bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bird protection treatments reduce bird-window collision risk at low-rise buildings within a Pacific coastal protected area
Authors: De Groot Krista L. , Wilson Amy G. , McKibbin René , Hudson Sarah A. , Dohms Kimberly M. , Norris Andrea R. , Huang Andrew C. , Whitehorne Ivy B. J. , Fort Kevin T. , Roy Christian , Bourque Julie , Wilson Scott 
Published: March 2022

Background
In North America, up to one billion birds are estimated to die annually due to collisions with glass. The transparent and reflective properties of glass present the illusion of a clear flight passage or continuous habitat. Approaches to reducing collision risk involve installing visual cues on glass that enable birds to perceive glass as a solid hazard at a sufficient distance to avoid it.

Methods
We monitored for bird-window collisions between 2013 and 2018 to measure response to bird protection window treatments at two low-rise buildings at the Alaksen National Wildlife Area in Delta, British Columbia, Canada. After 2 years of collision monitoring in an untreated state, we retrofitted one building with Feather Friendly® circular adhesive markers applied in a grid pattern across all windows, enabling a field-based assessment of the relative reduction in collisions in the 2 years of monitoring following treatment. An adjacent building that had been constructed with a bird protective UV-treated glass called ORNILUX® Mikado, was monitored throughout the two study periods. Carcass persistence trials were conducted to evaluate the likelihood that carcasses were missed due to carcass removal between scheduled searches.

Results and Conclusions
After accounting for differences in area of glass between the two buildings, year, and observer effects, our best-fit model for explaining collision risk included the building’s treatment group, when compared to models that included building and season only. We found that the Feather Friendly® markers reduced collision risk at the retrofitted building by 95%. Collision incidence was also lower at the two monitored façades of the building with ORNILUX® glass compared to the building with untreated glass. Although more research is needed on the effectiveness of bird-protection products across a range of conditions, our results highlight the benefit of these products for reducing avian mortality due to collisions with glass.
Effects of Bite Opening on Masseter and Geniohyoid Muscles: A Randomised Clinical Trial
Authors: Abiraj K. R. , Abraham Reji , Mohammed B. N. Abin , Rasool Reyas Y. , Mohammed Fadhil , Ihjas A. C. Mohammed 
Published: March 2022

Objective: To evaluate the effects of anterior bite plane on the masseter and geniohyoid muscle thickness.
Materials and Methods: 14 subjects who needed bite opening were allocated as a single group with mean age of 17.4± 3.4 years and mean overbite of 5.3±0.2 was treated with a fixed anterior bite plane (ABT). The pre-treatment (T1) and post-treatment results (T2) was compared to study the effect of Bite opening. The ultrasonographic imaging was used to evaluate masseter muscle thickness (clenched and relaxed) and geniohyoid muscle thickness.
Results: The study showed, the right masseter muscle thickness (RMT) in (R) at T1 was 8.68 ± 1.13 mm, T2 was 7.68 ± 1.14 mm and in (C) 0.72 ± 1.39 mm and 9.86 ± 1.35 mm respectively While left muscle thickness (LMT) was at 8.54 ± 1.3 mm and 7.68 ± 1.3 mm respectively. The mean geniohyoid muscle thickness before treatment was 6.58 ±0.69 mm and after treatment was 7.40 ± 0.69 mm with an increase in thickness of 0.8 ±0.04 mm.
Conclusion: Bite opening procedure influence the muscles thickness, with reduction of masseter muscle thickness and increase in geniohyoid muscle thickness.
Pharmacist Intervention and Medication Errors at DHQ Hospital Bannu KP, Pakistan
Authors: Rani Surayia Shahab , Khan Fahim Ullah , Khan Hidayat Ullah , Ullah Najeeb , Shah Mir Sadiq , Rehman Jamil Ur , Mangi Autif Hussain , Younis Muhammad Nasir , Irfan Hafiz Muhammad 
Published: March 2022

Deaths related to drug errors are common in Pakistan, but these are not accurately reported. Since medication management is the main responsibility of nurses, it is vital that they have a good understanding of high alert of medication error. Patient health care, particularly drug fortification, is the main exertion and the challenge for healthcare professionals around the world. The profession of a pharmacist is world-renowned for providing medical care to patients. Herein, we aim to assess the role of pharmacist according to medications error in Government sectors hospitals located in district Bannu Kp Pakistan.
We collected a total number of 368 outdoor prescriptions from July 2011 to December 2011 from District Head Quarter Hospital, Bannu (DHQB). We found 71% of drug-drug interactions (DDIs), 32% of inapt dosage faults and 35% of management errors among them. Male patients with angina pectoris and myocardial infarction had a higher MEs ratio than female patients. According to the findings, clinical pharmacists in hospital wards must provide prompt counseling to primary care doctors during the prescription process, as well as management recommendations to nursing staff and other auxiliary medical employees.
EFEITOS DOS DENTIFRÍCIOS CLAREADORES SOBRE A ESTRUTURA DENTÁRIA: REVISÃO DE LITERATURA ACTION OF CLEANING TOOTHPASTES ON TEETH: LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Bahia Modesto Raissa , Silva Marques Gildeon , Maia Barreto de Oliveira Viviane 
Published: March 2022

Muitos indivíduos encontram-se insatisfeitos com a cor atual dos seus dentes e neste contexto, destaca-se a busca por dentes brancos e por produtos caseiros capazes de produzir um clareamento dentário eficaz. Entre estes produtos, estão disponíveis no mercado os dentifrícios clareadores com diversos princípios ativos, compostos por diversas substâncias que utilizado em associação com a escova dental, têm por finalidade remover depósitos exógenos aderidos aos dentes e, em alguns casos, prometem remover o escurecimento interno. Diante da relevância do tema, o objetivo dessa revisão bibliométrica foi esclarecer qual a ação dos dentifrícios clareadores sobre as estruturas dentárias e identificar os principais componentes presentes nos principais dentifrícios de venda livre. A metodologia consta de uma pesquisa realizada na base de dados Pubmed, Scielo, Periódico Capes, Medline e Bireme entre os anos de 2008 a 2018, utilizando as palavras chave dentifrício, cremes dentais clareadores, abrasivos, dente e sua tradução para o Inglês. De acordo com a presente revisão, observa-se que os dentifrícios clareadores possuem ação clareadora benéfica limitada e que o uso indiscriminado dos dentifrícios associado à ação mecânica da escova dental pode aumentar os riscos de desenvolvimento de lesões sobre a estrutura dentária, portanto precisam ser utilizados com moderação. Many individuals are dissatisfied with the current color of their teeth and in this context, the search for white teeth and home-made products capable of producing effective tooth whitening stands out. Among these products are available on the market the whitening toothpastes with various active ingredients, composed of various substances that used in combination with the toothbrush, have the purpose of removing exogenous deposits adhered to the teeth and, in some cases, promise to remove internal darkening. Given the relevance of the theme, the aim of this bibliometric review was to clarify the action of whitening toothpastes on dental structures and to identify the main components present in the main open-air dentifrices. The methodology consists of a research conducted in the database Pubmed, Scielo, Periodical Capes, Medline and Bireme from 2008 to 2018, using the keywords dentifrice, whitening toothpastes, abrasives, tooth and its translation into English. According to the present review, it is observed that whitening toothpastes have limited beneficial whitening action and that the indiscriminate use of toothpastes associated with the mechanical action of the toothbrush can increase the risk of developing lesions on the tooth structure, so they need to be used. with moderation.
Proinflammatory mediator activity, endogenous antagonists and the systemic inflammatory response in intra-abdominal sepsis
Authors: Wakefield C H , Barclay G R , Fearon K C H , Goldie A S , Ross J A , Grant I S , Ramsay G , Howie J C 
Published: July 2002

Abstract

Background
Severe intra-abdominal sepsis continues to carry a high mortality rate. The physiological response to sepsis in this condition and its relationship with proinflammatory mediators and their endogenous antagonists require further clarification.

Methods
Fifty-seven patients were stratified by Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score at the time of admission to an intensive care unit (group 1, score of less than 20; group 2, score of 20 or more). Serial measurements of clinical and immunological variables were made.

Results
Non-survivors from group 2 had a raised acute physiology score (P = 0·01), a higher peak serum interleukin (IL) 6 concentration (P = 0·03) and a depressed level of endogenous immunoglobulin (Ig) G class antiendotoxin core antibody (P = 0·005). In group 1, although organ failure score increased progressively in non-survivors, physiology score and peak IL-6 level were similar to those in survivors, and endogenous IgG class antiendotoxin core antibody titre rose (P = 0·02). In both groups IL-1 and tumour necrosis factor α were detected infrequently, but their natural antagonists were present in much higher concentrations in both survivors and non-survivors. Levels of C-reactive protein were raised in both but were not significantly different between survivors and non-survivors.

Conclusion
During the development of organ failure and death, the pattern of proinflammatory mediators and their endogenous antagonists can vary markedly and may in part be determined by the extent of the initial physiological disturbance.
Postoperative weight gain after standard Whipple's procedure versus pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy: the influence of tumour status
Authors: van Berge Henegouwen M I , Moojen T M , van Gulik T M , Rauws E A J , Obertop H , Gouma D J 
Published: July 2002

Abstract

Background
Recent reports suggest a better postoperative weight gain after pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy (PPPD) compared with standard pancreatoduodenectomy (PD). Factors that could also influence postoperative weight gain, such as tumour-positive resection margins and tumour recurrence, have not been taken into account in these studies. The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate weight gain in the first 15 months after PD or PPPD and to investigate the influence of other tumour-related factors.

Methods
From 1991 to 1995, 140 patients underwent subtotal pancreatoduodenectomy; 125 patients underwent resection for malignant disease of the pancreatic head region (56 had PD and 69 PPPD). Patients' weights were evaluated in the pre-illness phase, before operation and during four postoperative phases (at 3, 7, 11 and 15 months). Weight was calculated as a percentage of the pre-illness weight. Patients were subdivided according to tumour status: PD with positive and PD with negative tumour status; PPPD with positive and PPPD with negative tumour status. Tumour-positive status was defined as either microscopically tumour-positive resection margins or radiologically or cytologically proven tumour recurrence within 2 years of surgery.

Results
Five patients died during the hospital stay (PD, four; PPPD, one) (overall mortality rate 4 per cent). There was no difference in overall weight gain between patients having PD and PPPD. There was, however, a difference in patients with positive and negative tumour status for PD (P = 0·0003) and PPPD (P &lt; 0·0001).

Conclusion
There is only a minimal difference in postoperative weight gain between patients having PD and PPPD. Differences in postoperative weight gain are related more to positive resection margins and tumour recurrence than to the type of resection.
Screening for gestational diabetes; past, present and future
Authors: Hanna F. W. F. , Peters J. R. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractGestational diabetes is carbohydrate intolerance, with onset or first recognition of hyperglycaemia during pregnancy. Several studies have suggested that gestational hyperglycaemia is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, promoting the case for screening. Conversely, others argue that screening for gestational diabetes may colour the clinical judgement, influencing further management, e.g. more ‘unjustified’ caesarean sections. Additionally, the lack of definitive data either on a clear‐cut glycaemic threshold for the development of adverse outcomes or on the impact of intervention is emphasized by opponents of screening. This review attempts to evaluate the available data on screening for gestational diabetes. Oral glucose tolerance test is promoted on the basis that the diabetogenic stress of pregnancy is encountered during late gestation and is best recognized in the fed state. There are different tests, including the 1 h/50‐g, 2 h/75‐g and 3 h/100‐g tests, with practical limitations, including the time and cost involved and the unpleasant supra‐physiological glucose load that is unrelated to body weight, and issues of reproducibility and sensitivity/specificity profiles. Despite its convenience, the poor sensitivity of random glucose has precluded its routine use for screening. Fasting glucose appears to be promising but further testing is required to ensure satisfactory sensitivity/specificity in different populations. Despite its limitations, the oral glucose tolerance test has become established as the ‘most acceptable’ diagnostic test for gestational diabetes. More convenient methods, e.g. fasting or random or post‐load glucose, have to be validated therefore against the oral glucose tolerance test to gain acceptance for routine screening.Diabet. Med 19, 351–358 (2002)
Weight of edged lenses in different eyewire shapes and sizes
Authors: Tang Churk‐Yan 
Published: July 2002

SummaryWeights of edged lenses in different eyewire shapes and sizes were studied through mathematically generated eyewire shapes. The patterns of weight variation are often regular and predictable. The relation of lens weight changes in neighbouring sizes of a given eyewire shape and that in different boxed vertical lens dimensions of a given general eyewire appearance were established. These results were verified with physically edged lenses. Through these relations, it will be possible to predict the amount of weight change in a pair of spectacles upon changing the frame size and in some cases of eyewire shape modification.
Anwendbarkeit des Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADSTM) auf die klinische Mammographie des Mannes
Authors: Bock K. , Iwinska-Zelder J. , Duda V. F. , Bonwetsch C. , Rode G. , Hadji P. , Klose K.-J. , Schulz K.-D. 
Published: July 2002

Zusammenfassung
Ziel: In der apparativen Diagnostik dient die Einführung von Standards der Qualitätssicherung. Das Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADSTM) des American College of Radiology standardisiert den Sprachgebrauch in der Befundbeschreibung, die Befundbewertung und die resultierenden Empfehlungen in der Mammographie. Unser Interesse galt der Frage, inwieweit dieses System der Kategorisierung von Screening-Mammographien der Frau übertragbar ist auf klinische Mammographien des Mannes. Begrenzen Anatomie und Physiologie der männlichen Brustdrüse im Vergleich zur weiblichen die Übertragbarkeit mammographischer Evaluationskriterien?
Methoden: Von 160 retrospektiv durch 4 unterschiedlich erfahrene Untersucher evaluierten klinischen Mammographien des Mannes konnten 36 Fälle mit histologischen Befunden korreliert werden. Letztere bilden das dieser Studie zugrunde liegende Kollektiv. Hierunter fanden sich typischerweise überwiegend Gynäkomastien, aber auch 4 invasiv duktale Karzinome, 1 Leiomyosarkom und 1 duktales Carcinoma in situ.
Ergebnisse: Durch Klassifikation nach BI-RADSTM (3rd Edition 1998) ließen sich alle Fälle invasiver Malignität in die Klassen 4 und 5 einordnen unabhängig vom Grad der Erfahrenheit des Untersuchers.
Schlussfolgerung: Die BI-RADSTM-Klassifikation ist auf die Bewertung von klinischen Mammographien des Mannes übertragbar. Kenntnisse geschlechtsspezifischer Charakteristika in der Bildgebung erhöhen die Spezifität bei gleichbleibend hoher Sensitivität.
Statistical-mechanical theory of a new analytical equation of state
Authors: Song Yuhua , Mason E. A. 
Published: July 2002

We present an analytical equation of state based on statistical-mechanical perturbation theory for hard spheres, using the Weeks–Chandler–Andersen decomposition of the potential and the Carnahan–Starling formula for the pair distribution function at contact, g(d+), but with a different algorithm for calculating the effective hard-sphere diameter. The second virial coefficient is calculated exactly. Two temperature-dependent quantities in addition to the second virial coefficient arise, an effective hard-sphere diameter or van der Waals covolume, and a scaling factor for g(d+). Both can be calculated by simple quadrature from the intermolecular potential. If the potential is not known, they can be determined from the experimental second virial coefficient because they are insensitive to the shape of the potential. Two scaling constants suffice for this purpose, the Boyle temperature and the Boyle volume. These could also be determined from analysis of a number of properties other than the second virial coefficient. Thus the second virial coefficient serves to predict the entire equation of state in terms of two scaling parameters, and hence a number of other thermodynamic properties including the Helmholtz free energy, the internal energy, the vapor pressure curve and the orthobaric liquid and vapor densities, and the Joule–Thomson inversion curve, among others. Since it is effectively a two-parameter equation, the equation of state implies a principle of corresponding states. Agreement with computer-simulated results for a Lennard-Jones (12,6) fluid, and with experimental p–v–T data on the noble gases (except He) is quite good, extending up to the limit of available data, which is ten times the critical density for the (12,6) fluid and about three times the critical density for the noble gases.
As expected for a mean-field theory, the prediction of the critical constants is only fair, and of the critical exponents is incorrect. Limited testing on the polyatomic gases CH4, N2, and CO2 suggests that the results for spherical molecules (CH4) may be as good as for the noble gases, nearly as good for slightly nonspherical molecules (N2), but poor at high densities for nonspherical molecules (CO2). In all cases, however, the results are accurate up to the critical density. Except for the eight-parameter empirical Benedict–Webb–Rubin equation, this appears to be the most accurate analytical equation of state proposed to date.
Macroclump model of the nonlinear evolution of the sideband instability in a helical wiggler free-electron laser
Authors: Yang T.-Y. Brian , Davidson Ronald C. 
Published: July 2002

The nonlinear evolution of a helical wiggler, free-electron laser is investigated within the framework of a macroclump model for the trapped electrons. The model describes the nonlinear evolution of a right-circularly polarized electromagnetic wave with frequency ωs and wave number ks, and slowly varying amplitude âs(z,t) and phase δs(z,t) (eikonal approximation). The model further assumes that the trapped electrons can be treated as tightly bunched macroclumps that interact coherently with the radiation field. The analysis is carried out in the ponderomotive frame, which leads to a substantial simplification in both the analytical and numerical studies. As a first application, the nonlinear evolution of the primary signal is examined when ∂/∂l′=0 (no spatial variation of the wave amplitude and phase). The evolution equations are reduced to quadrature, and the maximum excursion of the wave amplitude âs,max is calculated analytically. Subsequently, the nonlinear evolution of the sideband instability is investigated, making use of the equations describing the self-consistent evolution of the wave amplitude âs and phase δs, which vary slowly with both space and time, together with the macroclump orbit equation.
In the present analysis, the sideband signals are treated as perturbations (not necessarily small) about a constant-amplitude (â0s =const) primary electromagnetic wave with slowly varying phase δ0s(z′). The coupled orbit and field equations are investigated analytically and numerically over a wide range of system parameters to determine detailed scaling properties of the sideband instability. The results of the present analysis suggest that free-electron lasers operating with system parameters corresponding to the strong-pump regime [(Ω′B/Γ0)6/4≫1] are least vulnerable to the sideband instability. Moreover, the nonlinear evolution of the sideband instability is investigated numerically for system parameters corresponding to the Los Alamos free-electron laser experiment [Warren et al., IEEE J. Quantum Electron. QE-21, 882 (1985)]. In several aspects, the numerical results are found to be in good qualitative agreement with the experimental results.
Language learning and antiracism: some pedagogical challenges
Authors: Starkey Hugh , Osler Audrey 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTIt is often argued that the study of a foreign language can influence the attitudes and behaviour of learners. One of the goals of language teaching is to challenge stereotypes and encourage learners to engage with the cultural forms that can be accessed through a new language. Through learning a language it is hoped that learners will draw on their experiences to reflect critically on their own cultures and identities. We set out to examine these claims with respect to an advanced Open University French course for adult speakers of English. This article reports on a documentary analysis of the course materials for a particular unit and of a very small opportunity sample of student work and tutor comments. The unit sets out to provide a positive view of France as a multicultural society. The analysis focuses on the extent to which the materials and the tasks help learners engage with issues of racism, xenophobia, antiracism and human rights. We found that issues of race and racism are not presented in their complexity and that the materials and learning tasks unwittingly tend to reinforce stereotyped views. We suggest that attention should be given to helping students develop skills of intercultural evaluation. This requires an understanding of human rights on the one hand and of the various forms and manifestations of racism and xenophobia on the other. We conclude by proposing some guidelines for course writers and teachers that invite them to include a range of perspectives, including those of minorities. This attention to materials and pedagogy should enable students to engage critically with issues of race, identity and culture as they learn a foreign language.
Properties of Anick’s spaces
Authors: Theriault Stephen 
Published: July 2002

We prove three useful properties of Anick’s space

T

2
n
−
1

(

p

r

)

T^{2n-1}(p^{r})

. First, at odd primes a map from

P

2
n

(

p

r

)

P^{2n}(p^{r})

into a homotopy commutative, homotopy associative

H
H

-space

X
X

can be extended to a unique

H
H

-map from

T

2
n
−
1

(

p

r

)

T^{2n-1}(p^{r})

into

X
X

. Second, at primes larger than

3
3

,

T

2
n
−
1

(

p

r

)

T^{2n-1}(p^{r})

is itself homotopy commutative and homotopy associative. And third, the first two properties combine to show that the order of the identity map on

T

2
n
−
1

(

p

r

)

T^{2n-1}(p^{r})

is

p

r

p^{r}

.