bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature Sensitivity of Avocado Fruit in Relation to C2H4 Treatment
Authors: Lee S. K. , Young R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Avocado fruit (Persea americana Mill. ‘Fuerte’) were stored in air with or without C2H4 treatment (100 ppm) at 6°, 9°, 12°, 14°, 16°, 20°, 24°, 27°, 30°, and 34°C. During the storage period, respiration was measured by an automated continuous gas flow system. Fruit stored in air for more than 20 days at 6° developed chilling injury as indicated by gray discoloration of the mesocarp tissue. At high temperatures (30°, 34°), avocado fruit ripened abnormally, showed considerable surface pitting, and had poor flavor. When fruit were stored with 100 ppm C2H4, tissue discoloration was severe below 12°, which implied that chilling sensitivity of avocado fruit increased with C2H4 treatment. Fruit, whether stored with C2H4 or not, showed breaking points around the same temperature region on an Arrhenius plot, suggesting possible involvement of other mechanisms in addition to phase changes of membrane lipid components.
Growth and Development Responses of Geranium to Temperature, Light Integral, CO2, and Chlormequat
Authors: White J. W. , Warrington I. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
“Red Elite” geraniums were grown from the 6th leaf stage until the visible bud stage in controlled environment (CE) chambers under 3 day/night temperature regimes (27°/13°, 23°/17°, or 20°/20°C) and under enhanced CO2 (900 μl CO2/liter air) at 27°/13°. Three daily light integral treatments, 24.6, 19.8, and 15.1 mol m−2 d−1, were imposed over each of these 4 treatments. Plants also were grown in a 22714° glasshouse with 2 daily light integral treatments (18.2 or 11.3 mol m−2 d−1). A chlormequat (CCC) drench was applied to half of the plants immediately before the treatments were started. For the period between the 6th leaf and visible bud stages, leaf area, leaf area ratio, specific leaf weight, shoot dry weight, leaf canopy height, and time to visible bud were determined mostly by daily mean temperature rather than by day or night temperature. Most plant growth characteristics, but not the flower bud development rate from 6th leaf to visible bud, were enhanced by supplemental CO2 and suppressed by CCC. After reaching the visible bud stage, plants from some treatments were moved into 24715° CE temperature conditions with or without CO2, whereas others were moved to a glasshouse until harvest at the 1st floret anthesis stage. Between visible bud and anthesis, CCC was the major factor affecting vegetative growth regardless of whether the plants were with or without supplemental CO2 in CE rooms, or in a glasshouse. Anthesis was delayed by about 10 days in the glasshouse compared to the CE treatments but was unaffected by CO2 or CCC treatments. Carbohydrate concentrations were highest (starch 14%, sugar 5%) in plant leaves grown with supplemental CO2 and without CCC, and lowest with no added CO2 but with CCC in all CE treatments. The concentrations were reduced (starch 0.5%, sugar 2.5%) in plant leaves grown in a glasshouse from 6th leaf stage to anthesis because of low daily light integrals and no supplemental CO2.
The Role of Bud Scales in the Dormancy of Apples
Authors: Swartz Harry Jan , Geyer Anne S. , Powell Loyd E. , Lin Shung-Hui Cynthia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Removal of bud scales hastened bud burst of several early and late blooming apple cultivars. Descaling was most effective during the onset and end of rest. During deep rest, bud scale removal was effective only when applied 2 weeks before forcing conditions. Extracts of bud scales inhibited apple bud break in vitro. Abscisic acid (ABA) may have been responsible for part or all of this bioactivity, since ABA occurred in bud scale diffusates and could replace or reinforce the bud scales in vitro. Wound-produced ethylene was not involved in the bud scale removal response.
Genetics of Flower Color in Spider Flower
Authors: Ladd Donn L. , Albrecht Mary Lewnes , Clayberg Carl D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cleome hasslerana Chod., a cross-pollinated species, has 5 corolla colors: violet, lilac, red, pink, and white. F1 and F2 progenies produced from crosses among the cultivars Helen Campbell Snow Crown, Cherry Queen, Pink Queen, and Violet Queen indicate that 3 loci with 2 alleles per locus control flower color. The allele W, for colored corolla, is dominant to w, for white corolla; R, for violet color, is dominant to r for red; and I, for dilute flower color, is dominant to i, determining intense flower color.
