bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for temporary and local transition of sp2 graphite-type to sp3 diamond-type bonding induced by the tip of an atomic force microscope
Authors: Hofmann Thomas , Ren Xinguo , Weymouth Alfred J , Meuer Daniel , Liebig Alexander , Donarini Andrea , Giessibl Franz J 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Artificial diamond is created by exposing graphite to pressures on the order of 10 GPa and temperatures of about 2000 K. Here, we provide evidence that the pressure exerted by the tip of an atomic force microscope onto graphene over the carbon buffer layer of silicon carbide can lead to a temporary transition of graphite to diamond on the atomic scale. We perform atomic force microscopy with CO terminated tips and copper oxide (CuOx) tips to image graphene and to induce the structural transition. A local transition induced by the force of the tip is accompanied by local rehybridization from an sp2-bonded to an sp3-bonded local structure. Density functional theory predicts that a repulsive threshold of

≈
13

nN, followed by a force reduction by

≈
4

nN is overcome when inducing the graphite-diamond transition. The experimental observation of the third harmonic with a magnitude of about 200 fm fits well to overcoming a force barrier of F
barrier ≈ 5 nN, followed by a force reduction by −F
barrier and an upswing by F
barrier for decreasing distances. Experimental evidence for this transition is provided by the emergence of third harmonics in the cantilever oscillation when the laterally flexible CO terminated tip exerts a large repulsive force. Probing the sample with rigid CuOx tips in the strong repulsive regime shows a strong difference in the yielding of the A versus B sites to the pressure of the tip. The large repulsive overall force of

≈
10

nN is only compatible with the experimental data if one assumes that the repulsive force acting on the tip when inducing the transition is compensated by a heavily increased van-der-Waals attraction of the tip due to form fitting of tip and sample by local indentation. The experiment also shows that atomic force microscopy allows to perform high pressure physics on the atomic scale.
Shock structure in collisional positive ion-negative ion plasmas
Authors: Chakrabarti Nikhil , Ghosh Samiran 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The weakly nonlinear dynamics of low-frequency sound waves are studied in a positive ion-negative ion (PINI) plasma with the aim of investigating the strong collisional effect on their propagation characteristics. The nonlinear wave dynamics is shown to be governed by a Kakutani-Kawahara equation in the strong collisional limit. In contrast to the electron-ion plasmas, the temperature and inertial effects of both the ions significantly modify the nonlinearity and the dispersion of the wave. Analytical solution together with numerical simulations show that a soliton (localized pulse) first collapses into a weak noise shelf and then forms shock like structures. The relevance and potential application of the results in future numerical simulation and experimental studies of laboratory and space PINI plasmas are also discussed.
Systematic study of two-proton radioactivity within various versions of proximity formalisms
Authors: Zhu De-Xing , Li Ming , Xu Yang-Yang , Wu Xi-Jun , He Biao , Li Xiao-Hua 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this work, we study the two-proton (2p) radioactivity half-lives for nuclei near or beyond the proton drip line within the Coulomb and proximity potential model (CPPM). We investigate the 28 versions of proximity potential formalisms, which were proposed for heavy-ion fusion reactions, heavy-ion elastic scattering, ternary fission and other applications. The results indicate that BW91 and Bass77 are inappropriate for handling 2p radioactivity since the classical turning point r

in
cannot be obtained for the depth of the total interaction potential between the released two protons and daughter nucleus being greater than the 2p radioactivity released energy. Among the other 26 proximity potential formalisms, the one proposed by Royer et al in 1984 denoted as Prox.77-8 is the best version with the lowest rms deviations between experimental data and relevant theoretical results. It is worth mentioning that the calculations of Coulomb and Proximity Potential Model for Deformed Nuclei (2021 PRC 104, 064 613) has least standard deviation (σ = 0.592) compared with present model and other models/formulae. Furthermore, we use CPPM with Prox.77-8 to predict the 2p radioactivity half-lives of 35 potential candidates whose 2p radioactivity is energetically allowed or observed but not yet quantified in NUBASE2020. The predicted results are consistent with previous theoretical models such as the unified fission model (UFM), generalized liquid drop model (GLDM) and effective liquid drop model (ELDM).
Non-invasive transcranial electrical brain stimulation guided by functional near-infrared spectroscopy for targeted neuromodulation: a review
Authors: Hong Keum-Shik , Khan M N Afzal , Ghafoor Usman 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
One of the primary goals in cognitive neuroscience is to understand the neural mechanisms on which cognition is based. Researchers are trying to find how cognitive mechanisms are related to oscillations generated due to brain activity. The research focused on this topic has been considerably aided by developing non-invasive brain stimulation techniques. The dynamics of brain networks and the resultant behavior can be affected by non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, which make their use a focus of interest in many experiments and clinical fields. One essential non-invasive brain stimulation technique is transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), subdivided into transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation. tES has recently become more well-known because of the effective results achieved in treating chronic conditions. In addition, there has been exceptional progress in the interpretation and feasibility of tES techniques. Summarizing the beneficial effects of tES, this article provides an updated depiction of what has been accomplished to date, brief history, and the open questions that need to be addressed in the future. An essential issue in the field of tES is stimulation duration. This review briefly covers the stimulation durations that have been utilized in the field while monitoring the brain using functional-near infrared spectroscopy-based brain imaging.
Suppression of runaway current by electrode biasing and limiter biasing on J-TEXT
Authors: MOU Lingke , CHEN Zhongyong , YAN Wei , LI You , ZHANG Weikang , FANG Jiangang , JIANG Yingzhou , ZHANG Xiaobo , ZHONG Yu , LI Feng , ZOU Guinan , LIU Fanxi , CHEN Zhipeng , YANG Zhoujun , WANG Nengchao , DING Yonghua , PAN Yuan 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The avoidance of runaway electrons (REs) generated during plasma disruption is of great concern for the safe operation of tokamak devices. Experimental study on the suppression of runaway current by electrode biasing (EB) and limiter biasing (LB) has been performed on the J-TEXT tokamak, which could be an alternative way to suppress the runaway current. The experimental results show that the higher the voltage value, the smaller the runaway current in both EB and LB experiments. The runaway current can be completely suppressed at an electrode biased voltage of +450 V and a limiter biased voltage of +300 V. The comparison of the energy spectra during the runaway plateau phase shows that the maximum energy max (E
RE) and radiation temperature T
HXR of hard x-rays (HXRs) are significantly reduced after the application of +200 V limiter biased voltage. The electric field generated by the biased voltage may be the key factor to suppress the runaway current, and the measured radial electric field increases obviously after the voltage is applied. This may result in an increase in the loss of REs to realize the suppression of runaway current.
Quasi-coherent mode in core plasma of SUNIST spherical tokamak
Authors: LIU Wenbin , WANG Shouzhi , WANG Binbin , SU Pengjuan , CHENG Zhengbo , TAN Yi , GAO Zhe , WAN Yuanxi , GAO Xiang , LIN Xiaodong , HUANG Jianjun , WU Muquan , ZHU Xiang , HAO Baolong , LI Hang 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A quasi-coherent (QC) mode was observed in the core region of low-density ohmic plasmas in Sino-UNIted Spherical Tokamak. In experiments on the QC mode, two sets of moveable Langmuir probes (LPs) were used to measure the local parameters including floating potential, electron temperature, electron density, and so on, as well as their profiles. To monitor the magnetohydrodynamic activities, a Mirnov probe was used to measure the poloidal magnetic fluctuation. The QC mode can be seen in the spectra of floating potential, but there is no similar peak in the spectra of magnetic fluctuation. Thus, the QC mode is probably electrostatic. By analyzing the electrostatic potential fluctuations from the LPs, the features of the QC mode including frequency, wavenumber, propagation direction, and dependence on collisionality are identified, which are consistent with the characteristics of dissipative trapped electron mode.
Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Women With and Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Peters Brandilyn A , Hanna David B , Sharma Anjali , Anastos Kathryn , Hoover Donald R , Shi Qiuhu , Moran Caitlin A , Jackson Elizabeth A , Alcaide Maria L , Ofotokun Igho , Adimora Adaora A , Haberlen Sabina A , Cohen Mardge , Tien Phyllis C , Michel Katherine G , Levine Steven R , Hodis Howard N , Kaplan Robert C , Yin Michael T 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background
Estrogen-based hormone therapy (HT) may have beneficial cardiovascular effects when initiated in early menopause. This has not been examined in women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), who have heightened immune activation and cardiovascular risks.

