bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On origin of fluctuations of sound transmissions In sea
Authors: NANDA J.N. 
Published: May 2022

Fluctuation in transmitted intensity of sound when there is no relative movement of transducers and no interference from reflection at sea surface, has been usually assigned to thermal microstructure of the oceans, Thermal microstructure can affect the transmission in two possible ways, by scattering due to small changes of velocity of sound or due to interference of neighbouring rays going through varying number of thermal patches and reaching the same receiving hydrophone, Both these effects require very prominent and practically impossible thermal structure in order to explain the observed fluctuations, A hypothesis is put forward that this may be due to the presence of discrete scatterers in the form of tiny air bubbles which may be free or what is more likely part of zooplankton, On confirmation this may yield a powerful tool for measuring average production of plankton in the sea of various sizes depending upon the selected sound frequency, The fluctuation of 15,5 Kc frequency sound transmissions suggests that air bubbles or zooplankton air sacks of si7:e t mm should occur at the rate of one in every 76 litres of sea water in the ocean west of Cochin, South India.
At lykkes i fællesskabet
Authors: Frimann Søren , Hersted Lone , Søbye Anne 
Published: May 2022

Developing Co-creative Leadership
As an alternative to hierarchical top-down management, leadership that encourages co-creation, participation and dialogue has become important because organizations nowadays need continuously to navigate and solve complex problems to thrive under rapid changing conditions and contexts. However, it is not an easy task to develop co-creative leadership. In this article, we initially explain the emergence of co-creation as a dialogical, collaborative and practice based approach to leadership. We then explain how action research based on dialogue and democratic participation can be a framework to develop co-creative leadership. The article is based on qualitative research material from a 4-year action research project in a public institution for people with special needs. The development of co-creative leadership through action research is illustrated through case material where a group of managers are engaged in developing co-creative and dialogically based ways of leading in their own department in collaboration with employees and colleagues from other departments in the institution
Protein requirements for optimal nitrogen retention in resistance-trained individuals.
Authors: Bradley-Popovich Greg Edward , Nomani Zafar 
Published: May 2022

GREG BRADLEY-POPOVICH, School of Exercise Science & Athletic Training, West Virginia Wesleyan College, Buckhannon, WV, 26201, and M. ZAFAR NOMANI, Div Family & Consumer Sciences (emeritus), West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 26506. Protein requirements for optimal nitrogen retention in resistance-trained individuals. The protein requirements of individuals engaged in resistance exercise has been debated for decades, and a curious new trend in the fitness industry is the seemingly counterintuitive notion of low-protein diets. Nitrogen balance studies are a common and accepted means of assessing protein status. The objective of this study was to statistically analyze previously published nitrogen balance studies to find the model that best describes the relationship between protein intake and nitrogen retention, as well as to elucidate significant variable(s) affecting nitrogen retention. Nine studies yielding a total of 17 subgroups, which had been allotted various quantities of protein during a resistance training program, were analyzed using Statistica Computer Software. Nitrogen retention was tested for correlations against 10 independent variables using multiple models. The level of significance was set at a value of p ≤ .05. A linear regression model revealed the highest correlation ( r = .698) between nitrogen intake per kg body weight per day and nitrogen balance per kg body weight per day. This relationship was highly significant ( p .006). Zero balance was calculated to occur at a protein intake of 1.35 g/kg/day, and net protein utilization, equal to the slope, was found to be 27.0%. The results suggest that weight-trained persons require greater protein intake simply to maintain muscle mass. Further increases in protein ingestion lead to a more positive nitrogen balance, suggestive of muscle accretion. These data do not support the concept of a low-protein diet for persons engaged in resistance training.
Extent and Spatial Distribution of Marcellus Wells in West Virginia
Authors: Gay Lyndsee Lee , Gazal Rico M 
Published: May 2022

Marcellus shale is a fine-grained sedimentary rock that is part of the formation of a rock unit from the Devonian age. The Devonian age is roughly 390 million years old. This which shows a significant age for the Marcellus shale as well. The Marcellus shale was formed millions of years ago when the mud from the Devonian age sea hardened as it was deposited on the oxygen deprived sea floor. Because much of the United States was covered by oceans 390 million years ago, what is now West Virginia has a significant amount of Marcellus shale underneath its surface. Marcellus shale is very rich in organic materials and has been considered the major source of natural gas produced in the Appalachian Basin to this date. The shale formation in West Virginia is around 6,000 feet deep and the various gas fields are believed to contain more than 50 trillion cubic feet of recoverable natural gas. The oil and gas business has boomed in this state over the years due to this excellent source of natural gas. Using spatial analysis in Geographic Information System, the location and extent of Marcellus wells will be determined. This study will use spatial data from WV Geological and Economic Survey, WV Department of Environmental Protection and WV GIS Technical Center. Maps of the entire state will be created to show the range of productive wells and the environmental factors that could possibly be affected as a result of constructing and maintaining the wells.
Optimizing the reaction conditions for the anti-Markovnikov hydrobromination of alkenes.
Authors: Weaver Kelly , Evans Kevin L. 
Published: May 2022

The addition of hydrobromic acid to an alkene is a fundamental organic reaction with unsymmetrical alkenes yielding two products, Markovnikov and anti-Markovnikov alkyl bromide. Both of these products can theoretically be produced from either the electrophilic addition mechanism or the radical mechanism. The electrophilic addition mechanism produces predominately the Markovnikov alkyl bromide while the radical mechanism produces predominately the anti-Markovnikov alkyl bromide. The overall objective of this research is to develop a novel synthesis of the anti-Markovnikov alkyl bromide through a radical mechanism from the in situ generation of hydrobromic acid from phosphorus tribromide and water. Results from 1-octene and undecylenic acid show a strong correlation between the volume of the solvent and the percent anti-Markovnikov alkyl bromide produced. For 1-octene a stir time of 24 hours is preferable over 2 hours to improve the percent yield of alkyl bromides. Additional stir time beyond 24 hours was not beneficial as the percent yields remained comparable. While stir times of both 2 and 24 hours had comparable percent yields for undecylenic acid, the stir time of 24 hours had a stronger correlation between the volume of solvent and the percent conversion to the anti-Markovnikov alkyl bromide. This procedure appears to be a viable synthesis of the anti-Markovnikov alkyl bromide, but additional trials with other alkenes need to be performed.
Novel combined airbrush/silkscreen method for finding catalysts to yield hydrogen fuel through solar energy
Authors: Cuccaro Dominique Colleen , Harvey Erica , Greenham Jeff , Kingston Mike , Bowers Jordyn 
Published: May 2022

Could you imagine how much better our world would be if all our fuel was derived from solar energy and water? Our goal with The Solar Army is to find catalysts that will speed up the process of splitting water with sunlight to yield hydrogen fuel. We report on results from a novel airbrush/silkscreen technique that theoretically prepares all ratios of three metal oxides on each glass sample plate. Three aqueous metal nitrate salt solutions are prepared with a thickening agent, polyethylene glycol (PEG). The process we have developed consists of using an airbrush to spray metal salt solutions through a silk screen imprinted with a triangle-shaped gradient pattern. We rotate the triangle with each airbrush spray of a different metal solution, resulting in a different solution being sprayed from each triangle corner. This technique prepares all the possible ratios of the three metals through the varying triangle gradients, allowing us to test combinations much more efficiently. Six sample plates have been fired (to convert the layered metal nitrates to mixed metal oxides) and scanned for photoactivity. Support was provided from the College of Science and Technology at Fairmont State University, the NASA WV Space Grant Consortium, and Learning Options, Inc., through a STEAM Power WV grant from the WV Division of Culture and History.
Identification and Analysis of Wild Yeasts for the Purpose of Brewing Craft Beer
Authors: Healy James A , Horzempa Joseph 
Published: May 2022

The recent surge in the number of breweries across the United States, and the world, has increased competition and forced brewers to find unique flavors and styles. Many brewers are relying on local yeast to differentiate themselves from macrobreweries. The objective of this study will be to isolate, identify, and analyze wild yeasts from West Virginia and the surrounding areas that can be standardized for brewing beer. To enrich for yeast, a general growth medium (yeast peptone dextrose [YPD] broth) was exposed to air, tree bark, and a swab from a two-toed sloth from the Good Zoo at Oglebay. Cultures were then plated on solid media containing antibiotics to inhibit bacterial growth. Colonies resembling the desired morphology were isolated on YPD plates containing bromoscresol green to differentiate yeast species. Current investigations involve identification of the yeasts through sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region between the large and small subunit ribosomal RNA genes. Multiple assays will be conducted to confirm specific sugar utilization, alcohol fermentation, and alcohol tolerance. A sensory panel will be formed to evaluate aroma, taste, feel, and other associated characteristics. These qualities will be analyzed after fermenting beer wort. Finally, isolated yeasts will subjected to continuous cultivation in wort to evaluate brewing consistency over a long period of time. This investigation will provide us with novel yeast strains that have potential for use in the brewing industry.
Analysis of gunshot residue (GSR) transfer to various items
Authors: Collins Megan , Flood Mark 
Published: May 2022

MEGAN COLLINS and MARK FLOOD, Forensic Science Program, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV 26554. Analysis of gunshot residue (GSR) transfer to various items.The purpose of this research was to determine if the secondary transfer of gunshot residue, or GSR, to non-porous items such as a cellphone or doorknob was detectable with a field testing kit. To test this, three different guns, a handgun, shotgun, and an automatic rifle were fired, each by a different person to ensure there was no cross contamination between the guns. The shooters then touched one of four items. These items, a key, a cellphone, a doorknob, and a pair of sunglasses, were swabbed and tested for GSR using a field kit that utilized a diphenylamine and sulfuric acid solution to test for nitrates and a sodium rhodizonate solution to test for the metals commonly found in GSR, primarily lead and barium. A control was also done, where the diphenylamine/sulfuric acid and sodium rhodizonate solutions were applied to an alcohol swab that had not come into any contact with GSR. Three of the four items had fairly consistent GSR transfer that was detectable with the field kit. The key gave mostly negative results, which was probably due to the size of the key. In conclusion, the GSR field kits were mostly successful in the detection of the secondary transfer of GSR. However, it seemed as though a larger concentration of GSR was needed on the shooters hands in order for enough to be transferred and detected. Future research should be conducted to determine if different ammunition types would result in different amounts of GSR.
A Behavioral Index for investigating female preference in Aleuropoda insignis, the flat-horned hissing cockroach
Authors: Conley Ruth A. 
Published: May 2022

Aleuropoda insignis, the flat-horned hissing cockroach, make whistling noises during courtship. Comer & Conley (2016) showed these animals display variation in the form of different syllables, which have features of whistles. Elliptorhina chopardi also make whistling courtship songs (Sueur & Aubin, 2006) along with several other species of Tribe Gromphadorhini, which are known for hissing sounds used in courtship and agonistic communication (Nelson & Fraser, 1980). Sexual selection may be the foundation for species-specific courtship calls since several other species of hissing cockroaches are present in Madagascar. Females may show more interest in or be more likely to respond to specific syllables or songs, forming the basis for species identification. To begin to examine female preference for species-specific courtship calls, we placed virgin males and females in a behavioral chamber and made audiovisual recordings of behavior. We created a behavioral index based on sampling behaviors observed during successful courtship, which had been previously described by Robinson & Conley (2015). This behavioral index includes proximity of animals to one another, antenna-tapping, antennation, and body orientation & position with certain behaviors scored as 1-3 depending on specific criteria for ‘intensity’. We compared behavioral indices of females for trials categorized as successful courtship (song with copulation), unsuccessful courtship (song with no copulation) and no courtship. Behavioral indices were highest for successful courtship and lowest for no courtship indicating the usefulness of this index for studying female preference for song types and or sexual selection involved in species isolation.
Historical and Current Distribution of Western Pennsylvania’s Appalachian Primary Burrowing Crayfishes: a Century of Change or Stasis?
Authors: Scott Katie , Dillard Zachary Wade , Sadecky Nicole Marie , Lieb David , Loughman Zachary James 
Published: May 2022

Astacological efforts in Pennsylvania have increased over the past decade. In particular, the distribution and conservation standing of WPA burrowing crayfish represents the greatest void in knowledge regarding the states crayfish fauna. To rectify this situation, burrowing crayfish surveys were initiated across WPA in 2014/2015 using Ortmann’s (1906) historical records as a guide. Of the 61 historic sites that were resampled, 19.6% maintained burrowing crayfish populations. Of the 57 new sites that were sampled, 71.9% supported burrowing crayfish populations. Overall burrowing crayfish were detected at 44.9% of the 118 sites sampled. Ortmann documented Cambarus dubius, Cambarus monongalensis, and Cambarus thomai in WPA. All three species were found during our surveys, with each species allied to a physiographic region, and found in the general area that Ortmann discovered them in a century prior. Urbanization had a negative effect on burrowing crayfish’s over the past century, and greenspaces proved to be important islands of habitation in the presence of urbanization. Overall our survey results indicate that all three species are currently stable in Pennsylvania.
Bioinformatics review of alcohol exposed neuronal stem cells and transcription factor consensus sequences in cell cycle progression genes.
Authors: Winkie Mason , Anthony Bruce 
Published: May 2022

Previous studies from microarray analysis of neuronal stem cells exposed to moderate levels of alcohol suggested that alterations in proliferation and induced apoptosis may well be associated with a distinct set of transcription factors and associated consensus sequences in key gene sets responsible for G1/S phase progression and DNA synthesis. The objective of the study was to gather existing information on the Fox1, E2F1, DP-1, DP-2, DP-3, AP-1, and SP-1 transcription factors and examine their interaction with the promoter regions of genes involved in cell cycle progression through a bioinformatics approach. To complete this review, data was compiled using the Unipro UGENE program. Using this program, the promoter regions of genes of interest were aligned with the known DNA consensus sequences targeted by the transcription factors. Based on the alignments – or lack thereof – conclusions were drawn as to which transcription factors exert influence on controlling proper cell cycle progression. Data showed interactions among several of the transcription factors with the multiple regions in the promoter regions of almost all the examined genes. Based on the discovered consensus sequences and their influence on the expression rates of genes necessary for cell cycle progression, this study provides plausible evidence of transcription factors worth targeting for controlling specific genes in cell cycle progression.
Alcohol induced changes in E2F1/DP1 and Retinoblastoma binding in neural stem cells contributes to FASD phenotype.
Authors: Gookin Avery , Anthony Bruce 
Published: May 2022

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are a leading cause of neurodevelopmental disability. Children born with FASD suffer from a spectrum of, central nervous system damage, and characteristic abnormal facial features. Many of the phenotypic changes are associated with loss of cellular proliferation. Our previous studies suggest that changes in G1/S phase transition are responsible for this proliferative reduction and may well induce cell losses. Previous western and micro-array analysis demonstrated alcohol-induced increases in expression of E2F1, DP-1, RB, Cyclin D1 and CDK4/6. Under normal growth, conditions the transcriptional dimer E2F-1/DP-1 induces expression of many genes needed for proper DNA synthesis. This dimer is downregulated by binding of retinoblastoma (RB) to E2F1, and activation of S-Phase is marked by phosphorylation of Rb and subsequent release of E2F1. Although overexpression of several genes associated with proper G1/S phase progression suggests a mechanism for FASD loss of proliferation and cell numbers, it was important to confirm the functional significance of changes in protein levels. This set of experiments examined the changes in Rb/E2F1/DP1 protein-protein binding interactions and western analysis. We demonstrate alcohol-induced changes in protein interactions between E2F1 and RB that help to define a mechanism for proliferative changes and induced cell losses associated with neuronal stem cells in FASD. By define the mechanism associated with many FASD phenotypes we can better address treatment strategies.
The Wolbachia infection frequency of insects in central West Virginia
Authors: Wentzel Maren , Sawyer Sara 
Published: May 2022

Wolbachia is a bacterial endosymbiont that infects the reproductive tissue of Arthropods, particularly insects. Itis transmitted primarily through the ova cytoplasm, alters the reproductive success of its host and thus a suspected driver of evolution and speciation. The frequency of infection in insects around the world suggest an equilibrium has been reached with rates ranging from 20% to 65%. We are investigating the infection frequency with Wolbachia in arthropods in central West Virginia to compare to infection in other locations. Insects were from wooded and meadow areas of the Glenville State College Campus, and Lewis County in the Stonewall Jackson Lake area, fixed in 95% ethanol and identified to species. To determine if an insect was infected with Wolbachia, DNA was extracted and PCR performed using Wolbachia-specific primers. Species sampled to date represent 9 of 16 target orders of Class Insecta, as well as 4 orders from Phylum Arthropoda. To date, 58 of 102 insects tested have demonstrated Wolbachia infection. This puts the infection rate of tested samples at approximately 56%. To get a clearer understanding of the infection rate in this area, we intend to sample additional insects and add additional orders. Determining the infection frequency in this area is an important step in understanding the impact of Wolbachia on the insects of West Virginia.
Using zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae to compare the activation threshold of cholesterol uptake in diets supplemented with alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) or oleic acid (C18:1).
Authors: Doud Joshua Scott , Walters James W 
Published: May 2022

Dietary omega-3 fatty acids are associated with mitigation of cardiovascular disease factors such as high serum cholesterol. The American diet is low in omega-3 fatty acids, but prevalent in oleic acid (OA) (C18:1). Preliminary data shows a concentration threshold of cholesterol uptake into intestinal enterocytes to be 200 µM in larvae fed oleic acid. We hypothesized that alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) will decrease cholesterol uptake as compared to oleic acid. We fed 6-day post fertilization larval zebrafish for 3 hours in increasing concentrations of ALA and fluorescent cholesterol to test the activation threshold of cholesterol uptake with an omega-3 fatty acid (C18:3). Fluorescence within enterocytes will be imaged with a confocal microscope and quantified using NIH ImageJ. Our current results show that 100% of larvae fed the ALA diets expired before imaging as compared to control unfed or 5% egg yolk fed larvae. After the first trial, pH of the diet was tested and brought to 7.3. A second trial was conducted and results were the same as the previous trial. We are testing alternate administration of the ALA diets to determine the cause of larval death. Acknowledgements: Supported by NIH Grant 2P20GM1.343_14 P1500699 to the West Virginia IDEA Network for Biomedical Research Excellence.