bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systems thinking and complexity science methods and the policy process in non-communicable disease prevention: a systematic scoping review protocol
Authors: Clifford Astbury Chloe , McGill Elizabeth , Egan Matt , Penney Tarra L 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionGiven the complex causal origins of many non-communicable diseases (NCDs), and the complex landscapes in which policies designed to tackle them are made and unfold, the need for systems thinking and complexity science (STCS) in developing effective policy solutions has been emphasised. While numerous methods informed by STCS have been applied to the policy process in NCD prevention, these applications have not been systematically catalogued. The aim of this scoping review is to identify existing applications of methods informed by STCS to the policy process for NCD prevention, documenting which domains of the policy process they have been applied to.Methods and analysisA systematic scoping review methodology will be used. Identification: We will search Medline, SCOPUS, Embase and Web of Science using search terms combining STCS, NCD prevention and the policy process. All records published in English will be eligible for inclusion, regardless of study design. Selection: We will screen titles and abstracts and extract data according to published guidelines for scoping reviews. In order to determine the quality of the included studies, we will use the approach developed by Dixon-Woods et al, excluding studies identified as fatally flawed, and determining the credibility and contribution of included studies. Synthesis: We will identify relevant studies, summarising key data from each study and mapping applications of methods informed by STCS to different parts of the policy process. Review findings will provide a useful reference for policy-makers, outlining which domains of the policy process different methods have been applied to.Ethics and disseminationFormal ethical approval is not required, as the study does not involve primary data collection. The findings of this study will be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication, presentations and summaries for key stakeholders.
Cross-sectional Survey of Medical student Attitudes to Research and
Training pathways (SMART) in the UK: study protocol
Authors: Roche Sophie , Bandyopadhyay Soham , Grassam-Rowe Alexander , Brown Robin Andrew , Iveson Poppy , Mallett Garry , Eggington Holly , Swales Catherine 
Published: February 2022

Background
An understanding and appreciation of scientific research is a key
quality of the modern clinician. Yet the Medical Schools Council has
previously reported a reduction in the number of clinicians performing
research. To explore the reasons for this difficulty, this multicentre,
cross-sectional study aims to determine the medical student involvement
and perceptions of research and research-orientated careers. It will
additionally identify perceived barriers and incentives to participating
in research as a student.

Methods and analysis
This cross-sectional study of medical students at UK medical schools
recognised by the General Medical Council will be administered using an
online questionnaire. This will be disseminated nationally over a
2-month period through collaborative university medical school and
student networks. The primary outcome is to determine the extent to
which medical students are currently involved in research. Secondary
outcomes include identifying the personal and demographic factors
involved in incentivising and deterring medical students from becoming
involved in research during medical school. This will be achieved using
a selection of Likert scale, multiple-choice and free text questions.
Ordinal logistic regression analysis will be performed to understand the
association between specific factors and student involvement in
research. This study will also characterise the proportion of medical
students who are currently interested in conducting research in the
future.

