bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Budworm Control on Tobacco with Baits and Foliar Sprays, 1983
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Koziol F. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tobacco was transplanted in two tests arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated four times on 31 May. Test plots, 8 ft (two rows) by 20 ft (12 plants), were separated by single untreated border rows. Blocks were separated by 5-ft vacant alleys. The plants in each plots were artificially infested with one budworm larva per plant. Posttreatment budworm counts were made at 3 and 8 days after application. The Temik was applied pretransplant in a 12-in. band and incorporated by bedding on 13 May. On 26 Jul. foliar insecticides were applied with a CO2-powered back-pack sprayer that delivered 10 gal finished spray per acre through an 118X tip. Baits were formulated by mixing the desired rates of Proxol 80SP, Orthene 75SP and Dipel WP in cornmeal. Vermiculite was also used as a carrier for Orthene. Baits were applied by hand to the bud of each plant on 26 Jul.
Control of Leaf-Feeding Insects of Flue-Cured Tobacco with Soil Applied Insecticides, 1983
Authors: Southern P.S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were established on commercially grown tobacco in Wayne (Test 1) and Hertford (Test 2) Co., N.C. Soil types were Goldsboro (Test 1) and Norfolk (Test 2) sandy loam. Plots were 16-ft wide (four rows) and 75 ft long (0.0267 acre) and were separated laterally by vacant rows and on each end by 12- or 20-ft turn alleys. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Broadcast sprays were applied 29 Apr., Test 1; 5 May, Test 2) using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer delivering 21.8 and 23.4 gal/acre in Tests 1 and 2, respectively, through 8004 flat fan nozzles at 25 lb/in2. Granular broadcast applications were made using two electrically driven tractor-mounted Gandy applicators. All broadcast applications were incorporated by discing twice in opposite directions. Temik narrow band treatments were applied in a 2 to 3-in. band using an applicator shank (3 May, Test 1; 13 May, Test 2). Granules were placed ca. 3 in. below the surface of a partially formed bed and covered with an additional 2 to 3 in. of soil. Transplant water applications were made using the farmers’ tractor-drawn transplanters (Test 1: 9 May, 320 gal/acre; Test 2: 13 May, 208 gal/acre). Sidedress treatments were applied (14 Jun., Test 1; 16 Jun., Test 2) in a 2 to 3-in. band to one side of each row ca. 2 in. below the surface. Insect counts and damage ratings were made on the middle two rows of each plot. Budworms were counted on 20 or 40 plants and the same plants rated for budworm damage: 0, no damage; 1, light damage typical of feeding by 1st to 3rd stage larvae; 2, heavy damage typical of feeding by large larvae; 3, plant topped by feeding. Flea beetles were counted on 10 plants and the number of feeding holes counted on the uppermost leaf over 6 in. long of the same plant. Green peach aphids were counted on the uppermost leaf over 6 in. long of 10 plants. Twenty plants were rated for overall aphid infestation: 0, no aphids seen; 1, 1 to 10 apterous aphids on most infested leaf; 2, 11 to 50 apterous aphids on most infested leaf; 3, 51 to 200 apterous aphids on most infested leaf; 4, 200+ apterous aphids on most infested leaf; 5, plant heavily infested, honeydew and sooty mold obvious. Hornworms (mixed species) were counted on 20 plants. After harvest and curing, tobacco from each plot per harvest was weighed and given a government grade. Grades were converted to a quality index (1 to 99) and a weighted average computed. All variables were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using the Waller-Duncan K ratio t test (K ratio = 100). For analysis, aphid, budworm, flea beetle and hornworm numbers were transformed to the square root of N + 0.5.
Apple, Pyrethroid Test, 1983
Authors: Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Eldridge M. Darrell 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Several materials were applied to a mature ‘Rome’ apple plot in Roseland, Va. Each treatment was represented by four single-tree replicates in a completely randomized design. Unsprayed buffer trees were left between sprayed trees. Applications were made with a truck mounted hydraulic sprayer with handgun attachment. Spray dates were 12 Apr. (0.5 in. green), 22 Apr. (pink), 16 May, 31 May, 8 Jun., 23 Jun., 8 Jul., 13 Jul., 26 Jul., 25 Aug. Dikar was applied on 16 May, 23 Jun., 8 Jul., 26 Jul. and 26 Aug. Plictran was applied on 31 May and 13 Jul. Mites were sampled on several dates using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per sample. Number of AA- and WAA-infested terminal shoots per 20 shoots were counted.
