bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sport, Social Exclusion, and Discrimination
Authors: Jeanes Ruth , Lucas Ryan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the ways in which sport can contribute to social exclusion and discrimination in society. The chapter first overviews and conceptualizes social exclusion before discussing the mechanisms that serve to exclude certain individuals, groups, and communities from and within sport. Various theories of social exclusion are reviewed, highlighting social exclusion as a multilayered, relational process occurring on a continuum. The chapter considers whether sport in its traditional form can be inclusive. The conclusion points to future research directions, including the need to examine exclusionary processes in sport using an intersectional lens and the importance of engaging with marginalized populations in the development of social policy and practices aimed at addressing their experiences of exclusion.
Sport, Disability, and Inclusion
Authors: Brittain Ian , Christiaens Matej 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the intersectionality of disability and sport and their possible connection to the increased inclusion of disabled people within the wider society. Compared to sport for non-disabled people, which has been around for centuries, disability sport and sport for disabled people are relatively new concepts. Ludwig Guttmann was a pioneer when he introduced sport as part of a rehabilitation regime at Stoke Mandeville hospital in the United Kingdom, which later evolved into the second largest multisport event in the world, the Paralympic Games. Despite such success, disabled people still face an uphill battle to find and engage in sporting opportunities and achieve broader inclusion within society. Moreover, the Paralympic Games might not bring the societal change that is often hoped for. While more and more community sport clubs self-identify as being inclusive, ableist attitudes remain a key characteristic to how inclusion is operationalized in practice. This chapter explores some of the key issues and debates pertaining to the inclusion of disabled people in sport and society, in addition to some of the models and theories pertaining to disability.
Sport, Masculinities, and Heteronormativity
Authors: Magrath Rory , Anderson Eric 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Since its foundation in the late 19th century, sport has traditionally been charged with socializing boys and men into an environment in which they are expected to exhibit physical toughness, emotional stoicism, and the rejection of anything deemed to be feminine—including homosexuality. In the 21st century, however, attitudes toward homosexuality and its presence in sport have improved. This chapter draws upon research from a range of sports to outline this shift in attitude. It also discusses dominant theoretical perspectives—hegemonic masculinity theory and inclusive masculinity theory—and how these have evolved over recent years, as well as some of the ongoing debates which pervade the field, including where further research is required.
Sport, Nationalism, and National Identities
Authors: Bairner Alan , Han Peizi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
At the most basic level of analysis, it is easy to see the extent to which sport, arguably more than any other form of social activity in the modern world, facilitates flag-waving and the playing of national anthems, both formally, at moments such as medal ceremonies, and informally through the activities of fans. It is important to appreciate, however, that the precise nature of the relationship between sport and nationalism varies dramatically from one political setting to another and that, as a consequence, it is vital that, in order to understand it, we are alert to a range of different concepts, theoretical approaches, and research methods. This chapter addresses these issues and examines the interplay between sport and nationalism in various parts of the world. Notably more attention is paid to the non-Western world than is common in such discussions. In addition, we identify athlete naturalization and sport and the politics of secessionism as two of the topics that are likely to be increasingly important in the future.
Sport, Spectatorship, and Fandom
Authors: Dixon Kevin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter sets out to review and deliberate upon some of the dominant and reoccurring issues, approaches, and debates within the sociology of sport as they relate to the maintenance and evolution of sport fandom cultures. The treatment encourages readers to visualize all sports fans as both products and constituents of cultures in which consumption is of paramount importance. Much evidence considered demonstrates how fans embody consumption experiences within a “fan habitus” and how they use consumption to gauge the social capital of others within sport fandom groups. Finally, this chapter addresses the fluidity of sport fandom cultures, the role of prosumption, and the potential implications of technological advancements on fan cultures into the future.
Sport, Television, and Structuration
Authors: Billings Andrew C. , Buzzelli Nicholas R. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In an age of ubiquitous new/mobile media options, television remains the preeminent form of media consumption for sports fans worldwide. This chapter explores the reasons for television’s entrenched domination in a broadening media landscape, along with the constrictions inherent within the legacy platform. It also articulates the political-economic drivers, the content shaping, and the complexities of audience engagement within televised sport. The argument advanced is that while televised sport has evolved dramatically over time, the structures underpinning the rendering of it have stayed remarkably constant. Ultimately, the symbiotic relationship between sport stakeholders (athletes, teams, sponsors, organizations, etc.) and the television networks facilitating sports media products reifies the reason why sports television remains the de facto heuristic for facilitating sport fandom and consumption.
Sport, Militarism, and Signification
Authors: Butterworth Michael L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter attends to the pervasive inclusion of militarism in contemporary sport, focusing primarily on the symbolic uses of the military and war in sporting contexts in the United States. Militarism is defined not merely as the presence of military personnel or war machinery but more so as a discourse that affirms the necessity of war and what James Der Derian calls the military-industrial-media-entertainment network. From this perspective, sport is among the most visible and persuasive sites for inducing public support of militarism’s values. The chapter especially highlights sport militarism as an instrument of the state, a vehicle for propaganda, and a manifestation of civil religion. It summarizes the prevailing approaches to these issues and also points to areas that require additional scholarly attention.
Sport, Law, and Ethics
Authors: Epstein Adam 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how sport, law, and ethics provide examples of the constant struggle between right and wrong. Throughout history, sport has revealed examples of fraud and the consequences for misconduct, including the price one might pay for blowing the whistle on such wrongdoing. Examples of misdeeds are offered primarily from the American perspective, especially in the context of intercollegiate sport, but international examples, particularly through the Olympic Movement, offer the chance to explore how ethics and law create boundaries, establish norms, and provide a means of dispute resolution. Though the degree to which the civil or criminal law engages sport depends upon the circumstances, specific ways to address dealing with ethics in sport include offering participants a legally binding and enforceable contract to play by the rules. If that does not ensure compliance, governmental regulation might be the last and necessary means to maintain civility and order in sport.
Informed Decision-Making and Capabilities in Population-based Cancer Screening
Authors: Bolt Ineke L L E , Schermer Maartje H N , Bomhof-Roordink Hanna , Timmermans Danielle R M 
Published: October 2022

AbstractInformed decision-making (IDM) is considered an important ethical and legal requirement for population-based screening. Governments offering such screening have a duty to enable invitees to make informed decisions regarding participation. Various views exist on how to define and measure IDM in different screening programmes. In this paper we first address the question which components should be part of IDM in the context of cancer screening. Departing from two diverging interpretations of the value of autonomy—as a right and as an ideal—we describe how this value is operationalized in the practice of informed consent in medicine and translate this to IDM in population-based cancer screening. Next, we specify components of IDM, which is voluntariness and the requirements of disclosure and understanding. We argue that whereas disclosure should contain all information considered relevant in order to enable authentic IDM, understanding of basic information is sufficient for a valid IDM. In the second part of the paper we apply the capability approach in order to argue for the responsibility of the government to warrant equal and real opportunities for invitees for IDM. We argue that additional conditions beyond mere provision of information are needed in order to do so.
The RAC/ROP GTPase activator OsRopGEF10 functions in crown root development by regulating cytokinin signaling in rice
Authors: Liu Huili , Huang Jiaqing , Zhang Xiaojing , Liu Guolan , Liang Wei , Zhu Guangqi , Dong Mengge , Li Ming , Zhang Jie , Yang Weiyuan , Xiao Wu , Cheung Alice Y , Tao Li-Zhen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
RAC/Rho of plant (ROP) GTPases are major molecular switches that control diverse signaling cascades for plant growth, development, and defense. Here, we discovered a signaling node that connects RAC/ROPs to cytokinins. Rice (Oryza sativa) plants develop a fibrous root system mainly composed of crown roots. Cytokinin signaling via a phosphorelay system is critical for crown root development. We show that OsRopGEF10, which activates RAC/ROPs, acts upstream of the cytoplasmic-nuclear shuttling phosphotransfer proteins AHPs of the cytokinin signaling pathway to promote crown root development. Mutations of OsRopGEF10 induced hypersensitivity to cytokinin, whereas overexpressing this gene reduced the cytokinin response. Loss of OsRopGEF10 function reduced the expression of the response regulator gene OsRR6, a repressor of cytokinin signaling, and impaired crown root development. Mutations in OsAHP1/2 led to increased crown root production and rescued the crown root defect of Osropgef10. Furthermore, auxin activates the ROP GTPase OsRAC3, which attenuates cytokinin signaling for crown root initiation. Molecular interactions between OsRopGEF10, OsRAC3, and OsAHP1/2 implicate a mechanism whereby OsRopGEF10-activated OsRAC3 recruits OsAHP1/2 to the cortical cytoplasm, sequestering them from their phosphorelay function in the nucleus. Together, our findings uncover the OsRopGEF10–OsRAC3–OsAHP1/2 signaling module, establish a link between RAC/ROPs and cytokinin, and reveal molecular crosstalk between auxin and cytokinin during crown root development.
Socioeconomic disadvantage, chronic stress, and proinflammatory phenotype: an integrative data analysis across the lifecourse
Authors: Lam Phoebe H , Chen Edith , Chiang Jessica J , Miller Gregory E 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Socioeconomic disadvantage confers risk for many chronic illnesses, and theories have highlighted chronic psychological stress and alterations to inflammatory processes as key pathways. Specifically, disadvantage can heighten chronic stress, which may promote a proinflammatory phenotype characterized by immune cells mounting exaggerated cytokine responses to challenge and being less sensitive to inhibitory signals. Importantly, lifecourse perspectives emphasize that such immune alterations should be more potent earlier in life during a sensitive period when bodily tissues are highly plastic to environmental inputs. However, examining these propositions is resource intensive, as they require cell-culturing approaches to model functional inflammatory activities, a wide age range, and longitudinal data. Here, we integrated data from five independent studies to create a diverse sample of 1,607 individuals (960 with longitudinal data; 8 to 64 years old; 359 Asian, 205 Black, and 151 Latino/a). Leveraging the resulting lifecourse data, rich interview assessments of disadvantage and stress, and ex vivo assessments of inflammation, we examined two questions: (1) Does chronic stress account for the link between disadvantage and proinflammatory phenotype? (2) Is there a developmental period during which inflammatory responses are more sensitive to disadvantage and chronic stress? Disadvantage was associated with higher chronic stress, which was linked with a proinflammatory phenotype cross-sectionally, longitudinally, and in terms of prospective change across 1.5 to 2 years. Consistent with the sensitive period hypothesis, the magnitude of these indirect associations was strongest in earlier decades and declined across the lifecourse. These findings highlight the importance of taking a lifecourse perspective in examining health disparities.
Protonation structure of the closed-cubane conformation of the O2-evolving complex in photosystem II
Authors: Saito Keisuke , Mino Hiroyuki , Nishio Shunya , Ishikita Hiroshi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In photosystem II (PSII), one-electron oxidation of the most stable state of the oxygen-evolving Mn4CaO5 cluster (S1) leads to the S2 state formation, Mn1(III)Mn2(IV)Mn3(IV)Mn4(IV) (open-cubane S2) or Mn1(IV)Mn2(IV)Mn3(IV)Mn4(III) (closed-cubane S2). In electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, the g = 4.1 signal is not observed in cyanobacterial PSII but in plant PSII, whereas the g = 4.8 signal is observed in cyanobacterial PSII and extrinsic-subunit-depleted plant PSII. Here, we investigated the closed-cubane S2 conformation, a candidate for a higher spin configuration that accounts for g &gt; 4.1 EPR signal, considering all pairwise exchange couplings in the PSII protein environment (i.e. instead of considering only a single exchange coupling between the [Mn3(CaO4)] cubane region and the dangling Mn4 site). Only when a ligand water molecule that forms an H-bond with D1-Asp61 (W1) is deprotonated at dangling Mn4(IV), the g = 4.1 EPR spectra can be reproduced using the cyanobacterial PSII crystal structure. The closed-cubane S2 is less stable than the open-cubane S2 in cyanobacterial PSII, which may explain why the g = 4.1 EPR signal is absent in cyanobacterial PSII.
Reducing Public Stigma Towards Psychosis: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Effects of Social Contact Based Brief Video Interventions
Authors: Jankowski Samantha E , Yanos Philip , Dixon Lisa B , Amsalem Doron 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Public stigma reduces treatment-seeking and increases the duration of untreated psychosis among young people with psychosis. Social contact-based video interventions have been shown to be effective at reducing stigma; however, more research is needed regarding very brief interventions less than 2 minutes long, which are suitable for social media platforms and particularly relevant for young adults. We recently conducted three randomized control trials and demonstrated the efficacy of such videos to reduce stigma toward individuals with psychosis among young adults of the general public. However, it is unclear what elements contributed to the effectiveness of these very brief interventions.

Study Design
The present article proposes a conceptual framework to discern what elements contributed to the efficacy of these interventions. We first review the existing literature describing social contact-based interventions and how they impact the cognitions, emotions, and behaviors of participants.

Study Results
Then, using this lens, we suggest an alternate observation of the data from our studies by examining changes in stigmatizing views across time, rather than utilizing mean scores and conceptualizing how key characteristics of our interventions helped reduce stigma. We also highlight future research directions, including the need to look at mediators and moderators of change and the need to examine behavioral outcomes.

Study Conclusions
By hypothesizing how these interventions are proposed to work, this framework is intended to provide a roadmap for further development of brief video-based interventions to reduce stigma.
Contextual Origins of Black-White Educational Disparities in the 21st Century: Evaluating Long-Term Disadvantage Across Three Domains
Authors: Michelmore Katherine , Rich Peter 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHow much do black-white educational disparities reflect differences in family, school, and neighborhood contexts? We use 16 years of statewide student administrative data from Michigan to update this classic sociological question with attention to observed racial differences in the duration of exposure to contextual disadvantage. We show that a longitudinal measure of family economic disadvantage explains significantly more of the black-white gap in test scores, high school completion, and college entry than a cross-sectional measure commonly used in education research. Racial differences in school context—much more than differences in neighborhood context—explain a large portion of remaining black-white educational disparities. Controlling for black-white differences in exposure to disadvantage across all three contexts reduces 8th and 11th grade test score gaps by over 60% and completely reverses educational attainment gaps, revealing a black net advantage. Our results demonstrate the need to incorporate longitudinal measures in educational administrative data and suggest that schools play a substantial role, after family disadvantage, in the persistence of racial educational inequality. More broadly, our study amplifies the argument that undoing systemic racism will require a confrontation with the deep contextual roots of black-white inequality in the 21st century.
PFOA exposure causes variations of Acot1 among tissues in rats, and Acot1 in serum can be potentially used as a sensitive marker for health monitoring
Authors: Zhou Yongbing , Qiao Ying , Zhang Xuemin , Ma Xingzhuang , Liu Hui , Wang Li 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is a type of 8-carbon perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) widely used in industrial and domestic products, which now is a persistent organic pollutant (POP) found in the environment. Its structure is similar to fatty acids, which enables it to induce the expression of ACOT genes. To investigate the expression levels of Acot1 in various tissues and organs after exposure to PFOA for 28 days in rats, and to compare the variations of Acot1 expression in different tissues, we sectioned samples and incubated with Acot1 antibody. The results show that the transcription and protein expression levels of Acot1 in the liver and kidney of rats increased significantly. Meanwhile, the transcription and protein expression of Acot1 gene were also detected in testis, muscle, and adipose. The results of immunohistochemistry were also verified by western blot detection, and we detected the transcription of Acot1 gene in these tissues and found that they all increased in varying degrees. In this study, the expression of Acot1 protein in rat serum was detected for the first time, and the expression of Acot1 in rat serum was found to be significantly increased after PFOA exposure. In addition, the expression level of Acot1 in rat organism was found to be higher than that in the control group after 4 days of depuration for 7 days of acute PFOA exposure, and Acot1 protein expression also showed an increase with increasing exposure time, indicating that Acot1 can be used as a sensitive biomarker for health monitoring of PFOA occupational workers or exposed persons.
The toxicological effects ofEryngium foetidumextracts on zebrafish embryos and larvae depend on the type of extract, dose, and exposure time.
Authors: Castro Tassia Flavia Dias , Carneiro William Franco , Reichel Tharyn , Fabem Sarah Lacerda , Machado Mônica Rodrigues Ferreira , de Souza Krisnanda Kelly Castro , Resende Luciane Vilela , Murgas Luis David Solis 
Published: October 2022

AbstractEryngium foetidum is a herbaceous plant found in tropical and subtropical regions. In vivo pharmacological parameters show that leaf extracts of this plant have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and antimicrobial activities due to their bioactive compounds such as flavonoids and phenols. Despite the evidence for several bioactivities of E. foetidum, information on its safety and tolerability is limited. The objective of this study was to assess the effect and concentration of different extracts of E. foetidum on the development of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. To study the impact of aqueous (AE), ethanolic (EE), and methanolic (ME) extracts, the embryos were exposed to 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg mL−1 for up to 120-h postfertilization to assess embryonic developmental toxicity and then to 0.039, 0.078, 0.156, 0.312, and 0.625 mg mL−1 to assess the antioxidant responses of the enzymes superoxide dismutase catalase, glutathione S-transferase (GST), and cell apoptosis. The results showed that, depending on the extraction solvent, concentration used, and exposure time, E. foetidum extracts caused mortality, altered the hatching time, and promoted changes in enzymatic activities. Delays in development and increased GST activity were found in all treatments. Apoptosis was not observed in any of the treatments. In conclusion, AE, EE, and ME concentrations above 0.625 mg mL−1 can cause adverse effects on the early stages of zebrafish development.
A novel BRET‐Based GAP assay reveals phosphorylation‐dependent regulation of the RAC‐specific GTPase activating protein ARHGAP25
Authors: Wisniewski Éva , Czárán Domonkos , Kovács Fanni , Bahurek Enikő , Németh Afrodité , Sasvári Péter , Szanda Gergő , Pettkó‐Szandtner Aladár , Klement Eva , Ligeti Erzsébet , Csépányi‐Kömi Roland 
Published: October 2022

AbstractARHGAP25, a RAC‐specific GTPase activating protein (GAP), is an essential regulator of phagocyte effector functions such as phagocytosis, superoxide production, and transendothelial migration. Furthermore, its complex role in tumor behavior has recently been recognized. We previously demonstrated that phosphorylation of serine 363 in ARHGAP25 regulates hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells in mouse bone marrow. However, the significance of other potential phosphorylation sites of ARHGAP25 remained unknown. Now, we developed a novel, real‐time bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay to monitor the GAP activity of ARHGAP25 in vitro. Using this approach, we revealed that phosphorylation of S363 and S488, but not that of S379‐380, controls ARHGAP25's RACGAP activity. On the other hand, we found in granulocyte‐differentiated human PLB‐985 cells that superoxide production and actin depolymerization are regulated by residues S363 and S379‐380. The present data demonstrate the value of our BRET‐GAP assay and show that different phosphorylation patterns regulate ARHGAP25's GAP activity and its effect on superoxide production and phagocytosis.