bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol, smoking and lung disease
Authors: STRÖM KERSTIN 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAlcohol and smoking are two well‐known health hazards. Alcohol and tobacco consumption are strongly correlated and heavy drinkers have more trouble quitting smoking than do light drinkers. Death from tobaccorelated causes was more common than alcohol‐related death in a follow‐up study on patients admitted to an addiction programme for treatment of alcoholism and non‐nicotine drug dependence. In British male doctors in the middle and elderly age group, a protective effect of light and moderate alcohol consumption (1–3 British units of alcohol per day) compared with abstinence has been shown in one large survey. This protective effect was shown in overall mortality as well as in mortality from respiratory disease. Higher alcohol intakes were associated with an increase in mortality. This characteristic U‐formed, or J‐formed, dose‐response curve has been found in most studies with an apparent beneficial effect of modest alcohol intake and a harmful effect of high intakes. The anti‐inflammatory effect of alcohol has been considered to be responsible for its limited protective effect on smoking‐related lung function decline. Recently, a hitherto unconfirmed report suggests that the beneficial effect of alcohol on lung function in men is restricted to subjects with Lewis‐negative blood group (10% of the Caucasian population). On the other hand, the protective effect in those individuals is large enough to be clinically relevant. Prospective investigations including both men and women are needed to elucidate which individuals have a protective effect of light and moderate alcohol intake. The major deleterious effect of smoking, including passive smoking, must be kept in mind‐drinking alcohol surrounded by cigarette smoke might not be beneficial for respiratory health.
Mother‐child interactions in Canada and Italy: Linguistic responsiveness to late‐talking toddlers
Authors: Girolametto Luigi , Bonifacio Serena , Visini Cristiana , Weitzman Elaine , Zocconi Elisabetta , Pearce Patsy Steig 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe aim was to examine cross‐cultural variation in linguistic responsiveness to young children in 10 English‐speaking mother‐child dyads and 10 Italian‐speaking mother‐child dyads. All 20 children were late talkers who possessed delays in expressive vocabulary development but age‐appropriate cognitive and receptive language skills. Dyads were filmed in 15‐minute free play contexts, which were transcribed and coded for measures of maternal linguistic input (e.g. rate, MLU, labels, expansions) and child language productivity (e.g. utterances, different words used). The results revealed that the Italian mothers used more utterances, spoke more quickly and used a more diverse vocabulary than the Canadian mothers. The Italian children mirrored their mothers and also used more utterances and a more diverse vocabulary than the Canadian children. Mothers in both groups used similar percentages of responsive labels and expansions. However, Italian mothers responded to fewer of their children's vocalizations, using a smaller percentage of imitations and interpretations than the Canadian mothers. Correlations between maternal input and children's language productivity revealed that contingent language measures (e.g. imitations, interpretations, expansions) were related to high levels of productivity in children in both cultural groups. The results support the use of language interventions based on increasing maternal responsiveness for these children at the one‐word stage of language development. They also point to differences that may be culturally based. For example, Italian mothers use faster rates of interaction and appear to have higher expectations for their children's verbal participation in interaction. This is reflected in higher rates of language production from their children, even though children in both cultural groups have similar vocabulary sizes.
Telethonin and Other New Proteins of the Z‐Disc of Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Faulkner Georgine , Lanfranchi Gerolamo , Valle Giorgio 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis brief review outlines some of the most relevant proteins of the Z‐disc and the complex network of interactions that link them together in a stable structure. Apart from the well‐known Z‐disc proteins such as actin, cap‐Z, titin, nebulin, and α‐actinin 2, several other Z‐disc proteins have been recently discovered, including telethonin and myotilin that have been linked to limb girdle muscular dystrophies. Some proteins including ALP and ZASP have known interaction domains (PDZ and LIM motifs), whereas others like FATZ have no canonical interaction domains, although they are known to bind several proteins. Another new Z‐disc protein is γ‐filamin that could provide a link between the plasma membrane and myofibrils because it binds directly to γ‐ and δ‐sarcoglycans and indirectly to α‐actinin 2 via FATZ and myotilin. A greater knowledge of Z‐disc proteins and their interactions is essential for understanding their role in the structure and function of muscle.
Anharmonic effects in the thermodynamic properties of solids IV. The heat capacities of NaCl, KCl and KBr between 30 and 500 °C
Authors: A J Leadbetter  , G R Settatree  
Published: July 2002

