bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do pharmacy practice standards effectively describe behaviour? Reviewing practice standards using a behavioural specificity framework
Authors: Mill Deanna , Page Amy , Johnson Jacinta , Lee Kenneth , Salter Sandra M. , Seubert Liza , Clifford Rhonda , D’Lima Danielle 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Guidelines and practice standards exist to communicate the conduct and behaviour expected of health care professionals and ensure consistent quality practice. It is important that they describe behaviours explicitly so they can be interpreted, enacted and measured with ease. The AACTT framework specifies behaviour in terms of the: Action to be performed, Actor who performs the action, Context where the action occurs, Target who the action is performed with/for and Time when the action is performed (AACTT). It provides the most up to date framework for specifying behaviours and is particularly relevant to complex behavioural problems that involve sequences of behaviours performed by different people. Behavioural specificity within pharmacy practice standards has not been explored.

Aim
To determine if behaviours described in the Professional Practice Standards for Australian Pharmacists specify Action, Actor, Context, Target and Time.

Methods
Two researchers independently reviewed the scope and structure of the practice standards and one extracted action statements (behaviours) verbatim. Through an iterative process, the researchers modified and developed the existing AACTT definitions to operationalise them for application to review of the action statements in the practice standards. The operational definitions, decision criteria and curated examples were combined in a codebook. The definitions were consistently applied through a directed content analysis approach to evaluate all extracted action statements by one researcher. For consistency 20% was independently checked for agreement by a second researcher.

Results
A novel codebook to apply AACTT criteria to evaluate practice standards was developed. Application of this codebook identified 768 independent behaviours. Of these, 300 (39%) described at least one discrete observable action, none specified an actor, 25 (3%) specified context, 131 (17%) specified target and 88 (11%) specified time.

