bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Raman response and shear viscosity in the non-Fermi liquid phase of Luttinger semimetals
Authors: Mandal Ipsita , Freire Hermann 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Luttinger semimetals represent materials with strong spin–orbit coupling, harboring doubly-degenerate quadratic band touchings at the Brillouin zone center. In the presence of Coulomb interactions, such a system exhibits a non-Fermi liquid phase [dubbed as the Luttinger–Abrikosov–Beneslavskii (LAB) phase], at low temperatures and zero doping. However, a clear experimental evidence of this emergent state remains elusive to this date. Hence, we focus on extracting the Raman response as a complementary experimental signature. At frequencies much larger than the temperature, the Raman response exhibits a power-law behavior, which can be verified experimentally. On the other hand, at lower frequencies, the Raman response displays a quasi-elastic peak. We also compute the ratio of the shear viscosity and the entropy density, and the value obtained is a consequence of the hyperscaling violation that emerges in the LAB phase.
Robust non-integer conductance in disordered 2D Dirac semimetals
Authors: Amanatidis Ilias , Kleftogiannis Ioannis 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We study the conductance G of 2D Dirac semimetal nanowires at the presence of disorder. For an even nanowire length L determined by the number of unit cells, we find non-integer values for G that are independent of L and persist with weak disorder, indicated by the vanishing fluctuations of G. The effect is created by a combination of the scattering effects at the contacts (interface) between the leads and the nanowire, an energy gap present in the nanowire for even L and the topological properties of the 2D Dirac semimetals. Unlike conventional materials the reduced G due to the scattering at the interface, is stabilized at non-integer values inside the nanowire, leading to a topological phase for weak disorder. For strong disorder the system leaves the topological phase and the fluctuations of G are increased as the system undergoes a transition/crossover toward the Anderson localized (insulating) phase, via a non-standard disordered phase. We study the scaling and the statistics of G at these phases. In addition we have found that the effect of robust non-integer G disappears for odd L, which results in integer G, determined by the number of open channels in the nanowire, due to resonant scattering.
Three-dimensional control of layer by layer thin films via laser modification
Authors: Leake Kaelyn , Martinez Jose , Stensland Alexander , Yochum Hank 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A novel modification to the traditional layer by layer process that adds three-dimensional control to the technique is introduced. In this modification to the process, the substrate is irradiated with laser light during the polycation and/or polyanion dipping cycles. An array of PAH/PCBS polymer thin films were fabricated using the laser modified approach with varied bilayer numbers, laser powers, and laser irradiation times. The modification was conducted with a semiconductor laser with powers from 1.1 to 5.5 W at 450 nm. Surface profilometry results show a change in height of more than 500 nm for a 55 bilayer PAH/PCBS thin film. For 25 bilayer films, the addition of laser modification during the PAH cycle leads to a reduction in absorbance of up to 54% compared to the areas not being irradiated. The absorbance at 365 nm associated with PCBS shows a nonlinear relationship with bilayer number, in contrast to the usual linear relationship between absorbance and bilayer without laser irradiation. By adjusting irradiation time, irradiation power, number of bilayers, and the location of irradiation, a variety of structures with controlled thicknesses can be fabricated.
Towards a safe and efficient clinical implementation of machine learning in radiation oncology by exploring model interpretability, explainability and data-model dependency
Authors: Barragán-Montero Ana , Bibal Adrien , Dastarac Margerie Huet , Draguet Camille , Valdés Gilmer , Nguyen Dan , Willems Siri , Vandewinckele Liesbeth , Holmström Mats , Löfman Fredrik , Souris Kevin , Sterpin Edmond , Lee John A 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe interest in machine learning (ML) has grown tremendously in recent years, partly due to the performance leap that occurred with new techniques of deep learning, convolutional neural networks for images, increased computational power, and wider availability of large datasets. Most fields of medicine follow that popular trend and, notably, radiation oncology is one of those that are at the forefront, with already a long tradition in using digital images and fully computerized workflows. ML models are driven by data, and in contrast with many statistical or physical models, they can be very large and complex, with countless generic parameters. This inevitably raises two questions, namely, the tight dependence between the models and the datasets that feed them, and the interpretability of the models, which scales with its complexity. Any problems in the data used to train the model will be later reflected in their performance. This, together with the low interpretability of ML models, makes their implementation into the clinical workflow particularly difficult. Building tools for risk assessment and quality assurance of ML models must involve then two main points: interpretability and data-model dependency. After a joint introduction of both radiation oncology and ML, this paper reviews the main risks and current solutions when applying the latter to workflows in the former. Risks associated with data and models, as well as their interaction, are detailed. Next, the core concepts of interpretability, explainability, and data-model dependency are formally defined and illustrated with examples. Afterwards, a broad discussion goes through key applications of ML in workflows of radiation oncology as well as vendors’ perspectives for the clinical implementation of ML.
Strain engineering in optoelectronic properties of MoSi2N4 monolayer: ultrahigh tunability
