bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intangible Capital
Authors: Bryan Dick , Rafferty Michael , Wigan Duncan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Dick Bryan, Mike Rafferty, and Duncan Wigan trace the increasing significance of intangible capital and outline the analytical challenges this poses for the global wealth chain project and the practical challenges this poses for regulators seeking to gain traction on it. Akin to innovations in finance, intangible capital is driving a historical transformation in both the value composition and the institutional and organizational forms of global capital. The chapter argues that these transformations are changing the nature of production, exchange, and consumption, and relationships between state and capital. Intangible capital is also collapsing categorical distinctions between what is a commodity and what is a financial asset, and between financial and non-financial firms. The chapter illustrates the depth of these transformations by exploring how the management of intellectual property assets has led to the transcendence of tax rules based on valuation by comparison, accrual concepts of liabilities and assets, and readily identifiable ties between legal jurisdictions, economic activity, income streams and assets. Bryan, Rafferty, and Wigan show that while information asymmetries between the regulator and client/supplier are large in hierarchy global wealth chains because of multijurisdictional strategies deployed by firms within corporate structures, they are also large because current regulatory tools are based on outmoded concepts inadequate to capital’s evolving forms.
Beer and Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Dahl Mie Højris 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Mie Højris Dahl explores how sectoral differences and firm size impact the way that multinational enterprises articulate their global wealth chains. Dahl contrasts three beer and three pharmaceutical firms to assess how firm size informs wealth chain asset strategy. The contrast is between a simply commodity-based product, beer, and a product with high levels of intellectual property content, pharmaceuticals. Drawing on Orbis data, Dahl maps corporate structures to find where value chains and wealth chains are present, differentiating their function and jurisdictional location. Dahl finds that firm size and the extent of internationalization inform wealth chain use, especially modular and captive forms, with beer firms using wealth chains as much as pharmaceutical firms.
Art
Authors: Helgadóttir Oddný 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Oddný Helgadóttir investigates the formation of global wealth chains around high-value art. Helgadóttir explores how asset strategies for high-value art have led to tax-avoidance schemes based on modular and relational wealth chains. She describes how the use of art freeports, to store wealth as physical art, has boomed and been regularized as modular wealth chains, with clients selecting from off-the-shelf options for art storage and tax planning. Elites are also involved in more relational wealth chains, where high-trust relationships are maintained by status and prestige. Helgadóttir shows how ambiguity around the valuation of art is central to the modular and relational wealth chain forms, and how this market, centered around locations like Geneva and Luxembourg, defies strong multijurisdictional regulatory efforts at control.
Mining
Authors: Stausholm Saila 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Saila Stausholm explains how fiscal arrangements in mining contracts are used to lower tax burdens on the extraction of metals, minerals, and gemstones. The fixity of natural resources means the location of value creation cannot be moved or manipulated. But when firms deal directly with governments in the negotiation of mining rights, they are often successful in negotiating tax incentives. Taking advantage of statutory tax incentives (market), contractual tax incentives (relational), and the strategic placement of ownership rights in low-tax jurisdictions (hierarchy), mining firms combine different wealth chain forms. The combination of different forms has dynamic effects on tax minimization, as the use of tax haven structures increases the value of the tax holiday. Basing the analysis upon 113 mining contracts across 21 developing countries, Stausholm finds that these fiscal arrangements provide opportunities for wealth accrual and wealth protection to mining firms.
Introduction
Authors: Davis David J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The introduction summarizes the purpose and scope of the book, both temporally and in terms of the source material. It describes the basic discursive elements that the book explores in greater detail that underpinned the larger culture of revelation, specifying what key terms (e.g. revelation, ravished, beatific vision, raptus, visio) mean as well as other key markers of the discourse. The introduction also identifies what is meant by a ‘collective representation’ and explains how it is a useful concept in understanding the importance of divine revelation in the period, particularly as a unifying notion across much of late medieval and early modern English religion.
‘Pictures are … not for Worship’
Authors: Davis David J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter expands the discourse of divine revelation beyond the literary/linguistic to include the visual and pictorial. It examines the continued prevalence of images of God in early modern England, despite many reformers’ prohibitions and objections, and considers how these images were used. The chapter anchors different, popular representations of God in the widely published engravings of divine revelation printed in the Book of Common Prayer after the Restoration in 1660, demonstrating a continuity in the ways that God was visually depicted across several centuries. Furthermore, elaborating on the common themes of images serving as objects to stir the memory, the chapter demonstrates that in Protestant and Catholic contexts, images of God’s self-disclosure could offer people various topics for meditation, including divine immanence, divine providence, and spiritual consolation.
‘A love-token of Christ to the Soul’
Authors: Davis David J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how the discourse of divine revelation was deployed in prayerbooks and devotional works of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Examining both Catholic and Protestant works alongside one another, the chapter demonstrates a certain degree of continuity but also some important differences between the Protestant and Catholic use of raptus and ravishment in prayer and devotion. One thing that is apparent in this chapter is the degree to which the discourse shaped large portions of early modern devotional literature, informing an individual’s relationship to Christ as well as the purpose and goal of devotion and the notion of the church as the body of Christ.
‘Language of the Angels’
Authors: Davis David J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how popular works of divine (or sacred) poetry in early modern England provide one of the most robust contexts for the culture of divine revelation. Setting aside certain scholarly debates about the confessional identities of the poets, the chapter encourages a fresh reading of this literature that tracks how different poets, across the Christian confessions, developed and expanded the discourse of divine revelation. Early modern culture understood poetry as a powerful preparative in the pursuit of divine revelation. Poets employed accommodating language, deploying imagery of celestial gardens and mystical marriages, to expand upon the traditional understanding of how human beings encountered the divine, in the hopes of aiding their readers in experiences of divine ravishment.
‘So unsatisfying … is Rapture’
Authors: Davis David J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter situates the emergence of sectarian religious groups within the larger culture of divine revelation, arguing that one of the most significant challenges to the discourse of divine revelation came from within the religious communities of the period. The chapter traces to what extent the more radical prophets were products of this culture and to what extent they were isolated from it. Furthermore, it demonstrates how the reaction against sectarian prophets, from Catholics, Presbyterians, and Anglicans, undermined the legitimacy of the discourse of divine revelation. As groups like the Quakers, the Fifth Monarchists, and others used the discourse, a growing concern surrounding the verifiability of divine revelation began to take shape among some of England’s leading theologians and ministers.
Disorder in one dimension
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Basic scattering theory for occupancy or substitutional disorder is developed in one dimension (1D). Whereas the scattered amplitude is the Fourier Transform of the distribution of electron density the scattered intensity is the Fourier Transform of a function involving vector distances between pairs of atoms. This function is variously known as the autocorrelation function, the pair-distribution function, or the Patterson function. One-dimensional disorder is discussed in the context of layer structures and the concepts of site occupancy and short-range correlation are established. Binary random variables are used to describe the occupancy. General restrictions on the values that correlation coefficients may have are established.
A new refinement strategy
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
With the greatly enhanced computational resources now available a quite different strategy has been developed for representing the intermolecular interactions in the MC models used to fit to the observed X-ray scattering. Previously effective inter-molecular interactions were represented by a relatively small set of interatomic springs. Now it is possible to use all the atom-atom pair interactions between neighbouring molecules to compute the MC energy. Rather than allowing the spring constants, Ki, to be independent variables, their values are expressed by an empirical formula that defines the Ki as a function of the pair type and the separation distance. This involves a small number of adjustable parameters that are determined by the fitting. The method is demonstrated using the example of the paracetamol polymorphs.
Polymorphism in aspirin
Authors: Welberry T.R. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In order to clarify the misconceptions and uncertainties concerning the polymorphism of aspirin a study using both Bragg and diffuse X-ray scattering was undertaken. A MC simulation model for aspirin has been developed which includes occupational disorder and SRO as well as the effects of local strain. By adjusting occupancy variables the model can be made to describe a whole range of structures varying from the pure form I to the pure form II structure. For all intermediate structures it is necessary to consider strain at the interfaces. The modeling shows that form II has a structure quite distinct from that of form I but contains plate-like inclusions that consist of thin layers of the form I structure.
A Case for Korea as a Developed Market?
Authors: Woo Jaejoon 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
High degrees of trade and financial openness make Korea vulnerable to external shocks that disrupt trade or capital flows. Accordingly, the country’s governments have sought to build a more resilient financial system while strengthening external buffers, and indeed, Korea’s sovereign credit ratings are on a par with her counterparts of the UK and France. Nonetheless, the Korean economy often behaves more like a typical emerging market (EM) than a developed market (DM), even though it has already attained DM status in many aspects. Partly motivated by this intriguing puzzle, Chapter 11 examines the evolving patterns of Korea’s trade and financial linkages and the recent experiences of different types of external shocks (e.g., global shocks such as the US Fed’s monetary policy cycle versus the China shocks seen in 2015–2016). It is revealed that Korea’s deepening economic tie with EMs via trade and finance is an important source of the EM-style volatility of the Korean won’s foreign exchange rate. It also discovers that the impact on the Korean economy of external shocks and their operational channels have tended to vary, depending on the type of shocks and their places of origin. In particular, it further explores the effects on Korea and likely spillover channels of shocks from China.
