bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Buddhist markings in the Satavahana frescoes of Ajanta
Authors: Dubey Shobharam 
Published: April 2022

The purpose of the paintings of Ajanta is mainly to depict various stories related to the life of Lord Buddha. The rest of the space between the stories has been decorated with vines, animal birds, geometric figures and other varied forms. Cave No. 9, 10, 19, 26 of the thirty caves of Ajanta are Chaitya Mandaps, while the rest are Sangharamas or Viharas. At present, there are only six cave paintings, in which cave nos.-1,2,9,10,16 and 17 are there. From the point of view of time, these paintings are divided into three categories – Satavahana period paintings, Vakataka period paintings and Vakatota period paintings. The oldest paintings are of caves 9 and 10, which are related to the Hinayana sect.

Abstract in Hindi Language:
अजन्ता के चित्रों का प्रायोजन मुख्यतः भगवान बुद्ध के जीवन से सम्बन्धित विभिन्न कथाओं का अंकन है। कथांकनों के अनन्तर शेष स्थान को लतापत्रक, पशुपक्षियों ज्यामितिक आकृतियों तथा अन्य वैविध्यपूर्ण रूप सज्जा से अलंकृत किया गया है। अजन्ता के तीस गुफाओं में गुफा सं0- 9,10,19,26 चैत्य मण्डप हैं, जबकि शेष संघाराम अथवा विहार हैं । वर्तमान में मात्र छः गुफाओं के चित्र अवशेष है, जिनमें गुफा सं0-1,2,9,10,16 व 17 हैं। काल की दृष्टि से इन चित्रों को तीन वर्गो मंे विभक्त किया जाता है-सातवाहन कालीन चित्र, वाकाटककालीन चित्र तथा वाकाटकोत्तरकालीन चित्र। सर्वाधिक प्राचीन चित्र गुफा सं0 9 व 10 के हैं, जो कि हीनयान सम्प्रदाय से सम्बन्धित हैं।
Keywords: बोधिवृक्ष पूजा, स्तूप पूजा, साम जातक, छद्दन्त जातक, नागराजा, पशुओं का खेदा।
Comparative study of financial resources of Rajasthan Marudhara Gramin Bank and Baroda Rajasthan Kshetriya Gramin Bank
Authors: Sharma Vinod 
Published: April 2022

Presently the share capital of Rajasthan Marudhara Gramin Bank is 20,00,000 lakhs and the regular and paid-up capital is Rs 18193 lakhs, which is 50: 35: 15 by the Government of India, State Bank of India (Sponsor Bank) and State Government (Government of Rajasthan) respectively. proportionate to. At the end of the current 2017-2018, the reserves and balance stood at Rs.47994.77 lakh. There has also been a substantial increase in the number of deposits and accounts of current account, savings account and periodic account from the year 2012 to 2018. Priority was given to availing low-cost refinance by the bank over the years. Proper management of cash and funds is the key to the profitability of the bank. Therefore, the bank has ensured that the cash balance of the fund is maintained. There has also been a steady increase in the minimum balance balance, deposit balance with other banks, average cash balance and average deposit percentage in different years. Marudhara Gramin Bank also has cash balance with Reserve Bank of India, Sponsor Bank and other banks. There has also been a steady increase in the investment amount of the bank from the year 2012 to 2018. The bank has its own investment policy, which is prepared in accordance with the directions issued by the Reserve Bank of India and NABARD and the sponsor bank from time to time. SLR by the bank as per the guidelines of Reserve Bank of India/NABARD. and non SLR There has been a steady increase in investment in securities.

