bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Light aviation - past, present and future
Authors: Welch A. C. 
Published: July 2022

To attempt to predict the future of light and sporting aviation in Britain is not possible without a study of how it has arrived at where it is today. How, in the early days, it was the enterprise of the individual enthusiast which was the driving force in all aviation progress, to the present where ‘private’ flying, in all its many forms, has been massively outgrown by commercial airline operations.The 1903 flights of the Wrights did not appear out of the blue. They were just one more exciting happening at a time of great engineering ventures. Trains were running regularly all over Britain, the internal combustion engine was reliable enough to power private motor cars and city buses. Gliders had been successfully flown, telephones were in regular use. There were passenger ships powered by 70,000hp engines crossing the Atlantic at speeds of 25kt. The world was wide open for anything new and in 1903 aviation quickly took pride of place.Light aviation was the name given to ‘amateur’ flying in the 1920s, to distinguish it from military and commercial aviation. It is still the valuable entry into aviation generally, as it is a relatively inexpensive way to try out new ideas. But to fulfil its potential it has to remain attractive and affordable, particularly to the young. This paper endeavours to speculate how light aviation will fare during aviation’s second century in Britain - or at least for the next 20-30 years, in an increasingly complex world in which global accessibility is commonplace.
Physical modelling of a flight control system
Authors: Sadovnychiy S. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis paper deals with the methods of physical modelling of Flight Control Systems (FCS) by means of Dynamically Similar free-flying Models (DSM) for the investigation of stability and controllability of aircraft at subsonic flight speeds. The subsonic flight regime allows us to avoid Mach number similarity considerations. The large scale of the DSM meets autosimilarity of Reynolds numbers, whilst Froude similarity is assured during the development and manufacturing of the DSM. This paper proves the presence of necessary and sufficient conditions of similarity for the FCS of an aircraft, and that of its DSM. The existence of necessary conditions have been proved both mathematically (by means of the π – Theorem from the theory of dimensions), and with equations involving physical quantities. The generalised scale coefficients for transitioning from the FCS’s aircraft gain factors, to those of the FCS of the DSM have been obtained, and it is shown that the coefficients depend only on the linear scale of the DSM.
Air Safety and Insurance
Authors: Caplan H. 
Published: July 2022

The terms of reference required the Committee to take account of safety when formulating its proposals. As a starting point the Committee had the report of a Special Review (published in 1968) entitled “The Safety Performance of United Kingdom airline operators”.With this in mind, Edwards formulated as part of the long-term objectives of civil aviation policy that safety should be “equal to the best in the world” (paragraph 1053) —but although a great deal of attention was given to air safety, the Committee admitted that it had “not felt competent to consider the technical aspects of safety in depth” (paragraph 840).
The Edwards Report and Civil Aviation in the 1970s
Authors: Ellison A. P. 
Published: July 2022