Conclusion(s)
The behaviours detailed in practice standards for Australian pharmacists do not consistently specify behaviours in terms of Action, Actor, Context, Target and Time. Developers in the pharmacy profession, and beyond, should consider the behavioural specificity of their documents to improve interpretability, usability and adherence to the behaviours detailed. This also has implications for the development and evaluation of interventions to change such behaviours and improve quality of care.
Meta-analysis links dietary branched-chain amino acids to metabolic health in rodents
Authors: Solon-Biet Samantha M. , Griffiths Lucy , Fosh Sophie , Le Couteur David G. , Simpson Stephen J. , Senior Alistair M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe role of dietary branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) and their effect on metabolic health is complex. How dietary BCAA levels and their interaction with background nutrition affect health is unclear. Here, we used meta-analysis and meta-regression, together with the nutritional modelling, to analyse the results of rodent studies that increased the level of dietary BCAAs and measured circulating levels, outcomes related to metabolic health, body mass and food intake.ResultsAcross all studies, increasing dietary BCAAs resulted in increased levels of circulating BCAAs. These effects, however, were heavily moderated by background dietary levels whereby on high BCAA diets, further increases were not reflected in the blood. Impaired glucose tolerance was associated with elevated dietary BCAAs, with the greatest effect occurring with a simultaneous increase in total protein intake. Effects of dietary BCAAs on plasma glucose, insulin, or HOMA emerged only when dietary macronutrient background was considered. We found that elevated dietary BCAAs increases % body fat, with largest increases in adiposity occurring when BCAAs are increased on a high protein, low carbohydrate dietary background. Finally, we found that increased dietary BCAAs were associated with increased food intake when the background diet was low in BCAAs.ConclusionOur data highlights the interaction between BCAAs and background nutrition. We show that the effects of BCAAs on metabolic health cannot be studied in isolation but must be considered as part of complex mixture of dietary components.
SAG3 Toxoplasma gondii cloning reveals unexpected fivefold infection in the blood of feral cats in the Mexican Caribbean
Authors: Valenzuela-Moreno Luis Fernando , Méndez-Cruz Sara Teresa , Rico-Torres Claudia Patricia , Cedillo-Peláez Carlos , Correa Dolores , Caballero-Ortega Heriberto 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundCurrently, more than 300 genotypes ofToxoplasma gondii(T. gondii)have been described throughout the world, demonstrating its wide genetic diversity. TheSAG3locus is one of the genes included in the genotyping panel of this parasite. It is associated with its virulence since it participates during the invasion process of the host cells. Therefore, cloning, sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis were used to deepen the understanding of theSAG3locus genetic diversity ofT. gondiiin blood samples from feral cats.ResultsSix differentSAG3sequences were detected, five of which were detected in one feline. Three sequences were first reported here; one of them was an intragenic recombinant. In the cladogram, four out of tenSAG3sequences did not share nodes with others reported worldwide.ConclusionsCloning and sequencing of samples with more than one restriction pattern by PCR-RFLP were very helpful tools to demonstrate the presence of more than three genotypes ofT. gondiiin the blood of feral cats from southeastern Mexico. This suggests a potential mixed infection of multipleT. gondiistrains and high genetic diversity of the parasites in felines in this tropical region of Mexico.
Pandemic inequalities: emerging infectious diseases and health equity
Authors: Bambra Clare 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe frequency and scale of Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs) with pandemic potential has been increasing over the last two decades and, as COVID-19 has shown, such zoonotic spill-over events are an increasing threat to public health globally. There has been considerable research into EIDs – especially in the case of COVID-19. However, most of this has focused on disease emergence, symptom identification, chains of transmission, case prevalence and mortality as well as prevention and treatment. Much less attention has been paid to health equity concerns and the relationship between socio-economic inequalities and the spread, scale and resolution of EID pandemics. This commentary article therefore explores socio-economic inequalities in the nature of EID pandemics. Drawing on three diverse case studies (Zika, Ebola, COVID-19), it hypothesises the four main pathways linking inequality and infectious disease (unequal exposure, unequal transmission, unequal susceptibility, unequal treatment) – setting out a new model for understanding EIDs and health inequalities. It concludes by considering the research directions and policy actions needed to reduce inequalities in future EID outbreaks.
Comparison of RNAscope and immunohistochemistry for evaluation of the UPK2 status in urothelial carcinoma tissues
Authors: Lu Jiangli , Zhao Ming , Wu Chenyan , Chu Chengbiao , Zhang Chris Zhiyi , Cao Yun 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
UPK2 exhibits excellent specificity for urothelial carcinoma (UC). UPK2 evaluation can be useful in making the correct diagnosis of UC. However, UPK2 detection by immunohistochemistry (IHC) has relatively low sensitivity. This paper aimed to compare the diagnostic sensitivity of RNAscope and IHC for evaluation of the UPK2 status in UC.

Methods
Tissue blocks from 127 conventional bladder UCs, 45 variant bladder UCs, 24 upper tract UCs and 23 metastatic UCs were selected for this study. IHC and RNAscope were used to detect the UPK2 status in UCs. Then, comparisons of the two methods were undertaken.

Results
There was no significant difference between RNAscope and IHC for the evaluation of the UPK2 positivity rate in UC (68.0% vs. 62.6%, P = 0.141). Correlation analysis revealed a moderate positive correlation for detection of UPK2: RNAscope vs. IHC (P < 0.001, R = 0.441). Our results showed a trend toward a higher positive UPK2 rate detected by RNAscope (53.3%) than by IHC (35.6%) in variant bladder UCs. Disappointingly, the P value did not indicate a significant difference (P = 0.057).

Conclusions
RNAscope for UPK2 appeared to perform similarly to IHC, with a marginally higher positive rate, suggesting it could be used as an alternative or adjunct to UPK2 IHC.
Cytomegalovirus cell tropism and clinicopathological characteristics in gastrointestinal tract of patients with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Sun Lei , Chen Jia-min , Yang Kun , Zhang Liang , Ma Zhi-yuan , Chen Xiang-mei , Li Man , Zhou Xingang , Li Ping , Zhao Hong-xin , Xiao Jiang , Qi Li-ming , Wang Peng 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been recognized as one of the frequently occurring opportunistic infections (OIs) reported in the patients having human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). In addition, it has been identified as the factor leading to gastrointestinal (GI) tract disorder among HIV/AIDS population. CMV exhibits broad cell tropism in different organs. This study evaluated the CMV cell tropism and clinicopathological characteristics of CMV infection in the different GI regions in HIV/AIDS cases.

