bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects on ‘Montmorency’ Cherry of Four Successive Years’ Application of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide (SADH)1
Authors: Tehrani G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH)2, applied in 1968 at the rate 2000 or 3000 ppm 2 weeks after full bloom to Prunus cerasus L., cv. Montmorency, increased color and advanced maturity by 1 week. After 2 years treatment, the color improved at only 1 location. No effect on fruit color was observed after 3 successive years application of SADH. After 4 years, only 3000 ppm treatment improved color when applied to trees which received 3000 ppm in the previous years. At commercial harvest, the 3000 ppm SADH treatment produced a carry-over effect from the third to the fourth year. After 1, 2 or 3 year’s treatment, total soluble solids of cherries was unchanged at full fruit maturity, but total acid was reduced. Fruit size and size variability were not affected in the first year of application. Application of SADH for 2 consecutive years reduced fruit size and increased the variability in size at only 1 location. Shoot growth was reduced in trees sprayed with 2000 and 3000 ppm SADH for 1, 2 or 3 years, but no differences were observed in number of flowers produced on the current year’s growth. At full fruit maturity, the percentage of treated cherries with a fruit retention force of 400 g and higher was lower than the control.
Analysis of Yield Components in Mature Trees of ‘Schley’ Pecan, Carya illinoensis Koch1
Authors: Malstrom Howard L. , Sparks Darrell 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
All yield components individually correlated with yield. However, percentage of shoots fruiting, shoot fruiting intensity, and tree fruiting intensity were not independent variables; and, in multiple regression analysis, yield correlated only with percentage of shoots fruiting and tree size. The multiple relationship gave a poor estimate of yield since, 1) percentage of shoots fruiting and their relationship to yield varied with the portion of the tree canopy sampled and 2) the relation of yield to tree size was apparently obscured by irregular bearing among individual trees. As indicators of fruitfulness, tree fruiting intensity and percentage of shoots fruiting were essentially equal. Yield variation was governed more by percentage of shoots fruiting than by shoot fruiting intensity. Nut weight varied curvilinearly with yield and nuts per tree.
Internal Ethylene Concentrations in Apple Fruits Attached to or Detached from the Tree1
Authors: Sfakiotakis Evangelos M. , Dilley D. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A method is described for the measurement of internal ethylene concentration in fruits on the tree. Ethylene levels in ‘Red Delicious’ fruits immediately after harvest were similar to those in fruits on the tree during development and ripening. The levels varied mostly between 0.02 to 0.15 ppm during the period from 83 to 140 days from bloom and sharply increased from 10 to 1000-fold within 5 days as autocatalytic ethylene production began. Ripening followed the upsurge in ethylene production. Isolating fruit from leaves by girdling plus defoliation of spur leaves hastened the increase in internal ethylene by approximately 1 month. Girdling or defoliating the spur did not markedly alter the onset of autocatalytic ethylene production compared to that observed by fruits on normal spurs. The data support the concept that fruits receive a ripening inhibitor from the leaves.
Supplementary Fluorescent Lighting and Low Moisture Stress Improve Growth of Greenhouse Roses1
Authors: White J. W. , Richter D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Continuous, 24 hour, supplementary lighting of ‘Red American Beauty’ roses with W.S. GRO-LUX fluorescent lamps at 16 lamp watts/foot2 significantly increased flower yields and quality without significantly reducing flower Stem length, weight, or node number. Similar results were obtained with 4 NH4+ to NH3−-N ratios when the plants were grown at low moisture stress in either Lelite sand alone or a 50-50 V/V mixture of Lelite sand and sphagnum moss peat. However, the highest yields were obtained from plants grown in Lelite and peat receiving either 71.4 or 57.1 % of the N as NO3−.
