bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Squeeze it or leave it? An ecological-economic assessment of the impact of mower conditioners on arthropod populations in grassland
Authors: Hecker Lutz Philip , Wätzold Frank , Yang Xueyan , Birkhofer Klaus 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study addresses the use of conditioners as a driver of arthropod loss in agricultural landscapes. Conditioners compress the freshly cut mowing material mechanically to destroy the evaporation-inhibiting wax layer of the grass material. This compression potentially increases the physical damage to several arthropod groups during the mowing process. We have combined an ecological field study on the impact of conditioners on arthropods at the plot level with an analysis of the economic rationale of applying conditioners in differently managed grasslands in the study region, in order to understand the impact of applying conditioners on the damage to arthropods at the landscape level. The use of conditioners in the mowing process significantly increased the overall percentage of damaged individuals by 18% from 52% without to 70% with conditioner use. Aphids and plant lice, beetles, thrips and mites were most severely affected by additional damage. We also found that the use of conditioners takes place on substantially more than 20% of all grasslands in the study region. Depending on the respective grassland area managed with conditioners in the future, grasslands could be losing an additional 4% to 18% of their overall arthropod numbers only due to the use of conditioners compared to a scenario without conditioners. As the damage due to the use of conditioners is presumably higher in extensively managed grasslands, and the profit of their use is higher in intensively managed grasslands, we suggest, as an implication for insect conservation, concentrating measures to disincentivise the use of conditioners on extensively managed grassland.
Soil N2O and CH4 emissions from fodder maize production with and without riparian buffer strips of differing vegetation
Authors: Dlamini Jerry C. , Cardenas L. M. , Tesfamariam E. H. , Dunn R. M. , Evans J. , Hawkins J. M. B. , Blackwell M. S. A. , Collins A. L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) are some of the most important greenhouse gases in the atmosphere of the 21st century. Vegetated riparian buffers are primarily implemented for their water quality functions in agroecosystems. Their location in agricultural landscapes allows them to intercept and process pollutants from adjacent agricultural land. They recycle organic matter, which increases soil carbon (C), intercept nitrogen (N)-rich runoff from adjacent croplands, and are seasonally anoxic. Thus processes producing environmentally harmful gases including N2O and CH4 are promoted. Against this context, the study quantified atmospheric losses between a cropland and vegetated riparian buffers that serve it.

Methods
Environmental variables and simultaneous N2O and CH4 emissions were measured for a 6-month period in a replicated plot-scale facility comprising maize (Zea mays L.). A static chamber was used to measure gas emissions. The cropping was served by three vegetated riparian buffers, namely: (i) grass riparian buffer; (ii) willow riparian buffer and; (iii) woodland riparian buffer, which were compared with a no-buffer control.

Results
The no-buffer control generated the largest cumulative N2O emissions of 18.9 kg ha− 1 (95% confidence interval: 0.5–63.6) whilst the maize crop upslope generated the largest cumulative CH4 emissions (5.1 ± 0.88 kg ha− 1). Soil N2O and CH4-based global warming potential (GWP) were lower in the willow (1223.5 ± 362.0 and 134.7 ± 74.0 kg CO2-eq. ha− 1 year− 1, respectively) and woodland (1771.3 ± 800.5 and 3.4 ± 35.9 kg CO2-eq. ha− 1 year− 1, respectively) riparian buffers.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that in maize production and where no riparian buffer vegetation is introduced for water quality purposes (no buffer control), atmospheric CH4 and N2O concerns may result.
Minimal contents, lying, and conventions of language
Authors: Vignolo Massimiliano 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOne recurrent objection against minimalism is that minimal contents have no theoretical role. It has recently been argued that minimal contents serve to draw the distinction between lying and misleading. In Sect. 1 and Sect. 2 I summarise the main argument in support of that claim and contend that it is inconclusive. In Sect. 3 I discuss some cases of lying and some of misleading that raise difficulties for minimalism. In Sect. 4 I make a diagnosis of the failure of minimalism with those cases. In Sect. 5 I strengthen the case against minimal contents by addressing two received says-based definitions of lying. My analysis of the failure of minimalism suggests that the distinction between lying and misleading, at least in some important cases, calls for a kind of utterance content that is grounded on conventions of language.
