bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
National online survey of Filipinos’ knowledge, attitude and awareness of antibiotic use and resistance: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Berdida Daniel Joseph E , Grande Rizal Angelo N , Lopez Violeta , Ramirez Sheryl H , Manting Muhmin Michael E , Berdida Marc Matthew E , Bañas Christopher B 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Globally, the number of cases and deaths associated with antibiotic resistance increases yearly. In the Philippines, studies on antibiotic resistance remain underreported. Thus, this study examined Filipinos’ knowledge, attitude and awareness and the associated predictive variables to their antibiotic use and resistance.

Methods
A population-based, cross-sectional and predictive approach guided this study. Convenience sampling of 3767 participants was recruited through social media and completed the Eurobarometer survey on antibiotic resistance from July 2021 to January 2022. Chi-square test and regression analysis were used to analyze the data.

Key findings
A relatively average number of the participants have a general idea about the common types of antibiotics available. Males and health care workers had a higher percentage of correct responses on antibiotic resistance knowledge. Most participants had low knowledge levels of antibiotic resistance (n = 1911, 50.7%). Age, educational attainment, profession, antibiotic use within the last 12 months, and having household members taking antibiotics were significant predictors of the level of knowledge on antibiotic resistance (P-value &lt; 0.05). There was a significant difference in participants’ gender, age and educational status in their attitudes on the acquisition, hygienic practices and role of health professionals in antibiotic resistance (P-value &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
Government agencies and policymakers should consider the identified predictors when establishing policies on antibiotic resistance. This will ensure that antibiotic use is both safe and effective.
Ephedra sinica polysaccharide alleviates airway inflammations of mouse asthma-like induced by PM2.5 and ovalbumin via the regulation of gut microbiota and short chain fatty acid
Authors: Liu Jun-Xi , Yuan Hong-Yu , Li Ya-Nan , Wei Zhen , Liu Yang , Liang Jun 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Epidemiological investigations show that long-term exposure to PM2.5 is directly related to asthma-like and other respiratory diseases. This study aims to further explore the pharmacological effect of Ephedra sinica polysaccharide (ESP) on lung injury caused by atmospheric PM2.5.

Methods
To achieve the aim, we explored the therapeutic effect of ESP on an aggravated asthma-like mouse induced by PM2.5 combined with ovalbumin (OVA), and explored mechanisms underlying the connection between gut microbiota and lung function.

Key findings
Preliminary results showed that ESP alleviated the symptoms of aggravated allergic asthma-like in mice; reduced the number of eosinophils in BALF; reduced the levels of serum Ig-E, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Further qRT-PCR detected that ESP inhibited the NF-κB pathway. The final analysis detected by 16S rRNA and short chain fatty acid (SCFA) confirmed that ESP increased relative proportions of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Butyricicoccus and Paraprevotella, but decreased that of Enterococcus and Ruminococcus; increased acetic acid, propionic acid, butyric acid, isobutyric acid, valeric acid, isovaleric acid, and isohexanic acid in the meanwhile.

Conclusions
The study showed that ESP has a potential for future therapeutical applications in the prevention and treatment of asthma-like disease induced by PM2.5 and OVA via regulation of gut microbiota and SCFA.
Troubleshooting
Authors: Mercado Alfonso , Venta Amanda 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter highlights troubleshooting considerations when working with Latinx groups. For example, the authors discuss linguistic considerations when working with interpreters, and the possible barriers to treatment and alliance, including dealing with microaggressions in the assessment process. As well, the fact that some Latinx clients do not speak Spanish is also discussed, and the importance of discerning the client’s preferred language is emphasized. Rather than making assumptions about a client’s preferred language, cultural humility is demonstrated in asking the client their preferred language and making efforts to accommodate that preference. The chapter also discusses the unique considerations needed when testing undocumented clients and in the assessment of undocumented children. A conclusion on cultural adaptions is also presented.
Basics of Neurophysiology
Authors: Rubin Devon I. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The physiology of resting membrane potentials, action potentials, and transmission of the electrical signals along neurons and between different cells forms the basis of clinical neurophysiology. The transmission of information in the nervous system depends on the generation of a resting potential through variable permeability of ions across cell membranes controlled by the ionic concentration gradients. Propagated action potentials arise when local potentials reach threshold, allowing for information to move from one area to another within the nervous system. The information is integrated in neurons by the interaction of local potentials generated in response to the neurotransmitters released from depolarized nerve terminals. In this system, information can be coded either as the rate of discharge in individual cells or axons or as the number and combination of active cells. While the physiology and activity of the nervous system can be described in terms of the electrical activity of single cells, the combined activity of large numbers of cells and axons determines the behavior of the organism. Each type of alteration in neuronal or muscle cell physiology can produce symptoms. The particular findings in a patient depend on which cells are altered and the length of alteration. These may include loss or abnormal sensory symptoms, such as tingling or visual obscurations, loss of strength, decrease in consciousness, or abnormal movements. These physiological alterations are not specific and may be the result of many different pathologic mechanisms and diseases. This chapter reviews the basic principles underlying the activity of excitable cells as they apply to the basic neurophysiology of neurons and myocytes.
