bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selected Aspects of the Implementation into Polish Law of the Amended Audiovisual Media Services Directive
Authors: Matlak Andrzej 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The changes in the audiovisual media services market that have taken place in recent years have resulted in quite intensive work in the European Union (starting in 2015) on the revision of certain directives concerning this economic area. One of the pieces of EU law that was decided to be updated was the Audiovisual Media Services Directive. This is because it was pointed out that since the last amendment of this directive, there had been a significant and rapid development of the audiovisual media services market due to the progressive convergence of television and internet services. The advancement of technology has allowed the emergence of new types of services and new ways of using them. In addition, it has been stressed that viewing habits have changed considerably, especially among younger viewers. New types of messaging, such as short forms of video and user-generated content, have grown in importance, and new entrants, including video-on-demand providers and video-sharing platform providers, have already established their position. This media convergence has called for an updated legal framework in the EU to take account of market developments and to strike a balance in access to content in online services, as well as to ensure consumer protection and competitiveness. Directive 2018/1808 was to be implemented by the EU Member States by 19 September 2020 but Poland did not meet this deadline; it was not until 11 August 2021 that the relevant amendments to the Broadcasting Act and the Cinematography Act were enacted. Most of its provisions came into force on 1 November 2021, while others entered into force on 1 January 2022. Considering the way in which most of the provisions of Directive 2018/1808 have been implemented into Polish law, one can defend the view that it was done rationally from the perspective of Polish media service providers. The liberalisation of quantitative advertising limits may contribute to raising more funds in the advertising market by broadcasters. It has been pointed out that leaving the existing regulations unchanged would place broadcasters under Polish jurisdiction in an unfavourable competitive position in relation to broadcasters of programmes available in Poland who are under the jurisdiction of other EU Member States. The intention to put providers of on-demand media services on an equal footing with providers of video-sharing platforms also seems reasonable, as the main objective of Directive 2018/1808 is to ensure proper competition between different categories of entities competing in the electronic media sector.
The Right of Communication to the Public of Works on the Internet in EU Law (Directive 2001/29 v. Directive 2019/790): Is There Any Definable Scope of This Right?
Authors: Markiewicz Michał 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article focuses on the controversy in defining the scope of the right of communication to the public of works provided in Article 3 InfoSoc, especially in the ‘creative’ interpretations made by the CJEU. Based on these considerations, I justify a position qualifying Article 17 DSM, as a provision performing a statutory ‘balancing act’ between the premises determining the scope of the right to communicate a work to the public in the case of online content-sharing service providers. In this view, Article 17 DSM does not modify the concept of making works available to the public, and the premises for the scope of the right from the DSM were already available for ‘interpretation’ based on Article 3 InfoSoc.
Controversies Around the Concept of “Official Material”
Authors: Grzybowski Marcin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Art. 4(2) of the Act of Copyright and Related Rights (1994) excludes the texts mentioned therein from the protection provided for in the copyright law. The legislator makes use of the reference to the regulation of national law contained in the Berne Convention. Of the exclusions listed in Art. 4(2) ‘official materials’ are the most undefined conceptual category. In many judgments the administrative courts have placed all written studies which did not have the characteristics of an ‘official document’ in the category of ‘official materials’. This concerns materials produced by public authorities and studies submitted at the request of an office by external entities. The author analyses judgments of administrative courts in which the concept of official material appeared and the qualifications to this category. He points to the jurisprudence according to which the official material is a text which a) comes from a public authority, b) relates to an official case, and c) was created as a result of an official procedure. This approach is opposed by the Supreme Court in their judgment of 2009 and the bulk of copyright doctrine. In the final part the author discusses the status of the expert studies and justifies his own terminology proposals.
The Right to Flat-Rate Compensation for an Employer’s Infringement of an Employee’s Economic Copyright
Authors: Kwiecień Sebastian , Witoszko Wioletta 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The issue of determining the amount of flat-rate compensation for an employer’s infringement of an employee’s copyright of their own work remains disputed, particularly in practice. It is a claim for payment of a sum of money corresponding to twice the remuneration that at the time of its investigation would have been due by way of consent to the use of the work by the rightholder. The article presents a problematic issue regarding the award of compensation to an employee who proves copyright infringement but who is not obliged to determine the type of damage or its extent, nor to prove the fault of the employer.
Termination of the Employment Relationship of a Researcher Because of Plagiarism
Authors: Stefański Krzysztof , Żywolewska Katarzyna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This article explains the concept of plagiarism and the legal regulations which result from the effects of plagiarism by a researcher. Compliance with copyright is undoubtedly a fundamental and extremely important duty of academics. The provisions of the Act on the Polish Academy of Sciences, on research institutes and on higher education and science are discussed. Depending on the basis for establishing the employment relationship and the unit in which the researcher is employed, the legislator has defined various effects in a situation where plagiarism is committed. If a researcher plagiarises, he or she may be disciplined, and the employment relationship may then be terminated. The analysis of the provisions and the relevant judgments of the courts show that the legislator has not clearly regulated these issues, hence the critical remarks and de lege ferenda conclusions.
Primary aldosteronism with mild autonomous cortisol secretion increases renal complication risk
Authors: Katabami Takuyuki , Matsuba Ren , Kobayashi Hiroki , Nakagawa Tomoko , Kurihara Isao , Ichijo Takamasa , Tsuiki Mika , Wada Norio , Ogawa Yoshihiro , Sone Masakatsu , Inagaki Nobuya , Yoshimoto Takanobu , Takahashi Katsutoshi , Yamamoto Koichi , Izawa Shoichiro , Kakutani Miki , Tanabe Akiyo , Naruse Mitsuhide , _ _ 
Published: April 2022

