bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Afterword
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The short Afterword focuses on a recent development: the proposal to save for the nation a private collection of manuscripts and books known as the Honresfield Collection. Hidden from public view for almost one hundred years, the collection represents the most important cache of literary manuscripts and books to come onto the market in the last century. Formed at the close of the nineteenth century by William Law, a Rochdale mill-owner, the Honresfield manuscripts are associated with some of the greatest writers in the English and Scots languages, several of whose works and habits of composition have been the subjects of this study. The collection contains manuscripts in the hands of Robert Burns, Lord Byron, Jane Austen, Walter Scott, and the Brontës. In light of this development, the Afterword also considers what might be reasonable concepts and recommendations for balancing public with private good when it comes to objects of literary heritage.
The Future of the Book
Authors: Hayes Kevin J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Future of the Book: Images of Reading in the American Utopian Novel looks at how turn-of-the-twentieth-century utopian novelists imagined what the book would be like in the ideal future. This work examines many different aspects of book culture. One chapter looks at the utopian residential library, both its contents and its personal and social functions. In the ideal future, everyone has books in their home. Another chapter discusses the public library in utopia. Many of the innovations the utopian novelists imagined correct problems that real public libraries faced in late-nineteenth-century America. In utopia, everyone knows how to use the public library. A third chapter shifts the discussion of books and reading from the place of consumption to the place of production, looking at the role of the author in utopia. This chapter also attempts to answer a vexing question: Can an ideal world produce great literature? The utopian novelists said yes, but the novels they imagined in the future make their conclusions more circumspect. A parallel chapter studies what the utopian newspaper would be like. Some utopian novelists projected alternative news media, foreseeing technology that anticipated television and the internet. The final chapter examines what printed books would look like in the ideal future, looking at graphic design, universal languages, and methods to assure that the books would be printed without censorship or editorial intrusion.
The Idea of Authorship
Authors: Hayes Kevin J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3, “The Idea of Authorship,” shifts the discussion of books and reading in the ideal future from the place of consumption to the place of production, looking at the role of the author. Most utopian novelists were amateur authors themselves, and they believed that authorship should stay that way. Some utopian novelists did foresee an ideal future where the authorship was a profession. Many discussed the role the government should have in the publication of books in the ideal future. Should the government control what books are published? Should the government pay for publication? The utopian novelists tried to answer these and similar questions. Finally, this chapter examines the quality of literature in utopia. Can an ideal world produce great literature? The utopian novelists said yes, but the novels they imagined in the future make their conclusions more circumspect.
The Newspaper
Authors: Hayes Kevin J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4, “The Newspaper,” which parallels the previous chapter, examines what the newspaper would be like in the ideal future. Many utopian novelists were journalists themselves and used their fiction to project what the newspaper could be like. They grumbled about its disposability, frustrated that the hard work of journalists was read one day and tossed the next. In utopia, the newspaper would be published in a booklet format, which would make it easy to preserve. In addition, advertisements and special interests would have no sway on the newspapers of the future. Some foresaw journalists as professionals in utopia, while others thought they should remain amateurs. In addition, some utopian novelists projected alternative news media, foreseeing technology that anticipated television and the internet.
The Printed Page and the Written Word
Authors: Hayes Kevin J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines what printed books would look like in the ideal future. Many utopian novelists thought that utopian books would be beautiful. They would integrate the written word and printed illustrations. Some took issue with printing’s traditional black-and-white aesthetic and foresaw colorful books in utopia, books that used different colors of ink and different colors of paper to make reading a highly sensory experience. Some utopian novelists foresaw the implementation of a universal language in utopia, one that could be understood and read around the planet. Others imagined ways that printing could help to facilitate thought, foreseeing ways that an author’s words could get into print and into the hands of consumers without editorial censorship.
Beyond Compliance
Authors: Ayeni Victor 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the decisions of human rights tribunals (HRTs) in Africa and the extent to which there is compliance with the decisions of these tribunals. It reflects on six regional and sub-regional contexts in five selected countries: Nigeria, Tanzania, The Gambia, Uganda and Zimbabwe. The HRTs selected for the study are: The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Commission); African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Court); African Committee of Experts on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (African Children’s Rights Committee); ECOWAS Community Court of Justice (ECCJ); East African Court of Justice (EACJ); and the Tribunal of the Southern African Development Community (SADC Tribunal). The chapter argues that there have been progress in the contribution of relevant decisions of selected HRTs to eventual outcome at the domestic level. However, there is much to be done in ensuring that the decisions of human rights tribunals have significant domestic effect. The chapter contends that ‘domestic activist forces and transnational compliance actors must take more seriously the national process of implementation’.
