bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Criterialism
Authors: Lawrence Gavin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This section focuses on Anscombe’s paper ‘Brute Facts’ and its Wittgensteinian background. The introduction (section 7.1) sketches later Wittgenstein’s approach to language as embedded in life and culture (‘language-games’). Section 7.2 then outlines two traps in practical philosophy: the fact-value distinction and the practicality of evaluation. Concentrating on the first, section 7.3 contrasts Anscombe’s position with Hume’s and draws out three central aspects: that one predicate is brute relative to another, i.e., criteria-governed; that this relation iterates; and that it relies on a wide contextual background that gives life and point to such language-games. Section 7.4 then expands on Wittgensteinian criterialism: the incomplete specifiability of defeating conditions and of criteria; its manifestation in teaching such predicates; the variety of criteria, their family resemblance, changes, and open-ended, creative exploration, with as much attention to the role of qualification as of defeasibility. Section 7.5 briefly outlines Wittgenstein’s double strategy against the Frege-Plato objection that language must have clear fixed boundaries to be usable. Section 7.6 concludes by turning from the rules of language-games briefly to consider aspects of the points or goals at issue in them.
Life and Other Basic Rights in Anscombe
Authors: Nieswandt Katharina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Following Elizabeth Anscombe, rights exist within practices. A right consists in a bundle of possible and impossible moves within the relevant social ‘game’, e.g., the practice of private property. What becomes of basic rights on such a social-constructivist conception? Metaphysically, basic rights do not differ from other rights. The right not to be murdered, however, enjoys a transcendental status within Anscombe’s moral philosophy, and this construction might extend to other basic rights: since practical reasoning is directed at the good life, there can be no sound practical inference concluding in murder. Anscombe’s argument for this presupposes a particular conception of human dignity, which is quite similar to the dominant conception in contemporary human rights literature.
Ethics and Action Theory
Authors: Sandis Constantine 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter compares the general form and state of moral philosophy during the first half of the twentieth century (section 21.1) to how it stands today (section 21.3). These two overviews serve as the bread of a GEMA-filled sandwich. Section 21.2 accordingly considers Anscombe’s criticisms of ‘modern moral philosophy’ from Sidgwick to Ross. Anyone in sympathy with the general line of her criticisms must concede that the state of moral philosophy was in far better shape in the decades before she wrote her seminal 1958 paper than it has been ever since. Ironically, contemporary moral philosophy has become what it is partly due to Anscombe’s own unintended role in influencing (i) the formation of ‘virtue theory’ as yet another position within normative ethics and (ii) the fashioning of ‘moral psychology’ as an altogether distinct—and increasingly empirical— branch of moral philosophy.
Hypothesis Testing
Authors: Albrecht Joshua 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Hypotheses are crucial to all types of research, but too often the use of formalized hypothesis-testing is overlooked in music research. This chapter defines hypotheses, discusses how to properly test hypotheses, and argues for an increased focus on hypothesis testing in music corpus research while also highlighting how prevalent exploratory research was in early corpus studies. The chapter concludes with a meta-analysis of corpus studies over the past several decades. The results are consistent with a field dominated early by ad hoc exploratory work that focused on simple descriptive statistics of a tested sample, but also a field with a recent and growing trend of incorporating a priori hypothesis testing in corpus research.
A Corpus Analysis of Harmony in Country Music
Authors: de Clercq Trevor 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Harmony in country music is in some ways similar to that in rock music (defined broadly) while in others ways different, just as it is in some ways similar to common-practice music while in other ways different. The empirical work presented here implies that the conventions of country music lie somewhere between those found in rock music and those in common-practice music. If country music can be considered a substyle of rock defined broadly, then, presumably, we would find that harmonic practice in rock defined narrowly would be even further afield of common-practice norms. In addition, some aspects of harmony seem particularly distinctive to country music (at least in comparison to rock and common-practice styles). The strong avoidance of the minor tonic is one striking feature. We also found support for the notion that country music, more so than other styles, relies heavily on just three chords.
