bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grade level influence in middle school students' spatial‐scientific understandings of lunar phases
Authors: Wilhelm Jennifer , Cole Merryn , Driessen Emily , Ringl Samantha , Hightower Andromeda , Gonzalez‐Napoleoni Javier , Jones Jasemine 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis research with middle school students from Kentucky (KY) and Nevada (NV) provides a snapshot of students' spatial‐scientific understandings as we explored how well students understand lunar‐related content, both spatially and scientifically, after receiving instruction with similar curricular Earth‐Space content. Utilizing a lens of spatial reasoning ability, we further compared the ways middle level grade (sixth vs. eighth) factored into how well students comprehend the complexities of the Earth/Moon/Sun system and the cause of lunar phases. NV teaches Moon phases in eighth grade (age of 13–14) while KY teaches phases in sixth grade (age of 11–12). To be clear, we are not claiming that sixth graders and eighth graders are similar cognitively. Since phases are only taught formally once (at the middle level), we are exploring how well students understand these lunar‐related, spatial‐scientific concepts at the conclusion of their formal instruction. The majority of the states teach lunar phases either in sixth grade or in eighth grade; it is a state's choice. The rationale for this study is to begin the conversation regarding Does grade level matter on science content that requires spatial reasoning ability? This study will begin to shed light on this topic. The research questions specifically investigated for this study were: (1) How do sixth and eighth grade students compare in terms of their spatial ability and lunar knowledge as measured via content surveys? (2) How do sixth and eighth grade students compare in their spatial awareness and description of the Earth/Moon/Sun system as measured via clinical interviews? (3) How do quantitative and qualitative datasets compare/contrast with each other to create a complex snapshot of sixth graders versus eighth graders spatial‐scientific understandings of the Moon and its phases?
The influence of becoming a parent on political participation in the United States
Authors: Jackson Robert A. , Pietryka Matthew 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveFocusing on the United States, this study assesses the near‐term influence of introducing a child into a household on a parent's likelihood of participating in politics.MethodsLogistic regression analysis and exact matching of data from the November 2010 and November 2014 Current Population Surveys. Conditional, fixed‐effects logistic reygression analysis of data from the 2010–2014 Cooperative Congressional Election Study Panel Survey.ResultsCross‐sectional regressions and exact‐matching results indicate a negative relationship between becoming a parent and numerous forms of political participation, including voter turnout. However, recognizing potential threats to causal inference, analyses that leverage panel data and sensitivity analysis applied to the exact‐matching estimates provide weaker support for a causal claim.ConclusionThe introduction of a child into a household appears to be associated with attenuated parental civic engagement in the near term, but the evidence provides weaker support for a causal claim.
Alternative splicing of OsGS1;1 affects nitrogen‐use efficiency, grain development, and amylose content in rice
Authors: Liu Xiaolan , Tian Yunlu , Chi Wenchao , Zhang Hanzhi , Yu Jun , Chen Gaoming , Wu Wei , Jiang Xingzhou , Wang Saisai , Lin Zhixi , Xuan Wei , Ye Jian , Wang Baoxiang , Liu Yan , Sun Zhiguang , Xu Dayong , Wang Chunming , Wan Jianmin 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARYExcessive nitrogen fertilizer application is harmful to the environment and reduces the quality of cereal crops. Maintaining crop yields under low nitrogen (LN) conditions and improving quality are important goals for cereal crop breeding. Although the effects of nitrogen assimilation on crop nitrogen‐use efficiency (NUE) have been intensively studied, natural variations of the key assimilation genes underlying grain development and quality are largely unclear. Here, we identified an NUE‐associated gene, OsGS1;1, encoding glutamine synthase, through genome‐wide association analysis, followed by validation experiments and functional analysis. Fifteen single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the OsGS1;1 region led to alternative splicing that generated two functional transcripts: OsGS1;1a and OsGS1;1b. The elite haplotype of OsGS1;1 showed high OsGS1;1b activity, which improved NUE, affected grain development, and reduced amylose content. The results show that OsGS1;1, which is induced under LN conditions, affects grain formation by regulating sugar metabolism and may provide a new avenue for the breeding of high‐yield and high‐quality rice (Oryza sativa).
Ultrasonographic evaluation of the coelomic cavity in Rhode Island Red hybrid hens (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Authors: Gros Lucile , Cococcetta Ciro , Coutant Thomas , Gomes Eymeric , Hahn Harriet , Huynh Minh 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackyard chickens are gaining popularity, and so is individual veterinary care for their health and management. Ultrasonography represents an important part of the imaging diagnostic arsenal in veterinary medicine; however, published data on its use in chickens are scarce and mostly focus on the reproductive tract. The objectives of this prospective, reference interval study were to describe a standard protocol for a full coelomic evaluation and the normal ultrasonographic appearance and measurements of the coelomic organs in awake and anesthetized healthy hens. The liver, gallbladder, gonad, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and spleen were clearly visualized in 21 Rhode Island Red hybrid hens (8 immatures, 13 adults) included in this study. In all animals, there was a scant amount of coelomic fluid, which was more visible at the cardiac apex. The cysticoenteric duct and hepatoenteric duct were visualized in 57% (12/21) of the hens. Seven hens were anesthetized and placed in dorsal decubitus, as the kidneys were not visualized in the hens while standing. Reference intervals were calculated for the splenic short and long axes, proventricular wall thickness, ventricular wall thickness, and duodenal wall thickness. Reference values were measured for the thickness of the pancreas, gallbladder wall, and kidneys, as well as the diameters of the biliary ducts. Moreover, five hens of different breeds were examined, and the results obtained were comparable to those of previous studies. The results of this study support the use of ultrasonography as a diagnostic tool in Rhode Island Red hybrid hens and provide reference ranges for use in hens with clinical diseases involving coelomic organs.
Arthroscopic removal of palmar intermediate carpal bone fracture fragments in four horses using a transthecal approach through the carpal flexor tendon sheath
Authors: Hewitt‐Dedman Charlotte L. , O'Neill Henry D. , Bladon Bruce M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the removal of palmar intermediate carpal bone (ICB) fracture fragments using a transthecal approach through the carpal flexor tendon sheath.Study designCase series.AnimalsFour horses with fractures of the palmar aspect of the ICB.MethodsTwo horses were injured when falling and two during recovery from general anesthesia. Three horses underwent MRI to supplement conventional imaging. Three horses had concurrent fractures of the radial and/or accessory carpal bones. Conventional proximolateral carpal sheath arthroscope and instrument portals were used, supplemented with a medial instrument portal through the carpal flexor retinaculum to access the palmar carpal ligament. Optimized dissection through the latter was facilitated by needle guidance and radiography. The fragment was dissected from the soft tissue attachments and the palmar ICB fragments retrieved through the carpal sheath in all horses. Surgery time was 85 to 142 min.ResultsLimitations of this technique include a long surgery time and the potential for hemorrhage to impair visibility during surgery. All four horses were discharged 3 to 8 days postoperatively. Three horses returned to full athletic work within 9 months postoperatively and one horse was euthanized due to persistent lameness.ConclusionA tenoscopic transthecal carpal flexor tendon sheath approach provides access for removal of palmar ICB fracture fragments but should be viewed as an advanced arthroscopic procedure.Clinical significanceA transthecal approach through the carpal flexor tendon sheath offers an alternative technique for removal of palmar ICB fracture fragments.
