bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Binding Instruments in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Crawford Emily 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The current chapter focuses on the ‘recent’ non-binding instruments, starting with the 1994 San Remo Manual on Naval Warfare. This chapter will analyse: the intention behind their adoption; their scope and breadth; the originating institution or organisation and the participants involved; and a brief discussion how such instruments have been received. The analysis will serve to establish the groundwork for the second part of this book, which will explore the bigger theoretical questions of how non-binding instruments generally (and these particular non-binding instruments specifically) have been received; whether they have actually made an impact on their extant topic areas; and whether the processes by which they have been drafted and adopted in practice (if they have been adopted in practice) raises any concerns or challenges for the international law-making process, and the centrality of the State to that process.
The Efficacy of Soft Law Norms
Authors: Crawford Emily 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Having assessed the non-binding instruments and provisions in international humanitarian law (IHL), a pertinent, if simplistic question arises: do they actually work? It is clear, from the examination undertaken in the previous chapters, that the drafters of these non-binding provisions and instruments intend for the rules and/or recommendations contained within the instruments to influence State (and non-State) behaviour. This chapter will examine whether these aims are borne out in practice. Admittedly, this is a low bar to meet, but, as this chapter explores, some instruments cannot meet even that minimum standard.
Legitimacy and Legality and Non-Binding Instruments in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Crawford Emily 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter will explore whether theories regarding the legitimacy of law (and international law more generally) can account for whether a non-binding instrument is more readily welcomed in State practice. Utilising the academic debate on the notion of legitimacy, this chapter will examine what factors might contribute to whether an instrument is perceived as having some measure of legitimacy. These factors may include the provenance of the instrument, the process by which the instrument is created, the participants involved in its drafting, and whether the outcomes are considered a reasonable restatement of applicable law or an unacceptable progressive development. This chapter will also look at the connected question of the legality of non-binding instruments—what is their legal status, if any, and does that impact on their reception and impact? This brings us to the central issue for non-binding instruments, and their legitimacy and legality specifically, what right to non-binding norms have to make any claims on behaviour?
The Impact of the Turn towards the Non-Binding in International Humanitarian Law and the Way Forward for Non-Binding Norms in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Crawford Emily 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
There are notable benefits that come from engaging with non-binding instruments. Such instruments bring with them a degree of speed and flexibility, and dynamism that formal treaty-making processes can lack. Likewise, non-binding instruments can engage with a broader range of stakeholders, potentially exerting a greater compliance pull. The impact of these non-binding and informal instruments is notable and the instruments have influenced State practice, are treated as quasi-legal documents by stakeholders, and ‘are more and more discussed side-by-side with treaties, State and judicial practice’. However, while there has been attention paid to these immediate impacts of non-binding instruments, it is also important to note potential long-term impacts connected to non-binding instruments. This final chapter will return to some of the debates examined in Chapter 1, regarding the ‘problems’ of soft law and non-binding instruments and explore whether the proliferation of non-binding instruments (and the proliferation of stakeholders involved in the creation of such non-binding instruments) in international humanitarian law (IHL) is problematic or an opportunity for IHL, or, perhaps, both.
National Human Rights Institutions
Authors: Langtry David , Roberts Lyer Kirsten 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This book is an authoritative guide to National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) in their important role as promoters and protectors of human rights at the national level. Since its earliest assessments of NHRIs in 1998, the Global Alliance of NHRIs’ (GANHRI) Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) has developed a substantive body of work that has examined the operation and practice of over 128 institutions in countries and territories from every part of the globe. Analysed and catalogued in their entirety into an accessible format for the first time, and covering all aspects of NHRIs’ structure and functioning, as well as providing a comprehensive overview of how the SCA works in practice, this book is an indispensable resource for scholars and practitioners who wish to understand and learn how NHRIs operate at the national level, as well as what problems they face and ultimately, how they can be strengthened. Benefitting from the unique insight of David Langtry, a member of the SCA for eleven years, this book is an essential source for all those interested in the role of NHRIs, and more broadly, of all state-established institutions intended to function independently.
