bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction: Maximizing Success
Authors: Buntic Rudolf , Li Alexander Y. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBreast reconstruction is becoming increasingly recognized as a fundamental component in comprehensive breast cancer treatment. The primary goal for any reconstruction is to safely restore a natural appearing breast. When it comes to achieving the elements of size, shape, symmetry, and softness, the use of autologous tissue has many advantages. The approach to autologous breast reconstruction has changed substantially over the years as microsurgical free tissue transplants become more routine and accessible. While a variety of flap donor sites exist, careful flap selection based on surgical history and the availability of donor tissue is critical in achieving reliable results. This article reviews the clinical considerations in patient evaluation, donor site selection, and surgical approach taken at the Buncke Clinic.
Simulation and experiment of thermal deformation behavior of reflector panels with honeycomb sandwich structure
Authors: Li D S , Ye M X , Wang M M , Liu J Q 
Published: December 2022

The honeycomb sandwich structure reflector panel is a multilayer structure formed by three-layer aluminum plate and two-layer honeycomb bonded by epoxy resin adhesive, and its thermal deformation behavior is complicated. In this study, the thermal deformation behavior of the reflector panel is studied by a combination of experiment and finite element simulation.
Firstly, the thermal deformation analysis finite element model of reflector panels with honeycomb sandwich structure is established. The three-layer aluminum plate is modeled according to actual geometric parameters and adopts shell element model. The honeycomb core is equivalent to a homogeneous orthotropic layer with a constant thickness. The elastic modulus of the equivalent model of the honeycomb core with adhesive are obtained through the tensile and compressive mechanical performance tests. Then, the temperature deformation experiment of the honeycomb sandwich structure panel is carried out. Combined with the experimental results and the thermal deformation simulation analysis model, the multi-island genetic algorithm is used to modify the thermal expansion coefficient of the honeycomb core layer.
Finally, the thermal deformation behavior of the reflector is verified by finite element simulation and experiment. The results show that the profile error distribution caused by the panel thermal deformation has continuous symmetry. From the error distribution trend and numerical deviation, the established simulation model can be used to predict the thermal deformation of sandwich panels.
Construction of anhydrous two-step organosolv pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass for efficient lignin membrane-extraction and solvent recovery
Authors: Song Guojie , Sun Chihe , Hu Yun , Wang Chen , Xia Changlei , Tu Maobing , Zhang Ezhen , Show Pau-Loke , Sun Fubao 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Glycerol organosolv (GO) pretreatment has been revealed to be potent in selectively deconstructing the lignocellulosic biomass and effectively enhancing its enzymatic hydrolysis, but the conventional solid washing and GO lignin extraction processes frequently consume large amounts of water, resulting additionally in difficulty recycling the glycerol. In this study, an anhydrous two-step organosolv pretreatment process was explored, followed by the membrane ultrafiltration of glycerol lignin. The results showed that the solid washing of the residual glycerol after the atmospheric glycerol organosolv (AGO) pretreatment was necessary for the subsequent operation of high-solid enzymatic hydrolysis. Washing with ethanol was desirable as an alternative to water as only a low glycerol content of 5.2% resided in the substrate. Membrane ultrafiltration was helpful in extracting the AGO lignin from the pretreatment liquor, in which a high lignin extraction of 81.5% was made with a regenerated cellulose membrane (cut-off for 1 kDa) under selected ultrafiltration conditions. With the characterization of membrane-extracted lignin, it was observed for the first time that the AGO lignin has a well-preserved structure of G/S type. Moreover, the lignin was enriched with reactive groups, i.e. β-O-4′ linkages and aliphatic hydroxyl groups, which was very likely due to the glycerol grafting onto the lignin via α-etherification reaction. The two-step organosolv pretreatment process allowed 86% of glycerol and 92% of the ethanol recovery with ∼78% of distillation energy savings, which was applicable for extraction of organosolv lignin and recycling use of organic solvents.
