bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resident Waves in the Ionosphere Before the M6.1 Dali and M7.3 Qinghai Earthquakes of 21–22 May 2021
Authors: Chen Chieh‐Hung , Sun Yang‐Yi , Xu Rui , Lin Kai , Wang Fei , Zhang Dixin , Zhou Yulin , Gao Yongxin , Zhang Xuemin , Yu Huaizhong , Liu Jann‐Yenq 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGeostationary BeiDou satellites monitor the total electron content (TEC) in the ionosphere over certain locations 24 hr per day without interruption and act as ionosphere‐based seismometers. The system detected perturbations in TEC before both the M6.1 Dali and M7.3 Qinghai earthquakes that occurred during the night of 21–22 May 2021. The TEC perturbations reside mainly over an area within a distance of ∼700 km from the epicenters of the earthquakes. The standing waves revealed the persistence of a subsurface wave source before the occurrences of the earthquakes, which differs from the co‐seismic ionospheric distributions propagating away from the epicenters. The resident waves in TEC and ground vibrations share a frequency of ∼0.004 Hz, which can be attributed to the resonant coupling between the lithosphere and ionosphere.
Frictional and Lithological Controls on Shallow Slow Slip at the Northern Hikurangi Margin
Authors: Shreedharan Srisharan , Ikari Matt , Wood Clay , Saffer Demian , Wallace Laura , Marone Chris 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSlow slip events (SSEs) have been identified at subduction zones globally as an important link in the continuum between elastodynamic ruptures and stable creep. The northern Hikurangi margin is home to shallow SSEs which propagate to within 2 km of the seafloor and possibly to the trench, providing insights into the physical conditions conducive to SSE behavior. We report on a suite of friction experiments performed on protolith material entering the SSE source region at the Hikurangi margin, collected during the International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 375. We performed velocity stepping and slide‐hold‐slide experiments over a range of fault slip rates, from plate rate (5 cm/yr or 1.6 × 10−9 m/s) to ∼1 mm/s (10−3 m/s) and quantified the frictional velocity dependence and healing rates for a range of lithologies atdifferent stresses. The frictional velocity dependence (a‐b) and critical slip distance DC increase with fault slip rate in our experiments. We observe atransition from velocity weakening to strengthening at slip rates of ∼0.3 µm/s. This velocity dependence of DC could be due to a combination of dilatant strengthening and a widening of the active shear zone at higher slip rates. We document low healing rates in the clay‐rich volcaniclastic conglomerates, which lie above the incoming plate basement at least locally, and relatively higher healing rates in the chalk lithology. Finally, our experimental constraints on healing rates in different input lithologies extrapolated to timescales of 1–10 years are consistent with the geodetically inferred low stress drops and healing rates characteristic of the Hikurangi SSEs.
Prolonged and Pervasive Perturbations in the Composition of the Southern Hemisphere Midlatitude Lower Stratosphere From the Australian New Year's Fires
Authors: Santee M. L. , Lambert A. , Manney G. L. , Livesey N. J. , Froidevaux L. , Neu J. L. , Schwartz M. J. , Millán L. F. , Werner F. , Read W. G. , Park M. , Fuller R. A. , Ward B. M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe 2019/2020 Australian New Year's wildfires injected record amounts of smoke and biomass burning products into the lower stratosphere. The Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) tracked the evolution of distinct plumes of fire–influenced air as they rapidly spiraled up to the mid–stratosphere. In the months following the fires, smoke spread throughout the Southern Hemisphere (SH) stratosphere. We contrast the evolution of the SH midlatitude lower stratosphere in 2020 with the 17–year MLS record. Long after the coherent plumes dispersed, data from MLS and other satellite instruments show unprecedented persistent and pervasive depletion in HCl (50%–60% below climatology) and enhancements in ClO and ClONO2 that were not transport related; peak anomalies occurred in mid–2020. We conclude that the observed perturbations likely arose from heterogeneous chlorine activation on widespread smoke particles. The sustained chlorine activation was far weaker than in typical winter polar vortices, inducing at most minor changes in ozone.
