bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the influence of water sampling strategy on the performance of tracer-aided hydrological modeling in a mountainous basin on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Nan Yi , He Zhihua , Tian Fuqiang , Wei Zhongwang , Tian Lide 
Published: August 2022

Abstract. Tracer-aided hydrological models integrating water isotope modules into the
simulation of runoff generation are useful tools to reduce uncertainty of
hydrological modeling in cold basins that are featured by complex runoff
processes and multiple runoff components. However, there is little guidance
on the strategy of field water sampling for isotope analysis to run
tracer-aided hydrological models, which is especially important for large
mountainous basins on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) where field water sampling
work is highly costly. This study conducted a set of numerical experiments
based on the THREW-T (Tsinghua Representative Elementary Watershed -
Tracer-aided version) model to evaluate the reliance of the tracer-aided
modeling performance on the availability of site measurements of water
isotope in the Yarlung Tsangpo river (YTR) basin on the TP. Data conditions
considered in the numerical experiments included the availability of glacier meltwater isotope measurement, quantity of site measurements of
precipitation isotope, and the variable collecting strategies for stream
water samples. Our results suggested that (1) in high-mountain basins where
glacier meltwater samples for isotope analysis are not available, estimating glacier meltwater isotope by an offset parameter from the precipitation isotope is a feasible way to force the tracer-aided hydrological model. Using a set of glacier meltwater δ18O that were 2 ‰–9 ‰ lower than the mean precipitation δ18O resulted in only small changes in the model performance and the quantifications of contributions of runoff components (CRCs, smaller than 5 %) to streamflow in the YTR basin. (2) The strategy of field sampling for site precipitation to correct the global gridded isotope product of isoGSM (isotope-incorporated global spectral model) for model forcing should be carefully designed. Collecting precipitation samples at sites falling in the same altitude tends to be worse at representing the ground pattern of precipitation δ18O over the basin than collecting precipitation samples from sites in a range of altitudes. (3) Collecting weekly stream water samples at multiple sites in the wet and warm seasons is the optimal strategy for calibrating and evaluating a tracer-aided hydrological model in the YTR basin. It is highly recommended to increase the number of stream water sampling sites rather than spending resources on extensive sampling of stream water at a sole site for multiple years. These results provide important implications for collecting site measurements of water isotopes for running tracer-aided hydrological models to improve quantifications of CRCs in high-mountain basins.
Evaluating downscaling methods of GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) data: a case study over a fractured crystalline aquifer in southern India
Authors: Pascal Claire , Ferrant Sylvain , Selles Adrien , Maréchal Jean-Christophe , Paswan Abhilash , Merlin Olivier 
Published: August 2022

