bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Porosity‐Induced Improvement in KOH Activation of Chitin Nanofiber‐Based Porous Carbon Leading to Ultrahigh Specific Capacitance
Authors: Ferry Mark Adam , Maruyama Jun , Asoh Taka‐Aki , Uyama Hiroshi 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe applicability of chitin‐based carbon as a supercapacitor electrode material was investigated by adjusting its pore structure through polystyrene latex templating, without significant N doping. 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO)‐oxidized chitin nanofibers were mixed with polystyrene latex, hydrothermally treated at 220 °C, carbonized, and activated using KOH at 800 °C, yielding activated hierarchical porous carbon. The variation of both polystyrene latex amount and carbonization temperature resulted in changes in the surface area and pore structure, which dictated the degree of pore uniformity and activation efficiency. The pore structure affected activation by allowing the selective removal of amorphous carbon, exposing the basal plane carbon, resulting in higher specific capacitance. By making activated hierarchical porous carbon more conducive to activation, specific capacitance of 567 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 was achieved, with no loss in performance after 10000 charge–discharge cycles.
Source localization based on the array aperture loss for channel phase calibration
Authors: Hu Weiwei , Qing Guangwei 
Published: June 2022

SummaryA novel method is proposed to locate sources with uniform circular array (UCA) in the presence of channel phase errors. Inspired by the rank reduction (RARE) theory in the spatial domain, which creates the necessary condition (reduction rank vector) with the instrumental sensors, a reduction in the aperture of UCA is considered for the construction of the reduction rank vector that is related only to the source location in the UCA‐mode domain based on the relationship between the order and the independent variable of the Bessel function. This indicates that the source location and the channel phase errors can be decoupled in the UCA‐mode domain, and then the optimization function that is only related to the channel phase errors is formulated with the reduction rank vector based on the RARE theory. Then with the channel phase errors calibrated, the source location can be estimated with the Vandemonde structure of the virtual steering vector via UCA‐ESPRIT. The proposed method requires no pre‐calibrated sensors or calibration sources. Also, it avoids the multi‐dimensional iteration. Results verify that the proposed method can perform approximately to calibration source method and instrumental sensor method via source separation, signal‐noise ratio (SNR), and snapshots experiments; furthermore, it is also verified that the proposed method can cope with more sources than the Schur‐product based method and it is superior to the Schur‐product based method in performance as it has a larger tolerance for the array aperture, while both of them are on‐line estimators.
The development and validation of the Conscious Objectification Questionnaire
Authors: Liberman Tamar J. , Burke Natasha L. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectiveSelf‐objectification is linked to disordered eating (DE) behaviors in women. However, the awareness of objectification by the self and others, not just the objectifying experiences themselves, may be differentially related to DE. The proposed study examines the development and validity of the Conscious Objectification Questionnaire (COQ), which seeks to evaluate awareness of objectification by others and intentional self‐objectification.MethodIn Study 1, 24 participants who identify as women (≥18 years) will provide qualitative feedback on COQ items, and survey items will be updated based on participant feedback. In Study 2, separate participants will complete the COQ and questionnaires assessing DE, self‐objectification, and mental health correlates. Exploratory factor analyses will be conducted on the COQ, and reliability and convergent and divergent validity will be assessed.ResultsResults will clarify whether the COQ is a reliable and valid instrument that measures the distinct construct of awareness of objectification.DiscussionIf proven psychometrically sound, the COQ may be useful for future research on the link between awareness of objectification and disordered eating.Public SignificanceThe novel Conscious Objectification Questionnaire (COQ) assesses the degree to which women recognize and act upon being objectified. The COQ will be reviewed by self‐objectification experts and pilot participants before being psychometrically evaluated with data from a larger sample. The COQ is expected to differentially relate to disordered eating above and beyond existing self‐objectification measures and accurately represent the distinct construct of conscious awareness of societal and self‐objectification.
