bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Cadmium Mobilization in Soils and Subsequent Uptake and Accumulation in Poplar and Sunflower
Authors: Gingas V.M. , Sydnor T.D. , Weidensaul T. Craig 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. ‘Mammoth’) and poplar (Populus × ‘Androscoggin’ H.) plants were grown in a medium containing one of five Cd concentrations, ranging from 0.13 to 13.20 μg·g−1 and watered with one of five simulated rain treatments (pH 3.2-5.2) to determine the effects of precipitation acidity on Cd mobilization and resulting effects on plant growth. Treatment rain acidity was insufficient to lower the medium solution pH to levels conducive to high Cd desorption. Plants accumulated < 1% of the total Cd applied (as CdCl2) for all Cd treatments. Root and foliar Cd concentrations increased with Cd treatment levels. Poplar accumulated proportionally more Cd in foliage than in roots for all treatments. Sunflower accumulated proportionally more Cd in leaves than in roots for the 0.29, 0.62, and 3.20 μg·g−1 Cd treatments and in roots for the 0.13 and 13.20 μg·g−1 Cd treatments. Cadmium treatments and Cd concentrations in the medium, roots, and foliage were not related to changes in plant dry weights, heights, or essential element concentrations in media, roots, or foliage of either species.
Selection of Sweet Potato For Tolerance to Aluminum Toxicity: Screening Procedures and Field Test
Authors: Sangalang J.B. , Bouwkamp J.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of varying levels of Al on fibrous root growth variables of vine tip cuttings of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] were tested in a quartz-sand medium in the greenhouse. A significant negative relationship between Al level and root growth was noted. Root weight was increased slightly on some clones at Al levels up to 250 μM. Aluminum levels > 500 μM considerably reduced root growth. Root lengths relative to the control were used in the screening of 379 sweet potato clones and in the preliminary identification of 60 tolerant and 55 sensitive clones. The tolerant clones had greater relative root length than the sensitive ones. In a field study, no significant differences in marketable root yield were noted between lime treatment (pH 5.4) and sulfur treatment (pH 4.2). The sulfur treatment, however, increased nonmarketable yield. The sensitive clones produced greater nonmarketable yield than the tolerant ones. A negative relationship between Al tolerance and yield in nonstress condition was indicated; tolerant clones generally yielded less than sensitive ones in nonstress field tests. Root lengths in the no-Al treatment in the greenhouse were significantly correlated with the marketable root yield and number in the limed field treatments.
Agrobacterium-mediated Gene Transfer in Papaya
Authors: Pang S.Z. , Sanford J.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The cocultivation method for transforming plant tissues in vitro with A. tumefaciens strains has been simplified and extended for use with leaf disks, stems, and petioles of Carica papaya L. These tissues have been transformed successfully with either pTiB6S3:pMON200 or pTiB6S3 with very high efficiency. Transformants were identified either by growth in hormone-free medium or by resistance to 300 μg·ml−1 of kanamycin. Putative transformants were confirmed on the basis of nopaline production.
Inhibitors as a Possible Basis for Grape Replant Problem
Authors: Brinker A.M. , Creasy L.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To determine whether grape (Vitis sp.) replant problem might be an example of autotoxicity, soil samples from fields that had or had not been replanted with grape cuttings were extracted with a neutral solution of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and by leaching with half-strength Hoagland's solution. Rooted grape cuttings growing in sand also were leached. Fractions of the leachates and extracts were assayed for toxicity using lettuce seedlings. Grape roots and replant soil yielded a toxic substance not present, or possibly present only at low levels, in non-replant soil. The replant soil extract inhibited phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in grape roots more than did the non-replant soil extract. The toxic substance in the replant soil extract was partially purified and a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum taken, but the substance has not been identified. Thus, grape roots appear to be the source of at least one compound that is toxic to plants and accumulates in the soil in which grapes are grown.
Growth and Seasonal Partitioning of Dry Matter in Eight-year-old ‘Loring’ Peach Trees
Authors: Miller Anita Nina , Walsh Christopher S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
During the 1984 growing season, trees of ‘Loring’ peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) on ‘Halford’ rootstocks were divided into the following components; fruit, leaves, shoots, 1-year wood, 2-year wood, frame, and roots. The sampling dates were coincident with key fruit and tree developmental stages: dormant, 15 days after full bloom, the end of Stages I and II of fruit developement, harvest, and 45 days after harvest (leaf fall). At the beginning of Stage II, four additional trees per remaining sampling date were hand-thinned to 15 cm between fruit. Initially, the mean dry weight of trees was 27.1 kg. Unthinned and thinned trees increased 43% and 39%, respectively, in dry weight by 45 days after harvest. Dormant hand-pruning removed about 4 kg of growth. This amount represented nearly the entire season's dry weight of shoot, 1-year-old, and 2-year-old wood growth. The proportion of total tree weight in fruit was increased at harvest in unthinned trees, whereas leaf and 2-year wood dry weight was reduced. A modified harvest index, the proportion of total annual increase distributed to fruit, was 0.50 for unthinned trees and 0.37 for thinned trees. The ratio of annual dry weight increase per unit leaf area was 0.33 and 0.27 kg·m−2 leaf area for unthinned and thinned trees, respectively. The maximum mean leaf area was estimated to be 62.9 × 103 m2·ha−1. The greatest leaf area density, measured at the end of Stage II, was 7.7. Absolute growth rates of vegetative components were highest during Stage II of peach fruit growth, and intermediate during Stage I.
Sweet Corn Seedling Responses to Band-applied Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilizers
Authors: Peck Nathan H. , MacDonald George E. , Barnard John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of sources and rates of N, P, and K fertilizers applied in a band at planting and at several planting dates on the rates of growth and concentrations of elements in sweet corn (Zea mays L. var rugosa) seedlings. Sweet corn seedlings were grown under field conditions at 10 planting dates in a fine silt loam soil. Ten sources and blends of N, P, and K fertilizers were applied at planting time at linear increasing rates of 0 to 20 g of element per meter of row in a band placed 5 cm below the seed depth and 5 cm to the side of the seed row. Seedlings grown with blends of N + P + K fertilizers at 5 to 9 g of N, P, and K elements per meter of row had the greatest rates of growth in dry weight per day. The optimum reference concentrations of elements in the sweet corn seedlings with the greatest rates of growth were: 5 mg nitrate-N, 45 mg total N, 4.2 mg P, 45 mg K, 7 mg Ca, 3 mg Mg, 30 μg Zn, 70 μg Mn, 300 μg Fe, and 8 μg Cu per gram of dry weight of the seedlings.
Increasing Yield of Tomatoes with Plastic Mulch and Apex Removal
Authors: Wien H.C. , Minotti P.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to encourage growth of basal branches of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) through apex removal and use of plastic mulch. In the greenhouse experiment, apex removal (topping) delayed anthesis of the first flowers by 6 days, but then the faster branch growth increased flower cluster numbers more rapidly on topped plants than on untopped plants. In the first field experiment, apex removal and clear plastic mulch stimulated basal branching and led to a 25% increase in yields of the first four harvests, with the combination of treatments having additive effects. Mulching increased leaf concentrations of P, K, Ca, and NO3-N and decreased Na concentrations, whereas topping increased Ca, Mg, and Na concentrations in leaves sampled 24 days after transplanting. In 1985, mulching resulted in a 54% increase in early yields, but topping depressed marketable early yields by 20% because of fasciation (“catfacing”). In 1985, early yield of an early processing line was stimulated more by mulch than were two later-flowering fresh-market cultivars.
