bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystallographic Design of Intercalation Materials
Authors: Renuka Balakrishna Ananya 
Published: November 2022

In this talk, I will share some of our ongoing work to enhance the lifespans of lithium battery materials. We recently demonstrated how film straining of intercalation electrodes can circumvent its structural degradation upon repeated cycling. While suppressing chemo-mechanical degradation has been a longstanding problem; our paper initiates a new line of research by using mechanical stress states to regulate the energy landscape in intercalation materials and to thus improve their lifespans [1]. In a more recent work, we draw inspiration from shape memory alloys to design microstructures that mitigate degradation in intercalation materials. We have developed a theoretical framework that predicts structural transformation pathways of intercalation materials and identifies candidate compounds that approximately satisfy geometric constraints to form shape-memory-like microstructures [2]. Overall, our research aims to establish a theoretical and computational framework to accelerate the discovery and development of energy-related materials.
References
[1] Zhang, D., Sheth, J., Sheldon, B.W., & Balakrishna, A.R. (2021). Film strains enhance the reversible cycling of intercalation electrodes. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, Volume 155, 10455
[2] Balakrishna, A.R. (2022). Crystallographic design of intercalation materials. arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.04525, 2022
Material and Processing Considerations for Thick All Active Material Mildly Sintered Lithium-Ion Electrodes
Authors: Koenig Gary , Cai Chen , Nie Ziyang 
Published: November 2022

Electrodes containing only electroactive material processed to relatively large thicknesses (often greater than 500 microns) can have high energy density at the cell level due to the high loading of electroactive material. The specific all electroactive lithium-ion material electrodes in this work undergo a mild thermal treatment and are referred to as sintered electrodes. While in general the great thickness results in long ion diffusion paths which limits rate capability of sintered electrode cells, the lack of inactive additives provides a relative advantage in effective ionic transport properties.
In this talk, recent improvements in sintered electrode batteries will be discussed. In particular, incorporation of new materials with increased gravimetric and more importantly volumetric energy density will be described. In some cases, the alternative materials have lower electronic conductivity than previously used electroactive materials for sintered electrodes, and processing strategies for alleviating electronic conductivity limitations will be discussed. Incorporation of modified materials and processing results in very high energy density small form factor battery cells.
Isomorphism in Ternary Mathematics
Authors: Pozinkevych Ruslan 
Published: November 2022

Aims/ Objectives: Given research is an attempt to establish a connection between various groups of numbers The author aims to justify the statement: is true as an example of the so-called “Ternary Groups” Definition of “ Ternary” very much depends on vector properties and it’s components

Keywords: Three Component Vector ,Bayesian Decomposition ,Matrix of Rotation 1 Introduction
Let’s first write the definition of a three component vector :
It is a vector the components of which are orthonormal and is written as The indice x,y,z are commonly referred to as i,j,k units along x,y,z axis The question is whether such reference is correct As an example we use most commonly used dot and cross product often referred to as scalar and vector multiplication
The outcomes of these two products result in different classes of number presentations i.e., a scalar and a vector respectively Having said that we want to establish a link between numeric values and their vector representation

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Advanced Concentration Gradient Cathode Material for Next-Generation Electric Vehicles
Authors: Park Nam-Yung , Kim Jae-Min , Sun Yang-Kook 
Published: November 2022

With the prevalence of electric vehicles (EVs), the use of Li-ion batteries (LIBs) in EVs presents a new set of challenges such as cost, charging behavior, driving range per charge, risk of thermal runaway, and battery life. As the performance of LIBs is largely determined by the cathode material, the development of high-performance LIBs for EVs has focused on increasing the capacity of the cathode by using Ni-rich Li[NixCoyAl1−x−y]O2 (NCA) and Li[NixCoyMn1−x−y]O2 (NCM) cathodes.1

