bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of a novel source of dietary 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in growing pigs
Authors: Sandoval Jorge L , Ventura Diego E , Fiallos Orlando B , Anderson Brian L , Sparks J Chris , Starkey Jessica D , Starkey Charles W 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A randomized complete block design experiment was conducted to determine the safety and efficacy of supplementation of increasing concentrations of a novel, bacterial fermentation-derived vitamin D source on growth performance and tissue deposition of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25OHD3) in growing swine. Dietary treatments were as follows: commercial control with vitamin D3 (CON) at NRC recommended concentrations and three diets composed of CON + increasing inclusions (25, 50, and 250 µg/kg equivalent) of 25OHD3 from a novel source (CON + 25; CON + 50; and CON + 250, respectively). Pigs (n = 144) were assigned to 24 pens which were allotted to one of the four dietary treatments and fed for 42 d. Blood samples were collected for 25OHD3 concentration determination and individual body weights (BW) were measured on experimental day 0, 39, and 63. On day 42, tissues from 48 pigs (12 pigs per dietary treatment) were analyzed for 25OHD3 concentration. No differences were observed in growth performance. Day 39 serum 25OHD3 concentrations were greatest in CON + 250-fed pigs and linearly decreased as dietary 25OHD3 inclusion decreased (P &lt; 0.0001). On day 42, tissue 25OHD3 concentrations increased linearly as 25OHD3 increased in the diet (P &lt; 0.0001). On day 63, 21 d after dietary 25OHD3 withdrawal, serum 25OHD3 concentrations of all 25OHD3-fed pigs decreased to that of or within 2.76 ± 0.89 ng/mL of CON-fed pigs which demonstrates that feeding 250 µg/kg 25OHD3 is well tolerated by growing pigs and will clear the body within 21 d.
Review of Evidence
Authors: Whiteside Stephen P. H. , Ollendick Thomas H. , Biggs Bridget K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the empirical support for exposure in the treatment of childhood anxiety disorders and obsessive–compulsive disorder. The research examining the treatment of anxiety in children often combines multiple diagnoses (i.e., transdiagnostic) and/or multiple treatment components. As such, the chapter begins with a review of the large literature base supporting cognitive–behavioral therapy for childhood anxiety disorders and then focuses on the smaller literatures examining specific diagnoses and the use of exposure per se. The chapter also reviews the outcome literature for other components of treatment to help readers evaluate the empirical support for exposure relative to these other components. Finally, the research pertaining to developmental and contextual factors that are unique to children is discussed.
In Vivo Exposure Case Examples
Authors: Whiteside Stephen P. H. , Ollendick Thomas H. , Biggs Bridget K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents case examples to more fully illustrate how to implement exposure therapy with a variety of presenting problems. The chapter includes case examples detailing primarily in vivo exposure for social anxiety, specific phobias, and separation anxiety. Each example begins with a brief description of the case and then conceptualizes the case using the model presented previously in this book. Each case then includes description of family involvement, discussion of creating a fear ladder, presentation of a detailed exposure, and comments on the course of treatment. Each case illustrates a broader point related to the implementation of exposure, which is discussed last.
Obstacles to Implementation
Authors: Whiteside Stephen P. H. , Ollendick Thomas H. , Biggs Bridget K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Exposure therapy has the most empirical support of any intervention and thus offers patients the best chance to experience symptom relief and improvement in functioning. This chapter discusses additional issues that sometimes occur when implementing exposure. The chapters in the preceding sections presented the underlying theory of exposure and illustrated the delivery of exposure for a variety of clinical presentations. However, anxiety and obsessive–compulsive disorder do not occur in a vacuum and thus the delivery of exposure is often complicated by obstacles and challenges. This chapter discusses common obstacles to exposure therapy, including those emanating from patients (e.g., defiance and depressed mood), parents (e.g., accommodation and overenthusiasm), therapists (e.g., misdiagnosis and timidity), and the environment (e.g., leaving the office and ethics).
