bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insect Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring 1983
Authors: Schuster David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set 15 Mar., 18 in. apart on 2.5-ft-wide by 8-in.-high beds of Myakka fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 10 staked plants and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 7, 14, 21, 28 April; 5, 12, 20, 26 May; and 2 and 9, June, with a 2.5-gal, handheld CO2 powered sprayer which was operated at 40 lb/in2 and delivered 70 to 100 gal/acre (gallonage increases as the plants grew). On 13 June, the numbers of large leafmines (ca. 0.5 inch or longer) were counted on the terminal 3 leaflets of the 4th fully expanded leaf from the tops of 10 branches per plot. The numbers of undamaged fruit and the numbers of fruit damaged by armyworm larvae (principally the southern armyworm and a climbing cutworm), tomato pinworm larvae or sucking pests (southern green stink bug, brown stink bug and leaffooted bug) were totalled over harvests taken on 6 and 16 jun. The percentages of damaged fruit were calculated and transformed arc sine (%)/(0.01) before analysis but data are presented in the original scale. After the last harvest, 5 plants were cut, inverted and shaken. Dislodged insects were identified and counted. The percentage of foliage affected by mites was rated 1 to 12 by the Horsfall-Barratt system. Analyses of variance were performed on all data and, if siginificant (P = 0.05). F values were obtained, means were separated by Duncan’s multiple range test.
Foliar Sprays to Control Overwintering Adults in Tomato, 1983
Authors: Sherrod D. W. , Francis J. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Campbell 1327’ tomatoes were transplanted in single row plots (5-ft centers) on 6 May. Each plot consisted of a single, 25-ft-long row bordered on each side by an untreated row. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed air backpack sprayer using three hollow cone nozzles per row and delivering 30 gal water per acre at 40 lb/in2 . One spray application was made on 11 May when the plants were 6 to 8 inches high. Evaluation criteria consisted of counting the number of adult Colorado potato beetles (CPB)/10 plants on 12 May and counting the number transplants destroyed by CPB feeding per 15 plants on 16 and 24 May.
Winter Treatments for Control of Egyptian Alfalfa Weevil (Eaw), 1982-1983
Authors: Beevers M.H. , Jahns T.R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at California State Univ. at Fresno, on a 2-year-old stand of alfalfa. Treatments were applied to 13 by 30 ft plots arranged in a randomized block design with five replications. Applications were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated at 23 gal/acre at 50 lb/in2. The first application date was 13 Nov. 1982 ana the second 27 Dec. 1982 when adults were present. Evaluations of numbers of EAW larvae were made on 11 Mar. 1983 with a standard 15-in. sweep net. Alfalfa was 10 to 13 in. tall at both applications.
Alfalfa, Late Season Grasshopper Control, Missouri, 1983
Authors: Brandenburg R.L. , Kirfman G.W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted near St. Joseph, Mo., on a pure stand of alfalfa ca. 5 in. tall. Sprays were applied on 17 Aug. to 60 by 60 ft plots with three replications. Grasshopper composition was 90% redlegged grasshoppers. Sprays were applied at 16.5 gal/acre and 40 lb/in2 using 8002 flat fan nozzles on a 20-ft spray boom. Evaluations were estimated by observing the number of grasshoppers that flew while taking 3 steps forward in each plot. Estimates were repeated 6 times per plot. Temperature at application was 92°F. Data were transformed by x + 0.5. Means in the table are of actual counts.
Alfalfa Weevil Larval Control in Oklahoma, 1983
Authors: Mussett Kevin , Berberet Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted on a field of ‘Arc’ alfalfa at the South Cent. Res. Stn., Chickasha, Okla. Treatments were applied 18 Apr. Plots were 4.5 by 9 m and arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated four times. All treatments were applied with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre. Population densities of alfalfa weevil larvae were determined 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after treatment. For these population estimates, 25 stems per plot were pulled on each date and larvae were extracted with Berlese funnels. Total numbers per plot were divided by the number of stems sampled (25) to give populations in larvae per stem. Plant damage ratings were assigned to all plots when the test was terminated.
