bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Judicializing Environmental Governance? The Case of Transnational Corporate Accountability
Authors: Bertram Daniel 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe transnational scope of corporate activities often results in extraterritorial environmental harm elsewhere on the planet. Within the European context, two legal developments are challenging this state of affairs. First, several legislative initiatives seek to establish due diligence standards for corporate activities along global supply chains. Second, domestic courts increasingly assume jurisdiction over environmental damage arising from corporations’ subsidiary operations abroad. This article argues that both these developments are emblematic of the transnationalization and judicialization of environmental governance in the twenty-first century. Rather than providing particularized relief only, national judges may become crucial allies in the construction and enforcement of polycentric regimes. However, the advent of unilateral judicial interventions in the environmental affairs of other countries also raises concerns over the international and institutional legitimacy of the emerging corporate accountability apparatus.
How Do Local Subjectivities Interfere with the Domestic Enforcement of International Laws on Corruption in Selected Regions of Tanzania?
Authors: Madaha Rasel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Although Tanzania has ratified several international laws on corruption, the domestic enforcement of such laws remains problematic. Some social structures that sustain corruption in the country continue to exist. The article is informed by the theory of constructivism of international law. Some insights from cultural relativity theory, clashing moral values theory of corruption, Critical Theorist paradigm, and anti-colonial discursive framework have also been useful in informing the article. Using ethnographic longitudinal case study methodology, this article explores local subjectivities that interfere with the domestic enforcement of International laws on corruption in selected regions of Tanzania. The study has also attempted to answer the following question: can international law on corruption influence the local context and actors in an attempt to eliminate corruption in Tanzania? The key finding is that the presence of systemic corruption and local subjectivity hinders the fight against corruption. In turn, the situation hinders the domestic enforcement of international law. The study also highlights that the fifth phase government adopted an anti-corrupt cultural approach to address corruption in Tanzania. The cultural approach enabled Tanzania to attain significant achievements in the fight against corruption. In this regard, the study recommends a cultural approach to the elimination of corruption. The focus should be on creating an anti-corruption culture through good governance and democratization. The paper adds to the scholarship on cultural studies, development studies, human rights, African studies, governance, international law, and international relations.
Before Ethnicity: Reading Sindh between Religion, Race, Language, and Nation
Authors: Rajani Shayan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The ethnicity concept frames discussions of regional politics in Pakistan today, as in many other parts of the world. However, this concept only became established in popular and academic discourse in Pakistan in the late 1980s. This article considers the conceptual apparatus for apprehending the region, in particular the region of Sindh, that was in place before ethnicity. It argues that Sindh was a heterogeneous idea articulated at times at the intersection, and at other times in the divergence, of concepts of religion, race, language, and nation. The article considers three historic moments in the context of broad global transformations: Sindh’s communalization and racialization in the nineteenth century; provincialization in the early twentieth century; and finally its culturalization in the early decades of Pakistan’s history. In doing so, it charts a history of the region before ethnicity and also offers a genealogy of the region as a cultural entity.
