bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling Row Cover Effects on Microclimate and Yield: I. Growth Response of Tomato and Cucumber
Authors: Wolfe David W. , Albright Louis D. , Wyland Jonathan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several polyethylene and fabric row cover materials, and clear and black polyethylene mulch, were evaluated in a 2-year field study. For cucumbers [Cucumis sativus (L.)], visible wilting and slowed growth rates of young transplants exposed to cold nights were minimized when grown under row covers that maintained high humidities and higher air and soil temperatures than in the exposed controls. Early cucumber yields were increased 2- to 6-fold by the use of covers. In contrast, tomatoes [Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.)] showed no significant early yield increases, but a 63% reduction in early yield in 1985 under a perforated clear polyethylene cover. The frequency and duration of daytime air temperatures exceeding 35C had a negative impact on tomato fruit size, quality, and percentage marketable. For cucumber, the relationship between cumulative degree days (during the covered interval) and biomass, early, and total yields was linear (r2 between 0.70 and 0.82) with positive slope. Tomato yields could not be accurately predicted using this approach, but correlations were improved (for the 1985 data set) by using modified degree-day formulas incorporating a negative high-temperature factor.
Asparagus Aphid Feeding and Freezing Damage Asparagus Plants
Authors: Valenzuela Hector R. , Bienz Darrel R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Asparagus aphid [Brachycorynella asparagi (Mordvilko)] feeding without freezing reduced vigor of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.), as measured by crown size, fern growth, root necrosis, and bud number, but did not greatly reduce short-term survival. Freezing dormant crowns for 24 hr at −4.5C killed some crowns and reduced vigor of survivors. Aphid feeding and freezing were synergistic; they reduced survival and vigor of survivors to a much greater extent than either aphid feeding or freezing alone. Aphid feeding resulted in early budbreak and precocious growth. A method for counting aphids per plant was developed.
Boron Tolerance of Snap Bean and Cowpea
Authors: Francois L. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of excess B in the soil solution on snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] was determined in large, outdoor sand tanks. Boron treatments were imposed by irrigation with culture solutions that contained 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0, or 12.0 mg B/liter for snap bean; and 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, or 8.0 mg B/liter for cowpea. Relative pod yield of snap bean was reduced 12.1% and cowpea seed yield was reduced 11.5% with each unit (mg·liter−1) increase in soil solution B (Bsw) >1.0 and 2.5 mg B/liter, respectively. Reduced yield of snap bean pods and cowpea seeds was attributed primarily to a reduction in pod number. Increasing Bsw significantly reduced plant size of both species.
Tolerances of California Nectarine Cultivars to Methyl Bromide Quarantine Treatments
Authors: Harvey John M. , Harris C. Max , Hartsell Preston L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The tolerance of six cultivars of nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch var. nectarina (Ait.) Maxim.] to methyl bromide (MB) quarantine treatments was determined. A treatment, 48 g MB/m3 for 2 hr at 21C, which controlled codling moth [Cydia pomonella (L.)], caused no significant phytotoxic response in any of the cultivars. The threshold for injury at the above time and temperature was ≈64 g MB/m3 in ‘Summer Grand’, ‘May Grand’, ‘Fantasia’, and ‘Firebrite’; between 48 and 64 g MB/m3 in ‘Red Diamond’; and between 80 and 96 g MB/m3 in ‘Spring Red’. All fumigated nectarines were significantly firmer than the control fruit after storage for 7 days at 2.5C, but subsequently ripened satisfactorily; soluble solids content of the fruit was not affected by the fumigations used in this study. Inorganic bromide residues in fruit treated with the 48 g·m−3 dosage at 21C or above ranged from 3.5 to 7.2 ppm, well below the U.S. tolerance of 20 ppm. Organic bromide residues were <0.01 ppm within 48 hr after treatment.
Regulation of Russet Spotting, Phenolic Metabolism, and IAA Oxidase by Low Oxygen in Iceberg Lettuce
Authors: Ke Dangyang , Saltveit Mikal E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 1.5% O2 atmosphere, relative to normal air, dramatically inhibited ethylene-induced russet spot development, PAL, and ionically bound POD, and ionicaliy bound IAA oxidase activities and reduced soluble phenolic content in stored iceberg lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Low O2 also inhibited eythylene production and respiration. Polyphenol oxidase activity was slightly inhibited by low O2. The results suggest that low O2 inhibition of ethylene action and attendant effects on phenolic metabolism and IAA oxidase activity may be responsible for inhibition of russet spotting by 1.5% O2. Chemical names used: indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL); peroxidase (POD); polyphenol oxidase (PPO).
