bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal running time supplement for the energy‐efficient train control considering the section running time constraint
Authors: Rao Yu , Sun Pengfei , Wang Qingyuan , Bai Baoxue , Feng Xiaoyun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe energy consumption and operation efficiency of congested rail networks is a primary concern of railway operators. Although achieving the optimal running time supplement helps to reduce the energy consumption of trains, the section running time is usually limited to improve the operation efficiency, which will influence the optimal running time supplement. Here, based on the Lagrange analysis and the Pontryagin's maximum principle, the optimal structure of an energy‐efficient driving strategy is found for a train journey on non‐level track subject to section running time constraints. The existence and uniqueness of the optimal solution for this constrained energy‐efficiency train control problem is proved by the perturbation analysis method, and based on which an algorithm for solving this problem is proposed. Finally, the results are illustrated by finding optimal control sequences and associated speed profile for the freight train in some elementary but realistic examples.
SUPPNet: Neural network for stellar spectrum normalisation
Authors: Różański T. , Niemczura E. , Lemiesz J. , Posiłek N. , Różański P. 
Published: January 2022

Context. Precise continuum normalisation of merged échelle spectra is a demanding task that is necessary for various detailed spectroscopic analyses. Automatic methods have limited effectiveness due to the variety of features present in the spectra of stars. This complexity often leads to the necessity for manual normalisation which is highly time-consuming.
Aims. The aim of this work is to develop a fully automated normalisation tool that works with order-merged spectra and offers flexible manual fine-tuning, if necessary.
Methods. The core of the proposed method uses the novel, fully convolutional deep neural network (SUPP Network) that was trained to predict a pseudo-continuum. The post-processing step uses smoothing splines that give access to regressed knots, which are useful for optional manual corrections. The active learning technique was applied to deal with possible biases that may arise from training with synthetic spectra and to extend the applicability of the proposed method to features absent in this kind of spectra.
Results. The developed normalisation method was tested with high-resolution spectra of stars with spectral types from O to G, and gives a root mean squared (RMS) error over the set of test stars equal to 0.0128 in the spectral range from 3900 Å to 7000 Å and 0.0081 in the range from 4200 Å to 7000 Å. Experiments with synthetic spectra give a RMS of the order of 0.0050.
Conclusions. The proposed method leads to results that are comparable to careful manual normalisation. Additionally, this approach is general and can be used in other fields of astronomy where background modelling or trend removal is a part of data processing.
agnpy: An open-source python package modelling the radiative processes of jetted active galactic nuclei
Authors: Nigro C. , Sitarek J. , Gliwny P. , Sanchez D. , Tramacere A. , Craig M. 
Published: January 2022

Context. Modelling the broadband emission of jetted active galactic nuclei (AGN) constitutes one of the main research topics of extragalactic astrophysics in the multi-wavelength and multi-messenger domain.
Aims. We present agnpy, an open-source python package modelling the radiative processes of relativistic particles accelerated in the jets of AGN. The package includes classes describing the galaxy components responsible for line and thermal emission and it calculates the absorption due to γγ pair production on several photon fields. agnpy aims to extend the effort of modelling and interpreting the emission of extragalactic sources to a wide number of astrophysicists.
Methods. We present the package content and illustrate a few examples of applications of its functionalities. We validate the software by comparing its results against the literature and against other open-source software.
Results. We illustrate the utility of agnpy in addressing the most common questions encountered while modelling the emission of jetted active galaxies. When comparing its results against the literature and other modelling tools adopting the same physical assumptions, we achieve an agreement within 10 − 30%.
Conclusions. agnpy represents one of the first systematic and validated collection of established radiative processes for jetted active galaxies in an open-source python package. We hope it will also stand among the first endeavours providing reproducible and transparent astrophysical software not only for data reduction and analysis, but also for modelling and interpretation.
Electrostatically Directed meta-Selective Borylation of Arenes
Authors: Chattopadhyay Buddhadeb , Chaturvedi Jagriti , Haldar Chabush 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe constitutional challenge of an electrostatically directed meta borylation of sterically biased and unbiased substrates is summarized in the present work. The borylation follows an electrostatic interaction between the partially positive and negative charges of the ligand and substrate, respectively. Using our developed strategy, it has been demonstrated that a wide range of challenging substrates, especially 4-substituted substrates can be borylated at the meta position with excellent selectivity. Moreover, unsubstituted substrates are also displayed excellent meta selectivity. The reaction employs bench-stable ligand, proceeds at moderate reaction temperature (40–80 °C), precluding the need to synthesize bulky and sophisticated ligand/template.
