bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fowler-Nordheim tunneling in β-Ga2O3/SrRuO3 Schottky interfaces
Authors: Li Jiahao , Ji Yanda , Pan Rui , Zhao Run , Yuan Ye , Li Weiwei , Yang Hao 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Interfaces in heterostructures always emerge as prototype electronic devices with tunable functionality. The fundamental properties of these interfaces can be finely manipulated by epitaxy engineering. Recently, heterostructures based on Ga2O3, an ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor, have been reported for use in high powered device applications. Herein, we will demonstrate a heterostructure of β-Ga2O3/SrRuO3 integrated on c-plane sapphire, where the high density of edge dislocations are evidenced in the heterostructure interfaces. Apart from the dominant Schottky emission mechanism, Fowler-Nordheim tunneling is also revealed by leakage current analysis, which may be ascribed to the edge dislocations at the interfaces. These results boost the basic understanding of ultra-wide bandgap materials and devices.
New insight into degradation of chloramphenicol using a nanoporous Pd/Co3O4 cathode: characterization and pathways analysis
Authors: Chen Yiwen , He Junguo , Jiang Peigen , Pang Heliang , Hu Xuhui , Zhang Jie , Zhang Wenjing 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The growing chloramphenicol (CAP) in wastewater brought a serious threat to the activity of activated sludge and the spread of antibiotics resistance bacteria. In this study, a highly ordered nanoporous Co3O4 layer on Co foil through anodization was prepared as cathode for nitro-group reduction and electrodeposited with Pd particles for dechlorination to reduce CAP completely. After 3 h treatment, almost 100% of CAP was reduced. Co2+ ions in Co3O4 served as catalytic sites for electrons transfer to CAP through a redox circle Co2+–Co3+–Co2+, which triggered nitro-group reduction at first. With the presence of Pd particles, more atomic H* were generated for dechlorination, which increased 22% of reduction efficiency after 3 h treatment. Therefore, a better capacity was achieved by Pd/Co3O4 cathode (K = 0.0245 min−1, K is reaction constant) than by other cathodes such as Fe/Co3O4 (K = 0.0182 min−1), Cu/Co3O4 (K = 0.0164 min−1), and pure Co3O4 (K = 0.0106 min−1). From the proposed reaction pathway, the ultimate product was carbonyl-reduced AM (dechlorinated aromatic amine product of CAP) without antibacterial activity, which demonstrated this cathodic technology was a feasible way for wastewater pre-treatment.
Perspectives of measuring gravitational effects of laser light and particle beams
Authors: Spengler Felix , Rätzel Dennis , Braun Daniel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We study possibilities of creation and detection of oscillating gravitational fields from lab-scale high energy, relativistic sources. The sources considered are high energy laser beams in an optical cavity and the ultra-relativistic proton bunches circulating in the beam of the large hadron collider (LHC) at CERN. These sources allow for signal frequencies much higher and far narrower in bandwidth than what most celestial sources produce. In addition, by modulating the beams, one can adjust the source frequency over a very broad range, from Hz to GHz. The gravitational field of these sources and responses of a variety of detectors are analyzed. We optimize a mechanical oscillator such as a pendulum or torsion balance as detector and find parameter regimes such that—combined with the planned high-luminosity upgrade of the LHC as a source—a signal-to-noise ratio substantially larger than 1 should be achievable at least in principle, neglecting all sources of technical noise. This opens new perspectives of studying general relativistic effects and possibly quantum-gravitational effects with ultra-relativistic, well-controlled terrestrial sources.
Collective response of microrobotic swarms to external threats
Authors: Chen Chun-Jen , Bechinger Clemens 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Many animal species organize within groups to achieve advantages compared to being isolated. Such advantages can be found e.g. in collective responses which are less prone to individual failures or noise and thus provide better group performance. Inspired by social animals, here we demonstrate with a swarm of microrobots made from programmable active colloidal particles (APs) that their escape from a hazardous area can originate from a cooperative group formation. As a consequence, the escape efficiency remains almost unchanged even when half of the APs are not responding to the threat. Our results not only confirm that incomplete or missing individual information in robotic swarms can be compensated by other group members but also suggest strategies to increase the responsiveness and fault-tolerance of robotic swarms when performing tasks in complex environments.
Nonlinear compact localized modes in flux-dressed octagonal-diamond lattice
Authors: Stojanović M G , Gündoğdu S , Leykam D , Angelakis D G , Stojanović Krasić M , Stepić M , Maluckov A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Tuning the values of artificial flux in the two-dimensional octagonal-diamond lattice drives topological phase transitions, including between singular and non-singular flatbands. We study the dynamical properties of nonlinear compact localized modes that can be continued from linear flatband modes. We show how the stability of the compact localized modes can be tuned by the nonlinearity strength or the applied artificial flux. Our model can be realized using ring resonator lattices or nonlinear waveguide arrays.
Adding Automation and Independent Dual Verification to Reduce Wrong Blood in Tube (WBIT) Events
