bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Bayesian inference to estimate plausible muscle forces in musculoskeletal models
Authors: Johnson Russell T. , Lakeland Daniel , Finley James M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Musculoskeletal modeling is currently a preferred method for estimating the muscle forces that underlie observed movements. However, these estimates are sensitive to a variety of assumptions and uncertainties, which creates difficulty when trying to interpret the muscle forces from musculoskeletal simulations. Here, we describe an approach that uses Bayesian inference to identify plausible ranges of muscle forces for a simple motion while representing uncertainty in the measurement of the motion and the objective function used to solve the muscle redundancy problem.

Methods
We generated a reference elbow flexion–extension motion and computed a set of reference forces that would produce the motion while minimizing muscle excitations cubed via OpenSim Moco. We then used a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm to sample from a posterior probability distribution of muscle excitations that would result in the reference elbow motion. We constructed a prior over the excitation parameters which down-weighted regions of the parameter space with greater muscle excitations. We used muscle excitations to find the corresponding kinematics using OpenSim, where the error in position and velocity trajectories (likelihood function) was combined with the sum of the cubed muscle excitations integrated over time (prior function) to compute the posterior probability density.

Results
We evaluated the muscle forces that resulted from the set of excitations that were visited in the MCMC chain (seven parallel chains, 500,000 iterations per chain). The estimated muscle forces compared favorably with the reference forces generated with OpenSim Moco, while the elbow angle and velocity from MCMC matched closely with the reference (average RMSE for elbow angle = 2°; and angular velocity = 32°/s). However, our rank plot analyses and potential scale reduction statistics, which we used to evaluate convergence of the algorithm, indicated that the chains did not fully mix.

Conclusions
While the results from this process are a promising step towards characterizing uncertainty in muscle force estimation, the computational time required to search the solution space with, and the lack of MCMC convergence indicates that further developments in MCMC algorithms are necessary for this process to become feasible for larger-scale models.
Effects of step frequency during running on the magnitude and symmetry of ground reaction forces in individuals with a transfemoral amputation
Authors: Kobayashi Toshiki , Koh Mark W. P. , Hu Mingyu , Murata Hiroto , Hisano Genki , Ichimura Daisuke , Hobara Hiroaki 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputation are prone to developing health conditions such as knee osteoarthritis, caused by additional loading on the intact limb. Such individuals who can run again may be at higher risk due to higher ground reaction forces (GRFs) as well as asymmetric gait patterns. The two aims of this study were to investigate manipulating step frequency as a method to reduce GRFs and its effect on asymmetric gait patterns in individuals with unilateral transfemoral amputation while running.

Methods
This is a cross-sectional study. Nine experienced track and field athletes with unilateral transfemoral amputation were recruited for this study. After calculation of each participant’s preferred step frequency, each individual ran on an instrumented treadmill for 20 s at nine different metronome frequencies ranging from − 20% to + 20% of the preferred frequency in increments of 5% with the help of a metronome. From the data collected, spatiotemporal parameters, three components of peak GRFs, and the components of GRF impulses were computed. The asymmetry ratio of all parameters was also calculated. Statistical analyses of all data were conducted with appropriate tools based on normality analysis to investigate the main effects of step frequency. For parameters with significant main effects, linear regression analyses were further conducted for each limb.

Results
Significant main effects of step frequency were found in multiple parameters (P < 0.01). Both peak GRF and GRF impulse parameters that demonstrated significant main effects tended towards decreasing magnitude with increasing step frequency. Peak vertical GRF in particular demonstrated the most symmetric values between the limbs from − 5% to 0% metronome frequency. All parameters that demonstrated significant effects in asymmetry ratio became more asymmetric with increasing step frequency.