Authors: Alavi-Rad Hosein 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Controllable optical properties are important for optoelectronic applications. Recently, the two-dimensional MoSi2N4 monolayer was successfully synthesized by chemical vapor deposition, showing remarkable stability in the ambient condition. Motivated by this achievement, herein, we investigate the electronic and optical properties of MoSi2N4 monolayer under mechanical strain through the first-principle calculations. The considered monolayer is structurally and dynamically stable. It is a semiconductor with an indirect band gap of 1.92 eV so that the size of the band gap is easily tuned under biaxial strain. By increasing the tensile strain up to 6%, the effective mass of holes increases to 3.84 me whereas the effective mass of electrons reduces to 0.43 me. In other words, under the strain of 6%, one can have strongly localized holes together with free electrons simultaneously in MoSi2N4 monolayer, which could bring fascinating features like ferromagnetism and superconductivity. Under the strain from 10% to 18%, a Mexican hat dispersion is observed in the highest valence band in such a manner that its coefficient increases from 0.28 to 2.89 eVÅ, indicating the potential thermoelectric application of MoSi2N4 monolayer under strain. Under the strain of 8%, the light absorption coefficient is improved by almost 70%. More importantly, this monolayer tolerates biaxial strain up to 18% and stays mechanically and dynamically stable, making it very promising for flexible nanoelectronics. The controllable electronic and optical properties of MoSi2N4 monolayer may open up an important path for exploring next-generation optoelectronic applications.
H
0 tension and uncertainty principles
Authors: Moradpour H , Aghababaei S , Corda C , Sadeghnezhad N 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Supernova explosion is a phenomenon described very well by the laws of quantum mechanics meaning that the Heisenberg uncertainty principle (HUP) restricts the achievable information from this source, and indeed, the accuracy of measurements on Hubble parameter by using this source is bounded by HUP. On the other hand, cosmic microwave background (CMB) stores quantum gravity (QG) effects dominant in the early universe. Hence, its physics is supposed to be under the influence of the modified forms of HUP (obtained in the QG scenarios). This means that the most accurate H
0 measurements, by using this source, may meet modified forms of HUP instead of HUP itself. Therefore, photons coming from these sources satisfy different uncertainty principles. Here, we show that the difference between these two regimes (or equally, the difference between the uncertainty principles) establishes an eternal discrepancy between the H
0 values obtained by these sources. Consequently, more accurate observations and estimations on the value of Hubble parameter may help us find out the values of QG parameters.
Four-family =1 supersymmetric Pati–Salam models from intersecting D6-branes
Authors: Li Tianjun , Sun Rui , Zhang Chi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe investigate the construction of four-family=1supersymmetric Pati–Salam models from Type IIAT6/Z2×Z2orientifold with intersectingD6-branes. Utilizing the deterministic algorithm introduced in He W, Li T and Sun R (2021 arXiv:hep-th/2112.09632), we obtain 274 types of models with three rectangular tori and distinct gauge coupling relations at string scale, while 6 types of models with two rectangular tori and one tilted torus. In both cases, there exists a class of models with gauge coupling unification at string scale. In particular, for the models with two rectangular tori, one tilted torus and gauge coupling unification, the gaugino condensations are allowed, and thus supersymmetry breaking and moduli stabilization are possible for further phenomenological study.
Probing solvent dependent femtosecond transient coherent oscillations to reveal interfacial dynamics
Authors: Das D K , Makhal K , Goswami Debabrata 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Probing transient states in molecules having vibronic transitions with femtosecond (fs) laser pulses often results in coherent oscillations either in the ground state, the excited states, or both. We find such coherent oscillations are highly solvent-dependent and provide a holistic overview of the pump-probe experiments for ultrafast dye dynamics at interfaces. For molecules dissolved in single solvents, modulations in oscillations occur due to transitions in the sub-vibrational levels of the electronic state. For binary solvents, in particular, these modulations are strongly sensitive to solvent compositions. The changes induced by various solvent compositions are drastic enough to act as a control parameter for dynamical control processes. We demonstrate an end-to-end understanding of ground-state coherent oscillations, vibrational cooling, ground-state recovery processes, and excited-state dynamics through a series of experiments. We further present a methodology for establishing such control using near-infrared dyes to measure the oscillations with fs pump-probe techniques. In the case of immiscible binary solvents, the same method allows us to investigate the liquid–liquid interface. Our control methodology is validated by an experiment using a cyanine dye dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, interfaced with neat diethyl-ether. The dye dynamics are retarded on moving from the bulk dye solution towards the interface with the neat diethyl-ether. When sampled along the direction of the vector pointing from the bulk towards the near interface, monotonically decreasing time constants are obtained. This result strongly suggests the importance of microheterogeneity in interfacial dynamics.
Rotating of metallic microparticles with an optimal radially polarized perfect optical vortex
