bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Jetting Assembly for Enhanced Filter Cake Cleanup During Lower Completion Installation
Authors: Peixoto Luis , Zhang Ying , Todd Leah , Provost Wilfred Nathaniel , Gerber Jesse Thomas 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA study on past water injector well performance indicated that soaking the OH with DIF breaker was not effective at removing filtercake, especially when compared with wells that had a post-completion stimulation. Analysis of the data suggested that long term injectivity/productivity could be improved at lower cost if a stimulation could be performed during the lower completion operational step. A new technology to precisely inject and divert acid, through the screens, towards the filtercake during the lower completion installation was developed, thoroughly tested and finally trialed in a well, to verify the results and validate the theory.A jetting tool assembly was developed, with the goal to improve clean-up by impelling acid through the screens and against the filtercake, adding agitation (previously unavailable through soaking placement) leading to a more thorough filtercake clean-up during lower completion installation. The assembly ran in hole includes a high-pressure jetting tool designed to divert the acid to every inch of formation for a very thorough filtercake removal, and it is powerful enough to jet through the screens and reach the formation face. The development process included the expansion of the jetting tool's capability to pump at higher rates, and the addition of two flow control tools to assist the jetting tool to function at will, while maintaining all typical lower completion service tool functionalities prior to its activation.Once the tool was developed, a series of successful tests were carried out, culminating with a full-scale SIT on a rig, to fully test all the capabilities of the tool assembly. Finally, the technology was successfully trialed in an deepwater injector well in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) to acid jet the filtercake, achieving very positive initial results, which support expansion of the technology's use to other assets and well types.High pressure jetting tools have been used before with coiled tubing deployment, but never during a lower completion run. Through the development of the new tools, and the expansion of the jetting tool capabilities, this new approach allows the operator to save significant post-completion intervention costs by adding the stimulation capability to the completion phase of the well, obtaining a significantly better well performance at a reduced cost. This is especially significant in deepwater wells.
Circular Economy Initiatives at Upstream Surface Facilities
Authors: Bu Ali Ahmed Khalid , Soliman Mohamed Ahmed 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this paper to showcase the feasibility of a Circular Economy (CE) initiative for upstream surface facilities to recover, reduce, and reuse the wasted energy across different plant equipment, including throttling valves.
Several energy recovery and energy conservation technologies and processes were identified to minimize energy consumption in Tanajib plant. The optimum technology options were selected to minimize the modifications of the existing facilities, while maintaining the flexibility to meet the future production forecast. The study was conducted using the following methodology: Conduct comprehensive energy assessment of all high potential oil, gas, and water streams to recover its wasted energy.Create several process designs/layouts that will incorporate these technologies and enable meeting the required specs at the surface facility.Conduct technical evaluation and lifecycle cost study, to compare different alternatives to meet the objective.
The comprehensive assessment revealed that there are three economically feasible projects out of 10 evaluated business cases to harness wasted energy at Tanajib plants. Hydraulic Power Recovery Turbine (HPRT) technologies were found to be one of the most promising technologies to harness the wasted energy with minimum modifications. HPRT is a Reverse Pump that will harness the wasted pressure drop across the liquid control/throttling valves and convert it into useful power. The 500 MBCD Tanajib plant was used as proof of concept.
Recovering and utilizing the wasted energy will promote circular economy, minimize the imported power from the national grid and minimize CO2 emissions, while extending the equipment lifetime.