John Bowlby and the Tavistock Separation Research Unit
Authors: Duschinsky Robbie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the work of John Bowlby. It describes the lines of agreement and disagreement between Bowlby and the psychoanalytic theory of his day, and the extent of his debt to Robert Hinde and ethology. The chapter clarifies ways in which incompatibilities between psychoanalysis and ethology have contributed to tensions within Bowlby’s work and subsequent attachment theory. The chapter discusses Bowlby’s unpublished book written with Jimmy Robertson in the 1950s and 1960s on the effects of major separations experienced by young children. It presents previously unavailable ideas from Bowlby’s unpublished book on defence mechanisms from the 1960s, which sheds light on his later information processing model. The chapter also pieces together the full story of Bowlby’s work with a patient, Mrs Q. The chapter closes by discussing some ways in which limitations in Bowlby’s work have proven to be obstacles for later attachment researchers.
Procedural Ultrasound
Authors: Yechoor Poornima , Lovallo Emily , Dreyfuss Andrea , Nagdev Arun 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter uses clinical vignettes and multiple-choice questions to explore core and advanced principles of procedural ultrasound. The cases assess image acquisition pearls and pitfalls, image interpretation, false positive and negative findings, and integration into patient management. Each case includes detailed explanations for correct and incorrect answer choices, incorporating landmark studies as well as the latest literature that clinical sonographers will find of interest. A broad range of ultrasound-guided procedures will be covered including central venous access, nerve blocks, lumbar puncture, thoracentesis, paracentesis, pericardiocentesis, and transvenous pacemaker placement. Relevant references and sources for each case are also included, as well as keywords for each section.
Musculoskeletal Ultrasound
Authors: Salibian Raffi , Roth Antoinette 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter uses clinical vignettes and multiple-choice questions to explore core and advanced principles of musculoskeletal ultrasound, including joint effusions, tendon pathology, dislocations, and complex masses. The cases will assess image acquisition pearls and pitfalls, image interpretation, false positive and negative findings, and integration into patient management. Clinical vignettes will include patients presenting with a wide variety of musculoskeletal complaints that are commonly seen in emergency departments and other clinics. Each case will include detailed explanations for correct and incorrect answers, incorporating landmark studies as well as the latest literature that clinical sonographers will find of interest.
Bitemporal Focus Epilepsy
Authors: Ho Allen L. , Halpern Casey H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bitemporal epilepsy is a difficult problem, especially when the epilepsy originates in the hippocampus. The diagnosis of bitemporal epilepsy is mostly reached after some form of invasive monitoring. There are now four standard surgical epilepsy treatments available to patients. Generally, if there is a clear single seizure foci that is safe to resect with minimal cognitive risks, then resective (anterior temporal lobectomy, selective amygdalohippocampectomy) or ablative (laser interstitial thermal selective amygdalohippocampotomy) treatments are appropriate in order to achieve the highest likelihood of seizure freedom. Bilateral resection is not an option for bitemporal epilepsy. Responsive neurostimulation and vagus nerve stimulation are the only surgical options. Because of its recording ability, responsive neurostimulation provides a better treatment option for bitemporal epilepsy, given its focal nature, and provides the ability to quantify the relative frequency of seizures between both sides.
Atonic Seizures
Authors: Selden Nathan R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lennox Gastaut Syndrome is a severe form of childhood epilepsy associated with multiple seizure types, typically including frequent atonic, or ‘drop attack’, seizures. Onset may be cryptogenic or secondary to diffuse congenital or perinatal cortical injury. In patients with ongoing drop seizures despite aggressive therapy with anti-convulsant medications, ketogenic diet, and/or vagal nerve stimulation, corpus callosotomy may reduce the frequency and severity of generalized seizures, particularly drop attacks. Depending on the level of baseline neuropsychological function, either anterior 2/3rds or complete callosotomy may be offered. Callosotomy is most commonly undertaken using a bifrontal craniotomy with an interhemispheric approach.
