bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
All Thumbs at Communication
Authors: Zaharna R.S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 examines how U.S. public diplomacy’s repeated failures to reach global publics exposed in real time the fallacy of a singular notion of “communication.” The chapter reveals how the dominant view of communication, far from being universal, is a template based on a distinctly Western, individual-level notion of communication as separate senders and receivers. The dominance of the template has overshadowed critical dynamics of relational and holistic understandings of the communication experience found in many of the world’s intellectual heritages. In a radical break from national and culture-based models of communication that simply insert different behavior patterns into the individual-level template, the chapter sketches three relations-based logics of communication. Each logic—the Individual, the Relational, and the Holistic—contains distinctive elements that help create a comprehensive vision of the human communication experience. The chapter concludes with key take-away points for Boundary Spanners.
Enhancing Collaboration
Authors: Zaharna R.S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In Chapter 6, the book returns to the question of how to navigate global connectivity and leverage diversity to enhance our capacity for collaboration. Because the logics are pan-human and linked to our evolutionary capacity to cooperate, the logics are not mutually exclusive but instead are complementary and necessary for the functioning of human societies. The chapter adopts a mindset of connectivity and diversity and introduces the technique of layering or blending the unique strengths of the logics. The Individual logic reflects the power of speech and expands collaboration through storytelling. The Relational logic reflects the power of emotion and expands collaboration through empathy. The Holistic logic reflects the power of synchrony and expands collaboration through creative synergy. The chapter draws upon illustrative examples of the power of each logic and its ability to enhance collaboration from everyday diplomacies from around the world during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Unreasonable Healthy Eating Efforts
Authors: Barnhill Anne , Bonotti Matteo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter employs the accessibility conception of public reason to critically assess healthy eating efforts in liberal democracies and identify respects in which these efforts may be unreasonable, i.e. publicly unjustified and therefore illegitimate. In order to do so, the chapter disaggregates the concept of ‘evaluative standards’ that is central to the accessibility conception of public reason in order to develop a categorization of evaluative standards that allows us to explain in what sense different types of healthy eating efforts may be unreasonable. According to this categorization, unreasonable healthy eating efforts may violate one or more of the following categories of evaluative standards: prescriptive epistemic evaluative standards, descriptive factual evaluative standards, descriptive metaphysical evaluative standards, and prescriptive moral evaluative standards. For each category, the chapter provides concrete examples related to actual healthy eating efforts.
Conclusion
Authors: Barnhill Anne , Bonotti Matteo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter concludes the book by providing a summary of the key themes examined throughout it and by outlining three areas of investigation that we believe will deserve further attention in future research on food policy. First, while in this book we have only briefly surveyed key debates in political philosophy in relation to healthy eating efforts, before zooming in on the public reason lens, we believe that future research should also focus on other areas at the intersection between political philosophy and public health ethics, such as the ideas of ‘food freedom’ and ‘food democracy’. Second, while our analysis has focused on healthy eating efforts, the resources of political philosophy can and should also be employed to evaluate other areas of food policy, including policies promoting food security, food equity, and food sovereignty. Third, more work is needed to identify ways of integrating the normative analysis of policies (such as our public reason framework) into policymaking processes. This will require closer interaction amongst political philosophers, public health ethicists, and public policy scholars, and could be married with innovative methodologies for policy design and evaluation, including systems approaches and design thinking.
Harold Arlen
Authors: Wilder Alec 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Not as well known as some of the great songwriters, Harold Arlen was a highly original composer with a distinctive style that displayed the strong influence of African American music. Indeed, his best-known songs date from his years he wrote for the Cotton Club in Harlem. Arlen is perhaps most famous for writing “Over the Rainbow” for the film The Wizard of Oz, but this song is not representative of Arlen’s unique style. This chapter explores some of his best work, including some that challenge the listener beyond normal expectations.
Additional Songs and Composers
Authors: Wilder Alec 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides accessible analysis to fifty-three songs that were not included in Alec Wilder’s original edition of 1972. Much has changed in fifty years. Some songs have risen in stature while others have fallen. Outstanding songs by Black and women composers, many of which were unfairly passed over in their day, have been rediscovered. Some songs have proven themselves to be excellent vehicles for improvisation and have accordingly become jazz standards. The relevance to the American Songbook of composers such as George M. Cohan and Sigmund Romberg might not have seemed apparent in 1972, but it is now. Finally, Wilder, a formidable songwriter in his own right, did not include any of his own material in the 1972 publication. Ten of Wilder’s songs have been included with analysis and musical examples.
