bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FEMALE AUTONOMY AND FERTILITY PATTERN AMONG WOMEN WORKING IN FORMAL SECTOR IN KATHMANDU VALLEY
Authors: Singh Neeti , Pandey Srijana , Sherpa Ang Tshering , Tamrakar Nijina , Chitrakar Sunil 
Published: May 2022

Background: Fertility rate is declining more among women with higher education around the world. This may be due to number of years spent for achieving higher degree, choice of work and age at marriage. With growing autonomy of urban women and late age at marriage increases high risk pregnancy and declines number of children leading to decrease in young population. So, this study was done to explore the fertility pattern and associated factors among working women at formal sectors.
Methods: An observational study was done among women working at formal sectors within Kath­mandu valley. A respondent driven sampling was used to achieve total 101 sample size. The study period was October and November 2019.
Results: Median age of the participants was 40 and median age at marriage was 26.62 years. The association between level of education and age at marriage was statistically significant. The median age of pregnancy of the participants were 27 years and 58.4% of women had only one live child. Average number of desired children was 1.69 whereas actual number of children was 1.32. The gap between desired and number of children is statistically significant. Only 35.6% reported to have used some form of contraceptive devices as the measure of family planning.
Conclusions: Fertility behavior of working women is not completely influenced by their working status except for higher age at marriage, pregnancy and desired number of children which in long term may affect in the growth of country.
CLINICAL OUTCOME OF OPERATIVE TREATMENT IN 18 CASES OF GIANT CELL TUMORS OF BONES
Authors: Pandey Suresh 
Published: May 2022

Background: Giant Cell Tumor of the bone (GCTB) has got variable outcome after the different methods of surgical treatment depending upon the site and grade of lesion and extent of tumor removal. This retrospective prospective analysis of operatively treated cases of GCTB of different sites aimed to highlight the clinical outcome.
Methods: This was a prospective observational study of 18 cases of GCTB; proximal tibia (n=6), distal femur (n=5), distal radius (n=4), proximal femur (n=1), proximal fibula (n=1) and anterior arc of first rib (n=1) treated with different operative management with mean follow up of 53.61 months. Functional outcome with Musculoskeletal Tumor Society Score (MSTS), recurrence and complications were analyzed with at least 24 months of follow up.
Results: There were 10 females and 8 males with average age at presentation 27.3 years (range 15-38). Average duration of symptom was 4.72 months. 2 were cases of recurrence previously op­erated and 16 were de novo cases. Mean MSTS was 84.27% with good to excellent result in 88%. There were no non-union, graft failure, metastasis, prosthetic failure or wound infection till at least 24 months of follow up in any of the cases.
Conclusions: Extended curettage or reconstruction with auto graft in grade I and II tumor or en­doprosthesis in higher grade or recurrence of GCTB can give good to excellent functional result in majority of the cases.
ERRATUM of Issue 33 JCMC 2020
Authors: Journal of Chitwan Medical College  
Published: May 2022

The online and print version of the “Knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among medical students during exam time”(Bhattarai AK, Karki PK. Knowledge, attitude and practice of self-medication among medical students during exam time. Journal of Chitwan Medical Col­lege.2020;10(33):25-8.) has been updated according to the respective authors’ reply published in JCMC 33 Issue.
Following correction has been done:
Department of the co author Prabin Kumar Karki should be Physiology instead of Biochemistry.
THE INCIDENCE OF SURGICAL SITE INFECTION IN ACUTE NON PERFORATED APPENDICITIS
Authors: Bhattarai Suraj Raj , Tamrakar Kishor Kumar 
Published: May 2022

