bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
رئيس الدولة في النظم السياسية المعاصرة والنظام السياسي الإسلامي - دراسة مقارنة
Authors: دخيل محمد حسن 
Published: August 2022

درجت الجموع الإنسانية منذ نشأتها الأولى على أن يكون لها رئيس يدير أمرها، ويكون صاحب النفوذ والحكم فيها، ويرجع ذلك إلى التكوين الطبيعي للإنسان، وما بداخل نفس هذا الإنسان من مشاعر وأحاسيس تدفع بالصغير إلى وجوب احترام الكبير والخضوع له وإطاعة أوامره. فكان للعائلة منذ نشأتها رئيس يتولى تنظيم أمورها، كما كان للقبيلة رئيس يقوم بتدبير شؤونها، كذلك تقضي مختلف النظم القانونية التي تسود الدولة _ منذ نشأتها حتى الآن _ أن يكون لكل دولة رئيس، وذلك تأميناً لنظامها، وضماناً لحسن سير الأمور فيها.
ونظراً لأهمية موقع رئيس الدولة في الأنظمة السياسية المعاصرة، وبسبب الصلاحيات الممنوحة له، والوظائف التي يؤدّيها، والمسؤولية التي يشغلها، والعوامل المؤثرة في اختياره، ارتأينا دراسة موقع رئيس الدولة بالمقارنة مع رئيس الدولة في التصوّر الإسلامي.
من هُنا، تُطرح إشكاليات عدّة ترتبط بطرق إختيار رئيس الدولة في النظم الدستورية المعاصرة وفي النظام السياسي الإسلامي. وبالتالي، ما الشروط الواجب توفرها في رئيس الدولة في النظم السياسية وفي النظام السياسي الإسلامي فمن الملاحظ أن الدول تشترط شروطاً عدة في المرشح لرئاسة الدولة، منها: الجنسية، التمتع بالحقوق المدنية والسياسية، بلوغ سن معينة. لذا، كيف نظر الإسلام لشروط تولي موقع رئيس الدولة.
وتعالج هذه الدراسة، من جانب آخر، إشكالية الانتخاب في النظام السياسي الإسلامي، وعن وجه المقارنة بين البيعة، في المفهوم الإسلامي، وبين الانتخاب في المفهوم السياسي المعاصر. ومدى انسجام الشروط الواجب توفّرها في رئيس الدولة في تحقيق الدولة القانونية. وكذلك المقارنة بين صلاحيات الرئيس في الأنظمة السياسية وفي التصور الإسلامي والمقارنة أيضاً بين صلاحيات رئيس الدولة في الأنظمة السياسية وفي النظام الإسلامي. ويُطرح التساؤل، في هذا المضمار، حول كيفية الخروج على الرئيس، ومن يحقّ له ذلك.
تحاول هذه الدراسة معالجة هذه الموضوعات وبحث هذه الإشكاليات، بهدف معرفة الاتجاهات والآراء والمنطلقات، وفقاً للمنهج العلمي، مع الاستعانة بالمصادر العلمية والأكاديمية.
Pesan Kampanye Non-Goverment Organization terhadap Permasalahan Sampah Plastik
Authors: Asmara Dewi Wayan Weda , Syauki Wifka Rahma 
Published: August 2022

