bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neoplasms of the Prostate
Authors: Aparicio Ana , Pilie Patrick , Surasi Devaki S. , Choi Seungtaek , Chapin Brian F. , Logothetis Christopher J. , Corn Paul G. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Cancer of the prostate is the most commonly diagnosed nonskin neoplasm and the second leading cause of cancer‐related mortality in men in the United States. Considerable advances have been made in screening, diagnosis, and therapy options, particularly in advanced disease, but controversies about the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer, especially in the areas of screening and choice of therapy, continue to evolve. Research initiatives in advanced disease have shifted from prognostication to prediction, and current treatment considerations are focused on optimization of therapy sequence, development of rational combinations, biomarker‐driven patient selection, determining the role of local disease control in patients with metastases, and bone targeting therapies. Despite progress, prostate cancer survival has not improved at the same pace as other cancer subtypes. It is anticipated that addressing knowledge gaps will lead to the development of novel agents with unique mechanisms of action and optimization of integrated strategies (surgical, radiation, and medical) to improve overall survival.
Prostate cancer awareness, clinical application of improved biopsy schemes, and advances in imaging combined with the widespread use of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) have resulted in increased detection of early prostate cancer. The question of whether PSA screening would reduce mortality from prostate cancer has now been tested in the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) and the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial first published in 2009. Though many of the apparent discrepancies between these trials can be accounted for by trial design and patient cross‐contamination, they brought to the forefront the dilemma of overdiagnosis and overtreatment, as well as the heterogeneous nature of prostate cancer and the urgent need to improve the accuracy of identifying clinically significant early disease with lethal potential. It is hoped that enhancing the current morphologic and anatomic classification of prostate cancer with a better understanding of the molecular underpinnings of diverse disease states will lead to a more refined taxonomy of prostate cancer and ultimately improve outcomes while minimizing treatment‐related morbidity.
Salient features that distinguish prostate cancer from other malignancies and frame the dilemmas surrounding it are its striking age‐dependent incidence, with progressively increasing frequency with increasing age, a strong familial and hereditary component, the variable lethality of morphologically identical cancers, the central role of androgen signaling, the preponderance of bone‐forming metastases, and metabolic derangements contributing to lethal progression. Important advances made in each of these areas will modify the approaches currently used to prevent, prognosticate, predict, and treat prostate cancer.
Tumors of the Penis and the Urethra
Authors: Chahoud Jad , Necchi Andrea , Spiess Philippe E. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Penile cancer is predominantly of squamous histology, a proportion of those are related to human papillomavirus (HPV). Penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC) is rare in the developed world and among circumcised men. For patients with localized PSCC, early potentially less debilitating surgery can be curative. Other modalities are less robust. Metastasis presents initially with lymphatic local regional disease progression, also the lymph node metastatic extent remains the strongest prognostic indicator of clinical outcomes. Patients with bulky locally advanced disease may benefit from multimodal approach with neoadjuvant cisplatin‐based chemotherapy followed by consolidative inguinal lymph node dissection.
Urethral cancer is a rare and histologically heterogenous carcinoma but can be aggressive depending on tumor histology. The prognosis and treatment approach depend on the gender, histology, location of the tumor within the urethra, and extent of disease.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Jabbour Elias , Jain Nitin , Kantarjian Hagop , O'Brien Susan 
Published: October 2022

OverviewAcute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is characterized by clonal proliferation of lymphoid progenitors. In the last decade, significant advances in understanding the disease pathogenesis, refining prognostic groups, and developing novel therapies that target specific subsets, have improved our treatment strategies and patient outcomes. Therapies targeting either specific transcripts (e.g., BCR‐ABL1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors) or specific leukemic cell surface antigens (e.g., CD20, CD22, and CD19 monoclonal antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell therapies) produced major therapeutic breakthroughs. These novel therapies and combinations are transforming our strategies for adults with ALL and are resulting in significant improvements in survival. Many of these approaches focus on decreasing or eliminating the role of chemotherapy, with the goal of making these regimens more tolerable in older adults and decreasing the morbidity and mortality associated with myelosuppression‐related infections and other complications of intensive chemotherapy.
Plasma Cell Disorders
Authors: Yee Andrew J. , Hideshima Teru , Raje Noopur , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: October 2022

OverviewPlasma cell disorders have in common a proliferation of monoclonal plasma cells associated with the production of a monoclonal protein. These disorders range from the common, indolent condition of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to malignancies such as multiple myeloma characterized by the presence of hypercalcemia, anemia, renal dysfunction, and/or lytic bone lesions. Progress in the understanding of the molecular underpinnings of myeloma has led to remarkable advances in its treatment. High‐dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplant have been a mainstay of treatment. Now, highly effective and well‐tolerated drug classes such as the proteasome inhibitors (e.g., bortezomib, carfilzomib), immunomodulatory drugs (e.g., lenalidomide, pomalidomide), and anti‐CD38 monoclonal antibodies (e.g., daratumumab, isatuximab) have rapidly transformed treatment and significantly improved overall survival. Newer therapies targeting B‐cell maturation antigen (BCMA) have the potential to further improve outcomes.
Neoplasms of Unknown Primary Site
Authors: Hainsworth John D. , Greco Frank A. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Cancer of unknown primary site (CUP) is a clinical syndrome accounting for 2–3% of all cancer diagnoses. This heterogeneous group is comprised of patients with metastatic cancer who have no anatomic primary site identified after a standard clinical evaluation. Using specialized pathologic techniques, including immunoperoxidase staining and molecular cancer classifier assays, identification of the tissue of origin is possible in most patients, even when an anatomic primary site cannot be located. For treatment planning, patients are divided into two groups. The first group includes a number of favorable subsets, identified by clinical and/or pathologic findings. Recently, new subsets have been identified, so that now approximately 40% of all CUP patients belong to a favorable subset. These various subsets require specific treatments, as detailed in the chapter. The remaining 60% of CUP patients do not fit into any of the favorable subsets; however, a tissue of origin can be predicted in most. These patients have traditionally received empiric chemotherapy, with modest efficacy. Increasing evidence suggests that site‐specific treatment, based on the predicted tissue of origin, improves treatment results, particularly in patients predicted to have responsive tumor types. Current studies are also addressing the use of comprehensive tumor molecular profiling to identify actionable molecular alterations in CUP patients.
Cancer Cachexia
Authors: Eid Assaad A. , Njeim Rachel , Khuri Fadlo R. , Thomas David K. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Cachexia is a systemic wasting syndrome of progressive muscle and, usually, adipose loss, multi‐organ dysfunction, and wide metabolic derangement, often exacerbated by anorexia and diminished nutritional intake. More than half of all cancer patients develop cachexia, which directly causes profound morbidity and substantially reduced survival. New large‐scale high‐dimensional clinical and experimental studies are revealing unexpected ground truths that cachexia frequently occurs in early stages of many cancers; has several distinct clinical phenotypes; increases complications of and reduces response to cancer‐directed therapies. More precise tools for early assessment, diagnosis, and multi‐modal interventions, including quantitative image‐based body composition analysis, molecular biomarkers, and new targeted therapeutics are in advanced development. These advances, with rapidly expanding basic research into causal molecular mechanisms, are transforming our fundamental understanding of this complex disease as being integral with cancer biology, treatment response, and patient outcomes.
Dermatologic Complications of Cancer Chemotherapy
Authors: Patel Anisha B. , Karri Padmavathi V. , Duvic Madeleine 
Published: October 2022

OverviewDermatologic complications of cancer chemotherapy have become increasingly significant, especially with the continued development of new targeted antineoplastic agents. The frequency of mucocutaneous complications in cancer chemotherapy is often a reflection of the increased proliferative nature of affected tissues, such as the mucous membranes, skin, hair, and nails, which renders them particularly susceptible to the actions of chemotherapeutic drugs. This article reviews the specific side effects associated with newer targeted and immune therapies as well as the more classic side effects of cytotoxic chemotherapies and their associated drugs.
Skeletal Complications
Authors: Via Michael A. , Iofin Ilya , Liu Jerry , Mechanick Jeffrey I. 
Published: October 2022

OverviewThe skeletal complications of cancer are highly prevalent. Bone metastases are present in approximately 70% of patients with cancer‐related deaths. Skeletal complications can present clinically as pain associated with bone metastases, pathologic fractures, or hypercalcemia. Additionally, several therapies for cancers may have deleterious effect on bone health such as aromatase inhibition in patients with breast cancer. The presence of skeletal metastases often indicates that cure from cancer unlikely. Goals of therapy may shift to palliation and to systemic control with possible prolonged survival. Surgical treatments, medical therapies, including antiresorptive agents, and/or radiation therapy should each be considered to achieve optimal care in patients with skeletal complications of cancer.
Coagulation Complications of Cancer Patients
Authors: Wang Tzu‐Fei , Sanfilippo Kristin 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Patients with cancer have increased risks of coagulation complications including bleeding and/or thrombotic problems, which can be a result of malignancy itself and/or related to cancer therapies. These complications can lead to increased morbidity and mortality, as well as delays or alterations in cancer treatment. Therefore, identification of risk factors, preventation, and treatment strategies are important priorities in the care of cancer patients. In this chapter, we discussed and summarized relevant literature in common bleeding and thrombotic complications, their presentations, risk factors, prevention and management strategies.
Cardiac Complications
Authors: Ewer Michael S. , Ewer Steven M. , M. Suter Thomas 
Published: October 2022

OverviewPatients with malignant diseases often have coexisting cardiovascular disorders or may face serious cardiovascular complications in the course of their disease.1The disorders may result from underlying conditions such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, or valvular abnormalities, or they may result directly from cancer or its treatment (Table 1). In addition, cardiovascular disorders that are unusual in patients not afflicted with cancer may be more common in the cancer patient, and sometimes are unsuspected. Furthermore, cardiovascular diseases common in the general population must not be overlooked in patients with cancer; the presentation of such entities may be unusual, and the diagnosis often is more complex. Increased clinical scrutiny is therefore necessary in this vulnerable population. Multiple clinical problems may also coexist and defy a simple illumination because of the complex interactions between the malignancy, consequences of its treatment, and the status of the cardiovascular system; what affects one of these variables often alters the presentation and course of the others. This article will look at some of the more common cardiovascular complications of cancer and its treatment and will also address some of the dilemmas encountered in cancer patients with concomitant cardiac conditions.
Oncologic Emergencies
Authors: Yeung Sai‐Ching J. , Escalante Carmen P. 
Published: October 2022

OverviewCancer and its treatment can lead to oncologic emergencies. This article discusses the approach to acute emergency problems in cancer patients. A list of emergent problems has been selected for focused discussion. Sudden cardiopulmonary arrest is discussed along with considerations in resuscitation of cancer patients. Arrhythmia, superior vena caval syndrome, pericardial tamponade, and acute hemorrhage are important cardiovascular emergencies. Tumor lysis syndrome can be rapidly fatal, and early recognition and treatment are very important in preventing disastrous outcomes. Pulmonary problems include airway obstruction, pleural effusion, hemoptysis, pneumothorax, and pulmonary embolism. Neurological emergencies include spinal cord compression, brain herniation, and status epilepticus. Neutropenic fever is perhaps the most frequently discussed important topic in oncologic emergency. Other important issues such as immune‐related adverse effects of cancer immunotherapy, anaphylaxis, and cytokine release syndrome are also discussed. Oncologists and emergency physicians must be aware of these potentially serious acute complications of cancer patients in order to initiate appropriate treatments in a timely manner.
A Vision for Twenty‐First Century Healthcare
Authors: Hood Leroy , Price Nathan D. , Yurkovich James T. 
Published: October 2022

OverviewThe convergence of systems science, big data, and patient‐activated social networks is leading to the practice of predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory (P4) Medicine. P4 Medicine has two central thrusts: optimizing wellness and demystifying disease. In this chapter, we will describe current research practices that embody P4 Medicine, providing examples of how these studies have and can continue to integrate with and transform the healthcare system. We will focus on the use of dense longitudinal profiling of an individual's physiological state—so‐called “deep phenotyping”—to gain key insights into wellness as well as the onset, progression, treatment, and prevention of disease. Such a systems approach will generate clinically actionable possibilities to enable individuals to optimize wellness and/or avoid disease. We believe that this approach will transform healthcare by decreasing costs, increasing healthcare quality, and promoting innovation in a new paradigm of medical practice.
Hereditary Cancer Syndromes: Risk Assessment and Genetic Counseling
Authors: Bluebond Rachel , Bannon Sarah A. , Hyde Samuel M. , Woodson Ashley H. , You Nancy Y.‐Q. , Lu Karen H. , Arun Banu 
Published: October 2022

OverviewUnderstanding the etiology of cancer combines a multitude of factors including genetic, environmental, health, and lifestyle influences on the pathway to malignancy. While single‐gene inherited causes for cancer account for only 5–10% of cancer cases, identifying these individuals and their family members can provide insight into tumorigenesis, improvement in therapeutic outcomes, prevention of new primary cancers, and identifying family members that may carry the same germline mutation. The process of evaluating an individual's cancer history as well as his or her family history is key in ascertaining those at risk for hereditary cancer. Indeed, several professional organizations recognize the importance of systematic and proficient hereditary cancer assessment. The American Society of Clinical Oncology has attested to the importance of identifying and managing of individuals with inherited susceptibility to cancer as a key aspect to oncology care with specific attention to the following areas: germline implications of somatic mutation profiling, multigene panel testing for cancer susceptibility, quality assurance in genetic testing, education of oncology professionals, and access to cancer genetic services.1Genetic counseling is the process of helping individuals recognize and interpret the medical, psychological, and familial implications of the genetic contributions of disease.2Given the complicated nature of understanding genetic risks and implications for patient and family members, pretest genetic counseling aid in both accurate hereditary cancer assessment and facilitating patient understanding. The genetic counseling interaction includes information gathering, establishing or verifying diagnosis, risk assessment, information giving, and psychological support.3Given the established expertise required to assess hereditary cancer risks, genetic counseling is rapidly becoming a standard of care for patients. While not all institutions have access to genetic counseling services, theCommission on Cancer(CoC) suggests programs without immediate access to formal genetic counseling services identify resources for referral to patients needing assessment.4
Clonal Hematopoiesis in Cancer
Authors: Rauch Philipp J. , Steensma David P. 
Published: October 2022

Overview
Clonal hematopoiesis represents a precursor syndrome to development of hematologic malignancy. The discovery of clonal hematopoiesis resulted from improvement in next‐generation sequencing that allows identification of low‐variant allele frequency mutations in select genes that provide hematopoietic stem cells a growth advantage over time as compared to un‐mutated stem cells. Clonal hematopoiesis results from acquisition of mutations over time in hematopoietic stem cells as individuals age. Clonal hematopoiesis is not only a risk factor for the development of hematologic malignancies but also to many other processes involving inflammation that ultimately have the potential to impact patient survival. Strategies to both utilize the presence of clonal hematopoiesis in risk assessment for cancer, cardiovascular mortality, and to potentially intervene to prevent these outcomes yet to be developed.
Fixed time formation control for heterogeneous multi‐agent systems with partial unknown control directions
Authors: Hou Han‐Qian , Liu Yan‐Jun , Lan Jie , Liu Lei 
Published: October 2022

SummaryThis article studies the fixed‐time time‐invariant formation control problem for a class of uncertain nonlinear heterogeneous multi‐agent systems (HMASs) with actuator faults and partial unknown control directions. Throughout the formation process, the possibility of actuator faults in systems and unknown control directions between individual agents are taken into account. Lipschitz conditions are introduced to identify the continuous uncertain nonlinear functions. To estimate the agents' local immeasurable states in HMASs, a distributed fixed‐time observer is proposed, which can ensure that the states of follower agents are observed in fixed time. In addition, a distributed formation fault‐tolerant control scheme will handle actuator faults. By designing a Nussbaum function, the problem of partial unknown control directions for HMASs can be solved in fixed time. Based on the fixed time stability theory, it is proved that the closed‐loop stability and the tracking performance can be guaranteed in fixed time, that is, the achieved time is independent of any initial states. In the end, a simulation example is given to testify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Antimicrobial and Antibiofouling Electrically Conducting Laser‐Induced Graphene Spacers in Reverse Osmosis Membrane Modules
Authors: Pisharody Lakshmi , Thamaraiselvan Chidambaram , Manderfeld Emily , Singh Swatantra P. , Rosenhahn Axel , Arnusch Christopher J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBiofouling is an ongoing challenge for water treatment membrane processes. Reducing biofilm growth on the membrane surface or on the polymeric feed spacer will reduce operation, maintenance, and module replacement costs. Laser‐induced graphene (LIG) is a low cost, environmentally friendly, electrically conductive carbon material shown to have antibiofouling properties. Here it has been shown that an electrically conductive LIG‐coated polypropylene (PP) feed spacer has both antimicrobial and antifouling effects under a low electrical current, and when implemented into a spiral wound membrane module reduced biofilm growth on both the membrane and the spacer components. The antibacterial property of the LIG spacer is tested using Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the brackish water Rheinheimera sp. as model organisms. Using a voltage of 12 V, P. aeruginosa is completely inactivated in 10 h, while a dynamic accumulation assay employing Rheinheimera sp. showed significant reduction (p < 0.05) in bacterial adhesion compared to an uncoated spacer. The spacer is incorporated into a spiral wound reverse osmosis (RO) membrane module, and reduced biofouling is observed on both the membrane and LIG spacers components using brackish water and 12 V. This study demonstrates the feasibility of electrically conductive feed spacer components in spiral wound RO membrane modules.
Copper‐Catalyzed Multicomponent Oxysulfonylation of Alkenes with Cyclobutanone Oxime Esters and Hydroxamic Acids via the Insertion of Sulfur Dioxide
Authors: Zhou Nengneng , Xu Qiankun , Xia Ziqin , Zhao Fangli , Wang Lei , Zhang Man 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA copper‐catalyzed multicomponent oxysulfonylation of alkenes with cyclobutanone oxime esters and hydroxamic acids via the insertion of sulfur dioxide has been developed. This reaction uses K2S2O5 as the sulfur dioxide surrogate and the in situ generated amidoxyl radical as radical interceptor, thus providing a direct approach to β‐amidoxy sulfones in 35–90% yields. Mechanistic studies revealed that a radical‐radical coupling reaction of the alkyl radical and amidoxyl radical might be involved in this transformation.magnified image
Aptamer Inhibits Tumor Growth by Leveraging Cellular Proteasomal Degradation System to Degrade c‐Met in Mice
Authors: Chen Kun , Cai Jiamin , Wang Sujuan , Li Yingying , Yang Chan , Fu Ting , Zhao Zilong , Zhang Xiaobing , Tan Weihong 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCurrent action mechanisms for aptamer‐based therapeutics depend on occupancy‐driven pharmacology to mediate protein functions. We report a new mechanism where aptamers leverage cellular proteasomal degradation system to degrade proteins for cancer treatment. A DNA aptamer (hereinafter referred to as c‐Met‐Ap) binds to the extracellular domain of mesenchymal‐epithelial transition factor (c‐Met) and selectively induces c‐Met phosphorylation at Y1003 and Y1349. The phosphorylation of Y1003 recruits E3 ubiquitin ligase casitas B‐lineage lymphoma, causing c‐Met ubiquitination and degradation in the proteasome. Furthermore, c‐Met‐Ap can induce a decrease in the heterodimeric partner proteins of c‐Met and the downstream effector proteins in the c‐Met signal axis, effectively inhibiting tumor growth in A549 tumor‐bearing BALB/c mice. Our study uncovers a novel, actionable mechanism for aptamer therapeutics and opens a new avenue for developing highly efficient anticancer drugs.