bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of El Niño southern oscillation and Indian Ocean Dipole on the burned area in Indonesia
Authors: Nurdiati Sri , Bukhari Fahren , Julianto Muhammad Tito , Sopaheluwakan Ardhasena , Aprilia Mega , Fajar Ibnu , Septiawan Pandu , Najib Mohamad Khoirun 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLand and forest fire have been identified as one of the main problems contributing to forest biodiversity and Global Warming and well known as the phenomenon affected by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). The total burned area becomes higher when either El Niño or positive IOD occur. This research aims to analyze and quantify the direct correlation of the Niño 3.4 and difference between west and east pole of IOD sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) to the burned area in Indonesia and the impact of ENSO and IOD of each category on the burned area. The correlation between spatial location with Niño 3.4 and difference IOD SST's will be analyzed using a heterogeneous correlation map. Meanwhile, the quantitative impact will be calculated based on the singular value decomposition analysis result to each year categories. The most significant impact of El Niño has occurred on Merauke following Kalimantan shows the strongest correlation between burned area and Niño 3.4 SST. However, the significant increase of burned area only occurred during very strong El Niño. Both areas can have double amount of burned area during peak fire in very strong El Niño. Moderate El Niño have the most diverse impact with the stronger one occurs on Kalimantan and Merauke. Weak El Niño can have a significant impact if occurred simultaneously with positive IOD. Even more, it can surpass the effect of a single Moderate El Niño. Meanwhile, the strongest IOD impact happened in the southern part of Sumatra.
266 The Study of the Effectiveness of CO2 Fractional Laser for Dyspareunia in Premenopausal Women with Vestibulodynia
Authors: Ninomiya N , Sekiguchi Y 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Among female sexual dysfunctions, a relatively large number of women with dyspareunia are encountered in clinical practice. However, there is no effective standard treatments in the absence of endocrine abnormalities.

Objective
The purpose of this study is to investigate the efficacy and safety of CO2 fractional laser for dyspareunia in premenopausal women with vestibulodynia.

Methods
From September 2019 to September 30, 2020, we enrolled the patients who were diagnosed with vestibular redness and vestibular pain but were not effective enough with symptomatic treatments or physical therapies. Patients with obvious atrophy findings were excluded. The patients received a CO2 fractional laser irradiation 3 times in total at 1-month interval. The equipment used was Smart Side Square. Irradiation was applied only to the vestibule and vulva, not to the vagina. Surface anesthesia was performed 10 to 20 minutes before laser irradiation. The irradiation output setting conformed to the basic setting, but it was adjusted at the discretion of the attending physician and the actual irradiation setting was recorded. The effect was evaluated using the VAS scale for vestibular pain.

Results
There were 20 patients aged 23 to 38 years (mean 28.7 years, median 28 years). Eighteen people completed the three times irradiation. The average VAS decreased from 8.5 before treatment to 5.1 after 3 treatments. No obvious adverse events were observed.

Conclusions
CO2 fractional lasers are effective for dyspareunia in premenopausal women with vestibular pain.

Disclosure
Work supported by industry: no.
