bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EVOLVING CREATION: AN ISMAILI MUSLIM INTERPRETATION OF EVOLUTION
Authors: Andani Khalil 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article presents a constructive Shīʿī Ismaili Muslim engagement with Neo‐Darwinian evolution. By drawing on Ismaili metaphysics and hermeneutics, I argue that Ismailis can affirm evolution without exceptions due to four features of contemporary and historical Ismaili thought. First, Aga Khan III (d. 1957), the 48th hereditary Ismaili Imam, integrated Neo‐Darwinian evolution with his theological views. Likewise, the present Imam Aga Khan IV (b. 1936) teaches that there is no conflict between Islam and scientific truth because God's creative act is eternal and continuous. Second, Ismaili Neoplatonic metaphysics is compatible with evolution because it situates all natural processes as guided by the Universal Soul without a need for miracles. Third, the common descent of all life lends further support to the Ismaili belief in an unbroken lineage of hereditary Imams since the origins of life on earth. Fourth, the Quranic story of Adam's creation poses no hermeneutical issue because Ismaili scholars read the Adam story symbolically through esoteric exegesis (ta'wīl).
The Stress-Rupture Strength of Type 347 Stainless Steel Under Cyclic Temperature
Authors: Baldwin E. E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Stress-rupture tests of Type 347 stainless steel were conducted in liquid sodium under constant and cyclic temperature conditions. Constant-temperature tests were conducted at temperatures between 1000 and 1200 deg F. Cyclic-test temperatures ranged from 416 to 1294 deg F, and cycle times ranged from 6 to 12 hr. It was concluded that the deviation of the test results from the rupture life calculated by the method of Robinson and Miller was due to transient creep of the steel under cyclic-temperature changes.
Thermal Properties of Titanium Alloys and Selected Tool Materials
Authors: Loewen E. G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Thermal conductivity has been determined of five titanium alloys, four high-speed-steel alloys, and four types of tungsten-carbide tool materials, over a temperature range of 200 to 1000 F. In addition, the specific heat of two titanium alloys has been found between 70 and 1400 F.
The Relation Between Grinding Conditions and Thermal Damage in the Workpiece
Authors: Hahn R. S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The tendency of heat checks and cracks to form in the workpiece is shown to be strongly dependent upon work speed. The durability of the cutting edges of tools is shown to be affected by the work speed during sharpening. Based on the rubbing-grain hypothesis, the “theory of heat conducton” is applied to the grinding process to show that lower surface temperatures occur when grinding is done at high work-surface speed.
On the Evaporation of a Drop of Volatile Liquid in High-Temperature Surroundings
Authors: Ranz W. E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The evaporation of a drop of volatile liquid in high-temperature surroundings is analyzed in terms of the rate of heat transfer. Transfer of heat by mass transfer and by radiation as well as by conduction is taken into account for a pseudostationary and steady state without convection. The flow of cold vapor to the surroundings during evaporation requires that a considerable amount of heat conducted inward be used to warm vapor moving outward. This waylaying of heat energy results in a significant decrease in the apparent rate of heat transfer as measured by the rate of evaporation. Applications of the theoretical results to evaporation and combustion are discussed, and an empirical treatment for cases of free and forced convection is indicated.
Pulsation Errors in Manometer Gages
Authors: Williams T. J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
It is known that manometer gages of conventional design are subject to errors when the gas-pressure differential is pulsating. In this paper, various factors contributing to the production of such errors are analyzed and the requirements for their elimination established. A differential manometer capable of indicating the true time-mean of a pulsating head is described.
Analysis of the Effect of Blade Cooling on Gas-Turbine Performance
Authors: Burke J. C. , Buteau B. L. , Rohsenow W. M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper is an analytical study of the effects on specific air consumption and thermal efficiency of three types of blade-cooling systems. The methods considered are: (a) Air forced-convection cooling; (b) air transpiration cooling; (c) liquid forced-convection cooling.
