bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Bacteriuria in Pregnant Women Visiting Provincial Hospital, Janakpurdham, Nepal
Authors: Yadav Nagendra Prasad , Thakur Rudra Narayan , Yadav Rakesh Kumar 
Published: May 2022

INTRODUCTION: Considering the importance of urinary tract infection (UTI) in pregnant women which is responsible for several complications, its diagnosis and treatment are essential to maintain the health of mother and baby.The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the isolation and identification of Escherichia coli from the UTI suspected pregnant women visiting at provincial Hospital Janakpur.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 200 mid-stream urine samples were collected from UTI suspected pregnant women of 18 to 45 years visiting antenetal OPD in Provincial Hospital Janakpur in between February 2021 to April 2021. The collected urine samples were processed in the microbiology department of the Model Multiple College, Janakpur. Standard Microbiological procedures were followed.
RESULTS: The Escherichia coli were predominant identified as 17 (35.41%). Patients aged between 25-30 years were mostly infected 35 (72.9%). The majority of bacteria isolated were more sensitive to Cephalexin and nitrofurantoin.
CONCLUSIONS: Escherichia coli is one of the most important pathogen for UTI in pregnant women. The majority of bacteria isolated in the present study were more sensitive to Cephalexin and nitrofurantoin.
Mitral Regurgitation and its Predictors after Acute Myocardial Infarction in the Era of Coronary Intervention
Authors: Kafle Ram Chandra , Jwarchan Bishnu , Sharma Dibya 
Published: May 2022

Introduction
Mitral regurgitation is one of the common complications of acute Myocardial infarction but a very limited study was published about its prevalence and associated factors from Nepal.
Methods
A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in admitted patients of the cardiology unit, Manipal Teaching Hospital from 01-06- 2020 to 15-09-2021. All cases of first time acute myocardial infarction who were presented within 12 hours of symptom onset and undergone revascularization with the coronary intervention were selected for the study
Results
A total of 219 patients with a mean age of 60.55± 12.5 years were taken for study. Moderate to severe mitral regurgitation was detected in 60 (27.4%) cases. The most common risk factors among responders were overweight followed by low high-density lipoprotein and smoking. Age >65yrs [OR:8.26(95%CI, 1.82-37.52); p=0.006], female gender [OR:2.05(95% CI,1.12-3.76); p=0.019], pre-obesity [OR: 2.43(95% CI, 1.14-5.17); P=0.019], longer ischemic time of >6 hrs [OR: 4.57(95%CI, 2.10-9.91); P= 0.001] and involvement of infero-posterior wall[OR: 3.04(95%CI, 1.61-5.774); P= 0.001] and left circumflex artery involvement [OR: 7.67(95%CI, 3.15-18.63); P= 0.001] were significantly associated with moderate to severe ischemic mitral regurgitation.
Conclusion
Mitral regurgitation is a common complication of acute myocardial ischemia. Elderly age, Female gender, longer ischemic time of more than six hours, involvement of infero-posterior wall and left circumflex artery was significantly associated with moderate to severe mitral regurgitation.
Role of Ultrasonography in the Evaluation of Thyroid Nodule with Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology ( FNAC) Correlation
Authors: Shrestha Elina , Thapa Narayan Bikram , Rajbhandari Shankar Bahadur Singh 
Published: May 2022

Introduction:
Thyroid nodules are commonly encountered pathologies worldwide. High-resolution ultrasonography is the first-line investigation for the evaluation of thyroid nodules as it is a cheap, quick, non-invasive, easily accessible modality without radiation hazards. Our major concern is to select suspicious thyroid nodules and early detection of malignancy. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) when correlated with ultrasonographic imaging features helps inaccurate assessment of categorizing thyroid nodules. USG guided FNAC is a widely practiced procedure because it is a less time-consuming simple procedure and helps to locate suspicious sites more precisely to get a higher yield.
Methods:
Total 70 patients with thyroid nodules detected by ultrasonography dated from October 2020 till September 2021 were enrolled in the study. The enrolled patients had FNAC in the same settings. The ultrasonographic characteristics of thyroid nodules were assessed and correlated with cytology reports.
Results:
Amongst 70 patients, 84.3% were female and 15.7% were male with a male:female ratio of 1:1.8. The mean age was 48.6 ± 13.2 years. Out of 70 patients, 49 patients had benign nodules while 21 patients had malignant nodules. Nodules that have characteristics like ill-defined border, hypoechoic echotexture, having predominantly solid components, microcalcification, increased central vascularity, and absence of halo are good indicators of malignancy. The sensitivity, specificity, positive, negative predictive value, and accuracy of ultrasonography were 72%, 91.8%,78.9%, 88.2%, and 85.7 % respectively.
Conclusion:
Ultrasonography is the most accurate, sensitive, and specific modality in categorizing thyroid nodules. A significant correlation of p< 0.05 was observed between ultrasonography with FNAC resulting in good accuracy. There is less chance of missing malignancy which helps to reduce unnecessary surgeries and promotes surgical intervention.
Transurethral Resection of Prostate Without Traction: A Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Acharya Ganesh Bhakta , Thapa Niraj , Mishra Sushil , Poudel Abhishek , Bhusal Sagar 
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Application of traction after monopolar transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) is a common practice that causes significant discomfort to the patients. So can we avoid the morbidity of traction in a selected group of the patient where there is no significant hematuria after TURP? Hence we did a retrospective observational study to look for feasibility and safety of traction less TURP.
Methods: It is a retrospective observational study conducted in the Department of Urology, Manipal Teaching Hospital from August 2018 to August 2020 in patients who underwent traction less TURP. There was a total of 64 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All the demographic profiles, preoperative investigations, and perioperative parameters were noted. Postoperatively requirement of reapplication of traction, bladder washes, and application of tranexamic acid for hematuria, clot retention, and blood transfusion were noted. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS version 25.
Result: Mean age and prostate size were 71 yrs. and 52 g. Sixteen(25%) patients were on antiplatelet therapy, fourteen(21%) patients had a catheter in situ and 34(53%) patients were on anti-BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) medication. There were no patients who require re- traction, bladder washes, or application of intravenous tranexamic acid. There was one (1.56%) patient who had clot retention requiring evacuation and blood transfusion. VAS score after 8 hrs. and 12hrs. was 3.22 and 1.73. Mean hemoglobin fall was 0.81 g%.
Conclusion: Traction after monopolar TURP can be safely omitted in carefully operated patients but traction should be reserved for those patients with continuous hematuria.
Study to Evaluate Coronary Artery Disease Prevalence and Risk Factors in Heart Failure Patients with Reduced Ejection Fraction
Authors: Paudel Navaraj , Thapa Namrata 
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Even though heart failure (HF) is a major global health problem, studies on the prevalence and etiology of HF in Nepal are scant. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of coronary artery disease (CAD) in HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) using invasive coronary angiography (CAG).
Methods: This was a prospective, cross-sectional, descriptive observational study conducted from July 2020 to September 2021. All consecutive patients with HFrEF who met the inclusion criteria underwent CAG at Manipal Teaching Hospital were evaluated and analyzed using various statistical tools.
Results: Total 108 patients with a male to female ratio of 2.02:1 were assessed. The mean age of patients was 63+6.08 years. The prevalence of CAD was 72% of which 42% were having significant CAD (stenosis >50%) with 45%, 32% and 23% having triple (TVD), double (DVD) and single vessel disease (SVD) respectively Smoking was the commonest risk factor (61%) followed by hypertension (52%), dyslipidemia (27%) and diabetes (22%). The prevalence of CAD increased with increase in the number of risk factors. There was significant association of smoking (OR: 11.5, P: 0.005), hypertension (OR: 8.5, P: 0.002) and diabetes (OR: 10, P: 0.001) for occurrence of significant CAD.
Conclusion: In our study, otherwise unexplained HFrEF showed overall 72% of CAD with 42% having significant CAD (stenosis >50%). Conventional risk factors like smoking, hypertension and diabetes were significantly associated with development of CAD.
Maternal and fetal outcome of severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia in cesarean section and normal delivery
Authors: K Lokeshwari , B Sreenivasa 
Published: May 2022

Aims: To evaluate the maternal and fetal outcomes in severe preeclampsia and eclampsia in Cesarean Section and normal delivery .
Methods: An observational descriptive study of severe pre-eclampsia-eclampsia conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Basaveshwara Medical College Hospital. Gestational age 32-42 weeks were included and imminent deliveries were excluded from the study. Primary outcome variables were mode of delivery, maternal morbidity-mortality, and perinatal morbidity-mortality.
Results: 63.2% in severe pre-eclampsia, 50% in eclampsia group delivered vaginally; 15.1% in severe preeclampsia and 25% in eclampsia group underwent elective LSCS; 21.7% in severe preeclampsia and 25% in eclampsia group underwent emergency LSCS. Incidence of cesarean deliveries in severe pre-eclampsia was 36.8% and in eclampsia it was 50%. No maternal death was observed in elective LSCS. Maternal death in vaginal delivery cases was 0.94% in severe preeclampsia and 4.76% in eclampsia. In emergency LSCS cases maternal mortality was 1.4% in severe preeclampsia and 4.76% in eclampsia group. No perinatal mortality was observed in elective LSCS group; 4.7% perinatal mortality occurred in normal delivery, 20.5% in emergency LSCS in severe preeclampsia and 7.1% in eclampsia who were delivered vaginally.
Conclusion: In eclampsia, feto-maternal outcome is better in the cesarean deliveries than in the vaginal deliveries
Correlation of Amount of Cigarette Smoking with Thickness and Elasticity of Distal Femoral Cartilages using Sono-Elastography Techniques of Ultrasound, a Cross-Sectional Study.
Authors: Bista Neha , Ghimire Pradesh , Collao Mahgn Rances 
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Cigarette smoking is a well-known etiology for chronic musculoskeletal system disorders, like osteoarthritis, affecting the distal femoral cartilages. However, recent studies show protective effects of smoking against osteoarthritis. Ultrasound is an easily accessible and reliable imaging tool for the evaluation of the cartilages, measurement of their thickness, and tissue stiffness. This study seeks to objectively show the effects of smoking by affecting their knee joints’ cartilage and clarify whether it has a chondroprotective effect, or support the usual evidence that smoking is harmful at any cost.
Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study compares the thickness and elasticity of distal femoral cartilage in heavy, ordinary smokers and non-smokers using B-mode scanning and real-time strain elastographic technique of ultrasound respectively.
Results: Among 377 individuals with a mean age of 27.66 years, male predominance (70 %) and mean Body Mass Index (BMI) of 24.55, a higher proportion (50 %) of volunteers were ordinary smokers (pack years <20). Elasticity strain ratios were found to be significantly lower in heavy smokers in both sides’ distal femoral cartilages except in right lateral cartilage (p = <0.001) using Fisher’s exact test. Significantly lower thickness was noted in both cartilages of the right side (p <0.001) and left lateral cartilage (p = 0.001) among heavy smokers. After adjusting for the effects of age, sex, BMI, and occupation using one-way ANOVA, similar results were obtained.
Conclusions: Heavy cigarette smoking causes degradation of distal femoral cartilages by decreasing their thickness and elasticity.
Radiographic Measurements of Normal Knee Joint Space in Adults
Authors: Kayastha Prakash , Khatun Nagma , Regmi Pradeep Raj , Poudel Sharma , Dhakal Prajwal , Adhikari Govinda , Upadhyaya Rudra Prasad , Maharjan Santosh 
Published: May 2022

Introduction: The knee joint is the space between the femoral and tibial condyles. The tibiofemoral articulations are separated by articular cartilages and menisci; with little contributions from cruciate ligaments. These are collectively seen on a radiograph as a radiolucent area between the bony tibial and femoral condyles. This study was conducted to measure the normal knee joint space in patients referred for X-Ray to the Department of Radiology of a tertiary care hospital.
Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed from 1st January to 1st April 2021 in the Department of Radiology and Imaging, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital (TUTH). A total of 157 patients were involved. The radiographic joint space width in the knee joint was measured in both medial and lateral compartments of bilateral knees in correlation with age and gender.
Results: The mean right medial, left medial, right lateral, and left lateral spaces for females were 0.25±0.08 cm, 0.23±0.09 cm, 0.49±0.10 cm, and 0.49±0.29 cm respectively. Similarly, the mean right medial left medial, right lateral, and left lateral spaces for males were 0.26±0.07 cm, 0.10±0.09 cm, 0.18±0.09 cm, and 0.17±0.08 cm respectively. There was a strong positive correlation between both right and left joint spaces about age.
Conclusion: The radiographic reference values for the joint space width were obtained, showing a positive correlation with age and no significant gender variations in bilateral knees.
Sensitivity and Specificity of High-Resolution Computer Tomography in the Diagnosis of COVID-19 Infections
Authors: Lalchan Subita , Kushwaha Niraj 
Published: May 2022

Introduction: The goal of this study is to find the sensitivity and specificity of High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest in diagnosing COVID-19 infection using Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) as a gold standard.
Methods: All patients clinically suspected of having COVID 19 infection who had undergone both RT PCR test and HRCT chest were included in the study. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy of HRCT chest in diagnosing COVID 19 infection were calculated considering RT-PCR as the gold standard test.
Results: A total of 100 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 55.68 years. HRCT chest showed 92.85 % sensitivity, 68.75 % specificity, 93.97 % PPV, 64.7 % NPV and 89 % diagnostic accuracy in the detection of COVID-19 infection.
Conclusion: HRCT scan of the chest shows high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia. It is a fast diagnostic test and also helps in grading the severity of pneumonia thus in further management.
Inclusive Policy in Tribhuvan University: A Case of Its Pre and Post Implementation
Authors: Limbu Prem Prasad 
Published: May 2022

Tribhuvan University (TU), a leading institution of higher education in Nepal covers 83 percent educational enrolment for higher-level education. It has been implementing inclusive policy since 2009 in order to mitigate inequality in composition of higher education governance. The main assumption of the policy action of inclusion is to increase the participation of excluded groups to maintain proportional equilibrium to privileged groups. Is the policy practice working as its assumption? This study has explored the answer of this question. The result shows that the increasing participation status of women, Indigenous Nationalities and Dalit. It has justified the relevancy of continuity of inclusive policy practice. However, the participation of two privileged groups i) Bahun and Chhetri and ii) Newar is not found remarkable decreased. To present the concluding result the article has contained about higher education governance and TU’s inclusive policy legal provision in introduction. After that, it has included the result, discussion and conclusion interpreting comparative data presentation of policy parget groups’ pre and post policy practice participation status.
A Lived Experience of a University Retired English Teacher: A Narrative Inquiry
Authors: Timsina Jib Nath 
Published: May 2022

Teaching is a challenging job. It requires mentoring and helping students to grasp the meaning and understand the message the subject delivers. A teacher is one who inspires guides, enlightens and motivates the learner. It is lifelong process. This article is based on narrative inquiry research on the lived experience of a recently retired English teacher from Tribhuvan University who contributed a lot in English education. It explores how a master degree holder in English education joined at university and constructed and reconstructed his identity in his teaching profession unless he retired. Data were collected from face to face in depth interviews and telephone conversation then analyzed through narrative case analysis. The findings show that a university English teacher develops and modifies his identity through engaging himself in different professional development activities, interacting with different socializing factors and experiencing various emotions in university activities. He also works as curriculum developer, examiner, and invigilator, external and internal examiner in practical examinations. He has to labour hard in his whole professional period and has to balance his emotional behaviours, that is, happy moments as well as frustrated moments. The paper concludes with some implications for language teachers in context of education campuses under faculty of education in T.U.
Challenges of Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Nepal
Authors: Timsina Lok Nath 
Published: May 2022

This article has presented the difficulties and challenges faced by teachers in teaching English as a foreign language in Nepal. The main objective of the article is to describe the challenges in teaching English in the countries where it is not spoken as a mother tongue. The primary data were collected from three English teachers who have been teaching English in basic level at community schools located in Madhyapur Thimi Municipality, Bhaktapur. Field observation and in-depth interviews were the major tools for data collection. From the interviews and the available literature, some challenges of teaching English as a foreign language in our context have been drawn. The result shows that the teachers encounter the challenges inside the classroom with the knowledge of teacher and students, outside of it with parents and unfavorable environment, some challenges are related to languages and others are related to the curriculum, textbooks and the policy of the government. The findings of the study is beneficial to the teachers, researchers, school administrators, policy makers, curriculum developers and textbook writers to obtain the fruitful results in teaching English in Nepal.
Reception of Cultural Texts in the Progressive Rock Concept Albums
Authors: Rzhevska Maiia , Romanko Volodymyr 
Published: May 2022

Relevance of research. The special place of progressive rock among other phenomena of popular music is not least due to its semantic richness, concentration of bold artistic ideas and originality of creative solutions, which immediately transferred this layer of pop culture into the category of “music for listening”. The main achievements of progressive rock belong to a relatively short period (late 1960s — mid 1970s). However, it had a significant impact on the further development of rock music and popular music in general. Many studio albums by progressive rock bands show signs of some kind of echo with a number of specific cultural texts, as well as with the systems of cultural codes.
Main objective of the article is to describe the mechanisms of the work of the cultural memory in the processes of creating a new artistic integrity by demonstrating in the creative works of progressive rock groups the projections of cultural texts related to different traditions and layers of artistic heritage.
The research methods. The article is dominated by the principles of the semiotic approach, which allows us to apply to the subject of research such concepts and categories as reception, cultural memory, cultural texts, interpretation, reflection, intertextuality.
Results and conclusions. The artistic value and semantic richness of the creative heritage of progressive rock bands of the “classical” period was formed in the interaction of many components, which showed itself both in dynamics, at different stages of the formation and implementation of the idea, and in the final result: a combination of compositional and dramatic characteristics and means of musical expression. In the case of conceptual albums, the initial stages are of great importance, when the mechanisms of transferring the cultural memory are started in the process of creative search. In fact, it is this that becomes the main factor ensuring the emergence of a general principle, which should unite individual fragments into a single whole. Examples of the albums by “Genesis”, “Camel”, Rick Wakeman and others, allow us to determine the effect of the reception of cultural texts in different variations: from reinterpretation with a significant transformation of the source material to subtle displays of intertextuality (intermediality). The value of the finds localized in this layer of musical culture triggered further experiments in the field of popular music (such as Sting’s albums of the 2000s), which is a confirmation of the depth of the already implemented and the limitless potential of future dialogues of cultures.