bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple, Insecticide Tests, 1978
Authors: Hill Clarence H. , Cobb Leonard J. , Thomas John H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental and standard insecticides were applied in comparative tests to 20+-yr-old Winsap trees 4 times from early June to early August. The trees were sprayed to runoff with a Bean 35-gal/min pump operating at 540 psi. The last application was applied with a Hardie sprayer operating at 600 psi. The treatments were applied to single trees, replicated 5 times in a randomized, complete-block design. Other materials used and dates of application were as follows: Apr 26--captan, sulfur, Systox; May 3--captan, Karathane; May 15--Cyprex, Karathane; May 22--captan, Sevin; May 30 and Jun 14--captan, Karathane; Jun 27 and Jul 17--captan, Topsin M; and Aug 7--Phaltan, Topsin M. These materials were applied to all treatments at the rate of 100 GPA (3X concentrate) with a Hardie 525 air-blast sprayer. A preharvest and harvest examination were made for insect injury and finish rating on the harvest examination. Mite counts were made on Jul 20 and Aug 24.
Apple, Prebloom Mite and Aphid Treatments, 1978
Authors: Hill Clarence H. , Cobb Leonard J. , Thomas John H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to mature York apple trees using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sp/ayer operating at 540 psi to single-tree plots, replicated 5 times in a randomized, complete-block design. The trees were sprayed to runoff. The oil and Lorsban treatments were applied Apr 13. The other treatments applied Apr 25 and Jun 15; except UC55248 at 32 fl oz was not repeated on Jun 15. Captan, Phaltan, sulfur, and benomyl were used as fungicides. Azinphosmethyl was used as a general insecticide; Sevin applied as a thinning agent; and parathion was used in late Jun and early Jul for scale control. Additional materials used were Solubor and Agristrep.
Fall Armyworm Control on Peanuts, 1977
Authors: Bass Max H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Peanut test plots were 1/100 acre, replicated 4 times, and randomized. Sprays were applied with a CO2 pressurized sprayer delivering 10 gallons of mixed spray per acre. One bait was used and it was distributed by hand in a 12 inch band over the row. The efficacy of materials was determined by counting live fall armyworm larvae 24, or 24 and 48, hours after the application of insecticides. This was accomplished by randomly selecting a 3-foot section of row, vigorously shaking plants to cause the larvae to fall to the ground, and counting the live larvae that were dislodged. This was repeated four times in each plot, thus larval counts were made on 12 feet of row in each plot.
Control of Foliage Feeding Insects on Peanuts, 1978
Authors: Berberet Richard C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Peanuts were planted on May 20 with 0.9 m row spacing in light, sandy soil. Insecticides were applied on August 31 utilizing 2 fan type nozzles over each row and a total volume of 190 L/ha at 25 psi. Treatments were replicated 4 times on 6 row x 18.5 m plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Terraclor 10G was applied at 3.5 lb ai/acre on September 10 for control of soil fungi. Insect populations were sampled in the center 2 rows of each plot on September 4, 8, and 16. On each date 4 samples/plot, each consisting of 1.2 m of row, were checked for H. zea and F. subterranea. Plants were beaten to remove earworms and soil beneath plants was sifted to locate granulate cutworms. Thirty terminals/plot were selected at random and examined for S. bosqueella. Counts for this species were converted to larvae/m of row based on terminal counts made over the experimental area.
Control of Grasshoppers on Rangeland, 1978
Authors: Onsager Jerome A. , Mazuranich Philip C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 75% water-soluable powder formulation of Orrhene 75S was applied at rates of 4 and 8 oz ai/acre to 4 square 40-acre plots and at a rate of 2 oz ai/acre to 3 such plots near Melville, Montana on July 12-14, 1978. All dosages were mixed with 2 qt of water per acre and applied at 36 psi pressure with a CessnaR Ag-wagon aircraft equipped with 26 D-6 nozzles and no. 45 course spinners. Flight speed was 125 mph, flight height was 100 ft, and swath width was 100 ft. These treat-ments were compared with a standard application of 8 fluid oz of ULV technical malathion/acre applied June 15 under similar conditions except that 8 no. 80015 flat fan nozzles were used. All nozzles were directed 45° down and back. Results were assessed by counting grasshoppers in 50 subsamples in each experimental plot and also in 4 contiguous untreated areas located outside the experimental area. The pretreatment counts utilized estimated 1-ft2 quadrats; the counts at 3 and 7 days posttreatment utilized estimated 1-yd2 quadrats. The species in the order listed above comprised 43, 33, 10, and 10% of the pretreatment infestation, respectively; the infestation was 53% adults. Precount densities averaged 20.3 grasshoppers/yd2. All posttreatment densities were expressed as percentage control based on the precounts in the same plot, were transformed to arcsin X, and were analysed as a randomized block design with 4 replications and one missing value. After analysis and determination of significant differences, means were retransformed back to percentages (see Table).
