bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fight with Growing Confidence
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
After the fall of France and the evacuation at Dunkirk, Britain was fighting Germany almost alone. At the same time, its prewar preparations gave it the ability to withstand the initial Nazi assaults from the air (the Battle of Britain and the Blitz). This chapter begins by describing how radar had been adapted to a new defensive system called Chain Home, while British factories were dispersed to provide resiliency. It shows that the United States began opening its own factories to British purchases of aircraft and weapons, which jump-started the defense economy after a decade of Depression-era austerity; this was followed by the Lend-Lease Act of 1941, which allowed purchase on credit. The chapter recounts how the Tizard Mission had introduced the United States to British technology, notably the cavity magnetron, which enabled smaller microwave radars to be fitted into aircraft, to improve air combat and strategic bombing. American science was mobilized under the Organization for Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), led by Vannevar Bush, which established strong cooperation with British research through the OSRD London Mission, led by Bennett Archambault.
Fight in the Fields and in the Streets
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
As the Allies broke out of the Normandy region and advanced toward Germany, they needed temporary bridging to cross rivers and waterways. This chapter describes how the British engineer Donald Bailey developed the eponymous Bailey Bridge, which could be constructed quickly and easily under combat conditions. American engineers attempted to fabricate Bailey Bridges according to British specifications, but their bridges were not compatible with British ones already in the European theater. Instead, American Baileys in the Pacific helped bridge the route through the Philippines and island chains. The chapter also illustrates the efforts of British scientist Howard Florey to mass-produce the antibiotic penicillin. After a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, he and his team came to the United States, where they worked directly with American scientists to grow penicillin at an industrial scale. With funding from OSRD, enough penicillin was produced by 1944 to ensure that Allied medical teams could treat their wounded.
Education and the Arts
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter describes similarities between education and promotion but explains why education is a superior fit for the nonprofit arts. It describes practical steps an organization can take to engage communities through education. The functions of education provide greater opportunities for artist integration into the process of engaging communities. It also explores education as an approach to serve and increase value to the community while developing an audience base. This is a more appropriate path for nonprofit arts organizations as they receive 501(c)(3) status since they serve the community through education. The chapter includes the case of a theater company in California that used education as a means of audience retention and development.
Environment and the Arts
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores what the notion of environment might look like in the nonprofit arts. Following terms from environmental science and environmental management, we see that the functions of an environmental manager, at least on a macro scale, are equivalent to those skills that will best serve the arts organization and its patrons in the process of engagement. The chapter shifts the focus from how the arts are distributed to the aesthetics of the environment where the audience experiences the art. The chapter includes the case of Sing for Hope Pianos, a project that placed pianos across New York City’s five boroughs, and used difference environments to creative distinctive experiences.
Price and the Arts
Authors: Rhine Anthony , Pension Jay 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes a deep dive into the notion of price. It details the various main strategies used by organizations to price their products, and discusses the relationship between price and product. The chapter presents why the various pricing strategies are either impossible or fail to fully function for nonprofit arts organizations. It then explores how the arts have unusual issues associated with their nonprofit status, mission, and function. These elements often force the notion of price, the only one of the four Ps dealing with revenue, to fall flat. The chapter includes a case about a symphony orchestra that struggled with applying traditional pricing principles to their offerings.
Pop Culture News as a Bridge to Politics?
Authors: Penney Joel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
After mapping the different types of audiences who find their way to news at the nexus of pop culture and politics, this chapter explores firsthand how audience members understand its relative value for learning about political issues and viewpoints and for fueling personal acts of political expression on social media. Although some evidence suggests that pop-culture-focused audiences can use entertainment news as a bridge to political discourse that they would not otherwise access, a more common pattern is that audiences who already have high levels of political interest find value in pop culture news as a supplemental element of the political information environment. At the same time, some audience members who follow and share this news raise concerns about its capacity to distract them from more traditional public affairs content, suggesting that entertainment journalism can function as a bridge both toward and away from the sphere of political engagement.
