bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of postnatal severe acute malnutrition with pancreatic exocrine and endocrine function in children and adults: a systematic review
Authors: Ferdous Farzana , Filteau Suzanne , Schwartz Nanna Buhl , Gumede-Moyo Sehlulekile , Cox Sharon Elizabeth 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSevere acute malnutrition may lead both concurrently and subsequently to malabsorption and impaired glucose metabolism from pancreatic dysfunction. We conducted a systematic review to investigate the associations of current and prior postnatal wasting malnutrition with pancreatic endocrine and exocrine functions in humans. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and reference lists of retrieved articles, limited to articles in English published before 1 February 2022. We included sixty-eight articles, mostly cross-sectional or cohort studies from twenty-nine countries including 592 530 participants, of which 325 998 were from a single study. Many were small clinical studies from decades ago and rated poor quality. Exocrine pancreas function, indicated by duodenal fluid or serum enzymes, or faecal elastase, was generally impaired in malnutrition. Insulin production was usually low in malnourished children and adults. Glucose disappearance during oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests was variable. Upon treatment of malnutrition, most abnormalities improved but frequently not to control levels. Famine survivors studied decades later showed ongoing impaired glucose tolerance with some evidence of sex differences. The similar findings from anorexia nervosa, famine survivors and poverty- or infection-associated malnutrition in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) lend credence to results being due to malnutrition itself. Research using large, well-documented cohorts and considering sexes separately, is needed to improve prevention and treatment of exocrine and endocrine pancreas abnormalities in LMIC with a high burden of malnutrition and diabetes.
Trends in dietary salt sources in Japanese adults: data from the 2007–2019 National Health and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Matsumoto Mai , Tajima Ryoko , Fujiwara Aya , Yuan Xiaoyi , Okada Emiko , Takimoto Hidemi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIdentifying trends in dietary salt sources is essential for effectively reducing salt/Na intake. This study aimed to examine the trends in dietary salt sources among Japanese adults using the 2007–2019 National Health and Nutrition Survey data collected from 95 581 adults aged ≥ 20 years. Dietary intake was estimated using the 1-d household-based dietary record. Foods reported as potential sources of salt intake in Japan and other countries were categorised into twenty-one groups. Salt intake for each food group was adjusted using the density method based on the energy intake. Trends in dietary salt intake based on food sources by sex and age groups (20–39 years, 40–59 years and ≥ 60 years) were analysed using the Joinpoint Regression Program. Salt intake for each age group in both men and women decreased from 2007 (5·3 g/1000 kcal–6·4 g/1000 kcal) to 2019 (4·9 g/1000 kcal–5·6 g/1000 kcal). The major dietary source of salt continued to be seasonings such as soya sauce and soyabean paste (approximately 70 %). Salt intake from seasonings decreased over time in adults aged ≥ 40 years but did not change in those aged 20–39 years. Additionally, a decreasing salt intake from unprocessed fish and shellfish and an increasing salt intake from unprocessed meat were observed across all age categories for both sexes. This study demonstrated that a strategy targeting different age groups may be needed to reduce salt consumption from seasonings among the Japanese population. Further studies on salt content in seasonings and continued monitoring of trends in dietary salt sources are required.
The Evolution of Social Darwinism in China, 1895–1930
Authors: Jin Xiaoxing 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis paper investigates the development of social Darwinism in China from the mid-1890s to 1930 vis-à-vis its ties with social Darwinism in the West, employing a comparative analysis of Spencer, Huxley, and Yan Fu. A form of evolutionism that envisioned a cosmological order based upon strength was transformed into a component of power politics in Republican China, despite unsuccessful political endeavors that illustrated both the triumphs and social malfunctions of evolutionary ideas. From the late 1910s, a new variety of social Darwinism arose alongside the scientific one, reflecting the influence of Kropotkin and de Vries, as Chinese thinkers incorporated non-Anglophone texts. The theories that emerged made sense of the changing Chinese adaptations of evolutionary thinking by contextualizing and modifying them within the intellectual and political dynamics inside China and also in China’s evolving relationship with capitalism and imperialism.
Below the Land Deals: The Making of Mineral Property in Ga-Mphahlele, South Africa, 1880–1994
Authors: Phillips Laura Helen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article examines the transformation of mineral matter into mineral property from the vantage point of Ga-Mphahlele, a section of northern South Africa's platinum belt in which minerals are particularly complex to access. Building on Thomas Sikor and Christian Lund's work, I show that the demands of mining capital played a key role in facilitating a co-constitutive relationship between political authority and mineral property. Because of the geological difficulties accessing Ga-Mphahlele's platinum, mining companies have only shown an intermittent interest in the area's minerals, resulting in a volatile relationship between mineral property and political authority. In turn, this has meant that minerals have often been a relatively unstable property form. By adding the role of capital to Lund and Sikor's analytic lens for studying property and authority, this article tracks the relationship between chiefly authority, African land purchasing, platinum companies, and the emergence of mineral rights.
