bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colorectal Surgery Practice, Training, and Research in Low-Resource Settings
Authors: Chu Kathryn M. , Bust Lynn , Forgan Tim 
Published: September 2022

AbstractColorectal surgery (CRS) practice, training, and research differ between low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries due to disparity in resources. LMIC CRS is primarily done by general surgeons due to the paucity of fully trained colorectal surgeons. The majority of colon and rectal resections are done using open techniques, and laparoscopy and robotic platforms are only available in select private or academic centers. Multi-disciplinary teams are not available in most hospitals, so surgeons must have a broad knowledge base, and learn to adapt their practice. Formal CRS training opportunities through accredited post-residency fellowships and professional colorectal surgical associations are limited in LMICs. CRS is less established as an academic field, and less data are generated in LMICs. There are fewer staff and less dedicated funding for CRS research. However, LMIC colorectal surgeons and researchers can contribute valuable clinical findings especially on conditions of higher prevalence in their settings such as anal squamous cell carcinoma and obstetric fistulas. Effective surgical care for colorectal conditions requires significant investment in infrastructure, training, and governance in LMICs. This is critical to improve access to safe surgical care for all.
Protecting-Group-Free Synthesis of Novel Cannabinoid-Like 2,5-Dihydrobenzoxepines
Authors: Kayser Oliver , Nguyen Gia-Nam , Jordan Erin Noel 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of 2,5-dihydrobenzoxepine analogues was developed without using protecting groups. Regioselective allylation was optimized through a recent method utilizing magnesium dicarboxylates. Grubbs catalysts were applied to investigate ring-closing metathesis. The scope of the present route was extended to produce four analogues, which provided novel cannabinoid-like 2,5-dihydrobenzoxepines in sufficient quantities to permit in vitro assays on recombinant CB1/CB2 receptors. In vitro assays related to CB1/CB2 receptors did not indicate any activity.
Language Assessment in Patients with Disorders of Consciousness
Authors: Aubinet Charlène , Schnakers Caroline , Majerus Steve 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe assessment of residual language abilities in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) after severe brain injury is particularly challenging due to their limited behavioral repertoire. Moreover, associated language impairment such as receptive aphasia may lead to an underestimation of actual consciousness levels. In this review, we examine past research on the assessment of residual language processing in DoC patients, and we discuss currently available tools for identifying language-specific abilities and their prognostic value. We first highlight the need for validated and sensitive bedside behavioral assessment tools for residual language abilities in DoC patients. As regards neuroimaging and electrophysiological methods, the tasks involving higher level linguistic commands appear to be the most informative about level of consciousness and have the best prognostic value. Neuroimaging methods should be combined with the most appropriate behavioral tools in multimodal assessment protocols to assess receptive language abilities in DoC patients in the most complete and sensitive manner.
Upper-Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis after Whole Blood Donation—A Case Report
Authors: Abidoye Oluseyi , Johnson Andrew , Cho Young Min , Ogbuagu Henry , Choudhury Hasan , Takegawa Ryosuke , Hayashida Kei , Shinozaki Koichiro , Aoki Tomoaki , Okuma Yu , Zanos Stavros , Zafeiropoulos Stefanos , Giannis Dimitrios , Pipolo Derek O. , Becker Lance B. , Miyara Santiago J. , Guevara Sara , Molmenti Ernesto P. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractUpper-extremity deep venous thrombosis (UEDVT) after whole blood donation is rarely reported. Blood donation has a low rate of complications and is typically safe. A small percentage of blood donors experience donation-related events such as UEDVT, which are extremely rare. We are reporting a rare case of a UEDVT following blood donation. This is an extremely rare event; only five cases were reported to our knowledge. A 22-year-old Caucasian woman with a past medical history of provoked pulmonary embolism completed 6 months of apixaban and negative thrombophilia workup presented to the hospital with complaints of progressive pain and swelling in her right arm. The patient reports donating blood using her right arm in January 2021. Phlebotomy duration for blood donation was approximately 10minutes. She reported pain and swelling several days after blood donation. Subsequently, a duplex ultrasound showed a thrombus in the right brachial vein. The patient was started on apixaban for 6 months. Although most whole blood donors do not experience complications, DVT is a rare complication from whole blood donation with severe consequences. It should be considered in a donor with worsening pain and swelling.
Behavioral Assessment of Patients with Disorders of Consciousness
Authors: Bodien Yelena G. , Katz Douglas I. , Schiff Nicholas D. , Giacino Joseph T. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSevere brain injury is associated with a period of impaired level of consciousness that can last from days to months and results in chronic impairment. Systematic assessment of level of function in patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC) is critical for diagnosis, prognostication, and evaluation of treatment efficacy. Approximately 40% of patients who are thought to be unconscious based on clinical bedside behavioral assessment demonstrate some signs of consciousness on standardized behavioral assessment. This finding, in addition to a growing body of literature demonstrating the advantages of standardized behavioral assessment of DoC, has led multiple professional societies and clinical guidelines to recommend standardized assessment over routine clinical evaluation of consciousness. Nevertheless, even standardized assessment is susceptible to biases and misdiagnosis, and examiners should consider factors, such as fluctuating arousal and aphasia, that may confound evaluation. We review approaches to behavioral assessment of consciousness, recent clinical guideline recommendations for use of specific measures to evaluate patients with DoC, and strategies for mitigating common biases that may confound the examination.
Effect of post-metallization anneal on (100) Ga2O3/Ti–Au ohmic contact performance and interfacial degradation
Authors: Lee Ming-Hsun , Chou Ta-Shun , Bin Anooz Saud , Galazka Zbigniew , Popp Andreas , Peterson Rebecca L. 
Published: September 2022

Here, we investigate the effect of post-metallization anneal temperature on Ti/Au ohmic contact performance for (100)-oriented Ga2O3. A low contact resistance of ∼2.49 × 10−5 Ω·cm2 is achieved at an optimal anneal temperature of ∼420 °C for (100) Ga2O3. This is lower than the widely-used temperature of 470 °C for (010)-oriented Ga2O3. However, drastic degradation of the (100)-oriented contact resistance to ∼1.36 × 10−3 Ω·cm2 is observed when the anneal temperature was increased to 520 °C. Microscopy at the degraded ohmic contact revealed that the reacted Ti–TiOx interfacial layer has greatly expanded to 25–30 nm thickness and GaAu2 inclusions have formed between (310)-Ga2O3 planes and the Ti–TiOx layer. This degraded interface, which corresponds to the deterioration of ohmic contact properties, likely results from excess in-diffusion of Au and out-diffusion of Ga, concurrent with the expansion of the Ti–TiOx layer. These results demonstrate the critical influence of Ga2O3 anisotropy on the optimal post-metallization anneal temperature. Moreover, the observed Ti/Au contact degradation occurs for relatively moderate anneal conditions (520 °C for 1 min in N2), pointing to the urgent necessity of developing alternative metallization schemes for gallium oxide, including the use of Au-free electrodes.
SH—It happens: S–H bonds as intrinsic 2D-IR labels in proteins
Authors: Deniz E. , Schmidt-Engler J. M. , Ulrich K. , Oberle M. , Wille G. , Bredenbeck J. 
Published: September 2022

Cysteine S–H bonds have a spectroscopically convenient stretching frequency of ∼2550 cm−1. However, their cross section is low, and the band can be strongly broadened in heterogeneous environments, making detection very challenging. With two-dimensional infrared (2D-IR) setups achieving ever higher sensitivities in recent years, systematic use of the weak cysteine sulfhydryls (Cys–SHs) absorption band is now within reach, even at low millimolar protein concentrations. Here, we demonstrate the capabilities of Cys–SH as an intrinsic 2D-IR label in pyruvate oxidase from E. coli, an enzyme with ten cysteines in its native sequence. 1D-IR measurements on the wild-type and individual cysteine knock-out variants show that two such residues have especially narrow SH signatures, caused by their intrahelical hydrogen bonding. 2D-IR analysis of these bands reveals an extraordinarily high anharmonicity (∼110 cm−1) and a long vibrational lifetime (∼4 ps). This allows monitoring spectral diffusion via center line slope analysis for up to 10 ps—separately for both the ground and excited states. The unique spectroscopic features and its ease of introduction make Cys–SH a useful IR spectroscopic label.
Buffer gas cooled ice chemistry. I. Buffer gas cell and mm-wave spectrometer
Authors: Radhakrishnan S. , Hager T. , Kanaherarachchi A. , Williams C. , Hall G. E. , Broderick B. M. 
Published: September 2022

A new instrument is described that will employ buffer gas cooling with mm-wave rotational spectroscopy (60–90 GHz) to probe molecules desorbed from astrochemical ices prepared in an ultrahigh vacuum environment. Here the design and performance of the buffer gas cell, mm-wave spectrometer and data acquisition system are reported, while application to molecules desorbed from ice surfaces will be described in a future publication. The effective temperature of the neon-cooled buffer gas cell is determined by monitoring a range of rotational lines of propyl cyanide introduced into the cell. Its number density is estimated from comparison to room temperature measurements and the effective collision cross section with neon is estimated by monitoring the free induction decay (FID) lifetimes. The spectrometer and data acquisition system described are capable of acquiring and time–domain averaging the FIDs at 10 Gs/s, 10 bit vertical resolution and 98% duty cycle.
Light drives vegetative phenology of
Authors: Endres Júnior Delio , Sasamori Márcio H. , Müller Andressa , Schmitt Jairo L. , Droste Annette 
Published: September 2022

Despite Orchidaceae is a key component of the epiphytic flora of tropical and subtropical forests, phenological studies of this group are rare, mainly due to technical difficulties in observing epiphytes, the reduced abundance of wild specimens, and to the evergreen characteristic of these plants. We monitored shoot and root production of translocated young plants of the epiphytic orchid Cattleya intermedia Graham at the edge and in the interior of a subtropical Atlantic Forest fragment, and investigated their relationship with temperature, luminosity, photoperiod, rainfall and air humidity. Individuals propagated in vitro were translocated in the spring and inspected monthly for 3 years for shoot and root production. Shoot production at the edge of the forest was positively related with photoperiod and luminosity. In the interior, this relationship was characterised by a 1-month time delay. The highest concentrations of plants with shoot production occurred in spring and summer in both environments. Interior plants were more likely to produce roots in spring and summer, while edge plants were more likely to produce roots in summer. Edge plants produced fewer roots when rainfall was high, while interior plants produced more roots when interior air humidity was high. The influence of light availability for translocated plants was demonstrated by the different responses of shoot growth at the edge and in the interior of the forest and by the relationship with the seasonal variation of this variable. Thus, light becomes a key factor for the establishment of translocated C. intermedia and must be considered in the choice of their habitats.
Laser drilling of stainless steel foil with reduced sidelobe ablation using a spatially filtered Bessel–Gauss beam
Authors: Won Seung Jai , Jeong Sungho 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Laser processing of a non-transparent material using a Bessel–Gauss beam is accompanied by serious ablation by the sidelobes. To suppress sidelobe ablation, the electric field of a Bessel–Gauss beam generated with a femtosecond laser and an axicon lens was modified by spatially filtering the input Gaussian beam using an annular filter. When the annular filter was applied, the intensity of the first sidelobe peak decreased from 15% of the unfiltered beam to 3.2% and 5.4%, depending on the depth of focus. Laser drilling of 100 μm-thick stainless steel foil using the spatially filtered Bessel–Gauss beam showed significant improvements in the hole quality as compared to the conventional Bessel-Gauss beam. The normalized sidelobe diameter (=sidelobe diameter ÷ hole diameter) was reduced from 2.1–2.5 to 1.5–1.7. The maximum depth of sidelobe ablation was reduced by up to 72.5%. It was also shown that nearly burr-free laser drilling is possible by properly selecting process conditions with the spatially filtered Bessel–Gauss beam.
First direct experimental evidence of the merging of two colliding field reversed configurations
Authors: Liao Hui , Hu Chaoqi , Li Yilin , Sun Xuan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The collisional merging of two Alfvénic-speed translated field reversed configurations (FRCs) via magnetic reconnection is presented with a two-dimensional magnetic probe array in the Keda Mirror with AXisymmetricity-FRC experiment. The collision is accompanied by axial compression and radial expansion, resulting in the increase in the FRC’s current density and poloidal flux. A reversed-current sheet is found to form during collision, indicating the occurrence of magnetic reconnection. After merging, the ion and electron temperature are increased. By comparing three different scenarios, i.e. the single-translated FRC, the FRC colliding solely with a stream plasma, and the collisional-merging FRC, we identify that axial compression and magnetic reconnection both contribute the electron heating.
