bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Platyfish bypass the constraint of the caudal fin ventral identity in teleosts
Authors: Rees Lana , König Désirée , Jaźwińska Anna 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackground: The caudal fin of teleosts is characterized by dorsoventral symmetry. Despite this external morphology, the principal rays of this appendage connect to bones below the notochord, indicating the ventral (hypochordal) identity of this organ. Results: Here, we report that this typical architecture of the caudal fin is not fully conserved in the platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus) and the guppy (Poecilia reticulata), representatives of the Poeciliidae family. We show that in these species, 3–4 principal rays connect to bones above the notochord, suggesting an epichordal contribution. Consistently, as examined in platyfish, dorsal identity genes zic1/4 were highly expressed in these rays, providing molecular evidence of their epichordal origin. Developmental analysis revealed that the earliest rays above the notochord emerge at the 10‐ray stage of fin morphogenesis. In contrast to zebrafish and medaka, platyfish and guppies display a mirrored shape of dorsal and ventral processes of the caudal endoskeleton. Our study suggests that an ancestral bauplan expanded in poeciliids by advancing its symmetrical pattern. Conclusion: The platyfish evolved a fin architecture with the epichordal origin of its upper principal rays and a high level of symmetry in the caudal endoskeleton. This innovative architecture highlights the adaptation of the teleost skeleton.
The climate change mitigation potential of annual grasslands under future climates
Authors: Mayer Allegra , Silver Whendee L. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractComposted manure and green waste amendments have been shown to increase net carbon (C) sequestration in rangeland soils and have been proposed as a means to help lower atmospheric CO2 concentrations. However, the effect of climate change on soil organic C (SOC) stocks and greenhouse gas emissions in rangelands is not well understood, and the viability of climate change mitigation strategies under future conditions is even less certain. We used a process‐based biogeochemical model (DayCent) at a daily time step to explore the long‐term effects of potential future climate changes on C and greenhouse gas dynamics in annual grassland ecosystems. We then used the model to explore how the same ecosystems might respond to climate change following compost amendments to soils and determined the long‐term viability of net SOC sequestration under changing climates. We simulated net primary productivity (NPP), SOC, and greenhouse gas fluxes across seven California annual grasslands with and without compost amendments. We drove the DayCent simulations with field data and with site‐specific daily climate data from two Earth system models (CanESM2 and HadGEM‐ES) and two representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) through 2100. NPP and SOC stocks in unamended and amended ecosystems were surprisingly insensitive to projected climate changes. A one‐time amendment of compost to rangeland acted as a slow‐release organic fertilizer and increased NPP by up to 390–814 kg C ha−1 year−1 across sites. The amendment effect on NPP was not sensitive to Earth system model or emissions scenario and endured through the end of the century. Net SOC sequestration amounted to 1.96 ± 0.02 Mg C ha−1 relative to unamended soils at the maximum amendment effect. Averaged across sites and scenarios, SOC sequestration peaked 22 ± 1 years after amendment and declined but remained positive throughout the century. Though compost stimulated nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, the cumulative net emissions (in CO2 equivalents) due to compost were far less than the amount of SOC sequestered. Compost amendments resulted in a net climate benefit of 69.6 ± 0.5 Tg CO2e 20 ± 1 years after amendment if applied to similar ecosystems across the state, amounting to 39% of California's rangeland. These results suggest that the biogeochemical benefits of a single amendment of compost to rangelands in California are insensitive to climate change and could contribute to decadal‐scale climate change mitigation goals alongside emissions reductions.