The adiabatic calorimeter described previously has been improved by automation of the adiabatic shield control. The calorimeter has been used to measure the heat capacities of NaCl, KCl and KBr in the temperature range 30 to 500 °C with estimated accuracies of better than ±0·3% forTless, similar 430 °C and ±0·5% at the highest temperatures. The precision of the results, as measured by their average deviation from a smooth curve, is about 0·15%.Contributions to the heat capacity arising from the thermal creation of vacancies are discussed in relation to the increasing positive curvature of theCp(T) plots above 600-700 °K. Comparison with the results of ionic conductivity experiments shows that in all three cases the contribution from vacancy formation to the apparent excessCpis a very small fraction (similar 1%) of the total, which is primarily a higher-order anharmonic effect.
Formation and structure of the potassium
graphites
Authors: D E Nixon  , G S Parry  
Published: July 2002

The progressive intercalation of graphite by potassium has been studied by x-ray
diffraction methods. It has been established that potassium graphites of stages 4, 3,
2 and 1 (with intercalated potassium layers separated by 4, 3, 2 and 1 graphite
layers respectively) can be formed successively within a single graphite sample
encapsulated with excess potassium. Each stage was prepared in turn by adjusting the
temperature difference between the graphite and the potassium in a specially designed
double furnace. The graphite layer stacking sequences and repeat distances for stages
2, 3 and 4 are

stage 2
AB| BC| CA| A

c=26·25 Å

stage 3
ABA| ACA| A
24·20 Å

stage 4
ABAB| BCBC| CACA| A
46·35 Å

Within each intercalate layer the potassium atoms are distributed irregularly over
the centres of carbon hexagons in adjacent graphite layers.
The fully ordered structure of the stage 1 compound, A α A β A γ A δ A, has been
confirmed.
A low-energy ion source for the deposition of chromium
Authors: B A Probyn  
Published: July 2002

The feasibility of depositing metal films from a well-defined beam of positively charged chromium ions has been investigated. The design and development of an ion source suitable for this work are described and problems related to the extraction, focusing and deflection of such an ion beam are considered.
It is found that the desired focusing and deflection conditions cannot be achieved in practice because of certain fundamental limitations:
(i) A low-energy beam of less than 500 ev is necessary to obtain a deposit and prevent damage to the substrate by sputtering. Thus space-charge effects become predominant, causing spreading of the beam. (ii) A lens system having a very short focal length is necessary to give a high beam convergence angle. This limits the deflection obtainable without loss of definition. (iii) Energy spread within the beam may also contribute to poor focusing.
A minimum beam diameter of 0·5 mm has been obtained from an ion beam of energy 230 ev having a current density of 8 μA mm−2. Under these conditions the condensation coefficient was found to be approximately 25%, giving a deposition rate of 100 Å min−1.
Friction, wear and surface hardness in abrasion of binary solid-solution alloys in the copper-gold system
Authors: D S Lin  , H Wilman  
Published: July 2002

