bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Study of Natural Gas Hydrate Formation Kinetics and Inhibition in Brine and Water
Authors: Sahari Moghaddam Farzan , Mahmoodi Maziyar , Sripal Edison , Abdi Majid A. , James Lesley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hydrates formed under high pressure and low-temperature pipeline conditions are a serious flow assurance challenge. Furthermore, there are uncertainties with respect to the performance of different hydrate inhibitors based on their type, hydrocarbon and brine compositions, and operating conditions. Considering the inhibiting effect of salt ions in the brine composition can benefit hydrate chemical management strategies by reducing the high quantities of inhibitors.
This study experimentally evaluates the performance of kinetic and thermodynamic inhibitors and investigates the growth of hydrate under subsea pipeline pressure and temperature conditions. The effect of hydrate inhibitors was studied through a novel isothermal approach using varied brine compositions. Few studies such as Kakati et al. (2015) have focused on the inhibiting effect of multivalent ionic brine composition. Our study considers several multivalent ionic salts in formation brine and seawater including NaCl concentrations of 9.7 wt% and 2.4 wt%, compared to previous isochoric and isothermal studies relying only on one salt type. The influence of high and low salinity levels, including multivalent ionic salts, were evaluated, as they have been shown to be able to reduce the quantity of inhibitors used in hydrate chemical management strategies. The results were benchmarked against experiments using de-ionized (DI) water to capture the individual effect of the inhibitors and brine in inhibiting hydrate formation. Growth detection was also captured through image analysis to improve the understanding of hydrate kinetics in water and brine. The experimental results were evaluated according to hydrate equilibrium curves simulated using Calsep PVTsim Nova.
A novel macro scale isothermal approach was applied in PVT Cell to investigate natural hydrate formation and growth in DI water and brine systems. The ability of i) a kinetic hydrate inhibitor (KHI) and ii) methanol as a thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor (THI) to inhibit hydrate formation was studied. A sudden drop in the pressure (indirect measurement) confirmed through visual observations (direct measurement) is applied to identify the hydrate formation point.
Nine isothermal hydrate tests were conducted, with and without inhibitors, in DI water and brine systems. Results indicate that the KHI was best able to inhibit hydrate formation. KHI inhibited hydrate formation for more than 20 hours in the presence of formation brine at 4.8°C and 97 bar (&gt;1400 psi). In the absence of an inhibitor, hydrate formation in water occurred during the pressurization step, at a pressure below 35 bar (500 psi). The hydrate mixture resulted in a sudden shift to darker colours upon formation, further grew, and agglomerated.
Disease burden caused by respiratory syncytial virus compared with influenza among adults: a retrospective cohort study from Eastern Finland in 2017–2018
Authors: Hämäläinen Aleksi , Savinainen Ellamaria , Hämäläinen Sari , Sivenius Katariina , Kauppinen Juha , Koivula Irma , Patovirta Riitta-Liisa 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most important causes of lower respiratory tract illnesses. In this study, we examined the number and severity of RSV infections among adult patients. The underlying diseases and background information of patients with RSV were examined and compared with the patients with influenza.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingPatients receiving tertiary care services in Kuopio University Hospital (KUH) district in Eastern Finland.Participants725 patients (152 with RSV infection and 573 with influenza) treated in KUH between November 2017 and May 2018.Primary and secondary outcome measuresHospitalisation and mortality.ResultsCompared with influenza, RSV caused a more serious disease in terms of hospitalisation (84.2% vs 66.0%, p<0.001), incidence of pneumonia (37.5% vs 23.2%, p<0.001), need for antibiotics (67.1% vs 47.3%, p<0.001) and supplemental oxygen (50.7% vs 31.2%, p<0.001). The all-cause mortality during hospitalisation and 30 days after discharge was higher among the RSV-infected patients (8.6% vs 3.5%, p=0.010). Solid malignancies (23.1% vs 5.0%, p=0.042) and chronic kidney disease (30.8% vs 5.8%, p=0.011) were more common among the RSV-infected non-survivors compared with survivors. RSV was an independent risk factor for hospitalisation (adjusted OR (aOR) 2.035; 95% CI 1.17 to 3.55) and mortality (aOR 2.288; 95% CI 1.09 to 4.81) compared with influenza.ConclusionsAmong all the screened patients, those with RSV infection were older and had more underlying conditions than patients with influenza. They had increased likelihood of hospitalisation and mortality when compared with influenza. Solid malignancies and chronic kidney disease seemed to be independent risk factors for death among RSV-infected patients. During RSV and influenza epidemics, it is important to test patients with respiratory symptoms for RSV and influenza to prevent the spread of the infections among elderly and chronically ill patients.
Protocol for mixed-method systematic review of urology in medical school education
Authors: Samaranayake Dhanika , Pattenden Trent , Morton Andrew , Thangasamy Isaac 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionThroughout clinical practice, most doctors will encounter patients with urological conditions. Inclusion of urological topics within medical school curriculums is important to allow doctors to effectively diagnose and manage these conditions, independently and with support from urologists. Awareness of urological education interventions and their effectiveness is essential for improving the quality and outcomes of medical student education. No systematic review of medical school education interventions on urological topics has previously been conducted. This mixed-method systematic review will assess the effectiveness of medical school education interventions on urological topics.Methods and analysisThis mixed-methods systematic review will include qualitative and quantitative studies involving education interventions or practices regarding urological topics conducted within a medical school curriculum. Studies regarding other curriculums including premedical education, junior doctor prevocational education or vocational urological training will be excluded. A search of CINAHL, ERIC, EMBASE, MEDLINE will be conducted for studies published since the year 2001. Dual independent screening of titles and abstracts prior to full text review will be undertaken for all identified results during the initial searches. Any disagreement will be settled by a third reviewer. A convergent segregated approach will be used to synthesise qualitative and quantitative data independently, with the results juxtaposed to identify shared and divergent findings between study types.Ethics and disseminationNo ethical approval was required for this review. Findings from this review will be disseminated via publication, reports and conference presentations.
Key items for reports of primary care research: an international Delphi study
Authors: Sturgiss Elizabeth Ann , Prathivadi Pallavi , Phillips William R , Moriarty Frank , Lucassen Peter L B J , van der Wouden Johannes C , Glasziou Paul , Olde Hartman Tim C , Orkin Aaron , Reeve Joanne , Russell Grant , van Weel Chris 
Published: December 2022

ObjectiveReporting guidelines can improve dissemination and application of findings and help avoid research waste. Recent studies reveal opportunities to improve primary care (PC) reporting. Despite increasing numbers of guidelines, none exists for PC research. This study aims to prioritise candidate reporting items to inform a reporting guideline for PC research.DesignDelphi study conducted by the Consensus Reporting Items for Studies in Primary Care (CRISP) Working Group.SettingInternational online survey.ParticipantsInterdisciplinary PC researchers and research users.Main outcome measuresWe drew potential reporting items from literature review and a series of international, interdisciplinary surveys. Using an anonymous, online survey, we asked participants to vote on and whether each candidate item should be included, required or recommended in a PC research reporting guideline. Items advanced to the next Delphi round if they received>50% votes to include. Analysis used descriptive statistics plus synthesis of free-text responses.Results98/116 respondents completed round 1 (84% response rate) and 89/98 completed round 2 (91%). Respondents included a variety of healthcare professions, research roles, levels of experience and all five world regions. Round 1 presented 29 potential items, and 25 moved into round 2 after rewording and combining items and adding 2 new items. A majority of round 2 respondents voted to include 23 items (90%–100% for 11 items, 80%–89% for 3 items, 70%–79% for 3 items, 60%–69% for 3 items and 50%–59% for 3 items).ConclusionOur Delphi study identified items to guide the reporting of PC research that has broad endorsement from the community of producers and users of PC research. We will now use these results to inform the final development of the CRISP guidance for reporting PC research.
Solutions of the Ortvay Rudolf International Competition in Physics: Phase-Transition in Collective Aggression (1991/22 Problem)
Authors: Ákos Gombkötő 
Published: December 2022

