bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Mini‐Batch Stochastic Optimization‐Based Adaptive Localization Scheme and Its Implementation in NLS‐i4DVar
Authors: Zhang Hongqin , Tian Xiangjun , Feng Xiaobing 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis paper proposes a mini‐batch stochastic optimization‐based adaptive localization scheme for computing the “optimal” localization radius in data assimilation (DA) applications. After constructing a cost function of the localization radius by estimating forecast and observation error statistics, a mini‐batch stochastic gradient descent method with a novel sampling strategy is proposed to minimize the cost function. The proposed stochastic optimization algorithm is further incorporated into the DA method NLS‐i4DVar (the nonlinear least squares integral correcting four‐dimensional variational DA method), which was developed by the authors in Tian et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021EA001767). It is utilized to compute the “optimal” covariance localization radii adaptively and flow‐dependently inside NLS‐i4DVar. The computational cost of NLS‐i4DVar with the proposed adaptive localization scheme only increases slightly due to the use of the mini‐batch stochastic optimization algorithm. Numerical experimental results using the shallow‐water equations demonstrate that NLS‐i4DVar with the proposed adaptive localization scheme shows substantial performance improvement over the standard NLS‐i4DVar method.
Tsunami Triggered by the Lamb Wave From the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Eruption and Transition in the Offshore Japan Region
Authors: Yamada Masumi , Ho Tung‐Cheng , Mori Jim , Nishikawa Yasuhiro , Yamamoto Masa‐Yuki 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe 2022 volcanic eruption in Tonga caused an unusually large tsunami around the Pacific. It travels with a faster apparent velocity and has larger amplitudes at long distances than what would be expected from a conventional tsunami from the volcanic source. This tsunami was generated by the moving atmospheric Lamb wave and traveled at the speed of the Lamb wave (0.31 km/s). Japanese data showed the amplitude of this first tsunami becomes small when approaching the coast, due to the weaker air‐sea coupling at the shallow depth. This wave split when passing the continental slope, and traveled at the speed of the ocean gravity wave. Therefore, the tsunami observed at the coast is delayed by thousands of seconds from the passage of the Lamb wave. Tsunamis generated by this atmospheric mechanism have not been previously observed by modern digital recording systems and should be considered in the tsunami warning systems.
Debris Cover Limits Subglacial Erosion and Promotes Till Accumulation
Authors: Delaney Ian , Anderson Leif S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractGlaciers are commonly conceptualized as bodies composed of snow and ice. Yet, many glaciers contain a substantial amount of rock, especially those abutting steep mountains. Mountain slopes erode, depositing rocks on glaciers below. This loose rock (or debris) is buried in glaciers and melts out lower down creating a debris cover. Debris cover reduces ice melt, which changes the shape and movement of glaciers. Glacier movement, specifically basal sliding, efficiently sculpts landscapes. To date, we know little about the impacts of surface debris on conditions below glaciers. To help remedy this, we run numerical model simulations which show that debris‐covered glaciers erode slower than glaciers unaffected by debris. Reduced melt under surface debris lowers sliding speeds and causes sediment to accumulate at the bed, potentially establishing conditions for surging. The influence of surface debris cover on the subglacial environment may hold substantial implications for alpine sediment storage and landscape evolution.
Resolving the Tectonic Setting of South China in the Late Paleozoic
Authors: Gao Biao , Chen Jitao , Huang Xing , Xin Hao , Zheng Quanfeng 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe tectonic setting of South China during the late Paleozoic is essential to understanding the geodynamics off the eastern margin of Pangea supercontinent due to its unique paleo‐position at the confluence of the Paleo‐Tethys and Panthalassic oceans. Limited late Paleozoic magmatic and matemorphic records in South China have hampered resolution of this tectonic setting. Here, we present integrated biostratigraphic, geochronological, and isotope geochemical data on the late Carboniferous siliciclastic rocks from southeast South China in order to decipher the tectonic evolution of the South China Block. The sandstones were predominantly sourced from the Wuyi Terrane via short‐distance transportation. Rapid exhumation of ca. 318 Ma plutonic rocks in the source region, evolution of source of magmatism, and continuous crustal thinning demonstrate that southeast South China underwent episodic lithospheric delamination triggered by thermal perturbation as a result of subduction of the paleo‐Pacific plate beneath the South China Block in the late Paleozoic.