Introduction
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter places the book in its broader context. It considers the complex position of National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) at the national level, and the risks where they are ineffective. It examines some of the central discussions and approaches taken in the academic literature to NHRIs’ independence and effectiveness, notably the factors considered as underlying effectiveness. It also introduces the increased focus by international organisations—in particular, the United Nations—on NHRIs as domestic implementers of international human rights standards. Introducing the book as a whole, this chapter also explains the content, format, and approach taken by the authors in the book.
The Operation of the Sub-Committee on Accreditation in Practice
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) is a unique mechanism within the international human rights system that is entrusted to assess National Human Rights Institutions, with its judgments accepted by the international community. But how does the SCA accreditation process work, and how does the SCA make its decisions? This chapter provides a detailed insight into how the SCA functions in practice, and the methods by which it reaches its decisions. Drawing in particular on the eleven years of experience of David Langtry as a member of the SCA, this chapter provides unique insights into the process of accreditation as well as detailing the formalities of the accreditation process that will be of particular interest for those seeking to improve their understanding of it, as well as for those who will engage with this process.
National Human Rights Institutions’ Legal Basis: The Enabling Law
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Paris Principles require National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) to be properly established as a state body in law. In establishing an NHRI, states therefore enact an enabling law and/or modify their constitution. This is the fundamental starting point for the creation and functioning of an NHRI. But what form should this enabling law take and how does the Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) respond when the NHRI is established not by legislation but by an executive order? How should NHRIs seek improvements to their enabling law? This chapter considers the SCA’s findings in relation to these questions. It also examines the formal requirements for NHRI annual reports within the enabling law, and their placement before the national parliament. This chapter focuses on the status of the enabling law at the national level, as the content of the enabling law itself is the subject of multiple recommendations across other chapters in this part of the book.
National Human Rights Institutions Relationship with the State
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Whether a National Human Rights Institution’s (NHRI) has sufficient budgetary resources to undertake its operations is fundamental to the ability of the institution to fulfil its mandate as an independent human rights body. Funding is thus a significant point of concern for the Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA). Almost half of the SCA recommendations from 2006 to 2019 included mention of the need for adequate funding. NHRIs are expected to be adequately funded by the state, yet states may underfund their NHRI either because of a lack of commitment, the general economic situation, or as a way of undermining its effective functioning.
The Practice of National Human Rights Institutions as Human Rights Advocates and Defenders
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
How are National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) expected to use their mandate in practice? This chapter is the first in Part III of this book and examines recommendations of the Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) in relation to the activity of the NHRI on the ground as a human rights actor. This is a growing area of focus and concern for the SCA as is seen throughout Part III of this book. This chapter examines how the SCA deals with NHRIs who are failing to promote and protect human rights, or worse, actively undermining human rights. It also considers the requirements for NHRIs to engage both at the domestic level with other national human rights actors, primarily NGOs and civil society, and with the international and regional human rights systems.
National Human Rights Institutions as Treaty-mandated National Prevention and Monitoring Mechanisms
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Some National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) have been given additional mandates under two of the most recent international human rights instruments: Specifically, as National Preventative Mechanisms (NPMs) under the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (OPCAT) and/or as National Monitoring Mechanisms (NMM) under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). The national mechanisms under OPCAT and CRPD are novel innovations in the modern human rights architecture, and one in which NHRIs have been closely involved. This chapter reviews the observations of the Sub-Committee on Accreditation (SCA) on NHRIs that have an additional role as treaty-mandated national mechanisms.
Looking Forward—the Sub-Committee on Accreditation and National Human Rights Institutions
Authors: Langtry David , Lyer Kirsten Roberts 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
What does this book tell us about the Sub-committee on Accreditation (SCA) and National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs)? And what will the coming period look like for them? How can Global Alliance of NHRIs’ (GANHRI), the SCA, and NHRIs support the credibility of these institutions around the world? This final chapter of the book reflects upon the approach taken by the SCA in its assessments reviewed in this book, as well as what these assessments can tell us about NHRI effectiveness and independence. It also offers final reflections by the authors on the role of the SCA, the potential and risks for it moving forward, and the future for NHRIs.
