bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A method for considering the evolution of the visible landscape
Authors: San Martin Saldias Daisy , McGlade James 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe visible landscape represents an important consideration within landscape management activities, forming an inhabitants’ perception of their overall surroundings and providing them with a sense of landscape connection, sustainability and identity. The historical satellite imagery archive can provide key knowledge of the overall change in land use and land cover (LULC), which can inform a range of important management decisions. However, the evolution of the visible landscape at a terrestrial level using this information source has rarely been investigated. In this study, the Landsat archive is leveraged to develop a method that depicts changes within the visible landscape. Our method utilises other freely available data sources to determine the visibility of the landscape, and LULC composition, visible from road networks when the imagery was captured. This method was used to describe change in the visible landscape of a rural area in Ñuble, Chile, in the period from 1986 to 2018. Whilst native forests on the slopes of the mountains within the study area provide a natural backdrop, because of the flat topography of most of the area, the foreground dominates the overall landscape view. This has resulted in a visible transition from a landscape visibly dominated by agricultural use in 1986 to one of equal agriculture and plantation forestry in 2018. It is hoped that the method outlined within this study can be applied easily to other regions or at larger scales to provide insight for land managers regarding the visibility of LULC.
Bewusstseinsstörung auf der pädiatrischen Intensivstation: Ätiologie und Diagnostik
Authors: Sanchez-Albisua Iciar 
Published: October 2022

ZusammenfassungIn diesem Artikel geben wir ein Überblick über das Management von bewusstseinsgestörten Kindern. Die Diagnostik muss rasch erfolgen, um behandelbare Ätiologien zu identifizieren und neurologische Folgeschäden möglichst zu minimieren. Die Differenzialdiagnose ist umfangreich. Der neurologische Kurzbefund umfasst die Quantifizierung der Bewusstseinsstörung mittels Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), die Prüfung der Augen, der Motorik und das Vorliegen eines Meningismus. Die Labordiagnostik schließt den raschen Ausschluss einer Hypoglykämie und bei Verdacht auf ZNS-Infektion eine LP ein. Bei unilateral/bilateral weiter lichtstarrer Pupille muss ein Notfall-CT des Schädels vor weiterführender Diagnostik durchgeführt werden. Ansonsten sollte ein MRT des Schädels angestrebt werden, insbesondere bei Verdacht auf Enzephalitis, Vaskulitis, ischämischen Schlaganfall und Sinusvenenthrombose. Das EEG liefert selten Hinweise auf die Ursache des Komas; es dient v. a. als objektives Maß für den Schweregrad der Enzephalopathie, die Prognose und die Wirksamkeit der Therapie.
Tracking anthropogenic nitrogen-compound sources of surface and groundwater in southwestern Nile Delta: hydrochemical, environmental isotopes, and modeling approach
Authors: Hussien Rasha , Ahmed Mona , Aly Aly Islam 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis research aims to assign the specific and potential sources that control migration and transformation mechanisms of ammonium/nitrate contaminants of surface and groundwater systems in the southwestern Nile Delta, Egypt. To achieve that, an integration of hydrogeochemistry, multiple environmental stable isotopes (δ2H-H2O, δ18O-H2O, δ15N-NH4, and δ15N-NO3) coupled with three-dimensional nitrogen transport numerical model (MODFLOW-MT3D) was done. A set of representative water samples (20 canals and drainage water) and 14 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physical, chemical, and stable isotope analysis. NH4+ and NO3− concentrations in surface water samples varied from 0.29 to 124 mg/l and 0.52 to 39.67 mg/l, respectively. For groundwater samples, NH4+ and NO3− concentrations varied from 0.21 to 1.75 mg/l and 0.33 to 32.8 mg/l, respectively. Total risk quotient (THQ) level of nitrate (oral and dermal effects) from drinking water exceeds unity for all water samples indicating a potential noncancer risk for the southwestern Nile Delta residents. The potential sources of nitrogen compound pollution are water from sewage treatment plants used for irrigation, sludge and animal manure, septic tanks, soil nitrogen, and artificial fertilizers according to results of δ15N values. Results of ammonium/nitrate modeling in shallow groundwater aquifers are compared with observed concentrations and are found to be in good agreement. Some recommendations are given to decrease nitrogen loads in the study area through suggested a need for adoption of N-fertilizer management practices and treatment of sewage water before to application in agricultural activities.
Preclinical activities of Cassia tora Linn against aging-related diseases
Authors: Hwang Sun-Young , Na Chang-Su , Moon Byeong Cheol , Shim Jung-Hyun , Lee Mee-Hyun 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Globally, an aging population is increasing, and aging is a natural physiological process and a major risk factor for all age-related diseases. It seriously threatens personal health and imposes a great economic burden. Therefore, there is a growing scientific interest in strategies for well-aging with prevention and treatment of age-related diseases. The seed, root, stem or leaves of Cassia tora Linn. are useful for anti-bacteria, anti-hyperlipidemia and anti-obesity due to its pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammation and anti-oxidant both in vitro and in vivo. Nevertheless, no clinical trials have been attempted so far, therefore here we would like to understand the current preclinical activities for aging-related disease models including cataract, metabolic dysfunction and neurodegeneration, then discuss their preparation for clinical trials and perspectives.
What Is the Juxtaposition between Silicon Valley and Mount Sinai? Covenantal Principles and the Conceptualization of Platform-User Relations
Authors: Berman Nadav S. , Zarsky Tal Z. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractOver recent decades, several global tech giants have gained enormous power while at the same time generating various disputes with their end-users, local governments, and regulators. We propose that the Jewish concept of covenant can help the above parties, legal scholars, and wider society in addressing this complex legal reality. We present the challenge of disequilibrium between the above four parties against the main points of conflict: the requirement of customer consent; clear contractual provisions upon entry; options for reasonable customer exit; limitations on the platform’s ability to exercise unilateral termination; profile-based discrimination; and liability for mere intermediation. We introduce the biblical concept of covenant, and we review its unfolding in Jewish tradition. Further, we conceptualize three main covenantal principles: (1) responsibility—God and humans are both conceived as moral agents; (2) reciprocity—God as a caring law giver, open to human appeals; and (3) reasonability—divine instruction as initially intelligible. We demonstrate how the latter principle of explainability is exercised in the biblical law narratives and how the story of Balaam stresses the significance of moral agency that cannot hide behind “mere intermediary” claims. In light of this analysis, we revisit the relationship between tech giants and tech users to demonstrate how covenantality offers novel ways to conceptualize the noted conflicts between the parties.
Donum Vitae: An Association External to the Church? A Rebuttal from a Personal and Theological Perspective -
Discussed: Religion, Law, and Democracy: Selected Writings. By Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde. Edited by Mirjam Künkler and Tine Stein. Translated by Thomas Dunlap. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. Pp. 480. $65.00 (cloth); Oxford Scholarship Online by subscription (digital). ISBN: 9780198818632. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818632.001.0001.
Authors: Demel Sabine 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn 1995, the German legislature introduced the rule that a woman who terminates her pregnancy in the first trimester, which is illegal, would not be punished if she had previously undergone a legally prescribed counseling session. The counseling session, while oriented toward the protection of unborn life, is also open-ended, respectful of the decision-making right and duty of the pregnant woman. At the request of the pope, the German bishops instructed the existing counseling centers of the Catholic welfare organizations not to issue any written certificates of such counseling, as such certificates could ultimately be used to evade punishment. In order to continue to be able to offer counseling, Catholics, among them Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde, founded the association Donum Vitae (Gift of Life), which continues to issue certificates when requested. For the German bishops, the association, founded by Catholics for Catholics and non-Catholics alike, is external to the church. But what precisely is Donum Vitae? What does it stand for? Why are assessments of the association divided until this day? The essay examines these questions theologically and legally.
Quasi-cyclical preferences in the ethics of Plato, Aristotle, and Kant
Authors: Roberts Adam J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Bermúdez describes the extensionality principle as being “almost unquestioned.” This claim might come as a surprise to philosophers who work on agency and ethics. In Kantian deontological ethics and in Platonic or Aristotelian virtue ethics, our preferences for outcomes can be rationally affected by how those outcomes are framed in terms of maxims and character traits.
The polyphony principle
Authors: Beal Bree 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Bermúdez's “rational framing effects” are consequences of a counterintuitive phenomenon that I call “normative polyphony”: the reality that a single action may, with logical consistency, sustain diverse positive and negative judgments. I show that normative polyphony emerges from “ontological polyphony” – that is, diverse possible framings of relevant details – and illustrate this “polyphony principle” through a reading of Dostoevsky's (1993) Crime and Punishment.
Frames and rationality: Response to commentators
Authors: Bermúdez José Luis 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The thoughtful and rewarding peer commentaries on my target article come from a broad range of disciplinary perspectives. I engage with the commentaries in three groups. First, I discuss the commentaries that apply my basic approach to new cases not considered in the target article. Second, I explore those that helpfully extend and refine my arguments. Finally, I offer replies to those that object either to the overall framework or to specific arguments.
Once they are seated: the impact of radical right parties’ political representation on attitudes of trust and solidarity
Authors: Larsen Mikkel Haderup 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA close reading of the literature on radical right parties (RRPs) suggests that these parties erode trust and solidarity in European democracies when they pit ‘the pure people’ against political and legal institutions, elites, and immigrants. I propose the conjecture that RRPs with seats in the national parliament have better conditions for spreading nativist and populist messages that may erode trust and solidarity between a society’s residents, between ethnic groups, and towards its political and legal institutions. To test this research question, I combine nine waves of European Social Survey data from 17 countries and data on national elections spanning the years 1999 to 2020. Two-way fixed effects models estimate that RRPs representation in the national parliament is associated with a reduction in public support for redistribution of ca. 18% of a standard deviation. Additionally, I demonstrate that this inverse relationship runs parallel to growing welfare chauvinistic beliefs and that it is stronger in countries with weak integration policies. Contra theoretical expectations, the radical rights’ political representation has not produced any change in societal levels of anti-immigration attitudes, institutional trust, or social trust. While the findings persist across a wide range of robustness checks and other model specifications, threats to identification in the form of non-parallel pre-trends and unobserved sources of confounding, means that one should be cautious in interpreting the findings in a causal manner.
Linking Upper‐Plate Fault Reactivation With the Megathrust Earthquake Cycle: The Case of the Northern Chile Outer Forearc (19°S–23°S)
Authors: Cortés‐Aranda J. , González J. , Molina D. , Astudillo‐Sotomayor L. , Tassara A. , Miller M. , Álvarez‐Amado F. , González R. , Bahamondes D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCrustal faults above subduction megathrusts have been shown to have the capacity to produce moderate‐to‐large earthquakes (fault reactivation), causing severe damage for inhabited areas in the vicinity. Fault reactivation has been dynamically related to the interseismic stage of the subduction cycle and to megathrust earthquakes. In the northern Chile outer forearc (19°S–23°S), published works have demonstrated that six faults of different orientation and kinematics produced M ∼ 7 paleoearthquakes during the Late Quaternary; these lie above the interplate rupture of the 1877 M8.7 Iquique Earthquake. Here, we assess the potential of these and similar faults to experience reactivation due to stress perturbations induced by the interseismic and coseismic phases of the megathrust earthquake cycle. To do so, we compute Coulomb Failure Stress changes (ΔCFS) produced by different megathrust locking/earthquakes (real and synthetic) scenarios. Our results show that fault reactivation is enhanced by both interseismic and coseismic stages. Furthermore, they suggest that reverse slip on EW and NS faults is favored during the interseismic stage; in turn, faults of different orientations and kinematics are favored following megathrust earthquakes. The easiest way to promote the reactivation of most of the considered faults is with interplate ruptures slipping within (but not necessarily restricted to) the seismogenic zone between 20°S and 23°S. These ruptures would augment the hazard from crustal faulting in the area. These results highlight the need to continue studying the paleoseismology of these faults and their dynamic link with the megathrust seismic cycle, in this and other subduction margins.
Estimating the Completeness Magnitude mc and the b‐Values in a Snap
Authors: Godano C. , Petrillo G. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA good estimation of the b‐value is crucial for the earthquake hazard assessment. Its evaluation can be strongly affected by an incorrect estimation of the completeness magnitude mc because a too small mc will reflect into a small b‐value, whereas a too large mc will imply a larger standard deviation due to the reduction of the magnitude interval. Several methods for the estimation of mc exist, however its evaluation is very delicate and requires some critical decision making in most cases. Here we present a new, very rapid and simple method for mc estimation. It is based on the observation that the Gutenberg‐Richter distribution is an exponential one only for magnitudes larger than mc. As a consequence, the average magnitude ma value should increase linearly with a threshold magnitude mth. The departures from such linear behavior, allows a correct estimation of mc, whereas the linearity of the of ma versus mth allows a correct estimation of the b‐value.
Flow Visualization of Transition From Linear to Nonlinear Flow Regimes in Rock Fractures
Authors: Kim Dahye , Yeo In Wook 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study made the first experimental attempt to visualize the transition processes from linear to nonlinear flow regimes in rough‐walled rock fractures for a better understanding of the evolution of flow regimes in rock fractures. The experiments visualized the narrowing of the mainstream channel associated with eddies enlarged near the fracture wall with increasing applied flux. The measured fluid velocity field showed that these flow structures resulted in a significant increase in fluid velocity in the narrowed main flow channel and a relatively small velocity in the enlarged eddy zone. The order‐of‐magnitude analysis of local inertial and viscous forces, using measured fluid velocity vectors, showed that inertial forces overwhelmed viscous forces in the narrowed mainstream channel of rough‐walled segments, which led to the transition to nonlinear flow in rough‐walled fractures. The quantitative comparison between measured fluid velocity and the numerical simulations showed good agreement. This study demonstrates that the micro‐PIV technique can serve for phenomenon‐based experimental research on fluid flow and solute transport in rock fractures.
Improving Rainfall‐Runoff Model Reliability Under Nonstationarity of Model Parameters: A Hypothesis Testing Based Framework
Authors: Vora Anav , Singh Riddhi 
Published: October 2022

AbstractRainfall‐runoff models are used to project the impact of climate change on water resources. Often, models are parameterized over historical climate prior to simulating runoff under changed climates. An increasing body of literature indicates that this assumption of model parameter invariance to climate can introduce significant simulation biases as projected climate deviates from historical climate. One way to consider the effect of climate on model parameterization is to regionalize model parameters using historical data and use that information to project parameters’ probable distribution under a changed climate. These approaches, termed trading space‐for‐time (TSFT), have shown promising results when simulating mean annual runoff, but their ability to reproduce time varying daily runoff response remains unexplored. Here, we design experiments to identify possible ways to account for the influence of climate on model parameters by building upon a recently developed Whittaker‐biome‐based TSFT framework. We perform 35 experiments, each representing different hypotheses regarding how model parameters may be altered with climate. We test these hypotheses for seven watersheds across the conterminous United States that undergo significant climate change between 1980–1990 and 1999–2009. Our results show that updated parameters for the best experiment increased median Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency for the two most climate‐impacted watersheds in our analyses from 0.37 to 0.35 to 0.64 and 0.49, respectively. Improvements in simulation performance for watersheds transitioning from the boreal forest and the woodland/shrubland biomes to the temperate seasonal forest biome were attributed to altered snow and routing parameters, respectively.
Chromobacterium Csp_P biopesticide is toxic to larvae of three Diabrotica species including strains resistant to Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Pereira Adriano E. , Huynh Man P. , Paddock Kyle J. , Ramirez José L. , Caragata Eric P. , Dimopoulos George , Krishnan Hari B. , Schneider Sharon K. , Shelby Kent S. , Hibbard Bruce E. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe development of new biopesticides to control the western corn rootworm (WCR), Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is urgent due to resistance evolution to various control methods. We tested an air-dried non-live preparation of Chromobacterium species Panama (Csp_P), against multiple corn rootworm species, including Bt-resistant and -susceptible WCR strains, northern (NCR, D. barberi Smith & Lawrence), and southern corn rootworm (SCR, D. undecimpunctata howardi Barber), in diet toxicity assays. Our results documented that Csp_P was toxic to all three corn rootworms species based on lethal (LC50), effective (EC50), and molt inhibition concentration (MIC50). In general, toxicity of Csp_P was similar among all WCR strains and ~ 3-fold less toxic to NCR and SCR strains. Effective concentration (EC50) was also similar among WCR and SCR strains, and 5-7-fold higher in NCR strains. Molt inhibition (MIC50) was similar among all corn rootworm strains except NCR diapause strain that was 2.5–6-fold higher when compared to all other strains. There was no apparent cross-resistance between Csp_P and any of the currently available Bt proteins. Our results indicate that Csp_P formulation was effective at killing multiple corn rootworm strains including Bt-resistant WCR and could be developed as a potential new management tool for WCR control.
An Exploratory Investigation of the Palatoglossus Muscle in Children Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Power Samantha , Kotlarek Katelyn J. 
Published: October 2022

Purpose:
There is currently little evidence reporting the typical morphology of the palatoglossus (PG) muscle. The primary purpose of this exploratory study is to determine whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) methods used to quantify the morphology of the levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle can be applied to the PG. The secondary purpose is to provide preliminary data regarding the relationship between the LVP and PG muscles in children.

Method:
Ten children between ages of 4 and 7 years participated in this study. Each participant was scanned using a nonsedated, child-friendly protocol with a T2-weighted, three-dimensional anatomical scan to obtain images of the oropharyngeal anatomy. Custom, oblique-coronal image planes were created to visualize and measure the LVP and PG muscles in their entirety from origin to insertion. Thermo Scientific Amira Software was used to obtain 2D measurements of PG muscle length, width, velar insertion distance, lingual insertion distance, and several angle measurements.

Results:
The PG ranged from 17.95 to 26.96 mm in length across participants. Velar insertion distance ranged from 17.22 to 30.95 mm. Lingual insertion distance ranged from 26.91 to 36.02 mm. Width ranged from 2.32 to 3.08 mm. The angle formed by the PG and LVP muscle planes ranged from 7.3° to 52.7°. The LVP insertion angle ranged from 42.5° to 75.9°. The PG insertion angle ranged from 16.9° to 52.3°.

Conclusions:
MRI was successful in visualizing the PG muscle. The PG was consistent in size and shape within an individual participant but varied across the participant cohort.