Focal Spasticity of Upper and Lower Limbs
Authors: Abdel Ghany Walid A. , Nada Mohamed A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Focal spasticity is a common problem after stroke and traumatic brain injury. The surgical treatment of focal spasticity can be designed to address the joints most involved with the spasticity. Given its focal nature, peripheral treatment is the preferred option. The peripheral surgical treatment of choice is peripheral neurotomy. The chosen nerves for treatment are the nerves supplying the largest muscle group contributing to the form of spasticity encountered. Selective neurotomy refers to the technique by which the motor branches of the main nerve are partially severed based on the severity of motor response to stimulation. This technique can be combined with other interventions, such as botulinum toxin injections or tendon lengthening.
Hypertension
Authors: Collins C. Scott , Wittich Christopher M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hypertension is the most common condition seen in primary care. It can lead to myocardial infarction, stroke, renal failure, and death if not adequately treated. Normal blood pressure is defined as less than 120/80 mm Hg. Elevated blood pressure is defined as 120 to 129/less than 80 mm Hg. Stage 1 hypertension is a blood pressure of 130 to 139/80 to 89 mm Hg; stage 2, 140 or more/90 or more mm Hg.
Obesity and Nutritional Disorders
Authors: Hurt Ryan T. , Mundi Manpreet S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The prevalence of overweight and obesity has been increasing in the United States and the westernized world. The cause of the recent obesity epidemic involves a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The 2 major environmental factors that contribute to overweight and obesity are excess caloric intake and low physical activity. Additional risk factors include smoking cessation, sleep deprivation, contributory social networks, lower socioeconomic status, medications, and, less commonly, health conditions. An optimal diet should provide the caloric requirements to maintain the weight within an ideal BMI range and minimize the risk of illness. A high intake of fruits and vegetables has been consistently shown to provide multiple health benefits, particularly in lowering the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Thyroid Disorders
Authors: Stan Marius N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Current assays measure thyrotropin (also called thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH]) concentrations as low as 0.01 mIU/L, allowing differentiation between low-normal values and suppressed values. In patients with a normal pituitary gland, thyrotropin levels are increased in primary hypothyroidism, during recovery from nonthyroid illness, and with thyroid hormone resistance. Thyrotropin levels are low in hyperthyroidism, in nonthyroidal illness, in the first trimester of pregnancy, and with the use of certain drugs (eg, somatostatin, dopamine, and glucocorticoids). In patients with pituitary disease, however, thyrotropin levels are unreliable since the values can be inappropriately normal in relation to thyroid hormone concentrations. Thus, thyrotropin levels may be normal or increased in patients with thyrotropin-producing tumors and normal or decreased in patients with central hypothyroidism.
Men’s Health
Authors: Beckman Thomas J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is common among older men and results from epithelial and stromal cell growth in the prostate, which in turn causes urinary outflow resistance. Over time, this resistance leads to detrusor muscle dysfunction, urinary retention, and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), such as urgency, frequency, and nocturia. Evidence has shown that BPH progresses when left untreated. Complications of BPH include urinary tract infections, obstructive nephropathy, and recurrent hematuria.
Male sexual dysfunction includes ED, decreased sexual desire (libido), anatomical abnormalities (eg, Peyronie disease), and ejaculatory dysfunction and affects millions of men in the United States.
Central Nervous System Infections
Authors: Beam Elena , Tosh Pritish K. , Sohail M. Rizwan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Central nervous system infections can be an emergency. This chapter covers testing, diagnosis, and therapy for bacterial meningitis, meningococcus, pneumococcus, influenza, Listeria, brain abscess, aseptic meningitis and encephalitis, chronic meningitis, poliovirus, rabies, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, epidural abscess, and iatrogenic and postoperative central nervous system infections.
