bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DC‐EPG assisted comparison of European spittlebugs and sharpshooters feeding behaviour on grapevine
Authors: Markheiser Anna , Santoiemma Giacomo , Fereres Alberto , Kugler Sanela , Maixner Michael , Cornara Daniele 
Published: November 2022

AbstractXylem‐feeding is apparently the only requirement making an insect a competent vector of the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, an organism responsible for the devastation of the Southern Italian olive forest and nowadays considered one of the most feared threats to agriculture and landscape in Europe, including vineyards. Here, we used the direct current‐electrical penetration graph (DC‐EPG) technique to compare and describe the feeding behaviour on grapevine of four xylem‐feeding species considered candidate vectors of X. fastidiosa widespread in Europe, namely two spittlebugs (the meadow spittlebug Philaenus spumarius and the spittlebug Neophilaenus campestris) and two sharpshooter leafhoppers (the rhododendron leafhopper Graphocephala fennahi and the green leafhopper Cicadella viridis). We created a standard for the analysis of EPG waveforms recorded with a DC‐EPG device, describing feeding activities performed by these insects from stylet insertion into the plant to withdrawal. This standard, along with freely available software, has been developed to harmonize the calculation of feeding behavioural parameters in xylem‐feeders. The most relevant differences between the two vector taxa were the probing frequency and the dynamics of xylem ingestion. Sharpshooters tended to perform significantly more probes than spittlebugs. In contrast, the latter spent longer times in low‐frequency xylem ingestion, characterized by scattered contractions of the cibarial dilator muscle interspersed with periods of pump inactivity. Cicadella viridis was the species displaying the highest frequency of the electrical pattern found to be associated with X. fastidiosa inoculation in spittlebugs (Xe). Feeding behavioural data presented here represent an important step forward for deepening our knowledge of xylem‐sap feeding insects' interaction with both the host plants and the bacterium they transmit.
Ethical analysis of vulnerabilities in cluster randomized trials involving people living with dementia in long‐term care homes
Authors: Nix Hayden P. , Largent Emily A. , Taljaard Monica , Mitchell Susan L. , Weijer Charles 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCluster randomized trials (CRT) of non‐pharmacological interventions are an important means of improving the quality of care and quality of life of people living with dementia (PLWD) in long‐term care (LTC) homes. PLWD in LTC homes are, however, vulnerable in manifold ways. Therefore, researchers require guidance to ensure that the rights and welfare of PLWD are protected in the course of this valuable research. In this article, we introduce a framework for identifying vulnerabilities in randomized trials and apply it to three CRTs involving PLWD in LTC homes. CRTs may render PLWD in LTC homes vulnerable to three autonomy wrongs: inadequately informed consent, inadequately voluntary consent, and invasions of privacy; two welfare wrongs: risks of therapeutic procedure exceed potential benefits, and excessive risk of non‐therapeutic procedures; and one justice wrong: unjust impact of research activities on care. We then discuss appropriate, feasible additional protections that can be implemented to mitigate vulnerability while preserving the scientific validity of the CRT. Corresponding additional protections that can be feasibly implemented include capacity assessments, substitute decision‐makers, assent, insulation from LTC home employees during the consent process, patient advocates, utilizing LTC home employees for data collection, stakeholder engagement, additional supervision during study procedures, using caregivers to complete questionnaires by proxy, and gatekeeper permission. Reassuringly, many of these additional protections promote, rather than imperil, the scientific validity of these trials.
