bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact de la Covid-19 sur l’emploi au Cameroun. Résultats d’une étude empirique
Authors: Biwolé Viviane Ondoua 
Published: January 2022

L’objectif de la présente recherche est d’évaluer l’impact de la Covid-19 sur l’emploi formel et informel au Cameroun. Les données collectées auprès de 827 ménages et 160 entreprises de toutes les régions du pays, trois mois après le premier cas détecté, ont été analysées au moyen de l’analyse descriptive, du test du Chi 2 et des analyses logistiques. Réalisée au début de la pandémie, il ressort que même si elle n’a eu qu’une influence assez modeste sur le travail et les rémunérations, une partie des actifs, notamment ceux du secteur primaire et des services hors commerce, ont subi des pertes significatives ; les plus jeunes de moins de 35 ans et les hommes ont été plus touchés. Ces résultats contrastent avec les mesures gouvernementales, ce qui pourrait créer de nouvelles inégalités dues à leur inadéquation. Classification JEL : A10, D02, D04
Contrats de travail et salaires : une mise en évidence au Cameroun
Authors: Nkoumou Ngoa Gaston Brice 
Published: January 2022

Cet article utilise les données de la deuxième enquête sur l’emploi et le secteur informel au Cameroun pour analyser les différentiels de salaires entre diverses formes contractuelles. En traitant le contrat de travail comme une variable endogène, cette étude estime les équations de salaires à partir d’une méthode du maximum de vraisemblance en information complète (MVIC), puis procède à la décomposition des logarithmes de salaires corrigés des effets de sélection. Les résultats montrent que les salariés engagés sous un contrat précaire ou un contrat non écrit enregistrent, respectivement, une décote salariale de 18,41 % ou 14,9 %. L’application des législations qui encadrent les relations de travail et la promotion du caractère écrit des accords entre employeurs et employés au Cameroun méritent d’être encouragées. Classification JEL : J31, J81, N37
Le siècle allemand des réformes militaires ottomanes (1880-1960) :un exemple de transfert de savoirs militaires
Authors: Duguit Camille 
Published: January 2022

À la fin du xix e siècle, la Sublime Porte est marquée par la perte de ses provinces européennes et africaines. Les Ottomans sont tiraillés entre l’admiration qu’ils portent à l’Occident comme modèle stratégique, et leur haine à l’égard des Européens, conséquence des défaites que ces derniers ont infligées à la dignité impériale turque. Ces nombreuses pertes territoriales consécutives constituent des traumatismes fondateurs qui conduisent Constan­tinople à se repenser, à réviser sa stratégie et la seule lecture ottomane de l’histoire. Le choix d’un nouveau modèle à imiter se porte sur l’Empire allemand et sa culture nationale de la puissance militaire. Sous l’égide de « passeurs stratégiques » comme Colmar von der Golz, la conception prusso-allemande de la « nation armée » ( Das Volk in Waffen ) va déboucher sur un nouvel ordre (« Nizam ») structuré par le nationalisme turc.
Les interventions turques en Syrie depuis 2016. Une Kontrguerilla devenue l’outil de la sécurité extérieure de l’État
Authors: Tourret Vincent 
Published: January 2022

La vision contre-subversive de Kontrgerilla pour l’armée turque, forgée dans la lutte contre-insurrectionnelle dans les régions kurdes de Turquie et du nord de l’Irak, est adoptée en 2016. Elle prend l’ascendant sur le format d’armée conventionnel otanienne désormais purgée de ses cadres. Elle remplace finalement la stratégie dissuasive envers la Syrie et la Grèce, en faveur de ce qui a été décrit comme « la double guerre contre la terreur », faite d’encadrement des populations et de conflits par procuration. S’interroger sur les interventions turques en Syrie revient à se confronter à une double problématique : d’une part la confrontation interétatique née de la formation des frontières nationales remontant à l’éclatement de l’empire ottoman et, d’autre part, l’adaptation de l’appareil militaire turc à la donne contre-insurrectionnelle.
Des guerres dynastiques aux guerres nationales : la remise en cause du droit classique de la guerre à la faveur de la tourmente révolutionnaire
Authors: Rigoulet-Roze David 
Published: January 2022