Internalized Oppression in the Clinician
Authors: Harris Brian T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Music therapists with minority identities may experience internalized oppression in ways that can negatively affect their clinical work. To help prevent this, clinicians can engage in self-inquiry practices such as supervision and therapy. Using music in these practices can prove a powerful tool, allowing clinicians to illuminate and work with hidden internalized negativity. This chapter provides an overview of internalized homonegativity and follows my journey through self-examination using clinical case examples to help illustrate the process. I demonstrate how to use creative engagement as a component of self-reflection, which can then be applied to self-inquiry with other types of internalized oppression.
Decolonizing Brazilian Popular Percussion
Authors: Santana Chico 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses socio-cultural and historical aspects of samba, based on a decolonial vision of Brazilian Popular Percussion (BPP). Samba schools are cultural manifestations that reveal diverse perspectives on musical practices, in which percussion plays a central role. Different analytical possibilities point to plural paths for theoretical and epistemological understanding of the samba and its percussive practices, especially with regard to its rhythmic fundamentals. The chapter advocates that the study of Brazilian samba foreground the knowledge of the percussionists themselves. Recognizing that the recommended methodological approaches to this music are in tension with some Eurocentric paradigms of music teaching and learning, emphasis is placed on corporeality as an axis of Afro-Diasporic musical practices. The chapter concludes with some proposals for a decolonial pedagogy of BPP, which can contribute to reflections and practices of public music theory.
Governing AI Systems for Public Values
Authors: Chen Yu-Che , Ahn Michael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter develops a framework of process governance for public artificial intelligence systems (PAIS) and proposes relevant governance recommendations. This chapter starts by outlining its focus on public AI systems and public values where the guiding governance design principles for the framework are characterized as human-centered, stakeholder-focused, and lifecycle-scoped. The four phases of the development and implementation of AI systems are (1) goal setting; (2) iterative development decisions on data, models, and results; (3) decisions on public service; and (4) the assessment of the impacts made by PAIS. For goal setting, the articulation and inclusion of societal values and broad stakeholder participation are key dimensions to consider for PAIS. For iterative development decisions, public value perspective and the social logic should be considered as the main development logic and an audit on data and algorithmic characteristics should be implemented. For public service decision-making, governance needs to focus on promotion of human autonomy, inclusion of equity and fairness, and stakeholder involvement. For the assessment of the impacts, governance needs to include a public value impact analysis involving various stakeholders. Transparency is expected to be a core and necessary condition for all phases of PAIS development. Moreover, an AI governance structure consisted of diverse stakeholder groups should be organized to ensure effective implementation of phase-specific governance solutions and coordinate efforts at different phases.
Mitigating Algorithmic Biases through Incentive-Based Rating Systems
Authors: Turner Lee Nicol 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Increased use of machine-learning algorithms in all aspects of society has worsened the impact of online behavioral biases on historically disadvantaged populations, enabling discriminatory practices in hiring, loan approvals, child welfare determinations, access to public benefits, policing, and more. While companies have sought to self-regulate such problems, they have failed to enact concrete change. To address this problem, an incentive-based rating system, which is modeled, in part, after the United States federal government’s Energy Star program, is proposed to better identify and mitigate online biases. Rating systems can implore computer and data scientists, as well as the industries that license and disseminate algorithms, to improve their interrogation of algorithms’ sociological implications and incorporate non-technical actors and practices to inform their design and execution. Such incentives can differentiate the developers and companies who seek transparency and feedback around their concerns for more fair, inclusive, and ethical artificial intelligence systems. In addition to promoting the use of rating systems, this chapter offers a framework for them when applied to AI, including a set of questions that can be asked of internal and external stakeholders, like those assessing the diversity of the work team, data quality, transparency, and feedback from user groups. The chapter concludes with a discussion around the role of public policies and potential regulatory enforcements that can make AI rating systems more formidable, especially in use cases that have adverse impact on users.
Social Determinants of Health in Africa
Authors: Amzat Jimoh , Aminu Kafayat , Muchabveyo Brenda 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the social determinants of health (SDH) in Africa. It highlights some theoretical perspectives relevant to understanding the SDH, including the production of health and structural and system approaches. The chapter argues that the high prevalence of both communicable and noncommunicable diseases in Africa is a consequence of adverse social forces that predispose people to various diseases. Africans live in challenging social situations and have a comparatively high disease burden. Most are disadvantaged because the resources required for healthcare are insufficient. The high prevalence of poverty on the continent is significantly associated with poor population health caused by impoverished living and working conditions that negatively impact nutritional status, access to clean water, hygiene, healthcare services, and health status. In Africa, unequal healthcare access and outcomes among social groups are common, and vulnerable populations disproportionately bear the brunt of the disease burden.
