bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
White Grub Control in Strawberries, 1989
Authors: Hutchison W. D. , Weyandt-Fulton Joan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted on a private farm near Duluth, MN to evaluate the efficacy of three nematode species, Steinernema carpocapsoe, S. bihionis and S. spp. as compared to a standard, Diazinon 4E (AG500). Seedlings were transplanted 3 May with 56 inches between rows on a clay-loam soil. Plots were 2 rows wide and 50 ft long (333 ft2) with one border row between plots (9.3 ft between treated rows) and 2 ft borders at the end of each plot. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a completely randomized complete block design. All treatments were applied 15 Jun in a 16-inch band over the rows. Diazinon was applied with a Solo back-pack sprayer calibrated to deliver 23 gal/acre. Nematodes were applied using hand-held 2 gal watering cans with a total of 4 gal of water applied/plot. Soil moisture prior to application was optimal after receiving a total of 1.5 and 0.5 inches of rain on 12 and 13 Jun, respectively. At the time of application, avg ambient air temperature was 70°F and soil temperature (4 inch) was 62°F. Immediately following application, all treatments were sprinkler irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Grub infestations were monitored weekly by checking plants in each plot for characteristic wilting and collecting grubs subsequently found in the root zone of damaged plants. A cumulative count was then based on total monthly collections from 15 Jun to 30 Aug. On 9 Sep, final evaluations were made by recording the no. of row feet/plot with dead and/or missing plants.
Control of Bigheaded Ant, 1989
Authors: Reimer Neil J. , Beardsley J. W. , Williams Dave 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two pregel defatted corn grit baits were tested for efficacy against BA in ca. 2 acre plots of ratoon pineapple on Maui Island, Hawaii. The AI in the Logic bait was 0.5% fenoxycarb and in the GX-071 bait 0.6% sulfuramid. The treatments were applied on 16 Feb at 2 lb. bait/acre with a Buffalo turbine blower. Field perimeters were treated with a 50 ft Amdro buffer to retard reinvasion by surrounding ant colonies. Ant densities were monitored using 6 tongue depressors/replication coated with a 50:50 mixture of peanut butter and soybean oil. The tongue depressors were placed near the center of each plot at ca. a 20 ft distance from each other. Each treatment was replicated 3 times. BA counts were indexed, and 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 represented 0, 1-5, 6-10, 11-20, and &gt;20 ants, respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Broccoli, 1989
Authors: Boucher T. J. , Adams R. G. , Ashley R. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Broccoli plants were transplanted on 23 May ‘88 and 21 Jul ‘89 in Storrs, Conn. Plots consisted of single 10-ft rows, separated by guard rows with 36-inch centers and 18-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in 1988 and 3 times in 1989 in a randomized complete block design. A single application was applied 8 Jul ‘88 and 9 Sep ‘89 using a tractor-mounted boom with 3 flat fan nozzles/row delivering 52 gal water/acre at 30 psi. Evaluations were made on 19 Jul ‘88 and 28 Sep ‘89 by visual inspection consisting of removal of each individual leaf from 5 plants/plot and dissection of broccoli heads.
Broccoli Insect Control, 1989
Authors: McLeod Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Broccoli seedlings were transplanted to one-row plots located at Fayetteville, AR, on 16 Aug. Plots were separated by 6 ft bare ground and each plot held 12 plants at 2-ft intervals. Experimental design was a randomized complete block (8 treatments × 4 replications). Sprays were applied 1, 15 and 22 Sep with a hand held COz sprayer equipped with one Spraying Systems TX6 nozzle and calibrated to deliver 12.8 gal/acre. ICW and CL were counted on each plant on 5, 18, and 25 Sep. Plants were rated for foliar damage 20 Sep and 6 Oct.
