bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutional Economics for Multilevel Economic Regulation
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 explains why constitutional and institutional economics and public choice theory can assist in narrowing the value conflicts between US neo-liberalism, China’s constitutionally unrestrained state capitalism, and Europe’s ordo-liberal constitutionalism. Transforming the world for realizing sustainable development requires multilevel regulation of market failures (e.g. by competition, environmental, and social law and institutions), governance failures (e.g. by individual rights and judicial remedies), and constitutional failures (e.g. by common market law, democratic constitutionalism protecting human and constitutional rights). Interpreting the World Trade Organization (WTO) sustainable development objectives in conformity with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals may offer more coherent benchmarks for evaluating economic and environmental measures (like carbon taxes, carbon border adjustments, green subsidies, regulatory restrictions of greenhouse gas emissions) than neo-liberal conceptions of Kaldor–Hicks efficiencies. Globalization and its transformation of national into transnational public goods require extending constitutional and institutional economics to multilevel governance in order to enhance the wealth of nations, not only through cooperation and division of labour among private economic actors but also among law-makers, governments, and courts beyond national frontiers.
Protecting Rule of Law and Human Rights in the World Trading System
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 illustrates how the World Trade Organization (WTO) jurisprudence has, for twenty-five years (1995–2020), promoted the rule of law consistent with constitutional principles (e.g. of proportionality balancing) of judicial administration of justice. It discusses legitimacy problems of WTO adjudication resulting from the limited jurisdiction of WTO dispute settlement bodies. Notwithstanding the rare invocation of human rights and the reticent use of systemic treaty interpretation methods by WTO governments, WTO jurisprudence protected human rights values. Even if WTO complainants, defendants, and WTO dispute settlement bodies avoided references to human rights, there is no empirical evidence that the more than 500 GATT/WTO panel, appellate, and arbitration findings violated human rights. Many GATT/WTO dispute settlement findings balanced private and public interests, for instance by systemic interpretation of WTO rules consistent with multilateral treaties like the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. The increasing recourse to unilateral invocations of national security and public morals for justifying politically motivated trade sanctions was successfully contained by WTO panel reports limiting the allegedly self-judging nature of such invocations of WTO exceptions by insistence on good faith interpretation and respect for the necessity, proportionality, and other rule-of-law principles in WTO law and general international law. Democratic constitutionalism and related theories of justice explain why power-oriented pursuit of the sustainable development goals—including a rules-based, mutually beneficial multilateral trading system, and transnational rule of law—require multilevel constitutional restraints such as those underlying the WTO dispute settlement system.
Judicial Overreach? Constitutional Justice Requires Multilevel Judicial Comity
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 8 explains why—as the United Nations (UN) Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Climate Agreement do not include provisions for third-party adjudication—it is important to provide for multilevel judicial remedies protecting transnational rule of law. Localizing the legal and judicial remedies for decentralized enforcement of the sustainable development goals requires reducing the disconnect between UN/World Trade Organization (WTO) law, multilevel governance, domestic citizens, and civil society institutions (including business and trade unions) and promoting mutual coherence of national and international trade, investment, and environmental law remedies. This chapter discusses the increasing governmental claims of judicial overreach in multilevel investment adjudication, the recent initiatives for WTO appellate arbitration, and judicial overreach in European climate and economic adjudication. It clarifies the constitutional principles (e.g. of proportionality balancing, subsidiarity, judicial deference towards margins of interpretation in domestic jurisdictions with more expertise and more democratic support and accountability) that should govern judicial comity in the administration of justice and multilevel protection of the rule of law in national and international jurisdictions. The recent jurisprudence by national constitutional courts reviewing national climate legislation and insufficient greenhouse gas reductions confirms the importance of constitutional and judicial restraints on legislative discretion and administration of climate mitigation measures.
Battles with Brittleness
Authors: Speller Susannah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
For some applications, we need to use a superconductor that either works at higher temperature or can withstand higher magnetic fields than the workhorse niobium-titanium alloy. The problem with all of the other materials are that they are brittle. This means that it is much more difficult to make them into long lengths of wire. This chapter explores how we go about doing this in practice for two of the technological materials, niobium-tin and magnesium diboride, which belong to a class of materials called intermetallics. As we go along, powder processing of objects by pressing and sintering is introduced. “Under the Lens” sections estimate the volume fraction of porosity and explore the mechanism for solid state diffusion. The Arrhenius equation that crops up in diffusion is one of the most important in materials science which are touched upon in a “Wider View” section.
Universals (I)
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the dominant version of the top-down picture: the universals theory, forged by D. M. Armstrong, Fred Dretske, and Michael Tooley. On this view, a law of nature states a necessitation or ‘N’ relation among universals. Like primitivism, it claims that laws govern events; but unlike that view, it provides a metaphysical analysis of laws. This chapter looks at the motivations for the view and deals with some of the chief objections to it. On the universals view, properties themselves are causally inert, except insofar as they stand in the N-relation. The chapter argues that there is nothing objectionable about such ‘quiddities.’ It divides the objections to non-dispositional properties into epistemic and metaphysical, and deals with each in turn. The more serious objection to the universals view stems from its making the laws of nature contingent. I argue that it then has no principled reason to deny that laws can vary within a given world.
Introduction
Authors: Agri Dalida 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Introduction outlines the purpose, approach, structure, and arguments of the book. The chapter also provides a helpful roadmap for the journey ahead. It offers a substantial discussion that presents the reader with a nexus of major ideas, carefully laid out to ensure that the readings, which focus on Flavian epic, are grounded in a clear, shared understanding of the larger context. This chapter includes a detailed section that takes stock of the existing scholarship on emotion and Stoicism in Flavian epic before delving into key issues surrounding Stoic ethics in Rome, Stoic political thought, and the figure of the tyrant in the poetic tradition from Homer all the way to the Flavians.
Reading Fear in Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica
Authors: Agri Dalida 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The next three chapters offer an overview of fear and cognate emotions in all three Flavian epic, and the influence of Stoic thought in the poetic treatment of these emotions. Each chapter is dedicated to a particular epic. Chapter 2 examines the use of fear and hope in depictions of power and leadership in Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica. It also prompts wider, important considerations on the role of prophecy, and the relation between divine will and human agency. This chapter further explores fear in the case of Medea and the mapping of vulnerability to emotion onto gender instability through the use of reverse sex similes, in particular.
Reading Fear in Statius’ Thebaid
Authors: Agri Dalida 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores how fear and related emotions such as envy, anger, and hatred contribute to and shape the overall narrative in Statius’ Thebaid. It looks at how fear plays a pervasive role in the human and divine power struggles that dominate the epic by drawing attention to the significance of (false) belief in the formation of the passions, which, in turn, dictate actions and behaviour. This chapter draws attention to Tisiphone as a key figure in Statius’ poetic engagement with Stoic ethics, the deployment of fear as a political idea, and the pertinence of the Stoic concept of sumpatheia to the sustainability of evil in the Thebaid. Widening up the scope of Stoic thought in Statius’ epic, the discussion provides new readings to reconcile seemingly irreconcilable notions such as fate, free will, and the existence of evil in a world designed to produce good.
Epilogue
Authors: Agri Dalida 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Epilogue brings the study to a close by summarizing the key arguments of each chapter in this book. It offers the author’s views on the nature and scope of the intertextual relationship between the three major Flavian epics (Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica, Staitus’ Thebaid, and Silius Italicus’ Punica) and identifies further links and contrasts between the Flavian epicists in their poetic treatment of fear, tyranny, and the passions. The Epilogue also provides a quick comparative overview of the poets’ scale of engagement with Stoic thought, ponders the multifaceted influence of Seneca, and finally opens up the discussion to suggest further lines of enquiry.
The Well-Ordered Republic
Authors: Lovett Frank 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Classical republicans from Machiavelli to Madison and contemporary republicans such as Philip Pettit and Quentin Skinner together form a coherent political tradition centered on three main principles: the non-domination principle, the empire of law principle, and the popular control principle. Republicans argue that people are not free when their choices are dominated by others, even when those others are benevolent, and even when that domination was consented to. Because domination presents an obstacle to human flourishing, public laws, policies, and institutions should be designed to reduce the extent to which people experience it. To this end, republicans advocate the rule of law, the public provision of an unconditional basic income, and popular control over public officials. Republican freedom is constituted as a public good by these laws, policies, and institutions, and because their health and maintenance depend on active citizen support, securing republican freedom is an ongoing collective project. To achieve stability, a well-ordered republic must enjoy robust civic engagement on the part of citizens, possibly secured in part through active civics education. Republicans should support cosmopolitan principles of global economic justice, the international rule of law, and cooperative multilateral security policies.
