bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Cabbage Using Foliar Sprays, 1978
Authors: Wellik M. J. , Slosser J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Superette Y. R.' variety cabbage was field-seeded on Jul 24 at the Texas A & M University Vegetable Res. Sta., Goree, TX. Plots consisted of 2 rows, 30 - ft long, on 40-in centers. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. A poor stand necessitated transplanting plants to a density of 1 plant/row ft from adjacent plots on Sep 11. Insect counts were made on 10 randomly selected plants/plot on 12 dates. Small and large larvae of each species and cabbage looper eggs were recorded. Insecticide treatments were made when larval infestations approached or exceeded the threshold of 0.30 larvae/plant. All sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted CO2 sprayer equipped with 2 cone nozzles/row (12X). This system delivered 36.4 gpa of finished formulation at 40 psi. Ten applications of Spreader-Sticker 268 (also called Repel and marketed by Leffingwell Chemical Co., Brea, CA) were applied to all plots to repel rabbits. The repel I ant was tank-mixed with insecticides when possible. Orthene plots (0.75 ai/acre) received applications on Sep 20, Oct 3, 30, and Nov 9. Ambush plots (0.05 lb ai/acre) received applications on Sep 20, Oct 3, and Nov 9. Ambush plots (0.1 lb ai/acre) received applications on Sep 20, Oct 16, and Nov 3 . Pirimor, at 0.125 lb a i/acre, was applied to all plots on Oct 16 to eliminate a possible aphid infestation. Two yield samples (0.001 acre each) were taken from each plot, one from each row, on Dec 19. An analysis of variance was conducted for overall mean insect counts and yield data. Analysis of variance was also conducted using a splitplot AOV to incorporate time of sampling. Duncan's multiple range test was used to determine differences in means at the 0.05 probability level.
Irish Potato, Foliar Sprays for Seasonal Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1979
Authors: Bowman James S. , Porcellini S. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was located on the Robert Wiggin Farm, Stratham, NH. 'Katahdin' Irish potato seed pieces were planted in rows 36-inches apart on May 15. Each plot consisted of two 46-ft rows with each treatment replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. The plots were separated by two buffer rows that had been treated with Temik 15E at 3 lb ai/acre in the seed furrow at planting time. Sprays were applied on Jun 21, Jul 2, 12, 22, Aug 1, 11 and 23, with a B & G CO2 pressurized sprayer at a rate of 36 gal/acre (40 psi) using a 5-ft hand held boom. Three evaluations were made by counting the live larvae and adults/plot that were visible from above without disturbing the foliage. Foliage damage ratings were made on Aug 14 and 31, using the following categories: 0 = no visible signs of leaf feeding injury; 1 = only occasional leaves with partial feeding injury; 2 = moderate injury to 25% of foliage; 3 = heavy feeding to 50% of foliage; 4 = severe injury approaching 100% foliage loss.
Potato Pest Control with Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides, 1979
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Johnston Richard L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Russet Burbank' potatoes were planted May 25, at Rosemount, MN. Treatments were applied to 4-row plots, 45-ft long, with 40-inch row spacing, randomized in complete blocks with 4 replications. Two untreated rows separated each plot. Chlorothalonil fungicide was applied weekly per label recommendations from Jul 17. The systemic insecticides were applied at planting as an in-furrow band below the seed piece. Potato leafhopper nymphs, green peach aphid apterae and potato aphid apterae were counted from 35 mid-plant leaves from the center 2 rows of each plot.
European Corn Borer, Fall Armyworm and Corn Earworm Control on Sweet Corn, 1982
Authors: Ferro D. N. , Butkewich Susan , Every Leanne 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn was planted on Jun 10 in Sunderland, MA using a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Rows were 3 ft apart, 25 ft long, and plants were spaced 9 inches apart in the row with 4 rows per plot. Standard fertilization procedures were employed including a Jun 24 sidedressing with ammonium nitrate at 150 lb/acre. Atrazine at 1.0 lb ai/acre and alachlor at 1.5 lb ai/acre was applied on Jun 16. Insecticides were applied using a tractor-drawn sprayer with drop nozzles, at 60 psi and 180 gal water/acre. Treatments were applied on Aug 4, 8, 14, 21, 28 and Sep 3, except for MK-936 + oil (Sunspray 6E) which was applied on Aug 4, 14 and 28. On Sep 19, 25 ears and 25 stalks were examined from the center 2 rows for each plot, and rated either damaged or undamaged. Only ears with damage to kernels constituted ear damage, while feeding damage to the silk and shank was recorded as plant damage.