Authors: Passwater Michael , Huggins Y Monique , Delvo Favre Elaine D , Mukhtar Faisal , Pelletier J Peter R 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectivesTransfusions remain a complicated procedure involving many disciplines performing various steps. Pretransfusion specimen identification errors remain a concern. Over the past two decades, system changes have been made and minimal improvements in the error rates have been seen. Wrong blood in tube (WBIT) events may lead to mistransfusions of components with life-threatening complications.MethodsA continuous quality improvement effort involving the introduction of electronic patient identification at the point of pretransfusion specimen collection (an automated system improvement), manual independent dual verification, and periodic education (human process system improvements) were implemented.ResultsBoth automated and human system process improvements resulted in greater than 10-fold reduction in WBIT events and a 47% reduction in mislabeled specimens.ConclusionsDiligent improvement and implementation of combination automated system processes and human protocols with continuous monitoring led to great reductions in WBIT error rates and labeling discrepancies, leading to an increase in system safety. These combinations of improvement can lead to more decreased error rates if applied to other critical process steps in the transfusion process.
Role of Histidine 78 of leaf ferredoxin in the interaction with ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase: regulation of pH dependency and negative cooperativity with NADP(H)
Authors: Kimata-Ariga Yoko , Fukuta Karen , Miyata Masayuki 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
In chloroplast stroma, dynamic pH change occurs in response to fluctuating light conditions. We investigated the pH-dependent electron transfer activity between ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR) and ferredoxin (Fd) isoproteins from maize leaves. By increasing pH (from 5.5 to 8.5), the electron transfer activity from FNR to photosynthetic-type Fd (Fd1) significantly increased while the activity to nonphotosynthetic type Fd (Fd3) decreased, which was mainly due to their differences in the pH dependency of Km for Fd. Mutation of His78 of Fd1 to Val, corresponding amino acid residue in Fd3, lost the pH dependency, indicating a regulatory role of the His78 in the interaction with FNR. We previously showed that the interaction between FNR and Fd was weakened by the allosteric binding of NADP(H) on FNR. His78Val Fd1 mutant largely suppressed this negative cooperativity. These results indicate the involvement of Fd1 His78 in pH dependency and negative cooperativity in the interaction with FNR.
The Empowerment of Informal Female Workers: A Case Study for Social Work Intervention in Tehran Province
Authors: Jaafari Fatemeh , Barrera-Algarín Evaristo , Webb Stephen A , Aryaee Sara 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Informal employment constituting a major part of Iranian economy correlates strongly with social deprivation. The aim of the present study is to understand the mechanisms that lead to deprivation and how formalisation can empower informal workers. The study is of qualitative type using grounded theory and thematic analysis. The participants were thirty-two female workers and twelve elites selected through stratified sampling. In-depth interviews were used to collect data. Data were analysed through theoretical coding. The findings indicate that informal occupation is considered as a survival mechanism for women with deficient capital (deficient psychological, social, economic and legal capitals). In other words, women enjoying less power in legal, economic, social and psychological areas enter this domain, stay therein or exit. Based on the findings, informal occupation is a five-stage process where the female workers can be placed according to their status. The phases include pre-awareness, awareness, action, regression and emancipation. Moreover, using the model of formalising social work through empowerment and its tetrad (psychological, social, economic and legal empowerments), the formalising social worker can facilitate the formalisation of workers and their progress towards the emancipation stage, so that the workers could gain more access to the minimum and lowest social protection.
DNAJC30 defect: a frequent cause of recessive Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and Leigh syndrome
Authors: Stenton Sarah L. , Tesarova Marketa , Sheremet Natalia L. , Catarino Claudia B. , Carelli Valerio , Ciara Elżbieta , Curry Kathryn , Engvall Martin , Fleming Leah R. , Freisinger Peter , Iwanicka-Pronicka Katarzyna , Jurkiewicz Elżbieta , Klopstock Thomas , Koenig Mary K. , Kolářová Hana , Kousal Bohdan , Krylova Tatiana , La Morgia Chiara , Nosková Lenka , Piekutowska-Abramczuk Dorota , Russo Sam N. , Stránecký Viktor , Tóthová Iveta , Träisk Frank , Prokisch Holger 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The recent description of biallelic DNAJC30 variants in Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and Leigh syndrome challenged the longstanding assumption for LHON to be exclusively maternally inherited and broadened the genetic spectrum of Leigh syndrome, the most frequent paediatric mitochondrial disease. Herein, we characterize 28 so far unreported individuals from 26 families carrying a homozygous DNAJC30 p.Tyr51Cys founder variant, 24 manifesting with LHON, two manifesting with Leigh syndrome, and two remaining asymptomatic. This collection of unreported variant carriers confirms sex-dependent incomplete penetrance of the homozygous variant given a significant male predominance of disease and the report of asymptomatic homozygous variant carriers. The autosomal recessive LHON patients demonstrate an earlier age of disease onset and a higher rate of idebenone-treated and spontaneous recovery of vision in comparison to reported figures for maternally inherited disease. Moreover, the report of two additional patients with childhood- or adult-onset Leigh syndrome further evidences the association of DNAJC30 with Leigh syndrome, previously only reported in a single childhood-onset case.
NCAM1 and GDF15 are biomarkers of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease in patients and mice
