bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Treatment of Childhood Migraine
Authors: Newman Lawrence C. , Levin Morris , Halker Singh Rashmi B. , Michael Rebecca L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the acute treatment of childhood migraine. The diagnosis of migraine in children is slightly challenging because the features may differ from the standard definition in adults. Specifically, the headaches may be shorter, they are commonly bilateral, and auras are rarer. Treatment has typically centered on nonpharmacological measures such as sleep hygiene, regular mealtimes, and avoidance of triggers, with the judicious use of analgesics and antiemetics. However, this is not a satisfying approach when the child has very severe headaches that are disabling. Although only rizatriptan is approved for use in children, judicious use of triptans with open discussion with parents is common practice. Novel treatment modalities such as melatonin, neuromodulation, and calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonists should be considered as well. Both acute medications and prophylactic agents may produce significant adverse effects in children that must be monitored closely.
Case 6
Authors: Burri Haran , Johansen Jens Brock , Linker Nicholas J. , Theuns Dominic 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 64-year-old woman attended clinic following several episodes of short-lived, unprovoked palpitations. These had occurred several times per week since her device was implanted. She had a DDD PM implanted 3 months earlier due to syncope associated with sinus pauses on an implantable loop recorder.
Case 30
Authors: Burri Haran , Johansen Jens Brock , Linker Nicholas J. , Theuns Dominic 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 32-year-old woman attends the device clinic following an episode of palpitations. She had a CRT defibrillator implanted 2 years previously due to dilated cardiomyopathy with severe LV systolic dysfunction, New York Heart Association class III. She has responded well to CRT and her biventricular pacing percentage is 98%.
Case 66
Authors: Burri Haran , Johansen Jens Brock , Linker Nicholas J. , Theuns Dominic 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 62-year-old man with ischaemic cardiopathy and LBBB had been implanted with a CRT-D for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. An event classified as CRT pacing interruption was transmitted by remote monitoring.
Ketotherapeutics to Rescue Brain Energy Deficits
Authors: Myette-Côté Étienne , Castellano Christian-Alexandre , Fortier Mélanie , St-Pierre Valérie , Cunnane Stephen C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Brain glucose uptake has long been recognized to be reduced in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) but was mainly assumed to be a consequence of reduced neuronal activity. More recently, several studies challenged this concept by showing that brain glucose hypometabolism was also present in individuals at high risk for AD before the presence of any cognitive symptoms. Thus, it is of great interest to know whether cognitive decline can be prevented or delayed if the glucose metabolism defect is at least partly corrected or bypassed. The ketones β-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate are the brain’s main alternative fuel to glucose, and their uptake in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild to moderate AD is similar to that seen in healthy age-matched controls. Based on these findings, it is conceivable that ketones could be used to help rescue brain fuel supply during aging. Evidence from published clinical trials showed that increasing ketone availability to the brain via nutritional ketosis can have a beneficial effect on brain energy metabolism and cognitive outcomes in both MCI and mild to moderate AD. Nutritional ketosis can be safely achieved by a high-fat ketogenic diet or ketogenic supplements, such as medium-chain triglycerides containing the eight- and ten-carbon fatty acids, octanoate and decanoate. Given the acute dependence of the brain on its energy supply and the ineffectiveness of current therapeutic strategies aimed at AD, it seems reasonable that consideration be given to correcting the underlying problem of deteriorating brain glucose uptake observed with aging.
The Ketogenic Diet and the Gut Microbiome
Authors: Mu Chunlong , Shearer Jane , Scantlebury Morris H. , Marks Wendie N. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOver the past decade, a growing body of evidence has validated the essential role of the gut microbiome in regulating diverse physiologic processes, spanning gut-related disease to neural function. While many factors are involved, diet is the primary driver of global microbial composition and function. Studies from animal models and humans suggest that the ketogenic diet can reshape the gut microbiome. However, the relevance of the altered microbiota is still under investigation. Since the gut microbiome is implicated in modulating brain function via metabolic, immunologic, and endocrine pathways, a possible role of the microbiota–gut–brain axis in mediating the neural response to the ketogenic diet has been proposed. This chapter outlines how the ketogenic diet affects the gut microbiota and the implications of such ketogenic diet-induced phenotypes. Special attention is paid to interactions between the diet, gut microbiota, and neurodevelopmental disorders, including epilepsy and autism spectrum disorder.