Field Evaluation of Insecticides for Rice Whorl Maggot Control, 1977
Authors: Heinrichs E. A. , Aquino G. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
All insecticides were applied 5 days after transplanting (DT) as foliar sprays at the rate of 0.75 kg ai/ha, except for carbofuran which was applied at 0.25 kg. The foliar spray treatments were compared with the standard treatment of one application at 1 kg carbofuran or diazinon granules applied as a paddy-water-broadcast treatment. The study was conducted during the rainy season. Whorl maggot damage ratings were taken at 12, 20, and 30 DT and based on a standard evaluation system developed at IRRI: 0 = no damage; 9 = &gt;50% of leaves damaged.
Soybean Looper Ld-50 Studies, 1976
Authors: Chiu Paul S.-B. , Bass Max H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A soybean looper culture was established from larvae field-collected at Tallassee, Alabama. The culture was maintained in the laboratory at Auburn University on an artificial diet. From the first generation of laboratory larvae, one hundred 6th-instar (17-day-old) soybean looper larvae were selected at random, weighed collectively, and mean weight per individual calculated. This weight was used as a basis for calculation of insecticide dosages. Stock acetone solutions of the insecticides were prepared from technical materials and further diluted with acetone to give the desired working concentrations. One ul of the insecti-cide-acetone solution was applied to the dorsal thoracic surface of each laboratory-reared 6th-instar soybean looper larvae with a micro-applicator (Isco, Model M.). Countrols were treated with acetone alone. Preliminary dosage-mortality data were obtained, using a wide range of treatment dosages for each insecticide. A narrower range of dosages was used to determine the dosage-mortality data values presented here. Ten 6th-instar soybean looper larvae were selected randomly for each treatment level. Four dosage levels and an acetone check were used for each insecticide. Following treatment, larvae were placed in ice-cream cups (10 cm wide and 5 cm deep) containing the artificial diet. Mortality counts were made at 24 hr. Data obtained from these tests were analyzed statistically by probit analysis.
Control of Mexican Bean Beetle in Soybeans with Systemic Insecticides, 1978
Authors: Linduska James J. , Hochmuth Robert C. , Dively Galen P. , Boisseau Julie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Soybeans were planted June 12’78 with a conventional 4-row unit planter equipped with Gandy (R) granular insecticide applicators. Except for Furadan 10G which was applied in the seed furrow, all other treatments were applied in a 6-8 inch band over the seed furrow, behind the press wheel. Two drag chains were attached behind the press wheel of each planter. Plots consisted of 4 rows (2 rows soybeans and 2 rows snap beans), 50 feet long with 30 inches between rows, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The 2 outside rows of each plot were planted with ‘Lake Superior’ snap beans to encourage an infestation of Mexican bean beetles. No insecticide was applied to the snap beans. Soil was classified as a Bertie silt loam and the soil temp at the time of treatment was 72°F at the 4 inch depth. At early pod-fill 10 plants were selected at random in each plot. Each plant was rated visually to the nearest 10% defoliation. Yield data were taken from 1 row, 16 ft long, in the center of each plot. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture and reported in bu/A. Rainfall was above normal during the growing season.
Sugarcane Borer Control, 1977
Authors: Hensley S. D. , Gaudin G. R. , Reagan T. E. , Sanford J. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide sprays were applied biweekly in a block of first stubble crop sugarcane (variety CP 61-37) located at Fredrick Brothers Farm near Theriot, Louisiana to determine season-long control of sugarcane borer (SCB) infestations. A randomized complete block experimental design was employed with treatments replicated 4 times. Individual plots were three 24.2 ft rows spaced 6 ft apart (0.01 acre). Each spray concentrate was applied to the sugarcane plant canopy in water at 30 psi with a compressed air knapsack sprayer that delivered 25 gallons of finished formulation per acre, per application. Insecticide applications were begun after internodes were first visible above ground and when 5% of the stalks contained small SCB larvae in leaf sheaths. Four applications of each insecticide were applied; application dates were July 5, 19, Aug 16, 30. The efficacy of individual insecticide treatments was determined at harvest time by comparing the percent internodes bored in treated plots to that bored in untreated plots. Twenty stalks were selected at random from the center row of each plot on September 8 and examined for external signs of SCB entrance and exit holes.
Apple, Integrated Test, 1978
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 4 replicates of Golden Delicious. Treatments were applied with a Friend Airmaster 393 sprayer at 25 GPA/altemare side spray driven at 2 mph. Spray dates for the insecticides were: May 30, Jun 9, 10, 29, Jul 10, 19, 26, Aug 2, 9, 16, 23, and Sep 2. Fungicides applied during the season were: Cyprex, Polyram, sulfur, captan, and zineb. Average temperatures were: May 58.6°F, Jun 68.5°F, Jul 70.4°F, Aug 74.1°F, and Sep 64.8°F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 5.67, Jun 3.24, Jul 7.98, Aug 2.46, and Sep 1.5. Effectiveness on the apple aphid was evaluated by counting the number of infested terminals/10 top terminals/tree, the number of aphid infested leaves/terminal, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf/infested terminal. The effect of the sprays on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 leaves/tree. The effectiveness of the test materials on the Japanese beetle was assessed by counting the number of damaged terminals/20 top terminals/tree and the number of damaged leaves/terminal. Effectivenss of the test chemicals on the European red mite, the two-spotted spider mite and A.fallacis was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 15 leaves/tree, 60 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predator H.vitripennis was evaluated by 3-min. counts of adults around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after Jun 27 and 2 picked samples on Aug 21 and Sep 18. Apple samples averaged 228 fruits/replicate and 912/treatment. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Greenhouse Evaluation of Chemical Seed Treatment on Cereal Grain for Wireworm Control
Authors: Perkins E. A. , Harwood R. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Wheat was planted in 53 oz paper pots using Ritzville sandy loam soil. Water was administered daily thru drinking straws to the bottom of the pots. Four wheat seeds were germinated in each pot and when the first plants reached above ground 2 large wireworms were introduced into each pot. Plant counts and determination of causes of injury were evaluated 4 weeks after wireworms were placed with the wheat. Seed used in this test was pretreated with the fungicide HCB and a seed dressing was applied by slurry method in September 77. Twenty compounds were tested at single dosages in three separate replications. The best nine wireworm protectants from these tests were retested in a larger 4th trial reported here. This trial used twenty pots for each chemical, positioned randomly within a greenhouse.
Evaluation of Seed Treatments for Control of Wireworms on Dry Land Cereal Grains
Authors: Perkins E. A. , Harwood R. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
At Lind, Washington, 20 insecticides were field tested as seed treatments to control wireworms in dry land wheat. Wheat was treated with a slurry method in Sept 1977. All seed treated with insecticide was pretreated with the fungicide HCB. Ragdoll germination tests were initiated 13 days following application of seed dressings and again after 6 months of storage. The field was previously in grass plots for a year followed by two years of fallow. Seed was planted in Ritzville silt loam on Nov’77 at a 30 lb/acre rate and 3/4 inch depth. Each treatment consisted of 4 replications 4 drill rows wide and 40 feet long. Two replications of each treatment were located in different blocks and were positioned by a randomized formula.
Spruce Budworm, Mist Blower Trials, 1978
Authors: Dimond John B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental compound UC 51762 was tested at 3 rates with a formulation of carbaryl, UCSF-I, as a standard. Young fir trees, 5-15 ft high were treated. These were natural reproduction bordering a graveled road. Sections of road with 25 edge fir trees were marked and used as plots. Five plots were established in each of three sections of the road, and each treatment was applied once in each section. Treatments were applied on June 12. Target insects were in instars V-VI. Formulations were diluted with water and applied with a Solo, back-mounted mist blower. Spray emission rates were 25 gal/acre. Controls were sprayed with water. Larvae were counted on 10 branches from each section the day before application. Postspray counts were made on one branch from each treated tree 4 days after treatment.
Effectiveness of A Soil-Injected Systemic Insecticide for Controlling Sucking Insects on Red Pine, 1978
Authors: McClure Mark S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of the systemic insecticide, Cygon 400, applied by soil injection for controlling two bark-dwelling, sucking insects of red pine were conducted at the New Haven Country Club in Hamden, Connecticut. In July, 24 ornamental red pines of a similar height (7-8 m) and DBH (23-28 cm) were examined and found to be heavily infested with Matsucoccusresinosae and Pineusstrobi. On Aug2, two branches were sampled from the lower crown of each tree and the number of scales and aphids occurring beneath 100 bark flakes on the preferred 3-year-old growth and the number dead per 100 individuals were determined for each branch by microscopic examination. On Aug4, during peak abundance of summer generation cysts (second instar nymphs) of M. resinosae and immature hiemcprogrediens of P. strobi, 16 of the trees were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups and administered different doses of Cygon 400 mixed to a concentration of 0.5 lb ai ( I pt concentrate) per 100 gal water. Doses, chosen to approximate 0,1 2, and 3 gals per I inch DBH were 0, .05,. 10 and . 15 lb ai per tree. For the 4 trees in each treatment an equal volume of insecticide was delivered through an injection needle to a depth of .5 m at 10 positions encircling the tree at the drip line using a John Bean pump operating at a pressure of 200 psi. Trees were sampled 7,14, and 21 days following treatment and density and mortality of M. resinosae and P. strobi were determined as before. On Sepl3, following peak egg hatch of the fall generation of M. resinosae, 16 trees including 8 which had been given a 30 gal dose of Cygon 400 on Aug4 and 8 which had not been treated were sampled as before to determine density and mortality of recently settled first instar nymphs. On Sepl5, 4 of the previously treated trees and 4 of the untreated ones were anministered a 30 gal dose of Cygon 400 as before. Trees were sampled 21 days following treatment. Data were subjected to analyses of variance.
Shortleaf Pines, Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Control, 1974-1975
Authors: Overgggrd Neil A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
1974 Test. Four to seven year-old shortleaf pines 4-15 ft (avg 6 ft) tall and 2-10 in d.b.h. (avg 4 in) planted in clay soil on rolling hills in o seed orchard near Pollock, Louisiana were treated with carbofuran (10%) granules. Egch tregtment wgs applied to a randomly selected row of five trees in each of eight blocks in a randomized block design. For February treatments, insecticide granules were applied to an 18 in strip and raked into the soil around the drip line of the tree where the duff had been removed. June treatments were applied as above and lightly disked. Each dosage rate used was applied in Feb’74 for a single application and Feb’74 and Jun’74 for a double application. Damage was assessed by examining the top 20 tips of each tree in Oct’74 and Jun’75. 1975 Test. Eight to 10-year-old shortleaf pines averaging 28 ft tall and 8 in d.b.h. were treated. Topography, soils, and spacing were the same as for the 1974 test. In this test, one ramet of each of six clones from the 50 clones in the orchard were treated in Feb’75. A randomized block design was used with clones = blocks. Carbofuran granules were spread evenly over the soil surface from the crown drip line to the trunk on all sides of the tree and lightly disked. Two sets of checks were used. One set was disked and the other left undisked. Damage was assessed as above in Sep’75. To test for phytotoxic effects, treatments of 32 oz and 48 oz carbofuran/in d.b.h. were each applied to an 18 in strip around the drip line of individual shortleaf pines and raked into the soil.
Siberian, Elm Leaf Beetle Control, 1978
Authors: Price Richard , Pinkston Ken , Ree Bill , Hart Dottie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Native Siberian elms, approximately 15 feet in height located 8 miles east of Still-water, Oklahoma were selected for the test. Trees were treated on Jun7 when larval populations increased to economic levels. Larvae were 1/8 to 3/8 inch in length. Application equipment consisted of a John Bean 55 sprayer series L-1565-2 and a 785 John Bean Spraymaster deluxe gun which delivered 1.76 gal/min of finished spray at 300 psi . Trees were treated until runoff. Treatments were randomized and replicated five times along with a check. Larval counts were made by examining 18" of terminal branch at six locations per replicate.
Carnation, Twospotted Spider Mite Control, 1978
Authors: Schuder Donald L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eighteen insecticides were tested on carnations at the Indiana State Veterans Home Greenhouse complex, W. Lafayette, Indiana. All treatments, except Temik, were foliar sprays applied with a one gallon B&G stainless steel compressed air sprayer operating at 30 psi. The measured amount of Temik granules was applied by sprinkling them over the soil surface and watering them in. A randomized block design replicated three times was utilized. A block consisted of a 3 x 6 ft section of the carnation bench. Just prior to treatment (T), 1 day (T+l), 2 days (T+2) and 5 days (T+5) 5-6 inch foliage samples were removed, bagged, taken to the laboratory, brushed with a Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine and the mites counted under a binocular microscope. One week after treatment a single carnation blossom was removed from each plot, bagged, taken to the laboratory, placed in a Berlese funnel and the collected mites counted.
Evaluation of Fumigants for Quarantine Control of the Egg Stage of Diaprspes Abbreviatus, 1976-8
Authors: Fons James F. , Roth Herbert , George E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Egg masses laid between 2 pieces of waxed paper or 2 leaves were forwarded from Puerto Rico or Flockta. They were fumigated at atmospheric pressure in a 250-litre chamber or a 3.75-litre glass jar. Fan circulation, 2-3 changes/min., was continuous for ethylene dibromide and acetaldehyde, 15 minutes for methyl bromide, but no circulation was used wfth phosphine. Following an aeration period of 1 h, the egg masses were sealed in 30-ml clear plastic cups with a slice of raw carrot. Egg masses were examined for survival 7-10 days after treatment. Untreated eggs generally had a mortality of less than 5%. No corrections have been made in percent mortality of treated eggs.
Apple, San Jose Scale Control, 1978
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides with and without superior oil were evaluated for control of San Jose scale. The sprays were applied to runoff to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 4 replicates of Stayman Winesap apple trees. The trees were heavily infested with San Jose scale. The materialswere applied with aspraygunfrom a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 25 gpm pump. A general purpose spray of 0.5 lb Guthion 50W/acre was applied with an airblast sprayer at 50gal water/acre to the whole block atca. 3-wk intervals. Effectiveness of the materials was evaluated by counting the number of live scales on 4 four-inch sections of new growth/replicate from the top part of the trees. Numbersof livescaleupto 100 scale/twig were counted. Fruit evaluations consisted of examining 50 apples/replicate on Aug 17 and 100 apples/replicate on Oct 11. Number of scale marks up to 100 scale/apple were counted.
Scotch Pine, Pales Weevil and Northern Pine Weevil Control, Atwood, PA, 1978
Authors: Heller Paul R. , Shetlar David J. , Nielson D. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A stand of 1.5-2m Scotch pine Christmas trees was used for insecticide evaluation. The plantation was partially harvested in 1976 and 1977. Pretreatment weevil populations were noted (on April 17) by inspecting for adults in the duff, on stumps, under trunk end pieces left from harvest and old pupation chambers. A few weevils were active and ovipositing. A tree row with at least 7 new stumps (under 1 year old) was treated as one replicate/treatment. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each stump received 4-6 02 spray consisting of insecticide in kerosene (except Penncap-M in water) applied with a compression sprayer April 17. Temperature was 8°-10°C with wind 2 mph. The stumps were inspected (5 each of 4 rep) on Oct. 30 for chip cocoons following removal of bark to the first lateral root. Weevil cocoons were not differentiated as to species.
Scotch Pine, A Pine Needle Scale Control, 1978
Authors: Schuder Donald L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six insecticides were evaluated against the egg stage of a pine needle scale between April 26 and June 6, 1978. The pine planting was located at the Purdue University Agronomy Farm north of West Lafayette, Indiana. A plot was an individual pine tree 8-10 ft tall. Every other tree was treated to avoid spray drift. All of the treatments were foliar applications made with a Spartan sprayer operating at 125 psi. A randomized block design with five replicates was used. On June 6, 1978 a ten needle sample from each treated tree was examined under a binocular microscope and the total number of newly settled crawlers recorded.