bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term changes in over‐winter survival rates explain the decline of reed buntings Emberiza schoeniclus in Britain
Authors: Peach Will J. , Siriwardena Gavin M. , Gregory Richard D. 
Published: July 2002

Summary 1. The reed bunting Emberiza schoeniclus is one of a suite of granivorous farmland bird species that suffered a major population decline in Britain during the late 1970s and early 1980s. Extensive monitoring data indicate a large increase in the abundance of reed buntings between 1963 and 1975, followed by a decline of 58% on farmland and 66% along linear waterways during the period 1975–83. Since 1983 numbers have remained relatively stable in both habitats. 2. During the population decline, breeding numbers declined rapidly on arable and mixed farms, but remained relatively stable on pastoral farms. The decline on farmland was greater in northern Britain than in the south‐east. 3. Extensive nest recording indicated that breeding performance was higher during the period of population decline (2·74 young per nesting attempt) than during the preceding period of population increase (2·65) or the recent period of population stability (2·17). 4. Minimum survival during the first year of life (estimated from mark–recapture data) declined during the 1970s and early 1980s, and increased strongly during the 1990s. The trend in first‐year survival was independent of a weak positive relationship with winter temperature. Although there was evidence of a similar temporal trend in adult survival, this disappeared when winter temperature was taken into account. 5. A demographic model indicated that the timing and magnitude of the observed changes in first‐year survival and adult survival were each sufficient alone to account for the observed changes in the abundance of reed buntings during the period 1969–87. A reduction in over‐winter survival was probably the main demographic cause of the reed bunting population decline, although loss of breeding habitat and a recent reduction in breeding performance may also have influenced numbers. 6. During winter reed buntings feed mainly on small grass and weed seeds. The observed declines in abundance and survival rates coincide with the widespread introduction of a range of efficient herbicides and the loss of winter stubbles from British farmland. Our findings are therefore consistent with the hypothesis that the decline of the British reed bunting population was caused primarily by a reduction in food availability outside the breeding season. Changes in agricultural practices that increase the abundance of small weed and grass seed on farmland during winter are likely to allow at least a partial recovery of the British reed bunting population.
Corticosteroid Actions in the Hippocampus
Authors: Joëls M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCorticosteroid hormones can enter the brain and bind to two intracellular receptor types that regulate transcription of responsive genes: (i) the high affinity mineralocorticoid receptors and (ii) the glucocorticoid receptors with approximately 10‐fold lower affinity. Although most cells in the brain predominantly express glucocorticoid receptors, principal cells in limbic structures such as the hippocampus often contain glucocorticoid as well as mineralocorticoid receptors. Recent electrophysiological studies have examined the consequences of transcriptional regulation via the two receptor types for information transfer in the hippocampus. It was found that, under resting conditions, corticosteroids do not markedly alter electrical activity. However, if neurones are shifted towards more depolarized or hyperpolarized potentials due to the action of neurotransmitters, slow and adaptive effects of the corticosteroid hormones become apparent. In general, mineralocorticoid receptor occupation maintains steady electrical activity in hippocampal neurones. Brief activation of glucocorticoid receptors leads to increased influx of calcium, which normally helps to slowly reverse temporarily raised electrical activity. These slow and persistent corticosteroid actions will alter network function within the hippocampus, thus contributing to behavioural adaptation in response to stress. Modulation of hippocampal activity by corticosteroids also affects hippocampal output (e.g. to inhibitory interneurones which control hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activity). The enhanced calcium influx after glucocorticoid receptor activation can become a risk factor when cells are simultaneously exposed to strong depolarizing inputs, such as those occuring during ischaemia. Similarly, chronically elevated corticosteroid levels (or lack of corticosteroids) could endanger hippocampal cell function. The latter may contribute to the precipitation of clinical symptoms in diseases associated with chronically aberrant corticosteroid levels.
The long‐term safety of alprostadil (prostaglandin‐E1) in patients with erectile dysfunction
Authors:   THE EUROPEAN ALPROSTADIL STUDY GROUP (see Appendix)
Published: July 2002

