bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chinese Holly, Tea Scale Control, Ala., 1983
Authors: Williams Michael L. , Stephenson J. C. , Cobb G. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Forty-four 1-ft-tall Chinese hollies heavily infested with tea scale were selected for treatment. Test plants were growing in 2-gal plastic containers. Treatments were applied 16 Jun. and 29 Jul. Foliar sprays were applied to runoff, using a hand-pumped compressed air sprayer, with care taken to cover the underside of the leaves. Chevron spray-sticker was added to each spray mixture at the rate of 2.4 ml/gal. Granular applications were sprinkled over the soil surface in each container, scratched in and then watered. Treatments were replicated four times, one plant constituting a replication. Efficacy of the treatments was determined 28 Jul. and 27 Sep. by examining 100 adult female scale insects per plant and scoring them dead or alive.
Thrips Control on Torenia, 1982
Authors: Neal J. W. , Semeniuk P. , Gott K. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine insecticides were evaluated for control of a chronic thrips infestation on greenhouse grown Torenia. Plants grown from seed in lO-cm plastic pots were 23 to 38 cm in diam and 14 to 27 cm in height. All plants were mature with most flowers in full bloom. Some flowers were showing senescence and others were in developing bud stage. Infested plants were sprayed outdoors and air dried. The air temperature was 22 to 26°C and the weather condition was very sunny. Plants were returned to the greenhouse and maintained on a bench for the duration of the test. Greenhouse temperature ranged from 10 to 39°C. plants were sampled on 4 to 6 and 18 to 20 DAT (days after treatment). A total of 20 fully opened flowers were selected from each treatment and examined for live and dead thrips.
Bedding Plant Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials on bedding plants, Los Angeles County, Calif., evaluated the effects of IX, 2X, and 4X rates of Mavrik 2F (IX = 0.1 lb (AD/100 gall and Dursban 50WP (IX = 0.5 lb (AD/lOO gal). Two flats, each containing nine pony-paks with six plants per pony-pak, were evaluated per treatment for each species. The materials were applied to runoff with a 2.5 gpm piston pump handsprayer with a 5003 nozzle at 150 lb/in on 21 Jun. and 5 Jul. Phytotoxicity readings were made weekly for 2 weeks after each treatment and compared to a water check.
Phytotoxicity on Poinsettia, California, 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P. , Morishita F. S. , Hall J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three applications of seven insecticides were applied to commercially grown poinsettias in Encinitas, Calif., on 7 Oct. ( = 27.7°C), 27 Oct. ( = 28°C), and 16 Nov. ( = 25°C). Water pH was 7.8 for all treatment dates. Six pots of poinsettias, with three plants per pot, were evaluated per treatment rate. The following materials were evaluated at 0.5X, Ix, and 2X rates: Advantage 2.5E and Dimilin 25WP (IX = 0.5 lb (AI)/100 gal), Mycotal mi (IX = 0.02 lb raaterial/100 gal), Mavrik 2F and Danitol 2. 4E (Ix = 0.1 lb (AD/100 gal), XE-905 50WP (IX = 1.0 lb (AI)/100 gal), and Pounce 3.2EC (IX = 0.2 lb (AI)/100 gal). Materials were applied to runoff with a Hypro 3-gmp piston pump with a Spraying Systems 6502 nozzle, at 150 lb/in . The third application was made to the poinsettias after the bracts were showing color (0.75 ripe). Seven weekly phytotoxicity readings were made, ending 23 Nov.
