bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S2.1d Incidence of mixed fungal infections in post-COVID-19 outbreak of Mucormycosis
Authors: Mohapatra Subhashree , Tanveer Nadeem , Gupta Kanika , Sharma Sonal , Das Shukla , Nirmal Kirti , Singh Narendra Pal 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

S2.1 Update on Mucormycosis, September 21, 2022, 3:00 PM - 4:30 PM

Introduction
Post-COVID-19 rhino orbital mucormycosis has emerged as an important life-threatening complication adding to mortality. Fungal infections are a major health challenge, especially in the immunocompromised.
Mucormycosis is a severe, frequently fatal fungal infection that has a unique predisposition to infect patients with diabetes. The most probable reasons for the emergence of these cases could be the extensive use of steroids in the management of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and extensive dysregulated immune response due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. A prompt diagnosis is vital for the effective management of invasive rhino-orbital fungal infections due to their propensity for angioinvasion and destructive spread with brain involvement.

Materials and Methods
A total of 150 surgical pathology specimens received with a clinical suspicion of invasive fungal infection during the post-COVID-19 outbreak of mucormycosis were retrieved from the archives of the Department of histopathology. The cases were reviewed for the presence of Aspergillus fruiting bodies by senior pathologists and microbiologists on a multi-headed microscope. The morphological features of the fruiting bodies were noted and correlated with the fungal KOH and culture. The tissue reaction pattern, presence of oxalate crystals, and morphology of the fungal hyphae were also noted in each case showing Aspergillus fruiting bodies.

Results
A total of 8 out of 150 cases (5.3%) showed the presence of Aspergillus fruiting bodies. The histopathological diagnosis given in these 8 cases were—Aspergillus (1), combined Aspergillus and Mucorales (7). Two types of fungal hyphae were noted in all seven cases of combined infection. Granulomatous tissue reaction was noted in two out of seven cases of combined infection. Calcium oxalate crystals were noted in the single case of Aspergillosis and were absent in all cases of mixed infection.

Conclusion
To conclude Aspergillus fruiting bodies are found in a small but significant number of cases of post-COVID-19 Rhino-Orbital invasive mold infections so while reporting the surgical specimens with clinical suspicion of post-COVID-19 mucormycosis one should be aware of the possibility of mixed fungal infections and look for Aspergillus fruiting bodies as a tell-tale sign of mixed Mucorales and Aspergillus infection. However, their presence does not estimate the true incidence of mixed fungal infections for which immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction are needed.
S7.4d Candida albicans SR-like protein kinases regulate different cellular processes: Sky1 is involved in thecontrol of ion homeostasis, while Sky2 is important for dipeptide utilization
Authors: Brandt Philipp , Gerwien Franziska , Wagner Lysett , Krüger Thomas , Ramírez-Zavala Bernardo , Mirhakkak Mohammad H. , Schäuble Sascha , Kniemeyer Olaf , Panagiotou Gianni , Brakhage Axel A. , Morschhäuser Joachim , Vylkova Slavena 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

S7.4 Pathogenesis and host defense, September 23, 2022, 10:30 AM - 12:00 PM

Protein kinases play a crucial role in regulating cellular processes such as growth, proliferation, environmental adaptation, and stress responses. Candida albicans genome comprises of 108 predicted protein kinases, of which the exact role of nearly half of those kinases remains unknown. One family of protein kinases is serine-arginine (SR) protein kinases, which are highly conserved in eukaryotes and regulate fundamental processes such as constitutive and alternative splicing, mRNA processing, and ion homeostasis. The C. albicans genome encodes two (Sky1, Sky2) and the C. glabrata genome has one homolog (Sky1) of the human SR protein kinase 1, but their functions have not yet been investigated. We used deletion strains of the corresponding genes in both fungi to study their cellular functions. C. glabrata and C. albicans strains lacking SKY1 exhibited higher resistance to osmotic stress and toxic polyamine concentrations, similar to their ortholog Sky1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletion of SKY2 in C. albicans resulted in impaired utilization of various dipeptides as the sole nitrogen source which was shown by utilizing a high-throughput phenotypic screen. Subsequent phosphoproteomic analysis identified the di- and tri-peptide transporter Ptr22 as a potential Sky2 substrate. Our data suggest that Sky2 seems to be involved in Ptr22 regulation since overexpression of PTR22 in the sky2∆ mutant restored the ability to grow on dipeptides and made the cells more susceptible to the dipeptide antifungals Polyoxin D and Nikkomycin Z. Altogether, our results demonstrate that C. albicans and C. glabrata Sky1 protein kinases are functionally similar to Sky1 in S. cerevisiae, whereas C. albicans Sky2, a unique kinase of the CTG clade, likely regulates dipeptide uptake via Ptr22.
S8.5d Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii clinical isolates from Colombia develop heteroresistance to fluconazole at high concentrations
Authors: Melendres Javier , Carvajal-Valencia Silvia , Escandón Patricia , Firacative Carolina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

S8.5 Genotyping of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii, September 23, 2022, 3:00 PM - 4:30 PM

Introduction
Cryptococcosis is a worldwide mycosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii. Although resistance to antifungals is infrequent, isolates with decreased susceptibility to fluconazole have been reported globally, including Colombia, which may be due to 1) heteroresistance, defined as the ability to adapt to increasing concentrations of this azolic antifungal, and 2) point mutations in the EGR11 gene encoding the fluconazole target enzyme, lanosterol 14-α-demethylase.

Objective
To determine the development of heteroresistance to fluconazole in C. neoformans and C. gattii clinical isolates from Colombia and to amplify and sequence the ERG11 gene of the isolates to seek for mutations that might characterize resistant or heteroresistant phenotypes.

Methods
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to fluconazole was determined in 31 and 24 isolates of C. neoformans and C. gattii, respectively, using broth microdilution. Heteroresistance was evaluated by plating each isolate on YPD agar that contained fluconazole at concentrations equal to the MIC of each isolate. Heteroresistant colonies were then replated at increasing concentrations of fluconazole, as high as 128 μg/ml.

Results
All isolates were susceptible to fluconazole with MICs of 1 μg/ml (n = 3), 2 μg/ml (n = 6), 4 μg/ml (n = 17), 8 μg/ml (n = 23), 16 μg/ml (n = 5), and 32 μg/ml (n = 1). However, all isolates developed heteroresistant colonies, with increments in the MIC from 2 to 6 dilutions. Notably, 5 (16.1%) isolates of C. neoformans and 8 (33.3%) of C. gattii, grew up to 64 μg/ml of fluconazole, which is the MIC that defines resistance to this azole, and 1 (3,2%) isolate of C. neoformans and 4 (16.7%) of C. gattii grew up to 128 μg/ml of fluconazole. Currently, the ERG11 gene is being amplified for further sequencing. Conclusion: clinical isolates of C. neoformans and C. gattii that develop heteroresistance to fluconazole in high concentrations circulate in Colombia, which is important since this characteristic contributes to the relapse of cryptococcosis during therapy with this triazole.
Using machine learning to evaluate large-scale brain networks in patients with brain tumors: Traditional and non-traditional eloquent areas
Authors: Morell Alexis A , Eichberg Daniel G , Shah Ashish H , Luther Evan , Lu Victor M , Kader Michael , Higgins Dominique M O , Merenzon Martin , Patel Nitesh V , Komotar Ricardo J , Ivan Michael E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Background
Large-scale brain networks and higher cognitive functions are frequently altered in neuro-oncology patients, but comprehensive non-invasive brain mapping is difficult to achieve in the clinical setting. The objective of our study is to evaluate traditional and non-traditional eloquent areas in brain tumor patients using a machine-learning platform.

Methods
We retrospectively included patients who underwent surgery for brain tumor resection at our Institution. Preoperative MRI with T1-weighted and DTI sequences were uploaded into the Quicktome platform. We categorized the integrity of nine large-scale brain networks: language, sensorimotor, visual, ventral attention, central executive, default mode, dorsal attention, salience and limbic. Network integrity was correlated with preoperative clinical data.