Actigraphically measured psychomotor slowing in depression: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Wüthrich Florian , Nabb Carver B. , Mittal Vijay A. , Shankman Stewart A. , Walther Sebastian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPsychomotor slowing is a key feature of depressive disorders. Despite its great clinical importance, the pathophysiology and prevalence across different diagnoses and mood states are still poorly understood. Actigraphy allows unbiased, objective, and naturalistic assessment of physical activity as a marker of psychomotor slowing. Yet, the true effect-sizes remain unclear as recent, large systematic reviews are missing. We conducted a novel meta-analysis on actigraphically measured slowing in depression with strict inclusion and exclusion criteria for diagnosis ascertainment and sample duplications. Medline/PubMed and Web-of-Science were searched with terms combining mood-keywords and actigraphy-keywords until September 2021. Original research measuring actigraphy for ⩾24 h in at least two groups of depressed, remitted, or healthy participants and applying operationalized diagnosis was included. Studies in somatically ill patients, N < 10 participants/group, and studies using consumer-devices were excluded. Activity-levels between groups were compared using random-effects models with standardized-mean-differences and several moderators were examined. In total, 34 studies (n = 1804 patients) were included. Patients had lower activity than controls [standardized mean difference (s.m.d.) = −0.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.99 to −0.57]. Compared to controls, patients with unipolar and bipolar disorder had lower activity than controls whether in depressed (unipolar: s.m.d. = −0.82, 95% CI −1.07 to −0.56; bipolar: s.m.d. = −0.94, 95% CI −1.41 to −0.46), or remitted/euthymic mood (unipolar: s.m.d. = −0.28, 95% CI −0.56 to 0.0; bipolar: s.m.d. = −0.92, 95% CI −1.36 to −0.47). None of the examined moderators had any significant effect. To date, this is the largest meta-analysis on actigraphically measured slowing in mood disorders. They are associated with lower activity, even in the remitted/euthymic mood-state. Studying objective motor behavior via actigraphy holds promise for informing screening and staging of affective disorders.
Evidence for Seawater Retreat With Advent of Meghalayan Era (∼4200 a BP) in a Coastal Harappan Settlement
Authors: Das Archana , Sodhi Aashima , Vedpathak Chintan D. , Prizomwala S. P. , Agnihotri Rajesh , Makwana Nisarg , Joseph Jaquilin , Patel Nikhil , Chopra Sumer , Ravi Kumar M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe transformation of mature (urbanized) phase of the ancient Indus civilisation between ∼4200 and 3800 years Before Present (yr BP) overlaps with the beginning of the Meghalayan Age (∼4200 ± 100 yr BP). Though exact cause(s) for decline of urbanized Indus phase are not yet clear, researchers continue to debate whether monsoonal dryness was the sole cause or several other regional factors manifested in a compounding manner. Here, we show a regional relative sea level fall in the downstream area of Indus habitation (south‐western Gujarat region) which initiated at 4150 ± 230 and continued up to 3625 ± 200 yr BP. We provide a multi‐proxy (chronological, sedimentological, mineralogical, isotopic and elemental abundance) data set from a well‐dated vertical sediment trench from Lothal (ancient dockyard area of Indus era) to support this inference. Chief proxies used for inferring the relative sea level fall were bulk sediment carbon and sulfur contents along with their stable isotopes (δ13C and δ34S) and foraminiferal assemblage. The conspicuous shifts in majority of proxies hint at a lowering of sea stand at the regional level that likely dried this ancient Harappan dockyard (used for sea trade). Findings of our study possess implications for Holocene climate changes and their plausible impact(s) on Harappan trade and culture. Additionally, it invites evidences for large scale geological changes at ∼4200 yr BP distinct to the Meghalayan era.
Nonagricultural Emissions Dominate Urban Atmospheric Amines as Revealed by Mobile Measurements
Authors: Chang Yunhua , Wang Hongli , Gao Yaqing , Jing Sheng'ao , Lu Yiqun , Lou Shengrong , Kuang Yaqiong , Cheng Kai , Ling Qingyang , Zhu Liang , Tan Wen , Huang Ru‐Jin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractGaseous amines have recently been identified as the key precursors for frequent new particle formation in polluted urban atmospheres. An open question that arises is why amines are abundant in urban areas despite the absence of agricultural emissions. Here, using the Vocus Proton‐Transfer‐Reaction Time‐of‐Flight Mass‐Spectrometry Mobile Laboratory, we present highly time‐resolved and ultrasensitive measurements of amines to elucidate their atmospheric abundance and source distribution over the Yangtze River Delta city cluster. Our results show strong spatiotemporal heterogeneity in atmospheric C2‐ and C3‐amine levels across various landscapes. Unexpectedly, we found that urban areas were ubiquitous hotspots of amines while amine source strength from agricultural areas were rather low. Corroborated by source measurements and source tracers, all of the evidence suggest that nonagricultural emissions are the most important sources responsible for the observed patterns of urban atmospheric amines, implying significant consequences for the global amine emission inventory.