Ethics and dissemination
Ethics approval has been obtained from the Medical Sciences
Interdivisional Research Ethics Committee, Oxford, England. The results
will be disseminated via publication in a peer-reviewed medical journal
and may be presented at local, regional, national and international
conferences by medical student collaborators.
Performance of a novel ECG criterion for improving detection of left ventricular hypertrophy: a cross-sectional study in a general Chinese population
Authors: Chen Yanli , Sun Guozhe , Guo Xiaofan , Li Zhao , Li Guangxiao , Zhou Ying , Yang Hongmei , Yu Shasha , Zheng Liqiang , Sun Yingxian 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesThe sensitivity of ECG for detecting left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is low. The aim of this study was to explore a better ECG criterion for screening LVH in a large general Chinese population.DesignCase–control study.SettingChina Medical University in Shenyang, China.ParticipantsAll permanent residents in Dawa, Zhangwu and Liaoyang aged 35 years or older were invited. Participants with unqualified data, pacemaker rhythm, frequent premature ventricular beats, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, complete bundle branch block, myocardial infarction or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were excluded. A total of 10 360 subjects (4630 males) were recruited.InterventionsA novel ECG criterion (Northeast China Rural Cardiovascular Health Study (NCRCHS)) composed of different ratios of maximum R wave in lead V5 or V6 (RV5/V6), S wave in lead V3 (SV3) and R wave in lead aVL (RaVL) was proposed and validated using multiple linear regression. Receiver-operating characteristic curves were used to compare the NCRCHS criterion with traditional criteria for LVH detection.ResultsAn optimised model (15*RaVL+8*SV3+7*RV5/V6) was constructed (R2 0.192, p<0.001) with the cut-off values of 36.8 mV for males and 26.1 mV for females. The maximum area under the curve was obtained using the NCRCHS criterion (male 0.74, 95% CI 0.73 to 0.75; female 0.73, 95% CI 0.72 to 0.75), followed by Cornell voltage criterion, Sokolow-Lyon criterion, Peguero-Lo Presti criterion, multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA)-specific criterion and Syst-Eur voltage criterion. Compared with the Cornell voltage criterion, the NCRCHS criterion had a significantly higher sensitivity for detecting LVH at the same level of specificity (p<0.05).ConclusionsThe NCRCHS criterion significantly improved sensitivity for LVH detection in a general Chinese population, with cut-off values of 36.8 and 26.1 mV for males and females, respectively. This criterion can detect LVH earlier and better and may prevent subsequent cardiovascular diseases.
Perceptions on undertaking regular asymptomatic self-testing for COVID-19 using lateral flow tests: a qualitative study of university students and staff
Authors: Wanat Marta , Logan Mary , Hirst Jennifer A , Vicary Charles , Lee Joseph J , Perera Rafael , Tracey Irene , Duff Gordon , Tufano Peter , Fanshawe Thomas , Mwandigha Lazaro , Nicholson Brian D , Tonkin-Crine Sarah , Hobbs Richard 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesSuccessful implementation of asymptomatic testing programmes using lateral flow tests (LFTs) depends on several factors, including feasibility, acceptability and how people act on test results. We aimed to examine experiences of university students and staff of regular asymptomatic self-testing using LFTs, and their subsequent behaviours.Design and settingA qualitative study using semistructured remote interviews and qualitative survey responses, which were analysed thematically.ParticipantsPeople who were participating in weekly testing feasibility study, between October 2020 and January 2021, at the University of Oxford.ResultsWe interviewed 18 and surveyed 214 participants. Participants were motivated to regularly self-test as they wanted to know whether or not they were infected with SARS-CoV-2. Most reported that a negative test result did not change their behaviour, but it did provide them with reassurance to engage with permitted activities. In contrast, some participants reported making decisions about visiting other people because they felt reassured by a negative test result. Participants valued the training but some still doubted their ability to carry out the test. Participants were concerned about safety of attending test sites with lots of people and reported home testing was most convenient.ConclusionsClear messages highlighting the benefits of regular testing for family, friends and society in identifying asymptomatic cases are needed. This should be coupled with transparent communication about the accuracy of LFTs and how to act on either a positive or negative result. Concerns about safety, convenience of testing and ability to do tests need to be addressed to ensure successful scaling up of asymptomatic testing.
Tackling racial bias in automated online hate detection: Towards fair and accurate detection of hateful users with geometric deep learning
Authors: Ahmed Zo , Vidgen Bertie , Hale Scott A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOnline hate is a growing concern on many social media platforms, making them unwelcoming and unsafe. To combat this, technology companies are increasingly developing techniques to automatically identify and sanction hateful users. However, accurate detection of such users remains a challenge due to the contextual nature of speech, whose meaning depends on the social setting in which it is used. This contextual nature of speech has also led to minoritized users, especially African–Americans, to be unfairly detected as ‘hateful’ by the very algorithms designed to protect them. To resolve this problem of inaccurate and unfair hate detection, research has focused on developing machine learning (ML) systems that better understand textual context. Incorporating social networks of hateful users has not received as much attention, despite social science research suggesting it provides rich contextual information. We present a system for more accurately and fairly detecting hateful users by incorporating social network information through geometric deep learning. Geometric deep learning is a ML technique that dynamically learns information-rich network representations. We make two main contributions: first, we demonstrate that adding network information with geometric deep learning produces a more accurate classifier compared with other techniques that either exclude network information entirely or incorporate it through manual feature engineering. Our best performing model achieves an AUC score of 90.8% on a previously released hateful user dataset. Second, we show that such information also leads to fairer outcomes: using the ‘predictive equality’ fairness criteria, we compare the false positive rates of our geometric learning algorithm to other ML techniques and find that our best-performing classifier has no false positives among a subset of African–American users. A neural network without network information has the largest number of false positives at 26, while a neural network incorporating manual network features has 13 false positives among African–American users. The system we present highlights the importance of effectively incorporating social network features in automated hateful user detection, raising new opportunities to improve how online hate is tackled.
Combined Perioperative Lapatinib and Trastuzumab in Early HER2-Positive Breast Cancer Identifies Early Responders: Randomized UK EPHOS-B Trial Long-Term Results
Authors: Bundred Nigel , Porta Nuria , Brunt Adrian Murray , Cramer Angela , Hanby Andrew , Shaaban Abeer M. , Rakha Emad A. , Armstrong Anne , Cutress Ramsey I. , Dodwell David , Emson Marie A. , Evans Abigail , Hartup Sue M. , Horgan Kieran , Miller Sarah E. , McIntosh Stuart A. , Morden James P. , Naik Jay , Narayanan Sankaran , Ooi Jane , Skene Anthony I. , Cameron David A. , Bliss Judith M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Purpose:
EPHOS-B aimed to determine whether perioperative anti-HER2 therapy inhibited proliferation and/or increased apoptosis in HER2-positive breast cancer.

Patients and Methods:
This randomized phase II, two-part, multicenter trial included newly diagnosed women with HER2-positive invasive breast cancer due to undergo surgery. Patients were randomized to: part 1 (1:2:2), no treatment (control), trastuzumab or lapatinib; part 2 (1:1:2) control, trastuzumab, or lapatinib and trastuzumab combination. Treatment was given for 11 days presurgery. Coprimary endpoints were change in Ki67 and apoptosis between baseline and surgery tumor samples (biologic response: ≥30% change). Central pathology review scored residual cancer burden (RCB). Relapse-free survival (RFS) explored long-term effects.

Results:
Between November 2010 and September 2015, 257 patients were randomized (part 1: control 22, trastuzumab 57, lapatinib 51; part 2: control 29, trastuzumab 32, combination 66). Ki67 response was evaluable for 223 patients: in part 1 Ki67 response occurred in 29/44 (66%) lapatinib versus 18/49 (37%) trastuzumab (P = 0.007) and 1/22 (5%) control (P &lt; 0.0001); in part 2 in 36/49 (74%) combination versus 14/31 (45%) trastuzumab (P = 0.02) and 2/28 (7%) control (P &lt; 0.0001). No significant increase in apoptosis after 11 days was seen in treatment groups. Six patients achieved complete pathologic response (pCR, RCB0) and 13 RCB1, all but two in the combination group. After 6 years median follow-up, 28 (11%) had recurrence and 19 (7%) died. No recurrences or deaths were observed among patients who achieved a pCR. Ki67% falls ≥50% associated with fewer recurrences (P = 0.002).

Conclusions:
Early response after short duration anti-HER2 dual therapy identifies cancers dependent on the HER2 pathway providing a strategy for exploring risk-adapted individualized treatment de-escalation.
A systematic scoping review of dissociation in borderline personality disorder and implications for research and clinical practice: Exploring the fog
Authors: Al-Shamali Huda F , Winkler Olga , Talarico Fernanda , Greenshaw Andrew J , Forner Christine , Zhang Yanbo , Vermetten Eric , Burback Lisa 
Published: February 2022