Effects of fruit dimorphism on genetic structure and gene flow in the coastal shrubScaevola taccada
Authors: Emura Naoko , Muranaka Tomoaki , Iwasaki Takaya , Honjo Mie N , Nagano Atsushi J , Isagi Yuji , Kudoh Hiroshi 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackground and AimsPlant propagules often possess specialized morphologies that facilitate dispersal across specific landscapes. In the fruit dimorphism of a coastal shrub, Scaevola taccada, individual plants produce either cork-morph or pulp-morph fruits. The former is buoyant and common on sandy beaches, whereas the latter does not float, is bird-dispersed, and is common on elevated sites such as slopes on sea cliffs and behind rocky shores. We hypothesized that beach populations bridge the heterogeneous landscapes by serving as a source of both fruit types, while dispersal is biased for the pulp morph on elevated sites within the islands and for the cork morph between beaches of different islands. Based on this hypothesis, we predicted that populations in elevated sites would diverge genetically over time due to isolation by distance, whereas beach populations would maintain high genetic similarity via current gene flow.MethodsThe genetic structure and gene flow in S. taccada were evaluated by investigating genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms in plants from 17 sampling sites on six islands (belonging to the Ryukyu, Daito and Ogasawara Islands) in Japan.Key ResultsGeographical isolation was detected among the three distant island groups. Analyses within the Ryukyu Islands suggested that sandy beach populations were characterized by genetic admixture, whereas populations in elevated sites were relatively isolated between the islands. Pairwise FST values between islands were lowest between sandy beaches, intermediate between sandy beaches and elevated sites, and highest between elevated sites.ConclusionsDispersal across the ocean by cork morphs is sufficiently frequent to prevent genetic divergence between beaches of different islands. Stronger genetic isolation of elevated sites between islands suggests that bird dispersal by pulp morphs is restricted mainly within islands. These contrasting patterns of gene flow realized by fruit dimorphism provide evidence that fruit characteristics can strongly mediate genetic structure.
Tree peony PsMYB44 negatively regulates petal blotch distribution by inhibiting dihydroflavonol-4-reductase gene expression
Authors: Luan Yuting , Chen Zijie , Tang Yuhan , Sun Jing , Meng Jiasong , Tao Jun , Zhao Daqiu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background and Aims
The tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) has been widely cultivated as a field plant, and petal blotch is one of its important traits, which not only promotes proliferation but also confers high ornamental value. However, the regulatory network controlling blotch formation remains elusive owing to the functional differences and limited conservation of transcriptional regulators in dicots.

Methods
We performed phylogenetic analysis to identify MYB44-like transcription factors in P. suffruticosa blotched cultivar ‘High noon’ petals. A candidate MYB44-like transcription factor, PsMYB44, was analysed via expression pattern analysis, subcellular localization, target gene identification, gene silencing in P. suffruticosa petals and heterologous overexpression in tobacco.

Key Results
A blotch formation-related MYB44-like transcription factor, PsMYB44, was cloned. The C-terminal of the PsMYB44 amino acid sequence had a complete C2 motif that affects anthocyanin biosynthesis, and PsMYB44 was clustered in the MYB44-like transcriptional repressor branch. PsMYB44 was located in the nucleus, and its spatial and temporal expression patterns were negatively correlated with blotch formation. Furthermore, a yeast one-hybrid assay showed that PsMYB44 could target the promoter of the late anthocyanin biosynthesis-related dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) gene, and a dual-luciferase assay demonstrated that PsMYB44 could repress PsDFR promoter activity. On the one hand, overexpression of PsMYB44 significantly faded the red colour of tobacco flowers and decreased the anthocyanin content by 42.3 % by downregulating the expression level of the tobacco NtDFR gene. On the other hand, PsMYB44-silenced P. suffruticosa petals had a redder blotch colour, which was attributed to the fact that silencing PsMYB44 redirected metabolic flux to the anthocyanin biosynthesis branch, thereby promoting more anthocyanin accumulation in the petal base.

