bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protein and Nonprotein Amino Acids in Citrus Leaves as Affected by Phytophthora spp., Root Infestation and Soil Oxygen Content1
Authors: Labanauskas C. K. , Stolzy L. H. , Handy M. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Protein amino acids in leaves of Phytophthora spp.-infested or noninfested plants were not affected measurably. Leaves from plants supplied with low soil oxygen levels contained significantly less protein amino acids: lysine, histidine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine but more arginine than analogous leaves of plants supplied with normal soil oxygen concn.
The leaves of Phytophthora-infested plants contained significantly lower concn of nonprotein amino acids: threonine, glycine, alanine, cystine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine but higher concn of arginine and aspartic and glutamic acids. The nonprotein amino acids: lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, and pro line were higher, while threonine and glutamic acid were lower, in seedling leaves supplied with low soil oxygen than those in leaves on plants supplied with normal soil oxygen.
The protein and nonprotein proline, and the sum of nonprotein amino acids increased in leaves of noninfested plants, while decreasing in leaves of infested plants, with a decreasing level of soil oxygen to roots.
Substantive amounts of protein amino acids found in citrus seedling leaves were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, proline, leucine, and arginine; those of nonprotein amino acids were proline, arginine, serine, lysine, and aspartic acid. These amounts represent, respectively, 50 and 90% of the sum.
Effects of N, P, and K Fertilization on Fruit Yield, Macro- and Micronutrient Levels, and Nitrate Accumulation in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L) Moench]1
Authors: Asif Mir I. , Greig J. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Maximum yield was obtained from 120 lb. N/A; while, P and K had no favorable influence on yield. Fruit yield varied between years, probably because of rainfall variation.
Nitrogen and Cu levels of plants increased but P, Ca, and Zn levels decreased with N application. Applied P-K increased only P and K levels of the plants. Levels of N, Mg, and Cu were higher in 1969 than in 1968, but Fe showed a reverse trend. Nitrogen applications increased NO3- accumulation in the fruit. Phosphorus and K concn were max in fruits; N, Zn, and Mn were high in leaves; and Ca and Mg concn were higher in green stems than in other tissues. Copper content was equally high in fruits and green stems. Roots contained max Fe, suggesting that okra plants tend to accumulate Fe in roots without translocating much to above-ground plant parts.
Nitrogen and Potassium Rate Effects on Growth, Leaf Nitrogen and Winter Hardiness of Pyracantha coccinea ‘Lalandi’ and Ilex crenata ‘Rotundifolia’1
Authors: Kelley James D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pyracantha coccinea Dipp. ‘Lalandi’ and Ilex crenata Maxim, ex Matsum. ‘Rotundifolia’ were grown in 1-gal containers for 1 growing season at 6 rates of N and 6 rates of K with treatments arranged in a factorial design. Nitrogen at moderate rates (1.32 and 1.98 lb. of NH4NO3 per 100 gal water) produced the best growth response as determined by number of laterals and total growth per plant. Higher rates produced little or no additional growth. Optimum concn of leaf N was about 2.32% for P. coccinea and 2.65% for I. crenata. Potassium rate had no significant effect on growth or leaf N. Interactions between N and K were not significant. High correlation coefficients (r = .95) were found between leaf N and total growth per plant for both species. The N status and total growth response of these species can be best determined by leaf analysis. Nitrogen concn in leaves of P. coccinea and ability to overwinter were negatively correlated.
Sampling Procedures and Optimum Sample Size for Estimating Yield Components in Peas (Pisum sativum L.)1
Authors: Gritton E. T. , Pi-yeong Chi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Yield of fresh shelled peas and number of pods per plant, number of peas per pod, and wt per ovule were determined on plant samples collected by 2 different methods. There was no significant difference between means of the samples pulled “at random” by samplers as they walked through the plot and the samples made up of plants previously specified by randomization. A test of homogeneity of variances showed that taking samples by randomization gave a significantly lower variance for yield of shelled fresh peas, but not for the individual yield components. There was no overall significant difference in sampling methods, probably because of the difficulty of exercising bias in traits such as those studied. Weight of shelled fresh peas was the most variable character, followed by number of pods per plant, number of peas per pod, and wt per ovule.
Estimates of precision obtained from various combinations of number of plants sampled per replication and number of replications, with a cost ratio of replication to plant of 18:1, yielded 16 as the optimum number of plants to sample per replicate for wt of shelled fresh peas, with 3, 5, and 8 replications required for C.V.’s of 13, 10, and 8%, respectively. Other yield characters were less variable and would be estimated with even greater precision.
Effects of Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide on the Color, Firmness, and Uniformity of Processing Peaches1
Authors: Baumgardner R. A. , Stembridge G. E. , Van Blaricom L. O. , Gambrell C. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Application of succinic acid,2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) to peaches at the onset of pit hardening advanced maturity and caused more rapid softening during ripening on the tree.
Flesh color at a given firmness was improved by SADH over a wide maturity range. The color difference was maintained after processing; canned halves from SADH trees had a higher USDA color grade than control fruit of comparable firmness.
Uniformity of firmness and flesh color among fruit within trees varied with crop maturity, but uniformity was not substantially affected by SADH. However, enhancement of flesh color by SADH improved the quality of fruit obtained by once-over harvest and tended to concentrate the grade distribution of canned halves in USDA color grades A and B.
