bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Economic and Environmental Impacts of Land Scarcity Under Deep Uncertainty
Authors: Dolan Flannery , Lamontagne Jonathan , Calvin Katherine , Snyder Abigail , Narayan Kanishka B. , Di Vittorio Alan V. , Vernon Chris R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLand scarcity is increasing over time, driven by complex multisector dynamics. The impacts of land scarcity on the economy and environment are multi‐faceted and regional, so any action to convert land will contain inherent tradeoffs. These impacts are complicated by the deeply uncertain evolution of the various sectors influencing land scarcity. A need therefore exists to provide multi‐metric and multi‐sector assessments that are robust to myriad uncertainties. Land conservation effectively limits the supply of productive land, while biofuel consumption increases the demand and competition for that land, and how these dynamics individually and jointly propagate to economic and environmental impacts is an important open question. To address this, we adopt the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) that has representations of various important systems including the climate, macroeconomic, energy, agriculture and land, and water resources systems. Various scenarios of increased land demand (from biofuels) and decreased land supply (from conservation) under various socioeconomic scenarios drawn from the SSPs were simulated using GCAM. We find that while biofuel consumption and land conservation reduce carbon emissions, this comes at the cost of higher food prices, reduced crop production, and increased water withdrawals. Additionally, some regions experience these tradeoffs more severely than others and are more heavily impacted from the same biofuel mandate or by an additional percent of protected land. These and other findings highlight the importance of multisector modeling frameworks that capture many cross‐sector linkages, and acknowledge the important uncertainties confronting the human‐Earth system when making any analysis of land scarcity impacts.
Diurnal Variations in Contraction of the Radius of Maximum Tangential Wind in Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Wu Qiaoyan , Hong Jiacheng 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDiurnal variations in contraction of the radius of maximum tangential wind (RMW) of tropical cyclones (TCs) were assessed using best‐track data for 2001–2018. For RMW contractions before TC intensification, the largest RMW contraction rate in 6 hr at 0300–0900 local solar time (LST) was associated with the maximum coverage of very deep convective clouds with infrared brightness temperatures <208 K at 0300–0600 LST, which were found mostly outside the mean RMW. The maximum RMW contraction rate and maximum intensification rate occurred simultaneously in 6 hr at 0300–0900 LST for rapidly intensifying storms associated with the greatest coverage of very deep convective cloud at 0300–0600 LST at storm center. This was not the case for nonrapidly intensifying storms. The time‐dependence of RMW contraction indicates the importance of radiative forcing on TC structure.
Efficient Production of Carbonyl Sulfide in the Low‐NOx Oxidation of Dimethyl Sulfide
Authors: Jernigan Christopher M. , Fite Charles H. , Vereecken Luc , Berkelhammer Max B. , Rollins Andrew W. , Rickly Pamela S. , Novelli Anna , Taraborrelli Domenico , Holmes Christopher D. , Bertram Timothy H. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe oxidation of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is the primary, continuous source of stratospheric sulfate aerosol particles, which can scatter shortwave radiation and catalyze heterogeneous reactions in the stratosphere. While it has been estimated that the oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS), emitted from the surface ocean accounts for 8%–20% of the global OCS source, there is no existing DMS oxidation mechanism relevant to the marine atmosphere that is consistent with an OCS source of this magnitude. We describe new laboratory measurements and theoretical analyses of DMS oxidation that provide a mechanistic description for OCS production from hydroperoxymethyl thioformate, a ubiquitous, soluble DMS oxidation product. We incorporate this chemical mechanism into a global chemical transport model, showing that OCS production from DMS is a factor of 3 smaller than current estimates, displays a maximum in the tropics consistent with field observations and is sensitive to multiphase cloud chemistry.
Decreases in Mean Annual Streamflow and Interannual Streamflow Variability Across Snow‐Affected Catchments Under a Warming Climate
Authors: Liu Ziwei , Wang Taihua , Han Juntai , Yang Wencong , Yang Hanbo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIt has been found that a decreased fraction of precipitation falling as snow in a warmer climate significantly affects streamflow. Here, based on observations from 631 catchments over the contiguous United States, we proposed a framework to investigate the first‐order and second‐order hydro‐climatic relationships between annual streamflow and snowfall fraction. Results show that in addition to the mean annual streamflow, the interannual streamflow variability will also decrease with lower snowfall fraction in the context of warming. The positive relationship between streamflow variability and snowfall fraction may result from the asymmetric hydrological effects of snowfall in the wet and dry years. To our knowledge, it is the first attempt to detect the role of snowfall on the streamflow variability. This study provides new understandings of the second‐order hydro‐climatic effects, and these findings will facilitate decisions for water resource management in a changing climate.
Estimation of Atmospheric Dry and Wet Deposition of Particulate Elements at Four Monitoring Sites in the Canadian Athabasca Oil Sands Region
Authors: Mamun Abdulla Al , Cheng Irene , Zhang Leiming , Celo Valbona , Dabek‐Zlotorzynska Ewa , Charland Jean‐Pierre 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study develops a framework for estimating atmospheric dry deposition using the inferential approach, and wet deposition using the scavenging ratio approach for particulate elements monitored in the Athabasca oil sands region (AOSR) of Canada. The framework was applied to four monitoring sites (AMS01, AMS04, AMS17, and AMS18) in the AOSR where ambient concentrations of particulate elements were collected in 2016–2017 to estimate atmospheric dry and wet deposition fluxes of 35 elements, including eight USEPA priority elements. Annual total (dry + wet) deposition of the individual elements in PM10 varied by about five orders of magnitudes, ranging from 3 (μg/m2/year) for Yb to 172,000 (μg/m2/year) for Si. Total deposition of the elements that are typically associated with bitumen (e.g., Mo, Ni, and V) did not show any statistically significant spatial variations (p < 0.05). However, S, which is significantly enriched in bitumen and its byproducts, had up to 38% higher fluxes at AMS01 and AMS17 (closer to the oil sands facilities) than at AMS18 (background site). Wet deposition fluxes dominated over the dry deposition fluxes for almost all elements due to efficient snow scavenging and prolonged winter season. Dry deposition fluxes of the crustal elements were higher in the summer season due to their elevated concentrations in PM2.5–10 during the warmer months, whereas most anthropogenic elements did not show any significant seasonal variations. The total deposition of the individual priority toxic elements considered in this study ranged from 6 (μg/m2/year) (Cd; AMS18) to 2,290 (µg/m2/year) (Zn; AMS04), and ranked as follows: Zn > Cu > Ni > Cr > Sb > As > Pb > Cd.
Neuroimaging-derived brain age is associated with life satisfaction in cognitively unimpaired elderly: A community-based study
Authors: Sone Daichi , Beheshti Iman , Shinagawa Shunichiro , Niimura Hidehito , Kobayashi Nobuyuki , Kida Hisashi , Shikimoto Ryo , Noda Yoshihiro , Nakajima Shinichiro , Bun Shogyoku , Mimura Masaru , Shigeta Masahiro 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWith the widespread increase in elderly populations, the quality of life and mental health in old age are issues of great interest. The human brain changes with age, and the brain aging process is biologically complex and varies widely among individuals. In this cross-sectional study, to clarify the effects of mental health, as well as common metabolic factors (e.g., diabetes) on healthy brain aging in late life, we analyzed structural brain MRI findings to examine the relationship between predicted brain age and life satisfaction, depressive symptoms, resilience, and lifestyle-related factors in elderly community-living individuals with unimpaired cognitive function. We extracted data from a community-based cohort study in Arakawa Ward, Tokyo. T1-weighted images of 773 elderly participants aged ≥65 years were analyzed, and the predicted brain age of each subject was calculated by machine learning from anatomically standardized gray-matter images. Specifically, we examined the relationships between the brain-predicted age difference (Brain-PAD: real age subtracted from predicted age) and life satisfaction, depressive symptoms, resilience, alcohol consumption, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Brain-PAD showed significant negative correlations with life satisfaction (Spearman’s rs= −0.102, p = 0.005) and resilience (rs= −0.105, p = 0.004). In a multiple regression analysis, life satisfaction (p = 0.038), alcohol use (p = 0.040), and diabetes (p = 0.002) were independently correlated with Brain-PAD. Thus, in the cognitively unimpaired elderly, higher life satisfaction was associated with a ‘younger’ brain, whereas diabetes and alcohol use had negative impacts on life satisfaction. Subjective life satisfaction, as well as the prevention of diabetes and alcohol use, may protect the brain from accelerated aging.
Comparison of colour contrast sensitivity in eyes at high risk of neovascular age‐related macular degeneration with and without subsequent choroidal neovascular membrane development
Authors: Calcagni Antonio , Howells Olivia , Bartlett Hannah , Denniston Alastair K. O. , Gibson Jonathan M. , Hogg Christopher R. , Matthews Timothy D. , Eperjesi Frank 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a leading cause of blind registrations in the elderly. Unfortunately, it is difficult to detect the early stage of the disease, when treatment is more likely to be successful. Subjects with very early disease are likely to have abnormal macular function, even in the pre‐symptomatic stage. In this study, colour vision was evaluated to establish if subjects at high risk of developing nAMD can be identified, thus allowing earlier diagnosis and possible treatment.

Methods
Colour contrast sensitivity (CCS) was evaluated over time in the fellow unaffected eye of subjects with unilateral nAMD. Participants were divided into Group 1 (182 participants) or Group 2 (15 participants) according to whether nAMD did not or did develop in the study period respectively and the two groups were compared.

Results
CCS was increased (i.e. worse colour vision) compared with the age-matched reference range in a high proportion of fellow eyes in both Groups 1 and 2. Global mean CCS values did not show statistically significant differences between the two groups. However, there was a statistically significant difference between mean Group 1 CCS values and the last CCS value prior to nAMD diagnosis from Group 2 subjects.

Conclusion
This study shows that in patients with unilateral nAMD, colour vision is frequently abnormal in the fellow unaffected eye. Abnormal CCS does not predict the development of nAMD within the 12 month period of the study and therefore it is not a viable screening tool for this pathology.
Observation and rationalization of nitrogen oxidation enabled only by coupled plasma and catalyst
Authors: Ma Hanyu , Sharma Rakesh K. , Welzel Stefan , van de Sanden Mauritius C. M. , Tsampas Mihalis N. , Schneider William F. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHeterogeneous catalysts coupled with non-thermal plasmas (NTP) are known to achieve reaction yields that exceed the contributions of the individual components. Rationalization of the enhancing potential of catalysts, however, remains challenging because the background contributions from NTP or catalysts are often non-negligible. Here, we first demonstrate platinum (Pt)-catalyzed nitrogen (N2) oxidation in a radio frequency plasma afterglow at conditions at which neither catalyst nor plasma alone produces significant concentrations of nitric oxide (NO). We then develop reactor models based on reduced NTP- and surface-microkinetic mechanisms to identify the features of each that lead to the synergy between NTP and Pt. At experimental conditions, NTP and thermal catalytic NO production are suppressed by radical reactions and high N2 dissociation barrier, respectively. Pt catalyzes NTP-generated radicals and vibrationally excited molecules to produce NO. The model construction further illustrates that the optimization of productivity and energy efficiency involves tuning of plasma species, catalysts properties, and the reactor configurations to couple plasma and catalysts. These results provide unambiguous evidence of synergism between plasma and catalyst, the origins of that synergy for N2 oxidation, and a modeling approach to guide material selection and system optimization.
Two-dimensional charge order stabilized in clean polytype heterostructures
Authors: Sung Suk Hyun , Schnitzer Noah , Novakov Steve , El Baggari Ismail , Luo Xiangpeng , Gim Jiseok , Vu Nguyen M. , Li Zidong , Brintlinger Todd H. , Liu Yu , Lu Wenjian , Sun Yuping , Deotare Parag B. , Sun Kai , Zhao Liuyan , Kourkoutis Lena F. , Heron John T. , Hovden Robert 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCompelling evidence suggests distinct correlated electron behavior may exist only in clean 2D materials such as 1T-TaS2. Unfortunately, experiment and theory suggest that extrinsic disorder in free standing 2D layers disrupts correlation-driven quantum behavior. Here we demonstrate a route to realizing fragile 2D quantum states through endotaxial polytype engineering of van der Waals materials. The true isolation of 2D charge density waves (CDWs) between metallic layers stabilizes commensurate long-range order and lifts the coupling between neighboring CDW layers to restore mirror symmetries via interlayer CDW twinning. The twinned-commensurate charge density wave (tC-CDW) reported herein has a single metal–insulator phase transition at ~350 K as measured structurally and electronically. Fast in-situ transmission electron microscopy and scanned nanobeam diffraction map the formation of tC-CDWs. This work introduces endotaxial polytype engineering of van der Waals materials to access latent 2D ground states distinct from conventional 2D fabrication.
The immunoregulatory landscape of human tuberculosis granulomas
Authors: McCaffrey Erin F. , Donato Michele , Keren Leeat , Chen Zhenghao , Delmastro Alea , Fitzpatrick Megan B. , Gupta Sanjana , Greenwald Noah F. , Baranski Alex , Graf William , Kumar Rashmi , Bosse Marc , Fullaway Christine Camacho , Ramdial Pratista K. , Forgó Erna , Jojic Vladimir , Van Valen David , Mehra Smriti , Khader Shabaana A. , Bendall Sean C. , van de Rijn Matt , Kalman Daniel , Kaushal Deepak , Hunter Robert L. , Banaei Niaz , Steyn Adrie J. C. , Khatri Purvesh , Angelo Michael 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTuberculosis (TB) in humans is characterized by formation of immune-rich granulomas in infected tissues, the architecture and composition of which are thought to affect disease outcome. However, our understanding of the spatial relationships that control human granulomas is limited. Here, we used multiplexed ion beam imaging by time of flight (MIBI-TOF) to image 37 proteins in tissues from patients with active TB. We constructed a comprehensive atlas that maps 19 cell subsets across 8 spatial microenvironments. This atlas shows an IFN-γ-depleted microenvironment enriched for TGF-β, regulatory T cells and IDO1+ PD-L1+ myeloid cells. In a further transcriptomic meta-analysis of peripheral blood from patients with TB, immunoregulatory trends mirror those identified by granuloma imaging. Notably, PD-L1 expression is associated with progression to active TB and treatment response. These data indicate that in TB granulomas, there are local spatially coordinated immunoregulatory programs with systemic manifestations that define active TB.
Neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants following heterologous CoronaVac plus BNT162b2 booster vaccination
Authors: Pérez-Then Eddy , Lucas Carolina , Monteiro Valter Silva , Miric Marija , Brache Vivian , Cochon Leila , Vogels Chantal B. F. , Malik Amyn A. , De la Cruz Elena , Jorge Aidelis , De los Santos Margarita , Leon Patricia , Breban Mallery I. , Billig Kendall , Yildirim Inci , Pearson Claire , Downing Randy , Gagnon Emily , Muyombwe Anthony , Razeq Jafar , Campbell Melissa , Ko Albert I. , Omer Saad B. , Grubaugh Nathan D. , Vermund Sten H. , Iwasaki Akiko 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe recent emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is raising concerns because of its increased transmissibility and its numerous spike mutations, which have the potential to evade neutralizing antibodies elicited by COVID-19 vaccines. Here we evaluated the effects of a heterologous BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine booster on the humoral immunity of participants who had received a two-dose regimen of CoronaVac, an inactivated vaccine used globally. We found that a heterologous CoronaVac prime vaccination of two doses followed by a BNT162b2 booster induces elevated virus-specific antibody levels and potent neutralization activity against the ancestral virus and the Delta variant, resembling the titers obtained after two doses of mRNA vaccines. Although neutralization of Omicron was undetectable in participants who had received a two-dose regimen of CoronaVac, the BNT162b2 booster resulted in a 1.4-fold increase in neutralization activity against Omicron compared with the two-dose mRNA vaccine. Despite this increase, neutralizing antibody titers were reduced by 7.1-fold and 3.6-fold for Omicron compared with the ancestral strain and the Delta variant, respectively. These findings have immediate implications for multiple countries that previously used a CoronaVac regimen and reinforce the idea that the Omicron variant is associated with immune escape from vaccines or infection-induced immunity, highlighting the global need for vaccine boosters to combat the impact of emerging variants.
A hydrological simulation dataset of the Upper Colorado River Basin from 1983 to 2019
Authors: Tran Hoang , Zhang Jun , O’Neill Mary Michael , Ryken Anna , Condon Laura E. , Maxwell Reed M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article presents a hydrological reconstruction of the Upper Colorado River Basin with an hourly temporal resolution, and 1-km spatial resolution from October 1982 to September 2019. The validated dataset includes a suite of hydrologic variables including streamflow, water table depth, snow water equivalent (SWE) and evapotranspiration (ET) simulated by an integrated hydrological model, ParFlow-CLM. The dataset was validated over the period with a combination of point observations and remotely sensed products. These datasets provide a long-term, natural-flow, simulation for one of the most over-allocated basins in the world.
Cryptic population structure and transmission dynamics uncovered for Schistosoma mansoni populations by genetic analyses
Authors: Long Jeffrey C. , Taylor Sarah E. , Barbosa Lucio M. , Silva Luciano K. , Reis Mitermayer G. , Blanton Ronald E. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPatterns of diversity in pathogen genomes provide a window into the spatiotemporal spread of disease. In this study, we tested the hypothesis thatSchistosoma mansoniparasites form genetic clusters that coincide with the communities of their human hosts. We also looked for genetic clustering of parasites at the sub-community level. Our data consists of 14 microsatellite DNA markers, typed from pooled DNA samples from$$N=254$$N=254infected individuals living in three Brazilian communities. We found a one-to-one correspondence between genetic clusters found by K-means cluster analysis and communities when$$K = 3$$K=3. These clusters are also easily identified in a neighbor-joining tree and principal coordinates plots. K-means analysis with$$K > 3$$K>3also reveals genetic clusters of parasites at the sub-community level. These sub-clusters also appear on the neighbor-joining tree and principal coordinates plots. A surprising finding is a genetic relationship between subgroups in widely separated human communities. This connection suggests the existence of common transmission sites that have wide influence. In summary, the genetic structure ofS. mansoniin Brazil juxtaposes local isolation that is occasionally broken by long-range migration. Permanent eradication of schistosomes will require both local efforts and the identification of regional infection reservoirs.
Integration of a miniaturized DMMB assay with high-throughput screening for identifying regulators of proteoglycan metabolism
Authors: Sun Yi , Tsui Yuen-kee , Yu Mengqi , Lyu Minmin , Cheung Kenneth , Kao Richard , Leung Victor 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDefective biosynthesis or function of proteoglycans causes pathological conditions in a variety of tissue systems. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disorder characterized by progressive cartilage destruction caused by imbalanced proteoglycan synthesis and degradation. Identifying agents that regulate proteoglycan metabolism may benefit the development of OA-modifying therapeutics. High-throughput screening (HTS) of chemical libraries has paved the way for achieving this goal. However, the implementation and adaptation of HTS assays based on proteoglycan measurement remain underexploited. Using primary porcine chondrocytes as a model, we report a miniaturized dimethyl-methylene blue (DMMB) assay, which is commonly used to quantitatively evaluate sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content, with an optimized detection range and reproducibility and its integration with HTS. Treatment with TGF-β1 and IL1-α, known as positive and negative proteoglycan regulators, respectively, supported the assay specificity. A pre-test of chemical screening of 960 compounds identified both stimulators (4.48%) and inhibitors (6.04%) of GAG production. Fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis validated the activity of selected hits on chondroitin sulfate expression in an alginate culture system. Our findings support the implementation of this simple colorimetric assay in HTS to discover modifiers of OA or other diseases related to dysregulated proteoglycan metabolism.
Molecular dynamics investigation of charging process in polyelectrolyte-based supercapacitors
Authors: Eyvazi Nasrin , Biagooi Morad , Nedaaee Oskoee SeyedEhsan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSupercapacitors are one of the technologically impressive types of energy storage devices that are supposed to fill the gap between chemical batteries and dielectric capacitors in terms of power and energy density. Many kinds of materials have been investigated to be used as supercapacitors’ electrolytes to overcome the known limitations of them. The properties of polymer-based electrolytes show a promising way to defeat some of these limitations. In this paper, a simplified model of polymer-based electrolytes between two electrodes is numerically investigated using the Molecular Dynamics simulation. The simulations are conducted for three different Bjerrum lengths and a typical range of applied voltages. The results showed a higher differential capacitance compared to the cases using ionic-liquid electrolytes. Our investigations indicate a rich domain in molecular behaviors of polymer-based electrolytes that should be considered in future supercapacitors.