bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Presidentialism and Parliamentarism
Authors: Ganghof Steffen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn a democracy, a constitutional separation of powers between the executive and the assembly may be desirable, but the constitutional concentration of executive power in a single human being is not. The book defends this thesis and explores ‘semi-parliamentary government’ as an alternative to presidential government. Semi-parliamentarism avoids power concentration in one person by shifting the separation of powers into the democratic assembly. The executive becomes fused with only one part of the assembly, even though the other part has at least equal democratic legitimacy and robust veto power on ordinary legislation. The book identifies the Australian Commonwealth and Japan, as well as the Australian states of New South Wales, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, and Western Australia, as semi-parliamentary systems. Using data from 23 countries and 6 Australian states, it maps how parliamentary and semi-parliamentary systems balance competing visions of democracy; it analyzes patterns of electoral and party systems, cabinet formation, legislative coalition-building, and constitutional reforms; it systematically compares the semi-parliamentary and presidential separation of powers; and it develops new and innovative semi-parliamentary designs, some of which do not require two separate chambers.
Design matters: second chambers, cabinet formation, and constitutional reform
Authors: Ganghof Steffen , Eppner Sebastian 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses the conditions under which semi-parliamentary government can be stable. It responds to two conjectures about “strong” bicameralism: that constitutional designers who prefer strong second chambers have to be willing to accept (a) either a presidential system of government; or (b) oversized and ideologically heterogeneous cabinets. Both conjectures are largely unfounded because they neglect that second chambers can be designed to be powerful in the legislative process, but permissive with respect to cabinet formation. The chapter measures second chambers’ “restrictiveness” with respect to cabinet formation as a neglected dimension of bicameral designs and uses the resulting indices to explain comparative patterns of cabinet formation and constitutional reform. A conditional logit analyses of cabinet formation in 28 democratic systems in the period 1975–2018 shows that governments’ potential control of a second-chamber majority only affects cabinet formation when the chamber in question is restrictive. A comparative analysis of patterns of constitutional reform and stability in twelve bicameral systems suggests that reducing the restrictiveness of a second chamber—rather than its democratic legitimacy or legislative veto power—can be sufficient to stabilize a “strong” second chamber.
Protestant Theology and Modernity in the Nineteenth-Century Netherlands
Authors: Molendijk Arie L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This book researches the question of how nineteenth-century Dutch Protestant theologians and thinkers met the challenges of the modernizing world around them. The aim is to show that theology was fundamentally transformed and reinvented in a variety of ways—in response to the process of modernization. The focus is on intellectual history, but broader social and political transformations such as pillarization are discussed too. In-depth studies of a small number of significant and influential Protestant thinkers analyse how they addressed specific modern transformation processes, such as political modernization, the pluralization of worldviews, and the emergence of critical historical scholarship. It will also become clear that their careers were deeply impacted by these transitions. These intellectuals dealt with various aspects of modernization in different ways. Enlightenment values were fiercely attacked by orthodox Pietists, but embraced by ‘modern’ theologians, who strove for a synthesis of religion and the new findings of scholarship (biblical criticism, evolutionary theory, anti-supernaturalism). Positions were not fixed and theologians had to work hard to maintain their intellectual integrity. The Jew Isaac da Costa converted to Christianity and fulminated against the Zeitgeist. Allard Pierson, who in his youth had been under the spell of Da Costa, resigned from his ministry and adopted an ‘agnostic’ stance. Abraham Kuyper modernized theology and politics by laying the foundations of ‘pillarization’ (the segmented social structures based on differences in religion and worldview) of Dutch society. Abraham Kuenen revolutionized the study of the Old Testament, and Protestant theologians made ground-breaking contributions to the emerging science of religion.
The Costly Drug Development Process
Authors: Drakeman Donald L. , Drakeman Lisa N. , Oraiopoulos Nektarios 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how new medicines are created. It describes the principal steps, the regulatory framework, and the various elements that contribute to the cost of the drug development process. Astronomical amounts of money are required for a biotech company to create, develop, and commercialize a new product before the company becomes financially self-sufficient. To make sense of the most recent figures that put the cost per FDA-approved drug at over $2.5 billion, this chapter identifies the major components of those costs, the most important of which is the high failure rate. Still, even in the rare case when everything in the R&D process works as expected, hundreds of millions of dollars will be needed to take the drug development process to a successful conclusion. The chapter also outlines the wide range of R&D approaches biotech companies have taken to advance their technology or products toward successful commercialization.
Restaging Interrupted Rituals
Authors: Cabalquinto Earvin Charles B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
To what extent do digital communication technologies reconfigure the enactment of everyday family rituals in a transnational arrangement? This chapter maps the diverse impacts of digital media use on transnational family members in the performance, embodiment, and negotiation of intimate family rituals. It particularly shows how the personalized use of both broadband-based or visual-based platforms and regular calls facilitate interactions and mediated co-presence as well as the maintenance of familial bonds beyond borders. Notably, it examines the underlying tensions experienced in mobilizing family rituals as reflected in contradictory experiences and affective surveillance. Communicative issues are typically shaped by the lack of access to a stable connectivity, a certain level of technological competency, as well as differing familial expectations and living conditions. In sum, the chapter outlines the benefits and ruptures of mediating ritualized domestic interactions in digital spaces.
Mobile (Un)caring at a Distance
Authors: Cabalquinto Earvin Charles B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
How have care practices in the transnational household have been carried out using digital communication technologies? This chapter presents the multiple modes of caregiving used by transnational families—practical, emotional, and moral care—in digital environments. It also conceptualizes caregiving practices through ‘elastic carework’ whereby care receiving and transfer are ‘stretched’ to reach across vast distances, influenced by ‘filial piety’ as well as technological access and capacities. By locating the interconnected factors that define caregiving at a distance, the chapter explores how transnational family members experience and negotiate care benefits and burden. Ultimately, the chapter offers a nuanced take on care provision in a transnational, familial, and networked arrangement.
Digital Lifeline in Turbulent Times
Authors: Cabalquinto Earvin Charles B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In what ways digital communication technologies shape the experiences of navigating multiple crises among transnational family members? This chapter investigates the diverse and personalized digital practices of transnational families in handling the consequences of natural calamities and family-based crises. As a start, it illustrates how dispersed family members use digital media technologies to enact different phases of addressing a typhoon in the Philippines—preparation, constant monitoring, and recovery. It also presents their digital practices in managing family-related personal and health issues. Importantly, it foregrounds the digital disruptions that exacerbate critical and anxiety-inducing conditions while examining the diverse tactics deployed by transnational families to cope with multiple crises and gain a sense of assurance. In short, the chapter illuminates the benefits and tensions produced through connective practices for crisis management in a transnational household.
The Productivity of Guilt in Criminal Law Discourse
Authors: Günther Klaus 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Starting with Foucault’s observation that the modern criminal justice system is characterized by activities of different people around the delinquent, this article pursues the hypothesis that criminal law responsibility consists primarily of performative acts in discourses. While these discourses are guided by an ex post facto attribution of responsibility to the offender, modern control societies also propagate a future-oriented terminus ad quem responsibility that aims at the performance of productive reactions on crime. Restorative justice is a well-known example. Consequently, punishment by hard treatment of a passive delinquent becomes less important. But a closer look at the interrelationship between the two dimensions of responsibility reveals that there is a primordial responsibility of the community to react productively to crime, which is delegated by criminal law discourse to the convicted perpetrator who has to take on the task of restoring the harm.
Patching Development
Authors: Veeraraghavan Rajesh 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHow can development programs deliver benefits to marginalized citizens in ways that expand their rights and freedoms? Political will and good policy design are critical but often insufficient due to resistance from entrenched local power systems. The book is an ethnography of one of the largest development programs in the world, the Indian National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), and examines in detail NREGA’s implementation in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It finds that the local system of power is extremely difficult to transform, not because of inertia, but because of coercive counter-strategy from actors at the last mile and their ability to exploit information asymmetries. Upper-level NREGA bureaucrats in Andhra Pradesh do not possess the capacity to change the power axis through direct confrontation with local elites, but instead have relied on a continuous series of responses that react to local implementation and information, a process of patching development. Patching development is a top-down, fine-grained, iterative socio-technical process that makes local information about implementation visible through technology and enlists participation from marginalized citizens through social audits. These processes are neither neat nor orderly and have led to a contentious sphere where the exercise of power over documents, institutions, and technology is intricate, fluid, and highly situated. The book throws new light on the challenges and benefits of using information and technology in novel ways to implement development programs. While focused on one Indian state, the implications for increasing citizen participation and government transparency have global relevance.
Patching Institutions
Authors: Veeraraghavan Rajesh 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter asks how a social audit process initiated by a social movement in Rajasthan became part of the state government in Andhra Pradesh. The chapter scrutinizes how the process of patching that built the social audit institution was focused on three distinct goals: recruiting activist auditors who had a commitment to marginalized residents of the state, gaining the trust of workers, and operating within the boundaries of what was politically feasible. One key part of the process—and the patching—was how ambiguity around the definition and function of the social audit process—it is viewed differently by different players—was deliberately engineered as a means of maintaining objectivity. Instead of seeing activists as existing fundamentally outside the state, the chapter highlights the possibilities when activist bureaucrats are able to create institutions that enable space for civil society actors to have a lasting influence.
A Long Reconstruction
Authors: Harris Paul William 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Conventional historical timelines mark the end of Reconstruction in the year 1877, but the Methodist Episcopal Church (M.E.C.) continued to wrestle with issues of racial inclusion for decades after political support for racial reform had receded. The M.E.C. (the northern branch of the denomination since an 1844 schism) faced a unique challenge when they went south in the wake of the Civil War and brought into the fold a large southern membership of both Blacks and whites. The African Americans who joined did so in a spirit of hope that through religious fellowship and cooperation they could gain respect and acceptance and ultimately assume a position of equality and brotherhood with whites. However, as segregation gradually took hold in the South, many northern Methodists evinced the same skepticism as white southerners about the fitness of African Americans for positions of authority and responsibility in an interracial setting. The African American membership was never without strong white allies who helped to sustain the Church’s official stance against racial caste, but like the nation as a whole, the M.E.C. placed a growing priority on putting their broken union back together. As it became evident that racial reconciliation and reconciliation with the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, were mutually exclusive goals, Black Methodists were pressured to subordinate their own aspirations to the goal of reuniting the Episcopal Methodisms.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Paul William 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Introduction sets the context for the book in terms of Reconstruction historiography, the Black Church and African Methodisms, and the history and structure of the Methodist Episcopal Church (M.E.C.). It summarizes why many African Americans chose to join a denomination dominated by whites, the importance of racial uplift to their aspirations, and the factors that frustrated their hopes for achieving respect and equality within the Church. A chapter outline is included, laying out how the book traces the history of race relations in the M.E.C. from Methodism’s arrival in America to approximately 1914. The book’s contemporary relevance in the era of Black Lives Matter is also addressed.
What Really Is Zen?
Authors: Davis Bret W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses two questions: What really is Zen, in contrast to how it has been repackaged and watered down in the pop culture of the West? What issues should modern Westerners with a serious interest in Zen bear in mind as they adopt and adapt its teachings and practices? Readers are invited to reflect on their preconceptions about Zen so that they may “empty their cups,” open their minds, and recover what Zen calls the “beginner’s mind.” This clearing the mind of prejudices and preconceptions is not just a requisite for learning about Zen; it is also a first lesson on what Zen practice is all about. Also discussed is the question of how the study and practice of Zen Buddhism should be understood in the context of interreligious dialogue.
Previewing the Path of Zen
Authors: Davis Bret W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces Zen as an “investigation into the self.” It relates this to the emphasis on self-understanding and self-realization in other philosophical and religious traditions, especially to Socrates’s understanding of the maxim “Know thyself.” It explains why meditation is central to Zen’s method of investigating the self, and specifically how Zen meditation alleviates the distorting effects of “karmic editing,” our accustomed perceptual and conceptual filtering of reality. Zen meditation is introduced in terms of what the Daoist sage Zhuangzi calls “sitting and forgetting.” The chapter concludes with a reflection on Zen master Dōgen’s famous yet enigmatic teaching: “To study the Buddha Way is to study the self. To study the self is to forget the self. To forget the self is to be enlightened by the myriad things of the world.”
We Are One
Authors: Davis Bret W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains what it does, and does not, mean for a Zen Buddhist to say: “We are one.” It begins by relating the Zen teaching of the nonduality of self and others to Jesus’s teaching that you should love others as yourself. It then relates these to the idea of “the oneness of all life” found in the Hindu Upanishads. Debates between different schools of Buddhist and Hindu philosophy are briefly examined, and it is explained that the Zen experience of oneness should not be misunderstood in terms of an absorption into a homogeneous blob that denies the reality of differences. For Zen, individuals exist but not independently; to exist is to coexist. Zen’s teaching of nonduality, as a matter of “neither one nor two,” implies both unity and uniqueness, oneness and difference.
Who or What Is the Buddha?
Authors: Davis Bret W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains the different senses of the term “Buddha” that are used in the various traditions of Buddhism. It compares the Trikaya, or Three Bodies of the Buddha, with the Christian Trinity. The historical person, Siddhartha Gautama, is a Manifestation Body. The development of the idea of “merit transfer” helps explain how an Enjoyment Body of the Buddha, such as Amitabha (Sanskrit) or Amida (Japanese), is said to have created a Pure Land into which the faithful can be reborn by the grace of his “other-power.” In contrast to both Theravada Buddhism and Pure Land Buddhism, Zen focuses mainly on the Dharma Kaya or Truth Body of the Buddha, the ubiquitous Buddha-nature that manifests itself in unique persons, things, and events. Zen thus mainly understands Buddha as ultimate reality and as the true self, rather than as either a historical person or a transcendent savior.
Zen and Morality
Authors: Davis Bret W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the role and understanding of morality in Zen Buddhism. It explains how the antinomianism and some apparently amoral teachings of Zen have been misunderstood, and how they should be understood. These teachings include Huineng’s admonition to “not think of good and evil.” Many Zen masters, including Dōgen, have stressed the importance of taking the moral precepts of Buddhism. Yet, Dōgen suggests that, in the course of practice, “do good” becomes a description rather than a prescription. As important as the precepts are for Zen, it does not promote a literalistic legalism. As in other traditions of Mahayana Buddhism, it is thought that Bodhisattvas are allowed to break moral rules in their use of “skillful means.” The chapter concludes by explaining how Zen teaches “minimizing violence” rather than an absolute pacifism.
Between Zen and Philosophy
Authors: Davis Bret W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the relation between Zen and philosophy, arguing that they should be related but not conflated. It begins with a discussion of how D. T. Suzuki early on drew a sharp distinction between Zen experience and philosophical thinking, yet later in life stressed the need for articulating a “Zen thought” and praised his lifelong friend Nishida Kitarō in this regard. Nishida founded the Kyoto School of Japanese philosophy, and later members of the school such as Nishitani Keiji and Abe Masao (English: Masao Abe) also engaged in Zen practice alongside their comparative study of philosophy and religion. The chapter introduces Nishida’s early philosophy of “pure experience” and his later philosophy of the self-determination of the “Place of Absolute Nothingness.” It ends by discussing Abe’s dialogues with Christian theologians regarding the “kenosis” or self-emptying nature of God, and Nishitani’s philosophy of “trans-descending” through nihilism to the “Field of Emptiness.”
Fundamentalism and American Culture
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This work provides the history of Christian fundamentalism, which emerged as a movement with that name in 1920. It first looks at the roots of the movement in evangelical revivalism before 1920. Then it considers fundamentalists’ most characteristic outlooks. It describes the distinctive outlooks of Dispensational Premillennialism concerning history and modern times. Then it looks at the role of Holiness teachings, especially Keswick Holiness, in shaping fundamentalism. Fundamentalists, especially of the Presbyterian variety, were also militant defenders of traditional evangelical Protestant orthodoxy. Being a coalition of related movements, fundamentalists displayed a variety of views as to how to engage mainstream culture. These outlooks and tendencies coalesced into a nationally prominent fundamentalist movement during the years of cultural change from 1917 to 1925. The analysis looks at various dimensions of fundamentalism of the 1920s. The penultimate chapter looks at more recent American fundamentalism, especially in the rise of the religious right since the 1970s. The concluding chapter reflects on the continuing legacy of fundamentalism in the twenty-first century, even as the term itself is less widely used.
History, Society, and the Church
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Contrary to growing emphases on pure naturalistic interpretations in mainstream Western historiography, dispensationalism emphasized what can be called “heightened supernaturalism.” Rather than explaining history changes as the result of natural evolutionary processes, dispensationalists saw them as the result of catastrophic divine interventions. Regarding society, dispensationalists rejected modern views of progress in favor of seeing degeneracy and decline. They looked at signs of the times to illustrate such decline. They also saw the churches as steadily declining in the modern age. That helped lead fundamentalists to separate from the mainstream denominations.
The Social Dimensions of Holiness
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The holiness dimensions of the late nineteenth-century American revivalism often had a social dimension. Particularly the ideal of “power for service” often led to concern to help the poor. Typically such efforts were combined with evangelism, as was most evident in rescue mission work. Reuben A. Torrey was the president of The Christian Workers Association that coordinated this work among other organizations and evangelists. A. J. Gordon established such works in Boston. These efforts paralleled those of The Salvation Army. The Christian Herald and Signs of the Times is an example of a magazine supported by evangelists in the circle of Moody that was both premillennial and supported some progressive causes such as labor reform and women’s rights.