Background: Appendectomy is the most commonly performed emergency surgical procedure and has significant morbidity of surgical site infection (SSIs). Regarding this, there are conflicting reports and dilemma on use of optimal duration of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of SSIs after three doses of perioperative prophylactic antibiot­ics (single dose before surgery and two doses postoperatively) after ap­pendectomy in acute non- perforated appendicitis (NPA).
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the department of General surgery, Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, from May 2018 to April 2019. All the cases received single dose of antibiotics (cef­triaxone and metronidazole) during the induction of anesthesia and two doses of the same antibiotics postoperatively within 24 hours. SSIs was assessed on 2nd and followed up till 7th postoperative day. The data col­lected was analyzed using SPSS version 16.
Results: In the study of 100 patients, who received perioperative three doses of antibiotics, the overall frequency of SSIs on 2nd and 3rd post-operative day were 2% (p=.840) and 6% (p=.539) respectively, which was statistically not significant. In follow up after 3rd postoperative day, there was no evidence of SSIs. Statistically there was no significant difference in the incidence and grade of SSIs between age group, sex and duration of operation.
Conclusions: A combined three doses of perioperative antibiotics was ad­equate for SSIs prevention in patients of any age group and sex with acute NPA after appendectomy in usual operative time.
REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH STATUS OF MARRIED WOMEN PARTICIPATING IN CERVICAL CANCER SCREENING IN KATHMANDU
Authors: Sherpa Ang Tshering , Singh Neeti , Bajracharya Manisha , Pradhan Amita , Pradhan Peru 
Published: May 2022

Background: Reproductive health of women has been the central agenda of Cairo conference since its inception in 1999. As a signatory country for Cairo Conference, Nepal government is also committed for reproductive rights for Nepalese women. Despite this, reproductive health challenges do exist in Nepal. This prompted us to determine the reproductive health status of married women attending in cervical cancer screening in Kath­mandu.
Methods: Cross sectional study was designed to include retrospective data of married women, obtained during cervical cancer screening camp conducted by KIST Medical College at Laga Khala Clinic, Lagan, Kathmandu on 12-02- 2017. Among married women (131) attended cervical 100 wom­en’s records with complete set of data for reproductive health variables required for the study were included in this study. Statistical analysis was done descriptively.
Results: Participant’s age is between 21 years to 61years, 83% are liter­ate and 46% are employed. Adolescence marriage and pregnancy were two main problems noted. Cervical examination in relation showed 3% (3) VIA positive, 33% (33) Cervicitis, 10% (10) cervical polyp, 7% (7) atrophic vaginitis, 4% (4) cervical erosion and 43% (43) healthy cervix. Regarding Knowledge about risk factor majority 92% (92) had either no knowledge or only some extent of knowledge.
Conclusions: Married women who lives in Kathmandu has significant re­productive health problem. Urban health program should address these issues.
AWARENESS, KNOWLEDGE AND WILLINGNESS REGARDING EYE DONATION AMONG DENTAL STUDENTS OF KIST MEDICAL COLLEGE AND TEACHING HOSPITAL,LALITPUR,NEPAL
Authors: Basnet Anjila , Basnet Pragya Singh , Lamichhane Ram Sudhan , Shrestha Prabhat 
Published: May 2022

Background: Corneal disease constitutes a significant cause for visual im­pairment and blindness in the developing world. Visual rehabilitation by corneal transplantation for which increased awareness regarding an eye donation is essential, remains the only treatment option for restoring sight in those who suffer from corneal blindness. Hence, the present study con­ducted to assess the awareness, knowledge and willingness about eye do­nation among dental students of KIST medical college & teaching hospital, Nepal
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in KIST medical college and teaching hospital in Nepal during the period of 21st to 30th April 2019. A total of 185 dental students were selected as study group by con­venience sampling technique. A Semi-structured questionnaire was used for data collection and analyzed by using SPSS 16. Descriptive statistics and Chi square/ Fischer exact tests were used for data analysis.
Results: Out of total 185 dental students who participated in this study, 176 (95.1%) were aware about eye donation, 133 (71.9%) knew that the cornea is used for eye donation and 70 (37.8%) knew that ideal time for eye donation is within six hours of death. Awareness regarding eye dona­tion in male and female students was found to be statistically significant (p =0.013).
Conclusions: The present study revealed that most of the dental students were aware regarding eye donation and most of them were willing to do­nate their eyes. Awareness regarding eye donation will form the prime base for the elimination of avoidable corneal blindness in Nepal.
QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG OSTOMATES ATTENDING AT A CANCER HOSPITAL, CHITWAN, NEPAL
Authors: Neupane Laxmi , Thulung Bedantakala 
Published: May 2022

