bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Laser Created Amorphous Ice
Authors: Fowler Alex J. , Toner Mehmet 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper reports on the results of x-ray diffraction studies of laser created amorphous ice. Ice is rapidly solidified by using a laser pulse to selectively target a thin ice layer that is in contact with glass at cryogenic temperatures. The laser pulse creates a region of liquid water which is in direct contact with the cold glass surface. The water refreezes at cooling rates of up to 1 million degrees per second. In this paper the effectiveness of this technique for creating amorphous ice from dilute aqueous solutions is evaluated using x-ray diffraction. It has been shown previously that this laser based freezing technique can be modified to allow for the rapid freezing of cells and tissue, and thus the ability of this technique to create amorphous ice suggests cryopreservation without cryoprotectants may be possible.
Latent Heat Release in Solute Laden Solutions: Cryobiological Effects
Authors: Devireddy Ramachandra V. , Bischof John C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The latent heat of fusion in solute laden aqueous solutions is an important parameter in modeling and optimizing of various low temperature applications in biomedicine as well as in the food industry. It is widely reported in literature that the amount of ‘freezable’ water (or water that changes phase during freezing) is less than the total water content, by an amount denoted as the ‘bound’ or ‘unfreezable’ water (Moran, 1926; Cooke and Kuntz, 1974). Fennema et al. (1973; pp. 63–66) state that during freezing of food substances the latent heat of fusion should be assumed as ∼80% of the expected heat release based on the total water content. Thus ∼20% of the total water content is ‘bound’ and does not freeze in various foods. Further, Cooke and Kuntz (1974) report that as much as 0.8g of water/g of dissolved solids (to as low as 0.3 g of water/g of dissolved solids) is ‘bound’ or does not freeze in various biological systems (membranes, lipids, intact ribosomes, muscle cells and polypeptides). The object of this study is to measure the latent heat of fusion during freezing of various aqueous solutions using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC-7) and to correlate this to the amount of dissolved solids or solutes in the aqueous solution.
Thermodynamic Assessment of the Components Comprising an Integrated System for Cogeneration and District Heating and Cooling
Authors: Rosen Marc A. , Le Minh N. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In recent years, there has been increased interest in integrating systems for cogeneration, otherwise known as combined heat and power (CHP), and district heating and cooling. In this paper, a thermodynamic assessment is carried out of a proposed system, for which advanced engineering designs have been developed for integrating cogeneration with district heating and cooling. The system was developed by Edmonton Power for the city of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Energy and exergy analyses are used to attain a more complete thermodynamic understanding. The objectives of the work reported here are to develop a better understanding of the thermodynamic efficiencies and losses associated with the Edmonton System, and to establish generalized findings that may assist in efforts to improve the design of the Edmonton system and other related systems. The results are utilized, throughout the present investigation, of previous studies by the authors on (i) establishing the relevant thermodynamic principles relating to the integration of systems for cogeneration and district cooling, and (ii) developing measures of efficiency for such integrated systems.
Effect of Cost Change of a Component on the Production Costs in Thermal Systems
Authors: Kwon Yong-Ho , Kwak Ho-Young , Oh Si-Doek 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
An analysis for the effect of the annualized cost of a component on the production cost in 1000-kW gas-turbine cogeneration system was studied by utilizing the generalized exergy balance and cost-balance equations developed previously. Comparison between typical exergy-costing methodologies were also made by solving a predefined cogeneration system, CGAM problem. It was successful to identity the component which affects the unit cost of system’s products decisively. It has been found that the cost of products are crucially dependent on the change in the annualized cost of the component whose primary product is the same as the system’s product. On the other hand, the change in the weighted average cost of the product is proportional to the change in the annualized cost of the total system.
Mathematical Model for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Gurau Vladimir , Kakaç Sadik , Liu Hongtan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A two dimensional, non-isothermal mathematical model for the entire sandwich of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell including the gas channels is developed. To take into consideration the real concentration distributions along the interface between the gas diffuser and catalyst layer, transport equations are solved simultaneously for the domain consisting of the coupled gas channel, gas diffuser, catalyst layer and membrane. The selfconsistent schematical model for porous media is used for the equations describing transport phenomena in the membrane, catalyst layers and gas diffusers, while standard Navier-Stokes, energy transport, continuity and species concentration equations are solved in the gas channels. A special handling of the transport equations enabled us to use the same numerical method to solve them, and therefore to treat the gas channel-gas diffuser-catalyst layer domains as an entirety, avoiding arbitrary boundary conditions at their interfaces. The oxygen mole fraction distribution in the coupled cathode gas channel-gas diffuser is studied for different values of the operating current density. Influences of the inlet conditions at the gas channel entries and of the gas diffuser porosity on the cell performance are also analyzed.