Aphid and Egyptian Alfalfa Weevil Larva Control, 1983
Authors: Tuttle D.M. , Mullis C.H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirteen treatments were evaluated for the control of aphids and Egyptian alfalfa weevil. Approximately 90% of the aphid population during the experiment were blue alfalfa aphid, the others pea aphid. The average height of stems on 19 Feb. was 10 in. This alfalfa was on sandy silt soil at the Yuma Mesa Citrus Stn. Plots of 8 ft by 50 ft were replicated four times. The applications on 19 Feb. were made with a small-plot sprayer at a rate of 20 gal/acre and 40 lb/in2 (pressurized with CO2). The number of aphids per stem on 19 Feb. averaged 10.53. Counts 2, 4, 7, 10, and 14 days following treatments are given. The applications coincided with the peak of abundance for the Egyptian alfalfa weevil larvae present.
Thrips Control by Seed Treatment and Foliar Treatments, 1982
Authors: Conley Jim , Luttrell R. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A thrips control study was initiated at the Holly Springs Branch of the Miss. Agric. and For. Exp. Stn. on 6 May. Cotton was planted on this date in a split-split plot design with five replications. Whole plot treatments consisted of different varieties of cotton with either: (1) A seed coat treatment of Orthene 80S (8 oz per cwt), (2) an in-furrow application of Tremik 15G (0.975 (AI)/acre) or (3) no insecticide treatment at planting. Sub-plot treatments consisted of 1 foliar insecticide application on 25 May, or no foliar insecticide. The thrips population prior to foliar treatment was a predominantly adult population averaging 0.44 thrips per plant. Foliar treatments were applied through a CO2 back pack delivering 7.1 gal/acre through two TX-4 nozzles per row. Posttreatment counts were taken on 2 June. Few significant differences in the thrips population at this time were detected. Also on this date and on 21 June, 5 plants were removed from each sub-plot. Observations were taken by counting the number of nodes and true leaves, and measuring the root length, hypocotyl length, internode lengths and total plant length. Few significant differences in the thrips population at this time were detected. Significant differences were detected on 2 June in hypocotyl length, number of nodes and 1st internode length. Yield data were taken on 19 Oct. No significant differences were observed in yield.
Residual Toxicity of Insecticides on Boll Weevil, 1983
Authors: Coulon Dwayne , Lawrence Gary 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two caged boll weevil studies were initiated on 17 Oct. at Bueche, La. One-row plots (4 ft by 80 ft, separated by a single buffer row) were sprayed with CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 17.9 gal/acre at 40 lb/in2 through three TX-6 nozzles per row. Weather conditions throughout the entire study consisted of daytime partly cloudy skies and temperatures ranging from 19.5 (night) to 30°C (day). Adult boll weevils were supplied by the Gast Rearing Laboratory at Mississippi State University and the L.S.U. Dept. of Entomology (48 h posttreatment only). White muslin cages (22 by 34 in.) were placed over individual cotton plants and tied securely at the bases. Twenty weevils were then released in each cage (one cage per replicate) and their tops fastened. Each treatment was replicated three times. In the first study (designed to help determine possible effects of rainfall shortly after application), boll weevils were caged 1 h postapplication and exposed for 1-, 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-h durations. At the end of each period, mortality counts were made and weevils from each cage were retained in 1 qt paper cans at 21°C. Additional mortality counts were made 24 h later. In the second study, weevils were placed in cages 2, 24, and 48 h postapplication and held on the treated plants for 48 h. In both studies, the death criterion used was failure of the weevils to right themselves and navigate when prodded with a hot point.
Insecticide Treatments for Bollworm and Cotton Flea Hopper Control, 1983
Authors: Edelson Jonathan V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted 5 May on beds with 40-in. centers in plots three beds wide by 110 ft long. The experiment was designed and analyzed as a complete randomized block with three blocks and 10 treatments. Pesticides were applied with a self-propelled high clearance sprayer at 4 mph and a boom pressure of 30 lb/in2. Flat-fan nozzles ca. 12 in. above the plants were directed downward, spraying a broadcast pattern at a rate of 5.5 gaal per acre. Insecticides were applied on 6, and 27 July and 3 Aug. Three beat sheet samples (3 ft by 3 ft) were taken from one row per plot on 11 July and 1 and 8 Aug. Heliothis larval damage to squares was monitored on the same dates by examining 10 terminal squares per plot. Data for each variable were combined over the 3 dates and subjected to ANOV and means separation test (Bonferroni t tests).
