bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cu-Bx (X: N, CN, P) Composites for CO2 Electroreduction: Materials Vs. Gas Diffusion Electrode Characteristics
Authors: Pellumbi Kevinjeorjios , Smialkowski Mathias , Siegmund Daniel , junge Puring Kai , Apfel Ulf-Peter 
Published: November 2022

The conversion of CO2 is an attractive strategy towards the mitigation of environmental pollution, and the production of bulk chemicals and fuels by renewables. In the field of CO2 electroreduction, copper constitutes the most versatile catalyst, being able to generate CO, C2H4, CH4, as well as alcohols and acids from CO2. Lately, research on Cu-based CO2 electroreduction has focused on two main topics: firstly, the operation under elevated current densities through the development of stable and selective gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs), and electrolyzers; secondly, the tuning of the selectivity of Cu-catalysts towards a specific product. Regarding the latter, common methods, include doping with other metals and heteroatoms, alloying, as well as creating electrode architectures consisting often of Cu/Ag and Cu/Zn structures.
Contrary to Cu, only a few heterogeneous electrocatalysts have shown the ability to generate more complex molecules beyond CO and HCOOH, such as hydrocarbons and alcohols. Among these catalysts, the chemically robust and synthetically scalable, boron phosphide (BP) has shown the ability to favor the production of CH3OH from CO2 under low current densities of ca. 2 mA cm-2.
Aiming to achieve a synergistic effect between Cu and BP, we herein investigate the role of electrode characteristics versus material properties in gas diffusion electrodes under industrially relevant current densities > 100 mA cm-2. Starting from GDE-properties, we report on the influence of the layer arrangement of Cu and BP on the surface of the GDL, their mixing ratio as well as the deposition method and cell type on the CO2 electroreduction. Furthermore, in order to elucidate the role of material properties towards deciding the product spectrum, we compared the activity of B-compounds with different structural characteristics, possessing cubic as well as hexagonal structures. Concretely, cubic boron nitride (c-BN), and phosphide (BP) as well as hexagonal boron carbon nitride (h-BCN), and hexagonal BN (h-BN) are evaluated in a series of Cu-based GDEs. Depending on the selected layer arrangement, material combination and mixing ratio we are able to steer the main CO2RR product to either CO, C2H4 or CH4 at 200 mA cm-2. Beyond Cu-BX GDEs, our results demonstrate that in the case of synergistic effects, material/electrocatalyst development and electrode/electrolyzer architecture must go hand-in-hand, providing important strategies towards the optimization of composite electrocatalysts.

Figure 1
An Electrochemical Immunoassay System for Measuring Circulating Protein Biomarkers of Pediatric Soft Tissue Sarcoma
Authors: Addo Michael Kofi Darko , Antwi Ivy , Bishop Gregory 
Published: November 2022

The combination of simple, inexpensive 3D-printed flow cells with electrochemical biosensors has recently emerged a promising strategy for detecting molecular biomarkers of disease. In this study, we report a multiplex electrochemical immunoassay based on pencil graphite electrode arrays, 3D-printed flow cells and magnetic bead bioconjugates for simultaneous detection of three biomarker proteins (cancer antigen 125 (CA-125), midkine (MK) and osteopontin (OPN)) linked to pediatric soft tissue sarcoma (PSTS). Magnetic bead bioconjugates are functionalized with large amounts of antibody and enzyme labels according to a previously reported strategy,1 pencil graphite electrodes are modified with gold nanoparticles and antibodies for specific capture of bioconjugate-labeled biomarkers, and 3D-printed flow cells to facilitate amperometric detection. Using this immunoassay platform, detection limits for CA-125, MK and OPN that are 100 times lower than those obtained using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) can be achieved. The combination of low-cost pencil graphite electrode arrays with the convenience of multi-labeled magnetic bead bioconjugates and simplicity of 3D-printed flow-cells results in a promising electrochemical biosensing strategy for biomarker proteins CA-125, MK, and OPN in human serum samples.
Reference
(1) Malhotra, R.; Patel, V.; Chikkaveeraiah, B. v.; Munge, B. S.; Cheong, S. C.; Zain, R. B.; Abraham, M. T.; Dey, D. K.; Gutkind, J. S.; Rusling, J. F. Ultrasensitive Detection of Cancer Biomarkers in the Clinic by Use of a Nanostructured Microfluidic Array. Analytical Chemistry
2012, 84 (14), 6249–6255. https://doi.org/10.1021/ac301392g.
Synthesis of Substituted Barium Ferrites and Hexaferrites and Their Electrochemical Characterization
Authors: Gómez Lara Kevin Steven , Morales Jimmy , Collazos Reina Jhon Jairo , Herrera Julian Hernández , Avendaño Alvaro J , Dector Andrés 
Published: November 2022

Magnetic nanoparticle has been an attractive area of research in view of their unique physical and chemical properties. [1] In the field of electrochemistry, particularly electroanalysis, they are extensively used as functional materials due to their high surface area, mass transport, catalytic effect, and control over the local environment. Barium based ferrites have emerged as attractive materials of interest due to their interesting physical, chemical, magnetic and electrical properties. [2] Hexaferrite and ferrites such as barium ferrite are very important group of magnetic oxides and these are used in different technologies including sensors because of their specific properties such as low cost, corrosion resistance chemical stability and large magneto crystalline anisotropy. [3] However, the investigation of the effect by various other elements on the structure of hexaferrite and ferrite particles and its electrochemical properties remains the subject of popular research. In this work, mixed metallic oxides hexaferrite and ferrite were synthesized by sol–gel combustion route using glycerin as an adjuvant. [4] Their structure was confirmed by means of X-ray powder diffraction. Scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the morphology of the sample and the vibrations of the functional groups were determined by Raman and IR-ATR spectroscopy. The electrochemical behavior of substituted hexaferrite and ferrite were determined by cyclic voltammetry using an Ag/AgCl electrode, platinum wire and a glass carbon electrode (GCE), as reference electrode, counter electrode and working electrode, respectively. The GCE was modified with mixed metal oxides obtained to analyze their electrochemical behavior.
Bibliographic

Xueli X, Wei S 2019 Materials Technology, 1-5

Kefeni, K.K.; Msagati, T.A.; Mamba, B.B. 2017, Sci. Eng. B. 215, 37–55

Valenzuela R, Magnetic Ceramics, Chemistry of Solid State Materials 4 serie. Cambridge (Great Britain): Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 50

Sandra F. Basante-Delgado, Dalliver González-Vidal, Jimmy A. MoralesMorales, William A. Aperador-Chaparro, Jairo A. Gómez-Cuaspud, 2020 Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1541 012013
(Invited) U.S. DOE Initiatives Supercharging Advanced Battery Manufacturing Innovation
Authors: Suh Changwon 
Published: November 2022

The Department of Energy’s Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO) continues to invest in energy storage research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RDD&D) to help stakeholders improve efficiency, cut costs, and make materials, devices, and systems with superior performance. Despite recent promising advances, manufacturing capabilities are still necessary to meet the expected demand for energy storage as we move toward a clean energy economy. Strengthening the domestic manufacturing supply chains is also another important task to pursue in parallel.
AMO and the Vehicle Technologies Office (VTO) both funded projects through a Battery Manufacturing Lab Call to address capability gaps and engineering challenges for enhanced lithium-ion batteries, with a focus on de-risking, scaling, and accelerating adoption of new technologies through public-private partnerships. These projects successfully demonstrate how the advanced technologies are increasingly being used to solve battery manufacturing challenges. In addition, flow battery systems manufacturing projects funded by AMO are focusing on developing efficient, scalable manufacturing processes, and robust supply chains for flow battery system components.
In this talk, the status and accomplishments of the projects will be highlighted. In addition, there will be a robust discussion of a wide variety of AMO’s efforts in the context of technical and manufacturing challenges regarding scale-up and performance that still prevent the electrochemical energy storage community from achieving cost targets and commercial viability.
Measurement of the Heat Generation Rate of a Pouch Type Lithium-Ion Battery Using a Multifunctional Calorimeter
Authors: Hu Yang , Song Minseok , Garrick Taylor R. , Choe Song-Yul 
Published: November 2022

Accurate characterization of the heat generation rate of lithium-ion batteries is critical for driving towards a cost-effective and efficient design of a thermal management system for various applications. Because of the increase in battery cell dimensions, as well as more aggressive operating conditions seen in the automotive industry, such as Direct Current Fast Charge (DCFC) and sustained driving under load, heat generation seen at the cell level must be considered as spatially non-uniform during operation. Proper design of the thermal management system requires measurement of the heat generation of the battery cell in both a lumped fashion for system sizing, as well as a distributed mode in order to tailor cooling appropriately to decrease local temperature extremes. Additionally, characterization of both the irreversible and reversible heat generation of the battery cell at various states-of-charge, temperatures, and states-of-life is required. Currently, few commercial calorimeters are available for the measurement of heat generation under dynamic conditions with a reasonable balance of accuracy and cost. In this work, we detail the development of a new calorimeter that allows for the measurement of the heat generation rate, determination of the irreversible and reversible heat generation, and rapid response time to capture dynamic cell responses.
References:

Minseok Song et al 2020 J. Electrochem. Soc. 167 120503

Yang Hu et al 2022 J. Power Sources 532 231350

Yang Hu et al 2021 App. Thermal Eng. 189 116709

Yang Hu et al 2020 Electrochimica Acta 362 137124

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In-Depth Analysis of the Substantial Effect of Fast Formation on Lithium-Ion Cell Characteristics
Authors: Witt Daniel , Bläubaum Lars , Baakes Florian , Krewer Ulrike 
Published: November 2022

The formation of lithium-ion batteries is a crucial process step in battery production. Although it covers only the first few charging and discharging cycles, it impacts both the long-term degradation as well as the performance characteristics of the final cell. Commonly, formation times are on the order of multiple days due to relatively low C-rates. Although this prevents safety-critical lithium plating, research has shown that neither the slowest nor the fastest formation result into the best possible cell characteristics. [1]
To allow for a knowledge-based design of the cell formation process, detailed cell diagnostics including the characterization of the formed solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) are indispensable. However, the preparative effort for most experimental methods for SEI characterization like SEM or XPS is significant and will also require cell disassembly. An in-operando cell diagnosis can be realized with physicochemical modeling based on non-destructive dynamic electrochemical measurements. However, the dynamics of the SEI are commonly either modeled in a simplified way or the models are not designed for the simulation of various measurement types. To overcome these limitations, we extended the classic battery model from Doyle et al. [2] with a detailed SEI modeling. This finally allows to describe C-Rate and EIS data with the same parameter set (see Fig. 1a,1b), providing detailed insights into performance-limiting processes and their changes along cell aging. [3]
On the experimental side, we performed a broad formation study at different temperatures with different currents and current profiles, using small-scale three-electrode test cells. Fig. 1c) shows the discharge capacity for different formation procedures. Clearly, the performance significantly depends on the chosen formation conditions. The model-based cell diagnosis helps to shed light onto this interrelation. Surprisingly, we found that the bulk and interfacial properties of the SEI are not the root cause for the substantial differences in the cell’s fast charge/discharge capability. In fact, the effective transport properties in the anode electrolyte phase are driving the performance differences. Furthermore, the cathode reaction kinetics are affected by the chosen cell formation protocol. Ultimately, our experimental formation study in combination with the model-based cell diagnosis highlights that the cell formation process is not only about a stable SEI but also about minimizing the impact of reaction products from the SEI formation on the bulk electrolyte phase.

References:

[1] H. Mao et al. (2018) J Power Sources 402, 107-115
[2] M. Doyle et al. (1993) J Electrochem Soc 140 (6), 1526-1533
[3] D. Witt et al. (2022) Batteries Supercaps, 10.1002/batt.202200067

Figure 1
Carbonized Bacterial Cellulose Decorated with ZIF-8 Derived Iron Single-Atom Catalyst Nanocages As a Cathode Host for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Lin Xueyan , Wang Shu , Wang Bin , Fan Zhaoyang 
Published: November 2022

Li-S chemistry is regarded as promising next-generation battery technology. However, its complex redox process and long-chain lithium polysulfides shuttling are hindering the development of practical Li-S battery technology. Various electrocatalysts are being investigated to address the problem by expediting reaction kinetics. Here we report Fe single metal atom catalyst (Fe-SAC) used in the sulfur cathode of Li-S batteries.
Fe-SAC is synthesized using a modified metal-organic framework (MOF)-based approach, in which the low vapor pressure Fe element substitutes Zn during pyrolysis of ZIF-8 to attain Fe-N4 moieties by being coordinated with four substitutional nitrogen atoms in the graphene lattice. A freestanding 3D structure with Fe-SAC-functionalized carbon nanocages linked by a carbon nanofiber network is applied as the sulfur cathode scaffold. Here the nanocages are derived from Fe-doped ZIF with Fe-N4 SAC moieties embedded on the inside and outside surfaces. The carbon nanofiber network is derived from the carbonization of bacterial cellulose.
We report several methods for assessing Fe-SAC catalytic function on sulfide redox reactions for the prepared electrode in cells with lithium polysulfides electrolytes. Electrochemical studies compare the performance of the nanostructured electrodes with or without Fe-SAC to confirm the catalytic effects in improving the Li-S battery performance. Accordingly, the prepared composite cathode delivers a high initial capacity of 1338 mAh/g at 0.1C and excellent rate capability at 2C with a reversible capacity of 840 mAh/g.
Understanding the Effects of the Mixing Processes on the Performance of NMC-LMO Blend Electrodes Made By a Dry Electrostatic Spray Deposition Process
Authors: Uzun Kubra , Wang Ming , Huang Xiaosong , Frieberg Bradley , Hu Jiazhi , Cheng Yang-Tse 
Published: November 2022

Improving the manufacturing process of making lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is a key to further decreasing the cost and expanding the market of LIBs for many applications, especially for electric vehicles. Since electric vehicles require durable, sustainable, and cost-effective battery systems for their continued enlargement, advanced manufacturing processes of LIBs need to be investigated. The conventional wet slurry operation for LIB electrode manufacturing imposes several limitations on cost and performance mostly due to solvent usage. The drying process for the evaporation and recovery of organic solvent requires the use of unwanted solvents that do not contribute to the final product, thus consuming energy. If solvent evaporation is not controlled well, issues such as binder migration, segregation, and cracking of the electrode can occur, affecting the performance of the battery. Therefore, using a solventless dry process for electrode manufacturing has the potential to reduce the cost and environmental impact by eliminating solvent usage.
In this work, electrostatic spray deposition (ESD) without the use of a solvent is investigated for manufacturing thick NMC811/LMO electrodes. Comparing two different dry powder mixing methods, we showed that dry powder mixing prior to ESD has a significant effect on the electrode microstructure and, consequently, its performance. Electrodes made by ball mill mixing retained better discharge capacity, which was attributed to the low charge transfer resistance and improved ionic conductivity due to porous conductive pathways formed between and on the active material particles. High speed mixing, on the other hand, caused dense layers of binder and conductive agent agglomerates, limiting the contact area of the electrolyte with active materials and increasing the resistance.
Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Electrochemical Behavior of Li-Ion Secondary Batteries According to Particle Size of Silicon Anode
Authors: Yang Min-Ji , Shim Jae-Hyun , Park Jeong-Yeon , Park Jae-Wan 
Published: November 2022

Li-ion secondary batteries have been applied to various electronic devices since Sony released a lithium secondary battery using hard carbon as an anode in 1991. The market for large secondary batteries is gradually expanding and moving forward. And although high energy density, cyclability, and stability are required for use in various applications at this time, the currently commercialized graphite anode is facing the limit of theoretical capacity (LiC6, 372 mAh/g).
While research on next-generation anode materials is underway to increase the energy density of lithium secondary batteries, silicon has a high theoretical capacity close to 4000 mAh/g, attracting attention as an anode for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, the capacity retention rate is low due to the huge volume change and low electrical conductivity that occur during charging and discharging of silicon.
In order to solve this problem, many studies are being conducted, such as a) making a silicon-sized structure into a nano-scale and porous structure, b) oxidizing silicon, and c) a composite with a carbon material. Among them, much attention has been paid to improving the electrochemical performance of a silicon-based anode by designing a structure by fabricating silicon in a nano size. Compared to conventional silicon materials, nano-sized silicon was able to better withstand the stress caused by volume expansion during charging/discharging in the nano-surface-to-volume ratio. As a result, intergranular cracking can be limited, thereby improving cycle stability and maintaining high capacity. The particles can shorten the diffusion path of lithium by providing a stable electron and Li-ion transport path, and can provide increased rate-limiting properties and reduced resistance.
In this study, the effect of the manufactured silicon grain size on the mechanical and electrochemical properties of the Li-ion secondary battery was studied by various analytical methods.
A Study on the Cathode Materials Recovery Process Using Various Wet Chemistry
Authors: Kang Julgi , Kim Whanug , Lim Hong-Woo , Park Sangho 
Published: November 2022

Demand for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) has increased dramatically over the years due to the rapid market expansion of electric vehicles. Current commercial lithium ion batteries mainly contain nickel, cobalt, manganese metal oxides, lithium, phosphates, aluminum, copper, graphite, organic electrolytes and other chemicals. Therefore, the recycling and reuse of used lithium-ion batteries at the end of their useful life are of great interest by many researchers. However, due to the high energy density, high safety and low price of lithium-ion batteries, the difference and variety are large, which poses great difficulties in recycling waste lithium-ion batteries. Lithium ion batteries recycling typically involves both physical and chemical processes. Physical processes typically include pretreatment and direct recovery of electrode materials. These processes typically include decomposition, crushing, screening, magnetic separation, washing, heat treatment, etc. As shown in Figure 1, chemical processes can generally be divided into pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes which include leaching, separation, extraction and chemical/electrochemical precipitation. Recently, recycling technologies for lithium secondary batteries through a direct regeneration process have been attracting attention. Directly regeneration technique has the advantages of short recovery route, low energy consumption, eco-friendly compared to pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes. In order to recover the cathode active material from the separated electrode plate, a process for separating the PVDF binder and the cathode active material is required. In general, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is the most common solvent for the manufacture of cathode electrodes in the battery industry. Although ~99% of the solvent used in electrode manufacturing is recovered, it is however limited in several countries due to negative environmental impacts.
In this study, the cathode materials were separated electrode from used lithium ion cell using various wet-chemistry. Chemical, structural, and electrochemical characteristics of the cathode materials and substrate were investigated.

Figure 1