bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predatory trading: ethics judgments, legality judgments and investment intentions
Authors: Sobolev Daphne , Clunie James 
Published: May 2022

PurposePredatory trading is a stock market trading technique in which certain market participants exploit information about other market participants' need to trade. Predatory trading often harms others. Hence, this paper examines the determinants and effects of financial practitioners' and lay people's judgments of predatory trading. Specifically, it investigates how the public availability and reliability of the exploited information affect their ethics and legality judgments and how the latter influence their behavioral intentions and regulation support.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted two scenario judgment studies. In the first study, participants were financial practitioners, and in the second – lay people.FindingsPractitioners often judge predatory trading to be ethical. Practitioners and lay people incorporate in their ethics and legality judgments the public availability of the exploited information but tend to discount the legal reliability criterion. Lay people justify their ethics judgments using harm, legal or profit maximization principles. Practitioners' intentions to engage in predatory trading and lay people's intentions to let predatory fund managers invest their money depend on their judgments, which influence their regulation support.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to explore people's judgments of predatory trading. It highlights that despite the harm that predatory trading involves, practitioners often judge it to be ethical. Although law tends to lag behind financial innovation, people base their judgments and hence also behavioral intentions on their interpretation of the regulation. Hence, it reveals a dark aspect of the relationship between ethics and legality judgments.
The barefoot shoemaker's son: examining EFL teachers' pragmatic competence in a Saudi context
Authors: Zughaibi Abdullah Ahmed 
Published: May 2022

PurposeEnglish instructors' pragmatic competence (PC) is an aspect of the overall communicative competence forming the basis of language instructors' knowledge. Their knowledge of pragmatics should not be overlooked when seeking to understand foreign language learners' communicative ability. This study aims to investigate the pragmatic awareness and teaching practices of non-native EFL instructors with different qualifications and from various cultural backgrounds in Saudi Arabia.Design/methodology/approachTo obtain a broader perspective, this study adopted a quantitative research design. An online questionnaire, developed from Ivanova (2018) and Tulgar (2016), was accessed by 320 instructors at one English teaching institute in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire consisted of demographic information about participants and 12 closed Likert-type questions.FindingsThe data analysis showed that most of the language instructors were aware of PC. However, some variations were evident in their views of the importance of pragmatics in teaching and learning and in their actual pragmatic teaching practices.Originality/valueThis study emphasizes the importance of pragmatic awareness for EFL instructors. It indicates that while non-native English instructors' academic levels and cumulative experience in teaching English play a major role in teaching, instructors have several challenges in teaching pragmatics and promoting students' awareness of pragmatics in this context. For effective second language teaching of pragmatics, instructors, managers and policymakers need to recognize the importance of pragmatics and competencies that students need to develop in EFL contexts.
Substrate‐borne vibrational signals and stridulatory organs for sexual communication in leafminer,Liriomyza sativae(Diptera: Agromyzidae)
Authors: Zhang Qikai , Wu Shengyong , Xing Zhenlong , Wang Haihong , Lei Zhongren 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe vegetable leafminer (Liriomyza sativae[Burgess]) is a highly polyphagous pest that threatens vegetables and horticultural plants. Although sexual communication is a key component of the animal behavioral repertoire, the mechanism underlying sexual communication inL. sativaeremains to be elucidated. Here, we used laser vibrometry to characterize the vibrational signals emitted byL. sativaeduring pair formation. By emitting trains of vibrational pulses (male calling) the male initiated communication on the host plant. The female then became immobile and responded to the male calling by emitting replies (female replies), which in turn triggered male replies consisting of a rapid series of chirps and trills. If the female replied, a continuous exchange of male and female replies ensued, representing a duet. In playback trials, a playback signal caused responses from the opposite sex. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy revealed vibration‐producing stridulatory organs in both male and female individuals. The files in males were more developed than those in females, and older male specimens had more signs of abrasion. The results provide new insight into the mating biology ofL. sativae.
