bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in Railway Mechanical Engineering 2020 – 2021 Survey – Locomotives
Authors: Mast Timothy 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This survey reports on motive power development for the previous year ending in August 2021. Invitations to participate were sent to a number of locomotive builders. Railway industry trade journals and other rail magazines were also consulted for additional input. Similar to the previous year, new locomotive production has been very low with a strong emphasis placed on locomotive overhauls and modernizations. Of the few new locomotives constructed in North America, Progress Rail and Wabtec have both continued working on new power sources for locomotives including battery electric, biodiesel and hydrogen. In Sweden, Alstom operated the first train running on hydrogen. For the first time since 2001, Amtrak received new diesel road locomotives for its non-electrified routes with VIA Rail’s new locomotives and trainsets not far behind. Finally, the survey will look at a motive power development of an 80-year-old locomotive as UP implements I-ETMS as Positive Train Control on their operational Big Boy steam engine using a trailing diesel locomotive. General information will be provided. For further details on any of the developments in the design of railway locomotives the reader is encouraged to reach out the original equipment manufacturers.
Estimating Uncertainties in Concrete Monoblock Railroad Tie Flexural Behavior Through Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Chen Yu-Szu , Jones Christopher , Peterman Robert 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Research is conducted to estimate uncertainty in concrete monoblock tie flexural behavior through Monte Carlo simulation. A parameterized Moment-Curvature based computational program was developed for design and analysis of the prestressed concrete monoblock tie flexural behavior. For Monte Carlo simulation, a parameter sweep was performed to sample the expected range of input quantities. The parameter sweep program generates independent parameter combination input files, and the quantities of interest (QOIs) are computed by the Moment-Curvature based computational program. The QOIs are computed at governing locations, including: 1) moment at first crack, 2) moment at crack propagation to outer layer of reinforcement, 3) deflection at rail-center and 4) crack height at AREMA recommended design force. Several simulation input parameters were randomly varied including 1) concrete compressive strength at 28 days, 2) initial concrete strength, 3) modulus of rupture, 4) prestress level, and 5) wire position. The results of the Monte Carlo simulation allow the estimation of the probabilistic prediction of tie performance. The prediction could be used to check primary tie design before proceeding to experimental tests for design approval. This approach could be used to analyze existing tie behavior, in track, for risk analysis.
Transient Thermal Analysis of a Railroad Bearing Adapter for Optimal Placement of Onboard Sensors
Authors: Arroyo Javier E. , Tarawneh Constantine , Fuentes Arturo , Garcia Roberto A. , Gallegos Jose G. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Bearing temperature serves as an important metric used in identifying defective bearings in the rail industry. Current defect detection systems, such as the Hot Box Detectors (HBDs), are used to measure the temperature of freight car roller bearings. The HBD is a wayside device that utilizes a non-contact infrared sensor to determine the operating temperature of a railroad bearing as it passes over the HBD. Railroads analyze the data collected by HBDs to detect and flag defective bearings. If the operating temperature of a bearing surpasses a predetermined threshold, an emergency stop is initiated, and the bearing is removed from service and sent for inspection. One major drawback of HBDs is that they have been associated with many “false positives,” which has resulted in costly train stoppages and delays.
To combat that, researchers have opted to use wireless onboard sensor devices mounted directly on the bearing adapter. One such device is the wireless onboard health monitoring system developed by the University Transportation Center for Railway Safety (UTCRS) that utilizes temperature and vibration sensors to detect the condition of rolling stock. However, because the device is affixed to the bearing adapter and not the bearing itself, the strategic placement of the temperature sensor on the adapter is crucial in minimizing the thermal lag associated with the heat transfer from the bearing to the location where the temperature is measured, as this will directly affect the accuracy of the readings. By conducting a transient heat transfer finite element analysis (FEA), the estimated time-lag and the temperature distribution within the bearing adapter can be determined. To validate the accuracy of the transient FEA model, the results were compared to data acquired from laboratory testing performed on the UTCRS dynamic bearing test rigs. The results obtained in this study can be used to identify optimal anchor points for the temperature sensors on the bearing adapter, and in turn, increase the proficiency of wireless onboard sensor devices in detecting defective components.
Parameters Affecting Lateral Track Strength After Surfacing
Authors: Wilk Stephen 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Over the past two years, Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) has been investigating how tie and ballast parameters affect lateral track strength after surfacing. This investigation included both a literature review of previous work in the United States and single tie push tests (STPTs) performed under a variety of tie and ballast conditions at the Facility for Accelerated Service Testing (FAST) in Pueblo, CO. Knowing which parameters affect lateral tie strength and comparing the influence of the various parameters can help in lateral stability risk-assessments in continuously welded rail (CWR) track.
The results of both the literature review and the STPT testing showed that the parameters of post-surfacing tonnage accumulation (for ballast density), tie type, ballast shoulder width, ballast crib height, tamping lift height, and ballast particle characteristics all have a significant influence on the lateral tie strength of clean ballast. The results both emphasize the importance of considering multiple parameters when assessing track buckling risk and verifies the good practice of having both full ballast shoulders and crib heights for resisting lateral and longitudinal movements. TTCI plans to incorporate these parameters into mathematical models that predict the lateral tie strength based on measurable tie and ballast condition parameters, holistic track buckling prediction models, and risk-based rail neutral temperature (RNT) management recommendations.
Dynamic Model of Resilient Wheel and its Performance Comparison
Authors: Hu Xianting , Xue Zhao , Zhang Jimin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In order to further study the improvement effect of resilient wheel on performance of vehicle dynamic, the dynamic models of tram with resilient wheel which has concentrated force element, 4 and 20 uniform circumferential distributed force elements are established respectively. Under three modeling methods, the performance indexes of tram are compared and analyzed. The running stability of the tram with resilient wheel with 4 and 20 distributed force elements is basically consistent. The curve passing simulation results of 4 force elements and concentrated force element are quite different from those of 20 force elements. The influence of whose internal transmission mode is simplified and ignored, so 4 force elements and concentrated force element modeling methods are not suitable in the curve passing performance research.
Visualization Using Google Earth Engine Coupled With Unsupervised Learning, A Practical Approach to Detecting Track Instability
Authors: Hosseini SayedMohammad , Radmehr Ahmad , Ahmadian Mehdi 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This study introduces a data visualization platform coupled to an unsupervised machine learning technique that has been developed using Google Earth Engine and OpenRailwayMap API to serve as a practical application for identifying potentially soft track segments. The goal is to provide maintenance-of-way engineers with a shortlist of locations that are highly likely to be soft, for a closer human inspection. The visualization platform is an interactive map that has been developed using Google Earth Engine by creating additional layers on Google Maps. OpenRailwayMap is also connected to this visualization platform as an independent layer to facilitate identifying rail structures. The results show that the cloud-based hybrid solutions (sensor measurements data, machine learning, and visualization) have the potential to fully automate the identification of track irregularities.
Modeling and Performance Evaluation of an RF Transceiver System at 160 MHz for Railroad Environments
Authors: Ghasemzadeh Pejman , Hempel Michael , Sharif Hamid , Omar Tarek 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
With the continued proliferation of wireless applications across North America’s railroad industry, it is vital to explore performance capabilities and constraints across different wireless frequency bands, including the impact of characteristics of the RF environment. In this study, our efforts are directed towards a traditionally underutilized wireless frequency band available to the railroad industry, at 160 MHz. While this frequency band is currently primarily utilized for limited voice communications, our interest is to explore it for modern data applications. This exploration includes an evaluation of end-to-end performance characteristics. In order to carry out such a study we simulate our 160 MHz communications system utilizing various channel models, e.g., FSPL, Two-Ray Ground-Reflection, Okumura and Winner2. In this communications system, our design of the transmitter and receiver addresses real-world signal impairments, such as carrier frequency and phase offset that may result from the modelled channel. We evaluate the communications system for QAM-modulated signals with different modulation orders ranging from 2 to 256. The parameters of the transmitter and receiver structures are evaluated for maximizing communication throughput while adhering to channelization, spectral mask, and power requirements. We present and discuss practical and theoretical throughput results for different channel models. The various channel models investigated in this study can be utilized to represent different railroad environments such as rural, urban and suburban areas. This study provides the basis for our efforts to fully develop a data communications system for the 160 MHz frequency band in support of vital railroad applications, such as expanding spectrum access for Positive Train Control.
Effect of Prestressing Wire Indent Geometry on Transfer Length and Tie Splitting Propensity
Authors: Beck B. Terry , Robertson Aaron A. , Peterman Robert J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The importance of the indent geometry of prestressing wire used in the manufacture of prestressed concrete railroad ties is well known. In particular, it has been shown to have a major affect on the magnitude of the transfer length. Important parameters affecting transfer length include indent depth, indent volume and indent sidewall angle, with indent volume providing a major influence. Previous experimental evidence has revealed that the larger the indent volume, the shorter the transfer length. Furthermore, for full load bearing capacity, it is critical that the transfer length not exceed the distance to the rail seat. As a result, transfer length represents a key diagnostic parameter for evaluating the load bearing capability of prestressed concrete railroad ties, with potential for use as a quality control parameter.
Adequate transfer length alone, however, is not sufficient to guarantee tie performance. The geometry of the prestressing wire indents also plays a major role in the formation of cracking, which is of particular importance to the manufacture of concrete ties intended for high-speed rail applications. Insufficient consideration of cracking and de-bonding of prestressing wires associated with ties in service can result in severe splitting and complete tie failure. It should also be noted that while the wire specifications in standard ASTM A881 are intended to promote quality prestressed railroad tie behavior, they do not address either the detailed causes of cracking and splitting, or the specific indent features that are responsible.
Although indent geometry was known to influence both transfer length and splitting propensity, specific quantitative relationships between indent features and tie performance had not been identified. Accurate quantitative measurements of indent geometry on a statistically significant basis were simply not yet available. Recently, however, a high-resolution automated non-contact optical wire indent scanning system was developed for rapidly characterizing all relevant indent parameters including indent depth, indent width, indent sidewall angle, indent pitch, and indent volume. This paper presents, for the first time, development of reliable quantitative relationships between the relevant indent parameters and the tie performance indicators with a high degree of correlation. In addition, measurements using the new automated profiling system have revealed a new indent parameter that, on its own, shows direct correlation with transfer length. The physical concept behind this new parameter, referred to as the “Bite Per Length (BPL),” and its measured characteristics, will be presented along with its demonstrated experimental relationship to transfer length.
Feasibility and Roadmap for Applying Model Assisted Probability of Detection to Track Inspection
Authors: Baillargeon Jay , Einbinder Daniel , Bruzek Radim , Tunna John 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
One of the challenges facing the railway community is deciding when new inspection technologies are both accurate and reliable enough for regular use in safety assurance. New sensors and data processing techniques recently introduced in the industry have resulted in a spate of new inspection-related technologies. Track inspection technologies play an increasingly critical role in ensuring the safe and reliable operations. Therefore, railways must be sure these new inspection technologies are effective. Also, objective characterization of inspection technology effectiveness helps to establish confidence in new technology, thereby facilitating its adoption. Railways have typically relied on field confirmation of known defects or used repeatability tests to prove consistency when evaluating track inspection technologies. The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) sponsored ENSCO to develop a formal procedure for the design and execution of performance evaluation tests. As part of this effort ENSCO explored how to apply model-assisted probability of detection (MAPOD) in the railroad industry. MAPOD combines the results from a small number of physical tests with more extensive results from computer simulation to increase confidence in the performance evaluation results. This paper presents the results of a feasibility analysis for applying MAPOD to various inspection technologies and describes a MAPOD implementation roadmap for a handheld ultrasonic rail flaw detection system.
Effectiveness of theActivateinjury prevention exercise programme to prevent injury in schoolboy rugby union
Authors: Barden Craig , Hancock Matthew V , Stokes Keith A , Roberts Simon P , McKay Carly D 
Published: June 2022