The analysis was applied to a simple gas-turbine power plant containing a cooled turbine and an uncooled turbine both of which were composed of an infinite number of infinitesimal stages. Certain general design parameters were chosen for each coolant system and the effect of variation of these parameters on power-plant performance was studied. The three cooling methods also were compared against one another for otherwise identical conditions in the basic power plant.
The results of this work make it possible to predict, in a semiquantitative manner, the effect of cooling-system design on power-plant performance. In particular, the results of this paper show that for well-designed cooling systems operating at design conditions, appreciable net gains in performance can be realized by increasing turbine-inlet temperature beyond the temperature which the uncooled blades can withstand.
Sociodemographic Factors Associated With Meeting the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines Among Adults: Findings From the Canadian Health Measures Survey
Authors: Rollo Scott , Roberts Karen C. , Bang Felix , Carson Valerie , Chaput Jean-Philippe , Colley Rachel C. , Janssen Ian , Tremblay Mark S. 
Published: February 2022

Background: This study examined associations between sociodemographic factors and meeting versus not meeting the new Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines recommendations. Methods: The study is based on 7651 respondents aged 18–79 years from the 2007 to 2013 Canadian Health Measures Survey, a nationally representative, cross-sectional survey. Sociodemographic factors included age, sex, household education, household income, race, having a chronic condition, smoking status, alcohol consumption, and body mass index. Participants were classified as meeting or not meeting each of the time-specific recommendations for moderate to vigorous physical activity, sedentary behavior, and sleep duration. Results: Being an adult aged 18–64 years, normal weight, nonsmoker, and not having a chronic condition were associated with meeting the integrated guidelines. Being aged 18–64 years, male, normal weight, nonsmoker, not having a chronic condition, having a higher household education, and higher household income were associated with meeting the moderate to vigorous physical activity recommendation; being aged 18–64 years was associated with meeting the sedentary behavior recommendation; and being white, not having a chronic condition, and having a higher household income were associated with meeting the sleep duration recommendation. Conclusions: Few Canadian adults met the 2020 Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines, and disparities across sociodemographic factors exist. Implementation strategies and dissemination approaches to encourage uptake and adoption are necessary.
Dexmedetomidine improves success of paediatric MRI sedation
Authors: Jackson Thomas J , Dawes Deborah , Ahmad Shaista , Martin Darren , Gyamtso Cassandra 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveTo improve success rates of children requiring sedation for MRI.MethodsAudits of sedation success for children attending planned MRI using three different approaches: (1) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance (chloral hydrate if <15 kg and oral midazolam if ≥15 kg), (2) Chloral hydrate for all patients, (3) Chloral hydrate±intranasal dexmedetomidine if <15 kg and intranasal dexmedetomidine alone if ≥15 kg.Results74 patients had 85 MRI scan attempts. Overall success rates were significantly higher when using intranasal dexmedetomidine compared with following NICE guidance (81% vs 52% p=0.017). Dexmedetomidine performed better than oral midazolam for the same indication (76% vs 33% p=0.026). The side effect profile for dexmedetomidine was as reported in larger studies.ConclusionsIntranasal dexmedetomidine is an effective alternative to oral midazolam for sedation for MRI and as a rescue medication where chloral hydrate has been ineffective.
Uveal lymphoid hyperplasia: treatment with combination antibiotics and steroids
Authors: Francis Jasmine H , Winebrake James P , Abramson David H 
Published: February 2022

Background/aimsUveal lymphoid hyperplasia (formerly benign reactive hyperplasia of the choroid) spans histopatholological characteristics ranging from reactive hyperplasia to low-grade lymphoid neoplasm. There is strong evidence that other low-grade lymphoid neoplasms, particularly of gastric derivations, respond to oral antibiotics. Here, we explore that response of uveal lymphoid hyperplasia to treatment with only oral antibiotics and steroids.MethodsFour eyes of three patients with clinically diagnosed uveal lymphoid hyperplasia were treated with a course of oral antibiotics and steroids. The main outcome was clinical response of choroidal infiltrate by optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements of choroidal thickness and visual acuity. Secondary outcome measure included local and systemic recurrence. Clinical response was evaluated by clinical exam, fundus photography, ultrasound and OCT.ResultsAll 4 eyes displayed a clinical response at a median 2 weeks after starting oral antibiotics and steroid course. The choroidal infiltration regressed as evidenced by: decrease of choroidal thickness by a median of 421 nm, myopic shift in refractive error by a median of 0.50 Diopters, and improved vision by a median of 1.5 Snellen lines. At a median of 51-month follow-up, all four eyes had a sustained complete response and no patient has developed systemic disease to date.ConclusionsIn this small cohort of patients with uveal lymphoid hyperplasia, measurable and sustained clinical responses were observed with antibiotics/steroids, without systemic recurrence. This suggests combination antibiotic/steroid therapy is a reasonable treatment for select cases of uveal lymphoid hyperplasia, and may avoid the need for systemic chemotherapy/monoclonal antibody and/or external beam irradiation.
Clinical research on COVID-19: perceptions and barriers to participation in The Gambia
Authors: Diallo Brahima Amara , Usuf Effua , Ceesay Omar , D'Alessandro Umberto , Roca Anna , Martinez-Alvarez Melisa 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionThe need to rapidly identify safe and efficacious drug therapies for COVID-19 has resulted in the implementation of multiple clinical trials investigating potential treatment options. These are being undertaken in an unprecedented research environment and at a higher speed than ever before. It is unclear how West African communities perceive such activities and how such perceptions influence participation in COVID-19 clinical trials. This qualitative study was conducted to assess the level of acceptability of a clinical trial on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in The Gambia and identify strategies to better engage communities in participating in such a trial.MethodsData were collected using digitally recorded semistructured interviews (SSIs) and focus group discussions (FGDs) in Brikama and Kanifing local government areas. These are two of the most densely populated administrative subdivisions in The Gambia, where the clinical trial was to be implemented by the MRC Unit The Gambia. 26 men and 22 women aged between 19 and 70 years, with diverse socioeconomic profiles, participated in 8 FGDs (n=36) and 12 SSIs (n=12). Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.ResultsFear of stigmatisation of patients with COVID-19 was a recurring theme in most FGDs and SSIs, with detrimental effects on willingness to accept COVID-19 testing and home visits to follow up patients with COVID-19 and their household contacts. Preserving the privacy of individuals enrolled in the study was key to potentially increase trial participation. Trust in the implementing institution and its acknowledged expertise were facilitators to accepting the administration of investigational products to sick individuals and their close contacts.ConclusionCOVID-19 is a stigmatising disease. Developing a research–participant collaboration through an ongoing engagement with community members is crucial to a successful enrolment in COVID-19 clinical trials. Trust and acknowledged expertise of the implementing institution are key facilitators to foster such collaboration.
