bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of community-based exercise programs for community-dwelling older adults in rural/regional areas: a scoping review
Authors: Fien Samantha , Linton Corey , Mitchell Jules S. , Wadsworth Daniel P. , Szabo Helen , Askew Christopher D. , Schaumberg Mia A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCommunity-based exercise programs for older adults play a potentially important role in mitigating the decline in functional outcomes, body composition, psychosocial outcomes, and cardiovascular health outcomes that commonly occurs with advancing age. There is a limited understanding of the characteristics and effectiveness of community-based exercise programs, particularly when those programs are offered outside metropolitan areas. Rural/regional settings face unique challenges, such as limited access to equipment/resources, transportation, and services, as well as significant costs to run programs. The objective of this scoping review was to characterise studies in the field that have aimed to implement community-based programs in settings identified as rural / regional. A secondary aim was to establish guidance for future exercise programs in this setting and highlight future research directions. A total of 12 studies were conducted in settings identified as rural/regional areas in various countries across the world were included. Of the included studies, five were randomised controlled trials. The majority of included studies reported on functional outcomes (83%) and psychosocial outcomes (75%), yet only 42% reported body composition, 17% reported cardiovascular health and 17% reported dietary outcomes. Low male representation was observed, with women outnumbering men in 7 of 12 studies. There was also minimal investigation of qualitative outcomes in existing community-based exercise programs in rural/regional settings, presenting a key gap for future research to address. Study Protocol: https://osf.io/txpm3/. Date of registration: 20 July 2020.
Heuristic Trees as a Digital Tool to Foster Compression and Decompression in Problem-Solving
Authors: Bos Rogier , van den Bogaart Theo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis design-based study addresses the issue of how to digitally support students’ problem-solving by providing heuristics, in the absence of the teacher. The problem is that, so far, digital tutoring systems lack the ability to diagnose students’ needs in open problem situations. Our approach is based on students’ ability to self-diagnose and find help. To this purpose, we introduce a new type of digital, interactive, help-seeking tool called a heuristic tree. Students’ use of this tool is supported by a help-seeking flowchart. The design of heuristic trees is based on our reinterpretation of the notion of heuristic in terms of terms of compression. Our research question is: How do heuristic trees and the help-seeking flowchart influence students’ problem-solving behaviour? This question was studied in the context of a number theory course for in-service mathematics teachers. During five weeks, fifty students worked on fifty-five problems supported by heuristic trees. Our data consists of video observations of two small groups of students, a teacher log, interviews with these two groups, and a survey filled in by twenty-three students. The main results are that the support by heuristic trees and the help-seeking flowchart allows students to work in the absence of a teacher and to engage strongly with problems, maintaining ownership of the solution methods. Moreover, as intended by the tree structure, students learned to focus not just on the small steps of the solutions, but also on the general heuristic techniques, theorems, and concepts that should be learned in the process of finding those solutions.
R&D, innovation and firm survival in Chinese manufacturing, 2000–2006
Authors: Zhang Mingqian , Mohnen Pierre 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper examines whether Chinese manufacturing firms survive longer if they innovate. More particularly, it focuses on whether R&D has a greater effect on firm survival than new product innovations. It compares dichotomous and continuous measures of R&D and innovation output, various duration models, heterogeneity in the effects of innovation depending on the industrial environment, and it examines whether risk modifies the effect of innovation on the hazard rate. The analysis is based on data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China, including over 100,000 firms in each year over the period 1999–2006 from all provinces and manufacturing industries in China. It is found that both R&D and product innovation, be it in terms of incidence or intensities, increase the chance of firm survival. As opposed to previous studies, the results indicate that R&D has a greater marginal effect on survival than innovation output and that various measures of risk actually increase the effect of R&D/innovation on survival.
