bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategy of Data Collection and Analysis for Comparing Policy Advisory Roles
Authors: Brans Marleen , Timmermans Arco , Real-Dato José 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents the research design of the ProSEPS comparative project on advisory roles of political scientists. In order to operationalize the theoretical concepts on policy advice and policy advisory roles as introduced in Chap. 2, the project uses the questions included in a large scale comparative survey to European political scientists conducted under the ProSEPS COST Action in 2018 to assess whether and how they engage in advisory activities. Chap. 3 first presents details about the content, scope, and implementation of this survey. Second, it describes how survey questions are used to operationalize the four basic types of advisory roles analyzed in the book (pure academic, expert, opinionating scholar, and public intellectual). Finally, the chapter also presents some details about the sample of 12 countries analyzed in the book, including on gender, job status, sub-disciplinary orientation, and external positions of political scientists.
A Small Discipline, Scarce Publicity, and Compromised Outward Reach: The Advisory Roles of Political Scientists in France
Authors: Squevin Pierre , Aubin David 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAlthough it has been developing and come through processes of institutionalization since WWII, French political science remains a small and rather marginalized discipline in search for visibility. Several tendencies work against the performance of a decisive advisory role from its part, especially the presence of an already solid and wide-ranging internal, in-house (state) expertise, which is still considered by many as a strong national asset. Consequently, it makes it hard for political scientists, as external academic actors, to exist in the eyes of decision-makers and achieve relevance. Nonetheless, driven by favourable attitudes towards an advisory and public engagement and the presence of facilitating conditions, we show that French political science infrequently manages to move in the policy advisory system. This chapter notably finds that political scientists might individually or collectively benefit from a participatory turn shaping the operation of advisory systems, that some level of boundary work takes place in relation with public administration, and that think tanks and sub-national actors’ reinforcement has opened opportunities for advice-giving and advice circulation. A case study about an important project of reform of the parliament illustrates how involvements from French political scientists in public debates and advisory activities might unfold and translate into practice.
Deepfake Detection Using Multiple Data Modalities
Authors: Hao Hanxiang , Bartusiak Emily R. , Güera David , Mas Montserrat Daniel , Baireddy Sriram , Xiang Ziyue , Yarlagadda Sri Kalyan , Shao Ruiting , Horváth János , Yang Justin , Zhu Fengqing , Delp Edward J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFalsified media threatens key areas of our society, ranging from politics to journalism to economics. Simple and inexpensive tools available today enable easy, credible manipulations of multimedia assets. Some even utilize advanced artificial intelligence concepts to manipulate media, resulting in videos known as deepfakes. Social media platforms and their “echo chamber” effect propagate fabricated digital content at scale, sometimes with dire consequences in real-world situations. However, ensuring semantic consistency across falsified media assets of different modalities is still very challenging for current deepfake tools. Therefore, cross-modal analysis (e.g., video-based and audio-based analysis) provides forensic analysts an opportunity to identify inconsistencies with higher accuracy. In this chapter, we introduce several approaches to detect deepfakes. These approaches leverage different data modalities, including video and audio. We show that the presented methods achieve accurate detection for various large-scale datasets.
Detecting Soft-Biometric Privacy Enhancement
Authors: Rot Peter , Peer Peter , Štruc Vitomir 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWith the proliferation of facial analytics and automatic recognition technology that can automatically extract a broad range of attributes from facial images, so-calledsoft-biometric privacy-enhancing techniques have seen increased interest from the computer vision community recently. Such techniques aim to suppress information on certain soft-biometric attributes (e.g., age, gender, ethnicity) in facial images and make unsolicited processing of the facial data infeasible. However, because the level of privacy protection ensured by these methods depends to a significant extent on the fact that privacy-enhanced images are processed in the same way as non-tampered images (and not treated differently), it is critical to understand whether privacy-enhancing manipulations can be detected automatically. To explore this issue, we design a novel approach for the detection of privacy-enhanced images in this chapter and study its performance with facial images processed by three recent privacy models. The proposed detection approach is based on a dedicated attribute recovery procedure that first tries to restore suppressed soft-biometric information and based on the result of the restoration procedure then infers whether a given probe image is privacy enhanced or not. It exploits the fact that a selected attribute classifier generates different attribute predictions when applied to the privacy-enhanced and attribute-recovered facial images. Thispredictionmismatch (PREM) is, therefore, used as a measure of privacy enhancement. In extensive experiments with three popular face datasets we show that the proposed PREM model is able to accurately detect privacy enhancement in facial images despite the fact that the technique requires no supervision, i.e., no examples of privacy-enhanced images are needed for training.