Pencemaran lingkungan dari sampah plastik memiliki banyak dampak negatif yang dapat membahayakan ekosistem bumi di masa sekarang dan depan. Inisiasi perubahan dalam penggunaan plastik banyak dilakukan oleh Organisasi Non-Pemerintahan (NGO). Harapannya dengan kampanye tersebut dapat merubah aspek pengetahuan (knowledge), sikap (attitude), dan perilaku (behavioural). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pesan kampanye Non-Government organization terhadap permasalahan sampah plastik BBPB. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif. Berdasarkan hasil analisis deskriptif dari tujuh indikator pesan kampanye tersebut, audiens mampu menerima pesan kampanye dengan baik. Indikator paling berpengaruh adalah pada konten pesan, audiens tertarik dan percaya akan kredibilitas pesan yang disampaikan, serta mampu memahami pesan kampanye yang merupakan ajakan peduli lingkungan terutama pada penanganan sampah plastik. Maka dapat dikatakan bahwa pesan kampanye yang dilakukan oleh Bye Bye Plastic Bags (BBPB) diterima positif oleh publik
Investigating the Origin of X-Ray Jets: A Case Study of Four Hybrid Morphology MOJAVE Blazars
Authors: Sebastian Biny , Kharb Preeti , Lister Matthew L. , Marshall Herman L. , O’Dea Christopher P. , Baum Stefi A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We carried out Chandra, Hubble Space Telescope (HST), and Very Large Array observations of four MOJAVE blazars that have previously been classified as hybrid (FR I/II) blazars in terms of radio morphology but not total radio power. The motivation of this study is to determine the X-ray emission mechanism in jets, these being different in FR I and FR II jets. We detected X-ray jet emission with sufficient signal to noise in two blazars, viz. PKS 0215+015 and TXS 0730+504. We carried out spectral energy distribution modeling of the broadband emission from the jet regions in these sources and found that a single synchrotron emission model is ruled out due to the deep upper limits obtained from HST optical and IR data. The inverse Compton-cosmic microwave background model can reproduce the X-ray jet emission in both sources although the model requires extreme jet parameters. Both our sources possess FR II-like radio powers and our results are consistent with previous studies suggesting that radio power is more important than FR morphology in determining the emission mechanism of X-ray jets.
The Photon Ring in M87*
Authors: Broderick Avery E. , Pesce Dominic W. , Gold Roman , Tiede Paul , Pu Hung-Yi , Anantua Richard , Britzen Silke , Ceccobello Chiara , Chatterjee Koushik , Chen 陈 Yongjun 永军 , Conroy Nicholas S. , Crew Geoffrey B. , Cruz-Osorio Alejandro , Cui 崔 Yuzhu 玉竹 , Doeleman Sheperd S. , Emami Razieh , Farah Joseph , Fromm Christian M. , Galison Peter , Georgiev Boris , Ho 何 Luis C. 子山 , James David J. , Jeter Britton , Jimenez-Rosales Alejandra , Koay Jun Yi , Kramer Carsten , Krichbaum Thomas P. , Lee Sang-Sung , Lindqvist Michael , Martí-Vidal Iván , Menten Karl M. , Mizuno Yosuke , Moran James M. , Moscibrodzka Monika , Nathanail Antonios , Neilsen Joey , Ni Chunchong , Park Jongho , Piétu Vincent , Rezzolla Luciano , Ricarte Angelo , Ripperda Bart , Shao Lijing , Tazaki Fumie , Toma Kenji , Torne Pablo , Weintroub Jonathan , Wielgus Maciek , Yuan 袁 Feng 峰 , Zhao Shan-Shan , Zhang Shuo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We report measurements of the gravitationally lensed secondary image—the first in an infinite series of so-called “photon rings”—around the supermassive black hole M87* via simultaneous modeling and imaging of the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations. The inferred ring size remains constant across the seven days of the 2017 EHT observing campaign and is consistent with theoretical expectations, providing clear evidence that such measurements probe spacetime and a striking confirmation of the models underlying the first set of EHT results. The residual diffuse emission evolves on timescales comparable to one week. We are able to detect with high significance a southwestern extension consistent with that expected from the base of a jet that is rapidly rotating in the clockwise direction. This result adds further support to the identification of the jet in M87* with a black hole spin-driven outflow, launched via the Blandford–Znajek process. We present three revised estimates for the mass of M87* based on identifying the modeled thin ring component with the bright ringlike features seen in simulated images, one of which is only weakly sensitive to the astrophysics of the emission region. All three estimates agree with each other and previously reported values. Our strongest mass constraint combines information from both the ring and the diffuse emission region, which together imply a mass-to-distance ratio of