Control of

Heliothis

Spp. Larvae on Cotton with Permethrin Applied at Various Droplet Sizes Through A Cda Applicator; 1983
Authors: Luttrell R. G. , Conley Jim , Wofford Tommy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A full season study was conducted at the Plant Sei. Res. Farm of the Miss. Agrie, and For. Exp. Stn., Mississippi State, to evaluate the efficacy of permethrin applied with different carriers (vegetable oil or water) through Micro-Max nozzles for control of Heliothis spp. in coton. Plots were planted to ‘Stoneville 213’ on 27 May. All treatments were replicated four times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was four rows (3.66 m) by 17.06 m with two buffer rows between plots. Insecticides were applied through Micro-Max nozzles (one per row) mounted directly over the row. Permeethrin (Ambush) was used as the insecticide in all treatments. However, insecticide rate, Micro-Max orifice size, carrier and total volume per acre were treatment variables. Control treatments included standard application using 6.6 gpa volume of water through two TX-4 nozzles per row, both alone and with corresponding insecticide rates, and water and vegetable oil applied alone through the Micro-Max nozzles with corresponding orifices. Applications were made on 11, 15 and 18 Aug. Droplet characteristics and insect population data were not taken. Yield data were taken by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot on 10 Nov. No yield differences between any of the treatments and controls were detected.
Tarnished Plant Bug Control, 1982
Authors: Maredia Karin M. , Tugwell N. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plant bugs were exposed to insecticides by confining them with organdy sleeve cages (30 cm diam by 65 cm long) on foliar sprayed plants. The test was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each plot was one row by 20 ft bordered by untreated rows. Preparatory to insecticide application, two plants per plot were selected at random and their terminals caged. The cages were tied off at bottom, rolled down and completely covered with heavy-duty aluminum foil so that spray would not wet cages. Laboratory reared plant bugs were placed in vials (10 per vial) and transported to field in an ice chest. Insecticides were applied with an AZ-CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.4 gal/acre. The aluminum foil then was removed from cages and cages extended upward to enclose plant terminal. Ten plant bugs were put in each of two cages per plot within 8 min after application. After 3 days, caged plants were cut and transported to the laboratory where cages were opened and the number of dead and living plant bugs determined.
Effect of Pesticides on a Nontarget Mite Species in Imperial Valley, California Cotton, 1982
Authors: Mollet J.A. , Savacherian V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pesticides applied for pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders)) and the Heliothis complex of zea (Boddie) and virescens (F.) were evaluated for their effects on a nontarget, secondary mite pest Tetranychus cinnabarinus. Cotton was planted 7 Apr. and divided into plots 130 ft by eight cotton rows, arranged in a randomized block design, with four replications of each treatment. Materials were applied with a Hi-Cycle 600 Sprayer at a pressure of 55-60 lb/in2 and a rate of 20 gal/acre. Five flat-fan nozzles per cotton row were used, with sprays occurring 22 and 28 July. Twenty-five mainstem node leaves (3rd to 5th below mainstem terminal) per plot were sampled and processed through a sodium hypochlorite wash system. All stages of T. cinnabarinus were counted.
Rice Water Weevil Control, 1982
Authors: Morgan D. R. , Slaymaker P. H. , Tugwell N. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated in five experiments at the Rice Res. and Ext. Cent, in Stuttgart, Ariz. Rice was planted in Crowley silt loam: ‘Starbonnet’ on 11 May for tests I to IV and ‘Lebonnet’ on 8 June for test V. Each test was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four (Tests I and II) or three (Tests III to V) replications. All plots were sampled for root-feeding larvae by taking five soil cores (9 cm diam x 7 cm deep) from the drill rows of each plot; they were processed by washing through a #40 US Standard soil testing sieve and floating the larvae out in brine.
