bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adversarial Attacks on Face Recognition Systems
Authors: Xu Ying , Raja Kiran , Ramachandra Raghavendra , Busch Christoph 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFace recognition has been widely used for identity verification both in supervised and unsupervised access control applications. The advancement in deep neural networks has opened up the possibility of scaling it to multiple applications. Despite the improvement in performance, deep network-based Face Recognition Systems (FRS) are not well prepared against adversarial attacks at the deployment level. The output performance of such FRS can be drastically impacted simply by changing the trained parameters, for instance, by changing the number of layers, subnetworks, loss and activation functions. This chapter will first demonstrate the impact on biometric performance using a publicly available face dataset. Further to this, this chapter will also present some strategies to defend against such attacks by incorporating defense mechanisms at the training level to mitigate the performance degradation. With the empirical evaluation of the deep FRS with and without a defense mechanism, we demonstrate the impact on biometric performance for the completeness of the chapter.
Future Aircraft and the Future of Aircraft Noise
Authors: Knobloch Karsten , Manoha Eric , Atinault Olivier , Barrier Raphaël , Polacsek Cyril , Lorteau Mathieu , Casalino Damiano , Ragni Daniele , Romani Gianluca , Centracchio Francesco , Rossetti Monica , Cioffi Ilaria , Iemma Umberto , Cipolla Vittorio , Frediani Aldo , Jaron Robert , Enghardt Lars 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn order to cope with increasing air traffic and the requirement to decrease the overall footprint of the aviation sector—making it more sustainably and acceptable for the whole society—drastic technology improvements are required beside all other measures. This includes also the development of novel aircraft configurations and associated technologies which are anticipated to bring significant improvements for fuel burn, gaseous and noise emissions compared to the current state and the current evolutionary development. Several research projects all over the world have been investigating specific technologies to address these goals individually, or novel—sometimes also called “disruptive” —aircraft concepts as a whole. The chapter provides a small glimpse on these activities—mainly from a point of view of recent European funded research activities like Horizon2020 projects ARTEM, PARSIFAL, and SENECA being by no-way complete or exhaustive. The focus of this collection is on noise implications of exemplary novel concepts as this is one of the most complicated and least addressed topics in the assessment of aircraft configurations in an early design stage. Beside the boundary layer ingestion concept, the design process for a blended wing body aircraft is described, a box-wing concept is presented and an outlook on emerging supersonic air transport is given.
Introduction
Authors: Schweitzer Reinhard 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWhat happens in institutions like schools or hospitals when local service provision overlaps with the control of national borders? Such overlap is unavoidable if unlawful residents are to be excluded from mainstream public services. With this explicit aim, governments not only modify the rules and established practices of welfare provision, but also encourage the people who administer and deliver these services to incorporate the logic of immigration control into their everyday work. To identify and better understand the concrete mechanisms that either help or hinder such internalisation of immigration control, this study systematically compares three spheres of service provision – healthcare, education and social assistance – across two distinctive legal-political environments: Barcelona/Spain and London/UK. Looking at official policies as well as their implementation, it primarily draws on a total of almost 90 semi-structured interviews with irregular residents, providers and administrators of local services, and representatives of NGOs and local government. Its innovative analytical framework helps to map and explain the significant variation in how immigration control works within different institutions and how individual actors occupying key positions in these can reproduce, contest, or readjust formal structures of inclusion and exclusion.
Managing Irregularity Through the Provision of Public Education
Authors: Schweitzer Reinhard 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter applies the conceptual and analytical frameworks to the institutional sphere of education and thereby draws systematic comparisons between the two national and local contexts. First, I closely examine the relevant laws and policies enacted at various administrative levels as well as local implementation practices, by drawing on relevant documents and the original accounts of my interview respondents. This allows me to map the various ethical concerns, practical difficulties and organisational conflicts that either migrant irregularity itself, or the internalisation of its control, creates for individuals and the institutions they work for. At the end of the chapter, and with the help of my analytical framework, I summarise the main differences between the two contexts in terms of how they position the various categories of workers in relation to migrant irregularity and its control.
A homological approach to pseudoisotopy theory. I
Authors: Krannich Manuel 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe construct a zig–zag from the once delooped space of pseudoisotopies of a closed 2n-disc to the once looped algebraic K-theory space of the integers and show that the maps involved are p-locally $$(2n-4)$$

(
2
n
-
4
)

-connected for $$n\,{>}\,3$$

n

>

3

and large primes p. The proof uses the computation of the stable homology of the moduli space of high-dimensional handlebodies due to Botvinnik–Perlmutter and is independent of the classical approach to pseudoisotopy theory based on Igusa’s stability theorem and work of Waldhausen. Combined with a result of Randal-Williams, one consequence of this identification is a calculation of the rational homotopy groups of $$\mathrm {BDiff}_\partial (D^{2n+1})$$

