bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review on Otitis externa: An Approach to a Etiopathogenesis, Epidemiology, Clinical Features and Management Protocol
Authors: Gupta Jatin , Gaurkar Sagar , Gupta Sonal 
Published: January 2022

Introduction: The external ear is the part of our ears which is seen from outside. It is made up of the auricles (pinna) and external auditory canal; and, includes the outer wall of the middle ear, i.e. the eardrum. Otitis externa is a regular presentation when on call for ENT or at the emergency ENT health clinic or centre. Infective and reaction groups of otitis externa are classified.
Methodology: The articles reviewed in this narrative review article have been traced from a variety of links and sources over the internet like PubMed, NCBI, ScienceDirect, NHSINFORM, Uptodate, WebmedCentral, American family physician, ClevelandClinic, StatPearls, and many more. References from high yielding sources were taken and the articles were properly assessed.
Results: Paying attention to the scientific elements while performing an operative procedure can give a physician extended results. Which operative modality to be chosen depends on the patient. The patient’s choices are also important in the decision making of the operation.
Discussion: External otitis is possibly spotted in almost every peer category. Approximately ten percent (10%) of humans may face this condition during their lifetime. Most of the time, the infection is mixed. Medical intervention of the ear can prove painful for most cases, therefore, post-surgery analgesics must be utilized for a time period which the treating physician prescribes. The aim of curing the patient is to free him/her from the symptoms and getting rid-off any pathogen causing a specific infection.
Conclusion: The efficacy of operative modalities of extremes of otitis externa will rely on complete patient examination, history and lab results. Selection of the correct intervention, proper knowlege of the regional anatomy, paying attention to scientific elements and good post-operative care is necessary. It is never easy to avoid otitis externa, but we can make an effort to decrease the risk of developing this problem.
Effect of COVID-19 Infection in the Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Anand Aditya , Pande Varsha 
Published: January 2022

Background: Coronavirus is pandemic virus infection which has recently affected the globe, and as a result, in patients with non-communicable diseases, the associated morbidity and death are substantially greater. One of the most common non-communicable diseases linked to worsening clinical conditions in corona virus patients is diabetes mellitus (dm).
Covid-19 is a zoonotic illness that was firstly found in wuhan city of china, and is now recognized a zoonotic disease that spreads from moist animals to people in 2019. The disease has a low fatality rate and only affects the most seriously ill patients. Approximately 80% of the cases involve patients who are seriously to moderately ill. Since the outbreak of the disease, the number of people who have died has continuously increased.
Summary: The aim for this study is to determine the receptors involved in diabetes and the pathogenetic relationship btw. Covid-19 and diabetes. Both diseases are characterized by inflammation and the release of inflammatory markers. The roles of angiotensin-converting enzyme molecule and dipeptidyl peptidase in covid-19 and diabetes have been investigated. The effects of glucocorticoids and catecholamines, invasion of pancreatic islet cells, medications used to treat covid-19, and hence the lockdown policy, may have a deleterious impact on diabetes patients' glucose control. The results of covid-19 research involving diabetic and non-diabetic patients were also examined. Various medication trials, such as the dapagliflozin and linagliptin trials are still being conducted to see if certain medications are suitable for diabetic people with covid-19.
Conclusion: Diabetes is a risk factor for covid-19 patients, according to the data, leading to their severity and mortality. This article also contains guidelines and recommendations that may be useful in the management and avoidance of diabetic individuals who are infected with covid-19.
Astigmatism in Infants: Study of Changing Visual Axis in Infants and Children
Authors: Sohrot Nidhi , Jhadhav Indrayani , Lohiya Sohan 
Published: January 2022

Background: Astigmatism is an abnormality within the curvature of the attention. It occurs when light rays strike a spherical lens obliquely, or the line of vision to its principal axis is not parallel. Refraction away from the axis occurs when light strikes a lens obliquely and distorts the image formed.
Aim: This study aimed to look at the prevalence of against-the-rule, with the-rule, and oblique-axis astigmatism in children. The change in cylinder index of refraction power and alignment of astigmatism in babies and young children is studied.