Metabolic and Redox Alterations by Ketogenic Diets
Authors: Johnson Derek , Patel Manisha 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
When there is a shift from glucose utilization (glycolysis) resulting from carbohydrate-restrictive diets like the ketogenic diet, metabolic changes occur, and acetyl-CoA is instead derived from the alternative parallel processes of gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation. Under these conditions, several antioxidant pathways are amplified, including the transcription factor Nrf2, the Forkhead box pathway, the NAD+:NADH ratio, and uncoupling proteins. Additionally, amino acid metabolism and synthesis are modified, with metabolomic analysis isolating tryptophan metabolism as a primary altered pathway. As the field of metabolism is revisited by epilepsy researchers, and animal models are guided by precision medicine, the connections between redox processes and metabolism will be further illuminated.
Antiseizure and Antiepileptic Effects of Glycolysis Inhibition with 2-Deoxyglucose
Authors: Stafstrom Carl E. , Shao Li-Rong , Sutula Thomas P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Numerous metabolic approaches have been employed clinically for seizure suppression, including the ketogenic diet (KD). Inhibiting or bypassing glycolysis may be one way by which the KD suppresses seizures. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2DG) is a glucose analog that partially inhibits glycolysis and has antiseizure effects in seizure models. Acutely, 2DG diminishes the frequency of interictal bursts in hippocampal area CA3 induced by high Ko+, bicuculline, 4-aminopyridine, or Mg2+-free/4-aminopyridine. 2DG exerts an anticonvulsant effect in vivo in mice. 2DG also has acute anticonvulsant actions against status epilepticus evoked by pilocarpine in adult mice and in neonatal rats, and status epilepticus evoked by kainic acid in rats. Chronically, 2DG exerts disease-modifying antiepileptic effects in three kindling models and the posttraumatic epilepsy model, attenuates progression of the 6-Hz corneal kindling, and prevents traumatic brain injury-induced hyperexcitability. The mechanisms underlying the acute and chronic effects of 2DG are being investigated. Preliminary studies provide evidence that the acute anticonvulsant actions of 2DG involve activity-dependent presynaptic suppression of excitatory synaptic transmission during network synchronization. The chronic effects of 2DG entail reduction of the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor, tyrosine kinase B (trkB). BDNF and trkB gene expression are required for kindling progression; by reducing glycolysis, 2DG modulates transcriptional repression of BDNF and trkB by neuron-restrictive silencing factor (NRSF) at the promoter regions of BDNF and trkB. Currently available preclinical efficacy and toxicity studies support 2DG as a novel first-in-class metabolic treatment for epilepsy with an antiglycolytic mechanism that is distinct from other anticonvulsants.
Health Equity in Palliative Care
Authors: Jones Tessa , Nedjat-Haiem Frances , Bullock Karen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores health equity in the context of palliative social work, focusing on an understanding and commitment to reducing and eliminating health disparities in palliative care. Health inequities are experienced by socially, economically, and/or environmentally disadvantaged groups throughout the life course. They accumulate over time and too often culminate in the experience of serious illness. Despite a long history of substantiated recognition of the need to reduce disparities in health, racially and ethnically diverse populations continue to experience inequity in healthcare accessibility and utilization, suffering disproportionately from preventable and treatable conditions. As social workers in palliative care, it behooves us to consider such health inequities across our care systems. Social work, a discipline defined by its commitment to social justice, is well situated to provide evidence-based leadership in demonstrating strategies to eradicate health disparities and promote health equity in palliative care.
The Importance and Impact of Culture in Palliative Care
Authors: Becker Todd D. , Cagle John G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Culture constitutes the lens through which we see ourselves, others, and the world around us. The diversification of the American population has prompted increased attention to the role of culture in healthcare systems. Medical advances increasing life expectancy have led to Americans living longer with serious illness, thereby accentuating the need to foreground culture in palliative care. On a structural level, such efforts have been reflected in initiatives emphasizing the delivery of person-centered and culturally effective care. Social workers are uniquely positioned to lead these efforts and integrate cultural considerations into health social work. This chapter provides an analysis of the impact of culture in palliative social work. Transcultural social work andragogy, clinical presentations of culture, and tools for cultural assessment are presented. Patient narratives illustrate how these issues may manifest in real-world contexts. This chapter concludes with resources for expanding our understanding of culture in palliative care.
The Power of Language
Authors: Altilio Terry , Kelemen Anne 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Clinicians across healthcare settings make word choices that have attributed meaning and unintended consequences. We often respond with silence, reluctant to question or explore for want of time, for want of a way to respond respectfully, or for fear of wandering further into lands of uncertainty or suffering. Language, the words we choose and the words we hear, as well as the silence we observe, is an essential and basic instrument for social work. How we speak about our work informs the shared experience across disciplines, cultures, and hierarchy. This chapter is intended to raise consciousness, to consider judgments and biases often expressed by our words, and to highlight the unintended consequences of written and spoken words.
