bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain Morphological Characteristics of Cognitive Subgroups of Schizophrenia-Spectrum Disorders and Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review with Narrative Synthesis
Authors: Karantonis James A. , Carruthers Sean P. , Burdick Katherine E. , Pantelis Christos , Green Melissa , Rossell Susan L. , Hughes Matthew E. , Cropley Vanessa , Van Rheenen Tamsyn E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDespite a growing body of research, there is yet to be a cohesive synthesis of studies examining differences in brain morphology according to patterns of cognitive function among both schizophrenia-spectrum disorder (SSD) and bipolar disorder (BD) individuals. We aimed to provide a systematic overview of the morphological differences—inclusive of grey and white matter volume, cortical thickness, and cortical surface area—between cognitive subgroups of these disorders and healthy controls, and between cognitive subgroups themselves. An initial search of PubMed and Scopus databases resulted in 1486 articles of which 20 met inclusion criteria and were reviewed in detail. The findings of this review do not provide strong evidence that cognitive subgroups of SSD or BD map to unique patterns of brain morphology. There is preliminary evidence to suggest that reductions in cortical thickness may be more strongly associated with cognitive impairment, whilst volumetric deficits may be largely tied to the presence of disease.
Uniqueness for an Obstacle Problem Arising from Logistic-Type Equations with Fractional Laplacian
Authors: Klimsiak Tomasz 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe prove a uniqueness theorem for the obstacle problem for linear equations involving the fractional Laplacian with zero Dirichlet exterior condition. The problem under consideration arises as the limit of some logistic-type equations. Our result extends (and slightly strengthens) the known corresponding results for the classical Laplace operator with zero boundary condition. Our proof, as compared with the known proof for the classical Laplace operator, is entirely new, and is based on the probabilistic potential theory. Its advantage is that it may be applied to a wide class of integro-differential operators.
Oswald revisited: the effect of focus and context
Authors: Kulakova Eugenia , Rinner Stefan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we will present an analysis of the Oswald example (‘If Oswald did not shot Kennedy, then somebody else did’/‘If Oswald had not shot Kennedy, then somebody else would have’) that takes a closer look at the antecedents of the Oswald minimal pair. We will argue that diverging foci in the antecedents of the Oswald example result in different truth conditions of the conditionals, explaining the difference in truth values between the two sentences. Although the explanation will incorporate aspects of Stalnaker’s theory of conditionals, it will go beyond Stalnaker’s analysis of the Oswald example on one crucial point. The difference in focus assignments between the two sentences will not be explained by a difference in appropriateness conditions between indicative and subjunctive mood. Instead, the diverging foci will stem from pragmatic requirements imposed on the presuppositions of indicative and subjunctive antecedents. This analysis will be further confirmed by extending it to similar examples with ascriptions of hopes and wishes, pointing towards a more clear-cut separation of conditionality and the effect of the Oswald example.
Analysis of Local Strain Evolution during Electron Beam Welding of Hot Crack Sensitive Nickel Base Conventionally Cast Alloy 247 LC CC
Authors: Jokisch Torsten , Doynov Nikolay , Ossenbrink Ralf , Michailov Vesselin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAmong different joining methods, the electron beam welding is recently applied for manufacturing of turbine components from temperature-resistant nickel-based conventionally cast Alloy 247 LC CC. However, the high tendency to hot cracking, in particular the formation of solidification cracks, remains a major challenge. Experiments indicate a significant reduction in hot cracks if the welding is performed outside the common welding parameter range. To understand these observations, a study of local thermo-mechanical conditions during electron beam welding of Alloy 247 samples was carried out using numerical simulations. The results were subsequently compared with reference test welds. For this purpose, a finite element model for coupled transient thermal and mechanical analysis was created and used. The work presents a comparative analysis of the evolution of strain components in brittle temperature range during cooling, considering the distribution and orientation of the cracks. Various relations between local strain kinetics and crack appearance, with notable influence of the plastic strain vector, were observed. Finally, the aspects of assessment of hot crack susceptibility with aid of thermo-mechanical welding simulation are discussed.
Cybercrime and Artificial Intelligence. An overview of the work of international organizations on criminal justice and the international applicable instruments
Authors: Velasco Cristos 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to assess whether current international instruments to counter cybercrime may apply in the context of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies and to provide a short analysis of the ongoing policy initiatives of international organizations that would have a relevant impact in the law-making process in the field of cybercrime in the near future. This paper discusses the implications that AI policy making would bring to the administration of the criminal justice system to specifically counter cybercrimes. Current trends and uses of AI systems and applications to commit harmful and illegal conduct are analysed including deep fakes. The paper finalizes with a conclusion that offers an alternative to create effective policy responses to counter cybercrime committed through AI systems.
Questioning Glutamate Excitotoxicity in Acute Brain Damage: The Importance of Spreading Depolarization
Authors: Andrew R. David , Farkas Eszter , Hartings Jed A. , Brennan K. C. , Herreras Oscar , Müller Michael , Kirov Sergei. A. , Ayata Cenk , Ollen-Bittle Nikita , Reiffurth Clemens , Revah Omer , Robertson R. Meldrum , Dawson-Scully Ken D. , Ullah Ghanim , Dreier Jens P. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background
Within 2 min of severe ischemia, spreading depolarization (SD) propagates like a wave through compromised gray matter of the higher brain. More SDs arise over hours in adjacent tissue, expanding the neuronal damage. This period represents a therapeutic window to inhibit SD and so reduce impending tissue injury. Yet most neuroscientists assume that the course of early brain injury can be explained by glutamate excitotoxicity, the concept that immediate glutamate release promotes early and downstream brain injury. There are many problems with glutamate release being the unseen culprit, the most practical being that the concept has yielded zero therapeutics over the past 30 years. But the basic science is also flawed, arising from dubious foundational observations beginning in the 1950s

Methods
Literature pertaining to excitotoxicity and to SD over the past 60 years is critiqued.

Results
Excitotoxicity theory centers on the immediate and excessive release of glutamate with resulting neuronal hyperexcitation. This instigates poststroke cascades with subsequent secondary neuronal injury. By contrast, SD theory argues that although SD evokes some brief glutamate release, acute neuronal damage and the subsequent cascade of injury to neurons are elicited by the metabolic stress of SD, not by excessive glutamate release. The challenge we present here is to find new clinical targets based on more informed basic science. This is motivated by the continuing failure by neuroscientists and by industry to develop drugs that can reduce brain injury following ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, or sudden cardiac arrest. One important step is to recognize that SD plays a central role in promoting early neuronal damage. We argue that uncovering the molecular biology of SD initiation and propagation is essential because ischemic neurons are usually not acutely injured unless SD propagates through them. The role of glutamate excitotoxicity theory and how it has shaped SD research is then addressed, followed by a critique of its fading relevance to the study of brain injury.

Conclusions
Spreading depolarizations better account for the acute neuronal injury arising from brain ischemia than does the early and excessive release of glutamate.
A Critical Look at Bioproducts Co-cultured Under Solid State Fermentation and Their Challenges and Industrial Applications
Authors: Prabhu Girisa , Bhat Divya , Bhat Ramananda M. , Selvaraj Subbalaxmi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe production of bioproducts from microorganisms is a common practice in many industries for a long time now. In recent years, studies have proved that co-culturing microorganisms increase the yield of products by synergistically degrading the solid substrate in comparison with individual cultures. The review highlights the benefits of co-culturing microorganisms using solid state fermentation (SSF) to achieve higher productivity. Filamentous fungi of genusTrichoderma, Penicillium,andAspergillusare extensively studied and used for co-culturing and mixed culturing under SSF. Co-cultured microorganisms are beneficial because of the synergistic expression of metabolic pathways of all the microorganisms. Co-culture enables combined metabolic activity at optimal process conditions for better utilization of substrates. Depending on the nature of the process and microorganism, bioreactors are designed and operated. This review mentions various purification methods that are used to improve the purity of the products obtained. The strengths and weaknesses of various bioreactors and their effect on the microorganisms used are explained in detail. This review also identifies the challenges of co-culturing microorganisms and analyses the diverse set of fields in which SSF finds its applications.Graphical Abstract
A&nbsp;method for the madness: An international survey of health professions education authors’ journal choice
Authors: Rees Eliot L. , Burton Oliver , Asif Aqua , Eva Kevin W. 
Published: February 2022

Introduction Scholarship is a key activity in health professions education (HPE). When disseminating scholarly work, how one selects the journal to which they submit is often argued to be a key determinant of subsequent success. To draw more evidence-based recommendations in this regard, we surveyed successful scholars working in HPE regarding their perspectives and experiences with journal selection. Methods We conducted an international survey of HPE scholars, investigating their decisions regarding journal choice. Corresponding authors were identified from a sample of 4000 papers published in 2019 and 2020. They were invited via email with up to four reminders. We describe their experience and use principle component and regression analyses to identify factors associated with successful acceptance. Results In total, 863 responses were received (24.7% response rate), 691 of which were included in our analyses. Two thirds of respondents had their manuscripts accepted at their first-choice journal with revisions required in 98% of cases. We identified six priority factors when choosing journals. In descending order of importance, they were: fit, impact, editorial reputation, speed of dissemination, breadth of dissemination, and guidance from others. Authors who prioritised fit higher and who selected a journal earlier were more likely to have their manuscripts accepted at their first-choice journal. Discussion Based on our results we make three recommendations for authors when writing manuscripts: do not be disheartened by a revise decision, consider journal choice early in the research process, and use the fit between your manuscript and the journal as the main factor driving
Potentials of Digitally Guided Excursions at Universities Illustrated Using the Example of an Urban Geography Excursion in Stuttgart
Authors: Koegst Lara 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe main focus of this article is on digital excursion formats at universities and their advantages with and without pandemic-related restrictions on teaching. The development of the application, its didactics and feedback from students are demonstrated using the example of the urban geography excursion developed as part of the 'InExkurs' project at the University of Tübingen. Compared to traditional overview excursions, digitally guided formats allow students more flexibility, autonomy and independence in the implementation. Aspects of gamification and location-based games can be used to increase motivation and, in combination with individual navigation, create associations with scavenger hunts. The use of extended reality on mobile devices enables a diverse application of digital information on site: the use of historical maps and photos as well as the integration of (fictional) characters is exemplified using the developed digital urban geography excursion. The first feedback on the excursion showed that the majority of participating students appreciated the digital format and would like to participate in excursions in this or similar formats more often.
More Power, Less Support: The Fidesz Government and the Coronavirus Pandemic in Hungary
Authors: Batory Agnes 
Published: February 2022

AbstractConventional wisdom suggests that populists thrive in times of crisis. However, for populist radical right parties in government, managing a genuine calamity is both an opportunity and a challenge. On the one hand, crises provide the opportunity to project leadership and quell opposition to their rule. On the other hand, crisis response requires competence. Probably the most successful governing populist radical right party in the European Union, Viktor Orbán's Fidesz in Hungary, did not resolve this tension entirely adequately in the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. While the party consolidated its grip on power, the high human and economic costs of mismanaging the second and third waves of the pandemic started to erode its popular support. In ideational terms, the COVID-19 pandemic accentuated the populist, nativist and authoritarian tendencies that had long characterized the party.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in assisted living communities: Neighborhood deprivation and state social distancing policies matter
Authors: Guo Wenhan , Li Yue , Temkin-Greener Helena 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackground:Residents of long-term care facilities face significantly greater risk of contracting or dying from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, little is known about COVID-19 in assisted living communities (ALCs) and the potential determinants of its spread. We examined the association between COVID-19 cases in ALCs and the proportion of Medicare-Medicaid (dual) eligible minority residents, neighborhood area deprivation, and state COVID-19 policy stringency.Methods:We conducted longitudinal analyses employing data on confirmed COVID-19 cases in ALCs in 5 states. We sought to determine the weekly cumulative number of COVID-19 cases in ALCs. Covariates were ALC characteristics, area deprivation index, and state COVID-19 policy stringency. Multivariate 2-part models were used to determine the associations between independent variables and the likelihood of an outbreak and the overall count of cases.Results:In our study sample, 201 ALCs (7.04%) reported 1 or more COVID-19 cases as of August 17, 2020. A higher percentage of minority residents was associated with an increased likelihood of an ALC reporting at least 1 COVID-19 case (odds ratio [OR], 1.06; P = .032). Conditional on having at least 1 case, ALCs in states with stricter social distancing policies had lower case counts (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 0.98; P < .001). Greater neighborhood deprivation was associated with higher case count (IRR, 1.36; P = .049).Conclusions:ALCs with higher proportions of dual-eligible minority residents were more likely to have COVID-19 outbreaks within their communities. ALCs located in more socioeconomically deprived neighborhoods, and in states with less stringent state social distancing policies, tended to have more COVID-19 cases.
Late Holocene centennial to millennial-scale variability in lower trophic level productivity off southern Hokkaido, Japan, and its response to dissolved iron-replete Coastal Oyashio dynamics
Authors: Kuwae Michinobu , Tsugeki Narumi , Finney Bruce P. , Tani Yukinori , Onodera Jonaotaro , Kiyoto Mako , Kusaka Mitsukuni , Sagawa Takuya , Nakamura Yugo , Ohnishi Hiroji , Kuroda Hiroshi , Okuda Noboru , Ohta Tamihisa , Ikehara Minoru , Irino Tomohisa 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLittle is known about the dynamics of marine food chains spanning primary to higher trophic levels on centennial and longer timescales, especially where the supply of dissolved iron limits primary productivity. To elucidate the long-term dynamics of biological productivity in the Coastal Oyashio (CO), which is a major pathway for transporting dissolved iron into the western North Pacific from winter to spring, we reconstructed the lower trophic level productivity over the last 3000 years in the CO. Our results demonstrate that the concentrations and mass accumulation rates of both Chl-a (chlorophyll a and its derivatives) and biogenic opal used as proxies of primary productivity, and steryl chlorin esters (SCEs) used as that of zooplankton productivity, show a millennial-scale increasing trend and centennial-scale variability beginning ca. AD 400. SCEs were positively correlated with Chl-a, indicating that changes in zooplankton productivity were induced by bottom-up control of primary productivity. The Chl-a and SCEs showed synchronous centennial-scale patterns with a relative abundance of sea-ice-associated diatom species transported by CO, and with a ventilation index in the Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water. This synchronous pattern indicates that lower trophic-level productivity during the spring bloom responded to the intensity of iron-replete CO.
Associations of online religious participation during COVID-19 lockdown with subsequent health and well-being among UK adults
Authors: Shiba Koichiro , Cowden Richard G. , Gonzalez Natasha , Ransome Yusuf , Nakagomi Atsushi , Chen Ying , Lee Matthew T. , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Fancourt Daisy 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundIn-person religious service attendance has been linked to favorable health and well-being outcomes. However, little research has examined whether online religious participation improves these outcomes, especially when in-person attendance is suspended.MethodsUsing longitudinal data of 8951 UK adults, this study prospectively examined the association between frequency of online religious participation during the stringent lockdown in the UK (23 March –13 May 2020) and 21 indicators of psychological well-being, social well-being, pro-social/altruistic behaviors, psychological distress, and health behaviors. All analyses adjusted for baseline socio-demographic characteristics, pre-pandemic in-person religious service attendance, and prior values of the outcome variables whenever data were available. Bonferroni correction was used to correct for multiple testing.ResultsIndividuals with online religious participation of ≥1/week (v. those with no participation at all) during the lockdown had a lower prevalence of thoughts of self-harm in week 20 (odds ratio 0.24; 95% CI 0.09–0.62). Online religious participation of <1/week (v. no participation) was associated with higher life satisfaction (standardized β = 0.25; 0.11–0.39) and happiness (standardized β = 0.25; 0.08–0.42). However, there was little evidence for the associations between online religious participation and all other outcomes (e.g. depressive symptoms and anxiety).ConclusionsThere was evidence that online religious participation during the lockdown was associated with some subsequent health and well-being outcomes. Future studies should examine mechanisms underlying the inconsistent results for online v. in-person religious service attendance and also use data from non-pandemic situations.
Tuberculosis amidst COVID-19 in Pakistan: a massive threat of overlapping crises for the fragile healthcare systems
Authors: Awan Hashir Ali , Sahito Abdul Moiz , Sukaina Mahnoor , Khatri Govinda , Waheed Summaiya , Sohail Fatima , Hasan Mohammad Mehedi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the cause of tuberculosis (TB), a granulomatous illness that mostly affects the lungs. Pakistan is one of the eight nations that accounts for two-thirds of all new cases of developing TB. TB has long been an endemic disease in Pakistan. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, the nation has over 500 000 incident TB infections per year, with a rising number of drug-resistant cases. Recently, the coexistence of COVID-19 and TB in Pakistan has provided doctors with a problem. Fever or chills, cough, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing are all signs of COVID-19. After SARS-CoV-2 infection, cough might persist for weeks or months and it is frequently accompanied by persistent tiredness, cognitive impairment, dyspnoea or pain – a group of long-term consequences known as post-COVID syndrome or protracted COVID. Coughing with mucus or blood, and coughing that continues over 2 months are indications of TB. The same clinical presentation features make it difficult for healthcare personnel to effectively evaluate the illness and prevent the spread of these fatal diseases. Pakistan lacks the necessary healthcare resources to tackle two contagious diseases at the same time. To counteract the sudden increase in TB cases, appropriate management and effective policies must be implemented. Thus, in order to prevent the spread of these infectious diseases, it is critical to recognise and address the problems that the healthcare sector faces, as well as to create an atmosphere in which the healthcare sector can function at its full potential.
STATIONARY MARKOVIAN ARRIVAL PROCESSES: RESULTS AND OPEN PROBLEMS
Authors: ASANJARANI AZAM , NAZARATHY YONI 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe consider two classes of irreducible Markovian arrival processes specified by the matrices C and D: the Markov-modulated Poisson process (MMPP) and the Markov-switched Poisson process (MSPP). The former exhibits a diagonal matrix D while the latter exhibits a diagonal matrix C. For these two classes we consider the following four statements: (I) the counting process is overdispersed; (II) the hazard rate of the event-stationary interarrival time is nonincreasing; (III) the squared coefficient of variation of the event-stationary process is greater than or equal to one; (IV) there is a stochastic order showing that the time-stationary interarrival time dominates the event-stationary interarrival time. For general MSPPs and order two MMPPs, we show that (I)–(IV) hold. Then for general MMPPs, it is easy to establish (I), while (II) is shown to be false by a counter-example. For general simple point processes, (III) follows from (IV). For MMPPs, we conjecture that (IV) and thus (III) hold. We also carry out some numerical experiments that fail to disprove this conjecture. Importantly, modelling folklore has often treated MMPPs as “bursty”, and implicitly assumed that (III) holds. However, to the best of our knowledge, proving this is still an open problem.