bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are the Virtues the Proper Starting Point for Morality?
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The virtues are an adequate starting point for morality only with the full Aristotelian conception of virtue as a complex and deep character trait (often misunderstood by critics), involving practical wisdom (phronēsis), and distinguishing virtue from strength of will. Right action is what the virtuous person does: this is not a definition, as it has sometimes been taken. Rather, it directs us to the central role of right action done characteristically from virtue and without qualification. It is thus important to emphasize how this kind of characteristically virtuous action is distinguished from right action done from a right decision, but in circumstances of tragic choice, and not virtuous.
Virtuous Action
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We should distinguish actions which are virtuous though not done from virtue, from virtuous actions done from virtue, which express not just ideal virtue but ideal practical rationality. How can we relate this to ordinary virtuous action? The virtuous have the right aims as well as pursuing them intelligently, in a way analogous to sound as opposed to merely valid theoretical reasoning; we should recognize this, but be careful not to over-intellectualize what the virtuous understand. Although virtuous actions result from choice and involve acting for a reason, this is consistent with spontaneous action insofar as spontaneous virtuous action is appropriately goal-directed and understood by the agent as such.
Québec’s Subsidized Childcare Network
Authors: Burlone Nathalie 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides insight into the development and implementation of subsidized childcare in Québec. Implemented in 1997, the provincial subsidized childcare network is still in place today. It offers affordable daily single-rate daycare spots available to all Québec children under the age of five, delivered in facilities (Centres de la petite enfance or CPEs) or in a family setting. A unique program in Canada, CPEs have outlived political parties’ terms, withstood policy changes, survived budgetary crises, and adapted to harsh criticisms. Embedded in a new family policy rooted in a philosophy of social investment and collectivization of care work, Québec subsidized childcare programs undoubtedly provided incentives for working parents (mothers especially) by offering a necessary support to families and an increased assistance to low-income families. It has also facilitated family-work balance, promoted child development, and fostered equal opportunities.
Micro-variation in object marking in North Mozambican Bantu languages
Authors: Devos Maud , Guérois Rozenn 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter investigates micro-variation in object marking in 11 North Mozambican Bantu languages. The investigated parameters include morphosyntactic type of object marking, its status, and its behaviour in (lexical, applicative, and causative) ditransitive constructions. It shows that categorization of languages in a featural typology is not always straightforward. Just as symmetric languages are known to display asymmetric behavior, a detailed investigation of Koti and Shangaji, two closely related languages of the sample, shows that largely asymmetric languages may also display symmetric patches in more or less restricted contexts. The chapter points out the need for more fine-grained descriptions of variation in Bantu languages.
Topicality and object–past participle agreement in Friulian
Authors: De Cia Simone 
Published: December 2022

AbstractChapter 12 argues that object–-past participle agreement in Friulian is sensitive to the discourse-pragmatic status of the direct object as given topic or aboutness-shift topic. It occurs in transitive clauses with the in-situ direct object independently of the presence of a resumptive object clitic within the verbal domain. The chapter claims that, in Friulian, v° is endowed with an extra set of phi-features, which probes for the closest c-commanded DP that carries a topic feature. As a result, past participle agreement only takes place with topical in-situ direct objects. If such a goal is not available, the default masculine singular ending surfaces on the past participle, as the Agree operation fails. The correct discourse-pragmatic interpretation of the topical in-situ object is then achieved through Long-Distance Agree between the relevant left-peripheral functional head and the internal object DP.
Object clause indexing in Albanian
Authors: Sonnenhauser Barbara , Widmer Paul 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIn Albanian, the application of a preverbal accusative index, also known as clitic doubling, may appear not only with nominal but also with clausal arguments, a hitherto little-discussed phenomenon. The occurrence of the preverbal object index is at least partly conditional on readiness for individuation of the complement clause and on its information status. Individuation and information status are also involved in the indexing of accusative nominal arguments, which testifies to a system in Albanian that operates across structurally different complement types, treating them alike. The analysis presented in this chapter contributes to more general discussions concerning the syntactic properties of complements.
Linking traits to extinction risk in Odonata
Authors: Rocha-Ortega Maya , Khelifa Rassim , Sandall Emily L. , Deacon Charl , Sánchez-Rivero Xavier , Pinkert Stefan , Patten Michael A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Current species extinction rates are comparable to the five paleontological mass extinction events. To assess risk of species’ extinction, scientists have developed a range of metrics, among them the IUCN threat categorization. Odonates are the most comprehensively assessed insect group (nearly every species) through the IUCN Red List process, yet many species remain categorized as “data deficient.” Species’ ecological and functional traits can help alleviate data deficiencies such as abundance shortfalls in predicting extinction risk. This chapter identifies the commonly studied Odonata traits that may relate to their extinction risk. It summarizes current functional eco-evolutionary perspectives, community resiliency and functional redundancy, and proxies of extinction risk. It proposes a unified framework for predicting Odonata extinction risk from traits that incorporates geographic ranges and environmental data layers, while encouraging the integration of individual abundances, intraspecific variation, biotic interactions, and resolved phylogenies.