Peach, Insecticide Tests, 1982
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Eldridge M. Darrell 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied to Madison peach trees at Steeles Tavern. Four single-tree replicates were included in each treatment in a completely randomized design. Spray dates were Apr 8 (pink), 23 (petalfall), May 17, Jun 1, 14, 30 Jul 15 and 26. One Carzol treatment skipped the pink spray. Applications were made with a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with handgun attachment. The test was originally directed against catfacing insects but no fruit data could be collected because the buds were eliminated by cold in Apr. Mites were sampled on Sep 14 using a leaf-brushing machine and 20-leaf samples.
Synthetic Pyrethroid Insecticide Efficacy Trial, 1979
Authors: Smilowitz Zane , Dripps James E. , Yocum John O. , Martinka Carol A 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A randomized complete block design with 3 replications was used at the Southeastern Field Research Laboratory in Lancaster County, PA. Plots consisted of four 20 ft rows, each plot separated by a 5 ft alleyway. Row spacing was 34 inches and seed tubers were set 9 inches apart within rows. Certified, Class B ‘Katahdin’ seed tubers were planted Jun 7. Temi k 15G was applied in furrow at planting at 3.0 lb ai/acre. Dithane M-45 was applied at 1.5 lb ai/acre on a 5-7 day schedule for potato late blight control. The foliar insecticides were applied on Aug 9 and Sep 7 with a Meyers air blast sprayer in 50 gal of water per acre at 200 psi. Ten stems per plot were sampled weekly for all stages of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) beginning on Jul 3. Green peach aphid (MyzuspersicaeSulz.) populations were limited by an early season application of Pirimor 50WP. Two rows per plot were harvested on Oct 2b and graded by size. Precipitation totalled 2.67 inches in Jun, 5.43 inches in Jul, 3.39 inches in Aug, and 5.96 inches in Sep. Average maximum and minimum temperatures (0F) were 79.0 and 55.5 for Jun, 83.2 and 60.8 for Jul, 82.5 and 60.7 for Aug and 76.9 and 52.5 for Sep. Approximately 1.71 inches of rain fell within 3 days after the Aug 9 application which may have reduced efficacy. CPB severity was light to moderate. Insecticide application was delayed until an acceptable infestation had developed in the plots.
Control of Spotted Alfalfa Aphid on Alfalfa, 1978
Authors: Berg G.N. , Ridland P.M. , East R.W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven insecticides were tested on irrigated alfalfa at Goorambat, Victoria, Australia. Treatments consisted of 5 x 10 m plots, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. A 2.5 m wide unsprayed buffer separated each plot. Applications were made with a Drake and FLetcher mistifier at a rate equivalent to 200 1 of water per ha at 40 psi with flat fan nozzles. Treatments were applied on Feb 7 when the lucerne was 30 cm high. Except for day +8, counts were made in the field by recording the number of aphids and other insects on 5 stems selected at random within each plot. The day +8 samples were made by bulking 5 stems from each plot and removing the aphids from the stems in the laboratory using hot water (80°C).
Apple, Concentrate Airblast Insecticide Test, 1982
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Beers Elizabeth H. , Meagher Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of York Imperial and 4 replicates of Golden Delicious. Treatments were applied with an airblast sprayer at 25 gpa/alternate side spray driven at 2 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts/acre/both sides spray. Spray dates for treatments were: May 20 and 27; Jun 4, 14, 21 and 28; Jul 6, 15 and 26; Aug 3, 11, 20 and 27; and Sept 3. Fungicides applied during the season were: Cyprex, Polyram, sulfur, oaptan, zineb and calcium chloride. Average temperatures were: May 66UF, Jun 67°F, Jul 78°F, Aug 74°F and Sept 63°F. Rainfall in inches totaled: May 2.45, Jun 6.65, Jul 3.00, Aug 1.80 and Sept 2.65. Effectiveness on apple aphid was evaluated by counting aphid infested leaves/10 top terminals, and aphids/most infested leaf/infested terminal. Effect of the sprays on white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of test chemicals on European red mite and two-spotted spider mite was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 15 leaves/tree, 90 leaves/treatment. Effects of sprays on the predator S. punctum were evaluated by 3-minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after Jul 1, and 2 pick samples on Aug 17 and Sept 21. Apple samples averaged 137 fruits/replicate and 822/treatment.