Autogenic Signals in the Sedimentary Record of Organic Carbon Preservation
Authors: Hou Yi , Torres Mark A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe burial of organic carbon (OC) preserves paleoenvironmental archives and drives the evolution of Earth's biogeochemical cycles. While the impact of kinetic heterogeneity on OC preservation has been studied, the effects of sedimentation dynamics remain largely unknown. Here, we incorporate the expected stochastic variability in sedimentation rates into a reactive‐transport model, generate predictions for stratigraphic variability of OC burial efficiency, and compare the model outputs to field observations. We find that internal sedimentation dynamics profoundly influence OC preservation efficiencies and create autogenic signals that may obscure signals originated from external forcings. Simulations match observations in terms of power spectra when our model considers transient periods of erosion during net deposition, implying that the manifestation of sedimentation dynamics and their interactions with biogeochemistry in chemostratigraphic records are prevalent in nature. As sedimentary OC records reflect both internal variability and external forcing, they may be used as proxies for past depositional conditions.
Subsurface Cooling in the Tropical Pacific Under a Warming Climate
Authors: Ju Wen‐Shan , Zhang Ying , Du Yan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe present study investigates the subsurface temperature trend in the tropical Pacific in historical and SSP2‐4.5 simulation by 14 models from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6. Robust cooling trends exist between 100 and 200 m in the off‐equatorial region (2°–8°N/S) of both the North and South Pacific during 1950–2100. Both spiciness variation and thermocline heave are important in driving this off‐equatorial subsurface cooling at a fixed level. The cooling spiciness trends in the off‐equatorial region originates from the eastern subtropical Pacific along isopycnal streamlines. Besides, the contribution of the thermocline heave to the cooling is governed by the large wind stress curl trend. Furthermore, the maximum negative spiciness trends occur in the eastern subtropics of both the North and South Pacific. The consistently poleward migration of outcropping lines makes cooler subducting water at higher latitudes directly flow into the subtropical subsurface, which induces the negative spiciness trends here. The generation of the negative spiciness trends is also partly attributed to the anomalous advection process on distinct isopycnal surfaces. These two processes both contribute to the generation of spiciness variation in both the North and South Pacific. The generation region is partly covered by the outcropping region, thus, the strong vertical mixing within the mixed layer may weaken the effect of the subduction and advection. This study mainly highlights the significance of the spiciness variation in the projection of the subsurface temperature trend on a longer time scale under global warming.
Indirect Effects of Binary Typhoons on an Extreme Rainfall Event in Henan Province, China From 19 to 21 July 2021: 1. Ensemble‐Based Analysis
Authors: Xu Hongxiong , Duan Yihong , Xu Xiangde 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe extreme rainfall from 19 to 21 July 2021, which caused massive flooding and loss of life, is the second heaviest rainfall that has occurred in Henan province, central China. To identify the key factors controlling this rainfall event, we conducted an ensemble‐based analysis using ECMWF operational global ensemble forecasts. The forecasts of extreme rainfall had a relatively large spread and there was a large bias in the ensemble mean precipitation, indicating uncertainties in the forecast. The extreme rainfall was closely related to the Huang‐Huai cyclone and the southerly and southeasterly flows. Although they had little influence on the southeasterly flow, the uncertainty and predictability of typhoons In‐fa and Cempaka probably caused the variation in the southerly flow and the maintenance of the Huang‐Huai cyclone, which determined the amount of precipitation for this extreme event in the ensemble forecast model. When typhoon In‐fa was located further northwest, the northeasterly airflow generated by the binary interaction between typhoons In‐fa and Cempaka weakened the intensity of the southerly flow, reduced the transport of water vapor to the rainstorm area and weakened the Huang‐Huai cyclone, thus reducing precipitation in the control area. The results of this study indicate that ensemble‐based analysis can improve our understanding and forecasting of extreme precipitation events under the influence of multiple remote tropical cyclones.
Development of the Regional Carbon Cycle Model in the Central Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Ito Takamitsu 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis study develops a new regional model of the Southern Ocean including an improved representation of the iron biogeochemistry and ecosystem component, nesting within a biogeochemical ocean state estimate, and benchmarking with a suite of observations. The regional domain focuses on the Udintsev Fracture Zone (UFZ) in the central Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean. The UFZ is characterized by the deep gap between the Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise, which is one of the key “choke points” of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current where major Southern Ocean fronts are constrained within close proximity to this topographic feature. It is also a region of elevated mesoscale eddy activity, especially downstream of the UFZ. The model reproduces observed partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the surface water (pCO2) remarkably well from seasonal to interannual timescales relative to prior studies (r = 0.89). The seasonality of pCO2 is difficult to simulate correctly because it is a small residual between the opposing influences of temperature and carbon. This model represents an intermittent double peak pattern of pCO2; one driven by the summertime high temperature and another from the wintertime high of dissolved inorganic carbon. The model also captures the spatial and temporal structure of the regional net primary production with respect to the satellite ocean color products (r = 0.57). The model is further validated by comparing it with biogeochemical float observations from the Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling project, revealing the model performance and challenges to accurately represent physical and biogeochemical properties in frontal regions.
The Two‐Energies Turbulence Scheme Coupled to the Assumed PDF Method
Authors: Bašták Ďurán Ivan , Sakradzija Mirjana , Schmidli Juerg 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAn update of the two‐energy turbulence scheme is presented, the 2TE + APDF scheme. The original version of the two‐energy scheme is able to successfully model shallow convection without the need of an additional parameterization for non‐local fluxes. However, the performance of the two‐energy scheme is worse in stratocumulus cases, where it tends to overestimate the erosion of the stable layers. We have identified the causes: the non‐local stability parameter does not consider local stratification, the scheme lacks an internal parameter that could distinguish between a shallow convection regime and a stratocumulus regime, and it uses an inflexible turbulence length scale formulation. To alleviate this problem, we propose several modifications: an update of the stability parameter, a modified computation of the turbulence length scale, and the introduction of the entropy potential temperature to distinguish between a shallow convection and a stratocumulus regime. In addition, the two‐energy scheme is coupled to a simplified assumed probability density function method in order to achieve a more universal representation of the cloudy regimes. The updated turbulence scheme is evaluated for several idealized cases and one selected real case in the ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic (ICON) modeling framework. The results show that the updated scheme corrects the overmixing problem in the stratocumulus cases. The performance of the updated scheme is comparable to the operational setup, and can be thus used instead of the operational turbulence and shallow convection scheme in ICON. Additionally, the updated scheme improves the coupling with dynamics, which is beneficial for the modeling of coherent flow structures in the atmospheric boundary layer.
Examining the Regional Co‐Variability of the Atmospheric Water and Energy Imbalances in Different Model Configurations—Linking Clouds and Circulation
Authors: Dagan Guy , Stier Philip , Dingley Beth , Williams Andrew I. L. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractClouds are a key player in the global climate system, affecting the atmospheric water and energy budgets, and they are strongly coupled to the large‐scale atmospheric circulation. Here, we examine the co‐variability of the atmospheric energy and water budget imbalances in three different global model configurations–radiative‐convective equilibrium, aqua‐planet, and global simulations with land. The gradual increase in the level of complexity of the model configuration enables an investigation of the effects of rotation, meridional temperature gradient, land‐sea contrast, and seasonal cycle on the co‐variability of the water and energy imbalances. We demonstrate how this co‐variability is linked to both the large‐scale tropical atmospheric circulation and to cloud properties. Hence, we propose a co‐variability‐based framework that connects cloud properties to the large‐scale tropical circulation and climate system and is directly linked to the top‐down constrains on the system—the water and energy budgets. In addition, we examine how the water and energy budget imbalances co‐variability depends on the temporal averaging scale, and explain its dependency on how stationary the circulation is in the different model configurations. Finally, we demonstrate the effect of an idealized global warming and convective aggregation on this co‐variability.