Herbivory mediates direct and indirect interactions in long‐unburned chaparral
Authors: Fox Laurel R. , Potts Stephen E. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractCommunity interaction webs describe both direct and indirect interactions among species. Changes in direct interactions often become noticeable soon after a perturbation, but time lags in the responses of many species may delay the appearance of indirect effects and lead to temporal or spatial variation in interaction webs. Accurately identifying these shifts in the field requires time‐specific, spatially differentiated interaction webs. We explore how variation in browsing affects interaction webs in a long‐unburned chaparral shrubland near the central California coast. Most prior work in chaparral focused on rapid changes for <5 years after a wildfire that were assumed to determine community patterns until the next fire. Here, we report the results of the first 15 years of an ongoing experiment monitoring how interaction webs in long‐unburned chaparral (at least 100 years postfire) respond to experimental variation in browsing by deer and rabbits on dominant shrubs (Arctostaphylos pumila, Ceanothus cuneatus var. rigidus, and Ericameria ericoides). We hypothesized that variation in browsing would directly affect foodplants, indirectly modify growth and survival of other shrubs, and impact habitat needed by herbaceous plants. We found a dynamic web of plant–herbivore and plant–plant interactions that responded rapidly to changes in deer browsing on Ceanothus followed by indirect interactions that continued developing over several years, affecting shrubs, open space, herbaceous plants, and small mammals. Experimental variation in the intensity of deer browsing led to temporal and spatial changes in interactions that produced three different community interaction webs. With deer, community webs were complex, having numerous direct and indirect interactions. Removing deer simplified the community web, changed outcomes of interactions, and reduced open space and herbaceous plant densities. Finally, changes in Ceanothus morphology without deer allowed woodrats to browse these shrubs, with negative impacts on Ceanothus growth and survival. General field observations also showed that all three alternative interaction webs occurred naturally at our fieldsite, varying across space and over time. Long‐unburned chaparral communities browsed by deer maintain high biological diversity, but maintenance of this diversity involves many key direct and indirect biotic interactions.
Character displacement when natural selection pushes in only one direction
Authors: McPeek Mark A. , McPeek Sarah J. , Fu Feng 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe usual conception of character displacement is of resource competitors differentiating to specialize on different prey in order to reduce competition. However, traits that underlie many predator–prey interactions, such as chase‐evade speeds, gape limitation, and toxin concentrations, do not permit such specialization, but instead result in unidirectional evolutionary arms races. Here, we develop and analyze an evolutionary model of predator–prey interactions to explore whether character displacement will still occur when such unidirectional traits define the species interactions, and if so, what environmental conditions foster or retard differentiation. Character displacement in predators and prey does occur, and this differentiation is driven by fitness component trade‐offs. Instead of specialization or compartmentalization in which different sets of species have strong interactions, differentiation in this model causes a nested community structure in which species of predators and prey have the same rank interaction strengths with species at the other trophic level. Also, analyses of the model predict that character displacement is fostered in environments with higher productivity, weaker stressors, and lower structural complexity. Model comparisons suggest that character displacement should occur over a broader set of environmental conditions when traits permit prey specialization than when traits foster arms races. These results highlight how different types of phenotypic traits that underlie species interactions shape the species diversification and the structure of the resulting community.
Introducing zoid: A mixture model and R package for modeling proportional data with zeros and ones in ecology
Authors: Jensen Alexander J. , Kelly Ryan P. , Anderson Eric C. , Satterthwaite William H. , Shelton Andrew Olaf , Ward Eric J. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMany ecological data sets are proportional, representing mixtures of constituent elements such as species, populations, or strains. Analyses of proportional data are challenged by categories with zero observations (zeros), all observations (ones), and overdispersion. In lieu of ad hoc data adjustments, we describe and evaluate a zero‐and‐one inflated Dirichlet regression model, with its corresponding R package (zoid), capable of handling observed data consisting of three possible categories: zeros, proportions, or ones. Instead of fitting the model to observations of single biological units (e.g., individual organisms) within a sample, we sum proportional contributions across units and estimate mixture proportions using one aggregated observation per sample. Optional estimation of overdispersion and covariate influences expand model applications. We evaluate model performance, as implemented in Stan, using simulations and two ecological case studies. We show that zoid successfully estimates mixture proportions using simulated data with varying sample sizes and is robust to overdispersion and covariate structure. In empirical case studies, we estimate the composition of a mixed‐stock Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fishery and analyze the stomach contents of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Our implementation of the model as an R package facilitates its application to varied ecological data sets composed of proportional observations.
Heart failure caused by Takayasu's arteritis in the time of COVID‐19: a case report
Authors: Rácz Ágnes Orsolya , Szabó Gábor Tamás , Erdei Nóra , Győry Ferenc , Kolozsvári Rudolf Viktor 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe case of a 35‐year‐old female with heart failure is presented, where the symptoms overlap with the heterogeneous manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Those similarities and a recent shift in priorities during the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic delayed the recognition of acute heart failure in this patient. During the differential diagnostic process, obliterative disease was discovered in the bilateral subclavian and right renal arteries, and the latter resulted in uncontrolled hypertension, which played a significant role in the development of heart failure. The aetiology of vascular alterations turned out to be Takayasu's arteritis. Diagnosing Takayasu's arteritis is typically not straightforward due to its nonspecific signs and symptoms. Therefore, it can be concluded from our case report that the rising incidence of COVID‐19 and focus on ruling out infection can potentially defer alternative, but appropriate diagnostic tests, particularly for certain conditions like rare diseases. Early identification and intervention is especially important for treating acute heart failure, whereas delay increases the risk of severe complications and mortality.
A New Route toE‐Stilbenes through the Transition‐Metal‐Free KOtBu/DMF‐Promoted Direct Coupling of Alcohols with Phenyl Acetonitriles
Authors: Liu Xiaoping , Sotiropoulos Jean‐Marc , Taillefer Marc 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAn alternative route to synthesise alkenes, based only on the KOtBu/DMF promoted activation and direct coupling of alcohols with phenyl acetonitriles, is reported. VariousE‐stilbenes have thus been obtained directly from alcohols that are sustainable sources of carbon, which to our knowledge, is unprecedented in the absence of transition metal based catalysts. A variation allowing, through a Csp3−Csp3bond formation, the selective synthesis ofN‐Heteroarenes is also described. A mechanism for the olefination pathway proceeding via an original activation of alcohols under alkyl formates is provided.
Wearable Electrochemical Sensors Based on Nanomaterials for Healthcare Applications
Authors: Tong Xin , Ga Lu , Bi Li‐getu , Ai Jun 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWearable electrochemical sensors have attracted great interest in health care applications because of their flexibility, biocompatibility, low cost and light weight. This review briefly focuses on the main concepts and methods that are related to the application of nanoparticles (NPs) in wearable electrochemical sensors. Moreover, attempts to bring together different perspectives and terms that are commonly used in NPs‐based wearable electrochemical sensors along with the introduction and discussion of common manufacturing methods and recent achievements. In the end, future challenges and prospects are also discussed on the development of wearable electrochemical sensors based on nanoparticles.
Study of electrochemical sensor and energy storage properties of MnTiO3 nano‐perovskite
Authors: Sharma Arti , Kumar Neeraj , Malik Javied Hamid , Bhat Aadil Ahmad , Tomar Radha 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we report the synthesis of MnTiO3 nanoparticles employing a simple, eco‐friendly and low‐cost hydrothermal method. The properties of MnTiO3 nanoparticles were analysed by XRD, FTIR, FE‐SEM, TEM and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Structural properties revealed that the MnTiO3 have rhombohedral phase. Morphological studies revealed that the synthesised sample has granular‐like structure. FTIR technique confirmed the formation of MnTiO3 nanoparticles. TGA shows that the as synthesised sample is thermally more stable. The electrochemical detection of acetaminophen (AMP) by using nano‐perovskite‐type manganese titanate (MnTiO3)‐modified glassy carbon electrode is reported. The conductive behaviour of MnTiO3‐modified glassy carbon electrode (MnTiO3/GCE) was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was employed for the detection of AMP. DPV technique showed a comparatively lower detection potential with a higher peak response towards AMP sensing with a linear range of 1.3 to 13.8 μM. The limit of detection and sensitivity were found 1.26 μM and 36.22 μA μM−1 m−2, respectively. Moreover, the modified electrode also demonstrated better repeatability, reproducibility and higher stability, hence used for the analysis of AMP in pharmaceutical and human serum samples with good recoveries. Electrochemical properties showed that the MnTiO3 perovskite has specific capacitance 357.2 F g−1 revealing its charge storing ability.
