bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Healthcare Economics of High Frequency Spinal Cord Stimulation for Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Rajkumar Shashank , Venkatraman Vishal , Zidanyue Yang Lexie , Parente Beth , Lee Hui-Jie , Lad Shivanand P. 
Published: October 2022

Background: Painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (pDPN) is a debilitating complication of long-term diabetes. High-frequency spinal cord stimulation (HF-SCS) was recently shown to be an effective treatment option, but the associated healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) on real-world patient populations with pDPN is unknown. Methods: Using IBM MarketScan databases, we identified patients with HF-SCS implantation between January 2016 and December 2019 who had a diagnosis of diabetes or diabetic neuropathy within two years before implant. Cost data were collected for the six months before HF-SCS implantation (baseline) and for the periods of one, three, and six months post-implantation. The six-month explant rate was calculated. Results: A total of 132 patients met inclusion criteria. The median total cost at baseline was $19 220 and was $1356 at one month post-implant, $4858 at three months post-implant, and $13 305 at six months post-implant. The median baseline out-of-pocket cost was $1477 and was $710 at six months post-implant. The average total cost reduction from baseline to six months post-implant was $5118 ( P < .001), or $853 per month. The median device acquisition cost was $35 755. The explant rate within six months was 2.1%. Conclusions: High frequency spinal cord stimulation significantly reduces total HCRU in patients with pDPN, and based on the average monthly cost reduction of $853, we estimate that the therapy recoups acquisition costs within 3.5 years. As policy increasingly focuses on value-based care, it will be critical to consider the cost and outcomes of innovative therapies.
Indigenous Lands are Better for Amphibian Biodiversity Conservation Than Immigrant-Managed Agricultural Lands: A Case Study From Manu Biosphere Reserve, Peru
Authors: Serrano-Rojas Shirley J. , Whitworth Andrew , Paredes-Garcia Julio A. , Pillco-Huarcaya Ruthmery , Whittaker Lawrence , Huaypar-Loayza Karl H. , MacLeod Ross 
Published: October 2022

The efficacy of protected areas is tied to the management of surrounding areas. Still, the importance of buffer zones for biodiversity conservation is overlooked. Manu Biosphere Reserve is one of the most biodiverse places on earth, yet destructive land-use practices are degrading the ecological integrity of its buffer zone. To better understand the importance of different land-uses within Manu’s buffer zone for biodiversity conservation, we assessed amphibian communities across a land-use gradient in the buffer zone (immigrant agricultural land, forests used by three Indigenous communities, and a regenerating forest), in addition to a reference site in its core protected area. We surveyed six sites and sampled amphibian communities using visual encounter surveys and leaf litter searches over dry and wet seasons. Overall, in 2249 ha surveyed of the buffer zone, we recorded 70 amphibian species (57% of the 124 species recorded in the Manu Biosphere Reserve from the same elevational range within our study). Species richness, evenness, and diversity of amphibians decreased with habitat degradation and were lowest in the agricultural land. Conversely, the richness and diversity of amphibians in the regenerating forest and the Indigenous communities’ forests were similar to that of the core protected area, and each had a relatively unique community composition, whereas the agricultural land was dominated by generalist species. Our results suggest that increasing degradation through expanding agriculture traditionally adopted by immigrant communities could significantly threaten biodiversity within the buffer zone. However, our findings also underscore the high potential of buffer zones managed by Indigenous communities for biodiversity conservation. A combination of sustainable livelihood activities, cultural practices, and forest protection, as observed in many Indigenous communities, is critical to fulfilling the role of a Biosphere Reserve—to reconcile the conservation of biological and cultural diversity while improving social and economic development.
Long-Term Follow-up of Complex Calcaneal Osteomyelitis Treated With Modified Gaenslen Approach
Authors: Kendal Adrian , Loizou Constantinos , Down Billy , McNally Martin 
Published: October 2022