Predetermined Refinement: the Earliest Levallois of the Kapthurin Formation
Authors: Shipton Ceri 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLevallois technology characterizes the Middle Stone Age/Middle Palaeolithic, but one of its earliest manifestations is from the preceding Acheulean of the Kapthurin Formation, in the Rift Valley of east Africa. Here, ~ 400 ka, hominins were creating large flake blank handaxes and cleavers through Levallois knapping. Comparing these tools with other Rift Valley Acheulean assemblages made on large flakes shows those of the Kapthurin Formation are distinguished by their thinness. This was achieved through symmetrical centripetal preparation of gentle upper surface convexities on the Levallois cores, the creation of a protruding facetted platform, and proximal bevelling of the upper surface. A large elongate flake blank was struck from the facetted platform, then finished with marginal trimming to create the symmetrical and regular edge of the handaxe or cleaver. As they were used for the creation of handaxes and cleavers, the Kapthurin Acheulean Levallois cores and flakes are much larger than that of the Middle Stone Age, with overshot flakes from excessive force a more frequent error. The Acheulean Levallois is further distinguished from those of the Middle Stone Age by the lack of recurrent flaking, with cores apparently producing only a single preferential flake without any repreparation of the main flaking surface, despite the cores being big enough for further large blank removals, and even if the preferential removal overshot and was abandoned. The key advantage offered by Levallois in general is large thin elongate flakes. In its Kapthurin Acheulean manifestation, Levallois was used to create an individual tool, but in the Middle Stone Age it was often used to make toolkits.
Photo‐Reactivity of Surfactants in the Sea‐Surface Microlayer and Subsurface Water of the Tyne Estuary, UK
Authors: Rickard Philippa C. , Uher Guenther , Upstill‐Goddard Robert C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe report the first estimates of total surfactant photo‐reactivity in the sea‐surface microlayer (SML) and in subsurface water (SSW) (Tyne estuary, UK; salinity 0.3–32.0). In addition to temperature, a known driver of surfactant adsorption kinetics, we show that irradiation contributes independently to enhanced interfacial surfactant activity (SA), a notion supported by coincident CDOM photodegradation. We estimate a mean SA production via irradiation of 0.064 ± 0.062 mg l−1 T‐X‐100 equivalents h−1 in the SML and 0.031 ± 0.025 mg l−1 T‐X‐100 equivalents h−1 in the SSW. Using these data, we derive first‐order estimates of the potential suppression of the gas transfer velocity (kw) by photo‐derived surfactants ∼12.9%–22.2% in coastal North Sea water. Given the ubiquitous distribution of natural surfactants in the oceans, we contend that surfactant photochemistry could be a hitherto unrecognized additional driver of air‐sea gas exchange, with potential implications for global trace gas budgets and climate models.
Relaxation of Flexure‐Induced Strengthening of Ice
Authors: Murdza A. , Schulson E. M. , Renshaw C. E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIncreasing fetch as sea ice retreats with global warming is increasing the amplitude of ocean waves, motivating the need for a better understanding of the impact of episodic flexing on the strength of ice. Unexpectedly, recent studies showed that the flexural strength of ice increases by as much as a factor of two or more upon cyclic loading (unlike earlier results where ice had a thermo‐mechanical history that could account for the difference), possibly owing to the development of internal back stress originating from dislocation pileups. New systematic experiments reveal that the cyclically‐induced increase in flexural strength of columnar‐grained S2 freshwater and saline ice is fully relaxed upon annealing at high homologous temperatures (Th = 0.91 and 0.96). Moreover, the ice can be repeatedly strengthened to the same level by cyclic loading if allowed to anneal after each episode of strengthening. The relaxation of the original strength is attributed to the relaxation of the cyclically‐induced internal back stress.
Rock Abundance on the Lunar Mare on Surfaces of Different Age: Implications for Regolith Evolution and Thickness
Authors: Vanga Sashank , Fassett Caleb I. , Zanetti Michael , Nypaver Cole , Thomson Bradley J. , Hirabayashi Masatoshi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe growth of lunar regolith over time affects surface rock abundance, because larger, less frequent impacts are needed to penetrate thicker regolith developed on older surfaces and excavate rocks. On younger surfaces with thinner regolith, smaller, more frequent impacts are sufficient to excavate rocks. We quantify the correlation between observed rock abundances and age on the lunar surface by comparing Diviner rock abundance data to the surface ages of intercrater parts on the maria. Our observations show the expected negative correlation between age and rock abundance. The commonality of nonzero rock abundance values on ancient surfaces, combined with a simple Monte Carlo model of the rock excavation process, suggest that rocks reexcavated from the regolith volume contribute to the presently observed rock population on the lunar surface. The half‐life of meter‐scale surface rocks most consistent with our observations is 80 ± 20 Myr.
Links Between Faulting, Topography, and Sediment Production During Continental Rifting: Insights From Coupled Surface Process, Thermomechanical Modeling
Authors: Wolf Lorenz , Huismans Ritske S. , Rouby Delphine , Gawthorpe Robert L. , Wolf Sebastian G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractContinental rifts form by extension, and their subsequent evolution depends on the tectonic and climatic boundary conditions. We investigate how faulting, topography, and the evolution of the sediment flux during rifting are affected by these boundary conditions, in particular whether it is possible to correlate tectonic activity, topography, and sediment flux on long timescales (40 Myr). We use a thermomechanical model coupled with a landscape evolution model and present a series of 14 models, testing the sensitivity of the models to crustal strength, extension rate, and fluvial erodibility. The degree of strain localization drives the structural evolution of the modeled rifts: slow extension, high crustal strength, and efficient surface processes promote a high degree of strain localization, resulting in fewer active faults with larger offset. Overall, the magnitude of sediment production correlates with the degree of strain localization. In case of unchanged erosional power and similar amount of extension, systems with slower extension produce more sediment owing to a stronger positive feedback between erosion and fault offset. We observe a characteristic sequence of events, reflecting the morpho‐tectonic evolution of rifts: the highest rock uplift rates are observed before the maximum elevation, and the highest sediment flux postdates the peak in elevation. Our results indicate that for natural systems, the evolution of the sediment flux is a good proxy for the evolution of topography, and that a time lag of 2–5 Myr between the peaks in main tectonic activity and sediment flux can exist.
Improving Seasonal Forecast Using Probabilistic Deep Learning
Authors: Pan Baoxiang , Anderson Gemma J. , Goncalves André , Lucas Donald D. , Bonfils Céline J. W. , Lee Jiwoo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe path toward realizing the potential of seasonal forecasting and its socioeconomic benefits relies on improving general circulation model (GCM) based dynamical forecast systems. To improve dynamical seasonal forecasts, it is crucial to set up forecast benchmarks, and clarify forecast limitations posed by model initialization errors, formulation deficiencies, and internal climate variability. With huge costs in generating large forecast ensembles, and limited observations for forecast verification, the seasonal forecast benchmarking and diagnosing task proves challenging. Here, we develop a probabilistic deep learning‐based statistical forecast methodology, drawing on a wealth of climate simulations to enhance seasonal forecast capability and forecast diagnosis. By explicitly modeling the internal climate variability and GCM formulation differences, the proposed Conditional Generative Forecasting (CGF) methodology enables bypassing crucial barriers in dynamical forecast, and offers a top‐down viewpoint to examine how complicated GCMs encode the seasonal predictability information. We apply the CGF methodology for global seasonal forecast of precipitation and 2 m air temperature, based on a unique data set consisting 52,201 years of climate simulation. Results show that the CGF methodology can faithfully represent the seasonal predictability information encoded in GCMs. We successfully apply this learned relationship in real‐world seasonal forecast, achieving competitive performance compared to dynamical forecasts. Using this CGF as benchmark, we reveal the impact of insufficient forecast spread sampling that limits the skill of the considered dynamical forecast system. Finally, we introduce different strategies for composing ensembles using the CGF methodology, highlighting the potential for leveraging the strengths of multiple GCMs to achieve advantgeous seasonal forecast.