Long-term Influence of Irrigation and Tree Density on Growth, Survival, and Production of Peach
Authors: Layne R. E. C. , Tan C. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of irrigation and tree density on peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Harken/Siberian C] production were investigated over 11 years. Irrigation improved growth of peach trees, lowered levels of winter injury and perennial canker (Leucostoma spp.), and promoted tree survival. Annual and cumulative marketable yields were increased, especially in the later years. Tree density did not affect perennial canker, winter injury, or tree survival. Reducing tree spacing increased resulted total growth per hectare and annual and cumulative marketable yields. Irrigation and density treatments usually did not interact and had an additive effect on growth and fruit production. The most productive management system (a combination of 50% available soil moisture and 536 trees/ha) resulted in accumulated yields over 8 years of 179 tonnes (t)/ha comparted with only 74 t/ha for the check treatment (no irrigation and 266 trees/ha).
Response of Six Grape Cultivars to the Combined Effects of High Salinity and Rootzone Waterlogging
Authors: West D. W. , Taylor J. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of rootzone salinity (0 to 90 mM NaCl) on shoot growth of 6 grape cultivars [‘Sultana’ (syn. ‘Thompson Seedless’), ‘Carbernet Sauvignon’, ‘Crouchen’, ‘Shiraz’, ‘Doradillo’ and ‘Palomino’] grown as rooted cuttings was determined in sand cultures. Relative shoot growth values over 23 days with salt were ‘Palomino’ 100, ‘Sultana’ 94, ‘Shiraz’ 87, ‘Crouchen’ 83, ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ 63, and ‘Doradillo’ 59. Application of concurrent waterlogging (anaerobiosis) stress on the root system depressed shoot growth more than salt stress alone and changed the ranking for shoot growth. Waterlogging increased total uptake of Na and Cl, increased the amount of Na and Cl transported into the shoots, and resulted in visible leaf damage within 5 days of the onset of the waterlogging.
Leaf Gas Exchange and Growth Responses of Mature ‘Fantasia’ Nectarine Trees to Paclobutrazol
Authors: DeJong T. M. , Doyle J. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mature trees of ‘Fantasia’ nectarine (Prunus persica L. Batsch. ‘Fantasia’) were treated with the chemical growth regulator paclobutrazol (PP333) in the spring of 1983. Net photosynthetic gas exchange measurements were conducted on treated and control trees in the field at monthly intervals from May through September. Growth responses were measured at the end of the growing season. The paclobutrazol treatment resulted in a 67.9% decrease in annual extension shoot growth compared to controls and no apparent decrease in fruit yield or leaf photosynthetic rate. Total tree leaf area was reduced at the end of the season by an estimated 54.5% (so total tree photosynthesis may have been reduced). There were no apparent effects of either the presence of fruit or stage of fruit maturity on leaf CO2 assimilation rate. Newly produced extension shoots on treated trees had shorter internodes, larger diameters, more flower buds per unit length, higher specific shoot dry weights but fewer buds per unit shoot dry weight, than on untreated trees.
Influence of Container Medium, Lime, and Nitrogen Source on Growth of Woody Ornamentals
Authors: Sartain Jerry B. , Ingram Dewayne L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Juniperus horizontalis ‘Andorra Compacta’ and Rhododendron simsii ‘Redwing’ were grown for 6 months in 3 media to evaluate selected nutrient sources at 2 lime levels. Sulfur-coated urea (SCU) induced the lowest final medium pH, and isobutylidene diurea (IBDU) induced the highest. Lime application to the 2 Canadian peat : 1 calcined clay medium (v/v) was detrimental to ‘Redwing’ azalea shoot growth. Nutrient source did not affect shoot or root growth of azaleas growing in the 2 pine bark : 1 sand medium (v/v). In general, SCU produced more azalea shoot and root growth than the other nutrient sources. Liming decreased juniper shoot growth in the 1 pine bark : 1 Canadian peat : 1 sand medium (by volume). Oxamide and Osmocote produced significantly more juniper shoot growth in the pine bark : sand and pine bark : Canadian peat : sand media than other nutrient sources. After 6 months, plants fertilized with either IBDU or SCU had a higher concentration of leaf N than did those fertilized with Osmocote (18N–2.6P–10K).
