bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Universe: the dynamics of the minimum and maximum expansion states (Time: the collateral dimension)
Authors: Petrakis Sócrates Georges 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Two hypotheses stand out in describing the evolution of the Universe. The predominant one predicts that the present expansion began at a certain instant and will not preserve any variation of energy that performs work; apparent flat Universe (Ω = 1) is advocated by relativistic calculations and observational data, with an end at its maximum expansion (3D Space). The other hypothesis considers that the Universe is cyclical, always alternating phases of expansion and contraction. This proposal aims to demonstrate that both hypotheses can be correct by not being distinct, but complementary. Supported by the immutability of physical laws, analyses of concepts define an exclusive presence of 1D Space in static states of minimum and maximum expansion of the Universe. With our Universe (3D Space) created and existing between these extreme states, the Friedmann-Lemaître-Robertson-Walker (FLRW) metric, becomes inadequate for this analysis; therefore, the concept of absolute rest energy (1D Space) is applied, demonstrating that the complete evolution of the Universe is spatially dynamic in a perpetual time dimension, always recreating our Universe, and making possible a relative maintenance of any existence.
Target Interaction of Cas9-sgRNA Influences DNA Double Strand Break Repair Pathway Choices in CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing
Authors: Xie An-Yong , Liu Si-Cheng , Feng Yi-Li , Sun Xiu-Na , Chen Ruo-Dan , Liu Qian , Xiao Jing-Jing , Xiang Ji-Feng , Chen Guo-Qiao , Yang Yi , Lou Chao , Li Hao-Dan , Xu Shi-Ming , Lin Hui 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background Due to post-cleavage residence of the Cas9-sgRNA complex at its target, Cas9-induced DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) have to be exposed in order to engage DSB repair pathways. Target interaction of Cas9-sgRNA determines its target-binding affinity and modulates its post-cleavage target-residence duration and exposure of Cas9-induced DSBs. This exposure by different mechanisms may initiate variable cellular DNA damage response, thus influencing DSB repair pathway choices and contributing to mutational heterogeneity in genome editing. However, this regulation of DSB repair pathway choices is poorly understood. Results In repair of Cas9-induced DSBs, repair pathway choices vary widely at different target sites and classical non-homologous end joining (c-NHEJ) is not even engaged at some sites. Weakening target interaction of Cas9-sgRNA promotes bias towards c-NHEJ, which is intrinsically accurate for Cas9-induced DSBs. As an important strategy for enhancing homology-directed repair, inactivation of c-NHEJ however aggravates off-target activities of Cas9-sgRNA due to its weak interaction with off-target sites. By dislodging Cas9-sgRNA from its cleaved targets, DNA replication alters DSB end configurations and suppresses c-NHEJ in favor of other repair pathways whereas transcription has little effect on DSB repair pathway choices. Dissociation of Cas9-sgRNA from its cleaved target by DNA replication may generate three-ended DSBs, resulting in palindromic fusion of sister chromatids, a potential source for CRISPR/Cas9-induced on-target chromosomal rearrangements. Conclusions Target interaction of Cas9-sgRNA modulates DSB repair pathway choices likely through varying dissociation of Cas9-sgRNA from cleaved DNA, thus widening on-target and off-target mutational spectra in CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing.
Associations of MTHFR C677T, A1298C and MTRR A66G Polymorphisms With the Risk of Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Sun Shuang , Liu Ying , Hu Xiaoling , Guo Xuehua , Zhao Xun 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Background: To explore the relationship between maternal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene C677T and A1298C, Methionine Synthase Reductase (MTRR) gene A66G and the recurrence of low birth weight(LBW) in offspring. Methods: Our case-control study enrolled 106 maternal blood samples of premature infants and 168 maternal blood samples of normal births.Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (ASPCR) assay combined with TaqMan probe technique were used to detect the mother’s MTHFR and MTRR genotypes respectively. And unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the associations of MTHFR and MTRR polymorphisms, and gene-gene interaction with low birth weight.Results: MTHFR 677TT and 1298CC were independently associated with a higher risk of LBW (OR:2.22, 95%CI:1.14-4.34 and OR:2.82, 95% CI:1.15-6.87,respectively). The MTRR A66G polymorphism was associated with an significant association of LBW when combined with the MTHFR 677TT genotype, although there was no association found between LBW and MTRR A66G alone.Moreover, two or more risk genotypes carriers showed higher odds of LBW than null risk genotype one.Conclusion: Maternal MTHFR gene 677TT, 1298CC can increase the risk of LBW in the offspring.The MTRR A66G polymorphism was not associated with LBW alone. But it may exacerbate the effect of the MTHFR C677T variant.
Study on water hammer protection of the siphon breaking structure in the water supply system
Authors: Lyu Jiawen , Zhang Jian , Wang Tengyue 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
An appropriate water hammer protective scheme is a significant concern in the operation of water supply projects. According to the special terrain in the water supply project, which forms a siphon breaking structure at the end of the pipeline, three protective schemes were proposed and compared: single vacuum breaking valve (VBV) scheme, VBV and air valve scheme, and VBV and one-way surge tower scheme. Based on the control standards of pipe pressure, the three protective schemes were assessed in terms of suppressing the negative pressure caused by a pump trip accident. The results show that the siphon breaking structure with the VBV can achieve good effect protection only in a limited range of pipelines. In the VBV and air valve scheme, the pressure oscillations were obviously caused by repeated inlet and exhaust of the air valves. To avoid supplementing too much gas in the pipe by air valves, which will result in a gas column bridging phenomenon, the VBV and one-way surge tower scheme is proposed and can better meet the requirement of the pressure control standard.
