bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terrorist Attacks Against Performing Arts Venues: Global Trends and Characteristics Spanning 50 Years
Authors: Liang Stephen Y. , Tian LinLin , Cavaliere Garrett A. , Lawner Benjamin J. , Jasani Gregory N. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIntroduction:In fostering community and culture through entertainment in shared spaces, performing arts venues have also become targets of terrorism. A greater understanding of these attacks is needed to assess the risk posed to different types of venues, to inform medical disaster preparedness, to anticipate injury patterns, and to reduce preventable deaths.Methods:A search of the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was conducted from the year 1970 through 2019. Using pre-coded variables for target/victim type and target subtype, attacks involving “business” and “entertainment/cultural/stadium/casino” were identified. Attacks targeting performing arts venues were selected using the search terms “theater,” “theatre,” “auditorium,” “center,” “hall,” “house,” “concert,” “music,” “opera,” “cinema,” and “movie.” Manual review by two authors was performed to confirm appropriateness for inclusion of entries involving venues where the primary focus of the audience was to view a performance. Descriptive statistics were performed using R (version 3.6.1).Results:A total of 312 terrorist attacks targeting performing arts venues were identified from January 1, 1970 through December 31, 2019. Two-hundred nine (67.0%) attacks involved cinemas or movie theaters, 80 (25.6%) involved unspecified theaters, and 23 (7.4%) specifically targeted live music performance venues. Two-hundred thirty-four (75.0%) attacks involved a bombing or explosion, 50 (16.0%) damaged a facility or infrastructure, and 17 (5.4%) included armed assault. Perpetrators used explosives in 234 (75.0%) attacks, incendiary weapons in 50 (16.0%) attacks, and firearms in 19 (6.1%) attacks. In total, attacks claimed the lives of 1,307 and wounded 4,201 persons. Though fewer in number, attacks against music venues were responsible for 29.4% of fatalities and 35.0% of those wounded, and more frequently involved the use of firearms. Among 95 attacks falling within the highest quartile for victims killed or wounded (>two killed and/or >ten wounded), 83 (87.4%) involved explosives, seven (7.4%) involved firearms, and three (3.2%) involved incendiary methods.Conclusion:While uncommon, terrorist attacks against performing arts venues carry the risk for mass casualties, particularly when explosives and firearms are used.
Critical Ethnography in National Security Institutions: Methodological and Ethical Reflections
Authors: Wright Hannah 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACTAlthough ethnographic methods have yielded important insights into the inner workings of many political institutions, their use in the study of institutions engaged in national security policy making and practice has been more limited. Common features of security institutions raise methodological and ethical concerns for participant observers: they are hard to access, handle classified information, and their proximity to the use of violence creates challenges for researchers who adopt critical perspectives toward the framing and practice of national security. This article reflects on how critical ethnographers might respond to these challenges, drawing on experiences from a 14-month ethnographically influenced study of UK government departments involved in national security policy making. I argue that even though questions of informed consent and avoiding harm are complicated by the core functions of security institutions and their cultures of busyness and secrecy, navigating these tensions can itself generate useful ethnographic insights into institutional cultures.
The co-occurrence of water insecurity and food insecurity among Daasanach pastoralists in northern Kenya
Authors: Bethancourt Hilary J , Swanson Zane S , Nzunza Rosemary , Young Sera L , Lomeiku Luke , Douglass Matthew J , Braun David R , Ndiema Emmanuel K , Pontzer Herman , Rosinger Asher Yoel 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjective:Water plays a critical role in the production of food and preparation of nutritious meals, yet few studies have examined the relationship between water and food insecurity. The primary objective of this study, therefore, was to examine how experiences of household water insecurity (HWI) relate to experiences of household food insecurity (HFI) among a pastoralist population living in an arid, water-stressed region of northern Kenya.Design:We implemented the twelve-item Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE, range 0–36) Scale and the nine-item Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS, range 0–27) in a cross-sectional survey to measure HWI and HFI, respectively. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and intake of meat and dairy in the prior week were collected as covariates of interest.Setting:Northern Kenya, June–July 2019.Participants:Daasanach pastoralist households (n 136) from seven communities.Results:In the prior 4 weeks, 93·4 % and 98·5 % of households had experienced moderate-to-severe HWI and HFI, respectively. Multiple linear regression analyses indicated a strong association between HWI and HFI. Each point higher HWISE score was associated with a 0·44-point (95 % CI: 0·22, 0·66, P = 0·003) higher HFIAS score adjusting for socio-economic status and other covariates.Conclusions:These findings demonstrate high prevalence and co-occurrence of HWI and HFI among Daasanach pastoralists in northern Kenya. This study highlights the need to address HWI and HFI simultaneously when developing policies and interventions to improve the nutritional well-being of populations whose subsistence is closely tied to water availability and access.
THE OPTIMAL MALLIAVIN-TYPE REMAINDER FOR BEURLING GENERALIZED INTEGERS
Authors: Broucke Frederik , Debruyne Gregory , Vindas Jasson 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe establish the optimal order of Malliavin-type remainders in the asymptotic density approximation formula for Beurling generalized integers. Given
$\alpha \in (0,1]$
and
$c>0$
(with
$c\leq 1$
if
$\alpha =1$
), a generalized number system is constructed with Riemann prime counting function
$ \Pi (x)= \operatorname {\mathrm {Li}}(x)+ O(x\exp (-c \log ^{\alpha } x ) +\log _{2}x), $
and whose integer counting function satisfies the extremal oscillation estimate
$N(x)=\rho x + \Omega _{\pm }(x\exp (- c'(\log x\log _{2} x)^{\frac {\alpha }{\alpha +1}})$
for any
$c'>(c(\alpha +1))^{\frac {1}{\alpha +1}}$
, where
$\rho>0$
is its asymptotic density. In particular, this improves and extends upon the earlier work [Adv. Math. 370 (2020), Article 107240].
How do trained palliative care providers experience open desire to die-conversations? An explorative thematic analysis
Authors: Boström Kathleen , Dojan Thomas , Rosendahl Carolin , Gehrke Leonie , Voltz Raymond , Kremeike Kerstin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectivesDespite the potential benefits of open communication about possible desires to die for patients receiving palliative care, health professionals tend to avoid such conversations and often interpret desires to die as requests for medical aid in dying. After implementing trainings to foster an open, proactive approach toward desire to die, we requested trained health professionals to lead and document desire to die-conversations with their patients. In this article, we explore how trained health professionals experience an open (proactive) approach to desire to die-conversations with their patients.MethodsBetween April 2018 and March 2020, health professionals recorded their conversation-experiences on documentation sheets by answering seven open questions. A subsample was invited to offer deeper insights through semi-structured qualitative interviews. Interviews and documentation sheets were transcribed verbatim and analyzed thematically, then findings from both sources were compared and synthesized.ResultsOverall, N = 29 trained health professionals documented N = 81 open desire to die-conversations. A subsample of n = 13 health professionals participated in qualitative interviews. Desire to die-conversations after the training were reported as a complex but overall enriching experience, illustrated in seven themes: (1) beneficial (e.g., establishing good rapport) and (2) hindering aspects (e.g., patients’ emotional barriers) of desire to die-conversations, (3) follow-up measures, (4) ways of addressing desire to die, as well as (5) patient reactions to it. The interviews offered space for health professionals to talk about (6) content of desire to die-conversation and (7) (self-)reflection (e.g., on patients’ biographies or own performance).Significance of resultsAs part of an open (proactive) approach, desire to die-conversations hold potential for health professionals’ (self-)reflection and a deeper understanding of patient background and needs. They may lead to a strengthened health professional–patient relationship and potentially prevent suicide.
Roman Warm Period and Late Antique Little Ice Age in an Earth System Model Large Ensemble
Authors: Shi Feng , Sun Cheng , Guion Antoine , Yin Qiuzhen , Zhao Sen , Liu Ting , Guo Zhengtang 
Published: August 2022

