bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic exploration of heavy element nucleosynthesis in protomagnetar outflows
Authors: Ekanger Nick , Bhattacharya Mukul , Horiuchi Shunsaku 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTWe study the nucleosynthesis products in neutrino-driven winds from rapidly rotating, highly magnetized and misaligned protomagnetars using the nuclear reaction network SkyNet. We adopt a semi-analytic parametrized model for the protomagnetar and systematically study the capabilities of its neutrino-driven wind for synthesizing nuclei and eventually producing ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). We find that for neutron-rich outflows (Ye &lt; 0.5), synthesis of heavy elements ($\overline{A}\sim 20-65$) is possible during the first $\sim 10\, {\rm s}$ of the outflow, but these nuclei are subjected to composition-altering photodisintegration during the epoch of particle acceleration at the dissipation radii. However, after the first $\sim 10\, {\rm s}$ of the outflow, nucleosynthesis reaches lighter elements ($\overline{A}\sim 10-50$) that are not subjected to subsequent photodisintegration. For proton-rich (Ye ≥ 0.5) outflows, synthesis is more limited ($\overline{A}\sim 4-15$). These suggest that while protomagnetars typically do not synthesize nuclei heavier than second r-process peak elements, they are intriguing sources of intermediate/heavy mass UHECRs. For all configurations, the most rapidly rotating protomagnetars are more conducive for nucleosynthesis with a weaker dependence on the magnetic field strength.
Kinematics of the molecular interstellar medium probed by Gaia: steep velocity dispersion–size relation, isotropic turbulence, and location-dependent energy dissipation
Authors: Zhou Ji-Xuan , Li Guang-Xing , Chen Bing-Qiu 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The evolution of the molecular interstellar medium is controlled by processes such as turbulence, gravity, stellar feedback, and Galactic shear. AL a part of the ISM-6D project, using Gaia astrometric measurements towards a sample of young stellar objects (YSOs), we study the morphology and kinematic structure of the associated molecular gas. We identify 150 YSO associations with distance $d \lesssim 3 \,\,\rm kpc$. The YSO associations are elongated, with a median aspect ratio of 1.97, and are oriented parallel to the disc mid-plane, with a median angle of 30°. The turbulence in the molecular clouds as probed by the YSOs is isotropic, and the velocity dispersions are related to the sizes by σv, 2D = 0.74 (r/pc)0.67 (km s−1) . The slope is on the steeper side, yet consistent with previous measurements. The energy dissipation rate of turbulence $\dot{\epsilon } = \sigma _{v,{\rm 3D}}^3 /L$ decreases with the Galactocentric distance, with a gradient of 0.2 $\rm dex \,\, kpc^{-1}$, which can be explained if turbulence is driven by cloud collisions. In this scenario, the clouds located in the inner Galaxy have higher chances to accrete smaller clouds and are more turbulent. Although the density structures of the complexes are anisotropic, the turbulence is consistent with being isotropic. If the alignment between density structures and the Galactic-disc mid-plane is due to shear, we expect $t_{\rm cloud} \gtrsim t_{\rm shear}\approx 30\,\, \rm Myr$. This cloud lifetime is longer than the turbulence crossing time, and a continuous energy injection is required to maintain the turbulence.
The symbiotic X-ray binaries Sct X-1, 4U 1700+24, and IGR J17329−2731
Authors: Bozzo E , Romano P , Ferrigno C , Oskinova L 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
Symbiotic X-ray binaries are systems hosting a neutron star accreting form the wind of a late-type companion. These are rare objects and so far only a handful of them are known. One of the most puzzling aspects of the symbiotic X-ray binaries is the possibility that they contain strongly magnetized neutron stars. These are expected to be evolutionary much younger compared to their evolved companions and could thus be formed through the (yet poorly known) accretion induced collapse of a white dwarf. In this paper, we perform a broad-band X-ray and soft γ-ray spectroscopy of two known symbiotic binaries, Sct X−1 and 4U 1700+24, looking for the presence of cyclotron scattering features that could confirm the presence of strongly magnetized NSs. We exploited available Chandra, Swift, and NuSTAR data. We find no evidence of cyclotron resonant scattering features (CRSFs) in the case of Sct X−1 but in the case of 4U 1700+24 we suggest the presence of a possible CRSF at ∼16 keV and its first harmonic at ∼31 keV, although we could not exclude alternative spectral models for the broad-band fit. If confirmed by future observations, 4U 1700+24 could be the second symbiotic X-ray binary with a highly magnetized accretor. We also report about our long-term monitoring of the last discovered symbiotic X-ray binary IGR J17329−2731 performed with Swift/XRT. The monitoring revealed that, as predicted, in 2017 this object became a persistent and variable source, showing X-ray flares lasting for a few days and intriguing obscuration events that are interpreted in the context of clumpy wind accretion.
Tracing astrophysical black hole seeds and primordial black holes with LISA-Taiji network
Authors: Yang Yuchan , Han Wen-Biao , Yun Qianyun , Xu Peng , Luo Ziren 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
In this work, we discuss the improvement that the joint network of LISA and Taiji could provide on exploring two kinds of black hole formation mechanisms. For astrophysical origin, we consider light seed and heavy seed scenarios, and generate populations accordingly. We find that the joint network has the potential to observe growing light seeds in the range 15 &lt; z &lt; 20, while single detector can hardly see, which would shed light on the light seeding mechanism. For the heavy seeds, the joint network only improves the signal-to-noise ratio. For primordial origin, we calculate the event rate at z &gt; 20 and detection rates of LISA and the joint network. The joint network expands LISA’s horizon towards lower mass end, where the event rate is high, so we have better chance observing primordial black holes with the joint network. We also estimate the parameters using Fisher matrices of LISA and the joint network, and find that the joint network significantly improves the estimation.
Distinguishing Volcanic Contributions to the Overlapping Samoan and Cook-Austral Hotspot Tracks
Authors: Price Allison A , Jackson Matthew G , Blichert-Toft Janne , Konrad Kevin , Bizimis Michael , Koppers Anthony A P , Konter Jasper G , Finlayson Valerie A , Sinton John M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
To deconvolve contributions from the four overlapping hotspots that form the “hotspot highway” on the Pacific plate—Samoa, Rarotonga, Arago-Rurutu, and Macdonald—we geochemically characterize and/or date (by the 40Ar/39Ar method) a suite of lavas sampled from the eastern region of the Samoan hotspot and the region “downstream” of the Samoan hotspot track. We find that Papatua seamount, located ~60 km south of the axis of the Samoan hotspot track, has lavas with both a HIMU (high μ = 238U/204Pb) composition (206Pb/204Pb = 20.0), previously linked to one of the Cook-Austral hotspots, and an enriched mantle I (EM1) composition, which we interpret to be rejuvenated and Samoan in origin. We show that these EM1 rejuvenated lavas at Papatua are geochemically similar to rejuvenated volcanism on Samoan volcanoes and suggest that flexural uplift, caused by tectonic forces associated with the nearby Tonga trench, triggered a new episode of melting of Samoan mantle material that had previously flattened and spread laterally along the base of the Pacific plate under Papatua, resulting in volcanism that capped the previous HIMU edifice. We argue that this process generated Samoan rejuvenated volcanism on the older Cook-Austral volcano of Papatua. We also study Waterwitch seamount, located ~820 km WNW of the Samoan hotspot, and provide an age (10.49 ± 0.09 Ma) that places it on the Samoan hotspot trend, showing that it is genetically Samoan and not related to the Cook-Austral hotspots as previously suggested. Consequently, with the possible exception of the HIMU stage of Papatua seamount, there are currently no known Arago-Rurutu plume-derived lava flows sampled along the swath of Pacific seafloor that stretches between Rose seamount (~25 Ma) and East Niulakita seamount (~45 Ma), located 1400 km to the west. The “missing” ~20-million-year segment of the Arago-Rurutu hotspot track may have been subducted into the northern Tonga trench, or perhaps was covered by subsequent volcanism from the overlapping Samoan hotspot, and has thus eluded sampling. Finally, we explore tectonic reactivation as a cause for anomalously young volcanism present within the western end of the Samoan hotspot track.
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome, Identification, and Wound Care
Authors: McKeown Katherine E. , Baker Rachel B. 
Published: April 2022