ObjectiveThe efficaciousActivateinjury prevention exercise programme has been shown to prevent injuries in English schoolboy rugby union. There is now a need to assess the implementation and effectiveness ofActivatein the applie setting.MethodsThis quasi-experimental study used a 24-hour time-loss injury definition to calculate incidence (/1000 hours) and burden (days lost/1000 hours) for individuals whose teams adoptedActivate(usedActivateduring season) versus non-adopters. The dose-response relationship of varying levels ofActivateadherence (medianActivatesessions per week) was also assessed. Player-level rugby exposure, sessionalActivateadoption and injury reports were recorded by school gatekeepers. Rate ratios (RR), adjusted by cluster (team), were calculated using backwards stepwise Poisson regression to compare rates between adoption and adherence groups.ResultsIndividuals in teams adoptingActivatehad a 23% lower match injury incidence (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.55 to 1.07), 59% lower training injury incidence (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.17 to 0.97) and 26% lower match injury burden (95% CI 0.46 to 1.20) than individuals on non-adopting teams. Individuals with highActivateadherence (≥3 sessions per week) had a 67% lower training injury incidence (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.12 to 0.91) and a 32% lower match injury incidence (RR 0.68, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.92) than individuals with low adherence (<1 session per week). While 65% of teams adoptedActivateduring the season, only one team usedActivatethree times per week, using whole phases and programme progressions.ConclusionActivateis effective at preventing injury in English schoolboy rugby. Attention should focus on factors influencing programme uptake and implementation, ensuringActivatecan have maximal benefit.
A 132 bp deletion affecting theKCNQ1OT1gene associated with Silver-Russell syndrome clinical phenotype
Authors: Gaudet Marie Véronique , Allain Eric Pierre , Gallant Lynne M , Arts Heleen H , Ben Amor Mouna 
Published: June 2022