Korea Joins the League of Wealthy Nations
Authors: Woo Jaejoon 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Korea’s large current account (CA) surplus has recently emerged as a silver lining of a country struggling to revive growth, providing a unique opportunity to build a significant net foreign asset (NFA) position. A new analysis predicts years of CA surpluses of a structural nature ahead. Under a central scenario, the NFA is forecast to reach 62 percent of GDP by 2030. In retrospect, however, it is surprising that Korea’s NFA position turned positive (i.e. Korea became a net creditor nation) only in 2014, although the country has run a CA surplus every single year since 1998. By definition, the current account balance and change in NFA move closely to each other, subject to valuation effects. Where did all the current account surpluses go? Why would this time be different? To provide answers for these questions, Chapter 12 examines Korea’s balance of payment system, the external capital structure (i.e. composition of foreign assets and liabilities), and valuation effects. The prospect of a more solid NFA position has positive implications for the economy, while helping to address issues such as the need for durable funding sources for the aging society and the emerging market-style volatility of the economy during major external events.
North Korea
Authors: Woo Jaejoon 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Since the Korean War ended with an armistice agreement in July 1953, a potential military conflict with North Korea has been a tail risk for South Korea. It has long been recognized as a key risk factor in investing in South Korea, producing the so-called Korea discount phenomenon. With North Korea’s nuclear weapon and missile programs near completion, geopolitical tensions have risen sharply in recent years. Despite the most recent détente following the historic talks between the North and the US, there is still tremendous uncertainty regarding the end result of the nuclear standoff. North Korea risks and opportunities have great potential to drastically change not only South Korea’s future but also the political and economic landscape in the region. Chapter 13 takes stock of the latest developments in North Korea, such as its domestic economic situation and series of UN sanctions, and speculate on how the nuclear standoff will likely evolve in the near future. As part of this, the so-called reunification bonanza argument is considered. It also draws lessons from the German reunification and former communist countries’ experiences with the transition to a market economy.
Referendum and Self-Determination in Catalonia
Authors: Ninet Antoni Abat i 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
On 9 June 2017, the Government of Catalonia announced the celebration of a referendum on self-determination to be held on 1 October 2017. The Catalan call triggered a new political and legal quarrel with the Spanish Government that was inexorably opposed to recognising the right to self-determination of Catalonia. The political clash between the State and the autonomous community opened several questions on the use of a referendum on self-determination without authorisation from the State. This chapter scrutinises the Catalan referendum on independence, analysing in detail both the Spanish arguments to abort the voting (considered as an unconstitutional act that breached the rule of law and a criminal offense) and the Catalan thesis to hold the plebiscite (rooted in the democratic principle and the exercise of the human right of self-determination). The chapter critically analyses the legitimacy of secession referendums in constitutional democracies and their suitability for settling territorial disputes where national minorities are involved. The conclusion raises questions for future research on secession referendums.
Deciding on the Future
Authors: Promislow Janna 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Indigenous peoples in Canada, and especially in British Columbia and the northern territories, have been engaged in negotiating land and self-government agreements for many years. These agreements, known as modern treaties, recognize and modify the constitutional rights of Indigenous peoples in a number of ways. To complete an agreement, ratification of the agreement by Indigenous community members is required by negotiations policies. This chapter argues that negotiations policies pay insufficient attention to both the collective ratifying the agreement, and the campaigns leading up to the ratification vote. The context for this argument is set by a brief review of treaty negotiations processes and policies, with particular attention to context in British Columbia. It also canvasses First Nations governments and their role in relation to the individuals and collectives that hold constitutionally protected Indigenous rights. After setting the stage with these discussions, the chapter identifies problems with the conduct of ratification votes to date and gaps in the government policies that shape how the negotiations and votes are carried out. Problems identified include gaps and lack of adherence in policies regarding “overlapping and shared” Indigenous territories and how ratification campaigns are funded and supported. It argues that changes are necessary to treat Indigenous polities seriously and move towards Indigenous self-determination.
