bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
259 Effects of Late Gestation Energy and Protein Restriction in Beef Cows on Offspring Growth and Carcass Characteristics
Authors: Waldon Naomi , Nickles Kirsten , Parker Anthony J , Swanson Kendall C , Relling Alejandro E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Our objective was to conduct a systematic literature review and collate data to run a meta-regression on the effect of protein and energy restriction during the last third of gestation on offspring growth and carcass characteristics. The literature search was restricted to only using data from the last third of gestation in spring calving herds such that the last trimester coincided with winter months. Additionally, the search was limited to Bos taurus beef cattle and peer reviewed research articles; review articles and proceeding abstracts/papers were excluded. The search was conducted using the Web of Science. During this process we found contradictory results. As an example, some manuscripts indicate that energy and/or protein restriction during late gestation has a negative impact on offspring growth and/or carcass characteristics; however, there are also manuscripts that report no differences in similar growth and carcass variables (Table 1). Also, most of the studies reported no differences with maternal restriction on offspring body weight at calving and at weaning. One of the limitations in the data set is that most articles did not measure or report dry matter, net energy, or crude protein intake on the dam; therefore, making it difficult to predict the severity of maternal nutrient restriction and the effects on the offspring. Because of this gap in the literature, we suggest that net energy and crude protein intake should be reported in future studies to better determine the effects of maternal restriction during late gestation on offspring growth and carcass characteristics.
232 State of the Art: Zinc and Copper Nutrition for Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Hansen Stephanie L , Messersmith Elizabeth M , Deters Erin L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Beef cattle require several trace minerals for optimal function, but of these, zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are arguably the most widely studied. Zinc and Cu both have essential roles in feedlot cattle growth, health, and carcass merit, yet they could not be more different. Ruminants are tolerant of quite high dietary Zn concentrations but will readily absorb and store Cu to the point of eventual toxicity. Zinc is ubiquitous in the body, needed for countless bodily processes, while Cu is more specialized, essential for a handful of biochemical processes. Because Zn is involved in so many proteins, a Zn biomarker in cattle (or any species) has remained elusive. In contrast, liver Cu is a well-accepted status index in ruminants, though reference ranges for adequacy are wide and non-specific. In addition, because of a shared affinity for the storage protein metallothionein, Zn and Cu may prove antagonistic to one another. Differences in bioavailability of Zn and Cu sources add further complexity to designing an optimal trace mineral supplementation program. This presentation will cover a review of the Zn and Cu feedlot literature from the past several years, in addition to pooled analysis of in-house data from our laboratory, with the goal of offering recommendations for best practices for Zn and Cu nutrition of feedlot cattle.
253 Determining the Relationship Between Different Risk Factors with Pelvic Organ Prolapse Incidence in Sows
Authors: Waltrich Andre , Rodrigues João Victor Facchini , Filho Rosiel Cavalcante , Siqueira Amanda P , Lisboa Pedro G , da Silva Gefferson Almedia , Vaz Gilberto Carlos , Silva Rodrigo , Vier Carine M , Lu Ning , Cast Wayne R , Dritz Steve , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the relationship of different putative factors with the occurrence of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) in sows. Data from 1,028 sows (PIC Landrace or PIC Camborough, Hendersonville TN) was collected at the final third of gestation, pre-farrowing, at farrowing, and post-farrowing from July to September 2021 in 2 sow farms located in South of Brazil. The annualized prolapse incidence from the 2 farms in 2021 was 2.22 and 3.63%. Whole-herd information and individual sow measurements were collected, including prolapse incidence, farrowing assistance, performance records, tail length, body condition score measured by caliper, perineal score (PS), fecal score (FS), oxytocin use. A logistic regression model using PROC LOGISTIC in SAS (Cary, NC) was utilized to assess risk factors associated with POP incidence rate, with sow as the experimental unit. Sows with PS3 and PS2 had greater (P &lt; 0.001) POP incidence compared with sows with PS1 (38.46, 9.41, and 0.96%, respectively). Thin sows had greater (P &lt; 0.001) POP incidence compared with ideal and fat sows combined (5.8 and 1.76%, respectively). Thin sows with FS1 (dry feces) had greater (P = 0.04) POP incidence compared with thin sows with FS2 and FS3 (normal feces; 8.09% and 1.81%, respectively), but no evidence for differences were observed for fat and ideal sows. Sows receiving farrowing assistance had higher (P &lt;0.001) POP incidence compared with sows that were not sleeved (13.16 and 2.41%, respectively). Sows with tail length &lt;13cm had greater (P = 0.01) POP incidence compared with sows with tail length &gt;13cm (5.18 and 2.25%, respectively). There was also no evidence for an association between use of oxytocin (P = 0.38), total pigs born (P = 0.38), or total litter weight (P = 0.53) and POP incidence. In summary, PS, body condition, FS, farrowing assistance, and tail length appeared to be contributing factors associated with POP incidence in this system.
249 Relationships Between Sow, Litter, and Piglet Parameters and the Rectal Temperature of Piglets at Birth and 30 Min After Birth
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine D , Shull Caleb M , Ellis Michael 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate relationships between sow, litter, and piglet parameters and piglet rectal temperature at birth and 30 min after birth. Data (460 sows/litters; 1,240 piglets) were from 5 studies conducted on the same commercial farrowing facility with the same management. Sow variables included parity and rectal temperature at start of farrowing, and use of farrowing induction. Piglet variables included birth weight, rectal temperature at 0 and 30 min after birth, birth interval (time from the birth of the previous piglet), birth order, and sex. Other variables included room temperature at start of farrowing and number of piglets born alive. Piglets were only handled to collect measurements; no interventions were used. Data were analyzed using PROC REG of SAS. Models accounted for the linear, quadratic, and cubic effects of each independent variable. Mean piglet temperature at birth and 30 min was 38.8 ± 0.55°C and 35.7 ± 1.35°C, respectively. For piglet birth temperature, all variables were related except farrowing induction and piglet sex (Table 1). The relationship with sow temperature at start of farrowing was positive and had the greatest R2 value (0.18). For piglet 30 min temperature, all variables were related (P ≤ 0.05) except sow parity, farrowing induction, and piglet sex (Table 1). The relationship with piglet birth weight was positive and had the greatest R2 value (0.31). Multivariate models including all significant (P ≤ 0.05) terms explained 35 and 50% of the variation in piglet birth and 30 min temperature, respectively. In conclusion, the primary factor affecting piglet birth and 30 min temperature was sow temperature and piglet birth weight, respectively. However, even when combining all of the factors, a large proportion of the variation in piglet temperature at both times remained unexplained.
256 Body Condition Association with Production Records and Feed Management Decisions
Authors: Taylor William E , Matthew Romoser , David Stender , Rademacher Christopher , Ross Jason W , Stalder Kenneth J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Body condition prior to and after farrowing has been shown to be associated with sow productivity. The objective for this study was to evaluate body condition impacts at a snapshot in time and determine its association with sow production measures. Data were collected from Midwestern commercial breed-to-wean farms (n = 3). These farms represented typical commercial genetic maternal lines and management systems. Two separate sow groups were measured at each farm representing sows entering farrowing (pre-farrow, n = 717, d 90 – 113 gestation) and sows that had been most recently weaned (post-farrow, n =756, d 2 – 30 post-weaning). A BCS sow caliper was used to objectively assess body condition. Using the caliper measurements, condition was broken into 3 categories: “thin” (&lt; 12), “ideal” (13-15), and “fat” (&gt;16). Production records were obtained for number born live, stillborn, mummified, and weaned piglets as well as the wean-to-estrus interval. Data were evaluated using the mixed model methods (PROC MIXED, SAS Institute, Cary, NC). Pre-farrow caliper measurements indicated sows categorized as “fat” had fewer pigs born live compared with “thin” sows (P &lt; 0.15). Sows classified as “fat” prior to farrowing had the least number of pigs weaned compared with sows in “ideal” or “thin” condition (P &lt; 0.05). Retrospective post-farrow results revealed there was tendency for “thin” sows to have had more pigs born live than “fat” sows (P &lt; 0.15). “Thin” sows had weaned the most pigs when compared with sows in either the “ideal” or “fat” category (P &lt; 0.05). This suggests that gestational feed management and preventing sows from putting on excessive body fat prior to farrowing has positive effects on the number of pigs born alive at the subsequent farrowing and pigs weaned following lactation. This leads to feed savings and economic benefits.
32 Communicating Sustainability to Consumers–Finding Common Ground
Authors: Ballerstedt Peter J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
“Sustainable” and “regenerative,” are popular, if misunderstood, terms. Much of what the non-agricultural audience believes those terms represent have been the focus of agricultural research, extension and practice for decades. Agricultural producers are disconnected from food consumers in numerous ways, including a lack of communication and, therefore, understanding. The ability to bridge this gap through social media must be accepted by those willing to do so. One strategy is to find points of common interest and building from those starting points. Human nutrition / metabolic health is an example. The majority of adult Americans do not enjoy optimal metabolic health. Many diagnosed with metabolic syndrome or one of its related chronic diseases are discovering that a lifestyle intervention featuring Therapeutic Carbohydrate Reduction (TCR) dramatically improves their health. Such a diet includes more animal source foods (especially red meat and full fat dairy) than currently recommended by the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and others. These individuals and their supporting healthcare professionals are receptive to well-founded messages regarding the essential role of ruminant animal agriculture in sustainable food systems. Benefits to those of us in animal agriculture include: Greater visibility; Market opportunities; Political support; Better health for all of us.
36 Kansas State University Feedlot Boot Camp and Teaching Program: Growing Student Interest and Engagement in the Feedlot Industry
Authors: Fike Karol E , Anderson Pete T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Kansas State University Collegiate Feedlot Boot Camp and Teaching Program was initiated in January 2019 with the goal to develop student knowledge, skills, and professional relationships in feedlot management to help meet critical need for trained professionals in the feedlot industry. Allied industry supporters including feedlot nutrition and veterinary consultants, pharmaceutical companies, and lenders, as well as feedlot owners/managers and the Kansas State University Department of Animal Sciences and Industry collaborated to develop, sponsor, and offer the program, which is offered at no cost to students who are selected. Specific objectives are to train students in aspects of feedlot management through a 4-d comprehensive “Boot Camp” at Western Kansas feedlots, enhance students’ likelihood of participating in feedlot internships, and cultivate students’ vision of potential career paths within the industry. Boot Camp topics include cattle health, feeding and nutrition, feedlot design and maintenance, and the business of cattle feeding. A networking dinner brings students and feedlot managers together to facilitate students gaining internship and full-time employment with feedlots. Following the January Boot Camp, students share individual presentations on relevant industry topics. Presentations are recorded and shared with feedlot managers to further engagement between students and feedlot managers. Later in the spring semester students also participate in a half-day cattle processing experience at a feedlot near Kansas State to provide additional insight and experience with feedlot health management. Limited to 20 participants per year, 59 undergraduate students have completed the program. When surveyed, over 98% (58/59) of student participants agreed with the statement “My interest in pursuing an internship and (or) career in the feedlot industry grew as a result of this Boot Camp.” Approximately 50% of students participated in feedlot internships or earned full-time jobs working in feedlots. Ranging from students with little to no experience with feedlots to being raised on beef cow-calf or feedlot operations, progress is being made in growing student interest and awareness of career opportunities in the feedlot industry.
37 Enhancing Student Experiences Outside the Classroom: Industry Tour and Study Abroad Opportunities
Authors: Swanson Tara 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Experiential learning has become a cornerstone in most educational systems. The concept continues to prosper as we see a greater population of animal and equine science undergraduate students coming from urban backgrounds with minimal hands-on animal experience. Experiential learning is accomplished through many pathways in our educational system including, but not limited to: laboratories, internships, field experience, study abroad, and research. Providing these learning options is integral to the success of our students as they enter the workforce. In the Department of Animal Sciences at North Dakota State University we strive to provide unique opportunities to enhance student learning. Study abroad and industry tours are exceptional approaches to expose students to professional opportunities, diversity within industries, international practices, and cultural differences. Although these experiences may or may not offer physical hands-on activities they provide life-changing opportunities for many students, allowing them to gain new perspectives and become more globally aware. Focusing on methods to provide the participants with a sense of ownership is key to immersion within the programs. Having an open dialect where student input is considered, and feedback is applied when forming an itinerary ensures the trips are relevant and diverse. Student understanding of the process from start to finish is imperative. Discussions of travel, culture, tour locations, and expectations prior to departure will help better prepare students for the once in a lifetime experience, they will have traveling on a study abroad or industry tour. While organizing study abroad and industry tour itineraries preparation is key to offering a successful and in-depth experience. Consideration should be placed on allowing students to reflect, analyze, and apply the information obtained. Combining the physical travel with the above three things will result in an impactful experience.
239 Relationship Between Body Temperature and Behavior-Activities of Non-Pregnant Early Lactation Dairy Cows
Authors: Brunton Mercedes E , Montes Maria Elisa , Mann Adrianna , Teeple Kelsey , George Uduak , Boerman Jaquelyn P , Casey Theresa 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Animal behavior is a component of animal welfare and known to affect physiology as a primary input to the circadian system. Our objectives were to determine if non-pregnant, early lactation dairy cows in a free-stall exhibited circadian rhythms of behavior and core body temperature, and if oscillations in daily behaviors and activities of a cow relate to daily oscillations in body temperature or estrus, parity, and days in milk (DIM). Thirty Holstein cows (21-80 DIM) were observed for a 48-h period. The activities of standing, eating, ruminating, lying, and estrus behavior were recorded every 10 min. Data loggers (ibuttons) secured to blank (progesterone removed) controlled internal drug release (CIDR) devices were placed intravaginally in a subset of cows (n = 11) to record body temperature every 10 min over the same 48 h period. Cows were milked twice each day starting approximately 05:00 and 17:00, and the 70 min period encompassed moving cows to and from the milking parlor. The entire period cows were away from the free-stall was marked as milking. An ethogram was created using a binary system (0,1), with 1 for each behavior. Behavior and temperature data were graphed for visualization, and cosine fit analysis found lack of evidence for circadian rhythms. Programs in R were used to plot behavior to overlay temperature recordings over the 48 h period to determine if temperature varied with behavior-activity. Temperature increased during milking periods in 8 of 11 cows (statistical method in development), but no other relationships were found. To study patterns of behavior, an adjacency matrix was utilized to create a directed graph for each cow. Analysis of the effect of estrus, parity and DIM on behavior patterns is ongoing. Computational approaches are currently being developed that may serve as tools to analyze the effect of production management systems on cow behavior.