The characteristics of people who inject drugs in the United Kingdom: changes in age, duration, and incidence of injecting, 1980–2019, using evidence from repeated cross‐sectional surveys
Authors: Lewer Dan , Croxford Sara , Desai Monica , Emanuel Eva , Hope Vivian D. , McAuley Andrew , Phipps Emily , Tweed Emily J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackground and aimsMortality and drug treatment data suggest that the median age of people who inject drugs is increasing. We aimed to describe changes in the characteristics of people injecting drugs in the United Kingdom (UK).DesignRepeat cross‐sectional surveys and modelling.SettingLow‐threshold services in the United Kingdom such as needle and syringe programmes.ParticipantsA total of 79 900 people who recently injected psychoactive drugs in the United Kingdom, recruited as part of the Unlinked Anonymous Monitoring Survey (England, Wales, Northern Ireland, 1990–2019) and Needle Exchange Surveillance Initiative (Scotland, 2008–2019).MeasurementsAge of people currently injecting, age at first injection, duration of injecting (each 1990–2019) and estimates of new people who started injecting (1980–2019).FindingsIn England, Wales and Northern Ireland between 1990 and 2019, the median age of people injecting increased from 27 (interquartile range [IQR], 24–31) to 40 (IQR, 34–46); median age at first injection increased from 22 (IQR, 19–25) to 33 (IQR, 28–39); and median years of injecting increased from 7 (IQR, 3–11) to 18 (IQR, 9–23). Values in Scotland and England were similar after 2008. The estimated number that started injecting annually in England increased from 5470 (95% prediction interval [PrI] 3120‐6940) in 1980 to a peak of 10 270 (95% PrI, 8980‐12 780) in 1998, and then decreased to 2420 (95% PrI, 1320‐5580) in 2019. The number in Scotland followed a similar pattern, increasing from 1220 (95% PrI, 740–2430) in 1980 to a peak of 3080 (95% PrI, 2160–3350) in 1998, then decreased to a 270 (95% PrI, 130–600) in 2018. The timing of the peak differed between regions, with earlier peaks in London and the North West of England.ConclusionsIn the United Kingdom, large cohorts started injecting psychoactive drugs in the 1980s and 1990s and many still inject today. Relatively few people started in more recent years. This has led to changes in the population injecting drugs, including an older average age and longer injecting histories.
Meta‐analysis of associations between empathy and alcohol use and problems in clinical and non‐clinical samples
Authors: Kumar Lakshmi , Skrzynski Carillon J. , Creswell Kasey G. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAimsTo (1) measure the aggregated effect size of empathy deficits in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) compared with healthy controls, (2) measure the aggregated effect sizes for associations between lower empathy and heavier alcohol consumption and more alcohol problems in non‐clinical samples and (3) identify potential moderators on the variability of effect sizes across studies in these meta‐analyses.MethodPsycINFO, PubMed and Google Scholar were searched following a pre‐registered International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) protocol (CRD42021225392) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. We meta‐analyzed (using random‐effects models) mean differences in empathy between individuals with AUD compared with healthy controls and associations between empathy and alcohol consumption and alcohol problems in non‐clinical samples. A total of 714 participants were included in the meta‐analysis on clinical samples; 3955 were included in the meta‐analyses on non‐clinical samples.ResultsIndividuals with AUD reported significantly lower empathy than healthy controls [Hedges’ g = −0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −0.91, –0.16, k = 9, P < 0.01, Q = 40.09, I2 = 80.04]. Study quality [Q = 1.88, degrees of freedom (d.f.) = 1, P = 0.17] and gender (β = −0.006, Z = −0.60, P = 0.55) were not moderators. Increases in age corresponded to an increase in effect size (β = 0.095, Z = 3.34, P < 0.001). Individuals with AUD (versus healthy controls) had significantly lower cognitive (Hedges’ g = −0.44, CI = −0.79, –0.10, P < 0.05), but not affective empathy (Hedges’ g = −0.19, CI = −0.51, 0.14, P = 0.27), and the difference between these was significant (Z = 2.34, k = 6, P < 0.01). In non‐clinical samples, individuals with lower (versus higher) empathy reported heavier alcohol consumption (r = −0.12, CI = −0.15, –0.09, k = 11, P < 0.001, Q = 9.68, I2 = 0.00) and more alcohol problems (r = −0.08, CI = −0.14, –0.01, k = 7, P = 0.021, Q = 6.55, I2 = 8.34). There was no significant heterogeneity across studies.ConclusionIndividuals with alcohol use disorder appear to show deficits in empathy compared with healthy controls. Deficits are particularly pronounced for older individuals and for cognitive (versus affective) empathy. In non‐clinical samples, lower empathy appears to be associated with heavier alcohol consumption and more alcohol problems.
