bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
371-P: Predicting Real-World Nonsevere Hypoglycemia in Americans with Diabetes (iNPHORM)
Authors: RATZKI-LEEWING ALEXANDRIA , HARRIS STEWART B. , BLACK JASON E. , ZOU GUANGYONG , WEBSTER-BOGAERT SUSAN , RYAN BRIDGET L. 
Published: May 2022

Iatrogenic non-severe hypoglycemia (NSH) is a common and known precursor of severe hypoglycemia. Still, virtually no valid risk estimators exist to predict daytime and nocturnal NSH (NSDH, NSNH) in the general US population with diabetes. To redress this gap, we analyzed primary, self-reported data from the 1-year, prospective iNPHORM study.
Adults (18-90 years old) with insulin- and/or secretagogue-treated type 1 or 2 diabetes (T1D, T2D) were recruited from a US-wide probability-based internet panel. Twelve monthly emailed questionnaires assessed NSH risk. Prognostic models were built for recurrent 30-day NSDH and NSNH using negative binomial and machine learning penalized regression with lasso. Missing data were multiply imputed with chained equations.
N=986 were analyzed (T1D: 17%; age: 51 [SD: 14.3] years; male: 49.6%; T1D/T2D duration: 12 [IQR: 14] years; retention rate: 86.2%) . Among T2D respondents, 38% were on insulin alone, 38% secretagogues alone, and 24% insulin plus secretagogues. Follow-up incidence proportions and 30-day rates of NSDH and NSNH were 79.6% (95% CI: 77.0-82.0%) and 1.70 (95% CI: 1.59-1.82) , and 53.7% (95% CI: 50.5-56.7%) and 0.69 (95% CI: 0.64-0.75) , respectively. Risks of 30-day NSDH and NSNH increased with insulin+secretagogue therapy; A1C≤7%; insulin pump, continuous glucose monitoring, beta blockers, and antibiotics use; decreased number of medications; T1D and diabetes education; increased past severe hypoglycemia requiring healthcare; chronic kidney disease; depression; food insecurity; lack of insurance; younger age; female sex; and White race; risks decreased with A1C≥7.1%, cognitive impairment, hypoglycemia unawareness, and insurance. As well, higher income predicted NSNH risk. The optimism adjusted c-statistics for NSDH and NSNH risks were 0.78 and 0.77, respectively.
As the first US study to prospectively estimate real-world NSDH and NSNH risk, iNPHORM provides important insight into individual-level event detection and prevention.

Disclosure
A.Ratzki-leewing: Consultant; Eli Lilly and Company, Other Relationship; Sanofi. S.B.Harris: Consultant; Abbott, AstraZeneca, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Other Relationship; Abbott, AstraZeneca, Bayer Inc., Dexcom, Eli Lilly and Company, HLS Therapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, Research Support; Applied Therapeutics Inc., AstraZeneca, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) , Novo Nordisk, Sanofi, The Lawson Foundation. J.E.Black: None. G.Zou: None. S.Webster-bogaert: None. B.L.Ryan: None.

Funding
Sanofi Global
381-P: Recurrent Hypoglycemia Alters Endocrine Counterregulation during Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia in Healthy and Diabetic Göttingen Minipigs
Authors: LYHNE MILLE KRONBORG , HINZ KATHRIN , VEGGE ANDREAS , STURIS JEPPE , KILDEGAARD JONAS , PEDERSEN-BJERGAARD ULRIK , OLSEN LISBETH HØIER 
Published: May 2022