AbstractChanges in climate during the Roman Warm Period (RWP, 1–250 CE) and Late Antique Little Ice Age (LALIA, 536–660 CE) play a critical role in early societal evolution, but the climate differences between these two periods and the possible causes of the changes remain poorly explored. Here we use the LOch–Vecode‐Ecbilt‐CLio‐agIsM model Large Common Era Ensemble with 70 members to examine the climate change over these two intervals and compare the results of this ensemble with the latest temperature reconstructions from the Past Global Changes 2k network and the transient simulation for the past 2,000 years from the Community Earth System Model. Results from both proxy reconstructions and climate model simulations show warming in mid‐to‐high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) during the RWP compared with the LALIA. This is likely linked with the increased radiative forcing associated with weaker volcanic eruptions in the RWP, which results in reduced sea ice area and pronounced high‐latitude warming through surface albedo and lapse‐rate feedbacks. This increases the upper ocean heat content over centennial time scales to maintain warming over the NH high‐latitude regions. Moreover, the RWP has drier (wetter) conditions in the eastern (western) equatorial Pacific than the LALIA, and this is related to the zonal sea surface temperature gradient in the equatorial Pacific through modification of the zonal circulation.
Behaviors of Ionospheric Topside Ion Density, Ion Temperature, and Electron Temperature During the 20 November 2003 Superstorm
Authors: Huang Chao‐Song , Zhang Yongliang , Wang Wenbin , Lin Dong , Wu Qian 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe identified a few new storm‐time ionospheric phenomena by analyzing disturbances in topside ion density, electron temperature, and ion temperature at ∼840 km altitude measured by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites during the 20 November 2003 magnetic storm. The storm‐time ion density enhancements showed different features at different local times. Longitudinal structures in the enhanced ion density occurred in the morning sector and extended from equatorial regions to middle latitudes. Ion density increase due to enhanced fountain effect was observed in the evening sector and lasted for ∼18 hr. A positive ionospheric storm occurred during the late recovery phase of the storm and was associated with increased atomic oxygen to molecular nitrogen column density ratio. Electron temperature at subauroral latitudes reached 8000 K during the storm, ∼4000 K higher than the quiet‐time temperature. The subauroral temperature enhancement lasted for 2–3 days. Simultaneous enhancements in the ion density, electron temperature, and ion temperature from subauroral to equatorial latitudes occurred in the night‐time ionosphere and lasted for ∼18 hr. A negative correlation between ion density and electron/ion temperature variations occurred in the dusk sector for ∼12 hr. An enhanced ion temperature crest in the winter hemisphere during the magnetic storm lasted for 2 days. A decrease in the ion temperature crest was also observed with an increase of the ion density. These new features in the ionospheric density and temperature, together with the results from previous studies, provide a more comprehensive scenario of the ionospheric response to the superstorm.
A Multicomponent Reactive Transport Model for Integrated Surface‐Subsurface Hydrology Problems
Authors: Molins Sergi , Svyatsky Daniil , Xu Zexuan , Coon Ethan T. , Moulton J. David 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDespite the widespread use of integrated hydrology models in a variety of applications, consideration of multicomponent reactive transport is still not common. The implementation of these processes requires coupling transport at the surface‐subsurface interface and efficient solution of the non‐linear geochemical model that is consistent with the integrated hydrology solution. The Advanced Terrestrial Simulator provides a flexible multiphysics framework that facilitated this process. In this work, the integrated reactive transport process kernel (PK) was weakly coupled to the integrated hydrology PK. In turn, integrated transport and reactions were coupled using an operator splitting approach. This splitting enabled an explicit solution of the integrated transport problem, including a novel algorithm to calculate exchange fluxes across the surface‐subsurface interface and a point‐by‐point solution of the geochemical problem. Geochemical capabilities were added using well‐established external codes, but rather than using a custom interface to each, a generic interface was used that clearly specifies the variables and operations used by the chemistry PK. The implementation is demonstrated with two example simulations: transport of a tracer in a soil column as it saturates over time and water ponds on the surface and reactive transport in a hillslope driven by successive wet‐dry cycles that result in infiltration, runoff and exfiltration processes.
Forming cytoplasmic stress granules PURα suppresses mRNA translation initiation of IGFBP3 to promote esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression
Authors: Tian Lusong , Xie Xiufeng , Das Urmi , Chen Yuling , Sun Yulin , Liu Fang , Lu Haizhen , Nan Peng , Zhu Ying , Gu Xinglu , Deng Haiteng , Xie Jiuyong , Zhao Xiaohang 
Published: August 2022

AbstractEsophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most fatal malignancies worldwide. Recently, our group identified purine-rich element binding protein alpha (PURα), a single-stranded DNA/RNA-binding protein, to be significantly associated with the progression of ESCC. Additional immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that PURα forms cytoplasmic stress granules to suppress mRNA translation initiation. The expression level of cytoplasmic PURα in ESCC tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent epithelia and correlated with a worse patient survival rate by immunohistochemistry. Functionally, PURα strongly preferred to bind to UG-/U-rich motifs and mRNA 3´UTR by CLIP-seq analysis. Moreover, PURα knockout significantly increased the protein level of insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3). In addition, it was further demonstrated that PURα-interacting proteins are remarkably associated with translation initiation factors and ribosome-related proteins and that PURα regulates protein expression by interacting with translation initiation factors, such as PABPC1, eIF3B and eIF3F, in an RNA-independent manner, while the interaction with ribosome-related proteins is significantly dependent on RNA. Specifically, PURα was shown to interact with the mRNA 3´UTR of IGFBP3 and inhibit its expression by suppressing mRNA translation initiation. Together, this study identifies cytoplasmic PURα as a modulator of IGFBP3, which could be a promising therapeutic target for ESCC treatment.
Down-regulated m6A reader FTO destabilizes PHF1 that triggers enhanced stemness capacity and tumor progression in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Ning Jinfeng , Wang Fengjiao , Bu Jianlong , Zhu Kaibin , Liu Wei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAberrant epigenetic drivers or suppressors contribute to LUAD progression and drug resistance, including KRAS, PTEN, Keap1. Human Plant Homeodomain (PHD) finger protein 1 (PHF1) coordinates with H3K36me3 to increase nucleosomal DNA accessibility. Previous studies revealed that PHF1 is markedly upregulated in various tumors and enhances cell proliferation, migration and tumorigenesis. However, its roles in LUAD are still unknown. We aimed to depict the biological roles of PHF1 and identify useful targets for clinical treatment of LUAD. Based on the bioinformatic analysis, we found that PHF1 was down-regulated in LUAD samples and low PHF1 expressions correlated with unfavorable clinical characteristics. Patients with low PHF1 had poorer survival outcomes relative to those with high PHF1. Targeting PHF1 potentiated cell growth, migration and in vivo proliferation. Mechanistically, FTO mediated the stabilization of PHF1 mRNA by demethylating m6A, which particularly prevented YTHDF2 from degrading PHF1 transcripts. Of note, FTO also expressed lowly in LUAD that predicts poor prognosis of patients. FTO inhibition promoted LUAD progression, and PHF1 overexpression could reverse the effect. Lastly, down-regulated FTO/PHF1 axis could mainly elevate FOXM1 expression to potentiate the self-renewal capacity. Targeting FOXM1 was effective to suppress PHF1low/−LUAD growth. Collectively, our findings revealed that FTO positively regulates PHF1 expression and determined the tumor-suppressive role of FTO/PHF1 axis, thereby highlighting insights into its epigenetic remodeling mechanisms in LUAD progression and treatment.
The mechanism of RNA capping by SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Park Gina J. , Osinski Adam , Hernandez Genaro , Eitson Jennifer L. , Majumdar Abir , Tonelli Marco , Henzler-Wildman Katie , Pawłowski Krzysztof , Chen Zhe , Li Yang , Schoggins John W. , Tagliabracci Vincent S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 contains a 5′ cap that facilitates the translation of viral proteins, protection from exonucleases and evasion of the host immune response1–4. How this cap is made in SARS-CoV-2 is not completely understood. Here we reconstitute the N7- and 2′-O-methylated SARS-CoV-2 RNA cap (7MeGpppA2′-O-Me) using virally encoded non-structural proteins (nsps). We show that the kinase-like nidovirus RdRp-associated nucleotidyltransferase (NiRAN) domain5 of nsp12 transfers the RNA to the amino terminus of nsp9, forming a covalent RNA–protein intermediate (a process termed RNAylation). Subsequently, the NiRAN domain transfers the RNA to GDP, forming the core cap structure GpppA-RNA. The nsp146 and nsp167 methyltransferases then add methyl groups to form functional cap structures. Structural analyses of the replication–transcription complex bound to nsp9 identified key interactions that mediate the capping reaction. Furthermore, we demonstrate in a reverse genetics system8 that the N terminus of nsp9 and the kinase-like active-site residues in the NiRAN domain are required for successful SARS-CoV-2 replication. Collectively, our results reveal an unconventional mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 caps its RNA genome, thus exposing a new target in the development of antivirals to treat COVID-19.
Comprehensive analysis of transglutaminase substrate preference by cDNA display coupled with next-generation sequencing and bioinformatics
Authors: Damnjanović Jasmina , Odake Nana , Fan Jicheng , Camagna Maurizio , Jia Beixi , Kojima Takaaki , Nemoto Naoto , Hitomi Kiyotaka , Nakano Hideo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractcDNA display is an in vitro display technology based on a covalent linkage between a protein and its corresponding mRNA/cDNA, widely used for the selection of proteins and peptides from large libraries (1012) in a high throughput manner, based on their binding affinity. Here, we developed a platform using cDNA display and next-generation sequencing (NGS) for rapid and comprehensive substrate profiling of transglutaminase 2 (TG2), an enzyme crosslinking glutamine and lysine residues in proteins. After screening and selection of the control peptide library randomized at the reactive glutamine, a combinatorial library of displayed peptides randomized at positions − 1, + 1, + 2, and + 3 from the reactive glutamine was screened followed by NGS and bioinformatic analysis, which indicated a strong preference of TG2 towards peptides with glutamine at position − 1 (Gln-Gln motif), and isoleucine or valine at position + 3. The highly enriched peptides indeed contained the indicated sequence and showed a higher reactivity as TG2 substrates than the peptide previously selected by phage display, thus representing the novel candidate peptide probes for TG2 research. Furthermore, the obtained information on substrate profiling can be used to identify potential TG2 protein targets. This platform will be further used for the substrate profiling of other TG isozymes, as well as for the selection and evolution of larger biomolecules.
Radical annulation of a designed diene system: access to nitro-benzo[b]azepines
Authors: Sun Kai , Zhang Yan , Tian Miao , Wang Zhichuan , Zhao Dongyang , Wang Shilong , Tang Shi , Zhang Zhen 
Published: August 2022