Objective
In primary aldosteronism (PA), renal impairment has been identified as an important comorbidity. Excess cortisol production also may lead to renal damage; thus, concomitant mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS) may predispose PA patients to renal disorders. However, there is limited evidence to support this claim. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether the concurrence of MACS and PA increases the risk of renal complications.

Design
This study is a retrospective cross-sectional study.

Methods
A total of 1310 patients with PA were stratified into two groups according to 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) results (cut-off post-DST serum cortisol 1.8 µg/dL): MACS (n = 340) and non-MACS (n = 970). The prevalence of renal complications was compared between the group. We also performed multiple logistic regression analysis to determine factors that increase the risk for renal complications.

Results
The prevalence of lowered estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and proteinuria was nearly twice higher in the MACS group than in the non-MACS group. Not only plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) but also the presence of MACS was selected as independent factors that were associated with the two renal outcomes. The risk of lower eGFR or proteinuria in patients who had MACS and higher levels PAC was several folds higher than in those who had an absence of MACS and lower levels of PAC.

Conclusions
MACS is an independent risk factor for renal complications in patients with PA, and MACS concomitant with higher aldosterone secretion in PA patients causes an increase in the risk of developing renal complications.
Sex Scandal and the Politics of David's Throne
Authors: Gilmour Rachelle 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This essay examines the literary and compositional inclusion of the story of David and Bathsheba in 2 Sam 11–12, in the stretch of narrative concerning David's court in 2 Samuel, particularly in light of current debates surrounding the so-called Succession Narrative. I argue that the sex-and-murder scandal of 2 Sam 11–12 functions within a Judahite ideology of kingship to legitimize and strengthen the power of the Davidic dynasty and was inserted in rejection of northern notions of a monarchy legitimized through popular support and agency. Drawing on the work of Hannah Arendt and recent studies on sex scandals in politics, I highlight three ways in which the insertion of the scandal in 2 Sam 11–12 is an effective way of transforming the monarchic ideology of 2 Sam 13–20 and casting the narrative favorably for the Davidic kings: the location of the transgression in an incontestable space, analogous to Arendt's notion of the private realm; the salaciousness of the narrative effecting enjoyment in the audience; and the distinction between scandal and corruption, where David's transgression is a single aberration, compared to the northern kingdom portrayed as systemically corrupt.
Isaiah 39 and the Motif of Human Trust in First Isaiah
Authors: Cunha Wilson de Angelo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A standard view suggests that Isa 39 occupies its present location in chapters 36–39 for ideological reasons, providing a link with exile presupposed in chapters 40–66. Without denying Isa 39's connection with Isa 40–66, I show that Isa 39 also belongs to the motif of human trust prevalent in First Isaiah by tracking the triad “silver, gold, and treasures” in chapters 2, 30–31, and 39. I further argue that chapter 39 was purposefully assigned its current literary location to round off First Isaiah's political critique of foreign alliances. As a necessary implication, Isa 39 does not present a pious Hezekiah. Instead, First Isaiah ends with a paradigmatic negative version of the Davidic dynasty, highlighting its failure to trust YHWH as the main reason for the reality of exile.