Towards a dark sector model from string theory
Authors: Bernardo Heliudson , Brandenberger Robert , Fröhlich Jürg 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An embedding of a unified dark sector model into string theory with the following features is proposed: the model-independent axion descending from the Kalb-Ramond 2-form field is identified with the dark-matter field, and the real part of a Kähler modulus field — the “radius” of one of the extra spatial dimensions — accounts for dark energy. The expectation value of the dilaton field is stabilized by a gaugino condensation mechanism. A dark-energy potential with an amplitude corresponding to a realistic low energy scale results from some gentle tuning of the stabilized expectation value of the dilaton. The resulting potential reproduces the one in a previous dark-sector model proposed by two of us. Challenges to obtain a sufficiently flat potential are discussed.
The Unusual Active Galaxy H1821+643 and the Elusive Nature of FRI Quasars
Authors: Garofalo David , Singh Chandra B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The moderate spin estimate for the black hole at the center of the cool core cluster H1821+643 motivates the completion of a story about this object’s origin and evolution that was in the making since the work by Blundell & Rawlings over two decades ago as the first example of a massive black hole accreting at near-Eddington rates with an FRI jet. This elusive combination of properties was explained in our 2010 model where we showed it to be part of a small parameter space that includes X-shaped radio galaxies. As an accreting black hole that never experienced a counterrotating phase, H1821+643 is constrained by theory to produce a jet for spin values a satisfying 0.1 < a < ∼ 0.7 and an FRI jet for a slightly smaller range. The feedback from such a black hole is not subject to a tilted jet and is why star formation rates remain high in this cluster environment. The prediction is that H1821+643 is within millions of years of becoming jetless.
SMC-Last Mosaic Images
Authors: Mizuno D. R. , Kraemer Kathleen E. , Kuchar T. A. , Sloan G. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We present mosaic images of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) observed with the Spitzer IRAC 3.6 μm and 4.5 μm bands over two epochs, 2017 August 25–2017 September 13 and 2017 November 24–2018 February 12. The survey region comprises ∼30 deg2 covering the SMC and the Bridge to the Large Magellanic Cloud. The region is covered by 52 ∼ 1.°1 × 1.°1 tiles, with each tile including images in each band for both separate and combined epochs. The mosaics are made in individual tangent projections in J2000 coordinates. The angular pixel size is 0.″6 with a resolution (FWHM) of ∼2.″0. We describe processing to correct or mitigate residual artifacts and remove background discontinuities. The mosaic images are publicly available at the Infrared Science Archive.
Mixed hydrogen isotopes plasma-driven permeation through CLF-1 RAFM steel for ITER HCCB TBM
Authors: Liu Cai-Bin , Zhou Hai-Shan , Li Xue-Chun , Liu Hao-Dong , Wang Lu , Wauters Tom , Wang Xiao-Yu , Liu Song-Lin , Luo Guang-Nan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The first wall of the helium-cooled ceramic breeder test blanket module (TBM) will be subjected to charge exchange neutral from the mixed deuterium (D) and tritium (T) deuterium–tritium (D–T) mixture plasma irradiation. To understand the isotope effects on mixed plasma-driven permeation (PDP) through the TBM wall, which is typically made by reduced activation martensitic/ferritic steel (RAFM), mixed D and protium (H) PDP experiments for a Chinese RAFM CLF-1 have been performed. Permeation fluxes of H and D through ∼mm thick CLF-1 have been recorded at various sample temperatures and particle incident energies. The co-permeation of H and D is found to be diffusion-limited in the bulk and obeys classical mass effects of diffusion species. The H/D ratio of the permeation fluxes is found to be stable when changing sample temperature and is insensitive to ion incident energy. In addition, the mixed H can provide more channels for D recombination to reduce the D permeation.