Objective To evaluate the long‐term safety and efficacy of intracavernosal alprostadil (prostaglandin E1 , PGE1 ) in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) and assess the feasibility of self‐injection treatment.Patients and methods The study included 848 men (aged 18–75 years) with ED of ≥4 months’ duration. The initial home‐use dose of alprostadil, defined as a dose producing an erection satisfactory for intercourse and lasting for ≥20 min, was determined for each patient in the investigator’s clinic and in the patient’s home. This dose‐finding phase was followed by a 6‐month, self‐injection, home‐maintenance phase. The efficacy and adverse effects were documented.Results An initial home‐use dose was determined for 93% of the patients and in most (86%) it was ≤20 μg. During the 6‐month study period, 88% of injections assessed by the patients resulted in satisfactory sexual activity (intercourse or masturbation) and 90% of injections assessed by partners resulted in satisfactory intercourse. Penile pain occurred in 44% of patients, but this incidence decreased with time. In 52% of patients with pain it was mild and only 3% of patients discontinued the study because of pain. Prolonged erection and priapism occurred in 8% and 0.9% of patients, respectively. Penile fibrosis occurred in 4% of patients. Drug‐related systemic medical events occurred in 5% of patients and none of these were serious. Haemodynamic events occurred in <1% of patients and were not considered to be clinically relevant.Conclusion Intracavernosal alprostadil is an effective and safe therapy for ED, provided that the individual dose is established by titration, patients are trained in the self‐injection technique and supervised periodically.
Risk, sexuality and economy
Authors: Adkins Lisa 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTFrom the mid 1980s onwards HIV/AIDS became a new subject of work reform, with a range of experts producing new knowledges on work and the worker in regard to HIV/AIDS and workplace organizations putting in place workplace HIV/AIDS policies and programmes. To date, much of the discussion in sociology in regard to such policies and programmes has focused on the issue of effectiveness and has been concerned with making such policy ‘better’. In this article however, and with particular reference to sexuality, I suggest that such approaches fail to register that workplace HIV/AIDS policies concern new conceptualizations of worker identities. Specifically, I suggest that such policies may be viewed as part of an assemblage of work reforms which are reworking worker identities as risk identities. Thus I argue that workplace HIV/AIDS policies and programmes are best understood as risk rationalities. Further, I consider the alignment between such rationalities and neo‐liberal modes of rule, and in particular consider the ways in which workplace HIV/AIDS policies render both HIV/AIDS and sexuality calculable and governable in terms of notions of risk, self‐responsibility and self‐management.
THE 1998 JAMES RANKIN ORATION: Reducing the toll of opioid overdose deaths in Australia
Authors: HALL WAYNE 
Published: July 2002

AbstractOpioid overdose mortality among young adults in Australia has increased consistently over the past several decades. Among Australian adults aged 15–44 years, the number of these deaths has increased from six in 1964 to 600 in 1997. The rate (per million adults in this age group) increased 55‐fold, from 1.3 in 1964 to 71.5 in 1997. The proportion of all deaths in adults in this age group caused by opioid overdose increased from 0.1% in 1964 to 7.3% in 1997. The magnitude of the increase makes it unlikely to be an artefact of changes in diagnosis, especially as similar increases have also been observed in other countries. These trends are also consistent with historical information which indicates that illicit heroin use first came to police attention in Sydney and Melbourne in the late 1960s. There is an urgent need to implement and evaluate a variety of measures to reduce the unacceptable toll of opioid overdose deaths among young Australians. These include: peer education about the risks of polydrug use and overdose after resuming opioid use after periods of abstinence, and attracting more dependent users into opioid maintenance treatment. Measures are also needed to improve responses to overdose by encouraging witnesses to call ambulances, training drug users in CPR, and trialling distribution of the opiate antagonist naloxone to users at high risk of overdose.
Mildly Oxidized Glyceraldehyde‐3‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase as a Possible Regulator of Glycolysis
Authors: Danshina P. V. , Schmalhausen E. V. , Avetisyan A. V. , Muronetz V. I. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInfluence of H 2 O 2 on glycolysis was investigated. A hypothesis previously formulated was tested according to which a mild oxidation of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) results in uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation at this step of glycolysis due to acylphosphatase activity of the oxidized enzyme. Incubation of a mixture of purified glycolytic enzymes, as well as a muscle extract, in the presence of 10‐100 μMH 2 O 2 was shown to result in an increase in the rate of glycolysis. The level of lactate accumulation in the oxidized samples increased by 80‐150% compared to the samples containing mercaptoethanol. No ATP was formed by the H 2 O 2 ‐stimulated glycolysis. Thus, H 2 O 2 really caused uncoupling of oxidation and phosphorylation in glycolysis. A role of GAPDH oxidation in regulation of glycolysis is discussed.
The Heterotrimeric Protein Go Is Required for the Formation of Heart Epithelium in Drosophila
Authors: Frémion F. , Astier M. , Zaffran S. , Guillèn A. , Homburger V. , Sémériva M. 
Published: July 2002