Estimation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Hydrocarbons
Authors: He Hui , Metghalchi Mohamad , Keck James C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A simple model has been developed to estimate the sensible thermodynamic properties such as Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, heat capacity, and entropy of hydrocarbons over a wide range of temperatures. The model is based on statistical thermodynamic expressions incorporating translational, rotational and vibrational motions of the atoms. A relatively small number of parameters are needed to calculate the thermodynamic properties of a wide range of molecules. The calculated results are in good agreement with the available experimental data for unbranched hydrocarbons. The model may also be used to make estimates for molecules whose properties have not been measured and is simple enough to be easily programmed as a subroutine for on-line kinetic calculations.
Experimental Investigation of Marangoni Effect in Aqueous LiBr Solution With Additives
Authors: Kang Yong Tae , Iizuka K. , Akisawa Atsushi , Kashiwagi Takao 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to establish a model for inducement of Marangoni convection in aqueous LiBr solution with heat transfer additives. Basic mechanism of Marangoni convection was introduced from the viewpoints of the surface tension and the interfacial tension gradients. The Wilhelmy plate method was used to measure the surface tension and the interfacial tension of various heat transfer additives such as n-Octanol, 2-Octanol, 3-Octanol, 4-Octanol, n-Decanol, 2-Decanol, 3-Decanol and 2-ethly-1-hexanol. It was found that the salting-out model can not be a general criterion for inducement of Marangoni convection. The salting-out effect is a trigger for inducement of Marangoni convection before the additive solubility while the imbalance of the surface tension and the interfacial tension is a trigger for inducement of Marangoni convection after the solubility. The surface tension gradients by the solution temperature is not a trigger for inducement of Marangoni convection. The interfacial tension gradients by the LiBr concentration and the solution temperature can not be an initial cause for inducement of Marangoni convection. However, the magnitude of the interfacial tension plays an important role for inducement of Marangoni convection.
The Heat Pump in Sea Water Distillation
Authors: El-Sayed Yehia M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The production of fresh water from the sea is one of the applications that can benefit from the use of the simplest form of the heat pump. The benefit is in product cost as well as in system efficiency. What is missing is an appropriately designed low pressure head large volumetric flow steam compressor.
The paper addresses the design aspects of the needed compressor. A design model of a conventional axial compressor and that of an unconventional radial inflow compressor are generated for performance/cost analysis. The models allow few alternative design features to be investigated.
The heat pump-based system and the system of the current distillation practice of cogenerating power and water are compared on a cost-efficiency plane under a common economic environment. A steam compressor rated at a cost below $3000/kW and of adiabatic efficiency higher than 85% can give the lead to the heat pump-based system.
Solution of Heat Transfer Problem by the Differential Quadrature Element Method
Authors: Chen Chang-New 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The differential quadrature element method (DQEM) has been proposed. The element weighting coefficient matrices are generated by the differential quadrature (DQ) or generic differential quadrature (GDQ). By using the DQ or GDQ technique and the mapping procedure the governing differential or partial differential equations, the transition conditions of two adjacent elements and the boundary conditions can be discretized. A global algebraic equation system can be obtained by assembling all of the discretized equations. This method can convert a generic engineering or scientific problem having an arbitrary domain configuration into a computer algorithm. The DQEM steady-state heat conduction analysis model is developed.
Heat Pumps Using Organometallic Liquid Absorbents
Authors: Feldman K. Thomas , Jensen Craig M. , Kim Kwang J. , Razani Arsalan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A family of new organometallic liquid absorbents have been invented and are being developed for heat pump and cryocooler applications. Both hydrogen absorbing “HySorb liquids” and nitrogen absorbing “NiSorb liquids” have been synthesized in the laboratory and their properties are being measured. Previous research has shown that some organometallic substances can absorb large amounts of hydrogen — up to several weight percent, but all of the previously reported materials are solids. The only reversible hydrogen or nitrogen absorbing organometallic materials known that are liquids are the HySorb and NiSorb liquids. These liquid absorbents are environmentally clean, have 1–13 wt.% gas uptake capacity and have ΔH/cp up to 15 times higher than that of ammonia/water or lithium bromide/water, so more compact, higher power density heat pumps are possible. These liquids are also non-corrosive, compatible with oils and may be readily pumped through conventional heat exchangers, absorbers and desorbers. Compressor driven and heat driven heat pumps and cryocoolers are described. Analysis of the NiSorb heat pump indicates that high efficiencies are possible.
High-Performance Logistics-Fueled AMTEC Portable Power System
Authors: Loftus Peter J. , Pellizzari Roberto O. , Gauba Gautam , Mital Rahul , Sievers Robert K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
When integrated into an efficient logistics-fueled thermal source, Alkali Metal Thermal to Electric Conversion (AMTEC) technology has a number of advantages for portable power generation applications. The AMTEC converters have no moving parts and have the potential to provide efficient, quiet, reliable and low-maintenance electric power. Thermal integration with a liquid-fueled combustion system provides fuel flexibility, low thermal signature, and ability to operate over a wide range of ambient conditions.
