bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting the Utilization of Antenatal Care Services During Pregnancy in Bangladesh and 28 Other Low- and Middle-income Countries: A Meta-analysis of Demographic and Health Survey Data
Authors: Islam Md. Akhtarul , Sathi Nusrat Jahan , Abdullah Hossain Mohammad , Naime Jannatul , Butt Zahid A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe study aimed to identify the factors influencing the utilization of antenatal care (ANC) services among pregnant women to fulfill the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) for maternal mortality ratio (MMR) by 2030; we also investigated the consistency of these factors. We have used the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from 29 developing countries for analysis. A binary logistic regression model was run using Demographic and Health Survey data from Bangladesh to determine the factors influencing ANC utilization in Bangladesh. In addition, a random-effects model estimation for meta-analysis was performed using DHS data from 29 developing to investigate the overall effects and consistency between covariates and the utilization of ANC services. Logistic regression revealed that residence (odds ratio [OR] 1.436; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.238, 1.666), respondent’s education (OR 3.153; 95% CI 2.204, 4.509), husband’s education (OR 2.507; 95% CI 1.922, 3.271) wealth index (OR 1.485; 95% CI 1.256, 1.756), birth order (OR 0.786; 95% CI 0.684, 0.904), working status (OR 1.292; 95% CI 1.136, 1.470), and media access (OR 1.649; 95% CI 1.434, 1.896) were the main significant factors for Bangladesh. Meta-analysis showed that residence (OR 2.041; 95% CI 1.621, 2.570), respondent’s age (OR 1.260; 95% CI 1.106, 1.435), respondent’s education level (OR 2.808; 95% CI 2.353, 3.351), husband’s education (OR 2.267; 95% CI 1.911, 2.690), wealth index (OR 2.715; 95% CI 2.199, 3.352), birth order (OR 1.722; 95% CI 1.388, 2.137), and media access (OR 2.474; 95% CI 2.102, 2.913) were the most conclusive factors in a subjects decision to attend ANC. Our results support the augmentation of maternal education and media access in rural areas with ANC services. Particular focus is needed for women from Afghanistan since they have a lower level of ANC services.
Coinfections and antimicrobial use in patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) across a single healthcare system in New York City: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Prasad Prithiv J. , Poles Jordan , Zacharioudakis Ioannis M. , Dubrovskaya Yanina , Delpachitra Dinuli , Iturrate Eduardo , Muñoz-Gómez Sigridh 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background and objective:
With the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, rates of in-hospital antimicrobial use increased due to perceived bacterial and fungal coinfections along with COVID-19. We describe the incidence of these coinfections and antimicrobial use in patients hospitalized with COVID-19 to help guide effective antimicrobial use in this population.

Setting:
This study was conducted in 3 tertiary-care referral university teaching hospitals in New York City.

Methods:
This multicenter retrospective observational cohort study involved all patients admitted with COVID-19 from January 1, 2020, to February 1, 2021. Variables of interest were extracted from a de-identified data set of all COVID-19 infections across the health system. Population statistics are presented as median with interquartile range (IQR) or proportions with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as indicated.

Results:
Among 7,209 of patients admitted with COVID-19, 663 (9.2%) had a positive culture from the respiratory tract or blood sometime during their initial hospital admission. Positive respiratory cultures occurred found in 449 (6.2%) patients, and 20% were collected within 48 hours of admission. Blood culture positivity occurred in 334 patients (4.6%), with 33.5% identified within 48 hours of admission. A higher proportion of patients received antimicrobials in the first wave than in the later pandemic period (82.4% vs 52.0%). Antimicrobials were prescribed to 70.1% of inpatients, with a median of 6 antimicrobial days per patient. Infection-free survival decreased over the course of hospitalization.

