bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salinity Can Enhance Freeze Tolerance of Citrus Rootstock Seedlings by Modifying Growth, Water Relations, and Mineral Nutrition
Authors: Syvertsen J.P. , Yelenosky George 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of ‘Pineapple’ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] (Swt), Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni Hort ex Tan) (Cleo)], and trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] (Tri) were grown from seed for 10 months in 2-liter containers of native Candler fine sand in a glasshouse, watered two times per week, and fertilized weekly with a complete nutrient solution. NaCI at 0, 15, 30, or 60 mM was added to the watering solution for 2 additional months. Increases in salinity decreased hydraulic conductivity of roots, transpiration rate, leaf water potential, and root growth. The effect of salinity on mineral composition of tissues was rootstock-dependent. High salinity leaves of Tri had the highest N, K+, and Cl− but the lowest Na+, whereas Tri roots had the highest Na+ at the highest salinity. High-salinity Cleo leaves had the lowest Cl− and K. All seedlings survived −4°C for 6 hr in a controlled freeze test. Salinity decreased leaf loss, except in the deciduous Tri, in which 60 mM NaCI may have been excessive. Thus, moderate salinity treatment can reduce growth and modify water and mineral nutrient relations so as to increase cold hardiness of certain Citrus species.
Selection for Virus Tolerance in Strawberry Seedlings in Relation to Virus Source and Plant Age
Authors: Robbins JoAnn , Sjulin Thomas M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) seedlings were planted in a greenhouse at 3- to 4-week intervals and simultaneously inoculated at ages 80, 101, 129, or 157 days with either of two naturally occurring virus sources each of which contained a mottle, mild yellow edge, and crinkle virus complex. Inoculation by aphids with either virus source reduced vigor, petiole length, leaflet width, stolons per plant, and vegetative dry weight of plants in the greenhouse. The tendency of virus inoculation to reduce vigor and petiole length was inversely proportional to increasing seedling age. In the field, inoculated seedlings were also less vigorous than control seedlings. Virus source effects and seedling age interactions with virus source were not significant. Selection for virus tolerance, based on greenhouse vigor, petiole length or leaflet width measurements, increased the frequency of seedlings subsequently classified as virus-tolerant in the field in both 80- and 101-day-old seedlings. Selection based on greenhouse vigor or petiole length increased the frequency in 129-day-old seedlings. No greenhouse selection method evaluated was effective in 157-day-old seedlings.
Identification of Pineapple Cultivars by Isozyme Genotypes
Authors: DeWald Maria G. , Moore Gloria A. , Sherman Wayne B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Starch gel electrophoresis of leaf tissue samples was used to distinguish pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.] cultivars. Isozyme genotypes at two peroxidase and three phosphoglucomutase loci allowed the unique identification of 15 of the 27 cultivars examined. The hypotheses that some cultivars originated as either sports or hybrids were confirmed by the allozyme data.
Genetic Transformation and Foreign Gene Expression in Walnut Tissue
Authors: Dandekar Abhaya M. , Martin Lori A. , McGranahan Gale 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A system was developed to transform walnut cultivars using the natural gene transfer system of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. We report the infection of English walnut (Juglans regia L.), northern California black walnut (Juglans hindsii), and their F1 hybrid ‘Paradox’ with A. tumefaciens carrying various recombinant derivatives of the tumor-inducing (Ti) plasmids, pTiA6 and pTiB6S3. The three walnut species, each represented by a single micropropagated clone, were found to be equally susceptible to Agrobacterium-induced tumor formation in vitro. Stable lines were established from tumors induced on each clone, and, unlike normal stem callus, these tumor cells grew rapidly in culture media without exogenous plant hormones. High-voltage paper electrophoretic analysis revealed the presence of opines in the walnut tumor tissue. The presence of a foreign gene was demonstrated by expression of a chimeric bacterial gene that encodes resistance to the antibiotic kanamycin, and also by the presence of foreign DNA sequences in genomic DNA isolated from tumors.
Quality of ‘Tifblue’ Rabbiteye Blueberries and Efficiency of Machine Harvesting at Different Times of Day
Authors: Patten Kim D. , Neuendorff Elizabeth W. , Nimr Gary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit from 7- and 8-year-old ‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye blueberry [Vaccinium ashei (Reade)] plants were harvested at 0600, 0900, 1200, and 1500 hr. Harvests occurred twice a season for each of 2 years. Fruit cullage after machine harvesting averaged ≈30% of total fruit harvested. The first machine harvest in a season had 6% to 16% less cullage than the last harvest. The number of mature fruit remaining on the plants after harvesting decreased with later harvest times during the day. Thus, an increase in harvester efficiency corresponded to decreased leaf water potential. The effect of harvest time during the day on packout and fruit quality after storage was inconsistent between and within years. There was no optimum time of day to machine-pick blueberries when fruit were promptly sorted and cooled after harvest.
Combining Ability Estimates for Early Blight Resistance in Tomato
Authors: Maiero Marisa , Ng Timothy J , Barksdale Thomas H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Six inbred tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes and 13 hybrids among them were evaluated at two locations for resistance to early blight (Altemaria solani). The breeding lines 71B2, C1943, and NC EBR-1 were the most resistant, while ‘Castlejay’ was consistently the most susceptible. Hybrid means for area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) generally were intermediate to their parental values, indicating quantitative genetic control. Five of the parents were included in a diallel mating design to obtain estimates of general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SGA) for the resistance trait. Both GCA and SCA were highly significant; the GCA component accounted for 88.2% of the genotypic variation.
Inheritance of Cadmium Concentration in Lettuce
Authors: Thomas Gene M. , Harrison Helen C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Parental, F1, F2, and F3 generations were used to determine the inheritance of Cd concentration in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Three plant introductions—PI 278080, PI 140398, and PI 169493—were parents for two crosses—PI 278080 × PI 140398 and PI 169493 × PI 278080. Data from the F2 and F3 generations did not fit simple Mendelian models. Broad sense heritability estimates for the two crosses, calculated from parental and F2 variances, were 0.38 and 0.29, respectively. Narrow sense estimates, calculated by the standard-unit regression analyses of F3 family means on F2 parents, were 0.05 and 0.30, respectively. Low, nonsignificant correlations were obtained between Cd concentration and dry weight of tissue samples in both F2 and F3 generations, indicating that selection for low concentration should not affect yield.
Pressure-induced Water Fluxes Through Root Systems of Sour Orange Seedlings
Authors: Swietlik Dariusz 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Studies were conducted to compare responses of pressure- and transpiration-induced water fluxes (Jv) through root systems of sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) (SO) seedlings and to quantify the apoplastic component of fluxes in the both systems. Roots excised from water-cultured SO seedlings were sealed in a nutrient solution-filled pressure chamber and pressurized at 0.5 MPa with air, N2, or CO2. Changing the pressurizing gas from air to N2 or CO2 reduced Jv, but the response to CO2 was more pronounced than to N2. The fluxes recovered when N2 and CO2 were in turn replaced by air. Transpiration of water-culture-grown intact SO seedlings responded similarly to changes in gasses bubbled through the nutrient solution. The Jv in excised root systems was decreased at elevated salt concentration in the root medium, a phenomenon commonly observed in intact plants. Root conductance taken from the slopes of the linear portion of pressure/flux curves was lower at low than high salt levels. The apoplastic water fluxes through pressurized roots and intact SO seedlings was quantified using trisodium 3-hydroxy-5,8,10-pyrenetrisulfonate. The increased proportion of the apoplastic component in pressure-, compared to transpiration-induced, fluxes indicates that root pressurization opens one or more new avenues for water transport that are not operative in a transpiring seedling. Steady-state flow rates through the roots pressurized at 0.5 MPa were attained within ≈3 hr.