Toxicities of Molt Inhibitors Ingested by Western Spruce Budworm, 1982
Authors: Robertson Jacqueline L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bioassays were done to determine the lethal effectiveness of two molt inhibitors ingested by third and sixth stage western spruce budworm. Insects were selected at random from generations 99 to 100 of a nondiapausing laboratory colony. Eight concentrations serially diluted from a freshly formulated concentrate were tested in each of three replications of an experiment. Both chemicals were formulated in acetone on the basis of weight per volume concentrations of the active ingredient. Two hundred p1 of each solution were added to 10 ml of reliquified artificial diet and the diet was stirred thoroughly. When solidified, each diet + molt inhibitor aliquot was fed to 10 larvae. Mortality was tallied after 14 days.
Control of Oak Lecanium, Virginia, 1982
Authors: Schultz P. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fifty willow oaks, approximately 20ft high and uniformly infested were selected for treatment. Insecticides were applied to the crawler stage 15 Jun. and 18 Jun., in Norfolk and Portsmouth respectively using a skid-mounted hydraulic sprayer at 80 lb/in2. Temperature was 72° at both application times. Treatments were evaluated in May 1983 by counting the number of females on four branches per tree, 5 trees per treatment.
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Control by Furadan Soil Treatment, 1983
Authors: Brown Leland R. , Malinoski Mary K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A randomized block experiment, with four replications, was conducted on 64 Monterey pine Christmas trees in El Cajon, Calif. Most trees had a lower trunk diameter of ca. 3 in.; planting was on 5-ft centers. Soil type was Ramona sandy loam. Irrigation was by automatic overhead sprinklers that applied the equivalent of 1.5 in. of water every 10 days. In previous years tip moth in this block of trees had been kept under good insecticidal control. Each treated two-tree replicate was separated from others by at least one untreated row of trees. Treatments were applied on 21 Apr. by walking around each two-tree replicate-at least five times-until the container with a measured amount of insecticide was empty. Granulars were applied by shaking a 1-qt wide-mouth glass jar with many holes in lid. Flowables were diluted in 1 gal of water and applied with a sprinkling can. On dates indicated tip moth injury was evaluated by counting, beginning at tree top, 100 growth terminals on each of two sides of each tree. Data were subjected to log (x + 1) transformations and then to analyses of variance. Shaping of trees by shearing occurred between 18 Aug. and 22 Sep.
Scots Pine, Chemical Control of Pine Spittlebug, Wooster, OH, 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of selected treatments for controlling pine spittlebug was evaluated in a Christmas tree plantation. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at a high rpm was used to deliver ca. 200 ml of finished spray to a quarter radial section of the crown of each of four, single-tree replicates per treatment on 14 June with sunny skies at 31°C, and a slight breeze (0 to 8 kph). Each sprayed section contained at least one spittle mass that was flagged for later observation. Treatment effectiveness was determined 23 June by inspecting the flagged areas of twigs for spittle masses. Dimilin treatments were observed a second time on 30 June.
Leaf Beetle Control on Azaleas, Alabama, 1983
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Holt G. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine insecticides were evaluated for control of leaf beetle on azaleas growing in 1-gal plastic pots containing an amended pine bark-peat moss medium, 3:1 vol/vol. Treatments were applied on 5 Nov (temperature, 80°F) with a hand-pump, compressed air sprayer to all leaf surfaces until runoff. Four single-plant replicates were arranged in a randomized design in an unshaded glass greenhouse. Plants were treated and individually caged with paper cylinders and cheesecloth to eliminate beetle movement between plants. Treatments were evaluated 72 h after application by counting numbers of dead/live beetles in and under plant canopies.
Apple, Full Season Mite Test, 1983
Authors: Pheiffer Douglas G. , Ponton Leo F. , Eldridge M. Darrell 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three pyrethroids were compared with each other and compounds in an apple block at Steeles Tavern. Four single-tree replicates per treatment were used, cultivars ‘Delicious,’ ‘Golden Delicious,’ ‘Stayman,’ and ‘York,’ in a randomized-complete block Spray dates were 30 Mar., 13 Apr., 31 May, 13 Jun., 27 Jun., 13 Jul., 26 Jul., 5 Aug., and 2 Applications were made with a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with a handgun attachment. Mite evaluated on several dates using a leaf-brushing machine and 20 leaves per sample.
Fall Armyworm and Leafhopper Control in Bermudagrass, 1983
Authors: Quisenberry Sharron S. , Wilson Howard K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Applications of registerd and experimental insecticides were applied to bermudagrass on the Ben Hur Research Station, Baton Rouge, La. All treatments were applied to 6.1 by 12.2-m plots arranged in a RCB design and replicatd four times. Materials were broadcast sprayed using a CO2-charged backpack sprayer equipped with four 11004 flat-fan nozzles at 22 lb/in2 pressure and 21.1 gal/acre. All treatments were applied on 25 Jul. Treatments were evaluated by taking 10, 180° sweeps using a 38-cm diam sweep net. Samples were taken pretreatment and 1, 3, 6, and 10 days after treatment (DAT). Each 10 sweep composite sample was bagged and frozen for later separation and counting.
Birch, Bronze Birch Borer Control, Dayton, Oh, 1982
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of 1, 2, or 3 applications of selected insecticides for control of bronze birch borer was evaluated in a nursery in southwestern Ohio. A Myers hyradulic sprayer operating at 200 lb/in was used to apply sprays to runoff. Treatment procedure was to spray the trunk, scaffold limbs and then foliage, to ensure thorough coverage to runoff. Each treatment was applied to five singe-tree replicates; three were Szechuan birch, the others Japanese white birch. Trees averaged ca. 7.5 cm DBH. The first application was 25 May with partly sunny skies, 24°C, and a 16 to 25 kph breeze. The second application was 8 Jun. with partly cloudy skies, 27°C, and 16 kph breeze. The third application date was 22 Jun., with conditions similar to 25 May.
Control of White Grubs on a New York Golf Course, 1983
Authors: Baker P. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six insecticide materials were applied to a fairway/rough in Syracuse, N.Y., with a mixed population of R. majalis and P. japonica on 8 Aug. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied with 3 gal water in a watering can. All liquid applications were made in two directions within each plot. All treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. No irrigation was applied after treatment. All plots were sampled 10 Nov. An 0.18-sq m section of sod, ca. 6.2 cm deep was removed from the center of each plot, and returned to the laboratory where the number of healthy grubs were recorded.
Control of Bluegrass Billbugs in Kentucky Bluegrass, 1983
Authors: Kindler S. D. , Spomer S. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a lawn located at the University of Nebraska Dental College in Lincoln, Nebr. (Lancaster Co.). Mean thatch accumulation was 0.7 cm, and temperature at treatment time (27 Jul.) was 33.4°C. Billbugs were in the larval stage, and for the most part, full grown. Damage to the turf was conspicuous. The experimental design was a RCB with five replicates. Individual plots were 0.61 by 0.61 m. Insecticides were mixed with clay granules and hand shaken onto the plots. After treatments were applied, the plots were irrigated daily with an automatic watering system that provided ca. 2.0 mm of water per day, except on 7 Aug., when 2.5 cm of water was supplied to the plots. There was no rainfall during the posttreatment sampling period. Billbug larvae were sampled at 1 wk (3 Aug.) and 3 wk (17 Aug.) posttreatment by cutting a 0.305 m by 0.61 m by 5.08 cm deep strip from each plot with a mechanical sod cutter, and recording the number of live and dead larvae in the sod strip and in a 2.5-cm zone below the soil line. Percent control of each plot was transformed to arc sine prior to ANOVA; untransformed means are presented in the table.
