bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thrown into the Water: Early-career Social Workers’ Job Challenges and Time Management Coping Strategies
Authors: Segev Einav , Hochman Yael , Shai Ofir 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe present study examined the early-career experiences of Israeli social workers in their first years in the profession. The study also sought to examine the participants’ coping with the challenges posed by entering social work. Using a qualitative methodology, two focus groups of eleven social workers with eighteen months of work experience were conducted. The participants were asked about their professional role and workplace experiences. The findings pointed to two main challenges: stress and emotional overload, and dissatisfaction with organisational and employment conditions. The participants felt that social work education had not prepared them adequately for the complex reality of their practice. At the same time, they also described coping strategies related to time management. The implications discussed include requisite preparations of social work education and employing organisations to support early-career social workers.
Biomarker A+T−: is this Alzheimer’s disease or not? A combined CSF and pathology study
Authors: Vromen Eleonora M , de Boer Sterre C M , Teunissen Charlotte E , Rozemuller Annemieke , Sieben Anne , Bjerke Maria ,   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Visser Pieter Jelle , Bouwman Femke H , Engelborghs Sebastiaan , Tijms Betty M 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe biological definition of Alzheimer’s disease using CSF biomarkers requires abnormal levels of both amyloid (A) and tau (T). However, biomarkers and corresponding cutoffs may not always reflect the presence or absence of pathology. Previous studies suggest that up to 32% of individuals with autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer’s disease show normal CSF p-tau levels in vivo, but these studies are sparse and had small sample sizes. Therefore, in three independent autopsy cohorts, we studied whether or not CSF A+T− excluded Alzheimer’s disease based on autopsy.We included 215 individuals, for whom ante-mortem CSF collection and autopsy had been performed, from three cohorts: (i) the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort (ADC) [n = 80, 37 (46%) Alzheimer’s disease at autopsy, time between CSF collection and death 4.5 ± 2.9 years]; (ii) the Antwerp Dementia Cohort (DEM) [n = 92, 84 (91%) Alzheimer’s disease at autopsy, time CSF collection to death 1.7 ± 2.3 years]; and (iii) the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) [n = 43, 31 (72%) Alzheimer’s disease at autopsy, time CSF collection to death 5.1 ± 2.5 years]. Biomarker profiles were based on dichotomized CSF Aβ1-42 and p-tau levels. The accuracy of CSF AT profiles to detect autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer’s disease was assessed. Lastly, we investigated whether the concordance of AT profiles with autopsy diagnosis improved when CSF was collected closer to death in 9 (10%) DEM and 30 (70%) ADNI individuals with repeated CSF measurements available.In total, 50–73% of A+T− individuals and 100% of A+T+ individuals had Alzheimer’s disease at autopsy. Amyloid status showed the highest accuracy to detect autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer’s disease (accuracy, sensitivity and specificity in the ADC: 88%, 92% and 84%; in the DEM: 87%, 94% and 12%; and in the ADNI cohort: 86%, 90% and 75%, respectively). The addition of CSF p-tau did not further improve these estimates. We observed no differences in demographics or degree of Alzheimer’s disease neuropathology between A+T− and A+T+ individuals with autopsy-confirmed Alzheimer’s disease. All individuals with repeated CSF measurements remained stable in Aβ1-42 status during follow-up. None of the Alzheimer’s disease individuals with a normal p-tau status changed to abnormal; however, four (44%) DEM individuals and two (7%) ADNI individuals changed from abnormal to normal p-tau status over time, and all had Alzheimer’s disease at autopsy.In summary, we found that up to 73% of A+T− individuals had Alzheimer’s disease at autopsy. This should be taken into account in both research and clinical settings.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Is Associated With Elevated FibroScan–Aspartate Aminotransferase (FAST) Score
Authors: Price Jennifer C , Ma Yifei , Kuniholm Mark H , Adimora Adaora A , Fischl Margaret , French Audrey L , Golub Elizabeth T , Konkle-Parker Deborah , Minkoff Howard , Ofotokun Ighovwerha , Plankey Michael , Sharma Anjali , Tien Phyllis C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with the development of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains unclear. The FibroScan–aspartate aminotransferase (FAST) score was developed to identify patients who have histologic NASH with high nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score (NAS ≥4) and significant liver fibrosis (≥F2), which has been associated with higher risk of end-stage liver disease. We examined whether HIV infection is associated with elevated FAST score in a large United States (US) cohort.

