bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Oraons of Chhotanagpur: A journey through colonial ethnography
Authors: Dasgupta Sangeeta 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis article explores nineteenth-century colonial representations of the Oraons of Chhotanagpur. Described in administrative reports of early nineteenth-century Chhotanagpur as mlecchha and dhangar, or as part of a ‘village community’ of Coles/Kols, these Oraons, by the late nineteenth century, were referred to as a ‘tribe’. To trace the categories through which the Oraons journeyed across colonial records, I discuss texts and reports which later became part of bureaucratic memory. The shifts within official understanding, I argue, were related to the working of official minds, changing assumptions, and differing languages; the tensions within the discipline of anthropology and its application in the colony; the variations within ideologies of governance and the imperatives of rule; and interactions with ‘native’ informants and correspondents, along with personal observations of local practices. There remained, however, an uneasy tension between wider intellectual trends in Europe and their reverberations in the colony, and the experiences of governance: colonial knowledge was not always produced with arrogance and assurance but also with doses of uncertainty, hesitation, disquiet, and often despair. In the shifting representations of the tribe across the nineteenth century, there is, I suggest, a pattern. In the pre-1850s, local nomenclature was adopted and voices of dissent—expressed through agrarian protests in Chhotanagpur—were addressed. By the 1850s, the utilitarian agenda structured colonial imaginaries and interventions. The 1860s witnessed the interplay of ethnological concerns, missionary beliefs, and Arcadian principles. From the 1890s, the idea of tribe was overwhelmingly structured by the supremacy of disciplinary knowledge systems that increasingly supplanted the role of the ‘native’ informant.
Framing the Fifth Schedule: Tribal agency and the making of the Indian Constitution (1937–1950)
Authors: Tewari Saagar 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAs a means to resolve the Tribal Question in India, the centrality of the Fifth and Sixth Schedules of the Indian Constitution is widely acknowledged. However, their final incorporation, despite intense nationalist opposition in the run-up to Indian Independence, remains historically unexplained. This article addresses this lacuna by reconstructing the circumstances under which the Indian National Congress came to accept scheduling as a viable method of providing protection to tribal communities. This strategic shift can be explained as a result of combined political pressures generated by communist-led tribal movements and a steadily mounting challenge heralded by a new stream of educated middle-class tribal activists in eastern India. Foremost among the latter was Jaipal Singh Munda who mobilized a large constituency of supporters demanding a separate province of Jharkhand. Taken together, there is enough evidence to prove that in the period 1937–1950, the tribes were not silent and their collective agency had a deep impact on the constitution-making process. Finally, the article argues that this period witnessed a significant change in the character of the Congress as erstwhile freedom-fighters turned into ruling elites.
Glorious pasts of forest dwellers: Memories of land in the ex-zamindari of Borasambar, Central Provinces, 1861–1905
Authors: Sengupta Sohini 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis article discusses the shifts in rights over land of Binjhal Adivasi people in the wake of colonial rule in the ex-zamindari of Borasambar, located in the British Central Provinces in the eventful period from 1860–1926. Oral narratives and documents preserved by Binjhal villagers juxtaposed with archived records of military expeditions, village surveys, administrative letters, and land settlement reports reveal how Binjhal ancestors lost titled land and offices of headmanship, which, over time, impoverished and diminished them in the rural hierarchy. The research finds that the codification of selective custom as legal rights accommodated colonial land policies to promote social change and agricultural improvement. Environmental histories document how nineteenth-century forest enclosures and agrarian order brought Adivasi areas within state control. Revisionist research highlights historically contingent outcomes of colonial rule. The Adivasi pasts in this article reveal how the interpretations of legal culture by local actors, who transacted with the administration, led to variable outcomes for a pre-colonial land-controlling group. By examining the truth claims in fragments of Binjhal voices and narratives about them, in village memories and archives, through a threefold examination of the past—pragmatic, habitual, and episodic—this article explores the historicity of Adivasi land memories. Here, stories of past glory lead to claims of legal entitlements rather than restitution of ancient rule, and injustices are described in the idiom of disrupted kinship and transgressions of women, illuminating the varied routes through which groups residing in relatively non-agrarian upland habitats became Adivasi.
Arctic Survey Part V. Transportation in the Canadian North
Authors: Hewetson H. W. 
Published: October 2022

The development of a region can obviously not proceed faster than transportation facilities will permit. In an area of the vast extent of the Canadian northland, isolation remains the predominant characteristic in nearly all portions, and no part can expect to advance economically unless it has efficient and cheap transportation to the outside world.The present transportation facilities in the western part of sub-arctic Canada are surprisingly good when one considers the limited volume of traffic they handle, yet the transportation routes follow in the main only the major water routes running northward. Great stretches of country to the east and west of these waterways are without transportation. However, in the present state of our knowledge there has been little if any thought of development in these large “dead” areas.The first question to be asked, probably, is whether existing traffic can be handled adequately by the existing means of transportation. Before the war the answer would undoubtedly have been “yes.” American activities in Yukon Territory and the Mackenzie District since the United States entered the war have increased the volume of tonnage moving in the North enormously. Transportation has been improved by highway construction, the addition of railway rolling stock, water craft, and aeroplanes, and by the introduction of tractor trains. For the handling of a special commodity, oil, the Canol pipe-line has been built. Despite these improvements northern transportation is still under a strain, but is meeting its difficulties with about the same degree of success as is wartime transportation elsewhere.
Aspects of The Railway Problem III. The Senate Committee on Railways, 1938
Authors: Currie A. W. 
Published: October 2022

Early in the 1938 session of Parliament the Canadian Senate appointed a Special Committee to “enquire into and report upon the best means of relieving the country from its extremely serious railway condition and financial burden consequent thereto.” After hearing extensive evidence from the officials of both railways and of the labour unions, the Committee stated that through lack of time it was unable to analyse this material in a satisfactory manner and therefore recommended that it be reappointed early in the 1939 session. It is the purpose of this article briefly to review the evidence presented and in particular to suggest lines along which further investigation by the Committee might profitably be undertaken.The Duff Commission believed that the policy of co-operation which it espoused would lead to annual savings of at least $35,000,000, though it developed that it had never secured, or been given, detailed information on which to base this estimate (1374). The actual joint net economies after five years' trial were only $1,772,000 per annum (121).
Newfoundland, Economic and Political III. Basic Problems of Government in Newfoundland
Authors: Innis H. A. 
Published: October 2022

It would be presumptuous for a Canadian to comment critically on the affairs, of Newfoundland—particularly as a native of a country which has done its share of bullying a small neighbour and of a country which can scarcely point the finger of scorn on grounds of bad government. Charges of corruption heard in Newfoundland fall on attuned Canadian ears—and it would probably not be difficult to find specific instances of scandal in the history of government in Canada which would match those of Newfoundland.Nevertheless a student of the economic history of both countries may be forgiven for reflections suggested by comparisons and contrasts. In common with other maritime regions, Newfoundland throughout her history has faced the sea, and she has been the last to feel the effects of the pull of the North American continent. The railroad from St. John's to Port aux Basques brought her in direct touch with North America viá Sydney. Canadian bankers assumed control in the island after the crash in 1894. With the turn of the century the steel mills of Nova Scotia began to draw on the iron mines of Wabana. While British industrialism penetrated Newfoundland in the construction of paper mills, it was significant that Cornerbrook on the west coast was sold to International. Industrialism, particularly as evident in transportation, linked Newfoundland more closely to the continent, to mention only the demands for coal and oil.
Northern Ireland farm-level management factors for recurrent bovine tuberculosis herd breakdowns
Authors: Doyle L. P. , Courcier E. A. , Gordon A. W. , O'Hagan M. J. H. , Johnston P. , McAleese E. , Buchanan J. R. , Stegeman J. A. , Menzies F. D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic, infectious and zoonotic disease of domestic and wild animals caused mainly by Mycobacterium bovis. This study investigated farm management factors associated with recurrent bTB herd breakdowns (n = 2935) disclosed in the period 23 May 2016 to 21 May 2018 and is a follow-up to our 2020 paper which looked at long duration bTB herd breakdowns. A case control study design was used to construct an explanatory set of farm-level management factors associated with recurrent bTB herd breakdowns. In Northern Ireland, a Department of Agriculture Environment and Rural Affairs (DAERA) Veterinarian investigates bTB herd breakdowns using standardised guidelines to allocate a disease source. In this study, source was strongly linked to carryover of infection, suggesting that the diagnostic tests had failed to clear herd infection during the breakdown period. Other results from this study associated with recurrent bTB herd breakdowns were herd size and type (dairy herds 43% of cases), with both these variables intrinsically linked. Other associated risk factors were time of application of slurry, badger access to silage clamps, badger setts in the locality, cattle grazing silage fields immediately post-harvest, number of parcels of land the farmer associated with bTB, number of land parcels used for grazing and region of the country.
The Seasonality of Deuterium Excess in Non‐Polar Precipitation
Authors: Xia Zhengyu , Welker Jeffrey M. , Winnick Matthew J. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe deuterium excess (d‐excess) of precipitation varies seasonally at sites across the globe, an observation that has often been linked to seasonal changes in oceanic evaporation conditions, continental moisture recycling, and subcloud raindrop re‐evaporation. However, there have been very few studies to quantify and evaluate the relative importance of these processes. Here, we revisit the mechanisms of precipitation d‐excess seasonality in low‐latitudes and mid‐latitudes through a new analysis of precipitation isotope databases along with climate reanalysis products and moisture tracking models. In low‐latitudes, the raindrop re‐evaporation effect, indicated by local relative humidity, exerts a strong and prevalent control on observed d‐excess seasonality and overprints the effect of oceanic evaporation conditions. In mid‐latitudes, the effect of oceanic evaporation conditions becomes stronger and seems dominant in the observed d‐excess seasonality. However, the ultimate d‐excess signals are produced after complex modulations by several reinforcing or competing processes, including prior distillations, moisture recycling, supersaturation in snow formation, and raindrop re‐evaporation. Among these processes, substantial increases in the proportion of recycled moisture during the warm and dry season do not produce higher precipitation d‐excess in mid‐latitude continental interiors. We develop a simple seasonal water storage model to show that contributions of previously evaporated residual water storage and higher transpiration fractions may lead to relatively low d‐excess in evapotranspiration fluxes during periods of enhanced continental moisture recycling. This study underscores the ubiquitous nonconservative behavior in d‐excess throughout the water cycle, as opposed to using d‐excess as a simple tracer for remote conditions at oceanic moisture sources.
Regional Geoengineering Using Tiny Glass Bubbles Would Accelerate the Loss of Arctic Sea Ice
Authors: Webster Melinda A. , Warren Stephen G. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractArctic sea ice might be preserved if its albedo could be increased. To this end, it has been proposed to spread hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) over the ice. We assess the radiative forcing that would result, by considering the areal coverages and spectral albedos of eight representative surface types, as well as the incident solar radiation, cloud properties, and spectral radiative properties of HGMs. HGMs can raise the albedo of new ice, but new ice occurs in autumn and winter when there is little sunlight. In spring the ice is covered by high‐albedo, thick snow. In summer the sunlight is intense, and the snow melts, so a substantial area is covered by dark ponds of meltwater, which could be an attractive target for attempted brightening. However, prior studies show that wind blows HGMs to the pond edges. A thin layer of HGMs has about 10% absorptance for solar radiation, so HGMs would darken any surfaces with albedo >0.61, such as snow‐covered ice. The net result is the opposite of what was intended: spreading HGMs would warm the Arctic climate and speed sea‐ice loss. If non‐absorbing HGMs could be manufactured, and if they could be transported and distributed without contamination by dark substances, they could cool the climate. The maximum benefit would be achieved by distribution during the month of May, resulting in an annual average radiative forcing for the Arctic Ocean of −3 Wm−2 if 360 megatons of HGMs were spread onto the ice annually.
Seasonal Dynamics of Dissolved Iron on the Antarctic Continental Shelf: Late‐Fall Observations From the Terra Nova Bay and Ross Ice Shelf Polynyas
Authors: Sedwick P. N. , Sohst B. M. , O’Hara C. , Stammerjohn S. E. , Loose B. , Dinniman M. S. , Buck N. J. , Resing J. A. , Ackley S. F. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOver the Ross Sea shelf, annual primary production is limited by dissolved iron (DFe) supply. Here, a major source of DFe to surface waters is thought to be vertical resupply from the benthos, which is assumed most prevalent during winter months when katabatic winds drive sea ice formation and convective overturn in coastal polynyas, although the impact of these processes on water‐column DFe distributions has not been previously documented. We collected hydrographic data and water‐column samples for trace metals analysis in the Terra Nova Bay and Ross Ice Shelf polynyas during April–May 2017 (late austral fall). In the Terra Nova Bay polynya, we observed intense katabatic wind events, and surface mixed layer depths varied from ∼250 to ∼600 m over lateral distances <10 km; there vertical mixing was just starting to excavate the dense, iron‐rich Shelf Waters, and there was also evidence of DFe inputs at shallower depths in the water column. In the Ross Ice Shelf polynya, wind speeds were lower, mixed layers were <300 m deep, and DFe distributions were similar to previous, late‐summer observations, with concentrations elevated near the seafloor. Corresponding measurements of dissolved manganese and zinc, and particulate iron, manganese, and aluminum, suggest that deep DFe maxima and some mid‐depth DFe maxima primarily reflect sedimentary inputs, rather than remineralization. Our data and model simulations imply that vertical resupply of DFe in the Ross Sea occurs mainly during mid‐late winter, and may be particularly sensitive to changes in the timing and extent of sea ice production.