The Edwards Report is the first comprehensive survey of British Civil Aviation for over thirty years, and it recognises this fact by supplying detailed examination of many aspects of the industry. In this review of the report selection will be made of what appears to be the salient policies of the report and around which the other recommendations follow.Central to the report's recommendations is the view that controlled oligopoly, in which fares are fixed by a Licensing Authority, will lead to the provision of a more desirable air service than either monopoly operation of “uncontrolled” competition in which freedom of entry and fare fixing is allowed so long as basic safety requirements are satisfied.
Buckling interaction in regular arrays of distorted hexagonal plates
Authors: York C. B. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractLinear elastic buckling strength assessments are presented for a range of thin plate arrays with optimal strength to weight ratio configurations subject to a range of arbitrary in-plane stress states. The outcomes of the assessment are presented as design curves demonstrating relative buckling strength increases with respect to the classical square plate datum of equal mass.A stiffness matrix method is adopted for the initial buckling strength predictions. The method is based on exact flat plate theory and assumes that the plate is continuous over supports, whereby deformations in one cell of the plate array influence the deformations in adjacent cells. The supporting webs of each cell are approximated in this study by simple rigid supports that enforce nodal lines or lines of zero out-of-plane displacement in the buckled panel, i.e. the bending and torsional stiffness provided by the supporting webs of the real structure are ignored. Selected results are validated by FEM prediction.
Dietary vitamins, carotenoids and their sources in relation to age-related macular degeneration risk in China: a population-based case–control study
Authors: Jiang Hong , Wang Lina , Li Juan , Fan Yahui , Li Zhaofang , Ma Mei , Liu Sijiao , Li Baoyu , Shi Jia , Li Chao , Mi Baibing , Chen Fangyao , Wang Duolao , Pei Cheng , Ma Le 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMechanistic studies have suggested that antioxidants have beneficial effects on age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This study aimed to investigate the association between the types and sources of dietary vitamin and carotenoid intakes and AMD risk in China. A matched case–control study of 260 AMD cases and 260 matched controls was performed. The participants were interviewed for dietary information and potential confounders, and comprehensive ophthalmic examinations were performed. Conditional logistic models were used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) of specific vitamins and carotenoids and their main sources. When comparing the extreme quartiles, the ORs (95 % CI) were 0·30 (0·10, 0·88) for lutein and 0·28 (0·11, 0·74) for β-cryptoxanthin. The associations for other dietary vitamin and carotenoid intakes were generally weaker and non-significant. Higher intakes of spinach and egg, which are important sources of lutein, were associated with a reduced odds of AMD. ORs (95% CIs) comparing extreme categories were 0·42 (0·20, 0·88) for spinach and 0·52 (95% CI: 0·27, 0·98) for egg. Participants who were in the highest category of both egg intake and spinach intake had a much greater reduced odds of having AMD (OR: 0·23; 95% CI: 0·08, 0·71) than those in the lowest category of egg intake and spinach intake. In conclusion, a higher intake of lutein and lutein-rich foods was associated with a significantly decreased odds of AMD. These findings provide further evidence of the benefits of lutein and lutein-rich foods in the prevention of AMD.
Scale discrepancy paradox between observation and modelling in fractured reservoir models in oil and gas industry
Authors: Richard P.D. , Bazalgette L. , Volery C. , Toukhi A. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe appraisal and development of fractured reservoirs are challenging tasks because of the combined variations in reservoir quality and natural fracture distribution. Fracture models are built routinely to support both appraisal and development decisions for such reservoirs. One of the key objectives of these models is to generate three-dimensional (3D) fracture properties for dynamic flow simulations. In this paper, we illustrate the discrepancy between the scale of observation required to build a thorough geological understanding of the subsurface and the simplification imposed by modelling. We use a case study carried out in the context of an exploration campaign of a Cretaceous carbonate reservoir in Egypt. After describing the regional geological setting of the area, we share a series of detailed observations on open-hole logs, cores, thin-sections and borehole images. These observations are focused on reservoir architecture, fracture typology and fracture connectivity. Observations are then integrated with the regional geological context to build a conceptual fracture model and to characterize the uncertainty affecting the essential parameters of this model. The conceptual model, combined with 3D seismic data, is used to define a fracture modelling strategy. This strategy includes a drastic simplification of the conceptual model to generate 3D discrete fracture network scenarios that are calibrated using pressure communication data from the exploration wells. Another extreme simplification is then necessary to populate 3D simulation grids. In the case study presented, the key tuning parameters to obtain a dynamic match are the grid cell orientation and the width of the modelled fault damage zone.
Assessing the effects of Language for all
Authors: Reichrath Enid , Moonen Xavier 
Published: July 2022

AbstractLanguage for all is a method developed in the Netherlands for providing information in such a way that as many intended readers as possible both comprehend and accept this information. Readers include people with a large variety of reading abilities including people with low literacy skills. Language for all can be characterized as a more accessible variant of plain language with some characteristics of easy language.In three studies the comprehension and acceptance of and preference for texts written in Language for all was evaluated, comparing original texts with a version in Language for all.Information written in Language for all was significantly better understood and accepted, and was preferable to the original version.In conclusion, Language for all is a promising effective, inclusive, and comprehensive method to provide information to people with and without low literacy skills. Further research is recommended.
Lessons learned from linking two complementary databases: the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database and The Vermont Oxford Network Expanded Database
Authors: Archer Jeremy M. , Nixon Connie S. , Sura Livia , Neal Dan , Jacobs Jeffrey P. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database and the Vermont Oxford Network Expanded Database are both large, international, well-established quality and outcomes databases with high penetration in their respective fields of congenital heart surgery and neonatology. Previous studies have shown the value of combining large databases for research purposes. Our aim was to examine the feasibility and value of combining these databases on a local level.We included patients from both databases, cared for at our centre and born from 2015–2020, who had cardiac surgery as neonates or during the birth hospitalisation. We examined the number of patients from each database and overlap between the two. We compared cardiac diagnoses, surgeries performed, pre-operative factors, mortality, and length of stay between databases.Of the 255 patients meeting criteria, 209 (81.9%) had records in both databases. The most common diagnoses in both were hypoplastic left heart syndrome, coarctation, and transposition of the great arteries. Surgical data were incompletely recorded in Vermont Oxford. Gestational age, birth weight, multiple gestation, mortality, and length of stay did not differ significantly between the databases, while the percentage of patients with an extracardiac malformation or genetic syndrome recorded was higher in the Society for Thoracic Surgeons group.Larger-scale matching and comparison studies using these databases are feasible and desirable; for some variables, a record with data from both databases may be more complete. Specific attention should be given to inclusion criteria, reconciling different schema of diagnoses, and formulating questions relying on each database’s relative strengths.
Learning lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Powell Martin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis study examines the literature on learning lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to make a conceptual and empirical contribution. The conceptual contribution suggests a simplified policy transfer framework for learning lessons from the proliferation of approaches involving an expanding and confusing mix of hypotheses, questions, criteria, domains, constructs, factors and criteria. This is then used to review the literature of lessons from COVID-19. This fuses the three reasons for transfer failure and the context-mechanism- outcome configuration of realist approaches to suggest three simple criteria of informed transfer (outcomes); complete transfer (mechanisms); and appropriate transfer (context). The empirical contribution suggests that it is difficult to learn lessons from the existing literature. The conceptual framework suggests that lessons about successful transfer involve a clear idea of policy success, understanding how the policy instrument or mechanism links with success in the original context, and how ‘fungible’ it is to the new context. Put another way, the ‘COVID lessons industry’ may itself need to learn that lessons about policy transfer should be informed, complete and appropriate.
How challenger party issue entrepreneurship and mainstream party strategies drive public issue salience: evidence from radical-right parties and the issue of immigration
Authors: Williams Christopher J. , Hunger Sophia 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWhen mainstream parties accommodate radical-right parties, do citizens grow more concerned about immigration? Based on a rich literature, we argue that challenger parties’ ability to affect mainstream party positions, particularly on immigration, is associated with greater public salience of immigration and voter positivity towards challengers exists. We use Comparative Manifesto Project and Comparative Study of Electoral Systems data in order to show that challenger issue entrepreneurship, and mainstream accommodation are associated with greater public concern for challenger issues. These factors do not result in greater public positivity towards challengers. Our findings thus support the argument that a mainstream party accommodative strategy might not be as beneficial for them as often expected by pundit and political scientists alike. This has implications for understanding the effect of indirect party strategies on public attitudes, since mainstream accommodation changes public concern regarding issues, which may bolster challengers’ positions, including radical-right parties.
Are micro enemas administered with a squeeze tube and a 5 cm-long nozzle as good or better than micro enemas administered with a 10 cm-long catheter attached to a syringe in people with a recent spinal cord injury? A non-inferiority, crossover randomised controlled trial
Authors: Kelly Louise C. , Glinsky Joanne V. , Nier Lianne M. , Garrett Gillian , Harvey Lisa A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Study design
Double blind, non-inferiority crossover randomised controlled trial.

Objectives
To determine if micro enemas administered with a squeeze-tube and a 5 cm-long nozzle (squeeze-tube method) are as good or better than micro enemas administered with a 10 cm-long catheter attached to a syringe (catheter method) in people with a recent spinal cord injury.

Setting
Two inpatient spinal cord injury units located in Sydney, Australia.

Methods
Twenty people admitted to hospital with recent spinal cord injury were randomly assigned to two treatment sequences; 4 weeks of micro enemas delivered by the squeeze-tube method followed by 4 weeks of micro enemas delivered by the catheter method, or vice versa. Each treatment sequence was 8 weeks with a crossover at the end of week 4. The primary outcome was time to complete bowel care. Secondary outcomes reflected faecal incontinence, quality of life, perception of treatment effectiveness and participant reported time to complete bowel care. The primary and secondary outcomes were measured by blinded assessors in week 4 and week 8. A non-inferiority margin of 10 min for time to complete bowel care was set a priori.

Results
The mean between group difference (95% confidence interval) for the time to complete bowel care was −0.5 min (−2.8 to 1.8), where a negative value favours the catheter method. Results were similar for all secondary outcomes.

