bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Torsional Vibration Notes With Solutions for an Untuned Viscous Damper and Flexible Coupling With Nonlinear Elasticity
Authors: Porter F. P. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Several special relations are derived that may be used to simplify the solution of certain phases of the torsional vibration problem. A solution is described for the vibration of a system with an untuned viscous damper. Numerical values are given for the nonlinear elasticity of the Falk-Bibby type couplings. These values are rearranged into a form suitable for calculating undamped resonance curves of an engine installation which includes one of these couplings. An approximate solution for the resulting vibration is described and illustrated by calculation.
On the Solution of the Reynolds Equation for Slider-Bearing Lubrication—II: The Viscosity a Function of the Pressure
Authors: Charnes A. , Saibel E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The solution of the Reynolds equation for slider-bearing lubrication is given for the finite bearing, side leakage included, when the viscosity is a known function of the pressure. The solution for the pressure distribution is obtained readily from the corresponding case of constant viscosity. The design factors—total load, center of pressure, friction force, and side leakage—also may be obtained, but, in general, the integrals involved must be worked out numerically. Qualitative properties of the pressure, total load, and center of pressure are obtained.
The Piston Gage as a Precise Pressure-Measuring Instrument
Authors: Johnson D. P. , Newhall D. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The errors which must be considered for accurate measurements of pressure with piston gages are discussed. A new design of piston gage is described which permits the operator to control the clearance between piston and cylinder at any operating pressure. Instrumental errors are thus substantially reduced, particularly those resulting from elastic distortion. A check list of errors inherent to piston gages is presented. These errors are to be considered when instruments are used to accuracies better than ½ of 1 per cent. The need for a check on the longtime variations of the piston gage is supplied by the fixed points, changes of state of some very pure materials which take place at definite pressures. Such are the melting pressure of solid mercury at 0 C, the melting pressure of water at 30 C, the transition between crystalline states of bismuth. As an indication of its possibilities the experimental model of the controlled-clearance piston gage was used to measure the melting point of mercury at 0 C. Results were in satisfactory agreement with Bridgman’s value.
Influence of Residual Stress on Behavior of Thick-Wall Closed-End Cylinders
Authors: Faupel J. H. , Furbeck A. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Results obtained from macro residual - stress tests, internal-pressure tests, and mechanical property tests on Cr-Ni-Mo-V steel, SAE 3320, SAE 4340, and SAE 1045 steel cylinders are presented. The presence of macro residual stresses appears to influence only initial yielding at the bore of cylinders; the effect of this residual stress can be allowed for in the formula used to predict the internal pressure at initial yielding at the bore. Methods also are presented for predicting, approximately, the internal pressures at full wall yielding (overstrain) and bursting. Finally a method is suggested for predicting the pressure-strain curve for heavy-wall cylinders from an analysis of tensile-test data.
Static-Dynamic Load Machine for High Pressure
Authors: Fleischhauer E. T. , Dorsey E. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
During the course of a particular machine-design program it was found that experimental difficulties with fluid seals and impact loads were hindering the proper solution of the design problem. There was a clear need for auxiliary apparatus which would permit systematic exploration of fixed-point fluid seals, moving fluid seals, and impact loads created by arrestation of rapidly moving machine elements. The “static-dynamic load machine,” that is presently employed in an investigation of all three problems, is described in the paper. The basic design configuration of this machine was determined by the required accessibility of the test devices and the method employed for rapid load delivery.
Transient and Steady-State Heat Transfer in Irradiated Citrus Fruit
Authors: Poppendiek H. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents an analytical study of the thermal structure within citrus fruits that are artificially heated by radiant orchard heaters; this analysis may be utilized to establish more firmly orchard heating-design criteria. Transient and steady-state temperature solutions are derived for an ideal heat-transfer system consisting of a homogeneous sphere which suddenly receives radiant energy from a point source and loses energy by convection and reradiation to the surroundings. These solutions are compared to a set of experimental temperature measurements within an orange which was transiently irradiated in an orchard.
Operation of Sunbury Steam-Electric Station Using Pulverized-Anthracite Fuel
Authors: Richards T. B. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The largest deposits of anthracite in the United States are located in north and central eastern Pennsylvania. Only a few central stations burn this type of fuel, and prior to World War II those stations able economically to justify its use, were relatively small in size. Pennsylvania Power & Light Company, whose service area includes a large segment of the anthracite region, is a pioneer in the burning of anthracite and is the largest single consumer of this fuel in the United States, having burned 2,325,500 net tons in 1951. During 1949 this company completed the installation of four 400,000 lb per hr steam generators at Sunbury Steam Electric Station located between Shamokin Dam and Hummels Wharf on the Susquehanna River near Sunbury, Pa. This paper presents the design features peculiar to the handling, pulverizing, and burning of anthracite, as well as some of the problems encountered during the first 3 years of operation. Reference is also made to a third unit, placed in service in 1951, which burns a mixture of anthracite and bituminous coal and a fourth unit, in the process of construction, which will employ the reheat cycle and also will burn an anthracite-bituminous coal mixture.
