bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shakespeare’s Othello and Colour-Blindness among Saudi Readers
Authors: AlShalan Amjad 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article discusses the perception of race among Middle Eastern readers, especially Saudi students, who are studying English literature, with focus on Shakespeare’s Othello, to demonstrate the complexity of perceiving race among Saudi readers by linking it to the concept of ‘colour-blindness’. The article highlights the importance of acknowledging one’s own identity in relation to teaching and reading literature, since interpreting the text is based on the position the reader holds in relation to the narrative in front of him/her, and the apprehension of the cultural context of the text. Shakespeare’s Othello is a work that poses an interesting challenge to Saudi students since they do not realise the linguistic cues used by Shakespeare to denote the racial inequality the protagonist of the play is facing. Such phenomenon is explored in the article as an example of colour-blindness as their initial reading of the text did not count for Othello’s position in the play as a ‘person of colour’. The concept of decolonization is explored through how, after focusing on the element of race, Saudi students became acutely aware of their position as a reader of an English literary text that is part of a different culture than theirs.
Shakespeare Through Decolonization
Authors: Karim-Cooper Farah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this article, I ask what Shakespeare’s position is in the ongoing debate about how we present our cultural past today. This debate includes not just efforts to decolonize curricula in universities, but broader polemics within the culture/heritage sector and higher education, notably a right-wing backlash against scholarly efforts, in universities and elsewhere, to re-evaluate, and recontextualize Britain’s past. I note that the construction of Shakespeare as the ‘Bard’ was itself instrumentalized within the British colonial project, as a national poet and as an icon of white heritage and excellence: the conception of the man as Bard is, I argue, endemic to coloniality. Contemporary theatre historiography has markedly de-centralized Shakespeare, and I suggest that we need to introduce further consideration of race, identity and early modern constructions of ‘otherness’ into its wide-ranging theatrical reconstruction of the past. I finish with a few strategies as a way of decolonizing Shakespeare and/or early modern literature.
Decolonizing the Home at Home in the Pandemic: Articulating Women’s Experience
Authors: Abhaya N B 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Feminism bears the promise of liberation of and equality for women. Reading and teaching feminist texts, within the academia and in activist spaces, has provided the opportunity to explore what it means to become and be a woman. This article explores the experience of teaching a course on women’s writing at the undergraduate level during the COVID-19 pandemic. Normally, a course on feminist writings is an occasion for self-reflection, thereby providing an opportunity to establish a dialogue between the domestic and the public. Such dialogues took place in secure institutional spaces such as classrooms or conference halls, without the intrusion of the domestic. However, as the teacher–student interaction shifted to an online mode during the pandemic, all the participants in this dialogue, including the instructor and the students, found themselves in domestic spaces, with family members listening. The article chronicles the anxieties of a woman instructor, as she teaches feminist texts from home to learners who are sitting behind computer screen in their homes and the possible impact of feminist ideas on the domestic spaces of all participants.
China's new historical statecraft: reviving the Second World War for national rejuvenation
Authors: Chang Vincent K L 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
There is a common perception that the Chinese state promotes fabricated accounts of the Second World War and the Communist Party's role in that conflict. Despite a growing scholarly interest in the history and collective memory of China's war experience, this perception has rarely been scrutinized, and the field has been slow to recognize recent shifts in China's memoryscape. This study draws on the concept of historical statecraft to compare official accounts with the historical record and explore how the Chinese party-state uses war memory for political purposes. It finds that its desire for national unity and international recognition have led Beijing to espouse a narrative of the Second World War that, despite significant gaps, is more representative and historically accurate than ever before. Simultaneously, the analysis shows that the Chinese leadership, at what it sees as a high-stakes juncture in China's nation-building project, increasingly monopolizes and mobilizes the memory of the war for the purposes of self-legitimation, control and strategic posturing. Although there are signs of China normalizing and globalizing its history, its official war memory reinforces an inwardly-directed form of Chinese nationalism. Analysts should take Chinese war memory seriously and study the implications of Beijing's new historical statecraft.