Latest Applications of UAVs, Drones and Robotics in the Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Aydin Hakki , Temizel Cenk 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDigital transformation brings substantial operational efficiency improvements in asset-heavy and capital-intensive industries like oil and gas. While digital transformation covers a wide array of technologies, this study focuses on the application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), drones, and robotics in the oil and gas industry. These technologies can unlock tremendous value in oilfield operations. The objective of this study is to examine methods through which this value will be brought to the industry and analyze the impact of these technologies in enabling Industrial Revolution 4.0 in the upstream oil and gas industry.The literature has been thoroughly reviewed to cover the history of UAVs, drones, and robotics in the oil and gas industry along with related technologies transferred from other industries. Focus has been provided on analyzing early-stage and mature technologies and how UAVs, drones, and robotics can be implemented in the oil and gas industry technologies in a repeatable and scalable manner. In addition, real-field applications of these technologies to oil and gas fields in different parts of the world, the incremental benefits each application provides, and the challenges in implementing them are investigated in detail.The innate ability of UAVs, drones, and robotics technologies in interconnecting physical assets with digital solutions is what allows it to unlock huge amounts of value in any given oilfield application. These technologies can be used in areas with a significant risk to personnel, such as deepwater platforms. They can be used in applications that help improve environmental safety, such as methane emissions monitoring, plugging leaks in subsea pipelines, etc. The focus must be given to ensure that customized solutions are developed for each use case so that the true gains these technologies can bring, either in cost reductions, revenue maximization, or enhanced safety, are realized. These technologies can also enable oilfield assets even in remote areas to continuously operate in optimal conditions and ensure positive project economics. While there are many advantages to these technologies, their challenges, such as cybersecurity issues and its impact of physical security of critical assets, are addressed in this study.UAVs, drones and robotics are widely known concepts across the industry, and there are multiple examples of specific use cases of such technologies in the literature. However, there still is a lack of clarity on the specific use-cases, benefits, and potential of such technologies amongst industry professionals. This study bridges the gap by providing a concise overview of these technologies enabling the fourth industrial revolution, including their history, application areas, successful use cases, and future potential.
Novel Flexible Pipe Design Solutions to Mitigate Dry Gas Flow Induced Pulsations
Authors: Solfeldt Thomas Iversen , Nielsen Karsten Gorm , Rytter Jan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Flow-induced pulsations (FLIP) are pressure oscillations generated inside flexible pipes used in dry gas applications that can cause unacceptable vibration levels and eventually failure of equipment. Because of the design of inner layer of the flexible pipe, the carcass, the frequency of the pulsations is high, potentially leading to fatigue failures of adjacent structures in a relatively short time.
The paper will show the application of FLIP assessment and limit state design for typical flexible pipe usage in subsea gas production, enabling operation below the FLIP threshold level, as well as how the newly developed and qualified near-smoothbore anti-FLIP carcass allows for very high flow velocities. The paper will show how FLIP design challenges has been overcome in a typical gas field subsea production scenario and how the new anti-FLIP carcass has been fully qualified.
Robust Models to Predict Coal Wettability for CO2 Sequestration Applications
Authors: Ibrahim Ahmed Farid 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCarbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in underground formations is one of the effective processes of decreasing carbon emissions. CO2 injection in coalbeds improves methane production from coal formations (ECBM) with storing CO2 for environmental purposes. The performance ECBM process and CO2 injection depend on the wettability behavior in the coal/water/CO2 system. The wettability can be measured using different experiments; however, these measurements are time-consuming, expensive, and highly inconsistent. Therefore, this paper aims to apply Linear regression (LR), XGBoost Model, and random forests (RF) as machine learning (ML) tools to predict the contact angle in the coal–water–CO2 system. A dataset of 250 points was collected for different coal samples at different conditions. The ML methods were used to predict coal-water–CO2 contact angle (CA) as a function of coal properties, system pressure, and temperature. The results from LR, XGBOOST, and RF models showed their competency to predict the contact angle in the coal/water/CO2 system as a function of coal properties and the system conditions. The R values between actual and model CA from the LR model were found to be 0.86 and 0.87 compared to 0.99, and 0.97 from the RF model. The XGBOOST model shows an R-value of 0.99 and 0.96 in the different datasets. AAPE was less than 13% in the three ML models. This study provides ML applications to accurately forecast the contact angle in the coal–water–CO2 system based on the coal properties, pressure and temperature, and water salinity without the need for experimental measurements of complicated calculations.
Tree-Based Ensemble Algorithms for Lithofacies Classification and Permeability Prediction in Heterogeneous Carbonate Reservoirs
Authors: Al-Mudhafar Watheq J. , Wood David A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRock facies are typically identified either by core analysis to provide visually interpreted lithofacies, or determined indirectly based on suites of recorded well-log data, thereby generating electrofacies interpretations. Since the lithofacies cannot be obtained for all reservoir intervals, drilled section and/or wells, it is commonly essential to model the discrete lithofacies as a function of well-log data (electrofacies) to predict the poorly sampled or non-cored intervals. The process is called predictive lithofacies classification. In this study, measured discrete lithofacies distributions (based on core data) are comparatively modeled with well-log data using two tree-based ensemble algorithms: extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) and adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) configured as classifiers. The predicted lithofacies are then combined with recorded well-log data for analysis by an XGBoost regression model to predict permeability. The input well-log variables are log porosity, gamma ray, water saturation, neutron porosity, deep resistivity, and bulk density. The data are derived from the Mishrif carbonate reservoir in a giant southern Iraqi oil field. For efficient lithofacies classification and permeability modelling, random sub-sampling cross-validation was applied to the well-log dataset to generate two subsets: training subset for model tuning; and testing subset for prediction of data points unseen during training of the model. Confusion matrices and the total correct percentage (TCP) of predictions are used to measure the prediction performance of each algorithm to identify the most realistic lithofacies classification. The TCPs for XGBoost and AdaBoost classifiers for the training subset were 98% and 100%, respectively. However, the TCPs achieved for the testing subsets were 97%, and 96%, respectively. The mismatch between the measured and predicted permeability from the XGBoost regressor was determined using root mean square error. The XGBoost model provides accurate lithofacies classification and permeability predictions of the cored data. The XGBoost model is therefore considered suitable for providing reliable predictions of lithofacies and permeability for the non-cored intervals of the same well and for non-cored wells in the studied reservoir. The workflow for lithofacies and permeability prediction was fully implemented and visualized using R open-source codes.
Practical Guide to Prepare and Execute Post-Hurricane Inspections
Authors: Sheppard Robert , Gallagher Dan , Moslehy Yashar , Spong Robert 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Continuing operations after a weather system has passed through an offshore asset is of high importance to the operators due to the commercial impacts of a production shut-in and safety considerations associated with the personnel evacuations. Year after year, more and more hurricanes, and tropical storms travel through the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), interrupting operations of the fixed and floating platforms. In the hurricane season of 2021, weather developments have covered almost all regions in the GOM. The Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) requires a number of steps in order to allow facilities to resume operations.
API Bulletin 2HINS (2009) provides a systematic approach for evaluating the structural condition of the facility prior to operations restart. The evaluation includes a pre-boarding inspection for gross apparent damage to the structure and its safety systems followed by a topsides Level I inspection. If any major damage is found, then the operator is required to perform a Level II inspection for potential underwater damage. In addition, progressive engineering checks are required in order to show if the platform was affected by the hurricane loads and a best estimate of damage and required retrofits.
This paper focuses on preparations operators can make to satisfy BSEE requirements before the hurricane hits, based on lessons learned from implementing this process in past storm events. Some of the information can be gathered regardless of the hurricane itself (e.g., design criteria) and a performance envelope can be prepared to estimate the potential damage based on the metocean criteria at the site of the platform. A methodology is developed to identify the best available metocean data (e.g., from a site forecast, from a hindcast, from a nearby site) and ensure it is used appropriately to assess the loading on the facility from the storm.
In addition, a checklist of actions to consider before platform abandonment is developed for the safety systems and to ensure the operation of the monitoring systems while the platform is de-staffed in order to minimize any potential damage and post hurricane clean ups.
Building a Next Generation Marine Modeling System
Authors: Hulst Sander , Fulton Ryan Charles 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Weather is becoming more extreme due to climate change (Pachauri and Meyer, 2014). Not only does violent weather increase the risk on loss of life, but higher ambient conditions increase the cost of operations and maintenance. At the same time the travel costs of offshore operations are rising as deep-water projects and wind parks are placed further and further from shore. In addition, the Offshore Industry embraced digitalization strategies more broadly in the mid-2010s, driving the need for more flexible data access. For providers of metocean solutions, traditional capabilities supported by legacy model sourcing were clearly insufficient to meet the future requirements across the industry as well as the adjacent Offshore Renewables sector. At the same time the shipping industry is working on the bridge of the future. Vessel response algorithms require detailed information of the current and future conditions.
An evaluation of the development and deployment of a new generation marine forecasting system is provided. From the onset, the objective was to develop a flexible, global, cloud-native metocean forecast and hindcast system that provides a significant leap in accuracy, near-shore capability, and accessibility. It should verify at least as good as its predecessor; despite that it preserves peaks and events unlike the previous system, and all metocean parameters must be consistent with one another. Once implemented, it would provide operational metocean forecasts with global coverage with minimum spatial resolution of 6 minutes (0.1deg).