An Investigation of Heat Transfer From an Inclined Flat Plate in Free Convection
Authors: Rich B. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The differential equations for heat transfer from vertical plates in free convection were rederived in dimensionless form and extended to include inclined plates. The analysis indicated that the only change in the plate was the component of the gravitational force in the plate surface direction. The limitation of the equation is that the flow be laminar and two-dimensional. Heat transfer from a flat plate in free convection was studied at angles of inclination ranging from 0 to 40 deg measured from the vertical, for a range of Grashof numbers from 106 to 109 and temperature differences from the surface to the surroundings of 200 to 260 F. The investigation shows the inclined-plate nondimensional unit thermal conductance, Nu, can be predicted from vertical plate conductances. The Grashof number in the Nusselt relation for the vertical plate, when modified by the cosine of the angle of inclination, can predict the inclined-plate conductances to within 10 per cent of those determined experimentally.
Design of a Square-Root-Extracting, Force-Balance, Pneumatic Transmitter, Including Derivation of Formulas
Authors: Goldberg Arnold 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper describes the design of a device for measuring fluid flow in a pipe. It deals with a particular type of flowmeter, one that measures the differential pressure developed across an orifice or other primary element and puts out an air pressure directly proportional to flow rate. Square root must be extracted in such an instrument. The square-root-extracting part of the device is of the shaped displacer and mercury type, in which the displacer does not move. Formulas are derived for calculating the shape.
A Method of Obtaining Shear Stress-Strain Graphs by Interpretation of Moment-Twist Data
Authors: Kaar P. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Many requests are made by industry for information from the Fritz Engineering Laboratory at Lehigh University. Among these was one from a manufacturer wishing to increase the strength of his industrial truck axles. The manufacturer was considering several different steels and wanted comparative strength data. The information was compiled by use of shear stress-strain curves. The method described here to obtain the shear stress-strain curves is not new, but is not often used. The procedure is simple to apply and merits the attention of others concerned with comparative strength and shear properties of axial round shafts.
Corrosion and Erosion in the Synthetic-Fuels Demonstration Plant
Authors: Gardner G. D. , Donovan J. T. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Corrosion and erosion during 2 years of intermittent operation of the first American coal-hydrogenation plant are described as well as solutions and improvements developed. Isolated cases of localized corrosion fatigue, caustic embrittlement, and pitting are described. Proper alloy-steel selection has minimized the effect of hydrogen attack in high-pressure equipment except where design temperature has been exceeded. High-pressure lines and valves handling oil-solid mixtures containing absorbed gases have evidenced greatest erosion rates.
Hydraulic Problems Encountered in Intake Structures of Vertical Wet-Pit Pumps and Methods Leading to Their Solution
Authors: Fraser W. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The design of intake channels and tunnels for the efficient operation of wet-pit pumps is considered. Basically the problem is that of determining the flow pattern and losses in the suction intake and predicting their combined effect on the pump performance. Because of long distances, obstructions, and diversions, faulty flow often occurs. The resulting difficulties are explained and the methods employed in solving the attendant problems are outlined.
Air-Preheater Design as Affected by Fuel Characteristics
Authors: Karlsson Hilmer , Hammond W. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The fuel characteristic that appears to control plugging and corrosion in air preheaters is sulphur content. While other fuel constituents contribute to the degree of the problem, their effectiveness depends upon the sulphur content. The presence of carbon in the fuel gas may aggravate the corrosion problem so that the best combustion conditions must be maintained carefully. In selecting air heaters for new installations, it is not possible to predict with any certainty the type of fuel that will be available during the life of the application; consequently, the air-heater design must provide controls that will maintain the cold-end temperatures within safe limits. The use of Cor-Ten or Mayari-R for the low-temperature surface and the use of cold-end baskets is recommended. Application of effective soot blowers using superheated steam or dry compressed air permits control of deposit formation. In the event that circumstances result in serious deposit formation, provision for water-washing of the heaters will provide an effective remedy. Consistent attention must be given to cold-end temperature under all conditions of operation and in this respect automatic controls should be considered.
The Motion of a Link Chain Over a Roller
Authors: de Jonge A. E. Richard 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A coal-cutting excavator is described in which trouble was encountered with link chains carrying excavating buckets. The chains were moved by an upper hexagon tumbler driven by an electric motor. The trouble was traced to the link chains passing over too small a deflecting roller. An investigation into the geometry of the problem is presented and it is shown that the mechanical three or multibody problem can be reduced to a problem in kinematic geometry by eliminating the forces, but retaining their lines of action. A solution for this problem is given. The principal object, namely, the derivation of the correct dimension for the deflecting roller to prevent the troublesome condition that existed, has been solved.
A Practical Solution of a Three-Dimensional Flow Problem of Axial-Flow Turbomachinery
Authors: Smith L. H. , Traugott S. C. , Wislicenus G. F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
During the past decade three-dimensional flow problems of turbomachinery have been solved for frictionless fluids under the assumption of an infinite number of vanes. However, the practical application of this advancement to the design of turbomachinery has not yet reached a state of acceptance commensurate with the practical importance of this theoretical development. The present paper endeavors to contribute toward such application by presenting the principles of the theory in a physically simple manner, and by illustrating its application by two examples, solving the general problem by two successive approximations. The first approximation disregards the departures of the meridional streamlines from their straight and parallel potential-flow pattern; the second approximation takes account of these departures on the basis of the first. The vorticity of the flow is assumed to be strong. The time and means required for working out each of the examples were found to fall within the practical limits of a competently staffed engineering department.
Complete Characteristic Circle Diagrams for Turbomachinery
Authors: Swanson W. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The experimental test results for operating a hydraulic turbomachine in every possible manner (noncavitating) are presented for a representative single-stage axial-flow and mixed-flow pump. A comparison is made among the three basic types of machine, axial, radial, and mixed flow. A new method for representing, on a single diagram, the efficiencies in all types of operation is proposed and demonstrated for the case of these three pumps. A method for predicting the complete characteristics from ideal flow considerations is given.
A Fast-Response True-Mass-Rate Flowmeter
Authors: Li Yao Tzu , Lee Shih-Ying 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A flowmeter capable of measuring directly the true rate of mass flow would have many industrial applications and would eliminate many of the shortcomings of instruments now available for flow measurements. A description and diagrams are presented of a new type of mass-rate flowmeter with a long range, a linear scale, and a very fast response.
The Pitot-Venturi Flow Element Water Service Report
Authors: Stoll H. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The first paper by the author presented in detail the design characteristics of the pitot-venturi flow element and how they are influenced by air flow. Tests clearly show that liquid-flow performance cannot be predicted from air-flow runs and, instead, actual liquid-flow conditions are required to establish a dependable relationship between velocity and differential produced. The test setup and the instrumentation needs are described. Four-inch and six-inch pipe were used and the performance curves for these are discussed. Flow equations are included and a brief analysis of them is given.
Experiments With Water-Lubricated Tapered-Land Thrust Bearings
Authors: Levinsohn Maurice , Reynolds N. E. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Experiments were made to determine the load-carrying ability of water-lubricated, tapered-land, carbon thrust bearings. Nine different bearings having various combinations of radial and circumferential tapers were tested. As was expected, the degree of taper had a profound effect on performance of those bearings tested. One design was able to carry a load of 110 psi (present load limit of test machine) at speeds of 860, 1725, and 3450 rpm. The lubricant used in this test was distilled water. The range of its viscosity was from 0.72 to 0.96 centipoises.
On the Validity of Assumptions Made in Theories of Plastic Flow for Metals
Authors: Marin Joseph , Hu L. W. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to report the results of a series of special biaxial-stress tests made to check the validity of certain assumptions used in theory of plasticity. In these tests the stresses produced were tensile biaxial stresses introduced in a tubular specimen by applying an internal pressure and axial tension. The stresses produced were in the plastic range and the material tested was a hot-rolled aluminum alloy designated as 14S-T6. A test to determine the validity of the distortion-energy criterion, used in formulating the plastic stress-strain relations by the flow theory, showed that the test results did not support this assumption. Special tests were made to determine whether plastic-deformation requirements as predicted by the slip theory were correct. In so far as these tests were concerned, the results supported the slip theory. Finally, tests were made to check the assumption of constancy of volume and constancy of incremental change in volume as required by the deformation and flow theories. These test results do not support the assumptions made in these theories relative to volume change.
Combustion of a Low-Volatility Fuel in a Turbojet Combustion Chamber—Effects of Fuel Vaporization
Authors: Holmes V. V. , Pahnke A. J. , Uyehara O. A. , Myers P. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Various degrees of vaporization of a typical diesel fuel were obtained by varying the temperature of the oil supplied to the turbojet combustion chamber. Experimental data showing the effect of fuel vaporization on combustion efficiency, flame length, and flame temperature, are presented as well as flame temperature-distance data for the combustion chamber.
