bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robotics in laparoscopic surgery - A review
Authors: Zidane Iham F. , Khattab Yasmin , Rezeka Sohair , El-Habrouk Mohamed 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBecause of the increasing use of laparoscopic surgeries, robotic technologies have been developed to overcome the challenges these surgeries impose on surgeons. This paper presents an overview of the current state of surgical robots used in laparoscopic surgeries. Four main categories were discussed: handheld laparoscopic devices, laparoscope positioning robots, master–slave teleoperated systems with dedicated consoles, and robotic training systems. A generalized control block diagram is developed to demonstrate the general control scheme for each category of surgical robots. In order to review these robotic technologies, related published works were investigated and discussed. Detailed discussions and comparison tables are presented to compare their effectiveness in laparoscopic surgeries. Each of these technologies has proved to be beneficial in laparoscopic surgeries.
Prevalence and trends of congenital heart defects among live births from 2005 to 2014 in Northern Ireland
Authors: Saad Hafi , Casey Frank , Dolk Helen , Loane Maria 
Published: August 2022

AbstractRationale:Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most frequent group of congenital anomalies representing a significant burden of mortality and morbidity and health service load.Objective:In the Northern Ireland population, served by a single paediatric cardiology centre, we determine the prevalence and trends of CHD among live births.Methods:This is a descriptive cross-sectional population-based study, using the paediatric cardiology database. The study included a total of 245,120 live births representing all children born in Northern Ireland 2005-2014.Results:A total of 11,410 children (4.65% of live births in Northern Ireland) received an echocardiogram for suspected CHD, and 3,059 children were subsequently diagnosed with a major CHD (prevalence = 12.48 per 1,000 live births (95% CI 12.04–12.93)) of whom 490 (16.02%) had genetic or chromosomal disorders including Down syndrome. The prevalence of non-genetic or chromosomal cases was 10.48 per 1,000 live births (95% CI 10.08–10.89) and did not change significantly over time (p = 0.91). The prevalence of CHD diagnosed in the first year of life was 8.46 per 1,000 live births (95% CI 8.10–8.83), which increased over time (p < 0.01). The prevalence of severe CHD was 2.02 per 1,000 live births (95% CI 1.85–2.21).Conclusion:Northern Ireland has a high prevalence of CHD among European countries, which may be associated with complete ascertainment of both early and late diagnosed cases recorded in the paediatric cardiology database, as well as being one of the few European countries where terminations of pregnancy for foetal anomaly was illegal during the study period.
Effect of cardiac graft rejection on semilunar valve function: implications for heart valve transplantation
Authors: McVadon Deani H. , Hardy William A. , Boucek Katerina A. , Rivers William D. , Kwon Jennie H. , Kavarana Minoo N. , Costello John M. , Rajab Taufiek Konrad 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackground:The treatment of neonates with unrepairable heart valve dysfunction remains an unsolved problem because there are no growing heart valve replacements. Heart valve transplantation is a potential approach to deliver growing heart valve replacements. Therefore, we retrospectively analysed the semilunar valve function of orthotopic heart transplants during rejection episodes.Methods:We included children who underwent orthotopic heart transplantation at our institution and experienced at least one episode of rejection between 1/1/2010 and 1/1/2020. Semilunar valve function was analysed using echocardiography at baseline, during rejection and approximately 3 months after rejection.Results:Included were a total of 31 episodes of rejection. All patients had either no (27) or trivial (4) aortic insufficiency prior to rejection. One patient developed mild aortic insufficiency during a rejection episode (P = 0.73), and all patients had either no (21) or trivial (7) aortic insufficiency at follow-up (P = 0.40). All patients had mild or less pulmonary insufficiency prior to rejection, which did not significantly change during (P = 0.40) or following rejection (P = 0.35). Similarly, compared to maximum pressure gradients across the valves at baseline, which were trivial, there was no appreciable change in the gradient across the aortic valve during (P = 0.50) or following rejection (P = 0.42), nor was there any meaningful change in the gradient across the pulmonary valve during (P = 0.55) or following rejection (P = 0.91).Conclusions:This study demonstrated that there was no echocardiographic evidence of change in semilunar valve function during episodes of rejection in patient with heart transplants. These findings indicate that heart valve transplants require lower levels of immune suppression than orthotopic heart transplants and provide partial foundational evidence to justify future research that will determine whether heart valve transplantation may deliver growing heart valve replacements for children.
Use of Machine Learning to Reduce Uncertainties in Particle Number Concentration and Aerosol Indirect Radiative Forcing Predicted by Climate Models
Authors: Yu Fangqun , Luo Gan , Nair Arshad Arjunan , Tsigaridis Kostas , Bauer Susanne E. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe radiative forcing of anthropogenic aerosols associated with aerosol‐cloud interactions (RFaci) remains the largest source of uncertainty in climate prediction. The calculation of particle number concentration (PNC), one of the critical parameters affecting RFaci, is generally simplified in climate models. Here we employ outputs from long‐term (30‐year) simulations of a global size‐resolved (sectional) aerosol microphysics model and a machine‐learning tool to develop a Random Forest Regression Model (RFRM) for PNC. We have implemented the PNC RFRM in GISS‐ModelE2.1 with a mass‐based One‐Moment Aerosol module, which is one of CMIP6 models. Compared to the default setting, the GISS‐ModelE2.1 simulation based on RFRM reduces the changes of cloud droplet number concentration associated with anthropogenic emissions, and decreases the RFaci from −1.46 to −1.11 W·m−2. This work highlights a promising approach based on machine learning to reduce uncertainties of climate models in predicting PNC and RFaci without compromising their computing efficiency.
Reframing Our Health Care System for Patients With Hearing Loss
Authors: McKee Michael , James Tyler G. , Helm Kaila V. T. , Marzolf Brianna , Chung Dana H. , Williams John , Zazove Philip 
Published: August 2022