Control of Tobacco Flea Beetles and Apterous Green Peach Aphid on Burley Tobacco, 1982
Authors: Jones G.A. , Smith E.T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Burley tobacco was transplanted May 25 it South Farm, Lexington, in Maury silt loam soil. Prior to spraying, plots were laid out in single 25 ft by 3.5 ft rows with an jntreated row adjacent to each treated row. Rows were spaced 42 in apart with 18 in between plants. Fifteen foliar insecticides and 1 fungicide were tested in a randomized block design replicated 3 times. Maleic hydrazide at a rate of 3.75 lb ai/acre was :ank mixed with all insecticide and fungicide treatments. Pesticides were applied Aug 4 with a CO2-backpack sprayer equipped with TX12 nozzles operating at 30 psi and delivering 30 gpa. Live flea beetle counts and apterous aphid ratings were taken from 5 plants in each replication 2 and 8 days after application to measure efficacy and longevity of the insecticides.
Efficacy of 0Rgan0Flu0Rine Compounds Against the Red Imported Fire Ant, 1980
Authors: VanderMeer Robert K. , Williams David F. , Lofgren Clifford S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty worker ants from laboratory colonies of the red imported fire ant (RIFA) starved for 14 days were placed in 30-ml disposable plastic cups modified to provide a humid environment. Candidate chemicals were dissolved in once refined soybean oil (SBO) and presented to the ants on a cotton swab placed in a vial cap that was then placed in 1 of the cups. The ants were allowed to feed on the treated SBO for 24 h, after which, the treated cotton swabs were removed. After another 24 h fresh vial caps with untreatd SBO saturated cotton swabs were made available to the ants for the duration of the test. Mortality counts were made at intervals of 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10 and 14 days after initial exposure. Each test consisted of 3 replications at 3 concentrations, 1.0, 0.1 and 0.01%. Room temperature was maintained at 26.7 ± 2.2°C. A SBO control and a mi rex standard were used in all tests. Based on encouraging USDA screening results for 3 fluon’nated alcohols (AI3-23780-23782) from several years ago, we tested 28 commercially available fluorinated compounds. Four compounds showed significant delayed toxicity at 1.0%; however, these compounds did not have activity at lower concentrations. Although none of the compounds tested appeared to be suitable fire ant toxicants, the results were encouraging and our laboratory is investigating other organofluorine compounds for toxicity against these ants.
Pear, Pest Control, 1982
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eighteen-year-old pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of five 2-tree replications in randomized block design. Treatments were evaluated for pear psylla control by counts of adults and nymphs at 2-wk intervals. Adults were counted by taking 5 beating-tray samples/rep. Nymphs were counted from 50-leaf samples/rep. The proximal, distal and 3 leaves from between were collected from each of 10 randomly-selected shoots. Phytophagous mites were counted from 50-leaf samples selected at random from each rep. All leaf samples were brushed and 20% of the resulting discs were examined with a dissecting microscope. Two harvest samples of 10 fruits/rep were weighed, tested for firmness with a penetrometer and rated for pear psylla honeydew russet and pear rust mite russet according to U.S. grade standards. Soluble solids were measured with a refractometer on samples of the combined juice of each lot of 10 fruit. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray date. Pear psylla density was low in the block throughout the season so that test materials were not subjected to a severe test.