An Investigation of the Burning Characteristics of Pulverized Cinders
Authors: Allen J. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A small laboratory furnace was used to determine the burning characteristics of pulverized locomotive cinders as a function of the residence time of the particles passing through the furnace. The independent effects of excess air, fineness of pulverization, furnace temperatures, and extent of preheat were studied. Results of these tests are useful in designing the equipment needed to burn the cinders in a locomotive firebox.
Metallurgy and Production of Suitable Aluminum-Alloy Ingots for Large Forgings and Extrusions
Authors: Fritzlen T. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The sizes of 14S, 24S, and 75S aluminum-alloy ingots needed for the United States Air Force large-press program are estimated and compared to the size of ingots cast in current production. The direct-chill process is selected for development of the casting of large ingots. Quality required, metallurgical factors involved, equipment used, and casting variables are discussed. Experimental results in casting 14S aluminum-alloy ingots weighing up to 12,000 lb are presented. An opinion is expressed on the future production of large aluminum-alloy ingots for use in extrusion and forging presses up to 25,000 and 50,000 tons capacity, respectively.
Stresses in a Pressure Vessel With a Conical Head
Authors: Watts G. W. , Lang H. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the results of computations for determining the stresses in a pressure vessel with a conical head. The accurate bending theory of shells is used to evaluate the local bending stresses in the neighborhood of the junction of the conical head and the cylindrical body. Tables show the magnitudes of the shear stress, the circumferential stress, and the axial stress at the junction as multiples of pd/2t. For the axial and circumferential stresses, the tables show the magnitude and sense of the stress on both the internal and external surfaces of the vessel. Additional results show the magnitude and location of the maximum stress (of each of the three types) in the cylinder. Curves are given showing the maximum stresses for values of cone apex angle, ratio of conical head thickness to cylinder thickness, and ratio of cylinder diameter to cylinder thickness which will include most of the vessels encountered in practice.
Tables of influence numbers for the conical head are presented. These can be utilized in many problems which require attaching a conical shell to some other elastic structure. A discussion of the mathematical procedure is contained in an Appendix.
An Experimental Investigation of Over-Straining in Mild-Steel Thick-Walled Cylinders by Internal Fluid Pressure
Authors: Steele M. C. , Young John 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to study the mechanism of yielding and to compare with plastic theories strains observed at the bore and outside surfaces of mild-steel cylinders of 2:1 diameter ratio under internal fluid pressure. Observations disagree with theoretical assumptions concerning the progression of yielding; wedge regions of overstrained material, occupying a small fraction of the total volume, characterize the yielding process. Discrepancies with theory are observed in the measured strains. The fully plastic load-carrying capacities predicted from theory are higher than those observed in the experiments. Stability of deformation (creep) under maintained constant loads is discussed.
Dynamic Properties of Nodular Cast Iron—Part 1
Authors: Majors Harry 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the experimental results of an investigation on the mechanical properties of magnesium-treated nodular cast iron in the annealed and as-cast condition. The dynamic stress-concentration factors are compared with Neuber’s theoretical factors for hyperbolic notches, with Peterson’s results on steel, with Frocht’s photoelastic results, and with Grant’s data on flake cast iron and cerium-treated nodular iron. Fatigue results are shown for square and 45-deg V-shaped notches at speeds of 200 and 6000 rpm, as well as for various notch depths. The trend in size effect is indicated. Static damping capacities obtained from hysteresis loops in tension and compression are compared with torsional damping capacities and static damping capacities from bending.
Analysis of Stresses and Displacements in Heat-Exchanger Expansion Joints
Authors: Murphy Glenn 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a procedure for the analysis of stresses and displacements in an expansion joint, when the latter is assumed to be a surface of revolution. The analysis as presented employs a method of successive approximations, but, in general, the solution will be rapidly convergent. Possible thermal gradients in the joint are not included in the analysis as given, but may be introduced in the solution.
A Progress Report of Reheat Boiler Design and Operation
Authors: Vogel W. J. , Powell E. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A complete symposium on the reheat cycle was presented to the Society at the Annual Meeting in 1948. At that time, representatives of the various manufacturers of boilers and turbines reviewed the history of reheat and described in some detail the designs then being offered. A considerable number of these units have been placed in operation since then. The object of this paper is to discuss the performance of several of these new units and to describe some of the special features of operation.
The First Year’s Operation of the Dunkirk Steam Station
Authors: Ewart J. N. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The Dunkirk Steam Station went into commercial service on November 19, 1950, when the first unit was placed in regular operation. The second unit went into commercial operation on December 28 of the same year. The first year’s operation has not been without troubles which are likely to occur in breaking in a plant incorporating several new and untried developments. Nevertheless, its performance has been generally satisfactory. Operation of the reheat units has introduced no new limitation in flexibility nor increase in operating personnel over the non-reheat units, and the improved economy has more than justified its adoption.