bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multidisciplinary Constraints on the Thermal‐Chemical Boundary Between Earth's Core and Mantle
Authors: Frost Daniel A. , Avery Margaret S. , Buffett Bruce A. , Chidester Bethany A. , Deng Jie , Dorfman Susannah M. , Li Zhi , Liu Lijun , Lv Mingda , Martin Joshua F. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHeat flux from the core to the mantle provides driving energy for mantle convection thus powering plate tectonics, and contributes a significant fraction of the geothermal heat budget. Indirect estimates of core‐mantle boundary heat flow are typically based on petrological evidence of mantle temperature, interpretations of temperatures indicated by seismic travel times, experimental measurements of mineral melting points, physical mantle convection models, or physical core convection models. However, previous estimates have not consistently integrated these lines of evidence. In this work, an interdisciplinary analysis is applied to co‐constrain core‐mantle boundary heat flow and test the thermal boundary layer (TBL) theory. The concurrence of TBL models, energy balance to support geomagnetism, seismology, and review of petrologic evidence for historic mantle temperatures supports QCMB ∼15 TW, with all except geomagnetism supporting as high as ∼20 TW. These values provide a tighter constraint on core heat flux relative to previous work. Our work describes the seismic properties consistent with a TBL, and supports a long‐lived basal mantle molten layer through much of Earth's history.
Assessing Two Approaches for Enhancing the Range of Simulated Scales in the E3SMv1 and the Impact on the Character of Hourly US Precipitation
Authors: Kooperman G. J. , Akinsanola A. A. , Hannah W. M. , Pendergrass A. G. , Reed K. A. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractImproving the representation of precipitation in Earth system models is essential for understanding and projecting water cycle changes across scales. Progress has been hampered by persistent deficiencies in representing precipitation frequency, intensity, and timing in current models. Here, we analyze simulated US precipitation in the low‐resolution (LR) configuration of the Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SMv1) and assess the effect of two approaches to enhance the range of explicitly resolved scales: high‐resolution (HR) and multiscale modeling framework (MMF), which incur similar computational expense. Both E3SMv1‐MMF and E3SMv1‐HR capture more intense and less frequent precipitation on hourly and daily timescales relative to E3SMv1‐LR. E3SMv1‐HR improves the intensity over the Eastern and Northwestern US during winter, while E3SMv1‐MMF improves the intensity over the Eastern US and summer diurnal timing over the Central US. These results indicate that both methods may be needed to improve simulations of different storm types, seasons, and regions.
Changes in the Kuroshio Path, Surface Velocity and Transport During the Last 35,000 Years
Authors: Yang Haiyan , Guo Xinyu , Miyazawa Yasumasa , Varlamov Sergey M. , Abe‐Ouchi Ayako , Chan Wing‐Le 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe consider the sea level, air–sea heat flux, and wind stresses and use an ocean model to investigate the evolution of the Kuroshio path and intensity during the last 35,000 years. Relative to the present, the Kuroshio during the last glacial period traveled the same path albeit with higher surface velocity in the East China Sea, while it migrated northward south of Japan and southward at the Kuroshio Extension (KE). The southward migrations of the KE axis were closely related to the positions of zero wind‐stress curl. To a certain extent, stronger glacial trade winds enhanced the North Equatorial Current. Consequently, Kuroshio transport increased in the southern and middle Okinawa Trough. Regarding Kuroshio strength, we suggest that the horizontal gradient of the subsurface temperature would be a better indicator than the upper‐ocean vertical thermal gradient, which is a commonly used index in paleoceanography.
