bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rolle der Chirurgie bei solitären Wirbelsäulenmetastasen
Authors: Ryang Yu-Mi , Schaser Klaus-Dieter 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungModerne onkologische Therapien insbesondere im Bereich der Immuntherapien und targeted Therapien konnten deutliche Fortschritte in Bezug auf die Lebenserwartung von Patienten mit disseminiertem Tumorleiden erzielen.Die chirurgische Therapie solitärer spinaler Metastasen stellt hier eine besondere Herausforderung dar. Mit der Technik der sogenannten en bloc Spondylektomie wird seit vielen Jahren für ausgewählte solitäre Läsionen prognostisch günstiger Tumorbiologien das Ziel einer extraläsionalen Resektion und kurativen Behandlung verfolgt.Nach heutiger Datenlage scheint der Nutzen jedoch limitiert und muss kritisch bewertet werden. Bei wenigen prognostisch günstigen Tumorentitäten wie dem Nierenzell- und Schilddrüsenkarzinom konnte in Studien mit niedriger Evidenz ein signifikanter Überlebensvorteil 1
2 nachgewiesen werden. Entwicklungen, insbesondere der stereotaktischer Bestrahlungstechniken scheinen jedoch vergleichbare Ergebnisse hinsichtlich lokaler Tumorkontrolle und Gesamtüberleben zu erzielen, was zumindest im US-amerikanischen Raum dazu geführt hat, dass die en bloc Spondylektomie quasi nicht mehr für diese Indikation empfohlen oder durchgeführt wird, sondern die primäre Therapie in der Radiochirurgie liegt.Die en bloc Spondylektomie könnte bei einem hochselektiven Patientengut in wenigen spezialisierten Zentren einen marginalen Stellenwert behalten. Die Entwicklung sollte primär jedoch nicht nur in Richtung Verbesserung operativer v.a. weniger invasiver Techniken, sondern in Richtung Verbesserung molekularer Diagnostik und Therapien (Strahlentherapie, Chemo-, Immun- und targeted Therapien) gehen.
Global migration: Implications for international business scholarship
Authors: Hajro Aida , Brewster Chris , Haak-Saheem Washika , Morley Michael J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMigration is increasingly viewed as a high-priority policy issue among politicians, intergovernmental organizations, NGOs, and civil society throughout the world. Its implications for the private sector, for economic prosperity, and for the cross-border activities of firms are undeniable and likely to grow in importance. Yet, despite its relevance to International Business, treatment of migration in the mainstream International Business literature has been limited. In this contribution, we set out key aspects of migration that are germane to International Business. Specifically, we suggest recent migratory shifts are transforming important elements of the context in which multinational enterprises operate, with significant implications for their international human resource management practices, for firms’ entry modes and market selection approaches, and for the manner in which international strategies are formulated and implemented. We offer a research agenda to motivate International Business scholars to study global migration in more depth and to reevaluate the generalizability of aspects of their theories in light of developments in global migration.
Modular pulsed power supply for characterization of high-power microwave devices
Authors: Ram Subhash Kumar , Verma Brijendra Kumar , Abhishek Anand , Devassy Sachin , Mishra Sukumar 
Published: November 2022

Developing a robust and reliable high-voltage (HV) pulse power system (PPS) is essential for the characterization and testing of microwave tubes and industrial applications. This paper presents the design, simulation, and implementation of a modular and versatile high-voltage pulse power supply used in microwave device characterization and testing. A microcontroller-based digitally controlled pulse generation unit is also developed to generate the trigger pulses for high-voltage switching modules to control the turn-ON and turn-OFF of the switching devices. The digitally controlled pulse generation unit provides better resolution of pulse width, pulse repetition frequency, and system protection over the entire range of operations. The pulse generation and control circuit controls the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and pulse wide (PW). The PRF and PW can be varied from 100 to 1000 Hz and 10 to 100 µs, respectively. The experimental prototype with ten series-connected high-voltage modules is connected to achieve a 25 kV pulsed output voltage. The experimental results of HV-PPS on a resistive dummy load and 5 GHz klystron tube are presented in this work.
Development of a photoelectron spectrometer for hard x-ray photon diagnostics
Authors: Laksman Joakim , Dietrich Florian , Liu Jia , Maltezopoulos Theophilos , Planas Marc , Freund Wolfgang , Gautam Randeer , Kujala Naresh , Francoual Sonia , Grünert Jan 
Published: November 2022

