bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Affecting Storage and Germination of Chysalidocarpus lutescens Seeds
Authors: Broschat Timothy K. , Donselman Henry 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A series of experiments evaluated the effects of seed maturity, seed cleaning, gibberellic acid (GA3) or water presoaking, temperature, and planting depth on the percentage and speed of germination of Chrysalidocarpus lutescens H. Wendl. seed. Effects of temperature, cleaning, and storage container on the viability of stored C. lutescens seed were determined in another set of experiments. Germination was rapid and consistent when yellow to fully ripe seed was exposed to temperatures between 30° and 35°C. Cleaning seed is not essential if planting is done immediately. Presoaking seeds in 1000 ppm GA3 for 48 hr slightly accelerated germination speed, but caused excessive elongation of the resulting seedlings and was therefore not recommended. The best method for long-term storage of C. lutescens seed was to clean yellow to fully ripe seed, air-dry at 80% to 90% RH, treat with a seed protectant fungicide, and store at 23° in tightly sealed polyethylene containers. Optimum planting depth was dependent on the drying potential of the germination site.
Effect of Growth Retardants on Root Formation and Polyamine Content in Apple Seedlings
Authors: Wang S.Y. , Faust M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth retardants [ancymidol (0.1-1.0 mg·liter−1), chlormequat (0.5-500 mg·liter−1), and paclobutrazol (0.1-1.0 mg·liter−1)] reduced shoot extension, promoted root initiation, and increased root weight in apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh ‘York Imperial’). The induction of root formation and increase in root weight were accompanied by a considerable increase in polyamine levels. Daminozide (0.1-250.0 mg·liter−1) and dikegulac (0.25-500 mg·liter−1) also inhibited apple seedling growth; however, these compounds did not promote rooting. Chemical names used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol); 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat chloride); butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); 2,3:4,6-bis-O-(l-methylethylidene)-α-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac); β-(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(l,l-dimethylethyl)-lH-1,2,4-triazole-l-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Respiratory Characterization of Germinated Tomato Seeds Stored in Gels at Low Temperatures
Authors: Beers Eric P. , Pill Wallace G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Germinated seeds of ‘Heinz 1350 VF’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were subjected to short-term (through 5 days) low temperature (0° or 5°C) storage suspended in 2 fluid-drilling gels (Natrosol 250 HHR or Laponite 445). Following storage, a greenhouse emergence assay and respiratory characterization via double inhibitor titrations (0.4/mM KCN and 10.0/mM salicylhydroxamic acid) were conducted. After 3-day storage in Natrosol or moist cheesecloth, emergence was about 90% but had decreased to <60% following 3-day storage in Laponite. With 5-day storage in Natrosol, 0° drastically reduced seedling vigor relative to that at 5°. Total O2 consumption by all stored germinated seeds was less than that of unstored germinated seeds. Consumption of O2 via both the cytochrome and alternative respiratory pathways was not affected differentially by storage temperature or gel. The maximum inducible rate of oxygen consumption via the alternative pathway decreased during storage in Natrosol at 0° or Laponite at 5° relative to that of unstored seeds or seeds stored in Natrosol at 5°.
Cold Temperature Tolerance of Wild Tomato Species
Authors: Wolf S. , Yakir D. , Stevens M.A. , Rudich J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Accessions of several wild tomato species [Lycopersicon hirsutum H. and B. (LA 1363 and LA 1777), L. chilense Dun. (LA 1969 and LA 1971), and Solanum lycopersicoides Dun. (LA 1964)] were examined for cold tolerance and compared to the fast germination of L. esculentum Mill. PI 341988 and to the normal germination of ‘UC82B’. The wild accessions were collected above 3000 m and presumed to be cold-tolerant because of natural habitat. A number of characteristics, including germination, emergence, chlorophyll fluorescence, electrolyte leakage, and plastochron index were used to evaluate chilling resistance. PI 341988 germinated faster than the other genotypes at temperatures above 10°C, but germination of this accession virtually ceased below 10°. The high-altitude accessions continued to germinate, albeit at a reduced rate, below 10°. Growth rates at 12°/6° (day/night) were compared to growth at 24°/18° and were found to be greater in the high-altitude accessions than ‘UC82B’ The reduction in chlorophyll fluorescence when leaf disks were exposed to 1° was less in the high-altitude accessions than in ‘UC82B’, indicating less effect of this temperature on photosynthesis in the wild species. Electrolyte leakage was greater in ‘UC82B’ and LA1777 (L. hirsutum) than high-altitude accessions of L. chilense and S. lycopersicoides, but evidence is presented that this method is not reliable in screening for cold tolerance. Crosses were made between ‘UC82B’ and the wild species, and segregating populations were screened using the methods mentioned above. In each population, there were plants that showed cold resistance similar to the wild parent, suggesting the possibility of developing cold-tolerant cultivars.