Walking across to Collaboration
Authors: Altilio Terry 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter’s crosswalk highlights, and adds to, a sampling of thoughts and perspectives from interprofessional colleagues who, in the inaugural edition of the Oxford Textbook of Palliative Social Work, coauthored chapters to capture the rich collaboration that is possible within relationships of respect and trust. Rather than competitors, colleagues become our partners in the discovery and response to caring for whole persons and in our shared work have the opportunity to support or undermine their experiences. This crosswalk is neither an exclusive, nor exhaustive, listing, but rather reflects an ongoing awareness of the rich experiences created when a “village” comes together to provide person-centered, family-focused, culturally congruent care and to mitigate the inequities which continue to infuse our systems.
Palliative Care for Veterans
Authors: Daratsos Louisa , Lopez Alba 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses specific aspects of palliative care related to veterans who are living with serious illness and those at end of life. Veterans of any country can be considered a special population because of their sacrifice and service to their nation, regardless of whether they served after volunteering or being drafted. This chapter, however, concentrates on veterans of the United States Armed Forces and profiles Vietnam-era veterans, who are the largest living cohort of veterans over age 65. The end-of-life experiences of post-Vietnam veterans have not been systematically studied and therefore not discussed extensively except to make readers aware of the person’s potential veteran status and to alert social workers to remain informed of veteran-specific resources to help that individual. Similarly, the experiences of veterans and the COVID-19 pandemic have not been studied, but the authors offer learning from their experiences working with veterans and their families who have been affected by the virus.
Palliative Care in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth B. , Browne Teri 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Kidney disease is a unique practice area for social work, as every dialysis and kidney transplant center is required to have a masters-level social worker on its interdisciplinary team. Chronic kidney disease is associated with significant pain issues and high mortality. People with kidney disease have the right to start, forgo, or discontinue renal replacement therapy at any time and have access to a full range of treatment options, including conservative care and palliative dialysis. As a result, people with chronic kidney disease may have many palliative care concerns. Nephrology social workers can integrate the eight domains of palliative care into their practice and assist patients and their families with palliative care issues.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Neurologic Disease
Authors: Mintz Judith Wood 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is one of a group of neurologic diseases that present with symptoms of gradual inevitable decline in the ability to function independently. It is rare, affecting a very small fraction of the population of the United States. Patients face a unique set of challenges that in turn profoundly challenge the interdisciplinary care teams. They are mentally, emotionally, and psychologically present as they progressively lose control of voluntary movement. The emotional and psychological experience of this disease, and other neurologic diseases, is one of progressive loss. Individuals frequently attempt to maintain control where they can, and this can complicate family dynamics and contribute to the level of stress in the home and may interfere with the provision of good medical care. These adaptations and losses along the continuum of illness invite the expertise of the social workers who contribute as members of interdisciplinary teams.
Palliative Care
Authors: Jagannathan Aarti , Juvva Srilatha , Thomas Priya Treesa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In India, palliative care is a specialized care provided at the tertiary health centers. The models of palliative care that provide either a continuum of care and/or end-of-life care services in the country include (a) hospice centers, (b) mobile home care palliative teams, (c) family-based care, and (d) neighborhood network palliative care programs. The role of the social worker is mainly to coordinate between health and social care agencies, advocate for the client/family with medical professionals and voluntary agencies, and provide psychosocial counseling and bereavement support to the family. In keeping with the cultural ethos of the country, working with the family, understanding collusion, and integrating spirituality are vital aspects in providing effective palliative care services.
Merging Research and Clinical Practice
Authors: Cadet Tamara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Despite ongoing efforts to encourage and translate the use of research into social work practice, there are still challenges that make it hard to integrate research and practice, particularly among palliative social workers. Among those challenges is what appears to be a lack of clarity about the importance of grounding our knowledge in research to provide the best care, and an inability to access research relevant to our work and the diverse populations we serve. The goal of this chapter is to help emerging and experienced palliative social workers take steps to ensure that the good work that we do is supported by evidence.
Connections and Context
Authors: Shermak Sheryl Lee , Cadell Susan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Positive aspects of the experience are not the first thought when working with people who are facing serious illness, death, and grief. Strengths, resilience, and growth can be important aspects to consider and facilitate. This chapter is a critical reflection on the synergy between social work as a person-in-context approach and palliative care philosophy and values. The chapter defines and explores the three aforementioned positive processes in palliative social work practice. Concurrently there is acknowledgment of how cultivating strengths and growth does not erase the pain and distress that are experienced. After definitions, to deepen engagement of what positive processes are and may be, the chapter has three sections. There is a discussion of the importance of situating our interest in the area. Then, the chapter addresses the need to be attentive to the timing of introducing positive processes. Finally, there is a call to action.
Holding On and Letting Go
Authors: Gerbino Susan , Raymer Mary 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Palliative social workers will be attending to grief and bereavement in their respective settings. Palliative social workers combine humility and skill to provide impeccable assessment, which includes a working knowledge of widely held assumptions about grief that are not supported by empirical research. Awareness of other variables that influence grief include the quality of care proved over the continuum of illness, racism, culture, spirituality, disenfranchised and/or ancestral grief, gender/sexual identity, and COVID-19 pandemic issues helps inform assessment that seeks to understand each person’s unique experience. Appropriate and effective intervention also requires knowledge of current bereavement research and theory. The field of grief and bereavement is continuously evolving, and palliative social workers need to stay current and adjust their practice accordingly. Self-awareness and self-care are additional responsibilities that enable social workers to sustain effective practice over time.
The Integration of Technology
Authors: Campbell Katharine 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Technology has infiltrated all aspects of healthcare, and palliative social workers are tasked with understanding the vast opportunities as well as the critical risks that accompany this evolution. The effects of technology range from access to care to the various processes and quality of that care. Implications for providers, patients, and families are explored from the areas of concern as well as the opportunities for enhanced care. Considerations include technological matters that impact care, ethical concerns, competency needs, and use of technology to meet emotional needs of support and knowledge. An overview bridging technology, healthcare, and ethics as a complex process is provided. Guidelines and future implications are offered for the reader to continue the journey of learning.
Interventions in Palliative Social Work Practice
Authors: Kelemen Anne , Remke Stacy S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Social work intervention in palliative care is a key element of effective team-based practice and has significant implications for patients’ outcomes. Intentional integration of evidence-based and evidence-informed modalities that flows from a multidimensional assessment process is at the core of competent practice. With each clinical encounter, social workers make practice choices, selecting interventions that impact patient care, teamwork, and outcomes. This chapter provides a rationale for this practice, defines pathways to ensure accountability to diverse stakeholders, including patients and their families, and describes a logic model to guide social workers in the process of assessment and intervention. Taken together, these elements ensure ethical, effective and accountable social work practice in palliative care.
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Authors: Moore Kayla 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pain and suffering can be lonely and isolating experiences, and yet they are inextricably woven into daily life. Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a treatment modality that acknowledges the reality that pain and suffering are inescapable parts of humanity. Through the understanding of the relationship of language, cognition, and their influence on human behavior, Steven Hayes and colleagues have identified six core processes that can assist in enhancing psychological flexibility and empowering individuals to live life according to their truest sense of self. This chapter highlights the parallels between the six core processes of psychological flexibility and palliative care. These processes include mindfulness, acceptance, defusion, self-as-context, values, and committed action.
De-Escalating Highly Emotional or Potentially Violent Situations
Authors: Hurley Kathleen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Patients with serious illness and their families do not often become agitated or aggressive, but when they do, it is important to know how to intervene quickly and effectively. Skills such as active listening, empathy, attunement to nonverbal behaviors, fogging, the broken record technique, and a genuine apology may assist in successful de-escalation. The de-escalator’s emotional self-regulation and awareness are equally important in a charged encounter. After the de-escalation interventions have been implemented, it is important to offer space to process what has happened and repair any ruptures to the therapeutic relationship. Care must be taken during heightened encounters to intervene with cultural sensitivity and the awareness that anger can be a normal reaction to grief.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing for Pain Management
Authors: Colón Yvette 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In palliative care, there is a need to develop and use better tools for clinical assessment and intervention that address illness-related stressors. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), originally developed as a psychotherapy treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder, has shown efficacy in pain and symptom management. Research studies indicate that EMDR, a culturally adaptable, evidence-informed treatment that targets emotional distress and associated physical symptoms, can reduce the physical and emotional distress of serious illness and side effects successfully. This chapter considers the development of EMDR and its use in the psychological support of people with trauma, including those living with or recovering from serious illness. It outlines the basic EMDR trauma protocol and eight phases of treatment, examining an exploratory process that may help palliative care patients further understand the relationship between body and mind. Additionally, the chapter will outline other EMDR protocols used with persons experiencing pain. Information about basic and advanced training, continuing education, and professional resources is included.