bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent and forgotten aspects of visceral pain
Authors: Giamberardino Maria Adele 
Published: July 2002

Progress in the field of visceral pain research has been particularly rapid in recent years. Some aspects of the symptom that had previously been neglected for some time have now received a great deal of attention in both clinical and experimental studies. This regards, in particular, phenomena of hyperalgesia: (a) of visceral structures, because of local inflammatory/sensitizing processes (visceral hyperalgesia); (b) of areas of referred pain from viscera (referred somatic hyperalgesia from viscera); and (c) of a visceral structure, because of an algogenic process of another visceral domain (viscero‐visceral hyperalgesia). Clinical studies in patients have led to characterisation of subjective and objective symptoms of these phenomena. A number of studies in human volunteers (employing experimental procedures to stimulate and measure pain reactivity in both visceral structures and somatic areas of referral) have further increased the knowledge about modalities of generation of the various forms of hyperalgesia.Animal experiments have improved understanding of pathophysiological mechanisms, mostly those underlying the referred hyperalgesia, with a number of findings supporting the notion of central changes at the basis of the phenomenon. An important aspect of laboratory experiments in recent years has been the setting up of animal models of visceral pain conditions closely mimicking a number of clinical pain states in patients. As a result, the outcome of experimental studies (electrophysiological, pharmacological, etc.) appears more directly applicable to the interpretation of the clinical reality.Finally, in the context of laboratory studies, a novel trend of investigation is represented by genetic experiments, particularly those employing ‘knock‐out’ mice. These experiments, by generating animals lacking specific genes responsible for the production of various receptors implicated in pain transmission, have further contributed to the understanding of the generation of visceral pain symptoms. Although studies in this field are in their early stage, they seem particularly promising for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of visceral pain, and thus the establishment of more satisfying therapies in the future.
Slit-jet near-infrared diode laser spectroscopy of (DCl)2: ν1, ν2 DCl stretching fundamentals, tunneling dynamics, and the influence of large amplitude ‘‘geared’’ intermolecular rotation
Authors: Schuder Michael D. , Nelson David D. , Nesbitt David J. 
Published: July 2002

The first high resolution spectra of (DCl)2 are reported using direct IR laser absorption spectroscopy in a slit supersonic expansion. The spectral data are analyzed to obtain vibrational frequencies, rotational constants, and tunneling (interconversion) level splittings for isotopically symmetric (D35Cl)2 and (D37Cl)2, and mixed D35Cl–D37Cl dimers. Six dimer absorption bands are observed and analyzed for both (D35Cl)2 and D35Cl–D37Cl. These include two perpendicular Ka=1←0, v1=1←0 (i.e., ‘‘free’’ DCl stretch) bands, one each originating from the lower (+) and the upper (−) tunneling sublevels in the ground vibrational state. Four parallel v2=1←0 (i.e., ‘‘bound’’ DCl stretch) bands are also observed, one for each of the Ka=0←0 and Ka=1←1 subbands originating from both the lower (+) and upper (−) tunneling components.
In addition, two bands are observed only for the isotopically mixed dimer (i.e., complexes from D35Cl and D37Cl), which acquire oscillator strength by virtue of the breaking of inversion symmetry. This complete set of bands provides the necessary data to determine interconversion splittings for the mixed dimer in the ground [5.9595(6) cm−1] and the two DCl vibrationally excited states [3.2286(6) cm−1 for v1=1 and 2.9935(6) cm−1 for v2=1], as well as to make accurate predictions for the symmetric (D35Cl)2 dimer. These experimental splittings for the ground state are compared to results from (i) a 1D quantum calculation for adiabatic motion over a minimum energy tunneling path; and (ii) a 3D variational calculation in a basis set of free DCl rotors which treats all three internal bend and torsion angles (Θ1, Θ2, and φ1–φ2). These calculations, performed on an approximate dipole and quadrupole model of the electrostatic potential surface, reproduce the ground state tunneling splittings to within 15%. The corresponding eigenfunctions provide direct evidence for highly correlated, ‘‘geared’’ internal rotation of the two DCl subunits over a low barrier. The fivefold decrease in tunneling splitting for the symmetric (DCl)2 upon v1=1 or v2=1 excitation is qualitatively consistent with previous models of vibrationally diminished tunneling rates due to intramolecular V→V energy transfer at the C2h transition state. However, this decrease is nearly identical to the 4.8-fold decrease observed in (HCl)2, which is quantitatively inconsistent with a simple dipole–dipole vibrational energy transfer mechanism. Measured linewidths in these dimer spectra are all at the resolution limit of the diode laser apparatus, which translates into vibrational predissociation lifetimes in excess of 3 ns.
High resolution near infrared spectroscopy of HCl–DCl and DCl–HCl: Relative binding energies, isomer interconversion rates, and mode specific vibrational predissociation
Authors: Schuder Michael D. , Nesbitt David J. 
Published: July 2002

