bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Waste Office Paper Using Viscosity as Operating Parameter
Authors: Park Enoch Y. , Michinaka A. , Okuda N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEnzymatic hydrolysis of waste office (WO) paper with feeding WO paper in a reactor was investigated using apparent viscosity as operating parameter. Since the apparent viscosity was correlated with the concentration of pulping WO paper, the amount of hydrolyzed WO paper was assumed by measuring the decrease in the apparent viscosity. Then the amount of hydrolysis WO paper and the amount of enzyme corresponding to the desired ratio were fed into the reactor. When the WO paper and 1% (to the amount of WO paper) enzyme were fed to the hydrolytic reaction, 87 g/L of reducing sugar (RS) with a hydrolytic yield of 42.2% was obtained for a 24‐h hydrolysis. However, when nonpulping WO paper and 5% (to the amount of WO paper) enzyme were fed to the hydrolytic reaction, 120 g/L of RS with a hydrolytic yield of 40% was obtained for a 24‐h hydrolysis. Therefore, the RS concentration from this hydrolysis process feeding WO paper using apparent viscosity as operating parameter may be of sufficient concentration to serve as a carbon source in microorganism culture or chemical feedstock.
Stationary and Microcarrier Cell Culture Processes for Propagating Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Wu Suh‐Chin , Huang Gloria Ya‐Ling 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInactivated mouse‐brain‐derived vaccines for Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) have been used for many years. Recently, attempts have been made to employ cultured Vero cells to replace mouse brain tissues for developing cell‐culture‐derived vaccines that will be more suitable for worldwide usage. In this study, JEV replication processes in Vero and BHK cells and between stationary and microcarrier culture systems were investigated. Our results demonstrated that a stationary Vero cell culture system produced higher viral titers of JEV, including the Beijin‐1 vaccine strain and the attenuated strain CH2195LA, than microcarrier culture did. BHK cells showed less significant differences in their replication kinetics between stationary and microcarrier cultures. Reducing serum concentration during infection led to an overall decrease of JEV production in Vero cells but an increase in BHK cells. By establishing a complete serum‐free Vero cell culture, the microcarrier system resulted in a more than 4‐log lowered yield compared to that of the stationary culture for JEV production. Thus, the stationary culture is the most efficient system for JEV production from cultured Vero cells.
Characterization of Patatin Esterase Activity in AOT‐Isooctane Reverse Micelles
Authors: Jiménez M. , Escribano J. , Gandía‐Herrero F. , Chazarra S. , Cabanes J. , García‐Carmona F. , Pérez‐Gilabert M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPatatin is a family of glycoproteins that accounts for 30–40% of the total soluble protein in potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers. This protein has been reported not only to serve as a storage protein but also to exhibit lipid acyl hydrolase (LAH) activity. In this study patatin is characterized in AOT‐isooctane reverse micelles. The influence on the enzymatic activity of characteristic parameters of reverse micelles, wo (= H2O/AOT), and the percentage of H2O, θ, were investigated. The results obtained show that patatin esterase activity varies with wo but remains constant throughout the range of θ values studied. The variation with wo showed that the activity follows an S‐shaped behavior pattern, reaching a maximum at about wo = 20 for 2% H2O. Patatin esterase activity was compared with p‐nitrophenyl (PNP) fatty acid esters of different chain lengths. The activity was much higher for PNP‐caprylate. The pH optimum was 6.0, different from the value obtained when patatin esterase activity was measured in mixed micelle systems. The optimal temperature was 35 °C, above which the activity decreased to almost zero. The kinetic parameters were also evaluated ( Km = 10 mM, Vm = 158 μM/min, Vm/ Km = 15.8 × 10−3 min−1). This paper shows the suitability of reverse micelles for measuring patatin esterase activity, since it allows the study of the enzyme in similar conditions to that prevailing in vivo.