Laboratory Tests with Encapsulated Diazinon Residual Spray, 1983
Authors: Strong R. G. , Sbur D. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A series of tests were conducted in the laboratory to compare the residual effectiveness of encapsulated diazinon with residues remaining from application of diazinon and malathion emulsion sprays. Whatman’s 9-cm No. 1 filter paper was used for a porous substance and glass slides measuring 3.25 by 4 in. provided an impermeable substrate for the tests. Filter paper was contained in lids of 10-cm plastic petri dishes and glass slides were handled directly. Sprays were applied from a 0.5-gal Namco compression sprayer through a fan nozzle (no. 800067). The spray tank was connected by a flexible hose to an air line equipped with a regulator to maintain a constant nozzle pressure of 20 lb/in2. Application rate was calibrated to spray approximately 1 gal/1,0002 when the nozzle was moved systematically over treatment substrates resting in a defined area of our laboratory spray compartment. Four spray replications were made for each concentration used for each test species for aging dates of 1, 7, 14, and 28 days required for spray residues. Appropriate control samples of each species were included in the test design. Twenty-five specimens of each species were contained in 7.5-cm diam fluon-treated glass cylinders to keep insects on treated surfaces of treatments in each replication. A filter paper cover was provided as needed to prevent escape of flying insects. After an exposure of 2 h to treted surfaces, test insects were placed in fresh containers with a small portion of food material. Mortalities were recorded 7 days after initial exposure to treatments. Residues on treated filter paper and glass slides were aged in a test room maintained at 80°F and 50 to 60% RH. Spray was applied and insects were exposed to treatments in rooms kept at 75°F. Test insects reared in the laboratory were mature larvae of the warehouse beetle and young adults of the other species. Percentages given in the tabulation of results were corrected for natural mortality, but few insects died in control samples.
Exploratory Tests with Encapsulated Diazinon for Stored Product Insects, 1982
Authors: Strong R. G. , Sbur D. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A series of tests were made in the laboratory to compare the activity of encapsulated diazinon with diazinon and malathion emulsion spray. Sprays were applied from a 0.5-gal Namco compression sprayer through a fan nozzle (no.800067). Pressure was maintained at 20 lb/in2 by connecting the spray tank to an air supply equipped with a pressure regulator. Application rate was calibrated to apply approximately 1 gal/1,000 ft2 when the spray nozzle was moved systematically over a defined area in our laboratory spray application compartment. Before spray was applied directly onto insects, test specimens were anesthetized with CO2 and placed on filter paper held in 10-cm diam plastic petri dishes. Immediately after spray was applied, insects were transferred to clean holding jars with fresh food and held in these until mortalities were recorded. Whatman’s 9-cm No.l filter paper in 10-cm plastic petri dishes was sprayed in the same manner as insecticide was applied directly onto insects. Each treated paper was kept in the same dish throughout the test. In one test, insects were placed on wet paper immediately after spraying, in another the filter paper was left undisturbed to dry 3 h before exposing insects to the treatments, and in the last test the paper was dried at room temp for 24 h before placing insects on it. Insects were contained in 7.5-cm diam fluon-treated glass cylinders on treated paper 24 h before they were transferred to holding containers with fresh food. Sprays were applied and insects were exposed to treatments in a laboratory kept at 75°F; the postexposure test room was maintained at 80°F and 50 to 60% RH. Mortalities were recorded 7 days after initial exposure to the insecticide. Five replications of each treatment were made for each insecticide and appropriate controls were included for each test species. Twenty specimens of each species were exposed to treatments in each replication. Large black carpet beetle larvae and mature warehouse beetle larvae were used; the other laboratory-reared tests insects were young adults. Although few insects died in control samples, percentages given in the tabulation of results were corrected for natural mortality.
Slurry Treatments on Grain Seeds, 1982
Authors: Strong R. G. , Sbur D. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The primary objective of these tests was to evaluate the effectiveness of Lorsban and Reldan in comparison to methoxychlor and malathion treatments for protection of seeds when treated seeds were exposed to insects in (1) single treatment exposures (STE) and in (2) multiple treatment exposures (MTE), with all containers of treated grain seed stored together. Gustafson Captan 30 DD was applied to 10-lb lots of corn, grain sorghum, and wheat seed in a Batch Lab Treater. Insecticides were added to the slurry treatment mixture as needed for calculated rates. Duplicate 10-lb lots of seed were prepared and stored at ambient room temp for 2 wk before use in STE tests. Each 10-lb lot of treated seed was divided into five 2-lb samples, and each of these was put into a plain paper bag. Five 2-lb bags of the same kind of seed and treatment were placed upright in a 10-qt aluminum pail, which served as an infestatiogn chamber for exposure to insects. Twenty-five laboratory-reared adults of each species of beetles and 25 mature moth larvae were placed in the center of the test chamber and allowed to move freely about the chamber to infest seed as they desired. Each aluminum pail was covered with black cloth held in place with two large rubber bands. All prepared test chambers were kept in a room maintained at 80°F and 50 to 60% RH for 2 weeks before seeds were sieved gently to remove insects. Although all live insects present in each bag of seed were counted and the number recorded, infestation data are shown as the average number of insects in 10-lb duplicate lots of seed. After removing insects, five 2-lb samples were put together in large paper bags to reconstitute each duplicate lot of treated seed. The bags of seed were held at ambient room temp to age 3 months before use in MTE tests. In the latter, 10-lb treatment lots of each kind of seed were placed at random in a 128 ft3 wooden storage chamber held outdoors without benefit of temperature or humidity control. Each chamber was infested initially with 50 insects of each test species per duplicate 10-lb lot of seed; the same number of insects were used to reinfest chambers after 30- and 60-day exposures. Seeds were sieved after exposure to insects for 90 days, and the number of live insects in each 10-lb lot of seed were recorded.
