bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent advances of carbon dots as new antimicrobial agents
Authors: Li Pengfei , Sun Lu , Xue Shanshan , Qu Dan , An Li , Wang Xiayan , Sun Zaicheng 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDue to the COVID‐19 pandemic, many rapid antimicrobial agents have developed intensively. Carbon dots (CDs), a new type of carbon‐based nanomaterials, shows great potential against emerging infectious diseases and antimicrobial‐resistant infections due to their unique optical properties, excellent biocompatibility, and easy surface modification. With the definition of the CDs structure and properties, synthesis, and characteristic technology improvement, the research on the CDs as antimicrobial agents has made significant progress. However, the lack of high repeatable and exact preparation methods, and the regular antimicrobial activity make it far from practical application. In this review, we summarize the most recent progress and challenges of CDs antimicrobial. First, an overview of the characteristics and properties is given, and the advantage of CDs applied to antimicrobial is further discussed. Then, it focuses on research progress on antimicrobial mechanisms under different conditions, the critical factors affecting their antimicrobial activity, and the practical antimicrobial applications. Finally, the main challenges and future research perspectives of antimicrobial CDs are proposed.
The Many Chemists Who Could Have Proposed the Woodward‐Hoffmann Rules But Didn't: The Organic Chemists Who Discovered the Smoking Guns[]**
Authors: Seeman Jeffrey I. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIt is a reasonable question to ask, why, as of 1965 when the five Woodward‐Hoffmann communications appeared, did no other organic chemist discover the orbital symmetry rules for pericyclic reactions? Two theoretical chemists – Luitzen Oosterhoff (in 1961) and Kenichi Fukui (in 1964) had discovered portions of the orbital symmetry rules before Woodward and Hoffmann. Why not organic chemists? Indeed, perhaps the greatest motivation to discover the mechanism of a mysterious reaction is to uncover key examples of that mysterious reaction in your very own laboratory. The stories of 20 chemists and R. B. Woodward are discussed in this paper which is Paper 6 in a 27‐paper series on the history of Woodward‐Hoffmann rules. Social, political, and scientific explanations will also be presented as partial explanations as to why none of these individuals – except Woodward with Hoffmann – solved the pericyclic no‐mechanism problem.
Comparison of SWEET gene family between maize and foxtail millet through genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses
Authors: Liu Zheng , Fan Hui , Ma Zhiying 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFoxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.] does not show high yield and biomass compared with maize (Zea mays L.) although it is a C4 crop with the potential for high productivity. Because SWEET genes, which are important for sugar transport in plants, play critical roles in biomass production and seed filling in crops, genome‐wide, transcriptomic, and proteomic comparison on SWEET gene family between these two species would provide some clues for unlocking this issue. In our study, 24 SWEET genes were identified in foxtail millet and maize. Sequence‐based bioinformatics combined with gene expression analyses identified several candidate functional orthologs in these two species. A comparative analysis on expression characteristics of SWEET genes and proteins between maize and foxtail millet indicate that not only some critical major SWEET proteins show significant upregulation in maize compared with their orthologs in foxtail millet, but also there are more quantities of maize SWEET genes showing high expressions than that of foxtail millet genes, suggesting that compared with foxtail millet, maize possesses higher capacity of sugar transport, the crucial determinant for crop yield and biomass. These results provide a basis on revealing why foxtail millet exhibits low yield and biomass although it is a C4 crop with the potential for high productivity.
Designing an evidence‐based free‐flap pathway in head and neck reconstruction
Authors: Mark Michelle , Eggerstedt Michael , Urban Matthew J. , Al‐Khudari Samer , Smith Ryan , Revenaugh Peter 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe use of autologous free‐tissue transfer is an increasingly utilized tool in the ladder of reconstructive options to preserve and restore function in patients with head and neck cancer. This article focuses on the evidence surrounding perioperative care that optimizes surgical outcomes and describes one tertiary center's approach to standardized free‐flap care.Data SourcesThis article examines English literature from PubMed and offers expert opinion on perioperative free‐flap care for head and neck oncology.ConclusionFree‐flap reconstruction for head and neck cancer is a process that, while individualized for each patient, is best supported by a comprehensive and standardized care pathway. Surgical optimization begins in the preoperative phase and a thoughtful approach to intraprofessional communication and evidence‐based practice is rewarded with improved outcomes.
Olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions of COVID‐19 patients in China: A multicenter study
Authors: Li Jianhui , Sun Yi , Qin Enqiang , Yuan Hu , Liu Mingbo , Yi Wenqi , Chen Zhu , Huang Chengcheng , Zhou Fengjie , Chen Ruiyao , Zhang Leibo , Yu Ning , Liu Qiong , Zhou Xuejun , He Jingjing , Li Boyu , Wang Fusheng , Yang Changliang , Yang Shiming 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIntroductionWith the spread of the epidemic worldwide, an increasing number of doctors abroad have observed the following atypical symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19): olfactory or taste disorders. Therefore, clarifying the incidence and clinical characteristics of olfactory and taste disorders in Chinese COVID‐19 patients is of great significance and urgency.Materials and MethodsA retrospective study was conducted, which included 229 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 confirmed patients, through face‐to‐face interviews and telephone follow‐up. Following the completion of questionnaires, the patients participating in the study, were categorized according to the degree of olfactory and taste disorders experienced, and the proportion of each clinical type of patient with olfactory and taste disorders and the time when symptoms appeared were recorded.ResultsAmong the 229 patients, 31 (13.54%) had olfactory dysfunction, and 44 (19.21%) had gustatory dysfunction. For the patients with olfactory dysfunction, 6 (19.35%) developed severe disease and became critically ill. Olfactory dysfunction appeared before the other symptoms in 21.43% of cases. The proportion of females with olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was higher than that of males (P < 0.001).ConclusionsThe incidence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was much lower than that reported abroad; the prognosis of patients with olfactory dysfunction is relatively favorable; olfactory and gustatory dysfunction can be used as a sign for early screening; females are more prone to olfactory and gustatory dysfunction.
Yeast phospholipase D, Spo14, is not required for macroautophagy
Authors: Chen Yun , Wu Zulin , Dong Lin , You Xia , Ji Yanling , Liang Yongheng 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAutophagy‐related gene (Atg) proteins are key players in autophagy. Some proteins that function in vesicle trafficking and lipid metabolism are also involved in autophagy. The SPO14 in yeast, which encodes phospholipase D (PLD), is involved in membrane trafficking and plays a vital role in sporulation during meiosis. Crosstalk has been identified between autophagy and sporulation. Although the PLD is required for macroautophagy in mammals, its role in yeast macroautophagy remains unclear. We observed that Spo14 is not required for macroautophagy in yeast and that it is dispensable for Atg8 lipidation, which plays an important role in phagophore extension. Our results also revealed that green fluorescent protein (GFP)‐Atg8 degradation is not completely blocked in atg1Δ/atg1Δ cells under sporulation condition. Therefore, Spo14 is not required for macroautophagy in yeast.
Inspect, Understand, Overcome: A Survey of Practical Methods for AI Safety
Authors: Houben Sebastian , Abrecht Stephanie , Akila Maram , Bär Andreas , Brockherde Felix , Feifel Patrick , Fingscheidt Tim , Gannamaneni Sujan Sai , Ghobadi Seyed Eghbal , Hammam Ahmed , Haselhoff Anselm , Hauser Felix , Heinzemann Christian , Hoffmann Marco , Kapoor Nikhil , Kappel Falk , Klingner Marvin , Kronenberger Jan , Küppers Fabian , Löhdefink Jonas , Mlynarski Michael , Mock Michael , Mualla Firas , Pavlitskaya Svetlana , Poretschkin Maximilian , Pohl Alexander , Ravi-Kumar Varun , Rosenzweig Julia , Rottmann Matthias , Rüping Stefan , Sämann Timo , Schneider Jan David , Schulz Elena , Schwalbe Gesina , Sicking Joachim , Srivastava Toshika , Varghese Serin , Weber Michael , Wirkert Sebastian , Wirtz Tim , Woehrle Matthias 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDeployment of modern data-driven machine learning methods, most often realized by deep neural networks (DNNs), in safety-critical applications such as health care, industrial plant control, or autonomous driving is highly challenging due to numerous model-inherent shortcomings. These shortcomings are diverse and range from a lack of generalization over insufficient interpretability and implausible predictions to directed attacks by means of malicious inputs. Cyber-physical systems employing DNNs are therefore likely to suffer from so-called safety concerns, properties that preclude their deployment as no argument or experimental setup can help to assess the remaining risk. In recent years, an abundance of state-of-the-art techniques aiming to address these safety concerns has emerged. This chapter provides a structured and broad overview of them. We first identify categories of insufficiencies to then describe research activities aiming at their detection, quantification, or mitigation. Our work addresses machine learning experts and safety engineers alike: The former ones might profit from the broad range of machine learning topics covered and discussions on limitations of recent methods. The latter ones might gain insights into the specifics of modern machine learning methods. We hope that this contribution fuels discussions on desiderata for machine learning systems and strategies on how to help to advance existing approaches accordingly.
