by more than two orders of magnitude (up to 151×) using low activating pressure (≈−10 or ≈20 kPa). Large enough negative pressure triggers sidewall buckling while positive pressure induces sidewall bulging, both of which can significantly change stress distribution at the bottom surface to facilitate crack initiation and reduce adhesion therein. It is shown that a single SHP can be activated by a micropump to manipulate various lightweight objects with different curvatures and surface textures. Here, it is also demonstrated that an array of SHPs can realize selective pick‐and‐place of an array of objects. These demonstrations illustrate the robustness, simplicity, and versatility of these SHPs with highly tunable dry adhesion.
Dilute Alloying to Implant Activation Centers in Nitride Electrocatalysts for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Liu Quanbing , Wu Yujie , Li Dong , Peng Yan‐Qi , Liu Xinyan , Li Bo‐Quan , Huang Jia‐Qi , Peng Hong‐Jie 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDilute alloying is an effective strategy to tune properties of solid catalysts but is rarely leveraged in complex reactions beyond small molecule conversion. In this work, dilute dopants are demonstrated to serve as activating centers to construct multiatom catalytic domains in metal nitride electrocatalysts for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, of which the sulfur cathode suffers from sluggish and complex conversion reactions. With titanium nitride (TiN) as a model system, the dilute cobalt alloying is shown to greatly improve the reaction kinetics while inducing negligible catalyst reconstruction. Compared to the pristine TiN, the dilute nitride alloy catalyst enables onefold increase in the high rate (2.0 C) capacities of Li–S batteries, as well as an impressively low cyclic decay rate of 0.17% at a sulfur loading of 4.0 mgS cm−2. This work opens up new opportunities toward the rational design of Li–S electrocatalysts by dilute alloying and also enlightens the understandings of complex domain‐catalyzed reactions in energy applications.
Tuning In‐Plane Wicking Properties of Hydrophilic Fibrous Membranes Using Hydrophobic Fibrous Cover Layers
Authors: Wang Hongjie , Wang He , Jin Xin , Zhou Hua , Wang Hongxia , Wang Wenyu , Ruan Fangtao , Feng Quan , Lin Tong 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis study elucidates the effect of thin porous hydrophobic covering layers on the in‐plane wicking properties of a hydrophilic fibrous membrane. Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibrous membrane is used as the hydrophilic membrane model and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) fibrous membranes as hydrophobic covers, both prepared by electrospinning. The vertical wicking height is measured to express the in‐plane wicking properties. The results show that the PVDF‐HFP fibrous layer profoundly impacted the in‐plane wicking properties. When the PVDF‐HFP layer is 5.00–7.05 µm in thickness, the PVDF‐HFP/PAN composite membranes show a directional water transport property. The wicking height is higher than the other composite membranes with either a thinner PVDF‐HFP layer (<5.00 µm), which causes a two‐way liquid transport, or a thicker PVDF‐HFP layer (>7.05 µm), which stops water permeation from both sides. Such a trend happened no matter whether the PVDF‐HFP layer covered one or both PAN membrane sides. The composite membranes with a PVDF‐HFP layer thicker than 7.05 µm show the smallest wicking height. By changing PVDF‐HFP layer thickness, the wicking height can be adjusted by 50–110%. Such thickness‐dependent wicking capability is novel, having not been reported in the previous literature. It comes from the combined action of hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces on water. The tunable wicking properties combined with the water‐absorbing and transport properties enabled the PVDF‐HFP/PAN fibrous membranes to exhibit different functions. They offer opportunities to develop novel “smart” membranes for various applications.