Ni-rich core encapsulated by a shell with concentration gradients (CSG) is the only field-proven strategy that is able to tap the potential capacity of Ni-rich cathodes while providing long cycle life.2 Despite the success of CSG cathodes, concentration gradients in the hydroxide precursor are intrinsically unstable and susceptible to flattening through interdiffusion during lithiation process.3 Furthermore, excessive coarsening during lithiation destroys the aligned microstructure, which undermines the mechanical stability of the cathode against microcrack formation.3 Therefore, CSG cathodes require a narrow processing temperature window; however, this increases their manufacturing cost.
Herein, it was demonstrated that the doping of a CSG cathode with an average composition of Li[Ni0.9Co0.5Mn0.5]O2 with 0.5 mol% Sb substantially improved its cycling stability while providing manufacturing flexibility. Sb doping allowed precise tailoring of the cathode microstructure through the retardation of cation migration and the inhibition of coarsening by pinning particle boundaries. The Sb-doped CSG cathode retained ~80% of its initial capacity for 2500 cycles, while the pristine CSG90 cathode showed similar capacitive deterioration over only 1500 cycles. The proposed Sb-doped CSG90 cathode for use in electric vehicles represents an ideal high-energy-density cathode with a composition engineered to maximize capacity; its modified microstructure ensures a long battery life and ease of manufacturing, enabling cost reduction.

Reference
s
:

[1] H.-J. Noh, S. Youn, C. S. Yoon, Y.-K. Sun, J. Power Sources, 2013, 233, 121.
[2] U.-H. Kim, H.-H. Ryu, J.-H. Kim, R. Mucke, P. Kaghazchi, C. S. Yoon, Y.-K. Sun, Adv. Energy Mater.
2019, 9, 1803902.
[3] G.-T. Park, H.-H Ryu, T.-C. Noh, G.-C. Kang, Y.-K. Sun, Mater. Today, 2022, 52, 9.
Estimating Surface Layer Thickness on Electrodes from Lithium-Ion Batteries By Surface Analysis
Authors: Zhou Liu (Amy) , Guillot Sarah Lucienne , Usrey Monica Lee , Peña-Hueso Adrián 
Published: November 2022

As energy density and operational requirements increase, traditional battery electrolytes are pushed to the breaking point. Silatronix® organosilicon (OS) electrolyte materials are a key building block in next-generation Li-ion systems. Silatronix® has developed and synthesized an entirely new class of OS molecules with superior thermal, chemical, and electrochemical properties including lower anode and cathode impedance and reduce gas generation after high temperature cycling1.
The surface layers that form on the electrodes during battery aging are one of the main factors affecting the performance of lithium-ion batteries and can be key to understanding battery electrochemistry2. Thicker surface layers may lead to higher impedance while composition of the surface layer can also affect impedance. In this work, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used as the main tool to estimate the thickness of the surface layers on both cathode and anode (Figure 1). The anode surface layer thickness was estimated using depth profiling through the decomposition layer to reveal signal from the bulk anode. The cathode surface layer thickness was estimated using the PVDF signal from the bulk cathode and calculating the attenuation of the pristine signal due to the overlying decomposition species3.
Utilizing these methods, the surface layer thicknesses on the anode and cathode were estimated after formation, after HT cycling and after HT storage4. The trend of anode surface layer thickness with aging was explored, as well as the effects of different OS materials on surface layer thickness after different stages of aging, and the correlation between the cell impedance and surface layer thickness.

References:

Guillot, S.L.; Usrey, M. L.; Peña-Hueso, A.; Kerber, B.M.; Zhou, L.; Du, P.; Johnson, T. Reduced gassing in Lithium-ion batteries with organosilicon additives. Journal of The Electrochemical Society 2021, 168, 030533-030543.

Wang, A.; Kadam, S.; Li, H.; Shi, S.; Qi, Yue. Review on modeling of the anode solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) for lithium-ion batteries, npj Computational Materials 2018, 4, 15.

Cumpson, P.J. The Thickogram: a method for easy film thickness measurement in XPS. Surf. Interface Anal. 2000, 29, 403-406.

Niehoff, P.; Passerini, S.; Winter, M. Interface investigations of a commercial Lithium-ion battery graphite anode material by sputter Depth Profile X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. Langmuir 2013, 29, (19), 5806–5816.