Quantifying the resilience of the water-energy nexus for a reservoir-pump station system
Authors: Yao Jun 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Most inter-basin water diversion projects have been constructed to cope with water shortage problems. These projects usually have multiple reservoirs and pump stations connected to each other. Most previous studies focus solely on the operation of reservoirs aiming to supply more water rather than the joint operation of the reservoir-pump station system. Project operations that ignore the pump station may not be cost effective. In addition, future water availability is of great uncertainty that will affect the system's performance. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to evaluate the tradeoffs between water supply and power net revenue (considering power generation by hydropower stations and power consumption by pump stations) under different water availability scenarios, which can be used to inform policies. A resilience metric is introduced to evaluate the joint system performance. An optimization model including two objectives: social perspective (minimum of total water shortage) and economic perspective (maximum of power net revenue) is considered for the study area: the Hanjiang-to-Weihe River Valley Water Diversion Project. Results mainly show that two objectives are in a contradictory relationship. If future streamflow does not decrease, the water supply sector could at least meet 50% of the water demand in recipient area.
Estimation of sedimentation in the Manwan and Jinghong reservoirs on the Lancang river
Authors: Sun Zhilin , Sun Lixia , Zheng Haolei , Li Zongyu 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Lancang reservoirs play an essential role in China's national economy and life, and the study of reservoir siltation is of great significance to ensure its sustainable service for the nation and people. In this paper, reservoir sedimentation is quantified in stages by empirical models and theoretical methods using reservoir information and sediment data to reveal the latest status of siltation in the Lancang reservoirs. Results show that the storage capacity loss of the Manwan and Jinghong reservoirs reached 51.4% and 1.54% by 2019, which illustrates that the situation of siltation is serious. The theoretical trapping efficiency of Manwan reservoir was about 69% and the estimation result of the Brune method performed best with a value of 67.5% among the empirical methods. The Brune method was then modified with a correction coefficient and the revised Brune method can be used for the estimation of trapping efficiency in other reservoirs. Overall, this paper presents relatively accurate information for managers to understand the current state of siltation in the Lancang reservoirs, and can provide scientific guidance and data support for them to take measures to reduce sedimentation and ensure the sustainability of reservoirs.
Evaluation of microbial agents as corrosion and scale inhibitor for industrial cooling water applications
Authors: Hu Yanglin , Chen Chuanmin , Liu Songtao 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this study, six strains of microbial agents were investigated as environmently friendly scale and corrosion inhibitors for industrial cooling water applications. The static jar tests along with characterization methods were applied to evaluate the scale inhibition performance. Results showed that under a concentration of 240 mg/L, the nitrobacteria, denitrobacteria and Lactobacillus agents reached high CaCO3 scale inhibition efficiencies of 83, 82, and 86% respectively. Characterization methods indicated the deposited crystals morphologies were modified and the crystals peak intensities were lowered. In addition, weight loss measurements, electrochemical measurements, surface characterization analyses were conducted to study the corrosion inhibition performances and mechanisms. It was found that at 40 °C, Bacillus cereus agent with 200 mg/L possessed the highest corrosion inhibition efficiency of 60.11% at 3 d, together with the second-lowest current density of 13.0 μA cm−2 at 12 d. The corrosion inhibition mechanisms were attributed to biofilm accumulation and biomineralization on Q235 CS surfaces to form protective film. The results suggested microbial agents have promising potential as environmently friendly scale and corrosion inhibitors for industrial cooling water applications.
Behavior of matrix parameters and their correlation to micro-pollutant degradation during treatment of real wastewater by carrier-bound photocatalytic ozonation
Authors: Mehling Simon , Schnabel Tobias , Londong Jörg 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Immobilized titanium dioxide catalysts were used within a photocatalytic immersion rotary body reactor, which was connected to a substream ozonation unit to remove micro-pollutants from wastewater. Within this work data on the behavior of cumulative parameters during treatment of wastewater by photocatalysis and photocatalytic ozonation are provided. The investigated parameters are spectral absorption coefficient at 254 nm (SAC254), total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). All experiments were carried out using secondary effluent from the same wastewater treatment plant. For the parameter SAC254, consistent concentration curves and dependencies to operational parameters of the experimental system could be measured. The measurements of the parameters TOC and COD showed greater uncertainties, although basic trends could nonetheless be observed. A good linear correlation (R2 &lt; 0.85) between the reduction of SAC254 and 8 micro-pollutants for photocatalysis and photocatalytic ozonation was found. This confirms the suitability of the SAC254 as a control parameter for a large-scale application of a photocatalytic 4th treatment stage. A linear correlation between measured TOC and COD degradation rates was possible with a coefficient of determination of 0.58–0.86. The simultaneous decrease of TOC and COD is an indicator for a mineralization of the treated wastewater matrix.
Cathepsin B-A Neuronal Death Mediator in Alzheimer’s Disease Leading to Neurodegeneration
Authors: Singh Sushil Kumar , Sharma Anjali , Swetha Rayala , Bajad Nilesh Gajanan , Ganeshpurkar Ankit , Singh Ravi , Kumar Ashok 
Published: February 2022

