bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Polymer Network Layer Containing Dually Anchored Ionic Liquids for Stable Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Dai Shuqi , Wang Chaozhi , Huang Chongyang , Li Shurong , Xu Yongsheng , Song Yaohao , Zeng Guangjian , Zhu Jie , Sun Taoling , Huang Mingjun 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries with high sulfur utilization, long‐cycle life, and dendrite‐free features hold great promise for the development of next‐generation energy storage devices of high energy density. Considerable efforts have been committed to solving the polysulfide shuttle problem toward highly stable Li–S batteries. Here, a unique polymer network containing dually anchored ionic liquids (DA‐PIL) is devolped to improve the cycling performance and coulombic efficiency of Li–S batteries. This DA‐PIL electrolyte incorporates the amphiphilicity of both the polysulfides anion and lithium cation, creating an ionic function layer on polypropylene separator. Noteworthily, the DA‐PIL network is “clean” in the sense that no free ionic specifies are introduced to the electrolyte system. The DA‐PIL layer not only enables strong supression against polysulfide shuttling but simultaneously allows fast lithium transportation owing to cooperate electrostatic interaction among anchored cations and anions. The DA‐PIL layer functionalized on a polypropylene separator can boost excellent stability of Li–S battery with >1600 h cycling test at 0.25 mA cm−2. The Li–S cell with DA‐PIL layer delivers a higher discharge capacity of 827.4 mAh g−1 at 1C. A discharge capacity of 630.6 mAh g−1 is retained after 1000 cycles.
Revisiting the Classical Wide‐Bandgap HOMO and Random Copolymers for Indoor Artificial Light Photovoltaics
Authors: Kim Jeonga , Saeed Muhammad Ahsan , Kim Sung Hyun , Lee Dongmin , Jang Yongchan , Park Jin Su , Lee Donggu , Lee Changyeon , Kim Bumjoon J. , Woo Han Young , Shim Jae Won , Lee Wonho 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOrganic indoor photovoltaics (IPVs) are attractive energy harvesting devices for low‐power consumption electronic devices and the Internet of Things (IoTs) owing to their properties such as being lightweight, semitransparent, having multicoloring capability, and flexibility. It is important to match the absorption range of photoactive materials with the emission spectra of indoor light sources that have a visible range of 400–700 nm for IPVs to provide sustainable, high‐power density. To this end, benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐based homopolymer (PBDTT) is synthesized as a polymer donor, which is a classical material that has a wide bandgap with a deep highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) level, and a series of random copolymers by incorporating thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6,‐dione (TPD) as a weak electron acceptor unit in PBDTT. The composition of the TPD unit is varied to fine tune the absorption range of the polymers; the polymer containing 70% TPD (B30T70) perfectly covers the entire range of indoor lamps such as light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) and fluorescent lamp (FL). Consequently, B30T70 shows a dramatic enhancement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 1‐sun (PCE: 6.0%) to the indoor environment (PCE: 18.3%) when fabricating organic IPVs by blending with PC71BM. The simple, easy molecular design guidelines are suggested to develop photoactive materials for efficient organic IPVs.
Charge Transfer Complexes (CTCs) with Pyridinium Salts: Toward Efficient Dual Photochemical/Thermal Initiators and 3D Printing Applications
Authors: Ma Qiang , Buchon Loïc , Magné Valentin , Graff Bernadette , Morlet‐Savary Fabrice , Xu Yangyang , Benltifa Mahmoud , Lakhdar Sami , Lalevée Jacques 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn both organic and polymer synthesis, photochemistry of charge transfer complexes (CTCs) is considered as a powerful approach to expand visible‐light‐driven radical chemistry reaction. One reports herein on the development of a class of useful CTCs using pyridinium salts as efficient electron acceptors (combined with N, N, 3,5‐tetramethylaniline, TMA) to achieve a multiwavelength (375–560 nm) metal‐free LED photopolymerization process under mild conditions (open to air, without monomer purification and inhibitor removal). The UV–vis absorption spectra and molecular modeling simultaneously verify its potential blue‐green absorbing wavelength range. Also, their good thermal initiation behavior at relatively low temperatures makes it easier to achieve thick samples and/or polymerization in the shadow region in practice. More importantly, with excellent photoinitiating capability, the formulation is successfully applied to direct laser write (DLW) and high‐resolution 3D printing, yielding a series of objects with well‐defined structures, such as letters, ring, solid squares, and chess pieces. These new pyridinium salt acceptors further extend the applicability to visible photopolymerizable resins and additive‐containing formulations for efficient surface and deep curing.
