bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A visual model of L2 motivation as a complex dynamic system
Authors: Pack Austin , Kiss Tamas 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Learner motivation is an essential ingredient for successful language learning. This article investigates the motivating and demotivating factors affecting the motivation of fifty-eight EAP learners’ L2 learning. Guided by complex dynamic systems theory, with a dual focus on both what factors are important and what role these play in the L2 motivational system, this exploratory study utilized network analysis to map out how motivational factors connect to each other and form a L2 motivation factor network. It was found that motivating and demotivating factors, through the connections they share, exert an influence not only on each other, but on the whole motivational system. Based on the findings, suggestions are provided for classroom teachers for how they might steer learners’ motivational systems towards more motivated states, including introducing new factors into the system, enhancing connectivity, and increasing learners’ awareness of the complex and dynamic nature of motivation.
Orlando at play: the games of &#x2028;Il palazzo incantato (1642)
Authors: Freitas Roger 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Just before the denouement of the opera Il palazzo incantato, something remarkable happens. For long hours, the enchanted palace of the title—drawn from Ariosto’s Orlando furioso—has kept the 20-odd characters vainly searching for one another, with rarely more than two or three converging at a time. In the penultimate scene, however, the librettist, Giulio Rospigliosi, and composer, Luigi Rossi, allow nearly the entire company to assemble. But rather than greet and embrace each other, the long-lost lovers and friends suspend the story they have been enacting, abandon their characters’ motivations, and play a round of parlour games. The bizarre events of Act 3, scene 7—heretofore unremarked—illuminate something fundamental about the work as a whole. Indeed, notwithstanding its length and elaborate staging, this opera shows an affinity less with Rospigliosi’s earlier theatrical works than with the typical amusements of the aristocratic chamber, and with the cantata specifically: a difference that may stretch our idea of what an opera could be in Barberini Rome.
A large genome-wide association study of QT interval length utilizing electronic health records
Authors: Hoffmann Thomas J , Lu Meng , Oni-Orisan Akinyemi , Lee Catherine , Risch Neil , Iribarren Carlos 
Published: October 2022

AbstractQT interval length is an important risk factor for adverse cardiovascular outcomes; however, the genetic architecture of QT interval remains incompletely understood. We conducted a genome-wide association study of 76,995 ancestrally diverse Kaiser Permanente Northern California members enrolled in the Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging cohort using 448,517 longitudinal QT interval measurements, uncovering 9 novel variants, most replicating in 40,537 individuals in the UK Biobank and Population Architecture using Genomics and Epidemiology studies. A meta-analysis of all 3 cohorts (n = 117,532) uncovered an additional 19 novel variants. Conditional analysis identified 15 additional variants, 3 of which were novel. Little, if any, difference was seen when adjusting for putative QT interval lengthening medications genome-wide. Using multiple measurements in Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging increased variance explained by 163%, and we show that the ≈6 measurements in Genetic Epidemiology Research on Adult Health and Aging was equivalent to a 2.4× increase in sample size of a design with a single measurement. The array heritability was estimated at ≈17%, approximately half of our estimate of 36% from family correlations. Heritability enrichment was estimated highest and most significant in cardiovascular tissue (enrichment 7.2, 95% CI = 5.7–8.7, P = 2.1e−10), and many of the novel variants included expression quantitative trait loci in heart and other relevant tissues. Comparing our results to other cardiac function traits, it appears that QT interval has a multifactorial genetic etiology.
Opioid Legislation in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A State-wide Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ahmed Waseem , Billing Wade , Stump Timothy E , Strobel Thomas , Sagi Sashidhar , Fischer Monika , Bohm Mathew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Background
Indiana State opioid prescription legislation has been shown to decrease overall opioid prescriptions. However, this effect has not been studied in specific diseases associated with chronic pain such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to determine the effect of state opioid prescription legislation on opioid prescribing patterns in IBD.

Methods
A retrospective cohort analysis using an interrupted time-series from December 15, 2010 to July 1, 2018, with 2 time periods separated by Title 844 of the Indiana Administrative Code, in a statewide health care system capturing the majority of the state’s population including all adult patients with IBD. The primary outcome was opioid prescription rate per person-year.

Results
In total, 9436 patients met inclusion criteria. After legislation, the total number of opioid orders per patient-year continued to increase (0.543, 95% CI, 0.528-0.558, to 0.663, 95% CI, 0.654-0.672), with fewer scripts from the emergency department (0.113, 95% CI, 0.106-0.120, to 0.092, 95% CI, 0.088-0.095) and more from outpatient providers (0.303, 95% CI, 0.292-0.314 to 0.432, 95% CI, 0.424-0.439). There were increases in biologic (0.206, 95% CI, 0.197-0.215 to 0.517, 95% CI, 0.509-0.525) and steroid (0.182, 95% CI, 0.173-0.190 to 0.237, 95% CI, 0.232-0.243) prescriptions per person-year following legislation. Factors associated with heavy opioid use included chronic steroids (odds ratio, 5.030; 95% CI, 4.176-6.054), history of IBD-related surgery (odds ratio, 2.807; 95% CI, 2.367-3.323) and current smoking (odds ratio, 2.650; 95% CI, 2.223-3.158).

Conclusions
Despite legislation and the increased use of disease-modifying drugs, statewide opioid prescriptions continued to increase. The increase in opiate use, high steroid use, and significant health care utilization suggests poor underlying disease control.
HIV-1 genetic diversity and transmitted drug resistance to integrase strand transfer inhibitors among recently diagnosed adults in Porto Alegre, South Brazil
Authors: Nunes Cynara Carvalho , Sita Alexandre , Mallmann Larissa , Birlem Gabriela Espindola , de Mattos Larissa Gomes , Da Silva Daila Haemk , Furlanetto Karen Oliveira , Hansen Alana Witt , De Almeida Paula Rodrigues , Fleck Juliane Deise , Spilki Fernando Rosado , de Matos Almeida Sabrina Esteves , Weber Matheus Nunes 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Objectives
The HIV-1 genetic diversity and the presence of transmitted drug resistance mutations (TDRMs) against integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) were assessed sequencing samples of antiretroviral (ARV)-naive HIV-1-infected individuals from South Brazil.

Methods
Viral RNA from 42 ART-naive individuals was submitted to complete HIV-1 integrase gene amplification by RT–PCR and sequencing.

Results
Viral strains carrying TDRMs against INSTIs were not detected in the present study. However, the polymorphisms L74M and L74I were each observed in 4.8% of the individuals. These accessory mutations have been reported as putative causes of TDRMs in ART with raltegravir, but only when associated with additional major mutations. When submitted to HIV-1 subtyping, 50% were classified as subtype C, 21% as recombinant BC, 19% as subtype B, 4.8% as subtype F1 and 4.8% as recombinant CF1.

Conclusions
All 42 ARV-naive individuals were apparently susceptible to INSTIs, included in the Brazilian therapeutic guideline since 2009. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate TDRMs against INSTIs in Brazil. The most prevalent HIV-1 subtypes were subtype C, followed by the recombinant BC and subtype B, which is in agreement with previous studies. However, the presence of subtype F1 and recombinant CF1 reported herein was not observed in previous studies.
Characteristics of the sore throat test and treat service in community pharmacies (STREP) in Wales: cross-sectional analysis of 11 304 consultations using anonymized electronic pharmacy records
Authors: Mantzourani Efi , Wasag Diana , Cannings-John Rebecca , Ahmed Haroon , Evans Andrew 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundAn NHS-funded sore throat test and treat (STTT) service was introduced in selected community pharmacies in Wales. Service users were screened using FeverPAIN/Centor scores, offered rapid antigen detection testing (RADT) to detect group A Streptococcus if appropriate, and supplied with antibiotics (by the pharmacist) if indicated. Following an initial evaluation, the service was rolled out nationally.ObjectivesThis study forms part of the long-term STTT evaluation. The aim was to describe characteristics of the service and service users, the delivery, service outcomes, patient safety and antibiotic prescribing.MethodsCross-sectional descriptive study using anonymized individual-level data from electronic pharmacy records of all eligible STTT service users between November 2018 and February 2020.ResultsWe identified 11 304 pharmacy STTT consultations in service users aged 6 years and over, with a median age of 25 years (IQR: 12 to 44). RADT was undertaken in 8666 (76.7%) consultations with 2503 (28.9% of RADT) positive tests. In total, 2406 (21.3%) service users were supplied with antibiotics. Pharmacists managed 91% of consultations in the pharmacy and referred only 937 (9.3%) service users to a GP and 27 (0.2%) to the Emergency Department. Higher rates of antibiotic supply were observed in out-of-hours consultations when compared with in-hours (24.9% versus 20.9%).ConclusionsThis is the largest description of a pharmacy-led STTT service to date and suggests it can be delivered at scale to align with a pre-specified pathway that promotes appropriate use of RADT and antibiotics. The service could substantially reduce workload from a common illness in other heavily pressurized areas of primary and emergency care.
Analysing the efficacy and tolerability of dolutegravir plus either rilpivirine or lamivudine in a multicentre cohort of virologically suppressed PLWHIV
Authors: Ciccullo A , Baldin G , Borghi V , Cossu M V , Giacomelli A , Lagi F , Farinacci D , Iannone V , Passerotto R A , Capetti A , Sterrantino G , Mussini C , Antinori S , Di Giambenedetto S 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Objectives
We aimed to investigate and compare the efficacy and safety of two dolutegravir-based two-drug regimens: dolutegravir + lamivudine versus dolutegravir + rilpivirine.

Methods
We analysed a cohort of people living with HIV (PLWHIV) switching to dolutegravir + lamivudine or dolutegravir + rilpivirine. We excluded from the analysis PLWHIV with no available pre-switch genotypic test or with a known resistance mutation to one of the study drugs. We evaluated incidence of virological failure (VF) and treatment discontinuation (TD), as well as changes in immunological and metabolic parameters.

Results
We enrolled 592 PLWHIV: 306 in the lamivudine group and 286 in the rilpivirine group. We observed nine VFs in the lamivudine group [1.4 VF per 100 patient-years of follow-up (PYFU)] and four VFs in the rilpivirine group (0.6 VF per 100 PYFU). Subsequent genotypic analysis showed no acquired resistance-associated mutations in those experiencing VF. Estimated probability of maintaining virological suppression at 144 and 240 weeks were 96.6% and 92.7%, respectively, in the lamivudine group and 98.7% and 98.7%, respectively, in the rilpivirine group (log-rank P = 0.172). The estimated probability of maintaining study regimen at Week 240 was 82.3% in the lamivudine group and 85.9% in the rilpivirine group (log-rank P = 0.018). We observed a significant improvement in CD4+ cell count at Week 240 in the lamivudine group (P = 0.012); in the rilpivirine group we registered a significant increase in CD4/CD8 ratio (P = 0.014).

