bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Narrow, Fast, and “Cool” Mantle Plumes Caused by Strain‐Weakening Rheology in Earth's Lower Mantle
Authors: Gülcher A. J. P. , Golabek G. J. , Thielmann M. , Ballmer M. D. , Tackley P. J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe rheological properties of Earth's lower mantle are key for mantle dynamics and planetary evolution. The main rock‐forming minerals in the lower mantle are bridgmanite (Br) and smaller amounts of ferropericlase (Fp). Previous work has suggested that the large differences in viscosity between these minerals greatly affect the bulk rock rheology. The resulting effective rheology becomes highly strain‐dependent as weaker Fp minerals become elongated and eventually interconnected. This implies that strain localization may occur in Earth's lower mantle. So far, there have been no studies on global‐scale mantle convection in the presence of such strain‐weakening (SW) rheology. Here, we present 2D numerical models of thermo‐chemical convection in spherical annulus geometry including a new strain‐dependent rheology formulation for lower mantle materials, combining rheological weakening and healing terms. We find that SW rheology has several direct and indirect effects on mantle convection. The most notable direct effect is the changing dynamics of weakened plume channels as well as the formation of larger thermochemical piles at the base of the mantle. The weakened plume conduits act as lubrication channels in the mantle and exhibit a lower thermal anomaly. SW rheology also reduces the overall viscosity, notable in terms of increasing convective vigor and core‐mantle boundary heat flux. Finally, we put our results into context with existing hypotheses on the style of mantle convection and mixing. Most importantly, we suggest that the new kind of plume dynamics may explain the discrepancy between expected and observed thermal anomalies of deep‐seated mantle plumes on Earth.
Explicit Physical Knowledge in Machine Learning for Ocean Carbon Flux Reconstruction: The pCO2‐Residual Method
Authors: Bennington Val , Galjanic Tomislav , McKinley Galen A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe ocean reduces human impacts on global climate by absorbing and sequestering CO2 from the atmosphere. To quantify global, time‐resolved air‐sea CO2 fluxes, surface ocean pCO2 is needed. A common approach for estimating full‐coverage pCO2 is to train a machine learning algorithm on sparse in situ pCO2 data and associated physical and biogeochemical observations. Though these associated variables have understood relationships to pCO2, it is often unclear how they drive pCO2 outputs. Here, we make two advances that enhance connections between physical understanding and reconstructed pCO2. First, we apply pre‐processing to the pCO2 data to remove the direct effect of temperature. This enhances the biogeochemical/physical component of pCO2 in the target variable and reduces the complexity that the machine learning must disentangle. Second, we demonstrate that the resulting algorithm has physically understandable connections between input data and the output biogeochemical/physical component of pCO2. The final pCO2 reconstruction agrees modestly better with independent data than most other approaches. Uncertainties in the reconstructed pCO2 and impacts on the estimated CO2 fluxes are quantified. Uncertainty in piston velocity drives substantial flux uncertainties in some regions, but does not increase globally integrated estimates of uncertainty in CO2 fluxes from observation‐based products. Our reconstructed CO2 fluxes show larger interannual variability than smoother neural network approaches, but a lesser trend since 2005. We estimate an air‐sea flux of −1.8 PgC/yr (anthropogenic flux of −2.3 ± 0.5 PgC/yr) for 1990–2019, agreeing with other data products and the Global Carbon Budget 2020 (−2.3 ± 0.4 PgC/yr).