Influence of Morphology on Product Formation in Aspergillusawamori during Submerged Fermentations
Authors: Johansen Claus L. , Coolen Leon , Hunik Jan H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe relationship between fungal morphology and heterologous protein production was examined for an Aspergillus awamori strain during a series of fermentations with a batch phase followed by a fed‐batch phase. Agitation rate and inoculation concentration were used as controlled variables to generate different fungal morphologies in 20‐dm3 stirred tank reactors. Morphology was quantitatively characterized using Image Analysis. The different agitation rates and inoculum concentrations had large effects on the development in hyphal length and number of tips during the fermentations. A reduced inoculum concentration resulted in a more branched mycelium. The different agitation rates affected the morphology after 30 h of fermentation significantly but did not affect the start time of fragmentation. A 3‐fold increase in hyphal length increased the apparent viscosity by a factor of 7. The observed morphological differences had only a limited effect on product formation, suggesting that the structural features such as hyphal length and number of tips are of less importance for product formation. The primary effect of morphology on product formation is due to viscosity.
Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade with tirofiban: effect on aggregation caused by P256, an antibody to human IIb/IIIa receptors
Authors: Fisher Ian , Robinson Paul , Ritter James M. 
Published: July 2002

Aims
P256 is a divalent antibody which aggregates human platelets by interaction with glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa receptors. We investigated the effect of tirofiban, an antagonist of the GP IIb/IIIa receptor, on P256‐mediated platelet aggregation.
Methods
Responses to agonists were measured turbidometrically at 37° C in stirred citrated platelet‐rich plasma from venous blood samples from healthy human volunteers. Inhibitory effects were determined by comparison with aggregation to the same concentration of agonist in a vehicle treated sample.
Results
Tirofiban inhibited a near maximally effective dose of P256 (10−7 mol l−1 ) with an IC50 of 9.3×10−8 mol l−1. Tirofiban (10−7 mol l−1 ) inhibited responses to arachidonic acid, U46619 and P256 similarly, whereas aspirin (1.1×10−4 mol l−1 ) inhibited arachidonic acid more effectively than P256 (P<0.007 by anova ).
Conclusions
Tirofiban potently and selectively inhibits P256‐stimulated aggregation of human platelets.
Thalidomide in multiple myeloma: lack of response of soft‐tissue plasmacytomas
Authors: Bladé Joan , Perales María , Rosiñol Laura , Tuset Montserrat , Montoto Silvia , Esteve Jordi , Cobo Francesc , Villela Luis , Rafel Montserrat , Nomdedeu Benet , Montserrat Emili 
Published: July 2002

Thalidomide is active in patients with refractory myeloma. Seventeen patients (nine men/eight women, median age 73 years) with multiple myeloma (MM) were treated with thalidomide. Fifteen patients had refractory disease and two untested relapse. The median dose of thalidomide was 500 mg (range, 200–800 mg). Nine of the 17 patients (53%) responded. The response rate was significantly higher in patients with no extramedullary disease than in those with soft tissue masses (75% CI: 43–95% versus 0%; P = 0·01)). Of note, no decrease in the size of soft tissue plasmacytomas was observed in all the five patients who had extramedullary involvement. This data suggests that the mechanism of action and effectiveness of thalidomide might depend on the site of the tumour cells.
Medieval Socialist Artefacts: Architecture and Discourses of National Identity in Provincial Poland, 1945–1960
Authors: Faraldo José M. 
Published: July 2002

Many things allow us to recognize that the Poles have a greater and fuller affinity with the Poznań Land than the Germans, even today. It is interesting, for example, with what confidence Polish architects, in contrast to their German counterparts, incorporate historical and regional characteristics in their designs.Moritz JafféThe Archive of the Town Curator of Monuments in the Polish city Poznań contains material about streets, monuments, Old Town Square, the cathedral, and other valuable constructions there. A folder labeled Nowy Ratusz (New Town Hall) attracted my attention, because I knew nothing about such a building. The folder contained photographs of a largeneo-Gothicbuilding. It looked like a typical Prussian public building, similar to hundreds of other postal, school, and government offices throughout the Prussian/German state. But what of this building? Had it been another casualty of the Second World War? The postwar images showed, that although seriously damaged, the building still stood in the ruins of the Old Town Square.
Where Else Would you Look? Constructivism and the Historiography of Economics
Authors: Emmett Ross B. 
Published: July 2002

Eleven years ago, at my first HES conference, I attended a session on the historiography of economics. In my naiveté and brashness (not a good combination!) as a grad student, I asked why so much of the conversation about how to do historical work in economics was dominated by reference to methodological categories provided by philosophers of science like Lakatos, Popper, and Kuhn. I enjoyed my own investigations in the philosophy of economics, and was starting to write about Frank Knight, who was certainly not naive philosophically, but I wanted a different reference point as ahistorianof economics. I remember one member of the panel looking at me somewhat puzzled and asking, “Where else would you look?”Today, we gather to reflect, once again, on the historiography of economics. This time, we are asked to reflect on a new reference point for our work: the sociology of scientific knowledge or science studies. Jan Golinski has provided us with an excellent survey of work in this field, and a synopsis of its relevance over the past fifteen years or so to the history of the natural sciences. His book is not a rallying cry for constructivism, but rather a careful analysis of the benefits and costs to historians of science if they choose to adopt constructivist techniques.
Support vector machines with selective kernel scaling for
protein classification and identification of key amino acid
positions
Authors: Zavaljevski Nela , Stevens Fred J. , Reifman Jaques 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: Data that characterize primary and tertiary structures of proteins are now accumulating at a rapid and accelerating rate and require automated computational tools to extract critical information relating amino acid changes with the spectrum of functionally attributes exhibited by a protein. We propose that immunoglobulin-type beta-domains, which are found in approximate 400 functionally distinct forms in humans alone, provide the immense genetic variation within limited conformational changes that might facilitate the development of new computational tools. As an initial step, we describe here an approach based on Support Vector Machine (SVM) technology to identify amino acid variations that contribute to the functional attribute of pathological self-assembly by some human antibody light chains produced during plasma cell diseases.
Results: We demonstrate that SVMs with selective kernel scaling are an effective tool in discriminating between benign and pathologic human immunoglobulin light chains. Initial results compare favorably against manual classification performed by experts and indicate the capability of SVMs to capture the underlying structure of the data. The data set consists of 70 proteins of human antibody κ1 light chains, each represented by aligned sequences of 120 amino acids. We perform feature selection based on a first-order adaptive scaling algorithm, which confirms the importance of changes in certain amino acid positions and identifies other positions that are key in the characterization of protein function.
Contact: nelaz@ra.anl.govfstevens@anl.govjaques.reifman@amedd.army.mil
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Control of a robot dinosaur
Authors: Papantoniou V. , Avlakiotis P. , McN. Alexander R. 
Published: July 2002

The Palaiomation Consortium, supported by the European Commission, is building a robotIguanodon atherfieldensisfor museum display that is much more sophisticated than existing animatronic exhibits. The current half–size (2.5 m) prototype is fully autonomous, carrying its own computer and batteries. It walks around the room, choosing its own path and avoiding obstacles. A bigger version with a larger repertoire of behaviours is planned.Many design problems have had to be overcome. A real dinosaur would have had hundreds of muscles, and we have had to devise means of achieving life–like movement with a much smaller number of motors; we have limited ourselves to 20, to keep the control problems manageable. Realistic stance requires a narrower trackway and a higher centre of mass than in previous (often spider–like) legged robots, making it more difficult to maintain stability. Other important differences from previous walking robots are that the forelegs have to be shorter than the hind, and the machinery has had to be designed to fit inside a realistically shaped body shell. Battery life is about one hour, but to achieve this we have had to design the robot to have very low power consumption. Currently, this limits it to unrealistically slow movement.The control system includes a high–level instructions processor, a gait generator, a motion–coordination generator, and a kinematic model.
