bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Great Barrington Boy II
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
George Platt Lynes’s photographer friend Harold Griffith, acting as Russell’s agent, purchases George’s equipment at auction, which George “borrows” back from Russell. The sale satisfies the IRS claim. George declares bankruptcy, thus avoiding payment on the disputed Hollywood decorating bill. By summer 1952, local crime convinces George to leave Hell’s Kitchen for Russell’s. Young “Buddy” McCarthy visits from Boston to model and share George’s bed. George invites Buddy to live with him, but Buddy demurs. Sam Steward recommends a “Negro” youth, Johnny Leaphart, as a model and sexual prospect. George poses him and Buddy for sensual nude images together, producing a classic Lynes picture, “Man in His Element.” George moves to East 61st Street. His finances remain shaky. George shoots a studio series of a lithe blond stripped to the waist; his looming shadow is thrown upon the rear wall. One is entitled “The Great Barrington Boy”—nearly a doppelganger for Lynes in his youth.
A Naked Legacy
Authors: Ellenzweig Allen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 1953 New York City Christmas party: George chats up Isherwood and his young lover, Don Bachardy. In his studio, George poses Don who, “dazzled,” submits to George’s seduction. A secret epistolary romance commences. George invites Don east, but he remains with Isherwood to study at UCLA. Meeting up months later, they agree the “affair” is over. Balanchine restages the Christmas hit The Nutcracker in 1954, but George is not invited to photograph it, unaware Kirstein accuses him of confusing friends for “customers.” Russell, also aggrieved, writes George a scathing letter. George should stop borrowing from him; he must stand on his own. George and Kinsey conduct protracted negotiations for acquiring the Lynes male nude negatives. George worries for their legacy. Katherine Anne’s recent heart attack and his own recent ill health signal the perils of an artist’s work’s posthumous dispersal. George sells many negatives to Kinsey’s Institute to assure official protection.
The Rocketeers
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on young Aden Meinel’s training and experience in Caltech’s rocket program, led by Charles Lauritsen, his son Tom Lauritsen, and Willy Fowler—specifically target rockets, barrage rockets, antisubmarine rockets, and aircraft rockets—funded first by the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC) and then the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD). Marjorie Meinel also participated in the editorial section of these projects while working on her master’s degree in astronomy at Claremont Colleges. Aden trained gunners at Camp Pendleton and helped to design rocket launchers for use in World War II. Not long after Aden married Marjorie, he learned that his deferment for rocket research had not been renewed, and he was ordered to report for active duty in the US Navy.
Opportunity Knocks—Doors Open Wide
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers Aden Meinel’s succession to directorship of Steward Observatory at the University of Arizona upon the death of Edwin Carpenter and his focus on developing a new large-aperture telescope for the observatory, hiring new faculty, consulting for the Air Force, and eventually creating a world-class optical science education and research center supported by university President Richard Harvill. His successful NSF grant proposal funded an 84-inch telescope at the university. At the same time, he was consulting on a 48-inch telescope in Hyderabad, India. He laid out a rigorous, interdisciplinary program in optics that found support from both NSF and especially the Air Force, which was interested in surveillance and lasers. With the hire of new faculty and the enrollment of Air Force officers as graduate students, the University approved an Optical Sciences Center, which later morphed into the College of Optical Sciences on campus.
Power for the People: A Solar Odyssey
Authors: Osborn Donald E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the pioneering contributions of Aden and Marjorie Meinel to solar power in the 1970s. During Aden's sabbatical in 1970, they developed a detailed concept of a National Solar Power Facility based on high-temperature, large-scale, solar thermal power plants utilizing advanced thin-film selective optical coatings to increase solar power plant efficiency and cost-effectiveness substantially. Their books, Power for the People and Applied Solar Energy, contributed to the momentum of optimism for solar farms in the desert Southwest at the state and federal levels. Doubts soon arose that large-scale, solar-generated electricity would become competitive with traditional fuels, however, and funding evaporated. The Meinels, once the premier advocates of solar power, began to downplay its viability. Today, with the decline in costs, there are some 900 megawatts of Meinel-type, solar energy-generation stations operating in the California and Arizona deserts with another 400 megawatts of power stations in California.
A View to National Security
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
National defense proposals and operations of the United States during the Cold War required the breadth and depth of Aden Meinel’s knowledge and expertise in optics and rockets; as a consequence, he was recruited as a special scientific consultant—at high clearance levels—for aerial surveillance operations from 1962 to at least the early 1970s by the CIA, the Air Force, and civilian corporations such as Itek. This chapter traces his involvement in camera optics for satellites (CORONA, GAMBIT, HEXAGON) and spy planes (Lockheed A-12 or OXCART) overflying strategic sites, as well as his collaboration with fellow scientists Albert “Bud” Wheelon in the CIA, General Lew Allen, Jr., of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Director Brockway McMillan of the National Reconnaissance Office, and Edwin Land of Polaroid.
