bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Trait Analysis and the Multi-metric Integrity Model, Based on Stream Fish Indicators, and Their Relations to Chemical Water Quality
Authors: Jargal Namsrai , Atique Usman , Kim Ji-Yoon , Mamun Md , An Kwang-Guk 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Functional trait and biological integrity approaches in stream ecology enable the determination and prediction of aquatic community responses to a variety of environmental stressors, such as chemical pollution, habitat disturbance, and biological invasion. Here, we used multi-trait based functional groups (FGs) to predict the functional responses of fish assemblages to the physicochemical and ecological health gradients in a temperate stream. The multi-metric biological integrity model (mIBI model) was used to evaluate stream ecological health. The FGs were derived from the distance matrix of trophic, tolerance, and physical habitat traits among fish species. The leading water quality indicators (conductivity [EC], total suspended solids [TSS], and chlorophyll-a [CHL-a]) varied conspicuously with the stream gradient and anthropogenic pollution. The multi-metric water-pollution index (mWPI) showed differences in chemical health from upstream to downstream. Monsoon precipitation may have affected the variations in fish species and associated changes linked to irregular chemical health. The fish FGs varied more by space (longitudinal) than by season (premonsoon and postmonsoon). Functional metrics, which reflected trophic and tolerance traits, as well as vertical position preference, were strongly correlated with water quality degradation downstream. Changes were evident in FG (II, III, and IV) combinations from the upstream to downstream reaches. Furthermore, the structure of the fish assemblages from FG-II and FG-III was significantly correlated with chemical (R2 = 0.43 and 0.35, p < 0.001) and ecological health (R2 = 0.69 and 0.66, p < 0.001), as well as the metrics of mWPI. In conclusion, the results indicate significant variations in both trait-based FGs and biological integrity among stream-fish communities, influenced by chemical water quality gradients. The causes included longitudinal zones and intensifying degradation of water quality downstream. Therefore, multi-trait based FGs can facilitate ecological health assessment and develop the mIBI model based on fish assemblages by reflecting the prevailing chemical health status of streams and rivers.
Urbanizing Human Rights Law: Cities, Local Governance and Corporate Power
Authors: Pieterse Marius 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis article considers ways in which human rights law ought to respond to a growingly urban global order of blurred private—corporate—and state power. Fragmented and dispersed power comes together, in different configurations of public and private, in the cities and towns of the world. For this reason, local government presents the appropriate scale at which to re-conceptualize the operation of international human rights norms, also against private power. This requires engaging not only with the reach and leanings of international human rights standards but also with the manner in which they are rendered applicable, through domestic constitutional law, against state and non-state actors at a local scale. The urbanization of human rights law accordingly also requires a second look at the powers, competencies and responsibilities of urban local government under domestic constitutional law.
Reduction of noise in cold and hot supersonic jets using active flow control guided by a genetic algorithm
Authors: Zigunov Fernando , Sellappan Prabu , Alvi Farrukh. S. 
Published: December 2022

This study demonstrates an experimental platform for active jet noise reduction comprising of an automated system that performs a search for the optimal actuator locations and parameters, powered by a genetic algorithm (GA). Sideline noise reduction levels of 7.3 dB were achieved for a cold overexpanded (nozzle pressure ratio,

$NPR=2.8$

) jet, beyond the state-of-the-art for jet noise reduction with air injection. The reduction in noise was achieved at a mass flow rate of 1.4 % of the main jet, requiring no prior knowledge of the flow physics to inform the placement of the actuators. The same actuator pattern was tested in hot conditions (nozzle temperature ratio,

