bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVIII-B-6 Effect of Yeast on Rumen pH and Redox Potential in Ruminally-Cannulated Dairy Cows
Authors: Plowman Michaela R , Wellmann Kimberly B , Lambert Barry , Owsley Walter F , Muir James P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Yeast products are used worldwide to stabilize the anaerobic rumen environment in dairy cattle. Multiparous lactating ruminally fistulated dairy cows (n = 4; ±150 DIM) were used in an 84-d 4×4 Latin square design to evaluate the effect of yeast on rumen pH and redox potential (eH). Periods were 21 d with 16 d used for treatment acclimation and HOBO pH and Temperature Data Loggers were placed in the rumen cranial sac on d 16 and removed on d 17 after a period of 24 hr for data collection. Cows were housed in a single pen and individually fed a basal dairy diet (CON) with no yeast culture or probiotics formulated for high milk yield targeting 5% feed refusals using a Calan Broadbent feeding system. Cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in period 1: CON, 14 g Diamond V XPC (XPC), 5 g Phileo-Lesaffre Actisaf HR+ (HR+), and HR+ 5 g Phileo-Lesaffre Safmannan (HR+Saf). Feed was delivered twice daily. Treatments were top-dressed at 0630 hr to ensure treatment consumption. Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4. Significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05 and tendencies were considered at P ≤ 0.15. A treatment by time interaction occurred for rumen pH (P = 0.02). All yeast treatments were different than CON (P &lt; 0.01), with no differences between yeast treatments (P &gt; 0.52). A treatment by time interaction for eH (P = 0.04) occurred. Yeast eH was less than CON (P &lt; 0.01). Redox potential decreased for HR+ compared to XPC (P = 0.04), while HR+Saf tended to decrease eH compared to XPC (P = 0.11). Over time, eH increased after feedings (P &lt; 0.01). Data indicated that adding yeast to a dairy diet promoted an anaerobic environment, increasing rumen efficiency in lactating dairy cattle.
PSVIII-B-14 Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Activation Protects Against Deoxynivalenol-Induced Intestinal Barrier Dysfunction in Jejunal Ipec-J2 Cells
Authors: Li Enkai , Horn Nathan , Ajuwon Kolapo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The role of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARg) in the regulation of lipid metabolism, adipocyte differentiation and inflammatory response has been well characterized. Besides adipose tissue, PPARg is also highly expressed in the intestine. However, the functional role of PPARg in the regulation of intestinal function still remains poorly understood. In the present study we sought to understand the role of PPARg activation on intestinal barrier function in IPEC-J2 cells exposed (2mM, 24hr) to the mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON). PPARg activation by rosiglitazone and troglitazone dose-dependently increased (P &lt; 0.05) the protein expression of tight junction proteins (TJP), claudin-3 and 4. On the contrary, the protein abundance of claudin-3 and 4 was dose-dependently decreased by PPARg antagonist, T0070907. DON exposure decreased the protein expression of TJP, and also significantly suppressed (P &lt; 0.05) PPARg transcriptional activity. Consistent with the therapeutic benefits of PPARg agonists, pretreatment of cells with PPARg agonists (40 mM) reversed (P &lt; 0.05) the reduction of claudin-3 and 4 induced by DON exposure. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the decreased membrane presence of claudin-4 and ZO-1 induced by DON was also reversed by troglitazone. Effect of PPARg activation also included partial restoration of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and reduction of FITC-dextran permeability that have been disrupted by DON. However, the protective effects of PPARg agonist against DON exposure was abolished by PPARg antagonist, confirming the importance of PPARg in the observed effects of the agonists. This shows the importance of PPARg activity in the maintenance of intestinal epithelial cells homeostasis and barrier function, especially during periods of metabolic stress induced by the mycotoxin, DON. Therefore, pharmacological and natural bioactive compounds with PPARg agonist activity could be effective in preventing DON-induced gut barrier dysfunction in vivo.
PSVIII-B-2 Comparison of in-Person, Online and Hybrid Delivery Methods for a Large Multiple day Extension Event
Authors: Cleere Jason J , Brandao Alice P , Sargent Harley 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Texas A&M Beef Cattle Short Course (BCSC) annually hosts more than 1,800 ranchers on campus for 2.5 days of seminars and demonstrations organized by Texas A&M AgriLife Extension. BCSC is nationally and internationally recognized and includes topics such as nutrition, reproduction, genetics, and handling. Seminars and demonstrations are designed to be inclusive for participants of all experience levels in beef cattle production and related areas. In 2019, the BCSC included 2,300 participants from multiple states (n = 24) and countries (n = 6). In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the BCSC was transitioned to a virtual format. All sessions in the large multi-day program event (n = 25) were promptly transitioned to an online format. A commercial convention application (CrowdCompass) was utilized to host the event which included a virtual trade show. Live concurrent sessions were scheduled in 2.5-hour time blocks and broadcasted from a central location on campus to ensure the high quality of videos and improve participant experience. All sessions (n = 32) were recorded and made available to attendees (n=1,800) through the convention platform for six months following the BCSC. Attendees completed a post conference online survey (n=236) assessing their experience and expressed a 97% satisfaction rate with the virtual experience. In addition, 71.62% of respondents stated they anticipated benefiting economically from attending the virtual BCSC. In 2021, BCSC adopted a hybrid format, with the conference being held in person, with a virtual option, due to concerns with the ongoing pandemic. Although the majority of participants still attended in-person (n = 1,645), the virtual presence was significant (n =253). Further, 97% of virtual attendees expressed satisfaction with the online format. The addition of virtual options to extension programs may be a valid alternative to increase outreach, even in large, traditionally in-person programs.
PSVIII-B-1 Biological Pathways Affecting Fertility in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Konoval Haley M , Waymire Ashley , Campos Fernando , Peterson Daniel , Vagnoni David B , Sargolzaei Mehdi , Stothard Paul , Anderson Paul , Abo-Ismail Mohammed 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Infertility is one of the most economically important traits for the dairy cattle industry, accounting for 22.1 % of culled cows in 2017. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to identify genomic regions via genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and to retrieve the biological pathways that are associated with variation in fertility traits in the dairy cow. Fertility records including days open (DO), Times Bred to Conception (TBRD), Calving Ease (CE), and Days in Milk (DIM) from the Cal Poly Dairy were collected from the DairyComp management system. After quality control, 345 individuals and about 782,000 SNPs were used in the GWAS analyses. Significant SNPs were mapped to the corresponding genes that were used for in-silico functional analyses using DAVID Software. A total of 3, 3, 8, 3, and 7 SNPs were significantly associated with chloride transmembrane transport, neutrophil chemotaxis, cell adhesion, starvation response and nervous system development. The functional analyses suggested potential molecular mechanisms such as chloride transmembrane transport (P = 0.017) and neutrophil chemotaxis (P = 0.02) as significant enriched biological pathways involved with variations seen for DO. Cell adhesion was found as a significant (P = 0.004) biological pathway for TBRD whereas the analysis revealed the starvation response mechanism as significant (P = 0.005) for CE. Nervous system development was significantly (P = 0.0003) associated with DIM. These results from the current study will be validated in a larger population with higher density panel and sequence data.
PSVIII-B-19 The Effect of Dietary Fatty Acid Source on Gene Expression in the Rumen of Cattle
Authors: McConnell Hunter L , Goldkamp Anna K , King Mindy E , Salisbury Carlee , Montgomery Dagan , Moore Jacksen , Hagen Darren , Foote Andrew P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to ascertain how different fatty acid sources impacted gene expression in the rumen epithelium. The study utilized rumen cannulated Holstein steers (n = 8) in a crossover design with two 16-d periods with a 20-d washout between periods. The diets contained (DM-basis) dry-rolled corn (57%), Sweet Bran (25%), chopped prairie hay (8%), vitamin-mineral supplement (5%), and 5% of either high oleic soybean oil (Oleic) or 5% commodity soybean oil diet containing predominantly linoleic acid (Linoleic). The diets were provided ad libitum and refusals were collected and subsampled. Water access was unrestricted. Rumen papillae biopsies were taken on d-16 of each period and flash-frozen using dry ice and alcohol. RNA was extracted and sequenced using short-read sequencing. Differential gene expression (DEG) was analyzed using edgeR. Data were analyzed within periods to determine differences between treatments. In period 1, there were 25 DEG (False Discovery Rate (FDR) &lt; 0.05) with 13 downregulated and 12 upregulated in the Oleic treatment. In period 2, there were 35 DEG (FDR &lt; 0.05) with 12 downregulated and 23 upregulated in the Oleic treatment. The gene LILRA6, which is involved in immune function, was differentially expressed in both periods. Many of the KEGG pathways enriched were related to fatty acid metabolism, chemokine signaling, cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions, and immune function-related pathways. Gene ontology enrichment analysis highlighted inflammatory response, chemokine-mediated signaling, and other immune-related processes. These data indicated that dietary fat composition may impact gut inflammatory and immune function.
PSXIII-B-4 Dietary Insulinogenic Amino Acid Restriction Improves Glucose Tolerance in a Neonatal Piglet Model
Authors: Gorton Matthew W , Goodarzi Parniyan , Tarkesh Firoozeh , Soliman Laila , Fuhrig Mallory , Mowery Manon , Clark Emily S , Pezeshki Adel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The protein content of infant formula is above what is naturally found in human breast milk. High consumption of dietary proteins and insulinogenic amino acids (IAA) in early life are believed to increase the risk of metabolic diseases. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of IAA restriction at two different doses on glucose tolerance and growth of suckling piglets as a model for human infants. Thirty-two seven-day-old Yorkshire barrows were assigned to three milk-based diets for three weeks: 1) control (CON): 0% IAA restriction (i.e., Leu, Ile, Val, Thr, Phe, Arg and Ala); 2) 50R: 50% IAA restriction; and 3) 75R: 75% IAA restriction. All experimental diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. At week 2, following an over-night fast, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in all pigs via oral gavage of a 50% dextrose solution dissolved in sterile saline (1 g of glucose/kg body weight). Blood glucose (BG) concentration was recorded using a hand-held glucometer prior to and at 30-, 60-, 90-, and 120-minutes (min) post glucose administration. Growth parameters were recorded for three weeks. The data were analyzed via Univariate GLM with Dunnett’s post-hoc (SPSS®). Compared to CON, 75R decreased the 120-min BG and total BG under the curve by 22% and 17%, respectively, following OGTT (P = 0.03). No differences among groups were observed on body weight and heart girth (P &gt; 0.05). Relative to CON, pigs in 75R had a lower wither height on weeks 2 and 3 and body length on week 3 (P &lt; 0.05). Pigs in 50R and 75R groups had a reduced rectal temperature than those in CON on week 2 (P &lt; 0.05). In conclusion, restriction of dietary IAA by 75% improved the glucose clearance with no effects on body weight in a piglet model.
PSXIII-B-9 Effects of Hemp (Cannabis Sativa) Supplementation on Behavior, Heart Rate, Hemogram and Serum Biochemistry Profiles of Beef cow-Calf Pairs During Weaning
Authors: Omontese Bobwealth O , Ogunkunle Nathaniel , Samuel Felix , Zakari Friday , Allen Daivon , Jones Kendra , Simpson Monya , Gilles-Brown Yasmine , Kuang Xianyan , Cebert Ernst 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Weaning is a stressful event that affects animal welfare and performance. This study examined the effects of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa) supplementation on behavior, chute score and physiological responses of cow-calf pairs during weaning. Ten apparently healthy Angus cow-calf pairs, average BCS of 6.0, were randomly allocated to one of two groups for 7 days: Control (CON, 200g/head of commercial grower feed, n=10) and Hemp (HMP, 200g/head containing 80% commercial grower feed containing 20% hemp, n=10), daily. Hay and water were provided ad libitum. Chute and exit scores were recorded and blood samples were collected at d 0, 4 and 7 of the feeding period. Animal activity data was recorded using automated activity monitoring systems Moomonitor and IceQubes for cows and calves, respectively. At weaning, cow-calf pairs were separated abruptly and observed. Data was analyzed using Stata 14.2. Overall, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, rumination duration, rumen fluid pH and activity did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between treatments. Specifically, hemogram and serum biochemistry results did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between cow groups. However, resting duration tended to be greater in HEMP compared with CON (383.94±19.3 vs 298.60±16.1 mins/day, P = 0.06) cows. In addition, feeding duration was greater in HEMP compared with CON (473.8±24.5 vs 262.3±31.6 min/day) cows. In calves, heart rate was lower in HEMP compared with CON (62.67 vs 94.7 beats/min, P = 0.03). Hemoglobin concentration was smaller in HEMP compared with CON (12.6 vs 14.1mg/mL, P = 0.02). However, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was greater in HEMP compared with CON (33.04 vs 32.04g/dl, P = 0.04). We concluded that hemp supplementation increased resting and feeding duration of cows, and reduced heart rate of calves during weaning. This is the first report on the use of hemp to improve welfare of cow-calf pairs during weaning.
PSXIII-B-1 Black Soldier fly Larvae Were More Digestible Than Adult Flies, and Nutrient Disappearance in Black Soldier fly Larvae can be Predicted Using Acid Detergent Fiber Based on in Vitro Assays for Pigs
Authors: Kim Jongkeon , Park Kwanho , Ji Sang Yun , Kim Beob Gyun G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objectives were to evaluate the nutrient utilization of fish meal, black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae, and adult BSF meal and to develop equations for estimating in vitro nutrient disappearance of BSF larvae for pigs. Two-step and 3-step in vitro procedures were used to simulate the digestion and absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. In Exp. 1, defatted BSF larva meal had less (P &lt; 0.05) in vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) of dry matter (DM; 81.2% vs. 91.6% and 61.6%) and crude protein (CP; 81.8% vs. 92.2% and 67.2%) and in vitro total tract disappearance (IVTTD) of DM (82.6% vs. 93.6% and 65.7%) and organic matter (OM; 78.1% vs. 91.5% and 63.2%) than fish meal and greater (P &lt; 0.05) values than adult BSF. In Exp. 2, CP concentrations in BSF larvae were negatively correlated with ether extract (r = −0.91) but positively correlated with acid detergent fiber (ADF; r = 0.98) and chitin (r = 0.95). Acid detergent fiber and chitin concentrations in BSF larvae were negatively correlated with IVID of DM (r = −0.98 and −0.88) and CP (r = −0.87 and −0.84) and IVTTD of DM (r = −1.00 and −0.94) and OM (r = −0.99 and −0.98). Equations for in vitro nutrient disappearance of BSF larvae using ADF (% DM) as an independent variable were developed: IVID of CP, % = −0.95×ADF + 95 (r2 = 0.75 and P = 0.058) and IVTTD of OM, % = −2.60×ADF + 115 (r2 = 0.98 and P &lt; 0.01). In conclusion, in vitro nutrient utilization of defatted BSF larva meal was less compared with fish meal but was greater compared with adult flies and in vitro nutrient utilization of BSF larvae can be predicted using ADF as an independent variable.
PSXIII-B-16 Relationship of Genomic Estimated Breeding Values for age at Puberty, Birth Weight, and Growth in Cyclic and Anestrus Gilts
Authors: Wijesena Hiruni R , Nonneman Dan J , Rohrer Gary A , Lents Clay A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Prebreeding anestrus (failure to express estrus) affects 10-30% of gilts. Two main types of anestrus are delayed puberty (prepubertal anestrus; PPA) and ovulation without behavioral estrus (behavioral anestrus; BA). We hypothesized that growth of cyclic gilts during development is greater than PPA and BA gilts. The objectives of this study were to determine if birth weight and growth differed between cyclic and anestrus gilts and the relationship of age at puberty (AP) with growth. Individual body weights were recorded at birth (BTW), and at 4, 8, and 20 weeks of age for cyclic (n=4,982), PPA (n=578), and BA (n=428) gilts. Because anestrus gilts lack puberty records, genomic best linear unbiased prediction was used to predict genomic estimated breeding values for AP (GEBV-AP) for PPA and BA gilts using AP of cyclic gilts. A mixed model was fit using phenotypic group, sire line, and dam parity (1-4) as fixed effects and contemporary group as a random effect. The PPA gilts had a greater GEBV-AP (P&lt; 0.05) compared with cyclic and BA gilts and were heavier at birth than cyclic gilts (P&lt; 0.05). The BA gilts had a greater lifetime growth rate (LGR; ADG from birth to 20 weeks) than cyclic and PPA gilts (P&lt; 0.05). The LGR and GEBV-AP did not differ between dam parities. Relationship of AP and growth was evaluated using GEBV for cyclic and anestrus gilts in a mixed model regression. A positive relationship between GEBV-AP and GEBV-BTW and a negative relationship between GEBV-AP and GEBV-LGR was observed. Results suggest that earlier attainment of puberty could be improved by avoiding the heaviest gilts at birth and selecting for faster growing gilts during grow-finish. However, the latter could increase the risk for more BA gilts due to possible antagonistic effects of growth on behavioral estrus.The USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer.
PSXIII-B-15 Late Weaning Improves Growth and Reduces the Breeding age in Alpine Dairy Goats
Authors: Lévesque Janie , Julien Carl 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The aim was to evaluate the effect of weaning age on growth in Alpine dairy goats. Thirty-six female kids were randomly assigned to one of 3 treatments: 1) early weaning at 6 wk of age (6-wk), 2) weaning at 8 wk of age (8-wk), and 3) late weaning at 10 wk of age (10-wk). Treatments were blocked by BW and birth date, and each female kid was housed with a male companion of similar age and BW. Kids had ad libitum access to acidified milk replacer (ME=4.7 Mcal/kg DM), kid starter (ME=2.35 Mcal/kg DM), hay (ME=1.26 Mcal/kg DM) and water. Weaning was performed progressively over 7 d. For the 12 wk period, feed intakes for 6-wk, 8-wk and 10-wk were respectively: 135, 201 and 287 g/d for milk replacer; 90, 68, 54 g/d for hay; 25, 19 and 13 g/d for starter feed. Total ME intake was higher when increasing weaning age (6-wk, 281 kcal/d; 8-wk, 303 kcal/d; 10-wk, 371 kcal/d, P&lt; 0.05). Interestingly, at weaning, total ME intake dropped more markedly when weaning was early (6-wk, 95 kcal/d; 8-wk, 297 kcal/d; 10-wk, 451 kcal/d, P&lt; 0.05). 10-wk had higher BW at 12 wk of age (23.9 kg), compared with 6-wk (21.2 kg, P=0.004), and a trend was observed with 8-wk (22.2 kg, P=0.059). This effect of weaning age on BW was prolonged over time with heavier BW in 10-wk at 8 months (36.1 kg), compared to 6-wk (33.6 kg, P=0.04), and a trend was observed with 8-wk (34.0 kg). Using growth curves, extending the weaning age of dairy goats allowed to reach the breeding BW target of 32 kg sooner (6-wk, 191 d; 8-wk, 188 d; 10-wk, 161 d, P&lt; 0.05). Overall, weaning kids at 10 wk limited the negative impact of earlier weaning on growth in the Alpine breed.
PSXIII-B-3 Determining Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Amino Acid Requirements in Growing Labrador Retrievers Using the Direct Amino Acid Oxidation Technique
Authors: Weil Jordan T , Varney Jessica L , Fowler Jason W , Coon Craig N 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Phenylalanine and tyrosine are important amino acids for synthesis of proteins, catecholamine neurotransmitters, and melanin in canines. Since phenylalanine (Phe) is converted to tyrosine (Tyr), this experiment used the direct amino acid oxidation (DAAO) technique to determine the phenylalanine requirement and phenylalanine plus tyrosine requirements for growing Labrador Retrievers. The Phe requirement was separated from Phe plus Tyr requirement by supplementing the test diets utilized for Phe requirements with 1.48% crystalline Tyr. A total of twelve dogs were used in two trials to determine the Phe and Phe + Tyr requirements in growing puppies ( &gt;14wk-1yr). Control diet was fed for two days, followed by a testing day where an experimental diet was fed, a tracer amino acid was supplied, and breath samples were collected. On test day, a priming dose of L-[1-13C] phenylalanine (Cambridge Isotope Laboratories, Inc.) based on the dog’s body weight was supplied, followed by enteral feeding of [1-13C]Phe every 30 minutes, spanning a four hour period. Respiration masks were placed on each subject every 30 minutes (Oxymax, Columbus Instruments), 13CO2 collected, and enrichment determined by isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Results for IRMS were converted to atom percent excess (APE) and analyzed using a segmented model (JMP® Pro 15). Results showed that Phe mean and population safe requirements were 1.29 +/- 0.26 g/1000 kcal, while the Phe + Tyr requirements were 1.95 +/- 0.65 g/1000 kcal. Knowledge gathered through these studies is invaluable as both the Phe and Phe plus Tyr dietary requirements for growing Labrador Retriever puppies were determined.