An Introduction to Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Stewart Jon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This work attempts to give a basic introduction to Hegel’s religious thinking by seeing it against the backdrop of the main religious trends in his own day that he was responding to, specifically the Enlightenment and Romanticism. The study provides an account of the criticism of religion by key Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire, Lessing, Hume, and Kant. This is followed by an analysis of how the Romantic thinkers, such as Rousseau, Jacobi, and Schleiermacher, responded to these challenges. For Hegel, the views of these thinkers from both the Enlightenment and Romanticism tended to empty religion of its content. The goal that he sets for his own philosophy of religion is to restore this lost content. A detailed account is given of Hegel’s Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion, with an eye to the issue of the content of religious faith. It is argued that the basic ideas of the Enlightenment and Romanticism are still present today and that this remains an important issue for both academics and non-academics, regardless of their religious orientation.
Forerunners of the Christian Conception of the Divine: Judaism and Greco-Roman Polytheism
Authors: Stewart Jon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to Hegel’s analysis of Judaism and Greco-Roman polytheism in his Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion. In his account of the world religions, Hegel first treats the religions of nature, which conceive of the divine as an object of nature. Then he turns to the religions of spirit, which have a conception of the divine as a self-conscious entity. Here he treats Judaism and the colourful polytheistic religions of Greece and Rome. Since the religions of spirit are the closest to Christianity, Hegel is keen to show how they are superior to the religions of nature, but how they still fall short of the absolute religion. The key lies in their content, specifically, in their conceptions of the divine. An account is given of the role of God as a Creator and a God of justice and righteousness in Judaism. This is contrasted to the conception of the divine in the religions of nature. An account is given of Hegel’s interpretation of the Greek oracles as a voice of nature. Hegel also explores the important element of the Greek religion in art and especially sculpture. Hegel believes that in the concrete historical situation in the Roman world, people perceived a great sense of alienation with their external world, which was oppressive. This is found in their relation to the Roman emperor. The sense of alienation prepares the ground for Christianity and its message of reconciliation.
The Omission of Islam
Authors: Stewart Jon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
One of the great mysteries about Hegel’s Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion is why he does not dedicate a special analysis to Islam in the same way that he does to the other religions. This chapter examines this question along with Hegel’s general understanding of Islam. According to Hegel, the basic conception of the divine in Islam is the unitary God. Given this, it is understandable that he is at pains to distinguish Islam conceptually from the two other great monotheistic religions: Judaism and Christianity. In contrast to Jehovah of Judaism, Allah is an inclusive, universal God who has a relation to all human beings not just a specific group. In contrast to Christianity, Islam with its insistence on the unity of the divine, radically rejects the empirical realm of particularity. God is what is infinite, absolute, and true, whereas the mundane world is transitory, corrupt, and of no ultimate value. The key difference between Christianity and Islam, according to Hegel, lies in the fact that the former recognizes the validity of the particular, without this impinging on or compromising the universal; specifically, through the person of Christ, the truth of the particular is accorded its due. Nevertheless Islam has an important role to play in the development of history, according to Hegel’s understanding.
The Reception of Hegel’s Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Stewart Jon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In the years immediately following Hegel’s death, the main points of contention about his thought in general involved the interpretation of his philosophy of religion. Even during Hegel’s own lifetime, his philosophy was attacked for being inconsistent with Christianity. This chapter outlines the various debates that centred on three main issues: the immortality of the soul, the personhood of God, and the divinity of Christ. It is argued that the labels traditionally used to characterize the Hegelian schools, that is, right and left Hegelianism, have long contributed to an oversimplification and distortion of this period in the history of ideas. In the debates themselves there are many cases of overlapping and crisscrossing of positions that render this form of categorization impossible. Hegel’s explicit statements about religion leave little room for ambiguity about his conscious goal with the lectures: to demonstrate the philosophical truth of Christianity and to restore the truth of the Christian dogmas which had been under attack ever since the Enlightenment.
The Relevance of Hegel’s Philosophy of Religion Today
Authors: Stewart Jon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The cultural landscape concerning religion has changed considerably since Hegel’s time. Today we live in multicultural societies and are in regular contact with people from other religious traditions. Moreover, due to the rise of secularism, religion no longer plays the dominant role that it once did. This then raises the question of whether Hegel’s concerns with regard to the issues about religion in the nineteenth century are in any way still relevant for us today in the twenty-first century. Does Hegel have anything meaningful to say about the philosophy of religion in a pluralistic world? This chapter argues that Hegel’s views on the world religions and his defence of Christianity represent an important challenge with great relevance today. His ideas on religion were developed in reaction to and in critical dialogue with two main traditions: the Enlightenment and Romanticism. It is easy to recognize in contemporary culture important strains from these traditions of thought. Writing at the time of a great wave of interest in non-European cultures in the first half of the nineteenth century, Hegel was among the first to realize the reality of religious pluralism. He saw that a philosophy of religion that wanted to favour Christianity must at a minimum have some story to tell about the other religions of the world.
Quasibrittle Fracture Mechanics and Size Effect
Authors: Bažant Zdenek P. , Le Jia-Liang , Salviato Marco 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Many modern engineering structures are composed of brittle heterogenous (a.k.a. quasibrittle) materials. These materials include concrete (an archetype), composites, tough ceramics, rocks, cold asphalt mixtures, and many brittle materials at the microscale. Understanding the failure behavior of these materials is of paramount importance for improving the resilience and sustainability of various engineering structures including civil infrastructure, aircraft, ships, military armors, and microelectronic devices. This book provides a comprehensive treatment of quasibrittle fracture mechanics. It first presents a concise but rigorous and complete treatment of the linear elastic fracture mechanics, which is the foundation of all fracture mechanics. The topics covered include energy balance analysis of fracture, analysis of near-tip field and stress intensity factors, Irwin's relationship, J-integral, calculation of compliance function and deflection, and analysis of interfacial crack. Built upon the content of linear elastic fracture mechanics, the book presents various fundamental concepts of nonlinear fracture mechanics, which include estimation of inelastic zone size, cohesive crack model, equivalent linear elastic fracture mechanics model, R-curve, and crack band model. The book also discusses some more advanced concepts such as the effects of the triaxial stress state in the fracture process zone, nonlocal continuum models, and discrete computational model. The significant part of the book is devoted to the discussion of the energetic and statistical size effects, which is a salient feature of quasibrittle fracture. The book also presents probabilistic fracture mechanics, and its consequent reliability-based structural analysis and design of quasibrittle structures. Finally, the book provides an extensive review of various practical applications of quasibrittle fracture mechanics.
Energetic Size Effect in Quasibrittle Fracture
Authors: Bažant Zdeněk P. , Le Jia-Liang , Salviato Marco 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The energetic size effect, transitioning from ductile behavior at small structure sizes to brittle behavior at large ones, is a quintessential feature of all quasibrittle fracture. Its analytical law, recently adopted for ACI Standard 318, is important for safe and efficient structural design. First it is explained that, in absence of any material characteristic length, which is the case for both elasticity and LEFM, the scaling of structural strength must be a power law of structure size. Its particular form is derived from dimensional analysis. After establishing the second-order asymptotic size effect of quasibritle structures at the small-size limit, the size effect law for geometrically scaled structure is derived by asymptotic matching to large-size asymptotic expansion of equivalent LEFM. The brittleness number is introduced as a geometry independent characteristic of failure behavior. Differences between the deterministic size effects of Type 1 and Type 2 are explained and their particular size effect laws are derived. It is also shown how to derive the R-curve from the observed size effect. Finally, the standardized use of the type 2 size effect law to obtain the fracture energy and characteristic FPZ size from the tests of maximum loads of similar notched specimens of sufficiently different sizes is derived and explained.
Financial Inclusion
Authors: Barajas Adolfo , Beck Thorsten , Belhaj Mohamed , Ben Naceur Sami 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The past two decades have seen a rapid increase in interest in financial inclusion, both from policymakers and researchers. This chapter surveys the main findings from the literature, documenting the trends over time and gaps that have arisen across regions, income levels, and gender, among others. It points out that structural, as well as policy-related, factors, such as encouraging banking competition or channelling government payments through bank accounts, play an important role, and describes the potential macro and microeconomic benefits that can be derived from greater financial inclusion. It argues that policy should aim to identify and reduce frictions holding back financial inclusion, rather than targeting specific levels of inclusion. Finally, it suggests areas for future research.