The futility of the pandemic treaty: caught between globalism and statism
Authors: Wenham Clare , Eccleston-Turner Mark , Voss Maike 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In November 2021, the World Health Assembly (WHA) is hosting a special session to discuss the proposed plans for a pandemic treaty. Despite the fact that there are scant details concerning the treaty, the proposal has gained considerable support in both the academic community, and at the international level. While we agree that in the wake of the numerous governance failures during COVID-19, we need to develop appropriate global solutions to be able to prevent, detect, respond to, and recover from future global health crises—and that such mechanisms should be rooted in global equity—we disagree, however, that this pandemic treaty, currently, is the most appropriate way in which to achieve this. Indeed, notions of global community, solidarity, fairness are far removed from the reality that we have seen unfolding in the actions of states responding to the pandemic. This is the crux of the tension with the proposed treaty: the balance between the ideal cosmopolitan worldview held by those in power in global health, and the practice of national security decision-making witnessed in the last 18 months. Indeed, we do not believe that a pandemic treaty will deliver what is being extolled by its proponents, and it will not solve the multiple problems of global cooperation in global health that supporters believe it will.
Global health diplomacy and North Korea in the COVID-19 era
Authors: Kim Dong Jin , Kim Andrew Ikhyun 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed increasing global inequality in responding to the issues of health. How do we resolve the tension between normative concerns for global responsibility and strategic concerns for national interest in facilitating health aid to vulnerable populations in low-income countries in the COVID-19 era? This article presents global health diplomacy as a conceptual framework that could overcome the dichotomy of humanitarianism and international politics, using health aid to North Korea during COVID-19 as a case-study. Health is a critical component of human dignity and can be a normative motivation for cooperation beyond sovereign borders. However, health is also an important element of national interest and can be a strategic motivation for transnational cooperation. The overlap between the moral and rational spaces in global health diplomacy demonstrates how COVID-19 assistance to North Korea's vulnerable population is in the enlightened self-interest of donors to prevent resurgences of new COVID-19 variants. Moreover, this framework imbues all parties, including aid recipients such as North Korea, with the global cooperative responsibility to address health. In this sense, global health diplomacy can reframe the tensions between humanitarianism and politics, morality and rationality, and cosmopolitanism and nationalism, from antithetical to complementary.
Compensation or Competitive Advantage? Reconciling Investment Arbitration with EU State Aid Law
Authors: Fahner Johannes Hendrik 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
—International investment law and EU State aid law have clashed on multiple occasions, most famously in the Micula case but also in disputes over subsidies in the renewable energy sector. In the view of the European Commission, investors should not be able to use investment arbitration to obtain compensation for the withdrawal of unlawful State aid, as this would jeopardize the effectiveness of EU State aid law. For this reason, the Commission has intervened in numerous investment arbitrations, arguing that investors cannot have legitimate expectations in respect of State aid that was granted in violation of EU law, and that any compensation awarded by a tribunal in such circumstances would also constitute State aid. This article argues that while EU State aid law should inform an assessment of the investor’s legitimate expectations, tribunals need to conduct a comprehensive evaluation that also considers other relevant factors, such as the respondent State’s representations and the foreseeability of the State aid qualification. If a tribunal determines that an investor was entitled to legitimate expectations despite EU State aid law, any compensation awarded by the tribunal should be accepted as damages that fall outside the scope of EU State aid law. In this way, a conflict between the two fields of law, which only encourages investors to seek enforcement outside the European Union, can be avoided.
Longitudinal profiling of metabolic ageing trends in two population cohorts of young adults
Authors: Mäkinen Ville-Petteri , Karsikas Mari , Kettunen Johannes , Lehtimäki Terho , Kähönen Mika , Viikari Jorma , Perola Markus , Salomaa Veikko , Järvelin Marjo-Riitta , Raitakari Olli T , Ala-Korpela Mika 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Quantification of metabolic changes over the human life course is essential to understanding ageing processes. Yet longitudinal metabolomics data are rare and long gaps between visits can introduce biases that mask true trends. We introduce new ways to process quantitative time-series population data and elucidate metabolic ageing trends in two large cohorts.

Methods
Eligible participants included 1672 individuals from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study and 3117 from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966. Up to three time points (ages 24–49 years) were analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics and clinical biochemistry (236 measures). Temporal trends were quantified as median change per decade. Sample quality was verified by consistency of shared biomarkers between metabolomics and clinical assays. Batch effects between visits were mitigated by a new algorithm introduced in this report. The results below satisfy multiple testing threshold of P &lt; 0.0006.

Results
Women gained more weight than men (+6.5% vs +5.0%) but showed milder metabolic changes overall. Temporal sex differences were observed for C-reactive protein (women +5.1%, men +21.1%), glycine (women +5.2%, men +1.9%) and phenylalanine (women +0.6%, men +3.5%). In 566 individuals with ≥+3% weight gain vs 561 with weight change ≤−3%, divergent patterns were observed for insulin (+24% vs −10%), very-low-density-lipoprotein triglycerides (+32% vs −6%), high-density-lipoprotein2 cholesterol (−6.5% vs +4.7%), isoleucine (+5.7% vs −6.0%) and C-reactive protein (+25% vs −22%).

