bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subjectivizing and Objectivizing the Legal Techniques for Establishing the Relationship among International Legal Norms
Authors: Yip Ka Lok 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter seeks to uncover both the subjective and objective dimensions of the legal techniques of lex specialis and systemic integration in a critique on certain of their uses to establish the relationship among different legal norms on the use of force against individuals in war. The chapter is divided into three substantive sections. The first section examines the justifications for and limits to the use of lex specialis and systemic integration by drawing on doctrines and jurisprudence from different areas of public international law. The second section critiques certain uses of lex specialis to establish the relationship among different legal norms on the use of force against individuals in war, while the third section does the same with respect to systemic integration.
Ontologizing the Laws on the Use of Force against Individuals in War
Authors: Yip Ka Lok 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter interrogates the ontology of the social world of war and its connection with the law on the use of force against individuals in war. It proceeds in three substantive sections. The first section goes back to the basics in social theories and explores social ontology through the lens of the agent-structure problem, that is, the study of the whole and the parts that make up the reality of society. The second section traces the ontological presuppositions of the different laws on the use of force against individuals in war and connects them to distinct levels of social ontology. The third section illustrates how the reconciliatory logic in law, as fulfilled by the convergence between LOAC and IHRL through the misuse of legal techniques, misaligns with these distinct levels of social ontology, turning convergence into conflation.
Family and Faction
Authors: Najemy John M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Florence was the republic Machiavelli knew best. Chapter 6 investigates his representation in the Florentine Histories of the elite class in the republic’s first century (1250–1350), in which only the elite families punitively designated as magnates by popular governments are called “nobles” or “grandi.” Other elite families he calls “popolani nobili” or “potenti.” All elite families built factions that originated in the family and attracted partigiani. Antagonisms between factions (Guelfs vs. Ghibellines, Black Guelfs vs. White Guelfs) divided the city, engulfing it in violence. Machiavelli makes Corso Donati the emblematic figure of the magnates’ recklessness, vainglory, and self-destructiveness. To rein in magnate “arrogance” and “insolence,” the non-elite popolo, organized in guilds, legislated the Ordinances of Justice (1293), which the magnates tried repeatedly to overturn, culminating in failed insurrections in 1340 and 1343. Most readings of Machiavelli’s famous comparison of Rome and Florence (Histories 3.1) miss the observation that, whereas Rome went from equality to “great inequality,” Florence went from inequality to “mirabile” equality, making it suitable for republican government. Machiavelli critiques the pathology of elite factionalism in the speech in 3.5. Attempts by the popolo to restrain the factions of the non-magnate Albizzi and Ricci provoked elite Guelfs to launch a campaign of accusations of Ghibellinism, which in turn sparked resistance from guildsmen and workers. In the speech by an anonymous worker (3.13) Machiavelli shows understanding of the workers’ grievances, while denouncing some of their actions. He represents the elite’s reprimand in the speech by Luigi Guicciardini (3.11).
International Criminal Jurisdiction
Authors: Gallant Kenneth S. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
As crime across borders grows, so does the importance of national authority to define acts of outsiders as criminal and to prosecute those who commit those acts; the importance of international authority to define crimes against the international community grows as well. The principles and rules constraining states and the international community in making and enforcing law comprise the international law of criminal jurisdiction. This is the first book in English since World War II systematically to address what this law is, how it is made from national and international sources, what its weaknesses are, and what might be done to address them. It is also the first book systematically to treat the jurisdictional statutes of all legal systems, including civil law, common law, Islamic law, and never-colonized Asian states as sources of the international law of criminal jurisdiction.
Introduction
