bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First observation and interpretation of spontaneous collective radiation from fusion-born ions in a stellarator plasma
Authors: Reman B C G , Dendy R O , Igami H , Akiyama T , Salewski M , Chapman S C , Cook J W S , Inagaki S , Saito K , Seki R , Toida M , Kim M H , Thatipamula S G , Yun G S 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
During bursty MHD events, transient ion cyclotron emission (ICE) is observed from deuterium plasmas in the large helical device (LHD) heliotron-stellarator. Unusually, the frequencies of the successive ICE spectral peaks are not close to integer multiples of the local cyclotron frequency of an energetic ion population in the likely emitting region. We show that this ICE is probably driven by a subset of the fusion-born protons near their birth energy

E

H

=
3.02

MeV. This subset has a kinetic energy component parallel to the magnetic field,

m

H

v

∥

2

/

2

, significantly greater than its perpendicular energy

m

H

v

⊥

2

/

2

, for which

v

⊥

∼

V

A

, the Alfvén speed. First principles computations of the collective relaxation of this proton population, within a majority thermal deuterium plasma, are carried out using a particle-in-cell approach. This captures the full gyro-orbit kinetics of all ions which, together with an electron fluid, evolve self-consistently with the electric and magnetic fields under the Maxwell–Lorentz equations. The simulated ICE spectra are derived from the Fourier transform of the fields which are excited. We find substantial frequency shifts in the peaks of the simulated ICE spectra, which correspond closely to the measured ICE spectra following the resonance condition