BDiff
∂

(

D

2
n
+
1

)

in degrees up to $$2n-5$$

2
n
-
5

.
Studies on archaeological olive fruitstones from the Archaic and Punic periods (7th–3rd century bc) of Sardinia, Italy
Authors: Mureddu Maria , Ucchesu Mariano , Sarigu Marco , Del Vais Carla , Piras Fabio , Sanna Ignazio , Bacchetta Gianluigi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRecent archaeological investigations in the lagunas di Santa Giusta and Mistras, waterlogged sites in central-west Sardinia, Italy, have enabled the recovery of archaeobotanical remains, exceptional in terms of quantity and preservation, dated to the Archaic and Punic periods in the 7th–3rd century bc. Among the finds was a significant amount of Olea europaea fruitstones (endocarps), which are discussed here. The morphometric features of these fruitstones, extrapolated by image analysis, were analysed statistically and compared to modern wild olive populations and cultivars. Thanks to the image analysis, it was possible to recognize the presence of O. europaea var. sylvestris (wild olive) and O. europaea var. europaea (cultivated olive) from the Archaic and Punic periods and to make suggestions about their use. Moreover, most of the cultivated type fruitstones identified by the statistical analysis can be attributed to a group of modern Sardinian cultivars, providing new data on the origin of cultivation and use of olives in Sardinia.
Understanding and reducing the disaster risk of landslide-induced tsunamis: a short summary of the panel discussion in the World Tsunami Awareness Day Special Event of the Fifth World Landslide Forum
Authors: Sassa Shinji , Grilli Stephan T. , Tappin David R. , Sassa Kyoji , Karnawati Dwikorita , Gusiakov Viacheslav K. , Løvholt Finn 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA World Tsunami Awareness Day Special Event was held in hybrid mode on 5 November 2021, during the Fifth World Landslide Forum, in Kyoto, Japan. In this context, a panel discussion was organized across America, Europe, and Asia, with the goal to better understand and reduce the disaster risk of landslide-induced tsunamis, consistent with the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020. This article presents a short summary of this panel discussion.
Accessing the invisible population of low-risk gamblers, issues with screening, testing and theory: a systematic review
Authors: Davies Nyle Hawk , Roderique-Davies Gareth , Drummond Laura Catherine , Torrance Jamie , Sabolova Klara , Thomas Samantha , John Bev 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
While it is a generally accepted fact that many gambling screening tools are not fit for purpose when employed as part of a public health framework, the evidence supporting this claim is sporadic. The aim of this review is to identify and evaluate the gambling screening tools currently in use and examine their utility as part of a public health approach to harm reduction, providing a holistic snapshot of the field.

Methods
A range of index tests measuring aspects of problem gambling were examined, including the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) and the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), among others. This review also examined a range of reference standards including the Diagnostic Interview for Gambling Severity (DIGS) and screening tools such as the SOGS.

Results
The present review supports the belief held by many within the gambling research community that there is a need for a paradigm shift in the way gambling harm is conceptualised and measured, to facilitate early identification and harm prevention.

