bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Existing fossil fuel extraction would warm the world beyond 1.5 °C
Authors: Trout Kelly , Muttitt Greg , Lafleur Dimitri , Van de Graaf Thijs , Mendelevitch Roman , Mei Lan , Meinshausen Malte 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Paris climate goals and the Glasgow Climate Pact require anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to decline to net zero by mid-century. This will require overcoming carbon lock-in throughout the energy system. Previous studies have focused on ‘committed emissions’ from capital investments in energy-consuming infrastructure, or potential (committed and uncommitted) emissions from fossil fuel reserves. Here we make the first bottom-up assessment of committed CO2 emissions from fossil fuel-producing infrastructure, defined as existing and under-construction oil and gas fields and coal mines. We use a commercial model of the world’s 25 000 oil and gas fields and build a new dataset on coal mines in the nine largest coal-producing countries. Our central estimate of committed emissions is 936 Gt CO2, comprising 47% from coal, 35% from oil and 18% from gas. We find that staying within a 1.5 °C carbon budget (50% probability) implies leaving almost 40% of ‘developed reserves’ of fossil fuels unextracted. The finding that developed reserves substantially exceed the 1.5 °C carbon budget is robust to a Monte Carlo analysis of reserves data limitations, carbon budget uncertainties and oil prices. This study contributes to growing scholarship on the relevance of fossil fuel supply to climate mitigation. Going beyond recent warnings by the International Energy Agency, our results suggest that staying below 1.5 °C may require governments and companies not only to cease licensing and development of new fields and mines, but also to prematurely decommission a significant portion of those already developed.
Relative exposure to microplastics and prey for a pelagic forage fish
Authors: Chavarry J M , Law K L , Barton A D , Bowlin N M , Ohman M D , Choy C A 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In the global ocean, more than 380 species are known to ingest microplastics (plastic particles less than 5 mm in size), including mid-trophic forage fishes central to pelagic food webs. Trophic pathways that bioaccumulate microplastics in marine food webs remain unclear. We assess the potential for the trophic transfer of microplastics through forage fishes, which are prey for diverse predators including commercial and protected species. Here, we quantify Northern Anchovy (Engraulis mordax) exposure to microplastics relative to their natural zooplankton prey, across their vertical habitat. Microplastic and zooplankton samples were collected from the California Current Ecosystem in 2006 and 2007. We estimated the abundance of microplastics beyond the sampled size range but within anchovy feeding size ranges using global microplastic size distributions. Depth-integrated microplastics (0–30 m depth) were estimated using a depth decay model, accounting for the effects of wind-driven vertical mixing on buoyant microplastics. In this coastal upwelling biome, the median relative exposure for an anchovy that consumed prey 0.287–5 mm in size was 1 microplastic particle for every 3399 zooplankton individuals. Microplastic exposure varied, peaking within offshore habitats, during the winter, and during the day. Maximum exposure to microplastic particles relative to zooplankton prey was higher for juvenile (1:23) than adult (1:33) anchovy due to growth-associated differences in anchovy feeding. Overall, microplastic particles constituted fewer than 5% of prey-sized items available to anchovy. Microplastic exposure is likely to increase for forage fishes in the global ocean alongside declines in primary productivity, and with increased water column stratification and microplastic pollution.
A Performance-Based Framework to Prioritize Adaptive Reuse Gallery: A Review On Sustainable Industrial Heritage Building in Malaysia & Australia
Authors: Amalina Hanapi Nur , Khaulah Sa'adah Wan Zulkipli Wan , Asyraf Mohd Rodzi Khairul 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
According to United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) (2007), heritage building is a tangible manmade environment with its cultural (heritage) significance in which their social values, scientific and aesthetical elements imparted in the surrounding physical settings[1]. However, there been lack of comparative studies being done to how Malaysia and Australia accentuate their historical industrial land as mining cities to the sustainable adaptive reuse gallery. Thus this research aims to make comparative studies between these two countries since both were historically developed mainly as the mining industry in early city development era. The case studies employed in four identified buildings which represents the ideals of industrial heritage adaptation in both Malaysia and Australia. It’s involved the analysis and discussion on the general public perspective, policies, body participation and its application to the function of the studied buildings. The overall research and findings clearly shown that Australian approach of adaptive reuse towards industrial heritage give an impact to the community and become an iconic building as compare to Malaysian approach.
