bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nickel Phosphide Coated with Ultrathin Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Shell as a Highly Durable and Active Catalyst towards Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Xiao Yao , Hou Shuai , Jin Zhao , Liu Changpeng , Ge Junjie , Xing Wei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDeveloping non‐precious metal catalysts towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is of both high scientific and technical importance for the widespread application of water electrolysis. Herein, Ni2P nanoparticles coated with a ultrathin N‐doped carbon shell were prepared as a highly efficient HER catalyst. Ni2P@CN exhibits both enhanced catalytic activity and durability in comparison with the carbon‐supported Ni2P counterpart, and represents 100% faradaic yield for HER in an acidic medium. The improved charge transfer of N‐doped graphitic carbon shells contributes to the increase in activity. Meanwhile, the carbon shells suppress the aggregation and exfoliation of Ni2P nanoparticles. As a result, the synergistic role of the N‐doped carbon layer confers the Ni2P cores with boosted activity and stability.
Generalized H2 control of discrete‐time semi‐Markov jump systems
Authors: Xin Bo , Zhao Dianli 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper mainly studies the generalized H2 control of discrete‐time semi‐Markov jump systems with bounded sojourn‐time. By constructing the mode‐dependent Lyapunov function related to the elapsed‐time and the semi‐Markov process, we obtain sufficient conditions to ensure the σ‐error mean square stable and generalized H2 performance of the semi‐Markov jump system. Moreover, by introducing slack variables, the generalized H2 performance index is reduced and the feasible region is expanded. Finally, through numerical calculations, we confirm the effectiveness of the design methods.
Fuzzy approach‐based optimal robust control for permanent magnet synchronous motor with experimental validation
Authors: Zhu Yinfei , Zhao Han , Cao Zhenwei , Sun Hao , Zhen Shengchao 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper presents an optimal robust control for a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) with uncertainties and external disturbances which can be described by fuzzy approach. The fuzzy approach based on fuzzy set theory is distinguish from probability theory or fuzzy logic theory. Firstly, a dynamical model of the PMSM with uncertainties is established using a fuzzy approach. Then, a robust controller with an optimizable parameter is designed for PMSM to handle the uncertainties. The stability of the proposed control is proven using the Lyapunov theory. Furthermore, the controller gain is optimized by minimizing performance index, which contains the control performance and cost. Finally, the numerical simulations and experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed control with an optimal parameter.
Almost sure stability of stochastic neutral Cohen–Grossberg neural networks with Lévy noise and time‐varying delays
Authors: Yu Peilin , Deng Feiqi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe almost sure stability for the stochastic neutral Cohen–Grossberg neural networks (SNCGNNs) with Lévy noise, time‐varying delays, and Markovian switching would be deliberated in this article. By means of the nonnegative semimartingale convergence theorem (NSCT), the neutral Itô formula, M‐matrix method, and selecting appropriate Lyapunov function, several almost sure stability criterions for the SNCGNNs could be derived. Moreover, according to the M‐matrix theory, the upper bounds of the coefficients at any mode are given. Finally, two examples and numerical simulations verify the correctness of theoretical analysis for the stability criterions proposed in the article.
Potential field‐based path planning for emergency collision avoidance with a clothoid curve in waypoint tracking
Authors: Lin Pengfei , Yang Jin Ho , Quan Ying Shuai , Chung Chung Choo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA novel potential field‐based model curve fitting method (PF‐MCF) is presented in this paper to handle emergency collision avoidance in waypoint tracking (following waypoints from a leading vehicle). It is reported that the PF has high performance on real‐time obstacle avoidance in robotic path planning. However, some inherent limitations exist in the PF, such as no passage between closely spaced obstacles and oscillations in the presence of obstacles, which is rarely discussed in the research field of PF‐based autonomous vehicles (AVs), especially in waypoint tracking. To solve these problems, we propose the PF‐MCF method to transform the clothoid curve into a quadratic programming form and solve the optimization under reasonable constraints to consider the different waypoints from the PF and the leading vehicle. The proposed PF‐MCF method is validated via MATLAB/Simulink and CarSim to avoid multiple obstacle vehicles in waypoint tracking compared with the two latest methods (PF‐based model predictive controller and PF‐based curve fitting method). The simulation results confirm the efficiency of finding a passage in closely spaced obstacle vehicles and eliminating oscillations (under 0.5 [deg] in tire steering angle) in the presence of obstacles compared to other latest methods.
Computation of subjective value does not always elicit alternative‐based information searching in intertemporal choice
Authors: Zhang Yang‐Yang , Zhou Lei , Li Shu , Liang Zhu‐Yuan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe “subjective value” computation assumption holds that intertemporal choice is performed by computing subjective value by eliciting information searching within alternatives. Although widely accepted, this assumption has not been well tested. In the current eye tracking study, we developed a new paradigm using forward inference to examine this hypothesis. Participants were instructed to finish two types of intertemporal choice tasks. The free task resembled a standard task, in which participants were free to follow their own preference. The instructed task, on the other hand, provided a baseline whereby participants were given explicit instructions to calculate the subjective value of options according to a classic discounting model. The results of behavioral, fixation and scanpath demonstrated that participants performed the instructed task in a manner that was consistent with a discounting computation process. However, by comparing performances across the two tasks, we found that participants made more attribute‐based saccades when they made instructed choices, compared to when they made free choices. These findings provide no support for the “subjective value” assumption in intertemporal choice. That is, that the computation of subjective value is associated with alternative‐based information searching, further demonstrating the effectiveness of the forward inference paradigm in testing intertemporal choices models. This study also highlights the need for careful reexamination of the assumed relationship between eye movement patterns and corresponding underlying cognitive processes in intertemporal choice.
Acid–base reaction of a super‐photoacid with a cooperative amide hydrogen‐bonded chain
Authors: Choi Ye‐Jin , Kim Heesu , Kwon Oh‐Hoon 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe excited‐state proton transfer (ESPT) of the strong photoacid, N‐methyl‐7‐hydroxyquinolium (NM7HQ+), was studied in the presence of N‐methylbenzamide (NMB) as a base in the aprotic polar solvent, acetonitrile. According to the Benesi–Hildebrand relation, it was revealed that the hydrogen (H)‐bonded complex of NM7HQ+ and NMB exists in the ground state in a 1:1 stoichiometry with the association constant of 22.2 ± 1.7 M−1. The fluorescence quenching of the 1:1 complex was observed to follow the Stern–Volmer relation with the molecularity of one for NMB indicating that the ESPT of NM7HQ+ occurs with the H‐bonded chain of two NMB molecules. Our study highlights the cooperative nature of H‐bonding in the chemical reactivity of amide in acid–base reactions as has already been reported for alcohol.
Circular business model: Breaking down barriers towards sustainable development
Authors: Galvão Graziela Darla Araujo , Evans Steve , Ferrer Paulo Sergio Scoleze , de Carvalho Marly Monteiro 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBarriers to circular economy implementation are adversities that organizations, in general, cannot overcome. Other adversities are relative, that is, true within a particular context of some organizations. In this sense, they would be—in fact—obstacles, which can emerge as a competitive differential for those organizations that have or develop internal capacity to overcome them. The article aims to explore how barriers integrate solutions to face barriers or obstacles in the company and whether this brings a competitive advantage. In order to achieve the aim, 40 interviews were carried out in companies that already have implemented a circular economy in manufacturing strategy. The results suggest that absolute barriers emerge as an extreme theoretical reference of minor occurrence in practice (outliers). However, obstacles are ordinary and frequent events, which can be converted into a competitive advantage as appropriate operations strategies are incorporated into the circular business model to achieve sustainable development.
