bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L’Écriture sainte dans le Liber sermonum d’Alain de Lille († 1203)
Authors: Longère Jean 
Published: December 2022

Scripture in Alan of Lille’s (t 1203) Liber sermonum.
After his career in Paris, towards the end of the twelfth century Alan of Lille makes his way to the Montpellier region. He seems to have written there the major part of his pastoral work, for the use of parish priests ; Liber poenitentialis, Ars praedicandi, together with a Liber sermonum, and finally Sermones uarii, whose circulation was clearly much narrower and some of which may have been previously delivered. The Liber sermonum apparently tends to illustrate the theoretical teaching of Ars praedicandi, ch. 1, on the art of preaching. It offers 27 sermons, from Advent to All Saints’Day, but dealing above all with the season of Advent and Christmastide and of Lent and Eastertide.
The following points are studied in succession : the relationship between preaching themes and the liturgy of the day, the biblical or other sources of the themes, the biblical quotations other than the incipits of the sermons. Among all the books of the New Testament, Matthew’s gospel is the most often quoted, with Alan’s special emphasis on Christ’s words and on the events related to his birth and to his death. This work asserts the very biblical aspect of medieval preaching, characterized by references to most of the Books of the Old or the New Testament.
Lexique de l’évangélisme et systèmes de valeurs au XIIe siècle
Authors: Tilliette Jean-Yves 
Published: December 2022

Vocabulary of evangelism and value systems in the Xllth century.
The various attempts to reform religious life both inside and outside Church institutions since the middle of the Xlth century are all equally characterized by the use of a « revivalist » rhetoric. However, the statistical analysis of some phrases helps us in delineating the main features of evangelism, if not in identifying its specific vocabulary. The traditional, but more and more frequent, reference to primitive Church standards (forma primitivae ecclesiae) is often associated with a summons to voluntary poverty (nudus nudum Christum sequi) ; but it is above all the phrase vita apostolica, used in close connection with the growth of religious orders of regular canons claiming to the authority of saint Augustine’s Rule, which best defines news forms of spirituality, open to lay people.
Le contraste culturel entre le Nord et le Midi de la France médiévale
Authors: Paul Jacques 
Published: December 2022

Paul (Jacques), Le contraste culturel entre le Nord et le Midi dans la France médiévale.
La différence culturelle entre le Nord et le Midi est d’abord un fait de constatation jusqu’au moment où, dans les dernières décennies du XIIIe siècle, la culture s’y modèle sur les schémas en vigueur dans toute la chrétienté. Pour analyser ce phénomène sans que l’hérésie et la chanson courtoise occupent exclusivement l’attention, il est fait appel à des textes provençaux pour l’essentiel.
Un retard est très perceptible. Les écoles ne sont pas une préoccupation importante des évêques et des chanoines, pas plus que les livres et les bibliothèques. Les statuts de réforme et les testaments d’évêques le prouvent. Or, il y a des clercs cultivés puisqu’ils portent le titre de maîtres.
Une différence culturelle se fait jour parce que la logique et la théologie sont peu pratiquées et n’ont pas grande audience, les sciences les plus prisées sont profanes, le droit et la médecine. Elles conduisent à des professions. Les clercs sont séduits par ces disciplines et les laïcs qui les pratiquent jouissent d’un grand prestige.
Le cadre institutionnel de l’essor universitaire : les statuts de Toulouse (v. 1300-1329)
Authors: Verger Jacques 
Published: December 2022

Verger (Jacques), The Institutional Framework of University Development : the Statutes of Toulouse (ca. 1300-1329).
The University of Toulouse has preserved a series of early statutes (1300-1330) of exceptional interest. They have been produced by the university itself, except those of 1329 which were imposed by archbishop William of Laudun. These statutes set up the main aspects of university life (religious obligations, administrative institutions, lectures and examinations), while respecting the power of ecclesiastical authorities. These statutes bear by themselves a clear testimony of the rapid development of the university of Toulouse during the first years of the 14th century, as well as of the economic, intellectual and social issues raised by this very development.
Autour d’un rôle de suppliques de Jean XXII. Élites avignonnaises à l’université
Authors: Hayez Michel 
Published: December 2022

Hayez (Michel), About a petition roll of Jean XXII. The elites of Avignon at University.
Before September 1328, the town of Avignon presented to the Pope a roll commending to him eighty clerics, amongst whom were two mendicants, numerous cathedral canons and Benedictine monks. However, nearly two thirds of them were not endowed with benefices. Many belonged to important families from Avignon or Provence. Some of them were graduates, others were students, which testifies to the constant relationship between the elites of Avignon and the university of their town. Ten of the roll instigators’ favourites were honoured with gifts between 1328 and 1333, which shows the good relationship between Jean XXII and the people of Avignon.
La Disputatio à la Faculté des arts : le Midi de la France
Authors: Weijers Olga 
Published: December 2022

Weijers (Olga), La Disputatio à la Faculté des arts dans le Midi de la France.
L’enseignement des arts dans les universités du Midi de la France est encore mal connu. Des renseignements fournis par les statuts et quelques textes - certains commentaires de Guilhem Arnaud et de Johannes Canonicus, et une question disputée de Barthélemy Fléchier - nous montrent que la méthode d’enseignement de la disputatio y fonctionnait comme dans les universités du Nord.
Les clercs et l’enseignement du droit romain
Authors: Gilles Henri 
Published: December 2022

Gilles (Henri), Les clercs et l’enseignement du droit romain.
Le droit canon commence très tôt à incorporer des éléments du droit romain ; ensuite Gratien est lui-même influencé par le droit enseigné à Bologne. C’est dans le cours du XIIe siècle, cependant, que l’Église interdit l’étude du droit romain aux moines et aux chanoines. Elle réitère l’interdiction tout au long du XIIIe siècle. Les canonistes prônent toutefois des assouplissements qui passent dans les faits, car dans la pratique les papes accordent de nombreuses dispenses, principalement aux clercs n’ayant pas reçu les ordres majeurs. Ces dispenses et d’autres procédés permettent d’instaurer un enseignement du droit romain au sein des universités où, comme à Toulouse, «les lois » cohabitent rapidement avec « le décret ».
Aspects de la culture politique en Provence au XIVe siècle
Authors: Hébert Michel 
Published: December 2022

Hébert (Michel), Aspects de la culture politique en Provence au XIVe siècle.
La vie politique de la Provence du XIVe siècle, que l’on connaît essentiellement à travers des sources de la pratique, s’organise en des espaces publics diversifiés mais très structurés : le milieu des gouvernements communaux, souvent héritiers des anciens consulats, celui du gouvernement royal, celui - après 1350 - des états généraux. Les acteurs de ces différents milieux se recrutent dans les divers ordres de la société. Les hommes de loi, cependant, juristes et notaires, exercent à tous les niveaux une influence prépondérante. Les gens d’Église, en revanche, exclus en droit et en fait par la législation angevine, ne sont presque pas présents. Ces acteurs de la vie publique développent au cours du XIVe siècle, mais sur des fondements plus anciens, une culture politique constitutive de l’identité provençale. Celle-ci se fonde sur l’existence d’un territoire cohérent et bien identifié, grâce notamment à l’incidence de la fiscalité royale. Elle véhicule des valeurs associées à la défense des traditionnelles libertés ; au respect d’un sentiment d’équité, lui aussi fortement structuré autour de l’assiette fiscale ; à l’établissement, enfin, d’une concorde qui, sous divers vocables, représente le tissu conjonctif de la société politique. Cette création forte, cependant, peut-être en raison de l’absence chronique des souverains, ne suscite pas l’apparition d’un véritable sentiment national.
Les Prêcheurs et l’Inquisition
Authors: Albaret Laurent 
Published: December 2022

Preachers and Inquisition.
In the past, many historians have approached the issue of the Inquisition through its history and settlement in Languedoc, but none of them have really studied the people who have organised it materially and built its legal foundations. This paper can thus only deal with a few aspects of the subject, which is rich in documents and comments.
In 1233, when pontifical Inquisition was introduced in the South of France by Gregory IX, this new institution, which already had a past and history, was entrusted to the Dominicans. When he chose the Order of Predicatores Verbi Dei, Gregory IX was aware that he was resorting to the men belonging to the mendicant Order that had been approved in 1216, and not to the order itself. Such a decision could only honour the Dominicans and the memory of their founder, but it was hardly supported by the priors who felt they had little to gain and much to lose in being involved in the repression of heresies.
The Pope’s choice of the Preachers for the South of France was not solely imposed by matters of urgency. The repressive system having been legally codified by the Southern councils, the Preachers became a competent and available tool which, above all, intended to remain independent from the civil and religious authorities as well as from the Order. The special powers originally bestowed upon the Preachers suggest that will and reinforce the distinction between the Inquisitors and the Order.
Construction de deux lieux de la mémoire dominicaine : Prouille et Fanjeaux (XIIIe -XVe siècle)
Authors: Peytavie Charles 
Published: December 2022

The Building of Dominican Memory : Prouille and Fanjeaux (13th-14th Centuries).
Prouille and Fanjeaux are among Dominican holy places, in which Saint Dominic and the origins of the Order of Preachers were celebrated. Yet, according to Jordan of Saxony, Prouille was founded by Diego of Osma and the status of the nuns’ convent in the Order remained uncertain for a long time. Prouille was claimed as a foundation of Saint Dominic and the cradle of his Order for the first time by Humbert of Romans, followed by Bernard Gui. From about 1325 on, the worship of Saint Dominic was promoted in Fanjeaux, which was considered as the place where the miracle of the fire had been performed. Even though Prouille and Fanjeaux were promoted high places of Dominican memory, they never quite received the expression of the people’s devotion.
Martyrologes et culte des saints en Languedoc
Authors: Lemaitre Jean-Loup 
Published: December 2022

Martyrologies and Cult of the Saints in Languedoc, France.
Martyrologies are privileged witnesses of the cult of the saints, for they make it possible to grasp every saint that a particular monastic or canonical community recorded daily. But abbeys and chapters in Languedoc have only left few medieval martyrologies - fourteen for eleven communities, taking into account that of the chapter of Elne, from which only one page remains. The historical martyrology that was preferred was Adon de Vienne’s, to the detriment of Usuard’s, which was a lot more common in the whole Christendom - abbreviated versions being more common than unabridged texts. Historical martyrologies (Adon’s and Usuard’ s) include few saints from Languedoc : Aphrodise, Baudile, Tibère, Modeste and Florence, Semin, Pons, Giles, Firmin, Rustique, Exupère - but auctaria record twenty-four others, to which eight elevations or translations can be added. Alongside saints who were more or less unknown and to whom a very limited cult was devoted, like Véredème, Lupercule or Gaudéric, the personalities of Pons (not mentioned in Adon), Guillem and Fulcran stand out. When reading the manuscripts, it must also be noted that monks and canons recorded a large number of imaginary saints, bom out of reading mistakes and the copyists’ incompetence.
La lignée toulousaine de saint Dominique
Authors: Montagnes Bernard 
Published: December 2022

Montagnes (Bernard), The Toulousan spiritual family of saint Dominic.
Based on the Dominican historiography from the 16th and 17th centuries. Study of the hagiography of Saint Dominic’s spiritual descendants in the south of France. As regards martyrs, a discrimination should be made between the apocryphal, who abounded, and the authentic, who can be reduced to the martyrs from Avignonet. The other kind of Dominican sainthood was that of friars endowed with the grace of predication, either Saint Dominic’s companions, provincial priors or enthusiastic preachers. After the 16th century, the cult of their memory was part of the fight against the Reformation.
La vie de saint Paul (-Serge), Guillaume Hulard et le manuscrit 4 de la Bibliothèque municipale de Narbonne
Authors: Mercier Jean-Luc 
Published: December 2022

The Life of Saint Paul (-Serge) from Narbonne, Guillaume Hulard and the Manuscript 4 from Narbonne’s Town Library.
The Manuscript 4, preserved in Narbonne’s Town Library, contains the hagiographie life of Saint Paul from Narbonne. He was the first bishop of the town. This document, compiled during the 14th century by Guillaume Hulard, is made up of twelve parts. The most ancient one dates back to the 6th century and the latest ones were written between 1360 and 1364. The first section of the present paper is dedicated to the analysis of the file’s contents and structure.
Although several changes may appear depending on the time when they were written, these documents underline the remembrance of the Roman history of the town, a feeling of belonging to the Roman civilisation and Church. Consequently, Narbonne’s bishopric claimed a prominence - even a primacy - over other dioceses. Furthermore, the whole file shows a change in the way evil was perceived and in the different means used to fight it throughout the centuries. At the time the file was put together, evil was mainly viewed as the Antichrist and heresy, against which Guillaume Hulard suggested a ruthless fight aiming at annihilating the heretics.
Le système d’information géographique pour la cartographie des obédiences en Gascogne à l’époque du Grand Schisme 1378-v. 1420 : un outil heuristique ?
Authors: Labarthe Hugues , Sévègnes Laurent 
Published: December 2022

Can the GIS for the Mapping of Obedience in Gascony at the Time of the Great Schism (1378-c. 1420) be a heuristic tool ?
In Gascony, the split of the medieval Ecclesia into conflicting obedience during the Great Schism (1378-1417) came in addition to century-old tensions within a complex political system. In relation to the territorial division between obediences, several historians like N. Valois, A Degert and E. Perroy seem to agree on one principle giving « each political entity its own obedience ». Putting this principle into practice allows us to theorize about how Gascony was divided in terms of obediences. However, one may wonder if the putting into practice of this principle should not be discussed. And if so, how ? Setting up a Geographic Information System (GIS) is the only way to carry out a spatial analysis on the whole Gascony. The organisation and working principles of such an analysis are briefly presented here. The diocese of Tarbes, which had a complex political layout, but for which sufficient information is available, is used to test the experiment. By examining, then processing the sources related to churches and communities, we can elaborate a first version of a geo-referenced platform. The model according to which « each political entity has its own obedience » is then tested by casting the available information about the Schism and the political layout. This leads us to the conclusion that the theoretical model alone cannot explain the actual division between obediences. We then focus on Lavedan in order to try to confront and understand the geographical and biological data dug out so far. The GIS allows us to evaluate the integration of prelates within the geography of churches and the authority which imposes itself upon the territories within a conflictual political system. It is thus a heuristic tool in its own right.
De Pise à Constance : le rôle de Guillaume Saignet, juge de Nîmes puis sénéchal de Beaucaire, dans la résolution du Grand Schisme
Authors: Grévy-Pons Nicole , Millet Hélène 
Published: December 2022

From Pisa to Constance : the Role of Guillaume Saignet, judge in Nîmes then seneschal in Beaucaire, in the resolution of the Schism.
Cleric in the diocese of Uzès, civil law student in Avignon, Guillaume Saignet relinquished his benefices, got married and became judge in Nîmes. In November 1408, he brought Benedict XIII, who was in Perpignan, letters from the unionist cardinals. He soon became advi¬ ser to Louis II of Anjou and was promoted seneschal in Beaucaire. As such, he escorted the king of the Romans, Sigismond, when the latter came to Languedoc and Rousillon to negociate with Benedict XIII. He was by his side in December 1415, when the agreement of Narbonne was concluded with the Spanish princes, and later on in Montpellier. Sigismond dubbed him knight in Paris in March 1416. A man of action, G. Saignet proved also to be capable of reflection and of making suggestions. He considered the abolition of the celibacy of priests an essential preliminary to the reform of the Church. Hypocrisies would thus come to an end, and the Church would regain an influence which would enable Christendom to unite for the crusade. This premise was also expressed by other reformers at the time. G. Saignet turned it into a treatise, which circulated during the Council of Basel. It may however be his private life which inspired the Lamentacio humane nature.
La place des saints dans la toponymie villageoise et dans la dédicace des églises en Gévaudan, XIe -XIVe siècle
Authors: Helas Jean-Claude 
Published: December 2022

The Place of Saints in the Toponymy of Villages and in the Consecration of Churches in the Gévaudan (11th-15th Centuries).
The religious and everyday lives of mediaeval villages were marked by the remembrance of a certain number of saints. This is particularly made clear through the consecration (dedication) of religious buildings to saints and by the use of names of saints to designate non-religious places (hagiotoponyms). A sizeable study regarding those dedications and hagiotoponymes, which was conducted by Montpellier Masters' students throughout most of eastern Languedoc, allows not only to see which saints were particularly honoured in the Gévaudan (original saints, saints from early centuries, mediaeval saints, universal saints or local saints). But it also makes us wonder whether or not the diocese of Mende held a distinct position on the subject compared to its southern neighbours -Narbonne, Béziers, Saint-Pons, Maguelone, Agde or Lodève.
Les Mendiants au village. Quêtes et prédication autour d’Avignon à la fin du Moyen Age (XIVe -XVe siècle )
Authors: Lenoble Clément 
Published: December 2022

Village Beggars : Begging and Preaching around Avignon in the Late Middle Ages (14th-15th Centuries).
Accounts from the Franciscan convent in Avignon and from surrounding parishes clearly show that, by the end of the Middle Ages, the friars regularly left their urban convents to go preaching and begging in villages around the city. It is thus possible to study those activities which defined their identity and social function. By tracing their influence on religious behaviour in villages, we get to understand that they were involved in the economic, social and religious affairs of the city and its surrounding villages. By begging and preaching, the friars brought about economic and religious changes in Provence parishes during the late Middle Ages.
Le contrôle des paroisses, un enjeu entre les ordres militaires et l’épiscopat : le cas aquitain
Authors: Allard Jean-Marie 
Published: December 2022

Controlling Parishes : a Challenge between Military Orders and the Episcopate. Case Study in Aquitaine.
In the Bordeaux, Bazas, Périgueux and Sarlat dioceses, the Order of the Temple and the Hospitallers had to find their place in the existing network of parishes and monasteries. At first, the episcopate was favourable to their presence, as was usually the case for any new religious order the interest aroused by the crusades made those orders all the more welcome. As time went by, however, prelates were less and less lenient and considered the orders were encroaching on their jurisdiction through their privileges. Each bishop wanted to rule his diocese as he wished and carry out his own policy. Jurisdictional disputes started to emerge. Prelates were protected by papal privileges from any encroachment of the orders. The latter were trying to gain their « independence » for the controll of their parishes so as to be free to do as they pleased without being indebted to anyone. They succeeded in part, since over two thirds of their monastic houses became parishes in the Middle Ages. But they still represented less than 5% of all parishes in the four dioceses.
Présences et dévotions féminines autour des commanderies du Bas-Rhône (XIIe -XIIIe siècle )
Authors: Carraz Damien 
Published: December 2022

Presence and Devotion of Women around Lower-Rhone Commanderies (12th and 13th Centuries).
Some English-speaking scholars have already put to the fore the fact that military orders were able to integrate women through a system of affiliation which was, incidentally, rather vague. But the overall implication of women within the commanderies of the Orders of the Temple and Hospitallers has never been assessed, taking into account the variety of relationships that could grow between the male religious communities and their lay female neighbours. The profusion of documents gathered dealing with 12th-13th century Lower-Rhone first shows that women were fully involved in the property trade with military orders. Even if they sold more than they gave away, the ladies who came from the lower and middle aristocracy could still often be seen in commanderies which seemed more than ever open to lay people. As a matter of fact, many of them extended the material links with the brothers to a deep devotion towards them. This can be seen through wills as well as affiliations among which elections to a sepulture should be distinguished from consores and donates contracts and, lastly, as regards the Hospitallers, full professions. At a time when the Church was still unable to fulfil entirely the demands of lay pious women, military orders were able to integrate them into new forms of solidarity and to offer them an actual model of Christian life : chastity in widowhood as in marriage, part taking in the prayers and pious deeds organised by commanderies and even supporting the ideal of the chivalry and of the crusades.