Enforcing Compliance with the Judgments of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Authors: Mutangi Tarisai 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter reflects on how compliance can be bridged with the decisions of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Court) at the domestic level. It identifies a two-tier enforcement monitoring framework. The first tier is at the international level where the executive in the form of the AU Assembly and the African Court itself are endowed with the responsibility to monitor compliance with judgments. While the AU Assembly role is rooted in the African Court Protocol, the Court’s role is largely based on judicial activism at that level following the path charted by the Inter-American Court and to some extent, the European Court. The Court has a further role of rendering specific and clear orders as an incentive to facilitating enforcement. Meanwhile, the second tier lies at the national level. A number of distinct functionaries may operate in cohorts resulting in improved compliance with international human rights judgments. In order to make such participation less complex and problematic, the roles of these functionaries in monitoring compliance ought to naturally flow from their traditional competences.
Introduction: Reformers and Propagandists
Authors: Huxtable Simon 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
After Stalin’s death, journalists began to rethink the nature of the Soviet newspaper. The press, which had acted as a vehicle for the Stalin cult and as a repository of official information, appeared hidebound and conservative, offering little to the non-activist reader. This introduction briefly sets out the changes that characterised the press after Stalin’s death. It places Komsomol’skaia pravda’s history within the broader trajectory of the post-revolutionary Soviet newspaper, and argues that Thaw journalism is best considered as an aesthetic, a professional code and a practice. As an aesthetic, journalists were committed to a more reader-friendly newspaper that would interest its young readers; as a professional code, journalists committed themselves to the public good; but as a practice, the high ideals and the more mundane day-to-day requirements of propaganda often clashed
Rituals, Routines and Ideology in the Late Stalinist Press
Authors: Huxtable Simon 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The late Stalinist press both mirrored and moulded the rituals of the Soviet public sphere. Grandiloquent editorials, repetitive stories about record-breaking feats in industry and agriculture, and constant praise for the country’s leader, Iosif Stalin, depicted a world where things were good—and getting better. Behind the scenes, however, journalists began to express dissatisfaction with the ossification of official discourse, recognising that high-flown phrases and official announcements offered little of interest to audiences. This chapter explores the paradoxes of the late Stalinist press, focusing on the press’s role in public ritual and journalists’ attempts to challenge this ritualisation. It shows how journalists lived in fear of making errors and organised their professional routines to eliminate them, but nevertheless struggled to produce the authoritative discourse of Stalinism. Through a detailed study of Komsomol’skaia pravda’s coverage of the 1946 and 1950 Supreme Soviet election, one of the key rituals of Stalinist politics, the chapter shows that, behind the monolithic façade, journalists were constantly dissatisfied by their election coverage and often made errors that stopped the presses. The chapter concludes by showing how the clichés of party propaganda could also be used to argue for reform. By criticising ‘formalism’ in public life and diagnosing a lack of ‘care’ in Soviet schools, journalists drew on Soviet discourse to argue for a more humane society in ways that were both consonant with, but also challenged, Stalinist rituals.
The Institute of Public Opinion and the Birth of Soviet Polling
Authors: Huxtable Simon 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Komsomol’skaia pravda’s unlikely role in the revival of Soviet sociology after many years of repression under Stalin. In 1960, Boris Grushin, a journalist in Komsomol’skaia pravda’s Department of Propaganda, created the Institute of Public Opinion (IOM), the country’s first ever polling institute. Over eight years, the IOM conducted surveys on a broad range of questions, from the public’s use of free time to their opinions about the Communist Youth League, or ‘Komsomol’. Readers responded enthusiastically to this novel initiative, which for the first time offered the Soviet public a glimpse of the views of their fellow citizens. Journalists were no less effusive, especially because the Institute’s earliest surveys produced results that seemed to prove that the public supported the regime’s policies. However, as the paper’s journalists-turned-sociologists began to probe deeper into the public mood, they uncovered gaps between rhetoric and the public mood. This placed the paper’s editors in an uncomfortable position with officials and seemed to complicate the newspaper’s propaganda tasks. This chapter analyses the IOM’s work, placing it within a longer history of Soviet sociological research, shows how readers responded to the paper’s experiment in polling, and examines the reasons for the IOM’s untimely closure in 1968.
