bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of in-furrow fertilizers on winter wheat grain yield and mineral concentration
Authors: Finch B. A. , Reed V. T. , Williams J. E. , Sharry R. L. , Arnall D. B. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPlacement of fertilizer in the seed furrow to increase nutrient availability is a common practice in row-crop production. While in-furrow application of fertilizer is widely utilized in the production of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), there is a lack of work evaluating new formulations and nutrient combinations that are available. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of in-furrow fertilizer products and combinations of products on winter wheat grain yield, nitrogen and mineral concentrations. Trials were conducted across five site-years in central Oklahoma using 11 fertilizer formulations placed in-furrow at the time of planting. In locations that soil test phosphorus (STP) levels or potassium were above sufficiency, the use of in-furrow fertilizers did not improve yield over the control. Inconsistency of response was noted at locations where STP levels were below the critical threshold. While one location showed no response to the addition of P regardless of source, two other locations had significant yield responses from three or more P-containing fertilizers. The addition of both sulphur and zinc resulted in increased yield over the base product at one low STP location. Nutrient concentrations were also influenced in nutrient-limited soils; however, no trends in response were present. Based upon the results of this study, the application of in-furrow fertilizer has the potential to increase winter wheat grain yield and nutrient concentration, when soil nutrients are limiting. As expected the addition of fertilizer when soil test levels are at or above a sufficiency did not increase grain yield.
Should linguistics be applied and, if so, how?
Authors: White Lydia 
Published: September 2022

AbstractResearch on second language (L2) acquisition in the generative tradition (GenSLA) addresses the nature of interlanguage competence, examining the roles of Universal Grammar, the mother tongue and the input in shaping the acquisition, representation and use of second languages. This field is sometimes dismissed by applied linguists as irrelevant because it does not provide direct applications for language teaching. However, the assumption that theories must have applications involves a fundamental misconception: linguistic theories explore the nature of grammar; GenSLA theories explore the nature of language learning. No such theory entails that language must be taught in a particular way. Nevertheless, potential applications can be identified: examples are presented that describe aspects of language that do not need to be taught, properties that might benefit from instruction, and cases where textbooks provide inadequate information. I argue that linguistic theory and GenSLA theory have more to offer in terms of considering what aspects of language might or might not be taught rather than how languages should be taught.
Is music on the wane? A small mixed methods study exploring musical learning in the school reception class in the East of England
Authors: Digby Julie 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis small-scale mixed methods study sought to explore the nature of the musical learning in the Reception year. Research data from the questionnaires (n = 39) provide some evidence that little has changed over the last two decades in some aspects of the music provision for children aged 4 and 5 years. However, interviews with eight Reception teachers revealed some unexpected findings on account of some contemporary barriers. Qualitative data suggest that children’s entitlement to develop their innate musicality within the Foundation stage curriculum may be at risk, as some teachers find the challenges of ‘fitting it all’ is difficult to accomplish.
Effect of cigarette smoke condensate on mouse embryo development and expression of pluripotency and apoptotic genes in vitro
Authors: Banafshi Omid , Mohammadi Ebrahim , Abdi Mohammad , Ghaderi Ebrahim , Assadollahi Vahideh , Khadem Erfan Mohammad Bagher , Rezaei Mohammad Jafar , Fathi Fardin 
Published: September 2022

SummaryThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) on in vitro development of mouse embryos. In total 3000 NMRI mice 2PN embryos were divided into six groups (n = 500). The test group was exposed to 20, 40, 80, 160 or 320 μg/ml of CSC. In the control group, CSC was not added to the culture medium during the development of 2PN embryos. The effects of 20 and 80 μg/ml of CSC on genes involved in pluripotency and apoptosis, and also, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor gene was assessed in the blastocysts. Our results showed that CSC had an adverse effect on the viability of mouse embryos at the concentrations of 80, 160 and 320 μg/ml compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In contrast, it had positive effects on the viability of mouse embryos at the concentrations of 20 and 40 μg/ml compared with the control group (P < 0.05). The 20 and 80 μg/ml concentrations of CSC increased the expression of pluripotency, apoptotic, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor genes in the blastocyst embryo stage compared with the control group (P < 0.05). It can be concluded that concentrations higher than 40 μg/ml of CSC have an adverse effect on mouse embryo development in the preimplantation stages. Also, 20 and 80 μg/ml concentrations of CSC have a significant effect on the expression of pluripotency, apoptotic, and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor genes in the blastocyst embryo stage compared with the control group.