Purpose:
Nearly 20% of U.S. Americans report a hearing loss, yet our current health care system is poorly designed and equipped to effectively care for these individuals. Individuals with hearing loss report communication breakdowns, inaccessible health information, reduced awareness and training by health care providers, and decreased satisfaction while struggling with inadequate health literacy. These all contribute to health inequities and increased health care expenditures and inefficiencies. It is time to reframe the health care system for these individuals using existing models of best practices and accessibility to mitigate inequities and improve quality of care.

Method:
A review of system-, clinic-, provider-, and patient-level barriers, along with existing and suggested efforts to improve care for individuals with hearing loss, are presented.

Results:
These strategies include improving screening and identification of hearing loss, adopting universal design and inclusion principles, implementing effective communication approaches, leveraging assistive technologies and training, and diversifying a team to better care for patients with hearing loss. Patients should also be encouraged to seek social support and resources from hearing loss organizations while leveraging technologies to help facilitate communication.

Conclusions:
The strategies described introduce actionable steps that can be made at the system, clinic, provider, and patient levels. With implementation of these steps, significant progress can be made to more proactively meet the needs of patients with hearing loss.

Presentation Video:

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.21215843
Reproductive behaviour before and after oestrus and oviposition in the captive short-beaked echidna (
Authors: Dutton-Regester Kate J. , Roser Alice , Meer Haley , Renfree Marilyn B. , Phillips Clive , Johnston Stephen D. 
Published: August 2022