A O2N˙-triggered addition 7-endo cyclization to nitro-benzo[b]azepines is reported with good chemo- and regioselectivity. Large-scale operation and handy N-Ts and N-Cbz deprotection reveal the utility of this methodology.
Frequency-Following Response to Steady-State Vowel in Quiet and Background Noise Among Marching Band Participants With Normal Hearing
Authors: Suresh Chandan H. , Krishnan Ananthanarayan 
Published: August 2022

Objective:
Human studies enrolling individuals at high risk for cochlear synaptopathy (CS) have reported difficulties in speech perception in adverse listening conditions. The aim of this study is to determine if these individuals show a degradation in the neural encoding of speech in quiet and in the presence of background noise as reflected in neural phase-locking to both envelope periodicity and temporal fine structure (TFS). To our knowledge, there are no published reports that have specifically examined the neural encoding of both envelope periodicity and TFS of speech stimuli (in quiet and in adverse listening conditions) among a sample with loud-sound exposure history who are at risk for CS.

Method:

Using scalp-recorded frequency-following response (FFR), the authors evaluated the neural encoding of envelope periodicity (FFR
ENV
) and TFS (FFR
TFS
) for a steady-state vowel (English back vowel /u/) in quiet and in the presence of speech-shaped noise presented at +5- and 0 dB SNR. Participants were young individuals with normal hearing who participated in the marching band for at least 5 years (high-risk group) and non–marching band group with low-noise exposure history (low-risk group).

Results:

The results showed no group differences in the neural encoding of either the FFR
ENV
or the first formant (F1) in the FFR
TFS
in quiet and in noise. Paradoxically, the high-risk group demonstrated enhanced representation of F2 harmonics across all stimulus conditions.

Conclusions:
These results appear to be in line with a music experience–dependent enhancement of F2 harmonics. However, due to sound overexposure in the high-risk group, the role of homeostatic central compensation cannot be ruled out. A larger scale data set with different noise exposure background, longitudinal measurements with an array of behavioral and electrophysiological tests is needed to disentangle the nature of the complex interaction between the effects of central compensatory gain and experience-dependent enhancement.