bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delignification of Oil Palm Empty Bunch with Compressive Heat and Naoh Concentration in Separate Lignosellulose
Authors: Hartari WR , Delvitasari F , Sarono  , Undadraja B 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Delignification is a pretreatment in bioethanol processing to separate lignin and cellulose in materials containing lignocellulose such as TKKS. In the delignification process, some lignin will be dissolved. This study aimed to determine the lignocellulosic content in TKKS using the pressurized heat method and the concentration of NaOH. The study was conducted by preparing TKKS samples for alkaline delignification (NaOH) with various concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Then delignification was carried out using a hot autoclave with an absolute pressure of 4 bar, at a temperature of 120°C for 30 and 60 minutes. The research data were analyzed using Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with the Polynomial Orthogonal follow-up test. The results showed that the cellulose obtained was most abundant at 10% NaOH concentration within 30 minutes, namely 58.33%, and the lowest was at 30% NaOH concentration with 47.3% 60 minutes. Then the highest hemicellulose was found in 10% NaOH concentration with a time of 30 minutes, namely 18.25%, and the lowest was at 30% NaOH with 30 minutes, namely 9.03%. Then the highest Lignin at 10% NaOH concentration with a time of 30 minutes is 10.14%, and the lowest at 30% NaOH concentration with a time of 60 minutes is 3.3%.
Analysis Food Security of Rice Farmers Through Efforts Optimization of Swamp Land in East Lampung Regency
Authors: Berliana D , Fitri A , Sutarni  
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the perception of lowland rice farmers on optimizing the use of swamp land into rice fields, analyzing rice farming income after optimizing the use of swamp land into rice fields in an effort to support food security, analyzing consumption expenditures and household food security of rice farmers. The research location is in Braja Selebah District in East Lampung Regency. This is because Braja Selebah Sub-district is one of the sub-districts that implements optimization of land use (swamp land into rice fields) with the Serasi Program (Congratulations for the Prosperity of Rawa for Farmers). The number of respondents in this study were 30 people based on simple random sampling technique. The data analysis method used to determine the perception of lowland rice farmers on the optimization of the use of swamp land into rice fields in this study was all data obtained were tabulated, then analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The income analysis carried out in this study is to calculate the income of rice farmers who follow the Serasi program and to measure the level of food security of farmer households using the Food Expenditure Share (PPP) approach. The results of this study are that On average, 63.3% of farmers know about rice cultivation in swamps and the attitude of farmers to rice cultivation in swamps. 60% of respondent farmers feel very happy. Proportion of farmers’ food expenditure is equal to 60%. The ratio of revenue to total costs is greater than 1.00, meaning that rice farming in the Lebak swamp carried out by respondent farmers is economically profitable.
Energy Consumption for Patchouli Oil Extraction Using Ohmic Heating
Authors: Sofi’i Imam , Arifin Zainal , Oktafrina  
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Currently, the process of releasing patchouli oil is carried out by extraction, water-steam distillation, and hydrodistillation. A new method for extracting patchouli by hydro distillation using electric voltage by ohmic heating has not been widely used. This paper aims to determine the energy requirements for extraction using ohmic heating. The method used is to make an extraction tool using electricity and extract the dried patchouli leaves. The electricity used for extraction is AC electricity with voltages of 90 V, 100 V, and 110 V. The ratio of patchouli to water is 1:12. Observations were made on changes in voltage and electric current during the extraction process, the length of the extraction process, and the yield of patchouli oil. As a comparison, water distillation extraction method was used using an electric stove heater. The experimental results show that the energy consumption during the extraction process starting from the lowest is 3584.7 kJ (voltage 90 V), 3488.96 kJ (voltage 100 V), 3313.77 kJ (voltage 110 V) and 4386.69 kJ (voltage 220 V). The highest oil yields were 5.10 g (voltage 100 V); 3.15 g (voltage 90 V); 2.00 g (voltage 110 V); and 1.00 g (voltage 220 V). Patchouli oil extraction using ohmic heating provides higher yields and lower energy than electric stove heating.
