bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Evaluation, 1984
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental insecticide treatments were applied in a comparative test to mature semi-dwarf York trees on 1 May (pink), 21 May (petal-fall), 6 Jun, 20 Jun, 6 Jul, 19 Jul, 2 Aug, 15 Aug and 29 Aug. Treatments were applied with a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Single tree treatments were used and replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Trees were sprayed to runoff. RAA populations were evaluated on 16 May by counting all colonies found in 3 min/tree and opening the leaves to determine survival from the 1 May treatments. Aphid colonies were counted again on 4 Jun (3 min/tree) to determine increases in population and effectiveness of the 21 May treatment sprays. WHAL populations were evaluated on 16 May by counting nymphs and adults on 25 leaves per replicate. Apple aphid populations were examined on 28 Jun by checking for live aphids on 10 randomly selected terminals/replicate. ERM populations were evaluated on 11 Jun, 26 Jul and 6 Aug by randomly collecting 25 leaves/replicate, brushing with a modified Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine onto glass plates and counting mites and eggs with the aid of a binocular microscope. SP counts were made on 7 Aug by counting adults and larva in a timed count of 3 min/replicate. On 8 Oct, 400 apples/treatment (100/rep) were harvested and evaluated. All significant damage was the result of feeding by the leafroller complex (RBLR, VL, TABM). Percent clean fruit is shown and allows for light damage from other pests. Average fruit size was measured and a finish rating of 1 to 5 (5 being worst) was given each apple.
Insect Control in Sweet Corn, 1984
Authors: Whalen J. , Vanderhoef H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 29 Jun near Georgetown, DE. Two-row plots, 20 ft long on 40-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using one nozzle per row delivering 69 gal/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 15, 20, and 23 Aug. At harvest maturity (27 Aug), all ears from each plot were examined for economic damage and all live CEW, ECB, and FAW larvae were counted.
Control of Melon Aphid on Cucumber, 1983
Authors: Cartwright Bob , Frazier S. W. , Martinez J. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were tested for the control of melon aphid in 2 cucumber fields in Starr and Hidalgo counties. Plots consisted of two beds (60-inch spacing) 25 ft long using a 5-ft buffer. Aphids were counted on 20 leaves/plot 1 day prior to insecticide application and twice post-treatment. Foliar applications of each insecticide were made on 10 Nov in each test using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer mounted with #8003 nozzles at a rate of 24 gal/acre. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized block design.
Control of Onion Thrips on Seeded Onions, 1984
Authors: Capinera John L. , Epsky Nancy D. , Liewehr David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Onions were seeded 19 Mar in a field under furrow irrigation at the Northern Colorado Research and Development Center in Greeley, Colorado (Weld Co.). Plots were 8 x 30 ft and treatments were arranged in a complete randomized block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a CO2 hand sprayer delivering 48 gal/acre (24 gal/acre in treatments with 1/2 volume) at 30 psi on 21 Aug. Evaluations were made by counting the number of nymphs and adults on 15 plants (2 days postspray) and 10 plants (9 days postspray) in each plot. There were no insecticide applications prior to the test. Pest infestation Was low (adults) to moderate (nymphs) at time of testing.
