bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peacebuilding Legacy
Authors: Podder Sukanya 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA fundamental challenge plagues the global peacebuilding community. How can technocratic approaches to peacebuilding that are rooted in short-term, project-based execution of activities further the longer-term transformative outcomes like altering young people’s attitudes and beliefs about peace and violence? In response to this global challenge, in Peacebuilding Legacies, Sukanya Podder addresses an important gap relating to the long-term effects of peacebuilding programmes involving children and young people. Podder unpacks the concept of peacebuilding legacy through the lens of time, transformation, and intergenerational peace. Podder also develops unique qualitative cues for measuring legacy in terms of the institutional, normative, and organizational logics. If norms resonate strongly with the local context, they are likely to encourage strong retention and meaningful adoption over time. Successful institutionalization of project models through planned handover to successor national organizations or government departments holds the key to stronger local ownership. Organizational learning and reflection can support this process through a more strategic approach to programming and through post-exit studies. With regard to attitude change, Podder found that the media and peace education projects that targeted individuals’ ingrained beliefs and values but overlooked the role of group social norms had only limited persuasive effects. To shift the values, practices, norms, and beliefs of the younger generation, the mindset of the older generation must also be targeted. Changes in the legal, political, economic, and other social institutions are critical for long-term and meaningful transformation. This requires adopting an ecological model of peace.
Programming for Change
Authors: Podder Sukanya 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of the media and peace education projects in shaping young people’s attitudes to peace. It presents the findings around the interplay between norms, persuasion, and attitude change. The chapter begins with a conceptual discussion on the links between persuasion and attitude change, by delineating the nuances between norm change and attitude change. Thereafter, nine specific second-order learning concepts are analysed in each case. Using Alfred Schütz’s methodology on second-order constructs, these concepts are clustered across the themes of ‘intercultural communication’, ‘quality pre-school education’, and ‘citizenship and ethnic identity’ in Macedonia; and, ‘access and acceptance’, ‘agency and behaviour’, and ‘citizenship and democracy’ in Sierra Leone. Based on the findings from the second-order interpretation of the meta-data, the chapter underlines the importance of adopting an ecological model of child development for precipitating long-term attitude change.
Incomes and Welfare of the Japanese Today
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter compares the economic well-being of the Japanese today with that of their own forbears and people of other nations. It shows how the national income and product accounts can be used to measure changes over time in the contribution to Japanese well-being of goods produced and traded in the market. The principle of revealed preference is invoked to compare the contribution of market goods to economic well-being in Japan and in other countries. Contributions of nonmarket goods—household production, leisure, environmental amenities—are also shown to be large in Japan, based on their shadow prices. The distribution of income also matters in cross-country comparisons of income person. The more concentrated is the distribution of income, the higher is average income per person relative to the expected income of a person randomly drawn from the population. And income is less concentrated in Japan than in most other nations. Finally, the underground economy—the economic activity beyond the purview of government authorities, and not recorded—is a source of error in the national accounts of Japan as elsewhere.
Economic History, Part 2
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the economic history of Japan in the twentieth century up to 1945. It explains Japan’s World War I boom, the rise of the business groups called zaibatsu, the economic malaise of the interwar period, Japan’s surprisingly strong economic performance in the 1930s, and the turn finally toward military government and war, first with China and then with the western alliance after having joined the Axis powers. Japan’s World War I boom was fueled by the spike in world interest rates from which it profited by becoming a net lender. The zaibatsu came into prominence about this time, though most Japanese economic activity remained outside the zaibatsu orbit. The 1920s, Japan’s decade of government by political parties and cooperation with the West, brought financial crises and slowed growth, both exacerbated by the 1923 Tokyo earthquake and the misguided policy of returning to the gold standard at the pre-war parity. The two years in which Japan succeeded in re-establishing the gold standard, January 1930–December 1931, coincided with the start of the world-wide depression. Fiscal and monetary expansion under the guidance of the famous finance minister Takahashi Korekiyo effected a rapid recovery but could not forestall the hijacking of the Japanese government by a military bent on war. From the outbreak of war with China in 1937, Japan’s economy was placed on a war footing, which entailed a widening web of government command and control, a dramatic departure from the essentially laissez-faire regimes of the immediate past.
International Finance
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers all aspects of Japan’s foreign exchange rates and cross-border borrowing and lending. It begins with an elaboration of Japan’s balance of payments accounts based on the 2014 revamping of terminology and presentation by the IMF. The chapter then examines the movements in Japan’s current account balance and net lending from 1885 to 2019, noting spikes and dips corresponding to historic events. The focus then shifts toward exchange rates, how they are defined, what they measure, and how they are determined. The relation between Japan’s nominal exchange rates, real exchange rates, and terms of trade are explained, and their movements described with reference to purchasing power parity, interest parity, the Balassa–Samuelson effect, and exchange rate overshooting in response to monetary policy shocks. The effect of autonomous movements in real exchange rates on the Japanese current account balance is also considered, which brings to the fore the Marshall–Lerner condition, the J-curve phenomenon, hysteresis, and incomplete pass-through of exchange rate movements to import prices.
Industrial Policy
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes and evaluates Japanese industrial policy from the Meiji era to the twenty-first century. It begins with a basic definition of industrial policy—essentially industrial targeting—and lays out the arguments supporting such a policy. Some of the widely invoked criteria for industrial targeting are specious such as having high value-added or high value-added per worker, but others are not. The valid criteria include contribution to national defense, Marshallian externality, coordination failure, and possibilities for collecting oligopoly rent from foreign trade. The chapter goes on to detail the content of Japanese industrial policy from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day—what industries were targeted and what policy tools were used. Early instances of industrial policy can be discerned in the Meiji model factories, government enterprises, subsidies of coastal shipping, and government banks. But it was not until the outbreak of war with China in 1937 that Japan attained a comprehensive industrial policy that amounted to a controlled system for shifting resources toward the production of munitions. The wartime controls survived into the Occupation Period but ended with the Dodge line only to resurface after the occupation ended. The ensuing “high-growth” period, 1953–1964, was the zenith of Japanese industrial policy, in which MITI played the lead role in allocating foreign exchange, controlling access to subsidized loans, and awarding tax credits and antitrust exemptions. These policies targeted coal mining, steel, shipbuilding, and petrochemicals—politically influential industries that contributed little to Japan’s economic growth and development.
Environmental Policy
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the environmental policy of Japan, broadly defined. It first describes the four environmental crises of the 1950s and 1960s that prompted government action—the mercury poisoning in Minamata and Niigata, the cadmium poisoning in Toyama, and the industrial pollution in Yokkaichi. The response was the 1973 law for compensation of pollution-related health injuries, which taxed polluters to compensate those harmed. The taxes included a sulfur oxide emissions tax and automotive tonnage tax. To these were joined k-class controls that imposed maximum allowable emissions of sulfur oxides. These measures represented a command-and-control approach to pollution abatement, as opposed to a market-based system relying on tradeable permits for example. The discussion in the chapter then turns to fundamental concepts on which economic analysis of environmental policy rests. The core concept is Coase’s law, the principle that if property rights are fully tradeable, market exchange will allocate them to their highest valuers. Externalities (or spillovers) can only arise if there are impediments to trade. Tort cases, such as those in Japan involving the right to sunshine, assign tradeable rights to one party or another and are followed by trade which leads to the efficient outcome. Many externality problems in Japan and elsewhere are resolved by extension or exercise of private property rights rather than by government administration. The chapter offers several examples including rules set by private landlords and by proprietors of private restaurants and rules and customs among fishermen that curb overfishing.
Technology
Authors: Flath David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes Japan’s research and development spending, patent system, and technological innovation. It presents data showing the research spending in Japan broken down by source of funds, whether it is for basic research or for commercial applications, and in which industries, and compares government funding of research in Japan and other nations. The chapter then describes how the returns to research spending are estimated and summarizes the results of such estimates. Features of the Japanese patent system that promote early revelation of new discoveries and also promote their licensing and wider diffusion are identified. The last part of the chapter discusses specific technological innovations of Japan, the development of hybrid varieties of crops early in the twentieth century, and the perfection and diffusion of the Toyota production management system which includes its finely calibrated arrangements with subcontractors.
Appearance and Reality I
Authors: Hill Christopher S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 is concerned with the traditional problem of appearance and reality. There is tension between the appealing idea that visual experience puts us in touch with objective reality and the doctrine of perceptual relativity, the claim that experience varies with such factors as distance, lighting, and angle of view. The chapter presents arguments for relativity, and then goes on to propose that in view of relativity, we should believe that the properties presented to us in visual experience are appearance-properties—that is, properties of external objects that are relational and viewpoint-dependent. More specifically they are “Thouless properties”—viewpoint-dependent properties that are more stable than properties of retinal images and also more ephemeral than the objective properties that cause such images. This doctrine raises the question of how we manage to successfully navigate environments that are defined by the viewpoint-independent properties. The chapter offers an answer with several parts.
The Epistemic Role of Perception
Authors: Hill Christopher S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9 studies the roles that perceptual experiences play in providing epistemic justification and rational support for beliefs. In much of the chapter the focus is on the doctrine that epistemic justification is determined by the reliability of the processes that produce beliefs, where the reliability of a process is measured by the probability that the beliefs it produces are true. The chapter offers fresh motivation for this view. It then proceeds to develop an account of how perceptual experiences figure in reliable belief-forming processes. After presenting this proposal concerning epistemic justification, the chapter moves on to consider whether experience figures in other support or justification relations to beliefs, and, in particular, whether it contributes to rationality, where rationality is understood to be independent of truth. The answer is yes, but reflection shows that rationality is a weak virtue of beliefs, one that pales in importance in comparison with justification.
Host manipulation by parasites: From individual to collective behavior
Authors: Godfrey Stephanie S. , Poulin Robert 
Published: September 2022

AbstractOne of the most captivating aspects of host–parasite interactions is the ability of some parasites to manipulate host behavior to increase the parasites’ own fitness. This chapter examines the behavioral targets of manipulation, and how these may manifest in terms of two newer fields of study; animal personality and animal social networks. Effects on personality include changes in individual traits (e.g., increased boldness) and variation in traits (e.g., homogenizing behavior), and the uncoupling of behavioral syndromes. Changes to social behavior (e.g., increased aggregation) may alter the structure of animal societies, as well as the transmission pathways of other parasites or diseases, leading to feedbacks between infection and behavior. Most research has focused on the manipulation of discrete behaviors, but newer fields of study are highlighting how parasite manipulation of host behavior may lead to wider effects on host–parasite systems.
Emerging frontiers in animal behavior and parasitism: Integration across scales
Authors: Guindre-Parker Sarah , Tung Jenny , Strauss Alexander T 
Published: September 2022

AbstractResearch on animal behavior and parasitism is intrinsically interdisciplinary. This chapter explores potential expansions to the frontiers of this research from additional perspectives, transcending three scales of biological organization. Focusing on the disciplines of organismal biology, molecular ecology and genomics, and ecosystem and community ecology, the chapter identifies tools and concepts that can help answer outstanding questions about parasites and behavior (e.g., by improving the ability to survey whole parasite communities) or provide novel and powerful framing for grappling with their consequences (e.g., by embedding hosts and parasites within larger food webs). The chapter also highlights the importance of parasite-mediated behaviors for understanding ecology and evolution more broadly. Together, the chapter envisions a future for studies of parasites and behavior that is increasingly integrative and interdisciplinary.
Leader Depositions
Authors: Kokkonen Andrej , Møller Jørgen , Sundell Anders 
Published: September 2022

AbstractUncertainty about the succession often translates into coups and depositions. The authors document these patterns in the context of their sample of medieval and early modern polities and also show how monarchs in states that practiced primogeniture sat more securely on their thrones than monarchs in states practicing other succession orders such as elective monarchy or agnatic seniority. This, it is argued, is because of the ‘shadow of the future’ cast by anticipated crises of succession, as well as the incentives of potential successors. When rulers started to enjoy longer tenures, their time horizons also increased, encouraging investment in and development of states.
The Development of Parliaments
Authors: Kokkonen Andrej , Møller Jørgen , Sundell Anders 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe politics of succession also affected power-sharing and the development of representative institutions in Europe. A large literature has studied the development of parliaments and generally portrayed these institutions as a concession to subjects demanding representation for taxation and/or as a way to control the same subjects and raise revenue. While this chapter does not dispute these accounts, it adds that successions, representing moments of weakness in royal authority, also spurred parliamentary activity. Parliamentary meetings were frequently called to legitimize heirs and avoid internal conflicts in the wake of successions. They were also convened more often in the wake of problematic successions, such as when the successor was underage and unable to rule on his own or when the prior king had been deposed. However, the chapter also shows that primogeniture mitigated this need to politically stabilize successions.
Family and Dynasty
Authors: Kokkonen Andrej , Møller Jørgen , Sundell Anders 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTo ensure that the state lived on, the monarch had to provide the regime with an heir, and hereditary succession arrangements are only as credible as the monarch’s biological ability to produce offspring. However, in an era when politics was based on personal relationships in general, and blood ties in particular, family also mattered in other ways. Daughters and sisters could, for example, be married into important domestic and foreign families to shore up the monarch’s alliances, whereas sons and brothers could be used as trusted governors of distant parts of the realm. This chapter shows that monarchs who had many children and siblings were less likely to be deposed. Female relatives reduced the risk of depositions from both outside and from within the family, whereas male relatives primarily reduced the risk of outside depositions (and of civil wars breaking out). Finally, the chapter shows how primogeniture created political stability by prolonging dynasties.
Public Policy to Reduce Inequalities across Europe
Authors: Cairney Paul , Keating Michael , Kippin Sean , St Denny Emily 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There is a broad consensus across European states and the EU that social and economic inequality is a problem that needs to be addressed. Yet inequality policy is notoriously complex and contested. This book approaches the issue from two linked perspectives. First, a focus on functional requirements highlights what policymakers think they need to deliver policy successfully, and the gap between their requirements and reality. We identify this gap in relation to the theory and practice of policy learning, and to multiple sectors, to show how it manifests in health, education, and gender equity policies. Second, a focus on territorial politics highlights how the problem is interpreted at different scales, subject to competing demands to take responsibility. This contestation and spread of responsibilities contributes to different policy approaches across spatial scales. We conclude that governments promote many separate equity initiatives, across territories and sectors, without knowing if they are complementary or contradictory. This outcome could reflect the fact that ambiguous policy problems and complex policymaking processes are beyond the full knowledge or control of governments. It could also be part of a strategy to make a rhetorically radical case while knowing that they will translate into safer policies. It allows them to replace debates on values, regarding whose definition of equity matters and which inequalities to tolerate, with more technical discussions of policy processes. Governments may be offering new perspectives on spatial justice or new ways to reduce political attention to inequalities.
In Praise of Skepticism
Authors: Norris Pippa 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A culture of trust is usually claimed to have many public benefits, by lubricating markets, managing organizations, legitimating governments, and facilitating collective action. If so, any signs of eroding trust are, and should be, a matter of serious concern. But the broader perspective developed in this book recognizes that trust has two faces, not one. Confidence in anti-vax theories has weakened herd immunity. Faith in Q-Anon conspiracy theories triggered violent insurrection. Disasters flow from gullible beliefs in fake Covid-19 cures, Madoff pyramid schemes, Putin’s claim to denazify Ukraine, and the Big Lie denying President Biden’s legitimate election. Trustworthiness involves an informal social contract by which principals authorize agents to act on their behalf in the expectation that they will fulfill their responsibilities with competency, integrity, and impartiality, despite conditions of risk and uncertainty. Skeptical judgments reflect reasonably accurate and informed predictions about agents’ future actions based on their past performance and guardrails deterring dishonesty, mendacity, and corruption. We should trust but verify. Unfortunately, assessments are commonly flawed. Both cynical beliefs (underestimating performance) and credulous faith (overestimating performance) involve erroneous judgments reflecting cultural biases, poor cognitive skills, and information echo chambers. These conclusions draw on new evidence from the European Values Survey/World Values Survey conducted among over 650,000 respondents in more than 100 societies over four decades. In Praise of Skepticism warns that an excess of credulous trust poses serious and hitherto unrecognized risks in a world full of seductive demagogues playing on insecurities, lying swindlers exploiting greed, and silver-tongued conspiracy theorists manipulating the darkest fears.
Access to Power
Authors: Naqvi Ijlal 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPakistan would desperately like to produce enough electricity, but it usually doesn’t. This is the rare issue on which government and private sector can unite, and it is the cause of suffering for rich and poor alike across the entirety of the country. Despite prioritization by successive governments, targeted reforms shaped by international development actors, and featuring prominently in Chinese Belt and Road Investments, the Pakistani power sector still stifles economic and social life across the country. This book explores state capacity in Pakistan by following the material infrastructure of electricity across the provinces and down into cities and homes. It argues that the national challenges of budgetary constraints and power shortages directly result from conscious strategic decisions that are integral to Pakistan’s infrastructural state. Electricity shortages are one of the many poor governance outcomes characteristic of low- and middle-income countries. Standard development thinking points to an absence of institutions in comparison with an idealized and distant other country, with governance reform programs formulated accordingly. However, an orientation toward what Pakistan is not takes us away from how it actually functions and to whose benefit. Electricity governance in Pakistan reinforces relations of power between provinces and the federal center, contributes to the marginalization of subordinate groups in the city, and orients citizens toward a patronage-based relationship with the state through encounters with street-level bureaucrats. Looking through the lens of the electrical power sector reveals how Pakistan works, and for whom.