bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
White Grub Control in Turf With Insecticides, 1984
Authors: Stone Jay D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
White grub control trials were conducted in a city park located in the eastern part of El Paso, Texas. Temperature, rainfall, and irrigation were normal during the period of the test. Thatch depth in the common bermudagrass averaged ca. 0.64 cm. The soil was a calcareous Bluepoint sandy loam. Six replications of 15 treatments were established. The 2 by 2 m plots were randomly assigned to replications by larval population prior to treatment. Two adjacent sod samples 30.5 cm2 and 7.6 cm deep were taken from each plot at each sample period. All specimens were counted and recorded at the site. After irrigation, liquid insecticides were sprinkled in water (buffered to pH 7), and granules were applied from shakers. A garden hose was dragged across the plot area for initial incorporation, and 1.3 cm of water was applied with the sprinkler system. Treatments were applied Jul 27 and counts were made 14, 24, and 53 days posttreatment.
Spring Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Cambria Co., Pa, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The rough consisted of annual bluegrass (30%) and Kentucky bluegrass (70%). Treatment plots were 6 × 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied in 0.5 gal of water with a hand held sprinkling can. Granular formulations were applied 1 May with a hand held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 70°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 57°F; soil type, silt loam; soil pH, 5.0; % organic matter, 4.0; soil condition, moist; % soil moisture, 22.5; amt thatch, 0.5 inches; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 40; and clear sunny skies. A total of 5.1 inches of rain was recorded over the post treatment period. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was individually watered-in with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 28 days later (29 May). Four ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate and the total number of surviving Japanese beetle grubs were recorded for each ft2 sample. An average of 13 Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded 1 May before treatment.
Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course in Mifflintown, Pa, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty insecticide treatments were applied 20 Aug for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The golf course turf consisted of primarily annual bluegrass (80%) and crabgrass (20%). Treatment plots were 6 × 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 4 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were mixed with sand top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. Then they were applied with a hand held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 85°; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 73°F; soil type, silt loam; soil pH, 5.8; % organic matter, 3.9; soil condition, dry; % soil moisture, 13.4; amt thatch, 0.25-1.0 inches; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 70; and clear sunny skies. A total of 2.7 inches of rain was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was individually watered-in with 0.25 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 34 days later (23 Sep). Four ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded 23 Sep. An average of 18.2 Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded 20 Aug before treatment.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to a completely randomized block. Each treatment consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied in 123 gal of finished spray per acre by a Bean orchard sprayer. Sprays were applied on 27 Apr at pink (P), 13 May at petal fall (PF), 28 May, 10 Jun, 24 Jun, 3 Jul, 16 Jul, 29 Jul, 12 Aug, 23 Aug, 5 Sep and 19 Sep. Evaluations were made by examining 100 apples per replication for injury and categorizing injuries by their respective pest. RAA evaluations were made using a 3-min sample search. A single mite count was made in midseason by collecting 50 leaves from each replication and brushing them in a mite brushing machine. Resulting plates were examined using a stereo binocular microscope recording numbers of ERM and predaceous mites on each plate.
Control of Glyphidocera Juniperella Adamski in Container-Grown Juniper, 1984
Authors: Mizell R. F. , Schiffhauer D. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Liquid insecticides were applied to runoff on 1 Nov 84 to juniper plants in 2-gal pots in a commercial nursery with a Solo hand-pumped compressed-air sprayer at 8.5 kg/cm2 pressure. Granular and bait formulations were applied to pots by hand from premeasured containers. Four replicates/treatment of 5 plants each were arranged in a CRD. Treatments were evaluated at 7, 18, or 25 days posttreatment depending on formulation or mode of action: liquids-7, baits and biologicals-18, and granulars-25 days. Separate controls were evaluated on each day treatments were evaluated.
Leafminer Control Using Margosan-O, a Neem (Azadirachta Indica) A. Juss) Seed Product on Marigolds, 1985
Authors: Knodel J. J. , Larew H. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A formulation of neem seed extract, Margosan-O (Vikwood Ltd., Sheboygan, WI) was evaluated for leafminer control on 3 cultivars of marigolds. Twenty plants of each marigold cultivar were planted on 4 Feb in 10-cm square plastic pots using a 50% Promix: 50% Perlite potting medium. Plants were grown for 6 wk. in a research greenhouse (Beltsville, MD), and then placed in a cage containing 75-100 adult leafminers for 29 h. Plants were removed from the cage, and each cultivar was sprayed (24 h after plants were removed from cage) with the following treatments: water, 0.062%, 0.125%, 0.25%, and 0.5% Margosan-O. Four plants were sprayed per treatment for each cultivar. Margosan-O contains 3000 ppm azadirachtin (one of the insecticidal components of neem), and was diluted with water (volume/volume) to obtain the treatment solutions. Treatments consisted of 50 ml solution per plant and were applied using a handheld sprayer. The number of first instar mines (≤ 2.5 cm in length) were counted 3 to 4 days later. When larvae matured (third instars), all leaves from plants were harvested, leaf area measured, and emerging prepupae vialed. The number of reared pupae and adults were counted.
Phytotoxicity Test on Container-Grown Woody Ornamentals, Florida, 1985
Authors: Mizell R. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity of fenpropathrin 2.4EC was evaluated on 18 commonly grown woody ornamentals. Plants in 1-gal containers were held under 25% shade and pulse-sprinkler irrigation. Treatments were applied to runoff on 27 Jul ‘85 to all leaf surfaces using a Solo® hand-pumped compressed-air sprayer at 8.5 kg/cm2 on 20 Jul. Three rates of fenpropathrin—0.05, 0.10, 0.15 lb (AI)/100 gal and a water control were applied to 5 single-plant replicates/species in a completely random design. Evaluations were made at 1,3, and 6 wk posttreatment.
Fall Webworm Control on Shade Trees with Insect Growth Regulators (IGR), 1985
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Individual fall webworm nests and surrounding foliage were sprayed to point of runoff using a 2-gal compression sprayer. On each sample date, individual nests from each sreatment were cut from branches, placed in plastic bags and held under refrigeration until examined (usually within 24 h). Each nest was examined and percent larval mortality determined. Two trials were conducted at widely separated locations with treatments being applied on different dates. In Trial No. 1, 9 nests were sprayed per treatment on 12 Aug and 3 nests per treatment were collected on each sample date. The average amount of spray used to treat individual nests among the treatments ranged from 150 to 200 ml. Larvae at treatment were mostly 5th to 7th instars. No precipitation data were available for this trial. In Trial No. 2, 6 nests were sprayed per treatment on 18 Aug and 2 nests per treatment were collected per sample date.
Leafminer Control Using Margosan-O, a Neem (Azadirachta Indica a. Juss) Seed Product on Zinnias, 1985
Authors: Knodel J. J. , Larew H. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A formulation of neem seed extract, Margosan-O (Vikwood Ltd., Sheboygan, WI) was evaluated for leafminer control on 3 cultivars of zinnias. Twenty-four plants of each zinnia cultivar were planted on 4 Feb. in 10 cm square plastic pots using 50% Promix™ :50% Perlite™ potting medium. Plants were grown for 5.5 wk. in a research greenhouse (Beltsville, MD), and then placed in a cage containing 75-100 adult leafminers for 24 h. Plants were removed from the cage, and each cultivar was sprayed (24 h after plants were removed from cage) with the following treatments: water, 0.062%, 0.125%, 0.25% and 0.5% Margosan-O. Five plants were sprayed per treatment for each cultivar. Margosan-O contains 3000 ppm azadirachtin (one of the insecticidal components of neem), and was diluted with water (volume/volume) to obtain the treatment solutions. Treatments consisted of 40 ml solution per plant and were applied using a handheld sprayer.
