bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Special economic zones, export status, and firms’ productivity: Theory and evidence from China
Authors: Liu Yang , Jin Yidan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis paper explores the impact of special economic zones (SEZs) policy and export status on firms’ productivity. We first sketch a theoretical model to explain the selection mechanism of different types of exporters and SEZ firms, and provide the productivity ranking of firms. SEZ’s exporters have the highest productivity. Firms facing high imported intermediate tariffs will select themselves into SEZs to avoid imported input tariffs; firms become non‐SEZ’s exporters when their intermediate inputs tariffs are low. Compared with other types of firms, non‐SEZ’s non‐exporters have the lowest productivity. Then, we empirically test the productivity ranking by firm‐level data, and the results are consistent with our theoretical framework. Besides, different SEZ policies are associated with heterogeneous impacts on the firms’ productivity. Our paper further suggests that preferential policies are responsible for the productivity ranking of firms.
Multivariate Hierarchical Analysis of Car Crashes Data Considering a Spatial Network Lattice
Authors: Gilardi Andrea , Mateu Jorge , Borgoni Riccardo , Lovelace Robin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRoad traffic casualties represent a hidden global epidemic, demanding evidence-based interventions. This paper demonstrates a network lattice approach for identifying road segments of particular concern, based on a case study of a major city (Leeds, UK), in which 5862 crashes of different severities were recorded over an 8-year period (2011–2018). We consider a family of Bayesian hierarchical models that include spatially structured and unstructured random effects to capture the dependencies between the severity levels. Results highlight roads that are more prone to collisions, relative to estimated traffic volumes, in the north-west and south of city centre. We analyse the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP), proposing a novel procedure to investigate the presence of MAUP on a network lattice. We conclude that our methods enable a reliable estimation of road safety levels to help identify ‘hotspots’ on the road network and to inform effective local interventions.
Current methods to analyze lysosome morphology, positioning, motility and function
Authors: Barral Duarte C. , Staiano Leopoldo , Guimas Almeida Cláudia , Cutler Dan F. , Eden Emily R. , Futter Clare E. , Galione Antony , Marques André R. A. , Medina Diego Luis , Napolitano Gennaro , Settembre Carmine , Vieira Otília V. , Aerts Johannes M. F. G. , Atakpa‐Adaji Peace , Bruno Gemma , Capuozzo Antonella , De Leonibus Elvira , Di Malta Chiara , Escrevente Cristina , Esposito Alessandra , Grumati Paolo , Hall Michael J. , Teodoro Rita O. , Lopes Susana S. , Luzio J. Paul , Monfregola Jlenia , Montefusco Sandro , Platt Frances M. , Polishchuck Roman , De Risi Maria , Sambri Irene , Soldati Chiara , Seabra Miguel C. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSince the discovery of lysosomes more than 70 years ago, much has been learned about the functions of these organelles. Lysosomes were regarded as exclusively degradative organelles, but more recent research has shown that they play essential roles in several other cellular functions, such as nutrient sensing, intracellular signalling and metabolism. Methodological advances played a key part in generating our current knowledge about the biology of this multifaceted organelle. In this review, we cover current methods used to analyze lysosome morphology, positioning, motility and function. We highlight the principles behind these methods, the methodological strategies and their advantages and limitations. To extract accurate information and avoid misinterpretations, we discuss the best strategies to identify lysosomes and assess their characteristics and functions. With this review, we aim to stimulate an increase in the quantity and quality of research on lysosomes and further ground‐breaking discoveries on an organelle that continues to surprise and excite cell biologists.
Physical and Chemical Mechanisms of Reactions that Proceed at Extremely High Rates in a Propagating Flame and the Detonation of Gas
Authors: Azatyan V. V. , Prokopenko V. M. , Bolodyan I. A. , Gordienko G. M. , Kopylov N. P. , Kopylov S. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The characteristic periods of the reactions in a propagating flame and the detonation of most gases are found to be less than 10−4 and 10−6 s, respectively. The extreme rates and accelerations of reactions responsible for such short times correspond to the law of the dependence of the rate of the combustion reaction on temperature, which is an exponent containing a Boltzmann factor in a positive power index. The kinetics of the processes is determined mainly by a sharp increase in the concentrations of free atoms and radicals as they approach those of the initial reagents. The conclusions of the theory agree with experimental results.
Data sharing in the age of predictive psychiatry: an adolescent perspective
Authors: Pavarini Gabriela , Yosifova Aleksandra , Wang Keying , Wilcox Benjamin , Tomat Nastja , Lorimer Jessica , Kariyawasam Lasara , George Leya , Alí Sonia , Singh Ilina 
Published: March 2022

