bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
So They Will Not Be Depressed
Authors: Brown Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines one of the most remarkable Jewish responses to pandemics. In the towns and shtetls of eastern Europe and Israel, communities would marry two orphans under a black canopy in a cemetery. This act was believed to end a pandemic. The custom spread to North America, where, in response to the Great Influenza Pandemic of 1918, Plague Weddings were held in New York, Philadelphia, and Winnipeg. The unusual history of this practice is traced, as well as the controversy that it engendered. The chapter demonstrates that the custom was far more widespread than previously thought, and it ends with a description of the first Plague Wedding held in over 80 years. It took place in a cemetery in Israel in March 2020 in an effort to end the COVID-19 pandemic.
A Plague of Biblical Proportions
Authors: Brown Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the many responses of Judaism, in all of its many modern manifestations, to the COVID-19 pandemic. We examine new rulings that allowed a remarkable degree of religious flexibility, even among orthodox Jews, and look for their origins in some of the pandemic responses of the last 500 years. New questions arose about many aspects of Jewish law, like how to run a prayer service, whether teachers should continue to receive a salary, and when to get the COVID-19 vaccine. This chapter also examines how the Conservative and Reform movements addressed the challenge of keeping Jewish practice alive during the pandemic and how COVID-19 affected Judaism in the State of Israel.
Conclusions
Authors: Brown Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the findings of this study, demonstrating a far more intricate relationship between Judaism and the world of infectious disease than had previously been thought. With this new understanding, readers will see how Judaism developed not only in response to external persecutions and internal intellectual expressions, but also as a result of the vagaries of the natural world, in which pandemics were as much a part of Jewish life as the weather. This book has uncovered a new pandemic history of the Jewish people, one in which life was lived against a backdrop of plagues. Of course, not all of Jewish history can be understood through the lens of pandemics. Instead, this understanding of the pandemic history of the Jewish people has added a new dimension to Jewish history, one that, until now, had been virtually overlooked.
Introduction: Rethinking Comparative Capitalism
Authors: Baccaro Lucio , Blyth Mark , Pontusson Jonas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This introductory essay flashes out the “growth model” perspective and provides a framework for the chapters in the volume. It makes five interrelated arguments. First, existing theoretical frameworks are ill equipped to tackle the politics of growth and stagnation because of their almost exclusive focus on “supply side institutionalism.” Second, political economists need to take macroeconomics more seriously but also be more critical of mainstream theories and take advantage of pluralism in macroeconomics. Third, an advanced capitalist economy faces a common problem of boosting aggregate demand in the face of a broad stagnationist tendency, but growth drivers differ significantly at the country level. Fourth, international political economy factors contribute to shaping the feasibility and durability of national growth models. Fifth, the analysis of the politics of growth models needs to combine both electoral and producer group perspectives by distinguishing between the politics of policy choice and the politics of democratic legitimation.
China’s Growth Models in Comparative and International Perspectives
Authors: Tan Yeling , Conran James 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
China’s economic expansion relies on a hybrid system containing two growth models, one based on exports concentrated along the coast and the other on state-led investment in the interior. We examine China’s response to several critical events—the 1998 Asian crisis; China’s 2001 WTO entry; and the 2008 global crisis—to show how this hybrid system is intrinsically tied to the global economy. We argue that the two models are far from easy complements, with each producing distinct distributional implications and global spillovers. The chapter then compares the coalitions underpinning the Chinese system with those found in Europe, another heterogenous continent-sized economy. The analysis explores how authoritarian rule enables China to switch between growth models in ways that may be harder for democracies. It also identifies limits to this flexibility by examining the politics that have frustrated the PRC leadership’s efforts to shift toward consumption-driven growth.
Growth and Stagnation in Southern Europe
Authors: Baccaro Lucio , Bulfone Fabio 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Italy and Spain are usually portrayed as “most similar” country cases by comparative political economy research. Both are seen as “mixed” models of capitalism, less efficient than “pure” types such as Germany or the United States. Alternatively, both are seen as “Mediterranean” welfare states, in which transfers dominate social expenditures, while investments in human capital development are neglected. Applying the growth model perspective to these two cases reveals, however, two highly dissimilar trajectories in the past 30 years. While Spain was one of the fastest growing economies in the Eurozone, Italy went through a phase of prolonged stagnation. The chapter focuses on the interaction between international economic constraints/opportunities and domestic conditions. It argues that while Spain was able to implement a growth strategy that, although highly unbalanced and inherently inegalitarian, was consistent with the growth possibilities afforded by euro membership, Italy stands out for its inability to find a viable growth driver.
Global Capital and National Growth Models
Authors: Bohle Dorothee , Regan Aidan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter contributes to growth model literature by examining the extent to which small states occupy different privileged positions in global wealth and value chains. In the globally interconnected world of big tech, banking and financial services, small states increasingly carve out particular niches. We demonstrate this on two distinct cases. First, we examine the role of Ireland in facilitating the global corporate tax avoidance strategies of US multinationals, which increases the wealth of individual shareholders in big tech and pharma companies. Second, we examine the role of Latvia in facilitating illicit banking practices and money laundering, which increases the wealth of high-net-worth individuals in the post-Soviet space. The chapter concludes by arguing that the growth model literature needs to move beyond methodological and ontological assumptions of the nation-state to understand the integrated and globalized nature of capital accumulation.
Efficient Organization
Authors: Ketokivi Mikko , Mahoney Joseph T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This book is aimed at guiding current and future designers of organizations to approach questions of design and governance from the perspective of efficiency. The ultimate goal is efficiency of the sustainable kind: eliminating the excess, not the essential; nurturing cooperation, not jeopardizing it; mutual value creation, not unmitigated self-interest. In building an efficient organization, the designer’s principal task is to ensure that the organization establishes credibility and secures cooperation of all its key constituencies, particularly those who are asked to put something at stake by striking a relationship with the organization. This book seeks to lay the foundation for efficient cooperation by incorporating the key insights from nearly a hundred years of economic research on organizations.
Contracting within and across Organizations
Authors: Ketokivi Mikko , Mahoney Joseph T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Which components should the final assembler of automobiles produce in-house and which components should it outsource to external suppliers? Should a real estate company hire internal sales representatives as employees, or should it contract with independent sales agents who work on commission? Should a high-technology firm have internal legal counsel, or should it contract with an external law firm? In many contexts, the designer faces the choice of contracting either within or across organizations. The aim of this chapter is to show how these contracting decisions and choices can be subjected to a comparative efficiency analysis. To this end, this chapter focuses explicitly on the costs of contracting.
Nonprofit and Public Organizations
Authors: Ketokivi Mikko , Mahoney Joseph T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines various organizational forms from a governance perspective. The focus is specifically on the for-profit/nonprofit and the public/private distinctions. A detailed analysis of the two distinctions reveals that from the point of view of efficient governance, these distinctions, although important, are not as clear-cut and as consequential as one might think. For instance, most nonprofits generate an economic surplus just like for-profits, and most public organizations are in fact public-private partnerships that involve numerous private actors and private contracts. Consequently, in addition to understanding and evaluating the general organizational form, the designer must analyze the organization’s governance microstructure. An examination of nonprofits and public organizations also helps explore the central boundary conditions of the efficiency approach.
George W. Bush
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 traces the arc of George W. Bush’s career. Born into a wealthy, accomplished family, he was not a high achiever until he married Laura Welch and deepened his faith. After helping his father campaign for the presidency, he decided to run for governor of Texas. He cultivated his own unique brand of compassionate conservatism, and compiled an impressive record. Deciding to run for president, he relied on a group of talented foreign policy advisers, led by Condoleezza Rice. When he became president, Bush allocated responsibility for foreign and defense policy to Secretary of State Colin Powell, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld, Vice President Richard Cheney, and Rice, whom he retained as his national security adviser. While they grappled with rogue regimes like Saddam Hussein’s Iraq and terrorist groups like al Qaeda, and while they assigned priority to building ballistic missile defenses, Bush focused on his domestic priorities.
Iraq
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 explains why Bush turned his attention to Iraq. More important than the information he received about Iraq’s possession and development of weapons of mass destruction was his knowledge that Saddam Hussein had employed such weapons in the past and had lied about them. Bush did not believe that Hussein was responsible for 9/11 and did not think he was coordinating with al Qaeda, but Bush did know about Hussein’s links to other terrorist groups and his support of suicide missions. With sanctions eroding, weapons inspections suspended, and no-fly zones challenged, Bush and his advisers believed that Hussein was a gathering threat, likely to develop WMD in the future and capable of handing them off to terrorists or using them to blackmail the United States. Why not confront him when there was opportunity to do so, and before he became more dangerous? British prime minister Tony Blair agreed.
Mission Awry
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9 describes the confusion over postwar planning inside the Bush administration and details the incompetent execution of postwar occupation policy by US military commanders (especially General Tommy Franks), the Office for Reconstruction and Humanitarian Assistance (led by Jay Garner), and the Coalition Provisional Authority (led by Paul Bremer). It highlights the chaos and turbulence inside Iraq stemming from the American decisions regarding the dismantling of the Iraqi Army, the de-Ba’thification of Iraqi institutions, the establishment of an Iraqi Interim Authority, and the contraction of postwar US occupation forces. It assigns responsibility for the failures primarily to Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and President George W. Bush.
Dangerous Instrument
Authors: Robinson Michael A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractAs increasingly contentious politics in the United States raise concerns over the “politicization” of traditionally non-partisan institutions, many have turned their attention to how the American military has been—and will be—affected by this trend. Since its nadir following the end of the Vietnam War, the US military has seen a dramatic reversal of fortune, becoming the most trusted institution in American society. However, this pattern is more complicated than we might think. Just as individuals have become fonder of their military, they have also become increasingly polarized from one another along partisan lines. The result is a new political environment rife with challenges to traditional civil-military norms against the involvement of the military in partisan affairs. In a data-driven analysis of contemporary American attitudes, this book examines the current state of US civil-military affairs, probing how the public sees their military and the effect that partisan tribalism may have on that perception into the future. It studies the dynamics of the civil-military relationship, focusing on the interplay of the public, political parties, media outlets, and the military itself regarding the threat of “politicization.” Amidst broader concerns over the future of stable democracy around the world, this book provides important insights into the effect of partisanship on America’s association with its military, delivering recommendations on ways to repair the relationship into the future.
“Korea’s Hiroshima”
Authors: Pilzer Joshua D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers an introduction to Hapcheon, also known as “Korea’s Hiroshima.” Shim Jintae, activist and first-generation survivor of the Hiroshima bomb, narrates the history of the Korean presence in Hiroshima, passage to the Korean peninsula, and life and marginalization in the postwar period, including bomb and radiation victims’ struggles for international recognition, health, and social welfare. Annual events held in Hapcheon to commemorate the atomic bombing of Japan, and attended over several years by the author, give the reader an introduction to the cultures of memorialization and the political environment in which bomb and radiation victims live, and to the role of sound and music in this atmosphere.
Between Worlds
Authors: Pilzer Joshua D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Hapcheon Atomic Bomb Victims Welfare Center and some of its residents. The welfare center is the site of its residents’ complex negotiations of Japanese and Korean bicultural identities and experiences. They accomplish this through economies of Japanese and Korean speech and song, much of which consist of ruminations on childhood, the atomic experience, fate, and identity. Such Japanese-Korean cosmopolitan identities are not wholly welcome in Southeastern Korean rural society, and survivors must of necessity work around this atmosphere of disapproval to sustain their memories of childhood and its unrealized futures, and cosmopolitan identities. In both languages, in speech and song, residents reckon with fate and memory together and apart in this unusual cosmopolitan place.
Yi Suyong
Authors: Pilzer Joshua D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents an in-depth exploration of the expressive life of first-generation bomb victim Yi Suyong. Yi Suyong performs a poetics of endurance during self-narration in everyday speech and testimony to the experience of the atomic bomb. Her speech is slow, even, measured, and inexpressive, in a way which is reminiscent of the flatness of written testimony. But within this tone of restraint she occasionally manipulates pitch in speech and makes use of other prosodic features of speech in appeal to others. These appeals preface silences in which she forges a space of mutual copresence with her interlocutors. Yi Suyong comfortably occupies the role of witness afforded to her by South Korean society and the international atomic bomb activist community, having found a considerable resonance between that role and her own poetics of quietude and endurance. In everyday life, however, she stretches this role and pushes back against its requirements as she tailors it to her own ends.
Bae Ilmyeong
Authors: Pilzer Joshua D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter is an in-depth exploration of the expressive life of first-generation bomb victim Bae Ilmyeong. Bae Ilmyeong practices a poetics of refusal, declining to play the role of witness to the Korean experience of the atomic bombing of Japan. Instead, she focuses her energy and her expressive life on the present, and on her religious practice. In her practice of Christian devotion she demonstrates a preference for the ideality, prestige, and quiet of text over the earthiness of sound and the voice. In her virtuosic storytelling, she draws on the past to energize her present-day life, social situations, and relationships. Nonetheless, her contemplation of and speech about the past is a means of working through and maintaining a truce with traumatic memory.
Han Jeongsun
Authors: Pilzer Joshua D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The final chapter presents an in-depth portrait of the expressive life of second-generation radiation victim Han Jeongsun. In political speech, Han Jeongsun speaks around her personal experience of radiation-related disability, focusing on her activism on behalf of others, practicing a kind of self-effacement that is at the same time a work of constructing her identity as an activist. In casual speech and song, she hedges close to personal experience as she draws on tropes of struggle and suffering in popular culture to connect them with her own experiences and those of her marginalized community. In so doing she finds a place for bomb and radiation victims in the very heart of Korean cultural intimacy and society. She also creates an affective and formal chain of expressive practices that links speech, song, and movement, allowing the momentum and structures of song to energize her struggle to walk and allowing the tropes of popular song to become tropes of her political movement.
Epilogue
Authors: Pilzer Joshua D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this brief epilogue, two of the main characters in the book—Shim Jintae and Han Jeongsun—sit down for dinner with the author. They reminisce about their experiences in the postwar period, and sing a popular song about a girl farmer, which keeps the conversation on the subject of the struggle for survival. Each of them knows this song for very different reasons—Han Jeongsun because it is about women’s work, and Shim Jintae because it is about farming, which relates to his morning and evening farm work. But they nonetheless come together in a moment of collective action and mutual empathy. The chapter ends with a reflection on the ongoing nature of the art and the work of survival.
The Medieval Era
Authors: Shrock Dennis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Medieval era spans the time from approximately 900 to 1500, or from the beginning of musical notation in a format that indicated pitches and rhythms on a staff to the end of polyphonic music treated as a series of unrelated or nonintegrated separate voice parts. Medieval genres consisted of monophonic chants, laude, and songs during the earlier years of the era, and polyphonic mass movements, mass cycles, motets, and secular songs during the later years. The era is generally divided into four separate periods—Saint Martial (1100–1180), Notre Dame (1180–1260), Ars Antiqua (1260–1320), and Ars Nova (1320–1500), and the genres of composition include sacred works (chants, laude, mass movements and cycles, and motets) that were generally sung by solo voices in combination with each other or by multiple voices per part, and secular works (songs by the troubadours and trouvères, and the ballades, rondeaux, and virelais of the formes fixes) that were performed in a variety of manners—by an unaccompanied solo voice (the monophonic songs), by a solo voice accompanied by instruments (the polyphonic compositions with only one texted voice part), or by an ensemble of solo voices with or without instrumental participation (the multitexted polyphonic compositions).
The Renaissance Era
Authors: Shrock Dennis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Renaissance era was important for the creation of genres that either would continue throughout the remaining historical eras or would disappear during the seventeenth through nineteenth centuries and then reappear in the twentieth century. The enduring genres that were newly created during the Renaissance include the sacred forms developed as a result of the Protestant Reformation—the French Calvinist psalm setting, German Lutheran chorale and chorale motet, and English anthem. The genres that were created and that flourished during the Renaissance but that did not experience a continuous history are the madrigal (both Italian and English) and chanson. Genres that were created during the Medieval era—the mass (including Requiem), motet, and related sacred genres such as the Magnificat—continued to be popular throughout the Renaissance and all successive eras. Masses during the Renaissance, which were almost always based on preexisting material (chants, other masses, motets, chansons, and madrigals), utilized a variety of interesting construction techniques. The most common technique employed a preexisting tune as a cantus firmus, usually placed in the tenor voice and scored in longer note values than the other voice parts. The tune was generally presented without modification or elaboration; however, it was frequently inverted (upside down), retrograde (backward), and retrograde inverted (upside down and backward), as well as in its original form. Further common construction techniques were paraphrase (a modification and elaboration of a preexisting tune), parody (the insertion of a polyphonic section of a preexisting composition into the mass texture), soggetto cavato (a cantus firmus built from pitches derived from the vowels of a person’s name), and quodlibet (the employment of multiple secular preexisting tunes). Motets at the beginning of the era occasionally employed Gregorian chant phrases as a cantus firmus, whereas motets during the middle years of the era often employed chant material as a basis for point-of-imitation phrases. For example, Palestrina’s Veni sponsa Christi uses the four phrases of the Gregorian chant as the organizing material for the four phrases of his motet. By the end of the era, motets were by and large free in both melodic content and structure. Magnificats, on the other hand, were most often based on chant and composed in alternatim style throughout the era (i.e., phrases of Gregorian chant alternated with passages of imitative polyphony).