bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation on Hydrogen Induced Cracking Behavior of 4130X Hydrogen Storage Vessel With Defect
Authors: Wei Haotian , Xing Baihui , Cui Tiancheng , Shang Juan , Hua Zhengli , Gu Chaohua 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This study aims to investigate the hydrogen-induced cracking behavior of the cylinder of 4130X hydrogen storage vessel in a 45 MPa high-pressure hydrogen environment under the synergistic influence of hydrogen and crack depth. Firstly, finite element analysis was performed via a modified hydrogen diffusion/plasticity coupled model to study the coupling behavior of hydrogen diffusion and plastic deformation in a hydrogen storage vessel with a crack. Then we used the modified hydrogen diffusion/plasticity coupled model to study the effect of crack depth on the hydrogen-induced cracking behavior in the hydrogen storage vessel. Results show that the hydrogen is mainly concentrated in the trap at the crack tip of the vessel, and the crack tip is always the position with the highest total hydrogen concentration. The distribution of plastic strain and trap hydrogen concentration on the crack surface is small along the axial direction of the cylinder, but large along the radial direction of the cylinder. With the increase of the initial crack depth, the pressure difference corresponding to the crack propagation from radial direction to unstable propagation and the depth of the crack propagation show a decreasing trend, and the hydrogen pressure of unstable propagation also decreases gradually. The greater the depth of cylinder crack, the more difficult it is to prevent cylinder failure.
Numerical Simulation Comparative Analysis of Pipe Soil Interaction in Buried Pipeline
Authors: Xu Feng , Xu Yongsheng , Song Jianfei , Suo Hongchao , Liu Xin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Aiming at the problem that there is no effective tool to quickly analyze the mechanical response of long-distance buried pipelines, this paper uses the APDL language of ANSYS to compile a rapid solution program for the mechanical response of buried pipelines based on the soil spring model. The program is used to establish the calculation model of 500 m long pipe, and analyze the mechanical response of the pipeline with and without medium and subsidence. The value are compared with those of ABAQUS based on PSI unit and solid contact model. The results show that the calculation value of these three methods are in good agreement. The program can realize rapid modeling and accurate analysis of long-distance buried pipelines, and has high engineering application value.
Numerical Simulation Research on Heat Transfer Characteristics of On-Board Type 4 Hydrogen Storage Cylinders Under Localized Fire
Authors: Song Jitian , Zhu Chaoyang , Li Xiang , Gu Chunlin , Huang Liang , Li Jiepu 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Hydrogen energy and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles have become the key development directions of countries around the world, and high-pressure hydrogen storage technology is the most widely used hydrogen storage method in hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. The on-board Type 4 hydrogen storage cylinders are an important hydrogen storage component of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and the storage medium is flammable and explosive high-pressure hydrogen. Therefore, the on-board Type 4 hydrogen storage cylinders determine the safety of the hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. When a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle accidentally catches fire, the high-pressure hydrogen storage cylinder may be exposed to localized fire, and gas cylinders are at risk of explosion before the pressure relief device (TPRD) operates. In this paper, the computational fluid dynamics method was used to establish the numerical calculation model of the on-board Type 4 hydrogen storage cylinders under localized fire, and the accuracy of the numerical calculation model was verified by the fire test results. Using the established numerical calculation model, the heat transfer characteristics of the 35MPa on-board Type 4 hydrogen storage cylinders after localized fire for 600s was analyzed, the effect of different filling media on the heat transfer characteristics of Type 4 hydrogen storage cylinder was studied. The results show: The temperature of the burning area of gas cylinder was significantly higher than that of other areas. The temperature growth rate of the gas in cylinder remained basically unchanged, and the maximum temperature of the gas reached 353K at 600s. As the burning time goes on, the growth rate of the gas pressure increased continuously, and the gas pressure reached 36.3MPa at 600s. And different filling mediums have little effect on the heat transfer characteristics of on-board Type 4 hydrogen storage cylinders.
Coefficients of Friction in Dependence on Aging State of Elastomers – Experimental Identification and Numerical Simulation of the Experiment
Authors: Weber Mike , Zaghdoudi Maha , Brandt Guido , Kömmling Anja , Jaunich Matthias , Wolff Dietmar 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Elastomer seals are mounted as barrier seals in lid systems of containers designed for transport and disposal of negligible heat generating radioactive waste and as auxiliary seals in spent fuel storage and transportation casks (dual purpose casks (DPC)). When the behavior of mounted seals under normal and hypothetical accident conditions of disposal and transport is to be simulated, a comprehensive knowledge of their complex mechanical properties at every state of aging is necessary. In previous works, BAM’s efforts in experimental investigations on specimen artificially aged at different temperatures and times and the implementation of the found results in finite element material models were presented. Additionally, our approaches to reproduce the aging process itself and to extrapolate the results of artificially accelerated aging to longer times were presented. Numerical simulations have shown that the behavior of the seal during mounting and one-sided pressurizing and the resulting performance values such as leakage rate strongly depend on the coefficient of friction (COF) between flange and seal. The friction coefficient, in turn, depends on the aging state of the elastomer material as several publications suggest (see below).