Delirium
Authors: Bush Shirley H. , Gagnon Bruno , Lawlor Peter G. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The syndrome of delirium is extremely common in palliative care patients, especially towards the end of life. Although routine screening may improve the detection of delirium, the healthcare team should remain alert to any changes in a patient’s behaviour or cognitive or physical function as potential indicators of either full-blown or impending delirium. This chapter describes the clinical assessment of delirium and its underlying causes. The role of non-pharmacological and pharmacological interventions for delirium is discussed in light of recent research evidence. Delirium frequently generates high levels of distress for patients and their families, warranting the provision of education and psychological support as part of best practice management. It is also essential that healthcare professionals receive education to understand and manage some of the more challenging manifestations of delirium such as agitated behaviour.
Mouth care
Authors: Azzaria Samir , Fournier Marie-Andrée , Simard Mélanie 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Oral problems are commonly reported by patients receiving cancer treatment or in palliative care and, as such, have a negative impact on quality of life. It is very important to maintain good oral health and to prevent and treat complications that may arise in order to maintain self-esteem, social interactions and help compliance to general treatment. Problems such as mucositis, infection, xerostomia, and bleeding require treatment, whether or not the patient is receiving disease-modifying therapies. Treatment can be pharmacological and nonpharmacological and may focus on healing but comfort should be the priority. Above all, mouth care is everyone’s business: the patient, the care team and the family.
Lymphoedema
Authors: Towers Anna , Letellier Marie-Ève 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Lymphoedema, a failure of the lymphatic system, is a chronic condition that requires lifelong care. Ideally, a multidisciplinary team is involved, with a patient-centred approach. Decongestive lymphatic therapy (DLT) is the standard approach of treatment, and compression is a key element. Education in self-management (e.g. skin care, exercise, self-massage, self-bandage) must be given to every patient and their relative. In the case of advanced cancer and end of life, modification to DLT might be required. However, control of symptoms (e.g. pain, swelling) must be addressed. Advocacy is needed to ensure that lymphoedema treatments are accessible. Health professionals can take a leadership role to improve the care of these patients.
Chemotherapy
Authors: Rudney Rachel , Daeninck Paul J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Cancer is no longer one disease entity, but rather more than 200 separate conditions, all having treatments specific to their individual targets and pathogenesis. Treatments for malignancies are continuously being researched and developed, based on new discoveries, clinical trial results, and real-world experience. This has resulted in a multitude of choices that can slow or stop the growth of tumours. The rates of cure or durable remissions also have increased over time, owing to the use of newer combinations of cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted therapies, and immunotherapy. Palliative medicine practitioners are increasingly involved in supportive care for patients and families pursuing these options and need to have a general knowledge of the benefits and adverse effects of these therapies.
Palliative care in the community
Authors: Boyle Anne B. , Henderson David 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Studies have shown that 70% of people would like to die at home, however most do not for various reasons. Knowing that so many people would like the option to die at home, it is very important we have the knowledge base and skill set to help facilitate this. This chapter will explore initiating a palliative approach early in a disease trajectory. This allows for a relationship to develop between patient, family and health care provider, advance directives to be discussed, and goals of care (including preferred place of death) to be established. The importance of anticipating needs and developing plans to meet these needs are explored to enable a well supported, compassionate, patient and family centered death at home.
Palliative care in the intensive care unit
Authors: Schulz Valerie N. , Downar James 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) and their family members often have unmet palliative care needs, including informational needs, supportive needs, and uncontrolled symptoms such as pain, dyspnoea, agitation, and delirium. ICU providers can meet these needs by integrating a palliative approach to care using a consultative model, an integrative model, or a hybrid of the two. Assessing and addressing unmet palliative needs impact the lived experience of patients and their families, regardless of whether or not patients are expected to survive their admission. Skilled communication assists with patient-centred decision-making and aligning care with patient and family values. This chapter will explore opportunities to align the principles of palliative care and critical care.
