bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plant genome size modulates grassland community responses to multi‐nutrient additions
Authors: Peng Yang , Yang Jianxia , Leitch Ilia J. , Guignard Maïté S. , Seabloom Eric W. , Cao Dong , Zhao Fangyuan , Li Huanlong , Han Xingguo , Jiang Yong , Leitch Andrew R. , Wei Cunzheng 
Published: September 2022

Summary

Grassland ecosystems cover c. 40% of global land area and contain c. 40% of soil organic carbon. Understanding the effects of adding nutrients to grasslands is essential because they provide much of our food, support diverse ecosystem services and harbor rich biodiversity.

Using the meadow steppe (grassland) study site of Inner Mongolia, we manipulated seven key nutrients and a cocktail of micronutrients to examine their effects on grassland biomass productivity and diversity.

The results, explained in structural equation models, link two previously disparate hypotheses in grassland ecology: (1) the light asymmetry competition hypothesis and (2) the genome size‐nutrient interaction hypothesis. We show that aboveground net primary productivity increases predominantly from species with large genome sizes with the addition of nitrogen, and nitrogen plus phosphorus. This drives an asymmetric competition for light, causing a decline in species richness mainly in species with small genome sizes.

This dynamic is likely to be caused by the nutrient demands of the nucleus and/or the scaling effects of nuclear size on cell size which impact water use efficiency. The model will help inform the best management approaches to reverse the rapid and unprecedented degradation of grasslands globally.
Clinical impact of nocturnal ventricular tachyarrythmias in electrical storm
Authors: Suzuki Naomasa , Otsuki Sou , Izumi Daisuke , Akagawa Rie , Sakaguchi Yuta , Hakamata Takahiro , Ikami Yasuhiro , Hasegawa Yuki , Yagihara Nobue , Iijima Kenichi , Chinushi Masaomi , Inomata Takayuki 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of electrical storm (ES) is significantly higher during the daytime. However, the association between nocturnal ventricular tachyarrythmias during ES and prognosis remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of ES with midnight ventricular tachyarrythmias.MethodsWe included 48 consecutive patients who had an implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator or cardiac resynchronization therapy defibrillator implanted between 2010 and 2020 and those who had experienced the onset of an out‐of‐hospital ES episode. According to the midnight (0:00 a.m.–6:00 a.m.) occurrence of ventricular arrythmia events consisting of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF), we divided them into two groups (with‐midnight group: n = 27, without‐midnight group: n = 21). The clinical characteristics and outcomes of the two groups were compared.ResultsThe patients in the with‐midnight group were mostly males, had longer QRS duration, and longer corrected QT‐interval than those in the without‐midnight group (p < .05). The incidence of all‐cause death, especially heart failure death, was higher in the with‐midnight group than in the without‐midnight group (p < .01). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of midnight VT/VF during ES was the only independent risk factors for heart failure death (HR = 18.9, 95%CI = 1.98−181, p = .011).ConclusionsThe presence of midnight VT/VF during ES might be associated with the poor prognosis. The loss of a sympathetic circadian pattern of VT/VF distribution during ES might suggest advanced stages of the cardiac disease.
The perception of employees on performance‐based budgeting reforms in developing countries: The perspective from Ghana
Authors: Ohemeng Frank , Asiedu Emelia A. , Obuobisa‐Darko Theresa , Abane Juliana A. , Parku Kenneth 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the last few decades, the use of performance management to correct state finances has led to the (re)emergence of performance‐based budgeting (PBB), with the belief that it will reveal where scarce resources should be concentrated. The efficacy of PBB, however, continues to be debated. This paper attempts to contribute to the discussion, by examining the case of Ghana from the perspective of budget officers. How do budget officers perceive the PBB? It is argued that while PBB is professed as a useful budgetary mechanism, there are challenges that need to be addressed if it is to achieve its objectives.
Home rule and municipal revenue stability: New evidence from Texas
Authors: Zhang Pengju , Nguyen‐Hoang Phuong 
Published: September 2022

AbstractScholars have long debated whether home rule powers help improve municipal financial well‐being; however, a consensus has yet to be reached. This study advances the home rule literature by causally estimating the impact of home rule in Texas on municipal revenue stability. To accomplish this, we employed a difference‐in‐differences estimator coupled with event‐study specifications on a 40‐year‐long panel data set. This approach revealed strong empirical evidence that cities adopting a home rule charter had a significant reduction in the probability of experiencing revenue decline. This finding remained robust with multiple measures of revenue change, an alternative sample, and different model specifications. Moreover, we found that home rule cities’ revenue stability was likely to come from their increase in property taxes.
Trade costs and the composition of developing countries' exports
Authors: Ali Salamat , Milner Chris 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis study investigates whether trade costs have a systematic influence on the composition of developing countries' exports, one which is distinct from their effect on the volume of trade. It uses the World Bank's bilateral trade cost dataset and incorporates trade flows for a large set of developing countries. The identification strategy exploits the variation in trade costs across countries and the differences in trade cost sensitivity across industries and employs a cost shifter as an instrument to overcome the potential endogeneity of trade costs. The paper finds that the export composition of developing economies is fashioned by trade costs, with higher trade costs lowering (other things constant) the share of an industry's exports in the country's total exports more for more trade‐cost‐sensitive industries. The policy implication is clear: reducing trade costs encourages a shift in the composition of developing country exports in favor of relatively more trade‐cost‐intensive exports, which tend also to be more technologically advanced.
International Trade, the Great War, and the Origins of Taxation: Sister Republics Parting Ways
Authors: Emmenegger Patrick , Walter André 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe First World War was a watershed moment for the development of the modern tax state. Yet, whereas the tax yield strongly increased in this period, little is known about how the tax mix changed, in particular regarding the turn to direct taxation. Examining the two ‘Sister Republics’ Switzerland and the USA, this paper demonstrates that tax reforms in this critical period for modern tax systems were conditioned by coalitions among producer groups, which had already come into existence before the war. Most notably, farmers and their position on international trade were important in shaping coalitions on the turn to direct taxation. The Great War's main role was to temporarily interrupt (Switzerland) or cement (USA) the tax system's reorientation. The paper thus shows that war‐induced tax reforms have a lasting impact on the tax mix only if powerful coalitions support these reforms independently of the war effort.
The Impact of Social Media Use for Elected Parliamentarians: Evidence from Politicians' Use of Twitter During the Last Two Swiss Legislatures
Authors: Reveilhac Maud , Morselli Davide 
Published: September 2022

AbstractNotwithstanding growing research on how using social media for political campaigning impacts politicians' chances of winning votes, we still have limited knowledge about whether and how the use of social media and online styles of communication affect political success over successive legislatures. We address this deficit by analyzing a panel dataset about the Twitter activity of politicians who have had a parliamentary mandate at least once. We first demonstrate that politicians' interaction with specific online audiences (e.g. in terms of replies and mentions) is still evolving, thus pointing to possible strategic adaptations of politicians' communication as social media are mastered. Then, we show that Twitter‐based activity moderately impacts politicians' political success, both in terms of political ranking and media coverage. This success, however, strongly depends on the style of political communication and on the legislature under scrutiny.
Design Methodology and Mission Assessment of Parallel Hybrid Electric Propulsion Systems
Authors: Ghelani Raj , Roumeliotis Ioannis , Saias Chana Anna , Mourouzidis Christos , Pachidis Vassilios , Norman Justin , Bacic Marko 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An integrated engine cycle design methodology and mission assessment for parallel hybrid electric propulsion architectures are presented in this paper. The aircraft case study considered is inspired by Fokker 100, boosted by an electric motor on the low-pressure shaft of the gas turbine. The fuel burn benefits arising from boosting the low-pressure shaft are discussed for two different baseline engine technologies. A three-point engine cycle design method is developed to redesign the engine cycle according to the degree of hybridization. The integrated cycle design and power management optimization method is employed to identify potential fuel burn benefits from hybridization for multiple mission ranges. Genetic algorithm-based optimizer has been used to identify optimal power management strategies. The sensitivity of these mission results has also been analyzed for different assumptions on the electric powertrain. With 1 MW motor power and a battery pack of 2300 kg, a maximum of 3% fuel burn benefit can be obtained by retrofitting the gas turbine for 400 nm mission range. Optimizing the power management strategy can improve this fuel burn benefit by 0.2–0.3%. Redesigning the gas turbine and optimizing the power management strategy, finally provides a maximum fuel benefit of 4.2% on 400 nm. The results suggest that a high hybridization by power, low hybridization by energy, and ranges below 700 nm are the only cases where the redesigned hybrid electric aircraft has benefits in fuel burn and energy consumption relative to the baseline aircraft. Finally, it is found that the percentage of fuel burn benefits from the hybrid electric configuration increases with the improvement in engine technology.
A Computationally Efficient Approach to Resolving Vehicle-Induced Turbulence for Near-Road Air Quality
Authors: Hashad Khaled , Yang Bo , Iskov Vlad , Max Zhang K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Near-road air pollution is a worldwide public health concern, especially in urban areas. Vehicle-induced turbulence (VIT) has a major impact on the initial dispersion of traffic-related pollutants on the roadways, affecting their subsequent near-road impact. The current methods for high-fidelity VIT simulations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are often computationally expensive or prohibitive. Earlier studies adopted the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) method, which models VIT as a fixed TKE volume source and produces turbulence uniformly in the computational traffic zones. This paper presents two novel methods, namely the force method and the moving force method, to generate VIT implicitly by injecting a force source into the computational domain instead of physical vehicles in the domain explicitly, thus greatly reducing the computational burden. The simulation results were evaluated against experimental data collected in a field study near a major highway in Las Vegas, NV, which included collocated measurements of traffic and wind speed. The TKE method systematically overestimated the turbulence produced on the highway by converting the drag force completely into turbulence. This indicates that the TKE method, currently being used to implicitly model VIT in CFD simulations, requires major improvements. In comparison, the proposed force and moving force methods performed favorably and were able to capture turbulence anisotropicity and fluid convection. The force method was shown to be a computationally efficient way to simulate VIT with adequate accuracy, while the moving force method has the potential to emulate vehicle motion and its impact on fluid flow.
Unsteady Gas Dynamics of Radial Turbine Volutes Under Pressure Pulsations
Authors: Yang Bijie , Xue Yingxian , Martinez-Botas Ricardo , Yang Mingyang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Turbocharging is the key technique to improve engine-specific power and reduce CO2 emissions of a piston-driven engine. Repeated actions of engine pistons and valves give rise to engine pulsations resulting in intensive unsteady flow in the turbines. Understanding the pulsation effects on a turbine that is steady flow designed is crucially important for performance enhancement. The present work derives an equation that is capable of evaluating the pulsation effects on the volute-outlet flow angle. Based on the equation, a reduced-order model (1D) is proposed and applied to a single-entry mixed flow turbine. By comparing to 3D unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the ability and accuracy of the 1D model on predicting the unsteady volute-outlet flow angle are verified. The effects of the unsteady flow angle on the turbine performance are further investigated by comparing unsteady and quasi-steady flow-field characteristics given by 3D CFD. The present work unveils the volute unsteady behavior and explains the unsteady coupling mechanism between the volute and the rotor. The findings can lead to improvement of turbine design methodology under pulsating flow conditions.
Low Reynolds Number Effects on the Endwall Flow Field in a High-Lift Turbine Passage
Authors: Donovan Molly H. , Rumpfkeil Markus P. , Marks Christopher R. , Robison Zachary , Gross Andreas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Understanding the endwall flow phenomena surrounding low-pressure turbine blades is key to improving performance, as these flow features contribute significantly to loss generation at low Reynolds number cruise. It is well documented that a horseshoe vortex system forms at the junction of the endwall and turbine blade. The vortices develop and gain significant strength in the passage and contribute to total pressure losses. During low Reynolds number conditions, the flow through a low-pressure turbine passage can be greatly impacted by a number of factors, including Reynolds number and incoming turbulence. The focus of this paper is on significant changes to the endwall flow field observed in experimental measurements and an accompanying implicit large-eddy simulation of the flow through a linear cascade of high-lift front-loaded low-pressure turbine blades at low Reynolds number. Results show a significant effect on both the time-averaged endwall flow topology and the unsteady vortical flow characteristics when the Reynolds number based on inlet conditions was decreased to 30,000. Various techniques, such as spectral proper orthogonal decomposition, were used to analyze and compare both high-speed particle image velocimetry measurements and numerical results in order to extract the dominant structures and their unsteady behavior. The total pressure loss development through the passage was assessed in order to better understand how the observed changes in endwall flow structures contribute to the overall losses.
Multimanipulator Robotic System for Ultrasound Tomography: Design, Calibration, and Image Results
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Ely Gregory , Shin Bonghun , Anthony Brian W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this article, we present the design, validation, and imaging capabilities of a mechanically discretized ultrasound scanning apparatus (MEDUSA) that supports flexible development of ultrasound tomography (UST) algorithms for complex tissue structures. Ultrasound tomography in the recent decade has shown promising results in quantitative soft-tissue imaging for clinical breast cancer diagnostics. There is growing interest in applying tomographic techniques to image broader tissue structures that include bone, where imaging is significantly more challenging due to strong impedance mismatches and complex wave propagation within the region. Changes in data acquisition strategy, algorithms, and system design are necessary to enable quantitative imaging of soft-tissue with bone inclusions. The 36 degree-of-freedom (DOF) MEDUSA system allows free space positioning of acoustic transducers around an imaging target and enables investigation of imaging strategies not available in other UST systems. We present the mechanical design, parameter calibration, and tomographic imaging results using MEDUSA. Mono-/bistatic imaging and full-waveform inversion (FWI) results on real targets are presented and validates system performance capabilities for broader UST algorithm development for more complex tissue structures.
Disequilibrium river networks dissecting the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA, record significant late Cenozoic tilting and associated surface uplift: Reply
Authors: Beeson H.W. , McCoy S.W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In his comment, Gabet summarized his critiques regarding our identification of migrating knickpoints in the Sierra and our estimates of both timing and magnitude of surface uplift made using a wide variety of independent measures of fluvial geomorphology. Here, we review the evidence we used to interpret particular features as migrating knickpoints in a transient landscape and demonstrate that the evidence presented by Gabet in no way shows these are stationary features that can be attributed to heterogeneous lithology alone. The challenges we faced and assumptions we made to determine timing from these river profile forms were summarized in the original paper and again in Gabet’s comment. We chose a range-wide approach using systematic topographic analysis and an ensemble of methods precisely because we recognize the modern heterogeneity and dynamic late Cenozoic geologic history. With this approach, we identified trends in timing and magnitude of surface uplift that were consistent along much of the length of the range and in both tributary and mainstem rivers. We were able to identify signatures of late Cenozoic tilting amidst the influence of heterogeneous lithology, latitudinal climate gradients, drainage area exchange, and variable depositional histories. We hope that readers recognize that rather than ignoring local complexity, the tectonic mechanism of late Cenozoic westward tilt and the ensuing transient response can explain the diversity in observed geomorphology. Particularly, geomorphic features such as the along- and between-river variability in incision as well as the distribution and form of both mainstem and tributary knickpoints and knickzones can be reconciled when such a transient response is filtered through the heterogeneous lithology and basin area exchange characteristic of the west side Sierra Nevada. Thus, while challenges preclude pinpointing timing of the most recent tectonic event within the late Cenozoic using river profile forms alone, we maintain that a significant tectonic event perturbed Sierra river profiles in the past 11 million years. In many landscapes, an estimate with such a degree of uncertainty would not move the needle on our understanding but for the Sierra, where some contend no major tectonic event has occurred since the late Cretaceous, this uncertain estimate is valuable.
Implications of glacial deposit ages for the timing and rate of active crustal faulting in the central Cascade arc, Oregon, USA
Authors: Alexander Katherine A. , Amos Colin B. , Balco Greg , Amidon William H. , Clark Douglas H. , Meigs Andrew J. , Lesnau Reyne K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
New cosmogenic 3He chronologies and geologic mapping of faulted glacial drift provide new constraints for the slip rates of active faulting in the central Cascade arc, Oregon, USA. The White Branch and Dilman Meadows fault zones cut deposits created by three distinct glacial advances, which provide timing, kinematics, and rate constraints for fault motion. New cosmogenic 3He data from landforms comprising the youngest and most widespread deposits have ages between 19.4 +10.1/–6.2 ka and 21.3 ± 4.9 ka; therefore, they were deposited during the last glacial maximum (LGM). A second, older outwash surface reveals an age of 74.2 ± 3.8 ka, which suggests glaciation possibly associated with marine isotope stage (MIS) 5b. Dip-slip displacement across fault scarps expressed by lidar data reveal similar magnitudes of extensional deformation for LGM and older glacial deposits on the White Branch fault zone, which implies a lack of earthquake ruptures between the oldest and LGM advances. In contrast, scarp profiles along the Dilman Meadows fault zone reveal progressive cumulative slip for surfaces of increasing age. Taken together, our measurements provide the first constraints on the rate of extensional faulting derived from Quaternary geochronology along the White Branch and Dilman Meadows faults, which total 0.1–0.4 mm/yr since ca. 75 ka and 0.6 ± 0.04 mm/yr since the LGM, respectively. The White Branch fault zone accommodates predominately fault-normal extension, whereas right-oblique slip characterizes the Dilman Meadows fault zone. Active deformation across the central Cascade Range thus reflects the combined effects of ongoing crustal block rotation and arc magmatism.
Diet quality indices and the risk of type 2 diabetes in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study
Authors: Esfandiar Zohreh , Hosseini-Esfahani Firoozeh , Mirmiran Parvin , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionThe aim of this study was to assess the prospective association between diet quality and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D).Research design and methodsEligible adults (n=7268) were selected from among participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study with an average follow-up of 6.6 years. Dietary intakes were assessed using a valid and reliable semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire. Anthropometrics and biochemical variables were evaluated at baseline and follow-up examinations. Dietary pattern scores were calculated for the Healthy Eating Index 2015, Mediterranean diet and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the development of T2D in relation to diet quality.ResultsThis study was conducted on 3265 men and 4003 women aged 42.4±14.6 and 40.6±13.5 years, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, all three diet quality scores were not associated with risk of T2D. Among individual components of the examined dietary patterns, risk of T2D increased from quartiles 1 to 4 for sodium intake (HR (95% CI) 1.00, 0.97 (0.75 to 1.25), 1.17 (0.92 to 1.49), 1.28 (1.01 to 1.62), Ptrend<0.01) and decreased from quartiles 1 to 4 for red meat intake (HR (95% CI) 1.00, 0.91 (0.72 to 1.14), 0.75 (0.58 to 0.95), 0.85 (0.67 to 1.08), Ptrend<0.01).ConclusionThis study emphasizes a potentially protective relationship of moderate red meat intake against development of T2D; also higher intake of sodium is related to risk of T2D.