bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Syntax Acquisition in Early Childhood Through Flash-Cards
Authors: Fadilah Utami  , Dewangga Stevanus , Aghnaita Aghnaita , Hidayati Sri 
Published: March 2022

Purpose – Syntax acquisition is a gradual language level and essential language ability that determine childhood academic ability. The syntax needs to be stimulated in various ways. One of them is using flash-card games. This research aims to describe syntax acquisition in childhood through flash-cards.Design/methods/approach – This research method is descriptive qualitative research with data collection techniques through observations and interviews. This research’s subject is a six-year-old child with the initials HN.Findings – HN’s syntactic acquisition through flash-card has developed according to his development and age. Language development in syntax that HN obtains includes aspects of understanding and expressing language. HN syntax acquisition is also influenced by two factors that are natural and environmental.Research implications/limitations – This research is a limited mini-research performed on 1 study subject for two months. As for the flash-cards used, there are only ten kinds of flash-cards.Practical implications – This research is expected to be helpful as a reference regarding the stimulation of early childhood syntactic abilities through flash-cards. Academics and practitioners can develop various activities other for increasing syntax ability or developing flash-cards games that are more interesting and fun to be used for learning in childhood.Originality/value – This study still has limitations in taking the data. Therefore, the researcher hopes to conduct research with no limitations for the next.
Paper type: Research paper
The Emergence of Interculturalism
Authors: Gamarra Laura 
Published: March 2022

As the inter-connected, socially dynamic world we live in turns amongst a pandemic, people and communities have returned to a “new normal”, while applying the lessons learned in the last year. Intercultural relationships are a vital part of this new world, and scholars everywhere are examining the cultural, racial, ethnic, religious, and other social aspects of various nations and regions of the globe, in an effort to better understand the effects of this collective evolution.
Toda una vida
Authors: Gil Rico Alfredo 
Published: March 2022

Ahora que soy un hombre de la tercera edad, que ha vivido con apasionamiento y diligencia su profesión, puedo darme el lujo de pontificar sobre algunos temas que forman parte de mi memoria y que hoy he querido compartir con ustedes. Puedo iniciar afirmando que los ideales de la juventud no siempre son las realizaciones de la madurez. Lo digo porque cuando ingresé a la Universidad Santo Tomás, como estudiante de pregrado, mi sueño era graduarme para entonces ser filósofo. Por supuesto que por aquella época aún no tenía claro que era eso de ser filósofo. Con el desarrollo de las clases, poco a poco, fui comprendiendo la esencia de mi sueño, y cada día que se aproximaba el grado, más me aterraba la ignorancia que me separaba de las miríadas de conocimiento de los verdaderos representantes del amor a la sabiduría .
Invasive alien forest insect species in south-eastern Romania
Authors: OLENICI Nicolai , BĂLĂCENOIU Flavius , TOMESCU Romică , NEȚOIU Constantin , BUZATU Andrei , ALEXANDRU Alina 
Published: March 2022

Biological invasions in forest ecosystems are recognised as a global scale challenge. However, our current knowledge of invasive alien forest insect species (IAFIS) in Romania is still lacking and rather insufficient to support clear policies. The aim of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the distribution of IAFIS in the Muntenia and Dobrogea provinces of Romania. For this purpose, direct observations and insect collections were made two consecutive years, in 76 locations. Of these, 67 sampling locations forming a long field observation route were visited only once, and nine sampling locations were fixed monitoring points with primed traps used in first year for regular collection of insects at 1-2-week intervals. Seventeen non-native forest insect species from five orders and 11 families were detected: Aproceros leucopoda, Cameraria ohridella, Corythucha arcuata, Cydalima perspectalis, Dasineura gleditchiae, Eopineus strobus, Euura tibialis, Gilletteella cooleyi, Hyphantria cunea, Ips duplicatus, Macrosaccus robiniella, Neoclytus acuminatus, Obolodiplosis robiniae, Parectopa robiniella, Phyllonorycter issikii, Prociphilus fraxinifolii and Xylosandrus germanus. Eleven IAFIS species originate from North America, four from Asia and two from Europe. All detected species were previously reported from Romania, but eight species had not been recorded in these two provinces. Seven species live on native tree species, while 10 thrive on exotic trees or shrubs. The highest number of IAFIS was recorded in urban areas. Except for E. tibialis, all found IAFIS have a significant ecological or economic impact across invaded habitats. The risks posed by biological invasions need more thorough consideration that deserves greater attention and scientific support.
Influence of maturity stages on postharvest physico-chemical properties of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi var. ‘Shamber Tarnab’) under different storage durations
Authors: EL-BELTAGI Hossam S. , ULLAH Izhar , SAJID Muhammad , BASIT Abdul , SHEHATA Wael F. , SHAH Syed T. , ALTURKI Saleh M. , ULLAH Asad , AZIZ Iftikhar , ALI Fawad 
Published: March 2022

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of maturity stages on the physicochemical characteristics of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi cv. ‘Shamber Tarnab’) under storage conditions for 60 days at ambient temperature (16±1 °C with 55-60% relative humidity). Grapefruits were harvested at different maturity stages, namely mature green (MG) and full ripe (FR). The fruits of both stages were assessed for different physical quality parameters at 15 days interval. The experimental results showed that ascorbic acid content, titratable acidity, fruit firmness, percent disease incidence was higher at FR stage. In contrast, weight loss, percent juice content, total soluble solid (TSS), and TSS/acid ratio at MG (mature green) were lower than that of FR fruits. Regarding storage durations, the fruit firmness, titratable acidity, percent juice content, ascorbic acid content decreased significantly, whilst total soluble solid, TSS/Acid ratio, weight loss, and percent disease incidence increased significantly with the extension of storage duration from 0 to 60 days. As concerned to its interactive effects, the highest ascorbic acid content, titratable acidity, percent juice content, and maximum fruit firmness were observed in fresh grapefruit, harvested at (MG) mature green stages, whereas the maximum total soluble solid, percent disease incidence, and TSS/Acid ratio were recorded in fruit harvested at (FR) full ripe stage, stored for 60 days at room temperature. Similarly, the Pearson’s Correlation Analysis (p> 0.05) of grapefruit was positive effect for most of the quality traits of grapefruit at different storage durations and maturity stages. It was concluded that grapefruit could be harvested at the mature green stage (MG) for sustaining quality attributes up to 60 days of storage at room temperature.
Psycholinguistics of AI, Psycholinguistics versus Machine code
Authors: Coulardeau Jacques 
Published: March 2022

Abstract: I will examine the background of the language phylogeny in emerging Homo Sapiens as a fast, bipedal, long-distance runner in Black Africa;, followed by language psychogenesis in children from their gestation twenty-fourth week onward. I will concentrate on the audio-visual machiness impact, Lacan’s mirror stage, AV machines, the discontinuity between real and virtual realities, the remote control and AI machines as smart speakers and smart homes. In addition, I will discuss the following questions: Is the Machine beyond human intelligence? Is the human individual beyond Homo Sapiens? Is the human community beyond social contract? My working hypotheses on education within phylogenetic psycholinguistics are built on the following topics: Tomorrow’s AI class (unit and room); guided self-learning and who is the guide; can transference and countertransference take place in AI-guided self-learning? Can a human subject develop such transference/countertransference with a machine? Can a machine “play the game”? In conclusion, I will debate “The utopian vision of an improved human being versus the dystopic vision of human beings and human communities totally enslaved to AI machines.
Keywords: AI; linguistic phylogeny; guided self-learning; (counter)-transference; enslaved-to-machines
Geographical Variation of Essential Oil of Pinus pinea Needles in Turkey
Authors: BALABAN UÇAR Mualla , GÖNÜLTAŞ Oktay 
Published: March 2022

