bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Wireworms and Flea Beetles in Flue-Cored Tobacco with Soil-Applied Insecticides, 1983
Authors: Southern P. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A test was conducted on commercially grown tobacco in Stokes Co., N.C. Plots were 0.025 acre (24 by 45 ft), six rows wide, separated laterally by a vacant row and on each end by a 12-ft turn alley. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with three replications. Broadcast sprays were applied 1 May using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer delivering 23.25 gal/acre of finished spray through 8004 flat fan nozzles at 25 lb/in2. Granular broadcast applications were made on the same date using two electrically driven tractor-mounted Gandy granular applicators. All broadcast applications were incorporated by discing twice in opposite directions with a small finishing disc. A transplant water treatment was made 18 May using the farmers one-row tractor-drawn transplanter (180 gal/acre). Forty additional plants were set in the middle four rows using hand setters. On 2 Jun., these plants, or adjacent mechanically set plants in the case of the transplant water treatment, were removed and evaluated for wireworm damage on the following scale: 0, no damage; 1, surface feeding not reaching pith; 2, feeding reaching pith but vertical tunneling not over 0.5 in, 3; vertical tunneling in excess of 0.5 in; 4, extensive tunneling, plant obviously dead or dying. Flea beetles and flea beetle feeding holes were counted on 10 plants per plot on 2 and 15 Jun. (Feeding holes were counted on the entire plant in 2 Jun. and on the uppermost three leaves over 4 in. long on 15 Jun.) On 15 Jun., possible phytotoxic effects were observed in some plots. Each plot was rated for overall vigor (1 to 5, 5 best) and two types of possible phytotoxicity (1 to 3, 3 most extensive). Leaves over 4 in. long were counted on 20 plants per plot. After harvest and curing, tobacco from each plot per priming was weighed and graded. Government grades were converted to a quality index and weighted average computed. All variables were subjected to an analysis of variance and means separated using the Waller-Duncan K ratio t test (K ratio = 100). For analysis, the number of flea beetles and number of flea beetle holes were transformed to the square root of n + 0.5.
Army Cutworm Control on Wheat, 1982
Authors: DePew L. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This field test was conducted in a dryland wheat field at Tribune, Greeley Co., Kans. Seven insecticidal treatments and an untreated check were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot was 10.06 m by 10.06 m with a 1.5-m wide unsprayed buffer separating each plot. Materials were applied as broadcast sprays 20 Apr., with a 9.46-liter compressed air backpack sprayer having a 45.72-cm boom with 3 no. 6X hollow cone nozzles (Spraying Systems). Portable air tanks with a pressure regulator valve supplied a constant sprayer tank pressure of 1.4 kg/cm2 which delivered 159.02 liters of finished spray per ha. Wind velocity was 8 kg/h and air temperature 12.8°C at application. Treatments were evaluated 3 and 7 days posttreatment by counting live cutworms from four 0.09 m2 soil samples to a depth of 10.16 cm in each plot. Soil samples were sifted to increase counting accuracy. Yield determinations were not made because of low army cutworm numbers and severe plant stress from summer drought.
Aphid and Virus Control in Winter Wheat, Washington, 1982-83
Authors: Pike Keith S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied at planting on 3 Sep. to two varieties of winter wheat (‘Wanser’ a hard red, ‘Daws’ a soft white) grown at the Washington State Univ., Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Prosser, Wash. A tractor-mounted, four-row belt seeder with double disc openers was used to place the seed and the insecticide together in the furrow. Plots for each variety consisted of four rows (12 in. between rows) 18 ft in length, replicated six times in a randomized complete block design. Aphid control in the fall was determined from visual counts of 10 randomly selected plants per plot at different posttreatment intervals. The % BYDV infection was determined through ELISA evaluation of 20 culms/plot sampled at random in the spring (11 Apr.). Plots were harvested on 20 Jul. 1983 with a Hege 125B combine.
