bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multi-Qubit Systems, Entanglement, and Quantum Weirdness
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Quantum state entanglement is a crucial ingredient in many quantum algorithms. This chapter introduces the description of multi-qubit quantum systems and then explains what it means to say the state of that system is entangled. If the quantum state of the system is an entangled state, none of the constituents of the system are described by their own individual states. For a two-qubit entangled state, measurements of one of the qubits apparently affect the measurement results of the other even though the two qubits may be far apart. The change in basis states, introduced in Chapter 8, is applied to a two-qubit system, which will be used to illustrate Bell’s theorem. That theorem tells us that the quantum description of the world profoundly violates almost every concept we have about material properties and the measurement of those properties.
Quantum Circuits and Multi-Qubit Applications
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The devices that carry out manipulations on qubit states are called quantum circuits, built from collections of quantum gates. Alice and Bob describe several two-qubit quantum gates and illustrate their actions on quantum states. They show that it is impossible to clone an unknown quantum state—the so-called No-Cloning Theorem. That theorem severely limits an eavesdropper’s ability to listen in on quantum communications without being detected. Alice and Bob then introduce and explain in detail two quantum communications algorithms: Superdense Coding (transmitting two bits of classical information with only one qubit) and Quantum State Teleportation (the ability to send enough information over a long distance to reconstruct a quantum state). Each of these applications highlights the book’s leitmotif of state preparation, state manipulation, and state measurement.
More Quantum Algorithms
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores in detail the Grover search algorithm, which finds a basis state that has been “tagged” by making its amplitude negative, while the amplitudes of all the other basis states are positive. The analysis provides answers to important questions: How many steps are needed to find the tagged state? What is the probability of identifying the tagged state after a specified number of steps? The answers to those questions show the advantages of the quantum algorithm over the corresponding classical one. Alice and Bob introduce quantum error correction, which is needed for practical QCs because qubits interact with their environments in uncontrollable ways. It is important to detect when those “errors” occur and to correct them. The chapter concludes with an introduction to computational chemistry, algorithms used to find the energy and structures of molecular configurations. This application is likely to revolutionize materials science and the discovery of new drugs, to mention just two examples.
Complexifying Quantum States
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains why complex numbers are important for more general quantum mechanical situations. The complex exponential function, aka Euler’s formula, plays a critical role in expressing phase differences between components of a quantum state vector. These phase differences affect the outcome of quantum operations. The Bloch sphere and Bloch vector provide a visual representation of these more complex quantum states with the real and imaginary parts on different axes. The complex exponential is important in the quantum Fourier transform, which is then used to prove an important result for finding the repetition period in the Shor algorithm.
Present and Future QIS and QC
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Alice and Bob describe currently available physical systems to be used as quantum qubits. While the quantitative physics is beyond the scope of this book, they give a brief qualitative explanation of the physics of those qubits. The difference between QC and QIS is briefly delineated, including the possibility of a quantum internet. They also explain a variety of other QC and QIS issues including programming quantum computers, future qubits, new QC architectures, machine learning, and AI. They also raise several ethical issues facing QC and QIS and point to information about careers in QC and QIS.
Conclusions
Authors: Copenhaver Brian P. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Since the middle of the last century, textbooks written for college students have promoted only one Pico, purportedly a hero of progressive humanism. But his stance in the Conclusions and Apology, which were products of late medieval culture, was in no way progressive. The familiar, forward-looking Pico did not write the Apology. The grim scene of his book, his report on a battle for life and honor, was the proximate medieval past where human history was despised as the annals of sin. To understand Pico’s universe of dismal expectations, our best guide is his Apology. But the author did not choose his book’s topics, and its theories were not his own. He learned them from medieval teachers like Robert Holcot.
Interceding for the Lost
Authors: Wessling Jordan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Interspersed throughout Christian Scripture, liturgy, and tradition are instances of the admonition to pray for the salvation of others. A natural interpretation of such prayers is that one is petitioning God to save certain individuals, or at least to make efforts toward their salvation. So understood, one is asking God to perform some salvific action in response to the request—where, roughly speaking, God is thought to answer a request if the request plays an essential and significant role in explaining why God performed the requested action. However, the idea that God answers prayers for the salvation of others in this way generates certain problems concerning God’s goodness as well as the role human free will plays within the salvation process. This chapter offers an account of the value of God’s decreeing a system wherein He answers prayers for the salvation of others that eludes such problems.
Praying in the Name of Christ
Authors: Gordon James R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that Friedrich Schleiermacher’s “mystical” account of prayer offers a viable theological and philosophical alternative to traditional accounts of so-called “petitionary” prayer. To substantiate this claim, the chapter (i) situates the practice of prayer in its analytic context, (ii) responds to objections to the claim that analytic theology has nothing to offer to an account of prayer, (iii) examines two frequently applied philosophical and theological methodologies (the “from below” and “from above” approaches) used in discussions of prayer, and (iv) provides a third way forward found in Friedrich Schleiermacher’s constructive account of prayer, which walks the fine line between a “magical” view, on the one hand, and an “empirical” view, on the other. It then highlights the key features of Schleiermacher’s account of prayer (as found in his The Christian Faith and sermon “The Power of Prayer in Relation to Outward Circumstances”), noting the connection of Schleiermacher’s view to other theological loci and responding to potential objections to and tensions in the described “mystical” view.
Prayer as the Road to Self-Knowledge
Authors: Green Adam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
There is a long history in philosophy and, indeed, in everyday life of thinking that we have privileged access to our own mind. Who has a right to tell me what you feel if not you? And who can better relate what I believe but me? Surely, there is something odd about my asking you what I believe, or you asking me what you feel. Teresa of Avila, in contrast, claims that prayer is the road to self-knowledge. This chapter tries to make plausible that prayer provides us with a unique and privileged path to self-knowledge, one whose strengths complement and contrast nicely with introspection. To this end, the first section explores some of Teresa’s thoughts on prayer and self-knowledge in Interior Castle and The Book of Her Life. The second section then uses the analytic philosopher Richard Moran’s insightful discussion of self-knowledge and the first-person perspective to lay out some of the limitations of unaided introspection as a guide to self-knowledge and so show how thinking of prayer as a (if not the) path to self-knowledge transforms the conclusions of Moran’s discussion.
Citizenship Regimes, Law, and Belonging
Authors: Roy Anupama 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Law must be seen not simply as bare provisions but examined for the ideological practices that validate it and lay claims to its enforceability. Successive amendments in the citizenship law in India have spawned distinct regimes of citizenship. These regimes manifest a movement from jus soli to jus sanguinis through a complex process of entrenchment of exclusionary nationhood under the veneer of liberal citizenship. This work argues that the contemporary landscape of citizenship in India is dominated by the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA) 2019 and the National Register of Citizens (NRC). The CAA 2019 and the NRC emerged as distinct tendencies from the amendment in the Citizenship Act in 2003. These tendencies subsequently become conjoined in an ideological alignment to make citizenship and belonging dependent on lineage and blood ties. The extraordinary legal regime of citizenship spawned by the NRC was justified by invoking the spectre of ‘crisis’ in citizenship precipitated by indiscriminate immigration, and the risks presented by ‘illegal migrants’. The CAA provides for exceptions in this regime by making religion the criterion of distinguishability. The CAA and NRC together constitute a regime of ‘bounded citizenship’ which assumes that citizenship is a natural and constitutive identity. The ideological apparatus of Hindutva has buttressed this regime, eroding the foundational principles of secular-constitutionalism that characterized Indian citizenship in 1949.
Recalling Citizenship
Authors: Roy Anupama 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at the spate of protests against the CAA/NRC from December 2019 to March 2020 when the pandemic put in place a different order of public life. The title ‘recalling citizenship’ refers to what was being recalled in these movements, that is, the constitutional ethics of citizenship that informed the constituent moment, and the invocation of constitutional morality which B. R. Ambedkar considered indispensable for the durability of constitutional democracy. Describing this period as one of enhanced consciousness about citizenship, the chapter focuses on specific sites of protests that became iconic elaborations of dissident citizenship. The chapter raises the question why the Constitution of India became emblematic of an idiom of politics which was insurgent and democratic at the same time. In contexts of politics of domination, in which citizenship is itself under siege—dissident citizenship demands, in particular, the restoration of equality as the non-negotiable foundational premise of democracy. Yet, this process of restoration is a fraught one, and has to contend with competing ideas and claims to what it means to be a citizen.
Knowledge
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFrom the ‘needle in a haystack’ to microtargeting, big data and its algorithmic operations have produced new modes of knowledge for the government of individuals and populations. Big data has sparked much anxiety about the ways in which traditional modes of knowledge have been unsettled or even undone. Starting from the scene of the Cambridge Analytica scandal about the use of digital data in elections around the world, the first chapter explores controversies over what can be made algorithmically knowable and how. We show that a different political rationality of governing individuals and populations is at stake, which promises to surmount the great methodological and epistemological divides of individual/population, part/whole, large/small. We argue that it is the decomposition and recomposition of the small and the large that constitutes the political rationality of algorithmic governing. This rationality of recomposing the small and the large also recasts the distinction between speech and action so that a new mode of ‘truth-doing’ rather than ‘truth-telling’ becomes constitutive of algorithmic reason.
Conclusion
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn the Conclusion, we discuss the compound political implications of an ascendant algorithmic reason. What vocabularies have become available to us to render the rationalities and materializations of algorithmic reason? How can algorithmic reason be politicized? Even as the conditions of political action become more limiting through algorithmic reason, we argue that frictions, refusals, and resistances can reconfigure political interventions in the sense of facing up to governing by algorithms. We situate the analyses of friction, refusal, and resistance within a broader mapping of contestation, controversy, and democratic politics. As controversies over algorithms, data, and artificial intelligence unfold, scenes of controversy can also become worksites of democracy in the sense of what Étienne Balibar has called the ‘democratization of democracy’.
Caste and Partition in Bengal
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sekhar , Basu Ray Chaudhury Anasua 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This book situates caste as a discursive category in the discussion of Partition in Bengal. In conventional narratives of Partition, the role of the Dalit or the Scheduled Castes is either completely ignored or mentioned in passing. This book addresses this discursive absence and argues that in Bengal, the Dalits were neither passive onlookers nor accidental victims of Partition politics and violence, which ruptured their unity and weakened their political autonomy. Indeed, they were the worst victims of Partition. When the Dalit peasants of Eastern Bengal began to migrate to India after 1950, they were seen as a ‘burden’ for the frail economy of West Bengal, and the Indian state did not provide them with a proper rehabilitation package. They were first segregated into fenced refugee camps where life was unbearable, and then dispersed to other parts of India—first to the Andaman Islands and the neighbouring states, and then to the inhospitable terrains of Dandakaranya, where they could be used as cheap labour for various development projects. This book looks critically at their participation in Partition politics, the reasons for their migration three years after Partition, their insufferable life and struggles in the refugee camps, their negotiations with caste and gender identities in these new environments, their organised protests against camp maladministration, and finally their satyagraha campaigns against the Indian state’s refugee dispersal policy. This book looks at how refugee politics impacted Dalit identity and protest movements in post-Partition West Bengal.
Conclusion
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sekhar , Chaudhury Anasua Basu Ray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This book argues that the Dalits in Bengal were neither unmindful spectators nor accidental victims of Partition politics and associated violence in the fateful years of 1946–47. The Dalit peasants of East Bengal, mostly Namasudras, did not migrate immediately after the Partition, but only after the riots of 1950. Their experiences of migration, life in the refugee camps, subsequent dispersal across India for rehabilitation, and betrayal by all the mainstream political parties made the Bengali Dalit peasant refugees the worst victims of Partition. And this victimhood was not accidental or random but targeted. They were treated differently by the Indian state, as a convergence of inferior caste and class positions constituted their marginality and expendability. As they became refugees, their main struggle was for rehabilitation and citizenship, and their main protests were against the dispersal policy of the state. The issues of caste identity and discrimination disappeared from the discourse of that refugee movement. Dispersal further reduced their spatial ability to mobilise. As a result of this chequered historical trajectory of the Namasudra community—one of the main powerhouses behind the organised Scheduled Caste movement in the colonial period—that movement temporarily disappeared from public space in post-Partition West Bengal. This did not mean that the caste question was resolved. The book does not claim that Partition was the only reason for the enigmatic disappearance of caste movements in post-colonial West Bengal, but it was certainly one of the major factors. The resurgence of these movements in recent years shows that these were never completely defeated either.
Gender and the Dharmas of Singleness, Marriage, and Desire
Authors: Vanita Ruth 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the questions of whether a woman can be single, whether women and men are inherently different, whether female and male desire is different, and whether old women experience sexual desire. All these questions arise in a debate between a young male sage Ashtavakra and the elderly, never-married female sage Disha. Ashtavakra, who mistakenly thinks he has overcome desire, learns about desire, and about himself. Bhishma recounts the debate to Yudhishthira in answer to Yudhishthira’s doubts about how spouses can share dharma when each being has its own separate birth, actions, and death.
Power Politics and the Imperial Mediterranean
Authors: Murray-Miller Gavin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 establishes the broad context of the “new imperialism” of the nineteenth century and its impact on the Mediterranean. Conventional histories have argued that over the course of the century practices of “informal” empire were gradually replaced with models favoring territorial possession. Following the Berlin Conference of 1884, which endorsed the concept of “effective occupation” in making claims to African land, European states increasingly placed a premium on territorial and administrative control as they rushed to carve out imperial domains across the continent. Focusing on the Anglo-French rivalry which ensued following France’s invasion of Tunisia (1881) and Britain’s occupation of Egypt (1882), this chapter examines how imperial endeavors remapped the geopolitical landscape of North Africa and the eastern Mediterranean in the 1880s. It questions the extent of “rivalry” between the two foremost imperial powers, arguing that while imperial rhetoric often emphasized competition and adversity, this “war of words” concealed the numerous entanglements that existed as the two powers entrenched themselves in the region. French and British imperial ideologues sparred off against one another as each attempted to reinvent themselves as “Muslim powers” capable of commanding the loyalties of North African subjects. Yet in re-imagining the cultural identities of their respective empires, imperial officials were responding to imperial competitors as each side sought to consolidate their presence in the Mediterranean.
Breath
Authors: Simpson Hannah 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis concluding chapter summarises the particular epistemological, ontological, and ethical tensions that Samuel Beckett, Albert Camus, Pablo Picasso, Eugène Ionesco, and Marguerite Duras ascribe to the experience of witnessing another’s pain in their wartime and postwar stage plays. It also draws a final line of contrast between Beckett’s relentless refusal of any consoling perspective on the encounter with pain and the threads of surviving redemptive impulse we can trace in the work of Camus, Picasso, Ionesco, and Duras. The chapter analyses the particularly unsettling distanced intimacy of Beckett’s dramaticule Breath (1969) as a model of the intense decorporealising that typifies Beckett’s continued interrogation of the encounter with another’s not-quite-witnessed pain in his later theatre plays. Finally, it examines the concept of empathic unsettlement (rather than empathetic identification) proposed by trauma theorists Dominick LaCapra and Jill Bennett, in order to illuminate the ethical value of Beckett’s refusal of the redemptive or absolving witnessing of pain in his postwar theatre.
Britain in the 1880s
Authors: Goldman Lawrence 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores a key theme in the history of Victorian social investigation and social contestation: the centrality of arguments over living standards and the extent of poverty. It concerns the Industrial Remuneration Conference, held in London in January 1885. This brought together leading representatives from politics, intellectual life, business, trade unions and other working-class organizations, to discuss the maldistribution of wealth and the proceeds of industry in Britain. It also considered the reforms required to give working people higher incomes and better life-chances. The statistics of daily life and working-class consumption dominated discussion. The recent Presidential Address to the Statistical Society of London by the civil servant Robert Giffen on ‘The Progress of the Working Class’, delivered in 1883, was roundly condemned for its roseate and optimistic views of material progress over the past half-century in Britain. Many delegates contested Giffen’s statistics on wage rates and prices. The Conference reached no consensus and conclusions. It is a further example, however, of the so-called ‘re-discovery of poverty’ in the 1880s and an important context for the origins of Charles Booth’s great inquiry into the Life and Labour of the People of London, one of the most significant of all British social investigations, which began in the following year.
Ethnic Mobilization and the Election Process
Authors: Pachuau Joy L.K. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter is an examination of the political processes in the state of Mizoram. Using the assembly elections of 2018 as an entry point, the chapter explores the contours of the political discourse in contemporary Mizoram. The chapter then examines the historical background to the development of the political issues to suggest that ethnic politics in Mizoram are often not the concern of the political parties that stand for elections. Ethnic politics are instead driven by NGOs that are constituted on the basis of ethnicity, age, and gender. In the history of political developments in the state since the post-independence period, the above-mentioned phenomena is relatively new. The chapter delves into the possible reasons for a shift in the contemporary political discourse.