Both D- and H-bonded isomers of the mixed dimers formed between HCl and DCl are investigated via high resolution infrared difference frequency and diode laser spectroscopy in the 2885 and 2064 cm−1 regions. From an analysis of the relative integrated absorption intensities, the D-bonded complex (i.e., HCl–DCl) is determined to be more stable by 16±4 cm−1 than the H-bonded (i.e., DCl–HCl) species. All four chlorine isotopic combinations of the lower energy (HCl–DCl) complex are probed via excitation of both HCl (vHClacc=1←0) and DCl (vDCldon=1←0) stretches. Additionally, two chlorine isotopomers of the higher energy (DCl–HCl) complex are investigated through HCl excitation. Compared to the facile tunneling observed in both (HCl)2 or (DCl)2 complexes, these mixed dimers exhibit more rigid behavior characteristic of two distinct isomeric species. However, the relatively small energy difference (16±4 cm−1) between the two isomers still allows the wave functions for both species to sample both the HCl–DCl and DCl–HCl local minima on the potential surface. This intermediate level of angular localization of the wave function is modeled via 3D quantum mechanical calculations including all three internal rotor angular degrees of freedom. Additionally, a 1D treatment along the minimum energy tunneling path is investigated, which quantifies the asymmetry in the tunneling coordinate due to isotopic dependence of the H- and D-bonded zero point bending and torsion energies.
Vibrational predissociation lifetimes in excess of the slit jet instrument line shape are determined from homogeneous broadening of the spectral line widths. The HCl stretch excited lifetime of H-bonded DCl–HCl [ΔνHCldon=44(6) MHz, τHCldon=3.6(5) ns] is threefold shorter than the corresponding lifetime of D-bonded HCl–DCl [ΔνHClacc=16(3) MHz, τHClacc=9.6(16) ns]. This ratio is quite comparable to the results obtained in investigations of (HCl)2 and consistent with a stronger, mode specific coupling to the dissociation coordinate for excitation of the bonded-HX vs free-HX moiety. However, the absolute lifetimes of both vHClacc=1 HCl–DCl and vHCldon=1 DCl–HCl complexes are tenfold shorter than the corresponding excited vibrational state lifetimes in (HCl)2. This suggests a near resonant channel for predissociation into HCl(v=0)+DCl(v=1) which minimizes the energy deposited into rotation and relative translation of the diatomic fragments.
Recent Progress in the Management of Retroperitoneal Sarcoma
Authors: Cheifetz Rona , Catton Charles N. , Kandel Rita , O′Sullivan Brian , Couture Jean , Swallow Carol J. 
Published: July 2002

Retroperitoneal sarcomas (RPS) are rare tumours that typically present late and carry a poor prognosis even following grossly complete resection. In an attempt to improve the outlook for patients with RPS, sarcoma specialists have employed various adjuvant therapies, including extermal beam radiation, intraoperative radiation, brachyradiation and systemic chemotherapy. This article reviews the presentation and prognosis of RPS, and focuses on the results of new treatment strategies compared with conventional management.A Medline search of the English literature was performed to identify all retrospective and prospective reports relating to the management of adult RPS published since 1980. Series that did not analyse RPS separately from other intra‐abdominal or extra‐abdominal sarcomas or other malignancies were excluded, and information on investigation, presentation, prognostic
factors, treatment and outcome was extracted from the remaining reports. Survival and local control data were collected from reports that contained at least 30 cases of RPS (n = 31).While surgical resection remains the cornerstone of treatment for RPS, the majority of patients will relapse and die from sarcoma within 5 years of resection. Adjuvant radiation may improve these results, but further trials are required to definitively demonstrate its benefit. Possible reasons for the failure of conventional treatment are discussed, and alternative strategies designed to overcome these obstacles are presented.
Post‐Operative Radiotherapy of the Rhabdomyosarcoma R1H of the Rat
Authors: Carl Ulrich M. , Sminia Peter , Bahnsen Jens , Fröschle Günter , Omniczynski Maria , Wolf Lothar , Krüger Uwe , Hartmann K. Axel , Beck-Bornholdt Hans-Peter 
Published: July 2002