Abstract. GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) and its follow-on mission have provided since 2002 monthly anomalies of total water storage (TWS), which are very relevant to assess the evolution of groundwater storage (GWS) at global and regional scales. However, the use of GRACE data for groundwater irrigation management is limited by their coarse (≃300 km) resolution. The last decade has thus seen numerous attempts to downscale GRACE data at higher – typically several tens of kilometres – resolution and to compare the downscaled GWS data with in situ measurements. Such comparison has been classically made in time, offering an estimate of the static performance of downscaling (classic validation). The point is that the performance of GWS downscaling methods may vary in time due to changes in the dominant hydrological processes through the seasons. To fill the gap, this study investigates the dynamic performance of GWS downscaling by developing a new metric for estimating the downscaling gain (new validation) against non-downscaled GWS. The new validation approach is tested over a 113 000 km2 fractured granitic aquifer in southern India. GRACE TWS data are downscaled at 0.5∘ (≃50 km) resolution with a data-driven method based on random forest. The downscaling performance is evaluated by comparing the downscaled versus in situ GWS data over a total of 38 pixels at 0.5∘ resolution. The spatial mean of the temporal Pearson correlation coefficient (R) and the root mean square error (RMSE) are 0.79 and 7.9 cm respectively (classic validation). Confronting the downscaled results with the non-downscaling case indicates that the downscaling method allows a general improvement in terms of temporal agreement with in situ measurements (R=0.76 and RMSE = 8.2 cm for the non-downscaling case). However, the downscaling gain (new validation) is not static. The mean downscaling gain in R is about +30 % or larger from August to March, including both the wet and dry (irrigated) agricultural seasons, and falls to about +10 % from April to July during a transition period including the driest months (April–May) and the beginning of monsoon (June–July). The new validation approach hence offers for the first time a standardized and comprehensive framework to interpret spatially and temporally the quality and uncertainty of the downscaled GRACE-derived GWS products, supporting future efforts in GRACE downscaling methods in various hydrological contexts.
Design of a CMOS memristor emulator-based, self-adaptive spiking analog-to-digital data conversion as the lowest level of a self-x hierarchy
Authors: Abd Hamam , König Andreas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract. The number of sensors used in modern devices is rapidly increasing, and the interaction with sensors demands analog-to-digital data conversion (ADC). A conventional ADC in leading-edge technologies faces many issues due to signal swings, manufacturing deviations, noise, etc. Designers of ADCs are moving to the time domain and digital designs techniques to deal with these issues. This work pursues a novel self-adaptive spiking neural ADC (SN-ADC) design with promising features, e.g., technology scaling issues, low-voltage operation, low power, and noise-robust conditioning. The SN-ADC uses spike time to carry the information. Therefore, it can be effectively translated to aggressive new technologies to implement reliable advanced sensory electronic systems. The SN-ADC supports self-x (self-calibration, self-optimization, and self-healing) and machine learning required for the internet of things (IoT) and Industry 4.0. We have designed the main part of SN-ADC, which is an adaptive spike-to-digital converter (ASDC). The ASDC is based on a self-adaptive complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) memristor. It mimics the functionality of biological synapses, long-term plasticity, and short-term plasticity. The key advantage of our design is the entirely local unsupervised adaptation scheme. The adaptation scheme consists of two hierarchical layers; the first layer is self-adapted, and the second layer is manually treated in this work. In our previous work, the adaptation process is based on 96 variables. Therefore, it requires considerable adaptation time to correct the synapses' weight. This paper proposes a novel self-adaptive scheme to reduce the number of variables to only four and has better adaptation capability with less delay time than our previous implementation. The maximum adaptation times of our previous work and this work are 15 h and 27 min vs. 1 min and 47.3 s. The current winner-take-all (WTA) circuits have issues, a high-cost design, and no identifying the close spikes. Therefore, a novel WTA circuit with memory is proposed. It used 352 transistors for 16 inputs and can process spikes with a minimum time difference of 3 ns. The ASDC has been tested under static and dynamic variations. The nominal values of the SN-ADC parameters' number of missing codes (NOMCs), integral non-linearity (INL), and differential non-linearity (DNL) are no missing code, 0.4 and 0.22 LSB, respectively, where LSB stands for the least significant bit. However, these values are degraded due to the dynamic and static deviation with maximum simulated change equal to 0.88 and 4 LSB and 6 codes for DNL, INL, and NOMC, respectively. The adaptation resets the SN-ADC parameters to the nominal values. The proposed ASDC is designed using X-FAB 0.35 µm CMOS technology and Cadence tools.
An Empirical Assessment of Mediating Role of Financial Self Efficacy on Financial Literacy and Financial Inclusion in Pakistan
Authors: Noor Nimra , Batool Irem , Rehman Hafeez Ur 
Published: August 2022

Financial inclusion refers to having an account in a recognized financial organization that enables people to formally save, borrow cash, and have insurance and use payment services. The study revealed that financial account ownership is just a nominal form of financial inclusion as people own the financial accounts just to keep their money safe (as in lockers) and to withdraw their salaries in the financial accounts. While the real financial inclusion is a much deeper concept that depends upon the users’ actual ease of access to the financial institution, the active utilization of various financial products (like saving accounts, loans and credits, insurance and remittances services, etc.) of the financial system and the user’s acquired satisfaction level by using the financial products and services. The study used this approach and measured the financial inclusion of individuals based on their real experiences in terms of access, usage and satisfaction level derived from financial institutions using their financial products and services. The target population of the study is the adult population aged above 20 years, having a financial account in district Sahiwal. The study used the self-administered questionnaire-based survey and collected the responses on individuals’ socio-demographic characteristics, financial inclusion, financial literacy and financial self-efficacy. Further, a study linked financial inclusion with the individual’s financial literacy and financial self-efficacy levels. Estimated results prove that financial literacy has a positive and significant impact on financial inclusion. Besides, it is also proved that an individual’s financial self-efficacy level serves as a mediator and further strengthens the individual ability to acquire, use more confidently and get economic benefits from financial accounts.
An Analysis of the Perception of Teachers on the Inclusion of Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) In the Curriculum of Teacher Education
Authors: Ershad Qurratulain , Kamran Umaima , Umar Lubna 
Published: August 2022