Methods
Vibration-controlled transient elastography was performed in 1309 women without history of chronic viral hepatitis enrolled from 10 US sites: 928 women with HIV (WWH) and 381 women without HIV (WWOH). We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate associations of HIV, demographic, lifestyle, and metabolic factors with an elevated (&gt;0.35) FAST score.

Results
Median age of WWH and WWOH was 51 years and 48 years, respectively. Most (90%) WWH were on antiretroviral therapy and 72% had undetectable HIV RNA. Prevalence of elevated FAST score was higher among WWH compared to WWOH (6.3% vs 1.8%, respectively; P = .001). On multivariable analysis, HIV infection was associated with 3.7-fold higher odds of elevated FAST score (P = .002), and greater waist circumference (per 10 cm) was associated with 1.7-fold higher odds (P &lt; .001). In analysis limited to WWH, undetectable HIV RNA and current protease inhibitor use were independently associated with lower odds of elevated FAST score.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that HIV is an independent risk factor for NASH with significant activity and fibrosis. Studies validating FAST score in persons with HIV are warranted.
Emergence of Dalbavancin, Vancomycin, and Daptomycin Nonsusceptible Staphylococcus aureus in a Patient Treated With Dalbavancin: Case Report and Isolate Characterization
Authors: Zhang Rutan , Polenakovik Hari , Barreras Beltran Ismael A , Waalkes Adam , Salipante Stephen J , Xu Libin , Werth Brian J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A patient with end-stage renal disease received 2 doses of dalbavancin for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) arteriovenous fistula infection and presented 5 weeks later with infective endocarditis secondary to vancomycin, daptomycin, and dalbavancin nonsusceptible MRSA. Resistance was associated with walK and scrA mutations, reduced long-chain lipid content, and reduced membrane fluidity.
Survival of conventionally bonded mandibular retainers with or without enamel sandblasting in orthodontic patients over a 12-month period. A single-centre, split-mouth randomized clinical trial
Authors: Laspos Christodoulos , Seehra Jadbinder , Katsaros Christos , Pandis Nikolaos 
Published: April 2022

SummaryBackgroundThe aim of this trial was to assess the effect of enamel sandblasting in addition to the acid-etch technique in reducing first-time failures of fixed mandibular retainers placed over a 12-month period.Materials and methodsEthical approval was obtained. Participants were recruited in a single private practice. The primary outcome of this study was any first-time failure of the mandibular fixed retainer assessed at three timepoints over a 12-month period. Three consecutive teeth either on the left or right side (from lower canine-lower central incisor) were randomly allocated to the intervention (sandblasting) and the control (non-sandblasted). Randomization was performed using a centralized randomization service. The patients were randomized in blocks of four and eight with allocation concealment secured by contacting the sequence generator for group assignment. Blinding of either the patient or clinicians was not possible at time of placement of the mandibular retainer.ResultsOne hundred and ninety-seven participants were randomized to receive enamel sandblasting (intervention) and non-sandblasting (control) in the region of the six anterior mandibular teeth in a split-mouth fashion. Participants were recruited between December 2018 to October 2020. The data for all participants were analysed resulting in 394 observations. Overall, the risk of first-time failure was 11.4%. No difference in first-time failures was observed between the intervention (sandblasting) and control (non-sandblasting) groups [hazard ratio (HR), 1.05; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.59, 1.88, P = 0.88]. Males had a higher instant probability of first-time failures (HR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.65–6.14; P &lt; 0.01). Participants with a fair level of co-operation had a lower instant probability of first-time failures (HR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16-0.86; P = 0.02). There were no harms reported to either the participant or their dentition.ConclusionsNo difference in the first-time failures of mandibular bonded retainers placed with conventional etch-bond technique with or without enamel sandblasting was observed. The overall risk of first-time failure was 11.4%.RegistrationThis trial was not registered prior to trial commencement.
The Role of Parents’ Native and Migrant Contacts on the Labour Market in the School-to-Work Transition of Adolescents in Germany
Authors: Roth Tobias , Weißmann Markus 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study investigates how parents’ native and migrant contacts in the German labour market affect the likelihood of children obtaining a company-based apprenticeship [dual vocational education and training (VET)] after lower secondary education. Furthermore, it assesses the extent to which characteristics of parents’ social networks explain ethnic inequalities in this school-to-work transition. Using longitudinal data from Starting Cohort 4 (ninth-graders) of the National Educational Panel Study, we show that the number of migrant contacts in parents’ networks does not affect the outcome of adolescents’ apprenticeship search. This applies to both migrant and native adolescents. However, if parents have many native contacts, the chances of adolescents obtaining a company-based apprenticeship increases in both groups. In addition, controlling for the composition of parents’ networks substantially reduces the gap between natives and migrants in the transition to dual VET. Further analyses show that this is mainly due to differences in the number of native labour market contacts between native and migrant parents. Our findings indicate that differences in parents’ endowment with labour market relevant social capital constitute yet another hurdle for immigrant children in the transition from school to working life.
Dark survival in biofilm-forming microalgae: potential for colonizing benthic ecosystems
Authors: Patil Jagadish S , D'souza Samantha 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe biofilm-forming microalgae are known to experience periods of continuous darkness (upto several days), in addition to the natural day–night cycle, especially in the intertidal sediment regions (when transported to deeper sediments) and the ships’ ballast water tanks (during voyages). However, the information on community and physiological responses to different periods of darkness is limited. Here, the survival capability of biofilm-forming microalgae to varying periods of darkness (7–35 days) and the growth patterns upon resumption of normal 12 h light:dark photocycle has been addressed through simulation experiments. Diatoms dominated the seawater biofilms, but the dark survival period varied and was species-specific. Of the 25 diatoms, only Amphora, potential toxin producer, followed by Navicula remained viable and photosynthetically healthy under darkness without undergoing asexual reproduction. Both diatoms are essential contributors to fouling and microphytobenthic community. Upon re-exposure of dark-adapted biofilms to 12 h light:dark photocycle, the improvement in photosynthetic efficiency and resumption of growth via asexual-reproduction was observed. However, the lag-phase duration increased with a long dark history. Nevertheless, eurytolerant nature and high dark survival capability (with its quick response to light) of Amphora and Navicula indicated that they have the potential to colonize benthic-ecosystems thus impacting the benthic and fouling community.
Coseismic deformation and slip distribution of the 2017 Mw 6.3 Jinghe, Xinjiang, western China earthquake based on InSAR observations: a buried reverse event on previously unknown fault
Authors: Yanfang Dong , Guojie Meng , Shunying Hong 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARY
The 2017 Mw 6.3 Jinghe earthquake occurred in the orogenic zone of the North Tianshan mountain range, Xinjiang, western China. No evident surface rupture was identified by field investigation conducted immediately after the earthquake. We investigate the coseismic and post-seismic deformation fields due to the Jinghe event using the C-band Sentinel-1 SAR imagery, and further analyse its causative fault. The Generic Atmospheric Correction Online Service for InSAR (GACOS) model is employed to remove the atmospheric phase delay of multiple InSAR deformation maps. Coseismic deformation fields are resolved by averaging the high quality deformation maps. A nonlinear inversion scheme is used to find the optimized fault geometry in a layered elastic crust. The results imply that the Jinghe earthquake is characterized by thrust faulting, with striking and dipping angles of ∼62° and ∼28°, respectively. Subsequently coseismic slip distribution is estimated using the steepest descent method program, constrained by the derived coseismic deformation fields. The inversion results show that the average slip is ∼0.08 m and the average rake angle is ∼98°. The maximum slip is ∼0.24 m, located at the depth of 12.9 km. The moment magnitude is estimated to be Mw 6.38. The fault geometry is generally consistent with the relocated aftershocks distribution. Both the InSAR-derived deformation field and the aftershock distribution indicate that the Jinghe earthquake is attributed to a previously unknown buried fault beneath the Yongji fold with a strike of 62°. No significant post-seismic deformation is identified in the zone of coseismic deformation. This study shows that the Jinghe earthquake is a typical inland thrust event in the North Tianshan area, which is affected by south to north compression due to the Indian-Eurasian collision.
The Integrated Defense System: Optimizing Defense against Predators, Pathogens, and Poisons
Authors: Adamo Shelley 
Published: April 2022

AbstractInsects, like other animals, have evolved defense responses to protect against predators, pathogens, and poisons (i.e., toxins). This paper provides evidence that these three defense responses (i.e., fight-or-flight, immune, and detoxification responses) function together as part of an Integrated Defense System (IDS) in insects. The defense responses against predators, pathogens, and poisons are deeply intertwined. They share organs, resources, and signaling molecules. By connecting defense responses into an IDS, animals gain flexibility, and resilience. Resources can be redirected across fight-or-flight, immune, and detoxification defenses to optimize an individual's response to the current challenges facing it. At the same time, the IDS reconfigures defense responses that are losing access to resources, allowing them to maintain as much function as possible despite decreased resource availability. An IDS perspective provides an adaptive explanation for paradoxical phenomena such as stress-induced immunosuppression, and the observation that exposure to a single challenge typically leads to an increase in the expression of genes for all three defense responses. Further exploration of the IDS will require more studies examining how defense responses to a range of stressors are interconnected in a variety of species. Such studies should target pollinators and agricultural pests. These studies will be critical for predicting how insects will respond to multiple stressors, such as simultaneous anthropogenic threats, for example, climate change and pesticides.
Sublobar resection versus lobectomy for patients with stage T1-2N0M0 pulmonary typical carcinoid tumours: a population-based propensity score matching analysis
Authors: Yang Hao , Mei Tonghua 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
It is widely accepted that surgical resection of localized pulmonary typical carcinoid (TC) tumours remains the primary curative modality. However, the optimal extent of resection remains controversial. This study aimed to investigate the survival rates of patients with stage T1-2N0M0 TC tumours who underwent sublobar resection or lobectomy.

METHODS
We queried the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database for patients who underwent surgery after being diagnosed with stage T1-2N0M0 TCs from 2004 to 2016. Propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was used to equalize the baseline characteristics between the sublobar resection group and the lobectomy group. Kaplan–Meier analysis and the Cox proportional hazard model were performed for survival analysis.

RESULTS
Of the 2469 patients included, 658 (26.65%) underwent sublobar resection and 1811 (73.35%) underwent lobectomy. All 2469 patients were analysed with PSM and, following PSM, 812 patients were included in the final analysis and divided into 2 groups of 406 patients. In the matched cohort, Kaplan–Meier analysis demonstrated no significant difference in survival curves between the sublobar resection and lobectomy groups in patients with stage T1-2N0M0 TC tumours [5-year overall survival (OS) = 90.78% vs 93.30%; hazard ratio 1.18, 95% confidence interval: 0.77–1.80; P = 0.505]. Subgroup analysis by tumour size showed that the sublobar resection group was identical to the lobectomy group in OS for tumours ≤3.0 cm. In addition, no difference in OS between surgical groups was observed in any subgroups. In the multivariable Cox analysis, age ≤65 years, female sex, married status and adequate lymph node assessment (≥5) were associated with improved OS, whereas the extent of resection was not.

CONCLUSIONS
Sublobar resection seems to be associated with similar survival to lobectomy for stage T1-2N0M0 TC tumours if lymph node assessment is performed adequately. This analysis suggests that sublobar resection should be considered an appropriate alternative for stage T1-2N0M0 TC tumours. However, further validations are needed in large, multicentre prospective studies.
Clinical and Viral Factors Associated With Disease Severity and Subsequent Wheezing in Infants With Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
Authors: McGinley Joseph P , Lin Gu Lung , Öner Deniz , Golubchik Tanya , O’Connor Daniel , Snape Matthew D , Gruselle Olivier , Langedijk Annefleur C , Wildenbeest Joanne , Openshaw Peter , Nair Harish , Aerssens Jeroen , Bont Louis , Martinón-Torres Federico , Drysdale Simon B , Pollard Andrew J ,   the RESCEU Investigators, Nair Harish , Campbell Harry , Cunningham Steve , Bogaert Debby , Beutels Philippe , Bont Louis , Wildenbeest Joanne , Langedijk Annefleur C , Pollard Andrew , Butler Christopher , Snape Matthew , Drysdale Simon , Lin Gu-Lung , O’Connor Daniel , Clutterbuck Elizabeth , McGinley Joseph , Openshaw Peter , Thwaites Ryan , Wiseman Dexter , Martinón-Torres Federico , Gómez-Carballa Alberto , Rodríguez-Tenreiro Carmen , Rivero-Calle Irene , Dacosta-Urbieta Ana , Heikkinen Terho , Meijer Adam , Fischer Thea K , van den Berge Maarten , Giaquinto Carlo , Abram Michael , Myint Tin Tin , Gruselle Olivier , Rizkalla Bishoy , Vernhes Charlotte , Gallichan Scott , Aerssens Jeroen , Öner Deniz , Kumar Veena , Molero Eva 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes substantial morbidity and mortality in infants and young children worldwide. Here we evaluated host demographic and viral factors associated with RSV disease severity in 325 RSV-infected infants under 1 year of age from 3 European countries during 2017–2020. Younger infants had a higher clinical severity (ReSViNET) score and were more likely to require hospitalization, intensive care, respiratory support, and/or mechanical ventilation than older infants (&lt;3 months vs 3 to &lt;6 months and 3 to &lt;6 months vs ≥6 months). Older age (≥6 months vs &lt;3 months), higher viral load, and RSV-A were associated with a greater probability of fever. RSV-A and RSV-B caused similar disease severity and had similar viral dynamics. Infants with a more severe RSV infection, demonstrated by having a higher ReSViNET score, fever, and requiring hospitalization and intensive care, were more likely to have developed subsequent wheezing at 1 year of age.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT03756766.
Metternich’s collection of Talbot’s photographs
Authors: Trnkova Petra 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The earliest era of photograph collecting in Central Europe is largely unexplored. One of the few pioneering collectors we know about was Klemens Wenzel Nepomuk Lothar, Prince von Metternich-Winneburg (1773–1859). As this article demonstrates, in the early 1840s he acquired dozens of ‘photogenic drawings’ and calotypes from the inventor W.H.F. Talbot (1800–1877) and incorporated them into his extensive collections at Kynžvart Castle. Most of the series is lost, but drawing on recently recognized evidence and documents – starting with Talbot’s correspondence and period catalogues of the Kynžvart collection and ending with later reproductions and the research interests of the historians and collectors Egon Corti and Erich Stenger – we can form a detailed idea of the origin, form, content and development of the series. We can also better understand Metternich’s interest in photograph collecting and his role in the early development of paper photography in this part of Europe.
Duration of Antibiotic Therapy and Timing of Shunt Reimplantation in Pediatric CSF Shunt Infections: A Retrospective Multicenter Case Series
Authors: Robinson Joan L , McAlpine Alastair , Barton Michelle , Balamohan Archana , Davies H Dele , Skar Gwenn , Lefebvre Marie-Astrid , Almadani Ahmed , Freire Dolores , Le Saux Nicole , Bowes Jennifer , Srigley Jocelyn A , Passarelli Patrick , Bradley John , Khan Sarah , Purewal Rupeena , Viel-Thériault Isabelle , Hawkes Michael T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this retrospective multicenter series of 154 children with cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections, the median (interquartile range) duration of antibiotic therapy was 18 (14-26) days. The time to shunt replacement was 14 (10-19) days. Management appeared to potentially differ according to the targeted pathogen and site.
SXP 15.6 – an accreting pulsar close to spin equilibrium?
Authors: Coe M J , Monageng I M , Kennea J A , Buckley D A H , Evans P A , Udalski A , Groot Paul , Bloemen Steven , Vreeswijk Paul , McBride Vanessa , Klein-Wolt Marc , Woudt Patrick , Körding Elmar , Le Poole Rudolf , Pieterse Danielle 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
SXP 15.6 is a recently established Be star X-ray binary system in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). Like many such systems, the variable X-ray emission is driven by the underlying behaviour of the mass donor Be star. It is shown here that the neutron star in this system is exceptionally close to spin equilibrium averaged over several years, with the angular momentum gain from mass transfer being almost exactly balanced by radiative losses. This makes SXP 15.6 exceptional compared to all other known members of its class in the SMC, all of whom exhibit much higher spin period changes. In this paper, we report on X-ray observations of the brightest known outburst from this system. These observations are supported by contemporaneous optical and radio observations, as well as several years of historical data.