Improved DNN Robustness by Multi-task Training with an Auxiliary Self-Supervised Task
Authors: Klingner Marvin , Fingscheidt Tim 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWhile deep neural networks for environment perception tasks in autonomous driving systems often achieve impressive performance on clean and well-prepared images, their robustness under real conditions, i.e., on images being perturbed with noise patterns or adversarial attacks, is often subject to a significantly decreased performance. In this chapter, we address this problem for the task of semantic segmentation by proposing multi-task training with the additional task of depth estimation with the goal to improve the DNN robustness. This method has a very wide potential applicability as the additional depth estimation task can be trained in a self-supervised fashion, relying only on unlabeled image sequences during training. The final trained segmentation DNN is, however, still applicable on a single-image basis during inference without additional computational overhead compared to the single-task model. Additionally, our evaluation introduces a measure which allows for a meaningful comparison between different noise and attack types. We show the effectiveness of our approach on the Cityscapes and KITTI datasets, where our method improves the DNN performance w.r.t. the single-task baseline in terms of robustness against multiple noise and adversarial attack types, which is supplemented by an improved absolute prediction performance of the resulting DNN.
Improving Transferability of Generated Universal Adversarial Perturbations for Image Classification and Segmentation
Authors: Hashemi Atiye Sadat , Bär Andreas , Mozaffari Saeed , Fingscheidt Tim 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAlthough deep neural networks (DNNs) are high-performance methods for various complex tasks, e.g., environment perception in automated vehicles (AVs), they are vulnerable to adversarial perturbations. Recent works have proven the existence of universal adversarial perturbations (UAPs), which, when added to most images, destroy the output of the respective perception function. Existing attack methods often show a low success rate when attacking target models which are different from the one that the attack was optimized on. To address such weak transferability, we propose a novel learning criterion by combining a low-level feature loss, addressing the similarity of feature representations in the first layer of various model architectures, with a cross-entropy loss. Experimental results on ImageNet and Cityscapes datasets show that our method effectively generates universal adversarial perturbations achieving state-of-the-art fooling rates across different models, tasks, and datasets. Due to their effectiveness, we propose the use of such novel generated UAPs in robustness evaluation of DNN-based environment perception functions for AVs.
Chapter 3 Smittestopp Backend
Authors: Midoglu Cise , Ragan-Kelley Benjamin , Reinemo Sven-Arne , Jahren Jon , Halvorsen Pål 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAn efficient backend solution is of great importance for any large-scale system, and Smittestopp is no exception. The Smittestopp backend comprises various components for user and device registration, mobile app data ingestion, database and cloud operations, and web interface support. This chapter describes our journey from a vague idea to a deployed system. We provide an overview of the system internals and design iterations and discuss the challenges that we faced during the development process, along with the lessons learned. The Smittestopp backend handled around 1.5 million registered devices and provided various insights and analyses before being discontinued a few months after its launch.
Chapter 7 Data aggregation and anonymization for mathematical modeling and epidemiological studies
Authors: Bruaset Are Magnus , Lines Glenn Terje , Sundnes Joakim 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAn important secondary purpose of the Smittestopp development was to provide aggregated data sets describing mobility and social interactions in Norway’s population. The data were to be used to monitor the effect of government regulations and recommendations, provide input to advanced computational models to predict the pandemic’s spread, and provide input to fundamental epidemiology research. In this chapter we describe the challenges and technical solutions of Smittestopp’s data aggregation, as well as preliminary results from the time period when the app was active.We first give a detailed overview of the requirements, specifying the types of data to be collected and the level of spatial and temporal aggregation. We then proceed to describe the concepts for anonymization via :-anonymity and Y-differential privacy (Y-DP ), and the technical solutions for collecting and aggregating data from the database. In particular, we present details of how GPS- and Bluetooth events were mapped to geographical regions and points of interest, and the solutions employed for efficient data retrieval and processing. The preliminary results demonstrate how the recorded GPS- and Bluetooth events match with expected temporal and spatial variations in mobility and social interactions, and indicate the usefulness of the aggregated data as a tool for pandemic monitoring and research. One of the main criticisms of Smittestopp concerns the centralized storage of individuals’ movements, even if such data were used and presented only at an aggregated and anonymized level. In this chapter, we also outline a completely different approach, where the GPS data do not leave the user’s phone but are, instead, pre-processed to a much higher level of privacy before being dispatched to a server-side data aggregation algorithm. This approach, which would make the app significantly less intrusive, is made possible by recent advances in determining close contacts from Bluetooth data, either by a revised Smittestopp algorithm or by means of the Google/Apple Exposure Notification framework.
Erste Daten aus einer digitalen Gesundheits-App für Erektionsstörungen
Authors: Wiemer L. , Bartelheimer T. , Raschke R. , Miller K. 
Published: June 2022

Zusammenfassung
Ziel
Im Rahmen einer systematischen Datenanalyse wurde der Einfluss einer evidenzbasierten digitalen Therapie auf die Erektionsfähigkeit, Patientenaktivierung und Lebensqualität untersucht.

Methoden
Ein 12-Wochen-Programm durchliefen 44 Patienten mit erektiler Dysfunktion (ED) in einer App, bestehend aus Beckenboden-, physiotherapeutischen- und kardiovaskulärem Training. Ergänzt wurde dies durch Anleitungen zur Stressbewältigung, Achtsamkeitsmeditationen und sexualtherapeutischen Inhalten. Zusätzlich erhielten die Patienten Informationen über Ihre Erkrankung und deren Ursachen sowie Tipps zu Ernährung und Risikofaktoren.
Der Altersmedian lag bei 46 (19–75) Jahren. Die Patienten wurden vor Beginn und nach Abschluss mittels IIEF-5-, PAM-13- und QoL-Med-Fragebogen befragt. Bei 27 Patienten konnten die Fragebögen zu beiden Zeitpunkten ausgewertet werden.

Ergebnisse
Nach Absolvierung des Programms ergab sich eine sich eine durchschnittliche Verbesserung von 4,5 Punkten beim IIEF‑5 (p < 0,0001). Bei 96 % der Patienten hat sich die Qualität der Erektionen verbessert. 93 % der Patienten zeigten eine Verbesserung der Lebensqualität. Auch bei der Patientenaktivierung zeigte sich eine signifikante Zunahme des durchschnittlichen Gesamtscores.

Schlussfolgerung
Wir konnten zeigen, dass eine multimodale digitale Anwendung zum Selbstmanagement signifikante Verbesserungen der erektionsbezogenen Lebensqualität, der Patientenaktivierung und des Erektionscores bewirkt. Wir sehen, dass Ergebnisse analoger Studien in einer digitalen Gesundheitsanwendung reproduziert werden konnten. Digitale Lösungen erleichtern die Umsetzung der Leitlinienempfehlungen und helfen, Patienten besser in Ihre Behandlung einzubeziehen.
The potential effects of HECTD4 variants on fasting glucose and triglyceride levels in relation to prevalence of type 2 diabetes based on alcohol intake
Authors: Lee Yoo Jeong , Lee Hansongyi , Jang Han Byul , Yoo Min-Gyu , Im Sumin , Koo Soo Kyung , Lee Hye-Ja 
Published: June 2022

AbstractExcessive alcohol intake is an important cause of major public health problem in East Asian countries. Growing evidence suggests that genetic factors are associated with alcohol consumption and the risk for alcohol-associated disease, and these factors contribute to the risk of developing chronic diseases, including diabetes. This study aims to investigate the association of type 2 diabetes with genetic polymorphisms within HECTD4 based on alcohol exposure. We performed a genome-wide association study involving the cohorts of the KoGES-HEXA study (n = 50,028) and Ansan and Ansung study (n = 7,980), both of which are prospective cohort studies in Korea. The top three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the HECTD4 gene, specifically rs77768175, rs2074356 and rs11066280, were found to be significantly associated with alcohol consumption. We found that individuals carrying the variant allele in these SNPs had lower fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, and GGT levels than those with the wild-type allele. Multiple logistic regression showed that statistically significant associations of HECTD4 gene polymorphisms with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes were found in drinkers. Namely, these SNPs were associated with decreased odds of diabetes in the presence of alcohol consumption. As a result of examining the effect of alcohol on the expression of the HECTD4 gene, ethanol increased the expression of HECTD4 in cells, but the level was decreased by NAC treatment. Similar results were obtained from liver samples of mice treated with alcohol. Moreover, a loss of HECTD4 resulted in reduced levels of CYP2E1 and lipogenic gene expression in ethanol-treated cells, while the level of ALDH2 expression increased, indicating a reduction in ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity.
Is Regular Weight-Bearing Physical Activity Throughout the Lifecourse Associated with Better Bone Health in Late Adulthood?
Authors: Zhang Jean , Parsons Camille , Fuggle Nicholas , Ward Kate A. , Cooper Cyrus , Dennison Elaine 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe considered how weight-bearing physical activity (WBPA) through the lifecourse related to bone health in late adulthood in the Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS), a cohort of community dwelling adults born 1931–9, to identify sex-specific differences and periods critical for optimal bone health. Available questionnaire data from 258 participants (128 men and 130 women) included current reported lifestyle factors (including physical activity) and WBPA, coded as participation in WBPA aged < 18 years; aged 18–29 years; aged 30–49 years and aged ≥ 50 years. Responses were recorded as none/once a month/once a week/> once a week. Hip bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using a Lunar Prodigy DXA scanner. The mean age was 75.4 (SD 2.5) years in men and 75.7 (SD 2.6) years in women. Men reported significantly higher levels of past WBPA aged < 18 years (p = 0.006) and aged 18–29 years than women (p < 0.001). We observed greater BMD at total hip in women who reported regular WBPA at ages 18–29 years (p = 0.02) and 30–49 years (p = 0.02) compared with those who reported no WBPA (p = 0.019), after adjustment for confounders including current activity levels. In this cohort of older adults, recalled regular WBPA around the time of peak bone mass acquisition was less common in women than men, but associated with higher hip BMD in women in late adulthood.
Therapeutically dosed low molecular weight heparins in renal impairment: a nationwide survey
Authors: Jaspers Tessa Corrine Catherina , Keyany A. , Maat B. , Meijer K. , van den Bemt P. M. L. A. , Khorsand N. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Purpose
International guidelines vary in their recommendations whether or not to reduce the therapeutic dose of low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) in renal impairment. The use of anti-Xa monitoring as a basis of dose adjustments is also a matter of debate. As this may lead to variations in treatment policies, we aimed to study the treatment policies of therapeutically dosed LMWHs in renal impairment in Dutch hospitals.

Methods
An 11-item survey was distributed between June 2020 and March 2021 to hospital pharmacists, representing Dutch hospital organisations. Primary outcomes were the dosing regimens of therapeutically dosed LMWHs in renally impaired patients. Secondary outcomes were the proportion of hospitals that used anti-Xa monitoring and the anti-Xa target range used.

Results
There was a response from 56 of 69 (81%) Dutch hospital organisations where in each case a hospital pharmacist completed the survey. In these hospitals, 77 LMWH regimens were in use. In 76 of 77 (99%) regimens, a regular dose reduction was used at the start of treatment. Fifty-five of these hospitals used a dose reduction if estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 50 ml/min and 17 used a dose reduction if eGFR < 30 ml/min. Anti-Xa levels were not routinely monitored in 40% of regimens, while 22% monitored anti-Xa if eGFR < 50 ml/min, 27% if eGFR < 30 ml/min and 10% in other eGFR cutoff values. Target ranges of 1.0–2.0 IU/ml (once daily) and 0.5/0.6–1.0 IU/ml (twice daily) were used in 69% of regimens that included monitoring of anti-Xa.

Conclusion
Treatment policies show substantial diversity in therapeutically dosed LMWHs in renally impaired patients. The most commonly used treatment regimen was a regular dose reduction if eGFR is < 50 ml/min, without anti-Xa monitoring.