Towards Mapping of Noise Impact
Authors: Marki Ferenc , Rucz Peter , van Oosten Nico , Ganić Emir , Legriffon Ingrid 
Published: January 2022

AbstractNoise impact management goes hand in hand with the capability to predict the noise impact on exposed communities. Three tools to that purpose are presented in this chapter: the Noise Management Toolset (NMT), the Demo Virtual Community Tool (VCT) and Dynamic Noise Mapping. The NMT is a web-based tool giving stakeholders the opportunity to evaluate scenarios through not only noise exposure, but also noise impact, by introducing annoyance related metrics like the awakening index, with an easy-to-use interface. The VCT is the underlying research tool exploring and testing new indicators and options that might be of relevance to target audiences, such as land use planning information about location dependent activities or window insulation. The third approach, Dynamic Noise Mapping, adds the important aspect of population movement to classical noise mapping approaches where temporal changes of noise maps are tracked and included in noise exposure evaluation.
Balanced Approach to Aircraft Noise Management
Authors: Zaporozhets Oleksandr 
Published: January 2022

AbstractICAO Balanced Approach (BA) to aircraft noise management in airports is reviewed in accordance with historical and technological challenges. All four basic elements of the BA are subject to noise exposure control with dominant emphasis on reduction of noise at source and compatible land usage inside the noise zoning around the airports. Noise abatement procedures and flight restrictions are used at any airport due to its specific issues and should be implemented on a basis of cost–benefit analysis. Noise exposure reduction is an intermediate goal, a final goal—to reduce noise impact, which is mostly represented by population annoyance as a reaction to noise exposure, is discussed also.
Acetabular labral tear is associated with high pelvic incidence with or without femoroacetabular impingement morphology
Authors: Kwon Hyuck Min , Cho Byung-Woo , Kim Sungjun , Yang Ick-Hwan , Park Kwan Kyu , Son Nak-Hoon , Lee Woo-Suk 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between pelvic sagittal parameters and acetabular labral tears.

Methods
Three-hundred and sixty-five patients (449 hips) who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or magnetic resonance arthrogram (MRA) for hip pain were enrolled in this study. Pelvic sagittal parameters, including the pelvic incidence, pelvic tilt, and sacral slope, were measured with a standing lumbosacral lateral radiograph. All subjects were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of radiologic acetabular labral tears and compared. Furthermore, the two groups were divided into subgroups according to whether femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) morphology was present or not and compared.

Results
Pelvic incidence was greater in the labral tear group than in the non-labral tear group (52.3° ± 8.2° versus 47.1° ± 6.8°, p < 0.001). After accounting for potentially confounding variables, we found that higher age (odds ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02 to 1.06, p = 0.001), FAI (odds ratio 15.11, 95% CI 7.43 to 30.75, p < 0.001), and high pelvic incidence (odds ratio 1.13, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.17, p < 0.001) were independently associated with acetabular labral tear. When only the patients without FAI (308 hips) were divided into groups with and without acetabular labral tear, we found that higher age (odds ratio 1.03, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.06, p = 0.008) and high pelvic incidence (odds ratio 1.15, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.19, p < 0.001) were independently associated with acetabular labral tear.

Conclusion
Acetabular labral tear is associated with high pelvic incidence with or without FAI morphology.

Level of evidence
III.
Does direct farm marketing fulfill its promises? analyzing job satisfaction among direct-market farmers in Canada
Authors: Azima Stevens , Mundler Patrick 
Published: January 2022

AbstractShort food supply chains have become the focus of considerable research in the last two decades. However, studies so far remain highly localized, and claims about the economic and social advantages of such channels for farmers are not backed by large-scale empirical evidence. Using a web survey of 613 direct-market farmers across Canada, this article explores the potential economic and social benefits that farmers derive from participating in short food supply chains. We used multivariate analysis to test whether a farmer’s degree of involvement in direct food channels is positively correlated with levels of work enjoyment, social satisfaction, and economic satisfaction. The results indicate that, overall, direct-market farmers report high levels of occupational satisfaction, although work-related challenges persist, such as stress, excessive workloads, and competition. Farmer participation in short food chains was also a positive predictor of work enjoyment and economic satisfaction, but not of social satisfaction, as measured by the share of total farm sales attributable to direct selling. Net annual farm revenue, the share of direct food sales involving a middleman, age, and gender also correlated with one or more dimensions of occupational satisfaction.
Relational Factors and HIV Testing Practices: Qualitative Insights from Urban Refugee Youth in Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Logie Carmen H. , Okumu Moses , Latif Maya , Parker Samantha , Hakiza Robert , Kibuuka Musoke Daniel , Mwima Simon , Batte Shamilah , Kyambadde Peter 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDespite the global phenomenon of refugee urbanization, little is known of relational contexts that shape HIV testing among urban refugee youth. We explored perspectives, experiences, and preferences for social support in HIV testing among refugee youth aged 16–24 in Kampala, Uganda. We conducted five focus groups with refugee youth (n = 44) and five in-depth key informant interviews. Participant narratives signaled relational contexts shaping HIV testing included informal sources (intimate partners and family members) and formal sources (peer educators and professionals). There was heterogeneity in perspectives based on relationship dynamics. While some felt empowered to test with partners, others feared negative relationship consequences. Participant narratives reflected kinship ties that could facilitate testing with family, while others feared coercion and judgment. Peer support was widely accepted. Professional support was key for HIV testing as well as conflict-related trauma. Findings emphasize bonding and bridging social capital as salient components of enabling HIV testing environments.
Oral PrEP Consultations Among Adolescent Girls and Young Women in Kisumu County, Kenya: Insights from the DREAMS Program
Authors: Heck Craig J. , Mathur Sanyukta , Alwang’a Habel , Daniel Oluoch-Madiang’ , Obanda Rael , Owiti Mophine , Okal Jerry 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAlthough Kenya nationally scaled up oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in May 2017, adolescent girls’ (AG, aged 15–19 years) and young women’s (YW, aged 20–24 years) PrEP use remains suboptimal. Thus, we analyzed PrEP consultations—interactions with a healthcare provider about PrEP—among Kenyan AGYW. In April-June 2018, AGYW enrolled in DREAMS in Kisumu County, Kenya self-reported their HIV-related knowledge, behaviors, and service use. Among HIV negative, sexually active AG (n = 154) and YW (n = 289), we examined associations between PrEP eligibility and PrEP consultations using prevalence ratios (PR, adjusted: aPR). Most AG (90.26%) and YW (94.12%) were PrEP-eligible due to inconsistent/no condom use, violence survivorship, or recent sexually transmitted infection symptoms. Between PrEP-eligible AG and YW, more YW were ever-orphaned (58.09%), ever-married (54.41%), ever-pregnant (80.88%), and out of school (78.31%); more PrEP-eligible YW reported PrEP consultations (41.18% vs. 24.46%, aPR = 1.51 [1.01–2.27]). AG who used PEP (post-exposure prophylaxis) reported more consultations (aPR = 5.63 [3.53–8.97]). Among YW, transactional sex engagers reported more consultations (58.62% vs. 39.09%, PR = 1.50 [1.06–2.12]), but only PEP use (aPR = 2.81 [2.30–3.43]) and multiple partnerships (aPR = 1.39 [1.06–1.82]) were independently associated with consultations. Consultations were lowest among those with 1 eligibility criterion (AG = 11.11%/YW = 27.18%). Comparatively, consultations were higher among AG and YW with 2 (aPR = 3.71 [1.64–8.39], PR = 1.60 [1.07–2.38], respectively) or ≥ 3 (aPR = 2.51 [1.09–5.78], PR = 2.05 [1.42–2.97], respectively) eligibility criteria. Though most AGYW were PrEP-eligible, PrEP consultations were rare and differed by age and vulnerability. In high-incidence settings, PrEP consultations should be conducted with all AGYW. PrEP provision guidelines must be re-assessed to accelerate AGYW’s PrEP access.
Employer and Co-worker Perspectives on Hiring and Working with People with Mental Health Conditions
Authors: Shahwan Shazana , Yunjue Zhang , Satghare Pratika , Vaingankar Janhavi Ajit , Maniam Yogeswary , Janrius Goh Chong Min , Lin Teh Wen , Roystonn Kumarasan , Subramaniam Mythily 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to understand perspectives towards hiring and working with people with mental health conditions (PMHC). Semi-structured interviews with 25 employers and 20 co-workers were carried out. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The barriers to hiring and working with PMHC identified through the interviews were concerns about safety, incompetence, PMHC not being able to get along with others, requiring more training and supervision as well as medical costs and reputational risks to the hiring organisation. Employers and co-workers suggested that improving mental health literacy of staff, pairing the PMHC with trained work buddies, having access to mental professionals when needed, and providing incentives for hiring PMHC such as tax rebates are likely to improve attitudes towards hiring and working with PMHC. Their suggestions for the additional supports required should be considered when developing initiatives to promote inclusivity of PMHC in workplaces.
The Incidence of Pension Contributions: A Panel Based Analysis of the Impact of Pension Contributions on Labor Cost, Wages and Labor Supply
Authors: Bosch Nicole , van Ewijk Casper , Micevska Scharf Maja , Muns Sander 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOne of the key elements in the planned pension reform in the Netherlands is to abolish the implicit subsidy from younger to older workers inherent in pension schemes with age independent contribution and accrual rates. This paper investigates the impact of changes in contribution rates on wages, labor costs and labor supply using a rich administrative data set covering individual employees in the Netherlands for the period 2006–2012. With a panel-based approach and data on both marginal and average contribution rates we aim to provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the incidence and labor supply (in hours) effects of pension contributions. For a two-year change in pension contributions we find that 70% of this change is passed on to the labor costs of employers, while 30% is passed on to the net wage of the employee. No significant effects are found for labor supply. At least in the short and medium run, our results seem at variance with the standard demand-and-supply model for the labor market, but are consistent with a bargaining model.
How Do We Deal with Uncertain Information? Effects of Verbal and Visual Expressions of Uncertainty on Learning
Authors: Glaser Manuela , Lengyel Dominik , Toulouse Catherine , Schwan Stephan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBased on the knowledge generation model for visual analytics including uncertainty propagation and human trust building (Sacha et al. 2016), the cognitive theory of multimedia learning (Mayer, 2014), the multimedia principle (Butcher, 2014), and previous studies on the effects of different uncertainty visualization styles, an integrated theoretical approach is proposed to examine the influence of different degrees of information uncertainty and different uncertainty visualization styles on processing pictures of two archeological reconstructions with accompanying audio explanations presented in a multimedia learning environment. A 4 × 3 design with condition (without uncertainty visualization vs. stop light colors vs. geometric contrast vs. both uncertainty visualizations) as the between-subjects factor and uncertainty value (uncertain vs. medium vs. certain) as the within-subject factor was used. The results showed that appearance of certain content, its uncertainty values, and their verbal scientific justifications were remembered better than uncertain ones. Furthermore, stop light colors enhanced the memory of uncertainty values compared to no uncertainty visualization and were better understood, discriminated, and transferred than geometric contrast. Geometric contrast decreased the memory of the appearance of uncertain architectural elements compared to no uncertainty visualization and was better than stop light colors regarding the memory of the appearance of certain architectural elements. The study integrates and extends existing theories by showing that certain contents are processed with higher priority than uncertain contents and that the multimedia effect is also valid for metainformation such as the uncertainties of contents. Finally, recommendations for designing learning material including uncertainty visualizations are given.
An empirical study on self-admitted technical debt in Dockerfiles
Authors: Azuma Hideaki , Matsumoto Shinsuke , Kamei Yasutaka , Kusumoto Shinji 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn software development, ad hoc solutions that are intentionally implemented by developers are called self-admitted technical debt (SATD). Because the existence of SATD spreads poor implementations, it is necessary to remove it as soon as possible. Meanwhile, container virtualization has been attracting attention in recent years as a technology to support infrastructure such as servers. Currently, Docker is the de facto standard for container virtualization. In Docker, a file describing how to build a container (Dockerfile) is a set of procedural instructions; thus, it can be considered as a kind of source code. Moreover, because Docker is a relatively new technology, there are few developers who have accumulated good or bad practices for building Docker container. Hence, it is likely that Dockerfiles contain many SATDs, as is the case with general programming language source code analyzed in previous SATD studies. The goal of this paper is to categorize SATDs in Dockerfiles and to share knowledge with developers and researchers. To achieve this goal, we conducted a manual classification for SATDs in Dockerfile. We found that about 3.0% of the comments in Dockerfile are SATD. In addition, we have classified SATDs into five classes and eleven subclasses. Among them, there are some SATDs specific to Docker, such as SATDs for version fixing and for integrity check. The three most common classes of SATD were related to lowering maintainability, testing, and defects.
Weapons of moral construction? On the value of fairness in algorithmic decision-making
Authors: Giovanola Benedetta , Tiribelli Simona 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFairness is one of the most prominent values in the Ethics and Artificial Intelligence (AI) debate and, specifically, in the discussion on algorithmic decision-making (ADM). However, while the need for fairness in ADM is widely acknowledged, the very concept of fairness has not been sufficiently explored so far. Our paper aims to fill this gap and claims that an ethically informed re-definition of fairness is needed to adequately investigate fairness in ADM. To achieve our goal, after an introductory section aimed at clarifying the aim and structure of the paper, in section “Fairness in algorithmic decision-making” we provide an overview of the state of the art of the discussion on fairness in ADM and show its shortcomings; in section “Fairness as an ethical value”, we pursue an ethical inquiry into the concept of fairness, drawing insights from accounts of fairness developed in moral philosophy, and define fairness as an ethical value. In particular, we argue that fairness is articulated in a distributive and socio-relational dimension; it comprises three main components: fair equality of opportunity, equal right to justification, and fair equality of relationship; these components are grounded in the need to respect persons both as persons and as particular individuals. In section “Fairness in algorithmic decision-making revised”, we analyze the implications of our redefinition of fairness as an ethical value on the discussion of fairness in ADM and show that each component of fairness has profound effects on the criteria that ADM ought to meet. Finally, in section “Concluding remarks”, we sketch some broader implications and conclude.
Instilling moral value alignment by means of multi-objective reinforcement learning
Authors: Rodriguez-Soto Manel , Serramia Marc , Lopez-Sanchez Maite , Rodriguez-Aguilar Juan Antonio 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAI research is being challenged with ensuring that autonomous agents learn to behave ethically, namely in alignment with moral values. Here, we propose a novel way of tackling the value alignment problem as a two-step process. The first step consists on formalising moral values and value aligned behaviour based on philosophical foundations. Our formalisation is compatible with the framework of (Multi-Objective) Reinforcement Learning, to ease the handling of an agent’s individual and ethical objectives. The second step consists in designing an environment wherein an agent learns to behave ethically while pursuing its individual objective. We leverage on our theoretical results to introduce an algorithm that automates our two-step approach. In the cases where value-aligned behaviour is possible, our algorithm produces a learning environment for the agent wherein it will learn a value-aligned behaviour.