bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implanted Si atoms shifting between Ga sites and As sites by thermal stress in conductive-layer GaAs crystals on semi-insulating substrates
Authors: Saito Yasuyuki 
Published: July 2002

Large (0.8 V order) discrepancies of threshold voltage Vth between the predicted Vth values by the Lindhard–Scharff–Schio/tt Gaussian approximate calculation and the Vth of the tungsten nitride (WNx) self-alignment (SA) gate GaAs metal-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MESFETs) were observed. These discrepancies were confirmed by the comparison of the Vth of the WNx-SA-gate MESFETs and the Vth of the (N+: high carrier concentration layers self-aligned of source-drain electrodes)-less conventional MESFETs on 2-in.-diam semi-insulating substrates from liquid-encapsulated-Czochralski-technique-grown 〈100〉 boules. The discrepancy was also analyzed by the capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurement of large-diameter (440 μm) Schottky diodes which were built into the MESFET arrays. It was found that for obtained SA-process carrier depth profiles (Si, 150 keV, 3×1012 cm−2) the carrier concentration at a depth of 0.25 μm decreased from 5.3×1016 to 2.0×1016 cm−3, but, on the other hand, the peak carrier concentration slightly decreased from 12.8×1016 to 12.4×1016 cm−3.
By the calculation for Vth on the basis of the actual C-V carrier depth profiles, it was found that the carrier concentration decrease was comparable to the Vth variation (0.8 V). Furthermore, the Vth variation of the shallow channel implantation (50 keV) was comparable to that of the deep channel implantation (150 keV). As a result of the experiment and analysis, it was found that the large Vth variation for the SA N+ process was caused by reoccupation (Ga sites to As sites) of implanted Si atoms in the channel active-layer crystal by tensile stress formed by the thermal-expansion coefficient difference between chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) phosphosilicate glass (or CVD SiO2) film and (100) GaAs substrate crystal. The Si atom reoccupation quantity was, for the first time, explained by the Si atom compensation ratio equation as a function of the bond length (Si-As and Si-Ga) variation, an equation which was again derived based on Otsuki’s work on the Si atom Gibbs free energy in GaAs crystal, using the data of thermal-expansion coefficients for SiO2, GaAs, and WNx in the report of Katz and Dautremont-Smith [J. Appl. Phys. 67, 6237 (1990)] and in the report of Lahav, Grim, and Blech [J. Appl. Phys. 67, 734 (1990)]. Moreover, the analysis suggests that local stress or local distortion, which is introduced by the implanted Si atom itself into the GaAs crystal, performs an important role for the Si atom electrical activation efficiency.
Continuing with Perm', Turning to Syktyvkar, or Standing on One's Own? The Debate about the Status of the Komi-Permiak Autonomous Okrug
Authors: Lallukka Seppo , Nikitina Liudmila 
Published: July 2002

On 26 February 1925, the Soviet government, or the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, passed a resolution that, in effect, ensured the continuation of the separate development of the southern and the northern Komi, that is, the Komi-Permiaks and the Komi-Zyrians. In more detail, the Presidium decided,(1) Considering the great territorial distance of the Permiak region from the Komi area, and owing to the lack of mutual economic ties between these two territories, to refuse the request of the Komi autonomous area and representatives of the Permiak population for inclusion of the Permiak region in the Komi area, thus keeping the Permiak region within the Urals province. (2) To consider it expedient to make the Permiak region into a special national okrug [that is, national district] with special concise staff and to subordinate the okrug directly to the Executive Committee of the Urals province.
Engaging with history after Macpherson
Authors: Grosvenor Ian , Myers Kevin 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe Race Relations Amendment Act (2000) identifies a key role for education, and more specifically history, in promoting ‘race equality’ in Britain. In this article Ian Grosvenor and Kevin Myers consider the extent of young people's current engagement with the history of ‘diversity, change and immigration’ which underpins the commitment to ‘race equality’. Finding that in many of Britain's schools and universities a singular and exclusionary version of history continues to dominate the curriculum, they go on to consider the reasons for the neglect of multiculturalism. The authors identify the development of an aggressive national identity that depends on the past for its legitimacy and argue that this sense of the past is an important obstacle to future progress.