Methods
Using nucleic acid in situ hybridization (ISH), CMV was detected in the gastrointestinal mucosal biopsy samples. The paraffin-embedded samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry (IHC), respectively.

Results
A total of 32 HIV/AIDS patients were enrolled in this study. Fourteen of these patients underwent gastroscopy, while the remaining eighteen received colonoscopy. CMV-infected cells were observed at 46 GI sites. Among them, the colon was the region with the highest susceptibility to GI CMV infection (n = 12, 26.1%). The CMV giant cell inclusion bodies were detected in epithelial cells and mesenchymal cells, including histiocytes, smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. In the duodenum, there were markedly more positive epithelial cells than mesenchymal cells (p = 0.033). In contrast, in the esophagus (p = 0.030), cardia (p = 0.003), rectum (p = 0.019), colon (p < 0.001), and cecum (p < 0.001), there were notably less positive epithelial cells than mesenchymal cells. The expression levels of PDGFRα and Nrp2 in the mesenchymal cells were higher than the epithelial cells in cardia, cecum, colon, sigmoid, and rectum, especially in the areas with ulcers. However, Nrp2 in the epithelial cells was higher than that in the duodenum. Moreover, the positive CMV DNA in peripheral blood was related to the CMV-positive cell count, as well as the ulceration in GI tract (p = 0.035 and 0.036, respectively).

Conclusions
The colon has been identified as the GI site with the highest susceptibility to CMV infection. There are different CMV-infected cells in the different sites of the GI that relate to the expression level of PDGFRα and Nrp2. CMV DNA positive in the blood is related to the positive CMV cell count, as well as ulceration in the GI tract.
Knowledge and practice of tracheal tube cuff pressure monitoring: a multicenter survey of anaesthesia and critical care providers in a developing country
Authors: Nwosu Arinze Duke George , Ossai Edmund Ndudi , Onyekwulu Fidelis Anayo , Amucheazi Adaobi Obianuju , Ewah Richard , Onwuasoigwe Okechukwu , Akhideno Irene 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundTracheal tubes are routinely used during anaesthesia and in the intensive care unit. Subjective monitoring of cuff pressures have been reported to produce consistently inappropriate cuffs pressures, with attendant morbidity. But this practice of unsafe care remains widespread. With the proliferation of intensive care units in Nigeria and increasing access to surgery, morbidity relating to improper tracheal cuff pressure may assume a greater toll. We aimed to evaluate current knowledge and practice of tracheal cuff pressure monitoring among anaesthesia and critical care providers in Nigeria.MethodsThis was a multicenter cross-sectional study conducted from March 18 to April 30, 2021. The first part (A) was conducted at 4 tertiary referral hospitals in Nigeria by means of a self-administered questionnaire on the various cadre of anaesthesia and critical care providers. The second part (B) was a nation-wide telephone survey of anaesthesia faculty fellows affiliated to 13 tertiary hospitals in Nigeria, selected by stratified random sampling.ResultsOnly 3.1% (6/196) of the care providers admitted having ever used a tracheal cuff manometer, while 31.1% knew the recommended tracheal cuff pressure. The nationwide telephone survey of anaesthesia faculty fellows revealed that tracheal cuff manometer is neither available, nor has it ever been used in any of the 13 tertiary hospitals surveyed. The ‘Pilot balloon palpation method’ and ‘fixed volume of air from a syringe’ were the most commonly utilized method of cuff pressure estimation by the care providers, at 64.3% and 28.1% respectively in part A survey (84.6% and 15.4% respectively, in the part B survey).ConclusionThe use of tracheal cuff manometer is very limited among the care providers surveyed in this study. Knowledge regarding tracheal cuff management among the providers is adjudged to be fair, despite the poor practice and unsafe care.
The prognostic utility of protein C as a biomarker for adult sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Catenacci Vanessa , Sheikh Fatima , Patel Kush , Fox-Robichaud Alison E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Sepsis, the dysregulated host response to infection, triggers abnormal pro-coagulant and pro-inflammatory host responses. Limitations in early disease intervention highlight the need for effective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Protein C’s role as an anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory molecule makes it an appealing target for sepsis biomarker studies. This meta-analysis aims to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of protein C (PC) as a biomarker for adult sepsis.