Introduction:
Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infections cause diseases ranging from localized skin infections to serious invasive infections. Neonates are immunosuppressed, placing them at increased risk for MSSA infections, including staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), a rare severe skin presentation of MSSA.

Clinical Findings:
We present a case series of 3 preterm infants with SSSS receiving care at a level 3 neonatal intensive care unit.

Primary Diagnosis:
The infants presented with symptoms of sepsis, including temperature instability, apnea, and bradycardia episodes. The infants had peeling skin at sites of external pressure, including peripheral intravenous (IV) sites, under dressings, or where devices had been in contact with skin.

Interventions:
The infants were soaked in a tub with gel baby wash and water to remove leads without traumatizing the skin. Laboratory values were drawn, and cultures were obtained. Wound care was provided using mupirocin, soft silicone mesh wound contact layer, and soft cotton bandage gauze. Supportive respiratory care was provided, and IV antibiotics were administered.

Outcomes:
The infants were discharged to their homes with intact skin. One infant experienced a loss of pigment that persisted several weeks. All patients were without scarring by early childhood.

Practice Recommendations:
Thorough assessment and careful hygiene of neonates' skin is crucial. MSSA is an infection that can appear on the skin. It is important to quickly diagnose and treat this type of infection, especially when it presents as a localized pustule, boil, tear, peeling, or crust before it becomes systemic.
Noise in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Sabetsarvestani Raheleh , Köse Semra , Geçkil Emine , Tosun Esra Ertürk , Tokan Özkılıçaslan Fatma , Karaarslan Fatih , Altunhan Hüseyin 
Published: April 2022

Background:Concerns regarding the environmental noise issue in neonatal units and an interest in developing strategies to reduce this noise have motivated researchers to conduct comprehensive qualitative research to elucidate the current situation and help improve it.Purpose:This study aims to explore the current state of noise and possible solutions in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Konya, Turkey.Methods:In 2021, a descriptive exploratory study was conducted with a qualitative content analysis approach. Eighteen nurses, three physicians, seven staff members, and four mothers were selected to participate in the study via purposeful sampling. The data were collected from two semi-structured interviews, six focus groups, six observations, and sound source level measurements using a sound decibel meter. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the data.Results:Three main themes and seven major categories emerged from the data analysis. The themes wereovert and covert sources, pan-negative effects, andholistic modification. All recorded sound levels exceeded the recommended noise level of 45 dB. Fifty-seven percent of sound sources were in the range of 45–65 dB, and 43% were higher than 65 dB.Implications for Practice and Research:This study showed that NICU has a noisy environment with hidden sound sources that can negatively affect all people. This situation must be approached seriously by holistic modification involving environmental modification, behavioral modification, and resource management. It highlighted that each environment is unique and needs to be carefully evaluated to find a suitable and cost-effective solution.
Profound Hypothermia Concomitant With Severe Coagulation Dysfunction and Leukopenia in a Preterm Infant
Authors: Tao Enfu , Chen Caie , Chen Yunqin , Xie Dengpan , Yuan Tianming , Fu Qibo , Jiang Mizu 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Neonatal hypothermia is common around the world; however, profound hypothermia is a very rare—but life-threatening—event.

Clinical Findings:
This was a very rare case involving a 15-day old preterm infant diagnosed with profound hypothermia (rectal temperature, 27°C) concomitant with severe coagulation dysfunction and leukopenia on admission.

Primary Diagnosis:
Profound hypothermia together with severe coagulopathy, leukopenia, late-onset sepsis, and pneumonia.

Interventions:
The patient was rewarmed slowly, with a rectal temperature rising at a rate of 0.5°C/h < R < 1°C/h. Vital signs were closely monitored. Coagulation factors were supplemented by intravenous infusion of fresh frozen plasma. Supportive treatment with intravenous infusion of immunoglobulin was provided, and antibiotics were used empirically. Nil per os and intravenous rehydration were also implemented.

Outcomes:
The condition of the preterm infant gradually improved and was successfully discharged.