Communication deficits: assessment of subjects with frontal lobe damage in an interview setting
Authors: Bernicot Josie , Dardier Virginie 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis paper is about communication deficits in an interview setting among adolescents with frontal lobe damage. One of the predominant characteristics of these patients is difficulty taking the context into account. Pragmatic theories, which attempt to clarify the link between the formal structure of language and the extra‐linguistic context (such as the interlocutor's characteristics or strategies), may help provide insight into the difficulties of these patients. An interview setting, viewed here as a communication situation, is governed by an interaction format based on specific cooperative principles. In this study, the results of subjects with frontal lobe damage (in the role of interviewee) were first compared with those of normal subjects in an interview situation. Three pragmatic indexes were considered: the number of utterances per speaking turn (speech quantity), amount of digression (keeping to the topic or predefined subject of conversation shared by the interlocutors) and prevalence of withinsubject contingency speaking turns without an intervening remark by the interviewer (topic development). Secondly, we attempted to determine whether the patients’ discourse was dependent upon the interviewer's conversational strategy (structured, non‐structured, or alternating). The results clearly point out the extent of the difficulty frontal lobe patients have conforming to the rules of the interview situation, whether regarding the amount of speech they produce or their ability to keep within and/or development of the topic of conversation. The data also indicated that the patients’ linguistic productions varied with the interviewer's strategy. The structured strategy did not always give rise to the best performance: while the unstructured and alternating strategies allowed patients to produce more utterances per speaking turn, the alternating strategy enabled better development of the interview topic. These results suggest that such variations could be put to fruitful use in remedial techniques.
A distributed environment for physical map construction.
Authors: Grigoriev A , Levin A , Lehrach H 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: With the main focus of the Human Genome Project shifting to sequencing, bioinformatics support for constructing large-scale genomic maps of other organisms is still required. We attempt to provide for this with our work, aimed at the delivery of robust and user-friendly contig-building software on the WWW. RESULTS: We present a prototype distributed analytical environment for molecular biologists working in the area of genomic mapping. It consists of the WWW server for constructing contigs from users' data with a hypertext output connected to Java-based map visualization software. AVAILABILITY: Freely available on http://www.mpimg-berlin-dahlem.mpg. de/ approximately andy/server/ CONTACT: andy@rag3.rz-berlin.mpg.de
Myosin light‐chain kinase regulates endothelial calcium entry and endothelium‐dependent vasodilation
Authors: Watanabe Hiroshi , Tran Quang‐Kim , Takeuchi Kazuhiko , Fukao Mitsuhiro , Liu Ming Y. , Kanno Morio , Hayashi Toshio , Iguchi Akihisa , Seto Minoru , Ohashi Kyoichi 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTActivation of smooth muscle myosin light‐chain kinase (MLCK) causes contraction. Here we have proven that MLCK controls Ca2+ entry (CE) in endothelial cells (ECs): MLCK antisense oligonucleotides strongly prevented bradykinin (BK)‐ and thapsigargin (TG)‐induced endothelial Ca2+ response, while MLCK sense did not. We also show that the relevant mechanism is not phosphorylation of myosin light‐chain (MLC): MLC phosphorylation by BK required CE, but MLC phosphorylation caused by the phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A did not trigger Ca2+ response. Most important, we provide for the first time strong evidence that, in contrast to its role in smooth muscle cells, activation of MLCK in ECs stimulates the production of important endothelium‐derived vascular relaxing factors: MLCK antisense and MLCK inhibitors abolished BK‐ and TG‐induced nitric oxide production, and MLCK inhibitors substantially inhibited acetylcholine‐stimulated hyperpolarization of smooth muscle cell membrane in rat mesenteric artery. These results indicate that MLCK controls endothelial CE, but not through MLC phosphorylation, and unveils a hitherto unknown physiological function of the enzyme: vasodilation through its action in endothelial cells. The study discovers a counter‐balancing role of MLCK in the regulation of vascular tone.
Histidine pKa shifts and changes of tautomeric states induced by the binding of gallium‐protoporphyrin IX in the hemophore HasASM
Authors: Wolff Nicolas , Deniau Clarisse , Létoffé Sylvie , Simenel Catherine , Kumar Veena , Stojiljkovic Igor , Wandersman Cécile , Delepierre Muriel , Lecroisey Anne 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe HasASM hemophore, secreted by Serratia marcescens, binds free or hemoprotein bound heme with high affinity and delivers it to a specific outer membrane receptor, HasR. In HasASM, heme is held by two loops and coordinated to iron by two residues, His 32 and Tyr 75. A third residue His 83 was shown recently to play a crucial role in heme ligation. To address the mechanistic issues of the heme capture and release processes, the histidine protonation states were studied in both apo‐ and holo‐forms of HasASM in solution. Holo‐HasASM was formed with gallium‐protoporphyrin IX (GaPPIX), giving rise to a diamagnetic protein. By use of heteronuclear correlation NMR spectroscopy, the imidazole side‐chain 15N and 1H resonances of the six HasASM histidines were assigned and their pKa values and predominant tautomeric states according to pH were determined. We show that protonation states of the heme pocket histidines can modulate the nucleophilic character of the two axial ligands and, consequently, control the heme binding. In particular, the essential role of the His 83 is emphasized according to its direct interaction with Tyr 75.
Ethylene Oxide
Authors: Dever John P. , Nunley Mark A. , Rader Jeremy R. , Proulx Grant 
Published: March 2022

AbstractEthylene oxide (EO) [75‐21‐8] was first prepared in 1859 by Wurtz from 2‐chloroethanol (ethylene chlorohydrin) and aqueous potassium hydroxide. Wurtz later attempted to produce EO by direct oxidation but did not succeed. Many other researchers were also unsuccessful. In 1931, Lefort achieved direct oxidation of ethylene to EO using a silver catalyst. Although early manufacture of EO was accomplished by the chlorohydrin process, the direct oxidation process has been used almost exclusively since 1940. The primary use of EO is in the manufacture of derivatives such as ethylene glycol, surfactants, and ethanolamines.
An Underwater Long‐Term Strong Adhesive Based on Boronic Esters with Enhanced Hydrolytic Stability
Authors: Zhao Zi‐Han , Zhao Pei‐Chen , Zhao Yue , Zuo Jing‐Lin , Li Cheng‐Hui 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBoron‐based adhesives have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their strong adhesive behavior and reversible capacities. However, limited by the humidity sensitivity and poor dynamicity, it remains challenging for the boron‐based adhesive materials to realize strong and long‐term adhesion underwater. In this study, a novel boronic ester (BN‐6) with changeable ring strain induced by the heat‐responsive BN coordination bond is designed and synthesized. Due to the low strain of the six‐membered ring at ambient conditions and the high strain of the ten‐membered ring at elevated temperature, BN‐6 exhibits enhanced hydrolytic/thermal stabilities as well as dynamicity. The model dynamic crosslinking polymers containing BN‐6 linkages present significantly improved water‐resistance and recyclability. Specifically, based on the hydrolytically stable whilst kinetically active boronic ester linkage, a strong and recyclable adhesive material is successfully prepared. Long‐term adhesion performance under water and harsh conditions is realized on different substrates, with the maximum adhesion strength of 4.21 MPa. The report provides a novel chemical strategy for designing stable and dynamic boronic ester linkages and the synthesized adhesive has pioneered in the field of long‐term underwater application of boron‐based adhesives.
Atomically Sharp Lateral Superlattice Heterojunctions Built‐In Nitrogen‐Doped Nanoporous Graphene
Authors: Tenorio Maria , Moreno Cesar , Febrer Pol , Castro‐Esteban Jesús , Ordejón Pablo , Peña Diego , Pruneda Miguel , Mugarza Aitor 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNanometer scale lateral heterostructures with atomically sharp band discontinuities can be conceived as the 2D analogues of vertical Van der Waals heterostructures, where pristine properties of each component coexist with interfacial phenomena that result in a variety of exotic quantum phenomena. However, despite considerable advances in the fabrication of lateral heterostructures, controlling their covalent interfaces and band discontinuities with atomic precision, scaling down components and producing periodic, lattice‐coherent superlattices still represent major challenges. Here, a synthetic strategy to fabricate nanometer scale, coherent lateral superlattice heterojunctions with atomically sharp band discontinuity is reported. By merging interdigitated arrays of different types of graphene nanoribbons by means of a novel on‐surface reaction, superlattices of 1D, and chemically heterogeneous nanoporous junctions are obtained. The latter host subnanometer quantum dipoles and tunneling in‐gap states, altogether expected to promote interfacial phenomena such as interribbon excitons or selective photocatalysis.
Wet‐Chemistry: A Useful Tool for Deriving Metal–Organic Frameworks toward Supercapacitors and Secondary Batteries
Authors: Zhao Xi , Zheng Yihe , Dai Henghan , Yang Jia , Chen Qiang , Zhou Jinyuan , Sun Gengzhi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMetal–organic frameworks (MOFs) possess the advantages of tailorable porosity, adjustable composition, and tunable topologies and are considered promising precursors and self‐templates for the synthesis of complex nanostructures as advanced electrode materials for energy storage. Among various strategies, wet‐chemical method endows better control over topological evolution and compositional transformation of MOF crystals. Herein, the authors comprehensively review the recent achievements on wet‐chemical derivation of MOF via etching, ion‐exchange, hydrolysis, and chemical transformation, underscore the corresponding mechanisms, and highlight their important applications in supercapacitors and secondary batteries.
Thermoconformable, Flexible Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Boaretto Nicola , Dávila Beatriz , Sevilla Sonia , García Guzmán , Mikhalchan Anastasiia , Rana Moumita , Yusuf Abdulmalik , Ubierna Martinez Lucio , Castillo García Marta , Palma Jesús , Wang De‐Yi , Marcilla Rebeca , José Vilatela Juan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis work introduces a scalable method for fabrication of flexible, thermoconformable lithium‐ion batteries, suitable for the interior of vehicles. Electrodes with a composite structure are fabricated by combining conventional granular slurries with a porous carbon nanotube fabric current collector and a solid gel polymer electrolyte. The composite structure reduces polarization at high current densities, for example, with 50% and 17% higher charge capacity at 1C in LTO/Li half cells than control samples and commercial electrodes, respectively. Introducing a gel‐polymer electrolyte increases cell durability, safety, and thermal stability. Cyclability test at of 1C shows a capacity retention as high as 91% after almost 400 cycles (average capacity fade of 0.025% cycle−1). Full cells operate from 0 to 60 °C without any additives. Cells stored for 30 min up to 90 °C suffer minor capacity degradation. The possibility to withstand high temperatures and significant flexural deformation enable subjecting these pouch cells to thermoconformable processes. A roof panel with four 25 cm2 pouch cells is demonstrated. Flammability test shows that the carbon nanotube fibers (CNTF)‐LFP/CNTF‐LTO cells have a 50% lower peak of heat release rate and a much smaller total heat released than control cells with metallic current collector and liquid electrolyte.
Six‐arm Stellat Dendritic‐PbS Flexible Infrared Photodetector for Intelligent Healthcare Monitoring
Authors: Zhang Tuo , Ling Cuicui , Wang Xiaomeng , Feng Bingxin , Cao Min , Xue Xin , Xue Qingzhong , Zhang Jianqiang , Zhu Lei , Wang Chuanke , Lu Haipeng , Liu Wenpeng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe flexible photodetector plays an important role in improving human medical health status. However, the narrow spectral detection range, poor stress stability, and non‐degradation of traditional flexible photodetectors greatly hinder the further development of wearable medical devices. In this paper, a novel flexible infrared photodetector is proposed for intelligent healthcare monitoring using high purity lead sulfide (PbS) nanoparticles on paper‐based flexible substrate synthesized by hydrothermal method and physical friction. The excellent performance of the detector is attributed to the 1.01 eV band gap and six‐arm stellate dendritic structure of PdS, a good combination between PbS and paper substrate via physical friction. As a result, our photodetector demonstrates wide‐spectrum detection capabilities from 365 to 1550 nm. The photodetector at 980 nm (50.4 μW cm−2) shows responsivity of 6.45 mA W−1, detectivity of 6.4 × 1010 Jones, response recovery time of 0.36 s/0.41 s, with good mechanical stability. By comparison, our detector has a wider detection range, better weak signal detection performance, and shorter response time than the performance of the former paper‐based detector. Furthermore, the paper‐based PbS photodetector as a dual‐wavelength photoplethysmography sensor is applied to analyze the oxygen saturation and develop an intelligent bandage to monitor wound healing. This paper‐based PbS photodetector has tremendous potential in the field of wearable medical devices and intelligent medical applications are expected.
In Situ Temperature Dependent Optical Characterization and Modeling of Dealloyed Thin‐Film Nanoporous Gold Absorbers
Authors: Ramesh Rajagopalan , Niauzorau Stanislau , Sampath Venkata Krishnan , Wang Liping , Azeredo Bruno P. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNanostructured noble metals such as gold exhibit unique size‐dependent plasmonic and optical properties which is an enabling factor for designing nanophotonic devices. However, for its deployment in high temperature applications such as solar thermal energy harvesting and optothermal conversion, it requires understanding of its temperature dependent optical properties. This paper investigates the in situ specular reflectance of nanoporous gold (NPG) thin films in the wavelength range between 400 and 1000 nm at temperatures ranging from 25 to 500 °C via a home‐built fiber‐based optical spectrometer. During heating, the NPG's ligaments coalesce from an initial size of 39 ± 12 nm to a final size of up to 299 ± 114 nm, and its ligament scales with temperature closely matching an Arrhenius dependence. The surface roughness of NPG is empirically correlated to ligament size and temperature to allow for the theoretical prediction of the relative specular reflectance using scattering coefficients and effective medium theory which closely matches the experimental results. These results represent a step forward in using in situ optical spectroscopic methods to monitor the ligament size evolution of NPG thin‐films and to understand its stability and optical properties for applications at elevated temperatures.
Electromagnetic Diffusion and Encryption Holography Integration Based on Reflection–Transmission Reconfigurable Digital Coding Metasurface
Authors: Wu Liang Wei , Xiao Qiang , Gou Yue , Wu Rui Yuan , Xu Peng , Qing Ye Ming , Wang Zheng Xing , Bao Lei , Ma Hui Feng , Cui Tie Jun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe integration of different functionalities into a real‐time reconfigurable metasurface can give it more powerful ability in manipulation of electromagnetic (EM) waves. Here, a reflection–transmission (R‐T) reconfigurable digital coding metasurface, which can be flexibly switched between the reflection and transmission working states with the completely different functions, is proposed and demonstrated. As a proof of concept, an R‐T reconfigurable metasurface with integrated functions of EM diffusion in reflection state and encryption holography in transmission state is designed and demonstrated. The results have been validated by both numerical simulations and experimental measurements, showing that the proposed R‐T reconfigurable metasurface can be real‐timely controlled to work in reflection state or transmission state by adjusting bias voltage, in which the incident EM waves are totally reflected and randomly diffused to achieve low radar cross section (RCS) in reflection state and efficiently transmitted to realize encrypted holographic images in transmission state.
Ultra‐Efficient GAGG:Cr3+Ceramic Phosphor‐Converted Laser Diode: A Promising High‐Power Compact Near‐Infrared Light Source Enabling Clear Imaging
Authors: Jiang Hangjie , Chen Liyan , Zheng Guojun , Luo Zhaohua , Wu Xianhui , Liu Zehua , Li Ruiyang , Liu Yongfu , Sun Peng , Jiang Jun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractNear‐infrared (NIR) light is widely used in fields such as organic components detection and biological imaging, due to its strong tissue penetration and non‐destructive characteristics. To improve the detection sensitivity and spatial resolution of bioimaging, it is important to obtain a new NIR light source with good thermal stability, high efficiency, and ultra‐high optical output power, which currently remains a great challenge. In view of this, a Gd3Al2Ga3O12:Cr3+(GAGG:Cr3+) NIR ceramic phosphor is proposed in this study. By optimizing the preparation process of GAGG:Cr3+ceramic phosphor and the concentration of Cr3+ions, high external quantum efficiency (EQE = 70.1%) and excellent thermal stability (96.8%@150 °C) are achieved. After coupling the GAGG:Cr3+ceramic phosphor with a blue light‐emitting diode (LED), the electro‐optical conversion efficiency of the NIR ceramic phosphor converted LED (NIR‐cpc‐LED) reaches 31%@20 mA, which is higher than the previously reported values. Moreover, when coupled with a blue laser diode (LD), the optical output power of the NIR‐cpc‐LD reaches as high as 1652.6 mW@5.5 W. Therefore, GAGG:Cr3+NIR‐cpc‐LD not only shows a great prospect in practical applications, but also provides a new solution for high‐power compact NIR light sources.