4.20

−
0.06

+
0.12

μ
as

and a corresponding black hole mass of (7.13 ± 0.39) × 109
M
⊙, where the error on the latter is now dominated by the systematic uncertainty arising from the uncertain distance to M87*.
Delivery of Gas onto the Circumplanetary Disk of Giant Planets: Planetary-mass Dependence of the Source Region of Accreting Gas and Mass Accretion Rate
Authors: Maeda Natsuho , Ohtsuki Keiji , Tanigawa Takayuki , Machida Masahiro N. , Suetsugu Ryo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gas accretion onto the circumplanetary disks and the source region of accreting gas are important to reveal dust accretion that leads to satellite formation around giant planets. We performed local three-dimensional high-resolution hydrodynamic simulations of an isothermal and inviscid gas flow around a planet to investigate the planetary-mass dependence of the gas accretion bandwidth and gas accretion rate onto circumplanetary disks. We examined cases with various planetary masses corresponding to M
p = 0.05–1M
Jup at 5.2 au, where M
Jup is the current Jovian mass. We found that the radial width of the gas accretion band is proportional to

M

p

1

/

6

for the low-mass regime with M
p ≲ 0.2M
Jup while it is proportional to M
p for the high-mass regime with M
p ≳ 0.2M
Jup. We found that the ratio of the mass accretion rate onto the circumplanetary disk to that into the Hill sphere is about 0.4 regardless of the planetary mass for the cases we examined. Combining our results with the gap model obtained from global hydrodynamic simulations, we derive a semi-analytical formula of mass accretion rate onto circumplanetary disks. We found that the mass dependence of our three-dimensional accretion rates is the same as the previously obtained two-dimensional case, although the qualitative behavior of accretion flow onto the circumplanetary disk is quite different between the two cases.
Multiple Channels for the Onset of Magnetism in Isolated White Dwarfs
Authors: Bagnulo Stefano , Landstreet John D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The presence of a strong magnetic field is a feature common to a significant fraction of degenerate stars, yet little is understood about the field’s origin and evolution. New observational constraints from volume-limited surveys point to a more complex situation than a single mechanism valid for all stars. We show that in high-mass white dwarfs, which are probably the results of mergers, magnetic fields are extremely common and very strong and appear immediately in the cooling phase. These fields may have been generated by a dynamo active during the merging. Lower-mass white dwarfs, which are often the product of single-star evolution, are rarely detectably magnetic at birth, but fields appear very slowly, and very weakly, in about a quarter of them. What we may see is an internal field produced in an earlier evolutionary stage that gradually relaxes to the surface from the interior. The frequency and strength of magnetic fields continue to increase to eventually rival those of highly massive stars, particularly after the stars cool past the start of core crystallization, an effect that could be responsible for a dynamo mechanism similar to the one that is active in Earth’s interior.
Tucana B: A Potentially Isolated and Quenched Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy at D ≈ 1.4 Mpc*
Authors: Sand David J. , Mutlu-Pakdil Burçin , Jones Michael G. , Karunakaran Ananthan , Wang Feige , Yang Jinyi , Chiti Anirudh , Bennet Paul , Crnojević Denija , Spekkens Kristine 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We report the discovery of Tucana B, an isolated ultra-faint dwarf galaxy at a distance of D = 1.4 Mpc. Tucana B was found during a search for ultra-faint satellite companions to the known dwarfs in the outskirts of the Local Group, although its sky position and distance indicate the nearest galaxy to be ∼500 kpc distant. Deep ground-based imaging resolves Tucana B into stars, and it displays a sparse red giant branch consistent with an old, metal-poor stellar population analogous to that seen in the ultra-faint dwarf galaxies of the Milky Way, albeit at fainter apparent magnitudes. Tucana B has a half-light radius of 80 ± 40 pc and an absolute magnitude of

M

V

=
−

6.9

−
0.6

+
0.5

mag (

L

V

=
(

5

−
2

+
4

)
×

10

4

L
⊙), which is again comparable to the Milky Way’s ultra-faint satellites. There is no evidence for a population of young stars, either in the optical color–magnitude diagram or in GALEX archival ultraviolet imaging, with the GALEX data indicating

log
(

SFR

NUV

/

M

⊙

yr

−
1

)
<
−
5.4

for star formation on ≲100 Myr timescales. Given its isolation and physical properties, Tucana B may be a definitive example of an ultra-faint dwarf that has been quenched by reionization, providing strong confirmation of a key driver of galaxy formation and evolution at the lowest mass scales. It also signals a new era of ultra-faint dwarf galaxy discovery at the extreme edges of the Local Group.
La légalisation du cannabis en Uruguay
Authors: Obradovic Ivana 
Published: August 2022

Première expérience mondiale de régulation du cannabis, la loi n° 19.172 adoptées en Uruguay en 2013 revendique de lutter différemment contre les drogues, en autorisant et en contrôlant la culture, la possession et l’usage de cannabis plutôt que de les interdire, à rebours des conventions internationales. L’article retrace la fabrication et la mise en place d’une législation originale encadrant le cannabis, centrée sur la prudence et les gages de sérieux pour désarmer les critiques croisées de la population, des États et des autorités internationales. Il montre comment cette réforme pionnière a, en tentant de construire un modèle de régulation restrictif, contribué à créer les conditions de sa mise en difficulté. Entre retards et atermoiements, le processus réformateur s’est aliéné une partie de ses soutiens si bien que, huit ans après, sa revendication politique reste incertaine.
Les mineurs moins interpellés pour usage de stupéfiants : l’effet de l’amende forfaitaire délictuelle
Authors: Gerbeaux Alexis , Poulhes Mathilde 
Published: August 2022

L’amende forfaitaire délictuelle (AFD) pour usage de stupéfiants a été mise en place en France en 2020 pour renforcer la lutte contre les drogues. Cette réforme permet aux services de sécurité d’adresser directement sur le lieu de l’infraction une amende aux usagers de stupéfiants majeurs plutôt que d’ouvrir une procédure en commissariat de police ou en brigade de gendarmerie qui serait transmise ensuite à la justice. Grâce aux données exhaustives du ministère de l’Intérieur recensant tous les auteurs présumés liés aux stupéfiants enregistrés en France par les services de police et de gendarmerie, on estime que la mise en place des AFD conduit à une forte augmentation des mis en cause pour usage seul de stupéfiants (+39 %), qui s’accompagne d’une forte baisse de la proportion (-50 %) et du volume (-5 700) de mis en cause mineurs en 2021. Ces évolutions sont très contrastées selon les départements.
Foveal Avascular Zone in diabetic hypertensive patients
Authors: AbuElwafa Marwa M. , Tabl Ahmed A. , Shaarawy Mona G. , Elgazzar Hamdy A. , El-Shahed Ahmed F. 
Published: August 2022

Purpose
To evaluate changes that occur in foveal avascular zone (FAZ) in diabetic hypertensive patients by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA).

Patients and methods
OCTA was performed for 60 eyes of 35 diabetic hypertensive patients. This study was done in Benha University Hospital between February and June 2021. FAZ area was measured by a frame that was centered around it. Moreover, the vessel density was measured also by detecting the superficial vessel density (SVD) and the deep vessel density (DVD).

Results
In diabetic hypertensive (60 eyes of 35 patients) with average age 55.52 (±6.88) years and mean duration of the disease 12.17 (±7.15) years, the mean value of the FAZ was 0.37 (±0.54) mm, denoting enlargement of the FAZ diameter. In addition, the vessel density showed that there is decreasing in the SVD (43.9±5.89) and it was correlated to the best-corrected visual acuity and age of the patients (P<0.05), while it was highly correlated to the DVD (P<0.001). On the other hand, there was a decrease in DVD with a mean of 43.17±7.44, which was statistically significant with the age of the patients (P<0.05), but there was no significant relationship with duration of the disease, glycated hemoglobin, and best-corrected visual acuity.