$NTR=1.88$

), achieving 4.7 dB sideline noise reduction. Detailed examination of the solutions obtained unveils some of the mechanisms leveraged by the GA to accomplish these high levels of noise reduction through microphone measurements and schlieren flow visualization. The GA found that actuating at the diverging wall of the convergent–divergent nozzle, where flow is supersonic, is very effective when combined with air injection near the nozzle lip, outside of the nozzle. Although the external actuation is effective at eliminating the screech tone, it is by actuating inside the nozzle at the diverging wall that sufficient disruption of the shock cell train can be achieved in order to reduce the broadband shock-associated noise.
Preferences for dietary oils and fats in cooking and food preparation methods: a cross-sectional analysis of Australian adults
Authors: Wilson Nina A. , Villani Anthony , Mantzioris Evangeline 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDietary oils and fats contain different fatty acid compositions that are associated with cardiometabolic disease risk. Despite their influence on disease outcomes, the types of dietary oils and fats predominately used in Australian households remain unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the use of dietary oils and fats in cooking and food preparation in Australia. Adults living in Australia completed a cross-sectional online survey outlining their current household oil and fat use from July to December 2021. The survey was disseminated via social media platforms and included questions about the types of dietary oils and fats used for different cooking methods and the perceived motivators for choosing the main household oil. A total of 1248 participants responded to the survey. Participants were mostly female (91·6 %) aged between 25 and 44 years (56·7 %). The majority of participants (84·5 %) reported using some form of olive oil as their main source of oil for cooking and food preparation. Almost two-thirds of the sample (65·4 %) reported using extra virgin olive oil (EVOO), mainly in raw food preparation (71·5 %) or savoury baking and roasting (58 %). Fewer households reported using rice bran oil (4·6 %), canola oil (4·3 %) and vegetable oil (1·8 %). Almost half of all participants (49·6 %) identified perceived health benefits as the primary motivating factor for their main choice of oil, followed by sensory preference (46·7 %), versatility (10·2 %) and convenience (8·8 %). Australian adults frequently use olive oil, specifically EVOO, as the main oil for cooking and food preparation in the household.
NON-FORCIBLE MEASURES AND THE LAW OF SELF-DEFENCE
Authors: Buchan Russell 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe right of self-defence is usually presented as an exception to the principle of non-use of force. Conventional wisdom therefore holds that the right of self-defence can only be relied on to justify those measures constituting a threat or use of force. This article rejects that claim. It argues that self-defence is a general right under international law and, as such, can be invoked to justify all measures necessary to repel an armed attack regardless of whether they are forcible or non-forcible in nature. To support this argument, this article examines the genesis of the right of self-defence under customary international law, the text of Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, the structure of the United Nations Charter and State practice on Article 51.
Intergenerational effects of maternal lifetime stressor exposure on offspring telomere length in Black and White women
Authors: Mayer Stefanie E. , Guan Joanna , Lin Jue , Hamlat Elissa , Parker Jordan E. , Brownell Kristy , Price Candice , Mujahid Mahasin , Tomiyama A. Janet , Slavich George M. , Laraia Barbara A. , Epel Elissa S. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundAlthough maternal stressor exposure has been associated with shorter telomere length (TL) in offspring, this literature is based largely on White samples. Furthermore, timing of maternal stressors has rarely been examined. Here, we examined how maternal stressors occurring during adolescence, pregnancy, and across the lifespan related to child TL in Black and White mothers.MethodMothers (112 Black; 110 White; Mage = 39) and their youngest offspring (n = 222; Mage = 8) were part of a larger prospective cohort study, wherein mothers reported their stressors during adolescence (assessed twice during adolescence for the past year), pregnancy (assessed in midlife for most recent pregnancy), and across their lifespan (assessed in midlife). Mother and child provided saliva for TL measurement. Multiple linear regression models examined the interaction of maternal stressor exposure and race in relation to child TL, controlling for maternal TL and child gender and age. Race-stratified analyses were also conducted.ResultsNeither maternal adolescence nor lifespan stressors interacted with race in relation to child TL. In contrast, greater maternal pregnancy stressors were associated with shorter child TL, but this effect was present for children of White but not Black mothers. Moreover, this effect was significant for financial but not social pregnancy stressors. Race-stratified models revealed that greater financial pregnancy stressors predicted shorter telomeres in offspring of White, but not Black mothers.ConclusionsRace and maternal stressors interact and are related to biological aging across generations, but these effects are specific to certain races, stressors, and exposure time periods.
Verismo's Dramatised Deviants: Lombroso's Criminal Anthropology in Tosca
Authors: Sylvester Jane 
Published: December 2022

