bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A-155 Depression’s Effect on the Processing Speed Index of the WAIS-IV in a Sample of Individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Van Winkle Baylee , Bailey-Bila Maggie , Balloun Bailey , Frick Lauren , Kern Jennie , Wenzel Benjamin , Pyykkonen Benjamin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: The neurocognitive profile for individuals with ADHD reveals impaired processing speed scores (Kramer et al., 2020; Onandia-Hinchado, et al., 2021). Depression has been associated with impairment across cognitive domains, including processing speed, even after remission of depressive episodes (Ahern & Semkovska, 2017; Semkovska, et al., 2019). In addition, the co-occurrence of ADHD and Depression may result in impaired processing speed beyond the deficits typical for those with only one of these disorders (Larochette, et al., 2011). This study will further investigate the cumulative effects of comorbid ADHD and Depression by exploring if those with comorbid depression perform more poorly on processing speed measures than individuals with ADHD and no comorbid depression when controlling for intellectual ability.
Method: This study used archival data from a private practice neuropsychology clinic in the Midwest. This study included 233 adult participants diagnosed with ADHD, including 92 with a diagnosed comorbid depressive disorder. Processing Speed was examined using the Processing Speed Index (PSI) from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). Participant intellectual functioning was controlled for using the VCI of the WAIS-IV.
Results: An ANCOVA was used to examine the differences in PSI. The covariate VCI accounted for 19.9% of the variability in processing speed (ηp2 = .199; p = .000). Comorbid depression was non-significant and accounted for 0.1% of variability after controlling for VCI (ηp2 = 0.001; p = .640).
Conclusion: There is a minimal relationship between co-morbid ADHD and depression and processing speed. Impaired processing speed in clients is likely attributable to effects of ADHD.
A-160 Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC)
Authors: Greenfield Melissa J , Robinson Jamie Hansel , Wheeler Pariya Fazeli , Shah Udit Vipul , Vance David E , Agnihotri Shruti P , Kennedy Richard , Lokken Kristine , Gerstenecker Kristen Triebel , Gerstenecker Adam , Martin Roy C , Lazar Ronald M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: To describe psychiatric symptoms in a sample of patients seeking treatment for “brain fog” due to Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC).
Method: Patients were referred for a neuropsychological evaluation from the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) Post-COVID Treatment Program. Ninety-two patients completed a battery of self-report questionnaires to measure mood symptoms and behavior. Patients were on average 49 years of age (range: 18 to 74), female (77%), and White/Caucasian (73%)/Black/African American (25%), with 15.49 years of education (SD = 2.43).
Results: On average, patients who sought treatment for PASC reported mild to moderate anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment [GAD-7]; M = 9.83, SD = 6.07), moderate depression (Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-8]; M = 13.23, SD = 5.81), moderate stress levels (Perceived Stress Scale [PSS]; M = 22.97, SD = 7.99). They also reported overall functional impairment in activities of daily living (Functional Assessment Questionnaire [FAQ]; M = 9.57, SD = 8.29) and perceived cognitive impairment (Cognitive Failures Questionnaire [CFQ]; M = 55.22, SD = 18.66). Additionally, patients endorsed several somatic symptoms (PHQ-15; M = 13.90, SD = 5.16), mild insomnia (Insomnia Severity Index [ISI]; M = 14.80, SD = 6.85), and severe fatigue (Chalder’s Fatigue Scale [CFS]; M = 25.53, SD = 5.72).
Conclusion: Patients seeking treatment for “long-COVID” report a variety of clinically significant psychiatric symptoms, suggesting the need for incorporating behavioral, lifestyle, and psychological interventions in the treatment of this population.
A-164 Processing Speed Differences between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Groups with and without Co-Morbid Anxiety Diagnoses
Authors: Frick Lauren A , Van Winkle Baylee , Balloun Bailey A , Bailey-Bila Maggie C , Fawcett Madelyn K , Kern Jennie R , Wenzel Benjamin G , Pyykkonen Benjamin A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: Existing literature has identified deficits in processing speed abilities in those diagnosed with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) relative to normative data (Kramer et al., 2020; Woods et al., 2002). Furthermore, research has explored the relationship between severe anxiety symptoms and processing speed in numerous populations (Petkus et al., 2005; Vissicchio et al., 2019). As such, anxiety has been demonstrated to further negatively impact processing speed in conditions in which processing speed deficits are classically observed, such as multiple sclerosis (Vissicchio et al., 2019). The current study looks to examine whether there are significant differences in PSI between a group with both ADHD and an anxiety disorder and a group with no co-morbid anxiety disorders.