Odonata as focal taxa for biological responses to climate change
Authors: Pinkert Stefan , Clausnitzer Viola , Acquah-Lamptey Daniel , De Marco Paulo , Johansson Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adaptations to novel climates have been a motor for the evolution of life on Earth, but the human-caused rise of global temperatures is unprecedented in its velocity and many species may not be able to cope with such rapid climatic changes. The most likely scenarios indicate that, until the end of this century, the increase of global temperatures above the pre-industrial levels will be of comparable magnitude as changes since the last glacial maximum (LGM). Species that cannot adapt fast enough to these dramatic changes have to shift their distributions or phenology, or they become locally extinct. How species react depends on a multitude of intrinsic factors, including life history traits, physiological adaptations, and dispersal ability. This chapter first explains why Odonata are an ideal taxon to understand and globally monitor biological responses of both aquatic and terrestrial insects. In addition, it provides an overview of important environmental drivers of contemporary diversity patterns of Odonata. Finally, it reviews literature on range shifts, population trends, and phenological changes in Odonata and discusses the importance of functional traits—not only for predicting how, but also for understanding why, species respond to climatic changes.
Introduction
Authors: Kim H. Yumi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the face of Western imperialist threats in the 1850s, Japanese leaders sought to strengthen the nation by drawing on the latest global scientific and medical knowledge. By the 1880s, this included the introduction of European-influenced psychiatry. Japanese psychiatrists claimed that mental diseases required medical treatment in specialized institutions rather than confinement at home, as had been common practice. But the state implemented no social welfare policies to make new medical services more accessible and affordable to the public. The institution of the family, especially women, thus continued to carry the burden of caring for those considered mad. When women were the ones to fall mentally ill, family served as a crucial set of relationships through which they understood their illnesses. While doctors located the source of affliction in their physiology and reproductive malfunctions, many women narrated their experiences of illness by invoking the relations and language of kinship.
Victims' State
Authors: Hsia Ke-Chin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This book offers an integrated account about how late Imperial Austria and the First Austrian Republic responded to the needs of soldiers and their families when they faced adverse consequences of soldiering. It surveys the evolving legal and institutional context from the 19th century to the interwar years as well as the concrete actions taken by public and societal actors in confronting the massive losses in lives, health, and livelihoods during and after the First World War, specifically on the provision of care and welfare for disabled soldiers and dead soldiers’ widows and orphans. Straddling the conventional historiographical divide of 1918, this book argues that the revolutions of 1918 was not all-determining in the realm of social policy and welfare politics in the post-Habsburg Central Europe. Rather, a “social offensive on the home front” was already initiated in 1917 and gained fresh momentum in 1918 and 1919 thanks to the emergence of war victims themselves as an assertive social movement that the new Austrian Republic sought to court and even partner with. This pivotal period in the Austrian warfare-welfare nexus is part of the longer trajectory of how the Austrian state became self-consciously “social” in the age of democratizing mass politics and mass conscription. It is also a story about war and war victim welfare’s key roles in the formation of modern Austrian citizenship and statehood.
The Last-Ditch Effort to Save the Monarchy
Authors: Hsia Ke-Chin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter looks at concrete aspects of the Social Ministry officials’ direct welfare intervention. Working consciously as the lead advocate for war victims vis-à-vis the military and other ministries, the ministerial welfare officials sought to build a comprehensive information regime as well as “retail” welfare services. Bureaucratic turf conflicts and severe material shortages, however, made any effort ultimately futile. This chapter shows that state agencies’ jealous hoarding of resources in 1918 added a further layer of scarcity to the shortages already wreaking havoc on the home front. Seen in this light, the effective end of a more or less coherent Imperial Austrian state had already arrived in summer 1918, months before the Monarchy’s final dissolution.
Introduction
Authors: Ghobadzadeh Naser 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This book articulates a religious rationale for political secularism in the Iranian/shīʿī context. Belief in theocracy has always been the basis of shīʿī political theology, but with the messianic conception of the 12th Imām in the fourth/tenth century, its realisation came to depend on the will and intervention of the divine. As a result, shīʿī leaders, while awaiting the return of the 12th Imām, not only do not have the authority or responsibility to take over the institution of government, but have been forbidden from doing so. For more than 1300 years, the political thought and action of shīʿī religious leaders was shaped by this political theology, formulated in this book as Theocratic secularism. In opposition to orthodox shīʿī theology, a new politico-religious discourse emerged at the initiative of Ayatollah Khomeini in the last decades of the twentieth century, which in this book is referred to as governmental-shīʿism. In sharp contrast to shīʿī orthodoxy, governmental-shīʿism considers the occupation of the government apparatus as the duty of shīʿī religious leaders. In this book, it is argued that governmental-shīʿism was neither the product of a theological transformation of shīʿī orthodoxy nor used as a blueprint to establish the Islamic Republic. Rather, the formation of the Islamic Republic and the clergy’s rise to power led to the birth of governmental-shīʿism and bestowed importance on Khomeini’s doctrine of wilāyat-i faqīh.
The Major Occultation
Authors: Ghobadzadeh Naser 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the ideas of the founding scholars of Shīʿism and their agreement on several key elements of Shīʿī theology, which are the motifs of theocratic secularism. These elements included the scope of the authority of the ʿulamāʾ, the possibility of forming a Shīʿī ideal government during the Major Occultation, the mode of interaction with jāʾir rulers, and finally the issue of rebellion to overthrow established political systems. It will be argued that none of the founding scholars believed that the Shīʿī religious leaders’ scope of authority extended to the formation of government. They also denounced all the rulers of the Age of Occultation as usurpers, and although the ʿulamāʾ disagreed on the permitted degree of proximity to and cooperation with rulers, none suggested that a non-infallible ruler could ever be recognized as legitimate. This chapter also suggests that rebellion against the ruler and the overthrow of an established political system were not endorsed in Shīʿism because the Shīʿa ruled out the possibility of the formation of a legitimate government without the twelfth Imām and therefore perceived no benefit in overthrowing any given illegitimate government in his absence.
The Creeping Entrance of the Idea of Wilāyat-i Faqīh
Authors: Ghobadzadeh Naser 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that senior clerical Islamist leaders continued to view the institution of government from within the ideological framework of theocratic secularism, and that the project of governmental Shīʿism was not on their agenda, until the debates of the Assembly of Experts for the Constitution in the summer of 1979. Following the public release of the draft constitution, which did not mention the idea of wilāyat-i faqīh, a number of lower-ranking Islamists entered the constitutional debate and proposed the idea of assigning clerics a special role in the constitution. It is argued that their various suggestions were discordant and displayed no particular coherence or coordination. More important, these proposals made no reference to Khomeini’s doctrine of wilāyat-i faqīh. This chapter seeks to demonstrate that until the summer of 1979, governmental Shīʿism did not emerge as a cohesive politico-religious discourse.
A Menace to the Health of the Country
Authors: Brown Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During the mass immigration of eastern European Jews at the turn of the twentieth century, they were frequently considered not only physically unfit but also carriers of disease. However, data from the New York City Department of Health demonstrated that contrary to the anti-Jewish trope, Jews were actually less likely to die from pandemic diseases like typhoid or pneumonia. The experience of the Jewish immigrant is contextualized with descriptions of the manner in which Italian and Irish immigrants were similarly treated. The Nazis described the Jew as a carrier of infectious disease, a claim that was heard once more during the COVID-19 era. The chapter concludes with a history of the medical treatment of Jewish refugees by the State of Israel.
The Startup Organization
Authors: Ketokivi Mikko , Mahoney Joseph T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the governance questions that an organization’s founders face. Focusing on the birth of the organization is important, because founders sometimes assume that questions regarding organization design and governance can be addressed in the months and the years after the founding when the organization has become more established. In stark contrast to this common belief, we propose that there are crucial questions that require the designer’s attention already before the organization’s founding. This chapter addresses both questions that can and should be addressed and are contractible before the founding (ex ante) and those that are subject to various ex post adjustments.
Introduction
Authors: Pilzer Joshua D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the subjects and key ideas of the book. It briefly introduces the Korean atomic experience and the many historical conditions that have led to the overwhelming quiet of “Korea’s Hiroshima.” It then turns to the possibility of doing ethnomusicology in the overwhelming absence of music, and the radical listening and the openness that this study models as an example of that. I define this version of the anthropology of music as studying culture musically. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the roles that expression and other arts play in the ongoing work of surviving the bomb.
The Baroque Era
Authors: Shrock Dennis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The most common vocal genres during the era, other than opera, were mass, including Requiem and separate mass movements; oratorio, including settings of the Passion; motet and related sacred settings such as the Magnificat and Te Deum; anthem and other Protestant Reformation forms such as the Calvinist Psalm setting and the German Lutheran chorale; cantata; ode; and madrigal. The mass remained the only genre that consistently involved choral forces throughout the era. The oratorio and cantata usually involved chorus during the middle and latter portions of the era but were often exclusively for soloists in the early years. The motet was scored for choral forces in its prima prattica form, but commonly for solo voices (often only one or two voices and basso continuo) in its seconda prattica form. The anthem and related genres, as well as multimovement works such as odes and most Magnificat settings, were often scored for a combination of soloists and chorus. Finally, the madrigal remained a genre intended only for soloists, either singly or in groups.
The Modern Era
Authors: Shrock Dennis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Modern era began during the early years of the twentieth century when composers felt that the genres, tonalities, scorings, and notational symbols of the Romantic era could no longer satisfy their creative needs. Traditional genres were too confining for new ideas of expression, harmonic language based on functional tonality seemed to be exhausted, additional and unique colors were needed in scoring, and innovative elements of notation were required to manifest revolutionary concepts of communication. Consequently, dramatic changes affected virtually every element of music making. New genres ranged from stage productions that incorporated dance (e.g., Claude Debussy’s Le martyre de saint Sébastien) to vocal chamber music scored for a large ensemble of highly skilled soloists (e.g., Olivier Messiaen’s Cinq rechants for twelve singers). Experiments in new tonalities resulted in the dodecaphonic (twelve-tone) technique, pandiatonicism, bitonality, atonality, and divisions of the traditional chromatic scale into smaller units than half steps. Scorings for uncommon colors included wordless chorus as an orchestral instrument, sprechstimme, numerous percussion instruments, and electronic sounds and instruments. New notation consisted of a wide range of symbols to indicate such performance elements as variations in vibrato, speaking, singing in falsetto, producing the highest or lowest notes possible, yelling, hissing, and whispering. In addition, aleatoric performance became a feature of a number of Modern-era compositions. This is especially evident in passages of indeterminate rhythm within traditionally metered music.
Spinoza's Ethics
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This guide has an introduction and five chapters, one for each of the parts of Spinoza’s Ethics. The Introduction includes background material necessary for productive study of the Ethics: advice for working with Spinoza’s geometrical method, a biographical sketch of Spinoza, and accounts of important predecessors: Aristotle, Maimonides, and Descartes. The chapters that follow trace the Ethics in detail, including accounts of most of the elements in Spinoza’s book and raising questions for further research. Chapter 1, “One Infinite Substance,” covers central arguments of Spinoza’s substance monism. Chapter 2, “The Idea of the Human Body,” follows Spinoza’s detailed metaphysics of ordinary objects, his theory of mind, and his epistemology. Chapter 3, “Striving, Joy, and Sadness,” works from Spinoza’s broad theory of finite activity in the striving to persevere in being to his detailed accounts of human action and passion. Chapter 4, “Bondage to Passion,” emphasizes Spinoza’s formal theory of value, his intellectualism in ethics, and particular claims about value that follow from these commitments. Chapter 5, “The Power of the Intellect,” begins with Spinoza’s criticism of Descartes’s account of our ability to control passion and moves to Spinoza’s own theory, which emphasizes reason, the eternal part of the mind, and human blessedness.
Introduction
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis Introduction includes three sorts of background material necessary for productive study of the Ethics. The first section offers suggestions for working with Spinoza’s geometrical method. The second section is a biographical sketch. It includes accounts of major events in Spinoza’s life, notably his cherem or excommunication from the Jewish community, and information about Spinoza’s works with an emphasis on the interrupted composition of the Ethics. The third section introduces three important predecessors. It describes, first, Aristotle’s theories of substance, the human being, and final causation. Then it turns to Maimonides’s theory of God’s causation, his account of ideas and their objects, and his criticism of popular imagination. Finally, it introduces Descartes’s use of the terminology of substance, attribute, and mode; his theory of will and intellect; and his views about passion and its control.
One Infinite Substance
Authors: LeBuffe Michael 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers detailed accounts of Part 1 of Spinoza’s Ethics. It includes four sections, reflecting four major parts of Spinoza’s argument. The first section concerns Spinoza’s definitions and axioms. Section two includes Spinoza’s initial characterization of substance in the principle of the identity of indiscernibles, the existence of God, and substance monism. From these positions, Spinoza moves to a characterization of finite things. The third section sets out these arguments, which culminate in Spinoza’s defense of determinism and necessity. The fourth section is an interpretation of the Appendix to Ethics 1, in which Spinoza criticizes imaginative theories of teleology and God.