bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Confocal measurement of the three‐dimensional size and shape of plant parenchyma cells in a developing fruit tissue
Authors: Gray John D. , Kolesik Peter , Høj Peter B. , And . , Coombe Bryan G. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryParenchyma cells from the inner mesocarp of a grape berry (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Chardonnay) were visualised in three‐dimensions within a whole mount of cleared, stained tissue using confocal laser scanning microscopy and digital image reconstruction. The whole berry was fixed, bisected longitudinally, cleared in methyl salicylate, stained with safranin O and mounted in methyl salicylate. Optical slices were collected at 1.0 μm intervals to a depth of 150 μm. Neighbouring z‐series were joined post‐collection to double the field‐of‐view. Attenuation at depth of the fluorescent signal from cell walls was quantified and corrected. Axial distortion due to refractive index mismatch between the immersion and mounting media was calibrated using yellow‐green fluorescent microspheres and corrected. Transmission electron microscopy was used to correct fluorescent measurements of cell wall thickness. Digital image reconstructions of wall‐enclosed spaces enabled cells to be rendered as geometric solids of measurable surface area and volume. Cell volumes within the inner mesocarp tissue of a single grape berry exhibited a 14‐fold range, with polysigmoidal distribution and groupings around specific size classes. Cell shape was irregular and the planes of contact were rarely flat or simple. Variability in cell shape was indicated by the range in surface area to volume ratios, from 0.080 to 0.198 μm–1. Structural detail at the internal surface of the cell wall was apparent. The technique is applicable to a wide range of morphometric analyses in plant cell biology, particularly developmental studies, and reveals details of cell size and shape that were previously unattainable.
The effect of surround luminance on measurements of contrast sensitivity
Authors: Cox Michael J. , Norman Joanne H. , Norman Peter 
Published: July 2002

SummaryWe investigated how the luminance of an immediate surround to a visual target affects the measurement of contrast sensitivity. We examined four young, healthy, subjects under typical lighting conditions for each test but varied the surround luminance systematically by controlling a backlit surround. The effect of varying the surround on contrast sensitivity measurements made with a Pelli–Robson chart was minimal. The only statistically significant difference was between measurements made with a 900 cd.m−2 surround compared to those made with 5.6, 9, or 30 cd.m−2 surrounds when tested at a viewing distance of 4
m. The higher luminance surround produced higher levels of contrast sensitivity. The effect of the surround luminance was greater when measuring contrast sensitivity to sinewave gratings using a method of constant stimuli. Optimum performance was found using a surround luminance of 9 cd.m−2 (20% of the mean target luminance). Statistically, a wide range of surround luminances (3–30 cd.m−2, or 7–67% mean target luminance) gave similar levels of visual performance, but higher luminance surrounds led to reduced contrast sensitivity. Possible reasons for the difference in the effect of the surround depending upon the test are discussed. Ophthalmic practitioners using contrast sensitivity measurements with letter charts probably need not make special efforts to illuminate the test surround appropriately. However, practitioners using sinewave gratings, especially computer generated sinewave gratings, to measure contrast sensitivity, may have their measurements affected by inappropriately lit task surrounds.
Rapid Resting Heart Rate: A Simple and Powerful Predictor of Osteoporotic Fractures and Mortality in Older Women
Authors: Kado Deborah M. , Lui Li‐yung L. , Cummings Steven R. , The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group  
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES:To determine whether resting heart rate is associated with several types of osteoporotic fractures, mortality, and cause‐specific mortality in older women.DESIGN:A prospective cohort study.SETTING:Four communities across the United States.PARTICIPANTS:We prospectively assessed resting pulse rate in 9,702 women aged 65 and older enrolled in the Study of Osteoporotic Fractures.MEASUREMENTS:Resting pulse was measured in the supine position. Hip, humerus, pelvis, rib, ankle, and wrist fractures were identified by self‐report and validated by radiographs. Incident vertebral fractures were assessed by quantitative morphometry. Cause‐specific mortality was assessed from death certificates and hospital discharge summaries.RESULTS:Women with resting heart rates of greater than 80 beats per minute (bpm) (n = 1,140 (12%)) had an adjusted 1.6‐fold (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.2–2.0) increased risk of either a hip, pelvis, or rib fracture and a 1.9‐fold (95% CI = 1.4–2.5) increased risk of vertebral fracture. A heart rate of 80 bpm or greater was also associated with 1.4‐fold (95% CI = 1.2–1.5) increased all‐cause mortality and 1.5‐fold (95% CI = 1.2–2.1) increased coronary heart disease mortality. Investigating resting heart rate as a continuous variable, we detected a general pattern of increasing risks with higher heart rate that could not be explained by age, weight, poor health, physical activity, hyperthyroidism, or smoking.CONCLUSIONS:Older women with resting heart rates of 80 bpm or more have an increased risk of several osteoporotic fractures and of mortality that is not explained by other risk factors. Heart rate may be a simple tool for assessing risk of fracture and of death from coronary heart disease in older women. J Am Geriatr Soc 50:455–460, 2002.
Radiologische Diagnostik von Fisteln und Abszessen bei Morbus Crohn: Kosten-Effektivitäts-Analyse zweier bildgebender Verfahren
Authors: Rösch M. , Riber A. , Leidl R. 
Published: July 2002