High occurrence of viable forms of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in domestic sewage from an agricultural region of Brazil
Authors: Ladeia Winni Alves , Martins Felippe Danyel Cardoso , Nino Beatriz de Souza Lima , Silvério Arielle da Cunha , da Silva Ana Clécia , Ossada Raul , da Silva Douglas Aparecido , Garcia João Luis , Freire Roberta Lemos 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cryptosporidium and Giardia are the main etiologies of waterborne outbreaks caused by protozoa. These parasites are commonly detected in wastewater; however, there is little knowledge about the concentration of viable forms in treated sewage, mainly in small communities. To understand more about the presence of viable oocysts and cysts in domestic sewage, we monitored the affluent and effluent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in inner-city Brazil. Ten samplings and seven follow-ups were performed in 2020. Samples were concentrated by centrifugation, filtration and purified by fluctuation. Viability was accessed by propidium-monoazide (PMA) associated with nPCR and qPCR. Both viable protozoa were detected in all raw sewage samples (average: 438.5 viable oocysts/L). Regarding treated sewage, Cryptosporidium was detected in all of the samples (average: 92.8 viable oocysts/L) and Giardia was detected in 70% with viable cysts in 30%. Considering the follow-ups, 31.17% of Cryptosporidium viable oocysts remained in the effluent after the treatment. High amounts of Cryptosporidium and a high frequency of Giardia were detected, therefore both arrived at WWTP and were discharged into the river. These alert the presence of agro-industrial effluents into domestic sewage and demonstrated the effectiveness of the concentration technique for monitoring protozoa in wastewater.
The role of lysosomal membrane stability, malondialdehyde levels and DNA damage as pollution biomarkers in evaluating biological cleaning products using Mytilus galloprovincialis
Authors: Itziou Aikaterini 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The possible effects of wastewater treatment products on mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were studied. Three common pollution biomarkers were used: neutral red retention assay, malondialdehyde contents and DNA damage through comet assay. Two groups of mussels were treated in the laboratory for 25 days with 20 and 40 %v/v of treated wastewater collected after chlorination, and the control mussels formed a third group. The results showed statistically significantly lower neutral red retention times, higher malondialdehyde contents and higher formation of single-stranded DNA fragments in the mussels exposed at both treated wastewater concentrations compared to the controls.
Assessment of CMIP5 and CORDEX-SA experiments in representing multiscale temperature climatology over central India
Authors: Vishwakarma Ankur , Choudhary Mahendra Kumar , Chauhan Mrityunjay Singh 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The central India region has been seriously affected by repeated droughts in recent decades due to climate change, which is the main reason for conducting this research. It is still uncertain how the numerous climate models could precisely estimate the future climate for central India. The study mainly focuses on the forcing global climate models (GCMs) and the regional climate models (RCMs). The models have been checked using the coefficient of correlation (r2), Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and an improved method, skill score (SS). The performance is also spatially checked on ArcGIS using the kriging interpolation. The bias-corrected GCMs performed more authentically than the CORDEX RCMs in signifying maximum and minimum temperatures for the Bundelkhand region in central India. Bias-corrected GCMs, EC-EARTH, CCSM4 and GFDL-ESM-2M affirmed the best models on multiple time scales for maximum and minimum temperature in the study region. Maximum NSE and r2 have been observed for seasonal minimum temperature. GCM-EC-EARTH has shown 97% to 98% accuracy, while GCM-GFDL-ESM-2M has demonstrated 84% to 97% accuracy among other selected models. The research outcomes will also assist policymakers in developing strategies and policies for the future climate of central India with the help of more precise projected climatic data.
Assessment of Atherosclerosis in Ischemic Stroke by means of Ultrasound
of Extracranial/Intracranial Circulation and Serum, Urine, and
Tissue Biomarkers
Authors: Dimas Grigorios G. , Zilakaki Maria , Giannopoulos Argyrios , Daios Stylianos , Kakaletsis Nikolaos , Kaiafa Georgia , Didangelos Triantafyllos , Savopoulos Christos , Ktenidis Kyriakos , Tegos Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
It is a common practice to take into consideration age, diabetes, smoking, treated
and untreated systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol for the prediction of atherosclerosis and stroke. There are, however, ultrasound
markers in use for the assessment of atherosclerosis and the evaluation of stroke
risk. Two areas of investigation are of interest: the carotid artery and the intracranial arterial
circulation. Again, within the domain of the carotid artery, two ultrasonic markers
have attracted our attention: intima media thickness of the carotid artery and the presence
of carotid plaque with its various focal characteristics. In the domain of intracranial circulation,
the presence of arterial stenosis and the recruitment of collaterals are considered
significant ultrasonic markers for the above-mentioned purpose. On the other hand, a series
of serum, urine, and tissue biomarkers are found to be related to atherosclerotic disease.
Future studies might address the issue of whether the addition of proven ultrasonic
carotid indices to the aforementioned serum, urine, and tissue biomarkers could provide
the vascular specialist with a better assessment of the atherosclerotic load and solidify
their position as surrogate markers for the evaluation of atherosclerosis and stroke risk.
GlmU Inhibitors as Promising Antibacterial Agents: A Review
Authors: Azam Mohammed Afzal , Palathoti Nagarjuna 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
Bacterial infections are a major cause of mortality and morbidity in humans throughout
the world. Infections due to resistant bacterial strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphyloccocusaureus
vancomycin, resistant Enterococci, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus,
and Mycobacterium are alarming. Hence the development of new antibacterial agents, which act
via a novel mechanism of action, became a priority in antibacterial research. One such approach
to overcome bacterial resistance is to target novel protein and develop antibacterial agents that act
via different mechanisms of action. Bacterial GlmU is one such bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes
the two consecutive reactions during the biosynthesis of uridine 5′-diphospho-Nacetylglucosamine,
an essential precursor for the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan.
This enzyme comprises two distinct active sites; acetyltransferase and uridyltransferase and both
these active sites act independently during catalytic reactions. GlmU is considered an attractive
target for the design and development of newer antibacterial agents due to its important role in
bacterial cell wall synthesis and the absence of comparable enzymes in humans. Availability of
three dimensions X-crystallographic structures of GlmU and their known catalytic mechanism
from different bacterial strains have instigated research efforts for the development of novel antibacterial
agents. Several GlmU inhibitors belonging to different chemical classes like 2-
phenylbenzofuran derivative, quinazolines, aminoquinazolines, sulfonamides, arylsulfonamide,
D-glucopyranoside 6-phosphates, terreic acid, iodoacetamide, N-ethyl maleimide, and Nethylmaleimide
etc., have been reported in the literature. In the present review, we present an update
on GlmU inhibitors and their associated antibacterial activities. This review may be useful
for the design and development of novel GlmU inhibitors with potent antibacterial activity.
The Regulation, Functions, and Signaling of miR-153 in
Neurological Disorders, and Its Potential as a Biomarker and
Therapeutic Target
Authors: Jaberi Khojaste Rahimi , Alamdari-Palangi Vahab , Jaberi Abbas Rahimi , Esmaeli Zahra , Shakeri Abolfazl , Gheibi Hayat Seyed Mohammad , Tajbakhsh Amir , Savardashtaki Amir 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
Treatment of neurological disorders has always been one of the challenges
facing scientists due to poor prognosis and symptom overlap, as well as the progress of
the disease process. Neurological disorders such as Huntington’s, Parkinson's,
Alzheimer's diseases, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis are very debilitating. Therefore,
finding a biomarker is essential for early diagnosis and treatment goals. Recent studies
have focused more on molecular factors and gene manipulation to find effective
diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers. Among these factors, microRNAs (miRNAs/
miRs) have attracted much attention. On the other hand, a growing correlation between
miRNAs and neurological disorders has caused scientists to consider it as a diagnostic
and therapeutic target. In this line, the miR-153 is one of the most important and highly
conserved miRNAs in mice and humans, whose expression level is not only altered in
neurological disorders but also improves neurogenesis. MiR-153 can regulate multiple
biological processes by targeting various factors. Furthermore, the miR-153 expression
also can be regulated by important regulators, such as long non-coding RNAs (e.g.,
KCNQ1OT1) and some compounds (e.g., Tanshinone IIA) altering the expression of
miR-153. Given the growing interest in miR-153 as a biomarker and therapeutic target
for neurological diseases as well as the lack of comprehensive investigation of miR-153
function in these disorders, it is necessary to identify the downstream and upstream
targets and also it's potential as a therapeutic biomarker target. In this review, we will
discuss the critical role of miR-153 in neurological disorders for novel diagnostic and
prognostic purposes and its role in multi-drug resistance.
