bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computation as Mechanism
Authors: Shagrir Oron 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe mechanistic account has evolved into a formidable theory of physical computation, and is the dominant view of computation today. The chapter focuses on Gualtiero Piccinini’s account, which is the most comprehensive and detailed theory of physical computation to date. According to this theory, computation is a functional mechanism. Its teleological function is to manipulate vehicles based solely on differences between different portions of the vehicles according to a rule defined over the vehicles. After presenting the account, the chapter highlights its two main shortcomings. One is that computational explanations do not sit squarely with the mechanistic framework. The other is that the main criteria of the account—rules, medium-independence, and teleological functions—do not appear to adequately distinguish computing from non-computing systems. The conclusion is that, despite its obvious virtues, the mechanistic account falls short of satisfying the key classification and explanation desiderata of an account of computation.
An Argument for the Semantic View
Authors: Shagrir Oron 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe chapter advances an argument for the semantic individuation of computational states. Its first and central premise is the simultaneous implementation of automata by physical systems. Simultaneous implementation (also known as “the indeterminacy of computation”) is a phenomenon whereby a physical system implements multiple formal structures at the same time, at the same location, and even with the same physical properties. The next premises are that, in a given context, a computational taxonomy often takes into account one of the implemented formalisms, and that content determines, at least partly, the select formalism. The chapter then addresses two objections. One is that the computational structure of the system is always identified with a more basic structure. The second objection is that we need not appeal to content for the purposes of computational individuation because extrinsic yet non-semantic features would do the job just as well.
Accountability Concerns
Authors: Dorfman Jay 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the application of educational standards to technology-based music instruction (TBMI). To date, no sets of standards directly address the ways TBMI teachers and students work; therefore, there is a lack of clarity as to how teachers are accountable to the larger educational culture. The chapter describes and critiques standards that are partially applicable: the NAfME music technology standards, the TI:ME Areas of Pedagogical Skill and Understanding, and the ISTE National Educational Technology Standards. Implications of all of these are discussed and support the conclusion that there is not currently available a single set of standards that fully accounts for the complexities of TBMI.
Future Considerations for Technology-Based Music Instruction
Authors: Dorfman Jay 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter includes a discussion of emerging technologies and ensembles, and ways that they might be integrated into music teaching. It provides suggestions for teaching with tablets and mobile devices, alternative ensembles, and Modern Band. The chapter also addresses ways to include singing in technology-based music instruction. A component of this chapter is a discussion of various types of distance learning including online tutorials, collaborative online music making, and formal online learning. It also addresses social and inclusion issues as they relate to TBMI.
Introduction
Authors: Berg Louis-Alexandre 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the questions and puzzles that motivate the book, a brief sketch of the main arguments, and an outline of the empirical methods. It provides conceptual and historical background on efforts to promote institutionalized security governance in conflict-affected settings, and explores approaches from the literature for explaining when they succeed or fail. While prior research highlights the benefits of addressing security governance challenges, it also raises questions about the effectiveness of international efforts to promote institutional change. Yet in focusing primarily on the obstacles to such change, the literature does not account for the varied outcomes of these efforts within and across countries. Highlighting a core puzzle of the book, the chapter asks why leaders in some conflict-affected settings adopt changes that institutionalize security governance despite the political risks. It provides a brief overview of the book’s main arguments, focusing on how internal conditions affect political calculations around security governance and shape the role and influence of external assistance. It then outlines the evidence and research methods used to examine this evidence, summarizing the six qualitative case studies and the original quantitative dataset, the Postwar Security Governance Dataset, and describes how they are applied to test and refine the argument.
Politics of Fear
Authors: Berg Louis-Alexandre 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The case of Bosnia and Herzegovina focuses on the effects of political networks to explain the trajectories of the military and police. Following the peace agreement, cohesive, nationalist parties remained politically dominant in separate jurisdictions, controlled separate military and police forces, and opposed restructuring. In early 2002, fragmentation in one of the ruling parties generated an opening for defense reform. As the party split internally, governing elites sought external support to neutralize hard-liners within their party, and external actors seized this opportunity to negotiate defense reform. Politicians blocked similar reforms to the police, however, as their cohesive networks remained closely tied to separate police forces. This chapter shows how cohesive networks inhibit institutional change, but even temporary fragmentation can create openings for restructuring. It also points to ways in which external actors may influence underlying political conditions over time.
Influence of Riches
Authors: Berg Louis-Alexandre 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The case study of Timor-Leste sheds light on the effects of unconstrained revenue through a comparison of the national police in 1999–2006 and in 2006–10. A decades-long struggle for Timorese independence ended with a referendum in 1999, the deployment of a UN peace operation, and the establishment of an independent state in 2002. Early on, fragmented networks and constrained revenue enabled the UN to influence the development of the police force. Yet the short timeframe and limited attention to oversight structures left the police vulnerable to political pressures. As oil revenue increased, rising tensions in the police contributed to a violent political crisis in 2006. From 2006 to 2010, a new ruling party distributed oil rents to mobilize support and maintain control of the security forces. This approach helped achieve stability, but it inhibited civilian oversight and accountability and undermined external influence. This case further points to longer-term interactions among domestic conditions and external actors. It illustrates how factional tensions within security forces escalate toward large-scale violence.
Conclusion
Authors: Berg Louis-Alexandre 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The final chapter lays out the main conclusions and implications of the study. It summarizes the empirical findings regarding how the political networks and revenue sources that underpin political authority affect security governance, and how internal political dynamics shape the effectiveness of international assistance efforts. It then draws out theoretical insights, looking beyond security governance to the politics of institutional change. In highlighting distributional contests over authority and resources, the findings show how institutional change emerges from political contestation rather than in spite of it. They highlight how the political role of international assistance in supporting elites shape its influence over institutions. The chapter then lays out practical and policy implications. It explores how international assistance programs can identify, navigate, and respond to internal political challenges, including through ongoing analysis, attention to resolving political trade-offs, calibrating instruments to local conditions, investing in relationships, and engaging the political context.
All Is Well
Authors: Bandopadhyay Saptarishi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
All Is Well attempts to answer one of the most urgent questions of our time: What is the relationship between modern states and the disasters they claim to manage? Disasters are commonly understood as exceptional occurrences that ruin societies and inspire ad hoc rituals of legal, administrative, and scientific control called “disaster management.” States and the international institutions perform disaster management to protect society. The book challenges this traditional narrative. It interprets “disaster management” as a historical struggle to conservate the existence and experience of catastrophes and produce idealized authorities capable of protecting society from uncertainty. It examines the emergence of this struggle in the eighteenth century and reveals how rulers and experts struggling to master God, nature, and each other inaugurated modern meanings of risk, normalcy, power, and responsibility. By recovering this history of disaster management, the book reveals underlying knowledge structures and political economies that smuggle the unspoken costs of modernity inside the rationalized representation of past catastrophes and future risks. Catastrophes, put bluntly, are not occurrences. They are inventions. Even in their most destructive forms, catastrophes are the stigmata through which the modern state renews itself. The book develops this argument by examining the Marseille plague (1720), the Lisbon earthquake (1755), and the Bengal famine (1770) and showing how eighteenth-century beliefs reverberate in structure and policies of “global” disaster management today. It concludes that climate change and the national and international authorities designed to fight it are products of three centuries of disaster management, and civilizational survival depends on reckoning with this past.
In the Shadow of Leviathans Seen and Unseen
Authors: Bandopadhyay Saptarishi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the book’s “problem,” defining questions, thesis, and structure. It reveals the urgent need to study the historical relationship between disasters and modern states and reflects on the importance of the eighteenth century in our time. The chapter introduces popular and expert conceptions of “disaster,” “the state,” and their (presumed) oppositional relationship. It explains why these conceptions and the resulting governance practices struggle to face today’s existential dilemmas like global warming and the Covid-19 pandemic. (The theoretical and methodological premises introduced here are developed in Chapter 2.) Finally, Chapter 1 introduces three case studies of eighteenth-century disasters that substantiate the book’s thesis and show how the disaster management in the distant past continues to inspire contemporary chaos and exploitative power relations within and between states.
Corner Pieces
Authors: Bandopadhyay Saptarishi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 serves different functions for different readers. It expands on the theoretical and methodological premises discussed in Chapter 1 and introduces students and lay readers to current thinking on disasters and state formation, drawing on disciplines such as legal and environmental history, disaster studies, geography, sociology, science and technology studies, political ecology, and critical approaches to international law and development. The chapter locates the book’s methods within these literatures and distinguishes its arguments from existing studies of disasters, disasters management, and state formation. Seasoned readers can use the chapter to discern and evaluate the book’s premises, themes, claims and conclusions.
