bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of E × B shear on microtearing based transport in spherical tokamaks
Authors: Patel B.S. , Hardman M.R. , Kennedy D. , Giacomin M. , Dickinson D. , Roach C.M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Electromagnetic microtearing modes (MTMs) have been observed in many different spherical tokamak (ST) regimes. Understanding how these and other electromagnetic modes nonlinearly saturate is likely critical in understanding the confinement of a high β ST. Equilibrium E × B sheared flows have sometimes been found to significantly suppress low β ion scale transport in both gyrokinetic simulations and in experiment. This work aims to understand the conditions under which E × B sheared flow impacts on the saturation of MTM simulations, as there have been examples where it does (Guttenfelder et al 2012 Phys. Plasmas
19 056119) and does not (Doerk et al 2012 Phys. Plasmas
19 055907) have a considerable effect. Two experimental regimes are examined from MAST and NSTX, on surfaces that have unstable MTMs. The MTM driven transport on a local flux surface in MAST is shown to be more resilient to suppression via E × B shear, compared to the case from NSTX where the MTM transport is found to be significantly suppressed. This difference in the response to flow shear is explained through the impact of magnetic shear,

s
^

, on the MTM linear growth rate dependence on ballooning angle, θ
0. At low

s
^

, the growth rate depends weakly on θ
0, but at higher

s
^

, the MTM growth rate peaks at θ
0 = 0, with regions of stability at higher θ
0. Equilibrium E × B sheared flows act to advect the θ
0 of a mode in time, providing a mechanism to reduce the linear drive and suppress the transport from modes where the growth rate is strongly peaked in θ
0 (Roach et al 2009 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
51 124020). Bicoherence analysis demonstrates that with the inclusion of E × B shear there is a more effective coupling between the linearly driven drift-waves responsible for transport and zonal modes, which enhances damping. The dependence of γ
MTM on θ
0 is in qualitative agreement with a recent theory (Hardman et al
Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
65 045011) at low β when

q
∼
1

, but the agreement worsens at higher q where the theory breaks down. At higher

s
^

, MTMs drive more stochastic transport due a stronger overlap of magnetic islands centred on neighbouring rational surfaces, but equilibrium E × B shear acts to mitigate this. This is especially critical towards the plasma edge where

s
^

can be larger and where the total stored energy in the plasma is more sensitive to the local gradients. This work highlights the important role of the safety factor profile in determining the impact of equilibrium E × B shear on the saturation level of MTM turbulence.
The discrete analogue of the Gaussian
Authors: Chinta Gautam , Jorgenson Jay , Karlsson Anders , Smajlović Lejla 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper illustrates the utility of the heat kernel on

Z

as the discrete analogue of the Gaussian density function. The heat kernel on

Z

is the two-variable function

K

Z

(
t
,
x
)
=

e

−
2
t

I

x

(
2
t
)

where

I

x

(
2
t
)

is a Bessel function, with variables

x
∈

Z

and

t
⩾
0

. Like its classic counterpart,

K

Z

(
t
,
x
)

appears in many mathematical and physical contexts and has a wealth of applications. Some of these applications will be reviewed here, and they concern Bessel integrals, trigonometric sums, hypergeometric functions and asymptotics of discrete models appearing in statistical and quantum physics. Moreover, we prove a new local limit theorem for sums of integer-valued random variables, obtain novel special values of the spectral zeta function of Bethe lattices, and provide a discussion on how

e

−
2
t

I

x

(
2
t
)

