bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral Contraceptive Use and Breast Cancer Risk: Modification by NAD(P)H:Quinone Oxoreductase (NQO1) Genetic Polymorphisms
Authors: Fowke Jay H. , Shu Xiao-Ou , Dai Qi , Jin Fan , Cai Qiuyin , Gao Yu-Tang , Zheng Wei 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Despite intensive study, the relationship between oral contraception (OC) and breast cancer remains unclear. OCs contain a potent synthetic estrogen (ethinyl estradiol) but lower endogenous estradiol levels, and ethinyl estradiol is a weak progenitor of semiquinones, catechol estrogens capable of damaging DNA. NAD(P)H:quinone oxoreductase (NQO1) stabilizes semiquinones, thus potentially preventing genetic damage from catechol estrogens, and the NQO1 C609T polymorphism seems functionally relevant. Using data from the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study, a population-based case-control study, we investigated the relationships between OC use (20% ever using), breast cancer, and NQO1 (C/C 31% and C/T + T/T 69%) among 1,039 cases and 1,121 controls. Breast cancer was not significantly associated with NQO1 genotype. There was a significant protective association between OC after age 30 years and premenopausal breast cancer [odds ratio (OR) 0.51, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.29-0.89] primarily with the NQO1 T allele (C/C OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.31-1.82; C/T + T/T OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.18-0.80; P for interaction = 0.19). The association between premenopausal breast cancer and OCs significantly differed with NQO1 genotype when using OCs for &gt;18 months (C/C OR 2.34, 95% CI 0.92-5.99; C/T + T/T OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.38-1.25; P for interaction = 0.02). Among women with the C/C genotype, postmenopausal breast cancer was significantly associated with ever-using OCs (C/C OR 2.01, 95% CI 1.08-3.74; C/T + T/T OR 0.72, 95% CI 0.49-1.05; P for interaction &lt; 0.01). This crossover was stronger with OC use prior to age 30 years (C/C OR 3.00, 95% CI 1.43-6.25; C/T or T/T OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.29-0.81; P for interaction &lt; 0.01). Our results require confirmation but suggest that the OC and breast cancer association depends on the ability to invoke protection from catechol estrogens.
Risk of Early-Onset Prostate Cancer in Relation to Germ Line Polymorphisms of the Vitamin D Receptor
Authors: Oakley-Girvan Ingrid , Feldman David , Eccleshall T. Ross , Gallagher Richard P. , Wu Anna H. , Kolonel Laurence N. , Halpern Jerry , Balise Raymond R. , West Dee W. , Paffenbarger Ralph S. , Whittemore Alice S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Vitamin D inhibits prostate cancer cell growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. These actions are mediated by the vitamin D receptor. We examined associations between prostate cancer risk and five polymorphisms in the VDR gene: four single nucleotide polymorphisms (FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI restriction sites) and the polyadenylic acid microsatellite. Specifically, we genotyped population-based samples of young African Americans (113 cases and 121 controls) and Whites (232 cases and 171 controls) and members of 98 predominantly White families with multiple cases of prostate cancer. Among Whites, there was no evidence for association between prostate cancer risk and alleles at any of the five polymorphic sites regardless of how the men were ascertained. Moreover, estimated five-locus haplotype frequencies were similar in White cases and controls. Among African Americans, prostate cancer risk was associated with homozygosity for the F allele at the FokI site (odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.0-3.3). In addition, estimated haplotype frequencies differed significantly (P &lt; 0.01) between African American cases and controls. These findings need replication in other studies of African Americans. Homozygosity for the F allele at the FokI site is more prevalent in the African American population than in U.S. Whites. If the FokI association noted here were causal, this difference could account for some of the disease burden among African Americans and some of the excess risk in African Americans compared with Whites.
Racial Differences in Enrolment in a Cancer Genetics Registry
Authors: Moorman Patricia G. , Skinner Celette Sugg , Evans James P. , Newman Beth , Sorenson James R. , Calingaert Brian , Susswein Lisa , Crankshaw T. Sydnee , Hoyo Cathrine , Schildkraut Joellen M. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background: Lower enrolment of minorities into research studies has been reported frequently. Most studies have little information about nonparticipants, making it difficult to identify characteristics associated with enrolment and how they might vary by race. Methods: Women who had previously participated in a population-based, case-control study of breast cancer in North Carolina were invited to enrol in a cancer genetics registry. Detailed questionnaire data on sociodemographic characteristics and cancer risk factors were available for all women. We compared characteristics of women who agreed to be in the registry with those who were deceased, were unlocatable, or declined enrolment. Unconditional logistic regression analyses were done to identify predictors of enrolment. Results: Enrolment rates were markedly lower among African Americans than Whites (15% and 36%, respectively) due to both lower contact rates (41% versus 63%) and lower enrolment rates among those contacted (37% versus 58%). Logistic regression models suggested that racial differences in enrolment were not due to socioeconomic characteristics or other cancer risk factors; race was the only significant predictor of enrolment in multivariable models (odds ratio 0.41, 95% confidence interval 0.23-0.72). Conclusions: Although all women had previously taken part in a research study, African American women were less likely to enrol in the cancer genetics registry than White women. A possible explanation of these findings is that studies of genetics may present particular concerns for African Americans. Further research is needed to identify attitudes and issues that present barriers to participation among minorities.
Germ Line BAX Alterations Are Infrequent in Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Authors: Barlow Jason W. , Mous Marieke , Wiley Joe C. , Varley Jennifer M. , Lozano Guillermina , Strong Louise C. , Malkin David 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Multiple early-onset tumors, frequently associated with germ line TP53 mutations characterize the Li-Fraumeni familial cancer syndrome (LFS). LFS-like (LFS-L) families have lower rates of germ line TP53 alteration and do not meet the strict definition of LFS. This study examined 7 LFS cell lines and 30 LFS and 36 LFS-L primary leukocyte samples for mutations in the proapoptotic p53-regulated gene BAX. No germ line BAX mutations were found. A known BAX polymorphism was observed, yet there was no correlation between polymorphism frequency and TP53 status in either LFS or LFS-L. In summary, alterations of BAX are not responsible for cancers in TP53 wild-type LFS or LFS-L families.
Associations between Two Common Variants C677T and A1298C in the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Gene and Measures of Folate Metabolism and DNA Stability (Strand Breaks, Misincorporated Uracil, and DNA Methylation Status) in Human Lymphocytes In vivo
Authors: Narayanan Sabrina , McConnell Josie , Little Julian , Sharp Linda , Piyathilake Chandrika J. , Powers Hilary , Basten Graham , Duthie Susan J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objective: Homozygosity for variants of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene is associated with decreased risk for colorectal cancer. We have investigated the relationships between two variants of the MTHFR gene (C677T and A1298C) and blood folate, homocysteine, and genomic stability (strand breakage, misincorporated uracil, and global cytosine methylation in lymphocytes) in a study of 199 subjects. Results: The frequencies of homozygosity for the C677T and A1298C variants of the MTHFR gene were 12.6% and 14.6%, respectively. Plasma homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, and RBC folate were determined in the C677T genotypes. Plasma folate was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.001) in the homozygous variants (6.7 ± 0.6 ng/mL) compared with wild-types (8.8 ± 0.4 ng/mL) and heterozygotes (9.1 ± 0.5 ng/mL). Homocysteine was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in homozygous variants (13.2 ± 1.1 μmol/L) compared with homozygous subjects (10.9 ± 0.4 μmol/L). Homozygous variants had significantly lower (P &lt; 0.05) RBC folate (84.7 ± 6.3 ng/mL) compared with wild-types (112.2 ± 5.2 ng/mL) and heterozygous individuals (125.1 ± 6.6 ng/mL). No significant difference in RBC folate was observed between wild-types and heterozygotes. The A1298C variant did not influence plasma homocysteine, folate, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, vitamin B12, or RBC folate. Lymphocyte DNA stability biomarkers (strand breaks, misincorporated uracil, and global DNA methylation) were similar for all MTHFR C677T or A1298C variants. Conclusion: Data from this study do not support the hypothesis that polymorphisms in the MTHFR gene increase DNA stability by sequestering 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate for thymidine synthesis and reducing uracil misincorporation into DNA.
A Case-Control Study of Diet and the Risk of Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Pan Sai Yi , Ugnat Anne-Marie , Mao Yang , Wen Shi Wu , Johnson Kenneth C. ,   The Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research Group
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have suggested that some dietary factors may play a role in the etiology of ovarian cancer, but the findings have been inconsistent. We assessed the association of ovarian cancer with dietary factors in a population-based case-control study in Canada. Diet information was collected on 442 incident cases of ovarian cancer diagnosed in 1994 to 1997 and 2,135 population controls via a self-administered questionnaire. Compared with women in the lowest quartile of cholesterol intake, those in the second, third, and fourth quartiles had a multivariate adjusted odds ratio [OR; 95% confidence interval (95% CI)] of 1.12 (0.81–1.56), 1.20 (0.85–1.68), and 1.42 (1.03–1.97), respectively (P for trend = 0.031). Higher egg consumption was also associated with a nonsignificant increase in ovarian cancer risk. The ORs (95% CIs) for ovarian cancer were 0.77 (0.60–1.04) and 0.76 (0.56–0.99) among women in the highest quartile of total vegetable and cruciferous vegetable intake as compared with women in the lowest quartile. Women who took supplements of vitamin E, β-carotene, and B-complex vitamins for ≥10 years had ORs (95% CIs) of 0.49 (0.30–0.81), 0.31 (0.11–0.91), and 0.61 (0.36–1.05), respectively. However, we did not observe an association of ovarian cancer risk with dietary fat intake, including saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, protein, carbohydrate, dietary fiber, fruit, dairy products, meat products, fish, chicken, grain products, nut products, baked desserts, margarine, butter, mayonnaise, and supplement of multiple vitamins, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, iron, zinc, and selenium. Our findings suggested that ovarian cancer risk was positively associated with higher consumption of dietary cholesterol and eggs and inversely associated with higher intake of total vegetables and cruciferous vegetables and supplementation of vitamin E, β-carotene, and B-complex vitamins.
Maternal Smoking and Childhood Leukemia and Lymphoma Risk among 1,440,542 Swedish Children
Authors: Mucci Lorelei A. , Granath Frederik , Cnattingius Sven 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Possible in utero effects of maternal smoking on hemopoietic cancer in the offspring have been addressed previously, although the results are inconclusive. In this investigation, we take advantage of population-based registers in Sweden to examine maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood risk of leukemia and lymphoma. Prospective data were available from 1,440,542 Swedish children born between 1983 and 1997. Proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) controlling for potential confounders. In the study base, 750 hemopoietic cancers occurred across 11 million person-years. Incidence rates per 100,000 person-years were 4.7 for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), 0.45 for acute myelogenous leukemia, and 0.76 for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Maternal smoking was associated with a lower risk of ALL (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.58–0.91). On the other hand, there was a higher risk of acute myelogenous leukemia (HR, 1.41; 95% CI, 0.74–2.67) particularly among heavy (≥10 cigarettes per day) smokers (HR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.05–4.94). The data also suggested a small excess risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 0.76–2.04). Evidence from this large cohort suggests that maternal smoking affects the risk of childhood leukemia and lymphoma in the offspring. The Swedish registries provide unique opportunities to examine this research question, with a design inherently free of selection and recall biases. The apparent protective effect with ALL needs to be explored further and in no way supports maternal smoking as beneficial, given its adverse association with common pregnancy outcomes.
Association of Nut and Seed Intake with Colorectal Cancer Risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition
Authors: Jenab Mazda , Ferrari Pietro , Slimani Nadia , Norat Teresa , Casagrande Corinne , Overad Kim , Olsen Anja , Stripp Connie , Tjønneland Anne , Boutron-Ruault Marie-Christine , Clavel-Chapelon Françoise , Kesse Emmanuelle , Nieters Alexandra , Bergmann Manuela , Boeing Heiner , Naska Androniki , Trichopoulou Antonia , Palli Domenico , Krogh Vittorio , Celentano Egidio , Tumino Rosario , Sacerdote Carlotta , Bueno-de-Mesquita Hendrik B. , Ocké Marga C. , Peeters Petra H.M. , Engeset Dagrun , Quirós José R. , González Carlos A. , Martínez Carmen , Chirlaque Maria D. , Ardanaz Eva , Dorronsoro Miren , Wallström Peter , Palmqvist Richard , Van Guelpen Bethany , Bingham Sheila , San Joaquin Miguel A. , Saracci Rodolfo , Kaaks Rudolf , Riboli Elio 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A link between unsaturated fatty acids or phytonutrients and reduced risk of colorectal cancer has been suggested. However, the effects of higher intake of dietary sources of these nutrients, such as the nuts and seeds food group, are less clear. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of nut and seed intake on colorectal cancer risk within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study, a large prospective cohort study involving 10 European countries. Total nut and seed intake was determined from country-specific dietary questionnaires. The data set included 478,040 subjects (141,988 men, 336,052 women) with a total of 855 (327 men, 528 women) colon and 474 (215 men, 259 women) rectal cancer cases. A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, stratified by center and controlled for fruit intake, dietary fiber, energy, height, weight, sex, age, physical activity, and smoking, was used. The data show no association between higher intake of nuts and seeds and risk of colorectal, colon, and rectal cancers in men and women combined, but a significant inverse association was observed in subgroup analyses for colon cancer in women at the highest (&gt;6.2 g/d) versus the lowest (nonconsumers; hazard ratio, 0.69; 95% confidence interval, 0.50-0.95) category of intake and for the linear effect of log-transformed intake (hazard ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.80-0.98), with no associations in men. It is not evident from this data why there may be a stronger association in women or why it may be limited to the colon, suggesting that much further research is necessary.
Chlamydia pneumoniae Infection and Risk of Lung Cancer
Authors: Littman Alyson J. , White Emily , Jackson Lisa A. , Thornquist Mark D. , Gaydos Charlotte A. , Goodman Gary E. , Vaughan Thomas L. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae may be associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. We conducted a matched case-control study (508 pairs) nested within a large prospective study to investigate whether IgA antibody titers to C. pneumoniae measured by the microimmunofluorescence test are associated with lung cancer risk after controlling for confounders. Individuals with antibody titers ≥16 had 1.2 times the risk of lung cancer (95% confidence interval, 0.9-1.6) compared to those with lower titers. There was a significant trend (P = 0.007) of increasing odds ratios with increasing IgA titers primarily due to an odds ratio of 2.8 (95% confidence interval, 1.1-6.7) associated with titers ≥256. Lung cancer risk associated with IgA titers ≥16 was stronger among former smokers. To better understand predictors of IgA seropositivity, we also examined demographic, lifestyle, dietary, and medical correlates of IgA titers ≥16 among controls. Those with race not classified as White or Black were more likely to have IgA titers ≥16; there were no significant differences in seropositivity by smoking behaviors. In summary, the adjusted odds ratio for lung cancer associated with IgA titers ≥16 was compatible with a weakly positive association, although nondifferential measurement error of antibody titers may have resulted in a conservative bias. Future studies using precise measures of chronic C. pneumoniae status are needed to better determine the role of this organism in the etiology of lung cancer.
Risk Factors for Breast Cancer Associated with Mammographic Features in Singaporean Chinese Women
Authors: Heng Derrick , Gao Fei , Jong Roberta , Fishell Eve , Yaffe Martin , Martin Lisa , Li Tong , Stone Jennifer , Sun Limei , Hopper John , Boyd Norman F. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background: Mammographic density has been found to be a strong risk factor for breast cancer and to be associated with age, body weight, parity, and menopausal status. Most studies to date have been carried out in Western populations. The purpose of the study described here was to determine in a cross-sectional study in a Singaporean Chinese population the demographic, menstrual, reproductive, and anthropometric factors that are associated with quantitative variations in age-adjusted percentage mammographic densities and to examine the association of these factors with the dense and nondense areas of the mammogram.