Aim of study: The aim of this study is to evaluate intraspecific variations of Pinus pinea needle essential oils obtained from five locations in Turkey
Area of study: The chemical composition of needle essential oil of Pinus pinea from five locations in Turkey was investigated and compared in order to determine differences among the regions (west; Armutlu and Kozak: east; Coruh, Maras Kapıcam and Onsen.
Material and methods: Each sample set containing fresh needles (700-800 g), were distillated with 3 L of water for 2 h by means of hydro distillation. Analyses were carried out in the GC-MS instrument to identify and quantitate the compounds in the EOs.
Main results: The results showed needle essential oil (EO) was dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons (69.00- 84.90%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (4.10-8.80 %) and diterpenes (1.02-1.57%). As expected, the essential oil composed mainly of limonene (52.70-76.10%), β-phellandrene (3.19-7.20 %), α-terpineol (1.46-9.88 %) β-caryophellene (1.55-3.26 %) and germacrene D (0.67-2.43%). Similar to Italy and Algeria, the EOs from Turkey had limonene content greater than fifty percent, this percentage was lower in EOs from Greece and Tunisia.
Highlights: Cluster analysis ensured the separation of three groups where the first group was the eastern stands Coruh and Kahramanmaras Kapıcam with higher amount of limonene and lower amount of β-caryophyllene. The other group western stands Armutlu and Kozak were exhibiting lower amounts of limonene and a higher amount of α-terpineol.
Tinea epidemic in paediatric population - Clinical pattern with microbiological correlation
Authors: Bothra Atul , Dutta Bornali , Rasul Elmy S 
Published: March 2022

Dermatophytoses are increasing at an alarming rate in the paediatric population. The trend is now shifting from the more familiar tinea capitis to involvement of the glabrous skin.To evaluate the various clinical manifestations, factors governing the clinical patterns, and causative species of fungus.A prospective observational study was done on all cases upto 15 years of age presenting with a clinical picture characteristic/ suspicious of dermatophytic infections. Direct microscopy was done on all cases, fungal culture in select cases.Two hundred and seventy cases were found to be suffering from dermatophytoses. Three groups of presentation were seen, 68(25.1%) cases presented with tinea incognito, 80(29.6%) cases showed some alteration while 122(45.2%) cases presented with classical features. Direct microscopy was positive in 230(85%) cases, fungal culture in 60%. Maximum number of cases were tinea corporis with 57.4%, followed by tinea faciei in 33.1% cases. Family history was positive in 200(74%) cases, younger patients came earlier for consultation. Hospital based study where cases with minimal involvement might have been excluded.Paediatric tinea is now presenting with adult patterns of presentation. They often mimic other dermatoses due to involvement of previously uninvolved sites and often evades diagnosis. Awareness, high index of suspicion and laboratory tools will result in early diagnosis and treatment.
A comparative analysis of water immersion induced hand wrinkling in dermatological diseases
Authors: Ravindran Surya , Criton Sebastian 
Published: March 2022

Skin wrinkling is hypothesized as an adaptive phenomenon that is generated as an evolutionary process. Water immersion-induced wrinkling is a non-invasive test graded from 0-5 that involves placing one’s hands into lukewarm water for a set amount of time. Despite the increased interest in skin rejuvenation, a baseline study describing the variation in water immersion induced hand wrinkling is still missing. We aim to experimentally compare the water immersion-induced wrinkling time in various dermatological conditions in the current study.One hundred patients from the Department of dermatology were evaluated based on their presenting Dermatoses like Psoriasis Vulgaris, Acral Vitiligo, and Hand Dermatitis were asked to place their hands in 25±1°C tap water to elicit water-induced wrinkling. Twenty-five patients were included as age-matched controls without any significant dermatoses. Following this, the time of early and complete disappearance of wrinkles was documented.: Out of 100 patients, water-induced wrinkling time was seen earliest in Dermatitis &#62; healthy controls &#62; Psoriasis&#62;Vitiligo. rnThe formation of wrinkles diminished significantly as age advanced. Within the normal population, females participants took longer to develop water immersion-induced wrinkles compared to males.: There is a significant variation in the water immersion induced hand wrinkling pattern in patients with Dermatoses like Psoriasis, Vitiligo, and Hand Dermatitis due to structural alterations in the epidermis and dermis. Estrogen and the sympathetic nervous system play a significant role in water immersion-induced wrinkling. The role of estrogen in this phenomenon was a novel observation.
An observational study of Vitiligo
Authors: Jat Yashdeep , Varma Krishnendra , Kumar Ujjwal , Mahadik Aishwarya 
Published: March 2022

