bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visit-to-Visit Blood Pressure Variability and Longitudinal Tau Accumulation in Older Adults
Authors: Sible Isabel J. , Nation Daniel A. , Weiner Michael , Aisen Paul , Petersen Ronald , Jack Clifford R. , Jagust William , Trojanowki John Q. , Toga Arthur W. , Beckett Laura , Green Robert C. , Saykin Andrew J. , Morris John , Shaw Leslie M. 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Elevated blood pressure variability (BPV) is predictive of dementia, independent of average blood pressure levels, but neuropathological mechanisms remain unclear. We examined whether BPV in older adults is related to tau accumulation in brain regions vulnerable to Alzheimer disease and whether relationships are modified by apoϵ4 carrier status.

Methods:
Two hundred eighty-six Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative participants without history of dementia underwent 3 to 4 blood pressure measurements over 12 months and ≥1 tau positron emission tomography thereafter. BPV was calculated as variability independent of mean. Each scan determined tau burden (standardized uptake value ratio) for a temporal meta–region of interest, including burden from entorhinal cortex, amygdala, parahippocampus, fusiform, inferior temporal, and middle temporal. Bayesian linear growth modeling examined the role of BPV, apolipoprotein ϵ4 carrier status, and time on regional tau accumulation after controlling for several variables, including baseline hypertension.

Results:
Elevated BPV was related to tau accumulation at follow-up in a temporal meta-region, independent of average blood pressure levels (ß, 0.89 [95% credible interval, 0.86–0.92]) and especially in entorhinal cortex (ß, 2.57 [95% credible interval, 2.15–2.99]). Apoϵ4 carriers with elevated BPV had the fastest tau accumulation at follow-up (ß, 1.73 [95% credible interval, 0.47–3.03]).

Conclusions:
BPV is related to tau accumulation in brain regions vulnerable to Alzheimer disease, independent of average blood pressure. APOEϵ4 modified this relationship. Bidirectionality of findings is possible. BPV may represent a marker of vascular dysfunction related to early-stage tau pathology contributing to Alzheimer disease.
Rutba vs Ġāya: A Reconsideration of the Impact of the Rasāʾil Iḫwān al-Ṣafāʾ on Maslama b. Qāsim al-Qurṭubī
Authors: de Callataÿ Godefroid 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This study aims to reconsider the impact of the Rasāʾil Iḫwān al-Ṣafāʾ on the Rutbat al-ḥakīm (The Rank of the Sage) and the Ġāyat al-ḥakīm (The Aim of the Sage). Exclusively concerned with textual evidence taken from the three works and making extensive use of the programme Qawl, it shows that the way Maslama b. Qāsim al-Qurṭubī refers to the Iḫwānian corpus in the Rutba reveals a far less familiarity with that work than at the time he writes the Ġāya. This difference of treatment suggests that, contrary to what was previously assumed, Maslama had no access to the text of the Rasāʾil before he started writing his ultimate treatise.
Political Reforms as Religious Revival: Conceptual Foundations of Tanzimat
Authors: Topal Alp Eren 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Parallel to Arab Nahḍah, Ottoman modernization program is associated with the Tanzimat, a period of drastic social, political and institutional transformation. The word tanẓīmāt itself, however, merely means “regulations” or “reorganization” and very little has been done in investigating the conceptual or ideational foundations of Tanzimat reforms. The question at stake here is how these series of reforms were justified and legitimized within the Ottoman political culture. Accordingly, this paper focuses on reform debates among Ottoman bureaucrats and statesmen in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries and proposes the concept and doctrine of taǧdīd (renewal) as a key to understanding Ottoman reform and religious transformation. Ottoman reformers at the turn of 19th century resorted to the doctrine of centennial renewal in order to both criticize the moral shortcomings of Ottoman political system and legitimize innovation. Within this logic, Ottoman reformist sultans and politicians have frequently been referred to as muǧaddids, that is restorers. This paper will present an account of the concept of taǧdīd based on Ottoman political and historical writing from the period. I argue that Ottoman reform was inseparable from the logic of religious revival and that Ottoman debates should be considered as part of and discussed in relation to the 18th-century Muslim revivalism which has attracted growing attention in the last decade.
