bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Formulations to Control Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Mifflin County, PA., 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid, WP, and SP formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (30 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 88°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 78°F; RH, 40%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 36.8% sand, 44.0% silt, 19.2% sand; soil moisture (oven baked), 20.5%; organic matter, 5.0%; water pH, 7.0; and soil pH, 5.2. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 26 d later (25 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Conventional Formulations and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course Fairway in Mifflin County, PA., 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (6 Sep), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.125- 0.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 40.8% sand, 42.0% silt, 17.2% sand; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, 7.0; and soil pH, 5.4. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 27 d later (Oct 3). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Cotoneaster, Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Wooster, Ohio, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotoneaster growing in 1-gal (3.9 1) containers in a greenhouse at the main OARDC campus were used to evaluate efficacy of selected pesticides against two-spotted spider mites. A CO2 compression sprayer at 20 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments to runoff. Infested plants were selected at random and placed in groups of 3 replicates/treatment. The first application was applied to all plants 25 Sep; the second application to selected plants 2 Oct. Plants were hand-watered every Mon, Wed, and Fri throughout the test period. Treatments were evaluated 1, 2, 4, and 8 wk after the second application by removing five, 10-13 cm long branch tips from each of the 3 replicates/treatment. Samples were placed in plastic bags and transported, in coolers, to the laboratory. All samples were processed by passing them through a mite brusher 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Dislodged mites were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
Cotoneaster, Control of Two-Spotted Spider Mite, Lake County, Ohio, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotoneaster growing in 1-gal (3.91) containers at a nursery in Lake County were used to evaluate efficacy of selected pesticides against two-spotted spider mites. A C02 compression sprayer at 20 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments to runoff. Infested plants were selected at random and placed in groups of 6 replicates/ treatment. The first application was applied to all plants 24 Jul when conditions were sunny, 30°C, with 8-16 kph winds; second applications were made to selected plants 3 Aug with conditions sunny, 30°C, and 16-24 kph winds. Treatments were evaluated 1, 2, and 3 wk after second application by removing five, 10-13 cm long branch tips from each of the 6 replicates/treatment. Samples were placed in plastic bags and transported, in coolers, to the laboratory. All samples were processed by passing them through a mite brusher 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Dislodged mites were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Marigold, Michigan, 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Stevens C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirty-six greenhouse grown 8-wk-old (6 inch) marigold plants were used for this experiment. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. Precounts of 3 leaves/plant were completed on 9 Jul. Spray applications were made 3 times on 9, 19, and 30 Jul. Insecticides were applied with an R&D C02 Sprayer with a 8003 nozzle at 50 psi until runoff. A postcount sample of 5 leaves/plant was taken on 6 Aug. The number of whiteflies reported for all sample dates is the total number of whitefly larvae and pupae counted on leaf samples. Three flowers/plant were submerged in 70% EtOH to extract and count flower thrips on 6 Aug.
Control of the Sweetpotato Whitefly on Poinsettia Under Laboratory Conditions, Summer 1989
Authors: Bethke James A. , Paine Timothy D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Poinsettias (‘Annette Hegg, Brilliant Diamond’) were obtained as rooted cuttings, potted in 15 cm pots in a greenhouse at the UCR and allowed 4 wk growth before use. Twenty sweetpotato whiteflies were confined to 2 fully expanded leaves/plant on 25 plants for a 24 h period by clip cages. To obtain both eggs and nymphs for testing, plant exposures to whiteflies were made to one set of plants on 25 May and to another on 1 Jun. Numbers of eggs and nymphs were counted 10 d after the earlier exposure. Leaves were assigned to treatments at this time. Leaves were then dipped for 10 s into treatments prepared in quart glass jars. Treated plants were held on raised benches in the greenhouse at 26.7°C for the remainder of the trial. Post-treatment counts of nymphs and eggs were made 4 and 12 DAT respectively.
Insecticide Induced Lifestage Specific Mortality on the Sweetpotato Whitefly in the Greenhouse, Summer 1989
Authors: Schuster David J. , Price J. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mortality of adults, eggs (and the crawlers hatching from them), small and large nymphs, and pupae were evaluated following insecticide treatments. All tests were conducted using two-leafed plants. To evaluate toxicity to adults, plants were sprayed with the insecticidal preparations. When the sprays had dried, leaves were excised and placed individually in water-filled vials in 34 oz screen-ventilated plastic containers. Twenty five adults were caged on each of 4 leaves for each treatment and mortality was evaluated after the containers had been held 2 d in a room at 27°C. To evaluate toxicity to the immature stages, plants were exposed 24 h to adults. Two 2-leaved plants with 25 eggs/leaf were sprayed for each treatment the same day that adults were removed. The numbers of crawlers that died as they exited the eggs or that died in close proximity to the eggs were recorded 1 wk later. The small amount of mortality that was observed in the egg stage was added to crawler mortality. Other plants were held until either small nymphs, large nymphs or pupae were present. Two 2-leaved plants with 25 individuals of the desired lifestage/leaf were sprayed for each treatment. When the individuals on the check had developed to the next lifestage, mortality of the treated lifestage was evaluated.