Arthur D. Little, Inc. (ADL) and Advanced Modular Power Systems, Inc. (AMPS) are developing a compact prototype, logistics-fueled, 500 W power system which integrates AMTEC technology with an efficient multi-fuel thermal energy source. This work is being supported by DARPA and the Army Research Office. AMTEC technology has demonstrated thermal to electric conversion efficiencies and power densities which make it an attractive option for meso-scale power generation. We are currently targeting 20% AMTEC thermal efficiency and 16% system efficiency (fuel to net power) in a system that weighs 9 kg. The heat source under development is a compact, recuperated combustion system capable of operating with most common liquid or gaseous fuels. The careful integration of the two systems with compact and efficient heat exchanging devices can lead to power systems that meet DARPA’s challenging power and weight goals.
The overall system design and the system tradeoff analyses are described together with a summary of the results of ongoing experimental work relating to: (1) critical enhancements to the AMTEC cell technology and testing of the annular cell configuration; and (2) performance of the multi-fuel micro-combustor and recuperator.
Discrete Wavelet Analysis of Acoustic Emissions During Fatigue Loading of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Kamala Girish P. , Hashemi Javad , Barhorst Alan A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Acoustic Emissions (AE) are generated during operational loading of Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRC) materials due to various sources of fracture. These sources which include matrix fracture, fiber fracture, splitting and delamination could be generated individually or simultaneously. The multiplicity of defects and failure modes creates problems in identifying and distinguishing various sources of emissions. This analysis is further complicated due to the friction related emissions (generated during grating of newly generated damage surfaces and fretting of broken fibers with matrix) that mask the actual signal and in most cases, exceeds the emissions from actual damage. The objectives of this research was to decompose the AE signals into different levels based on frequency, identify frequency of friction based emissions and to associate various failure modes with specific frequencies.
Through utilization of Wavelet transforms, it became possible to present the spectral composition of a transient signal (AE signal) in a time-frequency map. The results indicate that Wavelet analysis would be an effective tool in the analysis of AE by providing information relative to the frequency of the emissions and assist researchers in determining the extent and type of damage during online inspection of component.
Effects of Bolt Threads on the Stiffness of Bolted Joints
Authors: Lehnhoff Terry F. , Bunyard Bradley A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Axisymmetric finite element analysis (fea) was performed on bolted joints to determine the effects of the threads on the bolt and member stiffnesses. For steel members, the member stiffness decreased 37.1, 37.7, 38.2, 41.0, and 49.4 percent for the 24, 20, 16, 12, and 8 mm diameter bolts, as the magnitude of the external load was increased. The external load was increased from zero to the value that caused the bolt force to equal its proof strength. The member stiffness for aluminum members decreased by 22.7 and 29.9 percent for the 24 and 20 mm bolts. The cast iron members had decreases of 26.9 and 32.3 for the 24 and 20 mm bolts. Likewise, the aluminum/cast iron members decreased in stiffness by 25.5 and 30.0 percent for the 24 and 20 mm bolts. The member stiffness with no external load applied decreased by approximately 65 percent when changing from steel to aluminum members, 53 percent from steel to cast iron and 60 percent from steel to aluminum/cast iron. Bolt stiffness varied less than 1.4 percent over the total range of the externally applied load for each of the bolted joint models. The decrease in bolt stiffness for the 24 and 20 mm diameter bolts was approximately 4 percent when changing from steel to aluminum members, 7 percent when changing from steel to cast iron members, and 8 percent when changing from steel to aluminum/cast iron members. Comparison is made to research results which did not include the influence of the threads.
The Effect of Stiffening on the Stress Concentration in a Flat Plate With a Hole
Authors: Duchek Michael G. , Lehnhoff Terry F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This research was on the effectiveness of stiffeners fastened on either side of a hole or cutout in a flat plate loaded in tension for reducing stress concentrations at the edge of the cutout. Stress data has been compiled from sixteen flat plate geometries having various hole diameter-to-plate width ratios. Each plate was modeled using an analysis software package and solved without stiffening, and then with stiffeners located at various distances from the hole.
The reduction in the maximum stress in each plate geometry for stiffening at various distances from the hole was consistent. The stiffener positions closest to the hole always provided the greatest stiffening. The stress concentration in the plates was reduced 24%–41%. The largest reduction occurred in the plate with the largest hole diameter-to-plate width ratio. As the stiffeners moved farther from the hole, these reductions in the plate maximum stress dropped to as little as 11%. The number and location of the fasteners made a difference in the effectiveness of the stiffeners. Fasteners closest to the cutout were most instrumental in reducing the stress when the stiffeners were close to the hole.
Thermal Shape Vectors in Finite Element Shape Optimization of a Steering Knuckle
Authors: Krishna Murali M. R. , Fetcho Michael R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The application of shape optimization using shape vectors, generated by thermal loading, has been presented. A steering knuckle is to be redesigned for weight reduction. Since it is not uniform in shape, it is very cumbersome to use traditional loads and/or displacement methods to generate shape vectors. So different regions of the steering knuckle are subjected to thermal loads independently, and the resulting displacements are used as shape vectors. Shape optimization is performed in MSC/NASTRAN using ‘Direct Linearization’ method. Design directions have been obtained to reduce its weight by 7.6%. In conclusion, thermal displacements can be used in shape optimization of a steering knuckle.
The Effects of Critical Stitching Parameters on a Stitched Composite Laminate
Authors: Pan Tien S. , Herrington Paul D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to determine the effect of several critical stitching parameters on the structural performance of a composite laminate. The stitching parameters investigated include stitch diameter, material, and density. To investigate the effect of these parameters, a composite plate was modeled as an orthotropic laminate supported at discrete locations by an elastic foundation. The locations of support are those strands of fiber that traverse through the thickness of the laminate, with the stiffness of the foundation proportional to the stiffness of the fiber threads. Solutions are obtained by using the equilibrium method for finding critical buckling loads. Results are given for a variety of stitching thread diameter, material, and density.
An Attachment Level Design Process for Snap-Fit Applications
Authors: Bonenberger Paul R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Attachment Level Methodology (ALM) defines a snap-fit as a system of interacting features. This leads to a fundamental paradigm for understanding and developing snap-fit attachments. Thus, the ALM is a design for assembly (DFA) enabler.
The methodology was created to improve snap-fit development from concept through detailed design. The ALM supports profound understanding of snap-fits through its content and organization. It also supports a rational yet creative development process for snap-fit applications.
Previous papers have described specific aspects of the ALM: (key requirements, elements and enhancements). This paper describes how they are used in a step-by-step snap-fit development process. In addition to ensuring that important interface criteria are considered in a logical manner, this process encourages creativity and improved spatial reasoning during snap-fit development.
A review of attachment level terminology is provided. The snap-fit development process is then described. Feasibility of extending the process to other attachment methods is also noted.
Process Improvement Using Assembly Analysis Method
Authors: Shetty Devdas , Campana Claudio , Kondo Jun 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper examines an approach to evaluate the installation of a product, by highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the assembly process. It also discusses the Assembly Analysis Technique as a tool for Design for Installation and discusses the merits with the help of industrial case studies. One example considered is on the subject of field-installation of a product and the second example is on the packaging and handling process. The case study shows the suitability of the Assembly Analysis Technique for installation and packaging of a new product.
New Pathways to Microcellular and Ultramicrocellular Polymeric Foams
Authors: Handa Y. Paul , Zhang Zhiyi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Cellular polymers with closed cells about 10 μm in size and a cell density of 108 cells/cm3 and higher are called microcellular foams (Martini-Vvedensky, 1984) and those with cells less than 1 μm in size and cell density greater than 1012 cells/cm3 are called ultramicrocellular foams. The latter have also been termed supermicrocellular foams (Baldwin et al., 1994). Microcellular foams have been made by saturating the glassy polymer with a blowing agent, usually CO2, and then inducing cell nucleation by a rapid temperature soak (Kumar, 1993) or a pressure quench (Goel and Beckman, 1994). The cells are allowed to grow for a short duration before the cellular morphology is locked-in by rapidly cooling the system. Ultramicrocellular foams have been made the same way except that saturation with the blowing agent is done at a much higher pressure (Baldwin et al., 1994; Goel and Beckman, 1994).
Fibroin and Polymer-Based Fibroporous Biomaterials: Candidate Materials for Biomechanical Implants?
Authors: Sanders Joan E. , Bishop Sam T. , Stiles Charlotte E. , Schuessler Philipp K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A technique from the paper manufacturing industry was used to manufacture fibroporous meshes for potential biomaterial implant applications. Meshes were made from small diameter (10 μm) bombyx mori cocoon silk (fibroin). Meshes with a range of fiber lengths were created, though at long fiber lengths flocculation (clumping of fibers) tended to occur. Load-deformation curves were nonlinear with lower slopes at high loads than at low loads, contrary to natural soft-tissue biomaterials. Single fiber in vivo studies to evaluate tissue response sensitivity to biomaterial architectural features demonstrated reduced fibrous encapsulation for smaller diameter fibers (2.6 μm) than larger ones (10 μm). Thus the use of small diameter fibers in biomaterial fibrous implants is a viable concept, and it should be pursued. However, alternative methods to the paper manufacturing process will need to be used for mesh fabrication.