bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovering Common Hidden Causes in Sequences of Events
Authors: Valentin Simon , Bramley Neil R. , Lucas Christopher G. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHuman cognition is marked by its ability to explain patterns in the world in terms of variables and regularities that are not directly observable, e.g., mental states, natural laws, and causal relationships. Previous research has demonstrated a capacity for inferring hidden causes from covariational evidence, as well as the use of temporal information to identify causal relationships among observed variables. Here we explore the human ability to use temporal information to make inferences about hidden causes, causal cycles, and other causal relationships, without relying on interventions. We examine two behavioral experiments and compare participants’ judgments to those of Bayesian computational-level models that use temporal order and delay information to infer the causal structure behind observed event sequences. Our results indicate that participants are able to use order and timing information to discover hidden causes, and make inferences about causal structures relating hidden and observable variables. Computational modeling indicates that most participants are best described by normative delay model predictions, but also reveals several clusters of participants who made unexpected inferences, suggesting opportunities to enrich future models of human causal reasoning.
Attention Towards Pupil Size in Humans and Bonobos (Pan paniscus)
Authors: Zijlstra T. W. , van Berlo E. , Kret M. E. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPrevious work has established that humans have an attentional bias towards emotional signals, and there is some evidence that this phenomenon is shared with bonobos, our closest relatives. Although many emotional signals are explicit and overt, implicit cues such as pupil size also contain emotional information for observers. Pupil size can impact social judgment and foster trust and social support, and is automatically mimicked, suggesting a communicative role. While an attentional bias towards more obvious emotional expressions has been shown, it is unclear whether this also extends to a more subtle implicit cue, like changes in pupil size. Therefore, the current study investigated whether attention is biased towards pupils of differing sizes in humans and bonobos. A total of 150 human participants (141 female), with a mean age of 19.13 (ranging from 18 to 32 years old), completed an online dot-probe task. Four female bonobos (6 to 17 years old) completed the dot-probe task presented via a touch screen. We used linear mixed multilevel models to examine the effect of pupil size on reaction times. In humans, our analysis showed a small but significant attentional bias towards dilated pupils compared to intermediate-sized pupils and intermediate-sized pupils when compared to small pupils. Our analysis did not show a significant effect in bonobos. These results suggest that the attentional bias towards emotions in humans can be extended to a subtle unconsciously produced signal, namely changes in pupil size. Due to methodological differences between the two experiments, more research is needed before drawing a conclusion regarding bonobos.
Decolonising education. An exploration in Bolivian–German relations
Authors: Kölbl Carlos 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn this article I aim to contribute to a more multifaceted picture of what decolonising education can mean. I do this in the form of a case study of selected and intertwined Bolivian–German discourses and practices directed at the decolonisation of education in the wide sense of the term. First, I introduce Indigenist and ‘Indianist’ proposals, which are shaped, not least, by Nietzschean ideas. In a second step, I turn to some examples of German ‘Bildungsromane’ that are deeply entangled with Bolivian phenomena. Hence, the first part of the article is about decolonising the formerly colonised via education, whereas the second revolves around decolonising the former colonisers, but without the possibility for or the wish to identify completely clear-cut boundaries. It will thus become clearer how decolonising education can be understood as a relational phenomenon.
IgG4-Related Disease of the Central Nervous System: A Case Series
Authors: Abbas Ghada , Karamchandani Jason , Ciarallo Anthony , Durcan Liam 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT:IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a rare and often misdiagnosed disorder with limited literature that highlights the different neurological presentations of this treatable disease. The diagnosis of IgG4-RD could be challenging, while imaging is fundamental for the diagnosis, biopsy is considered the gold standard. Most cases respond well to steroids and immunosuppressive therapy. This is a case series study that illustrates the varied neurological presentations of IgG4-RD through three different patients that were followed at the Montreal Neurological Institute. This paper takes you through the diagnostic strategy that we followed to accurately diagnose and treat those patients.
Dating springlines from hydrogeological and archaeological evidence
Authors: Paul Jonathan D. , Moore Peter J.B. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe relationship between prehistoric populations and water is often poorly understood, partly as a function of historical reliance on qualitative and fragmentary datasets in many regions. Here, we adopt a quantitative approach to analyze a specific aspect of the relationship between prehistoric populations and water for the Cotswold Hills, southwest UK; an area of documented hydrogeological change and extensive Neolithic (ca. 5.5 ka) activity. Using a database of all known Neolithic monuments, we interrogate the significance of water to their habitation. By marshaling a large dataset of recent (ca. 100 years) changes in the discharge and elevation of 259 springs, we establish a striking negative relationship between present-day spring discharge and annual elevation change. We then formulate an inverse problem to predict spring elevations in Neolithic times. Spring elevations are predicted to be closer to, and higher than, Neolithic-dated sites relative to the location of modern springs. These results emphasize a utilitarian and/or reverential link between water and prehistoric populations. Our approach of reconciling markedly different datasets and timescales can easily be adapted to other regions. While groundwater had behaved reasonably predictably since Neolithic times, recent human activity is (and will continue to be) far more significant in influencing groundwater behavior.
