bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of the extravascular defibrillator with substernal lead placement: A new Frontier for device‐based treatment of sudden cardiac arrest
Authors: Thompson Amy E. , Atwater Brett , Boersma Lucas , Crozier Ian , Engel Gregory , Friedman Paul , Rod Gimbel J. , Knight Bradley P. , Manlucu Jaimie , Murgatroyd Francis , O'Donnell David , Kuschyk Juergen , DeGroot Paul 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe extravascular implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (EV ICD) system with substernal lead placement is a novel nontransvenous alternative to current commercially available ICD systems. The EV ICD provides defibrillation and pacing therapies without the potential long‐term complications of endovascular lead placement but requires a new procedure for implantation with a safety profile under evaluation.MethodsThis paper summarizes the development of the EV ICD, including the preclinical and clinical evaluations that have contributed to the system and procedural refinements to date.ResultsExtensive preclinical research evaluations and four human clinical studies with >140 combined acute and chronic implants have enabled the development and refinement of the EV ICD system, currently in worldwide pivotal study.ConclusionThe EV ICD may represent a clinically valuable solution in protecting patients from sudden cardiac death while avoiding the long‐term consequences of transvenous hardware. The EV ICD offers advantages over transvenous and subcutaneous systems by avoiding placement in the heart and vasculature; relative to subcutaneous systems, EV ICD requires less energy for defibrillation, enabling a smaller device, and provides pacing features such as antitachycardia and asystole pacing in a single system.
Prognostic significance of gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase to albumin ratio in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma after hepatectomy
Authors: Li Hui , Liu Rongqiang , Li Jiawang , Li Jiaxin , Wu Hong , Wang Genshu , Li Zhenhua , Li Dewei 
Published: April 2022

AbstractInflammation has been reported to play an important role in tumour progression and prognosis. In this study, we evaluated the prognostic significance of γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) to albumin ratio (GAR) in patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) after hepatectomy. We retrospectively analysed 650 ICC patients underwent hepatectomy at three Chinese medical centres between January 2009 and September 2017. Patients were classified into derivation cohort (n = 509) and validation cohort (n = 141). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the optimal cut‐off value for GAR. Survival curve and cox regression analysis were applied to assess the prognostic power of GAR. The prognostic accuracy of GAR was compared with other variables by ROC curve. The optimal cut‐off value for GAR was 1.3655. Preoperative high GAR was closely related to tumour number, lymph node invasion and GGT. The survival curve of derivation and validation cohorts showed that patients in the high GAR group had significantly shorter overall survival (OS) and disease‐free survival (DFS) than patients in the low GAR group. Multivariate analysis in the derivation cohort confirmed that GAR was an independent prognostic factor for survival outcomes. Moreover, the ROC curve revealed that GAR had better predictive accuracy than other variables. High GAR predicted poor OS and DFS in ICC patients after hepatectomy. GAR may be a novel, simple and effective prognostic marker for ICC patients.
Score Comparability between Online Proctored and In‐Person Credentialing Exams
Authors: Jones Paul , Tong Ye , Liu Jinghua , Borglum Joshua , Primoli Vince 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis article studied two methods to detect mode effects in two credentialing exams. In Study 1, we used a “modal scale comparison approach,” where the same pool of items was calibrated separately, without transformation, within two TC cohorts (TC1 and TC2) and one OP cohort (OP1) matched on their pool‐based scale score distributions. The calibrations from all three groups were used to score the TC2 cohort, designated the validation sample. The TC1 item parameters and TC1‐based thetas and pass rates were more like the native TC2 values than the OP1‐based values, indicating mode effects, but the score and pass/fail decision differences were small. In Study 2, we used a “cross‐modal repeater approach” in which test takers who failed their first attempt in one modality took the test again in either the same or different modality. The two pairs of repeater groups (TC → TC: TC → OP, and OP → OP: OP → TC) were matched exactly on their first attempt scores. Results showed increased pass rate and greater score variability in all conditions involving OP, with mode effects noticeable in both the TC → OP condition and less‐strongly in the OP → TC condition. Limitations of the study and implications for exam developers were discussed.
Large and expensive brain comes with a short lifespan: The relationship between brain size and longevity among fish taxa
Authors: Stark Gavin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractVertebrates show substantial interspecific variation in brain size in relation to body mass. It has long been recognized that the evolution of large brains is associated with both costs and benefits, and it is their net benefit which should be favoured by natural selection. On one hand, the substantial energetic cost imposed by the maintenance of neural tissue is expected to compromise the energetic budget of organisms with large brains and their investment in other critical organs (expensive brain framework, EBF) or important physiological process, such as somatic maintenance and repair, thus accelerating ageing that shortens lifespan, as predicted by the disposable soma theory (DST). However, selection towards larger brain size can provide cognitive benefits (e.g., high behavioural flexibility) that may mitigate extrinsic mortality pressures, and thus may indirectly select for slower ageing that prolongs lifespan, as predicted by the cognitive buffer hypothesis (CBH). The relationship between longevity and brain size has been investigated to date only among terrestrial vertebrates, although the same selective forces acting on those species may also affect vertebrates living in aquatic habitats, such as fish. Thus, whether this evolutionary trade‐off for brain size and longevity exists on a large scale among fish clades remains to be addressed. In this study, using a global dataset of 407 fish species, I undertook the first phylogenetic test of the brain size/longevity relationship in aquatic vertebrate species. The study revealed a negative relationship between brain size and longevity among cartilaginous fish confirming EBF and DST. However, no pattern emerged among bony fish species. Among sharks and rays, the high metabolic cost of producing neural tissue transcends the cognitive benefits of evolving a larger brain. Consequently, my findings suggest that the cost of maintaining brain tissue is relatively higher in ectothermic species than in endothermic ones.
Feasibility of endoscopic submucosal dissection for cecal tumors involving the ileocecal valve or appendiceal orifice
Authors: Hotta Kinichi , Osera Shozo , Shinoki Kei , Imai Kenichiro , Ito Sayo , Yamaguchi Yuichiro , Kishida Yoshihiro , Takada Kazunori , Ono Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackground and AimEndoscopic resection of the ileocecal valve lesions (ICVL) and peri‐appendiceal orifice lesions (PAOL), is challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for ICVLs and PAOLs compared with other cecal lesions (OCEL).MethodsThis was a multicenter, retrospective cohort study conducted at a cancer center hospital and two community hospitals. Non‐pedunculated cecal lesions that were intended to be treated by ESD followed by at least one surveillance colonoscopy were included. The main outcome was curative resection defined as en‐bloc resection and R0 resection without risk factors of metastases. The secondary outcome was co lon preservation.ResultsA total of 206 patients with 206 cecal lesions, including 37 ICVL, 27 PAOL, and 142 OCEL, who were to be treated with ESD were included in this study. Curative resection rates were 75.7% for ICVL, 70.4% for PAOL, and 77.5% for OCEL (P = 0.67). In the multivariate analysis of predictors of curative resection, tumor size (<40 mm) (odds ratio [OR] 2.40; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.14–5.04; P = 0.02) and a negative non‐lifting sign (OR 6.12; 95% CI, 2.55–14.60; P < 0.01) were significant. Colon preservation was achieved for 91.9% of the ICVL, 92.6% of the PAOL, and 90.8% of the OCEL (P = 0.947).ConclusionsBased on curative resection and colon preservation rates, ESD was found to be feasible for ICVL and PAOL. Large tumor size (≥ 40 mm) and positive non‐lifting signs were significant factors for non‐curative resection.
Development, characterization, and clinical investigation of Spinacia oleracea‐based ultra‐high pressure homogenized emulsion system for facial physiological parameters
Authors: Saleem Ayesha , Jamil Qazi Adnan , Khan Haji Muhammad Shoaib , Ijaz Shakeel 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundSpinacia oleracea (SO) exhibits radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibition activity indicating potential as a depigmenting agent.AimsTo develop and characterize a stable emulsified system containing SO extract through ultra‐high pressure homogenization, evaluate skin permeability, and enumerate in vivo performance in terms of melanin index, skin spots analysis, and related skin physiological parameters.MethodFree radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibition potential of SO extract was quantified through DPPH radical scavenging and mushroom tyrosinase inhibition assay, respectively. Six SO extract loaded ultra‐high pressure emulsified systems (UHSO) were developed using ultra‐high pressure homogenizer and assessed for size and polydispersity index (PDI). Among the prepared formulations, the optimized formulation (UHSO6) was subjected to 90 days stability studies performed at 8°C, 25°C, 40°C, and 40°C+75% RH (relative humidity) for organoleptic features, pH, and rheology. Ex vivo skin permeability studies were performed on abdominal skin from male albino rat. Changes in skin physiological parameters were evaluated in healthy female volunteers (n = 13) for 12 weeks utilizing mexameter®, corneometer®, and sebumeter®. Skin spots were analyzed through computerized analysis of high‐resolution images by visioFace®.ResultsSO extract exhibited promising antioxidant (88±0.0096%) and tyrosinase inhibition potential (90.6 ± 0.0015 mg of Kojic Acid Eq/g of extract). Optimized UHSO was found to be stable with respect to stability evaluation, globule size (1110 nm), zeta potential (−27.6), and PDI (0.34). Ex vivo skin permeation of UHSO was significantly higher than SO loaded coarse emulsion. Moreover, the formulation showed a significant decrease in skin melanin, spot count, and spot % area, whereas skin hydration index was improved significantly.ConclusionStable SO extract loaded emulsion system was successfully developed by a novel, cost‐effective technique of ultra‐high pressure homogenization which showed improved performance in terms of skin permeation and other skin physiological parameters.
Advanced practice and clinical supervision: An exploration of perceived facilitators and barriers in practice
Authors: Lee Geraldine A. , Baker Edward E. , Stewart Carolyne , Raleigh Mary 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAim and ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate current advanced practice Masters students’ experience of clinical supervision, to explore how clinical supervision works in practice and to identify students’ perceptions of the facilitators and barriers to clinical supervision in their workplace.BackgroundAdvanced practitioners, and in particular nurses, play a pivotal role in delivering health care across acute and primary care settings. These non‐medical professionals fulfil a rapidly expanding proportion of roles traditionally undertaken by medically qualified staff within the National Health Service in the United Kingdom and often lead specialist clinics and services. To prepare for the advanced practice role, individuals are required to undertake a Master's in advanced practice to develop the required skills and knowledge and work in clinical practice with a clinical assessor/supervisor to demonstrate competence and performance.DesignA mixed method study using an online descriptive cross‐sectional survey and qualitative data were collected via focus groups and has been reported using the Good Reporting of a Mixed Methods Study checklist.ResultsA total of 79 students completed the online survey (from 145 AP students), a response rate of 55%. Most respondents were nurses (n = 73) with 49 (62%) in a formal advanced practice trainee role, and the majority believed their clinical supervisor had a good understanding of advanced practice and the advanced practice role. Two focus groups were held with 16 participants in total. Thematic analysis revealed five themes: (a) perceived level and amount of support from clinical supervisors, (b) skill level of clinical supervisors, (c) physicians and their perceptions on supervising, Advanced practitioners (d) clinical supervisors’ preparation for the role and (e) transition from trainee to qualified advanced practitioner.ConclusionThe survey revealed that advanced practitioner students perceived that clinical supervisors and workplace colleagues had a good understanding of the advanced practice role with good levels of support in practice. A more coherent approach is required for clinical supervision and an implementation framework that can be formally evaluated.Relevance to clinical practiceSeveral significant barriers to clinical supervision for advanced practitioner students were identified, and there are currently more barriers (including COVID‐19) than facilitators.
Labour market institutions and immigration policy attitudes: The moderated impact of economic vulnerability
Authors: Kayran Elif Naz 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPolitical debates about immigration provoke strong nationalistic pushback from citizens, constraining the policymaking capacity of states. This paper investigates to what extent labour market policies shape economically motivated preferential divides among European citizens. On the one hand, I concentrate on prospective job loss threats indicative of economic grievances and assess the impact of unemployment risk exposure on immigration policy attitudes. On the other hand, as the original contribution of the paper, I contend that, if such an economically motivated explanation holds, this relationship should vary based on the labour market institutions in each country. Multi‐level analyses of 16 European countries over a decade since 2002 reveal a remarkably robust relationship between unemployment risks and more restrictive immigration policy attitudes. Importantly, more protective employment regulations seem to have a dampening effect on the impact of job loss threats on immigration policy attitudes. Conversely, there are larger attitudinal divides between the risk‐exposed and the more secure workers in countries with generous and expansive unemployment compensation policies. Overall, the paper helps explain the cross‐national variation in economically motivated cleavages about immigration policy attitudes in Europe.
Leaf relative uptake of carbonyl sulfide to CO2 seen through the lens of stomatal conductance–photosynthesis coupling
Authors: Sun Wu , Berry Joseph A. , Yakir Dan , Seibt Ulli 
Published: April 2022

Summary

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) has emerged as a multi‐scale tracer for terrestrial photosynthesis. To infer ecosystem‐scale photosynthesis from COS fluxes often requires knowledge of leaf relative uptake (LRU), the concentration‐normalized ratio between leaf COS uptake and photosynthesis. However, current mechanistic understanding of LRU variability remains inadequate for deriving robust COS‐based estimates of photosynthesis.

We derive a set of closed‐form equations to describe LRU responses to light, humidity and CO2 based on the Ball–Berry stomatal conductance model and the biochemical model of photosynthesis. This framework reproduces observed LRU responses: decreasing LRU with increasing light or decreasing humidity; it also predicts that LRU increases with ambient CO2.

By fitting the LRU equations to flux measurements on a C3 reed (Typha latifolia), we obtain physiological parameters that control LRU variability, including an estimate of the Ball–Berry slope of 7.1 without using transpiration measurements. Sensitivity tests reveal that LRU is more sensitive to photosynthetic capacity than to the Ball–Berry slope, indicating stomatal response to photosynthesis.

This study presents a simple framework for interpreting observed LRU variability and upscaling LRU. The stoma‐regulated LRU response to CO2 suggests that COS may offer a unique window into long‐term stomatal acclimation to elevated CO2.
A novel smartphone‐based intervention targeting sleep difficulties in individuals experiencing psychosis: A feasibility and acceptability evaluation
Authors: Taylor Kathryn M. , Bradley Jonathan , Cella Matteo 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectivesCognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) is an effective psychological intervention for sleep difficulties and has been used successfully in individuals with psychosis. However, access is restricted due to lack of resources and staff training. Delivering CBT for sleep problems using smartphone technology may facilitate wider access. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability and potential usefulness of a guided, smartphone‐based CBT intervention targeting sleep disturbance for individuals with psychosis.DesignParticipants with psychosis spectrum diagnoses were recruited to a single‐arm, uncontrolled study and engaged with the seven‐module programme via smartphone app for six weeks with therapist support.MethodFeasibility was assessed by rates of referral, recruitment and completion. Acceptability was assessed by app usage, a satisfaction questionnaire and qualitative analysis of participants’ semi‐structured interview. Pre‐ and post‐intervention assessment of sleep, psychotic experiences, mood, well‐being and functioning was conducted. Mean change confidence intervals were calculated and reported as an indication of usefulness.ResultsFourteen individuals consented to participation, and eleven completed the post‐intervention assessment. On average, each participant engaged with 5.6 of 7 available modules. Qualitative feedback indicated the intervention was considered helpful and would be recommended to others. Suggested improvements to app design were provided by participants. Potential treatment benefits were observed for sleep difficulties, and all outcomes considered, except frequency of hallucinatory experiences.ConclusionsIt is feasible and acceptable to deliver therapist‐guided CBT for sleep problems by smartphone app for individuals with psychosis. This method provides a low‐intensity, accessible intervention, which could be offered more routinely. Further research to determine treatment efficacy is warranted.
JULGI‐mediated increment in phloem transport capacity relates to fruit yield in tomato
Authors: Nam Hoyoung , Gupta Aarti , Nam Heejae , Lee Seungchul , Cho Hyun Seob , Park Chanyoung , Park Soyoung , Park Soon Ju , Hwang Ildoo 
Published: April 2022

SummaryThe continuous growth of the global population and the increase in the amount of arid land has severely constrained agricultural crop production. To solve this problem, many researchers have attempted to increase productivity through the efficient distribution of energy; however, the direct relationship between the plant vasculature, specifically phloem development, and crop yield is not well established. Here, we demonstrate that an optimum increase in phloem‐transportation capacity by reducing SIJUL expression leads to improved sink strength in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). SIJUL, a negative regulator of phloem development, suppresses the translation of a positive regulator of phloem development, SlSMXL5. The suppression of SlJUL increases the number of phloem cells and sucrose transport, but only an optimal reduction of SlJUL function greatly enhances sink strength in tomato, improving fruit setting, and yield contents by 37% and 60%, respectively. We show that the increment in phloem cell number confers spare transport capacity. Our results suggest that the control of phloem‐transport capacity within the threshold could enhance the commitment of photosynthates to instigate yield improvement.
Understanding Chinese nationalism: Does location matter?
Authors: Harmel Robert , Shen Chen , Yeh Yao‐Yuan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this research is to explore whether the location of a citizen's residence is an important source of explanation for nationalistic attitudes in China.MethodsUsing data from a nationwide representative survey of Chinese adults and a multidimensional approach to nationalism, analyses include bivariate correlation and multiple regression.ResultsSignificant support is found for 12 of 16 hypotheses linking “location variables” to specific types of nationalistic attitudes, even when modeling with a substantial set of controls. The hypothesis‐supporting evidence touches on three of the four dimensions of nationalism covered here.ConclusionIn regard to the development of nationalistic attitudes in China, location matters.
A lineage‐specific arginine in POS1 is required for fruit size control in Physaleae (Solanaceae) via gene co‐option
Authors: Wang Li , Liu Xueyang , Li Qiaoru , Xu Nan , He Chaoying 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARYSolanaceae have important economic value mainly due to their edible fruits. Physalis organ size 1/cytokinin response factor 3 (POS1/CRF3), a unique gene in Solanaceae, is involved in fruit size variation in Physalis but not in Solanum. However, the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we found that POS1/CRF3 was likely created via the fusion of CRF7 and CRF8 duplicates. Multiple genetic manipulations revealed that only POS1 and Capsicum POS1 (CaPOS1) functioned in fruit size control via the positive regulation of cell expansion. Comparative studies in a phylogenetic framework showed the directional enhancement of POS1‐like expression in the flowers and fruits of Physaleae and the specific gain of certain interacting proteins associated with cell expansion by POS1 and CaPOS1. A lineage‐specific single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) caused the 68th amino acid histidine in the POS1 orthologs of non‐Physaleae (Nicotiana and Solanum) to change to arginine in Physaleae (Physalis and Capsicum). Substituting the arginine in Physaleae POS1‐like by histidine completely abolished their function in the fruits and the protein–protein interaction (PPI) with calreticulin‐3. Transcriptomic comparison revealed the potential downstream pathways of POS1, including the brassinosteroid biosynthesis pathway. However, POS1‐like may have functioned ancestrally in abiotic stress within Solanaceae. Our work demonstrated that heterometric expression and a SNP caused a single amino acid change to establish new PPIs, which contributed to the co‐option of POS1 in multiple regulatory pathways to regulate cell expansion and thus fruit size in Physaleae. These results provide new insights into fruit morphological evolution and fruit yield control.