Context Most of our current knowledge regarding echidna reproductive behaviour is based on qualitative measurements; therefore, it is unclear if specific behavioural cues could be utilised in their captive reproductive management. Aims This study aimed to identify quantitative changes in general and reproductive behaviour of echidna breeding pairs and pregnant females that might facilitate the detection of oestrus and impending oviposition and provide a summary of reproductive behaviour observed in a captive colony over a three-year observation period. Methods Three echidna breeding pairs and two trios were were monitored daily for seven reproductive and eight general behaviours during the 2020 breeding season. After confirmed copulation, females were monitored for four egg-laying and eight general behaviours until egg incubation. General observations of reproductive behaviours during the 2018–2020 breeding seasons were recorded as part of routine husbandry. Key results For breeding pairs, there was a significant rate of change over time before and after copulation for the behaviours ‘urogenital sniffing’, ‘rolling’ and ‘copulation attempt’. For pregnant females, time engaged in ‘pacing’ significantly increased while ‘time eating’ and the ‘qauntity of food eaten’ significanlty decreased on the day of oviposition. We were not able to identify oestrus from specific behaviours, but our observations suggest that the female echidna’s period of receptivity is less than 24 h. Conclusions The frequency that males express ‘urogenital sniffing’, ‘rolling’ and ‘copulation attempt’ toward the female can be used to alert zookeepers that copulation has likely occurred. Increased pacing, reduced feeding time and quantity of food eaten can aid zookeepers to identify impending oviposition. Implications This study demonstrates that there are quantifiable changes in specific echidna behaviours that can be incorporated into zoo husbandry practices to improve the reproductive management of this species.
ThnL, a B12-dependent radical
S
-adenosylmethionine enzyme, catalyzes thioether bond formation in carbapenem biosynthesis
Authors: Sinner Erica K. , Li Rongfeng , Marous Daniel R. , Townsend Craig A. 
Published: August 2022

Complex carbapenems are important clinical antibiotics used to treat recalcitrant infections. Their biosynthetic gene clusters contain three essential B
12
-dependent radical
S
-adenosylmethionine (rSAM) enzymes. The majority of characterized enzymes in this subfamily catalyze methyl transfer, but only one is required to sequentially install all methionine-derived carbons in complex carbapenems. Therefore, it is probable that the other two rSAM enzymes have noncanonical functions. Through a series of fermentation and in vitro experiments, we show that ThnL uses radical SAM chemistry to catalyze thioether bond formation between C2 of a carbapenam precursor and pantetheine, uniting initial bicycle assembly common to all carbapenems with later tailoring events unique to complex carbapenems. ThnL also catalyzes reversible thiol/disulfide redox on pantetheine. Neither of these functions has been observed previously in a B
12
-dependent radical SAM enzyme. ThnL expands the known activity of this subclass of enzymes beyond carbon–carbon bond formation or rearrangement. It is also the only radical SAM enzyme currently known to catalyze carbon–sulfur bond formation with only an rSAM Fe–S cluster and no additional auxiliary clusters.
Research Spotlight: Olfactory Coding In Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Sachse Silke , Hansson Bill S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chemical senses—taste and smell—are the oldest animal senses. They are characterized by a multidimensional and diverse stimulus space, consisting of many molecules that cannot be classified along any narrow set of dimensions. In the case of the olfactory system, animals detect low molecular weight volatile chemicals (i.e. odorants) with the help of specialized olfactory sensory neurons that express one or a few ligand-binding odorant receptor proteins. Animals cope with the problem of recognizing an extremely large number of different odorants by programming a very large number of functionally different olfactory neurons. Odours activate these neurons and generate characteristic activity patterns across the neuron population, which are relayed to second-order olfactory neurons. The entire available raw information about the animal’s olfactory environment is present in these patterns; however, olfactory information is further processed before it is relayed to higher-order brain centres. Drosophila melanogaster provides an attractive model organism for studying olfaction, as it allows genetic, molecular, and physiological analyses. In recent years, immense progress has been achieved in understanding the olfactory neuronal circuits that underlie the coding and processing of odours in Drosophila. Here, the chapter reviews our present state of knowledge regarding the anatomical architecture of the fly’s olfactory system as well as giving recent insights into the coding strategies of the different neuronal populations involved.
Practical Strategies Related to the Application of Balloon Tamponade Therapy in Acute Variceal Bleeding
Authors: Bari Vase , Subramanian Ram Mohan 
Published: August 2022

IMPORTANCE:
Acute gastrointestinal variceal hemorrhage is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cirrhotic liver disease. Approximately one-third of cirrhotic patients will have variceal hemorrhage, and each bleeding episode is associated with up to 20% mortality. Balloon tamponade devices are used to achieve temporary hemostasis of bleeding esophagogastric varices and as a bridge to definitive therapy. Rapid and proper placement is crucial in a life-threatening bleed both to improve patient’s chances of survival and minimize procedural complications. Passage of the tube can be complicated by coiling in the oropharynx or mid-esophagus particularly if an endotracheal tube is in place or the patient has large variceal burden. Endoscopic placement can be a useful adjunct but may not be readily accessible depending on resources and availability of specialists. Here, we describe a technique of balloon tamponade placement using a stiffening guidewire to overcome this challenge.