C−F Bond Activation and Functionalizations Enabled by Metal‐free NHCs and Their Metal Complexes
Authors: Muthuvel Karthick , Gandhi Thirumanavelan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe activation and functionalization of C−F bonds in various fluoroorganics were found to be a daunting task owing to their innate inertness. Harnessing the C−F bonds will alleviate the toxicity and environmental issues posed by them, and provide new pathways to access value‐added products. Although several strategies have been employed such as metal complexes, Brønsted acids, Lewis acids, and photocatalyst to activate the C−F bonds, however, the use of NHC or Metal‐NHC is relatively scarce. NHCs based catalytic C−F activation stands out owing to its easy accessibility, stability, and facile reactivity. Metal‐NHCs were exploited in hydrodefluorination, C−C, and C−B coupling reactions. Additionally, R−M(F)(NHC), an oxidative‐addition intermediate that was conveniently isolated allows to decode catalytic C−F functionalization pathways. This minireview provides the prominence of NHC and metal‐NHC in the area of catalytic C−F bond functionalization.
Preparation of Bimetallic CuZn@mSiO2 Yolk‐Shell Catalyst for the Selective Oxidation of Cumene to Acetophenone
Authors: Song Yujun , Xu Cai , Jia Mingji , Wang Xiaozhong , Chen Yingqi , Dai Liyan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBimetallic catalysts have exhibited huge catalytic potential in the oxy‐functionalization of alkanes. Here, we provide a valid strategy for encapsulating copper and zinc metal oxide nanoparticles by mesoporous SiO2. The prepared CuZn@mSiO2 catalyst are yolk‐shell nanospheres with a diameter of 600 nm and a large specific surface area around 1000 m2 g−1. Bimetallic synergy between Cu and Zn was further analyzed by XRD, XPS and H2‐TPR. The selective oxidation of cumene to acetophenone was used as a probe reaction to evaluate the activity of bimetallic yolk‐shell catalysts, and the results showed excellent catalytic performance that promoted cumene to acetophenone transformation under mild conditions (80 °C, 5 h, H2O2 as oxidant). Also, the recycling tests verified the robust stability and reusability for the catalyst. Finally, a reasonable reaction mechanism was proposed to better understand the oxidation pathway of cumene.
Soft Actuators Based On Carbon Nanomaterials
Authors: Chang Longfei , Wang Dongping , Jiang Ajuan , Hu Ying 
Published: January 2022

AbstractInspired by the sophisticated design of biological systems, interest in soft intelligent actuators has increased significantly in recent years, providing attractive strategies for the design of elaborate soft mechanical systems. For the construction of those soft actuators, carbon nanomaterials were extensively and successfully explored for the properties of highly conductive, electrothermal, and photothermal conversion. This review aims to trace the recent achievements for the material and structural design as well as the general mechanisms of the soft actuators, paying particular attention to the contribution of carbon nanomaterials resulted from their diversified interplaying properties, which realized the flexible and dexterous deformation responding to various environmental stimuli, including light, electricity and humidity. The properties and mechanisms of soft actuators are summarized and the potential for future applications and research are presented.
