bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Altshuler Daniel , Truswell Robert 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter lays out the scope of the book, describing the architectural issues around the syntax-discourse interface and motivating the study of coordination as a case study. Most grammatical architectures do not include a direct interface between syntax (as part of competence grammar) and discourse (which might appear to be more naturally construed as a performance phenomenon, related to language use). However, recent theories include discourse phenomena within the scope of semantics. This allows us to model the syntax-discourse interface as part of the syntax-semantics interface. Extraction from coordinate structures is an illuminating case study for considering this interface because it appears to be conditioned by both syntactic and discourse-semantic factors. This raises the question of the division of labor between these factors: who calls the shots?
Syntax calls the shots
Authors: Altshuler Daniel , Truswell Robert 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter surveys syntactic analyses of extraction from coordinate structures. We begin by outlining some desiderata for a syntactic account, and outline the challenge posed by the poor fit between the Coordinate Structure Constraint and other syntactic constraints on movement enumerated in recent work in the Chomskyan tradition. We distinguish three approaches to this challenge: some analyses (for example, those developed in Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar or Combinatory Categorial Grammar) reject central assumptions of Chomskyan locality theory; others (so-called ‘multiplanar’ analyses) derive the Coordinate Structure Constraint within the broad outline of Chomskyan locality theory by proposing a novel syntax of coordination which cannot be reduced to context-free phrase structure; and a final group of analyses (such as that of Munn 1993) reject the CSC as a syntactic constraint. The first two types of analyses are liable to undergenerate because they rule out asymmetric extraction patterns of the sort described in Chapter 3, while the final type of analysis is liable to overgenerate unless supplemented with nonsyntactic constraints of the sort to be discussed in Chapters 5 and 6.
Discourse structure, information structure, coordination, and extraction
Authors: Altshuler Daniel , Truswell Robert 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe propose that discourse relations indirectly condition extraction from coordinate structures, through the intermediary of topicality. We implement this proposal in Segmented Discourse Representation Theory (SDRT). Key components of the analysis are the SDRT distinction between coordinating and subordinating discourse relations; Txurruka’s claim that English ‘and’ signals a coordinating discourse relation; SDRT’s taxonomy of coordinating discourse relations in terms of their relationship to a discourse topic; von Fintel’s analysis of the relationship between sentence topic and discourse topic; a link between sentence topic and extraction from weak islands; Postal’s claim that adjuncts are weak islands; and Munn’s claim that noninitial conjuncts are adjuncts. These ideas, combined, lead to two main predictions: 1) only topical material may extract from noninitial conjuncts, while there is no such constraint on initial conjuncts; 2) only certain discourse relations allow extraction from noninitial conjuncts, because not every relation permits the required distribution of topical material.
The Notion of Heresy in Greek Literature in the Second and Third Centuries
Authors: Le Boulluec Alain 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book was born of an interest in debates about ‘gnosis’. The subject was inspired by certain analogies between the construction of heresy and the representation of madness described by Michel Foucault in Histoire de la folie à l’âge classique (Madness and Civilization). In different periods one can discern the decision to separate normal from abnormal, the suppression of the voice of the other, the constitution of rationality by means of exclusion. An examination of the ancient sources, on the other hand, confirmed the reversal in the pioneering work of Walter Bauer (1934). Contrary to the thesis canonized by Eusebius of Caesarea, at the beginning there was no doctrinal unanimity in a simple and pure church, but rather a manifest pluralism. Yet Bauer’s book ironically perpetuated the ‘orthodox’ essentialist view that the categories ‘heresy’ and ‘orthodoxy’ represent fixed entities. This investigation aims to demonstrate how the concept of heresy emerges in Justin Martyr, at a time when the very means to diminish conflicts were themselves diverse. This invention creates a concept capable of dominating every current suspected of endangering ecclesial harmony. This polemical tool transforms the tradition of Greek historiography of philosophical schools, by combining it with the apocalyptic theme of diabolical conspiracy. This model is refined by Irenaeus, then modified by Clement of Alexandria and Origen, who are closer to the philosophers. They do not reject everything that comes from ‘heretics’, even as they give pride of place to Greek philosophy. The analysis of the rhetorical processes of refutation also bears on the rules of biblical interpretation put in place to govern exegesis.
Introduction
Authors: Boulluec Alain Le 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two facts, pointing in complementary directions, have profoundly affected the progress of contemporary research in heresiology. One is the discovery in Upper Egypt of the Nag Hammadi library of gnostic writings. The other is the renewal of the problematization defined by Walter Bauer’s book, Rechtgläubigkeit und Ketzerei im ältesten Christentum, which appeared in 1934. Confining ourselves to the study of ‘heresiological representations’, we identify heresy as a contingent construct and we are in a better place to appreciate the historical circumstances of the appearance of this concept and its entirely relative status. Heresiological representations are tightly connected to the rules of exclusion which are the inevitable corollary of norms of belonging. They constitute an important part of the justification of ideological order which tends to reinforce the institutional functioning of processes of eviction and control of the compliance of Church members.
The Conflict of Interpretations
Authors: Boulluec Alain Le 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Scripture and its interpretation played a key role in the discourse about factions in the second century. Before Justin, Clement of Rome, the Epistle of Barnabas, and Ignatius of Antioch engage in agonistic scriptural interpretation, but Justin marks a new departure in anti-heretical deployment of scriptural interpretation. In answer to Justin’s arguments, Ptolemy’s Letter to Flora offers a sophisticated attempt to provide a hermeneutical rationale for a differentiated approach to scripture. Tatian and Theophilus of Antioch may also participate in anti-heretical exegetical debates, although the evidence is not always entirely clear. Irenaeus for his part is the first to insist with equal emphasis upon the polemical representation of heretical exegesis and the norms designed to fight methodically against opposing interpretations. The formal definition which he gives to the dispute serves as a model to his successors, by emphasizing the authority of a New Testament in progress.
Clement of Alexandria’s ‘Liberalism’ and Its Limits
Authors: Boulluec Alain Le 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Clement’s predilection for Greek philosophy plays an important role in his heresiology. He draws an analogy between heretical groups and Greek philosophical sects (αἱρέσεις). This comparison enables Clement to condemn heresies for their imperfection and presumption. At the same time, Clement defends rhetorical dialectic as a servant of truth and employs its tools to identify and refute heretical errors, whilst accusing heretics of being sophists and poor philosophers. Clement’s passion for philosophy also engenders his ‘liberalism’, tempering his critique with a recognition of the presence of truth even in heretical teaching. This liberalism, however, has its limits, and heresy’s categorization is simplified into the two great tendencies of licentiousness and asceticism, and united in a common classification as excessive, blasphemous, and foreign. Further, in highlighting heresy’s otherness, Clement inadvertently reveals its original family relation to Christianity.
Origenian Reflections
Authors: Boulluec Alain Le 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Origen is a witness to the power of the heresiological tradition that he inherits; at the same time, his intellectual vigour and originality shine through in places. The thesis of heresy’s necessity becomes a statement of its usefulness, just as what is distant highlights what is near, or what is dark reveals light. Heresy both belongs within Christianity and is simultaneously other than and excluded from it, and heresiology must oscillate between the twin poles of this paradox. In his context, Origen finds little use for the heresiological traditions regarding a succession of error stemming from Simon or philosophical schools, but instead develops a doctrinal classification of error. Heresy is incorporated within the definition of Christianity and thus obliterated as nothing more than an error to avoid. Yet there are glimpses of Origen’s perception of the dangerous potency of the label of ‘heresy’, in which he expresses a cautious hope for moderation.
Mastering the Revels
Authors: Dutton Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mastering the Revels traces the measures taken by the governments of Elizabeth I, James I, and Charles I to regulate the new phenomenon of fixed playhouses and resident playing companies in London, and to censor their plays. It focuses on the Masters of the Revels, whose primary function was to seek out theatrical entertainment for the court but whose role expanded to include oversight of the players and their playhouses. The book proceeds chronologically, tracking each of the Masters in the period—Edmund Tilney (served 1579–1610), Sir George Buc (1610–1622), Sir John Astley (1622–1623) and Sir Henry Herbert (1623–1642). Tilney was the first to receive a Special Commission, giving him wide-ranging powers over the players. When Buc first became involved is examined here in detail, as is the parallel history of the Children of the Queen’s Revels who, between 1604 and 1608, staged some of the most scandalous plays of the era. Astley succeeded Buc, but soon sold the office to Herbert, who then served to the closing of the theatres. Manuscripts of plays censored by Tilney, Buc, and Herbert have survived and are examined in detail to assess their concerns. Large parts of Herbert’s office-book have also survived, giving detailed insights into his professional life, including interactions with both the court and the players. It reveals the difficulties he faced negotiating recurrent popular pressure for war against Spain, resistance to Archbishop Laud’s reforms of the church, and Henrietta Maria’s problematic presence as a Catholic queen to Charles I.