Kernel Maturity, Seed Size, and Seed Hydration Effects on the Seed Quality of a Sweet Corn Inbred
Authors: Bennett Mark A. , Waters Luther , Curme John H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To understand early development of seed quality, seed lots of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) inbred PGG-27B were harvested from an increase field at 10 stages of maturity, beginning when kernel moisture was at 59% and continuing to 19% kernel moisture content (42 to 103 days after pollination, respectively). Seed lots were dried, hand-shelled, sized, and tested for standard germination and subjected to the seedling growth cold test (SGCT). Endosperm, embryo, and kernel dry weights, and endosperm : embryo (END:EMB) ratios were monitored as the seed matured. Field tests were planted to determine the influence of kernel maturity, grade, and hydration on stand establishment and early seedling growth. Seeds were partially hydrated by mixing with moist vermiculite and screening from the substrate when seeds had reached 30% moisture content. Results from hydrated seeds were compared to those from seeds at ≈10% seed moisture to determine the effect of presowing seed hydration on seedling establishment. The seed hydration effect depended on the environment, but seed size was shown consistently to influence emergence and early seedling dry weight. Seed harvested at 45% to 54% moisture had better stand establishment than seed harvested at the more typical moisture of near 35%. The stage of maturity, determined by kernel moisture, at which PGG-27B was harvested had little effect on standard germination. Hydrating the seed prior to the SGCT improved seedling growth for all early kernel maturities and all seed grades. Embryo dry weight of composite samples increased steadily up to the fifth harvest period (38% seed moisture), then leveled off. Kernel and endosperm dry weights were more variable at the fifth harvest than at others, but followed the same general pattern. The ratio of END:EMB dry weight decreased from the first to the fifth harvest, where it continued at a value near 4.9 through harvest 10. Seed moisture at harvest, seed size, and presowing seed hydration were shown to influence the seed quality of PGG-27B.
Soluble Sugar Accumulation and Activity of Related Enzymes During Muskmelon Fruit Development
Authors: McCollum T.G. , Huber D.J. , Cantliffe D.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Changes in soluble sugar composition of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Naud.) mesocarp were followed throughout fruit development. Glucose and fructose, in nearly equal amounts, were the predominant sugars detected during the first 24 days after anthesis. Sucrose began to accumulate 24 days after anthesis and was the predominant sugar present in the ripe fruit. A soluble acid invertase (pH optimum 4.0 to 5.0) was detected in mesocarp extracts. Activity of acid invertase was highest in the young fruit and declined with development. Sucrose synthase activity was also detected in mesocarp extracts. Sucrose synthase activity increased between 18 and 24 days after anthesis and thereafter remained constant. Acid invertase and sucrose synthase appeared to be involved in the metabolism of sucrose during muskmelon fruit development.
Antioxidant Activity in ‘Cortland’ Apple Peel and Susceptibility to Superficial Scald after Storage
Authors: Meir Shimon , Bramlage W.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Cortland’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) from both exterior and interior of large trees were harvested over a 25-day period, and samples were stored for 0 to 5.5 months in air at 0°C. Antioxidant activity of peel at harvest was assayed. Hexane extracts of whole fruit were used to estimate α-farnesene and conjugated trienes after 1 to 4 months of storage; these values were correlated with scald development after 3 to 5.5 months of storage, α-Famesene increased during the first 2 months of storage and then decreased, while conjugated trienes increased progressively with storage time. α-Famesene was not affected by harvest date, but conjugated trienes were decreased by later harvest. Conjugated trienes were positively correlated more strongly with scald than was α-farnesene. Antioxidant activity increased with later harvest in both exterior and interior fruit, even though exterior fruit ripened during this time, while interior fruit did not. Antioxidant activity at harvest was negatively correlated more strongly with scald development than was either α-farnesene or conjugated trienes, with r values as high as −0.83. A large optical density (OD) peak at ≈200 nm was detected in the hexane extracts of apples, and it was correlated with antioxidant activity (r = +0.63). OD200 values for harvest extracts were as strongly correlated with scald development after storage as were antioxidant assays. A large number of compounds absorbed at 200 nm, including many with antioxidant activity. We propose that OD200 of hexane extracts is an estimate of antioxidant activity at harvest and may represent a convenient and effective chemical index of scald susceptibility of apples after harvest.
