bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dancing with AIDS
Authors: Niebur Louis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Within three years of its emergence in 1981, AIDS had the triple effect of wiping out the musicians, producers, and dancers from San Francisco, relocating the center of high-energy music production to the United Kingdom. But it took a while for the dance community to realize the significance of so many deaths, partly because the parties continued unabated and because Patrick Cowley left so many unfinished projects that would see the light of day over the course of 1982–1983. In fact, there was still much to celebrate in San Francisco’s dance music world during these transitional years. Sylvester, relocated to Megatone Records, released a string of high-energy hits. Likewise, Paul Parker’s album exceeded all expectations, confirming Megatone’s place as a world leader in dance music. Moby Dick Records also peaked in 1982, with Loverde scoring big, and established acts Lisa and Boys Town Gang topping the charts throughout the year.
In Retrospect
Authors: Niebur Louis 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
When San Francisco ceased being the center of high-energy dance music production, its artists could be proud knowing that the club sound they had created permeated mainstream music around the world; artists like Kylie Minogue, Dead or Alive, Miquel Brown, Evelyn Thomas, and Pet Shop Boys all owed their success to a large extent to the music first created in the gay mecca—in the dark bathhouses, late-night discos, and gloriously debauched megaparties. It’s hard to find current music today that is not influenced by disco, and the hypersexualized high-energy sound of San Francisco is a frequent go-to for postmodern pop artists. The recent rediscovery of the San Francisco sound reflects the desires of a new generation of queer people who know that, despite the passing of so much time and so many forgotten souls, their lost comrades shared the same passion to move their bodies as they do.
Rethinking Drug Policy
Authors: Beckett Katherine 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The drug war has failed and must end. The question is: How—and what should replace it? Ideally, an improved response to injurious forms of drug use would reduce the harm caused by criminal legal system involvement, the suffering that stems from unmanaged addiction, the harm that flows from illicit and unregulated drug markets, and racial inequities in all of these sources of harm. This chapter identifies several shifts in drug policy that achieve these goals and are feasible in the near to medium term. These include the radical expansion of alternative responses to substance use disorder and low-level crime based on harm-reduction principles and dramatically increased investment in medication-assisted treatment programs and in low-income housing, including Housing First models. If brought to scale, these changes would reduce drug-related suffering, the harm associated with the illicit drug market, the misery caused by the involvement of the criminal legal system in the lives of people who use illicit substances, and racial inequities in these forms of suffering.
Theory and Practice of Technology-Based Music Instruction
Authors: Dorfman Jay 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Technology is an increasingly popular part of music education in schools that attracts students to school music who might not otherwise be involved. In many teacher preparation programs, music technology is an afterthought that does not receive the same extensive treatment as do traditional areas of music teaching such as band, orchestra, choir, and general music. This book helps to establish a theoretical and practical foundation for how to teach students to use technology as the major means for developing their musicianship. From its discussions of lesson planning, lesson delivery, and assessment, readers will learn how to gain comfort in the music technology lab. Theory and Practice of Technology-Based Music Instruction also includes “profiles of practice” that dive into the experiences of real teachers in music technology classes, their struggles, their successes, and lessons we can learn from both. In this second edition, new profiles feature teachers of color who use technology extensively in their varied types of music teaching. This edition encourages readers to think about issues of inequity and social justice in music education technology and how teachers might begin to address those concerns. Also updated are sections about new standards that may guide music education technology practice, about distance and technology-enhanced learning during the global pandemic, and about ways to integrate technology in emerging contexts.
Models of Music Pedagogy and Their Influences on Technology-Based Music Instruction
Authors: Dorfman Jay 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter contains brief overviews of several existing models of music pedagogy: Orff-Schulwerk, the Kodály approach, the Suzuki method, Music Learning Theory (MLT), and Dalcroze eurhythmics. The chapter synthesizes descriptions of these approaches into a set of shared features, which serve to establish a framework for examining thinking about music instruction. Each of these approaches includes musical goals, instructional and learning objectives, values, suggestions or mandates for particular materials, instructional sequences, teaching behaviors, and methods of assessment. Viewing these models of music pedagogy as a whole leads to the construction of the approach described in this book called Technology-Based Music Instruction.
