bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protée au royaume de Fierabras
Authors: Deruelle Benjamin 
Published: May 2022

L’imaginaire de la chevalerie est au cœur de l’identité et de l’éthos nobiliaire au début de l’époque moderne. Des cours princières européennes aux résidences nobiliaires dans les provinces, l’idéal chevaleresque est promu et présenté comme le champ d’expérience et l’horizon d’attente des gentilshommes. Ceux qui dénoncent leurs mœurs et leurs exactions usent, eux aussi, de ce référent pour mieux mettre en avant les perversions du second ordre. Mais que sait-on de cette culture de la guerre ? Elle est encore bien souvent présentée comme un bloc monolithique, enferrée dans des valeurs médiévales, désuètes et déconnectées des réalités sociales, politiques et militaires. Pourtant, l’idéal chevaleresque n’est pas un objet figé qui s’imposerait à la noblesse de la Renaissance. Ceux qui le revendiquent, s’approprient son héritage, le restaurent suivant les normes et les valeurs de leur temps, et le modèlent selon leurs intérêts et l’usage qu’ils comptent en faire. La culture chevaleresque apparaît alors dans toute sa diversité et dans toute sa complexité.
Quand l’homme devint un numéro
Authors: Belmas Élisabeth 
Published: May 2022

Exceptionnels par leur richesse et leur continuité, puisqu’ils se succèdent, presque sans lacune, de 1670 au lendemain de la Première Guerre mondiale, les registres d’admission à l’Hôtel royal des Invalides ont permis d’entreprendre une enquête d’épidémiologie historique d’envergure : 47 registres, réunissant plus de 110 000 notices consignées de 1670 à 1791, ont été soumis à un sondage aléatoire au 1/10e. Les 11 528 signalements ainsi rassemblés ont permis de mieux connaître l’état de santé d’une partie de la population adulte masculine dans la France moderne. Chemin faisant, leur étude a livré également une foule d’informations de nature diverse. Ainsi l’analyse de l’organisation interne des registres a-t-elle montré comment se sont mis en place les outils administratifs d’identification des individus à l’époque moderne. En l’espace d’une dizaine d’années - de 1670 à 1680 -, les secrétaires gardes des archives sont passés d’une identification par le prénom et le patronyme à l’attribution d’un numéro matricule. C’est aux Invalides que l’homme est, semble-t-il, devenu un numéro.
Antigen and Immunogen: An Investigation into the Heterogeneity of Immunology Terminology in Learning Resources
Authors: Pandey Sumali , Bruns Heather A , Condry Danielle L J , Kleinschmit Adam J , Lal Archana , Sletten Sarah , Sparks-Thissen Rebecca L , Vanniasinkam Thiru , Taylor Rebekah T , Justement Louis B , Elliott Samantha L 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The need to focus on immunology education has never been greater. The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has revealed that a significant proportion of our society is vaccine hesitant. Some of this hesitancy may stem from a general lack of understanding of how the immune system and immunological interventions work. In addition, social media platforms undercut public health efforts by quickly propagating a multitude of misconceptions and erroneous information surrounding the science behind these interventions. The responsibility to be advocates for science is well recognized by immunology researchers, educators, and public health professionals, as evidenced by the rich body of resources developed to communicate science to the lay audience. Scientific jargon, however, can be a barrier to effective communication and can negatively impact learning and comprehension. The field of immunology is especially laden with discipline-specific terminology, which can hamper educators’ efforts to convey key concepts to learners. Furthermore, a lack of consistency in accepted definitions can complicate students’ conceptual understanding. Learning resources, including textbooks, published in print or available online, and exclusively digital resources, continue to serve as the primary sources of information for both educators and students. In this article, we describe a vast heterogeneity in learning resource glossary descriptions of two key conceptual terms: antigen and immunogen. We provide a perspective on pedagogical strategies to address these critical terms. Using current knowledge, we recommend an approach to standardize the definitions of the terms antigen and immunogen within the immunology educator community.
A Comparative Study of Sodium Bicarbonate and Hyaluronidase on Pain Perception, Anesthesia, and Akinesia during Peribulbar Anesthesia for Cataract Surgery
Authors: Sodani Priyanka , Dogra Sandeepika , Raj Dev , Bhagat Vabita 
Published: May 2022

Background:
An ideal anesthetic solution should provide good anesthesia and akinesia with minimal pain on injection.