Stromatolite photomorphogenesis: lighting up their shape
Authors: Ojakangas Gregory W. , Awramik Stanley M. , Storrie-Lombardi Michael C. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMost stromatolites are built by photosynthetic organisms, for which sunlight is a driving factor. We examine stromatolite morphogenesis with modelling that incorporates the growth rate of cyanobacteria (the dominant stromatolite-builder today, and presumably through much of the past), as a function of the amount of irradiance received. This function is known to be non-monotonic, with a maximum beyond which growth rate decreases. We define optimal irradiance as that which generates maximal growth, and we find fundamentally different morphologies are predicted under suboptimal and superoptimal direct irradiance. When the direct irradiance is suboptimal, narrow widely spaced columns are predicted, with sharp apices resembling conical stromatolites. When it is superoptimal, broad, closely spaced, flattened domical forms appear. Such disparate morphologies could also occur as a result of other vector-flux-dependent growth factors (e.g. currents). A differential equation is developed that describes the rate of change of the radius of curvatureRat the apex of a growing stromatolite column, allowing simple simulations of the time evolution ofRfor model stromatolites. The termphotomorphismis proposed to describe the disparate morphologies that may arise due to the effects described here (andphotomorphogenesisas the process). Model results appear to explain, at least qualitatively, the morphologies of a number of stromatolites. If stromatolites are encountered on Mars, our model suggests that they are quite likely to be conical in form, owing to likely suboptimal irradiance since Mars has always received less irradiance than Earth.
The Rights of Nature as a Bridge between Land-Ownership Regimes: The Potential of Institutionalized Interplay in Post-Colonial Societies
Authors: Putzer Alex , Lambooy Tineke , Breemer Ignace , Rietveld Aafje 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDespite the growing prominence and use of Rights of Nature (RoN), doubts remain as to their tangible effect on environmental protection efforts. By analyzing two initiatives in post-colonial societies, we argue that they do influence the creation of institutionalized bridges between differing land-ownership regimes. Applying the methodology of inter-legality, we examine the Ecuadorian Constitution of 2008 and the Ugandan National Environment Act 2019. We identify five normative spheres that influence land-ownership regimes. We find that the established Ecuadorian RoN have an institutionalized effect on the nation's legal system. Their more recently established Ugandan counterpart shows potential to develop in the same direction.
Convolutional Neural Networks as a Tool for Raman Spectral Mineral Classification Under Low Signal, Dusty Mars Conditions
Authors: Berlanga Genesis , Williams Quentin , Temiquel Nathan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractNASA's Mars 2020 and ESA's ExoMars will collect Raman measurements in dusty field conditions obscuring underlying rocks. This presents a challenge for remote Raman measurements at distances where mechanical or ablative sample cleaning is not straightforward. Historically, probing broad lithostratigraphic suites has been thwarted by the need for pristine targets and high‐quality spectra. We provide a means of identifying Raman spectra of common rock‐forming silicate, carbonate, and sulfate minerals under low signal‐to‐noise‐ratios, Mars‐like conditions using a convolutional neural network (CNN). The CNN was trained on the Machine Learning Raman Open Data set data set with 500,000+ Raman spectra of hand samples/powder mixtures (5,000+ spectra/mineral class). Diversity in sample microtopography, orientation, and crystallinity simulated varying laser focuses and spectral quality, and no traditional spectral preprocessing such as cosmic ray or baseline removal was employed. The CNN identified low‐intensity Raman scatterers (micas and amphiboles), mixed minerals, and distinguished between mineral endmembers with +99% success. We present among the first known implementations of “big data” machine learning using varied, high‐volume Raman spectral datasets. The pattern recognition abilities of CNNs can facilitate scientist Raman spectral interpretation on Earth and autonomous rover decision‐making on planets like Mars; increasing scientific yield, correcting human classification errors, reducing the need for thorough target dust removal during evaluative measurements, and streamlining the data communications pipeline—saving time and resources. This study examines an end‐to‐end development process for creating a deep learning algorithm sensitive to varieties of Raman spectra and provides guidelines for CNN model development at the interface of Raman spectroscopy, deep learning, and planetary science.
Scale‐Dependent Kurtosis of Magnetic Field Fluctuations in the Solar Wind: A Multi‐Scale Study With Cluster 2003–2015
Authors: Roberts O. W. , Alexandrova O. , Sorriso‐Valvo L. , Vörös Z. , Nakamura R. , Fischer D. , Varsani A. , Escoubet C. Philippe , Volwerk M. , Canu P. , Lion S. , Yearby K. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDuring the lifetime of the Cluster mission, the inter‐spacecraft distances in the solar wind have changed from the large, fluid, scales (∼104 km), down to the scales of protons (∼102 km). As part of the guest investigator campaign, the mission achieved a formation where a pair of spacecraft were separated by ∼7 km. The small distances and the exceptional sensitivity of the search coil magnetometer provide an excellent data set for studying solar wind turbulence at electron scales. In this study, we investigate the intermittency of the magnetic field fluctuations in the slow solar wind. Using 20 time intervals with different constellation orientations of Cluster we cover spatial scales between 7 and 104 km. We compare time‐lagged increments from a single spacecraft with spatially lagged increments using multiple spacecraft. As the turbulent cascade proceeds to smaller scales in the inertial range, the deviation from Gaussian statistics is observed to increase in both temporal and spatial increments in the components transverse to the mean field direction. At ion scales, there is a maximum of kurtosis, and at sub‐ion scales, the fluctuations are only weakly non‐Gaussian. In the compressive component the deviation from Gaussian statistics is variable: it may increase throughout the inertial and sub‐ion ranges, but also, it may have a maximum at magnetohydrodynamic scales associated with large scale magnetic holes. The observations show differences in kurtosis of time and space increments when the spacecraft pairs are transverse to the flow, indicating its spatial anisotropy.
Spatio‐Temporal Variability of Suspended Sediment Fronts (SSFs) on the Inner Shelf of the East China Sea: The Contribution of Multiple Factors
Authors: Du Yunfei , Zhang Jicai , Wei Zilu , Yin Wenbin , Wu Hui , Yuan Yeping , Wang Ya Ping 
Published: September 2022

AbstractModulated by a host of complex processes, suspended sediment fronts (SSFs) on the inner shelf of the East China Sea persist strongly and vary notably. Using hourly suspended sediment concentration data collected by the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager over the period 2011–2021, a gradient‐based edge detection algorithm was implemented to extract SSFs; the frontal probability (FP) and seasonal and interannual variability were identified and interpreted. Pronounced frontal activity is principally confined to the nearshore waters within the 60‐m isobaths and decreases with increasing offshore distance. Frontogenesis is mainly determined by the bottom topography and tide‐induced mixing. Empirical orthogonal function decompositions reveal that the seasonal cycle dominates the variability of SSFs, which responds to the cycles of winds and related changes in coastal currents and upwelling. The highest FPs are identified in winter when wind‐induced suspended sediment transport and resuspension reach their annual maxima. In summer, stratification and the intrusion of Kuroshio subsurface water are not conducive to frontogenesis. Furthermore, the discharge of the Yangtze River has a certain influence on the frontal variability in the waters around the Zhoushan Archipelago. Notably, the interannual variability of SSFs is modulated by the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation. These findings, based on a comprehensive dataset of SSFs over 10 years, can usefully inform the studies of marine pollutant transport, sedimentary dynamics, fisheries, and wider ecological processes in the study area.
Radar Observed Structural Features and Evolution Mechanism of a Squall Line‐Like Rainband in a Linear Mesoscale Convective System
Authors: Kang Yanzhen , Chang Jun , Peng Xindong , Liang Xiaogang , Wang Shigong 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this study, multi‐source data, especially weather radar data, were used in the analysis of structural features and evolution of a squall line‐like rainband (SLLR) of a linear mesoscale convective system (MCS) in the eastern slope of the Taihang Mountains on 12 and 13 August 2018 and reached the following conclusions: (a) The SLLR, located in north of the linear MCS, exhibited a significant horizontal gradient of reflectivity and large vertical extension. The front‐to‐rear flow that appeared between the surface and the stratosphere was lifted upward immediately in front of a cold pool that formed rearward‐tilting updrafts. (b) As the SLLR passed over, surface meteorological quantities changed drastically, coinciding with the heavy precipitation. (c) The SLLR, when propagating northeastward, showed a complex convective development of sequential intensification, weakening, and re‐intensification within a 2.5‐hr period. The temporal intensification was related not only to the development of a low‐level rear‐inflow jet but also to the dynamic interaction between the vertical environmental wind shear and the cold pool. The lifted rear‐inflow jet, which formed over a vertically stacked horizontal vorticity couplet behind the leading edge, provides a reasonable explanation for the intensification of the SLLR, resulting in the reduction of the cold pool circulation and enhancement of the convective updraft. Topographic forcing might play a crucial role in the re‐intensification of the SLLR, which suggests the importance of the cold pool and topography in structural features and convective evolution of the squall line‐like rain bands.
Future Food Security in Africa Under Climate Change
Authors: Beltran‐Peña Areidy , D’Odorico Paolo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAfrica is a major hotspot of food insecurity with climate change and population growth as major drivers. Irrigation expansion can sustainably increase agricultural productivity and adapt crops to climate change. We use agro‐hydrological, climate, and socio‐economic models to quantify crop production with irrigation expansion and perform food security analyses for different adaptation scenarios for African countries under baseline and 3°C warmer climate conditions. We find that under a 3°C warmer climate the total food production in Africa can only feed 1.35 billion people, when the continent's population is expected to reach 3.5 billion, leaving a food deficit equivalent to 2.15 billion people. Increasing agricultural productivity with irrigation alone will not be enough to achieve food self‐sufficiency. Therefore, future food demand will likely be met by other means such as cropland expansion or greater reliance on imports which would further expose African populations to uncertainty from the volatility in global food prices.
A Late Cenozoic Kinematic Model for Fault Motion Within Greater Cascadia
Authors: Wilson Douglas S. , McCrory Patricia A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWidely accepted tectonic reconstructions indicate at least 100 km of coast‐parallel northwestward translation of the Sierra Nevada block of California and 15–20° clockwise rotation of most of Oregon since the current phase of Basin and Range extension began ∼17 Ma. These reconstructions require at least 100 km of convergence between the central Coast Range of Oregon and rigid North America in mainland British Columbia, yet there is little discussion of how such convergence might be distributed. This study offers a kinematic model of the distribution of such deformation, constrained by geodesy, paleomagnetism, and fault offsets in Nevada, California and Oregon. The model includes differential rotation across the thrust faults of the Yakima fold and thrust belt (YFTB), compressive right‐lateral faulting in the Washington Cascade Range, substantial thrust faulting within the Puget Lowland, and oroclinal bending and doming in the Olympic Mountains. Shortening across YTFB along 120°W longitude is modeled as 47 km, across Puget Lowland at 123°W (Olympia‐Bellingham) is 94 km, and total shortening between the central Oregon Coast Range and northern Washington (Corvallis‐Bellingham) is 125 km. Current motion of the coastal regions above the Cascadia subduction zone results from both permanent deformation of the continent and elastic coupling to the subducting plate. Permanent deformation in the model is based on extrapolating geodesy from east of 120°W or south of 40°N, indicating a very uniform convergence velocity with the Juan de Fuca plate for northernmost California and Oregon near 31 mm/yr at N61°E.
Inter‐Calibration Between the Electron Flux Measurements of FengYun‐3B and Van Allen Probe‐A Based on Electron Phase Space Density Conjunctions
Authors: Zhu Changbo , Zhang Xianguo , Zhang Hui , Li Xingji , Zong Weiguo , Li Jiawei , Huang Cong , Zhang Chenxuan , Xiang Zheng , Chang Zheng , Wang Chunqin , Zhang Shenyi , Sun Yueqiang , Zhang Xiaoxin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCross‐satellite calibration of energetic particle fluxes is essential to understanding Earth's radiation belt dynamics and modeling the space radiation environment. Using the method of comparing phase space density (PSD) conjunctions in the same set of phase space coordinates, we perform a cross‐satellite calibration of energetic electron fluxes measured by the Low Earth Orbit Chinese FengYun‐3B satellite (FY‐3B) and the near‐equatorial Highly Eccentric Orbit Van Allen Probe‐A (VAP‐A), respectively. VAP‐A provides pitch angle resolved electron (directional) differential fluxes while FY‐3B provides omnidirectional electron differential fluxes. Before calculating the PSDs from FY‐3B high energy electron detector (HEED), a method is introduced to estimate the local pitch angle of FY‐3B based on the installation direction information of HEED and the T89c magnetic field model. We calculate the calibration factors by using the PSD conjunctions inferred from the two satellites for three fixed sets of (μ, K, L*) during the geomagnetic storm times. The calibration factors range from 0.76 to 0.86 varying with fixed sets of (μ, K, L*), which indicates that the electron differential fluxes from FY‐3B are higher than that from VAP‐A. During geomagnetic quiet times, we perform calibration by using independent Gaussian fitting analysis of the number of points with the unaveraged PSDs of FY‐3B and VAP‐A for three fixed sets of (μ, K, L*), with the corresponding calibration factors of 0.78, 0.72, and 0.46. The calibrated electron differential fluxes of FY‐3B measured at the high magnetic latitudes, can be used in the future modeling of the radiation belt electron dynamics.
Assessment of Turbulent Mixing Associated With Eddy‐Wave Coupling Based on Autonomous Observations From the Arctic Canada Basin
Authors: Son E. Y. , Kawaguchi Y. , Cole S. T. , Toole J. M. , Ha H. K. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractInteraction between mesoscale eddies and near‐inertial internal waves can contribute to enhanced turbulence mixing but quantitative knowledge from in situ observations is still lacking. This study reveals how eddy/near‐inertial wave interactions (ENIs) can affect the variability of turbulent mixing in the ice‐covered Canada Basin of the Arctic Ocean. We use data from five Ice‐Tethered Profiler with Velocity (ITP‐V) systems that autonomously obtained vertical profiles of horizontal velocity as well as temperature and salinity, which enabled quantification of ENI‐caused turbulent mixing using a fine‐scale parameterization. From the ITP‐V observations in 2013–2015, 67 anticyclones were detected, of which 90% had a deep core at 150–250 m depth. The remaining eddies had a shallow core, typically embedded in the Pacific Summer Water (PSW). Just over one third of the eddies showed evidence of ENI with enhanced near‐inertial internal wave amplitude (NIW) near the eddy cores. For these ENI cases, the parameterized turbulence dissipation rate was O (10−10–10−8 W kg−1), the larger estimates being several orders of magnitude greater than the background level. For the deep eddies, the ENI process can largely be accounted for by the classical theory, NIWs are trapped inside the negative relative vorticity core of anticyclones. For one shallow eddy, the NIW signal was greatest below the core. We postulate that a vertically elongated system of NIWs cannot be constrained vertically within such small‐cored eddies. It is also interpreted that the wave enhancement below the core was supported by the isopycnal slope near the PSW through its geostrophic shear.