bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of Different Methods to Investigate Root System Architecture Of Urban TreesIn Situ:I. Ground-Penetrating Radar
Authors: Stokes Alexia , Fourcaud Thierry , Hruska Jiri , Cermak Jan , Nadyezdhina Nadezhda , Nadyezhdin Valeriy , Praus Ludek 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTo evaluate the efficiency of ground-penetrating radar (GPR) to map root systems of urban treesin situ, this technique was tested on three trees in an urban environment. After carrying out the extremely rapid GPR tests around the bases of the sample trees, root systems were excavated with an air spade, which produces a supersonic jet of air used to remove soil from roots. Photographs were taken of root system transects for comparison with GPR images. Root system architecture was then quantified for one pine tree, and a two-dimensional image of the root system was reconstructed using AMAPmod software. A comparison of actual roots with images hand drawn from the GPR data showed that the technique is reliable for mapping large roots in the horizontal plane only. Most errors in data from the GPR method were induced when the root systems were manually redrawn, and from roots running parallel to the electromagnetic signal in the vertical plane. These roots could not be identified by GPR. The GPR technique could be considered a valuable nondestructive tool for the arborist, but it still needs development, especially with regard to a software that could reconstruct 3D images of root system architecture from raw data.
Comparing Formula Methods of Tree Appraisal
Authors: Watson Gary 
Published: February 2022

AbstractValues produced by formula methods of tree appraisal used in five different countries were compared (CTLA)—United States, Standard Tree Evaluation Method (STEM)—New Zealand, Helliwell—Great Britain, Norma Granada—Spain, and Burnley—Australia). Nine individuals appraised the same six trees using all five methods. The CTLA and Helliwell methods consistently produced the lowest values, and the Norma Granada method values were most often the highest. There was a strong relationship between variation among appraisers and the mathematical operations used in calculating the formula values. The Helliwell method, which multiplies all of the rated factors together, consistently produced the highest variation among appraisers. STEM, which adds all the factors together, consistently produced the lowest variation among appraisers. Minimizing the number of multiplication operations used in the formulas is an effective way of reducing appraiser variation, but in doing so, the influence of individual factors may be diminished too much.
Urban Forests And Parks as Privacy Refuges
Authors: Hammitt William E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUrban forests and parks are forested areas that can serve as refuges for privacy. This article presents a conceptual argument for urban forests and parks as privacy refuges, and data that support the argument. On-site visitors (n= 610) to four Cleveland, Ohio, U.S., Metroparks were surveyed in 1995. Results indicated that considerable amounts of privacy were obtained during visits to the urban forests and parks, that people spent an average of two-plus hours per visit to these privacy refuges, that certain settings (habitats) within the refuges were preferred over others for privacy, and that “reflective thought” was the most important function (benefit) that privacy served within the refuges. The findings have implications for preserving and managing urban forests and parks as nearby refuges where the basic human need for privacy can be found.
Variation in Field Susceptibility of Native and Exotic Ash Species to Anthracnose
Authors: Jacobs Karel , Danielson Donna 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEightFraxinusspecies and several cultivars ofF. americana(white ash),F. pennsylvanica(green ash),F. angustifolia(Syrian ash), andF. excelsior(European ash) were evaluated for susceptibility to anthracnose disease during 1997, 1998, and 1999. Budbreak and leaf emergence rates were also recorded. The following results were found:F. chinensis(Chinese ash) was most susceptible followed byF. angustifolia,F. pennsylvanicaand, to a lesser degree,F. mandshurica(Manchurian ash). The EuropeanF. excelsiorwas similar toF. mandshuricaand appeared moderately susceptible, while the North American nativeF. tomentosa(pumpkin ash) andF. americanawere comparatively tolerant of the disease.Fraxinus quadrangulata(blue ash) was resistant and showed virtually no symptoms in any year. Significant variation existed among cultivars and varieties of certain species including the widely planted green ash in which ‘Patmore’ and the newly available ‘Cimmaron’ appeared least susceptible. Despite weak statistical support, we observed a general trend in which trees that leafed out earlier developed more disease than those that leafed out later.
Response of English Oak (Quercus robur L.) Trees to Biostimulants Application in The Urban Environment
Authors: Ferrini F. , Nicese F.P. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe influence of two biostimulants on leaf gas exchanges and leaf characteristics of English oak (Quercus roburL.) was evaluated in a urban environment over two growing seasons. Trunk diameter and shoot growth were also monitored. Treatments included 1) control (no biostimulants); 2) Root Grow WP™, a commercial hydrosoluble powder made of a mix of humic acids, marine algae,Yuccaextracts, vitamins, amino acids, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria; and 3) Mycobacter DP™, a commercial granular mix of endo- and ectomycorrhizal fungi, biostimulants bacteria, humic acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, acrylamide,Yuccaextracts, and marine algae. No statistical differences were found on trunk diameter increase and shoot growth. Photosynthesis, evaporation rate, and water-use efficiency were higher in plants treated with biostimulants than control plants on every observation date. No differences were found regarding leaf fresh/dry weight ratio and specific leaf weight, while chlorophyll content, leaf area, and leaf dry weight were higher in the treated plants, especially in the second year after planting. Nitrogen concentration in leaf tissue was higher in the treated trees, while the content of the other mineral nutrients was not affected by the products. No differences emerged between the two biostimulants used. Though this study supports the utility of biostimulants application as an aid to promote plant establishment in adverse sites, especially in terms of plant physiology, it is difficult to make specific recommendations on their application and on the choice of the best biostimulant product forQuercus roburin our conditions.
TEMPOS DE MULHERES: UTOPIAS E DISTOPIAS FEMINISTAS NA LITERATURA E HISTÓRIA
Authors: Santos Dornelles Danielle 
Published: February 2022

Com base nas leituras de Virginia Woolf, Rita Schmidt, Zahidé Muzart e Ildney Cavalcanti, este artigo tem como objetivo explorar aspectos referentes à escrita e publicação de obras de autoria feminina entre os séculos XIX e XX. Assim como compreender as nuances que envolvem o estigma do gênero literário romance e a presença e ausência de mulheres no cânone literário. A partir destas leituras, buscamos situar no tempo as obras de escritoras como Emília de Freitas, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Margaret Atwood e Octavia Butler, analisando suas visões de futuro e deslugares possíveis ou impossíveis, a partir do fio condutor entre literatura, história do feminismo e teoria da história.
Comparison between metamizole and triptans for migraine treatment: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Peres Mario Fernando Prieto , Scala Wanessa Alessandra Ruiz , Salazar Ricardo 
Published: February 2022

Objective The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the efficacy of metamizole and triptans for the treatment of migraine. MethodsRandomized controlled trials including people who received metamizole or triptan by multiple routes of administration and at all doses as treatment compared to subjects who received another treatment or placebo were included in the systematic review. The primary outcomes were freedom from pain at 2 hours; pain relief at 2 hours; sustained headache response at 24 hours; sustained freedom from pain at 24 hours. The statistical analysis of all interventions of interest were based on random effect models compared through a network meta-analysis. Results 209 studies meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria were analyzed. Of these, 130 had data that could be analyzed statistically. Only 3.0% provided enough information and were judged to have a low overall risk of bias for all categories evaluated; approximately 50% of the studies presented a low risk of selection bias. More than 75% of the studies presented a low risk of performance bias, and around 75% showed a low risk of detection and attrition bias. ConclusionThere is no evidence of a difference between dipyrone and any triptan for pain freedom after 2 hours of medication. Our study suggests that metamizole may be equally effective as triptans in acute migraine treatment.
Impact of taxation policy on tobacco consumption in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alotaibi Hawazin Fahad , Alsanea Nasser Abdullah 
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND:
Taxes on tobacco products that increase the price and target demand-reduction have been shown to be an efficient means of reducing tobacco consumption. A new policy introduced in 2017 has increased the price of a 20-cigarette pack of the most popular brand to 27.50 SAR (7.33 USD) with the tax portion being 68.09%, which is within the yardstick recommended by the World Bank.

OBJECTIVE:
Assess impact of taxes on cigarette consumption.

DESIGN:
Retrospective econometric analysis.

MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES:
The annual importation of cigarettes containing tobacco (commodity code 24022000) in metric tons (as a proxy measure of consumption).

METHODS:
An econometric analysis of cigarette prices and consumption was performed using the methods of the World Bank Economics of Tobacco Toolkit. The impact was assessed statistically through price elasticity of cigarette demand. The study used yearly data for the period 2013-2019 to compare the price elasticity of demand according to the change in price. Cigarette consumption was equated to cigarette imports (dependent variable), and correlation with the cigarette price, income, education, and unemployment was assessed as independent variables of interest.

RESULTS:

Annual importation of cigarettes declined by 27.41% for the period 2013-2019 after the imposition of ad valorem and value-added taxes in 2017 and 2018, respectively. The price of a pack of cigarettes increased by 115.1% from 2016 to 2018. The per capita consumption was inversely correlated with price *
P
=.0003285, r=-0.969). The inverse correlation between income and per capita consumption was also statistically significant (
P
=.025, r=-0.816). Education did not correlate with per capita consumption (P=.740, r=-0.155), but unemployment was inversely correlated (
P
=.008, r=-0.884). From 2016 to 2018, the price elasticity of demand became negative with respect to income as recommended by the World Health Organization. The price elasticity of demand reached -0.07, -0.8, -0.93 in 2016, 2017, 2018, respectively.

CONCLUSION:
The modification of tax policy in 2017 has resulted in a decrease in both cigarette affordability and consumption. An additional 42.67% increase in the price, or pack price of 35.81 SAR (9.54 USD) might offset the increase in individual income noted in 2019 and maintain the decreased affordability.

LIMITATIONS:
The lack of more granular data on cigarette sales and more reliable data on prevalence.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST:
None.
Percutaneous Y-shape reconstructive biliary stenting in Klatskin cholangiocarcinoma through a single left-sided entry
Authors: Alshumrani Ghazi Adlan , Al-Khani Abdullah Murhaf 
Published: February 2022

Percutaneous Y-shape reconstructive biliary stenting in the Klatskin tumor is typically performed through bilateral biliary access. Single access from a right-side biliary entry is the more commonly used side for biliary access in general. We present a successful Y-shaped biliary stent reconstruction through a single left-side biliary approach. Unilateral single access Y-shaped biliary stenting can be technically challenging; when performed through a left biliary approach, an additional technical challenge may arise due to the unusual combination of Y-shaped biliary stent reconstruction and the single left-side biliary approach. We concluded that percutaneous Y-shaped biliary reconstruction through a left-sided unilateral approach is a technically feasible, less invasive interventional approach in managing Klatskin tumor.

SIMILAR CASES PUBLISHED:
None.
ALFABETIZAÇÃO: COMO CONSTRUIR O PROCESSO DE ENSINO E APRENDIZAGEM NA LEITURA E ESCRITA NO 1º ANO
Authors: Jesus Francisca Maria de , Pordeus Marcel Pereira 
Published: February 2022

Este artigo é um resumo da minha dissertação de mestrado na área educacional. Para tanto, o referido trabalho procura investigar como é construído o processo de ensino aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita com crianças do 1º ano do Ensino Fundamental. A base fundamental que provocou a presente pesquisa certificou que, embora os progressos teóricos quanto a temática, o estudo corroborou para as estratégias de aprendizagens de educadores que envolvem a alfabetização, ainda existe professores que persistem com uso de tradicionais métodos de alfabetização, e com isso, adicionados a outros fatores, crianças enfrentam dificuldades ou até mesmo fracassam no aprendizado da leitura e escrita. Assim, nos leva a questionar, seja qual for a maneira de alfabetização vale a pena? Com relação ao desenvolvimento, nos sustentamos na teoria da Psicogênese da língua escrita, nas argumentações sobre Alfabetização e Letramento. Participaram da pesquisa duas regentes titulares de suas salas de aula no 1º ano do Ensino Fundamental I, sendo uma da sala A e outra da sala B. Dos processos metodológicos efetuamos minientrevistas, logo após as aulas com as professoras, com a finalidade de entender como era realizado o trabalho em sala de aula. As observações foram feitas em cada turma (no início e no fim entre os meses de fevereiro e junho de 2019). As crianças foram avaliadas com três tipos de atividades (escrita de palavras, leitura de palavras, leitura e produção textual) em dois momentos diferentes (no início e no final da pesquisa). Em relação a aprendizagem, os resultados atingidos pela a turma A tiveram um avanço significativo nos eixos avaliados, já a turma B mostrou que os alunos não progrediram consideravelmente.
The vertical aerosol type distribution above Israel – 2 years of lidar observations at the coastal city of Haifa
Authors: Heese Birgit , Floutsi Athena Augusta , Baars Holger , Althausen Dietrich , Hofer Julian , Herzog Alina , Mewes Silke , Radenz Martin , Schechner Yoav Y. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. For the first time, vertically resolved long-term lidar measurements of the aerosol distribution were conducted in Haifa, Israel. The measurements were performed by a PollyXT multi–wavelength Raman and polarization lidar. The lidar was measuring continuously over a 2-year period from March 2017 to May 2019. The resulting data set is a series of manually evaluated lidar optical property profiles. To identify the aerosol types in the observed layers, a novel aerosol typing method that was developed at TROPOS is used. This method applies optimal estimation to a combination of lidar-derived intensive aerosol properties to determine the statistically most-likely contribution per aerosol component in terms of relative volume.
A case study that shows several elevated aerosol layers illustrates this method and shows, for example, that coarse dust particles are observed up to 5 km height over Israel. From the whole data set, the seasonal distribution of the observed aerosol components over Israel is derived. Throughout all seasons, coarse spherical particles like sea salt and hygroscopically grown continental aerosol were observed. These particles originate from continental Europe and were transported over the Mediterranean Sea. Sea-salt particles were observed frequently due to the coastal site of Haifa. The highest contributions of coarse spherical particles are present in summer, autumn, and winter. During spring, mostly coarse non-spherical particles that are attributed to desert dust were observed. This is consistent with the distinct dust season in spring in Israel. An automated time–height-resolved air mass source attribution method identifies the origin of the dust in the Sahara and the Arabian deserts.
Fine-mode spherical particles contribute significantly to the observed aerosol mixture during all seasons. These particles originate mainly from the industrial region at the bay of Haifa.
Heavy metal uptake of nearshore benthic foraminifera during multi-metal culturing experiments
Authors: Schmidt Sarina , Hathorne Ed C. , Schönfeld Joachim , Garbe-Schönberg Dieter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Heavy metal pollution originating from anthropogenic sources, e.g. mining, industry and extensive land use, is increasing in many parts of the
world and influences coastal marine environments even after the source has ceased to pollute. The elevated input of heavy metals into the marine
system potentially affects the biota because of their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation. An emerging tool for environmental applications is
the heavy metal incorporation into foraminiferal calcite tests, which facilitates monitoring of anthropogenic footprints on recent and past
environmental systems. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the incorporation of heavy metals into foraminifera is a direct function of
their concentration in seawater. Culturing experiments with a mixture of dissolved chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc
(Zn), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in artificial seawater were carried out over a wide concentration range to
assess the uptake of heavy metals by the nearshore foraminiferal species Ammonia aomoriensis, Ammonia batava and
Elphidium excavatum. Seawater analyses revealed increasing concentrations for most metals between culturing phases and high metal
concentrations in the beginning of the culturing phases due to sudden metal addition. Furthermore, a loss of metals during the culturing
process was discovered by an offset between the added and the actual concentrations of the metals in seawater. Laser ablation ICP-MS (inductively
coupled plasma mass spectrometry) analysis of
the newly formed calcite revealed species-specific differences in the incorporation of heavy metals. The foraminiferal calcite of all three species
exhibited Pb and Ag concentrations strongly correlated with concentrations in the seawater culturing medium (partition coefficients and standard
deviation for Ag – Ammonia aomoriensis, 0.50 ± 0.02; Ammonia batava, 0.17 ± 0.01; Elphidium excavatum, 0.47 ± 0.04; for Pb – Ammonia aomoriensis, 0.39 ± 0.01; Ammonia batava, 0.52 ± 0.01;
Elphidium excavatum, 0.91 ± 0.01). Ammonia aomoriensis further showed a correlation with Mn and Cu, A. batava
with Mn and Hg, and E. excavatum with Cr and Ni and partially also with Hg. However, Zn, Sn and Cd showed no clear trend for the species
studied, which in the case of Sn was maybe caused by the lack of variation in the seawater Sn concentration. The calibrations and the calculated
partition coefficients render A. aomoriensis, A. batava and E. excavatum as natural archives that enable the
determination of variations in some heavy metal concentrations in seawater in polluted and pristine environments.
One hundred plus years of recomputed surface wave magnitude of shallow global earthquakes
Authors: Di Giacomo Domenico , Storchak Dmitry A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Among the multitude of magnitude scales developed to measure the size of an earthquake,
the surface wave magnitude Ms is the only magnitude type that can be computed
since the dawn of modern observational seismology (beginning of the 20th century)
for most shallow earthquakes worldwide.
This is possible thanks to the work of station operators, analysts and researchers
that performed measurements of surface wave amplitudes and periods on analogue instruments
well before the development of recent digital seismological practice.
As a result of a monumental undertaking to digitize such pre-1971 measurements from printed bulletins
and integrate them in parametric data form into the database of the International Seismological Centre
(ISC, http://www.isc.ac.uk, last access: August 2021), we are able to recompute Ms using a large set of stations and
obtain it for the first time for several hundred earthquakes.
We summarize the work started at the ISC in 2010 which aims to provide the seismological
and broader geoscience community with a revised Ms dataset
(i.e., catalogue as well as the underlying station data) starting from December 1904
up to the last complete year reviewed by the ISC (currently 2018).
This Ms dataset is available at the ISC Dataset Repository
at https://doi.org/10.31905/0N4HOS2D (International Seismological Centre, 2021d).
Sensitivity of asymmetric oxygen minimum zones to mixing intensity and stoichiometry in the tropical Pacific using a basin-scale model (OGCM-DMEC V1.4)
Authors: Wang Kai , Wang Xiujun , Murtugudde Raghu , Zhang Dongxiao , Zhang Rong-Hua 
Published: February 2022

Abstract. The tropical Pacific Ocean holds the two largest oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the world's oceans, showing a prominent hemispheric
asymmetry, with a much stronger and broader OMZ north of the Equator.
However, many models have difficulties in reproducing the observed
asymmetric OMZs in the tropical Pacific. Here, we apply a fully coupled
basin-scale model to evaluate the impacts of stoichiometry and the
intensity of vertical mixing on the dynamics of OMZs in the
tropical Pacific. We first utilize observational data of dissolved oxygen (DO) to calibrate and validate the basin-scale model. Our model experiments
demonstrate that enhanced vertical mixing combined with a reduced O:C
utilization ratio can significantly improve our model capability of
reproducing the asymmetric OMZs. Our study shows that DO concentration is
more sensitive to biological processes over 200–400 m but to physical
processes below 400 m. Applying an enhanced vertical mixing causes a modest
increase in physical supply (1–2 mmol m−3 yr−1) and a small
increase (< 0.5 mmol m−3 yr−1) in biological consumption
over 200–1000 m, whereas applying a reduced O:C utilization ratio leads to a
large decrease (2–8 mmol m−3 yr−1) in both biological consumption
and physical supply in the OMZs. Our analyses suggest that biological
consumption (greater rate to the south than to the north) cannot explain the
asymmetric distribution of mid-depth DO in the tropical Pacific, but
physical supply (stronger vertical mixing to the south) plays a major role in
regulating the asymmetry of the tropical Pacific's OMZs. This study also
highlights the important roles of physical and biological interactions and
feedbacks in contributing to the asymmetry of OMZs in the tropical Pacific.