bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Ancient >200 m Cumulative Normal Faulting Displacement Along the Futagawa Fault Dextrally Ruptured During the 2016 Kumamoto, Japan, Earthquake Identified by a Multiborehole Drilling Program
Authors: Shibutani Susumu , Lin Weiren , Sado Koichiro , Aizawa Akihiro , Koike Katsuaki 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Mw 7.0 mainshock of the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake sequence was triggered by dextral rupture of the Futagawa fault within the Aso volcanic region, Southwestern Japan. To reproduce its faulting patterns and to reveal the geological and geophysical characteristics of the fault and surrounding lithological units, we report the results of a multiple‐borehole drilling program penetrating the Futagawa fault zone. By combining core descriptions with geophysical logs, we identified >200 m of normal faulting displacement along the currently dextral strike‐slip Futagawa fault. Considering previous kinematic and chronological studies of the fault, we interpret that the Futagawa fault dominantly slipped as a normal fault in a short period (∼300–87 ka) before switching to its current transtensional (dominant strike‐slip) regime ∼87 ka caused by a local change in the stress field associated with the termination of the Aso caldera‐forming eruptions. In the main borehole, three damage/slip zones were penetrated at depths of ∼354, 461, and 576 m. The 461 damage zone was identified as ∼45 m in vertical thickness and thicker than the other damage zones (∼3–6 m vertically) and was characterized by high fracture density and the presence of strike‐slip slickenlines. Depth profiles of physical properties revealed different patterns near the three damage zones; both the resistivity and the P‐wave velocity showed stronger deterioration at the 461 damage zone than the others. Based on these geological and geophysical observations, we suggest that the 461 damage zone is the primary candidate for seismogenic faulting during the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake mainshock.
The Influence of the Trend, Basin Interactions, and Ocean Dynamics on Tropical Ocean Prediction
Authors: Alexander Michael A. , Shin Sang‐Ik , Battisti David S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe trend, connections between tropical ocean basins and dynamical processes on sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH) forecast skill are investigated using a linear inverse model (LIM) framework. The warming trend has a strong influence on 6‐month SST forecast skill in the Indian Ocean, Western Pacific, and north tropical Atlantic, but little effect on El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) prediction. ENSO strongly impacts the SST forecast skill in all three ocean basins including most of the Indian Ocean and the north tropical Atlantic. Without interactions with the Indian Ocean, the 6‐month SST forecast skill is substantially reduced in the western tropical Pacific and SSH skill decreases in the central Pacific. Atlantic and Indian Ocean interactions with the Pacific enhance ENSO forecast skill at 6–12 months leads. The Indian Ocean influences SSH in the eastern Atlantic, while the tropical Atlantic affects SST forecasts in portions of the Indian Ocean.
Geophysics and Thermodynamics at South Pole Lake Indicate Stability and a Regionally Thawed Bed
Authors: Hills Benjamin H. , Christianson Knut , Hoffman Andrew O. , Fudge T. J. , Holschuh Nicholas , Kahle Emma C. , Conway Howard , Christian John E. , Horlings Annika N. , O’Connor Gemma K. , Steig Eric J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSubglacial lakes require a thawed bed either now or in the past; thus, their presence and stability have implications for current and past basal conditions, ice dynamics, and climate. Here, we present the most extensive geophysical exploration to date of a subglacial lake near the geographic South Pole, including radar‐imaged stratigraphy, surface velocities, and englacial vertical velocities. We use a 1.5‐dimensional temperature model, optimized with our geophysical data set and nearby temperature measurements, to estimate past basal‐melt rates. The ice geometry, reflected bed‐echo power, surface and vertical velocities, and temperature model indicate that the ice‐bed interface is regionally thawed, contradicting prior studies. Together with an earlier active‐source seismic study, which showed a 32‐m deep lake underlain by 150 m of sediment, our results suggest that the lake has been thermodynamically stable through at least the last 120,000 years and possibly much longer, making it a promising prospective site for sediment coring.
Sharp Transition to Strongly Anomalous Transport in Unsaturated Porous Media
Authors: Velásquez‐Parra Andrés , Aquino Tomás , Willmann Matthias , Méheust Yves , Le Borgne Tanguy , Jiménez‐Martínez Joaquín 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe simultaneous presence of liquid and gas in porous media increases flow heterogeneity compared to saturated flows. However, the impact of saturation on flow and transport has so far remained unclear. The presence of gas in the pore space leads to flow reorganization. We develop a theoretical framework that captures the impact of that reorganization on pore‐scale fluid velocities. Preferential flow is distributed spatially through a backbone, and flow recirculation occurs in flow dead‐ends. We observe, and predict theoretically, that this previously identified flow structure induces a marked change in the scaling of the velocity probability density function compared to the saturated configuration and a sharp transition to strongly anomalous transport. We develop a transport model using the continuous time random walk theory that predicts advective transport dynamics for all saturation degrees. Our results provide a new modeling framework linking phase heterogeneity to flow heterogeneity in unsaturated porous media.
Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau: How to Accurately Compute the Hydrological Load Effect?
Authors: Rao Weilong , Sun Wenke 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe uplift state of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is determined by tectonic displacement and hydrological load displacement. However, it is unknown how much the load effect contributes to the uplift of the plateau. Typically, the vertical displacement due to the mass load is calculated based on the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data and the spherical harmonic analysis method. However, because the GRACE data are truncated at lower harmonic degrees and tectonic mass changes are contained in the GRACE‐derived mass changes, the validity of using GRACE data to estimate the load displacement of the TP is questionable and needs further discussion. This study presents a reasonable approach to computing the loading effect by considering the global hydrological mass budget (seawater, lake, glacier, river, snow, soil water, canopy water, and groundwater). The TP's mean vertical load displacement rate we obtained is 0.15 mm/yr, contributing to 16 percent of the average TP uplift rate. Comparing the hydrologically computed load displacements and the GRACE‐derived load displacements indicates that the GRACE‐derived displacement differs significantly from the real hydrological load displacement. That is, we found that the GRACE‐derived load effect cannot be applied to correct the Global Positioning System (GPS) displacement, but the one computed with hydrological data works well. We claim that the load displacement effect for any GPS station should be calculated by Green's function method based on global hydrological data. Finally, we present a distribution map of the valid load vertical displacement of the TP and the load displacement correction for all the collected GPS stations.
Large‐Scale Crustal Deformation, Slip‐Rate Variation, and Strain Distribution Along the Kunlun Fault (Tibet) From Sentinel‐1 InSAR Observations (2015–2020)
Authors: Zhao Dezheng , Qu Chunyan , Bürgmann Roland , Gong Wenyu , Shan Xinjian , Qiao Xin , Zhao Lei , Chen Han , Liu Lian 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLarge‐scale geodetic measurements of crustal deformation in the north‐central Tibetan Plateau are crucial for improved understanding of earthquake‐cycle processes and long‐term seismic hazard assessment. We use GPS velocities and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) observations (2015–2020) on eight descending and eight ascending Sentinel‐1 tracks to map surface motions and their gradients for an area of over ∼2,000 km × 350 km around the Kunlun‐Manyi fault system. The derived line‐of‐sight (LOS) and 3D velocity fields demonstrate ongoing postseismic transients along the ruptured segments of the 1997 Manyi and 2001 Kokoxili earthquakes, interseismic deformation along locked fault segments, and strain accumulation on a large subsidiary fault (i.e., the Kunlun Pass fault). We use elastic dislocation and analytical postseismic deformation models constrained by our dense InSAR measurements to quantify the interseismic and postseismic contributions, which reveal the along‐fault distribution of fault slip rate and locking depth along the entire length of the fault. The results indicate that the slip rate of the Kunlun fault systematically decreases toward the west to the west of the Taiyang Lake fault. We also find that the interseismic strain accumulation rate along the main trace of the Kunlun fault is to first‐order spatially constant (0.1–0.15 microstrain/yr), except around its restraining bend. As the historically unruptured segments, especially the eastern segments (from 95°E to 101°E) of the Kunlun fault, have relatively fast slip rates and high locking depths (>15 km), they have the potential to generate large and damaging earthquakes in this region.
Estimation and Spatiotemporal Analysis of NO2 Pollution in East Asia During 2001–2016
Authors: Hu Mingyun , Chen Yiang , Yuan Dehao , Yu Rui , Lu Xingcheng , Fung Jimmy C. H. , Chen Wanying , Huang Yeqi , Lau Alexis K. H. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAmbient nitrogen dioxide (NO2) not only has adverse health effects on humans but also contributes to the production of two major secondary atmospheric pollutants, ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5). In this study, surface NO2 concentrations in East Asia from 2001 to 2016 were estimated by combining an ensemble backpropagation neural network method, satellite NO2 column data, and reanalysis data. The estimated monthly and annual mean NO2 concentrations were well‐correlated with the observations, with R (correlation coefficient) values of 0.89 and 0.91, respectively. Our results indicate that the NO2 concentrations in most areas of East Asia peaked during 2011–2013. The NO2 concentrations in autumn and winter, especially in the eastern and northern parts of China, were much higher than those in summer. In terms of population NO2 exposure, over 25 million South Korea residents (∼45% of the population) were exposed to NO2 concentrations higher than the 2005 World Health Organization's annual standard (40 μg/m3, ∼22 ppbv at 25°C) in 2015. In contrast, the entire populations of some developing countries, such as Vietnam, Cambodia, Myanmar, the Philippines, and Lao PDR, were exposed to NO2 concentrations less than 14 ppbv. Based on the estimation, NO2‐related asthma cases in East Asia increased by 1.37% annually from 2001 to 2015, reaching 139,000 cases (95% confidence interval: 37,400–263,400) in 2015. NOx emission inventories vary from country to country in East Asia; thus, more targeted NOx emission‐control policies are urgently required.
Seasonal and Spatial Variability of Biological N2 Fixation in a Cool Temperate Bog
Authors: Živković T. , Helbig M. , Moore T. R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNorthern peatlands are globally important carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) sinks due to slow decomposition rates resulting in long‐term organic matter accumulation. Despite their large N storage, peatlands depend on sources of bio‐available N to sustain their biomass production. Di‐nitrogen (N2) fixation represents an important biological N source in ombrotrophic bogs, but its environmental controls are still poorly understood. We examined seasonal and spatial variability of Sphagnum‐associated N2 fixation across a hydrological transect (hummock‐hollow‐beaver pond edge) in a temperate ombrotrophic bog. We measured N2 fixation in live Sphagnum plants by acetylene reduction assay calibrated with a 15N2 tracer method, bi‐weekly, from May to November over two growing seasons. We found that N2 fixation increased with soil temperature at 5 cm in the living Sphagnum mat explaining the seasonal variability in N2 fixation. Peak N2 fixation rates occur in mid‐August, when N2 fixation rates are about 10 times larger than during the shoulder seasons (May and November). Spatially, N2 fixation was larger in wetter Sphagnum with larger gravimetric water content in Sphagnum. This relationship was most pronounced in the peak growing season when N2 fixation rates were the highest. Finally, we estimated that the Mer Bleue bog receives around 0.3 g N m−2 annually through Sphagnum‐associated N2 fixation, which accounts for about a fourth of the N accumulated annually into Sphagnum. Future contributions from Sphagnum‐associated N2 fixation to N budgets in peatlands will depend on temperature and moisture changes which have contrasting effects on N2 fixation rates.
Oncogenic E3 ubiquitin ligase NEDD4 binds to KLF8 and regulates the microRNA-132/NRF2 axis in bladder cancer
Authors: Mao Minghuan , Yang Liang , Hu Jingyao , Liu Bing , Zhang Xiling , Liu Yili , Wang Ping , Li Hangyu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe neuronally expressed developmentally downregulated 4 (NEDD4) gene encodes a ubiquitin ligase that targets the epithelial sodium channel for degradation and has been implicated in tumor growth in various cancers. Hence, in this study, we intended to characterize the functional relevance of the NEDD4-mediated Kruppel-like factor 8/microRNA-132/nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (KLF8/miR-132/NRF2) axis in the development of bladder cancer. NEDD4 and KLF8 were overexpressed in bladder cancer tissues and were associated with poorer patient survival rates. In bladder cancer cells, NEDD4 intensified the stability and transcriptional activity of KLF8 through ubiquitination to augment cell viability and migratory ability. Our investigations revealed that NEDD4 promotes the binding of KLF8 to the miR-132 promoter region and inhibits the expression of miR-132. KLF8 inhibited the expression of miR-132 to augment the viability and migratory ability of bladder cancer cells. Furthermore, miR-132 downregulated the expression of NRF2 to restrict the viability and migratory ability of bladder cancer cells. In addition, in vivo findings verified that NEDD4 regulates the KLF8/miR-132/NRF2 axis by accelerating tumor growth and lung metastasis. In conclusion, this study highlights NEDD4 as a potential therapeutic target against tumor recurrence and metastasis in bladder cancer.
Reducing the number of systematic biopsy cores in the era of MRI targeted biopsy—implications on clinically-significant prostate cancer detection and relevance to focal therapy planning
Authors: Lee Alvin Y. M. , Chen Kenneth , Tan Yu Guang , Lee Han Jie , Shutchaidat Vipatsorn , Fook-Chong Stephanie , Cheng Christopher W. S. , Ho Henry S. S. , Yuen John S. P. , Ngo Nye Thane , Law Yan Mee , Tay Kae Jack 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
The optimal number of systematic biopsy cores in the era of multi-parametric MRI targeted biopsy remains unclear, especially on its impact of focal therapy planning. Our objective is to investigate the impact of reducing the number of systematic cores on prostate cancer detection in the era of MRI-US fusion targeted biopsy and as well as its relevance in template planning for focal therapy.