Plebiscites and Peace
Authors: Bernal Carlos 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
On 2 October 2016, in the so-called “Plebiscite for Peace,” the majority of voters rejected the peace agreement that the Colombian Government had negotiated with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia. The Colombian Government’s implementation of the agreement triggered review of the agreement by the Constitutional Court. This chapter aims to answer two questions arising from this case. First, can plebiscites—or referendums—confer legitimacy on the implementation of peace agreements? Second, can constitutional review of the implementation of a peace agreement confer legitimacy to that process? Correspondingly, this chapter grounds the following two claims. First, plebiscites—or referendums—can confer legitimacy to a peace agreement only where those mechanisms culminate in a fair and inclusive deliberative process. If it is likely to achieve those conditions, institutional designers should avoid scheduling this kind of participatory strategy within a transitional justice process. Second, instead—or additionally—institutional designers should employ mechanisms of constitutional review of norms implementing peace agreements. Constitutional Courts can ensure that peace agreements advance the entrenchment of democratic constitutionalism. Naturally, this can only be the case if Constitutional Courts are impartial and independent.
The Gates Effect
Authors: Fejerskov Adam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter unpacks the contemporary efforts of private foundations such as the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to use the Global South as a laboratory ready for experiments, whether in the form of radically changing social norms or testing new technologies. With Silicon Valley as their ideological epicentre, and spurred on by the immense wealth creation of the past decades, a new group of American philanthropists and private foundations has emerged to take centre stage in the experimental movement. These hyper actors have enormous expectations about their ability to change the world, driving what they see as a global social revolution through technological innovation and experimentation. Steering this train of thought and action today is the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. An immense political and economic force, investing billions of dollars in medical and social research and experimentation, the foundation is currently at full throttle towards shaping the lives of poor people and poor nations. By experimenting with the development of new toilets, vaccines, or social norm change throughout the Global South it furthers a view of this part of the world as a form of live laboratory in which the failure of technical and social experiments and interventions is necessary for social progress. From the outset of the Gates Foundation, the chapter explores the role of private foundations in shaping and pushing the experimental movement forwards in the Global South.
Engaging Characters
Authors: Smith Murray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Characters—those imaginary agents populating the fictional worlds we spend so much time absorbed in—are ubiquitous in our lives. We track their fortunes, judge their actions and attitudes, and respond to them with anger, amusement, and affection—indeed, the whole palette of human emotions. Often enough, powerfully drawn characters transcend the stories to which they owe their genesis, migrating into our imaginations and deliberations about the actual world. And yet there has been remarkably little sustained and systematic reflection on these creatures that engage our minds and shape our feelings in equal measure. In Engaging Characters, Murray Smith sets out a comprehensive theory of character, exploring the role of characters in our experience of narrative and fiction. While focussing on film, Smith’s analysis also illuminates character in literature, opera, song, cartoons, new media, and social media. At the heart of Smith’s account is an explanation of the capacity of characters to move us. Teasing out the different dimensions of character, Smith explores the means by which films draw us close to characters, or hold us at a distance from them, and how our beliefs and attitudes are formed (and sometimes reformed) by these encounters. Integrating these arguments with research on emotion in philosophy, psychology, evolutionary theory, and anthropology, Engaging Characters advances an account of the nature of fictional characters and their functions in fiction, imagination, and human experience as a whole. Opening with a Foreword by David Bordwell, in this revised, twenty-fifth anniversary edition of Engaging Characters, Smith refines and extends the arguments of the first edition, with a substantial new Afterword reviewing the debates on emotion, empathy, and character inspired by the book.
Screens and Filters
Authors: Smith Murray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The second of the three levels of engagement comprising the structure of sympathy, alignment, designates the way in which we are oriented towards the characters in a narrative in terms of information. As in the case of recognition, alignment breaks down into two functions: spatial attachment, describing the ways and extent to which the narration of a film follows the movements of one or more characters; and subjective access, describing the ways and extent to which the narration affords us access to the thoughts and feelings of its characters. An investigation of the role of optical POV reveals its functions to be more diverse, and its role in relation to subjective access more complex, than orthodoxy holds. Distinct patterns of alignment and their attendant ‘hierarchies of knowledge’ are analysed: The Man Who Knew Too Much and Daisy Kenyon show some of the range of alignment structures possible within classical filmmaking, while Bresson’s L’Argent showcases an idiosyncratic approach to this aspect of form, scaffolding a distinctively austere affective tone.