BackgroundAdvances in genetics and digital phenotyping in psychiatry have given rise to testing services targeting young people, which claim to predict psychiatric outcomes before difficulties emerge. These services raise several ethical challenges surrounding data sharing and information privacy.ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate young people’s interest in predictive testing for mental health challenges and their attitudes towards sharing biological, psychosocial and digital data for such purpose.MethodsEighty UK adolescents aged 16–18 years took part in a digital role-play where they played the role of clients of a fictional predictive psychiatry company and chose what sources of personal data they wished to provide for a risk assessment. After the role-play, participants reflected on their choices during a peer-led interview.FindingsParticipants saw multiple benefits in predictive testing services, but were highly selective with regard to the type of data they were willing to share. Largely due to privacy concerns, digital data sources such as social media or Google search history were less likely to be shared than psychosocial and biological data, including school grades and one’s DNA. Participants were particularly reluctant to share social media data with schools (but less so with health systems).ConclusionsEmerging predictive psychiatric services are valued by young people; however, these services must consider privacy versus utility trade-offs from the perspective of different stakeholders, including adolescents.Clinical implicationsRespecting adolescents’ need for transparency, privacy and choice in the age of digital phenotyping is critical to the responsible implementation of predictive psychiatric services.
What kind of “complexity” is dual to holographic complexity?
Authors: Yang Run-Qiu , An Yu-Sen , Niu Chao , Zhang Cheng-Yong , Kim Keun-Young 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIt is assumed that the holographic complexities such as the complexity-action (CA) and the complexity-volume (CV) conjecture are dual to complexity in field theory. However, because the definition of the complexity in field theory is still not complete, the confirmation of the holographic duality of the complexity is ambiguous. To improve this situation, we approach the problem from a different angle. We first identify minimal and genuin properties that the filed theory dual of the holographic complexity should satisfy without assuming anything from the circuit complexity or the information theory. Based on these properties, we propose a field theory formula dual to the holographic complexity. Our field theory formula implies that the complexity between certain states in two dimensional CFTs is given by the Liouville action, which is compatible with the path-integral complexity. It gives natural interpretations for both the CA and CV conjectures and identify what their reference states are. When applied to the thermo-field double states, it also gives consistent results with the holographic results in the CA conjecture: both the divergent term and finite term.
The dark side of the torsion: dark energy from propagating torsion
Authors: Benisty D. , Guendelman E. I. , van de Venn A. , Vasak D. , Struckmeier J. , Stoecker H. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAn extension to the Einstein–Cartan (EC) action is discussed in terms of cosmological solutions. The torsion incorporated in the EC Lagrangian is assumed to be totally anti-symmetric, represented by a time-like axial vector $$S^\mu $$

S
μ

. The dynamics of torsion is invoked by a novel kinetic term. Here we show that this kinetic term gives rise to dark energy, while the quadratic torsion term, emanating from the EC part, represents a stiff fluid that leads to a bouncing cosmology solution. A constraint on the bouncing solution is calculated using cosmological data from different epochs.
H-Container: Enabling Heterogeneous-ISA Container Migration in Edge Computing
Authors: Xing Tong , Barbalace Antonio , Olivier Pierre , Karaoui Mohamed L. , Wang Wei , Ravindran Binoy 
Published: March 2022