Japanese Beetle Larvae Control, Michigan, 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Stevens C. A. , Thomas C. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A grid of 3 × 3 ft plots separated by 2 ft wide buffer strips was established in irrigated rough adjacent to a fairway at Rochester Golf Club in Rochester. Six replications of each treatment were applied on 31 Aug. Temperature at application was 81°F with sunny weather conditions. Liquid products were applied with an R&D sprayer at 50 psi with an 8003 nozzle. Insecticides were mixed in water and applied at a rate of 4 gal/1000 ft2. Granular insecticides were applied with custom-made hand held shakers. The experiment was evaluated on 28 Sep by digging a 294 inch2 (six 7 × 7 inch squares) section from the center of each plot and examining thatch, roots, and soil for live grubs. This test was on Kentucky bluegrass with 1/4 inch thick thatch layer and sandy loam soil. Irrigation was run for 30 min prior to application. The pH of the irrigation water was 7.2. All liquid and nematode treatments were irrigated with 1/4 inch water applied through a watering can immediately after application.
Control of the Periodical Cicada on Mountain-Ash, 1990
Authors: Miller Fredric 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Control of the periodical cicada was evaluated in a planting of mountainash trees (2-3 m) located in a heavy cicada emergence area. Treatments were randomly applied at the onset of egg laying activity and repeated twice at 7 d intervals. Five trees were sprayed/treatment with each tree serving as a single replication. The trees were sprayed until run-off including the trunk, foliage, and all branches using a Solo°8 liter hand pressure sprayer. Temperature at time of application was 27°C and wind velocity was less than 5 mph. Field evaluation of insecticidal efficacy for prevention of ovipositional damage was conducted 14 DAT when all cicada activity had ceased. Due to differing growth habits of the study trees, a standard insecticidal efficacy variable of mean number of wounds/branch was identified and defined as the quotient of the total number of ovipositional wounds/tree over the total number of branches/tree greater than 4 mm in diam.
Birch Leaf Miner Control, Michigan, 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots consisting of clumps of birch trees were established at a 40-yr-old abandoned tree farm at Section 4, Carmel Township in Eaton Co. The trees were in clumps of 2-5 stems (1-3 inches) in diam and were 12-20 ft high. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. NTN 33893 2.5 G was applied on 27 Apr. For each 1 inch of trunk diam at breast height, a Yi inch hole was drilled into the ground around the teee. NTN 33893 5 G was poured into the holes at a depth of 14 inches below the surface. The Metasystox-R treatment was injected into the soil on 27 Apr with a converted Ross root feeder at 50 psi. The chemical for each tree was mixed in 300 ml and injected at 6 locations around the tree. The NTN 0.005 C and Orthene 75 S were applied on 6 May with a single nozzle hand-held COa sprayer. The application was made at 50 psi through an 8003 nozzle. Test trees were evaluated on 5 Jun by observing 30 terminals/tree and recording the number of mines.
Bagworm Control on Eastern Red Cedar, 1990
Authors: Doss Mik. , Pinkston Ke. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
SAN 839 I was evaluated for efficacy in control of bagworms on eastern red cedar. The performance of this product was compared with a standard treatment of Orthene and untreated checks. Treatments were applied on 10 Jul to trees 10- 20 ft high. The trees were sprayed until runoff using a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.2 gal/min at 75 psi. Temperature and wind velocity at the time of treatment were 75°F and 0—5 mph, respectively. Larval cases ranged in length from 0.75 to 1.5 inches. Treatments were replicated 7 times in a completely randomized design. Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each replication at 3, 7 and 14 DAT.
Pear Prebloom Applications of Insegar for Control of Pear Psylla, 1990
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight-yr-old pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to test prebloom applications of Insegar for control of pear psylla. Plots consisted of unreplicated blocks of about 0.5 acre. Treatments were applied at dormant (first egg lay by pear psylla), delayed dormant and at clusterbud. Dates and concentrations of pesticides applied are listed as a footnote under the table. Thiodan 3 E at 1/2 recommended concentration was applied as alternate treatment to Insegar in the first 2 applications. Treatments were evaluated by adult, egg and nymph counts on several dates after treatment. Adults were counted by the limb tap method; eggs and nymphs were counted on fruiting spurs collected at random from test plots and examined under magnification in the laboratory. In order to obtain an early evaluation of egg hatchability 10 long spurs (6 to 8 inches) were collected on 23 and 30 March and held in a growth room at 22&C as bouquets until eggs hatched on controls then eggs and dead and live nymphs were counted under magnification.
Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Bacillus Thumngiensis Residual Against GYPSY Moth, New Haven County, Connecticut, 1990
Authors: Dubois Normand R. , Barger Jack H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three-yr-old potted white oak seedlings were sprayed with SAN 415 SC 32LV formulation of the NRD-12 strain of B. thuringiensis Berliner, at 1.6 and 8.0 billion international units (BIU)/acre equivalent. Bond at 2% v/v was used as a sticker. At 1, 3, and 7 DAT, plants were subjected to simulated acid rain (SAR) episodes (pH 3.0; pH 4.2; none) to determine if insecticidal efficacy of B. thuringiensis against 2nd-instar GM larvae was affected. Each SAR event delivered 1.3 cm (0.5 inch) in 40 min (3.8 cm; 1.5 inch total). SAR solutions were made by adjusting the pH of Millipore grade water with 2 parts H2S04 and 1 part HN03. SAR mineral content was adjusted to reflect average content of ambient rain for the Northeast. Seedlings were sprayed with B. thuringiensis and treated with SAR using an enclosed spray tower (3.5 m diam; 6.0 m ht) equipped with a rotating platform (10 rpm). A modified Beeco Mist spray nozzle rotated at 75-100 rpm and was positioned 3.7 m (12 ft) above the plants. For the 1.6 and 8 BIU dose, the spray droplet size ranged from 640-1800 um in diam; the volume median diam was 1332 urn. Spray deposit density averaged 2.3 drops/cm2 for both doses. Plants were housed in a shaded greenhouse before and after treatment with SAR. At the appropriate DAT date and SAR episode, a small stem containing 5-7 leaves (bouquet) was harvested from each seedling and placed in a bioassay chamber where 10 GM larvae were placed on each bouquet and allowed to feed for 5 d. Percent larval mortality was determined on each bioassayed bouquet and pooled for each B. thuringiensis spray/SAR episode combination. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. Means were separated by DMRT and data transformed by arcsine before analysis.
Evaluation of Conventional Formulations and Entomogenous Nematodes to Control Pine Root Collar Weevil on Austrian Pine in Indiana Co., Pa, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eight treatments were applied to evaluate control of pine root collar weevil on heavily infested 8-14 ft Austrian pine Christmas trees. Individual treatments were applied to 4 tree replicates after the duff below each tree was removed and bare ground was exposed. Two applications of each treatment were made as follows: the first application was completed on 31 May with a hand held pump sprayer under the following conditions: clear skies; air temperature, 92°F; water pH, 5.0; and RH, 50%. The second application was completed on 5 Sep with a C02 sprayer with one 8004VS Tee Jet nozzle mounted on the end of a 24 inch boom operating at 24 psi under the following conditions: partly cloudy skies; air temperature, 90°F; water pH, 7.0; and RH, 35%. Treatments were applied to the base of each tree at the rate of one qt/replicate. Each tree was dug and burlapped at the field site on 24 Oct, and returned to the laboratory. Each tree was thoroughly examined by removing all the bark from the root collar areas and lateral roots to record the presence of larvae. Plus, the soil ball was examined for the presence of larvae.
Scotch Pine, Control of Northern Pine Weevil, Carrol Co., Ohio, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Scotch pine stumps, cut during the 1988 Christmas tree season at a plantation in Carroll Co., were used to evaluate an entomogenous nematode and an insecticide against northern pine weevil. Applications were made 28 Apr under cloudy skies, 10°C, and no wind. Slight rainfall occurred during application of treatments. A stock suspension of nematodes was prepared by placing 1 unit of Otinem (50,000,000 nemas) in 10 gal of water. Nemas were applied volumetrically in 4 pt of water to deliver predetermined numbers of nemas/stump. AgSorb flake was added (7.6 g) to half of the nematode treatments. Stock suspension was stirred thoroughly prior to removing measured amounts. Finished material was also stirred thoroughly in a sprinkling can and poured over and around each stump to achieve thorough coverage. Lindane was added to kerosene in a Hudson sprayer, and 100 ml of finished spray were applied to each stump. Each treatment was replicated 3 times with each replicate consisting of 5 stumps. Treatments were evaluated 24 Oct by counting the number of chip cocoons exposed by removing the bark from each stump to the first lateral root.