Innovations from the Levant: smallpox inoculation and perceptions of scientific medicine
Authors: Meyer Victoria N. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractModern public-health initiatives in industrialized countries revolve around immunization against contagious diseases. The practice of engendering immunity against disease through disease first emerged in Western European social and medical landscapes in the eighteenth century as inoculation, based on the imported Middle Eastern practice of ‘engrafting’. By the nineteenth century, this practice had evolved into the procedure of vaccination, in the first instance directed against smallpox. Popular and academic narratives thus often categorize inoculation as a procedure from the Middle East which was transformed into the truly scientific procedure of vaccination by English and French knowledge. This characterization has obscured the complex traditions of intellectual exchange between English and French networks and Middle Eastern societies in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This article examines these networks in order to show how knowledge was transformed as it circulated between communities during this period. Both Western Europeans and Egyptians across different social hierarchies translated foreign or new medical practices according to the needs of their knowledge and goals, creating cycles of adoption and adaptation. This exploration of inoculation and vaccination furthers our understanding of the bilateral translation processes ingrained in the global circulation of knowledge.
Effect of sheared E × B flow on the blob dynamics in the scrape-off layer of HL-2A tokamak
Authors: Wang W.C. , Cheng J. , Shi Z.B. , Yan L.W. , Huang Z.H. , Wu N. , Zou Q. , Zhu Y.J. , Chen X. , Dong J.Q. , Zhong W.L. , Xu M. 
Published: November 2022

The effect of sheared E × B flow on the blob dynamics in the scrape-off layer (SOL) of HL-2A tokamak has been studied during the plasma current ramp-up in ohmically heated deuterium plasmas by the combination of poloidal and radial Langmuir probe arrays. The experimental results indicate that the SOL sheared E × B flow is substantially enhanced as the plasma current exceeds a certain value and the strong sheared E × B flow has the ability to slow the blob radial motion via stretching its poloidal correlation length. The locally accumulated blobs are suggested to be responsible for the increase of plasma density just outside the Last Closed Flux Surface (LCFS) observed in this experiment. The results presented here reveal the significant role played by the strong sheared E × B flow on the blob dynamics, which provides a potential method to control the SOL width by modifying the sheared E × B flow in future tokamak plasmas.
Characterisation of burden of illness measures associated with human (Fluoro)quinolone-resistant Campylobacter spp. infections – a scoping review
Authors: Isada M. J. , Reist M. , MacKinnon M. C. , Uhland F. C. , Young K. M. , Gibbens K. , Parmley E. J. , Carson C. A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are one of the most common causes of bacterial gastroenteritis in Canada and worldwide. Fluoroquinolones are often used to treat complicated human campylobacteriosis and strains of Campylobacter spp. resistant to these drugs are emerging along the food chain. A scoping review was conducted to summarise how human (fluoro)quinolone-resistant (FQR; quinolones including fluoroquinolones) Campylobacter spp. infections are characterised in the literature by describing how burden of illness (BOI) associated with FQR is measured and reported, describing the variability in reporting of study characteristics, and providing a narrative review of literature that compare BOI measures of FQR Campylobacter spp. infections to those with susceptible infections. The review identified 26 studies that yielded many case reports, a lack of recent literature and a lack of Canadian data. Studies reported 26 different BOI measures and the most common were hospitalisation, diarrhoea, fever and duration of illness. There were mixed results as BOI measures reported in literature were inconsistently defined and there were limited comparisons between resistant and susceptible infections. This presents a challenge when attempting to assess the magnitude of the BOI due to FQR Campylobacter spp., highlighting the need for more research in this area.
Financial or non-financial shocks: rivals that play together
Authors: Ghiaie Hamed 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis paper estimates a model using Bayesian methods and data from the USA (1990Q1–2019Q2) to explore how the financial sector contributes to business cycles through banks’ asset channel and the quality of capital adequacy constraint. The paper shows that the contribution of financial and non-financial shocks varied before, during, and after the 2008 financial crisis; housing demand and asset price shocks are the main contributors, and the credit shocks are the most persistent. In addition, the paper presents the application of macroprudential tools, along with their impact on the economy in general, and on welfare in particular. The findings illustrate that the tools which control household borrowing ability, such as loan-to-value or debt-to-income ratios, do not impact welfare significantly. However, the impact of policies on the leveraged sector is substantial. The paper proposes macroprudential policies that allow policy-makers to stabilize the economy without changing welfare. Such policies, however, should be timely, targeted, and temporary; otherwise, they may cause disruptions.
