bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
140 Redefining gut Barrier Function for Beef and Dairy Cattle
Authors: Penner Gregory B 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Of the many roles that the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) must facilitate, coordinated regulation of molecule movement across the gastrointestinal is key. This coordinated regulation allows for nutrient absorption while limiting permeation of non-desired molecules and is referred to as barrier function. Barrier function of the GIT includes intrinsic, extrinsic, and immunological factors, but generally permeability assessments are conducted to evaluate the whole-animal response and most studies focus on the extrinsic components of GIT barrier function. Common approaches to evaluate GIT permeability include the use of inert external markers varying in size and their measurement in blood or urine. Methodology exists for ex vivo, in vitro, and in vivo assessment; however, only in ex vivo and in vitro methods currently allow regionally specific information. Moreover, ex vivo studies have been essential to further elucidate factors that affect permeability such as osmolality, pH, and bioactive components such as histamine and lipopolysaccharides. For ruminants, extensive microbial degradation challenges the use of fermentable substrates as markers when assessing permeability and there is interest to compartmentalize permeability by region of the GIT. Recent research using dual markers to allow for total GIT and post-ruminal permeability have highlighted that regional permeability responses may be affected by production system, environmental conditions, and dietary characteristics. Future research is needed to improve the understanding of factors that affect GIT permeability, the regions involved, and strategies to support regulation of permeability.
139 Calcium-Sensing Receptor and the Regulation of Nutrient Absorption and gut Health in Pigs
Authors: Yang Chengbo , Zhao Xiaoya 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The gut has a network of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) that can recognize nutrients, other chemicals, and microbes and then initiate a cascade of signals to regulate nutrition, gut function, and metabolism. Calcium sensing receptors (CaSR) belong to the GPCR family and are expressed in various animal tissues, and CaSR plays important role in nutrient sensing and the physiology, growth, and development of animals. Our results demonstrated that pCaSR is widely expressed in different tissues including intestinal segments in weaned piglets and the ileum has a higher expression level of pCaSR. However, pCaSR is not expressed in either isolated porcine ileal enterocytes or intestinal porcine enterocyte cell lines (IPEC-J2). We also found that the activation of pCaSR showed biased agonism through multiple signaling with a dual-luciferase reporter assay system. Besides, α-casein (90-95) and L-Tryptophan (L-Trp) are type II agonists for pCaSR. We investigated the roles of pig calcium-sensing receptor (pCaSR) ligands in gut hormone secretion and mechanism and the effects of pCaSR ligands on inflammation response, nutrient absorption and barrier function in the intestinal epithelial cells co-culture system challenged with peptidoglycan (PGN). Our results demonstrated that the pCaSR ligands (L-Trp and α-casein (90-95)) to STC-1 cells could induce the secretion of gut hormones through the regulation of CaSR in STC-cells. Plus, the GLP-1 secretion triggered by L-Trp and α-casein (90-95) in STC-cells attenuated the inflammation response, improved the nutrient absorption and barrier function in the IPEC-J2 cells. Further research is still needed to elucidate the roles of L-Trp and α-casein (90-95) on nutrient absorption and barrier function in pigs under physiological challenges. Collectively, the pCaSR is widely expressed in the porcine tissues, and the activation of pCaSR has the potential to improve gut health and growth performance in swine production.