Conclusion
These results demonstrated that PsMYB44 negatively regulated the biosynthesis of anthocyanin by directly binding to the PsDFR promoter and subsequently inhibiting blotch formation, which helped to elucidate the molecular regulatory network of anthocyanin-mediated blotch formation in plants.
A Gadolinium-Based Magnetic Ionic Liquid for Dispersive Liquid–Liquid Microextraction of Ivermectin from Environmental Water
Authors: Abdelaziz Mohamed A , Saleh Ahmed M , Mansour Fotouh R , Danielson Neil D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The recently introduced gadolinium-based magnetic ionic liquid (Gd-MIL) has been exploited as an extractant in dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) for preconcentration of ivermectin (IVR) from water samples followed by analysis using reversed-phase HPLC with UV detection at 245 nm. The utilized Gd-MIL extractant is hydrophobic with markedly high magnetic susceptibility. These features result in an efficient extraction of the lipophilic analyte and facilitate the phase separation under the influence of a strong magnetic field, thus promoting the method sensitivity and increasing the potential for automation. To maximize the IVR enrichment by DLLME, the procedure was optimized for extractant mass, dispersive solvent type/volume, salt addition and diluent pH. At optimized conditions, an enrichment factor approaching 70 was obtained with 4.0-mL sample sizes. The method was validated in terms of accuracy, precision, specificity and limit of quantitation. The method was successfully applied to the determination of IVR in river water samples with a mean relative recovery of 97.3% at a spiked concentration of 400 ng/mL. Compared with other reported methods, this approach used a simpler procedure with improved precision, lower amounts of safer solvents and a short analysis time.
The rate of spontaneous mutations in yeast deficient for MutSβ function
Authors: Plavskin Yevgeniy , de Biase Maria Stella , Schwarz Roland F , Siegal Mark L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mutations in simple sequence repeat loci underlie many inherited disorders in humans, and are increasingly recognized as important determinants of natural phenotypic variation. In eukaryotes, mutations in these sequences are primarily repaired by the MutSβ mismatch repair complex. To better understand the role of this complex in mismatch repair and the determinants of simple sequence repeat mutation predisposition, we performed mutation accumulation in yeast strains with abrogated MutSβ function. We demonstrate that mutations in simple sequence repeat loci in the absence of mismatch repair are primarily deletions. We also show that mutations accumulate at drastically different rates in short (&lt;8 bp) and longer repeat loci. These data lend support to a model in which the mismatch repair complex is responsible for repair primarily in longer simple sequence repeats.
Molecular evolution of the ependymin-related gene epdl2 in African weakly electric fish
Authors: Losilla Mauricio , Gallant Jason R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Gene duplication and subsequent molecular evolution can give rise to taxon-specific gene specializations. In previous work, we found evidence that African weakly electric fish (Mormyridae) may have as many as three copies of the epdl2 gene, and the expression of two epdl2 genes is correlated with electric signal divergence. Epdl2 belongs to the ependymin-related family (EPDR), a functionally diverse family of secretory glycoproteins. In this study, we first describe vertebrate EPDR evolution and then present a detailed evolutionary history of epdl2 in Mormyridae with emphasis on the speciose genus Paramormyrops. Using Sanger sequencing, we confirm three apparently functional epdl2 genes in Paramormyrops kingsleyae. Next, we developed a nanopore-based amplicon sequencing strategy and bioinformatics pipeline to obtain and classify full-length epdl2 gene sequences (N = 34) across Mormyridae. Our phylogenetic analysis proposes three or four epdl2 paralogs dating from early Paramormyrops evolution. Finally, we conducted selection tests which detected positive selection around the duplication events and identified ten sites likely targeted by selection in the resulting paralogs. These sites’ locations in our modeled 3D protein structure involve four sites in ligand binding and six sites in homodimer formation. Together, these findings strongly imply an evolutionary mechanism whereby epdl2 genes underwent selection-driven functional specialization after tandem duplications in the rapidly speciating Paramormyrops. Considering previous evidence, we propose that epdl2 may contribute to electric signal diversification in mormyrids, an important aspect of species recognition during mating.