Methods
We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane Library from database inception to September 12, 2021. We included prospective observational studies of (1) adult patients (> 17) with sepsis or suspicion of sepsis that; (2) measured PC levels with 24 h of study admission with; and (3) the goal of examining PC as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker. Two authors screened articles and conducted risk of bias (RoB) assessment, using the Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) and the Quality Assessment in Diagnostic Studies-2 (QUADAS-2) tools. If sufficient data were available, meta-analysis was conducted to estimate the standardized mean difference (SMD) between patient populations.

Results
Twelve studies were included, and 8 were synthesized for meta-analysis. Pooled analysis demonstrated moderate certainty of evidence that PC levels were less reduced in sepsis survivors compared to non-survivors (6 studies, 741 patients, SMD = 0.52, 95% CI 0.24–0.81, p = 0.0003, I2 = 55%), and low certainty of evidence that PC levels were less reduced in septic patients without disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) compared to those with DIC (3 studies, 644 patients, SMD = 0.97, 95% CI 0.62–1.32, p < 0.00001, I2 = 67%). PC could not be evaluated as a diagnostic tool due to heterogeneous control populations between studies.

Conclusion and relevance
Our review demonstrates that PC levels were significantly higher in sepsis survivors compared to non-survivors and patients with sepsis but not disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Our evaluation is limited by high RoB in included studies and poor reporting of the sensitivity and specificity of PC as a sepsis biomarker. Future studies are needed to determine the sensitivity and specificity of PC to identify its clinical significance as a biomarker for early sepsis recognition.
Trial Registration PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021229786. The study protocol was published in BMJ Open.
Limited evidence for graft selection in pediatric ACL reconstruction: a narrative review
Authors: De Petrillo Gianni , Pauyo Thierry , Franklin Corinna C. , Chafetz Ross S. , Nault Marie-Lyne , Veilleux Louis-Nicolas 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAnterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is the preferred treatment to anterior cruciate ligament injury. With the increase in anterior cruciate ligament injuries in both adults and skeletally immature patients comes the need for individualized anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction graft selection whether it is the type of graft (auto vs. allograft) or the harvesting site (hamstrings, iliotibial band, quadriceps, patella). Several factors need to be considered preoperatively in order to optimize the patients’ recovery and restore anterior cruciate ligament strength and function. These include age and bone maturity, preoperative knee flexor/extensor strength, sport participation, patient’s needs and anatomical characteristics. This paper aims at bringing evidence supporting the use of a personalized approach in graft selection for faster and more efficient return to sport and propose a theoretical framework to support the approach.
The role of R&D and economic policy uncertainty in Sri Lanka’s economic growth
Authors: Amarasekara Chandranath , Iyke Bernard Njindan , Narayan Paresh Kumar 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we assess the role of investment in research and development (R&D) and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) in Sri Lanka’s economic growth experience. We do this by first determining which endogenous growth theories best explain the evolution of total factor productivity (TFP) in the country. Using historical time series data (1980–2018), we find that semi-endogenous growth theories best explain the evolution of TFP in Sri Lanka. This evidence suggests that R&D is critical to the country’s TFP expansion. We find that, through R&D, EPU has a crucial detrimental impact on TFP growth, although it is short-lived. Our findings are robust and have important implications for R&D investment and for moderating EPU.
Pelvic pain in Maigne’s syndrome—a multi-segmental approach
Authors: Singh Tejinder , Kumar Parijat 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Maigne’s syndrome is a poorly understood condition that affects the thoracolumbar junction. The symptoms can range from pain in the low back, pelvis, hip, lower abdomen, and groin. These symptoms can have bio-mechanical and neurophysiological attributions due to the complexity of spinal mechanics. Thoraco-lumbar junction (T12-L1) is a transitional zone with a higher degree of mean angular motion and a mean translation motion than T10-T11 and T11-T12. This higher degree of translational and rotation mobility predisposes these segments to a higher degree of stress, making them more prone to biomechanical faults such as dysfunctions and positional faults. These altered static and dynamic mechanics can create a cascade of problems along the biomechanical chain. The co-existence of thoracolumbar junction problems with pelvic pain and dysfunctions strengthens the idea of regional interdependence.