Treatment of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: Understanding Differences in Results of Comparative Effectiveness Studies
Authors: Melgar Michael , Seaby Eleanor G. , McArdle Andrew J. , Young Cameron C. , Campbell Angela P. , Murray Nancy L. , Patel Manish M. , Levin Michael , Randolph Adrienne G. , Son Mary Beth F. ,   BATS Consortium and the Overcoming COVID‐19 Investigators
Published: June 2022

ObjectiveTwo cohort studies in patients with multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS‐C) demonstrated contrasting results regarding the benefit of initial immunomodulatory treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) alone versus IVIG and glucocorticoids. We sought to determine whether application of different MIS‐C definitions and differing disease severity between cohorts underlay discrepant results.MethodsThe Overcoming COVID‐19 Public Health Surveillance Registry (OC‐19) included patients meeting the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) MIS‐C definition, whereas the Best Available Treatment Study (BATS) applied the World Health Organization (WHO) definition. We applied the WHO definition to the OC‐19 cohort and the CDC definition to the BATS cohort and determined the proportion that did not meet the alternate definition. We compared illness severity indicators between cohorts.ResultsOf 349 OC‐19 patients, 9.5% did not meet the WHO definition. Of 350 BATS patients, 10.3% did not meet the CDC definition. Most organ system involvement was similar between the cohorts, but more OC‐19 patients had WHO‐defined cardiac involvement (87.1% vs 79.4%, P = 0.008). OC‐19 patients were more often admitted to intensive care (61.0% vs 44.8%, P < 0.001) and more often received vasopressors or inotropes (39.5% vs 22.9%, P < 0.001) before immunomodulatory treatment.ConclusionGreater illness severity and cardiovascular involvement in the OC‐19 cohort compared with the BATS cohort, and not use of different MIS‐C case definitions, may have contributed to differing study conclusions about optimal initial treatment for MIS‐C. Disease severity should be considered in future MIS‐C study designs and treatment recommendations to identify patients who would benefit from aggressive immunomodulatory treatment.
A Dual‐Action Molecule Suppresses S. aureus Infection as an Inhibitor Targeting Hla Pore Formation and TLR2 Signaling
Authors: Wang Tingting , Jiang Fan , Su Jianqing , Chu Xiuling , Cao Yongguo , Lv Hongfa , Deng Xuming , Wang Jianfeng 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAntibiotic resistance is the greatest challenge for the treatment of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection under the global antibiotic resistance crisis. With the bottleneck period of the development of new antibiotics, novel alternative agents are urgently in need. In this study, the small molecule amentoflavone is identified as a dual‐action inhibitor of Hla, a pore‐forming virulence determinant particularly important for S. aureus pathogenicity and Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling, which triggers inflammation response upon recognizing pathogen‐associated molecular patterns. Amentoflavone treatment conferred effective protection against S. aureus pneumonia through this dual‐action mechanism. Mechanically, amentoflavone effectively inhibited Hla pore formation, thereby reducing Hla‐mediated cytotoxicity and tissue damage; at the same time, amentoflavone suppressed TLR2‐mediated inflammatory response by blocking the interaction between TLR2 and its adapter myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88). Surprisingly, TLR2 signaling induced by synthetic bacterial TLR2 agonists and other heat‐killed gram‐positive bacteria is also blocked by amentoflavone. In summary, these results presented amentoflavone as a potential antibiotic alternative that curbed S. aureus infection by simultaneously suppressing host‐damaging virulence determinants derived from bacteria and the detrimental effect of excessive inflammation derived from the host rather than bacteria viability.