Safer's Insecticidal Soap as a Management Tool, 1989
Authors: Hollingsworth Craig , Coli William 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times and duplicated for each variety. Plots consisted of 3 adjacent trees; data were taken from the center tree. Trees were spaced 16 ft × 23 ft and were ca. 12 ft tall. Treatments were applied to run-off with a John Bean hydraulic handgun sprayer at 200 psi, with a delivery rate of 300-350 gal/acre. The 4 treatments were: 1. a standard IPM chemical regimen; 2. one-half rate of all chemicals applied in treatment 1, supplemented with Safer's Insecticidal Soap at 2 gal/100 gal water. Fungicides were increased to standard rates after 6 Jul; 3. Safer's Insecticidal Soap at 2 gal/100 gal, plus standard fungicides; and 4. Safer's Insecticidal Soap at 1 gal/100 gal, plus standard fungicides. Dormant oil was applied to all plots on 27 Apr. Fungicides (Manzate 200 OF and Rubigan 12.5% EC were applied on 3 May, 12 May and 22 May. Rubigan was applied alone on 4 Jun and Polyram 80% WP was applied on 27 Jim, 19 Jul and 7 Aug. At petal fall (22 May), Guthion 50 WP (standard rate: 5/8 lb/100 gal) and Safer's Insecticidal Soap were applied as described above. Aphid control treatments were applied on 27 Jun (standard: Thiodan 50 WP at 0.5 lb/100). Mite control treatments were applied on 19 Jul and 31 Jul (standard: Omite 30 WP at 1.5 lb/100), and on 7 Aug and 14 Aug (standard: Omite 30 WP at 2 lb/100). Aphids, cecidomyiids and syrphids were assessed by determining presence/absence from 15 terminal leaves sampled from the central tree in each plot. ERM were assessed by determining presence/absence of mites on 15 spur leaves from the central tree in each plot. Phytotoxic'ity to foliage was evaluated by rating leaf yellowing and leaf drop from the central tree in each plot from 0 (none) to 4 (severe). Harvest data were collected by examining 100 fruit on the central tree in each plot for any insect, disease or phytotoxic damage. One-third of the fruit was selected from the inside, outside and top of the canopy. 'McIntosh' were evaluated on 6 Sep, and 'Red Delicious' on 5 Oct.
Control of Diamondback Moth with Mvp Bioinsecticides, 1989
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Eigenbrode S. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted on 26 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of 2 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 16-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. A backpack sprayer with one row boom, having 3 nozzles/row with HC 12 hollow cone tips, and delivering 38 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. To insure an adequate population of DBM, plants were infested on 10 Aug with 200 eggs/plant from our 1988-collected culture, which had been reared on artificial diet during 1989. Once larvae reached the third instar, treatments were applied on 16 Aug and evaluated on 23 Aug. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting 3 plants/plot, removing all leaves, and counting larvae.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Currituck Country, 1989
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Pungo' potatoes were planted 31 Mar, near Powells Point, N.C. with Thimet 15 G applied in the furrow at the rate of 19.0 kg (form.)/ha. Single row plots, 6.1 m long with 1.06 m between rows, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18 x) operating at 60 psi to apply 132.5 liter/ha. Treatments were applied 9 May (M-One, Trident, and Trident II), and 16 May (all treatments). Plant stand counts were made and the number of infested hills was recorded on 9, 16, and 23 May. Visual estimates of foliar damage and/or insect counts were made 9, 16, 23 May, and 1 Jun. Adults were counted by walking the length of the plot and counting all visible adults. Larvae were counted on 3 hills/plot. Small larvae were assumed to be 1st and 2nd instars, and large 3rd and 4th.