Methods
Among 609 postmenopausal women (1234 person-visits) in the Women’s Interagency HIV Study, we examined the relationship of ever HT use (oral, patch, or vaginal) with subclinical atherosclerosis: carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT), distensibility, and plaque assessed via repeated B-mode ultrasound imaging (2004–2013). We also examined associations of HT with cross-sectional biomarkers of immune activation and D-dimer. Statistical models were adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioral, and cardiometabolic factors.

Results
Women (mean age, 51 years; 80% HIV positive) who ever used HT at baseline were older, and more likely to be non-Hispanic White and report higher income, than never-users. Women who ever used HT had 43% lower prevalence of plaque (prevalence ratio, 0.57 [95% confidence interval {CI}, .40–.80]; P &lt; .01), 2.51 µm less progression of CIMT per year (95% CI, –4.60, to –.41; P = .02), and marginally lower incidence of plaque over approximately 7 years (risk ratio, 0.38 [95% CI, .14–1.03; P = .06), compared with never-users, adjusting for covariates; ever HT use was not associated with distensibility. These findings were similar for women with and without HIV. Ever HT use was associated with lower serum D-dimer, but not with biomarkers of immune activation after covariate adjustment.

Conclusions
HT may confer a subclinical cardiovascular benefit in women with HIV. These results begin to fill a knowledge gap in menopausal care for women with HIV, in whom uptake of HT is very low.
BLSSpeller to discover novel regulatory motifs in maize
Authors: Rahmani Razgar Seyed , Decap Dries , Fostier Jan , Marchal Kathleen 
Published: July 2022