The Greek in Daniel 3: Code-Switching, Not Loanwords
Authors: Suchard Benjamin D. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The presence of words deriving from Greek κιθάρα (“cithara”), σαμβύκη (“sambuca”), ψαλτήριον (“psaltery”), and συμϕωνία (“symphonia”) in Dan 3 has long been taken as damning evidence against the traditional sixth-century BCE date of composition for the book of Daniel. For the past fifty years, however, scholars have increasingly argued that Greek loanwords could have occurred in sixth-century Aramaic. In this article, I challenge the underlying assumption that the Greek words in Dan 3 result from lexical borrowing. They are characterized by a lack of phonological and morphological integration. This suggests that they are not established loanwords but instances of code-switching: Greek linguistic material was inserted into an Aramaic framework by a multilingual author, writing for an audience that was similarly multilingual. As widespread proficiency in Greek is not known to have occurred in the Near East before the Macedonian conquests of the 330s, the identification of these words as code switches thus limits their use in Dan 3 to the Hellenistic period and strongly suggests that they were used for literary effect: together with the lack of Greek code-switching elsewhere in the chapter, they highlight the transience of worldly empires. The phonology of the Greek underlying these code-switches as revealed by the use of matres lectionis, moreover, points to a terminus post quem of ca. 200 BCE, later than the story collection of Dan 2–6 is usually held to have been put together.
Distres Psikologis Sebagai Prediktor Perilaku Beresiko Kesehatan pada Remaja yang Mengalami Kekerasan Di Bojonegoro
Authors: Anjani Dini Ajeng , Chusniyah Tutut , Shanti Pravissi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: The purpose of this research are to understand psychological distress a predictor of health risk behavior in adolescents who experience violence. The research uses descriptive and predictive design, with the subject 7 female adolecents and 43 boys experiencing violence in Bojonegoro. Instrument used in the form Health Risk Behavior Inventory and Kessler Psychological Distress Scale. The analysis of this research use simple linear regression analysis. The result of this research shows that most of the adolescents who experience violence (1) have a high psychological distress (2) have a high health risk behavior (3) psychological distress as a predictor of health risk behavior in adolescents who experience violence.
Keywords: psychological distress, health risk behavior, adolescents who experience violence.
Abstrak: Penelitian ini betujuan ini untuk mengetahui apakah distress psikologis merupakan prediktor perilaku beresiko kesehatan pada remaja yang mengalami kekerasan. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan deskriptif dan prediktif, dengan subjek 7 remaja perempuan dan 43 remaja laki laki yang mengalami kekerasan di Kabupaten Bojonegoro. Instrument yang digunakan adalah Health Risk Behavior Inventory dan Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10). Analisis data menggunakan regresi sederhana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar remaja yang mengalami kekerasan (1) memiliki tingkat distres psikologis tinggi (2) memiliki tngkat perilaku beresiko kesehata tinggi (3) distres psikologis merupakan prediktor perilaku beresiko kesehatan pada remaja yang mengalami kekerasan.
Kata kunci: distres psikologis, perilaku beresiko kesehatan, remaja yang mengalami kekerasan
Mekanisme Pertahanan Ego Anggota Punk dalam Menghadapi Prasangka Sosial
Authors: Alluza Izzul Jinan Isna , Hanurawan Fattah , Eva Nur 
Published: April 2022