New Opportunities for Advancing Dyadic Health Science in Gerontology
Authors: Wilson Stephanie J , Novak Joshua R , Yorgason Jeremy B , Martire Lynn M , Lyons Karen S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As dyadic health science enters a golden age, important conceptual, theoretical, and technical challenges remain. This forum review brings together perspectives on the burgeoning dyadic literature from several subdisciplines within aging research. We first define key concepts and terms so that interested researchers can navigate the complex and various ways in which dyadic health research is conducted. We discuss exciting scientific advances and close by identifying crucial challenges and considerations that coincide with important future directions for the field.
A Winning Team of Losers: The Logic of Jihadist Coalitions in Civil Wars
Authors: Ahmad Aisha , Diallo Ousmane 
Published: December 2022

AbstractFor small groups fighting in multi-actor civil wars, joining a larger coalition is often a way to survive. Yet, it is not only rebel or pro-government non-state armed groups that form alliances; in many cases, jihadists have been surprisingly successful in building winning coalitions in civil wars. This is puzzling because jihadists attract fierce international opposition and are therefore very risky teams to join. Jihadists are also typically excluded from the political process, which means that they are unlikely to enjoy the spoils of a peace agreement. Why then would any local groups choose to join jihadist coalitions, rather than other rebel or pro-government coalitions in a conflict theatre? In this paper, we argue that ideology fails to explain this choice; rather, we contend that competition among rebel and pro-government coalitions inevitably produces winners and losers. Under these conditions, jihadists serve as an attractive spoiler coalition, drawing support from groups that see no chance of benefitting from an existing or future peace agreement. By offering these ‘losers’ a wider network and reference group, jihadists can expand their coalition base and territorial reach. By courting support from marginalized groups across ethnic and tribal lines, jihadists can create a winning coalition out of a diverse mix of losers.
Disability Rights and Citizenship
Authors: Gran Brian , Bryden Anne 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Are citizenship and human rights effective tools to overcoming barriers and obstacles to societal membership for people with disabilities? This chapter investigates persistent barriers to social and political participation experienced by people with disabilities in spite of citizenship and human rights they possess. Through an appraisal of historical literature on citizenship and its conceptualization as a bundle of civil, political, and social rights that are interrelated and interdependent, this chapter examines citizenship as a foundation to the UN’s notion of human rights and its contemporary application to disability-rights issues. It examines whether and how rights have become important tools to producing social change for people with disabilities, as well as the problem of decoupling of disability rights, when a national government ratifies a human-rights treaty but fails to implement it at home. This chapter asks whether rights and their use by disability-rights movements foster citizenship and societal membership. It concludes with a discussion of new approaches to overcoming barriers that people with disabilities experience in participating in society.
Critical Hiphopography in Streetdance Communities (Hard Love Part 2)
Authors: Johnson Imani Kai 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Based on in-depth interviews conducted with several women ethnographers of Hip Hop dances, this chapter explores experiences of critical hiphopography—a method that combines multiple grounded approaches through the social imperatives of Hip Hop culture and critical research strategies. The interview content touches on three themes: Hip Hop’s show and prove ethos, the complications of researching in community, and the impact of academic institutional power on research. The chapter emphasizes the challenges of doing hiphopography and explores how folks have attempted to work through them. It argues that critical hiphopography in practice provides research strategies that center community, are attentive to power, and disrupt academic conventions.