Method: We used mammograms and questionnaire data collected from subjects in the Singapore Breast Screening Project. Women ages 45 to 69 years participated and 84% of those screened were Chinese. Mammograms were digitized and percentage density was measured and analyzed in relation to the questionnaire data.
Results: Percentage mammographic density was associated with several risk factors for breast cancer, most of them also associated, in opposite directions, with the dense and nondense components of the image. Percentage density was associated with age and weight (both negatively), height and age at first birth (both positively), and number of births and postmenopausal status (both negatively). Percentage density was weakly associated with a previous breast biopsy but was not associated with age at menarche or menopause, with use of hormones, or with a family history of breast cancer.
Conclusion: Percentage mammographic density in Singaporean Chinese women has similar associations with risk factors for breast cancer to those seen in Caucasians.
How Strong Is the Association Between CAG and GGN Repeat Length Polymorphisms in the Androgen Receptor Gene and Prostate Cancer Risk?
Authors: Zeegers Maurice P. , Kiemeney Lambertus A.L.M. , Nieder Alan M. , Ostrer Harry 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objective: Although narrative reviews have suggested an association between (CAG)n and (GGN)n polymorphisms in the AR gene and prostate cancer, it has never been quantified systematically. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to provide relative and absolute quantitative summary estimates with sufficient power.
Method: Publications were identified through database searches for epidemiologic studies published until February 2004. For each study, mean differences in repeat length between cases and controls were calculated as well as continuous odds ratios (OR) per one CAG or GGN repeat decrement and discrete ORs to compare prostate cancer risk in men with short CAG repeats (≤21 repeats) versus long CAG repeats (&gt;21 repeats) and short GGN repeats (≤16 repeats) versus long GGN repeats (&gt;16 repeats). The study-specific estimates were combined by random effects metaregression analyses.
Results: Nineteen case-control studies were included in this review comprising a total of 4,274 cases and 5,275 controls. Prostate cancer cases had on average 0.26 fewer CAG repeats and 0.09 fewer GGN repeats than controls. The continuous ORs of prostate cancer per one repeat decrement were 1.02 and 1.01 for CAG and GGN repeats, respectively. The summary discrete OR (95% confidence interval) were 1.19 (1.07-1.31) and 1.31 (1.06-1.61) for CAG and GGN repeat polymorphisms, respectively.
Conclusion: Although the presence of shorter repeats seemed to be modestly associated with prostate cancer risk, the absolute difference in number of repeats between cases and controls is &lt;1 repeat. We question whether such a small difference is enough to yield measurable biological impact in prostate carcinogenesis.
Utilization of Screening and Preventive Surgery Among Unaffected Carriers of aBRCA1orBRCA2Gene Mutation
Authors: Wainberg Sara , Husted Janice 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjective: Women who are carriers of BRCA gene mutations have an elevated lifetime risk of developing breast or ovarian cancer. Although a number of risk-reducing options are currently available to mutation carriers, uncertainty exists in terms of their efficacy. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to describe the utilization of screening and preventive surgery among unaffected mutation carriers in the face of uncertainty.Methods: MEDLINE, PubMed, and CANCERLIT, English-only computerized literature searches were done to identify articles pertaining to decisions made by unaffected BRCA mutation carriers to reduce risk of breast and ovarian cancer. Studies were required to include information on choices taken by at-risk women following disclosure of a positive BRCA test.Results: Only seven studies (5 American and 2 Dutch studies) were identified. The proportion of mutation carriers who chose preventive surgery over screening varied widely across the studies, ranging from 0% to 54% for prophylactic mastectomy and from 13% to 53% for prophylactic oophorectomy. Furthermore, a significant minority of women who chose surveillance failed to comply with the recommended schedule.Conclusion: There is considerable variability within and between countries in risk reduction strategies utilized by healthy mutation carriers. This variability may relate to differences in (1) population characteristics; (2) recommendations for follow-up care of unaffected carriers; (3) prevailing values towards body integrity, femininity, and preventive surgery; and (4) health care funding systems. Future research needs to provide further insight into factors influencing women's decisions to adopt various risk reduction strategies.