bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The performance of the Optimisation and Regenerative Braking systems by using PI controlling technique for Electric Vehicle (EV)
Authors: Rahmat A , Fahmi M I , Fang LH , Mustafa AA , Noh HMT , Saifizi M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Electric automobiles have lower fuel costs because electric motors are more efficient than internal combustion engines. These automobiles can only drive a certain distance because to insufficient batteries and the lack of charging stations. EVs, on the other hand, lack a short driving distance and require frequent charging and discharging of power batteries. EVs will benefit from the development of energy-saving technologies that will expand their reach and prevent battery damage caused by frequent charging and discharging. The goal is to improve the energy efficiency of braking system and its motor efficiency to generate current, as well as to improve regenerative braking (RB) efficiency in EV’s. Using a Brushless DC (BLDC) motor by adding an LC filter is the method that will be applied. A significant addition of current and less ripple and spike in the torque and a quick dynamic interference is the desired result. The performance of the system optimisation and RB circuit systems by using PI controlling technique. The output from torque produced by a 2200 Rpm is 3 Nm and demonstrates that the BLDC motor is efficient when driven by an LC filter circuit. Finally, using the Matlab/Simulink tool, this research presents a thorough simulation of a BLDC motor’s operation as a motor and a generator with RB to create more current in EVs.
Investigation of The Dynamic Deflection of Conveyor Belts Via Simulation Modelling Methods on Idler Factor
Authors: Munir Handy Ali , Zakaria Ammar , Ponniran Asmarashid , Rahman Md Tasyrif Abdul , Marimuthu Thenesh 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Belt conveyor is today’s very important mechanism in material handling industries and is most commonly used to transport bulk materials such as grain, salt, coal and sand. Belt deflection indicates belt is loosening. It occurs between the idler roll sets due to the self-weight of the belt and the forces from the bulk material. This paper includes detailed analysis of the conveyor belt deflection under pragmatic load conditions. The aim of the project is to develop a Finite Element Method (FEM) simulation model for the deflection analysis of a conveyor belt using load data for bulk material calculated by a coupled Discrete Element Method (DEM) simulation. The scope of this project is on idler roll aspects. Two types of three-trough idlers were used in this project which were made of steel and plastic respectively. A variety of idler spacing were used to determine the most efficient configuration for the belt. This paper will explain the FEM procedures for the modelling of the belt behavior and the working principle of a coupled FEM-DEM analysis. Experimental results were presented and compared based on parameters. Comparisons showed plastic idler-rollers with smaller gap is better than the rest and it could be optimized to improve the performance and efficiency.
Characterization of Photovoltaic Module Under Random Partial Shading Conditions
Authors: Rahman Norjasmi Abdul , Tajuddin Muhammad Faridun Naim , Mukhtar Nurhakimah Muhd , Aihsan Muhammad Zaid 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Photovoltaic (PV) systems have been gaining the pace in energy market for the past decade. Reducing capital costs and government incentives are among other factors that drive the PV forward. PV massively depends on the sunlight that falls onto its surface to generate electricity. However, partial shading events are a common nemesis to the PV systems. It happened when some part of the PV panel’s surface did not receive the maximum light energy. It can be caused by passing clouds, nearby trees or poles, leaves, bird dropping, etc. The harvested power drops during this event, hence the overall system’s efficiency is also affected. This paper investigates the characteristic of the single panel system during various partial shading conditions. The identification of the maximum power point (MPP) location and the intensity of the event to occur at the region on the P-V plane is given priority in this study. All in all, this study aims to provide useful information for considerations in the process of designing the converters.
