bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bodiless Demons
Authors: Proctor Travis W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the context and function of Ignatius of Antioch’s citation of “bodiless demons” in his Letter to the Smyrnaeans. There, Ignatius claims that Christians who believe in a phantasmal Jesus will be “without bodies,” and thus “demonic” (Smyrn. 2). Ignatius contrasts this demonic bodilessness with the dyadic flesh-and-spirit body of Jesus and his “true” followers. Ignatius’s citation of demonic incorporeality, therefore, circumscribes Christian embodiment by connecting it to Christology: a proper Christian body requires appropriate ideas regarding the fleshly nature of Jesus’s body. The chapter concludes by juxtaposing Ignatius’s portrayal of bodiless demons with the Coptic Apocalypse of Peter’s depiction of demons as entities mired in the fleshly world, a contrast that demonstrates how variant demonologies informed divergent materializations of the Christian body.
Belly-Demons
Authors: Proctor Travis W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores Clement of Alexandria’s exhortation that Christians not mix the “body of the Lord” with the “table of demons” by engaging in gluttonous eating habits. The chapter notes that, following Paul’s comparable claims in 1 Corinthians, many early Christian writers argued that demons promoted animal sacrifice because they consumed the blood and smoke produced as part of the sacrificial process. Clement of Alexandria, as part of his own rendition, portrays the demonic body as animalistic and grotesquely “fattened” due to its excess consumption of sacrificial fumes. Clement contrasts the demons’ corpulence with his construal of the ideal Christian body: chaste, thin, and constantly engaged in contemplative practices that “strip away” the material body. The demonic body, then, informs and undergirds Clement’s ritual program by providing a negative stereotype of those bodily attributes that Clement urges his readers to eschew.
Relationships 2.0
Authors: Kislev Elyakim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the effect of agricultural technology on society. The agricultural period marks a fundamental change in the technological means of producing food, having shelter, and moving around. Although the agricultural period is only a fraction of the hunting-gathering era, it was significant enough to affect human society, family formation, and intimate relationships in a critical way. It is not only that Relationships 2.0 were mainly based on economic and property considerations, but also that they tended to be part of a certain family structure: the multigenerational household. With technological developments that brought people to focus on lands and farms, the multigenerational family was ideal. Blood ties signified property ownership, inheritance rules, and labor division. This notion of the family as a multigenerational household rather than the nuclear family lasted until industrialization.
Relationships 3.0
Authors: Kislev Elyakim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter details the Industrial Revolution, during which inventions such as steam power and electricity changed humans’ lives drastically as factories producing goods with overwhelming speed and efficiency began to spread around the world. In turn, the industrial society carried significant implications for marriage and relationships. Although the mechanisms at play are complex and not entirely uniform, evidence suggests that industrialization contributed immensely to the rise of the nuclear family. Thus, the home became more idealized and a new, pronounced distinction between public and domestic life emerged. By the end of the nineteenth century, the working classes had fully adopted this new mentality of “separate spheres” and saw home as a welcome retreat from the bustle and hum of the city’s factories. The transition from multigenerational families also coincided with marriages becoming more affectionate. As the economic importance of marriage declined, spouses became lovers, companions, and partners. Ultimately, he structural changes in family formation altered the very ways that family members thought and felt about each other.
Relationships 5.0 and the Physical Revolution
Authors: Kislev Elyakim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies the physical revolution, exploring the impact of giving a physical body to human-tech interactions and demonstrating the advances in the field of social robotics. It shows how robots are soon expected to be emotional companions to anyone willing to use them, just like mobile phones. Particularly as technology improves and social robots are spreading, people may start to embrace the idea of robot companions. Of course, society first needs to see how robots are ethical, regulated, and safe to use. Moreover, we must know and experience first-hand how robots can strengthen our emotional capabilities, help in stimulating conversations with others, and even teach us the meaning of real pleasure so we can give others what we experienced. Only then can we develop trust toward this technology. Indeed, of all three revolutions, the physical one faces the greatest rejection. Many people treat relationships with robots as unhealthy and unsatisfying. In addition, robots attract the most ethical and regulatory controversies.
Introduction
Authors: Isurin Ludmila 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Introduction presents a brief story about the writing of this book, and it also presents the main idea of the project by bringing in collective memory, media, and the mind to the forefront of the discussion. It specifies the events central to the case study and identifies unique features of the project. It then provided the outline of the book’s chapters and prepares the reader for the results that can be viewed as controversial and challenging because they undermine well-established beliefs in the West that there is a clear-cut divide between the trustworthy free media in democratic states, such as the United States, and the state-censored—and hence, untrustworthy—media in authoritarian states such as contemporary Russia.
Group Memory
Authors: Isurin Ludmila 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reader to the complexity of the phenomenon of collective memory, with a specific focus on the construction, reconstruction, and distortion of collective memories. The underlying mechanisms of memory construction and reconstruction that are discussed in depth include the opposition of collective memory and history; the process of memory construction and memory distortion, as well as the role of official producers of the collective memory, such as textbooks and media, in memory construction and manipulation; the role of the other in the construction of memory; and the contribution of the individual memory to the construction of collective memory.
How the Mind Processes Text, Media News, and Misinformation
Authors: Isurin Ludmila 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The question that this chapter aims to answer concerns the mind that consumes information supplied by official producers of memory. How does the mind process the text in general and information from media news in particular, and how does the mind process misinformation? First, the chapter discusses the general existent evidence on text and discourse processing as it relates to the scope of the book. Then it specifically examines how individual minds process and consume media news. Finally, it discusses research on how deliberately distorted information is processed by the individual’s mind. The surveyed findings derive from a few fields, such as psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology, and social psychology, and provide an in-depth review of the evidence obtained in each of those fields by highlighting knowledge that is central to the current investigation.
Sociocognitive Approach to the Construction of Memory
Authors: Isurin Ludmila 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Based on the accumulated knowledge in the three fields of collective memory, media, and the mind, this chapter builds an argument about the intertwined relationship between these three entities and offers a sociocognitive framework within which the case study central to this book was conducted. A few similar trends emerge in the study of collective memory, media, and the mind: the role of schemata, the construction of a narrative representing the other, bias, and distortion. This chapter discusses each of these factors as they relate to each individual field and shows how they become interconnected when placed in the sociocognitive framework. The conceptualization of the main framework is developed further by showing how the cross-cultural component—the simultaneous analysis of the two groups, each of which serves as the other for another group—adds a new angle to the study of memory, media, and the mind.
Takeover of Crimea
Authors: Isurin Ludmila 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to one of the most important events in the recent development of relations between Russia and the United States—the takeover of Crimea by Russia in 2014. Through the analysis of US and Russian media, it shows how the narrative surrounding the takeover subsequently has changed to reflect the persistent ideological lines adopted by the media of the two countries. Whereas Russian media emphasized the illegitimacy of the Ukrainian government after the Ukrainian president was ousted, the free will of the people in Crimea to join Russia demonstrated at the referendum, the legality of the unification process, and the role of the US government in the change of power in Kiev, the US media that initially reported a relatively peaceful “low-key” invasion in Crimea and acknowledged the referendum later switched to present the event as an annexation or invasion by Russia and omitted any reference to the referendum held in Crimea. The analysis of the US media is followed by the analysis of Russian media related to the event.
Memory, Media, and the MindRevisiting the Framework
Authors: Isurin Ludmila 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The chapter starts with the reconceptualization of the original framework in light of the findings from the media analysis by bringing the reenactment of the other into primary focus while preserving the original components of the framework. It discusses a few main concepts, such as the role of schemata, bias, and distortion in the reenactment of the other. Then it raises the question of whether such reenactment is a goal or means within the ideology of the media. After discussing how the mind constructed the memories delivered by the media, it brings the reader back to the original framework to discuss the interconnected nature of memory, media, and the mind.
1. Hymn in Praise of the Salvation Achieved through the Three Majesties of the Luminous Teaching (  Jingjiao sanwei mengdu zan景‎教‎三‎威‎蒙‎度‎讚‎)
Authors: Nicolini-Zani Matteo 
Published: April 2022

Annotated translation of the Tang Chinese Christian Texts:
TEXT A. “Stele of the Diffusion of the Luminous Teaching of Da Qin in China” (Da Qin jingjiao liuxing Zhongguo bei大秦景教流行中國碑‎)
TEXT B. (1) “Hymn in Praise of the Salvation Achieved through the Three Majesties of the Luminous Teaching” (Jingjiao sanwei mengdu zan景教三威蒙度讚‎); (2) “Book of the Honored” (Zunjing尊經‎)
TEXT C. “Discourse on the One God” (Yishen lun一神論‎):