In Space at Last
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses how Aden and Marjorie Meinel were hired at NASA/JPL and their contributions in six major areas: (1) the large deployable reflector system study to create technology fundamental to the James Webb Space Telescope; (2) the Thousand Astronomical Unit (TAU) mission to make high-precision, fundamental measurements of the distance from Earth to most objects in this galaxy; (3) space optical systems for the detection and characterization of exoplanets; (4) interferometry to recover images across the surface of stars, measure precision stellar motions, and reveal details of planetary formation and evolution; (5) repair of the Hubble Space Telescope; and (6) the ground-based Advanced Electro Optical System (AEOS) telescope of the Air Force. The chapter ends with the awards Aden and Marjorie both received and their deaths in 2011 and 2008, respectively.
Slowly Fades the Supernova
Authors: Breckinridge James B. , Pridgeon Alec M. , Osborn Donald E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to the legacy of Aden and Marjorie Meinel in several areas, including astronomy, optical fabrication and testing, engineering and education in the optical sciences, the foundations of solar thermal energy independence, national defense, and major education facilities. From Yerkes Observatory Aden recruited the eminent Gerard Kuiper to join the faculty at the University of Arizona, who later founded the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory (LPL). The Meinels influenced the lives of perhaps millions of people around the globe, not only by their international lectures, publications, and pioneering solar power farms, but also by assisting in telescope design and construction in India and China. Aden’s comprehensive understanding of observational astronomy and atmospheric physics led to his selection of Kitt Peak mountain for the U.S. National Observatory. Aden’s character is revealed in reminiscences by former students.
Pandemic Death, Response and Memory in Non-European Societies
Authors: Killingray David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The influenza pandemic of 1918–19 struck hardest the native peoples of Africa, the Americas and the Pacific. These were societies largely subject to varieties of colonial control, predominantly non-industrial and non-literate, and with low resistance to ‘old-world’ diseases. Memories of these sudden disastrous personal and communal tragedies have been retrieved from oral accounts. In east and central Africa, memory of flu was often overwhelmed by bitter recall of the social and economic miseries caused by the long and exploitative brutal First World War. Enduring memories of the pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa have been perpetuated in the many flourishing indigenous new religious movements spawned during this ‘crisis of comprehension’. High flu death rates in many Pacific islands were mentally subsumed as a continuation of the equally harsh ‘Western’ diseases that had hit the region since the nineteenth century. One immediate response was anti-colonial political activity, although in certain islands the excesses of the Second World War were more readily recalled than the high death rates of 1918–19.
‘Above All Else There Was Fear’
Authors: Filho Claudio Bertolli 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter sets out to explore personal memory of living in São Paulo, Brazil during the ‘Spanish’ Flu. The city was badly hit in the last quarter of 1918 by the second and most deadly wave of the influenza pandemic, when it arrived in Brazil and practically spread throughout the entire national territory. The primary source examined is a testimony, recorded in the 1980s, of Dona Rosa Fazio Fávero, who at the time of the pandemic was thirteen years old. She noted how, despite the medical measures taken by her middle-class parents to keep the family safe, one of her sisters was infected with flu, albeit in a mild form. She recalled how her parents showed sympathy to members of the neighbourhood, offering shelter and food to those most in need. From Dona Rosa’s testimony, which highlights the forms of solidarity that allowed the city to overcome the great health crisis, it is evident that this experience was remembered as a defining moment in her life.
The Overshadowing of the Memory of ‘Spanish’ Flu in Poland
Authors: Mieszkowski Łukasz 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of the ‘Spanish’ Flu in Polish collective memory, tracing its prolonged oblivion over the twentieth century to the revival of memory in the beginning of the second decade of the twenty-first century. The process of forgetting is charted chronologically through examples of cultural representations of the epidemic in contemporary works of fiction and quasi-religious ceremonies to a modern-day feature film. While the absence of archival records is explained, the comparative case of the policies through which the newly independent Polish state combated a contemporary typhus epidemic is discussed as a possible explanation for the suppressing of the memory of influenza. Overall, the image of the establishment of the Polish state in official propaganda could not accommodate the mishandling of the influenza epidemic crisis in the wider context of an almost complete collapse of sanitation and civilisation. On the background of such a history of forgetting, the recent prominence of the ‘Spanish’ Flu in Polish cultural and social memory a century after the events, as new-found interest was aroused by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, may not prove to last in the long term.
‘Remember Me to the Folks’
Authors: Bogaert Kandace , Humphries Mark Osborne 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how soldiers’ deaths due to the 1918 influenza pandemic were commemorated, at times obscured and rediscovered within the context of the Great War. Using a remarkable collection of letters centred around one Canadian soldier as a starting point, the analysis touches on how soldiers’ families and the nation made sense of their immense loss. The story begins with the death of Gunner Sidney Moody, who was the first of many Canadian soldiers who died during the autumn wave of the 1918 influenza pandemic at Kinmel Park Military Camp in North Wales. After Sidney’s mother in Canada stopped receiving letters from her son, she began receiving heartfelt letters from hospital nursing staff and a fellow soldier who had been in hospital with Sidney. Each letter writer provided a poignant sketch of how they believed Sidney should be remembered, linking his death with wartime service and honour. Although the Great War may have overshadowed explicit public memorialisation of the 1918 influenza pandemic in the aftermath of both, to the families of soldiers who perished during the pandemic, they were inseparable.
‘The Fell Plague of Last Year’
Authors: Rice Geoffrey W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter uses new data from newspaper evidence to chart a clear pattern of declining public remembrance of the 1918 flu in New Zealand between the world wars, reaching a nadir of forgetting in the 1950s, followed by a gradual re-remembering from the 1970s, boosted by detailed academic research in the 1980s, to reach a peak of remembrance in the centenary year of 2018. Reasons for the decline in remembrance are suggested, including the distractions of the 1930s Depression and the Second World War, the advent of antibiotics and vaccines which made influenza less of a feared killer disease and the absence of social history from school and university curricula. Academic research began to reverse this decline from the 1970s: New Zealand was the first country in the world whose 1918 flu mortality was analysed from individual death records. When SARS and ‘bird flu’ revived public interest in the 1918 pandemic, New Zealand’s Pandemic Plan included specific ‘lessons’ from 1918. These were rehearsed at the unveiling of a national memorial to 1918 flu victims in November 2019, and probably contributed to New Zealand’s swift response to COVID-19.
‘The Pneumonic Influenza Is Just Part of My Life’
Authors: Hobbins Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Australia, the ‘Spanish’ Flu pandemic was neither commemorated nor forgotten. In contrast with the nation’s shocking casualty rates during the First World War, mortality from the pandemic was much lower than elsewhere in the world. Across the country, few formal monuments mark either communal sacrifice or individual deaths due to ‘Spanish’ Flu. Even the preferred local moniker, ‘pneumonic influenza’, rarely features on gravestones. Yet the pandemic was never neglected by the medical profession, who continued to invoke 1918–19 as the ‘worst-case scenario’ for the impact of imported diseases. Moreover, despite the absence of public memorialisation, many community and family narratives of ‘Spanish’ Flu focused on a place-based ethics of care. In both urban and rural localities, these memories of the collective response overrode the pandemic’s traumatic impact. Often kept alive via regional repositories and personal stories, Australian community histories have emphasised fortitude, courage and charity, rather than loss or mourning. In encouraging the publication of these accounts, a 2018–19 programme fostered attempts to research and share the local impact of the pandemic in 1919. Arguing that the very ubiquity of experience obviated the need for formal commemorations, this chapter concludes that its Australian meanings remain focused on the intimate associations of family, neighbourhood and community. This project emphasises the importance of community historians as ‘partner practitioners’ in defining what is important for us to remember—and why.
The Past, Present and Future of Memory
Authors: Reznick Jeffrey S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers perspectives on the recurring cycle of reflecting on, recording and remembering medical histories of the 1918–19 influenza epidemic in the United States, from the period of that epidemic itself to epidemics, pandemics and the pervasive digital character of the early twenty-first century. It reveals the processes and implications of these cycles, arguing that key factors in their continuation—lest they be broken—are the very acts of consistently, deliberately and responsibly archiving and preserving primary sources of memory—and memory itself—and, above all, valuing it as part of the future historical record.
Between the Great War and the Great Flu
Authors: Bruendel Steffen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
While the Great War immediately became a topos of modernity, the Great Flu was seen as part of a war-related apocalyptic complex that remained outside the literary and artistic canon. Hence, the pandemic eluded cultural memory. Since the war and the influenza were often interwoven in the literary processing of the events, the sometimes hidden references in poems or novels were not sufficient to commemorate the latter. The vague allusions to the pandemic may have been obvious to contemporaries but over time became less recognisable for later generations. Furthermore, the pandemic has left only few traces in the canonical works of the visual arts. With the exception of Edvard Munch, artists usually did not portray themselves suffering from influenza, but rather depicted close relatives or people from their immediate surroundings. Without titles that explicitly referred to the pandemic, it was not readily apparent to—at least later—viewers that the pictures visualised the ‘Spanish’ Flu. Based on a research group of twenty-five mostly avant-garde artists and writers from seven European countries and the United States—among them Schiele, Kollwitz, Kafka, Munch, Sargent, Graves, Eliot, Woolf, Mann, Döblin, Zweig and Apollinaire—this chapter is an initial attempt to systematically investigate the traces of ‘Spanish’ Flu in modernist art and literature.
