bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epiphytic fungal communities vary by substrate type and at submetre spatial scales
Authors: Cook Kel , Sharma Jyotsna , Taylor Andrew D. , Herriott Ian , Taylor D. Lee 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFungal species have numerous important environmental functions. Where these functions occur will depend on how fungi are spatially distributed, but the spatial structures of fungal communities are largely unknown, especially in understudied hyperdiverse tropical tree canopy systems. Here we explore fungal communities in a Costa Rican tropical rainforest canopy, with a focus on local‐scale spatial structure and substrate specificity of fungi. Samples of ~1 cm3 were collected from 135 points along five adjacent tree branches, with intersample distances from 1 to 800 cm, and dissected into four substrates: outer host tree bark, inner bark, dead bryophytes and living bryophytes. We sequenced the ITS2 region to characterize total fungal communities. Fungal community composition and diversity varied among substrate types, even when multiple substrates were in direct contact. Fungi were most diverse in living bryophytes, with 39% of all operational taxonomic units (OTUs) found exclusively in this substrate, and the least diverse in inner bark. Fungal communities had significant positive spatial autocorrelation and distance decay of similarity only at distances less than 1 m. Similarity among samples declined by half in less than 10 cm, and even at these short distances, similarities were low with few OTUs shared among samples. These results indicate that community turnover is high and occurs at very small spatial scales, with any two locations sharing very few fungi in common. High heterogeneity of fungal communities in space and among substrates may have implications for the distributions, population dynamics and diversity of other tree canopy organisms, including epiphytic plants.
Toward a general unsupervised novelty detection framework in structural health monitoring
Authors: Soleimani‐Babakamali Mohammad Hesam , Sepasdar Reza , Nasrollahzadeh Kourosh , Lourentzou Ismini , Sarlo Rodrigo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study proposes an unsupervised, online structural health monitoring framework robust to the sensor configuration, that is, the number and placement of sensors. The proposed methodology leverages generative adversarial networks (GANs). The GAN's discriminator network is the novelty detector, while its generator provides additional data to tune the detection threshold. GAN models are trained with the fast Fourier transform of structural accelerations as input, avoiding the need for any structure‐specific feature extraction. Dense, convolutional (convolutional neural network), and long short‐term memory (LSTM) units are evaluated as discriminators under different GAN training loss patterns, that is, the differences between discriminator and generator training losses. Results show that the LSTM‐based discriminators and the suggested threshold tuning technique to be robust even in loss patterns with overfitted discriminators, a probable outcome of limited training sets. The framework is evaluated on two benchmark datasets. With only 100 s of training data, it achieved 95% novelty detection accuracy, distinguishing between different damage classes and identifying their resurgence under varying sensor configurations. Finally, the majority‐vote‐ensemble of discriminator‐generator pairs at different training epochs is introduced to reduce false alarms, improve novelty detection accuracy and stability.
Correlates of Contemporary Gender Preference for Children in South Korea
Authors: Seo Giyeon , Koropeckyj‐Cox Tanya , Kim Sanghag 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study explores gender preference for children in South Korea, where a strong, traditional son preference has recently shifted to a greater preference for daughters or no preference. Using data from the 2008 Panel Study on Korean Children (PSKC; N = 1,836) and 2012 Korean General Social Survey (KGSS; N = 1,355), we examined social and attitudinal correlates of child gender preference, including kinship patterns, perceived prospects for the future, and attitudes about the value of children, including potentially gendered expectations. Logistic regressions of child gender preference showed that mothers receiving support from maternal grandparents reported lower son preference (PSKC). Attitudes about both the instrumental (social, economic) and emotional value of children were also related to son preference. In the KGSS, individuals who preferred sons reported more traditional gender attitudes, positive future prospects, and greater expectations of help in old age and were more likely to be men, older, rural, or Buddhist. There were few differences between those who favored a daughter compared to no preference. Overall, the decline in son preference appears to reflect shifts in intergenerational relations and societal changes that have redefined the meaning and value of children in the context of economic uncertainties, very low fertility, and population aging.
