bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stepwise Tobacco Price Increase and Smoking Behavioral Changes in Japan: The Japan “Society and New Tobacco” Internet Survey 2017–2021 Longitudinal Study
Authors: Matsuyama Yusuke , Tabuchi Takahiro 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntroductionTobacco price increase is an effective measure to reduce tobacco smoking. In Japan, the price of combustible cigarettes increased in 2018 and 2020, and that of heated tobacco products increased every year from 2018 to 2020 by tobacco excise taxation. Also, the general consumption tax increase in 2019 slightly raised the retail prices of tobacco products. We investigated the impact of this stepwise tobacco price increase on combustible cigarette smoking status among Japanese adults.Aims and MethodsFive waves of annual longitudinal data (2017–2021) from The Japan “Society and New Tobacco” Internet Survey (JASTIS) (31 930 observations of 11 896 individuals) were analyzed. Multivariable logistic regression with a generalized estimating equation was fitted, adjusting for the prefecture of residence, age, sex, socioeconomic status, health status, alcohol drinking, former smoker’s duration of smoking cessation, and the current smoker’s number of cigarettes smoked per day.ResultsThe 2018 price increase was associated with a reduction in relapse (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42–0.68) and an increment in cessation (aOR 1.20, 95% CI 1.02–1.42). The price increase in 2019 was not associated with relapse (aOR 0.84, 95% CI 0.63–1.10) or cessation (aOR 0.95, 95% CI 0.80–1.13). The 2020 price increase was associated with a reduction in relapse (aOR 0.59, 95% CI 0.42–0.81) and an increment in cessation (aOR 1.45, 95% CI–1.21, 1.73).ConclusionThe price increase caused by tobacco excise taxation was associated with a reduction in combustible cigarette smoking.ImplicationsJapan introduced a policy of stepwise increase in tobacco excise taxation in 2018. We analyzed five-wave longitudinal data to investigate the impact of the policy. Tobacco price increases in 2018 and 2020 were associated with a reduction in combustible cigarette smoking. Tobacco price increases in 2019 by general consumption tax were not associated with a change in combustible cigarette smoking.
Mass Media and Political Communication
Authors: Salgado Susana 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter addresses the development of the media landscape, in relation to politics, since the democratic transition process in Portugal. It outlines the main changes and challenges faced by the media system and its interactions with the political system. By analysing the depiction of political actors in the news, politicians’ strategies for achieving visibility, and the Portuguese news media performance in international trends—in terms of political bias, personalization, journalistic interpretation, soft/hard news coverage, and negativity—it discusses the role of the media in the country’s democratic consolidation and in some of its recent challenges, such as the euro crisis and the increasing success of populist rhetoric.
Parties and Political Representation
Authors: Belchior Ana Maria , Pequito Teixeira Conceição 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
How has the topic of representation been studied empirically in Portugal? Which main results have been reached? This chapter focuses on the party-voter linkage and aims at mapping the study of party representation in Portugal. On the one hand, we systematize the most relevant research contributions on the topic; on the other hand, we update and consolidate the findings on the most important trends that have been identified so far. The analysis comprises four main lines of research studies on the subject in Portugal: on political and ideological congruence; on promises fulfilment; on political agendas; and on roles of representation. The general conclusion, aligned with the findings of the international research, is that there is a prevalence of reasonable and quite stable levels of correspondence between parties and electorates.
MdbHLH4 negatively regulates apple cold tolerance by inhibiting MdCBF1/3 expression and promoting MdCAX3L-2 expression
Authors: Yang Jie , Guo Xin , Mei Quanlin , Qiu Lina , Chen Peihong , Li Weihan , Mao Ke , Ma Fengwang 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Low temperature affects the yield and quality of crops. Inducer of CBF expression 1 (ICE1) plays a positive role in plant cold tolerance by promoting the expression of CRT binding factor (CBF) and cold-responsive (COR) genes. Several ICE1-interacting transcription factors (TFs) that regulate plant cold tolerance have been identified. However, how these TFs affect the function of ICE1 and CBF expression under cold conditions remains unclear. Here, we identified the MYC-type TF MdbHLH4, a negative regulator of cold tolerance in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and apple (Malus domestica) plants. Under cold conditions, MdbHLH4 inhibits the expression of MdCBF1 and MdCBF3 by directly binding to their promoters. It also interacts with MdICE1L, a homolog of AtICE1 in apple, and inhibits the binding of MdICE1L to the promoters of MdCBF1/3 and thus their expression. We showed that MdCAX3L-2, a Ca2+/H+ exchanger (CAX) family gene that negatively regulates plant cold tolerance, is also a direct target of MdbHLH4. MdbHLH4 reduced apple cold tolerance by promoting MdCAX3L-2 expression. Moreover, overexpression of either MdCAX3L-2 or MdbHLH4 promoted the cold-induced ubiquitination and degradation of MdICE1L. Overall, our results reveal that MdbHLH4 negatively regulates plant cold tolerance by inhibiting MdCBF1/3 expression and MdICE1L promoter-binding activity, as well as by promoting MdCAX3L-2 expression and cold-induced MdICE1L degradation. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which ICE1-interacting TFs regulate CBF expression and ICE1 function and thus plant cold tolerance.
Frequent mandatory COVID-19 testing may increase risky behavior
Authors: Jones Ritten Chian , Thunström Linda , Cherry Todd , Wulfhorst J D 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Mandatory surveillance testing programs are popular policies aimed to control SARS-CoV-2 and may be considered for future epidemics. However, if people believe that testing lowers their risk of infection, such policies could increase risky behavior and may even cause increased pathogen spread. Using data from two US universities, we find that frequent mandatory testing is associated with greater participation in events linked to COVID-19 spread. Women seem to be driving this association, and mediation analyses suggest this is partly due to women’s higher perception of COVID-related health risks. Our results show the potential for adverse effects from epidemic control policies, both on average and across population subgroups. Undertaking mitigation measures to reduce such unintended consequences may therefore be important.
Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a pan-fungal vaccine in preclinical models of aspergillosis, candidiasis, and pneumocystosis
Authors: Rayens Emily , Rabacal Whitney , Willems Hubertine M E , Kirton Gabrielle M , Barber James P , Mousa Jarrod J , Celia-Sanchez Brandi N , Momany Michelle , Norris Karen A 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Invasive fungal infections cause over 1.5 million deaths worldwide. Despite increases in fungal infections as well as the numbers of individuals at risk, there are no clinically approved fungal vaccines. We produced a “pan-fungal” peptide, NXT-2, based on a previously identified vaccine candidate and homologous sequences from Pneumocystis, Aspergillus,Candida, and Cryptococcus. We evaluated the immunogenicity and protective capacity of NXT-2 in murine and nonhuman primate models of invasive aspergillosis, systemic candidiasis, and pneumocystosis. NXT-2 was highly immunogenic and immunized animals had decreased mortality and morbidity compared to nonvaccinated animals following induction of immunosuppression and challenge with Aspergillus, Candida, or Pneumocystis. Data in multiple animal models support the concept that immunization with a pan-fungal vaccine prior to immunosuppression induces broad, cross-protective antifungal immunity in at-risk individuals.
Fast trimer statistics facilitate accurate decoding of large random DNA barcode sets even at large sequencing error rates
Authors: Press William H 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Predefined sets of short DNA sequences are commonly used as barcodes to identify individual biomolecules in pooled populations. Such use requires either sufficiently small DNA error rates, or else an error-correction methodology. Most existing DNA error-correcting codes (ECCs) correct only one or two errors per barcode in sets of typically ≲104 barcodes. We here consider the use of random barcodes of sufficient length that they remain accurately decodable even with ≳6 errors and even at $\sim10\%$ or 20% nucleotide error rates. We show that length ∼34 nt is sufficient even with ≳106 barcodes. The obvious objection to this scheme is that it requires comparing every read to every possible barcode by a slow Levenshtein or Needleman-Wunsch comparison. We show that several orders of magnitude speedup can be achieved by (i) a fast triage method that compares only trimer (three consecutive nucleotide) occurence statistics, precomputed in linear time for both reads and barcodes, and (ii) the massive parallelism available on today’s even commodity-grade Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). With 106 barcodes of length 34 and 10% DNA errors (substitutions and indels), we achieve in simulation 99.9% precision (decode accuracy) with 98.8% recall (read acceptance rate). Similarly high precision with somewhat smaller recall is achievable even with 20% DNA errors. The amortized computation cost on a commodity workstation with two GPUs (2022 capability and price) is estimated as between US$ 0.15 and US$ 0.60 per million decoded reads.
High-resolution structural analysis of enterovirus-reactive polyclonal antibodies in complex with whole virions
Authors: Antanasijevic Aleksandar , Schulze Autumn J , Reddy Vijay S , Ward Andrew B 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) cause serious illnesses in young children and neonates, including aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, and inflammatory muscle disease, among others. While over 100 serotypes have been described to date, vaccine only exists for EV-A71. Efforts toward rationally designed pan-NPEV vaccines would greatly benefit from structural biology methods for rapid and comprehensive evaluation of vaccine candidates and elicited antibody responses. Toward this goal, we introduced a cryo-electron-microscopy-based approach for structural analysis of virus- or vaccine-elicited polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) in complex with whole NPEV virions. We demonstrated the feasibility using coxsackievirus A21 and reconstructed five structurally distinct pAbs bound to the virus. The pAbs targeted two immunodominant epitopes, one overlapping with the receptor binding site. These results demonstrate that our method can be applied to map broad-spectrum polyclonal immune responses against intact virions and define potentially cross-reactive epitopes.
Alteration of glycosphingolipid metabolism by ozone is associated with exacerbation of allergic asthma characteristics in mice
Authors: Stevens Nathanial C , Brown Veneese J , Domanico Morgan C , Edwards Patricia C , Van Winkle Laura S , Fiehn Oliver 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAsthma is a common chronic respiratory disease exacerbated by multiple environmental factors. Acute ozone exposure has previously been implicated in airway inflammation, airway hyperreactivity, and other characteristics of asthma, which may be attributable to altered sphingolipid metabolism. This study tested the hypothesis that acute ozone exposure alters sphingolipid metabolism within the lung, which contributes to exacerbations in characteristics of asthma in allergen-sensitized mice. Adult male and female BALB/c mice were sensitized intranasally to house dust mite (HDM) allergen on days 1, 3, and 5 and challenged on days 12–14. Mice were exposed to ozone following each HDM challenge for 6 h/day. Bronchoalveolar lavage, lung lobes, and microdissected lung airways were collected for metabolomics analysis (N = 8/sex/group). Another subset of mice underwent methacholine challenge using a forced oscillation technique to measure airway resistance (N = 6/sex/group). Combined HDM and ozone exposure in male mice synergistically increased airway hyperreactivity that was not observed in females and was accompanied by increased airway inflammation and eosinophilia relative to control mice. Importantly, glycosphingolipids were significantly increased following combined HDM and ozone exposure relative to controls in both male and female airways, which was also associated with both airway resistance and eosinophilia. However, 15 glycosphingolipid species were increased in females compared with only 6 in males, which was concomitant with significant associations between glycosphingolipids and airway resistance that ranged from R2 = 0.33–0.51 for females and R2 = 0.20–0.34 in male mice. These observed sex differences demonstrate that glycosphingolipids potentially serve to mitigate exacerbations in characteristics of allergic asthma.
Cardiovascular health status in Chinese Cardiologists: China Cardiologist Heart Survey II
Authors: Yu Shikai , Zhang Yi , Peng Wenhui , Zhao Dong , Shi Hong , Zhang Shuning , Huo Yong , Xu Yawei , Ge Junbo 
Published: November 2022

Background and purpose:
Cardiologists represent a subset of the population with the highest degree of awareness to cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and thus should have low exposure to modifiable risks and low CVD prevalence. However, the status of cardiovascular health in Chinese cardiologists remains unknown.

Methods:
China Cardiologist Heart Survey II is a nation-wide cross-sectional survey on licensed cardiologists in Chinese mainland. It was conducted between August 2020 and November 2021. An online questionnaire was used to acquire demographic and lifestyle information, cardiovascular risk factors, CVD status, and medications. Crude prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, organ damage, and CVD were calculated and compared between sexes and between sub-specialties. Age-weighted prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors were compared to that in the general Chinese population in the literature.

Results:
The final analysis included a total of 15,827 cardiologists at the age of 25 to 60 years from 31 provinces. The median age was 38 years and 8650 (54.7%) were men. The most common cardiovascular risk factor was family history of premature CVD (20.4%), followed by hypertension (12.4%), hyperlipidemia (10.6%), overweight/obesity (8.3%), smoking (7.3%), and diabetes (2.4%). The most common sub-clinical organ damages included carotid plaque (3.4%) and microalbuminuria (1.2%). The rate of confirmed coronary artery disease was 0.4%. The rate of arrhythmia was 3.1%. The rate of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was 2.2%. The rate of cardiovascular risk factors and organ damage was higher in men versus in women, and higher in interventional versus non-interventional cardiologists. In comparison to the data reported for the general population in China, cardiologists had lower age-weighted prevalence of hypertension (15.2% vs. 23.2%), diabetes (3.1% vs. 10.9%), hyperlipidemia (12.3% vs. 40.4%), obesity (2.1% vs. 11.9%), and smoking (7.7% vs. 27.7%).

Conclusions:
In comparison to the general public, cardiologists in Chinese mainland had much lower age-weighted prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, but there is substantial room for further improvement, particularly in male and interventional cardiologists.
Minimum Core Genome Sequence Typing of Brucella From China
Authors: Zhao Na , Cui Buyun 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Gram-negative bacterial genus Brucella includes six classical species based on host specificity, pathogenicity and phenotypic differences. Four more Brucella species were identified in 2007. While many Brucella genomes have been sequenced, genome sequences and analysis of Brucella strains isolated in China is still scarce. An efficient genome-based Brucella typing method is also needed. In this study, we used the minimum core genome (MCG) typing method to identify and type Brucella strains. Twenty Brucella isolates from China were newly sequenced. The genome sequences of 55 representative Brucella strains were downloaded. Among the 75 genomes, 1089 genes and 52,030 SNPs shared by all isolates were considered as the MCG genes and MCG SNPs. Using these 52,030 MCG SNPs, Brucella was divided into six MCG groups. In addition, Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI) values and the distributions of 184 virulence genes were all computed. The proportion of virulence genes was 90.96%, 93.56%, 95.89%, 86.04%, 85.78% and 91.87% for MCG groups 1 to 6, respectively. The intra group ANI values were higher than the inter group values, further confirming the validity of the MCG taxonomy classification. Brucella melitensis and Brucella abortus, the two main Brucella species pathogenic to humans, were well separated from other species. With the development and cost reduction of next-generation sequencing, the MCG typing method can be used for rapid identification of Brucella, which can contribute to the rapid diagnosis of brucellosis and ensure timely and effective treatment.
Optimizing the productivity and placement of nurse practitioners and physician assistants in outpatient primary care sites
Authors: Zaletel Cynthia L. , Madura Brenda , Miyamasu Metzel Julie , Lancaster Rachelle J. 
Published: November 2022

ABSTARCT

Background:
It is increasingly imperative that organizational leaders continually assess nurse practitioners' (NPs) and physician assistants' (PAs) productivity, turnover, and vacancies. Optimizing the feasibility, impact, strategic placement, and monitoring increases patient access, improves wait times and affordability, and increases revenue.

Local Problem:
A healthcare system needed a systematic, data-driven approach aimed at optimizing productivity and placement of NPs and PAs in outpatient primary care sites.

Method:
Results from this project are reported using the Revised Standards for Quality Improvement Reporting Excellence framework. After formation of a QI team, a gap analysis, and action plans were developed and implemented.

Intervention/Results:
Priority areas requiring action included the development of an integrated position justification algorithm and tracking form addressing NPs' and PAs' placement, establishing consistent patient contact hours, setting workload expectations, and consistently communicating these via an organization-specific situation background, assessment, and recommendation communication tool.

Conclusion:
Health care leaders should leverage the talents of NPs and PAs meeting organizational benchmarks and goals as well as the needs of patients. Nurse practitioner and PA leaders should focus on benchmarking performance and analyzing barriers to optimization. These efforts are most beneficial when multidisciplinary in nature.
Making a difference by serving in public office: Why we need more nurses in politics
Authors: Haney Beth 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
Nursing is the most trusted profession in the United States. Most nurses have the innate desire to care for others and make a difference in people's lives. Nurses are highly educated through rigorous programs that teach not only the physical sciences but also accountability, responsibility, and duty. Similarly, elected officials are accountable, have a duty to represent their constituents, and keep their best interests at the forefront of their agenda. The characteristics of nurses include higher education, integrity, responsibility, and compassion. Each one of these elements rests on the other to build a solid foundation of leadership. Nurses are natural leaders, and government needs more nurses to get involved and provide leadership benefits to our communities, including the local level where political decisions affect us all more personally. One of the responsibilities of nursing is to take an active role in politics and policy development. Nurses are a group of extraordinary individuals who are well suited to lead through elected office and influence policies that externally shape our practice and the well-being of our patients.
Exploring the Development of Nursing Clinical Judgment Among Students Using Virtual Reality Simulation
Authors: Pardue Karen T. , Holt Kristen , Dunbar Dawn-Marie , Baugh Nancy 
Published: November 2022

Background:
Virtual reality simulation (VRS) is an emerging pedagogy in nursing education.

Purpose:
The purpose of this qualitative exploratory study was 2-fold: to determine nursing students' learning experiences when engaged in VRS, and to explore learners' problem-solving/clinical reasoning approach after participation in a VRS clinical scenario. This article reports student descriptions of clinical reasoning/clinical judgment when considering their VRS experience.

Methods:
Qualitative description provided a methodological orientation for the study. Widely accepted frameworks for nursing clinical judgment provided a theoretical basis.

Results:
Focus group participant narratives reveal evidence about nursing clinical judgment when applied to established descriptions and phases.

Conclusion:
Study findings suggest that VRS experiences promote development of nursing clinical judgment among students.
Spatial Optimization to Improve COVID-19 Vaccine Allocation
Authors: Goodson Justin , Scroggins Stephen , Afroze Tasnova , Shacham Enbal 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEarly distribution of COVID-19 vaccines was largely driven by population size and did not account for COVID-19 prevalence nor location characteristics. In this study, we applied an optimization framework to identify distribution strategies that would have lowered COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality. Optimized vaccine allocation would have decreased case incidence by 8% with 5,926 fewer COVID-19 cases, 106 fewer deaths, and 4.5 million dollars in healthcare cost saved during the first half of 2021. As COVID-19 variants continue to be identified, and the likelihood of future pandemics remains high, application of resource optimization should be a priority for policy makers.