Other Indonesians
Authors: Errington Joseph 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Over sixty years Indonesian has become the language of the world’s fourth most populous nation and third largest democracy, but has no native speakers. This book describes some of the paradoxes that have enabled this extraordinary linguistic and national development, and shows how other-than-standard Indonesians figure in an alternate “success story” of national modernization. The focus is on young persons whose ethnic backgrounds vary, but who have acquired broadly similar educations and national allegiances. A small part of the plurality of the Indonesians they speak are described within a national integrative dynamic, and among members of a new middle class. These ways of speaking are shown also to differ, as do the urbanizing dynamics in which they are situated, but to be similarly enabled by the absence of Indonesian native speakers. Empirical particulars in this way help frame Indonesian as a revealing exception to widespread assumptions or ideologies about native, “natural” connections between language and national identity. “The Indonesian case” in this way helps revisit issues of linguistic nationalism in a time of globalization beyond one nation of the Global South.
A Provincial Indonesian
Authors: Errington Joseph 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Residents of Kupang with positions and allegiances closely tied to standard Indonesian much more commonly speak the town’s distinctly substandard, “provincial” vernacular. This situation is described by first considering the ways college students “mix” standard Indonesian and global English with the town’s vernacular. This provides background, in turn, for recognizing the role of nonstandard Indonesians in the interactional bracketing of ethnic differences, and engaging topically with modernity of the nation at large. This in turn helps consider seeming incompatible ways that college students differentiate and value standard and nonstandard Indonesian. Finally, the language of this regional city is considered in relation to infrastructures of mobility that are giving it new roles in the province at large .
Identifying with Indonesian
Authors: Errington Joseph 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Residents of the town of Pontianak speak Indonesian across politically sensitive lines of ethnic difference. Many Chinese speak only “standard” varieties of the language, whereas Malays commonly adopt “biaccentual” fashions of speaking that incorporate elements of Indonesian and their native language. Young Dayaks also incorporate elements of Malay provenance into distinctly urban styles of speech. In this way, biaccentual usage can serve to interactionally efface, but not erase, linguistic marks of ethnic difference. Shifting classifications and uses of these other ways of speaking Indonesian reflect the language’s multiple forms and values as a mediator of interpersonal relations in what are sometimes fraught urban contexts.
Rights That Ethical Responsibility Cannot Justify and Agreements May Not Undermine
Authors: Kamm F.M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the grounding and content of rights and duties, in particular duties to aid and rights not to be harmed. The chapter examines Dworkin’s argument, discussed in his book Justice for Hedgehogs, that the objective importance of all persons grounds a duty to aid under certain conditions, as well as his argument that one’s responsibility for the course of one’s own life grounds a right not to be harmed. The chapter then presents objections and responses to Dworkin’s claims, including his view that the distinction he draws between deliberate and nondeliberate harm coincides with the distinction drawn by the Doctrine of Double Effect. The chapter concludes with a comparison of Dworkin’s views with alternative views on various duties and rights that might arise from ex ante agreements. Hypothetical cases feature prominently in the chapter, which also includes a critical discussion of Dworkin’s view on the appropriate use of such cases.
Duties That Become Supererogatory or Forbidden?
Authors: Kamm F.M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter further considers issues that result from there being different measures of the stringency of both rights and duties and shows how this bears on the Trolley Problem. The chapter first reviews the relations between making personal sacrifices, fulfilling personal duties, and promoting the greater good and then focuses on whether fulfilling certain duties could require us, contrary to the relations described, to make sacrifices ordinarily considered supererogatory to promote the greater good. Duties to aid are discussed and then compared to the kinds of duties to refrain from harming others with which Judith Thomson and Derek Parfit are concerned. The chapter concludes by considering Parfit’s view that nonconsequentialism can result, incorrectly, in an agent’s deontological permission to do harm varying depending on the permissions other agents have to do harm. He attributes this to nonconsequentialism’s focus on action for a personal rather than a common aim.
Harms, Wrongs, and Meaning in a Pandemic
Authors: Kamm F.M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the comparison that was made when the numbers of U.S. deaths due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 were said to have reached the level of deaths of U.S. soldiers in several wars in the twentieth century. It argues that equal numbers may conceal other crucial differences among these deaths. This includes the amount of harm done to each of the people who died in war or due to COVID-19 and the degree to which pandemic victims and soldiers were wronged (as distinct from harmed) by their own country, other countries, and fellow citizens by contrast to their suffering being due to their own actions. Finally, the chapter examines the extent to which the deaths of soldiers and victims of the pandemic were meaningful or not.