OBJECTIVES:
The objectives were to: 1) describe the guidewire method for balloon tamponade tube placement and 2) highlight proof of concept through clinical application.

DESIGN:
We conducted a retrospective case series of patients treated with balloon tamponade using the guidewire method.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS:
This study was done at a single-center quaternary-care facility. Patients admitted to the surgical ICU and treated with a balloon tamponade device for acute variceal hemorrhage were included.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES:
Patient characteristics were assessed including age, sex, model for end stage liver disease score, etiology of cirrhosis, and definitive treatment received.

RESULTS:
Nine patients were included in the final analysis. Mean age was 50 ± 19, and mean model for end stage liver disease was 39 ± 8. Alcohol cirrhosis was the most common cause of cirrhosis in this sample (n = 5). Six patients were able to be bridged to definitive treatment.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE:
Guidewire-assisted balloon tamponade placement is practical, is effective, and can be performed by acute care providers.
In Situ-forming Collagen Hydrogels Crosslinked by Multifunctional Polyethylene Glycol as a Matrix Therapy for Corneal Defects: 2-Month Follow-up In Vivo
Authors: Logan Caitlin M. , Fernandes-Cunha Gabriella Maria , Chen Fang , Le Peter , Mundy David , Na Kyung Sun , Myung David 
Published: August 2022

Purpose:
We recently showed that in situ-forming collagen gels crosslinked through multifunctional polyethylene glycol (PEG) supported corneal epithelialization 7 days after treatment of lamellar keratectomy wounds. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the longer-term regenerative effects of this gel in animals.

Method:
Corneal wound healing was assessed 60 days after lamellar keratectomy and gel treatment using slitlamp examination, optical coherence tomography (OCT), pachymetry, corneal topography, an ocular response analyzer, and tonometry. The corneas were evaluated for the presence of beta-tubulin, cytokeratin 3, zonula occludens-1, and alpha smooth muscle actin (SMA) markers. Gene expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1), cluster of differentiation 31, CD163, alpha-SMA, hepatocyte growth factor, and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF-2) and protein expression of CD44 and collagen VI were evaluated.

Results:
Intraocular pressure, corneal thickness, and hysteresis for the corneas treated with collagen–PEG gels did not significantly change compared with the saline group. However, placido disk topography revealed greater regularity of the central cornea in the gel-treated group compared to the saline group. The gel-treated group exhibited a lower degree of epithelial hyperplasia than the saline group. Immunohistochemical and gene expression analysis showed that the gel-treated corneas exhibited lower alpha-SMA expression compared with the saline group. CD163 and CD44 were found to be elevated in the saline-treated group compared with normal corneas.

Conclusions:
The in situ-forming collagen-PEG gel promoted epithelialization that improved central corneal topography, epithelial layer morphology, and reduced expression of fibrotic and inflammatory biomarkers after 60 days compared to the saline group.
Lateralized Raise in Intraocular Pressure During Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Vandeurzen Jelle , Vansteelandt Kristof , Lemmens Sophie , Sienaert Pascal 
Published: August 2022

Right unilateral ECT causes an increase in eye pressure that is partially lateralized, higher on the right side.

Objective
The aim of this study was to evaluate intraocular pressure (IOP) changes during and after electroconvulsive therapy.

Methods
In 20 patients, IOP was measured using a handheld iCare tonometer before, during, and up to 15 minutes after the seizure. Electrode placement was either right unilateral (RUL) or bilateral (BL). Statistical analyses were done at baseline, during, and 15 minutes after the seizure.

