bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Domains and Major Transitions of Social Evolution
Authors: Boomsma Jacobus J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEvolutionary change is usually incremental and continuous, but some increases in organizational complexity have been radical and divisive. Evolutionary biologists, who refer to such events as “major transitions,” have not always appreciated that these advances were novel forms of pairwise commitment that subjugated previously independent agents. Inclusive fitness theory convincingly explains cooperation and conflict in societies of animals and free-living cells, but to deserve its eminent status it should also capture how major transitions originated: from prokaryote cells to eukaryote cells, via differentiated multicellularity, to colonies with specialized queen and worker castes. As yet, no attempt has been made to apply inclusive fitness principles to the origins of these events. Domains and Major Transitions of Social Evolution develops the idea that major evolutionary transitions involved new levels of informational closure that moved beyond looser partnerships. Early neo-Darwinians understood this principle, but later social gradient thinking obscured the discontinuity of life’s fundamental organizational transitions. The author argues that the major transitions required maximal kinship in simple ancestors—not conflict reduction in already elaborate societies. Reviewing more than a century of literature, he makes testable predictions, proposing that open societies and closed organisms require very different inclusive fitness explanations. It appears that only human ancestors lived in societies that were already complex before our major cultural transition occurred. We should therefore not impose the trajectory of our own social history on the rest of nature. This thought-provoking text is suitable for graduate-level students taking courses in evolutionary biology, behavioral ecology, organismal developmental biology, and evolutionary genetics, as well as professional researchers in these fields. It will also appeal to a broader, interdisciplinary audience, including the social sciences and humanities. Jacobus J. Boomsma is Professor of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Copenhagen.
Establishing the moral duty of a promisor to provide for the promisee
Authors: Braun Alexandra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines ways in which the family provision legislation can come to the aid of promisees whose expectation of an inheritance have been frustrated. It explores what promisees need to prove and what forms of relief are available to them. The chapter shows that while the legislation was never meant to tackle instances of broken testamentary promises, it can offer a means to obtain redress, though usually only one of last resort. Indeed, a promise of an inheritance coupled with a performance on the part of the promisee can help establish a moral duty on the part of the promisor to make provision for the promisee in her will, and in some jurisdictions may even lead to a transfer of the promised asset. However, the scope of the family provision legislation is such that it can only benefit those eligible under the legislation. Also, the legislative claim only arises on the promisor’s death and, at least in principle, only against the net estate. As a result, the protection that it provides is generally weaker than the protection under contract law, proprietary estoppel, or enrichment law.
Establishing an employment relationship
Authors: Braun Alexandra 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines how testamentary promisees can seek redress on the basis of §§ 611(1) and 612 of the German BGB by arguing that their relationship with the promisor is to be characterized as an employment relationship. The chapter analyses how German courts have gone about implying service contracts so as to allow promisees to claim payment of unpaid wages for services they have rendered on the basis of an expectation engendered by a promise to be compensated in the form of an inheritance. It examines what promisees need to prove and how the award is quantified with a view to exploring the extent to which this approach is capable of protecting their interests and caters for the specificities of the setting in which such promises are made. It shows that German courts have adapted a provision that was never meant to deal with instances of unfulfilled testamentary promises and have done so in a way that is for the most part sensitive to the particular context, except for the fact that subjective motives and societal expectations can occasionally hinder a promisee from obtaining payment of wages.
Selfhood and Rationality in Ancient Greek Philosophy
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This book is a collection of fourteen essays on the themes of selfhood and rationality in ancient Greek philosophy. The discussion ranges over seven centuries of innovative thought, starting with Heraclitus’ injunction to listen to the cosmic logos, and concluding with Plotinus’ criticism of those who make embodiment essential to human identity. For the Greek philosophers the notion of a rational self was bound up with questions about divinity and happiness called eudaimonia, meaning a god-favoured life or a life of likeness to the divine. While these questions are remote from current thought, Long also situates the book’s themes in modern discussions of the self and the self’s normative relation to other people and the world at large. Ideas and behaviour attributed to Socrates and developed by Plato are at the book’s centre. They are preceded by essays that explore general facets of the soul’s rationality. Later chapters bring in salient contributions made by Aristotle and Stoic philosophers. All but one of these pieces has been previously published in periodicals or conference volumes, but the author has revised and updated everything. The book is written in a style that makes it accessible to many kinds of reader, not only professors and graduate students but also anyone interested in the history of our identity as rational animals.
Introduction
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This book is a collection of fourteen chapters on the themes of selfhood and rationality in ancient Greek philosophy. The discussion ranges over seven centuries of innovative thought, starting with Heraclitus’ injunction to listen to the cosmic logos, and concluding with Plotinus’ criticism of those who make embodiment essential to human identity. For the Greek philosophers the notion of a rational self was bound up with questions about divinity and happiness called eudaimonia, meaning a god-favoured life or a life of likeness to the divine. While these questions are remote from current thought, the author also situates the book’s themes in modern discussions of the self and the self’s normative relation to other people and the world at large. Ideas and behaviour attributed to Socrates and developed by Plato are at the book’s centre. They are preceded by chapters that explore general facets of the soul’s rationality. Later chapters bring in salient contributions made by Aristotle and Stoic philosophers. All but one of these pieces has been previously published in periodicals or conference volumes, but the author has revised and updated everything. The book is written in a style that makes it accessible to many kinds of reader, not only professors and graduate students but also anyone interested in the history of our identity as rational animals.
Finding Oneself in Greek Philosophy
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The human capacity to view the world objectively first came to light in the speculations of the early change “early” to “earliest” Greek cosmologists. How we understand that history changes because we change. It invites us, as post-Cartesians, to ask how we position ourselves both as subjective individuals and as physical participants in the world’s natural processes. Heraclitus is the key figure to study concerning the integration of these two perspectives. He urges his listeners to situate themselves in a non-anthropocentric understanding of nature. His project invites comparison with Thomas Nagel’s notion of the objective self in his book The View from Nowhere, and the stance of Marcus Aurelius in his Meditations.
Roberts & Zuckerman's Criminal Evidence
Authors: Roberts Paul , Zuckerman Adrian 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Roberts & Zuckerman's Criminal Evidence gives an authoritative commentary on the fundamental principles and underlying logic of criminal evidence laws. It also tackles the foundations of principles for a fair trial, the presumption of innocence, the privilege against self-incrimination, and bad character evidence while engaging with the broader jurisprudential, moral, and political significance of evidence rules. Major doctrinal developments on evidence changes and cases are addressed such as cases relating to confession evidence, torture evidence, reverse onus clauses, confrontation, hearsay, previous sexual history, and bad character evidence. The title also includes the forensic applications of inductive logic, narrative, and probability.
Self-Reductions
Authors: Gibson Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
What kind of fictional construct is the neoliberal subject? Homo psycho-economicus, whose core is the competitive drive. This subject commits itself to enterprise and production. It stands in an entrepreneurial relation to itself, and must develop skills in self-promotion, self-management, and ‘leverage’. It aims for ‘visibility’ but remains ‘authentic’. Yet the self-promoting cannot coincide with the self-promoted self. The neoliberal subject is inwardly flawed and vulnerable, as it must be to keep on overcoming itself. Coetzee has a horror of this subject. His autobiographical writings instead make visible a reticent, self-effacing, self-critical, shame-filled subject. This subject is also properly unknowable and can never reach authenticity. Rather than self-promotion, it chooses a self-presentation involving duty and responsibility, and therefore negation or self-reduction. The neoliberal psyche appears to have gained ground hugely at the expense of the understated or self-diminishing subject. Coetzee counters its Moebius-strip logic with his own.
Countenancing Grace
Authors: Gibson Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Neoliberal culture has exhibited two strikingly polarized understandings of contingency. Philosophers, writers, and artists have privileged the contingent event as never before. The larger culture, by contrast, has repeatedly repressed, denied, or excluded the possibility of it. The chapter traces this paradox through (a) a range of philosophers and writers, but also ecologists, climatologists, and geophysicists; and (b) the media, the culture of security, and managerialism, paying special attention to the last. Coetzee occupies a complex and very distinctive position relative to the opposition and paradox in question. As I show with reference to four texts, his work is concerned with four modalities of (rendering) the event, or what he calls grace: the debarring or death of grace, told ironically; the theoretical recognition of why grace can never be ruled out; the intellectual commitment to the thought of grace; and the moment of grace and fidelity to it.
Aesthetics of Failure
Authors: Gibson Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The coda takes Beckett’s and Cioran’s ‘aesthetics of failure’ and reads Coetzee’s late ‘Jesus trilogy’ in relation to it. The trilogy dramatizes and enacts failure. Literary and intellectual poverty becomes Coetzee’s actual material: the literary theme park or purgatory of clichés, thought now a drift of ideas inseparable from opinion. So, too, this Jesus flags. The story sags. Its central question (the possibility of grace in the modern world) goes unanswered. The trilogy weighs up values radically at odds with those of the culture contemporary with it (amplitude, enrichment, success, mastery, domination, triumph). But the project (the trilogy, and by implication the corpus) may not have worked. To say this, however, is not to lapse into defeatism. Its effects will endure. It may be reborn differently, at a different time. The sense of a possible secular grace is always transmissible, even when grace itself seems historically to have disappeared.
Victorian Paper Art and Craft
Authors: Lutz Deborah 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Deborah Lutz ponders how authors in nineteenth-century Britain used the materials of writing (and of reading, drawing, and handicraft) for inspiration and creative composition. In doing so, Lutz reshapes the sensory history of working on and with paper. These activities were many and varied: Charlotte Brontë composed poems and doodled in the margins of school books, George Eliot recorded writing ideas on her blotter, Elizabeth Barrett Browning sewed paper to paper to edit her poems, and Jane Austen employed straight pins to “cut and paste.” Albums provided a playful space to collect and to produce text-and-collage gifts for friends, circumventing print culture for a more intimate book making, as Elizabeth Gaskell and Anna Atkins knew. Notebooks and commonplace books were vital to Eliot, Michael Field, and Emily Brontë as part of a writing process. Writers experimented with crafts and needlework to compose text without paper and ink, most notably in the case of samplers. What writing and drawing happened on—including bibles, sewing patterns, and walls—mattered, as related to and generative of the themes of the work. This expansive field of meanings that creativity with textual (and material) things could have was common to the Victorians, but the writers explored here were extravagant even among their self-reflexive contemporaries in their undoing, remaking, miniaturizing, encrypting, reusing, and transforming. The edge of the page, the width of the margin, and the covers of the book were limiting factors, but also provocations to push on further, be radical.
Marginal Scribbling and Defacing
Authors: Lutz Deborah 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 considers books from writers’ libraries that they have marked, autographed, and supplemented with matter such as pressed plants, feathers, and fingernail scorings. These haptic texts, thickened with time and adaptation, gained singularity, with meaning developing when samples of the real were left behind. Eliot used some of her books to memorialize—to observe a passing moment, to remember a personal exchange—while in others she wrote comments, indexes on their endpapers, and other glosses of a scholarly nature. Charlotte and Emily Brontë, contrarily, penned diaries in their books, doodled in them, and generally defaced them. This thinking of the published, printed volume as paper with blank spaces inciting script, as a bearer of relationships and memory, as a magical object set in place and time, and as a space that could be inhabited shaped these writers’ own creative acts.
Researching and Performing
Authors: Lutz Deborah 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 takes up a related activity—that of researching. Writers such as Eliot, Michael Field, Charles Reade, and Emily Brontë kept commonplace books, notebooks, journals, diaries, almanacs, and other sorts of memoranda as fodder for their writing lives. Eliot, along with many of her contemporaries (like Anne Lister), inhabited the initially blank books that she bought at shops, usually stationers, and she recognized the ways they inhabited her. They often had pockets (where she stored things), attached pencils, and clasps, and she pasted paper labels on the front or just inside, where she also affixed newspaper articles or extra sheets. She sometimes sewed another cover on top when the original one wore out, re-stitched the binding when it began to fall apart, and cut out tabs from fore-edges to alphabetize. Eliot’s novels in particular evolved out of this magpie collection of quotes, poems, and sayings of others, a network of associations seen most obviously in the epigraphs in Middlemarch.
Essays on Schopenhauer and Nietzsche
Authors: Janaway Christopher 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This book brings together fourteen of the author’s essays on the philosophy of Schopenhauer and Nietzsche, all but one previously published in journals or scholarly collections. They illuminate central philosophical issues in Nietzsche and Schopenhauer—the death of God, the meaning of existence, suffering, compassion, the will, Christian values, the affirmation or negation of life. Some of the essays concern Schopenhauer in his own right, focusing on his concept of will to life, an underlying drive which constitutes our inner essence, but which traps us in self-centred desire, a wrong identification of our true self with the human individual, an egoistic conception of the good, conflict with other beings, and an existence pervaded by suffering. Opposed to the will to life stands everything of real value: art, morality, and the kind of redemption from suffering recognized by mystics from several of the world’s religions. Other essays discuss Nietzsche’s critical responses to Schopenhauer, and his own challenging views on related topics. For Nietzsche, morality is a questionable phenomenon and egoism is wrongly maligned; suffering is an enhancement of life, and the attempt to eliminate it is impoverishing; art is full, not drained, of willing; the world religions and the whole idea of being saved from our life are symptoms of a malaise from which modern culture has somehow to recover. The book also features discussions of the reception of Schopenhauer by two contemporaries of Nietzsche, Richard Wagner and the analyst of pessimism, Olga Plümacher.
The Real Essence of Human Beings
Authors: Janaway Christopher 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The chapter focuses on Schopenhauer’s conception of the will as a blind striving for existence, life, and reproduction. The true core of the personality is not the self-conscious ‘I’ or subject of knowledge, but rather the will, which is fundamentally blind and without knowledge. Schopenhauer makes various psychological observations about the interplay of intellect and will. These include the omnipresence of sexual desire in or beneath our experience; the persistence of desires and affects unknown to the self-conscious intellect; the will’s capacity to prohibit representations in the intellect that are liable to arouse certain emotions; and the occurrence of madness when memories painful to the will are shielded from the intellect and arbitrary representations are substituted. The chapter also discusses the extent to which these ideas influenced Freud’s conception of the unconscious.
Schopenhauer on the Aimlessness of the Will
Authors: Janaway Christopher 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Schopenhauer asserts that ‘the will, which is objectified in human life as it is in every appearance, is a striving without aim and without end.’ The chapter interprets this as follows: however many specific aims of my specific desires I manage to attain, none is a final aim, in the sense that none terminates my ‘willing as a whole’, none turns me into a non-willing being. To understand Schopenhauer’s claim we must recognize his central contrast between happiness and will-lessness. Happiness is the satisfaction of individual desire, but no act of will that succeeds in satisfying individual desire is the attainment of a final aim, in that none brings about a conscious state in which the subject experiences no more unfulfilled desires. Such a state is the ultimate goal of existence, in Schopenhauer’s view, but happiness does not provide a route along which it can be attained.
Beyond the Individual
Authors: Janaway Christopher 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Schopenhauer has two contrasting concepts of love: sexual love (Geschlechtsliebe) and loving kindness (Menschenliebe). The erotic kind of love is worthless to the individual, who is deluded by the ‘will of the species’ that drives the human being to reproduction. By contrast, the selfless, moral kind of love is a step on the path to redemption through extinction of desire and of the individual-self in consciousness. In Tristan and Isolde Wagner tried to rectify Schopenhauer’s philosophy by making sexual love the route to a redemption that transcends individuality. However, rather than rectifying Schopenhauer’s philosophy, Wagner’s intervention is quite incompatible with it. Although both kinds of love trade on the idea that individuation is illusory, Geschlechtsliebe is part of Schopenhauer’s diagnosis of what is wrong with the human condition, while Menschenliebe belongs to his proposed remedy for that condition.
Schopenhauer’s Consoling View of Death
Authors: Janaway Christopher 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Fear of death, for Schopenhauer, stems from our non-rational will to life, is not rational, and should be overcome. Death is an opportunity no longer to be the human individual with all his or her troubles. Yet he says it is a mistake to terminate one’s life by suicide because of its sufferings. This chapter argues that his view is consistent: suicide may attain a kind of good by ending suffering, but it prevents the more valuable outcome of redemption through negation of the will. Schopenhauer appears to suggest that death can be welcomed as an annihilation. However, he in fact claims that something about us is not destroyed when we die. Appealing to analogous views in Indian philosophy, Schopenhauer regards individuation as illusory, and consoles us with the thought that the underlying will, which he describes as the true self, persists when the individual dies.
Worse than the Best Possible Pessimism? Olga Plümacher’s Critique of Schopenhauer
Authors: Janaway Christopher 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In her 1884 book, Olga Plümacher cites Schopenhauer as the first proponent of philosophical pessimism and Eduard von Hartmann as the thinker who has developed it further. She criticizes Schopenhauer for not achieving as good a pessimism as he might have done, on the following major grounds: that his account of pleasure as merely privative is implausible, that he has a confused account of individuation, that his retention of a Christian notion of guilt is gratuitous, that he lapses into the self-pitying subjectivity of the condition she calls Weltschmerz, and that his philosophy leads to quietism, and is thus inferior to von Hartmann’s combination of pessimism and optimism, which allows for social progress. Nietzsche made some borrowings from Plümacher’s book. Her advocacy of von Hartmann’s position is unconvincing, but her critique of Schopenhauer is penetrating and prefigures some later commentaries.
Beauty is False, Truth Ugly
Authors: Janaway Christopher 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Some passages in Nietzsche’s corpus suggest that he thinks the evaluative attitudes to life that may be derived from art are simply a matter of illusion, falsification, and deception. This chapter argues that Nietzsche’s construal of the relation of art to truth is always more subtle than that. In The Birth of Tragedy three different relations of art to truth are juxtaposed: the Apollonian, the tragic, and the Socratic. In later works, especially The Gay Science, there is much to suggest that art is necessary as the provider of illusions that make life bearable. Yet at the same time, the chapter contends, Nietzsche promotes the ‘intellectual conscience’ which entails a commitment to affirmation of life ‘as it is’. The chapter considers ways in which this tension might be resolved, but argues that the relation between art and truth continues to be unstable for Nietzsche.