bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examination of the interaction between age‐specific predation and chronic disease in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
Authors: Brandell Ellen E. , Cross Paul C. , Smith Douglas W. , Rogers Will , Galloway Nathan L. , MacNulty Daniel R. , Stahler Daniel R. , Treanor John , Hudson Peter J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Predators may create healthier prey populations by selectively removing diseased individuals. Predators typically prefer some ages of prey over others, which may, or may not, align with those prey ages that are most likely to be diseased.

The interaction of age‐specific infection and predation has not been previously explored and likely has sizable effects on disease dynamics. We hypothesize that predator cleansing effects will be greater when the disease and predation occur in the same prey age groups.

We examine the predator cleansing effect using a model where both vulnerability to predators and pathogen prevalence vary with age. We tailor this model to chronic wasting disease (CWD) in mule deer and elk populations in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, with empirical data from Yellowstone grey wolves and cougars.

Model results suggest that under moderate, yet realistic, predation pressure from cougars and wolves independently, predators may decrease CWD outbreak size substantially and delay the accumulation of symptomatic deer and elk. The magnitude of this effect is driven by the ability of predators to selectively remove late‐stage CWD infections that are likely the most responsible for transmission, but this may not be the age class they typically select. Thus, predators that select for infected young adults over uninfected juveniles have a stronger cleansing effect, and these effects are strengthened when transmission rates increase with increasing prey morbidity. There are also trade‐offs from a management perspective—that is, increasing predator kill rates can result in opposing forces on prey abundance and CWD prevalence.

Our modelling exploration shows that predators have the potential to reduce prevalence in prey populations when prey age and disease severity are considered, yet the strength of this effect is influenced by predators' selection for demography or body condition. Current CWD management focuses on increasing cervid hunting as the primary management tool, and our results suggest predators may also be a useful tool under certain conditions, but not necessarily without additional impacts on host abundance and demography. Protected areas with predator populations will play a large role in informing the debate over predator impacts on disease.
Phyllosphere fungal communities of rubber trees exhibited biogeographical patterns, but not bacteria
Authors: Wei Yaqing , Lan Guoyu , Wu Zhixiang , Chen Bangqian , Quan Fei , Li Mingmei , Sun Shuqing , Du Haonan 
Published: January 2022

SummaryPhyllosphere microbiomes play an essential role in maintaining host health and productivity. Still, the diversity patterns and the drivers for the phyllosphere microbial community of the tropical cash crop Rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) – are poorly understood. We sampled the phyllosphere of field‐grown rubber trees in South China. We examined the phyllosphere bacterial and fungal composition, diversity and main drivers of these microbes using the Illumina® sequencing and assembly. Fungal communities were distinctly different in different climatic regions (i.e. Xishuangbanna and Hainan Island) and climatic factors, especially mean annual temperature, and they were the main driving factors of foliar fungal communities, indicating fungal communities showed a geographical pattern. Significant differences of phyllosphere bacterial communities were detected in different habitats (i.e. endophytic and epiphytic). Most of the differences in taxa composition came from Firmicutes spp., which have been assigned as nitrogen‐fixing bacteria. Since these bacteria cannot penetrate the cuticle like fungi, the abundant epiphytic Firmicutes spp. may supplement the deficiency of nitrogen acquisition. And the main factor influencing endophytic bacteria were internal factors, such as total nitrogen, total phosphorus and water content of leaves. External factors (i.e. climate) were the main driving force for epiphytic bacteria community assembly. Our work provides empirical evidence that the assembly of phyllosphere bacterial and fungal differed, which creates a precedent for preventing and controlling rubber tree diseases and pests and rubber tree yield improvement.
Horizons of Social Democracy. Social investment or transcending capitalism?
Authors: Kerstenetzky Celia Lessa 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article explores new horizons for social democracy, by initially identifying two sets of proposals currently being advanced in policy debates: the social investment welfare state and Thomas Piketty’s ‘transcending capitalism’ blueprint. The article dismisses two possible interpretations of fundamental distinctions between them: (1) that they correspond, respectively, to redistributive and predistributive social policy styles; and (2) that they differ regarding their socially transformative daring. After establishing their common social democratic grounds, the article sets out the terms for a new conversation between them, with a view to assessing frontiers for social democratic ambition. The imagined conversation makes explicit their distinct emphases—one on labour strength (social investment); and the other on capital democratisation (transcending capitalism)—and reveals that these are because of contrasting assessments of problems and possibilities. It also makes clear that the integration of the two proposals is both possible and desirable, but suggests that an all‐encompassing social democratic agenda might offer possibilities beyond such an integration.