Marseille 1720
Authors: Bandopadhyay Saptarishi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the Marseille plague of 1720 and shows that the history of disaster management is inextricable from the history of instincts and techniques designed to create a “right” social order and an idealized authority to rule it. The chapter begins seventy years before the onset of plague. It shows how political ambitions, legal rules, administrative instincts, and cultural norms designed to construct a model society produced a public health crisis in Marseille and jeopardized the legitimacy of the French state. As authorities and critics struggled to manage the disaster, they explained its causes, attempted remedial measures, and dispersed blame in ways that shaped enduring conceptions of risk, crisis, normalcy, and the modern administrative state. Chapter 3 challenges the notion that disasters upend narratives of truth and power where they occur; it reveals how existing power relations can sustain and thrive during a crisis.
Portugal 1755
Authors: Bandopadhyay Saptarishi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 traces the emergence of disaster management and the modern, scientific state following the Lisbon earthquake of 1775. It studies how the Marquês de Pombal, who rose to power in the quake’s aftermath, revolutionized the Portuguese state by explaining the calamity as a natural accident susceptible to centralized and scientific management. Chapter 4 follows Pombal’s efforts to reclaim moral, political, economic, and ecological hegemony from rival sovereigns and the Jesuit Order. It shows that the state’s claim to master natural chaos and superstition through science and rational governance was realized through ancien régime–style despotism, disenfranchisement, social immobility, and legalized violence. In Portugal, the struggle to define catastrophe was also the struggle to imagine a “normal” political authority. Chapter 4 reveals how modern—legal, political, and scientific—authorities may continue to be defined by the arbitrariness they reject and the “natural” chaos and irrationalities they promise to subsume.
Bengal 1770
Authors: Bandopadhyay Saptarishi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines how the conservation of a historic famine in 1770 Bengal stimulated state formation in multiple spaces—the liberal, constitutional state in England and the colonial state in India. The British East India Company’s rule over pre-famine Bengal was defined by neglect, rapaciousness, indifference, and ignorance. The famine reflected a moral crisis, around political corruption, within English society. The chapter follows the British Parliament, courts, and media as they interpreted the calamity as a reflection of natural chaos and human irrationality in Bengal. It shows that disaster management in Bengal was designed to make Indians and their environment safe for colonial exploitation. Bengal’s fate forecasts the resilient relationship between disaster management and the colonial rule that would deepen in the nineteenth century and structure “normal” governance in independent India. Chapter 5, then, reveals the colonial roots of transnational and, eventually, global disaster management in our time.
The Influence of Plato on the Thought of W. E. B. Du Bois
Authors: Withun David 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The influence of Plato on the thought of W. E. B. Du Bois is evident in some of Du Bois’s most important ideas, including his dedication to a notion of unchanging truth and the ability to attain justice by overcoming ignorance through the exposure of this fixed and eternal truth, Du Bois’s social vision including his distinctive notion of a “Talented Tenth” dedicated to the duty of group leadership, and Du Bois’s concept of aesthetics and its resulting theory of the social function of art. Given the deep and pervasive influence of Plato’s ideas, Du Bois’s famous conflict with Booker T. Washington over the education of African American young people and the place of African American people within American society is best understood through the framework of Du Bois’s Platonist social and educational ideals.
Meso- and South America
Authors: Arthur John W. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractChapter 6 explores beer from northern Mexico to the tip of South America and how the first beers from this region may have come from chewed husks rather than the kernels so ubiquitous in chicha beers. The chapter will look at the development of beers during the different Andean polities, from the ritual site of Chavín de Huántar to the Inca Empire, which intersected beer with fertility, work ethic, and economic reciprocity. Also discussed is the rich ethnographic evidence of beers from the Sierra Madres in north Mexico to the Amazonian rainforest to the montane region of the Andes.
Drifting through Samsara
Authors: Rahmani Masoumeh 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Goenka’s Vipassana movement is distinguished for its consistent refusal to identify as Buddhist and its rich rhetorical repertoire for repackaging Theravada Buddhist teachings in pseudo-scientific and secular language. This book is an in-depth qualitative study of Goenka’s movement in New Zealand. It illustrates the implication of the movement’s discourse on shaping unique processes and narratives of conversion and disengagement. It argues that conversion to this movement is tacit and paradoxically results in the members’ rejection of religious labels and categories. The book subsequently examines disengagement in the context of tacit conversion, outlining three pathways: (1) pragmatic leaving, (2) disaffiliation, and (3) deconversion. Pragmatic leavers refer to individuals who disengaged prior to developing a commitment and their language is characterised by pragmatisms, dualistic discourse, and ambivalence, and their post-disengagement involves an active gravitation towards practices with easily accomplished goals. Disaffiliates and deconverts are individuals who disengaged after years of intense commitment to the movement. One of the distinguishing features of disaffiliation narratives is self-doubt resulting from the movement’s ambiguous discourse regarding progress, and that post-disengagement often involves the retrospective adoption of the Buddhist identity. The book argues that consequential to its linguistic strategies as well as the movement’s relation to the host culture, deconversion from this movement is a rare exit pattern. The book thus also questions the normative participant recruitment approach in conversion studies and argues that a simple reliance on the informants’ identification or rejection of categories fails to encompass the tonalities of conversion in the contemporary spiritual landscape.
Intellectual Property and Immorality
Authors: Snow Ned 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This book argues that certain intellectual creations should not receive copyright or patent protection because they are harmful to society. It posits that the theories of intellectual property and the Intellectual Property Clause of the U.S. Constitution suggest this conclusion. The book responds to counterarguments: namely, that denying protection might increase the output of objectionable works; that other laws should address the moral problems; and that intellectual property functions better under a laissez-faire approach. After responding to these arguments, the book considers the roles of government actors in denying protection. It argues that courts should exercise their powers of equity to deny relief for works that are connected to unlawful acts of the rights-holder, and that courts should exercise their constitutional powers to deny protection for specific categories of harmful expressions and inventions. Next, the book considers whether Congress has constitutional authority to deny protection for works that it considers to be immoral. In concluding that Congress does have such authority, the book sets forth specific criteria that Congress should apply in exercising its moral discretion. Finally, the book considers whether denying intellectual property protection on moral grounds would violate the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment. It concludes that principles of free speech afford Congress considerable discretion to deny patent protection but only narrow discretion to deny copyright protection. It also concludes that the Free Speech Clause is consistent with judicial denial of protection for the limited categories of works that fall outside the Intellectual Property Clause.
A Constitutional Limitation
Authors: Snow Ned 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines whether the constitutional clause that gives Congress power to legislate copyright and patent law (the Intellectual Property Clause) represents a limitation on Congress’s power. It interprets the constitutional purpose stated in the Clause—“To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts”—as barring Congress from extending protection to individual works that fail to fulfill that purpose. To support that interpretation, this chapter examines the constitutional policy underlying the Intellectual Property Clause, as well as the text and interpretive history of the Clause. It also responds to the argument that the Clause’s purpose should be construed as a non-limiting preamble and even if it is not, that the purpose should limit only the overall regime that Congress enacts—not individual works.
Progress, Science, and useful Arts
Authors: Snow Ned 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter interprets meanings of terms in the Intellectual Property Clause to conclude that Congress may not extend copyright or patent protection to certain types of intellectual creations. It argues that “Progress of . . . useful Arts” precludes patent protection for inventions that are so harmful to society that they are incapable of social advancement. It observes that this category of inventions would be relatively narrow. The chapter further argues that “Progress of Science” precludes copyright protection for two categories of works that fail to improve society’s knowledge—deceitful and pornographic expression. It concludes that as a constitutional matter, courts must deny protection for such works.
Addressing Philosophical Challenges to Supersensuous Perception
Authors: Medhananda Swami 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 addresses some of the most important objections to different premises of the argument for the epistemic value of supersensuous perception—reconstructed in detail in the previous chapter—as well as Anantanand Rambachan’s influential criticisms of Swami Vivekananda’s views on supersensuous perception. The chapter responds to these objections and criticisms by engaging recent work in philosophy of religion and epistemology and by building on Vivekananda’s own ideas. In particular, the chapter addresses the crosscheckability objection, the speckled hen objection, the gullibility objection, the conflicting claims objection, and the Mīmāṃsaka Kumārila Bhaṭṭa’s criticisms of yogic perception and testimony. The chapter concludes by responding to Rambachan’s criticisms of Vivekananda’s views on spiritual experience and the “science of religion.”