Simulated Aerial Test on Western Spruce Budworm, 1981
Authors: Richmond Charles E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fenitrothion was sprayed at two concentrations on 4th and 5th stage spruce budworm larvae on individual, small, Douglas-fir, in western Montana, 1 to 8 July. The concentrations were: 18 oz/gal and 9.15 oz/gal. Application was with a simulated aerial sprayer which was constructed to produce insecticide spray patterns which have the same characteristics as typical aircraft sprays. Forty-five trees were used in the test, 15 trees for each dosage and 15 controls. The mean volume of spray for each concentration was 2 m/per tree. This was calculated to be approximately equivalent to 0.4 gal/acre delivered to the ground. Percent mortality was calculated by assessing the difference in larvae per 100 buds between pretreatment and 10 days posttreatment. Pretreatment population densities were determined by sampling the larvae per 100 buds from randomly selected 15 in. branches from the midcrown of each tree just before spraying. Posttreatment population levels were assessed by again sampling 4 randomly selected 15 in. branches from the midcrown of the same tree 10 days after treatment. Four Kromekote spray cards were positioned next to each tree just prior to spraying, to determine both droplet size and droplet density.
Scots Pine, Pales and Northern Pine Weevil Control, Wayne Co., OH, 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A stand of Christmas trees, partially harvested in 1982, was used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides as stump treatments to prevent colonization and survival of regeneration weevil larvae. Four 5-stump replicates were treated, using kerosene as the carrier in Hudson compression sprayers. Each stump received ca. 36 ml of finished material on 26 Apr. under sunny skies at 24°C with winds from 16 to 24 kph. The directed spray is not influenced by wind.
Green Ash, Chemical Control of Plant Bug, Wayne Co., OH. 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two insecticides were evaluated for controlling a plant bug on 3 to 5 m tall green ash trees growing in a nursery. A KWH backpack mistblower operating a high rpm was used to apply ca. 700 ml of finished spray to each of four single-tree replicates per treatment on 2 Aug when the temperature was 24°C with sunny skies and 8 kph breeze. A D-Vac was used to sample treatment effectiveness on 5 Aug. Each trees was suctioned for 30 sec, after which contents of the collection net wer emptied into pre-labeled plastic bags. Samples were transported to the laboratory and placed in a freezer until insects were sorted and counted with the aid of a dissecting scope.
Fungus Gnat Control, Alabama, 1983
Authors: Stephenson J. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three insecticides, rates, and application methods were compared for control of fungus gnat larvae. Infested ‘Hershey’s Red’ azaleas growing in 2.8-liter plastic pots of an amended pine bark, peat moss, sandy loam medium, 10:2:1, vol/vol/vol, were selected for treatment. Plants were grown in a glass greenhouse under 47% shade. Treatments were replicated, randomized, and pots individually caged with paper cylinders covered with tulle to limit gnat movement. Control was determined by trapping emerging adults with Olsen Yellow Sticky Traps (3.5 by 4 cm).
Evaluation of Pesticides on Bermudagrass, 1983
Authors: Tuttle D. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six treatments were compared to a check for control of pests on bermudagrass during October at Yuma Valley Exp. St. The plots utilized were 20 by 20 ft and replicated four times (total of 1,600 sq ft = 0.037 acre). Sprays were applied 14 Oct. with a 1.5 gal hand sprayer equipped with a cone nozzle. The rate was 25 gal/acre at 40 lb/in2. Sampling was done 3, 7, and 14 days after treatment (DAT) based on 25 new sweeps per plot (25 x 4 = total of 100 net sweeps per treatment).
Clover Mite Control in Kentucky Bluegrass Turf, 1983
Authors: Kennedy M. Keith , Rodencal Jeff 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental site was a 5,000 ft2 Kentucky bluegrass residential lawn in Columbus, Ohio. Mowing height was ca. 2 in. with thatch depth ranging from 0 to 0.5 in. Approximately 1,000 ft of lawn was showing severe mite damage on 20 Apr. Pretreatment counts showed a clover mite population ranging from 600 to greater than 3000 ft2. The experimental design consisted of 10 treatments replicated four times on 4 by 5-ft plots arranged in an RCB design with 2-ft alleys between blocks. Treatments were applied on 22 Apr. using a CO2 pressurized sprayer with three 9520 nozzles mounted on a 5-ft aluminum boom, operating at 22 lb/in with a 4 gal/1,000 ft spray rate. Treatments were not watered in following application. Environmental conditions at application time were: sunny skies with an air temperature of 55°F; relative humidity, 30 to 50%; winds 0 to 3 mph; and moist soil conditions. No rainfall occurred 24 h before or after treatment. The experimental plots were evaluated 3 DAT by randomly taking five 4-sec vacuum samples (19.6 in2/sample) from each plot and counting the number of movable mites, and converted to mites/ft .
Efficacy of Granular Insecticides Against Japanese Beetle Grubs, 1983
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine granular insecticide applications were tested for efficacy on a golf course fairway in Wayland, Mass. Materials were applied by hand shaking from a glass jar with a perforated lid. All applications were made in two (perpendicular) directions within each 3.05-m square plot. All tests were replicated five times in a RCB design. No water was applied to the plots, but ca. 4 cm of rain fell 12 to 24 h after application. All insecticides were applied 30 Aug. and plots were sampled 6 Oct. A 0.093-m2 section of sod, 7.5 cm deep, was removed from the center of each plot, inspected on the spot, and the number of healthy grubs recorded.
Choke Cherry, Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Holmes, Co., OH; 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Akers R. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Choke cherry (l-6m) growing along a secondary highway and supporting at least one active larval colony were chosen for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle at setting 3 applied 600 ml of spray in 30 sec. Small trees were thoroughly covered. Trees larger than 2 m were sprayed after tents and nearby leaves were sprayed to runoff. Four single-tree replicates were treated 17 May with temperatures of 16 to 18°C and wind calm to 16 kph. Caterpillars were 6-8 mm long when sprayed. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 6 days later by counting the number of living larvae in 1 tent per treated tree.
Control of Leafminer Larvae in Chrysanthemums Using Trigard and a Thermal Fogger, Calif., 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ten standardized potted chrysanthemum plants, containing known numbers of second-instar leafminer larvae, were placed among chrysanthemums being grown for cut flowers in each of two greenhoses located in Orange County, Calif. The control greenhouse received an application of only the carrier solution, VKII, through the PulsFog (Dr. Stahl & Sohn GMBH, & Co., Uberlingen West Germany), whereas the other house received an application of Trigard plus the carrier solution. The applications were made between 6:00 and 6:15 p.m. on 28 Sep. The greenhouses remained tightly closed until 7:00 a.m. the following morning, to allow the fog to settle. At that time, the plants were removed from the greenhouse. Surviving larvae were allowed to emerge from the chrysanthemum leaves and pupate. All pupae were held for adult emergence.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Wayne, CO, PA, 1983
Authors: Heller P. R. , Calahan T. , Setlar D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were applied 13 July to a hairy chinch bug-infested home lawn. The lawn consisted of fine leafed fescue (100%). Treatment plots were 5 by 5 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated three times. Liquid formulations were applied in 0.5 gal water with a hand held sprinkling can. At treatment time, the following environmental and soil conditions existed: air temperature, 90°F; soil temperature, 70°F; soil type, sandy-loam; soil pH, 5.4; percent organic matter, 2.1; soil condition, dry; amount of thatch, 0.06 in.; and partly cloudy skies. A flotation method was used for sampling, using 6-in. diameter circular cans. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days later (20 Jul.). Three locations were randomly selected within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs rising to the surface over a 10-min period (per location) was recorded and converted to a ft2 count. An average of 124 chinch bug nymphs and adults per ft2 was recorded 13 Jul. before treatment.
Control of Citrus Whitefly on Gardenia, Ala., 1983
Authors: Williams Michael L. , Stephenson James C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sixty common gardenia plants, heavily infested with an overwintering population of citrus whitefly pupae were selected for treatment. Plants were 18 to 20 in. tall, growing in 1-gal plastic containers. Foliar applications of eight candidate insecticides were applied to runoff 24 Mar. using a hand-pumped compressed air sprayer. The adjuvant Nu-Film 17 was added to each spray mixture at the rate of 2.4 ml/gal. Each treatment was replicated 6 times, one plant constituting a replication. Efficacy was determined 7 Apr. by examining 100 citrus whitefly pupae per plant and scoring them dead or alive.
Reduction of Aphid Damage to Honeysuckle, Neb., 1983
Authors: Jones J. Ackland 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three soil insecticides and six foliar sprays were evaluated in two separate trials for the reduction of witchesbrooms caused by aphid feeding. The trials were conducted on plants ca. 3 ft tall with a 2 1/2 to 3-ft crown. The plants were on 4-ft spacings, and treated and check plants were separated from each other by at least one plant. A randomized block design with five replications was used in both trials. Six shoots per plant were tagged before treatment. The shoots selected for Trial 1 had no visible symptoms of aphid damage while those selected for Trial 2 showed early symptoms of damage. The plants were mulched with 3 to 4 in. of wood chips. The mulch was removed to the drip line and soil treatments (ST) were applied by spreading the materials over the exposed soil. The Cygon was applied in 1 gal of water; the granules were broadcast. After application, the mulch was replaced. Foliar sprays were mixed at label rates and applied to runoff (RO) with a 2-gal compressed air sprayer. Trial 1 compared 4 soil treatments applied 22 Jun. Trial 2 compared a single application of three soil treatments and three applications of six foliar sprays. The soil treatments and the first foliar application were made 28 Jun. at an air temperature of 73°F. The second and third foliar sprays were applied 21 Jul. and 12 Aug. at air temperatures of 80 and 77°F, respectively. On 13 and 14 Oct., mean damage was determined by rating each of the tagged shoots on a 1 (no damage) to 5 (severe damage) scale.
Taxus, Black Vine Weevil Control, Wooster, Oh, 1982
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The influence of rate, formulation, and spreader-sticker on efficacy of Turcam in controlling black vine weevil adults was evaluated by spraying field plants to runoff and feeding treated foliage to weevils at specified intervals in the laboratory. Finished sprays were applied with a CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 lb/in2 with a Tee Jet SS8004 flat fan nozzle on 16 Aug. under sunny skies at 26 to 29°C and a slight breeze. Three plants 0.6 m tall were thoroughly sprayed with each treatment. Subsequently, 10- to 15-cm twigs were clipped from each treatment plant and placed individually in 9 by 16 cm cylindrical paper cartons fitted with nylon mesh tops. Three cartons (= replicates) were used per treatment, each with five ovipositing weevils. Weevils had been collected from taxus at a nursery in Lake Co., held in a rearing room at 22°C and 90% RH, and fed fresh taxus foliate before caging with infested foliage. Weevil mortality was assessed 72 h after weevils were introduced to the cartons.
Phytotoxicity Evaluations on Container-Grown Azaleas, California, 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity evaluations were made on plants grown and maintained by a cooperating grower in Montebello, Calif. The test was replicated three times with fifty 1-gal azaleas per replicate. The granular materials, Furadan 10G, Oftanol 5G, Bendiocarb 2G, and Dursban 2G, were broadcast on the soil of each pot and subsequently watered in. Soil drenches were applied to the soil of the containers for the Furadan 4F, Oftanol 2F, and Dycarb 76WP treatments. All materials were evaluated at 10.0 and 20.0 lb (AI)/acre and compared to an untreated check. Phytotoxicity readings were made weekly for 4 weeks after treatment.
Phytotoxicity Test, Lake County, Ohio, 1981
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three insecticides at three rates (20, 40, and 80 lb (AI)/acre), were evaluated for phytotoxicity on seven field-grown woody ornamental plants growing at a nursery in Lake Co. Granular insecticides were applied 14 Jul. by using a 2-ft-wide Gandy drop spreader along both sides of each row. Soil was tilled before and after treatments were applied.
Evaluation of Residual Spray Treatments with Insecticides, 1983
Authors: Strong R. G. , Sbur D. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An aluminum surface laminated to kraft paper cut into 1 ft2 sheets was fastened to masonite panels of the same size with double-stick tape. The aluminum surface was sprayed to the point of runoff with each of three concentrations of each insecticide tested. Each emulsion spray treatment was replicated three times for exposure to each species of laboratory-reared insect tested. After spraying with a small paint sprayer with pressure controlled at 20 lb/in2 panels were held 24 h before exposing the treated surfaces to insects. Mature larvae of the black carpet beetle, the warehouse beetle, and Troqoderma inclusum were held on treated surfaces for 24 h before they were moved to untreated containers with food; mortalities were recorded 7 days after initial exposure. All adult beetles and moths were exposed to treated surfaces 4 h, then removed and held an additional 20 h before recording mortality of test insects. Twenty specimens of each species were exposed to aluminum surfaces of three treatment replicates. Beetles were kept on treated areas by enclosing them in fluon-painted 7.5-cm diam glass cylinders capped with a filter paper cover when needed to prevent escape by flying insects. Ventilated bags were formed from paper-backed aluminum with the treated surface inside to hold moths. All tests were made in a room maintained at 80°F and 50-60% RH. The only difference between procedures followed by Groups 1 and 2 was that work on Group 2 was done after Group 1 was completed.
Efficacy of Several Dust Formulations Against the German Cockroach, 1981
Authors: Bennett G. W. , Runstrom E. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Comparative laboratory tests were initiated to determine the relative performance of Diatect 2D (0.2% pyrethrins, 1.0% PBO, 88.0% diatomaceous earth), Drione (1.0% pyrethrins, 10% PBO, 40% silica aerogel), and Ficam D (1.0% bendiocarb) as they relate to insecticidal efficacy against the German cockroach. Diatect was applied at the rate of 25 oz/1,000 ft2 (709 gm/92.9 m2). Ficam and Drione were applied at 55.5 oz/1,000 ft2 (1573 gm/92.9 m2). Bottoms of petri dishes (Kimble 23064, 100 by 15 mm) were lined with filter paper (Whatman 42, 9 cm). Filter paper was added to simulate the types of surfaces encountered in field situations. Each petri dish bottom received either 100 mg of Ficam or Drione or 55 mg of Diatect. Uncovered dishes were stored at room temperature until the time of their use. Adult German cockroaches were exposed to deposits aged 1 day, 2 weeks, and 1, 2, and 3 months. Lengths of exposure to treated surfaces were 30 sec, 5 min, 30 min, and 1, 4, 6, and 24 h, or until 100% mortality was expected. Insects were removed from the treated surface and placed in untreated holding jars for 48 h after exposure. Food and water were provided during the 48 h evaluation period. Mortality counts were made at 24 and 48 h. Five replicates were used for each exposure period. Each replicate consisted of 10 cockroaches, 5 males, and 5 females. The average percent mortality for all replications was determined using Abbott’s formula.
Residual Qualities of ULV Applications of Sectrol for German Cockroach Control, 1982
Authors: Runstrom E. S. , Bennett G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Residual deposits of ULV applications of Sectrol (microencapsulated synergized pyrethrins, 0.11%), ULD BP300 (syngerized pyrethrins 3.0%) and D.D. V. P. FIVE (4.65%) were compared over a 1-month period to determine the contact time required to show German cockroach mortality. Treatments were conducted in a 76-m preparation room typical of a room encountered in a field ULV application. Sectrol was applied at 89 ml/28 m3 with ULD BP300 and D. D. V. P. .FIVE applied at 15 ml/28 m3. Residual efficacy was determined by positioning 6 masonite panels (929 cm2) on top of benches along either side of the room. After a 1 h shut down period, panels were transferred to the laboratory for aging. German cockroaches were exposed to panels aged 1 day, 2 weeks, and 1 and 2 months. Cockroaches (5 males and 5 females) were exposed to deposits for 60 sec, 30 min, 4 h or 24 h. Each of the three treatments was replicated three times and applied in a random order. Each exposure period was replicated three times, making a total of 432 observations.
Eartags for Control of Horn Flies After Two and Three Years Use, 1983
Authors: Combs Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Mississippi, eartags impregnated with fenvalerate (Ectrin) were widely used for horn fly control in 1981 and 1982, and to a lesser extent in 1983. Horn fly control on some herds tagged for a second year was observed to be unsatisfactory in 1982. Permethrin (Atroban) tags were used throughout Mississippi in 1983. Eight cow-calf herds containing 25 to 100 head were used to evaluate the efficacy of eartags for horn fly control. In Oktibbeha Co., herd 1 was tagged with fenvalerate tags each season for 3 years; another herd (untagged) located nearby served as an untreated control. In Noxubee Co., herds 2 and 3 were tagged with fenvalerate tags for 2 years (1982 & 1983); herds 4, 5 and 6 were tagged with fenvalerate tags with 2 years (1981 and 1982) and with permethrin tags in 1983. A nearby untreated herd served as a control during this study. All animals were tagged according to label directions for horn fly control. Treatments were evaluted by comparing horn fly populations on treated (eartags) to untreated (no tags) herds. Evaluations were made by counting flies on 10 cows/herd. Percent control is defined as the difference between the treated counts and the untreated count, divided by the untreated count, multiplied by 100%.