Evidence‐based strategies to reduce the incidence of postoperative delirium: a narrative review
Authors: Swarbrick C. J. , Partridge J. S. L. 
Published: January 2022

SummaryDelirium is one of the most commonly occurring postoperative complications in older adults. It occurs due to the vulnerability of cerebral functioning to pathophysiological stressors. Identification of those at increased risk of developing delirium early in the surgical pathway provides an opportunity for modification of predisposing and precipitating risk factors and effective shared decision‐making. No single delirium prediction tool is used widely in surgical settings. Multi‐component interventions to prevent delirium involve structured risk factor modification supported by geriatrician input; these are clinically efficacious and cost effective. Barriers to the widespread implementation of such complex interventions exist, resulting in an ‘implementation gap’. There is a lack of evidence for pharmacological prophylaxis for the prevention of delirium. Current evidence suggests that avoidance of peri‐operative benzodiazepines, careful titration of anaesthetic depth guided by processed electroencephalogram monitoring and treatment of pain are the most effective strategies to minimise the risk of delirium. Addressing postoperative delirium requires a collaborative, whole pathway approach, beginning with the early identification of those patients who are at risk. The research agenda should continue to examine the potential for pharmacological prophylaxis to prevent delirium while also addressing how successful models of delirium prevention can be translated from one setting to another, underpinned by implementation science methodology.
Intraosseous infusion of liposome‐encapsulated hemoglobin (HbV) acutely prevents hemorrhagic anemia‐induced lethal arrhythmias, and its efficacy persists with preventing proarrhythmic side effects in the subacute phase of severe hemodilution model
Authors: Takase Bonpei , Higashimura Yuko , Asahina Haruka , Masaki Nobuyuki , Kinoshita Manabu , Sakai Hiromi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundArtificial oxygen carriers (HbV) can treat hemorrhagic shock with lethal arrhythmias (VT/VF). No reports exist on subacute HbV’s effects.MethodsAcute and subacute resuscitation effects with anti‐arrhythmogenesis of HbV were studied in 85% blood exchange rat model (85%‐Model). Lethal 85%‐Model was created by bone marrow transfusion and femoral artery bleeding in 80 SD rats in HbV‐administered group (HbV‐group), washed erythrocyte‐administered group (wRBC‐group), and 5% albumin‐administered group (ALB‐group). Survival rates, anti‐arrhythmic efficacy by optical mapping system (OMP) with electrophysiological study (EPS) in Langendorff heart, cardiac autonomic activity by heart rate variability (HRV) and ventricular arrhythmias by 24‐h electrocardiogram telemetry monitoring (24 h‐ECG) in awake, and left ventricular function by echocardiography (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF]) were measured.ResultsAll rats in HbV‐ and wRBC‐groups survived for 4 weeks, whereas no rats in ALB‐group. HbV and wRBC acutely suppressed VT/VF in Langendorff heart through ameliorating action potential duration dispersion (APDd) analyzed by OMP with EPS. For subacute analysis, 50% blood exchange by 5% albumin was used (ALB‐group 50). Subacute salutary effect on APDd and VT/VF inducibility was confirmed in HbV‐ and wRBC‐groups. 24 h‐ECG showed that HbV and wRBC suppressed none‐sustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) and sympathetic component of HRV (LF/HF) with preserved LVEF (HbV‐group, wRBC‐group vs. ALB‐group 50; NSVT numbers/days, 0.5 ± 0.3, 0.4 ± 0.3 vs. 3.9 ± 1.2*; LF/HF, 1.1 ± 0.2, 0.8 ± 0.2 vs. 3.5 ± 1.0*; LVEF, 84 ± 5, 83 ± 4, vs. 77 ± 4%*; *p < 0.05).ConclusionsCollectively, HbV has sustained antiarrhythmic effect in subacute 85%‐Model by ameliorating electrical remodeling and improving arrhythmogenic modifying factors (HRV and LVEF). These findings are useful in now continuing clinical trials of HbV.