Modeling the Impact of a Strong X‐Class Solar Flare on the Planetary Ion Composition in Mercury's Magnetosphere
Authors: Werner A. L. E. , Leblanc F. , Chaufray J. Y. , Modolo R. , Aizawa S. , Hadid L. Z. , Baskevitch C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe model the impact of an extreme solar flare on the Mg+, Na+, O+ and He+ ion density distribution in Mercury's magnetosphere. The Flare Irradiance Spectral Model of the solar irradiance during the X9.3‐class flare on 6 September 2017 is used as input to the time‐dependent Latmos Ionized Exosphere ion density model. We find that the time‐evolution of the planetary ion distribution differs with respect to energy, location and species. There exist two ion energy populations on the dayside that experience different dynamical evolution. The peak ion density in the nightside plasma sheet is delayed by ∼7–8 min compared to the dayside. The maximum Mg+ density occurs ∼4 min before He+ and O+ in the whole magnetosphere. The time delay between different species does not necessarily occur for solar flares that erupt near the apparent solar limb, where the optical depth is large.
Changes in Mechanisms and Characteristics of Western U.S. Floods Over the Last Sixty Years
Authors: Huang Huilin , Fischella Michael R. , Liu Yufei , Ban Zhaoxin , Fayne Jessica V. , Li Dongyue , Cavanaugh Kyle C. , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractClimate change is linked to changing precipitation, yet uncertainty remains as to whether and how hydroclimatic changes will influence flood frequency, magnitude, and timing. Part of this uncertainty is because few regional‐scale studies have analyzed changes in floods produced by different mechanisms. We identify six flood generating mechanisms (FGMs) based on prominent meteorological processes and moisture supply to the soil column in the Western U.S.; these include large‐scale frontal storms (atmospheric and non‐atmospheric rivers), monsoons, convective storms, snowmelt, and rain‐on‐snow. We assess trends in the frequency, magnitude, and timing of floods produced by different FGMs across 119 basins during 1960–2018. Overall, we find decreased frequency and magnitude of rain‐on‐snow‐driven floods, increased frequency and magnitude of convective‐storm‐driven floods, and a temporal shift to earlier in the year for snowmelt‐driven floods. The flood characteristics are generally stable for floods produced by other FGMs.
Space‐Ground Observations of Dynamics of Substorm Onset Beads
Authors: Nishimura Y. , Artemyev A. V. , Lyons L. R. , Gabrielse C. , Donovan E. F. , Angelopoulos V. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe present observations during two substorms using simultaneous Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions During Substorms satellites and all‐sky imagers to determine plasma sheet dynamics associated with substorm auroral onset beads. The multi‐satellite observations showed that the cross‐tail current decreased and the field‐aligned currents increased at the substorm auroral onset, indicating that the satellites detected an initiation of the currents being deflected to the ionosphere. For duskward‐propagating beads, the electric field was tailward, and ions were accumulated closer to the Earth than electrons. The mapped bead propagation speed was close to energetic ion drift speed. The and electron drift speeds increased duskward and reduced the cross‐tail current at the onset. For dawnward‐propagating beads, the electric field was equatorward/earthward, and electrons were inferred to accumulate earthward of ions. The mapped bead propagation speed was comparable to the dawnward and electron drift speeds. The duskward ion drift and tail current were reduced, and electrons became the dominant current carrier. We suggest that the plasma species that is responsible for the bead propagation changes with the electric field configuration and that the tail current reduction by the enhanced drift at onset destabilizes the plasma sheet. Ion and electron outflows substantially increased low‐energy plasma density and may have increased the role of drifts. The bead wavelength was comparable to ion gyroradius and thus ion kinetic effects are important for determining the wavelength. In the dawnward‐propagating event, the mode of oscillation in the plasma sheet was suggested to be the sausage‐mode flapping oscillations.
A General Curvilinear Magnetic Field‐Line‐Following Coordinate System for Ionosphere‐Plasmasphere Modeling
Authors: Wang Houjun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe propose a simple way to define a field‐line‐following, general curvilinear coordinate system for a general magnetic field. This definition of field‐line‐following coordinate system reduces to a usual definition of dipole coordinate system when the magnetic field is approximated by an axisymmetric dipole. In this way, it can facilitate the numerical implementation by enabling validation of various metric terms computed numerically against those defined analytically in the case of the dipole field. Steps involved in grid generation are also sketched. Highly accurate results are obtained using the high‐order ordinary differential equation (ODE) solver to solve the general magnetic field line equations. The accuracy and consistency of the numerical implementation are validated against analytical results in the case of a dipole field. Numerical results show that this field‐line‐following coordinate system for the general magnetic field, like the coordinates for the dipole field, is also an Euler potential or Clebsch type coordinate system.
High‐Latitude Paleointensities During the Cretaceous Normal Superchron From the Okhotsk–Chukotka Volcanic Belt
Authors: Bobrovnikova E. M. , Lhuillier F. , Shcherbakov V. P. , Shcherbakova V. V. , Zhidkov G. V. , Lebedev I. E. , Eid B. , Pavlov V. E. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe conducted an absolute paleointensity survey on 74 lava flows from the Okhotsk–Chukotka Volcanic Belt (NE Russia), emplaced 90–83 Ma toward the end of the Cretaceous Normal Superchron (CNS, 121–84 Ma). Relying on preliminary results, we restricted our analysis to eight lava flows (140 Thellier–Coe experiments), two of which also yielded successful Wilson determinations. A detailed analysis of the magneto‐mineralogy—based on X‐ray structural analysis, reflected‐light microscopy, and thermomagnetic curves—indicates that the determinations from solely two lava flows can be fully trusted, with remanence carriers (a) dominated by low‐titanium titanomagnetite, (b) showing unambiguous traces of high‐temperature oxidation, and (c) yielding partial thermoremanent magnetization (pTRM) tails representative of pseudo‐single‐domain grains. Recalculated in terms of geomagnetic dipole strength, our two successful flow‐mean determinations yield virtual dipole moments of 4.76 ± 0.26 × 1022 Am2 (N = 7) and 9.07 ± 0.84 × 1022 Am2 (N = 8). Using an updated version of the paleointensity database for the Cretaceous epoch, we stress that determinations based on nonglassy whole rocks, submarine basaltic glasses, and single crystals are mutually inconsistent, suggesting a separate analysis of their distributions is more appropriate. Despite statistically indistinguishable estimates of dipole strength before and after the onset of the CNS—in accord with recent studies refuting the existence of a strict correlation between chron duration and dipole moment—we found that the distribution of dipole moments during the CNS is slightly bimodal with a leptokurtic dominant mode, thus more inclined to produce outliers and suggesting distinct geomagnetic field behavior during the CNS.
What genes are differentially expressed in individuals with schizophrenia? A systematic review
Authors: Merikangas Alison K. , Shelly Matthew , Knighton Alexys , Kotler Nicholas , Tanenbaum Nicole , Almasy Laura 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSchizophrenia is a severe, complex mental disorder characterized by a combination of positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and impaired cognitive function. Schizophrenia is highly heritable (~80%) with multifactorial etiology and complex polygenic genetic architecture. Despite the large number of genetic variants associated with schizophrenia, few causal variants have been established. Gaining insight into the mechanistic influences of these genetic variants may facilitate our ability to apply these findings to prevention and treatment. Though there have been more than 300 studies of gene expression in schizophrenia over the past 15 years, none of the studies have yielded consistent evidence for specific genes that contribute to schizophrenia risk. The aim of this work is to conduct a systematic review and synthesis of case–control studies of genome-wide gene expression in schizophrenia. Comprehensive literature searches were completed in PubMed, EmBase, and Web of Science, and after a systematic review of the studies, data were extracted from those that met the following inclusion criteria: human case–control studies comparing the genome-wide transcriptome of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia to healthy controls published between January 1, 2000 and June 30, 2020 in the English language. Genes differentially expressed in cases were extracted from these studies, and overlapping genes were compared to previous research findings from the genome-wide association, structural variation, and tissue-expression studies. The transcriptome-wide analysis identified different genes than those previously reported in genome-wide association, exome sequencing, and structural variation studies of schizophrenia. Only one gene, GBP2, was replicated in five studies. Previous work has shown that this gene may play a role in immune function in the etiology of schizophrenia, which in turn could have implications for risk profiling, prevention, and treatment. This review highlights the methodological inconsistencies that impede valid meta-analyses and synthesis across studies. Standardization of the use of covariates, gene nomenclature, and methods for reporting results could enhance our understanding of the potential mechanisms through which genes exert their influence on the etiology of schizophrenia. Although these results are promising, collaborative efforts with harmonization of methodology will facilitate the identification of the role of genes underlying schizophrenia.
