bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of Vasculitis in Sjögren’s
Authors: Noaiseh Ghaith 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Vasculitis (inflammation of blood vessels) can affect large, medium, or small vessels. The narrowing and/or complete occlusion of blood vessels causes decreased blood flow, ischemia, and damage to the supplied tissue, leading to a wide variety of symptoms. The most commonly involved organs include the skin and peripheral nerves. Symptoms can vary widely from mild to severe and life-threatening. Treatment is tailored to the specific clinical syndrome caused by vasculitis. In general, the presence of vasculitis in Sjögren’s patients denotes a more severe disease and requires careful monitoring to allow early identification and treatment of complications, including lymphoma and severe extraglandular manifestations.
Management of Kidney-Associated Involvement in Sjögren’s
Authors: Wallace Daniel J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Renal involvement is clinically evident in about 10% of patients with Sjögren’s. The prevalence in Sjögren’s ranges from 5% to 15%, but with sophisticated studies that detect mild abnormalities it averages 27%. The most common kidney problem in patients with Sjögren’s is inflammation of the tissue around the kidney filters (interstitial nephritis). Interstitial nephritis is found early in the disease and has a benign course. It generally causes mild deterioration in kidney function, manifested as a mild elevation in the plasma creatinine concentration. This usually requires no treatment, and progression to end-stage renal disease is rare. Some patients develop renal tubular acidosis and kidney stones. Fewer individuals have inflammation of the glomerulus, and many have features that overlap with other autoimmune disorders. These patients warrant more aggressive management. All Sjögren’s patients should have their renal function assessed with a urinalysis.
Vitamin D and Sjögren’s
Authors: Wilson Jeffrey W. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
For the Sjögren’s patient, as with the general patient population, vitamin D is increasingly important. Low vitamin D levels are associated with increased immune activation and decreased bone mineralization. In addition to its role in treating osteoporosis with special consideration for Sjögren’s patients taking corticosteroids or with associated autoimmune liver disease (primary biliary cirrhosis), vitamin D is also mentioned as a possible treatment for the arthralgias and fatigue seen so commonly in Sjögren’s patients. Studies of the role of vitamin D in Sjögren’s are few in number and generally lacking in quality. Nevertheless, vitamin D levels should be measured as indicated, and supplementation has no real downside. A well-balanced diet is also an important component of bone health.
Enhancing Resilience Through Mind–Body Interactions
Authors: Baim Margaret 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how stress works within the body and reviews findings from the new science of mind–body medicine. Stress can come from many sources for Sjögren’s patients, whether from the biological inflammation that accompanies the disease, or from the multiple symptoms and their repercussions (including dryness, pain, fatigue, and sexual dysfunction), or from the fear of potential complications, such as developing cancer or having a baby with heart block. Stress is also exacerbated by the need to make lifestyle changes brought on by Sjögren’s and the not-always-helpful expectations and reactions from family, friends, and colleagues. Although stress leads to negative feelings such as worry, fear, sadness, and frustration, it can also prompt us to heal and develop greater resilience. Meditation and cognitive strategies to ease anxieties and stress and focus on more positive feelings and perspectives can be valuable tools.
Recent and Promising Scientific Developments
Authors: Carsons Steven E. , Singh Mabi , McNamara Nancy , Hammitt Katherine M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
After many years with little forward movement in Sjögren’s, promising approaches to disease management are on the horizon, including biomarker discoveries, new metrics to assess disease activity, and advanced imaging technologies. Some of the areas being explored are the microbiome, the role of innate immunity and the interferon pathway (with the imminent approval of anti-interferon agents), checkpoint inhibitors, new T- and B-cell therapies, as well as small interfering RNA modulators. Therapeutic targets that affect the B-cell activating factor (BAFF) are being studied by oral medicine experts along with gene therapies. Further insights elucidating what damages the ocular surface, especially from a peripheral nerve terminal standpoint, will have translational consequences. The Sjögren’s Foundation Clinical Trials Consortium has been working with pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies to make the disease a major focus in clinical investigation.