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NMC111 Cathode Thin Films for All Solid State Li Ion Battery
Authors: Uzakbaiuly Berik , Mukanova Aliya , Bakenov Zhumabay 
Published: November 2022

This work investigates the electrochemical properties of NMC111 as thin film cathode materials for thin film Li ion batteries. The films were deposited on Si substrate coated with Pt using a radio frequency magnetron sputtering system. The samples were post annealed after deposition and the it’s effect is discussed. Crystalline structures were obtained for samples annealed at 700 oC and O2 atmosphere. The electrochemical properties of all solid state thin film batteries with the crystalline cathode, Lipon electrolyte and Li anode showed good capacity retention. This battery proved to be an effective solution for thin film and microbatteries.
Acknowledgement
This research was funded under the research grant #51763/ПЦФ-МЦРОАП РК-19 “New materials and devices for defense and aerospace applications” from MDDIAI Republic of Kazakhstan
Improving Performance of Regenerated Cathode Materials from Aged Lithium-Ion Batteries By Forming Nano-Coatings
Authors: Yan Chao , Koel Bruce , Yang Xiaofang , Xiang Jerry 
Published: November 2022

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have emerged as the battery of choice for rapidly growing markets in electric vehicles (EVs) and grid electricity storage. This spurs a great demand for lithium, graphite, cobalt, and nickel that could outstrip the supply of virgin materials. Thus, there is an enormous interest in the development of new sustainable technologies for recycling and recovery of valuable materials from secondary resources, especially from used lithium-ion batteries. Compared to conventional high-temperature pyrometallurgical or hydrometallurgical methods, direct recycling of LIBs is a more desirable approach because it can directly regenerate the cathode materials by relithiation without destroying the LIB compounds. Additionally, direct recycling is a comparatively low-cost and less resource-intensive method of recovering LIB materials.
However, completely regenerating the full capacity and long-term performance of the original materials is still particularly challenging. For instance, the cathode materials are often coated with a nanometer-thick protecting layer, which is engineered to reduce the degrading effect on the cathode from direct contact with the electrolyte. The long-term charge-discharge cycling causes damage to this coating layer, and thus it needs to be repaired in order to recover the material performance. To address this challenge, we have developed a novel process that can regenerate and upgrade cathode materials from aged lithium-ion batteries, as well as create a new coating layer to improve the performance of the cathode materials. In this presentation, we will provide a case study to show the performance improvement of recycled lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) materials by forming an alumina coating layer on the surface. By controlling the thickness and sintering temperature, this surface alumina coating can be an effective way to improve the stability and cyclability of recycled LCO cathode materials. Material characterization by XPS, SEM, STEM, and XRD helps to reveal the structure and composition of the surface alumina coating layer, and provides insights into the healing and protective roles of this layer for recycled LCO particles.
Exposing Heterogeneous Degradation in Prismatic Lithium-Ion Cells
Authors: Smith Alexander James , Mikheenkova Anastasiia , Fang Yuan , Ahmed Istaq , Ekström Henrik , Svens Pontus , Furo Istvan , Hahlin Maria , Lacey Matthew , Lindbergh Göran , Wreland Lindström Rakel 
Published: November 2022

The energy density and lifetime of lithium-ion cells for automotive applications have both substantially improved in recent years. This enables electric vehicles in both the consumer and commercial sectors that have greater range, better reliability, and longer service lives [1]. These factors all contribute to the widespread adoption of electric vehicles. However, inhomogeneities exist within cells that contribute to uneven internal degradation and, when severe, can trigger rapid failure. These inhomogeneities can be related to manufacturing tolerances or distributions of component parameters [2], as well as gradients in internal or external conditions. As such, the reality of heterogeneous aging is a complex, multivariate problem to solve.
In this latest work, we cycle automotive-grade prismatic cells for several thousand cycles (until 10-30 % capacity fade) and harvest components for post mortem aging characterization and experimental parameter identification. The constituent electrodes are a Ni-rich layered oxide (approximately LiNi0.76Mn0.15Co0.09O2) and graphite. In addition to microscopy and electrochemical testing on harvested electrodes, we quantify local lithium plating on graphite with our recently developed method utilizing ex-situ, 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy [3]. We believe this to be the first report of spatially-resolved lithium plating quantification in commercial lithium-ion cells. Clear patterns emerge (see Figure 1), reflecting the geometry of the cell and showing reproducible heterogeneity that cannot be attributed solely to defects in manufacture. Several tests even confirm local lithium plating and unusually rapid degradation at comparatively mild cycle conditions (slow charge/discharge, low state-of-charge, and room temperature).
The wound jellyroll design in contemporary prismatic cells enables very high packing efficiency and energy density, but includes inherently weak points from where lithium plating and internal stresses [4] can propagate. In some cases, cells achieve satisfactory lifetimes without accelerated aging. In others, heterogeneities cause extreme local degradation that triggers end-of-life even though other regions may remain relatively intact. We explore the causes of these patterns and question how such damage can occur, even under cycling conditions usually considered safe.
References
[1] P. Svens et al., IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif., (2022), doi:10.1109/TTE.2022.3158838.
[2] D. Beck et al., Energies, 14 (2022), 3276, doi:10.3390/en14113276.
[3] Y. Fang et al., manuscript submitted, (2022).
[4] P. Gupta and P. Gudmundson, J. Power Sources, 511 (2021), 230465, doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2021.230465.

