bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unsupervised Generative Learning with Handwritten Digits
Authors: Dolgikh Serge 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Representations play an important role in learning of artificial and biological systems that can be attributed to identification of characteristic patterns in the sensory data. In this work we attempted to approach the question of the origin of general concepts from the perspective of purely unsupervised learning that does not use prior knowledge of concepts to acquire the ability to recognize common patterns in a learning process resembling learning of biological systems in the natural environment. Generative models trained in an unsupervised process with minimization of generative error with a dataset of images of handwritten digits produced structured sparse latent representations that were shown to be correlated with characteristic patterns such as types of digits. Based on the identified density structure, a proposed method of iterative empirical learning produced confident recognition of most types of digits over a small number of learning iterations with minimal learning data. The results demonstrated the possibility of successful incorporation of unsupervised structure in informative representations of generative models for successful empirical learning and conceptual modeling of the sensory environments.
Comparison of vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for osteoporotic spinal fractures: An observational study using administrative data from England
Authors: Gray William K. , Day Jamie , Briggs Tim WR , Hutton Mike 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the variation in the use of, and outcomes for, vertebroplasty (VP) and balloon kyphoplasty (BKP) techniques for osteoporotic spinal fracture for patients operated on within the National Health Service in England.
Methods
This was an observational analysis of administrative data. Data were extracted from the Hospital Episodes Statistics database for the period 1st April 2011 to 31st March 2018 for all VP and BKP procedures. Patients aged < 19 years, with metastatic carcinoma and undergoing other decompression procedures were excluded. The primary outcome was repeat spinal surgery within one year. Secondary outcomes were 30-day emergency readmission, death within one year, extended hospital stay, post-procedural pain within 30 days and post-procedural haemorrhage or infection within 30 days. Multilevel, multivariable logistic regression was used to adjust for covariates.
Results
Data were available for 5,792 VP and 3,136 BKP patients operated on at 96 hospital trusts. In the 63 trusts that conducted more than 20 procedures during the study period, the proportion of procedures conducted as BKP varied from 0–100%. There was no difference in any of the outcomes between VP and BKP patients or between trusts performing ≥ 70% and ≤ 30% of procedures as BKP.
Conclusions
There is no evidence that VP is associated with poorer outcomes than VP. The greater costs of performing BKP may be hard to justify as healthcare budgets continue to be put under pressure as they recover from the coronavirus pandemic.
Universe: the dynamics of the minimum and maximum expansion states
Authors: Petrakis Sócrates Georges 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two proposals stand out in describing the evolution of the Universe; the predominant one predicts that the expansion began at a certain instant and will not preserve a variation of energy that performs work; flat Universe (Ω = 1) is advocated by relativistic calculations and observational data, with an end at its maximum expansion (3D Space); the other proposal considers that the Universe is cyclical, always alternating phases of expansion and contraction. This article aims to demonstration that these two perspectives can be correct by not being distinct, but complementary. Supported by the immutability of physical laws, analyses of concepts define an exclusive presence of 1D Space in static states of minimum and maximum expansion of the Universe. With our Universe (3D Space) created and existing between these extreme states, each dynamic is highlighted and completes the usual relativity. The concept of absolute rest energy (1D Space) become applicable; thus, the complete evolution of the Universe is described as spatially dynamic in a perpetual time dimension, always recreating our Universe, and making possible a relative maintenance of any existence.
Influence of PEDOT:PSS and MWCNTs concentration on the morphological, thermal and electrical properties of cotton fabrics
Authors: Alamer Fahad Alhashmi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The high conductivity, lightness and flexibility of conducting electronic textiles in a wide range of applications is drawing increasing attention. This work uses a simple drop casting method to fabricate conductive cotton fabrics with low sheet resistance using multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), poly (3,4 ethylenedioxy thiophene) poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), and a mixture of both. Low sheet resistances of 16.39 Ω/□, 5.49 Ω/□ and 2.86 Ω/□ were achieved by the concentrations of 41.50 wt.% MWCNTs, 28.51 wt.% PEDOT:PSS and 60.27 wt.% MWCNTs/PEDOT:PSS respectively. Furthermore, the temperature dependent behavior of PEDOT:PSS treated cotton fabric showed both semiconductor and metal behavior that was dependent on the concentration of PEDOT:PSS. By contrast, temperature studies of MWCNTs treated cotton fabric showed only semiconductor behavior. Moreover, MWCNTs/PEDOT:PSS cotton fabrics exhibited semiconductor behavior alone due to the effect of MWCNT particles. In addition, the conductive cottons are easy to make, are safe and low cost which indicates making them a promising electronic textile for applications in the future.
Clinical and immunological efficacy of azoximer bromide in pertussis in children
Authors: Popova O. P. , Blyakher M. S. , Fyodorova I. M. , Koteleva S. I. , Kapustin I. V. , Skirda T. A. , Bunin S. V. 
Published: April 2022

Цель исследования. Клинико-иммунологическая оценка эффективности применения азоксимера бромида у больных коклюшем.Характеристика детей и методы исследования. Под наблюдением находились 50 детей от 6 мес до 14 лет. В комплекс терапии 25 детей (основной группы) был включен азоксимера бромид, 25 больных (группа сравнения) получали базисную терапию.Результаты. Выраженность симптомокомплекса у больных обеих наблюдаемых групп соответствовала течению среднетяжелой формы коклюша. Клинический диагноз был подтвержден методом полимеразной цепной реакции у 60±6,9%, иммуноферментным анализом — у 80±5,7% детей. Как в основной, так и в группе сравнения преобладали пациенты, которые переносили коклюш в ассоциации с острыми респираторными вирусными инфекциями (96,0±3,9 и 92,0±5,4% соответственно). Сочетанное течение коклюша с вирусными инфекциями осложнялось развитием бронхита у 8 (32,0±9,3%), пневмонией — у 7 (28,0±9,0%) детей в основной группе, а в группе сравнения бронхиты наблюдались у 9 (36,0±9,6%), пневмонии — у 5 (20±8,0%) больных. Сопоставление результатов лечения в двух группах детей показало эффективность азоксимера бромида по основным клинико-иммунологическим параметрам. Лечебный эффект определялся прежде всего уменьшением частоты приступов кашля и исчезновением на этом фоне явлений гипоксии. Положительная динамика отмечалась в субпопуляционном составе лимфоцитов, что касалось прежде всего содержания NK-клеток. Интенсивность продукции специфических антител к коклюшному микробу в основной группе также была выше, чем в группе сравнения.Заключение. Применение азоксимера бромида в комплексе терапии больных коклюшем способствует уменьшению и сокращению основных клинических проявлений, а так же улучшению иммунологических параметров.
Prevalence of congenital malformations in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
Authors: Demikova N. S. , Podol’naya M. A. , Sukhomyasova A. L. , Lapina A. S. , Sleptsov A. N. , Fedorov A. I. , Maksimova N. R. 
Published: April 2022

Purpose. The study aims at assessing and analyzing the prevalence of congenital malformations in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) based on the data from birth defects surveillance from 2012 to 2019.Material and methods. The data of congenital malformations monitoring in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for 2012–2019 are analyzed. There were revealed 1104 cases of congenital malformations of obligate registration. The total number of births was 122,413. The prevalence of birth defects was calculated per 10000 births.Results. The prevalence of congenital malformations in the Republic of Sakha was obtained. The analysis of the dynamics of the congenital malformations prevalence has been carried out. No changes in the birth defects prevalence for the analyzed period have been shown.Conclusion. Regional monitoring makes it possible to obtain and analyze congenital malformations prevalence.
Managing Type 1 Diabetes from Gynecological Waste: Trash to Treasure
Authors: Desai Shivani , Kumbhar Rohit G. , Bhonde Ramesh R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), an autoimmune disease, involves the destruction of
pancreatic β cells. β cells maintain glucose homeostasis by identifying blood glucose and accordingly
releasing insulin to maintain normal physiologic glucose levels. Human umbilical cord blood
(hUCB) cells pose a lesser risk of viral contamination due to low placental transmission during
prenatal life. Additionally, they have advantages such as non-invasive harvest procedure gynecological
waste, low immunogenicity, easy expansion in-vitro, and easy ethical access compared to
deriving stem cells from other sources. According to the published preclinical data, the infusion of
autologous cord blood cells is considered safe as they are non-antigenic. Depending on the degree
of differentiation, the ability to regenerate themselves and the origin of many stem cell types can
be differentiated. The application of stem cells (SCs) has great potential for managing T1DM due
to their regenerative capabilities and promising immunological characteristics. Due to lesser ethical
complications and easy procedures of isolation, hUCB has become a precious medical intervention.
Pathophysiologic Mechanisms of Tobacco Smoke Producing Atherosclerosis
Authors: Klein Lloyd W. 
Published: April 2022

Introduction:
Despite the convincing epidemiologic association between smoking and
vascular disease, the pathophysiologic mechanisms by which smoking initiates and contributes to
the progression of atherosclerosis remain incompletely understood. A precise dose-dependent correlation
has never been demonstrated, suggesting that the biological relationship is complex and
influenced by individual genetic and possibly environmental factors. Although endothelial dysfunction
and intimal damage appear to be central to atherogenesis, how tobacco products cause this
effect has not been established. The purpose of this review is to describe the current state of
knowledge of the main pathophysiologic pathways of how tobacco smoking abets atherosclerosis

Constituents of Tobacco Smoke:
Tobacco combustion produces a mixture of organic substances
derived from burning organic materials. The predominant gaseous phase constituents include carbon
monoxide, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acrolein, and other carbonyls, as well as nicotine and
tobacco-specific nitrosamines.

Potential Pathophysiologic Mechanisms:
Smoking-induced changes in coronary vasomotor tone,
platelet activation, and endothelial integrity are major components of both the development of atherosclerosis
and its clinical presentation. Smoking may initiate and accelerate the progression of
atherosclerosis by injuring the vascular intima. Other potential mechanisms include intimal damage
and endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress and injury, thrombosis, lipid abnormalities, and inflammation.

Conclusion:
Smoking tobacco products contributes measurably to the incidence of acute vascular
events and chronic disease. The causative compound, the exact mechanism of injury, and whether
the atherogenic effect is modifiable are not known.
Synopsis of Biomarkers of Atheromatous Plaque Formation, Rupture and Thrombosis in the Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Udaya Ralapanawa , Sivakanesan Ramiah 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:Acute coronary syndrome is the main cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide and early diagnosis is a challenge for clinicians. Though cardiac Troponin, the most commonly used biomarker, is the gold standard for myocardial necrosis, it is blind for ischemia without necrosis. Therefore, ideal biomarkers are essential in the care of patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of cardiac ischemia. The ideal biomarker or group of biomarkers of atheromatous plaque formation, rupture and thrombosis for timely and accurate diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome is a current need. Therefore, we discuss the existing understanding and future of biomarkers of atheromatous plaque formation, rupture and thrombosis of acute coronary syndrome in this review. Keywords were searched from Medline, ISI, IBSS and Google Scholar databases. Further, the authors conducted a manual search of other relevant journals and reference lists of primary articles. The development of high-sensitivity troponin assays facilitates earlier exclusion of acute coronary syndrome, contributing to a reduced length of stay at the emergency department, and earlier treatment resulting in better outcomes. Although researchers have investigated biomarkers of atheromatous plaque formation, rupture and thrombosis to help early diagnosis of cardiac ischemia, most of them necessitate validation from further analysis. Among these biomarkers, pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and endothelial cell-specific molecule- 1(endocan) have shown promising results in the early diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome but need further evaluation. However, the use of a combination of biomarkers representing varying pathophysiological mechanisms of cardiac ischemia will support risk assessment, diagnosis and prognosis in these patients and this is the way forward.
Recent Patents on Cooling System of CNC Machine Tools
Authors: Li Zhaolong , Wang Baodong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract:
With the development of machine tools for high precision and high automation, the
problem of thermal deformation has become very prominent. As the spindle speed, feed rate, and
effective working time of CNC machine tools are much higher than those of ordinary machine
tools, the influence of heat generation and thermal deformation of machine tools on machining
accuracy is far greater than that of ordinary machine tools. High-efficiency, high-precision processing
machine tools, and CNC machine tools require high accuracy and stability. Therefore, the
design and manufacturing of CNC machine tools must fully consider the impact of thermal deformation
on machining accuracy and take corresponding measures. The cooling of the CNC machine
tools can improve the machining efficiency of the machine tools, the quality of parts processing,
and the service life of the CNC machine tools. Various representative patents and papers
on the cooling of CNC machine tools at home and abroad have been reviewed. By summarizing a
large number of patents and papers on the cooling of CNC machine tools, the cooling methods
and methods of CNC machine tools, the recovery, and treatment of coolant are analyzed, and the
development trend of CNC machine tools is discussed. The improvement of the CNC machine
tools cooling system has a great impact on improving machining accuracy, efficiency, and stability.
Therefore, more patents on CNC machine tool cooling systems will emerge in the future.
Patient-Generated Health Photos and Videos Across Health and Well-being Contexts: Scoping Review
Authors: Ploderer Bernd , Rezaei Aghdam Atae , Burns Kara 
Published: April 2022

