bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Video Games, Performance, and Algorithmic Processing of Music
Authors: Thompson Ryan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Video games for which the gameplay interacts with game audio as part of the core gameplay loop often invite players to consider music in new ways. Occasionally, this can lead to using games themselves as analytical tools that emphasize different parts of music than many traditional analytical frameworks. Discussions of rhythm and meter, and comparing multiple performances of the same work to one another, are all facilitated by video games in interesting ways. This chapter discusses Crypt of the Necrodancer, Guitar Hero, and Audiosurf as both musically-engaged video games and as spaces inviting conversations surrounding music theory approachable by an engaged, amateur public.
The Critical Roles of Global South Stakeholders in AI Governance
Authors: Png Marie-Therese 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter aims to present a discourse of AI governance for and from the Global South, and contrast this with the Inclusive AI Governance discourse led largely out of Global North institutions. By doing so, it identifies gaps in the dominant AI governance discourse and advocates for its systemic restructuring. It proposes that key differences between the Global South and dominant Global North discourses can be explained in part by historic power dynamics, describing the coloniality of power in AI governance. It bridges these gaps by outlining critical concerns expressed by Global South actors but neglected by the dominant AI discourse—including digital sovereignty as relevant to low and middle-income countries, infrastructural and regulatory monopolies, harms associated with the labor and material supply chains of AI technologies, beta-testing, and commercial exploitation. It then offers three roles for Global South actors to substantively engage in the restructuring of AI governance processes.
Infectious Diseases in Africa
Authors: Sambiéni N’koué Emmanuel , Houéto David 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Infectious diseases in Africa have a natural and social history and a technical medical and political response, and they are a human and economic burden on populations and institutions. This chapter explores these issues based on a review of the literature and of empirical data produced in the context of ethnographic research. It is not always easy create a human and economic balance sheet of infectious disease in Africa, given the continent’s size and magnitude and the major institutional constraints on counting losses in an Africa that is geographically, culturally, and healthwise difficult to control. The provision of care, both curative and preventive, is constantly confronted with a problem of contextualization, and therefore of strategic and technical relevance, when one is comparing medical and political practices with the aspirations and rationalities of communities. The refusal or denial of grassroots innovations and the international dependence on epidemic-response mechanisms show the immensity of the operational challenges, to which are added the different social stakes of the multiple partners in the fight against diseases.
Immigration in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Peters Margaret E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers how immigration policy has evolved and considers the significant factors that have affected it. The chapter begins with a discussion of how states have managed immigration, with most of the discussion focused on the long nineteenth and twentieth centuries, but some attention is paid to earlier periods. The chapter then discusses the major factors that have affected immigration policy: the need for manpower, competition between immigrants and local workers, security and political concerns, the effects of immigrants on the welfare state, and the fear of the other. It discusses how these factors have changed over time and how they have affected immigration policy.
Marxism(s) and the Politics of Land
Authors: Bernstein Henry 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter attempts to present a coherent overview of land in the long and diverse histories of capitalist development, according to the ideas of Marx and subsequent Marxist scholarship and political positions, with all their divergences and contentions. It does so in five sections: “Landed Property and Rent in Capitalism,” “Transitions to Capitalism,” “Developments of Capitalism,” “Transitions to Socialism?” and “Marxism(s) and the Politics of Land.” The first locates Marx’s complex discussions of rent in his overall theorization of the capitalist mode of production and reports subsequent uses, adaptations, and extensions of that theory. The second section discusses several key questions in Marxist work on transitions to capitalism in the different times and places in the formation of a capitalist world economy. The third follows up on a central point in the second section—namely, the growing internationalization of capital and sometimes shifting forms of its interests in land and agricultural production. The fourth section offers brief overviews of the most important attempted transitions to socialist property and agriculture, in the twentieth-century Soviet Union and China. The final section includes a reminder of Marx’s brief encounter with the revolutionary Russian populism of his late life, and the inheritance of today’s agrarian populism from the Russian agricultural economist A. V. Chayanov, a near contemporary of Lenin. This section suggests that the positions of many Marxists and agrarian populists often overlap, but that irreconcilable differences remain between Marxist and populist understandings of peasant farmers.
Games and Museums
Authors: Pizzetti Marta , Miniero Giulia 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Audience development and audience engagement are strategic activities for every cultural institution. The implementation of digital experiences is now becoming an interesting approach for cultural institutions, such as museums, to reinforce the relationship with the target audience and to renovate their image in order to fit better with younger generations’ lifestyle. This chapter investigates how three popular digital experiences offered by museums, gamification, virtual tours, and podcasts, are perceived by consumers and contribute to overall improvements in how visitors perceive museums. An experiment was conducted to test the differential effect of the three digital experiences on perceived authenticity, the intention to interact with the digital experience, the novelty of the experience, and attitude toward the museums, which are critical variables for maintaining, reinforcing, or developing valuable relationships with consumers. Results suggest that gamification can be a viable solution for museums: consumers perceive the gamified digital experience as novel and authentic, are willing to use the digital tool, and through its use develop a more positive attitude toward the museum.
Fiction
Authors: Scherwatzky Steven 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Samuel Johnson wrote more fiction during his literary career than is generally realized, including philosophical fables (such as Rasselas), political satires, and prose allegories. However, Johnson’s fiction and his thoughts on fiction, expressed most famously in his periodical essays and in James Boswell’s Life of Johnson, reveal a profound ambivalence. While he praises fiction for its capacity to imitate life, Johnson is suspicious of the impact of the emergent English novel as a popular literary genre. From his dismissal of Samuel Richardson’s plotting to his condemnation of Henry Fielding’s protagonists, Johnson worried about fiction’s potential to attract, infuriate, or corrupt its readers. Despite, or perhaps because of, this ambivalence, Johnson continued to write and comment on fiction throughout his life, expressing both approval and dismay. Nonetheless, it is important to note that the only three books that Johnson suggests anyone might “wish longer” were works of fiction.
History
Authors: Davidson Jenny 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Johnson is not commonly thought of as a historian, partly because his affinities led him to reject the secular and skeptical precepts of Enlightenment historiography. This chapter shows how historical thinking pervades Johnson’s writing, tracing concerns and beliefs about history that include the following: the relationship between oral and written testimony; the nature of historical evidence, including material evidence; and the value of considering history and life-writing, in the absence of written sources, as akin to ethnography. Drawing extensively on the Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland for Johnson’s most explicit reflections on historiography, all colored by a profound sense of loss, the chapter turns in conclusion to Johnson’s three major histories of language and literature: the Dictionary, the Shakespeare edition, and the Lives of the Poets.
Sociability
Authors: Geller Jaclyn 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers Johnson’s writing on family, friendship, and relationship status. Herein Johnson is treated as an independent thinker on each of these subjects, who was guided (but not dominated) by proverbial classical valuations of interpersonal relationships. Ever the empiricist and social observer, Johnson brought his own quirky observations to bear on subjects like romance-based marriage, which was enjoying great cultural currency in the eighteenth century. His treatment of Britons disenfranchised by marital custom and law, such as never-married women and non-maritally born children, evinces deep sympathy and penetrating understanding of the problem of upholding one relationship model at the expense of all others. Himself a passionate friend who divided his time between two non-standard households, Johnson emerges as a forward-looking thinker on the general subject of social relationships and the status or disesteem they incur.
Humor
Authors: Scanlan J. T. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes the development and changes in Samuel Johnson’s sense of humor over time, over the course of his entire career. Johnson’s sense of humorhas a history, and it evolved according to the different contexts and experiences of his life, from his early writing for the Gentleman’s Magazine and his early poem London to the substantial works of his middle years, including the Rambler, the Idler, the Dictionary, and his Shakespeare to his lively and bracing great prose work, the Lives of the Poets. During his early career in London, Johnson was drawn, like many writers of the 1730s first starting out, to the satiric spirit of the day, but by the late 1740s and early 1750s, he began to think about satire, comedy, humor, and laughter more carefully and embraced in his writing a more mirthful sense of humor. His later writing, and particularly the Lives of the Poets, show an enabling influence of his needling conversational wit. Like most people’s sense of humor, Johnson’s sense of humor was not static.
Death
Authors: Parisot Eric 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the persistence of death, and the related concepts of salvation and the afterlife, in the life and writings of Johnson. As a pious rationalist, death presented a conundrum for Johnson, one that (according to Boswell) pitted his intellectual faculties against illogical, religious fear. It was indeed a source of enduring angst for Johnson, revealed in this chapter by: (1) his holy fear of death, a Christian duty that Johnson believed to be a deeply rational position informed by the uncertainty of salvation; (2) his contemplation of the dead, and his grief over departed loved ones (including his mother, his wife, and Robert Levet); and (3) the various biographical constructions of Johnson’s character when on his own deathbed, finally confronted with his own mortality.
Emotion
Authors: Smallwood Philip 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the province of emotion in Johnson’s life and writings and illustrates the significant place of feelings in one of the eighteenth century’s sanest of rational minds. Johnson’s personal emotion may sometimes be held at a bearable distance by his neo-Latin verses; but emotional energy figures centrally when Johnson is evaluating the tragedies of Shakespeare and is a test of sincerity in his Lives of the Poets. Poignant and powerful emotion energizes Johnson’s own creative work, as is apparent in the humanly sympathetic episodes of Rasselas and in the tensions generated by his most forceful couplet verse. Johnson’s private distress does not displace his criticism’s intellectual control, humour and expressive precision but his capacity for emotional life comprehensively informs the judgments he makes.
Journalism
Authors: Tankard Paul 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In the eighteenth century, newspapers and the new medium of magazines were of vital importance in British metropolitan culture; this chapter describes the journalistic origins of much of Johnson’s work, and considers his engagement with both modes of publication. His poems, moral essays, political writings, and parliamentary reports first appeared in the periodical press, but not all of this can be usefully considered as journalism. This chapter examines, firstly, the newspaper pieces Johnson wrote as an invited spokesman for various publications, in which he holds journalists to high standards, insisting their work be valued by readers and publishers. Of his work for magazines, which was the medium he clearly preferred, this chapter considers the “Early Lives” for the Gentleman’s Magazine and the book reviews for the Literary Magazine. They deal with topics in which he may be presumed to have an interest, and he energetically tests these workaday genres, attending to method, ascertaining the facts and drawing conclusions only from evidence.
Modernism’s Cares
Authors: Adams Rachel 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Modernist authors used innovative narrative forms to represent the inherently uneven social and affective dynamics of care. Modernity had a transformative impact on the social organization of dependency and the nature of care work, and modernist literature explores the contradictory effects of such changes on vulnerable persons and those who sustain them. This may seem a surprising claim about a movement known for embracing youth, vigor, and newness. However, relations of care—and associated conditions of dependency, frailty, and toil—remain central to modernist aesthetic and social commitments, overlapping the more familiar preoccupations with subjectivity, relatedness, collaboration, and temporality. Two celebrated modernist works—Gertrude Stein’s Three Lives and William Faulkner’s Sound and the Fury—serve as examples of how interdependency and care provide a critical lens for reading literary texts, illuminating overlooked characters and themes, and offering new insight about their experiments with form.
Transcranial Brain Stimulation and Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Authors: Stagg Charlotte J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Proton (hydrogen 1 [1H]) magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used to noninvasively quantify the regional levels of glutamate and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) within a given brain area. Since glutamate and GABA are two major neurotransmitters, 1H-MRS is an important technique to understand the neurophysiological basis of noninvasive transcranial brain stimulation (NTBS) approaches. However, like all complex methods, there are important methodological issues that should be considered in NIBS-MRS studies. This chapter aims both to take a snapshot of the current state of the field and equip the reader with sufficient information to understand the potential, and limitations of MRS as a technique to study NIBS. In the first part of this chapter, we will discuss the technical basis of the technique and give an overview of the essential biochemistry of the quantified neurochemicals. In the second part, we summarize what 1H-MRS studies have shown about the neurophysiological effects of NIBS. Some clear patterns emerge, but other aspects of the literature are less clear. We will conclude by defining outstanding questions to be tackled in future studies.
Alfred Müller-Armack
Authors: Ptak Ralf 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Müller-Armack is one of the most enigmatic figures in the spectrum of Ordoliberals. On the one hand, this applies to the disciplinary range of his work, which spans from economic issues of business cycle theory to topics in the sociology of religion to economic and social policy. It also applies to his political orientation, which led him, as an ardent supporter of Italian fascism, to become a member of the NSDAP, and then, in the post-war period of the Federal Republic of Germany, one of the most important political actors in establishing the social market economy and an Ordoliberal-influenced European policy. His theoretical foundations can be found in the works of the early 1930s, which constitute his evolutionary conception of economics. With his work on the social market economy, he then made a decisive contribution to transforming the unwieldy Ordoliberal programme into a real economic and sociopolitical concept.
Rule of Law (Rechtsstaat) and Social Order
Authors: White Jonathan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Amongst the early Ordoliberals’ basic intuitions was the need to insulate political authority from mass politics and ideology. On this was founded their idea of the Rechtstaat as a regime of rules intended to constrain executive power. The chapter explores the relationship between Ordoliberalism’s anti-ideological orientation and efforts to design an order minimising the scope for discretionary intervention. It goes on to ask if the project was self-defeating. Contrary to the stated intentions of its advocates, such a system tends to leave open the prospect of recurrent and far-reaching political discretion, often in the guise of emergency response.
Politics of Decision-Making
Authors: Séville Astrid , Pieper Sebastian 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The role of experts and conceptions of depoliticised decision-making processes stand out in the foundational Ordoliberal texts. The chapter presents the nexus of expertise, its institutional design and forms of implementation. The Ordoliberal politics of decision-making conceives the prominent role of experts and expertise as an important element in the depoliticisation of the conduct of public policy, which is to reinforce the ordering function of the state. The account explores two cases of Ordoliberal design (West-) German competition law and the institution of policy advice. The (founding) Ordoliberal thinkers did not advocate technocratic government. Rather, they argued for a rule-based conduct of government, based on firm (ordoliberal) principles. Finally, we contend that the depoliticisation effects of Ordoliberal policy advice are disproportionate to their theoretical significance.
Economic Crisis Policy
Authors: Hagemann Harald 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The basic principles of Ordoliberalism are rooted in economic crises, particularly the mass unemployment of the Great Depression with its devastating economic and political consequences. Governmental interventions should focus on keeping the competitive order functioning, which may imply the breaking-up of economic power groups if needed, rather than the steering of the economic process. In contrast to Keynesian macroeconomics, the government is not charged with the responsibility of achieving a high level of employment. Only in exceptional cases, such as secondary (Röpke) or pathological depressions with their mass unemployment, are full employment policies considered necessary but still viewed ambivalently due to their inherent tendency to central planning. Ordoliberals early on favoured rule-based policies as they were characterising the German position in the controversial discussions of the Maastricht Treaty, the Stability and Growth Pact and during the Euro crisis.
The Historical Context of Ordoliberalism’s Theoretical Development
Authors: Callison William 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter situates the theoretical development of Freiburg School Ordoliberalism in the historical context of the interwar and post-war periods. Beginning in the Weimar Republic, Böhm, Eucken, Röpke, Rüstow and others united in response to the crisis of liberalism and the rise of socialism. To save capitalism from internal self-destruction and the ‘collectivism’ of state planning and mass democracy, the Ordoliberals called for a ‘strong state’, capable of instituting the ‘competitive market order’, or what Müller-Armack and Erhard coined the ‘social market economy’. The Ordoliberal tradition developed through particular events (the Walter Lippmann Colloquium, Mont Pelerin Society, and ORDO journal), debates (with the Austrian School and Chicago School), and political parties (the CDU’s Ahlener Programme). From its interwar birth and the so-called ‘Economic Miracle’ (Wirtschaftswunder) of post-war West Germany, the chapter tracks Ordoliberalism’s trajectory up to its theoretical rapprochement with Constitutional Economics and Hayek’s arrival at the University of Freiburg.
Vitalpolitik
Authors: Kolev Stefan , Goldschmidt Nils 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs the notion of ‘vital policy’ (Vitalpolitik), an approach to the social question whose first and strongest proponent amongst the Ordoliberals was Alexander Rüstow. It is opposed to traditional social policy as a top-down provision of material benefits (welfare). Instead, it aims at enabling those ‘conditions of life’ (Lebenslagen) that provide the prerequisites for human beings and their community to flourish. This humanistic approach attempts to complement the competitive processes in a market society and to provide access and equal opportunity to these processes, focusing on the notion of fair starting conditions for individuals. In its general thrust, Vitalpolitik is well compatible with more recent research programmes, especially the capability approach of Amartya Sen and Martha Nussbaum.
Ordoliberals on Federalism and Europe
Authors: Slobodian Quinn 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The chapter explores Ordoliberal ideas of federalism using the example of European integration. Through the cases of European competition policy, European Monetary Union and secessionism, it proposes the categories of Ordoliberal assessments, meaning the opinions of individual Ordoliberals vis-à-vis the evolution of European integration; Ordoliberal achievements, meaning the agency of Ordoliberals in shaping European institutions; and Ordoliberal affinities, meaning the proximity of institutions to putative Ordoliberal principles. Following specific Ordoliberals from the 1930s to the 2020s, this chapter shows that the Ordoliberal attitude to the federal project of Europe changed over time, from conditional approval in the 1950s and 1960s, especially related to the possibilities of competition law, to a growing scepticism in the 1990s around the shape taken by the European Monetary Union, to a reorientation in the 2000s from the central constitutional rules creation to the possibility of exit and even secession.