Response of the Ionospheric TEC to SSW and Associated Geomagnetic Storm Over the American Low Latitudinal Sector
Authors: Fashae J. B. , Bolaji O. S. , Rabiu A. B. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDuring the sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event in 2013, we investigated the American low latitude around 75°W. We used 12 Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers, a pair of magnetometers, and the NASA Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite airglow instrument to unveil the total electron content (TEC), inferred vertical drift, and the changes in the neutral composition, respectively. A major SSW characterized the 2013 SSW event with the main phase (7–27 January 2013) overlapped by a minor geomagnetic storm (17 January 2013). The late morning inferred downward‐directed E X B drift did not support the varying equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) signature during the SSW onset (7 January 2013). The mid‐January (15–16 January 2013) witnessed enhancement in the varying inferred upward‐directed E X B drift at both hemispheres. On 17 January 2013, there were reductions in the varying inferred upward‐directed E X B drift at both hemispheres. Generally, the SSW effect on TEC around 15–16 January 2013 is more pronounced than the SSW onset. During the mid‐January (15–16 January 2013), the higher northern EIA crests are facilitated majorly by the SSW compared to the photo‐ionization that primarily enabled the southern crests. On 17 January 2013, the combined effect of photo‐ionization and SSW contribution was majorly responsible for the slight reduction in the northern crest. In the southern hemisphere, photo‐ionization played the lead role as the SSW, and the minor geomagnetic storm roles are secondary in enhancing the southern crest.
Developments in resin-based composites
Authors: German Matthew J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWith the phasing down of dental amalgam use in response to the Minamata Convention, it is likely that resin-based composite restoratives will be the dental material of choice for the direct restoration of compromised dentition in the UK, at least for the foreseeable future. The current materials have a finite lifespan, with failures predominately due to either secondary caries or fracture. Consequently, there is considerable in vitro research reported each year with the intention of producing improved materials. This review describes the recent research in materials designed to have low polymerisation shrinkage and increased mechanical properties. Also described is research into materials that are either antimicrobial or are designed to release ions into the surrounding oral environment, with the aim of stimulating remineralisation of the surrounding dental tissues. It is hoped that by describing this recent research, clinicians will be able to gain some understanding of the current research that will potentially lead to new products that they can use to improve patient treatment in the future.
Which cell death modality wins the contest for photodynamic therapy of cancer?
Authors: Mishchenko Tatiana , Balalaeva Irina , Gorokhova Anastasia , Vedunova Maria , Krysko Dmitri V. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) was discovered more than 100 years ago. Since then, many protocols and agents for PDT have been proposed for the treatment of several types of cancer. Traditionally, cell death induced by PDT was categorized into three types: apoptosis, cell death associated with autophagy, and necrosis. However, with the discovery of several other regulated cell death modalities in recent years, it has become clear that this is a rather simple understanding of the mechanisms of action of PDT. New observations revealed that cancer cells exposed to PDT can pass through various non-conventional cell death pathways, such as paraptosis, parthanatos, mitotic catastrophe, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis. Nowadays, immunogenic cell death (ICD) has become one of the most promising ways to eradicate tumor cells by activation of the T-cell adaptive immune response and induction of long-term immunological memory. ICD can be triggered by many anti-cancer treatment methods, including PDT. In this review, we critically discuss recent findings on the non-conventional cell death mechanisms triggered by PDT. Next, we emphasize the role and contribution of ICD in these PDT-induced non-conventional cell death modalities. Finally, we discuss the obstacles and propose several areas of research that will help to overcome these challenges and lead to the development of highly effective anti-cancer therapy based on PDT.