Conclusion
OCTA is a noninvasive technique to image the retinal and choroidal vasculature. The study concluded that diabetic retinopathy in the presence of systemic hypertension leads to increasing of the FAZ area. Moreover, it leads to decreasing in both the SVD and DVD. Also, it allows for early detection and easy follow-up of the disease.
Self Working Water-Based Instrument for Positive Expiratory Pressure by Resistance Device and its Effectiveness in Improving Oxygenation in Acute Pulmonary Edema, during the COVID 19 Pandemic
Authors: Paul Akhil , Mathew Susana 
Published: August 2022

Background:
About 20% to 67% of COVID 19 infected patients who are admitted to the hospitals and 100% of mechanically ventilated patients suffer from acute respiratory distress syndrome. Extrinsic positive expiratory pressure (PEP) can improve oxygenation by direct and indirect mechanisms, thus reducing the need of medical oxygen. But high-budget and sophisticated machines are required to provide this positive airway pressure, adding on to the treatment cost of the patient and investment expenditure by the health-care facilities. We have designed a simple self-working device called self-working water-based instrument for positive expiratory pressure by resistance (SWIPER) device which can provide a PEP. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of this device in improving oxygenation in patients with acute pulmonary edema, which was quantified using pulse oximetry.

Methods:
Patients who were admitted to the medical intensive care unit during the study period, with an acute pulmonary edema-a diagnosis which was made clinico-radiologically, were chosen as the subjects for the study. Once the patients were critically stabilized by the already existing treatment protocols, the SWIPER device was applied.

Results:
The device was introduced on 15 patients who were selected after applying the inclusion-exclusion criteria of the study. The mean age of the study group was 65 years (men-64 years, Women-66 years). Eight of them had cardiogenic pulmonary edema whereas seven of them had nephrogenic pulmonary edema. The median baseline SpO2level was 90% (86%, 94%) and the median plateau SpO2level after using the SWIPER device was 94% (91%, 99%) (*P < 0.001). The mean rise in SpO2on using the device was 6% (1.89) which was clinically significant.

Conclusion:
SWIPER device is effective in significantly increasing the SpO2 in patients with acute pulmonary edema by providing a PEP. This device is not a replacement for the existing positive airway pressure-providing electrical devices. However, SWIPER devices will definitely come in handy in resource-limited settings in providing better treatment and care till the standard therapeutic measures are obtained. It will also help in significantly reducing the medical oxygen consumption in managing such patients.
Strain and Myocardial Work Index during Echo Exercise to Evaluate Myocardial Function in Athletes
Authors: Borzì Davide Domenico , Saladino Stefano , Losi Valentina , Faro Denise Cristiana , Monte Ines Paola 
Published: August 2022

The aim of the study was to evaluate the application of global longitudinal strain (GLS) and myocardial work (MW) at rest and during exercise in healthy sedentary or trained participants, to test their ability to improve echocardiographic information and to complement prescribing exercise, cardiac screening, or rehabilitation programs.

Methods:
Thirty healthy males were divided into three groups of 10, sedentary (G1), resistance (G2) and power (G3) athletes, underwent a standard clinical evaluation protocol and exercise stress testing echocardiography.

Results:
During stress, all showed increased left ventricular ejection fraction and mitral annulus tissue Doppler (E'). G1 showed a decrease in left atrial volume (LAVi) as opposed to an increase in G3. E/E 'a decrease in G2, unlike the increase in G3. All groups showed increase of Strain (GLS average AV, Longitudinal LS, Medio-Basal MB Apical AP), global constructive work (GCW), and Global wasted work. G1 showed increase for global work efficiency, G2 and G3 for global work index (GWI). G3 showed a greater variation of E/E', LAVi, GWI and GCW compared to G1 and G2, greater of GLS AV, LS-AP compared to G2. Only G3 showed differences for GLS AV versus LS-AP. The relative regional strain ratio showed a greater value in G3 versus G1 at the end of stress compared to rest.

