bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entanglement entropy of disjoint spacetime intervals in causal set theory
Authors: Duffy Callum F , Jones Joshua Y L , Yazdi Yasaman K 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A more complete understanding of entanglement entropy in a covariant manner could inform the search for quantum gravity. We build on work in this direction by extending previous results to disjoint regions in 1 + 1D. We investigate the entanglement entropy of a scalar field in disjoint intervals within the causal set framework, using the spacetime commutator and correlator, i
Δ and W (or the Pauli–Jordan and Wightman functions). A new truncation scheme for disjoint causal diamonds is presented, which follows from the single diamond truncation scheme. We investigate setups including two and three disjoint causal diamonds, as well as a single causal diamond that shares a boundary with a larger global causal diamond. In all the cases that we study, our results agree with the expected area laws. In addition, we study the mutual information in the two disjoint diamond setup. The ease of our calculations indicate our methods to be a useful tool for numerically studying such systems. We end with a discussion of some of the strengths and future applications of the spacetime formulation we use in our entanglement entropy computations, both in causal set theory and in the continuum.
Measurement techniques for aeroacoustics: from aerodynamic comparisons to aeroacoustic assimilations
Authors: Ragni Daniele , Avallone Francesco , Casalino Damiano 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Sustainability has encouraged studies focusing on lowering the aeroacoustic impact of new aerodynamically optimized mechanical systems for several applications in wind-energy, aviation, automotive and urban air-mobility. The deployment of effective noise-reduction strategies starts with a deep understanding of the underlying mechanisms of noise generation. To elucidate the physics behind the onset of aerodynamic sources of sound, experimental techniques used for aerodynamic purposes have been combined with acoustic measurements. In the last decades, new experimental post-processing techniques have additionally been developed, by leveraging aeroacoustic analogies in a new multi-disciplinary framework. New approaches have been proposed with the intent of translating near-field velocity and pressure information into sound. The current review describes how such breakthroughs have been achieved, briefly starting from a historical overview, to quickly bridge to the measurement techniques and the facilities employed by the scientific community. Being the measurement principles already reported in the literature, this review only focuses on the most relevant studies trying to relate the near-field information to the perceived sound in the far-field. Aspects related to the uncertainty of the measurement techniques will be thus very briefly discussed, together with their relation to the background noise of the testing facilities, including acoustic reflections/refractions, and issues related to the instrumentation.
Optimization-based self-alignment method for stationary SINS with geographical latitude uncertainty
Authors: Li Jingchun , Duan Haibin , Yuan Guangsong , Zhang Ya 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
To solve the self-alignment problem of strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) with geographical latitude uncertainty, an optimization-based self-alignment (OSA) method and its improvement for stationary SINS without using the latitude information are proposed. We use only the accelerometer and gyroscope measurements, without the aid of the external latitude information, to determine the Earth rate in the navigation frame. Then we formulate the SINS self-alignment process as a Wahba problem to overcome the disturbances of random noise, and use the estimated Earth rate vector and multiple measurements from the accelerometer and gyroscope to formulate the nonlinear objective function. Moreover, the alignment errors of the OSA method are also presented, based on which we propose a two-position OSA to estimate and compensate the horizontal accelerometer biases to further improve the alignment accuracy. The results of simulation and experiments demonstrate that the proposed OSA method and its improvement perform robust to the noise disturbances and achieve better alignment accuracy than conventional self-alignment methods.
Characterisation and optimisation of targets for plasma wakefield acceleration at SPARC_LAB
Authors: Costa G , Anania M P , Arjmand S , Biagioni A , Del Franco M , Del Giorno M , Galletti M , Ferrario M , Pellegrini D , Pompili R , Romeo S , Rossi A R , Zigler A , Cianchi A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
One of the most important features of plasma-based accelerators is their compactness because plasma modules can have dimensions of the order of mm

cm

−
1

, providing very high-accelerating fields up to hundreds of GV

m

−
1

. The main challenge regarding this type of acceleration lies in controlling and characterising the plasma itself, which then determines its synchronisation with the particle beam to be accelerated in an external injection stage in the laser wakefield acceleration (LWFA) scheme. This issue has a major influence on the quality of the accelerated bunches. In this work, a complete characterisation and optimisation of plasma targets available at the SPARC_LAB laboratories is presented. Two plasma-based devices are considered: supersonic nozzles for experiments adopting the self-injection scheme of laser wakefield acceleration and plasma capillary discharge for both particle and laser-driven experiments. In the second case, a wide range of plasma channels, gas injection geometries and discharge voltages were extensively investigated as well as studies of the plasma plumes exiting the channels, to control the plasma density ramps. Plasma density measurements were carried out for all the different designed plasma channels using interferometric methods in the case of gas jets, spectroscopic methods in the case of capillaries.
A novel 3300 V trench IGBT with P-N-doped polysilicon split gate for low EMI noise
Authors: Wang Tongyang , Li Zehong , Zhao Yishang , Li Luping , Yang Yang , Xia Ziming , Ren Min , Li Wei , Zhang Jinping 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A novel 3300 V trench insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) with p-n-doped polysilicon split gate (PNSG-IGBT) is proposed for low electromagnetic interference noise. The reverse-biased polysilicon PN junction is laterally depleted and charged by displacement current during the turn-off transient, which raises electrostatic potential in n-region of the polysilicon PN junction (V
N) and electrostatic potential under the gate oxide (V
ACC) simultaneously. By technology computer aided design simulation, during the turn-on transient, the maximum dV
ACC
/dt is 57.1% lower than that of the split gate (SG)-IGBT with the same R
G and the excess V
GE overshoot caused by reverse displacement current is effectively suppressed. Moreover, for the same E
ON, the maximum reverse recovery dV
KA
/dt of the freewheeling diode can be reduced by 77.3% and 30.7% compared with that of the floating P region-IGBT and the SG-IGBT respectively, which is of great merit in suppressing dV/dt noise. Consequently, the PNSG-IGBT shows less common-mode noise at high frequency, especially in the range of 20–40 MHz.
Statistics of coarse-grained cosmological fields in stochastic inflation
Authors: Tada Yuichiro , Vennin Vincent 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We present a generic framework to compute the one-point
statistics of cosmological perturbations, when coarse-grained at an
arbitrary scale R, in the presence of quantum diffusion. Making
use of the stochastic-δ N formalism, we show how it can be
related to the statistics of the amount of expansion realised until
the scale R crosses out the Hubble radius. This leads us to
explicit formulae for the probability density function (PDF) of the
curvature perturbation, the comoving density contrast, and the
compaction function. We then apply our formalism to the calculation
of the mass distribution of primordial black holes produced in a
single-field model containing a “quantum well” (i.e. an exactly
flat region in the potential). We confirm that the PDFs feature
heavy, exponential tails, with an additional cubic suppression in
the case of the curvature perturbation. The large-mass end of the
mass distribution is shown to be mostly driven by
stochastic-contamination effects, which produce black holes more
massive than those naively expected. This work bridges the final gap
between the stochastic-inflation formalism and the calculation of
the mass distribution of astrophysical objects such as primordial
black holes, and opens up various prospects that we finally discuss.
Beyond-mean-field dynamical correlations for nuclear mass table in deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum *
Authors: Sun Wei , Zhang Kai-Yuan , Pan Cong , Fan Xiao-Hua , Zhang Shuang-Quan , Li Zhi-Pan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We extend the deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum (DRHBc) to go beyond-mean-field framework by performing a two-dimensional collective Hamiltonian. The influences of dynamical correlations on the ground-state properties are examined in different mass regions, picking Se, Nd, and Th isotopic chains as representatives. It is found that the dynamical correlation energies (DCEs) and the rotational correction energies

in the cranking approximation have an almost equivalent effect on the description of binding energies for most deformed nuclei, and the DCEs can provide a significant improvement for the (near) spherical nuclei close to the neutron shells and thus reduce the rms deviations of

by

17%. Furthermore, it is found that the DCEs are quite sensitive to the pairing correlations; taking

Nd as an example, a 10% enhancement of pairing strength can raise the DCE by

37%.
Time evolution of a mean-field generalized contact process
Authors: Chariker Logan , Lebowitz Joel L 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We investigate the macroscopic time evolution and stationary states of a mean field discrete voltage neuron model, or equivalently, a generalized contact process in

R

d

. The model is described by a coupled set of nonlinear integral-differential equations. It was inspired by a model of neurons with discrete voltages evolving by a stochastic integrate and fire mechanism. We obtain a complete solution in the spatially uniform case and partial solutions in the general case. The system has one or more fixed points and also traveling wave solutions.
Analysis of Impact of Distributed Photovoltaic on Main Transformer Gap Protection
Authors: Tian G , Yan P , Hu X K , Luo P , Su C , Zhang Q 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Distributed photovoltaic is one of the important energy supplies in new-type power system. Notably, when the main transformer is operated in non-directly grounded mode and distributed photovoltaic is connected to the low-voltage side, faults such as single-phase grounding short-circuit may cause overvoltage problems at the neutral point of the transformer, thereby posing a threat to the insulation at the neutral point. For the main transformer neutral point voltage offset and gap protection problems, this paper first analyzes the fault characteristics of the network, the operation of the line protection and the neutral point voltage offset after the fault occurs. Furthermore, combined with the distributed photovoltaic output characteristics after the near-system protection action, this paper analyzes that the distributed photovoltaic access after the line protection action may cause the neutral point over-voltage offset to deteriorate further. Moreover, under different matching degrees of distributed capacity and local load, the degree of neutral point voltage deviation when a single-phase fault occurs in a substation with distributed photovoltaic is derived. On this basis, the criterion of gap breakdown of the main transformer and relevant suggestions for installing gap protection are given. Finally, based on the simulation analysis of the single-phase ground fault of the grid-connected line, the boundary of neutral breakdown at different fault moments are obtained, thereby effectively guiding distributed photovoltaic to access new-type power system friendly.
Effects of Building Physics Form on Energy Consumption for Buildings
Authors: Yang Yuting , Wang Peng 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The building sector plays an important role in urban energy conservation and CO2 emissions reduction. Therefore, it is necessary to fundamentally explore the influencing factors and mechanisms of building energy consumption. This study aims to explore the impact of building physical form on energy consumption for buildings. Firstly, this study uses different types of buildings as research objects. And method of combining EnergyPlus and GIS is used to calculate building energy consumption. Then adopting regression analysis to evaluate the impact of six building form indicators on building energy use. The results show that building coverage ratio (BCR) has a positive relationship with point-type building energy consumption. And among mix-type buildings, sky view factor (SVF) has a positive impact on energy consumption, and building coverage ratio (BCR) has a negative impact on it. As for slab-type buildings, total wall surface area (WSA) has a positive effect on energy consumption, and building floor (BF) has a negative effect on energy consumption. However, the indicators are not enough to explain the building energy consumption, and further exploration is needed.
Research on Market Mechanism of Thermal Power Flexible Transformation to Promote Clean Energy Consumption
Authors: Shi Yu , Jiang Minglei , Gao Xuefeng , Zhang Yuanmei , Li Hao 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
By continuously developing a new power system aiming at “double carbon”, the peak shaving pressure of the power system continues to rise and the existing peak shaving ability is slightly weakened. But the historic energy structure in Northeast China has more features of thermal power generation. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the demand for deep peak shaving by a flexible combination of thermal power plants to realize renewable energy consumption. In view of this, this paper analyzes the current power market mechanism in Northeast China, constructs a new energy consumption model for flexible transformation of thermal power, and makes a simulation analysis in the area with wind fire ratio of 1:4. Finally, through flexible conversion of thermal power unit, wind power consumption can be better realized and the problem of wind abandonment can be solved. The research results can provide reference for formulating relevant policies and production models.
Experimental Investigation of Plume Diffusion Behavior of LNG Accident Release Underwater
Authors: Zhang Y X , Hu J , Zhu J L , Li Y X 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
To deal with the significantly serious problem of environmental pollution, the use of clean energy is vigorously promoted by governments and corporations in all countries. Therefore, the offshore transportation and trade of LNG has become the main way of energy supplication in cross regional. The potential risk of LNG release from ships or offshore pipelines may cause disastrous consequences, which requires a better consideration and evaluation of the consequences of LNG accidental release. The main purpose of this paper is to understand the special physical phenomena of LNG underwater leakage and the dynamic behavior of rising plume. A small-scale indoor underwater leakage experimental platform was designed and built in a wind tunnel. The plume rising behavior of underwater release of the cryogenic liquid were recorded by a high-speed camera. Through the image processing techniques, the physical model of cryogenic liquid heat transfer underwater was established and verified. In addition, the effects of different sizes and pattern of the orifices and release pressures on plume radius were evaluated. An empirical relationship for predicting the plume diffusion radius under different pool sizes was established based on the method of dimensionless analysis.
Model Extraction Attack and Defense on Deep Generative Models
Authors: Liu Shengyi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The security issues of machine learning have aroused much attention and model extraction attack is one of them. The definition of model extraction attack is that an adversary can collect data through query access to a victim model and train a substitute model with it in order to steal the functionality of the target model. At present, most of the related work has focused on the research of model extraction attack against discriminative models while this paper pays attention to deep generative models. First, considering the difference of an adversary` goals, the attacks are taxonomized into two different types: accuracy extraction attack and fidelity extraction attack and the effect is evaluated by 1-NN accuracy. Attacks among three main types of deep generative models and the influence of the number of queries are also researched. Finally, this paper studies different defensive techniques to safeguard the models according to their architectures.
Convolutional neural networks for shower energy prediction in liquid argon time projection chambers
Authors: Carloni K. , Kamp N.W. , Schneider A. , Conrad J.M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
When electrons with energies of O(100) MeV pass through a
liquid argon time projection chamber (LArTPC), they deposit energy
in the form of electromagnetic showers. Methods to reconstruct the
energy of these showers in LArTPCs often rely on the combination of
a clustering algorithm and a linear calibration between the shower
energy and charge contained in the cluster. This reconstruction
process could be improved through the use of a convolutional neural
network (CNN). Here we discuss the performance of various CNN-based
models on simulated LArTPC images, and then compare the best
performing models to a typical linear calibration algorithm. We
show that the CNN method is able to address inefficiencies caused by
unresponsive wires in LArTPCs and reconstruct a larger fraction of
imperfect events to within 5 % accuracy compared with the linear
algorithm.
Beam dynamics simulation study for longitudinal bunch length measurement of RF modulated thermionic electron gun at VECC, Kolkata
Authors: Naser M.Z.A. , Dechoudhury S. , Dutta D.P. , Hazra D. , Naik V. , Bandyopadhyay A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A superconducting electron linac (e-linac) photo-fission
driver is under construction at VECC for the upcoming rare isotope
beam facility called ANURIB. Electron gun and straight low energy
beam transport (LEBT) line has been installed and is operational at
a test area, delivering electron beam of 100 keV. We discuss beam
dynamics and analytical calculations leading to optimal parameters
of analysing section of LEBT line and RF deflector cavity that will
be used for measuring longitudinal characteristics for the low
energy electron beam.
Berry phase with tunable topological charge in Sagnac interferometer
Authors: Srinivasan Hemanth , Viswanathan Nirmal K 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A Sagnac interferometer’s ring structure causes electromagnetic waves traversing it to periodically encounter the same optical elements. Due to this discrete translational symmetry, the frequency spectrum of the clockwise and counter-clockwise modes acquire a band structure with a characteristic band gap. When the interferometer is rotated, an additional non-reciprocal phase shift between the counter propagating modes arises and it results in the loss of time reversal symmetry. While prior understanding of the impact of Sagnac rotation on the band structure exists, the prevalence of topological geometric phase in Sagnac interferometer under rotation has not been prominently discussed. We propose a coupled mode theory with the required time reversal symmetry properties which influences the Berry curvature and we show that it leads to the accumulation of Berry phase with tunable topological charge.
Prognosis in dysphagic patients who are eating and drinking with acknowledged risk: results from the evaluation of the FORWARD project
Authors: Sommerville Peter , Hayton Jonathan , Soar Naomi , Archer Sally , Fitzgerald Adam , Lang Alex , Birns Jonathan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
patients with a permanently unsafe swallow may choose to eat and drink with acknowledged risk (EDAR). Informed decision-making and advance care planning depend on prognosis, but no data have yet been published on outcomes after EDAR decisions.

Methods
the study was undertaken in 555 hospital inpatients’ (mean [SD] age: 83 {12}) EDAR supported by the Feeding via the Oral Route with Acknowledged Risk of Deterioration care bundle between January 2015 and November 2019. Data were collected prospectively on clinical characteristics, dates of discharge, readmissions and death (where relevant). Kaplan-Meier survival functions and readmission risks per surviving patient per month were calculated.

Results
mortality is 56% in the first 3 months after discharge but then mortality risk sharply decreases. The 3-month survival in EDAR patients was more likely in those &lt;75 years of age, those with Parkinson’s disease or a structural oral lesion as the dominating cause of dysphagia and those with mental capacity regarding EDAR decisions. Readmission risk in the 3 months post-discharge is 21% but reduces to 12% thereafter (P &lt; 0.001). Thirty-eight percent of readmissions are secondary to EDAR-linked conditions such as chest infections and reduced oral intake.

Conclusion
there is a high mortality and readmission risk after an EDAR decision but much of this is frontloaded into the first 3 months, with a relatively favourable prognosis thereafter. This may be an appropriate time-point to reassess the plan for eating and drinking such that it continues to reflect the most appropriate balance of risk, comfort and nutrition.