bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study Between Human Translation and Machine Translation as an Interdisciplinary Research
Authors: Hasibuan Zainuddin 
Published: February 2022

Research purpose of the research is to determine the difference between human translation and machine translation. The data sources for this article come from several references, books, journals and articles related to the title of the discussion. Research findings of the research are that human translation is more effective and easier to understand when compared to machine translation which can only translate literal sentences or words without understanding the intent and purpose of the intended target language. So, machine translation language mainly focuses on the source language without paying attention to the target language. In terms of semantic meanings in machine translation, it is far away from the truth of the meaning it has when compared to the meaning of human translations. Therefore, machine translation can be said to be a literal translation that applies in general. So, the role of human translation is still bigger in the correct translation.<p align="center"> </p>
Application of Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Methods for the Selection of Conveyor
Authors: Fulzele Satyam , Khatke Satywan , Kadam Shubham , Kamble Avinash 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In the present time of innovation, conveyor assume an exceptionally indispensable part and have huge significance for material handling in different enterprises. A conveyor is essentially utilized for moving any sort of material from one area to other. It is made with nearer precisions, hence the expense related with manufacturing is additionally high. In this manner, it should work with better productivity. The choice of the best conveyor is a crucial activity for designers. Designers need to recognize different variables that will influence the functionalities of the conveyor system to limit bottlenecks in the system. Therefore, an efficient methodology should be accomplished for the conveyor selection. Subsequently, the current work aims to the selection process of the best option for conveyor by using four decision making methods such as analytical hierarchy process, technique of order preference by similarity to ideal solution, compromise ranking method and Deng’s similarity based method. The selection is done among four alternatives based on six attributes viz: fixed cost each hour, variable cost each hour, conveyor speed, product width, product weight and flexibility. The analytical hierarchy process is used to determine weights of the attributes based on relative importance of each attribute. It is also observed that A3 conveyor is best suitable conveyor. Hence the above proposed strategies help decision-makers to examine and choose the best conveyor by considering the rank obtained of the alternatives.
Dental Pedagogy in the 'New Normal' COVID-19 Era: A Transition Template of Teaching Protocols
Authors: Khalifa Nadia , Samaranayake Lakshman Perera , Fakhruddin Kausar Sadia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background

Covid-19 is a virus known for weaseling out of preconceived notions and precautions, increasing the dire need for combative measures to match. However, SARS-CoV-2 continuously poses fundamental problems to dental personnel owing to work in close immediacy to the patient during treatment and aerosol-generating procedures (AGPs). Resuming routine clinical operations, especially where students are the care providers in the teaching facility, is a daunting challenge. In connection with this pandemic, general practice dentists need modified operating procedure (MOP) guidelines.
Methods

In the absence of unified guidelines for modified infection control/clinical procedures for dental education, we implemented a clinical protocol template and MOP for teaching clinical dentistry to fit the infection control requirements during the pandemic/post-pandemic period at the University of Sharjah, College of Dentistry, UAE.
Results

These were based on engineering control measures (e.g., negative-pressure ventilation systems in operatories) to administrative control measures, which included fallow periods of treatment-abeyance between patient sessions after procedures. The consequent extension of teaching periods and clinical sessions is a thorny scenario for schools with hundreds of students and minimal teaching and support staff.
Conclusions

A new method of operating protocols that complements the existing operating protocols in clinical dentistry aims to eliminate nosocomial infection transmission and protect patients and care providers. These proposals and the templates provided are unavoidably interim measures, given how the pandemic is evolving. Protocol reviews should be conducted whenever new information about COVID-19 and its spread emerges.
Typical Structure of Rrna Coding Genes In Diplonemids Points To Two Independent Origins of The Bizarre Rdna Structures of Euglenozoans
Authors: Hałakuc Paweł , Karnkowska Anna , Milanowski Rafał 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: Memebers of Euglenozoa (Discoba) are known for unorthodox rDNA organization. In Euglenida rDNA is located on extrachromosomal circular DNA. In Kinetoplastea and Euglenida the core of large ribosomal subunit, typically formed by the 28S rRNA, consists of several smaller rRNAs. They are the result of the presence of additional internal transcribed spacers (ITSs) in the rDNA. Diplonemea is the third of the main groups of Euglenozoa and its members are known to be among the most abundant and diverse protists in the oceans. Despite that, the rRNA of only one diplonemid species, Diplonema papillatum, has been examined so far and found to exhibit continuous 28S rRNA. The rDNA organization has not been researched for any diplonemid so far. Herein we investigate the structure of rRNA genes in classical (Diplonemidae) and deep-sea diplonemids (Eupelagonemidae), representing the majority of known diplonemid diversity. The results fill the gap in knowledge aboud diplonemid rDNA and allow for better understanding of the evolution of fragmented structure of the rDNA in Euglenozoa,Results: We used available genomic (culture and single-cell) sequencing data to assemble complete or almost complete rDNA operons for three classical and six deep-sea diplonemids. The rDNA sequences acquired for several euglenids and kinetoplastids were used to provide background for the analysis. In all nine diplonemids, 28S rRNA seems to be contiguous, with no additional ITSs detected. Similarly, we did not detect additional ITSs in basal protokinetoplastids. However, we identified five additional ITSs in the 28S rRNA of all analysed metakinetoplastids, and up to twelve in euglenids. Only three of those share positions, and they cannot be traced back to their common ancestor.Conclusions: Presented results indicate independent origin of additional ITSs in euglenids and kinetoplastids. The reason for such unmatched fragmentation remains unknown, but for some reason euglenozoan ribosomes appear to be prone to 28S rRNA fragmentation.