New insights into survival strategies to oxygen deprivation in anoxia‐tolerant vertebrates
Authors: Fago Angela 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHypoxic environments pose a severe challenge to vertebrates and even short periods of oxygen deprivation are often lethal as they constrain aerobic ATP production. However, a few ectotherm vertebrates are capable of surviving long‐term hypoxia or even anoxia with little or no damage. Among these, freshwater turtles and crucian carp are the recognized champions of anoxia tolerance, capable of overwintering in complete oxygen deprivation for months at freezing temperatures by entering a stable hypometabolic state. While all steps of the oxygen cascade are adjusted in response to oxygen deprivation, this review draws from knowledge of freshwater turtles and crucian carp to highlight mechanisms regulating two of these steps, namely oxygen transport in the blood and oxygen utilization in mitochondria during three sequential phases: before anoxia, when hypoxia develops, during anoxia, and after anoxia at reoxygenation. In cold hypoxia, reduced red blood cell concentration of ATP plays a crucial role in increasing blood oxygen affinity and/or reducing oxygen unloading to tissues, to adjust aerobic metabolism to decrease ambient oxygen. In anoxia, metabolic rewiring of oxygen utilization keeps largely unaltered NADH/NAD+ ratios and limits ADP degradation and succinate buildup. These critical adjustments make it possible to restart mitochondrial respiration and energy production with little generation of reactive oxygen species at reoxygenation when oxygen is again available. Inhibition of key metabolic enzymes seems to play crucial roles in these responses, in particular mitochondrial complex V, although identifying the nature of such inhibition(s) in vivo remains a challenge for future studies.
Mode of birth and development of maternal postnatal post‐traumatic stress disorder: A mixed‐methods systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Carter Jemima , Bick Debra , Gallacher Daniel , Chang Yan‐Shing 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundPost‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects approximately 3% of women in the postnatal period, but less is known about risk factors for PTSD than other postnatal mental illnesses. This review aimed to analyze the literature on the impact of mode of birth on postnatal PTSD.MethodsSearches were undertaken of CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Scopus for studies investigating the link between mode of birth and postnatal PTSD in high‐resource countries from January 1990 to February 2021. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected and synthesized. Meta‐analysis was performed with four of the studies, and the rest were analyzed narratively.ResultsTwelve quantitative studies, presenting data on 5567 women, and two qualitative studies, with 92 women, were included in the review. Most studies found a significant relationship between mode of birth and maternal PTSD symptoms. Meta‐analysis found cesarean birth was more closely associated with PTSD than vaginal delivery (VD) (P = 0.005), emergency cesarean birth (EmCB) more than elective cesarean birth (ElCB) (P < 0.001), instrumental vaginal delivery (IVD) more than spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) (P < 0.001), and EmCB more than SVD (P < 0.001). Women who developed PTSD after EmCB felt less in control and less supported than those who did not develop it after the same procedure. Request for repeat ElCB appeared more common among women with pre‐existing postnatal PTSD, but this may subsequently leave them feeling dissatisfied and their fears of childbirth unresolved.ConclusionsModes of birth involving emergency intervention may be risk factors for the development of postnatal PTSD. Ensuring that women feel supported and in control during emergency obstetric interventions may mediate against this risk.
Oral health‐related quality of life of older Australian men
Authors: Wright Fredrick Alan Clive , Shu Ellie C.‐C. , Cumming Robert G. , Naganathan Vasi , Blyth Fiona M. , Hirani Vasant , Le Couteur David G. , Handelsman David J. , Seibel Markus J. , Waite Louise M. , Stanaway Fiona F. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe aims of this study were to assess oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) in a cohort of older Australian men and explore the association between their general health conditions, socio‐demographic factors and OHRQoL.MethodsThe Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project (CHAMP) is a cohort study of the health of a representative sample of Australian men, initiated in 2005–2006 with an initial sample of 1705 men 70 years or over. Participants completed a self‐administered health and socio‐demographic questionnaire and attended an interview and clinical assessment at baseline and each of three follow‐up assessments. Information on oral health and responses to the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) were collected in the 4th follow‐up in which 778 men completed the OHIP‐14 questionnaire and 614 men had a dental assessment. The prevalence of oral health impact was defined as a response of fairly often or very often to one or more of the OHIP‐14 questions. Mean OHIP‐14 scores were calculated for the 14 questions and used as the dependent variable in the regression analyses. Zero‐inflated Poisson regression was used to estimate prevalence rate ratios (PRR).ResultsOnly 10% of men presented oral health impacts. In multivariate regression modelling, being born in Italy/Greece (PRR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.93–2.42) or in other countries (PRR: 2.12, 95% CI: 1.89–2.38), having poor self‐rated general health (PRR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.24–1.53), having poor mental wellbeing (PRR: 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04–1.24), having ≥6 depressive symptoms (PRR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.05–1.32), being a current smoker (PRR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.06–1.70) and having more decayed tooth surfaces (PRR:1.01, 95% CI: 1.00–1.02) were associated with higher impact scores.ConclusionsOverall, older Australian men exhibit good oral health‐related quality of life. The inter‐relationship between perceptions of general health and well‐being, health and oral health variables and social background supports policy objectives of closer integration of general health and oral health services for older Australian men.
