bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The General Tensional Relaxation Properties of a Bolting Steel
Authors: Frey D. N. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
One objective of the investigation reported in the paper was to measure the tensional relaxation properties of a Cr-Mo-Si-Va commercial high-temperature bolting at 1000 F under varying conditions of follow-up by means of the step-down relaxation test. To this end certain necessary assumptions were made relative to high-temperature behavior, which were checked for validity by means of a true relaxation test, with a particular value of elastic follow-up, carried out in a Barr and Bardgett test unit. Comparison of these results with the results of the step-down test at the same value of elastic follow-up gives a partial evaluation of the assumptions inherent in the latter testing method.
Intermittent Heating for Aircraft Ice Protection With Application to Propellers and Jet Engines
Authors: Tribus Myron 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The equations for intermittent heat transfer during icing conditions are presented and solved by means of an electrical analog. The results of the analog investigation are compared favorably with measured time-temperature data previously reported in the literature. The analysis shows that contrary to the experience with steadily heated ice-prevention systems, the energy requirements for ice prevention using intermittent heating decrease with increasing ice-accretion rate. Corroborative evidence is found in the literature. The thermal analyzer is used to demonstrate how the protection afforded for propeller deicing may be increased without an increase in the energy required from the electrical supply of the airplane and without major redesign of existing propeller heaters. In the case of jet-engine guide-vane deicing, for a typical installation, the indicated power requirements are 1 kw per engine. In each case the minimum energy requirements occur when large amounts of power are applied for very short intervals of time. Suggestions for further reductions in power are given.
Solid-Type Journal Bearings in High-Speed Freight Service
Authors: Pearce E. S. , Shoemaker R. J. , Cox I. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper encompasses the operating conditions involved in the selection of the bearing equipment used in high-speed freight service. Consideration is given to the performance of the solid-type bearing, as well as the potentials of future development, and the superior adaptability of the solid-type bearing to the economics of railroad operation.
Fatigue Tests on Flanged Assemblies
Authors: Markl A. R. C. , George H. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Qualitative differences between the various types of pipe flanges in common use have long been recognized, but their quantitative evaluation in terms of rules, formulas, or ratings which could be used as a guide by the practicing engineer has been accomplished only partially. Two problems are involved, i.e., the determination of the strength and tightness of a flanged assembly under internal pressure, and the other the effects of the variable bending moments associated with mechanical vibrations or temperature fluctuations of the flowing medium or surrounding atmosphere. The present investigation is intended to contribute toward an understanding of the latter phase; stress-intensification factors are reported which have been obtained from fatigue tests of full-scale assemblies of 4-in. flanges of the 300-lb ASA pressure class and hence are directly applicable to piping flexibility calculations.
Motor-Generator Locomotives, Their Design and Operating Characteristics
Authors: Fox J. C. , Gaynor J. F. N. , Gowans F. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The motor-generator type of locomotive permits the application of the direct-current series-wound traction motor, with its highly desirable characteristics, to electrifications deriving their power from a single-phase alternating-current trolley. This is of particular benefit in the operation of heavy-drag freight trains on mountain grades. Nearly 30 years of design and operating experience have gone into the development of this type of locomotive. The latest examples are the units recently placed in service on the electrified sections of the Great Northern and Virginian Railways. Noteworthy features in the design, construction, and operation of these units are discussed.
The Optimum Adjustment of Regulators
Authors: Hazebroek P. , van der Waerden B. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
In this paper a practical method is proposed for the adjustment of regulators in order to obtain the most satisfactory regulation of a process variable which should be kept at a constant value. The regulator is assumed to perform proportional and integral action, derivative action not being taken into consideration for the present.
The Exhaust-Heated Gas-Turbine Cycle
Authors: Mordell D. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The author describes and discusses a gas-turbine cycle in which the combustion chamber is placed behind the turbine, raising the exhaust temperature to a level at which all the heat required for the compressor air can be supplied by the heat exchanger. The possibilities of such a cycle for the utilization of low-grade solid or liquid fuels are explained and attention is drawn to the convenience with which steam can be generated from the otherwise wasted heat, and the over-all thermal efficiencies which may be obtained by a combination of gas and steam turbines.
Properties and Characteristics of Fuel Oils for Industrial Gas-Turbine Usage
Authors: Heath D. P. , Albat E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Largely as a result of the rapid wartime development of gas turbines for aircraft usage, renewed emphasis has been placed upon the development of gas turbines for industrial applications. At the present time a number of domestic organizations are quite active in this field. One of the principal industrial applications of gas turbines in the United States is their use in the Houdry catalytic-cracking process in the oil-refining industry. Recent development work is centered around their use in the field of locomotive and marine propulsion using either coal or oil as fuel. The ultimate choice of a fuel is a complex problem involving such factors as fuel cost, engine performance and maintenance, and fuel availability. As far as fuel oils are concerned, the designer is further confronted with a wide variety of grades from which to choose. This paper presents information on the fuel properties and characteristics which are commonly employed for the identification and specification of such fuel oils, and also on those properties which are felt to be of significance with regard to fuel-system design and combustion-chamber and gas-turbine performance. Since fuel cost and availability are intimately related to supply and demand considerations, only limited regard is given to these factors in the present paper.
The Coal-Hydrogenation Demonstration Plant at Louisiana, Mo.
Authors: Markovits J. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The 200 to 300-bbl per day capacity demonstration plant hydrogenates coal at 700 atm pressure in two stages. First, coal paste is liquefied with finely divided iron catalyst at 525 atm hydrogen partial pressure, then the middle oil distillate is further hydrogenated in the vapor phase on fixed catalyst beds. The hydrogen is made by catalytic reforming of natural gas with steam.
Metallurgical and Fabrication Considerations in the Coal-Hydrogenation Demonstration-Plant Construction
Authors: Leonard B. H. , Gardner G. D. , Markovits J. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Special equipment, special steels, and heavy wall thicknesses were required to handle hydrogen and abrasive pastes at the high pressures and temperatures of coal hydrogenation. Some metallurgical and fabrication problems pertaining to this specialized process are discussed herein.
Design of Preheaters and Heat Exchangers for Coal-Hydrogenation Plants
Authors: Laughrey P. W. , Gwillim W. I. , Schappert H. , Markovits J. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The preheater and the heat-exchanger possibilities of the coal-hydrogenation process are described. Comparison has been made between the demonstration and the German plant equipment. Emphasis has been placed on the importance of developing applicable high-pressure heat exchangers for commercial-size plants, in order to eliminate the preheaters and increase the thermal efficiency of the process.
Extrapolation of Static Tests to Predict Operation of Jet Engines in Flight
Authors: Meyer C. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to present a method which enables a prediction of flight performance of a jet engine from data obtainable in the test cell. The range of flight performance obtained by the method is of course limited by the operating range covered in the static tests. The method is also useful in comparing static tests with flight or wind-tunnel data. A curve is also presented which is generally useful in the solution of many flow problems.
Allowable Eccentricity of Spherical Heads Convex to Pressure
Authors: Sturm R. G. , Smith L. W. , O’Brien H. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses the variables and considerations in the design of spherical heads or shells, initially out-of-round, when subjected to external pressure. A method of calculating charts for design purposes based upon the instantaneous modulus of elasticity is presented herein. Calculations and charts for aluminum 3SO, and charts for stainless steel, 17-7 and “A” nickel are shown.
Crude-Oil Flow Characteristics Experienced in Large-Diameter Lines
Authors: Anderson L. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Characteristics of crude-oil flow in large-diameter lines have been investigated by gathering data on lines under normal operating conditions. A description of these tests, and a summary of the results obtained are discussed in this paper. From these tests, an exponential equation has been derived to determine capacity or pressure drop for all trunk lines pumping crude oil in the turbulent-flow region. In connection with these flow tests, an investigation was made into the effect of pressure on viscosity in the range of normal pipe-line operating pressures. This effect, which in the past has been assumed to be a negligible one, is shown to be of definite importance.
Attenuation of Oscillatory Pressures in Instrument Lines
Authors: Iberall A. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A theoretical investigation has been made of the attenuation and lag of an oscillatory pressure variation applied to one end of a tube, when the other end is connected to a pressure-sensitive element. An elementary theory based upon incompressible viscous fluid is first developed. The elementary solution is then modified to take into account compressibility; finite-pressure amplitudes; appreciable fluid acceleration; and finite length of tubing (end effects). Account is taken of heat transfer into the tube. The complete theory is derived in an appendix. The results are summarized in eight graphs in a form convenient for use in computing the lag and attenuation of a sinusoidal oscillation in a transmission tube.
Optimum Tube Size for Shell-and-Tube-Type Heat Exchangers
Authors: Cardwell F. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The total annual cost for a shell-and-tube-type heat exchanger, which is the sum of the annual power cost plus the fixed charges or annual amortization of the initial cost of the equipment, is found to vary sharply with small changes in tube size when the heat-transfer rate is held constant. Equations are developed reducing the number of assumptions to length of tubes and diameter of tubes for fixed design conditions such as total flow rates in shell and tube and required heat-transfer rate. For a selected length as a parameter, then, the total annual cost can be calculated for each tube diameter. The optimum tube diameter is determined from a graph of these corresponding values which has a well-defined minimum value for the total annual cost. A family of these curves, each having a different length as the parameter, will each have a minimum. These minimal values will all be nearly equal. Another family of curves with standard tube diameter as the parameter will each have a minimum giving the optimum length for each diameter. Therefore only one convenient parameter need be selected from which the optimum combination can be determined from a curve. Since the required heat-transfer-surface area is now known, the number of tubes for this combination follows automatically.
Field-Derived Maximal Power Output in Cycling: An Accurate Indicator of Maximal Performance Capacity?
Authors: Pallares Jesús G. , Hernández-Belmonte Alejandro , Valenzuela Pedro L. , Muriel Xabier , Mateo-March Manuel , Barranco-Gil David , Lucia Alejandro 
Published: July 2022

Purpose: To determine the validity of field-derived mean maximum power (MMP) values for monitoring maximal cycling endurance performance. Methods: Twenty-seven male professional cyclists performed 3 timed trials (TTs) of 1-, 5-, and 20-minute duration that were used as the gold standard reference. Field-based power output data (3336 files; 124 [25] per cyclist) were registered during the preparatory (60 d pre-TT, including training data only) and specific period of the season (60 d post-TT, including both training and competitions). Comparisons were made between TT performance (mean power output) and MMP values obtained for efforts of the same duration as TT (MMP of 1-, 5-, and 20-min duration). The authors also compared TT- and MMP-derived values of critical power (CP) and anaerobic work capacity. Results: A large correlation (P < .001, r > .65) was found between MMP and TT performance regardless of the effort duration or season period. However, considerable differences (P < .05, standard error of measurement [SEM]  > 5%) were found between MMP and TT values for all effort durations in the preparatory period, as well as for the derived CP and anaerobic work capacity. Significant differences were also found between MMP and TT of 1 minute in the specific period, as well as for anaerobic work capacity, yet with no differences for MMP of 5- and 20-minute duration or the derived CP (P > .05, SEM < 5%). Conclusion: MMP values (for efforts ≥5 min) and the associated CP obtained from both training sessions and competitions can be considered overall accurate indicators of the cyclist’s maximal capabilities, but specific tests might be necessary for shorter efforts or when considering training sessions only.
Important adverse events to be evaluated in antidepressant trials and meta-analyses in depression: a large international preference study including patients and healthcare professionals
Authors: Chevance Astrid , Tomlinson Anneka , Ravaud Philippe , Touboul Suzanne , Henshall Catherine , Tran Viet-Thi , Cipriani Andrea 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundNon-serious adverse events (NSAEs) should be captured and reported because they can have a significant negative impact on patients and treatment adherence. However, the reporting of NSAEs in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) is limited.ObjectiveTo identify the most important NSAEs of antidepressants for patients and clinicians, to be evaluated in RCTs and meta-analyses.MethodsWe conducted online international surveys in English, German and French, including (1) adults prescribed an antidepressant for a depressive episode and (2) healthcare professionals (HCPs) prescribing antidepressants. Participants ranked the 30 most frequent NSAEs reported in the scientific literature. We fitted logit models for sets of ranked items and calculated for each AE the probability to be ranked higher than the least important AE. We also identified additional patient-important AEs not included in the ranking task via open-ended questions.FindingsWe included 1631 patients from 44 different countries (1290 (79.1%) women, mean age 39.4 (SD 13), 289 (37.1%) with severe depression (PHQ-9 score ≥20)) and 281 HCPs (224 (79.7%) psychiatrists). The most important NSAEs for patients were insomnia (95.9%, 95% CI 95.2% to 96.5%), anxiety (95.2%, 95% CI 94.3% to 95.9%) and fatigue (94.6%, 95% CI 93.6% to 95.4%). The most important NSAEs for HCPs were sexual dysfunction (99.2%, 95% CI 98.5% to 99.6%), weight gain (98.9%, 95% CI 97.7% to 99.4%) and erectile problems (98.8%, 95% CI 97.7% to 99.4%). Participants reported 66 additional NSAEs, including emotional numbing (8.6%), trouble with concentration (7.6%) and irritability (6%).ConclusionsThese most important NSAEs should be systematically reported in antidepressant trials.Clinical implicationsThe most important NSAEs should contribute to the core outcome set for harms in depression.
Lorentz-breaking theory and tunneling radiation correction to Vaidya–Bonner de Sitter Black Hole
Authors: Sha Bei , Liu Zhi-E. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn Vaidya–Bonner de Sitter black hole space-time, the tunneling radiation characteristics of fermions and bosons are corrected by taking Lorentz symmetry breaking theory into account. The corresponding gamma matrices and aether-like field vectors of the black hole are constructed, then the new modified form of Dirac equation for the fermion with spin 1/2 and the new modified form of Klein–Gordon equation for boson in the curved space-time of the black hole are obtained. Through solving the two equations, new and corrected expressions of surface gravity, Hawking temperature and tunneling rate of the black hole are obtained, and the results obtained are also discussed.
¿Brotes verdes de normalización del mercado laboral?
Authors: Tejada Mauricio 
Published: July 2022

El Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas publicó las cifras más recientes del mercado laboral (trimestre móvil terminado en mayo 2022) y el panorama, posterior a los peores momentos de la pandemia del COVID 19, pareciera ser auspicioso cuando uno observa la tasa de desempleo.
En efecto, luego que por un año, entre mayo de 2020 y mayo de 2021, la tasa de desempleo se situara en cifras de dos dígitos (con un máximo de 13%), el levantamiento de las medidas de confinamientos más estrictas y la paulatina normalización de varias actividades económicas generó un rápido retroceso hasta que esta fluctúe por varios meses consecutivos alrededor de niveles similares a los observados antes del inicio de la pandemia. Continuar leyendo...
Use of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Incidence of Melanoma in the United States Radiologic Technologists Study
Authors: Mai Jim Z. , Kitahara Cari M. , Sargen Michael R. , Little Mark P. , Alexander Bruce H. , Linet Martha S. , Tucker Margaret A. , Cahoon Elizabeth K. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Although NSAIDs have been associated with both reduced and increased cutaneous melanoma risk, few studies have examined these associations by ultraviolet radiation (UVR) or personal sun-sensitivity. We examined the associations between NSAID use and first primary invasive cutaneous melanoma among 58,227 non-Hispanic white participants in the United States Radiologic Technologists cohort study. Poisson regression was used to calculate rate ratios (RR) and 95% likelihood-based confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for attained age, birth cohort, and ambient UVR. No significant association of melanoma was observed for any use of NSAIDs (RR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.71–1.09). The relative risks of melanoma for the highest categories of aspirin and other NSAID use (≥5 times per month vs. none) were 0.93 (95% CI, 0.74–1.16) and 1.02 (95% CI, 0.83–1.25), respectively. Further analyses did not reveal dose–response for trends in frequency of NSAID use or interactions with sex, UVR, eye and hair color, and skin complexion. In this large nationwide study, NSAID use was not associated with melanoma risk.

Prevention Relevance:
NSAIDs have been associated with both reduced and increased melanoma risk. However, few studies have examined the role of UVR or personal sun-sensitivity on these associations. Our findings strengthen the evidence that NSAID use is not associated with melanoma risk, even in sun-sensitive subgroups.
Association of Low‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels with More than 20‐Year Risk of Cardiovascular and All‐Cause Mortality in the General Population
Authors: Rong Shuang , Li Benchao , Chen Liangkai , Sun Yangbo , Du Yang , Liu Buyun , Robinson Jennifer G. , Bao Wei 
Published: July 2022

Background
Current cholesterol guidelines have recommended very low low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) treatment targets for people at high risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, recent observational studies indicated that very low LDL‐C levels may be associated with increased mortality and other adverse outcomes. The association between LDL‐C levels and long‐term risk of overall and cardiovascular mortality among the U.S. general population remains to be determined.

Methods and Results
This prospective cohort study included a nationally representative sample of 14 035 adults aged 18 years or older, who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III 1988–1994. LDL‐C levels were divided into 6 categories: <70, 70–99.9, 100–129.9, 130–159.9, 160–189.9 and ≥190 mg/dL. Deaths and underlying causes of deaths were ascertained by linkage to death records through December 31, 2015. Weighted Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) of mortality outcomes and its 95% CIs. During 304 025 person‐years of follow up (median follow‐up 23.2 years), 4458 deaths occurred including 1243 deaths from CVD. At baseline, mean age was 41.5 years and 51.9% were women. Very low and very high levels of LDL‐C were associated with increased mortality. After adjustment for age, sex, race and ethnicity, education, socioeconomic status, lifestyle factors, C‐reactive protein, body mass index, and other cardiovascular risk factors, individuals with LDL‐C<70 mg/dL, compared to those with LDL‐C 100–129.9 mg/dL, had HRs of 1.45 (95% CI, 1.10–1.93) for all‐cause mortality, 1.60 (95% CI, 1.01–2.54) for CVD mortality, and 4.04 (95% CI, 1.83–8.89) for stroke‐specific mortality, but no increased risk of coronary heart disease mortality. Compared with those with LDL‐C 100–129.9 mg/dL, individuals with LDL‐C≥190 mg/dL had HRs of 1.49 (95% CI, 1.09–2.02) for CVD mortality, and 1.63 (95% CI, 1.12–2.39) for coronary heart disease mortality, but no increased risk of stroke mortality.

Conclusions
Both very low and very high LDL‐C levels were associated with increased risks of CVD mortality. Very low LDL‐C levels was also associated with the high risks of all‐cause and stroke mortality. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the optimal range of LDL‐C levels for CVD health in the general population.
“I Have Made an Engraving of You …” (Isa 49:16a): An Echo of an ANE Adoption Practice in Deutero-Isaiah
Authors: Kozlova Ekaterina E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This essay considers Isa 49:16, where the image of Zion appears to be inscribed on YHWH’s hands. Since the formulation על־כפים חקתיך is missing the suffix “my” on כפים in the MT and given the specifics of Zion’s lament in v. 14 (i.e., YHWH, Zion’s parent, abandons her in infancy), it will be suggested that the word כפים could refer not to the palms of YHWH’s hands but to the soles of Zion’s feet (with the unusual form כפים underscoring Zion’s age—i.e., she is a young child still crawling on “its fours”; cf. Lev 11:27). Read as “around the soles [of your, namely Zion’s, feet], I have made an engraving of you,” v. 16 echoes a symbolic ANE gesture: that is, the foot-printing of foundlings for adoption. Thus, Isa 49:16 models YHWH’s reestablishment of Zion as daughter on ANE adoption contracts, which in turn is part of Deutero-Isaiah’s wider theology of restoration after the exile.