bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting operative autonomy and performance during otolaryngology training: A multicenter trial
Authors: Chen Jenny X. , Miller Lauren E. , Filimonov Andrey , Shuman Elizabeth A. , Marchiano Emily , George Brian C. , Thorne Marc , Pletcher Steven D. , Platt Michael , Teng Marita , Kozin Elliott D. , Gray Stacey T. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveSurgical education is changing in an era of new regulations and evolving training cultures. We sought to understand the factors that affect operative experiences during otolaryngology residency.MethodsFrom December 2019 to December 2020, five otolaryngology training programs used the SIMPL OR smartphone application to evaluate residents after each operation. Residents and attendings rated the trainee's autonomy on a 4‐level Zwisch scale, performance on a 5‐level scale, and case complexity on a 3‐level scale. We examined associations between ratings of autonomy and performance with variables including postgraduate year (PGY), case complexity, gender, week of the academic year (AY), and whether multiple procedures were logged.Results78 attendings and 92 residents logged 2984 evaluations. PGY level and week of the AY were positively associated with attending ratings of autonomy and performance (PGY3 vs. PGY2: B = 0.63, p < .001 for autonomy and B = 1.05, p < .001 for performance; week of the AY: B = 0.013, p = .002 for autonomy; B = 0.025, p < .001 for performance). Multiple procedures logged and increasing case complexity were negatively associated with attending ratings (multiple procedures: B = −0.19, p = .04 for autonomy and B = −0.48, p < .001 for performance; hardest vs. easiest 1/3 of cases: B = −1.01, p < .001 for autonomy and B = −0.59, p < .001 for performance). Attending and trainee genders were not associated with attending ratings of autonomy or performance.ConclusionResident autonomy and performance were positively associated with PGY level and week of the academic year, and negatively associated with case complexity and multiple procedures. These findings highlight the need to align training level with case complexity to promote quality operative experiences.Level of Evidence2.
Peak chlorophyll a concentrations in the lower Mississippi River from 1997 to 2018
Authors: Turner R. Eugene , Milan Charles S. , Swenson Erick M. , Lee James M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLarge and turbid rivers have varying temperatures, light conditions, nutrient availability, and nutrient ratios that may affect phytoplankton communities and occur within a changing world of point and nonpoint source nutrient loadings. We investigated how these physical and chemical factors affect Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations in the Mississippi River, the largest river in North America, by sampling 878 times from February 1997 to December 2018 near its terminus at Baton Rouge, Louisiana. We hypothesized that nutrient concentrations and ratios were significant factors limiting phytoplankton biomass accumulations in this turbid river. The Chl a concentrations were in the “poor” water quality category when above 20 μg Chl a L−1 12% of the time. Two percent of the samples were > 40 μg Chl a L−1 and occurred on declining discharges. Results from graphical analysis and a principal component regression analysis showed that the highest Chl a values were constrained to when dissolved silicate: dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) molar ratios < 1 : 1 and dissolved DIN : phosphate molar ratios < 16 : 1, which is when the phytoplankton community likely consists of non‐siliceous phytoplankton. Increasing light conditions and reducing turbulence, which happens when river water is diverted into calmer and shallower waters, will create a phytoplankton bloom—perhaps becoming a harmful algal bloom—as has happened previously.
Spin‐Lasing in Bimodal Quantum Dot Micropillar Cavities
Authors: Heermeier Niels , Heuser Tobias , Große Jan , Jung Natalie , Kaganskiy Arsenty , Lindemann Markus , Gerhardt Nils C. , Hofmann Martin R. , Reitzenstein Stephan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSpin‐controlled lasers are highly interesting photonic devices and have been shown to provide ultrafast polarization dynamics in excess of 200 GHz. In contrast to conventional semiconductor lasers their temporal properties are not limited by the intensity dynamics, but are governed primarily by the interaction of the spin dynamics with the birefringent mode splitting that determines the polarization oscillation frequency. Another class of modern semiconductor lasers are high‐β emitters, which benefit from enhanced light–matter interaction due to strong mode confinement in low‐mode‐volume microcavities. In such structures, the emission properties can be tailored by the resonator geometry to realize for instance bimodal emission behavior in slightly elliptical micropillar cavities. This attractive feature is utilized to demonstrate and explore spin‐lasing effects in bimodal high‐β quantum dot micropillar lasers. The studied microlasers with a β‐factor of 4% show spin‐laser effects with experimental polarization oscillation frequencies up to 15 GHz and predicted frequencies up to about 100 GHz, which are controlled by the ellipticity of the resonator. These results reveal appealing prospects for very compact, ultrafast, and energy‐efficient spin‐lasers and can pave the way for future purely electrically injected spin‐lasers enabled by short injection path lengths.