Abstract in Hindi Language:
राजस्थान मरूधरा ग्रामीण बैंक की वर्तमान में अंश पूॅजी 20,00,000 लाख है तथा नियमित व प्रदत्त पूॅजी 18193 लाख रूपये है, जो भारत सरकार, स्टेट बैंक आॅफ इण्डिया (प्रायोजक बैंक) एवं राज्य सरकार (राजस्थान सरकार) द्वारा क्रमष 50: 35: 15 के अनुपात में अभिदत्त है। वर्तमान 2017-2018 के अन्त में आरक्षितियों व अधिषेष रूपये 47994.77 लाख रही। वर्ष 2012 से 2018 तक चालू खाता, बचत खाता व आवधिक खाता की जमाओं व खातों की संख्या में भी पर्याप्त वृद्धि हुई है। विभिन्न वर्षो में बैंक द्वारा कम लागत के पुनर्वित्त प्राप्त करने को प्राथमिकता प्रदान की गई। नकदी एवं निधि का उचित प्रबंधन बैंक की लाभदायकता की कुंजी है। अतः बैंक ने निधि के नकद शेष रखा जाता सुनिष्चित किया गया। विभिन्न वर्षो में न्यूनतम शेष हस्थ, अन्य बैकों के साथ जमा शेष, औसत नकद शेष तथा औसत जमा प्रतिषत में भी निरन्तर वुद्धि हूई है। मरूधरा ग्रामीण बैंक का रिजर्व बैंक आॅफ इण्डिया, प्रायोजक बैंक व अन्य बैकों के साथ भी नकद शेष है। वर्ष 2012 से 2018 तक बैंक के विनियोग राषि में भी राषि में भी निरन्तर वृद्धि हुई है बैंक की अपनी निवेष नीति बनी हुई है जो भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक निर्देशों तथा नाबार्ड एवं प्रायोजक बैंक द्वारा समय पर जारी दिशा-निर्देशों के अनुरूप तैयार करता है। बैंक द्वारा भारतीय रिजर्व बैंक/नाबार्ड के दिशा निर्देशानुसार एस.एल.आर. और गैर एस.एल.आर. प्रतिभूतियों में निवेश में निरन्तर वृद्धि हुई है।
Keywords: नकद, नाबार्ड, विनियोग, निवेश
Effect of Red Betel Leaf (Piper crocatum) on Dam for Breast Milk Postpartum Mothers at Public Health Center of Jawilan
Authors: Yulia Iis , Widowati Retno , Novelia Shinta 
Published: April 2022

Bendungan ASI (Air Susu Ibu) adalah akibat ASI yang tidak segera dikeluarkan dan menyebabkan penyumbatan pada aliran vena dan limfe, kebanyakan terjadi pada hari kedua sampai hari kesepuluh masa nifas. Berdasarkan studi pendahuluan yang dilakukan di UPT Puskesmas Jawilan didapatkan data pada periode Januari – Juni 2021 ibu nifas yang mengalami bendungan ASI sebanyak 75 orang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh daun sirih merah (Piper crocatum) terhadap bendungan ASI pada ibu pospartum dengan desain quasi eksperimen dan rancangan pre-test and post-test with grup control. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 30 orang. Instrumen menggunakan checklist SPES dan observasi dilakukan selama 4 hari mulai dari hari ke-7 hingga ke-10 setelah postpartum. Analisis yang digunakan adalah statistik non-parametrik Wilcoxon test untuk uji beda dalam kelompok, dan Mann-Whitney test untuk uji beda antar kelompok. Skor pembengkakan sebelum dan sesudah kompres sirih merah adalah pada hari ke-7 adalah 5,53 dan pada hari ke-10 adalah 1,27. Pada kelompok kontrol skor pembengkakan pada hari ke-7 adalah 5,73 dan hari ke 10 adalah 2,53. Pada uji beda dalam kelompok p<0,05 dan uji beda antar kelompok diperoleh p<0,05. Terdapat penurunan skor pembengkakan yang signifikan antara sebelum dan sesudah pemberian daun sirih merah terhadap bendungan ASI ibu postpartum.
Reconstruction of a single-tooth traumatic defect in the anterior maxilla using the khoury bone plate graft
Authors: Singh Aman , Bhalla Pritish , Gupta Gagandeep 
Published: April 2022

Often Trauma to teeth leads to defects in the dento-alveolar process which precludes many challenges to straight forward implant therapy of the patient. Bone and soft tissue augmentation hence becomes mandatory before any implant surgery can be undertaken. This helps in adequately preparing the site for implant and its restoration. Defects in the anterior aesthetic zone that require both bone and soft tissue grafting and a restoration that harmonizes the adjacent pink and white aesthetics presents even more significant challenge to the restorative team. Hereafter a case of trauma to an anterior maxillary tooth that saw destruction of the ridge is presented, with the defect reconstructed to accommodate a functional and aesthetically pleasing implant supported restoration.
Evolución del prefijo latino "sub-" en hispanorromance
Authors: Pharies David 
Published: April 2022