Control of Potato Psyllid and Green Peach Aphid, Ft. Collins, 1984
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted 25 May at the C.S.U. Bay Farm, Ft. Collins, CO. Plots were 5-row, 11 ft in length, separated by unplanted borders and arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Applications were made 9 Jul and 27 Jul using a CO2 compressed air sprayer delivering 100 gal/acre. A higher rate (200 gal/acre) was used with soap sprays. Primary emphasis of the trial was an evaluation of products for potato psyllid control which were available to homeowners.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Potatoes, 1983
Authors: Powell Donnie M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted at Yakima, Washington to evaluate insecticides for control of the Colorado potato beetle (CPB): One against first generation larvae (from the overwintering), and the other against first generation adults. Potatoes were planted on 13 Apr in Ritzville silt loam soil (Mesic Calciorthidic Haploxerolls) pH 6.2 and organic matter 1.6% at Yakima, Washington. The insecticides were applied with a 2-row 4-nozzle portable boom, CO, powered sprayer at 50 psi in 50 gal of water per acre. Each plot was 2 rows (34 inch) wide and 25 ft long. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. There were no untreated check plots. At the time of the first experiment, applied on 9 Jun, the potato plants were infested with 2nd, 3rd and 4th stages of CPB larvae, but few adults. At the time of the second experiment, applied 10 Jul, the plants were infested with newly emerged adults of the 1st generation, but few larvae. The potatos were normally sprinkler irrigated with ca. 0.75 acre inch of water applied at 5 to 7-day intervals, but was not irrigated the first 7 days after treatment. The foliage on the 2-row plots was agitated with the hand to dislodge the insects and the number of dead and live CPB larvae or adults per m2 of soil surface per plot were counted on 10 Jun (24 h posttreatment) first experiment, on 11 Jul second experiment. The % control for each plot was calculated based on the number of dead and live CPB adults or larvae found on the soil surface. The % defoliation was estimated (10 Jun) to determine the severity of CPB infestation in the plots. The number of CPB adults and larvae on the plants in 6-row ft per plot were counted 3 days posttreatment to determine the number of insects surviving the treatment and returning to the plants.
Potato, Wireworm Control with Dyfonate, Thimet and Vapam, Hermiston, Or, 1983
Authors: Toba H. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A test was conducted in a solid-set sprinkler-irrigated field of potatoes to evaluate treatments for reducing wireworm damage. The soil type was Adkins fine sandy loam (Xerollic Camborthid) with a pH of 6.6-7.8 and an organic matter content of 0.5-1%. On 8 Mar, ’83, nine wireworms were found in 20 soil samples obtained in the test area with a posthole digger to a depth of at least 18 inches. One treatment of Vapam was applied as a drench in fall (4 Nov 1982) and another in spring (16 Mar 1983). Vapam (73 oz) was diluted in 311 gal water and the entire volume was sprinkled on a plot, an equivalent of 50 gal Vapam/acre in 1 acre-inch of water. On 14 Apr ’83, preplant broadcast (PPB) applications of Dyfonate were made; granules were broadcast with a hand-operated spreader and the plots were rototilled to a depth of 4-6 inches immediately after applications. On 25 Apr, at-plant seed-piece furrow (APF) applications of Dyfonate and Thimet were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by placing 1-inch bands of granules in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. Each treatment plot measured 30 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (4 rows, 34-inch spacing), and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Adjacent plots were separated laterally by 2 border rows. On 5 Oct, tuber samples were harvested from the 2 center rows of each plot (ca. 15 ft/ row). Expressed as percentages of tubers by weight, an injured tuber was one with any wireworm feeding, and a damaged tuber was one with any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes.
Efficacy and Yield Evaluations of Resmethrin Treatments on Pumpkin, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Spirit bush type pumpkin plants were transplanted 17 Jun on black plastic in a loam soil field in Giles Co, VA. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Each replicate consisted of three 30-ft rows (7-ft row centers) with 10 plants per row (3-ft plant spacing) and 5-ft alleys between replicates. Insecticides were applied on the following dates: 19, 25 Jun; 3, 10, 18, 24 Jul; 2, 9, 15 and 31 Aug. A compressed air sprayer was used for placement of the insecticide over each treated row of plants. One Teejet 8003 fan-type nozzle, delivering 20 gal/acre at 30 psi was used on 19 and 25 Jun. On all other application dates 2 Teejet 8004 fan-type nozzles (30-inch boom nozzle spacing), delivering 50 gal/acre each at 30 psi, were used. Maintenance fungicide treatments (Bravo 500 g/1 at 2.75 pt/acre, 19 Jun-31 Aug, and Bayleton 50 WP at 2.0 oz/acre, 9 Aug-31 Aug) were applied separately on each respective application date.
Apple, Concentrate Airblast Insecticide Test, 1984
Authors: Hull L. A. , Meagher R. L. , Beers E. H. , Breth D. I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of York Imperial and 3 replicates of Golden Delicious. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster 393 sprayer at 25 gpa/alternate side spray driven at 2 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts/acre/both sides spray. Spray dates for treatments were: 22 and 30 May; 6, 13, 20, 27 Tun; 6, 16, 24 Jul; 1, 8, 17, 24 Aug; 5 Sep. Phosphamidon 8E (296 ml/acre) was added to the Larvin treatment on 22, 30 May and 20, 27 Jun. During the season fungicide maintenance sprays of Bayleton, Captan, Cyprex, Polyram, Rubigan, Topsin M, Zineb, and calcium chloride were applied with an airblast sprayer at 50 gpa to the whole experimental block. Average temperatures were: May 58.5° F, Jun 70.3° F, Jul 71.3° F, Aug 72.6" F and Sep 60.9° F. Rainfall in inches totaled: May 4.51, Jun 4.42, Jul 5.86, Aug 7.33, and Sep 1.11. Effectiveness on AA was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 top terminals, and aphids/most infested leaf. Effect of sprays on WAHL was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM, twospotted spider mite, and predatory mites was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 20 leaves/ tree, 80 leaves/treatment. Effect of sprays on SP was evaluated by 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and 2 picked samples on 27 Aug and 20 Sep. Apple samples averaged 188 fruits/replicate and 940/treatment. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 90/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were: 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Spotted Alfalfa Aphid and Pea Aphid Control with Foliar Insecticide Sprays, 1982
Authors: Baird Craig R. , Bitner Ron M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatment plots 21 x 21 ft (0.1 acre) were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied 20 Jul using a CO2 bottle sprayer using 0.5 gal bottles to deliver 50 gpa at 30 psi. Posttreatment sweep net insect sampling was made with a 15-inch diam sweep net using 5 (90°) sweeps per plot.
Alfalfa Weevil Insecticide Efficacy Trial, Kansas, 1984
Authors: Blodgett Sue , Higgins Randall , Gibb Tim 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Forty-four plots measuring 20 by 30 ft were established in a first year alfalfa field located 5 miles south of Manhattan, KS. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Applications were made 10 May ’84 using a carbon dioxide-pressured backpack sprayer equipped with 8003 flat fan nozzles which delivered 20 gpa. At the time of treatment the alfalfa measured ca. 13 inches in height and the wind conditions were calm to 3 mph. Ten pendulum sweep samples with a 15-inch diam sweep net were collected at pretreatment and 2 days posttreatment. Twenty sweep samples were taken at 5, 10, and 15 days posttreatment. Five stems were randomly collected from each plot on all dates before sweep samples were removed. Stems were examined in the lab for the presence of alfalfa weevil larvae. Data were transformed by x + 0.5 for analytical purposes but table values are expressed in larvae per 10 sweeps or larvae per 5 stems for all sampling dates. Yield was assessed by harvesting all above ground matter from a 1 sq ft area in representative treatments (all replications were harvested) on 25 May ’84. Samples were oven dried and total biomass was expressed in lb/acre. Percent crude protein was determined by laboratory analysis (using a colorimetric technique to assess total nitrogen).
Alfalfa Weevil and Plant Bug Control in Alfalfa, 1984
Authors: Manglitz G. R. , Rethwisch Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at the University of Nebraska Field Laboratory, Mead, NE in a fourth-year stand of ‘Vernal’ alfalfa. Plots were 9 X 15 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. A single application of 10 insecticides, at various rates, was made on 26 May ’84. Insecticides were applied with a CO2, activated pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 12.5 gal/acre at 20 psi and equipped with a 5.5-ft boom. Each plot was sampled twice, 6 and 12 days posttreatment, by taking 5 sweeps per plot with a 15-inch diam insect net.