ω
=

k

∥

v

∥

+
n

Ω

H

for nth proton harmonic. This suggests that the transient ICE in LHD is generated by the identified subset of the fusion-born protons, relaxing under the magnetoacoustic cyclotron instability. So far as is known, this is the first report of a collective radiation signal from fusion-born ions in anon-tokamak magnetically confined plasma. Disambiguation between two or more energetic ion species that could potentially generate complex observed ICE spectra is an increasing challenge, and the results and methodology developed here will assist this. Our approach is also expected to be relevant to ICE driven by ion beams with lower parallel velocities, for example in cylindrical plasma experiments.
The Distribution of UV Radiation Field in the Molecular Clouds of Gould Belt
Authors: Xia Jifeng , Tang Ningyu , Zhi Qijun , Jiao Sihan , Xie Jinjin , Fuller Gary A. , Goldsmith Paul F. , Li Di 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The distribution of ultraviolet (UV) radiation field provides critical constraints on the physical environments of molecular clouds. Within 1 kpc of our solar system and fostering protostars of different masses, the giant molecular clouds in the Gould Belt present an excellent opportunity to resolve the UV field structure in star-forming regions. We performed spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting of the archival data from the Herschel Gould Belt Survey (HGBS). Dust radiative transfer analysis with the DUSTY code was applied to 23 regions in 14 molecular complexes of the Gould Belt, resulting in the spatial distribution of the radiation field in these regions. For 10 of 15 regions with independent measurements of star formation rate, their star formation rate and UV radiation intensity largely conform to a linear correlation found in previous studies.
Solar Flare Forecast Model Based on Resampling and Fusion Method
Authors: Wan Jie , Fu Jun-Feng , Tan Dai-Min , Han Ke , Yu Meng-Yao , E Peng 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Predicting the activity of solar flares is of great significance for studying its physical mechanism and the impact on human production and life. Problems such as class imbalance, high time-series sensitivity, and over-localization of important features exist in the sample data used for flare forecasting. We design a solar flare fusion method based on resampling and the CNN-GRU algorithm to try to solve the above problems. In order to verify the effectiveness of this fusion method, first, we compared the forecast performance of different resampling methods by keeping the forecast model unchanged. Then, we used the resampling algorithm with high performance to combine some single forecast models and fusion forecast models respectively. We use the 2010–2017 sunspot data set to train and test the performance of the flare model in predicting flare events in the next 48 h. Through the conclusion of the above steps, we prove that the resampling method SMOTE and its variant SMOTE-ENN are more advantageous in class imbalance problem of flare samples. In addition, after the fusion of one-dimensional convolution and recurrent network with “forget-gate” , combined with the SMOTE-ENN to achieve TSS = 61%, HSS = 61%, TPRate = 77% and TNRate = 83%. This proves that the fusion model based on resampling and the CNN-GRU algorithm is more suitable for solar flare forecasting.
A robotic leg inspired from an insect leg
Authors: Tran-Ngoc P Thanh , Lim Leslie Ziqi , Gan Jia Hui , Wang Hong , Vo-Doan T Thang , Sato Hirotaka 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
While most insect-inspired robots come with a simple tarsus, such as a hemispherical foot tip, insect legs have complex tarsal structures and claws, which enable them to walk on complex terrain. Their sharp claws can smoothly attach and detach on plant surfaces by actuating a single muscle. Thus, installing an insect-inspired tarsus on legged robots would improve their locomotion on complex terrain. This paper shows that the tendon-driven ball–socket structure provides the tarsus with both flexibility and rigidity, which is necessary for the beetle to walk on a complex substrate such as a mesh surface. Disabling the tarsus’ rigidity by removing the socket and elastic membrane of a tarsal joint, means that the claws could not attach to the mesh securely. Meanwhile, the beetle struggled to draw the claws out of the substrate when we turned the tarsus rigid by tubing. We then developed a cable-driven bio-inspired tarsus structure to validate the function of the tarsus as well as to show its potential application in the legged robot. With the tarsus, the robotic leg was able to attach and retract smoothly from the mesh substrate when performing a walking cycle.
Partial coherence and amplified internal energy when thermal radiation is sourced within matter