Nuclear‐medicine probes: Where we are and where we are going
Authors: Gonzalez‐Montoro Andrea , Vera‐Donoso Cesar David , Konstantinou Georgios , Sopena Pablo , Martinez Manolo , Ortiz Juan Bautista , Carles Montserrat , Benlloch Jose Maria , Gonzalez Antonio Javier 
Published: May 2022

AbstractNuclear medicine probes turned into the key for the identification and precise location of sentinel lymph nodes and other occult lesions (i.e., tumors) by using the systemic administration of radiotracers. Intraoperative nuclear probes are key in the surgical management of some malignancies as well as in the determination of positive surgical margins, thus reducing the extent and potential surgery morbidity.Depending on their application, nuclear probes are classified into two main categories, namely, counting and imaging. Although counting probes present a simple design, are handheld (to be moved rapidly), and provide only acoustic signals when detecting radiation, imaging probes, also known as cameras, are more hardware‐complex and also able to provide images but at the cost of an increased intervention time as displacing the camera has to be done slowly.This review article begins with an introductory section to highlight the relevance of nuclear‐based probes and their components as well as the main differences between ionization‐ (semiconductor) and scintillation‐based probes. Then, the most significant performance parameters of the probe are reviewed (i.e., sensitivity, contrast, count rate capabilities, shielding, energy, and spatial resolution), as well as the different types of probes based on the target radiation nature, namely: gamma (γ), beta (β) (positron and electron), and Cherenkov. Various available intraoperative nuclear probes are finally compared in terms of performance to discuss the state‐of‐the‐art of nuclear medicine probes.The manuscript concludes by discussing the ideal probe design and the aspects to be considered when selecting nuclear‐medicine probes.
Pencil beam scanning dose calibration at reduced source‐to‐axis distance
Authors: Depauw Nicolas , Kooy Hanne , Winey Brian , Clasie Benjamin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundPencil beam scanning (PBS) monitoring chambers use an ionization control signal, monitor units (MUs), or gigaprotons (Gp) to irradiate a pencil beam and normalize dose calculations. The nozzle deflects the beam from the nozzle axis by an angle subtended at the source‐to‐axis distance (τ) from the isocenter. If the angle is not correctly considered in calibrations or calculations, it can lead to systematic errors.PurposeAspects to consider for machines of various τs are fourfold. First, for the machine, there is a pathlength change of proton tracks in the monitor chamber. Second, for measurements, a uniform‐square irradiation over a plane, with constant Gp per spot, does not deliver uniform dose in a measurement plane. Third, for Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, Gp (and not MU) is proportional to simulating a number of protons. Fourth, for pencil beam algorithms (PBA), MU or Gp may be used for pencil beam weight, but usage needs to be consistent. Another consideration is the beam shape change from circular to oval in the projection onto voxels.MethodsCoordinate systems for PBS delivery are described.ResultsUsers of intermediate‐τ machines, corresponding to the onset of 1% pathlength corrections within the scanned field size, must not assume that MUs are proportional to the number of particles in MC simulations, and the PBA may need pathlength corrections. For a field size of 24 × 24 cm2, intermediate‐τ machines correspond to 59 cm ≤ τ < 120 cm. For a field size of 40 × 40 cm2, intermediate‐τ machines correspond to 98 cm ≤ τ < 200 cm. Small‐τ machines correspond to τ < 59 and 98 cm at these field sizes, respectively, which require corrections in projecting the beam shape onto voxels.ConclusionsIdentifying corrections due to the pencil beam angle and their onset are important for reducing the outer diameter of proton therapy gantries. The use of Gp (or the number of protons) meterset standardizes data interchange and helps to reduce systematic errors due to the angle of the beam.
Dual gating myocardial perfusion SPECT denoising using a conditional generative adversarial network
Authors: Sun Jingzhang , Zhang Qi , Du Yu , Zhang Duo , Pretorius P. Hendrik , King Michael A. , Mok Greta S. P. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPurposeDual respiratory–cardiac gating reduces respiratory and cardiac motion blur in myocardial perfusion single‐photon emission computed tomography (MP‐SPECT). However, image noise is increased as detected counts are reduced in each dual gate (DG). We aim to develop a denoising method for dual gating MP‐SPECT images using a 3D conditional generative adversarial network (cGAN).MethodsTwenty extended cardiac‐torso phantoms with various 99mTc‐sestamibi distributions, defect characteristics, and body and organ sizes were used in the simulation, modeling six respiratory and eight cardiac gates (CGs), that is, 48 DGs for ordered subset expectation maximization reconstruction. Twenty clinical 99mTc‐sestamibi SPECT/CT datasets were re‐binned into 7 respiratory gates and 8 CGs, that is, 56 DGs for maximum likelihood expectation maximization reconstruction. We evaluated the use of (i) phantoms’ own datasets (patient‐specific denoising [PD]) or other phantoms’ datasets (cross‐patient denoising) for training; (ii) the CG or the static (non‐gated [NG]) data as the training references for cGAN; and (iii) cGAN as compared to conventional 3D post‐reconstruction filtering, cardiac gating methods, and convolutional neural network. Normalized mean squared error, noise as assessed by normalized standard deviation, spatial blurring measured as the full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum of left ventricular wall, ejection fraction, joint correlation histogram, and defect size were analyzed as metrics of image quality.ResultsTraining using patients’ own dataset is superior to conventional training based on other patients’ data. Using CG image as training reference provides a better trade‐off in terms of noise and image blur as compared to the use of NG. cGAN‐CG‐PD provides superior performance as compared to other denoising methods for all physical and diagnostic indices evaluated in both simulation and clinical studies.ConclusionscGAN denoising is promising for dual gating MP‐SPECT based on the metrics mentioned earlier.
Development of specialized magnetic resonance acquisition techniques for human hyperpolarized [13C,15N2]urea + [1‐13C]pyruvate simultaneous perfusion and metabolic imaging
Authors: Liu Xiaoxi , Tang Shuyu , Mu Changhua , Qin Hecong , Cui Di , Lai Ying‐Chieh , Riselli Andrew M. , Delos Santos Romelyn , Carvajal Lucas , Gebrezgiabhier Daniel , Bok Robert A. , Chen Hsin‐Yu , Flavell Robert R. , Gordon Jeremy W. , Vigneron Daniel B. , Kurhanewicz John , Larson Peder E. Z. 
Published: May 2022

PurposeThis study aimed to develop and demonstrate the in vivo feasibility of a 3D stack‐of‐spiral balanced steady‐state free precession(3D‐bSSFP) urea sequence, interleaved with a metabolite‐specific gradient echo (GRE) sequence for pyruvate and metabolic products, for improving the SNR and spatial resolution of the first hyperpolarized 13C‐MRI human study with injection of co‐hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate and [13C,15N2]urea.MethodsA metabolite‐specific bSSFP urea imaging sequence was designed using a urea‐specific excitation pulse, optimized TR, and 3D stack‐of‐spiral readouts. Simulations and phantom studies were performed to validate the spectral response of the sequence. The image quality of urea data acquired by the 3D‐bSSFP sequence and the 2D‐GRE sequence was evaluated with 2 identical injections of co‐hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate and [13C,15N2]urea formula in a rat. Subsequently, the feasibility of the acquisition strategy was validated in a prostate cancer patient.ResultsSimulations and phantom studies demonstrated that 3D‐bSSFP sequence achieved urea‐only excitation, while minimally perturbing other metabolites (<1%). An animal study demonstrated that compared to GRE, bSSFP sequence provided an ∼2.5‐fold improvement in SNR without perturbing urea or pyruvate kinetics, and bSSFP approach with a shorter spiral readout reduced blurring artifacts caused by J‐coupling of [13C,15N2]urea. The human study demonstrated the in vivo feasibility and data quality of the acquisition strategy.ConclusionThe 3D‐bSSFP urea sequence with a stack‐of‐spiral acquisition demonstrated significantly increased SNR and image quality for [13C,15N2]urea in co‐hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate and [13C,15N2]urea imaging studies. This work lays the foundation for future human studies to achieve high‐quality and high‐SNR metabolism and perfusion images.
Quantification of NAD+ in human brain with 1H MR spectroscopy at 3 T: Comparison of three localization techniques with different handling of water magnetization
Authors: Dziadosz Martyna , Hoefemann Maike , Döring André , Marjańska Malgorzata , Auerbach Edward John , Kreis Roland 
Published: May 2022

PurposeThe detection of nicotinamide‐adenine‐dinucleotide (NAD+) is challenging using standard 1H MR spectroscopy, because it is of low concentration and affected by polarization‐exchange with water. Therefore, this study compares three techniques to access NAD+ quantification at 3 T–one with and two without water presaturation.MethodsA large brain volume in 10 healthy subjects was investigated with three techniques: semi‐LASER with water‐saturation (WS) (TE = 35 ms), semi‐LASER with metabolite‐cycling (MC) (TE = 35 ms), and the non‐water‐excitation (nWE) technique 2D ISIS‐localization with chemical‐shift‐selective excitation (2D I‐CSE) (TE = 10.2 ms). Spectra were quantified with optimized modeling in FiTAID.ResultsNAD+ could be well quantified in cohort‐average spectra with all techniques. Obtained apparent NAD+ tissue contents are all lower than expected from literature confirming restricted visibility by 1H MRS. The estimated value from WS‐MRS (58 μM) was considerably lower than those obtained with non‐WS techniques (146 μM for MC‐semi‐LASER and 125 μM for 2D I‐CSE). The nWE technique with shortest TE gave largest NAD+ signals but suffered from overlap with large amide signals. MC‐semi‐LASER yielded best estimation precision as reflected in relative Cramer‐Rao bounds (14%, 21 μM/146 μM) and also best robustness as judged by the coefficient‐of‐variance over the cohort (11%, 10 μM/146 μM). The MR‐visibility turned out as 16% with WS and 41% with MC.ConclusionThree methods to assess NAD+ in human brain at 3 T have been compared. NAD+ could be detected with a visibility of ∼41% for the MC method. This may open a new window for the observation of pathological changes in the clinical research setting.
In vivo detection of carnosine and its derivatives using chemical exchange saturation transfer
Authors: Bardin Solène , Lecis Michele , Boido Davide , Boutin Céline , Baron Giovanna , Aldini Giancarlo , Berthault Patrick , Boumezbeur Fawzi , Ciobanu Luisa 
Published: May 2022

PurposeTo detect carnosine, anserine and homocarnosine in vivo with chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) at 17.2 T.MethodsCEST MR acquisitions were performed using a CEST‐linescan sequence developed in‐house and optimized for carnosine detection. In vivo CEST data were collected from three different regions of interest (the lower leg muscle, the olfactory bulb and the neocortex) of eight rats.ResultsThe CEST effect for carnosine, anserine and homocarnosine was characterized in phantoms, demonstrating the possibility to separate individual contributions by employing high spectral resolution (0.005 ppm) and low CEST saturation power (0.15 T). The CEST signature of these peptides was evidenced, in vivo, in the rat brain and skeletal muscle. The presence of carnosine and anserine in the muscle was corroborated by in vivo localized spectroscopy (MRS). However, the sensitivity of MRS was insufficient for carnosine and homocarnosine detection in the brain. The absolute amounts of carnosine and derivatives in the investigated tissues were determined by liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization‐tandem mass spectrometry using isotopic dilution standard methods and were in agreement with the CEST results.ConclusionThe robustness of the CEST‐linescan approach and the favorable conditions for CEST at ultra‐high magnetic field allowed the in vivo CEST MR detection of carnosine and related peptides. This approach could be useful to investigate noninvasively the (patho)‐physiological roles of these molecules.