Abstract: The method used in this study is qualitative research with phenomenological research types. Data collection tools in this study were interviews and open questionnaires. Type checking the validity of the data in this study using interpretative validation. Results of the research are the ego defense mechanisms used by research subjects in the face of social prejudice. There are 3 categories and 5 types of ego defense mechanisms. The third category is the primitive ego defense mechanism, less primitive ego defense mechanisms, and the mature ego defense mechanisms. In the category of primitive ego defense mechanisms, there is one kind of ego defense mechanism of the type of regression. While less primitive, there are two types of ego defense mechanisms, namely repression and displacement. And in the adult category there are two types of ego defense mechanisms, namely sublimation and assertiveness.
Keywords: ego defense mechanisms; social prejudice
Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui mekanisme pertahanan ego apa yang diterapkan anggota kelompok punk di ITN dalam menghadapi prasangka sosial. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif fenomenologi. Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini menggunakan wawancara dan kuesioner terbuka. Pengecekan keabsahan data menggunakan validasi interpretatif. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh adalah mekanisme pertahanan ego yang digunakan oleh subjek penelitian dalam menghadapi prasangka sosial yakni: a. Mekanisme pertahanan ego primitif yaitu mekanisme pertahanan ego jenis regresi, b. Mekanisme pertahanan ego kurang primitif yang meliputi represi dan displacement, c. Mekanisme pertahanan ego dewasa meliputi mekanisme pertahanan ego sublimasi dan assertiveness.
Kata kunci: mekanisme pertahanan ego; prasangka sosial
Whistleblowing: Sebuah Kajian tentang Motif dan Media Pelaporan
Authors: Putri Putu Prema Sulistyaning , Hapsari Aprina Nugrahesthy Sulistya 
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi motif seseorang untuk melakukan whistleblowing terhadap tindak kecurangan beserta dengan media pelaporan kecurangan dalam pengelolaan dana desa di Desa Tanjungsari, Kabupaten Boyolali. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan narasumber yang terdiri dari perangkat desa, Badan Permusyawaratan Desa (BPD), perwakilan tokoh masyarakat, dan perwakilan masyarakat setempat. Proses pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan kuesioner sebagai langkah awal untuk memetakan motif whistleblowing dan didukung dengan wawancara secara semi terstruktur. Penelitian ini menghasilkan bahwa masyarakat Desa Tanjungsari memiliki motif yang mendorong whistleblowing yang terdiri religiusitas sebagai motif internal dan jaminan kerahasiaan sebagai motif eksternal. Selain itu, terdapat motif internal dan eksternal lain yang mempengaruhi whistleblowing yaitu rasa ketidakadilan dan ewuh-pakewuh. Berdasarkan motif yang ada, diperoleh media yang digunakan untuk melakukan whistleblowing yaitu media secara langsung melalui mouth-to-mouth whistleblowing dan media secara tidak langsung melalui perwakilan rakyat di Desa Tanjungsari. Temuan lain berkaitan dengan hambatan implementasi whistleblowing di Desa Tanjungsari yaitu keterbatasan pemahaman terhadap teknologi dan kurangnya efektivitas prosedur whistleblowing.
Machine Learning for the Orthopaedic Surgeon
Authors: Alsoof Daniel , McDonald Christopher L. , Kuris Eren O. , Daniels Alan H. 
Published: April 2022

➤ Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence in which computer algorithms are trained to make classifications and predictions based on patterns in data. The utilization of these techniques is rapidly expanding in the field of orthopaedic research.➤ There are several domains in which machine learning has application to orthopaedics, including radiographic diagnosis, gait analysis, implant identification, and patient outcome prediction.➤ Several limitations prevent the widespread use of machine learning in the daily clinical environment. However, future work can overcome these issues and enable machine learning tools to be a useful adjunct for orthopaedic surgeons in their clinical decision-making.
Disparities in Telemedicine Utilization During COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ruberto Richard A. , Schweppe Eric A. , Ahmed Rifat , Swindell Hasani W. , Cordero Christopher A. , Lanham Nathan S. , Jobin Charles M. 
Published: April 2022

Background:
The coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has prompted a shift in health-care provision toward implementation of telemedicine. This study investigated demographic information on orthopaedic telemedicine utilization at a single academic orthopaedic institution in an effort to identify factors associated with telemedicine usage.

Methods:
Demographic and appointment data were collected from the electronic medical record during equivalent time periods prior to the onset of the COVID pandemic (pre-COVID) and during the COVID pandemic (peri-COVID). Multivariate analyses were performed to identify demographic and socioeconomic correlates of telemedicine utilization.

Results:
There was a significant increase in telemedicine visits between the eras of study, with significant differences in telemedicine usage in association with age, sex, marital status, English as the primary language, and insurance type (p < 0.001). Multivariate analyses found American Indian/Alaska Native (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 0.487, p = 0.004), Black/African American (aOR = 0.622, p < 0.001), Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander (aOR = 0.676, p = 0.003), and Asian (aOR = 0.731, p < 0.001) race to be significantly associated with decreased telemedicine usage. Additionally, male sex (aOR = 0.878, p < 0.001) and a non-commercial insurance plan (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with decreased telemedicine usage.

Conclusions:
Non-White race, non-commercial insurance plans, and male sex were associated with decreased telemedicine utilization. Further investigation is needed to characterize and better identify underlying factors contributing to disparities in telemedicine access and utilization.
Liposomal Bupivacaine Plus Bupivacaine Versus Ropivacaine Plus Dexamethasone Brachial Plexus Blockade for Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Simovitch Ryan Wade , Hernandez Thomas , YaDeau Jacques T. , Grant Michael C. , Pociask Christopher , Ouanes Jean-Pierre P. 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Brachial plexus blockade is utilized for pain control during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate brachial plexus blockade with liposomal bupivacaine plus bupivacaine (LB+B) as compared with ropivacaine plus dexamethasone (R+D) for arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Our hypothesis was that the use of LB+B would result in lower pain scores and opioid consumption as compared with R+D.

Methods:
We performed a randomized controlled trial of 45 patients receiving ultrasound-guided brachial plexus blockade with LB+B and 44 patients receiving R+D prior to arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. The “worst pain” score in a 24-hour period, oral morphine equivalent dose (OMED), and overall benefit of analgesia score (OBAS) were recorded for 8 days following surgery.

Results:
Patient-reported “worst pain” was significantly lower in the LB+B group as compared with the R+D group on postoperative day 0 through day 5. OMED was significantly less for all 8 days studied, with an average cumulative 8-day OMED of 48.5 milligram equivalents in the LB+B group as compared with 190.1 milligram equivalents in the R+D group (p < 0.001). The OBAS score was significantly lower in the LB+B group as compared with R+D group on all postoperative days. The use of LB+B for brachial plexus blockade resulted in a 4% complication rate in a population of patients predominantly with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scores of 1 and 2.

Conclusions:
The use of LB+B for brachial plexus blockade during arthroscopic rotator cuff repair was associated with a significant and sustained decrease in the “worst pain” score, opioid consumption, and OBAS compared with R+D. LB+B for brachial plexus blockade also exhibited a strong safety profile.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.