HIV, pathology and epigenetic age acceleration in different human tissues
Authors: Horvath Steve , Lin David T. S. , Kobor Michael S. , Zoller Joseph A. , Said Jonathan W. , Morgello Susan , Singer Elyse , Yong William H. , Jamieson Beth D. , Levine Andrew J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEpigenetic clocks based on patterns of DNA methylation have great importance in understanding aging and disease; however, there are basic questions to be resolved in their application. It remains unknown whether epigenetic age acceleration (EAA) within an individual shows strong correlation between different primary tissue sites, the extent to which tissue pathology and clinical illness correlate with EAA in the target organ, and if EAA variability across tissues differs according to sex. Considering the outsized role of age-related illness in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV), these questions were pursued in a sample enriched for tissue from HIV-infected individuals. We used a custom methylation array to generate DNA methylation data from 661 samples representing 11 human tissues (adipose, blood, bone marrow, heart, kidney, liver, lung, lymph node, muscle, spleen and pituitary gland) from 133 clinically characterized, deceased individuals, including 75 infected with HIV. We developed a multimorbidity index based on the clinical disease history. Epigenetic age was moderately correlated across tissues. Blood had the greatest number and degree of correlation, most notably with spleen and bone marrow. However, blood did not correlate with epigenetic age of liver. EAA in liver was weakly correlated with EAA in kidney, adipose, lung and bone marrow. Clinically, hypertension was associated with EAA in several tissues, consistent with the multiorgan impacts of this illness. HIV infection was associated with positive age acceleration in kidney and spleen. Male sex was associated with increased epigenetic acceleration in several tissues. Preliminary evidence indicates that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is associated with positive EAA in muscle tissue. Finally, greater multimorbidity was associated with greater EAA across all tissues. Blood alone will often fail to detect EAA in other tissues. While hypertension is associated with increased EAA in several tissues, many pathologies are associated with organ-specific age acceleration.
Quantum prospects for hybrid thin-film lithium niobate on silicon photonics
Authors: Adcock Jeremy C. , Ding Yunhong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Photonics is poised to play a unique role in quantum technology for computation, communications and sensing. Meanwhile, integrated photonic circuits—with their intrinsic phase stability and high-performance, nanoscale components—offer a route to scaling. However, each integrated platform has a unique set of advantages and pitfalls, which can limit their power. So far, the most advanced demonstrations of quantum photonic circuitry has been in silicon photonics. However, thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) is emerging as a powerful platform with unique capabilities; advances in fabrication have yielded loss metrics competitive with any integrated photonics platform, while its large second-order nonlinearity provides efficient nonlinear processing and ultra-fast modulation. In this short review, we explore the prospects of dynamic quantum circuits—such as multiplexed photon sources and entanglement generation—on hybrid TFLN on silicon (TFLN/Si) photonics and argue that hybrid TFLN/Si photonics may have the capability to deliver the photonic quantum technology of tomorrow.

Graphical Abstract
Europa in der Arktis: Neue Akzente in der EU-Arktisstrategie
Authors: Paul Michael 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Arktis wird meist mit Klimawandel, Wissenschaftskooperation und Umweltschutz assoziiert, während Sicherheitsfragen selten erwähnt werden. In der neuen EU-Arktisstrategie sind viele Ansätze und Absichten genannt, um auf der Grundlage konstruktiv zusammenwirkender politischer Strategien die Stabilität in der Arktis zu verbessern. Realistisch kann die EU viel zur maritimen Sicherheit und zu einer nachhaltigen Klima- und Ressourcenpolitik beitragen, sie wird aber – und sollte wohl auch – auf absehbare Zeit kein arktischer Sicherheitsakteur werden.