Purpose. Post‐operative radiotherapy (RT) is routinely applied in the treatment of several human tumours. The aim of
the present study was to investigate the value of post‐operative RT in a rat model.Methods. Experiments were performed using the rhabdomyosarcoma R1H of the WAG/Rij rat. Animals were randomized
to different treatment schedules: surgery, RT or a combination of both. Tumours were excised at different sizes (0.1–4.5 g)
aiming for complete macroscopic resection. RT (60 Gy in 30 daily fractions over 6 weeks) was applied either primarily or to
the former turnout site from the third post‐operative day. Tumour growth delay, time to recurrence and local tumour control
were used as endpoints.Results. Pre‐operative tumour size determined the time and rate of recurrence. The larger the tumour,
the shorter the time to relapse and the higher the recurrence rate. The 50% local control rate (LCR50) for surgery was found in tumours
with a mass of 0.8 g. For post‐operative RT a LCR50 was achieved for tumours with a mass of 1.1 g. For larger turnouts
(> 1.1 g), however, the rate and time course of relapse were similar for both the group receiving RT alone and the group
receiving post‐operative RT.Discussion. In this model the tumour mass at excision governs the prognosis. Relatively small R1H turnouts may recur
despite complete macroscopical resection. With regard to the LCR, the outcome for larger tumours is improved with
post‐operative RT (60 Gy/6 weeks) than compared with surgery alone. The factor is 1.3. Within a certain range of tumour
sizes, combined treatment (surgery + RT) can improve the outcome considerably.
IL‐1β Increases uPA and uPA Receptor Expression in Human Gingival Fibroblasts
Authors: Ogura Naomi , Tobe Makiko , Tamaki Hiroyuki , Nagura Hideaki , Abiko Yoshimitsu 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe binding of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) to its receptor (uPAR) in various cell types has been proposed as an important feature of many cellular processes requiring extracellular proteolysis, cell adhesion, motility, and invasion. uPAR attaches to the cell surface with a glycosylphophatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, and serves to localize and accelerate the proteolysis cascade. In this study, we examined both uPA and uPAR levels in human gingival fibroblasts treated with an inflammatory cytokine, interleukin‐1 β(IL‐1 β). PA activity in the cell lysate was increased by treatment with IL‐1 β. Further, PA activity released by phosphatidylinositol‐specific phospholipase C, which detaches the GPI anchor, was also increased by IL‐1 β. The activity was inhibited by amiloride, a specific inhibitor of uPA. In addition, IL‐1 βincreased the protein and mRNA levels of both uPA and uPAR in gingival fibroblasts. These findings suggest that the enhancement of uPA and uPAR levels by IL‐1 βmay play an important role in the progression of periodontal diseases through pericellular proteolysis, and subsequent cellular behavior.
cDNA Cloning of the Basement Membrane Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan Core Protein, Bamacan: A Five Domain Structure Including Coiled-Coil Motifs
Authors: Wu Rong-Rong , Couchman John R. 
Published: July 2002

Basement membranes contain several proteoglycans, and those bearing heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans such as perlecan and agrin usually predominate. Most mammalian basement membranes also contain chondroitin sulfate, and a core protein, bamacan, has been partially characterized. We have now obtained cDNA clones encoding the entire bamacan core protein of Mr = 138 kD, which reveal a five domain, head-rod-tail configuration. The head and tail are potentially globular, while the central large rod probably forms coiled-coil structures, with one large central and several very short interruptions. This molecular architecture is novel for an extracellular matrix molecule, but it resembles that of a group of intracellular proteins, including some proposed to stabilize the mitotic chromosome scaffold. We have previously proposed a similar stabilizing role for bamacan in the basement membrane matrix. The protein sequence has low overall homology, apart from very small NH2- and COOH-terminal motifs.
At the junctions between the distal globular domains and the coiled-coil regions lie glycosylation sites, with up to three N-linked oligosaccharides and probably three chondroitin chains. Three other Ser-Gly dipeptides are unfavorable for substitution. Fusion protein antibodies stained basement membranes in a pattern commensurate with bamacan, and they also Western blotted bamacan core protein from rat L2 cell cultures. The antibodies could also specifically immunoprecipitate an in vitro transcription/translation product from a full-length bamacan cDNA. The unusual structure of this proteoglycan is indicative of specific functional roles in basement membrane physiology, commensurate with its distinct expression in development and changes in disease models.
A Role for the αvβ3 Integrin in the Transmigration of Monocytes
Authors: Weerasinghe Dheepika , McHugh Kevin P. , Ross Frederick P. , Brown Eric J. , Gisler Roland H. , Imhof Beat A. 
Published: July 2002

The β2 integrins and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) are important for monocyte migration through inflammatory endothelium. Here we demonstrate that the integrin αvβ3 is also a key player in this process. In an in vitro transendothelial migration assay, monocytes lacking β3 integrins revealed weak migratory ability, whereas monocytes expressing β3 integrins engaged in stronger migration. This migration could be partially blocked by antibodies against the integrin chains αL, β2, αv, or IAP, a protein functionally associated with αvβ3 integrin. Transfection of β3 integrin chain cDNA into monocytes lacking β3 integrins resulted in expression of the αvβ3 integrin and conferred on these cells an enhanced ability to transmigrate through cell monolayers expressing ICAM-1. These monocytes also engaged in αLβ2-dependent locomotion on recombinant ICAM-1 which was enhanced by αvβ3 integrin occupancy. Antibodies against IAP were able to revert this αvβ3 integrin-dependent cell locomotion to control levels. Finally, adhesion assays revealed that occupancy of αvβ3 integrin could decrease monocyte binding to ICAM-1.
In conclusion, we show that αvβ3 integrin modulates αLβ2 integrin-dependent monocyte adhesion to and migration on ICAM-1. This could represent a novel mechanism to promote monocyte motility on vascular ICAM-1 and initiate subsequent transendothelial migration.
Distinct Effects of Fatty Acids on Translocation of γ- and ε-Subspecies of Protein Kinase C
Authors: Shirai Yasuhito , Kashiwagi Kaori , Yagi Keiko , Sakai Norio , Saito Naoaki 
Published: July 2002

Effects of fatty acids on translocation of the γ- and ε-subspecies of protein kinase C (PKC) in living cells were investigated using their proteins fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP). γ-PKC–GFP and ε-PKC–GFP predominated in the cytoplasm, but only a small amount of γ-PKC–GFP was found in the nucleus. Except at a high concentration of linoleic acid, all the fatty acids examined induced the translocation of γ-PKC–GFP from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane within 30 s with a return to the cytoplasm in 3 min, but they had no effect on γ-PKC–GFP in the nucleus. Arachidonic and linoleic acids induced slow translocation of ε-PKC–GFP from the cytoplasm to the perinuclear region, whereas the other fatty acids (except for palmitic acid) induced rapid translocation to the plasma membrane. The target site of the slower translocation of ε-PKC–GFP by arachidonic acid was identified as the Golgi network. The critical concentration of fatty acid that induced translocation varied among the 11 fatty acids tested. In general, a higher concentration was required to induce the translocation of ε-PKC–GFP than that of γ-PKC–GFP, the exceptions being tridecanoic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid. Furthermore, arachidonic acid and the diacylglycerol analogue (DiC8) had synergistic effects on the translocation of γ-PKC–GFP. Simultaneous application of arachidonic acid (25 μM) and DiC8 (10 μM) elicited a slow, irreversible translocation of γ-PKC– GFP from the cytoplasm to the plasma membrane after rapid, reversible translocation, but a single application of arachidonic acid or DiC8 at the same concentration induced no translocation.
These findings confirm the involvement of fatty acids in the translocation of γ- and ε-PKC, and they also indicate that each subspecies has a specific targeting mechanism that depends on the extracellular signals and that a combination of intracellular activators alters the target site of PKCs.
The Regulatory Complex of Drosophila melanogaster 26s Proteasomes
Authors: Hölzl Harald , Kapelari Barbara , Kellermann Josef , Seemüller Erika , Sümegi Máté , Udvardy Andor , Medalia Ohad , Sperling Joseph , Müller Shirley A. , Engel Andreas , Baumeister Wolfgang 
Published: July 2002

Drosophila melanogaster embryos are a source for homogeneous and stable 26S proteasomes suitable for structural studies. For biochemical characterization, purified 26S proteasomes were resolved by two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis and subunits composing the regulatory complex (RC) were identified by amino acid sequencing and immunoblotting, before corresponding cDNAs were sequenced. 17 subunits from Drosophila RCs were found to have homologues in the yeast and human RCs. An additional subunit, p37A, not yet described in RCs of other organisms, is a member of the ubiquitin COOH-terminal hydrolase family (UCH). Analysis of EM images of 26S proteasomes-UCH-inhibitor complexes allowed for the first time to localize one of the RC's specific functions, deubiquitylating activity.
The masses of 26S proteasomes with either one or two attached RCs were determined by scanning transmission EM (STEM), yielding a mass of 894 kD for a single RC. This value is in good agreement with the summed masses of the 18 identified RC subunits (932 kD), indicating that the number of subunits is complete.
Rapid Cycling of Lipid Raft Markers between the Cell Surface and Golgi Complex
Authors: Nichols Benjamin J. , Kenworthy Anne K. , Polishchuk Roman S. , Lodge Robert , Roberts Theresa H. , Hirschberg Koret , Phair Robert D. , Lippincott-Schwartz Jennifer 
Published: July 2002

The endocytic itineraries of lipid raft markers, such as glycosyl phosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins and glycosphingolipids, are incompletely understood. Here we show that different GPI-anchored proteins have different intracellular distributions; some (such as the folate receptor) accumulate in transferrin-containing compartments, others (such as CD59 and GPI-linked green fluorescent protein [GFP]) accumulate in the Golgi apparatus. Selective photobleaching shows that the Golgi pool of both GPI-GFP and CD59-GFP constantly and rapidly exchanges with the pool of these proteins found on the plasma membrane (PM). We visualized intermediates carrying GPI-GFP from the Golgi apparatus to the PM and separate structures delivering GPI-GFP to the Golgi apparatus.
GPI-GFP does not accumulate within endocytic compartments containing transferrin, although it is detected in intracellular structures which are endosomes by the criteria of accessibility to a fluid phase marker and to cholera and shiga toxin B subunits (CTxB and STxB, which are also found in rafts). GPI-GFP and a proportion of the total CTxB and STxB taken up into cells are endocytosed independently of clathrin-associated machinery and are delivered to the Golgi complex via indistinguishable mechanisms. Hence, they enter the Golgi complex in the same intermediates, get there independently of both clathrin and rab5 function, and are excluded from it at 20°C and under conditions of cholesterol sequestration. The PM–Golgi cycling pathway followed by GPI-GFP could serve to regulate lipid raft distribution and function within cells.
On Jacobian Ideals Invariant by a Reducible 𝑠ℓ(2,𝐂) Action
Authors: Yu Yung 
Published: July 2002

This paper deals with a reducible

s
ℓ
(
2
,

C

)

s\ell (2, \mathbf {C})

action on the formal power series ring. The purpose of this paper is to confirm a special case of the Yau Conjecture: suppose that

s
ℓ
(
2
,

C

)

s\ell (2, \mathbf {C})

acts on the formal power series ring via

(
0.1
)

(0.1)

. Then

I
(
f
)
=
(

ℓ

i

1

)
⊕
(

ℓ

i

2

)
⊕
⋯
⊕
(

ℓ

i

s

)

I(f)=(\ell _{i_{1}})\oplus (\ell _{i_{2}})\oplus \cdots \oplus (\ell _{i_{s}})

modulo some one dimensional

s
ℓ
(
2
,

C

)

s\ell (2, \mathbf {C})

representations where

(

ℓ

i

)

(\ell _{i})

is an irreducible

s
ℓ
(
2
,

C

)

s\ell (2, \mathbf {C})

representation of dimension

ℓ

i

\ell _{i}

or empty set and

{

ℓ

i

1

,

ℓ

i

2

,
…
,

ℓ

i

s

}
⊆
{

ℓ

1

,

ℓ

2

,
…
,

ℓ

r

}

\{\ell _{i_{1}},\ell _{i_{2}},\ldots ,\ell _{i_{s}}\}\subseteq \{\ell _{1},\ell _{2},\ldots ,\ell _{r}\}

. Unlike classical invariant theory which deals only with irreducible action and 1–dimensional representations, we treat the reducible action and higher dimensional representations succesively.
FingerPRINTScan: intelligent searching of the PRINTS motif database.
Authors: Scordis P , Flower D R , Attwood T K 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: By identifying an unknown gene or protein as a member of a known family, we can infer a wealth of previously compiled information pertinent to that family and its members. RESULTS: This paper introduces a method that classifies sequences using familial definitions from the PRINTS database, allowing progress to be made with the identification of distant evolutionary relationships. The approach makes use of the contextual information inherent in a multiple-motif method, and has the power to identify hitherto unidentified relationships in mass genome data. We exemplify our method by a comparison of database searches with uncharacterized sequences from the Caenorhabditis elegans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome projects. This analysis tool combines a simple, user-friendly interface with the capacity to provide an 'intelligent', biologically relevant result.