bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reducing Risk Factors for Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Authors: Dickison Linda , Gonzalez-Shalaby Carmela 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Development of necrotizing enterocolitis is multifactorial, with contributing factors that are unique to the preterm infant in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). The use of probiotics may reduce these risk factors.

Purpose:
To evaluate evidence of biologic plausibility for probiotic supplementation to mitigate key risk factors implicated in the development of disease and show recent evidence of safety and effectiveness.

Data Sources:
A literature survey of electronic databases, including PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and CINAHL, was conducted.

Study Selection:
Selection terms included “necrotizing enterocolitis,” “probiotics,” and “prematurity.” Reviews that were included were full text, in English, and published in the last 5 years. Ten systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials were extracted from 749 records. Excluded were studies that used adjuncts to probiotics, such as lactoferrin or prebiotics, and studies of probiotics given antenatally.

Data Extraction:
Two independent reviewers extracted data to AMSTAR 2, a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews of randomized or nonrandomized studies of healthcare interventions.

Results:
All the reviews found statistically significant reductions in necrotizing enterocolitis rates after supplementation with probiotics. None of the reviews reported adverse effects.

Implication for Practice and Research:
Probiotic supplementation with specific strains reduces risk for necrotizing enterocolitis. To advance probiotic use in the NICU, additional high-quality trials are needed to focus on specific strains or combinations of strains and to evaluate dosing and duration of treatment.

Video Abstract available at
https://journals.lww.com/advancesinneonatalcare/Pages/videogallery.aspx.
Factors Related to Psychological Distress in Multiparous Women in the First Trimester: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: WANG Shu-Wei , CHEN Jyu-Lin , CHEN Yi-Hsuan , WANG Ruey-Hsia 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
The birth rate in Taiwan has declined rapidly; thus, encouraging women to give birth is an important issue in the country. Pregnant women may experience psychological distress, which may negatively impact the health of children and mothers. Prenatal psychological distress is more common in multiparous women than in primiparous women. In addition, compared with that in the second and third trimesters, psychological distress in the first trimester is relatively high. Understanding psychological distress and the associated factors for multiparous women in the first trimester is important to providing early interventions and preventing subsequent maternal and child health problems.

Purpose
This study was designed to examine the important predictive factors related to depression, anxiety, and stress among Taiwanese multiparous women in the first trimester.

Methods
A cross-sectional design was used. In all, 216 multiparous women at 16 weeks of pregnancy were recruited from three hospitals in Taiwan. Self-reported questionnaires were used to gather data on demographic characteristics, the parenting stress of motherhood, spousal support, and psychological distress. A multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the factors associated with psychological distress.

Results
The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress in multiparous women was found to be 31.9%, 42.6%, and 11.1%, respectively. The multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the stress related to parent–child interaction was a significant predictor of depression and anxiety, the stress related to child-rearing was a significant predictor of anxiety, and low spousal instrumental support was a significant predictor of stress. The model respectively explained 30%, 27%, and 23% of the variance in depression, anxiety, and stress.

Conclusions/Implications for Practice
Reducing the stress related to parent–child interaction and child-rearing and encouraging spousal instrumental support should be considered during prenatal care when designing interventions to reduce the psychological distress of multiparous women in their first trimester.
Supporting business educators and students against COVID-19 trauma using trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy
Authors: Edeh Nathaniel Ifeanyi , Ugwoke Ernest O. , Anaele Eunice N. , Madusaba Babalulu M. , Naboth-Odums Augustine , Isiwu Evelyn A. , Olinya Timothy O. , Enyi Chinwe , David Adeleye Olaide , Yumma Dorcas Cathreine , Yeldim Tongshinen Peter , Odunukwe Maryann Chiamaka , Victor Sandra Nkoliko , Abubakar Ahmed 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background:
The outbreak of COVID-19 manifests in peoples’ mental health and psychological dispositions and may also result to acute distress, depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on victims. The objective of this study was to support business educators’ and students’ mental health against coronavirus trauma using trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT).

Methods:
The participants (n = 74 – educators and students) who indicated PTSD symptoms based on the self-reporting questionnaire they filled, were randomly assigned to treatment and waitlist control groups. The TF-CBT manual was used for the intervention. The intervention was a 14-week treatment with 2 weeks follow-up meeting. Using repeated measures of Analysis of Variance, we determined the level of improvement of each participant in the treatment group against Coronavirus trauma at the end of the intervention.

Results:
The study established that gender has no significant difference in determining the effects of Coronavirus trauma on participants. Through intervention, the PTSDs and depression arising from Coronavirus event were significantly reduced in the treatment group. Again, there was a significant improvement in the participants’ general mental health at the end of the intervention. Hence, we established the implication for research and practice in line with the outcome of the study. The study advocates that TF-CBT should be employed by educational institutions in Nigeria to cushion the traumatic effects of coronavirus and future disasters on both workers and students.

Conclusion:
We conclude that mental health problems remain a serious challenge among business educators and students in this COVID-19 pandemic era. The study established that low educational qualifications, PTSD symptoms and negative coping strategies are the factors aggravating the general low mental health of the study participants. Finally, we advocate that the educational institutions in Nigeria should adopt TF-CBT interventions to support staff and students’ mental health against adverse effects of COVID-19.
School Closures in the United States and Severe Respiratory Illnesses in Children: A Normalized Nationwide Sample
Authors: Rogerson Colin M. , Lin Anna , Klein Margaret J. , Zee-Cheng Janine , McCluskey Casey K. , Scanlon Matthew C. , Rotta Alexandre T. , Remy Kenneth E. , Shein Steven L. , Carroll Christopher L. 
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES:
To determine the association between nationwide school closures and prevalence of common admission diagnoses in the pediatric critical care unit.

DESIGN:
Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING:
National database evaluation using the Virtual Pediatric Systems LLC database.

PATIENTS:
All patients admitted to the PICU in 81 contributing hospitals in the United States.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Diagnosis categories were determined for all 110,418 patients admitted during the 20-week study period in each year (2018, 2019, and 2020). Admission data were normalized relative to statewide school closure dates for each patient using geographic data. The “before school closure” epoch was defined as 8 weeks prior to school closure, and the “after school closure” epoch was defined as 12 weeks following school closure. For each diagnosis, admission ratios for each study day were calculated by dividing 2020 admissions by 2018–2019 admissions. The 10 most common diagnosis categories were examined. Significant changes in admission ratios were identified for bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma. These changes occurred at 2, 8, and 35 days following school closure, respectively. PICU admissions decreased by 82% for bronchiolitis, 76% for pneumonia, and 76% for asthma. Nonrespiratory diseases such as diabetic ketoacidosis, status epilepticus, traumatic injury, and poisoning/ingestion did not show significant changes following school closure.

CONCLUSIONS:
School closures are associated with a dramatic reduction in the prevalence of severe respiratory disease requiring PICU admission. School closure may be an effective tool to mitigate future pandemics but should be balanced with potential academic, economic, mental health, and social consequences.
Ultrafast and interpretable single-cell 3D genome analysis with Fast-Higashi
Authors: Zhang Ruochi , Zhou Tianming , Ma Jian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSingle-cell Hi-C (scHi-C) technologies can probe three-dimensional (3D) genome structures in single cells and their cell-to-cell variability. However, existing scHi-C analysis methods are hindered by the data quality and the complex 3D genome patterns. The lack of computational scalability and interpretability poses further challenges for large-scale scHi-C analysis. Here, we introduce Fast-Higashi, an ultrafast and interpretable method based on tensor decomposition that can jointly identify cell identities and chromatin meta-interactions. Fast-Higashi is able to simultaneously model multiple tensors with unmatched features of different sizes. A new partial random walk with restart (Partial RWR) algorithm in Fast-Higashi efficiently mitigates data sparseness. Extensive evaluations on real scHi-C datasets demonstrate the advantage of Fast-Higashi over existing methods for embedding, leading to improved delineation of rare cell types and better reconstruction of developmental trajectories. Fast-Higashi can directly infer chromatin meta-interactions, identify 3D genome features that define distinct cell types, and help elucidate cell type-specific connections between genome structure and function. Moreover, Fast-Higashi can be generalized to incorporate other single-cell omics data. Fast-Higashi provides a highly efficient and interpretable scHi-C analysis solution that is applicable to a broad range of biological contexts.
The yeast claudin Dcv1 is important for demarcating the front domain of pheromone-responding yeast cells
Authors: Sukumar Madhushalini , DeFlorio Reagan , Pai Chih-Yu , Stone David E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCell polarization in response to chemical gradients is important in development and homeostasis across eukaryota. Chemosensing cells orient toward or away from gradient sources by polarizing along a front-rear axis. Using the chemotropic mating response of the budding yeast S. cerevisiae as a model of environmentally-induced cell polarization, we found that Dcv1, a claudin homolog, is a determinant of front-rear polarity. Although Dcv1 localized uniformly on the plasma membrane (PM)† of vegetative cells, it was confined to the rear of cells responding to pheromone, away from the pheromone receptor and mating projection. Deletion of DCV1 conferred mislocalization of sensory, polarity, and trafficking proteins, as well as the PM lipids ergosterol, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and phosphatidylserine (PS). These phenotypes correlated with defects in pheromone-gradient tracking and cell fusion. We propose that the novel claudin-like and rear-domain protein, Dcv1, demarcates the mating-specific front domain primarily by restricting PM lipid distribution. Consistent with this hypothesis, a mutation that blocks ergosterol biosynthesis partially phenocopies dcv1Δ.Summary statementThe yeast claudin Dcv1 facilitates the proper localization of plasma membrane lipids and proteins that are required for front-rear polarity, efficient chemotropism, and cell fusion.
Men in menopause? Experimental verification of the mate choice theory withDrosophila melanogastershows both sexes can undergo menopause
Authors: Purohith Divya , Chaudhary Mitali , Gomes Alyssa , Rajapakse Nina , Das Aditi , Dhanvanthry Neha , Brown Michelle , Mukherjee Manan , Singh Rama S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractVarious hypotheses regarding the origin of menopause have been proposed, and although the kin-selection-based theory appears promising, it involves population genetic processes that are insufficient to compensate for loss of fitness. The grandmother hypothesis and its variation the live long hypothesis are untenable; the former requires “climbing a steep fitness hill”, as grandmothers share only 25% of their genes with their grandchildren, compared to 50% with their direct offspring, while the latter proposes a prolongation of the post-menopausal lifespan through selection, which is impossible in a population of non-reproducing females. The mate choice theory explains menopause as the result of asymmetric mating involving younger females and older males that leads to an accumulation of infertility mutations and the evolution of menopause in older females. In this study, we investigated the mate choice theory using an infertility mutation accumulation experiment withDrosophila melanogasterthat involved mating between individuals of different age groups. After 70 generations of asymmetric mating, the results showed that younger females who were paired with older males showed declining fertility in old age. The same trend was noted with younger males when mated with older females; the fertility of the males declined in old age. These results support the mate choice theory and indicate that menopause is not a life history trait of females but of the sex of the younger mate. Mate choice theory treats the evolution of menopause and post-menopausal lifespan as independent traits that are driven by the mate choices exercised by older males. Menopause may be an atypical process because the evolutionary mechanism (age-restricted asymmetric mating) involved is rarely observed.
COVID-19 Infection and Transmission Includes Complex Sequence Diversity
Authors: Chan Ernest R. , Jones Lucas D. , Linger Marlin , Kovach Jeffrey D. , Torres-Teran Maria M. , Wertz Audric , Donskey Curtis J. , Zimmerman Peter A. 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTSARS-CoV-2 whole genome sequencing has played an important role in documenting the emergence of polymorphisms in the viral genome and its continuing evolution during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we present data from over 360 patients to characterize the complex sequence diversity of individual infections identified during multiple variant surges (e.g., Alpha and Delta; requiring ≥ 80% genome coverage and ≥100X read depth). Across our survey, we observed significantly increasing SARS-CoV-2 sequence diversity during the pandemic and frequent occurrence of multiple biallelic sequence polymorphisms in all infections. This sequence polymorphism shows that SARS-CoV-2 infections are heterogeneous mixtures. Convention for reporting microbial pathogens guides investigators to report a majority consensus sequence. In our study, we found that this approach would under-report at least 79% of the observed sequence variation. As we find that this sequence heterogeneity is efficiently transmitted from donors to recipients, our findings illustrate that infection complexity must be monitored and reported more completely to understand SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission dynamics involving both immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Many of the nucleotide changes that would not be reported in a majority consensus sequence have now been observed as lineage defining SNPs in Omicron BA.1 and/or BA.2 variants. This suggests that minority alleles in earlier SARS-CoV-2 infections may play an important role in the continuing evolution of new variants of concern.AUTHOR SUMMARYEvolution of the virus causing COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) has been associated with significant transmission surges. With evolution of SARS-CoV-2, evidence has accumulated regarding increased transmissibility of lineages, varying severity of illness, evasion of vaccines and diagnostic tests. Continuous tracking of SARS-CoV-2 lineage evolution distills very large and complex viral sequence data sets down to consensus sequences that report the majority nucleotide at each of over 29,000 positions in the SARS-CoV-2 genome. We observe that this eliminates considerable sequence variation and leads to a significant underestimation of SARS-CoV-2 infection diversity and transmission complexity. Additionally, concentration on the majority consensus sequence diverts attention from genetic variation that may contribute significantly to the continuing evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake: An online longitudinal study of US Veterans and non-Veterans
Authors: Thorpe Alistair , Fagerlin Angela , Drews Frank A. , Shoemaker Holly , Brecha Federica S. , Scherer Laura D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundTo effectively promote vaccine uptake, it is important to understand which people are most and least inclined to be vaccinated and why.PurposeTo identify predictors of COVID-19 vaccine uptake and reasons for non-vaccination.DesignA longitudinal English-language survey study.SettingOnline in December-2020, January-2021, and March-2021. Participants. 930 US respondents (63% Veterans).MeasurementsSurveys included questions about respondents’ behaviors, well-being, healthcare experiences, and attitudes regarding the pandemic.ResultsThe proportion of respondents who received ≥1-dose of a COVID-19 vaccine increased from 18% in January to 67% in March. Older age predicted vaccine uptake in January (OR=2.02[95%CI=1.14–3.78], p<.001) and March (10.92[6.76–18.05], p<.001). In January, additional predictors of vaccine uptake were higher numeracy (1.48[1.20–1.86], p<.001), COVID-19 risk perceptions (1.35[1.03–1.78], p=.029), and believing it is important that adults get the COVID-19 vaccine (1.66[1.05–2.66], p=.033). In March, additional predictors of vaccine uptake were believing it is important that adults get the COVID-19 vaccine (1.63[1.15–2.34], p=.006), previous (January) COVID-19 vaccine intentions (1.37[1.10–1.72], p=.006), and belief in science (0.84[0.72–0.99], p=.041). Concerns about side effects and the vaccine development process were the most common reasons for non-vaccination. Unvaccinated respondents with no interest in getting a COVID-19 vaccine were younger (0.27[0.09–0.77], p=.016), held negative views about COVID-19 vaccines for adults (0.15[0.08–0.26], p<.001), had lower trust in healthcare (0.59[0.36–0.95], p=.032), and preferred to watch and wait in clinically ambiguous medical situations (0.66[0.48–0.89], p=.007).LimitationsReliance on the accuracy and consistency of self-reported data.ConclusionThese findings offer important insights regarding key predictors of vaccine uptake during the early stages of the COVID-19 vaccine rollout in the US, which can help guide health communications and public outreach. Evidence that attitudes and intentions towards COVID-19 vaccines are important predictors of uptake provides validation for studies which have used these measures and reinforces the need to develop effective strategies for addressing concerns about vaccine safety and development which continue to be at the forefront of vaccine hesitancy.RegistrationThe pre-registration document associated with this manuscript is available at: https://aspredicted.org/MKS_HRZ.
High-dimensional and spatial analysis reveals immune landscape dependent progression in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ferguson A.L. , Sharman A.R. , Allen R.O. , Ye T. , Lee J.H. , Low H. , Ch’ng S. , Palme C.E. , Ashford B. , Ranson M. , Clark J.R. , Patrick E. , Gupta R. , Palendira U. 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTPurposeThe tumour immune microenvironment impacts the biological behaviour of the tumour but its effect on clinical outcomes in head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (HNcSCC) is largely unknown.Experimental DesignWe compared the immune milieu of high-risk HNcSCC that never progressed to metastasis with those that metastasised using multi-parameter imaging mass cytometry. The cohort included both immunosuppressed patients (IS) and patients with an absence of clinical immune-suppression (ACIS). Spatial analyses were used to identify cellular interactions that were associated with tumour behaviour.ResultsNon-progressing primary HNcSCC were characterised by higher CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses, including numerically increased Regulatory T cells. By contrast, primary lesions from HNcSCC patients who progressed were largely devoid of T cells with lower numbers of innate immune cells and increased expression of checkpoint receptors and in the metastatic lesions were characterised by an accumulation of B cells. Spatial analysis reveals multiple cellular interactions associated with non-progressing primary tumours that were distinct in primary tumours of disease progressing patients. Cellular regional analysis of the tumour microenvironment also shows squamous cell-enriched tumour regions associated with primary non-progressing tumours.ConclusionsEffective responses from both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the tumour microenvironment are essential for immune control of primary HNcSCC. Our findings indicate that the early events that shape the immune responses in primary tumours dictate progression and disease outcomes in HNcSCC.Translational RelevanceThe ability to predict metastatic tumour progression at the time of initial diagnosis of primary HNcSCC could tailor personalised medical care including disease surveillance strategies and identifying patients who will benefit most from adjuvant therapy.One Sentence SummaryThe immune landscape of high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma differs in tumours that never progress compared to those that progress to metastasis.