242 Effects of Providing a Liquid Sensory Attractant to Suckling Pigs in Lactation and After Weaning on Post-Weaning Pig Performance
Authors: Kim Ty , Wensley Madie R , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , McKilligan Denny , Upah Nathan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 28 litters corresponding with 355 nursery pigs were used in a 42-d trial to determine the effect of a liquid sensory attractant (BlueLite Pro2Lyte; TechMix Global; Stewart, MN) pre- and post-weaning on the feed intake and growth of pigs after weaning. Treatments were arranged in a 2x2x2 factorial with main effects of: 1) pre-weaning treatment (without/with attractant), 2) post-weaning treatment (without/with attractant), and 3) body weight category (light/heavy). Litters that received liquid attractant pre-weaning were provided approximately 88 mL per d, divided into 2 applications, sprayed on the underline of sows for 2-d beginning the morning after farrowing and 2-d prior to weaning. In total, pigs received attractant for 4-d pre-weaning. After weaning, pens of pigs that received liquid attractant were offered approximately 56 mL per d, divided into 3 applications, sprayed on the feed in the feeder pan for 3-d post-weaning. Overall, pre and post-weaning liquid sensory attractant did not have a significant effect (P &gt; 0.10) on growth performance of pigs after weaning. For the percentage of pigs that lost weight by d 3 after weaning, a 3-way interaction was observed (P = 0.016). Sensory attractant pre- or post-weaning reduced the percentage of heavyweight pigs that lost weight after weaning; however, for lightweight pigs, providing the attractant only pre-weaning increased the percentage of pigs that lost weight after weaning. Additionally, a greater percentage of heavyweight pigs lost weight on d 3 (P = 0.007) and d 7 (P = 0.051) compared with lightweight pigs. In summary, liquid sensory attractant application pre- and post-weaning had limited effects on the growth performance of pigs; however, varying responses were observed for the percentage of pigs that lost weight immediately after weaning. Strategies to reduce the number of pigs that lose weight after weaning warrant further investigation.
243 Assessment of Modified Corn Protein as a Protein and Energy Source for Nursery Pigs
Authors: De Mille Carson M , Messerich Hailey , Johnson Jessica M , Miller Kayla A , Nisley Mitchell J , Mertz Keith , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate modified corn protein (MCP) as a protein and energy source in nursery pig diets. A total of 198 weaned pigs (6.25 ± 0.95 kg BW) were assigned across 18 pens (11 pigs/pen) and 2 dietary treatments using a complete randomized design. Pigs were fed in 3 phases consisting of 7, 14, and 21 d respectively. In phases 1 and 2, diets included: 1) Control or 2) 10% MCP, while all pigs were on a common phase 3 diet. Diets were formulated to be iso-caloric with SID Lys at 1.45, 1.40 and 1.35% for phases 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Pigs were weighed and feed disappearance measured to calculate ADG, ADFI and G:F within phase and overall. At the end of phase 2, fecal samples were collected for determination of apparent total tract digestibility coefficients (ATTD) for dry matter, energy and nitrogen. Pen was considered the experimental unit and all data were analyzed using the mixed procedure of SAS with treatment as a fixed effect. In phases 1 and 2, ADG, ADFI and G:F did not differ between Control and MCP treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Similarly, performance did not differ between treatments in phase 3 (P &gt; 0.05). Overall, end BW (25.7 vs. 25.3 kg), ADG (0.42 vs. 0.44 kg/d), ADFI (0.58 and 0.61 kg/d) and G:F (0.71 vs. 0.70) did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between the Control and MCP treatments, respectively. However, compared with the Control, phase 2 ATTD coefficients for dry matter (80.6 vs. 78.2%), nitrogen (77.5 vs. 75.2%) and gross energy (79.7 vs. 76.9%) were significantly reduced in the MCP treatment (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, MCP provided equal nursery pig performance when used as an alternative protein and energy source in diet formulations despite lower ATTD.