Long-Term Video-EEG Monitoring in the Epilepsy Monitoring Unit
Authors: Burkholder David B. , Shin Cheolsu 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Long-term video electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring (LTM) in the epilepsy monitoring unit (EMU) is a valuable clinical tool. It has utility in diagnosing various types of seizures and other episodic events, classifying epilepsies, and monitoring therapeutic responses. It is a necessary test for assessing drug-resistant patients who may benefit from epilepsy surgery. Due to the sensitive nature of EMU monitoring, certain technical standards, staffing, and hospital environmental considerations are important. Patient safety is particularly important as seizures and other unpredictable types of events often create injury risks that may be mitigated when appropriately anticipated. LTM in the EMU is an essential instrument for any neurologist.
Technical Problems and Potential Complications of Needle EMG
Authors: Rubin Devon I. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Needle electromyography (EMG) is a routine technique used during a routine electrodiagnostic examination that provides information about muscle and nerve function in the evaluation of patients with suspected neuromuscular disorders. Needle EMG is performed by inserting a small needle electrode through the skin and into a muscle, moving the electrode through multiple portions of the muscle, and recording the electrical signals generated from the muscle fibers at rest and during voluntary activation at each of these sites. Technical problems may be encountered during the needle examination that can interfere with accurate and efficient collection and interpretation of the data. Needle EMG is generally a safe procedure. However, since it involves inserting and moving a needle into and through muscle tissue, there are potential risks in certain situations. This chapter reviews technical problems and the risks that may be encountered during needle EMG.
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials
Authors: Carter Jonathan L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Brainstem auditory evoked potentials (BAEPs) assess peripheral and central auditory conduction pathways and are helpful in diagnosing both peripheral and central disorders affecting these pathways. They are commonly used to screen infants for hearing loss. In central disorders, BAEPs may provide evidence for asymptomatic lesions in the brainstem or help to localize symptomatic lesions. While the findings are not specific for pathology, slowing of interpeak latencies suggests a demyelinating disorder, while loss of one or more waveforms may suggest other etiologies, such as stroke or tumor. In the era before high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), BAEPs were important tools for detection of acoustic neuromas, and they may still be useful in patients who cannot undergo MRI imaging. The greatest technical challenge is recording a reproducible wave I, especially in individuals with peripheral hearing loss. If wave I cannot be successfully recorded, conclusions regarding subsequent waveforms must be made with caution. Because BAEPs are resistant to anesthesia, they have assumed an important role in intraoperative monitoring of surgical cases involving cranial nerves or brainstem structures. They are also useful in assessing prognosis in nontraumatic coma and in the determination of brain death.
Autonomic Physiology
Authors: Cheshire William P. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe Autonomic Physiology chapter explains the function of the various components of the autonomic nervous system that are relevant to neurologic practice and the scientific basis for clinical autonomic testing. It provides an overview of the general neuroanatomical organization of the autonomic nervous system and reviews the neurophysiology of arterial baroreflexes and muscle sympathetic activity in maintaining blood pressure and in orthostatic hypotension. It also reviews sudomotor and vasomotor skin sympathetic activity, which are important in thermoregulation. With this background, the chapter reviews the role of clinical autonomic testing in the diagnosis of small-fiber neuropathies and alpha-synucleinopathies and surveys the range of autonomic diseases that may be encountered in patients with neurologic disease. The content is written for general and neuromuscular neurologists as much as for autonomic specialists.
Volume Conduction in Clinical Neurophysiology
Authors: Lagerlund Terrence D. , Rubin Devon I. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Volume Conduction reviews the theory describing the spread of electrical current throughout the body. The types and polarities of cortically generated potentials and the relationship to excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are discussed. Influences of the volume conductor on peripheral nerve and muscle potentials are described. Specific current sources, including monopoles, dipoles, and quadrupoles and the spread of current through the body from each type of source, are described, together with how these influence the spatial distributions of potentials recorded from referential and bipolar montages. The effects of resistive-capacitive properties of the volume conductor medium are discussed, together with how these effects can cause erroneous latency measurements of propagating action potentials. Applications to evoked potentials, electroencephalography (EEG), nerve conduction studies, and needle electromyography are described. Dipole source localization by EEG and magnetoencephalography is also discussed. An Appendix gives formulas for calculating potentials in homogeneous media and discusses how these potentials change in nonhomogeneous volume conductors.
