bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resource competition explains rare cannibalism in the wild in livebearing fishes
Authors: Riesch Rüdiger , Araújo Márcio S. , Bumgarner Stuart , Filla Caitlynn , Pennafort Laura , Goins Taylor R. , Lucion Darlene , Makowicz Amber M. , Martin Ryan A. , Pirroni Sara , Langerhans R. Brian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCannibalism, the act of preying on and consuming a conspecific, is taxonomically widespread, and putatively important in the wild, particularly in teleost fishes. Nonetheless, most studies of cannibalism in fishes have been performed in the laboratory. Here, we test four predictions for the evolution of cannibalism by conducting one of the largest assessments of cannibalism in the wild to date coupled with a mesocosm experiment. Focusing on mosquitofishes and guppies, we examined 17 species (11,946 individuals) across 189 populations in the wild, spanning both native and invasive ranges and including disparate types of habitats. We found cannibalism to be quite rare in the wild: most populations and species showed no evidence of cannibalism, and the prevalence of cannibalism was typically less than 5% within populations when it occurred. Most victims were juveniles (94%; only half of these appeared to have been newborn offspring), with the remaining 6% of victims being adult males. Females exhibited more cannibalism than males, but this was only partially explained by their larger body size, suggesting greater energetic requirements of reproduction likely play a role as well. We found no evidence that dispersal‐limited environments had a lower prevalence of cannibalism, but prevalence was greater in populations with higher conspecific densities, suggesting that more intense resource competition drives cannibalistic behavior. Supporting this conclusion, our mesocosm experiment revealed that cannibalism prevalence increased with higher conspecific density and lower resource levels but was not associated with juvenile density or strongly influenced by predation risk. We suggest that cannibalism in livebearing fishes is rare in the wild because preying on conspecifics is energetically costly and only becomes worth the effort when competition for other food is intense. Due to the artificially reduced cost of capturing conspecifics within confined spaces, cannibalism in captive settings can be much more frequent.
Similar fish species composition despite larger environmental heterogeneity during severe hypoxia in a coastal ecosystem
Authors: Shinohara Naoto , Hongo Yuki , Ichinokawa Momoko , Nishijima Shota , Sawayama Shuhei , Kurogi Hiroaki , Uto Yasuyuki , Mita Hisanori , Ishii Mitsuhiro , Kusano Akane , Akimoto Seiji 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEnvironmental heterogeneity is one of the most influential factors that create compositional variation among local communities. Greater compositional variation is expected when an environmental gradient encompasses the most severe conditions where species sorting is more likely to operate. However, evidence for stronger species sorting at severer environment has typically been obtained for less mobile organisms and tests are scarce for those with higher dispersal ability that allows individuals to sensitively respond to environmental stress. Here, with the dynamics of fish communities in a Japanese bay revealed by environmental DNA metabarcoding analyses as a model case, we tested the hypothesis that larger environmental heterogeneity caused by severe seasonal hypoxia (lower concentration of oxygen in bottom waters in summer) leads to larger variation of species composition among communities. During summer, fish species richness was lower in the bottom layer, suggesting the severity of the hypoxic bottom water. In contrast to the prediction, we found that although the environmental parameters of bottom and surface water was clearly distinct in summer, fish species composition was more similar between the two layers. Our null model analysis suggested that the higher compositional similarity during hypoxia season was not a result of the sampling effect reflecting differences in the alpha or gamma diversity. Furthermore, a shift in the species occurrence from bottom to surface layers was observed during hypoxia season, which was consistent across species, suggesting that the severe condition in the bottom adversely affected fish species irrespective of their identity. These results suggest that larger environmental heterogeneity does not necessarily lead to higher compositional variation once the environmental gradient encompasses extremely severe conditions. This is most likely because individual organisms actively avoided the severity quasi‐neutrally, which induced mass effect‐like dispersal and lead to the mixing of species composition across habitats. By showing counter evidence against the prevailing view, we provide novel insights into how species sorting by environment acts in heterogeneous and severe conditions.