Evaluation of Insecticides to Control Greenbug (Biotype E) on Grain Sorghum, 1982
Authors: DePew L.J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This field test was conducted in a dryland field of grain sorghum at the Kans. Br. Agric. Exp. Stn., Garden City, Kans. Ten insecticide treatments and an untreated check were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were four rows by 9 m (76 cm row spacing) and were separated by two untreated rows and 1.5-m alleys. Sprays were applied over the row with a 9.46-liter compressed air backpack sprayer having a 45.72-cm boom with 3 no. 6X hollow cone nozzles (Spraying Systems). Portable air tanks with a pressure regulator valve supplied a constant sprayer tank pressure of 1.4 kg/cm2. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver approximately 145 liters/ha. Application was made 17 Aug. at which time plants were in the late boot stage. Temperature at the start of application was 20.6°C and wind velocity was recorded at 8 km/h. Control was assessed by counting live greenbugs on each of four randomly selected plants in each plot at 3 and 7 days posttreatment. Grain yield estimates were obtained from 9.9 row-m samples hand harvested from the center two rows of each plot. Yields were corrected to 12.5% moisture.
Greenbug (Biotype E) Control on Grain Sorghum, 1983
Authors: Kindler S. D. , Spomer S. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at Neb. Agric. Exp. Stn. Field Lab., Mead, Nebr. in grain sorghum planted 2 June. Plots were three rows, 6.1 m long. Plots were separated by two untreated buffer rows to minimize spray drift between treatments. Treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied by a bicycle-wheeled plot sprayer at 2.109 kg/cm2 and 246.8 liters/ha through a boom fitted with one top nozzle and two drop nozzles per row. The liquids were propelled with pressurized CO2. Granular treatments were applied with a Gandy applicator mounted on a Lilliston cultivator in 17.8-cm bands directly over the plant row. Treatments were applied 26 July at which time plants were in the boot stage. Temperature at application time was 32.8°C and rainfall during the posttreatment sampling period was measurable on 29 July (0.635 cm) and 31 July (4.32 cm). The efficacy of each insecticide was evaluated by counting live greenbugs on each of 5 plants selected at random from the center row of each plot at 5 and 10 days posttreatment.
Effects of Insecticides on Beneficial Arthropods in Small Plots, 1983
Authors: Andrews Gordon L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted on the White Sands Exp. Farm of the South Miss. Br. St. of the Miss. Agric. and For. Exp. St. The plots were eight, 40 in. rows wide and 100 ft long (ca. 0.06 acres). Plots were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Applications were applied on 24 Aug. with a John Deere Hi-boy using CO2 as a propellent at a rate of 5 gal total volume per acre. Plots were sampled with 25 sweeps of a 15 in. sweep net. Insects in the net were transferred to paper bags and killed. Insects were sorted and counted under laboratory conditions.
Chemical Control of the Green Cloverworm, 1983
Authors: Lentz Gary L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Essex variety soybean was planted 10 Jun. at the West Tenn. Exp. Stn., Jackson, Tenn. Plots were four rows (38-in. spacing) wide by 40 ft long. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Three pretreatment samples of 25 sweeps each were taken with a 15 in. sweepnet from each block. Insecticides were applied 31 Aug. with a four-row boom at the rate of 9 gal of spray per acre (3 mph, 40 lb/in2, 3 Delavan HB 4 70° nozzles per row) with a CO2-pressurized system mounted on an IH 600 high clearance sprayer. Single 20 sweep samples were taken from one of the two center rows in each plot on 2 Sep. Posttreatment counts were transformed x + 1. Data presented are pretransformed means.
Soybean Insect Control with Foliar Applications, 1982
Authors: Lentz Gary L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Forrest variety soybean was planted 18 June at the West Tenn. Exp. Stn., Jackson, Tenn. Four-row plots 40 ft long were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design, pretreatment samples (two-25 sweep samples per replicate) were taken 27 Aug. Insecticides were applied immediately with a four-row boom at the rate of 9.1 gal of spray per acre (3 mph, 3 Delavan HB 4 70° nozzles per row) with a CO2-pressurized system mounted on an IH 660 high clearance sprayer. Posttreatment samples (25 sweeps per plot) were taken 31 Aug. The two center rows of each plot were machine harvested 9 Nov.
Soybean Insect Pest Control with Foliar-Applied Insecticides, 1983
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Ferguson H. J. , Hynson T. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight insecticide treatments were evaluated to determine their effects on green cloverworm, bean leaf beetle, corn earworm, and spiders. Insecticides were foliar-applied on 1 Sep. on ‘Essex’ soybean grown on the Joe Hicks farm in Richmond county, Va. Individual plots were six rows 80 ft long and spaced 3 ft apart. A randomized block experimental design with three reps was utilized. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 32 lb/in2 that delivered 30 gal of finished formulation per acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 1, 7, 14, and 21 days after application by comparing the number of pests and spiders per 25 sweeps in the treated plots to those in the untreated plots.