Results
One-hundred patients were included in the study. The most affected network was the central executive network (49%), followed by the default mode network (43%) and dorsal attention network (32%). Patients with preoperative deficits showed a significantly higher number of altered networks before the surgery (3.42 vs 2.19, P &lt; .001), compared to patients without deficits. Furthermore, we found that patients without neurologic deficits had an average 2.19 networks affected and 1.51 networks at-risk, with most of them being related to non-traditional eloquent areas (P &lt; .001).

Conclusion
Our results show that large-scale brain networks are frequently affected in patients with brain tumors, even when presenting without evident neurologic deficits. In our study, the most commonly affected brain networks were related to non-traditional eloquent areas. Integrating non-invasive brain mapping machine-learning techniques into the clinical setting may help elucidate how to preserve higher-order cognitive functions associated with those networks.
Robust twin-field quantum key distribution through sending or not sending
Authors: Jiang Cong , Yu Zong-Wen , Hu Xiao-Long , Wang Xiang-Bin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The sending-or-not-sending (SNS) protocol is one of the most major variants of the twin-field (TF) quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol and has been realized in a 511-km field fiber, the farthest field experiment to date. In practice, however, all decoy-state methods have unavoidable source errors, and the source errors may be non-random, which compromises the security condition of the existing TF-QKD protocols. In this study, we present a general approach for efficiently calculating the SNS protocol’s secure key rate with source errors, by establishing the equivalent protocols through virtual attenuation and the tagged model. This makes the first result for TF QKD in practice where source intensity cannot be controlled exactly. Our method can be combined with the two-way classical communication method such as active odd-parity pairing to further improve the key rate. The numerical results show that if the intensity error is within a few percent, the key rate and secure distance only decrease marginally. The key rate of the recent SNS experiment in the 511-km field fiber is still positive using our method presented here, even if there is a $\pm 9.5\%$ intensity fluctuation. This shows that the SNS protocol is robust against source errors.
Comparison of Suspected and Confirmed Internal External Ventricular Drain-Related Infections: A Prospective Multicenter United Kingdom Observational Study
Authors: Sohn Sei Yon , Russell Clark D , Jamjoom Aimun A B , Poon Michael T , Lawson McLean Aaron , Ahmed Aminul I ,   British Neurosurgical Trainee Research Collaborative, Abdulla MAH , Alalade A , Bailey M , Basu S , Baudracco I , Bayston R , Bhattacharya A , Bodkin P , Boissaud-Cooke M , Bojanic S , Brennan PM , Bulters DO , Buxton N , Chari A , Corns R , Coulter C , Coulter I , Critchley G , Dando A , Dardis R , Duddy J , Dyson E , Edwards R , Garnett M , Gatcher S , Georges H , Glancz LJ , Gray WP , Hallet J , Harte J , Haylock-Vize P , Hutchinson PJ , Humphreys H , Jenkinson MD , Joannides AJ , Kandasamy J , Kitchen J , Kolias AG , Loan JJM , Ma R , Madder H , Mallucci CL , Manning A , Mcelligott S , Mukerji N , Narayanamurthy H , O’Brien D , Okasha M , Papadopoulos M , Phan V , Phang I , Poots J , Rajaraman C , Roach J , Ross N , Sharouf F , Shastin D , Simms N , Steele L , Solth A , Tajsic T , Talibi S , Thanabalasundaram G , Vintu M , Wan Y , Wang D , Watkins L , Whitehouse K , Whitfield PC , Williams A , Zaben M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Background
Diagnosis of internal external ventricular drain (EVD)-related infections (iERI) is an area of diagnostic difficulty. Empiric treatment is often initiated on clinical suspicion. There is limited guidance around antimicrobial management of confirmed versus suspected iERI.