The friction coefficient μ, the mass wear rateMand the surface micro-hardnessHDare measured in abrasion of Cu-Au alloys (in the fully abraded, and thus fully work-hardened, surface state), sliding on dry `smooth-cut' steel files at a load of about 1 kg and a speed of a few cm s−1.μ andM/ρ (where ρ is the density) are found to be nearly the same as for a pure cubic metal of similarHD, and vary with alloy composition in a nearly parabolic manner analogous to that found by Sachs and Weerts for the shear stress of Ag-Au alloys. The deviations Δμ and Δ(M/ρ) from a Vegard's-law type of linear dependence on composition are approximately proportional to each other and to|Δa|, the lattice dimension deviation from Vegard's law, but they vary non-linearly with ΔHD. Similar results are indicated for the Cu-Zn and Cu-Ni alloy systems. On this basis the probable μ,M/ρ andHDcan be estimated for abrasion of face-centred-cubic alloys of other binary solid-solution systems. The stored energy in the abraded alloy surface regions is also estimated from μ andM.
Laser-induced electron emission from tungsten, tantalum and lanthanum hexaboride using ruby and argon lasers
Authors: L G Pittaway  , J Smith  , E D Fletcher  , B W Nicholls  
Published: July 2002

A description is given of experiments carried out using pulsed ruby and argon lasers to investigate the possibility of producing pulses of high electron emission current densities from tantalum, tungsten and lanthanum hexaboride cathodes heated by a focused laser beam. Current densities as high as 104 A cm−2 were recorded using the ruby laser but subsequently it was shown, using the repetitively pulsed argon laser, that electron current densities of this order were obtained only when the cathode material was being melted. Lanthanum hexaboride was found to undergo changes on the surface when repetitively pulsed and was rejected in favour of the pure metals tungsten and tantalum. From these metals stable emission currents up to 1 mA peak were recorded from spots approximately 15 μm in diameter (i.e. 570 A cm−2) for several hours without incurring surface damage. Current density values of this order are near to those calculated from the Richardson equation for temperatures just below their melting points.
Experimental results have confirmed theoretical predictions regarding the delayed onset of emission, the delay in the peak emission relative to the peak light intensity and the extremely rapid termination of the emission pulse.
A theoretical and experimental analysis of high-strain-rate tensile tests using Malvern's theory
Authors: R Botte  , D Rousseau  , P Gobin  
Published: July 2002

The theoretical behaviour of a cylindrical specimen of finite length during a high-strain-rate tensile test has been studied with the help of a strain-rate dependent theory. The behaviour is compared with experimental observations of tests on a specimen partially fixed at one extremity and submitted to a constant velocity impact at the other end. The chosen plasticity function is that introduced by Malvern which predicts a linear relationship between the stress and plastic strain rate. The calculations and experiments have been done in two cases: (i) ideal elastic-plastic material and (ii) highly work-hardened material.The main results are as follows: two stages can be distinguished, a `transient' state at the beginning of the test, where the values of state variables are heterogeneous, and a `steady' state where stress and strain rate are uniform in the whole specimen. The strain distribution in the steady state depends markedly upon the `quasi-static' stress-strain relation σ=h(ϵ) and the parameter of the plasticity function. Malvern's theory is a good approximation of the experimental results in the `steady' state, but it cannot predict those of the `transient' state; in particular the theory gives too low values of the peak stress at the extremity of the specimen opposite to the impact section. The use of a more complex plasticity function is briefly investigated.
Initial hydration steps in lipase studied by means of water sorption isotherms, FTIR spectroscopy and thermally stimulated depolarization currents
Authors: M G Bridelli  , R Capelletti  , F Maraia  , C Mora  , L Pirola  
Published: July 2002

The role of water in lipases, a class of proteins endowed with a large external hydrophobic surface, is not yet fully understood. To analyse the water-related structural properties and the possible implications for the protein functionality, three experimental techniques such as water sorption isotherms, thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDCs), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were applied to pellets and/or films of lipase fromCandida lipolytica, prepared at very low hydration degreesh, ranging between 0.003 and 0.457 gwater/gprotein. Two main broad TSDC bands (a weak one peaking atT≅160 K and a strong one atT≅260 K) were detected. The peak amplitudes and positions critically depend not only on the water content, but also on the previous hydration history of the sample. FTIR spectra monitored: (1) the amplitude and position changes of the characteristic optical absorption bands (amide A, B, I, and II) as a function of the humidity level, (2) the presence of a considerable amount of β-sheet structure at high hydration degrees, and (3) a conformational transition induced by drastic dehydration treatments. Complementary sorption isotherms, performed by means of a gravimetric method, showed a marked hysteresis in the lipase-aqueous solvent interaction. The whole set of results provides a model for the initial steps of the lipase hydration kinetics. Ath= 0.009, 13 water molecules are buried in the macromolecule, probably bound to the peptidic backbone. Ath= 0.037 all polar and charged free groups are hydrated. At higherha solution phase begins, and ath= 0.457 about 660 water molecules are accommodated around the protein, giving rise to three to four complete layer coverages.
The identification of species evolved in the evaporation of III-V compounds
Authors: C T Foxon  , B A Joyce  , R F C Farrow  , R M Griffiths  
Published: July 2002

Methods are discussed for distinguishing between volatile species in a direct evaporation flux from those produced by various background interactions, using mass-spectrometric techniques. It is shown that while flux modulation methods are essential, phase-sensitive detection at a single frequency is inadequate, and that measurements must be made over a wide frequency range. The improvement over frequency domain methods which can be achieved using time representation of the pulsed signal with signal-averaging and fast Fourier transforms is illustrated. In addition, a means of minimizing mass discrimination effects in the mass spectrometer is described.Results obtained by the application of various forms of data acquisition and signal processing to the Knudsen and Langmuir evaporation of InP, GaP and GaAs are presented, and some thermodynamic implications of the new vapour pressure values examined.
ECRF experiments for local heating and current drive by fundamental O-mode launch from the low-field side on JT-60U
Authors: Y. Ikeda  , S. Ide  , T. Suzuki  , A. Kasugai  , K. Takahashi  , K. Kajiwara  , A. Isayama  , T. Oikawa  , K. Hamamatsu  , Y. Kamada  , T. Fujita  , K. Sakamoto  , S. Moriyama  , M. Seki  , R. Yoshino  , T. Imai  , K. Ushigusa  , T. Fujii  , JT-60 Team  
Published: July 2002

An electron cyclotron range of frequency (ECRF) program has been initiated to study the local heating and current drive in JT-60U. A frequency of 110 GHz was adopted to couple the fundamental O-mode from the low-field side with an oblique toroidal injection angle for the current drive. Experiments were performed at an injection power of ~1.5 MW by using three gyrotrons, each of which has generated the output power up to ~0.8 MW for 3 seconds. A strongly peakedTeprofile was observed and the central electron temperature increased up to ~15 keV when the O-mode was absorbed on the axis. The local electron heating clarified the significant difference in the heat pulse propagation between in the plasmas with internal transport barrier (ITB) and without. The driven current estimated by the Motional Stark Effect (MSE) diagnostic showed that the electron cyclotron (EC) waves drove the plasma current up to ~0.2 MA for an injected power of ~1.3 MW at the local electron temperature and density ofTe~6 keV,ne~0.7×1019 m-3. The measured driven current near the axis was consistent with the theoretical prediction using a Fokker-Planck code. In the case of co-electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD), the sawtooth activity in neutral beam (NB) heated plasma was completely suppressed for 1.5 s with the deposition at the inversion radius, while the sawtooth was enhanced for counter-ECCD at the same deposition condition.
Operator semigroups with quasinilpotent commutators
Authors: Radjavi Heydar , Rosenthal Peter , Shulman Victor 
Published: July 2002

It is shown that a multiplicative semigroup of operators is triangularizable if

S
T
−
T
S

ST-TS

is quasinilpotent for every pair

{
S
,

T
}

\{S,\ T\}

in the semigroup and certain other hypotheses are satisfied.
Global existence and blowup of solutions for a parabolic equation with a gradient term
Authors: Chen Shaohua 
Published: July 2002

The author discusses the semilinear parabolic equation

u
t

=
Δ
u
+
f
(
u
)
+
g
(
u
)

|

∇
u

|

2

u_t=\Delta u + f(u) + g(u)|\nabla u|^2

with

u

|

∂
Ω

=
0
,

u
(
x
,
0
)
=
ϕ
(
x
)

u|_{\partial \Omega }=0, \ u(x,0)=\phi (x)

