bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Pollutant Loss Rate Based on the Concentration Process and Landscape Unit Interactions: A Case Study of the Dianchi Lake Basin, Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Wang Minghao , Wang Yong , Duan Lijie , Liu Xiaoyang , Jia Haifeng , Zheng Binghui 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The landscape analysis model establishes a quantitative relationship between landscape patterns and pollution processes. The spatial heterogeneity within and between landscapes affects the pollutant transmission process and originates from the superposition effect of terrestrial geographical and morphological characteristics. This study aimed to develop a new method to estimate the pollutant loss rate. From the perspective of the flow process of pollutants entering a water body, the interaction between each landscape unit and adjacent unit during pollutant migration was simulated along the pollutant migration flow path. The role of pollutants affected by external forces in the process of migration could be divided into “promoting” and “hindering.” Four indices were proposed to simulate the pollutant loads entering the lake. The linear coefficients between the load of the pollutants chemical oxygen demand (CODCr), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) entering the lake and the pollutant load emission weighted by the upstream and downstream confluence ratio index were 0.930, 0.835, 0.925, and 0.795, respectively, and the non-linear variance explanation coefficients were 87.70%, 87.50%, 87.60%, and 84.70%, respectively. When the surface resistance was integrated into the index as a parameter, the linear and nonlinear correlation coefficients were significantly improved. The linear coefficients were 0.952, 0.897, 0.919, and 0.939, respectively, and the non-linear variance explanations were 99.00%, 97.30%, 95.10%, and 97.30%, respectively. The spatial distribution of landscape surface resistance reflects the spatial movement trend of pollutants from different sources. The indices characterizing the promoting and hindering effects could be integrated to calculate the loss rate of pollutant load entering the lake from landscape units at different locations in the basin space.
Multilevel Lumbar Fusion And Sacral Fusion Affect Joint Space Narrowing of The Hip
Authors: Ukai Taku , Katoh Hiroyuki , Yokoyama Katsuya , Omura Haruka , Watanabe Masahiko 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background: This study aimed to elucidate the effect of lumbosacral fusion on joint space narrowing of the hip. Methods: We retrospectively studied 511 hips of 261 patients who had undergone lumbar fusion. Whole-spine X-ray was performed for all the patients before surgery and at final follow-up. Center edge angle, joint space of the hip, sagittal vertical axis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis (LL), pelvic incidence (PI), pelvic tilt, and sacral slope were measured. The number of lumbar fusion levels, inclusion of sacral fusion, follow-up duration, and wear of the hip joint (mm/year) were also recorded. Multi regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors for joint space narrowing.Results: The female sex (P=0.04), number of fixed lumbar levels (P=0.002), sacral fusions (P=0.039), and follow-up period (P<0.001) were independent risk factors for joint space narrowing of the hip. The patients who underwent four or more levels of lumbar fusion experienced more rapid wearing of the hip joint space than that experienced by patients with less than three levels of lumbar fusion (P=0.044). Conclusion: Surgeons should pay attention to joint space narrowing of the hip after performing multiple lumbar fusions or sacral fusion in females.
How are hygiene programmes designed in crises? A qualitative study of the perspectives of humanitarians in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Iraq
Authors: White Sian , Heath Thomas , Mutula Anna C , Dreibelbis Robert , Palmer Jennifer 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background

Hygiene behaviour change programmes are complex to design. These challenges are heightened during crises when humanitarian responders are under pressure to implement programmes rapidly despite having limited information about the local situation, behaviours and opinions – all of which may also be rapidly evolving.
Methods

We conducted in-depth interviews with 36 humanitarian staff involved in hygiene programme design in two crisis-affected settings – one a conflict affected setting (Iraq) and the other amid a cholera outbreak (DRC). Interviews explored decision-making in each phase of the humanitarian project cycle and were thematically analysed.
Results

Participants considered the design and implementation of hygiene programmes in crises to be sub-optimal. Humanitarians faced sector-specific challenges as well as more general constraints associated with operating within the humanitarian system. Programme-design decisions were made naturalistically and relied heavily on the intuitions and assumptions of senior WASH staff. National organisations were often side-lined from programme design processes despite being in a better position to gather situational data. Consequently, programme design and decision-making processes adopted by humanitarians were similar across the two settings studied and led to similar types of hygiene promotion activities being delivered.
Conclusion