Method: This study uses archival data from a neuropsychology service in a private practice clinic in the Midwest. 112 adult participants were examined in this study. Processing speed was examined using the Processing Speed composite score (PSI) from the Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV). Co-morbid anxiety disorders were assessed based on the presence of a diagnosed anxiety disorder according to patient records.
Results: An independent samples t-test was employed to examine differences in PSI between the group with co-morbid anxiety disorders and ADHD and the group without an anxiety disorder diagnosis. There was no significant difference in PSI between the groups (t = -1.655, p = .10).
Conclusion: Overall, there was no significant difference in PSI between groups with co-morbid ADHD and anxiety and one with ADHD alone. Implications and limitations of the current study will be discussed.
A-167 The Role of Epilepsy Knowledge and Treatment Beliefs in Medication Self-Management Among Diverse People with Epilepsy
Authors: Crook Cara , Margolis Seth A , Davis Jennifer , Gonzalez Jeffrey S , Grant Arthur C , Nakhutina Luba 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: Research into medication adherence remains limited among ethnically diverse people with epilepsy (PWE). We characterized self-reported reasons for suboptimal adherence in this population. Next, we sought to replicate a previously established link between negative medication beliefs and worse adherence. Finally, we explored whether epilepsy knowledge moderates the beliefs-adherence relationship.
Method: Sixty-three PWE (Age=42.1±13.2; Education=12.6±2.4 years; 60% female; 79% Black; 19% Hispanic/Latinx; 5% Mixed Race) completed the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), Epilepsy Knowledge Profile (EKP), and Epilepsy Self-Management Scale’s (ESMS) Medication Management subscale with nonadherent practices endorsed “sometimes, most of the time, or always” considered “suboptimal.”
Results: The four most prevalent suboptimal adherence practices were endorsed by 20-34% of participants and included not taking anti-seizure medications the same time every day, forgetting doses, not requesting refills before running out, and spreading out doses when running out. A considerable number of participants agreed/strongly agreed that medications were overused by prescribers (45.2%), that their medications concerned them (24.2%) or were harmful (19.4%). Epilepsy knowledge was fair (EKP=70.4%±9.5% correct). Harm and overuse beliefs were negatively correlated with adherence (r’s=-0.27 and -0.32 with p’s=.035 and .013, respectively). Epilepsy knowledge was unrelated to beliefs or adherence and did not moderate their relationship. Harm/overuse beliefs were combined (α=0.78) and their significant relationship with adherence (r=-0.34, p=.008) was unchanged after controlling for epilepsy knowledge (pr=-0.31, p=.017).
Conclusions: In these diverse PWE, the most prevalent reasons for suboptimal medication adherence are behaviorally-mediated and may be modifiable. However, interventions addressing negative medication beliefs may be necessary to effect change over knowledge-based psychoeducation alone.
A-178 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography Findings Are Not Related to Cognitive Functioning in Service Members with Remote History of Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Lippa Sara M , Song Chihwa , Bonavia Grant H , Oakes Terrence R , Ollinger John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: Determine whether glucose uptake as measured by 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging is associated with cognitive performance and mild neurocognitive disorder (MNCD) in active-duty service members with a history of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI).
Method: 287 patients with a history of mTBI underwent FDG-PET scans at rest and neuropsychological testing at the National Intrepid Center of Excellence at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center. Glucose uptake in bilateral frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes, and 58 cortical/cerebellar regions were correlated with seven neuropsychological composite scores, with and without relevant covariates.
Results: Prior to correction for multiple comparisons, perceptual reasoning correlated with bilateral hippocampi glucose uptake (rs:.141-.165, ps&lt;.03), processing speed was inversely related to glucose uptake in the left temporal lobe (r=-.134, p=.034), working memory was related to glucose uptake in the left parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes (rs:.128-.140, ps&lt;.05). Partial correlations between cognition and the 56 cortical/cerebellar regions of interest (ROIs) were not significant after correction for multiple comparisons. Increased glucose uptake in the bilateral pericalcarine, left superior temporal, and right occipital, superior parietal, transverse temporal, precuneus, and lingual cortices was related to increased likelihood of MNCD (ORs:41.02-2263.7, ps&lt;.05); however, did not survive correction for multiple comparisons.
Conclusions: After correction for multiple comparisons, there was no significant relationship between regional glucose uptake and neurocognitive performance or MNCD. Glucose uptake as measured by FDG-PET is not related to cognitive performance in active-duty service members with a remote history of mTBI and may have limited clinical utility for these individuals.
A-179 Association of Race and Cognitive Impairment in Retired NFL Athletes
Authors: Schenck Lauren , Baughman Brandon , Cao Xueyen , Stanfill Ansley 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: The Baseline Assessment Program (BAP) provided neuropsychological assessment to determine cognitive and psychological impairment in retired National Football League (NFL) athletes. The objective of the current study was to examine if an association exists between race and cognitive impairment using traditional race-based norms.
Method: This is a retrospective analysis of 56 retired NFL athletes with repetitive head trauma secondary to contact sports. Participants identified as Black (n = 45) and White (n = 11) with a mean age of 52.52 years and 16.04 years of education. Five domains of cognition were assessed: Complex Attention and Processing Speed, Learning and Memory, Visual-Perceptual Processing, Language, and Executive Functioning. We estimated level of premorbid functioning accounting for race, education, region, and highest occupation held. We calculated levels of impairment for each domain and overall cognitive functioning by comparing t-scores with expected level of premorbid functioning (0.0, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 standard deviations [SDs] below expected level).
Results: Our trend test revealed no significant association between race and levels of impairment for any of the domains assessed.
Conclusion(s): Race was not associated with level of cognitive impairment. Null results may be due to unbalanced groups and positively skewed data. Level of cognitive impairment as outlined by the NFL is restrictive and resulted in few individuals with one or more SDs below estimated level of premorbid functioning. Future work may examine if these criteria or race-based norms result in false negative estimates of impairment, as this has clinical implications for access to resources and compensation for injury.
A-182 Depression Symptoms Predict Neurocognitive Functioning Following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury in the Acute Recovery Phase
Authors: Demers Lauren A , Williams Cydni N , Larson Kera , Smith-Russell Dierdre , Hall Trevor A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) survivors are at elevated risk for developing neurocognitive concerns. Lower premorbid abilities, pediatric traumatic brain injury (pTBI) severity, and post-injury depression symptoms have been shown to predict greater neurocognitive deficits. However, limited extant research has focused on the acute recovery phase or used objective neuropsychological assessment measures. We examined the impact of pTBI severity and post-injury depression symptoms on neurocognitive functioning in the acute recovery phase.
Method: Seventy-four trauma patients (8 to 19 years) were assessed 1-3 months after PICU discharge. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from the electronic medical record. Caregivers completed questionnaires about their children’s physical, cognitive and emotional functioning. The direct assessment included measures of WRAT5 word-reading; CMS/WISC-V/WAIS-IV digit span; WISC-V/WAIS-IV coding and symbol search; and DKEFS Trails-4, verbal phonemic and semantic fluencies. Given the high intercorrelations between aspects of executive function, principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted to create a cumulative neurocognitive index (NCI). A simple linear regression was used to test if moderate-severe Glasgow Coma scores and clinically elevated Promis Depression scores predicted NCI, controlling for reading ability.
Results: Combining all participant data in the PCA yielded a single component solution accounting for 52.79% of total explained variance. The overall regression was significant (R2=.40), F(df=3,70) =15.23, p&lt;.001. Elevated depression predicted NCI (p=.03) whereas greater pTBI severity was not predictive above the impact of premorbid factors.
Conclusions: Neurocognitive functioning in PICU survivors within the acute recovery phase may be more related to concurrent depression symptoms than injury severity markers when premorbid factors are considered.