Methodology: To conduct the study and thoroughly search the literature separately, references and abstracts were reviewed. Books like Parson’s diseases of the Eye by Dr. Radhika Tandon and several articles, WHO website, etc., were referred.
Results: The study relied upon many studies on refractions procured by the near-retinoscopy methodology that knowledgeable Refractionist accomplished.
Conclusion: It can be concluded that young children have a high incidence of against (???) type of astigmatism and that after this age (which age?), most children are with the rule.
Air Pollution Control by Using Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
Authors: Kumar K. Arun , Shilpa B. S. , Sandeep S. 
Published: January 2022

Among air pollution control strategies, air cleaning with Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) has been drawing more and more attention because of the restraints in the production of secondary pollution. AOPs have a wide range of applications such as air (odour elimination, purification), soil (remediation) and water decontamination. Ideally, the photo catalyst, titanium dioxide, is introduced in the top layer of the concrete pavement for best results. In addition, the combination of TiO2 with cement-based products offers some synergistic advantages, as the reaction products can be adsorbed at the surface and subsequently be washed away by rain. The main aim of this research work is to measure the effect of titanium dioxide as photo catalyst in purifying nitrogen oxide (NOX) and Carbon Oxides (COX) on pavement surface and outdoor environment condition. For that, TiO2 is replaced for cement at different proportions of 5%, 10% & 15% in terms of weight in the cement concrete moulds of 10 mm uniform thickness and curing is done for seven days, then same were exposed to the sunlight at Ijoor circle sampling point Rama Nagar Town for 21 days of observation. From the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, result it is observed that atom percentage increased maximum of 59.05 for carbon atoms for 10% proportion specimen. Then, check the amount of percentage for carbon atoms adsorbed by 10% proportion specimen at police/Kandaya Bhavan circle and Railway station circle sampling points of Rama Nagar Town for 21 days of observations and the results shows that, carbon atom percentage increased maximum of 42.99 and 58.69 for carbon atoms respectively at above sampling points. From this work, it is conclude that the Carbon atoms and Nitrogen atoms present in the atmosphere will be reduce up to some level when replace 10% of Titanium dioxide with cement in the concrete moulds of 10 mm thickness by Photo catalytic activity.
Transport of Ions, Molecules, and Electrons across the Solid Electrolyte Interphase: What Is Our Current Level of Understanding?
Authors: Krauss Falk Thorsten , Pantenburg Isabel , Roling Bernhard 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the graphite particles of lithium‐ion battery anodes passivates the anode against electrolyte reduction due to electron transfer reactions, and a stable and well‐passivating SEI is an important prerequisite for a long cycle life of batteries. Despite the importance of the SEI for fast battery cycling and for battery aging, the transport of ions, electrons, and molecules across the SEI is poorly understood. This prevents the development of improved SEI formation protocols for reducing the SEI formation time during battery manufacturing as well as for slowing down SEI aging. In this perspective article, possible transport mechanisms inside the SEI are considered, and an overview of the results of transport studies on SEIs formed on carbon‐based electrodes is given. The conclusions that can be drawn from these results are discussed as well as the most important open questions, which should be addressed in future work.
Degradation of tetracycline, sulfamethazine, and tylosin in soil from prairie strips and row crops in Iowa
Authors: Iverson Alyssa N. , Moorman Thomas B. , Soupir Michelle L. , Morrow Amy J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe livestock industry in the United States relies on antibiotics for disease prevention and treatment. As a result, antibiotic‐laden manure is frequently applied to farmland to recycle nutrients. In the soil environment, antibiotics may accumulate and create selective pressure for antibiotic resistance in bacteria or travel to nearby water resources. This in vitro incubation study evaluated whether prairie buffer strips on farmland enhance degradation of three antibiotics—tetracycline, sulfamethazine, and tylosin—compared with degradation in soil from row crops adjacent to the strips. Soil from prairie strips of varying establishment ages and adjacent row crops were evaluated from three central Iowa sampling locations. Antibiotics mixed with swine manure slurry were added to soils at a starting concentration (10 μg kg–1) that reflects common veterinary antibiotic concentrations in soil and runoff after manure application. Antibiotic concentrations were quantified at six time points throughout a 72‐d incubation period and fit to a first‐order model to calculate decay rate constants and half‐lives. The mean half‐life for tetracycline was 0.54 d longer in prairie strip soil than row crop soil, whereas sulfamethazine and tylosin demonstrated no significant difference in persistence in strip or crop soil. Time since the establishment of the prairie strip did not affect antibiotic persistence. Concentrations of each antibiotic decreased to near‐background levels throughout the incubation period. This study suggests that prairie strips do not consistently enhance antibiotic degradation in farm fields, but that antibiotics are unlikely to persist throughout the growing season in soil under strip or crop management.
Brine spill remediation utilizing capillary transport and wicking materials in loam and silty clay soils
Authors: Green Aaron W. , DeSutter Thomas M. , Meehan Miranda A. , Daigh Aaron L. M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOil and gas extraction from the Bakken and Three Forks shale‐oil reserves often produces large volumes of highly saline water, or brine. Brine releases often cause soils to exhibit poor structural and edaphic properties. Because of these negative effects, active remediation is often attempted through the use of in‐situ and ex‐situ techniques. Unfortunately, many conventional methods can be time intensive, costly, and only partially effective. This study sought to determine if salts could be efficiently removed from coarse‐ and fine‐textured soils through the surficial application of a wicking medium consisting of an engineered, paper‐based humidifier wick or ground wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw while soils were irrigated from the subsurface with either purified water or a gypsum solution. Over a 56‐d period, the humidifier wick with a gypsum solution reduced extractable Na by 82 and 23% in the loam and silty clay columns, respectively. The humidifier wick with purified water treatments reduced extractable Na by 77 and 8% in the loam and silty clay columns, respectively. Ground straw reduced extractable Na by <12% in all cases. The humidifier wick reduced the mean soil electrical conductivity (EC) by >9 dS m–1 with the largest reductions at deeper depths (i.e., >15 dS m–1 or >90% removal). Results show that evaporative wicks are comparable to other surficial remediation techniques in removing salt mass from soil.
PD‐L1 overexpression correlates with JAK2‐V617F mutational burden and is associated with 9p uniparental disomy in myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Milosevic Feenstra Jelena D. , Jäger Roland , Schischlik Fiorella , Ivanov Daniel , Eisenwort Gregor , Rumi Elisa , Schuster Michael , Gisslinger Bettina , Machherndl‐Spandl Sigrid , Bettelheim Peter , Krauth Maria‐Theresa , Keil Felix , Bock Christoph , Cazzola Mario , Gisslinger Heinz , Kralovics Robert , Valent Peter 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMyeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are chronic stem cell disorders characterized by enhanced proliferation of myeloid cells, immune deregulation, and drug resistance. JAK2 somatic mutations drive the disease in 50–60% and CALR mutations in 25–30% of cases. Published data suggest that JAK2‐V617F‐mutated MPN cells express the resistance‐related checkpoint PD‐L1. By applying RNA‐sequencing on granulocytes of 113 MPN patients, we demonstrate that PD‐L1 expression is highest among polycythemia vera patients and that PD‐L1 expression correlates with JAK2‐V617F mutational burden (R = 0.52; p < .0001). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays showed that chromosome 9p uniparental disomy (UPD) covers both PD‐L1 and JAK2 in all MPN patients examined. MPN cells in JAK2‐V617F‐positive patients expressed higher levels of PD‐L1 if 9p UPD was present compared to when it was absent (p < .0001). Moreover, haplotype‐based association analyses provided evidence for germline genetic factors at PD‐L1 locus contributing to MPN susceptibility independently of the previously described GGCC risk haplotype. We also found that PD‐L1 is highly expressed on putative CD34+CD38− disease‐initiating neoplastic stem cells (NSC) in both JAK2 and CALR‐mutated MPN. PD‐L1 overexpression decreased upon exposure to JAK2 blockers and BRD4‐targeting agents, suggesting a role for JAK2‐STAT5‐signaling and BRD4 in PD‐L1 expression. Whether targeting of PD‐L1 can overcome NSC resistance in MPN remains to be elucidated in forthcoming studies.