Abstract:
The lysosomal cysteine protease enzyme, named Cathepsin B, mainly degrades the protein and manages its average turnover in our body. The Cathepsin B active form is mostly present inside the lysosomal part at a cellular level, providing the slightly acidic medium for its activation. Multiple findings on Cathepsin B reveal its involvement in neurons’ degeneration and a possible role as a neuronal death mediator in several neurodegenerative diseases. In this review article, we highlight the participation of Cathepsin B in the etiology/progress of AD, along with various other factors. The enzyme is involved in producing neurotoxic Aβ amyloid in the AD brain by acting as the β-secretase enzyme in the regulated secretory pathways responsible for APP processing. Aβ amyloid accumulation and amyloid plaque formation lead to neuronal degeneration, one of the prominent pathological hallmarks of AD. Cathepsin B is also involved in the production of PGlu-Aβ, which is a truncated and highly neurotoxic form of Aβ. Some of the findings also revealed that Cathepsin B specific gene deletion decreases the level of PGlu-Aβ inside the brain of experimental mice. Therefore, neurotoxicity might be considered a new pathological indication of AD due to the involvement of Cathepsin B. It also damages neurons present in the CNS region by producing inflammatory responses and generating mitochondrial ROS. However, Cathepsin B inhibitors, i.e., CA-074, can prevent neuronal death in AD patients. The other natural inhibitors are also equally effective against neuronal damage with higher selectivity. Its synthetic inhibitors are specific for their target; however, they lose their selectivity in the presence of quite a few reducing agents. Therefore, a humanized monoclonal antibody is used as a selective Cathepsin B inhibitor to overcome the problem experienced. The use of Cathepsin B for the treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases could be considered a rational therapeutic target.
“It [Diabetes] is From God and I Need to Take Care of Myself”: Type 1 Diabetes
Self-Management Among Adolescents and Their Parents in Jordan
Authors: Momani Aaliyah Muntaser , Callery Peter , Lin Yin-Ling , Abduelkader Raghad Hussein , AL Akash Hekmat Y. 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Type 1 diabetes is the most common endocrine condition among adolescents. Diabetes self-management can be challenging during adolescence.