Authors: Zhou Yuan , Zhang Yanan , Gao Wenyu , Yan Shaohui , Li Manman , Li Xing , Wang Ping , Yao Baoli 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We report an optical rotating of metallic microparticles using an optimal radially polarized perfect optical vortex (RPPOV). Due to its polarization structure, the RPPOV’s transverse intensity exhibits two rings separated by roughly a wavelength. We show both numerically and experimentally that a metallic microparticle immersed in such a double-ring vortex develops two radial equilibrium positions, at either of which the particle can experience a non-zero azimuthal force, thus leading to a simultaneous rotation of the metallic microparticles about the optical axis at two orbits with different radius. Furthermore, the rotation radius and velocity can be separately controlled by changing the parameters of the RPPOV.
Alms, Arms, And The Aftermath: The Legacies Of Rebel Provision Of Humanitarian Aid In Ethiopia
Authors: Matfess Hilary 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia is perhaps one of the most internationally recognized instances of acute human suffering. Although the international community’s response to the crisis and the ways in which the famine reshaped the nature of humanitarian aid have been probed, less often discussed is that one of the most effective relief organizations delivering assistance—the Relief Society of Tigray (REST)—was the humanitarian wing of an insurgency, the Tigrayan People’s Liberation Front (TPLF). This article asserts that the process of responding to the famine amidst a protracted civil war left an indelible mark on the ways in which the TPLF approached domestic civil society and international assistance after war as a part of the governing party, the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front. This article describes the legacies of the rebels’ wartime humanitarian activities. It asserts that REST’s prominence as an organization, its role as a model and catalyst for other party-affiliated organizations, the government’s suspicion of domestic civil society and efforts to strictly control international assistance, and its reliance on service delivery to bolster its domestic legitimacy are all legacies of the rebels’ wartime governance. In doing so, this article calls for greater attention to the dynamics of rebels’ wartime humanitarian activities and the post-conflict implications of this form of rebel governance.
India’s Infrastructure Building In Africa: South-South Cooperation And The Abstraction Of Responsibility
Authors: Dye Barnaby 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A growing debate concerns the developmental implications of booming relations between ‘Southern’ powers and countries across Africa. Whilst mainstream commentary worries about nefarious influences, others explore supposedly increasing ‘African agency’, a term capturing the ability of African states to define their international relations. South-South Cooperation, given its supposed principles asserting sovereignty, non-interventionism, and demand-led projects, is understood to boost such agency. This article analyses such claims with a detailed case study of Indian governmental infrastructure financing in Africa, the Nyabarongo Dam in Rwanda, filling a significant gap concerning under-researched India–Africa relations. Originally, South-South cooperation was rooted in a programme that combined technical cooperation with a radical political critique of global power and a call for reform. However, this study of India’s concessional finance suggests that in its twenty-first century manifestation, South-South Cooperation is often decoupled from a political programme, leaving only open-ended, depoliticized state-to-state cooperation initiatives. The article demonstrates that whilst India’s development cooperation generated useful opportunities, it acted to empower companies and exacerbated the Rwandan state’s structural regulatory weaknesses. The article traces this to the policymaking practices of India’s development cooperation, showing that a decoupling of political ambitions results in a narrow state-to-state focus with an abdication of responsibility for development outcomes, marginalizing accountability to average African citizens.
Mandatory vaccination against COVID-19 for health and social care workers caring for older people
Authors: Gordon Adam L , Achterberg Wilco P , van Delden Johannes J M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has particularly adversely affected older people with frailty and functional dependency. Essential regular contact with care staff has been evidenced as an important source of infection for this group. Vaccinating care staff can reduce the incidence, duration and severity of infection, preventing onward transmission to older people and minimising the harm associated with discontinuity caused by staff absence. Voluntary vaccination programmes for staff are more likely to be effective when associated with information and education, community engagement and financial incentives, but programmes using all of these approaches have failed to establish consistently high vaccination rates among care staff during the pandemic. Mandatory vaccination, proposed as a solution in some countries, can increase vaccination rates. It is only ethical if a vaccine is effective and cost-effective, the risk associated with vaccinating care workers is proportionate to the risk reduction achieved through vaccination, and where all efforts to encourage voluntary vaccination have been exhausted. Even when these conditions have been met, careful attention is required to ensure that the penalties associated with conscientious objection are proportionate and to ensure that implementation is equitable in a way that does not disadvantage particular groups of staff.
Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Improve Magee Equation–Based Prediction of Pathologic Complete Response in HR-Positive/HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Li Fengling , Zhao Yuanyuan , Wei Yani , Xi Yanfeng , Bu Hong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Magee equation 3 (ME3) is predictive of the pathologic complete response (pCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in patients with hormone receptor (HR)–positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–negative breast cancer but with insufficient predictive performance. This study was designed to improve predictive ability by combining ME3 with additional clinicopathologic markers.