. Under suitable assumptions on

f
f

and

g
g

, he proves that, if

0
≤
ϕ
≤
λ
ψ

0 \leq \phi \leq \lambda \psi

with

λ
>
1

\lambda > 1

, then the solutions are global, while if

ϕ
≥
λ
ψ

\phi \geq \lambda \psi

with

λ
>
1

\lambda > 1

, then the solutions blow up in a finite time, where

ψ
\psi

is a positive solution of

Δ
ψ
+
f
(
ψ
)
+
g
(
ψ
)

|

∇
ψ

|

2

=
0

\Delta \psi +f(\psi )+g(\psi )|\nabla \psi |^2=0

, with

ψ

|

∂
Ω

=
0

\psi |_{\partial \Omega }=0

.
Generalized frames and their redundancy
Authors: Askari-Hemmat A. , Dehghan M. , Radjabalipour M. 
Published: July 2002

Let

h
h

be a generalized frame in a separable Hilbert space

H
H

indexed by a measure space

(
M
,

S

,
μ
)

(M,\mathcal { S},\mu )

, and assume its analysing operator is surjective. It is shown that

h
h

is essentially discrete; that is, the corresponding index measure space

(
M
,

S

,
μ
)

(M,\mathcal { S},\mu )

can be decomposed into atoms

E
1

,

E
2

,
⋯

E_1,E_2,\cdots

such that

L
2

(
μ
)

L^2(\mu )

is isometrically isomorphic to the weighted space

ℓ
w
2

\ell ^2_w

of all sequences

{

c
i

}

\{c_i\}

of complex numbers with

|

|

{

c
i

}

|

|

2

=
∑

|

c
i

|

2

w
i

>
∞

||\{c_i\}||^2=\sum |c_i|^2 w_i>\infty

, where

w
i

=
μ
(

E
i

)
,

i
=
1
,
2
,
⋯
.

w_i=\mu (E_i),\ i=1,2,\cdots .

This provides a new proof for the redundancy of the windowed Fourier transform as well as any wavelet family in

L
2

(

R

)

L^2(\mathbb {R})

.
On the solutions of the congruence 𝑛²≡1(𝑚𝑜𝑑𝜙²(𝑛))
Authors: Luca Florian , Křǐžek Michal 
Published: July 2002

In this note, we show that if

n
n

is a positive integer satisfying the congruence

n

2

≡
1

(
m
o
d

ϕ

2

(
n
)
)

n^{2}\equiv 1~ (mod~\phi ^{2}(n))

, then

n
≤
3

n\le 3

.
On the volume and the Gauss map image of spacelike hypersurfaces in de Sitter space
Authors: Aledo Juan , Alías Luis 
Published: July 2002

In this paper we prove that a complete spacelike hypersurface

M
n

M^n

in de Sitter space such that its image under the Gauss map is contained in a hyperbolic geodesic ball of radius

ϱ
\varrho

is necessarily compact and its

n
n

-dimensional volume satisfies

ω
n

/

c
o
s
h

(
ϱ
)
≤

v
o
l

(
M
)
≤

ω
n

c
o
s
h

n

(
ϱ
)

\omega _n/\mathrm {cosh}(\varrho )\leq \mathrm {vol}(M)\leq \omega _n\mathrm { cosh}^{n}(\varrho )

, where

ω
n

\omega _n

denotes the volume of a unitary round

n
n

-sphere. We also characterize the case where these inequalities become equalities. As an application of our result, we also conclude that Goddard’s conjecture is true under the assumption that the hyperbolic image of the hypersurface is bounded.
On the interpolation constant for Orlicz spaces
Authors: Karlovich Alexei , Maligranda Lech 
Published: July 2002

In this paper we deal with the interpolation from Lebesgue spaces

L
p

L^p

and

L
q

L^q

, into an Orlicz space

L
φ

L^\varphi

, where

1
≤
p
>
q
≤
∞

1\le p>q\le \infty

and

φ

−
1

(
t
)
=

t

1

/

p

ρ
(

t

1

/

q
−
1

/

p

)