Background: Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) is frequently complicated by the presence of dissociative symptoms. Pathological dissociation is linked with earlier and more severe trauma exposure, emotional dysregulation and worse treatment outcomes in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Dissociative Disorders, with implications for BPD. Objective: A systematic scoping review was conducted to assess the extent of current literature regarding the impact of dissociation on BPD and to identify knowledge gaps. Methods: Four electronic databases (MEDLINE, APA PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL Plus) were searched, and English peer-reviewed studies with adults with BPD were included, following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) 2018 guidelines. Results: Most of the 70 included studies were observational (98%) with first authors from Germany (59%). Overall, dissociation was associated with increased BPD symptom severity, self-harm and reduced psychotherapy treatment response; findings regarding suicide risk were mixed. Dissociation was associated with working memory and cognitive deficits, decreased pain perception, altered body ownership, no substance abuse or the abuse of sedative substances, increased fantasy proneness, personality fragmentation, fearful attachment, dream anxiety, perceived stress and altered stress responses, increased cumulative body mass index, decreased water consumption, several neurological correlates and changes in gene expression. Conclusion: BPD with significant dissociative symptoms may constitute a more severe and at-risk subgroup of BPD patients. However, there are significant research gaps and methodological issues in the area, including the possibility of unrecognized Dissociative Disorders in BPD study populations confounding results. Further studies are needed to better understand the impact of dissociation on BPD course and treatment, and to clarify the most appropriate assessment tools for clinical practice. In addition, interventional studies are needed to develop dissociation-specific BPD treatments to determine whether targeting dissociation in BPD can improve treatment outcomes.
High performance electrode material for Li-organic battery based on quinoxalin-thiophene conjugated polymer/carbon powder composite
Authors: Yue Xin , Zhao Jinsheng , Kong Lingqian 
Published: February 2022

In this work, thiophene derivatives were selected as donor units and pyrazine derivatives as receptor units to synthesize two composite materials consisting of supercapacitor carbon (SC) loaded with poly [2,3-bis (2-pyridinyl)-5,8-bis (2-thiophenyl) quinoxaline] (PPTQ) or poly [2,3-bis (2-pyridinyl)-5,8-bis (2-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) quinoxaline] (PPETQ) by cationic radical polymerization. First, chemical bonds structure, surface morphology, and element valence states of these materials were characterized by infrared (IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and XPS in turn. CV curves were used to determine their initial oxygen reduction potentials and to calculate their HOMO and LUMO values, both polymers have a narrow band gap, with Eg values lower than 2 eV. The polymer composite materials were tested as anodes in lithium-ion batteries, with a lithium sheet used as the counter electrode. Then the constant current charge-discharge and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) impedance were measured. The first discharge specific capacities of PPTQ@SC and PPETQ@SC were 895.9 mAh/g and 913.0 mAh/g at a current density of 100 mA/g, the formation of a SEI film occurred in the second cycle, and their coulomb efficiencies can reach more than 90% from the third cycle, and the discharge platform appeared at about 1.0 V. In contrast, due to its stronger electron-donating ability, the PPETQ polymer containing the 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) group have better electrical conductivity and its honeycomb structure provides more active sites for the lithiation/delithiation redox process. Therefore, the specific capacity of PPETQ@SC are all higher than that of PPTQ@SC at different current densities.
Polyimide/fluorinated silica composite films with low dielectric constant and low water absorption
Authors: Huang Bingliang , Li Ke , Peng Mingyun , Cheng Jie 
Published: February 2022

In this study, KMnO4 was applied as an etchant to partially decompose the silica microspheres into mesoporous structures. 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyltriethoxysilane was grafted onto the surface of the hollow silica. A fluorinated silica/polyimide hybrid material was prepared. Meanwhile, the influence of fluorinated silica on the dielectric property and moisture absorption property of the hybrid material was discussed. It is found that the fluorinated silica can lower the dielectric constant and hygroscopicity of the hybrid film. The fluorinated silica is characterized by strong hydrophobicity, good dispersibility, and good thermal stability. Even at a very low filling level of only 2 wt%, the dielectric constant of the polyimide hybrid is significantly reduced to 2.61 without sacrificing thermal stability. The water absorption rate of the polyimide hybrid film is reduced from approximately 3.1% to 2.1 wt%. Moreover, this provides a new idea for reducing the dielectric and water absorption properties of materials.
Innovations in Primary Healthcare: A Review of Initiatives to Promote Maternal Health in Tamil Nadu
Authors: Vaidyanathan Girija , V. R. Muraleedharan , T. Sundararaman , Dash Umakant , M. Rajesh , Ranjan Alok , R. Babu , Iyer Hariharan , S. R. Rajasulochana , Chokshi Maulik , Mokashi Tushar , Nair Arun 
Published: February 2022