Diabetic Neuropathy: A Repercussion of Vitamin D Deficiency
Authors: Sharma Prerna , Rani Nidhi , Gangwar Aishwarya , Singh Randhir , Kaur Rajwinder , Upadhyaya Kumud 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
Diabetes mellitus is a crucial health issue worldwide. The worldwide ubiquity is 8.8%
among adults, which is predicted to rise to 10.4% by 2040. Diabetic neuropathy is a long-term
complication associated with the diabetes mellitus condition, which primarily targets Schwann
cells, peripheral axons and cell bodies (perikarya) in DRG (dorsal root ganglia). It can be accompanied
by different factors such as metabolic factors such as insulin resistance, hypertension, obesity,
low HDL level, and hypertriglyceridemia. The etiology of DPN is multifactorial. It is caused
by hyperglycemia, micro-angiopathy, HbA1c, duration of diabetes, smoking status, high-density
lipoprotein cholesterol and hypertension. Also, increased glucose conditions decrease vitamin D
levels. Vitamin D, which is involved in neurotrophins such as NGF (nerve growth factor) and NCH
(neuronal calcium homeostasis), plays a neuroprotective role in peripheral nerves. Depletionleads
to vitamin D deficiency which further develops peripheral neuropathy in diabetic patients. Accumulation
of AGEs (advanced glycation end product) plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of
sensory neuronal damage. It contributes to microangiopathy and endoneurial vascular dysfunction
in peripheral nerves. With vitamin D supplementation, the neuropathy pain scores were improved.
Impact of Age and Gender Disparity on CD4+ Cell Counts to Control
Disease Progression Using Specific HAART in HIV-1 Positive Patients: A
Case-Control Study
Authors: Singh Aakansha , Kumar Manoj , Singh Ashok K. , Verma Neeraj 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) is composed of several
drugs in the antiretroviral class to better treat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)
patients. The estimation of CD4+ T cell counts and HIV-1 viral load in plasma is required to
evaluate the treatment success of a specific HAART.

Methodology:
The study included the effects of NRTIs (nucleoside reverse transcriptase
inhibitors) and novel protease inhibitors (HAART) on normal control subjects and HIV-1
positive subjects from SGPGIMS, Lucknow, with different age groups and genders. Furthermore,
the study was conducted by the estimation of HIV through ELISA, measurement of absolute
CD4+ cell count, and the measurement of viral load through qRT-PCR. Furthermore, NRTIs
(Retrovir and Epivir) were administered orally one tablet daily in the morning followed by newly
FDA-approved protease inhibitors (fosamprenavir and darunavir) orally in the evening at the
same dose. Furthermore, CD4+T cell counts and HIV-1 viral load were investigated and
correlated in patients with different genders and age groups.

Result:
Administration of NRTIs and novel protease inhibitors (HAART) in HIV patients had a
significant effect on the CD4+ cell count in various age intervals among males and females.
The mean comparison of viral load distribution based on gender in CD4 +ve patients in the case
group exhibited a viral load higher in females compared to males, indicating a statistically
significant difference between males and females (p<0.05). A notable association between
virological and immunological parameters was observed with a reciprocal relationship between
viral load and CD4 cell count in CD4 +ve patients, demonstrating multiple correlation
coefficients with an R-value of 0.853.

Conclusion:
The administration of specific HAART (NRTIs and novel protease inhibitors) in
HIV patients had a notable improvement in the CD4+ cell count and viral load with significant
age and gender disparity.
