bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collective Enforcement
Authors: Blackham Alysia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Collective approaches are important complements to individual enforcement, and offer significant advantages over the individual enforcement model. This chapter considers the extent to which collective enforcement is viable in the context of age discrimination law, drawing on developments in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia. The chapter critically examines contradictions and tensions in the collective enforcement of individual discrimination rights. It argues that collective action and individual rights can be complementary and mutually supportive. While there are tensions between individual and collective mechanisms, these can be navigated and worked through. The chapter argues that collective enforcement of age discrimination law is currently limited: joint, group and representative claims mechanisms are under-developed and under-utilized; trade unions rarely prioritize age equality; and there is limited social and non-governmental activity in this space. The chapter argues that there is a need to support collective action in this area, and for trade unions to prioritize support for age discrimination complaints.
Introducing Einstein's Relativity
Authors: d'Inverno Ray , Vickers James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The aim of this book is to provide the reader with a sound mathematical introduction to Einstein’s theory of relativity, both special relativity and general relativity, as well as an understanding of the physical insights needed to explore the subject and the principles that guided Einstein in his search for the general theory of relativity. A feature of the book is that it has the numerous illustrative diagrams and exercises (of varying degrees of difficulty) which help the reader develop insight and confidence in using the mathematics. The book starts out by introducing special relativity and then the mathematics required for the rest of the book is carefully introduced. The principles underlying general relativity are introduced and it is shown how these lead to the basic field equations. These are then discussed and solved in some simple but physically important situations. The final three sections deal with the major applications of the theory and cover the topics of black holes, gravitational waves, and cosmology. These sections further develop the theory but also relate the theoretical predictions to current observations. These include the recent observation of gravitational waves by LIGO, evidence for supermassive black holes at the centre of most galaxies and the detailed observations of the cosmic microwave background that provide the evidence for modern cosmology.
Frege on Language, Logic, and Psychology
Authors: Picardi Eva 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eva Picardi has been one of the most influential Italian analytic philosophers of her generation. She taught for forty years at the University of Bologna, raising three generations of students. The present volume is a collection of Picardi’s papers on Frege’s philosophy of logic, language, and psychology. Together, these papers provide a close look at the milieu within which Frege operated and serve to highlight the relevance of his work for contemporary debates, particularly in the philosophy of language. One strand in her work on Frege concerns understanding and contextualizing Frege’s anti-psychologism. Picardi’s contention is that it is much more motivated by semantic considerations than by adherence to Kantian transcendentalism. Furthermore, her deep knowledge of German and the fact that she was a native speaker of Italian put her in a privileged position to reconstruct the intricacies of Frege’s relationship with other logicians of his time, both in Germany, such as Kerry and Sigwart, and in Italy, such as Peano and his school. Picardi’s work in this regard is all the more significant nowadays, as these two dimensions of philosophy—the historical and the theoretical—are typically perceived as separate, if not even in competition with one another, particularly within analytic philosophy itself. Reading Picardi’s work, in contrast, cannot but show that they complement and enrich one another. Such a methodological lesson is the most original and impactful element in Picardi’s legacy and something deeply dear to her heart and constitutive of her identity as a scholar.
The Logic of Frege’s Contemporaries
Authors: Picardi Eva 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates the relationship between Frege’s logic and the logics developed by some of his contemporaries, namely, Benno Erdmann, Benno Kerry, and Christoph Sigwart, all of whom Frege accuses of permitting ‘a pernicious intrusion of psychology into logic’. Adherence to psychologism, for Frege, blurs important distinctions such as the one between sense (Sinn) and representation (Vorstellung), or between justification and subjective conviction. This chapter takes a preliminary look at the psychologistic works which Frege can be presumed to have read or regarding which he can be shown to have evinced some interest. An account is given of what Frege meant by ‘psychologism’, followed by a discussion of what Frege might have considered positive features of certain claims and arguments put forward by psychologistic authors.
Sigwart, Husserl, and Frege on Truth and Logic, or Is Psychologism Still a Threat?