Hypoglycemia is a common adverse effect of insulin treatment in people with diabetes and recurrent episodes can alter counter regulation, ultimately increasing the risk of severe hypoglycemic episodes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of recurrent hypoglycemia on endocrine counter regulation during insulin-induced hypoglycemia in healthy and diabetic Göttingen Minipigs.
Twelve adult, female, intact Göttingen Minipigs with (n=6) and without (n=6) streptozotocin-induced diabetes were included. Three pigs in each group were preconditioned with either hypoglycemia (RH) or normoglycemia (RN) on three consecutive days using a three-hour hyperinsulinemic clamp procedure (16 pmol/kg/min human insulin and variable glucose infusion) targeted a fasted minipig euglycemic level of 63 mg/dL plasma glucose in RN and 27 mg/dL in RH. On day four, all groups were subjected to a four-hour hypoglycemic clamp with 18 mg/dL target. Samples for plasma glucose, glucagon and epinephrine were collected at predefined time points. Influence of diabetes status and preconditioning on endocrine counter regulation during the final clamp were investigated using a repeated measures linear mixed model.
Clamp glucose targets were reached in all groups. A blunted glucagon response was seen during the final hypoglycemic clamp in the RH groups (median 26.7 pM (IQR 21.6-33.2)) compared to RN groups (56.3 pM (46.3-63.5) , P=0.008) . Diabetes status did not influence the findings and no significant differences in plasma epinephrine were found between groups.
Göttingen Minipigs with and without streptozotocin induced diabetes exhibit blunted glucagon response to hypoglycemia after recurrent hypoglycemia similar to humans, indicating impaired counter regulatory response. Epinephrine response was not significantly affected. Further studies are needed to investigate the effect of RH on epinephrine counter regulation in the Göttingen Minipig.

Disclosure
M.Lyhne: None. K.Hinz: Employee; Antag Therapeutics, Novo Nordisk. A.Vegge: Employee; Novo Nordisk A/S, Stock/Shareholder; Novo Nordisk A/S. J.Sturis: Employee; Novo Nordisk A/S. J.Kildegaard: Employee; Novo Nordisk A/S. U.Pedersen-bjergaard: Advisory Panel; Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi. L.Olsen: None.
39-OR: Improved Psychosocial and Quality of Life Measures in Children and Youth with Type 1 Diabetes Initiating Control-IQ Technology
Authors: ZUIJDWIJK CAROLINE S. , COURTNEY JENNILEA , MITSAKAKIS NICHOLAS , HAYAWI LAMIA , LAWRENCE SARAH E. 
Published: May 2022

Objective: To determine perceptions of the impact of Control-IQ™ technology (CIQ) on psychosocial functioning and quality of life (QoL) in children/ youth with T1D and their parents, using patient and parent reported outcome measures (PROMs) .
Research Design and Methods: Single-center prospective real-world study of 6-18 year olds with T1D using the t:slim X2™ insulin pump, who were initiating CIQ. Youth (≥ 8years) and parents completed validated PROMs at baseline and end of study (16 weeks) . INSPIRE (INsulin delivery Systems: Perceptions, Ideas, Reflections and Expectations) end of study scores were the primary outcome with a score &gt; 60 considered to indicate a perceived benefit of CIQ on psychosocial functioning and QoL. Glycemic control measures were recorded at baseline and every 4 weeks.
Results: In total, 65 children/youth with T1D participated; 50.8% female, median (IQR) age 13.9 (11.1, 15.7) years and T1D duration 6.2 (3.1, 8.4) years. INSPIRE end of study mean (SD) scores were 73.0 (11.6) for youth (n=49) and 70.7 (12.2) for parents (n=45) , both significantly &gt; 60 (p &lt; 0.001) . Diabetes Impact and Devices Satisfaction - Device Satisfaction subscale score increased by a mean (95% CI) of 0.43 (0.11, 0.74) in youth (p = 0.01) and 0.58 (0.31, 0.85) in parents (p&lt;0.001) . WHO-5 well-being index median (IQR) score increased from 60 (48, 76) to 72 (60, 80) (p=0.25) in youth, and from 68 (55, 76) to 76 (68, 80) (p=0.002) in parents. Hypoglycemia Fear Survey mean (SD) score improved from 1.7 (0.6) to 1.4 (0.5) (p=0.01) in youth and from 2.0 (0.7) to 1.7 (0.6) (p&lt;0.001) in parents. Time in range improved from 50.8% (baseline) to 62.2% (4 weeks) , with mean difference (95% CI) 9.62 (7.01, 12.23) , p&lt;0.001; this was sustained to 16 weeks.
Conclusions: Initiation of CIQ in a real-world setting significantly improved measures of psychosocial functioning and QoL in children/youth with T1D and their parents. The change tended to be greater for parents than youth.

