bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early-Season Insecticides and Spider Mite Resurgence, 1988
Authors: Langston William C. , Schuster M. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was set up to determine the effectiveness of several insecticides with different modes of action to cotton fleahoppers and to evaluate their subsequent action on spider mite increase following treatment. Cotton was grown with normal cultural practices in plots 8 rows wide and 40 ft long in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. TSSM were used to infest the plots on 1 Jul by placing one infested bean seedling every 5-6 steps in the middle of each plot. The insecticides were applied with a hi-boy sprayer with tips every 20 inches, calibrated to apply 10 gal/acre. One application was made 5 Jul. On 6 and 13 Jul, D-vac samples were taken on 40 ft of row and counted to determine cotton fleahopper numbers. On 12, 18, and 25 Jul, 25 leaves at the 6—8 node position were examined per plot to determine the presence or absence of TSSM.
Dilute Acaricide Evaluation Experiment, 1989
Authors: Hull L. A. , Barrett B. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots consisted of single trees in a randomized block design with 1 replicate of'Golden Delicious' and 3 replicates of 'Yorking'. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. and were 16-yr-oldv Experimental sprays were applied to run-off with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gal/min pump. Approximately 4.8 gal of spray were applied/replicate tree (ca. 500 gal/acre). Spray dates were as follows: 6 Apr (Oil treatment only), 25 May (Andalin treatments only), 14 Jul (Kelthane treatment only), 27 Jul (Omite and Kelthane treatments only). Omite 6 E was substituted for Andalin on 27 Jul. General sprays of fungicides (Nova, Dithane M-45), insecticides (Guthion, Sevin, Asana), and calcium chloride were made at ca. 1- to 2-wk intervals throughout the experiment with a Friend Airmaster at 50 gal/acre. Effectiveness of the materials on the mites was evaluated by making several counts on random samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Mite population pressure was moderate throughout the summer. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting) 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Evaluation of Pyrethroid Combinations for Control Of Heliothis Spp. on Cotton, 1988
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twelve treatments were tested for relative efficacy against a Heliothis sp. population (approximately 70% H. virescens (F.) based on pheromone trap catches) in irrigated cotton planted 5 Jun at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS. Plots were 8 rows by 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to the 4 center rows of each plot by high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre using 2 TX-4 nozzles/row. Insecticide applications were made on 8, 17 and 23 Aug. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Data were collected by examination of 25 terminals and 25 squares within the center 2 rows of each plot.
Southern Corn Rootworm Control in Peanuts, North Carolina, 1989
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A field on the Morrell Jones farm in Halifax Co. was chosen to test several insecticide treatments for control of the southern corn rootworm. Peanuts were planted on 30 May (90 lb seed/acre), and standard agronomic practices were used in the production as recommended by the N.C. Agricultural Extension Service. Thimet was applied in the seed furrow at 1 lb (AI)/acre by the cooperator. Soil humic matter was 0.9% and soil temperature was 71°F at 3 inches. Plots were 4 rows (36 inch centers) × 20 ft with 4 replicates/treatment, and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block. Most treatments were applied at pegging time; however, some insecticides had other application timings as indicated in the table below. The pre-plant incorporated Lorsban treatment was applied just prior to planting by spraying the insecticide as a broadcast treatment over the plot area and immediately incorporating the material with a hand rake. Sprays were applied using a CO2- pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi using boom-mounted 8002 flat-fan nozzles. The Lorsban at plant application of granular insecticide was applied immediately after planting with a bicycle-wheel granular applicator utilizing a Noble metering unit and placing the insecticide in a 16-inch band. This insecticide was also lightly incorporated with a rake. At-flower treatments were applied on 27 Jun using the same bicycle-wheel granular applicator to apply a 16-inch wide band. At-pegging treatments were applied on 11 Jul, using the same granular applicator. A delayed treatment of Lorsban and one of Mocap were applied 1 Aug. In addition, 2 treatments consisted of foliar sprays applied on 25 Jul and again on 1 Aug. Growing conditions were unusually wet all season long which greatly enhanced the potential for rootworms and increased the potential for leaching of the soil-applied insecticides. Peanuts were sampled for rootworm damage on 11 Sep by collecting 100 pods at random-from plants in the 2 left-hand rows of the plots. Pods were placed in plastic' bags and returned to the laboratory and examined for rootworm damage. Peanuts were dug 7 Oct and harvested 16 Oct. Yield was determined by harvesting and weighing all pods in the two right-hand rows of the plots. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated by Duncan's New Multiple Range Test. All data were transformed X + 0.5 prior to analysis, but actual means were reported.