Source‐Labeled Anthropogenic Carbon Reveals a Large Shift of Preindustrial Carbon From the Ocean to the Atmosphere
Authors: Holzer Mark , DeVries Tim 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTwo centuries of anthropogenic CO2 emissions have increased the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere and the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) concentration of the ocean compared to preindustrial times. These anthropogenic carbon perturbations are often equated to the amount of anthropogenically emitted carbon in the atmosphere or ocean, which ignores the possibility of a shift of natural carbon between the oceanic and atmospheric carbon reservoirs. Here we use a data‐assimilated ocean circulation model and numerical tracers akin to ideal isotopes to label carbon when it is emitted by anthropogenic sources. We find that emitted carbon accounts for only about 45% of the atmospheric CO2 increase since preindustrial times, the remaining 55% being natural CO2 that outgassed from the ocean in response to anthropogenically emitted carbon invading the ocean. This outgassing is driven by the order‐10 seawater carbonate buffer factor which causes increased leakage of natural CO2 as DIC concentrations increase. By 2020, the ocean had outgassed ∼159 Pg of natural carbon, which is counteracted by the ocean absorbing ∼347 Pg of emitted carbon, about 1.8 times more than the net increase in oceanic carbon storage of ∼188 PgC. These results do not challenge existing estimates of anthropogenically driven changes in atmospheric or oceanic carbon inventories, but they shed new light on the composition of these changes and the fate of anthropogenically emitted carbon in the Earth system.
Causes for Asymmetric Warming of Sub‐Diurnal Temperature Responding to Global Warming
Authors: Doan Quang‐Van , Chen Fei , Asano Yuki , Gu Ying , Nishi Akifumi , Kusaka Hiroyuki , Niyogi Dev 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDefined as the difference between the daily maximum (Tmax) and minimum surface air temperature (Tmin), the diurnal temperature range (DTR) is critical to local climate, ecosystem, and socio‐economic functioning. This study investigates how DTR responds to the future global warming, using a novel, fine‐resolution convection‐permitting regional climate model. Results demonstrate the asymmetrical impact of global warming, that is, the more substantial warming in Tmin, and the lower in Tmax. This asymmetry results in the DTR reduction of 0.5°K in the mid‐latitude and 0.25°K in the low‐altitude area (under 2°K warming scenario). The increase in daytime cloudiness under warmer climates is likely responsible for the reduction of incoming short‐wave radiation reduction, consequently causing Tmax “underwarming.” Study results also suggest that atmospheric instability could play a vital role in the difference in DTR response between the tropical and mid‐latitude areas.
A North Atlantic Warming Hole Without Ocean Circulation
Authors: He Chengfei , Clement Amy C. , Cane Mark A. , Murphy Lisa N. , Klavans Jeremy M. , Fenske Tyler M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe sea surface temperature (SST) in the subpolar North Atlantic decreased during the past century, a remarkable feature known as the “warming hole (WH).” It is commonly claimed that the WH results from the slowdown of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. However, using an ensemble of the Community Earth System Model coupled to a slab ocean model simulation, we show the atmosphere alone can account for ∼50% of the observed cooling trend in the subpolar North Atlantic and ∼90% of the cooling relative to the temperature change of the global ocean. We find this cooling is caused by increased local westerlies in response to external forcing that enhance heat loss from the ocean through turbulent heat fluxes. This cooling is partly compensated by the damping in SST and the warming due to the rise of greenhouse gases. We further suggest that wind‐driven ocean processes can enhance the cooling in the real world, but that nonetheless the ultimate driver resides in the atmosphere.
A Realistic Projection of Climate Change in the Upper Atmosphere Into the 21st Century
Authors: Cnossen I. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractClimate change in the upper atmosphere (∼90–500 km altitude) has important impacts on practical applications. To prepare for these, realistic projections of future climate change are needed. The first climate projection up to 500 km altitude is presented here based on a long transient simulation with the whole atmosphere community climate model extension, following Shared Socio‐economic Pathway 2–4.5, a moderate emission scenario. Effects of predicted main magnetic field changes and reasonable solar radiative and particle forcings are also included. The predicted global mean cooling in the thermosphere and associated decline in thermosphere density for 2015–2070 are significantly stronger than for the historical period, which is ascribed to the more rapid increase in CO2 concentration. Trends in global mean ionospheric parameters also increase in magnitude, but there are considerable spatial variations, caused by changes in the Earth's magnetic field. The largest ionospheric changes are expected in the region of ∼50°S–20°N and ∼90–0°W.