Impact of Insecticides on Lepidopterous Larvae and Leafminers on Tomatoes, 1990
Authors: Carson W. G. , Jones A. , Trumble J. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seedlings were transplanted in a sandy loam type soil on 9 Jul at the University of California's South Coast Field Station in Santa Ana, California. Experimental plots were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 40 ft long and separated by a 5-ft buffer. The tomato transplants were sprinkle irrigated for 1 wk, and drip irrigated thereafter (water pH 7.2- 7.5). Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Weekly applications were initiated at first fruiting. Application dates included 17, 24, 30 Aug and 6, 13, 21, 27 Sep, and 4 Oct. A tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 4-6 nozzles/row (as plant height and density increased) incorporated D-3 orifice disks, #23-25 cores, and 50 mesh screens. Operating pressure was 100 psi delivering 100 gal/acre. Spreader sticker (Leaf Act 80) was included for all treatments at 0.04%. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 9 by 11 inch trays/replicate from 22 Aug through 3 Oct, inclusive. On 10 Oct, 200 mature-green to ripe fruit were harvested from the center 2 rows of each replicate (800 per treatment) and examined for internal damage (primarily H. zea) and external damage (primarily s. exigua and K. lycopersicella). Leafminer populations were moderate throughout this test. Some insecticides increased leafminer density was compared to the control plots. Beet armyworm populations were moderate, tomato pinworm populations were low and tomato fruitworm populations were low. No phytotoxicity was observed in any treatment.
Insect Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Fall 1988
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set 16 Sep, 15 inches apart on Srinch-high beds of Eau Gallie fine sand covered with white polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete blocks design and were applied with a 2.5 gal, hand held CO2-powered sprayer on 30 Sep, 7, 13, 20, 27 Oct, 3, 9, 16, 20 Nov, 8, and 14 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 40 psi and the volume was increased as the plants grew. Thus, the sprayer delivered 45 gal/acre the first application, 55 gal/acre the second application, 70 gal/acre the third and fourth applications, 85 gal/acre the fifth and sixth applications, 100 gal/acre the seventh application and 125 gal/acre for the remaining applications. The sprayer had a single nozzle fitted with a D-3 disk and #25 core. On 2 Dec, the number of leafmines was counted in a 1-minute visual search of each plot. Fruit were harvested on 5 and 20 Dec, and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the numbers of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae (principally the southern armyworm, S. eridania (Cramer)) and the southern green stink bug were determined.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, Missouri (Northern), 1989
Authors: Arne C. N. , Becker S. A. , Bailey W. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted on a 7-yr-old alfalfa stand at the University of Missouri North Missouri Research Center located near Spickard, Missouri. Treatments were applied 2 May using tractor mounted spray equipment calibrated to deliver 16.5 gal/acre at 20 psi using 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles. Plots measuring 20 × 20 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insect samples of pretreatment and 7, 14, and 21 DAT were taken with 10 pendulum sweeps with a standard 15-inch sweep net. The alfalfa was 10 inches tall at time of treatment. Precipitation fell on 10 d during the study and totaled 2.8 inches. First precipitation occurred 48 h after application. Data were transformed by X + 0.5 for analysis, but means of actual counts are used in the table.
Potato Leafhopper Control, Missouri, 1990
Authors: Bailey W. C. , Becker S. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted on a 1-yr-old alfalfa stand at the University of Missouri South Farm located just east of Columbia. Treatments were applied 14 Jun using tractor mounted spray equipment calibrated to deliver 17.5 gal/acre at 20 psi using 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles. Plots measuring 20 × 20 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insect samples of 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAT were taken with 10 pendulum sweeps with a standard 15-inch sweep net. The alfalfa was 4 inches tall at time of treatment. Precipitation fell on 14 d during the study and totaled 6.8 inches. First precipitation (1.1 inch) occurred 6 h after application. Data were transformed by X + 0.5 for analysis, but means of actual counts are expressed in the table.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1990
Authors: Flessel John K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 2-yr-old stand of 'Apollo II' alfalfa at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster was used for this study. Treatments were applied 17 Jul using a tractor-mounted hydraulic sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 32 psi using 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles. Plots were 20 by 40 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insect samples 1, 3, 7, 14, and 22 DAT were taken with 20 pendulum sweeps with a standard 15-inch sweep net. The alfalfa was 10 inches tall at treatment and 27 inches at the completion of the study. The weather was cooler and wetter than normal with the first precipitation falling 72 h after application. Precipitation fell on 8 days during the study and totaled 3.71 inches. Cygon was the standard at 0.25 lb(AI)/acre.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 21990
Authors: Flessel John K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 2-yr-old stand of 'Apollo II' alfalfa at the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster was used for this study. Treatments were applied 14 May using a tractor-mounted hydrualic sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 32 psi using 8002 Teejet flat-fan nozzles. Plots were 20 by 40 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Insect samples 1, 4, 8, and 15 DAT were taken with 10 pendulum sweeps with a standard 15-inch sweep net. The alfalfa was 18 inches tall at treatment and 25 inches at the completion of the study. The weather was cooler and wetter than normal with the first precipitation falling 24 h after application. Precipitation fell on 7 d during the study and totaled 2.04 inches. Furadan and Lorsban were the standards at 0.25 and 0.5 lb(AI)/acre, respectively.