The development and characterization of an angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometer, based on the electron time-of-flight concept, for hard x-ray photon diagnostics at the European Free-Electron Laser, are described. The instrument is meant to provide users and operators with pulse-resolved, non-invasive spectral distribution diagnostics, which in the hard x-ray regime is a challenge due to the poor cross-section and high kinetic energy of photoelectrons for the available target gases. We report on the performances of this instrument as obtained using hard x-rays at the PETRA III synchrotron at DESY in multibunch mode. Results are compared with electron trajectory simulations. We demonstrate a resolving power of 10 eV at incident photon energies up to at least 20 keV.
Topography of bent crystals with microradian resolution in one dimension
Authors: Pereira N. R. , Macrander A. T. , Harding E. C. 
Published: November 2022

Optimum performance in x-ray imaging and spectroscopy of plasmas with bent crystals is achievable only when the crystal reflects the x rays theoretically perfectly across its entire surface. However, typical thin quartz (101̄1) crystal samples kept flat by direct attachment to a flat substrate reflect 8 keV x rays differently across their surface, on a scale comparable to the ideal rocking curve. Additional processing improves the uniformity. Irradiation of flat crystals with collimated, monochromatic x rays in rocking curve topography shows such problems directly, with microradian resolution. Nonuniform x-ray reflection is more difficult to document for strongly bent crystals because, then, monochromatic, collimated x rays satisfy the Bragg condition only along a narrow stripe that may be too narrow to resolve with the available cameras. However, it can be resolved with a knife edge that moves through the reflected x rays with the necessary spatial precision as demonstrated here for a bent silicon crystal. This shows qualitatively similar imperfections in the reflection as flat quartz and as the bent quartz analyzers reported on previously with lower resolution.
Evaluation of a novel mid-infrared pyrometer for dynamic material experiments
Authors: Dutra E. C. , Akin M. C. , Guyton R. , Hawkins M. C. , La Lone B. M. , Mance J. , Tiangco R. , Wolff Z. , Rodriguez E. 
Published: November 2022

Temperature is a complicated thermodynamic parameter to measure in dynamic compression experiments. Optical pyrometry is a general-purpose “work-horse” technique for measuring temperature from a radiant surface on these experimental platforms. The optical pyrometry channels are commonly held to the visible or Near-Infrared spectrum, which provides high fidelity temperature measurement for shock temperature above ∼1200–1500 K. However, low temperature (T &lt; 1200 K) dynamic material experiments, including low pressure or quasi-isentropic studies, as well as experiments with complex thermodynamic paths, require Mid-Infrared (Mid-IR) for high fidelity measurements. This article outlines the design, testing, and characterization of a novel Mid-IR pyrometer system that can be configured between 2.5 and 5.0 µm, suitable for lower temperature measurements and for increasing the fidelity and precision of higher temperature measurements. Experimental validation was done on two separate gas gun platforms, with two separate impact velocities, achieving temperatures between 450 and 1100 K.
Constraining time-dependent ion temperature measurements in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) implosions with an intermediate distance neutron time-of-flight (nToF) detector
Authors: Moore A. S. , Schlossberg D. J. , Eckart M. J. , Hartouni E. P. , Hilsabeck T. J. , Jeet J. S. , Kerr S. M. , Nora R. C. , Kilkenny J. 
Published: November 2022

A concept for using an intermediate distance (0.3–3.0 m) neutron time-of-flight (nToF) to provide a constraint on the measurement of the time-dependence of ion temperature in inertial confinement fusion implosions is presented. Simulated nToF signals at different distances are generated and, with a priori knowledge of the burn-averaged quantities and burn history, analyzed to determine requirements for a future detector. Results indicate a signal-to-noise ratio &gt;50 and time resolution &lt;20 ps to constrain the ion temperature gradient to ∼±25% (0.5 keV/100 ps).
Measurement of Pa
α line from pellet ablation cloud in Heliotron J
Authors: Iwata A. , Kado S. , Murakumo M. , Shikama T. , Motojima G. , Mori A. , Feng C. , Okada H. , Minami T. , Ohshima S. , Kobayashi S. , Ishizawa A. , Nakamura Y. , Konoshima S. , Mizuuchi T. , Nagasaki K. 
Published: November 2022

The Paα line (1875.13 nm) in the near-infrared (NIR) region was evaluated to apply Stark broadening of the line spectrum to the electron density measurement of the small-pellet ablation cloud in Heliotron J, a medium-sized helical-axis heliotron device. Paα is three-to-four times broader than the visible Hβ line (486.13 nm) for the same electron density. Using a portable NIR spectrometer, preliminary proof-of-concept experiments determined the marginal density, below which the broadening was undetectable. The lower detection density limit can be decreased using a narrower entrance slit or a denser grating.
Research on nonlinear isometric L-shaped cantilever beam type piezoelectric wind energy harvester based on magnetic coupling
Authors: He Lipeng , Yu Gang , Han Yuhang , Liu Lei , Hu Dianbin , Cheng Guangming 
Published: November 2022

Harvesting wind energy using piezoelectric materials is expected to be an alternative solution for powering wireless sensing networks. This paper proposed a nonlinear isometric L-shaped cantilever beam type piezoelectric wind energy harvester based on magnetic coupling (L-PWEH). The transducer consists of an array of equidistant L-shaped piezoelectric vibrators that are sealed inside the shell. It greatly improves the equivalent piezoelectric coefficient, robustness, and wind speed range for reliable operation. Theoretical and simulation analyses of the structural parameters related to the widening of the L-PWEH were performed. The prototype was built and the experimental system was constructed to verify the feasibility of the L-PWEH and the results of the analyses. Experiments have shown that increasing the magnetic force, additional springs, and the appropriate quantity of excitation magnets can effectively increase the output voltage and widen the wind speed range at high voltage output. When the wind speed is 16.35 m/s and the load resistance is 2 MΩ, the best output power of the piezoelectric vibrator is 142.3 µW. At this time, the height of the middle excitation magnet of the prototype is 12 mm, the number is 5, and the wire diameter of the additional spring is 1 mm. The prototype can successfully make the electronics work properly.
A newly designed femtosecond KBe2BO3F2 device with pulse duration down to 55 fs for time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy
Authors: Zhong Haoyuan , Bao Changhua , Lin Tianyun , Zhou Shaohua , Zhou Shuyun 
Published: November 2022

Developing a widely tunable vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) source with a sub-100 fs pulse duration is critical for ultrafast pump–probe techniques such as time- and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (TrARPES). While a tunable probe source with a photon energy of 5.3–7.0 eV has been recently implemented for TrARPES by using a KBe2BO3F2 (KBBF) device, the time resolution of 280–320 fs is still not ideal, which is mainly limited by the duration of the VUV probe pulse generated by the KBBF device. Here, by designing a new KBBF device, which is specially optimized for fs applications, an optimum pulse duration of 55 fs is obtained after systematic diagnostics and optimization. More importantly, a high time resolution of 81–95 fs is achieved for TrARPES measurements covering the probe photon energy range of 5.3–7.0 eV, making it particularly useful for investigating the ultrafast dynamics of quantum materials. Our work extends the application of the KBBF device to ultrafast pump–probe techniques with the advantages of both a widely tunable VUV source and ultimate time resolution.
Thomson microwave scattering for diagnostics of small plasma objects enclosed within glass tubes
Authors: Ranjan Apoorv , Patel Adam , Wang Xingxing , Shashurin Alexey 
Published: November 2022

In this work, coherent microwave scattering in the Thomson regime was demonstrated for small-scale plasmas enclosed within a glass tube and validated using a well-known hairpin resonator probe technique. The experiments were conducted in a DC discharge tube with a diameter of 1.5 cm and a length of 7 cm. Thomson microwave scattering (TMS) diagnostics yielded electron number densities of about 5.9 × 1010 cm−3, 2.8 × 1010 cm−3, and 1.8 × 1010 cm−3 for air pressures in the discharge tube of 0.2, 0.5, and 2.5 Torr, respectively. Measurements using the TMS technique were consistent across the tested microwave frequencies of 3–3.9 GHz within the margin of error associated with non-idealities of the IQ mixer utilized in the circuit. The corresponding densities measured with the hairpin resonator probe were 4.8 × 1010, 3.8 × 1010, and 2.6 × 1010 cm−3. Discrepancies between the two techniques were within 30% and can be attributed to inaccuracies in the sheath thickness estimation required for correct interpretation of the hairpin resonator probe results.
Lactate supply overtakes glucose when neural computational and cognitive loads scale up
Authors: Dembitskaya Yulia , Piette Charlotte , Perez Sylvie , Berry Hugues , Magistretti Pierre J. , Venance Laurent 
Published: November 2022

Neural computational power is determined by neuroenergetics, but how and which energy substrates are allocated to various forms of memory engram is unclear. To solve this question, we asked whether neuronal fueling by glucose or lactate scales differently upon increasing neural computation and cognitive loads. Here, using electrophysiology, two-photon imaging, cognitive tasks, and mathematical modeling, we show that both glucose and lactate are involved in engram formation, with lactate supporting long-term synaptic plasticity evoked by high-stimulation load activity patterns and high attentional load in cognitive tasks and glucose being sufficient for less demanding neural computation and learning tasks. Indeed, we show that lactate is mandatory for demanding neural computation, such as theta-burst stimulation, while glucose is sufficient for lighter forms of activity-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP), such as spike timing–dependent plasticity (STDP). We find that subtle variations of spike number or frequency in STDP are sufficient to shift the on-demand fueling from glucose to lactate. Finally, we demonstrate that lactate is necessary for a cognitive task requiring high attentional load, such as the object-in-place task, and for the corresponding in vivo hippocampal LTP expression but is not needed for a less demanding task, such as a simple novel object recognition. Overall, these results demonstrate that glucose and lactate metabolism are differentially engaged in neuronal fueling depending on the complexity of the activity-dependent plasticity and behavior.
“You want me to be wrong”
Authors: Herman Thierry , Oswald Steve 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses features of conspiratorial discourse related to the representation of social actors through the lens of rhetorical and argumentative analysis. Specifically, it identifies a previously undocumented variant of the straw man fallacy (a misrepresentation of an opponent’s position meant to refute it more easily), namely the ethotic straw man, which unscrupulous arguers can use to legitimate their own credibility and undermine their opponents’, thereby evading scientific discussion of relevant issues. A TV-interview with French virologist Didier Raoult, who championed hydroxychloroquine-based treatments in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic, is taken as a case in point to explain why such quasi-populistic discourse, prominently centred on questions of ethos, fits conspiratorial narratives so well.
Fake conspiracy
Authors: Musolff Andreas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Conspiracy theories have an extraordinarily strong persuasive effect, as their huge increase during the public debate about the COVID-19 pandemic shows. How can they achieve such a communicative impact, given their flawed epistemic status? This chapter studies one COVID-19 related conspiracy theory, i.e. that the virus which caused the pandemic was “unleashed” by the Chinese government on the world, as propagated by the former US President Donald J. Trump and his political allies. Combining cognitive and pragmatic approaches, I analyse Trump’s metaphorical framing of the pandemic in terms of a war-like conflict with China as serving the goal of inducing the US public to suspend their “epistemic vigilance” (Sperber et al. 2010). The analysis shows that the application of epistemic vigilance hinges, inter alia, on the conspiracy theory’s figurative and narrative coherence. This analysis accounts both for the (qualified) success of Trump’s conspiracy theory and its weakness as regards the lack of corroborating ‘back-up’ arguments for his narrative. The result offers clues to ways of re-activating epistemic vigilance and thus, argumentative resistance, against conspiracy theories.
The New World Order on Twitter
Authors: Mora López Natalia 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the evaluative language used in relation to the New World Order (NWO) conspiracy theory from the perspective of Appraisal Theory (Martin and White 2005) in English and Spanish. Given the scarcity of analyses that go beyond the distinction between positive and negative evaluation, this chapter discusses the authors’ approach to events and figures related to the New World Order (NWO) conspiracy theory. For that purpose, a corpus of 1,000 tweets about the NWO was annotated and analysed regarding Attitude realisations. The results show that authors use mainly a Judgement approach, which evaluates people socially and morally, in both languages. However, it is less frequent in Spanish, in favour of references to the value of the targeted entities (Appreciation). These evaluations were not found to be argued, but merely asserted.
Expressing stance towards COVID-19 conspiracy theories in Macedonian online forum discussions
Authors: Mitkovska Liljana , Saračević Fevzudina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how stancetaking strategies aid advocacy and refutation of prevalent COVID-19 related conspiracy theories on two Macedonian internet discussion fora. The socio-political background and the content of detected conspiracy theories debated in the forum threads are briefly discussed. The authors explore affective, epistemic and interpersonal positioning in posts by three groups of social actors: conspiracy theory proponents, conspiracy theory opponents and a group of undecided. Through quantitative and qualitative analysis of selected discussion sequences the chapter draws attention to dominant patterns of stancetaking in conspiracy theory argumentation.
Ideologies and the representation of identities in anti-vaccination conspiracy theories
Authors: Fiammenghi Carlotta 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The present chapter analyses a corpus of newspaper articles published in national UK broadsheets and tabloids dealing with the controversy surrounding the safety of the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine. By adopting a corpus-assisted critical discourse studies approach, the chapter seeks to highlight how writers variably use language to legitimise or delegitimise their own, as well as their opponents’, claims and identities. The results show that there has been an increasing tendency in recent years among writers in the traditional, mainstream press to oppose anti-vaccination conspiracy theories by identifying and criticising “typical” anti-vaccinators conspiracy theorists, thus undermining their identities rather than their claims. However, these strategies risk to backfire if they push believers in anti-vaccination conspiracy theories towards online, fringe environments like internet fora and social media.
Collective identities in the online self-representation of conspiracy theorists
Authors: Zorzi Virginia 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A possible explanation for the success of conspiracy theories among some people is that the amount, accuracy and reliability of information is often not what appeals most to an audience. Indeed, conspiracy theory endorsement may be favoured by the opportunity it offers people to identify with a set of values and self-images, as well as to feel part of a wider community of like-minded people. This makes identity an essential element for the dissemination of conspiracy theories. This chapter focuses on the linguistic construction of the identity of conspiracy theory supporters’ groups in six online articles promoting conspiracist content by applying Koller’s (2012) model for the analysis of collective identities. Results highlight a variety of strategies across and within conspiracy theories, as well as a convergence towards notions of individuality, humanity and intellectual and moral superiority which conspiracist groups attribute to themselves.
Anti-Sorosism
Authors: Richardson John , Wodak Ruth 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a Discourse-Historical Analysis (DHA) of the antisemitic conspiracy theory at the heart of ‘anti-Sorosism’. Anti-Sorosism is a term used to label the global campaign against George Soros, a Jewish American philanthropist of Hungarian origin, launched by extreme-right activists (see Wodak 2020). We argue that anti-Sorosism is a modern synecdoche of the antisemitic ‘Jewish world conspiracy’. In addition to extreme-right individuals and organizations, several mainstream right-wing politicians have blamed George Soros for many complex global and local phenomena such as migration, the political decisions of the EU, the COVID pandemic, and so forth. Indeed, the Hungarian prime minister Viktor Orbán has instrumentalized Soros time and again as a Feindbild [enemy image] when campaigning against the rules and regulations of the European Union as well as when justifying and legitimizing his restrictive immigration policies.
In this chapter, we will first briefly trace the origins of this archetypical conspiracy theory throughout the 19th and 20th centuries up to the present. The chapter then turns to a case study examining posters produced by Hungary’s governing party Fidesz. Following a summary of the DHA and contextualization of the politics of Fidesz, and its leader Viktor Orbán, we then proceed to the multimodal discourse analysis of a series of posters produced and displayed in Hungary. We conclude by arguing that conspiracy theories help to simplify complex issues and to provide clearly separated Manichean divisions of the ‘innocent’ and of those ‘to blame’. In doing so, they help achieve a strategic political function for the Orbán government.