Probing the Accuracy of Experimental Data on Nusselt Numbers Within Miniature Heat Sinks
Authors: Pourghasemi Mahyar , Fathi Nima 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Achieving accurate experimental data in conjugate heat transfer studies to calculate Nusselt number can be challenging due to its complex three-dimensional thermal hydraulics nature. This study is devoted to evaluating the accuracy and reliability of experimental approaches used to calculate the Nusselt number in miniature heat sinks. It is observed that three major parameters including (1) axial heat conduction within the solid substrate of heat sinks, (2) thermal contact resistance, and (3) assumed uniform wall temperature, as well as wall heat flux distributions, influence the reported experimental data in the literature. The results obtained from the developed analytical and computational models in this study revealed that the assumptions of local uniform wall temperature and heat flux distributions for small-scale heat sinks result in underestimated Nusselt numbers calculated from experiments. At lower Reynolds number (&lt;200) flows in miniature heat sinks with a high solid to fluid thermal conductivity ratio (&gt;&gt; 1), it is shown that the fluid bulk temperature should be measured away from the heat sink inlet and outlet to minimize the effect of axial heat conduction within the solid substrate of the microscale heat sinks on calculated Nusselt numbers. As the third important parameter, the influence of thermal contact resistance on the Nusselt number calculation in a miniature heat sink is studied where thermal slip length is considered. Finally, the concurrent effects of thermal contact resistance and thermal developing region are considered to explicate the obtained trends in the experimental Nusselt numbers dataset.
Toward a New Mathematical Definition of Datums in Standards to Support Advanced Manufacturing
Authors: Shakarji Craig M. , Srinivasan Vijay 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Recent advances in the digitization of manufacturing have prompted ASME and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards committees to reexamine the definition of datums. Any new definition of datums considered by the standards committees should cover all datum feature types used in design and support both traditional metrological methods and new digital measurement techniques. This is a challenging task that requires some careful compromise. This paper describes and analyzes various alternatives considered by the standards committees. Among them is a new mathematical definition of datums based on constrained least-squares fitting. It seems to provide the best compromise and has the potential to support advanced manufacturing that is increasingly dependent on digital technologies.
Signal Estimation for Vehicle Body Accelerations Using Piecewise Linear System Identification in the Frequency Domain
Authors: Zheng Xueke , Zhuang Cheng , Xiao Shuixin , Qiu Yu , Zhang Jun , Li Mian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this work, we investigate a signal estimation problem which is common and critical for durability design of vehicle bodies. The relation between the frequency responses of accelerometers is the target to model so that the ones of easy-to-measure accelerometers can estimate the responses of hard-to-measure accelerometers. A piecewise linear frequency-domain identification method relying on finite impulse response (FIR) models is proposed and performed to tackle the nonlinearity issue in the signal estimation problems: first, the interesting frequency range is segmented into three subranges which are clearly identified by peak histograms of frequency signals. Then, FIR models which provide a satisfactory description of the system are constructed to estimate the frequency responses of the interesting signals at subranges, one for each. The performance of the proposed approach is validated by using real-world data under multiple working conditions. The results show that the proposed method has a good estimation accuracy, and it brings the benefit that the number of accelerometers can be significantly reduced during the durability design of vehicle bodies.
Vectorized Formulation of Newton-Euler Dynamics for Efficiently Computing Three-Dimensional Folding Chains
Authors: Fass T. H. , Hao Guangbo , Cantillon-Murphy Pádraig 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Within the wide field of self-assembly, the self-folding chain has unique potential for reliable and repeatable assembly of three-dimensional structures as demonstrated by protein biosynthesis. This potential could be translated to self-reconfiguring robots by utilizing magnetic forces between the chain components as a driving force for the folding process. Due to the constraints introduced by the joints between the chain components, simulation of the dynamics of longer chains is computationally intensive and challenging. This article presents a novel analytical approach to formulate the Newton–Euler dynamics of a self-reconfiguring chain in a single vectorized differential equation. The vectorized differential equation allows for a convenient implementation of a parallel processing architecture using single instruction multiple data (SIMD) or graphical processing unit (GPU) computation and as a result can improve simulation time of rigid body chains. Properties of existing interpretations of the Newton–Euler and Euler–Lagrange algorithms are discussed in their efficiency to compute the dynamics of rigid body chains. Finally, GPU and SIMD-supported simulation, based on the vectorized Newton–Euler equations described in this article, are compared, showing a significant improvement in computation time using GPU architecture for long chains with certain chain geometry.