Mining the Short Side: Institutional Investors and Stock Market Anomalies
Authors: Gao Xin , Wang Ying 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article investigates the short-side anomaly trading behavior of alternative mutual funds (AMFs) based on their short positions in U.S. domestic equities. In aggregate, AMFs demonstrate the ability to exploit well-documented stock market anomalies on the short side, and the overpriced stocks sold short by AMFs generate significant negative alpha. Further, AMFs’ short-side trades exhibit significant return predictability, which can at least partially derive from their ability to process public information on firm and anomaly characteristics. Finally, AMFs’ short-side anomaly-based trading activity and profitability appear to be more pronounced among the stocks with higher credit risk or dynamic short-selling risk.
Role of the gut microbiome in three major psychiatric disorders
Authors: Borkent Jenny , Ioannou Magdalini , Laman Jon D. , Haarman Bartholomeus C. M. , Sommer Iris E. C. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMajor depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSD) are heterogeneous psychiatric disorders, which place significant burden on patient's well-being and global health. Disruptions in the gut-microbiome may play a role in these psychiatric disorders. This review presents current data on composition of the human gastrointestinal microbiota, and its interaction mechanisms in the gut–brain axis in MDD, BD and SSD. Diversity metrics and microbial relative abundance differed across studies. More studies reported inconsistent findings (n = 7) or no differences (n = 8) than studies who reported lower α-diversity in these psychiatric disorders (n = 5). The most consistent findings across studies were higher relative abundances of the genera Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Eggerthella and lower relative abundance of the butyrate producing Faecalibacterium in patients with psychiatric disorders. All three increased genera were associated with higher symptom severity. Confounders, such as medication use and life style have not been accounted for. So far, the results of probiotics trials have been inconsistent. Most traditional and widely used probiotics (consisting of Bifidobacterium spp. and Lactobacillus spp.) are safe, however, they do not correct potential microbiota disbalances in these disorders. Findings on prebiotics and faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) are too limited to draw definitive conclusions. Disease-specific pro/prebiotic treatment or even FMT could be auspicious interventions for prevention and therapy for psychiatric disorders and should be investigated in future trials.
If naturalism is true, then scientific explanation is impossible
Authors: Bogardus Tomas 
Published: May 2022

AbstractI begin by retracing an argument from Aristotle for final causes in science. Then, I advance this ancient thought, and defend an argument for a stronger conclusion: that no scientific explanation can succeed, if Naturalism is true. The argument goes like this: (1) Any scientific explanation can be successful only if it crucially involves a natural regularity. Next, I argue that (2) any explanation can be successful only if it crucially involves no element that calls out for explanation but lacks one. From (1) and (2) it follows that (3) a scientific explanation can be successful only if it crucially involves a natural regularity, and this regularity does not call out for explanation while lacking one. I then argue that (4) if Naturalism is true, then all every natural regularity calls out for explanation but lacks one. From (3) and (4) it follows that (5) if Naturalism is true, then no scientific explanation can be successful. If you believe that scientific explanation can be (indeed, often has been) successful, as I do, then this is a reason to reject Naturalism.
Health and occupation: the limits to older adults' work hours
Authors: Doan Tinh , Labond Christine , Yazidjoglou Amelia , Timmins Perri , Yu Peng , Strazdins Lyndall 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMore people are working into older age, raising questions about how many hours they can work before their health becomes compromised. This paper models work-hour tipping points for mental health and vitality among older Australian workers aged 50–70 years. We use longitudinal data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, 2005–2016 (about 44,900 observations), and bootstrapping Three Stage Least Squares (3SLS) estimation techniques to adjust for reverse and reciprocal relationships between wages, work hours and health. Our approach corrects for heteroscedasticity in the system equation error terms, and we estimate models on the relatively healthy older adults who have remained employed into older age. Among these older workers we observe weekly thresholds of 39–40 hours beyond which mental health and vitality decline. This average, however, hides variability in work-hour limits linked to overall health and occupation. Thus, weekly tipping points for blue- and pink-collar jobs are 7–9 hours lower compared to white-collar jobs, and even wider gaps (11 hours) are apparent for workers with poorer physical functioning, which becomes common as people age. Our modelling reveals that age is not the biggest limiting factor for how many hours older adults can work, rather their health and the types of jobs are critical, and likely widen the gap in who ages successfully or not.
Cardiac arrest during endotracheal intubation of children with systolic dysfunction
Authors: Esangbedo Ivie D. , Yu Priscilla , Brandewie Katie , Ebraheem Mohammad , Rahman AKM Fazlur , Byrnes Jonathan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis multicenter study aimed to describe peri-intubation cardiac arrest in paediatric cardiac patients with significant (moderate or severe) systolic dysfunction of the systemic ventricle. Intubation data were collected from 4 paediatric cardiac ICUs in the United States (January 2015 – December 2017). Clinician practices during intubation of patients with significant dysfunction were compared to practices during intubation of patients without significant systolic dysfunction. There were 67 intubations in patients with significant systolic dysfunction. Peri-intubation cardiac arrest rate in this population was 14.9% (10/67); peri-intubation mortality was 3%. Majority (6/10; 60%) of the cardiac arrests were classified as pulseless electrical activity. Patients with cardiac arrest upon intubation had a higher serum lactate and lower serum pH than patients without peri-intubation cardiac arrest in the significant systolic dysfunction group.In comparing cardiac ICU patients with significant systolic dysfunction (n = 67) to patients from the same time period with normal ventricular function or mild dysfunction (n = 183), clinicians were less likely to use midazolam (11.9% versus 25.1%; p = 0.03) and more likely to use etomidate (16.4% versus 4.4%; p = 0.002) for intubation. Use of other sedative agents, video laryngoscopy, atropine, inotrope initiation, and consultation of an anaesthesiologist for intubation were not statistically different between the groups.This is the first study to describe the rate of and risk factors for peri-intubation cardiac arrest in paediatric cardiac ICU patients with systolic dysfunction. There was a higher peri-intubation cardiac arrest rate compared to published rates in critically ill children with heart disease and compared to children with significant systolic dysfunction undergoing elective general anaesthesia.
Amplification Effect of Urbanization on Atmospheric Aridity Over China Under Past Global Warming
Authors: Wang Peng , Tong Xuelin , Qiu Jianxiu , Chen Yimin , Wu Sijia , Chan Ting On , Zhu Jinxin , Liu Zhen , Zhang Hui , Luo Ming 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWhile it is well known that rapid urbanization poses prominent effects on regional or local temperature changes under global warming, possible impacts of urbanization on the changes in atmospheric aridity (measured by vapor pressure deficit [VPD]) are poorly understood. In this study, we provide a national investigation of the spatiotemporal changes of atmospheric aridity over China in recent decades by analyzing observations at over 2,000 weather stations across China during 1971–2017 and further quantify the effects of urbanization on the atmospheric aridity changes in different subregions. The results show that most parts of China have experienced a significant intensification of atmospheric aridity since the 1970s. Especially, stronger drying trends tend to appear in urban agglomerations with higher urbanization levels and denser population, such as Beijing‐Tianjin‐Hebei (BTH), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), the Pearl River Delta (PRD), and the Sichuan Basin. It is estimated that urbanization contributed to more than 30% of the total increases in atmospheric aridity in urban core areas (i.e., 32.58%, 27.73%, 30.29%, 42.03%, and 37.33%, respectively, for annual, spring, summer, autumn, and winter VPD). Spatially, urbanization exerted significant amplification effects on increasing VPD in most parts of China (nearly 80% grid cells) except for few areas with higher elevation and complex topography (e.g., Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau and Xinjiang). In particular, the areas with higher urbanization (e.g., BTH, YRD, and PRD) underwent even stronger urbanization effects on amplifying atmospheric aridity. Our findings suggest that how to alleviate atmospheric aridity in future urban planning is worthy of consideration.
Crustal Structure of the Indochina Peninsula From Ambient Noise Tomography
Authors: Wu Shanshan , Yu Youqiang , Yang Ting , Xue Mei , Tilmann Frederik , Chen Haopeng 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates promotes the southeastward extrusion of the Indochina Peninsula while the internal dynamics of its crustal deformation remain enigmatic. Here, we make use of seismic data from 38 stations and employ the ambient noise tomography to construct a 3‐D crustal shear‐wave velocity (Vs) model beneath the Indochina Peninsula. A low‐Vs anomaly is revealed in the mid‐lower crust of the Shan‐Thai Block and probably corresponds to the southern extension of the crustal flow from SE Tibet. Although the Khorat Plateau behaves as a rigid block, the observed low‐Vs anomalies in the lower crust and also below the Moho indicate that the crust may have been partially modified by mantle‐derived melts. The strike‐slip shearing motions of the Red River Fault may have dominantly developed crustal deformation at its western flank where a low‐Vs anomaly is observed at the upper‐middle crust.
