bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A human exposure-based traffic assignment model for minimizing fine particulate matter (PM2.5) intake from on-road vehicle emissions
Authors: Bin Thaneya Ahmad , S Apte Joshua , Horvath Arpad 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
An exposure-based traffic assignment (TA) model and accompanying analysis framework have been developed to quantify primary and secondary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure due to modeled on-road vehicle flow on a regional network at a high spatial resolution. The Chicago Metropolitan Area transportation network is used to demonstrate the model’s decision-informing power. The study compares the spatially distributed exposure impacts due to traffic emissions of two TA optimization scenarios: a baseline user equilibrium with respect to travel time (UET) and a novel system optimal with respect to pollutant intake (SOI). The UET and SOI scenarios are developed through the use of (a) the TA model used for obtaining vehicle flow patterns and characteristics including emissions, (b) a source-receptor matrix for PM2.5 developed through a reduced-complexity air quality model to quantify primary and secondary PM2.5 concentrations across the exposure domain, (c) spatial analysis for assessing exposure profiles at the census tract level, and (d) a health impact model to quantify exposure damages. The SOI scenario yields a 9% – 10% total reduction in exposure damages, with the most impacted census tracts benefiting from up to 20% – 30% of reductions, but leads to a 16% increase in travel time costs. Further reduction to PM2.5 exposure by the SOI is hindered by network constraints, where travel demand in populous areas around the network must still be satisfied. The model can be used to systematically quantify the mitigation potential of different transportation exposure reduction strategies, to assess the exposure impacts of newly developed transportation infrastructure, and to address the equity implications of PM2.5 exposure from traffic, all under realistic system behavior and bounded by actual system constraints.
Future flooding increases unequal exposure risks to relic industrial pollution
Authors: Marlow Thomas , Elliott James R , Frickel Scott 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Climate change is increasing the probability that urban communities with lengthy histories of land-based industrial pollution and ongoing residential segregation will experience more frequent and destructive flooding in the years ahead. This paper investigates where these past, present, and future forces will converge to potentially produce a new type of climate injustice, as the flooding of former, or ‘relic,’ industrial sites threatens to transport sequestered industrial contaminants off site. Merging property-level flood-risk projections from the First Street Foundation with historical data on former hazardous manufacturing facilities in 6 U.S. cities, we identify more than 6000 relic industrial sites with elevated flood risk over the next 30 years. Exploratory spatial analysis reveals that these sites cluster spatially to create identifiable zones of cumulative impact, within which as many as 560 thousand residents and 229 thousand housing units are currently located. Spatial multilevel modeling further indicates that socially vulnerable groups (i.e. racial minorities, those with lower incomes, and those residing in less autonomous housing) are consistently and disproportionately likely to live in these areas. These findings highlight the need to develop new strategic plans to rethink site-based strategies of remediation and to engage residents of historically marginalized communities in planning efforts as government agencies at all levels work to make their cities more resilient and environmentally just in the age of climate change.
Satellite observed recent rising water levels of global lakes and reservoirs
Authors: Xu Nan , Ma Yue , Wei Zhongwang , Huang Conghong , Li Guoyuan , Zheng Huiying , Wang Xiao Hua 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Monitoring global lake/reservoir water level changes is needed to understand the global water cycle and investigate its potential drivers. The existing global water level products only cover lakes/reservoirs with large sizes (>100 km2). Here, Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) and ICESat-2 altimetry data with small footprints are employed to examine global water level changes for 22 008 lakes/reservoirs greater than 1 km2. We report that 77.56% of them exhibited rising water levels over 2003–2021. Across the globe, 78.84% of lakes exhibit a rising water level, while the proportion for reservoirs is only 56.01%. Global lake/reservoir is estimated to experience a median water level change rate of +0.02 ± 0.02 m yr−1 over 2003–2021, and lakes have a larger water level rise (+0.02 ± 0.02 m yr−1) than reservoirs (+0.008 ± 0.14 m yr−1). We detect large-scale rising water levels in the Tibetan Plateau, the Mississippi River basin, and high-latitude regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Our calculation also suggests a negative relationship between the percentage of water level rise in lakes/reservoirs and population density for global river basins (r = −0.41, p-value < 0.05) and 11 hotspots (r = −0.48, p-value < 0.05). Our result suggests that inland water level has tended to rise in recent years under natural processes while human activities (i.e. with higher population density) can balance the water level rise via reservoir regulation. We find the existing datasets underestimated global water level rise, which may be caused by the exclusion of numerous small lakes/reservoirs. Our estimated global water level change rates (that include numerous small lakes with areas of 1–10 km2) can improve the understanding of global hydrological cycle and water resource management under the double pressure of climate warming and human activities.
Index of the transversally elliptic complex in Pestunization
Authors: Mauch Roman , Ruggeri Lorenzo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this note we present a formula for the equivariant index of the cohomological complex obtained from localization of