AbstractWith the decreasing cost of sequencing and availability of larger numbers of sequenced genomes, comparative genomics is becoming increasingly attractive to complement experimental techniques for the task of transcription factor (TF) binding site identification. In this study, we redesigned BLSSpeller, a motif discovery algorithm, to cope with larger sequence datasets. BLSSpeller was used to identify novel motifs in Zea mays in a comparative genomics setting with 16 monocot lineages. We discovered 61 motifs of which 20 matched previously described motif models in Arabidopsis. In addition, novel, yet uncharacterized motifs were detected, several of which are supported by available sequence-based and/or functional data. Instances of the predicted motifs were enriched around transcription start sites and contained signatures of selection. Moreover, the enrichment of the predicted motif instances in open chromatin and TF binding sites indicates their functionality, supported by the fact that genes carrying instances of these motifs were often found to be co-expressed and/or enriched in similar GO functions. Overall, our study unveiled several novel candidate motifs that might help our understanding of the genotype to phenotype association in crops.
The impacts of donor transitions on health systems in middle-income countries: a scoping review
Authors: Huffstetler Hanna E , Bandara Shashika , Bharali Ipchita , Kennedy Mcdade Kaci , Mao Wenhui , Guo Felicia , Zhang Jiaqi , Riviere Judy , Becker Liza , Mohamadi Mina , Rice Rebecca L , King Zoe , Farooqi Zoha Waqar , Zhang Xinqi , Yamey Gavin , Ogbuoji Osondu 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
As countries graduate from low-income to middle-income status, many face losses in development assistance for health and must ‘transition’ to greater domestic funding of their health response. If improperly managed, donor transitions in middle-income countries (MICs) could present significant challenges to global health progress. No prior knowledge synthesis has comprehensively surveyed how donor transitions can affect health systems in MICs. We conducted a scoping review using a structured search strategy across five academic databases and 37 global health donor and think tank websites for literature published between January 1990 and October 2018. We used the World Health Organization health system ‘building blocks’ framework to thematically synthesize and structure the analysis. Following independent screening, 89 publications out of 11 236 were included for data extraction and synthesis. Most of this evidence examines transitions related to human immunodeficiency virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS; n = 45, 50%) and immunization programmes (n = 14, 16%), with a focus on donors such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (n = 26, 29%) and Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance (n = 15, 17%). Donor transitions are influenced by the actions of both donors and country governments, with impacts on every component of the health system. Successful transition experiences show that leadership, planning, and pre-transition investments in a country’s financial, technical, and logistical capacity are vital to ensuring smooth transition. In the absence of such measures, shortages in financial resources, medical product and supply stock-outs, service disruptions, and shortages in human resources were common, with resulting implications not only for programme continuation, but also for population health. Donor transitions can affect different components of the health system in varying and interconnected ways. More rigorous evaluation of how donor transitions can affect health systems in MICs will create an improved understanding of the risks and opportunities posed by donor exits.
Forum: Searching for a Global Solidarity: A Collective Auto-Ethnography of Early-Career Women Researchers in the Asia-Pacific
Authors: Agarwal Amya , Chen Ching-Chang , Choi Shine , Cruz Frances Antoinette , Hoo Chiew-Ping , Watanabe Atsuko 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This forum critically reflects on discrimination faced by early-career women international relations (IR) scholars in the Asia-Pacific region in their workplaces and beyond. By taking a self-ethnographic perspective, six contributors from five countries provide an engaging overview of difficulties they face in their everyday lives. Against the backdrop of this diverse and globalizing region, the contributors are all academic migrants in search of employment and learning opportunities within the Asia-Pacific region and beyond. They lead migratory lives by frequently crossing ideational and material boundaries to contribute to a more diverse IR knowledge base, and they encounter numerous difficulties and forms of discrimination. This forum has two aims. First, in reflecting on the contributors’ own lived experiences, it highlights the diversity of issues faced by early-career women scholars in this region. Second, it calls for novel, more inclusive forms of solidarity that appreciates diversity as plurality across any divides.
Qualitative Analysis and Quality Evaluation of Pimpinella thellungiana by Serum Pharmacochemistry, Network Pharmacology and QAMS
Authors: Cui Xiaomin , Hu Jing , Chen Zhiyong , Ren Hui 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background
Pimpinella thellungiana H. Wolff (P. thellungiana) is widely used as a Chinese medicinal herb to treat coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the bioactive compounds of this herbal medicine have not been defined and quality control is imperfect.

Objective
To develop methods for qualitative analysis and improved quality evaluation of P. thellungiana.

Method
In this study, UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS, network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches were applied to explore the quality markers of P. thellungiana. A quantitative analysis of multi-components via a single marker (QAMS) method was developed to simultaneously detect nine quality markers of P. thellungiana.

Results
Nine compounds were selected as quality markers for quality control of P. thellungiana: protocatechuic acid, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, luteolin-7-O-glucuronide, 3,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, apigenin-7-O-glucuronide, and 4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. The established QAMS method was validated and applied in 10 batches of P. thellungiana samples.

Conclusions
These findings facilitate effective quality evaluation of P. thellungiana and suggest this approach could be applied to evaluate the quality of other herbal medicines.