AbstractFollowing the premiere of Tosca in January 1900, Giacomo Puccini's progressive critics generally took issue with two main aspects of the opera: the first was the composer's supposedly unoriginal modes of expression, and the second was the work's scandalous plot. While many attributed the dark tone of Tosca to its French source, Sardou's melodrama La Tosca, I contend that there is an underlying context for both the dramatic and the musical unsavouriness of Puccini's verismo opera: the Italian fascination with criminology. Beginning in the 1870s after Italian unification, positivist criminologists, led by Cesare Lombroso, sought to locate the organic causes of criminality and believed that deviancy was objectively readable through the body. Lombroso further conceptualised the ‘born criminal’ as an exceptional individual that was predisposed to artistic expression. His theories, rooted in deeply troubling stereotypes and conventional wisdom, gained traction with a bourgeois public as well as with contemporary luminaries, including Giuseppe Giacosa, one of Puccini's librettists. Drawing on Lombroso's writings, letters and archived objects, I show how the criminologist's bourgeois version of perversity provides a valuable framework to evaluate the derivative modes of deviant expression present not only in Tosca, but within verismo opera at large.
Electronic Portal Imaging Device in Pre-Treatment Patient-Specific Quality Assurance of volumetric-modulated arc therapy delivery
Authors: Lau M. L. , Abdullah R. , Jayamani J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background:
Radiotherapy treatment delivery is evaluated by a pre-treatment patient-specific quality assurance (PSQA) procedure to ensure the patient receives an accurate radiation dose. The current PSQA practice by using conventional phantoms requires more set-up time and cost of purchasing the tools. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the efficiency of an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) of linear accelerator (LINAC) as a PSQA tool for volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) planning technique for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) treatment delivery.

Methods:
A NPC VMAT plan on a Rando phantom was performed by following the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0615 protocol. The gamma passing rate of the EPID and PSQA phantom (ArcCHECK) were compared among the gamma criteria of 3%/3 mm, 2%/2 mm and 1%/1 mm, respectively.

Results:
Both EPID and ArcCHECK phantom had distinguishable gamma passing rates in 3%/3 mm and 2%/2 mm with a difference of 0·87% and 0·30%, respectively. Meanwhile, the EPID system had a lower gamma passing rate than the ArcCHECK phantom in 1%/1 mm (21·23% difference). Furthermore, the sensitivity of the EPID system was evaluated and had the largest deviation in gamma passing rate from the reference position in gamma criteria of 2%/2 mm (41·14%) compared to the 3%/3 mm (25·45%) and 1%/1 mm (31·78%), discretely. The best fit line of the linear regression model for EPID was steeper than the ArcCHECK phantom in 3%/3 mm and 2%/2 mm, and vice versa in gamma criteria of 1%/1 mm. This indicates that the EPID had a higher sensitivity than the ArcCHECK phantom in 3%/3 mm and 2%/2 mm but less sensitivity in 1%/1 mm.

Conclusions:
The EPID system was efficient in performing the PSQA test of VMAT treatment in HUSM with the gamma criteria of 3%/3 mm and 2%/2 mm.
A rare case of Buschke–Lowenstein tumour of vulva treated with radical radiotherapy
Authors: Chakrabarti Sutanuka , Kulshrestha Asmita , Patel Sonal , Kunikullaya Suryanarayana , Sharma Ankit 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Introduction:
Buschke–Lowenstein tumour (BLT) is a rare verrucous lesion often associated with human papillomavirus infection. It is an indolent but locally aggressive lesion usually arising from the genitalia or anorectum, with a potential risk of recurrence and malignant transformation. The first line of management is surgical or laser excision. Topical agents cryotherapy, radiotherapy and chemo-immunomodulators are reserved for residual or recurrent cases and smaller lesions.

Methods:
A 24-year-old female on antiretroviral therapy presented in our department with a large cauliflower-shaped growth involving the perineum, vulva and lower vagina. A biopsy of the lesion was suggestive of a BLT. Due to the extensive nature of the disease, surgery was deferred. The lesion was treated with definitive external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) using a 6-megavoltage photon beam on a Cobalt-60 unit.

Results:
Radiotherapy resulted in a significant response without any acute toxicity, following which, topical podophyllin application was advised for the residual perianal lesion. The patient is disease free after 9 months of follow-up.

