bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective innate immune response in natural HIV-1 controllers. Can mimicking lead to novel preventive and cure strategies against HIV-1?
Authors: Calvet-Mirabent Marta , Martín-Gayo Enrique 
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review
HIV-1 controller individuals represents a model that can be useful for the development of novel vaccines and therapies. Initial studies pointed to the involvement of improved adaptive immunity, however, new emerging evidence suggests the contribution of innate cells to effective antiviral responses in spontaneous controllers. Therefore, understanding the alterations on innate cell subsets might be crucial to develop new effective therapeutic strategies.

Recent findings
Among different innate immune cells, dendritic cell (DC) and natural killer (NK) cell are essential for effective antiviral responses. DC from controllers display improved innate detection of HIV-1 transcripts, higher induction of interferons, higher antigen presenting capacities and increased metabolism and higher capacities to induce polyfunctional CD8+ T-cell responses. Such properties have been mimicked by Toll-like receptor ligands and applied to DC-based immunotherapies in humans and in animal models. NK cells from controllers display higher expression of activating receptors promoting increased antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and natural cytotoxicity activities. Neutralizing antibodies in combination with interleukin-15 superagonist or interferon-α can increase ADCC and cytotoxicity in NK cells from HIV-1 progressors.

Summary
Mimicking DC and NK cell innate profiles in controllers has become a promising strategy to step forward a novel efficient immunotherapy against the HIV-1 infection.
Update on balloon pulmonary angioplasty for treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Lang Irene M. 
Published: August 2022

Purpose of review
To provide an update on balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) for the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH), a pulmonary vascular disease that is characterized by fibro-thrombotic material mechanically obliterating major pulmonary arteries, resulting in increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), progressive pulmonary hypertension (PH) combined with a microscopic pulmonary vasculopathy [1▪▪], right ventricular (RV) failure [2] and premature death.

Recent findings
Data from a most recent CTEPH European registry (2015 and 2016) suggest significantly improved survival [3▪] of CTEPH patients compared with survival in the eighties [4], or with data from 2007 and 2009 [5]. Pulmonary endarterectomy (PEA) is still the gold-standard therapy for CTEPH [6,7]. However, only around two thirds of all CTEPH patients are amenable to surgery [3▪,5]. Patients not suitable for PEA and treated conservatively have a poor prognosis [8]. BPA may have a role for this particular group of patients. [9–11]. Currently, BPA programs are available in many countries, with excellent results at expert centers [12–15,16▪,17,18▪▪]. Based on recent data, BPA seems to have a greater impact on symptomatic and hemodynamic improvement than medical therapy with riociguat alone [15].

Summary
The evidence favoring BPA is growing, but there is still a lack of published controlled trials. In addition, treatment concepts including indication, technical performance, use of PH-targeted medication, and the concept of follow-up vary between centers. In addition, there is a significant learning curve impacting outcomes [13]. The data from the International BPA registry will provide answers for some of the open questions.
SPECT/CT Reverse Lymphatic Mapping for Groin Vascularized Lymph Node Transplant Planning
Authors: Broyles Justin M. , Smith Jeffrey M. , Wong Franklin C , Hanasono Matthew M , Chang Edward I , Kappadath S Cheenu , Schaverien Mark V 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Superficial inguinal (groin) vascularized lymph node transplantation (VLNT) is the most common option for the treatment of lymphedema, particularly in combination with free abdominal flap breast reconstruction. This study examines the utility of single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT/CT) lymphoscintigraphy for lower extremity reverse lymphatic mapping (RLM) in presurgical planning for groin VLNT and appraises the physiological lymphatic drainage to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

Methods:
All patients that that underwent bilateral lower extremity SPECT/CT-RLM over a five-year period were included. Retrospective case note analysis was performed to collect demographic, surgical, and outcomes data.

Results:
The study included 84 patients; 56 of these subsequently underwent groin VLNT (58 flaps) of which 54 were combined with free abdominal flaps for breast reconstruction (55 flaps). Using SPECT/CT-RLM investigation of 168 inguinal regions, drainage to at least one superficial inguinal region was visualized in 38.1% of patients; in 13.1% drainage was visualized to both superficial inguinal regions. Using this information for presurgical planning, groin VLN flap harvest was performed from the contralateral side in 57/58 cases (98.3%) using intraoperative gamma probe guidance, and no patient developed donor lower extremity lymphedema during follow-up [mean 34.5 (±15.4) months].

Conclusions:
In this study the use of presurgical SPECT/CT-RLM together with limited flap dissection and intraoperative gamma probe guidance resulted in no clinical cases of iatrogenic donor lower extremity lymphedema. The high incidence of drainage from the lower extremity to the superficial inguinal region mandates the use of RLM when performing groin VLNT.
Impact of Technology on Conjoined Twin Separation – Are we Further Ahead?
Authors: Shafarenko Mark S. , Clarke Howard M. , Zuker Ronald M. 
Published: August 2022

Summary:
The success of conjoined twin separation has increased since the 1950s, notwithstanding the numerous technical and physiological challenges encountered in such procedures. Together with improvements in our understanding of conjoined twin physiology and the accumulation of surgical expertise, technological advances have largely paralleled the improvement in outcomes. In particular, advances in imaging modalities, adjuncts to abdominal wall closure such as mesh and tissue expansion, and three-dimensional modelling have been instrumental to advancing care for these patients. Taken together, these domains have allowed multidisciplinary teams to better delineate conjoined anatomy, facilitated improved surgical planning and decision-making, and have assisted in overcoming the frequent challenges associated with soft tissue closure. This review delineates the improvements in these modalities and their relationship to increasingly successful conjoined twin separation in recent years.
3D rapid printing–assisted individualized total nasal reconstruction based on a database of normal external noses
Authors: Wei Hanxiao , Zhang Aijun , Tao Changbo , Li Xueyang , Li Qiang , Shen Caiqi , Wang Pingping , Jin Peisheng 
Published: August 2022

Background:
The nose is an unpaired facial structure. Applying three-dimensional (3D) rapid printing to total nose reconstruction is difficult because no paired structure is available for reference. In this study, 3D laser scanning was used to create a database of normal external noses of Han Chinese individuals in East China to assist in total nose reconstruction.

Methods:
3D laser scanning was used to create a database of normal external noses. Based on this database, patients with nasal reconstruction had their measurements scaled according to head circumference and facial proportions to simulate a new reconstructed shape for the residual nose. The personalized new shape was rapidly 3D-printed for preoperative evaluation and surgical design.

Results:
In the database of external noses, the medium nose type was the main type among Han adults in East China (64.15%), followed by the narrow nose type (26.34%). Quantitative analysis showed that blood loss and operative times were lower in the study group than in the traditional surgery group (P<0.05). A postoperative nasal appearance satisfaction questionnaire showed that the appearance satisfaction rate, daily life measures, and perioperative comfort were significantly better in the study group (P<0.05).

Conclusion:
The database of external noses can bridge 3D printing with total nasal reconstruction. The database has important clinical significance for optimizing the shape of the nose, reducing intraoperative bleed loss, shortening the operative time, and improving patient satisfaction. This study provides new insight for the application of computer-guided 3D scanning and rapid printing in organ reconstruction.
Common bile duct stones management: A network meta-analysis
Authors: Mohseni Shahin , Bass Gary Alan , Forssten Maximilian Peter , Casas Isidro Martínez , Martin Matthew , Davis Kimberly A. , Haut Elliott R. , Sugrue Michael , Kurihara Hayato , Sarani Babak , Cao Yang , Coimbra Raul 
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND
Timely management is critical for treating symptomatic common bile duct (CBD) stones; however, a single optimal management strategy has yet to be defined in the acute care setting. Consequently, this systematic review and network meta-analysis, comparing one-stage (CBD exploration or intraoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography [ERCP] with simultaneous cholecystectomy) and two-stage (precholecystectomy or postcholecystectomy ERCP) procedures, was undertaken with the main outcomes of interest being postprocedural complications and hospital length of stay (LOS).

METHODS
PubMed, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were methodically queried for articles from 2010 to 2021. The search terms were a combination of medical subject headings terms and the subsequent terms: gallstone; common bile duct (stone); choledocholithiasis; cholecystitis; endoscopic retrograde cholangiography/ERCP; common bile duct exploration; intraoperative, preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiography; stone extraction; and one-stage and two-stage procedure. Studies that compared two procedures or more were included, whereas studies not recording complications (bile leak, hemorrhage, pancreatitis, perforation, intra-abdominal infections, and other infections) or LOS were excluded. A network meta-analysis was conducted to compare the four different approaches for managing CBD stones.

RESULTS
A total of 16 studies (8,644 participants) addressing the LOS and 41 studies (19,756 participants) addressing postprocedural complications were included in the analysis. The one-stage approaches were associated with a decrease in LOS compared with the two-stage approaches. Common bile duct exploration demonstrated a lower overall risk of complications compared with preoperative ERCP, but there were no differences in the overall risk of complications in the remaining comparisons. However, differences in specific postprocedural complications were detected between the four different approaches managing CBD stones.

CONCLUSION
This network meta-analysis suggests that both laparoscopic CBD exploration and intraoperative ERCP have equally good outcomes and provide a preferable single-anesthesia patient pathway with a shorter overall length of hospital stay compared with the two-stage approaches.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Systematic Review/Meta Analysis; Level III.
Immunogenicity After a Heterologous BNT262b2 Versus Homologous Booster in Kidney Transplant Recipients Receiving 2 Doses of CoronaVac Vaccine: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Medina-Pestana José , Almeida Viana Laila , Nakamura Monica Rika , Lucena Elizabeth França , Granato Celso Francisco Hernandes , Dreige Yasmim Cardoso , Amorim Laysla Verhalen Pouzo , Chow Charles Yea Zen , Demarchi Foresto Renato , Roberto Requião-Moura Lucio , Tedesco-Silva Helio , Cristelli Marina Pontello 
Published: August 2022

Background.
Comparative studies of third heterologous doses following the CoronaVac vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in kidney transplant recipients are lacking.

Methods.
This prospective, single-center cohort study included kidney transplant recipients without previous COVID-19. Patients received a third heterologous (BNT162b2 mRNA) or homologous dose at least 4 wk after 2 doses of the CoronaVac vaccine. Immunoglobulin G antibody response and seroprevalence for neutralizing anti–severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies immediately before and 28 d after third doses were compared between the groups.

Results.
There were 307 patients in the heterologous group and 777 in the homologous group. Patients in the heterologous group were older (54 versus 50 y; P < 0.0001), with a longer time since transplant (11 versus 6 y; P < 0.0001). Immediately before the third dose, immunoglobulin G seroprevalence (36% versus 34%; P = 0.597) and antibody titers (246 versus 268 AU/mL; P = 0.279) were similar. After booster, seroconversion was higher in the heterologous group (49% versus 32%; P < 0.0001), resulting in a higher seroprevalence (67% versus 55%; P = 0.0003); however, 42% of all patients remained seronegative. Antibody titers after booster in seropositive patients were higher in the heterologous group (7771 versus 599 AU/mL; P < 0.0001). These results persisted after adjusting for confounding variables. Lastly, a similar proportion of patients became seropositive for neutralizing antibodies (98% versus 94%; P = 0.098).

Conclusions.
In kidney transplant recipients fully vaccinated with CoronaVac, a third dose with an mRNA vaccine produced a higher seroconversion rate and antibody titers than a third homologous dose. However, both boosters achieved equivalent seroprevalence for neutralizing antibodies. The high proportion of still seronegative patients indicates the need for alternative strategies of protection.
Communicative roots of complex sociality and cognition: neuropsychological mechanisms underpinning the processing of social information
Authors: Roberts Sam G. B. , Dunbar Robin I. M. , Roberts Anna I. 
Published: August 2022

Primate social bonds are described as being especially complex in their nature, and primates have unusually large brains for their body size compared to other mammals. Communication in primates has attracted considerable attention because of the important role it plays in social bonding. It has been proposed that differentiated social relationships are cognitively complex because primates need to continuously update their knowledge about different types of social bonds. Therefore, primates infer whether an opportunity for social interaction is rewarding (valuable to individual goals) based on their knowledge of the social relationships of the interactants. However, exposure to distraction and stress has detrimental effects on the dopaminergic system, suggesting that understanding social relationships as rewarding is affected in these conditions. This paper proposes that complex communication evolved to augment the capacity to form social relationships during stress through flexibly modifying intentionality in communication (audience checking, response waiting and elaboration). Intentional communication may upregulate dopamine dynamics to allow recognition that an interaction is rewarding during stress. By examining these associations between complexity of communication and stress, we provide new insights into the cognitive skills involved in forming social bonds in primates and the evolution of communication systems in both primates and humans.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates’.
Coevolution of social and communicative complexity in lemurs
Authors: Fichtel Claudia , Kappeler Peter M. 
Published: August 2022

The endemic lemurs of Madagascar (Lemuriformes: Primates) exhibit great social and communicative diversity. Given their independent evolutionary history, lemurs provide an excellent opportunity to identify fundamental principles in the coevolution of social and communicative traits. We conducted comparative phylogenetic analyses to examine patterns of interspecific variation among measures of social complexity and repertoire sizes in the vocal, olfactory and visual modality, while controlling for environmental factors such as habitat and number of sympatric species. We also examined potential trade-offs in signal evolution as well as coevolution between body mass or brain size and communicative complexity. Repertoire sizes in the vocal, olfactory and visual modality correlated positively with group size, but not with environmental factors. Evolutionary changes in social complexity presumably antedated corresponding changes in communicative complexity. There was no trade-off in the evolution of signals in different modalities and neither body mass nor brain size correlated with any repertoire size. Hence, communicative complexity coevolved with social complexity across different modalities, possibly to service social relationships flexibly and effectively in pair- and group-living species. Our analyses shed light on the requirements and adaptive possibilities in the coevolution of core elements of social organization and social structure in a basal primate lineage.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates’.
Thermal imaging reveals social monitoring during social feeding in wild chimpanzees
Authors: Barrault Claire , Soldati Adrian , Hobaiter Catherine , Mugisha Stephen , De Moor Delphine , Zuberbühler Klaus , Dezecache Guillaume 
Published: August 2022

Understanding the affective lives of animals has been a long-standing challenge in science. Recent technological progress in infrared thermal imaging has enabled researchers to monitor animals' physiological states in real-time when exposed to ecologically relevant situations, such as feeding in the company of others. During social feeding, an individual's physiological states are likely to vary with the nature of the resource and perceptions of competition. Previous findings in chimpanzees have indicated that events perceived as competitive cause decreases in nasal temperatures, whereas the opposite was observed for cooperative interactions. Here, we tested how food resources and audience structure impacted on how social feeding events were perceived by wild chimpanzees. Overall, we found that nasal temperatures were lower when meat was consumed as compared to figs, consistent with the idea that social feeding on more contested resources is perceived as more dangerous and stressful. Nasal temperatures were significant affected by interactions between food type and audience composition, in particular the number of males, their dominance status, and their social bond status relative to the subject, while no effects for the presence of females were observed. Our findings suggest that male chimpanzees closely monitor and assess their social environment during competitive situations, and that infrared imaging provides an important complement to access psychological processes beyond observable social behaviours.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates’.
Language as a tool for social bonding: evidence from wild chimpanzee gestural, vocal and bimodal signals
Authors: Damjanovic Ljubica , Roberts Sam G. B. , Roberts Anna Ilona 
Published: August 2022

The evolution of language has fascinated anthropologists, psychologists and biologists for centuries, seeking to infer language origins from the communication of primates, our closest living relatives. Capacity for intentional signalling is a key feature of transition to language in our hominin ancestors, facilitating complex social dynamics in complex social groups. However whether vocal, gestural and bimodal signals are differentiated according to intentional use and hence complex sociality has not been studied, making unclear the modality of language evolution. We addressed this question in wild chimpanzees. We found that larger social network size was associated with a larger network of gestural but not vocal or bimodal signals. Response waiting was more common in association with gestures than vocalizations, but elaborations were more common in vocal than gestural or bimodal signals. Overall, chimpanzees were more likely to manage weak social bonds through vocalizations, whereas strong social bonds were managed through gestures and bimodal signals. However, when social bonds were weak, gestures accompanied by response waiting were more likely to elicit approaches than vocalizations accompanied by elaboration, which elicited avoidance. This suggests that gestures were the primary modality of language evolution and that the use of more sophisticated gestural signalling led to evolution of complex social groups of hominin ancestors.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates’.
Anatomical and functional maturation of the mid-gestation human intestine
Authors: Dershowitz Lori B. , Li Li , Pasça Anca M. , Kaltschmidt Julia A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractGastrointestinal (GI) maturation is a key determinant of survival for extremely preterm infants. The enteric nervous system (ENS) controls GI motility, and immature GI motility limits enteral feeding and causes severe health complications.1 Due to the significant challenges in obtaining and studying human fetal tissue, little is known about when the human ENS becomes mature enough to carry out vital functions. Here we define the progressive anatomical maturation of the human fetal ENS and analyze GI motility in the second trimester of in utero development. We identify substantial structural changes in the ENS including the emergence of striped neuronal cytoarchitecture and a shift in the representation of excitatory and inhibitory neurons. We further analyze and pharmacologically manipulate GI motility in freshly collected human fetal intestines, which, to our knowledge, is a first functional analysis of intact human fetal organs ex vivo. We find that the ENS influences GI motility beginning at 21 postconceptional weeks (PCW), the earliest reported evidence of neurogenic GI motility. Our study provides unprecedented insight into human fetal ENS development, foundational knowledge which facilitates comparisons with common animal models to advance translational disease investigations and testing of pharmacological agents to enhance GI motility in prematurity.