CoilGen: Open‐source MR coil layout generator
Authors: Amrein Philipp , Jia Feng , Zaitsev Maxim , Littin Sebastian 
Published: May 2022

PurposeAn automated algorithm for generating realizable MR gradient and shim coil layouts based on the boundary element method is presented here. The overall goal is to reduce postprocessing effort and thus enable for rapid prototyping of new coil designs. For a given surface mesh and target field, the algorithm generates a connected, non‐overlapping wire path.MethodsThe proposed algorithm consists of several steps: Stream function optimization, two‐dimensional surface projection, potential discretization, topological contour sorting, opening and interconnecting contours, and finally adding non‐overlapping return paths. Several technical parameters such as current strength, inductance and field accuracy are assessed for quality control.ResultsThe proposed method is successfully demonstrated in four different examples. All exemplary results demonstrate high accuracy with regard to reaching the respective target field. The optimal discretization for a given stream function is found by generating multiple layouts while varying the input parameter values.ConclusionThe presented algorithm allows for a rapid generation of interconnected coil layouts with high flexibility and low discretization error. This enables to reduce the overall post‐processing effort. The source code of this work is publicly available (
https://github.com/Philipp‐MR/CoilGen).
Reservoir Fish Escapement in North America: A Historical Review and Future Directions
Authors: Lewis Madeline C. , Cope W. Robert , Miles Thomas P. , Rude Claire , Bruesewitz Richard E. , Dodd Benjamin J. , Flammang Mark K. , Page Kevin S. , Weber Robert , Weber Michael J. , Wolter Max 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Downstream escapement of fishes from reservoirs via release structures can represent a loss to populations that is comparable to natural and harvest mortality. Consequently, quantifying and managing fish escapement constitute a critical component of sustainable reservoir fish management. We reviewed existing literature to assess the state of knowledge of reservoir fish escapement and found 57 unique papers published from 1942 through 2021. Early studies sought to evaluate escapement by directly capturing fish below release structures. More recently, advances in technology have enabled more detailed studies on factors influencing escapement and the influence it has on regulating reservoir fisheries. Evaluations have occurred throughout North America, assessing escapement of 49 species through a number of different outlet structures. Annual escapement estimates ranged from 0% to 100%, and escapement tended to be higher from spillways and surface release outlets compared to other outlets. Further, smaller-bodied individuals tended to escape at higher rates than larger fish and escapement was generally positively related to reservoir discharge metrics. Sixteen papers assessed benefits of physical and nonphysical barriers for reducing reservoir fish escapement and determined that the barriers were effective for retaining fish in reservoirs. We conclude by describing management options to address escapement as well as three pressing research needs that will broaden the existing knowledge base regarding fish escapement. In light of predicted changes in precipitation events and subsequent adaptations to reservoir management, quantifying and mitigating fish escapement will be a critical component of sustainable reservoir fish management in the future.
Dynamic behaviour of layered transversely isotropic poroelastic media subjected to rectangular harmonic loads
Authors: Ai Zhi Yong , Gu Gan Lin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis paper aims to investigate the dynamic behaviour of layered transversely isotropic (TI) poroelastic media subjected to rectangular harmonic loads. First, governing equations of a medium layer derived from Biot's dynamic theory of porous media and constitutive equations of TI materials are converted into the ordinary differential domain by means of integral transform techniques. Next, by introducing boundary and load conditions, the extended precise integration method (PIM) is applied to obtain the solution for a multi‐layered system. Then, after an inverse integral treatment, the numerical results in the physical domain are verified with published work, and some examples are designed to unravel the effect of transverse isotropy, load frequencies and stratification on the dynamic behaviour of media.
Beyond Kolbe and Hofer–Moest: Electrochemical Synthesis of Carboxylic Anhydrides from Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Häring Andreas P. , Pollok Dennis , Strücker Benjamin R. , Kilian Vincent , Schneider Johannes , Waldvogel Siegfried R. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHerein we report a conceptually new non‐decarboxylative electrolysis of carboxylic acids to obtain their corresponding anhydrides as highly valuable reagents in organic synthesis. All carbon atoms of the starting material are preserved in the product in an overall redox‐neutral reaction. In a broad substrate scope of carboxylic acids the anhydrides are generated with high selectivity, which demonstrates the versatility of the developed method. Beneficially, no dehydrating reagents are required in comparison to conventional methods and the synthesis is based on uncritical starting materials using graphite and stainless steel as very inexpensive and eco‐friendly electrode materials.