bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Creating Longitudinally Varying Vector Vortex Beams with an All‐Dielectric Metasurface
Authors: Zheng Chenglong , Li Jie , Liu Jingyu , Li Jitao , Yue Zhen , Li Hui , Yang Fan , Zhang Yating , Zhang Yan , Yao Jianquan 
Published: July 2022

AbstractVector vortex beams have attracted considerable research attention owing to their unique optical properties, and have been explored in vortex filtering, photon entanglement, and the photonic spin hall effect. In this work, a universal all‐dielectric metasurface platform is proposed that can generate longitudinally varying vector vortex beams in the terahertz band. As a proof‐of‐concept demonstration, a series of metasurface examples generating evolution of topological charges and vector polarization states of generated vector vortex beams are characterized. The experimental results agree well with the simulations, fully verifying the feasibility of the proposed scheme. The proposed metasurface strategy may find applications ranging from optical traps to polarization optics.
New Gelatin‐Based Hydrogel Foams for Improved Substrate Conversion of Immobilized Horseradish Peroxidase
Authors: Dehli Friederike , Stubenrauch Cosima , Southan Alexander 
Published: July 2022

AbstractHydrogel foams provide an aqueous environment that is very attractive for the immobilization of enzymes. To this end, functional polymers are needed that can be converted into hydrogel foams and that enable bioconjugation while maintaining high enzyme activity. The present study demonstrates the potential of biotinylated gelatin methacryloyl (GM10EB) for this purpose. GM10EB is synthesized in a two‐step procedure with gelatin methacryloyl (GM10) being the starting point. Successful biotinylation is confirmed by 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and 4'‐hydroxyazobenzene‐2‐carboxylic acid/avidin assays. Most importantly, a high methacryloyl group content (DM) is maintained in GM10EB, so that solutions of GM10EB show both a sufficiently low viscosity for microfluidic foaming and a pronounced curing behavior. Thus, foamed and nonfoamed GM10EB hydrogels can be prepared via radical crosslinking of the polymer chains. Within both sample types, biotin groups are available for bioconjugation, as is demonstrated by coupling streptavidin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase to the hydrogels. When assessing the substrate conversion rate rA in foamed hydrogels by enzymatic conversion of 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid), a value for rA 12 times higher than the value for nonfoamed hydrogels of the same mass is observed. In other words, rA can be successfully tailored by the hydrogel morphology.
Graphene‐Based Composite Foams with Tunable Porosity for Ultra‐Sensitive Low‐Pressure Applications
Authors: Govindaraj Premika , Fuss Franz Konstantin , Tan Adin Ming , Weizman Yehuda , Salim Nisa , Sokolova Anna , Fox Bronwyn , Hameed Nishar 
Published: July 2022

AbstractComposite foam sensors presenting promising applications in pressure sensors require seamless integration of conductive additives, simplicity of manufacturing with minimum footprint, and consistent performance with optimum mechanical properties. Here, a resistive‐type foam sensor based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) containing high loading of water‐based graphene slurry (30 vol%) developed by in situ condensation is presented. The composite foam sensor exhibits an open‐cell structure with high electrical conductivity (13.3 × 10–2 S m−1), high sensitivity (S = 8.2 ± 0.7 for pressure <1 kPa), and minimum response time (8 ms). The effect of processing on porosity and the corresponding disparity in the electromechanical performance of the foam sensors is witnessed. A systematic method to evaluate the mechanical properties of foam sensors as per foam standards is described. In addition to assessing the electromechanical properties, the graphene‐based foam sensor is calibrated for the first time. The calibration curve and accuracy of the foam sensor are correlated to their morphology. Synthesis and facile integration of graphene in composites, their mechanical, electromechanical characteristics, and calibration of sensors are demonstrated. Furthermore, it is shown that the sensors can empower human‐machine interface systems using a custom‐developed user interface.
