bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acaricide Efficacy Against Citrus Mites on Citrus, 1988
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Smith D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 5 times on single-tree plots in a randomized complete block design. An unsprayed buffer tree separated treatment trees within and between rows. Sprays were applied with a handgun using a truck-mounted sprayer at 350 psi on 8 and 9 Aug. About 2.6 gal (377 gal/acre) of finished spray was applied to each treatment tree. Water pH was 7.5. Twenty fruit were examined around the canopy of each sample tree at various times before and after spraying. A 1-cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit using a 10 X hand lens, except on 5 and 12 Aug. Two 1-cm2 areas were counted adjacent to the stem end of each fruit during the preeount on 5 Aug, as the CRM were just migrating onto the fruit surface. The counts taken on 12 Aug consisted of a 1-cm2 area from adjacent to the stem and a 1-cm2 area on a shaded side of each fruit. The 2 counts/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation. Twenty leaves from the spring flush were picked at random from the perimeter of each sample tree at various intervals after spraying. Each 20-leaf sample was placed in a separate labeled paper bag and returned to the laboratory. A stereomicroscope was used to examine the entire upper and lower leaf surfaces for living motile mites. The mite count on each leaf was recorded as one observation. No phytotoxicity was observed after treatment.
Spider Mite Control, 1987
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test plots were established south of Twin Falls, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the field was surface irrigated. Two tests were conducted using foliar sprays to control TSSM. In both tests the insecticides were sprayed with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer at 30 psi and hollow-cone nozzles to apply a broadcast spray. Each acre received 50 gal finished spray. Test 1 was applied 29 Jul. Individual plots were 3 rows (22-inch row spacing) by 25 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design along the upper edge of the field. Five treatments and an untreated control were replicated 4 times. In Test 2 the plots were 6 rows by 50 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design, with 3 rates of Capture and an untreated control replicated 6 times. Mites were counted approximately once each week by picking 6 leaves/plot from the middle rows (2 leaves each from the top, middle, and bottom of the plant canopy). The mites were brushed from the leaves and counted under a microscope. The data were subjected to ANOVA, and the means were separated using Newman-Keuls.
Control of Cabbage Pests in South Texas, 1988:
Authors: Edelson J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Early Round Dutch’ cabbage was direct seeded in plots at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex., on 19 Feb 1987. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plots were 2 beds wide, 1 row/bed, and 40 ft long. Pest surveys were initiated 21 Mar and were conducted by counting all lepidopterous larvae and aphids on 3 randomly selected plants/plot. Surveys were conducted 6 DAT, and plots were treated 1 d after surveys whenever larval counts averaged greater than 0.3/plant or aphids averaged greater than 10/plant. Insecticide applications were made with a tractor-mounted spray boom with 4 nozzles/bed at 40 psi and a rate of 10 gal/acre until 26 Apr, at which time rates were increased to 20 gal/acre. Plots were rated for damage at head maturity by examining 10 plants/plot and noting the number of heads with insect-feeding damage and the number infested with larvae or aphids. Data from insect surveys were pooled across survey dates and subjected to ANOVA.
Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1989
Authors: Harris Joseph P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted on 2 golf course fairways in Hancock and Jackson Counties with sandy loam soil on the Gulf Coast of Mississippi. Experimental design was a randomized completed block with 6 replications, 1,000 ft2 each. Treatments were made on 20 Jun in Jackson County and on 21 Jun in Hancock County. Granular formulation was applied with a ferti-lome hand-pushed spreader. Liquids were applied with a Hudson knapsack sprayer using a hollow-cone nozzle at 30 psi, and a spray volume of 3 gal/ 1000 ft2. Immediately after application, treatments were watered in with 0.3 inch of water. Mole cricket density was determined by applying 2 gal of soapy water (2 fl oz liquid soap/gal water) to 4 ft2 of turf/plot. Pretreatment counts were made on 20 Jun and post-treatment counts were made on 27 Jun and 11 Jul.
Efficacy of Carbamate Insecticides on Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1989
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bendiocarb (Turcam) and carbaryl (Sevin, Sevimol), in three formulations each, were tested on 3 golf course roughs in Massachusetts. All test sites consisted of annual bluegrass (20-30%), Kentucky bluegrass (40- 50%), and perennial ryegrass (30-40%). Treatment plots were 8 × 8 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Flowable and wettable powder formulations were applied with watering cans using 3 qt water/plot (ca. 4 gal/1,000 ft2). Granular materials were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. At treatment time the following environmental conditions existed: TEST 1—air temperature, 48°F; soil temperature at two inch depth, 46°F; amount of thatch, 0.5-0.8 inch; water pH, 6.2; soil pH, 6.2; plots received 0.5 inch rain 12 hr after application; TEST 2—air temperature, 82°F; soil temperature at two inch depth, 79°F; amount of thatch, 1.0-1.2 inch; water pH, 7.4; soil pH, 5.6; plots received 0.3 inch irrigation 1 hr after application and 0.4 inch rainfall ca. 24 hr after application; TEST 3—air temperature, 75°F; soil temperature at two inch depth, 73°F; amount of thatch, 0.8- 1.2 inch; water pH, 6.8; soil pH, 6.7; plots received 0.4 inch irrigation 1 hr after application, 0.3 inch rain 24 hr after application, and 0.6 inch rain 48 hr after application. Posttreatment counts were made 30 to 45 DAT. Two sod samples of 1-ft2 each were taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Control of Bagworms on Chinese Junipers, 1989
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bagworm control was evaluated on Chinese junipers. The plants were 4 to 5 ft high and 10 to 15 ft wide and were located in Stillwater, OK. Spray applications were made on 29 Jul and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The plants were sprayed until runoff with a Hardi RY-15 backpack sprayer at 60 psi. The temperature and wind velocity was 86°F and 8-10 mph, respectively. Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each replication at 3, 7 and 14 DAT. The larvae cases ranged from 1 to 1.5 inches in length.
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Control in North Carolina, 1989
Authors: Hobbs W. R. , Hain F. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A Christmas tree plantation of Virginia pines in Wayne Co., NC was selected to test an experimental growth regulator for efficacy. RH-5992, developed by Rohm and Haas Company, was tested using 2 application rates and was applied with spreader-sticker triton B-1956 (4 oz/100 gal). Guthion and Dimilin were used as standards. Using a randomized block design, 4 blocks of 25 trees were selected for each treatment and controls. The trees were sprayed on 12 Apr, about 10 d after peak flight of adults, with a hand pump sprayer to the point of run-off. The trees were evaluated on 30 May, 7 wk after treatment. The dead terminals were examined for tip moth and counted on treated and untreated trees, using 3 center trees of each block in the evaluation.
Control of Household Ants, 1989
Authors: Appel A. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests were conducted in ant infested apartments to determine the efficacy of Combat ant bait in plastic bait stations. Bait station placement was dependent upon species specific foraging behavior. For species exhibiting strong to moderate trail following (Argentine, odorous house, thief, and acrobat ants), two bait stations were placed within 5 cm of the trail, approximately 0.5 m apart. The red imported fire ant showed no trail-following in apartments. Two baits were placed 0.5 m apart in areas with ant densities of ≥5 ants per 5 cm2. Bait efficacy was evaluated by determining the reduction in foraging activity 3 d after baiting and by determining if the colony was dead or alive. Foraging activity was determined during daylight hours by counting the number of ants crossing a line drawn across the foraging trail in 5 min, or by counting the total number of ants in a 30 by 30 cm area. Reduction in foraging activity was calculated as the % change in activity. Colonies were located and flagged prior to treatment. There were 10 replicate colonies of each ant species. Baits were examined for evidence of feeding 3 d after treatment.