Hygiene programming in crises-affected settings could be strengthened by initiatives targeted at supporting humanitarian staff during the pre-implementation programme design phase. This may include rapid assessment tools to better understand behavioural determinants in crisis-affected contexts; the use of a theory of change to inform the selection of programme activities; and funding mechanisms which encourage equitable partnerships, phased programming, regular adaptation and have programmatic components targeted at sustainability and sector capacity building. Initiatives aimed at sector reform should be cognisant of inter and intra-organisational dynamics, the ways that expertise is created and valued by the sector, and humanitarian habits and norms that arise in response to system constraints and pressures. These micro-organisational processes affect macro-level outcomes related to programme quality and acceptability and determine or limit the roles of national actors in programme design processes.
Analysis of the robustness of an optimisation model considering uncertainties in water quality parameters.
Authors: Dey Sayani , Barton Andrew , Bagirov Adil , Kandra Harpreet , Wilson Kym 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The competing nature of water quality and quantity in a complex water resource system makes water management challenging. The difficulty is exacerbated by the uncertainties inherent with the available data. This study performs analysis of uncertainties in water quality data to identify relative changes in stored water volume. The uncertainty analyses are also aimed to assess impact of climate change on water quality. This work uses multi-objective optimisation approach to achieve optimised storage water volume and water quality in a reservoir. The research outcomes indicate that there are trade-offs associated while optimising water quality and quantity levels. It is found that the trade-off curve is insensitive to water quality changes thereby confirming that the model is resilient to water quality uncertainties, particular to this case study area. Therefore, the decision makers can safely rely on these trade-off curves to make decisions on selective harvesting of water. Through this analysis, robustness of the optimisation model is also confirmed and can be applied to future studies to find optimal values of water quantity and quality parameters.
Exchange rate stability in the emerging economies: Does renewable energy play a role. A panel data analysis.
Authors: Deka Abraham , Ozdeser Huseyin , Cavusoglu Behiye , Seraj Mehdi , Tursoy Turgut 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Environmental Kuznets Curve alludes that there is an inverted U-shaped association between the economic growth of a nation and environmental stress. This implies that, as the Gross Domestic Product of a nation rises, environmental stress will initially rise and later decline after a turning point is reached. Rising economic growth together with an increase in environmental degradation necessitates a trade-off situation as nations face a dilemma regarding what to forego as both indicators are equally important. According to the literature, adopting the use of renewable energy helps mitigate this dilemma since it is friendly to the environment and also reduces income inequalities. The current study is aimed at investigating whether renewable energy use helps stabilize the foreign exchange rate of emerging economies. Stability in the foreign exchange rate of a nation is very crucial as this helps to stabilize the inflation rate. This study employs the Fully Modified Ordinary Least and Dynamic Ordinary Least Square methods to analyze panel data of emerging economies. FMOLS and DOLS provide robust results in the presence of cointegration among variables and on panel data that has aa unit root at level and is stationary at first difference. The Pedroni and Kao cointegration tests are employed and the results show that a long-run relationship exists among the variables examined. The study uses the results obtained from the DOLS model for policy recommendations since its results have no autocorrelation and Partial Autocorrelation problems, and the residuals are normally distributed. In this research study, we suggest that renewable energy should be promoted since it helps to stabilize the foreign exchange rate. An increase in Gross Domestic Product is also observed to promote exchange rate stability in the E7 economies, while a high rate of inflation, high population growth and trade are associated with currency depreciation.
Factors of The Childbirth Fear Among Nulliparous Women In Iran
Authors: Kananikandeh Safieh , Shokravi Farkhondeh Amin , Mirghafourvand Mojgan , Jahanfar Shayesteh 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background: Fear of childbirth is an anxiety associated with childbirth, which manifests itself in physical and concentration problems. It is often associated with requesting a cesarean section, and it is prevalent in nulliparous women. This is a study aimed to summarize the published research on the factors for fear of childbirth in nulliparous women in Iran.Methods: This study was conducted based on the PRISMA statement. A literature search was performed on nine electronic databases (Web of Sciences, Since Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and Persian databases including Scientific Information Database, Irandoc, and Magiran) using keywords related to fear of childbirth, factors, nulliparous, and Iran from 2000 to 2020. This study included cross-sectional studies with full-text in English or Persian in Iran. The quality of the selected studies was evaluated independently by two authors and via the STROBE checklist.Results: In this study, 93 articles were identified,13 duplicate articles were excluded, 80 articles were screened by title and abstract, 62 were excluded, and the full-text of 18 articles was assessed for analysis. Of these, 12 were excluded, and six articles were reviewed. Six studies were conducted in different provinces of Iran. Based on the study results, factors of the fear of childbirth in nulliparous women were: biological (the process of labor and childbirth and labor pain, concern for the baby (harm to the baby and baby infirmity), psychological (painful injections during labor and suturing in childbirth), and individual (loss of control during labor). Conclusions: This study identified four main factors that affect fear of childbirth status in nulliparous women, and concern for the baby was a more common factor in this study. In conclusion, these factors can be reduced by increasing their assurance about child health, training during pregnancy, talking about positive experiences, and holding workshops.
Pristina Longiseta Reproduction Test: Chronic Exposure To Environmental Contaminants