152 Effect of Continuous or Intermittent Feeding of Ergot Contaminated Grain in a Mash or Pelleted Form on the Performance of Backgrounding Beef Steers
Authors: Reynolds Matthew R , Stanford Kim , Meléndez Daniela M , Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen S , McAllister Timothy A , Blakley Barry R , McKinnon John J , Ribeiro Gabriel O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding pelleted or mash ergot contaminated grain continuously or intermittently on performance and blood parameters of backgrounding steers. Sixty black angus steers (300 ± 29.4 kg) were used in a complete randomized backgrounding (60% barley silage:40% concentrate DM basis) 84 d study. Steers were randomly assigned to 4 different treatments and housed individually. Treatments included: 1) control ration (CON; no added ergot), 2) continuous ergot mash (CEM; fed continuously at 2 ppm), 3) intermittent ergot mash (IEM; fed at 2 ppm on the first wk of each 21 d period and control diet for the remaining 2 wk), and 4) intermittent ergot pellet (IEP; fed at 2 ppm during the first wk of each 21 d period and control diet for the other 2 wk). Calves were weighed every 21 days and blood samples were collected on d 0, 42, and 84. No treatment effects (P&gt;0.05) were observed for complete blood count. Steer DMI was reduced for all ergot diets compared to the CON diet (P&lt; 0.01, 7.45 vs. 8.05 kg/d). Steer ADG was reduced for all ergot diets compared to the CON diet (P&lt; 0.01). CEM fed steers had lower ADG (P&lt; 0.01, 0.980 vs. 0.735 kg) and shrunk final weight (P&lt; 0.01, 366 vs. 350 kg) than CON calves, but CEM and IEM were no different. CEM fed steers had lower Gain:Feed (P&lt; 0.07, 0.130 vs. 0.142) than CON calves. Pelleting ergot contaminated grain did not reduce the impact of ergot alkaloids on any of the measured parameters. Results suggest that continuously or intermittently feeding an ergot contaminated TMR (2 ppm) can significantly reduce the growth performance of backgrounded feedlot steers but no effects were observed for blood parameters. Pelleting was not an effective method of reducing ergot toxicity.
157 Comparison of Reproductive and Early Growth Performance of an F1 Usda Prime Yield Grade one Carcass Clone Sire and an Industry-Leading Purebred Sire in the Beef x Dairy Production System
Authors: Richardson Katylyn J , Lust David G , Lawrence Ty E , Perkins Tommy L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objectives of this research were to determine if an F1 USDA Prime, yield grade 1 sire produced from the WTAMU PrimeOne Project (Sire A) was a competitive sire for producing dairy composites when compared to a purebred Angus sire (Sire B), and to evaluate any subsequent reproductive impact of sire on dam. Dairy cows (n = 1,930) were artificially inseminated resulting in 763 pregnancies with 564 births and 536 live calves. Data was collected at a large commercial dairy and analyzed using SAS 9.4 with sire as fixed effect; lactation, breeding technician and services per conception were random effects. Individual animal was experimental unit (n = 536). Conception rates were 40% for Sire A and 31% for Sire B (P ≤ 0.01). Average gestation length (GL) was 284-d and 280-d for Sire A and B, respectively (P ≤ 0.01). Calves by Sire B reported lower average birth weight (BW) than those by Sire A (P ≤ 0.01) with no difference in calving ease score (CE) (P = 0.24). There was no difference in 60-d (P = 0.58) or 120-d calf weights (P = 0.47). However, calves by Sire B reported higher average daily gains at both 60- (0.61 and 0.58 kg; P ≤ 0.01) and 120-d (0.70 and 0.67 kg; P = 0.03). Sire had no effect on morbidity (P = 0.62) or mortality (P = 0.25). Post-partum interval (PPI) and time from first estrus to conception were not different between sires (P = 0.19; P = 0.14). BW and CE did not affect PPI or time from first estrus to conception. Data from this trial indicates the cloned progeny sire increased conception rates, but the purebred Angus sire was more favorable for GL, BW and progeny growth performance. Neither sire negatively impacted subsequent reproductive performance of the dam.