Conclusions:
We detected a very low incidence of coinfection with COVID-19 at admission. A longer duration of hospitalization was associated with an increased risk of coinfection. Antimicrobial use far exceeded the true incidence and detection of coinfections in these patients.
Early Education and Adult Health: Age 37 Impacts and Economic Benefits of the Child-Parent Center Preschool Program
Authors: Varshney Nishank , Temple Judy A. , Reynolds Arthur J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article evaluates the long-term impacts of the Chicago Child-Parent Centers (CPC), a comprehensive early childhood program launched in the 1960s, on physical and mental health outcomes. This study follows a cohort of 1539 participants born in 1979–1980 and surveyed most recently at age 35–37 by employing a matched study design that included all 989 children who entered CPCs at ages 3 and 4 (1983-1985) and 550 comparison children of the same age from randomly selected schools participating in the usual district early childhood programs in kindergarten. Using propensity score weighting that addresses potential issues with differential attrition and non-random treatment assignment, results reveal that CPC preschool participation is associated with significantly lower rates of adverse health outcomes such as smoking and diabetes. Further, evaluating the economic impacts of the preschool component of the program, the study finds a benefit-cost ratio in the range of 1.35–3.66 (net benefit: $3896) indicating that the health benefits of the program by themselves offset the costs of the program even without considering additional benefits arising from increased educational attainment and reduced involvement in crime reported in earlier cost-benefit analyses. The findings are robust to corrections for multiple hypothesis testing, sensitivity analysis using a range of discount rates, and Monte Carlo analysis to account for uncertainty in outcomes.
Geometric and combinatorial properties of self-similar multifractal measures
Authors: RUTAR ALEX 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFor any self-similar measure
$\mu $
in
$\mathbb {R}$
, we show that the distribution of
$\mu $
is controlled by products of non-negative matrices governed by a finite or countable graph depending only on the iterated function system of similarities (IFS). This generalizes the net interval construction of Feng from the equicontractive finite-type case. When the measure satisfies the weak separation condition, we prove that this directed graph has a unique attractor. This allows us to verify the multifractal formalism for restrictions of
$\mu $
to certain compact subsets of
$\mathbb {R}$
, determined by the directed graph. When the measure satisfies the generalized finite-type condition with respect to an open interval, the directed graph is finite and we prove that if the multifractal formalism fails at some
$q\in \mathbb {R}$
, there must be a cycle with no vertices in the attractor. As a direct application, we verify the complete multifractal formalism for an uncountable family of IFSs with exact overlaps and without logarithmically commensurable contraction ratios.
Imposing Values and Enforcing Gender through Knowledge: Epistemic Oppression with the Morning-after Pill's Drug Label
Authors: ChoGlueck Christopher 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAmong feminist philosophers, there are two lines of argument that sexist values are illegitimate in science, focusing on epistemic or ethical problems. This article supports a third framework, elucidating how value-laden science can enable epistemic oppression. My analysis demonstrates how purported knowledge laden with sexist values can compromise epistemic autonomy and contribute to paternalism and misogyny. I exemplify these epistemic wrongs with a case study of the morning-after pill (emergency contraception) during its 2006 switch to over-the-counter availability and its new drug label from the US Food and Drug Administration that it “may prevent implantation.” Antiabortion science advisers created this label to protect zygotes based on debated value judgments that were later concealed. This zygote-centric knowledge enabled them to shape potential users by instructing “good mothers” that they ought to protect zygotes and punishing “bad mothers” by refusing their requests for the drug. Therefore, I argue that the sexist values and gender norms of antiabortionists that prioritize zygotic health are illegitimate in this context because they cause epistemic injustices and perpetuate epistemic oppression. Furthermore, I advocate against blanket protections for the “right to conscience” and “religious freedom” of healthcare providers because they reinforce the epistemic oppression of women, especially those on the margins.Content Warning: This article discusses sexual assault and refusals to provide contraception to patients, including survivors.
Drag reduction in wall-bounded turbulence by synthetic jet sheets
Authors: Xie Feng , Pérez-Muñoz Jose D. , Qin Ning , Ricco Pierre 
Published: May 2022