Figure 1
Quantifying the Thermo-Electrochemical Sensitivity of Li-Ion Batteries to Modulating Interelectrode Thermal Gradients
Authors: Ishtiaque MD Mahdi UL , Ramamurthy Jayanth R. , Pint Cary L. , Kingston Todd A. 
Published: November 2022

Li-ion secondary batteries are used in many applications and technologies as energy storage devices because of their relatively high Coulombic efficiency and energy and/or power density. However, Li-ion batteries (LIBs) are prone to safety concerns (e.g., thermal runaway), which limit their application [1]. Thermal conditions are one of the major parameters that influence the safety and performance of LIBs due to temperature-dependent electrochemistry. Low temperatures [2] and high temperatures [3] have distinct effects on LIB electrochemistry and are well-reported in the literature. Although non-uniform thermal conditions are more practical during use, the effect of various non-uniform thermal conditions is not fully understood. A non-uniform temperature distribution can easily develop inside Li-ion cells by surface cooling, and the resulting thermal gradient can have adverse effects. Moreover, the direction of the thermal gradient can dictate local transport mechanisms and can cause different degradation modes [4]. Thus, further assessment of the impact of thermal gradients is needed to fully understand the fundamental electrochemical mechanisms, performance, and safety implications. In this work, we quantify the thermo-electrochemical sensitivity of LIBs to modulating interelectrode thermal gradients in synchronization with electrochemical cycling using a custom test facility. Instrumented single-layer pouch cells are fabricated using NMC cathodes and graphite anodes. The internal temperature of each electrode is obtained in real-time using a thin thermistor. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is performed before and after galvanostatic cycling at C/5, and the magnitude and the direction of the thermal gradient in synchronization with cell cycling is varied.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Dr. Michele Anderson (Office of Naval Research, grant N00014-21-1-2307) for financial support of this work. The authors also acknowledge Dr. Corey Love and Dr. Rachel Carter (U.S. Naval Research Laboratory) for technical discussion of this work.
References
[1] X. Wu, K. Song, X. Zhang, N. Hu, L. Li, W. Li, L. Zhang, H. Zhang, Safety Issues in Lithium Ion Batteries: Materials and Cell Design, Frontiers in Energy Research, 7 (2019).
[2] H.P. Lin, D. Chua, M. Salomon, H.C. Shiao, M. Hendrickson, E. Plichta, S. Slane, Low-temperature behavior of Li-ion cells, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 4(6) (2001) A71-A73.
[3] P. Ramadass, B. Haran, R. White, B.N. Popov, Capacity fade of Sony 18650 cells cycled at elevated temperatures, Journal of Power Sources, 112(2) (2002) 614-620.
[4] R. Carter, T.A. Kingston, R.W. Atkinson, M. Parmananda, M. Dubarry, C. Fear, P.P. Mukherjee, C.T. Love, Directionality of thermal gradients in lithium-ion batteries dictates diverging degradation modes, Cell Reports Physical Science, 2(3) (2021) 100351.
Thermal Runaway Mitigation for Batteries in Shipping Configurations
Authors: Joshi Tapesh , Jeevarajan Judith 
Published: November 2022

