bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual Scandal and Catholicism in Victorian England: The Case of Monsignor Thomas John Capel
Authors: Verhoeven Timothy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article investigates a sexual scandal that rocked the English Catholic Church in the Victorian era. Though forgotten today, Monsignor Thomas John Capel was one of the most famous clerics in the Victorian Church. His career fell into turmoil when, in 1879, Cardinal Henry Edward Manning launched a diocesan commission to investigate charges of sexual misconduct involving three women. Drawing on a series of rich and as yet unexplored archival sources, the article charts the career of Thomas Capel and assesses the nature, aims and outcomes of the Church-run inquiry into his conduct. Through an analysis of the actions not just of Capel but of Church authorities both in Westminster and in Rome, we gain a revealing window onto sexual scandal and the Church’s response to it in the nineteenth century.
Local multipliers and the growth of services: evidence from late nineteenth century USA, Great Britain, and Sweden
Authors: Ostermeyer Vinzent 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn the shadow of industry, the service sector substantially expanded during the late nineteenth century. This paper analyzes how the creation of industrial employment contributed to this growth of services. I leverage full-count census data from the United States, Great Britain, and Sweden to estimate local employment multipliers. I show that industrial growth was a key driver in the emergence of services. Each new industrial job created up to one additional local service job. This effect was driven by the high-skilled industrial sector where each additional job created up to two service jobs. Multiplier effects created jobs across different services.
Senescence modulation as a key process in the dual role of hyaluronan in cancer: the deforestation allegory
Authors: Lompardía Silvina , Pibuel Matías , Díaz Mariángeles , Poodts Daniela , Hajos Silvia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide and has been associated with ageing. Although there are numerous reports that have demonstrated the dual role of hyaluronic acid and senescence induction in cancer prevention and promotion, both players have been linked to ageing in opposite ways. Hyaluronan is recognized for its antiaging role, whereas senescence is associated with ageing. In this review we address these dual roles, showing their interrelation, hypothesizing that the downregulation of senescence mediated by HA would be a key factor in the ambivalent effects described. Likewise, the deforestation allegory aims to explain, through the use of a metaphor, the contradictory yet valid results found in the literature. Considering this background, we propose new strategies for improving tumor therapy. Understanding the biology of these complex diseases and the temporal implication of the different players in dissimilar contexts could bring us closer to the therapeutic improvements needed in the field of oncology.
The importance of cephalopods in the diet of fish on the northwest European shelf
Authors: Barrett C J , Barry P , MacLeod E , Stott S , Vieira R , Laptikhovsky V 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Cephalopods are universal to the world's oceans and prey to many fish species. On the northwest European shelf, integrated ecosystem assessments are rapidly evolving into the preferred method for holistically assessing stocks, but cephalopods appear to be an overlooked component, perhaps because their roles in ecosystems have seldom been quantified in recent years. We have analysed historical fish stomach records and revisited literature at local and regional level to determine the importance of cephalopods to the diets of 26 ecologically important finfish. We conclude that, in contrast to most other large marine ecosystems, cephalopods found in the Greater North Sea and the Celtic Seas regions appear to contribute only a small fraction to the diets of ecologically important finfish (found in the stomachs of ∼14% of specimens among some species, but generally only 1–3% in most species), though their role as predator may be important and require further investigation. Based on our findings, cephalopods may not represent a key component for integrated ecosystem assessments, though as squid populations have been shown to expand throughout the North Sea in recent years, regular monitoring is encouraged to identify the point where their inclusion into such models may be necessary.
Comment on “Seaweed ecosystems may not mitigate CO2 emissions” by Gallagher et al. (2022)
Authors: Stafford R 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The role of animal (and plant) respiration in assessing the true carbon sequestration potential of a system is vital to acknowledge, and addressed in Gallagher et al. (2022). However, within this article, there is confusion around the respiration of kelp once exported to open waters from kelp ecosystems but respired before sequestration. From their consideration of a closed kelp ecosystem (but with import of phytoplankton and export of kelp), respiration of phytoplankton transported into the system is correctly considered in their net respiration figures (but not the fixation of carbon dioxide by the phytoplankton outside the system, again correct for a closed system). However, the respiration of kelp exported from the closed system is also considered as part of the kelp community respiration. A closed system must remove this respiration of exported kelp from calculations. Alternatively, an open system must consider also the carbon fixation by phytoplankton. The outcome of redefining open and closed systems is that the systems examined in Gallagher et al. (2022) will be net sinks of carbon, although, as yet, the magnitude of this sink is poorly quantified.