Classical and Molecular Techniques to Diagnose HAP/VAP
Authors: Renaud Cherie , Kollef Marin H. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNosocomial pneumonia, including hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), are the most common nosocomial infections occurring in critically ill patients requiring intensive care. However, challenges exist in making a timely and accurate diagnosis of HAP and VAP. Under diagnosis of HAP and VAP can result in greater mortality risk, especially if accompanied by delays in the administration of appropriate antimicrobial treatment. Over diagnosis of HAP and VAP results in the unnecessary administration of broad spectrum antibiotics that can lead to further escalation of antibiotic resistance. Optimal diagnosis and management of HAP and VAP require a systematic approach that combines clinical and radiographic assessments along with proper microbiologic techniques. The use of more invasive sampling methods (bronchoalveolar lavage and protected specimen brush) may enhance specimen collection resulting in more specific diagnoses to limit unnecessary antibiotic exposure. Molecular techniques, currently in use and investigational technique, may improve the diagnosis of HAP and VAP by allowing more rapid identification of offending pathogens, if present, thus increasing both appropriate antibiotic treatment and avoiding unnecessary drug exposure.
Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Hospital and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonias
Authors: Chen Fangyue , Qasir Danyal , Morris Andrew Conway 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPneumonia is the commonest nosocomial infection complicating hospital stay, with both non-ventilated hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) occurring frequently amongst patients in intensive care. Aspergillus is an increasingly recognized pathogen amongst patients with HAP and VAP, and is associated with significantly increased mortality if left untreated.Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) was originally identified in patients who had been profoundly immunosuppressed, however, this disease can also occur in patients with relative immunosuppression such as critically ill patients in intensive care unit (ICU). Patients in ICU commonly have several risk factors for IPA, with the inflamed pulmonary environment providing a niche for aspergillus growth.An understanding of the true prevalence of this condition amongst ICU patients, and its specific rate in patients with HAP or VAP is hampered by difficulties in diagnosis. Establishing a definitive diagnosis requires tissue biopsy, which is seldom practical in critically ill patients, so imperfect proxy measures are required. Clinical and radiological findings in ventilated patients are frequently non-specific. The best-established test is galactomannan antigen level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, although this must be interpreted in the clinical context as false positive results can occur. Acknowledging these limitations, the best estimates of the prevalence of IPA range from 0.3 to 5% amongst all ICU patients, 12% amongst patients with VAP and 7 to 28% amongst ventilated patients with influenza.Antifungal triazoles including voriconazole are the first-line therapy choice in most cases. Amphotericin has excellent antimold coverage, but a less advantageous side effect profile. Echinocandins are less effective against IPA, but may play a role in rescue therapy, or as an adjuvant to triazole therapy.A high index of suspicion for IPA should be maintained when investigating patients with HAP or VAP, especially when they have specific risk factors or are not responding to appropriate empiric antibacterial therapy.
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia/Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia and Ventilator-Associated Tracheobronchitis in COVID-19
Authors: Rouzé Anahita , Nseir Saad 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAlthough few studies evaluated the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) or ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis in COVID-19 patients, several studies evaluated the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in these patients. Based on the results of a large multicenter European study, VAP incidence is higher in patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia (36.1%), as compared with those with influenza pneumonia (22.2%), or no viral infection at intensive care unit (ICU) admission (16.5%). Potential explanation for the high incidence of VAP in COVID-19 patients includes long duration of invasive mechanical ventilation, high incidence of acute respiratory distress syndrome, and immune-suppressive treatment. Specific risk factors for VAP, including SARS-CoV-2-related pulmonary lesions, and bacteria–virus interaction in lung microbiota might also play a role in VAP pathogenesis. VAP is associated with increased mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation, and ICU length of stay in COVID-19 patients. Further studies should focus on the incidence of HAP especially in ICU non-ventilated patients, better determine the pathophysiology of these infections, and evaluate the accuracy of currently available treatment guidelines in COVID-19 patients.
Nebulized Antibiotics for Healthcare- and Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Boisson Matthieu , Bouglé Adrien , Sole-Lleonart Candela , Dhanani Jayesh , Arvaniti Kostoula , Rello Jordi , Rouby Jean-Jacques , Mimoz Olivier ,   On Behalf of the European Investigator Network for Nebulized Antibiotics in Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (ENAVAP)
Published: January 2022

AbstractGlobal emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensive drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria has increased the risk of treatment failure, especially for healthcare- or ventilator-associated pneumonia (HAP/VAP). Nebulization of antibiotics, by providing high intrapulmonary antibiotic concentrations, represents a promising approach to optimize the treatment of HAP/VAP due to multidrug-resistant and extensive drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria, while limiting systemic antibiotic exposure. Aminoglycosides and colistin methanesulfonate are the most common nebulized antibiotics. Although optimal nebulized drug dosing regimen is not clearly established, high antibiotic doses should be administered using vibrating-mesh nebulizer with optimized ventilator settings to ensure safe and effective intrapulmonary concentrations. When used preventively, nebulized antibiotics reduced the incidence of VAP without any effect on mortality. This approach is not yet recommended and large randomized controlled trials should be conducted to confirm its benefit and explore the impact on antibiotic selection pressure. Compared with high-dose intravenous administration, high-dose nebulized colistin methanesulfonate seems to be more effective and safer in the treatment of ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis and VAP caused by multidrug resistant and extensive-drug resistant gram-negative bacteria. Adjunctive nebulized aminoglycosides could increase the clinical cure rate and bacteriological eradication in patients suffering from HAP/VAP due to multidrug-resistant and extensive drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria. As nebulized aminoglycosides broadly diffuse in the systemic circulation of patients with extensive bronchopneumonia, monitoring of plasma trough concentrations is recommended during the period of nebulization. Large randomized controlled trials comparing high dose of nebulized colistin methanesulfonate to high dose of intravenous colistin methanesulfonate or to intravenous new β-lactams in HAP/VAP due to multidrug-resistant and extensive drug-resistant gram-negative bacteria are urgently needed.