Establishing an In Vitro 3D Spheroid Model to Study Medulloblastoma Drug Response and Tumor Dissemination
Authors: Roper Sophie J. , Coyle Beth 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMedulloblastoma is the most common malignant pediatric brain tumor. Current treatment involves surgery, chemotherapy, and craniospinal radiotherapy, and these are associated with a significant reduction in quality of life. Metastatic dissemination at diagnosis is found in up to 30% of medulloblastoma cases and, alongside therapy resistance, is a significant feature in determining poor outcome. Development of new therapeutic approaches requires models where drug resistance and migration can be readily quantified and that are representative of patient disease. 3D medulloblastoma (3D‐MB) spheroids are a simple yet effective means of bridging the gap between 2D culture and in vivo methods, providing users with highly reproducible in vitro models that more accurately recapitulate tumor morphology, drug response, and migration from a tumor mass. Unlike other cancer types, medulloblastoma spheroids fail to grow in their different standard cell culture media; instead, each cell line requires the same stem cell–enriching conditions. This requirement, however, has the advantage that it allows direct comparison of growth and response between cell lines in the absence of any potential media bias. In addition, spheroids can be used to model the initial stages of metastatic dissemination, something that cannot be achieved in 2D culture, providing insight into key changes occurring in migratory cells. Here, we provide protocols that detail the initial generation and maintenance of 3D‐MB spheroids from sonic‐hedgehog, Group 3, and Group 4 medulloblastoma subgroups, as well as describing functional assays to study drug response and cell migration across hyaluronan matrices, which represent the extracellular matrix backbone of the brain parenchyma. Through application of these simple yet highly representative models, it will be possible to test novel therapeutics targeting metastasis and drug resistance, as well as to develop insights into the mechanistic processes driving relapse in this malignant pediatric brain tumor. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Generation and maintenance of 3D medulloblastoma (3D‐MB) spheroidsSupport Protocol 1: Measuring spheroid size for coefficient‐of‐variation analysisBasic Protocol 2: Assessing drug response in 3D‐MB spheroidsSupport Protocol 2: 384‐well 3D‐MB spheroid generationBasic Protocol 3: Immunohistochemical staining of 3D‐MB spheroidsBasic Protocol 4: Modeling metastatic dissemination using 3D‐MB migration modelsSupport Protocol 3: RNA extraction from 3D‐MB spheroids
A Filippov method based analytical perspective on stability analysis of a DC‐AC H‐bridge inverter with nonlinear rectifier load
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Aranya , Mandal Kuntal , Parui Sukanya 
Published: January 2022

SummaryA comprehensive analysis of an inverter with nonlinear rectifier load by Filippov's method and state‐space averaged method considering nonidealities have been reported for the first time. A study in comparison with an equivalent linear AC resistance load reveals that even though qualitative behavior remains similar, earlier onset of Hopf bifurcation and delayed onset of period‐doubling bifurcation occur. This proves the necessity of modeling the nonlinear load at a switched system level, instead of linearizing it based on the first harmonic approximation which ignores the capacitor after rectifier and reduces the order of the system from four to three. Hopf bifurcation takes place with increase in capacitance after rectifier, along with corresponding decrease in its equivalent series resistance (ESR), limiting the selection of capacitors to lower values. However, ESR compensation solves this problem by preventing the onset of Hopf bifurcation and use of ESR compensated capacitor of higher values result in significant increase, instead of reduction in overall stable domain in parameter spaces. Analytical results have been corroborated by numerical simulation results.
Detached regime with highly radiating X‐point: Physics and modelling
Authors: Senichenkov Ilya , Kaveeva Elizaveta , Rozhansky Vladimir , Shtyrkhunov Nikita , Voskoboynikov Sergey , Coster David 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA possibility to operate with fully detached targets and highly radiating X‐point was recently demonstrated on ASDEX Upgrade, JET, and DIII‐D with intensive impurity seeding (N, Ne, Ar) and feedback control. Notable feature of such a regime is the radiated power fraction of up to 90% of discharge power inside the separatrix without a confinement degradation, or even with confinement improvement (in terms of H‐factor), which leads to a full detachment of both targets. Therefore, this regime might be attractive for the next generation reactor scale tokamaks like DEMO or CFETR, where most of the power should be radiated. In the present report, the recent achievements in the understanding of such regime are reviewed. The effectiveness of divertor target shielding by different impurity gases is discussed, paying attention to its first ionization potential. SOLPS‐ITER modelling results illustrating the impurity flow pattern are presented, and the importance of drift flows is demonstrated. The effect of the machine size on the effectiveness of the divertor shielding by impurity radiation is discussed. It is demonstrated that in bigger machines impurity radiation is better kept in the divertor and divertor asymmetry is less pronounced. As the seeding rate increases, both targets fully detach, and neutrals start to penetrate inside the separatrix above the X‐point, leading to the plasma cooling there and to the formation of an observable localized radiation spot in the X‐point vicinity. The cold zone above the X‐point thus behaves as an energy sink like a divertor in conventional regime, so that the perpendicular decay length of perpendicular turbulent energy flow appears to be of the order of of conventional divertor. During the formation of the radiating X‐point a potential hill/well (depending on the direction of drift) is formed on perturbed closed flux surfaces, and the corresponding drift vortex fluxes appear to give major contribution to the particle balance. SOLPS‐ITER simulations show that the radial electric field significantly deviates from neoclassical formula and may even change sign (become positive). Thus, the zone of maximal poloidal rotation shear may shift inwards, which might be responsible for the inward shift of the transport barrier and for the confinement improvement. This effect is different to the discussed extension of peeling‐ballooning stability boundary by intensive impurity injection, which might explain experimentally observed ELMs suppression or their frequency reduction.