Comment on “Five centuries of cod catches in eastern Canada,” by Schijns et al
Authors: Holm Poul , Hayes Patrick W , Nicholls John 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Schijns et al. use a historical time series to inform a stock assessment model for the northern Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) fishery from 1508 to 2019. They find that catches from the sixteenth century to the 1950s did not exceed 200000 t per annum and could have been sustained today “if fishing effort and mortality had been stabilized in the 1980s”. Had Schijns et al. used a more complete and representative time series (as identified below), they would have found that catches were substantially higher during much of the time period, possibly affecting their conclusions regarding the timing and onset of unsustainable exploitation. In an earlier paper, based on original archival documentation, we have argued that total landings in the Newfoundland fishery averaged 400000 t in the eighteenth century and peaked at 600000 t in 1788. We contend that pre-industrial technology was sufficient to have a significant impact on marine life.
Numerical analysis of two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations with additive stochastic forcing
Authors: Breit Dominic , Prohl Andreas 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We propose and study a temporal and a spatio-temporal discretisation of the two-dimensional stochastic Navier–Stokes equations in bounded domains supplemented with no-slip boundary conditions. Considering additive noise, we base its construction on the related nonlinear random partial differential equation, which is solved by a transform of the solution of the stochastic Navier–Stokes equations. We show a strong rate (up to) $1$ in probability for a corresponding discretisation in space and time (and space-time).
Changing molecular epidemiology and characteristics of MRSA isolated from bloodstream infections: nationwide surveillance in Japan in 2019
Authors: Kaku Norihito , Sasaki Daisuke , Ota Kenji , Miyazaki Taiga , Yanagihara Katsunori 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Some single-centre studies have reported that MRSA carrying the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV has been increasing in bloodstream infections (BSIs) in Japan. Therefore, we conducted nationwide surveillance for MRSA BSIs to investigate the extent of such change across Japan.

Methods
We recruited 51 Japanese hospitals from the Japanese Association for Infectious Diseases. MRSA isolates detected in two or more sets of blood cultures were collected between January and September 2019 and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. WGS was also performed to determine SCCmec and MLST types and detect drug-resistance and virulence genes.

Results
Two hundred and seventy MRSA isolates were collected from 45 hospitals. The major combination types were ST8 with SCCmec type IV (ST8-IV) (30.7%), ST1-IV (29.6%), ST2725-IV (9.5%), ST764-II (8.1%) and ST5-II (7.8%). However, there were regional differences among the major types. The most common types in eastern, western and northern Japan were ST1-IV, ST8-IV, and ST5-II and ST764-II, respectively. ST8-IV, ST1-IV and ST2725-IV exhibited greater susceptibility to clindamycin and minocycline than ST764-II and ST5-II, but erm(A) was detected in 93.8% and 100.0% of ST1-IV and ST2725-IV, respectively. Based on drug-resistance and virulence genes, characteristics of ST8-IV were different from those of ST1-IV and ST2725-IV. In addition, there were two major ST8-IV types with different characteristics.

Conclusions
This study revealed that SCCmec type IV replaced SCCmec type II in MRSA BSIs. In addition, SCCmec type IV was divided into several types with different characteristics.
Detectability of Hibiscus Mealybug, Nipaecoccus viridis (Hemiptera: Pseudoccocidae), DNA in the Mealybug Destroyer, Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and Survey of Its Predators in Florida Citrus Groves
Authors: Gaines Kristen C , Stelinski Lukasz L , Neupane Surendra , Diepenbrock Lauren M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Hibiscus mealybug, Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead), has recently established in Florida citrus and become a pest of concern given secondary pest outbreaks associated with management of citrus greening disease. Chemical controls used to manage other citrus arthropod pests are not as effective against N. viridis due to its waxy secretions, clumping behavior, and induced cellular changes to host plant tissue which increase microhabitats. Populations of this mealybug pest are regulated by natural enemies in its native region, but it remains unclear if resident natural enemies in Florida citrus could similarly suppress N. viridis populations. This investigation: 1) established species-specific primers for N. viridis based on the mitochondrial gene Cytochrome-oxidase 1 (COI), 2) determined duration of N. viridis DNA detectability in a known predator, the mealybug destroyer (Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant), by using identified primers in molecular gut content analysis, and 3) screened field-collected predators for the presence of N. viridis DNA. The detection rate of N. viridis DNA was &gt;50% at 36 h after adult C. montrouzieri feeding but DNA was no longer detectable by 72 h after feeding. Field-collected predators were largely comprised of spiders, lacewings, and C. montrouzieri. Spiders, beetles (primarily C. montrouzieri), and juvenile lacewings were the most abundant predators of N. viridis, with 17.8, 43.5, and 58.3 of field-collected samples testing positive for N. viridis DNA, respectively. Our results indicate that Florida citrus groves are hosts to abundant predators of N. viridis and encourage the incorporation of conservation or augmentative biological control for management of this pest.
Standards of Scientific Evidence in Preferential Trade Agreements
Authors: Melillo Margherita 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
For a long time, international trade law’s interest in science has been limited to the provisions of the World Trade Organization’s (WTO) Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement. However, the role of science in international trade law goes beyond the SPS Agreement. The Australia – Plain Packaging dispute has shown that the assessment of non-SPS provisions can also involve complex scientific questions. Moreover, the discussion should be extended to preferential trade agreements (PTAs). Against this background, this article investigates the nature and potential impact of standards of scientific evidence in PTAs. After the introduction, Section II lays out the methodology of the article. Section III opens with a brief recall of the relevant WTO provisions. Section IV reviews the standards of scientific evidence embedded in the PTAs concluded by the European Union (EU) and by the United States (USA), showing that both trading blocs have started introducing more stringent standards in recent PTAs. Section V describes the trends that emerge from the analysis. Some of these innovations seem to expand the application of the SPS science-based provisions to TBT chapters. Others simply introduce new standards of scientific evidence in WTO-X chapters on regulatory cooperation, environment, and labor. In conclusion, the article argues that we should pay much more attention to the role of standards of scientific evidence in PTAs.
Estimating transient rates from cosmological simulations and BPASS
Authors: Briel Max M , Eldridge J J , Stanway Elizabeth R , Stevance H F , Chrimes A A 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The detection rate of electromagnetic (EM) and gravitational wave (GW) transients is growing exponentially. As the accuracy of the transient rates will significantly improve over the coming decades, so will our understanding of their evolution through cosmic history. To this end, we present predicted rates for EM and GW transients over the age of the universe using Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis (bpass) results combined with four cosmic star formation histories (SFHs). These include a widely used empirical SFH of Madau & Dickinson and those from three cosmological simulations: MilliMillennium, EAGLE, and IllustrisTNG. We find that the choice of SFH changes our predictions: transients with short delay times are most affected by the star formation rate and change up to a factor of 2, while long delay time events tend to depend on the metallicity evolution of star formation and can change the predicted rate up to an order of magnitude. Importantly, we find that the cosmological simulations have very different metallicity evolution that cannot be reproduced by the widely used metallicity model of Langer & Norman, which impacts the binary black hole merger, stripped-envelope supernovae, and LGRBs in the local Universe most acutely. We recommend against using simple prescriptions for the metallicity evolution of the universe when predicting the rates of events that can have long delay times and that are sensitive to metallicity evolution.
The chemo-dynamical groups of Galactic globular clusters
Authors: Callingham Thomas M , Cautun Marius , Deason Alis J , Frenk Carlos S , Grand Robert J J , Marinacci Federico 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
We introduce a multicomponent chemo-dynamical method for splitting the Galactic population of globular clusters (GCs) into three distinct constituents: bulge, disc, and stellar halo. The latter is further decomposed into the individual large accretion events that built up the Galactic stellar halo: the Gaia–Enceladus–Sausage, Kraken and Sequoia structures, and the Sagittarius and Helmi streams. Our modelling is extensively tested using mock GC samples constructed from the auriga suite of hydrodynamical simulations of Milky Way (MW)-like galaxies. We find that, on average, a proportion of the accreted GCs cannot be associated with their true infall group and are left ungrouped, biasing our recovered population numbers to $\sim 80{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of their true value. Furthermore, the identified groups have a completeness and a purity of only $\sim 65{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$. This reflects the difficulty of the problem, a result of the large degree of overlap in energy-action space of the debris from past accretion events. We apply the method to the Galactic data to infer, in a statistically robust and easily quantifiable way, the GCs associated with each MW accretion event. The resulting groups’ population numbers of GCs, corrected for biases, are then used to infer the halo and stellar masses of the now defunct satellites that built up the halo of the MW.
The first hard X-ray spectral catalogue of Blazars observed by NuSTAR
Authors: Middei R , Giommi P , Perri M , Turriziani S , Sahakyan N , Chang Y L , Leto C , Verrecchia F 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
Blazars are a peculiar class of active galactic nuclei that enlighten the sky at all wavelengths. The electromagnetic emission of these sources is jet-dominated, resulting in a spectral energy distribution (SED) that has a typical double-humped shape. X-ray photons provide a wealth of information on the physics of each source as in the X-ray band, we can observe the tail of SED first peak, the rise of the second one or the transition between the two. NuSTAR, thanks to its capability of focusing X-rays up to 79 keV provides broad-band data particularly suitable to compute SEDs in a still poorly explored part of the spectrum. In the context of the Open Universe initiative, we developed a dedicated pipeline, NuSTAR_Spectra, a shell-script that automatically downloads data from the archive, generates scientific products and carries out a complete spectral analysis. The script homogeneously extracts high level scientific products for both NuSTAR’s telescopes and the spectral characterization is performed testing two phenomenological models. The corresponding X-ray properties are derived from the data best fit, and the SEDs are also computed. The systematic processing of all blazar observations of the NuSTAR public archive allowed us to release the first hard X-ray spectroscopic catalogue of blazars (NuBlazar). The catalogue, updated to 2021 September 30, includes 253 observations of 126 distinct blazars, 30 of which have been multiply observed.
Protostellar discs subject to infall: a one-dimensional inviscid model and comparison with ALMA observations
Authors: Shariff Karim , Gorti Uma , Melon Fuksman Julio David 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
A new one-dimensional, inviscid, and vertically integrated disc model with prescribed infall is presented. The flow is computed using a second-order shock-capturing scheme. Included are vertical infall, radial infall at the outer radial boundary, radiative cooling, stellar irradiation, and heat addition at the disc-surface shock. Simulation parameters are chosen to target the L1527 IRS disc which has been observed using Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA). The results give an outer envelope of radial infall and uϕ ∝ 1/r which encounters a radial shock at rshock ∼ 1.5 × the centrifugal radius (rc) across which the radial velocity is greatly reduced and the gas temperature rises from a pre-shock value of ≈25 to ≈180 K over a spatially thin region calculated using a separate shock structure code. At rc, the azimuthal velocity uϕ transitions from being ∝ 1/r to being nearly Keplerian. These results qualitatively agree with recent ALMA observations which indicate a radial shock where SO is sublimated as well as a transition from a uϕ ∼ 1/r region to a Keplerian inner disc. However, in one set of observations, the observed position-velocity map of cyclic-C3H2, together with a certain ballistic maximum velocity relation suggests that the radial shock coincides with a ballistic centrifugal barrier, which places the shock at rshock = 0.5rc, i.e. inward of rc, rather than outward as given by our simulations. It is argued that radial velocity plots from previous magnetic rotating-collapse simulations also indicate that the radial shock is located outward of rc. The discrepancy with observations is analysed and discussed, but remains unresolved.
NIHAO – XXVIII. Collateral effects of AGN on dark matter concentration and stellar kinematics
Authors: Waterval Stefan , Elgamal Sana , Nori Matteo , Pasquato Mario , Macciò Andrea V , Blank Marvin , Dixon Keri L , Kang Xi , Ibrayev Tengiz 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTAlthough active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback is required in simulations of galaxies to regulate star formation, further downstream effects on the dark matter (DM) distribution of the halo and stellar kinematics of the central galaxy can be expected. We combine simulations of galaxies with and without AGN physics from the Numerical Investigation of a Hundred Astrophysical Objects (NIHAO) to investigate the effect of AGN on the DM profile and central stellar rotation of the host galaxies. Specifically, we study how the concentration-halo mass (c–M) relation and the stellar spin parameter (λR) are affected by AGN feedback. We find that AGN physics is crucial to reduce the central density of simulated massive ($\gtrsim 10^{12}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$) galaxies and bring their concentration to agreement with results from the Spitzer Photometry & Accurate Rotation Curves (SPARC) sample. Similarly, AGN feedback has a key role in reproducing the dichotomy between slow and fast rotators as observed by the ATLAS3D survey. Without star formation suppression due to AGN feedback, the number of fast rotators strongly exceeds the observational constraints. Our study shows that there are several collateral effects that support the importance of AGN feedback in galaxy formation, and these effects can be used to constrain its implementation in numerical simulations.
On the formation of quasi-parallel shocks, magnetic and electric field turbulence, and the ion energization mechanism
Authors: Stasiewicz Krzysztof , Kłos Zbigniew 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The analysis of four-point measurements by the NASA Magnetospheric Multiscalespacecraft reveals that the formation of quasi-parallel shocks is consistent with the counter-streaming ion–ion resonant right-handed instability. The counter-streaming occurs between the incoming solar wind and a diffuse hot ion population moving upstream. It is found that the onset of the instability is initiated by 30 s period oscillations, which steepen to shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies. The turbulent cascade in the electric field ranges from 0.01 Hz to a few kHz. The dominant frequency of the instability in the magnetic field is observed around the proton cyclotron frequency, consistent with the theoretical predictions. The instability produces large amplitude magnetic field and plasma density shocklets with the perpendicular scale length of 300 km (3 proton gyroradii) and the parallel scale length three times larger. The active acceleration regions are characterized by non-gyrotropic ion populations in the velocity space, in addition to the solar wind beam and a diffuse hot beam propagating upstream. We show that non-gyrotropic ion populations are consistent with the $ExB$ wave energization mechanism that can both heat bulk plasma and accelerate some ions to the observed energies of 200 keV.