bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Not Never Again, but Next Time’
Authors: Newton Chris 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Opening with background on the history of mass starvation in South Sudan and pre-conflict vulnerabilities, this chapter documents the starvation crimes that occurred within the period 2013–2019 within the civil war. The chapter demonstrates crucial insights about starvation by focusing on how directly impacted people experience and articulate it. This localized context provides the grounds for analysing conflict actors’ strategic and tactical choices, including the intersection with the political economy and gendered aspects of starvation crimes. Focusing on two regions of particular concern: Unity State and the Greater Baggari area of Western Bahr al-Ghazal State, with comparisons from elsewhere, the chapter provides detailed examination of how conflict actors’ strategies and tactical choices produced starvation.
Environmental policy in india
Authors: Divan Shyam , Rosencranz Armin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses environmental policy in India. To attain policy goals in India, it is imperative for a policy to be backed by statute. Implementation of a policy also depends on funding of the implementing agency, the zeal and imagination of officials, and the political resolve of the minister to attain the policy goal. When judges decide environmental cases they are primarily concerned with applying the relevant provisions of the law to the facts before them. The chapter then anchors the readings to a constitutional policy: the trust principle that is fundamental to democratic governance. After surveying environmental policy developments, including the National Environment Policy of 2006, it focuses on the evolution of forest policy. The Scheduled Tribes and Other Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act of 2006 (FRA) is a transformative law that upended forest governance structures. The chapter also examines the contests over forest resources both before and after the law was passed.
That One Word
Authors: Butler Shane 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter sets the stage for those to come by re-evaluating some puzzling lines by Symonds’s distant kinsman (and important influence), Lord Byron. Describing, in verse, a storm over Lake Geneva in the summer of 1816, Byron laments his inability to achieve similarly lightning-like expression of his desires, longing for “that one word” that will provide release. The recent reader who knows something of Byron’s sex life inevitably wonders if this a frustrated “coming-out” scene. But there may be better questions to ask than how Byron might have gone about expressing himself, had he only had access to words yet to be coined (such as “homosexual,” later introduced into English print by Symonds). Whatever Byron’s desires were, the self-expression of Symonds and others would occupy precisely the kind of space carved out by those verses in Geneva: that of a self so deep and intense that its expression would have the sublimity of lightning.
Electric Blue
Authors: Butler Shane 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
After briefly considering Symonds’s death in Rome, this chapter looks back at his time in and writings about the Italian city that most captured his imagination: Venice. It is there, it is argued, that the blend of the aesthetic and the erotic that had long characterized his work found its finest expression. Particular attention is paid to his meditations on the nature and language of color, including in the title essay of his late collection, In the Key of Blue. In Venice and on its lagoon, the queer intersubjectivity that Symonds sought to explain and enact reaches even beyond the human, toward the material and the environmental, a move that resembles but arguably surpasses analogous ones by Walt Whitman. Consideration of the “death drive” in Freud and Lacan leads to the book’s conclusion, in which it is argued that Symonds corrects psychoanalysis by offering a robust account of contact.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Joseph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The introduction outlines and defines the book’s guiding methodologies and its understanding of misanthropy. By reflecting on certain problems—both issues of definition and internal ambiguities and paradoxes inherent to misanthropy—it clarifies the project’s working definition of misanthropy against a broader conceptual backdrop. Above all, it explores potential ambiguities inherent in the etymological definition of misanthropy as ‘a hatred of people’. After considering misanthropic hatred alongside a range of different negative emotional and intellectual responses (critical judgement, contempt, pity, and disdain), it also reflects on the potential range of objects that misanthropy can take (individual humans, humanity, human nature, human civilization, men in particular). It ends by outlining the key shifts misanthropy undergoes as a term, concept, and literary theme across the early modern period.