The COMBLE Campaign: A Study of Marine Boundary Layer Clouds in Arctic Cold-Air Outbreaks
Authors: Geerts Bart , Giangrande Scott E. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Xue Lulin , Abel Steven J. , Comstock Jennifer M. , Crewell Susanne , DeMott Paul J. , Ebell Kerstin , Field Paul , Hill Thomas C. J. , Hunzinger Alexis , Jensen Michael P. , Johnson Karen L. , Juliano Timothy W. , Kollias Pavlos , Kosovic Branko , Lackner Christian , Luke Ed , Lüpkes Christof , Matthews Alyssa A. , Neggers Roel , Ovchinnikov Mikhail , Powers Heath , Shupe Matthew D. , Spengler Thomas , Swanson Benjamin E. , Tjernström Michael , Theisen Adam K. , Wales Nathan A. , Wang Yonggang , Wendisch Manfred , Wu Peng 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One of the most intense air mass transformations on Earth happens when cold air flows from frozen surfaces to much warmer open water in cold-air outbreaks (CAOs), a process captured beautifully in satellite imagery. Despite the ubiquity of the CAO cloud regime over high-latitude oceans, we have a rather poor understanding of its properties, its role in energy and water cycles, and its treatment in weather and climate models. The Cold-Air Outbreaks in the Marine Boundary Layer Experiment (COMBLE) was conducted to better understand this regime and its representation in models. COMBLE aimed to examine the relations between surface fluxes, boundary layer structure, aerosol, cloud, and precipitation properties, and mesoscale circulations in marine CAOs. Processes affecting these properties largely fall in a range of scales where boundary layer processes, convection, and precipitation are tightly coupled, which makes accurate representation of the CAO cloud regime in numerical weather prediction and global climate models most challenging. COMBLE deployed an Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Mobile Facility at a coastal site in northern Scandinavia (69°N), with additional instruments on Bear Island (75°N), from December 2019 to May 2020. CAO conditions were experienced 19% (21%) of the time at the main site (on Bear Island). A comprehensive suite of continuous in situ and remote sensing observations of atmospheric conditions, clouds, precipitation, and aerosol were collected. Because of the clouds’ well-defined origin, their shallow depth, and the broad range of observed temperature and aerosol concentrations, the COMBLE dataset provides a powerful modeling testbed for improving the representation of mixed-phase cloud processes in large-eddy simulations and large-scale models.
Blocking Simulations in GFDL GCMs for CMIP5 and CMIP6
Authors: Liu Ping , Reed Kevin A. , Garner Stephen T. , Zhao Ming , Zhu Yuejian 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The frequency of atmospheric blocking has been largely underestimated by general circulation models (GCMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Errors in the onset, persistence, barotropicity, geographical preference, seasonality, intensity, and moving speed of global blocking were diagnosed in 10 Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) GCMs for recent CMIP5 and CMIP6 using a detection approach that combines zonal eddies and the reversal of zonal winds. The blocking frequency, similar at 500 and 250 hPa, is underestimated by 50% in the Atlantic–Europe region during December–February but is overestimated by 60% in the Pacific–North America region during that season and by 70% in the southwest Pacific during July–August. These blocking biases at 500 hPa were investigated in the five CMIP6 models that showed improvements over the CMIP5 versions. The Atlantic–Europe underestimate corresponds to lower instantaneous blocking rates, lower persistent blocking rates, and higher persistent stationary ridge rates; the number of blocks with a duration of 4–5 days is only 40%–65% of that in observations. In contrast, the overestimate consists of excessive blocks with a duration longer than 12 days in the Pacific–North America and up to twice as many 4–6-day events in the southwest Pacific. Simulated December–February blocks up to 12 days in the Pacific–North America region tend to be stronger and to move more slowly than those in observations. Diagnostic sensitivity tests indicated that the zonal mean and zonal eddy components of the mean state play a key role, as replacing each with that of observations substantially reduced many of the outstanding biases in these GCMs.
Obesity Does Not Increase Risk for Mortality in Severe Sepsis Trauma Patients
Authors: Tay-Lasso E. , Grigorian A. , Lekawa M. , Dolich M. , Schubl S. , Barrios C. , Nguyen N. , Nahmias J. 
Published: March 2022

Introduction The prevalence of obesity in the United States is up to 40% in adults. Obese patients with severe sepsis have a lower mortality rate compared with normal body mass index (BMI) patients. We hypothesized that trauma patients with severe sepsis and obese BMI will have a decreased mortality risk in comparison with normal BMI patients. Methods The Trauma Quality Improvement Program (2017) was queried for adult trauma patients with documented BMI and severe sepsis. Patients were grouped based on BMI: non-obese trauma patients (nOTP) BMI <30 kg/m2 and obese trauma patients (OTP) ≥30 kg/m2. A multivariable logistic regression model was used for analysis of mortality. Results From 1246 trauma patients with severe sepsis, 566 (42.4%) were nOTP and 680 (57.6%) were OTP. OTP had increased length of stay (LOS) (19 vs 21 days, P < .001), intensive care unit (ICU) LOS (13 vs 18 days, P < .001) and ventilator days (10 vs 11 days, P < .001). After adjusting for covariates, when compared to normal BMI patients, patients who were overweight (OR 1.11 CI .875-1.41 P = .390), obese (OR .797 CI .59-1.06 P = .126), severely obese (OR .926 CI .63-1.36 P = .696) and morbidly obese (OR 1.448 CI 1.01-2.07 P = .04) all had a similar associated risk for mortality compared to patients with normal BMI. Conclusion In adult trauma patients with severe sepsis, this national analysis demonstrated OTP had increased LOS, ICU LOS, and ventilator days compared to nOTP. However, patients with increasing degrees of obesity had similar associated risk of mortality compared to trauma patients with severe sepsis and a normal BMI.
Hydrolysis susceptibility and carbamate formation for a low moisture-absorbing, siloxane-modified cyanate ester resin matrix (TC410) material used for composite space applications
Authors: Zaldivar Rafael J , Ferrelli Geena L , Kim Hyun I 
Published: March 2022

Siloxane-modified cyanate ester resins are ideal matrix materials for next-generation, high-precision composites used for radomes and satellite structures. They provide extremely low moisture uptake, excellent microcracking resistance, and protection from atomic radiation. However, cyanate ester resins have been shown to be susceptible to hydrolysis during cure, which may significantly impact both mechanical and thermal performance. In this investigation, we evaluate the cure kinetics and hydrolysis susceptibility of a siloxane-modified prepreg system (TC410/M55J). DSC tests verified that the Ea of polymerization for the TC410 system is 65 KJ/mol. Samples were also exposed to moisture during cure at several temperatures, and FTIR was used to follow changes in the carbonyl peak absorption intensity to compare the rate kinetics and activation energy for hydrolysis leading to carbamate formation (52 KJ/mol). DMA tests of composites exhibited significantly reduced Tg’s with increasing moisture levels during cure. TGA of these cured samples exhibited both a significant decrease in the onset of the thermal decomposition temperature as well as an increase in the relative degree of volatiles generated at low temperature. Flatwise tension strength tests showed a linear reduction in strength with decreasing Tg, at an equivalent trend to previous work on an M55J/RS3C system indicating a similar mechanism. However, the added margin provided from the higher initial FWT strength in the TC410 system allows for larger decreases in Tg before significant degradation occurs. Laminates manufactured on composite mandrels resulted in parts with larger decreases in the tool-side Tg of the part when compared to the bag-side Tg, with the differential depending on the initial moisture content of the tool. AFM was shown to selectively identify these carbamate-affected regions by showing that the recession behavior of these less cross-linked areas was greater than in areas where the resin was properly cured. Composites with increased carbamate formation resulted in increasing warpage of the part with elevated temperature exposure due to variations in stress relaxation. This effect should be considered when manufacturing precision, high-dimensional stability composite hardware.
Hepatitis C Epidemiology in a Large Urban Jail: A Changing Demographic
Authors: Hoff Emily , Warden Andrea , Taylor Ruby , Nijhawan Ank E. 
Published: March 2022

Objectives: Nearly 1 in 3 people with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection pass through the criminal justice system annually; the system is a crucial location for HCV screening, education, and linkage to care. We aimed to (1) determine the prevalence and incidence of HCV antibody positivity and (2) evaluate the demographic characteristics of people with HCV in a large urban jail. Methods: We offered universal opt-out HCV testing to any person undergoing a routine blood test at the Dallas County Jail from June 2015 through December 2019 (N = 14 490). We extracted data on demographic characteristics from the electronic medical record and collected data on risk factors from people with HCV antibody positivity. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses. Results: The prevalence of HCV antibody positivity was 16.7%; the incidence was 13.5 cases per 1000 person-years. HCV antibody positivity was significantly associated with older age ( P < .001), female sex ( P = .004), non-Hispanic White race versus non-Hispanic Black race ( P < .001), and being released to prison versus not ( P < .001). Among people born after 1965, those who were HCV antibody–positive were more frequently non-Hispanic White and Hispanic women, whereas among those born in 1965 or before, those who were HCV antibody–positive were more frequently non-Hispanic Black men. Conclusions: The high prevalence and incidence of HCV antibody positivity in a large county jail argue for routine, universal HCV testing and prevention counseling in criminal justice settings. Changing demographic characteristics mirror those of the national injection drug use epidemic and shed insight into designing interventions for risk reduction, education, linkage to care, and treatment.