Construction of Chemoenzymatic Linear Cascades for the Synthesis of Chiral Compounds
Authors: Ascaso‐Alegre Christian , Mangas‐Sanchez Juan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractInspired by nature, synthetic chemists try to mimic the efficient metabolic networks in living organisms to build complex molecules by combining different types of catalysts in the same reaction vessel. These multistep cascade processes provide many advantages to synthetic procedures, resulting in higher productivities with lower waste generation and cost. However, combining different chemo‐ and biocatalysts can be challenging as reaction conditions might differ greatly. As a highly multidisciplinary field that benefits from advances in chemical catalysis, molecular biology and reaction engineering, this area of study is rapidly progressing. In this Review, we highlight recent trends and advances in the construction of multistep chemoenzymatic one‐pot cascades to access chiral compounds as well as the different strategies to solve current challenges in the field.
Mechanism and Origin of Enantioselectivity in Bifunctional Squaramide‐Catalyzed α‐Thiolation of Azlactones
Authors: Santos Izabela A. , de Castro Pedro P. , Dos Santos Hélio F. , Amarante Giovanni W. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe full mechanism of the asymmetric α‐thiolation of azlactones catalyzed by a cinchona alkaloid‐derived squaramide was carefully investigated through theoretical calculations. The results revealed that the reaction proceeds in two sequential steps. First, the azlactone α‐deprotonation by the catalyst tertiary amine group (which for the major product is the rate‐limiting step) affords a chiral molecular aggregate containing the azlactone enolate. Next, three proposals were evaluated concerning the enantiodetermining step (carbon‐sulfur bond formation). It was possible to exclude the azlactone enol as a key intermediate. The most viable pathway consists of a Münchnone‐type activation mode, which associated with secondary hydrogen bonding interactions between the catalyst and the thiolating reagent (bifunctional catalysis), is responsible for the asymmetric induction process. Thus, by using two different reaction conditions, the theoretical enantiomeric excesses were computed and compared with literature data, presenting a good correlation with the reported experimental values.
Synthesis of Angucycline/Tetrangulol Derivatives Using Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling and Ring‐Closing Carbonyl‐Olefin Metathesis Reactions
Authors: Jagot Fatema , Ntsimango Songeziwe , Ngwira Kennedy J. , Fernandes Manuel A. , de Koning Charles B. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractKey steps in the synthesis of derivatives of the angucycline, tetrangulol include the use of a palladium catalyzed Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction for the assembly of 2‐(1,4‐dimethoxy‐3‐(2‐methylprop‐1‐en‐1‐yl)naphthalen‐2‐yl)‐3‐methoxy‐5‐methylbenzaldehyde from 2‐iodo‐3‐methoxy‐5‐methylbenzaldehyde and 2‐(1,4‐dimethoxy‐3‐(2‐methylprop‐1‐en‐1‐yl)naphthalen‐2‐yl)‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolane. The biaryl product was then subjected to an iron‐catalyzed ring‐closing carbonyl‐olefin metathesis reaction to afford 1,7,12‐trimethoxy‐3‐methyltetraphene, which was oxidized to the corresponding quinone. Late stage oxidation of the quinone with Ru[Cl2(p‐cymene)]2 and an oxidant unexpectedly afforded the chlorinated compounds, 2,4‐dichloro‐11‐hydroxy‐1‐methoxy‐3‐methyltetraphene‐7,12‐dione and 2,4‐dichloro‐6‐hydroxy‐1‐methoxy‐3‐methyltetraphene‐7,12‐dione.