Low Dielectric Constant and Anisotropic Mechanical Properties of Dispenser‐Printed Polyetherimide Films Using Two‐Step Thermal Treatment
Authors: Kim Junyoung , Hwang Uiseok , Chung June‐young , Kim Na‐Yeon , Nam Jeonghyeon , Jung Jinho , Sun Hanna , Seol Mina , Park In‐Kyung , Suhr Jonghwan , Nam Jae‐Do 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAlthough polyetherimide (PEI) has attracted attention owing to its good dielectric properties, superior mechanical properties, and thermal/chemical stabilities, there is still a lack of methodology to fabricate PEI films in desired shapes directly on devices. In this study, a dispenser printing method to fabricate sophisticated 2D PEI structures is introduced. As dispenser printing is a solution‐based process, PEI ink is prepared by dissolving PEI in N‐methyl pyrrolidone (NMP). The printing conditions are controlled by optimizing the pneumatic pressure and viscosity of the inks with various ratios of PEI and NMP, followed by a two‐step heat treatment to develop fine PEI films. The dielectric constant of the PEI film increases from 2.28 to 2.61 with the corresponding secondary heating time of 1–5 h, which is much lower than the theoretical value owing to the free volume and loosely entangled polymer chains generated from the shear forces in printing and solvent evaporation. Furthermore, the film exhibits anisotropic mechanical properties in different printing directions, stemming from the alignment effect of the polymer molecules. It is believed that the developed PEI films and the facile methodology can be diversely tuned to provide new insights into material utilization, further extending the application fields.
A three‐dimensional ID‐WLP‐FDTD method demonstrating comprehensively improved performance and unconditional stability
Authors: Xiao Li‐kang , Tian De‐Yang , Lan Jiang‐He , Chen Wei‐Jun , Ma Ping 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn this study, a three‐dimensional (3D) finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) approach utilizing time‐domain weighted Laguerre polynomials (WLPs) and space‐domain isotropic–dispersion (ID) finite‐difference scheme is presented (i.e., 3D ID‐WLP‐FDTD). The method exhibits unconditional stability and comprehensively improved performance such as lower anisotropic numerical dispersion error. To demonstrate its advantage, it is applied in an example of the propagation of a plane wave in a 3D cavity. The results calculated by the proposed ID‐WLP‐FDTD method and the conventional 3D WLP‐FDTD are compared, which shows that the proposed method can achieve reduced anisotropic numerical dispersion error while consuming less calculation time and hardware resources.
A dual‐band impedance transformer with a single series line for frequency‐dependent loads
Authors: Wan Zipeng , Liu Qiang , Liu Wang , Cheng Dong , Du Guangxing , Li Guolin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis paper proposes a novel dual‐band impedance transformer for matching frequency‐dependent complex loads. The transformer consists of four shunt stubs and a single series transmission line. The equations for the transformer are derived concisely. The design values of the four stubs are determined by the analytical formulas and the parameters of the single series line are obtained by solving a nonlinear equation. The characteristic impedances of the four stubs can be adjusted. The design freedom is greatly enhanced and the possibility of using lines with extremely high or low impedance is reduced significantly. Two numerical examples are presented for illustrating the design process, and a prototype is fabricated and measured for verification. Compared with the existing works, the design not only shows high design freedom but also has the smallest electrical length of the series line. Therefore, the transformer has a good application prospect for the dual‐band active circuits.
Colocated MIMO antenna pair based on modal orthogonality for 5G terminal applications
Authors: Zahid Zeeshan , Qu Longyue 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn this letter, a novel colocated 2 × 2 multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) antenna pair has been proposed. The pair consists of a monopole antenna (J‐source) and a slot antenna (M‐source) integrated at the same location on the terminal ground plane. The inherent orthogonality between the electric source (J) and magnetic source (M) has been exploited to isolate the antenna elements from each other without deploying any additional decoupling component. The proposed 2 × 2 MIMO antenna pair is extended to an 8 × 8 MIMO antenna design for terminal applications. The measured peak isolation between the antenna elements is 25 dB and the impedance bandwidth of the antennas is above 200 MHz with a 3 dBi peak gain, and the envelope correlation coefficient is less than 0.1. The design is proposed for 5G applications operating at the 3.5 GHz band and is a strong candidate for modern smartphone applications.
Graphene‐based tunable terahertz electromagnetically induced transparency using metamaterial structure
Authors: Xu Kai‐Da , Xia Shengpei , Cai Yijun , Li Jianxing , Cui Jianlei , Chen Chengying , Zhou Jianmei 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA graphene‐based tunable electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT)‐like metamaterial structure operating at the terahertz regime is proposed and numerically analyzed. The unit cell of the metamaterial structure consists of a split‐ring resonator and twofolded‐line pair resonators, performing as the quasi‐dark mode and bright mode, respectively. When the incident waves vertically illuminate upon the metamaterial structure, a transmission peak can be observed. Moreover, the frequency of the transparency window can be flexibly adjusted by changing the Fermi energy level of graphene. A classical coupled two‐oscillator model is employed to theoretically analyze the physical mechanism of EIT‐like phenomenon, which is due to the near‐field coupling effect between the bright and the quasi‐dark modes. The proposed work will be a good candidate for the design of different graphene‐based tunable EIT devices at different frequency spectra with potential applications in optical sensors.