Edge computing is a recent computing paradigm that brings cloud services closer to the client. Among other features, edge computing offers extremely low client/server latencies. To consistently provide such low latencies, services should run on edge nodes that are physically as close as possible to their clients. Thus, when the physical location of a client changes, a service should migrate between edge nodes to maintain proximity. Differently from cloud nodes, edge nodes integrate CPUs of different Instruction Set Architectures (ISAs), hence a program natively compiled for a given ISA cannot migrate to a server equipped with a CPU of a different ISA. This hinders migration to the closest node.
We introduce H-Container, a system that migrates natively compiled containerized applications across compute nodes featuring CPUs of different ISAs. H-Container advances over existing heterogeneous-ISA migration systems by being (a) highly compatible – no user’s source-code nor compiler toolchain modifications are needed; (b) easily deployable – fully implemented in user space, thus without any OS or hypervisor dependency, and (c) largely Linux-compliant – it can migrate most Linux software, including server applications and dynamically linked binaries. H-Container targets Linux and its already-compiled executables, adopts LLVM, extends CRIU, and integrates with Docker. Experiments demonstrate that H-Container adds no overheads during program execution, while 10–100 ms are added during migration. Furthermore, we show the benefits of H-Container in real-world scenarios, demonstrating, for example, up to 94% increase in Redis throughput when client/server proximity is maintained through heterogeneous container migration.
A New Test for Hamming-Weight Dependencies
Authors: Blackman David , Vigna Sebastiano 
Published: March 2022

We describe a new statistical test for pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs). Our test can find bias induced by dependencies among the Hamming weights of the outputs of a PRNG, even for PRNGs that pass state-of-the-art tests of the same kind from the literature, and particularly for generators based on
F
2
-linear transformations such as the dSFMT [
22
],
xoroshiro1024+
[
1
], and WELL512 [
19
].
Coronary Artery and Cardiac Disease in Patients With Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Bularga Anda , Hung John , Daghem Marwa , Stewart Stacey , Taggart Caelan , Wereski Ryan , Singh Trisha , Meah Mohammed N. , Fujisawa Takeshi , Ferry Amy V. , Chiong Justin , Jenkins William S. , Strachan Fiona E. , Semple Scott , van Beek Edwin J.R. , Williams Michelle , Dey Damini , Tuck Chris , Baker Andrew H. , Newby David E. , Dweck Marc R. , Mills Nicholas L. , Chapman Andrew R. 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Type 2 myocardial infarction is caused by myocardial oxygen supply-demand imbalance, and its diagnosis is increasingly common with the advent of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays. Although this diagnosis is associated with poor outcomes, widespread uncertainty and confusion remain among clinicians as to how to investigate and manage this heterogeneous group of patients with type 2 myocardial infarction.

Methods:
In a prospective cohort study, 8064 consecutive patients with increased cardiac troponin concentrations were screened to identify patients with type 2 myocardial infarction. We excluded patients with frailty or renal or hepatic failure. All study participants underwent coronary (invasive or computed tomography angiography) and cardiac (magnetic resonance or echocardiography) imaging, and the underlying causes of infarction were independently adjudicated. The primary outcome was the prevalence of coronary artery disease.

Results:
In 100 patients with a provisional diagnosis of type 2 myocardial infarction (median age, 65 years [interquartile range, 55–74 years]; 43% women), coronary and cardiac imaging reclassified the diagnosis in 7 patients: type 1 or 4b myocardial infarction in 5 and acute myocardial injury in 2 patients. In those with type 2 myocardial infarction, median cardiac troponin I concentrations were 195 ng/L (interquartile range, 62–760 ng/L) at presentation and 1165 ng/L (interquartile range, 277–3782 ng/L) on repeat testing. The prevalence of coronary artery disease was 68% (63 of 93), which was obstructive in 30% (28 of 93). Infarct-pattern late gadolinium enhancement or regional wall motion abnormalities were observed in 42% (39 of 93), and left ventricular systolic dysfunction was seen in 34% (32 of 93). Only 10 patients had both normal coronary and normal cardiac imaging. Coronary artery disease and left ventricular systolic dysfunction were previously unrecognized in 60% (38 of 63) and 84% (27 of 32), respectively, with only 33% (21 of 63) and 19% (6 of 32) on evidence-based treatments.