Authors: Jennings Matthew J , Kagiava Alexia , Vendredy Leen , Spaulding Emily L , Stavrou Marina , Hathazi Denisa , Grüneboom Anika , De Winter Vicky , Gess Burkhard , Schara Ulrike , Pogoryelova Oksana , Lochmüller Hanns , Borchers Christoph H , Roos Andreas , Burgess Robert W , Timmerman Vincent , Kleopa Kleopas A , Horvath Rita 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMolecular markers scalable for clinical use are critical for the development of effective treatments and the design of clinical trials. Here, we identify proteins in sera of patients and mouse models with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) with characteristics that make them suitable as biomarkers in clinical practice and therapeutic trials.We collected serum from mouse models of CMT1A (C61 het), CMT2D (GarsC201R, GarsP278KY), CMT1X (Gjb1-null), CMT2L (Hspb8K141N) and from CMT patients with genotypes including CMT1A (PMP22d), CMT2D (GARS), CMT2N (AARS) and other rare genetic forms of CMT. The severity of neuropathy in the patients was assessed by the CMT Neuropathy Examination Score (CMTES). We performed multitargeted proteomics on both sample sets to identify proteins elevated across multiple mouse models and CMT patients. Selected proteins and additional potential biomarkers, such as growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) and cell free mitochondrial DNA, were validated by ELISA and quantitative PCR, respectively.We propose that neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (NCAM1) is a candidate biomarker for CMT, as it was elevated in Gjb1-null, Hspb8K141N, GarsC201R and GarsP278KY mice as well as in patients with both demyelinating (CMT1A) and axonal (CMT2D, CMT2N) forms of CMT. We show that NCAM1 may reflect disease severity, demonstrated by a progressive increase in mouse models with time and a significant positive correlation with CMTES neuropathy severity in patients. The increase in NCAM1 may reflect muscle regeneration triggered by denervation, which could potentially track disease progression or the effect of treatments.We found that member proteins of the complement system were elevated in Gjb1-null and Hspb8K141N mouse models as well as in patients with both demyelinating and axonal CMT, indicating possible complement activation at the impaired nerve terminals. However, complement proteins did not correlate with the severity of neuropathy measured on the CMTES scale. Although the complement system does not seem to be a prognostic biomarker, we do show complement elevation to be a common disease feature of CMT, which may be of interest as a therapeutic target.We also identify serum GDF15 as a highly sensitive diagnostic biomarker, which was elevated in all CMT genotypes as well as in Hspb8K141N, Gjb1-null, GarsC201R and GarsP278KY mouse models. Although we cannot fully explain its origin, it may reflect increased stress response or metabolic disturbances in CMT. Further large and longitudinal patient studies should be performed to establish the value of these proteins as diagnostic and prognostic molecular biomarkers for CMT.
White matter microstructure in Parkinson’s disease with and without elevated rapid eye movement sleep muscle tone
Authors: Patriat Rémi , Pisharady Pramod K. , Amundsen-Huffmaster Sommer , Linn-Evans Maria , Howell Michael , Chung Jae Woo , Petrucci Matthew N. , Videnovic Aleksandar , Holker Erin , De Kam Joshua , Tuite Paul , Lenglet Christophe , Harel Noam , MacKinnon Colum D. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
People with Parkinson’s disease who have elevated muscle activity during rapid eye movement sleep (REM sleep without atonia) typically have a worse motor and cognitive impairment compared with those with normal muscle atonia during rapid eye movement sleep. This study used tract-based spatial statistics to compare diffusion MRI measures of fractional anisotropy, radial, mean and axial diffusivity (measures of axonal microstructure based on the directionality of water diffusion) in white matter tracts between people with Parkinson’s disease with and without rapid eye movement sleep without atonia and controls and their relationship to measures of motor and cognitive function. Thirty-eight individuals with mild-to-moderate Parkinson’s disease and 21 matched control subjects underwent ultra-high field MRI (7 T), quantitative motor assessments of gait and bradykinesia and neuropsychological testing. The Parkinson’s disease cohort was separated post hoc into those with and without elevated chin or leg muscle activity during rapid eye movement sleep based on polysomnography findings. Fractional anisotropy was significantly higher, and diffusivity significantly lower, in regions of the corpus callosum, projection and association white matter pathways in the Parkinson’s group with normal rapid eye movement sleep muscle tone compared with controls, and in a subset of pathways relative to the Parkinson’s disease group with rapid eye movement sleep without atonia. The Parkinson’s disease group with elevated rapid eye movement sleep muscle tone showed significant impairments in the gait and upper arm speed compared with controls and significantly worse scores in specific cognitive domains (executive function, visuospatial memory) compared with the Parkinson’s disease group with normal rapid eye movement sleep muscle tone. Regression analyses showed that gait speed and step length in the Parkinson’s disease cohort were predicted by measures of fractional anisotropy of the anterior corona radiata, whereas elbow flexion velocity was predicted by fractional anisotropy of the superior corona radiata. Visuospatial memory task performance was predicted by the radial diffusivity of the posterior corona radiata. These findings show that people with mild-to-moderate severity of Parkinson’s disease who have normal muscle tone during rapid eye movement sleep demonstrate compensatory-like adaptations in axonal microstructure that are associated with preserved motor and cognitive function, but these adaptations are reduced or absent in those with increased rapid eye movement sleep motor tone.
EEG microstate correlates of emotion dynamics and stimulation content during video watching
Authors: Hu Wanrou , Zhang Zhiguo , Zhao Huilin , Zhang Li , Li Linling , Huang Gan , Liang Zhen 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Introduction
EEG microstates have been widely adopted to understand the complex and dynamic-changing process in dynamic brain systems, but how microstates are temporally modulated by emotion dynamics is still unclear. An investigation of EEG microstates under video-evoking emotion dynamics modulation would provide a novel insight into the understanding of temporal dynamics of functional brain networks.