Authors: Geraci Robert M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The introduction describes the rising significance of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies and the importance of understanding the role of religion in our visions of those technologies. Governments, policy advisors, and corporate boards all work on regulatory and ethical structures, and these are deeply impacted by transhumanist perspectives that favour the development of greater-than-human machine intelligence and post-biological evolution. Such inclinations often obfuscate the profound impact of AI on society—including challenges from algorithmic bias to surveillance—and homogenize human approaches to AI despite the existing cultural differences in the design and deployment of technology. The introduction frames these concerns in the rising discussion of religion, science, and technology in the U.S. and India, and then provides summaries of the chapters to come.
Recoding Religion
Authors: Geraci Robert M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns to the relevance of the previously explored history and transmission of transhumanist thinking in the U.S. and India. This chapter raises questions of social control that are fundamental to the implementation of artificial intelligence (AI). The ideologies used to justify public and private use of AI matter because they incline users towards specific goals. It is important to see how the religious and cultural environments of the U.S. and India offer separate and worthwhile tools to build a global AI agenda. Recognizing that both U.S. and Indian traditions can have negative or positive consequences, the chapter explores how the best of each can be brought to bear and suggests that a wider discussion of AI values could be leveraged in global policymaking.
The Use of Movement Scripts for Clinical Reasoning in Physical Therapist Education and Practice
Authors: Kirk-Sanchez Neva J , Moore James G , Hartley Gregory W , Wong Marlon 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this Perspective is to present an application of script-based reasoning to physical therapist education and practice. Illness script–based reasoning has been described as a cognitive strategy for medical practitioners to diagnose and manage health conditions. Analogous to this medical model of patient management, “movement scripts” can be used by physical therapists in clinical reasoning. Movement scripts use features of the human movement system to recognize, categorize, and substantiate clinical problems and can be used to facilitate the development of master adaptive learners across the spectrum of physical therapist education and practice. Movement scripts are also consistent with the concept of the “human body as teacher” as the signature pedagogy proposed by the National Study of Excellence and Innovation in Physical Therapy Education. Movement of the human body, as captured by the concept of the human movement system, is a vehicle for lifelong adaptive learning for the physical therapist. Script-based learning and practice are consistent with other elements of this model, including practice-based learning and the creation of adaptive expertise. As the role of the movement system as a guide to physical therapist practice continues to evolve, movement scripts can provide a structure to facilitate development of clinical reasoning skills for physical therapist practice and education.
Do Temporary Demand Shocks Have Long-Term Effects for Startups?
Authors: Hvide Hans K , Meling Tom G 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Using procurement auctions and register data, we find that temporary demand shocks have long-term effects for startups. Startups that win a procurement auction have 20$\%$ higher sales and employment and are more profitable than startups that narrowly lose an auction, even several years after the contract work has ended. There are no such effects for mature firms. The effects for startups are large: about 50$\%$ of the contract value is transmitted into long-term sales. Our analysis suggests learning-by-doing as a plausible mechanism. Overall, our results point to the importance of path dependence in shaping the long-term outcomes of startups.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online
Racial Disparities in the Auto Loan Market
Authors: Butler Alexander W , Mayer Erik J , Weston James P 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We document racial disparities in auto lending. Combining credit bureau records with borrower characteristics, we find that Black and Hispanic applicants’ approval rates are 1.5 percentage points lower, even after controlling for creditworthiness. In aggregate, this effect crowds out 80,000 minority loans each year. Results are stronger where racial biases are more prevalent and lending competition is lower. Minority borrowers pay 70-basis-point higher interest rates, but default less ceteris paribus, consistent with racial bias rather than statistical discrimination. A major antidiscrimination enforcement policy initiated in 2013, but halted in 2018, reduced unexplained racial differences in interest rates by 60$\%$.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Hyperspectral Evaluation of the Human Liver During Major Resection
Authors: Sucher Elisabeth , Sucher Robert , Guice Hanna , Schneeberger Stefan , Brandacher Gerald , Gockel Ines , Berg Thomas , Seehofer Daniel 
Published: May 2022

Objective:
This study investigates the effects of PVE and vascular inflow control (VIC) on liver microperfusion and tissue oxygenation using hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology.

Background:
Mechanisms triggering future liver remnant (FLR) augmentation introduced by PVE have not been sufficiently studied in humans. Particularly, the arterial buffer response (ABR) of the liver might play a vital role.

Methods:
Hyperspectral datacubes (TIVITA) acquired during 58 major liver resections were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed for tissue oxygenation (StO2%), near-infrared (NIR) perfusion, organ-hemoglobin indices (OHI), and tissue-water indices (TWI). The primary study endpoint was measurement of hyperspectral differences in liver parenchyma subject to PVE and VIC before resection.

Results:
HSI revealed parenchyma specific differences in StO2% with regard to the underlying disease (P < 0.001). Preoperative PVE (n = 23, 40%) lead to arterial hyperoxygenation and hyperperfusion of corresponding liver segments (StO2: 77.23% ± 11.93%, NIR: 0.46 ± 0.20[I]) when compared with the FLR (StO2: 66.13% ± 9.96%, NIR: 0.23 ± 0.12[I]; P < 0.001). In a case of insufficient PVE and the absence of FLR augmentation hyperspectral StO2 and NIR differences were absent. The hyperspectral assessment demonstrated increased liver tissue-oxygenation and perfusion in PVE-segments (n = 23 cases) and decreased total VIC in nonembolized FLR hemilivers (n = 35 cases; P < 0.001). Intraoperative HSI analysis of tumor tissue revealed marked tumor specific differences in StO2, NIR, OHI, and TWI (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
HSI allows intraoperative quantitative and qualitative assessment of microperfusion and StO2% of liver tissue. PVE lead to ABR-triggered tissue hyperoxygenation and cross-talk FLR augmentation. HSI furthermore facilitates intraoperative tumor tissue identification and enables image-guided liver surgery following VIC.
Reformatting of Computed Tomography Scans Parallel to the S1 End Plate Increases Visualization of Trans Sacral Pathway in the First Sacral Segment, Especially With Dysmorphism
Authors: Kellam Patrick J. , O'Neill Dillon C. , Daryoush Joshua R. , Dekeyser Graham J. , Steffenson Lillia N. , Gary Joshua L. , Higgins Thomas F. , Kellam James F. , Rothberg David L. , Sciadini Marcus , Warner Stephen , Working Zachary , Marchand Lucas S. , Haller Justin M. 
Published: May 2022

Objective:
To determine whether reformatted computed tomography (CT) scans would increase surgeons' confidence in placing a trans sacral (TS) screw in the first sacral segment.

Setting:
Level 1 trauma center.

Design:
A retrospective cohort study.

Patients/Participants:
There were 50 patients with uninjured pelvises who were reviewed by 9 orthopaedic trauma fellowship-trained surgeons and 5 orthopaedic residents.

Main Outcome Measurements:
The overall percentage of surgeons who believe it was safe to place a TS screw in the first sacral segment with standard (axial cuts perpendicular to the scanner gantry) versus reformatted (parallel to the S1 end plate) CT scans.

Results:
Overall, 58% of patients were believed to have a safe corridor in traditional cut axial CT scans, whereas 68% were believed to have a safe corridor on reformatted CT scans (P < 0.001). When grouped by dysplasia, those without sacral dysplasia (n = 28) had a safe corridor 93% of the time on traditional scans and 93% of the time with reformatted CT scans (P = 0.87). However, of those who had dysplasia (n = 22), only 12% were believed to have a safe corridor on original scans compared with 35% on reformatted scans (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
CT scan reformatting parallel to the S1 superior end plate increases the likelihood of identifying a safe corridor for a TS screw, especially in patients with evidence of sacral dysplasia. The authors would recommend the routine use of reformatting CT scans in this manner to provide a better understanding of the upper sacral segment osseous fixation pathways.
Hematologic Toxicity Comparison of Intensity Modulated Proton Therapy and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy in Anal Cancer Patients
Authors: Nelson Bailey , Tadesse Dawit G. , Sudhoff Mickaela , Wang Kyle , Meier Teresa , Mascia Anthony , Kharofa Jordan 
Published: May 2022

Purpose:
We hypothesize that hematologic toxicity will be lower in anal cancer patients treated definitively with intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) compared with patients treated with intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).

Methods:
Patients enrolled on a prospective feasibility trial assessing the use of IMPT for anal cancer were compared with contemporaneous patients treated with IMRT. Blood counts were collected during chemoradiation. Hematologic events were graded according to CTCAE version 5.0. Pelvic bone marrow (PBM) and positron emission tomography-defined active bone marrow (ABM) were defined and contoured for each patient. Toxicity rates, PBM and ABM dose metrics were compared between groups.

Results:
Forty-one patients treated with definitive chemoradiation for anal cancer between 2015 and 2021 were included in this analysis. Of the evaluable patients, 14 patients were treated with IMPT and 27 were treated with IMRT. All PBM dose metrics were lower in patients receiving IMPT. Patients treated with IMPT versus IMRT also had a significantly lower ABM mean dose (1996 vs. 3073 Gy, P<0.01). However, there was no statistically significant difference in hematologic toxicity between the groups. Seventy percent of patients treated with IMRT had at least 1 grade ≥3 hematologic event compared with 86% in the IMPT group (P=0.48).

Conclusion:
Proton treatment reduced bone marrow doses but was not associated with lower hematologic toxicity when compared with IMRT.
Hospital Price Transparency Rule Exposes Muddied Costs for Head and Neck Radiotherapy in One State
Authors: Thompson Samuel , Lewis Luke , Takiar Vinita 
Published: May 2022

Objectives:
Financial toxicity due to cancer treatment is a significant concern for patients. To increase transparency related to treatment costs, the Hospital Price Transparency Final Rule (HPTFR) was passed on January 1, 2021. We used hospital pricing documentation to explore the costs of head and neck cancer (HNC) radiotherapy in Ohio, hypothesizing a large variance in cost based on geography.

Materials and Methods:
Radiation oncology facilities were identified using the Ohio Hospital Association (OHA) website. The reported technical charges for Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes commonly billed in the definitive management of HNC with radiotherapy were recorded, and total treatment costs (TTCs) were calculated.

Results:
Of 254 OHA-listed hospitals, 102 had radiation oncology facilities. Seven facilities were excluded due to a lack of pricing data, leaving 95 facilities in 40 of 88 counties. Median TTC was $176,496. Average TTC was $184,831 (SD: $83,982). The 22 rural hospitals charged less compared with nonrural hospitals, with a difference in medians of $72,084.38 (P<0.001). No difference was found between the TTCs of nonprofit and public hospitals (P=0.348) nor between academically affiliated and nonacademically affiliated hospitals (P=0.247). There is no correlation between county median household income and TTC (R
2=0.0007). Rather, TTCs varied drastically across counties, regardless of income levels.

Conclusions:
There is a wide range of treatment costs for HNC patients receiving definitive radiotherapy in Ohio, and no variables fully explain this variance. Further policies are needed to improve the quality, quantity, and accessibility of health care data to address financial toxicity.
The Role of Staff in Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Long-term Care Facilities
Authors: Adams Carly , Chamberlain Allison , Wang Yuke , Hazell Mallory , Shah Sarita , Holland David P. , Khan Fazle , Gandhi Neel R. , Fridkin Scott , Zelner Jon , Lopman Benjamin A. 
Published: May 2022

Background:
US long-term care facilities (LTCFs) have experienced a disproportionate burden of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality.

Methods:
We examined SARS-CoV-2 transmission among residents and staff in 60 LTCFs in Fulton County, Georgia, from March 2020 to September 2021. Using the Wallinga-Teunis method to estimate the time-varying reproduction number, R(t), and linear-mixed regression models, we examined associations between case characteristics and R(t).

Results:
Case counts, outbreak size and duration, and R(t) declined rapidly and remained low after vaccines were first distributed to LTCFs in December 2020, despite increases in community incidence in summer 2021. Staff cases were more infectious than resident cases (average individual reproduction number, Ri = 0.6 [95% confidence intervals [CI] = 0.4, 0.7] and 0.1 [95% CI = 0.1, 0.2], respectively). Unvaccinated resident cases were more infectious than vaccinated resident cases (Ri = 0.5 [95% CI = 0.4, 0.6] and 0.2 [95% CI = 0.0, 0.8], respectively), but estimates were imprecise.

Conclusions:
COVID-19 vaccines slowed transmission and contributed to reduced caseload in LTCFs. However, due to data limitations, we were unable to determine whether breakthrough vaccinated cases were less infectious than unvaccinated cases. Staff cases were six times more infectious than resident cases, consistent with the hypothesis that staff were the primary drivers of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in LTCFs.
Unbiased proteomic analysis detects painful systemic inflammatory profile in the serum of nerve-injured mice
Authors: Zhou Wen Bo Sam , Shi Xiang Qun , Liu Younan , Tran Simon D. , Beaudry Francis , Zhang Ji 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a complex, debilitating disease that results from injury to the somatosensory nervous system. The presence of systemic chronic inflammation has been observed in patients with chronic pain but whether it plays a causative role remains unclear. This study aims to determine the perturbation of systemic homeostasis by an injury to peripheral nerve and its involvement in neuropathic pain. We assessed the proteomic profile in the serum of mice at 1 day and 1 month after partial sciatic nerve injury (PSNL) or sham surgery. We also assessed mouse mechanical and cold sensitivity in naïve mice after receiving intravenous administration of serum from PSNL or sham mice. Mass spectrometry–based proteomic analysis revealed that PSNL resulted in a long-lasting alteration of serum proteome, where most of the differentially expressed proteins were in inflammation-related pathways, involving cytokines and chemokines, autoantibodies, and complement factors. Although transferring sham serum to naïve mice did not change their pain sensitivity, PSNL serum significantly lowered mechanical thresholds and induced cold hypersensitivity in naïve mice. With broad anti-inflammatory properties, bone marrow cell extracts not only partially restored serum proteomic homeostasis but also significantly ameliorated PSNL-induced mechanical allodynia, and serum from bone marrow cell extracts–treated PSNL mice no longer induced hypersensitivity in naïve mice. These findings clearly demonstrate that nerve injury has a long-lasting impact on systemic homeostasis, and nerve injury–associated systemic inflammation contributes to the development of neuropathic pain.
Validation of the Portuguese version of community attitudes toward people with mental illness (CAMI)
Authors: Lopes Inês , de Almeida Raquel Simões , Marques António , Curral Rosário , de Sousa Sara 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Stigma remains a feature that influences the lifestyle of people with mental illness. Negative attitudes, stereotypes, and discrimination are still prevalent in these people's life. Stigma is considered a public health problem that occurs unconsciously in society, categorizing people. Portugal is the seventh-worst country concerning stigma in Mental Health. There have been few improvements in reducing stigma over time, and there is a great need to create investigations and validate instruments that measure stigma in the population.

Aim:
This study aims to address the gaps in the level of studies and normative instruments that measure the stigma of the Portuguese population in the face of mental illness. It, therefore, aims to adapt and validate community attitudes toward people with mental illness (CAMI) culturally and examine its psychometric properties.

Method:
The 27-item version of CAMI was translated and back-translated into English, which was analyzed and evaluated by a panel of experts. A sociodemographic survey and CAMI were applied in an online format, in which participated 427 adults representing the Portuguese population in general. Finally, the reliability and validity of the instrument were analyzed.

Results:
CAMI showed positive values of reliability and validity but not optimal. The confirmatory factor analysis values satisfactory values that indicate good quality of fit: x
2/df=3.296; comparative fit index = 0.601; goodness of fit index = 0.817; and root mean square error of approximation = 0.073, indicates good quality of fit. Cronbach alpha was different for each factor, but it was positive. Spearman coefficient (ρ = –0.343) obtained a negative but consistent value.

Conclusions:
This study contributed to the achievement and validation of new measures to assess the stigma of the general population related to people with mental illness. We must continue to analyze this theme, complete the validation of this instrument, and understand the existing levels of stigma, its predominance in society, and the possible creation and implementation of new measures that support literacy in mental illness and anti-stigma.