Authors: Picardi Eva 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Husserl attributes to Christoph Sigwart’s Logik the dubious merit of having contributed more than any other work of the time to fostering a psychologistic approach to logic. Husserl terms the brand of sceptical relativism which informs Sigwart’s approach to logic ‘Anthropologism’. He contends that to the psychologistic philosopher only a relativistic notion of truth is available: truth is made to rest on subjective certainty and no room is left for the idea that there are ideal truths which might transcend our apprehension of them. Along similar lines, in the first volume of his Grundgesetze der Arithmetik of 1893, Gottlob Frege had criticized Benno Erdmann’s Logic: idealism and solipsism are, according to Frege’s diagnosis, the inevitable consequences of all philosophical approaches to logic which tend to obliterate the gap between being true and being held true. In his opinion, an instance of such a strategy was the attempt, on the part of psychologistic logicians, to explain the meaning and epistemological status of logical laws by appealing to the psychological processes which go on in the head of ‘normal’ representatives of the species homo sapiens at a given stage of its evolution. The main aim of this chapter is to better understand the motivations for this anti-psychologistic trend. The first few sections of this chapter concentrate on Husserl’s criticism of Sigwart, while the later sections speculate on what Frege might have objected to in Sigwart’s conception of a judgement and its content.
Frege, Peano, and Russell on the Primitive Ideas of Logic
Authors: Picardi Eva 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a close comparison between the different conceptions of logic to be found in the work of the founders of mathematical logic—viz. Gottlob Frege, Giuseppe Peano, and Bertrand Russell. Drawing from their correspondence with one another between 1890 and 1914, the chapter focuses on their respective accounts of the primitive notions of logic and on the role of definitions. It is shown that Frege’s conception is superior to those of the other two logicians. Furthermore, it is argued that it is intimately intertwined with Ludwig Wittgenstein’s, especially with respect to the role of elucidations in logic.
A Note on Dummett and Frege on Sense Identity
Authors: Picardi Eva 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter engages with Michael Dummett’s work on Frege’s notion of sense identity and the role of the context principle. It is argued that sense identity plays a crucial role in the justification of Frege’s foundational programme. Two features of this programme made it desirable to have stringent criteria for sense identity. The first is the claim that deductive reasoning and pure conceptual thought unaided by intuition can enlarge our knowledge; the second is the thesis that arithmetical propositions are analytic, if they can be shown to be derivable from purely logical axioms by means of definitions of arithmetical concepts and rules of a purely logical nature. Special emphasis is given to Frege’s idea that arithmetical propositions are contained in logical axioms as plants are contained in a seed and not as bricks are contained in a house. If this is correct, then what needs explaining is (a) the mechanism of deductive inference—that is, the peculiar mode of containment of the conclusion in the premises of a deductive argument, in such a way as to account for its validity and fruitfulness; and (b) the status of definitions.
Michael Dummett’s Interpretation of Frege’s Context Principle
Authors: Picardi Eva 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In discussing Frege’s context principle Michael Dummett often employed the contrast between a thin and a robust notion of reference, on the one hand, and between an idle and an operative conception of that notion, on the other. Is the contrast between idle and operative only a different formulation of the contrast between thin and robust? It is argued that the thin vs. robust contrast covers a family of different cases and does not provide a clear-cut criterion of application. The positive suggestion is that only a notion of reference governed by the principle of compositionality counts as operative, and might have satisfied the Grundgesetze’s logical demands. However, in the Grundgesetze Frege also appeals to a sophisticated version of the context principle in order to prove that the new names generated by the abstraction operator are referential. The coexistence of these two principles creates a tension in the structure of Frege’s argument. On the other hand, in the Grundlagen, where for the first and only time the context principle is formulated, no semantic theory comparable to the one present in the Grundgesetze is in the offing, and this is why the Grundlagen lends itself to a variety of interpretations, ranging from moderate Platonism to tolerant reductionism.
Davidson and Frege on the Unity of the Proposition
Authors: Picardi Eva 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the connection between truth and predication on the one hand, and between predication and the unity of the proposition on the other. The second part of the chapter focuses on the question of whether Frege’s metaphor of unsaturatedness of the sense of the predicate expression helps in explaining the unity of the proposition. It is argued that while appeal to unsaturatedness as such is of little help, Frege’s conception contains many valuable insights. A more promising approach to the problem of the unity of the proposition should concentrate on Frege’s Context Principle and on its bearing on the compositionality of linguistic meaning.
Was Frege a Proto-Inferentialist?
Authors: Picardi Eva 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at the relevance of Frege’s ideas for current debates between inferentialists and representationalists about meaning, with special attention given to the dispute between Paul Boghossian and Tim Williamson on the meaning of logical constants. It is shown that Williamson’s ideas oppose suggestions first put forward by Dummett, and later developed by Robert Brandom and Boghossian, concerning the meaning of pejoratives. Williamson’s account draws substantially on Frege’s remarks on tone and colouring, thus indirectly joining forces with Jerry Fodor in the anti-inferentialist camp. The question is then posed as to how Frege’s views can lend themselves to such different interpretations and this is then used as a foil to highlight the different conceptions that inferentialists and representationalists have of analyticity, synonymy, and definition.
