bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coupled Effects of Density and Dual‐Domain Mass Transfer on Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Authors: Li Hongkai , Werner Adrian D. , Lu Chunhui 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAquifer storage and recovery (ASR) involves the injection of freshwater into an aquifer for temporary water storage and later use. Previous studies have shown that density‐driven convection may render part of the injectant unrecoverable when ASR is implemented in a saline aquifer. Where heterogeneity creates a significant proportion of immobile groundwater, dual‐domain (immobile and mobile porosities) effects also lead to reductions in the efficiency of ASR schemes. Presuming constant total porosity (sum of the mobile and immobile porosities), the combined effects of dual‐domain properties and water density on ASR are investigated for the first time in the present study, using numerical modeling of otherwise similar conceptual models to previous ASR analyses. Results show that the interactions between the density effect and dual‐domain mass transfer lead to complex controlling patterns of the density contrast, the ratio of immobile‐mobile porosities, the parameterization of immobile‐mobile solute exchange, and the number of cycles. The influence of these factors on mixing processes and the recovery efficiency (proportion of freshwater injectant recovered by extraction) during ASR are shown. Dual‐domain effects, where they occur in aquifers, must be included explicitly in models to reproduce recovery efficiencies, especially during early cycles, unless the immobile porosity is very small or the conductance between mobile and immobile regions is at extremes. Otherwise, a single‐domain model can be utilized. The findings of this research illustrate the influence of both density effects and dual‐domain processes on ASR and the need to account for both in assessing ASR feasibility in complex hydrogeological settings.
Tens to Hundreds of keV Electron Precipitation Driven by Kinetic Alfvén Waves During an Electron Injection
Authors: Shen Yangyang , Artemyev Anton V. , Zhang Xiao‐Jia , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Vasko Ivan , Turner Drew , Tsai Ethan , Wilkins Colin , Weygand James M. , Russell Christopher T. , Ergun Robert E. , Giles Barbara L. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractElectron injections are critical processes associated with magnetospheric substorms, which deposit significant electron energy into the ionosphere. Although wave scattering of <10 keV electrons during injections has been well studied, the link between magnetotail electron injections and energetic (≥100 keV) electron precipitation remains elusive. Using conjugate observations between the Electron Loss and Fields Investigation (ELFIN) and Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) missions, we present evidence of tens to hundreds of keV electron precipitation to the ionosphere potentially driven by kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) associated with magnetotail electron injections and magnetic field gradients. Test particle simulations adapted to observations show that dipolarization‐front magnetic field gradients and associated ∇B drifts allow Doppler‐shifted Landau resonances between the injected electrons and KAWs, producing electron spatial scattering across the front which results in pitch‐angle decreases and subsequent precipitation. Test particle results show that such KAW‐driven precipitation can account for ELFIN observations below ∼300 keV.
Contribution of Viscoelastic Stress to the Synchronization of Earthquake Cycles on Oceanic Transform Faults
Authors: Shi Pengcheng , Wei Meng , Barbot Sylvain 
Published: August 2022

AbstractEarthquake clustering can be promoted by local, regional, and remote triggering. The interaction between faults by static and dynamic stress transfer has received much attention. However, the role of quasi‐static stress interaction mediated by viscoelastic flow is still poorly understood. Here, we investigate whether the tight synchronization of moment‐magnitude 6 earthquakes every about 6 years on distant asperities in the Gofar‐Discovery fault system of the East Pacific Rise may be caused by mechanical coupling within the lithosphere‐asthenosphere system. We build a three‐dimensional numerical model of seismic cycles in the framework of rate‐ and state‐dependent friction with a brittle layer overlaying a viscoelastic mantle with nonlinear rheology to simulate earthquake cycles on separate asperities. The brittle section of the West Gofar fault consists of two frictionally unstable 20 km‐long by 5 km‐wide asperities separated by a velocity‐strengthening barrier, consistent with seismic observations, allowing stress transfer by afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation. We find that viscoelastic stress transfer can promote the synchronization of earthquakes. Even if the asperities are separated by as far as 30 km, synchronization is still possible for a viscosity of the underlying mantle of 1017 Pa s, which can be attained by dislocation creep or transient creep during the postseismic period. Considering the similarities in tectonic and structural settings, viscoelastic stress transfer and earthquake synchronization may also occur at 15’20 (Mid‐Atlantic Ridge), George V (Southeast Indian Ridge), Menard and Heezen transform fault (Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge).
