bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection and Classification Methods for Animal Sounds
Authors: Oswald Julie N. , Erbe Christine , Gannon William L. , Madhusudhana Shyam , Thomas Jeanette A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractClassification of the acoustic repertoires of animals into sound types is a useful tool for taxonomic studies, behavioral studies, and for documenting the occurrence of animals. Classification of acoustic repertoires enables the identification of species, age, gender, and individual identity, correlations between sound types and behavior, the identification of changes in vocal behavior over time or in response to anthropogenic noise, comparisons between the repertoires of populations living in different geographic regions and environments, and the development of software tools for automated signal processing. Techniques for classification have evolved over time as technical capabilities have expanded. Initially, researchers applied qualitative methods, such as listening and visually discerning sounds in spectrograms. Advances in computer technology and the development of software for the automatic detection and classification of sounds have allowed bioacousticians to quickly find sounds in recordings, thus significantly reducing analysis time and enabling the analysis of larger datasets. In this chapter, we present software algorithms for automated signal detection (based on energy, Teager–Kaiser energy, spectral entropy, matched filtering, and spectrogram cross-correlation) as well as for signal classification (e.g., parametric clustering, principal component analysis, discriminant function analysis, classification trees, artificial neural networks, random forests, Gaussian mixture models, support vector machines, dynamic time-warping, and hidden Markov models). Methods for evaluating the performance of automated tools are presented (i.e., receiver operating characteristics and precision-recall) and challenges with classifying animal sounds are discussed.
Attitudes Towards Syrian Refugees During the ‘Refugee Crisis’ in Greece
Authors: Kalogeraki Stefania 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDuring the recent ‘refugee crisis’ Greece became one of the major entry points by sea as high numbers of refugees and asylum seekers, primarily originating from Syria, entered its territory en route to wealthier European countries. The unprecedented arrival of refugees has triggered mixed reactions towards newcomers raising socio-economic and cultural concerns about the potential impacts of refugees on the host country. The chapter uses survey data from the EU-funded TransSOL project and incorporates realistic group conflict and social identity theories to explore potential determinants shaping different attitudes towards Syrian refugees entering Greece. The descriptive analysis indicated that opposition attitudes towards Syrian refugees are widespread in Greece. Results from a multinomial logistic regression analysis demonstrated that individual determinants related to social identity theory are particularly important in understanding different levels of Greeks’ opposition towards Syrian refugees, whereas strong opposition towards the specific ethnic group was associated with an amalgamation of individual factors related to both realistic group conflict and social identity theory. The findings stress the necessity of implementing policy interventions that promote the intercultural dialogue and aim to mitigate the main sources of negative stances towards refugees.
An Ephemeral Patriotism: The Rise and Fall of ‘Solidarity to Refugees’
Authors: Papataxiarchis Evthymios 
Published: October 2022

Abstract‘Solidarity to refugees’ has been the dominant mood towards the displaced people during the first months of the ‘refugee crisis.’ This essay approaches ‘refugee solidarity’ ethnographically, from the bottom up and in emic terms, as a, socially and politically productive, symbolic structure of affect towards displaced people and a cultural innovation that differs from the traditional ‘hospitality to migrants.’ It analyses the developmental cycle of ‘refugee solidarity,’ its rise in the grassroots as a widespread attitude in frontline Aegean communities, its transformation by the state and the media into a post-national patriotism, its gradual demise after the EU-Turkey Statement in March 2016 and the creation of an internal border, and its eventual fall in the course of a series of protests and bursts of xenophobic violence. The essay focuses on the most emblematic xenophobic incident against asylum seekers, the pogrom of April 2017 in Mytilene, as an index of the radical shift in attitudes towards the displaced people. It shows that ‘refugee solidarity’ was a matter of tolerance rather than of actual engagement with the predicament of the displaced people, a volatile tolerance that easily shifted towards indifference. The patriotism of ‘refugee solidarity’ eventually fell prey to the xenophobic reactions, thus proving to be ephemeral, because it was built on the same, essentialist, foundations with historically hegemonic forms of patriotism, and was governed by the same assimilationist logic.
Univariate Analysis: Variance, Variables, Data, and Measurement
Authors: Tessler Mark 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWhy are some people in the Arab region more likely than others to vote in elections? Why do some countries but not others have higher levels of satisfaction with their healthcare systems? Why is domestic violence more prevalent in some communities or neighborhoods than others? What causes some people but not others to become more politically engaged, or less politically engaged, over time? Every day, we come across various phenomena that make us question how, why, and with what implications do they vary across people, countries, communities, and/or time. These phenomena—e.g. voting, satisfaction with health care, domestic violence, and political engagement—are variables, and the variance they express is the foundation and the point of departure for positivist social science research. The present chapter considers variables one at a time and focuses on descriptions of variance.