Slab Geometry and Upper Mantle Flow Patterns in the Central Mediterranean From 3D Anisotropic P‐Wave Tomography
Authors: Rappisi F. , VanderBeek B. P. , Faccenda M. , Morelli A. , Molinari I. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWe present the first three‐dimensional (3D) anisotropic teleseismic P‐wave tomography model of the upper mantle covering the entire Central Mediterranean. Compared to isotropic tomography, it is found that including the magnitude, azimuth, and, importantly, dip of seismic anisotropy in our inversions simplifies isotropic heterogeneity by reducing the magnitude of slow anomalies while yielding anisotropy patterns that are consistent with regional tectonics. The isotropic component of our preferred tomography model is dominated by numerous fast anomalies associated with retreating, stagnant, and detached slab segments. In contrast, relatively slower mantle structure is related to slab windows and the opening of back‐arc basins. To better understand the complexities in slab geometry and their relationship to surface geological phenomenon, we present a 3D reconstruction of the main Central Mediterranean slabs down to 700 km based on our anisotropic model. P‐wave seismic anisotropy is widespread in the Central Mediterranean upper mantle and is strongest at 200–300 km depth. The anisotropy patterns are interpreted as the result of asthenospheric material flowing primarily horizontally around the main slabs in response to pressure exerted by their mid‐to‐late Cenezoic horizontal motion, while sub‐vertical anisotropy possibly reflects asthenospheric entrainment by descending lithosphere. Our results highlight the importance of anisotropic P‐wave imaging for better constraining regional upper mantle geodynamics.
Contrasting Stratospheric Smoke Mass and Lifetime From 2017 Canadian and 2019/2020 Australian Megafires: Global Simulations and Satellite Observations
Authors: D’Angelo Gennaro , Guimond Steve , Reisner Jon , Peterson David A. , Dubey Manvendra 
Published: May 2022

AbstractStratospheric injections of carbonaceous aerosols and combustion gases by extreme wildfires have become increasingly common. Recent “megafires,” particularly large and intense fires, delivered particulate burdens to the lower stratosphere comparable to those of moderate volcanic eruptions. The 2017 Canadian megafire generated four large Pyrocumulonimbi (pyroCbs), injecting up to ≈0.3 Tg of smoke in the lower stratosphere. Even more extreme, the 2019/2020 Australian event produced a pyroCb activity resulting in stratospheric smoke intrusions of ≈1 Tg. To understand their contrasting behavior, we present global climate simulations of the atmospheric response to these events, applying smoke burdens informed by remote observations. Model outcomes, compared to satellite data of smoke transport, reproduce reasonably well the initial plume rise, at 0.2–0.3 km/day, attaining heights of ≈20 km in Canada and above 30 km in Australia. Global dispersal of the plume occurs within about 3 weeks in both cases, consistent with observations. Smoke removal timescales, ≈5 months for the Canadian megafire, agree with remote measurements. During the Australian megafire, observations indicate stratospheric injections three times as large, and models predict comparatively longer smoke lifetimes, ≈16 months. After the latter event, atmospheric optical depths and radiative cooling achieved values close to those measured following the Pinatubo eruption. Sensitivity tests of model assumptions indicate, in accord with prior studies, that smoke burden, injection heights, and black carbon content can determine plume evolution and possible climate impacts. An empirical relation between peak heights of stratospheric plumes and lifetimes is derived that can help assess megafire impacts on the stratosphere, climate and the Earth system.
Effects of Vegetation Patch Patterns on Channel Morphology: A Numerical Study
Authors: Li Jiaze , Claude Nicolas , Tassi Pablo , Cordier Florian , Vargas‐Luna Andrés , Crosato Alessandra , Rodrigues Stéphane 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis study investigates the effects of vegetation patch patterns on the morphological evolution of alluvial river channels at the reach‐scale. For this, a new two‐dimensional numerical biomorphodynamic model has been developed using the Telemac‐Mascaret system. Considering the newest development in the topic, the effects of vegetation on bedload transport are included by extending Einstein's parameters for the sediment transport formula. The model was subsequently validated by published laboratory experiments reproducing alternate bar dynamics with different vegetation establishment scenarios. The validated model was then used to study the influence of vegetation patch patterns on the channel morphological evolution considering the two most observed ones: (a) the filled pattern with plants well distributed within the patch, and (b) the stripe pattern with plants established only along the patch edges. 14 scenarios were simulated in total, including sensitivity analyses on the coefficients of vegetation characteristics. The results indicate that the morphological responses of an alternate bar system to the stripe pattern consist of channel widening, steeper slope and reduced water depth, with increased sediment transport rates. The effects of the filled pattern are similar but weaker. The results also show that with the stripe pattern, the alternate bars tend to migrate toward the centerline forming center bars. Besides, the scroll bars forming downstream are shorter, corresponding to less visible chute channels, compared to the filled pattern. Despite much less vegetation coverage, the stripe pattern decreases the bar elongation rates in a way similar to the filled pattern.