Disclosure
C.S.Zuijdwijk: Other Relationship; Medtronic, Research Support; Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc. J.Courtney: None. N.Mitsakakis: None. L.Hayawi: None. S.E.Lawrence: Advisory Panel; Pfizer Inc., Research Support; Tandem Diabetes Care, Inc.

Funding
Tandem Diabetes Care
390-P: Adipose Insulin Resistance Relates to Perturbed Renal Hemodynamics in Obese Youth with and without Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: PLATNICK CARSON , PRASAD POTTUMARTHI V. , LI LU-PING , PYLE LAURA , NELSON ROBERT G. , VAN RAALTE DANIËL , NADEAU KRISTEN J. , BJORNSTAD PETTER 
Published: May 2022

Our objective was to compare renal hemodynamic function between obese youth with and without type 2 diabetes (T2D) and relate these measures to adipose insulin resistance (IR) .
We assessed insulin sensitivity and kidney function in obese youth with (n=31, 15.8 ± 1.8 years, BMI 35.6 ± 6.6 kg/m2) , and without (n=20, 15.3 ± 2.1 years, BMI 38.2 ± 7.4 kg/m2) T2D. A hyperglycemic clamp was performed with 20% dextrose to maintain mild hyperglycemia for 240 minutes. Free fatty acids (FFA) were measured at baseline and every minutes during the steady state. FFA suppression (baseline FFA subtracted from steady state FFA) was used to estimate adipose IR. Iohexol and p-aminohippurate clearances were used to measure GFR and renal plasma flow, respectively. Renal hemodynamic parameters were calculated using Gomez equations.
FFA suppression was attenuated in youth with T2D compared to obese controls (55.6% vs. 92.1%, p&lt;0.0001) . Impaired FFA suppression was associated with higher intraglomerular pressure (r= -0.49, p=0.005) , higher efferent arteriolar resistance, (r= -0.53, p=0.002) and higher renal vascular resistance (r= -0.59, p=0.0005) .
Youth with T2D had impaired FFA suppression compared to obese controls, indicating adipose IR. Impaired FFA suppression was associated with perturbed renal hemodynamics, indicating a potential role for adipose IR in the development of early diabetic kidney disease.

Disclosure
C.Platnick: None. P.V.Prasad: None. L.Li: None. L.Pyle: None. R.G.Nelson: None. D.Van raalte: Advisory Panel; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck & Co., Inc., Sanofi, Research Support; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck & Co., Inc., Sanofi. K.J.Nadeau: None. P.Bjornstad: Advisory Panel; AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Horizon Therapeutics plc, LG Chem, Lilly, Novo Nordisk, Consultant; AstraZeneca, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company.
400-P: More Pronounced Effect of Empagliflozin-Losartan Combination Therapy on Measured GFR and Blood Pressure vs. Either of the Drugs: A Crossover RCT in People with Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: VAN RAALTE DANIËL , HEERSPINK HIDDO L. , SCHOLTES ROSALIE 
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi) improve kidney outcomes in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) . Both drugs favorably affect kidney hemodynamic function which is characterized an acute GFR drop (reflecting reduced glomerular pressure) which, in part, underlies their protective effects. However, the interaction of these drugs on systemic and kidney hemodynamics is unstudied.
Methods: During this 4-arm, cross-over, placebo-controlled, double-blind intervention trial, twenty-four T2D patients on metformin and/or sulfonylurea therapy, (age 66±6 years, HbA1c 7.4±0.9%, measured GFR 108±20 mL/min, hypertension treated by beta blockers) were randomized to one-week treatment with empagliflozin (EMPA) 10mg QD, losartan (LOS) 50mg QD, empagliflozin+losartan (EMPA+LOS) and placebo. Fasting GFR was measured by steady-state plasma iohexol clearances. Blood pressure and heart rate (HR) were recorded. Statistical comparisons were done by Friedman test and Wilcoxon rank test correcting for multipele comparisons.
Results: Versus placebo, EMPA and LOS monotherapy reduced GFR by 7.0 mL/min (p=0.003) and 7.3 mL/min (p=0.01) respectively, while EMPA+LOS reduced by GFR by 10.7 mL/min (p&lt;0.001) . Versus placebo, all treatment lowered blood pressure: EMPA -8.7 mmHg (p=0.04) , LOS -12.4 mmHg (p=&lt;0.001) and EMPA+LOS -15.1 mmHg (p&lt;0.001) . HR was unchanged. No safety concerns were observed.
Conclusion: In people with T2D and preserved kidney function, empagliflozin-losartan therapy induces more pronounced effects on measured GFR and blood pressure versus either of the drugs. These data support their combined use to improve kidney outcomes.