Acute inhibition of transient receptor potential vanilloid‐type 4 cation channel halts cytoskeletal dynamism in microglia
Authors: Beeken Jolien , Mertens Melanie , Stas Nathan , Kessels Sofie , Aerts Liese , Janssen Bieke , Mussen Femke , Pinto Silvia , Vennekens Rudi , Rigo Jean‐Michel , Nguyen Laurent , Brône Bert , Alpizar Yeranddy A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMicroglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, are highly motile cells that support brain development, provision neuronal signaling, and protect brain cells against damage. Proper microglial functioning requires constant cell movement and morphological changes. Interestingly, the transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) channel, a calcium‐permeable channel, is involved in hypoosmotic morphological changes of retinal microglia and regulates temperature‐dependent movement of microglial cells both in vitro and in vivo. Despite the broad functions of TRPV4 and the recent findings stating a role for TRPV4 in microglial movement, little is known about how TRPV4 modulates cytoskeletal remodeling to promote changes of microglial motility. Here we show that acute inhibition of TRPV4, but not its constitutive absence in the Trpv4 KO cells, affects the morphology and motility of microglia in vitro. Using high‐end confocal imaging techniques, we show a decrease in actin‐rich filopodia and tubulin dynamics upon acute inhibition of TRPV4 in vitro. Furthermore, using acute brain slices we demonstrate that Trpv4 knockout microglia display lower ramification complexity, slower process extension speed and consequently smaller surveyed area. We conclude that TRPV4 inhibition triggers a shift in cytoskeleton remodeling of microglia influencing their migration and morphology.
Acute hemodynamic response to propranolol predicts bleeding and nonbleeding decompensation in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Hofer Benedikt S. , Simbrunner Benedikt , Bauer David J. M. , Paternostro Rafael , Schwabl Philipp , Scheiner Bernhard , Semmler Georg , Hartl Lukas , Jachs Mathias , Datterl Barbara , Staettermayer Albert F. , Trauner Michael , Mandorfer Mattias , Reiberger Thomas 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Nonselective beta‐blockers are used as prophylaxis for variceal bleeding in patients with advanced chronic liver disease (ACLD). The acute hemodynamic response to intravenous propranolol (i.e., ≥10% reduction in hepatic venous pressure gradient [HVPG]) is linked to a decreased risk of variceal bleeding. In this study, we aimed to investigate the overall prognostic value of an acute response in compensated and decompensated ACLD. We analyzed the long‐term outcome of prospectively recruited patients with ACLD following a baseline HVPG measurement with an intraprocedural assessment of the acute hemodynamic response to propranolol. Overall, we included 98 patients with ACLD (mean ± SD age, 56.4 ± 11.5 years; 72.4% decompensated; 88.8% varices; mean ± SD HVPG, 19.9 ± 4.4 mm Hg) who were followed for a median of 9.6 (interquartile range, 6.5–18.2) months. Fifty‐seven patients (58.2%) demonstrated an acute hemodynamic response to propranolol that was associated with a decreased risk of variceal bleeding (at 12 months, 3.6% vs. 15% in nonresponder; log‐rank, p = 0.038) and hepatic decompensation (at 12 months, 23% vs. 33% in nonresponder; log‐rank, p = 0.096). On multivariate analysis, the acute response was an independent predictor of first/further hepatic decompensation (adjusted hazards ratio, 0.31; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.13–0.70; p = 0.005). Importantly, there was a tendency toward a prolonged transplant‐free survival in acute responders compared to nonresponders (34.2; 95% CI, 29.2–39.2 vs. 25.2; 95% CI, 19.8–30.6 months; log‐rank, p = 0.191). Conclusions: Patients with ACLD who achieve an acute hemodynamic response to intravenous propranolol experience a lower risk of variceal bleeding and nonbleeding hepatic decompensation events compared to nonresponders. An assessment of the acute hemodynamic response to intravenous propranolol provides important prognostic information in ACLD.
Impact of measuring quantification of blood loss versus estimation of blood loss during cesarean deliveries
Authors: Bhatt Akshay , Hughes‐Hogan Logan , Mitchell Takiyah , Nair Singh , Chuang Meleen , Chen Steven L. , Reddy Shamantha 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveOur objective was to determine whether there is a numerical difference between quantitative blood loss (QBL) versus visual estimation of blood loss (EBL) during cesarean delivery (CD), and whether initiation of QBL leads to increased recognition and intervention for postpartum hemorrhage.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of 250 patients undergoing CD with only EBL documented and 250 patients undergoing CD with both EBL and QBL documented at Montefiore Medical Center between October 2017 and November 2018. Since May 2018, the protocol for all CD included documentation of EBL and QBL.ResultsAverage EBL when documented alone (897.0 ml ± 301.0 ml) trended lower than average EBL when documented with QBL (940.0 ml ± 371.0 ml, P = 0.161). For CD with both blood loss documented, average EBL (940.0 ml ± 371.0 ml) was significantly lower than average QBL (1065.3 ml ± 649.8 ml, P = 0.0001). CD with both blood loss documented had a greater number of blood transfusions (24 CD, 9.6%) versus only EBL documented (14 CD, 5.6%) (P = 0.125).ConclusionThe use of QBL may function in the algorithm to determine up‐front resuscitative intervention to improve maternal outcomes and merits further study.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes following induction of labor for fetal growth restriction: Extra‐amniotic balloon versus prostaglandins
Authors: Hochberg Alyssa , Amikam Uri , Krispin Eyal , Wiznitzer Arnon , Hadar Eran , Salman Lina 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo compare perinatal outcomes in pregnancies with fetal growth restriction (FGR) undergoing induction of labor by extra‐amniotic balloon (EAB) versus prostaglandin E2 (PGE2).MethodsA retrospective cohort study of women with singleton pregnancies and FGR, undergoing induction at term via EAB, PGE2, or both, at a single medical center (2014–2017). Primary outcome was rate of cesarean deliveries (CDs). Secondary outcomes included composite maternal and neonatal outcomes.ResultsOverall, 266 women met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 131 (49.2%) underwent induction by PGE2, 116 (43.6%) by EAB, and 19 (7.14%) by both methods. No differences were noted in baseline characteristics. Rate of CD (17.24% vs. 6.11% vs. 10.53%, P = 0.022) and maternal composite outcome (18.97% vs. 6.11% vs. 10.53%, P < 0.01) were higher among women who underwent induction by EAB compared with PGE2 or both. No difference was noted between groups in neonatal outcomes. In a multivariable logistic regression, rates of cesarean delivery and composite maternal outcome were no longer higher in the EAB group (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.68, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.68–4.16, P = 0.260; and aOR 1.94, 95% CI 0.84–4.45, P = 0.120, respectively).ConclusionEAB and PGE2 have comparable maternal and neonatal outcomes when used for induction of labor due to FGR.
Are sexual and reproductive health and rights taught in medical school? Results from a global survey
Authors: Endler Margit , Al‐Haidari Taghreed , Benedetto Chiara , Chowdhury Sameena , Christilaw Jan , El Kak Faysal , Galimberti Diana , Gutierrez Miguel , Ibrahim Shaimaa , Kumari Shantha , McNicholas Colleen , Flores Desiré Mostajo , Muganda John , Ramirez‐Negrin Atziri , Senanayake Hemantha , Sohail Rubina , Temmerman Marleen , Gemzell Danielsson Kristina 
Published: July 2022

AbstractOur aim was to investigate the inclusion of sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) topics in medical curricula and the perceived need for, feasibility of, and barriers to teaching SRHR. We distributed a survey with questions on SRHR content, and factors regulating SRHR content, to medical universities worldwide using chain referral. Associations between high SRHR content and independent variables were analyzed using unconditional linear regression or χ2 test. Text data were analyzed by thematic analysis. We collected data from 219 respondents, 143 universities and 54 countries. Clinical SRHR topics such as safe pregnancy and childbirth (95.7%) and contraceptive methods (97.2%) were more frequently reported as taught compared with complex SRHR topics such as sexual violence (63.8%), unsafe abortion (65.7%), and the vulnerability of LGBTQIA persons (23.2%). High SRHR content was associated with high‐income level (P = 0.003) and low abortion restriction (P = 0.042) but varied within settings. Most respondents described teaching SRHR as essential to the health of society. Complexity was cited as a barrier, as were cultural taboos, lack of stakeholder recognition, and dependency on fees and ranking.