The gene encoding the α subunit of the Drosophila Go protein is expressed early in embryogenesis in the precursor cells of the heart tube, of the visceral muscles, and of the nervous system. This early expression coincides with the onset of the mesenchymal-epithelial transition to which are subjected the cardial cells and the precursor cells of the visceral musculature. This gene constitutes an appropriate marker to follow this transition. In addition, a detailed analysis of its expression suggests that the cardioblasts originate from two subpopulations of cells in each parasegment of the dorsal mesoderm that might depend on the wingless and hedgehog signaling pathways for both their determination and specification.
In the nervous system, the expression of Goα shortly precedes the beginning of axonogenesis.
Mutants produced in the Goα gene harbor abnormalities in the three tissues in which the gene is expressed. In particular, the heart does not form properly and interruptions in the heart epithelium are repeatedly observed, henceforth the brokenheart (bkh) name. Furthermore, in the bkh mutant embryos, the epithelial polarity of cardial cells was not acquired (or maintained) in various places of the cardiac tube. We predict that bkh might be involved in vesicular traffic of membrane proteins that is responsible for the acquisition of polarity.
Electronic scholarly monographs: issues and challenges for the UK
Authors: Lonsdale R. E. , Armstrong C. J. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe literature on electronic publishing reveals that scant attention has been paid to the area of scholarly monographs. This paper reports on a recent and rare investigation into the nature and provision of electronic scholarly monographs and textbooks in the UK. Publishing structures are delineated; the physical characteristics of electronic scholarly monographs are reviewed; and issues associated with their nature and content are discussed. Problems of bibliographical control and of quality are also explored.
Finsler metrics and action potentials
Authors: Iturriaga Renato , Sánchez-Morgado Héctor 
Published: July 2002

We study the behavior of Mañé’s action potential

Φ
k

\Phi _k

associated to a convex superlinear Lagrangian, for

k
k

bigger than the critical value

c
(
L
)

c(L)

. We obtain growth estimates for the action potential as a function of

k
k

. We also prove that the action potential can be written as

Φ
k

(
x
,
y
)
=

D
F

(
x
,
y
)
+
f
(
y
)
−
f
(
x
)

\Phi _k(x,y)=D_F(x,y)+f(y)-f(x)

where

f
f

is a smooth function and

D
F

D_F

is the distance function associated to a Finsler metric.
A uniqueness result concerning Schur ideals
Authors: Solazzo James 
Published: July 2002

A subset of the set of all positive semi-definite matrices of a given size which is invariant under Schur (componentwise) multiplication by an arbitrary positive semi-definite matrix is said to be a Schur ideal. A subset of

k
k

-dimensional complex space is said to be

h
y
p
e
r
c
o
n
v
e
x

hyperconvex

if it arises as the set of possible values

(

w

1

,
…
,

w

k

)
=
(
f
(

α

1

)
,
…
,
f
(

α

k

)
)

