bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fernando Ortiz's Transculturation: Applied Anthropology, Acculturation, and Mestizaje
Authors: Arnedo‐Gómez Miguel 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFernando Ortiz's proposal to replace the word acculturation with transculturation in Contrapunteo cubano del tabaco y el azúcar (1940) has become an iconic statement affirming the distinctiveness of Latin American anthropology. This narrative includes a deeper thread that involves Bronisław Malinowski, who praised the neologism for its counterhegemonic implications in his introduction to Contrapunteo. According to this thread of the narrative, though, Malinowski sought to suppress Ortiz's theorization by subsuming it into his school of functionalism. This article approaches the genesis of transculturation as a more complex and reciprocal process of negotiations that also included Melville Herskovits and acculturation studies. The theoretical positions of each of these anthropologists—Ortiz, Malinowski, and Herskovits—stemmed from geopolitical circumstances linked to the different colonial and postcolonial contexts in which they worked. I argue that despite their different agendas and mutual misrepresentations, transculturation became more counterhegemonic through their interactions, and suggest that this has implications for how we might think about the development of anthropological theory as arising from reflexive anthropological collaborations.
Revisiting “empowered rural women” in postwar Japan
Authors: Iwashima Fumi , Sato Chizu 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn Japan, both rural studies and government policies commonly represent rural women in the same way: as oppressed within their feudalistic family farm system before the Second World War and as successfully empowered by rural democratization policies after the war. This study revisits the often unproblematized representations of the postwar success story of empowered rural women on which these accounts are frequently based. We examined rarely analysed source material of a project that is frequently referred to, the Rural Life Improvement Extension Service (RLIES). This source material consists of essays written by rural women who participated in this project, which was implemented by the US occupational forces and the Japanese state in the 1950s and 1960s, for representations of empowered rural women through the lens of a feminist reading of Foucault's biopower. Our analysis identified three subjective typifications of rural women in the essays: the New Rural Woman, the Rural Professional Housewife, and the Farm Mother. By illuminating these typifications, we show how—even in the source material of unproblematic celebratory accounts—rural women exercised unexpected agency by engaging in the changing power relations that surrounded them. The example provided by our feminine subjectivity study encourages researchers to be more careful with respect to simple celebratory narratives of empowered rural women.
Impact of COVID‐19 pandemic on obstetrics and gynecology residency training program in India: A national online survey
Authors: Gothwal Meenakshi , Singh Pratibha , Sharma Charu , Yadav Garima , Gupta Manoj K. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe goal of this study was to analyze how the COVID‐19 pandemic affected the Obstetrics and Gynecology (OBG) residency program in India.Study DesignThis was a cross‐sectional questionnaire‐based online survey aimed to assess the impact of the pandemic on the residency training program in Obstetrics and Gynecology. The questionnaire consisted of five sections: demographic details, information regarding COVID‐19 status, clinical work load, teaching and research, and psychological impact.ResultsThe questionnaire was completed by 280 OBG trainees from different medical colleges from India. Training activity in general was reduced considerably during the pandemic, according to 79.6% (n = 223) respondents. According to 13.21% (n = 37) and 5% (n = 14) respondents, reduction in training activity were due to cancelation of elective operations and reduced patient foot fall respectively. In 74.3% (n = 208) of cases, trainees reported worry about meeting the goals of their specialty training. Logistic regression showed that the extent of training reduction was not significantly associated with residents' age (p = 0.806), gender (p = 0.982), marital status (p = 0.363), and status of their duty in COVID‐19 dedicated hospitals (p = 0.110). However, year of residency was a significant predictor of the perception about degree of training reduction.ConclusionThe pandemic imposed a significant impact on OBG residency training in India. During the pandemic, exposure to learning opportunities, surgeries, and teaching were reduced, which may result in a decline in the quality of care offered to women in the future if training deficit is not overcome. At the same time, pandemic also gave birth to newer insights of learning and interaction by online mode.
Randomized clinical trial: Direct‐acting antivirals as treatment for hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: Delivered in needle and syringe programs via directly observed therapy versus fortnightly collection
Authors: Beer Lewis , Inglis Sarah , Malaguti Amy , Byrne Christopher , Sharkey Christian , Robinson Emma , Gillings Kirsty , Radley Andrew , Hapca Adrian , Stephens Brian , Dillon John 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment in people who inject drugs (PWID) is delivered within settings frequented by PWID, such as needle and syringe programs (NSP). The optimal direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) dispensing regimen among NSP clients is unknown. This study compared cures (Sustained virologic response 12 weeks post‐treatment, [SVR12]) across three dispensing schedules to establish non‐inferiority of fortnightly dispensing versus directly observed therapy. The ADVANCE HCV study was a randomized, unblinded trial, recruiting PWID attending NSP in Tayside, Scotland, between January 2018 and November 2019. HCV‐positive participants were randomized to receive DAAs via directly observed therapy, fortnightly provision or fortnightly provision with psychological intervention. A modified intention to treat analysis was used to identify differences in cures between the three treatment regimes. The study was registered with clinicaltrials.gov; NCT03236506. A total of 110 participants completed the study. 33 participants received directly observed therapy, with 90.91% SVR12; 37 received fortnightly provision, with 86.49% SVR12 and 40 received fortnightly provision and psychological intervention at treatment initiation, with 92.50% SVR12. Analysis showed no significant difference in SVR12 (p = 0.67). This study did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference in cure rate between groups. This provides evidence of the non‐inferiority of fortnightly dispensing of direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) compared to directly observed therapy among PWID. It suggests that tight control of adherence through directly observed therapy dispensing of DAAs among this population offers no therapeutic advantage. Therefore, less restrictive dispensing patterns can be used, tailored to patient convenience.
MicroRNA‐206 inhibits HCV proliferation through depressing ACC1 lipid synthesis signalling pathway
Authors: Zheng Kexi , Xia Tian , Liu Ni , Xia Xueshan , Song Yuzhu , Zhang A‐Mei 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMicroRNAs are considered to play important roles in cell biological and pathological progress. microRNA‐206 (miR‐206) was reported to participate in lipogenesis, and lipid droplets were necessary for the life cycle of HCV proliferation. Whether miR‐206 was associated with HCV proliferation and the potential mechanism are not clear. In this study, we firstly identified that miR‐206 could inhibit HCV proliferation at the RNA and protein level. Bioinformatical prediction of target genes binding to miR‐206 was performed to investigate whether inhibiting function was due to a lipogenesis pathway. Then, the acetyl‐CoA carboxylase 1 (ACC1) gene was selected as target gene of miR‐206. The dual‐luciferase reporter assay results showed that luciferase significantly decreased in cells transfected with 3′‐UTR of the ACC1 gene and miR‐206. The RNA and protein levels of the ACC1 gene and its pathway genes were significantly lower in cells transfected with miR‐206 than in controls. Furthermore, the lipid droplet numbers also significantly decreased in cells transfected with miR‐206. In conclusion, miR‐206 could inhibit HCV proliferation through depressing ACC1 lipogenesis pathway and decreasing the lipid droplet numbers. miR‐206 might be used as anti‐HCV biochemical drug in the future.
HBV pgRNA profiles in Chinese HIV/HBV coinfected patients under pre‐ and posttreatment: a multicentre observational cohort study
Authors: Xu Ling , Li Xiaodi , Lu Lianfeng , Liu Xiaosheng , Song Xiaojing , Li Yanling , Han Yang , Zhu Ting , Cao Wei , Li Taisheng 
Published: May 2022

AbstractData on hepatitis B virus (HBV) pregenomic (pgRNA) levels in HIV/HBV coinfected patients pre‐ and post‐combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the distribution of HBV pgRNA levels in treatment‐naive coinfected patients and explore the changes that occur after the initiation of cART by examining patients from multicentre cohort studies performed in China. We included HIV/HBV coinfected subjects from the China AIDS Clinical Trial cohorts established from 2008 to 2014. Clinical and serological markers of HIV and HBV infection and biochemical data were acquired at baseline and after 96 and 240–480 weeks of cART. The correlations between HBV pgRNA and HBV DNA levels as well as HBsAg levels were calculated using Spearman's bivariate correlation analysis, and multivariate regression analysis was performed to determine factors associated with undetectable HBV pgRNA levels before cART and HBeAg loss after cART. A total of 132 HIV/HBV coinfected patients were enrolled, and 100 individuals were HBeAg‐negative. A total of 34.4% (32/93) of patients were positive for HBV pgRNA, and the median HBV pgRNA level was 4.92 (IQR: 4.21–6.12) log10 copies/mL before cART. The median HBV pgRNA level was significantly lower in HBeAg‐negative individuals than in HBeAg‐positive individuals (4.22 (IQR: 2.70–4.84) log10 copies/mL vs. 5.77 (IQR: 4.63–6.55) log10 copies/mL, p = 0.002). HBV pgRNA was moderately correlated with HBsAg (r = 0.594, p = 0.001), and positively associated with HBV DNA (r = 0.445, p = 0.011). The factors independently associated with undetectable HBV pgRNA level before cART were HBV DNA (OR: 5.61, 95% CI: 1.50–20.96, p = 0.01) and HBeAg status (OR: 5.95, 95% CI: 1.52–23.25, p = 0.01). A total of 87.5% (28/32) of patients were followed for a median duration of 138 (IQR: 54–240) weeks, and the HBV pgRNA levels became undetectable in seven patients. The 132 patients were observed for 695.5 person‐years, and no HBsAg loss occurred. Thirteen individuals achieved HBeAg loss, four patients had undetectable levels of HBV pgRNA pre‐cART, and the level of six individuals became undetectable during the 48‐week (IQR: 48–264) follow‐up period. HBeAg status was significantly associated with HBV pgRNA level in HIV/HBV coinfected patients pre‐ and post‐cART. Additionally, undetectable HBV pgRNA level may be associated with HBeAg loss after cART.
Retreatment for hepatitis C virus direct‐acting antiviral therapy virological failure in primary and tertiary settings: The REACH‐C cohort
Authors: Carson Joanne M. , Hajarizadeh Behzad , Hanson Josh , O'Beirne James , Iser David , Read Phillip , Balcomb Anne , Davies Jane , Doyle Joseph S. , Yee Jasmine , Martinello Marianne , Marks Philippa , Matthews Gail V. , Dore Gregory J. ,   for the REACH‐C Study Group
Published: May 2022

AbstractVirological failure occurs in a small proportion of people treated for hepatitis C virus (HCV) with direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapies. This study assessed retreatment for virological failure in a large real‐world cohort. REACH‐C is an Australian observational study (n = 10,843) evaluating treatment outcomes of sequential DAA initiations across 33 health services between March 2016 to June 2019. Virological failure retreatment data were collected until October 2020. Of 408 people with virological failure (81% male; median age 53; 38% cirrhosis; 56% genotype 3), 213 (54%) were retreated once; 15 were retreated twice. A range of genotype specific and pangenotypic DAAs were used to retreat virological failure in primary (n = 56) and tertiary (n = 157) settings. Following sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir availability in 2019, the proportion retreated in primary care increased from 21% to 40% and median time to retreatment initiation declined from 294 to 152 days. Per protocol (PP) sustained virological response (SVR12) was similar for people retreated in primary and tertiary settings (80% vs 81%; p = 1.000). In regression analysis, sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir (vs. other regimens) significantly decreased likelihood of second virological failure (PP SVR12 88% vs. 77%; adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.29; 95%CI 0.11–0.81); cirrhosis increased likelihood (PP SVR12 69% vs. 91%; AOR 4.26; 95%CI 1.64–11.09). Indigenous Australians had lower likelihood of retreatment initiation (AOR 0.36; 95%CI 0.15–0.81). Treatment setting and prescriber type were not associated with retreatment initiation or outcome. Virological failure can be effectively retreated in primary care. Expanded access to simplified retreatment regimens through decentralized models may increase retreatment uptake and reduce HCV‐related mortality.
Tight junction proteins occludin and ZO‐1 as regulators of epithelial proliferation and survival
Authors: Kuo Wei‐Ting , Odenwald Matthew A. , Turner Jerrold R. , Zuo Li 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEpithelial cells are the first line of mucosal defense. In the intestine, a single layer of epithelial cells must establish a selectively permeable barrier that supports nutrient absorption and waste secretion while preventing the leakage of potentially harmful luminal materials. Key to this is the tight junction, which seals the paracellular space and prevents unrestricted leakage. The tight junction is a protein complex established by interactions between members of the claudin, zonula occludens, and tight junction‐associated MARVEL protein (TAMP) families. Claudins form the characteristic tight junction strands seen by freeze‐fracture microscopy and create paracellular channels, but the functions of ZO‐1 and occludin, founding members of the zonula occludens and TAMP families, respectively, are less well defined. Recent studies have revealed that these proteins have essential noncanonical (nonbarrier) functions that allow them to regulate epithelial apoptosis and proliferation, facilitate viral entry, and organize specialized epithelial structures. Surprisingly, neither is required for intestinal barrier function or overall health in the absence of exogenous stressors. Here, we provide a brief overview of ZO‐1 and occludin canonical (barrier‐related) functions, and a more detailed examination of their noncanonical functions.
The effect of pharmacological treatment and lifestyle modification in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: An umbrella review of meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Cho Kyuyeon , Park Seoyeon , Koyanagi Ai , Jacob Louis , Yon Dong Keon , Lee Seung Won , Kim Min Seo , Kim Seung Up , Kim Beom Kyung , Shin Jae Il , Smith Lee 
Published: May 2022

SummaryNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver disease that affects approximately 25% of the world's population, and various treatments have been applied for NAFLD patients. We compared the effectiveness of each intervention conducted to treat NAFLD by evaluating meta‐analyses of pharmacological interventions and lifestyle modification including diet and exercise. We searched Pubmed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Library and included meta‐analyses of randomized controlled trials investigating the effects of pharmacological intervention and lifestyle modification on NAFLD. The quality of included meta‐analyses was evaluated by AMSTAR‐2. If the effect size was expressed as mean difference, it was converted to standardized mean difference based on the random‐effects model. A total of 1694 meta‐analyses were identified, and 27 meta‐analyses were eventually included in the review. Regarding pharmacological interventions, there was a high strength of evidence for the ALT reduction effect of silymarin on inactive controls (SMD = 0.88, p < 0.01, seven trials, 518 participants). Meanwhile, it was confirmed that appropriate diet and exercise were important in reducing liver fat (SMD = 1.51, p < 0.01, 12 trials, 765 participants). This umbrella review assessed the effects of pharmacological interventions and lifestyle modifications in the treatment of NAFLD. The results of this review can be utilized for clinical decisions when treating NAFLD patients.
Surgical Management for Chronic Destructive Septic Hip Arthritis: Debridement, Antibiotics, and Single‐Stage Replacement is as Effective as Two‐Stage Arthroplasty
Authors: Zhang Chao‐fan , Fang Xin‐yu , Huang Zi‐da , Bai Guo‐chang , Zhang Ze‐yu , Yang Ye , Zhang Zi‐jie , Li Wen‐bo , Zhang Wen‐ming 
Published: May 2022

ObjectiveTo compare the surgical outcomes of debridement, antibiotics, and single‐stage total hip replacement (DASR) vs two‐stage arthroplasty (two‐stage arthroplasty) for chronic destructive septic hip arthritis (SHA).MethodsCases of chronic destructive SHA treated by DASR or two‐stage arthroplasty in our department from January 2008 to October 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient demographic information, perioperative inflammation markers, intraoperative blood loss, microbial culture, and metagenomic new generation sequencing results were recorded. The perioperative complications, hospital stay, hospitalization cost, infection recurrence rate, and Harris Hip Score (HHS) at the last follow‐up were compared between the two groups.ResultsA total of 28 patients were included in the study, including 11 patients who received DASR and 17 patients who received two‐stage arthroplasty. There was no significant difference in demographic information, preoperative serum inflammatory markers, synovial fluid white blood cell count, or percentage of polymorphonuclear leukocytes between the two groups. The DASR group demonstrated significantly lower intraoperative blood loss [(368.2 ± 253.3) mL vs (638.2 ± 170.0) mL, p = 0.002], hospital stay [(22.6 ± 8.1) days vs (43.5 ± 13.2) days, p < 0.0001], and hospitalization expenses [(81,269 ± 11,496) RMB vs (137,524 ± 25,516) RMB, p < 0.0001] than the two‐stage arthroplasty group. In the DASR group, one patient had dislocation as a complication. There were no cases with recurrence of infection. In the two‐stage arthroplasty group, there was one case complicated with spacer fracture, one case with spacer dislocation, and one case with deep vein thrombosis of the lower limbs. There were no cases with recurrence of infection. There were no significant differences in the readmission rate, complication rate, or HHS at the last follow‐up between the two groups.ConclusionsBoth DASR and two‐stage arthroplasty achieved a satisfactory infection cure rate and functional recovery for chronic destructive SHA, and DASR demonstrated significantly lower intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay, and hospitalization costs than two‐stage arthroplasty. For appropriately indicated patients, if microbial data are available and a standardized debridement protocol is strictly followed, DASR can be a treatment option.
Maternal social risk, gestational age at delivery, and cognitive outcomes among adolescents born extremely preterm
Authors: Joseph Robert M. , Hooper Stephen R. , Heeren Tim , Santos Hudson P. , Frazier Jean A. , Venuti Lauren , Foley Ann , Rollins Caitlin K. , Kuban Karl C. K. , Fry Rebecca C. , O’Shea Thomas M. ,   for the ELGAN Study Investigators
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundChildren born extremely preterm (EP) are at increased risk of cognitive deficits that persist into adulthood. Few large cohort studies have examined differential impairment of cognitive function in EP‐born adolescents in relation to early life risk factors, including maternal social disadvantage, gestational age at delivery, and neonatal morbidities prevalent among EP neonates.ObjectivesTo assess cognitive abilities in relation to early life risk factors in an EP‐born cohort at 15 years of age.Methods681 of 1198 surviving participants (57%) enrolled from 2002 to 2004 in the Extremely Low Gestational Age Newborn Study returned at age 15 years for an assessment of cognitive abilities with the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence‐II and the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery (NTCB) verbal cognition and fluid processing composites, the latter of which measured executive functions and processing speed. Three cognitive outcomes, WASI‐II IQ, NTCB verbal cognition, and NTCB fluid processing, were analysed for associations with maternal social disadvantage and gestational age. Mediation of maternal social disadvantage by gestational age and mediation of gestational age by neonatal morbidities were also examined.ResultsTest scores were lower for NTCB fluid processing relative to IQ and NTCB verbal abilities. Social disadvantage and gestational age were associated with all three cognitive outcomes. Mediation analyses indicated partial mediation of gestational age associations with all three outcomes by neonatal morbidities but did not support mediation by gestational age of social risk associations with cognitive outcomes.ConclusionsGreater maternal social disadvantage and lower gestational age are associated with less favourable cognitive outcomes among EP‐born adolescents at 15 years of age. Neonatal morbidities partially mediate associations between lower gestational age and cognitive outcomes. These findings highlight the need for improved medical and remedial interventions to mitigate the risk of poor cognitive outcomes among EP‐born adolescents.
Interrogating hegemonic embraces: Representative bureaucracy, methodological Whiteness, and non‐West exclusions
Authors: Moloney Kim , Sanabria‐Pulido Pablo , Demircioglu Mehmet Akif 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe United States' racial history infrequently defines the representativeness of bureaucracies outside of the United States. This article explores how selective historical memories and insufficiently critical concept importations limit disciplinary understandings. We articulate how policy transfer assumptions, narrow administrative histories, methodological Whiteness, and incomplete considerations of non‐West administration alter our understanding of what is or is not representative bureaucracy. We encourage scholars to recall how concepts like representative bureaucracy may lack exact comparability outside the West and to be open to its potential alteration by contextual circumstances. The implications for further exploration of the representative bureaucracy concept and the challenges for pedagogy are also discussed.Evidence for Practice
West‐derived hegemonic understandings of the public administration discipline limit the development of public administration practice and scholarship outside the West.
Insufficient historical and comparative circumspection is a frequent output of West‐based scholars seeking to implement their concepts in non‐West administrations.
The discipline and practice of public administration may increase its global dialogues by conversing with non‐West actors and recognizing the limitations of Western data and theories.
Like many administrative concepts, the representative bureaucracy concept as developed in the West may not operate similarly in other contexts.