Sensory nerve regeneration and reinnervation in muscle following peripheral nerve injury
Authors: Adidharma Widya , Khouri Alexander N. , Lee Jennifer C. , Vanderboll Kathryn , Kung Theodore A. , Cederna Paul S. , Kemp Stephen W. P. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractSensory afferent fibers are an important component of motor nerves and compose the majority of axons in many nerves traditionally thought of as “pure” motor nerves. These sensory afferent fibers innervate special sensory end organs in muscle, including muscle spindles that respond to changes in muscle length and Golgi tendons that detect muscle tension. Both play a major role in proprioception, sensorimotor extremity control feedback, and force regulation. After peripheral nerve injury, there is histological and electrophysiological evidence that sensory afferents can reinnervate muscle, including muscle that was not the nerve's original target. Reinnervation can occur after different nerve injury and muscle models, including muscle graft, crush, and transection injuries, and occurs in a nonspecific manner, allowing for cross‐innervation to occur. Evidence of cross‐innervation includes the following: muscle spindle and Golgi tendon afferent‐receptor mismatch, vagal sensory fiber reinnervation of muscle, and cutaneous afferent reinnervation of muscle spindle or Golgi tendons. There are several notable clinical applications of sensory reinnervation and cross‐reinnervation of muscle, including restoration of optimal motor control after peripheral nerve repair, flap sensation, sensory protection of denervated muscle, neuroma treatment and prevention, and facilitation of prosthetic sensorimotor control. This review focuses on sensory nerve regeneration and reinnervation in muscle, and the clinical applications of this phenomena. Understanding the physiology and limitations of sensory nerve regeneration and reinnervation in muscle may ultimately facilitate improvement of its clinical applications.
Microvascular response to exercise varies along the length of the tibialis anterior muscle
Authors: Veeger Thom T. J. , Hirschler Lydiane , Baligand Celine , Franklin Suzanne L. , Webb Andrew G. , de Groot Jurriaan H. , van Osch Matthias J. P. , Kan Hermien E. 
Published: July 2022

Microvascular function is an important component in the physiology of muscle. One of the major parameters, blood perfusion, can be measured noninvasively and quantitatively by arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI. Most studies using ASL in muscle have only reported data from a single slice, thereby assuming that muscle perfusion is homogeneous within muscle, whereas recent literature has reported proximodistal differences in oxidative capacity and perfusion. Here, we acquired pulsed ASL data in 12 healthy volunteers after dorsiflexion exercise in two slices separated distally by 7 cm. We combined this with a Look‐Locker scheme to acquire images at multiple postlabeling delays (PLDs) and with a multiecho readout to measure T2*. This enabled the simultaneous evaluation of quantitative muscle blood flow (MBF), arterial transit time (ATT), and T2* relaxation time in the tibialis anterior muscle during recovery. Using repeated measures analyses of variance we tested the effect of time, slice location, and their interaction on MBF, ATT, and T2*. Our results showed a significant difference as a function of time postexercise for all three parameters (MBF: F = 34.0, p < .0001; T2*: F = 73.7, p < .0001; ATT: F = 13.6, p < .001) and no average differences between slices over the total time postexercise were observed. The interaction effect between time postexercise and slice location was significant for MBF and T2* (F = 5.5, p = 0.02, F = 6.1, p = 0.02, respectively), but not for ATT (F = 2.2, p = .16). The proximal slice showed a higher MBF and a lower ATT than the distal slice during the first 2 min of recovery, and T2* showed a delayed response in the distal slice. These results imply a higher perfusion and faster microvascular response to exercise in the proximal slice, in line with previous literature. Moreover, the differences in ATT indicate that it is difficult to correctly determine perfusion based on a single PLD as is commonly performed in the muscle literature.
