bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humanitarian Challenges and Implications for Famine Early Warning Systems
Authors: Maxwell Daniel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of famine early warning systems (EWS) that have developed since the 1970s. With advances in the measurement and monitoring of malnutrition, augmented by new information and communication technologies, these systems have become increasingly sophisticated in the past decade, but they still tend to be based on the assumption that extreme food insecurity is an amplified version of regular seasonal stresses in agrarian societies, and is driven primarily by environmental and economic factors. Despite internationally agreed priorities about the links between armed conflict and extreme hunger, EWS can’t always deal directly with question of deliberately inflicted hunger. This is partly because they are either government-owned systems (and governments are frequently parties to the conflicts that cause contemporary famines) or they are managed by UN agencies that have to negotiate presence in and access to affected populations, and are therefore reluctant to anger parties to the conflict (be they government or non-state actors). Even attempting to track and analyse conflict can be difficult; tracking or analysing the use of hunger as a weapon of war is difficult for these formal, government- or UN-led systems. These arguments are exemplified in discussion of Somalia, South Sudan, Syria, and Yemen.
Sex, Gender, Age, and Mass Starvation
Authors: Mazurana Dyan , Conley Bridget , Spears Kinsey 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter applies an analysis of sex, gender, and age to issues related to mass starvation, including risks, protection, and accountability. Discussing the evidence from across cases of famine and mass starvation, the chapter proposes that in contexts where sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV) inhibits maternal care, SGBV might be considered as a specific starvation crime. It further argues that mass starvation and SGBV are mutually reinforcing atrocity crimes. Widespread conditions of deprivation and starvation can increase the risk of SGBV. At the same time, SGBV, and in some cases even the threat of SGBV, can increase the risk of starvation, in ways that differ by sex, gender, age, and context. The authors document and analyse the long-term, intergenerational gender- and age-influenced health and socio-cultural risks associated with exposure to mass starvation. They conclude with recommendations for how to improve the investigation, analysis, research, and prosecution of SGBV in the context of mass starvation.
The Hunter
Authors: Lal Rattan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The narrator’s wife is musing by the side of the window. She is watching a crane in the Dal Lake. Her husband’s hunter friend has come to catch the crane. Her husband is asking for the key of the storeroom so that he can take the logs and make a boat for his friend. She is unhappy that her husband is arranging a boat for the hunter. Later some boys arrange the boat, and the hunter is going to catch the beautiful crane. The husband assures her that the crane will not be killed. The wife seems to identify herself with the condition of the crane, with memories of how her house in Kashmir was pounded with stones by neighbourhood boys (probably Muslims).
Separation
Authors: Lal Rattan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This is a post-migration story. A story of the loss of Roshan Lal’s mother Arni, Kashmir, and Roshan’s niece, Usha. The latter gets married outside the community against the wishes of Roshan Lal. The main character Roshan Lal is living with some other Kashmiri pandits in a tent in a refugee colony in Jammu. Roshan Lal’s mother has died a few days ago. He appears to be lost in sadness. When his niece Usha comes to visit him along with her husband Ajeet Kumar, Roshan is still in the same state, and people are trying to bring him out of despondency. Towards the end, people feel glad when he gets up to speak, but he only ends up talking about his father who has died twenty years ago in Kashmir!
Earth
Authors: Lal Rattan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It is a story in flashback. The narrator and Jala Sahab (nickname Joal in childhood) are in Jammu recalling the game of tipcat they played in Kashmir before migration. They were three friends: the narrator, Joal, and Banna. There was curfew outside on the day they played the game and their mothers were worried about their safety. Then they saw a man injured on the carrier of a cycle. He had received a bullet in his foot. Now, many years after their exile from Kashmir, their homes are two mounds of earth on which Muslim boys are playing.
Dry Stream of the Camp
Authors: Lal Rattan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Jagarnath and his wife Kamlavati are living with Indravati in a cramped refugee tent. Indravati is the mother of their daughter-in-law, Veena. Jagarnath and his wife suspect that their son Teja has abandoned them at the behest of his wife and occupied the room allotted to them by govt. Indravati also feels that her daughter is not caring enough. Indravati’s son Pupa hears Jagarnath say that he would throw his son out of the room and also take the ration card. Pupa disappears after a rainy night. After return, he gives the reason why he had disappeared. He had gone to inform Teja and Veena. He could not reach there because the bridge had been washed away. Jagarnath denies having said this and watches the volume of his voice from that day onwards.