Discussion
This review has identified a number of meaningful deficits regarding the overall quality of the psychometric testing employed when validating gambling screening tools. Primary among these was the lack of a consistent and reliable reference standard within many of the studies. Currently there are very few screening tools discussed in the literature that show good utility in the domain of public health, due to the focus on symptoms rather than risk factors. As such, these tools are generally ill-suited for identifying preclinical or low-risk gamblers.
COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake and Hesitancy in a National Sample of Australian Gay and Bisexual Men
Authors: Holt Martin , MacGibbon James , Bavinton Benjamin , Broady Timothy , Clackett Shawn , Ellard Jeanne , Kolstee Johann , Molyneux Angus , Murphy Dean , Power Cherie , de Wit John 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMinority groups may face additional barriers to vaccination. In April–June 2021, we assessed the level of COVID-19 vaccination and willingness to be vaccinated in a national, online survey of 1280 gay and bisexual men in Australia. Over a quarter of the sample (28.0%) had been partially or fully vaccinated, and 80.0% of the unvaccinated were willing to be vaccinated. Vaccination was independently associated with older age, being university educated, and HIV status (with HIV-positive participants being more likely and untested participants less likely to be vaccinated). Willingness to be vaccinated was independently associated with living in a capital city and being university educated. Those who had lost income or their job due to COVID-19 were less willing to be vaccinated. Our results suggest encouraging COVID-19 vaccination among those with lower levels of health literacy and supporting those who have experienced financial stress because of the pandemic.
General Performance Score for classification problems
Authors: De Diego Isaac Martín , Redondo Ana R. , Fernández Rubén R. , Navarro Jorge , Moguerza Javier M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSeveral performance metrics are currently available to evaluate the performance of Machine Learning (ML) models in classification problems. ML models are usually assessed using a single measure because it facilitates the comparison between several models. However, there is no silver bullet since each performance metric emphasizes a different aspect of the classification. Thus, the choice depends on the particular requirements and characteristics of the problem. An additional problem arises in multi-class classification problems, since most of the well-known metrics are only directly applicable to binary classification problems. In this paper, we propose the General Performance Score (GPS), a methodological approach to build performance metrics for binary and multi-class classification problems. The basic idea behind GPS is to combine a set of individual metrics, penalising low values in any of them. Thus, users can combine several performance metrics that are relevant in the particular problem based on their preferences obtaining a conservative combination. Different GPS-based performance metrics are compared with alternatives in classification problems using real and simulated datasets. The metrics built using the proposed method improve the stability and explainability of the usual performance metrics. Finally, the GPS brings benefits in both new research lines and practical usage, where performance metrics tailored for each particular problem are considered.
Constructing a Ferroptosis-related Long Non-coding RNA Signature to Predict the Prognostic of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients by Bioinformatic Analysis
Authors: Lu Rui , Li Zhiyong , Yin Shucheng 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFerroptosis is a novel discovered iron-dependent mode of regulated cell death (RCD) which characterized non-apoptosis. Researches have shown the effect of ferroptosis in the biological activities of tumors. But there is no relevant study showing the relationship between ferroptosis-related genes and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In this study, we paid attention to several ferroptosis-related lncRNAs in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and its clinical features. HNSCC data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Ferroptosis-related lncRNAs were selected by the coexpression network. Then, we identified prognostic ferroptosis-related lncRNAs in HNSCC patients and constructed a ferroptosis-related lncRNAs signature by Lasso cox regression. Besides, GSEA analysis was performed to explore the functional enrichment of ferroptosis-related lncRNAs. Nine ferroptosis-related lncRNAs (AC004687.1, AL450992.2, AC010894.2, AL451085.2, AC104083.1, LIPE-AS1, AC108010.1, CTBP1-DT, and PTCSC2) were identified to have the independent prognostic value in HNSCC patients and the ferroptosis-related lncRNAs signature was constructed based on these nine genes. According to the risk score of the signature, the high-risk group had shorter overall survival (OS) compared with the low-risk group. Risk score showed to be an independent factor for the patients with HNSCC. Additionally, the nomogram was generated and the nine lncRNAs were mainly enriched in phagocytosis, metabolism, and chemokine signaling pathways. The ferroptosis-related lncRNA signature has effects on the prognostic prediction of patients with HNSCC which may serve as potential therapeutic targets for patients with HNSCC.
A sociotechnical perspective for the future of AI: narratives, inequalities, and human control
Authors: Sartori Laura , Theodorou Andreas 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDifferent people have different perceptions about artificial intelligence (AI). It is extremely important to bring together all the alternative frames of thinking—from the various communities of developers, researchers, business leaders, policymakers, and citizens—to properly start acknowledging AI. This article highlights the ‘fruitful collaboration’ that sociology and AI could develop in both social and technical terms. We discuss how biases and unfairness are among the major challenges to be addressed in such a sociotechnical perspective. First, as intelligent machines reveal their nature of ‘magnifying glasses’ in the automation of existing inequalities, we show how the AI technical community is calling for transparency and explainability, accountability and contestability. Not to be considered as panaceas, they all contribute to ensuring human control in novel practices that include requirement, design and development methodologies for a fairer AI. Second, we elaborate on the mounting attention for technological narratives as technology is recognized as a social practice within a specific institutional context. Not only do narratives reflect organizing visions for society, but they also are a tangible sign of the traditional lines of social, economic, and political inequalities. We conclude with a call for a diverse approach within the AI community and a richer knowledge about narratives as they help in better addressing future technical developments, public debate, and policy. AI practice is interdisciplinary by nature and it will benefit from a socio-technical perspective.
Framing ethical issues associated with the UK COVID-19 contact tracing app: exceptionalising and narrowing the public ethics debate
Authors: Samuel G. , Lucivero F. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper explores ethical debates associated with the UK COVID-19 contact tracing app that occurred in the public news media and broader public policy, and in doing so, takes ethics debate as an object for sociological study. The research question was: how did UK national newspaper news articles and grey literature frame the ethical issues about the app, and how did stakeholders associated with the development and/or governance of the app reflect on this? We examined the predominance of different ethical issues in news articles and grey literature, and triangulated this using stakeholder interview data. Findings illustrate how news articles exceptionalised ethical debate around the app compared to the way they portrayed ethical issues relating to ‘manual’ contact tracing. They also narrowed the debate around specific privacy concerns. This was reflected in the grey literature, and interviewees perceived this to have emerged from a ‘privacy lobby’. We discuss the findings, and argue that this limited public ethics narrative masked broader ethical issues.
Trust in medical artificial intelligence: a discretionary account
Authors: Nickel Philip J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper sets out an account of trust in AI as a relationship between clinicians, AI applications, and AI practitioners in which AI is given discretionary authority over medical questions by clinicians. Compared to other accounts in recent literature, this account more adequately explains the normative commitments created by practitioners when inviting clinicians’ trust in AI. To avoid committing to an account of trust in AI applications themselves, I sketch a reductive view on which discretionary authority is exercised by AI practitioners through the vehicle of an AI application. I conclude with four critical questions based on the discretionary account to determine if trust in particular AI applications is sound, and a brief discussion of the possibility that the main roles of the physician could be replaced by AI.
Critical Droplets and Sharp Asymptotics for Kawasaki Dynamics with Strongly Anisotropic Interactions
Authors: Baldassarri Simone , Nardi Francesca R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this paper we analyze metastability and nucleation in the context of the Kawasaki dynamics for the two-dimensional Ising lattice gas at very low temperature. Let$$\varLambda \subset {\mathbb {Z}}^2$$Λ⊂Z2be a finite box. Particles perform simple exclusion on$$\varLambda $$Λ, but when they occupy neighboring sites they feel a binding energy$$-U_1<0$$-U1<0in the horizontal direction and$$-U_2<0$$-U2<0in the vertical one. Thus the Kawasaki dynamics is conservative inside the volume$$\varLambda $$Λ. Along each bond touching the boundary of$$\varLambda $$Λfrom the outside to the inside, particles are created with rate$$\rho =e^{-\varDelta \beta }$$ρ=e-Δβ, while along each bond from the inside to the outside, particles are annihilated with rate 1, where$$\beta >0$$β>0is the inverse temperature and$$\varDelta >0$$Δ>0is an activity parameter. Thus, the boundary of$$\varLambda $$Λplays the role of an infinite gas reservoir with density$$\rho $$ρ. We consider the parameter regime$$U_1>2U_2$$U1>2U2also known as the strongly anisotropic regime. We take$$\varDelta \in {(U_1,U_1+U_2)}$$Δ∈(U1,U1+U2), so that the empty (respectively full) configuration is a metastable (respectively stable) configuration. We consider the asymptotic regime corresponding to finite volume in the limit as$$\beta \rightarrow \infty $$β→∞. We investigate how the transition from empty to full takes place with particular attention to the critical configurations that asymptotically have to be crossed with probability 1. The derivation of some geometrical properties of the saddles allows us to identify the full geometry of the minimal gates and their boundaries for the nucleation in the strongly anisotropic case. We observe very different behaviors for this case with respect to the isotropic ($$U_1=U_2$$U1=U2) and weakly anisotropic ($$U_1<2U_2$$U1<2U2) ones. Moreover, we derive mixing time, spectral gap and sharp estimates for the asymptotic transition time for the strongly anisotropic case.
Laser microdissection transcriptome data derived gene regulatory networks of developing rice endosperm revealed tissue- and stage-specific regulators modulating starch metabolism
Authors: Ishimaru Tsutomu , Parween Sabiha , Saito Yuhi , Masumura Takehiro , Kondo Motohiko , Sreenivasulu Nese 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Key message
Laser microdissection applied on the developing rice endosperm revealed tissue- and stage-specific regulators modulating programmed cell death and desiccation tolerance mechanisms in the central starchy endosperm following starch metabolism.

Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) filial seed tissues are heterozygous in its function, which accumulate distinct storage compounds spatially in starchy endosperm and aleurone. In this study, we identified the 18 tissue- and stage-specific gene co-regulons in the developing endosperm by isolating four fine tissues dorsal aleurone layer (AL), central starchy endosperm (CSE), dorsal starchy endosperm (DSE), and lateral starchy endosperm (LSE) at two developmental stages (7 days after flowering, DAF and 12DAF) using laser microdissection (LM) coupled with gene expression analysis of a 44 K microarray. The derived co-expression regulatory networks depict that distinct set of starch biosynthesis genes expressed preferentially at first in CSE at 7 DAF and extend its spatial expression to LSE and DSE by 12 DAF. Interestingly, along with the peak of starch metabolism we noticed accumulation of transcripts related to phospholipid and glycolipid metabolism in CSE during 12 DAF. The spatial distribution of starch accumulation in distinct zones of starchy endosperm contains specific transcriptional factors and hormonal-regulated genes. Genes related to programmed cell death (PCD) were specifically expressed in CSE at 12DAF, when starch accumulation was already completed in that tissue. The aleurone layer present in the outermost endosperm accumulates transcripts of lipid, tricarboxylic acid metabolism, several transporters, while starch metabolism and PCD is not pronounced. These regulatory cascades are likely to play a critical role in determining the positional fate of cells and offer novel insights into the molecular physiological mechanisms of endosperm development from early to middle storage phase.