Results
In the RUL group (n = 14), the IOP in the left eye increased from 14.8 mm Hg before the seizure to 27.8 mm Hg during the seizure (P = 0.0001) and decreased to 14.0 mm Hg after the seizure (P = 0.0002). The IOP in the right eye increased from 15.4 mm Hg before the seizure to 34.4 mm Hg during the seizure (P = 0.0001) and decreased to 16.0 mm Hg after the seizure (P = 0.0002).
In the BL group (n = 6), the IOP in the left eye increased from 13.0 mm Hg before the seizure to 26.3 mm Hg during the seizure (P = 0.1250) and decreased to 14.5 mm Hg after the seizure (P = 0.250). In the right eye, the IOP increased from 13.3 mm Hg before the seizure to 28.4 mm Hg during the seizure (P = 0.1250) and decreased to 13.7 mm Hg after the seizure (P = 0.25).
When the results were compared between the 2 electrode placements, the difference in IOP between the right and left eye was higher in the RUL group during (RUL 6.7 mm Hg vs BL 2.0 mm Hg, P = 0.0231) and after (RUL 2.1 mm Hg vs BL −0.8 mm Hg, P = 0.0492) the seizure.

Conclusions
RUL stimulation with electroconvulsive therapy causes a rise in IOP that is partially lateralized, ipsilateral to the side of stimulation.
Insight on Selective Breeding the Robustness Based on Field Survival Records: New Genetic Evaluation of Survival Traits in White-leg Shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) Breeding Line
Authors: Ren Shengjie , Mather Peter B. , Tang Binguo , Hurwood David A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSurvival is an old trait in animal breeding, yet commonly neglected nowadays for its simple binary records and low levels of heritability in aquaculture species. These traits however, can provide valuable field data when selecting for robustness in genetic improvement programs. In the current study, linear multivariate animal model (LMA) was used for the genetic analysis of survival records from two-year classes (BL2019 and BL2020) of white-leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) breeding lines with a total number of 52, 248 individuals from 481 fullsib families recorded for data collection. During grow-out test period, 10 day intervals of survival data were considered as independent traits. Two survival definitions, binary survivability (S) and continuous survival in days (SL), were used for the genetic analysis of survival records to investigate; i) whether adding more survival time information could improve estimation of genetic parameters; ii) the trajectory of survival heritability across time, and iii) patterns of genetic correlations of survival traits across time. Levels of heritability estimates for both S and SL were low (0.005 to 0.076), while heritability for survival day number was found to be similar with that of binary records at each observation time and were highly genetically correlated (rg >0.8). Heritability estimates of body weight (BW) for BL2019 and BL2020 were 0.486 and 0.373, respectively. Trajectories of survival heritability across time showed a gradual increase across the grow-out test period but slowed or reached a plateau during the later grow-out test period. Genetic correlations among survival traits in the grow-out tests were moderate to high, and the closer the times were between estimates, the higher were their genetic correlations. In contrast, genetic correlations between both survival traits and body weight were low but positive. Here we provide the first report of the trajectory of heritability estimates for survival traits across time in aquaculture. Results will be useful for developing robust improved white-leg shrimp culture strains in selective breeding programs based on field survival data.
Deciphering causal genomic templates of complex molecular phenotypes
Authors: Bhate Salil S. , Seigal Anna , Caicedo Juan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe develop a mathematical theory proposing that complex molecular phenotypes (CMPs, e.g., single-cell gene expression distributions and tissue organization) are produced from templates in the genome. We validate our theory using a procedure termed Causal Phenotype Sequence Alignment (CPSA). CPSA finds a candidate template of a CMP by aligning – without using genetic variation or biological annotations – a phenotypic measurement (e.g., a tissue image) with a reference genome. Given any edit to the CMP (e.g., changing cellular localization), CPSA outputs the genomic loci in the alignment corresponding to the edit. We confirm that three CMPs (single-cell gene expression distributions of the immune system and of embryogenesis, and tissue organization of the tumor microenvironment) have templates: the loci output by CPSA for therapeutically significant edits of these CMPs reveal genes, regulatory regions and active-sites whose experimental manipulation causes the edits. Our theory provides a systematic framework for genetically redesigning CMPs.