bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of metal state in molten production processes using electromagnetic tomography with fast integrated processing
Authors: Chen Ziqi , Hao Haibin , Salas-Avila J R , Fan Mingyang , Xie Yuedong , Wang Shupei , Li Jiyao , Xu Jianxin , Wang Hua , Yin Wuliang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper presents imaging of copper slag solidification processes using electromagnetic tomography (EMT). It describes key components of the measurement system including a sensor that can operate in the harsh temperature environments. An integrated process tomography system is detailed that includes the main processing unit, i.e. a field programmable gate array and other front end circuitries. It is capable of delivering a wide excitation signal frequency ranging from 0.1 Hz to 500 kHz and a fast speed of 131 frames s−1 with a typical signal-to-noise ratio of 66 dB–95 dB. Measurement trials were conducted on a molten converter slag solidification process where the copper slag changes from the molten state to solidification state during the cool-down for more than an hour. The phenomenon in which the disorderly distributed metal gradually forms solid and permeable object was observed, which can indicate the status of the process. This is the first report of observing such a process using an EMT system. Moreover location-based convergence analysis has been carried out in the imaging space and useful new insights have been gained for the copper production process, which would be difficult to obtain otherwise. Verification and calibration using x-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope indicate the viability of the EMT-based measurement method.
Gliding for Olympic success
Authors: Heck André , Uylings Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
When thinking about Olympic winter sports and watching events on television, people mostly focus on events where the chances of success are high for fellow-countrymen. For example, in the Netherlands speed skating is considered the main winter sports event. But with Kimberley Bos there is now also a Dutch medal candidate for the Winter Olympics 2022 in the skeleton discipline. Where speed skaters prepare in summer for the winter season with roller skates, Bos trains on an athletics track with a self-built board on wheels as a replacement for the skeleton. British athletes on the other hand can choose the bobsleigh and skeleton push-start track at the University of Bath for their summer preparation. We prepare for the upcoming Winter Olympics 2022 by taking a physics view on advanced sleighing. We show how school physics helps understanding the motion of athletes in bobsleigh and skeleton and increases respect for the athletes’ performance.
Feasibility study of a proton CT system based on 4D-tracking and residual energy determination via time-of-flight
Authors: Ulrich-Pur Felix , Bergauer Thomas , Burker Alexander , Hirtl Albert , Irmler Christian , Kaser Stefanie , Pitters Florian , Rit Simon 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective. For dose calculations in ion beam therapy, it is vital to accurately determine the relative stopping power (RSP) distribution within the treatment volume. A suitable imaging modality to achieve the required RSP accuracy is proton computed tomography (pCT), which usually uses a tracking system and a separate residual energy (or range) detector to directly measure the RSP distribution. This work investigates the potential of a novel pCT system based on a single detector technology, namely low gain avalanche detectors (LGADs). LGADs are fast 4D-tracking detectors, which can be used to simultaneously measure the particle position and time with precise timing and spatial resolution. In contrast to standard pCT systems, the residual energy is determined via a time-of-flight (TOF) measurement between different 4D-tracking stations. Approach. To show the potential of using 4D-tracking for proton imaging, we studied and optimized the design parameters for a realistic TOF-pCT system using Monte Carlo simulations. We calculated the RSP accuracy and RSP resolution inside the inserts of the CTP404 phantom and compared the results to a simulation of an ideal pCT system. Main results. After introducing a dedicated calibration procedure for the TOF calorimeter, RSP accuracies less than 0.6% could be achieved. We also identified the design parameters with the strongest impact on the RSP resolution and proposed a strategy to further improve the image quality. Significance. This comprehensive study of the most important design aspects for a novel TOF-pCT system could help guide future hardware developments and, once implemented, improve the quality of treatment planning in ion beam therapy.