Conclusions
For runners with a unilateral transfemoral amputation, increasing step frequency is a viable method to decrease the magnitude of GRFs. However, with the increase of step frequency, further asymmetry in gait is observed. The relationships between step frequency, GRFs, and the asymmetry ratio in gait may provide insight into the training of runners with unilateral transfemoral amputation for the prevention of injury.
Principles of dormancy evident in high-grade serous ovarian cancer
Authors: Shepherd Trevor G. , Dick Frederick A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn cancer, dormancy refers to a clinical state in which microscopic residual disease becomes non-proliferative and is largely refractory to chemotherapy. Dormancy was first described in breast cancer where disease can remain undetected for decades, ultimately leading to relapse and clinical presentation of the original malignancy. A long latency period can be explained by withdrawal from cell proliferation (cellular dormancy), or a balance between proliferation and cell death that retains low levels of residual disease (tumor mass dormancy). Research into cellular dormancy has revealed features that define this state. They include arrest of cell proliferation, altered cellular metabolism, and unique cell dependencies and interactions with the microenvironment. These characteristics can be shared by dormant cells derived from disparate primary disease sites, suggesting common features exist between them.High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) disseminates to locations throughout the abdominal cavity by means of cellular aggregates called spheroids. These growth-arrested and therapy-resistant cells are a strong contributor to disease relapse. In this review, we discuss the similarities and differences between ovarian cancer cells in spheroids and dormant properties reported for other cancer disease sites. This reveals that elements of dormancy, such as cell cycle control mechanisms and changes to metabolism, may be similar across most forms of cellular dormancy. However, HGSOC-specific aspects of spheroid biology, including the extracellular matrix organization and microenvironment, are obligatorily disease site specific. Collectively, our critical review of current literature highlights places where HGSOC cell dormancy may offer a more tractable experimental approach to understand broad principles of cellular dormancy in cancer.
Using real-world data to dynamically predict flares during tapering of biological DMARDs in rheumatoid arthritis: development, validation, and potential impact of prediction-aided decisions
Authors: van der Leeuw Matthijs S. , Messelink Marianne A. , Tekstra Janneke , Medina Ojay , van Laar Jaap M. , Haitjema Saskia , Lafeber Floris , Veris-van Dieren Josien J. , van der Goes Marlies C. , den Broeder Alfons A. , Welsing Paco M. J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundBiological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) are effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. However, as bDMARDs may also lead to adverse events and are expensive, tapering them is of great clinical interest. Tapering according to disease activity-guided dose optimization (DGDO) does not seem to affect long term remission rates, but flares are frequent during this process. Our objective was to develop a model for the prediction of flares during bDMARD tapering using data from routine care and to evaluate its potential clinical impact.MethodsWe used a joint latent class model to repeatedly predict the probability of a flare occurring within the next 3 months. The model was developed using longitudinal data on disease activity (DAS28) and other routine care data from two clinics. Predictive accuracy was assessed in cross-validation and external validation was performed with data from the DRESS (Dose REduction Strategy of Subcutaneous tumor necrosis factor inhibitors) trial. Additionally, we simulated the reduction in number of flares and bDMARD dose when implementing the model as a decision aid during bDMARD tapering in the DRESS trial.ResultsData from 279 bDMARD courses were used for model development. The final model included two latent DAS28-trajectories, bDMARD type and dose, disease duration, and seropositivity. The area under the curve of the final model was 0.76 (0.69–0.83) in cross-validation and 0.68 (0.62–0.73) in external validation. In simulation of prediction-aided decisions, the mean number of flares over 18 months decreased from 1.21 (0.99–1.43) to 0.75 (0.54–0.96). The reduction in he bDMARD dose was mostly maintained, increasing from 54 to 64% of full dose.ConclusionsWe developed a dynamic flare prediction model, exclusively based on data typically available in routine care. Our results show that using this model to aid decisions during bDMARD tapering may significantly reduce the number of flares while maintaining most of the bDMARD dose reduction.Trial registrationThe clinical impact of the prediction model is currently under investigation in the PATIO randomized controlled trial (Dutch Trial Register number NL9798).
Purchasing behavior and use of digital sports offers by CrossFit® and weightlifting athletes during the first SARS-CoV-2 lockdown in Germany
Authors: Meier Nicole , Nägler Till , Wald Robin , Schmidt Annette 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
To combat the spread of SARS-CoV-2, CrossFit® training centers, and fitness studios were closed during the first lockdown in Germany from mid-March until June 2020, and as a result, CrossFit® (CFA) or weightlifting athletes (WLA) faced a major challenge for the first time. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the impact of the first lockdown on the training behavior and to analyze the way the athletes dealt with the new situation. In detail, we focus on habits of purchase and examine the acceptance of digital sports offers between CFA and WLA in response to the restrictions of the nationwide lockdown.

Methods
An online survey was used to characterize the purchasing behavior and use of digital sports offers of CFA and WLA. In total, 484 volunteers (192 women, 290 men, 2 diverse) responded to the online questionary, allowing us to identify changes in training behavior and differences between the sports disciplines.

Results
Our data shows both CFA and WLA purchase new equipment for a home gym and the use of digital sports increased significantly across all age groups. A comparison during the lockdown even showed that within the CFA, one group (n = 142) reported losing 5 kg or more of body mass, while the value of the WLA remained constant. On the one hand, the results indicate that despite the restrictions during the lockdown, CFA were may able to enhance health aspects by improving their body composition. On the other hand, this study shows that the training habits of both groups of athletes have changed significantly with the use of digital sports offers.

