bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Cigarette Smoking and Smokeless Tobacco Use During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Lockdown Period Among Youth and Young Adults in Denmark
Authors: Bast Lotus S , Kjeld Simone G , Klitgaard Marie B 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Cigarettes and smokeless tobacco (snus and nicotine pouches) are prevalent among youth and young adults in Denmark. Here, we examined the extent of changes in the use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco during the first Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown in March and April 2020 in Denmark as well as reasons for changed behavior.

Aims and Methods
This study used data from a nationwide survey conducted among 15- to 29-year-olds from January to March 2021 including 13 530 respondents (response rate = 36.0%). Logistic regression analyses assessed the associations between sociodemographic characteristics and the odds of initiating or increasing as well as trying to stop or decreasing cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use.

Results
The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 17.8% and 10.5% reported using smokeless tobacco. Around 40% of those currently smoking cigarettes reported smoke on par during the COVID-19 lockdown as before, 24.5% started to smoke or increased their smoking, and 27.4% tried to stop or smoked less. Approximately 37% used smokeless tobacco on the same level as, before the COVID-19 lockdown, 38.8% initiated or used more, and 14.1% tried to stop or used less. Females were more prone to initiate smokeless tobacco use and increase their level of smoking during the lockdown, and younger participants smoked less. More females compared with males changed their smoking behaviors because of their mood, and more younger participants did so because of fewer social gatherings.

Conclusion
Although most youths and young adults’ tobacco behaviors remained the same during the COVID-19 lockdown, many also increased or decreased their behaviors—especially females and younger participants.

Implications
This study enables the possibility of detecting new tendencies in smoking and the use of smokeless tobacco among subgroups of the population during the COVID-19 lockdown. This knowledge is crucial for identifying which groups of youths are vulnerable to increasing their tobacco use in other pandemic situations and which groups call for special attention after the lockdown period. Future efforts may focus on vulnerable groups affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as females, and there is a need to monitor closely whether youth tobacco use changes as society becomes more normalized.
Evaluating the association of well-being strategies on line manager resilience
Authors: Coutinho N , Carder M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Line management tends to be associated with increased responsibility and accountability in the workplace and can be a challenging and high-pressured role. More resilient line managers are more likely to continue to perform despite work stressors.

Aims
This study aimed to assess the association of various coping strategies and resources on resilience levels amongst line managers working within a corporate office-based environment.

Methods
A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was carried out over 4 weeks in 2020. The questionnaire probed demographic factors and the use of strategies and resources which may enhance resilience. Resilience was assessed using the Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale.

Results
On regression analysis, resilience tended to increase with increasing years of line management. When each strategy/resource was considered separately and adjusted for the number of years of line management, exercise outside of work (B, 0.302; 95% confidence intervals [CIs], 0.109 to 0.495), hobbies/interests (B, 0.252; 95% CIs, 0.095 to 0.410) and socializing (B, 0.204; 95% CIs, 0.042 to 0.367) were all significant predictors of resilience.