Methods
Data on patients requiring EVD insertion were collected from 21 neurosurgical units in the United Kingdom from 2014 to 2015. Confirmed iERI was defined as clinical suspicion of infection with positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture and/or Gram stain. Cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and clinical parameters and antimicrobial management were compared between the 2 groups. Mortality and Modified Rankin Scores were compared at 30 days post-EVD insertion.

Results
Internal EVD-related infection was suspected after 46 of 495 EVD insertions (9.3%), more common after an emergency insertion. Twenty-six of 46 were confirmed iERIs, mostly due to Staphylococci (16 of 26). When confirmed and suspected infections were compared, there were no differences in CSF white cell counts or glucose concentrations, nor peripheral blood white cell counts or C-reactive protein concentrations. The incidence of fever, meningism, and seizures was also similar, although altered consciousness was more common in people with confirmed iERI. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial usage was prevalent in both groups with no difference in median duration of therapy (10 days [interquartile range {IQR}, 7–24.5] for confirmed cases and 9.5 days [IQR, 5.75–14] for suspected, P = 0.3). Despite comparable baseline characteristics, suspected iERI was associated with lower mortality and better neurological outcomes.

Conclusions
Suspected iERI could represent sterile inflammation or lower bacterial load leading to false-negative cultures. There is a need for improved microbiology diagnostics and biomarkers of bacterial infection to permit accurate discrimination and improve antimicrobial stewardship.
Routine Antiretroviral Pharmacy Refill Information Can Predict Failure Postpartum in Previously Suppressed South African Women With HIV
Authors: Gawler Nicola , Reynolds Steven J , Hsiao Nei-Yuan , Clarke William , Maartens Gary , Abrams Elaine J , Myer Landon , Redd Andrew D , Phillips Tamsin K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Background
Detection of antiretrovirals (ARVs) in biological specimens is a reliable, objective way to measure adherence. However, routine ARV testing is not feasible in many high-burden settings. This study explored if pharmacy data could accurately predict HIV viremia postpartum in previously virally suppressed women.

Methods
South African women with HIV who initiated antiretroviral therapy (ART) during pregnancy and achieved viral suppression (VS; viral load [VL]≤50 copies/mL) were followed postpartum; during follow-up, plasma VL was measured and ARV adherence self-reported. A portion of samples were tested for the presence of ARV using mass spectrometry. Patient-level routine pharmacy data were used to classify if women should have the drug in hand for the past 7 days before the visit date. Logistic regressions were used to calculate associations between adherence and viral nonsuppression (VNS; VL &gt; 50) or failure (VF; VL &gt; 1000) at the first study visit of women who had ARV measured. Data for all women were examined for associations of self-reported adherence and drug in hand with VS and VF at 2, 6, and 12 months postpartum.

Results
Women with no ARV detected were significantly more likely to have VNS (odds ratio [OR], 26.4). Having no drug in hand for 7 days was also predictive of VNS in these same women (OR, 7.0) and the full cohort (n = 572) at 3 (OR, 2.9), 6 (OR, 8.7), and 12 months (OR, 14.5). Similar results were seen for VF.

Conclusions
These data show that routine pharmacy data can act as a highly predictive mechanism for identifying patients at risk of VNS and VF due to nonadherence.
Hindu Eschatology
Authors: Knipe David M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In a survey of the extensive, complex, and cumulative history of Hinduism, it might be opportune to divide personal and cosmic eschatologies. Similarly, it could be convenient to separate the early from the classical history of Hinduism and concentrate solely on the latter. The early history, framed by a sacrificial world view and veering toward an almost mechanistic understanding of gods and the cosmos, is entirely dependent upon the eternal Vedas. With certain sectarian and modernizing exceptions, a generally acknowledged set of contemporary Hindu beliefs and practices would include the following: acceptance of the Vedas as basic authority, belief in transmigration and the effects of human action (karma) on rebirths, devoted recognition of certain divine beings (gods, goddesses, living and departed saints), acknowledgment of a class and caste social hierarchy, ritual attention to ancestors, and a general understanding of life as moral progress toward an eventual liberation from rebirths. This article examines Hindu eschatology, focusing on Hindu beliefs such as immortality, metaphors of regeneration, brahman, Aranyakas, Upanishads, classical Sanskrit texts, preta, and world dissolution.
Fundamentalist Theology
Authors: Clouse Robert G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
As a historical movement, evangelicalism developed in the United States from the revivals of the eighteenth century and became the leading force in the nation in the nineteenth century. Since then the movement has gone through four major phases. The first period can be dated from 1870 to the end of World War I (1919), when evangelicalism was arguably the controlling force in the country. The antecedents of contemporary fundamentalism during this period remained in the major denominations but rejected the liberal accommodation to modern thought. The second stage of fundamentalist historical development occurred from 1919 to 1926, the third from 1926 to about 1945, and the fourth from the mid-1940s to the present. This article examines fundamentalist theology and discusses eschatology and the Christian Right, Tim LaHaye and the Left Behind series, and progressive dispensationalism.
Universalism
Authors: Talbott Thomas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Universalism is the religious doctrine that every created person will sooner or later be reconciled to God, the loving source of all that is, and will in the process be reconciled to all other persons as well. Insofar as Christianity is a historical religion and includes substantive beliefs about the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, Christians are indeed committed to the view that anyone who denies this historical event is mistaken and anyone who does not understand its theological significance has not yet grasped the full truth of the matter. John Hick, the best-known proponent of universalism among twentieth-century philosophers of religion, has also been one of the most outspoken defenders of religious pluralism. This article discusses universalism and other Christian doctrines, including salvation. It also examines free will and the problem of hell, libertarian free will, and the role of human freedom in universal reconciliation.
Modernity, History, and Eschatology
Authors: Pannenberg Wolfhart 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Traditional Christian eschatology affirmed an end of the present world of nature and of human history, when in the future the risen Christ will come again to hold a final judgment, to raise the dead, and to receive those who believe in him to participate in his eternal life that he shares with God the Father. The kingdom of God to come, which had been understood in moral and even political terms by Martin Bucer in the sixteenth century and afterward under his influence, had been reconceived later on in terms of the Christological doctrine of the kingdom of grace entrusted to Christ by the Father, exercised in the life of the church and to be completed in the future kingdom of glory. This article examines modernity, history, and eschatology. It considers Gotthold Ephraim Lessing's conception of history as a process of divine education, the further development of a philosophy of history and theology, and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel's contributions in the secularization of Christian eschatology.
Human Nature, Personal Identity, and Eschatology
Authors: Taliaferro Charles 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Traditional Christian doctrine holds that all persons who have died will be resurrected at the end of time and will survive forever, either in the presence of God in heaven, or in hell, separated from him. Not only Roman Catholics with their doctrine of purgatory, but Protestants as well, have subscribed to belief in an intermediate state between death and resurrection. While questions about human nature should not be decided on the basis of eschatology alone, eschatology is nevertheless for Christian thinkers an important consideration for a fully informed account of human nature. This article argues that the belief in an afterlife has important connections with the philosophy of human nature and personal identity that go beyond questions about the bare possibility of survival. It examines the arguments over the positive case both for and against the possibility of an afterlife. It also considers relevant concerns involving freedom and values, material bodies and immaterial souls, difficulties facing materialism, a positive case for dualism, and the virtues of dualism.
Jewish Eschatology
Authors: Novak David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Classical Jewish eschatology has always been concerned with the rewards due to righteous individuals and the punishments due to wicked ones in the other world. Eschatology is best conceived in a phenomenology of human hope, originating in this world but intending another. It is a fundamental divine concern, hence it is theological—theology being more of what God has revealed to humans about what he desires from them than what humans themselves can desire from God on their own. When engaging in eschatological research, one should begin with the categories formulated in the rabbinic writings (the Talmud and related literature). The rabbis believed that their eschatological faith was hinted at even in the revelation of the Torah, and that the prophets had prophesied about it even more explicitly. The centerpiece of classical Jewish eschatology is the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead. Interest in the Messiah and messianism has always been at the heart of the dispute between Jews and Christians.