Tooth Resorption – Part 1: The evolvement, rationales and controversies of tooth resorption
Authors: Lin Shaul , Moreinos Daniel , Kaufman Arieh Y. , Abbott Paul V. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn 1966, Andreasen and Hjørting‐Hansen were the first to describe a relationship between tooth resorption and dental trauma. However, Andreasen's original classification did not include other resorptive processes which have since been identified. Numerous articles have been published suggesting new terminology and definitions for tooth resorption. A uniform language with universally accepted terminology is crucial to eliminate the multiplicity of terms and definitions which only cause confusion within the profession. An electronic literature search was carried out in the PubMed database using the following keywords for articles published in English: “root resorption,” “inflammatory root resorption,” “replacement resorption,” “cervical resorption,” “trauma,” “ankylosis,” “surface resorption,” and “internal resorption.” The search also included textbooks and glossaries that may not have surfaced in the online search. This was done to identify articles related to tooth resorption and its etiology in dentistry. The aim of this review was to present the history that has led to the variety of terms and definitions for resorption. This review emphasizes the need for a clearer, simpler, and more comprehensive nomenclature for the various types of tooth resorption which are presented in Part 2 of this series.
Effects of microsized rice straw on soil clay dispersibility
Authors: Tran Thu T. T. , Dao Trang T. , Dinh Van M. , Vu Trang T. T. , Nguyen Hue T. , Nguyen Phuong M. , Ngo Thu H. A. , Nguyen Minh N. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe incorporation of straw into soil has been encouraged as an alternative straw‐disposal strategy to the on‐site burning that occurs in many paddy regions. However, this practice may lead to changes in the colloidal properties of soil clays that potentially intensify clay and nutrient losses. This study aimed to demonstrate the effect of engineered microsized straw powder on the colloidal properties of two soil clays, that is, illitic and kaolinitic soil clays. Dynamic light scattering was coupled with the test tube method to evaluate time‐resolved changes in the particle size, zeta potential and dispersibility for the suspensions of straw powder and its mixtures with illitic and kaolinitic soil clays. Data from kinetic experiments over a time span of 20 days revealed that straw powder remarkably increased the dispersibility of soil clays. It was found that straw particles carried negative charges; thus, the introduction of straw powder into the clay suspensions increased the number of negative charges in the system, thereby increasing internal repulsive forces and eventually favouring clay dispersion. Moreover, certain mutual processes, that is, the biodegradation and dissolution of phytoliths (silica in straw), resulted in the release of dissolved organic matter and silicon, which aggravated clay dispersibility. In addition to the “traditional” awareness of the impacts of straw incorporation, for example, creating toxic, reduced environments or increasing CH4 emissions, the changes in the colloidal properties of soil clays should also be highlighted. We propose that the incorporation of straw requires additional solutions for the prevention of clay loss.Highlights
Straw powder was examined for possible effect on colloidal properties of soil clays
It was found that straw particles carried negative charges
Introduction of straw powder increase repulsive forces and favor clay dispersion
Microorganism, B. amyloliquefaciens, enhances the effect of straw powder
A novel analytical framework to quantify co‐gradient and countergradient variation
Authors: Albecker Molly A. , Trussell Geoffrey C. , Lotterhos Katie E. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSpatial covariance between genotypic and environmental influences on phenotypes (CovGE) can result in the nonrandom distribution of genotypes across environmental gradients and is a potentially important factor driving local adaptation. However, a framework to quantify the magnitude and significance of CovGE has been lacking. We develop a novel quantitative/analytical approach to estimate and test the significance of CovGE from reciprocal transplant or common garden experiments, which we validate using simulated data. We demonstrate how power to detect CovGE changes over a range of experimental designs. We confirm an inverse relationship between gene‐by‐environment interactions (GxE) and CovGE, as predicted by first principles, but show how phenotypes can be influenced by both. The metric provides a way to measure how phenotypic plasticity covaries with genetic differentiation and highlights the importance of understanding the dual influences of CovGE and GxE on phenotypes in studies of local adaptation and species’ responses to environmental change.
Microstructural investigation and model of fatigue short crack in EH36 steels
Authors: Su Molin , Xu Lianyong , Feng Chao , Han Yongdian , Zhao Lei , Xiao Guangchun 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFor better revealing the behavior and mechanism of fatigue short crack (SC) propagation, five different kinds of notched samples were designed. Based on the crack growth rate‐SC length map, finite element method and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) pattern, the evolution theory of geometrically necessary dislocation density (ρGND) versus SC length was proposed to distinguish the physically short crack (PSC) length; Schmid factor was utilized to define the length of microstructurally short crack (MSC). Thus, the whole SC growth was divided into three parts: MSC, transition zone and PSC. Finally, an original piecewise model containing two parameters was proposed to describe the whole SC growth of EH36 steels.