From the Holy Roman Empire to the Land of the Tsars
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
From the Holy Roman Empire to the Land of the Tsars is a history of life in the German lands and Russia during the Age of Revolution. The story begins in 1768, when the Old Regimes of early modern Europe were still intact, and ends in 1870, when nationalism, liberalism, and industrial capitalism were triumphant. Using the methodology of microhistory, the book traces the odyssey of one family, the Rosenstrauchs. Johannes Ambrosius Rosenstrauch, the book’s central figure, was a shapeshifter who embodied the restless mobility of the Age of Revolution. Born and raised in Prussia, he wandered across the German lands and Holland, lived for years in St. Petersburg and Moscow, and finally settled on the Ukrainian steppe. He was a barber-surgeon, then an actor, then a businessman. He was raised a Catholic, became a prominent Freemason, and ended his life as a Lutheran pastor. He saw the terminal crisis of Germany’s Holy Roman Empire, the Napoleonic Wars, and the rise of the centralized nineteenth-century Russian autocracy. When Europe changed after the Napoleonic Wars, his family changed with it: his son Wilhelm fashioned himself into a quintessential Moscow bourgeois of the age of Nicholas I, and prospered until he was brought low by a financial scandal in the 1860s. Presenting a broad panorama of society and culture in Germany and Russia from the Enlightenment to the dawn of modernity, this microhistory explores how the lives of individual people are entangled with the great forces of their age.
The Barber-Surgeon from Silesia
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces the society and culture of the Holy Roman Empire under the Old Regime. This was the world in which Rosenstrauch grew up in the 1770s and 1780s. He was secretive about his origin and rarely spoke of it; all that is known with reasonable certainty is that he came from a Catholic burgher family in Breslau in Prussian Silesia, and was destined as a young man to become a barber-surgeon. Based on this limited information, the chapter reconstructs the environment in which he was formed. After describing the general character of Old Regime society, the chapter focuses on two social worlds suspended between tradition and modernity: Breslau, a city steeped in baroque culture and religion, but also a center of economic and educational innovation; and barber-surgery, a centuries-old artisan trade in the early stages of a transformation into a modern medical specialty.
An Irresistible Inclination to the Stage
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 explores the theater world of Enlightenment Germany, which Rosenstrauch entered as an actor in the late 1780s. Theater in the late eighteenth century was in the early stages of a momentous transition. Much theater continued to be provided by traveling companies of dubious quality, and actors were still widely held in disdain as footloose entertainers of low morals. At the same time, however, leading Enlightenment thinkers in Germany conceived of theater as a noble art form that could uplift the people and help to create a modern, unified national culture. The chapter discusses the development of German theater and the social world of actors in this period, and, drawing on memoirs by other actors and Goethe’s novel Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship, it reconstructs the path that probably led Rosenstrauch to become an actor.
Theater, Revolution, and Freemasonry
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the connections linking Germany and the Dutch Republic following the outbreak of the French Revolution. Tracing Rosenstrauch’s path as a traveling actor in 1790–2, the chapter explores theater life in Enlightenment Germany, and the contrasts between the backward-looking Old Regime society of the Westphalian prince-bishoprics of Münster and Osnabrück and the modern consumer society that was taking shape in Nenndorf and other newly developed resort towns. With the outbreak of the War of the First Coalition in 1792, Rosenstrauch and his family went to the Dutch Republic. The chapter discusses the relationship between German and Dutch society, Rosenstrauch’s initiation into Freemasonry, his experience of the invasion of the Dutch Republic by Revolutionary France, and the diverse groups of Dutch society with which he came into contact: German migrants of various classes, the Dutch Orangists (conservative supporters of the existing regime), and the Orangists’ opponents, the revolutionary Patriots.
The Landgrave’s Theater
Authors: Martin Alexander M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on the court theater of Landgrave William IX of Hesse-Kassel. Rosenstrauch was a member of the theater’s acting troupe, which was managed by Karl Theodor Hassloch, from 1794 to 1800. The chapter reconstructs how the theater in Kassel was organized, funded, and managed, how actors were cast in particular roles, and the repertory of plays and operas that were staged; it also discusses the theater’s relationship with its audiences and the landgrave’s court, the reviews it received in the German press, and its tours to the Rhineland during the War of the First Coalition. For Rosenstrauch, these were years of professional success. In his personal life, he and his wife had stable employment and were presumably reunited with her family, but the decade ended in disaster when his wife abandoned him and their four children. To understand what caused the breakdown of his marriage, the chapter explores the personal and familial pressures that he faced in Kassel as an actor, a non-native, and a Catholic.