bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Technical Review of Foot Temperature Measurement Systems
Authors: Grech Josef , Mizzi Stephen , Falzon Owen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
People suffering from diabetes are at risk of developing foot ulcerations, which, if left untreated, could also lead to amputation. Monitoring of the foot temperature can help in the prevention of these foot complications, and various studies have shown that elevated temperatures may be indicative of ulceration. Over the years there have been various devices that were designed for foot temperature monitoring, both for clinical and home use. The technologies used vary from infrared (IR) thermometry, liquid crystal thermography (LCT), IR thermography and a vast range of analogue and digital temperature sensors that were incorporated in different measurement platforms. All these systems are able to collect thermal data from the foot, some being able to acquire data only when the foot is stationary and others being able to acquire from the foot in motion, which can give a more in-depth insight to any emerging problems. The aim of this review is to evaluate the available literature related to the technologies used in these systems, outlining the benefits of each and what further developments may be required to make the foot temperature analysis more effective.
Lung–brain ‘cross-talk’: systemic propagation of cytokines in the ARDS via the bloodstream using a blood transfusion model does not influence cerebral inflammatory response in pigs
Authors: Rissel René , Schaefer Moritz , Kamuf Jens , Ruemmler Robert , Riedel Julian , Mohnke Katja , Renz Miriam , Hartmann Erik K. , Ziebart Alexander 
Published: March 2022

Background
Interorgan cross-talk describes the phenomenon in which a primarily injured organ causes secondary damage to a distant organ. This cross-talk is well known between the lung and brain. One theory suggests that the release and systemic distribution of cytokines via the bloodstream from the primarily affected organ sets in motion proinflammatory cascades in distant organs. In this study, we analysed the role of the systemic distribution of cytokines via the bloodstream in a porcine ARDS model for organ cross-talk and possible inflammatory changes in the brain.

Methods
After approval of the State and Institutional Animal Care Committee, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induction with oleic acid injection was performed in seven animals. Eight hours after ARDS induction, blood (35–40 ml kg–1) was taken from these seven ‘ARDS donor’ pigs. The collected ‘ARDS donor’ blood was transfused into seven healthy ‘ARDS-recipient’ pigs. Three animals served as a control group, and blood from these animals was transfused into three healthy pigs after an appropriate ventilation period. All animals were monitored for 8 h using advanced cardiorespiratory monitoring. Postmortem assessment included cerebral (hippocampal and cortex) mediators of early inflammatory response (IL-6, TNF-alpha, iNOS, sLCN-2), wet-to-dry ratio and lung histology. TNF-alpha serum concentration was measured in all groups.

Results
ARDS was successfully induced in the ‘ARDS donor’ group, and serum TNF-alpha levels were elevated compared with the ‘ARDS-recipient’ group. In the ‘ARDS-recipient’ group, neither significant ARDS alterations nor upregulation of inflammatory mediators in the brain tissue were detected after high-volume random allogenic ‘ARDS-blood’ transfusion. The role of the systemic distribution of inflammatory cytokines from one affected organ to another could not be confirmed in this study.
Factors regulating growth pattern and condition factor of an amphibious fish Periophthalmus gracilis living in the Mekong Delta
Authors: Dinh Quang Minh , Nguyen Ton Huu Duc , Truong Ngon Trong , Nguyen-Ngoc Lam 
Published: March 2022

Growth pattern and condition factor (CF) are essential to fish resource assessment but limited to Periophthalmus gracilis—an amphibious fish living in the mudflats along the Indo-Pacific regions, including the Mekong Delta (MD), Vietnam. This study lasted from April 2020 to March 2021 to verify if their growth pattern and CF change with sex, size, season, month and site. The total length and weight of 486 individuals (236 females and 250 males) were 2.9–5.9 cm and 0.13–1.66 g, respectively. The mudskipper displayed negative allometry as the slope value (b = 2.69 ± 0.06) obtained from length and weight (LWR) was significantly less than 3 (p < 0.01), indicating that most fish specimens were caught in the immature stage. The fish growth pattern did not change with sex as both males and females displayed negative allometry but varied by size since the mudskipper showed negative allometry in the immature group and isometry in the mature group. Likewise, growth type changed with season since fish showed negative allometry in the dry season but isometry in the wet season. As the slope value (b) varied by site and month, the mudskipper displayed spatiotemporal growth patterns, ranging from negative to positive allometry. The CF was impacted by sex as this value of females (1.09 ± 0.02) was higher than that of males (0.96 ± 0.01, p < 0.01). Besides, CF was regulated by fish length since this value was higher in the mature group (1.12 ± 0.03) than in the immature group (1.01 ± 0.01, p < 0.01). Likewise, CF was affected by season as this value was higher in the wet season (1.05 ± 0.02) than in the dry season (0.99 ± 0.01, p < 0.01). Although the CF varied with site and month variables (p < 0.01), this value (1.02 ± 0.01) was generally higher than 1, showing fish adapted well to their habitat. The fish length at first capture should be increased to exploit this species sustainably.