Sexually Transmitted, Urinary Tract, and Gastrointestinal Tract Infections
Authors: Whitaker Jennifer A. , Sohail M. Rizwan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) remain a major public health burden. About 20 million STIs occur annually in the United States. The 3 nationally reported STIs in the United States are chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Of these, chlamydia is the most commonly reported. Other common STIs that are not nationally reported include human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, and trichomoniasis.
Spinal, Peripheral Nerve, and Muscle Disorders
Authors: Jones Lyell K. , Crum Brian A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Diseases affecting the spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and skeletal muscles are common in clinical practice. These conditions may occur in isolation or as an associated feature (or complication) of nonneurologic disease. The clinical history and examination are useful for establishing a tentative diagnosis, which can be firmly established with diagnostic testing. Electrodiagnostic testing (nerve conduction studies and electromyography [EMG]) is the most useful method for adjunctive evaluation of patients with suspected nerve or muscle disease. Treatments are targeted to the underlying mechanism of disease.
Osteoarthritis, Gout, and Inflammatory Myopathies
Authors: Ernste Floranne C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Osteoarthritis is the failure of articular cartilage and the subsequent degenerative changes in subchondral bone, bony joint margins, synovium, and para-articular fibrous and muscular structures. Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease. Of patients, 80% have some limitation of their activities, and 25% are unable to perform major activities of daily living. As a consequence, osteoarthritis is a substantial economic burden to society. The prevalence of osteoarthritis is strongly associated with aging. Joints most commonly affected are the knee, hand, spine, metatarsophalangeal, and hip joints. Radiologic evidence of the disease greatly exceeds the prevalence of symptomatic cases.
Vasculitis
Authors: Koster Matthew J. , Warrington Kenneth J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Vasculitis refers to a group of autoimmune disorders characterized by inflammation of blood vessels. The inflammatory process results in vascular damage with stenosis or occlusion of the vessel lumen and consequent end-organ ischemia. Vasculitis can be classified according to the predominant type of vessel involved (referred to as large vessel, medium vessel, or small vessel vasculitis). Most forms of vasculitis are chronic systemic disorders that cause multiorgan damage; yet, vasculitis may be localized to a single organ. The cause of vasculitis is generally unknown, but viral infections, certain medications, and malignancies trigger some forms of vasculitis.
Prescribing Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Mathur Poonam , Bandres Maria Veronica , Ajmal Saira , Temesgen Zelalem , Koren David E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of what antiretroviral therapy (ART) is and the current treatment guidelines according to the US Department of Health and Human Services and the International Antiviral Society-USA. Important criteria in selecting an initial treatment regimen are discussed as well as when to switch or simplify the regimen. Factors to consider when selecting an antiretroviral regimen and other information involving ART is presented to the reader via tables.
Understanding and Managing Antineoplastic and Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Schafer Jason J. , Sherman Elizabeth M. , Gill Taylor K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews concepts regarding the safe and effective use of antineoplastic and antiretroviral therapy in people living with HIV and cancer. Drug interactions and medication toxicities are discussed as well as drug–disease interactions. The chapter concludes with an overview of strategies for clinical management of people with cancer and HIV.
Opportunistic Infections
Authors: Armitage Lisa Y. , Vigil Karen J. , Pednekar Manali 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter aids the learner in recognizing and managing the most common opportunistic infections associated with people with HIV. The issues concerning starting antiretroviral therapy in the setting of an opportunistic infection are described, and recommendations are provided for starting antiretroviral therapy in this situation. Learners will be able to delineate the available testing and treatment modalities to manage Mycobacterium tuberculosis, M. avium complex, and M. kansasii, and will be able to discuss the established and evolving science regarding the diagnosis, treatment, and prophylaxis of opportunistic viral infections associated with HIV, including herpes simplex, varicella zoster, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus, and John Cunningham (JC) virus.
Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders
Authors: Sekhar Rajagopal V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter helps identify the spectrum of endocrine and metabolic complications affecting people with HIV and the mechanisms and clinical management of endocrine and metabolic diseases associated with HIV and antiretroviral use. Specifically, certain protease inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors are linked to changes in body morphology, lipohypertrophy, lipoatrophy, dyslipidemia, and weight gain. These manifest in multiple conditions including diabetes mellitus, adrenal disorders, thyroid abnormalities, gonadal dysfunction, metabolic disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and premature aging. An overview of these manifesting conditions is provided and treatment options are discussed.
Psychiatric Illness and Treatment in HIV Populations
Authors: David Elizabeth H. , Taylor Erica 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the psychiatric concomitants of HIV illness and the role of psychiatric care in the overall treatment of HIV populations. It reviewers the bidirectional causes of the close association between HIV infection and psychiatric illness/symptoms. The learner will recognize symptoms that suggest the presence of a psychiatric component to the patient’s clinical presentation. Lastly, general principles of treatment are offered, and situations when specific intervention by mental health professionals is needed are described.
Renal Complications
Authors: Lim Jonathan , Menez Steven , Fine Derek M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the continued high prevalence of renal disease in persons with HIV and the broad pathologic spectrum of renal disease, including medication-induced renal injury. It also allows the learner to understand the importance of screening and monitoring people with HIV for chronic kidney disease. Other topics discussed are the indications for nephrology referral and renal biopsy and potential targets of intervention for HIV-associated renal diseases. Treatment options for people with HIV who have end-stage renal disease, including dialysis and solid organ transplant, are also covered.
Incidence and characteristics of pseudoprogression in IDH-mutant high-grade gliomas: A POLA network study
Authors: Seyve Antoine , Dehais Caroline , Chinot Olivier , Djelad Apolline , Cohen-Moyal Elisabeth , Bronnimann Charlotte , Gourmelon Carole , Emery Evelyne , Colin Philippe , Boone Mathieu , Vauléon Elodie , Langlois Olivier , di Stefano Anna-Luisa , Seizeur Romuald , Ghiringhelli François , D’Hombres Anne , Feuvret Loic , Guyotat Jacques , Capelle Laurent , Carpentier Catherine , Garnier Louis , Honnorat Jérôme , Meyronet David , Mokhtari Karima , Figarella-Branger Dominique , Ducray François 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundIncidence and characteristics of pseudoprogression in isocitrate dehydrogenase-mutant high-grade gliomas (IDHmt HGG) remain to be specifically described.MethodsWe analyzed pseudoprogression characteristics and explored the possibility of pseudoprogression misdiagnosis in IDHmt HGG patients, treated with radiotherapy (RT) (with or without chemotherapy [CT]), included in the French POLA network. Pseudoprogression was analyzed in patients with MRI available for review (reference cohort, n = 200). Pseudoprogression misdiagnosis was estimated in this cohort and in an independent cohort (control cohort, n = 543) based on progression-free survival before and after first progression.ResultsIn the reference cohort, 38 patients (19%) presented a pseudoprogression after a median time of 10.5 months after RT. Pseudoprogression characteristics were similar across IDHmt HGG subtypes. In most patients, it consisted of the appearance of one or several infracentimetric, asymptomatic, contrast-enhanced lesions occurring within 2 years after RT. The only factor associated with pseudoprogression occurrence was adjuvant PCV CT. Among patients considered as having a first true progression, 7 out of 41 (17%) in the reference cohort and 35 out of 203 (17%) in the control cohort were retrospectively suspected to have a misdiagnosed pseudoprogression. Patients with a misdiagnosed pseudoprogression were characterized by a time to event and an outcome similar to that of patients with a pseudoprogression but presented with larger and more symptomatic lesions.ConclusionIn patients with an IDHmt HGG, pseudoprogression occurs later than in IDH-wildtype glioblastomas and seems not only frequent but also frequently misdiagnosed. Within the first 2 years after RT, the possibility of a pseudoprogression should be carefully considered.