This paper is the third in a series of published solutions 1 , 2 discussing problems of the Ortvay Rudolf international competition. The problem treated below is an exercise in building a qualitative model for complex systems, applying statistical physics methods. Accounting for the simplifications, it is also possible to express corrections in the results due to otherwise neglected properties. The problem is appropriate for university students, especially for future physics teachers, as it helps to demonstrate the power of using physical reasoning in interdisciplinary fields.
No pé de uma árvore: o estudo das cosmopercepções africanas em Mia Couto
Authors: FERREIRA LUIS CARLOS 
Published: December 2022

: O texto pretende analisar as árvores como elemento simbólico ligado às cosmopercepções africanas do sagrado:tradições, ancestralidade e tempo, presentes na obra “A Varanda do Frangipani”, de Mia Couto. A abordagem na literatura africana, revela que as representações físicas da natureza nos aproximam do universo cosmológico do passado e do presente. Na primeira parte, apresentamos a força vital das árvores e o poder das culturas africano-moçambicanas. Na segunda, analisamos as cosmopercepções africanas e o que nos ensinam “as árvores” na obra coutiana. Arriscamos dizer que, ao atravessarmos muros e mundos pela palavra e imaginação, com corpos e almas inteiros, nos africanizamos!
A reescrita da memória imperial na poesia de Patrícia Lino
Authors: Rommel Leonardo von Pfeil 
Published: December 2022

Em O kit de sobrevivência do descobridor português no mundo anticolonial (2020), a poeta Patrícia Lino, através de uma série de poemas verbo-visuais, satiriza e promove uma reescrita da memória imperial portuguesa. O Kit poético de Patrícia Lino é composto por uma coleção/catálogo de pequenos objetos cotidianos, bibelôs, manuais e imagens ironicamente destinados a aplacar os sentimentos de saudade e nostalgia dos portugueses em relação ao seu passado histórico marcado pelas Grandes Navegações, pelo colonialismo e pelo Estado Novo. A poesia do Kit, enquanto discurso pós-colonial, revela as contradições e as faces obscuras do tempo imperial que foram herdadas e ainda assombram a sociedade portuguesa contemporânea.
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Cross‐Sectional Relationships of Proximal Aortic Stiffness and Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Adults in the Community
Authors: Spetko Nicholas , Rong Jian , Larson Martin G. , Haidar Michael , Raber Inbar , Peters Kevin , Benjamin Emelia J. , O'Donnell Christopher J. , Manning Warren J. , Vasan Ramachandran S. , Mitchell Gary F. , Tsao Connie W. 
Published: December 2022

Background
Stiffness of the proximal aorta may play a critical role in adverse left ventricular (LV)–vascular interactions and associated LV diastolic dysfunction. In a community‐based sample, we sought to determine the association between proximal aortic stiffness measured by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and several clinical measures of LV diastolic mechanics.

Methods and Results

Framingham Heart Study Offspring adults (n=1502 participants, mean 67±9 years, 54% women) with available 1.5T CMR and transthoracic echocardiographic measures were included. Measures included proximal descending aortic strain and aortic arch pulse wave velocity by CMR (2002–2006) and diastolic function (mitral Doppler E and A wave velocity, E wave area, and LV tissue Doppler e' velocity) by echocardiography (2005–2008). Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to relate CMR aortic stiffness measures to measures of echocardiographic LV diastolic function. All continuous variables were standardized. In multivariable‐adjusted regression analyses, aortic strain was inversely associated with E wave deceleration time (estimated β=−0.10±0.032,
P
=0.001), whereas aortic arch pulse wave velocity was inversely associated with E/A ratio (estimated β=−0.094±0.027,
P
=0.0006), E wave area (estimated β=−0.070±0.027,
P
=0.010), and e' (estimated β=−0.061±0.027,
P
=0.022), all indicating associations of higher aortic stiffness by CMR with less favorable LV diastolic function. Compared with men, women had a larger inverse relationship between pulse wave velocity and E/A ratio (interaction β=−0.085±0.031,
P
=0.0064). There was no significant effect modification by age or a U‐shaped (quadratic) relation between aortic stiffness and LV diastolic function measures.

Conclusions
Higher proximal aortic stiffness is associated with less favorable LV diastolic function. Future studies may clarify temporal relations of aortic stiffness with varying patterns and progression of LV diastolic dysfunction.
Imaging Cerebral Arteries Tortuosity and Velocities by Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound Is a Reliable Assessment of Brain Aneurysm in Mouse Models
Authors: Lebas Héloïse , Boutigny Alexandre , Maupu Clémence , Salfati Jonas , Orset Cyrille , Mazighi Mikael , Bonnin Philippe , Boulaftali Yacine 
Published: December 2022

Background
During the past few decades, several pathophysiological processes contributing to intracranial aneurysm (IA) rupture have been identified, including irregular IA shape, altered hemodynamic stress within the IA, and vessel wall inflammation. The use of preclinical models of IA and imaging tools is paramount to better understand the underlying disease mechanisms.

Methods
We used 2 established mouse models of IA, and we analyzed the progression of the IA by magnetic resonance imaging, transcranial Doppler, and histology.

Results
In both models of IA, we observed, by transcranial Doppler, a significant decrease of the blood velocities and wall shear stress of the internal carotid arteries. We also observed the formation of tortuous arteries in both models that were correlated with the presence of an aneurysm as confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging and histology. A high grade of tortuosity is associated with a significant decrease of the mean blood flow velocities and a greater artery dilation.

Conclusions
Transcranial Doppler is a robust and convenient imaging method to evaluate the progression of IA. Detection of decreased blood flow velocities and increased tortuosity can be used as reliable indicators of IA.
Copulations with a nestling by an adult care-giver in a kin-living bird
Authors: Canestrari Daniela , Trapote Eva , Vila Marta , Baglione Vittorio 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult sexual interest in dependent young, such as lactating pups or nestlings, has been reported in a few species, with copulations with related dependent young being, at best, extremely rare. Here we document two events of copulations on a nestling by an adult caregiver in a group of kin-living and cooperatively breeding carrion crows Corvus corone. Copulations, as well as other unusual rough actions toward the nestling, occurred within a short time-span characterized by intense conflict among adult group members, suggesting that stress could trigger such behaviours toward the brood.
The Award in Waste Management v Mexico (No 2) and Its Influence on the Minimum Standard of Treatment
Authors: Brown Chester 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Judge Crawford’s contributions to public international law were immense and covered a vast field, including State responsibility, international criminal law, State immunity, international legal personality, the law of the sea, and the protection of human rights. The focus of this essay is on Judge Crawford’s work in the field of international investment law, to which he made substantial contributions as a scholar, as an arbitrator, and as counsel, at a time when the field of international investment law was in a relatively embryonic stage of development. The contribution focusses in particular on the award of the tribunal constituted under Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement (‘NAFTA’) in Waste Management v Mexico (No 2) (‘Waste Management (No 2)’), in which Judge Crawford was appointed by the ICSID Secretary-General as the presiding arbitrator. The award contains an important dictum on the content of the minimum standard of treatment under Article 1105 of NAFTA, which has been highly persuasive within the NAFTA context, in other investment treaty claims, and in the subsequent treaty practice of States. The Waste Management (No 2) tribunal brought much-needed rigour to a field in which ad hoc tribunals were adopting broad interpretations of treaty obligations and imposing onerous obligations on States.
Reflections on Judge Crawford’s Contributions to the International Court of Justice
Authors: Cameron Rose , Sherman Julia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
James Crawford was sworn in as a Judge of the International Court of Justice on 6 February 2015. In his nearly seven years on the bench, Judge Crawford made a significant contribution to the jurisprudence, the procedures, and the working environment of the Court. First, Judge Crawford’s declarations and separate and dissenting opinions are discussed in this article, as these best illustrate his personal contributions to the Court’s jurisprudence. Second, Judge Crawford propounded procedural change at the Court long before he joined its bench and he was able to make good on some of these proposals after joining the Court, in particular as a member of the Court’s Rules Committee. Amendments to the Rules of Court and the Court’s Practice Directions made during his time of the bench are discussed in this article, as well as Judge Crawford’s questions to parties during oral proceedings. Finally, this article recognises Judge Crawford’s enormous contribution to the working environment of the Court. He had a lightness that lifted the mood in the otherwise solemn corridors of the International Court. He strived to keep his own and—where possible—other staff happy and motivated. Judge Crawford’s support for the staff union was invaluable. These are just some examples of why Judge Crawford should be remembered for his kind temperament, his patience, and his generosity in mentoring aspiring international practitioners and scholars, over and above his professional achievements.
A Race and Rage for Order: Judge James Crawford’s Legacy at the International Court of Justice
Authors: Neuhaus Matthew E.K. , Jolly Jarrod M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The objective of this article is to attempt to provide some response to what is a rather impossible question to answer: what is Judge James Crawford’s legacy at the International Court of Justice (ICJ)? In their attempt to distil an answer, the authors interviewed nine of Crawford’s judicial colleagues. These interviews built on desk-based research, particularly oral histories. What emerged were valuable insights into Crawford’s tangible contributions to the Court as a judge, even though his time on the bench was cut short and he was conflicted out of hearing many cases (having been so active as counsel before the Court in the preceding years). However, it also became clear that it was essential to assess Crawford’s legacy at the ICJ by considering a ‘broad view’ of his contribution to the Court, as well as his earlier career. In that regard, those interviewed consistently cited Crawford’s extraordinary stewardship and delivery in 2001 of the International Law Commission’s Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (‘ARSIWA’). The authors explore the influence on the Court of Crawford’s work on the ARSIWA, specifically Article 48 and the notion of ‘communitarian norms’. This serves to highlight just one example of how Crawford was in a ‘race’ and ‘rage for order’, on a journey to cement his vision for international law, including at the ICJ.
Predictors of Evacuation Rates during Hurricane Laura: Weather Forecasts, Twitter, and COVID-19
Authors: Brower Anna E. , Corpuz Bianca , Ramesh Balaji , Zaitchik Benjamin , Gohlke Julia M. , Swarup Samarth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Machine learning was applied to predict evacuation rates for all census tracts affected by Hurricane Laura. The evacuation ground truth was derived from cellular telephone–based mobility data. Twitter data, census data, geographical data, COVID-19 case rates, the social vulnerability index from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), and relevant weather and physical data were used to do the prediction. Random forests were found to perform well, with a mean absolute percent error of 4.9% on testing data. Feature importance for prediction was analyzed using Shapley additive explanations and it was found that previous evacuation, rainfall forecasts, COVID-19 case rates, and Twitter data rank highly in terms of importance. Social vulnerability indices were also found to show a very consistent relationship with evacuation rates, such that higher vulnerability consistently implies lower evacuation rates. These findings can help with hurricane evacuation preparedness and planning as well as real-time assessment.

Significance Statement
This study evaluates the usefulness of Twitter data, COVID-19 case rates, and the social vulnerability index from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry in predicting evacuation rates during Hurricane Laura, in the context of other relevant geographic, and weather-related variables. All three are found to be useful, to different extents, and this work suggests important directions for future research in understanding the reasons behind their relevance to predicting evacuation rates.