bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implications of Earth system tipping pathways for climate change mitigation investment
Authors: Caldecott Julian Oliver 
Published: November 2022

AbstractComplex Earth systems under stress from global heating can resist change for only so long before tipping into transitional chaos. Convergent trajectories of change in Arctic, Amazon and other systems suggest a biosphere tipping point (BTP) in this mid-century. The BTP must be prevented and therefore offers a hard deadline against which to plan, implement, monitor, adjust and accelerate climate change mitigation efforts. These should be judged by their performance against this deadline, requiring mitigation investments to be compared and selected according to the unit cost of their dated mitigation value (tCO2edmv) outcomes. This unit of strategic effectiveness is created by exponentially discounting annual GHG savings in tCO2e against a dated BTP. Three proof of concept cases are described using a BTP in 2050 and a 10% discount rate, highlighting three key ways to prevent the BTP. The most reliably cost-effective for mitigation, and richest in environmental co-benefits, involves protecting high carbon-density natural ecosystems. Restored and regenerating natural ecosystems also yield abundant environmental co-benefits but slower mitigation gains. Improving choice awareness and building capacity to promote decarbonisation in all economic sectors is cost-effective and essential to meeting national net zero emission goals. Public mitigation portfolios should emphasise these three strategic elements, while private ones continue to focus on renewable energy and linked opportunities. Further research should prioritise: (1) consequences of an Arctic Ocean imminently free of summer sea ice; (2) testing the tCO2edmv metric with various assumptions in multiple contexts; and (3) integrating diverse co-benefit values into mitigation investment decisions.
The impact of weather shocks on crop yields: Evidence from India
Authors: Manohar Pramod 
Published: November 2022

AbstractGiven that nearly half of the Indian labor force is employed in agriculture, extreme weather events may harm most of the country’s population. By exploiting annual variation within Indian districts, I test whether greater temperature fluctuations significantly decrease the output value of 13 major crops. I find that a 1°C deviation above the annual mean temperature leads to a 21.3 percentage point decline in output value for a given year, indicating substantial losses from large fluctuations in temperature. I also find evidence that proportion of crop area irrigated and fertilizer usage mitigates the negative impacts of temperature shocks.
Staying safe by being good? The EU's normative decline as a security actor in the Middle East
Authors: Skare Erik 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe European Union's cooperation with Middle Eastern regimes to counter terrorism and prevent violent extremism has received increased scholarly attention following several terrorist attacks in Europe the last decade. Despite the EU's emphasis on good governance, democracy, and human rights to prevent violent extremism in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), I argue that the Union is in fact declining as a ‘normative power’ as it has prioritised a ‘security first’ centred approach. This article demonstrates how the EU's normative projects have, first, appropriated a logic of securitisation; and second, how the Union downplays democracy and good governance in fear of alienating authoritarian key partners in the region. There are consequently inherent limitations to, and contradictions in, the EU's Counter-Terrorism (CT) and Preventing Violent Extremism (PvE) efforts. These conclusions are based on interviews with EU representatives and implementing partners on the ground. The interviews are complemented by an analysis of the scope and focus of the EU's CT and PvE projects. The findings have implications for our understanding of normative powers’ priorities when facing a perceived dilemma of choosing between its security, on the one hand, and its identity and value aspirations, on the other.
Dispersion management for a 100 PW level laser using a mismatched-grating compressor
Authors: Wu Fenxiang , Hu Jiabing , Liu Xingyan , Zhang Zongxin , Bai Peile , Wang Xinliang , Zhao Yang , Yang Xiaojun , Xu Yi , Wang Cheng , Leng Yuxin , Li Ruxin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe report dispersion management based on a mismatched-grating compressor for a 100 PW level laser, which utilizes optical parametric chirped pulse amplification and also features large chirped pulse duration and an ultra-broadband spectrum. The numerical calculation indicates that amplified pulses with 4 ns chirped pulse duration and 210 nm spectral bandwidth can be directly compressed to sub-13 fs, which is close to the Fourier-transform limit (FTL). More importantly, the tolerances of the mismatched-grating compressor to the misalignment of the stretcher, the error of the desired grating groove density and the variation of material dispersion are comprehensively analyzed, which is crucially important for its practical application. The results demonstrate that good tolerances and near-FTL compressed pulses can be achieved simultaneously, just by keeping a balance between the residual second-, third- and fourth-order dispersions in the laser system. This work can offer a meaningful guideline for the design and construction of 100 PW level lasers.