Conclusions:
Systematic coronary and cardiac imaging of patients with type 2 myocardial infarction identified coronary artery disease in two-thirds and left ventricular systolic dysfunction in one-third of patients. Unrecognized and untreated coronary or cardiac disease is seen in most patients with type 2 myocardial infarction, presenting opportunities for initiation of evidence-based treatments with major potential to improve clinical outcomes.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT03338504.
Circulating Extracellular Vesicles in Stroke Patients Treated With Mesenchymal Stem Cells: A Biomarker Analysis of a Randomized Trial
Authors: Bang Oh Young , Kim Eun Hee , Cho Yeon Hee , Oh Mi Jeong , Chung Jong-Won , Chang Won Hyuk , Kim Yun-Hee , Yang Seong Wook , Chopp Michael 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) secrete trophic factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, the level and role of EVs after MSC therapy in patients with stroke are unknown. We investigated whether circulating EVs and trophic factors are increased after MSCs and are related to the therapeutic benefits in the STARTING-2 trial (Stem Cell Application Researches and Trials in Neurology-2) participants.

Methods:
In this prospective randomized controlled trial, patients with chronic major stroke were assigned, in a 2:1 ratio, to receive autologous MSC intravenous injection (MSC group, n=39) or standard treatment (control group, n=15) and followed for 3 months. Detailed clinical assessment and neuroplasticity on diffusion tensor image and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging were evaluated. Serial samples were collected, before/after MSCs therapy. The primary outcome measure was circulating factors that are associated with the clinical improvement in the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (secondary end point of the trial) and neuroplasticity on diffusion tensor image and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Additional outcome measures were microRNAs and trophic factors enriched in the plasma EVs, obtained using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and ELISA, respectively.

Results:

Circulating EV levels were increased ≈5-fold (mean±SD, from 2.7×10
9
±2.2×10
9
to 1.3×10
10
±1.7×10
10
EVs/mL) within 24 hours after injection of MSCs (
P
=0.001). After adjustment of age, sex, baseline stroke severity, and the time interval from stroke onset to treatment, only the EV number was independently associated with improvement in motor function (odds ratio, 5.718 for EV number
Log
[95% CI, 1.144–28.589];
P
=0.034). Diffusion tensor image and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging showed that integrity of the ipsilesional corticospinal tract and intrahemispheric motor network were significantly correlated with circulating EV levels, respectively (
P
<0.05). MicroRNAs related to neurogenesis/neuroplasticity (eg, microRNA-18a-5p) were significantly increased in circulating EVs after MSC therapy (
P
=0.0479). In contrast, trophic factor levels were not changed after MSC therapy.