Pollen Yield from Olive Tree cvs. Manzanillo and Swan Hill in Closed Urban Environments
Authors: O’Rourke Mary Kay , Buchmann Stephen L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Airborne pollen concentrations (grains/m3) within and near trees of 2 cultivars of Olea europaea L. were studied during the 30-day pollination period at 2 urban sites in Tucson, Ariz. ‘Manzanillo’, the dominant horticultural cultivar, was compared to the fruitless ‘Swan Hill’. Air sampling using a Burkard trap was undertaken from 2 Apr. until 1 May 1985; during this period, 95% of the 1985 Olea pollen was airborne. Peak atmospheric Olea pollen concentrations at both sites occurred on 14 Apr. 1985. Pollen concentrations around the ‘Manzanillo’ site ranged from 7 grains/m3 to 6196 grains/m3 per day. At the ‘Swan Hill’ site, daily totals were an order of magnitude less, from 5 to 309 grains/m3 per day. Hourly pollen concentrations for the ‘Manzanillo’ site on the peak day varied from 1000 to 18,133 grains/m3 per hr. Hourly values at the ‘Swan Hill’ site on the peak day varied from 7 to 896 grains/m3 per hr. Both sites exhibited rapidly increasing pollen concentrations at sunrise with a sharp increase for the ‘Manzanillo’ site between 1100 to 1300 hr. Both cultivars produced about 85,000 pollen grains per anther. An unknown anatomical or physiological factor in ‘Swan Hill’ inhibits stomial rupture, resulting in 85% inhibition of anther dehiscence and pollen-shedding.
Relationship of Harvest Date, Storage Conditions, and Fruit Characteristics to Bruise Susceptibility of Apple
Authors: Klein Joshua D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Susceptibility of apples (Malus domestica Borkh. ‘Gala’ and ‘Granny Smith’) to impact damage increased from early to late harvest time and decreased during storage at 1°C. Impact damage was quantified as bruise depth, diameter, volume, or weight. Bruise weight calculated as a percentage of fruit weight was the least variable measurement of bruising that was also proportional to height to impact of the fruit. Although a range of 22 New Zealand-grown apple cultivars differed in susceptibility to bruising, the variation was not correlated with fruit density, fruit firmness, or polyphenol content and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity in epidermal and cortical fruit tissues.
Effects of Seed Coating and Osmotic Priming on the Germination of Lettuce Seeds
Authors: Valdes Veronica M. , Bradford Kent J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. ‘Empire’) seeds (achenes) were primed in aerated solutions of polyethylene glycol 8000 (−1.56 MPa) for 24 hr at 18°C and dried to 6% water content. Control (untreated) and primed seeds then were commercially coated in a clay-based material (Royal Sluis Splitkote). Priming prevented the occurrence of thermodormancy in seeds imbibed at temperatures between 32° and 37° and accelerated the rate of germination at all temperatures tested. Coating delayed germination slightly and reduced the maximum germination temperature of control seeds. Primed seeds exhibited thermodormancy when tested immediately after coating, but they soon regained their capacity for high-temperature germination. When tested after 5 months of storage at 5°, primed seeds germinated at temperatures up to 37° regardless of coating. Osmotically primed seeds retained the capacity for germination at high temperature after seed coating and storage, providing an effective means of improving stand establishment of direct-seeded lettuce in hot weather.
Inheritance of Ripening Uniformity and Relationship to Crop Load in Blueberry Progenies
Authors: Luby J.J. , Finn C.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The intervals, in days, between 10%, 50%, and 90% ripened fruit, as well as crop load, were estimated over 2 years in progenies from a partial diallel cross among 17 blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L., V. angustifolium Ait., and V. corymbosum × V. angustifolium hybrids) parents. General combining ability (GCA) mean squares were highly significant for all ripening intervals and for crop load, while specific combining ability mean squares were nonsignificant, indicating a large proportion of additive genetic variance. Narrow-sense heritability estimates were about 0.50 for the three ripening intervals (10–50%, 50–90%, and 10–90%). Several parents had large positive GCA effects, indicating their contribution to a long ripening interval. Most progenies with large crop loads required >15 days between 10% and 90% ripened fruit. Despite the consistently positive relationship between ripening interval length and crop load, variation among families and the potential for within-family segregation suggest the possibility of obtaining genotypes with high yield potential and improved uniform ripening.
Nitrogen Recovery in Single- and Multiple-harvested Direct-seeded Broccoli Trials
Authors: Kowalenko C.G. , Hall J.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica olerica L. var. italica) and corn (Zea mays L.) N-treated adjacent plots had essentially the same initial Ν content. Extractable inorganic Ν to a depth of 60 cm (N at 28 to 48 kg·ha-1) was considerably less than the Ν taken up into the total above-ground parts of the crop (N at 118 to 157 kg·ha-1); thus, both crops depended on mineralization of soil Ν for their growth. Although broccoli and corn had the same total demand for Ν as shown by total uptake, only broccoli responded to Ν application. Since corn required Ν over a longer period of time (116 days) than broccoli (90 days), the net mineralization rate of soil Ν [0.8 to 1.0 kg·ha-1 (per day)] matched approximately the average Ν uptake rate over the whole season [1.1 to 1.2 kg·ha-1 (per day)] in the corn trial. Net Ν mineralization rate [-0.1 to 1.4 kg·ha-1 (per day)] tended to be less than the average Ν uptake rate by broccoli (1.3 to 3.1 kg·ha-1 (per day)], resulting in the response to Ν applied. Slightly more downward movement of inorganic Ν occurred in the 1982 than in the 1979 broccoli trial. This coincided with slightly higher precipitation in 1982 particularly late in the growing season. By using path coefficient analyses, it was found that several plant variables were consistently correlated with horticultural yield, but the nature of the relationship was not consistent from year to year, suggesting that slightly different mechanisms contributed to the yield effect each year but that the net result was similar.
The Effect of Raised Beds, Population Densities, and Planting Date on the Incidence of Bacterial Soft Rot in Chinese Cabbage
Authors: Fritz V.A. , Honma S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Raised bed culture and different population densities were studied to determine their effect on bacterial soft rot (Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora) during summer production of Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L. Group pekinensis). Seeds were sown on different dates to determine the relationship between head formation and the occurrence of soft rot. Tropical (heat-tolerant) cultivars were evaluated for summer production potential in raised-bed and flat-culture systems. Raised beds were, in some instances, beneficial in reducing the incidence and progression of soft rot. Phyllosphere air temperatures on raised beds were slightly lower than on flat culture; however, the effect on reducing soft rot incidence is unclear. Plants grown at 30-cm within-row spacing produced fewer marketable heads than plants at 46, 61, or 76 cm. Plants from seed sown after mid June had a significantly higher incidence of soft rot when compared to earlier planting dates.
Early Season Yield Responses of Selected Strawberry Cultivars to Photoperiod and Chilling in a Florida Winter Production System
Authors: Durner Edward F. , Poling E. Barclay , Albregts Earl A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Douglas’, ‘Tufts’, and ‘Pajaro’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) plants were sampled for 3 consecutive years (1982–1984), and ‘Chandler’ plants were sampled for one year (1984) from September through October from a North Carolina nursery. Plants were subjected to short days (12-hr photoperiod) at day/night temperatures of 15.5°/4.4°C in 1982–1983 and to short days (9-hr photoperiod) and long days (9-hr photoperiod with a 3-hr night interruption) with or without chilling [15.5°/4.4° (day/night) or 22.0718.0° (day/night), respectively] in 1984 for 0, 1, 6, or 12 days in the NCSU phytotron. After treatment, plants were shipped to Florida for planting in the winter planting system for evaluation of early season yield (1 Dec. -15 Jan.). Optimum digging dates for all cultivars were observed to be a photoperiod response. Chilling enhanced early yield for ‘Douglas’ and ‘Pajaro’ when plants were dug prior to or at the optimum date. Plants dug later than the optimum date had much lower yields, even with substantial chilling. In ‘Chandler’, slight chilling (<125 hr from 1 Sept. until digging date) suppressed early yield, while increased chilling (>125 hr) enhanced early yield when plants were dug at or prior to the optimum date. Chilling decreased early yield in ‘Tufts’ regardless of digging date. Significant yield increases were only obtained with chilling much greater than that which naturally occurs in North Carolina.
Screening of Peach and Other Prunus Species for Resistance to Ring Nematode in the Greenhouse
Authors: Okie W.R. , Nyczepir A.P. , Reilly C.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings or rooted cuttings of 35 lines of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and other Prunus spp. were screened for resistance or tolerance to the ring nematode Criconemella xenoplax (Raski) Luc & Raski (Cx). Host reaction to Cx was evaluated by comparing root and shoot growth of infested plants with that of uninfested checks. Reaction of Cx to the host was reflected in nematode density per gram root dry weight (NPGR). Effects of Cx on root growth were not always correlated with increases in Cx per 100 cm3 of soil or in NPGR. Prunus japonica Thunb. and P. tomentosa Thunb. showed no Cx-related growth reduction and had lower Cx densities than most other lines. ‘Lovell’ peach had a smaller root system and fewer Cx per pot than ‘Nemaguard’ peach, but differences in NPGR were not significant. With high inoculum levels, significant differences in NPGR between lines, and in growth parameters within lines, could be detected after 6 months.
Growth of Citrus Rootstock (Carrizo Citrange) Seedlings During and After Long-term CO2 Enrichment
Authors: Koch Karen E. , Allen L. Hartwell , Jones Pierce , Avigne Wayne T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Carrizo citrange seedlings [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] were grown in field enclosures for 17 weeks during 1984 at 330, 660, or 990 µl·liter-1 CO2 and then transferred to ambient air for 10 weeks to examine growth during and after these treatments. Immediately after the CO2 treatment period, plants grown at the highest CO2 level had accumulated about 120% more total dry matter than those at 330 µl·liter-1 CO2, compared to a mean increase of 67% at 660 µl·liter-1. Shoot length, leaf area, and leaf number were also increased 71%, 55%, and 39%, respectively, at 990 µl·liter-1 CO2 and somewhat less at 660 µl·liter-1. Percentage gains from CO2 enrichment decreased during the posttreatment period, but absolute differences were maintained or increased for at least 10 more weeks. During the treatment period, dry matter partitioning among leaves, stems, and roots did not vary with CO2 level, but root growth after transplanting and transfer to ambient air occurred at the expense of shoot growth in plants that had been grown at ambient CO2 levels. Plant growth, in terms of dry weight, shoot length, leaf area, and leaf number, was advanced 1.0 to 3.5 weeks after 17 weeks at elevated CO2 levels, and fresh weight per centimeter of stem length was about 1 month ahead. This last parameter can be used as an approximate indicator of readiness for scion budding, suggesting that CO2 enrichment could represent a considerable value to the citrus nursery industry. Data are also consistent with the hypothesis that a greater response to elevated CO2 is likely to occur where a high sink demand and/or low levels of leaf starch are maintained. Both such demand and low leaf starch occur in citrus seedlings, which have a pronounced juvenility period and capacity for continuous flush-type growth.
Hydroponic Tomato Yield Affected by Chlormequat Chloride, Seeding Time, and Transplant Maturity
Authors: Adler Paul R. , Wilcox Gerald E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The addition of chlormequat chloride to tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplants decreased fruit yield, number, and size. Flowering was accelerated both by chlormequat chloride and by transplanting at a more advanced stage of development. By transplanting a more mature plant without chlormequat chloride, yield was increased over the first 3 weeks of harvest. Although it is difficult to manage a “leggy” transplant, typical of flowering hydroponic tomato transplants grown under low light levels and close spacing, increased yield was sufficient to justify this management practice. Chemical name used: 2-chloro-N,N,N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat chloride).
Effect of Fertilizer, Paclobutrazol, and Chlormequat on Strawberry
Authors: McArthur D.A.J. , Eaton G.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a greenhouse study with strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne), foliar sprays of paclobutrazol (PP333) at 10, 46, 215, or 1000 ppm and chlormequat chloride (CCC) at 215 or 1000 ppm decreased runnering, but PP333 was most effective. PP333 inhibited runnering more for ‘Totem’ than ‘Shuksan’, with the reverse true for CCC. Biweekly fertilization with 20N-4.3P-8.3K at 180 mg/pot increased leaf area and runnering relative to 45 mg/pot. PP333 at equal rates produced larger decreases in leaf area than CCC. Both high fertilizer and PP333 in a rate-dependent manner delayed leaf senescence and berry ripening. CCC increased yield in ‘Shuksan’ only, and while berry fresh weight was increased by PP333, no increase in yield occurred, as it was offset with a decreased number of berries that ripened over the period of our study. PP333 decreased pollen germination. Soil residues of PP333 were evident 11 weeks after application. Chemical names used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H- - 1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol); 2-chloro-N, N, N-trimethylethanaminium chloride (chlormequat chloride).
Growth of Zoysiagrass from Vegetative Plugs in Response to Fertilizers
Authors: Fry J.D. , Dernoeden P.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Little research has been conducted to determine the influence of fertilizer sources and rates on zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) establishment. Our objectives were to determine the influence of slow-release N sources, water-soluble N from urea, and N, P, and K combinations on rate of zoysiagrass establishment. Prior to field planting of zoysiagrass plugs, N rates of 98, 196, and 392 kg·ha-1 from ureaformaldehyde (UF, 38N-0P-0K), isobutylidine diurea (IBDU, 31N-0P-0K, and a composted sewage sludge (1.0N-0.9P-0.2K) were incorporated into a soil with existing high P (193 kg·ha-1) and intermediate K levels (86 kg·ha-1). In a separate study nitrogen from urea (46N-0P-0K, 195 kg·ha-1), P from treble superphosphate (0N-19P-0K, 126 kg·ha-1) and K from muriate of potash (0N-0P-32K, 103 kg·ha-1) also were incorporated before planting. Five months after planting, none of the slow-release N sources or N-P-K combinations had enhanced coverage of the zoysiagrass. No additional fertilizer was applied in the 2nd year. Although statistically significant differences were found among treatments by the end of the 2nd growing season, the actual increases in zoysiagrass coverage provided by the fertilizers were no greater than 5% more than the unfertilized zoysiagrass. In a 3rd study, N (49 kg·ha-1) from urea, applied as a topdressing either once, four, or seven times annually, resulted in a negative linear [coverage = 63.8 − 0.02 (kg N/ha per year), r2 = 0.57] response in zoysiagrass coverage the initial year, but not in the 2nd year. Nitrogen from urea (49 kg·ha-1) applied bimonthly or monthly the 2nd year had a greater beneficial effect on zoysiagrass growth than topdressing or preplant incorporation of N the initial year.
Effects of Temperature on the Deep Supercooling Characteristics of Dormant and Deacclimating Sweet Cherry Flower Buds
Authors: Andrews Preston K. , Proebsting Edward L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seasonal changes in the temperature of the median low-temperature exotherm (LTE50) of dormant sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. cv. Bing) flower buds were significantly correlated with the preceding minimum air temperature in the orchard and the water content of the flower primordia. When buds were exposed to temperatures just below the high temperature exotherms, water migrated from the primordia to the bud scales. Under these conditions, the LTE50 decreased almost 5°C during the first day, but only 1°/day thereafter. The minimum LTE50 was near −32° after the buds were frozen for 10 days. Thawing buds at 0° or above increased the LTE50 about 1°/hr, to −20° to −21°. The LTE50 did not increase above these temperatures until the buds were exposed to 20° for 1-2 days following the completion of rest. During deacclimation, both the LTE50 and temperature range of the low temperature exotherms (LTEs) increased. These changes were accompanied by fluctuations in the capacity of the flower buds to exhibit deep supercooling, expressed as the fraction of an LTE produced per flower primordium (LTE/primordium). Even on days when the LTE/primordium was low, the temperature required to injure 50% of the flower primordia was similar to the LTE50.