Increasing visibility of persons with disabilities in armed conflict: Implications for interpreting and applying IHL
Authors: Breitegger Alexander 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWhile persons with disabilities are protected under existing international humanitarian law (IHL), the specific risks and barriers to which these persons are exposed during armed conflict must be better factored into the interpretation and implementation of these rules. The complementarity between IHL and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) may make an important contribution towards a more disability-inclusive implementation of IHL. This article focuses on two major areas addressed by IHL – namely, the conduct of hostilities and detention – against the backdrop of the concept of and agency associated with disability enshrined in the CRPD. This analysis is based on the lived experiences shared by persons with disabilities in consultations co-organized in 2022 by the UN Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the International Disability Forum, the European Disability Forum and the Diakonia IHL Centre.
Molecular‐Multiproxy Assessment of Land‐Derived Organic Matter Degradation Over Extensive Scales of the East Siberian Arctic Shelf Seas
Authors: Matsubara F. , Wild B. , Martens J. , Andersson A. , Wennström R. , Bröder L. , Dudarev O. V. , Semiletov I. , Gustafsson Ö. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractGlobal warming triggers permafrost thaw, which increases the release of terrigenous organic matter (terr‐OM) to the Arctic Ocean by coastal erosion and rivers. Terrigenous OM degradation in the Arctic Ocean contributes to greenhouse gas emissions and severe ocean acidification, yet the vulnerability of different terr‐OM components is poorly resolved. Here, terr‐OM degradation dynamics are studied with unprecedented spatial coverage over the World's largest shelf sea system—the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS), using a multi‐proxy molecular biomarker approach. Mineral‐surface‐area‐normalized concentrations of terr‐OM compounds in surface sediments decreases offshore. Differences between terr‐OM compound classes (lignin phenols, high‐molecular weight [HMW] n‐alkanes, n‐alkanoic acids and n‐alkanols, sterols, 3,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acids, cutin acids) reflect contrasting influence of sources, propensity to microbial degradation and association with sedimenting particles, with lignin phenols disappearing 3‐times faster than total terr‐OM, and twice faster than other biomarkers. Molecular degradation proxies support substantial terr‐OM degradation across the ESAS, with clearest trends shown by: 3,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid/vanillyl phenol ratios, acid‐to‐aldehyde ratios of syringyl and vanillyl phenols, Carbon Preference Indices of HMW n‐alkyl compounds and sitostanol/β‐sitosterol. The combination of terr‐OM biomarker data with δ13C/Δ14C‐based source apportionment indicates that the more degraded state of lignin is influenced by the relative contribution of river‐transported terr‐OM from surface soils, while HMW n‐alkanoic acids and stigmasterol are influenced by erosion‐derived terr‐OM from Ice Complex deposits. Our findings demonstrate differences in vulnerability to degradation between contrasting terr‐OM pools, and underscore the need to consider molecular properties for understanding and modeling of large‐scale biogeochemical processes of the permafrost carbon‐climate feedback.
Model Simulation of SAID Intensification in the Ionosphere Under a Current Generator: The Role of Ion Pedersen Transport
Authors: Liang J. , St‐Maurice J.‐P. , Donovan E. F. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDuring geomagnetically active intervals, latitudinally narrow channels of fast westward ion drifts were at times observed in the subauroral region. They are termed the “subauroral ion drifts” (SAID). The Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE), a subauroral optical phenomenon, is intrinsically related to intense SAID. Recently, we had developed a two‐dimensional (2D) time‐dependent model to study the self‐consistent variations of the ionosphere under intense SAID. The present study further advances the model to a current generator scenario of SAID. By assuming magnetospheric field‐aligned current (FAC) inputs based on existing knowledge and observations, we model the self‐consistent variations of the ionosphere, with focus on the dynamic changes of the plasma density, the Pedersen conductance, and the electric field. We can reproduce the self‐consistent evolution of an intense SAID and its associated ionospheric dynamics such as extreme heating and depletion. We illustrate that the ion Pedersen drifts can cause dynamic density variations in the lower ionosphere. Positive feedback is found to exist between the self‐consistent variations of the electric field and the conductance: the ion Pedersen transport associated with the electric field leads to density depletion in the lower ionosphere, thus reducing the Pedersen conductance and further enhancing the electric field there. We conclude that such positive feedback is key to the formation of intense SAID's in the ionosphere.