Background: Stoma is a global public health problem. Stoma can be tem­porary or permanent and creates multiple difficulties in terms of quality of life (QoL). So the QoL of ostomates needs to be regularly assessed. The objective of the study was to find out the Quality of life among ostomates attending outpatient clinics at a Cancer Hospital, Chitwan.
Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among 138 ostomates. Consecutive sampling technique was used by face to face in­terview method using standard tool “City of Hope Quality of Life Question­naire for a patients with an ostomy”. Data were analyzed by using descrip­tive and inferential statistics.
Results: The mean QoL of the respondents was 5.03±0.75. More than half (52.9%) of the respondents had lower QoL. Statistical significant associa­tion was found between QoL of the respondents and recent involvement in occupation (p<0.001), duration of having stoma (p=0.049) and stoma related complications (p=0.014). There is a positive correlation between overall QoL of the respondents and QoL in physical domain (r=0.632, p<0.001), psychological domain (r=0.723, p<0.001), social domain (ρ =0.809, p<0.001) and spiritual domain (r=0.581, p=0.001) respectively.
Conclusions: It is concluded that more than half of respondents had low­er QoL. Here, stoma affects all domains of QoL of ostomates. Qualitative study explores all aspect of life more effectively. Counseling must be di­rected to continue job, adjustment to changed life style and prevention of complication.
ADEQUACY OF THREE DIMENSIONAL MINIPLATE IN TREATMENT OF MANDIBULAR FRACTURE IN INTERFORAMINAL REGION
Authors: Singh Vivek , Giri Ritesh 
Published: May 2022

Background: Mandible is one of the commonly fractured bone due to trauma, assault and falls. Treatment includes closed and open methods. Methods of open reduction and internal fixation have changed and di­versified enormously in the past few years. Champy’s miniplate fixation, dynamic compression plating has become a standard approach. More recently, three dimensional miniplates have been developed by Farmand which may be effectively used in mandibular fractures. The aim of this study was to check the adequacy of three dimensional miniplate in man­agement of mandibular fracture occurring in the interforaminal region.
Methods: A prospective clinical study was carried out in patients attend­ing Emergency Department and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nobel Medical College and Teaching Hospital (NMCTH) suffer­ing from mandibular fractures in interforaminal region from May 2018 to January 2019.
Results: A total of 17 patients with 18 fracture in interforaminal region, all male were included in the study. The age ranged from 16 to 50 years with a mean of 29.17 ± 9.48. Road traffic accident was the leading cause of injury with 15 out of 17 patients (88.23%). There was no incidence of wound infection, wound dehiscence, malunion, nonunion, plate fracture within the follow up period of 3 months. One fracture was unstable on 1st postoperative day and also had mildly deranged occlusion which was man­aged with intermaxillary fixation for two weeks.
Conclusions: Three dimensional plates fulfills the treatment goals of ad­equate stabilization and fixation of mandibular interforaminal fractures.
EXPLORING THE SUBSTANTIAL ROLE OF MULTIPLEX PCR TO DIAGNOSE MALARIA IN EASTERN NEPAL
Authors: Bhattarai Narayan Raj , Rai Keshav , Rijal Suman , Ghimire Anup , Khanal Basudha 
Published: May 2022

Background: Malaria is still a major health problem in Nepal as 43.3% of population are at risk of infection. However, the national priorities have been given to achieve malaria elimination in Nepal, the question of diag­nostic accuracy could jeopardize the elimination target. Among others, multiplex PCR could be the reliable alternative tool to detect the low num­ber of parasitemia and circulating asymptomatic infection in low endemic countries like Nepal. Hence, this paper aims to analyse the diagnostic pre­cision among microscopy, rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and multiplex real time PCR assay.
Methods: A total of 63 archived blood samples obtained from patient with clinical suspicion of malaria were subjected to multiplex PCR and their re­sults were compared with microscopy and rapid diagnostic test. The La­tent Class Analysis (LCA) approach was used to compare the diagnostic precision among three different assays.
Results: Our study documented that PCR had 97.4% sensitivity and 83.9% specificity. Among the negative microscopy results, 10 (15.9%) were false negatives whereas 4 (6.3%) RDT results were false negatives based on PCR results.
Conclusions: PCR could be the useful alternative tool to detect the low number of parasite in low endemic settings which could be crucial to rule out the false diagnosis determined by microscopy or RDT.
NURSES’ KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE REGARDING INTRAVENOUS THERAPY IN A TEACHING HOSPITAL, BHARATPUR
Authors: Lamsal Sandhya , Shrestha Rosy 
Published: May 2022