Clinical Characteristics and Economic Burden of Asthma in China: A Multicenter Retrospective Study
Authors: Shang Bin , Li Xiangguo , Xu Yu , Ren Wenxin , Wang Junren , Jiang Shujuan , Sun Jian 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: Asthma is a common chronic airway inflammation that produces a healthcare burden on the economy. To obtain a better understanding of the clinical status and disease burden of patients with asthma in China. Methods: A retrospective study based on the computerized medical records in the Jinan Health Medical Big Data Platform between 2011 and 2019 (n = 31,082) was carried out. The asthma severity of each patient was assessed retrospectively and categorized as mild, moderate, or severe according to GINA 2018. Results: The results revealed that the majority (75.0%) of patients suffered from mild asthma. Patients treated with ICS/LABA at emergency department visits had lower frequencies of exacerbations in the following year compared with non-ICS/LABA treated patients.The incidence rates for 1 exacerbation are 14.49% vs 15.01 for the patients treated with ICS/LABA and without. The rates are 11.94% and 19.12% for 2 exacerbations above. The numbers are 6.51% vs 12.92% for 3 exacerbations above. The rates are 4.10% vs 9.35% for 4 exacerbations above. Also the difference got the statistical significance（p <0.001）, COPD and GRED, two comorbidities related to asthma, were risk factors for asthma exacerbation. Finally, patients who suffered from exacerbations produced a heavier economic burden compared to the patients who never suffered exacerbations(mean costs are ￥3,339.67 vs ￥968.45 separately). Conclusions: These results provide a reference for clinicians and patients to obtain a better treatment and therapy strategy management for asthma sufferers.
Psychometric validation of the Fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form in acute pancreatitis patients (AP-FoP-Q-SF)
Authors: Ma Shu-Li , Yang Xiao-Xi , Xiang Sheng-Xiao , Lu Guo-Tao , Gong Wei-Juan , Chen Weiwei 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: Fear of progression (FoP) is present in acute pancreatitis (AP) patients and has an impact on quality of life and self-management, but lack of assessment tools. This study therefore aimed to develop and evaluates the psychometric properties of the fear of Progression Questionnaire-Short Form in acute pancreatitis patients (AP-FoP-Q-SF). Besides, the cut-off score for high FoP and identification of patient characteristics associated with FoP.Methods: A prospective cross-sectional validation study was performed in 417 patients diagnosed with AP. Redundant items were systematically excluded. Internal consistency (Cronbach’s α), factorial structure (principal component analysis), convergent validity (confirmatory factor analysis), and criterion validity tested against quality-of-life and anxiety were assessed. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was performed to identify the most appropriate cutoff value for high FoP.Associations between patient variables and FoP were evaluated using multiple logistic regression.Results: The AP-FoP-Q-SF based on the FoP-Q-SF were developed. Three items were excluded using item analysis. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a clear two-factor structure (57.4% explained variance). Internal consistency was acceptable (Cronbach’s α=0.771). The cutoff of 26 identified 35.3% of patients with high FoP scores. High FoP scores were associated with age (OR=0.96, 95%CI: 0.94-0.98), recurrence times (OR=1.22, 95%CI: 1.02-1.45) and anxiety (OR=1.27, 95%CI: 1.16-1.40).Conclusion: The AP-FoP-Q-SF is a good candidate for use as a screening tool for FoP in AP patients. Clinicians can use the AP-FoP-Q-SF to assess this kind of emotion and take promotion programs to avoid worse effects.
Neurodevelopmental outcomes of infants born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy: A national prospective study in Kuwait
Authors: Ayed Mariam , Embaireeg Alia , Kartam Mais , More Kiran , Alqallaf Mafaza , AlNafisi Abdullah , Alsaffar Zainab , Bahzad Zainab , Buhamad Yasmeen , Alsayegh Haneen , Al-Fouzan Wadha , Alkandari Hessa 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
BackgroundAn increasing proportion of women are being infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) during pregnancy. Intrauterine viral infections induce an increase in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, which inhibit the proliferation of neuronal precursor cells and stimulate oligodendrocyte cell death, leading to abnormal neurodevelopment. Whether a maternal cytokine storm can affect neonatal brain development is unclear. The objective of the present study is to assess neurodevelopmental outcomes in neonates born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infections during pregnancy. MethodsIn this prospective cohort study, the neurodevelopment status of infants (N=298) born to women with SARS-CoV-2 infections during pregnancy was assessed at 10-12 months post discharge using the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, 3rd edition (ASQ-3). The ASQ-3 scores were classified into developmental delays (cutoff score: ≤2 standard deviations (SDs) below the population mean) and no delay (score >2 SDs above the population mean).ResultsApproximately 10% of infants born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infections during pregnancy showed developmental delays. Two of 298 infants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, and both had normal ASQ-3 scores. The majority of the pregnant women had SARS-CoV-2 infection during their third trimester. The risk of developmental delays among infants was higher in those whose mothers had SARS-CoV-2 infections during the first (P=0.039) and second trimesters (P=0.001) than in those whose mothers had SARS-CoV-2 infections during the third trimester. Infants born at <31 weeks gestation were more prone to developmental delays than those born at >31 weeks gestation (10% versus 0.8%; P=0.002).ConclusionThe findings of the study highlight the need for long term neurodevelopmental assessment of infants born to mothers with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
The electron-proton bottleneck of photosynthetic oxygen evolution
Authors: Dau Holger , Greife Paul , Schönborn Matthias , Capone Matteo , Assuncao Ricardo , Narzi Daniele , Guidoni Leonardo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Photosynthesis fuels life on Earth by storing solar energy in chemical form, inspiring technological schemes for sustainable fuel production. Today’s oxygen-rich atmosphere results from photosynthetic O2-production during water-splitting at the protein-bound manganese cluster of photosystem II. Formation of the O2 molecule starts from a state with four accumulated electron holes, the S4-state, postulated half a century ago1 and remaining enigmatic ever since. Here we resolve this missing key element in photosynthetic O2-formation and its crucial mechanistic role. We tracked 230,000 excitation cycles of dark-adapted photosystems with microsecond infrared spectroscopy. Combing these results with computational chemistry reveals that in S4 not only are four electron holes accumulated by metal ion and protein sidechain oxidation, but also a crucial proton vacancy is created through gated sidechain deprotonation. Subsequently, a reactive oxygen radical is formed in an astonishing single-electron multi-proton transfer event. This is the slowest step in photosynthetic O2-formation – despite its low energetic barrier – due to entropic slowdown. In conjunction with previous breakthroughs in experimental and computational investigations, a compelling atomistic picture of photosynthetic O2-formation emerges. Our results provide insight into a biological process that has probably operated in the same unique way for three billion years and are expected to support the knowledge-based design of artificial water-splitting systems.
Network Coordinator Perceptions of Early Childhood Community Systems Building and Development Efforts
Authors: Hoang Tuyet-Mai Ha , Bentley Brandie , Jenkins Karen V. , Reinhart Crystal , Tabb Karen M 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: Networks for building and developing community systems to support early childhood rely upon volunteer efforts of organization and leadership efforts of coordinators to bring together relevant stakeholders.Aims: The purpose of this study was to explore the perspectives of network coordinators from 10 different communities in the All Our Kids Early Childhood Networks initiative in and across one Midwestern state.Methods: We conducted two focus group interviews with 10 participants who worked as network coordinators in public health district offices. A semi-structured focus group interview guide was used to examine community coordinators’ perceptions related to lessons learned with community systems development efforts around early childhood outcomes. All interviews were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic network analysis was used to analyze all focus group data. Results: From interviews with network coordinators, three salient themes emerged: (1) strengths of networks to build systems; (2) challenges for coordinators, such as burnout; and (3) the importance of the networks’ role within the community.Conclusions: The study contributes to the existing literature by identifying success and hindering factors that impact the implementation process to sustain long-term impact. The findings can be useful for other ongoing state-supported community-based programs across the US.
Road Traffic Death Rate and Human Development Index in 2007-2016 at the Global Level: Trend Analysis
Authors: Sayari Mohammad , Haghighi Mohammad Reza Rahmanian , Lankarani Kamran Bagheri , Ghahramani Sulmaz , Honarvar Behnam 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: Numerous studies working on the association between the human development index (HDI) and road traffic death rate (RTDR) , merely focused on developed countries, have not thus far reflected on the relationship between the HDI components and RTDR. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the trends of RTDR and their association with the HDI and its components from 2007 to 2016.Methods: The RTDR data for 131 countries were imported into the unconditional latent growth model (LGM) to assess the trends of RTDR between 2007 and 2016. The impact of the HDI and its components (viz. education, income and life expectancy [LE viz]) on the trajectory of RTDR was also evaluated using the conditional LGM. Classification and regression trees (CARTs) were then applied to classify the countries based on the HDI and its components into downward or upward trends. The importance of the HDI components in the CART models was further extracted through random forests (RFs). Results: The results of the unconditional LGM indicated an overall decreasing trend in RTDR. A total number of 106 and 25 countries also had a downward and upward trend of RTDR, respectively. Based on the conditional LGM, the outcomes revealed the negative effect of the HDI and its components on the model parameters. The accuracy of the CARTs was at least by 85%, indicating its high classification performance. According to the findings of RFs, LE was the most crucial variable in the CART models. Conclusion: Overall, RTDR is concluded to be multifactorial. As this study showed, the HDI and its LE component are the main determinants of RTDR at the global level. In addition, legislative factors and sociocultural context of countries are assumed as important issues that should be considered by policy-makers to control RTD.
Kynurenine Metabolites Predict Survival in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: A Role for IL-6/IL-6Rα
Authors: Cai Zongye , Tian Siyu , Klein Theo , Tu Ly , Geenen Laurie W. , Bosch Annemien E. , Rijke Yolanda B. , Reiss Irwin K. M. , Boersma Eric , Ley Claude , Faassen Martijn , Kema Ido , Duncker Dirk J. , Boomars Karin A. , Tran-Lundmark Karin , Guignabert Christophe , Merkus Daphne 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Introduction: Activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) has been reported in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) undergoing PAH therapy. We aimed to determine KP-metabolism in treatment-naïve PAH patients, investigate its prognostic values, evaluate the effect of PAH therapy on KP-metabolites and identify cytokines responsible for altered KP-metabolism. Methods: KP-metabolite levels were determined in plasma from PAH patients (median follow-up 42 months) and in rats with monocrotaline- and Sugen/hypoxia-induced PH. Blood sampling of PAH patients was performed at the time of diagnosis, six months and one year after PAH therapy. Results: KP activation with lower tryptophan, higher kynurenine (Kyn), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), quinolinic acid (QA), kynurenic acid (KA), and anthranilic acid was observed in treatment-naïve PAH patients compared with controls. A similar KP-metabolite profile was observed in monocrotaline, but not Sugen/hypoxia-induced PAH. Human lung primary cells (microvascular endothelial cells, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts) were exposed to different cytokines in vitro. Following exposure to interleukin-6 (IL-6)/IL-6 receptor a (IL-6Ra) complex, all cell types exhibit a similar KP-metabolite profile as observed in PAH patients. PAH therapy partially normalized this profile in survivors after one year. Increased KP-metabolites correlated with higher pulmonary vascular resistance, shorter six-minute walking distance, and worse functional class. High levels of Kyn, 3-HK, QA, and KA measured at the latest time-point were associated with worse long-term survival. Conclusion: KP-metabolism was activated in treatment-naïve PAH patients, likely mediated through IL-6/IL-6Ra signaling. KP-metabolites predict response to PAH therapy and survival of PAH patients.
Under-five Child Survival and Asociated Risk Factors in Zambia
Authors: Mulenga James Nilesh , Bwalya Bwalya Bupe , Mapoma Chabila Christopher , Siyoto Erica , Banda James 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: Under-five mortality remains a global public health challenge faced by several developing countries particularly those in Sub-Sahara African. This study aimed to analyse risk factors for under-five mortality in Zambia. Methods: In order to achieve this objectives, the most recent 2018 Zambia Demographic and Health Survey Children’s dataset was used. Microsoft Excel 2013 and Stata 13 software were used to analyse the data by first establishing percentage and graphical distributions of variables of interest and thereafter apply Survival analysis to produce Kaplan – Meier results with the log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard regression models. Results: Our findings show that various factors pose risks to under-five mortality. In this regard, the mother’s education, higher birth order, being from a household classified as rich and residing in rural areas has a protective effect for under-five mortality, while older mothers and being in female headed household increases the risk of under-five mortality. Conclusion and Policy Implication: It is clear that Under-five mortality remains high in Zambia and influenced in a significant way by two major factors – older ages at birth for mothers and female headed households. While the latter is a result of society and community settings and how they interact with various cultural and traditional norms as well as power relations and the gender perspective, the former could be associated with access to comprehensive reproductive health services coupled with access to education. In view of the findings, the study has important policy implications at national level in monitoring the implementation of various infant and under five interventions aimed at reducing IMR and U5M and also to ensure that it achieves the SDG 3.2, as such, all interventions should have a demographic and socio-economic lens at all levels of service provision and implementation. Nonetheless, these should be implemented in line with known high impact under-5 interventions already being implemented if maximum results are to be achieved.