Authors: Smith G B , Gentle A R , Arnold M D 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Photons excited into ground state modes at finite temperature display partitioning among photon phases, lifetimes and distances travelled since creation. These distributions set the distance from an interface a created photon has some chance of emission. Excited photons have phase velocity set by their mode’s propagation index n which sets mode density then internal energy contribution. All photons that strike an interface obliquely if emitted are refracted, and their exit intensities are irreversible except when weak internal attenuation occurs. Attenuation index k near zero degrees is small, so reversibility is approximate. As temperature rises refraction of exiting photons varies. Total emission remains reversible after transitioning through a nonequilibrium state with no other heat inputs. In equilibrium the densities of excitations that create and annihilate photons are in balance with photon densities, and emissivity dependent on n, k, temperature, and internal incident direction. Exit intensities from pure water and crystalline silica are modelled. They contain strong resonant intensities, and match data accurately. Intrinsic resonances formed within liquids and compounds are due to photon modes hybridising with localized excitations, including molecular oscillations and the anharmonic component of lattice distortions. They explain the many resonant spectral intensities seen in remote sensing. Each hybrid oscillator is a photonic virtual bound state whose energy fluctuates between levels separated by hf. Other features addressed are radiance when solid angle changes at exit, anomalous refraction, thermal recycling of internally reflected photons, fluxes within multilayers, and enhanced internal heat flux from phonon drag by photon density gradients under an external temperature gradient.
The physical significance of imaginary phonon modes in crystals
Authors: Pallikara Ioanna , Kayastha Prakriti , Skelton Jonathan M , Whalley Lucy D 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The lattice vibrations (phonon modes) of crystals underpin a large number of material properties. The harmonic phonon spectrum of a solid is the simplest description of its structural dynamics and can be straightforwardly derived from the Hellman–Feynman forces obtained in a ground-state electronic structure calculation. The presence of imaginary harmonic modes in the spectrum indicates that a structure is not a local minimum on the structural potential-energy surface and is instead a saddle point or a hilltop, for example. This can in turn yield important insight into the fundamental nature and physical properties of a material. In this review article, we discuss the physical significance of imaginary harmonic modes and distinguish between cases where imaginary modes are indicative of such phenomena, and those where they reflect technical problems in the calculations. We outline basic approaches for exploring and renormalising imaginary modes, and demonstrate their utility through a set of three case studies in the materials sciences.
Green’s function methods for excited states and x-ray spectra of functional materials
Authors: Kas J J , Vila F D , Tan Tun S , Rehr J J 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Many interesting properties of functional materials, such as dynamic response and thermodynamic behavior, depend on their excited state properties. These functional properties are often related to excitations in the system, such as phonons and plasmons, which lead to inelastic losses, lifetime, and other dynamic effects. The excitations are pure many-body correlation effects that are missing from independent particle theories. They are revealed in x-ray spectra such as photoemission and absorption, where they show up as satellites beyond the quasi-particle approximation. Our main focus in this work is the use of Green’s function methods to describe these effects. In particular, we discuss how the cumulant Green’s function provides a unified treatment of such dynamic correlation effects in many contexts. Besides a robust theoretical framework, these methods also yield widely applicable tools for practical calculations of many functional properties of materials. This methodology is illustrated with a number of applications ranging from optical and x-ray spectra to thermodynamic properties, and dynamic response. Some recent extensions for more correlated systems are also briefly discussed.
Impact of technology-assisted versus manual sterile compounding on safety and efficiency in a Canadian community hospital
Authors: Fan Mark , Yang Danny , Ng Becky , Jackson Jocelyn , Bouris Katherine , Eng Sharon , Rolko Edith , Trbovich Patricia 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Purpose
Interventions to improve the safety and efficiency of manual sterile compounding are needed. This study evaluated the impact of a technology-assisted workflow system (TAWS) on sterile compounding safety (checks, traceability, and error detection), and efficiency (task time).

Methods
Observations were conducted in an oncology pharmacy transitioning from a manual to a TAWS process for sterile compounding. Process maps were generated to compare manual and TAWS checks and traceability. The numbers and types of errors detected were collected, and task times were observed directly or via TAWS data logs.

Results
Analysis of safety outcomes showed that, depending on preparation type, 3 to 4 product checks occurred in the manual process, compared to 6 to 10 checks with TAWS use. TAWS checks (barcoding and gravimetric verification) produced better traceability (documentation). The rate of incorrect-drug errors decreased with technology-assisted compounding (from 0.4% [5 of 1,350 preparations] with the manual process to 0% [0 of 1,565 preparations] with TAWS use; P &lt; 0.02). The TAWS increased detection of (1) errors in the amount of drug withdrawn from vials (manual vs TAWS, 0.4% [5/1,350] vs 1.2% [18/1565]; P &lt; 0.02), and (2) errors in the amount of drug injected into the final container (manual vs TAWS, 0% [0/1,236] vs 0.9% [11/1,272]; P &lt; 0.002). With regard to efficiency outcomes, TAWS use increased the mean mixing time (manual vs TAWS, 275 seconds vs 355 seconds; P &lt; 0.001), had no significant impact on average visual checking time (manual vs TAWS, 21.4 seconds vs 21.6 seconds), and decreased average physical checking time (manual vs TAWS, 58.6 seconds vs 50.9 seconds; P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
In comparison to manual sterile compounding, use of the TAWS improved safety through more frequent and rigorous checks, improved traceability (via superior documentation), and enhanced error detection. Results related to efficiency were mixed.
Do Prostaglandin Analogue Lash Lengtheners Cause Eyelid Fat and Volume Loss?
Authors: Jamison Aaron , Okafor Linda , Ullrich Katja , Schiedler Vivian , Malhotra Raman 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
Prostaglandin analogues (PGAs; a first-line antiglaucoma treatment) have been remarketed as popular eyelash-lengthening serums due to their lash-lengthening and lash-thickening side effects. Periorbital volume loss is now a well-established side effect of topical PGAs used to treat glaucoma (prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy) but has not, to date, been listed as a potential side effect of lash-lengthening serums containing PGAs.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to identify whether periorbital fat/volume loss is seen in users of PGA lash lengtheners.

Methods
This investigation comprised a case report and an informal randomized controlled study comparing “before-and-after” color photographs displayed on the websites of manufacturers of PGA-containing lash lengtheners (PGALLs) (ie, containing bimatoprost, norbimatoprost, isopropyl cloprostenate, dechloro-dihydroxy-difluoro-ethylcloprostenolamide, or methylamido-dihydro-noralfaprostal) vs 2 control groups: non-PGALLs (NPGALL) and false eyelashes (FLs). Expert and layperson blinded graders used a purpose-designed grading system to identify subtle signs of periorbital fat/volume loss over time.