Knowledge of Parents Regarding Polio Vaccination in Unvaccinated Children Less than 5 Years of Age: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Larik Sobia , Jamro Saifullah , Shaikh Abdul Rehman , Khokhar Iqra Rafique , Shaikh Raheel Ahmed , Chohan Muhammad Nadeem 
Published: March 2022

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge of parents regarding polio vaccination in unvaccinated children less than 5 years of age.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration: Department of Pediatrics, Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University, Larkana Pakistan from February 2018 till August 2018
Methodology: All parents of unvaccinated children of either gender with ages from 2 months to less than 5 years of age visiting the hospital outpatient department for any reason were included in the study. Information about the OPV immunization status, demographics, education of the family earner, occupation and income, accessibility of vaccination center in terms of distance, the behavior of immunization staff, parents' views regarding vaccines were recorded. Questions were asked about the vaccination schedule.
Results: Mean age of the child and respondent’s age was 2.96 ±0.89 years and 31.40 ±3.96 years respectively. Male preponderance was found to be higher 146 (63.50%). Adequate knowledge about polio was found in 58 (25.20%) parents.
Conclusion: The Knowledge of parents regarding polio vaccination was found unsatisfactory in unvaccinated children less than 5 years of age.
Cationic Macromolecular Engineering
Authors: De Priyadarsi , Faust Rudolf 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Macromolecular engineering is defined as the total synthesis of tailor‐made macromolecules. The ultimate goal of this technology is to obtain a high degree of control over compositional and structural variables that affect the physical properties of macromolecules, including molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, end functionality, tacticity, stereochemistry, block sequence, and block topology, where the parameters of molecular characterization are well represented by the ensemble average. This review article summarizes the use of carbocationic polymerization for macromolecular engineering.
Time‐Programming, Clocking, and Self‐Oscillating Polymer Gels
Authors: Yoshida Ryo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In living systems, there are many autonomous and oscillatory phenomena to sustain life such as heart beating. “Self‐oscillating” polymer gels that undergo spontaneous cyclic swelling–deswelling changes without any on–off switching of external stimuli, as with heart muscle, were developed by the author's group. The self‐oscillating gels were designed by utilizing the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction, an oscillating reaction, as a chemical model of the TCA cycle. They have systematically studied these self‐oscillating polymer gels since they were first reported in 1996. Potential applications of the self‐oscillating polymers and gels include several kinds of functional material systems such as biomimetic actuators, mass transport systems, and functional fluids. For example, it was demonstrated that an object was autonomously transported in the tubular self‐oscillating gel by the peristaltic pumping motion similar to an intestine. Further, self‐oscillating polymer brush surface like cilia, vesicles, or colloidosomes undergoing cell‐like autonomous shape oscillations with buckling, was prepared. Besides, autonomous sol‐gel oscillation and amoeba‐like motion were realized utilizing well‐designed block copolymer solution. In this article, recent progress on the self‐oscillating polymer gels is summarized.
Introduction to Synthesis and Materials Applications of Poly(Ionic Liquid)s
Authors: Yahia Mohamed , Zhou Xianjing , Yuan Jiayin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Poly(ionic liquid)s, sometimes termed polymerized ionic liquids or polymeric ionic liquids (PILs), have been recognized as a unique class of ionic polymers, which are normally the polymerization products of ionic liquid (IL) monomers. The rapid progress in the PIL research is demonstrated by many scientific publications from 2009 till now, and newly reported chemical structures with interesting properties and functions. In fact, synthesis of polymer structures from IL monomers has so far created a big library of functional polymers for a wide range of advanced applications, and it has harnessed a massive collaboration with scientific communities in different fields. In short, the combination of IL properties and functions with the polymer matrix makes it possible to manufacture new polymers and their devices with different talents. In this article, the chemical structures, the synthetic approaches, and the multipurpose applications of PILs will be discussed to deliver an overview of this innovative research topic.
Poly(2‐Oxazoline)s
Authors: Van Guyse Joachim F. R. , Hoogenboom Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The design and synthesis of macromolecules, i.e. macromolecular engineering, employ specific synthetic tools for the control over the functionality, topology, and composition of a macromolecule. In terms of macromolecular engineering, 2‐oxazolines present an attractive monomer class for the design of a structurally diverse set of macromolecules, as a wide array of monomer structures can be prepared via established synthetic pathways and macromolecules have been prepared from this monomer by cationic ring‐opening, zwitterionic, anionic, and radical polymerization techniques. Most prominently applied, however, is the cationic ring‐opening polymerization, since it is compatible with a wide range of 2‐oxazoline monomers and the living polymerization mechanism allows excellent control over the macromolecular architecture throughout the different steps of the polymerization. Furthermore, the obtained poly(2‐alkyl/aryl‐2‐oxazoline)s (PAOx) display excellent physical and chemical stability, as well as an overall biocompatible nature. These factors combined have led to a recent rise in popularity of PAOx as a highly modular polymer platform in biomedicine, where cutting‐edge macromolecular engineering is applied to face current challenges in biomedicine. In this article, the current state and opportunities in the macromolecular engineering of PAOx are discussed in great detail, thereby providing an overview of the developed synthetic methodologies to control their functionality, topology, and composition.
Polymerization Induced by Light
Authors: Lalevee J. , Fouassier J.P. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe present article presents an overview of photopolymerization reactions and is focused on photoinitiators, photosensitizers, radical and cationic monomers and oligomers, the film photopolymerization of acrylates, epoxides, vinyl ethers, thiol–enes, waterborne light‐curable systems, UV powder formulations, charge‐transfer monomers, dual cure and hybrid cure systems, the general functional properties of the cured materials, the applications, etc. The kinetics, the monitoring of the photopolymerization, the investigation of the excited state processes, the access to the rate constants of the chemical reactions, the solution and bulk reactivity, and the photochemical and chemical reactivity are also discussed.
Polymers from Renewable Resources: Macromolecular Materials for the Twenty‐First Century?
Authors: Gandini Alessandro , Lacerda Talita M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Macromolecular materials based on renewable resources constitute a rapidly growing family of sustainable polymers which are synthesized following three distinct approaches, viz. (i) the use of renewable resources to prepare commodity polymers, such as poly(ethylene), traditionally based on fossil counterparts; (ii) the chemical modification of natural polymers; and (iii) the polymerization of monomers and macromonomers derived from renewable resources. Whereas the first approach simply provides alternative and sustainable routes to common current materials, the other strategies represent means to elaborate novel polymers with original, and often unique, properties. Here, after a brief treatment regarding the first topic, emphasis is placed on the latter two, with materials based on (ii) cellulose and nanocelluloses, hemicelluloses, starch, chitin and chitosan, lignin, suberin, proteins, natural rubber, and bacterial poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s on the one hand, and, on the other hand, on (iii) plant oils, glycerol, furans, terpenes, rosin, sugars, tannins, and lactic acid. Several instances are provided of materials involving the intervention of more than one of these precursors. The discussion of the chemical processes leading to these new polymers is complemented by their characterization and most relevant properties and applications. The additional implementation of green chemistry features to enhance sustainability is also highlighted whenever appropriate.
Polymer Synthesis by Enzymatic Catalysis
Authors: Loos Katja 
Published: March 2022

AbstractEnzymatic polymerizations are defined as in vitro enzyme‐catalyzed syntheses of polymers that do not follow biosynthetic pathways. Polymer synthesis using biocatalytic pathways holds enormous promise in the fields of science. Use of enzymes for polymer synthesis can have tremendous environmental benefits as chemical approaches require large scale use of hazardous chemical solvents and substantial energy input. Enzymatic reactions can be carried out at ambient temperature, and reaction medium in many cases is water, which is a green solvent. Moreover, it also reduces the waste generated by chemical processes. Thus, enzymatic approaches to polymer synthesis are socially, environmentally, and economically superior to chemical approaches.
Vitrimer Chemistry and Applications
Authors: Van Zee Nathan J. , Nicolaÿ Renaud 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Vitrimers are permanent yet dynamic polymer networks that ideally behave like conventional thermosets at service temperatures but flow like vitreous glasses at processing temperatures. They are characterized by constant, temperature‐independent network connectivity as well as the ability to completely relax stress as a result of dynamic exchange reactions between the cross‐links. Other important features include enhanced insolubility, healing properties, and facile shaping. Since the introduction of vitrimers in 2011, which were epoxy‐acid and epoxy‐anhydride resins loaded with a transesterification catalyst, many kinds of dynamic covalent chemistries have been employed in polymer networks to create new vitrimers. Born from these advancements, exciting new applications have been reported that cannot be realized with conventional thermosets. In this article, we introduce fundamental principles of vitrimer science and provide an overview of recent advances in vitrimer chemistry. Finally, we discuss the use of vitrimers in recycling, shape‐memory materials, composites, and a variety of other nascent applications.
Reactive and Responsive Polymers for Sensing Applications in Bodily Fluids
Authors: Zhang Qiang , Hu Liang , Guo Siyuan , Zhang Yingnan , Carvalho Wildemar S.P. , Serpe Michael J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Detection of ions, small molecules, and biomolecules is of utmost importance for protecting human health and ensuring our well‐being. Therefore, a tremendous amount of research has been conducted to develop new sensor technology with increased sensitivity and selectivity to analytes, very short analysis times, ease of operation, and usability in complex media (i.e. bodily fluids). In this article, we cover many examples of stimuli‐responsive polymer (SPRs) and reactive polymer‐based sensors for detection and quantification of analytes in bodily fluids, e.g. saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, sweat, and urine. In each case, the details of the response of the polymer to the presence of analyte and the translation of that response to a signal are included.
Construction of Chemical Recycling Systems of Polymeric Materials Based on Equilibrium Polymerizations and Reversible Reactions
Authors: Endo Takeshi , Sudo Atsushi 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Development of chemical recycling systems of polymer materials is one of the most important subjects in polymer chemistry, because such systems enable reduction of the consumption of fossil‐based chemicals used for production of polymer materials. This article describes our efforts to construct chemical recycling systems based on the equilibrium nature of ring‐opening polymerizations of properly designed multi‐cyclic monomers including spiroorthoesters (SOEs), bicycloorthoesters (BOEs), cyclic carbonates (CCs), and its analogs, and some reversible reactions of vicinal tricarbonyl compounds and benzoxazines. The recycling systems described herein include not only efficient depolymerizations of polymers into the corresponding monomers but also decrosslinking of networked polymers into the corresponding linear polymers.
Macromolecular Engineering by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
Authors: Matyjaszewski Krzysztof 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAtom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is one of the most often used controlled radical polymerization techniques for the preparation of various well‐defined advanced materials. ATRP is a catalytic process based on Cu‐based complexes. New very active catalysts can be used at ppm levels, also in aqueous media, making ATRP more environmentally benign. Precise control over various elements of polymer architecture, such as functionality, composition, and topology affords well‐defined gradient or block copolymers, as well as stars, brushes, or networks. ATRP has been successfully used to covalently linked synthetic polymers with inorganics (nanoparticles and flat or curved surfaces) and natural products (proteins and nucleic acids). Advanced functional materials prepared by ATRP find applications as coatings, thermoplastic elastomers, surfactants, dispersants, nanostructured carbons, functionalized surfaces, and biorelated materials.
Ion Transport in Batteries with Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Yu Xiaopeng , Lennartz Peter , Sahore Ritu , Dudney Nancy , Brunklaus Gunther , Balsara Nitash P. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe discuss polymer electrolytes for use in rechargeable lithium batteries. Polymer electrolytes have the potential to enable batteries with lithium metal anodes. These batteries have significantly higher theoretical energy densities than current lithium‐ion batteries. We consider binary mixtures of polymers and salts. We also cover more complex systems such as polymer electrolytes swollen with a solvent (gel polymer electrolytes) and microphase separated polymer electrolytes. By covalently attaching the anions to the chains in a polymer solid, one obtains a single‐ion conductor. We mainly focus on experiments wherein the polymer electrolyte is placed between two lithium metal electrodes. These experiments enable the determination of three transport parameters, ionic conductivity, salt diffusion coefficient, and transference number, and the thermodynamic factor. The properties of dry polymer electrolytes are contrasted with those of gel polymer electrolytes. The gel systems exhibit higher conductivity while the dry systems exhibit superior mechanical properties. We discuss interfacial impedance when lithium metal is contacted with polymer electrolytes and the importance of coulombic efficiency.
Neutron Scattering in Polymers
Authors: Richter Dieter , Schwahn Dietmar 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We present a short overview about neutron applications in polymer science. After describing some neutron scattering basics such as neutron cross section and structure factors, we describe the major instrumentations that are used. Concerning structural research, we discuss neutron small‐angle scattering (SANS) and grazing incident SANS that because of space limitations stands also for reflectometry. In the realm of dynamics, we focus on quasielastic scattering (QENS) and address time of flight, backscattering, and neutron spin echo instruments. For both structural and dynamic studies, we present typical examples that demonstrate the breadth and width of neutron scattering in the field.
Macromolecular Engineering via Polyelectrolyte Complexation
Authors: Meng Siqi , Tirrell Matthew V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) are materials formed when mixing aqueous solutions of polycations and polyanions, resulting in a polymer‐dense complex phase, separating out from a polymer‐poor supernatant phase. Ever since the first observation of this type of polymeric material almost a century ago, these ionic assemblies have attracted continued interest, not only because of the significant roles they play in diverse natural and biological systems but also due to their broad utility in a wide range of applications, particularly those that involve encapsulation and aqueous adhesion, such as drug delivery, underwater coating, water treatment, and food industry. In this article, we first introduce the key factors that govern the self‐assembly process of PECs and highlight several main industrial and biological applications. Next, we discuss the recent experimental, computational, and theoretical advancements in providing an in‐depth physical understanding of this important class of material from the perspectives of phase behavior, structural model, dynamics, water content, and solid–liquid transition.