Materials and methods
A retrospective analysis of 398 consecutive men who underwent both systematic saturation (~24 cores) and MRI-US fusion targeted biopsy was performed. Four reduced-core systematic biopsy strategies (two-thirds, half, one-third and one-quarter systematic cores) were modelled and the detection rates of clinically-significant prostate cancer (csPCa defined as grade group ≥2) were compared to that of a full systematic biopsy using McNemar’s test. Focal therapy treatment plans were made based on positive cores on combined (targeted and systematic) biopsy and the various reduced-cores strategies to compare the proportion who had a change in treatment plan.

Results
csPCa was detected in 42% (168/398) of this patient cohort. Non-targeted systematic saturation biopsy had a 21% (83/398) csPCa detection rate. Our four strategies reduced the mean number of non-targeted systematic cores from 21.8 to 14.5, 10.9, 7.3 and 5.4 cores and their csPCa detection rates were significantly decreased to 16%, 13%, 9% and 8% respectively (all p < 0.05). Compared to the reduced-core strategies, a full systematic saturation biopsy resulted in change to the focal therapy treatment plan in 12% (2/3 cores), 19% (1/2 cores), 24% (1/3 cores) and 29% (1/4 cores) of the time (p = 0.0434).

Conclusions
Reducing the number of systematic biopsies when performing an MRI-targeted biopsy leads to reduced detection of csPCa and alter the treatment plans for focal therapy, possibly limiting its oncological efficacy.
The association of Health-Related Quality of Life and 1-year-survival in sarcoma patients—results of a Nationwide Observational Study (PROSa)
Authors: Eichler Martin , Singer Susanne , Hentschel Leopold , Richter Stephan , Hohenberger Peter , Kasper Bernd , Andreou Dimosthenis , Pink Daniel , Jakob Jens , Grützmann Robert , Fung Stephen , Wardelmann Eva , Arndt Karin , Heidt Vitali , Bonilla Sergio Armando Zapata , Gaidzik Verena I. , Jambor Helena K. , Weitz Jürgen , Schaser Klaus-Dieter , Bornhäuser Martin , Schmitt Jochen , Schuler Markus K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Sarcomas are rare cancers of high heterogeneity. Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) has been shown to be a prognostic factor for survival in other cancer entities but it is unclear whether this applies to sarcoma patients.

Patients and methods
HRQoL was prospectively assessed in adult sarcoma patients from 2017 to 2020 in 39 German recruiting sites using the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30). Vital status was ascertained over the course of 1 year. HRQoL domains were analysed by multivariable cox-regressions including clinical and socio-economic risk factors.

Results
Of 1102 patients, 126 (11.4%) died during follow-up. The hazard ratio (HR) for global health was 0.73 per 10-point increase (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64–0.85). HR for the HRQoL-summary score was 0.74 (CI 0.64–0.85) and for physical functioning 0.82 (CI 0.74–0.89). There was also evidence that fatigue (HR 1.17, CI 1.10–1.25), appetite loss (HR 1.15, CI 1.09–1.21) and pain (HR 1.14, CI 1.08–1.20) are prognostic factors for survival.

Conclusion
Our study adds sarcoma-specific evidence to the existing data about cancer survival in general. Clinicians and care-givers should be aware of the relations between HRQoL and survival probability and include HRQoL in routine assessment.
High energy density of BaTiO3@TiO2 nanosheet/polymer composites via ping-pong-like electron area scattering and interface engineering
Authors: Jian Gang , Jiao Yong , Feng Liang , Meng Qingzhen , Yang Ning , Zhu Shangtao , Lü Minfeng , Wong Ching-Ping 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDielectric substances exhibit great potential for high-power capacitors due to their high stability and fast charge–discharge; however, a long-term challenge is to enhance energy density. Here, we propose a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) composite utilizing BaTiO3 nanoparticle@TiO2 nanosheet (BT@TO ns) 2D nanohybrids as fillers, aiming at combining the interfacial strategy of using a core–shell filler and the electron scattering of a 2D filler to improve the energy density. With 4 wt% filler, the composite possesses the largest breakdown strength (Eb) of 561.2 MV m−1, which is significantly enhanced from the 407.6 MV m−1 of PVDF, and permittivity of 12.6 at 1 kHz, which is a 23% increase from that of PVDF. A superhigh energy density of 21.3 J cm−3 with an efficiency of 61% is obtained at 550 MV m−1. The 2D BT@TO ns-filled composite exhibits a higher energy density than composites filled with core–shell 1D BT@TO nws or non-core–shell 0D BT, 1D TO, or 2D TO particles. The Eb and energy density improvements are attributed to the buffer layer-based interface engineering and enhanced area scattering of electrons caused by the 2D hybrids, an effect similar to that of a ping-pong paddle to scatter electric field-induced charge migrations in composites. Thus, an effective hybrid strategy is presented for achieving high-performance polymer composites that can be used in energy storage devices.
Development of virtual ophthalmic surgical skills training
Authors: Gupta Chandni , Henein Christin , Ashton Christopher , Makuloluwa Achini , Mathew Rashmi G. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
This study aims to assess whether ophthalmic surgical skills can be taught successfully online to a diverse international and interprofessional student group.

Methods
Mixed methods study involving 20 students and 5 instructors.
Each student completed a pre-session and post-session questionnaire to assess their perceptions regarding online instruction. Changes in questionnaire responses were analysed using Wilcoxon signed rank (SPSS 25). Semi-structured interviews were conducted to assess instructor perceptions towards virtual surgical skills teaching. Thematic analysis was undertaken using NVivo 12.0 software.

Results
There was a 100% completion rate of pre- and post-session questionnaires.
Prior to the session, lack of instructor supervision and inability to provide constructive feedback were emergent themes from students. Pre-session concerns regarding online delivery: 40% of students thought their view of skills demonstration would be negatively impacted, 60% their level of supervision and 55% their interaction with instructors. Following the session 10%, 15% and 5% held this view respectively. All students were ‘satisfied’ or ‘very satisfied’ regarding the ‘Surgeon’s View’ camera angle as well as the use of breakout rooms. 75% perceived an improvement in their confidence in instrument handling, 80% in cable knot tying and 70% in suture tying.
Overall student rating for the virtual surgical skills session was 8.85 (±1.19) out of 10 (10 being most satisfied).

Conclusions
We demonstrate that successful delivery of a virtual ophthalmic surgical skills course is feasible. We were able to widen accessibility and participation through virtual delivery, which has future implications for ophthalmic surgical teaching and its reach.
In vivo spatiotemporal control of voltage-gated ion channels by using photoactivatable peptidic toxins
Authors: Montnach Jérôme , Blömer Laila Ananda , Lopez Ludivine , Filipis Luiza , Meudal Hervé , Lafoux Aude , Nicolas Sébastien , Chu Duong , Caumes Cécile , Béroud Rémy , Jopling Chris , Bosmans Frank , Huchet Corinne , Landon Céline , Canepari Marco , De Waard Michel 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPhotoactivatable drugs targeting ligand-gated ion channels open up new opportunities for light-guided therapeutic interventions. Photoactivable toxins targeting ion channels have the potential to control excitable cell activities with low invasiveness and high spatiotemporal precision. As proof-of-concept, we develop HwTxIV-Nvoc, a UV light-cleavable and photoactivatable peptide that targets voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels and validate its activity in vitro in HEK293 cells, ex vivo in brain slices and in vivo on mice neuromuscular junctions. We find that HwTxIV-Nvoc enables precise spatiotemporal control of neuronal NaV channel function under all conditions tested. By creating multiple photoactivatable toxins, we demonstrate the broad applicability of this toxin-photoactivation technology.