Understanding the Effects of Cold and Warm Season Air Warming on the Permafrost Hydrology Changes in the Source Region of the Lancang River, the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Xu Lihua , Gao Bing 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCold season air warming was more rapid than warm season air warming on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP). However, the effect of this asymmetrical seasonal air warming on permafrost hydrological changes has not been fully understood. This study applied a distributed cryospheric hydrological model to evaluate the effects of different seasonal air warming on the changes in frozen soil and hydrological processes in a typical catchment, the source region of the Lancang River on the eastern QTP. The results show that the area of permafrost reduced by 14.0%. The maximum frozen depth of seasonally frozen ground (MFDSFG) decreased at 5.0 cm decade−1, and the active layer thickness (ALT) of permafrost increased by 3.3 cm decade−1. Controlled experiments illustrate that cold season air warming dominated the reduction in MFDSFG which caused the liquid soil moisture increase in seasonally frozen ground, and warm season air warming primarily determined the increase in ALT which enhanced the liquid soil moisture in permafrost. Cold season air warming had a greater effect on runoff than warm season air warming because it dominated the permafrost degradation into seasonally frozen ground. In the region where permafrost degraded into seasonally frozen ground, both the cold and warm season air warming contributed to the soil liquid water increase, and the cold season warming had a greater effect due to its more important role in thermal degradation of permafrost. The findings of this study reveal different complex impacts of cold and warm season air warming on permafrost hydrological changes on the QTP.
Localizing Hydrological Drought Early Warning Using In Situ Groundwater Sensors
Authors: Veness W. A. , Butler A. P. , Ochoa‐Tocachi B. F. , Moulds S. , Buytaert W. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDrought early warning systems (DEWSs) aim to spatially monitor and forecast risk of water shortage to inform early, risk‐mitigating interventions. However, due to the scarcity of in situ monitoring in groundwater‐dependent arid zones, spatial drought exposure is inferred using maps of satellite‐based indicators such as rainfall anomalies, soil moisture, and vegetation indices. On the local scale, these coarse‐resolution proxy indicators provide a poor inference of groundwater availability. The improving affordability and technical capability of modern sensors significantly increases the feasibility of taking direct groundwater level measurements in data‐scarce, arid regions on a larger scale. Here, we assess the potential of in situ monitoring to provide a localized index of hydrological drought in Somaliland. We find that calibrating a lumped groundwater model with a short time series of groundwater level observations substantially improves the quantification of local water availability when compared to satellite‐based indices. By varying the calibration length, we find that a 5‐week period capturing both wet and dry season conditions provides most of the calibration capacity. This suggests that short monitoring campaigns are suitable for improving estimations of local water availabilities during drought. Short calibration periods have practical advantages, as the relocation of sensors enables rapid characterization of a large number of wells. These well simulations can supplement continuous in situ monitoring of strategic point sources to setup large‐scale monitoring systems with contextualized and localized information on water availability. This information can be used as early warning evidence for the financing and targeting of early actions to mitigate impacts of hydrological drought.
Causes and Factors of Cryogenic Extraction Biases on Isotopes of Xylem Water
Authors: Wen Mingyi , He Dong , Li Min , Ren Ruiqi , Jin Jingjing , Si Bingcheng 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCryogenic vacuum extraction (CVE) has been considered as the standard technique for the analysis of plant water stable isotopes in ecohydrological research. Recent studies reported that CVE can introduce significant bias in stable isotope analyses, yet the causes and influencing factors of the CVE‐induced deuterium offsets remain poorly understood. Here, we performed rehydration experiments on plant samples from two species and three organs with two distinct‐isotopic spiking waters. Centrifugation and high‐pressure mechanical squeezing were used to separate sap water and tissue water for stable isotope analyses. Plant waters extracted by CVE differed significantly from reference waters in δ2H, but not in δ18O. The δ2H bias was linearly correlated to the xylem water content, and this relationship is affected significantly by plant organs/species and the isotopic signature of the spiking water. Moreover, the δ2H bias induced by CVE (−8.52 ± 0.90‰) was significantly greater than the δ2H difference between the tissue and sap waters (−3.33 ± 0.76‰) for apple stems possessing similar water contents. Thus, hydrogen‐exchange between plant organics and water, and isotopic heterogeneity within plants both contribute to the negative δ2H bias, but the former is the dominant cause. The multiple factors governing the CVE‐induced δ2H bias, make it difficult to establish a unified bias correction equation. Our results question the usefulness of cryogenic extraction as a standard for plant water extraction.
Velocity, Turbulence, and Sediment Deposition in a Channel Partially Filled With a Phragmites australis Canopy
Authors: Liu Chao , Yan Chunhao , Sun Sichen , Lei Jiarui , Nepf Heidi , Shan Yuqi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractLaboratory experiments examined the longitudinal evolution of near‐bed velocity, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and net deposition in a model Phragmites australis canopy occupying 1/3 of the channel width. The canopies were constructed from model P. australis with real morphology and a solid volume fraction between 0.003 and 0.018. An exponential model was modified to predict the longitudinal evolution of near‐bed velocity inside the canopy, from which the near‐bed TKE can be predicted. By combining the predicted TKE and a deposition probability, we proposed a model to predict the distribution of net deposition inside the canopy. The predicted velocity, TKE, and deposition were in good agreement with the measurements. Relative to an upstream reference, the net deposition within the canopy was enhanced when two conditions were met: the in‐canopy, near‐bed TKE was smaller than the critical value for resuspension, and resuspension took place in the bare channel. Above a critical vegetation density (defined by a critical solid volume fraction ϕc), the spatially‐averaged deposition inside P. australis surpassed that in the adjacent bare channel. The proposed model provides a way to estimate ϕc. Relative to the upstream reference, deposition inside the canopy was always diminished over some fraction of the flow adjustment distance, Ld (distance from canopy leading edge to fully developed flow). When the canopy length was greater than 0.4 Ld, canopy‐averaged deposition was enhanced relative to the bare channel. Finally, for the same canopy length, differences in plant morphologies did not have a strong impact on the in‐canopy deposition distribution.
GSDMD-dependent neutrophil extracellular traps promote macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition and renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy
Authors: Wang Yujia , Li Yinshuang , Chen Zhimin , Yuan Ying , Su Qinglin , Ye Keng , Chen Caiming , Li Guoping , Song Yankun , Chen Hong , Xu Yanfang 
Published: August 2022

AbstractRenal fibrosis is a common consequence of various progressive nephropathies, including obstructive nephropathy, and ultimately leads to kidney failure. Infiltration of inflammatory cells is a prominent feature of renal injury after draining blockages from the kidney, and correlates closely with the development of renal fibrosis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism behind the promotion of renal fibrosis by inflammatory cells remains unclear. Herein, we showed that unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) induced Gasdermin D (GSDMD) activation in neutrophils, abundant neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation and macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition (MMT) characterized by α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in macrophages. Gsdmd deletion significantly reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells in the kidneys and inhibited NETs formation, MMT and thereby renal fibrosis. Chimera studies confirmed that Gsdmd deletion in bone marrow-derived cells, instead of renal parenchymal cells, provided protection against renal fibrosis. Further, specific deletion of Gsdmd in neutrophils instead of macrophages protected the kidney from undergoing fibrosis after UUO. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified robust crosstalk between neutrophils and macrophages. In vitro, GSDMD-dependent NETs triggered p65 translocation to the nucleus, which boosted the production of inflammatory cytokines and α-SMA expression in macrophages by activating TGF-β1/Smad pathway. In addition, we demonstrated that caspase-11, that could cleave GSDMD, was required for NETs formation and renal fibrosis after UUO. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that caspase-11/GSDMD-dependent NETs promote renal fibrosis by facilitating inflammation and MMT, therefore highlighting the role and mechanisms of NETs in renal fibrosis.