The widespread and increasing adoption of lithium-ion batteries for multiple applications has accelerated the demand for batteries. Updated transportation safety guidelines must be followed in order to avoid hazards during the shipment of batteries from manufacturing sites to end-consumers. Despite existing guidelines in place, there have been instances of battery-related safety hazards during transportation. Different off-nominal conditions arising due to mechanical, electrical, or environmental conditions can lead lithium-ion cells into failure and cause thermal runaway in worst-case scenarios. Outcomes including smoke, high temperatures, fire, and explosion are possible following a thermal runaway event. Hazards are magnified when thermal runaway in a single cell is propagated to other cells within a package or battery causing a chain of highly exothermic reactions.
In this study, effectiveness of several barrier materials was tested to mitigate the propagation of thermal runaway occurring in a single cell within the package. 25-cells configurations of lithium-ion cells were placed within shipping boxes and a single cell at the center of the configuration was triggered using an external heating method to go into thermal runaway. Among different test variations, regular cardboard and UN-rated shipping boxes were tested. Test articles were arranged in 25 single cell configurations (not connected) representing shipment of loose cells and 25P electrically connected configurations representing shipment of batteries. Barrier materials with 2 mm to 4mm intercell separation and different physical properties were tested. The materials tested were either in sheet form or a mold-pattern. State-of-charge (SOC) of all the cells in the container were either at 33% SOC or 100% SOC to represent current shipping SOC regulations and to study the worst-case hazard conditions.
Thermally insulating, conducting, and phase changing materials along with their effectiveness in mitigating the propagation of thermal runaway will be discussed. Additional thermal management requirements in batteries due to the conduction through tabs will also be highlighted through the results. Requirements for flame and fire retardation for preventing rapid propagation of thermal runaway will be presented. Efficacy of materials from different manufacturers at preventing the propagation of thermal runaway will be summarized.
Ga+ Focused Ion Beam Damage in n-type Ga2O3 and Its Recovery after Annealing Treatment
Authors: Xia Xinyi , Al-Mamun Nahid , Daudi Warywoba , Ren Fan , Haque Aman , Pearton Stephen J 
Published: November 2022

In this study, the focused ion beam (FIB) Ga+ irradiation damage on β-Ga2O3 Schottky diode structure under different ion energies were tested, and the effective recovery of diode characteristics after rapid thermal annealing (RTA) post-annealing were also studied.
β-Ga2O3 based Schottky diodes have attracted increasing attention because of the prospects for use in next-generation high-power electronics. Focused ion beam (FIB) machining is one of the newest processing techniques, which is mainly used in semiconductor and chip manufacture and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation. During FIB sample preparation, the energetic Ga ions are incident onto the sample to induce physical sputtering of the material, which in turn, modifies its chemical composition, crystallinity and electrical properties. It has been found in many studies that 20-30 nm amorphous layer can form on silicon after irradiation with 30 keV Ga ions. From our previous study, the FIB ion beam induced damages could cause significant degradation on diode on-resistance and turn-on voltage. Milling at lower energy has been used to reduce the electrical damage. However low energy milling is more time consuming and less precise. Short-time, high-temperature post-annealing treatments, such as RTA has been proved could remove the crystal damage. Thus, there is a great need to determine the maximal ion beam energy and post-annealing temperature for FIB without degrading diode characteristics.
In this work, energies ranging from 2 keV to 30 keV were employed to mill off a part of Ga2O3 epi-layer and Schottky diodes were fabricated on milled surface. Forward IV characteristic shows less degradations with lower ion beam energies. For the diodes exposed to 2, 5, and 10 keV Ga+ ion beams exhibited significant recovery of diode on resistance and turn-on voltage after 300°C RTA annealing. For the diodes exposed to 30 keV Ga+ ion beams recovered significantly after 400 °C annealing. In conclusion, decreasing the FIB energy shows effective alleviations on the FIB damage, and post annealing treatment effectively recovered the damage from Ga+ implantation.
This is the first time the thermal annealing treatment was performed for Ga2O3 Schottky diode recovering from FIB cutting, it is an effective and simple way to mitigate the degradation, especially for higher ion beam energies. This work could broaden the FIB’s usability and release tremendous potential as a specimen preparation and imaging tool in materials science applications.

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