bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Skin‐Like Pressure‐ and Vibration‐Sensitive Tactile Sensor Based on Polyacrylamide/Silk Fibroin Elastomer
Authors: Li Shengyou , Liu Guoqing , Wen Hao , Liu Guoyi , Wang Hao , Ye Meidan , Yang Yun , Guo Wenxi , Liu Yufei 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWith bio‐integrated electronics booming, stretchable, elastic, compliance, and biocompatible elastomers attract immense research interest due to their potential to integrate with electronic devices and soft tissues. In this work, a double network skin‐like elastomer based on hydrophobic‐polyacrylamide/silk fibroin (HSF) is synthesized. The addition of the fibroin in polyacrylamide hydrogel significantly improves its stretchability, resilience, and tear resistance. Specifically, the HSF elastomer demonstrates a tensile strain as high as 1000% with the corresponding tensile stress of 0.27 MPa and great resilience (550 cycles). Based on such HSF, a hybrid mechanoreceptor sensor is fabricated, which can simultaneously implement slow adaptive and fast adaptive pulses like human skin. This device realizes the detection of a variety of human movements such as joint movement, vocalization, or pulse and high‐frequency vibration signal recognition, which demonstrates its potential applications in bio‐integrated electronics.
Integrated Water and Thermal Managements in Bioinspired Hierarchical MXene Aerogels for Highly Efficient Solar‐Powered Water Evaporation
Authors: Zhang Hongming , Shen Xi , Kim Eunyoung , Wang Mingyue , Lee Jeng‐Hun , Chen Haomin , Zhang Guangcheng , Kim Jang‐Kyo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSolar‐powered water evaporation is a straightforward, practical approach to use solar energy for water desalination. Solar absorbers made from photothermal materials capable of effectively confining heat and pumping water to the evaporation surface are essential for a high energy efficiency. However, separate designs of water transport routes and thermal insulating layers are required to simultaneously achieve desired water and thermal managements. This work reports an integrated design for efficient multifunctional capabilities through rational assembly of spectrally modified Ti3C2Tx (SM‐Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) into a multiscale 3D aerogel with a feather‐like microstructure. The aerogel contains longitudinal struts with transversely parallel ligaments developed at an angle of ≈60° from the struts, resembling the microstructure of down feathers in penguins and thus leading to excellent thermal insulation. The hydrophilic porous ligaments serve as upward water transport channels, pumping the water to the evaporation surface while confining it within the ligaments to avoid oversaturation. These functional features endow the composite aerogel with a high energy efficiency of 88.52% and an evaporation rate of 0.92 kg m−2 h−1 at a weak solar irradiance of 0.5‐sun, indicating its great potential for practical solar‐powered water desalination under natural sunlight.
Symmetrical Acceptor–Donor–Acceptor Molecule as a Versatile Defect Passivation Agent toward Efficient FA0.85MA0.15PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhao Wenjing , Lin Hao , Li Yong , Wang Dapeng , Wang Jie , Liu Zhike , Yuan Ningyi , Ding Jianning , Wang Qiang , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDespite the swift development in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), suppressing the ion defects in the perovskite bulk and further extending the long‐lasting stability of the cells remain the concerned issues that are yet to be solved. Here, a symmetrical organic acceptor−donor−acceptor (A−D−A) molecule with the core architecture of indaceno[1,2‐b:5,6‐b']dithiophene (IDT) and bilateral arms of oxindole, named IDT‐OD, as a versatile defect passivation agent, is adopted to inactivate the nonradiative recombination sites in the perovskite absorber. The S element in the IDT unit and carbonyl group CO in the bilateral acceptor unit as the Lewis‐base contributes to the passivation sites that are the under‐coordinated Pb2+ cation defects and the N−H group in oxindole unit interacts with halide dangling bonds. The molecular structure with its symmetrical double arms assists the formation of a superior perovskite layer with enlarged grain size, smooth surface topography, hydrophobic property, and low density of defect state. Consequently, the corresponding PSCs with the proper IDT‐OD additive yield a remarkable increase in efficiency from 22.77% to 24.04%, along with excellent long‐term environmental and thermal stabilities. This study offers a propitious approach for ionic defect passivation engineering toward high‐performance PSCs.
Delocalization Enhances Conductivity at High Doping Concentrations
Authors: Derewjanko Dennis , Scheunemann Dorothea , Järsvall Emmy , Hofmann Anna I. , Müller Christian , Kemerink Martijn 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMany applications of organic semiconductors require high electrical conductivities and hence high doping levels. Therefore, it is indispensable for effective material design to have an accurate understanding of the underlying transport mechanisms in this regime. In this study, own and literature experimental data that reveal a power‐law relation between the conductivity and charge density of strongly p‐doped conjugated polymers are combined. This behavior cannot consistently be described with conventional models for charge transport in energetically disordered materials. Here, it is shown that the observations can be explained in terms of a variable range hopping model with an energy‐dependent localization length. A tight‐binding model is used to quantitatively estimate of the energy‐dependent localization length, which is used in an analytical variable range hopping model. In the limit of low charge densities, the model reproduces the well‐known Mott variable range hopping behavior, while for high charge densities, the experimentally observed superlinear increase in conductivity with charge density is reproduced. The latter behavior occurs when the Fermi level reaches partially delocalized states. This insight can be anticipated to lead to new strategies to increase the conductivity of organic semiconductors.
Materials Engineering for Atmospheric Water Harvesting: Progress and Perspectives
Authors: Lu Hengyi , Shi Wen , Guo Youhong , Guan Weixin , Lei Chuxin , Yu Guihua 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAtmospheric water harvesting (AWH) is emerging as a promising strategy to produce fresh water from abundant airborne moisture to overcome the global clean water shortage. The ubiquitous moisture resources allow AWH to be free from geographical restrictions and potentially realize decentralized applications, making it a vital parallel or supplementary freshwater production approach to liquid water resource‐based technologies. Recent advances in regulating chemical properties and micro/nanostructures of moisture‐harvesting materials have demonstrated new possibilities to promote enhanced device performance and new understandings. This perspective aims to provide a timely overview on the state‐of‐the‐art materials design and how they serve as the active components in AWH. First, the key processes of AWH, including vapor condensation, droplet nucleation, growth, and departure are outlined, and the desired material properties based on the fundamental mechanisms are discussed. Then, how tailoring materials‐water interactions at the molecular level play a vital role in realizing high water uptake and low energy consumption is shown. Last, the challenges and outlook on further improving AWH from material designs and system engineering aspects are highlighted.
Antifreezing Hydrogel Electrolyte with Ternary Hydrogen Bonding for High‐Performance Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Huang Siwen , Hou Lei , Li Tianyu , Jiao Yucong , Wu Peiyi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe new‐generation flexible aqueous zinc‐ion batteries require enhanced mechanical properties and ionic conductivities at low temperature for practical applications. This fundamentally means that it is desired that the hydrogel electrolyte possesses antifreezing merits to resist flexibility loss and performance decrease at subzero temperatures. Herein, a highly flexible polysaccharide hydrogel is realized in situ and is regulated in zinc‐ion batteries through the Hofmeister effect with low‐concentration Zn(ClO4)2 salts to satisfy the abovementioned requirements. The chaotropic ClO4− anions, water, and polymer chains can form ternary and weak hydrogen bonding (HB), which enables the polymer chains to have improved mechanical properties, breaks the HB of water to remarkably decrease the electrolyte freezing point, and reduces the amounts of free water for effective side reactions and dendrite inhibition. Consequently, even at −30 °C, the Zn(ClO4)2 in situ optimized hydrogel electrolyte features a high ionic conductivity of 7.8 mS cm−1 and excellent flexibility, which enables a Zn/polyaniline (PANI) battery with a reversible capacity of 70 mA h g−1 under 5 A g−1 for 2500 cycles, and renderd the flexible full battery with excellent cycling performances under different bending angles. This work provides a new pathway for designing high‐performance antifreezing flexible batteries via the Hofmeister effect.
Structure Design and Performance Research of WO3 Hydrogen Gasochromic Film Prepared by Solvothermal Synthesis Assisted with Electrodeposition of Seed Layer
Authors: Gao Chenjing , Guo Xingwu , Nie Lewen , Wu Xuan , Peng Liming , Chen Juan , Ding Wenjiang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe time‐consuming and laborious heat treatment is indispensable for preparing seed layer in solvothermal synthesis of WO3 film. Herein, WO3 film is prepared composed of single crystal WO3 nanowires on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass assisted with simple and energy‐saving electrodeposited seed layer for the first time. The catalyst Pt is sputtered on it for 30 s after WO3 film is synthesized to form the hydrogen gasochromic film. The film structure is redesigned to improve its hydrogen gasochromic properties further. Before WO3 film is solvothermally synthesized, Pt is sputtered on seed layer for 15 s, then it is sputtered for 15 s again after WO3 film is prepared. The Pt sputtered on seed layer greatly changes the morphology of nanowires, making them sparse, slender, and cross‐linked like a bird's nest. Moderate 37% HCl is added during the solvothermal process to promote the growth of WO3 nanowires. The variation of transmittance (wavelength: 1000 nm), coloring rate (4% H2/Ar) and bleaching rate (air) of WO3 hydrogen gasochromic film with new structure at room temperature are 69.1%, 3.1%/s (increases 19.6%) and 0.85%/s (increases 193%), respectively. This study offers a new strategy for seed layer technology of WO3 film and structural design of WO3 hydrogen gasochromic film.
Highly Transparent, Flexible, and Hydrophobic Polytetrafluoroethylene Thin Film Passivation for ITO/AgPdCu/ITO Multilayer Electrodes
Authors: Kim Seong‐Won , Kang Chaeyoung , Kim Han‐Ki 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTransparent and flexible polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) thin film passivation for ITO/AgPdCu (APC)/ITO (IAI) electrodes is developed to prevent severe degradation and maintain the reliable performance of the flexible IAI electrodes. Also, oxygen ion beam treatment (IBT) on the surface of the IAI electrode improves the adhesion between the top ITO and PTFE passivation layer, as well as the performance of the passivation layer. The IAI electrode with PTFE passivation exhibits constant sheet resistance, transmittance, and flexibility, even after the 85 °C and 85% RH test. However, the bare IAI electrode shows a significant increase in sheet resistance and a decrease in transmittance and flexibility, owing to the incorporation of moisture and impurities into the IAI layer, and agglomeration of the APC layer. To demonstrate the feasibility of PTFE passivation, the performance of flexible and transparent thin film heaters (TFHs) with the bare IAI and PTEF/IAI samples are compared. The better stability and reliability of the PTFE/IAI‐based TFHs than the bare IAI‐based TFHs indicate that the PTFE film effectively prevents the introduction of moisture and impurities. The performance of the TFH with PTFE/IAI electrode implies that sputtered PTFE film is a promising transparent and flexible thin film passivation for high‐quality oxide‐metal‐oxide multilayer electrodes.
Fullerphene Nanosheets: A Bottom‐Up 2D Material for Single‐Carbon‐Atom‐Level Molecular Discrimination
Authors: Song Jingwen , Murata Tomohiro , Tsai Kun‐Che , Jia Xiaofang , Sciortino Flavien , Ma Renzhi , Yamauchi Yusuke , Hill Jonathan P. , Shrestha Lok Kumar , Ariga Katsuhiko 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUltrathin 2D nanoporous materials offer enhanced sensitivity and high spatial resolution in sensing applications making them important for the selective discrimination of guest molecules. Here bottom‐up fabrication is reported of a novel molecularly‐thin nitrogen‐doped 2D fullerphene. Thermal annealing at 700 °C of a bottom‐up assembled fullerene C60‐ethylenediamine (EDA) thin film results in formation of a nitrogen‐doped ultrathin carbon film, fullerphene, which exhibits a hierarchically micro/mesoporous structure at its surfaces. N‐doping of fullerphene is dominated by pyrrolic and quaternary nitrogen atoms, which allow selective and repetitive adsorption and desorption of low‐molecular‐weight carboxylic acid vapors through noncovalent interactions. The large surface area (655.2 m2 g–1) and pore volume (0.659 cc g–1) offered by the hierarchical micro/mesoporous architecture leads to superior sensitivity of fullerphene to formic acid over acetic acid in the vapor phase demonstrating that novel 2D fullerphene provides an attractive platform for the discrimination of carboxylic acids at the single‐carbon‐atom level.
Pickering Emulsions Stabilized by Halloysite Nanotubes: From General Aspects to Technological Applications
Authors: Lisuzzo Lorenzo , Cavallaro Giuseppe , Milioto Stefana , Lazzara Giuseppe 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBesides surfactants, which decrease the interfacial tension between two immiscible liquids, also interfacially active particles can successfully stabilize an emulsion system by attaching at the liquid–liquid interface. The preparation of the resulting Pickering emulsions has been so far investigated starting from the study of the interactions arising between the dispersed droplets and the stabilizers, till the application of these systems in a wide range of different fields. This work is intended to provide an overall overview about the development of Pickering emulsions by considering the most general aspects and scanning the diverse types of solid stabilizers. Among them, Halloysite nanotubes play a major role as naturally derived clay with emulsifying capability owing to their cheap, abundant, green and biocompatible properties. Therefore, the design of Halloysite stabilized Pickering emulsions is the main content of this review, which will survey the role of nanotubes in providing colloidal stability and will comprehensively sum up the use of these particles in technological and industrial purposes: from environmental to catalytic, from health to cultural heritage related applications.
An Engineered Multifunctional Composite for Passive Sensing, Power Harvesting, and In Situ Damage Identification with Enhanced Mechanical Performance
Authors: Gupta Sumit , Naskar Amit K. , Bowland Christopher C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA multifunctional fiber‐reinforced composite with passive self‐sensing, energy‐harvesting, and damage detection capabilities is presented. Here, barium titanate piezoelectric microparticles are deposited on basalt fibers by a scalable, low‐cost, environmentally friendly continuous feed‐through process. The resulting composite derives a superior interlaminar shear strength from the microparticle‐modified fiber–matrix interfaces. The composite also demonstrates passive self‐sensing capabilities that produce electrical signals proportional to various dynamic loading events. Vibration and strain‐controlled experiments are performed on composite beams to quantify the sensitivity and power output as a function of input acceleration and strain. Furthermore, these composite‐generated electrical signals are used to identify in situ damage initiation for structural health monitoring to inform composite damage prior to structural failure. In brief, this truly multifunctional composite simultaneously displays a sensitivity of 0.5–2.6 mV g−1 at a resolution of 0.045–0.20g (g = gravitational acceleration), energy harvesting in the range of nW cc−1, and prediction of early damage by exhibiting 0.017–1.17 mV peaks in voltage–time history profiles while assuring ≈20% improved interlaminar shear strength.
3D‐Knit Dry Electrodes using Conductive Elastomeric Fibers for Long‐Term Continuous Electrophysiological Monitoring
Authors: Eskandarian Ladan , Toossi Amirali , Nassif Farah , Golmohammadi Rostami Sahar , Ni Siting , Mahnam Amin , Alizadeh Meghrazi Milad , Takarada Wataru , Kikutani Takeshi , Naguib Hani E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRecent advances in telemedicine and personalized healthcare have motivated new developments in wearable technologies targeting continuous monitoring of biosignals. Common limitations of wearables for continuous monitoring include durability and breathability of their biopotential electrodes. This paper tackles this challenge by proposing flexible, breathable, and washable dry textile electrodes made of conductive elastomeric filaments (CEFs). First, candidate CEF fibers are characterized. Using an industrial knitting machine, CEF fibers are then directly knitted into textile electrodes. To assess their performance in more realistic circumstances, smart garments with textile electrodes are knitted. Electrocardiograms (ECGs) are acquired using an underwear garment and electrooculograms (EOGs) are acquired using a headband. ECGs and EOGs with textile electrodes are found to have comparable fidelity to that of the gold standard gel electrodes. CEF electrodes are also resistant to repeated wash and dry cycles (30×) and continue to acquire high‐fidelity biosignals. Smart underwear garments are also used to perform continuous ECG measurements in five participants over 24 h of unrestricted daily activities. Results demonstrate the success of these garments in performing high fidelity continuous ECG monitoring. Collectively, these results present CEF electrodes as a promising scalable solution to the challenges of wearable technologies for long‐term continuous electrophysiological monitoring applications.
High Mobility and Photo‐Bias Stable Metal Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors Engineered by Gradient Doping
Authors: Liu Jia , Liu Suilin , Yu Yinyin , Chen Huixin , Wang Cuiru , Su Jingxia , Liu Chaoyang , Zhang Yuxuan , Han Jian , Shao Guosheng , Yao Zhiqiang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDoping of oxygen‐deficient binder is an efficient way to alleviate the photo‐bias instability issue of oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs). However, almost all dopants are working as electron suppressors and degrading mobility. Here we report an effective three‐level O‐anti|O|O‐N (OI|OII|N) gradient doping solution to overcome the adverse mobility‐stability trade‐off in N‐doped InGaZnO (IGZO:N) TFTs. 100 nm‐thick IGZO:OI|IGZO:OII|IGZO:N (IGZO:OI|OII|N) junctionless channel layers are fabricated by varying the partial pressures of oxygen and nitrogen doping gases. Best balance between improved performance and negligible degraded stability is first engineered by reducing the back‐channel IGZO:N depth close to the theoretical diffusion length of photo‐excited holes and forming two‐level graded IGZO:OII|N (40 nm|60 nm) TFTs. Much improved performance and comparable stability are further induced by incorporating ~1.5 nm percolation conduct IGZO:OI at the front‐channel to enhance accumulation. The three‐level graded IGZO:OI|OII|N TFTs exhibit high mobility (34.25 cm2 V−1 s−1) and good photo‐bias stability (∆Vth = −0.85 V@10 000 cd m−2, 3.0 h), which are 2~5‐fold superior to those of the controlled two‐level graded IGZO:OI|N TFTs, IGZO:OII|N TFTs, and homogeneous IGZO:OII TFTs, IGZO:N TFTs. The fabrication of high mobility and photo‐bias stable IGZO TFTs paves the way to future high‐performance oxide electronics.
3D Hierarchical Electrodes Boosting Ultrahigh Power Output for Gelatin‐KCl‐FeCN4−/3− Ionic Thermoelectric Cells
Authors: Li Yuchen , Li Qikai , Zhang Xinbo , Deng Biao , Han Chenggong , Liu Weishu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIonic thermoelectric (i‐TE) cells, using ions as energy carriers, have the advantage of achieving a high voltage of 1−5 V at approximately ambient temperature, showing a promise as a technology for powering Internet‐of‐Things (IoT) sensors. However, the low output power of i‐TE cells restricts their applications. Here, a 3D hierarchical structure electrode is designed to enlarge the electroactive surface area, significantly increasing the thermogalvanic reaction sites and decreasing the interface charge transfer resistance. The quasi‐solid‐state gelatin‐KCl‐FeCN4–/3– i‐TE cells achieve a record instantaneous output power density (8.9 mW m–2 K–2) and an ultrahigh 2 h output energy density (E2h) (80 J m–2) under an optimal temperature range. An average E2h value of 59.4 J m–2 is obtained over the course of a week of operation. A wearable device consisting of 24 i‐TE cells can generate a high voltage of 2.8 V and an instantaneous output power of 68 µW by harvesting body heat. A simple and easy‐to‐operate electrode optimization strategy is provided here to increase the long‐term output power performance of i‐TE cells. This work represents a promising approach to develop reliable and green power sources for IoT sensors near room temperature.
Emergency medicine resident clinical experience vs. in‐training examination content: A national database study
Authors: Kizziah Melinda A. , Miller Krystin N. , Bischof Jason J. , Emerson Geremiha , Khandelwal Sorabh , Mitzman Jennifer , Southerland Lauren T. , Way David P. , Hunold Katherine M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectivesEmergency medicine (EM) residents take the In‐Training Examination (ITE) annually to assess medical knowledge. Question content is derived from the Model of Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine (EM Model), but it is unknown how well clinical encounters reflect the EM Model. The objective of this study was to compare the content of resident patient encounters from 2016–2018 to the content of the EM Model represented by the ITE Blueprint.MethodsThis was a retrospective cross‐sectional study utilizing the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS). Reason for visit (RFV) codes were matched to the 20 categories of the American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM) ITE Blueprint. All analyses were done with weighted methodology. The proportion of visits in each of the 20 content categories and 5 acuity levels were compared to the proportion in the ITE Blueprint using 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsBoth resident and nonresident patient visits demonstrated content differences from the ITE Blueprint. The most common EM Model category were visits with only RFV codes related to signs, symptoms, and presentations regardless of resident involvement. Musculoskeletal disorders (nontraumatic), psychobehavioral disorders, and traumatic disorders categories were overrepresented in resident encounters. Cardiovascular disorders and systemic infectious diseases were underrepresented. When residents were involved with patient care, visits had a higher proportion of RFV codes in the emergent and urgent acuity categories compared to those without a resident.ConclusionsResident physicians see higher acuity patients with varied patient presentations, but the distribution of encounters differ in content category than those represented by the ITE Blueprint.