Control of Grasshoppers on Alfalfa, Akron, Co, 1984
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were 2 swaths in width, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were made on 12 Jul ’84 to 2-4 inch alfalfa with a Peiper PA25 aircraft fitted with Hutchison wings and 23 T-Jet Hollow cone #8-45 core nozzles. One gal/acre treatments were applied at 28 psi and 2 gal/acre treatments were applied at 24 psi. Grasshoppers counts were made with standard USDA survey techniques.
Field Corn, Stalk Borer Control, 1984
Authors: Bailey W. C. , Lasack P. M. , Higley L. G. , Hutchins S. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots located near Ames, Story County, Iowa measured 25 ft by 6 rows (30-inch centers) in continuous corn. Ten treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete-block design. In-furrow treatments were applied at planting on 23 May. The Pydrin foliar treatment was applied in the morning of 14 Jun, ca. 6 h prior to stalk borer infestation. The Pydrin foliar treatment was conventionally applied with a 2-row, CO2-charged (35 psi) bicycle-wheel sprayer equipped with Delavan BC 10-70 No. 6 hollow-cone sprayer nozzles delivering 15.1 gal/acre at a ground speed of 2 mph. Feral stalk borer larvae were collected from infested corn on 13 Jun. Fifteen plants within the center 2 rows of each plot were individually infested with second, third, or fourth stage larvae at dusk on 14 Jun. Damage was assessed 6-days and 11-days postinfestation using the following criteria: no plant damage, leaf feeding, and “dead-heart” (whorl death). Heavy rainfall postinfestation destroyed a substantial portion of plants in block 1, resulting in analysis of only blocks 2, 3, and 4.
No-Till Field Corn, Yield Response to Various Insecticides for Stalk Borer Control, 1984
Authors: Highland H. Brett , Roberts James E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six insecticides were evaluated for their effect on yields in no-till field corn infested with stalk borers in Montgomery Co, Va. Pioneer 3233 field corn was planted 22 May in 38 in rows no-till in winter rye treated with paraquat, Aatrex, Princep and Dual at recommended rates. Plots were established in a randomized complete block design measuring 6 rows x 50 ft x 4 replicates. Insecticides were applied on 7 Jun using a backpack compressed air sprayer equipped with 2 fan type nozzles (Teejet 8003) and delivering 20 gpa at 3 mpg and 30 psi. The middle 4 rows of each plot were treated leaving 2 guard rows between plots. The corn was in the 2- to 3-leaf stage on the treatment date, and ca. 2 inch in height and weather conditions were warm (circa 80°F) and calm. Stalk borer infestations were taken on 13 Jun. The number of infested plants in the middle two rows of each plot were counted. Grain yields were determined on 17 Sep by harvesting ears out of 20 row ft of each of the middle two rows per plot. The ears were 22.5% moisture at harvest.
Apple, Kelthane Applications, 1984
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test chemicals were applied to 28-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using an airblast sprayer operating at 200 psi and at 300 gal/acre. Spray dates were 22 May (pink), 4 Jun (petal fall), 13 Jun (first cover), and 6 and 13 Jul. The standard pesticide program consisted of Difolatan 4F (5 qt/100 gal) on 29 Apr, Phygon 50W (0.5 lb) on 1 Jun, Polyram 80W (2 lb) and Amid-Thin W (12 ppm) on 13 Jun, and Cyprex 65W (0.75 lb) on 29 Jun and 3 Jul. There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. Each treatment was applied to a block of 5 to 6 trees in which mite counts were made on 2 ‘McIntosh’ and 2 ‘Red Delicious’ cultivars in Test 1, and 2 ‘Cortland’ and 2 ‘Red Delicious’ cultivars in Test 2. From each tree 25 leaves were collected at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. On days 3 to 5 following petal fall treatments, maximum daily temperatures ranged from 86°-95°F, and on day 3 following first cover treatments, minimum was 41°F. Maximum temperatures of 89°-90°F occurred on the 2 days after treatments on 13 Jul. The first half of Jun was warm and the last half was wetter than normal (3.0 inches rain); Jul and Aug were dry (1.8 and 1.5 inches rain, respectively).