A multi-posture 3D printed actuator composed of VT-type bidirectional deflection fishbone-like modules based on shape memory alloy wires
Authors: Li Xiaozheng , Liu Shutian , Tong Liyong , Gao Renjing 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a multi-posture actuator (MPA) composed of VT-type bidirectional deflection fishbone-like modules (VBFM) based on shape memory alloy (SMA) wires is proposed for realizing multi-posture deformation control. Through sizing of the VT-type structure and the arrangement of VBFM in series, it is possible to realize the actuator design meeting specific deformation requirements. The thermo-mechanical coupling analysis model based on kinematics, dynamics, thermodynamics and SMA models is established to study the VBFM deflection angle and multi-posture performance of the MPA. The experimental and numerical results show that the MPA can achieve the target postures and the maximum deflection angle of the single VBFM can reach about 1.8°, and the 5-VBFM MPA can deflect a maximum angle of approximately 9° in one direction. In addition, the load actuation performance of 1-VBFM and 5-VBFM MPA is investigated, and the results show that the actuated deflection angle increases with the input electrical power within its effective range and decreases with the external resistance load. When multiple modules are combined, the deflection angle can be accumulated, and they can be used in medical robotic arms, space cleaning grab mechanisms, etc.
Laser osteoperforation of lumbar facet joints: experimental study on mini pigs
Authors: Lychagin A V , Cherepanov V G , Ivannikov S V , Radenska-Lopovok S G , Yang Ya , Startseva E D , Drogin A R , Zharova T A , Vyazankin I A 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Lumbar pain holds one of the leading positions of prevalence in the world. The common cause of vertebrogenic pain syndrome is spondylarthrosis. Conservative management of spondylarthrosis does not consistently provide an evident therapeutic effect. Open surgical treatment of spondylarthrosis also has a number of disadvantages due to a high risk of postoperative complications and high injury rate. Experimental determination of optimal operational modes of the devices for laser osteoperforation of lumbar facet joints was the purpose of this study. The experiment was performed in March 2020. Within the experiment, laser osteoperforation of lumbar facet joints was performed in experimental animals (mini pigs) with simultaneous measurement of the temperature on the surface and within the tissue and with further histological examination of bone material. The Ethics Committee Approval for the experiment was preliminarily obtained. The highest temperature of 79 °С was registered while performing open laser osteoperforation of the facet joint. Eventually, the following optimal operational modes of laser devices were determined: 2.0 W in continuous mode for radiation with the wavelength of 0.97 µm, and 5.0 W in pulse-periodic mode for radiation with the wavelength of 1.56 µm at the pulse length of 100.0 ms and the pause length of 50.0 ms. Histological examination results were obtained. The optimal modes of laser exposure while performing osteoperforation of facet joints were experimentally worked through and determined, which was further proven by the histological examination data. It makes sense to continue the exploratory development to implement the method in clinical practice.
Real-time assessment of tumor-induced by DMBA in mice model guided by swept-source optical coherence tomography
Authors: Indoliya Abhishek , Pal Kaustav , Pattnaik Ashok Kumar , Poddar Raju 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
To better understand any tumor, first, we need to know the characteristic features. The tumor microenvironment is that the signature helps us know the dermatological condition for biopsy. Some traditional optical imaging methods have restricted properties to visualize shallow skin highlights, and boundary data is missing to identify pathophysiology relationships of skin infections. Here, we illustrate a swept-source optical coherence tomography (SSOCT) technique that non-invasively visualizes (in-vivo) the tissue micro-structure/neoplastic changes during tumor development as optical biopsy in real-time with pathophysiological correlations in the mice model. To further validate the current study, we perform the corresponding histopathology (ex-vivo) of that tumor region. Furthermore, the scattering coefficient and the optical penetration depth analysis prove that SSOCT imaging can provide detailed findings and treatment in dermatology.
Shadows and observation intensity of black holes in the Randall–Sundrum brane world model *
Authors: He Ke-Jian , Zhang Xiao , Li Xin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The shadow and observation intensity of a black hole surrounded by a thin spherical accretion in the Randall–Sundrum brane world model are investigated. The bulk metric depends on the tidal charge parameter, q, and deformation parameter, C. It reduces to the metric that possesses similar form with the Reissner–Nordström metric if

. It is shown that the radius of the photon sphere of this black hole depends only on the tidal charge parameter. The radius of the photon sphere decreases with higher q. The observation intensity is mainly influenced by the tidal charge parameter, q, and the deformation parameter, C, is of secondary importance. In the optical observation, the black holes appear brighter with higher q or lower C.
SCC-MPGCN: self-attention coherence clustering based on multi-pooling graph convolutional network for EEG emotion recognition
Authors: Zhao Huijuan , Liu Jingjin , Shen Zhenqian , Yan Jingwen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The emotion recognition with electroencephalography (EEG) has been widely studied using the deep learning methods, but the topology of EEG channels is rarely exploited completely. In this paper, we propose a self-attention coherence clustering based on multi-pooling graph convolutional network (SCC-MPGCN) model for EEG emotion recognition. The adjacency matrix is constructed based on phase-locking value to describe the intrinsic relationship between different EEG electrodes as graph signals. The graph Laplacian matrix is obtained from the adjacency matrix and then is fed into the graph convolutional layers to learn the generalized features. Moreover, we propose a novel graph coarsening method called SCC, using the coherence to cluster the nodes. The benefits are that the dimensionality of adjacency matrix can be reduced and the global information can be achieved from the raw data. Meanwhile, a MPGCN block is introduced to learn the generalized features of emotional states. The fully-connected layer and a softmax layer are adopted to derive the final classification results. We carry out the extensive experiments on DEAP dataset and the results show that the proposed method has better classification results than the state-of-the-art methods with the ten-fold cross-validation. And the model achieves the emotion recognition performance with a mean accuracy of 96.37%, 97.02%, 96.72% on valence, arousal, and dominance dimension, respectively.
Phase-field microstructure-based effective thermal conductivity calculations in tungsten
Authors: Li Bingchen , Jin Shuo , Xue Bowen , Liang Linyun , Lu Guang-Hong 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Using a phase-field approach with the heat conduction equation, we predict the grain growth behaviors in tungsten (W) and their effects on effective thermal conductivity. Results show that the simulated grain growth kinetics is basically consistent with experimental observations. An empirical correlation is derived, describing the averaged grain area as a function of temperature and time. Further, we study the effect of grain growth, columnar crystal structure, and recrystallization on the effective thermal conductivity of W. It is found that the effective thermal conductivity increases nonlinearly with increasing grain size, and a simple correlation of converting two-dimension into three-dimension effective thermal conductivity is obtained. Interestingly, the effective thermal conductivity of the columnar crystal is relatively high along the elongated direction and higher than that of the isometric crystal. Nevertheless, the effective thermal conductivity decreases with the occurrence of the recrystallization due to the increased grain boundary density. Our results reveal that grain growth and grain structure can affect the capacity of heat transfer at high temperatures, which could be considered in the transient event of the long-time service of W materials in fusion devices.
Liquefaction performances of the mixture of paper fibre and LDPE in subcritical water
Authors: Guan Chunxing , Wang Ying , Zong Xiuyu , Zhang Pu , Hui Fan , Gong Hao , Wang Yuzhen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The waste Tetra pack impose a great pressure on environment. In this paper, we use hydrothermal liquefaction technique to convert it into valuable crude oil. The paper fibre and LDPE were studied in supercritical water at 420 °C, 25 MPa and residence time of 30 min. Effect of paper fibre: LDPE on the crude oil yield, components distribution and high heat value were investigated in depth. Results showed that maximum crude oil yield of 27.33 wt% was obtained at paper fibre to LDPE of 8:2, minimum O/C of 0.094 was obtained at paper fibre to LDPE of 5:5, which reflect that HTL of paper fibre and LDPE had a synergetic effect. And the highest high heat value of the crude oil reach 37.7 MJ/kg at the ratio of 5:5• The CH radicals produced from LDPE chain can promote the hydrogenation reaction that then decrease the production of oxygen-containing groups, and also the broken of C-C bond in lignin will be accelerate, which increased the diesel (C16-C47) compound.
Analysis of the thermal process of hot oil pipeline shutdown and restart
Authors: Zheng Zhan , Mengyao Xu , Xiaohu Chang , Duolong Gao , Yuqi Zhang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
For a long transport pipeline in service in the east, the thermodynamic change rules along the pipeline during shutdown and restart were simulated and analyzed respectively, and the characteristics of soil temperature field during restart were clarified. The change of the dangerous section position was analyzed emphatically, and the reasonable shutdown time was determined according to the temperature of the dangerous section position. The research of this paper can provide theoretical support for the determination of shutdown time in the process of shutdown.
Analysis of factors affecting thermal recovery of porous media in heavy oil reservoir
Authors: Zhong Rongqiang , Yao Lirong , Zhao Yi , Zhao Deyin , Li Zhenjia 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the process of hot recovery of heavy oil, there are many factors affecting the seepage velocity of porous media in reservoir, which can be broadly divided into geological factors and development factors. Among geological factors, reservoir permeability is an important factor affecting oil recovery by water drive, and injection-production inlet pressure and injection-production temperature are also very important. Numerical simulation is used to study the variation of permeability velocity and temperature of porous media in reservoir. The numerical simulation results show that with the increase of porous media permeability, the time for the reservoir porous media to reach stability becomes shorter, and the permeability of the reservoir shows an obvious trend of acceleration. Under the same conditions, the larger the volume fraction is, the larger the volume occupied by solids will be, leading to the smaller skeleton cross section of reservoir porous media, which will weaken the ability of fluid to pass through the porous media. When the viscosity of heavy oil is high, the thermal recovery effect will be reduced. Increasing the injection pressure of injection-production fluid can effectively increase the flow velocity of fluid in porous media.
The affection of Crude Oil Physical Parameters on Heat Transfer
Authors: Jining Liu , Deyin Zhao , Yi Zhao , Rongqiang Zhong , Lirong Yao , Zhenjia Li 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper used the partition method mathematical model, considering the oil’s latent heat effects and the cyclical changes of atmospheric temperature, studied on the influence of crude oil properties on heat and mass transfer during the process of shutdown in overhead pipe. This paper used UFD method to simulate the internal temperature field in shutdown overhead pipe with different crude oil’s physical parameters, and gave the solidification cloud charts of medium in typical shutdown time.
A review of hydrogen-based hybrid renewable energy systems: Simulation and optimization with artificial intelligence
Authors: Cai Wenchao , Li Chenglong , Agbossou Kodjo , Bénard Pierre , Xiao Jinsheng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
With the massive use of traditional fossil fuels, greenhouse gas emissions are increasing, and environmental pollution is becoming an increasingly serious problem, which led to an imminent energy transition. Therefore, the development and application of renewable energy are particularly important. This paper reviews a wide range of issues associated with hybrid renewable energy systems (HRESs). The issues concerning system configurations, energy storage options, simulation and optimization with artificial intelligence are discussed in detail. Storage technology options are introduced for stand-alone (off-grid) and grid-connected (on-grid) HRESs. Different optimization methodologies, including classical techniques, intelligent techniques, hybrid techniques and software tools for sizing system components, are presented. Besides, the artificial intelligence methods for optimizing the solar/wind HRESs are discussed in detail.
Soot formation in methane-ethylene binary fuel combustion with hydrogen addition
Authors: Wang Y , Gu M Y , Cao L 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A numerical investigation of soot formation was conducted by applying the reactive molecular dynamics, and the chemical effect of H2 addition on the soot formation was explored. It was found that a higher initial methane ratio under the same hydrogen doping ratio could accelerate the rate of methane consumption and hydrogen generation As the proportion of methane in the methane-ethylene binary fuel increased, the chemical effect of H2 on the carbon number of the largest soot particles gradually weakened. Quantitative analysis showed that there was almost no coupling effect of hydrogen addition in the methane-ethylene binary fuel.
Fault detection and diagnosis of GCPV systems using bayesian neural network
Authors: Kara Mostefa Khelil C , Amrouche B , Kara K 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
At present, artificial neural networks are massively and successfully used for faults diagnosis of grid connected PV (GCPV) systems thanks to their capabilities of learning and generalization. In fact, the use of ANN permits the development of intelligent algorithms that can learn all the PV systems working status and then be able to detect and identify possible malfunctions status and causes independently of the ANNs type. However each type of ANN owns its proper characteristics from point of view of its accuracy, efficiency, reliability as well as its response of time in term of faults detection and diagnosis compared to others. In this article, fault detection and diagnosis of small GCPV array based on experimental setup using Bayesian Neural Network is presented. This type of Artificial Neural Network can secure the identification and localization of the greatest recurring cases in PV generator in particular short-circuit, open-circuit and healthy cases. This study requires four input data: irradiation, cell temperature, current and voltage of maximum power point. Results show that, this study proved an excellent level of accuracy displaying (99.88%) in term of detection and localization of treated faults with global response time equals to 16 min22.
Investigation of Hydrogen Dispersion Characteristics with Liquid Helium Spills
Authors: Shu Z Y , Lei G , Liang W Q , Wang T X , Qian H 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Liquid hydrogen is an important way for hydrogen energy storage and transportation in the future. However, the safety issue should be a concern because it will quickly form a low- temperature, flammable and explosive vapor cloud when liquid hydrogen leaks. A new liquid helium spill experiment method was used to predict the dispersion characteristics of liquid hydrogen in confined space at this work. The concentration cloud and the infrared cloud images near the liquid helium pool were obtained at the same time. Results show it is a safe and reliable way to study the leakage and diffusion characteristics of liquid hydrogen instead of liquid helium. After the liquid helium leaks and diffuses, a white cloud cluster will quickly form, and the vapor cloud cluster has a clear temperature boundary observed by infrared thermal imaging equipment. The concentration decay rate of the helium concentration near the leakage port along the vertical height is less than the concentration decay rate of the horizontal distance, which are 0.098%/mm and 0.118%/mm, respectively. The research results have certain technical guidance for the application and safety protection of liquid hydrogen.
Potential, attainable, and current levels of global crop diversity
Authors: Aramburu Merlos Fernando , Hijmans Robert J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
High levels of crop species diversity are considered beneficial. However, increasing diversity might be difficult because of environmental constraints and the reliance on a few major crops for most food supply. Here we introduce a theoretical framework of hierarchical levels of crop diversity, in which the environmental requirements of crops limit potential diversity, and the demand for agricultural products further constrain attainable crop diversity. We estimated global potential, attainable, and current crop diversity for grid cells of 86 km2. To do so, we first estimated cropland suitability values for each of 171 crops, with spatial distribution models to get estimations of relative suitability and with a crop model to estimate absolute suitability. We then used a crop allocation algorithm to distribute the required crop area to suitable cropland. We show that the attainable crop diversity is lower in temperate and continental areas than in tropical and coastal regions. The diversity gap (the difference between attainable and current crop diversity) is particularly large in most of the Americas and relatively small in parts of Europe and East Asia. By filling these diversity gaps, crop diversity could double on 84% of the world’s agricultural land without changing the aggregate amount of global food produced. It follows that while there are important regional differences in attainable diversity, specialization of farms and regions is the main reason for low levels of local crop diversity across the globe, rather than our high reliance on a few crops.