Effect of Surface Charge Density of a w/o/w Emulsion on the Brain Targeting
of Levodopa in Rats for the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Ramani Chandir C. , Babu R. Jayachandra , Dhanasekaran Muralikrishnan , Apte S.S. , Rambhau Devaraj 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Amidst levodopa being considered as the “Gold standard” in the treatment
of Parkinson’s disease (PD), it still has critical therapeutic issues with its dose regimen and dosage
forms leading to severe adverse drug effects, decreased drug efficacy during chronic use, and requires an enforced “drug holiday” in PD patients. Hence, in this study, we designed a novel levodopa and carbidopa water-in-oil-in-water (w/o/w) formulation for bioavailability improvement in the
central nervous system (CNS).

Methods:
The new one-in-one embedment of the w/o/w levodopa and carbidopa emulsion formulation was obtained by a double emulsion technique. The plasma and brain levels following intravenous administration of the emulsions in rats were determined.

Results:
The incorporation of stearylamine (a cationic surfactant) considerably increased the surface
charge density of the emulsion droplets. This formulation exhibited a narrow particle size distribution enabling parenteral administration. The formulation also provided a high drug loading capacity.
In in vivo study, this novel formulation significantly increased the bioavailability of levodopa in the
CNS (P < 0.001). The strong resistance to desorption (due to higher charge density) and the presence of positive charge on the particles upon dilution may be the main reason for enhanced brain
levels of levodopa.

Conclusion:
Our current formulation F5 may decrease the dose of levodopa, leading to decreased
adverse effects and dosing problems, thus appreciably benefit PD patients in the future.
A Mini-Review on Marine Bioactive Compounds as a Source of Antiviral
Drug Lead
Authors: Parmar Ghanshyam , Chudasama Jay Mukesh , Shah Vaidehi , Shah Ashish P. , Patel Ashish 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
Currently, pathogens or some microorganisms that are dangerous to human society cause
plenty of diseases. All these diseases are spreading because of the limited available treatment options.
Some pathogens species are very dangerous to humankind, particularly viral pathogens. These
viral pathogens (viruses) have become resistant and immune to many of the medications, thus requiring
more and more drug molecules or treatments to be discovered. Many new drugs or treatments
are discovered and under clinical trials, and many are being tested. Presently, researchers are
in continuous search of newer drugs or molecules using synthetic chemistry or exploring natural resources.
However, synthesizing a drug molecule is time-consuming and requires more workforce
and much more costly equipment. To tackle this challenge, the use of computational approaches
provided complementary information that may also help in the discovery of new molecules. Recently,
the fragment molecular orbit based density-functional tight-binding method (DFTB) of drug discovery
of drug-like lead is rapid and accurate as compared to conventional computational approaches.
Natural resources from land and water can become a choice as an alternative option to discover
new entities. The marine environment provides us with a broad spectrum of chemically diverse antiviral
compounds isolated from many marine organisms such as bacteria, fungi, sponges, algae, etc.
Now, the natural marine molecule as an antiviral agent harrows a new way to modern medicine.
PMSM Drives and its Application: An Overview
Authors: Singh Shweta , Singh S.N. , Tiwari A.N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
The Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) drive has emerged as one of the most preferred motor drives for industrial applications. Its distinguished advantages include high torque density, high efficiency, and vast speed range operation. This paper presents, First, details of PMSM drives and their components. Second, explain the modelling of PMSM. Third, discuss the needs of position sensors, their applications, and their performance with the required accuracy. They are finally concerned about extensive industrial applications and future sensorless and sensor-based PMSM drives research trends.
Conclusion This paper reviews permanent magnet synchronous motor types and Permanent magnet materials used its advantage and disadvantage and the classification of PM rotor type. This paper briefly discusses the position sensor, its types, and application based on requirements. Based on comparative analysis of permanent magnet materials, briefly discuss sensors and classification of permanent magnet motor, recommendations are given on their practical application.