Comparison of Malathion and Pirimiphos-Methyl for Control of the Larger Grain Borer, 1982
Authors: White N.D.G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Malathion, 86.3% EC, and pirimiphos-methyl, 84.0% were used. The insecticides were diluted with water to 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0% solutions and applied to plywood panels to give intended deposits of 0.125, 0.250, 0.375, and 0.500 g (AI)/m2. The plywood panels were 13 by 13 by 0.6 cm, and 216 panels were sprayed using a Paasche air brush with a No. 5 nozzle at 69 kPa pressure. Malathion was applied at each of the four doses to 24 panels (96 panels), pirimiphos-methyl was applied at each of the four doses to 24 panels (96 panels), and 24 panels were treated with water (controls). The panels were stored at 21 ± 2°C and 30 ± 5% RH, in the dark. After 1 day, 1, 4, 8, and 16 weeks in storage, four panels from each insecticide-dose combination and the controls were bioassayed at the storage temperature and relative humidity with adult P. truncatus which had been reared at 30 ± 1°C, 70% RH on whole corn. The insects were confined for 24 h on the treated surface inside copper cylinders, 5.0 cm diam and 2.1 cm high, which had been coated with Fluon (polytetrafuorethylene) to prevent insects from crawling out. A fine screen cover was placed over each cylinder to prevent escape by flying. There were two copper cylinders per panel, eight replicates per treatment, and each cylinder contained 20 insects. A total of 1,440 insects were used on each bioassay date. Following the exposure period the number of beetles knocked down, or unable to walk, was counted. The insects from each cylinder were then placed in plastic vials, 1.25 cm diam and 3.0 cm high, containing about 3 g of ground field corn, cv. Pioneer 3993. Following a 3 to 5 day recovery period at + 1°C and 70% RH the number of living and dead insects was determined by removing the insects from the corn and prodding with a fine sable-hair brush. Fourteen concrete blocks, 40 by 20 by 3 cm, were divided in half with a piece of masking tape. The surface of 0.5 of each block, 20 by 20 cm, was covered with corn dust which would pass through a 20 mesh screen. The dust was ground into the surface for 1 min with a small square of plywood. Loose dust was then shaken off the block. This procedure was repeated three times. Two blocks were then sprayed with each of the following doses of malathion or pirimiphos-methyl as previously outlined: 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 g (AI)/m2. Controls consisted of two blocks sprayed with water. Following treatment the blocks were stored at 21 ± 2°C, 30 ± 5% RH for 1 day, 1, 4, and 8 weeks and bioassayed with adult P. truncatus. Two copper cylinders, previously described, were placed on both the concrete and concrete covered with corn dust halves of each block. Twenty adult insects were placed in each cylinder at the storage temperature and relative humidity for 24 h. Knockdown was then determined followed by a recovery period of 3 to 5 days on crushed corn in plastic vials at 30 ± 1°C, 70% RH.
Performance of Dursban Formulations for German Cockroach Control, 1982
Authors: Bennett G. W. , Runstrom E. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field tests were conducted to determine the relative efficacy and residual life of three Dursban formulations compared to standard materials currently in use for cockroach control. The tests were conducted in low income housing units located in Indianapolis, Ind. Evaluations of insecticide efficacy and residual life were accomplished by comparing the percent reduction in cockroach populations over time. Pretreatment visual counts were made, an insecticidal treatment was applied, and posttreatment counts were taken at intervals of 24 h, 2 weeks, 1 month, and at monthly intervals thereafter until ineffective or project termination.
Apple, San Jose Scale Crawler Control, 1983
Authors: Townsend H. G. , Millington W. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental insecticide treatments for crawler control were applied to heavily infested trees. Applications were made with a handgun to the point of runoff on 8 Jun. and 10 Aug. when crawlers were starting to hatch. Single-tree treatments were replicated five times in a randomized complete block design. Control was determined at harvest (10 Oct.) by rating 100 fruit from each tree. Test trees received a regular fungicide program but no other insecticides during the season.
Cypermethrin, Fenvalerate, and Permethrin Devices for Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle, 1983
Authors: Quisenberry Shan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight separately pastured, mixed-breed cattle groups ranging from 40 to 82 cows were treated in East Baton Rouge Parish, La., with the following insecticides: Atroban permethrin 10% (AI) ear tag, cypermethrin 8% (AI) ear tag, Ectrin fenvalerate 8% (AI) ear tag, Ectiban permethrin 1.2 g(AI) ear tag tape, Ectiban permethrin 1.2g (AI) tail tape, Permectrin permethrin 10% (AI) ear tag, and Permectrin permethrin 10% (ear strip. Devices were applied at a rate of one device per cow. A herd of 45 cows and 45 calves served as an untreated control. Fly counts were taken on 15 randomly selected cattle on one side of the animal between 6:00 a.m. and 9:30 a.m. Percent reduction from control was determined by dividing the difference between the untreated and treated counts by the untreated count and multiplying by 100%.
Control of House Flies in Cage-Layer Manure with Larvadex, 1982
Authors: Bowman James S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The effectiveness of the insect growth regulator Larvadex was evaluated utilizing four cage-layer poultry houses located at Jaskolka’s Egg Farm, Inc., in Auburn, NH. Houses 1 and 2 were each 10,200 sq feet and contained 20,000 birds; house 3 was 10,200 sq feet and contained 29,000 birds; house 4 was 12,000 sq feet and contained 30,000 birds. Larvadex 0.3% Premix was blended with layer diet at a rate of 1 lb per ton of feed. In each house, Larvadex was introduced into the diet of the chickens when adult house fly populations began to build up. Feeding of the Larvadex-treated diet was continuous until the adult fly population reached a low level or was completely absent. The birds then received untreated diet until the adult house fly populations started to build up again. Evaluations were made by using 3 by 5-in. cards fastened to the walls and posts about 5 ft above the floor in the manure pits. Twenty cards, spaced 24 ft apart, were used in each house. The cards were replaced weekly for a period of 15 wk beginning 19 Apr. and ending 28 Jul. The number of fly specks found on the cards was used to measure the adult population levels before and after feeding the treated diet. Observations on the relative adult population level in each house were also recorded throughout the study.
Evaluation of Closantel as a Feed Additive for Control of Northern Fowl Mites, 1983
Authors: DeVaney Joyce A. , Ivie G. Wayne 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
White Leghorn hens, 27 weeks old, which had an ascending moderate or heavier population of northern fowl mites were divided into five groups of six hens each and individually caged. Hens were fed diets containing 0, 1, 4, 16, or 64 ppm Closantel. After 18 days, hens fed the diet of 1 ppm Closantel were transferred to a diet containing 256 ppm Closantel. Diets were prepared by mixing Closantel (96.8% AI) with a commercial laying hen ration (16% protein) in sufficient quantities for an 18-day feeding period. Each diet was then divided into six equal portions and stored at -20°C. Feed weighed back and discarded every third day when fresh feed was provided to these hens. Hens were weighed twice during each 18-day interval of the study. Weekly mite ratings were visually estimated by the same observer using the following index: 0, no mites; 1, very light (1-10 mites/hen); 2, light (11-100 mites/hen); 3, moderate (101-1000 mites/hen); 4, heavy (1001-10,000 mites/hen); and 5, extra heavy (&lt;10,000 mites/hen).
Evaluation of Ectiban Pour-On and Horse Fly Spray and Rub-On II Against Face Flies on Horses, 1983
Authors: Hollis J.H. , Knapp F.W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ectiban Pour-on with 1.0% permethrin (ICI) and Horse Spray and Rub-on II with 1.0% permethrin, 0.5% piperonyl butoxide and 0.05% pyrethrin (Philips Roxane) were tested for efficacy of face fly control on horses. Wipes were applied at 4 oz per horse with particular attention paid to wiping the face and neck. Control treatments consisted of untreated horses on the same farm as the treated animals. Horses treated with a commercial standard, Farnam’s Wipe V, were also used for comparisons. Flies were counted on the faces of five horses from each treatment group. Counts were done at 1, 3, and 24-hr posttreatment, daily for the first wk and biweekly thereafter until effective control ceased.