Scots Pine, Pine Needle Scale Control, Carroll Co., Oh, 1982
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of insecticides against spring generation crawlers of a pine needle scale was evaluated on heavily infested 2-m Scots pine growing in a Christmans tree plantation. Foliar sprays were applied with a KWH backpack mistblower operating at high rpm and delivering 900 ml of finished spray per minute. Each treatment was applied to four, single-tree replicates that received 900 ml each on 14 May under sunny skies at 26°C with a breeze of 6 to 10 kph. One week posttreatment, five infested needle fascicles were removed from each tree, and percent mortality was assessed with the aid of a binocular dissecting scope. Viability of the first 100 settled nymphs observed on at least three fascicles was recorded.
Scots Pine, Control of Spring Generation Crawlers of a Pine Needle Scale, Carroll Co., OH, 1983
Authors: Nielsen David G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pinus sylvestris (2.5 to 3 m high) growing in an abandoned block of Christmas trees were chosen for evaluating toxicity of candidate insecticides against spring crawlers. Trees heavily infested with newly hatched crawlers were sprayed 20 May, using a KWH backpack mistblower operating at maximum rph to deliver ca 700 ml of finished spray to three sides of four, single-tree replicates per treatment. Skies were sunny with 21°C temperature and winds gusting to 24 kph. The strong wind gusts precluded application to the downwind side of the trees. All crawlers had hatched and were settled first instars when treatments were applied. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 26 to 27 May by collecting infested needle fascicles from the middle of the sprayed portion of each tree. Fascicles were placed in coin envelopes and transported under refrigeration to the laboratory where the viability of the first 100 nymphs observed under a dissecting scope was determined. Counts were always made from at least three fascicles.
Scots Pine, Efficacy of Insecticides Against European Pine Sawfly, Carroll Co., Oh, 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pinus sylvestris (ca. 1 m high) growing in a Christmas tree plantation were used for evaluating toxicity of candidate insecticides against medium-sized larvae (ca. 6 to 7 mm long). Infested trees were sprayed 13 May, using a KWH backpack mistblower operaing at 0.5 throttle and setting 3, for 15 sec to deliver 300 ml of finished spray to each of four, single-tree replicates per treatment. Ambient temperature was 23°F, with sunny skies and only a slight breeze. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated by counting the number of colonies per tree and estimating the number of larvae in each of the first four colonies detected. Treatments were first evaluated 16 May, followed by further inspection of Dimilin-treated trees on 20 and 24 May.
Black Cutworm Control on a Creeping Bentgrass Nursery in Montgomery Co., PA, 1983
Authors: Heller P. R. , Shetlar D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five insecticide treatments were applied 2 Aug. to a bentgrass nursery, 100% creeping bentgrass infested with black cutworm. Treatment plots were 5 by 5 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated three times. Liquid formulations were applied on 0.3 gal of water with a handheld sprinkling can. At treatment time, the following environmental and soil conditions existed: Air temperature, 90°F; soil temperature, 60°F; soil type, loamy-sandy; soil pH, 6.5; percent organic matter, 3.6; soil condition, moist; amount of thatch, 0.06 in.; and partly cloudy skies. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days later (9 Aug.). Four 6.25 ft2 samples were examined from each plot by applying a mixture of ‘Diagnostic Aid’ and water with a sprinkling can and counting the number of cutworm larvae surfacing over a 15-min count.
Apple, Pest Control, 1983
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Varn Merrill , Eldridge M. Darrell 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were evaluated against SJS crawlers in an orchard at Troutville, Va. Four single-tree replicates per treatment were used in a completely randomized design. Sprays were applied on 7 Jun. and 16 Jul.; the first application was made 1 day after first SJS crawler appearance. Applications were made with a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with a handgun attachment. Avermectin (MK-936) also included 0.25% Sunspray oil. Scale populations were assessed by counting scale-infested fruit after crawlers had settled (18 Jul.) and again on 9 Sep. Fifty fruit per tree were evaluated. Mite populations were sampled on 1 Jul., using 20-leaf samples and a leaf-brushing machine.