bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Impacts of Daytime Boundary Layer Clouds on Surface Energy Fluxes and Boundary Layer Structure During CHEESEHEAD19
Authors: Sedlar J. , Riihimaki L. D. , Turner D. D. , Duncan J. , Adler B. , Bianco L. , Lantz K. , Wilczak J. , Hall E. , Herrera C. , Hodges Gary B. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractStudies of land‐atmosphere interactions under a clear sky and low cumulus cloud conditions are common from long‐term observatories like at the southern great plains. How well the relationships and responses of surface radiative and turbulent heat fluxes determined from these investigations hold for more heterogeneous surfaces in other climate regimes, however, is uncertain. In this study, detailed observations of the surface energy budget and daytime boundary layer properties are analyzed using measurements from the Chequamegon Heterogenous Ecosystem Energy‐Balance Study Enabled by a High‐Density Extensive Array of Detectors 2019 (CHEESEHEAD19) field campaign, July‐October 2019, across a heterogeneous forested landscape of northern Wisconsin. A cloud regime framework is employed to classify consecutive periods of clear skies from lower atmosphere stratiform and cumulus clouds. A seasonal transition from low cumulus to low stratiform periods occurred, together with a diurnal pattern in cloudy or clear sky period dominance. Radiative forcing was highly dependent on sky conditions, leading to changes in the redistribution efficiency of radiative energy by the surface turbulent heat fluxes. During CHEESEHEAD19, small Bowen ratios dominated with daytime latent heat fluxes three times as large as sensible heat fluxes for all sky conditions studied; the forested region, therefore, falls within an energy‐limited regime. The depth of the daytime mixed layer depended upon the sky condition and thermodynamic setting; deeper mixed layers occurred during periods of low cumulus and not clear skies. Profiles of vertical velocity were found to have enhanced variance under low cumulus compared to clear sky periods, suggesting potential for cloud feedbacks on boundary layer structure and surface energy fluxes.
Black patients with multiple myeloma have better survival than white patients when treated equally: a matched cohort study
Authors: Dong Jing , Garacci Zhuping , Buradagunta Christopher Staffi , D’Souza Anita , Mohan Meera , Cunningham Ashley , Janz Siegfried , Dhakal Binod , Thrift Aaron P. , Hari Parameswaran 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe assessed differences in survival between non-Hispanic black (NHB) and non-Hispanic white (NHW) patients with multiple myeloma (MM), and the sequential effects of patient characteristics, and diagnosis and treatment-related factors on the survival disparity using data from 3319 NHB and 20,831 NHW MM patients in the SEER-Medicare (1999–2017) database. Four sets of 3319 NHWs were matched sequentially to the same set of 3319 NHBs, based on demographics (age, sex, year of diagnosis, marital status, and SEER site), socioeconomic status (SES, demographics plus SES), presentation factors (SES variables plus comorbidity), and treatment factors (presentation variables plus antimyeloma therapies). We found NHBs were less likely to receive treatment than NHWs even among patients matched for demographics, SES, and comorbidities. The absolute difference in 5-year survival between NHBs and NHWs was not significant in the demographics match (0.6%; P = 0.30) and remained non-significant after matching for SES (1.4%, P = 0.17). When matching for presentation, NHBs had significantly longer 5-year survival than NHWs (absolute difference = 3.8%, P = 0.003). Additional matching on treatment-related factors further enlarged the racial difference in 5-year survival to 4.6% (P < 0.001). Our findings reinforce the importance of equitable access to effective treatment modalities to further improve the survival of NHB patients with MM.
Seipin forms a flexible cage at lipid droplet formation sites
Authors: Arlt Henning , Sui Xuewu , Folger Brayden , Adams Carson , Chen Xiao , Remme Roman , Hamprecht Fred A. , DiMaio Frank , Liao Maofu , Goodman Joel M. , Farese Robert V. , Walther Tobias C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLipid droplets (LDs) form in the endoplasmic reticulum by phase separation of neutral lipids. This process is facilitated by the seipin protein complex, which consists of a ring of seipin monomers, with a yet unclear function. Here, we report a structure ofS. cerevisiaeseipin based on cryogenic-electron microscopy and structural modeling data. Seipin forms a decameric, cage-like structure with the lumenal domains forming a stable ring at the cage floor and transmembrane segments forming the cage sides and top. The transmembrane segments interact with adjacent monomers in two distinct, alternating conformations. These conformations result from changes in switch regions, located between the lumenal domains and the transmembrane segments, that are required for seipin function. Our data indicate a model for LD formation in which a closed seipin cage enables triacylglycerol phase separation and subsequently switches to an open conformation to allow LD growth and budding.
Early detection of plant virus infection using multispectral imaging and spatial–spectral machine learning
Authors: Peng Yao , Dallas Mary M. , Ascencio-Ibáñez José T. , Hoyer J. Steen , Legg James , Hanley-Bowdoin Linda , Grieve Bruce , Yin Hujun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCassava brown streak disease (CBSD) is an emerging viral disease that can greatly reduce cassava productivity, while causing only mild aerial symptoms that develop late in infection. Early detection of CBSD enables better crop management and intervention. Current techniques require laboratory equipment and are labour intensive and often inaccurate. We have developed a handheld active multispectral imaging (A-MSI) device combined with machine learning for early detection of CBSD in real-time. The principal benefits of A-MSI over passive MSI and conventional camera systems are improved spectral signal-to-noise ratio and temporal repeatability. Information fusion techniques further combine spectral and spatial information to reliably identify features that distinguish healthy cassava from plants with CBSD as early as 28 days post inoculation on a susceptible and a tolerant cultivar. Application of the device has the potential to increase farmers’ access to healthy planting materials and reduce losses due to CBSD in Africa. It can also be adapted for sensing other biotic and abiotic stresses in real-world situations where plants are exposed to multiple pest, pathogen and environmental stresses.
Assessment of Ki-67 proliferation index with deep learning in DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ)
Authors: Fulawka Lukasz , Blaszczyk Jakub , Tabakov Martin , Halon Agnieszka 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe proliferation index (PI) is crucial in histopathologic diagnostics, in particular tumors. It is calculated based on Ki-67 protein expression by immunohistochemistry. PI is routinely evaluated by a visual assessment of the sample by a pathologist. However, this approach is far from ideal due to its poor intra- and interobserver variability and time-consuming. These factors force the community to seek out more precise solutions. Virtual pathology as being increasingly popular in diagnostics, armed with artificial intelligence, may potentially address this issue. The proposed solution calculates the Ki-67 proliferation index by utilizing a deep learning model and fuzzy-set interpretations for hot-spots detection. The obtained region-of-interest is then used to segment relevant cells via classical methods of image processing. The index value is approximated by relating the total surface area occupied by immunopositive cells to the total surface area of relevant cells. The achieved results are compared to the manual calculation of the Ki-67 index made by a domain expert. To increase results reliability, we trained several models in a threefold manner and compared the impact of different hyper-parameters. Our best-proposed method estimates PI with 0.024 mean absolute error, which gives a significant advantage over the current state-of-the-art solution.
Real-time tracking of bioluminescent influenza A virus infection in mice
Authors: Kim Jin H. , Bryant Hannah , Fiedler Edward , Cao TuAnh , Rayner Jonathan O. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDespite the availability of vaccines and antiviral therapies, seasonal influenza infections cause 400,000 human deaths on average per year. Low vaccine coverage and the occurrence of drug-resistant viral strains highlight the need for new and improved countermeasures. While influenza A virus (IAV) engineered to express a reporter gene may serve as a valuable tool for real-time tracking of viral infection, reporter gene insertion into IAV typically attenuates viral pathogenicity, hindering its application to research. Here, we demonstrate that lethal or even sublethal doses of bioluminescent IAV carrying the NanoLuc gene in the C-terminus of PB2 can be tracked in real-time in live mice without compromising pathogenicity. Real-time tracking of this bioluminescent IAV enables spatiotemporal viral replication tracking in animals that will facilitate the development of countermeasures by enhancing the interpretation of clinical signs and prognosis while also allowing less animal usage.
Sex-specific differences in KCC2 localisation and inhibitory synaptic transmission in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Wolf Daniele C. , Sanon Nathalie T. , Cunha Alexandra O. S. , Chen Jia-Shu , Shaker Tarek , Elhassan Abdul-Rahman , do Nascimento Antônia Sâmia Fernandes , Di Cristo Graziella , Weil Alexander G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSexual differentiation of the brain is influenced by testosterone and its metabolites during the perinatal period, when many aspects of brain development, including the maturation of GABAergic transmission, occur. Whether and how testosterone signaling during the perinatal period affects GABAergic transmission is unclear. Here, we analyzed GABAergic circuit functional markers in male, female, testosterone-treated female, and testosterone-insensitive male rats after the first postnatal week and in young adults. In the hippocampus, mRNA levels of proteins associated with GABA signaling were not significantly affected at postnatal day (P) 7 or P40. Conversely, membrane protein levels of KCC2, which are critical for determining inhibition strength, were significantly higher in females compared to males and testosterone-treated females at P7. Further, female and testosterone-insensitive male rats at P7 showed higher levels of the neurotrophin BDNF, which is a powerful regulator of neuronal function, including GABAergic transmission. Finally, spontaneous GABAergic currents in hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells were more frequent in females and testosterone-insensitive males at P40. Overall, these results show that perinatal testosterone levels modulate GABAergic circuit function, suggesting a critical role of perinatal sex hormones in regulating network excitability in the adult hippocampus.
Experienced entropy drives choice behavior in a boring decision-making task
Authors: Seiler Johannes P.-H. , Dan Ohad , Tüscher Oliver , Loewenstein Yonatan , Rumpel Simon 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBoredom has been defined as an aversive mental state that is induced by the disability to engage in satisfying activity, most often experienced in monotonous environments. However, current understanding of the situational factors inducing boredom and driving subsequent behavior remains incomplete. Here, we introduce a two-alternative forced-choice task coupled with sensory stimulation of different degrees of monotony. We find that human subjects develop a bias in decision-making, avoiding the more monotonous alternative that is correlated with self-reported state boredom. This finding was replicated in independent laboratory and online experiments and proved to be specific for the induction of boredom rather than curiosity. Furthermore, using theoretical modeling we show that the entropy in the sequence of individually experienced stimuli, a measure of information gain, serves as a major determinant to predict choice behavior in the task. With this, we underline the relevance of boredom for driving behavioral responses that ensure a lasting stream of information to the brain.
Size fractionation of high-density polyethylene breakdown nanoplastics reveals different toxic response in Daphnia magna
Authors: Ekvall Mikael T. , Gimskog Isabella , Hua Jing , Kelpsiene Egle , Lundqvist Martin , Cedervall Tommy 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPlastic litter is a growing environmental problem. Recently, microplastics and nanoplastics, produced during breakdown processes in nature, have been in focus. Although there is a growing knowledge concerning microplastic, little is still known about the effect of nanoplastics. We have showed that mechanical breakdown of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), followed by filtration through 0.8 µm filters, produces material toxic to the freshwater zooplankton Daphnia magna and affected the reproduction in life-time tests. However, further size fractionation and purification reveals that the nanoplastics fraction is non-toxic at these concentrations, whereas the fraction with smaller sizes, below ~ 3 nm, is toxic. The HDPE nanoplastics are highly oxidized and with an average diameter of 110 nm. We conclude that mechanical breakdown of HDPE may cause environmental problems, but that the fraction of leached additives and short chain HDPE are more problematic than HDPE nanoplastics.
Water-stable perovskite-loaded nanogels containing antioxidant property for highly sensitive and selective detection of roxithromycin in animal-derived food products
Authors: Han Jinsol , Sharipov Mirkomil , Hwang Soojin , Lee Youngil , Huy Bui The , Lee Yong-Ill 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLuminescent inorganic lead halide perovskite nanoparticles lack stability in aqueous solutions, limiting their application to optical sensors. Here, hybrid CsPbBr3-loaded MIP nanogels were developed with enhanced stability in aqueous media. Multifunctional MIP nanogels with antioxidant function and hydrophobic cavities were synthesized from HEMA derivatives in the presence of roxithromycin as a template. The CsPbBr3 nanoparticles were loaded into pre-synthesized MIP nanogels via in-situ synthesis with a size distribution of 200 nm. The developed CsPbBr3-nanogel exhibits excellent stability to air/moisture and enhanced stability toward an aqueous solvent. The developed CsPbBr3-loaded MIP nanogels showed a selective and sensitive detection of ROX with a limit of detection calculated to be 1.7 × 10–5 μg/mL (20.6 pM). The developed CsPbBr3-loaded MIP antioxidant-nanogels were evaluated on practical application for the quantitative determination of ROX antibiotic in animal-derived food products with excellent analytical performance. The detection of ROX in animal-derived food products showed good recovery results, making them an ideal candidate for sensing ROX.
Petrogenesis of isotopically enriched Quaternary magma with adakitic affinity associated with subduction of old lithosphere beneath central Myanmar
Authors: Sano Takashi , Tani Kenichiro , Yoneda Shigekazu , Min Hla , Htike Thaung , Maung Thein Zin Maung , Ishizuka Osamu , Kusuhashi Nao , Kono Reiko T. , Takai Masanaru , Conway Chris E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe present a model for the petrogenesis of magma with adakitic affinity in an old subduction zone, which does not involve slab melting and is constrained by new geochronological and geochemical data for Mt. Popa, the largest of three Quaternary volcanoes in central Myanmar (Popa, Monywa and Singu). The edifice is composed of Popa Plateau (0.8–0.6 Ma) with high-K rocks and a stratovolcano (< 0.33 Ma) predominantly composed of medium-K rocks with adakitic affinity (Mg# 45–63, Sr/Y > 40). The distinct K contents indicate that the adakitic magmas cannot be derived from Popa high-K rocks, but they share trace-element signatures and Sr–Nd isotope ratios with medium-K basalts from Monywa volcano. Our estimation of water contents in Popa magma reveals that primary magma for medium-K basalts was generated by partial melting of wedge mantle with normal potential temperature (TP 1330–1340 °C) under wet conditions (H2O 0.25–0.54 wt%). Its melting was probably induced by asthenospheric upwelling that is recognized by tomographic images. Mafic adakitic magma (Mg# ~ 63, Sr/Y ~ 64) was derived from the medium-K basaltic magma in fractional crystallization of a garnet-bearing assemblage at high pressure, and felsic adakitic rocks (Mg# ~ 45, Sr/Y ~ 50) were produced by assimilation-fractional crystallization processes at mid-crustal depths.
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration in which exudation predominantly occurs as a subretinal fluid during anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment
Authors: Cho Han Joo , Song Mi Yeon , Yoon Wontae , Yoon Jihyun , Na Seung Kwan , Lee Jihyun , Kim Jaemin , Kim Jong Woo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe investigated the characteristics of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in which exudation predominantly occurs as a subretinal fluid (SRF) during anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment. A total of 509 treatment-naïve neovascular AMD patients treated with anti-VEGF for 24 months were retrospectively analyzed. The baseline characteristics to determine the odds of occurrence of SRF alone were evaluated using multivariate modeling. SRF was the sole manifestation of lesion activity in 209 (40.9%) eyes during follow-up. The visual outcome of eyes with only SRF occurrence during follow-up was comparable to that of eyes without exudative recurrence. In addition, the incidence of macular atrophy was significantly lower in eyes with only SRF occurrence (9.6%, 20 of 208 eyes) than in eyes without exudative recurrence (16.7%, 9 of 54 eyes, P = 0.018). Multivariate analysis revealed that better best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at baseline (odds ratio [OR], 0.306; P = 0.001), presence of SRF alone at baseline (OR, 5.256; P < 0.001), lower pigment epithelial detachment (PED) height (less than 100 µm; OR, 4.113; P = 0.025), and aneurysmal type 1 macular neovascularization (MNV) (OR, 2.594; P = 0.002) were associated with an increased likelihood of SRF occurrence during follow-up. In conclusion, the eyes with only SRF occurrence during anti-VEGF treatment showed more favorable visual outcomes and a lower incidence of macular atrophy. The baseline characteristics, including better baseline BCVA, presence of SRF alone at baseline, lower PED height, and MNV subtype, might influence the predominant development of SRF during anti-VEGF treatment.
Dried human cultured epidermis accelerates wound healing in diabetic mouse skin defect wounds
Authors: Sakamoto Michiharu , Nakano Takashi , Tsuge Itaru , Yamanaka Hiroki , Katayama Yasuhiro , Shimizu Yoshihiro , Note Yoshika , Inoie Masukazu , Morimoto Naoki 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCryopreserved allogeneic cultured epidermis (CE) is used for treating second-degree burn wounds and diabetic foot ulcers; however, the need for cryopreservation limits its use. We have previously reported that CE accelerates wound healing irrespective of its viability and hypothesized that dehydrated CEs lacking living cells may act as an effective wound dressing. We prepared dried CE and investigated its morphological and physical properties and wound-healing effects and compared them with those of cryopreserved CE. Hematoxylin–eosin staining, immunostaining for basement membrane, and electron microscopy revealed that the morphologies of dried CE and cryopreserved CE were comparable and that the membrane structure was not damaged. The breaking strength, modulus of elasticity, and water permeability of dried CE were comparable with those of the cryopreserved CE. Furthermore, the levels of various active cytokines and chemokines in dried CE were comparable with those in cryopreserved CE. Dried CE applied to skin defect in diabetic mice significantly reduced the wound area and increased the new epithelium length 4 and 7 days after implantation, similar to that observed for cryopreserved CE. Consequently, dried CE had similar morphological and physical properties and wound-healing effects compared with those of cryopreserved CE and can be a physiological and versatile wound-dressing.
Study of silver aerosol source term at different specific internal energy input from HE detonation devices
Authors: Kefeng Song , Yaqin Shi , Kun Liu , Luochuan Su , Bo Li , Wei Liu , Penglai Wang , Chenhong Yi , Yajun Zhang , Qingpeng Ma , Haibo Hu , Wenjie Liu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRadioactive aerosols harmful to humans are often produced in nuclear accidents, and their source term characteristics (total volume and particle size distribution) and dispersion patterns have important implications for accident response and hazard assessment. However, experimental studies of radioactive aerosols cannot be directly conducted in open space due to the hazardous nature of radioactive aerosols. In this study, silver was used instead of plutonium to study the aerosol source term under different specific internal energy inputs (SIEI) to simulate a low order explosion in an accident. Results show that aerosol release fraction (ARF) and respirable release fraction (RRF) of silver increase linearly with SIEI first, then varies in a range of 8% ~ 19%, with a turning point at SIEI of 1.4 MJ/kg. Analysis suggests an increase of difference between ARF and RRF with respect to SIEI. The size distribution of silver aerosol around 10 µm is influenced by SIEI significantly, which could be possibly attributed to the interactions between silver aerosol and ambient aerosol (solid HE products or rust). Comparison between the source term of silver and plutonium suggests that silver is a good surrogate of plutonium in studying aerosol for SIEI of MJ/kg level.
Comparative pangenome analysis of capsulated Haemophilus influenzae serotype f highlights their high genomic stability
Authors: Gonzalez-Diaz Aida , Carrera-Salinas Anna , Pinto Miguel , Cubero Meritxell , van der Ende Arie , Langereis Jeroen D. , Domínguez M. Ángeles , Ardanuy Carmen , Bajanca-Lavado Paula , Marti Sara 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHaemophilus influenzae is an opportunistic pathogen adapted to the human respiratory tract. Non-typeable H. influenzae are highly heterogeneous, but few studies have analysed the genomic variability of capsulated strains. This study aims to examine the genetic diversity of 37 serotype f isolates from the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain, and to compare all capsulated genomes available on public databases. Serotype f isolates belonged to CC124 and shared few single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (n = 10,999), but a high core genome (> 80%). Three main clades were identified by the presence of 75, 60 and 41 exclusive genes for each clade, respectively. Multi-locus sequence type analysis of all capsulated genomes revealed a reduced number of clonal complexes associated with each serotype. Pangenome analysis showed a large pool of genes (n = 6360), many of which were accessory genome (n = 5323). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that serotypes a, b, and f had greater diversity. The total number of SNPs in serotype f was significantly lower than in serotypes a, b, and e (p < 0.0001), indicating low variability within the serotype f clonal complexes. Capsulated H. influenzae are genetically homogeneous, with few lineages in each serotype. Serotype f has high genetic stability regardless of time and country of isolation.