Disclosure
D.Van raalte: Advisory Panel; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck & Co., Inc., Sanofi, Research Support; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Merck & Co., Inc., Sanofi. H.L.Heerspink: Consultant; AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Chinook Therapeutics Inc., CSL Behring, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Goldfinch Bio, Inc., Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Mundipharma, Traveere Pharmaceuticals, Research Support; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Novo Nordisk A/S. R.Scholtes: None.
413-P: The Role of Retinol-Binding Protein 4 in the Regulation of Adipocyte Renin-Angiotensin System via Toll-Like Receptor 4
Authors: ZHANG KANGZHEN , YANG QIN 
Published: May 2022

Objective: To explore the relationship between serum adipokine retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) levels and essential hypertension as well as the role of RBP4 in activating adipocyte renin-angiotensin system (RAS) .
Methods: From December 2016 to March 2019, 96 essential hypertension patients without any anti-hypertensive drugs and 64 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects were recruited. Serum RBP4 was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) . Mouse primary white adipocytes were exacted and treated with adenovirus carrying the expression sequence of RBP4 with or without Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) inhibitor TAK242. The level of Angiotensin II (Ang II) in the cell supernatant was measured by ELISA. Western Blot and qRT-PCR were used to detect the expression of adipocyte differentiation-related genes and key genes of RAS system.
Results: RBP4 was significantly higher in patients with essential hypertension [median (interquartile range) : 30.14 (23.76-40.65) ng/mL] than in healthy controls [25. (20.05-31.04) ng/mL] (P&lt;0.01) . Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that RBP4 was an independent risk factor for hypertension (OR=1.12, P=0.002) . In adipocytes, overexpression of RBP4 increased the expression of angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensinogen, renin/angiotensin-forming enzyme 1 and Angiotensin II Receptor 1, as well as the secretion of Ang II (P&lt;0.05) . Treatment of TLR4 inhibitor TAK242 alleviated RBP4 overexpression-induced activation of RAS system in adipocytes (P&lt;0.05) .
Conclusions: Elevated serum RBP4 is associated with increased risk of essential hypertension. The mechanism might be related to the active effects of RBP4 on RAS system via TLR4 in adipocytes. [Keywords] retinol binding protein 4; essential hypertension; RAS system; adipocytes; Toll-like receptor 4

Disclosure
K.Zhang: None. Q.Yang: None.

