bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Holistic Ideals and the ‘Spirit’ of International Health
Authors: Peng-Keller Simon , Winiger Fabian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter sets out by outlining the intellectual and political milieu in which the WHO would be created. It begins with the early twentieth-century reaction to an increasingly narrow and laboratory-based medicine, the call by many physicians and social reformers to broaden public health reforms to include social and political factors, and the recognition of the international nature of health. It then turns to Henry E. Sigerist (1891–1957), the Swiss physician and medical historian who supplied the wording to the definition of health contained in the preamble of the WHO’s constitution. The authors then examine the emergence of the term ‘spiritual’ within the WHO, and the ambiguous semantics of the term. Finally, they take a broad look at the post-colonial upheavals that contributed to a profound change in the WHO in the 1970s, and the introduction of the new paradigm of Primary Health Care (PHC) and the ‘Health for All by the Year 2000’, in which context the WHO first took an official interest in the ‘spiritual dimension’ of health.
The Spirituality of Others and the WHO Discourse on Traditional Medicine
Authors: Winiger Fabian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter draws on primary literature published since the early 1970s to reconstruct three distinctive discourses behind the WHO’s interest in ‘traditional medicine’: the hope that it would provide the ‘manpower’ needed to roll out primary healthcare reform in developing countries; the political desire of newly decolonized nations for cultural and economic independence; and the idea that indigenous herbal remedies provided a repository of ‘active ingredients’ that would reduce the cost of medical care. Each rationale produced a distinctive accommodation of the inexplicable, ‘spiritual’ aspects of ‘traditional medicine’. Though the driving forces behind this development are diffuse, this chapter shows that the WHO’s interest in this topic traced a meandering but steady path towards a greater acceptance of non-biomedical healing modalities and alternative epistemologies of healing and caring
Developments in the New Millennium
Authors: Peng-Keller Simon , Winiger Fabian , Rauch Raphael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes a brief look at developments in the new millennium. Both internal and external processes continued to shape the WHO’s approach to the ‘spiritual dimension’ of health. The chapter examines this in three sections. The first section focuses on the WHO’s efforts in the field of mental health. The second section investigates the growing recognition of the contribution of faith-based organizations (FBOs) to global health and traces a process of cautious rapprochement that ultimately led to a controversy about the neutrality of the WHO. Finally, the third section concludes by summing up the main strands of historical discourse and emphasizing that the fate of the ‘spiritual dimension’ of health in the WHO was highly dependent on changing visions about the principal goals of global health.
How the English Reformation was Named
Authors: Guyer Benjamin M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
How the English Reformation was Named analyzes the shifting semantics of “reformation” in England between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries. Originally denoting the intended aim of church councils, “reformation” was subsequently redefined to denote violent revolt, and ultimately a series of past episodes in religious history. But despite referring to sixteenth-century religious change, the proper noun “English Reformation” entered the historical lexicon only during the British civil wars of the 1640s. Anglican apologists coined this term to defend the Church of England against proponents of the Scottish Reformation, an event that contemporaries singled out for its violence and illegality. Using their neologism to denote select events from the mid-Tudor era, Anglicans crafted a historical narrative that enabled them to present a pristine vision of the English past, one that they endeavored to preserve amidst civil war, regicide, and political oppression. With the restoration of the monarchy and the Church of England in 1660, apologetic narrative became historiographical habit and, eventually, historical certainty.
Introduction
Authors: Millward Gareth 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the key concepts of the book. It explains what a ‘sick note’ is and why states feel the need to monitor sickness, before situating the book in the context of existing social and cultural histories of postwar Britain. It demonstrates that bureaucracies provide benefits on the basis of sickness, but that reliable diagnosis is difficult to obtain. Furthermore, different bureaucracies have different definitions of what is ‘sick enough’ to claim—definitions that can often conflict with ‘common sense’ definitions of ill health. These tensions form the basis of many of the issues experienced in the rest of the volume, especially around aggregate sickness data. The Introduction concludes with a chapter plan explaining the book’s core arguments and how these proceed thematically and chronologically throughout the rest of the volume.
Privatization?
Authors: Millward Gareth 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The welfare state underwent significant reforms after the oil crises of the 1970 and Margaret Thatcher’s election in 1979. As this chapter demonstrates, however, such reforms had their origins in earlier decades—and some of the ideas underpinning so-called ‘neo-liberal’ reforms towards the end of the century were not new to the 1980s. This chapter uses the introduction of Statutory Sick Pay in 1983 to show how ideas about who should provide sickness benefit had changed by the 1980s. This made employers responsible for paying the first few weeks of sick pay and allowed the government to incrementally effectively ‘privatize’ National Insurance sickness benefit. One of the key changes in this new system was ‘self-certification’, or the ability for workers to declare themselves sick for short bouts of illness without the need for a doctors’ signature. This was the culmination of decades of pressure from the BMA to reform medical certification. Although there was resistance from the government, trades unions, and business groups, all eventually accepted that self-certification would save time and allow the remaining elements of the welfare state to deal more effectively with long-term sickness and disability. This provides important context to reforms that would come in the 1990s and 2000s; but it also cannot be understood without considering the evolution of sick note policy over the 1960s and 1970s that allowed the government to acquiesce to the BMA’s demands for less certification.
Chronicity and Capacity towards the New Millennium
Authors: Millward Gareth 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Statutory Sick Pay had effectively removed the state’s responsibility for short-term sickness. The government therefore turned its sights on reducing the financial burden of long-term sickness and disability benefits. This chapter analyses attitudes towards sickness in the 1980s and 1990s to explain how and why the government was able to restrict access to incapacity benefit through new forms of testing. At the same time, the rise of ‘sick note’ as a rhetorical device in the national media reflected both the ubiquity of sick notes in everyday life and the concerns British people had about the adequacy of sickness systems. Using media coverage from the time, this chapter shows that attitudes towards ‘scroungers’ and potential malingerers played into a political rhetoric of ‘getting tough’ on people who were considered undeserving of state support. ‘Sicknotes’ like footballer Darren Anderton, Bert Quigley from London’s Burning, or actor Martine McCutcheon said something about Britain’s attitudes to providing help to people with mental or physical health conditions that affected their ability to work. The bureaucratic and medico-sociological justifications for the Conservative government’s approach informed New Labour’s reforms to disability benefits in the 2000s; but they must also be put into the wider context of changing attitudes to sickness and to paid employment since the 1940s.
Verbal nouns in Latin
Authors: Spevak Olga 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates properties of verbal nouns in Latin, which usually go under the label of ‘abstract nouns’. It briefly reviews previous research, with a focus on nouns in -tio and -tus. It provides a description of the syntactic and semantic properties of verbal nouns. Verbal nouns show nominal syntax—argument marking is in the genitive—but they retain some verbal properties: they can express or imply their arguments, they can be interpreted for their tense or voice value, and they allow the reflexive pronoun se and the ab phrase expressing the agent. Special attention is paid to the identification of nouns with a verbal meaning and those with a concrete meaning. Collocation or co-occurrence with other constituents in the same clause is an important criterion for this distinction. It is argued that verbal nouns typically occur with verbs meaning existence and happening; concrete nouns with action verbs.
Competitors of verbal nouns
Authors: Spevak Olga 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 discusses competitors of verbal nouns: gerunds and gerundives, participles, and infinitives, in order to determine which properties they share with verbal nouns, in which contexts they are interchangeable, and what restrictions apply to their use. Gerunds and gerundives are largely interchangeable with verbal nouns, especially in the ablative and the prepositional accusative with the semantic functions of means and purpose adjuncts. Competition between gerunds, gerundives, and verbal nouns is strongest at the noun phrase level. They are used in similar contexts, but gerunds and gerundives allow a greater complexity than verbal nouns. The gerunds and gerundives compensate for the lack of verbal nouns only in the case of semantically weak verbs, verbs that do not form verbal nouns, and strongly polysemous verbs. Participial clauses, which situate an action in time, compete with verbal nouns in the functions of subject, object, and adjuncts of means.
Conclusions
Authors: Spevak Olga 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this book it is argued that verbal nouns, defined as nouns that have a correspondence with a clause structure, retain some verbal properties, namely expression or implication of arguments (obligatory constituents), inherent temporality or relationship with time, and voice value. They must be distinguished from the use of these nouns with concrete reference because they behave in a different way. Functions fulfilled by verbal nouns are examined in various text types (narrative texts, treatises on rhetoric and architecture, and legal texts). The distinction between a verbal meaning and a concrete meaning is especially important in technical treatises. Verbal nouns compete with non-finite verb forms (gerunds, gerundives, participial clauses, and infinitives). Their interchangeability can be observed in particular at the noun phrase level.
BUILDING FREE SOCIETIES IN THE COSMOS
Authors: Cockell Charles S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFaced with the tyranny-prone conditions of space we can consider how to minimise despotism and maximise the chance for liberty to take hold in extraterrestrial settlements. Largely this involves institution building, including the development of constitutions and checks and balances within government branches, even in the smallest space settlements. However, it also involves encouraging the development of culture and customs that are conducive to open societies, while recognising that societies in space will necessarily be more collectivist than many communities on Earth. All aspects of the extraterrestrial society, but especially political and economic institutional arrangements, are considered in this light and suggestions made on how to construct a polity that tends towards the preservation of liberty in space.
DISSENT AND WELFARE
Authors: Cockell Charles S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFor liberty to succeed in space, there must be the capacity for people to dissent. The encouragement of dissent is critical to revealing political and economic arrangements that can lead to danger, even existential risks, in an inherently lethal environment. But how can people dissent in an instantaneously lethal environment where disruption such as a depressurisation event could threaten many lives? What types of dissent can work in the lethal conditions surrounding extraterrestrial settlements? Can strike action and revolution be accommodated in confined and economically limited extraterrestrial conditions? Both physical infrastructure and social conditions must be engineered to allow the conditions for dissent and disobedience and the means to channel these disagreements into peaceful and productive ends.
ART AND LIBERTY
Authors: Cockell Charles S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe free expression of artistic capacities in writing, music, painting, etc., is an essential part of constructing the conditions for liberty in space settlements. Although the direction of art is always open to misuse, there are forms of art that could be encouraged, and roles of artists that can be recognised, that would enhance the chances of successfully developing freedoms in space settlements. By identifying the roles of artists in society, such as the historian, the traveller, or the norm-breaker, positive efforts can be made to encourage these functions in society. This effort becomes of special importance in the extraterrestrial environment, where artists can play an important part in breaking down conformity and building up culture in otherwise physically monotonous environments.
JUSTICE AND CRIMINALITY IN THE FREE SOCIETY
Authors: Cockell Charles S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIf liberty is to be preserved in space, then a settlement must construct a successful justice system that recognises the basic precepts of free societies, such as equality before the law and the presumption of innocence, but that also administers justice fairly. This includes the design of extraterrestrial prisons and a prison system that is humane. In particular, we can consider the way in which extreme conditions and the need to prevent potentially dangerous crimes might shape the nature of an emergent police force and system of law enforcement. It is possible to consider a series of principles, institutions, and social designs that allow for a functioning extraterrestrial judiciary and justice system that can nurture the conditions for extraterrestrial liberty.
Physical subsystem of moral metaphors
Authors: Yu Ning 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a descriptive and analytical study of the physical subsystem of the moral metaphor system. This subsystem, consisting of moral-physical metaphors, can be summarized by a generic conceptual metaphor morality is physicality. The chapter starts with an initial analysis of the source concepts, i.e., beautiful and ugly, strong and weak, sound and rotten, whole and broken, healthy and ill, with respect to their relations with one another and a general source frame that applies to all of them for their metaphorical mappings onto the target concepts moral and immoral within the subsystem. The five conceptual metaphors are morality is beauty, morality is strength, morality is soundness, morality is wholeness, and morality is health. Then studies of their linguistic manifestations are conducted separately in English and Chinese.
The moral metaphor system and beyond
Authors: Yu Ning 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter puts the complete moral metaphor system into a holistic perspective, examining the moral metaphor system as a whole, constructing a general model for the analysis of both source and target frame structures of the conceptual metaphors in the moral metaphor system. This model displays the core elements and relations in the frame structures, with constants and variables specified. This chapter also examines the relationship between bodily, cultural, and linguistic experience and analyzes how they interact with metaphorical conceptualization, citing some linguistic evidence, both qualitative and quantitative, and multimodal evidence, showing the possible impact of linguistic experience on conceptual system and cultural experience. In particular, two general issues are discussed concerning the relations between language and thought, and between language and culture, emphasizing the possible impact of the former on the latter. The chapter wraps up with some closing remarks summarizing the findings and conclusions.
Introduction
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA brief introduction to the re-emergence of China as a global economic power emphasizing the role played by changes in the global economy from the 1970s and the internal reforms in China from the end of the 1970s. The chapter briefly describes the importance of economic relations with China for SSA and LAC and introduces contrasting views of the impact of China on SSA and LAC. Emphasizes a framework which highlights the indirect as well as the direct impacts of China on the two regions, and identifies both positive and negative effects. Provides an outline of the main parts and chapters of the book.
