bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal dynamics and potential ecological drivers of acute respiratory infectious diseases: an example of scarlet fever in Sichuan Province
Authors: Li Cheng , Liao Rujun , Zhu Wenhui , Jiang Guiyu , Wang Yumeng , Li Ling , Zhang Tao , Lv Qiang 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Object
Scarlet fever is an acute respiratory infectious disease that endangers public health and imposes a huge economic burden. In this paper, we systematically studied its spatial and temporal evolution and explore its potential ecological drivers. The goal of this research is to provide a reference for analysis based on surveillance data of scarlet fever and other acute respiratory infectious illnesses, and offer suggestions for prevention and control.

Method
This research is based on a spatiotemporal multivariate model (Endemic-Epidemic model). Firstly, we described the epidemiology status of the scarlet fever epidemic in Sichuan Province from 2016 to 2019. Secondly, we used spatial autocorrelation analysis to understand the spatial pattern. Thirdly, we applied the endemic-epidemic model to analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics by quantitatively decomposing cases into endemic, autoregressive, and spatiotemporal components. Finally, we explored potential ecological drivers that could influence the spread of scarlet fever.

Results
From 2016 to 2019, the incidence of scarlet fever in Sichuan Province varied much among cities. In terms of temporal distribution, there were 1–2 epidemic peaks per year, and they were mainly concentrated from April to June and October to December. In terms of transmission, the endemic and temporal spread were predominant. Our findings imply that the school holiday could help to reduce the spread of scarlet fever, and a standard increase in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was associated with 2.6 folds contributions to the epidemic among cities.

Conclusion
Scarlet fever outbreaks are more susceptible to previous cases, as temporal spread accounted for major transmission in many areas in Sichuan Province. The school holidays and GDP can influence the spread of infectious diseases. Given that covariates could not fully explain heterogeneity, adding random effects was essential to improve accuracy. Paying attention to critical populations and hotspots, as well as understanding potential drivers, is recommended for acute respiratory infections such as scarlet fever. For example, our study reveals GDP is positively associated with spatial spread, indicating we should consider GDP as an important factor when analyzing the potential drivers of acute infectious disease.
CD6-mediated inhibition of T cell activation via modulation of Ras
Authors: Henriques Sónia N. , Oliveira Liliana , Santos Rita F. , Carmo Alexandre M. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundCD6 is one of many cell surface receptors known to regulate signal transduction upon T cell activation. However, whether CD6 mediates costimulatory or inhibitory signals is controversial. When T cells engage with antigen presenting cells (APCs), CD6 interacts with its ligand CD166 at the cell–cell interface while the cytosolic tail assembles a complex signalosome composed of adaptors and effector enzymes, that may either trigger activating signaling cascades, or instead modulate the intensity of signaling. Except for a few cytosolic adaptors that connect different components of the CD6 signalosome, very little is known about the mechanistic effects of the cytosolic effectors that bind CD6.MethodsJurkat model T cells were transfected to express wild-type (WT) CD6, or a cytoplasmic truncation, signaling-disabled mutant, CD6Δcyt. The two resulting cell lines were directly activated by superantigen (sAg)-loaded Raji cells, used as APCs, to assess the net signaling function of CD6. The Jurkat cell lines were further adapted to express a FRET-based unimolecular HRas biosensor that reported the activity of this crucial GTPase at the immunological synapse.ResultsWe show that deletion of the cytosolic tail of CD6 enhances T-cell responses, indicating that CD6 restrains T-cell activation. One component of the CD6-associated inhibitory apparatus was found to be the GTPase activating protein of Ras (RasGAP), that we show to associate with CD6 in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. The FRET HRas biosensor that we developed was demonstrated to be functional and reporting the activation of the T cell lines. This allowed to determine that the presence of the cytosolic tail of CD6 results in the down-regulation of HRas activity at the immunological synapse, implicating this fundamental GTPase as one of the targets inhibited by CD6.ConclusionsThis study provides the first description of a mechanistic sequence of events underlying the CD6-mediated inhibition of T-cell activation, involving the modulation of the MAPK pathway at several steps, starting with the coupling of RasGAP to the CD6 signalosome, the repression of the activity of Ras, and culminating in the reduction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation and of the expression of the T-cell activation markers CD69 and IL-2R α chain.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: The prevalence of electronic cigarettes vaping globally: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Tehrani Hadi , Rajabi Abdolhalim , Ghelichi- Ghojogh Mousa , Nejatian Mahbobeh , Jafari Alireza 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Background
The purpose of this systematic review study was to determine the national, regional, and global prevalence of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) vaping.