Background: The treatment of chronic calcaneal osteomyelitis is a challenging and increasing problem because of the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and operative fixation of heel fractures. In 1931, Gaenslen reported treatment of hematogenous calcaneal osteomyelitis by surgical excision through a midline, sagittal plantar incision. We have refined this approach to allow successful healing and early mobilization in a modern series of complex patients with hematogenous, diabetic, and postsurgical osteomyelitis. Methods: Twenty-eight patients (mean age 54.6 years, range 20-94) with Cierny-Mader stage IIIB chronic calcaneal osteomyelitis were treated with sagittal incision and calcaneal osteotomy, excision of infected bone, and wound closure. All patients received antibiotics for at least 6 weeks, and bone defects were filled with an antibiotic carrier in 20 patients. Patients were followed for a mean of 31 months (SD 25.4). Primary outcome measures were recurrence of calcaneal osteomyelitis and below-knee amputation. Secondary outcome measures included 30-day postoperative mortality and complications, duration of postoperative inpatient stay, footwear adaptions, mobility, and use of walking aids. Results: All 28 patients had failed previous medical and surgical treatment. Eighteen patients (64%) had significant comorbidities. The commonest causes of infection were diabetes ± ulceration (11 patients), fracture-related infection (4 patients), pressure ulceration, hematogenous spread, and penetrating soft tissue trauma. The overall recurrence rate of calcaneal osteomyelitis was 18% (5 patients) over the follow-up period, of which 2 patients (7%) required a below-knee amputation. Eighteen patients (64%) had a foot that comfortably fitted into a normal shoe with a custom insole. A further 6 patients (21%) required a custom-made shoe, and only 3 patients required a custom-made boot. Conclusion: Our results show that a repurposed Gaenslen calcanectomy is simple, safe, and effective in treating this difficult condition in a patient group with significant local and systemic comorbidities. Level of Evidence: Level IV, retrospective case series.
A method to obtain exact single-step GBLUP for non-genotyped descendants when the genomic relationship matrix of ancestors is not available
Authors: Garrick Dorian J. , Fernando Rohan L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) involves a joint analysis of individuals with genotype information, and their ancestors, descendants, or contemporaries, without recorded genotypes. Livestock applications typically represent populations with fewer individuals with genotypes relative to the number not genotyped. Most breeding programmes are structured, consisting of a nucleus tier in which selection drives genetic gains that are propagated through descendants that represent parents in multiplier and commercial tiers. In some cases, the genotypes in the nucleus tier are proprietary to a breeding company, and not publicly available for a whole industry analysis. Bayesian inference involves combining a defined description of prior information with new information to generate a posterior distribution that contains all available information on parameters of interest. A natural extension of Bayesian analysis would be to use information from the posterior distribution to define the prior distribution in a subsequent analysis.

Methods
We derive the mixed model equations for inference on breeding values for non genotyped individuals in that subset of the population that is of current interest, using only data on the performance of current individuals and their immediate pedigree, along with prior information defined from the posterior distribution of an external BLUP or single-step GBLUP analysis of the ancestors of the current population.

Discussion
Identical estimates of breeding values and their prediction error covariances for current animals of interest in the multiplier or commercial tier can be obtained without requiring neither the genomic relationship matrix nor genotypes of any of their ancestors in the nucleus tier, as can be obtained from a single analysis using pedigree, performance, and genomic information from all tiers. The Bayesian analysis of the current population does not require explicit information on unselected genotyped animals in the external population.
Effect of Schistosoma haematobium infection on the cognitive functions of preschool age children and benefits of treatment from an endemic area in Zimbabwe
Authors: Kasambala Maritha , Mduluza Takafira , Vengesai Arthur , Mduluza-Jokonya Tariro , Jokonya Luxwell , Midzi Herald , Makota Rutendo Birri , Mutemeri Arnold , Maziti Emmanuel , Dube-Marimbe Bazondlile , Chibanda Dixon , Mutapi Francisca , Mukaratirwa Samson 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Schistosomiasis is known to affect the cognitive functions of children, however, but there is paucity of information on its impact on early childhood development in developing countries where the disease is endemic. This study aimed at determining the effects of schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma haematobium on early childhood development in children below 5 years old from Murewa District, Zimbabwe, including the benefits of treatment.

Methods
Preschool age children (PSAC) under the age of 5 years were screened at baseline and at 6 months post-treatment for S. haematobium infections diagnosed using the urine filtration method. Cognitive domains were assessed using the Griffith Mental Developmental Scales III on 136 PSAC. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the level of association between S. haematobium infection and performance in the cognitive domains adjusting for confounding factors (i.e. nutrition, hemoglobin levels, gender and age). Median Development Quotient scores of each cognitive domain at baseline and at 6 months post-treatment were compared and quantified.

Results
After adjusting for confounding factors, PSAC infected with S. haematobium had greater odds of having lower scores in the Foundation of Learning Domain (OR = 3.9, p = 0.008), Language and Communication Domain (OR = 3.2, p = 0.017), Eye-Hand Coordination Domains (OR = 10.7, p = 0.001), Personal-Social-Emotional Domain (19.3, p = 0.001) and in the Overall General Development Domain (7.2, p = 0.011). Improvement of cognitive performance was observed at 6 months post treatment in the following Domains; Language and Communication Domain (p = 0.003), Eye-Hand Coordination Domain (p = 0.02) and General Development Domain (p = 0.006).

