bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends and prospects for thermal stabilizers in polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Li Degang , Liu Pengjia 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThermal stabilizers are essential for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) processing. It is the emergence of thermal stabilizers that made PVC's applications migrate from laboratory to large‐scale industrial use. Herein we overview the development status of some traditional thermal stabilizers including lead salt, metal soaps, and organotin along with relatively newer thermal stabilizers such as organic thermal stabilizers and metal alkoxides. Taking into consideration the high market demand, opportunities for cost‐effective additives for thermal stabilizers are also briefly discussed. Finally, with the recent shift in focus on thermal stabilizer synthesis and their performance characterization but neglecting mechanical property testing and verification, we put forward application prospect of quantum chemical calculation for the development of PVC thermal stabilizers.
Effects of draw solutes on an integrated forward osmosis—Microbial fuel cell system treating a synthetic wastewater
Authors: Ferby Matthew , Zou Shiqiang , He Zhen 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMicrobial fuel cells (MFCs) and forward osmosis (FO) are both attractive and versatile wastewater treatment technologies that possess disadvantageous qualities that prevent their optimal performance. This study aimed to investigate how draw solute selection for FO treatment would affect MFC performance in a coupled FO‐MFC system. Two types of draw solutes, NH4HCO3 and NaCl, were studied, and it was found that 1.0 M NH4HCO3 (FO‐MFC‐A) and 0.68 M NaCl (FO‐MFC‐B) had similar water fluxes of 6.04 to 3.39 LMH and 6.25 to 3.54 LMH, respectively. The reverse salt flux from the draw decreased the feed solution resistance for both draw solutes, but the FO‐MFC‐A system (0.32 W m−2) had a higher maximum power density than the FO‐MFC‐B system (0.26 W m−2). The current density for the FO‐MFC‐B system increased due to continuous solution resistance decrease, whereas it remained constant for the FO‐MFC‐A. The difference in Coulombic efficiencies (32.8% vs. 25.6%) but similar Coulombic recoveries (10.2% vs. 11.4%) between the FO‐MFC‐A and FO‐MFC‐B systems suggested that the FO‐MFC‐A might have the inhibited microbial activity by high ammonium/ammonia. The FO‐MFC‐A system had the lower energy consumption for nutrient removal (2.01 kWh kg−1 NH4+‐N) and recovery (8.87 kWh kg−1 NH4+‐N). These results have shown that NH4HCO3 as a draw solute can have advantages of higher power density, higher Coulombic efficiency, and recoverability for draw regeneration, but its potential inhibition on microbial activity must also be considered.Practitioner Points

Forward osmosis can be connected to microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment.
Water recovery by forward osmosis can greatly reduce the wastewater volume to microbial fuel cells.
Ammonium draw solutes can result in lower volumetric energy consumption.
Ammonia inhabitation of anode microbes will decrease organic removal.
Fluoride retention kinetic and equilibrium studies on layered double hydroxides under ambient conditions: Implications on pond–stream–hot spring–well water remediation
Authors: Mahajan Tanuj , Paikaray Susanta 
Published: October 2022

AbstractFluoride deficiency and toxicity severely affect a large population globally. Hence, a low‐cost geosorbent is in demand to overcome fluorosis hazards where in situ retardation is prioritized over pilot‐scale waste water treatment. This study reports the fluoride removal potential of MgFe‐type layered double hydroxide (HT‐LDH) and its calcined form at 500 and 800°C for their usability for treatment of polluted streams, ponds, wells, and hot spring water. Rapid uptake with >33% removal in 24 h was found by the adsorptive method, whereas the co‐precipitation process removed >16 mg/L (>83%) in 1 h. The efficiency was further enhanced upon calcination at 500°C with >95% removal up to five times regeneration, unlike that at 800°C. It was demonstrated that multilayer sorption onto heterogeneous surface sites is majorly controlled by surface adsorptive and ion exchange mechanisms. Acidic pH, low aqueous
, and temperature >25°C favored greater uptake, whereas competitive anions slightly enhanced its potential in the order
in adsorptive removal. In the co‐precipitation process, competing anions slightly hindered
retention, whereas high temperature and low aqueous
led to greater
retention. No F‐bearing solid phases were evidenced upon its retention, except lowering the HT‐LDH crystallinity and rearrangement of
surface functional groups. The fluoride contents of natural water were lowered drastically up to 77% in 60 min upon precipitation of HT‐LDH by maintaining alkalinity and a di‐/trivalent cationic ratio of 2.0.Practitioner Points

F^− uptake is rapid on heterogeneous surface sites with multilayer sorption mechanism
Greater F^− removed by coprecipitation technique compared with adsorptive pathway
Acidic medium and temperature >25°C favor greater F^− retention NO_3^−+PO_l4^(3−) slightly enhanced F^− uptake by adsorption but lowered in coprecipitation
Formation of LDH from natural waters lowered F^− content up to <77%
On the suitability of differential transform method for solving the self‐similar channel flow problems
Authors: Ali Kashif , Faridi Aftab Ahmed , Khan Nargis , Nisar Kottakkaran Sooppy , Ahmad Sohail 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis article presents, for the first time, a comparative analysis of two different solution methodologies for the numerical investigation of flow and thermal behavior of Casson fluid through a channel having linearly extending lower wall while the upper wall is kept at rest. MHD Casson fluid boundary layer flow is supposed to be steady, laminar, viscous, and incompressible. We have taken into account the mixed convection effects, whereas the usual no slip condition has been imposed on both walls. The Navier–Stokes equations for the proposed model have been converted into nonlinear and coupled system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) by employing similarity variables, which are then solved by using the differential transform method (DTM) and the quasi‐linearization method (QLM). We note that the quasi‐linearization approach is better than the DTM, as the latter becomes inappropriate for the increasing values of the parameters involved. Moreover, the variation of the different parameters for velocity and temperature profiles has been analyzed graphically.
Current Knowledge and Conservation of the Wild Mammals of the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands
Authors: Rainho Ana , Meyer Christoph F. J. , Thorsteinsdóttir Sólveig , Juste Javier , Palmeirim Jorge M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOceanic islands are usually difficult for mammals to colonize; consequently, the native mammal fauna is typically species-poor, often consisting of just a few species of bats. The oceanic islands of the Gulf of Guinea are no exception to this pattern. Still, the known mammal richness is relatively high for the small size of the islands. Out of a total of 13 native species, including 11 bats and 2 shrews, at least 7 species and 3 subspecies are single-island endemics. In addition to native species, at least 6 other wild mammals have been introduced to the islands purposely or accidentally by humans. Some of these are among the world’s most notorious invasive species and cause damage to native species, ecosystems, and humans. Predation by exotic species can threaten native island mammals, which are especially sensitive due to their small populations and limited ranges. These impacts are likely worsened by other threats, such as forest degradation and climate change, and a general lack of knowledge about the natural history of most species also hampers the implementation of conservation measures. Therefore, fostering further research on the endemic-rich mammal fauna of these islands is vital to ensure their persistence.
Biodiversity Conservation in the Gulf of Guinea Oceanic Islands: Recent Progress, Ongoing Challenges, and Future Directions
Authors: de Lima Ricardo F. , Deffontaines Jean-Baptiste , Madruga Luísa , Matilde Estrela , Nuno Ana , Vieira Sara 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe biodiversity of the oceanic islands of the Gulf of Guinea is valued internationally for its uniqueness and locally for its contribution to human welfare, but it is under growing anthropogenic pressure. We provide an overview of recent progress, ongoing challenges, and future directions for terrestrial and marine conservation. The islands were colonized in the late fifteenth century and have since relied heavily on international markets. Nevertheless, the livelihoods of many islanders depend directly on local natural resources, and growing human populations and economies are intensifying the use of these resources, including timber, land, and fisheries. Here we summarize conservation initiatives on the islands, including pivotal projects and achievements, as well as the rise of civil society and governmental engagement. We also review species and site-based conservation priorities and highlight the need for continuous updating based on ongoing research. Engagement in conservation has increased steadily in recent decades but not fast enough to counteract the growth of anthropogenic pressure on biodiversity. Fostering capacity building, environmental awareness, and research is thus urgent to ensure a thriving future for the islands, able to reconcile economic development and biodiversity conservation.
Environmental Education in São Tomé and Príncipe: The Challenges of Owning a Unique Biodiversity
Authors: Ayres Roberta , Aragão José Carlos , Carvalho Mariana , Gouveia Francisco , Matilde Estrela , Panisi Martina , Sacramento Jormicilesa , Schmitt Vanessa 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe islands of São Tomé and Príncipe host extraordinary biodiversity that evolved over millions of years without human presence. In the fifteenth century, the colonization of the islands created a society of migrants, associated with extensive land-use change and generally low knowledge and stewardship of autochthonous biodiversity. Formal education became widely accessible after the country’s independence but the curriculum has never been aligned with the natural heritage of the islands. Informal environmental education started in the 1990s alongside the pioneer conservation initiatives involving the scientific community. In the last decade, these efforts have multiplied, in line with the need to engage and involve local actors to promote stewardship and ensure the success of conservation efforts. Some changes were made recently at a formal level with the inclusion of environmental education curricula and new manuals. In addition, several initiatives and improvements are being developed in the private education sector. However, limited access to resources for educators reduces motivation and capacity to implement longer-term improvements. Most environmental education activities are still promoted by NGOs and mainly focus on endemic or threatened species and target school-age audiences. Other initiatives focusing on specific demographic groups have provided interesting results but are more intermittent and their impacts have largely not yet been evaluated. Improving formal assessments for current and future projects to assess impacts and refine future approaches will be essential moving forward. In addition, ensuring the involvement of local actors, coordination between different initiatives, and the use of diversified approaches will ensure that environmental education engages the widest possible audiences.
Unwinding a Legal and Ethical Ariadne’s Thread Out of the Twitter Scraping Maze
Authors: Rossi Arianna , Kumari Archana , Lenzini Gabriele 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSocial media data is a gold mine for research scientists, but such type of data carries unique legal and ethical implications while there is no checklist that can be followed to effortlessly comply with all the applicable rules and principles. On the contrary, academic researchers need to find their way in a maze of regulations, sectoral and institutional codes of conduct, interpretations and techniques of compliance. Taking an autoethnographic approach combined with desk research, we describe the path we have paved to find the answers to questions such as: what counts as personal data on Twitter and can it be anonymized? How may we inform Twitter users of an ongoing data collection? Is their informed consent necessary? This article reports practical insights on ethical, legal, and technical measures that we have adopted to scrape Twitter data and discusses some solutions that should be envisaged to make the task of compliance less daunting for academic researchers. The subject matter is relevant for any social computing research activity and, more in general, for all those that intend to gather data of EU social media users.
Onward Migration and Transnationalism: What Are the Interconnections?
Authors: Ahrens Jill , King Russell 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis introductory chapter sets the scene for the book. It defines onward migration as a migration trajectory that involves extended stays in two or more destination countries and distinguishes it from competing and overlapping terms like stepwise and transit migration. Onward migration is a growing phenomenon within overall global migration dynamics, although statistics to document the scale and trends of this type of migration are scarce. The main aim of the chapter is to examine how onward migration and transnationalism are connected. This is achieved both by reference to a range of existing literature and by citing evidence from the succeeding chapters in the volume. We demonstrate both how transnationalism can shape onward migration and, the reverse, how different onward migration trajectories may result in different forms of transnationalism. In this latter context, we identify inter-generational, split, widening and re-routed transnationalism, again drawing on examples both from the book and from the wider literature. The final section of the chapter consists of a methodological discussion on the practicalities of researching onward migration and multi-sited transnationalism, in which the technique of multi-sited ethnography is discussed, critiqued and modified.
Bonds of Transnationalism and Freedom of Mobility: Intra-European Onward Migrants Before and After Brexit
Authors: Della Puppa Francesco , Sredanovic Djordje 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWhile transnationalism and mobility are sometimes used as synonyms, the two concepts have different focuses: on attachments within different countries in transnationalism and on multiple and open-ended moves in the mobility approach. In this chapter, we explore how the two concepts intersect with onward migration in the context of Brexit. The loss of rights linked to EU freedom of movement that is part of the Brexit process increases the orientations towards further migration while, at the same time, limiting the opportunities for further migration. We use in-depth interviews with EU27 citizens in the UK, UK citizens in Belgium and Bangladeshis who have naturalised in Italy before moving to the UK. We show how the completed onward migration to the UK of the Italo-Bangladeshis has weakened transnational activities in relation to Bangladesh, including periodic returns and remittances. We further show how transnational links delimit the mobility orientation of EU citizens ‘by birth’, by focusing on the plans for return migration, rather than onward migration within the EU. Given these results, we reflect on whether transnationalism and mobility theory are simply convergent or if they describe phenomena that might actually be in partial opposition.
Big Science and Little Science in Open and Distance Digital Education
Authors: Kanuka Heather 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides a discussion of big science and little science. An overview of the definitions and uses of each is provided, as well as data collection and analysis practices, inclusive of a range of digital data analysis tools for research projects in open, distance, and digital education. A discussion is also provided on the promises, opportunities, controversies, and complications of big data and little data, as well as the possibilities of working with both forms of data collection. Insights based on the literature are highlighted, providing suggestions for practice when working with big data and/or little data. The chapter concludes with questions and suggestions for further research and implications for open, distance, and digital education that arise from the literature.
Refining the cutoff 3d gravity/$$ T\overline{T} $$ correspondence
Authors: Kraus Per , Monten Ruben , Roumpedakis Konstantinos 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Pure gravity in AdS3 is a theory of boundary excitations, most simply expressed as a constrained free scalar with an improved stress tensor that is needed to match the Brown-Henneaux central charge. Excising a finite part of AdS gives rise to a static gauge Nambu-Goto action for the boundary graviton. We show that this is the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

deformation of the infinite volume theory, as the effect of the improvement term on the deformed action can be absorbed into a field redefinition. The classical gravitational stress tensor is reproduced order by order by the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

trace equation. We calculate the finite volume energy spectrum in static gauge and find that the trace equation imposes sufficient constraints on the ordering ambiguities to guarantee agreement with the light-cone gauge prediction. The correlation functions, however, are not completely fixed by the trace equation. We show how both the gravitational action and the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

deformation allow for finite improvement terms, and we match these to the undetermined total derivative terms in Zamolodchikov’s point splitting definition of the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

operator.
High-Frequency Estimates on Boundary Integral Operators for the Helmholtz Exterior Neumann Problem
Authors: Galkowski J. , Marchand P. , Spence E. A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe study a commonly-used second-kind boundary-integral equation for solving the Helmholtz exterior Neumann problem at high frequency, where, writing$$\Gamma $$Γfor the boundary of the obstacle, the relevant integral operators map$$L^2(\Gamma )$$L2(Γ)to itself. We prove new frequency-explicit bounds on the norms of both the integral operator and its inverse. The bounds on the norm are valid for piecewise-smooth$$\Gamma $$Γand are sharp up to factors of$$\log k$$logk(wherekis the wavenumber), and the bounds on the norm of the inverse are valid for smooth$$\Gamma $$Γand are observed to be sharp at least when$$\Gamma $$Γis smooth with strictly-positive curvature. Together, these results give bounds on the condition number of the operator on$$L^2(\Gamma )$$L2(Γ); this is the first time$$L^2(\Gamma )$$L2(Γ)condition-number bounds have been proved for this operator for obstacles other than balls.
Operative Therapie der Arthrofibrose des Kniegelenks
Authors: Jagodzinski Michael , Traut Philipp 
Published: October 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Arthrofibrose des Kniegelenks ist eine schwerwiegende Komplikation nach Trauma und Operation, da die Funktion des Gelenks häufig dauerhaft beeinträchtigt wird. Es werden nach wie vor frühzeitige Mobilisierungstechniken und die Anästhesie eingesetzt, ohne dass die zugrunde liegenden Prozesse ausreichend aufgeklärt wurden. Während die Frühphase der Arthrofibrose gut auf konservative Maßnahmen zur Schmerzreduktion und zur Wundheilungsregulation anspricht, ist in der Spätphase häufig straffes kollagenes Narbengewebe vorhanden, das die Beweglichkeit dauerhaft einschränkt. In dieser Phase ist eine Verbesserung der Beweglichkeit ohne chirurgische Maßnahmen in der Mehrzahl der Fälle aussichtslos. Bei einer chirurgischen Therapie sollte zwischen der lokalisierten (zumeist sekundären) Arthrofibrose (z. B. Kreuzbandoperation) und einer generalisierten Arthrofibrose (primär, in der Mehrzahl der Fälle nach einer Knietotalendoprothese [Knie-TEP]) unterschieden und die Behandlung entsprechend geplant werden. Begleitende pathologische Veränderungen (Transplantatposition, Instabilität der TEP, Implantatverschleiß, „Low-grade“-Infektion, patellofemorale Instabilität oder „maltracking“, Patella baja) müssen bei der Behandlung berücksichtigt werden. Eine multimodale Begleitbehandlung (Physiotherapie, Schmerztherapie, Psychosomatik) ist zur Sicherung des Behandlungserfolgs notwendig.
Comparison of the prognostic value of early-phase proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and diffusion tensor imaging with serum neuron-specific enolase at 72 h in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest—a substudy of the XeHypotheca trial
Authors: Koskensalo Kalle , Virtanen Sami , Saunavaara Jani , Parkkola Riitta , Laitio Ruut , Arola Olli , Hynninen Marja , Silvasti Päivi , Nukarinen Eija , Martola Juha , Silvennoinen Heli M. , Tiainen Marjaana , Roine Risto O. , Scheinin Harry , Saraste Antti , Maze Mervyn , Vahlberg Tero , Laitio Timo T. ,   for the XeHYPOTHECA Research Group
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Purpose
We compared the predictive accuracy of early-phase brain diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS), and serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) against the motor score and epileptic seizures (ES) for poor neurological outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).

Methods
The predictive accuracy of DTI, 1H-MRS, and NSE along with motor score at 72 h and ES for the poor neurological outcome (modified Rankin Scale, mRS, 3 − 6) in 92 comatose OHCA patients at 6 months was assessed by area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Combined models of the variables were included as exploratory.

Results
The predictive accuracy of fractional anisotropy (FA) of DTI (AUROC 0.73, 95% CI 0.62–0.84), total N-acetyl aspartate/total creatine (tNAA/tCr) of 1H-MRS (0.78 (0.68 − 0.88)), or NSE at 72 h (0.85 (0.76 − 0.93)) was not significantly better than motor score at 72 h (0.88 (95% CI 0.80–0.96)). The addition of FA and tNAA/tCr to a combination of NSE, motor score, and ES provided a small but statistically significant improvement in predictive accuracy (AUROC 0.92 (0.85–0.98) vs 0.98 (0.96–1.00), p = 0.037).

Conclusion
None of the variables (FA, tNAA/tCr, ES, NSE at 72 h, and motor score at 72 h) differed significantly in predicting poor outcomes in this patient group. Early-phase quantitative neuroimaging provided a statistically significant improvement for the predictive value when combined with ES and motor score with or without NSE. However, in clinical practice, the additional value is small, and considering the costs and challenges of imaging in this patient group, early-phase DTI/MRS cannot be recommended for routine use.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00879892, April 13, 2009.