Regeneration of Red Palestine FIG (Ficus carica L.) from Formation of Adventitious Shoots in Murashige & Skoog Media with Additional of BAP/TDZ and NAA
Authors: Erfa Lisa , Ferziana  , Maulida Desi , Mita Sari Reny , Yuniardi Fifit 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The research is aim to determine the regeneration of Red Palestine fig plant by direct or indirect organogenesis; to get the best combination of auxin & cytokinin concentration to induce callus formation; and the best combination of BAP/TDZ and NAA concentrations to regenerate fig plant from adventitious shoot formation. Experimental Treatment I: TDZ 5 mg.l-1; TDZ 7 mg.l-1; 2.4D 4 Kin. 0 mg.l-1; 2.4D 4 Kin. 0.25 mg.l-1; 2.4D 4 Kin. 0.5 mg.l-1; IBA 2 TDZ 1 mg.l-1; IBA 2 TDZ 2 mg.l-1; IBA 4 TDZ 1 mg.l-1; and IBA 4 TDZ 2 mg.l-1. Experimental Treatment II : BAP 2 NAA 0.25 mg.l-1; BAP 2 NAA 0.5 mg.l-1; BAP 3 NAA 0.25 mg.l-1; BAP 3 NAA 0.5 mg.l-1; TDZ 5 mg.l-1 NAA 0.25 mg.l-1; TDZ 5 NAA 0.5 mg.l-1; TDZ 7 NAA 0.25 mg.l-1; and TDZ 7 mg.l-1 NAA 0.5 mg.l-1. The research used randomized block design with 4 replications. The data were analyzed for variance and then Tukey’s HSD at 5% level. The results showed about Red Palestine fig regeneration through indirect organogenesis; the best combination for callus induction were IBA 2 TDZ 1 mg.l-1; and the best treatment for regeneration of adventitious shoots were BAP 2 NAA 0.25 mg.l-1 followed by TDZ 7 NAA 0.25 mg.l-1.
Linearity Graph in the Prediction of Granular Active Carbon (GAC) Adsorption Ability
Authors: Cendekia Děvy , Ayu Afifah Dian , Hanifah Windia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Detergent waste or greywater is the waste generated from most cleaning products. The existing cleaning products generally contain compounds that threaten the life of aquatic biota, so special treatment is needed in the disposal of their waste. Several studies have stated that activated carbon is a good medium for the adsorption of detergent waste. This research aims to find out maximum ability of activated carbon as a waste adsorption medium detergent. So that the necessary initial analysis of the quality of activated carbon for maximizing the performance of activated carbon as an adsorption medium detergent waste. Iodine absorption analysis can be used as an initial reference in determining the quality of adsorption media. Iodine absorption linearity test using concentrations of 0.025 N, 0.05 N, 0.1 N, 0.15 N, 0.2 N carried out on granular activated carbon which will be used as an adsorption medium. Based on the graphic linearity determination coefficient values obtained at 0, 99. In other words, the absorption of GAC is influenced by iodine concentration, with the correlation between the two variables being opposite. Increasing the concentration of iodine will be accompanied by a decrease in the absorption of iodine. This shows that using GAC as an adsorption medium, it is necessary to take into account the pollutant content of the detergent waste and the contact time of GAC to the pollutant (adsorbate). To be effective as an adsorption medium, the calculation of pollutant levels of detergent waste needs to be analyzed as an initial reference in determining the required contact time. Estimated contact time will affect the design of the adsorbent media for activated carbon-based detergent waste.
Fuzzy Logic Design to Control the Duration of Irrigation Time in the Greenhouse
Authors: Widyawati D K , Ambarwari A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Automatic irrigation is not new, this method has been invented by mankind to irrigate large areas of land through drip irrigation systems. The system is implemented to reduce water wastage in irrigation. In greenhouse irrigation control, computerized control is very important to increase productivity. On the other hand, conventional irrigation control in greenhouses is not effective, because it is based on on-off or proportional control. This paper presents a solution to control irrigation time duration based on fuzzy logic method. Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) was developed using the Mamdani method. FLC is built on the NodeMCU ESP8266 board mounted with a DHT22 and soil moisture sensor. Temperature and water content in the soil parameters are used as input for fuzzy logic to determine the duration of irrigation time. The linguistic values used as fuzzy membership functions include soil moisture (water, wet, dry), temperature (cold, normal, hot), and watering time (zero, short, medium, long). Based on the membership function, 9 fuzzy rule bases are determined. The testing results on fuzzy logic built on NodeMCU ESP8266 with fuzzy logic built on MATLAB software obtained an average error of 0.59%.
