bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘A Game of Pain’: youth marginalisation and the gangs of Freetown
Authors: Mitton Kieran 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWithin two decades, Sierra Leone's ‘cliques’ have transformed from peripheral social clubs to warring Crips, Bloods, and Black street gangs at the heart of criminal and political violence. Nevertheless, they remain severely under-studied, with scholarship on Sierra Leonean youth marginality heavily focused on ex-combatants. Drawing on extended fieldwork with Freetown's cliques as they played the ‘game’ – the daily hustle to survive and resist the ‘system’ – this article offers two main contributions. First, it addresses the knowledge gap by charting the origins, evolution and contemporary organisation of these new urban players. Second, it argues that although this history reveals continuity in perennial forms of youth marginalisation, it also shows that the game itself has changed. Cycles of escalating violence and growth are hardwired into this new game. Exacerbated by a political system that sustains and exploits them, cliques present a far greater challenge to everyday peace than has hitherto been recognised.
Keeping Ebola at bay: public authority and ceremonial competence in rural Sierra Leone
Authors: Kamara Foday , Mokuwa Gelejimah Alfred , Richards Paul 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEbola Virus Disease struck Sierra Leone in May 2014. An international response was instrumental in ending the epidemic by December 2015 and has been extensively documented. Less attention has been paid to local responses. Here, we focus on a case in which there was no infection despite high infection in neighbouring areas. This brings into focus the role of customary public authority in implementing successful controls. We pay particular attention to the activities of a chiefdom Ebola Task force committee chaired by the Paramount Chief. Meetings were characterised by protocol and ceremony, but ‘face time’ served to reinforce, in ritual terms, important messages about quarantine and social distancing. The committee's pronouncements had illocutionary force. Local volunteers translated this ceremonial message into practical action to block imported cases. The analysis of ceremonial competence, we conclude, opens a window into how public authority addresses developmental shocks in Africa.
Building one's own house: power and escape for Ethiopian women through international migration
Authors: Carruth Lauren , Smith Lahra 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study uses ethnography along Ethiopian women's irregular migration routes through Djibouti to analyse the complex reasons women leave home to seek labour opportunities in the Gulf States. Theories and policies that either narrowly depict women's motivations as economic in nature or focus only on women's needs for security and protection, fail to account both for the politics of seeking employment abroad, and the ways migration provides women a potential refuge from various forms of violence at home. Using a feminist analysis, we argue that women do not migrate only for financial opportunities, but also to escape combinations of domestic, political and structural violence. As such, irregular migration both evinces a failure of asylum systems and humanitarian organisations to protect Ethiopians, and a failure of the state to provide Ethiopian women meaningful citizenship. Lacking both protection and meaningful citizenship, international migration represents women's journeys for opportunity and emancipation.
Maternal hepatitis B surface antigen carrier status and pregnancy outcome: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Chen Yiming , Ning Wenwen , Wang Xue , Chen Yijie , Wu Bin , Tao Jie 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTo investigate the effect of maternal hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier status during pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes in a population of patients in Hangzhou, China. A retrospective cohort study was conducted to analyse data from 20 753 pregnant women who delivered at Hangzhou Women's Hospital between January 2015 and March 2020. Of these, 18 693 were normal pregnant women (the non-exposed group) and 735 were HBsAg carriers (the exposed group). We then analysed by binary multivariate logistic regression to determine the association between maternal HBsAg-positive and adverse pregnancy outcomes. The prevalence of HBsAg carriers was 3.78% and the odds ratio (OR) for maternal age in the exposed group was 1.081. Pregnant women who are HBsAg-positive in Hangzhou, China, are at higher risk of a range of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) (adjusted OR (aOR) 3.169), low birth weight (aOR 2.337), thrombocytopenia (aOR 2.226), fallopian cysts (aOR 1.610), caesarean scar pregnancy (aOR 1.283), foetal distress (aOR 1.414). Therefore, the obstetricians should pay particular attention to ICP, low birth weight, thrombocytopenia, fallopian cysts, caesarean scar, foetal distress in HBsAg-positive pregnant women.
