bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Second Millennium BCE: Early and Middle Bronze Age Writing
Authors: Demattè Paola 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the archaeological and paleographic evidence of the Early and Middle Bronze Age, the time when prehistoric communities transitioned towards an organized state and began making a more systematic use of graphic recording. It introduces archaeological and paleographic evidence from the Early to Middle Bronze Age, beginning with graphs and material remains from the Early Bronze Age Erlitou culture (ca. 2000–1600 BCE), following with Early and Middle Shang graphs and ending with the mature writing on bronze, bone, and jade of the Late Shang. This is not an in-depth study of shell and bone and bronze inscriptions, but a paleographic analysis of certain graphs in relation to Neolithic ones, and a comparative study of archaeological and cultural evidence (to assess if during the Late Neolithic there were similar ritual conditions as in the Bronze Age).
Introduction
Authors: Dyer John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the history of Bible software and explores the most recent statistics on usage from organizations like Barna, the American Bible Society, and digital religion scholars. It begins with previous technological shifts around the Bible including the move from scrolls to the codex and from handwritten texts to the printing press, leading to the digital era. In this era, as people around the world have become increasingly reliant on computers, phone, and the internet, their appetite for digital religion has increased. This chapters begins the argument that as these shifts were taking place, evangelical entrepreneurs were uniquely positioned to adapt the Bible to the digital age, and become the primary shapers of how Christians and non-Christians alike encounter the scriptures on screen.
Four Waves of Bible Software Development
Authors: Dyer John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of Bible software across four eras—the preconsumer academic era (1950s–1970s), the desktop pastoral era (1980 onward), the popular internet era (1995 onward), and the mobile app era (2000s onward)—showing how Hopeful Entrepreneurial Pragmatism enabled evangelicals to adapt to each successive wave of technology. (The appendix includes a corresponding list of nearly one hundred desktop and mobile apps created since the 1980s.) Most of these applications are no longer offered, but this chapters shows that the most successful evangelical developers and entrepreneurs are those who have the deepest connections to the web of evangelical ministries, universities, and institutions.
A Portrait of Evangelical Bible Readers
Authors: Dyer John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the people who use Bible software, looking at how they think about the Bible and which Bible apps are influencing their religious behavior. The Bible can be understood as religious content, but “the Bible” can also function as conceptual category and powerful cultural and relational symbol. This chapter draws on focus groups conduced at several churches to explore how that symbolic meaning changes when the Bible migrates from a printed book to an app. It also explores how users choose between the print and digital forms of the Bible. The interviewees portray modern Bible reading as a multimedia experience, one where they use a combination of print, screen, and even audio, shifting between them sometimes based on distinct goals and other times on what is convenient, comfortable, or socially acceptable.
Conclusions
Authors: Dyer John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers a summary of the book and its argument, showing how the Hopeful Entrepreneurial Pragmatism model of evangelical technological engagement works both in the production and in the consumption sides of Bible software development. Though evangelicals are aware of risks with technology, a class of them tends to hopefully embrace new media for its missional potential. They also display remarkable entrepreneurial savvy, moving fluidly between spiritual and business matters, and making pragmatic decisions based on what works. The chapter also summarizes how reading the Bible on screen affects average readers including the Nearest Available Bible phenomenon, where readers understand the unique value system of each medium, but tend to read whatever is most convenient or nearby, as well as interpretive differences that may be derived from behaviors we associate with screens vs. the printed page. Finally, this chapter offers some recommendations to fellow developers on the future of digital Bibles.
Bibliotherapy and Human Flourishing
Authors: Price Leah 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Early in this millennium, as scientific journals moved online, their pages began to fill with studies comparing reading with nonreading, print-reading with screen-reading, book-reading with magazine-reading, fiction-reading with non-fiction-reading, literature-reading with the reading of whatever literature is defined against, and even—drilling yet further down—the reading of critically acclaimed fiction with the reading of popular fiction. Some studies measured effects on health; others on wealth; yet others on theory of mind. Policymakers have seized on their findings, “prescribing” self-help books; sponsoring lists of novels, memoirs, and poems for people with anxiety and depression; enlisting reading aloud to combat isolation; and advocating discussing, or simply exchanging, books to combat isolation. All these programs share one thing. Their rhetoric pairs advocacy of reading with distrust of the literary critics who practice it for a living. This chapter asks whether the professionals who use the objects of literary criticism to further human flourishing can make use of debates among its methods. Reciprocally, what can those debates take from competing accounts of the worldly work done by literature, or print, or books, or reading?
Flourishing Spirits
Authors: Castiglia Christopher 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
“Flourishing Spirits” asserts that belief is necessary to any project to foster human flourishing. Drawing on nineteenth-century Spiritualism and the philosophy of William James, the chapter contends that the power to see what might be, but what is only immanent in the visible world (social conditions as they exist) constitutes belief. Spiritualism, the chapter shows, instilled a belief in belief that enabled its followers, many of whom were social reformers, to fight for a possible world in defiance of truth claims about the inevitability of present conditions. Belief in the possible is what James called “a new zest which adds itself like a gift to life.” That “zest,” for James, was synonymous with “passional” faith, which, rather than ignoring conditions in the real world, becomes flexible and adaptable to them, generating a critical well-being. Contemporary theories of social reassemblage, the chapter shows, rely on this concept of belief, as does a program of literary study that, rather than ignoring the fictional qualities of literature in order to discover the ideological “real,” uses imagination as a key skill in the attainment of belief and therefore of human flourishing.
Me vs. Us
Authors: Stein Michael D. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
People’s fears about health have always been cleaved: Each person worries about themself (the Me perspective of medical health) and they worry about others (the Us perspective of public health). Even before Covid-19, people understood that what is best for the individual may not be feasible for the group, and vice versa. Medical care and public health represent distinct dispositions and attitudes, competing views of health. The author, a primary care doctor trained that the individual patient matters most, fears this attitude has become so dominant in the way people think about health that it endangers the health of all. In this deeply personal narrative, it is argued that the public health perspective—the disorienting idea that people are all connected and therefore dependent on broad social policies—holds the solutions to today’s most concerning health crises, from Covid-19 to obesity and climate change. The book offers eight explanations for why public health has continually “lost” in the conflict with medical care—from a loss in funding and resource allocation to how people view their personal priorities. The divide between Me and Us will be the pressing issue in the debate about health care and public health during the coming years, an expression of societal values.
We Are Not Sure Who Public Health Is For
Authors: Stein Michael D. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
“Public health” is now sometimes referred to “population” health. A population is countable, and the people in it share characteristics. Public health has historically involved a series of fitful, episodic responses to local threats, such as smallpox or measles, as well as larger societal threats such as obesity. People recognize the effect of their neighbors’ health on their own during an infectious outbreak, but they also see that health in a population presents as a continuum; severe obesity is riskier than mild excess weight. Continuums across a population make people consider larger societal forces that affect the public, that, for instance, move obesity rates.
There Is Little Private Money to Be Made in Public Health
Authors: Stein Michael D. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Starting in the 1960s, dollars flowed into health care at a rate that far outpaced inflation. Interest in public health planning faded because attention shifted to the growing costs of the medical system. Public health’s share of total health expenditures in the United States reached a high of only 3.2% in 2002. In the years before Covid-19, it was estimated that the country would need an additional $4.5 billion annual investment in public health to protect national security and create conditions in which people could be as healthy as possible. Discussions of health care versus public health seem to be zero sum, and health care spending, with its focus on individual health, seems more consistent with an American adherence to the notion of individual capacity for limitless achievement. But prevention, the deterrence work of public health, has an excellent return on investment.
Public Health Can Only Infrequently Perform Randomized Trials and Therefore Seems Less Rigorous
Authors: Stein Michael D. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Why are randomized trial results considered the gold standard for proving an intervention works? Randomization gives the best chance for a fair comparison of groups. However, not every health question can be answered through a randomized trial. For example, it is not possible to randomize some drivers to a road with a higher speed limit and other drivers to a road with a lower speed limit. Some research depends on natural experiments of policies or events which produce large (or small) cultural changes that find their way into the health of populations. If randomized clinical trials are the only acceptable way to provide proof, both researchers and the general population are limited to a Me world.
Public Health Is Thought of as Government Work, Primarily for the Sake of the Poor
Authors: Stein Michael D. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
To address health, society-wide arguments must be made about the food people eat, the water they drink, the air they breathe, the buildings they sleep and work in, the schools they send their children to, and the transportation networks they utilize. Public health is an argument for how to live. Because of their scale, public health changes are necessarily slow. Improvements are difficult to see in real time, again making public health invisible. There are seemingly innumerable steps to produce change, so it is natural to turn toward the power of government policy to improve health. The public health perspective since Edwin Chadwick has included a corrective consciousness and argued that health depends on progress against poverty, which requires government. But for a generation, voters have moved to make government smaller; public health disinvestment is a symptom of disinvestment in governmental spending more generally.
Overview
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
America’s retirement landscape has changed. Traditionally, financial support for retirees came from workplace pensions, Social Security retirement benefits, and family savings. Medicare also provided vital support. Not everyone had all these sources of support, but this was the model of retirement. Today’s retirement outlook has changed: private-sector pensions have all but disappeared, while Social Security and Medicare lack adequate long-term funding. At the same time, retirees face greater pressures due to longer lifespans and rising health costs. To ensure a more secure retirement for all Americans, policymakers, companies, and families must all act. This book lays out a new paradigm for retirement in which families take greater responsibility for supporting their own retirement and governments and employers help them much more, including by putting Social Security and Medicare on a firm financial footing and ensuring that private insurance markets work better.
Entitlements
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Social Security, Medicare, and Medicaid form the foundation of retirement. They have transformed the lives of millions of Americans, reducing the elderly poverty rate, covering medical expenses, and providing nursing home care. In total, entitlements account for just under half of all federal spending, and, with large budget deficits, there is pressure to cut these programs. This chapter reviews the accomplishments and failings of entitlement programs. Both Social Security and Medicare built up substantial trust funds, but these funds are now expected to be exhausted within years. No Congress or administration will let the programs collapse, but the budgetary problems point to the need for immediate actions to put these programs on a firmer footing. Policymakers of the past have taken steps to cut costs, and more cost saving is possible, but sustaining these foundational programs will also require raising contributions through the payroll tax.
How Are Families Planning for End-of-Life Care?
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Retirees run the risk of outliving their assets and facing large medical expenses at the end of life. Nursing home care costs more than $100,000 a year in some places. Dementia care can last for several years if the person contracts Alzheimer’s while young. The most common form of end-of-life care is from a family member, either a spouse or adult child. That can place a heavy burden on the caregiver and mean sub-par care for the patient. Insurance policies can cover part of the cost of full-time care but are very expensive. Medicaid pays for nursing home care for those who have exhausted their financial resources, but the quality of these nursing homes varies. This chapter discusses the problem and why the long-term care insurance market has not thrived.
Reforming Private Insurance Markets
Authors: Baily Martin Neil , Harris Benjamin H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
One retirement challenge is how retirees can spend down their assets (or “decumulate”) to manage the risks described in earlier chapters. The markets for insurance-like products—such as annuities, reverse mortgages, and long-term care insurance—currently do not work well. This chapter explores ways to increase the use of insurance products by bringing more providers into the system. Policymakers should offer incentives to encourage companies to include annuities and long-term care insurance in their standard portfolio of retirement products. Employers should set up information sessions so employees learn the value of insurance and make good decisions. The chapter suggests improving reverse mortgages by, for instance, allowing small-dollar loans with low fees and interest rates and permitting homeowners to convert traditional mortgages to reverse mortgages. Combined, these reforms would better enable savers to obtain insurance against various risks and raise their standard of living in retirement.
Bronx Cheers
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The theme of Chapter 2 is the convergence of Bob’s two talents: music and technology. The hobbyist and ham radio culture of the 1940s is influential, and Bob discovers a Radio and Television News article showing how to build your own theremin, an electronic musical instrument invented by Leon Theremin. He knows little about the history of the instrument or its inventor, and is unaware of Clara Rockmore, the reigning diva of the theremin. But he builds the theremin, a project that will define the rest of his life. He attends the elite Bronx High School of Science. His aunt, Florence Moog, a scientist and university professor, is introduced in this chapter; she will remain one of his biggest lifelong influences, encouraging his scientific and intellectual development. Socially ostracized at Bronx Science, Bob finds acceptance at the Free Synagogue of Flushing. He applies to the Ivy Leagues despite their known discrimination against Jews.
The Island of Electronicus
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Minimoog D was in production, but Bob’s business was being severely tested. Customers like Paul Bley had defected to ARP; Eric Siday became a scofflaw; and Herb Deutsch threatened a suit over Project Pulse, an educational initiative he had hoped to launch with Bob. Just when things couldn’t get worse, a new competitor showed up on the scene—one who had defected from Bob’s own ranks. Gene Zumchak had signed on with Bill Waytena to design a new synth, the Sonic V, under the Musonics name. Waytena was now competing directly with Bob, though without much success, as Tom Gullo, one of his engineers, remembered. Waytena made preliminary plans to assume Bob’s debts and take over R. A. Moog. Meanwhile, the owner of Taco Bell helped David Van Koevering start “The Island of Electronicus,” a quasi-night-club—sans alcohol—where kids could try out Minimoogs and hopefully buy them.
I Bought Bob Moog
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Moog mystique was untouchable, but the synthesizer industry had evolved into a dog-eat-dog business. CBS had dropped the Buchla, and ARP was gaining on Moog with a small preset synth called the Soloist, and placing its instruments with prestigious retailers like Sam Ash in New York. After Bill Waytena officially bought out Moog on May 28, 1971, he saw the need for a good salesman like David Van Koevering. Van Koevering had been traveling across the United States with his family, landing Moog distributors and selling Minimoogs faster than the factory could produce them. It was Waytena who broke the news to Van Koevering: “I bought Bob Moog.” Bob later confessed to Van Koevering that he’d had no choice but to sell. The homey Trumansburg factory was about to close; operations would be consolidated in Williamsville, New York.
Vexations
Authors: Glinsky Albert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Outside the company, Bob was esteemed, and was featured in TWA’s Ambassador magazine, on television’s To Tell the Truth, and in a USIA film, The Visionaries. But Bill Waytena hired David Luce as top engineer. Luce’s polyphonic keyboard design (the Apollo), and pedal device (the Taurus), joined Bob’s small keyboard (the Lyra), as a three-instrument set: the Constellation. Bob developed the “Maxolin,” a one-off electronic violin started by Bell Labs’ Max Matthews. Waytena wouldn’t produce it. A Moog engineer discovered an illegal copy of Bob’s filter in an ARP instrument. In 1973, Waytena sold the company to Chicago Musical Instruments, a division of Norlin Corporation. Bob was “sold” as part of the deal. Bob attended a concert on ELP’s Brain Salad Surgery tour, and for psychological release, performed Satie’s piano piece Vexations at a public concert. The miniKORG and SH-1000, inspired by Bob’s work, signaled Japan’s entry into the synth industry.
The Military, Gender, and Liberal Political Obligation
Authors: Millar Katharine M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter sets out the theoretical basis of the book, critically examining the relationship between military violence, gender, and liberalism. It outlines the innocent version of liberalism as pacific, rational, and universalistic, and so forth, before unpacking the ways in which liberalism is, in fact, dependent upon gendered, sexualized, and racialized violence. The chapter demonstrates that the idea of militarism, as an ideological escape valve, is key to upholding the good version of liberalism. It revisits the classic liberal understanding of political obligation to argue that the idealized social contract is underwritten by a second, gendered agreement. In exchange for civil and political rights, male/masculine citizens are expected to kill and die for the state: the liberal military contract. The chapter then develops the analytic of discursive martiality, which brings together the “politics” of war with the way solidaristic, martial violence makes up and bounds liberal social order: the political.
Astaire by Numbers
Authors: Decker Todd 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Astaire by Numbers: Time & the Straight White Male Dancer looks at every second of dancing Fred Astaire committed to film in the studio era—all six hours, thirty-four minutes, and fifty seconds. Using a quantitative digital humanities approach, as well as previously untapped production records, this book takes the reader onto the set and into the rehearsal halls and editing rooms where Astaire created his seemingly perfect film dances. Looking closely in this way reveals how Astaire used the technically sophisticated resources of the Hollywood filmmaking machine to craft a singular career in mass entertainment as a straight white man who danced on screen across a quarter century of film history. Astaire by Numbers dissects Astaire’s work at the level of the shot, the cut, and the dance step to reveal the aesthetic and practical choices that yielded Astaire’s dancing figure on screen. How Astaire secured his masculinity (by dancing noisily and aggressively) and his heterosexuality (by dancing most of the time with a female partner) comes in for close examination, as does the content of Astaire’s whiteness, which emerges in both the sheer extent of his work and the larger implications of his famous “full figure” framing of his dancing body. Astaire by Numbers rethinks this towering straight white male figure from the ground up by digging deeply into questions of race, gender, and sexuality and offering a complete reassessment of a twentieth-century icon of American popular culture.
Frames, Sets, Cuts
Authors: Decker Todd 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This part details Astaire’s default aesthetic for the dancing body on screen as flat, whole, as large as possible, seen in sustained fashion from a level view, and precisely synchronized to the music and body sounds. Astaire created his dances to keep the entire dancing body within the frame, an aesthetic that required precise and preplanned coordination between the dancing body and the camera. Astaire’s early practice of filming an entire routine in one shot is discussed beside his use of cuts to isolate tricky or difficult moves and to reposition himself and his partners in the space of the movie set. His pervasive use of objects helps naturalize Astaire’s dancing as not really dancing but just fooling around. The virtuosity of this approach to filmmaking is offset by attention to moments when Astaire’s perfection fails and the seams show.