A Latent Legacy: France
Authors: Spalding Andrew 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
As the country prepares to host the 2024 Paris Summer Olympics, France presents perhaps the biggest, but still unrecognized and untapped, human rights and anti-corruption legacy opportunity. In 2017, three extraordinary events occurred. First, a landmark anti-corruption law called Sapin II, and a cutting-edge corporate human rights statute called the Duty of Vigilance Law, went into effect. Second, this country, already awash in a wave of domestic anti-corruption and human rights reforms, won the rights to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. Third, the IOC amended its host city contract to impose, for the first time in history, anti-corruption and human rights obligations on the host country. This is a legacy opportunity if ever there were. However, while France’s legacy opportunity is large, it remains latent. At press time, France had not yet embraced the concept that hosting the Olympic Games could accelerate the implementation of their new laws and practices. Nor has the International Olympic Committee yet recognized the opportunity that France presents. France thus highlights both the opportunity that megasports now provide, and the need for various stakeholders to recognize and support the concept of a human rights and anti-corruption legacy if such an opportunity is to be realized. If France were to embrace this opportunity, France’s legacy would build upon Qatar’s precedent. France thus presents the first chance to implement a proactive, intentional, and two-dimensional legacy.
From Reforms To Legacies
Authors: Spalding Andrew 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
After the foundation of host-city/country human rights and anti-corruption obligations and expectations is set, the host entities will adopt a variety of measures. That such measures should prevent human rights or corruption violations is a truism. But how do preventative measure produce legacies? How does a host, either wittingly or not, leave a legacy of heightened human rights and anti-corruption norms, practices, policies, or laws? This chapter uses flow charts, and examples drawn from empirical research, to explain how the human rights and anti-corruption measures that various host-city/country actors might adopt can produce various kinds of legacies. Much of this model was developed in the course of a two-year research grant from the International Olympic Committee (IOC) that included several group brainstorming sessions with IOC personnel. For this reason, the model is based primarily on the Olympic Games. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the model would translate into the FIFA World Cup context.
How Do We Engage in Co-research?
Authors: Lenette Caroline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The term co-research is increasingly used in the literature on Participatory Action Research (PAR), given that the methodology’s intent is to privilege lived experience-led perspectives to challenge outsider-imposed agendas. However, academic researchers tend to overlook the difficulties and ethical dilemmas that co-research can entail. Chapter 4 provides a critique of the notion of research co-production and highlights the murky aspects that can affect pathways to co-produced knowledge. The author explains why the idea of mess in research should not be seen as a sign of “research gone wrong” but instead as an integral component of collaborating with human beings and as a site of deep engagement and learning. Natalie Nesvaderani’s vignette provides a critical perspective on co-produced research with young people and the challenges of disrupting the trend of “telling sad stories” via filmmaking. She describes how PAR’s community-building processes can support co-researchers to share their perspectives rather than what they think (western) researchers want to hear.
Fall
Authors: Gerstle Gary 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Tensions within the New Deal order and Cold War liberalism began to emerge in the 1960s. A re-energized civil rights movement and popular opposition to the Vietnam War undermined Lyndon Johnson’s presidency and fractured the New Deal coalition. The growth of international competition in the 1970s eroded global American economic leadership, prompting American corporations to expand their activities overseas and causing strains in the compact that had been established between labor and business in the postwar years. The oil shocks delivered the final blow to the Keynesian political economy that had underwritten the New Deal order and prompted a search for solutions to the novel problem of “stagflation.” Under the transitional presidency of Jimmy Carter an “incipient neoliberalism” emerged that was energized by hostility to government planning and regulation and the embrace of human rights and consumer sovereignty.
Beginnings
Authors: Gerstle Gary 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The intellectual origins of neoliberalism are commonly traced to the formation of a “thought collective” in interwar Europe. This chapter, however, makes the case that neoliberalism should instead be understood as an episode within a longer history of liberalism in the modern world. It argues that American neoliberals were obliged to define their political program not only against an earlier laissez-faire tradition but also against the “new liberalism” of the Progressives and Roosevelt’s New Deal. As a result, postwar neoliberal ideology was protean in nature and was commonly but mistakenly conflated with conservatism. Neoliberals adopted three strategies for advancing their political agenda. First, they sought to use the state in novel ways to create an economic order that would nurture both domestic and international markets; second, they sought to expand the terrain of market principles to new areas of social life; and finally, they sought to revive the classical liberal concern for promoting individual freedom and self-determination.
Hubris
Authors: Gerstle Gary 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The 9/11 attacks began a period of trial for the neoliberal order, prompting George W. Bush to invade Iraq. Bush wanted to bring democracy and free market capitalism to the world, but his hostility to government planning and his faith in the market to create spontaneous order ensured that the occupation of Iraq would end in failure. Like Clinton before him, Bush embraced multiculturalism and pluralism, but his efforts to build a “rainbow nation of homeowners” in the United States, which was intended to cultivate self-reliance, instead produced spiraling consumer debt. By maintaining a low interest regime, Alan Greenspan and the Federal Reserve fueled the growth of the subprime housing bubble that eventually burst in 2008, leading to the Great Recession. Bush’s more cautious successor, Barack Obama, remained captive to neoliberal orthodoxy, and his recovery plan in the crucial 2009 year privileged the interests of banks and financial institutions over the interests of ordinary Americans.