Climate and energy balance of the ground in University Valley, Antarctica
Authors: Marinova Margarita M. , McKay Christopher P. , Heldmann Jennifer L. , Goordial Jacqueline , Lacelle Denis , Pollard Wayne H. , Davila Alfonso F. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe report 3 years of data from one meteorological and three smaller stations in University Valley, a high-elevation (1677 m) site in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica with extensive dry permafrost. Mean air temperature was -23.4°C. Summer air temperatures were virtually always < 0°C and were consistent with the altitude lapse rate and empirical relationships between summer temperature, distance from the coast and elevation. The measured frost point (-22.5°C) at the 42 cm deep ice table is equal to the surface frost point and above the atmospheric frost point (-29.6°C), providing direct evidence that surface conditions control ground ice depth. Observed peak surface soil temperatures reach 6°C for ice-cemented ground > 15 cm deep but stay < 0°C when it is shallower. We develop an energy balance model tuned to this rocky and dry environment. We find that differences in peak soil surface temperatures are primarily due to the higher thermal diffusivity of ice-cemented ground compared to dry soil. Sensitivity studies show that expected natural variability is insufficient for melt to form and significant excursions from current conditions are required. The site's ice table meets the criteria for a Special Region on Mars, with 30% of the year > -18°C and water activity > 0.6.
Negative emotionality as a candidate mediating mechanism linking prenatal maternal mood problems and offspring internalizing behaviour
Authors: Gordon Green Cathryn , Szekely Eszter , Babineau Vanessa , Jolicoeur-Martineau Alexia , Bouvette-Turcot Andrée-Anne , Minde Klaus , Sassi Roberto , Atkinson Leslie , Kennedy James L. , Steiner Meir , Lydon John , Gaudreau Helene , Burack Jacob A. , Herba Catherine , Pennestri Marie-Helene , Levitan Robert , Meaney Michael J. , Wazana Ashley 
Published: April 2022

AbstractNegative emotionality (NE) was evaluated as a candidate mechanism linking prenatal maternal affective symptoms and offspring internalizing problems during the preschool/early school age period. The participants were 335 mother–infant dyads from the Maternal Adversity, Vulnerability and Neurodevelopment project. A Confirmatory Bifactor Analysis (CFA) based on self-report measures of prenatal depression and pregnancy-specific anxiety generated a general factor representing overlapping symptoms of prenatal maternal psychopathology and four distinct symptom factors representing pregnancy-specific anxiety, negative affect, anhedonia and somatization. NE was rated by the mother at 18 and 36 months. CFA based on measures of father, mother, child-rated measures and a semistructured interview generated a general internalizing factor representing overlapping symptoms of child internalizing psychopathology accounting for the unique contribution of each informant. Path analyses revealed significant relationships among the general maternal affective psychopathology, the pregnancy- specific anxiety, and the child internalizing factors. Child NE mediated only the relationship between pregnancy-specific anxiety and the child internalizing factors. We highlighted the conditions in which prenatal maternal affective symptoms predicts child internalizing problems emerging early in development, including consideration of different mechanistic pathways for different maternal prenatal symptom presentations and child temperament.
Ministering to the Middle: Christian Megachurches and Minoritarian Politics in Southeast Asia
Authors: Goh Daniel P. S. , Chong Terence 
Published: April 2022

AbstractChristian megachurches have been growing in members, organization, and financial resources in the large cities of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines and in Singapore. However, they remain as religious minorities facing an asymmetrical balance of political power due to the Islamization of politics, strong state secularism, or the close entanglement of the political elites with majority Catholicism. We propose a framework of minoritarian politics to understand the actions adopted by the churches to defend and advance their interests. While the scholarship on religion and politics tends to focus on churches' direct engagement with political elites and the mobilization of grassroots movements, we argue that the megachurches prefer to minister to the middle by forging outreach networks to accumulate social capital with a broad range of intermediaries. This is not just due to theological conservatism, but also because ministering to the middle has been the effective strategy given the political circumstances.
Parker Solar Probe Observations of Solar Wind Energetic Proton Beams Produced by Magnetic Reconnection in the Near‐Sun Heliospheric Current Sheet
Authors: Phan T. D. , Verniero J. L. , Larson D. , Lavraud B. , Drake J. F. , Øieroset M. , Eastwood J. P. , Bale S. D. , Livi R. , Halekas J. S. , Whittlesey P. L. , Rahmati A. , Stansby D. , Pulupa M. , MacDowall R. J. , Szabo P. A. , Koval A. , Desai M. , Fuselier S. A. , Velli M. , Hesse M. , Pyakurel P. S. , Maheshwari K. , Kasper J. C. , Stevens J. M. , Case A. W. , Raouafi N. E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe report observations of reconnection exhausts in the Heliospheric Current Sheet (HCS) during Parker Solar Probe Encounters 08 and 07, at 16 Rs and 20 Rs, respectively. Heliospheric current sheet (HCS) reconnection accelerated protons to almost twice the solar wind speed and increased the proton core energy by a factor of ∼3, due to the Alfvén speed being comparable to the solar wind flow speed at these near‐Sun distances. Furthermore, protons were energized to super‐thermal energies. During E08, energized protons were found to have leaked out of the exhaust along separatrix field lines, appearing as field‐aligned energetic proton beams in a broad region outside the HCS. Concurrent dropouts of strahl electrons, indicating disconnection from the Sun, provide further evidence for the HCS being the source of the beams. Around the HCS in E07, there were also proton beams but without electron strahl dropouts, indicating that their origin was not the local HCS reconnection exhaust.
