bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technology Focus: Subsea Systems (August 2022)
Authors: Johnston Colin 
Published: September 2022

As goes the offshore market in general, so follows the subsea arena, and both are experiencing an upturn because of an increase in commodity prices and the potential that offers to operators focused on optimizing existing assets. In current offshore operations—with an emphasis on environmental, social, and governance performance—subsea has an increasingly important role to play. Subsea tiebacks in particular offer opportunities to increase asset productivity while minimizing environmental impact on an incremental production-per-barrel basis.
With that in mind, the papers selected provide an overview of interest and immediate relevance to SPE members and JPT readers, regardless of where those operations are taking place.
Some of the longstanding issues currently of greatest concern are the jumping-off point for a review intended to focus on optimizing subsea developments. Speed of asset delivery, system reliability, data and information management, and project repeatability are the general wish list for subsea engineers looking to improve efficiency, and all are covered in the papers presented.
Within the industry, the push for a standard approach—not so much with hardware and components but more so with overall subsea project management—is a high priority. Additionally, building on the learnings from mature subsea areas pushes development with a focus on subsea reliability, increasing the global nature of these challenges yet maintaining a specific focus on local issues.
Finally, with a nod to the future, the electrification and automation of subsea assets is presented, the intention being that the industry is ready to combine state-of-the-art system and project management with cutting-edge technology to fully deliver on the potential of subsea.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
OTC 32010 - Novel Concept Approval and Technology Qualification of Systems and Vessels for Deep‑Sea Extraction of Polymetallic Nodules by Tyson Breedlove, American Bureau of Shipping, et al.
OTC 32028 - Key Technology Qualification of a Full‑Scale Subsea Chemical Storage and Injection System by Art J. Schroeder, Subsea Shuttle, et al.
OTC 32100 - Unlocking Resident Underwater Inspection Drones or Autonomous Underwater Vehicles for Subsea Autonomous Inspection: Value Creation Between Technical Requirements and Technological Development by Matteo Mattioli, Saipem, et al.
Guidance for Systems-Engineering Processes for Subsea Production Systems
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: September 2022

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 31827, “Systems Engineering of Subsea Production Systems,” by Amedeo Marcotulli, Saipem, and David Wilkinson, Endeavor Management. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2022 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission.
As the complexity and cost of subsea production systems (SPS) has increased during recent decades, the requirement for a more-rigorous, systematic approach toward the engineering of such systems has increased. A systems-engineering (SE) guidance document, specifically written to be applicable to SPS, is being developed by members of API Sub-Committee 17 at the time of writing. The objective of the complete paper is to make potential users of the guidance document aware of the benefits associated with the use of formal SE processes when designing complex facilities.

SE Fundamentals
Systems engineers exercise a high-level understanding of how system elements work together, visualizing complex systems as a set of subsystems that interact recursively. Recursive relationships are critical in SE and define many hierarchical taxonomies, such as the following:
- System components consist of subsystems
- Project activities consist of subprojects
- Organizations consist of suborganizations
- Contracts consist of subcontracts
However, an elegance exists in the recursive nature of SE because its processes are self-similar and independent of scale. Its fractal nature allows application of the same process at any level and for any size of project, as shown in Fig. 1.
The recursive and iterative nature of SE results in information flows in four directions:
- Downward path: Requirement information flows from top to bottom, until the lowest elements are fully defined.
- Upward path: Integration information flows from the lowest-level element.
- Forward path: Interface information flows across elements that are at the same level, in each level.
- Backward path: Feedback information informs the design and realization processes on every iteration for continuous improvement.
SE formalizes the interfaces between disciplines, streamlining communications and avoiding rework. SE takes control of the iterations and recursions, thus minimizing waste. Therefore, SE reduces engineering cost while optimizing engineering design.
SE requires a mindset more akin to an architect’s duties than to those of an engineer. It requires synthesis more than analysis, involving a top-down view of the system that goes further than an intimate analysis of its parts.
Study Details Management of Mercury for Production Facilities
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: September 2022

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 31465, “Management of Mercury Offshore for Onshore Production Facilities,” by Mohamed Sopiee Saaibon, Zainab Kayat, and Fatimah A. Karim, Petronas. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2022 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission.
The objective of the complete paper is to provide an approach to mitigating the adverse effects of mercury found in production fields. It includes an evaluation of treatment-facility requirements and suitable technologies for production fields and facilities. The evaluation covers assessment of pipeline integrity and managing unexpected increases in mercury content to ensure that mercury removal units (MRU) can treat gas within design specifications.

Introduction
Mercury is present as a contaminant in many oil and gas reservoirs; southeast Asia is a well-known for high concentrations of mercury. The presence of mercury poses a threat to the operator’s integrated upstream value chain. The primary concern is exposure of mercury to downstream aluminum heat exchangers for liquefied natural gas (LNG) production. The production lines and risers, although made of carbon steel, are exposed to integrity threats and, consequently, risk deferment of production.

Initial Problem
Concerns regarding mercury’s presence in hydrocarbon processing systems arose when substantial liquid mercury was detected at the operator’s downstream onshore LNG plant at levels three times beyond the design of its existing onshore MRU within the plant. Such high mercury concentration in feed gas was not expected because the wells had been operational for only 1 year. Immediate measures taken to handle these high quantities of mercury to protect the plant and its aluminum equipment included the following:
- Reduction of feed-gas intake and production slowdown
- Closing of wells with high mercury content
- Mixing of that gas with low-mercury gas
- Preparation for MRU adsorbent changeout
No method exists to predict mercury production, and thus mitigation and equipment design—particularly that of an MRU across an integrated oil and gas production system—cannot be based on subsurface production data alone. A holistic approach to determine reservoir mercury concentrations from geology by on onsite sampling and mapping, from the wellhead to the production facility along the pipeline to the plant, was initiated.
Ginsenoside Rg1 alleviates H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in bovine mammary epithelial cells through the NFE2L2 signaling pathway
Authors: Qian Weidong , Chang Renxu , Jia Hongdou , Fu Shixin , Sun Xudong 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background
During the lactation period, the dairy cows is often in a state of negative energy balance. An enhanced lipid mobilization alters the redox imbalance of bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMECs) due to the negative energy balance in the early stage of lactation. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), the main active components of ginseng, has been well-documented with possession of excellent antioxidant both in humans and non-ruminants. The primary objective of this study was to explore the therapeutic effect of Rg1 on H2O2-induced oxidative damage of bMECs and its molecular mechanism. Bovine MEC line MAC-T cells were pretreated with Rg1 (0.25, 0.5, 1 or 2 µM) for 24 h, followed by a H2O2 (500 µM) challenge for 24 h.
Results
Rg1 treatment decreased intracellular ROS and apoptosis induced by H2O2. These effects are related to the activation of NFE2L2 antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway and the inactivation of caspase / Bcl2 / p53 apoptosis pathway. MAC-T cells were transfected with NFE2L2 siRNA for 48 h, and then treated with Rg1 (2 µM) for another 24 h, followed by a H2O2 (500 µM) challenge for 24 h. The protective effect of Rg1 on H2O2-induced intracellular ROS accumulation and apoptosis was eliminated after transfection with NFE2L2 siRNA.
Conclusions
These results suggest that NFE2L2 is necessary for the protective mechanism of Rg1 on H2O2-induced oxidative damage of bMECs. Thus, Rg1 might be a potent antioxidant in vivo that could be administered to ruminant animals during stressful periods such as the transition into lactation.
Lead exposure dose-dependently affects oxidative stress, AsA-GSH system, photosynthesis, and mineral element content in pakchoi (Brassica Chinensis L.)
Authors: Tan Zhanming , Wu Cuiyun , Xuan Zhengying , Cheng Yunxia , Xiong Renci , Su Zhihang , Wang Desheng 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Lead (Pb) stress can cause oxidative stress and abnormal plant growth. The ascorbic acid-glutathione (AsA-GSH) cycle mainly exists in the chloroplast and is involved in resisting oxidative stress, scavenging reactive oxygen radicals in the chloroplast, and maintaining normal photosynthesis. However, whether Pb can affect the photosynthesis of pakchoi in a dose-dependent manner through the oxidative stress and AsA-GSH system is unclear. In this study, the low-dose (300 mg/kg), medium-dose (600 mg/kg) and high-dose (900 mg/kg) Pb stress models were established. In this experiment, methods such as ICP-MS, detection of photosynthetic characteristics and fluorescence characteristics, qRT-PCR, principal component analysis and correlation analysis were used. The results showed that Pb stress induced a dose-dependent increase in Pb content in pakchoi leaves. Principal component analysis discovered that Se, B and Pb were significantly negatively correlated. Pb stress caused an increase in MDA content and the decrease in SOD, GSH-Px and T-AOC activities. We also found that the Vc content and the GSH/GSSG ratio decreased. In addition, Pb stress resulted in the decreases of Pn, Tr, Gs, Ci, and VPD, and attenuated Fv/Fm and Fv/Fo. In the high-dose group, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids were significantly decreased, and the expression of chloroplast development genes (GLK, GLN2) were abnormal. Taken together, our data suggests that Pb stress leads to aberrant photosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner by inhibiting the AsA-GSH system in pakchoi. The study expands the field of Pb toxicology research and provides indications for screening antagonists.
