bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of some ARVs' removal efficiency from wastewater using a moving bed biofilm reactor
Authors: Mokgope Herman , Leudjo Taka Anny , Klink Michael John , Pakade Vusumzi Emmanuel , Walmsley Tara 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
To date, in South Africa alone, there are an estimated 4.5 million people receiving antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. This places South Africa as the country with the largest ARV therapy programme in the world. As a result, there are an increasing number of reports on the occurrence of ARVs in South African waters. Achieving efficient and bio-friendly methods for the removal of these pollutants is considered as a concern for environmental researchers. This study aims at studying the efficiency of a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) system for removing ARVs from wastewater. A continuous-flow laboratory scale system was designed, built, installed, and operated at a carrier filling rate of 30%, an organic loading rate of 0.6 kg COD/m3.d−1 OLR, a hydraulic retention time of 18h, and a 27.8 mL/min flow rate. The systems were monitored over time for the elimination of conventional wastewater parameters i.e., Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, and nutrients. The results showed that the MBBR system as a bio-friendly method has high efficiency in removing Nevirapine, Tenofovir, Efavirenz, Ritonavir and Emtricitabine from the synthetic influent sample with an average removal of 62%, 74%, 94%, 94% and 95%, respectively, after 10 days of operation.
ROS-mediated Genotoxicity and Apoptosis Induced by a Novel Salicylaldimine
Derivatives in Human Cervical Cancer Cells
Authors: Tülüce Yasin , Mohammed Halgurd Nadhim , Koyuncu İsmail , Kiliç Ahmet , Durgun Mustafa 
Published: October 2022

Background:
Cervical cancer is one of the most common types of cancer
among women. Therefore, cancer studies are underway for a new chemo-agent with
more effect on cancer cells and fewer side effects on normal human healthy cells. The
currently studied novel ligand L2b as a reduced salicylaldimine derivative was examined
in seven cell lines, HeLa, DU-145, PC3, DLD-1, ECC, HT-29, and PNT1-A as a control.

Aim:
Because of the antiproliferative ability of L2b, this study intends to look at the apoptotic,
cytotoxic, and genotoxic activity of L2b on HeLa.

Methods:
For this purpose, MTT assay is for screening cytotoxic effects, comet assay for
looking for DNA damaging or genotoxicity levels, ELISA and DNA fragmentation for
apoptotic measuring, AO/EB stain test for checking the rates of live, apoptotic and necrotic
cells were performed. To reveal the oxidative state, OSI was assessed by total oxidant
and antioxidant status ratios. FRAP assay was calculated for ferric-reducing antioxidant
power, using total thiol and GSH assays to measure the antioxidant values of HeLa cells.

Results:
Of this result, we have found a tremendous effect of L2b on HeLa cells, especially
in raising the ROS rate, damaging their DNA, and causing a range of reactions leading
to apoptosis.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the data predict which ligand L2b is capable of rising apoptosis
in vitro cervical cancer cell line studied. Further cancer studies are needed to reveal
the apoptosis pathways of the ligand L2b in the HeLa cell line and its anticancer drug potency
in vivo work.
A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Efficacy and Safety of Calcimimetic
Agents in the Treatment of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Patients with Chronic
Kidney Disease
Authors: Liu Yiping , Yang Qian , Chen Guangyong , Zhou Tianbiao 
Published: October 2022

Background:
Some reports have pointed out that calcimimetics agents are effective in the treatment of
secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, but there is no detailed description
of the advantages and disadvantages of calcimimetics agents of SHPT in CKD patients. We tried to pool
the published data to verify the effectiveness of calcimimetics agents and to compare the advantages and disadvantages
of cinacalcet compared with control in the treatment of SHPT in CKD patients.

Methods:
We included eligible studies of published papers from January 1st, 2000 to December 31st, 2020 in
Medline, Pubmed and Web of science databases, and the data were extracted for this meta-analysis.