Authors: de Souza Tallyson Tavares Cunha , Borges Gleyson Castro , Bernegossi Aline Christine , Felipe Mayara Caroline , Pinheiro Fernanda Rodrigues , Corbi Vanessa Colombo , Girolli Douglas Aparecido , Gorni Guilherme Rossi , Corbi Juliano José 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Aquatic worms are considered a suitable group to evaluate the effects of contaminants in the environment, although one of the main challenges is using native species. Recently, Pristina longiseta was suggested to be used in acute bioassays for tropical regions. In this context, the aim of this study was to establish a chronic exposure for ecotoxicological bioassays utilizing the tropical native species P. longiseta. Firstly, we tested three exposure times (96h, 7d, and 10d) in the presence and absence of aeration. After determining the best configuration, we evaluated the effects of the chronic exposures using the standardized reference substance potassium chloride, the antibiotic sulfamethoxazole, the flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A, and sugarcane vinasse. Our results showed the suitability for applying the chronic exposure using P. longiseta and indicated the sensitivity of the offspring to KCl (EC50 = 0.51 g/L). Sulfamethoxazole and TBBPA caused a significant reduction in the offspring of P. longiseta (EC50 = 59.9 µg/L and 166.1 µg/L, respectively). Sugarcane vinasse showed high toxicity for the species, and a fraction of 4.26% of vinasse was calculated as EC50. Therefore, the described protocol was successfully applied as an ecotoxicological assessment to evaluate the effects of contaminants on the reproduction rate of the freshwater worm P. longiseta.
Monitoring Urban Carbon Emissions from Energy Consumption Over China with DMSP/OLS Nighttime Light Observations
Authors: Wang Li , Zhang Niyu , Deng Huanguang , Wang Peifa , Yang Fei , Qu John J. , Zhou xiaoxue 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In order to obtain detailed city-level carbon emission data, this paper constructed a model to estimate the urban CO2 emissions in 2000, 2005 and 2013, using the combined data of DMSP/OLS nighttime light data and the provincial energy statistical yearbook data. It is found that there is a clearly linear correlation between the city nighttime light and the urban CO2 emissions. We then calculated and analyzed the growth of urban built-up areas and carbon emissions in the different time periods at both the national level and the four economic zones in China. It is shown that a good fitting relationship between them with the R2 at 0.6188 in 2000, 0.7132 in 2005 and 0.7195 in 2013. The growth rate of developed land area is 13.4% from 2000 to 2005 and 15.9% from 2005 to 2013. During the same period, the CO2 emissions were also increasing, at an average annual growth rate of 12.2% from 2000 to 2005 and 6.5% from 2005 to 2013. From the spatial point of view, carbon emissions are far greater in the eastern region of China than in western China. The city carbon emissions are the highest in major metropolitan cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. The per capita carbon emissions are also higher in the east, which is consistent with the people's higher living standards. In some cities with large energy and heavy industry concentrations, especially in the northeastern and western regions, the growth rate of carbon emissions has risen faster than other cities.
Optimizing the Hydraulic Properties of Porous Clay Capsules for Providing Soil Moisture in Subsurface Irrigation System
Authors: vaghei Hojjat Ghorbani , Bahrami HoseinAli , Saleh Farzin Nasiri 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Clay capsule is one of the porous pipes in sub irrigation system that can release water in near root zone. This paper has attempted to improve the physical and hydraulic properties of clay capsules based on organic matter percent changes in the raw materials. Raw material used for making clay capsules is obtained from calcareous soil of Nasr Abad village of Gorgan, Iran. The ratio of rice bran to calcareous soil as improving hydraulic properties was 1:2, 1:5, 1: 10, 1:15 and 1:20 (kg of rice bran to kg of air-dried soil). The produced clay capsules were named G2, G5, G10, G15 and G20 respectively. The water discharge and soil water distribution of clay capsules were measured at 10, 25, 50, 80, 100 kPa of hydrostatic pressures by discharge-pressure automation instrument. The results showed that a significant relationship between discharges of porous clay capsules and organic matter mixed in raw material. Also, the results show that with increasing organic matter percentage in clay capsule component, the discharge of clay capsules increased. The relationship between discharges of G20 with hydrostatic pressure is linear and in G2, G5, G10, and G15, this relationship becomes non-linear. Meanwhile, soil wetting shape followed a spherical trend due to the slow seepage of clay capsules. But the soil wetting shapes in G15 and G20 was completely spherical, and in G10, G5 and G2 trend to ellipsoid vertically. Finally this is of significance for irrigating plants in arid and semi-arid regions.
Comparison of efficacy of Aspirin plus EOX vs. EOX alone in patients with locally advanced and metastatic gastric cancer: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Jafa Esha , L Charles , Nisha Yadav , Kate Vikram , Kayal Smita , Ganesh Rajesh Nachiappa , V.C Sunitha , Ganesan Prasanth , Penumadu Prasanth , Dubashi Biswajit 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Introduction: The role of aspirin in cancer prevention has been well defined; the last decade revealed its therapeutic role with Giampieri et al. (2016) showed improved efficacy with aspirin added to capecitabine in heavily pre-treated metastatic colorectal cancer. Aspirin affects tumour growth through the PI3K pathway, which regulates apoptosis and autophagy. The objective of our study was to compare the efficacy of Aspirin plus EOX chemotherapy versus EOX alone in locally advanced and metastatic gastric cancer. Methods: All patients with advanced gastric cancer reporting to the Department of Medical oncology between March 2017 to May 2019 were screened for study eligibility. They were randomly assigned to standard EOX with or without aspirin at a daily dose of 150 mg. Tumor measurements were assessed at baseline and 3-4 cycles by an independent blinded radiologist according to RECIST criteria 1.1. Toxicity profiles were recorded as per CTCAE v 4.03. Per protocol group was identified as 70 patients. The primary endpoint was overall response rates in the per-protocol group defined as patients who received a minimum of 3 cycles and had an evaluable response after randomization. The secondary endpoints included toxicity analysis, Progression-free survival, and Overall survival.Results: Ninety-five patients who fulfilled the study inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomized to group1 EOX (50) or group 2 EOX plus Aspirin(45). Seventy patients were included for the per-protocol analysis. The overall response rate in group1 was 27% compared to group2, which was 42%, P=0.176. The median duration of follow was 29 (18.56-39.45) months. The median overall survival (n=95) of group 1 versus group 2 was 11 (8.58-13.42) months and 10 (6.86-13.14) months, respectively, P=0.90. There was no statistical significance in the overall survival per-protocol analysis (n=70) between group one 12(8.75-15.25) months versus group two 12(6.21-17.79)months, P= 0.50. Conclusions: There was no improvement in the response rates, progression-free survival, and overall survival on adding Aspirin to EOX chemotherapy in locally advanced and metastatic gastric cancer in an unselected population. A further role of PI3K mutation as a biomarker needs to be evaluated in this setting.
Prevalence of microsatellite instability, Lynch syndrome, and PD-L1 expression in patients with Epstein–Barr virus negative gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma
Authors: LEE SUN MI , Park Sungjoon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose

The prevalence of the Lynch syndrome and microsatellite instability (MSI) among patients with gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma (GCLS) is poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate MSI and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and further evaluate Lynch syndrome in patients with GCLS.
Methods

The study included 104 patients with GCLS (30 EBV-negative and 74 EBV-positive cases) who underwent surgical resection. Immunohistochemistry for mismatch repair proteins and PD-L1 (SP263), along with MSI testing, were performed. Whole-exome sequencing was performed for patients suspected of having Lynch syndrome.
Results

Compared with patients with EBV-positive GCLS, patients with EBV-negative GCLS were more likely to be older, female, and have a higher rate of MSI-high (MSI-H) phenotype incidence, with a primary tumour site predisposition to the distal stomach. They also tended to have a history of metachronous cancers and high expression of the PD-L1 protein. Fifteen (50%) of the 30 cases were of the MSI-H phenotype with loss of MLH1 and PMS2 expression. Among them, two (6.7%) patients were found to have Lynch syndrome with germline mutations in MLH1 and PMS2.
Conclusions

Evaluation of MSI is highly recommended in patients with EBV-negative GCLS. In patients with MSI-H tumours, selective genetic consultation and testing are required to detect Lynch syndrome. In addition, the rate of PD-L1 positivity in both EBV-negative and EBV-positive GCLS was relatively high (13.3% and 29.7%, respectively). Therefore, patients with GCLS, regardless of EBV infection, can be good candidates for treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Alginate Modified Graphene Oxide for Rapid and Effective Sorption of Some Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed , Elgoud E.M. Abu , Aly H.F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Herein, we investigated a facile strategy to modify the graphene oxide (GO) with sodium alginate (SA) through using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as binding agent. The GO-SA was highly loaded with carboxylated (-COO−Na+) groups which permitted for fast and efficient interaction with the metal ions. Therefore, the prepared composite was employed as an efficient adsorbent to uptake of some heavy metal from aqueous solution. The as-synthesized GO-SA was characterized with various advanced techniques before and after the removal process. The analysis of the experimental data showed that, the Langmuir model excellent fit the adsorption data with maximum adsorption capacities of 887.21, 161.25 and 139.62 mg g−1 for Pb2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+, respectively. Moreover, the GO-SA presented a good regeneration and reuse ability with enhancing in the removal percent for all the studied metal ions. In addition, the prepared composite showed a suitable selectivity for Pb2+ from Zn2+ and Cd2+ co-existed solution.