Funding
National Institutes of Health (R01DK100385 and R01DK121146)
414-P: Effects of Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes on Cardiac Structure and Arterial Stiffness
Authors: ENGE DANIEL , SCHÄFER MICHAL , FUJIWARA TAKASHI , CLARK ETHAN , ENGLUND ERIN , SCALZO REBECCA L. , RAFFERTY DEIRDRE , SCHAUER IRENE E. , ABUSHAMAT LAYLA , WHIPPLE MARY O. , HUNTER KENDALL S. , NADEAU KRISTEN J. , REGENSTEINER JUDITH G. , BARKER ALEX J. , REUSCH JANE 
Published: May 2022

T2D is a global epidemic leading to excess cardiovascular (CV) mortality including heart failure (HF) . Strategies are emerging to prevent HF progression, so early detection is needed. We have identified preclinical cardiac dysfunction associated with central arterial stiffness and decreased cardiorespiratory fitness. We hypothesized that cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) would identify changes in diabetes.
Methods: Age and BMI-similar premenopausal women and men with (n=24) and without (n=30) uncomplicated T2D were studied. CMR for cardiac function, regionally resolved pulse wave velocity (PWV) via 2D phase-contrast MRI assessed proximal arterial stiffness, and carotid to femoral applanation tonometry PWV (C-F PWV) using SphygmoCor assessed global arterial stiffness. The vascular territories covered by SphygmoCor does not include the ascending aorta.
Results: CMR showed significant changes consistent with cardiac dysfunction in T2D (Table 1) . PWV was significantly greater with T2D in the ascending and proximal descending aorta (p&lt;0.05) . Subclinical diastolic cardiac dysfunction (EDVi) correlated with proximal PWV in T2D (p=0.046, r2=0.24) . C-F PWV did not differ between groups.
Conclusions: CMR detects early arterial stiffening in people with uncomplicated T2D and mild cardiac dysfunction. These findings support the use of CMR for detecting central arterial stiffness and incipient CV complications.

Disclosure
D.Enge: None. M.O.Whipple: None. K.S.Hunter: None. K.J.Nadeau: None. J.G.Regensteiner: None. A.J.Barker: None. J.Reusch: Advisory Panel; Medtronic. M.Schäfer: None. T.Fujiwara: None. E.Clark: None. E.Englund: None. R.L.Scalzo: None. D.Rafferty: None. I.E.Schauer: None. L.Abushamat: None.

Funding
National Institutes of Health (CX001532) University of Colorado Denver (NCT03419195) National Institutes of Health (R01-DK-124344) National Institutes of Health (K25HL119608)
420-P: Cystatin C Predicts Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease Both among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and in Nondiabetic Individuals
Authors: MADER ARTHUR , SAELY CHRISTOPH H. , MAECHLER MAXIMILIAN , LARCHER BARBARA , SPRENGER LUKAS , LEIHERER ANDREAS , MUENDLEIN AXEL , VONBANK ALEXANDER , DREXEL HEINZ 
Published: May 2022

Cystatin C is an established biomarker for renal function, and, given the close association of chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease might indicate new-onset or deteriorating cardiovascular disease. However, evidence for cystatin C as a predictor of cardiovascular events is limited and controversial. We therefore aimed at investigating the role of Cystatin C as a predictor of future major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in a high risk-cohort of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) . Cystatin C was measured in 1098 patients with angiographically proven CAD. Vascular events were recorded over a mean follow-up of 8.0±5.0 years. At baseline, 239 patients had T2DM and 859 did not have diabetes. During follow-up, 30.0% of our patients suffered MACE. Cystatin C proved to be a strong and independent predictor of vascular events in the total study cohort (standardized adjusted HR 1.20 [1.12-1.28], p&lt;0.001) . When diabetes status was taken into account, cystatin C significantly predicted major cardiovascular events in non T2DM patients (HR=1.16 [1.08-1.26], p&lt;0.001) and in patients with T2DM (HR=1.34 [1.13-1.60], p=0.001) . We conclude that cystatin C predicts major cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease both among patients with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetes individuals.