Reprise and Conclusion: Overview, Audience, and Uses of the Guide
Authors: Tessler Mark 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIt will be useful in concluding this guide to social science research to return to some of the points made in the Introduction, reminding readers about the origins of this guide to social science research in the Arab world and about the choices that have been made with respect to coverage and emphasis. The way that the information and insights presented in Chaps. 2, 3, and 4 come together and cumulate should also be noted. Finally, and importantly, we offer very briefly some thoughts about the audience for whom the guide is intended, about the ways in which the guide might be productively used, particularly in education, and about the ways in which and the degree to which the guide possesses an Arab sensibility.
The clinical characteristics and management of paediatric pelvic fractures: a changing landscape based on skeletal maturity
Authors: Lu Victor , Gowrishankar Shrav , Arshad Zaki , Thahir Azeem , Lenihan Jonathan , Mcdonald Scott , Rawal Jaikirty , Hull Peter , Chou Daud , Carrothers Andrew 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroductionPaediatric pelvic fractures (PPFs) are uncommon but signify serious trauma. A comprehensive multidisciplinary approach is needed due to a high number of associated injuries. This study aims to retrospectively analyse PPFs over a 5-year period and evaluate how advancing skeletal maturity changes fracture patterns and management plans.MethodsThe trauma database was retrospectively reviewed for pelvic fractures in patients aged ≤ 18 years. Radiographs and CT scans were used to classify pelvic injuries according to the modified Torode classification and determine the status of the triradiate cartilage (open: skeletally immature; closed: skeletally mature). Data collected also included the mechanism of injury, clinical and functional outcomes, and associated injuries. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for associated abdominal injuries.Results65 PPFs (2.8% of paediatric trauma admissions during the study period) were classified as type I (3.1%), type II (7.7%), type IIIa (32.3%), type IIIb (38.5%), type IV (18.5%) according to the modified Torode classification. The mean age was 13.41 ± 3.82. Skeletally immature children were more likely to be hit by a motor vehicle as a pedestrian (p < 0.001), be intubated (p = 0.009), acquire Torode type II (p = 0.047) and rami fractures (p = 0.037), and receive chest (p = 0.005) and head injuries (p = 0.046). Skeletally immature children were also less likely to acquire Torode type IV fractures (p = 0.018), receive surgical treatment for their pelvic injuries (p = 0.036), and had a faster time to full weight bearing (p = 0.013). Pelvis AIS score ≥ 4 (OR 5.3; 95% CI 1.3–22.6;p = 0.023) and a pedestrian accident (OR 4.9; 95% CI 1.2–20.7;p = 0.030) were risk factors for associated abdominal injuries. There was a strong association between a higher pelvic fracture grade and the proportion of patients with closed triradiate cartilage (p = 0.036), hospital length of stay (p = 0.034), mean pelvic AIS score (p = 0.039), a pelvis AIS score of ≥ 4 (p = 0.022), mean ISS (p = 0.003), an ISS score between 25 and 75 (p = 0.004), average time to FWB (p = 0.001), requirement of blood products (p = 0.015), and a motor vehicle accident (p = 0.037).ConclusionPPFs occurring in skeletally mature and immature patients are significantly different in terms of mechanism of injury, fracture severity, fracture pattern, and management strategy. There is a high rate of associated injuries, necessitating an integrated multidisciplinary approach in paediatric trauma centres.
AI ageism: a critical roadmap for studying age discrimination and exclusion in digitalized societies
Authors: Stypinska Justyna 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn the last few years, we have witnessed a surge in scholarly interest and scientific evidence of how algorithms can produce discriminatory outcomes, especially with regard to gender and race. However, the analysis of fairness and bias in AI, important for the debate of AI for social good, has paid insufficient attention to the category of age and older people. Ageing populations have been largely neglected during the turn to digitality and AI. In this article, the concept of AI ageism is presented to make a theoretical contribution to how the understanding of inclusion and exclusion within the field of AI can be expanded to include the category of age. AI ageism can be defined as practices and ideologies operating within the field of AI, which exclude, discriminate, or neglect the interests, experiences, and needs of older population and can be manifested in five interconnected forms: (1) age biases in algorithms and datasets (technical level), (2) age stereotypes, prejudices and ideologies of actors in AI (individual level), (3) invisibility of old age in discourses on AI (discourse level), (4) discriminatory effects of use of AI technology on different age groups (group level), (5) exclusion as users of AI technology, services and products (user level). Additionally, the paper provides empirical illustrations of the way ageism operates in these five forms.