The Sheriff’s Tourn
Authors: McGovern Jonathan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter focusses on the second ancient court for which the sheriff was responsible, known as the tourn. The tourn was a court of inquisition and record designed to uncover trespasses and felonies considered to be harmful to the commonwealth. While the tourn is often believed to have been basically defunct by the Tudor period, this chapter demonstrates that there were tourns held in at least 177 hundreds, across 31 English counties, still operative in the Tudor period. The chapter reconstructs the procedure of this court, and analyses its business under three broad headings: enquiry into disturbances and felonies; enquiry into nuisances and unfulfilled obligations; and social and economic regulation.
The London Sheriffs’ Court and the York Court of Pleas
Authors: McGovern Jonathan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with an analysis of the London Sheriffs’ Court, held four times weekly at the Guildhall. It introduces the staff of the court, including its attorneys and clerks, and argues that the full court was held before the undersheriffs throughout the Tudor period. It discusses the actions and remedies available to plaintiffs, and discusses some representative lawsuits from the Elizabethan period. It reconstructs the court procedure, from the entry of an action at the sheriffs’ compters, to judgment and execution. It also analyses the court’s cost and popularity. A second, shorter section turns its attention to the York Court of Pleas, one of several other borough courts held before municipal sheriffs, providing information about its staff and procedure.
Revenue Collection and Accounting at the Exchequer
Authors: McGovern Jonathan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the sheriff’s responsibility for collecting and accounting for royal revenue. Sheriffs collected a miscellaneous range of revenue on the king’s behalf, including rents for custody lands, fines and amercements levied by other courts, and traditional fees payable at the county court and tourn. The chapter discusses the nature of the various debts and rents which the sheriff was bound to collect. Some of this money was pumped immediately back into local communities, while some of it had to be paid into the Exchequer. The chapter reconstructs the system of Exchequer audit in the Tudor period, which consisted of up to seven stages: pre-view, foreign apposal, view, sum, account of seizures, additional views, and final sum. It identifies the problems with this system, most importantly the fact that sheriffs had to account for money which was impossible to collect, and it discusses various attempts to solve these problems, most importantly the acts of Parliament passed to alleviate sheriffs’ financial burden in 1543 and 1548.
The Virtues of Limits
Authors: McPherson David 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Human beings seek to transcend limits. This is part of our potential greatness, since it is how we can realize what is best in our humanity. However, the limit-transcending feature of human life is also part of our potential downfall, as it can lead to dehumanization and failure to attain important human goods and to prevent human evils. This book explores the place of limits within a well-lived human life and develops and defends an original account of limiting virtues, which are concerned with recognizing proper limits in human life. The limiting virtues that are the focus are humility, reverence, moderation, contentment, neighborliness, and loyalty, and they are explored in relation to four kinds of limits: existential limits, moral limits, political limits, and economic limits. These virtues have been underexplored in discussions about virtue ethics, and when they have been explored, it has not been with regard to the general issue of the place of limits within a well-lived human life. The account of the limiting virtues provided here, however, is intended as a counter to other prominent approaches to ethics, namely, autonomy-centered approaches and consequentialist (or maximizing) approaches. This account is also used to address a number of important contemporary issues such as genetic engineering, distributive justice, cosmopolitanism vs. patriotism, and the ethical status of growth-based economics.
Introduction
Authors: Christians Allison , van Apeldoorn Laurens 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This book aims to demonstrate the key role that the international tax system plays in achieving justice by establishing what justice in international taxation requires, showing that justice is inadequately pursued under prevailing institutions, norms, and processes, and presenting the kinds of reforms that would be necessary to change course. The introductory chapter lays out the goals and structure of the book by presenting the idea that tax cooperation is a significant site of contention in relation to ongoing development challenges, in particular the Sustainable Development Goals. It then introduces the international tax system as a system of cooperative norm- and rule-making such that the manner in which nations engage in such cooperation and the norms and rules they devise among themselves are central to the currently unjust distribution of resources within and across national populations. Finally, it explains the goals and structure of the arguments to come.