Intervention
Authors: Lal Rattan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The third-person narrator tells the reader that Autar Krishan has returned to Jammu after seven years from Kashmir. His mother-in-law Kamlavati has died. The other Hindu migrants in the refugee camp are angry at his arrival. Because he had abandoned his wife Usha and daughter Pinky with his mother-in-law Kamlavati in Jammu. They suspect that he has come to light the pyre and he will slip back to Kashmir leaving behind his wife and daughter. However, dead Kamlavati, surprisingly, does not close her mouth until her son-in-law, daughter, and granddaughter have put water in her mouth. The refugee camp dwellers find out to their utter surprise that Autar has returned to Jammu for good.
Gauri’s Div Gaam
Authors: Lal Rattan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Gauri Shauri is from a village in Kashmir called Div Gaam, but now living in a refugee camp in Jammu. She fled from Kashmir with two precious things in a trunk: her husband’s passbook and a blue cylindrical stone which is her deity, her Thokuir or Div Shuir. She desires to build a temple in the refugee camp and install this deity. Initially, the Camp dwellers are indifferent, and even her daughter-in-law Sheela is cynical and does not like her husband Pushkar going along with his mother with the planned construction of a temple. All along the story, Gauri recalls her life in the native village of Div Gaam from the day when she had come as a bride.
Introduction
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of environmental regulation in India. On the surface, India’s extensive environmental regulations comprise statutes that adopt command and control strategies backed by penal sanctions. What sets apart this legal regime from others is the distinctive and indeed, disproportionate role of judges and citizens in making the law work. By 2000, India had in place the basic building blocks for environmental regulation. On the statutory front, the pollution control framework comprised the Water Act of 1974, the Air Act of 1981, and the umbrella Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 (EPA). Meanwhile, with the National Green Tribunal Act of 2010, India entered a select band of nations that have established judicial fora for environmental adjudications. The chapter then presents readings on the space that a democracy offers to officials and citizens keen on promoting development while protecting the environment, before looking at the special features of environmental law and the roles of courts and tribunals.
Judicial Remedies and Procedures
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on judicial remedies and procedures under environmental law in India. Frequently, for lack of staff, money, capacity, or will, administrative agencies created under environmental statutes fail to implement the laws under which they operate, and ecological degradation continues unabated. In this event, the citizen has a choice of three civil remedies to obtain redress: (1) an original application or appeal to the National Green Tribunal (NGT) under the National Green Tribunal Act of 2010; (2) a writ petition to compel the agency to enforce the law and to recover clean up or remedial costs from the violator; or (3) a common law tort action against the polluter. Among the civil remedies, the NGT is now the most popular. In addition, if the pollution amounts to a ‘public nuisance’, a remedy under the Criminal Procedure Code of 1973 is also available.
Water Pollution Control
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses water pollution control in India. The Indian legal system provides four major sources of law for addressing water pollution problems. These include (1) a comprehensive scheme of administrative regulation through the permit system of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974; (2) provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 relating to water quality; (3) public nuisance actions against polluters, including municipalities charged with controlling water pollution; and (4) the common law right of riparian owners to unpolluted water. In addition, the Union Government has developed action plans for rejuvenating the Ganga and restoring the quality of her waters. The Supreme Court of India, the High Courts, and the National Green Tribunal have added to the force of these laws by hearing petitions that seek implementation of measures to prevent water pollution.
Forests
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores forest laws in India. When India gained independence, forests were placed on the State List of the Constitution. Forest departments of individual states continued to regulate forests in accord with the Indian Forest Act of 1927, as implemented by state regulations. The Indian Forest Act gives the states jurisdiction over both public and private forests and facilitates the extraction of timber for profit. Public forests, those in which state governments have a proprietary interest, are divided into three categories: reserve forests, village forests, and protected forests. In extending to forest lands which are not the property of the government, the Indian Forest Act represents strong governmental intrusion into private rights. Countering governmental powers under the Act, the Indian Forest Act also provides protection and compensation for legally recognized individual or community rights to forest land or forest products. The chapter then considers the Forest Conservation case, the Dehradun Quarrying litigation, and mineral extraction in forests.
Urban Problems
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights planning laws in India. The reasons for the slide in the quality of urban life are complex, involving an interplay of demographic factors, obsolete land-holding and rental laws, the failure of administrators to anticipate and plan for future needs, and economic constraints. As the edifice of many smaller towns deteriorates and the larger cities suffer from intolerable levels of air, water, and noise pollution and a strain on the housing, energy, and transport infrastructure, citizen groups have sprung up across the country to spur the civic administration into action. The chapter analyzes the judicial response to citizens’ complaints. It looks at the right to the city before outlining the principles of planning law. The chapter also considers public parks, solid waste management, the translocation of industries, and cultural heritage.
Environmental Impact Assessment
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the environment impact assessment (EIA), which is a common term that regularly appears in environmental campaigns, literature, and cases. The EIA procedure culminates in an environmental clearance (EC), which is a permission allowing the project to proceed. Generally, the EC requires the applicant to fulfill dozens of conditions at the time of establishing and operating the project. When it comes to large projects, defects in the EIA procedure and the substance of the reports generated in the process are often the most tangible weapons used to challenge the project. On the other side, project proponents defending the EC rely on the layered decision-making EIA process to urge deference by the National Green Tribunal and courts. The chapter begins by tracing the evolution of EIA leading to the present statutory framework. It also examines the shortcomings that have limited the effectiveness of EIA. Finally, the chapter explores some of the significant Supreme Court judgments on EIA and the patchy record of the judiciary in requiring meaningful implementation.
Regulation of Hazardous Substances
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the general regulatory regime covering hazardous substances in India and the case law. Section 2(e) of the Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 (EPA) defines a ‘hazardous substance’ to mean ‘any substance or preparation which, by reason of its chemical or physico-chemical properties or handling, is liable to cause harm to human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organisms, property or the environment’. The chapter then looks at the legal fallout from the Bhopal Gas Leak disaster which occurred on December 3, 1984, and remains the worst industrial accident in history. The ripples of that tragedy continue to affect victims and scar the community after three and a half decades. The chapter also considers the Shriram Gas Leak case and pesticide and radiation cases.
Introduction
Authors: Futhazar Guillaume , Maljean-Dubois Sandrine , Razzaque Jona 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Aiming at setting the scene, the introduction to this collective work presents our understanding of international biodiversity law in the context of this project. It highlights how this branch of international law is far-reaching both in terms of topics and temporality. It discusses the current centrality of the Convention on Biological Diversity for international biodiversity law as a whole and the unfortunate lack of effectiveness of this branch. Yet, litigation appears as one of the tools that can help to facilitate better implementation of biodiversity law and policies. As shown by climate change litigation, judges are increasingly contributing to counterbalance the discrepancy between the international commitments of states and their inadequate implementation. Surprisingly, biodiversity litigation has not been explored in a systematic way by legal scholarship. It is this shortcoming that this collective work aims to remedy. The introduction highlights the methodology chosen to study biodiversity litigation and the rationale for the selection of the case studies. It also exposes and justifies the set of questions that the contributing authors have been asked to answer.
The Passions of John Addington Symonds
Authors: Butler Shane 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This book offers a critical survey of the writing of John Addington Symonds (Bristol 1840–Rome 1893), one of Victorian Britain’s most prolific authors and a major figure in queer history and thought. Works examined include An Introduction to the Study of Dante (1872), Studies of the Greek Poets (1873–6), The Renaissance in Italy (1875–86), Animi Figura (1882), Vagabunduli Libellus (1884), Life of Michelangelo Buonarroti (1893), In the Key of Blue (1893), and Sexual Inversion (written with Havelock Ellis, published posthumously in 1897), as well as the privately printed essays A Problem in Greek Ethics (1883) and A Problem in Modern Ethics (1891), the latter of which contains the first appearance in English print of the word “homosexual,” a recent coinage of German sexology. Symonds’s Memoirs, the first complete edition of which appeared in 2016, are the principal subject of two chapters and play a prominent role in most of the others. Also explored are Symonds’s relationships to predecessors like Winckelmann, Byron, and Hegel; contemporaries like Robert Louis Stevenson, Walter Pater, and Henry James; and successors like Sigmund Freud. Close reading across Symonds’s varied oeuvre reveals the entanglement of sexual desire and self-understanding in a range of seemingly unrelated objects of attention, such as color. This book also tracks Symonds’s enduring engagement with the art and literature of classical antiquity. The result is a portrait of a remarkably complex thinker, with a bold vision of the queerness of the world itself.
Animi Figura
Authors: Butler Shane 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To mitigate the effects of his worsening tuberculosis, Symonds fled to Davos, Switzerland, which soon became his primary home. There he befriended Robert Louis Stevenson, from whom he sought advice on plans to publish a new collection of poems, Animi Figura, which would appear in 1882, supplemented two years later by a privately printed volume, Fragilia Labilia, and a published one, Vagabunduli Libellus. In their frequent conversations, Symonds partly embraced, partly contested the theories of psychic doubleness espoused by Stevenson, who would later base his Strange Case of Jekyll and Hyde on Symonds. This chapter considers these poetic collections and Stevenson’s influence on them in order to construct a first picture of Symonds’s own psychological views.
Self-love and Other-hatred (Pascal, Hobbes, Rousseau, Leopardi)
Authors: Harris Joseph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Widening the historical and conceptual focus of the previous chapter, Chapter 4 explores four thinkers from the mid-seventeenth century to the early nineteenth who suggest that misanthropy is not limited to specific individuals but is in fact in some sense endemic to human nature or society itself. For the theologian Blaise Pascal, each ‘self’ hates and seeks to dominate all the others, and only Christianity can overcome this impulse by refracting hatred of others into salutary self-hatred. The political philosopher Thomas Hobbes famously casts pre-social existence as a ‘war of all against all’—a notion which Jean-Jacques Rousseau later insists is an unfair projection of civilized man back onto natural man. Finally, Giacomo Leopardi conceptually sunders our natural, instinctive hatred of others from reasoned and deliberate misanthropy, which he professes to warn against. In different ways, all four thinkers trace the complex roots of hatred of others in our amour-propre, or self-love.
Cures, Conversions, and Corrections
Authors: Harris Joseph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The question of whether misanthropy might be curable gained a particular urgency across the eighteenth century. Whereas some thinkers recommend solitude as a cure for misanthropy—or at least as a means to make its symptoms more manageable—others fear that reclusiveness can actually exacerbate misanthropic melancholy. This chapter explores a variety of ‘misanthropic conversion narratives’ from the 1720s onwards—works depicting curmudgeonly main characters being coaxed out of their misanthropy and rehabilitated into society, in ways that their original solitude had not managed to achieve. While people often fall into misanthropy by random misfortune, these ‘conversion narratives’ invariably suggest that their re-emergence from misanthropy and reconciliation with society must be deliberately orchestrated by a third party. Indeed, although the events that cure misanthropy frequently prove fanciful and even supernatural in origin, the means by which they operate are recognizably human, and reveal much about understandings of misanthropic psychology.
Malicious Misanthropy
Authors: Harris Joseph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Despite Enlightenment attempts to revalorize misanthropy as something positive, misanthropy remained a morally ambivalent phenomenon across the period. This final chapter explores the re-emergence of misanthropy towards the end of the eighteenth century as something cruel, malicious, perverse, or even demonic. As Jean-Jacques Rousseau and others demonstrate, these newfound anxieties about misanthropy as something socially dangerous rest on a counter-intuitive new understanding of misanthropy itself. Far from being a recluse, this new, perverse misanthrope is paradoxically driven into sociability by the desire to witness or even inflict suffering. Exploring a variety of texts—from tragedy to medicine, from thought to early Romantic poetry—this chapter explores misanthropy’s relation to schadenfreude, vindictiveness, immorality, villainy, and cruelty. As it demonstrates, the period from 1790 to 1830 marks both the heyday of ‘misanthropy’ as a term but also its dissolution as a single, recognizable concept.
Exploitation as Domination
Authors: Vrousalis Nicholas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The exploitation of human by human is a globally pervasive phenomenon. Slavery, serfdom, and the patriarchy are part of its lineage. Guest and sex workers, commercial surrogacy, precarious labour contracts, sweatshops, and markets in blood, vaccines or human organs, are some contemporary manifestations of exploitation. What makes these exploitative transactions unjust? And is capitalism inherently exploitative? This book offers answers to these two questions. In response to the first question, it argues that exploitation is a form of domination, self-enrichment through the domination of others. On the domination view, exploitation complaints are not, fundamentally, about harm, coercion or unfairness. Rather, they are about who serves whom and why. Exploitation, in a word, is a dividend of servitude: the dividend the powerful extract from the servitude of the vulnerable. In response to the second question, the book argues that this servitude is inherent to capitalist relations between consenting adults; capital just is monetary title to control over the labour capacity of others. It follows that capitalism, the mode of production where capital predominates, is an inherently unjust social structure.
Quest for Energy, Connectivity, and Security
Authors: Dave Bhavna 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter seeks to identify the processes that shaped India’s diplomacy towards Central Asia under the two United Progressive Alliance (UPA) governments, leading to the adoption of ‘Connect Central Asia’ policy and its ensuing implementation. The chapter analyses the policies and measures adopted by the UPA in four key areas: (i) connectivity; (ii) energy partnerships; (iii) strategic engagement; and (iv) multilateral cooperation. It details how India-Central Asia relations evolved during the period through adjustment to a number of important geopolitical shifts in the region. In conclusion, the chapter notes that being at a geographical disadvantage that turned it into a late mover to the region, India, during the UPA period, has had to carve out its options through an enhanced multilateral cooperation with a range of actors and institutions and build on the niches where it possessed a distinct edge.