A novel design approach for indoor environmental quality based on a multiagent system for intelligent buildings in a smart city: Toward occupant's comfort
Authors: Verma Anurag , Prakash Surya , Kumar Anuj , Aghamohammadi Nasrin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn a smart city, energy usage for sustaining indoor environmental quality (IEQ) and occupant comfort levels frequently clash. This research aims to design a novel approach to solve the conflict between the use of power and the comfort of the citizens. A multi‐purpose problem for minimum consumption of energy as well as maximum occupant's ease within the energy‐efficient construction for smart city as a future has been formulated. Across suggested design method, three variable namely temperature (°C), illumination level (lux), as well as Carbon dioxide (CO2‐ppm) have been undertaken for occupant's comfort. The Crisscross Search Particle Swarm Optimization (CSPSO), a revolutionary solution for the design method, has been applied to search for the optimal value of environmental factors (temperature, light level, CO2) in relation to user‐set preferences. In the heuristic method, the augmented particle swarm optimization strategy updates an initial solution before updating the best local solutions through length and breadth crossover operators. The CSPSO approach search explores the search space in all dimensions and reduces the stagnation trouble by through length and breadth crossover operators. The temperature, lighting, CO2 sensors data, and user‐defined parameters are all inputs to the CSPSO algorithm, and the optimized parameters are the outputs of the optimization method. Such optimized parameters will become an input to the fuzzy controllers that adjust various actuators' status according to the users' comfort. Utilizing the CSPSO technique, 22.74% energy of 625.372 kWhr energy was saved during a day, and the comfort level has increased from 0.51692 to 0.75685. Therefore, the proposed novel design approach is acceptable in managing building energy consumption by achieving maximum comfort.
Preparation, characterization, and adsorption properties of modified carbon nanotubes for highly effective removal of tetracycline from aquaculture wastewater
Authors: Wu Shini , Yu Xiaocai , Zhang Yuqi , Liu Yifu , Yu Runqiang 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this study, the adsorption of the antibiotic compound tetracycline (TC) from aquaculture wastewater was investigated using lanthanum‐modified carbon nanotubes (La‐CNTs) prepared by impregnation method. The composition and morphology of La‐CNTs were characterized by EDS, XRD, and BET analysis. Single‐factor experiments were performed to investigate their effect on the adsorption of TC by La‐CNTs. The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms indicated that the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model and Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation adequately described the adsorption behavior of La‐CNTs. Moreover, the maximum adsorption capacity () was 93.46 mg/g. The thermodynamics studies indicated that adsorption of TC by La‐CNTs were endothermic and spontaneous respectively. Further, the adsorption force of La‐CNTs on TC could be attributed to van der Waals force, π–π adsorbate–adsorbent interaction and electrostatic interaction. Based on these experimental results, this novel composite material shows good potential application value for the removal of TC from aquaculture wastewater.
Activation of Fe species on graphitic carbon nitride nanotubes for efficient photocatalytic ammonia synthesis
Authors: Mo Zhao , Xu Keqiang , Yu Limin , Huang Tianyu , Song Yanhua , Yuan Junjie , Ding Cheng , Lei Yucheng , Li Huaming , Xu Hui 
Published: May 2022

SummaryPhotocatalytic ammonia synthesis, as a suitable alternative to traditional Haber‐Bosch artificial nitrogen reduction process, has aroused widespread interest. Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) has emerged as an attractive metal‐free photocatalyst, but its development in photocatalytic ammonia synthesis field is greatly shackled to the low photocatalytic activity. In this work, a highly active Fe‐doped tubular graphitic carbon nitride (Fe‐TCN) is reported, which demonstrates transformative performance on photosynthesis of NH3 from N2. Such excellent photocatalytic activity is derived from the incorporation of Fe species as the active sites to efficiently adsorb and activate N2 molecules on the surface of TCN. Simultaneously, surface‐active Fe species are also regarded as the trap sites of electrons, and the concentrated electrons at surface‐active Fe species can significantly improve the NH3 conversion efficiency. Impressively, Fe‐TCN realized a 9.5‐fold enhancement of NH3 production rate with the yield of 647 μmol g−1 h−1 (λ ≥ 420 nm), and the corresponding reaction pathways are also established.
The guideline for western blotting assay
Authors: Wang Fang , Yang Gaohong , Song Haizhao , Xiong Ling , Wang Luanfeng , Shen Xinchun 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWestern blotting is a technique for detecting protein developed based on protein electrophoresis separation and antigen‐antibody detection. It combines the high resolution of SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with the specificity of antigen‐antibody reaction. The basic principle is that the protein components are separated by electrophoresis, then the protein on the gel after electrophoresis is transferred to the carrier membrane, and the area of the carrier membrane where protein is not adsorbed is blocked by a blocking reagent. Finally, the specific expression level of protein is analyzed by immunological detection. It overcomes the disadvantages of direct immunological analysis on polyacrylamide gel after electrophoresis greatly improves its resolution and sensitivity, and is widely used to detect the correctness of specific gene expression products or compare the relative variation of proteins’ expression.
The impact of high speed quoting on execution risk dynamics: Evidence from interest rate futures markets
Authors: Nie Jing , Malagon Juliana , Williams Julian 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis paper intends to characterize the effect of high‐frequency quoting (HFQ) on the execution risk of Eurodollar futures. We construct a unique data set to capture the quoting and trading activities within the limit order book, which allows us to classify the realised fraction of HFQ activity within the market. We then estimate the marginal effect of the HFQ fraction on the execution risk through a novel semi‐parametric regression. The results suggest that the effect of HFQ on market quality is nonlinear with critical saturation levels. The HFQ effects on market quality seem to disappear once certain critical points are reached.
A novel deep learning‐based single shot multibox detector model for object detection in optical remote sensing images
Authors: Wang Liguo , Shoulin Yin , Alyami Hashem , Laghari Asif Ali , Rashid Mamoon , Almotiri Jasem , Alyamani Hasan J. , Alturise Fahad 
Published: May 2022

AbstractRemote sensing image object detection is widely used in civil and military fields. The important task is to detect objects such as ships, planes, airports, harbours and so on, and then it can obtain object category and position information. It is of great significance to use remote sensing images to observe the densely arranged and directional targets such as cars and ships parked in parking lots and harbours. The object detection task mainly includes object localization and classification. Remote sensing images contain large number of small objects and dense scenes due to the long shooting distance and wide coverage. Small objects occupy few pixels in the image, and they are easily miss‐detected. In dense scenes, the overlapping part of each object is large, so it is easy to detect objects repeatedly. The traditional small object detection methods deliver low accuracy and take long time. Therefore, object detection is very challenging. We put forward a novel deep learning‐based single shot multibox detector (SSD) model for object detection. First, we propose an improved inception network to optimize SSD to strengthen the small object feature extraction ability (FEA) in the shallow network. Second, the feature pyramid network is modified to enhance the fusion effect. Third, the deep feature fusion module is designed to improve the FEA of the deep network. Finally, the extracted image features are matched with candidate boxes with different aspect ratios to perform object detection and location with different scales. Experiments on DOTA show that the proposed algorithm can adapt to the remote sensing object detection in different backgrounds, and effectively improve the detection effect of remote sensing objects in complex scenes.
Opportunities for intervention for alcohol and other drug use problems for men before prison: A qualitative study
Authors: Doyle Michael F. , Guthrie Jill , Butler Tony , Shakeshaft Anthony , Conigrave Katherine , Williams Megan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractResearch into opportunities for prevention including health promotion information about alcohol and other drugs (AoD) harms for people who go to prison is sparce. This is despite there being ample research reporting how much and how frequently AoD have been used by people who go to prison. This article describes results from a qualitative thematic analysis of interviews with 31 men in a Sydney prison, about where they first received health promotion information about AoD‐related harms and their first‐ever treatment episode. No participant reported receiving education on AoD harms or treatment support services in primary school or high school. Only one participant received their first treatment episode through a health service (in his case from a doctor) and none reported being screened for AoD use at a health service. Almost all (n = 27) participants had their first session with a trained AoD professional through the criminal justice system. Pro‐active screening in health services for AoD use disorders and referral to appropriate health services is needed.