Conclusions
Both analysed strategies are effective and safe as switch strategies in clinical practice, with a low incidence of VF and a favourable immunological recovery, even in the long term.
127 Large Scale Practical Nutrition Research Sharing: Nursery Nutrition Research and Nutritional Technologies and Strategies to Reduce Morbidity and Mortality
Authors: Mendoza Omarh , Shull Caleb M 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In modern swine production, there is a heightened interest surrounding the nutrition of the young pig as a result of the necessity of nursery pig nutrition programs to evolve, due to the inevitability of stress during the weaning event and the growing challenges experienced in commercial pig operations at this stage of production. Therefore, it is no longer sufficient to design a nutrition program that focuses solely on delivering the right nutrients for a pig at weaning that maximizes growth performance during the nursery period, as this may not result in desired outcomes from weaning to harvest. Consequently, nursery programs are being further enhanced with a renewed focus on nutritional technologies and strategies that emphasize feed intake, but more importantly, that maximize the probability of livability in the nursery. However, there is a growing need for large scale practical research that evaluates these nutritional technologies and strategies, since most of the published research has been done with a limited number of animals that limits the ability to detect mortality differences. Thus, this research will require a different model compared to that which has been used historically for nursery nutrition research. Some of the key elements of this research model include experimental design with the appropriate statistical power to detect mortality differences, in addition to conducting the experiments in conditions that are similar to the management and environment that resembles commercial production specific to the system, among others. To that end, it will be the objective of this presentation to share some of the large-scale research focused on minimizing disruption of nutrient intake using nutritional technologies that are supplementary to typical nursery diets, offering the potential to reduce morbidity and mortality of pigs raised on wean-to-market facilities.
86 Reaching Genetic Potential in Pigs: 10 Disruptive Digital Technologies
Authors: Connolly Aidan J 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Consumer (‘prosumer’) concerns over animal welfare and the environmental footprint of pork production dominate the media. Indeed, the discussion of alternatives to pork, both from the continued global growth in chicken consumption and advances in cellular meat production and vegetable protein alternatives, represent real threats to pork’s future. Producers and processors continue to focus genetic improvement, nutrition, and management to improve meat production efficiency. Disease mitigation and animal health limit our ability to reach the pigs genetic potential, either in terms of pigs processed per sow, or breaching the 2:1 lifetime feed conversion. Can farmers continue to gain more pigs per sow, while keeping them healthy and alive? How do we maximize meat yield per carcass without losing flavor and the consumer experience? Are there limits to how low we can go in the conversion of nutrients into feed? Despite increased consumer demands and the continued need to improve production efficiency, the management of pigs has changed little in the last decades, often relying on decades old innovations and enhanced biosecurity. Innovations such as vertical hog farms in China, muti site production, and new feed technologies offer incremental but not disruptive improvements. The 10 digital technologies (PWC) is a useful framework to review the technologies with the potential to transform swine production. These are 3D Printing, Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, Data Analytics, Cloud Computing, Robotics, Drones, Blockchain, Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality (‘Metaverse’). Concepts such as precision nutrition, precision management recognize the need for better data, and data underpins advances such as nutrigenomics, microbiota and the environment of the pig. Digital technologies can disrupt pork production while offering the opportunity to respond to consumers, legislators, producer demands and other actors within the pork production chain.
6 Evaluating the Impacts of Starvation on Permethrin Resistant and Susceptible Horn Flies (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Ramirez Jovannah , Sanchez-Sandoval Ulises A , Figueroa-Zamudio Joaquin J , Walker Hannah L , Smythe Brandon G 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The objective of the current study is to evaluate the impact of induced starvation on horn fly susceptibility to permethrin and general reproduction using filter paper and manure bioassays, respectively. Incorporating push-pull systems for horn fly control has recently gained much attention for use in managing this pest. However, the consequences of temporary starvation associated with the relocation of horn flies from one host to another have yet to be fully explored. Susceptible (SS) and permethrin resistant (PR) horn flies were randomly allocated to one of four treatment groups: 1- blood fed, 2- partially starved (4hr), 3- moderately starved (8hr), and 4- severely starved (12hr). Permethrin resistant flies were 1,227 times more (P &lt; 0.05) tolerant to permethrin in comparison to SS flies. Furthermore, SS blood fed flies were 1.18, 1.89, and 3.12 times more tolerant to permethrin than SS flies starved for 4, 8, and 12 hours, respectively. Egg hatching rates decreased (P &lt; 0.04) for 8hr and 12hr starved flies in comparison to blood fed flies. Larval development, as measured through manure bioassays was lower (P = 0.02) in severely starved flies in comparison to blood fed flies. Pupae sizes were unaffected (P = 0.58) by starvation and fly strain. These results indicate that susceptibility to permethrin increases as time without a blood meal increases and furthermore, offspring success is reduced specifically through egg viability. Findings from this work will help further expand current integrated pest management options for animal producers by increasing our understanding and implementation of push-pull strategies in animal production systems.
PSI-6 The Influence of a Single Administration of Prostaglandin on Estrus Synchronization in Range Sheep Production
Authors: Gallacher Kristie L , Dunlap Richard L , Cox Shad H , Andrews Taylor N , Melchior Emily A , Summers Adam F 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Administration of a single injection of prostaglandin after ram introduction has previously been reported as an effective method to synchronize estrus in ewes housed in a dry lot setting. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a single injection of prostaglandin administered at the beginning of the breeding season after ram introduction, on estrus synchronization in range ewes. Western Whiteface cross ewes, of which thirty-six were ½ blood South African Meat Merino (SAMM) and seventeen ¼ blood SAMM (total n=53) were assigned to one of two treatments: control (CON; n=26) or one injection of prostaglandin (PG; n=27). Ewes were utilized in a complete randomized block design and were stratified by SAMM percentage, body condition score (BCS) and age. Ewes assigned to PG treatment were administered 3 mL of prostaglandin IM (Lutalyse, Zoetis Animal Health) approximately 60 h after rams were introduced with ewes. Rams (n=4) were applied with marking paint and placed with ewes on (d 0: December 21) and remained for the duration of the 56 d breeding season for natural service. Ewes were observed for estrus twice daily at 0730 h and 1700 h for d 0-10 and d 16-21 of the breeding season, by an experienced evaluator. At lambing, birth weight, sex, and type of birth was recorded. The MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS were used to analyze estrus response, ewes bred in the first 5 d of the breeding season, days to lambing, lambing date, number of lambs born, and lamb weight. South African Meat Merino percentage was included as an independent variable but was found to be nonsignificant and was removed from the statistical model. The proportion of ewes bred during the first 5 d of the breeding season was not different among the two treatments (P ≥ 0.60). There was no difference between the PG ewes and the CON ewes for the date of estrus (P ≥ 0.82). There was no difference between the PG ewes and the CON ewes for the lambing date (P = 0.60). Treatment did not influence days to lambing (P ≥ 0.25). The number of lambs born per ewe tended to be influenced by treatment (P &lt; 0.08), with PG ewes tending to have more lambs than CON ewes. Lamb weights were not different among treatments (P ≥ 0.50). In conclusion, the administration of a single PG injection after ram exposure did not influence estrus expression, days to lambing, or lambing date, however, PG ewes did tend to have more lambs.
PSII-2 Effect of Protein Supplementation Level and Degradability on Forage Utilization by Steers Consuming Low-Quality Forage: I. Bos taurus taurus
Authors: Cox Jodi R , Koy Kali K , Wickersham Tryon A 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A deficiency of ruminally available N (RAN) caused by a basal diet of low-quality forage may depress forage utilization. Supplemental protein improves utilization by increasing RAN therefore increasing intake and potentially improving digestibility. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of ruminal degradability and level of protein supplementation on forage utilization by Bos taurus taurus steers. Accordingly, six ruminally cannulated Angus steers (BW 294 ± 37.7 kg) were used in a 5×5 Latin square to evaluate the interaction between level and degradability of protein supplementation when consuming King Ranch Bluestem hay (3.5% CP, 71.0% NDF). Treatments were arranged as a 2×2 factorial with steers receiving protein supplements (43% CP) with two levels of protein degradability (35 or 70% RDP) fed at two levels of supplementation, providing 1.26 or 2.53 g/kg BW (LOW and HIGH). A control treatment (CON) provided no supplemental protein. Five 14-d periods were conducted, consisting of 9 d adaptation and 4 d to measure intake and digestion, and 1 d for ruminal fermentation. No degradability × level interactions were significant for any measures of intake or digestion, although there was a tendency for an interaction (P = 0.09) for total organic matter intake (TOMI), resulting from a tendency for a quadratic (P = 0.08) increase when supplemented. In contrast, the 70% RDP supplement continued to increase TOMI linearly (P &lt; 0.01), suggesting the maximum effective level of supplementation was not reached. As expected, protein supplementation increased all measures of intake such as, forage OMI (FOMI), total digestible OMI (TDOMI), and NDF intake (P &lt; 0.01). In addition, level of supplementation affected all measures of intake (P ≤ 0.01) with HIGH being greater than LOW. Protein supplements with 70% RDP at LOW increased FOMI 28% versus control when supplemented at LOW, and 47% at HIGH. Supplementation with 35% RDP increased FOMI 23% at the LOW and 28% at HIGH indicating the lower degradability supplement was less effective at improving forage utilization that the 70% RDP supplement (P = 0.01). Total NDF intake (NDFI) followed this same pattern with 70% RDP supplementation increasing NDFI 29 and 52% with LOW and HIGH supplementation, respectfully; 28 and 37% when 35% RDP supplementation was provided (P = 0.10). Despite the effect of protein supplementation on intake, OM digestion (OMD) and NDF digestion (NDFD) were not affected by protein supplementation regardless of degradability or level (P ≥ 0.23). In conclusion, FOMI and TDOMI were increased with the provision of greater levels and more degradable supplements resulting in better forage utilization.