Philosophy of Devotion
Authors: Katsafanas Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Why do people persist in commitments that threaten their happiness, security, and comfort? Why do some of our most central, identity-defining commitments resist the effects of reasoning and critical reflection? Drawing on real-life examples, empirical psychology, and philosophical reflection, this book argues that these commitments involve an ethical stance called devotion, which plays a pervasive—but often hidden—role in human life. Devotion typically involves sacralizing certain values, goals, or relationships. To sacralize a value is to treat it as inviolable (trade-offs with ordinary values are forbidden), incontestable (even contemplating such trade-offs is prohibited), and dialectically invulnerable (no rational considerations can disrupt the agent’s commitment to the value). Philosophy of Devotion offers a detailed philosophical account and defense of these features. Devotion and the sacralization of values can be reasonable; indeed, a life involving meaningful, sustained commitment depends on these stances. Without devotion, we risk an existential condition called normative dissipation, in which all of our commitments become etiolated. Yet devotion can easily go wrong, deforming into the individual and group fanaticism that have become pervasive features of modern social life. The book provides an alternative to fanaticism, investigating the way in which we can express non-pathological forms of devotion. We can be devoted through affirmation and through what is termed the deepening move, which treats the agent’s central commitments as systematically inchoate. Each stance enables a wholehearted form of devotion that nevertheless preserves flexibility and openness, avoiding the dangers of fanaticism on the one hand and normative dissipation on the other.
The Nature of Sacred Values
Authors: Katsafanas Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a unified account of sacred values by drawing on empirical psychology and philosophical work. While different research programs have analyzed sacred values in varying and sometimes conflicting ways, this chapter argues that sacred values have three core features. In contrast to ordinary values, sacred values are treated as inviolable (tradeoffs with ordinary values are forbidden); incontestable (even contemplating such tradeoffs is prohibited); and dialectically invulnerable (no rational considerations can disrupt the agent’s commitment to the value). The chapter analyzes these features and reviews several other factors that are characteristically associated with sacred values, including particular emotions (such as reverence and awe); a sense of subjective import or meaning; and inarticulacy about one’s sacred values.
Devotion and Dialectical Invulnerability
Authors: Katsafanas Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the distinctive way in which sacred values are insulated from the effects of justificatory reflection. It introduces the concept of devotion. An agent is devoted to a person, state of affairs, value, or goal iff she is committed to engaging in the relevant ways with it; this commitment is dialectically invulnerable (no rational considerations can disrupt it); and she is disposed to maintain the dialectical invulnerability of the commitment. The chapter argues that it can be rational to manifest devotion, for devotion is a precondition for the preservation of important features of ethical life. If it can be rational to devote oneself to things, and if doing so requires treating one’s commitment to these things as dialectically invulnerable, then it can be rational to render certain commitments dialectically invulnerable.
The Enlightenment Account of Fanaticism
Authors: Katsafanas Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines individual fanaticism. Several philosophers in the early modern period, including Shaftesbury, Locke, and Kant, argue that fanaticism consists in a certain type of dogmatism. A person takes herself to have an incontrovertible justification for some ideal, and she insists that this justification—being based on personal experiences of divine communication, insight into the nature of reality, or some such—outstrips ordinary rational standards. The chapter explores this Enlightenment account of fanaticism and argues that it is inadequate. While the Enlightenment account does identify one type of epistemic failing, this failing is not correlated with fanaticism. Therefore, we need a new account of fanaticism.
Fanaticism as Individual Pathology
Authors: Katsafanas Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a new account of fanaticism. It argues that fanaticism is based upon a constellation of psychological traits including personal fragility, a belief in the precariousness of certain values, and a form of group orientation. The fanatic is distinguished by four features: the adoption of one or more sacred values; the need to treat these values as unconditional in order to preserve her identity; the sense that the status of these values is threatened by lack of widespread acceptance; and the identification with a group, where the group is defined by shared commitment to the sacred value. The chapter explains how these features are mutually reinforcing, and it argues that these features dispose the agent towards the types of violent intolerance that we typically associate with fanaticism.
Irony, Affirmation, and the Appeal of Inarticulacy
Authors: Katsafanas Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers possible ways of manifesting devotion without risking fanaticism. Previous chapters have shown that devotion plays an important role in ethical life; that devotion involves accepting sacred values, which are inviolable, incontestable, and dialectically invulnerable; that close examination reveals the pervasiveness of sacred values; and that sacred values stave off normative dissipation. More worryingly, these chapters have shown that the person who holds sacred values risks meeting the Enlightenment conditions for fanaticism; that when this person displays certain additional features, he does indeed become fanatical; and that fanatical groups encourage individuals to display these additional features, fueling both individual and group fanaticism. So we now need to ask: is there a way of holding sacred values in a non-pathological way? This chapter suggests that there are ways of rendering values dialectically invulnerable—thereby enabling devotion—without lapsing into fanaticism. Non-fanatical ways of expressing devotion differ from fanaticism in that they enable the agent to recognize a form of contingency, optionality, or revisability in her basic commitments. The chapter investigates whether we can be devoted through irony, through affirmation, or through what is termed the deepening move. Each stance enables a wholehearted form of devotion that nevertheless preserves flexibility and openness, avoiding the dangers of fanaticism on the one hand and normative dissipation on the other.