Radar Diagnosis of the Thundercloud Electron Accelerator
Authors: Williams E. , Mkrtchyan H. , Mailyan B. , Karapetyan G. , Hovakimyan S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThunderstorm Ground Enhancements (TGEs) refer to correlated enhancements in surface electric field and gamma ray flux that are manifestations of electron runaway in the storm overhead. The electric field enhancements can be of positive or negative polarity. In this study, altitude‐resolved S‐band radar observations of graupel are used to demonstrate distinct differences in storm structure linked with these “positive” and “negative” TGEs. The physical interpretation rests on the well‐established temperature‐dependent tripole structure of thunderstorms, with the main negative charge of the tripole acting as an electron repeller. This interpretation is supported by case studies showing altitude‐stable convection, with shallow (deep) development linked with “positive” (“negative”) TGEs, and by case studies of collapsing storms that show upper dipole dominance early and lower inverted dipole dominance later when graupel particles descend from a colder to warmer temperature domain. In the case of many TGEs on Mt Aragats (3.2 km MSL), the temperature‐dependent altitude of downward electron acceleration and avalanching may be sufficiently distant (>500 m) from surface detectors that the energetic electrons (1–10 MeV) are not likely avalanche/runaway electrons. Instead, they are Compton‐scattered and pair‐produced electrons from bremsstrahlung gamma radiation emanating from the high‐field avalanche region aloft. These inferences are consistent with GEANT4 calculations that identify the physical origins of energetic electrons at the surface.
Significant Association Between Winter North Atlantic SST and Spring NDVI Anomaly Over Eurasia
Authors: Meng Meng , Gong Daoyi , Zhu Tao , Yao Pengjuan , Zhou Tao 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this study, the single value decomposition method was used to analyze the covariation between the winter (December, January, and February) North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) and spring (April and May) normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) over mid‐high‐latitude Eurasia for the period 1982–2015. The results show that the first paired mode explains 32.8% of the total squared covariance, and the correlation of time coefficients is +0.67 (p < 0.01), suggesting that the meridional tripole structure of the winter North Atlantic SST is significantly associated with the three zonally anomalous centers of the spring mid‐high‐latitude Eurasian NDVI. Surface air temperature (T2m) is the most important factor related to spring NDVI changes. The tripole pattern of the winter North Atlantic SST can persist until the following spring, triggering an eastward anomalous Rossby wave train in the middle troposphere, which features two negative geopotential height anomalies centers near northwestern Europe and eastern Siberia and one positive center over central Eurasia. Surface temperature anomalies are well consistent with these anomalous pressure centers. This implies that the winter North Atlantic SST could be a robust driver and potential precursor for spring vegetation prediction over the mid‐high latitudes of Eurasia.
Explicit IMF By‐Dependence of Energetic Protons and the Ring Current
Authors: Holappa L. , Buzulukova N. Y. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe most important parameter driving the solar wind‐magnetosphere interaction is the southward (Bz) component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). While the dawn‐dusk (By) component of the IMF is also known to play an important role, its effects are usually assumed to be independent of its sign. Here we demonstrate for the first time a seasonally varying, explicit IMF By‐dependence of the ring current and Dst index. Using satellite observations and a global magnetohydrodynamic model coupled with a ring current model, we show that for a fixed level of solar wind driving the flux of energetic magnetospheric protons and the growth‐rate of the ring current are greater for By < 0 (By > 0) than for By > 0 (By < 0) in Northern Hemisphere summer (winter). While the physical mechanism of this explicit By‐effect is not yet fully understood, our results suggest that IMF By modulates magnetospheric convection and plasma transport in the inner magnetosphere.
Unveiling bulk and surface radiation forces in a dielectric liquid
Authors: Astrath N. G. C. , Flizikowski G. A. S. , Anghinoni B. , Malacarne L. C. , Baesso M. L. , Požar T. , Partanen M. , Brevik I. , Razansky D. , Bialkowski S. E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPrecise control over light-matter interactions is critical for many optical manipulation and material characterization methodologies, further playing a paramount role in a host of nanotechnology applications. Nonetheless, the fundamental aspects of interactions between electromagnetic fields and matter have yet to be established unequivocally in terms of an electromagnetic momentum density. Here, we use tightly focused pulsed laser beams to detect bulk and boundary optical forces in a dielectric fluid. From the optical convoluted signal, we decouple thermal and nonlinear optical effects from the radiation forces using a theoretical interpretation based on the Microscopic Ampère force density. It is shown, for the first time, that the time-dependent pressure distribution within the fluid chiefly originates from the electrostriction effects. Our results shed light on the contribution of optical forces to the surface displacements observed at the dielectric air-water interfaces, thus shedding light on the long-standing controversy surrounding the basic definition of electromagnetic momentum density in matter.
WT-PE: Prime editing with nuclease wild-type Cas9 enables versatile large-scale genome editing
Authors: Tao Rui , Wang Yanhong , Hu Yun , Jiao Yaoge , Zhou Lifang , Jiang Lurong , Li Li , He Xingyu , Li Min , Yu Yamei , Chen Qiang , Yao Shaohua 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLarge scale genomic aberrations including duplication, deletion, translocation, and other structural changes are the cause of a subtype of hereditary genetic disorders and contribute to onset or progress of cancer. The current prime editor, PE2, consisting of Cas9-nickase and reverse transcriptase enables efficient editing of genomic deletion and insertion, however, at small scale. Here, we designed a novel prime editor by fusing reverse transcriptase (RT) to nuclease wild-type Cas9 (WT-PE) to edit large genomic fragment. WT-PE system simultaneously introduced a double strand break (DSB) and a single 3′ extended flap in the target site. Coupled with paired prime editing guide RNAs (pegRNAs) that have complementary sequences in their 3′ terminus while target different genomic regions, WT-PE produced bi-directional prime editing, which enabled efficient and versatile large-scale genome editing, including large fragment deletion up to 16.8 megabase (Mb) pairs and chromosomal translocation. Therefore, our WT-PE system has great potential to model or treat diseases related to large-fragment aberrations.
Tracing the path of carbon export in the ocean though DNA sequencing of individual sinking particles
Authors: Durkin Colleen A , Cetinić Ivona , Estapa Margaret , Ljubešić Zrinka , Mucko Maja , Neeley Aimee , Omand Melissa 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Surface phytoplankton communities were linked with the carbon they export into the deep ocean by comparing 18 S rRNA gene sequence communities from surface seawater and individually isolated sinking particles. Particles were collected in sediment traps deployed at locations in the North Pacific subtropical gyre and the California Current. DNA was isolated from individual particles, bulk-collected trap particles, and the surface seawater. The relative sequence abundance of exported phytoplankton taxa in the surface water varied across functional groups and ecosystems. Of the sequences detected in sinking particles, about half were present in large (&gt;300 μm), individually isolated particles and primarily belonged to taxa with small cell sizes (&lt;50 µm). Exported phytoplankton taxa detected only in bulk trap samples, and thus presumably packaged in the smaller sinking size fraction, contained taxa that typically have large cell sizes (&gt;500 μm). The effect of particle degradation on the detectable 18 S rRNA gene community differed across taxa, and differences in community composition among individual particles from the same location largely reflected differences in relative degradation state. Using these data and particle imaging, we present an approach that incorporates genetic diversity into mechanistic models of the ocean’s biological carbon pump, which will lead to better quantification of the ocean’s carbon cycle.
Role of diet and its effects on the gut microbiome in the pathophysiology of mental disorders
Authors: Horn J. , Mayer D. E. , Chen S. , Mayer E. A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThere is emerging evidence that diet has a major modulatory influence on brain-gut-microbiome (BGM) interactions with important implications for brain health, and for several brain disorders. The BGM system is made up of neuroendocrine, neural, and immune communication channels which establish a network of bidirectional interactions between the brain, the gut and its microbiome. Diet not only plays a crucial role in shaping the gut microbiome, but it can modulate structure and function of the brain through these communication channels. In this review, we summarize the evidence available from preclinical and clinical studies on the influence of dietary habits and interventions on a selected group of psychiatric and neurologic disorders including depression, cognitive decline, Parkinson’s disease, autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy. We will particularly address the role of diet-induced microbiome changes which have been implicated in these effects, and some of which are shared between different brain disorders. While the majority of these findings have been demonstrated in preclinical and in cross-sectional, epidemiological studies, to date there is insufficient evidence from mechanistic human studies to make conclusions about causality between a specific diet and microbially mediated brain function. Many of the dietary benefits on microbiome and brain health have been attributed to anti-inflammatory effects mediated by the microbial metabolites of dietary fiber and polyphenols. The new attention given to dietary factors in brain disorders has the potential to improve treatment outcomes with currently available pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies.