bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Module 3: Understanding and Tracking LGBTQ-Related Stress and Emotional Experiences
Authors: Pachankis John E. , Jackson Skyler D. , Harkness Audrey R. , Safren Steven A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes how emotions work and how they are relevant to a patient as an LGBTQ person. It explains how patients can understand and manage their emotions better and considers patients’ experiences with LGBTQ-related stress to understand how it impacts their emotions. It reviews different kinds of LGBTQ-related stress so that patients can start to figure out how it might be affecting their emotions and behaviors, particularly the ones they want to change through this program. The chapter talks about the before, during, and after of a patient’s LGBTQ-related stress experiences, and patients are asked to practice identifying some triggering situations that lead to LGBTQ-related stress. It points out that emotions themselves are not bad as they tell which events and situations patients should pay attention to so that they can take action.
Brief and low intensity cognitive behavioural therapy for children and young people
Authors: Myles-Hooton Pamela 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter overviews the aims of this book, and what the editors hope that readers will gain from it, serving to introduce the concept of low intensity (LI) cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). It first reviews the prevalence of mental health disorders in children and young people, including how rates and severity levels have changed in recent decades, and associated needs for efficient, effective treatment options. It then provides a brief historical overview of LI CBT and presents a working definition of LI CBT and how it differs from brief CBT for the purposes of this book. Hereafter, the terms LI CBT and LI interventions will be used throughout the book.
Efficacy of low intensity interventions for mental health problems in children and young people
Authors: Bennett Sophie D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
There is an increasing evidence base for the use of low intensity interventions in children and young people. A recent meta-analysis, pulling together the results of existing studies of self-help for children and young people, found that self-help (both guided and unguided) was associated with significant medium-to-large effects on symptoms of anxiety, depression, and disruptive behaviour in children and young people. Larger effect sizes indicate bigger differences between groups, so a medium-to-large effect size suggests that there is a ‘medium-to-large sized’ difference between scores for the low intensity intervention groups and the control groups. This suggests that the low intensity intervention works better than the control intervention. This chapter considers the results of the 50 studies included in this meta-analysis. ‘Self-help’ is used to mean both clinician-guided and self-guided interventions.
Low intensity assessment
Authors: Vickery (née Whitney) Hannah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The range of organizations which deliver low intensity interventions for children and young people means that assessment processes are sometimes variable. Some children and young people may experience a brief ‘screening/triage assessment’ and others may undergo a more comprehensive child and adolescent mental health service assessment, before presenting to a low intensity service. For the purposes of this chapter, the focus is on how to conduct a low intensity assessment. Elements including information gathering, risk assessment, and creating problem statements will be explored. Common challenges and potential solutions will also be covered to support readers in their real clinical practice. It is encouraged that this chapter is read in conjunction with Chapter 8 on routine outcome measures.
Low intensity interventions for autistic children and young people
Authors: Libsack Erin J. , McNair Morgan L. , Giacomantonio Joseph , Felsman Peter , Lerner Matthew D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder estimated to affect 1 in 54 children. Although interest in low intensity (LI) interventions for autistic youth has increased recently, most published research remains limited to small sample sizes and pilot methodology. Evidence-based research collected from large-scale randomized controlled trials, inclusion of active control groups, and replication studies are largely still lacking. This chapter offers a window into the growing field of LI intervention research within the extant autism spectrum disorder literature. It highlights the use of technology (e.g. virtual reality and computer-based interventions), alternate treatment providers and settings (e.g. peers or teachers; classrooms or summer camps), as well as brief and truncated interventions (e.g. growth mindset interventions and romantic relationship workshops) for autistic youth. It also notes key challenges, such as the typical time-intensive interventions for autistic individuals, and potential solutions, such as the distilling and matching model, for successfully implementing LI interventions for autistic individuals. Finally, it discusses what we expect the future to hold for LI interventions for autistic youth.
Apps for mental health problems in children and young people
Authors: Stallard Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Improving the mental health of children and adolescents is a global priority. While effective psychotherapeutic interventions are available, child and adolescent mental health services have limited capacity resulting in many children failing to seek, or receive, the help they require. Alternative approaches to delivering evidence-based mental health interventions at scale are required with technologically delivered interventions offering a potential way of bridging the mental health treatment gap. Smartphone apps are the most accessible of all the technologically delivered interventions and yet the evidence for their impact on mental health is scant. Given their widespread use, professionals should routinely ask what apps a young person has used, highlight any limitations, and correct any inaccuracies of content. Apps can be integrated within traditional clinical practice and are particularly useful for sharing information and introducing skills.
FIRST
Authors: Fitzpatrick Olivia , Bailin Abby , Venturo-Conerly Katherine , Wei Melissa , Weisz John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Most youths receiving community-based mental healthcare have multiple difficulties and will terminate treatment early. Thus, interventions that can efficiently target several, frequently fluctuating treatment needs might be appropriate for these youths. One such approach is FIRST, an efficient, transdiagnostic intervention grounded in evidence-based principles of therapeutic change. This chapter outlines some benefits, challenges, and potential solutions to the challenges of delivering FIRST.
The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Maben Sarah , Gosling Andre F. , Shaefi Shahzad 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) defines a clinical entity involving respiratory failure, hypoxemia, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates on chest X-ray secondary to noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Pathogenesis requires an initial insult that triggers a systemic inflammatory response, ultimately damaging lung parenchyma. Management is multifaceted, including treatment of the underlying disease process, lung-protective ventilation strategies, methods to prevent patient–ventilator dysynchrony, and strategies to improve ventilator:perfusion matching. Escalation to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation may even be required. Several therapies have not been shown to reduce mortality, including inhaled nitric oxide and high-frequency oscillatory ventilation. The mortality rate is high, and recovery is prolonged. There are many significant areas of ongoing research to better delineate patient, disease, and treatment-related factors that reduce morbidity and mortality in ARDS.
Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis
Authors: McDonald Jennifer , Miller Steven E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Initially recognized in young women with teratoma who presented with psychosis and/or memory problems, anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis can rapidly progress to severe neurologically mediated illness requiring intensive care. NMDAR encephalitis appears to have the most frequent incidence of paraneoplastic encephalitis. However, while most presentations of paraneoplastic encephalitis are poorly responsive to treatment, patients with antibody-mediated NMDAR encephalitis (first identified 2007) are more likely to respond to treatment. This chapter presents a case study and then discusses the symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of NMDAR encephalitis. While the majority of patients recover, roughly one-fourth of patients suffer long-lasting disabilities or mortality.
Elevated ICP With a Sella Turcica Tumor With Diplopia and Panhypopituitarism
Authors: Boss Payal , Diwan Murtaza 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sella turcica tumors present unique challenges to intensivists as they involve a unique interplay between both endocrinology and neurology. They usually present after the third decade of life, and patients can have neurological symptoms secondary to compression or abnormalities related to pituitary hormone secretion. The most common symptoms include visual field deficits, diplopia, headache, and pituitary hormone deficiency or excess. In rare instances, patients can present with acute neuro-ophthalmologic symptoms in the setting of hemodynamic instability. These cases may be secondary to hemorrhage into an existing sellar tumor and the development of pituitary apoplexy. This condition can present similarly to subarachnoid hemorrhage or sepsis from bacterial meningitis. Prompt diagnosis should be made from a constellation of clinical symptoms, and imaging, as well as lab findings of panhypopituitarism. Treatment includes hormone replacement with glucocorticoids or urgent neurosurgical resection.
Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy With Systolic Anterior Motion of the Mitral Valve
Authors: Daniels Justin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetic cardiovascular disease, affecting 1 in 500 people. It’s a disease with hypertrophic myocytes in disarray, leading to either diffuse or focal ventricular wall thickening and associated with the development of fibrosis. The penetrance and presentation of the disease spans a wide spectrum. The most concerning sequalae is the occurrence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young patients. Besides SCD, HCM is associated with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve, diastolic heart failure, atrial fibrillation, cardiac ischemia, and end-stage systolic heart failure. The goals of treatment for acute symptoms include volume replacement, vasoconstrictors, and controlling tachycardia. Long-term treatment is centered around negative inotropes, negative chronotropes, and invasive interventions to reduce obstruction.
Refractory VT/VF to ECLS/ECMO
Authors: Barta Brent , Staab Jared 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Refractory ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation is a condition with multiple underlying causes and a range of clinical acuity that varies from an urgent medical condition to the cause of sudden cardiac death. The initial treatment will depend on the severity of the presenting signs and symptoms, and the definitive treatment can be very complex with several modalities being utilized. Like all other diseases, the most appropriate treatment regimen depends on the specific nature of the pathology. This condition requires immediate attention to stabilize the patient and an in-depth knowledge of the disease process and available treatment options if the patient survives the initial presentation. There is an increasing body of literature that suggests mechanical circulatory support may have a role in the initial resuscitation and continued management of these patients. Despite its increased usage, the decision to initiate mechanical support for this condition is complex, and there are no concise guidelines for the appropriate use of this costly and resource-intense modality as a bridge to definitive treatment.
Anaphylaxis Presenting From Home
Authors: Staab Jared , Barta Brent 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a medical emergency that affects individuals of all ages with a higher incidence among younger people. Geography appears to play a role with increased incidence the further one moves from the equator as well as in rural areas. Due to lack of standardized diagnostic criteria the incidence of anaphylaxis is challenging to define but appears to be increasing. Anaphylaxis may present with an acute onset of rash, hives, angioedema, or pruritis leading to wheezing, dyspnea, hypotension, and vasodilatory shock. Lat manifestations may include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Common triggers for anaphylaxis include food, venom, drugs, and exercise. The diagnosis of anaphylaxis is made based on physical exam findings and the exclusion of other conditions that may mimic anaphylaxis. Epinephrine remains the mainstay of treatment, while education and avoidance of triggers assists in prevention.
Severe Thermal Burn Injury, Greater Than 80% Total Body Surface Area
Authors: Trester Joshua 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Injuries from fires are the fourth most common traumatic injury worldwide behind traffic incidents, falls, and intentional violent injuries per data from the World Health Organization. In the United States, the age-corrected death rate from fires and burn injures was 1.2 per 100,000 in 2006. Lower socioeconomic status has been associated with a significantly higher risk of burn injury in communities in the United States and approximately 90% of burn-related deaths occur in low or middle-income countries. Large total body surface area thermal burns are associated with high morbidity and mortality as well as prolonged stays in the intensive care unit, need for aggressive support, severe pain, and associated complications. The initial and subsequent critical care management of these unstable patients necessitates continuous involvement of the intensive care team, ideally as part of a multidisciplinary approach to managing these patients’ complex injury.
Mesenteric Ischemia With Dead Bowel After Major Abdominal Surgery
Authors: Bowen Robert , Shen Liang 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mesenteric ischemia is a constellation of disease processes that ultimately result in decreased blood supply to the mesentery, intestinal necrosis, perforation, and sepsis. Patients tend to be older and presentations can be variable, both due to the range of etiologies that lead to ischemia and the decreased symptom reporting reliability. Imaging, particularly computed tomography angiography, is of great value in diagnosing this condition and helps guide further therapy. The diagnosis is often time-sensitive, as delayed diagnosis leads to decreased gut viability and significantly worse prognosis. Treatment options often include surgical intervention, and long-term outcomes depend heavily on patient comorbidities, patient acuity, and length of remaining viable bowel.
Sepsis
Authors: Foley Edward D. , Castresana Manuel R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sepsis is often a fatal disease process depending on the severity of the critical illness. Conventionally, sepsis has been regarded as a systemic inflammatory response caused by infection, but is now defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. It can be difficult to determine whether infection is present and when it is, whether it is the cause of critical illness and organ failure. However, when sepsis is suspected, it is crucial to look for the source of infection, as the rapid and effective treatment of infection improves outcome. A successful approach to clinical management needs timely recognition and early resuscitative measures with concurrent diagnosis and specific therapy, including source control, where indicated. A collaborative and multidisciplinary approach to multisystem organ support is often required to achieve the best outcome.
Cardiac Tamponade
Authors: Freeman Rachel Maldonado , Vail Emily Anne 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cardiac tamponade is an emergency caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac, leading to compression of the heart, impaired ventricular filling, and hemodynamic compromise. Cardiac tamponade after cardiac surgery is a rare but serious complication that has a high morbidity and mortality if not diagnosed and evacuated promptly. Depending on the procedure performed, the incidence of tamponade is between 0.2% and 8%. Clinical presentation can be nonspecific; no single bedside exam or test is adequately sensitive to definitively detect tamponade. To prevent cardiovascular compromise and arrest, diagnosis and treatment must be prompt. Medical treatment of tamponade focuses on maintaining preload, afterload and elevated heart rate until definitive treatment by pericardiocentesis, pericardial window or surgical exploration may be performed.
Ethics in Critical Care
Authors: Weyker Paul D. , DeCamilli Alessandro R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
There are four guiding principles of medical ethics. These include autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Autonomy respects an individual’s right to make decisions about their treatment. Beneficence states that a physician should act in the patient’s best interest. Nonmaleficence requires that physicians do not cause harm to a patient. Justice implies that healthcare is distributed in a fair and equitable manner. In the intensive care unit, there often can be a contradiction between autonomy and nonmaleficence. This can leave the critical care physician in a precarious situation stuck between a rock and a hard place. This is especially true in the case of patients who are unwilling to accept potentially life-saving transfusions of blood products on religious grounds.