BackgroundImprinting centre 2 (IC2) in the chromosomal region 11p15.5 regulates the monoallelic expression of imprinted genes by differential methylation of paternal and maternal chromosomes. Copy number variants in IC2 are associated with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome and Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS). Clinical outcome of IC2 deletions seems to depend on the parental origin of the chromosome, deletion size and inclusion or exclusion of enhancer and promoter regions.ResultsA paternally inherited 132 bp deletion within theKCNQ1OT1gene was found in a proband with an SRS clinical phenotype. The patient’s father and paternal grandmother, who both carry the deletion on their maternal chromosome, are unaffected. Review of other IC2 deletions and their associated clinical presentation was useful in understanding the genetic–phenotypic correlation.ConclusionOnly six cases have been reported with deletions involving exclusively IC2, one being identical to our proband’s 132 bp deletion. Our study, which is based on more extensive segregation data than the previous 132 bp deletion report, confirms the association of this deletion with growth restriction when paternally inherited. Remarkably, even though our patient has the same deletion, he has more pronounced phenotypic features; our findings thus suggest that some degree of clinical variability may be associated with this loss.
Improving CP measurement with THEIA and muon decay at rest
Authors: Ge Shao-Feng , Kong Chui-Fan , Pasquini Pedro 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe explore the possibility of using the recently proposed THEIA detector to measure the $${\bar{\nu }}_\mu \rightarrow {\bar{\nu }}_e$$