Background: Intravenous (IV) therapy is a common procedure in clinical setting of any hospital and nurses are accountable for handling and man­agement to the patient with IV therapy. However, various serious medical complications were arisen due to nurses having inadequate knowledge and practice on IV therapy. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out the nurses’ knowledge and practice regarding IV therapy in a teaching hospital, Bharatpur, Chitwan.
Methods: A cross- sectional study design was adopted with 177 nurses for assessment to knowledge and 53 nurses to observe practice on IV therapy. A systematic random sampling technique was used. Data were collected by using semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire for identifying knowledge and observation checklist for observing the practice of IV ther­apy among nurses. The data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistic.
Results: The level of knowledge was found inadequate and level of prac­tice was found unsatisfactory on IV therapy. The associated factors with level of knowledge regarding IV therapy were age (p=0.012), professional qualification (p=0.001), professional designation (p=0.005), professional experience (p=0.002) and in-service education (p=0.003). Similarly, the associated factors with level of practice on IV therapy were professional qualification (p=0.020) and professional designation (p=0.04).
Conclusions: It is concluded that most of the nurses had inadequate knowledge and unsatisfactory practice on IV therapy. Hence, it is strongly recommended for need of protocol for IV therapy, in-service education, effective supervision and reinforcement for improvement of knowledge and practice regarding IV therapy among nurses.
PULMONARY FUNCTION TESTS OF MONGOLOID AND NON MONGOLOID GROUP OF DHARAN
Authors: Ghimire Nisha , Agrawal Kopila , Deo Santosh , Chaudhary Lok Bandhu , Paudel Bishnu Hari 
Published: May 2022

Background: Ethnicity is seen to effect normal reference values and pre­diction equations of pulmonary function tests (PFTs). The normal refer­ence of PFTs among mongoloid and non mongoloid group of Dharan is not available. The aim of the study was to find out the normal reference val­ues of two groups in Dharan and also to find out the correlation of height, weight and body surface area with different PFT parameters.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 250 (125 mongoloids and 125 non mongoloids) healthy male subjects. Convenient sampling technique was done. Every 5th patient attendant who was per­manent resident of Dharan coming to clinical Physiology lab was selected as subject in each group. Portable PFT machine (CHESTOGRAPH, HI-101 Spirometry system) was used for measurement of our test. The test was conducted according to European Respiratory Society (ERS)/American Thoracic Society (ATS criteria.
Results: Independent sample t-test was used to compare means be­tween two groups. There was significantly more height (165.30±8.21 vs 161.43±7.35), p <.05], weight [(59.29±11.64 vs 55.32±10.75), p<.05andbody surface area [(1.64±.172Vs1.57±.149), p<.05], in the non-mongoloid group compared to mongoloid group. PFT param­eters were also higher in non-mongoloid group VC [(3.3982±.70725 Vs3.0982±.78832) p<.05], FVC [(3.2798±.74312 Vs 2.988±.81970), p <.05], and FEV1 [(3.0668±.72044 Vs 2.7861±.83061) p<.05]. The prediction equations were also calculated for both groups.
Conclusions: There was difference in PFT parameters between two groups. Prediction equations were also different in both groups.
INTRANASAL FINDINGS IN UNILATERAL PRIMARY ACQUIRED NASOLACRIMAL DUCT OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Thakur Sanjeev Kumar , Yadav Baleshwar , Bedajit Raj Kumar , Agrahari Akash , Singh Sanjay Kumar , Afaque Anwar 
Published: May 2022

Background: Primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction (PANDO) is a common entity with associated different types of intranasal abnormali­ties. The pathogenesis of PANDO is unknown. The objective of the study was to describe the intranasal findings in cases of PANDO and find out any association of these findings to the disease.
Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was designed consisting of 50 cases of unilateral PANDO with epiphora and 50 normal volunteers with no history of epiphora. Nasal Evaluation was done with anterior rhi­noscopy and nasal endoscopy. Data was tabulated and analyzed using SPSS version 21.
Results: The mean age in the unilateral PANDO group was 33.6 years and 34.5 years in the normal volunteer’s group (P-0.84). Left sided dominance of PANDO was observed in 64% (32/50) cases. The odds of having Na­solacrimal duct (NLD) obstruction was1.6 times more among individuals having septal deviation versus no deviation (95% CI, 0.907–2.78). The lat­erality of septal deviation was corresponding to the side of NLD obstruc­tion in 91% (31/34) cases. High located DNS was more common in the PANDO group which was significant (P-value 0.012). Turbinate hypertro­phy, the presence of septal spur or rhinitis had no significant association with NLD obstruction.
Conclusions: Deviated nasal septum (DNS), turbinate hypertrophy, septal spur and rhinitis were the associated intranasal findings in cases of uni­lateral PANDO. A significant association exists between DNS and PANDO, although a cause and effect relation require further probing.
SPECTRUM OF OCULAR DISEASES IN AFTERMATH OF MONSOON FLOOD IN NEPAL
Authors: Sahu Sabin , Wangchuk Bhutia Tshering , Shrestha Varun , Malla Tejsu , Kumar Singh Sanjay 
Published: May 2022

Background: Floods are common global natural disasters that occur occasionally in Nepal. Numerous environmental damages and health impacts are known to occur due to direct effect of flooding. There are limited studies reporting the ocular diseases after the event of floods using a large population data. We aimed to present the spectrum of flood-related ocular diseases after monsoon flood in Nepal using a community-based database.
Methods: A descriptive, cross sectional study design was used to collect the data from di­agnostic screening and treatment camps organized in flood-affected areas between one to three weeks after the monsoon flood in Nepal. The data was analyzed using the excel sheet and the results were presented in frequency and percentage in the frequency distribution tables.
Results: The children and elderly constituted majority of patients. Females constituted 54% while males were 46% of the total patients presenting at the camps. The incidence of infec­tive ocular diseases was 23.8% and that of traumatic ocular injuries was 6.2% of total ocular diseases. Acute conjunctivitis was the most common infective ocular disease (21.1%) fol­lowed by keratitis (2.7%). Corneal abrasions (1.4%), subconjunctival hemorrhage (1.1%) and lid ecchymosis (0.7%) were common clinical diagnosis following traumatic ocular injury.
Conclusions: The infective ocular diseases and traumatic ocular injuries are common flood-related ocular diseases seen within one to three weeks after flood receded. The knowledge of these expected ocular morbidities may help for proper planning and organization of such relief camps. Early diagnosis and treatment of these diseases can reduce the ocular morbidi­ties.
MIRROR OF UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPIC FINDINGS IN LUMBINI PROVINCIAL HOSPITAL
Authors: Joshi Pushpa Raj , Pokhrel Sharad , Thapaliya Narad Prashad 
Published: May 2022

Background: Upper Gastro Intestinal (UGI) endoscopy is a common and important procedure for UGI problems. In Nepal, especially to this region, there have not been many scientific studies about the pattern of diseases seen on UGI endoscopy. This study aimed to enlist patterns of upper GI endoscopic findings done in Lumbini Provincial Hospital.
Methods: This was a retrospective study of 200 consecutive patients who underwent UGI endos­copy from August 2017 to February 2018. Data were retrieved retrospectively from prospectively maintained data in computer-based systems and analyzed with SPSS-20.
Results: A total of 200 patients underwent UGI Endoscopy during the study period. Among them, females were 110 (55.0%) and males were 90(45.0%). The mean age of the study population was 46.3% (SD, 17.75). The pain abdomen was the most common indication for UGI endoscopy with 166 cases (83.0%) followed by gastrointestinal bleeding with 22 cases (11.0%). Benign lesions were seen in most of the cases which include non-ulcerative lesions 117(58.5%) and ulcerative benign lesions 72(36%). Malignancies found in 7(3.5%) cases and normal findings in 4 cases.
Conclusions: This study outlines the most common indications for upper GI endoscopy in our set up and disease patterns in those patients. This study will be helpful for an epidemiological