Popular Control
Authors: Lovett Frank 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Republicans hold that top public officials at least must be subject to effective popular control, for otherwise they will dominate citizens. The republican argument for popular control does not depend on the assumption public officials cannot be trusted, but rather on the nature of domination—even benevolent public officials would dominate citizens if their powers were not suitably controlled. Most classical republicans were skeptical of democracy as an implementation of popular control, but contemporary republicans are firm democrats. Many classical republicans enthusiastically supported the separation of powers, but contemporary republicans are divided on its merits. While top public officials must be subject to popular control, it remains an open question how far popular control should extend, with some republicans arguing that it is better to de-politicize certain public offices. Discretionary authority is often problematic from a republican point of view, but need not in all cases constitute domination. Legislative authority presents special challenges for republicanism: while necessary in order to respond to emergent forms of domination, that authority may itself necessarily constitute a form of domination. Republicans are divided on the merits of judicial review. While hostile to prerogative powers, republicans have been willing to support properly-designed emergency powers.
Uneven Targeting of Cash Transfers
Authors: Ampratwum Edward 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the political dynamics underpinning implementation of Ghana’s Livelihood Empowerment against Poverty (LEAP) programme, exploring the puzzle of why LEAP is implemented better in some districts than others. Drawing on four detailed case studies in the Upper West and Central regions, the chapter argues that both state infrastructural power and political competition shape implementation of the programme. However, in Ghana’s highly competitive political system, it is political competition that dominates, with political competition between and within parties tending to undermine the impartiality of targeting processes compared with districts in which one party is dominant. This politicization of distribution remains despite the centralization of targeting processes in recent reforms, with local political actors exploiting their connections to national politicians as a means of bypassing central controls.
The Politics of Distributing Social Transfers in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Naomi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In 2016, Bangladesh’s Primary Education Stipend Project (PESP), a conditional cash transfer programme that had been assisting targeted poor children since the 1990s, was reformed to reach all children attending government schools. Since the reforms, the cash has been disbursed through mobile money technology. The chapter argues that the PESP reform was motivated by the Awami League’s growing dominance, and its need for popular legitimacy and channels through which to reach citizens. However, the research found no evidence that the growing dominance of the ruling party had strengthened its capacity to discipline its agents to enforce its policies. Instead, the government had responded to criticisms of the contention and alleged corruption in the programme by redesigning it to bypass local actors.
Chaucer and the Progress of Poetry
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the diverse and sometimes conflicting accounts of Chaucer that were inherited by eighteenth-century writers from their predecessors. The ‘Testimonies’ on Chaucer in Thomas Speght’s editions of 1598 and 1602 are compared and contrasted with those in John Urry’s edition of 1721. The chapter discusses the importance given to Chaucer in poems tracing the overall progress of English poetry by Michael Drayton, Samuel Daniel, George Daniel, Joseph Addison, Samuel Cobb, and Samuel Wesley. It also investigates the critical accounts of Chaucer by Thomas Rymer, Sir Thomas Pope Blount, and their relation to the same critics’ responses to the poetry of Spenser, and to more recent poetry by Edmund Waller and Sir John Denham. The chapter attempts to distinguish between those who regarded Chaucer as the ‘father’ of English poetry only in the sense of a distant forebear and those who saw him as an active progenitor of poetry in the immediate present. It questions the assumption that Chaucer’s standing was in continuous and universal decline, and explores the way in which Sir John Mennes, Charles Gildon, and Samuel Pepys were able to perceive the strength of Chaucer’s thought, despite the antiquity of his language.
Palamon and Arcite
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDryden’s critical remarks on Chaucer were felt to have been given crucial illustration and support in his reworkings of a number of Chaucerian poems. This chapter is devoted to Palamon and Arcite, Dryden’s translation of Chaucer’s The Knight’s Tale. It examines two remarkable critical claims: Dryden’s own assertion that The Knight’s Tale was a poem resembling, in kind and in quality, the Aeneid and the Iliad, and Thomas Warton’s belief that Chaucer’s poem had contributed to making Dryden’s version ‘the most animated and harmonious piece of versification in the English language’. Both these views met with both resistance and approval during the eighteenth century, but with the latter predominating. Thomas Gray considered that in Palamon and Arcite Dryden had forged, selected, or invented a poetic diction that was internally coherent and effectively free of the linguistic conventions of any time. Thomas Morell and others drew attention to the shared presence and treatment of the gods—and human responses to those gods—in Chaucer, Homer, and Dryden. Dryden, this chapter suggests, positively embraced the anachronisms in The Knight’s Tale to which Johnson was to object. His translation abounds in echoes of other writers whose sentiments were analogous to Chaucer’s or had been inspired by him. His overall endeavour was to bring the largest possible range of human and literary experience to his poem.