Perspectives in double-skin façade (DSF) advantages and disadvantages
Authors: Al-awag E A N , Wahab I A 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Double-skin facades’ application has positive and negative effects on the building’s behaviour and performance. However, there is an ongoing debate about the advantages and disadvantages of DSF due to the lack of reliable data on DSF’s actual performance. This paper aims to present the advantages and disadvantages of the DSF by reviewing previous studies investigating the benefits and limitations of using the DSF system based on the parameters, namely, the DSF components and types. A general agreement is found that the application of DSF’s appropriate design positively affects building performance or the environment, despite the consensus on the high maintenance and construction costs of this DSF system compared to the single-skin façade (SSF).
Simulation Study on Natural Lighting Projection Through Façade Optimisation for A Proposed Disaster and Relief Center
Authors: Md Amin N D , Yip C F , Adnan N A , Sabil A , Noor Hisham N 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Natural and artificial lighting is essential for humans to carry out and support daily routines from simple to complicated tasks. However, insufficient lighting in buildings leads to poor task performance and visual discomfort and may cause Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) such as itchy, watering eyes, and eye irritation. On the other hand, excessive light, particularly natural lighting, may contribute to heat gain in buildings and thermal discomfort and glare among occupants if a building is not well designed. Previous scholars found that a comfortable indoor environment with proper lighting improves occupants’ performance and satisfaction. Therefore, as a passive design strategy that promotes sustainability, natural lighting projection through façade optimisation is proposed and analysed implemented/studied for a proposed design of the Pontian Disaster and Relief Center. Revit Architecture software is used to develop 3D modelling of the design and simulate the interior solar pattern. Consequently, the application of shading devices is investigated along with on-site data collection to determine the climate pattern and other measurements to create more accurate data. Moreover, a case study on the Diamond Building was referred to assist the researcher for an appropriate pattern or form to maximise the solar radiation image, ultimately creating a new construction system. Finally, this study found that an application of natural lighting system for semi-open concept is considered sufficient towards maintaining occupants’ visual comfort, but solely based on simulation results.
Determinant Factors of Safety Impact to the School Buildings in West Sumatera - Indonesia
Authors: Masril  , Mairizal  , Kurniawan Deddy , Mohd Zin Rosli , Ismail Mohammad 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn visual observations focused on emergency service facilities in several building locations, it was found that several emergency service facilities were not available. In addition, the facility also does not meet the provisions so it is categorized in an unsafe condition. From these conditions, it is necessary to know the safety factor for the comfort and security of the building. This study aims to determine the safety factor and several other factors that affect safety in buildings. It is necessary to determine the critical factors that have a very high influence and, the strategies needed in planning, construction, and operations. This research uses qualitative and quantitative methods with SPSS and Smart PLS tools. A total of 20 questionnaires were given to respondents to get their opinion on the critical factors needed. The purpose of this research is to increase the knowledge base, especially in the field of developing school building safety standards in West Sumatra - Indonesia. The findings of this study are in the form of technical operation & maintenance factors that are influenced by systematic information systems and programs. In addition, safety factors are strongly influenced by building services, external environment, and operational & technical maintenance.
Conceptual Framework of Information Exchange Processes in Building Information Modelling (BIM) for Facilities Management
Authors: Samsuddin N , Ahmad Zaini A 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The current research demonstrates Building Information Modelling (BIM) as one of the emerging construction technologies in the industry. Nonetheless, the adoption of BIM for Facilities Management (FM) has not yet been acknowledged. FM in Malaysia is still driven by traditional processes in which flag its development and economic competitiveness. The probable reason is lacking understanding of information exchange in the BIM platform across the project life cycle. Hence, the objective of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework of information exchange processes in Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Facilities Management. A comprehensive review of the literature is employed in this research. The findings revealed the relationship between the information required by BIM in FM and the process for information exchange between BIM and FM systems emphasises four moderators as external factors, namely the FM information need to track, stakeholders’ responsibilities for data provision, equipment information export in COBie format in FM and import facilities data from the COBie spreadsheet into FM systems. The outcomes of this paper may assist stakeholders in optimising their present BIM requirements, increasing workflow efficiency, and expediting the effective adoption of BIM in Malaysia.
