bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ireland, Revolution, and the English Modernist Imagination
Authors: Patten Eve 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis book asks how English authors of the early to mid-twentieth century responded to the nationalist revolution in neighbouring Ireland in their work and explores this response as an expression of anxieties about, and aspirations within, England itself. Drawing predominantly on novels of this period, but also on letters, travelogues, literary criticism, and memoir, it illustrates how Irish affairs provided a marginal but pervasive point of reference for a wide range of canonical authors in England, including Wyndham Lewis, Virginia Woolf, D.H. Lawrence, Graham Greene, and Evelyn Waugh, and for lesser-known figures such as Ethel Mannin, George Thomson, and T.H. White. The book surveys these and other incidental writers within the broad framework of literary modernism, an arc seen to run in temporal parallel to Ireland’s revolutionary trajectory from rebellion to independence. In this context, it addresses two distinct aspects of the Irish-English relationship as it features in the literature of the time: first, the uneasy recognition of a fundamental similarity between the two countries in terms of their potential for violent revolutionary instability, and second, the proleptic engagement of Irish events to prefigure, imaginatively, the potential course of England’s evolution from the Armistice to the Second World War. Tracing these effects, this book offers a topical renegotiation of the connections between Irish and English literary culture, nationalism, and political ideology, together with a new perspective on the Irish sources engaged by English literary modernism.
Education, Emotion, and Virtue
Authors: Champion Michael W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how emotions shape Dorotheus’ educational project. For Dorotheus, emotions direct attention, motivate action, and achieve the transformation of perception, thought, and being which is the goal of ascetic education. Emotions also provide the foundations for communal monastic life by relating monks to one another. They are therefore central to education’s role in shaping identity and developing a sense of intersubjectivity and shared culture. The chapter examines how emotion is deployed to connect ascetic paideia to other sites of late-antique education. It offers an affective reading of Dorotheus’ moral psychology and distinguishes his thought from Stoic readings of passions and thoughts and other ascetic accounts. Dorotheus’ affective moral psychology explains why emotion is a key aspect of his pedagogy, and why he thinks that changing emotions results in ethical and social changes. As in the case of epistemology, humility plays a key role in organizing emotions and virtues.
Conclusion
Authors: Champion Michael W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter concludes the study by surveying key findings in the light of Dorotheus’ theory of mind and soul and his theory of culture and social relations. The cultural model of education outlined in the first chapter helps to provide a framework by which to evaluate how Dorotheus’ ascetic education was involved in processes of cultural reproduction, reconfiguration, and transformation. Dorotheus’ account of providential history generates his version of ascetic education by shaping his anthropology and understanding of culture. Distinctive elements of his thought emerge, including his epistemic and affective account of humility, his conviction that education is transformative, and the affectivism which shapes his epistemology and ethics. Dorotheus’ ascetic education is intimately connected to other forms of education in late antiquity (including philosophy, rhetoric, and medicine) and aims at the transformation of individuals and communities.
Formal account
Authors: Koev Todor 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents Update Semantics for Parentheticals, a formal tool for analyzing force operators and their effects on the context. It is argued that parenthetical meaning is introduced by force operators that explicitly represent propositional information via propositional variables. Such variables keep parenthetical meaning relatively independent and also allow us to represent metalinguistic effects, such as asserting or questioning. It is also demonstrated how the analysis of parentheticals can be derived compositionally and how semantic composition presents the distinction between pure and impure parentheticals in a new light. Finally, the core empirical puzzles about parentheticals are all linked to the fact that parentheticals are headed by force operators.
From split to remerged Fin in Romanian supine complements
Authors: Dragomirescu Adina , Hill Virginia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter argues that the CP structure of supine complement clauses has changed from Old to regional Modern Romanian insofar as Fin is split in Old and standard Modern Romanian, but remerged in the Northern varieties of Modern Romanian. This change arises from syntactic analogy between the supine complements and the subjunctive and infinitive complements, which, diachronically, precede the supines and undergo the remerging of their Fin node in Old Romanian.
