bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feeling Political Through Law: The Emergence of an International Criminal Jurisdiction, 1899–2019
Authors: Arndt Agnes 
Published: April 2022

AbstractScaling up to the International Criminal Court (ICC), this chapter contributes a study on the emotionality and emotion work leading up to its founding. Like bureaucracy, international criminal jurisprudence is designed to be strictly neutral, apolitical, and unemotional. At the same time, it faces a challenge in reconciling globally differing feelings about what constitutes justice and how it should be administered. Drawing on the role played by Benjamin Ferencz, chief prosecutor at the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, in the establishing the ICC, this chapter examines how emotions were present from the outset in the discussions about the court’s jurisdiction: the institutionalization of the ICC was a reaction to individually and collectively articulated emotions.
Feeling Political Through Pictures: Portrayals of US Presidents, 1796–2020
Authors: Pahl Kerstin Maria 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis chapter looks at media as decisive in political communication. In focusing on portrayals of American presidents it explores both the set-up of a new template—the ‘statesman-like’ style—and discusses how institutions connect with and shape the populace. Through careful emotion management, curated portrayals of politicians address the population, direct political opinion, promote certain types of leaders, convey moral values, and bolster narratives. Analysing the painted portraits of three American presidents, George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Barack Obama, the chapter shows how these images not only depict emotional styles as a sort of code of conduct for the incumbent, but also spur emotions by fostering either support or, conversely, disaffection. Presidential portraits project notions of belonging by making their subjects both relatable and exceptional.
Feeling Political on Armistice Day: Institutional Struggles in Interwar France
Authors: Lichau Karsten 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis chapter illustrates how disputes in interwar France between the state, the church, and veterans’ organizations were articulated through the emotional staging of commemoration ceremonies for those killed in the First World War. While the state sought to establish a ceremony that, in accordance with older traditions, would foster feelings of ‘glorification and triumph’, most veterans’ groups were opposed to this approach. They instead favoured an event that would promote a posture of humble mourning and devotion, a ‘funereal physiognomy’ that was more in tune with the rituals of the Catholic church. This conflict, which ran over the course of several years, gave rise to new emotional templates that in turn transformed and restructured the emotional framework of the institutions involved.
Securing Sweetpotato Planting Material for Farmers in Dryland Africa: Gender-Responsive Communication Approaches to Scale Triple S
Authors: McEwan Margaret A. , van Mourik Tom A. , Hundayehu Mihiretu C. , Asfaw Frezer , Namanda Sam , Suleman Issahaq , Mayanja Sarah , Imoro Simon , Etwire Prince M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTriple S (Storage in Sand and Sprouting) is a root-based system for conserving and multiplying sweetpotato planting material at the household level. In sub-Saharan Africa, farmers predominantly source planting material by cutting vines from volunteer plants that sprout from roots left in the field from a previous crop. However, it takes 6 to 8 weeks after the rains start to produce enough vines for planting material, and normally these vines are infected by sweetpotato diseases and pests carried over from previous crops. Where rainfall is unpredictable, farmers can use Triple S to take advantage of the whole growing season, planting and harvesting early to obtain food, higher yields, and income. Triple S facilitates household retention and adoption of new sweetpotato varieties, notably the beta-carotene-rich, orange-fleshed varieties. Triple S PLUS is the combined innovation package of core Triple S components and complementary components used to scale the innovation. These included good agricultural practices, different storage containers, local multiplication and sales of planting material, and a multimedia communication strategy for training and extension to encourage the uptake of Triple S. Components were at different levels of scaling readiness. This chapter explores evidence from Ethiopia and Ghana (2018–2019) on the extent to which exposure to different communication channels and their combinations influenced the uptake of Triple S PLUS by male and female farmers, the partnering arrangements that supported this, and the resulting changes in food security. We discuss implications for future scaling initiatives.
Revolutionizing Early Generation Seed Potato in East Africa
Authors: Schulte-Geldermann Elmar , Kakuhenzire Rogers , Sharma Kalpana , Parker Monica 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPoor access to healthy, high-yielding planting materials hampers potato production in East and Central Africa (ECA). The need to improve the quality and increase the quantity of seed potato available to farmers has been the basis of previous efforts in the subregion. One bottleneck in the seed value chain is the low quantity of early generation seed (EGS) for further multiplication. To break this bottleneck, the International Potato Center (CIP) and local partners introduced two rapid multiplication technologies (aeroponics and rooted apical cuttings) and an improved conventional system (sand hydroponics). These three technologies differ in terms of multiplication rates, investment costs, profitability, required skills, infrastructure, risks, and linkages to the rest of the seed value chain, with its actors, policy environment, plus supply, and demand. The three introduced technologies have helped to increase the supply of certified or high-quality seed in the region over the last decade. However, for successful scaling, the technologies have to be carefully selected based on their situation and their natural and economic environments.
Scaling Readiness of Biofortified Root, Tuber, and Banana Crops for Africa
Authors: Low Jan , Ball Anna-Marie , Ilona Paul , Ekesa Beatrice , Heck Simon , Pfeiffer Wolfgang 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis chapter describes the degree of readiness and use of biofortified root, tuber, and banana (RT&B) crops: sweetpotato, cassava, banana (cooking and dessert types), and potato. Efforts to develop and utilize orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP), yellow cassava (VAC), and vitamin A banana/plantain (VAB) have been focused heavily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where 48% of the children under 5 years of age are vitamin A-deficient. Iron-biofortified potato is still under development, and a recent study found high levels of bioavailability (28.4%) in a yellow-fleshed cultivar (Fig. 17.1). To date, adapted VAB varieties have been piloted in East Africa, and OFSP and VAC have scaled to 8.5 million households. The scaling readiness framework is applied to innovation packages underlying those scaling efforts to shed light on how scaling is progressing and identify remaining bottlenecks. Women dominate RT&B production in SSA, and women and young children are most at risk of micronutrient deficiencies; hence women’s access to technologies was prioritized. Lessons learned from these scaling efforts are discussed, with the goal of accelerating the scaling readiness process for other biofortified RTB crops. Implementing gender-responsive innovation packages has been critical for reaching key nutrition and income goals. Diverse partnerships with public and private sector players and investing in advocacy for an adequate enabling environment were critical for achieving use at scale. Future scaling will depend on more nutritious sustainable food systems being at the forefront, supported by continued improvement in breeding methodologies to adapt to climate change and enhance multiple nutrient targets more quickly and to increase investment in the input and marketing infrastructure that vegetatively propagated crops require.
Turning Waste to Wealth: Harnessing the Potential of Cassava Peels for Nutritious Animal Feed
Authors: Okike Iheanacho , Wigboldus Seerp , Samireddipalle Anandan , Naziri Diego , Adesehinwa Akin O. K. , Adejoh Victor Attah , Amole Tunde , Bordoloi Sunil , Kulakow Peter 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn Nigeria, processing cassava for food and industry yields around 15 million tons of wet peels annually. These peels are usually dumped near processing centres to rot or dry enough to be burned. Rotting heaps release methane into the air and a stinking effluent that pollutes nearby streams and underground water, while burning produces clouds of acrid smoke. However, when properly dried, peels can be an ingredient in animal feed. Previous attempts over two decades to use peels in animal feed failed to yield profitable options for drying wet peels at commercial scale, but recent research suggests that cassava peels can be processed into high-quality cassava peel (HQCP) products to be used as nutritious, low-cost animal feed ingredients. The core innovation was to adopt the same steps and equipment used for processing cassava roots into gari, the main staple food in the country. When dried, 3 tons of wet peels yield a tonne of healthy and energy-rich animal feed, containing nearly 3,000 kilocalories per kilogram of dry matter (kcal/kgDM). Adopting this innovation at scale in Nigeria’s poultry and fish sectors alone has the potential to turn approximately 3.6 million tons of wet peels into 1.2 million tons of feed ingredients capable of replacing approximately 810,000 tons of largely imported maize. The innovation has great potential to increase feed availability and lower its cost while saving cereals for human consumption, reducing the import bill, creating new business opportunities, and protecting the environment. This research was initiated by CGIAR centres and taken up by the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) over the past decade with strategic input from the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock to accelerate development of the innovation, and this chapter documents the potential and progress in taking this innovation to scale.
Improving Safety of Cassava Products
Authors: Chiwona-Karltun Linley , Brimer Leon , Jackson Jose 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCassava was domesticated in the Amazon Basin, where Native Americans selected many bitter varieties, and devised methods for detoxifying them. Cassava reached Africa in the sixteenth century, where rural people soon learned to remove the cyanogenic toxins, e.g., by drying and fermenting the roots. Processing cassava to remove the cyanogenic toxins including the cyanide formed during the processing is time consuming. The work is often done by women, while women and men often prefer bitter cassava varieties for social reasons and superior taste and color. In spite of deep, local knowledge of safe processing, traditional foods made with contaminated water may contain bacterial and fungal pathogens. Improper storage may encourage mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin. Recent advances in industrial processing are developing foods that are free of toxins and microbial contamination. Processing and selling cassava leaves is an emerging but fast-growing sector. Cassava leaves also contain cyanogenic toxins normally in higher concentrations than the cassava roots. In the future, more attention must be paid to the safe processing of cassava leaves and roots, especially as food processing becomes increasingly industrialized worldwide.
Innovative Digital Technologies to Monitor and Control Pest and Disease Threats in Root, Tuber, and Banana (RT&B) Cropping Systems: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Kreuze Jan , Adewopo Julius , Selvaraj Michael , Mwanzia Leroy , Kumar P. Lava , Cuellar Wilmer J. , Legg James P. , Hughes David P. , Blomme Guy 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides the first comprehensive review of digital tools and technologies available for the identification, monitoring, and control of pests and diseases, with an emphasis on root, tuber, and banana (RT&B) crops. These tools include systems based on identification keys, human and artificial intelligence-based identification based on smart applications, web interfaces, short messages services (SMS), or combinations thereof. We also present ideas on the use of image recognition from smartphones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for pest and disease monitoring and data processing for modeling, predictions, and forecasting regarding climate change. These topics will be presented in the context of their current development and future potential but also the challenges, limitations, and innovative approaches taken to reach end users, particularly smallholder farmers, and achieve impacts at scale. Finally, the scope and limitation of private sector involvement demonstrates the need of publicly funded initiatives to maximize sharing of data and resources to ensure sustainability of unbiased advice to farmers through information and communication technology (ICT) systems.
A Reference Architecture for Management of Security Operations in Digital Service Chains
Authors: Carrega Alessandro , Grieco Giovanni , Striccoli Domenico , Papoutsakis Manos , Lima Tomas , Carretero José Ignacio , Repetto Matteo 
Published: April 2022

AbstractModern computing paradigms (i.e., cloud, edge, Internet of Things) and ubiquitous connectivity have brought the notion of pervasive computing to an unforeseeable level, which boosts service-oriented architectures and microservices patterns to create digital services with data-centric models. However, the resulting agility in service creation and management has not been followed by a similar evolution in cybersecurity patterns, which still largely rest on more conventional device- and infrastructure-centric models.In this Chapter, we describe the implementation of the GUARD Platform, which represents the core element of a modern cybersecurity framework for building detection and analytics services for complex digital service chains. We briefly review the logical components and how they address scientific and technological challenges behind the limitations of existing cybersecurity tools. We also provide validation and performance analysis that show the feasibility and efficiency of our implementation.
Automatic Attack Pattern Mining for Generating Actionable CTI Applying Alert Aggregation
Authors: Wurzenberger Markus , Landauer Max , Bajraktari Agron , Skopik Florian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) monitor all kinds of IT infrastructures to automatically detect malicious activities related to cyber attacks. Unfortunately, especially anomaly-based IDS are known to produce large numbers of alerts, including false positives, that often become overwhelming for manual analysis. However, due to a fast changing threat landscape, quickly evolving attack techniques, and ever growing number of vulnerabilities, novel anomaly detection systems that enable detection of unknown attacks are indispensable. Therefore, to reduce the number of alerts that have to be reviewed by security analysts, aggregation methods have been developed for filtering, grouping, and correlating alerts. Yet, existing techniques either rely on manually defined attack scenarios or require specific alert formats, such as IDMEF that includes IP addresses. This makes the application of existing aggregation methods infeasible for alerts from host-based or anomaly-based IDSs that frequently lack such network-related data. In this chapter, we present a domain-independent alert aggregation technique that enables automatic attack pattern mining and generation of actionable CTI. The chapter describes the concept of the proposed alert aggregation process as well as a dashboard that enables visualization and filtering of the results. Finally, the chapter demonstrates all features in course of an application example.
Ethics in Cybersecurity. What Are the Challenges We Need to Be Aware of and How to Handle Them?
Authors: Kozhuharova Denitsa , Kirov Atanas , Al-Shargabi Zhanin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn the field of research, the role of ethics grows more and more every year. One might be surprised but even in the field of technology there is a necessity for experts to understand and to implement ethical principles. Ethics itself could be understood as a code or a moral way by which a person lives and works. But within the field of information technology and cybersecurity research there is a chance that even the most technical appropriate solution does not go in line with the corresponding ethical principles. Experts need to implement fundamental ethical principles in their technical products in order not to cause harm or have any negative effect on their users. To the vast majority of challenges that will be reflected in this chapter are discussed within the EU-funded project GUARD, namely what are the proper actions which need to be taken to ensure ethical compliance. Challenges such as ensuring the privacy of the users, reporting and handling incidental findings, testing the technological product, mitigating biases etc. could have different negative effect on humans if not dealt with properly. The current chapter would explore the questions posed above alongside a description of a methodology resulting in the combined efforts of experts both in the field of cybersecurity and ethics.
A puncture in the Euclidean black hole
Authors: Brustein Ram , Giveon Amit , Itzhaki Nissan , Zigdon Yoav 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We consider the backreaction of the winding condensate on the cigar background. We focus on the case of the SL(2, ℝ)k/U(1) cigar associated with, e.g., the near-horizon limit of k NS5 black-branes. We solve the equations of motion numerically in the large k limit as a function of the amplitude, A, of the winding mode at infinity. We find that there is a critical amplitude, Ac = exp(−γ/2), that admits a critical solution. In string theory, the exact SL(2, ℝ)k/U(1) cigar CFT fixes completely the winding amplitude, As, at infinity. We find that in the large k limit there is an exact agreement, Ac = As. The critical solution is a cigar with a puncture at its tip; consequently, the black-hole entropy is carried entirely by the winding condensate. We argue that, in the Lorentzian case, the information escapes the black hole through this puncture.
Parlamentarische Technikfolgenabschätzung und Risikokommunikation
Authors: Grunwald Armin 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungMit der parlamentarischen Technikfolgenabschätzung (TA) hat sich in vielen Ländern weltweit ein eigener Typus wissenschaftlicher Politikberatung entwickelt. In Deutschland besteht das Büro für Technikfolgenabschätzung beim Deutschen Bundestag (TAB) seit über 30 Jahren. Zur Entstehungsgeschichte und Gegenwart parlamentarischer TA gehört die Erfahrung nichtintendierter Folgen des wissenschaftlich-technischen Fortschritts, speziell das Auftreten von technikbedingten Risiken, untrennbar hinzu. Von Beginn an ist die Perspektive der TA auf Risiken durch differenzierte Risikowahrnehmung gekennzeichnet, vor allem in Bezug auf unterschiedliche Bewertungen durch die Entscheider, Nutznießer, Stakeholder und die möglicherweise von Gefährdungen und Belastungen Betroffenen. Daher spielt die soziale Dimension der Verteilung von Chancen und Risiken zwischen gesellschaftlichen Gruppen, aber auch zwischen heute lebenden Menschen und zukünftigen Generationen, eine wesentliche Rolle. Die TA gibt, basierend auf Prinzipien deliberativer Demokratie, der Inklusion von Betroffenen mit ihren Einschätzungen, Werten, Wissen und Perspektiven wesentlichen Raum in Risikodebatten. In diesem Beitrag werden zunächst die Motivation und Aufgaben der TA generell und von parlamentarischer TA im Besonderen vorgestellt, um sodann speziell auf den Umgang mit nichtintendierten Folgen und Risiken einzugehen. Auf Basis von Erfahrungen aus früheren Risikodebatten, etwa zur Nanotechnologie, zur Endlagerung hochradioaktiven Abfalls und zur grünen Gentechnik, werden Schlussfolgerungen für moderne Risikokommunikation auf politischer Ebene gezogen.
The use of biological membranes for correction of congenital malformations
Authors: Marchetto C , Sgrò A , Gamba P , Trojan D , Pagliara C , Midrio P 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMany congenital malformations often require a multidisciplinary and multistep surgical treatment, including the use of biological membranes. Aims of the study were to describe the use of these membranes for the correction of malformations, their clinical performance at follow-up, and patient's tolerance to them. The study included patients treated between 2009 and November 2020 in two referral centers. They were affected by abdominal wall defects (AWD), esophageal atresia/tracheo-esophageal fistula (EA/TEF), diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), spinal defects (SD), and anorectal malformations (ARM). The human origin membranes used during surgery were amniotic membrane, fascia lata, and pericardium provided by the local tissue bank and the porcine-derived membrane available on the market. Thirty-one patients were retrieved. The sample included 10 AWD, 7 EA/TEF, 5 CDH, 4 SD, 2 ARM, and 3 miscellaneous defects. The median age at repair was 139 days (range: 10,5–1494). The median follow-up was 1021 days (range: 485,5–1535). Two patients were lost at follow-up. The defects were successfully repaired and the membranes perfectly tolerated in 28/29 cases. In 1 case of CDH the fascia lata was replaced with a Goretex patch due to recurrence of the defect. This is the largest series on the use of biological membranes in congenital malformations. The variety of tissues allows to choose the best material for each malformation. The excellent tolerance and performance of this first series of patients encourage the use of these membranes to correct different type of malformations at any age.
Amyloid seeding as a disease mechanism and treatment target in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis
Authors: Morfino Paolo , Aimo Alberto , Panichella Giorgia , Rapezzi Claudio , Emdin Michele 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTransthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric transport protein mainly synthesized by the liver and choroid plexus. ATTR amyloidosis is characterized by the misfolding of TTR monomers and their accumulation within tissues as amyloid fibres. Current therapeutic options rely on the blockade of TTR production, TTR stabilization to maintain the native structure of TTR, amyloid degradation, or induction of amyloid removal from tissues. “Amyloid seeds” are defined as small fibril fragments that induce amyloid precursors to assume a structure rich in β-sheets, thus promoting fibrillogenesis. Amyloid seeds are important to promote the amplification and spread of amyloid deposits. Further studies are needed to better understand the molecular structure of ATTR seeds (i.e. the characteristics of the most amyloidogenic species), and the conditions that promote the formation and multiplication of seeds in vivo. The pathological cascade may begin months to years before symptom onset, suggesting that seeds in tissues might potentially be used as biomarkers for the early disease stages. Inhibition of amyloid aggregation by anti-seeding peptides may represent a disease mechanism and treatment target in ATTR amyloidosis, with an additional benefit over current therapies.