Managing Uncertainty, Creating Stability
Authors: Madhavan Sangeetha , Stoebenau Kirsten , Kim Seung Wan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The role of kin in contemporary Africa is closely linked to both the marriage process and the rearing of children. Kin recognition of the union is essential for legitimizing it in the eyes of the community and securing support for the children it produces. Kin also play a critical role in the monetary and material exchange between the partners and their families, including the eventual payment of bride wealth. Whereas much of the extant scholarship on family formation in Africa has examined on the challenges of attaining a modern marriage, the focus here is on the process through which women and men aspire to achieve social and economic stability. The chapter draws on sociological theories of risk and intimacy and analyzes existing survey data along with qualitative data collected in a low-income community in Nairobi, Kenya. Examining this process shows how people are combining “modern” resources, such as the state, with “traditional” institutions, such as kinship, in distinctly gendered ways. It identifies not only the risks and benefits for the health and well-being of children but also the longer-term intergenerational effects. This analysis should encourage policymakers to move away from interventions that are rigidly prescriptive about the timing of childbearing and union formation and instead to support couples and their children as they navigate the process of attaining economic and social stability.
Historical Political Economy of Legislative Power
Authors: Cox Gary W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the historical political economy of separating and delegating legislative power in Europe. The separation of power has been a familiar theme since Montesquieu’s (1989 [1748]) Spirit of the Laws. However, the delegation of legislative power predated the separation of power and created durable local governmental units whose successors still exist throughout Europe. This chapter reviews work on the congruence of legislative procedures across levels of government, as well as on the use of separation of power (co-legislation) and delegation of power (especially co-administration) to constrain executive power in premodern Europe.
The Historical Political Economy of Globalization
Authors: O'Rourke Kevin Hjortshøj 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Globalization has a long history, although how long depends on how you define it. That history teaches us that globalization is not irreversible: that it ebbs and flows over time, and that it would be foolish to assume that today’s hyper-globalization is necessarily here to stay. This chapter argues that one cannot understand the history of globalization without taking political factors into account – both domestic political forces and geopolitics shape, and are shaped by, international economic integration. It also argues that one cannot understand the history of comparative economic development without taking globalization into account. Globalization compels observers to take geography seriously and to think more like historians.
Historical Political Economy of Autocracy
Authors: Grzymala-Busse Anna , Finkel Eugene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Autocracy is the most widespread and durable regime type since the emergence of early states. This chapter surveys the literature on key questions that dominate the autocracy research: how autocratic regimes emerge, how they are sustained, how autocracies die, and the legacies autocratic regimes leave behind. The chapter argues that historical political economy (HPE) approaches that adopt a broader temporal lens are especially well positioned to make important contributions to the better understanding of nondemocratic regimes. This chapter also shows how a mixed-method approach utilized by many HPE studies brings us closer to identifying the causal pathways to and from autocracy. Finally, the chapter suggests directions for further HPE research on autocratic regimes.
Job Quality Matters
Authors: Warhurst Chris , Mathieu Chris , Dwyer Rachel E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the purpose of and rationale behind The Oxford Handbook of Job Quality. The chapter explains why job is important and why it is posited as a solution to social, economic and political challenges. It then flags the difficulties in conceptualizing job quality and explains why job quality is likely to remain important amongst policymakers in the US, Europe and elsewhere. It then provides a short overview of the Handbook’s structure and its chapters’ contents. Throughout the chapter we identify lessons from the Handbook for both future research on job quality and the future policy interventions to support job quality that we hope the Handbook will contribute to inspiring. Job quality matters as a framework for understanding the world and as a goal for organizing societies to enable all people to thrive.