Determinants of Low Bone Turnover in Type 2 Diabetes-the Role of PTH
Authors: Vavanikunnel Janina , Sewing Lilian , Triantafyllidou Maria , Steighardt Anna , Baumann Sandra , Egger Andrea , Grize Leticia , Felix Barbara , Kraenzlin Marius , Henzen Christoph , Meier Christian 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDeterminants of low bone turnover in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are poorly understood. To investigate the relationship between markers of bone turnover, glycaemic control, disease duration and calciotropic hormones in T2DM we assessed baseline biochemical data from the DiabOS Study, a prospective multicenter observational cohort study. In a cross-sectional study-design data from 110 postmenopausal women and men aged 50–75 years diagnosed with T2DM for at least 3 years and 92 non-diabetic controls were evaluated. Biochemical markers of bone formation (N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen [PINP]), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase [BAP]) and resorption (C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX]), measures of calcium homeostasis (intact parathormone [iPTH], 25-Hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, magnesium) and glycaemic control were assessed. After adjustment for age, gender and body mass index (BMI), patients with T2DM had lower serum levels of PINP (p < 0.001), CTX (p < 0.001), iPTH (p = 0.03) and magnesium (p < 0.001) compared to controls. Serum calcium, creatinine, 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and sclerostin did not differ between both groups. In multivariate linear regression analyses only serum iPTH remained an independent determinant of bone turnover markers in T2DM (PINP: p = 0.02; CTX: p < 0.001 and BAP: p < 0.01), whereas glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), disease duration, age and BMI were not associated with bone turnover. In conclusion low bone turnover in T2DM is associated with low iPTH. The underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated.
Impact of predator model presentation paradigms on titi monkey alarm sequences
Authors: Berthet Mélissa , Mesbahi Geoffrey , Cäsar Cristiane , Zuberbühler Klaus 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPredator presentation experiments are widely used to investigate animal alarm vocalizations. They usually involve presentations of predator models or playbacks of predator calls, but it remains unclear whether the two paradigms provide similar results, a major limitation when investigating animal syntactic and semantic capacities. Here, we investigate whether visual and acoustic predator cues elicit different vocal reactions in black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons). We exposed six groups of wild titi monkeys to visual models or playbacks of vocalizations of raptor or felid. We characterized each group’s vocal reactions using sequence parameters known to reliably encode predatory events in this species. We found that titi monkeys’ vocal reactions varied with the predator species but also with the experimental paradigm: while vocal reactions to raptor vocalizations and models were similar, felid vocalizations elicited heterogeneous, different reactions from that given to felid models. We argue that subjects are not familiar with felid vocalizations, because of a lack of learning opportunities due to the silent behaviour of felids. We discuss the implication of these findings for the semantic capacities of titi monkeys. We finally recommend that playbacks of predator vocalizations should not be used in isolation but in combination with visual model presentations, to allow fine-grained analyses of the communication system of prey species.Significance statementIt is common to present prey species with predator models or predator calls to study their vocal reactions. The two paradigms are often used independently, but it remains unclear whether they provide similar results. Here, we studied the vocal reactions of titi monkeys to calls and models of raptors and felids. We show that titi monkeys seem to recognize the vocalizations of raptors but not those of felids. The study of the vocal reactions emitted when titi monkeys cannot clearly identify the threat allows us to draw accurate hypotheses about the meaning of titi monkeys’ alarm utterances. We argue that playbacks of predator calls should be used in conjunction with model presentations, which can allow us to better investigate the information and the structure of the alarm systems.
Role of the intraseasonal IPCO in the absence of typhoons in July 2020
Authors: Li Fei , Li Jianping , Wang Hao , Diao Yina 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe influence of the intraseasonal Indo-western Pacific convection oscillation (IPCO) on the absence of typhoons in July 2020 over the western North Pacific (WNP) was explored. While observation analysis shows that necessary conditions such as sea surface temperature (SST) and vertical wind shear in July 2020 meet the basic requirement of or even are conducive to the formation of typhoon, the unprecedented absence of typhoon over the WNP occurred in July 2020, and it is the first time that no typhoon in July since 1951. Additionally, significant differences were found in the number of typhoons in July between the different phases of the intraseasonal IPCO, and the number in the positive phase of the intraseasonal IPCO was significantly higher than that in the negative phase of the intraseasonal IPCO. In July 2020, the intraseasonal IPCO was in a strong negative phase, with the third lowest index in history and had the strongest inhibition effect on convection over the WNP on record, leading to large-scale circulation anomalies. The strongest descending movement on record inhibited the upward transport of water vapor and the development of cumulus convection, thereby reducing the release of latent heat of condensation and making it difficult to form a typhoon warm-core structure. In addition, the geopotential height increased over the WNP, and the western Pacific subtropical high moved southerly, which inhibited typhoon formation. Simultaneously, the South China Sea monsoon trough weakened significantly, with increased negative vorticity anomaly in the response scale, which hindered disturbance generation. The lowest genesis potential index confirmed that the large-scale circulation anomaly caused by the intraseasonal IPCO had an unprecedented restraining effect on typhoon generation, leading to the absence of typhoons over the WNP in July 2020.