Design and Simulation of Compact MIMO Antenna for the 5G Communication in C-Band
Authors: Ashar Dhyey , yadav Ajay Kumar Singh , Sharma Mamta 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper presents CPW fed 4 × 4 configurations “Multiple Input Multiple Output” (MIMO) antenna is proposed for 5th Generation New Radio (NR) Sub-6 GHz band. The antenna consists of four hexagonal-shaped antenna elements with an overall area of 61 × 61 × 1.6 mm3. The pattern diversity of the proposed MIMO is obtained by embedding an H-shaped stub in the ground plane and an I-shaped stub is integrated with the ground plane to obtain high isolation (<20 dB). The value of ECC for the proposed four-port antenna is less than 0.002. The proposed antenna covers the frequency band from 3.6 to 3.8 GHz (5G n78 band) effectively. The result guarantees the excellent diversity performance of the proposed four-port antenna. The performance of this antenna is examined in terms of port separations, DG, ECC, mean effective gain, CCL.
Single and Multiface Detection and Recognition System
Authors: Ariff F N M , Jaafar H , Jusoh S N H , Haris N A F 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Face detection has drawn the interest of numerous research groups because to its vast application in various domains such as surveillance and security systems, as human-computer interaction, and many more. Face identification is the important phase involving several factors such as lighting, facial expression, and ageing effects. It’s more tough as detection takes a lot of time to detect and distinguish a single face at a time. Moreover, most of the existing technology cannot accurately detect many faces simultaneously. This study therefore presents a system that can recognize and identify multiple face image simultaneously with various expressions. Face-recognition procedure consists of data gathering, face detection, extraction, and classification feature. The face dataset is obtained from 10 participants with varied backgrounds and expressions. Subsequently, the viola-jones technique together with threshold technique is utilized in face detection to detect face presents while removing the unnecessary background to reduce face recognition time processing further. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is then employed to extract features while maintaining as much information as possible from enormous image data set. After formulating each face’s representation, the classification process is considered to recognize the identities of users’ faces. Here, a non-parametric classifier i.e. Support Vector Machine (SVM) is applied in this process. Conclusively, the system is able to detect around 90 percent multi-face user in different conditions.
Different Composition Ratio of ZnO/CuO Nanocomposite Thin Film using Sol-gel Spin Coating Technique
Authors: Sobihana Shariffudin Shafinaz , Visuvanathan Nor Fadzleen Qistina Mohd Fahmi , Azahar Najwa Ezira Ahmed , Saad Puteri Sarah Mohamad , Hashim Hashimah , Mamat Mohamad Hafiz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
ZnO/CuO nanocomposite thin films were deposited at different ratio, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20 and 90:10 using sol – gel spin coating technique on glass substrates. The thin films were annealed at 500°C for 1 hour at room ambient after the deposition process. The structural, optical and electrical properties of the thin films were characterized by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and 2-point probe I-V measurement system. The FESEM results showed the formation of ZnO/CuO nanoparticles shape, with the average particle size for each sample decreased with increased of ZnO ratio. The average transmittance of the thin films increased with increase of ZnO ratio, with the highest transmittance showed by 90:10 thin film with a value of 82.95%. Bandgap of the thin films were calculated and obtained using Tauc’s plot and were found between 3.29 to 3.90 eV. I-V characteristic showed that the highest current reading is at 50:50 ratio. The highest conductivity was achieved by 70:30 thin film with a value of 0.396 x 10-3 S/cm.
The investigation of dynamic heterogeneity in lead silicate liquid via molecular dynamic simulation
Authors: Dung Tran Thanh , Dung MaiVan , Quynh Truong Đuc , Yen Nguyen Van , Vinh Le The 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The structure and dynamics of liquid lead silicate with a wide range of PbO ratio are done by molecular dynamics methods. The simulated result shows that the pair radial distribution functions (PRDFs) are in good agreement with the results of previous studies. Our calculated data indicates that the system exists regions of fast and slow atoms determined via the mean square displacement (MSD) in the same interval. The exhibition of dynamical heterogeneity (DH) is also found in this paper.