N
=
2

SYM on simply-connected compact four-manifolds with a T
2-action. Knowledge of said index is essential to compute the perturbative part of the partition function for the theory. In the topologically twisted case, the complex is elliptic and its index can be computed in a standard way using the Atiyah–Bott localization formula. Recently, a framework for more general types of twisting, so-called cohomological twisting, was introduced for which the complex turns out to be only transversally elliptic. While the index of such a complex has been computed for some cases where the manifold can be lifted to a Sasakian S
1-fibration in five dimensions, a general four-dimensional treatment was still lacking. We provide a formal, purely four-dimensional treatment of the cohomological complex, showing that the Laplacian part can be globally split off while the remaining part can be trivialized uniquely in the group-direction. This ultimately produces a simple formula for the index applicable for any compact simply-connected four-manifold. Finally, the index formula is applied to examples on S
4,

C

P

2

and

F

1

. For the latter, we use the result to compute the perturbative partition function.
Photoluminescence behavior of Eu3+ doped XAl2O4 (X = Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba) phosphors: a comparative study
Authors: Choudhary A K , Dwivedi A , Rai S B 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this work, the Eu3+ doped stuffed tridymite type structure of alkaline earths aluminate i.e. XAl2O4 (X = Mg, Ca, Sr and Ba) phosphor materials have been synthesized by conventional high temperature solid state reaction method at 1623 K. The Samples were structurally and morphologically characterized by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements. The vibrational behavior of the phosphor samples were investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) measurements. The phosphor samples emit intense red emission in 610–615 nm range due to 5D0 → 7F2 transition of Eu3+ ion on excitation with charge transfer band (CTB) wavelength arising due to Eu3+-O2- and also by the discrete bands of Eu3+ ions .The decay time of 5D0 level of Eu3+ ion were recorded on excitation with 393 nm and by the CTB wavelength for all the four samples. The optimized 1 mol% Eu3+ doped CaAl2O4 phosphor exhibits optimum emission intensity and color purity under the excitation with 393 nm than others. The decay time is also found to be larger in the case of Eu3+ doped CaAl2O4 phosphor sample. Therefore, Eu3+ doped CaAl2O4 phosphor may be promising material for red color light emitting applications and white light generation.
Surface potential based modeling of zinc oxynitride thin film transistors
Authors: J G Anjana , Anand Venu , Nair Aswathi R 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In this work we present analytical models for the drain current and threshold voltage of zinc oxynitride thin film transistors. A surface potential based modeling approach has been adopted and the exact closed form solutions for the potential profile, drain current and threshold voltage have been obtained. In order to account for the effects of both free and localized charges in the semiconductor, an effective charge density method has been used. The models were validated against experimental data from literature. The models show good agreement with the data.
Cones of special cycles of codimension 2 on orthogonal Shimura varieties
Authors: Zuffetti Riccardo 
Published: June 2022

Let

X
X

be an orthogonal Shimura variety associated to a unimodular lattice. We investigate the polyhedrality of the cone

C

X

\mathcal {C}_X

of special cycles of codimension 2 on

X
X

. We show that the rays generated by such cycles accumulate towards infinitely many rays, the latter generating a non-trivial cone. We also prove that such an accumulation cone is polyhedral. The proof relies on analogous properties satisfied by the cones of Fourier coefficients of Siegel modular forms. We show that the accumulation rays of

C

X

\mathcal {C}_X

are generated by combinations of Heegner divisors intersected with the Hodge class of

X
X

. As a result of the classification of the accumulation rays, we implement an algorithm in SageMath to certify the polyhedrality of

C

X

\mathcal {C}_X

in some cases.
927 MENDELIAN RANDOMIZATION ANALYSIS SHOWS A CAUSAL EFFECT OF NOISE EXPOSURE ON ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE RISK
Authors: Guo X , Li R 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Epidemiological studies suggested that exposure to transportation noise and long-term community noise was associated with a higher incidence of dementia, especially Alzheimer’s disease (ad). However, since subjects with low education and low income were also more likely to live or work in noisy environments, the association observed between noise exposure and ad may be distorted by education level, income level, and hearing impairment. Thus, whether noise exposure was causally associated with ad risk remained to be further clarified.

Method
A bidirectional Mendelian randomization (BMR) analysis was performed leveraging genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics of noise exposure (N = 456,380, UK Biobank) and ad (N = 54,162, IGAP) from the OpenGWAS database. Those single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a P value less than 1E-05 were selected as instrumental variables (IVs). The TwoSampleMR package (version 0.5.6) was used to do BMR analysis using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method with default parameters.

Results
The IVW results howed that exposure to noise at different times of day was causally associated with increased risk of ad (daytime: odds ratio [OR] = 2.2113, P = 0.0326; evening: OR = 2.2127, P = 0.0324; nighttime: OR = 2.2110, P = 0.0326; 16-hour: OR = 2.2114, P = 0.0325; 24-hour: OR = 2.2128, P = 0.0324). No obvious pleiotropic effects and heterogeneity were found in the BMR analysis, suggesting good reliability of the causal effect of noise exposure on ad. Moreover, the BMR results remained significant despite removing IVs associated with an education degree, average income, and hearing impairment. There was no reverse causal effect of ad on noise exposure in BMR analysis, which has been deposited in FigShare (https://figshare.com/s/09e30a1a0ccff450246b).

Conclusion
The results BMR analysis demonstrate that noise exposure is causally associated with an elevated risk of ad, independently of education degree, average income, and hearing impairment. Further studies are needed to confirm the underlying mechanism of this effect.
1050 DELIRIUM RECOGNITION AND MANAGEMENT IN AN INPATIENT REHABILITATION UNIT
Authors: Stoodley I , Kyzy R , Conroy  , McKenzie J , Geen S , Asino J , Cruz E , Hazan J 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Delirium is associated with poor outcomes, but is under-diagnosed and under-treated. This project aimed to improve delirium recognition and multidisciplinary team (MDT) management on an inpatient rehabilitation ward. (NICE delirium: prevention, diagnosis and management, 2010).

Methodology
Using the Model for Improvement, the MDT identified four areas of delirium care; prevention, recognition, causes and management. Aspects of each were mapped in a driver diagram. The MDT voted on areas to target. Results and interventions were reviewed at weekly meetings. PDSA cycles 1.A delirium marker was introduced to the nursing handover and patients’ rooms. Data was collected on its use and weekly MDT meetings were used to check the accuracy of delirium identification. 2.An audit was completed of the 'patient profile’ information held in patients' bedside files. A person-centred ‘about me’ board was introduced instead and positioned visibly in patients’ rooms. 3.Healthcare assistants completed daily bowel charts. 4.Doctors completed anticholinergic medication reviews. Data was analysed using SPC charts.

Results
Before the delirium flag 0% of patients with delirium were identified on nursing handover. This improved to 58% on average, although some patients were incorrectly identified as delirious. Baseline personal profile completion rate was 61% on average, but the information quality collected was poor. The new ‘about me’ profile completion rate improved over time, varying between 16% and 86%. 100% of patients had medication reviews. Bowel chart completion improved from 89% to 100%.

Conclusion
Recognition of delirium improved. Stool charts and medication reviews were successfully implemented. The ‘about me’ board completion rate fluctuated but the information is now more visible. Our long-term goal is to improve patient-related outcomes such as engagement in therapy quality of life, and length of stay. Teaching sessions on delirium will be delivered by MDT members. Successful interventions will be expanded to other wards and PDSA cycles will continue.
994 CURRENT SECONDARY PREVENTION AFTER HIP FRACTURE IN ENGLAND AND WALES—RESULTS FROM THE NATIONAL HIP FRACTURE DATABASE (NHFD)
Authors: Mohsin Z , Javaid K , Johansen A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Introduction
National clinical audit seeks to enhance the quality of care of the 75,000 people who break their hip in the UK each year. A key aim for the National Hip Fracture Database (NHFD) is to encourage secondary fracture prevention through bone health assessment and the appropriate provision of anti-osteoporosis medication (AOM). We set out to describe trends in anti-osteoporosis medication prescription, and to examine the types of oral and injectable AOM being prescribed both before and after a hip fracture.

Method
We used data freely available from the NHFD www.nhfd.co.uk to analyse trends in oral and injectable AOM prescription across a quarter of a million patients presenting between 2016 and 2020, and more detailed information on the individual type of AOM prescribed for 63,284 patients from 171 hospitals in England and Wales who presented in 2020.

Results
Most patients (88.2%) were not taking any AOM when they presented with hip fracture. Half of all patients (49.9%) were prescribed AOM treatment by the time of discharge, but the proportion deemed ‘inappropriate for AOM’ varied hugely (0.2–83.6%) in different hospitals. Nearly two thirds (64%) of those who were previously taking an oral bisphosphonate were simply discharged on the same type of medication. The total number of patients started on oral medication fell by 11.4% over 5 years. The number started on injectable AOM almost doubled to 14.4% over the same period, but remains hugely variable across the country, with rates ranging 0–67% across different units.

Conclusion
A recent hip fracture is a strong risk factor for future fractures. If teams are to learn from each other’s experience and patients are to be protected against further fragility fractures the huge variability in approaches, and in particular to the use of injectables, in different trauma units across England and Wales requires further investigation.
1013 DIAGNOSTIC TEST ACCURACY OF FRAILTY SCREENING TOOLS USING DATA IN ELECTRONIC PRIMARY CARE RECORDS
Authors: Makin S , Brack C , Kynn M , Murchie P 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Targeted interventions aimed at people living with frailty key to NHS Strategy and is incentivised in the NHS England GP contract. eFrailty, and similar risk prediction tools aim to detect frail people automatically from their electronic primary care health-records and can predict mortality and hospital admission. We carried out a systematic review of currently available risk prediction tools to assess frailty using primary care data.

Method
We searched Medline, Pubmed, CENTRAL, CINHAL and Embase to identify studies comparing a frailty assessment utilising primary care records with face-to-face assessment with a healthcare professional. Studies were quality assessed using QUADAS-2. Sensitivity and specificity values were extracted directly or calculated and pooled using StatsDirect.

Results
The initial search generated 2,245 titles with 10 studies remaining for review after screening. This described 3 different index tests (electronic frailty index (eFI), claims-based frailty index (cFI), and polypharmacy. Frailty Phenotype was the reference standard in each study. 1 study of 60 patients, average age 80.2 examined eFI, with a pooled sensitivity of 0.84 (95% CI 0.55,0.98), and specificity of 0.78 (0.64,0.89). 2 studies of 7,679 patients, average age 75.5, examined cFI, with a pooled sensitivity of 0.84 (95% CI 0.55,0.98), and specificity of 0.78 (0.64,0.89). 7 studies of 34,328 patients, average age 77.4, examined a polypharmacy as a screening tool (defined as ≥5 medications) with a pooled sensitivity of 0.84 (95% CI 0.55,0.98), and specificity of 0.78 (0.64,0.89).

