bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in Gastroenterology and Hepatology: A Survey of Where We Stand
Authors: Rahal Harman K. , Tabibian James H. , Issaka Rachel , Quezada Sandra , Gray Darrell , Balzora Sophie , Yang Liu , Badiee Jayraan , May Folasade 
Published: August 2022

INTRODUCTION:
In the setting of increasing attention to representation in medicine, we aimed to assess current perspectives of racial and ethnic workforce diversity and health care disparities among gastroenterology (GI) and hepatology professionals in the United States.

METHODS:
We developed and administered a 33-item electronic cross-sectional survey to members of 5 national GI and hepatology societies. Survey items were organized into thematic modules and solicited perspectives on racial and ethnic workforce diversity, health care disparities in GI and hepatology, and potential interventions to enhance workforce diversity and improve health equity.

RESULTS:
Of the 1,219 survey participants, 62.3% were male, 48.7% were non-Hispanic White, and 19.9% were from backgrounds underrepresented in medicine. The most frequently reported barriers to increasing racial and ethnic diversity in GI and hepatology were insufficient representation of underrepresented racial and ethnic minority groups in the education and training pipeline (n = 431 [35.4%]), in professional leadership (n = 340 [27.9%]), and among practicing GI and hepatology professionals (n = 324 [26.6%]). Suggested interventions were to increase career mentorship opportunities (n = 545 [44.7%]), medical student opportunities (n = 520 [42.7%]), and program and professional society leadership roles for underrepresented racial and ethnic minority groups (n = 473 [38.8%]).

DISCUSSION:
Our survey explored imperative and timely perspectives on racial and ethnic representation and health equity among professionals in GI and hepatology. The findings should inform future interventions to address workforce diversity and establish priorities toward improving health equity, ultimately serving as a springboard for professional societies, academic institutions, and other organizations that aim to increase diversity, equity, and inclusion in our field.
Aristotle’sNicomachean Ethicson the Sameness of Friendship and Justice
Authors: Kim Bradford Jean-Hyuk 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn theNicomachean Ethics, Aristotle claims that friendship and justice are the same, apparently flouting the not uncommon contrast between friendship and justice. I start by assessing Aristotle’s principle of equality: friends of equal standing engage in exact reciprocity in goods and friends of unequal standing engage in proportional reciprocity. In a number of ways that have gone unnoticed, the equalization principle is a requirement for understanding the sameness of friendship and justice. Just relations and friendship share the same domain, that is, the same relationship of a corresponding community. Moreover, asking how to be just to someone is the same as asking how to be a friend to that person, indicating that the virtue of justice and the virtue of friendship are also the same.
Influence of eight weeks of combined training on adipsin and lipoprotein profile and possible relations with depression, anxiety and stress in women with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Cheragh Birjandi Kazem , Sharafi Javad , Etemadizade Ali , Ghasemi Elham 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Immobility and its physiological and psychological consequences are common problems in patients with multiple sclerosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of combined training on Adipsin and lipid profile and the possible relationship between these indicators and psychological function in women with multiple sclerosis.

Methods
In this quasi-experimental study, 40 women with multiple sclerosis were selected by purposeful sampling method and randomly divided into two equal control and exercise groups (n=20). Exercise was performed for 8 weeks (two resistance sessions and one endurance session per week). Before and after the intervention, blood samples were taken and the DASS-21 questionnaire was completed to assess anxiety, depression and stress. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance, t-test, Bonferroni post hoc test and Pearson correlation test at a significance level of p≤0.05.

Results
In the exercise group, levels of Adipsin, total cholesterol, LDL, TG, weight, fat percentage, WHR, BMI, depression, anxiety and stress were significantly reduced and HDL levels were significantly increased after 8 weeks of combined exercise (p≤0.05). Also, BMI (p=0.01), fat percentage (p=0.01) and WHR (p=0.01) levels had significant positive correlation with Adipsin. There was a significant positive relationship between Total cholesterol level with depression index (p=0.04).