Demonstration of Robust Boundary Modes in Photonic Decorated Honeycomb Lattices
Authors: Gao Shenyi , Song Limin , Yan Wenchao , Wang Yichi , Xia Shiqi , Tang Liqin , Song Daohong , Xu Jingjun , Chen Zhigang 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe decorated honeycomb lattices (DHLs) represent a typical model that evinces nontrivial chiral spin liquid and rich topological insulating phases in condensed matter physics, yet in natural materials such lattice structures are not commonly found. Here, a photonic DHL that exhibits two singular flat bands is experimentally demonstrated, thereby observing two distinct robust boundary modes (RBMs) associated with each flat band. These RBMs rely on specially tailored open boundaries in the flatband lattice with wavefunction singularities due to band‐touching, manifesting topological noncontractible loop states that cannot be simply constructed from superposition of conventional flatband states. The robustness of such boundary modes to perturbations is also examined, corroborated by numerical simulations and theoretical analysis. This work illustrates a photonic platform exhibiting Dirac cones, singular band‐touching and multiple flat bands that may be employed to study exotic flatband phenomena and topological insulating phases in optics and beyond.
Binder Chemistry Dependent Electrolyte Reduction in Potassium‐Ion Batteries: A Successive, Two‐Step Reduction Way
Authors: Zhou Wang , He Bingchen , Quan Lijiao , Li Ruhong , Chen Yuqing , Fan Changling , Chen Shi , Xu Chaohe , Fan Xiulin , Xing Lidan , Liu Jilei 
Published: November 2022

AbstractControlling electrode/electrolyte interfacial chemistry is critically important for improved K+ storage, but the influences of binder chemistry on electrolyte decomposition and interfacial properties are still poorly understood. Herein, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)‐based, and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)‐based graphite electrodes are introduced as model systems to quantify the electrolyte decomposition, solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, and the corresponding kinetic evolution transition. A noncatalytic electrolyte reduction path on the CMC‐based electrode and a catalytic reduction path on the PVDF‐based electrode are identified, in terms of the reduction overpotential and product selectivity. The electrolyte reduction and/or SEI formation are found to occur in a successive, two‐step manner, starting with the electrochemical reduction at a potential above 0.35 V where no potassiation has happened (step I), and followed by the thermodynamically accelerated electrolyte reduction at a potential below 0.35 V (step II). Kinetics analysis reveals the former is charge transfer‐controlled for both CMC and PVDF‐based electrodes, and the latter involves a kinetic transition to SEI resistance controlled for the PVDF system, while it is charge transfer‐controlled for the CMC system. All these examples, highlight that binder chemistry plays a dominant role in the electrolyte decomposition and electrode/electrolyte interfacial properties, and promote a better fundamental understanding of electrolyte reduction.
Limited impact of vapor pressure deficit on rainfed maize evapotranspiration, CO2 flux, and canopy temperature
Authors: Riha Susan J. , Melkonian Jeff 
Published: November 2022

AbstractRecent studies have suggested that increasing growing season vapor pressure deficit (vpd) will result in greater crop water use and more frequent water stress in rainfed maize (Zea mays L.). In this 3‐year study, we used flux tower and biometeorological measurements to examine the impact of diurnal variability of vpd and other climate parameters on latent heat (LE), sensible heat (H) and CO2 fluxes, and canopy temperature in field‐grown maize at non‐stress (high) and stress (low) volumetric soil water contents (SWC). Increases in vpd impacted LE primarily through midday when both net radiation (Rn) and vpd are increasing but vpd can still be low enough (<1,800 Pa) so that not all Rn is being dissipated as LE. At high SWC, increases in LE at maximum daily vpd (1500–1700 h) were limited because Rn was decreasing at that time. Increases in LE above Rn at maximum vpd depended on H flux toward the canopy, which occurred late in the day and was generally low (<50 W m−2). Vpds above 2000 Pa were only recorded at low SWC where CO2 flux was reduced and canopy temperature was greater than air temperature, indicating reduced canopy conductance. However, similar LE occurred at both low and high SWC due to higher potential evapotranspiration at low SWC. Our data suggest that the impact of possible increases in growing season vpd on LE may be limited in rainfed maize.