The Curse of the Somers
Authors: Delgado James P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The greatest scandal in the nineteenth-century U.S. Navy, the “Somers Affair” occupied the national press for nearly a year. Alexander Slidell Mackenzie, captain of the Somers, faced a court-martial, with his life at stake if he lost his trial. Mackenzie stood accused of murder on the high seas for hanging three of his crew, one of them Philip Spencer, a young officer and the son of John Canfield Spencer, secretary of war under President John Tyler. Mackenzie was acquitted, but his career and reputation were ruined. Philip Spencer, a troubled nineteen-year-old, had violated social norms and naval regulations while “only joking” when he spoke of plotting a mutiny, but as his captain said before he hanged the boy, it was joking on a forbidden subject. The Somers Affair shocked the nation, changed the means by which the navy trained its officers and sailors, and remained a forbidden topic in naval circles even as it constantly resurfaced in news accounts, reminiscences, and in the sinking of the brig with many of its crew during the Mexican War, and most famously in Melville’s classic novella Billy Budd. Written by the archaeologist who helped identify and study its wreck off the coast of Mexico, this book is a classic tale of two troubled, proud personalities, Mackenzie and Spencer, and of events that blossomed into a full-blown tragedy that ruined lives and became a cultural icon.
Legacies
Authors: Delgado James P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Somers’ many legacies include ongoing controversy over the question of whether there was an actual mutiny, or as Spencer’s father defended his dead son, the mere romance of a heedless boy. A number of publications, a Currier & Ives lithograph of the “floating gallows,” a number of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century reminiscences, and the writings of Guert Gansevoort’s cousin, Herman Melville, whose final work, Billy Budd, is in large measure based on the events on board Somers added to the fame of the brig and the events that played out with deadly effect on its decks. Philip Spencer was not Billy Budd, and the work of fiction and other accounts of mutiny at sea have clouded the events on Somers and the natures of the key players, Spencer and Mackenzie, and their personality clash.
Writing Across the Life Course
Authors: Beard Jennifer 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Public health professors often expect students in their classes to already know how to write policy briefs, literature reviews, funding proposals, and other types of documents typical to the profession. And they are frustrated when students turn in writing that does not follow the organization and other conventions professors have internalized over many years of practice. Frustration ensues. Chapter 1 blends composition theory and the life-course approach to make the case that public health schools and programs need to rethink the place of writing within the curriculum. Responsibility for helping students improve their writing cannot fall only on individual professors and students. Our schools and programs need to invest in faculty time for mentoring student writers and resources that help students understand the writing process and develop a deliberate writing practice.
Assessment Involves Much More Than Assigning a Grade
Authors: Beard Jennifer 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Assessing student writing is often conflated with giving a grade. As writing is a process, so too is assessment. It is a form of mentoring that works best when iterative. Writing assignments are most meaningful to learning when students are given an opportunity to revise. Public health professors enhance student learning when they embrace this mentoring role over a multi-draft writing process. Chapter 4 provides an overview of the decades-long discussion among assessment and composition experts about what we are doing when we assess writing. It analyzes the utility and limitations of rubrics and checklists, offers a philosophy of grading, and comments on dealing with suspected plagiarism. Public health professors who assign writing are responsible for mentoring their students through the writing process and encouraging deliberate practice.
Rights and Freedoms
Authors: Rivers Julian 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the place of constitutional rights within Christian political thought. The emergence of codified and justiciable abstract rights has been one of the most notable features of constitutional development across the world since the Second World War. It has been accompanied by the parallel development of international human rights, and the two processes have mutually reinforced each other. The tradition of constitutional rights has complex ideological and institutional roots, which makes the question of its relationship to Christian political thought difficult to interrogate. This chapter identifies three areas of critical interaction. First, there is a longstanding foundational debate about the value of the concept of constitutional rights. Second, there is a debate about the content of constitutional rights. Finally, there is a debate about the construction or interpretation of constitutional rights. Given the enormous breadth and flexibility of modern constitutional rights doctrine, this third area is increasingly where political and ideological conflicts are played out. Even here simple either-or narratives of Christian and anti-Christian conceptions of rights should be avoided.
Religious Freedom
Authors: Leigh Ian 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the relationship between religious liberty and freedom of conscience, seeking to re-evaluate the Christian contribution in the light of current controversial conscience claims. It identifies two significant trends. The first and dominant one is for Christian writers to treat conscience as a matter of moral belief. This approach conceives freedom of religion in “Protestant” terms (i.e., as belief centered and genuinely personally held in order to be of any value) so that the right of freedom of conscience has a high degree of convergence with it. Although this approach has its origins in early Christian thought, the discussion focuses on the impact of seventeenth-century Christian writers on the foundations of liberal constitutionalism. The second approach, particularly associated with Thomism and natural law thinking, and reflected in modern Catholic law thought, stresses that conscience is a form of objective moral knowledge. Both strands contrast with modern liberal approaches (themselves an offshoot of the first strand), which, in philosophical terms, regard conscience as a question of moral integrity expressive of individual autonomy and, from a legal perspective, treat it as subjective, unconfined, and unquestionable. In contrast, older Christian writers are agreed that conscience is a matter of conviction and duty. This tradition also addresses the fallibility and limits of conscience in ways highly pertinent to current controversies over conscientious objection by officials, medical professionals, and others.
Trinity
Authors: McIlroy David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A trinitarian account of salvation history is central to a Christian account of limited government. The inner life of the Trinity is not a structure to be copied in the rule of human community. Instead, the normative implications of the Trinity arise both from the ways in which the triune God is unlike human beings and from the ways in which the triune God has acted within salvation history. Human rule must be subject to law because human beings are not like God, who is a law unto Godself, and because all human lawmaking, administration, and judging takes place within the context of the laws, both natural and revealed, which God the Father has already given. Human rule is properly subjected to formal limits to protect the dignity of all those subject to it and to reflect the limitations on its calling. Human rulers lack the authority to compel conformity in religious matters and the competence to perfect their subjects. Therefore, a constitution should hold rulers accountable for their use of power, disperse power between different organs of government, respect the authority of other social institutions, and establish a basis for stable government but without making a fetish of the nation or the Constitution.
The “Cultural Turn” and the Reconstruction of Heritage
Authors: Frowe Helen , Matravers Derek 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Over the past four decades there has been a shift in approach about the conservation of cultural heritage from preserving the historical integrity of the object (“the object-centered stance”) to preserving the meaning of the object for specific cultures (“the cultural stance”). The latter approach has foregrounded the involvement of “stakeholders” in deciding about heritage. This has led to a tension; the former approach tends to oppose reconstruction of damaged or destroyed heritage, the latter not necessarily so. The cultural stance can only take us so far in sorting this out as it only identifies who should decide rather than the substantial issue of what decision should be made. In circumstances in which the damage or destruction of heritage constitutes an injustice to the stakeholders, our focus should be on the nature of the compensation owed. Arguably, compensation provides stakeholders with an argument in favor of reconstruction. The chapter concludes with an examination of the features of damaged or destroyed heritage that could be reconstructed as part of compensation.
Shared Musical Lives
Authors: Carlson Licia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This book makes the case for the epistemological and ethical significance of musical experience. Music can be a source of self-knowledge and self-expression and hence can reveal important dimensions of the self to others. This knowledge—both of self and of others—has a moral force as well. Shared musical experience can transform and establish new modes of being with others, cultivate virtues, and expand the moral imagination. The term sonification provides an organizing principle for the arguments in the book. In a scientific context, sonification is defined as the translation of data or information into nonverbal audible tones. Transposing the concept into a philosophical key, this work defines sonification in two ways: first, sonification is the process by which musical experience reveals dimensions of the self and relationships with others; in a more theoretical sense, philosophical sonification refers to the critical re-examination of philosophical concepts, arguments, and theories in view of what musical experience reveals. These two forms of sonification are explored specifically in the context of disability. Reflecting upon the musical lives of people with cognitive and intellectual disabilities brings their experiences into the foreground, challenges and broadens existing conceptions of disability and music, and provides new ways of thinking about musicking and the philosophies of music and disability.
A Brief Taxonomy of Musical Others
Authors: Carlson Licia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a brief taxonomy of “others,” both human and nonhuman, that one encounters through music. Human others that populate the musical experience include performers and co-performers, audience members and listeners (or witnesses), composers, and conductors. Nonhuman others include musical instruments and the musical work itself. While the subsequent chapters explore the human relationships with and between performers and witnesses in far greater depth, this opening chapter spends some time addressing the significance of our connections to musical instruments, the ontological status of the musical work, and the presence and absence of the composer when we experience these musical works.