Paediatric palliative care
Authors: Lysecki Dave , Vadeboncoeur Christina 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates a palliative approach to care when the patient is a child. In addition to focusing on the child, it is important to pay attention to the entire family including parents and siblings. The first case reviews topics including perinatal palliative care, supporting families through identifying goals of care and care plans and some of the complexities of substitute decision-making. The second case reviews topics including assessment of capacity in older children, approaches to conversations about serious illness in children, communication and support for siblings. In addition, the chapter reviews pain assessment and treatment in the child with significant neurologic impairment, and specifics which may be important for planning end-of-life care.
Methadone
Authors: Hawley Pippa 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a brief history of the use of methadone for analgesia and discusses the need for universal access to methadone for pain management where appropriate. The mechanisms of action, side-effects, drug interactions, and special considerations that are different to other opioids are discussed, with particular attention to QT interval prolongation and cytochrome P450 enzyme metabolism. Methods of methadone initiation and switching are described and compared. Use of non-oral routes of administration are presented for use in patients in whom the oral route is not possible.
Medical cannabis
Authors: Hawley Pippa , Maida Vincent 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the history of medical cannabis use is briefly reviewed and the endocannabinoid system is described in basic terms. The use of cannabis-based medicines is discussed from a cancer patient’s perspective. Essential information for prescribers is presented, including the rationale for choice of preparations, therapeutic uses, potential side-effects, and interactions. The primary cannabinoids are discussed, and the existence of many non-cannabinoid molecules in plant-derived cannabis products are also introduced, e.g. terpenes. A simple approach to therapy of using a low-tetra-hydro cannabinol (THC)-containing oil, administered via an oral transmucosal route, with the product derived from a legal source (in Canada, a Health Canada-approved ‘Licensed Producer’), in a ‘Start Low, Go Slow’ manner, is recommended. The chapter concludes with brief discussion of the innovative wound management potential for topical cannabinoids.
Interventional analgesic techniques
Authors: Chan Philip , Shinkaruk Kelly 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the use of interventional analgesic modalities for the treatment of pain related to visceral tumours. Using case studies, it reviews the underlying mechanisms responsible for the pain, as well as the role of coeliac plexus neurolysis (CPN) in the management of pain related to upper gastrointestinal malignancies. The chapter also reviews the use of neuraxial techniques, both epidural and intrathecal, in the management of cancer pain, including the relevant anatomy and the pharmacokinetics of commonly used medications, as well as the clinical considerations in deciding when and how to initiate a patient on neuraxial medications. Indications and contraindications to, as well as logistic and financial considerations for interventional techniques are discussed.
Useful apps and websites
Authors: Singh Stephen B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A new diagnosis of a life-limiting condition can be overwhelming. Increasingly, patients and families are turning to websites and apps to seek palliative care information. Much of the information found online is unfortunately not reputable. This chapter will outline how to evaluate websites and apps for reliability. It will also list some websites and apps that may be useful to recommend. Most apps currently available in Canada for palliative care are targeted towards healthcare providers. However, some apps have useful information on national and provincial patient resources. The more that we, as physicians, can arm ourselves with these tools, the better we can serve our patients and families.
Quantum, Atomic, and Molecular Physics
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter goes beyond the traditional and idealized model systems (e.g., a square well; though general results for the existence of bound states in potentials of different dimensions are also discussed in the chapter), and shows how quantum mechanics works in a more advanced context of atomic diamagnetism, superconductivity, vacuum birefringence, and Van der Waals interactions. One of the problems discusses atomic desorption from surfaces, illustrating that not all atomic physics requires quantum mechanics!
Nuclear and Elementary-Particle Physics
Authors: Budker Dmitry , Sushkov Alexander O. , Demas Vasiliki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The chapter addresses several important questions, such as nuclear stability: why are some nuclei stable, while others are not (that is, they undergo fission)? How many stable elements can we expect? How is the electrical charge distributed within protons and neutrons? One problem devoted to the lifetime of positronium with respect to annihilation connects atomic physics with that of elementary particles.