bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the grammar of othering and antagonism as enacted in terrorist discourse: verbal aggression in service of radicalisation
Authors: Etaywe Awni 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe social, discursive practice of othering in violent extremist discourse serves to present outgroups as distant yet real threats to the ideological and physical territories of an ingroup which a terrorist claims to represent. However, the role of grammatical choices (namely, non/transactive construction, voice, and mood) in enacting the othering act within the context of radicalisation to terrorism remains to be empirically verified. This paper explores the patterning and pragmatic functions—namely in framing situations, coercing into violence, and legitimising hostile actions against Others—of the syntactic structure of the othering utterances. The othering utterances, as realized in a set of eight public statements produced by former al-Qaeda leader, Osama bin Laden, were sorted manually and analysed qualitatively to help understand and showcase how grammar was strategically leveraged in the process of radicalisation. Results show that the act of othering in the dataset operates within the victimization and injustice frameworks to morally sanction antagonism and aggression via: (i) overt othering, where transactive construction, only declarative mood and active voice are used, and (ii) covert othering, in which nontransactive construction, any mood type, and passive voice are utilized. Overt othering foregrounds, through assertions and statements of presumed facts, the negative agentive role of Others and the diagnostic framing of the causal relationships between Others and negative experiences. Covert othering backgrounds this agentive role to place prominence on immoral actions and to serve in the motivational function of framing. The grammatical patterns provide evidence of the strategic character of OBL’s verbal aggression and how different mood types tend to construct the directive, illocutionary point of the utterances and to enact prognostic framing. The analytical strategy aids in threat assessment and preventing radicalisation by sensitizing assessors to, first, the kind of semiotic clues to engagement in the social and discursive process of radicalisation where utterances count as calls for action and activators of a reality of deontology, and, second, to the social functioning of terrorist texts in: (i) promoting putative readers’ awareness of particular outgroups, and (ii) ideological positioning and encouraging and legitimating violence that is liberty, loyalty and care metavalues-based.
An off-the-grid approach to multi-compartment magnetic resonance fingerprinting
Authors: Golbabaee Mohammad , Poon Clarice 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We propose a novel numerical approach to separate multiple tissue compartments in image voxels and to estimate quantitatively their nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) properties and mixture fractions, given magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) measurements. The number of tissues, their types or quantitative properties are not a-priori known, but the image is assumed to be composed of sparse compartments with linearly mixed Bloch magnetisation responses within voxels. Fine-grid discretisation of the multi-dimensional NMR properties creates large and highly coherent MRF dictionaries that can challenge scalability and precision of the numerical methods for (discrete) sparse approximation. To overcome these issues, we propose an off-the-grid approach equipped with an extended notion of the sparse group Lasso regularisation for sparse approximation using continuous (non-discretised) Bloch response models. Furthermore, the nonlinear and non-analytical Bloch responses are approximated by a neural network, enabling efficient back-propagation of the gradients through the proposed algorithm. Through numerical experiments on simulated and in vivo healthy brain MRF data, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme compared to baseline multi-compartment MRF methods.
Simultaneous determination of different class of parameters for a diffusion equation from a single measurement
Authors: Kian Yavar 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article is devoted to the simultaneous resolution of several inverse problems, among the most important formulation of inverse problems for partial differential equations, stated for some class of diffusion equations from a single boundary measurement. Namely, we consider the simultaneous unique determination of several class of coefficients, some internal sources (a source term and an initial condition) and the fractional order in a diffusion equation from a single boundary measurement. Our problem can be formulated as the simultaneous determination of information about a diffusion process (velocity field, density of the medium) and of the source of diffusion. We consider this problems in the context of a classical diffusion process described by a convection–diffusion equation as well as an anomalous diffusion phenomena described by a time fractional diffusion equation.
Varactor-graphene-based multi-reconfigurable triplet filter with independent tuning of frequency and amplitude
Authors: Chen Jianzhong , Hou Rui , Zhao Yu-Tong , Li Liang , Su Tao 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a multi-reconfigurable filter which consists of three identical varactor-graphene-loaded coaxial substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) resonators is presented. The center frequency and transmission amplitude of the proposed filter is independently reconfigurable by means of electrically controlling the values of the varactor capacitance and the graphene resistance, respectively. Tuners and their bias circuits are mounted on the surfaces of the SIW resonator to adjust the tuning of resonant frequency and unloaded quality factor, which enable to realize the frequency and amplitude of the presented multi-reconfigurable filter. In addition, the proposed filter applies a cascaded triplet topology to generate a transmission zero at the upper side in order to enhance skirt selectivity and out-of-band rejection. The circular shape of the resonator provides great flexibility and produces an additional compactness of the filter. The proposed multi-reconfigurable coaxial SIW filter is designed and fabricated, with high-Q varactors and graphene thin sheets as frequency and amplitude tuning elements, respectively, exhibiting the following reconfigurable characteristics: (a) a wide tuning range of 0.58–1.01 GHz with a constant 1 dB fractional bandwidth of 2 ± 0.2%. (b) A continuous tuning range of amplitude at any center frequency in the achievable frequency band. For instance, the proposed filter can be tuned with an amplitude range of 3.02–19.8 dB by varying the value of the graphene sheet resistance at 1.01 GHz. (c) Free combination of the arbitrary center frequency and attenuation level. The proposed filter with tunable filtering and attenuating responses has widely potential in reconfigurable wireless communication systems and radar systems due to its high integration and versatility.
Photoinduced charge separation at Zn-Pd/TiO2 hybrids interface for enhanced electrochemical and photocatalytic activity
Authors: Bamola P , Rawat S , Pathak D K , Sharma M , Dwivedi C , Farsinezhad S , Kumar R , Sharma H 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
One dimensional nanostructures based hybrids have proven to be potent for photocatalytic applications. The hybrids having modified interface play a vigorous role in enrichment of photocatalytic activity by electronic interaction. Electronic interaction at interface occurs by the formation of electronic barriers (Ohmic/Schottky) that affects the transport of charge carriers and hence photocatalytic activity. The present work reports the switching of role play between Ohmic and Schottky barriers using different hybrids in order to have enhancement in photocatalytic activity. In order to form hybrids, metal nanoparticles (Pd and Zn) and bimetallic nanoparticles (ZnPd) are chosen to study the modification of interface by XPS and UPS. The analysis revealed that Pd and ZnPd crafted TiO2 nanorods (TiO2 NR) shows the formation of Schottky barrier with upward band bending at interface. Similarly, Zn crafted TiO2 NR shows the Ohmic barrier with downward band bending at interface. The band bending in hybrids is accredited to interfacial electronic interaction and charge separation at interface. The modified hybrids are studied for electrochemical analysis using cyclic voltammetry. It is analyzed that higher electrical conductivity is present in ZnPd/TiO2 NR, facilitates the transport of charge carriers. The improved charge separation at interface of ZnPd/TiO2 NR leads to enhanced photocatalytic activity in comparison to Pd/TiO2 NR and Zn/TiO2 NR.
Nanohybrids that consisit of p-type, nitrogen-doped ZnO and graphene nanostructures: synthesis, photophysical properties, and biosensing application
Authors: Chen Wei , Zheng Hui , Zheng Peng , Wu Zhangting , Wu Feimei , Liu Yan , Huo Dexuan , Zheng Liang , Zhang Yang 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
ZnO, a promising material for optoelectronic applications, has attracted considerable attention due to its wide and direct band gap and large exciton binding energy. To understand the applications of this material, fabrication of high quality p-type ZnO is a key step. However, a reliable p-type doping of this material remains a major challenge. In this study, we report p-type nitrogen-doped ZnO nanoparticle, grown in a nitrogen doped graphene layer matrix by a plasma heating process using a natural protein and zinc nitrate as the precursors. The structural characterizations are developed by several microscopic techniques including the field emission electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and micro-Raman analysis. In addition, the ultraviolet (UV)–visible absorption characteristics and photoluminescence properties of the samples are studied. Its p-type conduction behaviour is confirmed by the Hall effect measurement, which was ascribed to the high nitrogen dopant concentration in the Zn-poor ZnO, and the related mechanism for the p-type behaviour is also discussed. Moreover, the results of the glucose detection based on the strong green luminescence of glucose indicate that the nitrogen-doped ZnO nanodots/nitrogen-doped graphene layer nanohybrid is also a competitive candidate in the biosensing field.
Impurity temperatures measured via line shape analysis in the island scrape-off-layer of Wendelstein 7-X
Authors: Gradic D , Krychowiak M , König R , Henke F , Otte M , Perseo V , Pedersen T Sunn 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Impurity temperatures have been determined by a spectroscopic line shape analysis for several species in the divertor scrape-off-layer of the stellarator Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X). Examples include spectral lines from intrinsic elements (C II and C III, He I) as well as from seeded impurities (Ar II, N II) through the divertor gas inlet system. Both Doppler broadening and Zeeman splitting are found to contribute significantly to the impurity line shapes. Zeeman splitting arises due to the confining magnetic field in W7-X and complicates the line shape appearance. By attributing Doppler widths to each of the various Zeeman components, however, we demonstrate that reliable ion temperature values can be derived provided that the presence of the magnetic field is properly accounted for. The spectrally highly resolved lines are analyzed by means of a multi-parameter, least-squares fit routine, which accounts for Doppler broadening, Zeeman splitting, as well as the instrumental broadening of the spectrometer used to measure the spectral line shapes. By spectral fitting of the Zeeman features, it is also found that the line shape analysis can yield values for the local magnetic field, which can be used to localize the impurity radiation approximately provided that the line emission is dominant in a small area intersected by the lines of sight of the spectrometer.
Multiscale structures in three species magnetoplasmas with two positive ions
Authors: Ullah Shafa , Shazad Usman , Iqbal M 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The self-organization in a multi-ion plasma composed of electrons and two species of positively charged ions is investigated. It is shown that when canonical vorticities and velocities of all the plasma fluids are aligned, the magnetic field self-organizes to Quadruple Beltrami state (superposition of four Beltrami fields). The self-organized magnetic and velocity fields strongly depend on the relative strengths of the generalized vorticities, flows, inertia and densities of the plasma species. Thus, it is possible to generate a wide variety of multiscale magnetic field and flow structures. It is also shown that relaxed magnetic fields and velocities can vary on vastly different length scales simultaneously and are coupled together through singular perturbation generated by Hall effect. In this multi Beltrami self-organized states, then, the dynamo mechanism emerges naturally. The scale separation also suggests the heating of the plasma through a dissipative process. The work could be useful to study the dynamics and morphology of the multiscale magnetic field configurations in laboratory and astrophysical plasmas.
Dynamical spontaneous scalarization in Einstein-Maxwell-scalar theory *
Authors: Xiong Wei , Liu Peng , Niu Chao , Zhang Cheng-Yong , Wang Bin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We study the linear instability and nonlinear dynamical evolution of the Reissner-Nordström (RN) black hole in the Einstein-Maxwell-scalar theory in asymptotic flat spacetime. We focus on the coupling function

, which facilitates both scalar-free RN and scalarized black hole solutions. We first present the evolution of system parameters during dynamic scalarization. For parameter regions in which spontaneous scalarization occurs, we observe that the evolution of the scalar field at the horizon is dominated by the fundamental unstable mode from linear analysis at early times. At late times, the nonlinear evolution can be considered to be the perturbation of scalarized black holes.
Characterisation of the performance of p-type Si detectors for hard X-ray spectroscopy
Authors: Cline B.D. , Bullough M. , Richardson K. , Thorpe H. , Veale M.C. , Wilson M.D. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
High-density compound semiconductors with sufficiently-high photon attenuations, such as CdZnTe, are required for the detection of the high-energy X-rays (>20 keV), typical to applications of the HEXITEC ASIC. However, in low-energy applications (2–20 keV), the lower electron-hole-pair generation energy of Si offers the potential of improved spectroscopic resolution. Si-based pixelated X-ray sensors are typically based on n-type material where holes are the carrier that form the signal measured on the pixels. However, the incorporation of p-type dopants into the material enables these sensors to be operated effectively in electron readout. This is similar to CdZnTe sensors, where electrons are measured by the pixels. Critically, this allows a single electron-sensitive chip to be utilised for low- and high-energy measurements. Presented in this paper are the results of the spectroscopic characterisation of four p-type-Si sensors (two 300 μm and two 500 μm thick), manufactured by Micron Semiconductors Ltd., and flip-chip bonded to the HEXITEC ASIC. At 13.94 keV all tested devices displayed average FWHM of <540 eV and the average ASIC-limited FWHM of 489 ± 75 eV measured for a single 300 μm module represents the highest resolution measured with the HEXITEC ASIC. Results also show very low pixel-to-pixel variations in the measured FWHM demonstrating the excellent spatial uniformity of these devices, and a study into the temporal stability of a single detector over a ∼30 h period demonstrated negligible changes in spectroscopic performance.
Toward healthy and liveable cities: a new framework linking public health to urbanization
Authors: Ye Chao , Schröder Patrick , Yang Dongyang , Chen Mingxing , Cui Can , Zhuang Liang 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Urbanization and public health are becoming intertwined together with global natural and social changes. As recommended by the Tsinghua-Lancet Commission on Health Cities in China, cities hold the key to a healthy China. However, China is facing enormous health risks and challenges stemming from rapid and unhealthy urbanization patterns, which are still dominated by centralized planning for large-scale spatial extension and industrial production facilities. We propose a new conceptual framework to explain the evolving relationship between urbanization and public health, from a spatiotemporal perspective. Healthy China should be given a strong focus on healthy urbanization, wellbeing, and sustainable development. To achieve this objective, we explore the potentials of the concept and approaches of liveable cities to complement the deficiencies of the current centralized planning approach of urbanization. Furthermore, to make the concept of Healthy China operational for policy and urban planning, we propose a set of indicators that can be applied together with the spatiotemporal framework to assess the health and livability of cities.
Effect of generalized (r, q)-distributed electrons on ion polytropic coefficient in bounded plasmas
Authors: Shabbir Sobia , Khan Majid , Kamran M 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The generalized (r, q) velocity distribution function (VDF) is used to describe the quasineutral region of the basic bounded plasma as presented by Tonks and Langmuir. In this regard, the electrons are assumed to follow the (r, q) VDF, and the ions are assumed to be produced as a result of electron-impact ionization of cold neutrals. The plasma approximation is used to calculate the corresponding ion VDF, as well as the ion density, temperature and polytropic coefficient, as affected by the nonthermal indices r and q. The obtained results correspond to the Maxwellian counterparts in proper limits. The present work will be useful in fusion devices where non-Maxwellian electrons may exist due to various physical phenomena.
A many-body approach to transport in quantum systems: from the transient regime to the stationary state
Authors: Ridley M , Talarico N W , Karlsson D , Lo Gullo N , Tuovinen R 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We review one of the most versatile theoretical approaches to the study of time-dependent correlated quantum transport in nano-systems: the non-equilibrium Green’s function (NEGF) formalism. Within this formalism, one can treat, on the same footing, inter-particle interactions, external drives and/or perturbations, and coupling to baths with a (piece-wise) continuum set of degrees of freedom. After a historical overview on the theory of transport in quantum systems, we present a modern introduction of the NEGF approach to quantum transport. We discuss the inclusion of inter-particle interactions using diagrammatic techniques, and the use of the so-called embedding and inbedding techniques which take the bath couplings into account non-perturbatively. In various limits, such as the non-interacting limit and the steady-state limit, we then show how the NEGF formalism elegantly reduces to well-known formulae in quantum transport as special cases. We then discuss non-equilibrium transport in general, for both particle and energy currents. Under the presence of a time-dependent drive—encompassing pump–probe scenarios as well as driven quantum systems—we discuss the transient as well as asymptotic behavior, and also how to use NEGF to infer information on the out-of-equilibrium system. As illustrative examples, we consider model systems general enough to pave the way to realistic systems. These examples encompass one- and two-dimensional electronic systems, systems with electron–phonon couplings, topological superconductors, and optically responsive molecular junctions where electron–photon couplings are relevant.
On the singularity structure of a discrete modified-Korteweg–deVries equation
Authors: Grammaticos Basil , Tamizhmani Thamizharasi , Willox Ralph 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
We study the singularities of a modified lattice Korteweg–deVries (KdV) equation and show that it admits three families of singularities, with analogous properties to those found in the lattice KdV equation. The first family consists of localised singularities which can occupy an arbitrarily large domain but which are, nevertheless, always confined. The second family consists of one or more lines extending all the way from the South-West to the North-East on the plane, involving a single finite value that depends on the parameter that appears in the equation. We argue that the infinite extent of this singularity is not incompatible with the confinement property or with the integrability of the equation. The third family consists of horizontal strips in which the product of values on vertically adjacent lattice sites is equal to 1. In the case of the lattice KdV equation this type of singularity was dubbed ‘taishi’. The taishi for the modified lattice KdV equation can interact with singularities of the other two families, giving rise to very rich and quite intricate singularity structures. Nonetheless, these interactions can be described in a compact way through the formulation of a symbolic representation of the dynamics that is similar to, but in a sense, simpler than that for the KdV case. We give an interpretation of this symbolic representation in terms of a box & ball system related to the ultradiscrete modified KdV equation. These results show that taishi-type singularities are not limited to the lattice KdV equation, but might very well be a general feature of integrable lattice equations with deep connections to other facets of their integrability.
The need for multicomponent gas standards for breath biomarker analysis
Authors: Jeerage Kavita M , Berry Jennifer L , Murray Jacolin A , Goodman Cassie A , Piotrowski Paulina K , Jones Christina M , Cecelski Christina E , Carney Jennifer , Lippa Katrice A , Lovestead Tara M 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Exhaled breath is a non-invasive, information-rich matrix with the potential to diagnose or monitor disease, including infectious disease. Despite significant effort dedicated to biomarker identification in case control studies, very few breath tests are established in practice. In this topical review, we identify how gas standards support breath analysis today and what is needed to support further expansion and translation to practice. We examine forensic and clinical breath tests and discuss how confidence has been built through unambiguous biomarker identification and quantitation supported by gas calibration standards. Based on this discussion, we identify a need for multicomponent gas standards with part-per-trillion to part-per-million concentrations. We highlight National Institute of Standards and Technology gas standards developed for atmospheric measurements that are also relevant to breath analysis and describe investigations of long-term stability, chemical reactions, and interactions with gas cylinder wall treatments. An overview of emerging online instruments and their need for gas standards is also presented. This review concludes with a discussion of our ongoing research to examine the feasibility of producing multicomponent gas standards at breath-relevant concentrations. Such standards could be used to investigate interference from ubiquitous endogenous compounds and as a starting point for standards tailored to specific breath tests.