The dynamics of circulating SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Bogor and surrounding areas reflect variant shifting during the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Indonesia
Authors: Prasetyoputri Anggia , Dharmayanthi Anik B. , Iryanto Syam B. , Andriani Ade , Nuryana Isa , Wardiana Andri , Ridwanuloh Asep M. , Swasthikawati Sri , Hariyatun Hariyatun , Nugroho Herjuno A. , Idris Idris , Indriawati Indriawati , Noviana Zahra , Oktavia Listiana , Yuliawati Yuliawati , Masrukhin Masrukhin , Hasrianda Erwin F. , Sukmarini Linda , Fahrurrozi Fahrurrozi , Yanthi Nova Dilla , Fathurahman Alfi T. , Wulandari Ari S. , Setiawan Ruby , Rizal Syaiful , Fathoni Ahmad , Kusharyoto Wien , Lisdiyanti Puspita , Ningrum Ratih A. , Saputra Sugiyono 
Published: March 2022

Background
Indonesia is one of the Southeast Asian countries with high case numbers of COVID-19 with up to 4.2 million confirmed cases by 29 October 2021. Understanding the genome of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for delivering public health intervention as certain variants may have different attributes that can potentially affect their transmissibility, as well as the performance of diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics.

Objectives
We aimed to investigate the dynamics of circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants over a 15-month period in Bogor and its surrounding areas in correlation with the first and second wave of COVID-19 in Indonesia.

Methods
Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab samples collected from suspected patients from Bogor, Jakarta and Tangerang were confirmed for SARS-CoV-2 infection with RT-PCR. RNA samples of those confirmed patients were subjected to whole genome sequencing using the ARTIC Network protocol and sequencer platform from Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT).

Results
We successfully identified 16 lineages and six clades out of 202 samples (male n = 116, female n = 86). Genome analysis revealed that Indonesian lineage B.1.466.2 dominated during the first wave (n = 48, 23.8%) while Delta variants (AY.23, AY.24, AY.39, AY.42, AY.43 dan AY.79) were dominant during the second wave (n = 53, 26.2%) following the highest number of confirmed cases in Indonesia. In the spike protein gene, S_D614G and S_P681R changes were dominant in both B.1.466.2 and Delta variants, while N439K was only observed in B.1.466.2 (n = 44) and B.1.470 (n = 1). Additionally, the S_T19R, S_E156G, S_F157del, S_R158del, S_L452R, S_T478K, S_D950N and S_V1264L changes were only detected in Delta variants, consistent with those changes being characteristic of Delta variants in general.

Conclusions
We demonstrated a shift in SARS-CoV-2 variants from the first wave of COVID-19 to Delta variants in the second wave, during which the number of confirmed cases surpassed those in the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. Higher proportion of unique mutations detected in Delta variants compared to the first wave variants indicated potential mutational effects on viral transmissibility that correlated with a higher incidence of confirmed cases. Genomic surveillance of circulating variants, especially those with higher transmissibility, should be continuously conducted to rapidly inform decision making and support outbreak preparedness, prevention, and public health response.