Control of Ants on Golf Course Fairway, 1983
Authors: Sloderbeck Phillip E. , Green Gerald L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine insecticide treatments were tested for efficacy against ants at a golf course near Garden City, Kans. Granular insecticides were applied by shaking a pre-measured amount oE insecticide from a paper sack. Liquid insecticides were applied in 12.8 liters of water per plot using a sprinkling can. Each plot measured 3 m by 3 m and there were four replications. Plots were evaluated based on
Turfgrass, White Grub Control, 1983
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Spring and summer applications of insecticides to golf course fairways were evaluated for efficacy in controlling white grubs. Treatments were applied in separate areas on 4 May and 17 Aug. Plots were 10 by 10 feet replicated four times in a completely random design. For each plot, liquid formulations of insecticides were applied by sprinkler can in 1 gal of water and irrigated after applicaition with 2 gal of water. Granules were applied with a hand shaker made from a pint jar with perforated lid; some treatments were irrigated with 2 gal of water while others were not irrigated (see table). Thatch in the test areas ranged from 0.25 to 0.5 in. thick. Four locations in each plot were sampled with a cup-cutter (4.24 in. in diam) to a depth of 3 in. The predominate species of white grub in both trials was the Asiatic garden beetle comprising 84 to 94% of the population on all sample dates. Samples were collected at 4 and 6 or 7 weeks posttreatment and mean values for each sample date were compared by ANOVA. Total accumulative precipitation during the trials was 4.05 and 6.62 in. at 4 and 7 weeks, respectively, for the spring application; and 3.50 and 4.05 at 4 and 6 weeks, respectively for the summer application. Spring application: Although the number of grubs in pretreat samples averaged 20.9/ft2, the population decreased to a less than optimum level of 7.6/ft2 (in control plots) on the 4 and 7 week posttreatment sample dates. There were no significant differences between treatments at 4 weeks posttreatment, but at 7 weeks all treatments except BAS 263 21 and Landrin were significantly different than the untreated. Summer application: At 4 weeks posttreatment, there was a significant reduction in numbers of grubs in all treatments except Landrin. At 6 weeks posttreatment, all treatments except Landrin and BAS 263 21 were significantly different from untreated controls. Oftanol and Triumph, with or without irrigation at application, were the superior compounds in these tests.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Wayne CO, PA, 1983
Authors: Heller P. R. , Callahan T. , Shetlar D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three insecticides were applied 13 Jul. to a hairy chinch bug-infested home lawn. The lawn consisted of fine leafed fescue (100%). Treatment plots were 5 by 5 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated three times. At treatment time, the following environmental and soil conditions existed: air temperature, 90°F; soil temperature, 70°F; soil type, sandy-loam; soil pH, 5.4; percent organic matter, 2.1; soil condition, dry; amount of thatch, 0.06 in. and partly cloudy skies. A flotation method was used for sampling, using 6 in. diameter circular cans. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days later (20 Jul.). Three locations were randomly selected within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs rising to the surface over a 10-min period (per location) was recorded and converted to a ft2 count. An average of 116 chinch bug nymphs and adults per ft2 was recorded 13 Jul. before treatment.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, Pink Vs. Petal-Fall Applications, 1983
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Pace Elizabeth J. , Hamilton George C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 12-yr-old orchard of apples located at Cream Ridge, N.J., was used in this test. Treatments were applied to single-tree plots replicated twice in a randomized complete block design. Acaricides were applied at pink (3 May), petal-fall (12 May), or both. Trees were sprayed to runoff (ca. 5 gal/tree) using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun. Mite population estimates were made randomly picking 25 leaves from each tree, brushing mites onto glass plates, and counting mites and eggs. Data were transformed to log x+1 before analysis of variance and comparison of means.
Juniper, Chemical Control of Spruce Spider Mite, Orrville, Oh. 1983
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Ounlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two formulations of Kelthane were evaluated for controlling spruce spider mite. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at peak rpm was used to apply ca 400 ml of finished spray to each of four, single-plant replicates per treatment on 1 and 12 Aug. when the temperature was 21°C with sunny skies and winds of 24 to 32 kph. Some plants received a single application on 1 Aug.; others received two applications, one on each date. On 17 Aug., ten, 10 to 15-cm twig tips were removed from each plant and processed through a mite brush, thereby dislodging mites and debris on glass plates. Live mites were counted with the aid of a dissecting scope.
Ground Application of Insecticides for Control of Gypsy Moth, 1982
Authors: Webb Ralph E. , Wieber Anne , Okey Gary 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A roadside planting of oaks (about 8 m tall) in Cecil Co., Md., was used for insecticide evaluation. Insecticides were applied at 10 gal/tree on 18 May using a power sprayer. A total of 30 trees were sprayed, and 2 trees were left untreated as controls. Foliage from trees was collected at various intervals after treatment. Leaves were placed in 1-qt styrofoam cups, each with 10 healthy gypsy moth larvae collected from another area in Cecil Co. There were four cups of leaves collected from each tree, with two trees per treatment, for a total of 8 cups per treatment. The larvae were newly collected and placed on leaves each of the postspray dates. Larval mortality was recorded after 96 h of feeding on treated foliage.
Control of Nantucket Pine Tip Moth on Loblolly Pines, 1983
Authors: Bartheld Bill , Price Richard , King Ed , Pinkston Ken 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted at the OSU Horticulture Research Farm outside of Stillwater, Okla. Field-grown loblolly pines 6 to 10 ft high, growing on a sandy loam soil were utilized. Trees were treated on 19 Apr. and 21 Jun. Application equipment consisted of a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.6 gal/min at 200 lb/in2. Trees were treated to runoff. Temperatures at the time of treatment were 61°F and 90°F, respectively for 19 Apr. and 21 Jun. Each treatment was randomized and replicated five times in a randomized block design. Trees were evaluated for larval infestations on 15 jun., 13 Jul., and 27 Sep. Evaluations were made by removing damaged tips and checking for live larvae.
Fall Webworm Control with Alsystin, 1982 and 1983
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Individual fall webworm nests and surrounding foliage were sprayed to point of runoff using a 2-gal compression sprayer. Spray solutions were mixed on the basis of g (AI)/liter. Ten to 12 nests per rate were sprayed each treatment date. On each sample date, three nests per rate and three untreated controls were cut from branches, placed in plastic bags and held under refrigeration until examined (usually within 24 h). Each nest was examined and percent larval mortality determined. Random nests were examined before treatment to obtain an estimate of larval sizes (length). In 1982, average length of larvae was 16 and 27 mm on 20 Aug. and 10 Sep., respectively. In 1983, treatments were applied earlier in larval development when average larval length was about 11 mm. Accumulative precipitation for the 5, 11, and 14 day sample dates, respectively, were: (1982) 0.57, 1.28, and 1.28 in.; (1983) 0.26, 1.11, and 1.32 in. For both years, there was no recorded rainfall in the study area until 2 days after treatment (DAT).
Phytotoxicity Evaluations with Diazinon, Georgia, 1983
Authors: Oetting Ronald D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials were conducted in Jul. and Aug. on seven species of greenhouse grown foliage plants. Two formulations of diazinon were applied: Diazinon 50% EC and a microencapsulated formulation of diazinon (Knox Out 2F). The materials were applied as foliar sprays to runoff at 0.5, 1, and 2 lb (AI/100 gal and as soil surface sprays to the potting media in which the plants were growing at 1.5, 2, and 6 lb (AI/100 gal. Each treatment consisted of a single plant in a 4.5-in. square pot and was replicated six times. Treatments were made on 11 Jul., 18 Jul., 5 Jul., 1 Aug., and 8 Aug., utilizing a compressed air sprayer equipped with an 8003 nozzle and at 30 to 35 lb/in2. Temperatures at application times were 82 to 84°F. The potting media was an organic mix + 20% sand with a pH of ca. 6. Treatments were evaluated each wk for phytotoxicity and a damage rating made on a scale of 0 to 3: 0, no damage; 1, slight; 2, moderate; 3, severe damage. No phytotoxicity was observed on any of the foliage plants in the experiment.
Field-Grown Cut Chyrsanthemum Phytotoxicity Evaluations with Trigard, California, 1983
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirteen weekly applications of Trigard 75WP, at IX, 2X, and 4X the recommended rate of 0.125 lb (AI)/acre were made to chrysanthemums grown commercially without cover in San Luis Rey, Calif. Treatments were initiated 25 Jul., 2 weeks after planting. Each treatment rate was replicated three times, with four plants of each variety per replicate. The materials were applied with a 5-gal pressurized sprayer at 50 lb/in2.
Phytotoxicity Test on Container-Grown Woody Ornamentals, Alabama, 1983
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Williams M. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity of Mavrik 2F was evaluated on 15 woody ornamentals typically produced in south Alabama. Plants were grown in an amended pine bark-peat moss medium. Rhododendron X ‘Glacier’ and ‘Coral Bells’ were grown under 47% shade; other species in full sun. Overhead impulse sprinklers provided irrigation. Treatments were applied to all leaf surfaces to runoff 18 Apr., 2 May, and 16 May with hand-pumped, compressed air sprayers. Six single-plant replicates per species were arranged in a completely randomized design. Phytotoxicity evaluations were made 1 week after each application and 4 weeks after the last application.