Predictors of treatment seeking and uptake among respondents to a widely disseminated online eating disorders screen in the United States
Authors: Grammer Anne Claire , Shah Jillian , Laboe Agatha A. , McGinnis Claire G. , Balantekin Katherine N. , Graham Andrea K. , Smolar Lauren , Taylor C. Barr , Wilfley Denise E. , Fitzsimmons‐Craft Ellen E. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo explore predictors of treatment seeking and uptake among individuals following an online eating disorders (EDs) screen in the U.S. disseminated by the National Eating Disorders Association.MethodRespondents who screened at risk or positive for a probable ED from 04/2019 to 05/2021 (N = 263,530) were eligible to complete a 2‐month follow‐up survey that assessed treatment seeking and uptake after being offered referral options following screening. Analyses were conducted using chi‐square tests or logistic regressions.ResultsSixty thousand thirty‐four respondents (22.8%) opted‐in to the follow‐up survey, of whom 2276 (3.8%) completed it. Of the final analytic sample (n = 1922), 35.7% of respondents reported seeking and 22.4% reported receiving treatment. Treatment seeking and uptake were more common among respondents who were female, White, or >24 years of age; uptake was more common among respondents who were non‐Hispanic or higher income. Elevated shape/weight concerns were significantly, albeit modestly, associated with reduced likelihood to receive treatment.DiscussionDemographic differences in treatment seeking and uptake highlight the need to optimize ED screening tools/feedback to meet the needs of underserved groups and to address stereotypes and structural barriers that may interfere. Research is also needed to identify barriers to uptake among those with elevated shape/weight concerns.Public SignificanceRelatively low rates of treatment seeking and uptake were observed, particularly among underserved groups, 2 months following a widely disseminated online eating disorders screen. Optimization of online eating disorder screening tools and delivery of feedback and referral information may be needed to increase health care utilization.
Leaf N:P ratio does not predict productivity trends across natural terrestrial ecosystems
Authors: Zhang Jiahui , Hedin Lars O. , Li Mingxu , Xu Li , Yan Pu , Dai Guanhua , He Nianpeng 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are crucial nutrients for regulating plant growth. The classic growth rate hypothesis (GRH) proposes that fast‐growing organisms have lower N:P ratios, and it is promising to predict net primary productivity (NPP) using the leaf N:P ratio at the community level (N:PCom). However, whether leaf N:P ratio can predict NPP in natural ecosystems on a large scale remains nebulous. Here, we systematically calculated leaf N:PCom (community biomass‐weighted mean and species arithmetic mean) using the consistently measured data of 2192 plant species‐site combinations and productivity (biomass‐based aboveground NPP and flux‐based NPP) in 66 natural ecosystems in China. Unexpectedly, leaf N:PCom hardly predicted productivity in natural ecosystems due to their weak correlation, although significantly negative or positive relationships across different ecosystems were observed. The ambiguous relationship between leaf N:P and species dominance reflected a luxury consumption of N and P in turnover and structure in natural communities, unlike what GRH suggests. Climate, soil, and leaf nutrients (rather than N:P) influenced productivity, which highlighted the importance of external environment and nutrient constrains. Our findings pose a major challenge for leaf N:PCom as a direct parameter in productivity models and further question the direct application of classic hypotheses in short‐term experiments or model species to long‐term and complex natural ecosystems.
Combustion and emission characteristics investigation of a marine diesel engine powered by diesel/biodiesel/n‐butanol blends
Authors: Yu Shiyong , Cao Chao , Lv Wenchao 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn this paper, a three‐dimensional simulation model of the engine cylinder is established using commercial simulation software AVL‐Fire, and the accuracy of the model is verified with experimental results. The effects of diesel/biodiesel/n‐butanol blends on diesel engine performance, and combustion and emissions characteristics were investigated by performing simulation operations on the model. The combustion process in the cylinder was simulated for 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of n‐butanol in the fuel mixture. The results showed that at 75% load, the brake thermal efficiency of D95N5, D90N10, D85N15, and D80N20 engines increased by 0.84%, 1.68%, 2.48%, and 3.19%, respectively, and soot emissions decreased by 2.76%, 5.52%, 8.25%, and 10.96%, respectively, compared with D100. However, the brake power of the engine was reduced, the brake ratio fuel consumption increased, and NOx emission increased. In addition, at all loads, soot and CO emissions decrease as the percentage of n‐butanol in the fuel mixture increases.
Engine performance improvements through turbocharger matching and turbine design
Authors: Chen Shaolin , Ma Chaochen , Zhang Hong , Xu Cheng , Lei Fen , Feng Tao , Cao Gang , Yang Hanqin , Wei Chongfan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIt is interesting to improve engine system performance with turbocharger technologies. In this study, a systematic simulation for engine and turbocharger matching to provide full utilization of the turbocharger potential and improve the engine performance without sacrificing the emission is developed. A velocity ratio concept was proposed to count the turbocharger performance impacts due to the diameter ratio of compressor and turbine wheels. A design of experiments was used to optimize the turbocharger and engine performance for different turbocharger factors. A better‐matched turbocharger was obtained. A multidisciplinary optimization method was used to design a mixed flow turbine wheel to reduce the turbine velocity ratio at peak efficiency and increase the overall turbocharger efficiency. Results showed that about 0.4% torque improvements and 1.2% reductions in the engine brake‐specific fuel consumption were obtained without making any other changes to the engine. This study demonstrated that systematic simulations for engine systems and considering turbocharger wheel diameter ratio effects could further improve the turbocharged engine system matching and the engine performance.
Performance enhancement of ruthenium‐based supercapacitors: A review
Authors: Banik Uchhwas , Malik MD Tanvir Uddin , Rahat S. M. Sultan Mahmud , Mallik Abul K. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHaving an interesting requirement for reliable energy storage, the search for materials capable of providing perfect electrochemical performances is going on at a great rate. Scientists are making momentous attempts toward developing renewable energy and green energy. Batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors (SCs) are the most efficient and suitable tools for electrochemical alteration and energy storage. Current research and development of attention mainly on how to improve the performance of the SC by developing new hybrid capacitors. Blend or hybrid SC conveys high capacitance in contrast with the current electric double‐layer capacitor (EDLC) and pseudo‐capacitors building material of superconductors. The utilization of ruthenium in supercapacitors either as a direct electroactive material or as a conducting agent has been widely analyzed in the last few decades due to the rapid reversible redox process and a variety of valence options, and flexible environmental adaptability. In this review, we studied various aspects of ruthenium (Ru)‐based superconductors, their types, metal/non‐metal/polymer doping, as well as oxides and reduced oxides of ruthenium incorporated. We summarize the morphologies and structures of various studies of Ru‐composites followed by the researchers' suggested characterization methods and find out the promising electrochemical performance.
Research on grid‐dependence of neural network turbulence model
Authors: Song Shangxiao , Zhang Weiwei , Sun Xuxiang , Zhu Linyang , Liu Yilang 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTurbulence machine learning based on deep neural network has become a research hotspot in turbulence modeling. Although most turbulence models have strict requirements on grid dependence, there are few analyses on grid dependence on the coupling of models and equations. In this article, a neural network turbulence model is constructed for the flow around airfoil with high Reynolds number, and the effects of wall‐normal grid spacing on the calculation accuracy are studied. The results show that compared with the traditional differential equation turbulence model, the neural network turbulence model can break through the limitation of y+ < 1 and relax the requirement of the normal density of the boundary layer grid while ensuring the accuracy.
Allometry in the corpus callosum in neonates: Sexual dimorphism
Authors: Lewis John D. , Acosta Henriette , Tuulari Jetro J. , Fonov Vladimir S. , Collins D. Louis , Scheinin Noora M. , Lehtola Satu J. , Rosberg Aylin , Lidauer Kristian , Ukharova Elena , Saunavaara Jani , Parkkola Riitta , Lähdesmäki Tuire , Karlsson Linnea , Karlsson Hasse 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe corpus callosum (CC) is the largest fiber tract in the human brain, allowing interhemispheric communication by connecting homologous areas of the two cerebral hemispheres. In adults, CC size shows a robust allometric relationship with brain size, with larger brains having larger callosa, but smaller brains having larger callosa relative to brain size. Such an allometric relationship has been shown in both males and females, with no significant difference between the sexes. But there is some evidence that there are alterations in these allometric relationships during development. However, it is currently not known whether there is sexual dimorphism in these allometric relationships from birth, or if it only develops later. We study this in neonate data. Our results indicate that there are already sex differences in these allometric relationships in neonates: male neonates show the adult‐like allometric relationship between CC size and brain size; however female neonates show a significantly more positive allometry between CC size and brain size than either male neonates or female adults. The underlying cause of this sexual dimorphism is unclear; but the existence of this sexual dimorphism in neonates suggests that sex‐differences in lateralization have prenatal origins.
