bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Flower Maturity and Environment on Hybrid and Selfed Seed Production of Several Tomato Genotypes
Authors: Shakya S.M. , Scott J.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Male-sterile, male-fertile, exserted stigma, and exserted stigma with positional sterile (ps) genotypes of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were pollinated at daily intervals from one day before to 2 days after anthesis (A-1, A0, A+1, A+2, respectively) in 2 field experiments and one greenhouse experiment. A male-sterile with gene ms-1035 had greater seeds per pollination than other genotypes in all 3 experiments. Seeds per pollination produced in the greenhouse was greater than that of a similar field experiment at all pollination stages except A-1, where seed production was similar. Seeds per pollination was less at A-1 than at later pollination stages. This was due to significant differences in seeds per fruit in all experiments and percentage of fruit set in 2 of 3 experiments. There was no selfing in the 2 male-sterile genotypes in any experiment and no selfing for exserted stigma with ps in the field experiments. There was about 2% selfing with ps at A+2 in the greenhouse. Selfing with stigma exsertion alone ranged from 2% to 22% in the field and from less than 1% to about 5% in the greenhouse. The relationship of selfing with pollination stage was not clear for the exserted stigma genotype.
Influence of K and Ca on Quality and Yield of Watermelon
Authors: Sundstrom F.J. , Carter S.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fertilizer K supplied as KC1, and Ca supplied as gypsum, interacted in their effect on yield and tissue composition of ‘Calhoun Gray’ watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai]. Increased rates of K significantly affected yield in a curvilinear manner. Response for K at varying levels of Ca had linear and either cubic and/or quadratic relationships. Increased rates of Ca reduced K uptake and yield. There was a highly significant inverse relationship between tissue K and tissue Ca. Although there was a significant K x Ca interaction on yield, individual element correlation coefficients with yield also were significant. Increased rates of fertilizer K increased rind thickness at watermelon equator, which was found to be related to watermelon rupture pressure. Ca and blossomend rind thickness had no influence on rupture pressure. K and Ca did not influence blossom-end rot, redness of flesh, or soluble solids of watermelon.
Characteristics of Four Sets of Reciprocal Crosses in Dendrobium (Orchidaceae)
Authors: McConnel James , Kamemoto H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Progenies of 4 sets of reciprocal crosses in Dendrobium were compared including an intraspecific cross, 2 interspecific crosses, and an amphidiploid cross. With the reciprocal crosses involving 2 accessions of D. canaliculatum (D173-2 and D129), offspring with cytoplasm of D173-2 (Papua, New Guinea accession) were taller, produced more pseudobulbs, and gave a higher flower yield than with D129. Offspring with the same D. canaliculatum cytoplasm also produced taller plants and more pseudobulbs in reciprocal crosses between D. canaliculatum and D. strebloceras. Reciprocal crosses of D. schulleri × D. × Sunset differed in chromosome number and flower quality. D. schulleri × D. × Sunset produced triploid offspring, while the reciprocal produced diploid offspring. Reciprocal matings of 2 amphidiploid D. × Jaquelyn Thomas selections did not differ in height, yield, number of pseudobulbs, or floral characteristics.
Effects of Preplant Phosphorus Fertilization Rate and of Nitrate and Ammonium Liquid Feeds on Tomato Grown in Peat–Vermiculite
Authors: Gibson Carol J. , Pill Wallace G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of 0.02, 0.06, 0.18, and 0.54 kg P/m3 incorporation as superphosphate (0-9-0) in peat–vermiculite and of NO3-N and NH4-H liquid feeds were investigated with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Marglobe). Increasing P rate decreased shoot and root dry weights but increased total fruit fresh weight. NH4-N, relative to NO3-N nutrition, decreased shoot growth but had no effect on fruit yield. Decreased vegetative growth with increasing P rate and NH4-N nutrition was associated with decreased leaflet xylem pressure potential, increased transpiration rate, and increased leaf NH4-N concentration. Leaf P and medium water-soluble P concentrations increased with increasing P rate but were unaffected by N form. During time of fruit development, leaf P content decreased at the 2 lowest P rates but increased at higher P rates. Net P export from leaves ceased and luxury P consumption began between 0.06 and 0.18 kg P/m3.
Inheritance and Heritability of Resistance to Tomato Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum dematium
Authors: Miller Anita N. , Ng Timothy J , Barksdale Thomas H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 6-parent diallel was used to study combining ability and type of gene action contributing to resistance in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum dematium (Pers. ex Fr.). The 6 parents, one set of F1, hybrids, and 5 selected reciprocal crosses were grown at 2 locations. Ripe fruit were harvested, puncture-inoculated with the pathogen, and subsequently evaluated for resultant lesion diameter. No reciprocal effects were found at either location for the 5 crosses studied. The analysis of variance for parent and F1 hybrid performance revealed a genotype × location interaction. Combining ability analysis based on the F1 hybrids alone indicated a significant general combining ability (GCA) effect. The specific combining ability (SCA) and GCA × location interaction mean squares were smaller than the GCA value but were still significant. Differential performance over locations of the hybrids of one line was primarily responsible for the GCA × location interaction. Analysis of variance and covariance of parental arrays indicated partial dominance in the direction of susceptibility. Narrow sense heritability for the trait was 70% over both locations.
Ice Nucleation Active (INA) Agents in Freezing of Young Citrus Trees
Authors: Yelenosky G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Aqueous suspensions of ice nucleation active (INA) bacteria [Pseudomonas syringae van Hall and Erwinia herbicola (Löhnis) Dye] and suspensions of nonbacterial agents, silver iodide, phenazine, and flurophlogopite, were used to induce freezing in young citrus trees, ‘Valencia’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] on sour orange (C. aurantium L.) rootstock. Trees sprayed with INA agents froze at higher temperatures than unsprayed trees. INA bacteria-induced freezing was significant only when leaf surfaces were allowed to dry prior to freeze tests. Leaves with dry surfaces supercooled 1° to 3°C more than wet leaves, which started to freeze, and about 1° sooner with than without INA agents. Differences between INA bacteria and nonbacterial agents were not significant in the moment of freeze of wet leaves. INA agents induced freezing in citrus leaves usually before −5°, and in water drops, before −4°. Freezing was easier to induce on the underside (abaxial) than top (adaxial) surfaces of leaves. Sucrose, proline, and expressed sap were nonINA on citrus leaves and in drops of water.
Breeding for Resistance to Aphanomyces euteiches Root Rot and Rhizoctonia solani Stem Rot in Peas
Authors: Shehata Mando A. , Davis D.W. , Pfleger F.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A modified Environmental Shift Technique based on use of a disease index (scoring) gave consistent separation between susceptible and moderately resistant pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes to Aphanomyces euteiches Drech. root rot in 3 tests. A moderately high association (r = −0.63 to −0.83) between disease index and percentage of plant survival was found in segregating populations. Minnesota 108, moderately resistant to A. euteiches, produced adventitious roots readily at an early stage. Root rot resistance and number of adventitious roots were inherited independently. Broad sense heritability (BSH) ranging between 0.45 and 0.57 for resistance to A. euteiches root rot, and between 0.39 and 0.44 for resistance to Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn stem rot, varied by parental combination, experiment, and method of estimation. However, heritability based on gain by selection in the F3 ranged from 0.28 to 0.46 and from 0.21 to 0.44 for resistance to A. euteiches and R. solani, respectively. Frequency distribution of resistant and susceptible plants suggested quantitative inheritance of resistance to both diseases. Recurrent selection, in which each cycle includes one intermating, selfing, and testing generation, is suggested to improve and transfer resistance.
Effect of Photoperiod and High Intensity Supplementary Lighting on Flowering of Alstroemeria ‘Orchid’ and ‘Regina’
Authors: Lin W.C. , Molnar J.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Alstroemeria plants were grown under 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 24 hour photoperiods by employing an 8-hour natural day and low intensity incandescent lighting as a daylength extension. The production of flower stems was increased to a maximal level by extending the photoperiod to 16 hours in ‘Orchid’ and in ‘Regina’. Under 16 hours high-intensity supplementary lighting with high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps, the production of flower stems in ‘Orchid’ increased by 49% in the first year and 36% in the 2nd year. ‘Regina’ flower stems increased by 26% in the first year and 16% in the 2nd year. HPS lighting increased the number of flowering shoots per square meter from 166 (control) to 262 in ‘Orchid’ and from 10 to 21 in ‘Regina’ during the period November to February.
Changes in Organic Acids, Sugars, and Headspace Volatiles during Fruit Ripening of Soursop (Annona muricata L.)
Authors: Paull Robert E. , Deputy James , Chen Nancy Jung 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sequential changes in starch, sugars, organic acids, and headspace volatiles were determined on single soursop fruits from harvest to fruit breakdown. Sucrose increased 4-fold; maximum concentration occurred 3 days after harvest, then declined to 40% of the peak value. Fructose and glucose increased slowly to a peak 5 days after harvest. The ratio of sucrose, glucose, and fructose, respectively, at the edible ripe stage was 4.3:3.0:3.2. There was a 7-fold increase in malic acid and a 3-fold increase in citric acid. Both acids peaked 3 to 4 days after harvest, then declined. About half of the organic acids were present as salts. Headspace volatile production paralleled ethylene evolution. Volatile production began to increase 3 days after harvest and peaked 2 days later. This peak corresponded with the peaks in total sugars, organic acids, and the edible ripe stage when individual fruit results were compared on the basis of the start of the climacteric respiratory increase. After the peak in volatile production, there was a dramatic drop over the next 3 days in major fruity esters produced, with a gradual increase in volatiles, which probably imparted the off-odor of the overripe fruit. The activities of amylase, polygalacturonase, and cellulase increased during ripening. Starch breakdown leading to sugar and organic acid production occurred before any rise in ethylene production. This breakdown of starch may be an important initiating event in the ripening of soursop fruit.
Effects of Picloram and Other Auxins on Onion Tissue Cultures
Authors: Phillips Gregory C. , Luteyn Kent J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedling shoot meristem-tip explants of ‘Yellow Grano’ and ‘Yellow Sweet Spanish’ onions (Allium cepa L.) were cultured in vitro on media varying in auxin and cytokinin composition. 4-Amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) as an auxin source was superior to α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) used as a control for shoot multiplication cultures maintained for 6 months or longer. A combination of 0.03 mg/liter picloram and 0.5 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA) was optimal. Picloram was comparable or superior to the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) control for induction, continued maintenance and friability of callus, and subsequent regeneration of plants. Somatic embryos developed at high frequency in some lines of both cultivars on media containing 0.75 mg/liter picloram and 1.5 to 2.0 mg/liter BA. The most promising scheme for plant regeneration from 6- to 12-month-old callus cultures involved transfer from somatic embryo induction media to modified shoot multiplication media. These techniques also were successful using mature bulb basal plate-scale explants.
Effect of Container Plant Growth Medium and Fertilizer Phosphorus on Establishment and Host Growth Response to Vesicular–Arbuscular Mycorrhizae
Authors: Biermann Brenda , Linderman R.G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The establishment and performance of vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) formed by Glomus fasciculatum (Thaxter) Gerd. & Trappe were studied on geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) in various growth media at 2 P fertility levels. Colonization by G. fasciculatum was not extensive and shoot dry weight and P uptake consequently were not increased by VAM in soilless media such as peat, bark, perlite, and vermiculite. In media containing soil and fertilized at the low P level, roots were colonized extensively by G. fasciculatum, and host shoot growth and P concentrations were increased by VAM. Host growth enhancement by VAM was not observed at the higher P fertility level. Differences in colonization and mycorrhizal response in different fertilized growth media were correlated negatively with the logarithm of the equilibrium solution P concentration. Colonization, growth response, and P uptake by geranium inoculated with G. mosseae (Nic. & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe or Acaulospora spinosa Walker & Trappe were affected by growth medium and P fertilizer in the same way as plants inoculated with G. fasciculatum. Peat mosses from different sources varied considerably in their effects on mycorrhiza formation by G. fasciculatum, and on growth response of geranium when the peat was diluted with different amounts of soil. These differences appeared to be related to the equilibrium solution P concentration of the fertilized peats, and not to extractable P of the unfertilized peats. Use of rock phosphate or bonemeal instead of NaH2PO4 as a source of P did not improve the establishment of VAM and host growth response in soil, peat, or vermiculite. Addition of 5–10% Turface, bentonite, silt loam soil, or clay subsoil to peat or vermiculite resulted in increased colonization of host roots and significant mycorrhizal growth response, whereas amendment with liquid sludge inhibited formation of mycorrhizae.