Transition and Transgression
Authors: Dutton Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
James I takes all the leading companies under royal patronage. Tilney remains in post (overseeing the King’s, Prince’s and Queen’s Men, and Paul’s Boys), but the Children of the Queen’s Revels are given Samuel Daniel as their own licenser. That company stages the most scandalous run of plays of the whole period; Daniel sells out after a year. Speculation has suggested that Sir George Buc, who holds the reversion to succeed Tilney, may now have become involved in his licensing activities. This chapter argues that he eventually succeeded Daniel with the Queen’s Revels, but was not otherwise involved. He did, however, pick up the new role of licensing plays for the press. All these changes have been associated with a supposed relaxation in the censorship, but the chapter argues that any differences arise from the stability of the new regime and the promise of peaceful successions in the future.
Conclusions
Authors: Dutton Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Conclusions briefly review the major themes of the book, advancing the Epigraph (from Massinger’s lost The King and the Subject) as paradigmatic of the censorship enforced by the Masters of the Revels. It reflects on the use in plays of ‘licensed fools’, comparing them with Archie Armstrong, an actual such fool at the courts of James I and Charles I who was permitted a similar freedom to express what might normally be suppressed. Plays that might be thought subversive or irreverent were performed at court and apparently enjoyed by the royals who saw them. A Spanish ambassador suggested that his royal master was so incomparably superior to those of ‘low condition’ who normally wrote and performed stage plays that he was incapable of taking offence from them; this did not, however, prevent the ambassador from registering offence on his king’s behalf. Many of the best-recorded examples of plays being subjected to censorship either were or might be diplomatically sensitive. The English Civil War brought to an end the unique role of Masters of the Revels in the reigns of Elizabeth, James I and Charles I, superintending the ‘licensed fools’ who so ingeniously exploited the freedom allowed by their royal masters.
Conceptions of Logical Consequence
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDebates about logical consequence are typically motivated by the desire to capture ‘the intuitive concept of logical consequence’. The authors of One True Logic believe that there is a mistake here from the start. There is no single, well-behaved target for our precise definitions of logical consequence but rather a historical tangle of intuitions such as formality, necessity, and normativity. The chapter explores this history, and these features in particular, in order to get a clearer view of the target. A number of notable figures in the history of logic are considered: Philo, Bolzano, Quine, and especially Tarski, who receives extensive discussion.
Beyond the Finitary
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers bottom-up arguments for the L∞G∞S Hypothesis. It begins by tackling Quine’s influential concurrence argument that first-order logic’s privileged status comes from its axiomatizability before revealing the flaws in this argument. More positively, it argues for the L∞G∞S Hypothesis by considering the status of various generalized quantifiers. By considering arguments that witness the incompactness of consequence in natural language, the chapter proposes that the quantifier ‘there are infinitely many’ must be recognized as logical. This pushes us beyond first-order logic. How far beyond? By considering generalizations of the argument, and the goals of the applied logician, it is argued that this line of reasoning takes us to the L∞G∞S Hypothesis.
Towards the One True Logic
Authors: Griffiths Owen , Paseau A.C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIt has been shown so far that the top-down and bottom-up arguments converge on the L∞G∞S Hypothesis. It follows that the one true logic’s sort is maximally infinitary. In this chapter, a number of loose ends are tidied up. First, the issue of the one true logic’s type is considered. Second, the dependence of our account on a theory of models is discussed. Third, the mathematical consequences of the L∞G∞S Hypothesis are debated.
Self-Consciousness and Self-Division in Moral Psychology
Authors: Moran Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In moral psychology, the human capacity for self-consciousness is often seen as central to critical reflection and with that, to the difference between being simply moved to act and acting on reasons. In many representations of this capacity, however, self-consciousness is described as a form of self-division or self-multiplication. On Christine Korsgaard’s view, self-consciousness is the capacity to “distance oneself” from the part of oneself one is self-conscious of, and it is this space opened up that makes it possible to act on reasons affirmed by the agent as such. This paper raises some questions about the conception of self-consciousness as form of separation or self-division that is shared by both Korsgaard and some of her critics, and argues that we can abandon this picture while still retaining what is important in the first-person perspective of the practical agent.
What Makes Weak-Willed Action Weak?
Authors: Schapiro Tamar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Most accounts of weak-willed action characterize it as an error in deliberation. The agent acts on the weaker rather than the stronger reason, or the partial rather than the all-things-considered ought, or something along those lines. That might capture the idea that weak-willed action is bad or wrong—perhaps even bad or wrong, by the agent’s own lights. But in what sense is weak-willed action weak? Weakness and strength are notions that we define in relation to some sort of force or pressure. The weak-willed agent is one who gives in to this pressure. But what, in principle, could pressure a free will? This paper argues that the only thing that can pressure a free will is the burden of freedom itself. To act in a weak-willed way is to flee the burden of one’s freedom. Weakness of will is not a mistake within deliberation, but rather a flight from it.
Integrity, Truth, and Value
Authors: Svavarsdóttir Sigrún 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper argues that the virtue of integrity requires a cluster of mental dispositions that warrants the praise of being open-minded, thoughtful, and honest when figuring out what to believe and to what to commit (“the thoughtfulness condition on integrity”). Integrity is not only a matter of standing by one’s convictions and commitments in word and deed but also a matter of regulating these convictions and commitments in an open-minded, thoughtful, and honest manner. Insofar as there is a requirement that links integrity to truth and value, it is satisfied by meeting the thoughtfulness condition. The concern for truth and value distinctive of a person of integrity is an orientation toward truth and value that comes with dispositions to regulate one’s convictions and commitments in a thoughtful, open-minded, and honest manner. Alas, there is no guarantee that mental attitudes thus regulated succeed in fastening on truths and values.
Korsgaard on Responsibility
Authors: Scanlon T. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper is an examination of Christine Korsgaard’s view that responsibility should be understood in terms of something we do—holding a person responsible—rather than as an independent fact about a person. As background and contrast, the paper sets out and defends the view that questions about the conditions of moral responsibility are moral questions about the kind of facts about a person that can in principle have certain moral consequences, such as making moral reactive attitudes toward the person appropriate. It examines the idea, familiar from Strawson’s work, that the reasons for these reactive attitudes are grounded in our interpersonal relationships, and draws on this idea in interpreting Korsgaard’s view.
The dot product
Authors: Lukas Andre 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The dot product on real coordinate vectors is introduced and it is shown that it is a bi-linear, symmetric and positive operation. It is used to introduce the Euklidean length and the Cauchy-Schwarz and triangle inequalities are proved. The notions of orthogonality and of an angle between two vector is defined. Basic index notation and the Kronecker delta symbol is introduced.
EARTHRISE
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on changing human understanding of life on Earth. It traverses the exploration of the Moon, the extinction of Neanderthals, and the hegemony achieved by Homo sapiens. Through observations ranging from Stone Age cave art to the Colosseum’s blood-drenched spectacles, the chapter discusses how human relations to animals seem to have evolved, with increasingly pervasive exploitation of animals and plants for food, power, and pleasure. The chapter then charts how scientific ideas of life of life have developed in biology and geology, from the early ideas of Aristotle and Lucretius, through Buffon and Humboldt, to the development of modern ideas of the biosphere through Vladimir Vernadsky and James Lovelock. Life is recognized as the key ingredient of the complex, self-regulating planet we call Earth.
THE BITE IN YOUR HAMBURGER
Authors: Williams Mark , Zalasiewicz Jan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the livestock living on Earth through the phenomenon of fast-food chains and hamburgers across the world. Cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and other domesticated animals now far outweigh the Earth’s wild animals, while the many billions of chicken consumed by humans are by far the Earth’s most numerous bird. This unprecedented distortion of the Earth’s food web extends to the oceans, as overfishing has decimated fish populations, and aquaculture—with its own ecological costs—spreads rapidly across the world. The chapter ends by exploring means of relieving this intense ecological pressure, with potential solutions, ranging from eating less meat, to technological solutions for growing more food.
HOW DID WE GET HERE?
Authors: Martinho-Truswell Antone 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses how Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus’s system of taxonomy allowed the relationships between species that Charles Darwin discovered to be structured and described, and it is still used today, constantly modified and argued over as scientists gather better data about genetics, morphology, and history to reclassify and better describe organisms. Linnaeus’s initial reliance on how animals looked and behaved has given way to molecular taxonomy, which allows us to directly compare the DNA of living species to determine which ones are more closely related. The modern tree of the animal kingdom records the history of how animals grew from the first multicellular organisms into all the groups we know today. Biologists call this kind of tree a phylogeny, and it provides a visual representation of the relatedness of organisms. The chapter then looks at convergent evolution. Humans, and all primates, became more like birds with regard to our sleeping patterns and our senses through convergent evolution.
A LONG AND HAPPY LIFE
Authors: Martinho-Truswell Antone 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how humans and birds both have long lifespans. For mammals, size tends to roughly correlate with longevity, and humans stick out as the major exception in this otherwise clean trend. Birds, like humans, break the pattern that links size with longevity. This is because humans and birds have a killer adaptation which allowed humans to survive and thrive longer than other animals. For the birds, flight is the reason—the fundamental and defining feature that extends their lives. It is also the reason that, for birds, the very largest species are not, in fact, the longest lived. Ostriches cannot fly, and so do not get that extra boost of longevity, and are beaten by the flying swans and cockatoos. If flight is the birds’ secret weapon for longevity, ours are our brains. What our big brains and our intelligence share with flight is that they empower us to be flexible.