153 Phenotypic Selection of Efficient Beef Cows and Differences in Digestive Physiology
Authors: Delver Justin J , McKinnon John J , Lardner Bart , Ribeiro Gabriel O , Penner Gregory B 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated beef cows identified as having high or low efficiency when managed in extensive systems and whether they differ in terms of digestive physiology. Nine high (HE) and low efficiency (LE) cows were selected from a group of 86 Angus cows using 2 years of selection data. Yearly ranks were assessed based on three weighted criteria: cow rump fat at calving; calving interval; and calf weaning weight. The 18 cows were then ruminally cannulated and used to evaluate their response to high (HQ; 41.0±0.78% NDF), medium-high (MHQ; 56.9±1.17% NDF), moderate (MQ; 62.5±3.40% NDF), and low-quality forage (LQ; 64.3±1.40% NDF) diets using four consecutive 26-d periods where diet quality progressively decreased by period for all cows. There was no phenotype′diet interactions. Start and end BW were 48 and 45 kg less (P&lt; 0.01) and rump fat was thicker for HE than LE cows (P=0.02). Although total DMI did not differ (13.0 kg/d; P=0.93), DMI (%BW) was greater for HE (2.12%) than LE (1.97%, P&lt; 0.01). Ruminal pH, short-chain fatty acid concentration, and the molar proportion of acetate, butyrate, and propionate did not differ. Ruminal digesta weight was 4 kg greater (P=0.04) and the pool sizes of DM (P=0.01), NDF (P=0.03) and undigested NDF (P&lt; 0.01) were greater for LE than HE. Ruminal NDF passage rate was greater for HE than LE cows (3.11 vs. 2.89%/h, P=0.05), but there were no differences for the rate of NDF digestion. Ruminal contraction amplitude (P=0.01) and peak area (P&lt; 0.01) were higher for LE than HE cows. Apparent total tract nutrient digestibility did not differ (P≥0.23). Cows identified as being efficient under an extensive management system have greater DMI as a proportion of BW, less ruminal digesta weight, and greater NDF passage rate but did not differ for total tract digestibility.
162 Differential Late Gestation Metabolizable Energy Intake Alters Adipose-Specific Insulin Responsiveness in Antepartum Beef Cattle
Authors: Hare Koryn S , Croft Emily , Penner Gregory B , Wood Katharine M , Steele Michael A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We evaluated how metabolizable energy (ME) intake influences antepartum insulin sensitivity in beef cattle. Angus-Simmental cattle (primiparous: n = 17; multiparous: n = 21) were randomly assigned to treatments supplying 80 (LowME, n = 19) or 120% (HighME, n = 19) of predicted ME requirements for 53 d prepartum. At 7 d antepartum, intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT) were imposed by infusing 1.36 g glucose/kg BW0.75 and sampling from -3 to 90 min to measure plasma glucose and insulin and serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX with the fixed effects of treatment, parity, time (repeated), and treatment×time and considering cow(treatment) as random. Baseline glucose concentration increased (P = 0.03) and baseline insulin concentration tended to increase (P = 0.06) for HighME relative to LowME cattle irrespective (P ≥ 0.33) of parity, whereas baseline NEFA concentration was elevated (P &lt; 0.01) for LowME vs. HighME. Plasma glucose-insulin concentrations during the IVGTT did not differ (P ≥ 0.25) by treatment, treatment×time, or parity. However, serum NEFA was elevated (P &lt; 0.01) throughout the IVGTT for LowME vs. HighME cattle and tended to be affected (P = 0.09) by the treatment×time interaction as NEFA concentrations became similar at 90 min due to HighME cattle having a shallower (treatment×time: P &lt; 0.01) decremental NEFA response than LowME cattle. Low ME cattle cleared NEFA more quickly (75% increase; P &lt; 0.01) than HighME. The glucose positive incremental area-under-the-curve throughout the IVGTT tended to be lesser (P = 0.06) for heifers than cows but heifers had a blunted (P ≤ 0.05) glucose-stimulated reduction in NEFA and NEFA clearance rate compared to cows. These data demonstrate that ME provision may alter adipose insulin responsiveness in antepartum beef cattle and that heifers respond to excess glucose and NEFA differently than cows.
164 Out-of-Feed Events and Gastric Ulcers in Finishing Pigs fed 40% air-Classified pea Starch Diets
Authors: Kpogo Agbee L , Dubois Megan , Loewen Matthew , Beaulieu Denise , Newkirk Rex N 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Air-classified pea starch (ACPS), a new feed ingredient, that is very fine and may contribute to bridging and the formation of gastric ulcers in pigs, especially if combined with extended feed outage event. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of a feed-out duration event in finishing pigs fed 40% ACPS diets, on gastric ulcers and animal growth parameters. A 28-d trial was performed utilizing 90 pigs with initial BW of 90.6±2.2 kg, housed in groups of 5 in a complete randomized design. A control group of pigs were also fed standard production diets without ACPS. A total of four treatments consisting of a control group (no ACPS) that had continuous access to standard feed, and an ACPS diet group exposed to 0h, 16h and 24h feed-out events. After d 28, 3 pigs/pen from the pigs fed ACPS diets were sent to a commercial abattoir and their stomach tissues harvested. Lesions in the pars oesophagea were scored on a scale of 0 to 4. Pigs fed the ACPS diets tended to have a higher BW (P &lt; 0.09) compared to the control pigs by d 7. However, there was no difference on the overall BW (P&gt;0.09). ADG was higher (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed the ACPS diets in the initial 7 days than the control pigs. Overall ADFI in pigs fed ACPS diets were higher (P &lt; 0.05) than the control pigs. The overall G:F was reduced in the ACPS-fed pigs. The 0h, 16h and 24h out of feed events produced 83%, 91% and 100% ulcers respectively. With the average ulcer scores being 1.8, 2.3 and 2.0 for the 0h, 16h and 24h, respectively. In conclusion, feeding 40% ACPS diets resulted in a high incidence of ulcers and 16h feed outage results in the highest severity.
174 All Things Bison: The Known and the Unknown
Authors: Galbraith Jayson 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Bison (Bison bison) are a majestic species native to North America that have a rich yet turbulent history. This iconic species is valued due to its cultural significance among indigenous people, impact on the vast geography that it inhabited and commercially for its meat products with desirable attributes. Conservation efforts have included both public and privately owned herds, and efforts to increase their numbers presently continue on both fronts. The objective of this presentation is to provide some historical context about bison, an overview of bison ranching in North America, review research on bison and suggest research topics of importance for this species. Bison roamed North America from Alaska to the northern tier of Mexican states in massive numbers up until the late 1800’s where relentless hunting and waste dwindled their numbers to no more than 1500 head. Today the farmed bison industry in North America is a thriving livestock industry with over 300,000 bison on farms and a keen consumer interested in the story and sustainability of bison. The primary product from the industry is meat, but skulls, hides and farm tourism are also sources of revenue for the industry. There is much about bison that is unknown, but the body of knowledge is increasing as research is published and through code of practice development. Genetic testing and disease surveillance are important tools for species preservation, both on private ranches and public herds. Understanding bison seasonality, adaptations to low quality forages, interactions with their environment and sensitivity to stress helps both the conservation and commercial raising of bison. More research into nutrition, meat quality, reproduction, technology adoption and handling techniques to lower impacts of stress will help efforts towards successfully raising and enjoying bison.
177 Peer Community in Animal Science: A Free Publication Model for Transparent and Open Science
Authors: Muñoz-Tamayo Rafael , Gagaoua Mohammed , Gondret Florence , Hess Matthias , Morgavi Diego P , Olsson I Anna S , Taghipoor Masoomeh , Tedeschi Luis O , Veissier Isabelle 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The scientific publication system should evolve into practices that enhance free dissemination and full access to research findings. At the same time, it should ensure reproducibility and transparency and safeguard scientific integrity from the detrimental effects of the current “publish or perish” culture. The objective of this contribution is to introduce the Peer Community In (PCI) Animal Science initiative (https://animsci.peercommunityin.org/), which represents an alternative to the current publication system under the umbrella of the “Peer Community In” project (https://peercommunityin.org/ ). PCI Animal Science is an international community of researchers working in animal science and related areas and it promotes open science and research transparency. Although PCI Animal Science is not a scientific journal, it operates similarly with editors (here: recommenders) and reviewers. Currently, the PCI Animal Science community has 64 recommenders from 20 countries. PCI Animal Science is a non-profit initiative, run and managed by researchers. The PCI Animal Science community performs, at no cost, rigorous open reviews of preprints that have been deposited on repositories such as bioRxiv and Zenodo from a wide range of research areas related to animal science. Based on independent reviews, a recommender decides whether a paper is recommended or not. Recommended preprints are peer-reviewed and citable stand-alone articles of high scientific value that do not need publication in traditional journals. However, if the authors wish, they can also publish their recommended preprint in the Diamond Open Access Peer Community Journal (https://peercommunityjournal.org/section/animsci/) at no cost. Authors can also submit their recommended manuscript to PCI-friendly journals (i.e., journals that consider the PCI evaluation in their own review processes) or to other journals. This contribution shows the workflow of the evaluation of manuscripts by PCI Animal Science and the advantages of adopting this new publishing model.
194 Sustainable Livestock Production from Phytochemically Diversified Pastures
Authors: Ates Serkan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Agricultural systems must increase productivity while conserving the natural resource base and optimizing ecosystem services to meet the converging challenges posed by a growing human population, increasing costs of production inputs, and widespread environmental degradation. Thus, sustainability concerns justify the needs for readjustment of pasture strategies and redefining the role of forages in livestock production. The function of forages in pasture-based livestock systems needs to be broaden beyond their agronomic and animal nutrition benefits. Specifically, the potential of bioactive compounds found in forb species in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, boosting animal immune system, increasing the biochemical richness of animal products and ecosystem benefits should be considered in designing pasture systems. It is key to take full advantage of the benefits provided by the biochemicals present in diverse arrays of forages, as they can contribute to the enhancement of feed efficiency and animal health at relatively low costs to the producer. The use of phytochemically diverse pastures that include legumes and forbs with high nutritive quality together with the presence of beneficial plant secondary compounds can improve the antioxidant capacity and the immune function of livestock and reduce animal CH4 emissions and nitrate (NO3) leaching from soils. The main tenet of the invited talk will be to provide information on recent research findings on the effects of temperate forb species with high bioactive compounds on animal production, health and GHG emissions. Furthermore, how these forages can be successfully incorporated in pasture systems and animal feeding programs in temperate agro-ecologies will be discussed.
195 Breeding Winter and Spring two-row Barley for More Sustainable Livestock Production
Authors: Sherman Jamie Douglas , Hoogland Traci , Williams Jessica , Lutgen Greg 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Global climate change is impacting agricultural production systems and the ability to feed a growing world population. While welcomed in cool humid regions, warmer temperatures are exacerbating water shortages in dryland areas across the western United States. The impacts of these shortages on grain and beef production were evident when both dropped because of persistent drought in 2021, foreshadowing the challenges faced by dryland farmers and ranchers. We are developing barley adapted to abiotic stress to support more sustainable livestock production. In spring barley, we have found that the length of developmental stages impact grain yield, forage yield, and forage quality potentially providing resilience to drought. We have genetically dissected traits that could improve drought tolerance, forage yield, and forage quality in spring barley with the goal of improving breeding efficiency for these traits. We are working to develop cold tolerant winter barley to provide a rotational tool for growers to provide potential early grazing, resistance to drought, and increased grain and forage production. A long-term goal is to develop barley suitable for integration into livestock systems.
198 Using Annual Forage Crops to Extend Grazing: What are the Benefits to Production and Livestock Enterprise Economics
Authors: Beck Paul A , Coblentz Wayne , Jennings John , Beck Matthew R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Extending the grazing season, and thereby reducing reliance on harvested and stored forages, positively affects the economics of grazing livestock. In the Southern Great Plains and Southeastern regions of the U. S., grazing systems are dominated by warm season perennial grasses. The most famous example of using annual forages to extend the grazing season in the Southern Great Plains is the use of wheat (and other cool-season annuals) in crop fields as a forage resource during the winter and early spring in either dual purpose (grazing and grain production) or graze-out (grazing entire crop) uses. Even in foraging systems that utilize both warm-season perennials and cool-season annuals in the Southern Great Plains, a substantial forage shortfall occurs in late summer and early fall. In the Northern Great Plains, native and perennial introduced forage species are primarily cool-season species, but still have primary productivity during late spring and summer, with production shortfalls during early winter and spring. While in the Mid-West, predominantly cool-season perennial pastures have production shortfalls and reduced forage nutritive value in mid-summer, commonly known as ‘summer slump’. In any and all of these environments, annual forages can and have been used to fill gaps in forage production. Recent research has investigated using annual forages in novel ways to further extend grazing seasons. In the northern Midwest summer plantings of cool season annuals such as oats have been used to provide grazing resources during the fall and early winter. While in the southeast, late summer plantings of warm-season annuals have filled the fall forage gaps. Annual forages offer many advantages in designing systems to extend grazing seasons in all environments. Annual forages are generally higher in nutritive value than perennials and plantings can be timed to fill gaps in availability of the dominant perennial forages in the local environment.