bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multimode dispersion measurement of surface waves extracted by multicomponent ambient noise cross-correlation functions
Authors: Takagi Ryota , Nishida Kiwamu 
Published: June 2022

SUMMARY
Cross-correlation functions of ambient seismic noise sometimes show multimode characteristics of surface waves, especially in observations in sedimentary areas and ocean areas. Multimode dispersion curves are useful for improving the depth resolution of subsurface imaging; nevertheless, measuring the multimode dispersion curves is not easy. Multimode interference of surface waves makes the cross-correlation functions complicated even without lateral heterogeneity of the subsurface structure, and the complex waveforms may result in unphysical dispersion measurement. We developed a method to determine multimode phase velocity dispersion curves based on the fitting of the synthetic cross-spectra to observed ones. The phase velocity in the synthetic cross-spectra is modelled as the function of a 1-D velocity structure, which achieves the measurement of physically realizable dispersion curves. The 1-D structures do not necessarily represent the Earth structure directly but act as model parameters of the dispersion curves within station pairs. The cross-spectral fitting has two steps, that is, array-based and single-pair fittings. The first step estimates the amplitude of each surface wave mode and the reference 1-D structure from the cross-spectral data within an array. The second step estimates the pair-dependent dispersion curves from the cross-spectra of a single station pair using the modal amplitudes and the reference structure estimated by the first step. The dispersion measurement based on the cross-spectral fitting can work even at short distances where the multimode inference is significant in the time-domain cross-correlation functions. We applied this method to synthetic and field data in seafloor observations. The synthetic and field applications show that the simultaneous use of multicomponent cross-correlation functions is effective to determine multimode dispersion curves. The multimode phase velocity dispersion curves in the ocean area are estimated stably even though the signal-to-noise ratio of cross-correlation functions is not high. The pair-dependent multimode dispersion curves estimated by the present method can serve as robust input data for high-resolution surface wave tomography.
3-D modelling and analysis of superparamagnetic effects in ATEM based on the FDFD
Authors: Ji Yanju , Liu Huaishi , Yu Yibing , Zhao Xuejiao 
Published: June 2022

SUMMARY
Superparamagnetic (SPM) effects lead to 1/t power-law delay approximately during the middle and late periods of transient electromagnetic responses. Ignoring SPM effects can produce large errors and cause incorrect data interpretation. Furthermore, because of the non-linearity of the Chikazumi magnetic susceptibility model, it is difficult to discretize the model in the time domain. Therefore, developing an algorithm for 3-D modelling of SPM effects in the time domain directly is difficult. In view of the above problems, we propose a 3-D modelling method of SPM effects for airborne transient electromagnetic (ATEM) data. We also introduce the widely used Chikazumi magnetic susceptibility model into the finite-difference frequency-domain (FDFD) method. According to the mapping relations between the magnetic field intensity and the magnetic permeability on the grid after discretization, we re-establish the scientific matrix of the magnetic permeability. And we adopt arithmetic averaging of the two adjacent cubes’ magnetic permeability as the magnetic permeability in boundary, which is a different setting method with the electrical conductivity. The 3-D modelling of SPM effects is successfully realized, and its maximum relative error is less than 7 per cent. We subsequently analyse the intrinsic properties of the abnormal magnetic medium, as well as the effect of the SPM unit's parameters, such as the depth, thickness, electrical conductivity, zero-frequency magnetic susceptibility, and the height of the receiver, on the response. Then, we calculate the SPM responses of 3-D magnetic bodies and analyse the influence of magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity on magnetite responses. The present study can provide theoretical guidance for ATEM detection in magnetic media and lay a foundation for 3-D inversion of SPM effects.
Sensitivity kernels for transmission fibre optics
Authors: Fichtner Andreas , Bogris Adonis , Bowden Daniel , Lentas Konstantinos , Melis Nikolaos S , Nikas Thomas , Simos Christos , Simos Iraklis , Smolinski Krystyna 
Published: June 2022

SUMMARYFibre-optic sensing based on transmission offer an alternative to scattering-based distributed acoustic sensing (DAS). The ability to interrogate fibres that are thousands of kilometres long opens opportunities for studies of remote regions, including ocean basins. However, by averaging deformation along the fibre, transmission systems produce integrated instead of distributed measurements. They defy traditional interpretations in terms of simple seismic phases, thereby inherently requiring a full-waveform approach. For this, we develop a formalism to calculate sensitivity kernels of transmitted optical phase changes with respect to (Earth) structure using optical phase delay measurements. We demonstrate that transmission-based sensing can effectively provide distributed measurements when optical phase delays are analysed in different time windows. The extent to which a potentially useful sensitivity coverage can be achieved depends on the fibre geometry, and specifically on its local curvature. This work establishes a theoretical foundation for tomographic inversions and experimental design using transmission-based optical sensing.
Associations between declining antibiotic use in primary care in Scotland and hospitalization with infection and patient satisfaction: longitudinal population study
Authors: Guthrie Isobel , Malcolm William , Nogueira Rita , Sneddon Jacqueline , Seaton R Andrew , Marwick Charis A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
Reducing antibiotic use is central to antimicrobial stewardship, but may have unintended consequences.