Methods
We retrospectively enrolled 460 patients with HR-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer from 2 centers. We obtained baseline characteristics, the ME3 score, and the number of stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (sTILs). After performing a logistic regression analysis, a predictive nomogram was built and validated externally.

Results
ME3 score (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.14 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10-1.17]; P &lt; .001) and TILs (adjusted OR, 5.21 [95% CI, 3.33-8.14]; P &lt; .001) were independently correlated with pCR. The nomogram (named ME3+) was established using ME3 and sTILs, and it demonstrated an area under the curve of 0.816 and 0.862 in internal and external validation, respectively, outperforming the ME3 score alone. sTILs and ME3 scores were also found to be positively correlated across the entire cohort (P &lt; .001).

Conclusions
The combination of sTILs and ME3 score potentially shows better performance for predicting pCR than ME3 alone. Larger validations are required for widespread application of ME3+ nomogram in NAC settings for HR-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer.
The Effect of Maternal US Nativity on Racial/Ethnic Differences in Fetal Growth
Authors: Jacobson Melanie H , Wang Yuyan , Long Sara E , Liu Mengling , Ghassabian Akhgar , Kahn Linda G , Afanasyeva Yelena , Brubaker Sara G , Mehta-Lee Shilpi S , Trasande Leonardo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
While racial/ethnic differences in fetal growth have been documented, few studies have examined whether they vary by exogenous factors, which could elucidate underlying causes. The purpose of this study was to characterize longitudinal fetal growth patterns by maternal sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical factors and examine whether associations with maternal race/ethnicity varied by these other predictors. Between 2016 and 2019, pregnant women receiving prenatal care at NYU Langone Health (New York, New York) were invited to participate in a birth cohort study. Women completed questionnaires, and clinical data were abstracted from ultrasound examinations. Maternal characteristics were assessed in relation to fetal biometric measures throughout pregnancy using linear mixed models. Maternal race/ethnicity was consistently associated with fetal biometry: Black, Hispanic, and Asian women had fetuses with smaller head circumference, abdominal circumference, and biparietal diameter than White women. The associations between race/ethnicity and fetal growth varied by nativity for Asian women, such that the disparity between Asian and White women was much greater for US-born women than for foreign-born women. However, associations for Black and Hispanic women did not vary by nativity. While race/ethnicity-specific fetal growth standards have been proposed, additional work is needed to elucidate what could be driving these differences, including factors that occur in parallel and differentially affect fetal growth.
Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of Hypertension in Colombia: Association With Education Level
Authors: Lopez-Lopez Jose P , Cohen Daniel D , Alarcon-Ariza Natalia , Mogollon-Zehr Margarita , Ney-Salazar Daniela , Chacon-Manosalva Maria A , Martinez-Bello Daniel , Otero Johanna , Castillo-Lopez Gabriela , Perez-Mayorga Maritza , Rangarajan Sumathy , Yusuf Salim , Lopez-Jaramillo Patricio 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

BACKGROUND
A higher prevalence of hypertension is reported among Afro-descendants compared with other ethnic groups in high-income countries; however, there is a paucity of information in low- and medium-income countries.

METHODS
We evaluated 3,745 adults from 3 ethnic groups (552 White, 2,746 Mestizos, 447 Afro-descendants) enrolled in the prospective population-based cohort study (PURE)—Colombia. We assessed associations between anthropometric, socioeconomic, behavioral factors, and hypertension.

RESULTS
The overall prevalence of hypertension was 39.2% and was higher in Afro-descendants (46.3%) than in Mestizos (37.6%) and Whites (41.5%), differences that were due to the higher prevalence in Afro-descendant women. Hypertension was associated with older age, increased body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio, independent of ethnicity. Low education was associated with hypertension in all ethnic groups, and particularly in Afro-descendants, for whom it was the factor with the strongest association with prevalence. Notably, 70% of Afro-descendants had a low level of education, compared with 52% of Whites—26% of Whites were university graduates while only 7% of Afro-descendants were. We did not find that education level alone had a mediator effect, suggesting that it is not a causal risk factor for hypertension but is an indicator of socioeconomic status, itself an important determinant of hypertension prevalence.

CONCLUSIONS
We found that a higher prevalence of hypertension in Colombian Afro-descendants than other ethnic groups. This was principally associated with their lower mean educational level, an indicator of lower socioeconomic status.