Methods
In the present study, we postulate that emotional states dynamically modulate the microstate patterns, and perform an in-depth investigation between EEG microstates and emotion dynamics under a video-watching task. By mapping from subjective-experienced emotion states and objective-presented stimulation content to EEG microstates, we gauge the comprehensive associations among microstates, emotions, and multimedia stimulation.

Results
The results show that emotion dynamics could be well revealed by four EEG microstates (MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS4), where MS3 and MS4 are found to be highly correlated to different emotion states (emotion task effect and level effect) and the affective information involved in the multimedia content (visual and audio).

Conclusion
In this work, we reveal the microstate patterns related to emotion dynamics from sensory and stimulation dimensions, which deepens the understanding of the neural representation under emotion dynamics modulation and will be beneficial for the future study of brain dynamic systems.
Antibiotic Stewardship Strategies and Their Association With Antibiotic Overuse After Hospital Discharge: An Analysis of the Reducing Overuse of Antibiotics at Discharge (Road) Home Framework
Authors: Vaughn Valerie M , Ratz David , Greene M Todd , Flanders Scott A , Gandhi Tejal N , Petty Lindsay A , Huls Sean , Feng Xiaomei , White Andrea T , Hersh Adam L 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Strategies to optimize antibiotic prescribing at discharge are not well understood.