Implementation of Optimized Low Pass Filter for ECG filtering using Verilog
Authors: Samsudin Nooraisyah N , Isaak Dr Suhaila , Paraman Dr Norlina 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Electrocardiogram is a standard method used for the diagnosis of heart related disease. QRS complex plays an important role in Electrocardiogram signal processing since it is the prominent feature of Electrocardiogram signal. One of the important modules in the QRS detection algorithm is filtering. Electrocardiogram signal is processed to filter out unwanted signal through digital filtering. The main objective of this paper is to compare the resource utilization of hardware realization consumed between Direct Form I structure and Direct Form II structure. In this work, Infinite Impulse Response low pass filter to remove high frequency noise is designed with a passband frequency and stopband frequency of 5 and 25 Hz respectively. The designed filter is verified using Matlab Filter Design Analysis tool and realized in hardware using Verilog. Both the results show that the unwanted signals in the raw ECG signal are attenuated through the designed filter. The resource utilization result shows improvement with optimized Direct Form II implementation. The amount of look up tables, flip flop and digital signal processing used with Direct Form II structure shows a reduction to 0.26%, 0.12% and 2.50% respectively compared to 1.17%, 0.20%, 2.92% of utilization with Direct Form I structure.
Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) Utilizing Flyback Converter Topology: Simulation and Experiment
Authors: Fauzi F , Zaidi M E , Udom U , Manaf N A A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper presents simulation and experimental works of a single, 5 volt DC output switch mode power supply (SMPS). The main objective of this work is to design, build and evaluate the SMPS using flyback converter topology. In this work, a 555 timer was chosen as the pulse width modulator. The 555 timer was chosen because it is easily available, cheap and has the capability to produce stable pulse width modulation. The complete circuit of the SMPS consist of full bridge rectifier, smoothing capacitor, pulse width modulator, high frequency transformer and flyback converter. The complete SMPS circuit was firstly designed and simulated using Proteus software. After obtaining acceptable results from the simulation process, the hardware part of the project, soon follows. Next, the SMPS circuit was constructed on a breadbroad. Testing and measurements of important parameters such as the input and output voltages and duty cycle were carried out using digital oscilloscope and multi meter. Both simulation and experimental results have shown that the designed circuit can convert single 24 Vrms 50 Hz AC voltage input into a stable single 5±0.15 V DC outputs. This work also has shown that pulsed DC voltage with peak value of 3.8 V and frequency lower than 4 kHz is adequate in controlling the switching frequency of a MOSFET transistor, thus regulating the output voltage within the desired range. Further analysis also shows close correlation between the simulation and experimental results.
SAR Evaluation of Flexible UWB Antenna for Wearable Applications
Authors: Ashar Dhyey , yadav Ajay Kumar , Sharma Mamta 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This manuscript appearance a compact and Ultra-Wideband (UWB) antenna for wearable applications. The proposed coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed circular configuration patch antenna is simulated on two different dielectric materials one flexible polyamide based Cordura fabric and other is FR-4, with small footprint of size 36 × 46 mm2. The antenna works in complete UWB band from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. The performance of the antenna was examined in free space and three-layer human body phantom. This research work also presents the flexibility analysis of structure for both substrates. These examinations exhibited that proposed UWB antenna is an appropriate contender for wireless body area network (WBAN) operation.
Soil mass movement monitoring for landslide detection using low-cost accelerometer sensor as inclinometer
Authors: Kaharuddin S. , Ain M.F. , Mamat M.N. , Abdullah M.N. , Yusob Mohamad Firdaus Bin Mahamad 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper presents soil mass movement monitoring for landslides detection using low-cost MEMS accelerometer as inclinometer. Commercial inclinometers for geotechnical ground observations are quite expensive. This research aims to study and develop low-cost inclinometer as an alternative using accelerometer. The output of the low-cost accelerometer is noisy and fluctuated make it not suitable for accurate measurement device. We solved this problem in this paper using moving average filter. The digital filter algorithm was tested and showed promising results.