Conclusions
Micro enemas delivered by the squeeze-tube method are as good or better than micro enemas delivered by the catheter method in people with a recent spinal cord injury.
Li6.58Na7.43Sr4(B9O18)(B12O24)Cl: unprecedented combination of the largest two highly polymerized isolated B–O clusters with novel isolated B9O18 FBB
Authors: Wang Feixiang , Yang Yun , Jin Congcong , Pan Shilie 
Published: July 2022

A new borate exhibiting the unprecedented combination of the largest two highly polymerized B–O clusters with novel B9O18 FBB was obtained. And the corresponding design strategies for borates with two polymerized B–O clusters are proposed.
Evaluating conservation strategies for the endangered daisy
Authors: Monks Leonie , Coates David , McArthur Shelley , Standish Rachel J. 
Published: July 2022

Context To establish translocated populations of threatened plants with the genetic resources to adapt to changing environmental conditions, the source of propagation material is an important consideration. Aim We investigated the fitness consequences of genetic rescue and admixture for the threatened annual daisy Schoenia filifolia subsp. subulifolia, and the common S. filifolia subsp. filifolia, to inform seed-sourcing strategies for translocations of the threatened subspecies. Methods We evaluated genetic diversity of two populations of S. filifolia subsp. subulifolia and four populations of S. filifolia subsp. filifolia by using microsatellite markers. We grew seedlings from each study population and cross-pollinated inflorescences within and among populations of the same subspecies, and between subspecies. We evaluated the fitness consequences of each cross by using seed set, seed weight and seed viability. Key results There was a lower genetic diversity in the small (<50 plants, Nar = 3.28, He = 0.42) compared to the large (>10 000 plants, Nar = 4.42, He = 0.51) population of S. filifolia subsp. subulifolia, although none of the measures was significantly different, and seed fitness was slightly, although not significantly, reduced in interpopulation crosses compared with the small population. Genetic diversity was similar between the threatened and widespread subspecies; however, the subspecies were genetically divergent (Fst = 0.242–0.294) and cross-pollination between subspecies produced negligible amounts of seeds (<3% seed set). Conclusions Although genetic rescue or admixture of S. filifolia subsp. subulifolia would not necessarily result in greatly increased levels of genetic diversity or seed fitness, we still consider it a potential option. Negligible seed set in crosses between subspecies indicates that deliberate hybridisation is not a possibility. Implications Studies of fitness consequences of admixture or genetic rescue are rare yet critical to assessing the benefits of different translocation strategies.
Intervention effects in L1 and L2 English raising
Authors: Franciotti Pamela , Martohardjono Gita 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
We investigate L1 Italian-L2 English speakers using three
types of subject raising constructions: Raising over lexical DPs,
pronominal DPs, and topicalizations. We test locality constraints in
L2 English, including how intervention effects affect the L2
processing of A-dependencies and whether exceptionality to certain
locality constraints are learnable. Three main findings emerged: (i)
L2 speakers are sensitive to intervention, yet exceptions to
locality can be learned; (ii) intervening DPs elicited higher
processing loads only for native controls; (iii) raising with
topicalizations facilitated processing only for native speakers,
even though topicalization is grammatical in the L2er’s L1. Results
indicate that native and non-native grammars eventually converge,
exceptionality to universal constraints is learnable, and
differences between native and non-native speakers lies primarily in
processing.
Feature reconfiguration at the syntax-discourse interface
Authors: Smeets Liz 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This study examines L1 transfer in the L2 acquisition of
feature mappings associated with Italian Clitic Left Dislocation
(CLLD) by native speakers of English and Romanian. In Italian,
insertion of a clitic after dislocating a direct object is
restricted to [+anaphor] objects (López, 2009) and in Romanian to [+specific] objects.
Extending the Feature Reassembly Hypothesis (Lardiere, 2009) to the syntax-discourse
interface, successful acquisition is arguably more difficult for the
L1 Romanian group than the L1 English group due to the need for
feature reassembly. The findings show convergence with the target
language only for the L1 English group in the near-native levels of
L2 proficiency. The results suggest that reconfiguration is prone to
fossilization when reassembly is required.
Particles
Authors: Gergel Remus , Reich Ingo , Speyer Augustin 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a general background to the field of particles by introducing major classifications and considerations
from synchronic, diachronic, and contrastive perspectives. It builds on earlier literature from the respective fields. In
doing so, it also prepares the ground for the individual chapters, which it previews and puts into perspective with the
general theme of the volume.
From up-toning intensifying particle to scalar focus particle
Authors: Eberhardt Irina 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The paper proposes a new developmental path from up-toning intensifying particle to additive scalar
focus particle based on a diachronic corpus analysis of the German focus particles zumal
‘especially’, gar ‘even’, and sogar ‘even’. The meaning shift took place about 1600 and was
facilitated by shared morpho-syntactic and semantic properties of the source and target meanings. Critical (ambiguous) and
isolating contexts play a crucial role in the study. The data indicate the occurrence of two types of critical contexts, a
syntactically motivated one and a semantically motivated one. Furthermore, the new developmental path is argued to follow a
general cross-linguistic tendency of additive scalar focus particles to develop from scalar expressions in a broader
sense.