bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Casting light on shadow Somos sequences
Authors: Hone Andrew N. W. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRecently Ovsienko and Tabachnikov considered extensions of Somos and Gale-Robinson sequences, defined over the algebra of dual numbers. Ovsienko used the same idea to construct so-called shadow sequences derived from other nonlinear recurrence relations exhibiting the Laurent phenomenon, with the original motivation being the hope that these examples should lead to an appropriate notion of a cluster superalgebra, incorporating Grassmann variables. Here, we present various explicit expressions for the shadow of Somos-4 sequences and describe the solution of a general Somos-4 recurrence defined over the
$\mathbb{C}$
-algebra of dual numbers from several different viewpoints: analytic formulae in terms of elliptic functions, linear difference equations, and Hankel determinants.
Neuropsychiatric phenotypes of anti-NMDAR encephalitis: a prospective study
Authors: Espinola-Nadurille M. , Restrepo-Martínez M. , Bayliss L. , Flores-Montes E. , Rivas-Alonso V. , Vargas-Cañas S. , Hernández L. , Martínez-Juarez I. , Gonzalez-Aguilar A. , Solis-Vivanco R. , Fricchione G. L. , Flores-Rivera J. , Ramirez-Bermudez J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundPatients with anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis (ANMDARE) show a wide range of behavioral abnormalities and are often mistaken for primary psychiatric presentations. We aimed to determine the behavioral hallmarks of ANMDARE with the use of systematic neuropsychiatric and cognitive assessments.MethodsA prospective study was conducted, with 160 patients admitted to the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico, who fulfilled criteria for possible autoimmune encephalitis and/or red flags along a time window of seven years. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) antibodies against the NR1 subunit of the NMDAR were processed with rat brain immunohistochemistry and cell-based assays with NMDA expressing cells. Systematic cognitive, neuropsychiatric, and functional assessments were conducted before knowing NMDAR antibodies results. A multivariate analysis was used to compare patients with and without definite ANMDARE according to antibodies in CSF.ResultsAfter obtaining the CSF antibodies results in 160 consecutive cases, 100 patients were positive and classified as having definite ANMDARE. The most frequent neuropsychiatric patterns were psychosis (81%), delirium (75%), catatonia (69%), anxiety-depression (65%), and mania (27%). Cognition was significantly impaired. A total of 34% of the patients had a predominantly neuropsychiatric presentation without seizures. After multivariate analysis, the clinical hallmarks of ANMDARE consisted of a catatonia–delirium comorbidity, tonic-clonic seizures, and orolingual dyskinesia.ConclusionsOur study supports the notion of a neurobehavioral phenotype of ANMDARE characterized by a fluctuating course with psychotic and affective symptoms, catatonic signs, and global cognitive dysfunction, often accompanied by seizures and dyskinesia. The catatonia–delirium comorbidity could be a distinctive neurobehavioral phenotype of ANMDARE.
Firms as Revenue Safety Nets: Political Connections and Returns to the Chinese State
Authors: Han Chaohua , Li Xiaojun , Oi Jean C. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe political connection between the state and firms in the context of China's corporate restructuring has been little explored. Using the clientelist framework and unpacking the incentives of both firms and the state, we analyse political connections as repeated patron–client exchanges where the politically connected firms can help the state fulfil its revenue imperative, serving as a failsafe for local authorities to ensure that upper-level tax quotas are met. Leveraging original surveys of the same Chinese firms over an 11-year period and the variations in their post-restructuring board composition, we find that restructured state-owned enterprises (SOEs) with political connections pay more tax than their assessed amount, independent of profits, in exchange for more preferential access to key inputs and policy opportunities controlled by the state. Examining taxes rather than profits also offers a new interpretation for why China continues to favour its remaining SOEs even when they are less profitable.
