bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advanced molecular approaches in male infertility diagnosis
Authors: Botezatu A , Vladoiu S , Fudulu A , Albulescu A , Plesa A , Muresan A , Stancu C , Iancu I V , Diaconu C C , Velicu A , Popa O M , Badiu C , Dinu-Draganescu D 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn the recent years a special attention has been given to a major health concern namely to male infertility, defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of regular unprotected sexual intercourse, taken into account the statistics that highlight that sperm counts have dropped by 50–60% in recent decades. According to the WHO, infertility affects approximately 9% of couples globally, and the male factor is believed to be present in roughly 50% of cases, with exclusive responsibility in 30%. The aim of this article is to present an evidence-based approach for diagnosing male infertility that includes finding new solutions for diagnosis and critical outcomes, retrieving up-to-date studies and existing guidelines. The diverse factors that induce male infertility generated in a vast amount of data that needed to be analyzed by a clinician before a decision could be made for each individual. Modern medicine faces numerous obstacles as a result of the massive amount of data generated by the molecular biology discipline. To address complex clinical problems, vast data must be collected, analyzed, and used, which can be very challenging. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) methods to create a decision support system can help predict the diagnosis and guide treatment for infertile men, based on analysis of different data as environmental and lifestyle, clinical (sperm count, morphology, hormone testing, karyotype, etc.), and “omics” bigdata. Ultimately, the development of AI algorithms will assist clinicians in formulating diagnosis, making treatment decisions, and predicting outcomes for assisted reproduction techniques.
The ruminant placental trophoblast binucleate cell: an evolutionary breakthrough
Authors: Wooding F B P 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Viviparity and the development of a placenta are two of the major reasons for the success of the mammals in colonizing all habitats, both terrestrial and aquatic. The placenta is an apposition of fetal to maternal tissue which serves two main, but competing functions: to maximize oxygen transfer and the acquisition of nutrients from the mother, but to minimize immunological rejection by the maternal immune system. This has resulted in the evolution of four main types differing in the degree of loss of the maternal uterine epithelial (UE) barrier: epitheliochorial, synepitheliochorial, endotheliochorial, and hemochorial, all providing a successful safe balance between the needs of mother and fetus. Epitheliochorial is the least invasive, a simple apposition and microvillar interdigitation of the apices of uterine epithelium and trophoblast. It is suggested to have evolved as a response to the increase in the size of the animal to provide a sufficiently long gestation to produce a single altricial (run/swim-soon-as-born) neonate as in the Cetartiodactyla. The mother needs to have good control of the fetal demands so the UE barrier is maintained. However, in the synepitheliochorial placenta, characteristic of all ruminants, the fetus has evolved a means of increasing, or at least maintaining, demand without the need for invasion. This has been achieved by the development of the trophoblast binucleate cell which, uniquely, can fuse with a UE cell to form fetomaternal hybrid tissue. This can maintain some maternal barrier function but also deliver fetally synthesized immunomodulatory and metabolic messages to the maternal circulation. This review provides the evidence for this remarkable evolutionary step and also considers an alternative explanation for the formation of the structure of the ruminant placenta.
Ralstonia pickettii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bloodstream Infections Associated With Contaminated Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Water Heater Devices
Authors: Baker Meghan A , Rhee Chanu , Tucker Robert , Vaidya Vineeta , Holtzman Meghan , Seethala Raghu R , Bentain-Melanson Maria , Lenox Jesslyn , Smith Adam R , Gassett Allison , Huntley Miriam , Sater Mohamad , Reilly Karen , Klompas Michael 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We report on probable factory-based contamination of portable water heaters with waterborne pathogens and 2 bloodstream infections potentially attributable to off-label use of these water heaters to warm extracorporeal membrane oxygenation circuits. Great caution is warranted when using water-based devices to care for critically ill patients.
High Prevalence of Malnutrition and Micronutrient Deficiencies in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease Early in Disease Course
Authors: Gold Stephanie L , Rabinowitz Loren G , Manning Laura , Keefer Laurie , Rivera-Carrero William , Stanley, Stephanie , Sherman Alexis , Castillo Ana , Tse Stacy , Hyne, Amanda , Matos, Kristina , Cohen Benjamin , Grinspan Ari , Colombel Jean-Frederic , Sands Bruce E , Dubinsky Marla C , Ungaro Ryan C 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundPatients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are at an increased risk of malnutrition. The goal of this study was to define the prevalence of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies in recently diagnosed IBD patients and to compare the performance of existing malnutrition screening tools in identifying IBD patients at increased risk for malnutrition.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of adult patients with recently diagnosed IBD (≤18 months disease duration). A diagnosis of malnutrition was made utilizing the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism malnutrition criteria. Serum micronutrient levels were included. The sensitivity of 5 malnutrition screening tools in identifying patients at moderate-high risk of malnutrition was determined based on the European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism malnutrition definition. Descriptive statistics summarized the data and univariate analyses tested associations.ResultsA total of 182 patients were included for analysis; 65 (36%) met criteria for malnutrition. A total of 135 (74%) patients had ≥1 micronutrient level checked and 105 (78%) had ≥1 deficiency. Patients with prior surgery (odds ratio [OR], 4.5; P = .004), active Crohn’s disease (OR, 2.8; P = .03), and diarrhea (OR, 2.1; P = .02) were more likely to be malnourished. The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool and Saskatchewan IBD Nutrition Risk Tool had the highest sensitivity (100%) in predicting those at moderate-high risk of malnutrition at the time of screening.ConclusionsPatients with recently diagnosed IBD have a high prevalence of malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Both the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool and Saskatchewan IBD Nutrition Risk Tool can be used to identify those at increased risk of malnutrition. Future studies and screening tool development are necessary to identify those at risk of developing malnutrition to facilitate timely referral for nutritional evaluation and prevent disease related complications.
Effects of supplemental myo-inositol on growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility of weanling piglets fed reduced protein high-phytate diets and intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and function
Authors: Ogunribido Tobi Z , Bedford Michael R , Adeola Olayiwola , Ajuwon Kolapo M 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Myo-inositol is a breakdown product of phytate produced in the gut through the action of phytase. Although the effect of phytase-released phosphorus (P) on growth performance of animals has been well characterized, there is still little understanding of the effect of myo-inositol. The first objective of this study was to determine the effects of added myo-inositol to a phytate-rich low-protein diet on growth performance and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) in growing piglets. The second objective was to determine whether myo-inositol could directly affect intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and function for which we used intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). A total of 128 weanling piglets were allotted to four dietary treatments consisting of eight replicates per treatment and four piglets per replicate in a randomized complete block design for 4 wk. The four experimental diets comprised the positive control [PC; 20% crude protein (CP)], negative control (NC; 17% CP), negative control plus 2.0g/kg myo-inositol (NC+INO; 17% CP), and negative control plus 3000FTU/kg phytase (NC+PHY; 17% CP). Average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and gain-feed ratio (G: F) were recorded. Phytase supplementation in the protein-deficient NC diet increased the G:F ratio (P &lt; 0.05) without myo-inositol effects on growth performance. Phosphorus digestibility in the phytase-supplemented group increased compared to the PC, NC, and NC+INO groups, whereas plasma myo-inositol concentration was significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the NC+INO group. Due to the lack of myo-inositol effect on growth performance, an additional in vitro study was conducted to determine the direct effect of myo-inositol on the intestinal epithelium that might not be reflected in growth performance. Myo-inositol increased the mRNA abundance of selected nutrient transporters in a concentration-dependent manner (P &lt; 0.05). Myo-inositol also enhanced barrier integrity in the IPEC-J2 monolayer by increasing the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) with reduced paracellular permeability of FITC-dextran (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, despite the lack of myo-inositol effect on animal performance, the in vitro data indicate that myo-inositol may directly regulate gut barrier integrity. Addition of myo-inositol to pig diets at levels that enhance intestinal epithelial cell function may result in effects on growth performance and gut health of pigs.
Tell Me Your Story: A Case Report on the Use of Occupational Storytelling in the Treatment of a Subject with an Upper Extremity Burn Injury and Complex Psychosocial Issues
Authors: Kurakazu Dawn , Biggins Kristin , Groger Sandy 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Recovering from a burn can leave a burn survivor struggling to cope with the physical and psychological trauma of their injury. Finding new ways to encourage positive coping strategies and strengthen their sense of self-efficacy and occupational identity can help to encourage the burn survivor to actively participate in their recovery and thereby increase their resiliency after injury. Occupational storytelling is a treatment strategy that utilizes the client’s occupational history and experiences to form their life story. Utilizing this technique with the Kawa Model as the practice model and guide uses the image of life as a river to facilitate the formation of the survivor’s story. The survivor is able to form a narrative of their life story by using their past, present, and future occupational identities as a means cope and problem solve after their injury. This case report will illustrate how the subject “Ray,” a pseudonym, used occupational storytelling to create a narrative of his past strengths to aid in recovering from his burn injury. Through his story, Ray was able to connect to a new occupational identity as a burn survivor rather than victim.
Extra-contractual Civil Liability (Tort Law) and Compliance
Authors: Sester Peter 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter will focus on tort law but also introduce the topic of compliance. For the purpose of this book compliance is understood in a procedural manner. Under this approach, compliance is about the creation, implementation, and supervision of procedural rules adopted by organizations to measure operational results and avoid costs caused by the violation of laws, regulations, internal rules on risk management, soft law, and the predominant moral and ethical standards of society. The provisions of the Brazilian Civil Code on extra-contractual civil liability (tort law) have been inspired by French law. Therefore, that comparison will be emphasized. Although liability normally requires fault, strict liability has been fostered by the legislator over the decades. The chapter will focus on those issues of classical tort law and strict liability that are important for risk analyses conducted prior to investing and deal making. It will also discuss the issue of piercing the corporate veil.
Public Procurement and Concessions
Authors: Sester Peter 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Brazilian public administration is an important customer of private companies. Together, the Federal Union, the Brazilian states, and the municipalities are by far the largest counterparty for the construction and facility management sector. Furthermore, the current government is promoting privatization, thereby creating opportunities for foreign investors, especially in the energy and aviation sector (airport privatization). Therefore, this chapter is very important for investors. It will focus on public procurement and contracts between private parties and units of the public administration. This specific area of the law, termed administrative law is not yet codified. Instead, it consists of a rather fragmented bundle of laws with an overlapping scope of application. However, two pillars stand out: the Public Procurement Act and the General Concession Act. Under the CFRB the acquisition of almost all goods and services needed by the public administration requires a public call for tender. Therefore, the recently revamped Public Procurement Act will be discussed extensively. The second key focus of this chapter is administrative contract law and its new provisions on risk allocation.
Creation of Agency
Authors: Munday Roderick 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the agreement between a principal and his agent that can be either express or implied as the great majority of agency agreements are contractual. It discusses contractual agencies wherein consideration must be present, and the agent must be under an enforceable obligation to do what is promised. It also examines how gratuitous agents may possess rights against their principals, notably the right to be indemnified for losses and expenses incurred in the course of their agency. The chapter describes the right to an indemnity as a normal incident of agency that exists independently of any contract between principal and agent. It cites Lord Pearson’s Garnac Grain, wherein he considered what evidence a court might look at in order to determine whether the parties could be taken to have consented to an agency.
Apparent Authority
Authors: Munday Roderick 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter highlights apparent authority or ostensible authority, which arises when a third party is induced to enter into a transaction with a principal by a party that appears to have authority to act but who in fact lacks such authority. It describes actual authority as a legal relationship between principal and agent that is created by a consensual agreement to which they alone are parties. It also talks about the illusion that can be created by the principal misrepresenting to third parties that the agent enjoys authority to perform certain acts. The chapter explains how apparent authority can arise in a variety of circumstances, suggesting that an agent may come to have apparent authority in several broad categories of situation. It refers to a principal that allows his agent to continue to appear as his agent after the agency has been terminated.
Legal Relations between Principal and Agent: Duties the Agent Owes to His Principal
Authors: Munday Roderick 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the agent as both a contracting party and a fiduciary that owes strict equitable obligations to the principal arising out of the special position of trust in which the law of agency places him. It cites Turpin v Bilton, where an agent breached his principal’s instructions to arrange insurance for the ship. It also highlights an agent’s authority that will be governed by the exact terms of the agreement with the principal. The chapter explains how the agent cannot be expected to carry out instructions that would be null and void at common law or under statute. It discusses Ireland v Livingston, wherein an agent who will not be held liable to his principal for breach of their contract of agency.
Carriage of Goods by Sea
Authors: Girvin Stephen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This book provides an extensive comparative analysis of the carriage of goods by sea, examining the principles, regulation, responsibilities, obligations, and immunities within this area of English law in a single volume. The book covers a broad range of subjects in this area of shipping law. These include an essential overview of the business of shipping, a core group of chapters on different functions of bills of lading and other documents of carriage, the international and domestic regulation of carriage, an analysis of the major conventions (the Hague, Hague-Visby and Hamburg Rules, and the Rotterdam Rules), as well as the shippers’ responsibilities, both at common law and under the international conventions. Later chapters are concerned with the obligations of the carrier, and the rights and immunities of the carrier, again at common law, and under the international conventions. The book concludes by examining charterparties, as well as including chapters on frustration and damages. This third edition provides updates on new bills of lading, major Commonwealth developments impacting on the law in this field, and UK Supreme Court decisions including Volcafe Ltd v Compania Sud Americana de Vapores SA (Trading as CSAV) [2018] UKSC 61, The Ocean Victory [2017] UKSC 35, and The Kos [2012] UKSC 17. It also includes a new chapter relating to damages.
The Carrier’s Obligations under the Hague, Hague-Visby, and Rotterdam Rules
Authors: Girvin Stephen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the carrier’s obligations under the Hague, Hague-Visby, and Rotterdam Rules. These include the issue of bills of lading, seaworthiness, and care of cargo. Article III, rule 3 of the Hague and Hague-Visby Rules provides that: ‘After receiving the goods into his charge the carrier or the master or agent of the carrier shall, on demand of the shipper, issue to the shipper a bill of lading’. Article III, rule 1 of the Hague and Hague-Visby Rules states that: ‘The carrier shall be bound before and at the beginning of the voyage to exercise due diligence to (a) make the ship seaworthy; (b) properly man, equip and supply the ship; (c) and make the holds, refrigerating and cool chambers, and all other parts of the ship in which goods are carried, fit and safe for their reception, carriage and preservation’. Meanwhile, article III, rule 2 states that: ‘Subject to the provisions of Article IV, the carrier shall properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for and discharge the goods delivered’.
Liens
Authors: Girvin Stephen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses liens, the classic definition of which is that ‘a lien is a right in one man to retain that which is in his possession belonging to another, till certain demands of him the person in possession are satisfied’. This definition, however, explains the basis for the common law (or possessory) lien. There are three other types of lien in English law. These are statutory liens, equitable liens, and maritime liens. Maritime liens are particularly important. The main characteristic is that maritime liens are non-possessory and attach to the property from the moment the particular cause of action arises. The chapter then looks at liens at common law, before considering express contractual liens over cargo in bills of lading and charterparties. It also studies liens over sub-freights and cesser clauses.
Securities and Derivatives Central Counterparties in the EU
Authors: Zebregs Bas , de Serière Victor 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a general introduction to the relevant international standards and their transposition into the regulatory framework for the clearing sector in the European Union. It summarizes the applicable regulations established by the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR) of 2012 and related legal instruments. Specifically, the chapter analyses the applicable licensing and governance requirements, requirements pertaining to restricting and managing conflicts of interests, the outsourcing of certain activities and, in particular, the applicable prudential requirements for the management of losses and liquidity shortfalls and relevant conduct-of-business rules. All of these are broadly in line with the CPSS-IOSCO principles for market infrastructures of 2012. The chapter then turns to a closer look at the relevant investor protection rules established by MiFID II and the corresponding Markets in Financial Instruments Regulation (MiFIR). Of particular relevance within the European framework are issues relating to the segregation and portability of client assets.
Central Counterparties Insolvency and Resolution in the United States
Authors: Skeel David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses how, unlike in the European Union, the US legislation thus far has not established a bespoke regime for the management of central counterparty (CCP) failures. This leaves considerable uncertainty as to whether, and how, the reformed regulatory environment created by the post-financial crisis Dodd-Frank Act would respond to failures in the sector. While Title VIII of the Dodd-Frank Act has empowered the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) to designate clearinghouses as systemically important, it has been questioned whether the so-called 'Orderly Resolution Authority', a process for the resolution of failing systemically important financial institutions established by Title II of the Dodd-Frank Act, would apply—and, even if it did, would provide adequate solutions. The procedures and tools included in Title II hardly would fit, leaving room for the application of ordinary bankruptcy procedures. However, neither liquidation under Chapter 7 nor reorganization under Chapter 11 of the US Bankruptcy Code can be expected to be very helpful in the case of a clearinghouse failure, which essentially leads to a high level of reliance on the clearinghouses' risk mitigation and loss management arrangements contractually agreed with their respective members.
Swaps Client Clearing in the United States
Authors: Patel Nihal S 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the US legal regime system for customer clearing of swaps more than ten years after the adoption of Dodd-Frank Act and its related clearing mandates. Trading mandates have been implemented in numerous jurisdictions and clearing services have expanded significantly. However, in the years since implementation, this push has been accompanied by a great deal of rethinking. Market participants and observers have found new and different risks associated with clearing vis-à-vis bilateral trading. In addition, competitive balances in the derivatives markets have shifted, in significant part due to the implementation of regulatory reform. The chapter provides a critical overview of the legal infrastructure for swap clearing in the United States and considers ways in which the Commodity Futures Trading Commission regime could be approved, while taking the overall governmental desire to promote clearing as a given. It then takes a particular look at recent CFTC proposals to address US client access to clearing overseas and finally considers some of the macro-level trends in client clearing—in particular, the ongoing consolidation taking place among firms in the client clearing business—and whether and how regulators should address these changes.