“Will You Take Me In?”
Authors: Madison Damon 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When I was in first grade, my elementary school had a Father–Student Day. I fantasized that my father was going to attend. He never communicated to me that he would, but I had hope he knew about it and would surprise me. He never made it. I was devastated and embarrassed because all the other students had their fathers. After school, I sat on the schoolhouse stoop, waiting, hoping he would show up. The teacher parking lot began to empty. A kind teacher came up to me and asked, “Damon, are you ok? Is your parent coming?” “Yes,” I lied. “Ok, get home safe,” she replied and went on her way. I waited two hours for my father not to show up.
Losing Them
Authors: Ship Amy N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
I am the mother of three sons, but only one lives. Every component of my life as a mother was a shock: I never could have imagined that my first son would be born with profound brain damage; never could dream that my second would as well. I could never have conceived that my eldest would die, and couldn’t have ever considered that my second one would, too. I could never imagine the life I’d lead as their mother, and how I’d go forward after their deaths. I could never apprehend how many losses I’d experience before I lost them forever. I am the mother of three sons but travel the world with only one, carrying the absence of my other two with me as I step into my future.
Good Times, Brother
Authors: Halporn John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The story of my younger brother Doug’s cancer divides my life into a “time before” and a “time after,” both as a person and as a physician. My brother was a healthy thirty-three-year-old medical student when he developed an aggressive stomach cancer. This story describes the course of his illness through the end of his life and catalogues the losses he and our family experienced. I reflect on my experience as a brother and caregiver and how I struggle to reconcile this loss and my professional identity as a physician. This writing has helped me understand and accept myself a little better—I have pain in the recalling and describing, but when I finish a draft there is relief and a bit more distance from the hurt. I recognize the two angles I have focused on: what happened and how I reacted and adapted. The first is an effort to accurately record and honor our life-changing experience. The second is the work of accepting how I was and how I am.
Clinical Classification of Tremor Syndromes
Authors: Becktepe Jos , Deuschl Günther 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tremor is the most common movement disorder, and the diagnosis of most tremor syndromes relies solely on the clinical classification. The 2018 updated consensus criteria on the classification of tremors apply a two-axis approach: Axis 1 comprises the clinical phenomenology and is the basis for the syndromic categorization. The clinical assessment of a tremor patient includes the patient’s history; the tremor characteristics in terms of localization, activation conditions and tremor frequency; the examination of additional neurological or systemic signs; and, possibly, additional laboratory tests. On Axis 2, the etiology is described; this can be acquired, genetic, or idiopathic. In most patients with isolated tremor syndromes, the etiology remains idiopathic. The tremor classification is currently the basis for physicians to communicate about tremor diagnoses, and for selecting treatments. It reflects the status of knowledge about tremors; further development in the future is likely.
Neuroimaging of Tremors
Authors: Helmich Rick C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Most clinical tremor syndromes are associated with changes in the central nervous system, and neuroimaging can help to make these changes visible. This chapter discusses how neuroimaging can be used during the clinical workup of a patient presenting with tremor, and in fundamental research. The value of different neuroimaging techniques will be discussed, and this chapter will also clarify different analytical approaches. Studies differ as to whether tremor is viewed as a trait (which differs between individuals) or a state (which differs between contexts). Converging evidence shows that tremor-related activity (a state characteristic) in the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit plays a key role in many clinical tremor syndromes. In addition, there are also findings that are specific to a tremor syndrome. Essential tremor is characterized by increased tremor-related activity in the cerebellum, possibly driven by functional (GABAergic) and/or structural (gray matter atrophy) changes. Rest tremor in Parkinson disease is associated with abnormal activity in both the basal ganglia and the cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit, influenced by altered dopaminergic and noradrenergic influences onto the thalamus, and also involving serotonergic changes. Dystonic tremor syndromes involve multiple brain circuits, including cerebellum, basal ganglia, and cortex. Orthostatic tremor is linked to structural and functional changes in the cerebellum and medial frontal cortex. Challenges for the future are to develop neuroimaging biomarkers that can help to identify and explain the phenotypical convergence and divergence between clinical tremor syndromes, and which may be used to predict treatment response.