Validity and reliability of the Spiritual Health Scale-Short Form for Turkish nursing students
Authors: Kartal Asiye , Korkmaz Aslan Gülbahar , Kılınç Eda 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed at assessing the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Spiritual Health Scale-Short Form (SHS-SF).MethodsThe methodological research was conducted with Turkish nursing students (n= 310). The sociodemographic question form and the SHS-SF were used as data collection instruments. The Content Validity Index, Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) were used for the validity of the scale, and Internal Consistency and Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient for its reliability.ResultsThe EFA revealed that five factors accounted for 66.49% of the variance. According to the CFA, the factor loadings for the 24-item scale ranged from 0.40 to 0.91. Goodness-of-fit indices were as follows:χ2/df = 2.39, RMSEA = 0.06, CFI = 0.92, TLI = 0.91, IFI = 0.92. The item-total correlation for the scale items ranged from 0.37 to 0.65. The alpha coefficient for the scale was 0.91.Significance of resultsIt is important to identify the level of spiritual health of nurses and nursing students with a valid and reliable scale. The SHS-SF was found to be a reliable and valid scale for use in the Turkish language and culture. The scale can be used for evaluating spiritual health levels among Turkish nurses and nursing students. This will provide an opportunity for planning appropriate interventions to improve the spiritual health level of nurses and nursing students.
The impact of mortality shocks on modelling and insurance valuation as exemplified by COVID-19
Authors: Schnürch Simon , Kleinow Torsten , Korn Ralf , Wagner Andreas 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic interrupts the relatively steady trend of improving longevity observed in many countries over the last decades. We claim that this needs to be addressed explicitly in many mortality modelling applications, for example, in the life insurance industry. To support this position, we provide a descriptive analysis of the mortality development of several countries up to and including the year 2020. Furthermore, we perform an empirical and theoretical investigation of the impact a mortality jump has on the parameters, forecasts and implied present values of the popular Lee–Carter mortality model. We find that COVID-19 has resulted in substantial mortality shocks in many countries. We show that such shocks have a large impact on point and interval forecasts of death rates and, consequently, on the valuation of mortality-related insurance products. We obtain similar findings under the Cairns–Blake–Dowd mortality model, which demonstrates that the effects caused by COVID-19 show up in a variety of models. Finally, we provide an overview of approaches to handle extreme mortality events such as the COVID-19 pandemic in mortality modelling.
Fill level measurements using an M-sequence UWB radar
Authors: Wegner Tim Erich , Gebhardt Stefan , Del Galdo Giovanni 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDue to increasingly complex and automated manufacturing processes, the demands on the control parameters of these processes are also increasing. In many applications, such a parameter is the fill quantity, whose precise determination is of ever growing importance. This paper shows with which accuracy and precision an M-sequence ultra-wideband radar can determine levels in small metallic and non-metallic containers with contact-based and contactless measurements. First, the principle of level measurement using guided wave radar is explained and the measurement setup is described. Afterward, the measurement results are shown and discussed. The measurements show that the level can be measured with an accuracy of better than 0.5 mm. In addition, level fluctuations can be detected with a precision of 3 ${\rm \mu }$m. Based on the results of the guided wave radar, the possibilities of volumetric contactless measurement using an electrically small patch antenna are discussed. A particular challenge in contactless level measurement is the high number of multipath components, which strongly influence the accuracy. In addition, there are near-field effects when measuring close to the antenna. Exploiting these near-field effects, an additional method to accurately determine the full state of the container is investigated.
Global, regional and national burden of autism spectrum disorder from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Authors: Li Zhen , Yang Lejin , Chen Hui , Fang Yuan , Zhang Tongchao , Yin Xiaolin , Man Jinyu , Yang Xiaorong , Lu Ming 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Aims
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition, with symptoms appearing in the early developmental period. Little is known about its current burden at the global, regional and national levels. This systematic analysis aims to summarise the latest magnitudes and temporal trends of ASD burden, which is essential to facilitate more detailed development of prevention and intervention strategies.

Methods
The data on ASD incidence, prevalence, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2019 came from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The average annual percentage change was calculated to quantify the secular trends in age-standardised rates (ASRs) of ASD burden by region, sex and age.

Results
In 2019, there were an estimated 60.38 × 104 [95% uncertainty interval (UI) 50.17–72.01] incident cases of ASD, 283.25 × 105 (95% UI 235.01–338.11) prevalent cases and 43.07 × 105 (95% UI 28.22–62.32) DALYs globally. The ASR of incidence slightly increased by around 0.06% annually over the past three decades, while the ASRs of prevalence and DALYs both remained stable over the past three decades. In 2019, the highest burden of ASD was observed in high-income regions, especially in high-income North America, high-income Asia Pacific and Western Europe, where a significant growth in ASRs was also observed. The ASR of ASD burden in males was around three times that of females, but the gender difference was shrunk with the pronounced increase among females. Of note, among the population aged over 65 years, the burden of ASD presented increasing trends globally.

Conclusions
The global burden of ASD continues to increase and remains a major mental health concern. These substantial heterogeneities in ASD burden worldwide highlight the need for making suitable mental-related policies and providing special social and health services.
Heritability of Age at Menarche in Nigerian Adolescent Twins
Authors: Hur Yoon-Mi , Ra Jong-Min 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHeritability of age at menarche (AAM) in African populations remains largely unknown. A question on AAM was given to 1803 [454 monozygotic (MZ), 823 same-sex dizygotic (DZ), and 526 female members of opposite sex] adolescent twins attending public schools in Lagos State, Nigeria. The age range of the sample was 12–18 years, with a mean (SD) of 14.57 (±1.70) years. The data included 905 missing cases consisting of those who had not experienced menarche and did not recall AAM. Missing values were imputed using the Expectation-Maximization algorithm. Kaplan–Meier analysis based on the imputed data yielded 13.23 years [95% CI [13.18, 13.28] for the mean and 13.00 years [95% CI [12.96, 13.04] for the median of AAM. Twin correlation and model-fitting analyses were performed on the basis of those who reported AAM (MZ = 82 complete pairs and 38 cotwin missing cases; DZ = 157 complete pairs and 99 cotwin missing cases). Maximum likelihood MZ and DZ twin correlations for AAM were .63 (95% CI [.48, .74]) and .33 (95% CI [.19, .45]) respectively. Model-fitting analyses indicated that 58% (95% CI [46, 67]) of the variance of AAM was associated with additive genetic influences with the remaining variance, 42% (33−54) being due to nonshared environmental influences including measurement error. The heritability estimate found in this study was within the range of those found in Asian and Western twin samples.
Interaction between 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase–inhibiting and reactive oxygen species–generating herbicides for the control of annual weed species in corn
Authors: Fluttert John C. , Soltani Nader , Galla Mariano , Hooker David C. , Robinson Darren E. , Sikkema Peter H. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe complementary modes of action of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) and photosystem II (PSII) inhibitors have been credited for the synergistic weed control improvement of several species. Recent research discovered that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and subsequent lipid peroxidation is the cause of cell death by the glutamine synthetase inhibitor glufosinate. Therefore, a basis for synergy exists between glufosinate and HPPD inhibitors, but the interaction has not been well reported. Four field experiments were conducted in Ontario, Canada, in 2020 and 2021 to determine the interaction between HPPD-inhibiting (mesotrione and tolpyralate) and ROS-generating (atrazine, bromoxynil, bentazon, and glufosinate) herbicides on control of annual weed species in corn (Zea mays L.). The ROS generators were synergistic with the HPPD inhibitors and provided ≥95% control of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), except for tolpyralate + glufosinate, which was additive at 8 wk after application (WAA) and provided 87% control. Tank mixes of HPPD inhibitors plus ROS generators were synergistic for the control of common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), except for tolpyralate + glufosinate, which was antagonistic at 8 WAA. Tolpyralate + glufosinate was antagonistic for the control of barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.] and Setaria spp. at 8 WAA. Common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) control at 8 WAA was synergistic and ≥95% with mesotrione plus atrazine, bromoxynil, or glufosinate and with tolpyralate plus bromoxynil or bentazon. Herbicide tank mixes were generally additive for the control of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) at 8 WAA, except for the synergistic tank mixes of tolpyralate plus atrazine or bromoxynil; however, each tank mix provided 97% to 100% control of S. arvensis. Results from this study demonstrate that co-application of ROS generators with mesotrione or tolpyralate controlled all broadleaf weed species >90% at 8 WAA, with the exceptions of A. artemisiifolia and C. album control with tolpyralate + glufosinate. Mesotrione plus PSII inhibitors controlled E. crus-galli and Setaria spp. 48 to 68 percentage points less than tolpyralate plus the respective PSII inhibitor at 8 WAA; however, mesotrione + glufosinate and tolpyralate + glufosinate controlled the grass weed species similarly.
Penetration of Ultraviolet‐B Radiation in Oligotrophic Regions of the Oceans During the Malaspina 2010 Expedition
Authors: Overmans S. , Duarte C. M. , Sobrino C. , Iuculano F. , Álvarez‐Salgado X. A. , Agustí S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFew studies have investigated ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the open ocean besides its harmful effects on organisms and influence on biogeochemical processes. Here, we assessed UV attenuation, with particular focus on UV‐B, across the (sub)tropical ocean during the Malaspina 2010 Circumnavigation. Vertical UV radiometer profiles together with Chl‐a concentration, and UV absorption by CDOM (aCDOM(λ)) and by suspended particulate matter (ap(λ)) were measured at 117 stations. At photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and across UV‐A and UV‐B wavelengths, the lowest downwelling attenuation coefficients (Kd) during the expedition were recorded in ultra‐oligotrophic regions at 5°–15°S (mean Kd(305 nm): 0.129 m−1, mean Kd(313 nm): 0.107 m−1) in the Indian and South Pacific Oceans. The waters here were comparatively more transparent than at 5°–15°N (mean Kd(305 nm): 0.239 m−1, mean Kd(313 nm): 0.181 m−1) where equatorial upwelling occurs. Kd was highest near the Costa Rica Dome (Kd(313 nm): 0.226 m−1) and at the confluence of the Benguela and Agulhas currents (Kd(313 nm): 0.251 m−1). The contribution of ap(λ) toward nonwater absorption (anw(λ)) was significantly lower at 305 nm than at 313 and 320 nm, suggesting the contribution of absorption by detritus and phytoplankton particles decreases compared with that of CDOM absorption as UV‐B wavelength decreases. Both aCDOM(λ) and ap(λ) at UV‐B wavelengths were lowest in the Indian Ocean whereas Kd was lowest in the South Pacific. This finding emphasizes that other factors besides absorption, such as scattering by reflective phytoplankton or inorganic particles, strongly influence UV‐B attenuation in open ocean waters.
Diurnal Evolution of Cloud Water Responses to Aerosols
Authors: Rahu J. , Trofimov H. , Post P. , Toll V. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractClouds play an essential role in the global energy budget, but the impact of anthropogenic aerosols on clouds is still poorly understood. We use 15‐min temporal resolution geostationary satellite data to study the temporal evolution of polluted cloud tracks detected in the European part of Russia. Previous analysis of polluted cloud tracks shows that cloud water response to aerosols is bidirectional. Here, we show that cloud water gradually increases in the afternoon for polluted clouds in some cases. Aerosol‐induced cloud thickening is much more likely in the case of thin unpolluted clouds. However, on average, there is less cloud water in the polluted clouds compared to the nearby unpolluted clouds. The temporal evolution of cloud thinning is not observed, and polluted clouds are thinner than the nearby unpolluted clouds since the early morning. The physical mechanisms leading to the observed changes and the influence of retrieval bias on the detected changes need further clarification. Our findings highlight the need to research the temporal evolution of cloud responses to aerosols to estimate the aerosol radiative forcing more accurately.
Contrasting State‐Dependent Effects of Natural Forcing on Global and Local Climate Variability
Authors: Ellerhoff Beatrice , Kirschner Moritz J. , Ziegler Elisa , Holloway Max D. , Sime Louise , Rehfeld Kira 
Published: May 2022

AbstractNatural forcing from solar and volcanic activity contributes significantly to climate variability. The post‐eruption cooling of strong volcanic eruptions was hypothesized to have led to millennial‐scale variability during Glacials. Cooling induced by volcanic eruption is potentially weaker in the warmer climate. The underlying question is whether the climatic response to natural forcing is state‐dependent. Here, we quantify the response to natural forcing under Last Glacial and Pre‐Industrial conditions in an ensemble of climate model simulations. We evaluate internal and forced variability on annual to multicentennial scales. The global temperature response reveals no state dependency. Small local differences result mainly from state‐dependent sea ice changes. Variability in forced simulations matches paleoclimate reconstructions significantly better than in unforced scenarios. Considering natural forcing is therefore important for model‐data comparison and future projections.
Problems With the Shoreline Development Index—A Widely Used Metric of Lake Shape
Authors: Seekell D. , Cael B. B. , Byström P. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe shoreline development index—The ratio of a lake’s shore length to the circumference of a circle with the lake’s area—Is a core metric of lake morphometry used in Earth and planetary sciences. In this paper, we demonstrate that the shoreline development index is scale‐dependent and cannot be used to compare lakes with different areas. We show that large lakes will have higher shoreline development index measurements than smaller lakes of the same characteristic shape, even when mapped at the same scale. Specifically, the shoreline development index increases by about 14% for each doubling of lake area. These results call into question previously reported patterns of lake shape. We provide several suggestions to improve the application of this index, including a bias‐corrected formulation for comparing lakes with different surface areas.
Nonlinear Wave Growth of Whistler‐Mode Hiss Emissions in a Uniform Magnetic Field
Authors: Liu Yin , Omura Yoshiharu 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe conduct electromagnetic particle simulations in a uniform magnetic environment to verify the nonlinear wave growth process of plasmaspheric hiss in the equatorial plasmasphere. The satisfaction of the separability criterion for coexisting multiple frequency waves in the initial stage of wavenumber‐time evolution declares that wave packets are coherent and capable of growing nonlinearly. Spatial and temporal evolutions of two typical modes located in wavenumber‐time evolution demonstrate the consistency among wave growths, frequency variations, and inhomogeneity factor S in coherent wave packets, showing that rising and falling tones occur at negative and positive S values, respectively, and an obvious wave growth happens in a reasonable range of S satisfying the second‐order resonance condition. Wave packets extracted from wave fields in space and time by a frequency band‐pass filter confirm a good agreement between the nonlinear theory and simulation results. The nonlinear growth rates of the extracted wave packets possess similar magnitudes to the growth rates of wave packets in the simulation, and they are much greater than the theoretical linear growth rate, indicating that the nonlinear process is essential in the generation of plasmaspheric hiss.
African Hydroclimate During the Early Eocene From the DeepMIP Simulations
Authors: Williams Charles J. R. , Lunt Daniel J. , Salzmann Ulrich , Reichgelt Tammo , Inglis Gordon N. , Greenwood David R. , Chan Wing‐Le , Abe‐Ouchi Ayako , Donnadieu Yannick , Hutchinson David K. , de Boer Agatha M. , Ladant Jean‐Baptiste , Morozova Polina A. , Niezgodzki Igor , Knorr Gregor , Steinig Sebastian , Zhang Zhongshi , Zhu Jiang , Huber Matthew , Otto‐Bliesner Bette L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe early Eocene (∼56–48 Myr ago) is characterized by high CO2 estimates (1,200–2,500 ppmv) and elevated global temperatures (∼10°C–16°C higher than modern). However, the response of the hydrological cycle during the early Eocene is poorly constrained, especially in regions with sparse data coverage (e.g., Africa). Here, we present a study of African hydroclimate during the early Eocene, as simulated by an ensemble of state‐of‐the‐art climate models in the Deep‐time Model Intercomparison Project (DeepMIP). A comparison between the DeepMIP pre‐industrial simulations and modern observations suggests that model biases are model‐ and geographically dependent, however, these biases are reduced in the model ensemble mean. A comparison between the Eocene simulations and the pre‐industrial suggests that there is no obvious wetting or drying trend as the CO2 increases. The results suggest that changes to the land sea mask (relative to modern) in the models may be responsible for the simulated increases in precipitation to the north of Eocene Africa. There is an increase in precipitation over equatorial and West Africa and associated drying over northern Africa as CO2 rises. There are also important dynamical changes, with evidence that anticyclonic low‐level circulation is replaced by increased south‐westerly flow at high CO2 levels. Lastly, a model‐data comparison using newly compiled quantitative climate estimates from paleobotanical proxy data suggests a marginally better fit with the reconstructions at lower levels of CO2.