bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prolegomena
Authors: Plested Marcus 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides a preliminary account of biblical and classical wisdom traditions. Within the Old Testament, wisdom themes are found especially but not exclusively in wisdom literature (notably the quasi-divine figure of wisdom in Proverbs 8-9). A survey is also provided of the place of wisdom within classical culture, whose chief achievement is summed up precisely as the ‘love of wisdom’ (philosophy). Particular attention is paid to Platonic, Aristotelian, and Stoic understandings of wisdom. Within the context of the New Testament, pre-existing wisdom traditions, both biblical and classical, helped make some sense of the encounter with the person of Jesus Christ (for example as teacher and as pre-eternal) while also being soundly exploded by that same encounter, as most ably expressed by St Paul.
Doing Physico-theology
Authors: von Greyerz Kaspar 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 concentrates primarily physico-theological practice, as visible above all in contemporary correspondence, rather than in treatises. One of the purposes of this chapter is to point to the common ground shared by practitioners of the argument from design and physico-theological palaeontologists: collections and the practice of collecting. It shows not only how correspondence helped to strengthen the transnational and cross-cultural networks among physico-theologians but also how letters were frequently accompanied by parcels and boxes containing presents or objects of exchange, the things that helped to complete seventeenth- and eighteenth-century natural collections. While the increasing exchange of objects led to the proliferation of individual collections as part of the household of scientists and virtuosi, it also encouraged the interest in taxonomy and order. At the same time, it experienced an extra boost occasioned by the shift away from an anthropocentric to a more systemic view of nature, discussed in the preceding chapter.
Diluvialism
Authors: von Greyerz Kaspar 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with the second most prominent physico-theological genre, diluvialism. Diluvialists established a connection between the Flood as recorded by the biblical Genesis and the making of fossils. Increasingly, diluvialism also contributed to palaeontological taxonomy, which was frequently marred by the fact that some of the fossilized creatures were extinct, something nobody was ready to admit during the period under review. This problem is illustrated in detail in reference to the contemporary discussion about belemnites and of fossilized parts of ‘elephants’, in fact of mammoths. John Woodward and his continental counterpart, Johann Jacob Scheuchzer, formed the centre of diluvialist ‘orthodoxy’ while other diluvialists grouped in concentrical circles around them. The lifespan of diluvialism was shorter than that of the argument from design. It began to lose credit toward the mid-eighteenth century due to the fact that the traditional biblical chronology insisting on the earth’s age of about 6,000 years was increasingly being questioned.
Protestants and Catholics
Authors: von Greyerz Kaspar 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Physico-theology primarily was the concern of Protestants. This chapter identifies biblicism as the foremost reason for this confessional pattern. Protestants were more interested in demonstrating that the observation of nature was compatible with the biblical record than Catholics. But I argue against the thesis that this was due to the hermeneutical heritage of the Reformation: few physico-theologians actually adhere to any strict biblical literalism and most of them are in favour of the theory of accommodation which claimed that the Mosaic books of the Bible chiefly addressed the common people in their own language and not in natural-philosophical terms. Furthermore, I establish that a considerable number of physico-theologians cannot be considered run of the mill Protestants. Some adhered to Pietism, others were anti-trinitarians, others still were deists. Only a handful of Catholic adherents to physico-theology can be found in France. With one exception, they were Jansenists, and searching for physico-theologians in Catholic Italy is almost pointless.
Who Owned Waterloo?
Authors: Reynolds Luke 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Between 1815 and the Duke of Wellington’s death in 1852, the Battle of Waterloo became much more than simply a military victory. While other countries marked the battle and its anniversary, only Britain actively incorporated the victory into their national identity, guaranteeing that it would become a ubiquitous and multi-layered presence in British culture. By examining various forms of commemoration, celebration, and recreation, Who Owned Waterloo? demonstrates that Waterloo’s significance to Britain’s national psyche resulted in a different kind of war altogether: one in which civilian and military groups fought over and established their own claims on different aspects of the battle and its remembrance. By weaponizing everything from memoirs, monuments, rituals, and relics to hippodramas, panoramas, and even shades of blue, veterans pushed back against civilian claims of ownership; English, Scottish, and Irish interests staked their claims; and conservatives and radicals duelled over the direction of the country. Even as ownership was contested among certain groups, large portions of the British population purchased souvenirs, flocked to spectacles and exhibitions, visited the battlefield itself, and engaged in a startling variety of forms of performative patriotism, guaranteeing not only the further nationalization of Waterloo, but its permanent place in nineteenth-century British popular and consumer culture.
Introduction
Authors: Reynolds Luke 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the central themes and thesis of the book, positions it within the multiple areas of scholarship/historiographies that it engages with, and provides an outline of the book’s chapters while explaining the reasoning behind their order and division. It also clarifies the scope and certain definitions used throughout the text. Who Owned Waterloo? defines ownership as control of the battle’s narrative and commemoration, and through that, the curation of Waterloo and the men who fought there in the nation’s collective memory. This is a domestic definition of ownership set entirely within the context of Great Britain that deliberately excludes not only the other countries that fought at Waterloo, but also the British Empire.
‘Demonstrations of true British feeling and exultation’
Authors: Reynolds Luke 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The annual commemorations and other forms of remembrance that comprise this chapter provide multiple examples of general and local nationalization of the battle. What started as a shared day of national triumph, where officers and men were feted by civilian society, slowly began to diverge into a standardized series of fetes, parades, and dinners where military and civilian worlds were deliberately separated. Towns seized the day as another opportunity to outshine their neighbours, while a variety of civilian clubs and venues across the country started hosting their own celebrations, often without the involvement of a single individual who had fought at Waterloo. Nor did the civilian co-option end there. Strictly military events, such as grand reviews and Wellington’s Waterloo banquet were claimed as national celebrations and public entertainments by both the press and Britain’s crowds. By the time of Wellington’s funeral in 1852, 18 June was used as a general day of festivity, often hosting fairs, meetings, and celebrations that had no connection to Waterloo.
Are All Practical Reasons Based on Value?
Authors: Kiesewetter Benjamin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
According to an attractive and widely held view, all practical reasons are explained in terms of the (instrumental or final) value of the action supported by the reason. Chapter 2 argues that this theory is incompatible with plausible assumptions about the practical reasons that correspond to certain moral rights, including the right to a promised action and the right to an exclusive use of one’s property. The argument is an explanatory rather than extensional one: while the actions supported by the relevant reasons (e.g. keeping a valid promise or respecting property) can be argued to have a certain kind of value, the chapter argues that this value presupposes a moral right, and therefore cannot explain the reason. Reflection on such cases suggests the conclusion that reasons that are subject to normative powers are generally not value-based. This also has important implications for the dialectic between ‘value-first’ and ‘reasons-first’ approaches to normativity.
Deliberation and Moral Motivation
Authors: King Zoë Johnson 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Philosophers have mistakenly used the phrase “motivation by rightness de re” to refer to motivations whose objects are right-making features. If the “de re” qualifier were used correctly, this phrase would instead refer to a motivation whose object is that the agent acts rightly, but that represents moral rightness under another description. Moreover, many instances of ordinary moral deliberation cannot be fully explained by the hypothesis that deliberators just care about the particular right-making features that they see at stake in their circumstances. They can only be explained by taking deliberators to have a further, overarching concern: a concern to strike the right balance between everything important at stake. And these overarching concerns are often instances of motivation by rightness de re, correctly construed, given the conceptual role of ordinary deliberators’ judgments that a certain action strikes the right balance. These observations challenge various criticisms of motivation by rightness de dicto.
The Sjögren’s Foundation
Authors: Church Janet E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Founded in 1983, the Sjögren’s Foundation is the only nonprofit organization in the United States that has Sjögren’s disease as its sole focus. The efforts of the Sjögren’s Foundation are targeted to both patients and providers and include raising awareness of the disease, building community, providing education, and developing and disseminating both information and resources. Another priority of the Foundation is funding innovative research aimed at improving the understanding, diagnosis, and treatment of this complex disease. The Foundation approaches its work from a patient-first perspective as it continues to foster and grow a community focused on conquering the complexities of Sjögren’s.
The Impact of Living with Sjögren’s
Authors: Makara Matthew 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The complex nature of Sjögren’s can impact patients in a variety of ways, which can have a compounding effect on patients’ quality of life. Physically, the disease can manifest throughout the entire body. In addition to systemic dryness, Sjögren’s patients experience fatigue, internal organ involvement, neuropathies, and much more. The financial burden due to direct and indirect costs can be immense, with many Sjögren’s patients experiencing disruptions or reductions in their ability to work. A majority of Sjögren’s patients experience “brain fog” and a decreased ability to concentrate. Sjögren’s also has a huge impact on emotional health, with many patients experiencing struggles with coping and negative impacts on mood. A better understanding of how Sjögren’s impacts a patient’s life can help inform optimal healthcare decisions, assist loved ones in better understanding what is happening, and help patients cope and live their best lives possible.
Genetics and Sjögren’s
Authors: Sivils Kathy L. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Humans carry approximately 22,000 genes on 23 chromosomes that determine our physical traits and act as a guide to how cells function. Consisting of four nucleotides, DNA is a double-stranded, helical molecule that signals RNA to transcribe molecules made from 20 amino acids. Sjögren’s is characterized by being a complex gene disorder with several distinct single nucleotide polymorphisms. Genotyping is in its infancy as it relates to Sjögren’s, but thus far investigators believe that certain variants in HLA-DQ, HLA-DR haplotypes and STAT4 and IRF genes are associated with it. These markers and variants are associated with T and B cells and promote inflammatory and autoimmune reactions. Epigenetics, a new field of genetics, addresses how genes can be modified by one’s environment or behaviors, and this might also contribute to disease development.
Causes of Exocrine Gland Dysfunction in Sjögren’s
Authors: Kapsogeorgou Efstathia K. , Voulgarelis Michael , Tzioufas Athanasios G. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The secretory function of the exocrine glands is a perplexing and tightly regulated process. The glands must readily respond to internal and external stimuli or environmental changes to facilitate the hydration, lubrication, and protection of tissues, organs, or cavities that are easily accessible or in direct contact with exogenous factors and pathogens. Especially in Sjögren’s, identification of the cause is exacerbated by the complexity of the disease, the variety of the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis, and our inability to identify the offending factors. The identification of the offending factors of epithelial activation and the role of the latter in the observed epithelial secretory dysfunction is of great importance for the understanding of disease pathogenesis and the development of effective therapeutic interventions.
Dry Mouth
Authors: Wu Ava J. , Daniels Troy E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Sjögren’s disease affects the salivary glands, which are responsible for making and secreting a complex fluid that provides a multitude of protective and essential functions. The reduction or loss of saliva results in a decrease of these essential functions and significant oral discomfort and pathology. However, loss of saliva and a complaint of “dry mouth” can be the result of diverse causes. Some of these diverse causes require different treatment. Thus, it becomes important to evaluate the cause of a complaint of dry mouth and the severity of salivary dysfunction. With this knowledge, individualized preventive measures may be promptly initiated to reduce symptoms and to minimize the impact of dry mouth on the oral cavity.
Management of Dry Eye in Sjögren’s
Authors: Donshik Peter 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Dry eye is a very common finding and is caused by many conditions. In Sjögren’s, the autoimmune disease causes dry eye. The practitioner should rule out infection, non-immune-related sources, or dryness susceptibilities for infections. Dry eye disease is managed by educating the patient, using ocular lubricants, modifying the local environment (e.g., humidification), lid hygiene, autologous tears, and tear conservation. Additionally, systemic anti-inflammatory approaches are used. While there are now more treatment options, management is an art that should be based on the best scientific evidence available. The stepwise approach discussed in this chapter is an attempt to offer a reasonable approach to the management of dry eye disease rather than a rigid cookbook management tool.
Management of Other Sicca Symptoms in Sjögren’s
Authors: Abboud Soo Kim , Haddad Leila M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Complications of chronic inflammation, dryness, and glandular atrophy are common in Sjögren’s. Nasal symptoms include nosebleeds, sinusitis, septal perforation, and allergic rhinitis. Auditory manifestations may present as hearing deficits, chondritis, and tinnitus. Laryngeal involvement can produce swallowing difficulties and hoarseness and is associated with polyps as well as gastroesophageal symptoms. The underlying cause of these nasal, otologic, and oral symptoms should first be ascertained. A general principle is to promote humidification measures, avoid drying agents (e.g., antihistamines), and use irrigation as needed (nasal saline, neti pot). Associated inflammatory conditions such as chondritis or vestibulitis respond to corticosteroids or other immunosuppressives, but these should be used sparingly due to their side effects. Ear pain can be relieved with a variety of approaches that decrease Eustachian tube dysfunction and improve moisturization of the nasal and oral cavity. Management of laryngeal involvement consists of anti-reflux measures such as proton pump inhibitors as well as mucolytic agents.
Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Approaches to Health in Sjögren’s
Authors: Makara Matthew 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
People often incorporate non-mainstream or nontraditional approaches to health in hopes of achieving a better quality of life. These approaches can complement traditional medicine (complementary health), replace it (alternative health), or be used along with it in a coordinated fashion (integrated health). Nontraditional approaches include nutritional changes (including supplementation), mind–body techniques, exercise, and body-based methods. In patients with Sjögren’s and other autoimmune diseases, a relatively limited body of research is available about these modalities. However, as our understanding of the disease continues to increase, there is reason to be optimistic that a more precise approach and guidance will be available to manage the many complications of Sjögren’s.
Sjögren’s Foundation Clinical Trials Consortium
Authors: Ford Theresa Lawrence 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Sjögren’s Foundation Clinical Trials Consortium is a collaborative effort of industry, patient advocates, academicians, basic scientists, and community practitioners to promote the development of newer and improved treatment for the disease. Its initiatives include online training programs, dissemination of information regarding metrics for ascertaining disease activity, and engagement with governmental agencies such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the National Institutes of Health. During its relatively short time in existence, the consortium has already made a meaningful difference on clinical trials in Sjögren’s. The consortium will continue to work for and support the development of new therapies for Sjögren’s. As it was when the group first formed, its goal of identifying barriers to successful clinical trials and finding ways to bring the international community together to address these barriers will always be the top priority for the Sjögren’s Foundation.
An Awakening: Brazil
Authors: Spalding Andrew 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The forces described in Chapters 1 and 2 first collided in Brazil as it hosted the 2014 FIFA Men’s World Cup and 2016 Rio de Janeiro Summer Olympics. Brazil may be understood as an awakening to a historic moment in which hosting megasports coincides with human rights and anti-corruption reforms, raising a new possibility. Brazil’s notoriously systemic corruption has deep roots in a history of colonization and military dictatorships. However, in the mid-2000s this BRIC nation became the third country to consecutively host the Olympic Games and FIFA Men’s World Cup. A season of historic economic optimism would abruptly end with the 2008 global financial crisis. Brazil’s resulting recession elicited widespread perceptions that the government was mismanaging money, and megasport spending was among the public’s principal complaints. When mass protests erupted in 2013, the national legislature responded by enacting two significant pieces of anti-corruption legislation. These laws gave prosecutors new tools they used to undertake the most far-reaching anti-corruption enforcement action in history, called Operation Lavo Jato. Megasport corruption scandals were part of a constellation of forces that accelerated the implementation of these standards. Neither megasport organizers nor national lawmakers intended these reforms to be a legacy of the sporting events. Nor did the reforms include a significant human rights component. As such, Brazil presents a legacy this book calls reactive, accidental, and one-dimensional. The Brazilian experience is the first in a series of megasport events that collectively suggest the possibility of a human rights and anti-corruption legacy.
A Pattern Emerges: South Korea
Authors: Spalding Andrew 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
As if by script, an astonishingly similar pattern played out in the following Olympic Games. South Korea, host of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics, also sought and was awarded the Games at a time of historic economic optimism. But South Korea’s combination of strong-armed leadership and cozy relations with select family-run business conglomerates, called chaebol, led to rising concerns about government corruption. A triggering corruption scandal in 2014, unrelated to megasports, led to the enactment of a landmark anti-corruption law, the Kim Young-ran Act, and a public corruption investigation called Choigate that exposed Olympics-related corruption. Collectively, these events fundamentally altered deeply seated cultural norms and social practices in the public and private sectors. Standing alone, South Korea would not present a particularly compelling case for the human rights and anti-corruption legacy, given the relatively minor role of megasports in the country’s reform movement. Moreover, and similar to Brazil, these reforms were never planned or intended as megasport legacies, and did not significantly involve human rights reforms. As such, South Korea’s legacy is again reactive, accidental, and one-dimensional. Still, juxtaposed with Brazil a pattern emerges, within which lurks an opportunity. These two countries together suggest a possibility that megasports can accelerate the implementation of anti-corruption and/or human rights norms, practices, policies, and laws that endure long after the event. As the next chapters show, subsequent hosts would take further steps in developing the potential of megasports to leave a pro-active, intentional, and two-dimensional legacy.
Why Decolonize?
Authors: Lenette Caroline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The potential of Participatory Action Research (PAR) as a decolonial intersectional methodology has been underrecognized. Discussions on PAR, especially in western institutions and scholarship, often gloss over its origins grounded in reflexive research practice and debates in majority-world countries. However, this is precisely why PAR can be an effective tool to decolonize research, knowledge production, and the academy. Chapter 2 explains why it is crucial to engage in decolonial research, using Indigenous PAR and Black Participatory Research as examples. The author describes the significance of the concept of intersectionality and outlines how decolonial intersectionality can enrich participatory research and produce meaningful findings in collaboration with co-researchers who are multiply marginalized. Yusra Price’s vignette recounts two incidents in the context of facilitating decolonial, participatory research activities in South Africa as a brown, Muslim woman from Cape Town. She reflects on her facilitator role and shares insights on how she addressed tricky situations as they emerged during workshops.