The Effect of Suction Refrigerant Pressure Changes on the Performance of the Freeze-Drying System
Authors: Wardika  , Fauzun  , Setiawan Aa , Indriyanawati Dewi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of pressure changes on the performance of the freeze-drying refrigeration system. This research method is to vary the suction pressure of 10psi, 20psi, and 30psi on the performance of the freeze dryer cooling system where the type of refrigerant used is R404A with a compressor capacity of 1.5PK. Based on the test of this tool, the performance of the freeze-drying system produces Actual COP values at various pressures of 10psi, 20psi pressure, and 30psi pressure with values of 2.13, 2.44, 2.50, respectively. While the Carnot COP values for the variation of refrigerant suction pressure are 2.77, 3.03, and 3.10, respectively. While the efficiency values for pressure variations are 76.84%, 78.90%, and 82.25% of these values, it can be said that the highest efficiency value is at 30psi pressure. so it can be concluded that the freeze-drying machine that we make will work well at a pressure of 30 psi
Utilization of Waste Cellulose Raw Material for Making Paper Pulp
Authors: Rimadhanti Ningtyas Kurnia , Nugraha Agassi Taufik , Gina Putri Pridata 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Paper consumption in Indonesia in 2003 reached 5.31 million tons, in 2004 the need for paper consumption reached 5.40 million tons. Meanwhile, in 2005, paper consumption reached 5.61 million tons and in 2009 it reached 7.50 million tons, and this figure continues to increase by 3% - 4% every year. The increase in consumption and the paper industry in Indonesia will be accompanied by an increase in the need for the main raw material for pulp and paper, namely wood so that environmental damage will occur. Alternative materials other than wood which contain cellulose and can be used for pulp and paper manufacture are Empty Palm Fruit Bunches (EFB) and coconut fiber. Mixed fiber paper or often called composite paper, is paper made from a mixture of two or more kinds of paper pulp with other materials. Composite paper can be made using the pulp of EFB mixed with coconut fiber using a banana peel binder. This study aims to determine the mixture of EFB pulp, coconut coir pulp, and banana peel binder so that it can be obtained mixed fiber paper with tear resistance and tensile strength which is most suitable to be applied as an alternative to packaging paper. Based on the pulp produced from research that has been carried out, the cellulose content ranged from 46,4316% until 48,4993%, and hemicellulose ranged between 18,2699% until 20,7593%. With a high cellulose content, samples of EFB raw materials and coconut fiber can be used as raw materials for making paper.
Microseismic and Focal Mechanism Analyses for Structural Interpretation – Muara Laboh Geothermal Field
Authors: Wibowo Djoko A. , Ramadhan Irvan , Agoes Nugroho Indra , Baroek Marino C. , Ganefianto Novi , Azis Herwin , Suryantini  , Sahara David P. , Mozef Prima W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Microseismic monitoring has been used for gathering subsurface information in Geothermal field as part of reservoir monitoring and management plan. New micro earthquake (MEQ) stations were installed in the Muara Laboh geothermal field in the end of 2019, coinciding with the first operation of Unit-1. They have been continuously used to monitor the MEQ events until now. This paper discusses MEQ data analyses to support the subsurface structural interpretation in the Muara Laboh geothermal field. Geothermal production and injection activities create micro seismicity which is triggered by stress failure in fractures / fault planes due to percolation of fluid within fractures network. Distribution of hypocenter locations and magnitude are analyzed, considering highly operational activities, rock mechanic and slip orientation. There are two micro seismicity clusters observed, namely South and North clusters. The South cluster represents 80% of the total recorded micro seismicity events, having NE – SW trend direction; while the North cluster consists of 10% of the total events, correlated with the NNW – SSE structural trend direction. Focal mechanism analysis explains that micro seismicity observed on extended fault zone in the south is thought to be correlated with the distributed fractured network on the hanging wall of normal fault. It is shown by some micro seismicity swarms identified in the south basin-sidewall fault area. These orientations support the current kinematic model of the Muara Laboh geothermal field derived from the structural geology mapping and borehole image logs.
Field Application Review of Scale Removal on Geothermal Wells and Surface Production Facilities Using True Fluidics Oscillator (TFO)-Pulsating Waves Method Technology
Authors: Kushonggo Luhung , Berian Pratama Heru , Sutopo  , Supriyono Anton 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Mineral deposition or scale is the main problem faced in geothermal energy management activities that occur in wells and in production facilities that cause a decrease in power plants’ capacity. Scales are formed naturally and cannot be prevented because it is associated with reservoir and operational conditions that are widely found in Indonesian geothermal systems, predominantly liquid dominated ones, therefore the advantaged technology is needed to clean the scale (scale removal) so that the ability of wells and power plant capacity is maintained. This research aims to offer the alternative method for scale removal using the True Fluidics Oscillator (TFO)-Pulsating Waves Method. This method combines mechanical processes, chemical processes, and wave processes simultaneously to provide solutions to clean scales inside or outside the production casing or perforation zone. This oscillator creates pulsating pressure waves within the wellbore and formation fluids. These pressure waves help to break up any type of near-wellbore damage and restore the permeability by carrying the fluid past the wellbore into the formation. The pressure waves expand in a spherical fashion from the point of origin providing 360° coverage while moving the tool across the interval. The TFO is not affected by standoff from the surface to be cleaned and TFO efficiently transfers the kinetic energy of the fluid pumped to the damaged zone. The use of TFO in conjunction with any chemical treatments will greatly enhance the chemical surface contact area. Technical and economic analysis of the operation of TFO is needed to be applied appropriately to the condition of geothermal systems in Indonesia by using examples of cases in the Central Java Geothermal Field to know the feasibility of the technology.
Evaluation of Successful Matrix Acidizing Method in A Geothermal Well with Comparative Sensitivity of Acid Fluid Models, Volume, and Concentration: A Case Study on Well “X”
Authors: Prasetya Dwi Aurianto Muhammad , Taha Maulana Dimas , Chandra Steven 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
One of the challenges in producing a well is formation damage. Stimulation treatment is known can improve production by removing the formation damage. Matrix acidizing is the most known and proven effective for stimulation treatment. Three matrix acidizing models for sandstone are commonly used, i.e., Dowell, McLeod, and Kalfayan. Matrix acidizing study is conducted in geothermal sandstone formation well with quartz and silica dominated. Five acid fluid models will be injected to compare and evaluate the result of skin factor and productivity index during acidizing. Five types of acid will be used 12% HCl - 3% HF (Dowell model), 6% HCl – 1.5% HF (McLeod model), 10% HCl – 5% HF (Kalfayan model), 5% HF main acid, and using 9% HF main acid. This study uses well performance calculation and analysis to determine whether this well is a good candidate for acidizing. This study presents the sensitivity of the acid fluid model, volume and concentration injected to determine the optimum result of matrix acidizing design in this well. The result consists of the skin factor value after acidizing and the productivity index ratio before acidizing and after acidizing (FOI).
Preliminary Study on Geothermal Direct Utilization: A Case Study of Greenhouse Optimization at Wayang Windu Geothermal Area
Authors: Yakana Berian Zagy , Dzikri Khusaini Reza 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
West Java Province in Indonesia has a geothermal district, one of the existing power plants is Wayang Windu. Besides the geological factors, the development of geothermal energy is determined by socio-economic. This paper examines the preliminary study of direct geothermal energy utilization in a tea plantation in Malabar, Indonesia. The land that has not been cultivated yet is available in that area, and it is near the Wayang Windu. The greenhouse design for 1 hectare which divided into six bays using a cascade cycle from Wayang Windu power plant. This study select capsicum annuum as a case study regarding the opportunity to produce in Bandung City. The minimum heat supply for the greenhouse is 1.25 MW from the hot wastewater from Wayang Windu. The estimation of the greenhouse will reduce carbon emission by around 84% compare with industrial diesel oil (IDO).
Carbon Emissions Reduction in Geothermal Drilling Project: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Rizqi Al Asy’ari M. , Tobing Jerry , Purba Dorman , Fadhillah Ferdino R. , Kandou Shaquille B. T. , Adityatama Daniel W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The global increase of carbon emissions needs to be reduced to keep incremental global warming below 2 degrees. However, in the last decades, Indonesia’s energy supply and demand have been highly dependent on fossil fuels, contributing to high carbon emissions. Most of the non-renewable energy demand comes from transportation and electrification. While in drilling activity, diesel engines produce carbon emissions for mobilization, drilling operation, and site electrification. Carbon emissions reduction is part of the policy of several giant energy companies to achieve net-zero emissions to support environmental sustainability, echoed by Paris Agreement 2015. This preliminary study aims to comprehensively evaluate the activities that generate carbon emissions in geothermal drilling projects. With the case study, the authors offer a numerical approach of emissions calculation that covers from the planning phase until post-operation calculation, including logistics and equipment used in the drilling project. As a result, the authors provide an integrated analysis regarding efficiency options for geothermal drilling operations. This study also proposes a simple economic analysis to achieve lower carbon emissions. From an operational perspective, emissions reduction could be achieved by making resources movement and transportation more efficient, thus directly reducing fuel consumption and emissions. Furthermore, biodiesel and renewable energy to substitute diesel will lower emissions and energy consumption for regular generators and transportation. Moreover, several operational efficiency options that can help reduce carbon emissions are discussed in this research. Then, the digitalization era also plays an important role in increasing efficiency for lowering carbon footprint. Briefly, this research is considered useful for the industry that seeks to deliver an integrated effort to reduce carbon emissions during a geothermal drilling operation. It will serve as a reference to increase awareness in mitigating emissions in geothermal drilling projects to achieve lower carbon drilling operations.
Growth and Yield Response of Lowland Rice to Form and Dosage of Bio-fertilizer at Different Plant Spacing
Authors: Patriyawaty N R , Yursida  , Agustina K , Ikhwani  
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Expanding rice planting areas is one of Government’s strategy that could overcome increasing rice demand nationally. However the more rice planting areas the more chemical fertilizer used, which has a deleterious side effect on the soil, environment and high in cost production. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a less or without chemical fertilizer rice production system through applying biofertilizer and combining with a proper cultivation technology such as management on plant spacing. An experiment was conducted at Pusakanagara Research Station, Indonesia during August to December 2018 to evaluate the effect of form and dosage of biofertilizer application at different plant spacing toward the growth and yield response of lowland rice. The experiment was arranged in split-split-plot design with three replications. The main plot was plant spacing, i.e T1 – Jajar Legowo pattern 2:1 (25 cm - 50 cm) x 12,5 cm and T2 – Jajar Legowo Pattern 4:1 (25 cm - 50 cm) x 12,5 cm. The sub-plot was form of biofertilizer, i.e W1 – powder and W2 – granule, while the sub-sub-plot was dosage of biofertilizer, i.e P0 – without biofertilizer (control), P1 – 150 g/ha, P2 – 250 g/ha, and P3 – 300 g/ha. The result showed The interaction between plant spacing (T) x form of biofertilizer (W) x dosage of biofertilizer (P) affected significant on tiller number and panicle length and not significantly at the yield and yield components of lowland rice soil. The highest yield at control with the powder form at Jajar Legowo pattern 2:1 was 8.7 t/ha miled dry grain, but not significantly different from other biofertilizer dosage level. Applying biofertilizer at a rate of 150 g/ha in the form of powder at Jajar Legowo pattern 2:1 could increase grain yield up to 2.5 t/ha more than Jajar Legowo pattern 4:1.