Objective:
The objective of this study is to understand how adolescents and their parents manage
type 1 diabetes in Jordan.

Methods:
Constructivist grounded theory methodology principles were used to achieve the study
aim. A total of 48 participants were recruited using purposive and theoretical sampling techniques,
including adolescents and their parents. Data were collected (October 2016 - April 2017) using 38
semi-structured, audio-recorded interviews (one-to-one or joint interviews based on participants’
preferences). Data were collected and analyzed concurrently using different levels of coding, constant comparative analysis, and memo writing. This study was approved by relevant ethics committees from the University of Manchester and Jordan University Hospital.

Results:
The theme of living with diabetes is presented and discussed in this article. Culture
emerged as the central theme; two aspects of culture are presented in this article: collectivism and
cultural beliefs.

Conclusion:
This study identified that diabetes self-management could be influenced by the culture in which Jordanian adolescents live in as well as being shaped by their religious beliefs. These
findings are potentially transferable to other Arab and non-Arab countries that share similar cultural aspects and religious beliefs.
Isolation and identification of pathogens in patients with Pelvic inflammatory disease in Duhok, Kurdistan of Iraq
Authors: Said Rojan Ibrahim , Mohammad Nishteman Faisal , Ahmed Heja Mikdad , Salih Dian Jamel 
Published: February 2022

Objective: The present study aims to isolate and identify pathogens associated with pelvic inflammatory disease among female patients attending hospitals in Duhok province, Kurdistan region of Iraq.
Materials and Methods: The present study included (150) women who attend different private clinics in Duhok province, Kurdistan region of Iraq and screened for pelvic inflammatory diseases based on the clinical features. Endocervical swab taken from each patient to detect of pathogens based on cultural and biochemical characterization tests
Results: The results revealed that about (55.4%) of cultures were positive for the infection pathogens; there were three microorganisms isolated with Staphylococcus aureus as the most commonly isolated organism in (52.27%) of cases followed by Streptococcus epidermidis (15.90%), and Candida species (18.18%). The age group most affected falls within the group ranged (25-30) that comprised (38.64%) of patients.
Conclusions: The results of our study concluded that Pelvic inflammatory disease is a major health problem in our country. The microorganisms frequently responsible for acute PID were genital tract Staphylococcus aureus, whose identification should be included among routine tests for women with suspected acute PID in the hospitals.
Bleomycin pleurodesis in malignant pleural effusion
Authors: Siddeq Muhammed Zakaria , Hamzah Bahaa Ibrahim , Abdulhussein Jalal Jaafar 
Published: February 2022

Objective: This is the first retrospective trial in our country to examine intrapleural bleomycin in terms of effectiveness, safety, and cost. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness, safety and appropriate mode of administration of intrapleural bleomycin for pleurodesis, in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion.
Methods: Between January and July2014, 30 patients presenting to Ibn-alnafees teaching hospital with symptomatic malignant pleural effusions were underwent chemical pleurodesis with bleomycin via bedside thoracostomy. Only the patients with lung re-expansion after drainage entered the study. The conditions of patients were assessed and graded before and after treatment concerning pain, dyspnea, and chest radiographs.
Results: Thirty patients who underwent pleurodesis with bleomycin were available for follow-up. The patients demonstrated notable improvement in both pain and dyspnea following treatment. Permanent control of effusions, defined objectively on chest radiograph, was achieved with bleomycin treatments in 21(70%). The procedures were well tolerated and no significant adverse effects were observed.
Conclusion: This study confirms that intrapleural bleomycin carries good results in the treatment of malignant pleural effusion. Pleurodesis using bleomycin with 72 hours applied suction should be offered to every patient with malignant pleural effusion, apart from terminally ill ones, provided that a satisfying lung re-expansion has been achieved. A careful selection is essential to define the proper technique.
Analisis Relevansi Materi Superkelas Pisces dalam Aspek Penerapan Ilmu Taksonomi Hewan di Sekolah
Authors: Ferdyan Rhavy , Razak Abdul , Sumarmin Ramadhan , Zulyusri Zulyusri 
Published: February 2022

The science of taxonomy animal is a science that is constantly experiencing growth. One of the objects of study of the taxonomy of animals is a superclass Pisces that its application is also done at the school through the teaching of biology. To expand the repertoire of science knowledge regarding Pisces, not be separated from research that are continuously being developed by experts to produce discoveries about the Pisces superclass which also have an impact on the discovery of new concepts. Will but the content material superclass Pisces on learning and several book packages that use has not been demonstrated progress hot, even still finding misconception. This is certainly not appropriate if it is still implemented. Through the articles of this author will give a review of the science regarding the reason for the importance of increasing the relevance of the content material to expose the data and facts state of content material superclass Pisces during this. Articles of this come through research by using approach qualitative type of study library (library research).
Abstrak. Ilmu taksonomi hewan merupakan ilmu yang senantiasa mengalami perkembangan. Salah satu objek kajian taksonomi hewan adalah superkelas pisces yang penerapannya juga dilakukan di sekolah melalui pembelajaran biologi. Untuk memperluas khasanah ilmu pengetahuan mengenai pisces, tidak akan lepas dari penelitian-penelitian yang terus dikembangkan oleh para ahli untuk menghasilkan penemuan-penemuan baru tentang superkelas pisces yang juga berdampak kepada penemuan konsep-konsep baru. Akan tetapi konten materi superkelas pisces pada pembelajaran dan beberapa buku paket yang digunakan belum menunjukkan perkembangan terkini, bahkan masih ditemukannya miskonsepsi. Hal ini tentu tidak tepat jika masih diterapkan. Melalui artikel ini penulis akan memberikan kajian ilmiah mengenai alasan pentingnya meningkatkan relevansi konten materi dengan memaparkan data dan fakta keadaan konten materi superkelas pisces selama ini. Artikel ini hadir melalui penelitian dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif tipe studi pustaka (library research).