Epilogue: Thaw Journalism after the Thaw
Authors: Huxtable Simon 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This book’s conclusion offers a brief summary of the book’s arguments before asking when the Thaw came to an end. It offers evidence to support the traditional view, which locates the Thaw’s terminus in Czechoslovakia, and the Warsaw Pact invasion of 1968. However, it also argues that a certain Thaw ethos pervaded the 1970s press, with journalists indulging in a cat-and-mouse game with censors and officials to ensure that critical materials were published, and continued into the Gorbachev era. The conclusion thus argues that journalists’ hopes for political reform were only extinguished after the fall of communism, as journalists found themselves squeezed between commercial considerations and political pressure from the Kremlin.
The Ontology of Believing
Authors: Hunter David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter develops an account of the ontology of believing. According to it, to believe something is to be in a certain state and this, in turn, is to have a certain property. There are different sorts of properties, and this matters to the ontology of belief. This chapter argues that belief properties are qualities, not sortals. That is, they are like the properties of being tall or of being rich and unlike those of being a chair or being human. Seeing this helps us avoid hypostasizing believing, treating a belief state as an object in its own right. In developing this ontological view, this chapter draws an analogy between believing and owning. The chapter argues that this view of the ontology of belief is compatible with the idea that belief states are realized by states of the brain, but takes no stand on this idea. It argues that while believing is in certain respects like an action or activity, it is better to think of it as a state. And it offers reasons to resist the standard view that believing is a relation between a believer and an object.
The Objects of Believing
Authors: Hunter David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This book argues that believing is not a representational state. In this chapter, it is argued that the objects of belief are possibilities, in the sense that belief properties are individuated by ways things are or could have been. This contrasts with the standard view that takes the objects of belief to be propositions, entities that are by their very nature representational. The chapter considers familiar puzzle cases that many think doom the modal view from the very start. The cases involve characters who are confused or mistaken about what is what or which thing is which or about who, where, or when they are. The chapter argues that these cases are not counterexamples to the modal view, and that the lessons they teach concern the objective and subjective limits to belief. These are discussed in chapters 5 and 6. The chapter then contrasts believing with being certain and considers belief in probabilities. It explains how the modal view can account as well as the propositional view for the fact that people can say what they believe, the sense in which beliefs are about things in the believer’s environment, and connections between belief, knowledge and inquiry. It sketches the history of the modal view and ends by considering Mark Richard’s recent view that beliefs are representational in a thin sense.
Subjectivity and Credal Necessities
Authors: Hunter David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the essential subjectivity of belief, what marks a person’s perspective on the world as essentially hers. It argues that this subjectivity concerns, not what a person does believe, but what she alone must believe. It thus concerns the limits to belief. In this way, this chapter challenges the standard view that the subjectivity of belief involves essentially subjective belief contents or propositions. The chapter first defends the claim that to believe something one must believe that one believes it—the so-called BB principle. After clarifying the principle and distinguishing it from several closely related ones, the chapter shows how it grounds the essential subjectivity of believing, and explains why we should accept it. It then considers the so-called transparency of belief and whether the nature of rational action requires more than just these credal necessities. It concludes that the essential subjectivity of belief is not about what a person believes but about what she alone cannot help but believe.
Credal Agency
Authors: Hunter David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that in making up her own mind a person becomes responsible for being what she does. It offers an account of inference as a mental action that grounds this responsibility. According to it, the believer is the cause and the act of inferring is a causing of a believing. The chapter sketches metaphysical ideas about action, causation, and agency that underlie this view, extending the account of agency developed in Chapter 1. This view of inference is contrasted with the view that an inference is the onset of a state of believing, and the chapter clarifies the sense in which a person acts on herself when she makes up her mind. It then argues that inferring can be voluntary, at least in cases where the person’s evidence is not conclusive, in the sense that it is up to the believer whether to draw the conclusion. Cases of deductive inference, where the premises entail the conclusion, can make this voluntariness hard to see. The chapter considers why acts of inference cannot be intentional, but offers no conclusive answer. It ends by suggesting that a person can infer unwillingly, even when she does it voluntarily.
Credal Norms
Authors: Hunter David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers three normative aspects to believing. It argues that while believing is not intrinsically normative, what a person believes can be to her credit or discredit, and there are things that a person ought to believe. According to this chapter, believing is not intrinsically normative because belief properties are not goodness-fixing properties. This means that no case of believing something is a better or worse case than any other. This follows, the chapter argues, from the fact that belief properties are qualities and that no qualities are goodness-fixing properties. While some theorists argue that credal norms flow from a form of intrinsic epistemic goodness, this chapter argues that they flow from the sortals a believer falls under. In particular, they flow from the believer’s goodness-fixing sortals. Whether believing something is to a person’s credit depends on whether her believing it shows her to be good in some respect. Whether she ought to believe it depends on whether she ought to know it, and this in turn on whether knowing it is needed for to be good with respect to her permitted goodness-fixing sortals. This account of epistemic norms rejects the standard evidentialist view that credal norms are an evidential matter. The chapter ends by considering when a person is to blame for not believing something they ought to believe.
State-sponsored Pensions for Private-Sector Workers
Authors: Fullmer Richard K. , Forman Jonathan Barry 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains how state governments could create new low-cost lifetime assurance funds to help provide retirement income security for millions of private-sector workers who currently lack pension coverage. Basically, an assurance fund operates like a mutual fund held within a defined contribution plan, but with the added features of mortality pooling and fully funded lifetime payouts. As we envision them, assurance funds would be offered as annuity-like investment options on the new investment platforms being created by states like Oregon, California, and Maryland that offer their citizens the opportunity to participate in state-sponsored retirement savings plans. Adding an assurance fund could effectively turn these retirement savings plans into lifetime pensions. To ensure their sustainability, assurance funds would operate under a strict budget constraint and be organized as either tontines or pooled annuities.
And All Shall Be Changed
Authors: Bierson Marshall 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mortality seems important in explaining the value of virtues. It seems that courage is valuable because we face dangers of death and pain, just as it seems temperance is valuable because we can harm our health by overindulgence. This poses a serious problem for Christian ethics. If the virtues are valuable because they ameliorate harms stemming from limitations like mortality, then the virtues will lose much of their value in the new creation, where those limitations are no more. This chapter argues that the threat is serious, and requires the rethinking of the fundamental value of the virtues. The virtues are not, first and foremost, the dispositions that allow us to improve the broken world we live in, but precisely those dispositions necessary for enjoying ideal or perfect conditions.
Being Good and Loving God
Authors: Byerly T. Ryan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Can trying to be morally good make a determinative difference for whether a person cognitively commits themself to God’s existence? If so, would the resulting commitment be epistemically justified—or at least not epistemically unjustified? This chapter defends a positive answer to both questions. It explains, first, how aiming to be the kind of person who tends to err on the side of giving others praise, thanks, or apology might lead someone to adopt positive cognitive commitments to God’s existence despite having ambiguous evidence for God’s existence. It then explains how several different views about epistemic justification would allow the resulting cognitive commitments to be either epistemically justified or not epistemically unjustified.
Defining Religion
Authors: Lebens Samuel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
When philosophers and sociologists have sought to define ‘religion’, their definitions have invariably stumbled in the face of counter-examples. Some definitions have been too exclusive—failing to include non-theistic religions. Some have been too inclusive—failing to exclude non-religious ideologies (such as Marxism). This chapter takes religiosity to be conceptually prior to religion. Accordingly, a definition of religiosity is first proposed, which in turn allows for a definition of religion that seems immune to any obvious counter-example. Religiosity, it is argued, demands community, faith, and imagination. Religions are systems of ideas and/or practices that call for religiosity in a way that non-religions do not.
Time and the Nature of the Atonement
Authors: Seymour Amy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Standard practice in philosophy of religion is to evaluate certain theological positions with respect to how well they comport with desirable philosophical positions and vice versa. The ontological status of the atonement has not received much of this treatment, in no small part due to disagreement regarding what constitutes a proper account and the abundance of metaphor. The metaphysical nature of the atonement depends on questions about existence, properties, and time. Examining atonement via theories of time thus helps make clear these disagreements and offers solutions. The ontological specifics of the atonement will vary depending on whether one is a presentist or eternalist.
Divine Self-Manifestation
Authors: Johnston Mark 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The author’s account of creation as a free and contingent act of Divine self-manifestation has been criticized by Timothy O’Connor and Kenneth Pearce. O’Connor suggests that the account restricts the scope of contingency as it is ordinarily understood, and that God might have created out of generosity; Pearce avers that it does not touch the familiar problem of evil in the form of the observation that that this is not the best of all possible creations. In response to O’Connor, it is argued that the scope of contingency may be restricted, but in a way that should be unsurprising; and an alternative view of God’s conditional generosity is proposed. In response to Pearce, an account of creation as God’s indefective self-manifestation is developed—one which makes the whole problem of evil look very different.