Conclusions
Performing combination exercises through improving body composition can increase the risk of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors and improve the psychological function of patients with multiple sclerosis. Specialists can use these exercises as an adjunct to drug therapy for MS patients.
Gas–liquid mixing in the stirred tank equipped with semi-circular tube baffles
Authors: Zhang Cuixun , Yang Fengling 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Despite extensive contributions have been made over the past several decades, there are still ongoing challenges in improving gas dispersion performance in stirred tanks. To that end, a stirred tank equipped with four semi-circular (SC) tube baffles was designed. Hydrodynamics in the stirred tank before and after aeration were studied. The turbulent fluid flow was simulated using the standard k-ε turbulence model. The gas–liquid two-phase flow was simulated by the Eulerian–Eulerian multiphase model and the k-ε dispersed turbulence model. The impeller rotation was modeled with the multiple reference frame (MRF) approach. Firstly, the grid independence test was made. By comparing the distributions of gas holdup in the flat-plate (FP) baffled stirred tank with literature results, the reliability of the numerical model and simulation method was verified. Subsequently, the flow field, gas holdup and power consumption of the SC and FP configurations were studied, respectively. Results show that the former can increase the fluid velocities and promote the gas holdup dispersion. Besides, it is energy-saving and has a higher relative power demand (RPD). The findings obtained here lay a preliminary foundation for the potential application of the SC configuration in the process industry.
Effects of sucrose and sodium chloride pretreatments on cassava and plantain chips fried in CLA-enriched soybean oil: an analysis of acrylamide content, microstructure, and other physical properties
Authors: Rodríguez-Miranda Jesús , Herman-Lara Erasmo , Serrano-Niño Julio César , Sánchez-Ruiz Bruno Alberto , Martínez-Sánchez Cecilia Eugenia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of soaking plantain and cassava chips in sucrose or sodium chloride (NaCl) on their physical properties and acrylamide content after frying in Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA)-enriched soybean oil. Plantain and cassava were cut into 1 mm thick slices and soaked for 20 min in a solution of 30% sucrose or 3% NaCl at 40 °C, separately. Soaking in sucrose and NaCl had no significant effect (p < 0.05) on water loss, porosity, hardness, or microstructure. The acrylamide content ranged from 634 to 3177 µg/kg. The use of CLA-enriched oil had no significant effect (p < 0.05) on the physical characteristics evaluated in this study. Frying reduced the CLA content in the chips from an initial 31.8% in the oil to 22.25 and 21.69% in plantain and cassava chips, respectively.
Investigation of ultrafine WC–Co–Fe–Ni–Cr3C2 cemented carbide microstructure and properties based on phase diagram thermodynamics
Authors: Zhao Hongjin , Shen Wuyi , Tian Haixia , Xu Guozuan , Du Yong 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this work, different Fe/Ni ratios with constant Co content were prepared to explore microstructure and properties of ultrafine WC-10 wt.%(Co–Fe–Ni)-Cr3C2 cemented carbides. The increase in Fe content in binder has difficulty in controlling carbon content. Therefore, the carbon window was determined by phase diagram to prepare carbon-balanced cemented carbides. The increase in Fe/Ni ratio in the binder deteriorates the uniformity of the binder phase distribution and refines the WC and binder phase grains by affecting the solubility of WC in binder and the wettability of the binder. Grain size, microstructural irregularities and solid solution strengthening of binder phase affect the mechanical properties of cemented carbides. The relative density of cemented carbide with Fe/Ni = 30:70 in the binder is 99.8 % and the transverse fracture strength is 2449 MPa maximum, but the fracture toughness is slightly low. Because of the passivation characteristics of Ni, the alloy with Fe/Ni = 0:100 in the binder has better resistance to corrosion resistance.
Both necessary and irrelevant: political economy and linguistic injustice of English in higher education in Kazakhstan
Authors: Goodman Bridget , Kambatyrova Assel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Since the early 2000s, the government of Kazakhstan has been promoting educational reforms in higher education including introducing English-medium instruction (EMI), trilingual education (education in Kazakh, Russian, and English), and requirements of students and faculty to publish in impact factor. Within this context, the purpose of this paper is to use the lenses of political economy and linguistic justice to interpret interview data from students, faculty, and administrators of six Kazakhstani universities implementing trilingual education. These data show that some stakeholders believe English is the language of science, and it is therefore necessary to read, study, and publish in English. Competing voices argue that privileging English will lead to a loss of knowledge from local scholars who are not proficient in English. The data indicate that stakeholders believe the pursuit of EMI and English academic publishing may achieve the goals of global competitiveness and economic development under a political lens, but at a cost to the linguistic justice of languages other than English and speakers of those languages.
English as a lingua franca and linguistic justice: insights from exchange students’ experiences
Authors: Fiedler Sabine 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper focuses on English as a lingua franca, an area of research that has gone through several phases of reconceptualization over recent years. What has not changed despite the reframing is the insistence that ELF, with its focus on intelligibility rather than formal accuracy, is not to be judged on the basis of standard English norms. In response to these claims, researchers have argued from linguo-political and philosophical perspectives that re-labelling English ‘ELF’ does not remove native-speaker privileges and linguistic injustice. This paper addresses the topic by presenting some results of an investigation into students’ language choices and practises during study abroad. Drawing on data gained by means of a questionnaire survey and semi-structured interviews, it will show that, despite their use of English in lingua franca situations, a considerable number of students adhere to standard English as an appropriate model and measure their own proficiency in English and progress in language learning against native-speaker norms.
Unequal English accents, covert accentism and EAL migrants in Australia
Authors: Dovchin Sender , Dryden Stephanie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Accentism refers to the ways that “unequal English accents” become re-allocated in particular English-speaking dominant contexts, creating different presumptions, ideologies and attitudes towards the English accent and pronunciation of English speakers. Using data derived from two larger ethnographic studies, this article aims to explore the ways that English as an Additional Language (EAL) migrants experience covert accentism – the social exclusion caused covertly when the dominant members of society misunderstand the accents of EAL users. Our study shows that EAL users express their worry of being stereotyped for their English accents, which interferes with their social and daily life. In particular, the participants noted forms of social exclusion such as a lack of interest in them or their experiences, and deficit perspectives surrounding their overall English practices including their accents. We conclude that such instances of covert accentism can lead to more serious implications, such as having difficulty fostering relationships with members of the dominant society, accent bullying, and psychological damage.
On topological polynomials and indices for metal-organic and cuboctahedral bimetallic networks
Authors: Yasmeen Farhana , Imran Muhammad , Akhter Shehnaz , Ali Yasir , Ali Kashif 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A molecular graph consists of bonds and atoms, where atoms are present as vertices and bonds are present as edges. We can look at topological invariants and topological polynomials that furnish bioactivity and physio-chemical features for such molecular graphs. These topological invariants, which are usually known as graph invariants, are numerical quantities that relate to the topology of a molecular graph. Let m

pq
(X) be the number of edges in X such that (ζ

a
, ζ

b
) = (p, q), where ζ

a
(or ζ

b
) present the degree of a (or b). The M-polynomial for X can be determined with the help of relation

M
(
X
;
x
,
y
)
=

∑

p
≤
q

m

p
q

(
X
)

x

p

y

q

M(X;x,y)={\sum }_{p\le q}{m}_{pq}(X){x}^{p}{y}^{q}

. In this study, we calculate the M-polynomial, forgotten polynomial, sigma polynomial and Sombor polynomial, and different topological invariants of critical importance, referred to as first, second, modified and augmented Zagreb, inverse and general Randić, harmonic, symmetric division; forgotten and inverse invariants of chemical structures namely metal-organic networks (transition metal-tetra cyano benzene organic network) and cuboctahedral bimetallic networks (MOPs) are retrieved using a generic topological polynomial approach. We also draw the two-dimensional graphical representation of outcomes that express the relationship between topological indices and polynomial structural parameters.
An
I
6
2
−

${\mathrm{I}}_{6}^{2-}$

anion in the crystal structure of theophyllinium triiodide monohydrate, C7H11I3N4O3
Authors: Reiss Guido J. , Wyshusek Maik , Rheinländer Jana C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
C7H11I3N4O3, triclinic,

P

1
‾

$P\overline{1}$

(no. 2), a = 9.28478(14) Å, b = 12.2214(2) Å, c = 13.4088(2) Å, α = 76.2062(14)°, β = 88.2421(13)°, γ = 89.4102(13)°, Z = 4, V = 1476.95(4) Å3, Rgt(F) = 0.0198, wR
ref = 0.0494, T = 100 K.
El Camino de Las Papas. Auge y declive en el periodo de la monarquía hispánica
Authors: Andrade Rodríguez José William 
Published: August 2022

El presente artículo corresponde a la primera parte de una investigación en torno al cruce de la cordillera central por el Páramo de Las Papas. Este es un camino que cruza una de las zonas hídricas y biodiversas más ricas del país y del mundo: el Macizo colombiano. Esta ruta de plantas, animales y hombres ha estado presente a lo largo de la historia humana, gracias a que su topografía la ha construido de forma natural y a que es usada y modificada constantemente por los transeúntes de turno. Así, este trabajo cuenta solo una pequeña parte, un pequeño fragmento, de aquella historia milenaria: la del tiempo de la monarquía hispánica. La brevedad del texto obedece a los límites del artículo, lo que le permite ser una provocación para los que quieran aventurarse a estudiarlo con más profundidad.
Transformaciones por el conflicto socioecológico generado por los cambios en el uso del suelo en el capital social de las comunidades del páramo de Santurbán. El caso de California, Santander
Authors: Villabona Rangel Édgar Alonso , Méndez Villamizar Raquel 
Published: August 2022

Este artículo analiza las transformaciones en el capital social (en adelante CS) de los pobladores del municipio de California, Santander, a raíz del conflicto socioecológico sobre el proceso de delimitación del uso del suelo del páramo de Santurbán. Se identificaron tres subcategorías del CS: cooperación, tipo de reciprocidad e interacción horizontal. La investigación, mediante un análisis cualitativo, buscó reconstruir la realidad observada por los actores desde sus percepciones y creencias. Los resultados permiten identificar que los conflictos no se producen por discrepancias dentro de un sistema de interpretación homogéneo, sino que existen percepciones culturales que se expresan en lenguajes de valoración diferentes (sea estética, moral, ambiental, económica, social). La comunidad fortaleció su CS al integrarse, definir objetivos y generar confianza entre ellos respecto de una amenaza común. De igual forma, la identidad, los valores y las percepciones desempeñan un papel fundamental, y los esquemas de compensación técnicos o monetarios no son suficientes para resolver el conflicto. El trabajo define la línea de evolución del proceso, mediante testimonios en grupos focales y entrevistas. El resultado fue un análisis del comportamiento de la comunidad que permitió entender sus formas de relacionamiento, identidad y cooperación.
La comunidad fortaleció su CS a través de acciones colectivas; se reforzaron los lazos de trabajo en equipo, las redes de confianza y la gestión de propuestas para el territorio. Este estudio brinda orientaciones para futuros procesos de ordenamiento territorial y ayuda a entender las implicaciones socioculturales y organizativas de las decisiones políticas sobre el territorio.
Praxis de una academia interpelada
Authors: Rodríguez Torres Denix 
Published: August 2022

Frente al momento decisivo e incierto que vive la humanidad, pasado por una guerra entre Rusia y Ucrania, pero a la vez con un compromiso global con el que ninguna nación puede ser indiferente, se saluda lo que pareciera la victoria de la humanidad sobre una peste llamada covid-19, cernida entre los pueblos como la peste de Atenas acaecida en el siglo IV a. C.
Dicha crisis sanitaria, aún no superada, se orquesta con otras crisis de corte político y económico, cuyos impactos y repercusiones aún no podemos precisar; se anuncian nuevas crisis de tipo alimentario, social y ecológico de mayúsculas proporciones, y estas se suman a los impredecibles impactos de la guerra.
Frente a este sombrío panorama, la academia alza su voz desde diferentes posturas que alientan y previenen al mundo, ocupado ahora en la tarea de sobrevivir.
Państwowe rozdawnictwo zboża w Cesarstwie Rzymskim. Kształtowanie postaw społecznych w świetle źródeł ikonograficznych
Authors: Rząd Maciej 
Published: August 2022

Cel badań. Celem badań było ukazanie społecznych aspektów systemu państwowego rozdawnictwa zboża w Rzymie – annony – na podstawie analizy źródeł ikonograficznych.
Metoda badań. Do wykorzystanych metod należą: kwerenda biblioteczna, analiza źródeł archeologicznych, ikonograficznych (głównie numizmatycznych) i pisanych.
Wyniki badań. Za pomocą przedstawień ikonograficznych kolejni cesarze chcieli w odpowiedni sposób zaprezentować się poddanym – jako odpowiedzialni, zdolni do zapewnienia im wyżywienia patroni, mający błogosławieństwo i przychylność bóstw dających obfitość. Głównym rodzajem zabytków, na których można znaleźć takie wizerunki, są monety, były one bowiem używane przez wszystkich obywateli i dawały możliwość łatwego rozpowszechnienia wymaganego przekazu. Znaczenie annony w propagandzie cesarskiej, widoczne na przykładach zabytków numizmatycznych, dodaje nowych aspektów interpretacyjnych pozostałym źródłom ikonograficznym, prezentującym prace związane z przetwórstwem i zarządzaniem zbożem. Analizując przedstawienia czynności takich jak: odmierzanie ziarna, wyładunek statków w porcie czy transport zboża Tybrem, należy mieć bowiem na uwadze fakt, że mogą one być nie tylko prostymi ilustracjami działań pojedynczych ludzi lub prywatnych organizacji, lecz również stanowić świadectwo powiązania przedstawionych na nich osób z wielkim, złożonym systemem annony.
Wnioski. Źródła ikonograficzne są materialnym dowodem działań władz Cesarstwa, mających przynieść określone skutki społeczne, takie jak przekonanie ludu o hojności i opiece władcy oraz wzbudzenie poczucia zależności od panującego. Przez porównanie z przekazami pisanymi umożliwiają pełniejsze zrozumienie znaczenia instytucji annony w społeczeństwie rzymskim.
Litewska Ogólnokrajowa Wystawa Rolniczo-Przemysłowa w roku 1928 i 1930 – historia i propaganda. Rekonesans badawczy
Authors: Korneluk Paulina 
Published: August 2022

Cel badań. Celem badań jest pokazanie nieznanego w polskiej historiografii i historii sztuki problemu wystaw Rolniczo-Przemysłowych, jakie odbywały się na Litwie w okresie międzywojennym, ze szczególnym zwróceniem uwagi na wystawy z 1928 i 1930 r. oraz obudowaną wokół nich propagandę.
Wyniki badań. Wystawy Rolniczo-Przemysłowe, które miały miejsce na Litwie w okresie międzywojennym, są wpisane w szeroki kontekst budowy państwa litewskiego po I wojnie światowej. Mają też długie tradycje sięgające lat 80. XIX wieku. Wystawy odbywały się w latach 1921-1936, ale najciekawsze pod względem sztuki i propagandy są te z roku 1928 i 1930. Upamiętniały one kolejno dwie ważne rocznice: 10 lat niepodległości oraz 500 lat od śmierci Wielkiego Księcia Witolda, który stał się duchowym patronem niepodległej Litwy. Wystawy nastawione były na kreowanie obrazu Litwy jako dumnego i żyznego kraju ze wspaniałą przeszłością i w opozycji do Polski, która w litewskiej narracji okupowała Wilno.
Wnioski. Niniejszy artykuł jest początkiem badań nad tym zagadnieniem i próbą zaakcentowania tego problemu. Temat wystaw na Litwie powinien być poszerzony o większe badania, pokazujące związki pomiędzy odbywającymi się ówcześnie wystawami w Europie Środkowej i Wschodniej.
Wartość dzieł sztuki w kontekście teorii ekonomicznych
Authors: Kamykowska Zuzanna 
Published: August 2022

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie różnych podejść różnych szkół ekonomicznych do problemu kształtowania cen dzieł sztuki oraz wykazanie, że wartość rynkowa dzieła sztuki jest określana na podstawie zarówno obiektywnych jak i subiektywnych kryteriów oceny.
W historii ekonomii zagadnieniem wartości dzieła sztuki zajmowali się przedstawiciele wszystkich szkół ekonomicznych od klasycznej, post klasycznej, keynesowskiej, a nawet marksistowskiej, po przedstawicieli ekonomiki kultury. Badanie kształtowania się cen na rynku sztuki wiąże się z wieloma trudnościami, można także wyróżnić dwie przeciwstawne postawy badawcze: pierwsza wyraża pogląd, że wartość dzieła sztuki jest kształtowana przez gusta kolekcjonerów, druga postawa badawcza wyraża pogląd, że dzieła sztuki są powiązane z innymi dobrami ekonomicznymi, ponieważ podobnie jak one podlegają siłom rynkowym. Przyjęta metoda badawcza to analiza danych historycznych, raportów aukcyjnych, danych statystycznych oraz literatury przedmiotu zarówno polsko jak i anglojęzycznej. W artykule zaprezentowano kompleksowe zestawienie poglądów różnych szkół ekonomicznych na zagadnienie wartości dzieł sztuki. Niniejszy artykuł może stanowić obszar dalszych badań i rozważań.