Not all smokers are alike: the hidden cost of sustained attention during nicotine abstinence
Authors: Deshpande Harshawardhan U. , Fedota John R. , Castillo Juan , Salmeron Betty Jo , Ross Thomas J. , Stein Elliot A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNicotine Withdrawal Syndrome (NWS)-associated cognitive deficits are notably heterogeneous, suggesting underlying endophenotypic variance. However, parsing this variance in smokers has remained challenging. In this study, we identified smoker subgroups based on response accuracy during a Parametric Flanker Task (PFT) and then characterized distinct neuroimaging endophenotypes using a nicotine state manipulation. Smokers completed the PFT in two fMRI sessions (nicotine sated, abstinent). Based on response accuracy in the stressful, high cognitive demand PFT condition, smokers split into high (HTP, n = 21) and low task performer (LTP, n = 24) subgroups. Behaviorally, HTPs showed greater response accuracy (88.68% ± 5.19 SD) vs. LTPs (51.04% ± 4.72 SD), independent of nicotine state, and greater vulnerability to abstinence-induced errors of omission (EOm, p = 0.01). Neurobiologically, HTPs showed greater BOLD responses in attentional control brain regions, including bilateral insula, dorsal ACC, and frontoparietal Cx for the [correct responses (–) errors of commission] PFT contrast in both states. A whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) analysis with these subgroup-derived regions as seeds identified two circuits: Precentral Cx↔Insula and Insula↔Occipital Cx, with abstinence-induced FC strength increases seen only in HTPs. Finally, abstinence-induced FC and behavior (EOm) differences were positively correlated for HTPs in a Precentral Cx↔Orbitofrontal cortical circuit. In sum, only the HTP subgroup demonstrated sustained attention deficits following 48-hr nicotine abstinence, a stressor in dependent smokers. Unpacking underlying smoker heterogeneity with this ‘dual (task and abstinence) stressor’ approach revealed discrete smoker subgroups with differential attentional deficits to withdrawal that could be novel pharmacological/behavioral targets for therapeutic interventions to improve cessation outcomes.
Public health primary prevention implemented by clinical high-risk services for psychosis
Authors: Estradé Andrés , Salazar de Pablo Gonzalo , Zanotti Alice , Wood Scott , Fisher Helen L. , Fusar-Poli Paolo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractClinical High Risk for Psychosis (CHR-P) services have been primarily developed to support young people with attenuated symptoms (indicated prevention). No evidence-based appraisal has systematically investigated to what extent these clinics may implement other preventive approaches. PRISMA 2020-compliant systematic review of Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Reviews, and Ovid/PsychINFO, from inception until 14th June 2021, identifying original studies describing public health strategies: (a) service characteristics (configuration of mental health service, outreach, pathways to care); (b) universal interventions (general population); (c) selective interventions targeting CHR-P service-users or family/carers. Public health preventive initiatives were systematically stratified according to core social determinants of mental disorders associated with the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals promoted by the United Nations Member States (UN 2030 SDG) and good mental health outcomes. A total of 66 publications were included, providing data on 13 standalone, 40 integrated, three networks, and six regional or international surveys of CHR-P services across Europe, Asia, Oceania, Africa, North and South America, providing care to >28 M people. CHR-P services implement numerous public health initiatives targeting social and cultural (16 initiatives), economic (seven initiatives), demographic (six initiatives), environmental events (four initiatives) and neighbourhood (three initiatives) UN 2030 SGD determinants of mental disorders. There is additional evidence for CHR-P services promoting good mental health. The main barriers were the lack of resources for expanding public health prevention at a large scale. CHR-P services implement numerous public health prevention initiatives and promotion of good mental health beyond indicated prevention of psychosis.