Conclusions
The key coping strategies and resources that had the strongest association with resilience amongst office-based line managers were those that related to their personal lives, with exercise being of particular importance. This study highlights the importance of emphasizing work–life balance and lifestyle factors within workplace manager training and resilience programmes, as well as in the occupational health clinic. Additional support and health promotion for managers in their first few years of management responsibility may also be beneficial.
Forced migration: evidence and policy challenges
Authors: Quinn Simon , Ruiz Isabel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a summary assessment of this issue of the Oxford Review of Economic Policy, on forced migration. The issue is concerned with four important questions: (i) What are the general mechanisms by which forced migrants should be managed, and what frameworks should be used for supporting them? (ii) How can policy help refugees integrate into host economies; and what are the likely consequences of this integration? (iii) How are host communities likely to respond to the influx of refugees, and how can policy help to smooth this transition? and (iv) What role can policy play to encourage resilience among refugees and internally displaced people—and, one day, potentially support their return? Drawing from a diverse set of experiences and country case studies, the invited authors—who range from academics to policy practitioners—present and discuss current evidence and draw from their expertise to offer insights on these general themes in the economic policy response to forced migration. Among others, some of the recurring ideas for the design of policy include the need of anticipatory, systematic, and long- term approaches to the ‘management’ of forced displacement; the importance of building evidence, quantifying impacts, and understanding the distributional consequences of forced migration; and finally, the importance of bridging a gap in how the evidence is communicated and understood in the broader community.
Covid-19 vaccine supply chains and the Defense Production Act
Authors: Bown Chad P 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, the US government used novel policies to accelerate research, development, and production of a diversified portfolio of new vaccines. This article begins by describing the Defense Production Act (DPA) of 1950 and the initial ‘priority-rated’ contracts agreed to under Operation Warp Speed in 2020 to expedite manufacturing and achieve scale, which succeeded in producing hundreds of millions of doses of Covid-19 vaccines by early 2021. However, a puzzle soon emerged, as the scale of US vaccine production was shortly thereafter overtaken by plants in the European Union and India. The paper investigates the trade-offs US policy-makers faced in early 2021—once much of the initial uncertainty about the safety and effectiveness of many Covid-19 vaccines had been resolved—about whether to recalibrate contracts to expand production capacity to help meet global, instead of US, vaccine demand. It also examines the emergence of input shortages and assesses whether both the price constraints implicit in the 2020 DPA contracts and business decisions made to quicken the process of bringing new vaccine plants online globally inadvertently exacerbated them. It also explores the potential need for complementary, input capacity-enhancing policies in the face of highly fragmented, cross-border Covid-19 vaccine supply chains.
The race that stopped a nation: lessons from Australia’s Covid vaccine failures
Authors: Holden Richard , Leigh Andrew 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Australia handled many aspects of the Covid-19 pandemic very well. The international border was closed early, contract tracing regimes were implemented quickly, and targeted lockdowns helped keep case and death rates per capita to relatively low levels. Yet in mid-2021, Australia’s vaccine rollout was the slowest in the OECD. We estimate that an optimal vaccine rollout could have saved lives and averted at least A$31 billion in economic damage. The policy errors reflected a failure to heed basic economic concepts of portfolio diversification, option value, and dynamic optimization. We conclude with some policy lessons concerning pandemic preparedness for Australia and other countries.
Inventing Free Speech: Politics, Liberty and Print in Eighteenth-Century England
Authors: Dabhoiwala Fara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Our modern concept of political free speech as an individual political right was first elaborated in detail three hundred years ago by two London journalists, Thomas Gordon and John Trenchard, in their best-selling, endlessly reprinted, anonymous newspaper column, known as ‘Cato’s Letters’ (1720–23). As is well known, Cato’s novel ideas about speech and press freedom proved hugely influential, especially in the American colonies. Because they underpin the peculiar formulation of the First Amendment of the United States’ constitution, their impact is still with us today. But Trenchard and Gordon’s own lives and motives are remarkably obscure, and how they managed to formulate a completely new way of thinking about politics and public debate has remained an unexplored puzzle. Nor has it previously been appreciated that their arguments, as well as refocusing existing discussions of press liberty, directly engaged long-standing concerns about false news and public deception. Drawing on newly discovered printed and manuscript evidence, this essay reveals the deliberately misleading character of their ideology, and the reasons for its hidden partiality. It shows both how political freedom of speech first came to be systematically conceived of as a mechanism for truth, an antidote to falsehood, and the foundation of all liberty — and that, ironically, this new and powerful theory was itself but a partial, biased fiction about the world. That is a paradox whose consequences we are still living with.
Caravaggio’s Rumore: Fact, Fiction and Authority in Giovanni Baglione’s Lives of the Painters, Sculptors and Architects