A Statistical Study on Wide‐Amplitude Kinetic Alfvénic Pulse at 8–12RE in the Magnetotail by THEMIS Spacecraft From 2008 to 2010
Authors: Zhang L. Q. , Wang C. , Dai L. , Ren Y. , Lui A. T. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUsing THEMIS spacecraft observations from 2008 to 2010, we perform statistical study on the wide‐amplitude kinetic Hall‐like Alfvénic wave (KAW) pulse in the near‐Earth tail region of 8–12 RE. The KAW pulse is identified by Ez‐By pulse with parallel‐predominantly Poynting flux (|P///PT| > 0.7) and large Ez/By ratio (|∆Ez/∆By | > VA, VA is Alfvénic velocity). Three typical events are presented. Therein, the KAW pulse on 24 March 2009 at the magnetic dipolarization is accompanied by the ion/electron dispersed structure (IDS/EDS; time of flight effect from reconnection source). Statistical study shows that the near‐Earth KAW pulse has a typical temporal scale of ∼15–25 s. The KAW pulses are mainly distributed in the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL) and tail lobe regions of β < 0.1 (β is the ratio of thermal pressure to magnetic pressure). The KAW pule at the PSBL/lobe has a wide distribution in the dawn‐dusk direction (−10 RE < |Y| < 10 RE), with the maximum occurrence at the midnight (|Y| < 4 RE). The KAW pulses at the PSBL/lobe are predominantly earthward‐propagating. Only a small number of the KAW pulses are tailward‐propagating. The earthward‐propagating pulse has a higher Poynting flux (PT) than tailward‐propagating pulse. The KAW pulse occurs during quiet time (AE < 200 nT) as well as substorm interval (AE > 200 nT). The substorm‐interval pulse has a higher Poynting flux than the quiet‐time pulse. Finally, tail reconnection is likely the significant source of the near‐Earth KAW pulses at 8–12 RE.
Nitrogenous Altered Volcanic Glasses as Targets for Mars Sample Return: Examples From Antarctica and Iceland
Authors: Nikitczuk M. P. , Bebout G. E. , Ota T. , Kunihiro T. , Mustard J. F. , Flemming R. L. , Tanaka R. , Halldórsson S. A. , Nakamura E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMars exploration is focused on seeking evidence of habitable environments and microbial life. Terrestrial glassy basalts may be the closest Mars‐surface weathering analog and observations increasingly indicate their potential to preserve biogeochemical records. The textures, major and trace element geochemistry, and N concentrations and isotopic compositions of subaerial, subglacial and continental lacustrine hyaloclastites from Antarctica, Iceland, and Oregon, respectively, were studied using micro‐imaging and chemical methods, including gas‐source mass spectrometry. Alteration by meteoric‐sourced waters occurred in circum‐neutral, increasingly alkaline low‐temperature conditions of ∼60°C–100°C (Iceland) and ∼60°C–170°C (Antarctica). Incompatible large ion lithophile element (LILE) enrichments compared to mid‐ocean ridge basalt (MORB) are consistent with more advanced alteration in Antarctic breccias consisting of heulandite‐clinoptilolite, calcite, erionite, quartz, and fluorapophyllite. Granular and tubular alteration textures and radial apatite represent possible microbial traces. Most samples contain more N than fresh MORB or ocean island basalt reflecting enrichment beyond concentrations attributable to igneous processes. Antarctic samples contain 52–1,143 ppm N and have δ15Νair values of −20.8‰ to −7.1‰. Iceland‐Oregon basalts contain 1.6–172 ppm N with δ15Ν of −6.7‰ to +7.3‰. Correlations between alteration extents, N concentrations, and concentrations of K2O, other LILEs, and Li and B, reflect the siting of secondary N likely as NH4+ replacing K+ and potentially as N2 in phyllosilicates and zeolites. Although much of the N enrichment and isotope fractionation presented here is not definitively biogenic, given several unknown factors, we suggest that a combination of textures, major and trace element alteration and N and other isotope geochemical compositions could constitute a compelling biosignature in samples from Mars' surface/near‐surface.