Corn Earworm Control of Peanuts, North Carolina, 1989
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar applications of insecticides were evaluated for corn earworm control in Chowan County near Edenton. Plots were established in peanuts grown (36 inch centers) under standard production practices in a light sandy soil. Each plot was 20 ft × 4 rows with plot ends separated by a 5 ft barren strip. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied on 22 Aug using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi using 8002 flat-fan nozzles. Conditions at time of application were sunny and 80°F. Caterpillars were sampled on 24 Aug (48 h posttreatment) and 31 Aug (9 d posttreatment) by taking 3 standard 3 ft beat cloth counts/plot. Pretreatment counts determined the caterpillar population to be 85% corn earworms and all instars were present. Only live corn earworms were counted for analysis. All data were transformed X + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are presented.
Toracco Thrips and Potato Leafhopper Control in Peanut in Virginia, 1989
Authors: Herbert D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of selected insecticides was evaluated against TT injury and PL in peanut. Peanuts were planted 15 May with 36-inch row spacing. Dyfonate II 20 G at 2.0 lb (AI)/acre was applied in 14-inch bands over rows for southern corn rootworm control on 13 Jul; Asana XL at 0.01 lb (AI)/acre was applied on 28 Aug for corn earworm control. Treatments for TT and PL were applied on 13 Jun and 4 Aug, respectively, using a CO2 compressed-air backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 13 gal formulation/acre at 25 psi using 3, D2-13 disc-core cone spray nozzles/row. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. TT treatments were evaluated before and 6, 14 and 20 DAT by determining plant injury based on a 0—10 scale, where 0 = no injury and 10 = dead due to TT injury. PL treatments were evaluated by comparing number of adults and nymphs/10 sweeps with a 15-inch diam sweep net before and 1, 5 and 10 DAT.
Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1989
Authors: Herbert D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected insecticides were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury. Peanuts were planted on 12 May with 36-inch row spacing. Super Six, Benlate and Rovral 4 F were applied during Jul and Aug for management of fungal diseases. Test treatments were applied at planting (IF) and at pegging (Peg) time. IF treatments were applied in the seed furrow with a Nobel applicator. Peg treatments were applied on 12 Jul in 14-inch bands over rows with a Nobel applicator, then lightly incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Pod injury was determined on 29 Aug from 100 randomly selected pods/plot, taken from 5 plants/plot (20 pods/plant). Yield was based on digging (4 Oct), drying, combining and weighing peanuts from 2 center rows (80 row-ft)/plot.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Sorghum Midge on Sorghum, 1989
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
One organophosphate, a pyrethroid and 2 carbamate insecticides were evaluated for sorghum midge control at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Grain sorghum was planted 23 May on rows spaced 40 inches apart. Insecticide treatments were compared in 8-row × 75 ft long plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied using a self-propelled, high clearance sprayer to the inner 6 sorghum rows through TX-6 hollow cone nozzles at 40 psi with a spray volume of 8 gal/acre. Insecticide applications were begun when 20-50% of the panicles were flowering. Treatments were applied on 14, 18, 21, and 24 Jul. Data on kernel loss and grain yield were collected from the middle 2 rows of each plot. Adult sorghum midge abundance was determined just prior to each application by randomly selecting 100 individual sorghum panicles and then enclosing these with clear plastic bags. Panicles were cut from the plant and returned to the laboratory for examination and determination of numbers of adult midges. Visual estimates of midge damage were made by 2 independent observers on 9 Aug, with each observer rating damage to 10 panicles/plot on a 1-9 scale where 1 = 0-10% and 9 = 90% kernel loss. Panicles were hand-harvested from 2 randomly selected 13 ft sections of row/plot and mechanically threshed.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Corn Earworm on Sorghum, 1989