Conclusion
eFI performed best however, for an average UK GP practice with a list size of 10,000, 18% of patients aged over 65, of which 20% were frail, eFI would flag 597 as frail, of which 272 would be actually frail, and an additional 51 frail patients would be missed. In conclusion, existing frailty risk prediction tools would have strictly limited value in UK primary care currently.
1059 PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AMONG OLDER PEOPLE ADMITTED TO A UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Leong W H , Chew M Y , Lee Z Y , Lim C X , Norizam N A I B , Ong R Y , Khor H M , Ong T 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Physical inactivity is prevalent among hospitalised older people and is associated with poor outcomes. This study aims to determine activity levels in a Malaysian university hospital.

Method
Direct observation of patients admitted to the geriatric medicine ward over 2 weeks between the hours of 8 am-8 pm was performed. Data was collated onto an observation diary which was piloted, and changes made iteratively. A taxonomy of inpatient activity and healthcare staff interaction was created. Observer training was done to ensure familiarity and consistency in the recording. Data was presented descriptively and comparison made between weekday/weekend. Minutes of activity time per-hour (mins/hr) was use to report findings.

Results
Ninety-one patients were observed over 1918.8 hours (weekday, 1579.67 hours; weekends, 363.87 hours). The observed median (Q1,Q3) was 15.1 (9.4, 30.1) hours per-patient. 32.6 minutes per day on average was spent upright, with the rest spent either sitting or lying down. 78.9% of patients’ time was spent doing nothing. Patients’ position was different between weekdays vs weekends, lying, 35.7 vs 40.8 mins/hr; sitting, 23.3 vs 18.2 mins/hr; and standing, 1.1 vs 1.0 mins/hr. Patients spent significantly less proportion of time active at the weekends (weekdays, 28.3% vs weekends, 19.9%). When individual activities were analysed, patients were doing less walking (weekend, 0.4 vs weekday, 0.01 mins/hr, p = 0.01) therapy-supervised exercise (1.1 vs 0.02 mins/hr, p &lt; 0.01), and nursing care (0.6 vs 0.1 mins/hr, p &lt; 0.01) over the weekend. There was also less doctor interaction (weekday, 1.1 vs 0.5 mins/hr, p = 0.04) and no therapist interaction at the weekend. Nursing input was unchanged.

Conclusion
Older people admitted to a university hospital in Malaysia were very inactive. There was further reduction in activity levels and healthcare interaction at the weekend. Maintaining physical activity during hospitalisation is required to ensure best possible recovery from their acute illness.
937 COMMUNITY ORIENTATION AND HYBRID PHYSICIANS IN AMBULATORY EMERGENCY CARE FOR OLDER PEOPLE
Authors: Glogowska M , Lasserson D , Reeve J 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Introduction
AEC (Ambulatory Emergency Care) provides acute assessment and treatment in the community for acutely unwell complex older patients, with patients staying in their own homes overnight. This investigation aimed to understand the impact of the AEC Setting on Clinical Decision-Making.

Method
Three AEC sites were purposively sampled to recruit twelve clinicians with backgrounds in Geriatrics, General Practice, Emergency and Acute Medicine. This qualitative investigation used focused ethnography within a case study approach to understand the decision-making processes in the context of the AEC environment. Observation during an AEC shift was complemented by informant interviews. A framework approach to thematic analysis used ‘a priori’ and data derived codes to develop explanatory themes. Constant comparison and cognitive task analysis were used to evaluate the clinicians’ decision-making processes for index patient cases.

Results
Across-case analysis of the experience and training of the AEC clinicians identified that the main similarity in training was having a varied background experience. These ‘hybrid physicians’ were able to work across professional boundaries and considered their diversity of training a strength. The AEC clinicians had considerable contextual awareness of their environment and how this differed from their routine clinical practice. The participants felt that AEC working altered their thresholds for concern and increased their community orientation.

Conclusion
This critical example demonstrates the importance of diversity of background training and community orientation when considering alternatives to acute hospitalisation for unwell older adults. As more interventions such as the Urgent Community Response are implemented across the UK, further training is needed to ensure that AEC clinicians obtain a broad spectrum of practice. Future research is needed to investigate optimal team and skill mix in AEC.