Were some individuals more vulnerable than others in the Late Neolithic society? Osteobiography of an elderly female with multiple fractures
Authors: Hukeľová Zuzana 
Published: July 2022

AbstractA skeleton of a Late Neolithic elderly female (aged 50+) from the Lengyel site of Svodín‐Busahegy (4,900–4,700 cal BC) showed multiple injuries in various stages of healing. Even though the precise cause of the injuries cannot be determined, apparently, she had been facing repeating situations resulting in injuries, or possibly also mistreatment. The elderly female may thus represent a vulnerable member of society, possibly related to her appearance linked to a likely plagiocephaly.
Loading of g‐C3N4 on Core‐Shell Magnetic Mesoporous Silica Nanospheres as a Solid Base Catalyst for the Green Synthesis of some Chromene Derivatives under Different Conditions
Authors: Neamani Shekofeh , Moradi Leila 
Published: July 2022

AbstractUsing heterogeneous basic catalysts has a great importance in chemical reactions because of their advantages (such as easy separation and thermal stability at harsh conditions) over homogeneous catalysts. In this study, magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticles (mSiO2) containing graphitic carbon nitride layers (mSiO2/g‐C3N4(x)) were fabricated through a facile process (x signifies the amount of melamine applied during synthesis). Graphitic carbon nitride layers were decorated on mSiO2 by calcination of immobilized melamine (as graphitic carbon nitride precursor) on mSiO2 in the last step of catalyst synthesis. The structure of the prepared catalysts was confirmed using XRD, BET, FESEM, EDX, elemental mapping and TEM methods. The catalytic efficiency of the so‐obtained solid base composite was investigated for the synthesis of some dihydropyranochromenes and spiro‐dihydropyranochromenes under thermal and microwave conditions. Using mSiO2/g‐C3N4(x) led to high yields under green conditions and in short reaction times and without a decrease in catalytic activity after four consecutive cycles.
High transmittance and excellent hardness TiO2‐SiO2‐Al2O3 nanocomposite thin film for anti‐scratch surface applications
Authors: Huong Ha Thu , Nhu Tran Thi Quynh , Nang Ho Xuan , Tuan Pham Anh , Huy Pham Thanh 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn this work, TiO2‐SiO2‐x%Al2O3 (x = 0–50) nanocomposite thin films (NCTFs) with high purity, relatively homogeneity, high transmittance, excellent hardness, and crack‐free were synthesized successfully by a spin‐coating technique. It was demonstrated that the transmittance and the hardness of TiO2‐SiO2‐x%Al2O3 NCTFs are strongly affected by the Al2O3 content. The highest transmittance of 90.9% in the visible region (400 to 800 nm) and the excellent hardness and scratch resistance with a maximum hardness value of 7 Mohs and 11.8 GPa of nanoindentation and a critical scratch load of 47.6 mN for the TiO2‐SiO2‐30%Al2O3 NCTF annealed at 500°C in the air for 3 h was achieved. A hardness enhancement mechanism was proposed and discussed in detail. The obtained results show that the fabricated TiO2‐SiO2‐Al2O3 NCTFs have a great potential for anti‐scratch resistance surface applications.
Post‐harvest quality and shelf life assessment of Agaricus bisporus influenced by nanocellulose/nanohemicellulose loaded starch based packaging
Authors: Louis Antony Catherine Flora , Venkatachalam Sivakumar 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe post‐harvest shelf life and quality of Agaricus bisporus can be prolonged by effective packaging and storage. This work is an attempt to extend the shelf life and preserve the quality of Agaricus b. through nanocellulose and nanohemicellulose reinforced starch based packaging material. Spherical shaped nanocellulose and nanohemicellulose were isolated from corn cob. Starch nanocomposites were prepared using 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1 wt% of nanocellulose and nanohemicellulose and were characterized. Tailor improved mechanical and reduced water vapor permeability were achieved along with biodegradability. Tensile strength increased to 8.17 ± 0.75 Mpa for nanocellulose and 5.45 ± 0.17 MPa for nanohemicellulose reinforced films. Young's modulus increased significantly to 445.39 ± 8.39 and 106.45 ± 4.55 MPa and a significant decrease in elongtion of the film to 21.30 ± 4.89% and 38.25 ± 1.87% in 0.75% cellulose nanoparticles (CNP) and 0.75% hemicellulose nanoparticles (HNP) reinforced films respectively. Fabricated films were thermally stable with onset degradation at 260 and 280°C for nanocellulose and nanohemicellulose reinforced films. Developed films were used for packing button mushrooms. The results showed that mushrooms packed in fabricated nanoparticle loaded biobased films retained the quality of mushrooms and exhibited better retention in pH, color, firmness than the pure starch film and can be used to preserve the quality of mushroom in refrigerated condition for upto 6 days.