Physiological Responses of Cabbage to Incipient Copper Toxicity
Authors: Rousos Penelope A. , Harrison Helen C. , Steffen Kenneth L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three-week-old seedlings of the cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group) cultivars Wisconsin All Seasons and Globe King were exposed for 3 weeks to Cu2+ concentrations ranging from 1.2 to 2.5 mg Cu2+/liter. Plants were harvested after 14, 16, 19, or 22 days of exposure. During Cu2+ treatment, shoots appeared healthy, but roots turned golden, with increased lateral branching and tip browning. Cultivars responded identically for all characteristics measured. Root Cu concentrations were >3000 μg·g−1 or 300 times the control after Cu2+ treatment. Shoot Cu concentrations (13 μg·g−1), while significantly higher than the control, were not above critical values associated with yield reductions. The high root Cu concentrations were not associated with lower shoot or root yields. The initial symptoms of Cu2+ toxicity in the first fully expanded leaves were elevated leaf Cu concentrations and lower total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a:b ratios. There was no effect on leaf fresh weight per unit area, transpiration, respiration, net photosynthesis, or apparent photosynthetic quantum yields.
ALMOPOL: A Cross-pollination and Nut Set Simulation Model for Almond
Authors: DeGrandi-Hoffman Gloria , Roth Stephan A. , Loper Gerald M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
ALMOPOL is an interactive computer-based model that simulates the interactions of weather, bloom phenology, blossom quality, and honey bee foraging behavior that culminate in almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill) D. A. Webb] nut set. ALMOPOL enables users to enter orchard conditions, colonies per hectare, and foragers per colony. Information concerning honey bee foraging behaviors and blossom quality (i.e., a blossom's probability of setting a nut if cross-pollinated) can also be entered interactively into the program. Hence, nut set estimates are specific for a given set of weather, orchard, bee behavior, and blossom quality conditions. A description of the logic and data used in ALMOPOL's construction is included.
Grapefruit Leaf and Fruit Growth in Response to Drip, Microsprinkler, and Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation
Authors: Zekri Mongi , Parsons Lawrence R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit and vegetative growth of 21-year-old grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees on well-drained sandy soil was studied in central Florida. Drip, microsprinkler, and overhead sprinkler irrigation was compared at two levels of irrigation (150 and 450 mm·year−1). Significant differences in leaf area, fruit size, fruit growth, new flush growth, and canopy area were found with different irrigation systems applying similar amounts of water. Growth was improved by irrigation even in a year of high rainfall (1410 mm). With mature trees, drip systems promoted the least growth, while overhead sprinkler systems promoted the most. Leaf fresh and dry weights and individual leaf areas in the overhead sprinkler treatments were 40% to 50% greater than in the drip or nonirrigated treatments, while specific leaf weight and leaf water content per unit dry weight were similar for all treatments. Final fruit size and tree canopy area were 9% to 20% greater in the overhead sprinkler treatments than in the corresponding drip or nonirrigated treatments. Responses to microsprinklers were generally intermediate between the overhead sprinkler and the drip treatments. Because of the low soil area coverage, applying water at the higher rate with the drip system did not improve growth as well as the overhead system at the lower rate. With mature grapefruit trees under central Florida conditions, systems providing greater soil area coverage gave better leaf and fruit growth than systems providing less soil coverage.
Nitrogen Fertilization x Genotype Interactions Influence Bermudagrass Turf Quality Characteristics
Authors: McCaslin Bobby D. , Hughes Michael R. , Baltensperger Arden A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to determine if the turf quality of bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) was influenced by an interaction of genotype and nitrogen fertilization. The currently recommended level for maintenance of adequate quality in New Mexico bermudagrass turf is 48 kg N/ha per month during the growing season, the highest rate used in the study. The response of 10 bermudagrass genotypes, ‘Common’, ‘FB 49’, ‘FB 119’, ‘FB 133’, ‘N-7’, ‘NM-B1’, ‘Ormond’, ‘Santa Ana’, ‘Tifgreen’, and ‘Texturf 10’ were evaluated at N levels of 0, 16, 33 and 48 kg N/ha per month during the growing season. Color, density, and clipping yield responses of the genotypes differed for the four N fertility Ievels.‘Texturf 10’ had the highest overall ranking at 48 kg N/ha per month and ‘Ormond’ had the highest ranking at 32 and 16 kg N/ha per month. Thus, cultivar selection must be considered in arriving at precision N fertilization of bermudagrass turf.
Predicting Firmness Changes of ‘Rome’ Apples in Refrigerated Storage
Authors: Ingle Morris , Morris J.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The softening rates of ‘Rome’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) from 10 West Virginia orchards stored at two temperatures were compared in 1974, 1976, and 1978. The rate of softening at 20°C declined with time after harvest, and delaying harvest reduced the rate of softening at 20° but had little effect on softening at 0°. Site had little effect on rate of softening. In two of the three years, the rate of softening at 0° was found to be correlated with firmness at harvest and softening at 20°. Regression analysis provided formulas that can be used to predict softening rate in refrigerated air storage at 0° from firmness data at harvest.
The Relationship Among Root Growth, Shoot Growth, and Fruit Growth of Peach
Authors: Williamson Jeffrey G. , Coston Donald C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The number, length, and elongation rate of white roots were related to vegetative and reproductive growth of young own-rooted ‘Redhaven’ peach trees from June 1985 until Oct. 1986. Root growth of fruiting and nonfruiting trees were similar, except for a period of 3 to 4 weeks each year either during the final stage of fruit growth or immediately after harvest. During these periods, cropping reduced white root length per tree in both years, and total root growth per tree and number of growing root tips in 1986. Number of elongating root tips was correlated with total root elongation and was a better indicator of total root elongation than was mean root elongation rate of individual root tips.
Growth, Leaf Mineral Nutrition, and Leaf Water Status of Mature Apple Trees Subjected to Various Crop Loads and Soil Water Conditions
Authors: Erf Jeff A. , Proctor John T.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mature fruiting and defruited ‘McIntosh’/M.26 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees were exposed to natural rainfall or to no rainfall with the use of under-canopy tent-like covers. With covers present, fruit diameter tended to be less and, on one occasion, soluble solids concentration and fruit firmness increased. Trunk growth was reduced more by fruit than by covers. Trunk growth of fruiting trees did not respond to covers, whereas trunk growth of defruited trees was reduced by covers. Fruit load and reduced soil water content did not affect terminal shoot length. In one experiment, specific leaf weight (SLW) was less for fruiting trees than for defruited trees. Fruiting increased foliar N, P, Ca, and Mg and decreased K concentration. On a leaf-area basis, K was again lower in cropping trees while other nutrients remained mostly unchanged. With tent covers, trees generally had less foliar N, P, and K based on either concentration or amount per unit of leaf area. Leaf water potential was lower for trees with fruit and tended to be lower for trees with tent covers. Leaf stomatal conductance was higher for fruiting trees than for defruited trees and higher for trees without tent covers than for trees with tent covers.
Turfgrass Wear as Affected by Golf Car Tire Design and Traffic Patterns
Authors: Carrow R. N. , Johnson B. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Turfgrass wear tests were conducted at Griffin, Ga. in 1985 and 1986 on ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon × C. transvaalensis) using several golf car tire designs (tread configurations, radial or non-radial), golf cars, and traffic patterns. Wear damage to bermudagrass in all studies was assessed by visual turf quality, color, verdure, and leaf bruising. Golf car traffic caused significant wear damage regardless of golf car, tire design, or traffic pattern. Damage increased with frequency of trips over the site and with moderately sharp turns. Differences in wear injury between the tire designs did occur, but were minor in most instances. These differences could not be explained by tread pattern alone, since similar designs gave different degrees of wear. Whether the tire was radial or not did not influence turfgrass wear. Golf car type exhibited a minor effect on bermudagrass wear. Management alternatives to minimize turfgrass wear should concentrate on distributing traffic and avoiding sharp turns, while selection of pneumatic tire design or golf car is of minor relative importance.
Cell Wall Changes in Juice Vesicles Associated with “Section Drying” in Stored Late-harvested Grapefruit
Authors: Burns Jacqueline K. , Achor Diann S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Normal and collapsed juice vesicles were removed from stored late-harvested grapefruit segments (Citrus paradisi Macf. cv. Marsh) and the cell wall anatomy of epidermal and internal parenchyma was compared with light, scanning electron, and transmission electron microscopy. Normal juice vesicles were turgid and elongate, and epidermal cells and internal parenchyma were intact. Collapsed juice vesicles appeared flattened, and internal parenchyma were compressed. Cell wall thickening occurred in internal parenchyma and single or clustered epidermal cells of collapsed vesicles. Cell walls of the same cells in normal vesicles were thin. Epidermal and internal parenchyma cell walls of collapsed vesicles were 10 to 50 to 10 to 20 times the thickness, respectively, of corresponding normal cell walls. Lignin was detected in thickened cell walls of epidermal and internal parenchyma of collapsed vesicles. The results suggest that cell wall synthesis in vesicles is a symptom of section drying in grapefruit.
Combining Ability Estimates for Muskmelon Tolerance to Myrothecium roridum and Its Toxic Metabolite, Roridin E
Authors: Kuti Joseph O. , Ng Timothy J 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five parental cultivars of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) and 16 F1 hybrids, including six reciprocals, were evaluated in a diallel design for reaction to inoculations with Myrothecium roridum and its phytotoxic metabolite roridin E using a detached leaf screening test. Analyses of variance revealed genetic variability for tolerance to the fungus and to the toxin; the correlation coefficient between inoculations with the pathogen and the toxin was 0.94. Disease and toxin tolerance were associated with highly significant general combining ability (GCA) effects, but specific combining ability were significant only for inoculations involving the pathogen. The GCA component accounted for 95.8% of the genotypic variation for pathogen tolerance and 99.3% for toxin tolerance. Reciprocal effects were not present in either set of inoculations.
Use of Rank Indexing for Comparative Evaluation of All-male and Other Hybrid Types in Asparagus
Authors: Corriols Lucette , Doré Claire 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Numerous asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) hybrids have been developed worldwide during the past 20 years. Most are clonal hybrids. The French (INRA) breeding program has successively introduced double, clonal, three-way all-male, and F1 (mixed or all-male) hybrids. Because these hybrids are evaluated at different locations during different years, a composite comparison of all cultivars is not feasible. A ranking index has been developed to make useful the huge volume of heterogeneous data that has been accumulated from the many trials during the past 10 years. This index is based for each hybrid on 2 years of comparative harvest data at four locations from about 40 hybrids and check cultivars at each location and each year. Using these rank indexes, the different types of hybrids can be compared one with another and with foreign hybrids. These indexes show that 1) all-male F1 and three-way hybrids tend to have high total yield and earliness; 2) F1 mixed hybrids are likely to have relatively large spear diameter; 3) double, clonal, and foreign hybrids produce the most attractive spears; 4) the general superiority of all-male hybrids is confirmed; 5) the four characters that are the major breeding objectives—early yield, high total yield, large spear size, and attractive spear appearance—are difficult, but not impossible, to combine into one hybrid. The indexes also show that, in spite of general trends, individual hybrids outstanding in all characteristics can be found in each type of hybrid.
Genotypic Variability in the Frequency of Plant Regeneration from Leaf Protoplasts of Four Brassica spp. and of Raphanus sativus
Authors: Jourdan Pablo S. , Earle Elizabeth D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
More than 65 different genotypes, including cultivars and inbred lines, from five cruciferous species (Brassica oleracea L., B. campestris L., B. napus L., B. juncea L., and Raphanus sativus L.) were tested for their in vitro response of leaf protoplasts. Protoplasts were cultured in three liquid media and the resulting colonies were placed on seven test regeneration media. Significant differences among the species were found in plating efficiency in the frequency of shoot regeneration. Two broad response groups were identified: 1) Cultivars from B. oleracea and B. napus—these generally yielded protoplasts that were able to divide, form colonies at high frequencies, and regenerate shoots at variable frequencies; and 2) cultivars of the other species evaluated, which typically exhibited low plating efficiencies and little, if any, shoot regeneration. Evaluation for the effect of the cytoplasmic constitution of a few B. oleracea breeding lines on in vitro performance indicated that protoplasts carrying the Ogura (R1) male-sterile cytoplasm regenerated shoots at slightly lower frequencies than the corresponding alloplasmic-fertile lines. Genotypes exhibiting high frequency of shoot formation in one medium also had efficient shoot regeneration in other media as well, while genotypes with low shoot regeneration responded consistently in the different media used. This consistency in response indicates that genotype plays a critical role in determining the success of leaf protoplast culture in the crucifers.