Azacitidine-induced reconstitution of the bone marrow T cell repertoire is associated with superior survival in AML patients
Authors: Grimm Juliane , Simnica Donjete , Jäkel Nadja , Paschold Lisa , Willscher Edith , Schulze Susann , Dierks Christine , Al-Ali Haifa Kathrin , Binder Mascha 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHypomethylating agents (HMA) like azacitidine are licensed for the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients ineligible for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biomarker-driven identification of HMA-responsive patients may facilitate the choice of treatment, especially in the challenging subgroup above 60 years of age. Since HMA possesses immunomodulatory functions that constitute part of their anti-tumor effect, we set out to analyze the bone marrow (BM) immune environment by next-generation sequencing of T cell receptor beta (TRB) repertoires in 51 AML patients treated within the RAS-AZIC trial. Patients with elevated pretreatment T cell diversity (11 out of 41 patients) and those with a boost of TRB richness on day 15 after azacitidine treatment (12 out of 46 patients) had longer event-free and overall survival. Both pretreatment and dynamic BM T cell metrics proved to be better predictors of outcome than other established risk factors. The favorable broadening of the BM T cell space appeared to be driven by antigen since these patients showed significant skewing of TRBV gene usage. Our data suggest that one course of AZA can cause reconstitution to a more physiological T cell BM niche and that the T cell space plays an underestimated prognostic role in AML.Trial registration: DRKS identifier: DRKS00004519
HucMSC exosomes promoted imatinib-induced apoptosis in K562-R cells via a miR-145a-5p/USP6/GLS1 axis
Authors: Chen Xiaowen , Chen Yixin , Zhang Min , Cheng Hui , Mai Huirong , Yi Meng , Xu Huanli , Yuan Xiuli , Liu Sixi , Wen Feiqiu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractChronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm with increasing incidence worldwide. Growing evidence suggests that ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) play a role in cancer treatment. Dysregulation of miR-146a has been found in both adult and pediatric patients with acute leukemia. Knockdown of glutaminase-1 (GLS1) resulted in inhibition of tumor growth. However, the role of miR-146a-5p/USP6/GLS1 in leukemia and chemoresistance of leukemia cells remains to be elucidated. In the current study, USP6 level was increased in bone marrow aspiration specimens of patients with CML and associated with poor prognosis. USP6 was significantly upregulated in imatinib (IM)-resistant clinical samples compared with IM-sensitive samples. USP6 overexpression significantly inhibited IM-induced apoptosis of leukemia cells. Overexpressing USP6 significantly increased GLS1 ubiquitination to decrease GLS protein. A mechanism study indicated that USP6 regulation of IM resistance of CML cells was GLS1 dependent and regulated by miR-146a-5p. Administration of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hucMSC) exosomes promoted IM-induced cell apoptosis through miR-145a-5p/USP6. Therefore, hucMSC exosomes promoted IM-induced apoptosis of K562-R cells by suppressing GLS1 ubiquitination to increase GLS protein via miR-146a-5p and its target GLS1. The findings highlight the importance of miR-146a-5p/USP6/GLS1 signaling in chemoresistance of leukemia and provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for chemoresistant leukemia.
Enhancing the interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and tunnel magnetoresistance by inserting an ultrathin LiF layer at an Fe/MgO interface
Authors: Nozaki Takayuki , Nozaki Tomohiro , Yamamoto Tatsuya , Konoto Makoto , Sugihara Atsushi , Yakushiji Kay , Kubota Hitoshi , Fukushima Akio , Yuasa Shinji 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPerpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) is becoming increasingly important in spintronics research, especially for high-density magnetoresistive random access memories (MRAMs). The PMA induced at an Fe/MgO interface is widely used in magnetic tunnel junctions. Here, we propose inserting an ultrathin LiF layer at the interface in an epitaxial Fe/MgO junction. With a 0.3 nm-thick LiF layer, a large intrinsic interface PMA energy, Ki,0, of 2.8 mJ/m2 was achieved. We also found that the LiF/MgO bilayer tunneling barrier exhibited a large tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) effect, suggesting that a coherent spin-dependent tunneling process was maintained in the ultrathin LiF layer. Atomic-scale interface engineering using fluoride can further improve the PMA and TMR properties of spintronic devices.