The Role of Aldehyde‐Functionalized Crosslinkers on the Property of Chitosan Hydrogels
Authors: Yeh Ying‐Yu , Tsai Yu‐Ting , Wu Chun‐Yu , Tu Ling‐Hsien , Bai Meng‐Yi , Yeh Yi‐Cheun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractChitosan has been utilized as a popular biopolymer to fabricate hydrogels for biomedical applications. However, chitosan hydrogels are generally too brittle to mimic the deformability of the extracellular matrix in many tissues and organs. In particular, the role of the varied crosslinkers in determining the elasticity of chitosan hydrogels is lack of discussion. Here, three aldehyde‐functionalized crosslinkers (i.e., aldehyde‐modified poly(xylitol sebacate)‐co‐poly(ethylene glycol) (APP), glutaraldehyde (GA), and polydextran aldehyde (PDA)) are used to react with quaternized chitosan (QCS) through imine bonds to form hydrogels. The microstructures, mechanical performances, and cytocompatibility of the three hydrogels are systematically investigated. The APP/QCS hydrogels presented the best compressive and stretch properties among the three hydrogels. The mechanical property and antibacterial activity of APP/QCS hydrogels can be further modulated using varied QCS amounts, where more QCS contributed higher stiffness and stretchability as well as better bacterial inhibition to the APP/QCS hydrogels. Taken together, it is demonstrated that the inherent elastomeric characteristic of APP crosslinker provides the desirable elasticity and stretchability to QCS hydrogels compared to the other aldehyde‐functionalized crosslinkers of GA and PDA. This strategy of using multivalent elastomeric crosslinkers to fabricate deformable chitosan hydrogels can expand the use of chitosan hydrogels in tissue engineering applications.
Design of a polarization‐insensitive three dimensional microwave absorber for ultra‐wideband RCS reduction
Authors: Li Liang , Zhang Binchao , Jin Cheng , Lv Qihao , Yin Liyuan , Zhang Pengyu , Tian Buning 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA polarization‐insensitive three‐dimensional (3‐D) microwave absorber is proposed in this letter for ultra‐wideband radar section cross (RCS) reduction. The lossy layer of the designed absorber is evolved from the bent metallic strip with a center‐embedded resistor, which performs the property of absorption‐reflection‐absorption due to its multimode resonances. A short stub with a center‐embedded resistor is connected to the long‐bent strip to abolish the reflection performance, for the sake of achieving wide absorption performance. The fundamental working principle of the designed structure is explained adequately using an intuitive equivalent circuit model. Additionally, the absorber is designed, fabricated, and measured for validation, whose fractional bandwidths is 151.5% with at least 10‐dB RCS reduction.