Disclosure
A.Mader: None. C.H.Saely: None. M.Maechler: None. B.Larcher: None. L.Sprenger: None. A.Leiherer: None. A.Muendlein: None. A.Vonbank: None. H.Drexel: None.
427-P: Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Are Mutually Independent Predictors of Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Established Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: SPRENGER LUKAS , MAECHLER MAXIMILIAN , VONBANK ALEXANDER , LARCHER BARBARA , MADER ARTHUR , LEIHERER ANDREAS , MUENDLEIN AXEL , DREXEL HEINZ , SAELY CHRISTOPH H. 
Published: May 2022

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) is associated with insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular disease. However, data on NAFLD in patients with established cardiovascular disease (CVD) are scarce.
Here, we therefore aimed at investigating the association of NAFLD with T2DM as well as its impact on the incidence of major cardiovascular events (MACE) in a large series of 1517 patients with established CVD (1199 patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease and 318 patients with sonographically proven peripheral artery disease) , using the validated fatty liver index for the diagnosis of NAFLD.
At baseline, the prevalence of NAFLD was significantly higher in patients with T2DM than in non-diabetic subjects (61.3% vs. 39.8%; p&lt;0.001) respectively. Prospectively, we recorded 498 MACE over a mean follow-up period of 10.0±4.5 years. The risk of MACE was higher in NAFLD patients than in those who did not have NAFLD (49.5 vs. 43.5%; p=0.020) and in patients with T2DM than in non-diabetic subjects (41.4 vs. 28.1%; p&lt;0.001) . Cox regression models adjusting for conventional cardiovascular risk factors proved NAFLD and T2DM to be mutually independent predictors of MACE, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.34 [1.06-1.69] p=0.013 and 1.59 [1.32-1.92]; p&lt;0.001, respectively.
We conclude that NAFLD and T2DM are mutually independent predictors of MACE in patients with established CVD.

Disclosure
L.Sprenger: None. M.Maechler: None. A.Vonbank: None. B.Larcher: None. A.Mader: None. A.Leiherer: None. A.Muendlein: None. H.Drexel: None. C.H.Saely: None.
434-P: Patients Hospitalized with Diabetes Mellitus and Underlying Atrial Fibrillation Have Higher Inhospital Mortality and Greater Risk for Cardiac Arrest and Cardiogenic Shock
Authors: FATUYI MICHAEL , PEREIRA LEANNE , SHARMA VIVEK , KHOKHLOV LEONID , NAMDARIZANDI VAHID , ELABIDIN AWFA ZAIN , ORJI RICHARD T. , SHEMISA KAMAL 
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent cardiovascular disease among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) . Heart failure risk (HF) & In-hospital outcomes surrounding AF are poorly understood among diabetes
Methods: We queried the National Inpatient Sample from 2016 to 2018 for patients with DM as a principal diagnosis with & without underlying AF as a secondary diagnosis. The primary outcome was mortality, while secondary outcomes were cardiogenic shock (CS) , Cardiac Arrest (CA) , Mean Length of stay (LOS) , Total hospital cost (THC) , & average patient charge (APC) . Multivariable regression models were applied for outcomes
Results: A total of 1,211,870 patients with DM were admitted with 11.9% having AF. AF vs. No AF cohorts were mean age of 71.4 years vs. 59.3 years & Females (35.5% vs. 41.7%) . CAD, HF & CKD were more prevalent (51.6% vs. 25.9%) , (47.8% vs. 16.2%) , (52.5% vs. 34.6%) in DM with AF. Higher inpatient mortality, CS, CA, APC & LOS were observed in the AF group (Table 1)

Conclusion: One in nine patients hospitalized with DM has AF. Comorbid heart & kidney disease were prevalent in DM patients with AF. Higher in-hospital mortality & adverse cardiovascular outcomes were observed in these patients, with greater costs for the hospital & patient. Preventative treatment addressing HF risk in DM patients with AF maybe improve outcomes & costs.

Disclosure
M.Fatuyi: n/a. L.Pereira: None. V.Sharma: None. L.Khokhlov: None. V.Namdarizandi: None. A.Zain elabidin: None. R.T.Orji: None. K.Shemisa: Speaker's Bureau; AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, ESPERION Therapeutics, Inc., Merck & Co., Inc., Pfizer Inc.