Predictors of COVID-19 Vaccination Likelihood Among Reproductive-Aged Women in the United States
Authors: Gutierrez Sirena , Logan Rachel , Marshall Cassondra , Kerns Jennifer , Diamond-Smith Nadia 
Published: March 2022

Objectives: Vaccination for COVID-19 is an effective method of preventing complications; however, studies suggest that public attitudes toward the vaccine are heterogeneous. The objective of our study was to identify predictors for low likelihood of COVID-19 vaccination among women in the United States and determine whether reasons for low intention were modified by race, ethnicity, or other characteristics to better understand the factors that shape attitudes toward the COVID-19 vaccine and help inform multilevel interventions. Methods: In January 2021, we used social media to recruit a cross-section of reproductive-aged women in the United States (N = 5269). Our primary outcome was self-reported low vaccination likelihood (responses of unlikely or very unlikely on a 5-item scale). Our secondary outcome was concerns influencing vaccination decision that participants selected from a list of 19 items. We estimated multivariable logistic regression models and controlled for respondents’ sociodemographic characteristics. Results: Overall, race and ethnicity, educational attainment, health insurance type, annual household income, partnership status, and US region were associated with low vaccine likelihood. The adjusted odds of reporting low likelihood were 1.83 (95% CI, 1.45-2.32) times greater among non-Hispanic Black than among non-Hispanic White participants. Among pregnant or postpartum participants, breastfeeding status was the strongest predictor (adjusted odds ratio = 2.77; 95% CI, 2.02-3.79). Conclusions: Vaccine hesitancy and concerns may exacerbate existing COVID-19 health disparities in racial and ethnic groups and highlight the need to target messaging to specific populations, including pregnant and breastfeeding women, because these populations are at high risk for COVID-19 complications.
Multicentric analysis of the perceptions and knowledge of digital health amongst undergraduate medical students
Authors: Nazeer Mohamed Nauzan Mohamed , Baig Hassan , Subeh Ahmed , Khan Qaisar Imran , Majeed Saad Atif , Ashraf Mohammad Adil 
Published: March 2022

Introduction Digital health (DH) is continuously evolving by use of information and communications technology to improve healthcare provision, thereby reshaping systems and clinical practices. Recent studies identified an overwhelming lack of awareness of DH within the profession. This study aimed to analyse student perceptions and knowledge of DH to assess confidence in its use to develop greater DH awareness and literacy. Methods Students enrolled in undergraduate medical degrees were invited to take part in an online survey assessing aspects of DH including demography, familiarity, attitudes, level of knowledge and confidence. Anonymised data was collated and subsequently analysed to review DH awareness. Results A total of 143 students participated from nine British universities with 28.7% of respondents admitting low levels of familiarity of DH concepts. Students anticipated negative repercussions of DH including reduced data security (42.7%) and deterioration in doctor-patient relationship (30%); while improvements in healthcare access and health-outcomes are expected by 89.5% and 68.5%, respectively. 71.4% of participants believed they had minimal experience of exposure to DH and 76% believed they did not possess the necessary skills to utilise DH. Only 3.5% of students had some exposure to DH teaching during their course. Conclusion There is an important requirement to address the lack of knowledge and exposure of students to DH, particularly as the world targets the COVID-19 pandemic. DH is forming the basis of the ‘new normal’ in healthcare, however the full potential of DH cannot be achieved unless there is an increase in its teaching incorporated into medical school curricula.