could be useful in differential privacy.
Dual-band topological Bott insulators in Ammann–Beenker-tiling square photonic quasicrystals
Authors: Zhang Yingfang , Lan Zhihao , Chen Weicheng , Li Jianqing 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this work, we study topological states in Ammann–Beenker-tiling photonic quasicrystals made of magneto-optical materials. While conventional topological states in photonic systems with crystalline symmetry are characterized by topological invariants associated with bulk Bloch bands in momentum space, photonic systems in quasicrystal geometries typically lack exact periodicity and translational symmetry. As a result, conventional topological invariants defined in momentum space for photonic crystals, such as Chern number, are not applicable for photonic quasicrystals. Instead, a topological invariant called Bott index defined in real space could be employed for characterizing the topological properties of photonic quasicrystals, which we term as topological Bott insulators. In specific, we investigate the topological properties of photonic quasicrystals made of gyromagnetic dielectric cylinders arranged in a two-dimensional Ammann–Beenker tiling quasicrystalline lattice and find that this system supports dual-band chiral topological edge states, where the topological nature of both bandgaps is unambiguously confirmed by explicit calculations of the Bott index. Our work not only provides new insights on topological states in photonic quasicrystals based on the Ammann–Beenker-tiling, the results may also offer promising potentials for robust multiband photonic devices and applications not constrained by crystalline symmetries.
Optimized strategies for vehicle detection in autonomous driving systems with complex dynamic characteristics
Authors: Qiu Chengqun , Tang Hao , Xu Xixi , Liang Ji , Ji Jie , Shen Yujie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
High-precision road vehicle detection is a key requirement in the field of autonomous driving. In this paper, an optimization method based on YOLOv8n is proposed to improve the detection accuracy and generalization ability of existing deep learning target detection algorithms. The structure of YOLOv8n is comprehensively improved by upgrading Backbone to VanillaNet structure, optimizing the traditional PANet in the neck to Bi-FPN, and introducing the ASFF module in the head part. The model training is performed using a specially designed dataset based on the pictures collected from the car recorder. Comparative experimental results show that the optimized model improves 1.75%, 2.76%, 3.6%, and 4.7% in Precision, Recall, mAP0.5, and mAP0.5:0.95. While the accuracy is improved, the number of parameters only increases by 21.81M, the FLOPS only increases by 61.22B, and the computational complexity is still lower than that of the same series of YOLOv8m. In addition, the independent contributions of each improvement module are systematically analyzed through ablation experiments. In the driving test, the inference confidence and frame rate are used as indicators for the detection evaluation of road scenes. The test results show that the frame rate always stays above 38 FPS and reaches up to 56 FPS, and the detection confidence is no less than 0.69 in the face of diversified road targets, which meets the accuracy and real-time demand of the automatic driving detection system. The research in this paper provides a feasible and efficient solution to improve the target detection accuracy.
Lower extremity exoskeletons: A systematic review on design, control, and sensing
Authors: Htet Ye , Behera Bulbul , Maria Joseph Felix Orlando 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Recently, the use of lower limb exoskeleton is growing from medical&#xD;rehabilitation to enhancing ability and strength of human. Leg exoskeleton assist&#xD;the patients with lower limb impairment or elderly people to stand up and rehabilitate&#xD;gait patterns. This paper provides an extensive overview of leg exoskeleton in terms&#xD;of design consideration, control strategies, potential endangerment associated with&#xD;exoskeleton use, and sensing system. A comparison study based on these topics are&#xD;provided with applications. Finally, perquisite challenges and possible solution in this&#xD;directions are highlighted which will significantly help the researchers to develop next&#xD;generation lower limb exoskeleton.
An effective unsupervised image stitching method based on improved UDISNet
Authors: Wang Hongru , Zhang Jingtao , Dai Chaolei , Cheng Hu , Wang Jia 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Addressing the challenges of artifacts, misalignment, and distortion in complex scenarios, which arise from difficulties in feature extraction from images, we proposed a novel unsupervised image stitching method based on Unsupervised Deep Image Stitching Net (UDISNet). This method improves the UDISNet-based unsupervised image stitching method from two aspects: image alignment and image reconstruction. In the image alignment stage, to solve the problem that the network cannot extract effective alignment information in large baseline scenarios, the Edge-Preserved Image Stitching Net(EPISNet) large baseline depth homography network is introduced and an AdaPool layer is used between each two convolution layers. In the image reconstruction stage, to address the problems of weak image edge information detection, artifacts, and misalignment, we employ the Edge-Preserved Deformation Net (EPDNet) image edge detection module and deepen the network. The comparative experimental results show that the RMSE, PSNR, and SSIM of our method are 1.93, 24.85, and 0.85, respectively, which are all superior to those of other state-of-the-art methods. Moreover, extensive experiments indicate that our method can effectively stitch both ground and water surface images, which means that it has a high generalization. Therefore, our work is effective and constructive.
Design and optimization of piezoelectric diaphragm for self-powered acoustic sensor
Authors: Sawane Mohini , Prasad Mahanth 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A self-powered piezoelectric material-based sensor has miniaturization and mass production capabilities. The finite element analysis shows results prior to device fabrication, which discover potential defects in the design, improve sensor performance, and lead to cost-effective fabrication. This study reveals the trade-offs between sensitivity and frequency range of the proposed device and provides an optimized diaphragm design in terms of material choice and dimension. Regardless of the cavity and holes in the silicon substrate, the optimized design is applicable for any piezoelectric square shaped diaphragm-based acoustic sensor. The constraints of MEMS fabrication technique are considered while selecting a parameter range for the diaphragm. The obtained results from COMSOL Multiphysics with diaphragm area 12.25 mm2, ZnO (2.5 μm), and silicon layer (5 μm) shows a resonance frequency of 39 kHz and sensitivity of 1.17 mV at 1 kHz of frequency, results in higher sensitivity with maximum feasible frequency range for optimized design.
Analysis of existing techniques in human emotion and behavioral analysis using deep learning and machine learning models
Authors: Jinnuo Zhu , Goyal S B , Rajawat Anand Singh , Nassar Waked Hayyan , Ahmad Sultan , Randhawa Princy , Suresh Shilpa , Naik Nithesh 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Artificial intelligence has become a pivotal force in the 21st-century information technology landscape, driving significant advancements in various fields. As AI continues to evolve, its capacity to understand and analyze human emotions and behaviors through machine learning has reached a new height. In practical applications, it is essential to intelligently capture the emotional information. Current research methods for studying human emotions and behaviors can be broadly classified into artificial and machine learning. Predominantly, emotion research leverages machine learning to enable AI to recognize facial expressions and perform emotion detection and feedback tasks. In the realm of human behavior research, vital structural information is extracted from limbs and skeletons for detailed analysis. Significant breakthroughs have been achieved by integrating AI technology with effective algorithms. However, existing detection mechanisms still suffer from varying degrees of error, primarily owing to imperfections in machine learning and algorithmic approaches to human emotions and behaviors, resulting in computational inaccuracies. This review explores the contributions and limitations of both machine and artificial learning in the current research landscape. This review proposes leveraging the working principles of wearable technology to develop a comprehensive detection framework for emotions and behaviors. This integrated approach aims to enhance the accuracy and reliability of AI in detecting human emotions and behaviors, thereby laying a solid foundation for future advancements in this field. By addressing the current challenges and refining methodologies, we can significantly improve AI’s effectiveness of AI in understanding and interacting with human emotional and behavioral patterns.
Robust

H
∞

-based prescribed time attitude tracking control of quadrotor UAVs
Authors: Wang Xuejiao , Chen Ming , Gai Yulin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A novel robust H
∞
prescribed time controller is constructed based on the backstepping method, and it is applied to the attitude tracking problem of quadrotor UAVs with disturbances for the first time. The proposed controller integrates Lyapunov stability theory, prescribed time control, robust H
∞
control and backstepping method, and it not only ensures that the attitude errors of the system converge to zero at given time, but also has H
∞
performance against external disturbances. In addition, compared with the traditional finite-time and fixed-time, another significant advantage of the proposed controller is that its convergence time does not depend on the initial conditions and any design parameters of the system. A rigorous proof of the prescribed time stability of the quadrotor system is derived, and the simulation results further demonstrate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.
Tuning gut microbiota by advanced nanotechnology
Authors: Qi Yue , Wang Yueyi , Wang Xiaofei , Zheng Hao , Lu Yuan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Gut microbiota reveals fundamental mechanisms of health and disease, and its modulation has important applications in biomedicine. Traditional modulation methods (e.g. diet, antibiotics, and probiotics) suffer from drug resistance, poor targeting, and low efficiency. Nanotechnology has become an attractive option for the precise modulation of gut microbiota due to its targeting and controllability. This review will focus on research progress in nanotechnology to modulate gut microbiota, including the direct use of nanomaterials as antimicrobials, nano-drug delivery systems, and stimulus-responsive nanotechnology. In addition, the applications of nanotechnology to modulate gut microbiota are summarized in terms of healthcare, animal protection, and agricultural development. Finally, the challenges and corresponding solution strategies for nanotechnology modulation are reviewed, and the future development prospects for nanotechnology modulation are summarized. This review provides an important theoretical basis and practical reference for the development of gut microbiota modulation, and promotes the research and application of more precise and efficient microbiota community intervention strategies.
Ethics, Supervenience, and Ramsey Sentences
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter identifies a logical error in the argument for the supervenience of evaluative properties on non-evaluative properties in Frank Jackson’s book From Metaphysics to Ethics. It also shows how Jackson’s attempt to provide a priori conceptual analyses of evaluative expressions in non-evaluative terms by the method of Ramsey sentences (the ‘Canberra plan’) depends on extremely implausible assumptions about the requirements of linguistic competence and the level of moral consensus needed to secure anything like the uniqueness constraint on the realization of the roles of moral expressions on which Ramsey’s account depends. An Afterword explains the mistakes in Jackson’s reply to the original critique.
Boghossian, Müller-Lyer, the Parrot, and the Nazi
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter is a critique of Paul Boghossian’s defence of internalism about epistemic justification. His account implies that a consistent Nazi can be fully justified in his belief that he ought to kill innocent people, provided that the belief coheres with all his other beliefs and his ‘intuitions’, as it may do. Boghossian’s attempt to separate the link between justification for believing that one ought to perform an action and justification for performing it is shown to be unconvincing. The chapter also criticizes Boghossian’s attempt to show that seemings (including intuitions) are not inhibited dispositions to believe. He argues that parrots have perceptual seemings because they have been shown to be subject to Müller-Lyer illusions, but are not capable of belief. However, the experimentalists who tested the parrot in question also attributed belief-like states to it, so it does not help Boghossian’s case.
Epistemological Ambivalence
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The chapter explains how conflicts amongst the primary and derivative norms discussed in Chapters 9 and 10 can generate something like epistemic dilemmas. It is argued that virtually any initial non-trivial epistemic norm will potentially generate such dilemmas. Analogous conflicts are illustrated with systems for communicating information (in the information-theoretic sense). It is argued that the basic epistemic norm is better conceived as governing whole cognitive systems rather than individual beliefs, since only the former but not the latter can explain the epistemic defect in failing to generate beliefs when there is no epistemic obstacle to knowing. The basic norm on cognitive systems is to generate knowledge (on which the agent can then act). It is a functional norm: the function of the cognitive system is to generate such knowledge.
A Note on Weighing Reasons
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This short chapter explains why using a framework of reasons is problematic: the normal way of understanding how reasons combine is in terms of the metaphor of weighing reasons for and against something. That metaphor embodies an additive conception of how reasons combine. That conception has only heuristic value, since it is easy to construct cases where two reasons each of which strongly favours a given option combine to make a decisive case against that option. Attempts to finesse such examples sacrifice much of the utility of thinking in terms of reasons, which arguably depends on the weighing heuristic. High-profile cases of intersectionality also violate the additive model. Thinking explicitly in terms of probabilities is much more sensitive than thinking in terms of reasons to such subtleties.
On the Moral Objection to Coercion
Authors: White Stephen J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper addresses the question of what makes coercion wrong, when it is wrong. The central claim White defends is that the moral objection to coercion lies in the fact that the coercer influences the coercee by illegitimately imposing on her a responsibility she should not have to bear (for example, the responsibility to ensure the coercer does not physically assault her). He argues that this account helps explain why it often matters whether the coercer has any right to do what she is threatening to do; and that it illuminates the sense in which, when one submits to a coercive threat, one is not acting autonomously, despite the fact that one may be exercising one’s ordinary, fully intact capacity for rational choice.
The Relevance of Formative Circumstances to Blameworthiness
Authors: White Stephen J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Suppose a person has committed some heinous crime. And suppose we know this person experienced severe abuse and deprivation as a child. Many of us feel hesitant to blame this person fully for her crime. But how is the person’s childhood relevant? The account White offers appeals to a theory of blame and blameworthiness recently defended by T.M. Scanlon. For Scanlon, blame is a response made appropriate by an impairment of an interpersonal relationship. It follows from this that the kind of reaction (blame) that is appropriate in response to a person’s action depends on the nature of the relationship one has with the person. He argues here that horrific formative circumstances can make a difference to the fundamental moral relations a person has with others and thus to whether she is in any normal sense morally blameworthy for her actions.
Responsibility, Justice, and Solidarity
Authors: White Stephen J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper examines, first, how the concept of personal responsibility figures in different theories of distributive justice, and second, what the relation is between ideas of personal responsibility and solidarity in the context of an account of justice. White discusses luck egalitarianism as a representative attempt to make the theory of distributive justice sensitive to an independent conception of personal responsibility. After clarifying the structure of the luck egalitarian approach, he raises doubts about whether it is possible to develop an account of personal responsibility for outcomes that does not itself rely on a prior theory of justice. He then contrasts the structural role that personal responsibility plays in luck egalitarianism with the role it plays in Rawls’s theory of justice. Finally, he shows how these different roles in turn support very different accounts of the relation between ideals of personal responsibility and solidarity.
Practical Commitment and Knowledge of Intentional Action
Authors: White Stephen J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
It is generally agreed that, as agents, our knowledge of our intentional actions is not based solely on observation or other forms of evidence. According to inferentialism, when an agent knows that she is or will be performing an intentional action, φ, what she knows without the help of observation or evidence is just that she intends or has decided to φ. Assuming relevant background information, she may then be in a position to infer that she will φ. By contrast, according to the “practical reasoning view,” an agent’s knowledge of what she does is grounded primarily in the practical reasoning that supports doing it in the first place. White attempts to provide some motivation for the practical reasoning view by arguing that the inferential view is incompatible with an intuitive conception of intention as a form of rational commitment to action.
Beyond Thanking Black Women
Authors: Crowder Chaya Y 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter begins by detailing the ways in which, after each Democratic electoral victory, it has become commonplace for the election to follow with numerous calls to thank Black women for being the backbone of the Democratic Party. Thanking Black women is rarely followed by action or policy in support of Black women. Even still, Black women are the most loyal Democratic voting-block in the United States. Therefore, understanding the formation of public opinion about issues that affect Black women is important. The chapter begins by defining and describing the significance of intersectionality and group consciousness and explaining the broader implications of bringing these concepts into conversation with one another for understanding race, gender, sexuality, and American political behavior. Finally, the chapter builds on the concepts of intersectionality and group consciousness to introduce the theory of intersectional solidarity informed by work in social psychology, political science, and Black feminist theory. Intersectional solidarity is defined as a political disposition that is characterized by awareness and distress over the oppression of Black women.