The recategorization of modals in English
Authors: Haeberli Eric , Ihsane Tabea 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe history of modals in English has played a prominent role in diachronic generative syntax (cf. Lightfoot 1979 and much subsequent work). There is some consensus that modals underwent a reanalysis at the beginning of the Early Modern English period, which changed their categorial status from lexical to functional. Accounts differ with respect to whether this recategorization involved a radical change from V to T or whether this transition was less abrupt in that modals were already categorially distinct in some way as compared to regular main verbs in the earlier history of English. In this chapter, we examine the diachronic development of the distribution of modals with respect to adverbs with the aim of evaluating these proposals. Furthermore, we show that quantitative data involving modals and adverbs provide new evidence for the dating of the reanalysis of the modals.
P-incorporation in the history of Icelandic
Authors: Jónsson Jóhannes Gísli , Stefánsdóttir Brynhildur 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines preposition incorporation (P-incorporation) in Older Icelandic, i.e. leftward movement of a preposition which adjoins to the left of a main verb or participle. As expected, P-incorporation in Older Icelandic obeys the Head Movement Constraint (HMC) and the Adjunct Condition, whether the [P+V/Part] complex forms a morphological word or not. In the latter case, excorporation from the [P+V/Part] complex is possible. P-incorporation requires the presence of a bare PP complement but this option was lost in the 19th century when, according to our hypothesis, the presence of the categorizing head p became obligatory in all PPs. P-incorporation became impossible as a result as it would inevitably violate the HMC or improper movement. Finally, it is shown that P-incorporation cannot take place from an OV-structure, a restriction that can be derived if OV-orders require leftward movement of the verbal complement.
From Old to Modern Icelandic
Authors: Viðarsson Heimir F. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores historical changes in the licensing of dative case in Icelandic. It is shown that datives in Old Norse could be licensed syntactically in a high or low position. Except for attested cases where a distinct dative is merged in both these positions simultaneously, the dative tends to be ambiguous between a high (=affected) and a low (=possessive) reading. In Modern Icelandic, in contrast, syntactically high datives require prepositional marking and the low possessor typically occurs in NP-internal position. According to Van de Velde and Lamiroy (2017), there is an inverse correlation between the extent of the grammaticalization of the definite article and the retention of external possessors cross-linguistically. This proposal is evaluated from the perspective of Old Norse-Icelandic, based furthermore on the idea that the absorption of datives into the NP domain is driven by increasing configurationality due to the Head Preference Principle (Van Gelderen 2009c, 2011b).
A Feminist Critique of Approaches to International Criminal Justice in the Age of Identity Politics
Authors: Campbell Kirsten , Mlinarević Gorana 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter undertakes a feminist analysis of the problem of ‘gender’ in international criminal law (ICL) using the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) as a case study. It examines the construction of ‘gender’ within the positive legal norms and the jurisprudence of the ICTY, focusing on conflict-related sexual violence cases. The authors’ critical analysis reveals the gendered framework and values of ICL, and brings into question the gender-neutrality of international criminal justice. It shows the blind spots of this framework, and how it still operates to exclude gender as such. Studying the gendered framework of ICL illuminates the broader ‘gender trouble’ of international humanitarian law (IHL) as a protective and penal regime, and offers an important insight into the gendered operation of conflict and its legal regulation at the international level.
Gender Dimensions of Forced Marriage in International Criminal Law
Authors: O’Brien Melanie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the gender dimensions of forced marriage in international criminal law (ICL), focusing on forced marriage in mass atrocities, as considered by international criminal courts and tribunals. This analysis specifically situates the context of forced marriage in three atrocity situation case studies—Sierra Leone, Cambodia, and Uganda—as a highly gendered crime designed to control women, regardless of the specific conditions within which the crime occurs. The examination looks at the findings of three international courts (the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), and the International Criminal Court (ICC)) with regards to forced marriage. It demonstrates that ICL is a long way from acknowledging the highly gendered nature of this special crime and from providing adequate justice to victims of forced marriage in atrocity situations.
‘Gender-Inclusivity’ in the International Criminal Court’s First Reparations Proceedings
Authors: O’Donohue Jonathan , Grey Rosemary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In its first cases, the International Criminal Court (ICC) developed principles for ordering reparations that commit to applying ‘gender-inclusive’ procedures to ensure reparations are accessible to all victims. This is significant given that gendered barriers often exclude victims from participating in reparation processes and accessing full and effective reparations to address the harm they have suffered, which reinforces patterns of gender-based discrimination. Reflecting on the measures taken by the ICC in the Lubanga, Katanga, Al Mahdi, and Bemba cases, as well as academic literature on gender and reparations, this chapter considers and proposes a conceptual framework for assessing the gender inclusivity of the ICC’s procedures.
Gender and the Implementation of International Criminal Law in the Latin American Region
Authors: Kravetz Daniela 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses the challenges and opportunities presented by the international criminal law (ICL) framework from a gender perspective when it comes to national implementation, focusing on Latin America. National prosecutions are a key element of international criminal justice. For instance, under the principle of complementarity, the International Criminal Court (ICC) is conceived as a court of last resort, with national prosecutions taking precedence. ‘Tribunal fatigue’ among some members of the international community is likely to lead to international criminal justice happening principally at the national level. Given this, it is critical to understand the particular gendered factors at play in national legal systems. This chapter explains the significant future potential of national jurisdictions for addressing gender-based crimes under the framework of ICL. Drawing on past experience, with a focus on insights from extensive work done in national systems in Latin America, it considers challenges associated with addressing gender-based crimes, including overcoming many of the same misconceptions of gender evident in the international arena, along with their specific national manifestations. The chapter concludes with insights for addressing such challenges.
A Transcendental Argument for the Principle of Possibility
Authors: Leech Jessica 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the Analytic of Principles of the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant offers transcendental arguments to show how each of the categories, and synthetic a priori principles arising from them, are necessary conditions of possible experience. Accordingly, we may expect to find such arguments for the modal categories and their principles in the Postulates of Empirical Thinking (the relevant part of the Principles). The aim of this chapter is to reconstruct a transcendental argument for the principle of possibility, and to explain how the principle has a crucial role to play in Kant’s critical system. The proposed argument rests on Kant’s account of the nature of concepts in general, and the nature of pure concepts in particular. The principle of possibility is required as part of Kant’s account of concept-formation. The generality of concepts is made, not given, so a principle is required to ensure that pure concepts—in themselves unbound by empirical constraints—are appropriately restricted to empirical application. This is the role of the principle of possibility. If this account is correct, then it would seem that the modal categories play a much more central role in Kant’s theoretical philosophy than has previously been recognized. The principle of possibility ensures that the core elements of Kant’s philosophy—pure concepts of the understanding—have the right kind of content. In other words, the principle of possibility ensures that there are categories at all.
The Labyrinth of the Continuum
Authors: Jauernig Anja 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The problem at the center of this chapter is how one can reconcile the continuity of space with a monadological theory of matter, according to which matter is ultimately composed of simple elements, a problem that greatly exercised Leibniz, the Wolffians, and Kant. The underlying purpose of this chapter is to illustrate a reading of Kant’s philosophical development, and of his relation to the Wolffians and Leibniz, according to which (a) this development was fueled by “home-grown” problems that arose within the framework of the Wolffian philosophy from which Kant started out, and (b) on his journey to critical idealism, Kant gradually moved away from Wolffianism, but closer to Leibniz, which, however, he came to realize only some years after the publication of the Critique of Pure Reason. This reading is illustrated by showing that the problem of how to reconcile the continuity of space with a monadological theory of matter is a problem that Kant inherits from Leibniz and the Wolffians, in whose thinking it already plays an important role, that Leibniz’s mature solution to the problem differs markedly from the Wolffian solution, and that Kant’s early, pre-Critical solution is largely Wolffian, while his later critical solution is largely Leibnizian, as he himself notes with gleeful satisfaction. The discussion also reveals that this problem is one of the key problems that fueled Kant’s philosophical development and, eventually, led him to the discovery of transcendental idealism.
Kant’s Conception of Cognition and Our Knowledge of Things in Themselves
Authors: Schafer Karl 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter develops a unified account Kant’s conception of cognition (Erkenntnis) and shows that this conception generates two crucial constraints on cognition of an object: (i) a real possibility constraint and (ii) a determinate content constraint. This account stresses the differences between Kant’s conception of cognition and our contemporary conception of propositional knowledge, while connecting together important strands in the recent scholarly literature on these topics. Finally, this improved understanding of cognition is used to better understand why Kant claims that we cannot cognize things in themselves, while also appearing to claim that we can know certain abstract facts about things in themselves in general.
