bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NGC 1850 BH1 is another stripped-star binary masquerading as a black hole
Authors: El-Badry Kareem , Burdge Kevin B 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
We show that the radial velocity variable star in the black hole (BH) candidate NGC 1850 BH1 cannot be a normal ${\approx}5\hbox{-}{\rm M}_{\odot }$ subgiant, as was proposed, but is an overluminous stripped-envelope star with mass ≈1 M⊙. The result follows directly from the star’s observed radius and the orbital period–density relation for Roche lobe-filling stars: The star’s density, as constrained by the observed ellipsoidal variability, is too low for its mass to exceed ${\approx}1.5\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$. This lower mass significantly reduces the implied mass of the unseen companion and qualitative interpretation of the system, such that a normal main-sequence companion with mass $2.5\!-\!5\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$ is fully consistent with the data. We explore evolutionary scenarios that could produce the binary using mesa and find that its properties can be matched by models in which an ${\approx}5\hbox{-}{\rm M}_{\odot }$ primary loses most of its envelope to a companion and is observed in a bloated state before contracting to become a core helium burning sdOB star. This is similar to the scenario proposed to explain the binaries LB-1 and HR 6819. Though it likely does not contain a BH, NGC 1850 BH1 provides an interesting test case for binary evolution models, particularly given its membership in a cluster of known age.
What Happened before Losses of Photosynthesis in Cryptophyte Algae?
Authors: Suzuki Shigekatsu , Matsuzaki Ryo , Yamaguchi Haruyo , Kawachi Masanobu 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In many lineages of algae and land plants, photosynthesis was lost multiple times independently. Comparative analyses of photosynthetic and secondary nonphotosynthetic relatives have revealed the essential functions of plastids, beyond photosynthesis. However, evolutionary triggers and processes that drive the loss of photosynthesis remain unknown. Cryptophytes are microalgae with complex plastids derived from a red alga. They include several secondary nonphotosynthetic species with closely related photosynthetic taxa. In this study, we found that a cryptophyte, Cryptomonas borealis, is in a stage just prior to the loss of photosynthesis. Cryptomonas borealis was mixotrophic, possessed photosynthetic activity, and grew independent of light. The plastid genome of C. borealis had distinct features, including increases of group II introns with mobility, frequent genome rearrangements, incomplete loss of inverted repeats, and abundant small/medium/large-sized structural variants. These features provide insight into the evolutionary process leading to the loss of photosynthesis.
SIOP Ependymoma I: Final results, long-term follow-up, and molecular analysis of the trial cohort—A BIOMECA Consortium Study
Authors: Ritzmann Timothy A , Chapman Rebecca J , Kilday John-Paul , Thorp Nicola , Modena Piergiorgio , Dineen Robert A , Macarthur Donald , Mallucci Conor , Jaspan Timothy , Pajtler Kristian W , Giagnacovo Marzia , Jacques Thomas S , Paine Simon M L , Ellison David W , Bouffet Eric , Grundy Richard G 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundSIOP Ependymoma I was a non-randomised trial assessing event free and overall survival (EFS/OS) of non-metastatic intracranial ependymoma in children aged 3–21 years treated with a staged management strategy. A further aim was to assess the response rate (RR) of subtotally resected (STR) ependymoma to vincristine, etoposide, and cyclophosphamide (VEC). We report final results with 12-year follow-up and post hoc analyses of recently described biomarkers.MethodsSeventy-four participants were eligible. Children with gross total resection (GTR) received radiotherapy, whilst those with STR received VEC before radiotherapy. DNA methylation, 1q, hTERT, ReLA, Tenascin-C, H3K27me3, and pAKT status were evaluated.ResultsFive- and ten-year EFS was 49.5% and 46.7%, OS was 69.3% and 60.5%. GTR was achieved in 33/74 (44.6%) and associated with improved EFS (P = .003, HR = 2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–5.1). Grade 3 tumours were associated with worse OS (P = .005, HR = 2.8, 95%CI 1.3–5.8). 1q gain and hTERT expression were associated with poorer EFS (P = .003, HR = 2.70, 95%CI 1.49–6.10 and P = .014, HR = 5.8, 95%CI 1.2–28) and H3K27me3 loss with worse OS (P = .003, HR = 4.6, 95%CI 1.5–13.2). Methylation profiles showed expected patterns. 12 participants with STR did not receive chemotherapy; a protocol violation. However, best chemotherapy RR was 65.5% (19/29, 95%CI 45.7–82.1), exceeding the prespecified 45%.ConclusionsParticipants with totally resected ependymoma had the best outcomes. RR of STR to VEC exceeded the pre-specified efficacy criterion. However, cases of inaccurate stratification highlighted the need for rapid central review. 1q gain, H3K27me3 loss, and hTERT expression were all associated with poorer survival outcomes.
Migration and growth in a Schumpeterian growth model with creative destruction
Authors: Parello Carmelo Pierpaolo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper incorporates endogenous migration into a second-generation Schumpeterian growth model to study how migration, innovation, and growth interact with one another. The paper finds that migration always enhances the rates of innovation and growth of the receiving economy, but implementing pro-innovation policies in the receiving economy does not lead to more migration when the gap in technical knowledge between countries is fixed over time. However, when the technology gap is allowed to adjust endogenously, the paper finds that implementing pro-innovation policies in the receiving economy shrinks immigration flows and reduces the cross-country gap of technology.
Sovereign Risk, Currency Risk, and Corporate Balance Sheets
Authors: Du Wenxin , Schreger Jesse 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe provide a comprehensive account of the evolution of the currency composition of sovereign and corporate external borrowing by emerging markets from 2003 to 2017. We show that a higher reliance on foreign currency debt by the corporate sector is associated with higher sovereign default risk. We introduce local currency sovereign debt and private sector currency mismatch into a standard sovereign debt model to examine how the currency composition of corporate borrowing affects the sovereign’s incentive to inflate or default. A calibration of the model generates the empirical patterns of sovereign credit risk.
Antipsychotic-Induced Weight Gain: Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Wu Hui , Siafis Spyridon , Hamza Tasnim , Schneider-Thoma Johannes , Davis John M , Salanti Georgia , Leucht Stefan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundWeight gain is among the most important side-effects of antipsychotics. It is, however, unclear whether it is associated with antipsychotic doses. We aimed to fill this gap with a dose-response meta-analysis.MethodsWe searched multiple electronic databases (last update search June 2021) for all fixed-dose studies that investigated 16 second-generation antipsychotics and haloperidol in adults with acute exacerbation of schizophrenia or with negative symptoms. We estimated the dose-response curves by conducting random-effects dose-response meta-analyses. We used the restricted cubic spline to model the dose-response relationship. The primary outcome was mean weight gain in kg from baseline to endpoint, the secondary outcome was the number of patients with clinically important weight gain.FindingsNinety-seven studies with 333 dose arms (36 326 participants) provided data for meta-analyses. Most studies were short-term with median duration of 6 weeks (range 4 to 26 weeks). In patients with acute exacerbation, amisulpride, aripiprazole, brexpiprazole, cariprazine, haloperidol, lumateperone, and lurasidone produced mild weight gain in comparison to placebo (mean difference at any dose≤1 kg), while more significant weight gain was observed by all other drugs. For most drugs, dose-response curves showed an initial dose-related increase in weight which plateaued at higher doses, while for others there was no plateau and some even had bell-shaped curves, meaning less weight gain to be associated with higher doses.InterpretationSecond-generation antipsychotics do not only differ in their propensity to produce weight gain, but also in the shapes of their dose-response curves. This information is important for dosing decisions in clinical practice.
Optimal spindle detection parameters for predicting cognitive performance
Authors: Adra Noor , Sun Haoqi , Ganglberger Wolfgang , Ye Elissa M , Dümmer Lisa W , Tesh Ryan A , Westmeijer Mike , Cardoso Madalena Da Silva , Kitchener Erin , Ouyang An , Salinas Joel , Rosand Jonathan , Cash Sydney S , Thomas Robert J , Westover M Brandon 
Published: January 2022

AbstractStudy ObjectivesAlterations in sleep spindles have been linked to cognitive impairment. This finding has contributed to a growing interest in identifying sleep-based biomarkers of cognition and neurodegeneration, including sleep spindles. However, flexibility surrounding spindle definitions and algorithm parameter settings present a methodological challenge. The aim of this study was to characterize how spindle detection parameter settings influence the association between spindle features and cognition and to identify parameters with the strongest association with cognition.MethodsAdult patients (n = 167, 49 ± 18 years) completed the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery after undergoing overnight diagnostic polysomnography recordings for suspected sleep disorders. We explored 1000 combinations across seven parameters in Luna, an open-source spindle detector, and used four features of detected spindles (amplitude, density, duration, and peak frequency) to fit linear multiple regression models to predict cognitive scores.ResultsSpindle features (amplitude, density, duration, and mean frequency) were associated with the ability to predict raw fluid cognition scores (r = 0.503) and age-adjusted fluid cognition scores (r = 0.315) with the best spindle parameters. Fast spindle features generally showed better performance relative to slow spindle features. Spindle features weakly predicted total cognition and poorly predicted crystallized cognition regardless of parameter settings.ConclusionsOur exploration of spindle detection parameters identified optimal parameters for studies of fluid cognition and revealed the role of parameter interactions for both slow and fast spindles. Our findings support sleep spindles as a sleep-based biomarker of fluid cognition.
Bounds of diversity: queer zoology in Europe from Aristotle to John Hunter
Authors: Brooks Ross 
Published: January 2022

AbstractZoological narratives of intersexualities (‘hermaphroditism’), transformations of sex and same-sex sexual behaviours have long played significant roles in shaping ideas about sex more generally, for good and for bad. Eclectic references to sex-variant animals in classical and medieval texts traverse nebulous boundaries between fact and fantasy. Only slowly through the early modern era did observation supersede superstition. The discovery by English naturalist John Ray in 1660, that all slugs and snails were dual-sexed, situated hermaphroditism as an integral concern of naturalists as never before. Through the 1770s and 1780s, Scottish anatomist John Hunter inaugurated a new era in the medico-scientific study of sex, establishing intersexualities and transformations of sex as primary means of theorizing sex differences more broadly but delineating an overly sharp division between ‘natural’ and ‘unnatural’ hermaphrodites. He even suggested, albeit briefly, how the division of sexes from hermaphrodite origins might have happened biologically, a question that was subsequently pursued by evolutionists including Erasmus Darwin and Charles Darwin. In contrast, zoological descriptions of same-sex sexual behaviours were published only rarely prior to the 19th century, a prevailing misunderstanding that animals did not engage in such behaviours playing important roles in shaping ‘natural law’ and Christian theology.
Comparison of fixed versus adjustable-loop device for femoral graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Bagherifard Abolfazl , Jabalameli Mahmoud , Rahimi Fouad , Ghaderi Mohamad Taher , Kassir Hassan Assad , Naderi Nima 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Fixed-loop and adjustable-loop are two types of cortical suspension devices that are used for graft fixation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). In this study, the authors compared clinical and functional outcomes of these devices in ACLR surgery.

Methods:
In a retrospective study, 60 patients who underwent ACLR using either fixed-loop (30 patients) or adjustable-loop were included. Clinical measures were Lachman test, pivot shift test, KT-1000, lack of extension, and flexion. Functional measures were 12-item Short-Form Health Survey, including the Physical Component Summary and the Mental Component Summary, International Knee Documentation Committee score, and Lysholm-Tegner activity scale.

Results:
The mean age of the patients was 31±7.5 yr. The mean follow-up of the patients was 18.5±6.4 mo. The grading of the Lachman test, pivot shift test, and KT-1000 were not significantly different between the study groups (P=0.47, P=1, and P=0.6, respectively). Lack of extension and flexion were not significantly different between the study groups (P=0.79 and P=0.28, respectively). The Physical Component Summary, Mental Component Summary, International Knee Documentation Committee, and Lysholm-Tegner activity scale were statistically comparable between the two study groups (P=0.46, P=0.68, P=0.55, P=0.77, respectively). Graft failure (KT>5 mm) was seen in seven patients (23.3%) of the fixed-loop group and four patients (13.3%) of the adjustable-loop group (P=0.31).

Conclusions:
Clinical and functional outcomes of fixed and adjustable-loop devices are comparable when used for femoral fixation in patients undergoing ACLR.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Low Inadequate Oxygen Delivery Index is Associated with Decreased Cardiac Arrest Risk in High-Risk Pediatric ICU Patients
Authors: Dewan Maya , Cooper David S. , Tegtmeyer Ken 
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVES:
To evaluate the Inadequate Oxygen Delivery Index (IDO2) in the PICU to identify patients labeled as high risk by clinician concern who will not experience a cardiac arrest.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
Prospective observational cohort study in a single PICU from February 1, 2017, to May 20, 2020. All mean calculated IDO2 was collected for patients in 12-hour increments.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
We monitored 3,087 patients over 24,505 12-hour periods. Four thousand seventeen were watcher periods—12-hour period following watcher determination to watch for clinical deterioration. Overall, there were 224 clinical deterioration events of which 21% (n = 48) were cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) events. Twenty-three CPR events (48%) and 93 clinical deteriorationevents (42%) occurred during 4,017 watcher periods. Following addition of a mean IDO2 threshold less than 5 during the prewatcher period, 23 CPR events (48%) and 77 clinical deterioration events (34%) occurred during 2,958 watcher periods. Using clinical concern alone, the number needed to evaluate for CPR events was 167 watcher periods for each single CPR event and 43 watcher periods for each clinical deterioration event. With the addition of a mean IDO2 less than 5, the number needed to evaluate decreased to 125 and 38, respectively, with no change in the prediction of CPR events.

CONCLUSIONS:
The use of physiologic monitor data can be applied to clinician-activated situation awareness systems to decrease the number needed to alert and improve system efficiency.
Out-of-the-ICU Mobilization in Critically Ill Patients: The Safety of a New Model of Rehabilitation
Authors: Sasano Nobuko , Kato Yuko , Tanaka Akemi , Kusama Nobuyoshi 
Published: January 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Early mobilization of ICU patients has been reported to be safe and feasible. Recently, our ICU implemented out-of-the-ICU wheelchair excursions as a daily rehabilitation practice. The aim of this study is to investigate the safety of participation in the out-of-the-ICU program for early mobilization.

DESIGN:
Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING:
Single general ICU in a tertiary teaching hospital.

PATIENTS:
Adult patients who were admitted to the ICU and underwent the out-of-the-ICU program as an early mobilization intervention was investigated.

INTERVENTIONS:
The out-of-the-ICU activities include visiting indoor area, visiting our outdoor garden, and bathing.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Medical records of ICU patients who participated in the out-of-the-ICU program were reviewed. The primary outcome was the occurrence rate of physical safety events, defined as unintentional removal of medical devices, patient agitation, a fall, or an injury. The secondary outcome was the occurrence rate of adverse physiologic changes, defined as hypotension, hypertension, bradycardia, tachycardia, desaturation, bradypnea, tachypnea, an increase in Fio
2, or an increase in doses of vasoactive drugs. In total, 99 adult patients participated in the program, comprising a total of 423 out-of-the-ICU sessions. Among them, one session resulted in a physical safety event, the dislodgement of a tracheostomy tube. In 23 sessions, one or two adverse physiologic changes occurred. None of these events required additional treatment nor resulted in serious sequelae.

CONCLUSIONS:
An out-of-the-ICU program can be provided safely to adult ICU patients, provided that it is supervised by a dedicated intensivist with an appropriately trained multiprofessional staff and equipment on-site. It appears to contribute to the promotion of humanizing intensive care.
Chronic hypoperfusion due to intracranial large artery stenosis is not associated with cerebral β-amyloid deposition and brain atrophy
Authors: Fan Dongyu , Li Huiyun , Chen Dongwan , Chen Yang , Yi Xu , Yang Heng , Shi Qianqian , Jiao Fangyang , Tang Yi , Li Qiming , Wang Fangyang , Wang Shunan , Jin Rongbing , Zeng Fan , Wang Yanjiang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background:
Insufficient cerebral perfusion is suggested to play a role in the development of Alzheimer disease (AD). However, there is a lack of direct evidence indicating whether hypoperfusion causes or aggravates AD pathology. We investigated the effect of chronic cerebral hypoperfusion on AD-related pathology in humans.

Methods:
We enrolled a group of cognitively normal patients (median age: 64 years) with unilateral chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Regions of interest with the most pronounced hypoperfusion changes were chosen in the hypoperfused region and were then mirrored in the contralateral hemisphere to create a control region with normal perfusion. 11C-Pittsburgh compound-positron emission tomography standard uptake ratios and brain atrophy indices were calculated from the computed tomography images of each patient.

Results:
The median age of the 10 participants, consisting of 4 males and 6 females, was 64 years (47–76 years). We found that there were no differences in standard uptake ratios of the cortex (volume of interest [VOI]: P = 0.721, region of interest [ROI]: P = 0.241) and grey/white ratio (VOI: P = 0.333, ROI: P = 0.445) and brain atrophy indices (Bicaudate, Bifrontal, Evans, Cella, Cella media, and Ventricular index, P > 0.05) between the hypoperfused regions and contralateral normally perfused regions in patients with unilateral chronic cerebral hypoperfusion.

Conclusion:
Our findings suggest that chronic hypoperfusion due to large vessel stenosis may not directly induce cerebral β-amyloid deposition and neurodegeneration in humans.
Saikosaponin D Alleviates DOX-induced Cardiac Injury In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Zhang Yan-Jing , Wu Si-Si , Chen Xue-Mei , Pi Jin-Kui , Cheng Yu-Fei , Zhang Yi , Wang Xiao-Jiao , Luo Dan , Zhou Jin-Han , Xu Jia-Yi , Li Xue , Wu Zhuang , Jiang Wei , Wang Xiao-Xiao 
Published: January 2022

Abstract:
As a highly efficient anticancer agent, doxorubicin (DOX) is used for treatment of various cancers, but DOX-induced oxidative damages contribute to a degenerative irreversible cardiac toxicity. Saikosaponin D (SSD), which is a triterpenoid saponin with many biological activities including anti-inflammatory effects and antioxidant properties, provides protection against pathologic cardiac remodeling and fibrosis. In the present study, we investigated the work of SSD for DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and the involved mechanisms. We observed that DOX injection induced cardiac injury and malfunction and decreased survival rate. Besides, DOX treatment increased lactate dehydrogenase leakage, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and myocardium fibrosis and decreased the size of cardiomyocytes. Meanwhile, all the effects were notably attenuated by SSD treatment. In vitro, we found that 1 μM SSD could enhance the proliferation of H9c2 cells and inhibit DOX-induced apoptosis. It was found that the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactive oxygen species were significantly reduced by improving the activities of the endogenous antioxidative enzymes including catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Furthermore, SSD treatment could downregulate the DOX-induced p38 phosphorylation. Our results suggested that SSD efficiently protected the cardiomyocytes from DOX-induced cardiotoxicity by inhibiting the excessive oxidative stress via p38-MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase, MAPK) signaling pathway.
Ivabradine and Atrial Fibrillation: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Wang Zhongsu , Wang Weizong , Li Huilin , Zhang An , Han Yi , Wang Jiangrong , Hou Yinglong 
Published: January 2022

Abstract:
This was a meta-analysis of randomized control trials (RCTs) to evaluate the effect of ivabradine on the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) and its effect on the ventricular rate in patients with AF. The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register, and other databases were searched for RCTs on ivabradine. Thirteen trials with 37,533 patients met the inclusion criteria. The incidence of AF was significantly higher in the ivabradine treatment group than in the control group [odds ratio (OR), 1.23; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.08–1.41], although it was reduced after cardiac surgery (OR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.23–2.12). Regarding left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), ivabradine increased the risk of AF in both LVEF >40% (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.24–1.63) and LVEF ≤40% subgroups (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.98–1.37). The risk of AF was increased by both small and large cumulative doses of ivabradine (small cumulative dose: OR, 3.00; 95% CI, 0.48–18.93; large cumulative dose: OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.83–1.34). Furthermore, ivabradine may reduce the ventricular rate in patients with AF. In conclusion, we found that both large and small cumulative doses of ivabradine were associated with an increased incidence of AF, and the effect was more marked in the LVEF >40% subgroup. Nevertheless, ivabradine therapy is beneficial for the prevention of postoperative AF. Furthermore, ivabradine may be effective in controlling the ventricular rate in patients with AF, although more RCTs are needed to support this conclusion.