Crop Reserve Grasshopper Control, 1990
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Boetel M. A. , Wang T. , Chambers W. W. , Jensen J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Low profit potential of land used in the crop reserve program is sometimes exasperated by the needs to treat grasshopper outbreaks which have the potential of moving into adjacent row crops. To determine an effective and economically acceptable rate of insecticide, we established plots (63.7 by 63.7 m; 0.4 ha) with several rates of proven grasshopper insecticides (28 Aug) with an untreated check arranged in checkerboard fashion, which allowed grasshopper immigration into treated plots from all four directions. Applications were made with Broyhill sprayer delivering 10 gal/acre at 40 psi using Teejet 8002 nozzles. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replications. Forty rings (0.1 m2) were placed in 4 parallel rows in the central portion of each plot. Grasshopper counts (0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 DAT) were used to calculate the percent reduction. No significant differences were detected between compounds, or application rates during the 28 DAT. The control offered by all insecticides and rates was highly successful, which suggests that the residual of these pesticides remains effective even at the lowest rates. Therefore, the lower rates are favorable to the farmers needs for control and economy.
Alfalfa Weevil and PEA Aphid Control, 1990
Authors: Higgins R. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nonirrigated alfalfa, 10 cm tall, was sprayed 13 Apr. Insecticides were applied in water (20 gal/acre) with a C02-powered backpack sprayer. The ‘ c . c ’ that appears after 2 of the Lorsban treatments denotes the Hi-Yield Spreader/Sticker surfactant, produced by Hi-Yield Chemical Company, Bonham, Tex. that was mixed with these treatments. The sprayer boom was equipped with Delevan HC-12, 70 degree nozzles positioned to deliver a broadcast spray pattern. Winds were largely calm. A randomized plot design with 4 replicates was used. Plots measured 20 × 20 ft with unsprayed alleys separating adjacent plots. Eight stems were collected from undisturbed areas within each plot on each sample date. Samples from each plot were individually bagged, returned to the laboratory, and frozen. Samples were later thawed and examined under magnification for AW larvae and aphids (primarily pea aphids). Eight stem counts were converted to 10-stem count equivalencies before analysis. Pretreatment counts were taken. Postapplication sampling occurred at 3, 5, 7, 10, 17, and 21 DAT. Stem height increased from 8 cm at spraying to 18.4 cm at 21 DAT.
Use of Unlabeled Insecticides for Control of Alfalfa Insects in Wisconsin, 1990
Authors: Wedberg Joh. , Jensen Brya. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots measuring 12 × 15 m were established in a field of Dart’ alfalfa at the University of Wisconsin Arlington Research Station in Columbia County. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design, and applied on 16 Jul by using a tractor-mounted compressed air sprayer equipped with 8002 Teejet flat fan nozzles delivering 235 liters of finished spray/ha at 40 psi when driven at 2.6 mph. Insect abundance was estimated by taking 20 consecutive pendulum sweeps in each plot with a 38 cm diam sweep net.