Modeling Isoprene Emission Response to Drought and Heatwaves Within MEGAN Using Evapotranspiration Data and by Coupling With the Community Land Model
Authors: Wang Hui , Lu Xinchen , Seco Roger , Stavrakou Trissevgeni , Karl Thomas , Jiang Xiaoyan , Gu Lianhong , Guenther Alex B. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe introduce two new drought stress algorithms designed to simulate isoprene emission with the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) model. The two approaches include the representation of the impact of drought on isoprene emission with a simple empirical approach for offline MEGAN applications and a more process‐based approach for online MEGAN in Community Land Model (CLM) simulations. The two versions differ in their implementation of leaf‐temperature impacts of mild drought. For the online version of MEGAN that is coupled to CLM, the impact of drought on leaf temperature is simulated directly and the calculated leaf temperature is considered for the estimation of isoprene emission. For the offline version, we apply an empirical algorithm derived from whole‐canopy flux measurements for simulating the impact of drought ranging from mild to severe stage. In addition, the offline approach adopts the ratio (fPET) of actual evapotranspiration to potential evapotranspiration to quantify the severity of drought instead of using soil moisture. We applied the two algorithms in the CLM‐CAM‐chem (the Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry) model to simulate the impact of drought on isoprene emission and found that drought can decrease isoprene emission globally by 11% in 2012. We further compared the formaldehyde (HCHO) vertical column density simulated by CAM‐chem to satellite HCHO observations. We found that the proposed drought algorithm can improve the match with the HCHO observations during droughts, but the performance of the drought algorithm is limited by the capacity of the model to capture the severity of drought.
Steel rust layers immersed in the South China Sea with a highly corrosive Desulfovibrio strain
Authors: Dong Xucheng , Zhai Xiaofan , Zhang Yimeng , Yang Jing , Guan Fang , Duan Jizhou , Sun Jiawen , Zhang Ruiyong , Hou Baorong 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAlthough it is well known that microbes play a significant role in marine corrosion, few studies have systematically studied the relationship between microorganisms and corrosion products under long-term immersion. In this study, the corrosion characteristics of the rust layer formed on carbon steel immersed in the South China Sea for 5.5 years were investigated using various surface analysis and microbial community analysis techniques. Magnetite (Fe3O4), iron sulfide, and green rust were identified in the inner rust layer. The middle rust layer was composed of maghemite (γ-Fe2O3), and some Fe3O4 and mackinamite were also detected. The outer rust layer contained several Fe(III)-oxyhydroxides, and it had a large number of fouling organisms attached to it. In all of the rust layers, anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) were the dominant bacteria, and they may have played a key role in the formation of the corrosion products. One SRB strain (Desulfovibrio bizertensis SY-1) with a highly corrosivity (13.561 mg/cm2) was isolated from these rust layers, and its physiological and metabolic characteristics were studied. These results expand the membership of corrosive SRB and establish a better understanding of marine microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC).
Generalizations of incompressible and compressible Navier–Stokes equations to fractional time and multi-fractional space
Authors: Kavvas M. Levent , Ercan Ali 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis study develops the governing equations of unsteady multi-dimensional incompressible and compressible flow in fractional time and multi-fractional space. When their fractional powers in time and in multi-fractional space are specified to unit integer values, the developed fractional equations of continuity and momentum for incompressible and compressible fluid flow reduce to the classical Navier–Stokes equations. As such, these fractional governing equations for fluid flow may be interpreted as generalizations of the classical Navier–Stokes equations. The derived governing equations of fluid flow in fractional differentiation framework herein are nonlocal in time and space. Therefore, they can quantify the effects of initial and boundary conditions better than the classical Navier–Stokes equations. For the frictionless flow conditions, the corresponding fractional governing equations were also developed as a special case of the fractional governing equations of incompressible flow. When their derivative fractional powers are specified to unit integers, these equations are shown to reduce to the classical Euler equations. The numerical simulations are also performed to investigate the merits of the proposed fractional governing equations. It is shown that the developed equations are capable of simulating anomalous sub- and super-diffusion due to their nonlocal behavior in time and space.
The role of a second diffusing component on the Gill–Rees stability problem
Authors: Shankar B. M. , Nagamani K. V. , Shivakumara I. S. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe stability of natural convection in a vertical porous layer using a local thermal nonequilibrium model was first studied by Rees (Transp Porous Med 87:459–464, 2011) following the proof of Gill (J Fluid Mech 35:545–547, 1969), called the Gill–Rees stability problem. The aim of the present study is to investigate the implication of an additional solute concentration field on the Gill–Rees problem. The stability eigenvalue problem is solved numerically and some novel results not observed in the studies of double-diffusive natural convection in vertical porous (local thermal equilibrium case) and non-porous layers are disclosed. The possibility of natural convection parallel flow in the basic state becoming unstable due to the addition of an extra diffusing component is established. In some cases, the neutral stability curves of stationary and travelling-wave modes are connected to form a loop within which the flow is unstable indicating the requirement of two thermal Darcy–Rayleigh numbers to specify the stability/instability criteria. Moreover, the change in the mode of instability is recognized in some parametric space. The results for the extreme cases of the scaled interphase heat transfer coefficient are discussed.