bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Current and Future Land Use/Land Cover Changes in Peri-Urban Areas of Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
Authors: Mnyali Erick T , Materu Silvia F 
Published: January 2022

A rapid increase in population and urban development has direct impacts on the natural environment of peri-urban areas of big cities, especially in the developing countries. This study examined land use and land cover changes (LULCC) of peri-urban areas of Kinondoni Municipality in Dar es Salaam city for the period between 1999 and 2019 and predicted future changes by 2039. The specific objectives were to; (i) map the spatial-temporal land use and cover changes (ii) analyze settlements (built-up areas) patterns and factors influencing their changes (iii) predict changes that might happen for the next two decades. LULCC for 1999 to 2019 were detected through Maximum Likelihood (ML) supervised classification techniques while Cellular Automata based on Artificial Neural Network (CA-ANN) model was used to predict future changes. Over the past two decades, 33.7% of vegetation has been lost due to increased settlements, as shown by linear development pattern of built-up areas, which has gained about 30% of other land covers. This study predicts that by 2039, built-up areas will increase drastically to occupy 51.6%, while vegetation and water cover will decrease to occupy 40.4% and 1.4%, respectively. Without good planning strategies and land use policies, the control and management of the magnitude and patterns of peri-urban growth and sustainable management of natural and built environments in Tanzania will remain a challenge. This paper seeks to contribute to the body of knowledge required for evidence-based policy formulation and decision making to attain sustainable urbanization through setting suitable management plans for peri-urban areas of Tanzanian cities.
Keywords: Artificial Neural Network, Land use/cover changes, Maximum likelihood, Peri-urban, Remote sensing
Atmospheric Instability Conditions during Rainy Seasons over Tanzania
Authors: Mwinuka Pasvolo J , Uiso Christian BS , Chang’a Ladslaus B , Kumwenda Mwingereza J 
Published: January 2022

The amount of rainfall and its distribution in time and space is dependent on the atmospheric instability conditions, and on its moisture content. The aim of this study was to determine the atmospheric instability conditions during January to March (JFM), February to April (FMA), March to May (MAM), and October to December (OND) rainy seasons over local climate zones in Tanzania. Zone area average seasonal Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), Convective Inhibition (CIN), Precipitable Water (PW) and Lifted index (Li) were calculated and analyzed. Results showed Li < 0 in JFM and FMA over whole Tanzania. During MAM and OND, Li < 0 over the Lake Zone, Western Highlands Zone and Central Zone only. CAPE ranged from 793 J/kg to 1183 J/kg during JFM, and 700 J/kg to 1080 J/kg during FMA. During MAM, CAPE ranged from 170 J/kg to 921 J/kg and from 173 J/kg to 833 J/kg during OND. Results also showed CAPE > 1000 J/kg over the Lake Zone, Western Highlands Zone, Island Zone, and Central Zone. These results show that the atmosphere was moderately unstable during the JFM and FMA and was weakly unstable during the MAM and OND. Therefore, the atmosphere is likely to be more convective during JFM and FMA seasons.
Keywords: Lifted index, Convective inhibition, Precipitable water, Convective available potential energy, Atmospheric instability.
Analogue Sandbox Scaled Modelling of Oblique and Orthogonal Extension Rifting in Rukwa Rift Basin, Tanzania
Authors: Ojok Tonny , Duot John BK , Namaganda Majorine , Sadiki Nasra , Msabi Michael 
Published: January 2022

Fault evolution in oblique and orthogonal rift systems in the brittle upper crust of the Rukwa rift basin was simulated using scaled sandbox modelling by varying the angle between the rift axis and the extension direction, α, through 45° and 90°, over a 10 cm displacement. The 45° oblique model exhibits a half-graben architecture bounded by a planar fault, intra-rift faults and a conjugate fault in some vertical sections. The map view of the model’s basin trends in the NW-SE direction, and is comparable with the Rukwa rift basin orientation. The 90° oblique model forms a basin structure which is orthogonal to the extension direction of the model in aerial photos. Its linear fault remains orthogonal to the extension direction, while the flexural side of the model segments into sinuous normal faults. Planar to slightly curved intra-rift faults are observed in vertical sections. The half-grabens have similar geometries in vertical sections for both models, while intra-rift faults elongate in vertical sections. The results of the oblique model are similar to natural examples of rift fault systems like the Rukwa rift. The fault geometries of the sandbox models can serve as examples for recognizing fault styles in oblique rift systems.
Keywords: Analogue Sandbox modelling, Oblique rifting, Orthogonal rifting, Tanganyika-Rukwa-Malawi Rift Segment, Rukwa Rift Basin
Placental Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Receptor, Protein Kinase B and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin are Downregulated in HIV-1 Positive Women on Antiretroviral Drugs
Authors: Kidima Winifrida B , Mukandala Gatambwa D , Leonard Osiana , Nkungu Daniel 
Published: January 2022

HIV-1 and ARV drugs uptake during pregnancy may change placental phenotype during pregnancy affecting fetal growth. We investigated the influence of maternal HIV-1 and ARV drugs on expression of placental genes important for fetus growth. A total 51 HIV-1 positives and 46 HIV-1 negative pregnant women were studied. Placental gene expression changes of insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF-1) R, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein kinase B (AKT-1), sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporters (Slc38a1, Slca38a2, Slc38a4), inhibin A, adrenomedullin and 11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type (HSD)-2 were assessed by RT-qPCR. There was a significant decrease in mRNA expression of placental IGF-1R, mTOR, and AKT-1 in HIV-1 positive placentas compared to controls (p < 0.0001). There was also significant upregulation of an antiangiogenic molecule, inhibin A and downregulation of angiogenic molecule adrenomedullin in HIV-1 positive placenta (all p < 0.0001). However, the mRNA expression of placental Slc38a1 and Slca38a2 was higher in both HIV-1 positive and negative women delivering LBW babies compared to controls (p < 0.0001). The placental mRNA expression of 11 β-HSD-2 increased by 17 folds in HIV-1 negative and by 3.8 folds in HIV-1 positive women delivering LBW babies. IGF-1-P13-AKT-1-mTOR signaling pathway is dysregulated in placenta of HIV-1 positive women on ARV drugs. Higher mRNA expression levels of inhibin A and lower levels of adrenomedullin occur in placenta of HIV-1 positive women delivering LBW babies. ARV drugs and HIV-1 may be involved in the disruption of vascular tone of the placenta and therefore placental perfusion.
Keywords: Pregnant women, HIV-1, ARV drugs, Placental IGF-1-AKT-1-mTOR signaling, inhibin A, adrenomedullin, amino acid transporters.
Optimal Design of Hybrid Renewable Energy for Tanzania Rural Communities
Authors: Marcel Ester T , Mutale Joseph , Mushi Aviti T 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Rural communities in developing countries lack access to electricity due to high costs of grid extension. This paper proposes a hybrid system of renewable energy (HRES) as solution. The HRES consists of solar, wind, and battery energy storage (BES). The village called Ngw’amkanga in Shinyanga region of Tanzania, East Africa is selected as a case study. An iterative method to determine the size of wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) generation required assuming a project life of 25 years at minimum annualised cost of the system ( ) is proposed. The project life time is fixed on the life span of the main component, solar PV at 25 years. The iteration is undertaken to meet the energy demand ensuring the BES is charged throughout the year. The required BES has three days of autonomy, and a maximum battery depth of discharge 50%. At minimum ACS, the HRES comprises only solar PV and BES, due to insufficient wind at this site. The levelised cost of energy ( ) of the HRES is 27.18 p/kWh, paid by the users. This is cheaper than the grid connected small power producers of Tanzania as discussed in the paper.
Keywords: Renewable energy; wind energy generation; solar photovoltaic; annualised cost of the system; levelised cost of energy
Smart Electric Meter Deployment in Tanzania: A Survey
Authors: Maziku Theresia B , Ibwe Kwame S , Abdalla Abdi , Kalinga Ellen A 
Published: January 2022

Using information and communication technologies (ICT) to make the electrical power network intelligent and smarter (smart grid) has been the focal point in transforming electrical power industry. The idea behind smart grid is to transform the Tanzanian power sector into a secure, adaptive, sustainable, and digitally enabled ecosystem that provides reliable and quality energy for all with active participation of stakeholders. Smart metering is a central segment in realizing smart grid. However, a big question is whether Tanzanian power stakeholders are ready for smart metering technology investments for household applications. Operation and maintenance of a smart metering solution is a relatively new business in Tanzania and requires investment in resources and capacity building. A case study was conducted at the utility company in Dar es Salaam offices, to investigate the deployment status and services offered. Fixed tariff rates, high cost, low rates on returns of investment and non-customization of the features, were some of the shortcomings identified by the study in terms of non-deployment in residential homes. Further, the authors, propose development of standardization document for smart metering technologies and the adoption of software based smart meter for residential applications using Internet of Things platform. Its low cost of development and ease installation would be ideal for residential applications.
Keywords: Smart grid, Utility Company, Smart meter, Advanced Metering Infrastructure, Deployment Status.
Adaptive Sliding Mode Contouring Control Design Based on Reference Adjustment and Uncertainty Compensation for Feed Drive Systems
Authors: Msukwa Mathew Renny , Kihwele Santos 
Published: January 2022

Industrial feed drive systems, particularly, ball-screw and lead-screw feed drives are among the dominating motion components in production and manufacturing industries. They operate around the clock at high speeds for coping with the rising production demands. Adversely, high-speed motions cause mechanical vibrations, high-energy consumption, and insufficient accuracy. Although there are many control strategies in the literature, such as sliding mode and model predictive controls, further research is necessary for precision enhancement and energy saving. This study focused on design of an adaptive sliding mode contouring control based on reference adjustment and uncertainty compensation for feed drive systems. A combined reference adjustment and uncertainty compensator for precision motion of industrial feed drive systems were designed. For feasibility of the approach, simulation using matlab was conducted, and results are compared with those of an adaptive nonlinear sliding model contouring controller. The addition of uncertainty compensator showed a substantial improvement in performance by reducing the average contour error by 85.71% and the maximum contouring error by 78.64% under low speed compared to the adaptive sliding mode contouring controller with reference adjustment. Under high speed, the addition of uncertainty compensator reduced the average and absolute maximum contour errors by 4.48% and 10.13%, respectively. The experimental verification will be done in future.
Keywords: Machine tools, Feed drive systems, contouring control, Uncertainty dynamics, Sliding mode control.
Application of F-WASPAS in the Ranking of Crops for Agro-Processing: The Case of Ikondo Ward in Njombe, Tanzania
Authors: Mng'ong'o Benito G , Koloseni David 
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this work was to develop and apply a Fuzzy Weighted Aggregated Sum Product Assessment (F-WASPAS) method in ranking selected crops for agro-processing at Ikondo Ward in Njombe Region, Tanzania. The fuzzy technique for order preferences by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was applied in determining the fuzzy importance weights of criteria, while the fuzzy WASPAS successfully ranked the crops, and maize was ranked the highest.
Keywords: F-WASPAS, Linguistic variables, Fuzzy aggregation, Agro-processing, Decision making, Multi-Criteria Decision Making.
Environmental Noise Pollution and its Impacts on the Hearing Ability of Men and Women in Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
Authors: Tunde Afolabi M , Abdulquadri Salamat 
Published: January 2022

Noise is an environmental disturbance that has harmful effects on the physiological and psychological lives of human beings and animals. This work examined the perceived health implications associated with noise pollution on both genders in Ilorin, Nigeria. It specifically identified the major sources of noise pollution, assessed noise pollution levels in the selected areas and determined the differences in the impacts of noise pollution on the health of both genders in Ilorin. A total of 384 respondents were sampled. Sound Level Meter (SLM) was used to ascertain the levels of noise in the study areas. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA were used to analyze the gathered data. Findings revealed that 73.2% of the respondents believed that traffic constitutes the highest source of noise pollution while others include music studios (63.3%), hotels/night clubs (52.1%) and power generating sets (50%). Noise levels were higher than the acceptable recommended noise level of 65 decibels for commercial and 55 decibels for commercial/residential locations by NESREA. Findings further revealed that males are more susceptible to the effects of noise pollution than females. Hence, possible mitigation measures such as noise pollution regulatory policy enactment and design of noise absorbing structures are strongly recommended
Keywords: Diseases, Gender, Health Risks, Impacts, Noise.
Paleodepositional Environment and Sequence Stratigraphy of Miocene Sediments in Well TN-1, Coastal Swamp Depobelt, Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria
Authors: Osokpor Jerry , Maju-Oyovwikowhe Efetobore G 
Published: January 2022

This research focused on the interpretation of paleodepositional environment and development of a sequence stratigraphic framework for the well TN-1 section, located in the coastal swamp depositional belt of the Niger Delta Basin. Integration of interpreted litho- and biofacies data sets that facilitated the interpretation of the paleodepositional environment enabled the erection of a sequence-stratigraphic framework. Three lithotypes (sand, clay, and shale) distributed within fourteen facies variants were integrated with palynomorph components to delineate five paleodepositional cycles ranging from distal delta plain to bathyal. Eight systems tracts (closely related to depositional cycles, but transcended depositional boundaries in some intervals) that hosted three maximum flooding surfaces (MFS), three sequence boundaries (SBs), distributed within four third-order and three second-order sequences, were defined. Age-significant palynomorphs recovered indicated an Aquitanian to Messinian age range (with non-deposition or erosion of Burdigalian, Langhian, Serravallian Stages sediments), distributed within five pollen zones (P628–P840) that correlated with published global cycles. This study demonstrates the significance of integrated studies to erect a sequence-stratigraphic framework applicable for field and basin-scale exploration and exploitation purposes.
Keywords: Sequence stratigraphy, paleodepositional cycles, systems tract, cyclic sedimentation,lithofacies analysis, integrated studies.
Effects of Copper Fungicides Spray on Nutrient Contents in Soils of Cocoa Growing Areas of Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Azeez Musibau O , Adesanwo Olusola O , Adepetu Joseph A 
Published: January 2022

The present study aimed at evaluating the effects of copper fungicides spray on physical and chemical properties of soils of cocoa growing areas of southwestern Nigeria. Samples were collected from selected cocoa farms and adjacent plots across three states (9 samples from Osun State, 9 samples from Ondo State and 7 samples from Ekiti State), within rainforest zone of Nigeria. The physical and chemical properties of the soil samples were determined. Copper contents of the cocoa plantation soils were significantly higher (16.23 mg Cu/kg) than the adjacent plots (6.31 mg Cu/kg) indicating accumulation of Cu in the soil because of long-term Cu fungicides spray. Other chemical properties determined (pH, Zn, % organic matter, % total N, Ca, Mg and Na) also had higher values in cocoa plantations compared to adjacent plots. Significant decrease was observed in available P in soil samples from cocoa plantations (24.05 mg P/kg) when compared with adjacent plots (30.36 mg P/kg). Management practices like applications of K and P fertilizers are highly recommended for viable cocoa growth and optimum yield in the study areas. Reduction of canopy formed by cocoa trees will allow easy penetration of sunlight into cocoa plantation thereby increase the rate of organic matter decomposition.
Keywords: Copper, fungicide spray, cocoa farms, black pod disease.
Coaching-in-Context With Informal Maternal Care Partners of Children With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Mulcahey MJ , Gerhardt Nicole , Alpajora Bernadette , Thielen Christina Calhoun , Dunn Winnie 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Coaching-in-Context (CinC) is a conversation-based process for working with people that draws on the tenets of positive psychology, is solution-focused and strength-based, and uses evidence-informed coaching techniques that create opportunities for clients to be at their best when engaging in the roles and activities that are desired, required, or expected of them.

Objectives:
To explore the use of CinC with informal maternal care partners (mothers, grandmothers) of children with spinal cord injury (SCI).

Methods:
This study was a multicenter, single group, pre-post treatment design. Participants received up to 10 sessions of CinC over a 10-week period. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), Parenting Stress Index, Fourth Edition Short Form (PSI-4-SF), and Pediatric Measure of Participation Short Form (PMoP SF) were administered before and after coaching. The number of coaching sessions completed, missed, and rescheduled was recorded. Descriptive and nonparametric statistics were used to summarize sample characteristics and to evaluate changed COPM scores. PSI-4-SF stress percentiles were examined descriptively. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to determine whether there was a statistically significant change between baseline and postcoaching COPM and PMoP SF scores.

Results:
Nine caregivers enrolled in the study; two had face-to-face coaching, five had phone coaching, and two dropped out. The seven who completed were mothers with an average age of 37.14 (range, 32–45; SD = 5.15) years, with children an average age of 10 (range, 7–13; SD = 2.89) years with paraplegia (n = 4) or tetraplegia (n = 3) sustained an average of 6.71 (range, 2–13; SD = 3.73) years prior to the study. Fifty-five (average = 7.86, mode = 9; range, 3–10) coaching sessions were provided; two sessions were missed and nine were rescheduled. After coaching, mean COPM performance scores increased by 2.48 (SD = 2.01) (Z = −4.057, p &lt; .001), mean COPM satisfaction scores increased by 2.81 (SD = 1.33) (Z = −4.812, p &lt; .001), and PMoP self scores increased (Z = −2.023, p &lt; .043).

Conclusion:
This study provides preliminary support for CinC with informal care partners of children with SCI. It also highlights several factors that are important to consider when implementing a coaching program, namely mode of delivery and time commitment.
Activities of the Consular Missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the First Years of the Austro-Hungarian Occupation 1878 – 1881
Authors: Kasumović Amila 
Published: January 2022

The system of capitulations was dominant from the 16th century in economic
and political relations of the Ottoman Empire and the European countries. Capitulations
had always emphasized the right of foreign consuls to execute consular jurisdiction in
the territory of the Ottoman Empire. Since the Eyalet of Bosnia was an integral part of
the Ottoman Empire, the consular jurisdiction of foreign consuls included that area,
which had especially become significant in the 19th century when the leading European
powers increasingly started to open their consulates in this part of the Empire. However,
after Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia in 1878, it aimed at terminating everything the
capitulations contained regarding this area. The paper analyses the dynamics of termination
of the consular jurisdiction of foreign consuls, the termination of the Austro-Hungarian
consulates and the establishment of the new practice of appointment of foreign consuls in
Bosnia and Herzegovina after 1878.
A Divided Past for a Divided Future!?
Authors: Forić Plasto Melisa 
Published: January 2022

The paper problematises the issue of the current BiH history textbooks about
the 1992-1995 war in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as a theme that has been reintroduced to
the BiH curricula after 18 years. Different approaches in interpretation of the war, as well
as in representation of war crimes and mass suffering, continues to deepen divisions among
school children as well.
Ovid and Illyricum
Authors: Mesihović Salmedin 
Published: January 2022

The famed Roman poet Ovid was banished from Rome, for unknown
reasons in 8 CE, by the first emperor Augustus, to the remote town of Tomis on the
Black Sea coast, at the then-outmost eastern border of the Roman Empire. Ovid himself
emphasised to have been banished for a mistake and a poem, but did not provide more
elaborate details as to what the cause had exactly been. That was the period when the
Roman Empire fought a difficult war against the Illyrian rebels and their military and
political Alliance led by Bato the Daesitiate. For that reason, Ovid was sent to Tomis not
through the Adriatic shore but rather through roundabouts, via Greece and Moesia. Ovid
was very sad in Tomis, constantly pleading for amnesty. For that reason, he kept sending
letters to influential friends and members of the ruling Augustus family, asking them to
advocate for his return. In one of the letters to Germanicus, Ovid described in detail the
triumphant procession honouring the victory over the rebelled Illyrians, mentioning also
the captured Bato the Daesitate and the kind treatment he had received.
Vlachs and Stećak Tombstones
Authors: Kurtović Esad 
Published: January 2022

On the basis of data from preserved archival sources and epigraphic
inscriptions that provide information on the deceased individuals who were buried under
the stećak tombstones, the author confirms the presumptions and insufficiently elaborated
positions that Vlachs were, among others, also buried under the stećak tombstones in
medieval Bosnia. The text emphasises the Vlahovići, Pliščići, Predojevići, Bobani and
Drobnjaci groups that confirm the thesis entirely.