bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Long Road to a New Path, 1959–1966
Authors: Sogner Knut 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The beginning of the 1960s was characterized by several turnarounds. The generational change at the top of the family company Nyegaard & Co. obviously mattered and so did a gradual change in drug regulation in particular and in state policies in general. Profits from sales on the Norwegian markets grew thanks to higher prices, and national industrial policy prepared for assisting small high-tech companies in their quest to grow internationally. Obviously, having Thrombotest and Isopaque—two new and original exportable products—mattered for Nyegaard & Co.’s repurposing of its strategic aim away from “me too” drugs for Norway to pursuing fully fledged research strategies. Finding that particular research strategy, however, proved to be immensely difficult and a source of tension and conflict. Finally, the arguments of the head of the contrast media research won out: the company should follow its specialized knowledge and use the international networks created by being within the contrast media sector.
The Rise of the Knowledge-Based Companies
Authors: Sogner Knut 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nyegaard & Co.’s challenge when planning to launch its first non-ionic contrast medium for the myelographic market, Amipaque, was huge. It was a small and home-market-oriented company. Apart from a Scandinavian marketing organization, it had nothing. It was also about to enter the global market at a time when the pharmaceutical industry in the United States and other large markets came under scrutiny for lackadaisical practices. The challenge was solved by formulating an ethical code and by continuing to build a collective organization that shifted its emphasis from being a universal provider for a small market to testing, registering, and marketing a totally new concept globally. A traditional hierarchical family company radically changed its organizational ethos to create a collective. Empowering employees also was a tool in forging the necessary strategic alliances with the much larger companies that sold Amipaque. Nyegaard & Co. rather collaborated more than competed with some of the existing contrast media companies internationally.
Transformed Surroundings and New Priorities
Authors: Sogner Knut 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the period from 1986 to the merger with British Amersham in 1997, Nyegaard & Co. was rather forcefully changed by the stock-listed Norwegian company Hafslund that had purchased Actinor. Renaming the big company Hafslund Nycomed and going wholeheartedly into pharmaceuticals, Hafslund Nycomed became a major force in imaging products, especially thanks to the success of the product Omnipaque. In 1994, Hafslund Nycomed bought Sterling Drug’s US contrast media operation, in addition to the extensive marketing network having been created elsewhere. Hafslund Nycomed, however, prioritized shareholder value, centralized and streamlined research, divided Nycomed (Nyegaard & Co.) into two parts (Imaging and Pharma), and spent a lot of money building a European generics business through numerous acquisitions. In the brisk climate of the mid-1990s, pressure on drug prices, the looming threat of generic competition to Omnipaque, and a meager research portfolio, Hafslund Nycomed merged with Amersham in 1997, creating a British company led by Amersham’s chief executive officer.
Manoeuvering Land Registration: Decentralization of Land Administration in Siraro
Authors: Chinigò Davide 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses the implementation of a national programme of rural land registration in Siraro, Oromia region, that was introduced in the mid 2000s. Motivated by concerns over increasing the productivity of smallholder agriculture, the capitalization of land, and the uncapping of land rental markets, the programme was implemented as part of an ambitious set of policy reforms providing for the decentralization of service delivery and resource management from central to local government. Empirically the chapter discusses the set of practices and tactics of manoeuvring land registration, which local government officials and farmers performed to tackle insecurity, conflict, uncertainty, and the ensuing threat of dispossession that came with the programme. The chapter discusses the ways in which Oromo farmers, against a long and controversial history of exploitative land relations, reconstituted material and symbolic values to the land after land registration threatened their socio-economic reproduction. Land registration generated dynamics of social differentiation, with a minority of entrepreneurial and politically connected farmers making the most from the land rights’ formalization, while others experienced social and economic marginalization. An important outcome was the politicization of an Oromo identity in opposition to what was perceived as a top-down, centralizing state policy.
Conclusion: Identity Politics and the Everyday State in Ethiopia
Authors: Chinigò Davide 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis concluding chapter summarizes and articulates the findings of the book’s five empirical chapters along two main themes. The first is that the everyday offers a privileged perspective to study the complex scalar dynamics within which trajectories of state formation in contemporary Africa are enmeshed. This allows us to circumvent the problem of methodological nationalism by attending those histories that challenge meta-narration of state formation. The problem of scale thus requires putting under critical scrutiny how scholarship constructs scale as a research object, emphasizing the power field that specific categorization, such as ‘global’, ‘national’, and ‘local’, necessarily mobilize. The second theme is that a focus on the problem of subjection offers the opportunity to study how state power forms the political subject through practices of recognition and, simultaneously, creates the conditions of possibility for a radically conditioned identity without resorting to culturalist explanations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the book’s main findings to read the initial expectations, and then the deep political crisis into which Ethiopia appears to have descended since 2018. It engages with the question about whether ethnonationalism is an inevitable outcome of ethnic federalism. I contend that an overlooked aspect behind the prevalence of ethnonationalist politics in post-2018 Ethiopia has to do with the significant, and largely unintended, transformations that took place under the developmental state’s strategy on selective economic liberalization.
Rarity
Authors: Head Dominic 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter uses evidence-based observation about the nonhuman world to contextualize reflections on rarity found in contemporary nature prose. It is this context that produces a distinctively contemporary cultural fascination with the connection between the abundance and rarity of species, characterized by another variety of contained paradox. In the case of rarity, the contained paradox yokes intense appreciation together with the vertiginous fear of total ecological catastrophe. The dread induced by the realization that abundance can easily collapse into rarity, and then extinction, is a startlingly new cultural preoccupation. Nature prose is repeatedly forced to engage with this haunting pattern, producing effects which are partly conditioned by culpability in the facts of ecological collapse, offset y a tortured, but potentially redemptive, cultivation of wonder—redemptive because such wonder is the foundation of the conservationist impulse. It is in the interplay of abundance and rarity that this new aesthetic space emerges, revealing anxieties that have become internalized.
Altered feeding behaviors in disease vectors
Authors: Cator Lauren J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Infection has been demonstrated to alter host behavior. Changes in the feeding behaviors of disease vectors are particularly interesting because in addition to being important for vector fitness and susceptibility, these changes have consequences for contact rates with hosts and large implications for transmission dynamics. While infection associated changes in the feeding behavior of vectors have been almost exclusively interpreted as parasite manipulation, work in other insects has highlighted the importance of feeding in host resistance and tolerance mechanisms. The goals of this chapter are to discuss the key ways that infection has been found to alter vector feeding behaviors, mechanisms currently known to underlie these changes in behavior, how the coevolved interactions between the vector and pathogen might shape these behaviors, and gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed to understand evolutionary and ecological aspects of these behaviors in full.
Parallels in parasite behavior: The other side of the host–parasite relationship
Authors: Resetarits Emlyn J. , Bartlett Lewis J. , Wilson Cali A. , Willoughby Anna R. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis book has principally explored how parasites impact and are impacted by the behaviors of hosts and vectors, however the behavior of parasites themselves is also critical for understanding the linkages between behavior and parasitism. Parasite behaviors are diverse, remarkable, and important for studying disease ecology and evolution. In this chapter, we use focal themes from this book (e.g., social behavior, sexual selection, movement) to frame current horizons in parasite behavioral research, highlighting particular aspects of the literature that introduce fruitful avenues for future work. We also demonstrate how host behavior and parasite behavior can feedback on each other to influence disease dynamics and host–pathogen coevolution.
Conceptual Framework and Data
Authors: Kokkonen Andrej , Møller Jørgen , Sundell Anders 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMedieval monarchies were a form of authoritarian regimes, in some ways similar to modern dictatorships, in other ways different. The authors use this point to conceptualize the character of the regimes analysed in the empirical chapters. Against this backdrop, the authors describe the historical data used in the book and the way they analyse it. The dataset they have assembled includes more than seven hundred European rulers in the period 1000–1799, complete with biographical information about their sex, their tenure, their marriages, their paternal aunts and uncles, their siblings, their offspring, and the way they exited office. It also includes information about civil and international wars and parliamentary assemblies. The authors describe how they have coded this data and provide some simple descriptive illustrations of it.
The Politics of Succession in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Kokkonen Andrej , Møller Jørgen , Sundell Anders 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHow has the problem of succession played out in other parts of the world? This chapter combines a narrative historical analysis of succession arrangements and conflicts in Europe before the introduction of primogeniture and in the other old civilization areas of Eurasia with quantitative data on succession orders and ruler tenure in Imperial China and the Muslim Middle East. The comparative analysis returns the same findings as in the analyses of European monarchies—deaths of rulers repeatedly sparked conflicts, but father-to-son successions calmed the stormy waters of monarchical succession. The chapter also shows that monarchical systems where hereditary elements were very weak—such as the Byzantine Empire and Mamluk Egypt—were pestered by a staggering rate of usurpations and civil wars.
Conclusions
Authors: Kokkonen Andrej , Møller Jørgen , Sundell Anders 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Conclusions first summarize the book’s findings and then discuss their implications for state-formation and for understanding the workings of modern autocratic regimes. The authors point out how the perennial problem of succession is still relevant today: it regularly destabilizes non-democracies such as Russia, China, and Saudi Arabia and it even sometimes creates political crises in democracies, most recently in the United States after the November 2020 election. Against this background, the authors use their findings on European state-formation to shed light on how the politics of succession shapes political dynamics in autocracies more generally. They also show how modern representative democracy can be understood as an attempt to devise a peaceful solution to the problem of succession, in the form of a transfer of power via elections rather than bloodshed.
Historical Jurisprudence and Learned Law: 1865–1900
Authors: Clark David S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
German historical jurisprudence and learned law took hold in the United States after the Civil War through the remainder of the nineteenth century. Chapter 5 describes the romanticism and nationalism that infused the historical school and differentiated it from natural law theory. The German version aspired to be both systematic as a science and historical for sources of law. James Carter, a leading American disciple of historical jurisprudence, used it to defeat David Field’s ambitious codification program in New York. The learned law aspect of German legal science found fertile ground at Harvard Law School in the 1870s, which transformed American legal education to firmly root its teaching and development at universities with a scientific casebook method of instruction in judicial source materials. Furthermore, significant comparative law libraries emerged during this time. Roman and civil law survived in this era of industrialization and social transformation. Roman law teaching was a substitute for academic comparative law, a bridge between the classical past and interest in universalism and unification of law in the twentieth century. Legal periodicals provided an outlet for comparative law information and scholarly essays and a few American jurists were aware of German sociological jurisprudence, which was a forerunner to legal realism. William Hammond, Oliver Wendell Holmes, William Howe, and Christopher Tiedeman afford examples. Finally, comparative law formed as a discipline, first in Europe, then with supporters in the United States, highlighted by the 1900 International Congress of Comparative Law.
A Colony “on Fire”
Authors: Johnston Katherine 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 focuses on the colony of Georgia in the 1730s and 1740s. The colony’s financers conceived it as a place cultivated by white laborers, and they prohibited Black slavery in Georgia. Seeing white planters relying heavily on Black laborers in neighboring South Carolina, however, a group of disgruntled settlers insisted on the need for Black laborers because of Georgia’s hot climate. The chapter demonstrates the ways these settlers deliberately constructed this argument even though their claims did not accord with their experience. It shows how a group of self-interested white settlers perpetuated a rhetoric that served as a long-standing justification for Black slavery in hot climates.
Churchill's American Arsenal
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The weapons and inventions that helped the Allies to win World War Two had not even been imagined when the conflict began. This book tells the story of how a British and American scientific and technological partnership, one that started not long after Britain had lost its ally France and stood alone against Nazi Germany, developed these innovations on an industrial scale. It has often been argued that the atomic bomb ended the war, but radar won it. Development of both began in Britain and then was taken over by the United States, which had the industrial and engineering capacity, and also the advantage of not being part of the battlefront. The partnership between the two nations was responsible for a number of iconic “American” weapons and inventions: the P-51 Merlin Mustang fighter, the Liberty ship, the proximity fuze, the LST, the Sherman tank, and even penicillin originally stemmed from British experiments and designs, then were brought to life with American scientific and technological might. Relying on previously untold stories of those scientists, engineers, and workers, on both sides of the Atlantic, who made all this possible, this book expands the story of the British-American “special relationship” in World War Two. It shows how the alliance extended beyond the battlefront and onto the home front, and resulted in the innovations that ultimately decided the outcome of the most devasting conflict in human history.
Fight in the Hills
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A week after D-Day, the first V-1 buzz bombs began falling on London. By that point in the war, the Allies had spent several years tackling the problem of shooting down enemy aircraft. This chapter describes the development of three of the most successful innovations. The first, the Oerlikon anti-aircraft gun, had been smuggled out of Switzerland at the start of the war, and through a series of political maneuvers was manufactured in both British and American factories. Similarly, the Bofors gun was spirited out of Sweden through espionage and smuggling operations, and mass-produced in converted locksmith plants and factories set up by automobile firms. The proximity fuze began in Britain as a series of experiments to increase the lethality of anti-aircraft shells, and when its research and development project was taken over by the Americans shortly before Pearl Harbor, it grew to be one of the most critical of the war, helping defeat the V-1s and winning the Battle of the Bulge.
Epilogue
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The end of World War Two marked a divergence in the economic and technological status of Britain and the United States. This epilogue concludes the story of the “special relationship” in this postwar setting. Britain’s economy grew at a slower pace, which meant that its large-scale domestic R&D projects (like passenger jets) soon evolved into joint programs with other nations. The United States had a booming economy, which fed the R&D industry and led to major advances in electronics and computers. The two nations continued their special relationship in the military and diplomatic spheres and, after a rocky start, with cooperative R&D in nuclear energy and weapons. The epilogue closes with the long-standing idea of America exceptionalism in the context of its Allied partnership.
Conclusions, Extensions, and Implications
Authors: Nelson Chad E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter sums up the findings of the book and discusses its broader relevance. It first reviews the empirical chapters and theoretical argument. It then applies the theory to other cases such as the Arab Spring and how fear of revolutionary contagion informs our understanding of Russian and Chinese foreign policy. The chapter then brings up an avenue for future research: how the revolutionary state and its neighbors come to an accommodation. Finally, it discusses the relevance of the findings for four literatures: the international effects of revolutions, domestic instability and international conflict, diffusion studies, and how ideological differences affect international politics.
Reclaiming Community Agency in Managing Intangible Cultural Heritage
Authors: Ceribašić Naila 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how the centrality of community agency has been addressed in main statutory and relevant extra-statutory documents of the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), paying attention as well to on-topic debates in the process of the adoption of these documents. It also traces different understandings of community and its agency in the discussions on international inscriptions of ICH elements, notably in cases of the Intergovernmental Committee’s overturn of unfavorable recommendations of the Evaluation Body. A promising and attainable way out from a paperwork treatment of ICH would be to open the Convention to so-called correspondence from the public, i.e., to devise an inclusive mechanism that would allow, or even encourage, bearers of ICH and their communities, various other stakeholders, and public society at large to take part in (text-based) debates on safeguarding ICH under the 2003 Convention, especially as regards monitoring of elements included in the lists, registers, and inventories at national and international levels. It could be effectuated through the establishment of an ICH NGO monitoring center that would integrate expertise in ICH and dedication to the principle of community agency.
Building Theory in Political Communication
Authors: Wolfsfeld Gadi , Sheafer Tamir , Althaus Scott 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The goal of this volume is to contribute to the collective effort of building cumulative knowledge in the field of political communication. It does so by adapting, refining, and extending the Politics-Media-Politics (PMP) principle. PMP is an intentionally broad conceptual map that is designed to be adopted by researchers working in a variety of fields. The book’s chapters illustrate this concept map’s basic components, demonstrate how to apply it, and showcase its usefulness. The PMP principle can be best understood in two central propositions. The “politics first” proposition makes the following claim: The role of all forms of media in politics can best be understood as one in which variations in political ecosystems are the most important factors leading to variations in communication systems, values, practices, and resources. The “media selection and transformation” proposition is formulated thusly: All forms of media do not merely reflect the nature of the political ecosystem, they can also have an independent effect on political processes by selecting and transforming political events and issues into stories. When these two claims are combined, detailed, and developed, they provide a powerful conceptual structure for integrating research from a variety of fields in political communication. Chapters address the role of the media in election campaigns, historical change, violent conflicts and peace processes, comparative political communication, and how to use the PMP approach to assess media performance in democratic and autocratic regimes.
Weapons Brandishing and Display
Authors: Spitzer Robert J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rising incidents of citizens openly carrying weapons at demonstrations and other public events and venues has brought to the fore the movement to normalize public gun carrying, despite the alarm it has raised regarding issues of free expression, safety, and the specter of intentional or unintentional violence. The history of the regulation of public weapons carrying, dating to the Middle Ages, is excavated and examined. Drawing on new data, this chapter presents a history of American law demonstrating that weapons brandishing, and even mere display, was restricted early and extensively in our history, often regardless of the intention of the weapons carrier. Such carrying was widely understood as a “breach of the peace.”