Gastroesophageal Reflux after Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy: Myth or Reality?
Authors: Bapaye Amol , Gandhi Ashish , Bapaye Jay 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPeroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is an accepted treatment for achalasia cardia (AC), and results are comparable to those of laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM). In recent years, several reports have confirmed higher incidence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) following POEM. This review evaluates the current evidence regarding post-POEM GER, critically examines the potential contributing factors responsible for GER, limitations of the current available functional testing, and precautions and preventive measures, and provides future directions for research. Factors conclusively contributing to increased post-POEM GER include injury to the sling fibers of the lower esophageal sphincter, length of gastric myotomy > 2 cm, and others. Historically, these same factors have been implicated for development of GER after surgical (laparoscopic) myotomy. Although less invasive, optimal technique of POEM may be important to control post-POEM GER. Most post-POEM GER occurs during the immediate post-POEM period, is mild, and is easily treatable using proton-pump inhibitors. GER incidence plateaus at 2 years and is comparable to that after LHM. Patients should therefore be prescribed proton-pump inhibitors for at least 2 years. Antireflux procedures (ARPs) are infrequently required in these patients as the incidence of refractory GER is low. Novel ARPs have been recently described and are currently under evaluation. Conclusive diagnosis of GER is a clinical challenge. Most patients are asymptomatic, and GER is diagnosed only on abnormal esophageal acid exposure (EAE). Studies have demonstrated that current measures to diagnose GER are inadequate, inaccurate, and cannot differentiate between true GER and abnormal EAE due to food fermentation in the distal esophagus. The Lyon Consensus criteria should be implemented for confirmation of diagnosis of GER. Finally, the review recommends an evidence-based clinical algorithm for evaluation and management of post-POEM GER and provides guidelines for future research in this field.
Preoperative Risk Factors and Early Outcomes of Delirium in Valvular Open-Heart Surgery
Authors: Hulde Nikolai , Zittermann Armin , Tigges-Limmer Katharina , Koster Andreas , Weinrautner Nicole , Gummert Jan , von Dossow Vera 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background Compared with coronary artery bypass grafting surgery, data regarding postoperative delirium are scant in valvular open-heart surgery. Therefore, the goal of this retrospective study was to investigate the incidence, preoperative risk factors, and early outcomes of delirium in a large group of patients undergoing valvular open-heart surgery.
Methods In 13,229 patients with isolated valvular or combined valvular and bypass surgery, the incidence of postoperative delirium was assessed until discharge. Independent risk factors of delirium were evaluated by multivariable logistic regression analysis. Moreover, we assessed the multivariable-adjusted risk of prolonged intensive care unit (ICU) stay (>48 hours) and in-hospital mortality in patients with delirium.
Results Overall, the incidence of postoperative delirium was 8.4%. The incidence in patients experiencing a postoperative stroke or seizure was 23.1 and 29.7%, respectively. Twelve preoperative risk factors, mostly nonmodifiable, were independently associated with the risk of delirium, including advanced age, renal impairment, stroke, the need for emergency surgery, and severe preoperative anemia (hemoglobin < 9 g/dL). Postoperative delirium was associated with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of prolonged ICU stay of 9.48 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.96–11.30). Adjusted in-hospital mortality was, however, significantly lower in patients with delirium versus patients without delirium (OR, 0.56; 95% CI: 0.38–0.83).
Conclusion In valvular open-heart surgery, postoperative delirium is a frequent neurological complication that is associated with other postoperative neurological complications and several, mostly nonmodifiable, preoperative risk factors. Although postoperative delirium was associated with a significantly increased risk of prolonged ICU stay, this did not translate into an increased short-term mortality.