Efficacy of Optimizer Ear Tags on Pyrethroid Resistant Horn Flies, Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, Nebraska, 1989
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One-hundred and fifty crossbred cow/calf pairs were randomly selected for the study. Two groups of 50 cow/calf pairs were provided Optimizer (20% Diazinon) ear tags for horn fly control. Tags were applied at one tag/cow. A third group of 50 cow/calf pairs served as an untreated control. Calves were weighed and cows were ear tagged 30 May and placed in their respective pastures. Horn fly counts were recorded weekly by counting both sides of a cow with a minimum of 15 cows counted during each observation.
Efficacy of Yt-607-C3 Ear Tags for Controlling Horn Flies and Face Flies, West Central Research and Ex-Tension Center, North Platte, Nebraska, 1988
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Y-Tex experimental YT-607-C3 ear tags were applied to 200 yearling heifers (one tag/head) 17 Jun. An untreated control group of 16 heifers was used as comparison. Fly counts were recorded on a weekly basis. Horn fly counts were made by counting the number of flies on both sides of an animal. Face fly counts were made by counting the total number of flies per face. A minimum of 15 heifers/group were counted at each counting date.
Control of Face Flies and Horn Flies with Experimental Diflubenzuron Boluses, 1988
Authors: Webb J. D. , Presley S. M. , Knapp F. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two bolus formulations of 4.75 g (9.7% AI) flaked and powdered diflubenzuron were administered to beef cattle to test their efficacy against horn flies and face flies. Commercially available Vigilante° and methoprene boluses were used as standard treatments. Experimental diflubenzuron and Vigilante boluses were administered to cattle at the rate of 1 bolus/250 kg body weight. Methoprene boluses were administered at a rate of 1 bolus/300 kg body weight. Herd size ranged from 20-48 adult cattle/herd, and all herds were geographically located within 30 miles of each other. Two similar untreated herds were observed to compare treatment effectiveness. All treatments were administered between 20 May and 24 May. Horn fly numbers were estimated on one side of each animal, and face flies were counted on the head and face of the same animals.
Bioassay of Two Greenbug Strains with Parathion and Chlorpyrifos, 1989
Authors: Sloderbeck P. E. , Dick G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A laboratory study was conducted to determine if 2 strains of greenbugs differed in their susceptibility to 2 commonly used insecticides, parathion and chlorpyrifos. Greenhouse colonies were established from greenbugs collected from sorghum fields in Gove County and Haskell County, Kansas during the summer of 1989. The greenbugs in the Haskell County field had survived aerial applications of 0.75 lb (AI)/acre of parathion on 19 Aug and 0.5 lb (AI)/acre of parathion plus 0.25 lb (AI)/acre of Cygon on 24 Aug. The greenbugs in the Gove County field had not received any known insecticide treatment in 1989. Stock solutions containing 5 mg (AI)/ml of technical chlorpyrifos or parathion were prepared using histological grade acetone. Serial dilutions of each stock solution were made to obtain solutions with from 500 to 0.005 jig^Aiyml. The interiors of 1-dram glass vials were coated with 0.2 ml of each solution to form a series of vials with 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, or 100 u.g (AI)/vial. Control vials were treated with 0.2 ml of acetone. The trial was conducted on 9 Nov. Ten late instar greenbugs were placed in each vial and each concentration was replicated 5 times (50 greenbugs/concentration or 350 greenbugs from each colony for each chemical). Mortality was recorded after 7 h. Aphids incapable of coordinated movement were counted as dead.
European Chafer Larvae Control, Michigan, 1991
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Papp C. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A grid of 3 ft × 3 ft plots separated by 1 ft wide buffer strips was established at Blythefield County Club in Belmont, MI. The plots were placed on irrigated rough with sandy soil. Each insecticide treatment was replicated six times. Granular insecticides were applied with modified “salt” shakers. Insecticides were mixed with 1500 ml of water and applied at a rate of 137 ml/9 ft2 (175 gal/ acre) with a single nozzle, hand-held wand C02 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. The application was made at 50 psi through an 8003 flat fan nozzle. Several of the NTN 33893 treatments were applied in Jun and Jul prior to egg laying and the rest of the treatments were applied to second and third instar grubs in Aug. All treatments were applied between 10:00 am and 12:30 pm. The entomophagus nematodes from Biosys and the Triumph treatment were applied while the grass was wet with dew then hand irrigated with W of water applied through a watering can immediately after application. European chafer larvae were counted on 16 Sep by removing a 14 inch × 14 inch area from the center of each plot.
Control of Second-Generation Chinch Bugs in Buffalograss, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Kalisch J. A. , Steinegger D. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted on a buffalograss lawn in Lincoln, NE. Insecticides were applied on 9 Aug to 4 × 4 ft plots arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Buffalograss was maintained at a mowing height of 4.0 inches and mowed to 2.0 inches prior to insecticide applications. Thatch accumulation ranged from 0 to 0.25 inches. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature 65°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 70°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0-7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture 16%. Liquid insecticides were applied with a CO2 sprayer using an LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal spray/1000 ft2. Granular formulations (G) were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 24H12 spreader. Immediately following application, plots were irrigated with 0.125 inch water. No rainfall occurred during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 14 DAT by removing from each plot three turfsoil cores to a depth of 2 inches with a 4.25-inch diam cup cutter (0.3 ft2 total area per plot). Cores were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. Extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 h.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Red Imported Fire ANT in Houston County, GA, 1990
Authors: Diffie Stan , Bass Max 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven treatments, replicated 3 times, were evaluated for RIFA control. Each plot was 0.25 acre in size and circular. Each was marked with an orange surveyor stake at its center. Pretreatment mound counts were made in the central 0.15 acre (subplot) of the larger 0.25 acre circle on 6 Aug. Posttreatment counts were made on 9 Aug (3 d), 14 Aug (8 d), 9 Sep (1 month), and 2 Oct (2 month).
Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Marigolds, Michigan, 1991
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Papp C. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Marigold plants were raised from seed in 6" clay pots for ten wk (10-12" tall) in a research greenhouse infested with whitefly at Michigan State University. The plants were watered by a drip irrigation system for 2 min/d, 4 d/wk (Sun, Mon, Wed, and Fri). Each treatment was replicated 6 times, except the control which was replicated 5 times. Precounts of 6 leaves per plant were completed on 3 May. The leaves were sampled randomly from each plant (3 leaves from the top half and 3 leaves from the bottom half of the plant). Whitefly larvae and pupae on the undersides of leaves were counted within a 38 mm2 area on each of 24 leaflets per plant. Therefore, an area of 30 cm2 per plant was observed. Insecticides were applied with an R&D CO2 sprayer with a single 8003 nozzle at 50 psi until runoff. Applications were applied 3 May, 10 May, and 17 May. Postcounts were made in the same manner as precounts on 24 May except whitefly pupae parasitized by Encarsia formosa were also counted. The no. of whiteflies reported for all sample dates is the total no. of whitefly larvae and pupae counted on leaf samples.
Lifestage Specific Mortality Induced by a Combination of Ethion and Crop Oil on the Sweetpotato Whitefly in the Greenhouse, Summer, 1989
Authors: Schuster David J. , Price J. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mortality of adults, crawlers hatching from treated eggs, small and large nymphs, and pupae were evaluated following treatment with a commercial product containing ethion and crop oil. All tests were conducted using two-leafed plants. To evaluate toxicity to adults, plants were sprayed with the insecticidal preparations. When the sprays had dried, leaves were excised and the petioles of each were placed individually in water-filled vials in 34 oz screen-ventilated plastic containers. Twenty-five adults were caged on each of four leaves for each treatment and mortality was evaluated after the containers had been held 2 d in a room at ca. 27°C. To evaluate toxicity to the immature stages, plants were exposed 24 h to adults. Two, two-leaved plants with 25 eggs per leaf were sprayed for each treatment the same d that adults were removed. The no. of crawlers that died as they exited the eggs or that died in close proximity to the eggs were recorded a wk later. The small amt of morality that was observed in the egg stage was added to crawler mortality. Other plants were held until either small nymphs, large nymphs, or pupae were present. Two two-leaved plants with 25 individuals of the desired lifestage per leaf were sprayed for each treatment. When the individuals on the check had developed to the next lifestage, mortality of the treated lifestage was evaluated.