Sensitivity of Satsuma Mandarin to Ozone as Related to Stomatal Function Indicated by Transpiration Rate, Change of Stem Diameter, and Leaf Temperature
Authors: Matsushima Jiro , Yonemori Keizo , Iwao Kenzo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Transpiration rate, stem diameter, and leaf temperature of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) were found to be sensitive indicators of stomatal response to ozone exposure. Time of reaction of each to 1.2 ppm ozone was 3 min. Stem diameter showed marked oscillation and leaf temperature slight oscillation, when ozone was applied. Correlation coefficiennt between ozone concentration and transpiration rate at the equilibrium status after the beginning of exposure was r = 0.718, and increasing the concentration of ozone decreased stomata size. Thus, it was determined that low sensitivity of satsuma mandarin to ozone is due to rapid stomatal closure by ozone.
Characterizing the Germination Inhibitor from Asexual Embryo Leachate of Theobroma cacao
Authors: Wang Yi-Chang , Janick Jules 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leachates from asexual embryos of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) inhibited seed germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Ruby’), and inhibitor activity increased with concentration and duration of soaking. The amount of inhibitor was greatest in very small asexual embryos and was detected in immature but not mature zygotic embryos. The capability of cacao embryo leachate to inhibit lettuce seed germination was destroyed by heat (100°C for 20 min). When the leachate was separated into 15 fractions with high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), 5 significantly promoted and 2 significantly inhibited lettuce seed germination. Abscisic acid was not detected in the leachate. Fraction 10 co-chromatographed with p-coumaric acid, but p-coumaric acid is heat stable and its presence was not confirmed by mass spectrometry.
Simplified Method for Rooting Apple Cultivars in Vitro
Authors: Zimmerman Richard H. , Fordham Ingrid 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Apple cultivar cuttings, prepared from shoots proliferated in vitro, initiated roots readily when placed for 3–7 days in the dark in a liquid medium containing only 43.8 mm sucrose and 1.5 μM indolebutyric acid (IBA). Raising the temperature during dark treatment from 25° to 30°C improved rooting for several cultivars. The addition of half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts or of phloroglucinol (PG) to the rooting medium did not improve rooting. IBA was the most effective auxin tried and indoleacetic acid (IAA) the least effective. Maintaining the cultures in the dark for more than 6 days improved rooting of only 1 cultivar and after 9 days rooting percentages sometimes decreased. More than 80% rooting was obtained with ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Mutsu’ after only 4 subcultures (4–5 months in culture), whereas some other cultivars in culture for a much longer time rooted no better or not as well. Roots that were initiated in liquid medium elongated after cuttings were inserted into preformed peat plugs. The resulting plantlets acclimated easily for transfer to greenhouse conditions.
Functional Growth Analysis of Field Grown Strawberry
Authors: Olsen Jeffery L. , Martin Lloyd W. , Pelofske Peter J. , Breen Patrick J. , Forney Charles F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field grown strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) of an advanced breeding selection (OR-US 4681) were harvested every 3–4 days during establishment and through fruiting the next spring. Plant dry weight and leaf area increased rapidly during mid-summer, then slowed and finally ceased in October. Absolute growth rate (AGR) peaked at 1 g dry matter/day near 1 Sept., then fell to zero by early October. Over this period, there was a decrease in weekly mean temperature (37%), solar radiation (47%), and daylength (35%). Maximum values of relative growth rate (RGR) (0.044 g/g/day) and unit leaf rate (ULR) (9 g/m2/day) were determined at the start of sampling at the end of June; both rates declined steadily thereafter. The following April through June, both plant dry weight and leaf area increased exponentially, whereas RGR remained constant at 0.02 g/g/day, and ULR rose from 5.5 to 6.5 g/m2/day. The rate of dry matter accumulation in fruit was exponential, whereas it was linear in leaf lamina and stems (crowns plus petioles). A much smaller proportion of dry matter was partitioned to leaves during fruiting than during plant establishment.
The Relationship of Apple Embryos and Their Cotyledons to Maturity, Dormancy, and the Potential to Form Shoots in Vitro
Authors: Kouider M. , Korban S. S. , Skirvin R. M. , Joung H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Embryos extracted from developing apple fruit were cultured in vitro. Immature embryos (up to 4 weeks post anthesis), cultured without their testa and endosperm, produced only callus tissue. Six and a half-week-old embryos produced multiple shoots and the percentage of embryos producing shoots rather than callus tissue increased with time. Ten and a half-week-old embryos produced the highest number of shoots per embryo, after which a decrease in multiple shoot formation was observed with mature (14 weeks post anthesis) embryos producing 1 shoot and 1 root per embryo. Simultaneously, embryonic-axis free cotyledon cultures were established from embryos of various ages. Adventitious shoots developed from cotyledon explants, and the number of multiple shoots formed, increased with time (June-September). Cotyledons extracted periodically from mature fruit stored at 3°C continued to produce multiple shoots in culture, but this gradually decreased with time (15-120 days). After 6 months in cold storage, cotyledon explants failed to develop any shoots.
Vegetative Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality of Peach as Influenced by Dormant Pruning, Summer Pruning, and Summer Topping
Authors: Marini Richard P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cultivars varying in age and vigor were dormant pruned, summer pruned, or summer topped for 2 or 3 years, depending on the cultivar. Pruning treatments had little effect on trunk enlargement and shoot growth of mature 4 Sun queen’ and ‘Loring’ trees. Pruning or topping in June and/or July improved light penetration in tree centers. Pruning or topping in July or June and July stimulated shoot growth of young ‘Cresthaven’ trees more than dormant pruning the season following treatment. Pruning treatment had no consistent effects on yield, fruit size, or date of maturity. Red color and soluble solids of ‘Loring’ fruit were not effected by pruning treatment, but flesh firmness was increased for fruit from summer topped trees. ‘Sunqueen’ fruit quality was effected less by pruning treatment than by crop load, canopy position, or harvest date. Red color and soluble solids were greater for fruit from the tree top and on moderately cropping trees than those from the tree interior or trees with a heavy crop. Harvest date influenced all aspects of fruit quality, but the effects were not consistent for both years.
Low Temperature Germination of Celery Seeds for Fluid Drilling
Authors: Furutani Sheldon C. , Zandstra Bernard H. , Price Hugh C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Celery (Apium graveolens L.) seeds germinated at 10°C for 14 days produced shorter and more uniform radicles (0– mm) than seeds germinated for 8 days at 24° (0–10 mm). Removal of seed leachates improved the germination of celery seeds in the light. Celery seeds germinated at 10° prior to sowing emerged faster, and produced more uniform plants than those not pregermihated, and were not thermodormant when incubated at 32°.
Effects of Cultivar, Postharvest Storage, Preprocessing Dip Treatments and Style of Pack on the Processing Quality of Strawberries
Authors: Morris J. R. , Sistrunk W. A. , Sims C. A. , Main G. L. , Wehunt E. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two cultivars of strawberries originally harvested for fresh market were held under 5 postharvest storage treatments and then dipped in one of 4 chemical treatments. The berries were sliced or left whole, dipped, and then processed by freezing or thermal processing. The processed product from ‘Cardinal’ was superior to that from ‘Sunrise’ in this study, regardless of the holding or dip treatment. ‘Cardinal’ berries could be utilized for processing initially and after storage for 4 days at 4°C and after 2 days at 21°; however, ‘Sunrise’ was acceptable only initially and up to 4 days at 4°. Dipping berries for 1 min in a 0.5% calcium lactate solution or a 0.5% Ca lactate plus 1% citric acid solution improved berry firmness and character. The Ca dips were more effective in firming sliced berries than in firming whole berries. The Howard mold count of the berries became a major limiting factor for many of the postharvest storage treatments.