Thing and Object
Authors: Stang Nicholas F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Recent interpretations of Kant’s transcendental idealism have been split between “identity” readings, on which things in themselves and appearances are the same objects under two different descriptions, and “non-identity” readings, on which they are distinct objects. This chapter begins by isolating the notion of an object that has figured in these debates, which the author identifies as the quantificational notion of an object as the value of a bound variable. It is argued that Kant does have such a notion of an object, and that, on this conception of an object, appearances and things in themselves are distinct objects. However, in the second half of the chapter the author distinguishes the notion of an object from the notion of a thing (Ding), which he identifies as a being that possesses reality, i.e., intensively gradable causal force. It is argued that identity and non-identity readings are compatible, if they are understood appropriately: appearances and things in themselves are not the same objects, but they are the same things.
Kant’s Enigmatic Transition
Authors: Abaci Uygar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Despite his well-known critical restriction of human cognition to the domain of objects of sense, Kant also repeatedly asserts in his various Critical period texts that we can attain “practical cognition” and knowledge of the cardinal supersensible objects of traditional metaphysics, i.e., freedom, God, immortality or the afterlife (A796/B824; KpV 5:5; FM 20:295–300; KU §§88–91). Kant’s account of the structure and limits of theoretical cognition as well as whether there is a sense in which we can have any theoretical insight into the supersensible have attracted significant scholarly attention. Excellent work has also been done on Kant’s approach to the supersensible objects as articles of practical postulation and practical (rational) belief. Yet, Kant’s conception of practical cognition, both in general and with regard to the supersensible objects in particular, has not enjoyed a proportionate interest, perhaps because Kant’s use of the term “cognition” in this context is regarded as too loose to signify anything like full-fledged cognition as we know it from Kant’s theoretical works. This chapter argues that there is a rigorous sense in which what Kant refers to as the practical cognition of the supersensible is a genuine instance of cognition. Following a reconstruction of Kant’s theory of cognition in general, the author demonstrates how theoretical and practical cognition, respectively, both fit this general account and yet differ radically such that while the former is limited to the sensible the latter extends to the supersensible realm of objects.
Minimum number of nights for reliable estimation of habitual sleep using a consumer sleep tracker
Authors: Lau TeYang , Ong Ju Lynn , Ng Ben K L , Chan Lit Fai , Koek Daphne , Tan Chuen Seng , Müller-Riemenschneider Falk , Cheong Karen , Massar Stijn A A , Chee Michael W L 
Published: August 2022

AbstractStudy ObjectivesTo determine the minimum number of nights required to reliably estimate weekly and monthly mean sleep duration and sleep variability measures from a consumer sleep technology (CST) device (Fitbit).MethodsData comprised 107 144 nights from 1041 working adults aged 21–40 years. Intraclass correlation (ICC) analyses were conducted on both weekly and monthly time windows to determine the number of nights required to achieve ICC values of 0.60 and 0.80, corresponding to “good” and “very good” reliability thresholds. These minimum numbers were then validated on data collected 1-month and 1-year later.ResultsMinimally, 3 and 5 nights were required to obtain “good” and “very good” mean weekly total sleep time (TST) estimates, while 5 and 10 nights were required for monthly TST estimates. For weekday-only estimates, 2 and 3 nights were sufficient for weekly time windows while 3 and 7 nights sufficed for monthly time windows. Weekend-only estimates of monthly TST required 3 and 5 nights. TST variability required 5 and 6 nights for weekly time windows, and 11 and 18 nights for monthly time windows. Weekday-only weekly variability required 4 nights for both “good” and “very good” estimates while monthly variability required 9 and 14 nights. Weekend-only estimates of monthly variability required 5 and 7 nights. Error estimates made using data collected 1-month and 1-year later with these parameters were comparable to those associated with the original dataset.ConclusionsStudies should consider the metric, measurement window of interest, and desired reliability threshold to decide on the minimum number of nights required to assess habitual sleep using CST devices.