El objetivo del presente artículo es elaborar la historia de los descendientes hispanorromances del prefijo latino sub-. La principal innovación del estudio es la utilización de una base de datos que abarca la casi totalidad de la herencia patrimonial de sub- en castellano y las demás variedades hispanorromances. Este enfoque nos permite aplicar varios tipos de análisis que, en su conjunto, constituyen una historia completa de la partícula. El estudio incluye (1) una tipología etimológica de los ejemplos, tanto cultos como patrimoniales, (2) una cronología de la incorporación de uno y otro tipo etimológico al léxico, (3) una caracterización de la productividad del prefijo en el área hispanorromance y (4) un examen detallado de los numerosos alomorfos de la partícula en su fase romance, que ilustran ejemplos como so-terrar, son-reír; sa-bordar, san-cochar, za-hondar, zam-bullir y cha-podar.
Expert Witnesses in Danish Arbitration
Authors: Jørgensen Jacob C. 
Published: April 2022

There appears to be a growing tendency towards allowing parties to use their own experts under Danish arbitration law. However, the general skepticism against party–appointed experts in the Danish “procedural culture” still dominates and effectively eliminates the influence, which party appointed experts often have on the outcome of international arbitration proceedings.
Danish arbitrators prefer using tribunal–appointed experts, whose influence on the outcome of the case is generally overwhelming. The parties can make recommendations as to the number and choice of the expert(s) to be appointed by the tribunal; but ultimately it is the arbitrators who decide on these crucial issues if the parties cannot agree.
The main purpose of the article is to provide some practical guidance to international legal practitioners as to how experts in general should be used in the context of arbitrations taking place in Denmark. Furthermore, some recommendations are made in regard to regulating the issue of the use of experts in Danish arbitration agreements.
Party Autonomy to Agree on Non–Final Arbitration?
Authors: Wolff Reinmar 
Published: April 2022

Recently the Supreme Courts of Germany and of the United States decided on party–agreed post–award state court review on the merits. While the German Federal Supreme Court held an arbitration clause valid which allowed each party to request a state court de novo review after the award was rendered (25 ASA Bulletin 4/2007 p. 810), the U.S. Supreme Court disallowed the parties to agree to expanded review of awards under the Federal Arbitration Act (26 ASA Bulletin 3/2008 p. 577).
The article formulates an international perspective on the underlying conflict between party autonomy and finality of awards and draws conclusions for the handling of similar cases.
Domestic Review of Investment Treaty Arbitrations: The Swiss Experience
Authors: Moss Sam , Scherer Matthias 
Published: April 2022

With the increase of non-ICSID investment treaty arbitrations over the recent years, domestic courts have faced an increasing number of challenges to investment treaty awards. Reflecting Switzerland’s emergence as one of the favored seats in investment treaty arbitration, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court has to date rendered decisions in four cases involving challenges of investment treaty awards.
After a brief analysis of the Swiss legal framework governing challenges of arbitral awards, the article summarises the Supreme Court’s rulings in each of the four cases. These rulings confirm the Supreme Court’s traditional reluctance to interfere with decisions of arbitral tribunals. They also confirm, equally traditionally, the speed and efficiency with which the Court tends to dispose of such challenges. As a result, and taking into account the country’s arbitration-friendly regulatory framework, Switzerland is likely to continue to remain among the favored venues for investment treaty arbitration.
Rechtsmittel gegen Entscheide des juge dappui bei der internationalen Schiedsgerichtsbarkeit der Schweiz
Authors: Markus Alexander R. 
Published: April 2022

The author examines whether and by which means the decisions handed down by the State judge giving his support to the arbitral proceeding (juge d'appui) may be appealed. Every relevant Article in the PILA (Private International Law Act) is addressed and analyzed in this regard (Art. 179(2) and (3), Art. 180(3), Art. 183(2), Art. 184(3) and Art. 185) by reference to the present legal doctrine and case law. Concerning the stages of appeal, the view is held that by direct or analogous application of Art. 356(2) CPC (Civil Procedure Code) the juge d'appui has jurisdiction as the sole instance of the Canton to render decisions in support of the arbitral tribunal. On the federal level however, the parties shall have the right to appeal against these decisions by filing a civil law appeal before the Swiss Federal Supreme Court, with the exception of most decisions given by juge d'appui within the meaning of Art. 180(3) PILA. As to this federal appeal, it is established that the case law of the Swiss Federal Supreme Court under the FTA (Act on the Federal Tribunal) indicates the Court's inclination to qualify both negative and positive decisions issued by the juge d'appui as final decisions in terms of Art. 90 FTA. In reference to the upcoming revision of the PILA's 12th Chapter the author concludes that the legislator might implement some clarifications in the current legal framework. It seems particularly advisable to ensure that all relevant Articles in the PILA regarding decisions of the juge d'appui explicitly reference to Art. 356(2) CPC. Moreover, the author is of the opinion that it would also be expedient to specify the scope and significance of the term "final" in the meaning of Art. 180(3) PILA.
Breaking the Bond: Vulture Funds and Investment Arbitration
Authors: Euler Dimitrij 
Published: April 2022

The recent decision on jurisdiction and admissibility in Abaclat and others v. Argentina has brought to the public's attention the issue of sovereign defaults and restructuring. Whilst in the Abaclat case, claimants were mostly individual retirees who then assembled to file a class action, a more frightening protagonist is made up of "vulture" funds. These are hedge funds, or other financial vehicles, which purchase sovereign (or corporate) bonds on secondary markets when their prices are extremely low due to the debtor's repudiation or inability to pay back. They then litigate before national courts or international arbitral tribunals in order to recover the entire sums accrued. The analysis in this article begins with an overview of the process of sovereign debt restructuring. We then explore the case of a vulture fund which does not participate in a debt restructuring, and proceeds to enforce an award condemning a State to pay on its bonds, outside of the ICSID framework. Art. V(2) of the New York Convention offers two potential grounds to the State: non-arbitrability and public policy. We examine the interpretations given to the two notions in several cases most relevant to our research. Arguably, the interests involved in debt restructuring proceedings do appear to be sufficient to preclude arbitrability of the subject matter, and thus the enforcement of the award may be prevented. Secondly, the permeability of the public policy exception to economic considerations of fundamental importance - such as those involved in sovereign debt restructuring - finds supporting evidence in a host of jurisdictions. The two grounds might thus be used by States to "break the bond" and prevent non-participating vulture funds from obtaining an unfair advantage over the rest of the creditors.
The Word is not Enough  Arbitration, Choice of Forum and Choice of Law Clauses Under the CISG
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Tebel David 
Published: April 2022

Form requirements particularly for arbitration clauses are widely perceived as an obstacle for efficiently resolving disputes on an international level. The paper discusses recent suggestions that the freedom of form principle under Art. 11 CISG extends to arbitration, forum selection or choice of law clauses in international sales contracts and thus supersedes any and all formal requirements in this regard. The authors establish that said clauses indeed are generally within the CISG's scope of application and that, consequently, questions of contract conclusion, interpretation, and remedies for breach of these clauses are governed by the CISG. Freedom of form under the CISG, however, was neither intended to nor should it apply to arbitration, forum selection or choice of law clauses. This result is further confirmed by the interplay of the CISG with other international conventions, first and foremost the 1958 New York Convention, as well as a careful analysis of the so called most-favourable-law-approach. The recent aim to do away with form requirements for arbitration, forum selection or choice of law clauses can thus not be reached by taking a detour to the CISG, but only by directly abolishing or adjusting these form requirements.
Les arbitres et centres darbitrage face à leurs responsabilités : le droit français à son point déquilibre
Authors: Dupeyré Romain 
Published: April 2022

The liability of arbitrators and arbitral institutions is increasingly a contentious issue which reflects a trend toward the expansion of disputes beyond the arbitration forum. Lawsuits against arbitrators and arbitral institutions are, more and more, part of a procedural tactic and certain parties hope to "transform a procedure lost before the arbitrator in a procedure won against the arbitrator." Arbitrators and arbitral institutions must, however, make sure that the arbitration procedure is properly run. As a result, they must be sure that they can render a decision without undue pressure or fearing legal proceedings. They must, therefore, benefit, to some extent, of certain warranties to make sure they can exercise their function with efficiency and serenity. French courts have, therefore, endeavoured to create a specific legal regime for arbitrators and arbitral institutions' liability, by protecting them in their jurisdictional role, with notable exceptions, while allowing lawsuits against arbitrators and arbitral institutions when they fail to properly run the arbitration and, as a result, breach one of their contractual commitments to the parties. This will, for instance, be the case when arbitrators fail to render an award before the legal deadline for doing so, when they fail to properly reveal circumstances which affect their independence and impartiality and when they unduly resign from their mission. The liability of arbitrators and arbitral institution is, however, not limited to contractual liability and recent practice demonstrate that parties are more and more ready to pursue their suits against arbitrators and arbitral institutions before criminal courts. Attempts to limit the arbitrators and arbitral institutions' liability by way of contractual provisions, in particular in arbitration rules, have been received with scepticism by scholars and courts have, to a large extent, held that these clauses have no effect in practice. The best way for arbitrators and arbitral institutions to manage their liability risk may, therefore, lie with a proper insurance coverage.
International Arbitration in Switzerland and Foreign Bankruptcy: Where Do We Stand?
Authors: Lembo Saverio 
Published: April 2022

This paper aims at analyzing the impact of the bankruptcy of a foreign party to an international arbitration seated in Switzerland. After having rendered a first decision (known as the "Vivendi Case"), which has been hotly debated among arbitration practitioners, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court rendered a new decision narrowing down the possible application of the Vivendi reasoning. While not overruling its Vivendi reasoning, the Swiss Federal Supreme Court however emphasized the peculiarity of the Vivendi Case and insisted on the necessity to adopt a distinguishing approach. After briefly describing those both landmark decisions, the authors present a critical view on their outcome insisting on the preeminent role of the correct characterization of the issue at stake when dealing with the effect of bankruptcy on arbitration proceedings. They further discuss alternative paths to solve the issue and rely on various legal principles and/or provisions to demonstrate that when having to deal with a bankrupt entity, the arbitrators benefit from various tools existing under Swiss law to solve the matter in favorable way to privilege the validity of the arbitration clause, be it an issue of legal capacity or not.
The Truth About Investment Arbitration (not only) under TTIP  Four Case Studies
Authors: Gremminger Nicolas , Risse Jörg 
Published: April 2022

In the course of the negotiations between the European Union and the United States about the “Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership” (TTIP) the aspects of investment protection and investment arbitration have attracted much press attention. They have become key targets of criticism and massive attacks. Investment arbitration has been depicted as some obscure and undemocratic mechanism that helps rich companies to exploit poor countries. The discussion has become so agitated that oftentimes the underlying facts got out of sight. The goal of the present article therefore is to shed some light on these facts and thereby trace the heated discussion back to an objective, sober-minded level. The authors explain in a step-by-step approach how investment protection in bilateral/multilateral investment treaties works and what standard principles of protection these treaties typically grant to foreign investors (e.g. no direct/indirect expropriation without compensation; no discrimination against foreign investors; the duty to accord fair and equitable treatment to foreign investors). These legal basics are then filled with life by the illustration of four publicly known investment arbitration case studies: Adem Dogan v. Turkmenistan, Philip Morris v. Australia, Vattenfall v. Germany and Walter Bau v. Thailand. The authors conclude that much of the current criticism is unfounded as it ignores factual realities and new developments in international investment arbitration.
The role of good faith in arbitration: are arbitrators and arbitral institutions bound to act in good faith?
Authors: Henriques Duarte G. 
Published: April 2022

The new LCIA Rules (2014) contain two provisions related to the obligation to act in good faith applicable to all participants in arbitration (Art. 14.5 and Art. 32.1) that might be considered both unexpected (in light of the common law tradition to disregard the concept of good faith) and forgotten (in recent commentaries and highlights related to the enactment of those new Rules). This obligation applies to all participants in arbitration, including the arbitrators and the arbitral institution, and not merely to the parties or their representatives. This is not an unprecedented move. Indeed, Art. 15 of the “Swiss Rules of International Arbitration”, Art. 23 of the “Cepani Rules” and Art. 26 of the rules of the “Corte de Arbitraje de la Cámara de Comercio de Madrid” (Art. 26), contemplate a provision setting forth a general principle of good faith in arbitration. However, in relation to other rules of arbitral institutions, these are the only examples. This prompted the interest to analyse the existence and efficacy of the principle of good faith (and more particularly their corollaries such as the prohibition of “venire contra factum proprium” or “estoppel by representation”) in international arbitration. More specifically, it is interesting to ascertain whether or not good faith applies “universally” at the numerous levels and to the numerous players in international arbitration. More importantly, can we find a universal notion of good faith and its corollaries? This article endeavours to address these issues and answer the fundamental and final question: are arbitrators and arbitral institutions obliged to act in good faith? The answer seems to be positive.
Arbitrage et droit des sociétés : Avant de dissoudre une société, les arbitres doivent sassurer que celle-ci est bien partie à la cause
Authors: Poloni Flore , Danis Marie 
Published: April 2022

Before dissolving a company, arbitrators should make sure that the company itself is a party to the arbitration proceedings. In a recent case the Paris Court of Appeal judged that the failure to summon a company whose dissolution is requested renders the award null and void. While this solution may not come as a surprise, the fact that this requirement is based on international public policy is a novelty. This case highlights the need to clarify arbitrators’ powers in the context of companies’ corporate lives.