Statistical analysis of static and dynamic predictors for seismicb-value variations in the Groningen gas field
Authors: Kraaijpoel Dirk , Martins Joana E. , Osinga Sander , Vogelaar Bouko , Breunese Jaap 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe perform statistical analyses on spatiotemporal patterns in the magnitude distribution of induced earthquakes in the Groningen natural gas field. The seismic catalogue contains 336 earthquakes with (local) magnitudes above$1.45$, observed in the period between 1 January 1995 and 1 January 2022. An exploratory moving-window analysis of maximum-likelihoodb-values in both time and space does not reveal any significant variation in time, but does reveal a spatial variation that exceeds the$0.05$significance level.In search for improved understanding of the observed spatial variations in physical terms we test five physical reservoir properties as possibleb-value predictors. The predictors include two static (spatial, time-independent) properties: the reservoir layer thickness, and the topographic gradient (a measure of the degree of faulting intensity in the reservoir); and three dynamic (spatiotemporal, time-dependent) properties: the pressure drop due to gas extraction, the resulting reservoir compaction, and a measure for the resulting induced stress. The latter property is the one that is currently used in the seismic source models that feed into the state-of-the-art hazard and risk assessment.We assess the predictive capabilities of the five properties by statistical evaluation of both moving window analysis, and maximum-likelihood parameter estimation for a number of simple functional forms that express theb-value as a function of the predictor. We find significant linear trends of theb-value for both topographic gradient and induced stress, but even more pronouncedly for reservoir thickness. Also for the moving window analysis and the step function fit, the reservoir thickness provides the most significant results.We conclude that reservoir thickness is a strong predictor for spatialb-value variations in the Groningen field. We propose to develop a forecasting model for Groningen magnitude distributions conditioned on reservoir thickness, to be used alongside, or as a replacement, for the current models conditioned on induced stress.
SUBADDITIVITY OF AN INTEGRAL TRANSFORM FOR POSITIVE OPERATORS IN HILBERT SPACES
Authors: DRAGOMIR SILVESTRU SEVER 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFor a continuous and positive function
$w(\lambda )$
,
$\lambda>0$
and
$\mu $
a positive measure on
$(0,\infty )$
, we consider the integral transform
$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{D}( w,\mu ) ( T) :=\int_{0}^{\infty }w(\lambda) ( \lambda +T) ^{-1}\,d\mu ( \lambda ) , \end{align*} $$
where the integral is assumed to exist for T a positive operator on a complex Hilbert space H. We show among other things that if B,
$A>0,$
then
$\mathcal {D}( w,\mu ) $
is operator subadditive on
$(0,\infty ) $
, that is,
$$ \begin{align*} \mathcal{D}( w,\mu ) ( A) +\mathcal{D}( w,\mu) ( B) \geq \mathcal{D}( w,\mu )(A+B). \end{align*} $$
From this, we derive that if
$f:[0,\infty )\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$
is an operator monotone function on
$[0,\infty )$
, then the function
$[ f( t) -f( 0) ] t^{-1}$
is operator subadditive on
$( 0,\infty ) .$
Also, if
$f:[0,\infty )\rightarrow \mathbb {R}$
is an operator convex function on
$[0,\infty )$
, then the function
$[ f( t) -f( 0) -f_{+}^{\prime }( 0) t ] t^{-2}$
is operator subadditive on
$( 0,\infty ) .$
Heartfelt truths: Towards an existentialist ethics of war
Authors: O'Driscoll Cian 
Published: November 2022

AbstractJust war theory appears ever more alienated from the practice it ostensibly regulates, warfare. An increasingly abstract and esoteric discourse, it can seem very remote from the mud-and-blood actualities of warfare. This is reflective of a broader disconnect between the study of, on the one hand, the ethics of war, and, on the other, the lived experience of war. Seeking to address this problem, this article asks: How can we recentre just war thinking as a ‘lived’ theory? It proposes that we can reconnect just war theory to the lived experience of warfare by restoring its historical dialogue with existentialism. It develops this position by reading just war theory through the prism of Albert Camus's writings on political violence. It concludes that Camus's political thoughts provides a set of signposts for the development of a mode of just war theorising that places that the lived experience of warfare at the heart of our ethical thinking about war.
Les effets de l’environnement de soins sur les comportements réactifs des personnes ayant des troubles neurocognitifs vivant en centre d’hébergement : Une revue de la portée
Authors: Blondeau Raphaëlle , Giguère Mélanie , Rousseau Jacqueline 
Published: November 2022

RésuméLes personnes âgées atteintes de troubles neurocognitifs (démences) vivant en centre d’hébergement adoptent fréquemment des comportements réactifs qui limitent leur engagement dans des occupations. La présente étude vise à identifier des moyens d’intervention centrés sur l’engagement des personnes âgées ayant un trouble neurocognitif avec l’environnement humain et non humain en centre d’hébergement afin de diminuer leurs comportements réactifs, en particulier les comportements d’errance, d’apathie et d’agitation. Cette revue de la portée est basée sur la méthode proposée par Levac et ses collaborateurs (2010). Parmi les 21 études retenues, la plupart s’intéressent à des interventions ciblant l’environnement non humain (n=9) ou ciblant simultanément l’environnement humain et non humain (n=9). Plusieurs de ces interventions sont efficaces pour diminuer les comportements réactifs et permettent aux personnes âgées de s’engager avec leur environnement. Le support de l’environnement humain semble toutefois nécessaire à l’utilisation optimale de plusieurs interventions.
Profiles of interpersonal relationship qualities and trajectories of internalizing problems among Chinese adolescents
Authors: Xu Jianjie , Sun Ruixi , Shen Jingyi , Zhang Yuchi , Tong Wei , Fang Xiaoyi 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAdolescence is a significant period for the formation of relationship networks and the development of internalizing problems. With a sample of Chinese adolescents (N= 3,834, 52.01% girls,Mage= 16.68 at Wave 1), the present study aimed to identify the configuration of adolescents’ relationship qualities from four important domains (i.e., relationship quality with mother, father, peers, and teachers) and how distinct profiles were associated with the development of internalizing problems (indicated by depressive and anxiety symptoms) across high school years. Latent profile analysis identified a five-profile configuration with four convergent profiles (i.e., relationship qualities with others were generally good or bad) and one “Father estrangement” profile (i.e., the relationship quality with others were relatively good but that with father was particularly poor). Further conditional latent growth curve analysis indicated the “Father estrangement” profile was especially vulnerable to an increase in the internalizing problems as compared with other relationship profiles. This study contributes to understanding the characteristics of interpersonal relationship qualities and their influences on adolescent internalizing problems in a non-Western context. Results were further discussed from a culturally specific perspective.
The Relationship Between Reflectivity and Rainfall Rate From Rain Size Distributions Observed in Hurricanes
Authors: Leighton Hua , Black Robert , Zhang Xuejin , Marks Frank D. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractRaindrop size distributions collected by the DROPLET MEASUREMENT TECHNOLogies Precipitation imaging probe from 17 flights through 6 hurricanes during National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s hurricane field program in 2020 are used to study reflectivity (Z) and rainfall rate (RR) (R) relationship (i.e., Z‐R relationship). The results show that the Z‐R distribution is highly scattered and the scatter increases with RR and reflectivity up to 48 dBZ or 25 mm hr−1, after which it decreases rapidly. The range of the estimated RR from a power‐law Z‐R relationship can be as large as 50 mm hr−1 at reflectivity of 40 dBZ. The result from random forest regression model demonstrates that including the information of mass‐weighted‐diameter (Dm) along with radar reflectivity improves the estimated RR significantly.
Multidecadal Intensification of Atlantic Tropical Instability Waves
Authors: Tuchen Franz Philip , Perez Renellys C. , Foltz Gregory R. , Brandt Peter , Lumpkin Rick 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTropical Instability Waves (TIWs) are the dominant source of intraseasonal variability in the central equatorial Atlantic and play an important role in the redistribution of heat in the upper ocean. Here we use multidecadal records of sea surface temperature, sea level anomaly, sea surface salinity, and near‐surface currents constructed from in situ and satellite observations to reveal a long‐term intensification of the intraseasonal variability of these variables due to an increase of TIW activity. Enhanced barotropic energy conversion from increased covariance of horizontal current fluctuations, rather than low‐frequency changes of the mean zonal currents, drives the TIW intensification. As a consequence, boreal summer cooling of tropical North Atlantic surface waters through horizontal eddy temperature advection increased by 0.03°C month−1 decade−1 during 1993–2021, a change of 74% ± 53% relative to the long‐term mean. The presented multidecadal TIW trends are strongly modulated by interannual variations like the 2021 Atlantic Niño.
Recent Photosynthates Are the Primary Carbon Source for Soil Microbial Respiration in Subtropical Forests
Authors: Yang Zhijie , Lin Teng‐Chiu , Wang Lixin , Chen Shidong , Liu Xiaofei , Xiong Decheng , Xu Chao , Arthur Mary , McCulley Rebecca , Shi Sihong , Yang Yusheng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTropical and subtropical forests represent the largest terrestrial carbon pool. Elucidating the carbon sources for soil microbial respiration (Rm) in tropical and subtropical forests is of fundamental importance to the global carbon cycle in a warming world. Based on hourly measurements, we quantified Rm of in situ forest soil and soil cores from a subtropical forest. We found recent photosynthates, not soil organic carbon (SOC), contributed 88% ± 12% of the carbon source fueling Rm. The control of recent photosynthates on Rm is also supported by the close relationship between Rm and photosynthetically active radiation as well as literature data synthesis results. These results challenge conventional models based on the tenet that Rm is mainly regulated by soil temperature in all forest ecosystems. The results imply that the widely observed warming‐induced Rm increases are largely explained by the enhanced input of recent photosynthates in tropical forests, not SOC consumption.
Mapping 2‐D Bedload Rates Throughout a Sand‐Bed River Reach From High‐Resolution Acoustical Surveys of Migrating Bedforms
Authors: Le Coz Jérôme , Perret Emeline , Camenen Benoît , Topping David J. , Buscombe Daniel D. , Leary Kate C. P. , Dramais Guillaume , Grams Paul E. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis paper introduces a method for determining spatially‐distributed, 2‐D bedload rates using repeat, high‐resolution surveys of the bed topography. As opposed to existing methods, bedform parameters and bedload rates are computed from bed elevation profiles interpolated along the local bedform velocities. The bedform velocity fields are computed applying Large‐Scale Particle Image Velocimetry, initially developed for surface velocity measurements, to pairs of successive Digital Elevation Models (DEMs). The bathymetry data are interpolated along the direction of each bedform velocity and the mean height of the closest bedform is computed. The dune shape factor is also evaluated along each bedform direction of travel. The local bedload fluxes can be computed by multiplying the bedform velocity by its mean height averaged over the successive two DEMs, and they can be time‐averaged over a series of DEM pairs. This method is applied to a high‐resolution acoustical survey of an approximately 300 m long by 40 m wide reach of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon upstream from Diamond Creek, USA. The repeat period was about 6–10 min and bed elevation was interpolated every 0.25 m. The obtained results provide insight to the spatial and temporal variability of bedload rates, bedform parameters and bedload fluxes through cross‐sections. The method can be applied to other repeated acoustical surveys of river reaches provided that the space and time resolutions are high enough to capture the local movement of bedforms.
The Hippo signalling pathway and its implications in human health and diseases
Authors: Fu Minyang , Hu Yuan , Lan Tianxia , Guan Kun-Liang , Luo Ting , Luo Min 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAs an evolutionarily conserved signalling network, the Hippo pathway plays a crucial role in the regulation of numerous biological processes. Thus, substantial efforts have been made to understand the upstream signals that influence the activity of the Hippo pathway, as well as its physiological functions, such as cell proliferation and differentiation, organ growth, embryogenesis, and tissue regeneration/wound healing. However, dysregulation of the Hippo pathway can cause a variety of diseases, including cancer, eye diseases, cardiac diseases, pulmonary diseases, renal diseases, hepatic diseases, and immune dysfunction. Therefore, therapeutic strategies that target dysregulated Hippo components might be promising approaches for the treatment of a wide spectrum of diseases. Here, we review the key components and upstream signals of the Hippo pathway, as well as the critical physiological functions controlled by the Hippo pathway. Additionally, diseases associated with alterations in the Hippo pathway and potential therapies targeting Hippo components will be discussed.
Beaver dams overshadow climate extremes in controlling riparian hydrology and water quality
Authors: Dewey Christian , Fox Patricia M. , Bouskill Nicholas J. , Dwivedi Dipankar , Nico Peter , Fendorf Scott 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHydrologic extremes dominate chemical exports from riparian zones and dictate water quality in major river systems. Yet, changes in land use and ecosystem services alongside growing climate variability are altering hydrologic extremes and their coupled impacts on riverine water quality. In the western U.S., warming temperatures and intensified aridification are increasingly paired with the expanding range of the American beaver—and their dams, which transform hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles in riparian systems. Here, we show that beaver dams overshadow climatic hydrologic extremes in their effects on water residence time and oxygen and nitrogen fluxes in the riparian subsurface. In a mountainous watershed in Colorado, U.S.A., we find that the increase in riparian hydraulic gradients imposed by a beaver dam is 10.7–13.3 times greater than seasonal hydrologic extremes. The massive hydraulic gradient increases hyporheic nitrate removal by 44.2% relative to seasonal extremes alone. A drier, hotter climate in the western U.S. will further expand the range of beavers and magnify their impacts on watershed hydrology and biogeochemistry, illustrating that ecosystem feedbacks to climate change will alter water quality in river systems.
The first mitotic division of human embryos is highly error prone
Authors: Currie Cerys E. , Ford Emma , Benham Whyte Lucy , Taylor Deborah M. , Mihalas Bettina P. , Erent Muriel , Marston Adele L. , Hartshorne Geraldine M. , McAinsh Andrew D. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHuman beings are made of ~50 trillion cells which arise from serial mitotic divisions of a single cell - the fertilised egg. Remarkably, the early human embryo is often chromosomally abnormal, and many are mosaic, with the karyotype differing from one cell to another. Mosaicism presumably arises from chromosome segregation errors during the early mitotic divisions, although these events have never been visualised in living human embryos. Here, we establish live cell imaging of chromosome segregation using normally fertilised embryos from an egg-share-to-research programme, as well as embryos deselected during fertility treatment. We reveal that the first mitotic division has an extended prometaphase/metaphase and exhibits phenotypes that can cause nondisjunction. These included multipolar chromosome segregations and lagging chromosomes that lead to formation of micronuclei. Analysis of nuclear number and size provides evidence of equivalent phenotypes in 2-cell human embryos that gave rise to live births. Together this shows that errors in the first mitotic division can be tolerated in human embryos and uncovers cell biological events that contribute to preimplantation mosaicism.
Two-dimensional Thouless pumping of light in photonic moiré lattices
Authors: Wang Peng , Fu Qidong , Peng Ruihan , Kartashov Yaroslav V. , Torner Lluis , Konotop Vladimir V. , Ye Fangwei 
Published: November 2022

AbstractContinuous and quantized transports are profoundly different. The latter is determined by the global rather than local properties of a system, it exhibits unique topological features, and its ubiquitous nature causes its occurrence in many areas of science. Here we report the first observation of fully-two-dimensional Thouless pumping of light by bulk modes in a purpose-designed tilted moiré lattices imprinted in a photorefractive crystal. Pumping in such unconfined system occurs due to the longitudinal adiabatic and periodic modulation of the refractive index. The topological nature of this phenomenon manifests itself in the magnitude and direction of shift of the beam center-of-mass averaged over one pumping cycle. Our experimental results are supported by systematic numerical simulations in the frames of the continuous Schrödinger equation governing propagation of probe light beam in optically-induced photorefractive moiré lattice. Our system affords a powerful platform for the exploration of topological pumping in tunable commensurate and incommensurate geometries.