Anxiety, Depression, and Stress among Female Community Health Volunteers during COVID-19 Pandemic in Nepal
Authors: Basnet Author: Saraswati , Silwal Co- author: Suvekshya 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Female Community Health Volunteers (FCHVs) are an integral part of various community-based health programs visiting households and communities to screen for diseases, risk factors and educate on basic health issues. A profound and wide range of psychological health issues (anxiety, stress, and depression) at the individual, community, and international levels has been reported during the COVID-19 outbreaks.
Methods
An analytical cross-sectional study design was used to assess the anxiety, depression, and stress level among rural and urban FCHVs during the COVID-19 in Province 1. A multistage random sampling technique was be used the select the sample. The totalsample size was 384. Semi-structured structured valid Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) was used for measuring the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress level of FCHVs. Descriptive analysis i.e. frequency, percentage, mean, median, and standard deviation was used to assess the level of anxiety, depression, and stress among adults. Inferential analysis i.e. logistic regression was used to find the association between dependent and selected demographic variables.
Findings
The study revealed that the prevalence of extremely severe levels of anxiety was 35.5 % of the Female Community Health Volunteers (FCHVs) 23.4% of moderate level of stress and 21.6% of respondents were a severe level of depression respectively. There is significant association between level anxiety and ethnicity (p=0.040; OR=1.562; CI=1.021-2.390), occupation (p=0.013; OR=3.861; CI=1.325-11.249) and place of residence (p≤ 0.001; OR=1.959; CI=1.470-3.413). There is significant association between level stress and occupation (p=0.037; OR=3.363; CI=1.074-10.531) place of residence (p=0. 005; OR=1.817; CI=1.193-2.767). There is significant association between level depression and ethnicity, occupation (p≤0.001; OR=2.117; OR=1.391-3.222) and place of residence (p=0. 026; OR=3.371; CI=1.158-9.812).
The study concluded that the female community Health Volunteers was mild, moderate, severe and extremely severe level of anxiety, stress and depression level so prompt psychiatric intervention to enhance the mental wellbeing of FCHVs.
The interaction between physiology and behavior underlying complex life histories
Authors: Cabrera Doreen , Quezada Katia , Bolander Mikayla , Griffen Blaine D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis predicts that consistent variation in behavior should be linked to variation across individuals in physiological and other life history traits. Here, we examined the interaction between physiology and behavior in the Cambarid northern crayfish (Faxonius virilis) from its invaded range. The morphology of adult male Cambarid crayfish is accompanied by seasonal changes in sexual activity, a process called form alternation or cyclic dimorphism. Crayfish exhibit the reproductive form in the breeding season and subsequently molt into the non-reproductive form. Upon return of the breeding season, non-reproductive males molt back to their reproductive form. We repeatedly measured metabolic rate, body condition, and propensity to take risks in reproductive and non-reproductive northern crayfish. Higher risk-taking behavior was linked to a higher body condition consistent with the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis. Individual differences in risk-taking behavior were only mildly repeatable. Further, non-reproductive crayfish with high energy stores had a higher metabolic rate than reproductive crayfish. This is an indication that high energy stores are needed to fuel growth in the non-reproductive form and thus resulting in higher metabolic demands. Understanding the links between physiology and behavior not only has important implications for the evolution of life history traits but may also provide insight into the dynamics of range expansion in this invasive crayfish species.