Conclusions:
The new echocardiographic applications to study the physiological adaptation could open new perspectives for the diagnostic and therapeutic development through the prescription of personalized exercises and screening and follow-up of the early pathological changes of the athlete's heart.
Assessment and Comparison of Periodontal Status and Its Impact on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life Among Urban and Rural Adults of Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Dalai Sasmita , Tangade Pradeep , Singh Vikas , Jain Ankita , Priyadarshi Surbhi , Yadav Jagriti 
Published: August 2022

Context:
Periodontal diseases negatively influence people's oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) and despite advancements; still disparity exists among urban and rural dwellers. OHRQoL helps in a better understanding of subjective perception ensuring a better treatment plan that fits the patient's needs and concerns.

Aims and Objectives:
(1) To record the periodontal status of urban and rural populations of Moradabad using WHO pro forma 2013. (2) To assess and compare the OHRQoL using the oral health impact profile-14 (OHIP-14).

Subjects and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among the rural (350) and urban (350) population of Moradabad aged 35–44 years, chosen from the outpatient department of Teerthanker Mahaveer Dental College and Hospital. The WHO oral health assessment form for adults (2013) was used to assess the periodontal status and OHIP-14 was used for assessing OHRQoL.

Statistical Analysis Used:
SPSS version 19.0 was used for statistical analysis. Chi-square, Student's t-test, and multiple logistic regression analysis were employed for statistical analysis.

Results:
The prevalence of loss of attachment (LOA) (93.20%), presence of pocket (76.0%), and bleeding on probing (BOP) (74.0%) was significantly higher among the rural population. The mean OHIP scores were significantly higher for the rural population as compared to urban counterparts. Among the study population, OHIP 14 was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) associated with age, gender, socioeconomic status, location, and periodontal parameters (LOA, Pocket, and BOP).

Conclusions:
The study shows that there is a significant association between periodontal status and OHRQoL. Rural individuals had a greater impact on OHRQoL than their urban counterpart. Strategies should be planned and implemented to minimize the disparity.
Assessment of Relative Translucency and Resultant Color of Contemporary Resin-Matrix Ceramics Indicated for Laminate Veneers and Full Crowns
Authors: Uğur S , Günal B 
Published: August 2022

Background and Aims:
Evaluation of the optical properties of restorative materials is an important parameter for identifying clinical success. The aim of this study was to compare the translucency of contemporary resin-matrix ceramics (RMCs) and to evaluate the effect of cement shade on the final color of RMCs indicated for laminate veneers and full crowns.

Materials and Methods:
A hundred A2 shade RMC specimens were fabricated by using Mazic Duro (MD), CAMouflage NOW (CN), KZR-CAD HR2 (KZR), Grandio Block (GB), and Brilliant Crios (BC) at 0.7-mm and 1.5-mm thicknesses (n = 10). A2 shade composite resin was used for the foundation structure. Twenty resin-cement specimens were prepared from A2 and translucent shades at 0.1-mm thickness. Interchangeably, the foundation-cement-resin matrix ceramic assemblies were created with optical gel. The color coordinates were recorded using a spectrophotometer. After calculating translucency parameter (TP00) and color difference (ΔE00) values, data were analyzed statistically (P = 0.05).

Results:
TP00 values were influenced by RMC type and thickness. TP00 values of RMCs can be listed in descending order as MD>GB = CN>BC=KZR. ΔE00 values were significantly influenced by all parameters and their interactions. MD exhibited higher ΔE00 values among tested RMCs. The effect of A2 cement was not perceived visually while TR cement demonstrated visually perceptible but clinically acceptable values for both laminate veneers and full crowns. As the material thickness decreased, the TP00 and ΔE00 values increased in all RMCs.

Conclusions:
Clinicians should carefully prefer cement shade and RMC material by contemplating their impact on the optical properties particularly when the restoration is thin.