Phytoplankton Light Absorption Impacted by Photoprotective Carotenoids in a Global Ocean Spectrally‐Resolved Biogeochemistry Model
Authors: Álvarez Eva , Losa Svetlana N. , Bracher Astrid , Thoms Silke , Völker Christoph 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe chlorophyll‐specific absorption spectrum of phytoplankton multiplied with phytoplankton chlorophyll provides the total absorption coefficient of phytoplankton [], a fundamental quantity with significance in many marine biogeochemical (BGC) and environmental processes. Representing accurately the sources of variability of in BGC ocean models is a crucial task. The two main sources of variability in are changes in the pigment composition of the phytoplankton community and the size‐dependent constraints to pigment packaging. Therefore, changes in community structure and physiological state impact and consequently . The objective of this work is to improve estimates of in a BGC model of the global ocean by portraying the variability of driven by the variable content in photoprotective carotenoids (PPCs) in the phytoplankton community. We used a three‐dimensional spectrally‐resolved BGC model to simulate the inherent and apparent optical properties of the global ocean based on its content on optically active constituents. The for each phytoplankton type represented in the model were made variable as a function of the type‐specific content in PPCs. By comparing model‐derived to satellite retrievals and an extensive field data set of optical and BGC observations, we concluded that photoprotective pigments content impacted significantly the contribution of the to the total non‐water absorption in the ocean. Pigment‐impacted contributed to reproduce the global variability of as well as the observed bio‐optical relationship between and chlorophyll. The improved representation of the of the phytoplankton community influenced model simulations in terms of water‐leaving radiances.
Evaluation and Optimization of Snow Albedo Scheme in Noah‐MP Land Surface Model Using In Situ Spectral Observations in the Colorado Rockies
Authors: Abolafia‐Rosenzweig Ronnie , He Cenlin , McKenzie Skiles S. , Chen Fei , Gochis David 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Biosphere‐Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) ground snow albedo algorithm is commonly used in land‐surface models (LSM), weather forecasting and research applications. This study addresses key uncertainties in BATS simulated ground snow albedo within the Noah‐MP LSM framework through evaluation and optimization of the Noah‐MP BATS ground snow albedo formulation using 2‐band (visible and near‐infrared (NIR)) in situ albedo observations at Rocky Mountain field stations. The Noah‐MP BATS ground snow albedo scheme is extremely sensitive to its input parameters. Namely, an ensemble generated by varying BATS input parameters within potentially plausible ranges provides an average daily range (maximum ensemble member minus minimum ensemble member) of ground snow albedo exceeding 0.45 in visible and NIR bands. Parameter optimization improves agreement between simulated and in situ observed ground snow albedo in visible, NIR and broadband spectrums. Importantly, optimized parameters result in reduced biases relative to observed fresh‐snow albedo and better agreement with observed albedo decay. Our analysis across different sites supports that the optimized BATS ground snow albedo parameters are appropriate to transfer in space and time, at least within the region studied (the central‐southern Rocky Mountains). The primary error source remaining after parameter optimization is that observed fresh‐snow albedo is highly variable, particularly in the NIR spectrum, whereas BATS fresh‐snow albedo is constant, an issue which requires further investigation. This study shows significant correlations between observed fresh‐snow albedo and surface meteorological conditions (e.g., downward shortwave radiation and temperature) which can support future model development that attempts to include a time‐varying formulation for fresh‐snow albedo.
Metabolism and memory: α-synuclein level in children with obesity and children with type 1 diabetes; relation to glucotoxicity, lipotoxicity and executive functions
Authors: Salah Nouran Yousef , Taha Sara Ibrahim , Hassan Safeya , Abdeen Mai Seif ElDin , Hashim Mostafa Ahmad , Mahmoud Rana 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background/Objectives
Children with obesity and those with type 1diabetes (T1D) exhibit subtle neurocognitive deficits, the mechanism of which remains unknown. α-synuclein plays a fundamental role in neurodegeneration. Moreover, its role in glucose and lipids metabolism is emerging. This study aims to assess whether α-synuclein is correlated with the degree of neurodegeneration in children with obesity and those with T1D in comparison to healthy controls and correlate it to various neurocognitive and metabolic parameters.