Domesticating the Turks, Staging Otherness. The Tradition of Embodying the Turks, the Parata dei Turchi of Potenza and Its Narration in 20th-Century Folkloric Descriptions
Authors: Tagliaferri Filomena Viviana 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The aim of the essay is to analyse the presence of Oriental characters in the patron saint’s Feast of San Gerardo, taking place in the city of Potenza on 29 May. After offering an insight into the integration of Oriental characters into Italian early modern culture, the paper will first focus on the ‘historicity’ of the Parata dei Turchi and its carnivalesque function. It will then move to the way in which the Turks were represented between the 19th and 20th centuries — that is, the period from which sources present it as an already long-established tradition — seeking to offer a contribution to the interpretation of the tradition of the parading of Turkish masks on the annual procession of San Gerardo.
“We Kind of do not Dare to Tell Everybody that we are in a Program for Disabled Students, Because Some are Afraid that they will be Made Fun of”
Authors: Sverrisdóttir Anna Björk , Hove Geert Van 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Implementing inclusive education has proven problematic all over the world. The reasons are multiple, but one of them can presumably be related to the way students with disabilities are “created”, viewed, and responded to as “special education students” within schools. To challenge this, we need to understand students’ position within the school. In this article, the focus is on identifying the position of students who receive special education in schools in Iceland by mapping their power relations and resistance within the discursive norm of special education. We use the method of thinking with theory and read data in accordance with Foucault’s theories of power relations and resistance and Deleuze and Guattari’s concepts of line of flight and becoming. Findings show that power relations affect students variously and although students’ resistance is manifested differently between individuals, a common thread is visible when resisting their static position as special education students.
Zen Chanting and Jazz at a Public Arts Festival
Authors: Mross Michaela 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article explores ritual change and innovation based on my participation as a saxophone player in two rituals featuring traditional Buddhist chant and jazz, which were performed at the Sōtō Zen temple Tōkōji in Ōmiya (Saitama prefecture) during the Yume Arts Festival. In designing these ceremonies, the monks selected elements from traditional rituals and put them together in new ways, while adding new entertaining elements, such as jazz and yōkai. I suggest that the modularity of rituals made it possible to easily create new ceremonies and perform them without extensive rehearsals. Moreover, I show that the monks aimed to offer an entertaining performance in order to reach out to the local community. This article further illuminates that Sōtō Zen has a rich sonic dimension, which our crossover ceremonies showcased.
Pei Xiu (791–864) and Lay Buddhism in Tang Chan
Authors: Wu Jiang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Pei Xiu 裴休 (791–864) was a literati follower of Buddhist teachers, among whom the two most eminent were Zongmi 宗密 (780–841) and Huangbo Xiyun 黃檗希運 (?–850). These two teachers had notably different spiritual orientations: one was the synthesizer of Chan and Huayan teachings, the other a member of the more radical Hongzhou 洪州 school. Rather than passively patronizing Buddhist teachers, Pei Xiu served as an active agent of his own religiosity and influenced Buddhist communities broadly. Through examining Pei Xiu’s Quanfa putixin wen 勸發菩提心文 [Essay Exhorting the Generation of Bodhicitta], Chuanxin fayao 傳心法要 [Essentials of The Transmission of Mind], which he prefaced and edited, and his various prefaces and epitaphs written for Zongmi and other monks, this study scrutinizes the transformation of early Chinese Chan communities before they were reimagined as ‘mature’ and ‘classical’ in later times.
Water Lifting and Outflow Gain of Kinetic Energy in Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Makarieva Anastassia M. , Gorshkov Victor G. , Nefiodov Andrei V. , Chikunov Alexander V. , Sheil Douglas , Nobre Antonio Donato , Nobre Paulo , Plunien Günter , Molina Ruben D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
While water lifting plays a recognized role in the global atmospheric power budget, estimates for this role in tropical cyclones vary from no effect to a major reduction in storm intensity. To better assess this impact, here we consider the work output of an infinitely narrow thermodynamic cycle with two streamlines connecting the top of the boundary layer in the vicinity of maximum wind (without assuming gradient-wind balance) to an arbitrary level in the inviscid free troposphere. The reduction of a storm’s maximum wind speed due to water lifting is found to decline with increasing efficiency of the cycle and is about 5% for maximum observed Carnot efficiencies. In the steady-state cycle, there is an extra heat input associated with the warming of precipitating water. The corresponding positive extra work is of an opposite sign and several times smaller than that due to water lifting. We also estimate the gain of kinetic energy in the outflow region. Contrary to previous assessments, this term is found to be large when the outflow radius is small (comparable to the radius of maximum wind). Using our framework, we show that Emanuel’s maximum potential intensity (E-PI) corresponds to a cycle where total work equals work performed at the top of the boundary layer (net work in the free troposphere is zero). This constrains a dependence between the outflow temperature and heat input at the point of maximum wind, but does not constrain the radial pressure gradient. We outline the implications of the established patterns for assessing real storms.
Revisiting the Existence of the Global Warming Slowdown during the Early Twenty-First Century
Authors: Wei Meng , Song Zhenya , Shu Qi , Yang Xiaodan , Song Yajuan , Qiao Fangli 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
There are heated debates on the existence of the global warming slowdown during the early twenty-first century. Although efforts have been made to clarify or reconcile the controversy over this issue, it is not explicitly addressed, restricting the understanding of global temperature change particularly under the background of increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. Here, using extensive temperature datasets, we comprehensively reexamine the existence of the slowdown under all existing definitions during all decadal-scale periods spanning 1990–2017. Results show that the short-term linear trend–dependent definitions of slowdown make its identification severely suffer from the period selection bias, which largely explains the controversy over its existence. Also, the controversy is further aggravated by the significant impacts of the differences between various datasets on the recent temperature trend and the different baselines for measuring slowdown prescribed by various definitions. However, when the focus is shifted from specific periods to the probability of slowdown events, we find the probability is significantly higher in the 2000s than in the 1990s, regardless of which definition and dataset are adopted. This supports a slowdown during the early twenty-first century relative to the warming surge in the late twentieth century, despite higher greenhouse gas concentrations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this decadal-scale slowdown is not incompatible with the centennial-scale anthropogenic warming trend, which has been accelerating since 1850 and never pauses or slows. This work partly reconciles the controversy over the existence of the warming slowdown and the discrepancy between the slowdown and anthropogenic warming.
The Anatomy of a Series of Cloud Bursts that Eclipsed the U.S. Rainfall Record
Authors: Corrigan Terrence J. , Businger Steven 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A series of extreme cloudbursts occurred on 14 April 2018 over the northern slopes of the island of Kaua‘i, Hawaii. The storm inundated some areas with 1262 mm (∼50 in.) of rainfall in a 24-h period, eclipsing the previous 24-h U.S. rainfall record of 1100 mm (42 in.) set in Texas in 1979. Three periods of intense rainfall are diagnosed through detailed analysis of National Weather Service operational and special datasets. On the synoptic scale, a slowly southeastward propagating trough aloft over a deep layer of low-level moisture (>40 mm of total precipitable water) produced prolonged instability over Kaua‘i. Enhanced northeast to east low-level flow impacted Kaua‘i’s complex terrain, which includes steep north- and eastward-facing slopes and cirques. The resulting orographic lift initiated deep convection. The wind profile exhibited significant shear in the troposphere and streamwise vorticity within the convective storm inflow. Evidence suggests that large directional shear in the boundary layer, paired with enhanced orographic vertical motion, produced rotating updrafts within the convective storms. Mesoscale rotation is manifest in the radar data during the latter two periods, and reflectivity cores are observed to propagate both to the left and to the right of the mean shear, which is characteristic of supercells. The observations suggest that the terrain configuration in combination with the wind shear separates the area of updrafts from the downdraft section of the storm, resulting in almost continuous heavy rainfall over Waipā Garden.
A Climatology of Cell Mergers with Supercells and Their Association with Mesocyclone Evolution
Authors: Flournoy Matthew D. , Lyza Anthony W. , Satrio Martin A. , Diedrichsen Madeline R. , Coniglio Michael C. , Waugh Sean 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this study, we present a climatology of observed cell mergers along the paths of 342 discrete, right-moving supercells and their association with temporal changes in low-level mesocyclone strength (measured using azimuthal shear). Nearly one-half of the examined supercells experience at least one cell merger. The frequency of cell merger occurrence varies somewhat by geographical region and the time of day. No general relationship exists between cell merger occurrence and temporal changes in low-level azimuthal shear; this corroborates prior studies in showing that the outcome of a merger is probably sensitive to storm-scale and environmental details not captured in this study. Interestingly, we find a significant inverse relationship between premerger azimuthal shear and the subsequent temporal evolution of azimuthal shear. In other words, stronger low-level mesocyclones are more likely to weaken after cell mergers and weaker low-level mesocyclones are more likely to strengthen. We also show that shorter-duration cell merger “events” (comprising multiple individual mergers) are more likely to be associated with a steady or weakening low-level mesocyclone whereas longer-duration cell merger events (3–4 individual mergers) are more likely to be associated with a strengthening low-level mesocyclone. These findings suggest what physical processes may influence the outcome of a merger in different scenarios and that the impact of these processes on low-level mesocyclone strength may change depending on storm maturity. We establish a baseline understanding of the supercell–cell merger climatology and highlight areas for future research in how to better anticipate the outcomes of cell mergers.

Significance Statement
A common assumption in idealized supercell simulations is that the background environment is homogeneous. Cells merging into a primary supercell represent one of many ways in which the environment might be significantly inhomogeneous. This study analyzes the paths of 342 supercells with a particular focus on how cell merger occurrence influences the strength of the low-level mesocyclone. Almost one-half of all supercells experience at least one cell merger. Supercells are more likely to weaken after a cell merger event if the premerger mesocyclone was strong or if the merger event is relatively short, and vice versa for the likelihood for a supercell to strengthen. These findings are important for those interested in short-term predictions of supercell evolution in response to cell mergers and suggest what dynamic processes may play a role in governing these relationships.
High-Resolution NWP Forecast Precipitation Comparison over Complex Terrain of the Sierras de Córdoba during RELAMPAGO-CACTI
Authors: Casaretto Gimena , Dillon Maria Eugenia , Salio Paola , Skabar Yanina García , Nesbitt Stephen W. , Schumacher Russ S. , García Carlos Marcelo , Catalini Carlos 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Sierras de Córdoba (Argentina) is characterized by the occurrence of extreme precipitation events during the austral warm season. Heavy precipitation in the region has a large societal impact, causing flash floods. This motivates the forecast performance evaluation of 24-h accumulated precipitation and vertical profiles of atmospheric variables from different numerical weather prediction (NWP) models with the final aim of helping water management in the region. The NWP models evaluated include the Global Forecast System (GFS), which parameterizes convection, and convection-permitting simulations of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model configured by three institutions: University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign (UIUC), Colorado State University (CSU), and National Meteorological Service of Argentina (SMN). These models were verified with daily accumulated precipitation data from rain gauges and soundings during the RELAMPAGO-CACTI field campaign. Generally all configurations of the higher-resolution WRFs outperformed the lower-resolution GFS based on multiple metrics. Among the convection-permitting WRF Models, results varied with respect to rainfall threshold and forecast lead time, but the WRFUIUC mostly performed the best. However, elevation-dependent biases existed among the models that may impact the use of the data for different applications. There is a dry (moist) bias in lower (upper) pressure levels which is most pronounced in the GFS. For Córdoba an overestimation of the northern flow forecasted by the NWP configurations at lower levels was encountered. These results show the importance of convection-permitting forecasts in this region, which should be complementary to the coarser-resolution global model forecasts to help various users and decision-makers.
Exploring the Usefulness of Downscaling Free Forecasts from the Warn-on-Forecast System
Authors: Miller William J. S. , Potvin Corey K. , Flora Montgomery L. , Gallo Burkely T. , Wicker Louis J. , Jones Thomas A. , Skinner Patrick S. , Matilla Brian C. , Knopfmeier Kent H. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) Warn-on-Forecast System (WoFS) is an experimental real-time rapidly updating convection-allowing ensemble that provides probabilistic short-term thunderstorm forecasts. This study evaluates the impacts of reducing the forecast model horizontal grid spacing Δx from 3 to 1.5 km on the WoFS deterministic and probabilistic forecast skill, using 11 case days selected from the 2020 NOAA Hazardous Weather Testbed (HWT) Spring Forecasting Experiment (SFE). Verification methods include (i) subjective forecaster impressions; (ii) a deterministic object-based technique that identifies forecast reflectivity and rotation track storm objects as contiguous local maxima in the composite reflectivity and updraft helicity fields, respectively, and matches them to observed storm objects; and (iii) a recently developed algorithm that matches observed mesocyclones to mesocyclone probability swath objects constructed from the full ensemble of rotation track objects. Reducing Δx fails to systematically improve deterministic skill in forecasting reflectivity object occurrence, as measured by critical success index (CSIDET), a metric that incorporates both probability of detection (PODDET) and false alarm ratio (FARDET). However, compared to the Δx = 3 km configuration, the Δx = 1.5 km WoFS shows improved midlevel mesocyclone detection, as evidenced by its statistically significant (i) higher CSIDET for deterministic midlevel rotation track objects and (ii) higher normalized area under the performance diagram curve (NAUPDC) score for probability swath objects. Comparison between Δx = 3 km and Δx = 1.5 km reflectivity object properties reveals that the latter have 30% stronger mean updraft speeds, 17% stronger median 80-m winds, 67% larger median hail diameter, and 28% higher median near-storm-maximum 0–3-km storm-relative helicity.
Exploring the Differences in SPC Convective Outlook Interpretation Using Categorical and Numeric Information
Authors: Krocak Makenzie J. , Ripberger Joseph T. , Ernst Sean , Silva Carol L. , Jenkins-Smith Hank C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
While previous work has shown that the Storm Prediction Center (SPC) convective outlooks accurately capture meteorological outcomes, evidence suggests stakeholders and the public may misinterpret the categorical words currently used in the product. This work attempts to address this problem by investigating public reactions to alternative information formats that include the following numeric information: 1) numeric risk levels (i.e., “Level 2 of 5”) and 2) numeric probabilities (i.e., “a 5% chance”). In addition, it explores how different combinations of the categorical labels with numeric information may impact public reactions to the product. Survey data comes from the 2020 Severe Weather and Society Survey, a nationally representative survey of U.S. adults. Participants were shown varying combinations of the information formats of interest, and then rated their concern about the weather and the likelihood of changing plans in response to the given information. Results indicate that providing numeric information (in the form of levels or probabilities) increases the likelihood of participants correctly interpreting the convective outlook information relative to categorical labels alone. Including the categorical labels increases misinterpretation, regardless of whether numeric information was included alongside the labels. Finally, findings indicate participants’ numeracy (or their ability to understand and work with numbers) had an impact on correct interpretation of the order of the outlook labels. Although there are many challenges to correctly interpreting the SPC convective outlook, using only numeric labels instead of the current categorical labels may be a relatively straightforward change that could improve public interpretation of the product.

Significance Statement
The SPC convective outlook contains vital information that can help people prepare for a severe weather event. The categorical labels in this product are often ordered incorrectly by members of the public. This work shows using numeric levels or probabilities reduces the tendency for people to order the levels incorrectly.