Background
Patient-generated health data are increasingly used to record health and well-being concerns and engage patients in clinical care. Patient-generated photographs and videos are accessible and meaningful to patients, making them especially relevant during the current COVID-19 pandemic. However, a systematic review of photos and videos used by patients across different areas of health and well-being is lacking.

Objective
This review aims to synthesize the existing literature on the health and well-being contexts in which patient-generated photos and videos are used, the value gained by patients and health professionals, and the challenges experienced.

Methods
Guided by a framework for scoping reviews, we searched eight health databases (CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, PsycINFO, PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science) and one computing database (ACM), returning a total of 28,567 studies. After removing duplicates and screening based on the predefined inclusion criteria, we identified 110 relevant articles. Data were charted and articles were analyzed following an iterative thematic approach with the assistance of NVivo software (version 12; QSR International).

Results
Patient-generated photos and videos are used across a wide range of health care services (39/110, 35.5% articles), for example, to diagnose skin lesions, assess dietary intake, and reflect on personal experiences during therapy. In addition, patients use them to self-manage health and well-being concerns (33/110, 30%) and to share personal health experiences via social media (36/110, 32.7%). Photos and videos create significant value for health care (59/110, 53.6%), where images support diagnosis, explanation, and treatment (functional value). They also provide value directly to patients through enhanced self-determination (39/110, 35.4%), social (33/110, 30%), and emotional support (21/110, 19.1%). However, several challenges emerge when patients create, share, and examine photos and videos, such as limited accessibility (16/110, 14.5%), incomplete image sets (23/110, 20.9%), and misinformation through photos and videos shared on social media (17/110, 15.5%).

Conclusions
This review shows that photos and videos engage patients in meaningful ways across different health care activities (eg, diagnosis, treatment, and self-care) for various health conditions. Although photos and videos require effort to capture and involve challenges when patients want to use them in health care, they also engage and empower patients, generating unique value. This review highlights areas for future research and strategies for addressing these challenges.
Невидимый город
Authors: Юдинцев Владимир 
Published: April 2022

Приводятся данные о взаимозависимости между уплотнением квартальной застройки, повышением плотности УДС и, соответственно, размерами кварталов исторической части Москвы. Устанавливается, что с двадцатых годов XX века Москва, как и другие города России, уплотняла застройку не только без развития УДС, но, напротив, сокращая число улиц и переулков, укрупняя застройку и размеры городских кварталов. В результате огромное количество кварталов исторической Москвы укрупнилось, утратило внутреннюю структуру и наполнилось хаотичной застройкой, что в итоге привело к спазмам поредевшей уличной сети и средовому дискомфорту. Проведён сравнительный анализ соотношения плотности застройки и улично-дорожной сети по 20-ти крупнейшим городам России и Европы, показавший невозможность дальнейшего увеличения плотности исторической части российских городов без увеличения плотности УДС за счёт структурного деления больших кварталов. Рассматриваются возможности «возвратного» увеличения коммуникационного потенциала кварталов исторической части Москвы и упорядочения их внутреннего устройства.
Local Immunoglobulin E in nasal polyps: Role and modulation
Authors: Shen Yang , Zhang Nan , Bachert Claus 
Published: April 2022

In the airway, IgE is traditionally regarded as a key mediator in
allergic diseases, such as AR and allergic asthma. However, growing
evidence demonstrates the importance of local IgE in airway inflammatory
diseases, irrespective of the presence of allergy. In this review, we
discuss the most recent evidence for IgE in chronic rhinosinusitis with
nasal polyps(CRSwNP), including the local IgE’s characteristics, the
modulation of its synthesis, and function. The levels of local IgE are
significantly elevated in polyps independently of IgE serum levels and
atopic status. Local IgE is polyclonal and functional, which is
correlated with type 2 inflammation. IgE is produced by active B cells
and is dependent on the classing switch recombination(CSR). In NPs, this
process is triggered by not only allergens but also microbial
colonization, especially the superantigen- Staphylococcus aureus.
The production of local IgE is modulated by lymphocytes(such as Tfh,
ILC2s, iTreg), cytokines(such as IL-4, IL-13, IFN-γ, TGF-β, IL-2,
IL-21), transcription factors, and B cell intrinsic factor. Due to the
central role of IgE in NPs, it is regarded as an ideal target for
therapy and has been proved to be clinically successful. Based on this
knowledge, we believe that exploring the trigger and regulatory factors
for the activation of local B cells and CSR to IgE will
provide more valuable information for us to recognize the pathological
mechanisms of local IgE and offer the possible option for new
[therapeutic](#/javascript:;) targets of NPs.
Coagulopathy During Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Inside Out
Authors: Capuano Paolo , Alessandrini Elisabetta Maria , Toscano Antonio , Ferrero Daniele , Trompeo Anna , Izzo Gennaro , Assandri Martina , Cipolla Vanessa , Furfaro Gabriella , Mengozzi Giulio , Rinaldi Mauro , Brazzi Luca 
Published: April 2022

Objective: Nowadays, the coagulation status of the cardiac
surgical patient is monitored using standard laboratory parameters.
However, these tests involve long turnaround times, a critical
limitation in settings where the patient’s coagulation status can change
very quickly. The aim of the present study is to describe, through
serial blood controls, traditional tests and Point Of Care (POC), the
coagulation status of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).
Design: Observational study. Setting: Azienda Ospedaliero
Universitaria Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, University
of Turin, Italy. Partecipants: We enrolled 29 patients undergoing
cardiopulmonary bypass for cardiac surgery at the ‘Città della Salute e
della Scienza’ University Hospital in Turin between March and June
2021. Interventions: In all patients two series of blood samples
were performed at T1 (before the start of CPB, after sternum opening,
before UFH administration) and at T2 (after the end of CPB, after
protamine administration and before any blood component transfusions).
Laboratory tests included blood count, INR, aPTT, Fibrinogen and
functional assay of coagulation factors (AT III, factors II, V, VII,
VIII, IX, X, XI, XII, proteins C and S). An additional sample was
obtained (both at T1 and T2) for ROTEM analysis. Measurements and
Main results: Between the beginning and the end of the bypass we
observed a significant decrease in coagulation factors II, X, XI, XII,
protein C and S with an average percentage decrease of 32.58%, 34.11%,
36.69 %, 47.45%, 33.65% and 30.20%, respectively. Regarding
viscoelastic parameters, we recorded a median increase of 22.64% of CT
in Intem during CPB, with a reduction in MCF in Fibtem of 16.66%, as
well as platelet contribution (MCF Extem-Fibtem), which was reduced by
7.69%. Conclusions: CPB-induced coagulopathy involve dilution,
activation and consumption of all components of haemostasis, together
with the need for profound anticoagulation. Our data seem to confirm
the important reduction of all coagulation factors and platelets,
together with a consensual change in traditional laboratory and
viscoelastic parameters.