A turbulent drag-reduction method employing synthetic jet sheets in a turbulent channel flow is investigated by direct numerical simulations. The jet sheets are wall-parallel and produced by periodic blowing and suction from pairs of thin slots aligned with the main streamwise flow. By varying the slot height and the jet-sheet angle with respect to the spanwise direction, drag-reduction margins between

$10\,\%$

and

$30\,\%$

are obtained for jet-sheet angles between

$45 ^{\circ }$

and

$75 ^{\circ }$

, while a drag increase of almost 100 % is computed when the jet sheets are spanwise-oriented. When global skin-friction drag reduction occurs, the wall-shear stress near the jet-sheet exits increases during suction and decreases during blowing, while the velocity fluctuations weaken during suction and intensify during blowing. The global drag-reduction effect is produced by a finite counter flow induced by the nonlinear interaction between the jet-sheet flow and the main flow, although the turbulent intensity and Reynolds shear stresses increase. The power spent to generate the jet sheets is computed by modelling numerically the actuator underneath the channel flow as a piston oscillating sinusoidally along the spanwise direction in a round-shaped cavity from which the fluid is released into the channel through the cavity exits. A power balance leads to the computation of the efficiency of the actuator system, quantifying the portion of the piston power that is lost as internal power fluxes and heat transfer through the cavity walls. For the tested configurations, the power consumed by the piston to generate the jet sheets is larger than the power saved thanks to the drag reduction.
Ambiguous stability of glaciers at bed peaks
Authors: Robel Alexander A. , Pegler Samuel S. , Catania Ginny , Felikson Denis , Simkins Lauren M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIncreasing ice flux from glaciers retreating over deepening (retrograde) bed topography has been implicated in the recent acceleration of mass loss from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. We show in observations that some glaciers have remained at peaks in bed topography without retreating despite enduring significant changes in climate. Observations also indicate that some glaciers which persist at bed peaks undergo sudden retreat years or decades after the onset of local ocean or atmospheric warming. Using model simulations, we show that persistence of a glacier at a bed peak is caused by ice slowing as it flows up a reverse-sloping bed to the peak. Persistence at bed peaks may lead to two very different future behaviors for a glacier: one where it persists at a bed peak indefinitely, and another where it retreats from the bed peak after potentially long delays following climate forcing. However, it is nearly impossible to distinguish which of these two future behaviors will occur from current observations. We conclude that inferring glacier stability from observations of persistence obscures our true commitment to future sea-level rise under climate change. We recommend that further research is needed on seemingly stable glaciers to determine their likely future.
Infant iodine status and associations with maternal iodine nutrition, breast-feeding status and thyroid function
Authors: Næss Synnøve , Aakre Inger , Strand Tor A. , Dahl Lisbeth , Kjellevold Marian , Stokland Ann-Elin M. , Nedrebø Bjørn Gunnar , Markhus Maria Wik 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAdequate iodine nutrition during infancy is required for normal thyroid function and, subsequently, brain development. However, data on infant iodine status in the first year of life are scarce. This study aimed to describe infant iodine status and further explore its associations with maternal iodine nutrition, breast-feeding status and thyroid function. In this cohort study, 113 infants were followed up at ages 3, 6 and 11 months in Norway. Infant and maternal urinary iodine concentration (UIC), maternal iodine intake, breast milk iodine concentration (BMIC), breast-feeding status and infant thyroid function tests were measured. The median infant UIC was 82 µg/l at the age of 3 months and below the WHO cut-off of 100 µg/l. Infant UIC was adequate later in infancy (median 110 µg/l at ages 6 and 11 months). Infant UIC was associated positively with maternal UIC (β = 0·33, 95 % CI (0·12, 0·54)), maternal iodine intake (β = 0·30, 95 % CI (0·18, 0·42)) and BMIC (β = 0·46, 95 % CI (0·13, 0·79)). Breastfed infants had lower median UIC compared with formula-fed infants at ages 3 months (76 v. 190 µg/l) and 6 months (105 v. 315 µg/l). Neither infant UIC nor BMIC were associated with infant thyroid function tests. In conclusion, breastfed infants in Norway are at risk of insufficient iodine intake during the first months of life. Maternal iodine nutrition is important for providing sufficient iodine intake in infants, and awareness of promoting adequate iodine nutrition for lactating women should be prioritised.