Highlights
UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS was used to detect 36 compounds in P. thellungiana and 40 compounds in rat plasma after dosing with P. thellungiana. Quality markers were selected based on detection of compounds absorbed into rat plasma and network pharmacology analysis.
Improving the memory efficiency of RTM using both Nyquist sampling and DCT based on GPU
Authors: Lee Dawoon , Chung Wookeen 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Reverse time migration (RTM) is used to obtain complex structural images of subsurface media. The RTM can be expressed as a zero-lag cross-correlation between the source and receiver wave fields. As imaging conditions can be calculated based on the pre-stored source wavefield and the received wavefield generated during backward modelling, only the source wavefield must be stored in the memory (or disc). Therefore, reducing source-wavefield storage requirements can improve memory efficiency. High-performance computing based on graphic processing units (GPUs) is being developed to reduce the computational time in wave-propagation modelling. Accordingly, GPU-based RTM technology has the potential to improve the computational efficiency of RTM. Storage of the source wavefield wholly in GPU video random-access memory (VRAM) may further improve computational efficiency. In this paper, we present a new algorithm for a three-dimensional (3D) GPU-based RTM that can enable efficient storage of the source wavefield in VRAM using both Nyquist sampling and discrete cosine transform (DCT) compression. A numerical example employing a modified SEG/EAGE 3D overthrust model presented in this study verifies that the proposed algorithm requires only 2% of the memory usage of conventional RTM while producing similar results.
The Mechanism of Chlorantraniliprole Resistance and Detoxification in Trichogramma chilonis (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: Zhu Wenya , Wang Juan , Zhang Ye 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Parasitic Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, an egg parasitoid of Grapholita molesta, is a critical agent for biological control of insect pests in crop plants. However, the efficiency of T. chilonis is influenced by its resistance to the common pesticide chlorantraniliprole. To elucidate the chlorantraniliprole detoxification mechanism, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to chlorantraniliprole resistance were studied at different developmental stages of the wasp. Individuals of T. chilonis were grouped and treated with chlorantraniliprole at different developmental stages. Untreated wasps were used as controls. Transcriptomic analysis identified the DEGs associated with chlorantraniliprole resistance and detoxification in T. chilonis. A total of 1,483 DEGs were associated with chlorantraniliprole resistance at all developmental stages. DEGs that correlated with chlorantraniliprole sensitivity of T. chilonis at different developmental stages were distinct and had various functions. The newly identified DEGs are involved in cytochrome P450- and glutathione metabolism-related pathways, which were predicted to contribute to chlorantraniliprole detoxification. Chlorantraniliprole detoxification by T. chilonis was associated with cytochrome P450- and glutathione-related pathways. Our findings may be useful for balancing chemical and biological control practices aimed to optimize agricultural production.
Relationships between age, diet, and stress-related hormones and reproduction in American marten (Martes americana)
Authors: Keogh Mandy J , Nicholson Kerry L , Skinner John P 
Published: July 2022

AbstractAmerican marten (Martes americana) in Interior Alaska are at the northwestern limit of their North American range. To investigate factors that may be associated with reproduction we determined the cementum age and the presence or absence of blastocysts in 118 female martens for 3 years (2012, 2014, and 2016) in two regions. For each marten we collected fur samples and measured steroid hormone concentrations (cortisol, testosterone, and progesterone) and stable isotopes (δ15N and δ13C values, a proxy for diet). These parameters reflect the diet and endocrine activity between June and October when fur is grown. We also collected two claws from a subset of 39 female marten from one region in 2012 and 2014. Progesterone concentrations were measured in one whole claw and from a second claw divided into proximal (recent growth) and distal sections. Differences in the probability of blastocysts being present were associated with geographic region and sample year suggesting that reproduction in female marten varies on a fine scale. We found the that presence of blastocysts was positively associated with marten age and δ15N values in fur but negatively associated with fur cortisol concentrations. These findings suggest that the likelihood a female marten will reproduce in a given year is influenced, in part, by the proportion of protein in their diet and stressors encountered during late summer and fall, months before active gestation begins.