(w_{1}, \dots , w_{k}) = (f(\alpha _{1}), \dots , f(\alpha _{k}))

arising from restricting contractive elements

f
f

from some uniform algebra

A
A

to a finite set

{

α

1

,
…
,

α

k

}

\{ \alpha _{1}, \dots , \alpha _{k} \}

in the domain. When the uniform algebra is the disk algebra, the hyperconvex set is said to be a Pick body. Motivated by the classical Pick interpolation theorem, Paulsen has introduced a natural notion of duality between Schur ideals and hyperconvex sets. By using some recently developed results in operator algebras (matricial Schur ideals), we show that each Pick body has a unique affiliated Schur ideal.
Regularity of viscosity solutions of a degenerate parabolic equation
Authors: Lu Yun-Guang , Qian Liwen 
Published: July 2002

We study the Cauchy problem for the nonlinear degenerate parabolic equation of second order
\[

{

u
t

=
u
△
u
−
γ

|

∇
u

|

2

in

Ω
=

R
N

×

R

+

,
u
(
x
,
0
)
=

u

0

(
x
)

in

R

N

,

\left \{ \begin {array}{l} u_t=u\triangle u-\gamma |\nabla u|^2 \ \ \text {in} \hspace {0.3cm} \Omega =R^N \times R^{+}, u(x,0)=u_{0}(x)\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \text {in} \hspace {0.3cm} R^{N}, \end {array} \right .

\]
and present regularity results for the viscosity solutions.
Optimal estimation of shell thickness in Cutland’s construction of Wiener measure
Authors: Li Bang-He , Li Ya-Qing 
Published: July 2002

In Cutland’s construction of Wiener measure, he used the product of Gaussian measures on

∗

R
N

^*R^N

, where

N
N

is an infinite integer. It is mentioned by Cutland and Ng that for the product measure

γ
\gamma

,
\[

γ
(
{
x
:

R
1

≤
‖
x
‖
≤

R
2

}
)
≃
1
,

\gamma (\{x:R_1\le \|x\|\le R_2\})\simeq 1,

\]
where

R
1

=
1
−
(
log
⁡
N

)

1
2

N

−

1
2

R_1=1-(\log N)^{\frac 12} N^{-\frac 12}

and

R
2

=
1
+
M

N

−

1
2

R_2=1+MN^{-\frac 12}

with

M
M

any positive infinite number. We prove here that

R
1

R_1

may be replaced by

1
−
m

N

−

1
2

1-mN^{-\frac 12}

with

m
m

any positive infinite number. This is the optimal estimation for the shell thickness. It is also proved that

γ
(
{
x
:
‖
x
‖
>
1
}
)
≃
γ
(
{
x
:
‖
x
‖
>
1
}
)
≃

1
2

\gamma (\{x:\|x\|>1 \})\simeq \gamma (\{x:\|x\|>1\})\simeq \frac 12

. And for the *Lebesgue measure

μ
\mu

,

μ
(
{
x
:
‖
x
‖
≤
r
}
)

\mu (\{x:\|x\|\le r\})

is finite and not infinitesimal iff

r
=
(
2
π
e

)

−

1
2

N

1
2

(
1
+

1
N

)

e

a
N

r=(2\pi e)^{-\frac 12}N^{\frac 12(1+\frac 1N)}e^{\frac aN}

with

a
a

finite, while for the *Lebesgue area of the sphere

S

N
−
1

(
r
)

S^{N-1}(r)

,

r
r

should be

(
2
π
e

)

−

1
2

N

1
2

e

a
N

(2\pi e)^{-\frac 12}N^{\frac 12} e^{\frac aN}

.
Elementary abelian 2-group actions on flag manifolds and applications
Authors: Mukherjee Goutam , Sankaran Parameswaran 
Published: July 2002

Let

N

∗

\mathcal N_\ast

denote the unoriented cobordism ring. Let

G
=
(

Z

/

2

)
n

G=(\mathbb Z/2)^n

and let

Z
∗

(
G
)

Z_\ast (G)

denote the equivariant cobordism ring of smooth manifolds with smooth

G
G

-actions having finite stationary points. In this paper we show that the unoriented cobordism class of the (real) flag manifold

M
=
O
(
m
)

/

(
O
(

m
1

)
×
⋯
×
O
(

m
s

)
)