The Great Recession and Job Quality Trends in Europe
Authors: Erhel Christine , Guergoat-Larivière Mathilde , Leschke Janine , Watt Andrew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the consequences of the Great Recession on job quality in Europe. It relies on European survey data (European Working Conditions Survey, Labour Force Survey, EU-SILC). It first shows that on average in the EU there was a marginal decline in job quality between 2005 and 2010 according to the ETUI Job Quality Index. Improvements are visible with regards to working conditions, working-time and work–life balance while involuntary non-standard employment increased and wages displayed a pronounced deterioration. A second step builds on dynamic indicators calculated at the individual level (transitions in terms of job quality between 2007 and 2009), using EU-SILC panel data. It shows that some socioeconomic groups were more affected by decreasing trends in job quality (other things being equal), especially youth, older workers and low-educated workers. In terms of gender, women were more likely than men to become unemployed or inactive over the period. At the same time, comparing national labour market institutions, employment protection legislation (as defined by the OECD) seems to have prevented transitions to non-employment (with no direct effect on job quality) while public expenditure per unemployed slightly reduced the risk of job quality deterioration.
Trade Unions and Job Quality
Authors: Simms Melanie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews links between trade unions and debates about job quality. It argues that job quality should be understood as a dynamic outcome of give and take within the employment relationship. The chapter starts with a review of how job quality is measured, focusing on the centrality of worker voice and emphasizing the importance of institutions of collective bargaining in securing decent work. It moves on to review evidence of how those institutions link to company-level arrangements of job regulation, thereby affecting job quality. The third section presents studies showing how, in some settings, employers can use poor quality work to push down job quality more generally. The fourth explores the ways that union strategies have sometimes had the consequence of increasing job quality for core staff, while reducing job quality for others. The fifth section considers evidence of the opportunities for unions to organize to promote and improve job quality, including in precarious occupations. The chapter concludes by noting that although there is wide literature on the roles of employers and unions in affecting job quality, there is very little attention to the potential role of the state, clearly requiring further research.
Quantitative Approaches to Assess Job Quality
Authors: de Bustillo Rafael Muñoz , Fernández-Macías Enrique , Antón José-Ignacio 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers an up-to-date account of different alternative approaches to the measurement of job quality from a quantitative perspective. With that aim we review different theoretical strategies: subjective (job satisfaction) and objective methods, with different levels of aggregation, that can be used for the measurement of job quality, presenting some of the methodological dilemmas that need to be confronted for such measurement. With that background, the chapter surveys more than twenty proposals of indicators and models of job quality of different origins and ambitions. The chapter concludes with some reflections with respect to the feasibility of measuring job quality and the adequacy of the existing job quality indicators.
Job Polarization
Authors: Goos Maarten , Rademakers Emilie , Salomons Anna , Vandeweyer Marieke 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Starting from the debate on job quality, this chapter first gives an overview of the literature on job polarization: the idea that job markets are polarizing into lovely and lousy jobs at the expense of middling jobs originates from the early 1980s. During the following decades, the phenomenon of job polarization was documented for many advanced economies and its drivers became better understood. To summarize the intuition that economists currently have about these drivers, the chapter then provides a simple intuitive framework and some empirical evidence in support of it. The contribution of this framework is that it illustrates the interplay of various channels determining labour and product market outcomes for understanding job polarization: the direct substitutability between differently skilled workers and new digital technologies in production and scale-effects driven by technology-induced changes in the prices of goods and services for consumers. We connect the latter channel to the well-known phenomenon of Baumol’s cost disease. Finally, the importance of these channels is documented by empirical evidence from 13 advanced economies. We find evidence consistent with our framework and compare this with other possible drivers such as globalization. Our analyses imply that job polarization is not a natural law that must hold at all times and in all places but that it critically depends on the nature of technological progress and how it affects equilibria on labour and product markets.
The German Legal System and Courts
Authors: Miller Russell A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The German legal system and courts have roots in ancient, barbarian Germania. That cultural tradition passed through the feudal medieval period, the Holy Roman Empire, the Prussian Empire, and the democratic and tyrannical convulsions of the twentieth century. The contemporary judicial framework of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) still bears many characteristics accumulated over that long journey. It is a legal culture aligned with the continental or civil law tradition. This has produced jurisdictional—or subject matter—specialization. Germany’s deep-seated federalism is reflected in the judiciary’s decentralization, pursuant to which the federation and states share responsibility for administering justice. Two courts help illustrate these features: the Bundesgerichtshof (Federal Court of Justice) and the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court). This era’s contribution to the long story of German law might be the German legal system’s new openness to international legal regimes and to cooperating with extra-jurisdictional courts based in the European systems, including the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR).