bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large igneous provinces track fluctuations in subaerial exposure of continents across the Archean–Proterozoic transition
Authors: Liebmann Janne , Spencer Christopher J. , Kirkland Christopher L. , Ernst Richard E. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractGeological observations and numerical models imply that Archean continents were mostly submarine. In contrast, approximately one third of modern earth's surface area consists of subaerial continental crust. To temporally constrain changes in the subaerial exposure of continents, we evaluate the eruptive environment (submarine vs subaerial) of 3.4–2.0 Ga continental large igneous provinces (LIPs). Our results indicate that up until 2.4 Ga LIPs predominantly erupted onto submerged continents. This period of low freeboard was punctuated by local subaerial eruptions at 2.8–2.7 Ga and 2.5 Ga. From 2.4 Ga–2.2 Ga, extensive subaerial continental volcanism is recorded in six different cratons, supporting widespread subaerial continents at this time. An increase in exposed continental crust significantly impacts atmospheric and oceanic geochemical cycles and the supply of nutrients for marine bioproductivity. Thus, the 2.4–2.2 Ga high‐freeboard conditions may have triggered the earliest global glaciation event and the first significant rise of atmospheric oxygen.
Outcomes of laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in the Omicron‐driven fourth wave compared with previous waves in the Western Cape Province, South Africa
Authors: Davies Mary‐Ann , Kassanjee Reshma , Rousseau Petro , Morden Erna , Johnson Leigh , Solomon Wesley , Hsiao Nei‐Yuan , Hussey Hannah , Meintjes Graeme , Paleker Masudah , Jacobs Theuns , Raubenheimer Peter , Heekes Alexa , Dane Pierre , Bam Jamy‐Lee , Smith Mariette , Preiser Wolfgang , Pienaar David , Mendelson Marc , Naude Jonathan , Schrueder Neshaad , Mnguni Ayanda , Le Roux Sue , Murie Kathleen , Prozesky Hans , Mahomed Hassan , Rossouw Liezel , Wasserman Sean , Maughan Deborah , Boloko Linda , Smith Barry , Taljaard Jantjie , Symons Greg , Ntusi Ntobeko A. B. , Parker Arifa , Wolter Nicole , Jassat Waasila , Cohen Cheryl , Lessells Richard , Wilkinson Robert J. , Arendse Juanita , Kariem Saadiq , Moodley Melvin , Wolmarans Milani , Cloete Keith , Boulle Andrew ,   Western Cape and South African National Departments of Health in collaboration with the National Institute for Communicable Diseases in South Africa Affiliations
Published: April 2022

AbstractOBJECTIVESThe objective was to compare COVID‐19 outcomes in the Omicron‐driven fourth wave with prior waves in the Western Cape, assess the contribution of undiagnosed prior infection to differences in outcomes in a context of high seroprevalence due to prior infection and determine whether protection against severe disease conferred by prior infection and/or vaccination was maintained.METHODSIn this cohort study, we included public sector patients aged ≥20 years with a laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 diagnosis between 14 November and 11 December 2021 (wave four) and equivalent prior wave periods. We compared the risk between waves of the following outcomes using Cox regression: death, severe hospitalisation or death and any hospitalisation or death (all ≤14 days after diagnosis) adjusted for age, sex, comorbidities, geography, vaccination and prior infection.RESULTSWe included 5144 patients from wave four and 11,609 from prior waves. The risk of all outcomes was lower in wave four compared to the Delta‐driven wave three (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) [95% confidence interval (CI)] for death 0.27 [0.19; 0.38]. Risk reduction was lower when adjusting for vaccination and prior diagnosed infection (aHR: 0.41, 95% CI: 0.29; 0.59) and reduced further when accounting for unascertained prior infections (aHR: 0.72). Vaccine protection was maintained in wave four (aHR for outcome of death: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.10; 0.58).CONCLUSIONSIn the Omicron‐driven wave, severe COVID‐19 outcomes were reduced mostly due to protection conferred by prior infection and/or vaccination, but intrinsically reduced virulence may account for a modest reduction in risk of severe hospitalisation or death compared to the Delta‐driven wave.
Loss to follow‐up of patients in HIV care in Burundi: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Nshimirimana Clément , Ndayizeye Aimé , Smekens Tom , Vuylsteke Bea 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOBJECTIVEThe objective was to assess the loss to follow‐up (LTFU) rates and associated factors amongst patients in HIV care in Burundi.METHODSWe conducted a retrospective cohort study in HIV‐positive patients aged ≥15 years who started antiretroviral therapy (ART) between January 2015 and July 2020, with 31 December 2020 as the end point. The outcome of LTFU was defined as failure of a patient to report for drug refill within 90 days from the last appointment. Study data were extracted from the national AIDS Info database. The LTFU proportion was determined using the Kaplan–Meier method with the log‐rank test, whereas LTFU risk factors were explored using the Cox regression model.RESULTSA total of 29,829 patients on ART were included in the analysis. Cumulative incidence of LTFU was 2.3% at 12 months, 6.5% at 24 months, 12.7% at 36 months, 19.0% at 48 months, 24.1% at 60 months and 25.3% at 72 months. The overall LTFU incidence rate was 11.2 per 100 person‐years of observation. The risk of LTFU was higher amongst patients who started ART after 2016 (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.75, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.65–1.85) or within 7 days after diagnosis (aHR 1.27, 95% CI 1.21–1.35).CONCLUSIONOur findings demonstrate the relatively high incidence of LTFU in the Burundi HIV programme. Interventions targeting patients with risk factors for LTFU are particularly necessary.
Axillary lymphadenectomy in dogs: A description of surgical technique
Authors: Rehnblom Erica R. , Skinner Owen T. , Mickelson Megan A. , Hutcheson Kyle D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe axillary lymph center drains a large area; however, axillary lymphadenectomy is rarely reported in series detailing lymph node extirpation in dogs. No surgical technique has yet been described for axillary and superficial axillary lymphadenectomy. This study describes a technique for excision of nodes in the axillary lymph center of the dog. Two male neutered and two male intact cadavers weighing between 6.3 and 36.1 kg were used. With cadavers in dorsal recumbency and the shoulder extended, an incision was made in the caudal axillary region. Blunt dissection was used to separate the pectoralis profundus and latissimus dorsi muscles and loose connective tissue was dissected until the axillary lymph node was identified caudal to the brachial vein. The axillary lymphatic trunk was followed caudad from the axillary lymph node to identify the accessory axillary lymph node, deep to the lateral border of the pectoralis profundus muscle, for subsequent extirpation. Axillary lymph nodes were successfully removed in all axillae, and accessory axillary lymph nodes were located in 6/7 axillae and could not be visualized within the axillary lymphatic trunk in the remaining axilla. The described surgical technique allowed consistent identification of the axillary lymph node and the lymphatic trunk associated with the accessory axillary lymph node. This technique description provides a guide for surgeons to facilitate axillary and accessory axillary lymphadenectomy in the dog. While anatomic variation must be considered, the use of the axillary lymphatic trunk as a landmark may simplify identification of the small and inconsistent accessory axillary lymph node.
Photoreceptor physiology and evolution: cellular and molecular basis of rod and cone phototransduction
Authors: Lamb Trevor D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe detection of light in the vertebrate retina utilizes a duplex system of closely related rod and cone photoreceptors: cones respond extremely rapidly, and operate at ‘photopic’ levels of illumination, from moonlight upwards; rods respond much more slowly, thereby obtaining greater sensitivity, and function effectively only at ‘scotopic’ levels of moonlight and lower. Rods and cones employ distinct isoforms of many of the proteins in the phototransduction cascade, and they thereby represent a unique evolutionary system, whereby the same process (the detection of light) uses a distinct set of genes in two classes of cell. The molecular mechanisms of phototransduction activation are described, and the classical quantitative predictions for the onset phase of the electrical response to light are developed. Recent work predicting the recovery phase of the rod's response to intense flashes is then presented, that provides an accurate account of the time that the response spends in saturation. Importantly, this also provides a new estimate for the rate at which a single rhodopsin activates molecules of the G‐protein, transducin, that is substantially higher than other estimates in the literature. Finally, the evolutionary origin of the phototransduction proteins in rods and cones is examined, and it is shown that most of the rod/cone differences were established at the first of the two rounds of whole‐genome duplication more than 500 million years ago.
Modeling and Prototype of a Machining Robot With R(3-RUH

R

)/UU

R

P Hybrid Module
Authors: Tian Xin , Zhao Tieshi , Sheng Yu , Peng Xiaoxiao , Li Erwei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Hybrid mechanisms combine the advantages of serial mechanisms and parallel mechanisms and have better stiffness and a larger workspace. In this paper, a novel workspace strongly coupled machining robot mechanism with a hybrid module is proposed. It is composed of a four-degrees-of-freedom (4DOF) R(3-RUHR)/UURP hybrid module and a 2-DOF (RRRP)R single-closed-loop serial rotation module, which has the advantages of small footprint, large workspace, high stiffness, and is ideal for machining robots applied to modular integrated manufacturing lines. However, due to the multi-closed loop between azimuth pitch rotations and hybrid module, the workspace is coupled, so that the mechanism has problems in building the forward and inverse position, kinematics, and dynamics analytical models, numerical solution calculation speed, and multi-solution. Based on the analysis of coupled characteristics of this mechanism, the concomitant motion neural network (NN) models of the 3-RUHR parallel mechanism and inverse position NN models of the (R(3-RUHR)/UURP)(RRRP)R hybrid robot are established using the Levenberg–Marquardt training algorithm with Bayesian regularization. Furthermore, the kinematics and dynamics models of the proposed hybrid robot are established using the equivalent screw method. And the correctness of position NN models, kinematics complete model, and dynamics complete model are verified through numerical examples, respectively. Finally, the prototype of this hybrid robot is further developed, and the coupled motion and multi-axis machining capability of the (R(3-RUHR)/UURP)(RRRP)R hybrid machining robot are verified by experiment. The hybrid mechanism and modeling method proposed in this paper can provide support for the application of machining robots with a small footprint, strongly coupled large workspace, and high stiffness.
Energy Transfer of an Axially Loaded Beam With a Parallel-Coupled Nonlinear Vibration Isolator
Authors: Lu Ze-Qi , Liu Wen-Hang , Ding Hu , Chen Li-Qun 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Traditional vibration isolation of satellite instruments has an inherent limitation that low-frequency vibration suppression leads to structural instability. This paper explores a parallel-coupled quasi-zero stiffness (QZS) vibration isolator for an axially loaded beam, with the goal of enhancing the effectiveness of low-frequency isolation. A QZS contains two magnetic rings, which contribute negative stiffness, and one spiral spring, with positive stiffness, a combination that has high static stiffness to resolve the structural instability. The frequency response functions (FRFs) of power flow are used to measure the effectiveness of vibration isolation. The magnetic stiffness of the magnetic rings is calculated using the principle of equivalent magnetic charge. The heights, radii, and gap of the magnetic rings affect its stiffness. The parallel-coupled QZS vibration isolator of an axially loaded beam is modeled using an energy method. Based on the Galerkin truncation, harmonic balance analysis, and arc-length continuation, an approach is proposed to analyze the FRFs of power flow for the parallel-coupled QZS vibration isolation of an axially loaded beam. Numerical results support the analytical results. Both analytical and numerical results show that the power reduction of axially loaded beams with a parallel-coupled quasi-zero vibration isolation system is more significantly suppressed at low frequencies.
The Injury Rate in NBA Players Did Not Increase Following Return to Play After the COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Order
Authors: Cahill Michael , Baker Hayden P. , Lee Cody , Reddy Manoj , Portney Daniel , Athiviraham Aravind 
Published: April 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the injury rate in NBA players following return to play during the post-COVID-19 shutdown 2019–2020 NBA season. Methods: This study was a retrospective review of all NBA players who were placed on the injury report during the preseason and first 4 weeks of the regular season as well as playoffs from the 2017–2018 through 2020–2021 NBA seasons. The data were compiled using publicly available injury reports. All injuries were recorded, and injury rates were calculated per 1000 athletic exposures. Risk ratio with 95% confidence intervals compared injury rates between the 2 cohorts. Results: Over the course of the study period, 399 injuries were reported. The highest injury rate per athletic exposure was observed to have occurred during the first month of the regular season in the 2 seasons prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. There was no significant difference in the average number of games missed before and after the pandemic for the preseason (P = .95), first month of regular season (P = .62), and playoffs (P = .69). There was no significant difference in the rate of injury when comparing injury rates before and after the pandemic for the preseason (P = .25), first month of the regular season (P = .11), and playoffs (P = .3). Conclusion: The rate of injury in NBA players following the COVID-19 pandemic was not significantly higher than 2 recent past NBA seasons.
Metabolomics studies on cachexia in patients with cancer: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Fu Liang , Chen Lin , Li Rufang , Xu Wenxia , Fu Jianfei , Ye Xianghong 
Published: April 2022

IntroductionCancer seriously threatens human health worldwide. Cancer cachexia is one of the life-threatening consequences that occurs commonly in patients with cancer, and severely worsens patient survival, prognosis and quality of life. Previous studies have demonstrated that cancer cachexia is closely related to differential metabolites and metabolic pathways based on metabolomics analysis. This scoping review protocol, therefore, aims to provide the strategy for a formal scoping review that will summarise the differential metabolites and related metabolic pathways of cachexia in patients with cancer.Methods and analysisThe proposed scoping review will follow the Arksey and O’Malley’s methodological framework, Levacet al’s recommendations for applying this framework, and Peters’ enhancements of the framework. The key information from the selected studies will be extracted, including author, year of publication, cachexia definition, country/origin, study design, setting, population and sample size, biological specimens, independent variables, independent variables’ measure and statistical analysis. A summary of metabolites will be divided into several sections depending on the biological specimen. Differential metabolites will be compared between paired groups, and the number and names of related metabolic pathways will be counted and described. The reporting of this scoping review will be in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews checklist. This is a scoping review protocol and describes the planned review process and provides data examples extracted from a pilot study to confirm the feasibility of further investigation of the subject.Ethics and disseminationAn ethical approval is not required for this scoping review protocol, nor for the scoping review. The results of this scoping review will be disseminated through publication in a peer-reviewed journal, or presentation at a national or international conference.
Parallel use of primary and secondary healthcare by frequent attenders in occupational health and their work disability: a longitudinal study in Finland
Authors: Reho Tiia T M , Atkins Salla , Korhonen Mikko , Siukola Anna , Sumanen Markku , Viljamaa Mervi , Uitti Jukka , Sauni Riitta 
Published: April 2022

ObjectivesTo investigate occupational health frequent attenders’ (FAs) use of other healthcare sector services and whether parallel use affects their likelihood to receive a disability pension.DesignLongitudinal study combining routine medical record data with register data.SettingPrimary care in Finland is provided through three parallel healthcare sectors, all available to the working population. Additionally, patients can be referred to secondary care. This study combines medical record data from a nationwide occupational healthcare provider, with healthcare attendance data from private care and from public primary and secondary care attendance, sociodemographic data and disability pension decisions.ParticipantsPatients between 18 and 68 years of age who used occupational health primary care at least once during the study years 2014–2016 were included. The total study population was 59 650 patients. They were divided into three groups (occasional and persistent FAs and non-FAs) for analysis.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was FAs parallel use of private care and public primary and secondary care. The secondary outcome was work disability pension granted to FAs who used several healthcare sectors.ResultsBoth FA groups were more likely to use other healthcare service sectors more than non-FAs did. Persistent FAs were likely to use public secondary care services in particular (OR 4.31 95% CI 3.46 to 5.36). FAs using all healthcare sectors were also more likely to receive a disability pension than those FAs using only occupational health services (OR 4.53 (95% CI 1.54 to 13.34). This association was strengthened by attendance in public secondary care.ConclusionsFAs using several healthcare sectors in parallel have an increased likelihood to receive a disability pension. There is need for care coordination to ensure adequate measures for work ability support.
What is the association of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitors with COVID-19 outcomes: retrospective study of racially diverse patients?
Authors: Khodneva Yulia , Malla Gargya , Clarkson Stephen , Fu Richard , Safford Monika M , Goyal Parag , Oparil Suzanne , Cherrington Andrea L , Jackson Elizabeth A , Willig James 
Published: April 2022

ObjectiveTo describe the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 in a racially diverse sample from the US Southeast and examine the association of renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitor use with COVID-19 outcome.Design, Setting, ParticipantsThis study is a retrospective cohort of 1024 patients with reverse-transcriptase PCR-confirmed COVID-19 infection, admitted to a 1242-bed teaching hospital in Alabama. Data on RAAS inhibitors use, demographics and comorbidities were extracted from hospital medical records.Primary outcomesIn-hospital mortality, a need of intensive care unit, respiratory failure, defined as invasive mechanical ventilation (iMV) and 90-day same-hospital readmissions.ResultsAmong 1024 patients (mean (SD) age, 57 (18.8) years), 532 (52.0%) were African Americans, 514 (50.2%) male, 493 (48.1%) had hypertension, 365 (36%) were taking RAAS inhibitors. During index hospitalisation (median length of stay of 7 (IQR (4–15) days) 137 (13.4%) patients died; 170 (19.2%) of survivors were readmitted. RAAS inhibitor use was associated with lower in-hospital mortality (adjusted HR, 95% CI (0.56, (0.36 to 0.88), p=0.01) and no effect modification by race was observed (p for interaction=0.81). Among patients with hypertension, baseline RAAS use was associated with reduced risk of iMV, adjusted OR, 95% CI (aOR 0.58, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.95, p=0.03). Patients with heart failure were twice as likely to die from COVID-19, compared with patients without heart failure.ConclusionsIn a retrospespective study of racially diverse patients, hospitalised with COVID-19, prehospitalisation use of RAAS inhibitors was associated with 40% reduction in mortality irrespective of race.
Impact of medication therapy management interventions on drug therapy problems, medication adherence and treatment satisfaction among ambulatory heart failure patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialised Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a one-group pre–post quasi-experimental study
Authors: Wondesen Abate , Berha Alemseged Beyene , Woldu Minyahil , Mekonnen Desalew , Engidawork Ephrem 
Published: April 2022

ObjectiveTo determine the impact of medication therapy management interventions on drug therapy problems (DTPs), medication adherence and treatment satisfaction among ambulatory heart failure (HF) patients.Study design, setting and participantsA one-group pre–post quasi-experimental study was conducted on 423 ambulatory HF patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialised Hospital (TASH), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. All ambulatory HF patients ≥18 years old attending the adult cardiac clinic of TASH and having a complete medical record and fully met the inclusion criteria were taken as study participants.InterventionsEducational interventions along with a brochure with information on the nature of HF disease and its treatment were provided to study participants. DTPs encountered were resolved by a team of pharmacists and physicians.ResultsIn the preintervention phase, 288 DTPs were identified with a mean (SD) of 1.3±1.1. A significant reduction of DTPs (0.67±1.1, p<0.001) was observed in the postintervention phase compared with the preintervention phase. At the postintervention phase, 36.4%, 61.9% and 1.7% of HF patients were highly, medium and low adherent to their treatment regimens, respectively. The total composite score for treatment satisfaction of the study participants was 80.35%.ConclusionsThe findings of this study demonstrated that by teaming up clinical pharmacists with cardiologists and cardiology fellows, it was possible to reduce the occurrence of DTPs, improve medication adherence and increase treatment satisfaction of HF patients attending at the outpatient cardiac clinic.