bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“The Empire that Shaka Zulu was Unable to Bring About”: Ethnicizing Sovereignty in Apartheid South Africa, 1959–1970
Authors: Parcells Ashley 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Arrangements of sovereignty in Africa fundamentally shifted during the era of decolonization, temporarily bringing about political possibilities beyond empire or nation-state. The apartheid state drew on this “federal moment” and attempted to save white minority rule by creating ethnically defined self-governing “homelands,” or bantustans, that could be fashioned as “independent” nation-states within a Southern African confederation. This article examines the ethnicization of sovereignty in the planning of KwaZulu, a bantustan for Zulu people. Rather than solely focusing on the central state, it explores how bureaucrats, royal family members, and other African leaders made claims to the boundaries of ethnicity and the proper arrangements of power. Initially, the government assumed that the Zulu homeland could be built atop the former Zulu kingdom. The planned bantustan, however, included both territory and populations that never recognized the Zulu monarchy before colonialism. As Zulu royal allies advocated for an expansive bantustan under a re-empowered monarchy, ethnologists and other bureaucrats clashed over the geographic limits of Zuluness and the relationship between the Zulu king and Africans across the Natal province. As the government retreated from its plan to empower the monarchy, Mangosuthu Buthelezi, an influential royal cousin, used competing historical claims to marginalize the royal house and position himself as the rightful hereditary leader of both the future bantustan and the Zulu kingdom. Ideas of a Zulu ethnic sovereignty that would shape the late apartheid period and democratic transition, I argue, initially emerged through these contingent struggles in the 1960s over territory, populations, and authority.
On the high-energy proton regular acceleration in the Fermi bubbles
Authors: Istomin Ya N , Gunya A A 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
We propose a model of the global structure of the electromagnetic fields in the Fermi bubbles (FBs), which makes possible the proton regular acceleration up to ultrahigh energies. The poloidal and the toroidal magnetic fields, as well as the radial electric field, are found to have a structure similar to fields that exist in jets ejected out from active galactic nuclei. A powerful source of relativistic particles observed in the centre of the Galaxy and associated with the rotating supermassive black hole Sgr A* can energize the FB and keep it active for a long time. The absence of accretion on to a black hole (BH) and thus the absence of a relativistic jet does not mean that there is no loss of rotational energy of BH. In the case of FB, the energy lost by a BH can keep the FB activity going. The regular FB structure could be formed by inheritance from a relativistic jet that presumably existed in the active past of the Galaxy 107 yr ago, or by processes near the Galactic Centre existing during the entire life cycle of the Galaxy. The acceleration of protons in electromagnetic fields of FB is found up to energies Emax ≃ 1017 eV, which explains the observed radiation of FB in the gamma range, as well as the emission of high-energy neutrinos.
Legacy Survey of Space and Time cadence strategy evaluations for active galactic nucleus time-series data in Wide-Fast-Deep field
Authors: Sheng Xinyue , Ross Nicholas , Nicholl Matt 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Machine learning is a promising tool to reconstruct time-series phenomena, such as variability of active galactic nuclei (AGNs), from sparsely sampled data. Here, we use three Continuous Autoregressive Moving Average (CARMA) representations of AGN variability – the Damped Random Walk (DRW) and (over/under)Damped Harmonic Oscillator – to simulate 10-yr AGN light curves as they would appear in the upcoming Vera Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), and provide a public tool to generate these for any survey cadence. We investigate the impact on AGN science of five proposed cadence strategies for LSST’s primary Wide-Fast-Deep (WFD) survey. We apply for the first time in astronomy a novel Stochastic Recurrent Neural Network (SRNN) algorithm to reconstruct input light curves from the simulated LSST data, and provide a metric to evaluate how well SRNN can help recover the underlying CARMA parameters. We find that the light-curve reconstruction is most sensitive to the duration of gaps between observing season, and that of the proposed cadences, those that change the balance between filters, or avoid having long gaps in the g band perform better. Overall, SRNN is a promising means to reconstruct densely sampled AGN light curves and recover the long-term structure function of the DRW process (SF∞) reasonably well. However, we find that for all cadences, CARMA/SRNN models struggle to recover the decorrelation time-scale (τ) due to the long gaps in survey observations. This may indicate a major limitation in using LSST WFD data for AGN variability science.
Grid of pseudo-2D chemistry models for tidally locked exoplanets – II. The role of photochemistry
Authors: Baeyens Robin , Konings Thomas , Venot Olivia , Carone Ludmila , Decin Leen 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Photochemistry is expected to change the chemical composition of the upper atmospheres of irradiated exoplanets through the dissociation of species, such as methane and ammonia, and the association of others, such as hydrogen cyanide. Although primarily the high altitude day side should be affected by photochemistry, it is still unclear how dynamical processes transport photochemical species throughout the atmosphere, and how these chemical disequilibrium effects scale with different parameters. In this work we investigate the influence of photochemistry in a 2D context, by synthesizing a grid of photochemical models across a large range of temperatures. We find that photochemistry can strongly change the atmospheric composition, even up to depths of several bar in cool exoplanets. We further identify a sweet spot for the photochemical production of hydrogen cyanide and acetylene, two important haze precursors, between effective temperatures of 800 and 1400 K. The night sides of most cool planets (Teff &lt; 1800 K) are shown to host photochemistry products, transported from the day side by horizontal advection. Synthetic transmission spectra are only marginally affected by photochemistry, but we suggest that observational studies probing higher altitudes, such as high-resolution spectroscopy, take photochemistry into account.
Radio detections of IR-selected runaway stellar bow shocks
Authors: Van den Eijnden J , Saikia P , Mohamed S 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Massive stars moving at supersonic peculiar velocities through the interstellar medium (ISM) can create bow shocks, arc-like structures at the interface between the stellar wind and the ISM. Many such bow shocks have been detected and catalogued at IR wavelengths, but detections in other wavebands remain rare. Strikingly, while electrons are expected to be accelerated in the bow shock and their non-thermal emission may include synchrotron emission at low frequencies, only two massive runaway stellar bow shocks have to date been detected in the radio band. Here, we examine a sample of fifty IR-detected bow shocks from the E-BOSS catalogues in recently released radio images from the Rapid ASKAP Continuum Survey. We identify three confident and three likely counterparts, as well as three inconclusive candidates requiring confirmation via follow-up observations. These detections significantly increase the number of known radio massive stellar bow shocks and highlight the advantage of dedicated searches with current and next-generation radio telescopes. We investigate the underlying radio emission mechanism for these radio sources, finding a mix of free–free-dominated and synchrotron-dominated systems. We also discuss the non-detected targets by putting constraints on their emission properties and investigating their detectability with future observations. Finally, we propose several future avenues of research to advance the study and understanding of bow shocks at radio frequencies.
An Islamic Notion of Natural Law: On Teleological Natural Law Thinking in uṣūl al-fiqh
Authors: Sinder Rike 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
For several decades, scholars have engaged in a debate on the question of (the existence of) an Islamic natural law tradition. However, the debate lacks reflection of its very premises: hardly a participant discloses his or her particular understanding of what natural law is. If ever they do so, it is a rational–hierarchical notion of natural law as it was most famously outlined by Thomas Aquinas. This article contrasts the Thomistic natural law with an Aristotelian notion thereof. It argues that the natural law tradition discernible in uṣūl al-fiqh is reminiscent rather of an Aristotelian-teleological natural law theory than it is of a Thomistic-hierarchical one. This becomes particularly clear when analysing istiḥsān. Istiḥsān is rather more closely related to Aristotle’s epieikeia than it is to Thomas’ aequitas. It functions not as an extra-legal (rationality-)standard to be pursued but as an inner-legal means of systematisation.
European Contact and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade in the Gulf of Guinea
Authors: Heaton Matthew M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the growth and impacts of European contacts and the trade in slaves on peoples and places that make up contemporary Nigeria. The trade in human beings between indigenous groups and Europeans on the coast was built on structures and markets that had existed for a long time in the interior of the continent, but with greater intensity between the seventeenth and mid-nineteenth centuries CE. The dynamics of the slave trade differed regionally, but the growth of the trans-Atlantic slave trade brought about significant changes to the political economies and cultures along the coasts, in the hinterlands, and even in the savannah regions that now make up northern Nigeria. Historians have debated important aspects of the slave trade and the long-term impacts and legacies of the trade in human beings on the region, even as our understanding of the demographic impact has sharpened significantly in recent decades.
Migrants, Immigrants, and the New Nigerian Diaspora
Authors: Imoagene Onoso 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Nigerians in the British, American, and Chinese diasporas. Nigerians are the most educated immigrant group in Britain and one of the most educated immigrant groups in the United States. Their migration stream is shaped by a culture of professional migration. Nigerian migration to China is somewhat different as most Nigerians in China migrated to engage in trade. The chapter then discusses second-generation Nigerians’ identification endpoints and whether their high educational attainment levels allow them to exit the black category, be whitened, or become honorary whites in the United Kingdom and the United States. They cannot because of the persistence of racial barriers. But demographic changes in the United States and Britain from steady large-scale migration have opened up space for first- and second-generation Nigerians to assert their ethnic, cultural, and class differences from the more established Black groups in these countries. Simultaneously, the immigration laws and regime in China keep many Nigerians in a state of immobility.
Culture and Dehumanization: A Case Study of the Doctor–Patient Paradigm and Implications for Global Health
Authors: Sands Emily P. , Harris Lasana T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Dehumanization manifests itself in people’s everyday lives. Through a dehumanization lens, one can deconstruct and comprehend many aggressive behavioral trends that are not always overt expressions of bias but rather continuous and pervasive cultural and societal tendencies. However, dehumanization may also have benefits, facilitating pro-social behaviors in medical contexts. This chapter will explore how dehumanization manifests in intergroup, objectifying, and dietary contexts, comparing these to the doctor-patient relationship. It then reviews emerging research in the medical context where dehumanization may be beneficial, contrasting it with the more notorious aforementioned instances. Since dehumanization manifests itself constantly and ubiquitously in modern society, pulling apart such intricacies allows one to identify, understand, and intervene with the intention of highlighting the beneficial and detrimental effects dehumanization has on global health. Importantly, this chapter will evaluate and explore dehumanization from a cultural neuroscience perspective rather than from a social processing viewpoint, with the intention of demystifying the functionality of the fundamental cognitive practices that generate the behaviors seen in dehumanization practices.
Sociocultural Developmental Neuroscience: Introduction, Implications, and Guiding Principles
Authors: Vasquez-Salgado Yolanda , Greenfield Patricia M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Neuroscience has been a growing field since the 1940s and, with the advent of new tools for investigating the brain, has skyrocketed in scientific interest. However, most of what is known about human brain development may be applicable only to a restricted set of populations. This situation is problematic because we know cultural features (e.g., values, beliefs, practices) have a profound impact on cognitive, social, and emotional development, yet only recently has research documented the role culture plays in shaping the brain. Though the field of cultural neuroscience has brought promise, it can benefit from the integration of a sociodemographic and developmental lens. This chapter summarizes bodies of multidisciplinary work that integrate sociocultural (sociodemographics, cultural features, or both), developmental research designs (longitudinal, sensitive periods, cross-sectional) and neuroscience research or research that could benefit from this type of multidisciplinary integration. It also discusses the implications of this integration for future research in the new field, sociocultural developmental neuroscience, as well as the implications this integration has for global mental health. The chapter also provides initial, guiding principles for how neuroscientists can go about engaging in this new, emerging field.
Cultural Evolutionary Neuroscience
Authors: Uchiyama Ryutaro , Muthukrishna Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cultural evolution and cultural neuroscience are complementary approaches to understanding the origins and function of cross-cultural differences in psychology. Cultural evolution, and dual inheritance theory more generally, offers a theoretical framework for understanding cultural transmission and cultural change and how these can change gene frequencies. However, these theories have largely ignored the details of the minds engaging in these processes. Cultural evolutionary models tend to treat the brain as a black box. Cultural neuroscience offers a rich toolkit for examining how cross-cultural psychological differences manifest at a neurological level. However, these tools have largely been used to document differences between populations. Cultural neuroscience tends to ignore why these differences should be expected or how to identify if they are meaningful. This chapter reviews work in each field to carve a pathway for a productive synthesis. This cultural evolutionary neuroscience will benefit both fields and lead to a more complete understanding of human culture.
Culture and Emotion
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Mano Yoko , Stein Dan J. , Sadato Norihiro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Culture affects the processes of emotion across multilevel mechanisms. Culture influences distinct stages of emotion, from generation and recognition to experience and regulation of emotion. Theoretical approaches posit causal models of how culture influences mental constructs and neurobiological mechanisms of emotion. Methodological approaches in the study of culture and emotion illustrate the observational tools useful for the measurement of emotion across cultures. Empirical approaches include standard paradigms that allow researchers to test theoretical models of culture and emotion. This chapter examines theoretical, methodological, and empirical approaches in the study of how culture shapes mental constructs and neurobiological mechanisms of emotion. Implications of research on culture neuroscience of emotion for global mental health are discussed.
Diseases and Health Risks in Instrumentalists
Authors: Spahn Claudia 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The playing of musical instruments places specific and high demands on the musicians. If it comes to an imbalance between demands and resources, health problems result that are located on a continuum between health and illness. Music-specific diseases can develop from this. Epidemiological studies show that two-thirds of all musicians will suffer from Playing-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (PRMD) during the course of their lifetime. These are characterized by pain in the forearms, hands, shoulders, and back, which are usually caused by overuse from playing. In addition, psychological stress, especially music performance anxiety, and noise-induced hearing loss are most common health problems. Musician-specific diseases can be adequately treated by physicians, and therapists of musicians’ medicine and usually have a good prognosis. Health risks for musicians can be derived from the development of musician-specific diseases. The musician is faced with the task of learning about the music-physiological and psychological basics of making music and how to behave preventively and health-promoting while practicing, rehearsing, and performing. Important topics here include the economical and physiological movement while playing, reflective and informed practice with the instrument, skills and strategies in coping with music performance anxiety, as well as the wearing of hearing protection. As a musician, the conscious handling of one’s own body and psyche in order to maintain health should be a natural part of identity.
String Instruments—Plucked
Authors: Woodhouse Jim 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to the scientific study of plucked-string instruments, concentrating on aspects that are of direct relevance to performers. Points of similarity and contrast with bowed-string instruments are discussed. A key similarity is in the question of what governs the loudness of any acoustical string instrument. The key contrast is in the manner in which a plucked string vibrates: this is governed by simpler physics than the vibration of a bowed string, so that scientific understanding is more complete. The chapter ends with a discussion of the physics underlying the selection of strings for a plucked instrument. Because of the nature of the subject matter, the organization of the chapter does not separate the background science from the implications for performance. As each successive topic is discussed, implications for performers and teachers are discussed in an integrated way.
Piano
Authors: Parncutt Richard , Goebl Werner 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Based on research on the acoustics and perception of piano timbre, the physics and physiology of the keystroke, and the psychology of piano fingering, the chapter explains how that timbre of an isolated tone cannot be varied independently of its loudness but depends on finger-key, key-keybed, hammer-key sounds, and the use of both pedals. The timbre of a chord further depends on the balance and onset timing of its tones, whereby louder tones tend to sound earlier (melody lead, velocity artifact). Both the sustaining pedal and una corda can enhance sostenuto. Leap trajectories are curved and asymmetrical. Optimal fingering is determined by physical, anatomic, motor, and cognitive constraints interacting with interpretive considerations, and it depends on expertise. The spectrum of a piano tone is stretched relative to a harmonic series, which also stretches intervals relative to equal temperament—more so for outer registers and smaller pianos. Keyboard feel and timbre depend on mechanism regulation and hammer voicing.
Synchronous Online Learning, Teaching, and Performing
Authors: Lisboa Tania , Jónasson Pétur , Johnson Carol 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Synchronous online learning, teaching, and performing in music is a fast-emerging innovation within the global higher education (HE) system. Advantages for including videoconferencing as a means for communication via high-performance networking technologies are: the expansion of international collaborations through live performances and masterclasses; possibilities for remote rehearsals in advance of events; development of new forms of teaching, learning, and performing; and lowered costs and reduction of carbon emissions due to decreased air travel. These benefits are recognized not only for music, but within the wider context of arts and humanities. Entry-level platforms, such as Skype, Zoom, and FaceTime, enable musicians to work from home. None come without challenges. Issues of latency, audio and video quality, acclimation to the technology, presence, communication, and adapting alternative teaching approaches are important issues that need to be addressed. This chapter provides a brief timeline on the emergence of the technology; outlines the substantial influence on teaching, learning, and performance from teacher, student, and professional performers’ perspectives; and highlights the necessary setup considerations for use in HE with practical examples from around the world. The chapter closes with the exploration of technology innovations that will soon be within reach for use in HE music.
Jean Luc Hervé, an Aesthetic of Surroundings
Authors: Hervé Jean Luc 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the music of Jean-Luc Hervé, the ideas that founded spectral music take on new meaning. The concept of the acoustic model—composition based on the physical properties of sound—is interpreted as a relationship between music and the environment as the musical material, and as part of the surroundings. The idea of process is central to his music. The initial material at the conception of the work is reduced to a minimum in order to make way for its development in time. Jean-Luc Hervé uses as a model the organic energy contained in acoustic phenomena in contrast to the idea that sound is reduced to its physical and mathematical characteristics. This chapter, accompanied with examples taken from his works, will discuss various compositional techniques as well as the form he calls “concert-installation” that extends the music concert beyond the musical performance, into the surroundings.