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1983
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Tollefson J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 6 Iowa locations in 1983. The experimental design for these tests was a randomized complete block design with 4 replications for the root-protection trials and 12 replications for the yield trials. All treatments were applied to 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. The registered-chemical and yield trials had double-row treatments. All other trials had single-row treatments. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble® metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. Liquid insecticide formulations were applied in a 7-inch band behind the closing wheels with a self-contained small plot sprayer. The sprayer had a Tee Jet 8003E nozzle and used a pressure of 20 psi. The applicators were mounted ona 2-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter, equipped with ripple coulters. Granular treatments were applied in a 7-inch band, either before the closing wheels (T-band), behind the closing wheels (band), or directly in-furrow (furrow). Drag chains were used for incorporation. Cultivation-time granular insecticides were applied with hydraulically-driven Noble units mounted on the front of the tractor. Plastic tubes directed the insecticide to both sides of the plant base. Liquid applications were sprayed in a 7-10 inch band at the plant base. Treatments were incorporated with a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. The nematode Neoplectana carpocapsae Weiser, was tested and compared with several insecticides for efficacy against corn rootworms. Nematodes were applied in-furrow at the rate of 5,000, 10,(XX) and 20,0(X) nematodes per meter of row. A self-contained small plot sprayer with a modified nozzle that allowed a stream of water to flow, delivered 18.6 ml of solution per meter of row at a pressure of 10 psi. Rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no feeding, and 6 equal to 3 nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken when the angle between a plant and the ground was 45 degrees or less. Yields were determined by machine harvesting 1/190 acre and converting the data to bu/acre of No. 2 shelled corn at 15.5% moisture. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1984
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Tollefson J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Rootworm planting-time, soil-insecticide test plots were established at 4 Iowa locations in 1984. The experimental design for these tests was a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to single, 50-ft rows. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. Liquid insecticide formulations were applied in a 7-inch band behind the press wheels with a self-contained small plot sprayer. A Tee Jet 8008E nozzle was used at 13 psi to deliver 20 gpa. The applicators were mounted on a 2-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter equipped with ripple coulters. Granular treatments were applied in a 7-inch band, either before the closing wheels (T-band), behind the closing wheels (band), or directly in-furrow (furrow). Drag chains were used for incorporation. The Ames location was artificially infested with western corn rootworm eggs at planting time. The eggs, suspended in an agar solution, were injected into the soil at a depth of 4-5 inches and a density of 775 eggs per row-foot. The corn was then planted on top of the infested rows. Cultivation-time granular insecticides were applied with hydraulically-driven Noble units mounted on the front of the tractor. Plastic tubes directed the insecticide to both sides of the plant base. Liquid applications were sprayed in a 7-10 inch band at the plant base. Treatments were incorporated with a 2-row, rear-mounted cultivator. Rootworm feeding was evaluated by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage on the Iowa 1-6 scale (1 equal to no feeding, and 6 equal to 3 nodes of roots completely destroyed). The phvtotoxicity of a chemical was determined by taking stand counts and plant height measurements. Analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.
European Corn Borer First-Brood Control in Southern Minnesota, 1984
Authors: Ostlie K. , Lueschen B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of 6 granular insecticides against first-brood larvae was evaluated with field application equipment at Waseca, MN. All insecticides were applied on 6 Jul using a Candy air-spred granular applicator mounted on a Hagie Hi-boy sprayer. Each plot measured 4 rows x 1250 ft and were arranged in a randomized complete block with 3 replications. At application time, 48% of the plants were infested with 2.9 larvae per infested plant, for a field average of 1.4 larvae per plant. Larval development ranged from second to fourth instar with 17% of the larvae bored into leaf midribs and tassel. Corn development was at the 13 leaf stage. Efficacy was evaluated on 10 Aug by recording tunnel frequency on 20 plants per plot. Yields, adjusted to No. 2 corn at 15.5% moisture were determined on 4 Oct.