A two‐stage network with prior knowledge guidance for medullary thyroid carcinoma recognition in ultrasound images
Authors: Pan Lin , Cai Yanjing , Lin Ning , Yang Linxin , Zheng Shaohua , Huang Liqin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPurposeAccurate recognition of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is of great importance in medical diagnosis, as MTC is rare but second‐most malignant thyroid cancers with a high case‐fatality ratio.1 But there is a lower recognition rate on distinguishing MTC from other thyroid nodules in ultrasound images, even by experienced experts. This paper introduces the computer‐aided method to tackle the challenge of recognizing MTC from ultrasound images, including limited MTC samples, and ambiguities among MTC, benign nodules, and papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).MethodsThe recognition of MTC based on large MTC samples of ultrasound images has never been explored, as only one existing work presented a relevant dataset with a limited 21 MTC samples. This study proposes a novel method for primarily differentiating MTC samples from benign nodules and PTC that is the most common thyroid cancer. Our method is a two‐stage schema with two important components including a cascaded coarse‐to‐fine segmentation network and a knowledge‐based classification network. The cascaded coarse‐to‐fine segmentation network incorporates two U‐Net++ networks for improving the segmentation results of thyroid nodules. Meanwhile, our knowledge‐based classification network extracts and fuses semantic features of solid tissues and calcification for better recognizing the segmented nodules from the ultrasound images. In our experiments, dice similarity coefficient (DSC), intersection over union (IoU), precision, recall, and Hausdorff distance (HD) are adopted for evaluating the segmentation results of thyroid nodules, and accuracy, precision, recall, and F1‐score are used for classification evaluation.ResultsWe present a well‐annotated dataset including samples of 248 MTC, 240 benign nodules, and 239 PTC. For thyroid nodule segmentation, our designed cascaded segmentation network attains values of 0.776 DSC, 0.689 IoU, 0.778 precision, and 0.821 recall, respectively. By incorporating prior knowledge, our method achieves a mean accuracy of 82.1% in classifying thyroid nodules of MTC, PTC, and benign ones. Especially, our method gains the higher performance in recognizing MTC with an accuracy of 86.8%, compared to nearly 70% diagnosis accuracy of experienced doctors. The experimental results on our Fujian Provincial Hospital dataset further validate the efficiency of our proposed method.ConclusionsOur proposed two‐stage method incorporates pipelines of thyroid nodules segmentation and classification of MTC, individually. Quantitative and qualitative results indicate that our proposed model achieves accurate segmentation of thyroid nodules. The results also validate that our learning‐based framework facilitates the recognition of MTC, which gains better classification accuracy than experienced doctors.
Kosmetikindustrie: Henna und Heteroaromatisches
Authors: Hartmann Horst , Pratt Dominic M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractVor drei Jahren haben die japanische Firma Kao und ihre deutsche Tochter Goldwell neue Farbstoffe zum Haarefärben entwickelt. Welche Verbindungen das sind, welche Probleme zu überwinden waren und warum die Entwicklung so lange gedauert hat.
In Harm's Way? The Effect of Disasters on the Magnitude and Location of Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit Allocations
Authors: Brennan Mark , Mehta Aditi , Steil Justin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis paper analyzes the effect of disasters on affordable housing construction. Exploiting the exogenous timing of disasters and 26 years of affordable housing data, we derive causal estimates of the effect of severe floods on county‐level Low‐Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) allocations nationwide. We find that states respond to severe floods by increasing the number of LIHTC units per capita allocated to a flood‐struck county by 57 percent in the year after the disaster, compared to other years. We argue that this increased allocation of LIHTC units is indicative of a process of institutional or policy conversion, in which states are repurposing the three‐decade‐old housing tax credit program to meet contemporary disaster assistance and recovery needs. Given that the LIHTC program was not designed with disasters in mind, do the new units ameliorate or exacerbate renters' exposure to disaster risk? We find that severe floods are associated with a significant increase in LIHTC units per capita allocated outside of the 500‐year floodplain in an affected county within the three years after a severe flood. These findings suggest that states and housing developers are using the LIHTC program to support disaster recovery by expanding subsidized rental options in disaster‐struck counties and ameliorating risk to low‐income renters by locating those units outside of floodplains.
Developing non‐halogen and non‐phosphorous flame retardant bismaleimide resin with high thermal resistance and high toughness through building crosslinked network with Schiff base structure
Authors: Xu Wenwen , Yuan Li , Liang Guozheng , Gu Aijuan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHigh flame retardancy has become a necessary property for heat‐resistant thermosetting resins (HRTRs) in many cutting‐edge fields. However, developing HRTRs with excellent flame retardancy through sustainable strategy (halogen‐free and phosphorus‐free) is still a great challenge. Herein, a novel halogen‐free and phosphorus‐free allyl compound with Schiff base structure (PDM) was efficiently synthesized from biobased protocatechualdehyde, and then four new flame retarding bismaleimide resins (BP1, BP2, BP3, BP4) were developed by building crosslinked network with PDM. The molar ratio of allyl to imide has a significant effect on performances of BP resins, BP2 resin (its molar ratio of allyl to imide is 0.86) shows the best integrated performances, it has not only high impact strength (14.37 ± 1.1 kJ/m2), but also the highest glass transition temperature (343.5°C) and limiting oxygen index (36.4%) among halogen‐free and phosphorus‐free flame retarding bismaleimide resins reported so far. The investigation on flame retardant mechanism of BP resins shows that the mechanism includes condensed‐phase and gas‐phase flame retarding effects.
An alternative method of solvent‐induced stresses in an elastic thin slab: Moutier theorem
Authors: Chiang Douyau , Ouyang Hao , Yang Fuqian , Lee Sanboh 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the solvent‐induced stresses in polymeric materials is of profound importance for drug release and soft robotics. This work presents an alternative method to obtain an analytical solution of solvent‐induced stress in an elastic slab using the Moutier theorem under the framework of equilibrium thermodynamics and the elastic solution available in the literature. Using the analytical solution and the temporal evolution of the mass of organic solvents in polymeric slabs, we analyze the spatiotemporal evolution of the solvent‐induced stress in the polymeric slabs and reveal the effects of the solvent transport on the stress evolution. The approach presented in this work provides a simple method to solve the decoupling problem involving diffusion and solvent‐induced stresses.
pH‐sensitive polyion nanocomplexes for antimicrobial peptide delivery
Authors: Wang Shuting , Yu Yan , Li Heyang , Huang Yan , Wang Jing , Jin Qiao , Ji Jian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAs an alternative to antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are attracting more and more attention for non‐antibiotic antibacterial therapy. However, there are still many issues of AMPs for clinical applications. For example, AMPs are generally positively charged and can be easily cleared during blood circulation. In addition, the cationic AMPs show strong cytotoxicity, which brings potential biosafety risks. In order to address these issues, pH‐sensitive polyion nanocomplex is designed for the delivery of AMPs by electrostatic self‐assembly of positively charged AMPs Magainin‐I and negatively charged 2,3‐dimethyl maleic anhydride (DA) modified ε‐polylysine (EPL) (EPL‐DA). The size and surface charge of the polyion nanocomplex is fully investigated by dynamic laser scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Magainin‐I loaded polyion nanocomplex is stable in physiological environment (pH 7.4), which can effectively reduce the cytotoxicity of AMPs. In the slightly acidic environment (pH 5.0–6.0) in bacteria infected tissue, the nanocomplex would be disintegrated to positively charged EPL and Magainin‐I, thereby restoring antibacterial properties. The excellent antibacterial activity of Magainin‐I loaded polyion nanocomplexes is confirmed by a series of in vitro antibacterial experiments. The fabrication of polyion nanocomplex provides an innovative way for the delivery of AMPs.
Impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on cancer patients and psycho‐oncology providers: Perspectives, observations, and experiences of the American Psychosocial Oncology Society membership
Authors: McAndrew Natalie S. , Strong Yukino , Morris Keayra J. , Sannes Timothy S. , Pirl William F. , Cole Steve , Mohanraj Lathika , Knight Jennifer M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo understand: (1) psycho‐oncology providers' perspectives on and observations of the psychological responses of their cancer patients during the pandemic, and (2) psycho‐oncology providers' own experiences delivering care.MethodsIn this concurrent mixed methods study, a survey was distributed to psychosocial providers who were members of the American Psychosocial Oncology Society (APOS). Survey respondents were invited to participate in a one‐on‐one audio‐recorded interview via phone or secure Zoom®.Resultsseventy‐six self‐identified psycho‐oncology providers responded to the survey and 11 participated in a one‐on‐one interview. Approximately half reported that patients responded in unique ways to COVID‐19 stress relative to other populations. Three themes emerged from qualitative analyses: (1) unique burden on patients, (2) cancer patients' pandemic response and its relationship to their cancer experience, and (3) unexpected positive changes. Providers emphasized that the cancer experience may have prepared patients for the existential distress of the pandemic and described patients' resiliency. Two themes emerged regarding delivery of care: (1) new professional and personal challenges and (2) provider resiliency.ConclusionsAlthough providers observed that the pandemic placed new burdens on patients, they emphasized that the cancer experience may have prepared patients for the existential distress of the pandemic and described patients' resiliency. To overcome challenges, psycho‐oncology providers used innovative strategies to support patients and foster their own mental health.
Operation mode recognition of surface microdischarge based on the gray level histogram
Authors: Lu Chen , Xiong Zilan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA visible image of gas discharge contains rich information. This study investigates the visible light information of surface microdischarge (SMD) under different operation modes and develops a method to realize online monitoring of the operation modes based on a gray level histogram (GLH). Two SMD sources were used to verify the effectiveness of the method. The distribution curve in the GLH gradually shifted to a large gray level as the operation mode transferred from ozone mode to NOx mode. The mean, variance, energy, entropy, and uniformity threshold values used to distinguish the operation modes were found to be approximately the same in both sources. Finally, a simplified distribution map based only on entropy and uniformity is proposed for the fast operation mode recognition of SMD.
Decision rules for identifying combination therapies in open‐entry, randomized controlled platform trials
Authors: Meyer Elias Laurin , Mesenbrink Peter , Dunger‐Baldauf Cornelia , Glimm Ekkehard , Li Yuhan , König Franz ,   EU‐PEARL (EU Patient‐cEntric clinicAl tRial pLatforms) Consortium
Published: February 2022

AbstractPlatform trials have become increasingly popular for drug development programs, attracting interest from statisticians, clinicians and regulatory agencies. Many statistical questions related to designing platform trials—such as the impact of decision rules, sharing of information across cohorts, and allocation ratios on operating characteristics and error rates—remain unanswered. In many platform trials, the definition of error rates is not straightforward as classical error rate concepts are not applicable. For an open‐entry, exploratory platform trial design comparing combination therapies to the respective monotherapies and standard‐of‐care, we define a set of error rates and operating characteristics and then use these to compare a set of design parameters under a range of simulation assumptions. When setting up the simulations, we aimed for realistic trial trajectories, such that for example, a priori we do not know the exact number of treatments that will be included over time in a specific simulation run as this follows a stochastic mechanism. Our results indicate that the method of data sharing, exact specification of decision rules and a priori assumptions regarding the treatment efficacy all strongly contribute to the operating characteristics of the platform trial. Furthermore, different operating characteristics might be of importance to different stakeholders. Together with the potential flexibility and complexity of a platform trial, which also impact the achieved operating characteristics via, for example, the degree of efficiency of data sharing this implies that utmost care needs to be given to evaluation of different assumptions and design parameters at the design stage.
ROS‐responsive thioether‐containing hyperbranched polymer micelles for light‐triggered drug release
Authors: Wang Guanchun , Huang Ping , Wang Lei , Chen Xinliang , Zhou Yongfeng , Huang Wei , Yan Deyue 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAs a kind of promising drug carriers, smart polymers have attracted much attention due to the effective and controlled drug release in target cells. Herein, a reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐responsive thioether‐containing amphiphilic hyperbranched polymer prepared from MTPA and TMPTGE (HBPMT) is synthesized from 3‐(methylthio)propylamine (MTPA) and trimethylolpropane triglycidyl ether (TMPTGE) by the amine‐epoxy click reaction via A2 + B3 one‐pot approach. Benefiting from its inherent amphiphilic nature, HBPMT can self‐assemble into stable micelles in water. Triggered by H2O2, these micelles can be dissociated rapidly because hydrophobic thioether segments in their cores are oxidized into hydrophilic sulfoxide or sulfone groups. Additionally, the ROS produced by photosensitizer under light irradiation can also play the same role of H2O2. Such HBPMT micelles can be utilized to encapsulate anticancer drug paclitaxel (PTX) and photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) simultaneously for drug delivery and control release. The methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay toward MCF‐7 tumor cells (a human breast adenocarcinoma cell line) indicates that these micelles encapsulated with PTX and Ce6 exhibit a significant combinational efficacy of cell proliferation inhibition, which means the promising potential for synergistic chemo‐photodynamic cancer therapy. Such a novel nanocarrier based on amphiphilic to hydrophilic transition would provide a candidate for controlled drug release and cancer combination therapy.