QTL mapping, whole genome resequencing, and marker‐assisted selection provide basics of early flowering in pumpkin
Authors: Abbas Hafiz Muhammad Khalid , Zhou Yang Yang , Huang He Xun , Qamar Muhammad Tahir ul , Wang Man Man , Lu Sen , Xu Congping , Liu Zhanshu , Wu Ting Quan , Zhong Yu Juan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFinding the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and uncovering the genes controlling early flowering in pumpkin are the basic needs to select appropriate varieties for cultivation. Two QTLs related to first female flowering node (FFFN) and four QTLs related to first male flowering node (FMFN) were detected based on high‐density genetic map of pumpkin. Based on annotation information, two candidate genes, flowering locus T‐like protein (FLT) associated with FFFN on chr10 and flowering locus T‐like 2 (FLT2) associated with FMFN on chr11, were identified which were the homologues of flowering time switching gene, flowering Locus T (FT), in different crops. Seven different insertion–deletions (InDels) in promoter regions of FLT and FLT2 were identified by the analysis of wholegenome resequencing data of parental lines. Our results suggested that FLT and FLT2 are candidate genes for controlling FFFN and FMFN traits in pumpkin, respectively. Two insertion–deletion molecular markers were developed to distinguish the lower flowering node F2 individuals. This research will provide the theoretical and practical basis for the selection and cultivation of early flowering pumpkin varieties.
A queueing‐theoretic framework for evaluating transmission risks in service facilities during a pandemic
Authors: Kang Kang , Doroudi Sherwin , Delasay Mohammad , Wickeham Alexander 
Published: January 2022

We propose a new modeling framework for evaluating the risk of disease transmission during a pandemic in small‐scale settings driven by stochasticity in the arrival and service processes, that is, congestion‐prone confined‐space service facilities. We propose a novel metric, system‐specific basic reproduction rate, inspired by the “basic reproduction rate” concept from epidemiology, which measures the transmissibility of infectious diseases. We derive our metric for various queueing models of service facilities by leveraging a novel queueing‐theoretic notion: sojourn time overlaps. We showcase how our metric can be used to explore the efficacy of a variety of interventions aimed at curbing the spread of disease inside service facilities. Specifically, we focus on some prevalent interventions employed during the COVID‐19 pandemic: limiting the occupancy of service facilities, protecting high‐risk customers (via prioritization or designated time windows), and increasing the service speed (or limiting patronage duration). We discuss a variety of directions for adapting our transmission model to incorporate some more nuanced features of disease transmission, including heterogeneity in the population immunity level, varying levels of mask usage, and spatial considerations in disease transmission.
Mitigating Psychological Costs—The Role of Citizens’ Administrative Literacy and Social Capital
Authors: Döring Matthias , Madsen Jonas Krogh 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA key claim in the administrative burden framework is that citizens do not experience interactions with public programs as equally burdensome. Existing research has argued that citizens' generic human capital may influence the severity of these experiences. In this article, we argue that a specific form of human capital specific to interactions with public programs—administrative literacy—affects the psychological costs recipients are facing. Specifically, we propose that administrative literacy is positively associated with autonomy maintenance in the face of burdensome rules, and that autonomy maintenance is negatively associated with stress. In doing so, we investigate a theoretically founded differentiation of psychological costs. We test these propositions using structural equation modeling on a unique survey of 915 unemployment insurance recipients in Denmark. The findings support our arguments, suggesting that accumulation or training of program‐specific human capital may help recipients to cope with the strains of unemployment.