Broad Mite Pesticide Efficacy Test in California, 198
Authors: Jones V. P. , Morse J. G. , Yost J. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Acaracides were tested for control of broad mite populations on 8-year-old lemon trees located in Fallbrook, Ca. The experiment consisted of 4 single tree replicates per treatment. Treatments were applied Sep 20 with a Hardie handgun (single nozzle, #8 disc) at 450 psi (ca. 1200 gpa) until runoff using a John Bean sprayer. The trees were sampled by taking 10 fruit per tree and examining one field's width of a 14x handlens down the interior facing side of the fruit parallel to the stem. An index of infestation (where 0 mites = 0, 1-2 mites = 1, 3-5 mites = 2, 6-9 mites = 3, 10-14 mites = 4, 15-20 mites = 5, and 21+ mites = 6) was calculated for each fruit and averaged for the 10 fruit per tree. The mean index per tree was then subjected to ANOVA with Duncan's NMRT being used to separate treatment means at p = 0.05. Maximum index per treatment was 6.
Candidate Pesticides for Quarantine Use, 1982
Authors: Morgan Neal O. , Morgan Neal O. , Witherell Peter C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory reared species were caged and exposed to pesticide formulations intransport trailers (ca 74 m volume) in Miami, Florida. One hundred each adult house flies and mosquitoes, 50 adult Germancockroaches and 30 adult boll weevils were caged in 0.24 1 paper cans. All cages were covered on the upper surface with 6 × 7mesh/cm2 nylon net. Cages of test insects were placed on the floor of each trailer near the center and close to a side. Aerosolswere formulated with R-12 propellant. Aerosols were released inside closed trailers while the applicator walked the length of the trailer. Manual release aerosols were sprayed for the required length of time based on release rate, and an accurate dose wasobtained by weighing and releasing additional material as necessary. Dusts were formulated with HiSi1 233 as an inert carrierand were introduced into the trailers with a CO2 'gun'. Dusts were administered through an open rear door. Exposure lasted for10 min with doors closed and an additional 20 miri with one door open. Knockdown counts were made at 30 min and mortality (dead +moribund) counts were made at 24 h post-treatment. Average temp at treatment was 26 C. Tests were replicated 3 times.
An Amidinohydrazone Bait (Combat: Maxforce) Against Cockroach Pest Species, 1982
Authors: Appel A. G. , Reierson D. A. , Rust M. K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The acceptance and toxicity of amidinohydrazone (American Cyanamid CL217.300) bait (1.65% ai) was evaluated in the laboratory against 9 cockroach species. For each species, 3 replicates of 6 adult male cockroaches were confined in 0.91 glass jars coated with a thin layer of petroleum jelly along the upper inside margin and provisioned with a 65 ml watering jar, Purina dog chow, paper toweling, and one 1.4 g piece of bait. The cockroaches were kept at 29°C in constant darkness. Mortality in each jar was recorded daily and dead individuals were removed. When all the cockroaches died, the bait was removed and weighed and the average mg of bait consumed per male calculated as the average difference between the initial and final weight of the bait.
Laboratory Evaluation of IGRs Against Larval Cat Fleas, 1982
Authors: Rust Michael K. , Reierson Donald A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The biological activity of the insect growth regulators (IGR) Precor 5E, RO 13-5223, and MV-678 against larval fleas was determined after application to filter paper or fabric and after being mixed with larval rearing medium. For surface contact-tests, discs of Whatman No. 1 filter paper or 100% cotton fabric (9 cm diam) were evenly treated with 6.3 × 10-5 and 6.3 × 10-7% IGR-acetone solution. These concentrations provided 0.5 and 0.005 ug ai/cm2 deposits, respectively. Sufficient deposits were prepared so that each deposit was only tested once. For tests with treated media at 1, 10 and 100 ppm, each IGR was mixed into standard larval medium consisting of dog chow, beef blood, and wheast. Acetone dilutions of IGR (5 ml: 10 g medium) were mixed into the media and allowed to dry 18 h. For each kind of test, larvae about 7 days from pupation (3rd-instar) were confined to each of 3 discs of treated paper or cloth (2 cm diam) placed in the bottom of glass shell vials (8.5 cm × 2 cm diam) provisioned with about 0.25 cc untreated larval rearing medium and 0.25 cc clean sand. To test the activity of treated media, 10 larvae were placed into each of 3 vials provisioned with similar amounts of treated media and sand. Each vial was covered with a paper towel cap and held at 75% RH. The contents of each vial were examined weekly and the number of live and dead larvae, pupae and emerged adults counted.