Authors: Gage Frances 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Since its publication in 1642, Giovanni Baglione’s Lives of the Painters, Sculptors and Architects from the Pontificate of Gregory XIII of 1572 until the times of Pope Urban VIII in 1642, has been classified as either largely factual or obviously biased, a reflection of the culture of slander in early modern Rome. Definitions of what constituted textual ‘truth’ have changed dramatically since Baglione wrote his Lives, though this has not adequately informed debate. Also overlooked is the degree to which Baglione staked his entire rhetorical agenda around notions of truth and untruth, rumour and opinion, which emerge as central themes throughout both the framing elements and the individual artists’ lives. The present article adopts a new methodological approach to these questions, reassessing Baglione’s central themes of rumour, fama and truth in relation to questions of textuality and intertextuality, fiction and disinformation, rhetoric and agency, and drawing upon recent literary and historical studies of rumour, fame and news when doing so. At the same time, this study investigates conceptions of fame and rumour in relation to contemporary practices of art criticism in oral, manuscript and print cultures and in light of the rivalry between Caravaggio and Baglione.
Novelty, Disinformation and Discrimination in Marguerite de Navarre’s Heptameron (1559) and Sixteenth-Century French News Culture
Authors: Butterworth Emily 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the intersection between two different kinds of nouvelle: on the one hand, a piece of news; and on the other, a literary genre, the novella. Both senses were current in the early sixteenth century when Marguerite de Navarre, the sister of the French king François I, wrote the collection of novellas now known as the Heptameron. Developing its model, Boccaccio’s Decameron, the Heptameron includes an elaborate frame narrative in which the storytellers debate each story after they hear it. From these discussions, and the stories themselves, emerges a concern with the underlying principles of storytelling: truth, authority, witness and interpretation. These are concerns, this chapter argues, that were also current in sixteenth-century news culture, and in particular the short sensational news pamphlets that became popular during the religious wars of the second half of the century. The chapter examines the claims made in both the Heptameron and in news publications and argues that the Heptameron aspires to provide the analytical tools required to assess any account that claims to be truthful; an aspiration that anticipates later critiques of sensationalist and partisan news. It does this through a practice of discrimination, a careful parsing of a story and its underlying motivations.
Does Political Participation Contribute to Polarization in the United States?
Authors: Argyle Lisa P , Pope Jeremy C 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Polarization and participation are often connected in the political science literature, though sometimes the causality runs participation to polarization and sometimes the causality runs in the reverse direction. In some accounts there is an expectation that increasing participation and increasing polarization generate an ongoing spiral effect. In this paper we evaluate the over-time relationships between polarization and participation by assessing evidence in existing panel and aggregate data. We find that people with more extreme attitudes are more likely to participate in politics. However, only one particular form of participation—persuading others—appears to predict later levels of polarization. Therefore, only persuasion has the necessary correlation and temporal ordering for a feedback loop with more extreme ideology. The implication is that the discipline should pay more attention to interpersonal persuasion as a form of participation in American politics.
Can Risk Be Shared across Investor Cohorts? Evidence from a Popular Savings Product
Authors: Hombert Johan , Lyonnet Victor 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We study how retail savings products can share market risk across investor cohorts, thereby completing financial markets. Financial intermediaries smooth returns by varying reserves, which are passed on between successive investor cohorts, thereby redistributing wealth across cohorts. Using data on euro contracts sold by life insurers in France, we estimate this redistribution to be large: 0.8$\%$ of GDP. We develop and provide evidence for a model in which low investor sophistication, while leading to individually suboptimal decisions, improves risk sharing by allowing intercohort risk sharing.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Canadian Healthcare System and Individuals with Severe Mental Disorders During Coronavirus Disease 2019: Challenges and Unmet Needs
Authors: Lui Leanna M W , McIntyre Roger S 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a syndemic of viral infection and mental health adversity. The pandemic has exacerbated inequalities of access to care in vulnerable populations within the Canadian mental healthcare system. Primary care services are first-line health services in Canada, and are necessary to access specialized services. However, as a result of the limited availability of primary health services, and subsequently, specialized providers (eg, psychiatrists), the demand for these services outweigh the supply. Hitherto, timely access to appropriate services has been cited as a common challenge in Canada as a result of limitations as it relates to resources and in-person activities and support services. While there has been an increase in virtual care opportunities, concerns have been raised with respect to the digital divide. Moreover, while individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) and psychosis are at an increased risk for hospitalization and death from COVID-19, testing and vaccination services have not been prioritized for this population. Taken together, increased funding for mental health service delivery should be emphasized especially for individuals with SMI. There should also be a focus on increased collaboration among individuals with lived experience and health care providers to ensure future policies are developed specifically for this population. Addressing the social determinants of health and prioritizing a continuum of care across various stakeholders may lead to strong integration of care both during and after the pandemic.
PDGFRα/Sca-1 Sorted Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Reduce Liver Injury in Murine Models of Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Owen Andrew , Patten Daniel , Vigneswara Vasanthy , Frampton Jon , Newsome Philip N 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Liver transplantation is an effective therapy, but increasing demand for donor organs has led to the use of marginal donor organs with increased complication rates. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) pleiotropically modulate aberrant immune-mediated responses and represent a potential therapy to target the inflammation seen post-transplant with marginal donor livers. To avoid the confounding effects of xenotransplantation seen in studies with human MSC, a PDGFRα/Sca-1 (PaS) sorted MSC population was used which was analogous to human MSC populations (LNGFR+Thy-1+VCAM-1Hi). PaS MSC are a well-described population that demonstrate MSC properties without evidence of clonal mutation during expansion. We demonstrate their anti-inflammatory properties herein through their suppression of T-lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and OPG) after stimulation (P = .004 and P = .003). The MDR2−/− model of biliary injury and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion (HIR) injury models were used to replicate the non-anastomotic biliary complications seen following liver transplantation. Systemic MSC therapy in MDR2−/− mice led to reduced liver injury with an increase in restorative macrophages (5913 ± 333.9 vs 12 597 ± 665.8, P = .002, n = 7) and a change in lymphocyte ratios (3.55 ± 0.37 vs 2.59 ± 0.139, P = .023, n = 17), whereas subcutaneous administration of MSC showed no beneficial effect. MSC also reduced cell death in the HIR model assessed by Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) staining (91.7% ± 2.8 vs 80.1% ± 4.6, P = .03). Systemically administered quantum dot-labeled MSC were tracked using single-cell resolution CryoViz imaging which demonstrated their sequestration in the lungs alongside retention/redistribution to injured liver tissue. MSC represent a potential novel therapy in marginal organ transplantation which warrants further study.
Methylene blue: a controversial diagnostic acid and medication?
Authors: Bužga Marek , Machytka Evžen , Dvořáčková Eliška , Švagera Zdeněk , Stejskal David , Máca Jan , Král Jan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A narrative review of the literature was conducted to determine if the administration of methylene blue (MB) in humans has potential risks. Studies were identified from MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane. MB is a diagnostic substance used during some diagnostic procedures and also a part of the treatment of several diseases including methemoglobinemia, vasoplegic syndrome, fosfamide-induced encephalopathy, and cyanide intoxication, and the detection of leaks or position of parathyroid corpuscles during surgery. Although the use of MB is historically justified, and it ought to be safe, because it originated as a diagnostic material, the basic toxicological characteristics of this substance are unknown. Despite reports of severe adverse effects of MB, which could significantly exceed any possible benefits evaluated for the given indication. Therefore, the clinical use of MB currently represents a controversial problem given the heterogeneity of available data and the lack of preclinical data. This is in conflict with standards of safe use of such substances in human medicinal practice. The toxic effects of the application of MB are dose-dependent and include serious symptoms such as hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, nausea and vomitus, chest pain, dyspnoea, and hypertension. Some countries regard MB as harmful because of the resulting skin irritation and triggering of an adverse inflammatory response. MB induced serotoninergic toxicity clinically manifests as neuromuscular hyperactivity. This review aims to summarize the current understanding concerning the indications for MB administration and define the potential adverse effects of MB.
Legal reasoning and Latin America’s economic development
Authors: Kozolchyk Boris 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article discusses how a method of legal reasoning employed first by French and Spanish legislators and judges and, subsequently, by their Latin American successors hindered the economic development of their respective countries.1 It suggests that significant economic development would be possible if legislators helped enact honest, reasonable, and fair versions of successful market practices in a manner consistent with their nations’ or regions’ developmental goals.2 It further suggests that Latin American judges can contribute to the attainment of such goals by adopting a method of reasoning that differs from their present method. The proposed method requires that in disputes caused by the disabling effects of obsolete statutory, case, or customary law on promising new customs and practices, the judge acts as a quasi-legislator. In that capacity, he should carefully consider not only the pivotal facts of the dispute and the applicable law but also his nation’s socio-economic conditions and economic development goals. Then, by placing himself in the archetypal position of a reasonable merchant, always having in mind the interest of his contractual and third-party ‘others’, the judge’s decision should enable Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.’s ‘prophecies’ of what courts will decide in future cases with similar facts and legal issues.3 Thus, he will also be heeding the advice of the distinguished Mexican legal philosopher Eduardo García Máynez, who urged judges to fill the inevitable obsolete and unfair normative gaps with equitable judicial ‘individual’ norms.4 Finally, in updating practices and correcting injustices, the judges’ methods of reasoning should be guided by a broad definition of good faith adopted by 19th-century German Civil and Commercial Codes as well as by the 20th-century US Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), as will be discussed throughout this article. In essence, it requires that legislators and judges take into account the honesty, reasonableness, and fairness of the new practice before it becomes a binding norm.