bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modifications of CMB spectrum by nonextensive statistical mechanics
Authors: Liu Yang 
Published: July 2022

AbstractCosmic microwave background radiation can supply us some most significant parts of the information on the universe. Some researchers believe that the gravitational system cannot be decribed by the standard statistical mechanics. In this article we apply Tsallis nonextensive statistical mechanics to investigate CMB spectrum and related cosmological processes. Based on recent observational data we find that the nonextensive statistical mechanics can modify the values of related physical quantities. Since the value of physical quantites have changed, some processes, such as recombination, can be affected. We have investigated the anisotropy of the CMB for two effects: the dipole anisotropy of CMB and the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect. We find that the dipole anisotropy of CMB cannot be modified by the nonextensive statistical mechanics. However, the standard result of the Sunyaev-Zel’sdovich effect should be modified by nonextensive statistical mechanics. In principle, future work can distinguish these effects.
Anti-Extra Domain B Splice Variant of Fibronectin Antibody–Drug Conjugate Eliminates Tumors with Enhanced Efficacy When Combined with Checkpoint Blockade
Authors: Hooper Andrea T. , Marquette Kimberly , Chang Chao-Pei Betty , Golas Jonathon , Jain Sadhana , Lam My-Hanh , Guffroy Magali , Leal Mauricio , Falahatpisheh Hadi , Mathur Divya , Chen Ting , Kelleher Kerry , Khandke Kiran , Muszynska Elwira , Loganzo Frank , Rosfjord Edward , Lucas Judy , Kan Zhengyan , Subramanyam Chakrapani , O'Donnell Christopher , Neri Dario , Gerber Hans-Peter , May Chad , Sapra Puja 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Extra domain B splice variant of fibronectin (EDB+FN) is an extracellular matrix protein (ECM) deposited by tumor-associated fibroblasts, and is associated with tumor growth, angiogenesis, and invasion. We hypothesized that EDB+FN is a safe and abundant target for therapeutic intervention with an antibody–drug conjugate (ADC). We describe the generation, pharmacology, mechanism of action, and safety profile of an ADC specific for EDB+FN (EDB-ADC). EDB+FN is broadly expressed in the stroma of pancreatic, non–small cell lung (NSCLC), breast, ovarian, head and neck cancers, whereas restricted in normal tissues. In patient-derived xenograft (PDX), cell-line xenograft (CLX), and mouse syngeneic tumor models, EDB-ADC, conjugated to auristatin Aur0101 through site-specific technology, demonstrated potent antitumor growth inhibition. Increased phospho-histone H3, a pharmacodynamic biomarker of response, was observed in tumor cells distal to the target site of tumor ECM after EDB-ADC treatment. EDB-ADC potentiated infiltration of immune cells, including CD3+ T lymphocytes into the tumor, providing rationale for the combination of EDB-ADC with immune checkpoint therapy. EDB-ADC and anti-PD-L1 combination in a syngeneic breast tumor model led to enhanced antitumor activity with sustained tumor regressions. In nonclinical safety studies in nonhuman primates, EDB-ADC had a well-tolerated safety profile without signs of either on-target toxicity or the off-target effects typically observed with ADCs that are conjugated through conventional conjugation methods. These data highlight the potential for EDB-ADC to specifically target the tumor microenvironment, provide robust therapeutic benefits against multiple tumor types, and enhance activity antitumor in combination with checkpoint blockade.
Common Trajectories of Highly Effective CD19-Specific CAR T Cells Identified by Endogenous T-cell Receptor Lineages
Authors: Wilson Taylor L. , Kim Hyunjin , Chou Ching-Heng , Langfitt Deanna , Mettelman Robert C. , Minervina Anastasia A. , Allen E. Kaitlynn , Métais Jean-Yves , Pogorelyy Mikhail V. , Riberdy Janice M. , Velasquez M. Paulina , Kottapalli Pratibha , Trivedi Sanchit , Olsen Scott R. , Lockey Timothy , Willis Catherine , Meagher Michael M. , Triplett Brandon M. , Talleur Aimee C. , Gottschalk Stephen , Crawford Jeremy Chase , Thomas Paul G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Current chimeric antigen receptor-modified (CAR) T-cell products are evaluated in bulk, without assessing functional heterogeneity. We therefore generated a comprehensive single-cell gene expression and T-cell receptor (TCR) sequencing data set using pre- and postinfusion CD19-CAR T cells from blood and bone marrow samples of pediatric patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. We identified cytotoxic postinfusion cells with identical TCRs to a subset of preinfusion CAR T cells. These effector precursor cells exhibited a unique transcriptional profile compared with other preinfusion cells, corresponding to an unexpected surface phenotype (TIGIT+, CD62Llo, CD27−). Upon stimulation, these cells showed functional superiority and decreased expression of the exhaustion-associated transcription factor TOX. Collectively, these results demonstrate diverse effector potentials within preinfusion CAR T-cell products, which can be exploited for therapeutic applications. Furthermore, we provide an integrative experimental and analytic framework for elucidating the mechanisms underlying effector development in CAR T-cell products.

Significance:
Utilizing clonal trajectories to define transcriptional potential, we find a unique signature of CAR T-cell effector precursors present in preinfusion cell products. Functional assessment of cells with this signature indicated early effector potential and resistance to exhaustion, consistent with postinfusion cellular patterns observed in patients.
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Nucleus Composition in Transition-based Dependency
Parsing
Authors: Nivre Joakim , Basirat Ali , Dürlich Luise , Moss Adam 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Dependency-based approaches to syntactic analysis assume that syntactic structure can be analyzed in terms of binary asymmetric dependency relations holding between elementary syntactic units. Computational models for dependency parsing almost universally assume that an elementary syntactic unit is a word, while the influential theory of Lucien Tesnière instead posits a more abstract notion of nucleus, which may be realized as one or more words. In this article, we investigate the effect of enriching computational parsing models with a concept of nucleus inspired by Tesnière. We begin by reviewing how the concept of nucleus can be defined in the framework of Universal Dependencies, which has become the de facto standard for training and evaluating supervised dependency parsers, and explaining how composition functions can be used to make neural transition-based dependency parsers aware of the nuclei thus defined. We then perform an extensive experimental study, using data from 20 languages to assess the impact of nucleus composition across languages with different typological characteristics, and utilizing a variety of analytical tools including ablation, linear mixed-effects models, diagnostic classifiers, and dimensionality reduction. The analysis reveals that nucleus composition gives small but consistent improvements in parsing accuracy for most languages, and that the improvement mainly concerns the analysis of main predicates, nominal dependents, clausal dependents, and coordination structures. Significant factors explaining the rate of improvement across languages include entropy in coordination structures and frequency of certain function words, in particular determiners. Analysis using dimensionality reduction and diagnostic classifiers suggests that nucleus composition increases the similarity of vectors representing nuclei of the same syntactic type.
How Well Do Multisatellite Products Capture the Space–Time Dynamics of Precipitation? Part II: Building an Error Model through Spectral System Identification
Authors: Guilloteau Clement , Foufoula-Georgiou Efi , Kirstetter Pierre , Tan Jackson , Huffman George J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Satellite precipitation products, as all quantitative estimates, come with some inherent degree of uncertainty. To associate a quantitative value of the uncertainty to each individual estimate, error modeling is necessary. Most of the error models proposed so far compute the uncertainty as a function of precipitation intensity only, and only at one specific spatiotemporal scale. We propose a spectral error model that accounts for the neighboring space–time dynamics of precipitation into the uncertainty quantification. Systematic distortions of the precipitation signal and random errors are characterized distinctively in every frequency–wavenumber band in the Fourier domain, to accurately characterize error across scales. The systematic distortions are represented as a deterministic space–time linear filtering term. The random errors are represented as a nonstationary additive noise. The spectral error model is applied to the IMERG multisatellite precipitation product, and its parameters are estimated empirically through a system identification approach using the GV-MRMS gauge–radar measurements as reference (“truth”) over the eastern United States. The filtering term is found to be essentially low-pass (attenuating the fine-scale variability). While traditional error models attribute most of the error variance to random errors, it is found here that the systematic filtering term explains 48% of the error variance at the native resolution of IMERG. This fact confirms that, at high resolution, filtering effects in satellite precipitation products cannot be ignored, and that the error cannot be represented as a purely random additive or multiplicative term. An important consequence is that precipitation estimates derived from different sources shall not be expected to automatically have statistically independent errors.

Significance Statement
Satellite precipitation products are nowadays widely used for climate and environmental research, water management, risk analysis, and decision support at the local, regional, and global scales. For all these applications, knowledge about the accuracy of the products is critical for their usability. However, products are not systematically provided with a quantitative measure of the uncertainty associated with each individual estimate. Various parametric error models have been proposed for uncertainty quantification, mostly assuming that the uncertainty is only a function of the precipitation intensity at the pixel and time of interest. By projecting satellite precipitation fields and their retrieval errors into the Fourier frequency–wavenumber domain, we show that we can explicitly take into account the neighboring space–time multiscale dynamics of precipitation and compute a scale-dependent uncertainty.
Estimating the Ocean Interior from Satellite Observations in the Kerguelen Area (Southern Ocean): A Combined Investigation Using High-Resolution CTD Data from Animal-Borne Instruments
Authors: Liu Lei , Xue Huijie 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Observational surface data are utilized to reconstruct the subsurface density and geostrophic velocity fields via the “interior + surface quasigeostrophic” (isQG) method in a subdomain of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). The input variables include the satellite-derived sea surface height (SSH), satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST), satellite-derived or Argo-based sea surface salinity (SSS), and a monthly estimate of the stratification. The density reconstruction is assessed against a newly released high-resolution in situ dataset that is collected by a southern elephant seal. The results show that the observed mesoscale structures are reasonably reconstructed. In the Argo-SSS-based experiment, pattern correlations between the reconstructed and observed density mostly exceed 0.8 in the upper 300 m. Uncertainties in the SSS products notably influence the isQG performance, and the Argo-SSS-based experiment yields better density reconstruction than the satellite-SSS-based one. Through the two-dimensional (2D) omega equation, we further employ the isQG reconstructions to diagnose the upper-ocean vertical velocities (denoted wisQG2D), which are then compared against the seal-data-based 2D diagnosis of wseal. Notable discrepancies are found between wisQG2D and wseal, primarily because the density reconstruction does not capture the seal-observed smaller-scale signals. Within several subtransects, the Argo-SSS-based wisQG2D reasonably reproduce the spatial structures of wseal, but present smaller magnitude. We also apply the isQG reconstructions to the 3D omega equation, and the 3D diagnosis of wisQG3D is very different from wisQG2D, indicating the limitations of the 2D diagnostic equation. With reduced uncertainties in satellite-derived products in the future, we expect the isQG framework to achieve better subsurface estimations.
Revisiting the White Boys From Portland to Ukraine: Anomie and Right-Wing Extremism
Authors: Blazak Randall 
Published: July 2022

The 2022 mass shooting in Buffalo, New York that targeted black grocery shoppers followed a now-familiar pattern. A white male, radicalized by online disinformation campaigns, including the narrative that whites are being systematically “replaced” in society, engaged in an act of domestic terrorism to further the cause of white nationalism. This article charts the ways that right-wing extremism has evolved in the first two decades of the twentieth-first century. This recent history begins with the racist skinhead and patriot militia movements that dominated the literature 20 years ago and moves through the rise of the alt-right, lone-wolf attacks, the January 6, 2021, Capitol attack, and finally, situates a globalized movement in a pandemic era of de-globalization that has both direct and indirect connection to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. The theoretical theme throughout is Emile Durkheim’s concept of anomie and how white males have responded to the rapid pace of social change. Conclusions are drawn from a wide variety of interviews, from Proud Boys in Portland, Oregon to Ukrainian soldiers, stationed on the Ukraine–Poland border.
Development of a bench-scale apparatus to assess thermal protective performance of garments under highly intensive heat-flux exposures
Authors: Kwon Minjae , Kang Sungwook , Choi Joung Yoon , Bhutta Rumeel , Choi Sengkwan 
Published: July 2022

Thermal protective clothing protects emergency responders from fire hazards. The thermal protective performance of the multi-layer fabric is standardly evaluated at the average value of a 1–3-cal/(cm2s)-intensity range. Considering the magnitude of modern fire events, the range’s upper limit (3 cal/(cm2s)) was proposed to take into account a critical radiation condition and a bench-scale apparatus, capable of creating the critical experimental environment, was developed in this study. This instrument includes a vertical configuration heater with an active water-cooling part, a vertical orientation specimen-assembly with a measuring part, a movable specimen-holder and thermal shields operated by pneumatic pumps, an exhaust hood connected to a pan, a data acquisition system, heating-power and mechanical equipment controllers and a computer with in-house burn-injury analysis software. A preliminary test was conducted to determine a specimen-assembly position that both optimised the heat-source power, heater-capability and apparatus-sustainability, and subsequently validated the uniformity and consistency of irradiance on the test sample. To conduct repeatable measurements, an in-house program was used to operate the heater, specimen assembly and thermal shields semi-automatically, in a sequence. The software includes an algorithm that allows one to analyse heat transfers across human-skin layers and to assess the degree of burn injuries. This paper outlines a comprehensive process of creating an experimental environment for samples that need to be exposed to a critical thermal condition.
Explanatory models of mental illness among working professionals diagnosed with bipolar or depression in the United States
Authors: Elliott Marta 
Published: July 2022

Background: People diagnosed with mental illness develop a variety of explanatory models of their conditions in the face of uncertainty. Explanatory models matter because they are associated with internalized stigma and illness behaviors such as treatment preferences. Aims: This paper explores how working professionals in the United States draw on biological and/or environmental factors to explain the cause(s) of their diagnoses of bipolar or depression. Method: Findings are derived from an analysis of transcripts of in-depth interviews with 52 individuals from across the United States who were invited to participate in a study of working professionals diagnosed with mental illness. About 25 self-identified as having bipolar disorder and 27 as having major depression. Transcript data were analyzed following the principles of flexible coding with the goal of establishing a typology of explanatory models of self-identified bipolar versus depression. Results: Six types of explanatory models emerged from the analysis. One was exclusively biological, a second was exclusively environmental, and the remaining four combined biological and environmental factors in different ways. Quotations from the interviews are provided to illustrate each type, and comparisons between types are made based on primary diagnosis (bipolar vs. depression), and self-reports of trauma and stressful experiences. Conclusion: Implications for the future research on explanatory models and how they may impact people who are diagnosed with a mental illness across multiple dimensions of their lives are presented.
The Link Between Action Verb Processing and Action Observation: A Developmental Study
Authors: Bidet-Ildei Christel , Beauprez Sophie-Anne , Toussaint Lucette 
Published: July 2022

In this work we aimed to assess the typical link in human development between action observation and language. For this, we studied, in 68 children aged 5–11 years of age, how action verbs can prime action representation. While children 7–8 years of age benefited from a congruent action verb prime when they had to judge an image representing an action, this effect was not present in 5–6-year-olds. Thus, the link between language and action observation changes during development at about age 7. We discussed these findings in consideration of current theories proposed to account for the action-language link.
The Differential Impact of Reopening States With and Without COVID-19 Face Mask Mandates on County-Level Consumer Spending
Authors: Dunphy Christopher , Miller Gabrielle F. , Sunshine Gregory , McCord Russell , Howard-Williams Mara , Proia Krista , Stephens James 
Published: July 2022

Objectives: By the end of 2020, 38 states and the District of Columbia had issued requirements that people wear face masks when in public settings to counter SARS-CoV-2 transmission. To examine the role face mask mandates played in economic recovery, we analyzed the interactive effect of having a state face mask mandate in place on county-level consumer spending after state reopening, adjusting for county rates of new COVID-19 cases and deaths, time trends, and county-specific effects. Methods: We collected county-specific data from state executive orders, consumer spending data from the Opportunity Insights Economic Tracker, and COVID-19 case and death data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention COVID-19 tracker. Using an event study approach, we compared county-level changes in consumer spending before and after state-issued closure orders were lifted and assessed the interactive effect of state-issued face mask mandates. Results: The lifting of state-issued closures was associated with an average increase in consumer spending across all counties studied within 1 month. However, the increase was 1.2-1.7 percentage points higher in counties with a state face mask mandate in place than in counties without a state face mask mandate. Conclusions: In addition to their public health benefits, face mask mandates may have assisted economic recovery during the COVID-19 pandemic, suggesting they are a strong public health strategy for policy makers to consider now and for potential future pandemics arising from airborne viruses.
The Italian version of the Erasmus MC modifications to the Nottingham Sensory Assessment for patients following acquired brain injury: Translation and reliability study
Authors: Baroni Andrea , Bassini Giacomo , Marcello Emma , Filippini Francesca , Mottaran Silvia , Lavezzi Susanna , Crow J. Lesley , Basaglia Nino , Straudi Sofia 
Published: July 2022

Objective To develop the Italian version of the Erasmus MC modifications to the Nottingham Sensory Assessment and to investigate its internal consistency, intra- and inter-rater reliability. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Rehabilitation department. Subjects A total of 34 patients with acquired brain injury. Main measure The translation and cultural adaptation process was completed, and the testing procedures of the Italian version of the Erasmus MC modifications to the Nottingham Sensory Assessment were standardized. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha index; assessment of intra- and inter-rater reliability was carried out using weighted kappa coefficient. Results The internal consistency of the tactile sensations and the proprioception items of the Italian version of the Erasmus MC modifications to the Nottingham Sensory Assessment were generally acceptable to excellent with a range of Cronbach's alpha between 0.73 and 0.97. The intra-rater reliability of the tactile sensations and the proprioception items of the Italian version of the Erasmus MC modifications to the Nottingham Sensory Assessment were generally good to excellent with a range of weighted kappa coefficients between 0.47 and 1.00. Likewise, the inter-rater reliabilities of these items were predominantly good to excellent with a range of weighted kappa coefficients between 0.42 and 0.92. Conclusion The Italian version of the Erasmus MC modifications to the Nottingham Sensory Assessment is a reliable screening tool to evaluate primary somatosensory impairments in patients with acquired brain injury. Further research is necessary to consolidate these results and establish the validity and responsiveness of the Italian version of the Erasmus MC modifications to the Nottingham Sensory Assessment.