Method
The articles were searched in July 2020 without a time limit in Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, PubMed, and Ovid-MEDLINE. At first, the titles and abstracts of the articles were reviewed, and if they were appropriate, they entered the second stage of screening. In the second stage, the whole articles were reviewed and articles that met the inclusion criteria were selected. In this study, search, selection of studies, qualitative evaluation, and data extraction were performed by two authors independently, and any disagreement between the two authors was reviewed and corrected by a third author.

Results
In this study, the lifetime and current prevalence of e-cigarettes vaping globally were 23% and 11%, respectively. Lifetime and current prevalence of e-cigarettes vaping in women were 16% and 8%, respectively. Also, lifetime and current prevalence of e-cigarettes vaping in men were 22% and 12%, respectively. In this study, the current prevalence of e-cigarettes vaping in who had lifetime smoked conventional cigarette was 39%, and in current smokers was 43%. The lifetime prevalence of e-cigarettes vaping in the Continents of America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania were 24%, 26%, 16%, and 25%, respectively. The current prevalence of e-cigarettes vaping in the Continents of America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania were 10%, 14%, 11%, and 6%, respectively.

Conclusions
Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the popularity of e-cigarettes is increasing globally. Therefore, it is necessary for countries to have more control over the consumption and distribution of e-cigarettes, as well as to formulate the laws prohibiting about the e-cigarettes vaping in public places. There is also a need to design and conduct information campaigns to increase community awareness about e-cigarettes vaping.
Psychiatry's need for Vergangenheitsbewältigung: ‘culture wars’, cognitive dissonance and coming to terms with the past
Authors: Lepping Peter , Poole Rob 
Published: November 2022

Summary
UK psychiatry's sense of self rests on being part of a socially progressive national tradition. This makes it difficult to engage with more critical narratives. The process of analysing and accepting psychiatry's past can help our profession to get closer to its real self and on a path to a better future.
Levothyroxine: Conventional and Novel Drug Delivery Formulations
Authors: Liu Hanqing , Li Wei , Zhang Wen , Sun Shengrong , Chen Chuang 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Although levothyroxine is one of the most prescribed medications in the world, its bioavailability has been reported to be impaired by many factors, including interfering drugs or foods and concomitant diseases, and persistent hypothyroidism with a high dose of levothyroxine is thus elicited. Persistent hypothyroidism can also be induced by noninterchangeability between formulations and poor compliance. To address these issues some strategies have been developed. Novel formulations (liquid solutions and soft gel capsules) have been designed to eliminate malabsorption. Some other delivery routes (injections, suppositories, sprays, and sublingual and transdermal administrations) are aimed at circumventing different difficulties in dosing, such as thyroid emergencies and dysphagia. Moreover, nanomaterials have been used to develop delivery systems for the sustained release of levothyroxine to improve patient compliance and reduce costs. Some delivery systems encapsulating nanoparticles show promising release profiles. In this review, we first summarize the medical conditions that interfere with the bioavailability of oral levothyroxine and discuss the underlying mechanisms and treatments. The efficacy of liquid solutions and soft gel capsules are systematically evaluated. We further summarize the novel delivery routes for levothyroxine and their possible applications. Nanomaterials in the levothyroxine field are then discussed and compared based on their load and release profile. We hope the article provides novel insights into the drug delivery of levothyroxine.
IL1B gene variants, but not TNF, CXCL8, IL6 and IL10, modify the course of cystic fibrosis in Polish patients.
Authors: Zakerska-Banaszak Oliwia , Gozdzik-Spychalska Joanna , Gabryel Marcin , Zuraszek Joanna , Skrzypczak-Zielinska Marzena , Slomski Ryszard , Dobrowolska Agnieszka , Piorunek Tomasz , Batura-Gabryel Halina 
Published: November 2022

Background: The main aim of this study was to evaluate whether selected polymorphic variants in genes from the inflammatory pathway can be predictors of pulmonary or digestive manifestation of cystic fibrosis, as well as of severity of lung disease. Materials and methods: Using pyrosequencing and sequencing we have genotyped 12 variants in TNF (rs361525, rs1800629), CXCL8 (rs4073, rs2227306, rs2227307, rs188378669), IL1B (rs16944, rs1143634, rs1142639, rs1143627), IL6 (rs1800795) and IL10 (rs1800896) genes in a cohort of 55 Polish patients with diagnosed cystic fibrosis and controls. In our study group, a pulmonary manifestation of disease revealed 44 of subjects (80%), and digestive symptoms dominated in 11 (20%) of analyzed individuals. Severe lung dysfunction has occurred in 20 (36.4%) of patients. Results: We proved, that two promoter variants of IL1B, rs1143627 (c.-118G > A) and rs16944 (c.-598T > C) are presented significantly more often in patients with severe character of lung disease compared to mild (82.5% vs. 62.8%, p-value 0.030, and 87.5% vs. 64.3%, p-value 0.008, respectively) in cystic fibrosis course. Haplotype AC formed by both changes had also a higher frequency (80%) in patients with severe course compared to the mild character (61.4%) of disease. However, the frequency of promoter variant TNF c.-308C > T (rs1800629) was presented at a significantly lower level in the patient’s group compared to healthy controls (2.7% vs. 15%, p-value 0.001). Furthermore, the presence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus significantly correlated with the lower FEV1% in patients (p-value 0.01). Conclusions: Genetic variants, rs1143627 and rs16944, of IL1B are promising candidates as predictors of the severe character of lung disease in Polish patients with cystic fibrosis.
Financial distress, earning management, financial statement fraud and audit quality as a moderating variable: listed companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange
Authors: Mukhtaruddin Mukhtaruddin , Chairunnisa Widya Zahra , Patmawati Patmawati , Saftiana Yulia 
Published: November 2022

Background: Accounting practices, profit bubbles, information manipulation and deception, and earning management are all examples of fraudulent financial statement cases. Companies create fraudulent financial statements for a variety of reasons, including financial challenges and debt payment delays. Financial fraud is created by five factors: pressure, opportunity, rationalization, capability, and arrogance. Methods: The purpose of this study is to see whether audit quality (AQ) has a moderating effect on the relationship between financial distress (FD) and earning management (EM) to financial statement fraud (FSF) in infrastructure, utility, and transportation companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the years 2015 to 2019. The data sources are the www.idx.go.id and the company’s annual reports. Purposive sampling was used to collect data from thirty companies over the course of five years, totaling 150 observations. Moderating regression analysis (MRA) was used in data analysis. Result and conclusions: The hypothesis testing revealed that FD and EM have a significant impact on FSF. AQ is able to moderate the relationship between FD to FSF but unable to moderate the relationship between EM to FSF.
Dominated mode switching and nanoparticle detection at exceptional points
Authors: Wang Zijie , Zhang Xiaobei , Zhang Qi , Chen Yiqi , Wang Yang , Yu Yang , Yang Yong , Wang Tingyun 
Published: November 2022

We present a theoretical investigation of dominated mode switching and nanoparticle detection at a wavelength of 2 µm that uses coupled whispering gallery mode (WGM) resonators operating at exceptional points (EPs). The simulations show that with assisted gain and loss the system can be steered to operate at EPs by adjusting the nanoparticle-introduced backscattering. The unbalanced contributions of the clockwise and counterclockwise modes can be observed when the system approaches the EPs, and the dominated mode is switchable by transiting the system from one EP to another. Owing to the square root topology of EPs, the enhanced frequency splitting can be obtained when the system is subjected to a perturbation, which results in a more than five times sensitivity enhancement compared to a traditional sensor. Furthermore, a simulation also reveals that an increased gain–loss contrast in the resonators contributes to an enhanced frequency splitting, and thus a higher sensitivity enhancement factor. Our investigations validate the feasibility of a WGM resonator operating at EPs for unidirectional laser emitting and nanoparticle sensing.
Bifacial-metasurface-enabled pancake metalens with polarized space folding
Authors: Chen Chen , Ye Xin , Sun Jiacheng , Chen Yuxin , Huang Chunyu , Xiao Xingjian , Song Wange , Zhu Shining , Li Tao 
Published: November 2022

Replacing traditional refractive lenses with metalenses that have ultrathin and flat architecture could make imaging systems more compact. However, the space between the lens and image is usually the dominating factor in determining the bulkiness, and it cannot be shortened just by using thinner lenses. Here, we propose a pancake metalens that folds the optical path at will using a metacavity consisting of a spin-dependent bifacial metasurface and a mirror. We first verify the asymmetric and independent functions of this bifacial metasurface, and then demonstrate the polarized space-folding effect of the metacavity. Imparted with specifically designed phase, we demonstrate a pancake metalens with on-demand (e.g., 2/3 and 4/5) reduction of imaging distance and relatively good imaging performance. This pancake metaoptics framework could enable miniaturization of imaging systems and would provide insights for metadevice applications.
Impact of HPV mRNA types 16, 18, 45 detection on the risk of CIN3+ in young women with normal cervical cytology
Authors: Al-Shibli Khalid , Mohammed Hiba Abdul Latif , Maurseth Ramona , Fostervold Mikkel , Werner Sebastian , Sørbye Sveinung Wergeland 
Published: November 2022

BackgroundDespite a well-established cervical cancer (CC) screening program in Norway, the incidence of CC in young women is increasing, peaking at 35 years of age. 25 percent of all women diagnosed with CC had normal cytology within 3 years prior to cancer diagnosis, addressing the need to improve the screening programme to further reduce cancer incidences missed by cytology.ObjectiveWe wanted to investigate the detection rate of CIN3+ in women 25–39 years with normal cytology by using a 3-type HPV mRNA test as a targeted quality assurance measure. The control group is women with normal cytology.MethodsDuring 2014–2017, samples from 13,021 women 25–39 years of age attending cervical cancer screening were analysed at Nordlandssykehuset, Bodø, Norway, including 1,896 women with normal cytology and HPV mRNA test (intervention group), and 11,125 women with cytology only (control group). The HPV mRNA testing was performed using a 3-type HPV E6/E7 mRNA test (PreTect SEE; direct genotyping 16, 18 and 45). The women were followed-up according to national guidelines throughout December 2021.ResultsOf the 13,021 women, 429 women (3.3%) had CIN3+ confirmed by biopsy in the follow-up, including 13 cases of invasive cervical cancer. Of the 1,896 women with normal cytology and HPV mRNA test (intervention group), 49 women (2.6%) had a positive test. The risks of CIN3+ among women with either a positive or negative HPV mRNA test were 28.6% (14/49) and 0.8% (14/1847). None of the women in the intervention group developed cervical cancer during follow-up. Of the 11,125 women with cytology only (control group), 712 women (6.4%) had abnormal cytology (ASC-US+). The risks of CIN3+ among women with abnormal and normal cytology were 17.7% (126/712) and 2.6% (275/10,413).ConclusionBy testing women 25–39 years of age with a normal cytology result using a specific 3-type HPV mRNA test, an increase in screening programme sensitivity can be achieved without an excessive additional workload. Women with normal cytology and a negative HPV mRNA test have a very low risk of cervical cancer.
Maximum knee extension velocity without external load is a stronger determinant of gait function than quadriceps strength in the early postoperative period following total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Iwata Akira , Sano Yuki , Wanaka Hideyuki , Kobayashi Shingo , Okamoto Kensuke , Yamahara Jun , Inaba Masaki , Konishi Yuya , Inoue Junji , Kanayama Atsuki , Yamamoto Saki , Iwata Hiroshi 
Published: November 2022

Objective
Quadriceps weakness is considered the primary determinant of gait function after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). However, many patients have shown a gap in improvement trends between gait function and quadriceps strength in clinical situations. Factors other than quadriceps strength in the recovery of gait function after TKA may be essential factors. Because muscle power is a more influential determinant of gait function than muscle strength, the maximum knee extension velocity without external load may be a critical parameter of gait function in patients with TKA. This study aimed to identify the importance of knee extension velocity in determining the gait function early after TKA by comparing the quadriceps strength.

Methods
This prospective observational study was conducted in four acute care hospitals. Patients scheduled for unilateral TKA were recruited (n = 186; age, 75.9 ± 6.6 years; 43 males and 143 females). Knee extension velocity was defined as the angular velocity of knee extension without external load as quickly as possible in a seated position. Bilateral knee function (knee extension velocity and quadriceps strength), lateral knee function (pain and range of motion), and gait function (gait speed and Timed Up and Go test (TUG)) were evaluated before and at 2 and 3 weeks after TKA.

Results
Both bilateral knee extension velocities and bilateral quadriceps strengths were significantly correlated with gait function. The knee extension velocity on the operation side was the strongest predictor of gait function at all time points in multiple regression analysis.

Conclusion
These findings identified knee extension velocity on the operation side to be a more influential determinant of gait function than impairments in quadriceps strength. Therefore, training that focuses on knee extension velocity may be recommended as part of the rehabilitation program in the early postoperative period following TKA.

Trial registration
UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR) UMIN000020036.
The effectiveness of problem based learning in improving critical thinking, problem-solving and self-directed learning in first-year medical students: A meta-analysis
Authors: Manuaba Ida Bagus Amertha Putra , -No Yi , Wu Chien-Chih 
Published: November 2022

Background
The adaptation process for first-year medical students is an important problem because it significantly affects educational activities. The previous study showed that 63% of students had difficulties adapting to the learning process in their first year at medical school. Therefore, students need the most suitable learning style to support the educational process, such as Problem-based learning (PBL). This method can improve critical thinking skills, problem-solving and self-directed learning. Although PBL has been adopted in medical education, the effectiveness of PBL in first-year medical students is still not yet clear. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to verify whether the PBL approach has a positive effect in improving knowledge, problem-solving and self-directed learning in first-year medical students compared with the conventional method.

Methods
We searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, and Google Scholar databases until June 5, 2021. Search terms included problem-based learning, effectiveness, effectivity, and medical student. We excluded studies with the final-year medical student populations. All analyses in our study were carried out using Review Manager version 5.3 (RevMan Cochrane, London, UK).

Result
Seven eligible studies (622 patients) were included. The pooled analysis demonstrated no significant difference between PBL with conventional learning method in critical thinking/knowledge assessment (p = 0.29), problem-solving aspect (p = 0.47), and self-directed learning aspect (p = 0.34).

Conclusion
The present study concluded that the PBL approach in first-year medical students appeared to be ineffective in improving critical thinking/knowledge, problem-solving, and self-directed compared with the conventional teaching method.