Populism: Why and Why Now?
Authors: Arato Andrew , Cohen Jean L. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter tries to answer “why populism and why now?” by focusing on three time frames of causality: long term, middle term, and short term. Distinguishing among cultural, economic, and political contradictions of modernity, the chapter stresses that populism ultimately is rooted in the political tension between the two historical answers to “absolutism”: popular sovereignty and constitutionalism. This tension can be reduced by democratization processes but never eliminated under constitutional democracies or even under populist governments. The tension becomes salient in the middle term, on what is called “the demand side,” only in conjunction with welfare and or status deficits, articulated by ideologies that can become “hosts” for populism. In the short term, focusing on contemporary challenges, “the supply side” of populist narratives, leaderships and organizations become crucial and interact with the demand side, helping to turn crisis tendencies or potentials into full blown crises of representation.
The Formation of a Calvinist Conformist
Authors: Salazar Greg A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 analyzes the first thirty-five years of Featley’s life, exploring how many of the features that underpin the major themes of Featley’s career—and which remerged throughout his life—were formed and nurtured during Featley’s early years in Oxford, Paris, and Cornwall. There he emerges as an ambitious young divine in pursuit of preferment; a shrewd minister, who attempted to position himself within the ecclesiastical spectrum; and a budding polemicist, whose polemical exchanges were motivated by a pastoral desire to protect the English Church. In these ways, Featley’s early years position him well for influence within the center of the ecclesiastical establishment.
The Ecclesiology and Polity of an English Calvinist Conformist
Authors: Salazar Greg A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 explores Featley’s participation at the Westminster Assembly and his debates with separatists. It focuses on how Featley’s pursuit of the middle way was both a self-protective survival instinct—a rudder he used to navigate his way through the shifting political and ecclesiastical terrain of this period—and the very means by which he moderated and manipulated two polarized groups (decidedly convictional Parliamentarians and royalists) in order to reoccupy the middle ground, even while it was eroding away. During the 1640s the bounds of Featley’s theological confessionalism were tested. Thus, by examining the theological positions and pressures that shaped Featley’s actions in the escalating conflict, the tension in his positions is most clearly shown. Although it is tempting to view Featley’s potentially ambiguous positions as at odds with one another, in actuality Featley held to a consistent set of theological views that were typical of other Calvinist conformists.
Conclusion
Authors: Salazar Greg A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The conclusion reviews the major facets and arguments of this study and explains the work’s overall contribution. It explores the accusation that Featley was a trimmer, namely “one who trims between opposing parties in politics” and “inclines to each of two opposite sides as interest dictates” (OED). It reviews the ways in which this study of Featley’s life and theology has contributed to several major themes and issues related to Reformed thought in post-Reformation England. It ends by explaining that this study is a lens to understand the theological ideals and career of Calvinist conformity in England by exploring a number of Featley’s most significant doctrinal commitments and connecting these doctrinal commitments and the theological debates to their context. By analyzing how Featley’s political flexibility was principled, it has used Featley’s theology and career as a lens to understand how he pursued his ultimate ideal, a truly reformed English Church.
Utilitarianism: Meaning and Proof (Methods IV.I and IV.II)
Authors: Phillips David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on The Methods of Ethics, Book IV, Chapters I and II. Its topics are Sidgwick’s discussions of the meaning and of the proof of utilitarianism. The first section discusses Book IV Chapter I, noting that Sidgwick there notices issues and makes distinctions of enduring significance for the utilitarian tradition. The second section is concerned with Sidgwick’s brief but rich discussion of the connection between egoism and a Humean view of personal identity. The third section discusses strict proof, “proof” (in scare quotes), and sanctions. The fourth section discusses Sidgwick’s claim that the “proof” of utilitarianism as against egoism fails, exploring the contrast between his view on this issue and G. E. Moore’s. The fifth section discusses the “proof” of utilitarianism as against intuitionism, which Sidgwick thinks succeeds. The final section is an overview discussion of secondary literature on Sidgwick’s metaethics and moral epistemology.