Aims:
The aim of this study is to determine the effect on pain perception and efficacy of sodium bicarbonate over hyaluronidase in the local anesthetic mixture during peribulbar anesthesia.

Settings and Design:
A prospective, randomized, double-blind study.

Materials and Methods:
An independent observer labeled two injections as A (hyaluronidase 1500 IU in 30 mL of lignocaine) and B (7.5% sodium bicarbonate 1 mL in 30 mL of lignocaine). Group 1 was injected with injection A while Group 2 was injected with injection B. The visual analog scale (VAS) was used to determine the intensity of pain. Onset and degree of anesthesia and akinesia were recorded.

Statistical Analysis:
Computer software Microsoft Excel SPSS version 26 (Chicago Inc) for windows was used. The qualitative data and quantitative data were reported as proportions and mean ± (standard deviation), respectively. Chi-square test for proportions was used for the comparison of qualitative variables and unpaired Student's t-test was used to test the significance between quantitative variables. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All P were two-tailed.

Results:
Out of 123 patients, 23 were excluded from the study. Hundred patients were divided into Group 1 and Group 2. The mean age in Group 1 was 64.92 ± 10.77 years while in Group 2 was 62.86 ± 11.17 years. The mean heart rate and mean systolic blood pressure in both groups were statistically insignificant. Group 2 experienced very less pain (mean pain score VAS = 5.12 ± 1.17) as compared to Group 1 (mean pain score was 7.16 ± 1.09) and the difference between both the groups was found to be statistically significant. There was a significant difference in the onset of anesthesia in both groups (P = 0.001). In the sodium bicarbonate group, the onset was faster. The onset of akinesia was better in Group 1 (4.76 ± 2.06 min). Grading of akinesia was better in Group 1.

Conclusion:
Sodium bicarbonate reduces pain on injection in peribulbar anesthesia and also results in a quicker onset of anesthesia.
Early versus Late Tracheostomy in Patients with Acute Brain Injury
Authors: Shekhar Saurav , Singh Raj Bahadur , De Ranjeet Rana , Singh Ritu , Akhileshwar  , Kumar Nitin 
Published: May 2022

Introduction:
Patients with acute brain injury presents are unique subset of neurocritical care patients with its long-term functional prognosis difficult to determine. They often have long intensive care unit (ICU) stay and presents as challenge to decide when to transfer out of ICU. This prospective study aims to assess the benefits of early tracheostomy in terms of ICU-length of stay (ICU-LOS), number of days on ventilator (ventilator days), incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), and mortality rates.

Materials and Methods:
After institutional ethical clearance, 80 patients were randomized into two groups: Group A, early tracheostomy group (tracheostomy within 3 days of intubation) and Group B, standard of care group (tracheostomy after 10 days of intubation: late tracheostomy). A cutoff of 10 in the SET score was used in predicting need of early tracheostomy; both groups were compared with respect to ICU-LOS, number of ventilator days (ventilation time), need of analgesia and sedation, incidence of VAP, and mortality data.

Results:
Both the groups were comparable in terms of demographic profile and various disease severity scores. ICU-LOS was 14.9 ± 3.6 days in Group A and 17.2 ± 4.6 in Group B. The number of days on ventilator and incidence of VAP was significantly lower in Group A as compared to Group B. There was significantly lower mortality in Group A subset of patients in ICU.

Conclusion:
SET score is a simple and reliable score with fair accuracy and high sensitivity and specificity in predicting need of tracheostomy in neurocritical patients. A cutoff of 10 in the score can be reliably used in predicting need of early tracheostomy as in few other studies. Early tracheostomy is clearly advantageous in neurocritical patients, but has no advantage in terms of long-term mortality rates.
RHCE*E and RHCE*e genotype incompatibility in a southern Thai Muslim population
Authors: Tanwarawutthikul Poonyapa , Intharanut Kamphon , Mitundee Supattra , Nathalang Oytip 
Published: May 2022

CONTEXT:
The formation of red cell alloantibodies resulting from both transfusion and pregnancy can cause adverse effects from allogeneic blood transfusions. Alloanti-E is commonly detected among Thai and Asian populations.