\varphi ^{-1}(t)=t^{1/p}\rho (t^{1/q-1/p})

for some concave function

ρ
\rho

, with special attention to the interpolation constant

C
C

. For a bounded linear operator

T
T

in

L
p

L^p

and

L
q

L^q

, we prove modular inequalities, which allow us to get the estimate for both the Orlicz norm and the Luxemburg norm,
\[

‖
T

‖

L
φ

→

L
φ

≤
C
max

{

‖
T

‖

L
p

→

L
p

,
‖
T

‖

L
q

→

L
q

}

,

\|T\|_{L^\varphi \to L^\varphi } \le C\max \Big \{ \|T\|_{L^p\to L^p}, \|T\|_{L^q\to L^q} \Big \},

\]
where the interpolation constant

C
C

depends only on

p
p

and

q
q

. We give estimates for

C
C

, which imply

C
>
4

C>4

. Moreover, if either

1
>
p
>
q
≤
2

1> p>q\le 2

or

2
≤
p
>
q
>
∞

2\le p>q>\infty

, then

C
>
2

C> 2

. If

q
=
∞

q=\infty

, then

C
≤

2

1
−
1

/

p

C\le 2^{1-1/p}

, and, in particular, for the case

p
=
1

p=1

this gives the classical Orlicz interpolation theorem with the constant

C
=
1

C=1

.
A combinatorial property of cardinals
Authors: Komjáth Péter , Laczkovich Miklós 
Published: July 2002

(GCH) For every cardinal

κ
≥

ω
2

\kappa \ge \omega _2

there exists

F
:
[
κ

]

≤
2

→
{
0
,
1
}

F:[\kappa ]^{\le 2} \to \{ 0,1\}

such that for every

f
:
κ
→
[
κ

]

>
ω

,

i
>
2

f: \kappa \to [\kappa ]^{>\omega },\ i > 2

, there are

x
,
y

x,y

such that

F
(
x
,
t
)
=
i

(
t
∈
f
(
y
)
)
,

F
(
u
,
y
)
=
i

(
u
∈
f
(
x
)
)

F(x,t)=i\ (t\in f(y)),\ F(u,y)=i\ (u\in f(x))

.
Convolution operators and zeros of entire functions
Authors: Cardon David 
Published: July 2002

Let

G
(
z
)

G(z)

be a real entire function of order less than

2
2

with only real zeros. Then we classify certain distribution functions

F
F

such that the convolution

(
G
∗
d
F
)
(
z
)
=

∫

−
∞

∞

G
(
z
−
i
s
)

d
F
(
s
)

(G*dF)(z)=\int _{-\infty }^{\infty } G(z-is)\,dF(s)

has only real zeros.
Equivalence of domains with isomorphic semigroups of endomorphisms
Authors: Merenkov Sergei 
Published: July 2002

For two bounded domains

Ω
1

,

Ω
2

\Omega _1,\ \Omega _2

in

C

\mathbb {C}

whose semigroups of analytic endomorphisms

E
(

Ω
1

)
,

E
(

Ω
2

)

E(\Omega _1), \ E(\Omega _2)

are isomorphic with an isomorphism

φ
:

E
(

Ω
1

)
→
E
(

Ω
2

)

\varphi :\ E(\Omega _1)\rightarrow E(\Omega _2)

, Eremenko proved in 1993 that there exists a conformal or anticonformal map

ψ
:

Ω
1

→

Ω
2

\psi :\ \Omega _1\rightarrow \Omega _2

such that

φ
f
=
ψ
∘
f
∘

ψ

−
1

,

\varphi f=\psi \circ f\circ \psi ^{-1},

for all

f
∈
E
(

Ω
1

)

f\in E(\Omega _1)

. In the present paper we prove an analogue of this result for the case of bounded domains in

C

n

\mathbb {C}^n

.