One of the key factors that has helped the state of Tamil Nadu to make significant progress in the health sector, especially in maternal health, is an enabling political environment in the state that has prioritised programmes for the welfare of women and children, irrespective of the party in power. This article reviews 10 key innovations in maternal health and tribal health introduced in the state of Tamil Nadu from 2005–2006 to 2020–2021. The specific questions addressed are as follows: what are the special innovative schemes introduced by the state of Tamil Nadu to promote maternal health? Whether and to what extent utilisation of public delivery system for maternal services has increased over the past 15 years or so? The overall impact of these initiatives on the maternal health of the state is assessed by analysing two indicators: trends in maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and financial burden due to delivery in public and private facilities. MMR in the state of Tamil Nadu is steadily falling—from 111 in 2004–2006 to 60 in 2016–2018. While average out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) during delivery in the public sector has increased from ₹2,454 in 2014 to ₹3,465 in 2017–2018, in the private sector, it has increased from ₹32,182 in 2014 to ₹34,635 in 2017–2018. OOPE in private facilities is nearly ten times higher than OOPE in public facilities, in both rural and urban areas. While the overall status of maternal health has improved significantly in the state, there are wide variations within and across districts. However, significant improvements in the overall health status can be achieved only if such inequities are reduced systematically, and efforts are being made to reduce such inequities.
Devastated but Determined: The Story of a Tribal Area Women Entrepreneur
Authors: Mohanty Sagyan Sagarika , Samal Jayalaxmi 
Published: February 2022

The case highlighted the approach, challenges and operating model of a micro business and the passion and potentiality of a woman entrepreneur to establish a leaf plate manufacturing unit in the remote Kandhamal district of Odisha, India. Banani established her business unit Sai Swapna Udyog (SSU) in the year 2020, with the noble intention of providing an improved life and consistent livelihood to the poor tribal people of Kandhamal district by using the indigenous raw materials and unique skill set of the tribal population. While trying hard to conquer various challenges specific to the MSME sector, her business has been trapped by the vicious hits of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the rolling COVID conditions and extending to the second phase without any predictable future, will Banani be able to market her product in the post-COVID period? Will she be able to design a proper distribution network to witness desirable success? Is it possible for Banani to take the business to a next level through expansion and diversification looking at the dim and devastating economic conditions? Is it possible for SSU to justify itself as a green brand as it is focussing on producing biodegradable products?
L&T’S Acquisition of Mindtree Limited: Is It Worth Contesting?
Authors: Singh Gaurika , Madhusudan Gayatri , Chauhan Gaurav Singh 
Published: February 2022

On March 18, 2019, Larsen & Toubro (L&T) made an open offer to buy up to a 31% stake in Mindtree (MT), which was among the top 10 information technology (IT) companies in India. L&T had already purchased the 20.41% stake that V. G. Siddhartha (VGS), the largest individual investor in Mindtree, was looking to sell. Mindtree’s promoters felt that the acquisition by L&T would add no value for the shareholders of the company. They had considered the option of buying VGS’s stake and had discussions with suitors who had shown interest in the same. The latter included PE firms such as Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (KKR) and Baring PE Asia. However, in the end, L&T ended up buying the stake given the price it was willing to offer and the good relationship that its CEO, S. N. Subrahmanyan had with VGS. This led to the first hostile takeover in the Indian IT Industry. The struggle between L&T and Mindtree’s founders left investors in a lurch. While Mindtree’s promoters released a statement stating that L&T’s offer was value-destructive for shareholders, they could not provide any better alternatives. As the founders and L&T continued to lock horns, the investor needed to decide whether L&T had offered a fair deal.