Conclusion
The study showed that S. haematobium infection in PSAC is associated with lower cognitive scores in the Foundation of Learning, Language and Communication, Eye-Hand Coordination, Personal-Social-Emotional and in the Overall General Development domains. Our results strengthen the call for inclusion of PSAC in routine deworming programs for the control of urinary schistosomiasis and the need to develop locally validated tools to monitor early child development in endemic areas where resources are limited.
Go To Travel campaign and the geographic spread of COVID-19 in Japan
Authors: Anzai Asami , Jung Sung-mok , Nishiura Hiroshi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
In 2020, the Japanese government implemented first of two Go To Travel campaigns to promote the tourism sector as well as eating and drinking establishments, especially in remote areas. The present study aimed to explore the relationship between enhanced travel and geographic propagation of COVID-19 across Japan, focusing on the second campaign with nationwide large-scale economic boost in 2020.

Methods
We carried out an interrupted time-series analysis to identify the possible cause-outcome relationship between the Go To Travel campaign and the spread of infection to nonurban areas in Japan. Specifically, we counted the number of prefectures that experienced a weekly incidence of three, five, and seven COVID-19 cases or more per 100,000 population, and we compared the rate of change before and after the campaign.

Results
Three threshold values and three different models identified an increasing number of prefectures above the threshold, indicating that the inter-prefectural spread intensified following the launch of the second Go To Travel campaign from October 1st, 2020. The simplest model that accounted for an increase in the rate of change only provided the best fit. We estimated that 0.24 (95% confidence interval 0.15 to 0.34) additional prefectures newly exceeded five COVID-19 cases per 100,000 population per week during the second campaign.

Conclusions
The enhanced movement resulting from the Go To Travel campaign facilitated spatial spread of COVID-19 from urban to nonurban locations, where health-care capacity may have been limited.
Value assessment of artificial intelligence in medical imaging: a scoping review
Authors: Fasterholdt Iben , Naghavi-Behzad Mohammad , Rasmussen Benjamin S. B. , Kjølhede Tue , Skjøth Mette Maria , Hildebrandt Malene Grubbe , Kidholm Kristian 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundArtificial intelligence (AI) is seen as one of the major disrupting forces in the future healthcare system. However, the assessment of the value of these new technologies is still unclear, and no agreed international health technology assessment-based guideline exists. This study provides an overview of the available literature in the value assessment of AI in the field of medical imaging.MethodsWe performed a systematic scoping review of published studies between January 2016 and September 2020 using 10 databases (Medline, Scopus, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and six related databases of grey literature). Information about the context (country, clinical area, and type of study) and mentioned domains with specific outcomes and items were extracted. An existing domain classification, from a European assessment framework, was used as a point of departure, and extracted data were grouped into domains and content analysis of data was performed covering predetermined themes.ResultsSeventy-nine studies were included out of 5890 identified articles. An additional seven studies were identified by searching reference lists, and the analysis was performed on 86 included studies. Eleven domains were identified: (1) health problem and current use of technology, (2) technology aspects, (3) safety assessment, (4) clinical effectiveness, (5) economics, (6) ethical analysis, (7) organisational aspects, (8) patients and social aspects, (9) legal aspects, (10) development of AI algorithm, performance metrics and validation, and (11) other aspects. The frequency of mentioning a domain varied from 20 to 78% within the included papers. Only 15/86 studies were actual assessments of AI technologies. The majority of data were statements from reviews or papers voicing future needs or challenges of AI research, i.e. not actual outcomes of evaluations.ConclusionsThis review regarding value assessment of AI in medical imaging yielded 86 studies including 11 identified domains. The domain classification based on European assessment framework proved useful and current analysis added one new domain. Included studies had a broad range of essential domains about addressing AI technologies highlighting the importance of domains related to legal and ethical aspects.
Effectiveness of a practical multi-setting lifestyle intervention on the main BMI trajectories from childhood to young adulthood: A community-based trial
Authors: Parvin Parnian , Masihay-Akbar Hasti , Cheraghi Leila , Razmjouei Soha , Shab-khaneh Amirali Zareie , Azizi Fereidoun , Amiri Parisa 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Preventing overweight in childhood and subsequent stages of life is still a global challenge. Despite numerous relevant lifestyle interventions, data on their impact on different BMI change pathways over time is rare. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a multi-setting lifestyle intervention on BMI trajectories from childhood to young adulthood.

Methods
A multi-setting lifestyle intervention at the school, family, and community levels have been conducted in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study framework. A total of 2145 children (4–18 years, 49% boys, and 18% intervention) were recruited for the baseline assessment and were followed through five follow-up examinations during a median of 16.1 years. Using a group-based trajectory model, BMI trajectories from childhood to young adulthood were identified, and their association with the implemented intervention was assessed.

Results
Four trajectory groups of BMI from childhood to young adulthood were identified, including Normal weight (41%), Young adulthood overweight (36%), Early childhood increasing overweight and adulthood obesity (19%), and Early childhood increasing obesity (4%). Only Young adulthood overweight and Early childhood increasing obesity were affected by the intervention and were concomitant with lower BMI levels than the control group, with the highest estimated effect in the latter (β=-0.52 and p = 0.018; β=-1.48 and p < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion
The current findings indicate the highest effectiveness of a practical, healthy lifestyle intervention on those whose obesity started in the early years of life or youth. Our results could help policymakers and planners design more targeted lifestyle modification and weight control interventions.

Trial registration
This study is registered at Iran Registry for Clinical Trials, a WHO primary registry (http://irct.ir). The Iran Registry for Clinical Trials ID and date are IRCTID:IRCT138705301058N1, 29/10/2008.
A mixed method investigation of teacher-identified barriers, facilitators and recommendations to implementing daily physical activity in Ontario elementary schools
Authors: Martyn Lauren , Bigelow Hannah , Graham Jeffrey D. , Ogrodnik Michelle , Chiodo Deborah , Fenesi Barbara 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Fewer than 17% of children worldwide are meeting the international recommendations for daily physical activity. Since most children are in school for the bulk of their day, the classroom has been identified as an ideal space to incorporate physical activity opportunities. In Ontario (Canada), the Daily Physical Activity (DPA) policy aims to ensure all elementary school children receive a minimum of 20 min of moderate to vigorous physical activity each school day during instructional time. However, a 2015 evaluation found that only half of Ontario teachers were meeting this expectation; this work advocated for additional research to monitor implementation and its predictors and to further identify fidelity recommendations. Thus, the current study investigated contemporary factors influencing DPA fidelity in Ontario elementary schools and provides teacher-identified recommendations to support DPA implementation.

Methods
The first part of the study was a quantitative approach surveying 186 elementary school teachers across Ontario. Descriptive statistics including frequencies and means were used to characterize barriers, facilitators, and recommendations to DPA implementation. Spearman’s correlations were used to assess the relation between the likelihood of DPA implementation and intrapersonal factors of gender, teaching experience, prior DPA training and personal physical activity participation. The second part of the study consisted of a qualitative approach using teacher interviews to explore in-depth teachers’ recommendations to support DPA implementation. A thematic analysis was used to analyze the transcripts and identify recommendations for DPA.

Results
Survey results showed that only 23% of teachers met the mandated 20 min of DPA per day. Barriers to implementation included space and time constraints, inadequate training, student behavioural issues and low self-efficacy. Gender, teaching experience and prior DPA training were not related to the likelihood of DPA implementation. Teachers who rated themselves as more physically fit were more likely to implement DPA. Teacher interviews elucidated key areas for improving DPA implementation including greater DPA training opportunities, resources, community partnerships, accountability and strategies that support school-wide implementation.

Conclusion
The current study demonstrated that fidelity to the DPA policy in Ontario elementary schools is on the decline. This work highlights unique factors implicated in DPA fidelity and brings to the forefront teacher recommendations to improve DPA implementation.
Desk based prompts to replace workplace sitting with stair climbing; a pilot study of acceptability, effects on behaviour and disease risk factors
Authors: Mat Azmi Intan Suhana Munira , Wallis Gareth A. , White Mike J. , Puig-Ribera Anna , Eves Frank F. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Prolonged sitting is associated with increased risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Occupational sitting accounts for up to 50 h/week for employees. This pilot study assessed the acceptability of stair climbing as an interruption to sitting throughout working hours, and provided preliminary data of the effects on glucose and lipid profiles.

Methods
A quasi-experimental design was conducted involving 16 sedentary office workers (five females and 11 males) for intervention (n = 8) and control groups (n = 8) with mean age of 36.38 (5.58). For the eight-week intervention, a continuous four-floor stair climb and descent was performed eight times/day spread evenly over the working day. A prompt to climb was presented on the participant’s computer eight times/day. Participants in the experimental group recorded daily floors climbed and steps (measured using pedometers) in a weekly log sheet. Blood samples were collected pre and post intervention to test effects on fasting glucose and 2 h plasma glucose, triglycerides, and total (TC), LDL and HDL cholesterol. Experimental participants were interviewed at the end of the study. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to compare the median changes (pre-post) of the dependent variables.

Results
On average, the experimental group climbed 121 floors/week when prompted. There were significant reductions in fasting blood glucose, TC and LDL, as well as the derived measures of ‘bad’ cholesterol and the TC/HDL ratio in the experimental group. Post-experimental interviews indicated that the interruption to sitting was well tolerated.

Conclusion
Prompted stair climbing activity had impacts on health outcomes and was found acceptable to employees at work.

Trial registration
Ethics for this study was approved by Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics Ethical Review Committee, University of Birmingham with ethics reference number ERN_15_0491.