Case presentation
The patient is a 44-year-old Caucasian male who reported pain in the low back with symptoms radiating to the right hip, iliac region, lower abdomen, and gluteal region. The patient tested positive for Sacroiliac joint dysfunction with both Laslett’s cluster testing and palpatory sacroiliac examination. In addition, the segmental examination showed restriction in thoracolumbar junction with positive skin rolling test and hypomobility in manual segmental testing. Thus, the manual therapy treatment targeted the thoracolumbar junction and sacroiliac joint to address the underlying biomechanical dysfunctions.

Conclusions
The manual therapy targeting both sacroiliac and thoracolumbar spine can improve pelvic and thoracic spine mobility. In addition, therapeutic exercises can focus on enhancing anterior and posterior chain force generation capacity. This combined approach helped improve functional outcomes with a significant decrease in the Modified Oswestry Disability index and significant improvement on Visual analog scale.
Fatigue and collapse of cyclically bent strip of amorphous solid
Authors: Bhowmik Bhanu Prasad , Hentchel H. G. E. , Procaccia Itamar 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Fatigue caused by cyclic bending of a piece of material, resulting in its mechanical failure, is a phenomenon that had been studied for ages by engineers and physicists alike. In this letter we study such fatigue in a strip of an athermal amorphous solid. On the basis of atomistic simulations we conclude that the crucial quantity to focus on is the accumulated damage. Although this quantity exhibits large sample-to-sample fluctuations, its dependence on the loading determines the statistics of the number of cycles to failure. Thus we can provide a scaling theory for the Wöhler plots of mean number of cycles for failure as a function of the loading amplitude.
Curating Visual Archives of Sex
Authors: Sepahvand Ashkan , Slater Meg , Timm Annette F. , Vaccaro Jeanne , Bauer Heike , Sutton Katie 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this roundtable, four curators of exhibitions showcasing sexual archives and histories—with a particular focus on queer and trans experiences—were asked to reflect on their experiences working as scholars and artists across a range of museum and gallery formats. The exhibitions referred to below were Bring Your Own Body: Transgender between Archives and Aesthetics, curated by Jeanne Vaccaro (discussant) with Stamatina Gregory at The Cooper Union, New York, in 2015 and Haverford College, Pennsylvania, in 2016; Odarodle: An imaginary their_story of naturepeoples, 1535–2017, curated by Ashkan Sepahvand (discussant) at the Schwules Museum (Gay Museum) in Berlin, Germany, in 2017; Queer, curated by Ted Gott, Angela Hesson, Myles Russell-Cook, Meg Slater (discussant), and Pip Wallis at the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia, in 2022; and TransTrans: Transatlantic Transgender Histories, curated by Alex Bakker, Rainer Herrn, Michael Thomas Taylor, and Annette F. Timm (discussant) at the Schwules Museum in Berlin, Germany, in 2019–20, adapting an earlier exhibition shown at the University of Calgary, Canada, in 2016.
A Bruise, a Neck, and a Little Finger
Authors: Nead Lynda 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Ruth Ellis was the last woman to be hanged in Britain. On April 10, 1955, in front of witnesses, she shot and killed her lover, David Blakely, and was immediately arrested and imprisoned. In so many other ways, however, her life was similar to those of many aspirational women of the working classes in postwar Britain; she achieved notoriety because of the murder and execution. This essay uses archives of press photography to examine the diverse ways in which Ellis constructed her identity and was represented to the public as a sexualized woman. It attempts a feminist encounter with the visual archive—an encounter not only with an individual woman but also, and as importantly, with 1950s sex, sexuality, class, and violence.