The aim of this study is to explore the perception of aspiring teachers on promoting the education of sustainability (ESD). The ideology of ESD is paramount being one of the lifelong skills of 21st century. ESD empowers pupils to take informed decisions about the integrity of environment and economy keeping in view the cultural diversity. The study aims to explore the perception of aspiring teachers on promoting the education of sustainability (ESD) in the curriculum of teachers ‘education. The fundamental emphasizes of this paper is gathering a variety of participants’ perception of the implementation of ESD in teachers’ education curriculum. The paper utilized the primary qualitative design and conducted semi-structured interviews to have an in-depth analysis of the perception of final year students enrolled in B.Ed. program. The data is analyzed using the technique of thematic analysis. Three themes emerged out of the analysis (1) the role of primary education, (2) sustainability issues such as knowledge, understanding and attitudes, and (3) attitudes towards ESD. The findings reflected that teacher (enrolled in B.Ed.) positively opined incorporating ESD in the curriculum of teaching education to allow them to improve the existing practices. They suggested that this inclusion will help them save environment while promoting such practices among their students. Resultantly, it would lead to environmentally sustainable future. All the participants were of the view that ESD was no doubt highly desirable. The participants comprehended that ESD could be incorporated in various disciplines like science, history, geography etc. to promote the idea of sustainability across all the disciplines, In this Research Context ESD carries a lot of importance as the interview questions and answers provided a very clear-cut insight of the novice teachers who were enthusiastic to bring this innovation in the primary education by volunteering themselves to learn and educate themselves first for a successful implementation of ESD.
Green Nanosuspensions of Elettaria Cardamomum Seeds – Comparative Data Analysis for Enhanced Bioactivities
Authors: Nadeem Fareeha , Rashid Kayani Haroon ur , Hussain Fatima 
Published: August 2022

In order to conclude the efficiency of a plant for a specific ailment, its phytochemicals are evaluated using different scientific procedures. In this study, the aim was to evaluate the bioactive compounds and biological activities of Elettaria cardamomum seeds extract and nanosuspension. Nanosuspensions were formed using nano-precipitation method. Among bioactivities, antioxidant property was measured through total flavonoid content (TFC), total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) activity. Antidiabetic activity was evaluated through alpha-amylase inhibition and antiglycation assays. Cytotoxicity and antibiofilm activity was determined using the hemolytic assay and micro-titer dish assay respectively. For functional groups and structural characterization FTIR was performed. In TPC and TFC the results showed 358.89 and 126.27 mg gallic acid equivalent to 100gram dry weight, 137.78 and 65.145 mg catechin equivalent to 100gram dry weight for nanosuspensions and extract respectively. Whereas the DPPH inhibition was 31.3% and 32.1% for nanosuspensions and extract respectively. Nanosuspensions and extract showed growth resistance against E. coli i.e. 68.12% and 64.09% respectively. Cardamom seeds nanosuspension and extract showed 55.77% and 55.15% antidiabetic property through glycation inhibition. According to alpha amylase inhibition analysis 51.67% and 33.67% inhibiting property of nanosuspension and extract was observed. Hemolytic assay gave 18% and 32% hemolysis by using nanosuspension and extract. The nanosuspension that showed existence of sulfoxides, fluoro compounds, amines, phenols, alkaloids and alcohols as determined by FTIR. In order to do this seeds were obtained and ethanol extract was formulated. This study showed that nanosuspensions and extract prepared from Elettaria cardamomum exhibited enhanced bioactivities and further research is essential to determine remarkable characteristics and pharmacological potentials of these unique seeds.
Qualitative and Quantitative Assesment of Phytochemicals in Selected Medicinal Plants native to Shujabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Jabeen Shazia , Amir Nazia , Meryem Syeda Shaima 
Published: August 2022