La période révolutionnaire française va être à l’origine de transformations profondes dans le droit de la guerre « post-westhpalien », apanage exclusif de la souveraineté des Princes, lequel reposait sur le principe cardinal de la limitation des guerres et d’une paix de compromis et comportait par ailleurs des distinctions nettes entre guerre et paix ainsi qu’entre combat­tants et non-combattants, voire entre ennemi et criminel. Or, cette alternative tranchée se trouve remise en cause à l’issue des bouleversements révolution­naires, lorsque la notion d’État dynastique est reformulée comme État national et lorsque l’armée des Princes est amenée à se transformer, via la « levée en masse », en armée nationale avec l’émergence du « soldat-citoyen ». En défer­lant sur toute l’Europe continentale au début du xix e siècle, l’armée napo­léonienne, comme héritière de cette mutation fondamentale, va se trouver être à la fois vecteur et victime de ce nouveau modèle générant de véritables « guerres des peuples », dont la guerilla espagnole contre la « Grande Armée » ne sera que le premier d’une longue suite d’avatars. Dans le prolongement de la défaite napoléonienne, le Congrès de Vienne de 1814-1815 apparaîtra comme une vaste entreprise – partiellement réussie – de « Restauration » au sens large, non seulement naturellement du principe de légitimité dynastique, mais aussi du droit de la guerre qui en était l’expression.
Pantallas y prejuicios: estereotipos mediáticos sobre las mujeres indígenas en Perú y Guatemala
Authors: Celigueta Gemma , Viola Andreu 
Published: January 2022

Este artículo analiza la difusión mediática de imágenes estereotipadas referidas a poblaciones indígenas, y a las mujeres indígenas en particular, a partir de dos casos polémicos: el programa televisivo de humor La Paisana Jacinta en Perú, y el uso de la imagen de la mujer y la indumentaria Maya en una revista de moda guatemalteca. Esta investigación sugiere que el uso mediático de dichos estereotipos ejerce un efecto amplificador, especialmente a través de las redes sociales, sobre los prejuicios contra la población indígena.
Réflexions sur la relation entre littérature et nourriture dans l’œuvre de Yoko Tawada
Authors: Meyer Anne-Rose 
Published: January 2022

Après avoir rappelé la place que la thématique de la nourriture a de tout temps occupée dans la littérature et inventorié différents aspects et différentes approches de la relation entre littérature et nourriture, l’auteure de cet article illustre sa réflexion par des exemples empruntés aux récits de l’écrivaine germano-japonaise Yoko Tawada : Les aliments, leur préparation, consommation et absorption y servent de marqueurs ou de révélateurs des différences culturelles entre Extrême-Orient et Occident.
The Protective Role of IL-36/IL-36R Signal in Con A–Induced Acute Hepatitis
Authors: Wang Xiaofang , Liang Yuejin , Wang Hui , Zhang Biao , Soong Lynn , Cai Jiyang , Yi Panpan , Fan Xuegong , Sun Jiaren 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The IL-36 family, including IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, and IL-36R antagonist, belong to the IL-1 superfamily. It was reported that IL-36 plays a role in immune diseases. However, it remains unclear how IL-36 regulates inflammation. To determine the role of IL-36/IL-36R signaling pathways, we established an acute hepatitis mouse model (C57BL/6) by i.v. injection of the plant lectin Con A. We found that the levels of IL-36 were increased in the liver after Con A injection. Our results demonstrated the infiltrated neutrophils, but not the hepatocytes, were the main source of IL-36 in the liver. Using the IL-36R−/− mouse model (H-2b), we surprisingly found that the absence of IL-36 signals led to aggravated liver injury, as evidenced by increased mortality, elevated serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, and severe liver pathological changes. Further investigations demonstrated that a lack of IL-36 signaling induced intrahepatic activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and increased the production of inflammatory cytokines. In addition, IL-36R−/− mice had reduced T regulatory cell numbers and chemokines in the liver. Together, our results from the mouse model suggested a vital role of IL-36 in regulating T cell function and homeostasis during liver inflammation.
Bidirectional Transport of IgE by CD23 in the Inner Ear of Patients with Meniere’s Disease
Authors: Zhang Na , Lyu Yafeng , Guo Jia , Liu Jiahui , Song Yongdong , Fan Zhaomin , Li Xiaofei , Li Na , Zhang Daogong , Wang Haibo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Meniere’s disease (MD) is a disorder of the inner ear characterized by episodes of spontaneous vertigo, fluctuating hearing loss, and tinnitus. Recent studies have demonstrated that IgE may play a role in the pathogenesis of MD. Patients with MD (n = 103), acoustic neuroma (n = 5), and healthy subjects (n = 72) were recruited into the study. Serum from the participants was analyzed for IgE and type 2–related cytokines. IgE and CD23 expression levels in vestibular end organs of patients, C57BL/6 mice, or mouse HEI-OC1 cells were analyzed. Finally, the role of CD23 in IgE transcytosis was assessed using HEI-OC1 cells. Serum IgE was elevated in patients with MD and positively correlated with clinical symptoms. IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, and CD23 levels were increased in patients with MD compared with the control group. In the transcytosis assay, mouse IgE was found to be bidirectionally transported across the HEI-OC1 cell monolayer. Additionally, CD23 downregulation using a small interfering RNA approach significantly reduced the efficiency of IgE transcytosis, suggesting that IgE is transported by CD23. Furthermore, exposure to IL-4 increased CD23 expression and enhanced IgE transcytosis in the HEI-OC1 cells and primary vestibular end organs. Our study indicated that IgE may play a role in the pathophysiology of MD. In addition, CD23-mediated IgE transcytosis in the hair cells may play a critical role in initiating inflammation in the inner ear. Thus, reducing the level of IgE may be a potentially effective approach for MD treatment.
Concussion Nondisclosure in Youth Sports
Authors: Bretzin Abigail C. , Anderson Morgan , Bhandari Neha , Schmitt Ara J. , Beidler Erica 
Published: January 2022

Context
Researchers conducting studies about sport-related concussion (SRC) reporting behaviors and reasons for nondisclosure primarily focus on older athletic populations. Youth athletes participating in contact sports are also at risk for SRC; however, little is known about their SRC disclosure patterns and reasons for nondisclosure.

Objective
To examine the self-reported SRC history and reasons for SRC nondisclosure of youth athletes aged 8–14 years.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Setting
Youth athletes in organized football, ice hockey, lacrosse, or soccer.

Patients or Other Participants
A total of 411 youth athletes (boys = 70.0% [n = 287/410]; median age = 11 [interquartile range = 10–13] years).

Main Outcome Measure(s)
A 15-minute survey including self-reported demographics, diagnosed and nondisclosed SRC history, and reasons for nondisclosure of suspected SRCs.

Results
Ten percent of respondents (n = 41/411) recounted ≥1 diagnosed SRC, 12.7% (n = 52/411) did not report a suspected SRC, 13.1% (n = 53/404) indicated they continued to practice, and 12.3% (n = 50/406) reported they continued to play in a game after a suspected SRC. Significant associations between sport and nondisclosure existed (P values &lt; .001) but not with self-reported concussion history (P = .14). In sex-comparable analyses, boys' lacrosse players had a higher frequency of nondisclosure than girls (P = .05). The most common reasons for nondisclosure were not wanting to lose playing time (66.7%, n = 32/48), miss a game (56.3%, n = 27/48), and let the team down (43.8%, n = 21/48) and uncertainty over injury severity and the presence of SRC (43.8%, n = 21/48).

Conclusions
Ten percent of youth athletes self-reported at least 1 diagnosed SRC. However, they also described continuing to practice or play in a game after a suspected SRC. Reasons for nondisclosure at this age were similar to those reported in high school and collegiate athletes. Recent researchers suggested negative consequences of continued play with SRC, especially in the acute stages. Anyone conducting future educational initiatives should emphasize these risks and focus on reasons why athletes of both sexes withhold reporting.
Resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock using normal saline does not damage the glycocalyx in the immediate resuscitation phase
Authors: Pudjiadi Antonius Hocky , Firmansyah Agus , M. Gunanti Soeyono D. V. , Bardosono Saptawati , Jusman Sri Widia , Siagian Minarma , Lubis Munar 
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVES:
The objectives were to study the effect of aggressive resuscitation using normal saline on hemodynamics, serum atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), syndecan-1 (marker of endothelial glycocalyx shedding), and extravascular lung water index (ELWI) following hemorrhagic shock.