Subjects/Methods
Forty children with obesity, 40 children with T1D and 40 matched-healthy controls were assessed for anthropometric measurements and blood-pressure. Cognitive evaluation was performed using Stanford–Binet scale and Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning (EF) Scale-Children and Adolescents. α-synuclein, fasting lipids and glucose were measured with calculation of the homeostatic model of insulin-resistance and estimated-glucose disposal rate.

Results
Children with obesity and those with T1D had significantly higher α-synuclein (p < 0.001) and total EF percentile (p = 0.001) than controls. α-synuclein was negatively correlated to total IQ (p < 0.001 and p = 0.001), and positively correlated with total EF percentile (p = 0.009 and p = 0.001) and EF symptom count percentile (p = 0.005 and p < 0.001) in children with T1D and obesity, respectively. Multivariate-regression revealed that α-synuclein was independently related to age (p = 0.028), diabetes-duration (p = 0.006), HbA1C% (p = 0.034), total IQ (p = 0.013) and EF symptom count percentile (p = 0.003) among children with T1D, and to diastolic blood-pressure percentile (p = 0.013), waist/hip ratio SDS (p = 0.007), total EF percentile (P = 0.033) and EF symptom count percentile (p < 0.001) in children with obesity.

Conclusion
α-synuclein could have a mechanistic role in neurocognitive deficit among children with obesity and T1D.
Adult and children’s use of hand sanitizer during a pandemic – an observational study
Authors: Lopez Theresa K. , Jones Kelly , Roseberry-Lincoln Ann , Zidek Angelika , MacKinnon Leona , Marro Leonora 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background
The use of hand sanitizers has been one of the key public health measures recommended to reduce the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 during the pandemic. As such, its daily use among the general population has reportedly increased dramatically since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Objective
To better understand the impact of this recommendation, hand sanitizer use, including the frequency and amount handled, was examined among adults in a non-occupational setting and children in both the home and school/childcare settings.

Methods
An online survey of Canadians (conducted from September to October 2021) was employed to estimate use frequency, amount, and pattern of hand sanitizer use.

Results
Responses were received from 655 adults in the general population and 298 teachers of children up to the age of 18 years. The frequency of hand sanitizer use during the pandemic was found to be as high as 25 times per day in children and over 9 times per day in adults. Notable differences were found when comparing the frequency of hand sanitizer use by children in the home to children in a school or childcare setting.

Significance
This is the first study, known to the authors, examining hand sanitizer use among children during the pandemic, including use in a childcare or school setting. This study illustrates the importance of examining the change in consumer behaviors during a pandemic and the need to look beyond the home when attempting to understand product use patterns in children.

Impact statement
This research explores uses of hand sanitizer, before and during pandemic conditions, in the general population of Canada with a particular focus on use among children. The results can be used to estimate exposure to chemicals in hand sanitizer from non-occupational use in Canada and among similar populations and signal the importance of examining changing consumer behaviors and use of consumer products in school settings, especially among children.
Extracorporeal photopheresis in acute and chronic steroid‑refractory graft-versus-host disease: an evolving treatment landscape
Authors: Greinix Hildegard T. , Ayuk Francis , Zeiser Robert 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPatients with steroid-refractory graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) are known to have a poor prognosis and for decades no approved drug has been available to treat this serious condition. Although ruxolitinib, a selective Janus kinase (JAK)1/2 inhibitor demonstrated significantly higher response rates in randomized trials compared to the best available therapy, and thus, is of benefit in both acute as well as chronic GvHD, there is an urgent medical need to improve results, such as durability of responses, response in eye, liver and lung manifestations and reduction of infectious complications. In this “Review” article we would like to offer strategies for improving treatment results in patients with steroid-refractory GvHD by combining ruxolitinib with extracorporeal photopheresis (ECP), a leukapheresis-based immunomodulatory treatment frequently applied in T-cell mediated immune disease including GvHD. Our article explores key published evidence supporting the clinical efficacy of both ruxolitinib and ECP in the treatment of GvHD and highlights their potentially complementary mechanisms of action.
The miR-3648/FRAT1-FRAT2/c-Myc negative feedback loop modulates the metastasis and invasion of gastric cancer cells
Authors: Tang Weimei , Pei Miaomiao , Li Jiaying , Xu Nanzhu , Xiao Wushuang , Yu Zhen , Zhang Jieming , Hong Linjie , Guo Zheng , Lin Jianjiao , Dai Weiyu , Xiao Yizhi , Wu Xiaosheng , Liu Guangnan , Zhi Fachao , Li Guoxin , Xiong Jing , Chen Ye , Zhang Hui , Xiang Li , Li Aimin , Liu Side , Wang Jide 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAlthough the abnormal expression of miRNAs in cancer cells is a widely accepted phenomenon, the molecular mechanisms underlying miR-3648 progression and metastasis in gastric cancer (GC) remain unclear. miR-3648 expression is downregulated and its ectopic expression in GC cells significantly suppressed cell proliferation and metastasis. Mechanistic analyses indicated that miR-3648 directly targets FRAT1 or FRAT2 and inhibits FRAT1- or FRAT2-mediated invasion and motility in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, FRAT1 physically interacted with FRAT2. Furthermore, FRAT1 overexpression promoted GC cell invasion, whereas siRNA-mediated repression of FRAT2 in FRAT1-overexpressing GC cells reversed its invasive potential. Besides, miR-3648 inactivated the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway by downregulating FRAT1 and FRAT2 in GC. Interestingly, c-Myc, a downstream effector of Wnt/β-catenin signalling, was also downregulated by miR-3648 overexpression. In turn, c-Myc negatively regulated miR-3648 expression by binding to the miR-3648 promoter. In addition, miR-3648 expression levels were negatively correlated with c-Myc, FRAT1, and FRAT2 expression in fresh gastric samples. Our studies suggest that miR-3648 acts as a tumour-suppressive miRNA and that the miR-3648/FRAT1-FRAT2/c-Myc negative feedback loop could be a critical regulator of GC progression.
Gastric acid and escape to systemic circulation represent major bottlenecks to host infection by Citrobacter rodentium
Authors: Woodward Sarah E , Vogt Stefanie L , Peña-Díaz Jorge , Melnyk Ryan A , Cirstea Mihai , Serapio-Palacios Antonio , Neufeld Laurel M P , Huus Kelsey E , Wang Madeline A , Haney Cara H , Finlay B Brett 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) environment plays a critical role in shaping enteric infections. Host environmental factors create bottlenecks, restrictive events that reduce the genetic diversity of invading bacterial populations. However, the identity and impact of bottleneck events on bacterial infection are largely unknown. We used Citrobacter rodentium infection of mice, a model of human pathogenic Escherichia coli infections, to examine bacterial population dynamics and quantify bottlenecks to host colonization. Using Sequence Tag-based Analysis of Microbial Populations (STAMP) we characterized the founding population size (Nb′) and relatedness of C. rodentium populations at relevant tissue sites during early- and peak-infection. We demonstrate that the GI environment severely restricts the colonizing population, with an average Nb′ of only 12–43 lineages (of 2,000+ inoculated) identified regardless of time or biogeographic location. Passage through gastric acid and escape to the systemic circulation were identified as major bottlenecks during C. rodentium colonization. Manipulating such events by increasing gastric pH dramatically increased intestinal Nb′. Importantly, removal of the stomach acid barrier had downstream consequences on host systemic colonization, morbidity, and mortality. These findings highlight the capability of the host GI environment to limit early pathogen colonization, controlling the population of initial founders with consequences for downstream infection outcomes.