Introduction
Authors: Breathnach Ciara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the parameters of the study and discusses the importance of original inquests to the study of Irish medico-legal history. By locating the study in the current historiography and the source materials in the wider context of agency and subject voices, it makes a case for using coronial court records as a way of exploring the lives of people who otherwise leave a faint impression on the historical record. It explains how the book is structured and the rationale for using a mixed-methods approach to the study of inquests and cause of death.
Sudden and Accidental Deaths in Domestic Settings
Authors: Breathnach Ciara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The first part of this chapter directs attention towards living conditions and standards, and the range of socio-economic conditions that can be discerned from the inquest case studies. It then provides a flavour of the medical cause of deaths occurring in domestic settings, for example from cardiac syncope and lung disease. The second part examines accidental, or indeed, preventable deaths. It concludes with a section on child neglect in domestic settings.
Deaths Outside
Authors: Breathnach Ciara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Outside the front door people were exposed to a different range of risks, from road traffic accidents to drowning and workplace accidents. This chapter groups together deaths according to these three overarching causes and begins by discussing the deaths of people knocked down on the streets, and what patterns in city life can be discerned from them. It discusses some non-fatal cases and their outcome in the courts to exemplify the power dynamics that were at play on the streetscapes.
Conclusion
Authors: Breathnach Ciara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of overall findings; it reiterates that those who came before Dr Byrne’s court were unquestionably the most vulnerable, forgotten, rarely documented citizens—they existed on the margins and common to several cases was their evasion of biopower surveillance for the life course prior to their inquests. Until recently, the history of the City of Dublin coroner’s court has been obscured by its own seamless blending into the fabric of metropolitan life and indeed other important research agendas in history of medicine, legal, urban, and social history. It was part of a close-knit and vital surveillance network that was often resisted by the city’s residents. Although sometimes the deaths coming before Dr Byrne’s court were extremely violent and the evidence it gathered was integral to the criminal cases that followed, its normal cadence was of a more mundane nature.
Preparing for War
Authors: van Dijk Boyd 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The 1949 Geneva Conventions are the most important rules for armed conflict ever formulated. They continue to shape contemporary debates about regulating warfare. But their history is often misunderstood. For many observers, the drafters behind these treaties were primarily motivated by liberal humanitarian principles and the shock of the atrocities of the Second World War. This book tells a different story. It shows how the final text of the Conventions, far from being an unabashedly liberal blueprint, was the outcome of a series of political struggles among the drafters. It also concerned a great deal more than simply recognizing the shortcomings of international law as revealed by the experience of war. This book, based upon meticulous archival research and critical legal methodologies, argues that a better way to understand the politics and ideas of the Conventions’ drafters is to see them less as passive characters responding to past events than as active protagonists trying to shape the future of warfare. In many different ways, they tried to define the contours of future battlefields by deciding who deserved protection and what counted as a legitimate target. Outlawing illegal conduct in wartime did as much to outline the silhouette of humanized war as to establish the legality of waging war itself. Although they did not seek war as such, drafters prepared for it by means of weaving a new legal safety net in the event that their worst fear should materialize—a specter still haunting us today.
Preparing for the Worst
Authors: van Dijk Boyd 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 poses various questions about how the Conventions’ enforcement mechanisms came into being. How should one respond to violations of these treaties? To what extent should reprisals be allowed under humanitarian law so as to force parties to adhere to their principles? What about criminal repression? And what could be expected from Protecting Powers and the ICRC, given that the doctrine of neutrality came under increased scrutiny in the years following the Second World War? These key questions remained a legal battleground for years. The role of the state and the boundaries of its sovereignty in relation to outside inspectors was especially contentious. These questions foreshadowed contemporary problems. Today, many speak the language of Geneva yet continue to struggle with its dilemma of how to ensure compliance on the battlefield.