A neural circuit for wind-guided olfactory navigation
Authors: Matheson Andrew M. M. , Lanz Aaron J. , Medina Ashley M. , Licata Al M. , Currier Timothy A. , Syed Mubarak H. , Nagel Katherine I. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTo navigate towards a food source, animals frequently combine odor cues about source identity with wind direction cues about source location. Where and how these two cues are integrated to support navigation is unclear. Here we describe a pathway to the Drosophila fan-shaped body that encodes attractive odor and promotes upwind navigation. We show that neurons throughout this pathway encode odor, but not wind direction. Using connectomics, we identify fan-shaped body local neurons called h∆C that receive input from this odor pathway and a previously described wind pathway. We show that h∆C neurons exhibit odor-gated, wind direction-tuned activity, that sparse activation of h∆C neurons promotes navigation in a reproducible direction, and that h∆C activity is required for persistent upwind orientation during odor. Based on connectome data, we develop a computational model showing how h∆C activity can promote navigation towards a goal such as an upwind odor source. Our results suggest that odor and wind cues are processed by separate pathways and integrated within the fan-shaped body to support goal-directed navigation.
Ultrafast energy exchange between two single Rydberg atoms on a nanosecond timescale
Authors: Chew Y. , Tomita T. , Mahesh T. P. , Sugawa S. , de Léséleuc S. , Ohmori K. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractRydberg atoms, with their enormous electronic orbitals, exhibit dipole–dipole interactions reaching the gigahertz range at a distance of a micrometre, making them a prominent contender for realizing ultrafast quantum operations. However, such strong interactions between two single atoms have so far never been harnessed due to the stringent requirements on the fluctuation of the atom positions and the necessary excitation strength. Here we introduce novel techniques to explore this regime. First, we trap and cool atoms to the motional quantum ground state of holographic optical tweezers, which allows control of the inter-atomic distance down to 1.5 μm with a quantum-limited precision of 30 nm. We then use ultrashort laser pulses to excite a pair of these nearby atoms to a Rydberg state simultaneously, far beyond the Rydberg blockade regime, and perform Ramsey interferometry with attosecond precision. This allows us to induce and track an ultrafast interaction-driven energy exchange completed on nanosecond timescales—two orders of magnitude faster than in any other Rydberg experiments in the tweezers platform so far. This ultrafast coherent dynamics gives rise to a conditional phase, which is the key resource for a quantum gate, opening the path for quantum simulation and computation operating at the speed limit set by dipole–dipole interactions with this ultrafast Rydberg platform.
Stratigraphic reassessment of Grotta Romanelli sheds light on Middle-Late Pleistocene palaeoenvironments and human settling in the Mediterranean
Authors: Pieruccini Pierluigi , Forti Luca , Mecozzi Beniamino , Iannucci Alessio , Yu Tsai-Luen , Shen Chuan-Chou , Bona Fabio , Lembo Giuseppe , Muttillo Brunella , Sardella Raffaele , Mazzini Ilaria 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDuring the last century, Grotta Romanelli (Southern Italy) has been a reference site for the European Late Pleistocene stratigraphy, due to its geomorphological setting and archaeological and palaeontological content. The beginning of the sedimentation inside the cave was attributed to the Last Interglacial (MISs 5e) and the oldest unearthed evidence of human occupation, including remains of hearths, was therefore referred to the Middle Palaeolithic. Recent surveys and excavations produced new U/Th dates, palaeoenvironmental interpretation and a litho-, morpho- and chrono-stratigraphical reassessment, placing the oldest human frequentation of the cave between MIS 9 and MIS 7, therefore embracing Glacial and Interglacial cycles. These new data provide evidence that the sea reached the cave during the Middle Pleistocene and human occupation occurred long before MISs 5e and persisted beyond the Pleistocene- Holocene boundary.
Strategies for ear elevation and the treatment of relevant complications in autologous cartilage microtia reconstruction
Authors: Xu Zhicheng , Li Yiyuan , Li Datao , Zhang Ruhong , Zhang Qun , Xu Feng , Chen Xia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDespite various surgical techniques for ear elevation in autogenous cartilage microtia reconstruction, it is still challenging for plastic surgeons to obtain a satisfactory depth of the cephaloauricular sulcus and stable projection of the reconstructed ear. Here, the authors demonstrate individualized options for surgical approaches and relevant details for complication management. Between January 2014 and June 2020, a series of 895 patients who underwent the second stage of microtia reconstruction were reviewed. Complications occurred in 103 patients aged between 8 and 34 years. Recommended surgical selections, as well as appropriate strategies for complication prophylaxis and treatment, were shown to minimize the negative influence on the contour of the cephaloauricular sulcus according to individual conditions. We found that 78% of the patients were satisfied with the auricle contour with harmonious integrity. Individualized strategies for ear elevation and complication treatment contribute to symmetry and satisfactory projection of the reconstructed auricle.
Measuring haemolysis in cattle serum by direct UV–VIS and RGB digital image-based methods
Authors: Larrán Belén , López-Alonso Marta , Miranda Marta , Pereira Víctor , Rigueira Lucas , Suárez María Luisa , Herrero-Latorre Carlos 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA simple, rapid procedure is required for the routine detection and quantification of haemolysis, one of the main sources of unreliable results in serum analysis. In this study, we compared two different approaches for the rapid determination of haemolysis in cattle serum. The first consisted of estimating haemolysis via a simple direct ultraviolet–visible (UV–VIS) spectrophotometric measurement of serum samples. The second involved analysis of red, green, blue (RGB) colour data extracted from digital images of serum samples and relating the haemoglobin (Hb) content by means of both univariate (R, G, B and intensity separately) and multivariate calibrations (R, G, B and intensity jointly) using partial least squares regression and artificial neural networks. The direct UV–VIS analysis and RGB-multivariate analysis using neural network methods were both appropriate for evaluating haemolysis in serum cattle samples. The procedures displayed good accuracy (mean recoveries of 100.7 and 102.1%, respectively), adequate precision (with coefficients of variation from 0.21 to 2.68%), limit of detection (0.14 and 0.21 g L–1, respectively), and linearity of up to 10 g L–1.
Simultaneous quantification of uranium(vi), samarium, nitric acid, and temperature with combined ensemble learning, laser fluorescence, and Raman scattering for real-time monitoring
Authors: Sadergaski Luke R. , Andrews Hunter B. 
Published: August 2022

Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and a stacked regression was developed for rapid quantification of uranium(vi) (1–100 μg mL−1), samarium (0–200 μg mL−1) and nitric acid (0.1–4 M) with varying temperature (20 °C–45 °C).
Air-stable aryl derivatives of pentafluoroorthotellurate
Authors: Wegener Daniel , Hoffmann Kurt F. , Pérez-Bitrián Alberto , Bayindir Ilayda , Hadi Amiera N. , Wiesner Anja , Riedel Sebastian 
Published: August 2022

The synthesis of air-stable aryl derivatives of OTeF5 has been achieved through the use of convenient procedures. Pentafluorophenyl derivatives are stronger acids and more robust against electrophiles in comparison to phenyl analogues.