Steryl Lipid Content and Composition in Bell Pepper Fruit at Three Stages of Ripening
Authors: Whitaker Bruce D. , Lusby William R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The content and sterol composition of free sterols (FS), steryl esters (SE), acylated steryl glycosides (ASG), and steryl glycosides (SG) in pericarp tissue of bell pepper fruit from three cultivars (Capsicum annuum L. cv Gator Bell, Bell Tower, and Lady Bell) were determined at three stages of ripening (mature-green, turning, and red-ripe). In each cultivar, FS were predominant at all stages of ripening, with ≈5- to 20-fold lesser amounts of SE, ASG, and SG. The proportions of the sterol conjugates (SE, ASG, and SG) varied somewhat between cultivars, but there was a consistent increase in the ratio of SG to ASG with ripening. The sterol composition of steryl lipids was quite similar in the three cultivars, and only minor changes occurred with ripening. Sitosterol was always the major sterol, followed by campesterol. Sitosterol plus campesterol comprised 89% to 95% of the total sterols in FS, ASG, and SG, and 74% to 91% in SE. Cholesterol and stigmasterol were always present as minor (1% to 4%) constituents. In general, small increases in stigmasterol and several minor, unidentified sterols occurred with ripening, at the expense of sitosterol and campesterol. These changes were greatest in SE.
Zygotic Polyembryony in Interspecific Hybrids of Carica papaya and C. cauliflora
Authors: Manshardt Richard M. , Wenslaff Timothy F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A study of reproductive barriers limiting interspecific hybridization between Carica papaya L. and C. cauliflora Jacq. was undertaken in four reciprocal interspecific crosses using two different lines of each species. Particular attention was focused on determining whether polyembryonic clusters produced in these crosses were of maternal or zygotic origin. Prezygotic barriers were unimportant; pollen tube penetration and zygote formation were similar in intra- and interspecific crosses. Substantial postzygotic disruptions were observed, including disorganized growth and abortion of hybrid embryos and lack of normal endosperm development. In most crosses, disorganized embryos aborted before differentiating into polyembryonic structures. However, crosses employing UH345 (C. cauliflora) as female parent produced some embryos that developed to maturity (6 months), and, in these crosses, embryogenic proliferation from zygotic tissue became evident as early as the beginning of the 3rd month. There was no evidence of somatic embryogenesis from maternal tissues in any cross. Embryos rescued 3 to 6 months after pollination continued embryogenic growth in vitro on basal Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium and germinated on medium containing 0.2 mg BA/liter and 0.5 mg NAA/liter. Zymograms assayed for isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucomutase activity confirmed the zygotic origin of tissues taken from in vitro cultures and recovered plantlets. Vigor, viability, and fertility (< 1% stainable pollen) of hybrids recovered from embryo culture were low. Chemical names used: 6-benzylaminopurine (BA); 1-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Growth and Yield of Rabbiteye Blueberry as Affected by Orchard Floor Management Practices and Irrigation Geometry
Authors: Patten Kim D. , Neuendorff Elizabeth W. , Nimr Gary H. , Peters Stan C. , Cawthon Don L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Tifblue’ and ‘Delite’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) plants were grown for 4 years with or without mulch, with cultivated or sodded row middles, and under various irrigation treatments [one drip emitter at the base of the plant, two drip emitters 46 cm on either side of the plant, or a 40° or 360° low-volume spray emitter (LVSE) placed midway between plants]. Plant establishment and growth were optimal with 360° LVSE. Differences between irrigation treatments were minimized with mulch. Mulch increased growth of drip-irrigated but not of LVSE-irrigated plants and increased the yield of two-emitter and 360° LVSE-irrigated plants but not of one-emitter or 40° LVSE-irrigated plants. Treatment effects on growth were more apparent in the early establishment phase than in the 4th year of growth and with ‘Tifblue’ than ‘Delite’. Frost damage on ‘Delite’ was reduced by mulch. Vegetative bud development in the spring and fruit maturity were usually delayed on plants grown between sodded alleys or with mulch. Leaf drop in the fall was also delayed by mulch.