METHODS:
Eleven male piglets (Sus scrofa) underwent blood drawing to create 20% drop in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Two-phase resuscitation was performed: Phase 1 using normal saline of an equal volume of blood drawn to create shock and Phase 2 using 40 ml/kg BW of normal saline to simulate hypervolemia and hemodilution. Heart rate, MAP, cardiac index (CI), systemic vascular resistance index, oxygen delivery (DO2), global end-diastolic volume index, ELWI, hemoglobin (Hb), lactate, ANP, and syndecan-1 at each phase and up to 60 min following Phase 2 resuscitation were recorded.

RESULTS:
Phase 2 resuscitation significantly decreased Hb concentration (P = 0.006), however, DO2 was maintained (P = 1.000). CI increased from shock to Phase 1 (P = 0.029) and further increase in Phase 2 resuscitation (P = 0.001). Overall, there was a transient increase of ANP following Phase 1 resuscitation, from 85.20 ± 40.86 ng/L at baseline to 106.42 ± 33.71 ng/L (P = 0.260). Serum syndecan-1 and ELWI change at all phases were not significant.

CONCLUSIONS:
We demonstrate compensatory protective mechanism despite overzealous fluid resuscitation. Compensatory increased CI despite decreased Hb maintained DO2. In the absence of inflammation, serum ANP did not increase significantly, no glycocalyx shedding occurred, subsequently no change in ELWI. We show that factors other than volume overload are more dominant in causing glycocalyx shedding.
Development of a nomogram to predict the outcome of moderate or severe pediatric traumatic brain injury
Authors: Oearsakul Thakul , Tunthanathip Thara 
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in children has become the major cause of mortality and morbidity in Thailand that has had an impact with economic consequences. This study aimed to develop and internally validate a nomogram for a 6-month follow-up outcome prediction in moderate or severe pediatric TBI.

METHODS:
This retrospective cohort study involved 104 children with moderate or severe TBI. Various clinical variables were reviewed. The functional outcome was assessed at the hospital discharge and at a 6-month follow-up based on the King's Outcome Scale for Childhood Head Injury classification. Predictors associated with the 6-month follow-up outcome were developed from the predictive model using multivariable binary logistic regression to estimate the performance and internal validation. A nomogram was developed and presented as a predictive model.

RESULTS:
The mean age of the samples was 99.75 months (standard deviation 59.65). Road traffic accidents were the highest injury mechanism at 84.6%. The predictive model comprised Glasgow Coma Scale of 3–8 (odds ratio [OR]: 16.07; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.27–202.42), pupillary response in one eye (OR 7.74; 95% CI 1.26–47.29), pupillary nonresponse in both eyes (OR: 57.74; 95% CI: 2.28–145.81), hypotension (OR: 19.54; 95%: CI 3.23–117.96), and subarachnoid hemorrhage (OR: 9.01, 95% CI: 1.33–60.80). The concordance statistic index (C-index) of the model's discrimination was 0.931, while the C-index following the bootstrapping and 5-cross validation were 0.920 and 0.924, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:
The performance of a clinical nomogram for predicting 6-month follow-up outcomes in pediatric TBI patients was assessed at an excellent level. However, further external validation would be required for the confirmation of the tool's performance.
Intravenous morphine plus ibuprofen or ketorolac versus intravenous morphine alone in reducing renal colic pain intensity in emergency department
Authors: Safaie Arash , Tavoli Maryam , Babaniamansour Sepideh , Aliniagerdroudbari Ehsan , Mousavi Amirabbas , Sotoodehnia Mehran , Bahreini Maryam 
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVES:
This study aimed to compare the efficacy of intravenous (IV) morphine plus ibuprofen or ketorolac versus IV morphine alone in controlling renal colic pain in the emergency department.

METHODS:
This double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted during November 2018 and March 2019 in Iran. Patients aged 18–65 years with acute renal colic and numerical rating scale (NRS) score of higher than 6 of 10 were enrolled to the study. They were randomly assigned to I, K, and control groups receiving 5 mg morphine with 800 mg ibuprofen (n = 65), 5 mg morphine with 30 mg ketorolac (n = 65), or only 5 mg morphine (n = 65) intravenously, respectively. NRS was evaluated 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min after injection.

RESULTS:
A total of 195 participants took part in the study. The presence of stone in pelvis area was higher in I group (P = 0.027). The mean rescue analgesic dose was higher in the control group and lower in K group (P = 0.031). From the 15th min, the NRS reduction in I and K group was higher than the control group (P < 0.001), but the difference between I and K group was not statistically significant in total (P = 1.0) or in the all follow-up time intervals (15th
P = 0.864, 30th
P = 0.493, 60th
P = 0.493, and 120th min P = 1.0). The largest difference in pain reduction was observed in 120th min and mean of NRS was 2.9 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.6–3.3), 2.9 (95% CI: 2.6–3.3) and 7.0 (95% CI: 6.7–7.4) in I, K and control group, respectively. The adverse effects showed in 18.5%, 20.0%, and 13.8% of I, K, and control group, respectively.

CONCLUSION:
IV ibuprofen plus morphine and IV ketorolac plus morphine had similar effects in reducing renal colic pain but were more effective than IV morphine alone.
The Effects of Comprehensive Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation versus Usual Care in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease in Iran
Authors: Okati-Aliabad Hassan , Ansari- Moghaddam Alireza , Roohafza Hamidreza , Mohammadi Mahdi , Vakili Leila , Abbasi Mohammad Hadi , Heidari Hossein , Masoudy Gholamreza , Yazdekhasti Safoura , Sadeghi Masoumeh 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of mortality all around the world. Patients with Ischemic heart disease (IHD) are at an increased risk of ischemic events; therefore, secondary prevention measures should continue for these patients. Although Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is one of the secondary prevention measures for IHD patients which has favorable clinical outcomes, only 50% of patients are referred and among them, a small percentage attends CR. Therefore, other strategies should be considered, one of which is home-based cardiac rehabilitation.

Methods:
A multicenter, parallel-group randomized controlled trial has been conducting in three hospitals in Isfahan and patients have been assigned into a 1:1 ratio for the evaluation of the effectiveness of home-based cardiac rehabilitation versus usual care. Psycho-educational consultation based on the Health Action Process Approach including heart-healthy diet, stress management, lifestyle changes, smoking cessation, and physical activity has been performed. Primary outcomes, including the quality of life, psychological and smoking status, body mass index, blood pressure, blood cholesterol level, and physical activity level have been measured at 6 months after the randomization and intervention. One year after the intervention, primary and secondary outcomes, including cardiovascular events, the frequency of hospital admissions, and the death rates due to cardiovascular reasons will be assessed.

Conclusion:
HBCR program can increase patient accessibility to CR services its implantation can be reduce burden IHD.
Preoperative Factors Influencing Functional Rehabilitation after Major Lower Limb Amputation and Validation of a Preoperative Scoring Tool
Authors: Premnath Sivaram , Cox Michael , Hostalery Aurelien , Kuhan Ganesh , Rowlands Timothy , Quarmby John , Singh Sanjay 
Published: January 2022

Introduction:
The ability to walk with prosthesis is a major determinant of functional independence after major lower limb (MLL) amputation. The Blatchford Leicester Allman-Russell Tool (BLARt) score is a potentially valuable tool that can predict the functional outcome after MLL amputation. The study aimed to identify preoperative factors that influence functional rehabilitation after MLL amputation and validation of BLARt score.

Methods:
This retrospective study analyzed 71 patients referred for rehabilitation postamputation. The level of functional outcome at 6 and 12 months were recorded using Special Interest Group in Amputee Medicine grading. Preoperative factors and BLARt score were analyzed for association with functional outcome.

Results:
BLARt score was found to have a significant correlation with functional outcome in 6 and 12 months. BLARt showed a fair to good predictive ability with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.713 (SE 0.61, 95% confidence intervals 0.593–0.832) and 0.705 (SE 0.061, 95% confidence intervals 0.585–0.825) for the nonfunctional outcome at 6 and 12 months, respectively. Preoperative mobility was the only significant risk factor that was associated with functional mobility (P = 0.02).

Conclusion:
With the validation analysis showing a fair to good predictive ability, BLARt score does serve its proposed role in risk stratification.