A-184 Increased Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Amyloid Following Traumatic Brain Injury are Associated with Confrontation Naming Performance
Authors: Howard Erica , Moody Jena N , Prieto Sarah , Hayes Jasmeet P 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: To explore whether beta-amyloid (AB) overproduction is implicated in the relationship between traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we compared cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of AB in individuals with a TBI history versus controls (CTRLs) and related CSF AB levels to confrontation naming performance, a pseudo-marker for preclinical AD.
Method: We selected 113 non-impaired Veterans (TBI=57, CTRL=56) from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative-Department of Defense database with available Boston Naming Test (BNT) data and CSF measures for three AB peptides (AB-42, AB-40, AB-38). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) compared CSF AB levels between groups adjusting for age. Spearman’s correlations related CSF AB levels to BNT performance. Three separate mediation models explored the relationship between TBI and BNT performance with each AB peptide as a mediator.
Results: The TBI group had higher CSF AB-40 (F=5.20, p=0.02) and AB-38 (F=3.78, p=0.05) levels than the CTRL group, but groups did not significantly differ in CSF AB-42 levels (p&gt;0.1). BNT was negatively correlated with all three AB peptides (AB-42: rho=-0.28, p=0.003; AB-40: rho=-0.20, p=0.03; AB-38: rho=-0.19, p=0.05). Mediation models showed a significant indirect effect of TBI on BNT performance through AB-40 (B=-0.16, 95% CI [-0.391, -0.007], PM = 0.54). TBI positively affected AB-40 levels (B=0.45, p=0.02), and AB-40 levels, in turn, negatively affected BNT performance (B=-0.14, p=0.04). Indirect effects of TBI on BNT performance with AB-42 or AB-38 as mediators were not significant.
Conclusions: TBI may increase risk of AD-related cognitive decline through AB overabundance in the brain, as evidenced by elevated CSF AB levels, particularly AB-40.
A-189 Multicomponent-Multidomain Cognitive Intervention with Care-partners
Authors: Ashish Dev 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: The main objective of this presentation is to present a case study assessing the feasibility of a cognitive intervention for individuals with mild cognitive impairment or early stages of dementia due to Alzheimer’s disease. The secondary objective is to assess the efficacy of the intervention.
Method: A multicomponent-multidomain intervention was conducted with patients diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment and their care-partners. Due to the pandemic the intervention was conducted in individual dyads, rather than in groups. The intervention consisted of three components - psychoeducation about brain health and cognition, compensatory strategies, and cognitive skills training in four domains – attention, processing speed, executive functioning, and memory. The training was completed in twenty to twenty five sessions. Pre and post cognition, self-reported mood and cognition measures, and measures of cognition, daily functioning and caregiver burden completed by care partners were utilized to assess the efficacy of the intervention.
Results: Results suggested stable or improved cognition over a year, with improved daily functioning, mood, and reduced or stable caregiver burden.
Conclusion(s): The multicomponent-multidomain intervention with care patterner is a feasible and efficacious treatment for mild cognitive impairment. In future, implementation in a group format will be assessed.
A-200 “It’s on the Tip of My Tongue!” – Base Rates and Neuroanatomical Correlates of Confrontation Naming Deficits in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Grezmak Tiffany , Lace John , Galioto Rachel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: Word-finding difficulty is a commonly reported complaint in patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS), though it is often under evaluated in clinical care. This study sought to identify base rates of confrontation naming impairments relative to other language tasks and examine its neuroanatomical correlates in pwMS.
Method: Of 372 pwMS referred for neuropsychological assessment, 185 (MAge=48.8±11.23; MEd=14.5±2.4; 83% White; 73% women) met inclusion criteria for the final sample (i.e., estimated premorbid IQ ≥70, English-speaking, valid data on performance validity indices). Norm-based T scores for the following tests were of interest: Boston Naming Test (BNT); Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT); and Animal Fluency (AF). A subset of 50 patients underwent recent quantitative MRI variables for whole brain fraction (WBF) and white matter lesion burden (T2LV).
Results: PwMS showed greater impairment (≤1.5 SD) on the BNT (27.6%) as compared to AF (18.4%; p=.002), but not COWAT (24.3%; p=.304) based on binomial tests. Controlling for age and sex, significant partial correlations (ps&lt;.05) were identified between BNT and both WBF (r=.32) and T2LV (r=-.30) and between AF and T2LV (r = -.30). COWAT did not correlate significantly with WBF (r=.08) or T2LV (r=-.09).
Conclusions: Confrontation naming is relatively frequently impaired in pwMS, and correlates with both cerebral volume and lesion burden. Semantic fluency correlated only with lesion burden, and phonemic fluency did not correlate with neuroimaging. Future research should continue to investigate the clinical presentation and neuroanatomical underpinnings of language dysfunction, particularly naming/word-finding difficulties, in pwMS.
A-203 Evaluation of WMS-IV Logical Memory Performance (Storage vs. Retrieval) in a Memory Disorders Clinic
Authors: Gass Carlton , Patten Brooke , O’Maille Alanna 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: To determine whether poor free recall on WMS-IV Logical Delay (LM-II) results from limitations in encoding/storage and/or retrieval operations. We examined performance using the recently published 20-item 5-option multiple choice recognition measure (LM-REC).
Participants and Method: 664 outpatient neuropsychological referrals, 60% women, 84% white non-Hispanic, average age 60.4±15.7 and education 14.9±2.9 years. Participants were administered a comprehensive battery (HRNES-R). Protocols were screened for performance invalidity. LM-REC was administered following the LM-II. Differences between scaled scores on LM-REC and LM-II were examined to differentiate between storage and retrieval difficulties.
Results: LM-REC scores exceeded LM-II scores by 10 or more points (one standard deviation) in 44.7% of the sample, 15 or more points in 26.8%, and 20 or more in 16.8% of sample. Sample was divided into two groups based on degree of recognition benefit. Group 1 (n=297) had less than 10-point benefit, and Group 2 (n=226) had a benefit 315. Average scaled score on LM-II was 97.7±12.5, LM-REC was 101.5±12.2, normal range. Group 2 free recall on LM-II was 73±12.4, moderate impairment range, but its mean LM-REC score was 95.3±11.4, Borderline Range.
Conclusions: LM-REC reduced error variance and measurement bias associated with guessing using the True-False WMS-IV recognition measure. A substantial subset of neuropsychological referrals performed poorly on free recall (LM-II) due to a retrieval problem. Free recall underestimated their storage efficiency in 44.7% of cases. Precise delineation of this information has important implications regarding the underlying neural substrate, pathology, and recommendations for intervention.
A-205 Impact of Depressive Symptoms on Memory Scores in Older Adults
Authors: Morgan Kait , Kessler Robert W , Larson Kera , Marvin Lydia , Carlson Katherine , Lange Marissa , Chakara Freeman 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective: Geriatric adults’ neuropsychological scores were analyzed to clarify the impact of depressive symptoms on immediate and delayed memory.
Methods: Geriatric adults (n=16) showing no or minimal signs of cognitive decline were recruited to participate in a telehealth neuropsychological evaluation (NPE). The participants (age range 65-89; M=74.25) included 10 females and 6 males. The participants completed a 30-minute intake interview, 60 minutes of NPE, and a post-assessment feedback survey. The subjects participated via remote administration using video telecommunication technology (VTCT).
Results: A mixed methods experimental design was employed. A Pearson’s correlation coefficient was computed to assess the linear relationship between scores on a self-report measure of depressive symptoms [Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)] and objective immediate and delayed memory measures [Wechsler Memory Scale Logical Memory-I & II (WMS LM), California Verbal Learning Test-3rd Edition, Brief Form (CVLT-3), Rey Complex Figure Task (RCFT)]. There was significant negative correlations found between scores on the GDS and CVLT Long Delay Free Recall Trial r(14) = -.62, p &lt; 0.05, the CVLT Long Delay Cued Recall Trail r(14)= -.60, p &lt; 0.05, and WMS Logical Memory II r(14)= -.75, p &lt; 0.01.
Conclusion: The significant findings for the Pearson’s correlation suggest a strong negative relationship between depressive symptoms and scores on delayed trials of auditorily presented memory measures in older adults. This provides support for depressive symptoms negatively impacting delayed memory abilities among older adults. Due to the limited sample size, further research is needed to support these findings.