bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reading ICH in Cultural Space
Authors: Shu Gao 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In 2007, the Chinese Ministry of Culture launched a new and experimental project for safeguarding intangible cultural heritage (ICH): establishing the National Cultural Ecosystem Conservation Area (NCECA). Since the first instance of the Southern Fujian NCECA, the project has now come to cover 21 areas. This chapter uses the puppetry tradition of the southern Fujian area as an example to examine the link between the concept of NCECA and ICH items, which involves the connections and interplay of three core elements: people, item knowledge systems, and cultural-natural-historical backgrounds. As an experimental project of the Chinese government, the establishment of NCECA is a core result of China’s recent thinking on the safeguarding of ICH overall. The project involves a reading of ICH items in cultural space and represents a practice that approaches collective cultural identities, which, though intangible, are important and closely related to local people’s daily life.
Mapping Musical Vitality
Authors: Grant Catherine 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter weaves together three existing theoretical and practical tools in the area of music sustainability to examine whether their combined usage could lead to greater understanding of the global circumstances and trends in music endangerment and vitality. It also considers whether the integrated use of these tools could lead to improved decision-making about the local, national, and/or international allocation of funds and resources for music safeguarding. The three tools are: (1) the Music Vitality and Endangerment Framework (MVEF), a tool to gauge, monitor, and evaluate changes in the vitality of music genres; (2) the map Music Endangerment and Vitality, a key outcome of a project that used a survey methodology based on the MVEF to map 101 music genres across the world; and (3) the Assets, Threats, Solvability (ATS) Model, a triage system for determining how best to allocate support and resources to support specific genres that may be in need of support. The chapter begins with some context around comparative approaches to ethnomusicological research, focusing particularly on mapping. It then briefly presents the MVEF and map tools, before exploring some challenges, risks, and limitations of using them to evaluate and represent music genres. The chapter closes by critically considering some implications of this comparative approach to understanding music endangerment and vitality, including how employing the ATS Model in conjunction with the MVEF and map could strengthen the usefulness and outcomes of all three tools.
Weaponizing Culture
Authors: MacIntosh Duncan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It is widely thought that stealing, trading, and destroying cultural artifacts in times of war are inherently immoral actions, and that it is right that they be treated as war crimes, which, indeed, they currently are. But oppressive cultures have their heritage and cultural artifacts too, in the form of monuments, sites of worship, and so on. For the oppressed, these things may be awful reminders of their subordination, and may even perpetuate it. This chapter suggests that, since cultural objects can be both tools and symbols of unjust oppression, their theft and destruction ought to be seen as appropriate when this would be a means of overcoming oppression. Despite current law, in these instances, it would be morally inappropriate to count such acts as war crimes. Furthermore, it is bizarre that theft and destruction of cultural property are counted as war crimes when soldiers killing each other is not (due to combatant immunity). Surely killing is worse than property destruction and theft. It is therefore argued that, where possible, it would be better for conflicts to be fought using the latter methods. Finally, the chapter responds to many objections to using theft and destruction of cultural property as a method of warfare. To the objection that such property has timeless, transcultural, aesthetic, historical, and scientific value, it is replied that justice is a more important value; and to the objection that these practices amount to cultural genocide, it is replied that unjust cultures have no right to exist unmodified.
The Concept of Cultural Genocide
Authors: Hamilton Martin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The concept of “cultural genocide” was considered for, but eventually dismissed from the text of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (1948). At the heart of the concept of cultural genocide lies the idea that cultural groups may be destroyed by destroying the material expressions or “anchorage” of their culture. This idea tells us something about the critical value that we ascribe to cultural heritage. This chapter scrutinizes this proposed value relation between cultural heritage and cultural groups through an examination of the concept of cultural genocide. The first part of the chapter deals with the values underlying the original concept of cultural genocide, including the idea of the importance of cultural heritage for the surviving of a people. To this aim, the chapter will examine the normative evolution of the concept of cultural genocide from its origins to the 1948 Genocide Convention, including an analysis of the drafting of the Convention and the reason why cultural genocide was left out. The second part of the chapter evaluates how international law, both at its normative and enforcement level, deals with the concept of cultural genocide today—especially in the context of deliberate and systematic targeting and destruction of cultural heritage in armed conflict. Finally, this will be held up against the lack of a systematic account of the effects on cultures of losing the material expressions of their cultural heritage.
Cultural Property Protection in the Context of Counter Terrorist Financing
Authors: Hilaire Ricardo A. St. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
United States military forces raided an ISIS compound in Syria in 2015, recovering hundreds of cultural objects and photographs of artifacts offered for sale, all in the possession of the terror group’s Antiquities Department. The operation prompted the US Department of Justice to file an innovative court complaint invoking the USA PATRIOT Act to forfeit antiquities from ISIS. The case exemplifies a growing interest among lawyers, legislators, and law enforcement in the nexus between transnational antiquities trafficking and terror funding, part of an emerging legal paradigm in the United States that extends the focal point of international cultural property protection from specialist discussions about heritage preservation to a broader concern for national security. Within this unfolding landscape, high-profile American political leaders have asserted that the sale of antiquities funds terrorism, prompting Congress to adopt the Protect and Preserve International Cultural Property Act and to consider the expansion of the Bank Secrecy Act’s anti-money laundering rules to include antiquities dealers. This chapter chronicles the emergence of this cultural property protection paradigm, particularly exploring its flowering as ISIS blitzed toward Baghdad and expanded its territorial footprint (2014–2016). Also described are its cultivation following the 9/11 terror attacks and the ensuing wars in Afghanistan and Iraq (2001–2004), its fledgling roots (2005–2011), its budding during the Syrian civil war (2012–2013), and its ripening emphasis on money laundering (2017–2020).
Non-Party Obligations for Cultural Property in Armed Conflict under the 1954 Hague Convention, Protocol II
Authors: Varner Elizabeth 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Several core legal principles of LOAC applicable to cultural heritage are considered customary international law. This means that outlawing many attacks on or destruction of cultural heritage during armed conflict stands on values recognized explicitly by the international community (viz. opinion juris) as well as values broadly reflected in state practice. In that regard, it is important to notice how many of the provisions in the 1977 Geneva Conventions Protocol I are considered international customary law. The Geneva Conventions Protocol I influenced the later 1954 Hague Convention Protocol II, which opened for signature in 1999. As a result, some provisions in the Hague Convention Protocol II might be considered international customary law. This chapter will analyze if states who have not ratified Hague Convention Protocol II have any obligations under the Protocol, particularly Article 6, Respect for Cultural Heritage, which restricts the invocation of military necessity. To this aim, the chapter will focus on the Hague Convention Protocol II (1999) Article 6, Respect for Cultural Property, and, to a lesser degree, Article 7, Precautions in Attack, in order to analyze (1) interpretations of the Hague Convention Protocol II, Article 6, Respect for Cultural Property, which restricts the invocation of military necessity; (2) if the obligations in the Hague Convention Protocol II (1999), Article 6, Respect for Cultural Property, are customary international law; and (3) finally, the extent to which States that have not ratified the Hague Convention Protocol II (1999), particularly the United States, might have obligations encapsulated in that article.
Syrian and Iraqi Opinion on Protecting, Promoting, and Reconstructing Heritage after the Islamic State
Authors: Isakhan Benjamin , Barry James 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
After conquering large swathes of Syria and Iraq, the Islamic State (ISIS) undertook an aggressive iconoclastic campaign in which they damaged or destroyed several significant heritage sites. In response, the international community has launched several initiatives along three key axes: to protect heritage in times of conflict; to conduct education and awareness raising initiatives; and to reconstruct heritage sites damaged or destroyed by ISIS or in the broader conflict. This chapter critically reflects on these three sets of initiatives, drawing on fifty-three in-depth semi-structured interviews with Syrian and Iraqi men and women. Although the respondents were often supportive of these internationally backed heritage initiatives, they offered several criticisms and suggestions that could ultimately lead to greater success on the ground. The chapter concludes by noting that heritage initiatives in complex (post-)conflict environments such as Syria and Iraq, require ongoing, nuanced, and careful engagement with local populations to succeed. Failing to listen to and heed these opinions ultimately undermines the broader mission to foster stability and promote peace, and can fuel the propaganda machinery of Islamist groups.
The Epistemic Force of Musical Encounters
Authors: Carlson Licia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that musical encounters can have cognitive moral force; they can yield knowledge that is morally relevant to how certain individuals are understood, perceived, and valued. In the context of disability, attention to the musical lives of people with intellectual disabilities can yield knowledge about them as fellow human beings with distinct capacities and modes of expression that might otherwise go unnoticed. This knowledge is morally salient for a number of reasons: it challenges certain dehumanizing assumptions about individuals with profound intellectual disabilities, it can overcome epistemic barriers in relationships with these individuals, and the knowledge that shared musical experiences generate can be relevant and valuable for philosophers of intellectual disability. The chapter begins with a discussion of what it means to claim that music is “humanizing” and critiques elements of this sonification of sameness in the context of disability. It then turns to the sonification of difference, considers how musicking can have a pernicious othering effect, but ultimately argues that musical encounters have the power to reveal sameness through difference. It concludes by posing some remaining epistemological questions about how, where, why, and by whom this knowledge is produced.
Wordlessness Is Not Worldlessness
Authors: Carlson Licia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a series of philosophical meditations on the idea that music has the power to create sonic worlds that are beyond language, that wordlessness is not worldlessness. Taking Jan Zwicky’s concept of lyric philosophy and the “possibility of loss” as a starting point, it considers the relationship between disability, loss, and gain. It then examines the philosophical and musical significance of “wordlessness,” the “burden” of language, and the idea of silence as sound. Music can also create embodied, mutable worlds that are made of movements, gestures, and temporalities. To encounter these sonic worlds is to recognize mystery and the incalculable, as they point to something beyond what philosophy can define. These reflections are inspired by philosophers who have addressed the limits of language and the philosophical significance of music: Friedrich Nietzsche, Gabriel Marcel, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and Jan Zwicky.
Conclusion
Authors: Carlson Licia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This concluding chapter considers how the arguments in the book have laid the foundation for a number of interdisciplinary counterpoints and harmonies that can be generative for future work in the philosophy of disability, the philosophy of music, and disability studies. It discusses the relevance of work in critical disability theory that examines race and what it means to “decolonize disability,” and it considers the importance of critical dialogue between disability theorists and philosophers and researchers and practitioners in other fields. It concludes with some final reflections on the meaning of “musical worlds” and the transformative power of musicking.
Coda
Authors: Carlson Licia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Coda: A Remarkable Serendipity recounts the origin of the cover art for the book. The Toronto-based artist Jan Swinburne, who did the cover art for The Faces of Intellectual Disability, has been working on multi-media artwork that “solidifies” sound and language. The cover of the book is an image of her work TIME: Wander Lost in the Foothills of Impasto, which is based upon her vocalizing and recording the word “time.” There are numerous parallels and connections between the idea of sonification in the book and Swinburne’s “solidification” through the process of making these “Waveform Landscapes.” The artist and author both shared a commitment to questions of disability justice, voice, music, and time.
Trafficking Data
Authors: Kokas Aynne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Trafficking Data argues that the movement of human data across borders for political and financial gain is disenfranchising consumers, eroding national autonomy, and destabilizing sovereignty. Focusing on the United States and China, it traces how US government leadership failures, Silicon Valley’s disruption fetish, and Wall Street’s addiction to growth have yielded an unprecedented opportunity for Chinese firms to gather data in the United States and quietly send it back to China and, by extension, to the Chinese government. Such “data trafficking,” as the book names this insidious phenomenon, is enabled by the competing governance models of the world’s two largest economies: mass government data aggregation in China and impenetrable corporate data management policies in the United States. China is stepping up its data trafficking efforts through national regulations, soft power persuasion, and tech investment, extending the scope of state control over domestic and international data and tech infrastructure, and thereby expanding its global influence. The United States, by contrast, is retreating from participation in foreign alliances, international organizations, and the systemic regulation of the tech industry—practices with the potential to counter data trafficking. Confronting data trafficking as the defining international competition of the twenty-first century, this book advocates for an alternative future of data stabilization. To stem data trafficking and stabilize data flows, it shows, policymakers can synthesize tools from across the private sector, public sector, multinational organizations, and consumers to protect users, secure national sovereignty, and establish valuable international standards.
From Farms to Outer Space
Authors: Kokas Aynne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 argues that Chinese international tech investment produces the risk that China will achieve coercive control over critical infrastructure in the United States. To illustrate this, it demonstrates how risk functions in the telecommunications, agricultural, space, and municipal management sectors. These areas of critical infrastructure come with established oversight practices regarding data gathering, yet examining their enfoldment within the tech sector reveals how an illiberal creep of nonoversight occurs in tandem with Chinese investment. Control of critical infrastructure via data-driven platforms now offers Chinese firms, and by extension the Chinese government, control over some of the most sensitive areas for US national security, from the security of communications and the food supply to the control of satellites and cities. Furthermore, as data becomes increasingly essential to the functioning of the global economy, critical infrastructure with enhanced data-gathering capabilities become an even more important mode of international power.
Money
Authors: Kokas Aynne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
China’s financial technology sector, including Alipay, its main competitor WeChat Pay, and others, offers opportunities for the Chinese government to gather data internationally. At Caesar’s Palace in Las Vegas, for example, it is possible to pay for an entire vacation using Chinese yuan on the Shanghai-based payment platform Alipay. Yet as this chapter shows, private sector payment-data-gathering efforts by Chinese fintech firms underscore a critical domestic challenge for the Chinese government. The relationship between Chinese payment apps, which are committed to commercial expansion, and the Chinese state-run banking system creates a fundamental tension: connecting the apps to the state banking system limits the apps’ expansion, yet doing so ensures that growth maps onto Chinese national power. The fintech sector reveals fissures in China’s internal politics that shape enduring tensions between global growth and national control of data in both China and the United States.
PMP and Election Campaigns
Authors: Wolfsfeld Gadi , Sheafer Tamir , Althaus Scott 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how researchers can use the Politics-Media-Politics (PMP) approach to study the role of different types of media in election campaigns. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first section, which focuses on applying the “politics first” proposition, talks about which aspects of the political ecosystem are the among the most important. The second section focuses on the “media selection and transformation” proposition by discussing which variables within the communication ecosystem are important for explaining the role of the various forms of media in election campaigns. The third and final section deals with “the second P,” which are political outcomes that are best explained by examining the previously discussed political and communication ecosystems. The four “effects” that are covered are agenda setting, priming, framing, and electoral victory.
Using the PMP Approach to Assess Media Performance in Both Democratic and Autocratic Regimes
Authors: Wolfsfeld Gadi , Sheafer Tamir , Althaus Scott 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces readers to a basic conceptual framework that can be used to clarify whether a communication ecosystem is enhancing or degrading political performance in any place, at any time in history, and for any type of political regime. Using the conceptual leverage provided by the “politics first” proposition and the “media selection and transformation” proposition, this chapter develops a normative framework for clarifying why media independence is an important concept for political communication. Along the way, this chapter demonstrates the usefulness of the PMP approach for answering one of the more vexing and awkward bigger-picture questions that political communication researchers regularly have to face: What is communication supposed to do for politics? The authors specify some core representational activities that can be used as central criteria for evaluating media performance, and explore sources of tension in the representational dynamics between communication ecosystems and political ecosystems that create friction for political performance. The framework developed in this chapter can be applied to autocratic regimes as easily as democratic ones, so that media performance can be assessed from multiple normative perspectives across the full spectrum of regime types.
Bisschop's Bench
Authors: Fornecker Samuel D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Arminian conformity in late seventeenth-century England was a variegated movement, whose internal diversity helped to reconfigure perennial questions about the relation of the English Church to its continental counterparts, Reformed and Remonstrant, with consequences that no modern study has sought to address. This monograph rectifies this problem by analyzing modes of engagement with the Dutch Remonstrant tradition by Arminian conformists of the later Stuart and early Hanoverian Church of England. In so doing, it argues that several of the period’s fiercest theological controversies arose from what traditionalist divines took to be the uncritical appropriation of that tradition by their fellow churchmen. It shows that many Arminian conformists credited Remonstrant ideas with facilitating the emergence of an intellectually robust Unitarianism, and that such divines accentuated identifiably Reformed emphases in an unprecedented display of disambiguation from the Remonstrant tradition. In this way, the study challenges the notion that a broadly unified Arminian consensus emerged at the Restoration on the basis that—whatever Arminian “reaction” the interregnum may be said to have produced—it was a movement comprising divergent theological agendas. Contending that signal associations of Remonstrant theologians with Socinian heterodoxy came from leading Arminian conformists themselves, and that such churchmen were not as comprehensively opposed to their Reformed contemporaries as has previously been thought, this wide-ranging monograph provides a fresh perspective on the Arminian theological tradition in the political, confessional, and educative contexts of late seventeenth- and early eighteenth-century England.