A novel orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with index modulation waveform with carrier frequency offset resistance and low peak‐to‐average power ratio
Authors: Erol Gurol Ilter , Basar Ertugrul , Kucukyavuz Defne , Atay Onat Furuzan 
Published: January 2022

SummaryIn this paper, we propose a novel orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) scheme with high carrier frequency offset (CFO) resistance and low peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR). In this scheme, we consider a hybrid model with two subblock types, namely, pilot subblocks and standard subblocks. In pilot subblocks, active subcarriers are utilized for PAPR reduction while inactive carriers generated by the index modulation (IM) are utilized for the coarse CFO estimation. For standard subblocks, we consider unique subcarrier activation patterns (SAPs) with high‐diversity IM to enhance the bit error performance of the overall system. Additionally, the inactive data tones in standard subblocks are utilized for fine CFO estimation, which enhances the CFO estimation quite significantly. Furthermore, in this paper, we show that proposed hybrid OFDM‐IM (H‐OFDM‐IM) scheme can outperform conventional OFDM‐IM and classical OFDM both in CFO estimation and PAPR reduction without requiring transmission of any side information. Finally, we show both mathematically and through computer simulations that proposed H‐OFDM‐IM can achieve a satisfactory bit error rate (BER) performance under high CFO scenarios.
Prediabetes and risk of stroke and its subtypes by hypertension status
Authors: Wang Anxin , Zhang Jia , Zuo Yingting , Tian Xue , Chen Shuohua , Wu Shouling , Zhao Xingquan , Wang Yongjun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to investigate whether the relationship of prediabetes with the risk of stroke and its subtypes differed among individuals with or without hypertension.MethodsThis prospective study included 85,763 participants without diabetes or a history of stroke at the baseline from the Kailuan study (2006). Prediabetes was defined as a fasting plasma glucose concentration between 5.6 and 6.9 mmol/L. We performed multiplicative and additive interaction analyses to assess the interaction effect between prediabetes and hypertension on the risk of incident stroke.ResultsWe found that 47.13% of all participants had no prediabetes or hypertension, 11.45% had prediabetes alone, 30.12% had hypertension alone, and 11.31% had both prediabetes and hypertension at baseline. During a median follow‐up period of 11.05 years, we documented 3972 events of incident stroke. We found that hypertension modified the relationship of prediabetes with total stroke and ischaemic stroke (p for interaction <0.05). After adjustment for potential confounders, prediabetes was significantly associated with the risk of total stroke (hazard ratio [HR] 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18–1.52], p for interaction = 0.0147) and ischaemic stroke (HR 1.33, [95% CI 1.16–1.54], p for interaction = 0.0413) among participants without hypertension, but not among participants with hypertension. However, no interaction effect of the association between prediabetes and hypertension was observed on the risk of haemorrhagic stroke.ConclusionsHypertension modified the association between prediabetes and risk of total and ischaemic stroke. Prediabetes was associated with an increased risk of total and ischaemic stroke only in the non‐hypertension population.