Applying dimensional psychopathology: transdiagnostic prediction of executive cognition using brain connectivity and inflammatory biomarkers
Authors: Wei Yange , Womer Fay Y. , Sun Kaijin , Zhu Yue , Sun Dandan , Duan Jia , Zhang Ran , Wei Shengnan , Jiang Xiaowei , Zhang Yanbo , Tang Yanqing , Zhang Xizhe , Wang Fei 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe association between executive dysfunction, brain dysconnectivity, and inflammation is a prominent feature across major psychiatric disorders (MPDs), schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder. A dimensional approach is warranted to delineate their mechanistic interplay across MPDs.MethodsThis single site study included a total of 1543 participants (1058 patients and 485 controls). In total, 1169 participants underwent diffusion tensor and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (745 patients and 379 controls completed the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test). Fractional anisotropy (FA) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) assessed structural and functional connectivity, respectively. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α] were obtained in 325 participants using blood samples collected with 24 h of scanning. Group differences were determined for main measures, and correlation and mediation analyses and machine learning prediction modeling were performed.ResultsExecutive deficits were associated with decreased FA, increased ReHo, and elevated IL-1β and IL-6 levels across MPDs, compared to controls. FA and ReHo alterations in fronto-limbic-striatal regions contributed to executive deficits. IL-1β mediated the association between FA and cognition, and IL-6 mediated the relationship between ReHo and cognition. Executive cognition was better predicted by both brain connectivity and cytokine measures than either one alone for FA-IL-1β and ReHo-IL-6.ConclusionsTransdiagnostic associations among brain connectivity, inflammation, and executive cognition exist across MPDs, implicating common neurobiological substrates and mechanisms for executive deficits in MPDs. Further, inflammation-related brain dysconnectivity within fronto-limbic-striatal regions may represent a transdiagnostic dimension underlying executive dysfunction that could be leveraged to advance treatment.
Biodiversity & justice
Authors: Bharadwa B. , Jones A. , Fifield J. , Sutcliffe S. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This paper highlights how actuarial thinking could contribute to the development of a justice perspective relating to biodiversity risks and also the implications for actuarial work. The impact of biodiversity loss as well as the use of ecosystem services is not equally distributed across society (both intra and inter generationally). The Biodiversity and Natural Capital Risk Working Party has been setup to proactively take forward a series of activities including think pieces, webinars and external engagement on these risks.
RATIONAL -STABILITY OF CONTINUOUS -ALGEBRAS
Authors: SETH APURVA , VAIDYANATHAN PRAHLAD 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe show that the properties of being rationally K-stable passes from the fibres of a continuous
$C(X)$
-algebra to the ambient algebra, under the assumption that the underlying space X is compact, metrizable, and of finite covering dimension. As an application, we show that a crossed product C*-algebra is (rationally) K-stable provided the underlying C*-algebra is (rationally) K-stable, and the action has finite Rokhlin dimension with commuting towers.
Nitrite Cycling in Warming Arctic and Subarctic Waters
Authors: Chen Yangjun , Chen Min 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe primary nitrite (NO2−) maximum (PNM) is a typical feature of oceanic nitrogen (N) cycle, yet its characterization in the world ocean remains a gap. By combining the natural abundance of NO2− isotopes with geochemical model, we report for the first time that the formation of Arctic and subarctic PNMs is dominated by ammonia oxidation, while the oxidation of NO2− is the main sink. Notably, NO2− oxidation plays a more important role in Arctic and subarctic waters than in low‐ and mid‐latitude waters. The residence time of NO2− in the PNM further suggests that the NO2− cycle in the Arctic Ocean is more dynamic than in other marine ecosystems. Our findings provide insights into N cycle dynamics in the upper Arctic Ocean ecosystem.
Interannual Variability in the Source Location of North African Dust Transported to the Amazon
Authors: Barkley Anne E. , Pourmand Ali , Longman Jack , Sharifi Arash , Prospero Joseph M. , Panechou Kathy , Bakker Natalie , Drake Nick , Guinoiseau Damien , Gaston Cassandra J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAfrican dust is transported to South America (SA) every winter and spring. Hypotheses suggest that either Western or Central North Africa (e.g., Bodélé Depression) is the main source of transported dust, yet these notions remain largely untested with geochemical data. Using 2 years of isotopic measurements (strontium and neodymium) of African dust collected in SA integrated into a statistical model, we identified strong interannual variability in dust source region. Central North Africa supplied 44% of long‐range transported dust in winter 2016 while the Western region accounted for 53% of dust in winter 2014. We propose the variability is due to differences in the strength of the Libyan High and precipitation over the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean between the 2 years. Our findings can improve constraints of dust nutrient deposition and predictions of how changes in climate impact the source and magnitude of dust transported to the Amazon.
Basement Topography and Sediment Thickness Beneath Antarctica's Ross Ice Shelf
Authors: Tankersley M. D. , Horgan H. J. , Siddoway C. S. , Caratori Tontini F. , Tinto K. J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractNew geophysical data from Antarctica's Ross Embayment reveal the structure and subglacial geology of extended continental crust beneath the Ross Ice Shelf. We use airborne magnetic data from the ROSETTA‐Ice Project to locate the contact between magnetic basement and overlying sediments. We delineate a broad, segmented basement high with thin (0–500m) non‐magnetic sedimentary cover which trends northward into the Ross Sea's Central High. Before subsiding in the Oligocene, this feature likely facilitated early glaciation in the region and subsequently acted as a pinning point and ice flow divide. Flanking the high are wide sedimentary basins, up to 3700m deep, which parallel the Ross Sea basins and likely formed during Cretaceous‐Neogene intracontinental extension. NW‐SE basins beneath the Siple Coast grounding zone, by contrast, are narrow, deep, and elongate. They suggest tectonic divergence upon active faults that may localize geothermal heat and/or groundwater flow, both important components of the subglacial system.
Assimilation of Radar Reflectivity Using a Time‐Lagged Ensemble Based Ensemble Kalman Filter With the “Cloud‐Dependent” Background Error Covariances
Authors: Wang Haoliang , Liu Yubao , Duan Jing , Shi Yueqin , Lou Xiaofeng , Li Jiming 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis study proposes a method for direct assimilation of radar reflectivity in cycled deterministic forecast systems using a time‐lagged ensemble based ensemble Kalman filter with the “cloud‐dependent” background error covariances. With this method, forecasts from multiple deterministic forecast cycles that are initialized at different times but valid at the same time, are collected as a time‐lagged ensemble to compute the background error covariances. An algorithm to compute the specified “cloud‐dependent” background error covariances was devised, in which the vertical background error covariance is computed for each of the “cloud‐feature” bins which are divided according to the column maximum radar reflectivity and cloud top height. The single‐observation experiments and the observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) indicate that the radar reflectivity data assimilation method was able to capture the main thermodynamic and microphysical features of convective clouds and was effective in reducing the spin‐up time of convection, and generating convective cells which were missed in the background. Meanwhile, assimilating “zero‐reflectivity” observations helped suppress spurious convection. The method provided overall more accurate thermodynamic analysis, radar reflectivity and precipitation analysis and forecast of the MCS, while did not significantly increase computational cost, compared to a cloud‐analysis based latent‐heat nudging approach.