bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poverty, Inequality, and Growth in Latin America: Searching for the High Road to Globalization
Authors: Korzeniewicz Roberto Patricio , Smith William C. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis article revisits debates concerning poverty, inequality, and development in Latin America and explores a possible “high road” to globalization capable of achieving both more rapid economic growth and significant and lasting reductions in poverty and inequality. In reconnoitering the contours of this path, the authors probe a partial convergence in theory, concepts, and policies that may offer new opportunities for bridging the yawning chasms that heretofore have divided multilateral financial organizations, local governing elites, and academics as well as Center-Left political parties, organized labor, social movements, and NGOs. The article concludes with an assessment of the capacity of this emerging political agenda and attendant “polycentric development coalitions” to deepen and extend democracy effectively beyond the electoral arena to include basic issues of justice and equity.
Uncertain Gains: Labor in Chile's New Export Sectors
Authors: Schurman Rachel A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNatural-resource-based export-oriented growth strategies have resurfaced as the dominant development approach in Latin America. While a growing literature exists on the economic, equity, gender, and environmental impacts of this development strategy, insufficient attention has been paid to its significance for labor. This article seeks to help fill this gap by analyzing its effects on Chilean workers. Based on a study of the fruit, forestry, and fishing sectors, my work shows that this type of development strategy can be very labor-absorbing and can offer significant benefits for labor when it leads to “agro-industrialization.” Nonetheless, although working conditions clearly improved after the late 1980s, it is likely that the first decade of the twenty-first century will not be a repeat of the 1990s. The hypercompetition that now characterizes these sectors is putting tremendous pressure on firms to reduce costs, including that of labor. Stripped of basic state protections and left with little social power, Chilean workers are much more vulnerable than they were before.
The Logic of Congressional Delegation: Explaining Argentine Economic Reform
Authors: Eaton Kent 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study evaluates the role played by the legislature in one of Argentina's most important economic reforms of recent decades: the reform of tax incentives for regional development. As implemented by the last military government, this sytem of tax incentives provoked sharp distributive conflicts among provinces. Although a majority of legislators favored reform after the return to democracy in 1983, interprovincial conflicts created bargaining problems that prevented the passage of reform legislation through regular channels. Pro-reform legislators decided instead to delegate reform authority to President Raúl Alfonsín because he shared their interest in containing the fiscal cost of tax incentives. Subsequent uses of this delegated authority by two presidents promoted the interests of the enacting coalition that supported delegation. These findings support the usefulness of delegation models when carefully applied to Latin America and challenge theories that neglect the different ways that legislators shape economic reform.
Unesco and the Study of Race Relations in Brazil: Regional or National Issue?
Authors: Maio Marcos Chor 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe literature on the cycle of studies on Brazilian race relations written in the 1950s, supported by UNESCO, has considered it a milestone that offered solid findings about the variety of such relations and the existence of racial prejudice and discrimination in Brazilian society. Some evaluations of these studies have asserted that the results of the UNESCO Project frustrated expectations that Brazil could be used as a positive example for race relations and an instrument in the struggle against racism in the period following the Holocaust. This research note takes a different stand in arguing that from the early stages of the organization of the project, Brazilian, French, and U.S. social scientists favored broadening the geographical scope under investigation because they were aware of several patterns of race relations and racial prejudice in Brazil. Originally, a limited and idealized regional focus was to center on the state of Bahia, but soon the scope of investigation became almost national in including Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, and Pernambuco.
Sovereign Limits and Regional Opportunities for Global Civil Society in Latin America
Authors: Friedman Elisabeth Jay , Hochstetler Kathryn , Clark Ann Marie 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this article, we evaluate whether Latin American participation in international arenas reinforces traditional divides between state and society in global politics or transforms state-society relations in ways compatible with the concept of global civil society. We examine the participation and interaction of Latin American nongovernmental organizations and states at three recent United Nations conferences: the 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development, the 1993 World Conference on Human Rights, and the 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women. We conclude that Latin Americans are full participants in any emerging global civil society. Their experiences at the 1990s issue conferences closely track those of NGOs of the Northern Hemisphere, notwithstanding the much more recent appearance of NGOs in Latin America. At the same time, Latin Americans bring a regional sensibility to their participation in global processes that reflects recent political developments and debates in the region.
Reinventing the Communal Tradition: Indigenous Peoples, Civil Society, and Democratization in Andean Ecuador
Authors: Korovkin Tanya 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMost studies of civil society in Latin America have focused on urban social and political actors. In the Ecuadorian Andes, however, civil society has crystallized around the institutions of indigenous rural community that developed historically in opposition to white-meztizo urban administrative centers. This article explores the evolution of indigenous communal institutions in relation to local government and national politics by focusing on the canton of Otavalo in northern Ecuador. It is argued here that over the past thirty years, Andean communities in Ecuador have played an important role in the national processes of democratization and decentralization.
The Changing Profile of Mexican Migrants to the United States: New Evidence from California and Mexico
Authors: Marcelli Enrico A. , Cornelius Wayne A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractUsing recent data from southern California and Mexico, we challenge the notion that the demographic profile of Mexican migrants to the United States since 1970 has remained constant. We find that more recent cohorts of migrants are more likely to settle permanently in the United States, to have higher proportions of females, to be younger, to have more education, to be increasingly likely to originate in southern Mexico and the Mexico City metropolitan area, and to be increasingly likely to depart from urban areas within Mexico. Although we find no direct evidence that the legalization programs mandated by the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 has led to a stronger propensity to settle permanently in the United States, logistic regression analyses demonstrate the importance of the other three main explanatory factors suggested by Wayne Cornelius in 1992: economic crisis in Mexico, the changing character of U.S. demand for labor, and social networks.
Provincial Origins of the Brazilian State: Rio de Janeiro, the Monarchy, and National Political Organization, 1808–1853
Authors: Needell Jeffrey D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study addresses the provincial origins and role of the reactionary party that legislated the reconstruction of the Brazilian monarchy, perhaps Latin America's most stable nineteenth-century political regime. The study locates the party in terms of regional power, taking into account social, economic, and political factors. It analyzes the party's ideology in the historical context of the Regency (1831–1840) and its immediate aftermath, an era of destabilization, social war, and secessionism. The study also demonstrates how the party mobilized partisan support nationally to consolidate party and state power, the unexpected impact of patronage, and the increasingly autonomous quality of state power over time.
From Hidden Hand to Heavy Hand: Sugar, the State, and Migrant Labor in Haiti and the Dominican Republic
Authors: Martínez Samuel 
Published: October 2022

AbstractFor more than a century, the Dominican sugar industry has hosted seasonal immigrations of neighboring Caribbean islanders as harvest laborers (most recently, Haitians). This migrant labor system is fully comparable to systems of labor control after slavery in other parts of the Caribbean. But the regional historical trend toward more liberal labor relations in commercial agriculture seems largely to have been reversed in the case of Dominican sugar. Between the 1930s and 1960s, the recruitment and employment of harvest labor changed from something resembling free wage labor into a government-managed system of semicoerced exploitation. Processes of state formation in Haiti and the Dominican Republic are crucial in explaining this transformation. Fuller understanding of historical change in the case at hand is afforded by broadening the scope of inquiry beyond the direct confrontation between labor and estate owners and by recognizing that governments and their agents have not always acted in accordance with private agro-industrial interests.
Juana Manuela Gorriti and the Persistence of Memory
Authors: Urraca Beatriz 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study analyzes the work of Juana Manuela Gorriti, one of the most prominent women writers in nineteenth-century Argentina. It unravels the notions that structure Gorriti's ideas of literature, history, and nation and illustrates how her work established close links between memory, continuity, and the role of women in the creation of national identities in Latin America. Her short stories and autobiographical pieces are situated within their historical context and literary milieu. The Rosas dictatorship and its aftermath are examined as played out in Gorriti's fiction, in stories where violence against women, the ghostly, and popular culture became central themes through which Gorriti created myths of personal history and national identity. The essay also explores the ways in which her female characters illustrate the strategies of ordinary women for turning their social constraints into public action.
The Paraguayan Rosetta Stone: New Insights into the Demographics of the Paraguayan War, 1864–1870
Authors: Whigham Thomas L. , Potthast Barbara 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe demographics of the Paraguayan War (1864–1870) have long fascinated historicans and sociologists. If the oft-repeated tales of a 70 percent loss of life in Paraguay are accurate, then this war represents a singular case in modern history, one full of implications for students of militarism, gender, and culture. This study analyzes a newly discovered census from 1870 and reworks earlier censal materials. The authors conclude that the old stories of a steep loss of population during the war are basically correct.
The Political Economy of Agricultural Policy in Brazil: Decision Making and Influence From 1964 to 1992
Authors: Helfand Steven M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBased on primary research and fifty interviews, this article analyzes the history, institutions, and politics of agricultural policy formulation in Brazil from 1964 to 1992. It focuses on how trade, credit, and support-price policy evolved in response to economic crisis and democratization in the 1980s. Although the economic crisis caused policy to be redesigned, the change in political regime and in the institutions of interest-group representation significantly influenced the direction of policy reform. The return to a democratic regime permitted the Congress and the Brazilian judiciary to play more significant roles in shaping agricultural policy. Simultaneously, democratization led to the questioning of corporatist institutions and the emergence of more participatory organizations in the agricultural sector. These changes have caused policy making to become increasingly subject to explicit rules, which should lead to more predictable policies and a long-term reduction in discrimination against Brazilian agriculture.
The Privatization of Social Security and Women's Welfare: Gender Effects of the Chilean Reform
Authors: de Mesa Alberto Arenas , Monteemos Verónica 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe study shows that the new privately managed pension system in Chile has increased gender inequalities. Women are worse off than they were under the old pay-as-you-go system of social security, in which the calculation of benefits for men and women did not differ and women could obtain pensions with fewer requirements than men. Currently, benefits are calculated according to individuals’ contributions and levels of risk. Such factors as women's longer life expectancy, earlier retirement age, lower rates of labor-force participation, lower salaries, and other disadvantages in the labor market are directly affecting their accumulation of funds in individual retirement accounts, leading to lower pensions, especially for poorer women. Lessons from the Chilean reform should encourage scholars, policy makers, and the general public to engage in debates that more adequately incorporate gender variables in designing and implementing policy changes.
Aspects of The Railway Problem II. Motor Competition and Railway Labour Costs
Authors: McDougall J. L. 
Published: October 2022

The underlying assumption of Dr. Rollit's paper is that transportation ought to cover its own costs, and I should like to register my general agreement with it. But the main argument is to the effect that the present difficulties of the railways are the result of unequal subsidies, unequal regulation, and unequal labour costs. By inference, one would expect that when public bodies come to their senses and when the abnormally low wages paid to transport operators are brought to a proper level, then railways would be restored to prosperity. It is a much rosier picture than the available facts appear to justify.A study of table I would suggest that the relative retrogression of the railways is not at all closely connected with the rise of direct motor competition. The peak in per capita use of rail service would appear to have been reached well before such competition became effective and the persistence of the subsequent decline in railway gross revenues as a percentage of the national income would suggest that even the most sudden and devastating access of sanity on the part of the taxing authorities would not restore the railways to that position in the life of the community which they once held. Humpty-dumpty has fallen off his wall for good and the sooner he learns to get along on a footing of equality with common mortals the better it will be for all of us.
Alberta, Economic and Political. IV. The Elliott-Walker Report: A Rejoinder
Authors: Elliott Courtland , Walker J. A. 
Published: October 2022

The Report to the Alberta Bondholders' Committee is not, and was not intended to be, a report upon the economic and social conditions of that province, and it contains no recommendations for settlement of present-day problems. It is a report upon the fiscal problems of the provincial government, which have their origin in economic and social conditions generally common to the Prairie Provinces, as well as in a cleavage of financial philosophies most apparent in Alberta alone. Had the survey been broadened to require a report on the income, wealth, and indebtedness of the province and its people, we have no doubt that some of the criticisms expressed by Messrs. MacGregor and Britnell would be justified—but the investigators would still be investigating and the Report would not yet be written.As it is, the Report was completed in thirty days. Not a figure (except one table relating to the domicile of Canadian bonds) has any other source than the published data of the Dominion Bureau of Statistics or of the provinces. No statement of fact relating to the present fiscal position of Alberta has any other origin than the published documents or the transcribed words of officials of that province. Only on such a basis could an impartial yet sympathetic study of this important Canadian problem proceed.
Sequential Bayesian Update to Detect the Most Likely Tsunami Scenario Using Observational Wave Sequences
Authors: Nomura Reika , Fujita Saneiki , Galbreath Joseph M. , Otake Yu , Moriguchi Shuji , Koshimura Shunichi , LeVeque Randall J. , Terada Kenjiro 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study presents a method for the detection of the most likely tsunami scenario among a set of possible scenarios using an observational wave sequence based on a sequential Bayesian update scheme. The proposed method consists of two phases: an offline preliminary learning phase and an online real‐time detection update phase. The innovation of this study is that proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and Bayesian update are used together with an established tsunami simulation technique. In the offline reinforcement learning process, a series of tsunami simulations are carried out based on geophysically feasible scenarios, and the spatial modes of wave data calculated at predefined synthetic gauge locations are extracted through the application of POD. When a real tsunami event occurs and observational ocean data are obtained, the online process can then be performed as follows: using the stored spatial modes along with their component coefficients, pseudocoefficients are repeatedly estimated from the obtained wave data and used to sequentially update the most likely tsunami scenario according to the posterior probability through Bayesian update. A verification analysis is carried out to illustrate the procedure of the proposed method, and a validation analysis is conducted to demonstrate both the capabilities and applicability of the process with reasonable accuracy. A comprehensive discussion details the characteristic features of the proposed method in terms of the real‐time prediction of tsunami hazards and risks.
Alongshore Variable Accretional and Erosional Coastal Foredune Dynamics at Event to Interannual Timescales
Authors: Cohn Nicholas , Brodie Katherine , Conery Ian , Spore Nicholas 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNatural and constructed dunes are increasingly being utilized to buffer flooding impacts from storms and rising sea levels along sandy coastlines. However, a lack of data at the appropriate spatial and temporal resolution often precludes isolating the total magnitude, specific timing, and alongshore variability of volumetric coastal dune changes resulting from both wave and wind‐driven processes. Here mobile terrestrial lidar data from 46 collections along a 6.5 km stretch of sandy beach and dunes in Duck, NC, USA are used to assess the magnitude and drivers of alongshore variable dune responses between 2012 and 2020. Despite numerous major storm events which impacted the dunes over this time period, the dunes grew volumetrically both in nourished and un‐nourished sections of the study site. Growth of the dunes was seasonally and spatially variable with the largest total growth recorded in the Fall, coinciding with a period of frequent windy storms but also the highest total water levels, and along the regions with the lowest gradientβbeach. The vertical accretion patterns of these wind‐blown sediments are shown to vary depending on the dune management style, specifically, if dunes were not managed, sand fenced, or artificially constructed. Dune erosion also occurred episodically within the study period, with the steepest sloped beach sections likely to be the most impacted during individual storm events.
The Importance of Spatial and Temporal Scales in Understanding Chlorophyll Variability in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Joy‐Warren Hannah L. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPolar regions are undergoing dramatic, rapid, and possibly irreversible changes. Substantial shifts in patterns of sea ice extent and thickness have cascading effects on polar ecosystems (including phytoplankton), with implications for carbon cycling and global climate. Phytoplankton growth is closely tied to environmental variables such as light and nutrient availability, which are sensitive to climate‐induced changes in upper ocean circulation, stratification, and sea ice cover. Recently, Prend et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007329) investigated temporal and spatial scales of chlorophyll (a proxy for phytoplankton biomass) variability in the Southern Ocean. They demonstrated that the dominant temporal scale of variability is sub‐seasonal (∼0.5–3 months). The implications of this are two‐fold: first, climate oscillations (such as the Southern Annular Mode) are not major drivers of year‐to‐year variation in chlorophyll; second, intermittent bursts of chlorophyll, generated by small‐scale processes such as storms and eddies, dictate the annual mean chlorophyll concentration. Additionally, spatial autocorrelation for chlorophyll concentration varied by time scale: seasonal chlorophyll variability was correlated over much larger areas than were variations in year‐to‐year chlorophyll concentration. Based on Prend et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007329), future work should be cognizant of (a) the spatio‐temporal scales over which chlorophyll is averaged and (b) the need to focus on small‐scale, sub‐seasonal events (rather than large‐scale climate oscillations) to mechanistically explain chlorophyll variability.
Turbulence Structures in the Very Stable Boundary Layer Under the Influence of Wind Profile Distortion
Authors: Lan Changxing , Liu Heping , Katul Gabriel G. , Li Dan , Finn Dennis 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn very stable boundary layers (VSBL), a “cocktail” of submeso motions routinely result in elevated mean wind speed maxima above the ground, acting as a new source of turbulence generation. This new source of turbulent kinetic energy enhances turbulent mixing and causes mean wind profile distortion (WPD). As a results, this transient distortion in the wind profile adjusts the classical log‐law. Addressing how WPD‐induced turbulence regulates flow structures, turbulent fluxes, and transitions in stability regimes across layers remains a challenge. Eddy covariance data measured at four levels on a 62‐m tower are employed to address these questions. It is shown that the WPD initiates large turbulent eddies that penetrate downward, leading to enhanced vertical mixing and comparable turbulent transport efficiencies across layers. As a consequence, turbulence intensity and fluxes are increased. As the WPD is intensified, turbulent fluxes and turbulent flux transport caused by large eddies are also enhanced, leading to a transition from very stable to weakly stable regimes. Due to the influence of WPD‐induced large eddies, the large‐eddy turbulent Prandtl number does not deviate appreciably from unity and the partitioning between turbulent kinetic and potential energies is linearly related to the gradient Richardson number.