Rethink International Intervention. Afghanistan, Mali, and Now?
Authors: Werther-Pietsch Ursula 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe recent take-over of the Taliban regime in Afghanistan marks a turn in international crisis and conflict management. The configuration as a double-hatted mission to secure and rebuild on the one hand, and in countering insurgency and terrorism on the other finally failed, an outcome that seems to recur in Mali. International law of transition and whole-of-system approaches remain however hypercritical work on the ground. A successful flexible framework for sustainable conflict transformation and peace processes must absorb lessons of both autocratic realpolitik and a massive trend of bipolarisation of geopolitics.
Growth Mechanism and Kinetics of Siliconizing of AISI D2 Tool Steel
Authors: Najafizadeh Mojtaba , Hosseinzadeh Morteza , Ghasempour-Mouziraji Mehran , Bozorg Mansoor , Perrone Angelo , Cavaliere Pasquale 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe present paper goes into details of the kinetics of silicide layer growth on AISI D2 during surface siliconizing. Pack cementation was employed in order to siliconize the steel surface. Siliconizing was conducted by using powder mixtures Si 12 wt.% + NH4Cl 0.5 wt.% + Al2O3at 923, 1073 and 1223 K for 2 to 6 h, respectively. Thermodynamic calculations showed that growth mechanisms of the coating comprise many different chemical reactions. The microstructure and silicides precipitation evolution were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). The silicides layers thickness falls in the range 32–154 μm. The coatings hardness varied between 750 and 800 HV, being dependent on the process parameters. The kinetics measurement revealed the growth of the FeSi, Fe2Si and FeSi2sub-layers as a function of treatment time and temperature. The results illustrated that the diffusion coefficient (k) increased with the treatment temperature. Activation energy (Q) was calculated as 788.83 kJ.mol−1. The crystal growth rate resistance (K) ranged from 5.2 × 10−9to 3.1 × 10−8cm2.s−1.
Religious/spiritual struggles and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: Does “talking religion” help or hurt?
Authors: Upenieks Laura 
Published: April 2022

Background Research to date has suggested that religion might be a source of comfort and strength in times of crisis brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic, but it may also be a form of stress if spiritual struggles are experienced. We posit the discussion of religious and spiritual matters as a potential feature of religious life that may be helpful or harmful for dealing with the impacts of spiritual struggles. Purpose This study has two objectives. First, we assess the association between religious/spiritual struggles and both perceptions of psychological distress and self-rated health, affording attention to the prevalence of religious struggles during this time. Second, drawing from social penetration theory, we consider both the potential helpful and harmful role of discussing religion with friends and family members for the well-being of those experiencing various degrees of religious/spiritual struggles. Methods Using data from a nationally representative sample of Americans collected in January 2021, nearly a year after the onset of the pandemic (N = 1,711), we conduct a series of OLS and ordinal logistic regression models. Results Results suggest that religious/spiritual struggles were somewhat common among Americans during COVID-19 and were associated with greater psychological distress and worse perceived self-rated health during the pandemic. In the context of high R/S struggles, both psychological distress and perceived self-rated health were more favorable when religious and spiritual matters were discussed very frequently, several times a week or more. Unlike for psychological distress, however, we found no evidence that discussion of religious matters in the face of greater R/S struggles exacerbated their ill effect on health. Supplemental analyses showed that these findings are not being driven by religious denominational differences across our focal variables. Conclusions and implications Encouraged by discussions of faith with close network confidants, people experiencing R/S struggles might seek help in the form of counseling in both secular and/or religious settings. Exploring potential resilience factors, such as religious discussion, may help inform broader or more local strategies aimed at economic recovery. Our results therefore invite future investigation into the role of religious coping in mitigating the health effects of pandemic hardship.
Experimental study on the impact of alternative jet fuel properties and derived cetane number on lean blowout limit
Authors: Zheng L. , Boylu R. , Cronly J. , Ahmed I. , Ubogu E. , Khandelwal B. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe impact of alternative aviation jet fuels and their properties on lean blowout (LBO) limits has recently raised several questions in the jet fuel area. There is a need for a detailed investigation of the impact of fuel properties on the LBO limit involving actual engine hardware. This study investigates the impact of a range of alternative aviation jet fuels with notable differences in physical and chemical properties and derived cetane number (DCN) on the LBO limit and their effects on key performance indicators. LBO performance results for ten different alternative fuels using a Rolls-Royce single-can Tay combustor are presented in this study. The study also assesses impact of different equivalence ratios and flow rates on LBO, with the aim of determining the impact of a certain range of operating conditions. The results are further analysed to determine the influence of fuel chemical and physical properties on the LBO limit. Finally, based on results in the above experiments, individual fuel properties are adjusted for subsequent experimental analysis of blended fuels. With this approach, 25 additional fuel blends are evaluated and presented, with an emphasis on varying the DCN. This study provides effective data and results to facilitate future fuel optimisation and reduce the risk of a negative performance of new fuels in gas turbines.
The Nurturing Stance, Moral Responsibility, and the (Implicit) Bias Blind Spot
Authors: BASTON RENÉ 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCan we hold agents responsible for their implicitly biased behavior? The aim of this text is to show that, from the nurturing stance, holding subjects responsible for their implicitly biased behavior is justified, even though they are not blameworthy. First, I will introduce the nurturing stance as Daphne Brandenburg originally developed it. Second, I will specify what holding somebody responsible from the nurturing stance amounts to. Third, I show how and why holding responsible can help a subject develop an impaired capacity. Fourth, I analyze empirical data about holding prejudiced subjects responsible and highlight that the internal motivation to control prejudiced reactions decreases implicit attitudes’ influences. Furthermore, the data show that in order to be appropriate moral demands have to acknowledge the target's autonomy and competence. In sum, from the nurturing stance, holding implicitly biased subjects responsible is appropriate if they can adequately respond to the moral demands.
‘Extremely Racist’ and ‘Incredibly Sexist’: An Empirical Response to the Charge of Conceptual Inflation
Authors: LIAO SHEN-YI , HANSEN NAT 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCritics across the political spectrum have worried that ordinary uses of words like ‘racist’, ‘sexist’, and ‘homophobic’ are becoming conceptually inflated, meaning that these expressions are getting used so widely that they lose their nuance and, thereby, their moral force. However, the charge of conceptual inflation as well as responses to it are standardly made without any systematic investigation of how ‘racist’ and other expressions condemning oppression are actually used in ordinary language. Once we examine large linguistic corpora to see how these expressions are actually used, we find that English speakers have a rich linguistic repertoire for qualifying the degree to which and dimensions along which something is racist, sexist, homophobic, and so on. These facts about ordinary usage undermine the charge of conceptual inflation. Without awareness of facts about ordinary usage, theorists risk making linguistic prescriptions that are unnecessary or counterproductive.
Assessment of Knowledge, Emotion, and Attitude Levels of Kindergarten and Elementary School Teachers on the Disaster Management and Pediatric First Aid
Authors: Kaya Afsın Ahmet , Ayker Bereket 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives:
This study’s aim is to assess the disaster management and pediatric first aid-related knowledge, emotion, and attitude levels of of kindergarten and elementary school teachers, as the professionals that are first to provide interventions in the case of a disaster to children ages 0-8, who are considered to be among the vulnerable groups in the context of a disaster.

Methods:
A total of 119 teachers working in the kindergarten and elementary schools located in the Gümüşhane province of Turkey were included in the study and were asked to fill in a questionnaire that comprises 3 sections. Data collection tools included a sociodemographic questionnaire, teachers’ disaster management knowledge levels, and teachers’ pediatric first-aid knowledge, emotion, and attitude levels.