Conclusion
Authors: Katsafanas Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This concluding chapter considers what lesson we should draw from the reflections in previous chapters. The ultimate recommendation is to maintain devotion and perhaps sacred values through affirmation and the deepening move. By doing so, we avoid the dangers of fanaticism on the one hand and normative dissipation on the other. But this is inevitably a fragile and precarious state: affirmation can slide into a focus on rejecting what isn’t affirmed, and the deepening move can ossify into rigidity. Only the perpetual quest to maintain a form of existential flexibility, which may require oscillation between deepening and affirmation, can stave off these dangers.
Exploitation and International Relations
Authors: Vrousalis Nicholas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter extends the account of exploitation already developed to international relations. If the argument of the foregoing chapters is sound, then exploitation is a form of domination—the activation of the extractive dispositions of the powerful. And if states can exploit states, then states can dominate states. The domination of one political community by another is called imperialism. This chapter argues for the cogency of that notion and applies it to capitalist globalization. It shows that there is a useful and defensible distinction between colonial and liberal imperialism and argues that resistance to imperialism does not, in general, entail a right to national self-determination. Such a right, it turns out, draws its justification from a broader internationalist commitment to resisting domination.
Mysterious Connections
Authors: Boyden Michael 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter reads Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Legends of the Province House (1838) in conjunction with a series of letters that his later wife Sophia Peabody wrote during her residence as a health tourist on a Cuban plantation during the early 1830s. While Legends has been read primarily through the lens of New England history, Sophia’s reflections on the Cuban scene indirectly informed Hawthorne’s story cycle. Hawthorne’s thematization of the smallpox epidemic of the 1720s resonates with the cholera pandemic of the early 1830s as described by Sophia. The trajectory of the cholera outbreak during the 1830s challenged the assumed tropical origins of this disease and thus upended established etiologies based on climate. The chapter shows how the stories register this transition from climate-based to vector-based etiologies of epidemic diseases and more generally the turn toward a more global and disembodied climate imaginary.
The Ends of Climate
Authors: Boyden Michael 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe coda sketches out relevant semantic shifts in climate discourse after 1860. It argues that an increasingly deterritorialized version of the tropics continues to haunt the current understanding of climate as a global, temporalized system, as shown, for instance, in the geographical school of environmental determinism and its various offshoots. The coda further comments on recent debates on the Anthropocene and global climate change, insisting that current conceptualizations of climate as a singular, future-oriented entity are profoundly political and ideological by virtue of their reliance on a logic of temporal acceleration and a generalized crisis mood. The coda concludes with some reflections on the aesthetics of global warming, which is now predominantly represented in terms of sublime collapse to the exclusion of other aesthetic registers. Re-activating now largely dormant aesthetic doctrines, such as the picturesque, might allow us to make tangible the timescales of the Anthropocene without reproducing the logic of acceleration embedded in the modern timescape.
Communication 2
Authors: Stewart Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Published research output is only part of the process of communication. Gaining recognition in a research career, both personally and for your findings and theories, has historically involved a mixture of hard work and luck, although knowledge does tend to advance under its own momentum and may be less dependent on individuals and their discoveries than is sometimes implied. This chapter covers wider opportunities for academic writing, including reviews and opinion pieces, which merge into journalism. Networking is also an important element of dissemination, and the practicalities of academic conferences and presentations are discussed before considering opportunities and challenges of wider public engagement.
The Art of Learning
Authors: Konek Jason 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Confirmational holism is at odds with Jeffrey conditioning—the orthodox Bayesian policy for accommodating uncertain learning experiences. Two of the great insights of holist epistemology are that (i) the effects of experience ought to be mediated by one’s background beliefs, and (ii) the support provided by one’s learning experience can and often is undercut by subsequent learning. Jeffrey conditioning fails to vindicate either of these insights. My aim is to describe and defend a new updating policy that does better. In addition to showing that this new policy is more holism-friendly than Jeffrey conditioning, I will also show that it has an accuracy-centred justification.
Science, Legitimacy, and the Judicial Function
Authors: Sulyok Katalin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter comparatively assesses the various standards of review major international courts and tribunals set in science-intensive environmental litigation. The overview of case law suggests that relevant fora have become gradually more inclined to apply more intrusive standards to assess the science-based positions of the parties. The reasonableness assessment of the International Court of Justice, the coherence review of the World Trade Organization, and the consistency test of the judiciary of the European Union will be evaluated more closely in this chapter. It will be argued that these standards of review are structurally similar and share important epistemic characteristics, the analysis of which will lie at the center of this chapter. This contribution will challenge the view that international judges ought to grant wide measure of deference to states in making scientific claims by proposing normative justifications for intrusive and science-intensive standards of review from the perspective of epistemic legitimacy.
Depolluting the Doctrine on Causation in International Investment Law
Authors: Jarrett Martin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
For any investment-treaty arbitration that reaches the merits phase, the following question will invariably arise: “Did the state’s conduct cause the investor’s loss?” This is the causation question. If the investor proves the causal link, it takes a significant step towards ultimate success, whereas failure delivers a terminal blow. To determine this question, arbitral tribunals have adopted a two-tiered test consisting of “factual causation” and “legal causation.” Because the same test has been endorsed by the International Law Commission in the commentary attaching to the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA), they appear to be right in this adoption. But they are wrong. Testing for legal causation has no place in investment-treaty arbitration. For one, testing for legal causation is such an imprecise process that it usually makes arbitral tribunals’ legal reasoning on questions of causation obscure. Second, the purpose that testing for legal causation serves in domestic law, where it was developed, is not a purpose that international investment law is concerned with. In domestic law cases, legal causation is a tool to place losses arising from unavoidable accidents where adjudicators think that they most fairly fall. By contrast, investor-state disputes do not involve unavoidable losses. The fear will be that without legal causation, states face indeterminate legal responsibility for investment losses. For various reasons, however, this fear is unfounded.
State Acquiescence or Connivance in the Wrongful Conduct of Third Parties in the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Milanovic Marko 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) with regard to the acquiescence or connivance of states parties to the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in the wrongful conduct of third states (which themselves may or may not be parties to the ECHR) or non-state actors. It discusses the origins of the acquiescence or connivance test in the ECtHR’s case law, which is idiosyncratic and does not stem from general international law. The chapter also discusses the test’s legal nature, arguing that its conceptual basis remains unclear, and that the current state of the case law could support two theories. The test could be conceptualized either as an ECHR-specific rule of attribution or (the position to be preferred) as an ECHR-specific theory of state complicity.
A Comparison of the Rules of Attribution in the Law of State Responsibility, State Immunity, and Custom
Authors: Binder Christina , Wittich Stephan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter compares the rules of attribution in the law of state responsibility, state immunity, and customary international law. It will examine the commonalities as well as the distinctions between the different rules of attribution in these three fields. While it seems tempting to use the same, or at least, similar rules of attribution across the board, a more detailed analysis reveals that the different nature and rationale of attributive rules in each field under scrutiny have a varying impact on their scope and application. Unsurprisingly, structural and functional elements of attribution are similar in their application to state responsibility, state immunity, and customary law, whereas the differences are palpable in the context of more specific aspects, such as attribution of conduct of private persons or entities, the attributability of ultra vires acts, or the categorization of presumably attributive acts as either acta iure imperii or acta iure gestionis.
Untangling the Relationship Between Attribution and Due Diligence in International Investment Law and Beyond
Authors: Zrilič Jure 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In international investment law, states have an obligation to protect foreign investors against certain interferences of their own organs as well as private actors. In the first case, state responsibility emerges from breach of the obligation to refrain from a wrongful activity and is attached to the state through the attribution of the acts of its organs. In contrast, when the harm is caused by non-state actors, a state can incur responsibility if it fails to exercise due diligence in protecting investors. Can a due diligence standard be utilized also to determine state responsibility when the injury was not caused at the hands of private actors? Departing from doctrine, this chapter argues that it can, articulating legal, policy, and theoretical justifications, relying in particular on the concept of risk. It shows how this approach converges with other areas of international law, especially international humanitarian law and international human rights law.