Carbon Dioxide Exchange of ‘Tifgreen’ Bermudagrass Exposed to Chilling Temperatures as Influenced by Iron and BA
Authors: White Richard H. , Schmidt R.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Tifgreen’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] was exposed to 10°/7°C (day/night) temperatures following pretreatment with 120 mg Fe/m2 or 12.4 mg BA/m2 to determine their effects on net photosynthesis (Pn), respiration (Rs), leaf total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content, and turf color at chilling temperatures. Average Pn and Rs rates were reduced 73% and 66%, respectively, by a 72-hr chilling period. Within 2 hr at 30° following chilling, Rs rates returned to prechill rates. However, Pn rates returned to within only 50% of prechill rates during the same recovery period. The lack of full photosynthetic recovery was associated with a 288% increase in leaf TNC. Iron increased Pn rates prior to chilling. This iron effect was associated with increased photosynthetic activity per unit of chlorophyll and was evident before, during, and after the chilling period. BA increased Pn rates before chilling and within 2 hr at 30° following chilling. However, during chilling, Pn rates for the BA treatment were similar to the control. Neither Fe nor BA significantly affected leaf TNC or Rs rates. Iron and BA caused higher turf color scores during chilling. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Germination of Guar Seed under Salt and Temperature Stress
Authors: Vinizky Itamar , Ray Dennis T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of four temperatures (25°, 30°, 34°, and 37°C), five osmotic potentials (0, −0.3, −0.7, −1.1, and −1.5 MPa) and three salts (NaCl, KCl, and Na2SO4) on the germination of three guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub] cultivars (Kinman, Lewis, and Santa Cruz) was tested under laboratory conditions. The results show that germination decreased with increasing salt concentrations. A temperature-salinity interaction was observed with the greatest suppression of germination at the high temperatures (34° and 37°) and salt concentrations (−1.1 and −1.5 MPa). The response varied according to the type of salt, with the lowest germination rate for all three cultivars in Na2SO4 at −0.7 to −1.5 MPa osmotic potentials. The three cultivars showed significant differences in their germination response to salt stress; ‘Kinman’ performed better than either of the two other cultivars in low salt concentrations (0 to −0.7 MPa), but, at high concentrations (−1.1 and −1.5 MPa), the differences were not significant.
Quantitative Genetic Variation for Resistance to Leaf Spot (Ramularia tulasnei) in California Strawberries
Authors: Shaw Douglas V. , Bringhurst Royce S. , Voth Victor 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) seedlings from biparental crosses were planted in two trials at Watsonville, Calif. Sept. 1985 and 1986. The 1985 trial was scored on three dates and the 1986 trial on four dates for leaf spot (Ramularia tulasnei) infection. Individual seedlings were assigned a value of 0 to 5 on each date, with 0 indicating no infection and 5 indicating very severe infection. Average infection scores were lowest for the earliest scoring dates in both years (0.93 and 0.38) and maximum at late scoring dates (2.83 and 1.49). Narrow-sense heritabilities for infection scores estimated using partial diallel analyses were 0.07 and 0.03 for the earliest scoring dates in the two trials and were 0.24 and 0.28 for the latest dates. Early season estimates of broad-sense heritabilities were calculated as 0.13 and 0.03, whereas estimates based on later scorings ranged from 0.32 to 0.52. The low heritabilities for early scoring dates result from incomplete and uneven infection, indicating that selection under field conditions will be most effective under conditions of very high infection. The moderate heritabilities and predicted gains estimated for high-infection conditions suggest considerable opportunity for improvement of leaf spot resistance by recurrent breeding and selection using available quantitative genetic variation.
Addition of Genes for Dwarf Seed (ds) and Spindly Branch (sb) to the Linkage Map of Common Bean
Authors: Awuma Kafui , Bassett Mark J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Linkage detection and estimation procedures based on deviation from expected F2 segregation ratios in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were used to localize two genes. The product ratio method of estimation was used with four-class segregations, and the maximum likelihood method was used with three-class segregations and for combining multiple sets of data. A tight linkage of 1.6 ± 1.5 map units (m.u.) was found between dwarf seed (ds) and dark green savoy leaf (dgs), two genes in linkage group VII. A third gene in linkage group VII, stipelless lanceolate leaf (sl), was found to be 18.7 ± 1.6 m.u. from ds. The distance between dgs and sl was found to be 21.2 ± 1.0 m.u., thus establishing that ds is located between dgs and sl. This location of ds supports the contention that ds and tenuis (te), a gene described by Lamprecht, are the same gene. In linkage group IX, an estimate of 4.6 ± 1.5 m.u. was obtained for the linkage between diamond leaf (dia) and progressive chlorosis (prc). Spindly branch (sb) was found to be 15.4 ± 0.7 m.u. from prc and 11.4 ± 1.1 m.u. from dia. Thus, dia is located between sb and prc. The independence of linkage groups VII and IX is demonstrated by the independence of representatives of the two groups.
Scanning Electron Microscope Analysis of Drupelet Morphology of Red Raspberry and Related Rubus Genotypes
Authors: Robbins Jo Ann , Sjulin Thomas M. , Rasmussen H. Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy was used to measure epidermal hairs and drupelet morphology of raspberry fruit. Significant differences were found among cultivars and selections in drupelet size, total contact area between drupelets, and contact area with hairs between drupelets, hair density index, and hair length. Drupelet numbers also differed. Fruit strength, as measured by cohesiveness, was related to contact area between drupelets, whether hair-covered or not, in conjunction with total drupelet number. Hair density contributed to cohesion in some years with certain cultivars. Resistance to compression was most consistently correlated with total drupelet area and contact area between drupelets alone and in conjunction with hair density.
Apple Fruit Nonstructural Carbohydrates and Abscission as Influenced by Shade and Terbacil
Authors: Polomski Robert F. , Barden John A. , Byers Ross E. , Wolf Dale D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Terbacil, a photosynthetic inhibitor, and shade applied to apple (Malus domestica Borkh) limbs and whole trees altered the contents of fruit nonstructural carbohydrates and induced fruit abscission. Shade (92%) from 5 to 15, 10 to 20, 15 to 25, 20 to 30, and 25 to 35 days after full bloom (DAFB) induced fruit abscission. At 15 and 20 DAFB, fruit from limbs shaded for 10 days contained less total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) than fruit from limbs shaded for 0 or 5 days. Terbacil at 50 and 100 ppm applied to whole ‘Redchief Delicious’ trees at 15 DAFB markedly inhibited net photosynthesis. Fruit dry weight, TNC, total sugars, and reducing sugars declined with increasing rates of terbacil and 100 ppm resulted in abscission of all fruit. Trees treated with 0 and 50 ppm retained 4.6 and 1.4 fruit per cm2 of limb cross sectional area (LCSA), respectively. Terbacil at 75 ppm and 92% shade were applied to whole ‘Redchief Delicious’ trees at 18, 23, and 28 DAFB. Fruit dry weight and contents of total sugars and reducing sugars were lowered by shading and terbacil. Shade for 5 or 10 days induced total fruit drop. Terbacil at 75 ppm resulted in 0.8 vs. 2.9 fruit per cm2 of LCSA on the controls. Chemical name used: 5-chloro-3-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-methyl-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedion (terbacil).
Time of Day at Harvest Influences Carbohydrate Concentration in Crisphead Lettuce and Its Sensitivity to High CO2 Levels after Harvest
Authors: Forney Charles F. , Austin Rodney K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Concentrations of starch and sugars were measured in the cap leaf (leaf no. 1) and in every fifth leaf (5, 10, 15, 20) in heads of crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) harvested at 0700 hr (AM) or 1400 hr (PM) PDT. Starch content increased in the cap leaf from the AM to the PM harvest, but remained unchanged in other leaves. Sucrose concentration was <5 mg·g−1 dry weight in AM-harvested lettuce, but the cap leaf, leaf 20, and stem tissue contained 43, 24, and 61 mg·g−1 dry weight, respectively, in lettuce from the PM harvest. AM harvested lettuce contained 70% to 260% more glucose and 20% to 120% more fructose than PM-harvested lettuce. Glucose and fructose concentrations were greatest in leaf 10 (110 and 120 mg·g−1 dry weight, respectively) and decreased 20% to 50% in inner and outer leaves. Exposure of lettuce to 7.5% or 10% CO2 for 12 days at 2.5°C followed by air for 3 days at 10° caused more severe injury on AM- than on PM-harvested lettuce. Injury occurred primarily on leaves 7 through 17, with those between leaves 10 and 15 being most severely affected. High reducing sugar content at harvest did not appear to decrease the sensitivity of lettuce to high CO2 during storage.