ν

¯

μ

→

ν

¯

e

oscillation with neutrinos from a muon decay at rest ($$\mu $$
μ
DAR) source to improve the leptonic CP phase measurement. Due to its intrinsic low-energy beam, this $$\mu $$
μ
THEIA configuration ($$\mu $$
μ
DAR neutrinos at THEIA) is only sensitive to the genuine leptonic CP phase $$\delta _D$$

δ
D

and not contaminated by the matter effect. With detailed study of neutrino energy reconstruction and backgrounds at the THEIA detector, we find that the combination with the high-energy DUNE can significantly reduce the CP uncertainty, especially around the maximal CP violation cases $$\delta _D = \pm 90^\circ $$

δ
D

=
±

90
∘

. Both the $$\mu $$
μ
THEIA-25 with 17 kt and $$\mu $$
μ
THEIA-100 with 70 kt fiducial volumes are considered. For DUNE + $$\mu $$
μ
THEIA-100, the CP uncertainty can be better than $$8^\circ $$

8
∘

.
Intelligent Algorithm-Based Echocardiography to Evaluate the Effect of Lung Protective Ventilation Strategy on Cardiac Function and Hemodynamics in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery
Authors: Wang Huijuan , Gong Chao , Zhang Yi , Wang Yun , Wang Xiaoli , Zhao Xiao , Chen Lianhua , Li Shitong 
Published: June 2022

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of optimal pulmonary compliance titration of PEEP regimen on cardiac function and hemodynamics in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. 120 patients undergoing elective laparoscopic radical resection of colorectal cancer were included as the study subjects and randomly divided into the experimental group (

n
=
60

) and the control group (

n
=
60

). The control group had a fixed positive end-expiratory

pressure

PEEP

=
5

cmH2O. The experimental group had transesophageal ultrasound monitoring through on an improved noise reduction algorithm (ONLM) based on nonlocal mean filtering (NLM) according to optimal pulmonary compliance titration of PEEP. There was significant difference in cerebral oxygen saturation and blood glucose level at T4-T6 between the experimental group and the control group (

P
<
0.05

); the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), figure of merit (FOM), and structural similarity (SSIM) of ONLM algorithm were significantly higher than those of NLM algorithm and Bayes Shrink denoising algorithm, and the differences were statistically significant (

P
<
0.05

); there was significant difference in stroke volume (SV) and cardiac output (CO) at T4-T6 between the experimental group and the control group (

P
<
0.05

); there was significant difference in pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2), and PO2 at T4-T6 between the experimental group and the control group (

P
<
0.05

); pH was higher, and PCO2 and PO2 were lower in the experimental group. The results showed that transesophageal ultrasound based on the ONLM algorithm can accurately assess cardiac function and hemodynamics in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery. In addition, optimal pulmonary compliance titration of PEEP could better maintain arterial acid-base balance during perioperative period and increase cerebral oxygen saturation and CO, but this strategy had no significant effect on hemodynamics.
Pragmatism and Interpretation: Radical, Relativistic, but not Unruly
Authors: Shusterman Richard 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Interpretation has been a key theme in pragmatist aesthetics, but its centrality in neopragmatist thinking goes far beyond the field of art. Its influence extends into epistemology, ontology, and the philosophies of language, history, selfhood, and culture. Joseph Margolis devoted many articles and even an entire book to this topic, which he titled Interpretation Radical but Not Unruly. My critical examination of Margolis’s theory of interpretation shows how it is radical not only in terms of its robust relativism. It is also radical in the etymological sense of “radical” as “forming the root” of his philosophical thought in general. The logic of interpretation that Margolis developed for aesthetics is the original, generative source of his relativism, but its influence and relativist logic then extended ever more widely and deeply into his themes of anti-essentialism, historicism, and flux that pervade his metaphysics of culture and philosophical anthropology.