Results
A 35-year-old female developed thin, wrinkled, darker skin, and periorbital hollowing after 10 months of treatment with Lash Boost (Rodan & Fields, San Francisco, CA), containing isopropyl cloprostenate, which reversed 6 months after discontinuation. Fifteen “before-and-after” pairs of photographs (PGALL, n = 10; NPGALL, n = 3; FL, n = 2) were graded by 5 graders (3 expert, 2 layperson). Mean grading score was 8.2 (of 19) in the PGALL group, 2.3 in the NPGALL group, and 3.2 in the FL group. PGALL scores were significantly higher than scores in the NPGALL (P &lt; 0.001) and FL (P = 0.017) groups.

Conclusions
Review of commercial “before-and-after” photographs suggests that PGALL users develop changes compatible with prostaglandin-associated periorbitopathy. Consumers must be aware of the possibility of periorbital volume loss prior to commencing treatment with PGALLs. Often the customer-facing product ingredient list contains no mention of PGAs.

Level of Evidence: 4
Genetic determinants of individual variation in the superior temporal sulcus of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Hopkins William D , Coulon Oliver , Meguerditchian Adrien , Staes Nicky , Sherwood Chet C , Schapiro Steven J , Mangin Jean-Francois , Bradley Brenda 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe superior temporal sulcus (STS) is a conserved fold that divides the middle and superior temporal gyri. In humans, there is considerable variation in the shape, folding pattern, lateralization, and depth of the STS that have been reported to be associated with social cognition and linguistic functions. We examined the role that genetic factors play on individual variation in STS morphology in chimpanzees. The surface area and depth of the STS were quantified in sample of 292 captive chimpanzees comprised of two genetically isolated population of individuals. The chimpanzees had been previously genotyped for AVPR1A and KIAA0319, two genes that play a role in social cognition and communication in humans. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the KIAA0319 and AVPR1A genes were associated with average depth as well as asymmetries in the STS. By contrast, we found no significant effects of these KIA0319 and AVPR1A polymorphism on surface area and depth measures for the central sulcus. The overall findings indicate that genetic factors account for a small to moderate amount of variation in STS morphology in chimpanzees. These findings are discussed in the context of the role of the STS in social cognition and language in humans and their potential evolutionary origins.
The role of virome in the gastrointestinal tract and beyond
Authors: Tiamani Kawtar , Luo Shiqi , Schulz Sarah , Xue Jinling , Costa Rita , Khan Mirzaei Mohammadali , Deng Li 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The human gut virome is comprised of diverse commensal and pathogenic viruses. The colonization by these viruses begins right after birth through vaginal delivery, then continues through breastfeeding, and broader environmental exposure. Their constant interaction with their bacterial hosts in the body shapes not only our microbiomes but us. In addition, these viruses interact with the immune cells, trigger a broad range of immune responses, and influence different metabolic pathways. Besides its key role in regulating the human gut homeostasis, the intestinal virome contributes to disease development in distant organs, both directly and indirectly. In this review, we will describe the changes in the gut virome through life, health, and disease, followed by discussing the interactions between the virome, the microbiome, and the human host as well as providing an overview of their contribution to gut disease and disease of distant organs.
Biology: Motion is Function
Authors: Koch Lauren Gerard , Britton Steven L 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In 1966 Francis Crick declared that: “The ultimate aim of the modern movement in biology is to explain all biology in terms of physics and chemistry.” This motivated us to contemplate approaches that unify biology at a fundamental level. Exploration led us to consider the features of energy, entropy, and motion. Overall, it can be considered that motion of matter is the feature of life function. No motion. No function. In initial work we evaluated the hypothesis that the scope for biologic function is mediated mechanistically by a differential for energy transfer. Maximal treadmill running capacity served as a proxy for energy transfer. The span for capacity was estimated “biologically” by application of two-way artificial selection in rats for running capacity. Consistent with our “Energy Transfer Hypothesis” (ETH), low physical health and dysfunction segregated with low running capacity and high physical health and function segregated with high running capacity. The high energy yield of aerobic metabolism is also consonant with the ETH; that is, amongst the elements of the universe, oxygen is second only to fluorine in electronegativity. Although we deem these energy findings possibly correct, they are based on correlation and do not illuminate function via fundamental principles. For consideration of life, Entropy (2nd Law of thermodynamics) can be viewed as an open system that exchanges energy with the universe operating via nonequilibrium thermodynamics. The Principle of Maximal Entropy Production (MEP) states that: If a source of free energy is present, complex systems can intercept the free energy flow, and self-organize to enhance entropy production. The development of Benard convection cells in a water heat gradient demonstrate simplistic operation of MEP. A direct step forward would be to explain the mechanism of the obligatory motion of molecules for life function. Motion may be mediated by operation of “action at a distance” for molecules as considered by the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox and confirmed by JS Bell. Magnetism, electricity, and gravity are also examples of action at a distance. We propose that some variant of “action at a distance” as directed by the property of Maximal Entropy Production (MEP) underwrites biologic motion.
Mitochondrial Phylogenomics of Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) Reveals a Potentially Functional Horizontal Gene Transfer from the Host
Authors: Lin Qianshi , Banerjee Arjan , Stefanović Saša 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) from host or other organisms have been reported in mitochondrial genomes of parasitic plants. Genes transferred in this fashion have usually been found nonfunctional. Several examples of HGT from the mitochondrial genome of parasitic Cuscuta (Convolvulaceae) to its hosts have been reported, but not vice versa. Here we used 31 protein-coding mitochondrial genes to infer the phylogeny of Cuscuta, and compared it with previous nuclear and plastid phylogenetic estimates. We also investigated the presence of HGTs within these lineages. Unlike in plastid genomes, we did not find extensive gene loss in their mitochondrial counterparts. Our results reveal the first example of organellar HGT from host to Cuscuta. Mitochondrial atp1 genes of South African subgenus Pachystigma were inferred to be transferred from Lamiales, with high support. Moreover, the horizontally transferred atp1 gene has functionally replaced the native, vertically transmitted copy, has an intact open reading frame, and is under strong purifying selection, all of which suggests that this xenolog remains functional. The mitochondrial phylogeny of Cuscuta is generally consistent with previous plastid and nuclear phylogenies, except for the misplacement of Pachystigma when atp1 is included. This incongruence may be caused by the HGT mentioned earlier. No example of HGT was found within mitochondrial genes of three other, independently evolved parasitic lineages we sampled: Cassytha/Laurales, Krameria/Zygophyllales, and Lennooideae/Boraginales.
Rheology of partially molten plagioclase containing wetting silica-rich anhydrous melt
Authors: Dimanov Alexandre 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This work explores the effects of melt chemistry on diffusion controlled creep of partially molten labradorite plagioclase (An50) at anhydrous conditions. Using sol-gel and hot pressing techniques we produced: (1) nominally melt-free samples, with &lt;1 vol. per cent residual glass confined solely to multiple-grain junctions; (2) two types of partially molten samples, containing respectively ∼1 and ∼5 vol. per cent silica-rich partial melts, wetting numerous grain boundaries by thin (&lt;10 nm) amorphous films. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that the amorphous phases of the latter materials contained ∼85 and 95 wt. per cent SiO2, thus representing different polymerization degrees. Infrared spectroscopy showed that the initial traces of water (∼0.05 wt. per cent) were dried out by annealing in air above 1100 °C. Uniaxial creep tests performed at temperatures and flow stresses ranging, respectively, between 1100–1250 °C and 3–60 MPa showed dominantly linear viscous flow, with a strong grain size dependence indicating grain boundary diffusion control. Counter-intuitively strength and activation energy increased with the content of melts. However, for the sample suite silica content covaries with melt proportion, and thus our results suggest that the kinetics of grain boundary diffusion controlled creep strongly depends on melt chemistry. Instead of acting as shortcut for diffusion, thin films of highly viscous amorphous phases may in turn considerably hinder grain boundary transport properties.