Geopolymer utilization in the pavement industry - An overview
Authors: Yaro N S A , Napiah M , Sutanto M H , Usman A , Jagaba A H , Mani A U , Ahmad A 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The significant quantity of wastes has raised concern for their management and environmental effects. One of the alternatives ways is the reuse of waste in the construction industry through geopolymerization technology which incorporates waste materials with silica or/and alumina content with activator solution to form a matrix of geopolymers material. This process has attracted attention due to its successful application in different disciplines, influenced by its enhanced properties. This overview paper focuses on available research articles on geopolymers’ utilization in the pavement industry. The study analyzes available works of literature on various geopolymer materials, composition, processes, and the use of geopolymer as artificial aggregate, aggregate substitute, or modifier for the asphalt mixtures. Based on the qualitative overview it was observed that sodium hydroxide or phosphoric acid solution molarity, liquid-to-binder ratio, duration of curing, and temperature affect the properties of geopolymer produced. Also, geopolymers show exceptional performances compared to conventional materials. Though, there is still limited literature about geopolymers pavement long-term performance as well as its response to extreme environmental conditions. Furthermore, there is no standard for the design and preparation of geopolymer modified pavements. From the review, it was ascertained that geopolymers have great potential to be utilized in the pavement industry, as evidenced by the positive and affirmative performances from various studies. In conclusion, it is recommended and encouraged that the pavement industry should explore and utilize more geopolymer materials during construction to promotes sustainability.
Students’ perceptions on bicycle facilities in campus. A case study at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Johor
Authors: Zaperi N H , Ahmad Termida N 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIncreasing dependence on the private vehicles and motorised transport in the university campus have resulted in a growing traffic congestion and more demand for parking, air pollution and thus, contribute to high energy consumption. It is very necessary to encourage the use of active transportation such as cycling in campus among university students as higher education has been seen as a role model to outside community and has its own impact to community, socially and economically. The objective of this study is to identify students’ perceived current bicycle facilities in campus areas. The questionnaire in a Google Form were distributed through a social media platform (e.g. Facebook and WhatsApp) in order to avoid social interaction during pandemic COVID-19. A total of 328 respondents among postgraduate students in Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) was chosen to answer the questionnaire. Furthermore, data was analysed using Descriptive Analysis and Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA). The Statistical Packages of Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 26 was used to do the statistical analysis of the sample data. Results show that students perceived some of the bicycle facilities in campus that have a high level of importance value for students, are having a low-level performance, such as improper cycling paths and poor lighting at night.
Empirical shear strength criteria for filled jointed of metasedimentary sandstone
Authors: Mohd-Nordin M M , Abdullah R A 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Rock joint shear failure criteria constitute numerical simulation that significantly governs the calculation for rock mass stability analysis. The presence of joint infilling potentially reduces the estimation accuracy for the deformation of rock joint. This study discovers the role of infilling thickness in governing the empirical calculation of linear Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion and non-linear Barton-Bandis failure criterion. A series of direct shear tests with constant surface roughness and controlled infilling material composition facilitates the joint shear strength with various infilling thicknesses. The results indicate that the joint shear strength decreases primarily with infilling material within the joint aperture. Although all the friction angles are closely similar, different cohesion values show the influence of infilling material thickness on shear strength characteristics. The joint shear strength values indicate significant differences where the filled joint shear strength reduction depends on associated infilling thicknesses and the adopted failure criterion. Multiplication to the Filled Joint Factor (FJF
) normalized from the τfilled joint/τcleaned joint ratio will precisely evaluate the filled joint shear strength. Hence, the shear strength estimation from Mohr-Coulomb and Barton-Bandis failure criteria to the various thicknesses of joint infilling will provide sufficient filled joint deformability characteristics.
Effect of emulsifier on physical properties of cup lump modified emulsified bitumen residues
Authors: Abdul Ghafar S , Mohd Warid M N , Abdul Hassan N 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The improvement of physical properties of emulsified bitumen residues is the prime concern for researchers to improve the performance of cold mix asphalt and different types of polymers are incorporated in emulsified bitumen for this purpose. However, the bitumen emulsion is usually prepared with the help of emulsifier and the function of emulsifier in the emulsions is to reduce the interfacial tension on the surfaces of bitumen and water droplets which results in a stable droplets suspension system for a sufficient period of time. Despite using it as an emulsifying agent, the impact of emulsifier on physical and rheological properties of bitumen emulsion’s residues is never studied before. In this study, different types of bitumen with pen 80/100, 60/70 and Cup lump rubber (CLR) modified bitumen were emulsified at 0.5%, 1% and 6.5% emulsifier (Redicote-EM44) content respectively. Physical tests such as penetration, softening point and viscosity were carried out on bitumen residues to investigate the effect of emulsifier. The results indicate that the emulsifier enhances the physical properties of bitumen emulsion residues. The resistance to penetration was improved up to 20% and 16% for the bitumen emulsion residues of 80/100 and 60/70 respectively while it had adverse effect on penetration value of CLR residue resulting in a decreased performance up to 19%. The effect of emulsifier on softening point was not remarkable but has improved SPV of 80/100 and 60/70 bitumen residues whereas the values decreased for CLR bitumen residue. The viscosity results were with better agreement of penetration and softening point results.