Comparison of Physical Activity Between Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Rech John P. , Irwin J. Megan , Rosen Adam B. , Baldwin Jessica , Schenkelberg Michaela 
Published: April 2022

Lower levels of physical activity (PA) are often observed among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) compared to children without ASD; however, some studies have demonstrated few to no PA differences between the two groups. The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to compare the differences in PA between children (2–18 years) with and without ASD. An exhaustive search of five online databases was completed, and 31 studies met the inclusion criteria. A pooled random-effects Hedges’s g model was used to determine differences in PA between children with and without ASD. Children with ASD were found to be significantly less physically active than children without ASD (Δ = −0.62, p < .001). Subgroup analyses revealed significant moderate to large differences in PA by intensity level, age, setting, and measurement methods. Future studies are needed to further explore the underlying mechanisms associated with lower levels of PA among children with ASD.
Delamanid Added to an Optimized Background Regimen in Children with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Results of a Phase I/II Clinical Trial
Authors: Garcia-Prats Anthony J. , Frias Melchior , van der Laan Louvina , De Leon Anjanette , Gler Maria Tarcela , Schaaf H. Simon , Hesseling Anneke C. , Malikaarjun Suresh , Hafkin Jeffrey 
Published: April 2022

Delamanid has been demonstrated to be safe and effective for treatment of adult multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and has been approved by the European Commission for treatment of pediatric MDR-TB patients at least 10 kg in weight, making the drug no longer limited to adults. A 10-day phase I age deescalation study was conducted, followed by a 6-month phase II extension study, to assess the pharmacokinetics, safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of delamanid when combined with optimized background regimen (OBR) in children (birth to 17 years) with MDR-TB. Delamanid administered at 100 mg twice-daily (BID), 50 mg BID, and 25 mg BID resulted in exposures in 12- to 17- (
n
= 7), 6- to 11- (
n
= 6), and 3- to 5-year-olds (
n
= 12), respectively, comparable with those in adults at the approved adult dosage (100 mg BID).
Early Paleozoic subduction fingerprints of the Paleo-Asian ocean in easternmost Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB): Identification of the oldest Alaskan-type complex in the CAOB
Authors: Cui Meng-Meng , Su Ben-Xun , Wang Jing , Wu Yong , Kutyrev Anton 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The early-stage subduction records of the Paleo-Asian ocean are poorly preserved in the eastern segment of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), which hinders constraints on the evolution of the whole CAOB. This study presents new age data and zircon Hf-O isotopes as well as bulk-rock geochemistry of the Wuxing mafic-ultramafic complex in the Xingkai massif in northeastern China, which has been identified as Alaskan-type complex with aspects of field occurrence, petrological and mineral assemblages, and mineral chemistry in our recently published work. The results indicate that the complex formed mainly between 517 Ma and 510 Ma with a lithological sequence of Sanying clinopyroxenite (517 Ma), then Sanying gabbro (514 Ma), and Erying hornblendite (513 Ma), and finally Erying hornblende clinopyroxenite (510 Ma). The lithological formation sequence is consistent with the intrusive relations between lithological phases and their irrelevant major element compositions and variable trace element patterns of the bulk rocks. The εHf(t) values of zircon in two samples in this study vary from from +4.45 to +7.61 and from −11.8 to +4.42, respectively and tend to be more depleted with age. These features suggest that the Wuxing complex was a product of long-term arc magmatism and experienced significant ancient crustal assimilation in early-stage magmas and negligible contamination in later ones. The presence of 1222 Ma and 706 Ma inherited zircon grains implies existence of Proterozoic basement in the Xingkai massif and its continental arc setting in Cambrian. The Wuxing complex is the oldest Alaskan-type complex found so far in the entire CAOB and is a good witness of the Paleo-Asian oceanic subduction in the easternmost CAOB. The older age of the Wuxing complex compared to the regional Hongqiling intrusion is also compatible with its Alaskan-type nature and platinum-group element mineralization, which are distinct to the Permian-Triassic Ni-Cu sulfide deposit-hosting maficultramafic intrusions in the southern CAOB.
Five million years of high atmospheric CO2 in the aftermath of the Permian-Triassic mass extinction
Authors: Joachimski Michael M. , Müller Johann , Gallagher Timothy M. , Mathes Gregor , Chu Daoliang L. , Mouraviev Fedor , Silantiev Vladimir , Sun Yadong D. , Tong Jinnan N. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The end-Permian mass extinction, the largest biological crisis in Earth history, is currently understood in the context of Siberian Traps volcanism introducing large quantities of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, culminating in the Early Triassic hothouse. In our study, the late Permian and Early Triassic atmospheric CO2 history was reconstructed by applying the paleosol pCO2 barometer. Atmospheric pCO2 shows an approximate 4× increase from mean concentrations of 412–919 ppmv in the late Permian (Changhsingian) to maximum levels between 2181 and 2610 ppmv in the Early Triassic (late Griesbachian). Mean CO2 estimates for the later Early Triassic are between 1261–1936 ppmv (Dienerian) and 1063–1757 ppmv (Spathian). Significantly lower concentrations ranging from 343 to 634 ppmv are reconstructed for the latest Early to Middle Triassic (Anisian). The 5 m.y. episode of elevated pCO2 suggests that negative feedback mechanisms such as silicate weathering were not effective enough to reduce atmospheric pCO2 to precrisis levels and that marine authigenic clay formation (i.e., reverse weathering) may have been an important component of the global carbon cycle keeping atmospheric pCO2 at elevated levels.
Fluid inclusion evidence for extreme overpressure induced by gas generation in sedimentary basins
Authors: Wang Xiaolin , Hu Wenxuan , Qiu Ye , Liu Yifeng , Jia Dong , Cao Jian , Liu Xian , Li Yiquan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Formation and preservation of extremely high-pressure fluid in sedimentary basins is critical to understanding petroleum accumulation and basin evolution; however, this issue remains poorly understood due to a lack of key evidence. We present fluid inclusion evidence from the Paleozoic black shales in the eastern Sichuan Basin (South China block) that suggest that gas generation can form methane-saturated fluids with pressures significantly exceeding the lithostatic pressure. The fluid inclusion internal pressure is so high (e.g., ~77 MPa) that gas hydrate formed at ambient temperature, aqueous-vapor homogenization could not be achieved under ambient pressure, and the homogenization pressure was beyond the scope of the current equation of state for the NaCl-H2O-CH4 system. We infer that the formation of high-pressure (e.g., &gt;230 MPa), methane-saturated fluids induces hydrofracture under weak compressional tectonic regimes, where the excess lithostatic fluids can be accumulated and sustained. Fluid inclusion records with an abnormally high magnitude of overpressure indicate small differential stress and thus can serve as a microscale indicator for tectonic quiescence.
Late Holocene increase of winter precipitation in mid-continental North America from a seasonally resolved speleothem record
Authors: Batchelor Cameron J. , Marcott Shaun A. , Orland Ian J. , Kitajima Kouki 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Subannual climate reconstructions of the Holocene are rare despite the ability of such records to provide a better understanding of the underlying factors that drive subannual climate variability. We used specialized confocal laser fluorescent microscope imaging and automated secondary ion mass spectrometry microanalysis to resolve a seasonal oxygen isotope (δ18O) record of a late Holocene–aged (2.7–2.1 ka) speleothem from mid-continental North America. We did this by measuring intra-band δ18O variability (Δ18O) within 117 annual bands over a 600 yr span of the late Holocene. We interpret a change in Δ18O values after 2.4 ± 0.1 ka to reflect an increase in the amount of winter precipitation. Our study produced direct measurements of past seasonality, offers new insights into shifting seasonal precipitation patterns that occurred during the late Holocene in central North America, and adds a new tool for understanding the complex precipitation and temperature histories of this region.