Adverse outcomes in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: Follow‐up of patients diagnosed 2002–2017 in a complete coverage and nationwide agnostic register study
Authors: Dahlén Torsten , Edgren Gustaf , Ljungman Per , Flygt Hjalmar , Richter Johan , Olsson‐Strömberg Ulla , Wadenvik Hans , Dreimane Arta , Myhr‐Eriksson Kristina , Zhao Jingcheng , Själander Anders , Höglund Martin , Stenke Leif 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have profoundly improved the clinical outcome for patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), but their overall survival is still subnormal and the treatment is associated with adverse events. In a large cohort‐study, we assessed the morbidity in 1328 Swedish CML chronic phase patients diagnosed 2002–2017 and treated with TKIs, as compared to that in carefully matched control individuals. Several Swedish patient registers with near‐complete nationwide coverage were utilized for data acquisition. Median follow‐up was 6 (IQR, 3–10) years with a total follow‐up of 8510 person‐years for the full cohort. Among 670 analyzed disease categories, the patient cohort showed a significantly increased risk in 142 while, strikingly, no category was more common in controls. Increased incidence rate ratios/IRR (95% CI) for more severe events among patients included acute myocardial infarction (AMI) 2.0 (1.5–2.6), heart failure 2.6 (2.2–3.2), pneumonia 2.8 (2.3–3.5), and unspecified sepsis 3.5 (2.6–4.7). When comparing patients on 2nd generation TKIs vs. imatinib in a within‐cohort analysis, nilotinib generated elevated IRRs for AMI (2.9; 1.5–5.6) and chronic ischemic heart disease (2.2; 1.2–3.9), dasatinib for pleural effusion (11.6; 7.6–17.7) and infectious complications, for example, acute upper respiratory infections (3.0; 1.4–6.0). Our extensive real‐world data reveal significant risk increases of severe morbidity in TKI‐treated CML patients, as compared to matched controls, particularly for 2nd generation TKIs. Whether this increased morbidity may also translate into increased mortality, thus preventing CML patients to achieve a normalized overall survival, needs to be further explored.
Multicentric Castleman disease: A single center experience of treatment with a focus on autologous stem cell transplantation
Authors: Abdallah Nadine H. , Habermann Thomas , Buadi Francis K. , Gertz Morie A. , Lacy Martha Q. , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Dingli David , Go Ronald S. , Hayman Suzanne R. , Kumar Shaji K. , Kourelis Taxiarchis , Warsame Rahma , Kapoor Prashant , Muchtar Eli , Hwa Yi L. , Fonder Amie L. , Hobbs Miriam A. , Lin Yi , Leung Nelson , Binder Moritz , Siddiqui Mustaqeem A. , Kyle Robert A. , Witzig Thomas E. , Dispenzieri Angela 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCastleman disease (CD) is a rare lymphoproliferative disease characterized by diverse clinical and pathologic features. Due to its rarity, there are limited studies comparing currently available therapies. The role of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in CD has not yet been established. In this paper, we describe the clinical characteristics, treatment choices, and outcomes in 34 Mayo Clinic patients diagnosed with multicentric CD from July 1, 2003 to April 30, 2018. Eighteen patients (53%) also met the criteria for POEMS, including 14 with the osteosclerotic variant. The first‐line treatments included: steroid monotherapy (4), cytotoxic chemotherapy (6), rituximab alone (8) or with chemotherapy (2), anti‐IL6 treatment (3), and ASCT (10). The median follow‐up was 4.8 (range: 0.1–15.2) years. The 5‐ and 10‐year overall survival rates were 84% and 71%, respectively. Sixteen patients received high‐dose chemotherapy followed by ASCT during their disease course. Among those, 14 had multicentric CD associated with POEMS. There were no transplant‐related deaths. All patients had at least a partial response to ASCT, most of whom achieved a complete response. The favorable outcomes seen with ASCT in this cohort suggest that transplantation may have a role in multicentric CD, particularly for patients with multicentric CD associated with POEMS.
