bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stroke Acute Management and Outcomes During the COVID-19 Outbreak
Authors: Fuentes Blanca , Alonso de Leciñana María , García-Madrona Sebastián , Díaz-Otero Fernando , Aguirre Clara , Calleja Patricia , Egido José A. , Carneado-Ruiz Joaquín , Ruiz-Ares Gerardo , Rodríguez-Pardo Jorge , Rodríguez-López Ángela , Ximénez-Carrillo Álvaro , de Felipe Alicia , Ostos Fernando , González-Ortega Guillermo , Simal Patricia , Gómez Escalonilla Carlos I. , Gómez-Porro-Sánchez Pablo , Desanvicente Zayrho , Reig Gemma , Gil-Núñez Antonio , Masjuán Jaime , Díez-Tejedor Exuperio 
Published: March 2022

Background and Purpose:
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has added challenges to providing quality acute stroke care due to the reallocation of stroke resources to COVID-19. Case series suggest that patients with COVID-19 have more severe strokes; however, no large series have compared stroke outcomes with contemporary non–COVID-19 patients. Purpose was to analyze the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in stroke care and to evaluate stroke outcomes according to the diagnosis of COVID-19.

Methods:
Retrospective multicenter cohort study including consecutive acute stroke patients admitted to 7 stroke centers from February 25 to April 25, 2020 (first 2 months of the COVID-19 outbreak in Madrid). The quality of stroke care was measured by the number of admissions, recanalization treatments, and time metrics. The primary outcome was death or dependence at discharge.

Results:

A total of 550 acute stroke patients were admitted. A significant reduction in the number of admissions and secondary interhospital transfers was found. COVID-19 was confirmed in 105 (19.1%) patients, and a further 19 patients were managed as suspected COVID-19 (3.5%). No differences were found in the rates of reperfusion therapies in ischemic strokes (45.5% non–COVID-19, 35.7% confirmed COVID-19, and 40% suspected COVID-19;
P
=0.265). However, the COVID-19 group had longer median door-to-puncture time (110 versus 80 minutes), which was associated with the performance of chest computed tomography. Multivariate analysis confirmed poorer outcomes for confirmed or suspected COVID-19 (adjusted odds ratios, 2.05 [95% CI, 1.12–3.76] and 3.56 [95% CI, 1.15–11.05], respectively).

Conclusions:
This study confirms that patients with COVID-19 have more severe strokes and poorer outcomes despite similar acute management. A well-established stroke care network helps to diminish the impact of such an outbreak in stroke care, reducing secondary transfers and allowing maintenance of reperfusion therapies, with a minor impact on door-to-puncture times, which were longer in patients who underwent chest computed tomography.
Mobile Stroke Units Facilitate Prehospital Management of Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Cooley S. Regan , Zhao Henry , Campbell Bruce C.V. , Churilov Leonid , Coote Skye , Easton Damien , Langenberg Francesca , Stephenson Michael , Yan Bernard , Desmond Patricia M. , Mitchell Peter J. , Parsons Mark W. , Donnan Geoffrey A. , Davis Stephen M. , Yassi Nawaf ,   on behalf of the Melbourne Mobile Stroke Unit Collaboration, Smith Karen , Bernard Stephen , Cadilhac Dominique A. , Kim Joosup , Bladin Christopher F. , Crompton Douglas E. , Dewey Helen M. , Sanders Lauren M. , Wijeratne Tissa , Cloud Geoffrey C. , Brooks Duncan M. , Asadi Hamed , Thijs Vincent , Chandra Ronil V. , Ma Henry , Phan Thanh , Bivard Andrew , Dowling Richard J. , Yassi Nawaf 
Published: March 2022

Background and Purpose:
Mobile stroke units (MSUs) improve reperfusion therapy times in acute ischemic stroke (AIS). However, prehospital management options for intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) are less established. We describe the initial Melbourne MSU experience in ICH.

Methods:
Consecutive patients with ICH and AIS treated by the Melbourne MSU were included. We describe demographics, proportions of patients receiving specific therapies, and bypass to comprehensive/neurosurgical centers. We also compare operational time metrics between patients with MSU-ICH and MSU-AIS.

Results:
During a 2-year period, the Melbourne MSU managed 49 patients with ICH, mean (SD) age 74 (12) years, median (interquartile range) National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 17 (12–20). Intravenous antihypertensives were the commonest treatment provided (46.9%). Bypass of a primary center to a comprehensive center with neurosurgical expertise occurred in 32.7% of patients with MSU-ICH compared with 20.5% of patients with MSU-AIS. Compared with patients with MSU-AIS, patients with MSU-ICH had faster onset-to-emergency-call, and onset-to-scene-arrival times at the median and 75th percentiles.

Conclusions:
MSUs can facilitate ultra-early ICH diagnosis, management, and triage.
Empowering Women in the Lessons of Rabbanit Yemima Mizrahi
Authors: Yemini Bat-Zion 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper examines the rhetoric used by Rabbanit Yemima Mizrahi in her weekly Torah portion lectures to women, in which she applies a feminine point of view. For eighteen years, Rabbanit Mizrahi has used her unique rhetorical style to attract a faithful, diverse audience of Jewish women in Israel and abroad. This study investigates her rhetoric in fifty videotaped lectures and presents five of her rhetorical tools: metaphor and simile, puns, syntactical-rhetorical repetition, humor, and slang. The study also examines how her rhetoric attracts women from all walks of life, irrespective of their level of religious observance, age, and socio-cultural background, and without proselytizing. Moreover, she uses her rhetoric in a direct way, avoiding any type of authoritative distance, to transmit a message of sisterhood through empowerment of women as she interprets the Torah portion.
Professional Ethics of Community Rabbis and Religious Scholars in Judaism
Authors: Rashi Tsuriel 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article represents a first attempt to collect and analyze texts written by halakhic authorities throughout the generations that deal with the professional ethics of rabbis and religious scholars. From these texts, we understand that the ideal rabbi embodies a combination of professionalism, humility, and a shouldering of his responsibilities as a religious leader. Respectful and dignified conduct when he engages with his community is the mark of his professional vocation. I also look at the appropriate relationship between a community and its rabbi, from his appointment through the way he fulfills his obligations and the circumstances around his parting from his congregation.
Consistency in the ICJ’s Approach to the Standard of Proof: An Appraisal of the Court’s Flexibility
Authors: Farnelli Gian Maria 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Taking steps from Judge Higgins’ invitation to the ICJ “mak[ing] clear what standards of proof it requires to establish what sorts of facts”, the contribution addresses the Court’s case law with a view to verifying the degree of consistency in its practice. The study comes in three parts. First, the absence of rules on the standard of proof in litigation before the ICJ is addressed, and the Court’s inherent power to choose the standard of proof is upheld. Second, the ICJ case law is addressed from which a highly flexible approach to the standard of proof is inferred. In particular, a two-tier approach in the matter is highlighted with regard to cases in which all the disputing parties appear, whereas the Court appears to follow a single-tier analysis in cases of non-appearance. Lastly, some concluding remarks are provided, highlighting the accordance of such a flexible approach with general principles of procedural law.
The Role of Human Rights in International Investment Arbitration: Arguments Raised by the Parties and Procedural Implications
Authors: Papanastasiou Thomas-Nektarios 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article focuses on human rights arguments raised in investment arbitration, and examines their role in the adjudication of investment disputes. It is indicated that the rejection of human rights arguments is not necessarily based on the inapplicability of human rights claims to the investment arbitration process. As shown in several cases, arbitral tribunals refused to accept human rights arguments, mainly because the parties to the dispute failed to demonstrate any relevance or impact of their claim on the investment at stake. Still, no solid legal reasoning can be noticed when tribunals rejected the relevance of human rights. Nevertheless, even if the current legal framework does not favour further involvement of human rights-based claims, we observe several developments in the treaty making practices. Such practices seek to “harmonize” human rights concerns with the international investment regime by introducing corporate social responsibility (CSR) standards or by including specific provisions relating to human rights.
Symphony or Cacophony? Orchestrating Federal Mechanics toward Covid-19 Response in the United States and Germany
Authors: Tonti Lauren 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Governance is a critical upstream tool in public health emergency preparedness, for it provides structure to emergency response. Pandemics, singular public health emergencies, pose challenges to inherently fragmented federal governance systems. Understanding and utilizing the facilitators of response embedded within the system is critical. In its examination of how contemporary federal systems addressed fragmentation in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic, this article uses two mitigation measures, community masking and vaccination administration to compare elements of federal system mechanics in the United States and Germany’s respective pursuits of public health goals. With particular focus on federal-state power-sharing, it analyzes the division and application of federal-state authority, therein examining mechanisms of executive expediency, as well as the cooperation of multilevel actors. Comparing the jurisdictions identifies inter-federal coordination, availability of exigency mechanisms, and federal guidance as facilitators of public health goal achievement.
The Relationship between the Cīvaravastu of the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya and Chapter 36 of Yijing’s Nanhai jigui neifa zhuan
Authors: Wu Juan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper reconsiders the long-held view that Chapter 36 of the Nanhai jigui neifa zhuan or “Record of the Inner Law Sent Home from the South Seas” written by the Chinese pilgrim Yijing is a translation of a long passage from the Cīvaravastu of the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya. Through comparing Chapter 36 with the Gilgit Sanskrit text of the Cīvaravastu, the Tibetan translation of the Cīvaravastu, and Yijing’s translation of the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinayasaṃgraha, this paper reveals, on the one hand, significant differences between Chapter 36 and the extant versions of the Cīvaravastu, and, on the other hand, substantial overlap between Chapter 36 and Yijing’s translation of the Vinayasaṃgraha. It argues that Chapter 36 was not translated from the Cīvaravastu (or at least not from a version of the Cīvaravastu identical with or similar to the Gilgit Sanskrit version), but rather seems to have been composed by Yijing through drawing largely (though not entirely) from the Vinayasaṃgraha. This paper therefore demonstrates anew that Yijing’s travel record cannot be simply taken as his eyewitness report of Buddhist monastic practices in ancient India.
Manifestation of Belief and the “Liberal” Law of Religion: Why It Is Time to Rethink the Status-Quo?
Authors: Bacquet Sylvie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Manifestation of belief is a key component of religious freedom, however in modern pluralist states there are inherent conflicts between practices of the more religious minorities and those of the secular majority. In attempting to mediate those conflicts judges have been faced with the sensitive task of determining the extent to which a particular symbol or practice is worthy of protection by the law. The case law arising from this process has produced some inconsistencies and has shown that not all symbols are equal before the law. As a matter of practice, the law of religion is based on liberal values which tend to favour faith based on orthodoxy over orthopraxy. This article argues that the time has come for a remodelling of the current approach to manifestation of religion and belief and puts forward a holistic approach which considers religion as an element of identity and as such ascribed rather than merely a life choice. It explores the possibility of a modification of current legal tests which would give way to this approach. The argument is considered from three different perspectives namely the emphasis on autonomy within the “liberal law of religion,” the religious vs. secular binary present within the courts’ approach and the difficulty of defining religion and belief.
“Useful” Knowledge and Moral Education in Zanzibar Between Colonial and Islamic Reform, 1916–1945
Authors: Bolton Caitlyn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The introduction of colonial schooling in Zanzibar was aimed at improving economic productivity, drawing on an exchange of educational theory with the American South to ensure a labor supply for the post-emancipation plantation economy. Yet colonial officials faced a key problem: students did not attend, preferring instead to continue studying in Qur’anic schools, institutions roundly derided by colonial officials. To secure attendance, colonial officials engaged local Muslim leaders to create an Islamic studies syllabus. While reflecting transnational Islamic reformist trends, this syllabus ultimately backfired as local parents protested its lack of moral content. Based on research in the Zanzibar National Archives, this article recounts the tensions and overlap between colonial officials, Islamic leaders connected to transnational discourses of reform, and local Muslim parents over what constitutes truly “useful” knowledge. It argues that colonial education was not particularly successful in forming students into the hard-working agricultural subjects it envisioned. It was successful, however, in orienting public institutions towards economic progress, and shifting public discourses on morality and religion to suit that goal.
The Fawātih Al-Suwar: A Critique of Classical Categories and New Typology
Authors: Zahid Moh. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The article is trying to criticize the old and to propose a new fawātiḥ al-suwar variety grouping from two perspectives, namely sentence structure and message of the verse. Fawātiḥ al-suwar (the opening of surah) is essential in the structure of surah in the Holy Quran. Its beauty and urgency have been attracting classic Islamic scholars who group them in ten varieties. However, the grouping seems inaccurate because it mixes the sentence structure and the message. This is a library-method study with fawātiḥ al-suwar as the material object of study. The Quran’s verses from which data were obtained vary from one simple sentence to some compound, even complex sentences. Each verse constitutes four elements, namely: sentence, clause, phrase, and word. The study reveals that ten inventory varieties set by the scholars were inaccurate due to ambiguous point of view between the sentence structure and the implied message on the first verse of every surah.
Profiling of Protein Adducts of Estrogen Quinones in 5-Year Survivors of Breast Cancer Without Recurrence
Authors: Lin Che , Chen Ding-Ru , Kuo Shou-Jen , Feng Chi-Yen , Chen Dar-Ren , Hsieh Wei-Chung , Lin Po-Hsiung 
Published: March 2022

Aims The aim of this study was to simultaneously analyze estrogen quinone-derived adducts, including 17β-estradiol-2,3-quinone (E2-2,3-Q) and 17β-estradiol-3,4-quinone (E2-3,4-Q), in human albumin (Alb) and hemoglobin (Hb) derived from breast cancer patients with five-year postoperative treatment without recurrence in Taiwan and to evaluate the treatment-related effects on the production of these adducts. Settings and Design Cohort Methods and Material: Blood samples derived from breast cancer 5-year survivors without recurrence were collected. Albumin and hemoglobin adducts of E2-3,4-Q and E2-2,3-Q were analyzed to evaluate the degree of disposition of estrogen to quinones and to compare these adduct levels with those in patients before treatment. Statistical Analysis All data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation of three determinations. We used Student’s t-test to examine subgroups. Data were transformed to the natural logarithm and tested for normal distribution for parametric analyses. Linear correlations were investigated between individual adduct levels by simple regression. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics 20.0. Results Result confirmed that logged levels of E2-2,3-Q-derived adducts correlated significantly with those of E2-3,4-Q-derived adducts (correlation coefficient r=.336-.624). Mean levels of E2-2,3-Q-4-S-Alb and E2-3,4-Q-2-S-Alb in 5-year survivors were reduced by 60-70% when compared to those in the breast cancer patients with less than one year of diagnosis/preoperative treatment (P<.001). Conclusions Our findings add support to the theme that hormonal therapy including aromatase inhibitors and Tamoxifen may dramatically reduce burden of estrogen quinones. We hypothesize that combination of treatment-related effects and environmental factors may modulate estrogen homeostasis and diminish the production of estrogen quinones in breast cancer patients.
Multimodality imaging of carotid web: A case report and literature review
Authors: Zhang Jie , Yan Yuzhu , Yao Weikai , Liu Jishuang , Cui Li 
Published: March 2022

Objectives The carotid web is a compelling potential mechanism of cryptogenic stroke. It is easy for it to escape diagnosis or be misdiagnosed, since it rarely causes hemodynamic stenosis. Currently, there is a lack of consensus on the prevalence, etiology, imaging evaluation, and treatment strategy of carotid artery. We aimed to present the multimodal imaging of carotid web and comprehensively review the characteristics of carotid web. Methods A 38 year-old man with carotid web, who presented with acute left hemispheric syndrome, was not identified by computed tomography angiography and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in the initial report, but were identified in retrospect and then confirmed by digital subtraction angiography and histopathology. A literature review of carotid web was performed to identify prevalence, nature history, imaging tools, and optimal management of carotid web. Results 80 reports including 681 patients with carotid web were identified. The prevalence of symptomatic carotid web was 1.2% in patients with transient ischemic attack/stroke, 6.4% in patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke, 1.1% in patients with large vessel occlusion stroke, and 4.4% in patients who operated on for carotid stenosis. A total of 23.0% patients had bilateral carotid web. In most patients, carotid web was located on the posterior wall (87.3%) of the carotid artery (98.7%). The mean length was 3.3 mm and mean stenosis rate was 20.9%. A total of 31.6% percent patients had thrombus trapped in carotid web and 75.9% patients had large vessel occlusion. Computed tomography angiography and digital subtraction angiography were favorable tools to detect carotid web. There were rare periprocedural complications and no recurrent strokes in carotid revascularization patients. Conclusions carotid web is an under-recognized cause of ischemic stroke. It is easy to be missed or misdiagnosed. Carotid revascularization can effectively prevent recurrent stroke for patients with symptomatic carotid web. Clinicians should strength their learning and understanding of carotid web.
Iron overload status in patients with non-transfusion-dependent thalassemia in China
Authors: Huang Yumei , Yang Gaohui , Wang Man , Wei Xiaoyun , Pan Lingyuan , Liu Jiaodi , Lei Yu , Peng  , Long Liling , Lai Yongrong , Liu Rongrong 
Published: March 2022

Background: Iron overload is one of the main factors that increase morbidity and mortality in patients with non-transfusion dependent thalassemia (NTDT). Aim: This study aimed at investigating the prevalence and severity of iron overload in Chinese NTDT patients. Methods: we analyzed serum ferritin (SF), liver iron concentration (LIC) and cardiac T2* in 178 Chinese NTDT in this cross-sectional study. Results: The median SF level was 996.00(27.15–19704.00) ng/ml and the median LIC value was 8.90(0.60–43.00) mg Fe/g dry weight (dw). The youngest patient with liver iron overload was 5 years old with 5.6 mg Fe/g dw in LIC. The median cardiac T2* was 33.06(7.46–75.08) ms. 6 patients had cardiac T2*⩽20ms. The patients with β thalassemia intermedia and HbE/β thalassemia showed a statistically significant lower Hb and higher values of SF and LIC than those of hemoglobin H disease patients. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, patients in ⩾ age 30-year old had a significant higher risk for iron overload (OR: 77.75, 95% CI: 8.76–690.49) in the age group. The detailed analysis of proportions of different LIC indicate in  > 30-year old group, 76.8% patients suffered from moderate and severe LIC. Conclusion: Our study provides a strong support for the novel findings that Chinese NTDT patients have a high prevalence of iron overload. The first assessment of MRI LIC should be performed as early as 5 years old. Then, NTDT patients  > 30 years old may suffer with a high burden of iron overload.
An audit of patients admitted to hospital in Nepal for COPD exacerbation
Authors: Styrvold Marte , Heggset Sterten Ane Jonette , Shrestha Sudeep , Dhakal Subodh , Harstad Ingunn 
Published: March 2022

Objectives: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a large and increasing problem in low- and middle-income countries; Nepal is no exception. We aimed to obtain information on patient characteristics and the level of care provided to patients admitted for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in two Nepalese hospitals and to compare the given care with the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study. All patients admitted to two Nepalese hospitals due to acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease between 18 February and 5 April 2019 were asked to participate. Results: In total, 108 patients with a median age of 70 years participated. Fifty-three (42.7%) were male, 80 (74.8%) were former smokers, and 46 (45.1%) were farmers. Using the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease A-D classification, 97 (90.6%) of the patients were classified in group D. All the patients received supplementary oxygen treatment and 103 (95.4%) were treated with short-acting beta2 agonists. A total of 105 (97.2%) patients received antibiotics, and 80 (74.5%) received systemic corticosteroids. The majority was discharged with triple therapy including long-acting muscarinic antagonist, long-acting beta2 agonist, and inhaled corticosteroids, and 72 (75.8%) were discharged with long-term oxygen treatment. Conclusion: All elements of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease guidelines were applied. However, due to a lack of information, it cannot be concluded whether the treatment was provided on the correct indications. The average patient received almost all the treatment alternatives available. This might indicate a very sick population or over-treatment.