Instrumentation and Electricity for Clinical Neurophysiology
Authors: Lagerlund Terrence D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the basic principles of electricity and how they apply to electrical circuits. Electrical properties such as electric field, electric potential, electromotive force, electric current, current density, resistance, conductance, resistivity, conductivity, capacitance, inductance, frequency, reactance, and impedance are defined, along with their measurement units and formulas for calculation. Electrical circuit components such as seats of electromotive force (batteries and generators), resistors, capacitors, coils (inductors), diodes, and transistors are described, as well as example circuits containing these components. Key concepts of electrical circuits such as direct current and alternating current, root mean square measurements, time constant, cutoff frequency, resonance, forward and reverse biasing, gain (amplification), and common mode rejection ratio are discussed. High-pass and low-pass filter circuits and differential amplifier circuits are also described and their usage is illustrated.
Injury to the liver, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, and extra-hepatic bile duct
Authors: Mirza Ahmad , Filobbos Rafik , Kausar Ambareen , O’Reilly Derek A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Abdominal trauma can cause significant injury to the liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and spleen. In recent decades, there has been a paradigm shift from surgical treatment of these injuries to a conservative, non-operative approach, including angioembolization. When laparotomy is performed for liver trauma, damage control manoeuvres, including peri-hepatic packing, form the mainstay of the initial strategy. For pancreatic trauma, the key distinction for clinical purposes is whether a main pancreatic ductal injury is present. A non-operative approach is preferred when the main pancreatic duct is not involved. A conventional distal pancreatectomy is usually required for a complete transection of the pancreas. The management of splenic trauma has also changed significantly over the past few decades with non-operative management (NOM) becoming the mainstay of treatment. Biliary tract injuries can be difficult to diagnose and require either an endoscopic stent or an operative approach.
Peritoneum
Authors: Pagadala Nitesh Naga Balaji , Pottakkat Biju 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The peritoneum is the most widespread membrane with unique functional capabilities. This chapter highlights the anatomy of peritoneum and its blood supply with special mention to surgical importance of all the peritoneal folds or membrane. All the intriguing aspects of peritoneal physiology in maintaining intraabdominal homeostasis are elucidated. All the possible primary peritoneal diseases are explained. Approach and evaluation to a patient with ascites and management are also elaborated.
Current concepts in intra-abdominal adhesions
Authors: Bedford Matthew R. , Karandikar Sharad 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Adhesions remain one of the more challenging issues in surgical practice. This is in part due to the fact that the density of their formation, time interval to subsequent development of symptoms, and severity of clinical presentation are variable. Although the majority of adhesions are clinically silent, the consequences of adhesion formation can represent a life-long problem including chronic abdominal pain, recurrent intestinal obstruction, and infertility. Moreover, adhesive disease can become a chronic medical condition with significant morbidity and without effective therapy. The aim of this chapter is to review the aetiology and pathophysiology behind adhesion formation, with particular emphasis on post-operative adhesions. The spectrum of clinical presentations will also be discussed, along with strategies for their management. Finally, an overview of recent advances in prevention strategies for development of post-operative adhesions will be discussed.
Tumours of the retroperitoneum and management of retroperitoneal sarcomas
Authors: Cairncross Lydia , Malherbe Francois , Strauss Dirk 
Published: October 2022

AbstractRetroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) are rare tumours representing less than 0.3 per cent of all adult malignancies. Although rare, a knowledge of their presentation, workup and principles of management is important for primary care clinicians, radiologists and general surgeons, as early diagnosis and treatment is critical to the successful management of these complex and aggressive malignancies. Primary retroperitoneal tumours (RPT) arise separate from the organs of the retroperitoneum i.e. the kidneys, adrenals, pancreas and retroperitoneal colon. They may be benign or malignant and represent a wide range of pathologies with sarcomas accounting for one third of the total number. Retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) usually occur sporadically with few described risk factors. Histopathologically, these tumours arise from mesenchymal derived tissues with over 70 different histological subtypes though 50 per cent arise from the three commonest subtypes: liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma. The clinical presentation is usually with a large abdominal mass or as an incidental finding on radiology for other conditions. Diagnostic workup includes a contrast CT scan and often a core biopsy if a liposarcoma is not confidently diagnosed on radiological features. Multidisciplinary discussion is critical to the management of these rare tumours and, though there is a role for radiotherapy and chemotherapy, complete surgical resection is the key to successful management. However, many patients with RPS will present late with incurable disease, or recur either locally or systemically after surgery, and therefore good palliative care and support systems are important in providing holistic care for these patients.