Results:
Twenty-seven studies were eligible, and all the included studies were randomized controlled trials
(RCT) including patients treated with long-term dialysis. The results indicated that calcimimetic agents can
reduce the parathyroid hormone (PTH, pg/ml) level (WMD = -178.22, 95% CI: -238.57, -117.86, P < 0.00001),
calcium (Ca, mg/dl) level (WMD = -0.71, 95% CI: -0.86, -0.55, P < 0.00001), phosphorus (P, mg/dl) level
(WMD = -0.32, 95% CI: -0.55, -0.08, P = 0.008), calcium-phosphorus product level (WMD = -7.73, 95% CI:
-9.64, -5.82, P < 0.00001). Calcimimetic agents increased the bone alkaline phosphatase (BSAP, ng/ml) levels
and rate of achieving target PTH, and reduced osteocalcin levels and the rate of parathyroidectomy. Calcimimetic
agents increased the total adverse events’ rate, the rate of hypocalcemia and gastrointestinal side effects
(nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea), but there was no significant difference in serious adverse
events between the calcimimetic agent group and control group.

Conclusion:
Calcimimetic agents can reduce the PTH level, Ca level, P level, calcium-phosphorus product
level and do not increase serious adverse events.
N-Heterocycles as Privileged Scaffolds in FDA Approved Different NMEs
of 2021: A Review
Authors: Chaudhry Faryal , Munir Rubina , Malik Nayab 
Published: October 2022

Abstract:
Presence of N-heterocyclic ring systems as promising features in the molecular skeleton of FDA approved drugs, underlie the remarkable contributions of these heterocyclic nuclei in the field of medicine. Despite instability risks associated with COVID pandemic, the US FDA approved 50 drugs (36 NMEs and 14 biological products) in the year 2021. The active ingredients of 32 drugs out of these 36 NMEs (almost 89%) contain saturated, partially unsaturated and/or aromatic N-heterocyclic moieties in their molecular assemblies, hence dominating the medicinal approvals. While 27 molecules (75% of these NMEs drugs) are prominent small NMEs. Herein, we have considered profiling of those FDA approved 27 small-molecule drugs which are decorated with N-heterocycles as privileged scaffolds. These drugs are grouped on the basis of a number of N-heterocycles present in their structural framework. The spectrum of these drugs in terms of their structural features and medicinal importance is summarized in this review. Also, the pertinent analyses of their drug-likeliness conferring some general pharmacokinetic principles is highlighted.
Network-based Pharmacology and In vitro Validation Reveal that Galangin Induces
Apoptosis in Bladder Cancer Cells by Promoting the P53 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Chen Lin , Yang Jin , Long Xiaoming , Dong Taotao , Cheng Qisen , Wang Weiwei , Zou Yujian , Su Yao , Dai Wenbin , Chen Bo , Zhou Xin 
Published: October 2022

Background:
Galangin is one of the flavonoids in Alpinia officinarum. It has various anti-tumor activities,
but its anti-bladder cancer effect is unclear.

Objective:
To investigate the mechanism of action of galangin against bladder cancer using a network pharmacology
approach.

Methods:
The TCM Systematic Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP), SwissTargetPrediction
database, and the Targetnet database were used to predict the targets of action of galangin. Bladder cancer-related
targets were obtained through the GeneCards database. The intersection of the two was taken as the target of galangin's
action against bladder cancer. The intersecting targets were screened for core targets using the STRING database and
Cytoscape 3.9.0 software to build a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of targets. The core targets were subjected
to gene ontology (GO) functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway
enrichment analysis using the online annotation and visual integration analysis tool DAVIDBioinformaticsResources
(2021Update). A drug-disease-target-pathway network was constructed using Cytoscape 3.9.0 software. The antibladder
cancer effect of galangin was observed by cell proliferation, and plate cloning assay; apoptosis of bladder
cancer cells induced by galangin was detected by Hoechst33342 staining and flow cytometry; protein immunoblotting
(Western-blot) was used to detect the effect of galangin on apoptosis-related proteins Bax, Bcl-2, Cleaved-PARP, p53
signaling pathway p53 and cytc.

Results:
A total of 115 genes were obtained from galangin against bladder cancer, and 16 core targets were screened.
The kEGG pathway enrichment analysis included Pathways in cancer, PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, p53 signaling
pathway, etc. In vitro experiments showed that galangin could inhibit bladder cancer cell proliferation, induce apoptosis,
upregulate the expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Cleaved-PARP and downregulate the expression of
Bcl-2; meanwhile, galangin could promote the upregulation of the expression of p53 and cytc proteins by activating the
p53 signaling pathway.