Results:
Analysis of the scores obtained by the teachers from the questionnaire revealed that the teachers, who participated in the study, had a high level of disaster management knowledge and a moderate-to-high level of pediatric first aid knowledge.

Conclusions:
It is suggested as a result of this study that the disaster risks and injuries or losses of life associated with disasters that may occur at schools may be reduced with disaster management and first-aid interventions.
Antimicrobial stewardship intervention bundle decreases outpatient fluoroquinolone prescribing for urinary tract infections
Authors: Cubillos Ashley L. , Patch Megan E. , Chandler Elisabeth L. , Lynch Leah W. , Gieselman Morris R. , Saunders Mary Beth , Calkins Karen E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAn antimicrobial stewardship bundle was implemented in 23 community health system urgent care and primary care clinics to reduce fluoroquinolone prescribing in urinary tract infections. The percentage of urinary tract infection (UTI) visits prescribed a fluoroquinolone subsequently decreased from 17.6% to 3% in urgent care and from 23.8% to 6.8% in primary care.
Mechanisms of the destabilized Mach reflection of inviscid oblique detonation waves before an expansion corner
Authors: Zhang Zijian , Liu Yunfeng , Wen Chihyung 
Published: April 2022

The stabilization of oblique detonation waves (ODWs) in an engine combustor is important for the successful applications of oblique detonation engines, and comprehensively understanding the effects of the inviscid reflection of ODWs on their stabilization and the relevant mechanisms is imperative to overall combustor design. In this study, the flow fields of ODW reflections in a space-confined combustor are numerically studied by solving the two-dimensional time-dependent multispecies Euler equations in combination with a detailed hydrogen combustion mechanism. The inviscid Mach reflections of ODWs before an expansion corner are emphasized with different flight Mach numbers, Ma, and different dimensionless reflection locations, ζ ≥ 0 (ζ = 0: the ODW reflects precisely at the expansion corner; ζ > 0: the ODW reflects off the wall before the expansion corner). Two kinds of destabilization phenomena of the inviscid Mach reflection of an ODW induced by different mechanisms are found, namely wave-induced destabilization at large ζ > 0 for moderate (not very low) Ma and inherent destabilization at any ζ > 0 for low Ma. Wave-induced destabilization is attributed to the incompatibility between the pressure ratio across the Mach stem and its relative propagation speed, which is triggered by the action of the secondary reflected shock wave or the transmitted Mach stem on the subsonic zone behind the Mach stem. Inherent destabilization is demonstrated through an in-depth theoretical analysis and is attributed to geometric choking of the flow behind the Mach stem.
Development of a mobile application to assess Brazilian schoolchildren's diet: CADE – food consumption at home and at school
Authors: Freitas Jade Veloso , Crispim Sandra Patricia , Araujo Marina Campos 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The development of technologies for children's dietary assessment shows important potential for reducing the occurrence of inherent errors in traditional methods. The present study aimed to describe the development of a mobile app for the dietary assessment of Brazilian schoolchildren. The mobile app assesses schoolchildren's diet with self-report by their parents or guardians in the home environment, through multiple-pass 24-hour recall coupled with a food propensity questionnaire; and by an adult in the school environment, through a food record. The tool presents a database of food items usually consumed by Brazilian schoolchildren, including modes of preparation, probing foods and types of food quantification such as digital photos of household measurements and food portions. The CADE app (food consumption at home and at school) contains 2125 food items, 9 options for preparation methods and 18 options for probing items. There are 75 options for household measurements, also including 26 digital photos of four types of household measurements and 440 photos of portion sizes of 90 foods from the Brazilian Manual of Child Food Portion Quantification. Some innovative features include an interface to take photos of the child's meals and report seconds and leftover food consumption, besides the possibility of receiving notifications on the mobile device to remember to report the diet. The CADE app can assist the standardisation and automation of dietary data collection from schoolchildren, support food and nutrition data in childhood and promote research in nutritional epidemiology while reducing data collection costs.