bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relation of Environmental Conditions With Charge Structure in Central Argentina Thunderstorms
Authors: Medina Bruno L. , Carey Lawrence D. , Bitzer Phillip M. , Lang Timothy J. , Deierling Wiebke 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this study we explored the environmental conditions hypothesized to induce a dominant charge structure in thunderstorms in the province of Cordoba, Argentina, during the RELAMPAGO‐CACTI (Remote sensing of Electrification, Lightning, And Mesoscale/microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations‐Clouds, Aerosols, Complex Terrain Interactions) field campaigns. Hypothesized environmental conditions are thought to be related to small warm cloud residence time and warm rain growth suppression, which lead to high cloud liquid water contents in the mixed‐phase zone, contributing to positive charging of graupel and anomalous charge structure storms. Data from radiosondes, a cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) ground‐based instrument and reanalysis were used to characterize the proximity inflow air of storms with anomalous and normal charge structures. Consistent with the initial hypothesis, anomalous storms had small warm cloud depth caused by dry low‐level humidity and low 0°C height. Anomalous storms were associated with lower CCN concentrations than normal storms, an opposite result to the initial expectation. High CAPE is not an important condition for the development of anomalous storms in Argentina, as no clear pattern could be found among the different parameters calculated for updraft proxy that would be consistent with the initial hypothesis.
Observations of Stress‐Strain in Drifting Sea Ice at Floe Scale
Authors: Parno Julie , Polashenski Chris , Parno Matthew , Nelsen Patricia , Mahoney Andrew , Song Arnold 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe mechanical deformation of sea ice has substantial influence over large‐scale (e.g., >10 km) ice properties, such as the ice thickness distribution, as well as small‐scale (e.g., <50 m) features, including leads and ridges. The conditions leading to sea ice fracture are frequently studied in the context of a uniform ice sheet. Natural sea ice, however, is highly heterogeneous and riddled with flaws. Failure occurs primarily as brittle fracture localized in space and time where stresses, and strain rates, locally exceed failure criteria. Here we seek to better understand the mechanical deformation and fracture of sea ice under such typical field conditions. In particular, we aim to characterize how forces propagate across an approximately 1 km2 heterogeneous domain by observing the stress‐strain field in an ice floe at resolutions required to capture pre‐fracture elastic strains. The combination of instruments deployed allow a detailed view of the formation, propagation, parting, and subsequent shearing of a fracture in natural sea ice, providing field evidence of modes of failure in compressive shear. The ability of this system to capture strain concentration zones and to detect initial fracture hours prior to lead formation indicates the potential for predicting areas at high risk for fracture in an on‐ice operational setting.
Local Mapping of Polar Ionospheric Electrodynamics
Authors: Laundal K. M. , Reistad J. P. , Hatch S. M. , Madelaire M. , Walker S. , Hovland A. Ø. , Ohma A. , Merkin V. G. , Sorathia K. A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAn accurate description of the state of the ionosphere is crucial for understanding the physics of Earth's coupling to space, including many potentially hazardous space weather phenomena. To support this effort, ground networks of magnetometer stations, optical instruments, and radars have been deployed. However, the spatial coverage of such networks is naturally restricted by the distribution of land mass and access to necessary infrastructure. We present a new technique for local mapping of polar ionospheric electrodynamics, for use in regions with high data density, such as Fennoscandia and North America. The technique is based on spherical elementary current systems (SECS), which were originally developed to map ionospheric currents. We expand their use by linking magnetic field perturbations in space and on ground, convection measurements from space and ground, and conductance measurements, via the ionospheric Ohm's law. The result is a technique that is similar to the Assimilative Mapping of Ionospheric Electrodynamics (AMIE) technique, but tailored for regional analyses of arbitrary spatial extent and resolution. We demonstrate our technique on synthetic data, and with real data from three different regions. We also discuss limitations of the technique and potential areas for improvement.
Highly efficient Fe3+-doped A2BB′O6 (A = Sr2+, Ca2+; B, B′ = In3+, Sb5+, Sn4+) broadband near-infrared-emitting phosphors for spectroscopic analysis
Authors: Liu Dongjie , Li Guogang , Dang Peipei , Zhang Qianqian , Wei Yi , Qiu Lei , Molokeev Maxim S. , Lian Hongzhou , Shang Mengmeng , Lin Jun 
Published: April 2022

AbstractNear-infrared (NIR)-emitting phosphor-converted light-emitting diodes have attracted widespread attention in various applications based on NIR spectroscopy. Except for typical Cr3+-activated NIR-emitting phosphors, next-generation Cr3+-free NIR-emitting phosphors with high efficiency and tunable optical properties are highly desired to enrich the types of NIR luminescent materials for different application fields. Here, we report the Fe3+-activated Sr2−yCay(InSb)1−zSn2zO6 phosphors that exhibit unprecedented long-wavelength NIR emission. The overall emission tuning from 885 to 1005 nm with broadened full-width at half maximum from 108 to 146 nm was realized through a crystallographic site engineering strategy. The NIR emission was significantly enhanced after complete Ca2+ incorporation owing to the substitution-induced lower symmetry of the Fe3+ sites. The Ca2InSbO6:Fe3+ phosphor peaking at 935 nm showed an ultra-high internal quantum efficiency of 87%. The as-synthesized emission-tunable phosphors demonstrated great potential for NIR spectroscopy detection. This work initiates the development of efficient Fe3+-activated broadband NIR-emitting phosphors and opens up a new avenue for designing NIR-emitting phosphor materials.
A synergistic strategy to develop photostable and bright dyes with long Stokes shift for nanoscopy
Authors: Jiang Gangwei , Ren Tian-Bing , D’Este Elisa , Xiong Mengyi , Xiong Bin , Johnsson Kai , Zhang Xiao-Bing , Wang Lu , Yuan Lin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe quality and application of super-resolution fluorescence imaging greatly lie in the dyes’ properties, including photostability, brightness, and Stokes shift. Here we report a synergistic strategy to simultaneously improve such properties of regular fluorophores. Introduction of quinoxaline motif with fine-tuned electron density to conventional rhodamines generates new dyes with vibration structure and inhibited twisted-intramolecular-charge-transfer (TICT) formation synchronously, thus increasing the brightness and photostability while enlarging Stokes shift. The new fluorophore YL578 exhibits around twofold greater brightness and Stokes shift than its parental fluorophore, Rhodamine B. Importantly, in Stimulated Emission Depletion (STED) microscopy, YL578 derived probe possesses a superior photostability and thus renders threefold more frames than carbopyronine based probes (CPY-Halo and 580CP-Halo), known as photostable fluorophores for STED imaging. Furthermore, the strategy is well generalized to offer a new class of bright and photostable fluorescent probes with long Stokes shift (up to 136 nm) for bioimaging and biosensing.
Universality of Dicke superradiance in arrays of quantum emitters
Authors: Masson Stuart J. , Asenjo-Garcia Ana 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDicke superradiance is an example of emergence of macroscopic quantum coherence via correlated dissipation. Starting from an initially incoherent state, a collection of excited atoms synchronizes as they decay, generating a macroscopic dipole moment and emitting a short and intense pulse of light. While well understood in cavities, superradiance remains an open problem in extended systems due to the exponential growth of complexity with atom number. Here we show that Dicke superradiance is a universal phenomenon in ordered arrays. We present a theoretical framework – which circumvents the exponential complexity of the problem – that allows us to predict the critical distance beyond which Dicke superradiance disappears. This critical distance is highly dependent on the dimensionality and atom number. Our predictions can be tested in state of the art experiments with arrays of neutral atoms, molecules, and solid-state emitters and pave the way towards understanding the role of many-body decay in quantum simulation, metrology, and lasing.
Covalent narlaprevir- and boceprevir-derived hybrid inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease
Authors: Kneller Daniel W. , Li Hui , Phillips Gwyndalyn , Weiss Kevin L. , Zhang Qiu , Arnould Mark A. , Jonsson Colleen B. , Surendranathan Surekha , Parvathareddy Jyothi , Blakeley Matthew P. , Coates Leighton , Louis John M. , Bonnesen Peter V. , Kovalevsky Andrey 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEmerging SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to threaten the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines, and small-molecule antivirals can provide an important therapeutic treatment option. The viral main protease (Mpro) is critical for virus replication and thus is considered an attractive drug target. We performed the design and characterization of three covalent hybrid inhibitors BBH-1, BBH-2 and NBH-2 created by splicing components of hepatitis C protease inhibitors boceprevir and narlaprevir, and known SARS-CoV-1 protease inhibitors. A joint X-ray/neutron structure of the Mpro/BBH-1 complex demonstrates that a Cys145 thiolate reaction with the inhibitor’s keto-warhead creates a negatively charged oxyanion. Protonation states of the ionizable residues in the Mpro active site adapt to the inhibitor, which appears to be an intrinsic property of Mpro. Structural comparisons of the hybrid inhibitors with PF-07321332 reveal unconventional F···O interactions of PF-07321332 with Mpro which may explain its more favorable enthalpy of binding. BBH-1, BBH-2 and NBH-2 exhibit comparable antiviral properties in vitro relative to PF-07321332, making them good candidates for further design of improved antivirals.
Mutational meltdown of putative microbial altruists in Streptomyces coelicolor colonies
Authors: Zhang Zheren , Shitut Shraddha , Claushuis Bart , Claessen Dennis , Rozen Daniel E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn colonies of the filamentous multicellular bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor, a subpopulation of cells arises that hyperproduces metabolically costly antibiotics, resulting in a division of labor that increases colony fitness. Because these cells contain large genomic deletions that cause massive reductions to individual fitness, their behavior is similar to altruistic worker castes in social insects or somatic cells in multicellular organisms. To understand these mutant cells’ reproductive and genomic fate after their emergence, we use experimental evolution by serially transferring populations via spore-to-spore transfer for 25 cycles, reflective of the natural mode of bottlenecked transmission for these spore-forming bacteria. We show that in contrast to wild-type cells, putatively altruistic mutant cells continue to decline in fitness during transfer while they lose more fragments from their chromosome ends. In addition, the base-substitution rate in mutants increases roughly 10-fold, possibly due to mutations in genes for DNA replication and repair. Ecological damage, caused by reduced sporulation, coupled with DNA damage due to point mutations and deletions, leads to an inevitable and irreversible type of mutational meltdown in these cells. Taken together, these results suggest the cells arising in the S. coelicolor division of labor are analogous to altruistic reproductively sterile castes of social insects.
Production of fast-charge Zn-based aqueous batteries via interfacial adsorption of ion-oligomer complexes
Authors: Jin Shuo , Yin Jiefu , Gao Xiaosi , Sharma Arpita , Chen Pengyu , Hong Shifeng , Zhao Qing , Zheng Jingxu , Deng Yue , Joo Yong Lak , Archer Lynden A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAqueous zinc batteries are attracting interest because of their potential for cost-effective and safe electricity storage. However, metallic zinc exhibits only moderate reversibility in aqueous electrolytes. To circumvent this issue, we study aqueous Zn batteries able to form nanometric interphases at the Zn metal/liquid electrolyte interface, composed of an ion-oligomer complex. In Zn||Zn symmetric cell studies, we report highly reversible cycling at high current densities and capacities (e.g., 160 mA cm−2; 2.6 mAh cm−2). By means of quartz-crystal microbalance, nuclear magnetic resonance, and voltammetry measurements we show that the interphase film exists in a dynamic equilibrium with oligomers dissolved in the electrolyte. The interphase strategy is applied to aqueous Zn||I2 and Zn||MnO2 cells that are charged/discharged for 12,000 cycles and 1000 cycles, respectively, at a current density of 160 mA cm−2 and capacity of approximately 0.85 mAh cm−2. Finally, we demonstrate that Zn||I2-carbon pouch cells (9 cm2 area) cycle stably and deliver a specific energy of 151 Wh/kg (based on the total mass of active materials in the electrode) at a charge current density of 56 mA cm−2.
The timing of differentiation and potency of CD8 effector function is set by RNA binding proteins
Authors: Petkau Georg , Mitchell Twm J. , Chakraborty Krishnendu , Bell Sarah E. , D´Angeli Vanessa , Matheson Louise , Turner David J. , Saveliev Alexander , Gizlenci Ozge , Salerno Fiamma , Katsikis Peter D. , Turner Martin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCD8+ T cell differentiation into effector cells is initiated early after antigen encounter by signals from the T cell antigen receptor and costimulatory molecules. The molecular mechanisms that establish the timing and rate of differentiation however are not defined. Here we show that the RNA binding proteins (RBP) ZFP36 and ZFP36L1 limit the rate of differentiation of activated naïve CD8+ T cells and the potency of the resulting cytotoxic lymphocytes. The RBP function in an early and short temporal window to enforce dependency on costimulation via CD28 for full T cell activation and effector differentiation by directly binding mRNA of NF-κB, Irf8 and Notch1 transcription factors and cytokines, including Il2. Their absence in T cells, or the adoptive transfer of small numbers of CD8+ T cells lacking the RBP, promotes resilience to influenza A virus infection without immunopathology. These findings highlight ZFP36 and ZFP36L1 as nodes for the integration of the early T cell activation signals controlling the speed and quality of the CD8+ T cell response.
The initial charge separation step in oxygenic photosynthesis
Authors: Yoneda Yusuke , Arsenault Eric A. , Yang Shiun-Jr , Orcutt Kaydren , Iwai Masakazu , Fleming Graham R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPhotosystem II is crucial for life on Earth as it provides oxygen as a result of photoinduced electron transfer and water splitting reactions. The excited state dynamics of the photosystem II-reaction center (PSII-RC) has been a matter of vivid debate because the absorption spectra of the embedded chromophores significantly overlap and hence it is extremely difficult to distinguish transients. Here, we report the two-dimensional electronic-vibrational spectroscopic study of the PSII-RC. The simultaneous resolution along both the visible excitation and infrared detection axis is crucial in allowing for the character of the excitonic states and interplay between them to be clearly distinguished. In particular, this work demonstrates that the mixed exciton-charge transfer state, previously proposed to be responsible for the far-red light operation of photosynthesis, is characterized by the ChlD1+Phe radical pair and can be directly prepared upon photoexcitation. Further, we find that the initial electron acceptor in the PSII-RC is Phe, rather than PD1, regardless of excitation wavelength.
A distinctive ligand recognition mechanism by the human vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 2
Authors: Xu Yingna , Feng Wenbo , Zhou Qingtong , Liang Anyi , Li Jie , Dai Antao , Zhao Fenghui , Yan Jiahui , Chen Chuan-Wei , Li Hao , Zhao Li-Hua , Xia Tian , Jiang Yi , Xu H. Eric , Yang Dehua , Wang Ming-Wei 
Published: April 2022

AbstractClass B1 of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprises 15 members activated by physiologically important peptide hormones. Among them, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide receptor 2 (VIP2R) is expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and involved in a number of pathophysiological conditions, including pulmonary arterial hypertension, autoimmune and psychiatric disorders, in which it is thus a valuable drug target. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the human VIP2R bound to its endogenous ligand PACAP27 and the stimulatory G protein. Different from all reported peptide-bound class B1 GPCR structures, the N-terminal α-helix of VIP2R adopts a unique conformation that deeply inserts into a cleft between PACAP27 and the extracellular loop 1, thereby stabilizing the peptide-receptor interface. Its truncation or extension significantly decreased VIP2R-mediated cAMP accumulation. Our results provide additional information on peptide recognition and receptor activation among class B1 GPCRs and may facilitate the design of better therapeutics.
Role of advanced glycation end products in the longitudinal association between muscular strength and psychotic symptoms among adolescents
Authors: Suzuki Kazuhiro , Yamasaki Syudo , Miyashita Mitsuhiro , Ando Shuntaro , Toriumi Kazuya , Yoshikawa Akane , Nakanishi Miharu , Morimoto Yuko , Kanata Sho , Fujikawa Shinya , Endo Kaori , Koike Shinsuke , Usami Satoshi , Itokawa Masanari , Washizuka Shinsuke , Hiraiwa-Hasegawa Mariko , Meltzer Herbert Y. , Kasai Kiyoto , Nishida Atsushi , Arai Makoto 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMuscular strength, assessed by handgrip, is a risk indicator for psychiatric disorders, including psychosis. However, the biological mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear. Since advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play a key role in skeletal muscle underdevelopment and psychosis, we examined the role of AGEs in the longitudinal association between muscular strength and psychotic symptoms among adolescents. We first evaluated the direction of the relationship between handgrip strength and urine levels of pentosidine, a representative AGEs in a population-based birth cohort of 1,542 adolescents at ages 12 and 14. Then, we examined the role of AGEs in the longitudinal association between handgrip strength and thought problems (TP), as a psychotic symptom indicator, in a subsample of 256 adolescents at ages 13 and 14. An autoregressive cross-lagged model revealed that handgrip strength at age 12 negatively predicted pentosidine levels at age 14 (β = −0.20, p < 0.001), whereas pentosidine levels at age 12 did not predict handgrip strength at age 14 (β = 0.04, p = 0.062). Moreover, pentosidine levels had a significant indirect effect on the relationship between handgrip strength and TP (standard indirect effect = −0.051, p = 0.012), which remained significant after adjusting for gender and preceded TP and pentosidine levels. Thus, adolescents with low muscular strength are at a high risk of developing psychotic symptoms, which could be mediated by AGEs. Future studies need to investigate whether interventions focused on muscular strength prevent the accumulation of AGEs and thereby prevent the development of psychosis.
Establishment of CRFK cells for vaccine production by inactivating endogenous retrovirus with TALEN technology
Authors: Shimode Sayumi , Sakuma Tetsushi , Yamamoto Takashi , Miyazawa Takayuki 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEndogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are retroviral sequences present in the host genomes. Although most ERVs are inactivated, some are produced as replication-competent viruses from host cells. We previously reported that several live-attenuated vaccines for companion animals prepared using the Crandell-Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cell line were contaminated with a replication-competent feline ERV termed RD-114 virus. We also found that the infectious RD-114 virus can be generated by recombination between multiple RD-114 virus-related proviruses (RDRSs) in CRFK cells. In this study, we knocked out RDRS env genes using the genome-editing tool TAL Effector Nuclease (TALEN) to reduce the risk of contamination by infectious ERVs in vaccine products. As a result, we succeeded in establishing RDRS knockout CRFK cells (RDKO_CRFK cells) that do not produce infectious RD-114 virus. The growth kinetics of feline herpesvirus type 1, calicivirus, and panleukopenia virus in RDKO_CRFK cells differed from those in parental cells, but all of them showed high titers exceeding 107 TCID50/mL. Infectious RD-114 virus was undetectable in the viral stocks propagated in RDKO_CRFK cells. This study suggested that RDRS env gene-knockout CRFK cells will be useful as a cell line for the manufacture of live-attenuated vaccines or biological substances with no risk of contamination with infectious ERV.
Differences between human and machine perception in medical diagnosis
Authors: Makino Taro , Jastrzębski Stanisław , Oleszkiewicz Witold , Chacko Celin , Ehrenpreis Robin , Samreen Naziya , Chhor Chloe , Kim Eric , Lee Jiyon , Pysarenko Kristine , Reig Beatriu , Toth Hildegard , Awal Divya , Du Linda , Kim Alice , Park James , Sodickson Daniel K. , Heacock Laura , Moy Linda , Cho Kyunghyun , Geras Krzysztof J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDeep neural networks (DNNs) show promise in image-based medical diagnosis, but cannot be fully trusted since they can fail for reasons unrelated to underlying pathology. Humans are less likely to make such superficial mistakes, since they use features that are grounded on medical science. It is therefore important to know whether DNNs use different features than humans. Towards this end, we propose a framework for comparing human and machine perception in medical diagnosis. We frame the comparison in terms of perturbation robustness, and mitigate Simpson’s paradox by performing a subgroup analysis. The framework is demonstrated with a case study in breast cancer screening, where we separately analyze microcalcifications and soft tissue lesions. While it is inconclusive whether humans and DNNs use different features to detect microcalcifications, we find that for soft tissue lesions, DNNs rely on high frequency components ignored by radiologists. Moreover, these features are located outside of the region of the images found most suspicious by radiologists. This difference between humans and machines was only visible through subgroup analysis, which highlights the importance of incorporating medical domain knowledge into the comparison.
Radiative coupling of two quantum emitters in arbitrary metallic nanostructures
Authors: Liu JingFeng , Chen Gengyan , Li Lingyan , Liu Renming , Li Wei , Liu Guanghui , Wu Feng , Chen Yongzhu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe propose a general formalism beyond Weisskopf–Wigner approximation to efficiently calculate the coupling matrix element, evolution spectrum and population evolution of two quantum emitters in arbitrary metallic nanostructures. We demonstrate this formalism to investigate the radiative coupling and decay dynamics of two quantum emitters embedded in the two hot spots of three silver nano-spheroids. The vacuum Rabi oscillation in population evolution and the anti-crossing behavior in evolution spectrum show strong radiative coupling is realized in this metallic nanostructure despite its strong plasmon damping. Our formalism can serve as a flexible and efficient calculation tool to investigate the distant coherent interaction in a large variety of metallic nanostructures, and may be further developed to handle the cases for multiple quantum emitters and arbitrary dielectric–metallic hybrid nanostructures.