Strength in Vulnerability
Authors: Berg Louis-Alexandre 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The case study of Liberia examines how the combination of fragmented networks and constrained revenue facilitated changes to the composition, oversight, and accountability systems of the police and military. To mobilize political support, Liberian political leaders negotiated with rival factions that sought to influence military and police appointments and operations. To maintain control of security forces, they adopted institutional reforms that limited factional influence. They also cooperated with external actors to manage risks and overcome opposition to institutional changes, facilitating external influence through conditions on aid, delegated authority, and norm diffusion. The Liberia case study shows how opportunities for institutional change emerge from the political landscape, but it also highlights the effects of donor coherence given these opportunities. It raises questions regarding the sustainability of changes adopted with substantial external involvement.
Across Postwar Countries and Beyond
Authors: Berg Louis-Alexandre 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 presents a series of statistical analyses to assesses the validity of the book’s main claims. It presents the Postwar Security Governance Dataset, an original dataset that includes disaggregated measures of governance over armed forces in all post-civil-war countries from 1960 to 2012. It analyzes the relationship between internal political conditions and security governance, as well as the effects of international assistance as it interacts with domestic conditions. The analyses provide strong evidence for the book’s main claims that internal politics—and in particular networks and resources—shape security governance, and that they moderate the effects of international intervention. The chapter then looks beyond postwar countries to clarify the scope of the argument. Through four mini-cases of security forces restructuring in Iraq, Afghanistan, South Sudan, and Somalia, it explores the validity of the argument for countries experiencing ongoing civil war.
Causation, Cosmology, and the Limits of Philosophy
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
For well over a century the dominant narrative covering the major thinkers and themes of early modern British philosophy has been that of “British Empiricism,” within which the great triumvirate of Locke-Berkeley-Hume are taken to be the dominant figures. Although it is now common to question this schema as a way of analyzing and understanding the period in question, it continues to command considerable authority and acceptance. (One likely reason for this is that no credible or plausible alternative structures or schemas of analysis have suggested themselves.) Be this as it may, the analysis of the rival systems of Clarke, Berkeley, and Hume makes clear that this narrative, however deeply entrenched it may be, is wholly misleading and both distorts and obscures key themes and figures in the period in question.
Of Gods and Clocks: Free Will and the Hobbes-Bramhall Debate
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Contrary to John Bramhall and critics like him, Thomas Hobbes takes the view that no account of liberty or freedom can serve as the relevant basis on which to distinguish moral from nonmoral agents or explains the basis on which an agent becomes subject to law and liable to punishment. The correct compatibilist strategy rests, on Hobbes’s account, with a proper appreciation and description of the contractualist features that shape and structure the moral community. From this perspective human agents may indeed use their liberty to make themselves moral agents. In doing this, however, they are not employing a distinct kind of liberty but rather using a liberty that they share with animals and other nonmoral agents to perform a distinct kind of act (i.e., consent) whereby they become moral agents subject to law and any punishments that are required to enforce it.
Hume’s Optimism and Williams’s Pessimism
Authors: Russell Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Bernard Williams is widely recognized as belonging among the greatest and most influential moral philosophers of the 20th century. There are, nevertheless, a number of respects in which the interpretation of his work is neither easy nor straightforward. One reason for this is that both his views and his methods evolved and shifted in significant ways over time. In order to gauge and assess these changes in Williams’s views and outlook we need to consider his relationship and attitude to other philosophers during this period. Of particular interest in this regard is his changing attitude to the moral philosophy of David Hume. This relationship is of considerable importance, not only because it serves as a useful tool for the interpretation of Williams’s views but also because it provides us with some critical insight into the respective strengths and weaknesses of both Hume’s and Williams’s contributions.
Co-workers in the Kingdom of Culture
Authors: Withun David 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
W. E. B. Du Bois was a prominent civil rights leader, sociologist, historian, educator, author, and thinker of the early twentieth century. Du Bois’s works in all of his areas of endeavor are filled with allusions to the classical mythology, philosophy, and history that permeated his education. This book examines the influence of Du Bois’s education in the classics on Du Bois’s thought on education, the arts, government, and society. It then discusses the influence of classical philosophy on some of Du Bois’s distinctive ideas, such as the concept of the Talented Tenth, his opposition to Booker T. Washington’s industrial education, and his support of propaganda through art. The influence of the thought of Plato and Cicero on Du Bois receives particular attention. Finally, it explores Du Bois’s critique of the classical tradition in his responses to modern racism and colonialism. Alongside Du Bois’s critique of the classical tradition, he also exhibited an increasing interest in the history—ancient and modern—of Africa and Asia. In his attempts to combat modern prejudice, Du Bois appealed to the long traditions of thought and story of peoples outside of Europe, in several instances pioneering the research of non-European history. Du Bois’s influence by the classics and simultaneous appreciation of the history of Africa and Asia eventually culminated in a modern cosmopolitanism that calls for an appreciation of all cultures and heritages.
Europe
Authors: Arthur John W. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractChapter 5 examines the dramatic role beer has played in Europe from the early henges in the United Kingdom, to Greek beer production during the Bronze Age, to Scandinavia’s role in beer production from northern Europe to Iceland. Archaeological evidence from Celtic settlements documents beer-production methods and the connection of beer to the mortuary treatment of their ancestors during the Anglo-Saxon period. The chapter discusses the rise of beers through European history and how they have had a major impact on the health, economic growth, and ritual life of Europeans. The end of the chapter will explore the origins and development of hops and European beers from ales to stouts.
Cross-National Analysis
Authors: Bulutgil H. Zeynep 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the empirical expectations that directly relate to the emergence of secular political movements and institutional secularization. It uses an original dataset that covers the period 1800–2000. The findings support the argument presented in Chapter 1, which emphasized the historical influence of the dissemination of secular ideas and the critical role of organizational timing. The indicators that capture the circulation and dissemination of secular ideas (printing, volume of Enlightenment literature, and freedom of thought and expression) all have the expected type of impact on the emergence of secularizing parties. Similarly, the indicators that capture organizational timing of secular parties and civil society freedom also have the expected substantively and statistically significant effect on institutional secularization.
Expanded Vision
Authors: Kim Jihoon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The second chapter discusses how new digital recording apparatuses and viewing interfaces, encompassing drone cameras, GoPros, and virtual reality (VR), expand the visual field of documentary practices as well as the viewer’s perception of reality. It starts with mapping out two competing concepts of the documentary camera in accordance with the history of documentary cinema: first, the camera as extension of the documentarian’s embodied perception, and second, the camera as incarnation of the disembodied vision that goes beyond the confines of the anthropomorphic gaze. In so doing, this chapter argues that a more recent trend in digital documentaries has been to activate the disembodied vision that in turn stimulates the viewer’s embodied perception and thereby expands her knowledge of our contemporary world. Examples that buttress this argument include contemporary documentary films (including Leviathan [2012], National Bird [2016], and The Human Flow [2017]) and YouTube videos that employ shots taken with drone cinematography or GoPros, as well as VR documentaries.
Introduction
Authors: Snow Ned 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the sorts of issues that arise in deciding whether courts, Congress, or an executive agency should deny protection for a work that is considered to be immoral. It provides examples of expressions and inventions that might fall within the scope of subject matters for which a government actor would consider denying copyright or patent protection. This chapter foreshadows the discussion of relevant case law and constitutional provisions that touch on the issue of morality in intellectual property. It also introduces the tension between free speech and moral denials of intellectual property protection. In short, this chapter outlines the organization of the issues that the remainder of the book will address.
The Problem of Judicial Moral Discretion
Authors: Snow Ned 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues for a general presumption against judges or executive agencies relying on moral considerations to deny intellectual property rights. It recites the case law that well establishes this principle in both the contexts of copyright and patent. The chapter further argues, however, that courts or executive agencies should do so in the following exceptional situations: where Congress has enacted a constitutional statute that requires denial for a moral reason; where the Constitution mandates denial for a moral reason; and where an intellectual creation involves unlawful activity. The chapter explains why these circumstances merit an exception to the general presumption. It sets up the discussion for the ensuing chapters.
Judicial History on Unlawful Works
Authors: Snow Ned 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of courts denying enforcement of rights or protection of subject matter for works involving unlawful conduct. On the copyright side, this chapter describes the relatively recent change in which courts have begun refusing to recognize the doctrine of unclean hands for works involving unlawful conduct. The chapter argues that the most influential case on this issue, Mitchell Bros. Film Group v. Cinema Adult Theater, relies on flawed reasoning and a misapplication of law. On the patent side, this chapter observes that courts have uniformly rejected morality as a statutory standard for denying protection of specific subject matter. At the same time, courts preserved the unclean hands doctrine in the patent context, enabling denials based on certain sorts of wrongful conduct. The chapter concludes that courts should reject Mitchell in copyright law, yet uphold the present standard in patent law.
