bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards Demystifying Islamophobia
Authors: Gabsi Zouhir 
Published: May 2022

Islamophobia has been a recurrent socio-political narrative for some time now, and it has been exacerbated since the aftermath of 9/11. Despite the plethora of studies on the subject, little is known about Muslim scholars’ perception of this phenomenon. This is due primarily to the language barrier since the Arabic language is the code for their discourse. It is essential to consider both Islamic and Western perspectives to understand the problem thoroughly and suggest solutions, as relying on one approach is both biased and uncompromising. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is threefold: first, it explains how Islamophobia should be defined contextually. It frames its arguments within three contexts: a historical setting (Meccan and Madinah period), Islam in the Arab world, and Islam in the West. Second, the paper demonstrates how a Muslim’s perspective contrasts with the Western narrative. It critically challenges some of the arguments put forward in social sciences and intellectual discourses and adopts an unapologetic and non-defensive approach in the treatment of Islamophobia. Third, the paper discusses the variables that affect Islamophobia, such as Western media and terrorism (including state terrorism). Finally, the paper proposes some approaches to mitigating the situation.
Muslims as Archetypal Suspect Citizens in Australia
Authors: Ali Jan A 
Published: May 2022

Muslims as archetypal suspect citizens in Australia is a product of Australian state approach to manage a section of supposedly “rogue population.” Muslims have been increasingly framed as a security problem and, therefore, their securitisation. The horrendous atrocities of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States followed by a new period of similar attacks in various parts of particularly the Western world provided a new stage for an extensive range of discourses involving politicians, public intellectuals, academics, and journalists swiftly securitised Islam as an existential threat to Australian liberal democracy. This paper probes the politics of Muslim suspect and how securitizing and “othering” of Australian Muslims in the name of managing security threat to Australian national order are rendered Australian Muslims archetypal suspect citizens. It suggests that the politics of suspect and securitizing and “othering” of Muslims in Australia transforms security from the problem of producing national order to making Muslims feel unwelcome citizens.
Is the Nation of Immigrants Punishing Its Emigrants: A Critical Review of the Expatriation Rules Revised by the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004
Authors: Farkas-DiNardo Eva 
Published: May 2022

The thesis of this article is that the revised U.S. tax expatriation provisions fail to correct the most important defects of the prior U.S. tax expatriation regimes. Under the new rules, expatriating U.S. citizens and resident aliens subject to the U.S. tax expatriation rules can still avoid U.S. tax on items properly taxable by the U.S. On the other hand, they remain subject to U.S. tax on income that should fall outside of U.S. tax jurisdiction.During the last forty years, the U.S. has undertaken several attempts to capture what it sees as its rightful share of the income and gain of tax-motivated expatriates. In carrying out this policy, Congress developed a set of alternative U.S. tax rules applicable only to tax-motivated expatriates, subjecting them to an alternative method of U.S. taxation. From the perspective of the U.S., the necessity for an alternative method of taxation arises because of the bifurcated structure of the U.S. tax system, applying one set of rules to U.S. persons and another, generally more favorable set of rules to nonresident aliens. The U.S. imposes residence-based taxation on U.S. persons, subjecting them to U.S. income tax on their worldwide income, to U.S. estate tax on their worldwide estates, and to U.S. gift tax on their worldwide gifts. On the other hand, the U.S. imposes source-based and business-based taxation on nonresident aliens, subjecting them to U.S. income tax on U.S.-source passive and business income, and to U.S. estate and gift tax on U.S. situs property. In both situations, income is subject to U.S. tax only upon the occurrence of a recognition event. The divergence in the scope of the two tax regimes creates a situation in which the U.S. tax liability of an individual calculated under one tax regime could be markedly different from the individual's U.S. tax liability determined under the other tax regime, with nonresident alien status generally rendering the less "taxing" result. The financial benefits of nonresident alien tax status may encourage wealthy U.S. persons to expatriate and be taxed by the U.S. as nonresident aliens. The challenge posed by expatriation is especially acute because it involves moving from residence-based taxation to source- based taxation, potentially causing some unrealized gain to escape U.S. tax as certain gains are not subject to U.S. tax under source-based taxation.
Charity in the 21st Century: Trending Toward Decay
Authors: Colinvaux Roger 
Published: May 2022

The turn of the century seemed to bring with it a sharply critical focus on charity.(FN1) Under federal tax law, a charity includes organizations that are "organized and operated exclusively for religious, charitable, scientific, testing for public safety, literary, or educational purposes." This single phrase provides a standard not just for tax exemption for over 1.2 million organizations (which are diverse in purpose, size, function, complexity, and effectiveness) but also access to several tax and nontax preferences, including eligibility to receive tax deductible contributions (for income, estate, and gift tax purposes),(FN2) access to tax-exempt financing,(FN3) State property tax exemptions,(FN4) and regulatory relief, among other benefits.(FN5) The concerns about charities surfaced largely through press reports and are legion: spending of earmarked contributions for non-earmarked purposes; excess compensation to organization insiders; mission drift -- deliberate, or aided by faulty corporate governance; acceptance of property contributions when donors or others are the principal beneficiaries; participation in illicit tax shelter transactions; spending for non-charitable purposes; accumulations of income; failure to provide charitable services; use of the charitable form for non-charitable purposes; questionable investment practices; participation in political campaigns; and self-dealing transactions, to name a few.(FN6) The response to ongoing scandals by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and the Congress was mixed. As the scandals unfolded, the IRS continually pointed to abuses and the need to address them,(FN7) but also asserted that the charitable sector is "compliant," notwithstanding a minimal examination rate.(FN8) As part of its enforcement efforts, the IRS completed an ambitious overhaul of the annual information return charitable (and other tax-exempt) organizations file each year (the Form 990);(FN9) undertook intensive studies on the two largest segments of the charitable sector: hospitals,(FN10) and colleges and universities;(FN11) made an inquiry into executive compensation practices;(FN12) and raised new questions about governance.(FN13) The IRS's continuing actions indicate, at a minimum, suspicion that the charitable sector indeed has large pockets of noncompliance and that oversight, or the perception of it, is necessary. But the IRS can only do so much. Meaningful change of any underlying weaknesses in the tax law of charities ultimately must come from Congress.
Management Skills of Professional Engineers in the Industry and the Academe in the Samar Island: Basis for Formulating a Management Manual
Authors: Balanlay, Jr. Bienvinido 
Published: May 2022

The study was conducted to determine the management skills of professional engineers in the industry and in the academe in the Samar Island: basis for formulating a management manual. The personality traits among the five factors ‘conscientiousness’ was more dominant and were rated as 'high extent. Problem-solving skills were rated ‘very good,’ and management performance was rated ‘very satisfactory.’ The relationship between socio-demographic profile and management skills, in terms of administrative and leadership skills, were found 'significant.’ The relationship between socio-demographic profile and management performance, planning, and controlling were found 'significant.’ The relationship between personality traits and management skills, leadership, and problem-solving skills dominate and were highly significant in management skills. At the same time, conscientiousness and agreeableness were highly ‘significant’ in personality traits. Between personality traits and management performance: openness – planning, directing, and influencing; conscientiousness – planning; extraversion – directing; in agreeableness – planning and influencing were found significantly related, and in neuroticism – all parameters were found ‘not significant.’ Test difference in management skills and performance between professional engineers in industry and academe; conceptual skills were found ‘significant.’
Effects of Mulching and Watering Frequency on Some Agronomic Performances of Cocoa Plants (Theobroma cacao L.) Produced in Nurseries
Authors: Djoah Yves Thierry , Essouma Marie-Josèphe Endali , Wafo Emmanuel Kuate , Minkate Alexis Noël , Anaba Bienvenu Désiré , Voula Audrey Valteri 
Published: May 2022

This study was carried out at Nkoemvone Agricultural Research Station in southern Cameroon, to help cocoa farmers monitor their cocoa nurseries during periods of drought or in areas where water resources are scarce and difficult to access. The objective of this work was to find the production methods for cocoa plants that could use the lowest watering frequencies through straw to ensure optimal growth and development of these plants in the nursery. It was carried out between September 2020 and June 2021 in a randomized complete block design. It comprised eighteen elementary plots, i.e. six treatments repeated three times. The number of cocoa plants tested was 360. That is, 20 plants per treatment. The treatments applied were NMWF1/2 days (control treatment); NMWF1/4 days; NMWF1/6 days; MWF1/2 days; MWF1/4 days and MWF1/6 days. At the end of work, three out of six treatments resulted in better agronomic performance. Firstly, MWF 1/2 days, which had a pH-water of 5.1, 7.97% organic matter, 25.34 cm mean cocoa plant height, 5.63 mm mean stem diameter, 10.97 mean leaf number, 9.26±0. 55 as the average length of the main roots, 52.13±5.70 as the average number of secondary roots, 45.97±2.04 % organic matter content of stems + leaves and 37.86±6.62 % organic matter content of roots at the end of the experiment. Then, there is MWF 1/4 days with 5.8, 6.44 %, 23.42 cm, 5.07 mm, 9.35 cm, 10.45±0.82 cm, 47.32±3.21 cm, 58.41±6.54 %, 47.62± 4.12 % respectively. Finally, NMWF 1/2 days showed 5.6, 5.21 %, 23.30 cm, 4.9 mm, 9.55, 10.15±0.58 cm, 51.75±5.11, 44.63±4.74 % and 28.41±7.67 % respectively in the same period. Although these three treatments resulted in more satisfactory growth and development than the others, we only recommend MWF 1/4 days treatment to the farmers for the purpose of this work.
The Effect of Endometrial Scratching before Embryo Transfer in Woman with History of Implantation Failure in Previous Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Cycle, Clinical and Biological Study
Authors: Ebied Fatma Ali Mohamed , El-Sokary Aml Abd El-Sameia , El-Halwagy Ahmed El-Sayed , Hamouda Mahmoud Salah El-Din 
Published: May 2022

Background: The gain of endometrial scratching in people has been offered with the aid of clinicians as a potential of growing endometrial receptivity was once at the beginning stated as a serendipitous discovering because a high pregnancy price was once located in IVF female who had undergone repeated endometrial biopsies at some stage in their preceding herbal menstrual cycle. The goal of this work used to be to consider the impact of endometrial scratching earlier than fresh or frozen embryo switch on clinical pregnancy fee in girls with records of implantation failure after one or more Intracytoplasmic sperm injection cycle(s) and to predict its cost based on measuring the level of peripheral Natural Killer Cells (cd56).
Methods: This potential randomized learn about was carried out on 60 ladies with records of one or more implantation failure of ICSI cycle, and regular uterine cavity. Patients were divided into two equal groups: an experimental group A and a manage group B. All sufferers were subjected to history taking, clinical examination, investigations for infertility, serum Natural killer cells CD56 measure and hormonal profile.
Results: There was once giant difference in CD56 size between girls who obtained pregnant (decreased CD56) and those who now not got pregnant (increased CD56) in team A .Clinical Pregnancy rate was higher in group A after endometrial scratching was done.
Conclusions: Performing harm profiling at the time of implantation window (CD56 measurement) ought to assist in deciding on sub-groups of infertile patients who would gain from a targeted intervention.
Ultra‐Strong and Proton Conductive Aqua‐Based Adhesives from Facile Blending of Polyvinyl Alcohol and Tungsten Oxide Clusters
Authors: Chen Jiadong , Dong Zhenchuan , Li Mu , Li Xinpei , Chen Kun , Yin Panchao 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe explosive growth of binder industry spurs the development of strong adhesives with the integration of multi‐functionalities as well as cost‐effective and eco‐friendly processability. Here, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and sub‐nanoscale metal oxide cluster, phosphotungstic acid (PTA), both with broad commercial availability, are complexed through hydrogen bonding in water. The obtained nanocomposites demonstrate promising light transmittance and proton conductivity, and most importantly, unprecedentedly high adhesive strengths as ≈4 kN m–1 for peeling strength and 8.2 ± 1.7 MPa for single lap shear strength on typical glass substrate. The supramolecular complexation of PVA with PTA can significantly reduce its crystallinity and accelerate PVA chain dynamics for negligible internal stress and membrane shrinkage upon drying, leading to close contact with glass substrates for strong adhesion. Meanwhile, the supramolecular interaction between PVA and PTA contributes to the nanocomposites’ enhanced mechanical strength and resolves the issue of cohesion failure to ensure high adhesive strengths. The fast chain dynamics also benefit rapid proton transportation, contributing to the high proton conductivities. The binder design protocol can be extended to general polymer systems integrated with desired functionalities and allows scale up processing, providing great opportunities for functional adhesives for safety glass and electronic industry.
Highly Stable Fe2+/Ti3+‐Based Fluoride Cathode Enabling Low‐Cost and High‐Performance Na‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kang Jungmin , Ahn Jinho , Park Hyunyoung , Ko Wonseok , Lee Yongseok , Lee Seokjin , Lee Sangyeop , Jung Sung‐Kyun , Kim Jongsoon 
Published: May 2022

AbstractGrid‐scale energy storage system is the need of batteries with low‐cost, high‐energy‐density, and long cycle life. The requirement promotes the discovery of cathode materials enabling the storage of charge carrier ion within the open framework crystal structure having multi‐dimensional diffusion path exhibiting small volume change. Herein, Na2TiFeF7 is reported as a promising fluoride‐based cathode material for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Through combined studies using various experiments and first‐principles calculations, it is confirmed that Na2TiFeF7 with 3D diffusion pathway delivers a specific capacity of ≈185 mAh g−1 at C/20 with an average operation voltage of ≈3.37 V (vs Na+/Na) including the high Fe2+/3+ redox potential (≈3.75 V). Even at 5C, a specific capacity of ≈136 mAh g−1 is retained (≈73% of its theoretical capacity) owing to the low band gap energy (≈1.83 eV) and the low activation barrier energies (≈477.68 meV) required for facile Na+ diffusion, indicating the excellent power‐capability. Moreover, Na2TiFeF7 composed of three‐dimensionally interconnected (Fe, Ti)F6 octahedra delivers an outstanding capacity retention of ≈71% after 600 cycles at 1 C owing to the small structural volume change (≈0.96%) during Na+ de/intercalation. These findings provide insight into the development of fluoride‐based novel cathode materials for high‐performance SIBs.
A Stacked Plasmonic Metamaterial with Strong Localized Electric Field Enables Highly Efficient Broadband Light‐Driven CO2 Hydrogenation
Authors: Shao Tianyi , Wang Xiaonong , Dong Hanxiao , Liu Shengkun , Duan Delong , Li Yaping , Song Pin , Jiang Huijun , Hou Zhonghuai , Gao Chao , Xiong Yujie 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLight utilization largely governs the performance of CO2 photoconversion, whereas most of the materials that are implemented in such an application are restricted in a narrow spectral absorption range. Plasmonic metamaterials with a designable regular pattern and facile tunability are excellent candidates for maximizing light absorption to generate substantial hot electrons and thermal energy. Herein, a concept of coupling a Au‐based stacked plasmonic metamaterial with single Cu atoms in alloy, as light absorber and catalytic sites, respectively, is reported for gas‐phase light‐driven catalytic CO2 hydrogenation. The metamaterial structure works in a broad spectral range (370–1040 nm) to generate high surface temperature for photothermal catalysis, and also induces strong localized electric field in favor of transfer of hot electrons and reduced energy barrier in CO2 hydrogenation. This work unravels the significant role of a strong localized electric field in photothermal catalysis and demonstrates a scalable fabrication approach to light‐driven catalysts based on plasmonic metamaterials.
Microgels in Tandem with Enzymes: Tuning Adsorption of a pH‐ and Thermoresponsive Microgel for Improved Design of Enzymatic Biosensors
Authors: Sigolaeva Larisa V. , Pergushov Dmitry V. , Gladyr Snezhana Yu. , Kurochkin Ilya N. , Richtering Walter 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe benefits of stimuli‐responsiveness of microgels for surface modification and further engineering of microgel‐enzyme biosensor constructs are highlighted. Accordingly, the adsorption behavior of the pH‐ and temperature‐sensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐N‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)methacrylamide) microgel (P(NIPAM‐co‐DMAPMA) microgel) is examined by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and quartz‐crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM‐D). An enhanced adsorption of the microgel onto relatively hydrophobic surfaces is observed at elevated pH and temperature as manifested by a high surface coverage and a large adsorbed mass. This is a consequence of pronounced hydrophobization of the microgel as revealed by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and turbidimetry (cloud points). The subsequent electrostatic loading of the surface‐bound microgel with enzymes is examined by means of QCM‐D and demonstrates a highly‐capacious integration of biomolecules into the microgel films. Finally, the biosensor responses of the microgel‐enzyme films fabricated onto screen‐printed graphite electrodes are assessed to demonstrate a biorelated application. Thus, a comprehensive conceptual understanding is attained on the key points: (1) how the stimuli‐responsive properties of the microgel correlate with its amount deposited onto the surface, (2) what determines the highly‐capacious loading of the surface‐bound microgel with the enzymes, and ultimately (3) how the tandem of the stimuli‐sensitive microgels and enzymes can be used for easy engineering of biosensor systems.
Capillary‐Bridge Mediated Manipulation of Nonmagnetic Droplets Using Low Magnetic Fields with Self‐Locking Feature
Authors: Guo Ruisheng , Ouyang Mengling , Fan Yue , Tian Xuelin , Huang Shilin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractActive control of droplet motion on solid surfaces has attracted tremendous attention due to its wide range of applications. Manipulation of nonmagnetic droplets using magnetic fields is realized using magnetoresponsive surfaces, though they require large magnetic fields and the positioning accuracy is poor. Here, the authors propose a new strategy to manipulate nonmagnetic droplets using low magnetic fields with high positioning accuracy. Using a channeled superhydrophobic surface that enables the magnetic particle to move freely along the channel and interact with the droplet on the surface through capillary interaction, the droplet can be manipulated using a low magnetic field. When the magnetic particle is suspended in the channel, the droplet can be driven smoothly on the surface with the smallest surface friction. Increasing the magnetic field results in a stepwise motion of the transported droplet, which can be understood based on the magnetic force distribution around the magnet. Even on highly inclined surfaces, the transported droplets can self‐lock without shedding off after the removal of the magnetic field. By tuning the channel structure, 3D droplet manipulation, on‐demand droplet releasing, and multiple droplet manipulation without interference can also be realized. This versatile strategy provides an ideal platform for programming droplet behavior using magnetic fields.
Mechanochemical Direct Fluorination of Unactivated C(sp3)−H Bonds
Authors: Min Sehye , Park Beomsoon , Nedsaengtip Jantakan , Hyeok Hong Soon 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe mechanochemical fluorination of unactivated C(sp3)−H bonds has been achieved using N‐fluorobenzenesulfonimide as both a precursor of the hydrogen‐atom‐transfer reagent and a bench‐stable fluorine source. The control experiments revealed that mechanical energy is essential for realizing this reaction.magnified image
Automated, 3‐D and Sub‐Micron Accurate Ablation‐Volume Determination by Inverse Molding and X‐Ray Computed Tomography
Authors: Monserrat Lopez Diego , Grimaudo Valentine , Prone Giulia , Flisch Alexander , Riedo Andreas , Zboray Robert , Lüthi Thomas , Mayor Marcel , Fussenegger Martin , Broekmann Peter , Wurz Peter , Lörtscher Emanuel 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAblation of materials in combination with element‐specific analysis of the matter released is a widely used method to accurately determine a material's chemical composition. Among other methods, repetitive ablation using femto‐second pulsed laser systems provides excellent spatial resolution through its incremental removal of nanometer thick layers. The method can be combined with high‐resolution mass spectrometry, for example, laser ablation ionization mass spectrometry, to simultaneously analyze chemically the material released. With increasing depth of the volume ablated, however, secondary effects start to play an important role and the ablation geometry deviates substantially from the desired cylindrical shape. Consequently, primarily conical but sometimes even more complex, rather than cylindrical, craters are created. Their dimensions need to be analyzed to enable a direct correlation with the element‐specific analytical signals. Here, a post‐ablation analysis method is presented that combines generic polydimethylsiloxane‐based molding of craters with the volumetric reconstruction of the crater's inverse using X‐ray computed tomography. Automated analysis yields the full, sub‐micron accurate anatomy of the craters, thereby a scalable and generic method to better understand the fundamentals underlying ablation processes applicable to a wide range of materials. Furthermore, it may serve toward a more accurate determination of heterogeneous material's composition for a variety of applications without requiring time‐ and labor‐intensive analyses of individual craters.