Attitudes of medical students and junior physicians towards working self-employed in private practice in Northern and Western Europe: a systematic review
Authors: Meyer Juliana , Gjessing Sofie , Kristensen Jette Kolding , Flessa Steffen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Aim
A shortage in primary care physicians has been a well-known challenge in many Western countries for several years. In addition, we currently see a trend in primary care, where an increasing number of physicians work as employees instead of being self-employed, even among general practitioners. To address this shortage, knowledge of the future specialists’ attitudes toward working self-employed is needed. This qualitative systematic review aims to explore the attitudes of future specialists towards self-employment in private practice, and what factors influence these attitudes.

Subject and methods
We conducted a systematic search using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. We developed a search strategy that collected terms for future specialists, career choices, and self-employment and linked these with the Boolean operator “AND”. We analysed the results using a qualitative content analysis, as both qualitative and quantitative studies were included in the research.

Results
Self-employment is less attractive to future specialists. In particular, women prefer to be employed and receive a fixed salary. The main factors that influence the decision as to whether to become self-employed or not are financial conditions, bureaucracy and non-medical tasks, organisation, job satisfaction during residency, personal responsibility, career opportunities, specialty-dependent factors, personal environment, and education.

Conclusion
Among future specialists, being self-employed is less attractive than being an employee. Students should be better informed about future career opportunities to make an informed decision. However, it should be examined whether other forms of organisation are more in line with the wishes of future specialists.
Martini 3 model of surface modified cellulose nanocrystals: investigation of aqueous colloidal stability
Authors: Pang Jiu , Mehandzhiyski Aleksandar Y. , Zozoulenko Igor 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe Martini coarse-grained force field is one of the most popular coarse-grained models for molecular dynamics (MD) modelling in biology, chemistry, and material science. Recently, a new force field version, Martini 3, had been reported with improved interaction balance and many new bead types. Here, we present a new cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) model based on Martini 3. The calculated CNC structures, lattice parameters, and mechanical properties reproduce experimental measurements well and provide an improvement over previous CNC models. Then, surface modifications with COO− groups and interactions with Na+ ions were fitted based on the atomistic MD results to reproduce the interactions between surface-modified CNCs. Finally, the colloidal stability and dispersion properties were studied with varied NaCl concentrations and a good agreement with experimental results was found. Our work brings new progress toward CNC modelling to describe different surface modifications and colloidal solutions that were not available in previous coarse-grained models.
Graphical abstract
Lorentzian Gromov–Hausdorff theory and finiteness results
Authors: Müller Olaf 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCheeger–Gromov finiteness results, asserting that there are only finitely many diffeomorphism types of manifolds satisfying certain geometric bounds, feature among the most prominent results in Riemannian geometry. To transplant those into Lorentzian geometry, one could use a functor between a Lorentzian and a Riemannian category, which, however, can be shown not to exist if the former contains Minkowski space and its isometries. Here, we construct a functor from a restricted category of Lorentzian manifolds-with-boundary (regions between two Cauchy surfaces) to a category of Riemannian manifolds-with-boundary that preserves geometric bounds and obtain, as a corollary, the first known Lorentzian Cheeger–Gromov type finiteness result.
Hysteretic behaviour of uniaxially thermoformed auxetic foams under 3-point bending low-frequency vibration
Authors: Zhang Qicheng , Yu Xindi , Scarpa Fabrizio , Barton David , Xia Yuying , Shaw Alexander , Zhu Yunpeng , Lang Zi-Qiang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe work describes experiments and models related to auxetic (negative Poisson’s ratio) foams subjected to low-frequency and variable amplitude 3-point bending loading. A custom 3-point bending vibration test rig is designed and used to perform the dynamic test of auxetic PU foam beams within low-frequency range (1–20 Hz) and 5 different displacement amplitudes. The auxetic foams tested in this work are manufactured using a simplified and relatively low-cost uniaxially thermoforming compression technique, which leads to the production of foams with transverse isotropic characteristics. Auxetic foam beam samples with two different cutting orientations and different thermoforming compression ratiosrc(20–80%) are tested and compared, also with the use of theoretical Euler–Bernoulli-based and finite element models. The dynamic modulus of the foams increases withrc, ranging between 0.5 and 5 MPa, while the dynamic loss factor is marginally affected by the compression ratio, with overall values between 0.2 and 0.3. The auxetic PU foam has a noticeable amplitude-dependent stiffness and loss factors, while the dynamic modulus increases but slightly decreases with the frequency. The dynamic modulus is also 20–40% larger than the quasi-static one, while the dynamic and static loss factors are quite close. A modified Bouc–Wen model is also further developed to capture the amplitude and frequency-dependent properties of the conventional and auxetic foams with different volumetric compression ratios. The model shows a good agreement with the experimental results.