Pro‐inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, TNF‐α, IL‐6 and MCP‐1, as biomarkers for the nephro‐ and pneumoprotective effect of silibinin after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion: Confirmation by immunohistochemistry and qRT‐PCR
Authors: Kyriakopoulos Georgios , Lambropoulou Maria , Valsami Georgia , Kostomitsopoulos Nikolaos , Konstandi Ourania , Anagnostopoulos Konstantinos , Tsalikidis Christos , Oikonomou Panagoula , Simopoulos Konstantinos , Tsaroucha Alexandra K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe present study investigated the potential nephro‐ and pneumoprotective effect of silibinin (Si) after hepatic ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury, by measuring pro‐inflammatory factors. Sixty‐three rats were randomly assigned into three groups, as follows: (a) the sham group (n = 7 rats), subjected to opening and closing the abdomen; (b) the control group (n = 28 rats), subjected to 45‐min hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion; and (c) the silibinin group (n = 28), subjected to 45‐min hepatic ischemia followed by intravenous administration of lyophilised SLB‐HP‐β‐CD before reperfusion. Control and silibinin groups were further subdivided into time‐point groups, according to the duration of reperfusion. TNF‐α, IL‐6 and MCP‐1 expressions were determined immunohistochemically and by qrT‐PCR at each time‐point. Kidney TNF‐α expression was significantly lower at 180 and 240 min, while lung TNF‐α expression was significantly lower at 240 min. Comparison between the control and Si group at the same time‐points showed very strong evidence of difference at 240 min, with the levels of IL‐6 shifting towards lower values in the Si group. Finally, we found a high MCP‐1 expression after 120 min. We conclude that hepatic I/R injury remotely increases pro‐inflammatory mediators in the kidney and lung, whereas silibinin shows a time‐dependent nephro‐ and pneumoprotective effect.
Financial return or social responsibility? An investigation into the stakeholder focus of institutional investors
Authors: Einig Sandra 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSince the financial crisis, regulators have put emphasis on encouraging institutional investors to take their governance responsibilities more seriously. In the UK, the Stewardship Code was introduced to enhance the engagement of institutional investors with shareholdings in UK listed companies. In the literature, institutional investors have been predominantly conceptualised as owners, although a number of authors have rejected this view, arguing that traders would be more appropriate. The UK Stewardship Code adds a third view: the institutional investor as steward. The literature generally considers the stewardship concept to be the ownership role combined with wider stakeholder responsibilities. By focussing primarily on this new stakeholder element, this study examines empirically the new stewardship concept by undertaking a content analysis of the published Stewardship Statements of 81 asset managers. The results find support for both the ownership and stewardship role but also highlight significant variations in practices that point toward different competitive strategies.
Special supplemental nutrition programme for women, infants and children participation and unmet health care needs among young children
Authors: King Christian , Mancao Henry J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundResearch shows that the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) programme improves the nutrition and health of low‐income families. Recent studies have also shown that WIC improves access to health care services and use. However, no studies have reported whether WIC reduces unmet health care needs in young children.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of 2810 mostly low‐income urban mothers and their five‐year‐old children in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Mothers reported whether they received any WIC benefits since the child turned three. Unmet health care needs were operationalized through three outcomes: not having a place for routine care, not having seen a doctor for a regular checkup in the past year, and never having had a dental checkup.ResultsIn adjusted logistic regressions, children in families receiving WIC benefits were less likely to not have a place for routine care (odds ratio = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.32, 0.93), and less likely to never have had a dental check‐up (odds ratio = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.58–0.97). There was no association between receiving WIC benefits and the child not having a regular checkup in the past year.ConclusionsIn this study of urban children, receiving WIC benefits was associated with a lower risk of unmet health care needs. Given that only half of eligible families receive WIC benefits, the programme has the potential to reduce unmet health care needs for a large number of children of eligible families not enrolled in the programme.
The role of foster carers in England and Portugal: Is it solely a parenting role?
Authors: Pinto Vânia S. , Luke Nikki 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe role of foster carers can be described as similar to the role of parents, but with some additional tasks. Through focus groups, children in care, young adults who are care‐experienced, foster carers, and social workers in England and Portugal shared their views on this role. Key themes included the need to promote children's sense of belonging and relationships with foster carers and their birth family, to support children's individual needs, and to recognise the influence of children's social care services, social workers and foster carers’ family and social network. Foster carers and social workers in the English sample talked about the complementarity between the parenting side of the role and these additional tasks. On the other hand, children and young adults in both samples, and foster carers and social workers in the Portuguese sample, focused mostly on the parenting side of the role, but also stated the importance of some additional tasks, such as collaboration with children's birth families. These findings reflect policies and alternative care context differences between England and Portugal.