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two carbamates and a pyrethroid insecticide were evaluated for CEW control at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Grain sorghum was planted 18 Apr on rows spaced 40 inches apart. Insecticides were applied using a self-propelled, high clearance sprayer to the inner 6 sorghum rows through TX-6 hollow cone nozzels at 40 psi with a spray volume of 8 gal/acre. Insecticides were applied on 7 Jul when the sorghum grain was in the soft-dough stage of development. Larval densities were determined by the "beat bucket" technique. A pre-treatment count of CEW larvae abundance was made the day before insecticides were applied. Post treatment counts of CEW densities were made on 10 Jul (3 DAT) and 14 Jul (7 DAT). The percent control was calculated by using the Henderson and Tilton formula. Grain yield data were collected from the middle 2 rows in each plot. Panicles were hand-harvested from 2 randomly selected 13 ft sections of row/plot and mechanically threshed.
Control of Lepidoptera in Soybean, 1989
Authors: Felland C. M. , Pitre H. N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling soybean loopers in southern Mississippi in Stone County in a commercial field of maturity group VII soybean planted 10 Jul in 34-inch row spacing. At the time of application the soybean was in the R6 growth stage, was 40 inches tall with partially closed canopy, and was 20% defoliated. Methyl parathion at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre had been applied 21 d pretreatment. Treatment plots were 4 rows by 50 ft, established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The insecticides were applied 1 Oct (1100-1300 h) using a hand-held compressed-air sprayer with cone spray pattern, calibrated to apply 10 gal/acre at 30 psi. Temperature at application was 75-82°F, with partly cloudy skies, and wind speed was 2-3 mph. Larvae were sampled 2 and 5 DAT using one 6 ft of row drop-cloth sample from each plot. Larval numbers in the check plots were used to estimate percent control, and the data were subjected to arcsin transformation for mean separation.
Control of Loopers, 1988
Authors: Johnson M. P. , Spurgeon D. W. , Studebaker G. E. , Mueller A. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was located in Lafayette County, AR, with plants at growth stage R5 and 75-100% canopy closure. Plot size was 2 rows by 50 ft with a 40 inch row spacing. A cotton field was located immediately south of the test field. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. All treatments were applied 31 Aug with a Solo backpack sprayer equipped with an adjustable hollow cone nozzle delivering 15.5 gal/acre at 40 psi. Looper larval numbers were determined by taking 3, 3 row-ft drop cloth samples/plot immediately before and 1 and 8 DAT.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Soybean Loopers on Soybeans, 1989
Authors: Mack T. P. , Buckelew L. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This field test was conducted in conven-tionally planted and tilled soybeans near Tallassee, AL. Thirteen treatments and a control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 6 rows wide (36 inch row spacing) and 50 ft long. Replicates were separated by a 20-ft soybean alley. Treatments were applied in water on 13 Sep using a boom sprayer equipped with 3 TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles/row operating at 40 psi and delivering 8 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between the rows and beating one row. Three samples were taken from each plot 2 h before treatment and at 2, 5, and 7 DAT.
Soybean Looper Control with Foliar Insecticides on Soybean, 1989
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Perry C. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty-four insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling soybean loopers and green cloverworms in soybean. Soybeans were planted on 22 May to 36 inch rows in conventionally prepared seedbeds at the University of Georgia Southeastern Branch Station at Midville, Georgia. Individual plots were 4 rows wide by 50 ft with 6-ft alleys at the beginning and end of plots. A complete randomized block experimental design was utilized with 3 replications. Insecticides were foliar-applied on 23 Aug with a CO2-powered compressed air sprayer, with 4 TX-12 nozzles on a 6 ft boom, at 35 psi delivering 17.2 gal of formulation/acre. Individual treatments were evaluated 5, 8, and 14-d after application by comparing the number of insect pests/25 sweeps in the treated plots to those in the untreated checks. A 15-inch diam net was passed through the foliage of a single row on each sampling date.