ColoRadar: The direct 3D millimeter wave radar dataset
Authors: Kramer Andrew , Harlow Kyle , Williams Christopher , Heckman Christoffer 
Published: March 2022

This work presents two different forms of dense, high-resolution radar data from two frequency modulated continuous wave radar sensors, along sparse radar pointclouds produced by one of the radar sensors. In addition, all datasets include 3D lidar and inertial measurements, and a lidar-based simultaneous localization and mapping pose estimation. Over 2 h of 6D pose data was generated across 52 datasets collected in highly diverse 3D environments including lab spaces, outside and inside large buildings, urban walkways, and a mine. One dataset, from the ASPEN Lab, also includes precision groundtruth generated from a motion capture system. Intrinsic radar calibration and measured extrinsic sensor position calibrations are also provided along with python based development tools to interact with the various datasets. This data is designed to assist with generating radar based localization algorithms and calibrations between radar and other sensors.
Perceived Community Age-friendliness is Associated With Quality of Life Among Older Adults
Authors: Mullen Nadia , Stinchcombe Arne , Seguin Charles , Marshall Shawn , Naglie Gary , Rapoport Mark J. , Tuokko Holly , Bédard Michel 
Published: March 2022

We examined the positive association between perceived community age-friendliness and self-reported quality of life for older adults. A total of 171 participants, aged 77–96 years, completed a mail-in questionnaire package that included measures of health (SF-36 Physical), social participation (Social Participation Scale), community age-friendliness (Age-Friendly Survey [AFS]), and quality of life (WHO Quality of Life). Hierarchical regression models including age, gender, driving status, finances, health, social participation, and AFS scores explained 8 to 21 per cent of the variance in quality of life scores. Community age-friendliness was a statistically significant variable in all models, accounting for three to six and a half per cent of additional variance in quality of life scores. Although the proportion of variance explained by age-friendliness was small, our findings suggest that it is worthwhile to further investigate whether focused, age-friendly policies, interventions, and communities could play a role towards successful and healthy aging.
Dexamethasone for Pediatric Critical Asthma: A Multicenter Descriptive Study
Authors: Sellers Austin R. , Roddy Meghan R. , Darville Kristina K. , Sanchez-Teppa Beatriz , McKinley Scott D. , Sochet Anthony A. 
Published: March 2022

Background Systemic corticosteroids are vital to critical asthma management. While intravenous methylprednisolone is routinely used in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) setting, recent data supports dexamethasone as an alternative. Using the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) registry, we assessed trends and variation in corticosteroid prescribing among children hospitalized for critical asthma. Methods We performed a multicenter retrospective cohort study using PHIS data among children 3-17 years of age admitted for critical asthma from 2011 through 2019. Primary outcomes were corticosteroid prescribing rates by year and participating sites. Exploratory outcomes were corticosteroid-related adverse effects, rates of adjunctive pharmaceutical and respiratory interventions, mortality and length of stay. Results Of the 49 children's hospitals assessed, 26 907 encounters were included for study. Mean dexamethasone exposure rates were 18.1 ± 2.4% where 2.4 ± 1.2% represented dexamethasone-alone prescribing. Dexamethasone alone prescribing exhibited a linear trend (annual increase of 0.5 ± 0.1% annually R2 = 0.845) without correlation to cumulative site critical asthma admission rates. Compared to encounters prescribed solely methylprednisolone or a combination of dexamethasone and methylprednisolone, subjects provided dexamethasone alone had reduced asthma severity indices, length of stay, and exposure rates to adjunctive asthma interventions. Adverse events were rare and the dexamethasone-alone group less frequently experienced gastritis and hyperglycemia. Conclusions In this multicenter retrospective study from 49 children's hospitals, dexamethasone prescribing rates appear increasing for pediatric critical asthma. Observed variability in corticosteroid prescribing implies a continued need for controlled prospective comparative analyses to define ideal corticosteroid regimens for pediatric critical asthma.