An innovative extraction strategy for herbal medicine by adopting p‐sulphonatocalix[6]/[8]arenes
Authors: Yu Xuan , Liang Teng‐hui , Wang Meng , Ren Xiao‐liang , Zhou Zhen‐yu , Jiang Miao‐miao , Zhang De‐qin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIntroductionAlkaloids exist in various herbal medicine widely and exhibit diverse biological and pharmacological activities. p‐Sulphonatocalix[6]arenes (SC6A) and p‐sulphonatocalix[8]arenes (SC8A) are water‐soluble supramolecular macrocycles and are applied to the extraction of alkaloids from herbal products.ObjectiveIn this study, an innovative method of SC6A/SC8A assisted extraction of the alkaloids from herbs was established.MethodsSC6A and SC8A were designed to extract 27 alkaloids from seven herbal medicines. Based on the significant solubilisation and extraction effect, Stephaniae Tetrandrae Radix (Fangji, FJ) was selected to obtain the optimal extraction process by adopting single factor test and orthogonal experiment. Then, the alkaloids and SC6A/SC8A were separated by one‐step alkalisation and SCnA were reused. The host–guest complexes between alkaloids and SCnA were determined by competitive fluorescence titration, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) analysis.ResultsThe optimum condition for SC6A assisted extraction was 5:1:80 (g/g/mL) for herbs/SC6A/solution ratio, 355–250 μm particle size and ultrasonicate 0.5 h, whilst 10:1:40 (g/g/mL) for herbs/SC8A/solution ratio, 355–250 μm particle size and ultrasonicate 0.5 h for SC8A assisted extraction. The total yield of alkaloids (fangchinoline and tetrandrine) from FJ was increased by 4.87 times and 5.97 times with SC6A and SC8A. Moreover, a good reusability of SC6A/SC8A was achieved by alkalisation dissociation. Host–guest complexes were determined by competitive fluorescence titration at a molar ratio of 1:1 between most alkaloids (25/27, except evodiamine and rutaecarpine) and SC6A/SC8A. The complex structure was proved by DSC, FTIR and 1H‐NMR analysis.ConclusionThe study provided an effective eco‐friendly and energy‐saving extraction method of alkaloids from herbal medicine.
Modelingfast‐and‐frugalheuristics
Authors: Wang Yuhui , Luan Shenghua , Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: July 2022

AbstractHeuristics are simple rules that experts and laypeople rely on to make decisions under uncertainty as opposed to situations with calculable risk. The research program on fast‐and‐frugal heuristics studies formal models of heuristics and is motivated by Herbert Simon's seminal work on bounded rationality and satisficing. In this article, we first introduce the major theoretical principles (e.g., ecological rationality) and research approaches (e.g., competitive testing) that have been adopted in this research program, and then illustrate these principles and approaches with two heuristics: take‐the‐best and fast‐and‐frugal trees. We describe conditions under which simple heuristics predict as accurately as or better than more complex models, despite requiring less effort. We close by pointing out several issues that need to be further studied and better understood in the research on fast‐and‐frugal heuristics.
A thermodynamic evaluation of metal halides for the recrystallization of Cu(In,Ga)Se2
Authors: Palmiotti Elizabeth , Marsillac Sylvain , Rockett Angus 
Published: July 2022

AbstractCdTe films are deposited at low temperatures and recrystallized to photovoltaic device quality using CdCl2 treatments, leading to competitive manufacturing costs. Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) typically requires high‐temperature, low‐rate depositions to produce high‐efficiency devices, resulting in higher costs. A similar metal halide treatment of CIGS has been demonstrated by us previously for some metal halide sources. To understand and optimize the process, a thermodynamic evaluation of candidate metal halides for such treatments is presented as a guide for their selection. By comparing bond dissociation energies, mono‐ and di‐halide compounds are proposed to be ideal compounds to act as transport agents. Known recrystallization and temperature reduction benefits by Ag alloying suggest that Ag halides should be used to aid transport of all species. The high vapor pressure and mobility of Ga compounds still pose a problem for metal halide treatment, resulting in Ga etching and removal of intentional Ga gradients. Less severe but similar issues with In compounds may occur. Cu compounds have low vapor pressures that may limit transport; however, Cu is highly mobile in CIGS, and recrystallization still occurs.