The Cock and the Fox
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter deals with The Cock and the Fox, Dryden’s version of Chaucer’s Nun’s Priest’s Tale. Taking its cue from John Miller’s commentary (1761), and Sir Walter Scott’s suggestion that Dryden’s embellishments to Chaucer’s poem represent those sparks ‘which genius strikes out when in collision with the work of a kindred spirit’, the chapter concentrates on the ways in which Dryden drew on solemn works (particularly Paradise Lost) and on political and theological controversies of his own day to reveal Chaucer’s tale as a poem which, as Scott put it, ‘in grave, ironical narrative, liveliness of illustration, and happiness of humorous description, yields to none that ever was written’. The Cock and the Fox, this chapter suggests, offers an exemplary model of the reading process, which inevitably involves readers’ experience of life and of other related reading, as well as their response to the work which is their immediate concern.
Chaucer’s Characters, Chaucer’s Character, and the Character of Chaucer’s Verse
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAfter a brief general survey of the responses to Chaucer that followed after Dryden’s Fables, this chapter concentrates on three related topics: eighteenth-century accounts of Chaucer’s characterization in The Canterbury Tales; attempts to divine the character of Chaucer the Man from his Works; and different (and sometimes conflicting) understandings of the character and characteristics of Chaucer’s verse. It is argued that Chaucer’s characters were seen by commentators from Dryden to Blake both as vivid portrayals of his contemporaries and as exemplary illustrations of permanent features of human nature. Attempts to derive impressions of Chaucer the Man from the poet’s Work (and to interpret the Work in the light of the Life), it is shown, were often vitiated by the unreliability of the sources cited—many of them poems attributed to Chaucer but not actually by him. The short poem thought to have been written by Chaucer speaking in propria persona on his deathbed (and translated into modern English by Walter Harte and Christopher Smart), offered eighteenth-century readers an image of the poet as a man of philosophical wisdom and serenity. The debate on the merits and defects of Chaucer’s versification (and their significance for the evaluation of his work) continued through the editions of Urry, Morell, and Thomas Tyrwhitt. The issues raised in that debate are investigated by examining the treatment of similar portions of Chaucer’s texts by his various editors and commentators.
Some Eighteenth-Century Wives of Bath
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom 
Published: August 2022

AbstractOf all Chaucer’s personages, the Wife of Bath was the most celebrated in the eighteenth century. The words of her Prologue and Tale—or reports or imitations of her words—appear in a wide variety of forms: plays, translations, imitations, dictionaries, anthologies, poetic commonplace books, and in the footnotes to editions of Spenser, Shakespeare, Milton, and occasionally Horace and Juvenal. Presentations of the Wife vary from Blake’s monster to the figure who talks her way into heaven itself in the much-reprinted ballad The Wanton Wife of Bath. This chapter discusses the depictions of the Wife in John Gay’s The Wife of Bath (1713), in versions of the Wife of Bath’s Prologue, by Pope and by Andrew Jackson, and in retellings of The Wife of Bath’s Tale by Richard Brathwaite, Dryden, George Ellis, and Voltaire.
Samuel Johnson and Chaucer
Authors: Hopkins David , Mason Tom 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter investigates the presence of Chaucer in Samuel Johnson’s Dictionary (1755, 2nd edn, 1773). There are considerable difficulties in reconciling remarks in Johnson’s Lives of the Poets, his plans for an edition of Chaucer, and his references to Chaucer in different parts of the Dictionary. Johnson presented Chaucer with difficulties of every kind, as a historian of the language, as a historian of the course of English poetry, and as a literary critic. His decision to confine his illustrative examples to works composed during and after the sixteenth century should have excluded Chaucer entirely. But Chaucer creeps in (often via Junius’s Etymologicon). Johnson cites lines that appear nowhere in Chaucer’s texts, and misquotes some that do. Some Chaucerian words and phrases (‘Mars armipotent’, ‘gladder’) are attributed to Dryden rather than to their source in Chaucer, and the reader of the Dictionary is offered a great many passages of Chaucer via Dryden. So frequent, indeed, is citation of Dryden’s Chaucerian versions, that some works (e.g. The Character of a Good Parson) appear piecemeal almost entire in the Dictionary.
Introduction: The origins of the regime
Authors: Siatitsa Ilia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter positions the emerging special regime around serious violations of human rights in the international legal order. Seldom has any attention been given in the literature so far to serious violations of human rights as a separate category of human rights violations that encapsulates some of the core community values. Serious violations of human rights arguably form part of the transformation of international law from a legal system primarily based upon bilateral legal relations among states to a system where respect for certain common fundamental values is brought to the forefront. The chapter offers a comparative analysis of serious violations of human rights with other closely related notions—namely, jus cogens norms, erga omnes obligations, and international crimes. It further provides an understanding of the ‘special regime’ for the purposes of this book, and hints at the slow, gradual, and often unintentional emergence of the special regime under consideration. Many of the processes and mechanisms found in the following chapters are the outcome of practical considerations and compromise.