Anatomy, diseases, and surgical applications of omentum
Authors: Singh Anand Narayan , Sahni Peush 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Omentum, the policeman of the abdomen, develops from dorsal mesogastrium. It has a rich vascular supply and abundant store of adipocytes. The omentum functions as a site of fat storage, regeneration, immune regulation and infection control. For these properties, omentum has been used surgically for reinforcement of gastrointestinal perforations, reinforcement of anastomoses, omentoplasty in hydatid cyst and in various extra-abdominal applications. Various benign and malignant diseases are rare but remain a diagnostic and management challenge.
Mesentery—Anatomy, diseases, and internal hernias
Authors: Bharathan Anand , Priyanga Rohini , Muthusamy Satheesh Kumar , Balaraman Kesavan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Mesentery is a composite tissue composed of blood vessels, lymphatics, lymph nodes, and autonomic innervation of the midgut and hindgut that is covered by variable number of layers of peritoneum and represents the hilum of these portions of intestine. Derived from mesodermal tissues during embryogenesis, mesentery elongates and eviscerates from the coelomic cavity during elongation of gut and attains its adult disposition after return of gut to the developing coelomic cavity. This chapter discusses the various regions of the mesentery, their anatomic importance, and embryologic abnormalities that result in various internal hernias and principles of their treatment in this chapter. Infections, benign and malignant disease processes arise in mesentery from its various tissue components like lymph nodes, blood, and vessels and this chapter deals with the most important of them.
Abdominal tuberculosis
Authors: Ibrarullah Mohammad , Kapoor Vinay K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Tuberculosis continues to be a global disease. Abdominal tuberculosis is a not uncommon form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis and includes involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, peritoneum, lymph nodes, and solid organs. Its clinical picture depends on the site of involvement and the type of pathology. Abdominal tuberculosis can mimic several other diseases. Radiology and endoscopy play an important role in the diagnosis of abdominal tuberculosis and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) -based XpertR test provides rapid results for confirmation. Treatment is with antitubercular therapy; complications, for example perforation and obstruction may require surgical intervention. Surgical procedures for abdominal tuberculosis are conservative. The mortality of abdominal tuberculosis, especially with acute presentation, remains high.
Surgery in the time of a pandemic
Authors: Satwik Ambarish , Pawar Pranay , Sharma Abhishek , George Christina 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic since its onset in late December 2019 has over 213 million cases and 4.4 million deaths reported globally (August 2021). Health services everywhere in the world have been running to augmented capacity during COVID surges. They have been learning on the fly how to become COVID-compliant. In many instances, hospitals were asked to suddenly convert 80 per cent of their inpatient services into COVID care facilities. That meant not just mobilizing and training human resources for COVID care but also structural and infrastructural changes. Cordon sanitaires had to be set up and reinforced. Air handling and ventilation had to be reformatted on short notice to make it COVID compliant. It was an arduous undertaking that was necessary for the safety of healthcare workers and non-COVID patients. Discussed herein are the particularities of these changes, particularly in the surgical setting, which have now found their way into the standard operating protocols of most hospitals. They will remain a lasting legacy of this pandemic. Also discussed are the minutiae of surgery on a COVID positive patient.
Mesenteric ischaemia
Authors: Kühn Florian , Schiergens Tobias S. , Klar Ernst 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The mortality of acute mesenteric ischaemia has remained high for decades despite improvements in diagnostic, interventional, and surgical techniques. The time to diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischaemia is the most important modifiable predictor of the outcome of the patient. Hence, focus on the specific history and recognition of predisposing factors set the course for time-saving and efficient diagnosis. The initial clinical stage of acute mesenteric ischaemia is characterized by the sudden onset of severe abdominal pain followed by a painless interval. The symptoms of non-occlusive mesenteric ischaemia and intestinal venous thrombosis are different and less specific than those of acute arterial occlusive ischaemia. Biphasic contrast-enhanced computed tomography is the diagnostic tool of choice for diagnosis of arterial and venous occlusion. A central occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery or signs of peritonitis require immediate surgery. However, endovascular techniques for arterial occlusion have taken on a greater importance today. In case of a peripheral embolism in patients with no signs of peritonitis, interventional pharmacotherapy with local fibrinolytic agents should be conducted. The accompanying intensive care management includes volume replacement, systemic anticoagulation, and antibiotic therapy, as well as close patient monitoring to exclude secondary organ failure.