Efficacy of Currently Labeled Soybean Insecticides Against Soybean Looper in Mississippi, 1989
Authors: Smith Randy , Layton Blake , Hamer Jim 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Registered soybean insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against soybean loopers. Treatments were applied on 18 Sep with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 9.4 gal of finished spray/acre through 8001 flat-fan nozzle tips at 40 psi. Row spacing was 38 inches, and plots were 8 rows wide by 40 ft long arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were sampled at 4 and 7 DAT using a 15-inch-diam sweep net. Pretreatment counts taken around the periphery of the plot area revealed an average soybean looper population of 29.3/25 sweeps. No precipitation fell on the plots prior to the 7 d count.
Aerial Insecticide Evaluation Against Mexican Rice Borer on Sugarcane, 1989
Authors: Pfannenstiel R. S. , Meagher R. L. , Saldana R. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar spray concentrates were applied aerially to a field of 4th ratoon sugarcane in Cameron Co., near Bluetown, TX. The field was sectioned in plots consisting of 33 rows (60-inch centers) × 1530 ft, with the 11 treated rows in the center, and 11 buffer rows on either side. Insecticide treatments were randomly assigned to plots in a complete block design with 4 replications. Each spray was applied to the crop canopy on 55-ft swath widths (11 rows) at a rate of 5 gal finished formulation (material + water)/acre. Prespray counts of above-ground bored internodes and stalks containing infested leaf sheaths (25 stalks/plot) were made 16 May. Treatments were applied weekly beginning 18 May (26 May, 2 Jun, 9 Jun) after leaf sheath infestations exceeded 10% (action threshold) in the Azodrin 5-treated plots. Postspray sample counts of bored internodes (25 stalks/plot) were taken to evaluate injury levels.
Tank Mix Combinations of Insecticides and A Herbicide Against Cutworms and Weeds on Flue-Cured Tobacco, Ontario, Canada, 1988
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Each of the 6 insecticides and a herbicide, Devrinol, were applied in tank-mixed combinations on tobacco seedlings after transplanting to determine their effectiveness against cutworms and weeds on flue-cured tobacco in Ontario. Tobacco seedlings were transplanted into a field of Fox loamy sand on 27 May. Plots were 76 × 14 ft, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, and consisted of 4 rows with 38 plants in each row. Furthermore, 2 subplots (12 × 12 inches each) containing 3 tobacco seedlings were established in each plot. Ten fifth- and sixth-instar larvae were introduced in each subplot 2 h before treatment and then 5 DAT. The larvae were retained in the subplots by aluminum barrier strips 8 inches high with 3 inches embedded in the ground to prevent the cutworm larvae from escaping. The tank mixtures of each insecticide and Devrinol were applied in a 10-inch band over the row in each plot on 1 Jun, using a power sprayer equipped with 65-06 flat nozzles applying 11 gal/acre at 15 psi and 3.5 mph speed. Cutworm damaged plants from the 2 central rows in each plot were counted weekly after treatment for 4 wk and the number of weeds was counted 2 wk after treatment. Mortality counts of the larvae in the subplots were made daily for 5 d. Toxicity and residual activity of the treatments were evaluated by collecting random leaf samples at regular intervals from each plot. Samples were taken to the laboratory and equal amounts of leaves were placed in 4-inch Petri dishes containing insecticide-free sand and 10 fifth- to sixth-instar larvae. Mortality was assessed daily for 5 d by counting the number of dead larvae in each dish. Abbott’s formula was used to correct for the mortality occurring in the untreated check. The percentages of larval mortality in the subplots and laboratory tests were transformed into angular units, and square root transformation was used for the number of cutworm damaged plants before ANOVA. Means were converted to original units for tabulation.
Late Season Tobacco Budworm and Tobacco Hornworm Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco in Georgia, 1989
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Padgett M. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tobacco was transplanted at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA, on 29 Mar. Plots 4 rows wide (36 inches apart) by 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows and blocks were separated by 5 ft vacant alleys. Nine insecticide treatments were applied on 18 Jul with a C02-powered backpack sprayer delivering 22.2 gal/acre of formulation at 35 psi. Three TX-12 hollow cone nozzles were arranged directly over each treated row. Number of live budworms and hornworms per 5 plants was recorded 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 DAT. In addition, the number of homworm eggs per 5 plants were recorded 10 and 14 DAT.
Mid-Summer Mite Control on Apple, 1989
Authors: Maier Chris T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four miticides were compared for efficacy against ERM and for impact on mite predators inhabiting semidwarf 'Empire' trees at Guilford, Conn. Single-tree plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design, with 4 replicates/treatment. Omite, Kelthane, Carzol, Vendex, and water (control) were applied dilute to runoff on 11 Jul with a Solo Master 412 mistblower capable of delivering a maximum of 590 m3/h. The orchard was sprayed throughout the growing season, with Captan and Penncap M applied on 20 Jul and Captan and Benlate on 29 Jul. Densities of ERM and A. fallacis were measured prior to treatments on 10 Jul and after treatments on 14 Jul, 20 Jul, and 1 Aug by collecting single leaves randomly from 20 vigorously growing shoots/tree. Active stages were counted with a Zeiss stereoscope. Abundance of S. punctum was assessed by making 3-min counts of adults and pupae located around the periphery of trees.
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco in Georgia, 1989
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Sumner S. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tobacco was transplanted at the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA, on 29 Mar. Plots 3 rows wide (36 inches apart) by 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Treatments were separated by single untreated border rows with the center row of each 3 row plot being sprayed. Blocks were separated by 5 ft vacant alleys on each end. Nine insecticide treatments were applied on 16 May with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 22.2 gal/acre of formulation at 35 psi. Three TX-12 hollow cone nozzles were arranged directly over each treated row. Number of aphids, budworms, and hornworms per 7 plants were recorded 3, 7, and 14 DAT.
Control of Russian Wheat Aphid and Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid on Winter Wheat in the Fall, 1988
Authors: Pike K. S. , Allison D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twelve insecticides were evaluated for performance in controlling the named grain aphids, with applications made 4 Oct to soft white winter wheat (growth stage: 2-5 tiller) grown on the Washington State Univ., Irr. Agric. Res. & Ext. Center, Roza Farm, Prosser, WA. Treatments were applied using a CO2 plot sprayer (8001 nozzles with 100 mesh screen) mounted on a bicycle-wheeled carriage. Sprayer output was 19 gal/acre at 30 psi. Plots were 4 × 15 ft (4 rows on 12 inch row spacing), replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were planted 2 Sep (seeding rate: 45 lb/acre). Treatments were evaluated at 3, 8, and 17 DAT, based on aphids/tiller (20 tillers/plot) sampled at random, field-bagged, and subsequently transferred to a Berlese funnel to extract the aphids. Plots were harvested on 10-11 Aug using a Hege combine.
Late-Season Control of San Jose Scale with SN 85292 (Applaud), 1989
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied dilute by handgun operating at 200 psi to SJS-infested 30-yr-old apple trees. Each treatment consisted of 3 single-tree replicates. SN 85292 was applied in 2 rates. Lorsban 50 WP was the standard. A single spray of each treatment was applied at the beginning of 2nd-generation crawler emergence. Newly settled scales were counted on the basal portion (20 cm) of water sprouts (15/tree; 45 treatment) growing from major scaffold limbs. One sample was taken on 14 Aug before treatment and one in mid-Oct after harvest. Settled scales were also counted on fruit (25/tree; 75/treatment) at harvest time.