Kinematics of Irrigation‐Induced Landslides in a Washington Desert: Impacts of Basal Geometry
Authors: Xu Yuankun , Lu Zhong , Leshchinsky Ben 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLandslides are often considered to be a natural hazard that frequently occurs in mountainous, precipitation‐abundant regions worldwide; however, they can also occur in dry climates resulting from anthropogenic infuences, such as irrigation farming. Generally less affected by precipitation, landslides in arid regions are ideal for examining impacts of non‐precipitation controls on landslide motion, such as basal geometry. Here, we focused on 25 large, irrigation‐triggered, slow‐moving and catastrophic landslides that occurred in a desert valley near Hanford, Washington along the Columbia River. Optical images in submeter resolution from 1996 to 2020 and Sentinel‐1 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) deformation measurements from 2016 to 2020 were utilized to map 12 catastrophic landslides and obtain time‐series deformation of 13 actively slow‐moving landslide complexes. Our results show that the catastrophic landslides usually completed their life cycle from initiation to final deposition within minutes to days, whereas the slow‐moving ones have lasted approximately 40 years, exhibiting rapid acceleration and a subsequent deceleration period that is almost 12 times longer. Though varying in rates, both types of landslides facilitate sediment transport into the Columbia River, which is of concern for aquatic habitats. Motion dynamics of the four riverside, slow‐moving landslides were strongly modulated by the Columbia River height subject to seasonal dam water release, whereas the eight river‐distant landslides primarily respond to the infiltrated irrigation water from the farmlands. We observed an apparent “early deceleration” phenomenon for the riverside Locke landslide, where the landslide starts to decelerate despite the threshold groundwater conditions being exceeded. We interpret that the early decelerations result from the forced water circulation near the basal‐surface asperities, because river bathymetry data suggest that basal surfaces of the Locke landslide (originally the Columbia River bed) are highly irregular. This interpretation was also supported by numerical simulations, which show that incorporating the forced water circulation may help accurately predict the InSAR‐observed maximum velocity and the timing of deceleration. Additionally, our analyses of basal profiles of 10 slow‐moving and catastrophic landslides in the study region reveal that basal geometry could impart a bifurcation between slow and catastrophic landslide movements. Gentle basal surfaces are more likely associated with large, slow‐moving landslides, whereas steep ones are often involved with relatively small, catastrophic landslides due to rapid kinetic energy gains while moving downslope. In general, the examined impacts of basal geometry in this study are widely applicable to natural landslides worldwide for their kinematics characterization and forecasting.
A New Physically Based Index to Quantify the Impact of Multiple Reservoirs on Flood Frequency at the Catchment Scale Based on the Concept of Equivalent Reservoir
Authors: Cipollini S. , Fiori A. , Volpi E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe presence of multiple reservoirs in a catchment generally induces the attenuation of flood events, thus mitigating their impact in downstream flood‐prone areas. Such mitigation results from the superposition of several contributions, coming from the regulated (i.e., altered by reservoir) or unregulated subcatchments as determined by the reservoirs spatial distribution within the catchment. Understanding how multiple reservoirs affect the probability distribution of flood peak at the catchment scale is a difficult task, requiring a detailed and generally costly hydrologic/hydraulic simulation. We provide here a simple yet physically based mathematical framework to account for the effect of multiple reservoirs, located in series along the main channel, on peak flood quantile at the catchment scale. The framework allows to disentangle the role of the main relevant parameters controlling the system behavior, such as the number of reservoirs, their relative location and relative storage coefficient within the catchment, and a climatic parameter governing rainfall variability in time. The combined effect of the reservoirs in reducing the peak flow is represented by a global index , which is bounded between zero and unit and it is independent of the return period. The index is based on the concept of equivalent reservoir and is easily calculated by the analytical formulas provided in this study, as function of the above parameters.
Recurrent individual treatment assignment: a treatment policy approach to account for heterogeneous treatment effects
Authors: Cornelisz Ilja , van Klaveren Chris 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLongitudinal randomized controlled trials generally assign individuals randomly to interventions at baseline and then evaluate how differential average treatment effects evolve over time. This study shows that longitudinal settings could benefit from Recurrent Individual Treatment Assignment (RITA) instead, particularly in the face of (dynamic) heterogeneous treatment effects. Focusing on the optimization of treatment assignment, rather than on estimating treatment effects, acknowledges the presence of unobserved heterogeneous treatment effects and improves overall intervention response when compared to intervention policies in longitudinal settings based on Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs)-derived average treatment effects. This study develops a RITA-algorithm and evaluates its performance in a multi-period simulation setting, considering two alternative interventions and varying the extent of unobserved heterogeneity in individual treatment response. The results show that RITA learns quickly, and adapts individual assignments effectively. If treatment heterogeneity exists, the inherent focus on both exploit and explore enables RITA to outperform a conventional assignment strategy that relies on RCT-derived average treatment effects.
A 24-hour population distribution dataset based on mobile phone data from Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Finland
Authors: Bergroth Claudia , Järv Olle , Tenkanen Henrikki , Manninen Matti , Toivonen Tuuli 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this article, we present temporally dynamic population distribution data from the Helsinki Metropolitan Area, Finland, at the level of 250 m by 250 m statistical grid cells. An hourly population distribution dataset is provided for regular workdays (Mon – Thu), Saturdays and Sundays. The data are based on aggregated mobile phone data collected by the biggest mobile network operator in Finland. Mobile phone data are assigned to statistical grid cells using an advanced dasymetric interpolation method based on ancillary data about land cover, buildings and a time use survey. The dataset is validated by comparing population register data from Statistics Finland for night hours and a daytime workplace registry. The resulting 24-hour population data can be used to reveal the temporal dynamics of the city, and examine population variations relevant to spatial accessibility analyses, crisis management, planning and beyond.
Federated learning and differential privacy for medical image analysis
Authors: Adnan Mohammed , Kalra Shivam , Cresswell Jesse C. , Taylor Graham W. , Tizhoosh Hamid R. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe artificial intelligence revolution has been spurred forward by the availability of large-scale datasets. In contrast, the paucity of large-scale medical datasets hinders the application of machine learning in healthcare. The lack of publicly available multi-centric and diverse datasets mainly stems from confidentiality and privacy concerns around sharing medical data. To demonstrate a feasible path forward in medical image imaging, we conduct a case study of applying a differentially private federated learning framework for analysis of histopathology images, the largest and perhaps most complex medical images. We study the effects of IID and non-IID distributions along with the number of healthcare providers, i.e., hospitals and clinics, and the individual dataset sizes, using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, a public repository, to simulate a distributed environment. We empirically compare the performance of private, distributed training to conventional training and demonstrate that distributed training can achieve similar performance with strong privacy guarantees. We also study the effect of different source domains for histopathology images by evaluating the performance using external validation. Our work indicates that differentially private federated learning is a viable and reliable framework for the collaborative development of machine learning models in medical image analysis.
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between cyproterone acetate and intracranial meningiomas
Authors: Lee Keng Siang , Zhang John J. Y. , Kirollos Ramez , Santarius Thomas , Nga Vincent Diong Weng , Yeo Tseng Tsai 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe influence of exposure to hormonal treatments, particularly cyproterone acetate (CPA), has been posited to contribute to the growth of meningiomas. Given the widespread use of CPA, this systematic review and meta-analysis attempted to assess real-world evidence of the association between CPA and the occurrence of intracranial meningiomas. Systematic searches of Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane Controlled Register of Controlled Trials, were performed from database inception to 18th December 2021. Four retrospective observational studies reporting 8,132,348 patients were included in the meta-analysis. There was a total of 165,988 subjects with usage of CPA. The age of patients at meningioma diagnosis was generally above 45 years in all studies. The dosage of CPA taken by the exposed group (n = 165,988) was specified in three of the four included studies. All studies that analyzed high versus low dose CPA found a significant association between high dose CPA usage and increased risk of meningioma. When high and low dose patients were grouped together, there was no statistically significant increase in risk of meningioma associated with use of CPA (RR = 3.78 [95% CI 0.31–46.39], p = 0.190). Usage of CPA is associated with increased risk of meningioma at high doses but not when low doses are also included. Routine screening and meningioma surveillance by brain MRI offered to patients prescribed with CPA is likely a reasonable clinical consideration if given at high doses for long periods of time. Our findings highlight the need for further research on this topic.
The association between hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype and chronic kidney disease: a cohort study and meta-analysis
Authors: Chen Dezhong , Sun Huimin , Lu Ciyong , Chen Weiqing , Guo Vivian Yawei 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEvidence on the association between hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype (HTGW) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) is limited and inconsistent. We aimed to explore such association among 7406 Chinese aged ≥ 45 years in a cohort setting, followed by a meta-analysis. Participants were categorized into four phenotypes: NTNW (normal triglycerides and normal waist circumference), NTGW (isolated enlarged waist circumference), HTNW (isolated high triglycerides), and HTGW (high triglycerides and enlarged waist circumference). We used multivariate logistic regression to determine the association between different phenotypes and risk of CKD in the cohort study. For meta-analysis, we searched relevant studies from Embase, Medline, PubMed, and Web of Science from dataset inception up to May 1, 2021. A random-effect model was used to estimate the pooled effect and I2 statistic was applied to evaluate heterogeneity. In the cohort study, compared to the NTNW phenotype, HTGW (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.32 to 2.51, p < 0.01) and NTGW (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.94, p = 0.004) were significantly associated with CKD risk after 4 years follow-up, but not for the HTNW phenotype. The meta-analysis also showed a positive association between HTGW phenotype and CKD risk (pooled OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.31 to 1.79, I2 = 62.4%). Assessment of triglyceridemic-waist phenotypes might help to identify individuals with high-risk of developing CKD.
Cognitive profiles in children and adolescents with Down syndrome
Authors: Onnivello Sara , Pulina Francesca , Locatelli Chiara , Marcolin Chiara , Ramacieri Giuseppe , Antonaros Francesca , Vione Beatrice , Caracausi Maria , Lanfranchi Silvia 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Down syndrome (DS) phenotype is usually characterized by relative strengths in non-verbal skills and deficits in verbal processing, but high interindividual variability has been registered in the syndrome. The goal of this study was to explore the cognitive profile, considering verbal and non-verbal intelligence, of children and adolescents with DS, also taking into account interindividual variability. We particularly aimed to investigate whether this variability means that we should envisage more than one cognitive profile in this population. The correlation between cognitive profile and medical conditions, parents’ education levels and developmental milestones was also explored. Seventy-two children/adolescents with DS, aged 7–16 years, were assessed with the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence-III. Age-equivalent scores were adopted, and Verbal and Non-Verbal indices were obtained for each individual. The cognitive profile of the group as a whole was characterized by similar scores in the verbal and non-verbal domain. Cluster analysis revealed three different profiles, however: one group, with the lowest scores, had the typical profile associated with DS (with higher non-verbal than verbal intelligence); one, with intermediate scores, had greater verbal than non-verbal intelligence; and one, with the highest scores, fared equally well in the verbal and non-verbal domain. Three cognitive profiles emerged, suggesting that educational support for children and adolescents with DS may need to be more specific.
Involvement of neuronal and muscular Trk-fused gene (TFG) defects in the development of neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Yamamotoya Takeshi , Hasei Shun , Akasaka Yasuyuki , Ohata Yukino , Nakatsu Yusuke , Kanna Machi , Fujishiro Midori , Sakoda Hideyuki , Ono Hiraku , Kushiyama Akifumi , Misawa Hidemi , Asano Tomoichiro 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTrk-fused gene (TFG) mutations have been identified in patients with several neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we attempted to clarify the effects of TFG deletions in motor neurons and in muscle fibers, using tissue-specific TFG knockout (vMNTFG KO and MUSTFG KO) mice. vMNTFG KO, generated by crossing TFG floxed with VAChT-Cre, showed deterioration of motor function and muscle atrophy especially in slow-twitch soleus muscle, in line with the predominant Cre expression in slow-twitch fatigue-resistant (S) and fast-twitch fatigue-resistant (FR) motor neurons. Consistently, denervation of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) was apparent in the soleus, but not in the extensor digitorum longus, muscle. Muscle TFG expressions were significantly downregulated in vMNTFG KO, presumably due to decreased muscle IGF-1 concentrations. However, interestingly, MUSTFG KO mice showed no apparent impairment of muscle movements, though a denervation marker, AChRγ, was elevated and Agrin-induced AChR clustering in C2C12 myotubes was inhibited. Our results clarify that loss of motor neuron TFG is sufficient for the occurrence of NMJ degeneration and muscle atrophy, though lack of muscle TFG may exert an additional effect. Reduced muscle TFG, also observed in aged mice, might be involved in age-related NMJ degeneration, and this issue merits further study.