Conclusions:
This trial is the first to show that treatment of ischemic stroke patients with MSCs significantly increases circulating EVs, which were significantly correlated with improvement in motor function and magnetic resonance imaging indices of plasticity.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinical trials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT01716481.
Principal Component Analysis for Gaussian Process Posteriors
Authors: Ishibashi Hideaki , Akaho Shotaro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This letter proposes an extension of principal component analysis for gaussian process (GP) posteriors, denoted by GP-PCA. Since GP-PCA estimates a low-dimensional space of GP posteriors, it can be used for metalearning, a framework for improving the performance of target tasks by estimating a structure of a set of tasks. The issue is how to define a structure of a set of GPs with an infinite-dimensional parameter, such as coordinate system and a divergence. In this study, we reduce the infiniteness of GP to the finite-dimensional case under the information geometrical framework by considering a space of GP posteriors that have the same prior. In addition, we propose an approximation method of GP-PCA based on variational inference and demonstrate the effectiveness of GP-PCA as meta-learning through experiments.
On Neural Network Kernels and the Storage Capacity Problem
Authors: Zavatone-Veth Jacob A. , Pehlevan Cengiz 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this short note, we reify the connection between work on the storage capacity problem in wide two-layer treelike neural networks and the rapidly growing body of literature on kernel limits of wide neural networks. Concretely, we observe that the “effective order parameter” studied in the statistical mechanics literature is exactly equivalent to the infinite-width neural network gaussian process kernel. This correspondence connects the expressivity and trainability of wide two-layer neural networks.
Tropical Thermodynamic–Convection Coupling in Observations and Reanalyses
Authors: Wolding Brandon , Powell Scott W. , Ahmed Fiaz , Dias Juliana , Gehne Maria , Kiladis George , Neelin J. David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study examines thermodynamic–convection coupling in observations and reanalyses, and attempts to establish process-level benchmarks needed to guide model development. Thermodynamic profiles obtained from the NOAA Integrated Global Radiosonde Archive, COSMIC-1 GPS radio occultations, and several reanalyses are examined alongside Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission precipitation estimates. Cyclical increases and decreases in a bulk measure of lower-tropospheric convective instability are shown to be coupled to the cyclical amplification and decay of convection. This cyclical flow emerges from conditional-mean analysis in a thermodynamic space composed of two components: a measure of “undiluted” instability, which neglects lower-free-tropospheric (LFT) entrainment, and a measure of the reduction of instability by LFT entrainment. The observational and reanalysis products examined share the following qualitatively robust characterization of these convective cycles: increases in undiluted instability tend to occur when the LFT is less saturated, are followed by increases in LFT saturation and precipitation rate, which are then followed by decreases in undiluted instability. Shallow, convective, and stratiform precipitation are coupled to these cycles in a manner consistent with meteorological expectations. In situ and satellite observations differ systematically from reanalyses in their depictions of lower-tropospheric temperature and moisture variations throughout these convective cycles. When using reanalysis thermodynamic fields, these systematic differences cause variations in lower-free-tropospheric saturation deficit to appear less influential in determining the strength of convection than is suggested by observations. Disagreements among reanalyses, as well as between reanalyses and observations, pose significant challenges to process-level assessments of thermodynamic–convection coupling.
The Development of the NCEP Global Ensemble Forecast System Version 12
Authors: Zhou Xiaqiong , Zhu Yuejian , Hou Dingchen , Fu Bing , Li Wei , Guan Hong , Sinsky Eric , Kolczynski Walter , Xue Xianwu , Luo Yan , Peng Jiayi , Yang Bo , Tallapragada Vijay , Pegion Philip 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) is upgraded to version 12, in which the legacy Global Spectral Model (GSM) is replaced by a model with a new dynamical core—the Finite Volume Cubed-Sphere Dynamical Core (FV3). Extensive tests were performed to determine the optimal model and ensemble configuration. The new GEFS has cubed-sphere grids with a horizontal resolution of about 25 km and an increased ensemble size from 20 to 30. It extends the forecast length from 16 to 35 days to support subseasonal forecasts. The stochastic total tendency perturbation (STTP) scheme is replaced by two model uncertainty schemes: the stochastically perturbed physics tendencies (SPPT) scheme and stochastic kinetic energy backscatter (SKEB) scheme. Forecast verification is performed on a period of more than two years of retrospective runs. The results show that the upgraded GEFS outperforms the operational-at-the-time version by all measures included in the GEFS verification package. The new system has a better ensemble error–spread relationship, significantly improved skills in large-scale environment forecasts, precipitation probability forecasts over CONUS, tropical cyclone track and intensity forecasts, and significantly reduced 2-m temperature biases over North America. GEFSv12 was implemented on 23 September 2020.