bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lingyuanfructus, A Unique Fossil Gymno-Angiosperm Catches the Long Sought Snapshot of Plant Evolution
Authors: Wang Xin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Yixian Formation in northeast China is worldwide famous for its fossils of early angiosperms, which play a key role in the study of early evolution of angiosperms. Despite all efforts, the morphological gap between angiosperms and gymnosperms remain as conspicuous as ever, due to lack of a fossil plant intermediate between angiosperms and gymnosperms. It is well-known that angiosperms are distinguished from gymnosperms, which have naked ovules, by their enclosed ovules. A plant intermediate between angiosperms and gymnosperms should have both enclosed as well as naked ovules in the same plant. Although some extant angiosperms may have their ovules not fully enclosed and some extant gymnosperms have their seeds enclosed, none of fossil or living plants has its ovules naked and enclosed in the same plant hitherto. However, Darwinism does expect such a chimeric existence. Here I report such a long-expected plant, Lingyuanfructus hibrida gen. et sp. nov, from the Yixian Formation (Lower Cretaceous). The unique feature of Lingyuanfructus is that, in a single fossil, the ovules are both naked and enclosed, exactly the expected chimera filling the huge morphological gap between angiosperms and gymnosperms.
Osteochondroma of the scapula: An uncommon site of presentation in the elderly: A case report
Authors: (MS) . Prof. Ravi Sauhta , (MS MRCS) Dheeraj Makkar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Osteochondromas are benign bone tumors that mainly affect the metaphysis of long bones. We describe a 50-year-old patient who presented with a ventral scapular osteochondroma that limited her shoulder movement and caused tumor-induced paresthesia during sleep. The swelling was accompanied by pain and an inability to execute her professional obligations for the preceding four months. There were no neurological abnormalities. CT scan revealed a mushroom-shaped mass with cortical and medullary components near the scapula's lateral angle. We intended to do the surgery in the lateral decubitus position and under general anesthesia via the axillary approach. We describe a unique location and age range in which osteochondroma manifests. Because the risk of malignancy grows with age, we underline that osteochondroma should be considered a differential diagnosis in both unusual locations and age groups. Secondly, patients should be monitored clinically and radiographically following excision.
KDM3A silencing effectively inhibits bone turnover and metastasis development in breast cancer
Authors: Yao Juan , Han Yuanxing , Maimaiti Nueryemu , Sun Yue 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Objective: Bone metastasis is the main cause of death in patients with breast cancer (BCa). Lysine demethylase 3A (KDM3A) plays an important role in metastatic breast cancer. In our study, we aimed to detect the expression and invasion of KDM3A in bone metastases from breast cancer, and provide an important theoretical basis for effective prevention and treatment of BCa.Methods: MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells were transfected with KDM3A shRNA lentivirus to knock down KDM3A level. The biological function of KDM3A was examined in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, MCF-10A breast epithelial cells and nude mice with bone metastasis.Results: Silencing KDM3A significantly inhibited the proliferation, metastasis and invasion of BCa cells and promoted apoptosis in both in vivo and in vitro experiments.Conclusion: siRNA-mediated silencing of KDM3A can inhibit the proliferation, invasion and promote apoptosis of BCa cells.
The SAFE study: Stress and Fatigue control by Exercise: Acute and long-term effects of aerobic exercise in lactating employed mothers
Authors: Basyouny Sara , Botla Afaf M. , Atef Hady , Hussien Hossam El-Dien , Shehata Mai Ali 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: Stress and fatigue experienced by lactating employed mothers could affect mothers’ and babies' mental and physical health detrimentally. Aerobic exercise is known to control stress and fatigue, but the dosages of the exercises needed to maintain long-term effects are under investigation. This study aimed to investigate the acute and long-term effects of aerobic exercise on controlling stress and fatigue in lactating employed mothers. Methods: This randomized control study involved sixty lactating employed mothers who were suffering from stress and fatigue. They were divided into two groups. Group A received five sessions of 30-minute aerobic training on a treadmill/week, in addition to lifestyle modification advice for 6 weeks. Group B received the same lifestyle routine advice for the same duration without being trained. Assessment of stress and fatigue levels were done before, after 6 weeks, and after 6 months from the baseline assessments using the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) and Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS) respectively. Results: Post-six weeks comparison within and between both groups showed a significant decline in PSS-10 and FAS in group A compared with group B (p < 0.001), however after six months of follow up there were statistically significant effects within groups only (p<0.05), and no statistically significant difference between groups at both variables as (p>0.05). Conclusion: Aerobic exercises for 6 weeks can induce an acute but not long-term effect on the stress and fatigue control in lactating employed mothers. Future research is needed to tailor the exercise prescription needed to maintain training long-term benefits.Trial registration: Clinical Trials Registration. Registered 4 June 2021, (Registry ID: NCT 04913558)
Abolished TNF-α is crucial for the maintenance of B10 cells subsets in Psoriasis development
Authors: Zheng Yi , Gao Yu , Ji Yanhong 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: Psoriasis is a common chronic skin disease characterized by epidermal proliferation and inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) has a high degree of pro-inflammatory and can cooperatively regulate the pathogenic effect of other cytokines. TNFα inhibitors have shown effective in treating plaque psoriasis. IL-10 is closely related to the severity of psoriasis. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) that produce IL-10 are identified as negative regulators of the immune response, also known as B10 cells. At present, the contribution of B10 cells to the pathogenesis of psoriasis is unclear. Therefore, we used gene knockout mice, combined with data analysis of clinical psoriasis patients, to explore the role of TNFα and IL-10 regulating B10 cell function in the occurrence and development of experimental psoriasis evidence for the psoriasis clinical diagnosis and treatment.Results: The plasma inflammatory cytokine levels from psoriasis patients were higher than those in healthy controls. Impaired mature and immature B10 cell subsets in the peripheral of psoriasis patients, and both B10 and B10 progenitor cells were correlated with the pathogenesis of psoriasis after Tretinoin (Vitamin A Acid, Retinoids) treatment. Through the psoriasis models in TNFα knockout and wild-type mice induced by IMQ, It was found that the psoriatic lesions in TNFα knockout mice were slighter than those in wild-type mice, and the proportion of B10 and B10 precursor cells in the spleen of TNFα knockout mice decreased before and after IMQ induction. The expression level of IL-10 in the skin tissue of the TNFα KO mice model was significantly decreased in contrast to WT control after IMQ treatment. Conclusions: Our study was to explore the effect of the imbalance between B10 cells and TNFα on the pathogenesis of psoriasis from psoriatic patients' B10 cells and B10 precursor cells, combined with the psoriatic animal model. The mechanism by which TNFα affects B10 cells and B10 progenitor cells still need further study.
Carbohydrate utilization by the gut microbiome determines host health responsiveness to whole grain type and processing methods
Authors: Smith Caroline , Haute Mallory J. , Xian Yibo , Munoz Rafael R. Segura , Schmaltz Robert J. , Ramer-Tait Amanda E. , Rose Devin J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background: Grain processing, grain type, and carbohydrate utilization (CU) by the microbiome each individually influence the health benefits of whole grains. However, little is known about how these factors interact to influence host health outcomes. Therefore, two whole grains, brown rice and whole wheat, and two processing methods, boiling (porridge) and extrusion, were studied for their effects on host metabolic outcomes in mice harboring human microbiomes previously shown in vitro to have high or low CU. Results: Mice carrying either microbiome experienced increases in body weight and glycemia when consuming Western diets supplemented with extruded grains versus porridge. However, mice with the high CU but not low CU microbiome also gained more body weight and fat over time and were less glucose tolerant when consuming extruded grain diets. Cluster analysis of both host metabolic health parameters and fecal microbiota changes during feeding revealed that mice consuming extruded diets clustered seprately from those consuming the other diets only when harboring the high CU microbiome, suggesting that the exacerbated negative host health outcomes associated with extrusion were related to changes in microbiota composition. In partiuclar, the high CU microbiome mice consuming an extruded diet had altered abundances of Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae, which contributed to elevated sugar degradation and colonic acetate production. The ASVs associated with the extruded and porridge diets in this in vivo study were not the same as those identified in our prior in vitro study; however, the predicted functions were highly correlated.Conclusions: Grain processed using severe extrusion, regardless of grain type, worsened host metabolic health compared with grain processed to porridge. Mice harboring either microbiome responded to the whole grain diets similarly, except the high CU microbiome mice exhibited exacerbated effects due to excessive acetate production, indicating that CU by the microbiome is linked to host metabolic health outcomes. Importantly, the metabolic phenotypes observed in the present study were predictable based on the results from our in vitro study. Our work demonstrates that a greater understanding of food processing effects on the microbiome is necessary for developing foods that promote rather than diminish host health.
Bullous pemphigoid anti-BP180-NC16A autoantibody reactivity in healthy individuals is associated with marked hypovitaminosis D and Th2-like cytokine predominance
Authors: Tukaj Stefan , Bieber Katja , Prüßmann Wiebke , Prüßmann Jasper N. , Schmidt Enno , Zillikens Detlef , Ludwig Ralf J. , Kasperkiewicz Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Autoimmune bullous disease autoantibodies, particularly including bullous pemphigoid (BP)-related anti-BP180-NC16A IgG, have been reported in a small subset of healthy individuals, but information about associated factors is lacking. We hypothesized that an abnormal status of immunomodulatory vitamin D could play a role in anti-BP180-NC16A autoantibody reactivity in healthy persons. In addition, we aimed to evaluate the cytokine profile associated with these autoantibodies. Plasma samples from 34 anti-BP180-NC16A IgG-reactive and 85 anti-BP180-NC16A IgG-negative healthy blood donors were tested for levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and a wide range of cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IFN-γ, and TNF-α). We observed that anti-BP180-NC16A IgG-reactive healthy subjects had significantly lower plasma 25(OH)D levels and about a two-fold higher rate of vitamin D deficiency (< 20 ng/ml) compared to anti-BP180-NC16A IgG-negative healthy persons. In addition, anti-BP180-NC16A IgG-positive samples were characterized by significantly higher levels of IL-2, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, and IL-13. Our results indicate that healthy individuals with BP autoantibody reactivity share similarities with BP patients regarding the vitamin D status and cytokine profile (i.e., marked hypovitaminosis D and Th2 predominance), which may have pathophysiologic and treatment (i.e., early/prophylactic vitamin D supplementation) implications.
Wind Farm and Installed Wind Power Analyses of Turkey
Authors: İLHAN Akın , BİLGİLİ Mehmet , ŞAHİN Beşir 
Published: March 2022

In this study, the analyses of wind farms and corresponding installed wind power of Turkey are conducted. Wind farms in Turkey have been evaluated by considering five different regions. The map of Turkey is similarly divided into five different regions, and the farms are clearly shown on these maps. The installed power or capacity of each wind farm is clearly shown. So, a total of 251 operating, under-constructional, and licensed wind farms have been extensively analysed in terms of their capacities. On the other hand, the total
theoretical wind power potential of the territories has been studied comparatively, and it is concluded that among the total theoretical wind power potential of 115,329 MW, the total installed wind power of Turkey is reported to be 10,599.89 MW. Namely, it is concluded that only 9.19% of an installation ratio has been performed in Turkey, which corresponds an unused wind power potential of 90.81%.
Noradrenaline and Seizures: A Perspective on the Role of Adrenergic
Receptors in Limbic Seizures
Authors: Biagioni Francesca , Celli Roberta , Puglisi-Allegra Stefano , Nicoletti Ferdinando , Giorgi Filippo Sean , Fornai Francesco 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Noradrenergic fibers originating from the locus coeruleus densely innervate
limbic structures, including the piriform cortex, which is the limbic structure with the lowest seizure
threshold. Noradrenaline (NA) modulates limbic seizures while stimulating autophagy through β2-
adrenergic receptors (AR). Since autophagy is related to seizure threshold, this perspective questions
whether modulating β2-AR focally within the anterior piriform cortex affects limbic seizures.

Objective:
In this perspective, we analyzed a potential role for β2-AR as an anticonvulsant target
within the anterior piriform cortex, area tempestas (AT).

Methods:
We developed this perspective based on current literature on the role of NA in limbic seizures
and autophagy. The perspective is also grounded on preliminary data obtained by microinfusing
within AT either a β2-AR agonist (salbutamol) or a β2-AR antagonist (butoxamine) 5
minutes before bicuculline.

Results:
β2-AR stimulation fully prevents limbic seizures induced by bicuculline micro-infusion in
AT. Conversely, antagonism at β2-AR worsens bicuculline-induced seizure severity and prolongs
seizure duration, leading to self-sustaining status epilepticus. These data indicate a specific role for
β2-AR as an anticonvulsant in AT.

Conclusions:
NA counteracts limbic seizures. This relies on various receptors in different brain areas.
The anterior piriform cortex plays a key role in patients affected by limbic epilepsy. The anticonvulsant
effects of NA through β2-AR may be related to the stimulation of the autophagy pathway.
Recent literature and present data draw a perspective where β2-AR stimulation while stimulating
autophagy mitigates limbic seizures, focally within AT. The mechanism linking β2-AR to autophagy
and seizure modulation should be extensively investigated.
A Detailed Insight onto the Molecular and Cellular Mechanism of Action
of the Antifungal Drugs Used in the Treatment of Superficial Fungal
Infections
Authors: Wal Pranay , Saraswat Nikita , Vig Himangi 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Dermatomycosis is a type of fungal infection that can infect human skin, hair,
and nails; an increasing growth of fungal infections ranging from superficial to systemic infection is
alarming. Common causative agents are Candida, Cryptococcus, Aspergillus, and Pneumocystis species.
A wide range of antifungal drugs is used for the treatment of mycotic infections. These antifungal
drugs can be oral or topical. The topical therapy ensures reduced side effects. Some act as fungistatic,
while others act as fungicidal. These drugs work by a different mechanism of action to prevent and
cure fungal infections.

Objective:
The effective treatment of the fungal infection includ the use of proper antifungal drug
therapy. Antifungal drugs are classified into various classes. This paper focuses on understanding and
interpreting the detailed molecular and cellular mechanism of action of various classes of anti-fungal
drugs with their important characteristics along with the safety and efficacy data of individual drugs of
the particular class.

Methods:
The data selection for carrying out the respective study has been made by studying the combination
of review articles and research papers from different databases, like ResearchGate, PubMed,
MDPI, Elsevier, ScienceDirect, and MedCrave, ranging from the year 1972 to 2019, by using the
keywords like “anti-fungal agents”, “dermatophytes”, “cutaneous candidiasis”, “superficial fungal infections”,
“oral candidiasis”, “amphotericin”, “echinocandins”, “azoles”, “polyenes” “ketoconazole”,
“terbinafine”, “griseofulvin”, “azoles”.

Result:
Based on interpretation, it is concluded that the different classes of antifungal drugs follow the
different mechanisms of action and target the fungal cell membrane, and are efficient in reducing fungal
disease by their respective mechanism.

Conclusion:
The prevention and cure of fungal infections can be done by oral or topical antifungal
drugs aimed to destroy the fungal cell membrane. These drugs show action by their respective pathways
that are either preventing the formation of ergosterol or squalene or act by inhibiting the β-1,3-
glucan synthase enzyme. All the drugs are found to be effective in treating fungal infections.
Diosgenin: Mechanistic Insights on its Anti-inflammatory Effects
Authors: Karami-Mohajeri Somayyeh , Mohammadinejad Reza , Ashrafizadeh Milad , Mohamadi Neda , Mohajeri Mohammad , Sharififar Fariba 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
Diosgenin (DG), a well-known steroid saponin, has shown anti-inflammatory effects.
This review was aimed to discuss all published literature concerning the anti-inflammatory effects
of diosgenin. Based on the modulatory impact of DG on the NF-κB pathway, its supplementation
is associated with downregulation of the NF-κB pathway and TGF-β, resulting in inhibition of
inflammation. It appears that upstream modulators of NF-κB signaling pathways such as Tlrs and
downstream mediators include iNOS and COX-2, leading to the inhibition of the inflammatory
response and development of pathological conditions. Due to the low toxicity of the herbal compounds,
the risk of the side effects of DG use for the management of inflammatory disorders such
as asthma, rheumatism, rhinitis, and arthritis is lower than that of synthetic glucocorticoids. It has
been shown that regulation of NF-κB and oxidative stress signaling pathways by DG is beneficial
against cardiotoxicity induced by chemotherapeutic agents such as doxorubicin.
An Overview of Microbial α-amylase and Recent Biotechnological
Developments
Authors: Singh Rajendra , Kim Si Wouk , Kumari Anila , Mehta Praveen Kumar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
The α-amylase is one of the most promising commercial enzymes with tremendous applications
in various industries. Microbial α-amylase shares almost 25-30% of the enzyme market
due to its catalytic function in several industries, including sugar, detergent, paper, textile, pharmaceutical
industries, etc. The α-amylase hydrolyzes glycosidic linkages of structural components of
starch, resulting in maltose, glucose, and high fructose syrups. Starch, the second most abundant organic
substance on the Earth, is a readily available, low-cost renewable substrate mainly used in biorefinery
and food industries. Amylases are ubiquitous in nature due to their involvement in carbohydrate
metabolism. The α-amylases of microbial origin have technical advantages as compared to
animal and plant origin. Considering physicochemical properties, bacterial α-amylases are most diverse.
However, for industrial purposes, these properties of the biocatalyst, either individually or in
a combination, are required to modify through genetic and protein engineering according to the targeted
process. The review presents an overview of the current findings of microbial sourced α-
amylases, commercial applications, market trends in relevant industries, and achieved improvements
in thermostability, catalytic function, pH tolerance, substrate, and product specificities
through recombinant DNA technology and protein engineering.
Implementation of regenerative braking on the AC locomotive with a mono phase reversible voltage converter
Authors: Kuchumov V. A. , Nikonchuk I. N. 
Published: March 2022

Introduction. The authors analyse the problem of implementing regenerative braking on the AC locomotive with a monophase reversible voltage converter.Materials and methods. The article consided theoretically possible options for the operation of monophase reversible voltage converters during regenerative braking, in which: 1) the reactive component of the electric locomotive current had a capacitive nature, and the operating current of the electric locomotive was ahead of its reactive component; 2) the reactive component of the electric locomotive current had an inductive nature, and the current of the electric locomotive was ahead of its active component. The research demonstrated that the former was only theoretically possible, since the regeneration of current into the contact network was carried out at a very low voltage, significantly less than the lowest voltage on the current collector. The latter was technically feasible in terms of the main harmonic of the electric locomotive current lagged by an angle exceeding of 90 electrical degree, but noticeably smaller than 180 electrical degree. Regenerative braking with a power factor close to unity was possible only theoretically, but in practice a power factor of 0.8–0.9 should be realized. The tangent of the angle between the effective current and its active component was greater (for a certain margin) than the quotient from dividing the active by the inductive resistance of the traction network between the electric locomotive and the traction substation. Moreover, it was necessary to consider the technological reduction of the ohmic resistance in the process of the monophase reversible voltage transducer control (e. g. over the deterioration of contact wire).Results. The article demonstrates the possibility and conditions for the regenerative braking implementation on AC locomotives. Hence, a more advanced electric locomotive current control system with an additional channel for regulating the inductive component of the recuperation current is recommended for development.Discussion and conclusion. An advanced control system stabilizes the current collector voltage and with the channel for regulating the active component of the regeneration current provide for the voltage maintanance at a higher level, determined by the actual electrical parameters of the contact network and the train traffic.