Volumetric Properties of Asphalt Mixture Containing Fly Ash Geopolymer
Authors: Bujang H , Aman M Y , Taher M N M 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Countries around the world face challenges to maintain their existing road networks with the increasing development of the transportation industry in the past few decades. In Malaysia, dense graded asphalt has been paved extensively in most of the major road network. This paper presents the volumetric properties of asphalt mixture incorporating fly ash geopolymer. SuperpaveTM mix design method was employed with the nominal maximum aggregate size 12.5 mm to obtain the optimum binder content. In the respect, binder 80/100 and 60/70 penetration grade with 0%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 9% and 11% fly ash geopolymer by weight of asphalt binder were prepared. Bulk specific gravity and maximum theoretical specific gravity were determined to meet criteria asphalt binder at 4.0 percent air voids. The results indicated that, the optimum binder content for binder grade 80/100 and 60/70 is in range 5.02% – 5.83% and 5.03% - 6.00% respectively. The outcomes of this research significantly used for further performance test and analysis on asphalt mixture.
Permanent deformation of dry and wet asphalt mixture contained crystalline waterproofing additives
Authors: Buhari R , Suhaimi M A 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate rutting performance of asphalt mixture containing few percent of CWA as an additive. In total, four different asphalt mixture containing 0%, 50%, 75% and 100% crystalline waterproofing additive (CWA) replacement from the total weight of filler were tested. The asphalt mixture NMAS 12.5 were prepared based on Superpave mixture design method. The rut depths of dry and wet asphalt mixture samples were measured using wheel tracking test machine and compare with control samples. The result show that rut depth of wet asphalt mixture containing 100% CWA is the lowest compare to other samples. In conclusion, replaced the asphalt mixture filler with CWA can improve it resistance to rutting compare to control sample.
Utilizing hydraulic modelling and Geographical Information System (GIS) in developing a water distribution network for reclaimed water
Authors: Adnan M N A , Mustaffa A. A. , Jeevaragagam P. , Aris Azmi 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Rapid development has increased water demand, combined with population growth, water scarcity, climate change, and rapid economic growth, are driving factors for water reclaim. This paper reviews previous research on developing a water distribution system for delivering reclaimed water in order to mitigate the industry’s growing water demand. As a result, reclaimable wastewater should be identified in order to establish links between urban and industrial infrastructure planning and water reclamation. Correspondingly, it is tasked with the responsibility of developing low-cost water treatment for industrial water reclamation. Simultaneously, a reliable water distribution network is required to deliver reclaimed water. This can be accomplished through the use of hydraulic modelling and GIS to analyse, manage, and develop the water distribution network in response to a growing supply demand. Hydraulic modelling is used to calculate and analyse the demand for the water supply over a specified time period based on daily water use. Additionally, it computing the appropriate parameter for the pipeline in order to deliver an adequate amount of pressure to the consumer efficiently. The developed hydraulic model was then integrated into GIS to facilitate the network layout and visualization of the water distribution system. Apart from that, in order to fully implement the concept of reclaimed water and its delivery via a water distribution system, several factors must be considered, including public acceptance, economic viability, environmental stewardship, technical operation, and health risk.
The Aerodynamic Performance of Tall Buildings by Utilizing Aerodynamic Modifications - A Review Study
Authors: Al-masoodi Aiman H H , Alkhatib F H , Shafiq N , Wahab MMA 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Since the beginning of this century, the trends in urban development have accelerated, as well as the demands for professional designers and planners have also been changed. Therefore, the rapid development in tall buildings has brought many challenges and issues that required systematic research and development. One of the major issues of the tall building to the structural designers is the wind load effect. Thus, the building shape and configuration should be determined based on the considerations of building’s form and function for wind effect. Various approaches are required to maintain the functional needs for reducing the vortex shedding phenomenon of the wind, such as aerodynamic modification techniques, which cause discomfort for the occupants. Aerodynamic modifications are classified into two categories; corner modifications, like rounded corners, recessed corners, chamfered corners, etc, and outer shape modifications, such as taper, set-back, twist of building form, etc. This paper reviews the aerodynamic modification techniques for tall buildings; recession and set-back type are the most effective among these modifications. It concludes that design modifications must be evaluated earlier in the design stage to mitigate the wind load and address serviceability concerns as per recommended, as well as to set the optimal building’s shape.