Azalea Lace Bug Control, 1982
Authors: Schultz P. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Container-grown 'Hershey red' azaleas infested with lace bug were selected for treatment. Insecticides were applied on Sep 10 using a 1 gal B & G compressed air sprayer, and were applied to runoff. The treatments were evaluated Sep 13 by counting the lace bugs on 6 plants per treatment. Temperature at treatment time was 74°F and no rainfall occurred between application and evaluation.
Imported Cabbageworm Control in Broccoli, 1982
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Southern Comet' broccoli was transplanted Jun 18 at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, MN. Plants were spaced 12-inches within row, 40-inches between rows. Plots were single row, 25-ft long, arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Applications were made Aug 6 or Jul 30 using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 20 gal/acre at 25 psi . Evaluations were made Aug 13 by counting all larvae found in a 5-^head sample collected from each plot.
Control Of LepidoPterous Larvae in Cabbage, 1981
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Johnston Richard L. , Cuperus Gerrit W. , Radcliffe Edward B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Late Flat Dutch' cabbage was transplanted Jun 9 to 36-in row with a 30-inch in-row spacing at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Dakota Co., Minnesota. Three separate trials were conducted. Plot size was 25 row-ft in the first and 2nd trials, 30 row-ft in the 3rd trial. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications and border rows separated all plots to minimize effects of drift. Spray applications were made Aug 18, Sep 8, and Sep 22 using a C02 compressed air sprayer delivering 75 gal/acre at 25 psi. Plots were counted Aug 21, Sep 11, and Sep 24 by examining 6-8 heads in a plot.
Harnessing Virtual Reality Nature to Promote Well-Being
Authors: Noronha Hildegardo , Campos Pedro 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWith virtual reality (VR) industries and research focusing on gaming, training and, somewhat, in healthcare, there seems to be a lack of VR as simpler form of relaxing leisure, despite its potential. When emotions are targeted, there appears to be a focus on visceral ones like jump scares, panic, high adrenaline, fears and anything related to bad feelings and instinctive reactions. This study explores and proves that VR can effectively relax the user. We conducted an experiment where the users were exposed to VR-based natural sceneries, and we measured its effect on their positive feelings and relaxation levels. We found evidence, with a high degree of significance, of an increase in calmness and a reduction of arousal and energy. This effect is present in short sessions. We also explored the possibility of VR sunsets affecting our subjects’ circadian rhythm.
Coated tannin supplementation improves growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and intestinal function in weaned piglets
Authors: Xu Tingting , Ma Xin , Zhou Xinchen , Qian Mengqi , Yang Zhiren , Cao Peiwen , Han Xinyan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
To explore the effect of coated tannin (CT) on the growth performance, nutrients digestibility, and intestinal function in weaned piglets, a total of 180 piglets Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire (28 d old) weighing about 8.6 kg were randomly allotted to three treatments: 1) Con: basal diet (contains ZnSO4); 2) Tan: basal diet + 0.15% CT; and 3) ZnO: basal diet + ZnO (Zn content is 1,600 mg/kg). The results showed that 0.15% CT could highly increase the average daily gain and average daily feed intake of weaned piglets compared with the control group, especially decreasing diarrhea incidence significantly (P &lt; 0.05). Compared with the control group, crude protein apparent digestibility and digestive enzyme activity of the piglets fed with 0.15% CT were enhanced obviously (P &lt; 0.05). Meanwhile, the intestinal villi and microvilli arranged more densely, while the content of serum diamine oxidase was decreased, and the protein expressions of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and claudin-1 were significantly upregulated (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, CT altered the structure of intestinal microbiota and augmented some butyrate-producing bacteria such as Ruminococcaceae and Megasphaera. PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) analysis also showed that the abundances of pathways related to butyrate metabolism and tryptophan metabolism were increased; however, the function of lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis proteins was significantly decreased. The results demonstrated that 0.15% CT could improve growth performance, digestibility, and intestinal function of weaned piglets, and it had the potential to replace ZnO applied to farming.