Control of Gelechiid Larvae Attacking Baldcypress in Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Steward V. Bruce 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An infestation of medium to large gelechiid larvae (5-7 mm) were observed feeding on the new expanding growth of 25-30 ft baldcypress trees located on the property of Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, PA. Lower branches were sprayed until runoff using a 3-gal hand pressurized portable sprayer. Treatment was performed 10 May from 7 to 10 am, under cloudy skies, 17°C, 84% RH, and &lt;5 mph winds, The effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated on 13 May (3 DAT) by counting the no. of healthy larvae/25 new expanding growth tips. Each treatment was replicated 8 times.
Birch, Control of Birch Leafminer, Wooster, Ohio, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Birch suckers, 1-1.5 m tall, growing at the base of Japanese white birch at an OARDC experimental plot under nursery management conditions, were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against birch leafminer. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at low-throttle on aperture setting #4 for 15 s was used to apply ca 300 ml of finished spray to each of 4 replicate suckers. Only suckers with adult birch leafminer activity were selected. Sprays were applied 27 Apr under sunny skies, 18°C, and 32-50 km/h winds. The treatment area received 8 cm of rainfall during the test period. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 21 DAT by counting the no. of mined leaves of the 10 most apical leaves on four twigs from each replicate.
Spring Control of Pine Needle Midge on Scotch Pine with Conventional Formulations in Indiana Co., Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two treatments were applied to evaluate control of pine needle midge on moderately infested 6-8 ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 29 May and replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were completed by using a C02 compressed air sprayer with one 8004VS Teejet nozzle mounted on a 24 inch boom operating at 28 psi. Treatments were applied at the rate of 117 gal/acre (354 ml/tree), and applications were confined to the terminal. At treatment time, the following conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; water pH, 6.0; RH 75%; and skies were clear. At 55 DAT (23 Jul), each treatment was evaluated by determining the percentage of missing needles from each terminal.
Spring Control of Pine Needle Midge on Scotch Pine with Biorational and Conventional Formulations in Indiana Co., Pennsylvania, 1991
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five treatments were applied to evaluate control of pine needle midge on moderately infested 6-8 ft Scotch pine Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 28 May and replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were completed by using a C02 compressed air sprayer with one 8004VS Teejet nozzle mounted on a 24 inch boom operating at 28 psi. Treatments were applied at the rate of 117 gal/acre (354 ml/tree), and applications were confined to the terminal. At treatment time, the following conditions existed: air temperature, 82°F; water pH, 7.0; RH, 80%; and skies were partly cloudy. At 56 DAT (23 Jul), each treatment was evaluated by determining the percentage of missing needles from each terminal.
Blue Spruce, Control of Spruce Spider Mite, Painesville, Oh, 1990
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Blue spruce growing at a golf course in Northeastern Ohio were used to evaluate efficacy of selected pesticides against spruce spider mites. A ‘Skibee’ hydraulic sprayer at 100 psi with a narrow nozzle orifice was used to apply treatments to run-off. Three, single-tree replicates were selected at random for each treatment. The first application was applied to all trees 30 May under sunny skies, 15"C, and 0-16 km/h winds gusting to 23 km/h. The second application was made to selected trees 11 Jun under sunny skies, 18°C, and 3-16 km/h winds. Treatments were evaluated 1, 2, and 4 wks after the second application by removing four, 15 cm long branch tips from each of the 3 replicates/treatment. Samples were placed in plastic bags and transported, in coolers, to the laboratory. All samples were processed by passing them through a mite brusher 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Dislodged mites were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.