Legislating Morality
Authors: Snow Ned 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines whether the Intellectual Property Clause provides Congress moral discretion to deny intellectual property protection. It concludes that the Clause’s statement of purpose provides Congress broad discretion to select which subject matters of expressions and inventions should receive protection. The discretion, however, is limited by the Free Speech Clause of the First Amendment, which is discussed in the next chapter. This chapter also addresses the circumstances under which Congress should exercise its moral discretion to deny protection. It posits three principles that should guide Congress: whether a work directly causes a harmful effect; whether that effect poses a significant problem for society; and whether potential benefits of the work may outweigh the harmful effects.
Tying It All Together
Authors: Snow Ned 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the conclusions of each individual chapter. It presents the arguments in one coherent body, relating each chapter’s conclusions with the conclusions of the other chapters. It summarizes the moral limitations in the theory of intellectual property; the counterarguments against that conclusion; the presumption against judges making moral decisions; the exceptional equitable doctrine of unclean hands and the judicial history surrounding that doctrine in copyright and patent law; the constitutional obligation to deny protection for works that fall outside the meaning of the progress of science and useful arts; the moral discretion of Congress to deny protection; and the restraint on Congress’s discretion to deny protection that is imposed by free speech doctrines. It calls for courts, Congress, and executive agencies to uphold the moral values that underlie intellectual property law.
The Making of an Integral Advaitin
Authors: Medhananda Swami 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 elucidates Sri Ramakrishna’s crucial role in shaping the young Vivekananda’s intellectual and spiritual development. Prior to meeting Ramakrishna, Vivekananda was committed to the rational theism of the Brāhmo Samāj. However, as a result of Ramakrishna’s close guidance between 1882 and 1886, Vivekananda’s worldview evolved dramatically in two main phases. In the first phase from 1882 to early 1884, Ramakrishna taught the young Vivekananda traditional Advaita Vedānta, which holds that the sole reality is the impersonal nondual Brahman and that the world, the personal God, and individual souls are all ultimately as unreal as a dream. Under his guru’s guidance, Vivekananda studied Advaitic texts like the Aṣṭāvakra-Saṃhitā and, even more importantly, had several transformative Advaitic spiritual experiences, which led him to move away from Brāhmo theism and to embrace Advaita Vedānta instead. However, in the second phase from 1884 to 1886, Ramakrishna gradually led Vivekananda to reject the world-negating and quietistic outlook of traditional Advaita Vedānta in favor of a more expansive and ethically-oriented Advaitic philosophy, according to which the static nondual Brahman is inseparable from the dynamic personal Śakti, which actually manifests as everything in this world. The chapter illuminates this second phase by discussing some of the key scriptures to which Ramakrishna frequently appealed in support of the harmonizing and world-affirming Advaitic philosophy he encouraged Vivekananda to accept, including the Bhagavad-Gītā and the Bhāgavata-Purāṇa. The final section of the chapter briefly discusses Vivekananda’s intensive study of a vast range of philosophical texts and scriptures during the period after Ramakrishna’s passing in 1886 and prior to his first trip to the West in 1893.
Breakout
Authors: Lopes Dominic McIver , Nanay Bence , Riggle Nick 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Three accounts of why aesthetic life matters—the achievement account, the individuality-in-community account, and the venture account—have different implications. Some of their implications touch on hot-button issues. Aesthetic life involves disagreement. What is its point? Many believe that aesthetic reactions are subjective. In what sense is that true, if it is true? Can we escape ethnocentrism in our thinking about aesthetic engagement? Why do aesthetic practices change as rapidly as they do? Are they fads? Is rapid change a problem? How should we respond to the ideological function of aesthetic life, especially in discriminatory and damaging ideals of bodily beauty?
Alajo Shomolu
Authors: Olawoye-Mann Salewa 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Nigerians have always had their own cooperative banking systems known as Esusu and Ajo. This chapter draws on Gibson-Graham’s community economy theory, while working in Nigerian literature, to contextualize an ancient money cooperative called Ajo, which is a locally used term to explain the system that informally mobilizes savings and lends monies to help everyday Nigerians meet their livelihood needs. The author carried out 120 interviews by telephone and focus groups with Nigerian women in Ondo and Lagos states who use Ajo as an alternative bank to mitigate against the exclusion they encounter in commercial banks. The findings show that Ajo is rooted in trust and community, so that women can develop social supports and banking access to buy foodstuff and clothes, and to invest in their businesses and houses. In urban and rural areas, Nigerian women are adopting Ajo because joining the collective provides a sense of ownership, as well as a comradery with other women.