Interpretation of the Theta Aurora Based on the Null‐Separator Structure
Authors: Tanaka T. , Ebihara Y. , Watanabe M. , Fujita S. , Nishitani N. , Kataoka R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe theta aurora is reproduced by global simulation. First, we construct a solution for the stationary northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) forming the separatrices, the separators, the nulls, and the stemlines. From the drawing of last‐closed field lines, the overall structure under this condition is summarized as the northern lobe is generated by a separatrix emanating from the southern null. In this paper, all variations are antisymmetric in the southern hemisphere. Afterward, the IMF By is switched to reproduce the theta aurora. The ionospheric theta aurora is reproduced as closed magnetic field regions. The polar cap is divided to old and new parts, by the theta bar. In the magnetosphere, two dayside nulls occur corresponding to the new IMF and two nulls corresponding to the old IMF retreat tailward. The four nulls form a structure connected by four separators, constructing the magnetospheric topology corresponding to the theta aurora. In this topology, old and new nulls in the southern hemisphere generate old and new lobes in the northern hemisphere. Each lobe is projected onto northern old and new polar caps. The origin of the theta bar is the stagnating closed magnetic field region that occurs between old and new lobes. Separator reconnection occurs between the old lobe in the southern and the new lobe in the northern hemispheres, reducing southern old polar caps. This is the cause of the movement of the theta bar. The theta aurora is the phenomenon that demonstrates the existence of the null‐separator structure.
Stress Control of Dike Deflection and Flank Eruption at Akaroa Volcano, New Zealand
Authors: Goldman Robert T. , Albright John A. , Gravley Darren M. , Grosfils Eric B. , Gregg Patricia M. , Hampton Samuel J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the stress evolution of extinct volcanoes can improve efforts to forecast flank eruptions on active systems. Field, petrographic, and seismic data are combined with numerical modeling to investigate the paleo‐stress field of New Zealand's Akaroa Volcano, or Akaroa Volcanic Complex. Field mapping identifies 86 radially oriented dikes and seven lava domes found only within a narrow elevation range along Akaroa's erosional crater rim. These observations suggest that crater rim dike emplacement resulted from lateral deflection of vertically ascending intrusions from a centralized magma source, which in turn may have facilitated formation of the lava domes, as well as two scoria cones. We postulate that dike deflection occurred along a stress barrier, as neither a compositional change nor structural boundary are present. We use a finite element model (FEM) simulating Akaroa to test how different factors may have influenced the system's stress state and dike geometry. Elastic, non‐flexural (“roller”) model configurations containing a large, oblate, and shallow magma chamber produce stress barriers most conducive to radial dike emplacement along Akaroa's crater rim. These configurations also simulate rapid edifice construction above a preexisting lithospheric “bulge.” Conversely, simulating flexural stresses exerted on the lithosphere by Akaroa's large mass hinder rather than promote radial dike emplacement. Temperature‐dependent viscoelastic relaxation promotes gradual increases in stress barrier elevation, though this effect is strongly dependent on magma chamber parameters. These results suggest that Akaroa was constructed rapidly (within ∼100 kyr) prior to crater rim dike emplacement, which occurred throughout the volcano's remaining active lifespan.
Relative Roles of Sediment Transport and Localized Erosion on Phosphorus Load in the Lower Susquehanna River and Its Mouth in the Chesapeake Bay, USA
Authors: Li Qiang , Gray Katelyn E. , Jaisi Deb P. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractParticle size greatly influences the fate of phosphorus (P) in estuaries as P adheres more readily to the larger surface area in smaller sized particles. Here, data on two size fractions of particulate matter, permanently suspended particulate matter (PSPM, ≤40 μm) and resuspended particulate matter (RSPM, >40 μm), from field and controlled laboratory erosion experiments were analyzed to determine their relative contribution to water column P in the mouth of the Susquehanna River in the upper Chesapeake Bay. Based on the composition of sequentially extracted P pools, C and N isotopes, and elemental data, all PSPM and the majority of RSPM are most likely derived from allochthonous sources through river transport. A minor fraction of particulate matter in the water column was derived from sediment resuspension, which had a dominant role above the sediment‐water interface in the river's mouth. The proportion of biologically available P pools to recalcitrant P pools in suspended particulate matter decreased with water column depth, indicating their preferential removal or biological utilization during settling. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) mobilized during sediment erosion experiments, regardless of particle size, was richer in biologically available P pools than SPM in the field, suggesting higher mobility of these pools in the field. These complementary results from field and field‐simulated laboratory erosion experiments provide unique insights into the composition of particulate matter under different hydrodynamic regimes in the river estuary.
Alternative energy sources could support life on Europa
Authors: Schulze‐Makuch Dirk , Irwin Louis N. 
Published: August 2022

Energy pervades the solar system in a variety of forms, including electromagnetic and particle radiation, magnetism, heat, kinetic motion, and gravitational interactions. Life on Earth is sustained by the conversion of light and chemical energy into proton gradients across membranes that drive the phosphorylation of high‐energy intermediate metabolites.The use of light and reduced chemical bonds as energy sources is not surprising on Earth, where the intensity of light is strong and an oxidizing atmosphere favors energy‐yielding chemical reactions. However, any naturally occurring energy gradient that generates charge separation across boundary layers could theoretically yield the free energy needed to sustain life. Using specific, plausible examples from Jupiter's ice‐covered satellite Europa, we propose that alternative energy sources could sustain life where neither light nor an oxidizing atmosphere is available.
Role of an unclassified Lachnospiraceae in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes: a longitudinal study of the urine microbiome and metabolites
Authors: Kim Kangjin , Lee Sanghun , Park Sang-Chul , Kim Nam-Eun , Shin Chol , Lee Seung Ku , Jung Youngae , Yoon Dankyu , Kim Hyeonjeong , Kim Sanghyun , Hwang Geum-Sook , Won Sungho 
Published: August 2022

AbstractRecent investigations have revealed that the human microbiome plays an essential role in the occurrence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, despite the importance of understanding the involvement of the microbiota throughout the body in T2D, most studies have focused specifically on the intestinal microbiota. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been recently found to provide important evidence regarding the mechanisms of T2D pathogenesis, as they act as key messengers between intestinal microorganisms and the host. Herein, we explored microorganisms potentially associated with T2D by tracking changes in microbiota-derived EVs from patient urine samples collected three times over four years. Mendelian randomization analysis was conducted to evaluate the causal relationships among microbial organisms, metabolites, and clinical measurements to provide a comprehensive view of how microbiota can influence T2D. We also analyzed EV-derived metagenomic (N = 393), clinical (N = 5032), genomic (N = 8842), and metabolite (N = 574) data from a prospective longitudinal Korean community-based cohort. Our data revealed thatGU174097_g, an unclassifiedLachnospiraceae, was associated with T2D (β = −189.13;p = 0.00006), and it was associated with the ketone bodies acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate (r = −0.0938 and −0.0829, respectively;p = 0.0022 and 0.0069, respectively). Furthermore, a causal relationship was identified between acetoacetate and HbA1c levels (β = 0.0002;p = 0.0154).GU174097_greduced ketone body levels, thus decreasing HbA1c levels and the risk of T2D. Taken together, our findings indicate thatGU174097_gmay lower the risk of T2D by reducing ketone body levels.
Akt1-dependent expression of angiopoietin 1 and 2 in vascular smooth muscle cells leads to vascular stabilization
Authors: Ha Jung Min , Jin Seo Yeon , Lee Hye Sun , Kum Hye Jin , Vafaeinik Farzaneh , Ha Hong Koo , Song Sang Heon , Kim Chi Dae , Bae Sun Sik 
Published: August 2022

AbstractRetinal angiogenesis was delayed in VSMC-specific Akt1-deficient mice (Akt1∆SMC) but not in Akt2∆SMC mice. The proliferation of ECs, recruitment of pericytes, and coverage of VSMCs to the endothelium were defective in Akt1∆SMC. The silencing of Akt1 in VSMCs led to the downregulation of angiopoietin 1 (Ang1) and the upregulation of Ang2. The activation of Notch3 in VSMCs was significantly reduced in the retinas of Akt1∆SMC mice. Silencing Akt1 suppressed the activation of Notch3. Moreover, the silencing of Notch3 downregulated Ang1, whereas the overexpression of Notch3 intracellular domain (NICD3) enhanced Ang1 expression. The nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of yes-associated protein (YAP) were affected by the expression level of Akt1. Silencing YAP downregulated Ang2 expression, whereas overexpression of YAP showed the opposite results. Ang1 antibody and Ang2 suppressed endothelial sprouting of wild-type aortic tissues, whereas the Ang2 antibody and Ang1 facilitated the endothelial sprouting of aortic tissues from Akt1∆SMC mice. Finally, severe hemorrhage was observed in Akt1∆SMC mice, which was further facilitated under streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic conditions. Therefore, the Akt1-Notch3/YAP-Ang1/2 signaling cascade in VSMCs might play an essential role in the paracrine regulation of endothelial function.
Dietary selection of metabolically distinct microorganisms drives hydrogen metabolism in ruminants
Authors: Li Qiu Shuang , Wang Rong , Ma Zhi Yuan , Zhang Xiu Min , Jiao Jin Zhen , Zhang Zhi Gang , Ungerfeld Emilio M , Le Yi Kang , Zhang Bai Zhong , Long Liang , Long Yun , Tao Ye , Huang Tao , Greening Chris , Tan Zhi Liang , Wang Min 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ruminants are important for global food security but emit the greenhouse gas methane. Rumen microorganisms break down complex carbohydrates to produce volatile fatty acids and molecular hydrogen. This hydrogen is mainly converted into methane by archaea, but can also be used by hydrogenotrophic acetogenic and respiratory bacteria to produce useful metabolites. A better mechanistic understanding is needed on how dietary carbohydrates influence hydrogen metabolism and methanogenesis. We profiled the composition, metabolic pathways, and activities of rumen microbiota in 24 beef cattle adapted to either fiber-rich or starch-rich diets. The fiber-rich diet selected for fibrolytic bacteria and methanogens resulting in increased fiber utilization, while the starch-rich diet selected for amylolytic bacteria and lactate utilizers, allowing the maintenance of a healthy rumen and decreasing methane production (p &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the fiber-rich diet enriched for hydrogenotrophic methanogens and acetogens leading to increased electron-bifurcating [FeFe]-hydrogenases, methanogenic [NiFe]- and [Fe]-hydrogenases and acetyl-CoA synthase, with lower dissolved hydrogen (42%, p &lt; 0.001). In contrast, the starch-rich diet enriched for respiratory hydrogenotrophs with greater hydrogen-producing group B [FeFe]-hydrogenases and respiratory group 1d [NiFe]-hydrogenases. Parallel in vitro experiments showed that the fiber-rich selected microbiome enhanced acetate and butyrate production while decreasing methane production (p &lt; 0.05), suggesting that the enriched hydrogenotrophic acetogens converted some hydrogen that would otherwise be used by methanogenesis. These insights into hydrogen metabolism and methanogenesis improve understanding of energy harvesting strategies, healthy rumen maintenance, and methane mitigation in ruminants.
Olfactory impairment in psychiatric disorders: Does nasal inflammation impact disease psychophysiology?
Authors: Hasegawa Yuto , Ma Minghong , Sawa Akira , Lane Andrew P. , Kamiya Atsushi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractOlfactory impairments contribute to the psychopathology of mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and depression. Recent neuroscience research has shed light on the previously underappreciated olfactory neural circuits involved in regulation of higher brain functions. Although environmental factors such as air pollutants and respiratory viral infections are known to contribute to the risk for psychiatric disorders, the role of nasal inflammation in neurobehavioral outcomes and disease pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Here, we will first provide an overview of published findings on the impact of nasal inflammation in the olfactory system. We will then summarize clinical studies on olfactory impairments in schizophrenia and depression, followed by preclinical evidence on the neurobehavioral outcomes produced by olfactory dysfunction. Lastly, we will discuss the potential impact of nasal inflammation on brain development and function, as well as how we can address the role of nasal inflammation in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders. Considering the current outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which often causes nasal inflammation and serious adverse effects for olfactory function that might result in long-lasting neuropsychiatric sequelae, this line of research is particularly critical to understanding of the potential significance of nasal inflammation in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders.
AL101, a gamma-secretase inhibitor, has potent antitumor activity against adenoid cystic carcinoma with activated NOTCH signaling
Authors: Ferrarotto Renata , Mishra Vasudha , Herz Elad , Yaacov Adar , Solomon Oz , Rauch Rami , Mondshine Adi , Motin Maria , Leibovich-Rivkin Tal , Davis Matti , Kaye Joel , Weber Christopher R. , Shen Le , Pearson Alexander T. , Rosenberg Ari J. , Chen Xiangying , Singh Alka , Aster Jon C. , Agrawal Nishant , Izumchenko Evgeny 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAdenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an aggressive salivary gland malignancy with limited treatment options for recurrent or metastatic disease. Due to chemotherapy resistance and lack of targeted therapeutic approaches, current treatment options for the localized disease are limited to surgery and radiation, which fails to prevent locoregional recurrences and distant metastases in over 50% of patients. Approximately 20% of patients with ACC carry NOTCH-activating mutations that are associated with a distinct phenotype, aggressive disease, and poor prognosis. Given the role of NOTCH signaling in regulating tumor cell behavior, NOTCH inhibitors represent an attractive potential therapeutic strategy for this subset of ACC. AL101 (osugacestat) is a potent γ-secretase inhibitor that prevents activation of all four NOTCH receptors. While this investigational new drug has demonstrated antineoplastic activity in several preclinical cancer models and in patients with advanced solid malignancies, we are the first to study the therapeutic benefit of AL101 in ACC. Here, we describe the antitumor activity of AL101 using ACC cell lines, organoids, and patient-derived xenograft models. Specifically, we find that AL101 has potent antitumor effects in in vitro and in vivo models of ACC with activatingNOTCH1mutations and constitutively upregulated NOTCH signaling pathway, providing a strong rationale for evaluation of AL101 in clinical trials for patients with NOTCH-driven relapsed/refractory ACC.
Tough, anti-freezing and conductive ionic hydrogels
Authors: Wu Shuwang , Wang Ta-Wei , Du Yingjie , Yao Bowen , Duan Sidi , Yan Yichen , Hua Mutian , Alsaid Yousif , Zhu Xinyuan , He Ximin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWith rapid advances in soft electronic devices, the demand for soft conductive materials, including hydrogels, with superior mechanical properties, high conductivity and functionality under extreme environmental conditions are increasing at an unprecedented rate. Although hydrogels have favorable properties such as softness and broad tunability ranges, they freeze at subzero temperatures, leading to materials failure and device malfunctions, and the introduction of antifreezing agents into hydrogels often severely compromises their conductive or mechanical properties. The tradeoff between simultaneously endowing antifreezing hydrogels with excellent mechanical properties and high conductivity severely limits their practical applicability over a broad range of conditions. Herein, we discovered that potassium acetate (KAc) induces a salting-out effect on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), promoting aggregation of the polymer chains and significantly improving the mechanical properties of the hydrogels. Moreover, concentrated KAc exhibits excellent anti-freezing capacity and high conductivity. The hydrogels produced by soaking frozen PVA in KAc solutions show superior mechanical properties, with a tensile strength of 8.2 MPa, conductivity of 8.0 S/m and outstanding freeze tolerance to a temperature of −60 °C. This strategy also works for other polymers, such as poly(acrylamide) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate). Additionally, the as-prepared hydrogels possess excellent anti-dehydration capacity, which is another important feature that is desirable for further enhancing the applicability and durability of hydrogel-based devices.