Conclusions:
A multidisciplinary approach is important to treat the BLT. Lesions not amenable to surgery or local therapies can be treated with EBRT with reasonable control and acceptable toxicities.
Intramedullary spinal cord metastases from non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) associated with carcinomatous meningitis: a case report
Authors: D’Silva R. , Jaiswal J. , Turaka A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background:
Carcinomatous meningitis with metastases to the spinal cord [intramedullary spinal cord (IMSC)] is very rare, and a quick intervention to management of these patients is important in preventing neurological deterioration.

Methods:
We report a case of IMSC metastases from a stage IV non-small cell lung carcinoma in a 57-year-old man who presented with Brown-Sequard syndrome along with multiple brain metastases with associated carcinomatous meningitis and managed with urgent palliative external beam radiation therapy.

Conclusion:
A quick, short course of palliative radiation therapy for inoperable patients with IMSC metastases provides improvement in neurological function in the management of these oncologic emergencies in patients with short survival times.
The Interannual Variability of Sea Ice Area, Thickness, and Volume in the Southern Sea of Okhotsk and Its Likely Factors
Authors: Toyota Takenobu , Kimura Noriaki , Nishioka Jun , Ito Masato , Nomura Daiki , Mitsudera Humio 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe lowest latitude sea ice in the world (excluding coastal freezing) is in the southern Sea of Okhotsk (south of 46°N), where it has significant impacts on freshwater input and primary production. This region is subject to climate change, and accordingly the monitoring of sea ice conditions is important. However, the interannual variability of the region's sea ice is poorly understood due to its logistical challenges. Sea ice observations have been conducted in this region every winter for the period 1996–2020. The interannual variability of the ice conditions and the likely factors responsible for it were investigated using visual observations following the international ASPeCt protocol, combined with satellite SSM/I‐SSMIS ice concentration data (1988–2020). AMSR‐derived ice drift data sets and ERA5 meteorological reanalysis data sets were also analyzed to examine the effects of dynamic and thermodynamic processes. Our analysis revealed that (a) sea ice area in this region varies differently from that in the central and northern Sea of Okhotsk, where decreasing trends are reported, (b) sea ice volume has remarkable interannual variation and the peaks appeared much to more affected by dynamically deformed ice than freezing conditions, and (c) prominently deformed ice can be explained by taking shear components into account based on sea ice rheology. These results suggest the importance of including the proper sea ice rheology in numerical sea ice models to reproduce the realistic sea ice volume and deformation processes, for all seasonal ice zones.
Particulate Organic Matter Mobilization and Transformation Along a Himalayan River Revealed by ESI‐FT‐ICR‐MS
Authors: Menges Johanna , Hovius Niels , Poetz Stefanie , Osterholz Helena , Sachse Dirk 
Published: December 2022

AbstractTracing pathways and transformations of particulate organic carbon from landscape sources to oceanic sinks is commonly done using the isotopic composition or biomarker content of particulate organic matter (POM). However, similarity of source characteristics and complex mixing in rivers often preclude a robust deconvolution of individual contributions. Moreover, these approaches are limited in detecting organic matter transformations. This impedes understanding of carbon cycling. Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT‐ICR‐MS) can simultaneously identify many molecular formulas from mixtures of organic matter, and provide direct information on its compositional variability. Here, we investigate how FT‐ICR‐MS can give insight into POM dynamics on a landscape scale, focusing on the trans‐Himalayan Kali Gandaki River, Nepal. Using molecular information, we identify source tracers in the solvent extractable lipid fraction of riverine POM, finding up to 102 indicative molecular formulas for individual sources. Further, we assess molecular transformations of the lipid fraction of POM during its transfer from litter into topsoil, and onwards into the river. A large number of shared mass formulas and a well‐preserved isoprenoidal patterns suggest efficient incorporation of litter into topsoil. In contrast, we observe a selective loss of mass formulas and a preferential export of formulas with low double bond equivalents and a low nominal oxidation state of carbon after organic matter entrainment in the river. Our results demonstrate the potential of FT‐ICR‐MS for source‐to‐sink studies, allowing detailed organic matter source characterization and discrimination, and tracking of molecular transformations along organic matter pathways spanning different spatial and temporal scales.
Single-cell discovery of the scene and potential immunotherapeutic target in hypopharyngeal tumor environment
Authors: Lin Chen , Li Yanguo , Chu Yidian , Lu Yaqin , Wei Zhengyu , Deng Hongxia , Gu Shanshan , Ding Qi , Shen Zhisen , Liao Qi 
Published: December 2022

AbstractHypopharyngeal carcinoma is a cancer with the worst prognosis. We constructed the first single-cell transcriptome map for hypopharyngeal carcinoma and explored its underlying mechanisms. We systematically studied single-cell transcriptome data of 17,599 cells from hypopharyngeal carcinoma and paracancerous tissues. We identified categories of cells by dimensionality reduction and performed further subgroup analysis. Focusing on the potential mechanism in the cellular communication of hypopharyngeal carcinoma, we predicted ligand-receptor interactions and verified them via immunohistochemical and cellular experiments. In total, seven cell types were identified, including epithelial and myeloid cells. Subsequently, subgroup analysis showed significant tumor heterogeneity. Based on the pathological type of squamous cell carcinoma, we focused on intercellular communication between epithelial cells and various cells. We predicted the crosstalk and inferred the regulatory effect of cellular active ligands on the surface receptor of epithelial cells. From the top potential pairs, we focused on the BMPR2 receptor for further research, as it showed significantly higher expression in epithelial cancer tissue than in adjacent tissue. Further bioinformatics analysis, immunohistochemical staining, and cell experiments also confirmed its cancer-promoting effects. Overall, the single-cell perspective revealed complex crosstalk in hypopharyngeal cancer, in which BMPR2 promotes its proliferation and migration, providing a rationale for further study and treatment of this carcinoma.
Binocular visual field in adults with horizontal strabismus and driving requirements
Authors: Alfaqawi Fadi , Young Jane , Kaye Stephen B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Objective
To determine the horizontal extent of the binocular visual field (BVF) in subjects with horizontal strabismus and whether the BVF falls below the driving standard.

Methods and analysis
Adults with congenital esotropia and infantile exotropia ≤45 Prism Dioptres (PD), and subjects with orthotropia were recruited. The manifest angle of deviation was measured using a simultaneous prism cover test. Monocular Visual Field (MVF) and BVF were measured using the Esterman visual field test. Subjects with diplopia or a manifest angle of strabismus that varied by>8PD or the present of a vertical tropia >8PD were excluded.

Results
Forty-nine subjects were included: 10 with orthotropia, 20 with exotropia and 19 with esotropia. The horizontal extent of BVF (degrees) was significantly smaller in esotropes (122.8 ± 18.8) than in orthotropes (141 ± 6.6) or exotropes (138.3 ± 8.3) (p < 0.01). In 6 (31.6%) subjects with an esotropia, the BVF was below the driving standard. The horizontal extent of the visual field (VF) of the amblyopic eyes of patients with esotropia (98.70 degrees, SD 19.76) and exotropia (104.75 degrees, SD16.93) were significantly smaller than those with orthotropia (121.00 degrees SD 3.16) by 22.3 degrees (p = 0.004) and 16.25 degrees (p = 0.045), respectively. The difference between the summation of MVFs and the BVF was significantly greater in orthotropes (100.6 ± 2.7) than in exotropes (68.9 ± 34.4) and esotropes (74.2 ± 20.7) (p < 0.01).

Conclusion
The horizontal extent of BVF is significantly smaller and more variable in adults with congenital esotropia and may fall below the driving standard.

Strengths and limitations

Largest study on visual fields in subjects with horizontal strabismus including an orthotropic control group who do not have diplopia and who would otherwise meet the driving standard.

Visual field quality was high but limitation is that visual field repeatability was not undertaken.

How this study might affect research, practice, or policy
The findings of this study would suggest that people with an esotropia should be offered the opportunity to have a binocular visual field test before applying for a driving license. The DVLA may want to consider requesting people with an esotropia to have a binocular visual field test as is a requirement with other ophthalmic conditions such as glaucoma.