Microbial Control of First-Generation Ecb, 1990
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassa. , Steffey Kevin L. , Gray Michael E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Granular formulations of selected registered and experimental Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) formulations were evaluated and compared with a granular insecticide standard (Furadan) for control of ECB in field corn plots that had been artificially infested with flrst-instar larvae. Corn was planted in rows 30 inches wide on 31 May. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was 4 rows wide (10 ft) and 50 ft long. On 20 Jul, 10 consecutive plants in each of the middle 2 rows of each plot were infested with ca. 50 first instar larvae that were mixed with corn grits and discharged into the whorl of each plant with a hand held bazooka applicator. An average of 10 ECB larvae/plant were found in the whorl prior to insecticide applications on 26 Jul. Insecticides were metered over the whorls in a 7-inch band with Nobel units. On 5-6 Sep, all plants that had been artificially infested were cut at the base with a corn knife and removed from the field. The number of borer cavities and the total length of cavities per plant were recorded. The mean percentage of plants with cavities was determined for each treatment. Numbers of full-grown ECB larvae were also recorded. Percentage data were transformed by arcsine [square root (x/100)] and insect data were transformed by log (x + 0.5) before analysis. Untransformed data are presented.
Apple, Secondary Pest Experiment, 1990
Authors: Hull L. A. , Felland C. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of'Golden Delicious' and 2 replicates of'Yorking'. Treated single trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. The trees were 6-yr-old and planted to a spacing of 20 × 30 ft. Carzol treatments were applied as alternate side applications with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre at 2.0 mph for a complete spray. The Swat treatment (14 and 28 Jun) and the Safer Soap and oil treatments were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a handgun. Approximately 3.3 gal of spray were applied per replicate tree (ca 240 gal/acre). All plots were oversprayed with Dithane M-45 on a biweekly schedule.
Corn Rootworm Control in Field Corn with Varying Rates of Lorsban, 1990
Authors: Shields E. J. , Sher R. B. , Taylor P. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots measuring 6 rows × 655 ft were planted at Rich-a-Lu farm in East Aurora, N.Y. on 2 May with a 2-row corn planter at 31,000/acre, and fertilized with 400 lb of 10-10-10 fertilizer banded at planting. Soils were silt loam. Adult beetle counts averaged between 4 and 6 beetles/plant during the 1989 oviposition period in this field. Three treatments of: 8 oz/1000 Lorsban ft, 4 oz/1000 Lorsban ft, and an untreated check, were used. Each treatment was 2 rows × 655 ft long. The 3 treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. Supplimental nitrogen was provided with a preplant incorporated application of ton manure/ acre. Granular insecticides were applied at planting with Noble granular applicators mounted on the planter. Five plants in each row (10 plants per treatment per block) were dug and the roots washed prior to rating root damage using the Iowa 1-6 rating scale on 2 Aug. Treatments were mechanically harvested on 24 Sep with a single row silage chopper (New Holland model 707), and the silage from each treatment row was collected and weighed in a weigh wagon.
Control of Second Generation European Corn Rorer in Corn, 1990
Authors: Witkowski John F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 3 insecticides and a control replicated 4 times. Plot size was 4 rows, 50 ft long. Insecticides were applied with a specially designed liquid applicator system calibrated to deliver 5 gal of water/acre and attached to a Hahn Hi-Boy tractor. Application date was 9 Aug. Corn plant stage was pollen shed and approximately 44% of the plants were infested with 1 or more egg masses. Hatching had just begun. Twenty-four h prior to application, 6 blackheaded egg masses on paper disc were pinned to the middle portion of each of 20 plants in each replicate. On 14 Sep infested plants were dissected from tassel to ground, examined, and the number of corn borer larvae recorded.
Evaluation of Ovasyn Mixtures Against Tobacco Budworm and Bollworm, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Graves J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted 11 Jun in 4 row plots (40-inch centers) × 50 ft on the Northeast Research Station (Macon Ridge Branch) near Winnsboro, La. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied on 10, 14, 17 and 23 Aug. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal total spray/acre through Teejet X-5 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 40 psi. Methyl parathion (0.3 lb [AI]/acre) was applied on an "as needed' basis for boll weevil control. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 cotton fruit (squares and bolls) for evidence of damage and the presence of larvae. The test plots received 0.3-inch rainfall on 14 Aug and 1.6 inch rainfall on 20 Aug.