Candidate Pesticide Formulations for Quarantine Use, 1984-1985
Authors: Morgan Neal O. , Witherell Peter C. , Wood W. Scott 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Each year two series of bioassay tests were conducted by exposing laboratory-reared and field-collected insects to insecticidal formulations in transport trailers (ca. 32 m3 or 74 m3) at Baltimore, MD, and Miami, FL. Insect species included for one or more series of tests were susceptible (NAIDM) M. domestica, resistant (Gainesville multiple resistant) M. domestica, resistant A. quadrimaculatus, G. morsitans morsitans, B. germanica, P. japonica, S. frugiperda and D. variabilis. The Japanese beetles were field-collected in methy eugenol-baited traps. Some American dog ticks were field-collected by dragging white flannel cloth over tick-infested fields and all were caged in 30-ml clear plastic portion cups with tops replaced with double layers of tulle, a nylon mesh screen (1 mm2 openings). Mosquitoes and Japanese beetles were caged in 20-mesh hardware cloth cylinders 20 cm long by 7 cm diam with screened ends. House flies, German cockroaches and fall armyworms were caged in 0.24-liter paper cans with tops replaced by single layers of tulle. Tsetse flies were caged in 55 × 65 × 155 mm boxes made by covering stainless steel wire frames with black tulle. Test species were placed on the floor of each test trailer ca. 10 cm from a side wall near the center and ca. 30 cm from each end. Aerosols were formulated with Freon 11/12 propellant. Aerosols were released within closed trailers while the applicator walked the length of the trailer.
Efficacy of Kryocide Dust Upon Confined German Cockroach Populations, 1984
Authors: Vance A. D. , Gold R. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Kryocide and boric acid dusts were evaluated in standard Ebeling choice boxes. Known quantities of dusts were brushed onto the floor panel of 1 chamber of each choice box. Dusts were applied with a dry dust-saturated camel hair brush at a rate of 0.5 g per treated choice box chamber. Controls were utilized in which no dust was applied to either chamber. The experiment was replicated 3 times. In all tests, food (Purina dog chow) and water were provided ad libitum in both choice box chambers. Populations of 50 adult make German cockroaches, Blattella germanica (L.), (Orlando Normal biotype) were introduced into the non-dusted chamber (randomly assigned). After 1 h orientation, the cork between chambers was removed and cockroaches were allowed access to the treated side. Mortality and distributions of cockroaches were recorded every 12 h for 216 h (9 days).
Evaluation of Baythroid Against the German Cockroach, 1984-1985
Authors: Yonker J. W. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The residual activity of 2 concentrations of 2 formulations of this synthetic pyrethroid were investigated. Sprays were applied at 1 gal per 1000 ft2 (0.95 ml/232 cm2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a 800 IE nozzle. Two surfaces (232 cm2 panels) were treated: plywood with single coats of latex primer and paint, and particle board with 1 coat each of sanding sealer and varnish. Test insects were confined to the treated surface using 12.7-cm diam plastic rings, lightly greased with a petrolatum/mineral oil mixture. Four replicates of 10 males were run for each treatment/surface combination. Food and water were not provided, and observations were taken regularly to determine speed of activity.
Toxicity of Orthene and Dursban to Paper Wasps on Nests, 1980
Authors: Ross D. C. , Brady U. E. , Bledsoe M. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests were conducted to compare Orthene 2.5 Professional Spray, Orthene technical, and Dursban 4EC. Water base spray applications were made to the point of run-off on 24, 25, and 26 Sep. Pretreatment counts of adults on each of 5 nests were made immediately prior to treatment with each concentration. Both water and untreated controls were used to determine normal movement patterns on and off the nests. Adult mortality (estimated by absence) was recorded at 1-2, 4, 8, and 24 h post-treatment. Treated nests were collected 24 h after application and stored in cages at room temperature. Emergence counts were recorded after 30 days. Larval mortality was determined after 30 days by examining larvae from capped cells.
Residual Efficacy of Baygon for Adult Flea Control, 1984
Authors: Cilek Jim , Knapp F. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Adult cat fleas were exposed to 130 cm2 medium shag nylon carpet discs which were treated with varying concentrations of Baygon 70WP mixed with water. Each carpet disc was treated by use of a pressurized hand sprayer which was calibrated to deliver 4.5 ml/s at 55 psi. Carpet discs sprayed with water only served as controls. Carpet discs were stored at ca. 25°C in ca. 4-liter opened wide mouth glass jars. At weekly intervals, 20 adult cat fleas were released into the jars. After 24 h, carpet discs were brushed vigorously for ca. 1 min with a hair brush in a white 5-gal plastic bucket. Dislodged dead and live fleas were recorded. Each dose was replicated 3 times. Carpet discs were used only once for each test interval. Treatment mortality was corrected by Abbott’s formula.
Evaluation of Ectiban Aerosols for House Fly Control in a Turkey House, 1982
Authors: Cloud J. A. , Burg J. G. , Collison C. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test house consisted of 20 turkey pens divided into two 10.8 × 18.5-m 10-pen units separated by a wall with an access door. Each 10-pen unit was further divided into five 3.7 × 4.0-m pens on each side of a 2.8-m corridor. Individual pens were accessed through separate doors and divided by a common wall constructed of 1.4-m pressed asbestos in the lower portion and 0.9 m of 5 × 15-cm screen on top. Turkeys were kept on screen floors above a shallow pit. Flies could access all pens in each unit. One unit was randomly selected as the treatment unit and the other unit served as the control. On 22 Sep ‘82, both sides of each pressed asbestos wall, excluding end walls, in the treatment unit were sprayed with Ectiban aerosol (Ready-to-Use Surface Spray, 1% permethrin) at a distance of 30.5-61 cm, 25 sec/side.
Apple, Shell M0070616 Concentrate Airblast Insect Test, 1985
Authors: Hull L. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of York Imperial and 2 replicates of Golden Delicious. Treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated for 50 gpa (both sides), driven at 2 mph. Sprays were applied to both sides of trees. Spray dates were: 18 Apr, 7 and 20 May, 3 and 21 Jun, 11 Jul, 3 and 23 Aug. Kelthane 4F (1420 ml/acre) was added at the following times: 21 Jun and 3 Aug, (all treatments except the high rate of SD014114), 11 Jul (high rate of SD014114 only). During the season fungicide maintenance sprays of Bayleton, Captan, Cyprex, Polyram, Topsin M, Zineb, and calcium chloride were applied with an airblast sprayer at 50 gpa to the whole experimental block. Effectiveness on AA was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/20 terminals; on WALH by counting nymphs/25 leaves/tree; on ERM by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 20 leaves/tree, 80 leaves/treatment; on the predator S. punctum by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and one picked sample on 9 Sep. Apple samples averaged 124 fruit/replicate and 496/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Apple, Foliar Pest Trial, 1985
Authors: Pfeiffer D. , Ponton L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two pyrethroids and an organophosphate combination were evaluated against an untreated control in an apple block at Steeles Tavern, containing four cultivars: 'Delicious', 'Golden Delicious', 'Stayman', and 'York'. Four, single-tree replicates were used in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made using a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with a handgun attachment. Trees were sprayed to the drip point (ca. 1869 liters/ha (200 gal/A)). Spray dates were 7 May, 30 May, 3 Jul, 17 Jul, 2 Aug and 16 Aug. STLM was evaluated on 14 Aug by counting mines seen during a 3-min examination of a tree's foliage. WALH-damaged shoots per 20 shoots on each tree were counted on 17 Sep. Population densities of both of these insects were low. Mites were evaluated using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per replicate, on 24 Jun and 14 Aug. Chlorophyll content was determined on 23 Sep using a hand-held chlorophyll meter.
Apple, Preliminary Insecticides Test, 1985
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Hebding H. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Dilute sprays were applied to runoff with a hand sprayer (450 psi) at pink (25 Apr), petal fall (21 May), and as cover sprays on 3 Jun, 18 Jun, 3 Jul, 16 Jul, 30 Jul, and 13 Aug. Treatments were replicated twice on single-tree plots of standard sized ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Cortland’ trees, and once on a 4-tree plot consisting of 2 ‘McIntosh’ and ‘Cortland’ trees on a size-controlling M-9 interstem grafted to a M-l 11 rootstock (trees are ca 2.0 m high). Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. During harvest (12-13 Sep.), 100 apples from each single-tree plot and all fruit up to 100 apples from trees within each 4-tree plot were evaluated for insect damage. ERM was sampled on 25 randomly selected leaves from each of the single tree plots and 25 leaves picked from the 2 trees of each cultivar in the 4-tree plots on 2 Jul and again on 24 Jul. Mites were removed from the leaves with a Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine. Up to 25 randomly selected actively growing terminals on trees in each replication were examined for AA on 15 Jul just before the fourth cover spray was applied, and again three days posttreatment on 18 Jul. Terminals were considered to be infested if more than 5 live aphids were observed on the distal portion of the shoot. On 22 Aug, WALH nymphs were counted on 25 randomly selected spur leaves from each replication and tissue mines of STLM were counted on 10 randomly selected terminals from each plot.
Control of Spider Mites on Almonds, 1982
Authors: Sanderson J. P. , Barnes M. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted on 2-yr-old ‘Nonpareil’ almond trees in a commercial orchard near Shaffer, CA. A randomized complete block design composed of 12 blocks was established in the orchard. Each block contained 1 single-tree replicate of each of the 10 treatments. Treatments were applied on 23 Jul ’82, with a high pressure hand gun which delivers a fine spray at 400-450 psi. The trees were sprayed to runoff with an avg of 7.5 gal of dilute spray per tree, resulting in an application rate of ca 700 gal/acre. Five sample leaves were taken from each of the 4 compass quadrants of each tree, inside and outside of the canopy at heights of 3 to 6 ft, for a total of 20 leaves per tree. The samples were counted under a dissecting microscope. Only 6 of the 12 blocks were sampled on the pretreatment and 1 day posttreatment sample dates. Data for all other sample dates are based on counts from 12 blocks.
Efficacy of Selected Insecticides and Insecticide Combinations Against Heliothis Spp. and Boll Weevil on Cotton, 1987
Authors: Micinski Stephen , Nguyen Khoa T. , Graves Jerry B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A small-plot evaluation was conducted at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, La., to determine the efficacy of various insecticides and combinations in controlling boll weevil and Heliothis spp. on cotton. Plots were 4 rows × 36.6 m and were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Cotton was planted 5 May on 1.02-m centers. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticides were applied in 11.4 liters of water/acre at 60 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Treatments were applied on 20 and 27 Jul and 3 Aug. All plots were oversprayed with Penncap-M 2M, 0.25 lb (AI)/acre, on 24 Jun and with Guthion 2L, 0.25 lb (AI)/acre, on 3, 16, 24, and 31 Jul for weevils. Following the last observation on 6 Aug, the entire test was oversprayed with a pyrethroid on 8, 16, and 22 Aug. Plant damage was monitored 2 - 3 days following each treatment application by examining 25 squares/plot. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows from each plot on 24 Sep and 5 Oct.
Evaluation of Aphicides in Mississippi, 1987
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirteen treatments were tested for relative efficacy against cotton aphids in unirrigated cotton planted 14 May at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Miss. Plots were 8 rows (38-inch centers) × 50 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to all 8 rows of each plot by high-clearance spray tractor equipped with compressed-air plot spray system calibrated for 5 gal/acre at 4 mph using 3 TX-3 nozzles/row. Applications were made on 24 Jul and } 7 Aug. All plots received insecticide treatments for nontarget pests as needed during the season. Aphids were counted on 10 leaves chosen at random within * the plot from approximately the fourth node down from the terminal. All data were collected from the center 2 rows of each plot, and yield was obtained by ' mechanical picker.