Textbook surgical outcome in lung transplantation: Analysis of a US national registry
Authors: Krischak Madison K. , Au Sandra , Halpern Samantha E. , Olaso Danae G. , Moris Dimitrios , Snyder Laurie D. , Barbas Andrew S. , Haney John C. , Klapper Jacob A. , Hartwig Matthew G. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntroTextbook surgical outcome (TO) is a novel composite quality measure in lung transplantation (LTx). Compared to 1‐year survival metrics, TO may better differentiate center performance, and motivate improvements in care. To understand the feasibility of implementing this metric, we defined TO in LTx using US national data, and evaluated its ability to predict post‐transplant outcomes and differentiate center performance.MethodsAdult patients who underwent isolated LTx between 2016 and 2019 were included. TO was defined as freedom from post‐transplant length of stay > 30 days, 90‐day mortality, intubation or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation at 72 h post‐transplant, post‐transplant ventilator support lasting ≥5 days, postoperative airway dehiscence, inpatient dialysis, pre‐discharge acute rejection, and grade 3 primary graft dysfunction at 72 h. Recipient and donor characteristics and post‐transplant outcomes were compared between patients who achieved and failed TO.ResultsOf 8959 lung transplant recipients, 4664 (52.1%) achieved TO. Patient and graft survival were improved among patients who achieved TO (both log‐rank P < .0001). Among 62 centers, adjusted rates of TO ranged from 27.0% to 72.4% reflecting a wide variability in center‐level performance.ConclusionTO defined using national data may represent a novel composite metric to guide quality improvement in LTx across US transplant centers.SummaryIn this study we defined textbook outcome (TO) for lung transplantation (LTx) using US national data. We found that achievement of TO was associated with improved post‐transplant survival, and wide variability in center‐level LTx performance. These findings suggest that TO could be readily implemented to compare quality of care among US LTx centers.
Association between maternal glucose and large for gestational outcomes: Real‐world evidence to support Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study findings
Authors: Kaul Padma , Savu Anamaria , Yeung Roseanne O. , Ryan Edmond A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimsTo compare large for gestational age (LGA) rates by maternal glucose levels in a real‐world setting with those in the Hyperglycaemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (HAPO) study. To examine the association between fasting plasma glucose (FPG), 1‐ and 2‐h on a 75‐g oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) and LGA.MethodsPregnancies were categorized according to HAPO thresholds. Category‐specific LGA rates were compared to those in HAPO. Categories with glucose thresholds below or above the diagnostic criteria for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were labelled as lower and higher/GDM, respectively. GDM pregnancies were further stratified according to FPG or post‐load elevations and logistic regression was used to examine their independent association with LGA.FindingsIn our cohort of 97,032 pregnancies, rates of LGA increased with increasing maternal glucose in lower categories of FPG, 1‐ and 2‐h glucose (trend p < 0.01). However, LGA rates in higher/GDM categories were significantly lower in our study than those in HAPO for 1‐ and 2‐h glucose, but not for FPG. Elevated FPG alone was associated with an almost twofold increase in risk of LGA, while elevated post‐load glucose alone was associated with a 20% reduction in risk of LGA, compared to negative OGTT.ConclusionsReal‐world data confirm the HAPO study findings at lower levels of maternal glycaemia. At higher levels, GDM diagnosis and treatment appear to be effective in reducing rates of LGA in pregnancies with post‐load glucose elevations, but not elevated FPG. Elevated FPG is a stronger predictor of LGA than post‐load glucose elevations.
The worldwide epilepsy treatment gap: A systematic review and recommendations for revised definitions – A report from the ILAE Epidemiology Commission
Authors: Kwon Churl‐Su , Wagner Ryan G. , Carpio Arturo , Jetté Nathalie , Newton Charles R. , Thurman David J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveIn order to more appropriately apply and understand the “epilepsy treatment gap” (ETG) concept in current health systems, revised conceptual and operational definitions of ETG are timely and necessary. This article therefore systematically reviews worldwide studies of the ETG, distinguishing high‐, middle‐, and low‐income regions, and provides recommendations for an updated International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) definition of ETG.MethodsA systematic review of the ETG was performed using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) standards. The search was conducted from January 1990 to July 2019, in the online databases of Ovid MEDLINE and Embase. Identified abstracts were reviewed in duplicate and data independently extracted using a standard proforma. Data describing treatment gap information including both diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of access to epilepsy treatment were recorded. Descriptive statistics are presented.ResultsThe treatment gap reported in the 45 distinctive populations represented 33 countries. Treatment gap definitions varied widely. The reported ETGs ranged broadly from 5.6% in Norway to 100% in parts of Tibet, Togo, and Uganda. The wide range of reported ETGs was multifactorial in origin including true differences in the availability and utilization of health care among study populations, variations in operational definitions of the epilepsy treatment gap, and methodological differences in sampling and identifying representative epilepsy cases in populations.Significance and recommendationsFor the ETG to be a useful metric to compare levels of unmet epilepsy care across different countries and regions, a standardized definition must be adapted, recognizing some of the limitations of the current definitions. Our proposed definition takes into account the lack of effective health care insurance, the diagnostic gap, the therapeutic gap, quality‐of‐care, and other unmet health care needs.”