Conclusion:
Galangin induced apoptosis in bladder cancer cells by activating the p53 signaling pathway.
Lacrimal Gland Histopathology and Secretory Function in Sjögren’s
Syndrome Mice Model Treated with Moringa oleifera Lam. Leaf Extract
Authors: Susanto Agus Joko , Purwanto Bambang , Mudigdo Ambar , Wasita Brian 
Published: October 2022

Background:
The pathogenesis of Sjögren’s syndrome involves the activation of NF-
κB, producing proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-
1β, IL-6, IL-17, and interferon-γ. Through oxidative stress, they will cause necrosis and apoptosis
of lacrimal gland cells, resulting in impaired secretory function or reduced tear production.
Moringa oleifera leaf extract is known to have strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities.

Objective:
To determine the effect of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on lacrimal gland histopathology
and secretory function in Sjögren’s syndrome mice model.

Methods:
The experimental study had a post-test only control group design with 32 eight-week-old
male mice of the BALB/c strain divided into four groups, n.e.g ative control (C−), which was not
induced by SS, positive control (C+), treatment 1 (T1), and treatment 2 (T2) induced by Sjögren’s
syndrome by immunizing with the 60-kD Ro antigen (SSA) as much as 100 μg. After 42 days, the
T1 group was given dexamethasone 1.23 mg/kg BW/day orally for 14 days, whereas T2 was given
dexamethasone 1.23 mg/kg BW/day and Moringa oleifera leaf ethanol extract 200 mg/kg BW/day
orally for 14 days. At the end of the study, lacrimal gland histopathology and secretory function
(tear production) were examined. Statistical analysis using F ANOVA/Kruskal–Wallis was followed
by partial difference test with the Least Significant Difference post hoc test/Mann–Whitney.
Significant if p < 0.05.

Results:
The comparison of lacrimal gland histopathology in T1 (p = 0.044) and T2 groups (p =
0.020) obtained significant results (p < 0.05) when compared to C+. However, the comparison of
tear production in T1 (p = 0.127) and T2 groups (p = 0.206) was not significant (p > 0.05) when
compared to the C+ group.

Conclusion:
The administration of Moringa oleifera leaf extract 200 mg/kg BW for 14 days could
significantly improve lacrimal gland histopathology but was not effective in increasing tear production
in Sjögren’s syndrome mice model.
Numerical Investigation of the Influence of Different Suction and
Discharge Ports on Scroll Expander Performance
Authors: Jian Sun , Bin Peng , Guo Zhu Bing 
Published: October 2022

Background:
With the rapid consumption of non-renewable energy such as coal, oil and
natural gas, the growing demand for environmental protection, the re-utilization of low-grade waste
heat energy has become an important approach to improve energy utilization efficiency. As a new
technology, organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power generation technology can make full use of and
convert heat waste.

Objective:
Both the suction and discharge pressures of the scroll expander have a certain influence
on the output and motion characteristics of the orbiting scroll. By studying the position and arrangement
of the suction and discharge ports of the expander, a theoretical basis can be provided for
the design of these ports.

Methods:
For the scroll expander using working fluid R134a, establishing the geometrical and
three-dimensional models of the suction and discharge ports of the scroll expander with different
positions and structures, based on the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method.

Results/Discussion:
Through comprehensive comparison, it was found that the structure of the original
suction pipe outperformed any of the other structures; the fluid flow in the original discharge
pipe was more complicated, and the simplified model of the commonly used scroll mechanical discharge
pipe had the optimal performance.

Conclusion:
Compared with the original prototype SEI2, the suction port area is increased, and the
suction port pulsation intensity coefficient and the suction pressure loss coefficient of the prototype
SEI4 are reduced by 34.833% and 5.264% respectively, which can make the suction process of the
expander more stable. Since the unilateral discharge ports Outlet3 and Outlet5 are located in the
moving and static regions, respectively, there is a difference in the perturbation of the outlet fluid by
the movable scroll, so that the gas pulsation intensity at Outlet3 is nearly double that of Outlet5.
Evaluating the Mitigation Effect of Spirulina Against Radiation-Induced
Heart Injury
Authors: Nikzad Safoora , Ahmadvand Mohammad Hootan , Hashemi Sayed Payam , khoshghadam Alireza , Kalhori Fereshte , Mirzaei Fatemeh 
Published: October 2022

Background:
During a radiological or nuclear disaster, exposure to a high dose of ionizing radiation usually results in cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, attack, and ischemia.

Objective:
the purpose of this study was to examine mitigation effects of Spirulina in comparison to Metformin's.

Materials and Methods:
25 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to five groups (5 rats in each): for the control group, rats did not receive any intervention. In group 2, spirulina was administered orally to rats. In group 3, rats were irradiated to the chest region with 15 Gray(Gy) x-radiation. In groups 4 and 5, The rats were irradiated in the same way as group 3. Forty-eight hours after irradiation, treatment with Spirulina and Metformin began. All rats were sacrificed after ten weeks and their heart tissues were removed for histopathological, and biochemical assays.

Results:
Results showed an elevation in Malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreasing superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Moreover, pathological changes of radiation were irregularities in the arrangement of myofibrils, proliferation, migration of mononuclear cells, vacuolation of the cytoplasm, and congestion. Administration of spirulina enhance the SOD activity while did not affect MDA level and pathological change in heart tissue. Despite spirulina, metformin had a considerable effect on pathological lesions and decrease the level of MDA.

Conclusion:
reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be involved in the late effects of radiation-induced heart injury and scavenging these particles may contribute to reduced radiation side effects. Based on these results, Spirulina had no effect on radiation-induced cardiac damage, while metformin did. Higher Spirulina doses given over a longer period of time will likely have a greater heart-mitigate effect.
Anti-Inflammatory Therapeutics: Conventional Concepts and Future with
Nanotechnology
Authors: Kaur Pawan , Bernela Manju , Kaushal Priya , Verma Naveen , Thakur Rajesh , Ahuja Munish 
Published: October 2022

Abstract:
Anti-inflammatory therapies currently in use mainly include steroidal and non-steroidal
drugs. Contrary to their side effects, the steroid hormones glucocorticoids, which are synthetic
versions of natural cortisol, are nevertheless often employed to treat a variety of inflammatory
disorders. Other drug class of choice is non-steroidal drugs which mainly target COX-2 and hence
the synthesis of prostaglandins, particularly PGE2. To cure both the short-term effects of chronic
inflammatory disorders and the long-term symptoms of acute inflammation, pharmaceutical
chemists are in continuous search for more potent and less toxic agents. Apart from these two
drug classes, phytochemicals are gaining the attention of researchers as source of alternative antiinflammatory
agents. However, every drug class has its own advantages or disadvantages thus
requiring intervention of newer approaches. Currently, drugs used for anti-inflammatory therapies
are costly with low efficacy, high health risk, and socio-economic impact due to the concern issue
of their toxicity. Recently, nano-drug delivery system has been experiencing main interest as a
new approach for targeting therapeutic agents to the target sites in a controlled, sustained manner
and has various advantages as compared to the conventional drug delivery system like, increased
solubility, bioavailability, improved pharmacokinetic profile of drugs, surface area and rate of
dissolution and additionally, overcomes the problems related to hydrophobicity, toxicity. Present
review summarized the intervention of nanotechnology to overcome the limitations/ risk associated
with current anti-inflammatory drugs of different classes.
Prediction of Antibody-Antigen Binding via Machine Learning: Development of Data Sets and Evaluation of Methods
Authors: Ye Chao , Hu Wenxing , Gaeta Bruno 
Published: October 2022

Background
The mammalian immune system is able to generate antibodies against a huge variety of antigens, including bacteria, viruses, and toxins. The ultradeep DNA sequencing of rearranged immunoglobulin genes has considerable potential in furthering our understanding of the immune response, but it is limited by the lack of a high-throughput, sequence-based method for predicting the antigen(s) that a given immunoglobulin recognizes.

Objective
As a step toward the prediction of antibody-antigen binding from sequence data alone, we aimed to compare a range of machine learning approaches that were applied to a collated data set of antibody-antigen pairs in order to predict antibody-antigen binding from sequence data.

Methods
Data for training and testing were extracted from the Protein Data Bank and the Coronavirus Antibody Database, and additional antibody-antigen pair data were generated by using a molecular docking protocol. Several machine learning methods, including the weighted nearest neighbor method, the nearest neighbor method with the BLOSUM62 matrix, and the random forest method, were applied to the problem.

Results
The final data set contained 1157 antibodies and 57 antigens that were combined in 5041 antibody-antigen pairs. The best performance for the prediction of interactions was obtained by using the nearest neighbor method with the BLOSUM62 matrix, which resulted in around 82% accuracy on the full data set. These results provide a useful frame of reference, as well as protocols and considerations, for machine learning and data set creation in the prediction of antibody-antigen binding.

Conclusions
Several machine learning approaches were compared to predict antibody-antigen interaction from protein sequences. Both the data set (in CSV format) and the machine learning program (coded in Python) are freely available for download on GitHub.
The Use of HIV Pre- and Postexposure Prophylaxis Among a Web-Based Sample of HIV-Negative and Unknown Status Cisgender and Transgender Sexual Minority Men: Cross-sectional Study
Authors: John Steven A , Sizemore K Marie , Jimenez Ruben H , Jones S Scott , Petroll Andrew E , Rendina H Jonathon 
Published: October 2022

Background
HIV disproportionately affects sexual minority men (SMM) in the United States.

Objective
We sought to determine past HIV postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) use and current and prior pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use among a web-based sample of cisgender and transgender men who have sex with men.

Methods
In 2019, HIV-negative and unknown status SMM (n=63,015) were recruited via geosocial networking apps, social media, and other web-based venues to participate in a brief eligibility screening survey. Individuals were asked about past PEP use and current and prior PrEP use. We examined associations of demographics, socioeconomic indicators, and recent club drug use with PEP and PrEP use, as well as the association between past PEP use and current and prior PrEP use using generalized linear models and multinomial logistic regression. Statistical significance was considered at P<.001, given the large sample size; 99.9% CIs are reported.

Results
Prior PEP use was reported by 11.28% (7108/63,015) of the participants, with current or prior PrEP use reported by 21.95% (13,832/63,015) and 8.12% (5118/63,015), respectively. Nearly half (3268/7108, 46%) of the past PEP users were current PrEP users, and another 39.9% (2836/7108) of the participants who reported past PEP use also reported prior PrEP use. In multivariable analysis, past PEP use was associated with current (relative risk ratio [RRR] 23.53, 99.9% CI 14.03-39.46) and prior PrEP use (RRR 52.14, 99.9% CI 29.39-92.50). Compared with White men, Black men had higher prevalence of past PEP use and current PrEP use, Latino men had higher prevalence of PEP use but no significant difference in PrEP use, and those identifying as another race or ethnicity reported higher prevalence of past PEP use and lower current PrEP use. Past PEP use and current PrEP use were highest in the Northeast, with participants in the Midwest and South reporting significantly lower PEP and PrEP use. A significant interaction of Black race by past PEP use with current PrEP use was found (RRR 0.57, 99.9% CI 0.37-0.87), indicating that Black men who previously used PEP were less likely to report current PrEP use. Participants who reported recent club drug use were significantly more likely to report past PEP use and current or prior PrEP use than those without recent club drug use.

Conclusions
PrEP use continues to be the predominant HIV prevention strategy for SMM compared with PEP use. Higher rates of past PEP use and current PrEP use among Black SMM are noteworthy, given the disproportionate burden of HIV. Nonetheless, understanding why Black men who previously used PEP are less likely to report current PrEP use is an important avenue for future research.
Wide diversity of pollens in honey samples from Indian Himalayan neighbourhoods: a melissopalynological study
Authors: Kumari Vandana , Mattu Neelam , Thakur Pankaj , Lakhanpal Dinesh , Mattu Vinod K. 
Published: October 2022

Melissopalynological analysis of 34 honey samples (17 summer and 17 autumn samples) collected from feral colonies of Indian hive bee (Apis cerana), European bee (Apis mellifera) and rock bee (Apis dorsata) during 2011 – 2015 from the Shimla Hills of Himachal Pradesh (India) was performed. Pollen from plant taxa belonging to 43 families was found in the honey samples. Of 34 honey samples from the Shimla Hills, 18 were unifloral with 12 pollen types as predominant and the remaining 16 samples were multifloral. The predominant pollen plant taxa of summer were Pyrus sp., Malus domestica, Prunus amygdalus, Prunus sp., Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Citrus sp. and Rhododendron arboreum. In autumn, the predominant pollen plant taxa were Leucaena leucocephala, Salvia officinalis, Eriobotrya japonica, Impatiens balsamina and Prinsepia utilis. Melissopalynological analysis of summer honey collected from Summer Hill and Sarahan tagged these as “mad honey”, since Rhododendron pollen was predominant. The pollen spectrum indicated a diverse bee plant flora, which is promising indicator to augment the beekeeping industry in this region.