NET-Mediated Pathogenesis of COVID-19: The Role of NETs in Hepatic Manifestations
Authors: Alkattan Wael , Yaqinuddin Ahmed , Shafqat Areez , Kashir Junaid 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSome coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients exhibit multi-organ failure, which often includes the liver. Indeed, liver disease appears to be an emerging feature of COVID-19 infections. However, the exact mechanism behind this remains unknown. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have increasingly been attributed as major contributors to various liver pathologies, including sepsis, ischemic-reperfusion (I/R) injury, and portal hypertension in the setting of chronic liver disease. Although vital in normal immunity, excessive NET formation can drive inflammation, particularly of the endothelium. Collectively, we propose that NETs observed to be elevated in severe COVID-19 infection play principal roles in liver injury in addition to acute lung injury. Herein, we discuss the potential mechanisms underlying COVID-induced liver injury including cytopathic effects from direct liver infection, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, and hypoxic injury, encompassing I/R injury and coagulopathy. Further research is required to further elucidate the role of NETs in COVID. This holds potential therapeutic significance, as inhibition of NETosis could alleviate the symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome and liver injury, as well as other organs.
Analysis of Prediagnostic Circulating Levels of Gonadotropins and Androgens with Risk of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Parchwani Deepak , Dholariya Sagar Jayantilal , Takodara Sohil , Singh Ragini , Sharma Vivek Kumar , Saxena Alpana , Patel Digishaben D. , Radadiya Madhuri 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background Prevailing experimental and epidemiological evidence supports the role of circulating endogenous sex steroid hormones in the pathogenesis of ovarian carcinogenesis by dysregulation of cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis but is scarce and inconclusive.
Objectives This article evaluates the role of circulating levels of gonadotropins (follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH], luteinizing hormone [LH]) and androgens (testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate [DHEA-S]) for the risk of epithelial ovarian cancer in a case–control approach using samples collected in advance of clinical diagnosis.
Materials and Methods A total of 100 epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) patients and 100 healthy female controls were consequently enrolled in this hospital-based case–control study. Serum FSH, LH, testosterone, and DHEA-S were measured based on the principle of electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Suitable descriptive statistics were used for different variables.
Results Median values of FSH (58.9 vs. 45.5 IU/L, p = 0.02) and DHEA-S (163.43 vs. 142.2 ug/dL, p = 0.03) were significantly high in EOC patients compared with controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) across increasing thirds of FSH and DHEA-S concentrations, and the results revealed that the highest third tertile of FSH (> 72.6 IU/L; OR = 3.0, confidence interval [CI] = 1.24–7.29, p trend = 0.04) and DHEA-S (> 194.2 ug/dL; OR = 3.8, CI = 1.26–11.61, p trend = 0.03) were significantly associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer in postmenopausal and premenopausal women, respectively. The statistically significant trend observed for FSH in postmenopausal women, remained only for the subgroup with menopause duration greater than 10 years (OR = 5.9, CI = 1.33–26.66, p trend = 0.04). FSH and DHEA-S concentrations and ovarian cancer risk were internally consistent with groups defined by oral contraceptive pill use, hormone replacement therapy, and smoking. However, no evidence was found for the association between serum LH and testosterone level with the occurrence of ovarian tumorigenesis.
Conclusion Prediagnostic circulating concentration of FSH and DHEA-S unveiled a significant positive association with augmented risk of EOC, thus might serve as a predictive marker for the susceptibility to ovarian carcinogenesis and should be added in the screening profile of EOC for early recognition and scheduling necessary interventions/management strategies.
Limb-Sparing Surgery in Two Cats Using a Femoral Endoprosthesis with an Integrated Total Knee Replacement Implant
Authors: Kvale Eirik , Rueda Rocio Chicon , Fitzpatrick Noel 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to describe a novel limb-sparing technique for the management of feline bone neoplasia using a custom-made femoral endoprosthesis in combination with a total knee replacement (TKR) prosthesis.
Methods Two cats with distal femoral bone tumours underwent pelvic limb salvage procedures with custom-made implants designed from patient-specific computed tomography images to replace the distal femur and the stifle. In case 1, the first-generation implant was a combination of a cemented femoral endoprosthesis with a uniaxial hinged cemented TKR prosthesis. Due to aseptic loosening of the endoprosthesis, revision was performed with a second-generation femoral endoprosthesis modified with a short intramedullary peg and a lateral bone plate for immediate stability. In case 2, a third-generation endoprosthesis with an intramedullary peg and two orthogonal bone plates for immediate stability, combined with a custom-designed rotationally hinged cemented TKR prosthesis, was used. Clinical and radiographic follow-up was recorded.
Results After revision surgery in case 1 and with the third-generation implant in case 2, no complications were encountered. Both cats showed minor mechanical restriction of stifle range of motion and good clinical long-term outcome without local tumour recurrence.
Conclusion The combination of a femoral endoprosthesis and a TKR prosthesis can be a viable alternative for distal femoral limb salvage in cats.