Conclusions
We suppose that the great openness and the expansion of online sports offers during the first lockdown may change the sports industry in the future.
Temperature and precipitation affect seasonal changes in mite communities (Acari: Mesostigmata) in decomposing litter of broadleaved and coniferous temperate tree species
Authors: Kamczyc Jacek , Dyderski Marcin K. , Horodecki Paweł , Jagodziński Andrzej M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Key message
We identified the effect of microclimatic conditions on soil mite communities (Mesostigmata) during the decomposition of broadleaved and coniferous litter. The abundance, species richness, and diversity of mite communities decreased from spring to autumn regardless of litter quality and was related to changes in temperature and precipitation.

Context
Litter decomposition is one of the fundamental soil-supporting processes in terrestrial ecosystems. However, there is still a lack of knowledge on some general patterns of the relationships between litter quality (tree species), microclimate, and structure of soil mite assemblages.

Aims
The study aimed to analyze the impact of climatic conditions (temperature and precipitation) on mesostigmatid mite communities in the litter of 11 tree species through the vegetation season.

Methods
The experiment tested litter decomposition of 11 different tree species (693 litterbags), for seven consecutive months (April-October) under homogenous Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) canopy monocultures in common garden conditions. Soil mites were extracted in Tullgren funnels.

Results
Mesostigmatid mite abundance was positively correlated with the temperature of the sampling month and negatively with the temperature of the previous month. Species richness depended on the sampling month temperature. Changes in litter mass loss in late autumn (after litterfall) and overwinter were important for colonization of litterbags by soil mesostigmatid mites in the following spring.

Conclusions
Changes in climatic conditions, i.e., temperature and precipitation between the sampling months (during the following vegetation period), may cause significant changes in mesostigmatid mite abundance and thus may impact ecosystem functions. The winter period is important for mesostigmatid mite abundance in the following vegetation period.
Do financial aspects affect care transitions in long-term care systems? A systematic review
Authors: Wieczorek Estera , Kocot Ewa , Evers Silvia , Sowada Christoph , Pavlova Milena 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Suboptimal care transitions of older adults may ultimately lead to worse quality of care and increased costs for the health and social care systems. Currently, policies and financing often focus on care in specific settings only, and neglect quality of care during transitions between these settings. Therefore, appropriate financing mechanisms and improved care coordination are necessary for effective care transitions. This study aims to review all available evidence on financial aspects that may have an impact on care transitions in LTC among older adults.

Methods
This systematic review was performed as part of the European TRANS-SENIOR project. The databases Medline, EMBASE (Excerpta Medica Database) and CINAHL (Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) were searched. Studies were included if they reported on organizational and financial aspects that affect care transitions in long-term care systems.

Results
All publications included in this review (19 studies) focused specifically on financial incentives. We identified three types of financial incentives that may play a significant role in care transition, namely: reimbursement mechanism, reward, and penalty. The majority of the studies discussed the role of rewards, specifically pay for performance programs and their impact on care coordination. Furthermore, we found that the highest interest in financial incentives was in primary care settings.

Conclusions
Overall, our results suggest that financial incentives are potentially powerful tools to improve care transition among older adults in long-term care systems and should be taken into consideration by policy-makers.

