bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal and spatial characterization of myopia in China
Authors: Shi Xiujing , Gao Zhaorong , Leng Lin , Guo Zhen 
Published: August 2022

PurposeThe aim of this study was to characterize the temporal and spatial distribution of myopia among students aged 7–18 years, by analyzing the aggregation area and providing the basis for the prevention and control of myopia in China.MethodsA database for the spatial analysis of myopia in China during 1995–2014 was established using ArcGIS10.0 software as a platform for data management and presentation. A spatial autocorrelation analysis of myopia was undertaken, and a temporal and spatial scan analysis was performed using SaTScan9.5 software.ResultsOur data demonstrated that the prevalence of myopia in China in 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2014 was 35.9, 41.5, 48.7, 57.3, and 57.1%, respectively, thus indicating a gradual upward trend. The prevalence of myopia was analyzed in various provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions), and the highest was found in Jiangsu Province, with an average Moran'sIindex of 0.244295 in China (P≤ 0.05). According to the local Moran'sIautocorrelation analysis, there was a spatial aggregation of myopia prevalence among students in the entire country, with Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, and Shanghai being classified as high–high aggregation areas, while Hainan and Guangxi were classified as low–low aggregation areas. In addition, the Getis-Ord GeneralGresults of the global hotspot analysis showed a countrywide myopia prevalence index of 0.035020 and aZscore of 1.7959 (P= 0.07251). Because the myopia prevalence correlation difference was not statistically significant, there were no “positive hotspots” or “negative hotspots.” The local hotspot analysis shows that Shandong and Jiangsu belong to high-value aggregation areas, while Hainan and Guizhou belong to low-value aggregation areas. Further analysis using time-space scanning showed 15 aggregation regions in five stages, with four aggregation regions having statistically significant differences (P≤ 0.05). However, the aggregation range has changed over time. Overall, from 1995 to 2014, the aggregation areas for the myopia prevalence in Chinese students have shifted from the northwest, north, and northeast regions to the southeast regions.ConclusionOur data demonstrate that, from 1995 to 2014, the prevalence of myopia increased in students aged 7–18 years in China. In addition, the prevalence of myopia is randomly distributed in various provinces (municipalities and autonomous regions) and exhibits spatial aggregation. Also, the gathering area is gradually shifting to the southeast, with the existence of high-risk areas. It is, therefore, necessary to focus on this area and undertake targeted prevention and control measures.
Comorbidities and complications of COVID-19 associated with disease severity, progression, and mortality in China with centralized isolation and hospitalization: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Zhe , Peng Yingying , Wu Xiaolei , Pang Bo , Yang Fengwen , Zheng Wenke , Liu Chunxiang , Zhang Junhua 
Published: August 2022

BackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes life-threatening with the high-fatality rates and spreads with high-infectious disease worldwide. We aimed to systematically review the comorbidities and complications of COVID-19 that are associated with various disease severity, progression, and mortality in China, to provide contemporary and reliable estimates in settings with centralized isolation and hospitalization.MethodsIn this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched four main English language databases, and four main Chinese language databases for observational studies published from inception to January 2022, to identify all the related comorbidities and complications of COVID-19, in the China region with centralized isolation and hospitalization, with disease severity, progression, and mortality. Literature search, data extraction, and quality assessment were independently conducted by two reviewers. We used the generalized linear mixed model to estimate pooled effect sizes for any comorbidities and complications, and subgroup in gender ratio was done to further address the potential heterogeneity.ResultsOverall, 187 studies describing 77,013 patients, namely, 54 different comorbidities and 46 various complications of COVID-19, were identified who met our inclusion criteria. The most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension [20.37% 95% CI (15.28–26.63), 19.29% (16.17–22.85), 34.72% (31.48–38.10), and 43.94% (38.94–49.06)] and diabetes [7.84% (5.78–10.54), 8.59% (7.25–10.16), 17.99% (16.29–19.84), and 22.68% (19.93–25.69)] in mild, moderate, severe, and critical cases. The most prevalent complications were liver injury [10.00% (1.39–46.72), 23.04% (14.20–35.13), and 43.48% (39.88–47.15)] in mild, moderate, and severe cases, and acute respiratory distress syndrome [ARDS; 94.17% (20.78–99.90)] and respiratory failure [90.69% (28.08–99.59)] in critical cases. Renal insufficiency [odds ratio (OR) 17.43 (6.69–45.43)] in comorbidities and respiratory failure [OR 105.12 (49.48–223.33)] in complications were strongly associated in severe/critical than in mild/moderate cases. The highest estimated risk in intensive care unit (ICU) admission, progression, and mortality was an autoimmune disease, nervous system disease, and stroke in comorbidities, shock, and ARDS in complications.ConclusionComorbidities and complications in inpatients with COVID-19 were positively associated with increased risk in severe and critical cases, ICU admission, exacerbation, and death during centralized isolation and hospitalization. Prompt identification of comorbidities and complications in inpatients with COVID-19 can enhance the prevention of disease progression and death and improve the precision of risk predictions.
Gender Equality in Soil Science in Italy: Wishful Thinking or Reality?
Authors: Adamo Paola , Benedetti Anna , Bonifacio Eleonora , Calzolari Costanza , Celi Luisella Roberta , Cocco Stefania , Marinari Sara , Vingiani Simona 
Published: August 2022

Gender equality in Italian soil science is still far from being a reality although an in-depth investigation has never been carried out. In this work we analyse data on women soil scientists working in public research institutions and universities as well as on those affiliated with soil science societies, considering the changes in gender balance with time. We also recall three female pioneers in Italian soil science who played a key role in both research and scientific societies. An analysis of the impact of papers authored by Italian women is finally provided to gauge the contribution of Italian women to soil science in the last 20 years. The results show that the National Research Institutions reached a more equal balance between genders compared to universities. With regard to scientific societies, we observed a strong lack of female inclusion in the first years of the Italian Soil Science Society, founded in 1952, and the Italian Society of Pedology, even if it was founded much later in 1998. The Italian Society of Agricultural Chemistry was less discriminant, likely due to the presence of different sub-disciplines traditionally more open to women, although always far from real equality. With time, in all societies and research institutions we registered a positive trend with a better balance and a pro-active participation of women. However, we observed a persistent loss of highly qualified women resources from the training phase to the beginning of the career as well as under-representation of women in top roles and in the research centre leaderships. However, when we evaluated the scientific production, no statistical differences appear between women and men at all career levels, confirming the key contribution of women to soil science, despite facing major professional difficulties and disparities. These results show that, notwithstanding the marked progress in the number of women entering and working in Italian soil science, beyond the hard numbers, gender equality still remains a challenge and requires greater investments in resources and research toward structural and systemic interventions that may successfully lead to a more gender-balanced society.
Association between Influenza and COVID-19 Viruses and the Risk of Atherosclerosis: Meta-Analysis Study and Systematic Review
Authors: Jalili Mahsa , Sayehmiri Kourosh , Ansari Nastaran , Pourhossein Behzad , Fazeli Maryam , Azizi Jalilian Farid 
Published: August 2022

There is a lot of evidence to suggest that patients infected with the COVID-19 and influenza viruses are at risk of atherosclerosis. Additionally, there are heterogeneous studies on the risk of arthrosclerosis in patients infected with the influenza and COVID-19 viruses. We conducted a case–control and cross-sectional study and examined the association between the risk of atherosclerosis, and influenza virus (IV-A and IV-B) and COVID-19 infections in this study. We searched for keywords such as influenza virus, COVID-19 and atherosclerosis in English and Persian in well-known databases such as PubMed, SID, Magiran and Google Scholar. In this study, we analyzed the information using a meta-analysis, the random effect model, the I2 index and STAT (version 11.2). The results from the analysis of ten studies on influenza virus and nine studies on COVID-19 reviewed individually (totaling 6428 samples for influenza virus infections and 10,785 samples for COVID-19 infections) demonstrated a risk of arthrosclerosis in patients with influenza and COVID-19 infections, with an OR (odds ratio) = 0.45 ((95% CI): 0.25 to 0.64) and an OR (odds ratio) = 1.04 ((95% CI): 0.82 to 1.26), respectively. The present study provides new insights into the risk of atherosclerosis in patients infected with the COVID-19 and influenza viruses. Therefore, it seems necessary to consider different strategies for managing and eradicating viral infections among individuals.
Cannabis Seedlings Inherit Seed-Borne Bioactive and Anti-Fungal Endophytic Bacilli
Authors: Dumigan Christopher R. , Deyholos Michael K. 
Published: August 2022

Throughout the hundreds of millions of years of co-evolution, plants and microorganisms have established intricate symbiotic and pathogenic relationships. Microbial communities associated with plants are in constant flux and can ultimately determine whether a plant will successfully reproduce or be destroyed by their environment. Inheritance of beneficial microorganisms is an adaptation plants can use to protect germinating seeds against biotic and abiotic stresses as seedlings develop. The interest in Cannabis as a modern crop requires research into effective biocontrol of common fungal pathogens, an area that has seen little research. This study examines the seed-borne endophytes present across 15 accessions of Cannabis grown to seed across Western Canada. Both hemp and marijuana seedlings inherited a closely related group of bioactive endophytic Bacilli. All Cannabis accessions possessed seed-inherited Paenibacillus mobilis with the capacity to solubilize mineral phosphate. Additionally, seeds were found to carry genera of fungal isolates known to be Cannabis pathogens and post-harvest molds: Alternaria, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Chaetomium, Aspergillus, Rhizopus, and Fusarium. Thirteen seed-borne endophytes showed antibiotic activity against Alternaria, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Fusarium. This study suggests both fungal pathogens and bacterial endophytes that antagonize them are vectored across generations in Cannabis as they compete over this shared niche.
Estrategias de preservación digital para el archivo general de la Universidad Católica Santiago de Guayaquil
Authors: Chancay Jaramillo Elsa Esmeralda , Chaparro Martínez Exio Isaac , Ribadeneira Aroca Kepler Vinicio 
Published: August 2022

La preservación digital presupone debilitar los efectos de pérdida, desaparición o dispersión de información de documentos en soporte digital. En este sentido, debe girarse hacia una cultura de toma de conciencia sobre el devenir del patrimonio e información digital. Por otra parte, garantizar la preservación digital requiere de medidas de aseguramiento a lo largo del tiempo. Igualmente, el avance vertiginoso de la tecnología hace que la infraestructura y la administración de archivos actualicen constantemente para que la dinámica de la preservación digital sea pertinente y coherente con dichos avances. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura, ha visibilizado la problemática de la preservación de los documentos digitales, debido al reconocimiento de la necesidad de mitigación del riesgo en la que se encuentra la memoria histórica del mundo, producto de la insuficiencia de parámetros establecidos para garantizar que esta información sea preservada y legada a las futuras generaciones. Para Leija, diversas organizaciones expertas en la gestión de conocimiento e información han considerado de suma importancia el desarrollo de una conciencia operativa donde se asuma la cultura de protocolos, actividades y apoyos formales orientados a la preservación de sus memorias y patrimonio digital. La iniciativa de concienciar a creadores y gestores de información digital sobre la importancia de su tratamiento y gestión oportuna tiene su origen en la divulgación de «Ensuring the longevity of digital documents» de 1995.
Mitral Valve Prolapse and Non-Syndromic and Syndromic Variety
Authors: Трисветова Е.Л. 
Published: August 2022

Клиническое значение определяемого при эхокардиографическом исследовании пролапса митрального клапана нередко переоценивают или недооценивают. В настоящее время различают несиндромный, или первичный, пролапс митрального клапана, синдромный – при генетических синдромах (Марфана, Элерса – Данло и др.), при болезнях миокарда (миокардиты, кардиомиопатии и др.) и как проявление малых аномалий сердца. В каждом случае пролапса митрального клапана, выявленного при эхокардиографическом исследовании, необходимо определять системные проявления нарушений соединительной ткани, ассоциированные состояния и прогноз. Для выявления возможных генетических синдромов необходимо ориентироваться на разработанные диагностические критерии, при заболеваниях миокарда – диагностировать основное заболевание, сопровождающееся прогибанием створок митрального клапана. В случае отсутствия признаков несиндромного (первичного) пролапса митрального клапана, конкретного генетического синдрома или заболевания миокарда пролапс митрального клапана рассматривают как малую аномалию сердца.
The clinical significance of mitral valve prolapse detected by echocardiography is often overestimated or underestimated. Currently, there are non-syndromic or primary mitral valve prolapse, syndromic – with genetic syndromes (Marfan, Ehlers – Danlo, etc.), with myocardial diseases (myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, etc.) and as a manifestation of minor heart anomalies. In each case of mitral valve prolapse detected by echocardiography, it is necessary to determine the systemic manifestations of connective tissue disorders, associated conditions and prognosis. To identify possible genetic syndromes, it is necessary to focus on the developed diagnostic criteria; in case of myocardial diseases, it is necessary to diagnose the underlying disease, accompanied by deflection of the mitral valve cusps. In the absence of evidence of non-syndromic (primary) mitral valve prolapse, a specific genetic syndrome, or myocardial disease, mitral valve prolapse is considered a minor cardiac anomaly.
Roles and Challenges of AI-Based Cybersecurity: A Case Study
Authors: Alalwan Jaffar Ahmad Abdulkarim 
Published: August 2022

Nowadays, organizations face complex cyber-attacks that are difficult to counter with traditional protections. Therefore, many modern organizations tend to use AI-based cybersecurity systems to secure their assets and infrastructure and to reduce the level of potential risks.
Because of the lack of clarity of the AI roles in cybersecurity and the ambiguity of the related challenges, this study aims to explore the most prominent roles of AI-based cybersecurity related to information security in the prevention phase, the detection phase and the response phase. The study also aims to determine the most prominent challenges facing AI-based cybersecurity.
To achieve the goals of this study, we adopt a case-study methodology that origins from the general framework which is information security and ends with the specific framework which is AI-based cybersecurity. After designing a matrix to analyze the case study, the study concludes nine important roles for AI-based cybersecurity distributed over the three phases. Three roles are in the prevention phase, which are automated assessment of security vulnerabilities, awareness and training and authentication. Two roles are in the detection phase; namely, detection of intrusion and security breaches and detection of spams and phishing and four rules are in the response stage, which are analyzing malware, automating routine tasks, deploying traps and topple attackers and isolating important assets.
The study also identifies eight elements that represent the most prominent challenges facing AI-based cybersecurity: regulations and principles, trust, accountability, privacy, bias, training datasets, human resources and financial costs. In conclusion, the study presents a set of recommendations drawn from the results.
Phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity analysis of leaf and callus extracts of Allophylus serratus (ROXB) KURZ.
Authors: Jemal Kero , Sandeep B.V. , Pola Sudhakar 
Published: August 2022

Allophylus serratus is an important medicinal plant whose leaves, fruits, roots and stem have been in use in traditional medicines. The present study is aimed to carry out preliminary phytochemical analysis and to determine antioxidant activity of leaf and callus water, methanol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and petroleum ether extracts of A. serratus. The extracts were subject to various qualitative and quantitative tests for phytochemical analysis. An in vitro antioxidant activity of the extracts was investigated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), ABTS++,(2,2-azinobis(3-ethyl-benzothiozoline)-6-sulfonic acid) and FRAPS(Ferric reducing/ antioxidant power) assays. The qualitative phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, glycocides, saponins, tannins, and steroids in both leaf and callus extracts. The quantitative analysis result showed higher yields of phenolics (104.73±4.3 mg) followed by flavonoids (69.63±6.35 mg) and soluble tannins (69.59±1.27mg) equivalent gallic acid/g of methanol, ethyl acetate and methanol, respectively. In case of callus extracts, the highest yield is phenols (54.42±6.59gm) followed by flavonoids (39.17±6.35 gm) equivalent gallic acid/g of methanol extracts. The antioxidant activity assays of both leaf and callus extracts demonstrated strong antioxidant activity which could be due to high content of phenolics and flavenoids. The methanol extract showed more antioxidant potential than the other extracts of both leaf and callus but leaf extracts show significant antioxidant activity than the callus extracts. Therefore, both leaf and callus extracts of Allophylus serratus contain phytochemicals that are potential source for antioxidant which suggested that the plant could serve as a source of useful drugs.
Quality of Life in Disabled Versus Able-Bodied Individuals during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Al-Rahamneh Harran , AL Habees Asma , Baqleh Rahaf , Eston Roger 
Published: August 2022

Background: COVID-19 pandemic emerged in China, Wuhan in December, 2019. This pandemic has affected most domains of quality of life (QoL) for all individuals.
Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the quality of life among disabled persons and healthy-normal individuals during COVID-19 pandemic to compare it with their QoL before COVID-19 pandemic, in Jordan.
Methods: Six hundred and thirty nine able-bodied participants (33.8 ± 11.3 years) and 143 disabled individuals (46.8 ± 16.4 years) completed the WHOQOL-BREF (a tool used to measure Quality of life) which is consisted of 24 items distributed in four domains (physical health, psychology, social relationships and environment) and 2 items on overall quality of life and general health. The survey was distributed to participants online through social media (WhatsApp, Facebook, emails) between 12th June and 18th July 2021.
Results: Quality of life values were higher in able-bodied participants for physical health (65.5 ± 16.3 vs. 56.2 ± 19.8), social relationships 63.2 ± 19.7 vs. 55.3 ± 21.1) and environment (53.6 ± 16.6 vs. 49.8 ± 17.9) domains. The quality of life correlated positively with individuals’ income for both groups and higher in all domains for physically active compared to non-physically active participants. Screen time significantly increased during COVID-19 for both groups.
Conclusion: The authors recommended that more attention should be paid to all items of quality of life during COVID-19, particularly with regard to disabled persons, and to potential deleterious effects which may result from sedentary lifestyle behavior such as higher screen time usage during COVID-19.
Computational Processes for General Intelligence The SEOM Model
Authors: Balakrishnan Prabhakar 
Published: August 2022

<p>The ‘brain-mind-intelligence’ structure may be considered analogous to a ‘computer-operating system (OS)-application’ construct. Software development would be far more difficult without the benefit of abstractions like file and memory handles, and graphical user interfaces, implemented in operating systems. The easy access to application-level semantics, provided by the infrastructure of the OS, simplifies application development. Abstractions can play a similar role in producing intelligent systems. The power of abstractions may be determined by their ability to unify the treatment of several types of higher concepts. Unifying various concepts in the domain of intelligence, such as problems, solutions, objects, and emotions, through abstractions, will be of immense value. This paper shows how ‘higher-level perceptions’ could be used to serve this objective and construct an OS-like infrastructure. With the infrastructure in place, ordinary software objects developed and deployed using standard methods, become accessible using the semantics provided by the infrastructure. Now, after brief training exercises, the objects would be available for intelligent use. The focus, therefore, is on the design of the infrastructure that could play a mind-like role in humans, using some ideas from philosophers like Kant, Wittgenstein, Heidegger, and Popper.</p>
<p>The design uses a new, non-symbolic, non-connectionist, transmutable method of representation that tackles the so-called ‘frame’ and ‘grounding’ problems of artificial intelligence. The infrastructure enables the conversion of sensory inputs to transmutable representations (amenable to semantic modifications), to flexibly act on software objects developed externally. Furthermore, the infrastructure serves to ground and functionally manage the transmutable, connectionist, and symbolic systems. Thus, the new model plays a critical role in building intelligent systems that overcome major problems in learning and action selection, including brittleness associated with the limited semantics of purely symbolic and connectionist designs. </p>
<p>The new model is then evaluated in terms of features, against criteria set forth independently by Newell, Sun, Vernon, and others. In addition, a new measure of intelligence introduced in this paper is used to quantitatively compare the proposed model with some others developed over the years.</p>