bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat Transfer From a Short Cylinder Situated Parallel to an Air Stream
Authors: Molki Majid 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This work presents heat transfer for isothermal cylinders situated parallel to a uniform flow, and it compares the local and average heat transfer coefficients to several experimental data. The computations consider air as the working fluid, but the paper proposes an extension of correlations to other fluids. In this study, the cylinder length-to-diameter ratio is equal to one, and the flow Reynolds number ranges from 5000 to 42,000. The results show that the convective heat transfer coefficient for the cylinder’s front face increases radially outward in agreement with the available experimental data. The theoretical stagnation point Nusselt number agrees with the present results. The flow separation and recirculation on the cylinder side influence the local heat transfer. The wake region behind the cylinder fluctuates, but no vortex shedding is visible like a cylinder in cross flow. The heat flux on the cylinder lateral surface shows slight azimuthal variations possibly caused by the wake region oscillations. Local and average Nusselt number and heat flux contours are among the results presented in this paper.
Investigating the Effect of Twisting and Printing Orientation on the Toughness of 3-D Printed Parts
Authors: Murali Hari , Kamaraj Abishek B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (3-D printing) has become a critical factor in the aerospace, biomedical, and automotive industries. The ability to manufacture complex shapes quickly and easily while also being cost-effective and environmentally friendly has made 3-D printing technology a promising step in the future of engineering. However, a key drawback to the technology is the reduction of strength and toughness of printed parts in the vertical direction (perpendicular to the layer line). Due to the weak interfacial bonding and very low infill density, printed parts are often lacking in strength and toughness. While these issues are not a concern for 3-D prints at lower angles, they make printing at higher angles much more difficult and it has become a consensus in the 3-D printing community that prints above 45 degrees are not advisable for load-bearing applications. This severely limits the capabilities of 3-D printed objects as the most complex shapes require high printing orientations. However, while a high printing orientation may have a detrimental effect on the prints, it is unknown if twisting the angle of the prints while simultaneously changing the printing orientation will have a positive or negative influence on the toughness and strength of prints. In this experiment, we seek to determine if a change in the twisting orientation or printing orientation will affect the toughness of the 3-D prints. We followed a designed experimental study that included two factors at four levels and the parts were made of PLA polymer material with different twisting and printing orientations on a Creality FDM 3D printer. The tensile strength and toughness of the printed parts were tested using a universal tensile testing machine. Our findings showed that the twisting orientation of 30 degrees increases the toughness of prints. This was evident even when the printing orientation is above 45 degrees. By varying the twisting angle, it was found that we can make more complex prints much tougher and easier to make.
Modeling and Analysis of Gear Tooth Replacement System Against Breaking of Single Tooth
Authors: Patel Dhiren , Virdi Gurprit Singh T. , Dhass A. D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A gear is a mechanical machine part that transmits motion by successfully engaging teeth and gives the impression of positive action by coordinating and interlocking precise effort to achieve the desired result. Gear design necessitates a thorough investigation, and the loads, as well as the gear parameters, were determined by trial and error. When a single tooth on any gear breaks, the transfer of power is halted, resulting in material, time, and cost waste. The design and development of spur gear with teeth portability is the subject of this research paper. ANSYS is used to perform gear design analysis. To ensure precision, a wire cut electric discharge machine is used to cut each tooth, which is then assembled into gear using a gear blank, cover plate, nut, and bolt. The results of the analysis performed in the program Ansys 15.0 show that the proposed portable tooth spur gear can withstand maximum principal stress of 1.1886 × 108 Pa and total deformation that will occur at this stress 5.7897 × 10(−6) m. If the portable tooth spur gear is used, the cost of replacing all 65 teeth would be about 3000 Rupees. Keeping this in mind, replacing all 65 teeth twice a year would cost about 11500 Rupees, which is less than the total cost of the traditional gear design. In comparison to the conventional gear design, the proposed design reduces long-term maintenance costs.
Study of Defect Morphology and Density on Mechano-Electrochemical Effect of Pipeline Corrosion
Authors: Rashidi Sedigheh , Zandiatashbar Ardavan , Farhad Siamak 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Steel pipeline in the oil and gas industry is subject to complex stress-strain due to soil movement along the pipes and internal pressure. The induced longitudinal strains due to soil movement along the pipe and the induced elasto-plastic local strain distribution are shown to impact the pipeline corrosion. In this work, we study the effect of defect geometry and density along the pipe on the local stress-strain distribution and subsequent local corrosion activity. Small strain von Mises yielding criteria is used and corrosion potential, anodic current density, and cathodic current density are characterized and used for this study by looking at the center to edge ratio.
A High-Order Spectral Difference Solver for 2D Ideal MHD Equations With Constrained Transport
Authors: Chen Kuangxu , Liang Chunlei 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
When using the discontinuous Galerkin or Spectral Difference (SD) method to discretize ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations, it is challenging to satisfy the divergence-free constraint for the magnetic field over long-period time integration. To tackle this challenge, the SD method is integrated with an unstaggered Constrained Transport approach (SDCT). In addition to solving the two-dimensional ideal MHD equations, one more equation describing the transport of the magnetic potential is introduced. After each time step, the magnetic field will be updated by computing the curl of the magnetic potential. This strategy preserves ∇ · B = 0 exactly by construction in the discrete sense. Meanwhile, the additional computational cost is only approximately 20% more than that without the constrained transport. Moreover, the inclusion of the constrained transport does not obstruct the implementation of the artificial viscosity for shock capturing.
Several well-known benchmark test cases are studied in this paper using the SDCT method. In the magnetic field loop advection test, the proposed SDCT avoids spurious growth of magnetic energy, and the numerical dissipation is shown to decrease when increasing the polynomial degree while maintaining the total degrees of freedom. In the propagation of Alfvén wave problem, the high-order accuracies of the SDCT method are verified. In the Orzag-Tang vortex problem, the predicted pressure distribution and density contours match well with those in the reference [1]. Meanwhile, a mesh convergence study shows that the SDCT method equipped with the artificial viscosity terms can produce converged results even in the vicinity of shocks.
Development of a Topology Optimization Framework For Cooling Channel Design in Die Casting Molds
Authors: Navah Farshad , Lamarche-Gagnon Marc-Étienne , Ilinca Florin , Audet Martin , Molavi-Zarandi Marjan , Raymond Vincent 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This work is concerned with the development of a framework for the efficient design of cooling channels via two different topology optimization paradigms: a diffuse and a sharp. Each approach relies on a distinct thermo-fluid modeling and features a specific material distribution mode, i.e. fraction-based (diffuse) versus interface-based (sharp). The two models are described and the corresponding solvers are validated. A gradient-based optimization methodology is adopted and the details of the adjoint-based gradient computation are introduced. Finally, examples of cooling channel design optimization are presented and discussed.
Biphasic Representative Elemental Volumes for 3-D White Matter Elastography
Authors: Wu Xuehai , Georgiadis John G. , Pelegri Assimina A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
White matter (WM) characterization is challenging due to its anisotropic and inhomogeneous microstructure that necessitates multiscale and multi-modality measurements. Shear elastography is one such modality that requires the accurate interpretation of 3D shear strain measurements, which hinge on developing appropriate constitutive tissue models. Finite element methods enable the development of such models by simulating the shear response of representative elemental volumes (REV). We have developed triphasic (axon, myelin, glia), 2D REVs to simulate the influence of the intrinsic viscoelastic property and volume fraction of each phase. This work constitutes the extension of 2D- to 3D-REVs, focusing on the effect of the intrinsic material properties and their 3D representation on the viscoelastic response of the tissue. By lumping the axon and myelin phases, a flexible 3D REV generation and analysis routine is then developed to allow for shear homogenization in both the axial and transverse directions. The 2D and 3D models agree on stress distribution and total deformation when 2D cross-sectional snapshots are compared. We also conclude that the ratio of transverse to axial transverse modulus is larger than one when axon fibers are stiffer than the glial phase.
Wave Energy Converter Design as a Point Absorber to Generate 1 kW in Arequipa, Peru
Authors: Herrera Alejandro E. , Adriazola Pascual H. , Bravo Héctor J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Electric energy is a resource that allows social development and the improvement of the quality of life of the inhabitants in the cove “La ballenita”, Mollendo, coast of Arequipa, Peru, where the electrical energy of the main network is not available.
The energy demand is approximately 1 kWh, which will allow provide enough energy to improve the quality of life, as well as the use of communications and food preservation. The use of supplementary energy sources such as a conventional generator set is economically and environmentally unfeasible at the site. The objective of the present study was to demonstrate that this problem can be solved by taking advantage of the geographical conditions. Since the area in question is near the ocean where maritime conditions would allow to solve this problem using a wave energy converter designed with the Water Energy Column method.
Wave energy is a viable alternative, with an initial investment you will have access to almost free and self-sustainable energy sufficient for the required needs, to achieve this it must be proven that the maritime conditions are adequate. Wave energy represents 295,000 TWh worldwide, but it has been poorly developed.
The first stage of the research was to demonstrate that the tidal conditions are suitable for power generation, the marine weather forecast system based on BUOYWEATHER points (data which covers a large geographic area) was used to validate the information obtained from records of the area where a measuring equipment was designed and manufactured.
This measurement prototype was designed and built to measure the wave variables that would be the basis of the Water Energy Column method. Data from 2018 were used for the study, which allowed to determine the critical wave which is the basis of calculation in the Water Energy Column method.
The measurement results showed that it is possible to generate electrical energy using wave energy in the study area by the Water Energy Column method. The nominal power of the design is more than 1 kW, the capacity factor of the system obtained is 15.67% and the LCOE (levelized cost of energy) is $ 0.11 / kWh, which means a feasible price in the electricity market. This cost represents the investment and low maintenance of operation. According to the CONESA impact method this value for the study is 25, which suggests a low environmental impact with some additional recommendations.
The contribution of the research would allow reducing the growth of hydrocarbon consumption which represents 78.3% of energy use worldwide and is a fundamental cause of the planet’s environmental problems and prove that the development of techniques for the use of energy is an alternative necessary.
In-Situ Monitoring in Abrasive Water Jet Machining of Stacked Titanium (Ti6Al4V)-CFRP Through Time and Frequency Analysis of Acoustic Emission Signals
Authors: Pahuja Rishi , Ramulu M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Hybrid metal-composite structures are widely used in aerospace industry but the machining challenges, especially at high cutting speeds, limit their employability due to higher production costs and tool wear. Abrasive Water jet (AWJ) is a viable high speed alternative, to conventional milling but the process is limited by the kerf roughness and striations, burrs and delamination. Due to difference in machining behavior of ductile metal and brittle composite, the resulting surface quality is sensitive to the use of non-optimal process parameters, and in-process faults and defects. This study explores the AWJ process monitoring in machining Ti6Al4V-CFRP stacks through Acoustic emission (AE) signals. AWJ Machining experiments were conducted with varying pressure (200, 275, 350 MPa) and traverse feed rate (15, 7.5, 10 mm/s) for two stacking configurations — Ti/CFRP and CFRP/Ti. AE signals acquired at each of these material layers were correlated with the process parameters. Signal RMS was calculated in time domain and a correlation was found with the jet power-to-speed ratio (Ė/u). Further, the AE signals were studied in frequency and simultaneous time-frequency domain. A characteristic frequency, based on an estimation of abrasive particle impacts, was calculated (222.5 kHz). This characteristic frequency band was used to monitor the surface quality. Among other features, maximum power spectral density (PSD) was found superior. Overall, a strong correlation was established between the Abrasive Water Jet process variables, AE signals and the resulting surface quality using the time-frequency spectrogram with the proposed characteristic frequency banding.
Head Evaporative Cooling From Forced and Natural Convection for Two Helmet-Pad Configurations
Authors: Mott David R. , Khine Yu Yu , Tan X. Gary , Bagchi Amit 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Computational simulations of the flow generated about a standing warfighter without a helmet and with two helmet pad arrangements are presented to determine the potential for delivering better thermal performance through passive design considerations. Cases considered include buoyancy-driven natural convection and wind-driven forced convection. The transport generated by each combination of geometry and flow conditions is assessed to determine each design’s efficiency in facilitating evaporative cooling via perspiration from the head. As anticipated, forced convection generates higher evaporative cooling rates than natural convection, averaging approximately 50% more cooling for the cases studied here. Helmet configuration had a greater impact on vapor transport away from the head during forced convection in the cases studied. Comparative metrics for assessing the relative effectiveness of a helmet design to facilitate cooling can be quantified based on these simulations, but more extensive exploration for the parameter space including wind direction for the forced convection scenarios would produce more insight into the relative benefits of particular designs. The results suggest that operationally-significant passive cooling could be achieved under conditions seen in theater, and that design and configuration decisions impact the evaporative cooling delivered and are therefore viable targets for optimization.
Full Scale 3D Computational Model of the Industrial -Scale Coal Fired Boiler Performance for Temperature Sensor Installation Guidance
Authors: Gupta Tanuj , Rahman Mahabubur , Acharya Chethan K. , Maley Susan , Dong Junhang , Houston Dock R. , Xiao Hai , Zhao Huijuan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Nearly 30% of the electricity is generated by using coal as the primary fuel in the US. One of the major concerns in coal-fired power plants is the failure of boiler tubes that leads to unscheduled maintenance and has a huge economical and societal impact. High temperature flue gas along with ash pass over the boiler tubes, which over time leads to tube failure. Therefore, developing temperature sensors for harsh environments and install them for temperature sensing and boiler tube lifetime prediction is an urgent need. On the side of sensor development, the location of the sensor installation is important for stable sensing performance and easy calibration. In this study, computational fluid dynamics and heat transfer modeling are adopted to establish a full-scale 3-dimensional model of a coal-fired boiler to investigate the flue gas temperature distribution within the boiler and identify the proper locations for sensor installation. We proposed three criteria to select the temperature sensor installation location: (1) select the boiler tube panel away from the sidewalls, (2) select the boiler tube section closer to the top wall of the boiler; and (3) select the boiler tube on the back of the boiler panel (not directly facing the flue gas flow). In these regions, the flue gas temperature is stable, providing an ideal environment for stable temperature sensing and calibration.
Numerical Modal Sensitivity Analysis for Fatigue Damage Accumulation in Adhesively Bonded Lap-Joint
Authors: Palanisamy Rajendra Prasath , Banerjee Portia , Haq Mahmood , Deng Yiming 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Adhesively bonded joints are gaining popularity among automotive industries due to their light-weight, cost-effective, and multi-material joining solutions. Adhesively bonded joints not only yield light-weighted structures but also provide a more uniform stress distribution than riveted joints resulting in higher fatigue life. However, due to their complex damage mechanism it is not easy to analytically predict the transition between crack initiation, propagation and failure of the joint. To improve the confidence of crack detection and estimation in adhesively bonded lap-joint, this paper proposes a numerical guided wave modal analysis to better understand the fatigue damage. From initial experiments it was found that the crack inside adhesive lap-joints increases at different rates depending on the state of the damage and can be modelled according to the paris-paris law. However, accurate estimation of the transition from crack initiation and crack propagation until total failure is non-trivial. In this paper, a series of finite element simulations are conducted to understand the modal behavior of guided waves at various damage states of the lap-joint and extract the most useful features indicative of transition form from crack initiation and crack propagation. Extracted features shall be used in various prognosis models to improve the remaining-useful-life prediction.
Current Research Trends in Variants of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL): A Review
Authors: Ali Shafahat , Pervaiz Salman , Kannan Sathish 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper, an extensive literature review of sustainable machining using different minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) variants is presented. Nowadays, sustainable development (SD) is referred as a common global issue. Sustainability concept in machining is linked with two major goals. The first goal is to reduce the environmental impact by reducing the energy consumption in the process. The second goal is to reduce the consumption of hazardous non-biodegradable materials. During machining, it was evident that when the cutting of material takes place, it increases the heat produced due to plastic shear deformation and friction. In dry machining, the tool wear and surface roughness are very high and it is not practical to use this method. So, there is a need to introduce a coolant or lubricant in the cutting zone to control or reduce the cutting temperature. Conventional cutting fluids are referred as non-biodegradable in nature and high disposal cost is associated with them as well. The researchers found that Minimum quality lubricant (MQL) is an appropriate way to remove the heat from the work material and chips formed in this case are almost dry. Minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) has been emerged as a potential solution for the second goal. MQL is being popular in the metal cutting sector because of its ability to provide improved machinability while being sustainable at the same time. The main topic discussed in this article is to reduce the quantity of lubricant for the machining usage to move forward towards a cleaner and greener machining process. The research community also observed that when moving towards the superalloys primarily used in the aerospace and aircraft industry MQL technique is not efficient. Using the MQL technique, the friction is reduced by this lubricant film, but it does not take away the heat generated from the work material and tool.
Due to this reason, several variants of MQL were developed. These variants include advanced oil on water (OoW) droplet MQL, minimum quantity cooling lubricant (MQCL), and nano MQL etc. In MQCL coolant is used at the lower temperature, which is air or water, to remove the extra amount of heat from the work material. The current study compared performance of all these MQL variants. It has also been observed that MQL operating parameters and jet arrangements can significantly affect the machining performance. The current study will provide a detailed comprehensive review about the performance of these variants.
Development of a Thermal Barrier Coating via Direct Energy Deposition
Authors: Parmar Parth , Alya Sachin , Singh Ramesh , Saigal Anil 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Laser cladding is a direct energy deposition method that is used to deposit desired property material on the substrate with sound metallurgical bond and has well-known applications, like surface depositions, for improving or altering the corrosion and/or wear resistance of the material. The laser cladding process involves various physical phenomena occurring together. It is a layer by layer deposition technique. The accuracy and precision of the laser cladding process are high because of the controlled heat input and minimal dilution. With these beneficial aspects, laser cladding finds application in the development of a thermal barrier coating. This paper is focused on the development and characterization of a thermal barrier coating via laser cladding. Parametric study to clad Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (8YSZ) on H13 tool steel was performed using 3kW fiber laser and 6-axis KUKA robot. For the engineered thermal response of the thermal barrier coating, i.e., thermal diffusivity, different methods were studied. Characterization of the laser flash method is done for accurate thermal diffusivity measurement. In addition, the effects of process parameters such as scanning speed, laser power, and powder flow rate on the macro clads and micro clad geometry, surface roughness, and microhardness have been studied. The deposition height and width were found to be increasing with an increae in laser power for both microscale and macro-scale depositions. Also, if the scanning speed is increased, the deposition height and width decrease. The hardness of the deposited Yttria-Stabilised Zirconia coating was found to be ∼1400 HV.