bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
All psychiatry is social
Authors: Ventriglio Antonio , Wijesuriya Rajiv , Bhugra Dinesh 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Psychiatry, although a medical speciality, has used biopsychosocial models for understanding the aetiology of mental illnesses. After identifying various causative factors, medical interventions with or without psychological and social therapies have been utilized to a varying degree of effectiveness. Social psychiatry is the branch of psychiatry that looks at social aetiology and social interventions. It is a truism and a given that all psychiatry is social, from causation to management. In order to navigate biopsychosocial models, it is important to understand the role social determinants and social factors play in the aetiology, therapeutic engagement and therapeutic alliance, and influencing outcomes. There is considerable evidence that social factors also affect biological and psychological factors. In order to engage patients and their carers and families in therapeutic interventions social factors at various levels need to be identified and managed, as these work at macro, meso, and micro levels. In addition, social mores and norms influence functioning of the individuals thereby defining abnormal behaviours and deviance.
Categories and their implications
Authors: Tyrer Peter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Classification in psychiatry has lagged behind that in medicine and related disciplines but should not be abandoned for a number of reasons. There is no doubt that psychiatric disorders are difficult to classify as, unlike medical disorders, we do not have independent information that validates and confirms clinical findings in an objective way. However, it is also important to recognize that patients often request diagnosis and, in conveying this, a detailed discussion involving the concepts of categories and dimensions is crucial. Because social psychiatry deals with a person’s symptoms and functioning in a wider social context, almost any form of classification appears to be found wanting. This chapter looks at the advantages and disadvantages of both these approaches. Common mental distress can be medicalized into psychiatric disorders when new diagnostic categories are considered; this danger must be recognized.
Social constructs and diagnostic perspectives
Authors: Wigand Moritz E. , Becker Thomas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to summarize different diagnostic concepts of mental illness. There are opposing (or complementary) views of mental illness ranging from neurobiological to social concepts, and psychiatry is prone to cyclical paradigm shifts, which emerge from complex social processes. To organize psychopathological data, different approaches such as dimensional concepts, categorical concepts, and the concept of ideal types have been proposed. For research purposes, there are several concepts such as the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP), and the p factor of general psychopathology. Being diagnosed with a mental illness means to be socially labelled, which can have both negative and positive consequences. In the history of psychiatry, diagnoses have been added and removed, and there has been political abuse of psychiatric diagnoses. There are models such as the biopsychosocial disease model trying to encompass the complex factors making up a psychiatric diagnosis.
Epigenetics and aetiology of mental illness
Authors: Campanile Gianluigi , Fanelli Giuseppe , Fabbri Chiara , Serretti Alessandro , Mendlewicz Julien 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Over the last few decades, considerable progress has been achieved in understanding the aetiology of mental illness and its biological underpinnings. Genetic factors have been shown to play a substantial role, although genetics alone are not able to explain fully the heritability of these diseases. Epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA interference, modulate tissue-specific gene expression and have been proven to be involved in the aetiopathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. Numerous epidemiological studies have confirmed a contribution of environmental factors, and convincing evidence suggests that socio-economic status, early life stressors, and childhood trauma impact significantly on the risk of psychiatric disorders via lifelong epigenetic modifications. This chapter will discuss in detail the different epigenetic mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of psychiatric diseases and their interaction with genetic factors, providing an overall picture about the recent advances in psychiatric epigenomics.
Sociology and social psychiatry
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh , Pemberton Max , Gnanapragasam Sam N. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSociology is described as a discipline that studies societies and the societal factors in which people are born, live, work, play, and age. This forms a crucial component of social psychiatry from basic observation of social and societal behaviours to recognizing and understanding social norms and mores. This discipline helps us understand the broader relationship of society and social factors with mental illnesses and well-being. The impact of social factors on the biological and psychological factors in clinical presentations cannot be underestimated. Recognition of illness behaviours and help-seeking are important aspects of therapeutic engagement. In this chapter, essential parts of sociology are covered in relation to social psychiatry. The aim is to describe illness and the sick role, challenges in biomedicine, interactionist perspectives, labelling theory, and psychiatry’s social contract.
The contemporary dynamics of the social relationship
Authors: Lucey James V. , Noctor Colman 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn the past few decades the nature of social relationships has changed significantly. A number of factors play a role in this, including social media. Never has society experienced something with such an interactive capacity that can pervasively affect so many aspects of our lives and at such a remarkable pace. It can be argued that societies are perhaps going through the greatest social and emotional experiment of all time. The impact of technology on individual and collective social identity at an emotional level is likely to be significant. There is often a tension between a rights-based culture focused on a more liberal and facilitative approach to technology use, and a responsibilities-focused philosophy, which tends to focus more on protective paternalistic roles with more regulation and prohibitive actions. Impulses, such as a human need for social validation and the allure of recognition, are human behaviours especially relevant to social media and relationships.
Anthropology and social psychiatry
Authors: Hubbett Jack 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAnthropology and psychiatry both study aspects of humanity but from different angles. One, the how and why of humanity’s story; the other, the abnormalities of the human mind, which are classified as illness. This book chapter defines anthropology and how it can be subcategorized and applied to the study of mental illness. This includes specifically how the common teachings from anthropology can be considered through a social psychiatry lens, the value of considering the context and circumstance of the patient narrative, and also the problems encountered when an overly relativistic approach is taken. This text also explores the common qualitative methods used in anthropological study, and considers how scientific rigour is maintained within this framework, and subsequently applied to psychiatric research. Additionally, it reviews the role of cultural/family background in the interpretation and experience of mental illness, as well as the role that anthropology plays in public mental health.
Disasters, emergencies, and social psychiatry
Authors: Poulter Dan , Ventriglio Antonio , Gnanapragasam Sam N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Disasters, be they natural or man-made, affect millions of people directly or indirectly every year. Not all people affected by disasters will develop psychiatric morbidity or need psychiatric help. Medicalization of normal human responses to disasters must be avoided. Disaster response policies should be driven by evidence, and need to be tailored to local needs and resources. This may require some innovation and working with community organizations and local stakeholders. Disasters can contribute to internal or external migration, and steps must be taken to manage these changes. Dealing with disasters requires clear national planning and policy, and where disasters are frequent, better preparation and risk reduction is needed at individual, community, regional, and national levels. Coordinated efforts between health, mental health, and structural organizational planning are essential to limit mortality and morbidity.
Psychiatry in the time of a pandemic
Authors: Ziafat Kimia , Westenberg Jean N. , Michael Krausz R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has and continues to have an impact on all areas of society, daily life, and health care, and it will have a major impact on the way health care will function beyond this public health crisis. For psychiatry, it also raises the fundamental question of how it could contribute to the response and redefine its role in medicine during changing conditions. Psychosocial care not only may help people cope with stressors such as loss and violence but also can help communicate public health measures to vulnerable populations in a way that is more easily accessible and comprehensible. Psychosocial care is of great importance in the field of prevention, protecting the most vulnerable and strengthening resilience.
Migrants, migration, and social psychiatry
Authors: Watson Cameron , Wijesuriya Rajiv , Bhugra Dinesh 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe movement of people within the same country and across countries is not a new phenomenon. The personal, social, emotional, and psychological impact of migration on individual migrants and their families—those who accompany them and those who are left behind—is of great interest in order to understand the impact of stress on their functioning and psychiatric disorders. Migrants can be classified into different categories—those who are voluntary and involuntary, primary or secondary, economic or political. There are also political and economic asylum seekers whose needs will be similar but whose aspects of care will vary. Migration can be experienced in different stages, and different migrants have varying experiences of migration and settling down in the new culture. Psychosocial factors play a major role in postmigration adjustment and acculturation. Microidentities will be employed in managing stress and distress and mental health professionals need to be aware of stages of acculturation.
Trauma and resilience
Authors: Beyer Chad , Stein Dan J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
While exposure to traumatic events is highly prevalent, only a small proportion of those exposed to such stressors develop psychiatric illnesses. This raises a number of questions for social psychiatry. What are the mechanisms underlying risk and resilience after trauma? And what can be done to further decrease risk and increase resilience? This chapter reviews the epidemiology, neurobiology, and social determinants of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and resilience, in order to address these questions and to provide an integrative approach. An integrative approach to trauma and PTSD requires the recognition of a broad range of biological and societal risk and resilience factors that are relevant to trauma exposure, and that are important after such trauma, as well as the need for a range of interventions to target these factors. Such an approach aims to avoid both biological and sociological reductionism, instead emphasizing the need for a public health approach that reduces vulnerability to trauma and to PTSD, and to increase resilience.
Impact of trauma
Authors: Roberts Alice B. , Roberts Neil P. , Bisson Jonathan I. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTrauma and its impact are understood to be incredibly diverse in nature. Supported by an accumulation of research over the past two centuries, it is now recognized that certain psychologically and physically threatening experiences can have especially impairing consequences. Interpersonal trauma, particularly arising in childhood, can contribute to a plethora of detrimental outcomes extending throughout life. These can affect psychological and physical well-being and reduce longevity, with significant implications for wider society. Consequently, childhood trauma has been identified as a global health concern. Trauma-related psychopathology, including symptoms characteristic of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) such as nightmares and flashbacks, are perhaps most widely recognized with regard to the impact of trauma. Acknowledgement of the relationship between trauma and the range of diverse outcomes that can follow, which include, but are not limited to, PTSD, is required in order to address holistically the complex needs of traumatized individuals.
Social determinants and mental health
Authors: Bell Ruth , Marmot Michael 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter applies the conceptual framework of the social determinants of health to discuss determinants of mental health across the life course. The health and well-being of individuals is strongly influenced by social determinants. Social determinants of health (SDH) encompass wider social, economic, environmental, cultural, and political factors that shape health-related behaviours and physical and mental health outcomes. SDH can be summarized as the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. Systematic inequalities within societies create differential experiences of social determinants across the life course, and an accumulation of positive and negative effects of social determinants shape inequalities in health. The conceptual framework describes structural factors, political, and economic factors across the lifespan. The schooling, work environment, and natural and built environment, including housing, are important factors in good health. The impact of social factors on health, including mental health, is well recognized. The relationship between physical health and mental health is bidirectional. Psychosocial factors such as work stress affect mental health. Having control over aspects of life underpins how individuals cope with stressors and is key to mental health and well-being.
Revisiting the ‘gap’
Authors: Banerjee Debanjan , Bhattacharya Prama 
Published: August 2022

AbstractQuality of mental health, risks for developing psychiatric disorders, and access to mental health care are all unevenly distributed in the global landscape. The inequalities of these social determinants have been well-recognized. The medical model has increasingly laid more emphasis on biologized factors through genetics, imaging, and other neurophysiological correlates. At the same time, it has often eschewed the biopsychosocial model, undermining the social determinants including inequalities. Socio-economic disadvantage and relative poverty have been shown to be related to poor mental health. Psychiatric disorders are influenced by various inequalities through ‘social causation’, while those with mental illnesses tend to be very often socially excluded, leading to ‘social drift’. Besides poverty, there are a myriad of economic, political, cultural, relational, and ecological factors that can maintain the global inequalities in psychosocial well-being. Homelessness, urbanization, migration, social stigma, ageism, sexism, low educational attainment, and unemployment are some of them. In this chapter the aim is to provide an overview of the various social dimensions that cause, maintain, and perpetuate the mental health inequalities, and the underlying relationships. Strategies to address these issues are described, with a special focus on the role of advocacy, tailored policies, and intersectoral collaboration at various levels.
Spirituality and resilience
Authors: Verhagen Peter J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractResilience contributes to positive health outcomes in the physiological, social, mental, and spiritual domains. Spirituality, religion, and meaning-giving are resources and means that help individuals cope with adverse life events and circumstances. Thinking about resilience should therefore include spirituality. In this chapter, this position is substantiated by a reflection on resilience and on an innovative concept of positive health, based in part on Antonovsky’s salutogenic approach, especially the construct of a sense of coherence. The concept of positive health involves six dimensions depicted in a six-pointed spider’s web. Especially important is that a spiritual/existential dimension is included in this dynamic concept of health, which is defined as the ability to adapt and to self-manage. The concept is illustrated with an uncomplicated, everyday case vignette. Subsequently, the meaning-making process and the available empirical evidence are discussed in more detail. The meaning-making process is invaluable in terms of meaningfulness as an outcome of resilience and positive health. The empirical evidence supporting spirituality and religion in relation to the promotion of mental health is still undervalued and therefore deserves to be brought up again and again.
Families and psychiatric disorders
Authors: Thomas Bino , George Tony Sam 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The known, untold, and obscure dynamics of families have been a wonder, curiosity, and a matter of investigation in psychiatry for a long time. The onset of scientific understanding of psychiatric disorders, the empirical search to appreciate the living experiences of people with mental illness, and the acceptance of the bio-psychosocial model have laid the foundations for involving families in psychiatry practice, teaching, and research. The accompanying journey of families with mentally ill members have seen bitter, exhausting, challenging, helpless, frightening, insecure, disabling, accommodating, fulfilling, uncompromising, empowering, and partnering experiences in mental health practice. Families continue to be the significant stakeholders, providing primary-level care to mentally ill family members and consuming mental health services.
The web and its impact on mental health care
Authors: Krausz Reinhard Michael , Kazemi Alireza , Bacinschi Ssophie , Kamel Mostafa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe paradigm shift in communication and web-based technologies is already changing our society in all major sectors like education, commerce, and, increasingly, health. Low-income countries with a lack of health care resources can especially benefit from international collaboration and support in this field. This is already the most significant paradigm shift in health care today, as shown by the COVID-19 pandemic, when all of a sudden virtual care became the main resource of care in different areas of the system. The significant improvements include better access, capacity building, and access to expertise with higher quality of care, including the potential for a learning system. The critical is the question, who will design and develop this new framework, and what will the therapeutic paradigms be?
Personality disorders
Authors: Orme William H. , Fowler J. Christopher , Oldham John M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSince the beginning of theorizing about personality disorders (PDs), social factors have figured centrally into models of pathogenesis. The relative emphasis on social factors has changed over the years in response to a growing appreciation of genetic contributions to personality pathology. However, factors such as abuse, neglect, disturbed parental involvement, burden of stress, socio-economic status, and peer victimization continue to receive support from longitudinal studies for their associations with PD development. This chapter reviews theories of PD pathogenesis, details current research on known social factors, and highlights social impairments linked with PDs. A brief review of social cognition research is offered to explain broader functional impairments associated with PDs. Finally, treatment and prevention efforts are highlighted to illustrate that these factors, traditionally researched within the social domain, often have favourable impacts on the course of illness.
Social psychiatry and addictions
Authors: Wanigaratne Shamil , Mitcheson Luke , Hill Robert 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter deals with the historical and contemporary aspects of addictions and its relationship with social psychiatry. It is argued that the biopsychosocial model, despite its utility, has not quite lived up to its promise and the tendency towards binary thinking has been less than helpful. It is also argued that a common vocabulary constructed in order to work with related disciplines such as community psychology is the best way of building a common understanding and approach towards mental health and addiction. Power and its manifestation through social deprivation, social exclusion, social drift, and stigma is discussed in the context of addiction, and a range of evidence-based socially orientated interventions are described. The current impetus on implementing a public health approach to dealing with addictions, and the potential for social psychiatry to play a greater role along with areas for future research are presented.
Late life disorders
Authors: Trinh Nhi-Ha T. , Wallace Bridget , Bernard-Negron Richard , Ahmed Iqbal ‘Ike’ 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe world’s ageing population is increasing in size and diversity, highlighting the need to understand how the intersection of ageing and minority identities impact disease prevalence and disparities in psychiatric care. This chapter explores how sociocultural background, as well as transnational factors such as immigration, affect the mental health of older adults. In addition, other sociocultural factors such as race, ethnicity, gender identities, socio-economic status, climate change, stigma, and social isolation play a significant role in the development of psychiatric conditions, clinical care, and research within the elderly population. While the prevalence of mental health disorders is on the rise for older adults, these sociocultural factors can disproportionately impact the prevalence of psychopathology and access to psychiatric treatment for older adults. In order to address these discrepancies, high-quality research and clinical training is necessary to create culturally competent interventions and psychiatric treatments that benefit all members of the ageing population.