Dynamic COF between an exemplary ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM) material and a stainless steel ball were determined by using a self-designed linear oscillation tribometer. Unaged and artificially aged EPDM specimen stored for 30 days and 100 days at a temperature of 150 °C were tested. A stainless steel ball (d = 10 mm) is brought in contact with the specimen’s surface und loaded by normal forces of 2.5 N, 5 N, 10 N and 20 N. During a reciprocating movement of the EPDM sheet, the horizontal force/friction force is continuously measured, and the COF can be derived.
It is well known that friction is a complex phenomenon especially in soft materials. It cannot be excluded that the measured friction force is influenced by additional force components, resulting from the ball’s grooving through the elastomer’s surface. This force depends on the penetration depth of the ball and on the resistance of the elastomer in its different states of aging. The latter results from microstructural changes i.e., chain scission and additional crosslinking that occur during aging which in turn influence the softening or hardening of the material.
A finite element (FE) ABAQUS® model was developed to reproduce the measurement process. It should help to better understand the physical mechanisms and to quantify the percentage of measured forces resulting from real friction on the one hand and forces resulting from unintended side effects that could falsify the result on the other hand. The behavior of the elastomer in its different states of aging is reproduced by a FE material model already presented in previous works of BAM.
INCEFA-SCALE (Increasing Safety in NPPs by Covering Gaps in Environmental Fatigue Assessment - Focusing on Gaps Between Laboratory Data and Component-Scale)
Authors: McLennan Alec , Cicero Roman , Mottershead Kevin , Courtin Stephan , Que Zaiqing , Cicero Sergio 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
INCEFA-SCALE is a five-year project supported by the European Commission HORIZON2020 programme. It is the successor to the INCEFA-PLUS programme that ran from 2015 to 2020. INCEFA-SCALE kicked off in September 2020. The objective is to continue work, advancing the ability to predict lifetimes of Nuclear Plant components when subjected to Environmental Assisted Fatigue loading (EAF).
It has been generally observed by nuclear plant operators that there appears to be a disconnect between the perceived difficulty of providing an acceptable assessment result with the current EAF methodologies and the good service experience with regard to this specific degradation mechanism. It is internationally recognised that a possible contributor to this discrepancy is the transferability of laboratory-scale tests to real nuclear components. EPRI, in the USA, is leading a series of component-scale environmental fatigue tests that are expected to advance data availability significantly; however, the ability to address transferability of laboratory-scale tests to real component geometries and loadings will still be constrained by limited test data. This is the knowledge gap addressed by INCEFA-SCALE. The project strategy will be (1) the development of comprehensive mechanistic understanding developed through detailed examination of test specimens and MatDB datamining, and (2) testing focussed on particular aspects of component-scale cyclic loading. The project will initially survey and understand the vast amount of test data within JRC’s MatDB database (from the predecessor INCEFA-PLUS project, and from other external sources such as USNRC, EPRI, MHI and the AdFaM project). In parallel, the test programme needs have been agreed, and protocols agreed for managing data, testing, and material examinations consistently. Testing commenced after one year and will run for three years. Finally, the project will deliver guidance on the use of laboratory-scale data for component-scale applications.
This paper will report the first year of the project and detail the preparations completed to ensure the project maximises the achievement of its objectives.
Practical Application of Inline Inspection Tool With Combination of Eddy Current and Deformation Technology
Authors: Geng Liyuan , Feng Qingshan , Chang Jinglong , Huo Xiaotong , Qu Jie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the actual process of magnetic flux leakage inline inspection, the following four problems are often encountered: 1) There are many impurities in pipelines, which seriously interfere with the results of magnetic flux leakage inline inspection; 2) Girth weld misalignment cannot be accurately detected by magnetic flux leakage inline inspection because MFL signals are complex in girth welds; 3) The minimum passage of magnetic flux leakage inline inspection tool is poor when negotiating with pipeline geometry restrictions, so in practice geometry inline inspection normally perform prior to magnetic flux leakage inline inspection to validate the tool passage risk and avoid tool stuck incident, this will lead to tremendous extra efforts, as well as expenses; 4) The magnetic flux leakage inline inspection tool is normally heavier due to mechanical design and strong magnetic attraction force with metal surface, which lead to a much higher driving/pulling force.
To solve these problems above, this paper propose the inline inspection tool with combination of eddy current and deformation technology. This inline inspection tool has the advantage of light weight and lower friction force, which lead to a comparative lower driving/pulling force. It can detect the metal loss on the inner wall of pipelines and weld misalignment of girth welds while realizing geometry inspection.