Heritability, Phenotypic Correlations, and Associations of the Common Blight Disease Reactions in Beans
Authors: Aggour Ahmed R. , Coyne Dermot P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Common blight in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye (X c p) reduces crop yield and seed quality. The objective of this experiment was to study heritability and phenotypic correlations of the disease reaction to various strains of X c p at several plant developmental stages in specific bean crosses using diverse methods of inoculation. Leaf and pod disease reactions to strains of X c p were inherited quantitatively and narrow-sense heritability estimates were low in the following crosses between Phaseolus vulgaris cultivars/lines: Bac-6 (moderately resistant = MR) × NE-EP1 (MR); Bat-862 (MR) × ‘Pompadour Checa’ (susceptible = S); ‘Pompadour Checa’ (S) × Bac-6 (MR); ‘Venezuela 44’ (S) × Bat-862 (MR). Pod disease reaction was not correlated with leaf disease reaction at any growth stage. Low or nonsignificant phenotypic correlations were detected between disease reactions of leaves at the seedling and flowering stages with the several methods of inoculation. Intermediate phenotypic correlations were found for disease reactions with three methods of inoculation at the seedling stage, but only with two methods in the flowering stage. Negative or nonsignificant phenotypic correlations were observed between leaf disease reaction and number of days to first flower. Different duplicate recessive genes were found to control two foliar abnormality traits: crippled growth and variegated leaves. No plants with a combination of both traits were observed. An association was found between crippled growth and a high level of resistance to strain V3S8 of X c p in the cross Bat-862 × ‘Pompadour Checa’.
Heat Tolerance and Pod Set in Green Beans
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Petzoldt R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Heat at any growth stage can damage green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), but plants are most susceptible at or near bloom. The effect of heat during the bloom period resulted in reduction of a yield in proportion to the duration of the heat period. The most critical growth stage was found to be 2 to 3 days before anthesis, rather than at anthesis itself. By subjecting F1 plants to heat during the bloom period, genetic selection for heat tolerance was moderately effective. The heritability for heat tolerance was quite low. Broad-sense heritability was 19% to 79% and narrow-sense heritability 0% to 14%. These values are probably conservative, since during the genetic study the heat period was initiated on the first day of bloom, which resulted in some escapes and excess variability.
Thinning Response of Early, Mid-, and Late-season Peaches
Authors: Johnson R.S. , Handley D.F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The response of fruit size and fruit size distribution was studied in four peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch.) cultivars (May Crest, June Lady, Elegant Lady, O’Henry) ranging in maturity date from late May to early August (75 to 150 days after bloom). Mature, open-vase trees were thinned to fruit levels ranging from 150 to 2200 fruit per tree. The slopes of the linear relationships between fruit weight and fruit number per tree were consistent among cultivars, but their y-intercepts increased proportionate to maturity date. The standard deviation of individual fruit weights tended to decrease with increasing fruit number per tree and increased with later-maturing cultivars. However, the coefficient of variation remained nearly constant among cultivars. Mean fruit weight generally dropped off with successive harvests, especially on trees with heavy fruit loads. Heavy fruit loads also delayed maturity in all four cultivars. This study measured the variation of fruit weight response to thinning, information that is needed for a detailed economic analysis of thinning to different fruit loads.
Paclobutrazol and Root Zone Water Content Influence Peach Seedling Behavior
Authors: Biasi Rita , Costa Guglielmo , Succi Flavia , Nishijima Chic , Martin George C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Containerized peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] seedlings were grown in the greenhouse at three water levels [25%, and 100% field capacity (FC)] with experiments duplicated in Bologna, Italy and Davis, Calif. One group of the seedlings was treated with 0.1 g active ingredient (a.i.) paclobutrazol (PBZ) applied as a soil drench, whereas the second group received water only. Addition of PBZ suppressed shoot growth and leaf area more than reduced water content alone. PBZ reduced root fresh and dry weights and total water consumption. At 0600 and 1200 hr, PBZ increased stomatal conductance at 100% FC; later that same day stomatal conductance decreased. At 50% and 25% FC, PBZ decreased stomatal conductance compared to controls at all times measured. Chemical name used: (2RS, 3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)pentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol).