M=O(m)/(O(m_1)\times \dots \times O(m_s))

is in the subalgebra generated by

⨁

i
>

2
n

N

i

\bigoplus _{i>2^n}\mathcal N_i

, where

m
=
∑

m
j

m= \sum m_j

, and

2

n
−
1

>
m
≤

2
n

2^{n-1}>m\le 2^n

. We obtain sufficient conditions for indecomposability of an element in

Z
∗

(
G
)

Z_\ast (G)

. We also obtain a sufficient condition for algebraic independence of any set of elements in

Z
∗

(
G
)

Z_\ast (G)

. Using our criteria, we construct many indecomposable elements in the kernel of the forgetful map

Z
d

(
G
)
→

N

d

Z_d(G)\to \mathcal N_d

in dimensions

2
≤
d
>
n

2\le d>n

, for

n
>
2

n>2

, and show that they generate a polynomial subalgebra of

Z
∗

(
G
)

Z_\ast (G)

.
Uniqueness of positive solutions for Sturm-Liouville boundary value problems
Authors: Wong Fu-Hsiang 
Published: July 2002

Sufficient conditions for the uniqueness of positive solutions of singular Sturm-Liouville boundary value problems

(BVP)

{

(

E

)
(

|

u
′

|

m
−
2

u
′

)
′

+
f
(
t
,
u
,

u
′

)
=
0
,

in
(

θ
1

,

θ
2

)
,
m
≥
2
,

(

B
C

)

{

α
1

u
(

θ
1

)
−

β
1

u
′

(

θ
1

)
=
0
,

α
2

u
(

θ
2

)
+

β
2

u
′

(

θ
2

)
=
0
,

\begin{equation*} \begin {cases} (\mathrm E) (|u’|^{m-2}u’)’+f(t,u,u’)=0,\quad \text {in} (\theta _1,\theta _2),m\ge 2,\ (\mathrm {BC})\begin {cases} \alpha _1u(\theta _1)-\beta _1u’(\theta _1)=0,\ \alpha _2u(\theta _2)+\beta _2u’(\theta _2)=0, \end{cases} \end{cases} \tag {BVP} \end{equation*}

where

α
i

,

β
i

≥
0

\alpha _i,\beta _i\ge 0

and

α
i
2

+

β
i
2

≠
0

\alpha _i^2+\beta _i^2\not =0

(
i
=
1
,
2
)

(i=1,2)

, are established.
Splitting of the direct image of sheaves under the Frobenius
Authors: Bøgvad Rikard 
Published: July 2002

A generalisation and a new proof are given of a recent result of J. F. Thomsen (1996), which says that for

L
L

a line bundle on a smooth toric variety

X
X

over a field of positive characteristic, the direct image

F
∗

L

F_*L

under the Frobenius morphism splits into a direct sum of line bundles. (The special case of projective space is due to Hartshorne.) Our method is to interpret the result in terms of Grothendieck differential operators

Diff

(
1
)

⁡
(
L
,
L
)
≅

Hom

O

X

(
1
)

⁡
(

F
∗

L
,

F
∗

L
)

\operatorname {Diff}^{(1)} (L,L)\cong \operatorname {Hom}_{O_{X^{(1)}}}(F_*L,F_*L)

, and

T
T

-linearized sheaves.
Function algebras and the lattice of compactifications
Authors: Mendivil Franklin 
Published: July 2002

We provide some conditions as to when

K
(
X
)
≅
K
(
Y
)

K(X) \cong K(Y)

for two locally compact spaces

X
X

and

Y
Y

(where

K
(
X
)

K(X)

is the lattice of all Hausdorff compactifications of

X
X

). More specifically, we prove that

K
(
X
)
≅
K
(
Y
)

K(X) \cong K(Y)

if and only if

C
∗

(
X
)

/

C
0

(
X
)
≅

C
∗

(
Y
)

/

C
0

(
Y
)

C^*(X)/C_0(X) \cong C^*(Y)/C_0(Y)

. Using this result, we prove several extensions to the case where

K
(
X
)

K(X)

is embedded as a sub-lattice of

K
(
Y
)