Resource use differences of two coexisting chironomid species at localized scales
Authors: McCormick Amanda R. , Phillips Joseph S. , Botsch Jamieson C. , Ólafsson Jón S. , Ives Anthony R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The abundances of competing species may show positive correlations in time and space if they rely on a shared resource. Such positive correlations might obscure resource partitioning that facilitates competitor coexistence. Here, we examine the potential for resource partitioning between two ecologically similar midge species (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Mývatn, Iceland. Tanytarsus gracilentus and Chironomus islandicus show large, roughly synchronized population fluctuations, implying potential reliance on a shared fluctuating resource and thereby posing the question of how these species coexist at high larval abundances. We first considered spatial partitioning of larvae. Abundances of both species were positively correlated; thus, spatial partitioning across different sites in the lake did not appear to be strong. We then inferred differences in dietary resources with stable carbon isotopes. T. gracilentus larvae had significantly higher δ13C values than C. islandicus, suggesting interspecific differences in resource use. Differences in resource selectivity, tube-building behavior, and feeding styles may facilitate resource partitioning between these two species. Relative to surface sediments, T. gracilentus had higher δ13C values, suggesting that they selectively graze on 13C-enriched resources such as productive algae from the surface of their tubes. In contrast, C. islandicus had lower δ13C values than surface sediments, suggesting reliance on 13C-depleted resources, which may include detrital organic matter and associated microbes that larvae selectively consume from the sediment surface or within their burrow walls. Overall, our study illustrates that coexisting and ecologically similar species may show positive correlations in space and time while using different resources at fine spatial scales.
“They said we're all in it together, but we were kind of separated”: Barriers to access, and suggestions for improving access to official information about COVID-19 vaccines for migrants in Australia
Authors: Pourmarzi Davoud , Fitzpatrick Petya , Allen Keeley , Yuen Aidan , Lambert Stephen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Background:Vaccination is a cornerstone of public health measurements to mitigate the burden of COVID-19 infection. For health equity, information needs to be accessible to all members of society to allow for informed decision-making about COVID-19 vaccines. We sought to investigate barriers that migrants living in Australia faced in accessing official information about COVID-19 vaccines and identify potential solutions.Methods:This study used a descriptive qualitative study design. Seventeen adults living in Australia and born in the World Health Organization’s Eastern Mediterranean Region participated in a semi-structured interview conducted via telephone. Participants were recruited using advertising through social media platforms. The interviews were conducted between December 2021 and February 2022. All interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analysed using inductive thematic analysis.Results:Barriers to accessing official information about COVID-19 vaccines were related to unmet language needs, methods of dissemination, and mistrust in official sources of information. To overcome barriers, participants suggested improving the quality and timeliness of language support, using diverse modes of dissemination, working with members of migrant communities, providing opportunities for two-way communication, communicating uncertainty, and building a broader foundation of trust.Conclusion:Information about COVID-19 vaccines during different stages of the vaccination program should be provided in migrants’ languages at the same time that it is available in English using a variety of methods for dissemination. The acceptability of official information can be improved by communicating uncertainty, acknowledging people’s concerns about the safety and effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines and providing opportunities for two-way communication. People’s trust in official sources of health information can be improved by working with migrant communities and recognising migrants’ contributions to society. The findings of this study may improve managing the response to COVID-19 and other health emergencies in Australia and in other similar societies.
Epidemiology of human visceral leishmaniasis in Pernambuco-Brazil: a descriptive study, 2015 to 2020
Authors: Macena Leylyane Silva , Pascoal Suedja Maria , Germinio Josefa Elaine Silva , Correia Bárbara Virgínia Mendonça Silva 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Introduction: Leishmaniasis is a systemic pathology caused by a parasite of the genres Leishmaniawhich Dogs are the main disease reservoir. The main parasite form of transmission in Brazil is through Lutzomyia longipalpis female bite. Objective: The objective of this work is to assess the epidemiological profile of the VL in Pernambuco from 2015 to 2020. Method: It is observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, and retrospective from secondary dates about LV rates in Pernambuco. Data were collected from DATASUS, SINAN, and IBGE all Brazilian official systems. Results: Pernambuco located in the Northeast region of Brazil presented high rates of Leishmaniasis which is a disease with a very intense infection with more distribution in the backwoods of the state. The notification index of the state in the studied period was 175, 118, 185, 200, 181, and 113 respectively for each year. In 2016 there was a reduction of 32% in cases in relation to 2015. There was an increase in 2017 of 56.8%, and in 2018 there was an increase of 8,1%. In 2019 there was a decrease of 9,5% and in 2020 there was the smallest number of cases, a decrease of 37.6%. The mortality average of VL in the state of Pernambuco between 2015 and 2020 was 8.1%. The co-infection of LV with HIV revealed an increase during the years.
Conclusion: It was identified that there may be conflict regarding canine euthanasia. In addition, the incidence of Co-infected patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis and HIV is a worrying factor. Also, basic sanitation is the main measure to reduce several neglected diseases, and for that reason the development of social actions to raise awareness against the disease in all aspects is essential.