I. “Discourse on the One Godhead” (Yitian lun diyi一天論第一‎)
II. “Metaphorical Teaching” (Yu di’er喻第二‎)
III. “Discourse of the Honored One of the Universe on Almsgiving” (Shizun bushi lun disan世尊布施論第三‎)
TEXT D. “Book of the Lord Messiah” (Xuting mishisuo jing序聽迷詩所經‎)
TEXT E. “Book on Profound and Mysterious Blessedness” (Zhixuan anle jing志玄安樂經‎)
TEXT F.	“Book of the Luminous Teaching of Da Qin on Unveiling the Origin and Attaining the Foundation” (Da Qin jingjiao xuanyuan zhiben jing大秦景教宣元至本經‎)
Book of the Lord Messiah (Xuting mishisuo jing序‎聽‎迷‎詩‎所‎經‎)
Authors: Nicolini-Zani Matteo 
Published: April 2022

Annotated translation of the Tang Chinese Christian Texts:
TEXT A. “Stele of the Diffusion of the Luminous Teaching of Da Qin in China” (Da Qin jingjiao liuxing Zhongguo bei大秦景教流行中國碑‎)
TEXT B. (1) “Hymn in Praise of the Salvation Achieved through the Three Majesties of the Luminous Teaching” (Jingjiao sanwei mengdu zan景教三威蒙度讚‎); (2) “Book of the Honored” (Zunjing尊經‎)
TEXT C. “Discourse on the One God” (Yishen lun一神論‎):
I. “Discourse on the One Godhead” (Yitian lun diyi一天論第一‎)
II. “Metaphorical Teaching” (Yu di’er喻第二‎)
III. “Discourse of the Honored One of the Universe on Almsgiving” (Shizun bushi lun disan世尊布施論第三‎)
TEXT D. “Book of the Lord Messiah” (Xuting mishisuo jing序聽迷詩所經‎)
TEXT E. “Book on Profound and Mysterious Blessedness” (Zhixuan anle jing志玄安樂經‎)
TEXT F.	“Book of the Luminous Teaching of Da Qin on Unveiling the Origin and Attaining the Foundation” (Da Qin jingjiao xuanyuan zhiben jing大秦景教宣元至本經‎)
Introduction
Authors: Hughes Aaron W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter supplies the basic method used in the following study. It argues that the Qurʾān and, by extension, early Islam, had an ambiguous relationship to other religions, but especially those of Judaism and Christianity. This is because these two religions played large roles on the Arabian Peninsula at the time of Islam’s genesis. After a discussion of how the sources will be used and the difference between Islamic studies and religious studies, a brief breakdown of the chapters that follows is presented.
Producing Islam Through the Production of Religious Others
Authors: Hughes Aaron W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how the early community expanded upon the aforementioned categories in chapter 1 as it began to encounter real flesh-and-blood religious others entrenched in areas outside of the Arabian Peninsula. Even though such encounters were historical, the presentation of religious others primarily remained literary. As Islam spread into these regions with ancient and deep-rooted monotheistic traditions, Muslim thinkers had to make sense of such traditions in a manner that, while acknowledging their antiquity, nevertheless discredited their presence. At issue was how to demonstrate just when, why, and where they went wrong. Ancient traditions associated with Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism, among others, needed to be plotted on a “historical” grid.
Past Perfect
Authors: Hughes Aaron W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the concept of jāhiliyya, the so-called Age of Ignorance prior to Muhammad’s prophetic call. It shows how this term—as artificial and imprecise as others discussed in previous chapters—also functioned as a vague and ambiguous category under which could be subsumed any number of different and competing characteristics. All of these terms had the further advantage of bringing orthodoxy into focus and, once in focus, aid in the sharpening of its ideological edge. Again, though, it was a later projection, one that was as much about clarifying the present as it was about elucidating a distant past.
Making Christians
Authors: Hughes Aaron W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the tension between non-Muslims as bearers of a proto-Islam and non-Muslims as corrupters of pre-Muhammadan Islam. Once again, the Qurʾān provided an initial framework to undertake this; however, it was amplified in subsequent literature. Rather than employ the same strategy as the previous chapter, however, this one instead pursues a different line of inquiry. It shows how the early Muslim encounter with Christian texts and institutions created a related, and by now familiar, set of anxieties. To create a system of governance, taxation, and so forth, the new empire had to use many of the structures already in place. Again, the necessity of differentiating Islam, the new and regnant religion, from that which it overtook was essential.
Conclusions
Authors: Hughes Aaron W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The conclusion revisits the saying of Ernest Renan, who once remarked that Islam, unlike other religions, emerged “in the full light of history.” If the sources examined in the previous chapters were historically accurate as opposed to often much later back-projections, this might well be the case. Alas, it is not. Instead, our sources reveal a host of subterranean issues to which we must be attentive. These include political, ideological, and sectarian issues. The anxiety afforded by religious competition is why so many of the literary genres that emerge out of the early periods seem to be so conscious of religious difference and alterity. Islam, to return to a point I made in the Introduction, is always thought about comparatively.
Making Audiences
Authors: Fujiki Hideaki 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This book explores the hundred-year history relationship between Japanese media and social subjects through an analysis of the connections between cinema audiences and five significant discursive terms: minshū (the people), kokumin (the national populace), tōa minzoku (the East Asian race), taishū (the masses), and shimin (citizens), which circulated in different periods from the 1910s through the present, while also overlapping in a way that indicates that the history of Japanese social subjects has unfolded in a multilayered rather than linear manner, through periods bounded up with and impacted by various political and economic issues, ranging from capitalism and total war to neoliberalism and risk society. The book shows how in each context these five terms have not necessarily been deployed as a set of lexically defined, fixed, and stable meanings but have entailed certain discrepancies and contradictions among a diverse range of standpoints, their different interpretative valence changing according to historical context. Sometimes used to define the self and sometimes to define a given other, as well as being enunciated through discourses, the terms have been enacted by physical bodies. The book empirically and analytically elucidates a dynamic, multilayered history of cinema audiences in Japan as part of a larger relationship between media and social subjects and examines cinema audiences as simultaneously shaped by and shaping social history. In so doing, it brings a new perspective to the history of Japanese society and culture in its global context from the early twentieth century up to the early twenty-first century.
“Citizens” as Vulnerable Subjects
Authors: Fujiki Hideaki 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights the process whereby the seemingly autonomous “citizen,” celebrated in the years around 1960 as a voluntary independent agent participating in social movements, has actually turned out to be a vulnerable subject forced into socially disadvantageous positions (although the category and corollary identity can be occupied by anyone). More specifically, “citizens” surface in contemporary discourse as precarious, flexible, and self-responsible subjects under the social conditions characterized by the notion of the risk society, neoliberalism, and decentralized power networks. The chapter especially highlights how women have taken a central but ambivalent position in this history of “citizens” who simultaneously serve as both agents developing new networks and advancing social movements and as vulnerable subjects of economic power regularly exploited as convenient sources of temporary or part-time labor since the enforcement of the Equal Employment Operation Law and the Laborers’ Dispatch Business Law in 1985. Building on Manuel Castells’s notion of “network society,” the final section of this chapter suggests that the networks in contemporary society can be classified into three types: power networks, territorializing-oriented “citizen” networks, and de-territorializing-oriented “citizen” networks. It illustrates how the first two types have developed in conjunction with the newly emerging social media, while leaving discussion of the last type for the next chapter.
The Rise of the Data-opolies
Authors: Stucke Maurice E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by explaining the short lives of most U.S. companies, where the average half-life of U.S. publicly traded companies is close to 10 and one-half years. Of the companies that were created between 1950 and 2009, most died after their initial public offering and fewer than 5% remained alive after 30 years. It also addresses the question of why Google, Apple, Facebook, and Amazon successfully dominated multiple markets for years and seem poised to continue their domination over the next decade. The chapter canvasses the many markets that data-opolies, such as Google and Apple, have dominated. It explores four features of the digital platform economy that lead these markets to tip to monopolies or duopolies.
Why Isn’t Competition the Easy Fix?
Authors: Stucke Maurice E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The policy proposals in the last chapter assume that more competition can restore privacy and well-being, by curbing the data-opoly's surveillance and extraction of data. This chapter examines why increasing competition will not always improve privacy in many digital markets that depend on behavioral advertising for their revenues. While the competition would still be toxic without the data-opolies, the chapter discusses how Google and Facebook, as the Gamemakers, design the competitive process to maintain their dominance and profits.
Who Owns the Data, and Is That Even the Right Question?
Authors: Stucke Maurice E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores whether property law is the proper legal framework to address toxic competition and the abuses by data-opolies. It reviews a long debate in the United States as to whether to frame privacy in terms of market-based solutions versus viewing privacy as a fundamental, inalienable right. It also examines how data-opolies can game the system, regardless of which approach—property-based or fundamental rights—the jurisdiction relies upon. The chapter highlights multiple shortcomings of a market-based approach to privacy. It notes how the “Own Your Own Data Act” and other proposed legislation that clarifies that individuals own their personal data neither serves as protection from data-opolies nor toxic competition.
What Are the Policy Implications if Data Is Non-rivalrous?
Authors: Stucke Maurice E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the clash between privacy and competition, which has been largely unexplored by policymakers and the literature to date. It reviews competition policies, which seek to “democratize” personal data by circulating and redistributing the data with sufficient privacy safeguards to maximize its overall value. It also looks at competition policies that focus on “data-openness” by increasing data portability, improving interoperability, and requiring powerful platforms to share some of the personal data with rivals. The chapter explains that once privacy’s data-minimization principles are effectively applied, there will likely be less data to democratize, and competition, innovation, and data philanthropy can potentially suffer. Promoting data-openness policies, however, increases the risk of a surveillance economy where the public is the commodity. It also points out that while many people can use the data to glean insights without reducing the data’s value for others, the repeated mining of the data can impose a negative externality on our privacy. Thus, the fact that personal data is non-rivalrous does not necessarily point to the optimal policy outcome.