Practice Recommendations:
Profound hypothermia is very rare in preterm infants. However, once it occurs, it may be concomitant with severe coagulopathy and leukopenia. Successful management involves slow rewarming, prompt supplementation of coagulation factors, empirical antibiotics, and supportive treatment.
Validation of a Wound Tool for Assessment of Surgical Wounds in Infants
Authors: Kernaleguen Guen , Yaskina Maryna , Fox Miriam , Dicken Bryan J. , van Manen Michael 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Wound assessment is a critical part of the care of hospitalized infants in neonatal intensive care. Early recognition and initiation of appropriate treatment of wounds are imperative to facilitate wound healing and avoid complications such as secondary infection and wound dehiscence. There are, however, no validated tools for assessing surgical wounds in infants.

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to develop and interrogate a tool for the assessment of surgical wounds. Specific aims for the tool included interrater reliability (give a consistent and dependable result independent of user) and test criterion validity (give an accurate assessment of the wound compared with an expert).

Methods:
This was an exploratory cohort study involving a structured wound tool applied by nursing staff to 40 surgical wounds. The wounds were also assessed by wound experts (a pediatric wound care nurse and a pediatric surgeon). Comparisons were made to elucidate estimates of reliability and validity.

Results:
The wound tool demonstrated interrater reliability with intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.775 (95% CI, 0.665-0.862) as well as criterion validity with rank correlation coefficient of 0.55 (95% CI, 0.34-0.76) to 0.71 (95% CI, 0.53-0.88). To obtain 100% sensitivity to distinguish mild from moderate-severe wounds, a low cutoff score was needed.

Implications for Practice and Research:
Wound assessment continues to be a subjective exercise, even with the utilization of a tool. Additional research is needed for strategies to support the assessment of surgical wounds in infants. Such tools are needed for future research, particularly when multiple institutions are involved.
Mechanical Analysis of 3 Posterior Fusion Assemblies Intended to Cross the Cervicothoracic Junction
Authors: Sherrill John T. , Bumpass David B. , Mannen Erin M. 
Published: April 2022

Study Design:
This was a biomechanical comparison study.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to evaluate the mechanical properties of 3 posterior spinal fusion assemblies commonly used to cross the cervicothoracic junction.

Summary of Background:
When posterior cervical fusions are extended into the thoracic spine, an instrumentation transition is often utilized. The cervical rod (3.5 mm) can continue using thoracic screws designed to accept the cervical rods. Alternatively, traditional thoracic screws may be used to accept thoracic rods (5.5 mm). This requires the use of a 3.5–5.5 mm transition rod or a separate 5.5 mm rod and a connector to fix the 3.5 and 5.5 mm rod together. Fusion success depends on the immobilization of vertebrae, yet the mechanics provided by these different assemblies are unknown.

Materials and Methods:
Three titanium alloy posterior fusion assemblies intended to cross the cervicothoracic junction underwent static compressive bending, tensile bending, and torsion as described in ASTM F1717 to a torque of 2.5 Nm. Five samples of each assembly were attached to ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene blocks via multiaxial screws for testing. Force and displacement were recorded, and the stiffness of each construct was calculated.

Results:
The 2 assemblies that included a 5.5 mm rod were found to be stiffer and have less range of motion than the assembly that used only 3.5 mm rods.

Conclusions:
The results of this study indicate that incorporating a 5.5 mm rod in a fusion assembly adds significant stiffness to the construct. When the stability of a fusion is of heightened concern, as demonstrated by the ASTM F1717 vertebrectomy (worst-case scenario) model, including 5.5 mm rods may increase fusion success rates.

Level of Evidence:
Level V.
Variation of Global Sagittal Alignment Parameters According to Gender, Pelvic Incidence, and Age
Authors: Charles Yann P. , Bauduin Eloïse , Pesenti Sébastien , Ilharreborde Brice , Prost Solène , Laouissat Féthi , Riouallon Guillaume , Wolff Stéphane , Challier Vincent , Obeid Ibrahim , Boissière Louis , Ferrero Emmanuelle , Solla Federico , Le Huec Jean-Charles , Bourret Stéphane , Faddoul Joe , Abi Lahoud Georges N. , Fière Vincent , Vande Kerckhove Michiel , Campana Matthieu , Lebhar Jonathan , Giorgi Hadrien , Faure Aymeric , Sauleau Erik A. , Blondel Benjamin ,   The French Spine Surgery Society (SFCR)
Published: April 2022

Study Design:
Retrospective cross-sectional study.