K(Y)

and to where

X
X

and

Y
Y

are not locally compact. One major contribution is in the use of function algebra techniques. The use of these techniques makes the extensions simple and clean and brings new tools to the subject.
Ordinary differential equations with fractal noise
Authors: Klingenhöfer F. , Zähle M. 
Published: July 2002

The differential equation
\[

d
x
(
t
)

=

a
(
x
(
t
)
,
t
)

d
Z
(
t
)

+

b
(
x
(
t
)
,
t
)

d
t

dx(t) \, = \, a(x(t),t) \,dZ(t) \:+\: b(x(t),t) \,dt

\]
for fractal-type functions

Z
(
t
)

Z(t)

is determined via fractional calculus. Under appropriate conditions we prove existence and uniqueness of a local solution by means of its representation

x
(
t
)

=

h
(
y
(
t
)
+
Z
(
t
)
,
t
)

x(t)\, =\, h(y(t)+Z(t),t)

for certain

C
1

C^1

-functions

h
h

and

y
y

. The method is also applied to Itô stochastic differential equations and leads to a general pathwise representation. Finally we discuss fractal sample path properties of the solutions.
Free boundary value problems for analytic functions in the closed unit disk
Authors: Fournier Richard , Ruscheweyh Stephan 
Published: July 2002

We shall prove (a slightly more general version of) the following theorem: let

Φ
\Phi

be analytic in the closed unit disk

D

¯

\overline {\mathbb {D}}

with

Φ
:
[
0
,
1
]
→
(
0
,
1
]

\Phi :[0,1]\rightarrow (0,1]

, and let

B
(
z
)

B(z)

be a finite Blaschke product. Then there exists a function

h
h

satisfying: i)

h
h

analytic in the closed unit disk

D

¯

\overline {\mathbb {D}}

, ii)

h
(
0
)
>
0

h(0)>0

, iii)

h
(
z
)
≠
0

h(z)\neq 0

in

D

¯

\overline {\mathbb {D}}

, such that
\[

F
(
z
)
:=

∫

0

z

h
(
t
)
B
(
t
)
d
t

F(z):=\int _{0}^{z}h(t)B(t)dt

\]
satisfies
\[

|

F
′

(
z
)

|

=
Φ
(

|

F
(
z
)

|

2

)
,

z
∈
∂

D

.

|F’(z)|=\Phi (|F(z)|^2), \quad z\in \partial \mathbb {D}.

\]
This completes a recent result of Kühnau for

Φ
(
x
)
=
1
+
α
x

\Phi (x)=1+\alpha x

,

−
1
>
α
>
0

-1>\alpha >0

, where this boundary value problem has a geometrical interpretation, namely that

β
(
α
)
F
(
r
(
α
)
z
)

\beta (\alpha )F(r(\alpha )z)

preserves hyperbolic arc length on

∂

D

\partial \mathbb {D}

for suitable

β
(
α
)
,

\beta (\alpha ),

r
(
α
)

r(\alpha )

. For these important choices of

Φ
\Phi

we also prove that the corresponding functions

h
h

are uniquely determined by

B
B

, and that

z
h
(
z
)

zh(z)

is univalent in

D

\mathbb {D}

. Our work is related to Beurling’s and Avhadiev’s on conformal mappings solving free boundary value conditions in the unit disk.
Hilbert coefficients and the associated graded rings
Authors: Wang Hsin-Ju 
Published: July 2002

Let

(
R
,

m

)

(R, \mathfrak {m})

be a

d
d

-dimensional Cohen-Macaulay local ring with infinite residue field. Let

I
I

be an

m

\mathfrak {m}

-primary ideal of

R
R

. In this paper, we prove that if

∑

n
=
1

∞

λ
(

I
n

/

I

n
−
1

J
)
−

e
1

(
I
)
=
1

\sum _{n=1}^{\infty } \lambda (I^n/I^{n-1}J)-e_1(I)=1

for some minimal reduction

J
J

of

I
I

, then depth

G
(
I
)
≥
d
−
2

G(I)\geq d-2

.