Electric Valve Operation Subsea – The 20 First Years
Authors: Halvorsen Glenn-Roar , Vedeld Henrik , Moe Sigurd , Røed Guttorm Olav 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In 2001, the world's first subsea electric choke actuators were installed on live wells in Statfjord Satellite Field in the North Sea. This paper explains the business case for the retrofit solution and highlights the experiences from the operation of the system.
Originally, due to lack of well qualified remote choke control solutions in the late 1980s, the subsea system required vessel mobilization and ROV operation to manually adjust individual well choke setting. With age, the need for frequent choke valve operation rose and the manual solution became operationally less acceptable. With limited capacity of the electrical infrastructure, a system featuring trickle charged batteries to power electric actuators was selected to enable the chokes to be operated from the control room.
The electric choke valve actuator system with its dedicated controller unit was developed and installed in phases from only 9 months. The system included also acoustic sand detectors, to allow production at maximum sand free rate. No significant issues with the performance and reliability of the system have been reported.
The core technology from the first 16 units installed has evolved and matured into an industrialized product portfolio, with more than 500 units installed or on order for subsea choke, manifold/PLEM and gas compressor applications globally. Obsolescence management and backwards compatibility is important. Notably, the field's water injection wells were equipped with the latest generation electric actuators 20 years after the first producer (27 years after the field start-up) to improve late life water injection management.
Assessment of New Materials in Unbonded Flexible Pipes
Authors: Cao Bayout Lucile , Migeon François , Sarrasin Florian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The present paper is related to the assessment of new materials for use in unbonded flexibles pipes designed and manufactured as per API 17J.
Unbonded flexible pipes are a key solution in the oil and gas industry and are used as subsea static flowlines and dynamic risers to convey various types of fluids at high pressure, high temperature and in deep-water environment. In view of the increasingly challenging applications it shall withstand, the unbonded flexible pipe is complex in terms of design, fabrication and installation aspects and leads to a generally tailor-made design. Consequently, it drives flexible pipe manufacturers to constantly develop, optimize and qualify new solutions, including new materials for the different layers and components of the flexible pipe.
This paper focuses on the process followed for the incorporation of new materials in the flexible pipe TAC (Type Approval Certificate) upon verification of conformity versus API 17J. Firstly, development / assessment of a new material, or an existing material in a new environment, is generally made with the help of methods to qualify a new technology, through functional analysis and Qualification-FMECA (Q-FMECA), allowing to establish the qualification program. In a second part, API 17J requirements to qualify a new material are outlined, including procurement, manufacturing process, quality assurance, small scale, medium and full-scale tests and design rules aspects. Involvement of the IVA and IVA deliverables will be finally described.
Results of Application Demonstration of Autonomous Offshore Power System Supporting Multiple Mobile and Static Assets
Authors: Lesemann Arvid Reenstjerna , Hammagren Erik Joel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Over the last decade, several technology trends have dominated the innovation cycle within the terrestrial economy. Electrification, cloud computing, decarbonization, digitization, and autonomy are representative examples of macro trends that have had a rapid and fundamental impact; an impact felt not only in user-facing technologies, such as electric vehicles and software-as-a-service, but also in the infrastructure required to deliver those technologies. However, the scale of the impact and rollout has not been felt equally between the terrestrial and ocean economies. The innovation cycle in the ocean economy is significantly slower. What accounts for the difference and are there solutions to this issue?
One obvious cause is the increased time, complexity, risk, and cost of offshore operations compared to similar activities on land. These differences impede the rapid development, demonstration, and field deployment of innovative technologies offshore. However, by their nature, high cost, long duration offshore operational activities, coupled with unrelenting competitive, policy and environmental pressures, create attractive opportunities to reduce cost, complexity, and risk. These operational improvement opportunities are now coupled with the ever-increasing external push and internal pull around decarbonization and the goal of net zero operations. Said another way, there is much to gain through technological innovation offshore.
However, a major obstacle stands in the way: reliable power supplies at sea. The traditional methods of providing power, which must always be brought on site, are through expensive infrastructure: ships, platforms, and subsea umbilicals. Even unattended energy storage, i.e., batteries, which represent a step forward, is not a comprehensive solution. Constrained energy availability, coupled with the need for retrieval and replacement, dampen the cost, complexity, and carbon savings of this pathway.