Objectives
To examine associations between size of decline in antibiotic prescriptions in general practices and (i) rate of hospitalization for infection and (ii) patient satisfaction.

Methods
Routine data analysis for all general practices in Scotland, quarter one 2012 (Q1 2012) to quarter one 2018 (Q1 2018). Practices were grouped into quartiles of rate of change in prescribing and changes in rates of hospitalization were compared across groups. For satisfaction analysis, associations between practice-level patient satisfaction in 2017–18 (Scottish Health and Care Experience Survey) and prior change in antibiotic prescription were examined.

Results
Antibiotic prescriptions overall fell from 194.1 prescriptions/1000 patients in Q1 2012 to 165.3 in Q1 2018 (14.9% reduction). The first quartile of practices had a non-significant increase in prescriptions [change per quarter = 0.22 (95% CI −0.42 to 0.86) prescriptions/1000 patients], compared with large reductions in the other three groups, largest in quartile four: −2.95 (95% CI −3.66 to −2.24) prescriptions/1000 patients/quarter (29.7% reduction overall). In all quartiles, hospitalizations with infection increased. The increase was smallest in quartile four (the biggest reduction in prescriptions) and highest in quartile one (no significant change in prescriptions): 2.18 (95% CI 1.18 to 3.19) versus 3.68 (95% CI 2.64 to 4.73) admissions/100 000 patients/quarter, respectively [difference = − 1.50 (95% CI −2.91 to −0.10)]. There was no statistically significant association between change in antibiotic prescriptions and patient satisfaction.

Conclusions
Very large reductions in antibiotic prescriptions in Scottish general practices have not been associated with increases in hospitalization with infection or changes in patient satisfaction.
Monetary Policy and Sovereign Debt Sustainability
Authors: Hurtado Samuel , Nuño Galo , Thomas Carlos 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
We analyze the consequences of monetary policy for sovereign debt sustainability and welfare in a model of a small open economy where the government issues long-term nominal debt without a commitment not to default on it or erode its real value through (costly) inflation. Inflation is a form of partial default, one that is more state-contingent than outright default. This reduces the government’s incentives to default outright and hence enlarges the repayment region, compared to a regime in which debt cannot be inflated away. Moreover, inflation delivers sizable welfare gains in situations of sovereign debt stress, in which its benefits as a debt-stabilizing tool are larger. Over the longer run, however, the welfare gains from inflation are more modest, because the inflationary bias leads the government to create inflation also in situations in which it is less useful for debt-stabilization purposes.
Density wakes driving dynamical friction in cored potentials
Authors: Kaur Karamveer , Stone Nicholas C 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Dynamical friction is often modelled with reasonable accuracy by the widely used Chandrasekhar formula. However, in some circumstances, Chandrasekhar’s local and uniform approximations can break down severely. An astrophysically important example is the ‘core stalling’ phenomenon seen in N-body simulations of massive perturber inspiralling into the near-harmonic potential of a stellar system’s constant-density core (and possibly also in direct observations of dwarf galaxies with globular clusters). In this paper, we use the linearized collisionless Boltzmann equation to calculate the global response of a cored galaxy to the presence of a massive perturber. We evaluate the density deformation, or wake, due to the perturber and study its geometrical structure to better understand the phenomenon of core stalling. We also evaluate the dynamical friction torque acting on perturber from the Lynden-Bell–Kalnajs (LBK) formula. In agreement with past work, we find that the dynamical friction force arising from corotating resonances is greatly weakened, relative to the Chandrasekhar formula, inside a constant-density core. In contrast to past work, however, we find that a population of previously neglected high-order and non-corotating resonances sustain a minimum level of frictional torque at $\sim 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the torque from Chandrasekhar formula. This suggests that complete core stalling likely requires phenomena beyond the LBK approach; we discuss several possible explanations. Additionally, to study core stalling for multiple perturbers, we investigate approximate secular dynamical interactions (akin to Lidov–Kozai dynamics) between two perturbers orbiting a cored stellar system and derive a criterion for instability arising due to their close encounters.
Hard-X-ray-selected active galactic nuclei – II. Spectral energy distributions in the 5–45 GHz domain
Authors: Panessa Francesca , Chiaraluce Elia , Bruni Gabriele , Dallacasa Daniele , Laor Ari , Baldi Ranieri D , Behar Ehud , McHardy Ian , Tombesi Francesco , Vagnetti Fausto 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
A wide-frequency radio study of active galactic nuclei (AGN) is crucial to evaluate the intervening radiative mechanisms responsible for the observed emission and relate them with the underlying accretion physics. We present wide-frequency (5–45 GHz), high-sensitivity (few $\mathrm{{\mu }Jy\, beam^{-1}}$), (sub)-kpc Jansky Very Large Array (JVLA) observations of a sample of 30 nearby ($0.003\, \le \, z\, \le \, 0.3$) AGN detected by the International Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL)/Imager on Board the INTEGRAL Satellite (IBIS) at hard X-ray. We find a high detection fraction of radio emission at all frequencies, i.e. ≥95 per cent at 5, 10, and 15 GHz and ≥80 per cent at 22 and 45 GHz. Two sources out of 30 remain undetected at our high sensitivities. The nuclear radio morphology is predominantly compact, sometimes accompanied by extended jet-like structures, or more complex features. The radio spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of the radio cores appear either as single or as a broken power law, a minority of them exhibit a peaked component. The spectral slopes are either flat/inverted or steep, up to a break/peak or over the whole range. The sample mean SED shows a flat slope up to 15 GHz that steepens between 15 and 22 GHz and becomes again flat above 22 GHz. Significant radio–X-ray correlations are observed at all frequencies. About half of the sample features extended emission, clearly resolved by the JVLA, indicating low-power jets or large-scale outflows. The unresolved cores, which often dominate the radio power, may be of jet, outflow, and/or coronal origin, depending on the observed frequency.
Phase I trial of adjuvant mature autologous dendritic cell/allogeneic tumor lysate vaccines in combination with temozolomide in newly diagnosed glioblastoma
Authors: Parney Ian F , Anderson S Keith , Gustafson Michael P , Steinmetz Susan , Peterson Timothy E , Kroneman Trynda N , Raghunathan Aditya , O’Neill Brian P , Buckner Jan C , Solseth Mary , Dietz Allan B 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
Glioblastoma (GBM) has poor prognosis despite aggressive treatment. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines are promising, but widespread clinical use has not been achieved, possibly reflecting manufacturing issues of antigen choice and DC potency. We previously optimized vaccine manufacture utilizing allogeneic human GBM tumor cell lysate and potent, mature autologous DCs. Here, we report a phase I study using this optimized DC vaccine in combination with standard therapy.

Methods
Following surgical resection and radiation with concurrent temozolomide (TMZ), newly diagnosed adult GBM patients received intradermal DC vaccines plus TMZ. Primary endpoints were safety and feasibility. Immune and treatment responses were recorded.

Results
Twenty-one patients were enrolled in this study. One progressed between leukapheresis and vaccine manufacture. Twenty patients received treatment per protocol. Vaccine doses (≥15) were generated following a single leukapheresis for each patient. No dose-limiting vaccine toxicities were encountered. One patient had symptomatic, histologically proven pseudoprogression. Median progression-free survival was 9.7 months. Median overall survival was 19 months. Overall survival was 25% at 2 years and 10% at 4 years. One patient remains progression-free 5 years after enrollment. Specific CD8 T-cell responses for the tumor-associated antigen gp100 were seen post-vaccination. Patients entered the trial with a leukocyte deficit compared to healthy donors which partly normalized over the course of therapy.

Conclusions
This vaccine platform is safe and highly feasible in combination with standard therapy for newly diagnosed patients. Imaging, histological, survival, and immunological data suggest a positive biological response to therapy that warrants further investigation.
Evolution of Crassulacean acid metabolism in response to the environment: past, present, and future
Authors: Heyduk Karolina 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a mode of photosynthesis that evolved in response to decreasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere some 20 million years ago. An elevated ratio of O2 relative to CO2 caused many plants to face increasing stress from photorespiration, a process exacerbated for plants living under high temperatures or in water-limited environments. Today, our climate is again rapidly changing and plants’ ability to cope with and adapt to these novel environments is critical for their success. This review focuses on CAM plant responses to abiotic stressors likely to dominate in our changing climate: increasing CO2 levels, increasing temperatures, and greater variability in drought. Empirical studies that have assessed CAM responses are reviewed, though notably these are concentrated in relatively few CAM lineages. Other aspects of CAM biology, including the effects of abiotic stress on the light reactions and the role of leaf succulence, are also considered in the context of climate change. Finally, more recent studies using genomic techniques are discussed to link physiological changes in CAM plants with the underlying molecular mechanism. Together, the body of work reviewed suggests that CAM plants will continue to thrive in certain environments under elevated CO2. However, how CO2 interacts with other environmental factors, how those interactions affect CAM plants, and whether all CAM plants will be equally affected remain outstanding questions regarding the evolution of CAM on a changing planet.
Interplay between ARABIDOPSIS Gβ and WRKY transcription factors differentiates environmental stress responses
Authors: Boonyaves Kulaporn , Wu Ting-Ying , Dong Yating , Urano Daisuke 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Different environmental stresses often evoke similar physiological disorders such as growth retardation; however, specific consequences reported among individual stresses indicate potential mechanisms to distinguish different stress types in plants. Here, we examined mechanisms to differentiate between stress types in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Gene expression patterns recapitulating several abiotic stress responses suggested abscisic acid (ABA) as a mediator of the common stress response, while stress type-specific responses were related to metabolic adaptations. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses identified Arabidopsis Gβ (AGB1) mediating the common stress-responsive genes and primary metabolisms under nitrogen excess. AGB1 regulated the expressions of multiple WRKY transcription factors. Gene Ontology and mutant analyses revealed different roles among WRKYs: WRKY40 is involved in ABA and common stress responses, while WRKY75 regulates metabolic processes. The AGB1–WRKY signaling module controlled developmental plasticity in roots under nitrogen excess. Signal transmission from AGB1 to a selective set of WRKYs would be essential to evoke unique responses to different types of stresses.
Low-intensity scheduled morning exercise for adolescents with a late chronotype: a novel treatment to advance circadian phase?
Authors: Lang Christin , Richardson Cele , Short Michelle A , Gradisar Michael 
Published: June 2022

AbstractStudy ObjectivesDuring adolescence, an interplay between biological and environmental factors leads to constrained sleep duration and timing. The high prevalence of sleep deprivation during this developmental period is a public health concern, given the value of restorative sleep for mental, emotional, and physical health. One of the primary contributing factors is the normative delay of the circadian rhythm. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a gradually advanced morning exercise schedule (30 min shift each day) completed for 45 min on 5 consecutive mornings, on the circadian phase and daytime functioning of adolescents with a late chronotype, compared with a sedentary control group.MethodsA total of 18 physically inactive male adolescents aged 15–18 years spent 6 nights at the sleep laboratory. The morning procedure included either 45 min walking on a treadmill or sedentary activities in dim light. Saliva dim light melatonin onset, evening sleepiness, and daytime functioning were assessed during the first and last night of laboratory attendance.ResultsThe morning exercise group had a significantly advanced (earlier) circadian phase (27.5 min ± 32.0), while sedentary activity resulted in a phase delay (−34.3 min ± 53.2). Morning exercise also led to higher evening sleepiness in the earlier hours of the night, but not at bedtime. Mood measures improved slightly in both study conditions.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the phase-advancing effect of low-intensity morning exercise among this population. Future studies are needed to test the transference of these laboratory findings to adolescents’ real life.
Strong Resistance to Early and Late Leaf Spot in Peanut-Compatible Wild-Derived Induced Allotetraploids
Authors: Gonzales Maricel , Kemerait Robert , Bertioli David , Leal-Bertioli Soraya 
Published: June 2022

Early (ELS) and late leaf spots (LLS) are two of the most destructive diseases in peanut (Arachis hypogaea). They can cause severe plant defoliation and tremendous yield loss in the absence of fungicide applications. The high costs of fungicides, their potential for deleterious effects on the environment, the tightening of regulations, and the development of fungicide resistance call for additional management strategies to mitigate both diseases. The use of resistant cultivars is an economical way to manage these diseases, but there are limited sources of leaf spot resistance available in cultivated peanuts. Wild peanut species are excellent sources of resistance, but because of the ploidy level, they do not produce fertile progeny when crossed with peanut. To circumvent this, induced allotetraploids were developed so that resistance traits can be introgressed from wild species into peanut. Here we screened 13 induced allotetraploids (BatDur1, BatDur2, BatSten1, GregSten1, IpaCor1, IpaCor2, IpaDur1, IpaDur2, IpaDur3, IpaVillo1, MagDur1, MagSten1, and ValSten1) against ELS and LLS using a detached leaf bioassay to characterize various components of resistance and identify genotypes that can be used for breeding. Strong associations were detected between the measured components of disease resistance (r = 0.91 to 1.0; P < 0.001) and between ELS and LLS bioassays (r = 0.81 to 0.91; P < 0.001). Induced allotetraploids, particularly those derived from A. stenosperma, exhibited fewer and smaller lesions with limited sporulation and reductions in disease progression in both bioassays. Interestingly, allotetraploids derived from the B-genome peanut progenitor A. ipaënsis were almost as susceptible as cultivated genotypes. The overall results reveal several sources of foliar disease resistance that can be used in breeding programs for ELS and LLS resistance. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .