bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibiosis in Lycopersicon to the Tomato Fruitworm (Heliothis zea)1
Authors: Fery Richard L. , Cuthbert Frank P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaves of Lycopersicon hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl. and L. hirsutum f. glabratum C. H. Mull, contained a factor highly antibiotic to tomato fruitworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), larvae. The factor was extractable with ethanol and lethal to larvae fed on an artifical diet containing the extract. The antibiotic factor appeared to be inherited recessively. Because the early instars of H. zea larvae on tomato, L. esculentum Mill., plants depend on leaf tissue rather than fruit as a primary food source, this antibiotic factor may be a valuable source of resistance for commercial cultivars.
Effect of the R/r Alleles on Seed Yield of Kidney Bean Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Tucker C. L. , Harding James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
R/r alleles in kidney bean had no effect on seed yield. It should be possible to develop dark red kidney cultivars that yield as well as light red kidney cultivars. The interaction of genotypes with locations suggests that many locations will be required to evaluate the yield of breeding lines. While years and locations had the largest interaction, genotypes did not interact with years. The evaluation of kidney bean cultivars in California should be done at as many locations as possible and sampling many years is of minor concern.
The Use of Weight, Density, Heat Units, and Solar Radiation to Predict the Maturity of Cabbage for Storage1
Authors: Isenberg F. M. R. , Pendergress Ann , Carroll James E. , Howell Lydia , Oyer E. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four cultivars and several breeding lines of storage cabbage were grown by direct seeding and by transplanting over 2 seasons. Weights and densities of heads harvested at successive intervals in conjunction with heat units and available solar radiation yielded estimates of the time to maturity and the mature time interval in the field before splitting is likely to occur. Most cultivars of storage cabbage are ready for harvest when they have attained a density of 0.72–0.80 and a weight of 2.2–3.0 kg which corresponds to accumulation of 1000 to 1050 C heat units (10°C base) and 50,000 to 5000 gm/cal/cm2 solar radiation units. The interval between maturity and splitting varied from less than 1 week to more than 6 weeks depending upon cultivar and weather conditions.
Effect of Canopy Widening and Shoot Tip Removal on the French Hybrid Grape Cultivar de Chaunac1
Authors: Wiebe John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a 3 year study widening the foliage canopy by spreading the shoots, or narrowing the canopy by shoot tip removal did not affect yield, cluster wt or berry wt of mature moderately vigorous vines of ‘de Chaunac’ grape. Widening the canopy by training shoots horizontally and away from the row widened the zone of light interception and tended to increase fruit soluble solids content compared to the check. Shoot tip removal narrowed the zone of light interception and resulted in a lower fruit soluble solids content than the check. Shoot tip removal reduced vigor as shown by a reduced wt of one year old wood removed at dormant pruning.
Ethylene Evolution and Apple Fruit Thinning1
Authors: Schneider G. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A carbaryl spray thinned fruit of the apple (Malus svlvestris (L.) Mill.) cv. Red Rome but did not affect ethylene evolution of fruit or pedicel of ’Red Rome’, ‘Golden Delicious’ or ‘Staymared’. It did increase ethylene evolution of the leaves of the first 2 compared with ‘Staymared’ even though ‘Red Rome’ was the only cultivar thinned by the Sevin spray. Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) sprays which caused thinning also increased ethylene evolution of all 3 structures, commencing the second day after application. The increase was greater than that from dipping samples structures in the same solution. Covering branches with black shading cloth reduced ethylene evolution of mature to young apple leaves. Lack of good correlation between thinning, ethylene evolution of different structures, and methods of application make it desirable to develop a better method of screening potential apple thinning materials.
Computer Simulation Studies Comparing Pedigree, Bulk, and Single Seed Descent Selection in Self Pollinated Populations1
Authors: Casali Vicente W. D. , Tigchelaar E. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Computer simulation was used to compare breeding progress under self fertilization with pedigree or mass selection, single seed descent (SSD) and combinations of early generation pedigree or mass selection with SSD. Pedigree selection was the most effective selection method at high (75%) and moderate (50%) heritabilities. At low (25%) and very low (10%) heritabilities, mass selection and SSD respectively yielded the best single F6 line. Early generation pedigree selection to F4 followed by SSD was not significantly different from pedigree selection alone at all heritabilities simulated.
SSD offers greatest benefits in situations where simultaneous selection is required for several characteristics under different heritabilities. SSD alone or in combination with mass selection retained greater genetic variability for line selection in F6. Pedigree or mass selection for highly heritable characters in early generations (F2 and F3) followed by SSD and F6 selection on the basis of line performance for characters of low heritability would appear to maximize progress for most breeding situations.
Day Versus Night Application of Calcium Carbide for Flower Induction In Pineapple1
Authors: Aldrich W. W. , Nakasone H. Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Virtually 100% flowering of the pineapple, Ananus comosus (L.) Merr., cv. Smooth Cayenne, was induced by night application of a small piece of dry calcium carbide into an adequate amount of water in the center of the plant. During daylight neither dry carbide nor acetylene solution resulted in high floral induction, except for applications just before or just after sunrise. A repeat application of dry carbide or acetylene solution 3–5 days following the first, increased the amount of flowering. Low floral induction with day applications was probably due to; a) larger amounts of acetylene required for floral induction during the day than at night; b) greatly reduced penetration of acetylene into the plant tissues; or c) combination of the 2 conditions. Although a second application might have provided only a limited additional amount of acetylene, this could have been sufficient to raise the level to that which would stimulate the biochemical processes of floral induction.
Penetration of Calcium into ‘Spartan’ Apple Fruits from a Post-Harvest Calcium Chloride Dip1
Authors: Mason J. L. , Drought B. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Spartan’ apples were dipped in 4% CaCl2 solution after harvest. One week after treatment, the Ca concentration was 19 ppm higher at the 0–2.5 mm depth in the flesh of the dipped fruit. After 2 weeks, Ca was 41 ppm higher at the 0–2.5 mm depth and 26 ppm higher at the 2.5–5.0 mm depth. After 4 weeks, Ca was 36 ppm higher at the 2.5–5.0 mm depth, 25 ppm higher at the 2.5–5.0 mm depth and 16 ppm higher at the 5.0–7.5 mm depth. After 8 weeks, Ca was 68, 49, 43, 36, 30, 24, 27 and 27 ppm higher at 8 successive 2.5 mm depths. After 32 weeks, Ca was 84, 70, 62, 62, 61, 58, 62 and 62 ppm higher at the 8 successive depths in the dipped fruit.
Rates of Nitrogen and Irrigation for Tomatoes1
Authors: Doss B. D. , Evans C. E. , Johnson W. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Marketable tomato yields were influenced more by applied N than by irrigation. Irrigation increased total marketable tomato yields only at the intermediate level. Average yields for the 3-year period by soil water regimes were about 58,300, 70,000, and 68,900 kg/ha for no, intermediate, and high irrigation, respectively. Applied N increased yields, but the increase was limited mainly to the lowest application rate (65 kg/ha) in 1971 and 1972, and to the 2 lowest rates (65 and 130 kg/ha) in 1973. Average yields for the test period by N application rates were about 53,500, 67,100, 69,900, 70,600 and 67,600 kg/ha for 0, 65, 130, 195, and 260 kg/ha rates, respectively. These data indicate that the best combination of N rate and soil water regime was 65 to 130 kg/ha of applied N and supplemental irrigation as needed to maintain 30% or more available water in 0 to 60 cm soil depth.
Photosynthesis in the Rose; Effect of Light Intensity, Water Potential and Leaf Age1
Authors: Aikin Warren J. , Hanan Joe J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The net rate of 14CO2 uptake was determined on individual leaves of Rosa hybrida, cv. ‘Forever Yours’, budded on Rosa manetti and grown in gravel. Rose leaves were found to reach an average peak of 11 mg CO2 dm−2 hr−1 about 6 days after the red color disappeared on the leaf underside, or 32 days after harvesting the previous flower on the parent cane. Thereafter, CO2 uptake declined during 14 days to 5 to 6 mg CO2 dm−2 hr−1. At ambient CO2 concentrations of 500 ppm, the maximum net uptake was near 3400 ft-c. However, internal plant water potential influenced the CO2 uptake by reducing it at each increase of radiant energy. This resulted in light saturation at lower energies the lower the plant water potential. Radiant energy affected both net CO2 uptake and water potential. Wilting was generally observed to occur at about –13 bars, and maximum rates of CO2 uptake were found at potentials of –8 bars or higher, over a range of 350 to 450 microeinsteins, or 3000 to 3500 ft-c.
Antitranspirant Effects on the Water Status of ‘Manzanillo’ Olive Trees1
Authors: Davenport D. C. , Uriu K. , Hagan R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The water balance of both irrigated and unirrigated olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Manzanillo) trees was improved by spraying a film-forming antitranspirant (AT). This was evidenced by increased resistance to water vapor diffusion from the leaves, reduced daytime shrinkage of limbs, and increased leaf and fruit water potential. The improvement in plant water potential by AT was equivalent to the effect of an irrigation. Transpiration at night through incompletely closed stomates, especially when night humidity was low, retarded normal nocturnal rehydration of the olive limbs and fruit. The improved water balance of AT-treated olive trees indicated a potential for increasing fruit growth.
Embryo Immaturity and Dormancy of Black Ash1
Authors: Vanstone D. E. , LaCroix L. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The seed of black ash, Fraxinus nigra Marsh., borne in a single samara, normally ripens in the autumn. At that time the seed contains an embryo which is both immature and dormant. In order to overcome this dual delay to germination, the seed can be matured in moist peat moss for 18 weeks at 21° followed by after-ripening for 18 weeks at 4°.
Treatment at warm temperature matured the embryo, whereas the subsequent cool temperature after-ripened the dormant embryo. During maturation the embryo length doubled, the dry weight tripled and the cotyledons showed visual evidence of differentiation. On the other hand, for dormancy to be overcome a metabolic shift in the embryo occurred during the cool period to provide the active metabolism needed by a germinating seed. This was reflected by a 5 percent per week increase in the respiration capacity of the embryo and a reduction in the amount of oil in the seed.
Pine Vole Control with Anticoagulant Baits1
Authors: Byers Ross E. , Young R. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hand placement of 2-Diphenylacetyl-1,3-indandone (Diphacinone, DPN) and [(chloro-4-phenyl)-1-phenyl-1] acetyl-2-dioxo-1-3-indane (Chlorophacinone, CPN) baits applied in 2 applications at ca 30 day intervals at 11.2 kg/ha (10 lbs/A) each were effective in the control of pine voles (Microtus pinetorum LeConte) in apple orchards. In a cultural experiment designed to control pine voles, one Diphacinone preparation gave near 100% control with one application in plots previously cultivated and treated with residual herbicide in July and November.
Postharvest Quality of Machine-harvested Strawberries 1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Cawthon D. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Firm-fruited strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) for processing can be mechanically harvested, properly handled and then held for up to 48 hours at 24°C for 7 days at 1.7° without excessive quality loss. High mold count and a reduction in other quality attributes occur after 96 hours at 24°. Ripe fruit held for 48 hours at 24° and then processed was acceptable to a sensory panel. The effects of overwrapping appeared to be limited to quality changes associated with dessication. Benomyl treatment had a suppressing effect on mold count and reduced loss of soluble solids.
Frost Hardiness of Ericoideae1
Authors: Sakai A. , Miwa S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dormant twigs of a number of Ericoideae (genera Erica and Calluna) species were collected in midwinter at Gotemba, Shizuoka Prefecture. These twigs were artificially hardened at the temperature from −1 to −3°C for 15 days to increase hardiness and then subjected to controlled test temperatures to assess their hardiness. European ericas were observed to be much hardier than those from South Africa, resisting freezing from −15 to −20°C. South African ericas were hardy only from −5 to −8°C. Calluna cultivars survived freezing down to −30°C.
The Influence of Rootstock and Strain on Growth and Production of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Seeley E. J. , Stahly E. A. , Kammereck R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of 6 rootstocks on growth and productivity of spur and non-spur ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees was investigated. The spur-type ‘Delicious strain (‘Miller Spur’) consistently produced more fruit per tree than the regular-type strain (‘Red Prince’). In contrast, standard ‘Golden Delicious’ produced as much or more per tree than the spur-type strain ‘Goldspur’ even in the early years. ‘Miller Spur Delicious’ trees were largest on seedling rootstock, intermediate on Mailing (M) 104, and smallest on M 111, M 106 and M 7. ‘Goldspur Golden Delicious’ resembled ‘Miller Spur Delicious’ in size, except that trees were significantly smaller on M 7 than on M 111 and M 106. At the end of the 9th season, ‘Red Prince Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ were largest on seedling, followed by M 111, M 106, M 7 and M 26 in descending order. Biennial bearing of some trees on all rootstocks reduced yield and increased tree-to-tree yield variance.
Vegetative Propagation in Everbearing Strawberry as Influenced by a Morphactin, GA3, and BA 1
Authors: Biaiñ de Elizalde María M. , Guitman María R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Applications of the morphactin IT 3456 (methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxy-fluorene-9-carboxylate) (Fragaria × ananassa Duch., cv. Rabunda) at concentrations of 10 to 200 ppm promoted crown division; IT 3456 at 15 ppm with benzyladenine (BA) stimulated vegetative propagation, evaluated by adding the total number of runner plants to that of side-crowns. Gibberellic acid (GA3) alone or morphactin with GA3 had no significant effect on runnering or lateral branching.
Fall Defoliation Date and Seasonal Carbohydrate Concentration of Pecan Wood Tissue 1
Authors: Worley Ray E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fall defoliation was followed by a depletion of carbohydrate (CHO) reserves and reduction or prevention of yield if defoliation occurred prior to November 1. Refoliation of August-defoliated trees restored the depleted reserves in current season’s wood tissues by December 1 but either completely prevented or greatly reduced yield the next year. September defoliation caused the greatest depletion of reserves and prevented pistillate or staminate flower production the next year. Defoliation on November 1 had no significant effect on CHO reserves.
Effect of Preharvest Antitranspirant Sprays on the Size and Quality of ‘Delicious’ Apples at Harvest 1
Authors: Miller Stephen S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sprays of poly-l-p-methen-8-9-diyl (Vapor Gard) or di-l-p-menthene (Wilt Prüf NCF), two antitran-spirants, or emulsifiable A-C polyethylene and octyl phenoxy polyethoxy ethanol (Plyac), a latex type spray adjuvant, at 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% applied 14 days before “normal” harvest generally increased the size of ‘Stark-rimson Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) over unsprayed controls under conditions of low soil moisture. Antitranspirant or spray adjuvant treatments had little or no effect on average fruit diam when applied to trees growing under adequate soil moisture. The rate of chemical application had an effect on the fruit size response. Results indicated no additional benefit in fruit size when fruit were harvested 21 days after treatment (7 days after normal harvest). Treatments generally reduced fruit firmness and hastened the loss of starch from the fruit flesh.
Variation in Ozone Sensitivity and Symptom Expression among Cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris L. 1
Authors: Butler L. Knudson , Tibbitts T. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eighteen bean cultivars were grown from seed in a growth chamber and exposed to 140 pphm ozone for 1 hr. ‘Sanilac,’ ‘Tenderette,’ ‘Blue Lake Stringless,’ ‘Bush Blue Lake 290,’ and ‘Spurt’ were the most sensitive to ozone; ‘Pinto 111’ was moderately sensitive; and ‘Black Turtle Soup’ and ‘French’s Horticultural’ were the most resistant. Necrotic flecking, dispersed over most of the leaf, characteristically developed on the cultivars ‘Spurt,’ ‘Early Gallatin,’ ‘Orbit,’ and ‘French’s Horticultural.’Necrotic patching, restricted to certain areas of the leaf, characteristically developed on ‘Sanilac,’ ‘Blue Lake Stringless,’ ‘Bush Blue Lake 290,’ ‘Bush Blue Lake 274,’ ‘Apollo,’ ‘Coloma,’ ‘Tempo,’ and ‘Black Turtle Soup.’ Pigmented lesions on adaxial surfaces developed on all ‘Sanilac’ plants and on some ‘Resistant Asgrow Valentine’ and ‘Pinto 111’ plants. A generalized chlorosis was observed on some plants of all cultivars. Cultivar sensitivity was evaluated by determination of chlorophyll concentration and visual observations. For most cultivars, similar estimates of injury were obtained by the 2 methods. Injury assessments differed the most for cultivars that developed the necrotic patching symptom.
Blossom-end Rot of Tomato Fruit as Influenced by Osmotic Potential and Phosphorous Concentrations of Nutrient Solution Media1
Authors: Cerda Antonio , Bingham F. T. , Labanauskas C. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown to maturity in complete nutrient solution with osmotic potentials (sψo) of −0.8, −2.4, −4.4 and −6.4 bars from NaCl additions, and 0.5, 5.0, and 50 ppm P as variables. The objectives were to evaluate the effects of sψo and P and their interactions with respect to fruit yield and quality, and nutrient concentrations in the plants and fruits. Reducing the sψo (increasing negative values) by NaCl addition significantly decreased tomato fruit yield, but increased the percentages of soluble solids, total solids, blossom-end rot (BER) incidence and non-marketable fruit. Increased solution salinity resulted in higher leaf concentrations of P, Na and Cl. Increased nutrient solution P levels (Ps) significantly increased fruit yield, but decreased the percentage of fruit soluble solids and BER incidence. Leaf P, Ca and Cl concentrations of plants grown in the high P nutrient solution were higher than those of the leaves from low P solution plants. The incidence of BER was greatest under low sψo and low Ps. Reduced Ca concentrations of leaves and mature fruit were associated with the BER development. The Ca concentration of mature normal fruit varied from 0.039 to 0.076% compared with 0.028 to 0.043% for mature BER fruit. Leaf Ca concentrations of 1.5 to 2.0% were associated with the BER condition.
The Effect of Post-veneralization Temperature on Seedstalk Elongation and Flowering in Carrots1
Authors: Hiller L. K. , Kelly W. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedstalk height of carrot (Daucus carota L.) was reduced as the post-vernalization temperature increased from 15/21° to 27/32°C (night/day) with no significant effect on flowering and seed formation. Seedstalks of ‘Royal Chantenay ’ carrot were most affected by the high temperatures and ‘Scarlet Nantes’ were the least affected while ‘Danvers 126’ was intermediate. Few plants had macroscopic seedstalk development 6 weeks after vernalization although the temperature during this period had a permanent influence on ultimate seedstalk height. Carrots grown at 27/32° during the initial 6 weeks following vernalization and then transferred to the optimum 15/21° grew no taller than plants held at 27/32°. Vernalization temperatures of 0°, 5°, and 10° for 10 weeks did not affect the percentage of plants flowered, time of bolting, or rate of seedstalk elongation. Ultimate seedstalk height was reduced only in ‘Royal Chantenay’ vernalized at 10°. Flowering was decreased by post-vernalization temperatures of 27/32° and 2l/27°C when carrots were stored only 5 weeks at 5° but not, after storage for 10 weeks or more. Increasing the vernalization time to 10 weeks hastened the rate of bolting in all three cultivars and increased ultimate seedstalk height in only ‘Royal Chantenay’ and ‘Danvers 126.’ Temperature during the first year of root growth, foliage removal from mature roots prior to storage, and photoperiod following vernalization did not affect seedstalk elongation or flowering.
The Influence of Node Number, Light Source, and Time of Irradiation during Darkness on Lateral Branching and Cutting Production in ‘Bright Golden Anne’ Chrysanthemum1
Authors: Heins R. D. , Wilkins H. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Bright Golden Anne irradiated as a day continuation or night interruption with light from cool white fluorescent tubes wrapped with red cellophane (red) produced more cuttings than plants irradiated with incandescent light. There were no significant differences in cutting production when plants were irradiated just prior to dawn. Increased cutting production from plants irradiated with red light was attributed to increased axillary bud activity, especially at the middle nodal position. When shoots were pruned to 4 or 8 nodes, the apical axillary bud produced the maximum number of cuttings and the basal produced the minimum, irrespective of light quality or time span of irradiation.
Effect of Ethylene, Maturity, and Attachment to the Parent Plant on Production of Volatile Compounds by Muskmelons1
Authors: Bliss Meredith L. , Pratt Harlan K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gas samples from the central cavities of 3 cultivars of muskmelon fruits (Cucumis melo L.) were resolved by gas chromatography into at least 12 organic volatile fractions. Harvesting of ‘Top-Mark5 and ‘PMR-455 cantaloupe up to 12 days before normal abscission did not reduce the final concentration of volatiles attained. Production of volatiles by cantaloupe was inhibited while still attached to the parent plants, but no evidence for inhibition by the parent plant was obtained in ‘Honey Dew’, nor was the final concentration of volatiles reduced by early harvest. High concentrations of exogenous ethylene applied to harvested melons accelerated the onset of production of the organic volatiles but did not significantly affect their ultimate concentrations. Exogenous ethylene altered the relative amounts of at least 2 fractions. The production of volatiles is closely coordinated with the other aspects of ripening, but the control mechanisms appear to be different.