Conclusion
We report absolute and proportional trends for 236 metabolic measures as new reference material for overall age-associated and specific weight-driven changes in real-world populations.
Towards achievement of Sustainable Development Goal 3: multilevel analyses of demographic and health survey data on health insurance coverage and maternal healthcare utilisation in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Amu Hubert , Aboagye Richard Gyan , Dowou Robert Kokou , Kongnyuy Eugene Justine , Adoma Prince Owusu , Memiah Peter , Tarkang Elvis Enowbeyang , Bain Luchuo Engelbert 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundImproving maternal health and achieving universal health coverage (UHC) are important expectations in the global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda. While health insurance has been shown as effective in the utilisation of maternal healthcare, there is a paucity of literature on this relationship in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We examined the relationship between health insurance coverage and maternal healthcare utilisation using demographic and health survey data.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study of 195 651 women aged 15–49 y from 28 countries in SSA. We adopted bivariable and multivariable analyses comprising χ2 test and multilevel binary logistic regression in analysing the data.ResultsThe prevalence of maternal healthcare utilisation was 58, 70.6 and 40.7% for antenatal care (ANC), skilled birth attendance (SBA) and postnatal care (PNC), respectively. The prevalence of health insurance coverage was 6.4%. Women covered by health insurance were more likely to utilise ANC (adjusted OR [aOR]=1.48, 95% CI 1.41 to 1.54), SBA (aOR=1.37, 95% CI 1.30 to 1.45) and PNC (aOR=1.42, 95% CI 1.37 to 1.48).ConclusionHealth insurance coverage was an important predictor of maternal healthcare utilisation in our study. To accelerate progress towards the achievement of SDG 3 targets related to the reduction of maternal mortality and achievement of UHC, countries should adopt interventions to increase maternal insurance coverage, which may lead to higher maternal healthcare access and utilisation during pregnancy.
Competency for Japanese Novice Medical Laboratory Scientists: A Delphi Method
Authors: Maekawa Kiriko , Kotera Sayaka , Ohsaki Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntroductionCompetency is used to channel abilities into successful processes and is employed in the medical field. Worldwide, many laboratory competencies are available, but little evidence-based information about the competency of novice medical laboratory scientists exists in Japan. This study aimed to clarify competencies by various expert opinions around Japan.MethodsThe Delphi method was used to achieve an expert consensus on the competencies of novice medical laboratory scientists. We asked the participants to evaluate the importance of each item using the Likert scale and set 70% as the final consensus rate. The participants comprised medical laboratory scientists who met the following inclusion criteria: (1) qualified Japanese national medical laboratory scientists, (2) practised with >10 years of experience and (3) were heads of medical laboratory scientists in a clinical setting.ResultsWe obtained 106 responses from 400 (26.5%) participants in round one and 95 from 106 (89.6%) participants in round two. Their professional experience mean ± standard deviation was 32.4 ± 6.0 years (range: 13–41). The average of each category consensus rate was >99.1%. The opinions of 95 experts converged, who agreed that competency comprised 8 categories and 54 items.DiscussionHere, Japanese novice medical laboratory scientists required not only basic laboratory competencies but also other competencies, such as ‘medical safety management’, ‘interpersonal relationships’, ‘professional development’ and ‘ethics’, and some items were characteristic of Japan. Further research is warranted to explore assessments tools through the scale development of competencies, thus helping clarify the differences between ability and correlated factors.
An investigation into the wellbeing of optometry students
Authors: Vorster Anne , Hamlett Barbara M , Roux Janike le , Blount Janke , Knoesen Jane , Coetzee Lauren S 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntroductionWellbeing is synonymous with positive mental health and impacts the efficacy of student learning. The wellbeing of optometry students is an understudied topic. The wellbeing of optometry students studying in a blended undergraduate course during the COVID-19 pandemic was also unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the status of optometry students’ wellbeing during COVID-19, by identifying their experiences of symptoms of anxiety and depression. Moreover, to determine to what extent students experience these symptoms and what specific factors influenced their wellbeing.MethodologyParticipants from four year groups completed online questionnaires. The response rate was 78.38% (n=87). Zung self-rating depression and anxiety scale questionnaires were used to determine whether students identified with a given list of symptoms commonly linked to anxiety or depression. Through open ended questions students’ wellbeing was further investigated.ResultsParticipants experienced normal levels of anxiety symptoms and most participants experienced mild to moderate depression symptoms. Of concern is the severe depression symptoms identified in the third and fourth year student cohorts. Mental health, Academics, Lifestyle, Relationships and Sleep were main themes identified that had an influence on the students’ general wellbeing. Uncertainty and Physical Health themes were additional influences of wellbeing specifically related to COVID-19.ContributionThis preliminary study into wellbeing of optometry students was undertaken in a unique timeframe, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The results provide a platform to determine baseline wellbeing in the future student cohorts and the exploratory identification of factors causing stress and anxiety. The impact of COVID-19 on the wellbeing of students is evident.ConclusionOptometry students do experience symptoms of depression. COVID-19 has had considerable impact on their academic experience and their wellbeing.
Potency and Breadth of Neutralization after 3 doses of mRNA vaccines in COVID-19 Convalescent and Naïve individuals
Authors: Luczkowiak Joanna , Rivas Gonzalo , Labiod Nuria , Lasala Fátima , Rolo Marta , Lora-Tamayo Jaime , Mancheno-Losa Mikel , Rial-Crestelo David , Pérez-Rivilla Alfredo , Folgueira María D. , Delgado Rafael 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThird doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines induced a significant increase in neutralizing potency and breadth in naïve individuals comparable with convalescents who restored levels after the first two doses. These results suggest a limit to elicit neutralization in the number of stimuli by infection or vaccination with ancestral SARS-CoV-2 sequences
Fine oculomotor knowledge enhances high-acuity vision
Authors: Zhao Zhetuo , Ahissar Ehud , Victor Jonathan D. , Rucci Michele 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIt has long been debated how humans resolve fine details and perceive a stable visual world despite the fixational motion of their eyes, the incessant ocular jitter that occurs in the intervals between voluntary gaze shifts. Current theories assume these processes to rely solely on the visual input to the retina, without contributions from motor and/or proprioceptive sources. Here we show that contrary to this widespread assumption, the visual system has access to high-resolution extra-retinal knowledge of fixational eye motion and uses it to deduce spatial relations. Building on recent advances in gaze-contingent display control, we created a spatial discrimination task in which the stimulus configuration was entirely determined by oculomotor activity. Our results show that humans correctly infer geometrical relations even when no spatial information is delivered to the retina and accurately combine high-resolution extraretinal monitoring of gaze displacement with retinal signals. These findings reveal a multimodal strategy for encoding spatial details, in which fine oculomotor knowledge is used to interpret the fixational input to the retina.
Evidence-based calibration of computational tools for missense variant pathogenicity classification and ClinGen recommendations for clinical use of PP3/BP4 criteria
Authors: Pejaver Vikas , Byrne Alicia B. , Feng Bing-Jian , Pagel Kymberleigh A. , Mooney Sean D. , Karchin Rachel , O’Donnell-Luria Anne , Harrison Steven M. , Tavtigian Sean V. , Greenblatt Marc S. , Biesecker Leslie G. , Radivojac Predrag , Brenner Steven E. ,   ClinGen Sequence Variant Interpretation Working Group
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTRecommendations from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics and the Association for Molecular Pathology (ACMG/AMP) for interpreting sequence variants specify the use of computational predictors as Supporting level of evidence for pathogenicity or benignity using criteria PP3 and BP4, respectively. However, score intervals defined by tool developers, and ACMG/AMP recommendations that require the consensus of multiple predictors, lack quantitative support. Previously, we described a probabilistic framework that quantified the strengths of evidence (Supporting, Moderate, Strong, Very Strong) within ACMG/AMP recommendations. We have extended this framework to computational predictors and introduce a new standard that converts a tool’s scores to PP3 and BP4 evidence strengths. Our approach is based on estimating the local positive predictive value and can calibrate any computational tool or other continuous-scale evidence on any variant type. We estimate thresholds (score intervals) corresponding to each strength of evidence for pathogenicity and benignity for thirteen missense variant interpretation tools, using carefully assembled independent data sets. Most tools achieved Supporting evidence level for both pathogenic and benign classification using newly established thresholds. Multiple tools reached score thresholds justifying Moderate and several reached Strong evidence levels. One tool reached Very Strong evidence level for benign classification on some variants. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for evidence-based revisions of the PP3 and BP4 ACMG/AMP criteria using individual tools and future assessment of computational methods for clinical interpretation.