Asian American Liminality
Authors: jun grace shinhae 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Asian American Hip Hop dance in the context of competitive and noncompetitive dance teams in Southern California. With the changing demographics in higher education, collegiate dance teams in Southern California have virtually become an Asian American youth social movement, with mass participation and numerous, large-scale competitions. This chapter argues that Asian Americans engaging in Hip Hop dance struggle with issues of visibility and invisibility, finding their identity, and engaging in cultural contestation, which opens up questions around Asian American appropriation of Hip Hop dance, and the possibilities of interracial solidarity.
Trade, Slavery, and Islam in the Cape Colony
Authors: Jappie Saarah 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The formal integration of the Cape of Good Hope into Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie; VOC) trading networks in the seventeenth century led to profound change at the southern tip of Africa, across all domains. This chapter explores the literature on two major developments that resulted from VOC settlement at the Cape: the practice of slavery and the arrival of Islam. Paying attention to shifts in historiographical approaches and changes in the broader sociopolitical landscape, it demonstrates how these themes, once peripheral to South African historiography, attracted increased scholarly attention from the latter half of the twentieth century. In recent decades, both Islam and slavery have gained further visibility as researchers—Africanists and scholars of other regions alike—have sought to place South Africa in connected histories and transoceanic frameworks.
Africa and Trade and Investment Liberalization
Authors: Kugler Kholofelo , Getachew Adgeh Mulualem 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
African trade and investment relations have been shaped by external partners and institutions, as well as Africa’s own aspiration for European Union-style regional economic integration. The continent’s economic trajectory has been mainly underpinned by economic liberalization. However, African countries have generally conservatively followed mainstream trade models, rules, and institutions, while being more activist and innovative in investment rulemaking for sustainable development. Unlike investor disputes, African countries also have limited experience in international trade disputes within their regional economic communities and at the World Trade Organization. The African Continental Free Trade Agreement offers African countries an opportunity to forge an ambitious and robust continental economic regime and to facilitate African economies’ industrialization. While progress has been steady in recent years, the fate of Africa’s economic integration within the continent and into the global economy largely hinges on the successful implementation of this agreement.
Trade in Services
Authors: Ononaiwu Chantal 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Since the conclusion of the GATS, there has been an explosion in the number of FTAs with commitments to liberalize trade in services. Generally, these agreements have developed frameworks that better reflect the role of services in world trade and the changing dynamics of services trade. This Chapter explores how FTAs have gone further than the GATS, both in terms of liberalization commitments and disciplines. It also highlights domestic initiatives that would support the further evolution of international regulation of services trade in line with the importance of services to domestic economies and the role of services in the global economy.
Development, Aid, and Preferential Systems
Authors: Remy Jan Yves , Nicholls Alicia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Today, the great debate about ‘development’ at the WTO is taking place against the wider backdrop of the global Sustainable Development Goals, providing yet another opportunity for the organization to confront its own relevance and effectiveness. This chapter examines how traditional rules and discussions on development are faring in the light of recent events at the WTO, including the submission of new proposals on ‘special and differential treatment’ by key WTO Members. We also discuss how the stalemate in the Doha Development Agenda is focussing more attention on development approaches in ‘WTO-plus’ FTAs. These FTAs provide useful templates for incorporating development issues at the multilateral level.
Progressive Trade
Authors: Gustafsson Marcus , Bahri Amrita 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Labour and gender concerns share a blind spot in WTO law, which fails to adequately address them. However, that has not prevented WTO Members from increasingly addressing both labour and gender issues in their FTAs. Because trade ultimately affects and is affected by both labour and gender concerns, these concerns have found a place in existing bilateral and regional FTAs. Moreover, they are inseparable sides of the same coin, as labour provisions such as parental leave or childcare, occupational safety and health, and anti-discrimination directly impact female workers and entrepreneurs. However, there are various differences in the ways in which labour and gender provisions are drafted and incorporated in existing trade agreements. This chapter provides an overview of the growing influence of both labour standards and gender equality concerns in contemporary trade debates and, in particular, how existing FTAs have increasingly accommodated both concerns.