Zusammenfassung.
Ziel: Beurteilung der Kosten-Effektivität von Magnetresonanztomographie und konventionellem Enteroklysma nach Sellink in der Diagnostik von enteralen Fisteln und Abszessen bei Patienten mit Morbus Crohn. Material und Methode: Die Kosten-Effektivität der beiden bildgebenden Verfahren wurde mit Hilfe eines entscheidungstheoretischen Modells berechnet, wobei die Daten von 84 Patienten einer klinischen Studie Verwendung fanden. Als primäre Effektgröße wurde ein hinsichtlich entzündlicher Veränderungen bei Morbus Crohn sowie Fisteln und Abszessen richtig diagnostizierter Patient betrachtet, was sowohl die richtig-positive als auch die richtig-negative Diagnose beinhaltete. Die Kosten der beiden Verfahren wurden nach dem Tarifwerk DKG-NT in DM erhoben. Der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Definitionen von Effektgrößen wurde abgeschätzt und uni- und multivariate Sensitivitätsanalysen wurden durchgeführt. Ergebnisse: Die inkrementelle Kosteneffektivität von MRT gegenüber dem Enteroklysma bezifferte sich auf 3119,33 DM pro zusätzlich richtig diagnostiziertem Patienten. Aus den Ergebnissen der Sensitivitätsanalyse ergaben sich Hinweise auf bestimmte Patientensubgruppen (z. B. Patienten mit gesichertem Verdacht auf Morbus Crohn verbunden mit einer hohen Fistel- und Abszessprävalenz), bei denen der zusätzliche Effekt schon für weniger als 1650 DM erzielt werden kann. Schlussfolgerung: Aufgrund dieser Ergebnisse dürfte die MRT aus Sicht klinischer und anderer Entscheidungsträger unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen als wirtschaftliches Verfahren in derMorbus Crohn-Diagnostik angesehen werden. Zur Formulierung einer Behandlungspolitik für Ärzte oder bei der Erstellung eines Leistungskataloges sollten auch die möglicherweise durch MRT eingesparten Folgekosten mitberücksichtigt werden.
A study of nonrigid aromatic molecules by supersonic molecular jet spectroscopy. II. Propyltoluenes
Authors: Breen P. J. , Warren J. A. , Bernstein E. R. , Seeman Jeffrey I. 
Published: July 2002

Dispersed emission (DE) and time of flight mass spectra (TOFMS) are presented for supersonic molecular jet-cooled o-, m-, and p-n-propyltoluene. The spectra exhibit multiple origins which are assigned to anti and gauche conformations of the propyl group relative to the aromatic ring. The TOFMS of m-n-propyltoluene rules out an eclipsed propyl conformation as a populated conformation. Empirical force field (EFF) calculations are presented which support these assignments. The spectra also exhibit features, typically within 100 cm−1 of the origin, which are assigned to transitions associated with the internal rotation of the ring methyl group. A model which treats this methyl motion as a one-dimensional rigid rotor is used to solve for the rotational constant B of the methyl rotor, and for the size and shape of the barrier to rotation. The barrier for p-n-propyltoluene is found to be small in both the ground (S0−V6=5 cm−1) and excited (S1−V6=20 cm−1) electronic states. For m-n-propyltoluene, the ground state is again found to have a low barrier (V6=23 cm−1), but the excited state has a potential barrier of V3=75 cm−1. The barrier for o-n-propyltoluene in the ground
state is observed to be higher (V3=64 cm−1) than for the other two isomers. The first excited electronic state of this latter compound displays a multitude of levels in the TOFMS which are explained by a double-rotor model involving the ring methyl group (V3=72 cm−1, V6=−14 cm−1) and terminal methyl group of the propyl chain (V3=106 cm−1, V6=−13 cm−1). The results are indicative of an interaction between the ring methyl group and the propyl chain. In all three n-propyltoluene isomers, more than one origin peak is present in the TOFMS, indicating the presence of multiple stable propyl conformations for each isomer. The propyltoluenes thus demonstrate two types of nonrigid molecular behavior: internal rotational motion associated with the ring methyl group, and potentially three stable conformations of the propyl chain with respect to the aromatic ring.
Osmotic effects of ethanol on lymphocytes
Authors: Greig J. E. , Keast D. , Palmer T. N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe alterations in the immune system caused by ethanol appear to be a complex combination of direct and indirect effects. The role of ethanol as an osmolyte has previously been studied in this laboratory with rat splenocytes. In the present study the osmotic effects of ethanol were investigated in lymphocytes from human normal subjects and alcohol abusers. Mitogen‐stimulated lymphocytes were cultured in vitro with ethanol in hyperosmotic isotonic or iso‐osmotic hypotonic conditions. The former conditions mimic the physiological situation where ethanol increases osmolality in an electrolyte‐balanced environment. Under these conditions, lymphocyte proliferation was unaffected. Ethanol addition in iso‐osmotic hypotonic conditions, where there is electrolyte imbalance, was associated with inhibition of T‐lymphocyte proliferation. Hyperosmotic hypertonic solutions in the absence of ethanol also resulted in inhibition of T‐lymphocyte proliferation. Electron microscopy and measurement of cell viability and metabolic activity (lactate and ATP levels) indicated that the decreased proliferation associated with NaCl‐induced hyperosmotic hypertonic conditions was at least partially attributable to cell death together with, and possibly caused by, detrimental effects on mitochondria. Conversely, decreased T‐lymphocyte proliferation in iso‐osmotic hypotonic high ethanol solutions, appeared not to be due to changes in cell viability, nor alterations to energy metabolism. It is proposed that ion fluxes involved in the maintenance of cell volume, in particular K + movement, may be important in facilitating normal lymphocyte proliferation in the presence of ethanol in pathological conditions associated with electrolyte imbalance.
The effects of age and gender on laryngeal aerodynamics
Authors: Goozée Justine V. , Murdoch Bruce E. , Theodoros Deborah G. , Thompson Elizabeth C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA computerized airflow/air pressure analysis system, the Aerophone II Model 6800 (Kay Elemetrics Corp.), was used to assess the effects of age and gender on laryngeal aerodynamics. A sample of 56 male and 53 female normal speaking subjects was divided into six age groups (20‐30; 31‐40; 41‐50; 51‐60; 61‐70 and 71‐80 years). The laryngeal aerodynamic parameters measured included phonatory (mean) flow rate, estimated subglottal pressure, laryngeal airway resistance, phonatory sound pressure level, phonatory power, and phonatory efficiency. Most comfortable phonation, vocal efficiency, and running speech tasks were used to collect the aerodynamic data. Comfortable pitch and loudness levels were used for each of these tasks. Age and gender effects were found for a number of the phonatory (mean) flow rate and phonatory sound pressure level values. Results failed, however, to indicate age or gender effects for the estimated subglottal pressure, laryngeal airway resistance, phonatory power and phonatory efficiency parameters. High intersubject variability was found for the phonatory flow rate, laryngeal airway resistance, phonatory power and phonatory efficiency values. Estimated subglottal pressure values, however, appeared to vary the least among subjects. The results are discussed with respect to factors that might influence laryngeal aerodynamics, such as underlying laryngeal anatomical and physiological age‐related changes and gender‐related differences. The clinical implications of the findings for the assessment and treatment of individuals with voice disorders using the Aerophone II are also discussed.
The Skolem property in rings of integer-valued polynomials
Authors: Chabert Jean-Luc , Chapman Scott , Smith William 
Published: July 2002

Let

D
D

be an integral domain with quotient field

K
K

and

E
⊆
D

E\subseteq D

. We investigate the relationship between the Skolem and completely integrally closed properties in the ring of integer-valued polynomials
\[

I
n
t

(
E
,
D
)
=
{
f
(
X
)
∣
f
(
X
)
∈
K
[
X
]
and
f
(
a
)
∈
D
for every
a
∈
E
}
.

\mathrm {Int}(E, D) = \{f(X) \mid f(X) \in K[X] \text { and } f(a)\in D \text { for every } a\in E\}.

\]
Among other things, we show for the case

D
=

Z

D=\mathbb {Z}

and

|
E
|
=
∞

\vert E \vert = \infty

that the following are equivalent: (1)

Int
(
E
,

Z

)

\text {Int}(E,\mathbb {Z})

is strongly Skolem, (2)

Int
(
E
,

Z

)

\text {Int}(E,\mathbb {Z})

is completely integrally closed, and (3)

Int
(
E
,

Z

)
=
Int
(
E
∖
{
a
}
,

Z

)

\text {Int}(E,\mathbb {Z})= \text {Int}(E\backslash \{a\}, \mathbb {Z})

for every

a
∈
E

a\in E

.
Frequency of Acute Kidney Injury and Association With Mortality Among Extremely Preterm Infants
Authors: Aziz Khyzer B. , Schles Eric M. , Makker Kartikeya , Wynn James L. 
Published: December 2022

ImportanceNeonatal acute kidney injury (AKI) is common and associated with morbidity and mortality. The temporal relationship between AKI and critical illness, as well as the frequency of AKI definition components (urine output and serum creatinine [sCr] concentration change), are unknown in extremely low-birth-weight (ELBW) (&amp;lt;1000 g), extremely preterm (&amp;lt;29 weeks’ completed gestational age [GA]) infants.ObjectiveTo measure the frequency of AKI from birth to death or discharge with attention to the definition components as well as the temporal relationship of AKI to critical illness and death.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA single-center, multiyear, retrospective cohort study was conducted at an academic level IV neonatal intensive care unit between January 1, 2012, and January 1, 2020. Participants included inborn ELBW and infants at 22 to 28 weeks’ completed GA with confirmed congenital anomalies who survived 12 hours or more.ExposuresExtremely preterm birth and ELBW.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was AKI frequency. The timing, severity, and criteria for AKI were measured. The temporal relationship between AKI, organ dysfunction, and outcomes were quantified using odds ratios (ORs), logistic regression, and Shapley Additive Explanations. Acute kidney injury recognition, imaging, pediatric nephrology consultation, and follow-up were determined.ResultsA total of 436 infants (52% male; 44% Black) met the inclusion criteria (median BW, 725 g; median GA, 25.7 wk). Acute kidney injury was common in the first week of life (44%), primarily based on the change in the sCr concentration criterion (88%), and negatively associated with GA (OR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.60-0.78), but positively associated with antecedent critical illness (OR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.12-1.23), severe intraventricular hemorrhage (OR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.12-3.08), late-onset sepsis (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.02-1.03), and mortality (OR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.63-4.72). Acute kidney injury had negligible clinical contribution to death within the model (Shapley Additive Explanation, &amp;lt;0.5% change to outcome) relative to antecedent patient-concentration organ dysfunction (6%-15% change). Among infants with severe AKI, recognition (32%), nephrology inpatient consultation (16%), and outpatient follow-up (9%) were not common.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of ELBW infants, AKI was common in the first week of life, inversely associated with GA, and followed organ (primarily cardiovascular) dysfunction. Acute kidney injury considered as the primary pathway to mortality was rare, and amelioration of AKI to modify death was not well supported.
Assessment of the Accuracy of Firearm Injury Intent Coding at 3 US Hospitals
Authors: Miller Matthew , Azrael Deborah , Yenduri Ravali , Barber Catherine , Bowen Andrew , MacPhaul Erin , Mooney Stephen J. , Zhou Li , Goralnick Eric , Rowhani-Rahbar Ali 
Published: December 2022

ImportanceThe absence of reliable hospital discharge data regarding the intent of firearm injuries (ie, whether caused by assault, accident, self-harm, legal intervention, or an act of unknown intent) has been characterized as a glaring gap in the US firearms data infrastructure.ObjectiveTo use incident-level information to assess the accuracy of intent coding in hospital data used for firearm injury surveillance.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional retrospective medical review study was conducted using case-level data from 3 level I US trauma centers (for 2008-2019) for patients presenting to the emergency department with an incident firearm injury of any severity.ExposuresClassification of firearm injury intent.Main Outcomes and MeasuresResearchers reviewed electronic health records for all firearm injuries and compared intent adjudicated by team members (the gold standard) with International Classification of Diseases, Ninth and Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM) codes for firearm injury intent assigned by medical records coders (in discharge data) and by trauma registrars. Accuracy was assessed using intent-specific sensitivity and positive predictive value (PPV).ResultsOf the 1227 cases of firearm injury incidents seen during the ICD-10-CM study period (October 1, 2015, to December 31, 2019), the majority of patients (1090 [88.8%]) were male and 547 (44.6%) were White. The research team adjudicated 837 (68.2%) to be assaults. Of these assault incidents, 234 (28.0%) were ICD coded as unintentional injuries in hospital discharge data. These miscoded patient cases largely accounted for why discharge data had low sensitivity for assaults (66.3%) and low PPV for unintentional injuries (34.3%). Misclassification was substantial even for patient cases described explicitly as assaults in clinical notes (sensitivity of 74.3%), as well as in the ICD-9-CM study period (sensitivity of 77.0% for assaults and PPV of 38.0% for unintentional firearm injuries). By contrast, intent coded by trauma registrars differed minimally from researcher-adjudicated intent (eg, sensitivity for assault of 96.0% and PPV for unintentional firearm injury of 93.0%).Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this cross-sectional study underscore questions raised by prior work using aggregate count data regarding the accuracy of ICD-coded discharge data as a source of firearm injury intent. Based on our observations, researchers and policy makers should be aware that databases drawn from hospital discharge data (most notably, the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample) cannot be used to reliably count or characterize intent-specific firearm injuries.
Tunable Chemical Reactivity and Selectivity of WO3/TiO2 Heterojunction for Gas Sensing Applications
Authors: Galstyan Vardan , Poli Nicola , Golovanov Viacheslav , D'Arco Annalisa , Macis Salvatore , Lupi Stefano , Bolli Eleonora , Kaciulis Saulius , Mezzi Alessio , Comini Elisabetta 
Published: December 2022

AbstractNowadays, there is a dramatically growing demand for nanocomposite materials with new functionalities for their application in chemical gas sensors and other catalytic devices. Moreover, green synthesis methods are intensively employed in the preparation of semiconductor nanostructures to reduce the hazardous effects on human health and the environment. Here the fabrication of a nanocomposite material based on WO3 and TiO2 (WO3/TiO2) with unusual electronic band alignment and novel gas sensing properties is reported. The material is synthesized by an eco‐friendly process based on the water vapor‐induced oxidation of tungsten/titanium metallic films. The pristine WO3 is highly sensitive to acetone, where the response of the material is enhanced by its operating temperature. Instead, WO3/TiO2 composite shows principally different sensing performance and it has a good selective response to carbon monoxide at a relatively low operating temperature. The obtained results indicate that the significant differences between the functionalities of pristine WO3 and WO3/TiO2 material can be attributed to the band alignment and the direction of charge transfer in the WO3/TiO2 heterojunction. Hence, an efficient way for the development of WO3/TiO2 nanocomposites, which can be useful for the engineering and optimization of gas sensing and catalytic properties of WO3, is presented.
Real‐Time Monitoring of Wound States via Rationally Engineered Biosensors
Authors: Zeng Qiankun , Shi Guoyue , Zhang Min 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCurrent strategies for real‐time wound monitoring have limited applicability and therapeutic efficiency due to the reliance on clinician experience and time‐consuming laboratory analysis requirements. In this article, an educational review is provided on the accumulated knowledge of wound healing, such as the characterization of acute and chronic wounds, the four main stages of wound healing, and the factors that influence wound healing. The current state‐of‐the‐art wound state sensing methods are presented and reviewed, with particular attention paid to the real‐time monitoring of pH, biofilms, electrophysiological signals, temperature, and reactive oxygen species. It is expected that the presentation of this evolving field will contribute to deepen the existing understanding of wounds and steer wound treatment toward real‐time precision to drive further and faster development of clinically valuable technologies.