bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative Effects of Gibberellin and Parthenocarpy on the Shape and Maturation of Peaches1
Authors: Stembridge G. E. , Gambrell C. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 500 ppm gibberellin A3 (GA) spray applied shortly after full bloom to unemasculated peach flowers caused some fruit to develop parthenocarpically. Nonparthenocarpic fruit sprayed with GA were similar to parthenocarpic fruit in their elongated shape and advanced maturity, and dissimilar to unsprayed control fruit. The applied GA, rather than a lack of ovule development, is therefore primarily responsible for alterations in shape and maturity of parthenocarpic peaches.
Effect of Succinic Acid 2, 2-Dimethyl Hydrazide on Carotene Development in ‘Alphonso’ Mango1
Authors: Subramanyam H. , Sebastian K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five minute dips in aqueous solutions of 2,500 ppm Alar at 25C had no consistent effect on carotene content of the flesh of ‘Alphonso’ mangoes. A similar dip at 53C caused an increase in both total carotenoids and in β-carotene. This was associated with increased respiratory rate and advance of the respiratory climacteric.
Post-Year Effects of N-Dimethylaminosuccinamic Acid on ‘Concord’ Grapes, Vitis labrusca L.12
Authors: Tukey Loren D. , Fleming Harold K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects from the foliar aqueous sprays of DMAS applied between pre- and full-bloom to mature ‘Concord’ grape vines did not appear to be transmitted to the post-treatment year. The number of clusters per vine in the post-treatment year was not influenced either by the concentration or the time of application of DMAS. Yield of DMAS treated vines in the post-treatment year was highly correlated with the number of clusters per vine that year.
Production Efficiency of a Large and a Small ‘McIntosh’ Apple Tree1
Authors: Forshey C. G. , McKee M. Wayne 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
There were no differences between a large (29.0 ft branch spread) and a small (10.5 ft branch spread) ‘McIntosh’ apple tree in total dry matter accumulated per unit of occupied land. However, the small tree produced 80.6% more fruit on a unit area basis. In terms of leaf efficiency, the small tree produced 60.4% more dry matter per unit weight of leaves than the large tree.
Ethylene Levels in Tomato Fruits Following Treatment with Ethrel1
Authors: Dennis F. G. , Wilczynski H. , de la Guardia M. , Robinson R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Internal ethylene concentrations in green tomato fruits rose to a maximum of 30 to 70 ppm within 2 to 5 hours of dipping in a 10,000 ppm solution of Ethrel (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid), then fell to approximately 5 ppm after 24 hours. A second rise in ethylene concentration was associated with fruit ripening, and was observed both in treated fruits and in untreated fruits which ripened as a result of removal from the plant. Incubation of Ethrel with homogenates of green tomato fruits likewise resulted in evolution of ethylene. Autoclaving or boiling the homogenates did not affect activity, indicating that release of ethylene from the chemical was non-enzymatic.
Differentiating Diploid from Tetraploid Seedlings of Asparagus officinalis L.1
Authors: Howard Ellison J. , Tiangco Elito S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tetraploid asparagus seedlings were produced from diploid seeds by means of colchicine treatment. Stomata length and cladophyll width were reliable characters for identifying diploids and tetraploids, but number of cladophylls per whorl and cladophyll length were unreliable.
Tomato Protection from Atrazine Residue by Activated Carbon Root Dips1
Authors: Kratky B. A. , Warren G. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Root dips of tomato transplants in slurries of activated carbon provided significant but not total protection from a 1 lb./A simulated residue of atrazine in the soil. Although activated carbon slurries did not damage roots, direct contact with the foliage caused severe injury.
The Influence of Growth Regulators and Temperature on Flowering of Seed Propagated Geraniums1
Authors: Carpenter William J. , Carlson William H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of B-Nine (2500 ppm), F 529 (1250 ppm), TIBA (250 ppm), IAA (100 ppm), Ethrel (1000 ppm), Cycocel spray (1475 ppm) and soil drench (2950 ppm) were investigated on seed propagated geranium, cv. ‘Carefree Scarlet’. IAA had no effect on date of flowering, plant height or branching, but TIBA sprayed plants flowered significantly earlier and Ethrel sprays significantly delayed it. Both TIBA and Ethrel sprays reduced geranium height at flowering and stimulated branching. A Cycocel soil drench caused earlier flowering, but sprays had no effect on flowering. In growth chambers with 12-hour light periods of 75 F and 12-hour dark periods of 70 F, 60 F, or 50 F, earliest flowering was at 70 F with 5 and 15 days delays at 60 F and 50 F. The number of nodes of terminal stems at flowering increased from 14 at 70 F to 16 at 60 F and 17 at 50 F night temperatures.
Relation of Stress-Strain Properties of Tomato Skin to Cracking of Tomato Fruit1
Authors: Batal K. M. , Weigle J. L. , Foley D. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Stress-strain measurements of the skin from fruit of 5 tomato cultivars were related to field data for fruit cracking. No relationship was found between modulus of elasticity and fruit cracking, but ultimate force and breaking elongation showed inverse relationships to fruit cracking. Breaking elongation, which reflects both elasticity and plasticity of the skin, should be of value in estimating crack resistance of tomato fruit. The Instron instrument was used to determine these mechanical properties.
Effect of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid on Sex Expression and Yield in Butternut Squash and its Usefulness in Producing Hybrid Squash1
Authors: Coyne Dermot P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethrel, 250 ppm, applied at 9 weekly intervals, starting when the first true leaf was about 1 inch in diam. produced 91% pistillate flowers, increased fruit numbers, and decreased fruit wt of ‘New Hampshire Butternut’ squash. Plant spread was reduced under this treatment due to a shortening of in tern ode length. Treatments of 0, 50, 100, 250, and 500 ppm of Ethrel applied once did not change significantly the no. of pistillate flowers on a whole plant basis. The total fruit yield did not differ among treatments. Ethrel could be used to develop a female line of ‘New Hampshire Butternut’ as an aid in the development of F1 hybrids having low crookneck frequency.
Turnip Root Production Studies in Regard to Different Cultural Practices1
Authors: del Valle C. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field experiments with turnips (Brassica rapa L.) from 1963 to 1968 compared fertilizer placement methods, seeding rates, boron sources, and different methods of precision seeding on Tifton loamy sand. No consistent yield differences were found among the 4 methods of fertilizer placement. Yield was reduced as spacing was reduced from 6 to 3 inches within the rows. Borate 65 was not phytotoxic and was better than borax in controlling brown heart of roots. It was equally effective as a control measure whether applied at seeding time or sidedressed 30 days after seeding. Among methods of precision seeding the Keystone seed tape was most precise in controlling spacing and resulted in 2 days earlier emergence.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Ryder Edward J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The papers of this symposium will effectively illustrate the 2 most serious characteristics of the relationship between pollution and horticulture: there are innumerable problems to solve and there is little knowledge available to help solve them. An obvious conclusion is that there is a need for a massive research effort in the horticultural world to attack these problems. The ad hoc Committee on Environmental Pollution was formed over a year ago to alert horticulturists to this need and to help provide ideas, motivation, and means to develop appropriate research programs.
Plant Tissue Monitoring for Fluorides
Authors: Compton O. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Air contamination by fluorides is one of our major air pollution problems. These compounds are released by industries processing clays, ores, phosphate rock, coal, or any other fluorine-containing materials. Aluminum reduction, ceramic, phosphate, chemical, steel, and thermal power generation works all release fluorides in their normal manufacturing processes. Both gaseous and particulate fluorides may be emitted.
Growth-Retardant-Treated Tomato Transplants1
Authors: Jaworski C. A. , Webb R. E. , Garrison S. A. , Bergman E. L. , Shannon S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of growth retardant succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) on tomato transplants were evaluated in 9 field experiments. Two or more applications of 5,000 ppm of SADH at the seedling stage offers promise in scheduling tomato harvest by decreasing early yield.
The Effectiveness of Succinic Acid 2, 2-Dimethylhydrazide in Preventing Preharvest Drop of ‘Bartlett’ Pears1
Authors: Martin George C. , Griggs William H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Bartlett’ pear trees were sprayed 2 weeks after full bloom or 4 weeks before harvest with a single application of succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (Alar) at 1,000 or 2,000 ppm. Some trees that received 1,000 ppm were given a second application of Alar at 1,000 ppm 3 weeks after full bloom or 3 weeks before harvest. Alar was as effective as NAA at 10 ppm in preventing preharvest drop of fruits. Alar applied as a double spray early in the season or as a single or double spray late in the season was equally effective. Use of Alar as a preharvest drop spray provides great flexibility as it can be applied over a wide range of time. No undesirable side effects were noted from the use of Alar.
Effects of Growth Retardants on Growth of Geranium Seedlings1 and Flowering
Authors: Semeniuk Pete , Taylor Robert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An inbred line of geranium seedlings was treated with CEPA and ABA sprays, CCC and CBBP drenches, and combinations of sprays and drenches. CEPA, CCC, and CBBP were physiologically active in altering the growth habits of geranium seedlings. ABA was relatively inactive. The earliest observable responses were dwarfing, stimulation of basal branching, and development of darker green leaves. CEPA alone or in combination with CCC or CBBP stimulated the greatest number of basal branches, but inhibited flower initiation for 70 days. Dwarfing effect was long-lasting in treatments with combinations of CEPA and CCC or CBBP. None of the growth retardant treatments had an effect on fruit development, seed germination, or seedling growth.
Brown Tip of Gladiolus Induced by Applications of Fertilizer Materials1
Authors: Jenkins J. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Exposing gladiolus plants to ozone in a closed chamber, to strong winds produced by fans, or to leaf mutilation at the base did not result in any serious leaf injury. Sodium nitrate or potassium chloride applied on exposed roots caused the development of necrotic leaf tips. Superphosphate dusted lightly on the leaves caused severe brown tip.
Response of Easter Lily to Bulb Treatments of Precooling, Packing Media, Moisture, and Gibberellin1
Authors: Laiche Adolph J. , Box C. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Harson’ lily bulbs were precooled at 45 to 50°F for 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks in damp peat (68% moisture) or dry peat (8% moisture) and then soaked for 2 hr in a 900 ppm solution of GA or tap water prior to forcing. Bulbs precooled in damp peat for 4 to 6 weeks had the shortest stems and earliest flowering. Four weeks precooling in damp peat hastened stem emergence and flowering but reduced flower no. as compared to those precooled 6 weeks in dry peat. Bulbs GA treated and precooled 2 weeks flowered about 4 weeks earlier without a decrease in flower no. compared with bulbs precooled for 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks. Bulbs precooled 4 weeks in dry peat and treated with GA emerged and flowered as early as those precooled in damp peat for 4 weeks without GA or those in dry peat 6 weeks with or without GA. GA treatment hastened flowering similar to that caused by precooling in damp peat.
Effects of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid Treatment at Various Stages of Cucumber Development1
Authors: Lower R. L. , Miller C. H. , Baker F. H. , McCombs C. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Aqueous solutions of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) at concn of 120 ppm were applied twice at 48 hr intervals to monoecious cucumber plants having either 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 true leaves. Slight checks in plant growth were noted at treatments through the 6th leaf. Plants treated at either the 8th, 10th, or 12th leaf were severely checked in growth and pistillate flowers open at time of treatment and developing floral primordia aborted within a week; however, all treated plants recovered and flowering resumed 15-18 days after treatment. Ethrel treatment, regardless of time of application, resulted in increased no. of pistillate flowers, concentrated pistillate flower production, and a significant reduction in the no. of staminate flowers.
Evaluation of Pickles from Cucumber Plants1 Treated with 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid
Authors: Miller C. H. , Lower R. L. , Fleming H. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cucumbers from plants of a gynoecious cultivar treated with 0, 240, or 480 ppm 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel)were made into fresh-pack pickles and brine stock and evaluated by experienced judges. Fruit from Ethrel-treated plants were shorter than those from untreated plants. Otherwise there were no significant differences in appearance, flavor, texture, firmness, bloater formation, or acceptability of the processed product.
Lowbush Blueberry Growth as Influenced by 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid1
Authors: Valenzuela J. B. , Kender W. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Aerial shoot growth and rhizome production of greenhouse grown lowbush blueberry plants were stimulated by foliar applications of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) at 50 and 100 ppm. Increasing concentrations of 500, 1000, 5000, and 10,000 ppm resulted in a correspondingly greater growth inhibition. At 100 ppm, Ethrel solutions without a surfactant caused growth promotion when compared to plants treated with Ethrel with a surfactant.
Tomato Heat Unit Accumulation At Various Locations in California1
Authors: Warnock Stephen J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Calculated maturity dates based on a common hypothetical planting date and a 43°F base temperature indicated a 38 day spread in tomato maturity among 12 locations in California. In the inland valleys assumed maturity corresponded to the marine ventilation pattern. Isotherm patterns showed that the cooler longer season areas were in the delta at the confluence of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, and shorter season areas were in concentric zones on the perimeter of the delta.
Asparagus Tetraploids from Callus Tissue1
Authors: Malnassy Phillip , Howard Ellison J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ploidy levels were studied of asparagus plants propagated by rooted cuttings and callus tissue culture. A shift to the tetraploid condition was observed in the majority of plants derived via the callus tissue culture method and in rooted cuttings which developed callus as they rooted. Rooted cuttings without callus remained diploid. Meiotic abnormalities and low fertility were observed in the tetraploids.
About Our Cover
Authors: Cutting C. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although the Long Ashton Research Station of the University of Bristol, England, became internationally noted for its pioneer work on plant nutrition and plant protection, advances of equal significance have been made in other subjects. One of these is the study of Plant Surfaces, under the direction of Dr. J. T. Martin whose survey, (with Dr. B. E. Juniper), “The Cuticles of Plants” has recently been published.
Horticultural Education in Turkish Universities1
Authors: Bienz D. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Training of foreign university students is one of the more important aspects of our nation’s commitment to the betterment of life in developing countries. Because of this commitment, most horticulturists have or will have contact with students from Africa, Asia, South America or the Middle East. Not infrequently, both the student and his American advisors and instructors experience frustrations which result from the different educational experience and social attitude of the foreign student. Spending a year in Turkey has greatly increased my appreciation for the difficulties these people face when they come to the United States for advanced training.
Leaf Anatomy and Shoot Growth in a Compact Strain of ‘Delicious’ Apple Compared to a Normal Strain Treated with Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide1
Authors: Eaton G.W. , Liu A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf anatomy and shoot growth of ‘Harrolds Red Delicious’ (‘HRD’) apple trees treated with succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (Alar) were compared with those of an untreated compact mutant strain, ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ (‘SD’). Leaf anatomy of the untreated ‘HRD’ and ‘SD’ were not significantly different. Alar treatments of ‘HRD’ increased thickness of spongy parenchyma, palisade parenchyma, the length but not the no. of palisade cells and total leaf thickness. The site most affected by Alar was the palisade parenchyma. Alar also suppressed shoot growth rate and the treatment effect became noticeable 1 week after treatment. The shoot growth curves were quite similar for ‘SD’ and Alar-treated ‘HRD’.
Relation of Temperature and Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide on Berry Set in the ‘Concord’ Grape1
Authors: Tukey Loren D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The no. of berries on primary and secondary clusters of ‘Concord’ grape vines was significantly increased by succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) at each temperature exposure in field growth chambers: natural (average day 71° F, night 53°) 51%; warm (day 80°, night 55°-60°) 61%; and hot (day 90°, night 65°-70°) 29%. The SADH treatment also caused a significant reduction in cluster length when compared to the non-treated vine-half at each temperature exposure. The smallest berries were found on the SADH treated half of each vine, and the shortest length of clusters on the vine in the hot condition.
The Effects of Growth Retardants and Temperature on the Growth and Flowering of Poinsettia cvs. ‘Annette Hegg’ and ‘Eckespoint C-l’1
Authors: Love Joseph W. , Larson Roy A. , Hilliard Bobby G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two poinsettia cultivars, ‘Annette Hegg’ and ‘Eckespoint C-l’ were grown at 60° and 65°F night temperatures, and subjected to growth retardant treatments. 2-ChloroethyI trimethyl ammonium chloride (CCC) soil drenches resulted in the shortest plants, but effective height control was achieved with combination spray applications of CCC and succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH), or CCC and N-pyrrolidinosuccinamic acid (F 529) applied once, or 2 foliar applications of CCC applied 3 weeks apart. Date of flowering was not appreciably affected by the growth retardants, but was affected by temperature. Flowering was accelerated at the warmer temperature, but plant heights and bract diam were similar at both temperatures.
Effect of Growth Retardants on Growth and Flowering of Broccoli1
Authors: Fontes M. R. , Ozbun J. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of growth retardants succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH), (2-chloroethyl) trimethylammonium chloride (CCC) and 2,4-dichlorobenzy 1-tributylphosphonim chloride (CBBP) on growth and flowering of Brassica oleracea var. italica, cv. ‘Waltham 29’ (broccoli) were investigated. All 3 compounds reduced plant height. At higher concn SADH reduced the no. of plants flowering in both cold and non-cold treated plants. Neither floral induction nor leaf no. was significantly affected by CBBP or CCC. Leaf no. increased with increasing conc of SADH, as a probable result of the increased inhibition of floral initiation.
Horticultural Teaching in Oregon’S Secondary Schools
Authors: Smith R. Albert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Horticultural instruction in secondary schools is not new. In fact, it dates back to the middle ages in Western Germany (2). Some of the earlier high school horticultural programs in the United States are found in Los Angeles, 1908 (1), Cleveland, 1911 (1), and Boston 1918 (11). However, only since 1963, has horticultural instruction in secondary schools become widespread in the United States. Loewen (4) conducted a survey of the 50 states in 1968 and found 31 of the 43 states responding had such horticultural programs.
Are We Training Our Undergraduates as Professional Horticulturists?
Authors: Mahlstede J. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Most of us gathered here consider ourselves professional horticulturists. Some define their profession as that of teacher, scientist, or extension specialist. Others regard themselves as commodity-oriented professionals in olericulture, pomology, viticulture, ornamental horticulture, or enology. Summaries from questionnaires emanating from the composite of study committees of this organization suggest that professional horticulturists might be classified by field of science; that is, broadly as biologists, with specializations in physiology, morphology, ecology, cell biology, molecular genetics, and so forth.
In-Service Training Programs for Extension Staff1
Authors: Minges P. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The trend in extension education is toward greater specialization and increased responsibility among the field staff for the educational programs directed to specific audiences. This generally leads to a greater demand for in-service training of extension agents. It is often true that the specialized extension agent arrives on his job with more training in his speciality, but sadly lacking in much of the knowledge and many of the skills essential to conduct an effective extension program in his area of responsibility. Though most good extension workers gradually acquire essential knowledge and develop skills through their own efforts, they should reach a desirable level of competence in much less time if some formal in-service training is provided. For experienced personnel, programs to help keep them up-to-date are highly desirable, and in some cases, special training is needed to prepare them for new responsibilities.
Evaluation of Activated Carbon Root Dichlobenil Toxicity Dips for Control of in Nursery Plantings1
Authors: MacCubbin Thomas J. , Link Conrad B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field studies conducted during 1967 and 1968 evaluated activated carbon as an adsorbent for the reduction of dichlobenil (2, 6-dichlorobenzitrile) plant toxicity occurring in newly established nursery plantings. Eight lb. per acre of dichlobenil was a critical level for plant toxicity control through root dips of activated carbon since visual injury was often pronounced where dichlobenil was increased above this rate. Increases in the activated carbon dip concn did not enhance plant protection. Activated carbon dips are most effective where herbicide injury is expected to be marginal and when residues will rapidly dissipate from the soil immediately surrounding a plant’s developing root system.
2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid as an Aid to Mechanical Harvesting of English Walnuts1,2
Authors: Martin George C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spray application of 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) to walnut trees caused dehiscence of hulls and enabled complete nut removal with a single mechanical shaking operation as much as 3 weeks earlier than normal. Walnuts were hullable and the quality was generally superior to that of the controls. In some instances considerable leaf fall resulted from the treatment.