Anthropometric parameters to estimate body frame size in children and adolescents: A systematic review
Authors: Guzman‐de la Garza Francisco Javier , Cerino Peñaloza María Susana , García Leal Mariana , Salinas Martínez Ana María , Alvarez Villalobos Neri Alejandro , Cordero Franco Hid Felizardo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the most frequently body frame size (BFS) measurement and to compare the cut‐off values used for classifying body size in children and adolescents.MethodsThis systematic review focused on primary studies and scientific reports published in Medline Ovid, EMBASE, Web of Science, or Scopus between January 1, 2007 and March 31, 2021. Eligible studies must have included at least one BFS parameter measured in healthy children or adolescents. A descriptive analysis and graphic comparison were performed when values of the body frame were available.ResultsA total of 26 studies involving 317 202 children and adolescents from all over the world were included. The report of Frame index predominated (46%). It was followed by the biacromial diameter single or combined with the bitrochanteric and biiliocristal diameter (27%), the wrist circumference (19%), and the grant index (12%). Fourteen studies reported percentile values of the BFS measurement, but only four presented cut‐off values.ConclusionsThere was no unified BFS measurement in children and adolescents neither reference cut‐off values for categorization. The Frame index was the most frequently used. It is difficult to compare BFS statistics due to the diversity of measurements. It is necessary to standardize the use of the methods for measuring BFS.
Whole‐exome sequencing identified novel variants in three Chinese Leigh syndrome pedigrees
Authors: Yang Zhihua , Cao Jun , Song Yucen , Li Suyi , Jiao Zhihui , Ren Shumin , Gao Xu , Zhang Suqin , Liu Jingjing , Chen Yibing 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLeigh syndrome (LS), the most common mitochondrial disease in early childhood, usually manifests variable neurodegenerative symptoms and typical brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions. To date, pathogenic variants in more than 80 genes have been identified. However, there are still many cases without molecular diagnoses, and thus more disease‐causing variants need to be unveiled. Here, we presented three clinically suspected LS patients manifesting neurological symptoms including developmental delay, hypotonia, and epilepsy during the first year of age, along with symmetric brain lesions on MRI. We explored disease‐associated variants in patients and their nonconsanguineous parents by whole‐exome sequencing and subsequent Sanger sequencing verification. Sequencing data revealed three pairs of disease‐associated compound heterozygous variants: c.1A>G (p.Met1?) and 409G>C (p.Asp137His) in SDHA, c.1253G>A (p.Arg418His) and 1300C>T (p.Leu434Phe) in NARS2, and c.5C>T (p.Ala2Val) and 773T>G (p.Leu258Trp) in ECHS1. Among them, the likely pathogenic variants c.409G>C (p.Asp137His) in SDHA, c.1300C>T (p.Leu434Phe) in NARS2, and c.773T>G (p.Leu258Trp) in ECHS1 were newly identified. Segregation analysis indicated the possible disease‐causing nature of the novel variants. In silico prediction and three‐dimensional protein modeling further suggested the potential pathogenicity of these variants. Our discovery of novel variants expands the gene variant spectrum of LS and provides novel evidence for genetic counseling.
Potential of triazines in Alzheimer's disease: A versatile privileged scaffold
Authors: Gharat Ruchita , Prabhu Arati , Khambete Mihir. P. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTriazines are six‐membered privileged scaffolds that have been explored in drug discovery programs owing to their stability in biological media and robust reactivity. Their unique chemical properties have led to the exploration of the triazine‐containing molecules for multifaceted disorders like Alzheimer's disease (AD). The pathology of AD involves the interplay of multiple biochemical events such as amyloid beta‐aggregation, formation of reactive oxygen species, cholinergic degradation, and metal ion dysregulation. The growing incidence of AD, coupled with the limited availability of efficacious medicines, necessitates the identification of newer therapeutic approaches. Privileged scaffolds like triazines with the potential for multiple biological effects offer excellent alternatives to the treatment of multifactorial AD. The present review describes numerous triazine‐containing molecules capable of modulating single as well as multiple pathological factors involved in AD. The analysis of structural features of these molecules can provide useful insights for developing newer therapies.