Planar Switched Beam Network Using Butlar Matrix on a Single Layer Substrate for Modern Wireless Communications
Authors: Roy Bappadittya , Karmakar Ayan , Chakraborty Ujjal 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a detailed design and realization of a switched‐beam network. The concept is verified using planar microstrip technology. Beam forming network is constructed by a 4 × 4 Butler matrix on a single‐layer substrate. The proposed design is centered at 5.5 GHz (C‐band) for commercial WLAN applications. Individual components of the Butler matrix are discussed here and further integrated system analysis is outlined in this article. The whole architecture is realized on low‐loss FR4 substrate. Design aspects, measured results and comparative study are summarized here.
A Framework to Estimate Local Atmospheric Densities With Reduced Drag‐Coefficient Biases
Authors: Ray Vishal , Scheeres Daniel J. , Alnaqbi Suood , Tobiska W. Kent , Hesar Siamak G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAn accurate estimation of upper atmospheric densities is crucial for precise orbit determination (POD), prediction of low Earth orbit satellites, and scientific studies of the Earth's atmosphere. But densities estimated using satellite tracking data are always uncertain up to the drag‐coefficient assumed in the inversion method. This work develops a new framework to simultaneously estimate the density and drag‐coefficient for satellites with a time‐varying attitude. We do so by leveraging Fourier drag‐coefficient models, previously developed by the authors, and physical models of the drag‐coefficient. The method is tested with synthetic data for different geomagnetic activities, altitude levels, and errors in the gas‐surface interaction parameters. We report an improvement of up to 70% in density estimates for the simulations. Finally, POD data from Spire satellites are used for validation. An improvement of around 29% is obtained in the filter density estimates over NRLMSISE‐00 and 49% over JB2008 compared to the High Accuracy Satellite Drag Model densities.
One‐Dimensional gcPIC‐δf Simulation of Hooked Chorus Waves in the Earth’s Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Chen Huayue , Lu Quanming , Wang Xueyi , Fan Kai , Chen Rui , Gao Xinliang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractChorus waves are coherent electromagnetic emissions in the inner magnetosphere, generally composed of a series of discrete and repetitive elements. These elements usually have rising frequency chirpings, which are occasionally mingled with one or several elements with a hooked spectrogram. In this letter, we perform a one‐dimensional general curvilinear particle‐in‐cell (gcPIC)‐δf simulation of chorus waves excited by temperature anisotropic electrons in a dipole magnetic field, and identify one chorus element with a hooked spectrogram, which is embedded in several chorus elements with a rising frequency chirping. In the hooked chorus element, the frequency increases first, and then decreases. Interestingly, we find that there are clear electron holes in the electron velocity space, no matter whether the chorus element has a rising‐tone or hooked‐tone spectrogram. Our study presents an important clue for the theoretical analysis of the frequency chirping in the chorus waves.
IPO11 regulates the nuclear import of BZW1/2 and is necessary for AML cells and stem cells
Authors: Nachmias Boaz , Khan Dilshad H. , Voisin Veronique , Mer Arvind S. , Thomas Geethu Emily , Segev Nadav , St-Germain Jonathan , Hurren Rose , Gronda Marcela , Botham Aaron , Wang Xiaoming , Maclean Neil , Seneviratne Ayesh K. , Duong Nathan , Xu Changjiang , Arruda Andrea , Orouji Elias , Algouneh Arash , Hakem Razqallah , Shlush Liran , Minden Mark D. , Raught Brian , Bader Gary D. , Schimmer Aaron D. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAML cells are arranged in a hierarchy with stem/progenitor cells giving rise to more differentiated bulk cells. Despite the importance of stem/progenitors in the pathogenesis of AML, the determinants of the AML stem/progenitor state are not fully understood. Through a comparison of genes that are significant for growth and viability of AML cells by way of a CRISPR screen, with genes that are differentially expressed in leukemia stem cells (LSC), we identified importin 11 (IPO11) as a novel target in AML. Importin 11 (IPO11) is a member of the importin β family of proteins that mediate transport of proteins across the nuclear membrane. In AML, knockdown of IPO11 decreased growth, reduced engraftment potential of LSC, and induced differentiation. Mechanistically, we identified the transcription factors BZW1 and BZW2 as novel cargo of IPO11. We further show that BZW1/2 mediate a transcriptional signature that promotes stemness and survival of LSC. Thus, we demonstrate for the first time how specific cytoplasmic-nuclear regulation supports stem-like transcriptional signature in relapsed AML.
Adult healthcare is associated with more emergency healthcare for young people with life-limiting conditions
Authors: Jarvis Stuart , Flemming Kate , Richardson Gerry , Fraser Lorna 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Children with life-limiting conditions receive specialist paediatric care in childhood, but the transition to adult care during adolescence. There are concerns about transition, including a lack of continuity in care and that it may lead to increases in emergency hospital visits.

Methods
A retrospective cohort was constructed from routinely collected primary and hospital care records for young people aged 12–23 years in England with (i) life-limiting conditions, (ii) diabetes or (iii) no long-term conditions. Transition point was estimated from the data and emergency inpatient admissions and Emergency Department visits per person-year compared for paediatric and adult care using random intercept Poisson regressions.

Results
Young people with life-limiting conditions had 29% (95% CI: 14–46%) more emergency inpatient admissions and 24% (95% CI: 12–38%) more Emergency Department visits in adult care than in paediatric care. There were no significant differences associated with the transition for young people in the diabetes or no long-term conditions groups.

Conclusions
The transition from paediatric to adult healthcare is associated with an increase in emergency hospital visits for young people with life-limiting conditions, but not for young people with diabetes or no long-term conditions. There may be scope to improve the transition for young people with life-limiting conditions.

Impact

There is evidence for increases in emergency hospital visits when young people with life-limiting conditions transition to adult healthcare.

These changes are not observed for comparator groups - young people with diabetes and young people with no known long-term conditions, suggesting they are not due to other transitions happening at similar ages.

Greater sensitivity to changes at transition is achieved through estimation of the transition point from the data, reducing misclassification bias.
Effect of plantar pressure on stepping friction under cross‐slope condition
Authors: Wang Yanzhao , Chen Deqiang , Zhang Yongzhen , Niu Yongping , Yang Xiaohui 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThere are various walking pavements in daily life. Slip accidents will happen if required friction for safe walking is greater than available friction between the foot and ground surface. Existing researches mostly focus on horizontal or slope pavements, whereas the cross‐slope walkways are less. A self‐developed gait friction test platform was used to test friction, distribution of plantar pressure and spatiotemporal parameters of human walking under cross‐slope condition. With the increase of cross‐slope angles, the mediolateral friction increases (R
2 = 0.972, P < 0.001), the anterior‐posterior friction shows no significant change (R
2 = 0.758, P = 0.017), the normal pressure decreases (R
2 = 0.915, P = 0.007), and the high foot is more prone to slip and fall than low foot. Therefore, plantar pressure distribution of both feet was shifted to left. The gait cycle was prolonged (P < 0.001), swing period of both feet decreased (P = 0.029) and support period increased (P = 0.015) with the increase of cross‐slope angle.
A new four‐step method to identify the parameters of transmission line based on SCADA data
Authors: Kong He , Lu Min , Que Lingyan , Xu Feiyang , Zhao Junbo , Xue Ancheng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAccurate parameters of transmission line (ParTL) are the basis of power system analysis. For high‐voltage transmission line (TL), remote terminal units (RTUs) are widely installed to provide supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) measurements. Based on multiple snapshots of SCADA data at both ends of the TL, a four‐step method to identify ParTL is proposed in this paper. In detail, based on the π‐model of TL, the relationship between voltage phase angle difference (VPADs) and parameter identification is presented. And then, the general estimation formulation for VPADs is established. Furthermore, four steps to simplify and solve the formulation are detailed, that is, firstly after the approximated relationship between VPADs and reactance are derived, the estimation of VPADs at multiple snapshots is converted into the optimal problem with reactance of TL, just one variable, and the VPADs are estimated roughly; secondly based on the median estimation, the ParTL are identified roughly; thirdly, combined with Taylor series expansions and the alternating current power flow model, the VPADs are estimated accurately; fourthly, the ParTL are identified accurately. Finally, the results with simulated and field data verify the effectiveness and practicality of the proposed method.