Deep recurrent reinforced learning model to compare the efficacy of targeted local versus national measures on the spread of COVID-19 in the UK
Authors: Dong Tim , Benedetto Umberto , Sinha Shubhra , Fudulu Daniel , Dimagli Arnaldo , Chan Jeremy , Caputo Massimo , Angelini Gianni 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesTo prevent the emergence of new waves of COVID-19 caseload and associated mortalities, it is imperative to understand better the efficacy of various control measures on the national and local development of this pandemic in space–time, characterise hotspot regions of high risk, quantify the impact of under-reported measures such as international travel and project the likely effect of control measures in the coming weeks.MethodsWe applied a deep recurrent reinforced learning based model to evaluate and predict the spatiotemporal effect of a combination of control measures on COVID-19 cases and mortality at the local authority (LA) and national scale in England, using data from week 5 to 46 of 2020, including an expert curated control measure matrix, official statistics/government data and a secure web dashboard to vary magnitude of control measures.ResultsModel predictions of the number of cases and mortality of COVID-19 in the upcoming 5 weeks closely matched the actual values (cases: root mean squared error (RMSE): 700.88, mean absolute error (MAE): 453.05, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE): 0.46, correlation coefficient 0.42; mortality: RMSE 14.91, MAE 10.05, MAPE 0.39, correlation coefficient 0.68). Local lockdown with social distancing (LD_SD) (overall rank 3) was found to be ineffective in preventing outbreak rebound following lockdown easing compared with national lockdown (overall rank 2), based on prediction using simulated control measures. The ranking of the effectiveness of adjunctive measures for LD_SD were found to be consistent across hotspot and non-hotspot regions. Adjunctive measures found to be most effective were international travel and quarantine restrictions.ConclusionsThis study highlights the importance of using adjunctive measures in addition to LD_SD following lockdown easing and suggests the potential importance of controlling international travel and applying travel quarantines. Further work is required to assess the effect of variant strains and vaccination measures.
Web-based intervention to reduce psychological barriers to insulin therapy among adults with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: study protocol for a two-armed randomised controlled trial of ‘Is insulin right for me?’
Authors: Holmes-Truscott Elizabeth , Holloway Edith E , Husin Hanafi M , Furler John , Hagger Virginia , Skinner Timothy C , Speight Jane 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionPsychological barriers to insulin therapy are associated with the delay of clinically indicated treatment intensification for people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), yet few evidence-based interventions exist to address these barriers. We describe the protocol for a randomised controlled trial (RCT) examining the efficacy of a novel, theoretically grounded, psychoeducational, web-based resource designed to reduce psychological barriers to insulin among adults with non-insulin treated T2D: ‘Is insulin right for me?’.Methods and analysisDouble-blind, parallel group RCT. A target sample of N=392 participants (n=196/arm) will be randomised (1:1) to ‘Is insulin right for me?’ (intervention) or widely available online resources (control). Eligible participants include adults (18–75 years), residing in Australia, currently taking oral hypoglycaemic agents to manage T2D. They will be primarily recruited via invitations and reminders from the national diabetes registry (from a purposefully selected sample of N≥12 000). Exclusion criteria: experience of self-administered injectable; previously enrolled in pilot RCT; ‘very willing’ to start insulin as baseline. Outcomes will be assessed via online survey at 2 weeks and 6 months. Primary outcome between-group: difference in mean negative Insulin Treatment Appraisal Scores (ITAS negative) at 2-week and 6-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes: between-group differences in mean positive insulin appraisals (ITAS positive) and percentage difference in intention to commence insulin at follow-up time points. All data analyses will be conducted according to the intention-to-treat principle.Ethics and disseminationDeakin University Human Research Ethics Committee (2020–073). Dissemination via peer-reviewed journals, conferences and a plain-language summary.Trial registration numberACTRN12621000191897; Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry.
Existing predictive methods applied to gait analysis of patients with diabetes: study protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Moura da Silva Patrícia Mayara , Oliveira Bezerra Ana Beatriz , Araújo Farias Luanna Barbara , Ribeiro Tatiana Souza , Morya Edgard , Cavalcanti Fabrícia Azevêdo da Costa 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionType 2 diabetes can lead to gait abnormalities, including a longer stance phase, shorter steps and improper foot pressure distribution. Quantitative data from objective methods for evaluating gait patterns are accurate and cost-effective. In addition, it can also help predictive methods to forecast complications and develop early strategies to guide treatments. To date, no research has systematically summarised the predictive methods used to assess type 2 diabetic gait. Therefore, this protocol aims to identify which predictive methods have been employed to assess the diabetic gait.Methods and analysisThis protocol will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol (PRISMA-P) statement. Electronic searches of articles from inception to January 2022 will be performed, from May 2021 to 31 January 2022, in the Web of Science, MEDLINE, Embase, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Scopus, CINAHL, Google Scholar, APA PsycInfo, the Cochrane Library and in references of key articles and grey literature without language restrictions. We will include studies that examined the development and/or validation of predictive methods to assess type 2 diabetic gait in adults aged >18 years without amputations, use of assistive devices, ulcers or neuropathic pain. Two independent reviewers will screen the included studies and extract the data using a customised charting form. A third reviewer will resolve any disagreements. A narrative synthesis will be performed for the included studies. Risk of bias and quality of evidence will be assessed using the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool and the Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required because only available secondary published data will be analysed. The findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals and/or presentations at relevant conferences and other media platforms.PROSPERO registration numberCDR42020199495.
Distribution of care expenditures for men and women with type 2 diabetes treated in primary care in the Netherlands: a case–control study (ZODIAC-59)
Authors: Mevissen M R J , Geurten Rose Julie , Hendriks S H , Elissen Arianne , van Dijk Peter Ruben , Bilo Henk J G 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveThis study aims to provide insight into the distribution of care expenditures for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)— across multiple healthcare service categories and medical specialties—who receive diabetes care in the primary care setting.DesignObservational, matched case–control study.SettingIn the Netherlands, T2DM-specific care is mainly provided in the primary care setting. However, many patients with T2DM also use secondary care for complications and comorbidities, either related or unrelated to their diabetes.ParticipantsPatients with T2DM receiving diabetes care in primary care and participating in the Dutch Zwolle Outpatient Diabetes project Integrating Available Care cohort in the year 2011 were matched to persons without T2DM. Matching (1:2 ratio) was performed based on age, gender and socioeconomic status. Clinical data were combined with an all-payer claims database from 2011.ResultsIn total, 43 775 patients with T2DM were identified of whom 37 240 could be matched with 74 480 controls. Total secondary care expenditures were €94 705 814, with a total annual median expenditure per patient of €2133 (1161 to 3340) for men and €2,535 (1374 to 5105) for women. The largest share of expenditures was on medication (26%), followed by secondary care (23%) and primary care services related (23%) to T2DM. The five most expensive specialties were: cardiology, surgery, internal medicine, orthopaedics and ophthalmology. Care expenditures for T2DM patients were twofold higher than those for persons without T2DM. Healthcare expenditures showed a skewed distribution, indicating that a small part of the studied population is responsible for a considerable part of the costs.ConclusionsExpenditures among primary care treated T2DM patients are higher than non-diabetic matched controls. Medication is the largest share of T2DM care expenditures. The present study provides insights into healthcare expenditures for T2DM; this may enable more efficient healthcare planning and reimbursement.
Evaluations of training and education interventions for improved infectious disease management in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic literature review
Authors: van Dorst Pim Wilhelmus Maria , van der Pol Simon , Salami Olawale , Dittrich Sabine , Olliaro Piero , Postma Maarten , Boersma Cornelis , van Asselt Antoinette Dorothea Isabelle 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesTo identify most vital input and outcome parameters required for evaluations of training and education interventions aimed at addressing infectious diseases in low-income and middle-income countries.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesPubMed/Medline, Web of Science and Scopus were searched for eligible studies between January 2000 and November 2021.Study selectionHealth economic and health-outcome studies on infectious diseases covering an education or training intervention in low-income and middle-income countries were included.ResultsA total of 59 eligible studies covering training or education interventions for infectious diseases were found; infectious diseases were categorised as acute febrile infections (AFI), non-AFI and other non-acute infections. With regard to input parameters, the costs (direct and indirect) were most often reported. As outcome parameters, five categories were most often reported including final health outcomes, intermediate health outcomes, cost outcomes, prescription outcomes and health economic outcomes. Studies showed a wide range of per category variables included and a general lack of uniformity across studies.ConclusionsFurther standardisation is needed on the relevant input and outcome parameters in this field. A more standardised approach would improve generalisability and comparability of results and allow policy-makers to make better informed decisions on the most effective and cost-effective interventions.