Epiphytism, diseases and grazing in seaweed aquaculture: A comprehensive review
Authors: Behera Durga Prasad , Ingle Kapilkumar N. , Mathew Doniya Elze , Dhimmar Asmita , Sahastrabudhe Harshal , Sahu Sunil Kumar , Krishnan M. Gobala , Shinde Pramod. B. , Ganesan M. , Mantri Vaibhav. A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSeaweeds are macroscopic forms of phylogenetically diverse assemblage of marine algae that grow in oceans, thriving among profoundly harsh environmental conditions. They are cultivated in many maritime nations primarily for edible applications; besides hydrocolloid extraction is the second largest domain of utility for this renewable biomass. The farming practices have been traditionally evolved in different Southeast Asian countries. Nevertheless, advancement in the knowledge about their life‐history traits and control over reproduction has paved ways for commencement of large‐scale commercial farming. Food and Agriculture Organisation of United Nations reported the availability of 35.8 million tons of seaweed biomass globally of which 97% accounted for farming. Although cultivation is on the rise due to relevant to social gains, epiphytic infestation, diseases and grazing have been identified as leading causes that result in substantially lower yield, deteriorated quality of product and skewed economics. Epiphytes may considerably impact the interaction of seaweed hosts with other beneficial communities also. Epidemiological studies in natural seaweed populations are scarce and this makes the understanding of the cross‐talk involving host specificity, and their role obscure. An overview of the diversity of epiphytes, understanding of mechanism of action, factors responsible, chemistry behind their interaction will help in deciphering the solutions to overcome infestation. A comprehensive report of seaweed epiphytism, diseases and grazing from the aspects of host–epiphyte interaction and their resultant consequences is presented along with the studies on economic impacts. The role of multi‐omics approaches in delineating seaweed epiphytic interactions is also included.
The Changing Landscape of Affordable Housing in the Rural and Urban United States, 1990–2016*
Authors: Brooks Matthew M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAffordable housing has declined in recent decades, yet limited research has examined the demographic and economic changes influencing place‐level affordability—especially outside of large metros. In this study I examine the effects of county‐level population growth and decline, population aging, and natural amenity development on rates of affordable housing, income, and housing costs across four types of counties. While declines in affordability from 1990 to 2016 were universal between rural and urban counties, population growth is associated with decreases in affordability in rural counties but increased affordability in large metros counties due to estimated decreases in housing costs. Population aging is estimated to improve affordability in large and small metro counties, despite the associated decrease in income and housing costs across all county types. The effects of aging vary greatly between owners and renters. Natural amenity development, despite its theoretical importance, is not associated with changes in affordability for rural counties.
The necrotrophic effector ToxA from Parastagonospora nodorum interacts with wheat NHL proteins to facilitate Tsn1‐mediated necrosis
Authors: Dagvadorj Bayantes , Outram Megan A. , Williams Simon J. , Solomon Peter S. 
Published: January 2022

SUMMARYThe plant pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum secretes necrotrophic effectors to promote disease. These effectors induce cell death on wheat cultivars carrying dominant susceptibility genes in an inverse gene‐for‐gene manner. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning these interactions and resulting cell death remain unclear. Here, we used a yeast two‐hybrid library approach to identify wheat proteins that interact with the necrotrophic effector ToxA. Using this strategy, we identified an interaction between ToxA and a wheat transmembrane NDR/HIN1‐like protein (TaNHL10) and confirmed the interaction using in planta co‐immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy co‐localization analysis. We showed that the C‐terminus of TaNHL10 is extracellular whilst the N‐terminus is localized in the cytoplasm. Further analyses using yeast two‐hybrid and confocal microscopy co‐localization showed that ToxA interacts with the C‐terminal LEA2 extracellular domain of TaNHL10. Random mutagenesis was then used to identify a ToxA mutant, ToxAN109D, which was unable to interact with TaNHL10 in yeast two‐hybrid assays. Subsequent heterologous expression and purification of ToxAN109D in Nicotiania benthamiana revealed that the mutated protein was unable to induce necrosis on Tsn1‐dominant wheat cultivars, confirming that the interaction of ToxA with TaNHL10 is required to induce cell death. Collectively, these data advance our understanding on how ToxA induces cell death during infection and further highlight the importance of host cell surface interactions in necrotrophic pathosystems.
Phosphate‐induced resistance to pathogen infection in Arabidopsis
Authors: Val‐Torregrosa Beatriz , Bundó Mireia , Martín‐Cardoso Héctor , Bach‐Pages Marcel , Chiou Tzyy‐Jen , Flors Victor , Segundo Blanca San 
Published: January 2022

SUMMARYIn nature, plants are concurrently exposed to a number of abiotic and biotic stresses. Our understanding of convergence points between responses to combined biotic/abiotic stress pathways remains, however, rudimentary. Here we show that MIR399 overexpression, loss‐of‐function of PHOSPHATE2 (PHO2), or treatment with high phosphate (Pi) levels is accompanied by an increase in Pi content and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Arabidopsis thaliana. High Pi plants (e.g., miR399 overexpressors, pho2 mutants, and plants grown under high Pi supply) exhibited resistance to infection by necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic fungal pathogens. In the absence of pathogen infection, the expression levels of genes in the salicylic acid (SA)‐ and jasmonic acid (JA)‐dependent signaling pathways were higher in high Pi plants compared to wild‐type plants grown under control conditions, which is consistent with increased levels of SA and JA in non‐infected high Pi plants. During infection, an opposite regulation in the two branches of the JA pathway (ERF1/PDF1.2 and MYC2/VSP2) occurs in high Pi plants. Thus, while pathogen infection induces PDF1.2 expression in miR399 OE and pho2 plants, VSP2 expression is downregulated by pathogen infection in these plants. This study supports the notion that Pi accumulation promotes resistance to infection by fungal pathogens in Arabidopsis, while providing a basis to better understand interactions between Pi signaling and hormonal signaling pathways for modulation of plant immune responses.
Recognition of Distributed Combustion Regime From Deep Learning
Authors: Roy Rishi , Gupta Ashwani K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Swirl-assisted distributed combustion was examined using a deep-learning framework. High intensity distributed combustion was fostered from a 5.72 MW/m3 atm thermal intensity swirl combustor (with methane fuel at equivalence ratio 0.9) by diluting the flowfield with carbon dioxide. Dilution of the flowfield caused reduction of global oxygen (%) content of the inlet mixture from 21% to 16% (in distributed combustion). The adiabatic flame temperature gradually reduced, resulting in decreased flame luminosity and increased flame thermal field uniformity. Gradual reduction of flame chemiluminescence was captured using high-speed imaging without any spectral filtering at different oxygen concentration (%) levels to gather the data input. Convolutional neural network (CNN) was developed from these images (with 85% of total data used for training and 15% for testing) for flames at O2 = 16%, 18%, 19%, and 21%. Hyperparameters were varied to optimize the model. New flame images at O2 = 20% and 17% were introduced to verify the image recognition capability of the trained model in terms of training image data. The results showed good promise of developed deep-learning-based convolutional neural network or machine learning neural network for efficient and effective recognition of the distributed combustion regime.
Mechanics of Distortion of Incident Signals Due to Screw Threads in a Tensile Split-Hopkinson Bar
Authors: Pant S. , Tamboli S. , Khaderi S. N. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A common method of generating a tensile wave in Split-Hopkinson bar experiments is to impact a hollow striker on an anvil/collar attached to the incident bar. When the anvil/collar is attached to the incident bar using screw threads, the incident signals usually deviate from the classical trapezoidal form. In order to minimize this deviation, it is a common practice to sufficiently tighten these threads. However, the fundamental reasons for (i) the signal distortion when the threads are not tightened and (ii) how the distortion is eliminated or minimized on tightening are lacking. For a given diameter of the incident bar, the parameters of the thread that govern the incident signals are its pitch and backlash between the mating threads. The effect of these two parameters is investigated using the finite element method. The finite element results show that in the absence of a backlash, the incident signals obtained from a collar that is integral to the incident bar and a collar that is attached by screw threads are practically identical. When threaded collars are used, the pitch of the screw threads does not influence the incident wave. However, the backlash leads to a dramatic distortion of the incident signals under certain conditions. Insights from the finite element analysis are used to develop a one-dimensional analytical model that explains the distortion of the incident signals. The model is also validated against experiments.
Effect of Al2O3 Nanoparticles as Reinforcement on the Wear Properties of A356/Al2O3 Nanocomposites Produced by Powder Metallurgy
Authors: Sunar Talha , Özyürek Dursun 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this study, microstructure and wear properties of A356 aluminum matrix nanocomposites reinforced with nano-Al2O3 particles were investigated. The powder metallurgy method was used for the production of 1 wt% and 2 wt% nano-Al2O3 particle reinforced nanocomposites. After 1 h of mechanical milling of A356 and nano-Al2O3 powders, green compacts were obtained by cold pressing. Green compacts were sintered at 550 °C in a vacuum environment (10−6 mbar) for 1 h. Samples were characterized by density, hardness measurements, scanning electron microscopy investigations, and wear tests. As the reinforcement ratio increased, there was a decrease in the densities of the nanocomposites, as well as an increase in the porosity. The highest hardness and the lowest weight loss values were obtained in 1 wt% Al2O3 reinforced nanocomposites. A decrease in hardness was measured at 2 wt% Al2O3 reinforced nanocomposites.
Prognostics of Gear Manufacturing Errors for Planetary Gear Systems Based on Power Flow Theory
Authors: Zhan Zhaobin , Liu Hui , Feeny Brian F. , Wang Zhen , Xie Yunkun 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Gear manufacturing errors are key parameters in planetary gear trains and have effects on load sharing, tooth stress, and so on. Accurate estimation of manufacturing errors can help monitor the conditions of planetary gear systems. This study investigates the dynamic response sensitivity to model parameters for a nonlinear single-stage planetary gear set with coupled lateral and torsional motions. Power flow theory is introduced to assess the gear vibration and the parameter sensitivity. The response sensitivity equations are deduced with the direct method (DM). The influence of the rotating speed is considered in the sensitivity analysis. Then, the identifiability of the parameter estimation is investigated based on the sensitivity results. The Gauss-Newton method is applied to estimate the manufacturing errors. Gear meshing is a primary factor in gear vibration, so the sensitivities of its vibration power to the parameters are analyzed in this paper. The estimated results are accurate when the collected data contain a lower noise signal. The sensitivity and parameter estimation make it possible to provide support for the design and diagnosis of a planetary gear set.
Biological and sociocultural determinants of increased blood pressure among women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus in rural China: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Guo Jia , Lv Wencong , Jiang Shan , Tang Yujia , Long Qing , Yang Jundi , Wiley James Allen , Parry Monica 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) increases the risk of hypertension and cardiovascular events among mothers later in life. This risk has not been well recognised by healthcare professionals in rural China. Our objectives were to (1) describe the proportion of rural women with increased blood pressure and a history of GDM; and (2) explore the biological and sociocultural factors associated with increased blood pressure.DesignA retrospective cohort study using data from a cross-sectional survey.SettingData were collected in two county-level hospitals in the central south of China between November 2017 and June 2018.ParticipantsPostpartum women aged >18 years with a history of GDM (N=397).MethodsBiological and sociocultural variables were examined. We used bivariate analyses to examine the associations between time since delivery and 2-hour postload glucose, and logistic regression to determine the biological and sociocultural factors associated with increased postpartum blood pressure.ResultsApproximately 20% (n=78) of women had increased blood pressure, defined as a systolic blood pressure ≥130 mm Hg and/or a diastolic blood pressure ≥85 mm Hg. The biological factors of advanced age, family history of hypertension and abnormal 2-hour postload plasma glucose levels were positively associated with increased blood pressure (p<0.05). General self-efficacy was the only sociocultural factor negatively associated with increased blood pressure (p<0.05).ConclusionsOne in five rural Chinese postpartum women with a history of GDM were found to have increased blood pressure. Biological and sociocultural factors were associated with increased postpartum blood pressure; women with lower general self-efficacy were more likely to have increased blood pressure. Disseminating knowledge about the high risk of developing increased blood pressure among women with prior GDM in rural China is indicated. Diabetes prevention programmes could consider adding general self-efficacy promotion strategies in this population.