Efficacy of Cutter Gold Ear Tags on Horn Flies in West Central Nebraska, Gudmunsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, Nebraska, 1990
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cutter Gold (10% Cyfluthrin) ear tags were applied to 22, 4-m-old calves, one tag per calf, on 4 Jun. After tags were applied, the calves were paired with their mother cow and placed in their respective pasture. The mother cow did not receive any other type of horn fly control. Cutter Gold (10% Cyfluthrin) tags were also applied to 72 yearling steers, one tag per steer on 7 Jun. These steers grazed in pastures 3 miles from the calf-tagged group. An untreated group of 30 cow/calf pairs served as a control.
Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle with Ear Tags in South Mississippi, 1989
Authors: Harris Joseph P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted on 3 beef cattle farms in Clarke, Jasper and Newton Counties in south Mississippi. One ear tag/ear (2/animal) was used on all adult cattle. Tomahawk tags were placed in a herd of 38 cows and one bull on 4 May and remained for 20 wk. Terminator tags were placed in a herd of 52 cows and 2 bulls on 17 Apr and remained for 20 wk. Saber tags were placed in a herd of 49 cows and one bull on 7 Jul and remained for 12 wk. Untreated herds of 13-23 cows were located on each farm. Herds were mixed breeds of beef cattle. Horn fly counts were made visually once each week using binoculars.
Evaluation of Cyfluthrin Pour-On Treatment for Control of Flies on Dairy Cattle, 1990
Authors: Miller R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nineteen dairy heifers (wt 250 kg) and 11 dairy cows (wt 500 kg) in separate pastures at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center were treated with a 1% cyfluthrin pour-on treatment on 31 Jul and 24 Aug. Treatment was applied by syringe along the backline; heifers and cows received 8 ml and 12 ml of the pour-on, respectively. Fly density was determined by making weekly counts of face flies/face, horn flies/side, and stable flies on front legs. Two pretreatment and 6 (heifers) or 8 (cows) posttreatment counts were made.
European Red Mite Control, 1990
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in an orchard with trees of mixed ages and with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was randomized complete block with 7 treatments and 4 replications. The blocking factor was pretreatment ERM density on 12 Tun. All trees were treated with Pydrin at 0.15 lb (AI)/acre on 14 Jun to eliminate predatory mites. ERM treatments were applied on 20 Jun. Per acre rates were based on dilute applications of 400 gal/acre applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi. Experimental units were single trees. Sample units were 25 leaves/tree. Leaves were brushed onto glass plates with a mite brushing machine and counted under a dissecting microscope. Counts were taken at 1-wk intervals.
Pear, Seasonal Pear Psylla Control Experiment, 1990
Authors: Hull L. A. , Felland C. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to replicated 9-15 tree plots consisting of the cultivar Bartlett (12-yr-old). Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Trees were planted to a spacing of 7.4 × 7.4 m. All treatments were applied with a handgun from a truck mounted hydraulic sprayer at 400 psi. Dates of application were: 28 Mar (bud burst, all plots); 12 Apr (white bud); 2 May (petal-fall); 23 May; 13 Jun (plots 23-27); 6 Jul; 23 Jul; and 30 Jul. Approximately 2.5 gal of spray were applied per tree (190 gal/acre). Treatments were evaluated for PP control by counts of eggs and nymphs at 1- to 2-wk intervals. Counts were made by sampling 10 spur leaves from the middle tree in each replicate. Beginning on 30 May counts were made by sampling 5 spur and 5 distal leaves (3rd most distal leaf) from each tree. On 13 Jun and thereafter 10 distal leaves (3rd most distal leaf) from each tree were sampled. PP pressure was heavy throughout the experiment. Russet ratings are based on 30 Bartlett pears/replicate, 120/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface) or 5 (&gt; 51% russeted surface). Possible ranges were 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11 - 25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to &gt;51% russeted surface).
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite on Cherry, 1990
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted on mature 'Bing' cherry trees in a commercial orchard near Stockton, Calif. Seven treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of a single tree, and there was one buffer tree in each direction from the experimental tree. Treatments were applied on 1 Aug with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 250 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre of finished spray. Control was evaluated by sampling 20 leaves weekly from 1 Aug through 4 Sep from each tree. Half of the leaves were taken randomly from the outside canopy and half from inside the canopy at heights of 4 to 8 ft. Leaves were brushed and all active mite stages counted under magnification.