bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Immunity of the Administration of State Financial Policy and Financial Stability System in Emergency
Authors: Suwarjana I Made 
Published: May 2022

Officials involving in the prevention and mitigation of corona virus want to be given the right of immunity or legal immunity in implementing discretion authority as a guarantee and legal certainty that any decided policy will not be tested or used as the basis for bringing criminal action. The formation of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law (Perpu) No.1 Year 2020, which is aimed to handle the corona virus pandemic (COVID-19) actually comes with noble purpose. But the authorization of immunity right or legal immunity to the officials might cause state financial loss and tend to generate abuse of power. This study aims to study the concept of state financial loss, its accountability and legal immunity on criminal responsibility over the state financial loss as the impact of decision-making by officials in handling Covid-19. This was a legal research type that applies statute approach, conceptual approach, comparative approach, and case approach. Legal immunity is a form of legal protection for parties carrying out tasks and responsibilities under a good faith.
The Essence of Legal Research is to Resolve Legal Problems
Authors: Marzuki Peter Machmudz 
Published: May 2022

Legal research is carried out to resolve legal problems. Since jurisprudence is a prescriptive science, legal research is conducted to produce prescription. The prescription may be the basis of resolving the legal problem. It is different from research for behavioral science or social research which is to verify a hypothesis. Data are needed to verify the hypothesis. On the other hand, legal research does not need data since it is not conducted to verify a hypothesis. Social research is to find coherence truth while, legal research is to discover coherence truth. Despite usage of induction in establishing argument, legal research does not use data to find the truth because the truth found is coherence truth. Legal research may be for practical purpose or for academic activity but is still like any other research and begins with problem, which is a legal problem. Legal problems in legal research should be clearly defined; otherwise, there will be misapplication of law to the problem. Consequently, the problem will not be solved. Legal problems may be causal relationship, functional relationship, or two propositions where the latter proposition gives clear meaning to the first proposition. The type of legal problem should be identified. It is necessary to collect legal research materials, which may be primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and non-legal materials. The non-legal materials are supporting and complementary materials. Legal research may be carried out by using approaches as necessary. There are five types of approaches, statute approach, case approach, historical approach, comparative approach, and conceptual approach. The respective approach should be used appropriately.
Crime News Broadcasting in the Framework of Protection of the Rights of Suspects/Defendants
Authors: Atmaja Nr Ig Punia 
Published: May 2022

Crime news broadcasts on television are a part of press freedom to disseminate information to the public through printed or electronic media. Information delivery through electronic media such as television, particularly crime news, presents overviews of criminal events as if the audiences witness it straight from the crime scene. It shows the fact that. one on hand, crime news is broadcast widely on private television stations, while on the other hand there are rules for broadcasting crime news as regulated in Law Number 40 of 1999 on Press and Law Number 32 of 2002 on Broadcasting. Laws on press and broadcasting also regulate the establishment of Press Council that determines ‘journalist code of ethics’ and the Indonesian Broadcasting Commission (KPI) which sets the ‘broadcast program standards and broadcasting behavior guidelines’. These institutions supervise news or broadcasting as well as individuals or broadcasters that violate broadcasting rules or code of ethics. Crime news broadcasting that displays the face and identity of suspects or defendants is a violation to the principle of ‘Presumption of innocence’, that an individual should be assumed or considered innocent until the court proves that he/she is guilty. Crime news broadcasts impose effects on the suspects or defendants in receiving ‘due process of law’, and on the public prosecutor and judge investigating the case. Therefore, crime news broadcasting should be sought to not violate the code of ethics or rules as well as the rights of suspects or defendants.
STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN UKM JAMU TRADISIONAL MADURA AYU
Authors: Farida Farida , Fauziyah Elys 
Published: May 2022

Madura Ayu adalah salah satu usaha jamu di Sampang yang masuk kategori usaha jamu tradisonal yang cukup besar. Meski demikian usaha ini memiliki beberapa permasalahan diantaranya kurangnya modal usaha, pengurusan legalitas usaha yang sulit, teknologi masih sangat sederhana, persaingan dengan usaha sejenis baik dari dalam maupun luar daerah, perubahan harga bahan baku, dan produk pengganti yang bervariasi dan modern. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merumuskan strategi pengembangan yang dapat dilakukan olehusaha jamu tradisional Madura Ayu. Alat analisis yang dimanfaatkan adalah analisis IFAS, EFAS, SWOT dan QSPM. Hasil analisis menunjukkan 5 prioritas strategi yang bisa diterapkan yaitu: mengembangkan inovasi kemasan produk jamu, melakukan kerjasama dengan petani rempah-rempah, meningkatkan pemasaran dengan melalui berbagai media, memanfaatkan secara maksimal dukungan dari pemerintah baik dari sisi modal, pendampingan maupun pengurusan legalitas usaha, dan memberikan bonus kepada pelanggan yang membeli produk dalam jumlah besar.
PENGARUH KUALITAS LAYANAN TERHADAP LOYALITAS DENGAN VARIABEL KEPUASAN SEBAGAI MEDIASI DI KPRI MAKMUR KECAMATAN BURNEH KABUPATEN BANGKALAN
Authors: Musdalifah Musdalifah , Hasan Fuad 
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh perkembangan koperasi yang ada di indonesia mengalami penurunan dan beberapa koperasi dibubarkan oleh pemerintah disebabkan koperasi tersebut tidak melakukan tugasnya sesuai aturan yang berlaku serta tidak memberikan pelayanan yang maksimal terhadap anggotanya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui: (1) Tingkat kualitas layanan, kepuasan, serta loyalitas anggota koperasi KPRI Makmur, (2) Pengaruh kualitas pelayan terhadap kepuasan di KPRI Makmur, (3) Pengaruh kepuasan terhadap loyalitas anggota di KPRI Makmur, (4) Pengaruh secara langsung kualitas layanan terhadap loyalitas anggota di KPRI Makmur; dan (5) Pengaruh secara tidak langsung kualitas layanan terhadap loyalitas anggotadi KPRI. Sampel sebanyak 61 responden diambil menggunakan teknik simple random sampling. Metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis yaitu analisis deskriptif, serta analisis jalur. Perolehan hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan bahwa (1) kualitas layanan yang diberikan KPRI makmur menunjukkan sangat baik dilihat dari besaran nilai rata-rata variabel yang diperoleh berdasarkan jawaban responden menjawab sangat baik, kepuasan yang diperoleh anggota KPRI Makmur menunjukkan sangat puas dilihat dari nilai rata-rata variabel yang diperoleh berdasarkan jawaban responden menjawab sangat puas, loyalitas anggota KPRI Makmur menunjukkan sangat loyal dilihat dari nilai rata-rata variabel yang diperoleh berdasarkan jawaban responden menjawab sangat loyal. Hasil analisis jalur menunjukkan bahwa: (2) Kualitas pelayanan memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan anggota, (3) Kualitas Pelayanan secara langsung memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap variabel Loyalitas anggota, (4) variabel Kepuasan anggota memiliki pengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap variabel loyalitas, (5) variabel kualitas pelayanan secara tidak langsung berpengaruh signifikan terhadap loyalitas anggota.
PERSEPSI DAN MINAT PETANI TERHADAP PEMANFAATAN TANAMAN REFUGIA DALAM PENGENDALIAN HAMA TANAMAN PADI (Studi Kasus Desa Bilaporah Kecamatan Socah Bangkalan)
Authors: Mutmainnah Mutmainnah , Sugiarti Teti 
Published: May 2022

Kabupaten Bangkalan merupakan Kota yang memiliki produksi padi tertinggi sebesar 331.675 ton dan produktivitas padi sebesar 6,28 ton/ha (BPS,2018). Desa Bilaporah, Kecamatan Socah mempunyai tingkat produktivitas padi kurang baik dengan luas panen yang cukup tinggi sebesar 1.236,44/ha. Kegiatan sosialisasi dan pembagian benih tanaman refugia telah dilaksanakan oleh penyuluh pertanian sebagai pemanfaatan dalam pengendalian hama tanaman padi. Tujuan riset ini dilakukan untuk: 1) mendeskripsikan karakteristik petani, 2) menganalisis tingkat persepsi petani dan 3) menganalisis hubungan persepsi dan minat petani padi terhadap pemanfaatan tanaman refugia dalam pengendalian hama tanaman padi. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 28 orang dengan teknik sampling jenuh (sensus). Teknis analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif dan korelasi rank spearman. Hasil riset menunjukkan bahwa karakteristik petani di Desa Bilaporah berdasarkan umur masih tergolong pada usia produktif, kemudian mayoritas tingkat pengalaman petani 30 tahun, tingkat pendidikan responden mayoritas SD, serta sebagian besar petani tidak pernah mengikuti pelatihan pertanian. Petani di Desa Bilaporah memiliki persepsi yang positif dan baik sekali terhadap pemanfaatan tanaman refugia dalam pengendalian hama tanaman padi, hal tersebut sesuai dengan nilai yang diperoleh dari jawaban responden pada setiap indikator persepsi. Hubungan persepsi terhadap minat petani tergolong signifikan dengan arah positif serta keeratan hubungan antar variabel adalah sedang.
Efisiensi Teknis Usahatani Bawang Daun (Allium fistulosum L) di Kecamatan Pacet Kabupaten Mojokerto
Authors: Sattwika Devi Suca Atma , Fauziyah Elys 
Published: May 2022

Bawang daun termasuk salah satu tanaman berpotensi dikembangkan secara komersil dan intensif. Kabupaten Mojokerto merupakan wilayah yang memiliki potensi penghasil bawang daun di Jawa Timur tepatnya di Kecamatan Pacet. Meski demikian, tingkat produktivitasnya masih tergolong rendah. Dijelaskan riset inimenganalisis tingkat efisiensi teknis dan sumber penyebab inefisiensi teknis. Metode analisis dalam risetialah Fungsi Produksi Cobb-Douglas Stochastic Frontier. Sampel yang dipakaisejumlah 30 responden dengan pengambilan sampel secara purposive. Sesuai hasil yang didapat menunjukkan 57% petani sudah mampu mencapai efisien secara teknis. Hasil analisis lainnya menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 3 faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap inefisiensi teknis diantaranya ialahusia, pengalaman petani dalam melakukan usahatani dan keikutsertaan petani dalam kelompok tani.
A Simulation of Water Conservation Policy Impacts on Long-Range Climate Change: A CGE Analysis
Authors: Gao Juan , Liu Changxin , Wang Yufei , Han Shuangbao , Cheng Rui 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The study of “water-energy-carbon” has always been an important theme in natural science. With the concern of climate change, the relationship between water and carbon has also attracted attention. China has published several policies for the water conservation, and it has begun to explore the policy transform of the water fee into water tax, which will become a key economic measure for water management. In the background of the carbon reduction, the policy may influence both the water system and the carbon system. This study mainly analyzes how future water tax affects the climate change in China by using the macroeconomic model named the computable general equilibrium model (CGE model). Two scenarios with different tax ratios have been set, and policies are implemented among different sectors. The policy will not only directly impact these industrial sectors but also indirectly impact other sectors through the economic system, which will finally do tiny contribution to the long-term climate change. The working mechanism was discussed, and policy implications were proposed at last. Firstly, China should pay attention to the impacts of macropolicies on CO2 reduction as it has set the goal of peaking carbon emissions and achieving carbon neutrality. Secondly, more study needs be carried out for the mechanisms of the “water-energy-carbon” process from the macroeconomic perspective for combing the climate change.
A Comparison of International Modelling Methods to Evaluate Health Economics of Colorectal Cancer Screening: A Systematic Review Protocol
Authors: Adair Olivia , McFerran Ethna , Owen Tracy , McKee Christine , Lamrock Felicity , Lawler Mark 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background: Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is becoming an increasing health problem worldwide. However, with the help of screening, early diagnosis can reduce incidence and mortality rates. To elevate the economic burden CRC can cause, cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) can assist healthcare systems to make screening programmes more cost-effective and prolong survival for early-stage CRC patients. This review aims to identify different CEA modelling methods used internationally to evaluate CRC. Methods: This review will systematically search electronic databases which include MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidance recommendations will design the review and the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) statement will be used to extract relevant data from studies retrieved. Two reviewers will screen through the evidence using the PICOS (Participant, Intervention, Comparators, Outcomes, Study Design) framework, with a third reviewer to settle any disagreements. Once data extraction and quality assessment are complete, the results will be presented qualitatively and tabulated using the CHEERS checklist. Discussion: The results obtained from the systematic review will highlight how different CRC screening programmes around the world utilise and incorporate health economic modelling methods to be more cost-effective. This information can help modellers develop CEA models which can be adapted to suit the specific screening programmes.Systematic Review Registration: PROSPERO CRD42022296113
Evaluating the effectiveness of stepwise swallowing training on dysphagia in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: wu chenxin , Zhang Kun , Ye Junrong , Huang Xingxiao , Yang Hang , Yuan Lexin , Wang Haoyun , Wang Ting , Zhong Xiaomei , Guo Jianxiong , Yu Lin , Xiao Aixiang 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background: The high prevalence of dysphagia among Alzheimer’s diseases (AD) has incurred many negative impacts. Therefore, effective and practicable dysphagia treatment are needed. As a fundamental rehabilitation of dysphagia, swallowing muscles exercises have received increased attention. Stepwise swallowing training (SST), integrated all swallowing organs movement, is expected to improve swallowing dysfunction among AD patients. By using randomized controlled trial design, the proposed study conducts a multi-center research to evaluate the effectiveness of SST program among AD patients.Methods: A multi-center randomized controlled trial, with a 4-week follow-up period after intervention, will be conducted among psychiatric hospitals in Guangdong, China. Participants in the control group will be assigned to routine dysphagia care, participants of the intervention group will undergo the same nursing care while additionally receive SST program. The SST program includes five sections of swallowing organs training: lip movement, facial movement, tongue movement, mandibular movement, and neck movement, respectively. Primary outcomes evaluate the swallowing function, including Water Swallowing Test (WTS) and Standard Swallowing Assessment (SSA). Secondary outcomes aim at measuring the improvement of negative impacts of dysphagia, including eating behavior, ability of daily activity, and nutritional status. Data will be collected at baseline (T0), at 2 weeks (T1, intervention completed), and at 4 weeks after intervention (T2, follow-up).Discussion: This study will offer trial-based evidence of the effectiveness of SST in relieving dysphagia among AD patients. SST program is expected to improve both the swallowing function and reduce negative impacts of dysphagia, with exploration of acceptability in SST program.Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trail Registry, ChiCTR2200056481. Prospectively registered on 6 February 2022, http://www.chictr.org.cn.
Lactuca georgica is a wild species belonging to the secondary lettuce gene pool: additional evidence, obtained by KASP genotyping
Authors: Beharav Alex 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This work evaluated the genetic relationships between 442 single-seed descent (SSD) accessions, representing eight Lactuca spp., including five wild Lactuca relatives (WLRs) (Lactuca georgica, L. altaica, L. saligna, L. serriola, L. aculeata), L. tuberosa, L. undulata, and the domesticated lettuce, L. sativa, most of them (437) representing a core subset of the Institute of Evolution's Wild Lettuce Gene Bank (IoE's WLGB) collection. The analysis was performed by profiling 115 single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers by means of the fluorescent KASP genotyping assay. The KASP marker fragments were scored as either allele “A” or allele “B”, that were used across analyses as bi-allelic data, but included relatively a lot of U-scores, i.e., an absence of the specific sequence, that were treated as missing data. Often U-scores were specific for a certain species. Data analysis of the five WLRs showed that allele frequencies of 103 (97.2%) out of 106 differentiating loci varied significantly among the species, where 59.7% of the KASP marker diversity was between species. A neighbor-network analysis between samples belonging to the five WLRs and a single L. sativa cv. clearly clustered all 430 samples in accordance with their taxonomic determination. The results obtained here via multiple complementary analyses of large natural populations and individuals for germplasm variation, question assignment of L. georgica to the primary lettuce gene pool (LGP1). Together with our previous results obtained using TRAP markers, and hybridization experiments, we conclude that L. georgica is a constituent of the LGP2.
Optimization of extraction and determination of physicochemical, structural and rheological properties of Opopanax gum as a new source of plant gum
Authors: Esmati Faraz Ghasem , Amiri Saber , Rezazad Laya 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Plant gums and their derivatives are widely used in the food industry. One of the native plants of West Azerbaijan province is Opopanax (Prangos ferulacea). Many studies have been done on different parts of Opopanax but so far no studies have been done on the characteristics and application of gum extracted from Opopanax. Therefore, the aim of this study is to extract gum from the roots of this plant and to investigate its qualitative and rheological properties. For this purpose, gum extraction from the root of Opopanax was done using ultrasound in two methods with three variables of extraction time (10, 35, and 60 minutes), extraction temperature (in the water extraction 40, 65, and 90; and in the sonication 30, 50, and 70°C) and solid to water ratio (10, 25, and 40%). The extracted gum samples were examined and optimized for physicochemical properties; After that, two optimized gum samples were produced and then examined for physicochemical, rheological, and structural properties and monosaccharide compounds. The results showed that the two extracted gum samples according to the optimization process had a maximum extraction efficiency of 45.63% in the water extraction and 60.947% in the sonication. According to the studies performed on the two samples of optimized gum, there were no significant differences in terms of physicochemical properties (moisture, fat, protein, ash and carbohydrates) (p > 0.05). Study of the antioxidant activity of the gum extracted in the sonication in which a lower temperature was used, showed a higher inhibition percentage of DPPH radical (53.92 ± 0.02). In the identification of monosaccharide compounds by HPLC, nine monosaccharide compounds were identified, the most monosaccharides were glucose and rhamnose and the least compounds were mannose and sorbitol. In the study of rheological behavior, two gum samples of Opopanax root showed the viscoelastic behavior in the samples and the formation of a weak gel structure. Also with the decrease of viscosity, they presented thinning behavior with time (pseudoplastic). In the current study, using successful ultrasound waves, gum was extracted from the roots of the plant. This gum can be used as a functional and additive hydrocolloid in the food industry.
Screening for prostate cancer: protocol for updating multiple systematic reviews to inform a Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care guideline update
Authors: Bennett Alexandria , Beck Andrew , Shaver Nicole , Grad Roland , Leblanc Allana , Limburg Heather , Gray Casey , Abou-Setta Ahmed , Klarenbach Scott , Persaud Navindra , Thériault Guylène , Thombs Brett D. , Todd Keith J , Bell Neil , Dahm Philipp , Loblaw Andrew , Giudice Lisa Del , Xiaomei Yao , Skidmore Becky , Harris Elizabeth , Brouwers Melissa , Little Julian , Moher David 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Purpose: To inform updated recommendations by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care on screening for prostate cancer in adults aged 18 years and older in primary care. This protocol outlines the planned scope and methods for a series of systematic reviews.Methods: Updates of two systematic reviews and a de novo review will be conducted to synthesize the evidence on the benefits and harms of screening for prostate cancer with prostate specific antigen (PSA) and/or digital rectal examination (DRE) (with or without additional information) and patient values and preferences. Outcomes for the benefits of screening include reduced prostate cancer mortality, all-cause mortality, and incidence of metastatic prostate cancer. Outcomes for the harms of screening include false positive screening tests, overdiagnosis, complications due to biopsy, and complications of treatment including incontinence (urinary or bowel), and erectile dysfunction. Quality of life or functioning (overall and disease-specific) and psychological effects outcomes are considered as a possible benefit or harm. Outcomes for the values and preferences review include quantitative or qualitative information regarding choice to screen or intention to undergo screening. For the reviews on benefits or harms, we will search for randomized controlled trials, quasi-randomised, and controlled studies in MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. For the review on values and preferences, we will search for experimental or observational studies in MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycInfo. For all reviews, we will also search websites of relevant organizations, grey literature, and reference lists of included studies. Title and abstract screening, full-text review, data extraction, and risk of bias assessments will be completed independently by pairs of reviewers with any disagreements resolved by consensus or by consulting with a third reviewer. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach will be used to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome.Discussion: The series of systematic reviews will be used by the Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care to update their 2014 guideline on screening for prostate cancer in adults aged 18 years and older.Systematic review registration: This review has been registered with PROSPERO (ref# pending) and is available on the Open Science Framework (osf.io/dm32k).