bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organ manifestations of COVID-19: what have we learned so far (not only) from autopsies?
Authors: Jonigk Danny , Werlein Christopher , Acker Till , Aepfelbacher Martin , Amann Kerstin U. , Baretton Gustavo , Barth Peter , Bohle Rainer M. , Büttner Andreas , Büttner Reinhard , Dettmeyer Reinhard , Eichhorn Philip , Elezkurtaj Sefer , Esposito Irene , Evert Katja , Evert Matthias , Fend Falko , Gaßler Nikolaus , Gattenlöhner Stefan , Glatzel Markus , Göbel Heike , Gradhand Elise , Hansen Torsten , Hartmann Arndt , Heinemann Axel , Heppner Frank L. , Hilsenbeck Julia , Horst David , Kamp Jan C. , Mall Gita , Märkl Bruno , Ondruschka Benjamin , Pablik Jessica , Pfefferle Susanne , Quaas Alexander , Radbruch Helena , Röcken Christoph , Rosenwald Andreas , Roth Wilfried , Rudelius Martina , Schirmacher Peter , Slotta-Huspenina Julia , Smith Kevin , Sommer Linna , Stock Konrad , Ströbel Philipp , Strobl Stephanie , Titze Ulf , Weirich Gregor , Weis Joachim , Werner Martin , Wickenhauser Claudia , Wiech Thorsten , Wild Peter , Welte Tobias , von Stillfried Saskia , Boor Peter 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe use of autopsies in medicine has been declining. The COVID-19 pandemic has documented and rejuvenated the importance of autopsies as a tool of modern medicine. In this review, we discuss the various autopsy techniques, the applicability of modern analytical methods to understand the pathophysiology of COVID-19, the major pathological organ findings, limitations or current studies, and open questions. This article summarizes published literature and the consented experience of the nationwide network of clinical, neuro-, and forensic pathologists from 27 German autopsy centers with more than 1200 COVID-19 autopsies. The autopsy tissues revealed that SARS-CoV-2 can be found in virtually all human organs and tissues, and the majority of cells. Autopsies have revealed the organ and tissue tropism of SARS-CoV-2, and the morphological features of COVID-19. This is characterized by diffuse alveolar damage, combined with angiocentric disease, which in turn is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, (micro-) thrombosis, vasoconstriction, and intussusceptive angiogenesis. These findings explained the increased pulmonary resistance in COVID-19 and supported the recommendations for antithrombotic treatment in COVID-19. In contrast, in extra-respiratory organs, pathological changes are often nonspecific and unclear to which extent these changes are due to direct infection vs. indirect/secondary mechanisms of organ injury, or a combination thereof. Ongoing research using autopsies aims at answering questions on disease mechanisms, e.g., focusing on variants of concern, and future challenges, such as post-COVID conditions. Autopsies are an invaluable tool in medicine and national and international interdisciplinary collaborative autopsy-based research initiatives are essential.
Cytomegalovirus immune evasion sets the functional avidity threshold for protection by CD8 T cells
Authors: Hamdan Sara , Reddehase Matthias J. , Holtappels Rafaela 
Published: April 2022

AbstractConflicting hallmarks are attributed to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. CMVs are viewed as being master tacticians in “immune evasion” by subverting essentially all pathways of innate and adaptive immunity. On the other hand, CMV disease is undeniably restricted to the immunologically immature or immunocompromised host, whereas an intact immune system prevents virus spread, cytopathogenic tissue infection, and thus pathological organ manifestations. Therefore, the popular term “immune evasion” is apparently incongruous with the control of CMV infections in the immunocompetent human host as well as in experimental non-human primate and rodent models. Here, we review recent work from the mouse model that resolves this obvious discrepancy for the example of the virus-specific CD8 T-cell response. Immune evasion proteins encoded by murine CMV (mCMV) interfere with the cell surface trafficking of antigenic peptide-loaded MHC class-I (pMHC-I) complexes and thereby reduce their numbers available for interaction with T-cell receptors of CD8 T cells; but this inhibition is incomplete. As a consequence, while CD8 T cells with low interaction avidity fail to receive sufficient signaling for triggering their antiviral effector function in the presence of immune evasion proteins in infected cells, a few pMHC-I complexes that escape to the cell surface are sufficient for sensitizing high-avidity CD8 T cells. It is thus proposed that the function of immune evasion proteins is to raise the avidity threshold for activation, so that in the net result, only high-avidity cells can protect. An example showing that immune evasion proteins can make the difference between life and death is the lacking control of infection in a mouse model of MHC-I histoincompatible hematopoietic cell transplantation (allogeneic-HCT). In this model, only low-avidity CD8 T cells become reconstituted by HCT and almost all infected HCT recipients die of multiple-organ CMV disease when immune evasion proteins are expressed. In contrast, lowering the avidity threshold for antigen recognition by deletion of immune evasion proteins allowed control of infection and rescued from death.
Prevalence and diversity of avian haemosporidian parasites across islands of Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Amaya-Mejia Wilmer , Dodge Molly , Morris Brett , Dumbacher John P. , Sehgal Ravinder N. M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe taxonomically diverse and relatively understudied avifauna of Papua New Guinea’s (PNG) island archipelagos provide a unique ecological framework for studying haemosporidian parasite differentiation and geographic structure. We implemented molecular and phylogenetic analyses of partial mitochondrial DNA sequences to assess the host distribution of 3 genera of vector-transmitted avian blood parasites (Plasmodium,LeucocytozoonandHaemoproteus) across a range of islands off the southeastern tip of PNG. We identified 40 new lineages of haemosporidians, including five lineages belonging toLeucocytozoon, a genus not previously described in this region.Leucocytozooninfections were only observed on the larger, human-inhabited islands. Lineages belonging toHaemoproteuswere diverse and had broad geographic distribution. Compared to the mainland,Haemoproteusparasites on the smaller, more distant islands had greater host specificity and lower infection prevalence. The black sunbird (Leptocoma aspasia), a commonly caught species, was shown to be a rare host forHaemoproteusspp. infections. Moreover, although birds of the genusPitohuiharbor a neurotoxin (homobatrachotoxin), they demonstrated an infection prevalence comparable to other bird species. The islands of PNG display heterogeneous patterns of haemosporidian diversity, distribution and host-specificity and serve as a valuable model system for studying host-parasite-vector interactions.
Current status of intestinal parasitosis among patients attending teaching hospitals in Zagazig district, Northeastern Egypt
Authors: Omar Marwa , Abdelal Heba O. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAlmost 80% of health problems in the developing world are due to malnutrition and infectious diseases, which are mainly parasitic. Updated records on the prevalence of parasitic infections and the potential risk factors are essential to enhancing control strategies. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the current situation of intestinal parasitism among patients attending teaching hospitals in Zagazig district, Northeastern Egypt. The study involved five hundred cases. They were all subjected to faecal examination using direct smear measure and two commercial faecal concentrators: Mini-Parasep® solvent-free and Mini-FLOTAC procedures. Mini-FLOTAC was performed with two solutions (FS2: saturated sodium chloride and FS7: zinc sulphate). The overall prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections was 56%. Different species were identified, likeGiardia lamblia(12.6%),Entamoeba histolytica/dispar(10%),Ascaris lumbricoides(8.8%) andHymenolepis nana(8.6%). Data analyses revealed a significant association of intestinal parasitism with different socio-demographic features of the participants. Our results showed a better diagnostic performance of Mini-Parasep® in the overall recovery of intestinal parasites. It was more accurate than Mini-FLOTAC in diagnosing both helminths and protozoan infections. Mini-FLOTAC (FS2) exhibited a higher sensitivity than FS7 for helminth recovery (74.6% vs 53.4%), while FS7 was more sensitive for protozoan infections (50.6% vs 43.8%). Intestinal parasitosis remains a challenging health problem in Zagazig city, wherever reliable diagnostic approaches are limited. Thus, our study has proposed the value of the commercial concentrators (Mini-Parasep® and Mini-FLOTAC) as alternative techniques for diagnosing a large variety of parasite species in resource-constrained settings.
First description of Eucoleus garfiai (Gallego and Mas-Coma, 1975) in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Italy
Authors: Pacifico Laura , Sgadari Maria Francesca , D’Alessio Nicola , Buono Francesco , Restucci Brunella , Sgroi Giovanni , Ottaviano Martina , Antoniciello Martina , Fioretti Alessandro , Tamponi Claudia , Varcasia Antonio , Veneziano Vincenzo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Eucoleus garfiai (syn. Capillaria garfiai) is a nematode infecting lingual tissue of domestic and wild swine. Prevalence data for this parasite are scant and often related to accidental findings, occurring only in Japan and a few European countries. In this study, an epidemiological survey was performed in order to identify E. garfiai in wild boar from the Campania region, southern Italy. A total of 153 wild boar carcasses were inspected over the course of two hunting seasons (2019–2020). Histological examinations were performed on tongue samples fixed and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The scraping of dorsal tongue tissue was carried out to collect adult worms for parasitological examination. Out of 153 wild boars, 40 (26.1%, 95% CI: 19.8–33.6%) tested positive for helminths and/or eggs in tongue tissues. Parasites were identified morphologically and identification was confirmed by molecular analysis of the 18S rRNA gene, showing a 99% nucleotide match with E. garfiai sequences available in literature. No statistically significant differences were found according to age, sex nor hunting province. Our findings agree with previous histopathological data confirming the low pathogenic impact of this nematode. The present study represents the first report of E. garfiai in wild boar from Italy.
A continuous model for the simulation of manufacturing swarm robotics
Authors: Auricchio Ferdinando 
Published: April 2022

AbstractManufacturing large and/or complex structural components is today non-trivial and far-too expensive, due to limitations in the state-of-the-art production processes. Swarm robotics could then bring a different perspective and it may promise flexible, autonomous, and highly robust solutions for a large variety of applications; hence, its adoption in industry and construction may change manufacturing rules. The present contribution introduces a continuous model to capture the behavior of a swarm of manufacturing agents (e.g., drones, 3D printers, etc.. ) as well as a very simple, but effective, numerical implementation to simulate the evolution of such a swarm. The paper also presents one- and two-dimensional examples, showing the potentiality of the proposed approach in predicting swarm behaviors.
Deviation from proportionality and Lorenz-domination for claims problems
Authors: Mirás Calvo Miguel Ángel , Núñez Lugilde Iago , Quinteiro Sandomingo Carmen , Sánchez-Rodríguez Estela 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe Lorenz order is commonly used to compare rules for claims problems. In this paper, we incorporate the average of awards rule, the mean value of the set of awards vectors for a claims problem, to the ranking of the standard rules by proving some properties that are satisfied by this rule. We define a pair of coefficients, inspired by the Gini index, aimed at measuring, for any given claims problem, the discrepancy between the awards assigned by a rule and the proportional division. We generalize the proportionality deviation indices by introducing coefficients that measure the deviation between the awards selected by any two division rules. We show how these deviation indices are related to the Lorenz order.
Development of a transition readiness score for adolescents living with perinatally-acquired HIV and transitioning to adult care
Authors: Zanoni Brian C. , Musinguzi Nicholas , Archary Moherndran , Sibaya Thobekile , Haberer Jessica E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract We created a transition readiness score for adolescents with perinatally-acquired HIV as they transition from pediatric to adult care. Of the 199 adolescents who transitioned to adult care, 84 (42%) had viral suppression (< 200 copies/ml) one year after transition. Adolescents on first-line ART, with documented HIV status disclosure, and higher rating on the HIV Adolescent Readiness to Transition Scale had significantly higher odds of viral suppression after transition. Conversely, females, those with older age at ART initiation, and those with prior alcohol use had significantly lower odds of viral suppression after transition. Using these data, we created a transition readiness score organized into low, intermediate, and high levels of transition readiness. This transition readiness score can be used to identify adolescents who are likely ready to transition to adult care and identify additional areas for intervention to improve the likelihood of successful transition for those with lower transition readiness scores.
Mechanistic understanding of the toxic effects of arsenic and warfare arsenicals on human health and environment
Authors: Muzaffar Suhail , Khan Jasim , Srivastava Ritesh , Gorbatyuk Marina S. , Athar Mohammad 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWorldwide, more than 200 million people are estimated to be exposed to unsafe levels of arsenic. Chronic exposure to unsafe levels of groundwater arsenic is responsible for multiple human disorders, including dermal, cardiovascular, neurological, pulmonary, renal, and metabolic conditions. Consumption of rice and seafood (where high levels of arsenic are accumulated) is also responsible for human exposure to arsenic. The toxicity of arsenic compounds varies greatly and may depend on their chemical form, solubility, and concentration. Surprisingly, synthetic organoarsenicals are extremely toxic molecules which created interest in their development as chemical warfare agents (CWAs) during World War I (WWI). Among these CWAs, adamsite, Clark I, Clark II, and lewisite are of critical importance, as stockpiles of these agents still exist worldwide. In addition, unused WWII weaponized arsenicals discarded in water bodies or buried in many parts of the world continue to pose a serious threat to the environment and human health. Metabolic inhibition, oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and epigenetic alterations including micro-RNA-dependent regulation are some of the underlying mechanisms of arsenic toxicity. Mechanistic understanding of the toxicity of organoarsenicals is also critical for the development of effective therapeutic interventions. This review provides comprehensive details and a critical assessment of recently published data on various chemical forms of arsenic, their exposure, and implications on human and environmental health.
Graphical abstract
Cerebrospinal Fluid Profile of Lipid Mediators in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Do Khanh V. , Hjorth Erik , Wang Ying , Jun Bokkyoo , Kautzmann Marie-Audrey I. , Ohshima Makiko , Eriksdotter Maria , Schultzberg Marianne , Bazan Nicolas G. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) develops into dementia over a period of several years, during which subjective cognitive impairment (SCI) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) can be used as intermediary diagnoses of increasing severity. Chronic neuroinflammation resulting from insufficient resolution is involved in the pathogenesis of AD and is associated with cognitive impairment. Specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (LMs) that promote the resolution of inflammation may be valuable markers in AD diagnosis and as therapeutic targets. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to analyze pro-resolving and pro-inflammatory LMs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with cognitive impairment ranging from subjective impairment to a diagnosis of AD and correlated to cognition, CSF tau, and β-amyloid. Resolvin (Rv) D4, RvD1, neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), maresin 1 (MaR1), and RvE4 were lower in AD and/or MCI compared to SCI. The pro-inflammatory LTB4 and 15-HETE were higher in AD and MCI, respectively, while PGD2, PGE2, and PGF2a were decreased in AD, compared to SCI. RvD4 was also negatively correlated to AD tangle biomarkers, and positive correlations to cognitive test scores were observed for both pro-resolving LMs and their precursor fatty acids. In this exploratory study of the lipidome in CSF of AD, MCI, and SCI, the results indicate a shift in the LM profile from pro-resolving to pro-inflammatory in progression to AD, suggesting that it may be of use as a biomarker when followed by confirmation by replication studies.
Graphical Abstract
Additive free choice items
Authors: Fălăuş Anamaria , Nicolae Andreea C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we aim to account for the distribution and interpretation of a novel class of free choice items in Romanian, which we refer to as additive free choice items (ADD-FCIs). We show that the internal composition of ADD-FCIs, as well as their distribution, differs from that attested for other free choice paradigms discussed in the literature. Morphologically, ADD-FCIs are a more complex variant of regular universal FCIs, by virtue of an additional morpheme. This morpheme plays an additive role when it functions as a stand-alone particle, and we propose that its role is similarly additive when it functions as an infix in ADD-FCIs. Couched in an exhaustification framework, we put forward a novel compositional account that can derive the interpretation of these ADD-FCIs. As for their distribution, these elements are only found in the presence of the conditional mood, as well as unconditional structures. We show how our analysis, coupled with the Viability Constraint used to explain the distribution of regular FCIs, can also account for their restricted distribution. In doing so, we further show how the pattern we investigate opens new perspectives regarding the licensing of free choice items in unconditionals.
Benchmarking Advantage and D-Wave 2000Q quantum annealers with exact cover problems
Authors: Willsch Dennis , Willsch Madita , Gonzalez Calaza Carlos D. , Jin Fengping , De Raedt Hans , Svensson Marika , Michielsen Kristel 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe benchmark the quantum processing units of the largest quantum annealers to date, the $$5000+$$

5000
+

qubit quantum annealer Advantage and its 2000+ qubit predecessor D-Wave 2000Q, using tail assignment and exact cover problems from aircraft scheduling scenarios. The benchmark set contains small, intermediate, and large problems with both sparsely connected and almost fully connected instances. We find that Advantage outperforms D-Wave 2000Q for almost all problems, with a notable increase in success rate and problem size. In particular, Advantage is also able to solve the largest problems with 120 logical qubits that D-Wave 2000Q cannot solve anymore. Furthermore, problems that can still be solved by D-Wave 2000Q are solved faster by Advantage. We find, however, that D-Wave 2000Q can achieve better success rates for sparsely connected problems that do not require the many new couplers present on Advantage, so improving the connectivity of a quantum annealer does not per se improve its performance.
Onion under Microscope: An in-depth analysis of the Tor Web
Authors: Bernaschi Massimo , Celestini Alessandro , Cianfriglia Marco , Guarino Stefano , Lombardi Flavio , Mastrostefano Enrico 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTor is an open source software that allows accessing various kinds of resources, known as hidden services, while guaranteeing sender and receiver anonymity. Tor relies on a free, worldwide, overlay network, managed by volunteers, that works according to the principles of onion routing in which messages are encapsulated in layers of encryption, analogous to layers of an onion. The Tor Web is the set of web resources that exist on the Tor network, and Tor websites are part of the so-called dark web. Recent research works have evaluated Tor security, its evolution over time, and its thematic organization. Nevertheless, limited information is available about the structure of the graph defined by the network of Tor websites, not to be mistaken with the network of nodes that supports the onion routing. The limited number of entry points that can be used to crawl the network, makes the study of this graph far from being simple. In the present paper we analyze two graph representations of the Tor Web and the relationship between contents and structural features, considering three crawling datasets collected over a five-month time frame. Among other findings, we show that Tor consists of a tiny strongly connected component, in which link directories play a central role, and of a multitude of services that can (only) be reached from there. From this viewpoint, the graph appears inefficient. Nevertheless, if we only consider mutual connections, a more efficient subgraph emerges, that is, probably, the backbone of social interactions in Tor.
Response—Liminality and the Mirage of Settlement
Authors: Hooker Claire , Kerridge Ian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLittle and colleagues’ (1998) paper describing a key aspect of cancer patients’ experience, that of “liminality,” is remarkable for giving articulation to a very common and yet mostly overlooked aspect of patient experience. Little et. al. offered a formulation of liminality that deliberately set aside the concept’s more common use in analysing social rituals, in order to grasp at the interior experience that arises when failing bodily function and awareness of mortality are forced into someone’s consciousness, as occurs with a diagnosis of cancer. We set out the reasons as to why this analysis was so significant in 1998—but we also consider how the “liminality” described by Little and colleagues was (as they suggested) a feature of modernity, founded on what we term “the mirage of settlement.” We argue that this mirage is impossible to sustain in 2022 amid the many forms of un-settling that have characterized late modernity, including climate change and COVID-19. We argue that many people in developed nations now experience liminality as a result of the being forced into the consciousness of living in a continued state of coloniality. We thus rejoin the social aspects of liminality to the interior, Existential form described by Little et. al.
SEOM-GETTHI clinical guideline for the practical management of molecular platforms (2021)
Authors: de la Haba-Rodriguez Juan , Lloret Ferran Ferragut , Salgado Maria Angeles Vaz , Arce Martín Oré , Gutiérrez Ana Cardeña , Jiménez Jesús García-Donas , Zambrano Carmen Beato , Alonso Rosa María Rodríguez , López Rafael López , Salas Nuria Rodriguez 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe improvement of molecular alterations in cancer as well as the development of technology has allowed us to bring closer to clinical practice the determination of molecular alterations in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. The use of multidetermination platforms is spreading in most Spanish hospitals. The objective of these clinical practice guides is to review their usefulness, and establish usage guidelines that guide their incorporation into clinical practice.