Imported Fire Ant Control-Season Variation with Drench Treatments, 1980
Authors: Burne Jeffrey C. , Hays S.B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The optimum time for application of drench treatments for imported fire ant (IFA) control is important in developing a management program for this insect. This research was designed to determine if there was a best season for treatment of IFA colonies with toxicants that had been proven in previous research to be effective as drench treatments. Our research had indicated that Knox-Out and Sevin were effective toxicants when employed as drenchs.
Acaricide Screening for Control of Psoroptic Mites, 1983
Authors: Wright F. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ear canker mites, Psoroptescuniculi (Delafond), taken from the ears of domestic rabbits were used for these tests. About 20 to 25 mites (adults and nymphs) were put in “tea bags” (6.3 cm ) made from heat-sealable rice paper. The acaricides were tested as technical materials dissolved in water or formulated as emulsifiable concentrates (EC) containing 25% (AI), 65% xylene, and 10% Tritox X-100, or as a company-supplied emulsifiable concentrate or wettable powder. Because of solubility problems, BASF Wyandotte BAS-2631 was formulated as an EC in a mixture of xylene, Triton X-100, butyrolactone, and acetone, and Duphar PH 60-44 was formulated in a mixture of corn oil, xylene, and Triton X-100. Three bags containing mites were submerged in each concentration of the acaricides for 30 sec and allowed to dry at room temperature and ambient humidity. Mites that served as controls were dipped in dilute solvent and emulsifier at concentrations equivalent to those used in the acaricide emulsions. The bags were opened at 24-h posttreatment; mites were observed with the aid of a dissecting microscope and scored as dead or alive. Mites scored as dead were immobile or had only feeble leg movement; mites scored as alive were able to travel normally. The highest concentration of acaricide tested was 0.1%. If 100% kill was obtained at 0.1%, more dilute concentratins (0.01%, 0.001%, 0.0001% …) were tested until mortality was less than 100%. Compounds were rated on the basis of the scoring as: Class I, &lt; 100% kill at 0.1%; Class II, 100% kill at 0.1%; Class III, 100% kill at 0.01%; Class IV, 100% kill at 0.001%; Class V, 100% kill at 0.0001%.
Pear, Grape Mealybug Control, 1983
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty-five-year-old Bartlett pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 lb/in2 to evaluate pesticides for control of grape mealybug. Plots consisted of 4 single-tree replications assigned at random to trees preselected for heavy infestation of the pest. Pesticides were applied when crawlers were active, 1 Apr. and 3 May, corresponding to cluster bud and petal fall stages of tree growth. Mealybug density was estimated by counts of nymphs on five-spur samples per rep three times during the test period. All tissues on spurs were examined using a dissecting microscope. Russet on fruit caused by mealybug honeydew was checked by examining two 10-fruit samples per rep at harvest time. Fruit firmness, soluble solid content and size were also measured on the harvest samples.
Apple, Mite Control, 1983
Authors: Forsythe H.Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test chemicals were applied to 18-yr-old apple trees.at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a hand gun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 100 lbs/in2 and at 350 to 400 gal/acre. Spray dates were 14 May (pink), 7 June (petal fall), from 16 to 24 June (first cover), and 30 June (second cover). The standard pesticide program consisted of Captan 80W on three dates, Imidan 50W on 14 June, and Sevin 80W on 29 June, 12 July, and 19 July. There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were four single-tree replications. A randomized complete block design was used, with four ‘Red Delicious’ cultivars in Test 1, and two ‘Cortland’ and two ‘Golden Delicious’ cultivars in Test 2. From each tree 25 leaves were collected at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20/alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day.
Peach, Insecticide Tests, 1983
Authors: Johnson Donn T. , Mayes Ralph L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 4-year-old block of Red Haven was used in the test. Nine trees arranged in a randomized block design were used for each treatment. Sprays were applied 4 and 17 May, to the foliage with 5-horsepower hydraulic sprayer set at 300 lb/in2 A tree gun with a No. 4 disc was used to apply 1 gal per tree. The spray was timed with the aid of oriental fruit moth (OFM) pheromone traps. All twig terminals per tree were inspected for wilting, due to OFM larval tunneling, on 4, 17, and 31 May. The OFM population was low.