By comparing the inspection results with the high-resolution magnetic flux leakage inline inspection results, it is concluded that the inspection tool combined with the eddy current and deformation technology inline inspection technology can replace the high-resolution magnetic flux leakage inline inspection tool when focusing on the inner metal loss of pipe wall.
Impact of General and Local Metal Loss on the API 579-1 Creep Residual Life
Authors: Scano Lorenzo , Piccini Francesco 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Creep and corrosion are typical damage mechanisms of pressure components operated at high temperatures and they are frequently evaluated using the relevant sections of the API 579-1 [1] standard. When a general or local metal loss is expected or assessed via Non-Destructive-Examination (NDE) on a pressure equipment in the creep regime, the time-dependent corrosive phenomenon has a direct impact on the time and stress-dependent creep residual life and the two damage mechanisms are competing and reinforcing one another. For these cases, an API 579-1 Level 3 creep assessment shall necessarily take into account the metal loss induced by the corrosive environment to be effective in predicting the component residual life. In this work, the impact of corrosion on the creep life evaluated according to API 579-1 and the Larson-Miller theory was evaluated for the special case of a low-alloy piping component exposed to both general and local metal loss with variable corrosion and creep rates. A finite-element model was set-up incorporating the inelastic steady-state creep law, the API 579-1 time-fraction creep damage and the progressive metal loss due to uniform and localized corrosion. A parametric analysis was finally carried out to investigate the role of the corrosion rate, and the related, augmented stress field on the overall API 579-1 creep damage.
Experimental Investigation on the Fatigue Strength for Different Tightening Procedures and Materials in Metric Screws
Authors: Fini Stefano , Croccolo Dario , De Agostinis Massimiliano , Olmi Giorgio , Robusto Francesco , Scapecchi Chiara 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The aim of this present paper is to investigate the influence of some joint design parameters on the fatigue strength of metric screws. This investigation involved different screws strength grades (8.8 and 12.9). The experimental tests were carried out on black oxidized M6 screws, coupled with steel nuts of the corresponding strength class. Both screws and nuts were tested in “as received” lubrication condition. The screws were tested untightened and tightened with the tightening torque causing yielding (100% of the yield stress). A preliminary test to evaluate the tightening torque providing the desired equivalent stress on the screw was carried out. A tightening machine bench which was able to measure the tightening load and the friction coefficients both in the underhead and in the thread was used. The tests were run controlling the tightening torque and the spindle speed. In the following tests, the screws were tightened at the desired tightening torque and then untightened by means of the aforementioned tightening machine bench. Then the screws and the nuts were assembled on an ad hoc test fixture and tested on a resonant testing machine in order to evaluate the screw fatigue limit according to the international standard ISO 3800. The experimental results were processed by means of statistical tools of two-way ANOVA and Fisher Test in order to evaluate the effect of each parameter on the fatigue response of the screws.
Overview of Standards on Pressure Cycling Test for On-Board Composite Hydrogen Storage Cylinders
Authors: Huang Qianghua , Li Xiang , Li Jiepu , Liu Yitao , Li Xin , Zhu Chaoyang 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
As the fuel storage component for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, on-board composite hydrogen storage cylinders have developed rapidly in recent years. The safety of on-board composite hydrogen storage cylinders in fuel cell vehicles raises wide concerns in the society. The pressure cycling test is used to simulate repeatedly charging and discharging process of hydrogen storage cylinders in service conditions, verify the fatigue resistance of gas cylinders at ambient temperature or extreme temperature, and to test the impact of extreme temperature conditions on the burst strength of hydrogen storage cylinders. Currently, some relevant standards or standard drafts have been drawn up by the international organizations, which stipulate the ambient cycling test method and extreme temperature cycling test method for on-board composite hydrogen storage cylinders. The pressure cycling test methods of composite hydrogen storage cylinders in various standards were compared and analyzed, such as test object, test medium, environment temperature and humidity requirements, test frequency, cycle pressure range, cycle times, qualification indicators, etc. Furthermore, the problems that need to be further studied in pressure cycling test methods were pointed out. Finally, the corresponding suggestions when deploying the pressure cycling test were given.
Development of Screening Technology for Hydrogen Embrittlement Compatibility of Pipeline Steels and Welds Using Simple In-Situ Tests in High-Pressure Environments
Authors: Shin Hyung-Seop , Min Eunsu , Kang Sungbeom , Baek Un-Bong 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Simple screening technology for hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of steels for hydrogen energy facilities using the in-situ small punch (SP) test method has been established. The HE behaviors of API X70 steel base metal and welds for pipelines were investigated using the relative reduction of thickness (RRT) obtained by the in-situ SP test. As a result, it was found that API X70 steel exhibited similar HE sensitivity regardless of test conditions and weld regions. In this study, to give data application reliability to the RRT obtained by the in-situ SP test of ferritic steels, a simple in-situ slow strain-rate tensile (SSRT) test method using a hollow-type specimen was devised. It was used to evaluate the HE sensitivity of the API X70 steel and welds at various temperatures, and the obtained relative reduction of area (RRA) was used to compare to the RRT by in-situ SP test. As a result, it can be found that RRT by in-situ SP test showed a generally good relationship with RRA by the SSRT, even though some variation existed depending on the test temperature, confirming that the in-situ SP test can be effectively applied to the HE sensitivity screening of pipeline steels and welds in high-pressure hydrogen environments.
Technological Progress on Safety Assurance for Hydrogen Storage and Transportation Pressure Equipments in China
Authors: Chen Xuedong , Fan Zhichao , Xu Shuangqing , Xu Peng , Liu Xiaoliang 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Hydrogen is important clean, secondary energy and is considered to be one of the important solutions to achieve the goal of “peak carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality”. The industrial chain for hydrogen includes the production, storage, transportation, refueling, and terminal utilization, etc. The safe and efficient storage and transportation of hydrogen is a bottleneck problem that needs to be solved urgently in the development of hydrogen industry. The needs for development of hydrogen energy in China have been briefly introduced in the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. The failure modes and damage mechanisms of the typical hydrogen storage and transportation pressure equipments have been discussed. The current development status of hydrogen storage and transportation pressure equipments, in terms of the design, manufacturing and maintenance technologies, has been reviewed. Combined with the development trends such as high-pressure, low-temperature, large-capacity and high-density, etc., and focused on different application scenarios including gaseous and liquid hydrogen, technical challenges have been analyzed on safety utilization of hydrogen storage (stationary storage at the refueling stations and on-board storage on fuel cell vehicles) and transportation pressure equipments. The relevant research suggestions on the long-term safety guarantee of the hydrogen storage and transportation pressure equipments have been proposed.
Quantitative Probabilistic Seismic Resilience Assessment of Industrial Facilities
Authors: Kalemi Bledar , Paolacci Fabrizio , Caputo Antonio C. , Corritore Daniele , Quinci Gianluca 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Seismic events could expose industrial facilities to huge economic losses due to production capacity loss. The loss of production capacity and economic losses are not only influenced by direct damages that occur to a facility due to earthquakes, but also they are highly related to recovery process. Recovery process is a function of plant preparedness, recovery plan, and its applicability. In order to have a clear view of economic losses in a process plant in case of seismic events, plant resilience can be useful. Consequently, this paper presents a comprehensive framework for the quantification of seismic resilience of a process plant, at plant level. After the introduction of resilience definition and process plant resilience metrics, a probabilistic methodology for calculation of seismic resilience of plant is presented; furthermore, scenario-based analysis for calculation of risk and resilience metrics is introduced and explained. Finally, case study of a black carbon plant is used to show the applicability of scenario-based analysis for calculation of risk and resilience performance metric. Resilience index, expected annual losses and operational capacity curve are used as performance metrics for process plant. The proposed methodology is the first steps toward a risk and resilience targeted design/assessment of process plants under seismic loading.
Low-Alloy SA-533 Steels as Alternative to ASME SA-516 Carbon Steel for Fabrication of Lightweight FPSO Vessels
Authors: Ngomo Valéry , Guyot Evelyne , Lancini Ivan , Cornut Dany 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in the design of an Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) plant is managing the weight of the facilities within the limited space and weight capacity of the ship. Weight reduction allows simplification of the load distribution on the ship, which is critical because the motions of the structure due to sea current and waves may affect the vessel performance. In this context, the use of high strength steels for pressure vessels reduces the weight by permitting thinner vessels and lighter supporting steel structures.
Compared to ASME SA-516 Grade 70 steel, commonly used for pressure vessels, ASME SA-533 Class 2 steel provides approximately 30–50% greater allowable stress when vessels are designed in accordance with ASME Section VIII Division 1 or 2. Therefore, special considerations are needed to ensure sufficient impact toughness of the welds and to balance toughness, tensile and hardness properties required by the severe service condition.
This paper aims at summarizing some technical data on high strength carbon steel SA-537 class 2 and low-alloy steel SA-533 type C class 2. A case study will illustrate the weight savings that can be achieved with these grades. In addition, characterization results obtained on base material from laboratory tests as well as welded joints will be provided, including hardness survey as regard to ANSI/NACE MR0175 / ISO 15156. Finally, a world-class manufacturer of pressure equipment will provide some feedback on the recent fabrication of pressure vessels in ASME SA-533 Type C grade for an offshore project in Western Africa.
This contribution demonstrates the interest of high strength steels for the fabrication of lighter pressure vessels, and their potential use for severe conditions such as low-temperature or sour service.