TRPM7 promotes lipopolysaccharide‐induced inflammatory dysfunction in renal tubular epithelial cells
Authors: Sun Yan , Chen Xiaobing , Xie Yongpeng , Wang Yanli , Zhang Qian , Lu Yu , Li Xiaomin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundSepsis‐associated acute kidney injury (S‐AKI) has been reported to affect 30%–50% of all sepsis patients; this condition is associated with a notable fatality rate. Following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, the expression of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7 (TRPM7), a nonselective cation channel expressed by the renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) was found to be upregulated. We aimed to determine how TRPM7 functions in S‐AKI.MethodsTo establish an in vitro model of S‐AKI, RTECs were treated with LPS. The effect of TRPM7 knockdown on cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress was studied. The binding site between Kruppel‐like factor 2 (KLF2) and TRPM7 was predicted using JASPAR. The influence of KLF2 on the regulatory roles of TRPM7 in cells, as well as the effect of their knockdown on the MAPK signaling pathway, was investigated.ResultsTRPM7 was upregulated in LPS‐treated cells, and knocking improved cell viability, reduced LDH levels, and minimized apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. KLF2 was shown to be associated with TRPM7 and its level decreased in LPS‐treated cells. KLF2 knockdown increased TRPM7 expression and reversed the effects of TRPM7 knockdown in LPS‐treated cells, including suppression of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK activation.ConclusionTaken together, our results show that TRPM7 is negatively regulated by KLF2 and promotes LPS‐induced inflammatory dysfunction by activating the MAPK pathway in RTECs. The theoretical foundation for the prevention and management of S‐AKI is laid out in this article.
Regional inequalities of tumour size at diagnosis in Germany: An ecological study in eight federal states
Authors: Jaehn Philipp , Bergholz Andreas , Holmberg Christine 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThere is growing recognition of the importance of the residential environment for early detection of cancer. However, few studies have investigated area socioeconomic deprivation, social capital, and rurality in combination. Therefore, we aimed to estimate mutually adjusted associations of these characteristics with tumour size at diagnosis in Germany. We included incident cases of female breast cancer, colorectal cancer, malignant melanoma, uterine cancer, and male bladder cancer, collected by the cancer registries of eight German federal states between 2010 and 2014. Using information on T status at diagnosis, we defined an advanced tumour size for each cancer type. Sex‐specific mutually adjusted associations of area socioeconomic deprivation, social capital, and rurality with an advanced tumour size and variance partition coefficients were estimated in multilevel logistic regression. Missing data of the outcome were addressed by multiple imputation. Overall, 386 223 cases were included in this analysis. High area socioeconomic deprivation was associated with an advanced tumour size at diagnosis of colorectal cancer and malignant melanoma. For malignant melanoma, low social capital was associated with an advanced tumour size among females and males, while a rural settlement structure was associated with an advanced tumour size among males only. Since meaningful general contextual effects were found for malignant melanoma, our results underscore that the residential environment is an important predictor of melanoma tumour size. Secondary prevention programmes for this cancer type should target areas with high area socioeconomic deprivation, low social capital, and a rural settlement structure in order to reach those most vulnerable.
A review on smart irrigation management strategies and their effect on water savings and crop yield
Authors: Touil Sami , Richa Amina , Fizir Meriem , Argente García Jesús E. , Skarmeta Gómez Antonio F. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAppropriate irrigation water management has attracted a considerable degree of attention because it is crucial to guarantee water and food security worldwide. A smart irrigation system is applied for the rational use of water in agricultural fields and for maximizing crop yield. Thus, the high demand for water resources is decreased, and the adverse environmental impacts of irrigation are reduced. Different irrigation approaches were developed to reduce overirrigation by assessing the soil moisture content or crop water stress index. This paper aims to review conventional and smart irrigation technologies and discuss their effect on water savings, yield, and crop quality. The analysis of prominent studies highlighted that the water use efficiency based on soil moisture sensors depends on the volumetric moisture content threshold value set by farmers. Soil moisture sensor controllers, evapotranspiration controllers, and rain sensors have been shown to save 20%–92%, 20%–71%, and 7%–50% of water, respectively, while maintaining crop growth and quality. The optical sensor‐based system showed a better ability to assess crop and soil variability in the field than the on‐site measurements. The conventional controlled deficit irrigation technique was found to decrease the crop yield to less than 25% with water savings of up to 13%.
Ruthenium‐based complex dyes for dye‐sensitized solar cells
Authors: Wu Chun‐Guey 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDye‐sensitized solar cell (DSC) has been a promising new‐generation photovoltaic technique. Sensitizer is one of the most important parameters that determine the photovoltaic performance of a DSC. This review article shows the step‐by‐step procedure of how to design high photovoltaic performance ruthenium‐based complex dyes for DSC. The strategy includes the extension of the conjugated length of the anchoring and ancillary ligands as well as using multidentated ligand and strong sigma donor to red‐shift to λmax of the metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer band and increase molar absorption coefficient, fine‐tune the functionality of the ligand to enhance dye regeneration, and using non‐mono‐dentated ligand to improve the dye stability. The review focuses on basic chemistry rather than the photovoltaic performance comparison between the ruthenium dyes introduced in this article.