Effects of alpha particles on the transport of helium ash driven by collisionless trapped electron mode turbulence
Authors: Zhu Guangting , Wang Lu , Guo Weixin , Hussain M.S. , Zhang Mingzhu 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of alpha (α) particles on the transport of helium ash driven by collisionless trapped electron mode (CTEM) turbulence are analytically studied using quasi-linear theory in tokamak deuterium (D) and tritium (T) plasmas. Under the parameters used in this work, the transport of helium ash is mainly determined by the diffusion due to very weak convection. It is found that the ratio between helium ash diffusivity and effective electron thermal conductivity (D
He/χ
eff) driven by CTEM turbulence, which is a proper normalized parameter for quantifying the efficiency of helium ash removal, is smaller than unity. This indicates the less efficient removal of helium ash through CTEM turbulence as compared with ion temperature gradient (ITG) turbulence in [Angioni et al 2009 Nucl. Fusion
49 055013]. However, the efficiency of helium ash removal is increased 55% by the presence of 3% α particles with their density gradient being equivalent to that of electrons, and this enhancement can be further strengthened by steeper profile of α particles. This is mainly because the enhancement of helium ash diffusivity by α particles is stronger than that of the effective electron thermal conductivity. Moreover, the higher fraction of T ions, higher temperature ratio between electrons and thermal ions as well as flatter electron density profile, the stronger enhancement of D
He/χ
eff, and α particles further strengthen the favorable effects of these parameters on the removal of helium ash.
Post-Soviet changes in cropping practices in the irrigated drylands of the Aral Sea basin
Authors: Rufin Philippe , Peña-Guerrero Mayra Daniela , Umirbekov Atabek , Wei Yanbing , Müller Daniel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Water withdrawals for irrigated crop production constitute the largest source of freshwater consumption on Earth. Monitoring the dynamics of irrigated crop cultivation is crucial for tracking crop water consumption, particularly in water-scarce areas. We analyzed changes in water-dependent crop cultivation for 650 000 km2 of Central Asian drylands, including the entire basin of the Amu Darya river, once the largest tributary to the Aral Sea before large-scale irrigation projects grossly reduced the amount of water reaching the river delta. We used Landsat time series to map overall cropland extent, dry season cropping, and cropping frequency in irrigated croplands annually from 1987 to 2019. We scrutinized the emblematic change processes of six localities to discern the underlying causes of these changes. Our unbiased area estimates reveal that between 1988 and 2019, irrigated dry season cropping declined by 1.34 million hectares (Mha), while wet season and double cropping increased by 0.64 Mha and 0.83 Mha, respectively. These results show that the overall extent of cropland in the region remained stable, while higher cropping frequency increased harvested area. The observed changes’ overall effect on water resource use remains elusive: Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, declining dry season cultivation reduced crop water demand while, more recently, increasing cropping frequency raised water consumption. Our analysis provides the first fine-scale analysis of post-Soviet changes in cropping practices of the irrigated areas of Central Asia. Our maps are openly available and can support future assessments of land-system trajectories and, coupled with evapotranspiration estimates, changes in crop water consumption.
Urbanizing the floodplain: global changes of imperviousness in flood-prone areas
Authors: Andreadis Konstantinos M , Wing Oliver E J , Colven Emma , Gleason Colin J , Bates Paul D , Brown Casey M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cities have historically developed close to rivers and coasts, increasing human exposure to flooding. That exposure is exacerbated by changes in climate and population, and by urban encroachment on floodplains. Although the mechanisms of how urbanization affects flooding are relatively well understood, there have been limited efforts to assess the magnitude of floodplain encroachment globally and how it has changed in both space and time. Highly resolved global datasets of both flood hazard and changes in urban area from 1985 to 2015 are now available, enabling the reconstruction of the history of floodplain encroachment at high spatial resolutions. Here we show that the urbanized area in floodplains that have an average probability of flooding of 1/100 years, has almost doubled since 1985. Further, the rate of urban expansion into these floodplains increased by a factor of 1.5 after the year 2000. We also find that urbanization rates were highest in the most hazardous areas of floodplains, with population growth in these urban floodplains suggesting an accompanying increase in population density. These results reveal the scope, trajectory and extent of global floodplain encroachment. With tangible implications for flood risk management, these data could be directly used with integrated models to assess adaptation pathways for urban flooding.