: Vitiligo is a common form of localised depigmentation. It is a non-contagious acquired condition resulting from the progressive loss of melanocytes which is characterised by totally amelanotic, non scaly, chalky-white macule with distinct margins.To study the clinical and epidemiological profile of vitiligo patients.: In this observational cross-sectional study total 40 vitiligo patients were included in this study. Detail history and clinical examination of patients were done.: In this study majority of the vitiligo patient belonged to the age group of 21-40 years. The mean age of vitiligo cases in this study was 24 years. In the present study the male: female ratio was 1:1. Among 40 cases, about 26 cases were unstable and only 14 were stable. In the present study, the most common type of vitiligo found was vulgaris type and the mean duration of disease in vitiligo cases was around 9 years. In our study, 10 patients had positive family history of vitiligo. Our observations are essentially consistent with the literature, there was no difference in clinico-epidemiological features of vitiligo.
Therapeutic outcome and safety of intralesional vitamin d3 in the treatment of cutaneous warts
Authors: Dutta Bornali , Maheswari Anshu , Bothra Atul , Adhicari Pankaj , Das Seujee 
Published: March 2022

Cutaneous warts are a common but vexing condition with high recurrence rate and tendency to spread inspite of various therapeutic options. Intralesional immunotherapy is an attractive modality as it has an additional role of clearing both treated and distant warts by stimulating cell-mediated immunity against human papilloma virus. To evaluate efficacy and safety profile of intralesional Vitamin D3 formulation in the treatment of cutaneous warts. Patients with multiple cutaneous warts were injected intralesionally with Vitamin D3 (0.2 ml, 15 mg/ml) at an interval of 2 weeks for maximum of 4 sessions, and patients were followed up for 6 months. : Of the 106 patients included, complete clearance was seen in 26 (76.4 %) patients of verruca vulgaris, 20 (66.6 %) of palmoplantar warts, 18 (100 %) of plane warts, 6 (50 %) of genital and filiform warts each. Moderate response was seen in 14 (13.2%) patients while mild response was seen in 6 (5.7 %) patients. No response was seen in 10 (9.4 %) patients. No serious adverse effects were reported. : Intralesional Vitamin D3 is effective, safe, cheap and long lasting modality with a short downtime for the treatment of multiple cutaneous warts.
Cloning and Expression Analysis of Glutathione S-transferase Genes from Agrilus zanthoxylumi (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)
Authors: Di Chen , Li Guo , Shou-An Xie , Xiao-Jin Gao , Ren-Hang Jia , Ze-Teng Zhang , Yu Qi , Shu-Jie LV 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Host adaptability and insecticide resistance of insects are closely related to detoxification metabolism-related proteins. In this study, the distribution and expression of glutathione s-transferase (GST) in Agrilus zanthoxylumi Hou (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) were studied. Based on the transcriptome data of A. zanthoxylumi, five GST genes were screened and cloned. The transcription levels of the five GST genes in male and female adult head, thorax, abdomen, legs and wings were determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in order to provide a theoretical basis for the functional study of the gene. The results showed that all five GST genes had highly conserved N-terminal domain or C-terminal domain, belonging to two subfamilies of Delta or Sigma. The phylogenetic tree results showed that the evolutionary relationship of GST genes between A. zanthoxylumi, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), and Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) was the closest; RT-qPCR results showed that the five GST genes were differentially expressed in different tissues and sexes, and its expression level in each tissue of the male was higher than that of the female as a whole, especially in the head. The results of this study can provide basic data for analyzing the mechanism of detoxification resistance of A. zanthoxylumi and provide reference for its biological control and resistance research.
Residues and Routes of Exposure of Insecticides in Turfgrass for Control of Fall Armyworm Larvae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Carroll Elijah , Carson Kendra M.H. , Held David W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a generalist pest of food crops and turfgrasses. Insecticides such as diamides provide longer residual control of some grass-feeding caterpillars relative to pyrethroids. The objective was to compare the responses of fall armyworm larvae to residues of commonly used insecticides on hybrid bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon (L.) × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy). A field experiment determined mortality of free-ranging fall armyworms exposed for 1–3 h on turfgrass at 1, 7, 14, 28, and 42 d after a foliar application. A laboratory experiment determined the mortality of larvae fed grass clippings harvested from treated plots at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 42 d after application. Larvae crawled similar or greater distances across bermudagrass treated with bifenthrin and permethrin relative to nontreated grasses. After crawling on bermudagrass treated with chlorantraniliprole or cyantraniliprole 14 d after application, larval mortality was ≥77%. Mortality of larvae fed pyrethroid-treated clippings was ≤40% and no different from control larvae regardless of residue age. Larvae fed bermudagrass with 1 to 7 d old residues of cyantraniliprole or indoxacarb resulted in significantly greater mortality than larvae fed nontreated clippings. No residues of cyantraniliprole or indoxacarb older than 7 d resulted in mortality significantly greater than larvae fed nontreated clippings. Larvae fed chlorantraniliprole-treated clippings of all residue ages produced larval mortality greater than larvae fed nontreated clippings. These experiments support previous reports of extended residual control from chlorantraniliprole against other grass-feeding caterpillar species. The diamides protect turfgrass from larvae better than pyrethroids.
Validation of Reference Genes Across Populations of Aphis glycines (Hemiptera: Aphididae) for RT-qPCR Analysis of Gene Expression Related to Pyrethroid Detoxification
Authors: Lozano Rosa E. , Paula Débora P. , Andow David A. , Koch Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Metabolic detoxification is a common mechanism of insecticide resistance, in which detoxifying enzyme genes are overexpressed. Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the major soybean pests in the United States and has developed resistance to pyrethroid insecticides after almost two decades of use. To date, there are no validated reference genes to normalize expression of detoxification genes for pyrethroid resistance in A. glycines. From a literature review, a list was compiled of genes from 36 gene families (68 sequences) frequently used as reference genes in gene expression analysis in Hemiptera. Exon–exon junction primers were designed for the best alignment matches to a draft A. glycines genome and were assayed in a three-phase screening. The first screen eliminated nonamplifying primers. The second screen used nine A. glycines populations varying in resistance to pyrethroids and eliminated primers with inconsistent amplification or low amplification efficiency, and quantitatively assessed the stability of expression in the 14 remaining candidates using NormFinder and a generalization of BestKeeper. The third screen quantitatively validated these results on the best candidates. Six genes were identified with the greatest stability across technical and biological replication and the nine populations. The genes identified as the most suitable reference genes for the study of detoxifying enzymes related to pyrethroid resistance in soybean aphid were: actin, RPL9 (ribosomal protein L9), RPS9 (ribosomal protein S9), AK (arginine kinase), RNAPol2 (RNA polymerase II), and RPL17 (ribosomal protein L17). Our findings will support studies related to insecticide resistance in A. glycines.
Susceptibility of a Mexican Field-Collected Wild Population of Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) to Selected Insecticides
Authors: Pardo-Melgarejo Saúl , Rodríguez-Maciel J. Concepción , Pineda-Guillermo Samuel , Morales-Hernández Filemón , Lagunes-Tejeda Ángel , Guzmán-Franco Ariel W. , Silva-Aguayo Gonzalo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is a severe pest of citrus orchards worldwide. Its control is based mainly on the use of conventional insecticides, and resistance to many of those compounds is widespread. Phenotypic bioassays to detect resistance compare the response of a field-collected population with a laboratory-reared population that is susceptible to insecticides. This comparison usually does not involve a susceptible field-collected counterpart since its existence is currently rare. We found an isolated field population of D. citri living on a wild host, orange jasmine (Murraya paniculata [L.] Jack). Considering its lifetime fly capacity, gene flow with any insecticide-treated population was nonexistent or negligible. Thus, we determined the response in fourth-instar nymphs and unsexed 2- to 5-d-old adults in bioassays of commercial formulations of the commonly used insecticides chlorpyrifos, malathion, imidacloprid, and spinosad. In the bioassays, insects were placed on leaf discs previously immersed for 10 s in the respective insecticide concentrations. For adults, the lowest concentration–mortality response was with chlorpyrifos (lethal concentration 50 [LC50] of 0.72 mg L-1 and lethal concentration 95 [LC95] of 1.02 mg L-1). The highest toxicity response was with malathion (LC95 of 0.05 mg L-1). The highest toxicity response with fourth-instar nymphs was observed with spinosad (LC50 of 0.007, LC95 of 0.021 mg L-1). The estimated LC50 and LC95 values for chlorpyrifos, malathion, and spinosad were lower than those documented worldwide for these insecticides in susceptible populations of D. citri.