Stability Differences among Fresh-market Tomato Genotypes: II. Fruit Quality
Authors: Gull Dwain D. , Stoffella Peter J. , Locascio Salvador J. , Olson Steve M. , Bryan Herbert H. , Everett Paul H. , Howe Teresa K. , Scott John W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ten fresh-market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes were evaluated for stability of fruit firmness, citric acid, soluble solids, β-carotene and ascorbic acid concentrations, sugar : acid ratio, color, N content, and dry weight when grown in nine environments. Linear relationships between the genotype means for a given trait and the mean for the trait in each environment were used as an indicator of stability. A stable genotype for a given trait was considered to possess a regression coefficient (b1) ⩽ a coefficient of linear determination (r2) > 0.50, a genotype mean above the grand mean (mean of all genotypes), and a nonsignificant deviation from regression mean square (S2d). Using these criteria, stability in the nine environments was shown by the fruits of the various cultivars as follows: ‘Flora-Dade’, ‘FTE-12’, and D76I27 for firmness; ‘Castlehy 1035’ and ‘Sunny’ for citric acid; ‘Walter’ for soluble solids concentration; ‘FTE-12’ for ascorbic acid concentration; ‘Hayslip’, ‘Walter’, and ‘Burgis’ for sugar : acid ratio; ‘FTE-12’ and ‘Hayslip’ for β-carotene concentration: ‘Flora-Dade’ and 827115-IBK for color a/b; ‘Castlehy 1035’ and ‘Hayslip’ for dry weight; and ‘Walter’ for N content. Stable genotypes are less sensitive to environmental changes and are more adapted to favorable and unfavorable conditions than unstable genotypes. No genotype was found to be stable for every fruit quality trait in the nine environments. Stability of fruit quality characteristics should be considered in tomato breeding programs to develop genotypes adapted to diverse environmental and management conditions.
Regulation of Ethylene Biosynthesis in Broccoli Flower Buds in Controlled Atmospheres
Authors: Makhlouf Joseph , Willemot Claude , Arul Joseph , Castaigne François , Emond Jean-Pierre 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of controlled atmospheres on the regulation of ethylene biosynthesis during the senescence of broccoli flower buds (Brassica oleracea, L. Italica group cv. Green Valiant) was assessed. The broccoli buds wee stored in the dark at 25C under a continuous stream of nitrogen containing the following percentages of CO2-O2 : 0-20 (air), 0-2.5, 6-20, and 10-20. Generally, respiration, ethylene production, and ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) activity followed a climacteric like pattern in all atmospheres. The ACC content changed little during the “climacteric”, but increased dramatically during the “post-climacteric” period, when ethylene production and EFE activity decreased. Under high CO2, respiration was reduced, but ethylene production and EFE activity were temporarily stimulated early during treatment. Under low O2, respiration, ethylene production, EFE activity, and ACC content were reduced, and the “climacteric” and chlorophyll losses were delayed to a greater extent than under high CO2. Whatever the treatment, ACC level was not the limiting factor in ethylene biosynthesis in broccoli; the reduction in ethylene production during senescence resulted from the degradation of the system that converts ACC to ethylene. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).
Utilization of Hardwood Bark in Media for Growing Woody Ornamental Plants in Containers1
Authors: Klett J. E. , Gartner J. B. , Hughes T. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hardwood bark was used in combination with other materials as media for forsythia and juniper plants in containers with various growing procedures, bark sources, and fertility practices. Based on dry wt, the most rapid growth of forsythia was obtained in a bark and fine sand medium; whereas, the least growth was obtained in soil, peat, and perlite. However, pfitzer juniper plants under 2 different fertility regimes grew most rapidly in a bark, soil, and peat medium, slowest in a bark and torpedo #2 sand medium, and at an intermediate growth rate in soil, peat, and perlite. The standard mix (soil, peat, and perlite) was more acidic than the experimental mixes containing bark and sand. Chlorotic plants were more numerous in acidic mixes. Leaf tissue analyses from the plants grown in the peat amended bark and standard mix had higher Fe and Mn concn than plants grown in a bark-sand mix.
Movement of 14C in Cut Roses and Carnations After Uptake of 14C-Sucrose1
Authors: Sacalis John N. , Durkin Dominic 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Movement of 14C was studied in cut roses and carnations using a pulse of 14C-sucrose and a distilled water chase. The label moved selectively to leaves and stems, but not to flower heads during the pulse. During the chase, however, 14C moved from leaves and stems into the flower heads. Age had no effect on this movement into rose flower heads, but movement of 14C into carnation flower heads diminished as cut carnations aged.
It was established by girdling cut rose stems that assimilates are translocated from leaves and stems to flower heads via the phloem.
Effect of Irrigation Treatments for Apple Trees on Water Uptake from Different Soil Layers1
Authors: Levin I. , Assaf R. , Bravdo B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Six irrigation treatments consisting of replenishing the water extracted from the 0-60 cm or 0-120 cm layer, were applied to a 10-year-old apple orchard. The highest yield and fruit size were obtained by irrigating to 60 cm depth when soil moisture to this depth dropped to 40% available water during the 2 months of intensive fruit growth. During the rest of the season this treatment was irrigated to 60 cm whenever the 0-60 cm layer dropped to wilting point and to 120 cm whenever the 60-120 cm layer dropped to 60% available water. The relative water extraction from the 60-90 cm layer was the highest in this treatment. Increasing water uptake from layers below 120 cm by watering them was not effective. Climatic conditions favoring high rates of evaporation increased the relative contribution of layers deeper than 90 cm in all plots. The proportion of water loss from the 0-30 cm layer increased with the number of irrigations.
Salt Tolerance of Ornamental Shrubs and Ground Covers1
Authors: Bernstein L. , Francois L. E. , Clark R. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The salt tolerance of 25 shrub and ground-cover species was determined in plots artificially salinized with NaCl + CaCl2. Chloride and Na injury was observed in sand cultures of the same species with 4 different salt treatments. Tolerant species, like bougainvillea, Natal plum, and rosemary were affected little, if at all, by soil salinities of 8 mmho/cm (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract: ECe), whereas sensitive species like star jasmine, guava, holly, and rose were severely damaged or killed at ECe’s of 4 mmho/cm. Salt tolerance was not well correlated with injury by Cl or Na, although many species exhibited leaf burn; nor was survival under highly saline conditions necessarily a good index of salt tolerance. Five-gallon specimens of sensitive, slow-growing species such as pittosporum were more tolerant than 1-gal specimens and delaying salination of such species increased salt tolerance somewhat. Leaves with symptoms like those of Cl or of Na injury but containing very little of these ions were frequently observed in landscape plantings of a number of shrub species. The injury was attributed to inadequate watering. It is suggested that Cl or Na accumulation in leaves of shrubs may cause injury by interfering with normal stomatal closure, causing excessive water loss and leaf injury symptoms like those of drought.
Inhibition of Chlorophyll and Solanine Formation, and Sprouting of Potato Tubers by Oil Dipping1
Authors: Wu M. T. , Salunkhe D. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Oil dipping of potato tubers at 22°C inhibited solanine and chlorophyll formation by 92-97% and 93-100%, respectively. Oil dipping at 60°, 100°, and 160°C completely inhibited chlorophyll and solanine formation. The tuber sprouting of cvs. Russet Burbank, White Rose, and Red Pontiac was com pletely inhibited by oil dipping at all temperatures. There were no significant differences in the respiration of the peel and flesh of treated and control tubers.
Effect of Surrounding Cultivar When Screening Cucumber for Resistance to Cucumber Beetle and Pickleworm1
Authors: Lower R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Apparent resistance of a treatment cv. as influenced by different surrounding cv. was measured in screening cucumbers for resistance to cucumber beetles and pickleworms. Degree and frequency of seedling damage, and percent seedling reduction were greater when ‘Zucchini Elite’ squash was the surrounding cv. than when any of 3 cucumbers were the surrounding cv. Significant differences in damage to seedlings were found among 9 cucumber cv. Two non-bitter cucumbers were among those least damaged by cucumber beetles; however, the frequency and degree of damage as measured by cotyledon feeding did not differ significantly from 1 of the bitter cv. Factors other than cucurbitacin content are probably involved in expressions of resistance to cucumber beetle. The surrounding cv. had no effect on pickleworm infestation. Pickleworm infestation was low in all cucumber cv. (1.4 per 100 fruit) when compared to summer squash (78 per 100 fruit). The value of ‘Zucchini Elite’ squash as a trap crop for pickleworm may be outweighed by the increased damage to seedling cucumbers by cucumber beetles when squash is the surrounding cv.