Trial registration
A review protocol was developed and registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under identification number CRD42020162566.
Research progress and knowledge system of world heritage tourism: a bibliometric analysis
Authors: Zhang Juan , Xiong Kangning , Liu Zhaojun , He Lixiang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the context of integrating culture and tourism, world heritage tourism research has become a focus in tourism research in recent years. There are increasing discussions in academic circles on the content and methods of this field. Clarifying the knowledge system of research is conducive to dialogue with international theoretical frontiers and integrating, analyzing, and predicting the progress and lineage from a more comprehensive perspective. Still, few studies on the knowledge system of world heritage tourism research have been conducted. To fill this gap, this study uses the SSCI and SCI sub-databases of Web of Science Core Collection as the data source with the help of CiteSpace and VOSviewer software to measure the knowledge system of world heritage tourism research. A bibliometric analysis of 567 publications between 1992 and 2020 was conducted to construct a framework of a knowledge system based on literature statistics and content analysis, revealing the geographic research regions, theories and methods, themes and contents, trend evolution, and future research inspiration. The results show that: (1) the number of publications tends to increase gradually, with the highest in 2019. The authors and research institutions are mainly concentrated in Europe, America, East Asia. China has the highest publications. More literature on cultural heritage as a geographical study area than natural heritage. (2) The research themes, objects, and methods of the sample literature have become more diversified with the advancement of the research stage. The literature on multi-stakeholder research is the largest, followed by tourism impacts and research on World Heritage Sites’ resource management techniques and methods. These studies provide a multifaceted interpretation of the sustainable development of World heritage tourism, mainly from the perspectives of both supply and demand. However, the theoretical system is still incomplete. (3) Future research should strengthen the theoretical system construction, research innovation, cooperation, and research exchange in world heritage tourism research. Pay more attention to the research on the pluralistic value system of world heritage. Focus on exploring research on world heritage tourism’s resilience and localization dilemmas under the impact of the New Crown epidemic. To reveal the synergistic mechanisms and paths of diversified livelihoods of World Heritage Sites’ residents in ecologically fragile and impoverished areas.
Size matters: How safety climate and downstream outcomes vary by fire department organization type
Authors: Geczik Ashley M. , Lee Jin , Davis Andrea L. , Allen Joseph A. , Taylor Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Safety climate is an upstream predictor of safety behaviors (e.g., safety compliance), organizational outcomes (e.g., burnout, engagement), and safety outcomes (e.g., injuries). The Fire Service Organizational Culture of Safety (FOCUS) survey, which was psychometrically validated, measures the industry-specific safety climate of the US fire and rescue service. It is expressed by two factors, Management Commitment to Safety and Supervisor Support for Safety.

Methods
The FOCUS beta-test included a random sample of 132 fire departments stratified by Federal Emergency Management Agency region and organization type (career, combination, volunteer). We conducted descriptive analysis with the responses from 8414 firefighters nested within 611 stations in 125 fire departments. We reported descriptive statistics to assess the distribution of all continuous [mean ± standard deviation (SD)] and categorical variables (counts, percentages) stratified by organization type. Regression analyses were conducted to investigate the associations between safety climate, safety behaviors, organizational outcomes, and safety outcomes stratified by organization type.

Results
The mean age of the analytic sample was 40.2 years, and the mean years of experience was 16.1 years. This sample included 53.6% career, 27.2% combination (career and volunteer), and 19.2% volunteer fire departments. The mean Management Commitment score was 71.4 (SD =  ± 10.4), and the mean Supervisor Support score was 81.7 (± 5.2). The mean Management Commitment scores were 67.1 (± 8.4), 72.2 (± 10.7), and 82.1 (± 6.1), respectively, for career, combination, and volunteer fire departments. The mean Supervisor Support scores were not notably different by organization type. Regression analyses generally supported the beneficial role of safety climate, while suggesting organization type as a potential effect modifier. Specifically, we observed a more negative association between Management Commitment as departments became more career.

Conclusions
Analysis of nationally representative data from the US fire and rescue service indicates safety climate is positively associated with safety behavior, organizational outcomes, and safety outcomes reflecting employee well-being. The findings also suggest that this association varies by organization type. In fact, a dose–response relationship was observed, with Management Commitment to safety lowest among career departments. Thus, our results suggest that it is not just being busy that decreases Management Commitment.
A technological breakthrough in developing a state-of-the-art nutraceutical sports nutrition formulation to enhance vitality, mental acuity, vigilance, energy, and stamina
Authors: Bagchi Debasis , Downs Bernard W. , Bagchi Manashi , Kushner Steve 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe researchers demonstrate the development of a novel Prodosome technology-derived PL425 PEC phytonutrient-enriched electrolyte formulation and its significant contribution in fluid homeostasis as well as enhanced neuromuscular function, cardio-protection, pulmonary, and other physiological cellular and organ functions. Electrolytes enriched in phytonutrients including polyphenolic bioflavonoids, anthocyanins, saccharides, sulforaphanes, carotenoids and exotic spices, in conjunction with a full spectrum of sea water-derived electrolytes, such as sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphate, magnesium and bicarbonate, along with vitamin C, all of which are encapsulated in the proprietary Prodosome technology enabling enhanced bioavailability. This technology will maintain important biological functions including metabolic and energy homeostasis, pH equilibration, free radical inhibition, cell-to-cell communication, muscular integrity, enhanced neuronal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and kidney functions. Moreover, these phytonutrients and electrolytes enhance energy metabolism, ATP production, and activate nitric oxide production without L-Arginine. Ongoing research studies are in progress.