bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical characteristics of local sites that trigger atrial arrhythmias in response to high-frequency stimulation
Authors: Kim Min-young , Nesbitt James , Koutsoftidis Simos , Brook Joseph , Pitcher David S , Cantwell Chris D , Handa Balvinder , Jenkins Catherine , Houston Charles , Rothery Stephen , Jothidasan Anand , Perkins Justin , Bristow Poppy , Linton Nick W F , Drakakis Emm , Peters Nicholas S , Chowdhury Rasheda A , Kanagaratnam Prapa , Ng Fu Siong 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAimsThe response to high frequency stimulation (HFS) is used to locate putative sites of ganglionated plexuses (GPs), which are implicated in triggering atrial fibrillation (AF). To identify topological and immunohistochemical characteristics of presumed GP sites functionally identified by HFS.Methods and resultsSixty-three atrial sites were tested with HFS in four Langendorff-perfused porcine hearts. A 3.5 mm tip quadripolar ablation catheter was used to stimulate and deliver HFS to the left and right atrial epicardium, within the local atrial refractory period. Tissue samples from sites triggering atrial ectopy/AF (ET) sites and non-ET sites were stained with choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), for quantification of parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, respectively. The average cross-sectional area (CSA) of nerves was also calculated. Histomorphometry of six ET sites (9.5%) identified by HFS evoking at least a single atrial ectopic was compared with non-ET sites. All ET sites contained ChAT-immunoreactive (ChAT-IR) and/or TH-immunoreactive nerves (TH-IR). Nerve density was greater in ET sites compared to non-ET sites (nerves/cm2: 162.3 ± 110.9 vs. 69.65 ± 72.48; P = 0.047). Overall, TH-IR nerves had a larger CSA than ChAT-IR nerves (µm2: 11 196 ± 35 141 vs. 2070 ± 5841; P &lt; 0.0001), but in ET sites, TH-IR nerves were smaller than in non-ET sites (µm2: 6021 ± 14 586 vs. 25 254 ± 61 499; P &lt; 0.001).ConclusionsET sites identified by HFS contained a higher density of smaller nerves than non-ET sites. The majority of these nerves were within the atrial myocardium. This has important clinical implications for devising an effective therapeutic strategy for targeting autonomic triggers of AF.
Disease classification for whole-blood DNA methylation: Meta-analysis, missing values imputation, and XAI
Authors: Kalyakulina Alena , Yusipov Igor , Bacalini Maria Giulia , Franceschi Claudio , Vedunova Maria , Ivanchenko Mikhail 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
DNA methylation has a significant effect on gene expression and can be associated with various diseases. Meta-analysis of available DNA methylation datasets requires development of a specific workflow for joint data processing.

Results
We propose a comprehensive approach of combined DNA methylation datasets to classify controls and patients. The solution includes data harmonization, construction of machine learning classification models, dimensionality reduction of models, imputation of missing values, and explanation of model predictions by explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) algorithms. We show that harmonization can improve classification accuracy by up to 20% when preprocessing methods of the training and test datasets are different. The best accuracy results were obtained with tree ensembles, reaching above 95% for Parkinson’s disease. Dimensionality reduction can substantially decrease the number of features, without detriment to the classification accuracy. The best imputation methods achieve almost the same classification accuracy for data with missing values as for the original data. XAI approaches have allowed us to explain model predictions from both populational and individual perspectives.

Conclusions
We propose a methodologically valid and comprehensive approach to the classification of healthy individuals and patients with various diseases based on whole-blood DNA methylation data using Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia as examples. The proposed algorithm works better for the former pathology, characterized by a complex set of symptoms. It allows to solve data harmonization problems for meta-analysis of many different datasets, impute missing values, and build classification models of small dimensionality.
Becoming a congenital heart surgeon: the long and challenging road
Authors: Jacob K A , Hussein N , van Wijk A , Heinisch P P , Salih C , Galetti L , Hörer J 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Training in congenital cardiac surgery is potentially lengthier and more demanding than training in any other surgical field. The duration of training is proportional to the complexity of the specialization. The expertise of a wide range of procedures is required. There is no doubt that some individuals may acquire the requisite abilities with greater ease than others, but fundamentally, these are capabilities that can be taught and learnt. Moreover, congenital cardiac surgeons are required to have a detailed understanding of pathophysiology and morphology, in addition to the stamina and empathy required to manage these complex patients. A fellowship is just the start of such training and is followed by a long road eventually leading to a lifelong journey to become a qualified congenital cardiac surgeon. Effective mentorship is a prerequisite throughout training to guide surgeons on this journey.
Distributed adaptive leader-following consensus control for a class of non-linear output feedback systems
Authors: Wang Chuanrui , Sun Hui , Zhang Shuai 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper deals with the leader-following consensus control for a class of parametric output feedback non-linear multi-agent systems. To design distributed control laws without using agent’s own out information, non-linear functions of agent’s own output are transformed into non-linear functions of relative output information using mean value theorem and variable separation technique. By introducing an input-driven filter and employing adaptive backstepping method, distributed adaptive non-linear control laws are designed using only relative output measurements. The proposed control law is also independent of the Laplacian matrix. Therefore, it can solve the leader-following consensus problem for any directed communication graph that contains a spanning tree with the root node being the leader agent. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Effectiveness of mRNA Booster Vaccination Against Mild, Moderate, and Severe COVID-19 Caused by the Omicron Variant in a Large, Population-Based, Norwegian Cohort
Authors: Laake Ida , Skodvin Siri N , Blix Kristine , Caspersen Ida Henriette , Gjessing Håkon K , Juvet Lene K , Magnus Per , Mjaaland Siri , Robertson Anna H , Starrfelt Jostein , Trogstad Lill , Feiring Berit 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
Understanding how booster vaccination can prevent moderate and severe illness without hospitalization is crucial to evaluate the full advantage of mRNA boosters.

Methods
We followed 85 801 participants (aged 31–81 years) in 2 large population-based cohorts during the Omicron BA.1/2 wave. Information on home testing, PCR testing, and symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was extracted from biweekly questionnaires covering the period 12 January 2022 to 7 April 2022. Vaccination status and data on previous SARS-CoV-2 infection were obtained from national registries. Cox regression was used to estimate the effectiveness of booster vaccination compared to receipt of 2-dose primary series &gt;130 days previously.

Results
The effectiveness of booster vaccination increased with increasing severity of COVID-19 and decreased with time since booster vaccination. The effectiveness against severe COVID-19 was reduced from 80.9% shortly after booster vaccination to 63.4% in the period &gt;90 days after vaccination. There was hardly any effect against mild COVID-19. The effectiveness tended to be lower among subjects aged ≥60 years than those aged &lt;50 years.

Conclusions
This is the first population-based study to evaluate booster effectiveness against self-reported mild, moderate, and severe COVID-19. Our findings contribute valuable information on duration of protection and thus timing of additional booster vaccinations.
“Responsibility to Protect” and the BRICS: A Decade after the Intervention in Libya
Authors: Nuruzzaman Mohammed 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
“Responsibility to protect” (R2P) emerged as a powerful moral and political norm in 2001 signaling a shift away from traditional state sovereignty to human sovereignty. North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s (NATO) 2011 R2P intervention in Libya, however, created controversies giving rise to sharp differences between the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and the West over this new humanitarian norm. Major BRICS states officially support R2P to protect humans from mass atrocities but oppose military actions to implement it. This article examines the question why the BRICS states are resistant to R2P military interventions to protect humans at grave risk. In contrast to the general view that sovereignty exclusively lies at the heart of BRICS’ opposition to R2P, this article contends that, in addition to concerns for sovereignty, BRICS’ opposition to R2P military interventions is more accurately explained by the four interrelated factors of ideological rift between BRICS and the West, colonial domination of the Global South by the West, controversies over NATO's Libya episode, and the recent economic rise of the BRICS states. The article concludes that R2P, caught in the crossfires of West versus BRICS’ differing positions, portends little hope for its practical application in future.
Increased Incidence of Suspected Smoke Inhalation During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A National Database Study
Authors: Habarth-Morales Theodore E , Rios-Diaz Arturo J , Isch Emily , Chandragiri Shreyas , Qi Lucy , Ni Roselind , Caterson Edward J 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced many Americans to adapt their daily routines. In 2020, there was a significant increase in house fires according to the National Fire Prevention Association (NFPA). The objective of this study was to characterize the changes in suspected smoke inhalations (SSIs) during the first year of the pandemic in the National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS). The NEMSIS database was queried for all EMS transports captured between 2017 and 2020. Differences in the incidences of SSIs and fire dispatches in 2020 were estimated using Poisson regression models. There was a 13.4% increase in the incidence of fire dispatches and a 15% increase in SSIs transported in 2020 compared to the previous 3 years. The incidence rate ratio of both fire dispatches (1.271; 95% CI: 1.254–1.288; P &lt; .001) and SSI (1.152; 95% CI: 1.070–1.241; P &lt; .001) was significantly elevated in 2020. The increases in fire dispatches and SSIs observed in the NEMSIS database are in concordance with other literature indicating the increase in fire incidence and morbidity observed during the pandemic. These results should inform fire prevention outreach efforts and resource allocation in burn centers in the event of future pandemic.
The Real Exchange Rate, Innovation, and Productivity
Authors: Alfaro Laura , Cuñat Alejandro , Fadinger Harald , Liu Yanping 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe build a dynamic heterogeneous-firm model in which real depreciations raise export demand and the cost of importing intermediates, and also affect borrowing constraints and the profitability of engaging in research and development (R&D). A number of stylized facts on manufacturing firms for a large set of countries discipline our estimation: Firms in emerging East Asia are very export oriented and rely little on imported intermediates, whereas the opposite holds for Latin America and Eastern Europe; firms from industrialized countries export as much as they import. Exporters experience an increase in cash flow, R&D, and productivity growth in response to real exchange rate (RER) depreciations; importers experience the opposite outcomes. In counterfactual simulations of temporary RER movements, the effects on innovation and productivity growth are heterogeneous across regions, sizeable and persistent. In emerging Asia, real depreciations are associated with higher probabilities to engage in R&D, faster growth of average firm-level productivity and cash flow, and higher export entry rates; we find negative average effects on these outcomes for firms in other emerging economies, and no significant average effects for firms in industrialized economies.
Watershed Moment or Same Old?
Authors: Vasiliev Sergey 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This note places the revitalization of international criminal law spurred by the international community’s response to the large-scale commission of core crimes in Ukraine in the aftermath of Russia’s February 2022 invasion into a broader (geo)political context. The unprecedented financial and operational support the International Criminal Court (ICC) Prosecutor has received since raises questions about its implications for the future of international criminal justice and the ways forward for the ICC and the Rome Statute system. The ICC states parties should avoid turning this crisis into a special case for international criminal law enforcement and seize the ‘Ukraine moment’ to remedy rather than perpetuate existing enforcement asymmetries.
Cytogenetic and Molecular Characterization of IDH-Wildtype Glioblastomas and Grade 4 IDH-Mutant Astrocytomas with Unusual Histology
Authors: Ahrendsen Jared T , Freund Robert S , Hsu Nancy , Bryke Christine , Varma Hemant 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly heterogenous tumor. Though several well-defined histological patterns of GBMs are known, these are infrequent, and the molecular correlates of several of these histological patterns are not well understood. We identified 31 adult-type infiltrating grade 4 gliomas with unusual histology in our institutional archives from 2016 to 2020, including tumors with a preponderant component of giant cell (n = 15), gemistocytes (n = 6), spindle cells (n = 5), small cells (n = 3), and ependymoma-like features (n = 2). We performed molecular and cytogenetic profiles of IDH-wildtype GBMs with unusual histology and compared to 48 tumors with conventional histology. We found that the majority (85%) of giant cell GBM had increased numbers of whole chromosome loss and genomic haploidization compared to conventional GBMs and other variants. Furthermore, we identified a genetically confirmed GBM with prominent ependymal features, indicating that glial tumors with ependymal features should be considered in the differential diagnosis of GBM. We also identified 6 IDH-mutant grade 4 astrocytomas with unusual histology and similar molecular and cytogenetic profiles to conventional appearing grade 4 IDH-mutant astrocytomas. These findings emphasize the role of molecular/cytogenetic analyses in the diagnostic clarification of GBMs with unusual histological patterns, refine the classification of unusual GBMs, and potentially pave the way for personalized therapies.
N-Hydroxy pipecolic acid methyl ester is involved in Arabidopsis immunity
Authors: Mohnike Lennart , Huang Weijie , Worbs Brigitte , Feussner Kirstin , Zhang Yuelin , Feussner Ivo 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The biosynthesis of N-hydroxy pipecolic acid (NHP) has been intensively studied, though knowledge on its metabolic turnover is still scarce. To close this gap, we discovered three novel metabolites via metabolite fingerprinting in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves after Pseudomonas infection and UV-C treatment. Exact mass information and fragmentation by tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) suggest a methylated derivative of NHP (MeNHP), an NHP-OGlc-hexosyl conjugate (NHP-OGlc-Hex), and an additional NHP-OGlc-derivative. All three compounds were formed in wild-type leaves but were not present in the NHP-deficient mutant fmo1-1. The identification of these novel NHP-based molecules was possible by a dual-infiltration experiment using a mixture of authentic NHP and D9-NHP standards for leaf infiltration followed by UV-C treatment. Interestingly, the signal intensity of MeNHP and other NHP-derived metabolites increased in ugt76b1-1 mutant plants. For MeNHP, we unequivocally determined the site of methylation at the carboxylic acid moiety. MeNHP application by leaf infiltration leads to the detection of a MeNHP-OGlc as well as NHP, suggesting MeNHP hydrolysis to NHP. This is in line with the observation that MeNHP infiltration is able to rescue the fmo1-1 susceptible phenotype against Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis Noco 2. Together, these data suggest MeNHP as an additional storage or transport form of NHP.
Physician Burnout—Evidence That Leadership Behaviors Make a Difference: A Cross-Sectional Survey of an Academic Medical Center
Authors: Hu James S , Phillips Jennifer , Wee Choo Phei , Pangaro Louis N 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
High rates of physician burnout are well documented in the USA. Identifying beneficial leadership behaviors as an organizational approach to mitigating burnout can lead to improved wellness in the physicians that they lead; however, few studies have examined which leadership behaviors are beneficial and which may be detrimental.

Materials and Methods
This survey study of academic medical center physicians and their physician leaders assessed the correlation between burnout and leadership behaviors. Data were analyzed for the strength of correlation between scores for leadership behaviors and self-reported physician burnout with analysis of variance by sex, time from training, specialty, and age.

Results
Of 1,145 physicians surveyed, 305 returned surveys. Among the respondents, 45% were female, 25% were 56 years or older, and 57% self-identified as practitioners of medicine or medicine subspecialties. Two transformational leadership categories of behaviors (idealized influence behaviors and individualized consideration) and one transactional leadership behavior category (contingent reward) correlated favorably with all domains of burnout (P &lt; .0001). Conversely, two transactional leadership categories of burnout (management by exception passive and laissez-faire) correlated unfavorably with all burnout domains.

Conclusions
Organizational interventions are needed to improve burnout in physicians. Adopting favorable leadership behaviors while avoiding unfavorable leadership behaviors can improve burnout in those physicians being led. These findings could inform the conceptual basis of future physician leadership training programs as transactional leadership behaviors also have an impact on physician wellness.
The Impact of the Maritime Deployment Cycle on the Surgeon’s Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities
Authors: Vasquez Matthew , Edson Theodore D , Lucas Donald J , Hall Andrew B , Tadlock Matthew D 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The U.S. Navy routinely deploys aircraft carriers and amphibious assault ships throughout the world in support of U.S. strategic interests, each with an embarked single surgeon team. Surgeons and their teams are required to participate in lengthy pre-deployment shipboard certifications before each deployment. Given the well-established relationship of surgeon volume to patient outcome, we aim to compare the impact of land vs. maritime deployments on Navy general surgeon practice patterns.

Materials and Methods
Case logs and pre-deployment training initiation of land-based (n = 8) vs. maritime-based (n = 7) U.S. Navy general surgeons over a 3-year period (2017-2020) were compared. Average cases per week were plotted over 26 weeks before deployment. Student’s t-test was utilized for all comparisons.

Results
Cases declined for both groups in the weeks before deployment. At 6 months (26 weeks) before deployment, land-based surgeons performed significantly more cases than their maritime colleagues (50.3 vs. 14.0, P = .009). This difference persisted at 16 weeks (13.1 vs. 1.9, P = .011) and 12 weeks (13.1 vs. 1.9, P = .011). Overall, surgeon operative volume fell off earlier for maritime surgeons (16 weeks) than land-based surgeons (8 weeks). Within 8 weeks of deployment, both groups performed a similarly low number of cases as they completed final deployment preparations.

Conclusions
Surgeons are a critical component of combat causality care teams. In this analysis, we have demonstrated that both land- and maritime-based U.S. Navy surgeons have prolonged periods away from clinical care before and during deployments; for shipboard surgeons, this deficit is large and may negatively impact patient outcomes in the deployed maritime environment. The authors describe this discrepancy and provide practical doctrinal solutions to close this readiness gap.
Deep learning reconstruction of the large-scale structure of the Universe from luminosity distance
Authors: García Cristhian , Santa Camilo , Romano Antonio Enea 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACT
Supernovae Ia (SNe) can provide a unique window on the large-scale structure (LSS) of the Universe at redshifts where few other observations are available, by solving the inversion problem (IP) consisting in reconstructing the LSS from its effects on the observed luminosity distance. So far the IP was solved assuming some restrictions about space–time, such as spherical symmetry for example, while we obtain for the first time solutions of the IP problem for arbitrary space–time geometries using deep learning. The method is based on the use of convolutional neural networks (CNN) trained on simulated data. The training data set is obtained by first generating random density and velocity fields, and then computing their effects on the luminosity distance. The CNN, based on an appropriately modified version of U-Net to account for the tridimensionality of the data, is then trained to reconstruct the density and velocity fields from the luminosity distance. We find that the velocity field inversion is more accurate than the density field, because the effects of the velocity on the luminosity distance only depend on the source velocity, while in the case of the density it is an integrated effect along the line of sight, giving rise to more degeneracy in the solution of the IP. Improved versions of these neural networks, modified to accommodate the non-uniform distribution of the SNe, can be applied to observational data to reconstruct the LSS of the Universe at redshifts at which few other observations are available.