Objective:
The aim was to describe existing global sagittal alignment parameters across ages and to analyze differences according to gender and pelvic incidence (PI).

Summary of Background Data:
Variability with age has been reported. It remains unclear how gender and spinopelvic morphology could additionally influence global alignment parameters.

Materials and Methods:
Radiographs of 2599 individuals (5–93 y) were analyzed. Translation parameters were: Sagittal Vertical Axis (SVA)-C7, SVA-C2, SVA-Center Acoustic Meatus (CAM), C7/Sacrofemoral Distance (SFD) ratio. Inclination parameters were: C7-Vertical Tilt (VT), T1-VT and T9-VT, Odontoid-Hip Axis (OD-HA), OD-CAM. Pelvic compensation parameters were: T1-Pelvic Angle (TPA), Global Tilt (GT), Spino-Sacral Angle (SSA). Global sagittal alignment (GSA) was considered among formulae. The distribution of parameters was analyzed using a Bayesian inference. Correlations with spinopelvic parameters were investigated.

Results:
SVA-C7, SVA-C2, SVA-CAM were larger in males and high PI, and increased significantly after 50 years (Pr>0.9999). C7/SFD decreased during growth and was larger in low PI (Pr=0.951). There was no correlation with spinopelvic parameters. Age-related variations of inclination parameters were nonsignificant. T1-VT and T9-VT increased with PI and were significantly larger in high PI (Pr>0.95). C7-VT was significantly larger in low PI (Pr>0.9999). OD-HA and OD-CAM were constant and increased after 80 years. TPA and GT increased with PI (Pr>0.9999) and age after 35 years (Pr>0.9999). SSA decreased nonsignificantly after 50 years. TPA correlated with PI (ρ=0.6130) and pelvic tilt (PT) (ρ=0.8375). GT correlated with PI (ρ=0.5961) and PT (ρ=0.8996). SSA correlated with sacral slope (ρ=0.9026). GSA was larger in high PI (Pr>0.9999) and increased after 35 years (Pr>0.9999). GSA correlated with PT (ρ=0.7732).

Conclusion:
Translation parameters increase with age, more prominently in males and high PI. Variations of inclination parameters are smaller. Pelvic compensation parameters and GSA increase with age and are closely related to PT and spinopelvic morphology.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Retrograde Intramedullary Antibiotic Impregnated Cement Nailing for Treatment of Infected Primary Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis
Authors: Agarwal Abhinav , Singh Neha , Andrews Nicholas A. , Young Sean , Scott Christine S. , Jacob Roshan A. , Littlefield Zachary , Shah Ashish 
Published: April 2022

The management of infected primary tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis (TTCA) is a daunting task for foot and ankle surgeons. For the last 2 decades, antibiotic bone cement nails have become a method to treat intramedullary infections, such as those seen in infected TTCA, as they provide the dual benefits of eluting high amounts of antibiotics into medullary canal while providing some stability to the bone. Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of this salvage technique in treating infected primary TTCA. Because of the lack of commercially available antibiotic impregnated nails for this procedure, there is significant variation in techniques utilized. In addition, the rarity of these cases can make execution of this technique difficult and time consuming. To date there is no comprehensive technique guide for this procedure. We present a detailed photographic record and technical details of a modified technique for employing an antibiotic spacer nail for a 64-year-old female patient undergoing revision TTCA. The patient had an uncomplicated postoperative clinical course with no evidence of wound infection. Her osteomyelitis subsequently resolved, and she was able to ambulate with minimal pain with a Charcot Restraint Orthotic Walker. Surgeons can utilize the technical pearls presented herein to help reduce the amount of time spent in the operating room performing these clinically challenging revisions.Level of Evidence:Diagnostic Level V. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.