Social, Political, and Environmental Impacts in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSome of the most controversial aspects of China’s economic presence in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) relate to the social, political, and environmental impacts. The chapter finds that many of the claims that are made are based on anecdotal evidence and that there is a need for more systematic research on these aspects. In terms of social impacts, the chapter discusses employment, wages, working conditions, and labour rights. Political claims addressed include claims that China’s involvement supports authoritarian regimes, encourages corruption and leads to conflict and political instability. These claims are not generally supported and SSA countries have also benefitted from the increased policy space that Chinese involvement gives them. The environmental effects of both increased exports to China and the activities of Chinese firms in SSA are analysed. Contrasting case studies illustrate the negative impacts of China on forestry and the positive effects of Chinese support for wind and solar power.
Sentential Formal Languages and Their Interpretation
Authors: Citkin Alex , Muravitsky Alexei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces the type of schematic formal language that is used in Chapters 2–6 and 10 of the book. This sentential schematic language is illustrated by a number of examples. Also in this chapter, we define the operation of uniform (or simultaneous) substitution and the semantics for this language by introducing the concept of a logical matrix. The latter concept is also illustrated by a number of examples.
Unital Abstract Logics
Authors: Citkin Alex , Muravitsky Alexei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces the concept of unital abstract logic. We illustrate this concept with a number of well-known examples of logical consequence, as well as some classes of logical consequence, such as implicative logics and Fregean logics. The quintessence of this chapter is the concept of a Lindenbaum-Tarski algebra. Also in this chapter, we are developing a technique that allows us to consider the Lindenbaum-Tarski algebra as a separating tool, or at least as a starting point for creating such a means. As illustrative examples, we give a detailed description of the Lindenbaum-Tarski algebras with one and two variables of the classical propositional calculus and the Lindenbaum-Tarski algebra with one variable of the intuitionistic propositional calculus, the so-called Rieger-Nishimura algebra. We also include some applications of Lindenbaum-Tarski algebras.
Q-Consequence
Authors: Citkin Alex , Muravitsky Alexei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe topic of this chapter is the treatment of a consequence relation in the framework of predicate languages with generalized quantifiers, which is called in this book Q-consequence. We discuss two patterns of Q-consequence: one is defined by Q-structures and the other, for specified languages, through deductive systems. Since the former is largely related to matrix consequence, we employ the Lindenbaum method for its characterization. Then, this method is used to consider models of the three kinds of Q-consequence given deductively. Completeness results are given for three Q-consequence relations, but only for a limited case, which, however, includes the subcase of all formal theorems.
How do children tell right from wrong?
Authors: Harris Paul L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Early studies of children’s moral behavior revealed a lot of inconsistency in their behavior from one situation to the next. Children appeared to lack a steady or consistent moral compass. Subsequent research with adults by Milgram highlighted the critical role of the external situation—rather than personality factors—in pushing individuals to immoral or moral behavior. Research with children turned away from the study of moral behavior to the study of their moral judgment, probing the ability to articulate good moral reasons for an action. Later work with preschool children and even infants has revealed a surprisingly early ability to differentiate between good and bad actions. Moreover, some children act on these moral intuitions even when it goes against family practices—for example, they choose to become vegetarian and honor that commitment.
The Perils of International Regime Complexity in Shadow Banking
Authors: Quaglia Lucia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDespite the role of shadow banking in the building up of the 2008 international financial crisis, the massive size of this sector, its cross-border nature, and the risks it entails for financial stability, the post-crisis regulation of shadow banking has remained rather feeble. Why? This book identifies a ‘game of shadows’, which unfolded recursively concerning the definition, monitoring, and regulation of shadow banking internationally. Thus, states, regulators, and private actors tended to cast light away from various parts of the shadow banking system—shadow banking was (re)fined over time, its measurement was narrowed down, lessening the (perceived) need for regulation. The playing out of such a game was facilitated by the international architecture for shadow banking governance, which is a ‘regime complex’ characterized by the presence of multiple institutions and elemental regimes governing a set of related issues. Indeed, shadow banking is a quintessential case for demonstrating the perils of international regime complexity, which magnifies problems that are endemic in governing global finance—namely, interstate competition, disagreement between technocratic bodies, and the power of the financial industry—while splintering solutions, due to the fragmentation of regulatory authority. Empirically, this book examines various elemental regimes concerning different aspects of shadow banking, namely: international standards for defining, measuring, and monitoring global shadow banking; international standards for shadow banking entities, including money market funds, hedge funds, and investment funds; international standards for shadow banking activities, such as securitization, securities lending, and repos; international standards for bank capital exposures to shadow banking.