Chenier Formation Through Wave Winnowing and Tides
Authors: Tas Silke A. J. , van Maren Dirk S. , Reniers Ad J. H. M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCheniers are ridges consisting of coarse‐grained sediments, resting on top of the fine sediment that forms the otherwise muddy coast. In this paper, we use Delft3D to explore how cheniers are formed through wave winnowing. We identify three phases of chenier development: (a) a winnowing phase, during which mud is washed out of the seabed initially consisting of a mixture of sand and mud, (b) a sand transport phase, when the sand in the upper layer is transported onshore, and (c) a crest formation phase, during which a chenier crest rapidly develops at the landward limit of onshore sediment transport. The main mechanism driving onshore sand transport is wave asymmetry. During calm conditions, sand transport takes place within a narrow band limiting the volume of sand delivered nearshore, and therefore no chenier develops. In contrast, average storm conditions mobilize sufficient sand for a crest to develop. Our results thus reveal that chenier formation through wave winnowing does not require extreme storm conditions. Furthermore, our study showed that chenier formation through wave winnowing is a relatively slow process, with the largest time scales associated with the winnowing and sand transport. Once sufficient sand is available in the intertidal zone, the crest develops rapidly.
Variations in Phytoplankton Primary Production Driven by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in the East/Japan Sea
Authors: Lee Dabin , Kang Jae Joong , Jo Naeun , Kim Kwanwoo , Jang Hyo Keun , Kim Myung Joon , Kim Yejin , Park Sanghoon , Son SeungHyun , Kwon Jae‐Il , Yun Mi Sun , Kang Chang‐Keun , Lee Sang Heon 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) regime is a major factor not only for the physical properties of the ocean but also for fishery and water resources. However, only a few studies have examined the impact of the PDO on the marine ecosystem in the East/Japan Sea. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between PDO and primary production (PP), and subsequent effects on the marine ecosystem were investigated in the East/Japan Sea using satellite data sets. PDO index showed a negative relationship with sea surface temperature (SST) and the contribution of the small phytoplankton to the total PP during the study period, whereas the mixed layer depth (MLD) and the PP showed a positive relationship with PDO index. The shallower MLD during the negative PDO phase indicates that vertical mixing may be weakened due to the stronger stratification caused by the higher SST than observed during the positive PDO phase. Consequently, we hypothesized that weakened vertical mixing may reduce nutrient supply to the euphotic layer, providing small‐sized phytoplankton favored environmental conditions during the negative PDO. It is noteworthy that PDO‐induced shoaling of the MLD was mainly observed in winter, which may influence the annual PP of the following year. This study shows that the annual PP in the East/Japan Sea can be largely affected through interactions between SST, MLD and subsequent changes in nutrient regime according to the PDO regime, which subsequently affects potential fishery resources in the East/Japan Sea.
Neurogenesis is disrupted in human hippocampal progenitor cells upon exposure to serum samples from hospitalized COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms
Authors: Borsini Alessandra , Merrick Blair , Edgeworth Jonathan , Mandal Gargi , Srivastava Deepak P. , Vernon Anthony C. , Nebbia Gaia , Thuret Sandrine , Pariante Carmine M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), represents an enormous new threat to our healthcare system and particularly to the health of older adults. Although the respiratory symptoms of COVID-19 are well recognized, the neurological manifestations, and their underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, have not been extensively studied yet. Our study is the first one to test the direct effect of serum from hospitalised COVID-19 patients on human hippocampal neurogenesis using a unique in vitro experimental assay with human hippocampal progenitor cells (HPC0A07/03 C). We identify the different molecular pathways activated by serum from COVID-19 patients with and without neurological symptoms (i.e., delirium), and their effects on neuronal proliferation, neurogenesis, and apoptosis. We collected serum sample twice, at time of hospital admission and approximately 5 days after hospitalization. We found that treatment with serum samples from COVID-19 patients with delirium (n = 18) decreased cell proliferation and neurogenesis, and increases apoptosis, when compared with serum samples of sex- and age-matched COVID-19 patients without delirium (n = 18). This effect was due to a higher concentration of interleukin 6 (IL6) in serum samples of patients with delirium (mean ± SD: 229.9 ± 79.1 pg/ml, vs. 32.5 ± 9.5 pg/ml in patients without delirium). Indeed, treatment of cells with an antibody against IL6 prevented the decreased cell proliferation and neurogenesis and the increased apoptosis. Moreover, increased concentration of IL6 in serum samples from delirium patients stimulated the hippocampal cells to produce IL12 and IL13, and treatment with an antibody against IL12 or IL13 also prevented the decreased cell proliferation and neurogenesis, and the increased apoptosis. Interestingly, treatment with the compounds commonly administered to acute COVID-19 patients (the Janus kinase inhibitors, baricitinib, ruxolitinib and tofacitinib) were able to restore normal cell viability, proliferation and neurogenesis by targeting the effects of IL12 and IL13. Overall, our results show that serum from COVID-19 patients with delirium can negatively affect hippocampal-dependent neurogenic processes, and that this effect is mediated by IL6-induced production of the downstream inflammatory cytokines IL12 and IL13, which are ultimately responsible for the detrimental cellular outcomes.