The Dualism of Practical Reason (Methods Concluding Chapter)
Authors: Phillips David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Concluding Chapter of The Methods of Ethics. Its topic is Sidgwick’s most famous idea: that there is an unresolvable conflict between egoism and utilitarianism, the “dualism of practical reason.” The first section discusses the “proof” of utilitarianism as against intuitionism (which Sidgwick thinks succeeds) and the “proof” of utilitarianism as against egoism (which he thinks fails). The second section discusses and evaluates the new argument for the rationality of egoism which Sidgwick inserted into the Concluding Chapter in late editions of the Methods. The third section discusses Sidgwick’s treatment of sanctions in the Concluding Chapter. The fourth section focuses on his characterizations of the dualism. The final section is an overview discussion of secondary literature on interpretations of the dualism.
Misconduct in Research
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Since the 1980s, well-publicized cases of research misconduct have increased public concerns about the integrity of research and stimulated responses from governments, research institutions, funding agencies, and journals. Surveys indicate that the prevalence of misconduct may be larger than many researchers would like to acknowledge and that it occurs in all fields of research. Research misconduct is not limited to one particular nation or region but is an international problem. This chapter examines the definition of research misconduct, distinguishes between misconduct and questionable research practices, considers factors in the research environment that contribute to misconduct, discusses educating and mentoring to prevent misconduct, and describes policies and procedures for reporting, investigating, and adjudicating misconduct.
Mentoring and the Research Environment
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The research environment plays a key role in promoting integrity and preventing misconduct in research institutions and in the larger scientific profession. The research environment includes not only the physical environment but also, importantly, the social environment. The social environment includes relationships among investigators, trainees, and staff working in laboratories, research groups, or scientific institutions. Perhaps the most important of these relationships is between the mentor and the mentee. This chapter discusses a variety of issues and policies related to the research environment, including mentoring obligations and responsibilities, sexual and other forms of harassment, discrimination based on characteristics irrelevant to scientific qualifications, bullying, inappropriate relationships, and laboratory safety.
Bright and Dark Side of Personality
Authors: Furnham Adrian 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter concerns differences and similarities in the psychological research on personality traits and the psychiatric research on personality disorders. There are striking similarities in assumptions about the stability and consequences of traits and disorders. While the psychological research on the classification of traits has been dominated by psychometric work, the psychiatric world of disorder classification has shown relatively few changes over 50 years. There has, however, been something of a rapprochement between the two, particularly with personality psychologists being interested in subclinical disorders now known as dark-side traits, in contrast to the bright-side traits they have always investigated. There is now also a rapidly growing literature on the Dark Triad and Dark Tetrad, which focuses on three or four disorders (Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, sadism). This chapter also concerns those interested in leadership at work success and failure who have turned to the dark side to offer insights into derailment.
Afterword
Authors: Hven Steffen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Rather than being confined to representing the real, cinema produces it by altering and modulating our perceptions, affects, cognitions, and experiences. Cinema comes alive though our visceral and cerebral investments into the flow of its movements. It is vital that we understand its direct material-affective mode of address to understand how it orchestrates its worlds to regulate, reproduce, or create experiences that go far beyond its text. This chapter emphasizes the ethical imperative that comes with cinema’s affective powers. To achieve this, it refers to how in the fifth season of Homeland a series of street art activists “hijacked” the diegesis to protest against the show’s stereotypical and antagonistic depiction of the Arab world and Islam.
Collapse
Authors: Huq Aziz Z. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter documents and analyzes the erosion of remedial mechanisms for individual constitutional rights that had been established by the US Supreme Court in the 1950s through the 1970s. This collapse occurred initially as a consequence of President Nixon’s appointment of “strict constructionists” to the federal bench who favored “law and order.” These judges dramatically winnowed down the availability of remedies by limiting litigants to instances in which “fault” could be demonstrated. In other words, instances in which a litigant cannot show that a constitutional violation was especially egregious, or in flagrant bad faith, were found to not warrant a remedy. In some instances, the fault rule has seeped into the substance of constitutional law and limited the extent of actual rights. This chapter analyzes the potential justifications for this fault rule and demonstrates their inadequacy.
Introduction
Authors: Stivers Tanya 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers an overview of prior research on questions and responses with a focus on research examining spontaneous, naturally occurring interaction. It first synthesizes current research to show many of the compositional and positional mechanisms that questioners rely on to constrain recipients’ next actions through questions. It next turns to responses, with a discussion of four distinct paths of alternative but non-equivalent response types to questions and what is known about each. Through this, the chapter reveals how little is known about answer types in social interaction. It then introduces the idea of responses to questions as a window into relationship management and offers the outline of a model to be fleshed out over the course of the book—the scalar principles of alignment, affiliation, and autonomy that will provide analytic leverage to understand what speakers are doing relationally through responses to questions.