Conjugated Polymers for Microwave Applications: Untethered Sensing Platforms and Multifunctional Devices
Authors: Tan Siew Ting Melissa , Giovannitti Alexander , Marks Adam , Moser Maximilian , Quill Tyler J. , McCulloch Iain , Salleo Alberto , Bonacchini Giorgio E. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn the past two decades, organic electronic materials have enabled and accelerated a large and diverse set of technologies, from energy‐harvesting devices and electromechanical actuators, to flexible and printed (opto)electronic circuitry. Among organic (semi)conductors, organic mixed ion–electronic conductors (OMIECs) are now at the center of renewed interest in organic electronics, as they are key drivers of recent developments in the fields of bioelectronics, energy storage, and neuromorphic computing. However, due to the relatively slow switching dynamics of organic electronics, their application in microwave technology, until recently, has been overlooked. Nonetheless, other unique properties of OMIECs, such as their substantial electrochemical tunability, charge‐modulation range, and processability, make this field of use ripe with opportunities. In this work, the use of a series of solution‐processed intrinsic OMIECs is demonstrated to actively tune the properties of metamaterial‐inspired microwave devices, including an untethered bioelectrochemical sensing platform that requires no external power, and a tunable resonating structure with independent amplitude‐ and frequency‐modulation. These devices showcase the considerable potential of OMIEC‐based metadevices in autonomous bioelectronics and reconfigurable microwave optics.
Binary Cooperative Complementary Membranes: A Perspective
Authors: Wang Bo , Wang Tie 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBinary cooperative complementary principle (BCCP) refers to two opposite but cooperative and complementary species or states. Currently, a variety of high‐performance membranes fabricated using membrane materials with BCCP, are known as binary cooperative complementary membranes (BCCMs). Three types of BCCMs are discussed including hybrid membranes with the BCCP of channel‐in‐matrix and channel‐on‐channel, amphiphilic membranes with the BCCP of hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity, ion exchange membranes with the BCCP of cation and anion. Concrete examples of BCCMs are demonstrated followed by discussing the BCCP effects. The introduction of BCCP in membrane materials presents a new direction to analyze the impact factors about membrane structure and membrane performance. Using membrane materials with rational utilization of the BCCP is believed to be a new trend in the fabrication of high‐performance membranes in the wide range of application fields. Finally, the authors will put forward the significance of BCCMs and present an outlook for the future development of this topic.
Hypertension and Alzheimer's disease pathology at autopsy: A systematic review
Authors: Abdulrahman Herrer , van Dalen Jan Willem , den Brok Melina , Latimer Caitlin S. , Larson Eric B. , Richard Edo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractHypertension is an important risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and all‐cause dementia. The mechanisms underlying this association are unclear. Hypertension may be associated with AD neuropathological changes (ADNC), but reports are sparse and inconsistent. This systematic review included 15 autopsy studies (n = 5879) from observational cohorts. Studies were highly heterogeneous regarding populations, follow‐up duration, hypertension operationalization, neuropathological methods, and statistical analyses. Hypertension seems associated with higher plaque and tangle burden, but results are inconsistent. Four studies (n = 3993/5879; 68%), reported clear associations between hypertension and ADNC. Another four suggested that antihypertensive medication may protect against ADNC. Larger studies with longer follow‐up reported the strongest relationships. Our findings suggest a positive association between hypertension and ADNC, but effects may be modest, and possibly attenuate with higher hypertension age and antihypertensive medication use. Investigating interactions among plaques, tangles, cerebrovascular pathology, and dementia may be key in better understanding hypertension's role in dementia development.
The Perioperative Steering Committee as an Accountable Infrastructure to Enable and Sustain Change
Authors: Voight Patrick , Fuller Mary , McKean Kiren 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACTLeaders in perioperative and interventional procedure areas need to be able to initiate and sustain change to improve operational processes in their departments or service lines. Although available literature discusses change in health care organizations, there is a lack of published articles on the implementation and sustainment of change. This article provides a review of supporting literature on change management and an infrastructure model that we have successfully implemented to sustain change. An organizational case study focused on creating sustained improvements for first procedure on‐time starts and turnover times details the process of creating the accountability system for actualizing the performance targets in a perioperative environment. The case study examines the existing process and initial challenges with creating sustainable and quantifiable outcomes, describes the process of implementing the infrastructure discussed in the article, and evaluates the results. Perioperative leaders can use the information to improve processes in their work environments.