bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smaller European Elm Bark Beetle Panel Tests, 1975
Authors: Barger Jack H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plywood panels (15 x 15 cm) were treated with 8 insecticides from June 23-27, 1975, to determine effectiveness in controlling smaller European elm bark beetles attracted to Multilure-baited surfaces. The experiment was a 5 x 3 x 8 factorial design. The treatment factors were 5 chemical concentrations (1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 or 24%; Baygon 1, 3,6, and 12%), 3 beetle exposure times (5, 20, and 60 sec), and 8 bioassay periods (every 2 weeks for 16 weeks). Each combination was replicated 3 times. Concentrations were prepared by serial dilution; 2 ml of each were pipetted onto a 144-cm2 center surface area (1% = 0.14 mg/cm2 ai) of each panel, and were spread evenly with a glass rod. Panels were weathered outside; the mean tempergture was 18°C (range: -1.6 to 34.4°C), and total rainfall was 26 cm during the study. Bioassays were conducted by confining 20 newly emerged beetles between a treated panel surface and an inverted plastic petri dish (15 x 100 mm) for specified lengths of time at appropriate posttreatment intervals. After each exposure, beetles were placed on filter paper in petri dishes, and held in darkness for 24 h at 30 ± 1°C and 92 ± 2% RH before mortality was determined. Mortaility was pooled and averaged for all 3 exposure times at each concentration, because there were no significant differences in mortality among exposure times. LC50 and LC90 values were determined by interpolation.
Effectiveness of Foliar Systemic Insecticides for Controlling Scales on Forest and Ornamental Hemlock, 1976, 1977
Authors: McClure Mark S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A row of 40 ornamental Eastern hemlock, Tsugacanadensis (12 m tall), and an adjacent hemlock forest (trees to 18 m tall), heavily infested with Fioriniaexterna, located in Westport, CT, were sprayed in mid-June during peak activity of crawlers to evaluate the effectiveness of two foliar systemic insecticides. Treatments were applied to the point of runoff using either a John Bean Hydraulic Sprayer (Hereafter HS) operating at 200 psi or a mistsprayer attachment for a leaf-blower (U.S. Pat. No. 3,776,459, hereafter MS). A conscientious effort was made to cover the foliage completely and to direct the spray to the lower surface of the foliage, the feeding sites of F. externa. For ornamentals a minimum of 10 trees was used for each treatment; for forest trees all hemlocks within the 10-acre forest were sprayed. For each of five randomly selected ornamentals in each treatment four branches were sampled from the inner and outer crown at two heights 1 wk prior to and 3 and 7 wk following treatment. The numbers of living and dead scales occurring on 100 needles of current year growth were determined for each branch. Five randomly selected, mature forest hemlocks were sampled 3 wk following treatment. Four branches were taken from each of three vertical levels of the crown and scale mortality was determined as previously discussed. Data were subjected to an analysis of variance.
Feeding Toxicity of Carbofuran to Mountain Pine Cone Beetle, 1976
Authors: Gillette Nancy L. , Robertson Jacqueline L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The toxicity of carbofuran (Furadan 4.0 Flowable) to mountain pine cone beetle was determined by feeding the toxicant in an artificial diet to adults. Beetles were removed from western white pine cones collected near Missoula, Montana, and held at 5°C until used. Five concentrations of carbofuran were serially diluted with water from stock solutions freshly prepared for each of 5 replications. Methyl blue chloride (0.1%) was added to the toxicant solution as a visual guide to thorough mixing with the diet. Ten ml of water were placed in each I oz plastic jelly cup and the level marked with a marking pen. Hot artificial diet was then transferred to each cup and packed firmly to the 10 ml level. Two hundred μl of toxicant was added to each 10 ml portion of diet and the mixture thoroughly stirred. Ten to 15 holes were made in the diet. After it had cooled, adult beetles were put headfirst into the holes. A paper lid was placed on each cup. Mortality was tallied after 5 days.
Citrus Mealybug Control on Palms in the Greenhouse, California, 1977
Authors: Oetting Ronald , Morishita Frank S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Palms were maintained in 6 inch pots on greenhouse benches. Each of ten different treatments was applied to a single plant and each replicated 4 times. Application of insecticides was made on May 14, 1977. Foliar sprays were applied to the point of runoff with a 1 gal hand sprayer at 80 psi utilizing a 6502 nozzle. Greenhouse temperature was ca 26°C. Temik was applied as a granule and UC 21865 as a drench to the soil. Counts were taken of live and dead mealybugs on 4 tagged leaves on each plant at 7 day intervals and expressed as the mean number of live and dead mealybugs observed/replicate.
Scotch Pine, Pales Weevil and Northern Pine Weevil Control, Dover, Ohio, 1977
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Baldersron C. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A commercial stand of Scotch pine Christmas trees partially harvested in 1975 and 1976 was used for insecticide evaluation. Pretreatment populations were verified by collecting adult weevils of both species from an adjacent block of Scotch pine. A row of trees containing at least 10 newly cut stumps (less than 6 months old) was treated as one replicate/treatment. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each stump received ca 6 oz finished spray in kerosene delivered by a CO2 compression sprayer at 40 psi. Application was made March 30-31 when ambient temperatures were 25°C and 5°C, respectively. Weevils were sexually active at least 3 days prior to treatment. Observation of population development June 17 indicated most larvae were forming chip cocoons; some had already pupated. Beginning June 30, 20 stumps from each treatment (5/each of 4 replicate rows) were inspected for chip cocoons following removal of bark to first lateral roots. No attempt was made to differentiate pales weevil cocoons from those of northern pine weevil.
Mole Cricket Control, Jacksonville, Florida, 1975; Gainesville, Florida, 1976; Ocala, Florida, 1976
Authors: Short D. E. , Koehler P. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted on heavily infested bermudagrass golf courses. A series of 73 insecticidal treatments were applied at three locations in Florida August 27, 1975, August 10, 1976 and August 16, 1976. Plots measuring 10 x 10 ft separated by 3 ft borders were treated with candidate insecticidal baits, granules or sprays. The experiments were established as a randomized complete block design and replicated 5 times. Baits and granules were applied by hand, and sprays were applied with a 2 gal watering can. Two gals of formulated spray were applied to each plot. Plots treated with sprays or granules were irrigated with ca 1/4 in. water immediately following application. Plots treated with toxic baits were irrigated with ca. 1/4 in. water prior to treatment. In the first three days following application, dead or moribund mole crickets found in the soil surface were counted and removed from each plot. The data were analyzed by analyzing variance; the means were separated by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Evaluation Of Bolt Roach Bait, 1977
Authors: Lund Rea Dorette , Bennett Gary W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Raid® spray treatment had a higher initial reduction than the bait alone treatment, but by 2 weeks post-treatment the levels of reduction were virtually equal and were maintained up to 2 months. considering the severe type of infestations treated, the baits achieved very high reductions
Horses, Evaluation of Fenvalerate and Tetrachlorvinphos for House Fly and Face Fly Control, 1977
Authors: Combs Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ten ma-ture horses, averaging 270 kg, were located in 3 adjacent pastures. Two horses were used per treatment. Each horse was lightly sprayed at a rate of ca. 60 ml/head with an aequeous solution of three concentrations of Fenvalerate 10% WDL, one concentration of Tetrachlorvinphos 23% E. C., and a control (no treatment). Laboratory-reared face flies and house flies were confined, 10 per species, in circular plastic cages ca. 7.5 x 7.5 cm. The base of each cage was removable galvanized metal ca. 15 x 15 cm. At 10 minutes and 7-day intervals, posttreatment individual cages with test flies were transferred from metal base to the topline of each horse.
Apple, Orchard Insecticide Studies, 1976
Authors: Gauthier Norman L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted at the Agway Orchard, Fabius, NY, on dwarf rootstock apple trees of the varieties, Mcintosh, Red Delicious, Macoun and Cortland. Single rows (each 1/10 acre) of 22 trees were sprayed to run-off with hand-gun sprays at IX concentration using platform sprayer dilute equivalent of 300 GPA from first to ninth cover starting at 1/2” green. Blocks G & H received 1.5 tons/acre of dolomitic lime and Nitrogen; all trees received 6-8 oz of Urea 45/tree spread evenly on ground under branches Apr20 to May01’76. Between first and second cover and second and third cover, all trees received equivalent of 15 lbs Epsom salts/100 gallons in sprays. In Spring, when grass and weed growth was 3" tall, Paraquat + Simazine were band sprayed (3’ band) under trees. Benlate 50W was used as standard fungicide when insecticides were not combined with fungicides. Fruit was sampled at first cover and at normal variety harvest dates to assess insect damage. A total of 100 fruit per variety from three trees was composited at harvest to assess late season (cover spray period) insect injury. The average percent insect injury was pooled for 300-fruit samples for damage resulting from apple maggot, plum curculio, oblique banded leafroller, green fruitworm and tarnished plant bug.
House Fly, Musca Domestica L.; Insect Growth Regulator, Dimilin® 1977
Authors: Wright James E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Dimilin (1,10,25,50,100, or 300 ppm, based on dry weight) was incorporated into 25 g of larval diet (ground sugarcane pulp, whole wheat flour, and fish meal) in a 250-ml beaker by adding the chemical in 75 ml of water. Each beaker was seeded with 100 eggs from the laboratory colony, covered with black muslin and held at 27°C. Pupae were removed from the beaker and placed in small holdings cages for adult emergence. There was 3 replications of each dose.
Blueberry Thrips Control, 1977
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On a new burn field at Sedgwick, Maine, test materials were applied to 2 x 3 ft plots on May 19 (newly emerging stems averaged 1/4 inch in height) and again on May 21 (new growth averaged 1/2 inch). Dusts were placed into test tubes and applied onto the plots with a bicycle hand pump; a cage covered with clear plastic and located over the plot during the dusting was used to confine the dust to the plot. Dylox, Malathion EC, and Pyrenone were each mixed with water added at a rate of 50 gal per acre and sprayed onto the plots with a hand sprayer. No other pesticides were applied to the plots. There were 4 replications per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with some blocks located in high thrips’ pressure areas and some in low. On July 28 all stems in each plot were counted, and stems were recorded as being curled (thrips’ injury) or noncurled. Percent effectiveness is based on Abbott’s formula. The number of stems ranged from 720 to 1412 per treatment.
Citrus Leaf-Miner Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1976
Authors: Beattie G. A. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Soil applications of granular formulations of Temik and Furadan, and foliar applications of Rogor were compared with untreated controls. Three hundred nursery trees (near Gosford, N.S.W., Australia) were used; 5 replicates/treatment, 10 trees/replicate. The distance between rows and trees within rows was 76 cm and 15 cm respectively. Rogor was applied (to run-off) to all trees on March 30 ‘76, to standardise the population and to the specific treatment plots on May 5’76 and May 18’76. Temik and Furadan were applied on April 6’76. The granules were mixed into the top 2.5 cm of the soil and small walls were made around each group of 10 trees (15 cm from the trees) to prevent run-off. The number of active mines on 10 randomly selected leaves from the last growth flush was recorded on several dates.
Pecan, Black Pecan Aphid Management, 1977
Authors: Harris Marvin K. , Cutler Bradford L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test blocks were established at Hidden Valley Farms near Hamilton, TX in Hamilton County in July, 1977. Each block consisted of at least 10 trees and pretreatment monitoring of aphids was conducted to time applications. Sampling consisted of counting the aphids on each of 25 leaves on each of 8 trees within each block. All chemicals were applied with a 500 gallon capacity John Bean Speed Sprayer as a dilute solution sprayed on the foliage to the point of run-off. No phytotoxicity to foliage or nuts was noted from the materials used, however the characteristic defoliation associated with black pecan aphid injury was observed to be about 50% on the untreated check and less than 5% on the chemical treatments in early September. Both Torak and GCD 9646 effectively controlled the high black pecan aphid infestation.
A Program for Split Plot Analysis of Variance Using Small, Programable Calculator
Authors: Hadley Bruce A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Many field experiments conducted by plant pathologists and entomologists can be analyzed in minutes without knowledge of the computations involved or the use of large scale computer-data processing facilities which are often inefficient of both time and cost for small statistical tests. The Texas Instruments SR-52 hand held programable calculator provides an economical, rapid, and simple means for data analysis from field experiments. A description of this calculator and a practical program for a two-way analysis of variance of a randomized complete block designed experiment was given in InsecticideandAcaricideTests, 2:7-10. The purpose of this article is to describe a program for the split plot analysis of variance in randomized complete blocks.
Insect Control in Sweet Peppers, Delaware, 1977
Authors: Burbutis Paul P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 3 times, in 3-row, 40-ft-long plots in a randomized complete block design. Transplants were set out on May 20. Sprays were applied using a 2-gallon, CO2-pressurized sprayer at 35 psi in 1 gallon water per treatment (= 38 gal/acre). Granular materials were applied by hand with a small shaker. Furdan 10G granules were placed in a furrow ca. 2 inches deep and 5 inches out from plant on one side of the rows; Temik 15G granules were applied in a similar manner but to both sides of the rows. Ripe (= red) pepers were sampled for “worm” infestations on August 25 and commercial size reds and greens on September 20 from the middle row of each plot. Leaves were randomly sampled each week for green peach aphid counts.
Field Screening for Control of

M

.

Persicae

, 1976
Authors: Powell D. M. , Mondor W. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Russet Burbank’ potato seed was planted April 16, 1976, in Ritzville silt loam soil at Yakima, Washington, in plots 2 rows wide and 50 ft long (15.2 m). On June 14, 1976, the insecticides were applied in 40 gallon of spray per acre (61 liters/ha) with a 2-row, backpack, CO2 hand sprayer. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Twenty compound potato leaves were collected from each plot 3, 7, 11, and 14 days after treatment (June 17, 21, 25, and 28), and the number of aphids was counted. The data were transferred to log 10 (X+l) and subjected to analysis of variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. UC 21865 at 3 lb ai/acre (3.36 kg/ha) was as effective as Monitor for control of the green peach aphid. None.of the materials were phytotoxic to potatoes.
Vegetable Leafminer Control on Tomato, 1977-78
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted on Manatee County, FL, commercial fields of ‘Walter’ tomato beginning about 3 wk before the first harvest. Plots were seep irrigated and grown .6 (Expt. 1) or .8 m (Expt. 2) apart on black polyethylene plastic mulched sand beds (0.8 m wide by 0.2 m high) 1.8 m apart. Plots were single rows consisting of 5 (Expt. 1) or 10 (Expt. 2) plants. Treatments were applied to runoff with a hand-held 7.6 liter sprayer at 2.8 kg/cm2 pressure. Four replications were arranged in randomized complete blocks designs. Treatments were applied Oct 31, Nov 7, 14, and 21‘77 for Expt. 1 and Apr 28, May 5, 12, 19, and 26‘78 for Expt. 2. The number of mines were counted on the first trifoliate (terminal 3 leaflets) from the fourth fully expanded leaf from the top of 10 stems on Nov 28‘77 for Expt. 1 and Jun 1 ‘78 for Expt. 2
Potato Leafhopper Control in Alfalfa, 1978
Authors: Hellman John L. , Azarion G. , Newton P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A six year old production stand of Saranac AR alfalfa was used for the test. Alfalfa was 17 inch to 19 inch in height and in full bloom. Treatment plots were 20 ft x 20 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Precounts and treatments were made Aug 9‘78 when adult and numph counts averaged 35 leafhoppers/5 sweep for all plots. Pendular sweeps were made with a 15 inch dia net. Sprays were applied with a “sulky” type CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 30 psi. Post treatment counts were made on Aug I1‘78 and Aug 14‘78. Leafhopper populations and damage were light during the test period.
Aerial Application for the Control of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae in Virginia, 1978
Authors: Roberts James E. , Snider Michael T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied on May 11 ‘78 to large nonreplicated plots. The airplane used was a Gruman Ag Cat G164A equipped with 4664 jet nozzles spraying a swath width of 45 to 50 ft at a speed of approximately 100 mph. Spray concentrates were applied in 2,3, or 5 gal of H20/acre at 22 psi. Weevil larvae data were recorded 2 days prior to treatment and posttreatment at 7 and 14 day intervals. Weevil population data were recorded from 10 stems plucked from each plot. Total population counts were made on the first two of ten stems found containing larvae. The remaining tips were counted as either being infested or not infested and totals were combined and recorded under percent infestation. Rain fell for four consecutive days beginning May 14 and ending May 17 (3.52 inches). Sumithion 8E, Imidan in 5 gal H2O/A and Supracide were the only treatments to give better than 80% control during the test. Sevin UCSF-1 and Imidan in two gallons H2O/A were the only treatments that gave consistentor increasing rates of control.
Bermudagrass, Fall Armyworm Suppression, Tifton, 1977
Authors: Martin P.B. , Monson W. F. , Burton G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test ares included several plantings of various bermudagrasses (6-8 inch high) growing in sandy loam soil. Temperature was 22° - 33°C with rain showers on most days during the test period. Pesticides (1 application) were applied in water as 50 gal/acre with a Solo® 425 back-pack sprayer having 8006 nozzles. Treatments were randomized over the 4.6 x 19.0 ft plots in 5 blocks. Plots were surrounded by 2-5 ft of closely clipped grass. Three 2 ft2 areas (including grass and ground surface) were inspected in a systematic fashion across the long center line of each plot.
Coastal Bermudagrass, Fall Armyworm Suppression, Alapaha, 1977
Authors: Martin P. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test area was a ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass hay pasture growing in Berrien Co., GA in loamy sand. Temperature was 20° - 34° C and there were several showers during the test period. Treatments (1 application) were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer as 25 gal liquid/acre at 30 psi. Plots (0.8 - 3.3 acre) in size were randomly stripped in 2 blocks in a 50-acre pasture. Three series of 5 sweeps were taken in a systematic fashion along the center line of each plot.
Corn Planting Time Treatments for Black Cutworm Control, 1978
Authors: Sechriest Ralph E. , Shaw John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was planted on August 31, 1978, at Urbana, Illinois. The design was a randomized complete block with 3 replicates. Each plot was 10 ft x 10 ft and each plot was surrounded by 4-in. aluminum barriers in September. The emulsifiable formulations were measured with a milliliter pipette, diluted by 1 gal of water, and broadcast by a hand garden watering can to the plots and immediately incorporated to 3 in. by a rototiller (PPI) on August 31 ‘78. Two rows of corn were planted through the plots with International uniplanters. The soil temperature was 69°F. On the morning of September 1, the band treatments were hand applied over the presswheel and lightly incorporated with a rake. The bait treatments were applied on September 1, but were not incorporated. The corn began to emerge September 5 from the soil and 3rd, 4th, and 5th (mainly 4th) instar larvae were selected from the laboratory reared culture for infestation in the plots. Five larvae were placed in each plot along side a seedling plant the evening of September 7, and one larvae the early morning of September 8. Each cut seedling was marked by a 6-in. wooden stake on the date the cutting was observed. The corn was 1 -leaf stage on September 6, 2-leaf stage on September 11, and 3-leaf stage on September 14. From September 6-12 the evenings were cool with temperatures in higher 60‘s with heavy fog and dew on the soil surface and plants each morning. The soil was ideal for planting with adequate moisture for quick germination, but by September 13 the soil was dry to approximately 1 inch. A 1 -in. shower occurred on September 14 and 17. The soil was a Flanagan silt clay loam.
Control of Grasshoppers on Pasture
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. , Onsager Jerome A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Bozeman, Montant, August 1978: Three types of bait with 1% SD 43775 were tested on dry pastureland simulating rangeland conditions. One-hundredth-acre plots divided into four 0.0025-acre subplots were treated with a Cyclone® seed spreader with each of two rates of each bait. Two commercially-produced baits, extruded wheat bran pellets and apple/grape pomace, were tested at rates of 10 and 20 pounds/acre; mill-run wheat bran bait prepared by this laboratory was tested at 1.5 and 3 pounds/acre. After application of a bait to the 0.01 -acre plot, a 1/2-yd2 cage was placed on the ground in each subplot and the sides were banked with sand. Then 10 adult grasshoppers were placed into each cage. Untreated control cages were also established.
Control of Greenbug by Seed Treatment, 1978
Authors: MacFarlane John , Hairston William G. , Turney H. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Texas Triumph RS-610’ sorghum seed were treated in a laboratory “tumbler” type treating apparatus on March 21’78. All seed except the untreated check had been previously treated with Captan-30 Flowable at the rate of 1.28 oz. ai per 100 pounds of seed. Plots were planted on March 22’78, at Stockard Farms, Argyle, Texas. Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design with each replication being four rows wide by 75 feet long. Greenbug counts were made on April 14’78 (22 days after planting). In lieu of additional counts at other dates and since economically damaging populations of greenbugs rose and fell so rapidly due to climatic conditions in the untreated check and non-systemic insecticide plots, plant height and weight measurements were made on April 14’78, as an indicator of greenbug damage.