AIMS:
This study aimed to determine RHCE*E and RHCE*e genotype incompatibility in a southern Thai Muslim population and to compare it with those previously reported for other populations.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS:
Nine hundred and twenty-seven DNA samples obtained from 427 unrelated healthy blood donors from southern Thai Muslims and 500 samples from Central Thais were included. Samples were genotyped for RHCE*E and RHCE*e using an in-house polymerase chain reaction with the sequence-specific primer technique.

RESULTS:
Significant differences were found when we compared the allele frequencies of the RHCE*E and RHCE*e between southern Thai Muslims and Central Thais: RHCE*E 0.162 versus 0.197 and RHCE*e 0.838 versus 0.803 and also found in Chinese, American native, Japanese, Korean, Alaskan native, Hawaiian, South Asian, Brazilian Japanese-descendant, and Malay Malaysian populations (P < 0.05). In addition, the E/e incompatibilities among southern Thai Muslims and Central Thais were 24.23% and 26.71%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:
This study was the first to determine the RHCE*E and RHCE*e genotype incompatibility among southern Thai Muslims, enabling the estimation of their potential alloimmunization risk. These data could be useful to provide safe blood transfusions across ethnic populations.
Is the curriculum of transfusion medicine in MBBS aligned with practical needs: A point of view of fresh graduates
Authors: Saleem Umera , Naveed Muhammad Asif , Samiullah Muhammad , Tanveer Urwah , Alam Shahroz , Zafar Ahmed Faraz , Safdar Sohail 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:
The objective of the study is to assess the satisfaction level of doctors regarding their competence in the blood transfusion process and their reflection on training at the undergraduate level.

BACKGROUND:
Transfusion errors due to suboptimal knowledge and lack of training can lead to grave outcomes. Therefore, to optimize patient care, a thorough understanding of transfusion medicine basics is highly imperative for all medical graduates.

METHODOLOGY:
This survey was conducted online through Google forms with a questionnaire consisting of 15 questions. 8 medical colleges (4 government and 4 private) were selected by random cluster sampling technique. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 23.

RESULTS:
Of 502 participants, 53.8% were females and 69.9% were graduates of public medical colleges. About 84.6% did not receive any formal training on transfusion during graduation. Almost 82% felt that the current curriculum is not designed to meet their practical needs of blood transfusion and 52% agreed that knowledge of transfusion medicine is required for undergraduates. The survey also revealed that 70.5% of participants believed that whole blood is required for most patients and 49.8% did not feel confident to manage transfusion-related complications by themselves.

CONCLUSION:
Our survey showed that our undergraduate curriculum is not aligned with the practical transfusion needs of a young doctor. As transfusions are being carried out by these young doctors, this needs to be addressed by revising the current curriculum and incorporating teaching and hands-on training to our medical graduates.
Alterations in blood component utilization in a tertiary care hospital in eastern India in the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Das Sudipta Sekhar , Biswas Rathindra Nath 
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND:
With shortages of blood globally in the COVID-19 pandemic, many hospitals and blood centers have successfully implemented blood conservation strategies and strategies to maintain blood donations and blood inventory. Here, we reported our experience of utilization of blood components for transfusion in the current COVID-19 pandemic and discussed the patient blood management (PBM) methods and importance of judicious blood usage in any pandemic.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The retrospective study of 8 months was divided into pre-COVID and COVID periods. Parameters that included number of blood requisitions, blood components reserved and transfused, clinical speciality wise blood usage in both the periods were analysed. Blood utilization indices were computed using recommended equations.

RESULTS:
We observed an unusual pattern of blood utilization with significant disruption on blood supply and demand chain in this pandemic. A mean drop of 50.7% blood requisitions was observed in the COVID period. The period observed transfusion of 3608 units of blood components with a mean drop of 49.7% when compared to pre-COVID period. Mean drop of 46.6%, 54.4%, 53.4% and 52.7% were observed in packed red blood cell, fresh frozen plasma, platelet concentrate and cryoprecipitate transfusions in the COVID period. Blood component utilization was significantly reduced in most clinical specialities. The mean cross match to transfusion ratio in the COVID period was 1.28 with a mean increase in transfusion probability and transfusion index by 18.2% and 22.2% respectively.

CONCLUSION:
Although a constant transfusion support was needed in few clinical specialities throughout the pandemic, strict adherence to PBM protocols and practice of first in, first out method of blood dispensing helped the blood centre to support all patients needing blood transfusion.
Comparison of efficacy of filter paper cyanmethemoglobin method with automated hematology analyzer for estimation of hemoglobin
Authors: Kumar Lalit , Kangle Ranjit 
Published: May 2022

BACKGROUND:
Screening of hemoglobin (Hb) before blood donation is one among the vital tests. It is performed to select a blood donor to prevent the collection of blood from an anemic person. However, no accurate, cost-effective, reliable, and standardized method is available to estimate Hb.

OBJECTIVE:
The aim is to evaluate the efficacy of filter paper cyanmethemoglobin (FPCH) method with the automated hematology analyzer in the estimation of Hb concentration for screening of a suitable donor.

METHODOLOGY:
This was a cross-sectional study in which the blood samples of 2000 patients visiting KLE's Dr. Prabhakar Kore Charitable Hospital, Belagavi, were collected in vials and directly estimated for Hb using automated hematology analyzer. To evaluate the efficacy of FPCH, 20 μL of blood sample was transferred onto Whatman filter paper and dried at room temperature. After drying, it was placed in 5 mL of Drabkin's solution for 30 min. Optical density was estimated by measuring the absorbance. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20. The correlation coefficient, paired t-test, and difference between the means of both the methods were calculated.

RESULTS:
The mean Hb estimated by FPCH was 11.25 g/dL and automated hematology analyzer gave 11.35 g/dL. The difference in the means of both the methods was 0.1 g/dL. Paired t-test was done to test the level of significance and the result was 8.151 (95% confidence interval: 0.08–0.13 g/dL, P < 0.001). The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.976 (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION:
FPCH is an efficient method, which is comparable to the automated hematology analyzers for Hb estimation. It could be used as an alternative screening tool for detection of Hb in a blood donation camp.
Comparative study between isolated medial meniscus root repair versus open-wedge high tibial osteotomy versus combined approach in patients with root tears, 2-year follow-up
Authors: Waly Ahmed H.T. 
Published: May 2022

Background
Medial meniscus root tears usually lead to loss of hoop tension of the meniscus and result in high-contact pressure in the medial compartment of the knee. Surgical management of those types of tears is mandatory to restore hope tension and to save medial compartment. This study was done to evaluate the necessity of medial root repair with high tibial osteotomy (HTO) for treatment of medial meniscus root tears.

Patients and methods
This is a prospective comparative study over 60 patients with medial meniscal root tears. The patients were classified randomly into three groups. The first group (group A) was treated with isolated medial meniscus posterior root tear repair (n=20). The second group (group B) was treated with isolated open-wedge high HTO (n=20). The third group (group C) was treated using combined medial meniscal root repair with high tibial open-wedge osteotomy (n=20). A clinical evaluation was made using range of motion (ROM) and pain assessment. Functional evaluation was done using Lysholm score and Hospital for Special Surgery score. Radiological evaluation was done using follow-up standing Lyon–Schuss films.

Results
Regarding the patients’ reported outcome measures, one-way analysis of variance was calculated to compare means between the three groups. The results of isolated root repair were the worst and there was no statistically significant difference between groups B and C.

Conclusion
Results recommend isolated HTO as a solo fast-attack procedure with reliable durable clinical and radiological outcomes for the treatment of root tears of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus.
Night Time Extension of Aedes aegypti Human Blood Seeking Activity
Authors: Ndenga Bryson Alberto , Mutuku Francis Maluki , Ngugi Harun Njenga , Mbakaya Joel Omari , Mukoko Dunstan , Kitron Uriel , LaBeaud Angelle Desiree 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT.
This study examined whether Aedes aegypti extends its human blood seeking activity into night hours. Human landing catches (HLC) were conducted hourly from early morning (04:30) to late evening (21:30) in urban and rural sites in Kisumu County in western Kenya, and in Kwale County at the coast. Out of 842 female Ae. aegypti mosquitoes, 71 (8.5%) were collected at night (nocturnal), 151 (17.9%) at twilight (crepuscular), and 620 (73.6%) during the day (diurnal). Three-fold and significantly more Ae. aegypti female mosquitoes were collected during the twilight (crepuscular) hours than night (nocturnal) hours. Significantly more Ae. aegypti female mosquitoes were collected during daytime (diurnal) than night time (nocturnal). In general, the number of mosquitoes collected reduced as darkness increased. Extended time into the night to seek for blood meals enhances chances for Ae. aegypti to contact humans and transmit arboviruses diseases.
Covid-19 Pandemic Risk Awareness Among Secondary School Students
Authors: Ologele Ibrahim  
Published: May 2022

The Coronavirus outbreak proved to be one of the most transformative events in the modern period. This study objectives are to investigate whether difference exist between knowledge of covid-19 risk and; (i) not use of nose mask, (ii) not observe social distance and, (iii) whether difference exist between Muslim and Christianity on awareness of Covid-19 risk in the study area. The population of the study comprised all secondary school students in the study area. The study adopted a descriptive research design of survey type and multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 266 respondents participated in the study. The findings of the study revealed that, the students have knowledge that no use of nose mask is a risk for contacting Covid-19 disease, students do not have knowledge that failure to observe social distance is a risk for contacting Covid-19 infection and there is no difference between Muslim and Christian students of their awareness on Covid-19 pandemic risk among secondary school students in the study area The researcher recommends among others that the Patigi local government educational authority should organize enlightenment programme for secondary school students that will educate them on the activities that can put them at the risk of contacting Covid-19 infection which is harmful to their health
The Influence of Sex on Upper Extremity Joint Dynamics in Pediatric Manual Wheelchair Users With Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Hanks Matthew M. , Leonardis Joshua M. , Schnorenberg Alyssa J. , Krzak Joseph J. , Graf Adam , Vogel Lawrence C. , Harris Gerald F. , Slavens Brooke A. 
Published: May 2022

Introduction:
Manual wheelchair propulsion is a physically demanding task associated with upper extremity pain and pathology. Shoulder pain is reported in over 25% of pediatric manual wheelchairs users, and this number rises over the lifespan. Upper extremity biomechanics in adults has been associated with shoulder pain and pathology; however, few studies have investigated upper extremity joint dynamics in children. Furthermore, sex may be a critical factor that is currently unexplored with regard to pediatric wheelchair mobility.

Objectives:
To investigate differences in upper extremity joint dynamics between pediatric male and female manual wheelchair users with spinal cord injury (SCI) during wheelchair propulsion.

Methods:
Novel instrumented wheelchair hand-rims synchronized with optical motion capture were used to acquire upper extremity joint dynamics of 20 pediatric manual wheelchair users with SCI (11 males, 9 females). Thorax, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, glenohumeral, elbow, and wrist joint kinematics and kinetics were calculated during wheelchair propulsion. Linear mixed models were used to assess differences between sexes.

Results:
Females exhibited significantly greater peak forearm pronation (p = .007), normalized wrist lateral force (p = .03), and normalized elbow posterior force (p = .04) than males. Males exhibited significantly greater peak sternoclavicular joint retraction (p &lt; .001) than females. No significant differences between males and females were observed for the glenohumeral joint (p &gt; .012).

Conclusion:
This study found significant differences in upper extremity joint dynamics between sexes during manual wheelchair propulsion. Our results underscore the importance of considering sex when evaluating pediatric wheelchair mobility and developing comprehensive wheelchair training interventions for early detection and prevention of upper extremity pain and pathology.