The present study aimed at screening of phytochemicals qualitatively and quantitatively in six selected medicinal plants native to Shujabad, Multan, Pakistan. Screening of various phytochemicals (phenols, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, anthocayanins, phlobatannins, coumarins, triterpenoids, cardiac glycosides, sterols and alkaloids)was done by preparing plant leaf extracts in different solvents i.e., ethanol, methanol and water.
Optical density of total phenolic and alkaloid compounds was measured via UV-Visible spectrophotometer at 640 nm and 470 nm respectively. Phenols and anthocayanins were found in all the six selected medicinal plants. Alkaloids were absent in O. corniculata. Flavonoids were absent in R. communis. Tannins were absent in O. corniculata and E. prostrata. Phlobatannins, coumarins and triterpenoids were absent in O. corniculata and R. communis. Terpenoids were absent in R. communis. Steroids were only present in O. corniculata, C. album and C. citratus. Sterols were absent in R. communis and saponins were only absent in O. corniculata. Glycosides were absent in C. album, M. pipperita and in C. citratus. Cardiac glycosides were only present in C. citratus. Phenolic content was found highest in R. communis while the highest alkaloid content in E. prostrate was found. It is evident from the study that C. citratusis of highest therapeutic efficacy possessing a majority of phytochemicals classes of compounds and R. communisis of lowest therapeutic potential due to the absence of the majority of phytoconstituents. Plants having these phytochemicals are considered important both medicinally and economically. There is a need to do further research on phytoconstituents of these plants and their role in mitigating the disease.
Africa’s Poverty and Famines: Developmental Projects of China on Africa
Authors: Akhtar Gul  , Muhammad Ghulam Shabeer  , Rija Ahmad Abbasi  , Abdul Wahab Khan  
Published: August 2022

Poverty exists without any face; it is a multifaceted and complex phenomenon. Poverty and famines existed before human civilization and culture. Human culture existed 0.07 million years ago, and civilization began 6000 years ago. In a modern civilized society, ‘first famine in human history occurred in 1708 B.C. From 1708 BC to 1878 AD, 350 famines occurred in various spheres of the world. The Encyclopedia Britannica listed 31 main famines from prehistoric to the 1960s. The sub-continent has also faced eleven severe famines from 1769-70 to 1943, and about 40.9 million people have died due to these famines. Similarly, more than 2 billion people live below the poverty line. Besides, China left 800 million people due to ‘Open Door Policy’. Now she is changing the world's shape through BRI. Africa is a complex and perplexing region of the world. Because, Africa is facing all the root problems of the world, i.e., poverty, massive unemployment and income inequality, mono-culture political economy, border disputes, intra-state wars, and ethnic and lingual clashes. In the land of Africa, the first famine was recorded 2273 years ago in Ethiopia’. About 2,582 languages[i] and 1,382 dialects are found on the African continent. From 1945 to 1999, humanity faced 25 interstate wars, most of which occurred in Africa. Therefore, 127 civil wars happened among 73 states in the same era, and 16.2 million people died. The Export and Import Bank of China will spend 1US$ trillion on the African continent in 2025.
[i] Language which is speaking in Africa, Arabic (170 million) English (130 million), Swahili (100), French (115), Berber (50), Hausa (50), Portuguese (20) and Spanish (10) (Spolsky, 2018)
Giải pháp nâng cao hiệu quả hợp tác giữa Trường Đại học Quảng Nam và các doanh nghiệp du lịch
Authors: Hồ Thị Thanh Ly , Trần Văn Anh , Bùi Thị Tiến 
Published: August 2022

Nâng cao hiệu quả hơp tác giữa nhà trường và doanh nghiệp luôn là mối quan tâm của các cơ sở đào tạo. Trường Đại học Quảng Nam tham gia đào tạo nguồn nhân lực du lịch từ khá sớm, sinh viên ra trường có tỉ lệ việc làm đúng chuyên ngành khá cao và được các doanh nghiệp du lịch ghi nhận. Có được thành quả này chính là nhờ vào sự hợp tác, liên kết với các doanh nghiệp. Tuy nhiên, quy mô đào tạo ngành du lịch còn nhỏ, chương trình đào tạo chưa đáp ứng được nhu cầu của thị trường lao động, nguồn kinh phí và các cơ chế hợp tác chưa được hình thành để tạo hành lang pháp lý cho các đơn vị chủ động triển khai. Việc hợp tác giữa nhà trường và doanh nghiệp trong đào tạo nguồn nhân lực vẫn mang tính hình thức, mới chỉ đạt kết quả ở một số mặt, chưa toàn diện, chưa đi sâu vào nội dung cụ thể, chưa khai thác hết các thế mạnh của doanh nghiệp cho công tác đào tạo. Kết quả nghiên cứu đã chỉ ra thực trạng, nguyên nhân và đề xuất các giải pháp để quá trình hợp tác hiệu quả và thực chất hơn trong thời gian tới.
Comparison of incidence of inguinodynia in open versus laproscopic hernia repair
Authors: Bhambhani Dhiraj , Bhambhani Suresh , Mhaske Ashok 
Published: August 2022

Background: A global average of twenty million inguinal hernia surgeries are accomplished each year, making it one of the most common general surgical procedures. In recent years, inguinodynia, also known as post-inguinal pain syndrome, has become more significant. Aim: To carry out comparison of incidence of inguinodynia in open and laproscopic hernia repair. Methods and Materials: There were 200 cases altogether in the study group, of which 100 study participants (category A) underwent open Lichtenstein inguinal hernia mesh surgery and 100 cases (group B) underwent inguinal hernia surgery by laproscopy. Pain intensity was measured using a visual analogue scale (VAS; range: 0 to 10). According to the VAS, inguinodynia patients were divided into three categories: mild category (score 1 to 3), moderate category (4 to 7) and severe category (8 to10). Results: Overall the incidence of inguinodynia was 23.24% in all patients. The incidence of inguinodynia in patients operated for open inguinal hernia repair was 25.96% while the incidence was 18.23% in laparoscopic method of hernia repair. 192 patients were males and 8 were females.
Turkish-Egyptian economic relations 2011-2013 AD
Authors: Al-Issawi Tariq Hamed Mujbil , Abd Abdul Sattar Jaiger 
Published: August 2022

The economic relations between the two countries have gone through important stages, as we note the great development in relations, especially after the success of the Egyptian revolution on January 25, 2011. The golden stage in the two countries’ economic relations was during the rule of the Muslim Brotherhood, during the rule of President Mohamed Morsi. Investments and commercial relations in Introduction to the economic relations between the two countries, which were of great importance in the development of economic relations, and the political relations between the two countries did not witness the development that the economic aspect witnessed.
comparative study on estimation of fetal weight in term pregnancy by clinical methods and USG with actual birth weight in a tertiary care center
Authors: Fatima Syeda Afreen , Lakshmi Aparna Devi V V , Basha Nawal Mahboob , Kabir Mohammed Abdul 
Published: August 2022

Background: Primary goal in modern obstetrics is to deliver a healthy baby in a healthy mother. Birth weight is the most important factor in determining the neonatal outcome and survival.1 So the accurate estimation of fetal weight is one of the important aspects in management of labour.2 objectives: To compare the accuracy of estimated fetal weight by USG and clinical methods with actual birth weight. Material & Methods: Study Design: Prospective hospital based cross – sectional study. Study area: Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Modern Government Maternity Hospital, Osmania Medical college, Petlaburj, Hyderabad, Telangana state. Study Period: Feb. 2021 - Jan 2022. Study population: Pregnant women attending Obstetrics and Gynaecology department, Modern Government Maternity Hospital, Osmania Medical college, Petlaburj, Hyderabad. Sample size: Study consisted a total of 200 cases. Results: There was no significant difference between actual birth weight and USG, Johnson and Dare’s formula estimated weight. It is inferred that all the methods are more or less accurately estimated the actual birth weight. But, when compared to the other two methods, USG estimate was more accurate as the mean difference between USG estimate and actual birth weight was found to be very less ie. 13.00 g.