Education and Asceticism in Late-Antique Gaza
Authors: Champion Michael W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chapter introduces Dorotheus of Gaza, explores his conceptualization of education, and situates his form of ascetic education in relation to earlier ascetic traditions and educational norms and practices from the schools of rhetoric, philosophy, and medicine. It highlights the role of affectivity in Dorotheus’ thought and sets out Dorotheus’ pervasive notion, congruent with late-antique philosophy, that education is transformative rather than merely informative. Dorotheus’ Instructions provide a fascinating window into education in the monasteries around Gaza in the sixth century. The chapter contextualizes his educational project, including by intervening in debates about how best to characterize ascetic education in relation to classical education and wider changes in late-antique society. It outlines a cultural theory of education which enables a rich account of how education can be involved in, and act as a laboratory for, cultural reproduction, reconfiguration, and transformation.
Illocutionary effects
Authors: Koev Todor 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter looks into the illocutionary effects on the root clause that parentheticals may have. There are two main views on where illocutionary force comes from. One view is that illocutionary force is directly encoded in the syntax in the form of an operator. An alternative view is that it is determined by general pragmatic principles that do not require any linguistic marking. The chapter argues that sentences with (pure or impure) parentheticals provide a strong argument in favor of the former, the operator approach. Specifically, the principle of Illocutionary Independence, which states that parentheticals carry their own illocutionary forces and act directly on the context, is posited. This principle lays the groundwork for understanding the properties of parenthetical meaning in general. It is also pointed out that there are certain polarity effects that arise in parentheticals with propositional arguments and that are absent in non-parenthetical constructions.
Word tone is epiphenomenal
Authors: McPherson Laura 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA common distinction in tonal typology, going back to Pike (1948), is between so-called syllable-tone and word-tone languages. However, word tone has seen varied use in the literature, applied to what has also been called “pitch accent,” as well as famous cases like Mende or Kukuya, where a fixed set of melodies maps automatically across words of any length. Drawing on primary data from Poko (Skou, Papua New Guinea), I describe a novel case of what could be seen as word tone but argue that it is in fact epiphenomenal, the result of strict markedness constraints on tonal configurations. Modulating the strictness of markedness and faithfulness yields the full range of tone systems, from canonically syllable tone to canonically word tone. I suggest that continued use of the term “word tone” does more harm than good in the effort of understanding tonal typology.
Tone and stress as agents of cross-dialectal variation
Authors: Zec Draga , Zsiga Elizabeth 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe focus of this chapter is on hybrid prosodic systems, those that subsume both tone and stress, with the goal of investigating the dimensions of cross-dialectal variation in prosodic systems of this type. The case at point is the set of Štokavian dialects of Serbian whose prosody is characterized by the interactions of tone and stress, which vary considerably across regional idioms. The chapter shows that this broad variation can be attributed either to the agency of the metrical component, or to the agency of the tonal component, thus giving rise to two distinct dialectal continua, one stress-based and the other tone-based. That is, the two components act as independent agents of the prosodic system, each shaping it within the bounds of its specific phonological organization. The two dialectal continua are analyzed in terms of stratal Optimality Theory with stress-based interactions belonging to the lexical, and tone-based interactions to the postlexical stratum of the grammar.
Durham Weather and Climate since 1841
Authors: Burt Stephen , Burt Tim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Weather records have been kept at Durham University Observatory in north-east England for almost 180 years—one of the longest single-site meteorological records in western Europe and the longest in northern England. This book celebrates and publishes the long Durham record, describes and explains the annual pattern of weather, and places the Durham records within the context of long-term climate change in north-east England. Statistics and expert analyses are accompanied by many contemporary local accounts and photographs, including events as varied as the enormous flooding on the Tyne and the Wear rivers in November 1771, skating on the Wear in the bitter cold of February 1895, a metre of snow in the blizzard of February 1941, Durham’s hottest-ever day in July 2019, and its wettest winter in 2021.
Information structure, functional left peripheries, and the history of a Hungarian interrogative marker
Authors: Bacskai-Atkari Julia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis article examines diachronic changes affecting functional left peripheries in Hungarian embedded polar interrogatives. While Old Hungarian embedded polar questions were introduced by an interrogative complementiser (ha ‘if’), similarly to Germanic languages, Modern Hungarian polar questions are marked by the clause-internal element -e. Middle Hungarian represents an intermediate stage in which both elements were present. There are two factors responsible for this change. First, Proto-Hungarian saw a major word order change from strict SOV to a much freer word order in which various left-peripheral positions were established, including that of the FP on top of the TP: this came to host wh-constituents and focussed elements. As a consequence, the overt marking of [Q] in constituent questions grammaticalized in the FP. Second, this had an analogical effect on polar questions, ultimately resulting in the grammaticalization of -e as an F head specified for overtly marking [Q].