Fertilizer Burn Comparisons of Concentrated Liquid Fertilizers Applied to Kentucky Bluegrass Turf
Authors: Johnson Sally J. , Christians Nick E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Concentrated solutions of Fluf, Fluf-Plus, Tuf, Fan NPK, Formolene, Maxigro-Plus, urea, and Folian were applied at 12.2, 24.4, and 48.8 kg N/ha with a gravity-fed, spinning disk, liquid applicator to a blend of Kentucky bluegrasses (Poa pratensis L. ‘Adelphi’, ‘Aquila’, ‘Glade’, and ‘Parade’) at times when environmental conditions were conducive to foliar burn. The methylene ureas, including Fluf, Fluf-Plus, and Tuf caused minimal burn at all rates of N. Formolene could be safely applied at 12.2 and 24.4 kg N/ha, and remained marginally acceptable at 48.8 kg N/ha. Fan NPK, urea, and Folian caused unacceptable levels of fertilizer burn at rates greater than 24.4 kg N/ha.
The Maturation and Ripening of the ‘Wonderful’ Pomegranate
Authors: Ben-Arie Ruth , Segal N. , Guelfat-Reich Sylvia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pomegranate (Punica granatum L. ‘Wonderful’) fruit reached horticultural maturity for commercial harvest when the soluble solids content (SSC) attained a fairly constant level of 15%. The level of titratable acidity (TA) varied from one location to another and from one year to the next but also generally remained stable at the same time that the SSC reached 15%. After harvest, there was no further change in either SSC or TA at 20°C, but redness of the juice continued to increase in intensity up to and after harvest. The respiration pattern of the mature fruit was of the nonclimacteric type, with only traces of ethylene evolved on occasion. Ethylene treatment of the fruit caused a rapid transient rise in CO2 evolution but no changes in SSC, TA, and fruit or juice color. A pseudo-climacteric pattern of respiration was found in very young immature fruit. The respiration rate of dehisced arils paralleled that of the intact fruit, but there was no response to exogenous ethylene treatment. Ethylene evidently stimulated the CO2 output only of the fruit rind.
Factors Influencing Winter Hardiness of Flower Buds and Stems of Evergreen Azaleas1
Authors: Lumis G. P. , Mecklenburg R. A. , Sink K. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two evergreen azalea clones, Rhododendron × ‘Maryann’ and R. poukhanense Levl., were studied in outdoor and controlled freezing experiments during 2 winters. Outdoor experiments revealed that 1) flower bud injury occurred in mid-winter, 2) flower buds of R. poukhanense were less hardy than those of R. ‘Maryann’, 3) splitting of apical stems often accompanied injury in R. poukhanense, and 4) a significant difference existed between the 2 clones in apical stem water percentage during December and January. In the laboratory freezing tests, initial injury occurred in the apical stem pith and at a higher temp than that which injured the flower bud. When twig water content of R. poukhanense was reduced prior to freezing, stem splitting was prevented and the twigs survived exposure to lower temp. Large ice masses were observed in the vascular tissue of R. poukhanense when the frozen twigs were sectioned. Water content and ice crystal development were the primary factors affecting survival of both clones.
Ethylene Diffusion Through Citrus Leaf and Fruit Tissue1
Authors: Barmore Charles R. , Biggs R. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Studies with enzymatically isolated cuticles revealed that the abaxial cuticle was the primary site of ethylene diffusion from the leaf. With fruits, the flavedo and cuticle of the rind were found to offer considerable resistance to ethylene diffusion. The albedo was quite permeable. Measurement at various positions on the fruit show that the point of stem attachment was apparently the path of least resistance for ethylene diffusion from the fruit cavity.
Breeding Behavior of Polyploid Dendrobium Orchids1
Authors: Kamemoto H. , Meeyot W. , Takeshita M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The breeding behavior of polyploid Dendrobium orchids (N=19) was investigated by making crosses involving diploids, triploids and tetraploids. Seedlings were obtained from various combinations, although the percentages of viable seed was low for crosses involving triploids. 2N × 2N crosses produced 2N offspring, 4N × 4N crosses produced 4N offspring and 2N × 4N and 4N × 2N crosses produced 3N offspring. 2N × 3N and 3N × 2N crosses gave rise to predominantly 4N progenies and small percentages of aneuploids between the 2N and 3N levels. The increase in ploidy can be attributed to the functioning of unreduced 3N gametes from the 3N parent and the normally reduced N gametes from the 2N parent. 3N × 4N and 4N × 3N crosses produced variable progenies of 5N and aneuploid offspring between the 3N and 4N levels.
Effects of Seasonal Interactions of Nitrogen, Phosphorous, and Potassium Fertilizers on Yield and Nutrient Content of Snap Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Asif Mir I. , Greig J. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pod yields, nutrient content of plant tissues, and NO3-N accumulation in pods were determined for snap beans grown at 4 N and 2 P-K levels in the spring and fall seasons of 1968 and 1969. Increased N applications resulted in increased pod yields, higher levels of K, Ca, Mg, and Zn in the plants, and accumulation of NO3 in pods; however, the NO3 effects varied between years. Applied P-K reduced pod yield, increased Fe content of plants but antagonized Mg and Zn uptake. Of plant parts, pods accumulated the most N, P, and Zn; leaves, the most K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn; and stems, the most Cu. Seasonal influence of N and P-K application rate on yield was not consistent. In general, beans had higher nutrient content in the spring than in the fall. Translocation of K, Ca, Fe, and Cu was influenced by season.
The Evaporative Cooling Effects of Overtree Sprinkler Irrigation on ‘Red Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Unrath C. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Low vol overtree sprinkler irrigation was used on ‘Starkrimson Red Delicious’ apples during 2 successive growing seasons to determine the potential for moderating environmental extremes and reducing moisture stress through evaporative cooling. Irrigation, applied when air temp exceeded 87°F, substantially cooled plant tissues. In addition a residual cooling effect from evaporation of irrigation water following application was evident. The fruit exhibited the greatest amount of cooling (avg of 12.1° and 8.1°F in 1969 and 1970, respectively) because evaporation cooling negated radiation heating which normally caused fruit temp to be well above air temp. Cooling effects were proportional to length of operation of the irrigation system.
Rest Period and Flower Development in Cranberry1
Authors: Rigby Bruce , Dana M. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The rest period and the development of cranberry flowers, Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait., cv. Stevens, were studied for 2 consecutive years. Long days were found to be necessary for the normal outgrowth of the fruit bud; no flowers were produced under short days. Increased chilling was required to produce bud break when the plants were given short days. Under favorable light conditions, 80% of the buds grew out after 600 hr below 45°F. Production of normal flowers was not ensured by satisfaction of cold requirement but also involved exposure of buds to temp above 45°F.
Gibberellic acid (GA3) caused 80% or more of the buds to break, regardless of chilling treatment, and caused faster bud break even after adequate chilling. Functionally “male-sterile” flowers with contorted anther tubes were produced occasionally from buds given adequate chilling and GA3.
Sensitivity of Tomato Cultivars to Ozone1,3
Authors: Reinert Richard A. , Tingey David T. , Carter Hershell B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Twelve cultivars of tomato were exposed to 40 pphm ozone for 1.5 hr in separate morning and afternoon exposures to determine differences in cultivar sensitivity. Nearly all of the cultivars exposed in the afternoon developed more injury than similar cultivars exposed in the morning. Cultivar ranking, however, was the same in morning and afternoon exposures. ‘Roma VF’ and ‘Red Cherry’ were among the most sensitive cultivars tested and ‘Heinz 1439’ and ‘VF 145B’ were the least sensitive of the 12 tomato cultivars tested.
Cranberry Yield and Anthocyanin Content as Influenced by Ethephon, SADH, and Malathion1
Authors: Eck Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In 3 consecutive years of treatment, ethephon applied at the rate of 1 lb./A of active material and malathion at 21/2 lb./A of active material, 2 weeks before harvest, increased anthocyanin content in ‘Early Black’ cranberries, but SADH at 4 and 8 lb./A did not. None of the materials adversely affected yield or berry size during the 3 years of testing.
Anatomical Changes in Developing Graft Unions of Juniperus L.1
Authors: Evans G. E. , Rasmussen H. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Comparative studies of clonal anatomy revealed visible differences in medullary ray cell diam in juniper cultivars with different chromosome numbers. Histological studies, made at 10-day intervals for 60 days after grafting showed no differences in developmental sequence but only differences in rate at which each stage occurred. Callus tissue form ation began 10 - 20 days after grafting; first in ‘Fountain’ and last in ‘Pfitzeriana Kallay’. Isodiametric cells from uninjured cambia appeared by the 20th day except with ‘Pfitzeriana Kallay’ scions. By an alternating series of radial and tangential divisions, these cells overwalled the injured graft surfaces, but was less pronounced in closely fitted grafts. Overwalling cells did not occur in ‘Pfitzeriana Kallay’ until 30 days after grafting. By 40 - 50 days, overwalling cells began, by radial divisions to produce organized cells which filled voids between graft partners and crushed intervening callus. Mixing of newly formed cells between stock and scion cambia occurred 50 - 60 days after grafting. These cells assumed the spindle-shape of typical tracheids and were oriented into a “cambial bridge.” New, normally oriented xylem subsequently formed from this new cambial tissue. In typical grafts, most new tissue arose from the understock prior to the 50th day after grafting. At 60 days, contribution from stock and scion were equivalent. Adjacent walls of mixed graft tissue were found to be unmodified and appeared as paired structures each with a middle lamella and secondary wall thickenings. Abnormally large numbers of pits were observed at the graft union.
Inheritance of Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus Resistance in Southern Pea, Vigna sinensis (Torner) S.1
Authors: Reeder B. D. , Norton J. D. , Chambliss O. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A high level of resistance to the cowpea strain of bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV-CS) in southern pea, Vigna sinensis, was found in P.I. 297562. Its mode of inheritance was determined in crosses with 3 susceptible cvs.: Knuckle Purple Hull, Mississippi Silver, Princess Anne, and an Alabama breeding line, Ala. 562.3-1-2.
Results of virus inoculation tests of F1, F2 and backcross populations showed that resistance in P.I. 297562 was governed by a single recessive gene pair. The high level of resistance of P.I. 297562 should prove valuable for breeding and development of resistant cultivars.
Degreening and Abscission of Citrus Fruit with Preharvest Applications of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid (Ethephon)1,2,3
Authors: Young Roger , Jahn Otto 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied as a preharvest spray at rates of 200, 300, and 500 ppm induced significant on-the-tree degreening of fruit of ‘Robinson’, ‘Lee’ ‘Nova’, and ‘Dancy’ tangerines and ‘Hamlin’ oranges. Greatest degreening occurred 2 to 6 days following application and subsequent to peak-ethylene evolution. Fruit which were partially or totally degreened on the tree required less postharvest degreening and showed less decay in storage than untreated fruit. Ethephon applied at 200 to 500 ppm induced varying degrees of fruit loosening and, often, fruit drop. Generally, less than 10% ofthe leaves abscised on all cultivars with rates under 200 ppm and on ‘Nova’ and ‘Dancy’ tangerines and ‘Hamlin’ oranges with rates under 500 ppm. Considerable leaf abscission occurred on ‘Robinson’ and ‘Lee’ tangerines treated with 300 and 500 ppm ethephon.
Effects of Plant Density, Training, and Pruning on Blackberry Yield1
Authors: Sheets W. A. , Bullock R. M. , Garren R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plant density and date of training significantly affected the yield of the ‘Marion’ blackberry spaced at 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 ft. Canes were trained in August, September, October and February, with a single variable in pruning. Four-year averages indicate highly significant increases in yield per acre at the higher plant densities. Highest yields were obtained from August-trained plants followed in order of yield by February, September and October-trained plants. Differences in yields due to pruning treatment were small and not significant. Increased yield from August-trained plants is attributed to stimulation of axillary buds and their subsequent lateral growth on which fruit buds developed.
Irradiation of Color Sports of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Rome’ Apples1
Authors: Charlotte Pratt , Way R. D. , Ourecky D. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several color sports of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Rome Beauty’ were irradiated with gamma rays as growing trees or as dormant scions. Four sports of ‘Delicious’ and 3 of ‘Rome’ showed radiation-induced reversions in fruit color pattern from blushed to striped or to less red color. Not all cultivars showed spontaneous reversions. Most of the anthocyanin-containing cells producing the red color of the sports occurred in the hypodermis, which was derived from layer II of the apical meristem. The color sports were hypothesized to be periclinal chimeras with a mutation favoring increased anthocyanin in layer II or, by layer reduplication, in both layers II and III. The former chimeras would be more likely to revert than the latter.
The Use of Individual Fruit (Intraplot) Variance as a Technique to Evaluate Peach Fruit Uniformity1
Authors: Sims E. T. , Byrd W. P. , Gambrell C. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Peach samples were taken by removing all fruit from preselected limbs at 1 date for each treatment just prior to the 1st commercial harvest, Maturity was evaluated by the indices of firmness, size, undercolor, and overcolor. The estimates of variance among fruit for the maturity attributes were used to objectively measure fruit uniformity. These estimates of variance were then subjected to the analysis of variance to test for differences of fruit uniformity among growth regulator treatments.