Diagnostic yield of CT head in delirium and altered mental status—A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Akhtar Haris , Chaudhry Shazia H. , Bortolussi‐Courval Émilie , Hanula Ryan , Akhtar Anas , Nauche Bénédicte , McDonald Emily G. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundCT head is commonly performed in the setting of delirium and altered mental status (AMS), with variable yield. We aimed to evaluate the yield of CT head in hospitalized patients with delirium and/or AMS across a variety of clinical settings and identify factors associated with abnormal imaging.MethodsWe included studies in adult hospitalized patients, admitted to the emergency department (ED) and inpatient medical unit (grouped together) or the intensive care unit (ICU). Patients had a diagnosis of delirium/AMS and underwent a CT head that was classified as abnormal or not. We searched Medline, Embase and other databases (informed by PRISMA guidelines) from inception until November 11, 2021. Studies that were exclusively performed in patients with trauma or a fall were excluded. A meta‐analysis of proportions was performed; the pooled proportion of abnormal CTs was estimated using a random effects model. Heterogeneity was determined via the I2 statistic. Factors associated with an abnormal CT head were summarized qualitatively.ResultsForty‐six studies were included for analysis. The overall yield of CT head in the inpatient/ED was 13% (95% CI: 10.2%–15.9%) and in ICU was 17.4% (95% CI: 10%–26.3%), with considerable heterogeneity (I2 96% and 98% respectively). Heterogeneity was partly explained after accounting for study region, publication year, and representativeness of the target population. Yield of CT head diminished after year 2000 (19.8% vs. 11.1%) and varied widely depending on geographical region (8.4%–25.9%). The presence of focal neurological deficits was a consistent factor that increased yield.ConclusionUse of CT head to diagnose the etiology of delirium and AMS varied widely and yield has declined. Guidelines and clinical decision support tools could increase the appropriate use of CT head in the diagnostic etiology of delirium/AMS.
Physical limitations and loneliness: The role of guilt related to self‐perception as a burden
Authors: Pedroso‐Chaparro María del Sequeros , Cabrera Isabel , Vara‐García Carlos , Márquez‐González María , Losada‐Baltar Andrés 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundLimitations in performing physical activities have been associated with greater loneliness in older adults. This association could be moderated by maladaptive social cognition or feelings, such as guilt related to perceiving oneself as a burden. This study analyzes the effect of guilt related to self‐perception as a burden on the relationship between physical limitations and loneliness in older adults.MethodsParticipants were 190 community‐dwelling people aged over 60 years who did not show cognitive or functional limitations in daily life activities. We used linear regression to test the influence of guilt related to self‐perception as a burden on the association between physical limitations and loneliness.ResultsThe interaction between physical limitations and guilt related to self‐perception as a burden was found to be significant in the explanation of loneliness, explaining 18.10% of the variance. Specifically, the relationship between physical limitations and loneliness was stronger when levels of guilt related to self‐perception as a burden were high or medium than when these levels were low.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that feelings of loneliness are more frequent in people who report more physical limitations and, at the same time, report guilt for perceiving themselves as a burden. Guilt related to perceiving oneself as a burden seems to be a relevant modulator variable for understanding the effects of physical limitations on loneliness.
Intention to leave among nurses during the COVID‐19 outbreak: A rapid systematic review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Ulupınar Fadime , Erden Yasemin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAims and ObjectivesThe COVID‐19 pandemic has caused an increase in the workload of nurses and changes in working conditions. Stress and the increase in workload during the COVID‐19 pandemic had a negative effect on nurses' intention to leave. This study aimed to determine the current rate of intention to leave the job among nurses during the COVID‐19 outbreak by conducting a rapid systematic review and meta‐analysis.Methodology/MethodsThe review procedure was conducted by the PRISMA criteria. The researchers searched PubMed and Web of Science databases for studies providing the rate of nurses' intent to leave, published until 31 December 2021. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 test, and publication bias was measured by Egger's test.ResultsThe estimated overall intent to leave the profession among nurses during the COVID‐19 pandemic was 31.7% (95% CI: 25%–39%) with significant heterogeneity (Q test: 188.9; p = 0.0001; I2: %95.2; Tau2: 0.225). Additionally, Egger's regression test suggested no publication bias for estimating the pooled rate of nurses' intent to leave during the COVID‐19 outbreak.No Patient or Public ContributionSince the research is a meta‐analysis study, a literature review model was used. Ethics committee approval was not obtained because the literature review did not directly affect humans and animals.ConclusionThis study showed that approximately one‐third of nurses working during the COVID‐19 pandemic had thoughts about intending to leave their job. The findings indicate the need for strategies involving precautions and solutions to minimise the psychological impacts of COVID‐19 among nurses.Relevance to Clinical PracticeIn this period when the global nurse crisis exists, it is of great importance for institutions to retain their nurse workforce. There is an urgent need to prepare nurses to cope better with COVID‐19 pandemic. Identification of risk factors for intention to leave could be a significant weapon giving nurses and healthcare systems the ability to response in a better way against the following COVID‐19 waves in the near future.
Effects of class II intermaxillary elastics on masticatory muscle activity balance, occlusal contact area and masticatory performance: A multicenter randomised controlled trial
Authors: Nalamliang Napat , Thongudomporn Udom 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundBilateral Class II intermaxillary elastics (CII elastics) are commonly used in orthodontics; however, the effects of CII elastics on masticatory muscle activity and the occlusal contact area have not been studied.ObjectivesTo evaluate the short‐term effects of CII elastics on masticatory muscle activity balance, occlusal contact area and masticatory performance in a group of adult orthodontic patients after 3 months.Materials and MethodsForty‐three patients with a <3 mm Class II molar relationship receiving ongoing treatment with fixed appliances were recruited. The experimental group (n = 21) wore CII elastics (100–150 g/side) full time; the control group (n = 22) did not wear CII elastics. Surface electromyography, the areas of occlusal contact and near contact (ACNC) and the median particle size of a test food were assessed prior to (T0) and after one (T1) and 3 months (T2). Within‐ and between‐group differences were analysed and the relationships between changes in dependent variables were examined (α = 0.05).ResultsAt T2, the experimental group showed better masticatory muscle activity balance (p < .001) and masticatory performance (p < .05) than controls. Both masticatory muscle activity balance (p < .001) and masticatory performance (p < .001) significantly improved in the experimental group between T0 and T2. The changes in masticatory muscle activity balance and masticatory performance were significantly related (p < .05). No significant changes in cumulative ACNC or ACNC balance were observed (p > .05).ConclusionAfter 3 months, CII elastics improved masticatory muscle activity balance, which led to better masticatory performance.
Seasonality affects the below‐ground bud bank dynamics of the Cerrado
Authors: Ferraro Alexandre , Silva Gabriela S. , Martins Aline R. , Piedade Sônia Maria De S. , Fidelis Alessandra , Appezzato‐da‐Glória Beatriz 
Published: November 2022

AbstractQuestionHow does seasonality affect the below‐ground bud bank dynamics in open savannas from the Cerrado and the density of below‐ground bud‐bearing organs? As the Cerrado is subject to marked seasonality, many herbaceous plants may lose their above‐ground biomass during the dry season, and regenerate it later in the rainy period through resprouting from below‐ground buds. Herein, we tested the hypothesis that seasonality may directly affect bud bank dynamics and below‐ground bud‐bearing organs, with a larger bud bank size and higher densities of below‐ground organs in the rainy season.LocationOpen savannas of the Cerrado, southeastern Brazil.MethodsThe bud bank was sampled in three open areas of the Cerrado. In each area, 10 plots were established, and, within each plot, the biomass was sampled to 10 cm below‐ground level. In the lab, buds and below‐ground organs were counted. We fitted generalized linear mixed models (GLMM) to test the differences in the bud bank and the below‐ground organ densities between the dry and rainy seasons.ResultsThe bud bank size was smaller in the dry season. Buds found in the dry season suggest they were developed in the rainy season and remained dormant, not forming new shoots. Non‐woody rhizomes of caespitose grasses were more abundant during the rainy season. Xylopodia and woody rhizome densities were not significantly affected by seasonality.ConclusionsBud bank dynamics in the Cerrado is affected by seasonality. There is a decrease in bud bank density in the dry season, suggesting that buds were developed into new branches in the rainy season, but not all of them develop into new shoots in the same season. Thus, the bud bank evaluated in the dry season probably is formed by an accumulation of dormant preformed buds, highlighting the occurrence of a resprouting dynamic of native species of the Cerrado in the rainy season.
Sex‐specific impact of tooth wear on senescence in a low‐dimorphic mammal species: The European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus)
Authors: Chirichella R. , Apollonio M. , Pokorny B. , De Marinis A. M. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAmong ungulates, capital breeding males, especially in highly dimorphic species, support higher reproductive costs than females. Roe deer, a relatively monomorphic species, is defined as an ‘income breeder’, using a concurrent intake of energy from forage to pay for a reproductive attempt. In a Northern Apennines (Arezzo province, Tuscany, Central Italy) population, we detected sexual dimorphism in adult roe deer according to average body mass (males 11% heavier than females), mandible size (male mandibles are 2% longer than female ones), and tooth measurements (first lower molar 10% higher and mandible cheek teeth row 4% longer in males than in females, providing males with a larger surface for chewing). In our study, body mass and body condition of roe deer males decreased with increasing tooth wear as in females. However, males started losing weight at a lower tooth wear level than females; after losing about 15% (~3.2 kg) of body mass they had greater probability of death than females. For low‐dimorphic species like roe deer, these findings raise new considerations about the role of sexual dimorphism in feed intake efficiency.
Ear mite infection restructures otic microbial networks in conservation–reliant Santa Catalina Island foxes (Urocyon littoralis catalinae)
Authors: Lu Jasmine , Hamblen Emily E. , Brenner Lara J. , King Julie L. , VonHoldt Bridgett M. , DeCandia Alexandra L. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCeruminous gland tumours are highly prevalent in the ear canals of Santa Catalina Island foxes (Urocyon littoralis catalinae). Previous work suggests that tumours may result from a combination of ectoparasites, disruption of the host‐associated microbiome, and host immunopathology. More specifically, ear mite infection has been associated with broad‐scale microbial dysbiosis marked by secondary bacterial infection with the opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Together, ear mites and S. pseudintermedius probably sustain chronic inflammation and promote conditions suitable for tumour development. In the present study, we expanded upon this framework by constructing otic microbial community networks for mite‐infected and uninfected foxes sampled in 2017–2019. Across sampling years, we observed consistent signatures of microbial dysbiosis in mite‐infected ear canals, including reduced microbial diversity and shifted abundance towards S. pseudintermedius. Network analysis further revealed that mite infection disrupts overall community structure. In mite‐infected networks, interaction strengths between taxa were generally weaker, and numerous subnetworks disappeared altogether. We also found that two strains of S. pseudintermedius connected to the main network, suggesting that multistrain biofilm formation may be occurring. In contrast, S. pseudintermedius is peripheral in the uninfected network, with its only connections including a second strain of S. pseudintermedius and the possible competitor Acinetobacter rhizosphaerae. Finally, the lineup of potential keystone taxa shifted across disease states. Fusobacteria spp., a carcinogenesis‐promoting microbe, assumed a keystone role in the mite‐infected community. Considered together, these findings provide insights into how mite infection may destabilize the microbiome and ultimately contribute to tumour development in this island endemic species.
Mangroves and multiplications: Influence of genome duplications on salt tolerance
Authors: Thomas Shawn K. , An Hong , Pires J. Chris 
Published: November 2022

Whole‐genome duplication (WGD) is an important force in plant diversification and novel environment adaptation. Various hypotheses have been proposed on the mechanism of how WGD influences this evolutionary process from chromosome recombination to genetic diversity (Qi et al., 2021). In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Xu et al. (2022) conduct a comparative transcriptome study across species to investigate the effects of WGD on plant adaptation and the differentiation of paralogues within two distantly related mangrove species (Xu et al., 2021). They identify retained WGD‐derived duplicate pairs, assess their contributions to the salt tolerance phenotype, and propose a model for adaptation expansion in mangroves through the neofunctionalization of WGD‐derived duplicate genes. Their results show that neofunctionalized copies of known salt tolerance‐related genes show upregulated expression in fluctuating salinity (i.e., fresh and hypersaline) compared to the optimal medium salinity environment. This suggests that after WGD, retained duplicates increase genomic plasticity allowing for adaptation to new and unstable environments.
From bones to bytes: Do manipulable 3D models have added value in osteology education compared to static images?
Authors: Vandenbossche Vicky , Valcke Martin , Willaert Wouter , Audenaert Emmanuel 
Published: December 2022

AbstractBackgroundOver the past few years, anatomy education has been revolutionized through digital media, resulting in innovative computer‐based 3D models to supplement or even replace traditional learning materials. However, the added value of these models in terms of learning performance remains unclear. Multiple mechanisms may contribute to the inconclusive findings. This study focusses on the impact of active manipulation on learning performance and the influence that posttest design features may have on the outcome measurement.MethodsParticipants were randomly assigned to one of two research conditions: studying on the base of a computer‐based manipulable pelvic bone model versus online static images of the same model. Pretests focused on students' baseline anatomy knowledge and spatial ability. Three knowledge posttests were administered: a test based on a physical pelvic bone model, and two computer‐based tests based on static images and a manipulable model. Mental effort was measured with the Paas mental effort rating scale.ResultsIn the static images‐based posttest, significantly higher knowledge scores were attained by participants studying in the static images research condition (p = 0.043). No other significant knowledge‐related differences could be observed. In the manipulable model‐based posttest, spatial ability rather than the research condition seemed to have an influential role on the outcome scores (r = 0.18, p = 0.049). Mental effort scores reflected no difference between both research conditions.ConclusionThe research results are counter‐intuitive, especially because no significant differences were found in the physical model‐based posttest in students who studied with the manipulable model. Explaining the results builds on differences in anatomical models requiring less or more active manipulation to process spatial information. The pelvic bone manipulable model, and by extension osteology models, might be insufficiently complex to provide added value compared with static images. Moreover, the posttest modality should be chosen with care since spatial ability rather than anatomy knowledge may be measured.
Reversion of a resistance‐breaking mutation shows reversion costs and high virus diversity at necrotic local lesions
Authors: Moreno‐Pérez Manuel G. , Bera Sayanta , McLeish Michael , Fraile Aurora , García‐Arenal Fernando 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAn instance of host range evolution relevant to plant virus disease control is resistance breaking. Resistance breaking can be hindered by across‐host fitness trade‐offs generated by negative effects of resistance‐breaking mutations on the virus fitness in susceptible hosts. Different mutations in pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) coat protein result in the breaking in pepper plants of the resistance determined by the L3 resistance allele. Of these, mutation M138N is widespread in PMMoV populations, despite associated fitness penalties in within‐host multiplication and survival. The stability of mutation M138N was analysed by serial passaging in L3 resistant plants. Appearance on passaging of necrotic local lesions (NLL), indicating an effective L3 resistance, showed reversion to nonresistance‐breaking phenotypes was common. Most revertant genotypes had the mutation N138K, which affects the properties of the virus particle, introducing a penalty of reversion. Hence, the costs of reversion may determine the evolution of resistance‐breaking in addition to resistance‐breaking costs. The genetic diversity of the virus population in NLL was much higher than in systemically infected tissues, and included mutations reported to break L3 resistance other than M138N. Infectivity assays on pepper genotypes with different L alleles showed high phenotypic diversity in respect to L alleles in NLL, including phenotypes not reported in nature. Thus, high diversity at NLL may potentiate the appearance of genotypes that enable the colonization of new host genotypes or species. Collectively, the results of this study contribute to better understanding the evolutionary dynamics of resistance breaking and host‐range expansions.