Design of ground-mounted grid-connected photovoltaic system with bifacial modules using PVsyst software
Authors: Mohamed NSS , Sulaiman SI , Rahim SRA 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bifacial photovoltaic module has gained significant traction in recent years due to its higher irradiation capture capabilities with cost-effective technology. This paper presents the design, simulation, and techno-economic evaluation of a 45MW fixed-tilt ground-mounted grid-connected photovoltaic system with bifacial photovoltaic modules. The site is located in Sungai Petani, Kedah, Malaysia. The PVsyst 7.2 software was used to design the system by selecting the rating of PV module, inverter and tilt angle of PV modules. In addition, shading and loss calculation, as well as performance evaluation, were also conducted using the software. The simulation of the optimal geometrical parameters had shown an optimal tilt angle of 5°, the pitch of 5.5m and PV array installation height of 1.5m with an albedo value of 0.25. Besides, the performance of system with bifacial and monofacial modules were compared in terms of techno-economic performance indicators. The results showed that the bifacial PV system produces higher energy output with a lower levelized cost of electricity when compared to the system with monofacial PV modules.
DC-DC Buck Converter for Electric Bike with Parameterized DC Motor: Simulation and Experimental Validation
Authors: Abdullah M N , Mat Desa M K , Bakar E A , Akhtar M N 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a single stage DC-DC Buck power converter for an electric bike system which is used as a DC motor driver. The DC motor is firstly parameterized to identify and estimate the dynamic of electrical and mechanical parameters. In this paper, the simulation and the experimental validation of the system are presented. A model of a DC-DC Buck converter fed with DC motor is developed. The simulation was carried out using Matlab-Simulink software and the experimental setup is based on a built prototype of Atmega 328 microcontroller board. The similarities of voltage and current input/output waveforms between simulation and experimental results proved that the single stage DC-DC Buck converter with parameterized DC motor suitable to prototype a low power electric bike model.
Ruby Stone Light Grade Inspection System Using CCD Linear Sensor – A Review
Authors: Rahalim F. M. , Jamaludin J. , Raisin S. N. , Asuhaimi F. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several gemmology technologies, including loupes, microscopes, and dichroscopes, are currently utilised to assist gemstone traders in evaluating rubies. These tools, on the other hand, rely heavily on human vision for pictorial assessment. There are no standardized tools for determining ruby stone grading, other from those that rely on human vision, which can lead to errors. Gemmologists, stakeholders in the precious stone and manufacturing industries, as well as dental applications, would benefit from a standardized quantitative grading valuation of ruby stones. Extensive research is required to analyse the light characteristics of rubies. This paper presents a potential research overview of the Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) linear sensor to inspect the grading value of ruby stone based on its light characteristic. This research delves deeper into the relevant light properties of rubies for grading purposes. Numerous types of gemmological instruments are used for grading and appraising rubies, as well as their applications, are discussed in this paper. A standardized approach for quantitative grading valuation of ruby stones utilising a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) linear sensor is offered due to the limits of current techniques and the strong demand for superior quality in the high-valued stone sectors.
Power Controller for Dual-axis Solar Tracking System using PID
Authors: Suboh S M , Er Lim Che , Sardi J 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Solar energy is one of the rich and unlimited energy sources in Malaysia which can generate power instead of the burning of fossil fuels which can cause air pollution. In this study, a dual-axis solar tracking system is proposed to improve the harvested power. To encourage the maximum output power is produced, PID controller is used. Its function is to achieve the reference power where the angle of the horizontal and vertical axes is considered. The solar radiation is studied from 7 a.m. (0700) to 5 p.m. (1700) according to the habit of solar altitude angle and the azimuth angle in Perlis, Malaysia. There is two PID controllers are developed for the orientation and inclination axis of the solar tracker. The output power between the dual-axis and single-axis of solar tracking system are compared through the simulation in MATLAB Simulink. In conclusion, the dual-axis solar tracker has a better performance than the single-axis solar tracker due to the higher degree of freedom to follow the motion of sun. This maximum power can keep going to the reference power of the photovoltaic module during the greatest radiation of sun depending on the solar altitude and azimuth angle.
Vibration analysis of 28 kHz horn transducer for ultrasonic cleaning based on harmonic response analysis
Authors: Phophayu Suchada , Thongsri Jatuporn 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Horn Transducer (HT) is one of the key components in ultrasonic applications, consisting of a front mass, piezoelectric, and back mass parts. Previously, most of the research focused on vibration study of the front mass part based on modal analysis, but the other parts were ignored; therefore, the research results have limitations to actual usage. This research presents the vibration analysis of HT included all parts, based on harmonic response analysis (HRA). First, a conventional HT of 28 kHz, 50 W, 220 V, front mass-radius (R) of 29 mm, and height (H) of 5 mm was investigated for the vibration analysis. Next, proposed designs were also investigated by varying the R as 27 mm - 32 mm, and H as 4 mm - 8 mm. All results were analyzed to find a suitable shape and investigated the designs that affected the vibration. The simulation results revealed that the longitudinal amplitude depends on R and H. In addition, the simulation results were consistent with an experiment and previous work. Finally, the suitable design with R of 29 mm and H of 7 mm provided the optimum vibration at 27,250 Hz. The outcomes of this research were applied to develop a high-performance ultrasonic cleaner.
Development of Electronic Valve Timing Control Unit for Single Piston Expander with Microcontroller
Authors: Ali A. Z. A. , Zakaria M. F. , Mohamad M. N. A. , Muhammad W. N. A. W. , Salim W. S. I. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An electronic valve timing control unit has been developed mainly for the internal combustion engine operation. This study aims to implement a similar technology into a single-piston expander (SPE) with readily available and low-cost microcontrollers. The study used an Arduino Mega 2560 and ESP32-WROOM microcontrollers to control the valve timing with the rotational input signal obtained from an absolute encoder. The SPE has been expected to run at the rotational speed of up to 2000 rpm. This setup was prepared to simulate the actual SPE operation using a direct current motor to drive the spindle connected to the encoder shaft to create a similar hardware testing and controlled environment. The study aims to identify the efficiency of the microcontroller’s performance with a variation of the valve’s opening and closing time. Results have shown that the clock rate of the microcontroller affects the performance of valve timing response. By increasing the clock rate, the microcontroller can control the valve at a higher speed.
Application of Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) Method in Wind Turbine Fault Detection
Authors: Fadzail N F , Mat Zali S , Mid E C , Jailani R 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fault detection has drew much attention nowadays, as it can save time and operational maintenance costs, especially in the wind turbine (WT) that is becoming familiar with renewable energy. Machine learning became widespread use in fault detection methods. However, most available machine learning needs more data and much time to train. Therefore, there is a need to detect faults using a few data during the training process. This paper aims to apply Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) method for fault detection in WT systems. The fault detection in the WT system focuses on the internal stator fault in the generator as it is the main part of the WT. The AutoML model was developed using a neural network (NN) algorithm in python based on the Auto-Keras model. The model was developed using four inputs, i.e. stator and rotor currents in the d-q axis (Iqs, Ids, Iqr
and Idr
) while the outputs are impedance values, i.e. stator resistance, Rs
, and stator inductance, Ls
. The WT system used in this research is the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) in MATLAB/Simulink. In the Auto-Keras model, the impedance values (Rs
and L
s) indicated the condition of the DFIG, either normal or fault conditions. Two fault types were applied to the WT system, i.e. inter-turn short circuit and open circuit fault. The Auto-Keras model was trained and tested with the various values of data. The accuracy and the root means square error (RMSE) value of the model were calculated. The result shows that the accuracy is high as it is more than 93% in most conditions, and the RMSE value is low, close to the zero value. Applying the AutoML method in fault detection of the WT system shows its capability to identify faults accurately.