Methods
In fall 2019, we surveyed 39 Michigan hospitals on their antibiotic stewardship strategies. The association of reported strategies with discharge antibiotic overuse (unnecessary, excess, suboptimal fluoroquinolones) for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and urinary tract infection (UTI) was evaluated in 2 ways: (1) all strategies assumed equal weight and (2) strategies were weighted based on the ROAD (Reducing Overuse of Antibiotics at Discharge) Home Framework (ie, Tier 1—Critical infrastructure, Tier 2—Broad inpatient interventions, Tier 3—Discharge-specific strategies) with Tier 3 strategies receiving the highest weight.

Results
Between 1 July 2017 and 30 July 2019, 39 hospitals with 20 444 patients (56.5% CAP; 43.5% UTI) were included. Survey response was 100%. Hospitals reported a median (interquartile range [IQR]) 12 (9–14) of 34 possible stewardship strategies. On analyses of individual stewardship strategies, the Tier 3 intervention, review of antibiotics prior to discharge, was the only strategy consistently associated with lower antibiotic overuse at discharge (adjusted incident rate ratio [aIRR] 0.543, 95% confidence interval [CI]: .335–.878). On multivariable analysis, weighting by ROAD Home tier predicted antibiotic overuse at discharge for both CAP and UTI. For diseases combined, having more weighted strategies was associated with lower antibiotic overuse at discharge (aIRR 0.957, 95% CI: .927–.987, per weighted intervention); discharge-specific stewardship strategies were associated with a 12.4% relative decrease in antibiotic overuse days at discharge.

Conclusions
The more stewardship strategies a hospital reported, the lower its antibiotic overuse at discharge. However, Tier 3, or discharge-specific strategies, appeared to have the largest effect on antibiotic prescribing at discharge.
Model-based Analysis of Tuberculosis Genotype Clusters in the United States Reveals High Degree of Heterogeneity in Transmission and State-level Differences Across California, Florida, New York, and Texas
Authors: Shrestha Sourya , Winglee Kathryn , Hill Andrew N , Shaw Tambi , Smith Jonathan P , Kammerer J Steve , Silk Benjamin J , Marks Suzanne M , Dowdy David 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Reductions in tuberculosis (TB) transmission have been instrumental in lowering TB incidence in the United States. Sustaining and augmenting these reductions are key public health priorities.

Methods
We fit mechanistic transmission models to distributions of genotype clusters of TB cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during 2012–2016 in the United States and separately in California, Florida, New York, and Texas. We estimated the mean number of secondary cases generated per infectious case (R0) and individual-level heterogeneity in R0 at state and national levels and assessed how different definitions of clustering affected these estimates.

Results
In clusters of genotypically linked TB cases that occurred within a state over a 5-year period (reference scenario), the estimated R0 was 0.29 (95% confidence interval [CI], .28–.31) in the United States. Transmission was highly heterogeneous; 0.24% of simulated cases with individual R0 &gt;10 generated 19% of all recent secondary transmissions. R0 estimate was 0.16 (95% CI, .15–.17) when a cluster was defined as cases occurring within the same county over a 3-year period. Transmission varied across states: estimated R0s were 0.34 (95% CI, .3–.4) in California, 0.28 (95% CI, .24–.36) in Florida, 0.19 (95% CI, .15–.27) in New York, and 0.38 (95% CI, .33–.46) in Texas.

Conclusions
TB transmission in the United States is characterized by pronounced heterogeneity at the individual and state levels. Improving detection of transmission clusters through incorporation of whole-genome sequencing and identifying the drivers of this heterogeneity will be essential to reducing TB transmission.