Analysing infant data at the group‐ or individual‐level: The impact of measurement error on sophisticated analyses
Authors: Edgar Elizabeth V. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe article ‘Six solutions for more reliable infant research’ by Byers‐Heinlein et al. proposes six solutions to improve upon the reliability of infant research. The present commentary supports and expands upon the sixth solution, ‘Conduct more sophisticated analyses’. This commentary first focuses on group‐level, traditional analytic techniques that infant research has predominantly relied on over the last several decades. Details are provided to expand upon measurement errors in these types of analyses. The second focus is on individual‐level, more sophisticated statistical analyses, such as mixed‐effects models and structural equation modelling. Details are provided to expand upon how measurement error can impact these types of analyses. Throughout the commentary and in its conclusion, this commentary provides ways in which the other five solutions proposed can contribute to the sixth solution.
Impact of concomitant intrauterine adhesions on pregnancy outcomes and obstetric complications in women with a septate uterus
Authors: Shen Minghong , Duan Hua , Chang Yanan , Lin Qi , Chen Chao , Wang Sirui 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the impact of concomitant intrauterine adhesions (IUAs) on pregnancy outcomes and obstetric complications in women with a septate uterus.MethodsThis retrospective cohort included women with a septate uterus, with or without IUAs, between 2015 and 2019 in our hospital. The main outcomes were clinical pregnancy rate, live‐birth rate, and obstetric complications.ResultsA total of 336 women with a septate uterus—105 women (31.3%) with IUAs and 231 (68.7%) women without IUAs—were analyzed. The rates of clinical pregnancy and live birth among women with moderate‐to‐severe IUAs were significantly decreased compared with those among women without IUAs (69.9% vs. 76.6%, odds ratio [OR] 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.27–0.99, P = 0.046, and 57.0% vs. 67.1%, OR 0.53; 95% CI 0.30–0.95, P = 0.032, respectively). However, these rates were similar between women with mild IUAs and women without IUAs. Women with moderate‐to‐severe IUAs had a higher incidence of abnormal placentation than women with a septum only (13.2% vs. 1.3%, P = 0.001).ConclusionConcomitant moderate‐to‐severe IUAs significantly reduce the rates of clinical pregnancy and live birth and increase the risk of abnormal placentation in subsequent pregnancies in women with a septate uterus.
Perinatal outcomes and placental histology in small‐for‐gestational‐age pregnancies—A comparison of population‐based and universal growth charts
Authors: Ganer Herman Hadas , Keizman Alina Rechulski , Miremberg Hadas , Mizrachi Yossi , Dicker Tomer , Levy Michal , Schreiber Letizia , Kovo Michal 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo assess obstetric, perinatal, and placental histologic findings in small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonates according to different growth charts.MethodsA retrospective cohort of singleton deliveries from 2008 to 2019 were divided into SGA neonates according to the local population‐based chart, SGA according to universal standard growth charts (but appropriate for gestational age [AGA] according to local charts) and AGA deliveries according to both charts.ResultsA total of 626 local population SGA deliveries, 132 universal SGA and 468 AGA deliveries were compared. The local population SGA group had a significantly higher rate of preterm and cesarean deliveries. An adverse neonatal outcome occurred in 27.2% of the local population SGA group, 9.8% of the universal SGA group and 6.7% of the AGA group (P < 0.001). In the local population SGA group, placental weight was lower, birth weight to placental weight ratio was highest, and the rate of maternal malperfusion lesions was highest—55.4% versus 45.4% in the universal SGA group and 39.1% in the AGA group (P < 0.001). Villitis of unknown etiology was significantly more common and histologic chorioamnionitis was significantly less common in the local population SGA group.ConclusionsOur findings support the use of a local population‐based growth chart for the diagnosis of fetal growth restriction.