Staking and Pruning Influence Trunk Development of Young Trees1
Authors: Leiser Andrew T. , Harris Richard W. , Neel P. Lanny , Long Dwight , Stice Norman W. , Maire Richard G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trunk development of young container-grown trees was influenced by pruning and staking practices. The conventional nursery practice of staking and severely pruning laterals of container-grown trees produces plants which usually cannot stand without support when planted in the landscape. However trees were produced that were able to stand erect without staking by eliminating stakes during production, leaving lateral branches on the trunk, and spacing plants so their tops were free to move. Even though rigidly staked trees with lower limbs removed grew taller, they developed less caliper at the trunk base, much less taper to the trunk, and a smaller root system. Most of the trees staked during production, regardless of whether they were lightly or severely pruned, were not able to stand upright when planted out, while the unstaked trees needed no support.
A Cytogenetic Study of a Radiation-Induced Male Sterile Mutant of Cucumber1
Authors: Whelan Ernest D. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two male sterile lines of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were obtained from the inbred progeny of a single seed of the cv. Burpless Hybrid exposed to 16.000 rads from a cobalt-60 gamma source. The male steriles were characterized by abortion of the staminate blossoms. In rare instances where the flowers matured to anthesis, only rudimentary anthers, which contained no pollen, were present. Genetic studies showed that male sterility was due to a single, recessive allele common to both lines. This gene is designated ms2 - Cytological examination revealed that pollen abortion did not occur until after the mitotic division of the pollen grain nucleus. Sometime following this stage of development, the pollen grains and tissues of the anther degenerated and the staminate flowers aborted. One male sterile line also contained a reciprocal translocation induced by radiation, which was not linked with the male sterile character
Inheritance of Resistance in Phaseolus vulgaris to Uromyces phaseoli typica Brazilian Rust Race B11 and of Plant Habit1
Authors: Augustin Eliane , Coyne D. P. , Schuster M. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A new method of inoculation of bean seedlings with urediospores of Uromyces phaseoli typica Arth. produced an even distribution of numerous pustules on the leaves. A suspension of urediospores in Freon-113 was sprayed on both surfaces of the primary leaves. The plants were then placed in a moist chamber for 18 hr under a low light intensity of 2 × 10-5µ einsteins cm2 sec-1, before being transferred to the greenhouse. In screening tests the cvs. Great Northern 1140 and Kentucky Wonder Wax No. 765 were resistant to Brazilian race B11; ‘GN 1140’ showed the highest grade of resistance. Segregation for the reaction to rust race B11 in the F2 generation in crosses between the resistant cv. GN 1140 and 4 susceptible lines indicated that a major gene controlled the reaction with the resistant reaction dominant. The symbol RB11 was assigned to the dominant allele. Linkage was not detected between genes controlling plant habit and disease reaction.
Combining Ability of Two Degenerative Sweet Corn Mutants II
Authors: Lachman W. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two degenerative sweet corn mutants, C30, a mutant of P39, ‘Pee Wee’ a mutant of C30 and P39 were crossed with sweet corn inbred C15 to determine their relative abilities to promote heterosis in hybrids. Of the 3 inbreds, C30 had the greatest ability to promote heterosis when in combination with C l5; ‘Pee Wee’ was least effective. Evidently, not all degenerative mutants are capable of promoting marked heterotic effects.
Acidic Root-Promoting Growth Inhibitor(s) Found in Picea and Chamaecyparis1
Authors: Tognoni Franco , Lorenzi Roberto 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The acid phase of methanolic extracts of Picea glauca var. albertiana cv. Conica tissue, a difficult-to-root cultivar, had a high content of substances, at Rf 0.9 – 1.0, which inhibited the growth of Avena first internode. Chamaecyparis lawsoniana var. fletcheri, an easy-to-root variety, had a lower content of these substances. The substances stimulated root formation in mung bean cuttings, but no synergistic root-promoting effect was found when they were supplied to mung bean cuttings in the presence of 5 × 10−6M indoleacetic acid (IAA).
The substances at Rf 0.9 – 1.0 showed a dose-response effect over a concn range of 0 to 1.106 g fresh wt. Concn higher than 1.106 g did not further increase the number of roots in either species. An additive effect between extract and IAA was found in Picea at concn below 0.276 g and in Chamaecyparis at concn lower than 0.110 g and higher than 1.106 g fresh wt. The possibility that root initiation may be determined by hormone balance rather than a single substance is discussed.
Influence of Day/Night Temperature Under Controlled Environments on the Growth and Flowering of Limonium ‘Midnight Blue’1
Authors: Krizek Donald T. , Semeniuk Peter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of 3 day/night temp (16/13, 21/18, and 27/24°C) on the growth and flowering of annual statice (Limonium ‘Midnight Blue’)3 were determined after 14, 28, and 42 days of controlled-environment treatment. A day/night temp of 16/13° severely limited seedling growth as measured by leaf number and fresh and dry wt of tops. Vegetative growth at 21/18°C was markedly greater than at 16/13°. Increasing the day/night temp further to 27/24° had no appreciable effect on leaf number but did produce additional increases in fresh and dry wt of tops. Despite the minimum amount of vegetative growth produced at 16/13°C after 42 days, this treatment resulted in the greatest number of plants flowering in the shortest time, suggesting a cool temp requirement for flower initiation in this cultivar. The stimulatory effects of a cool temp or inhibitory effects of a high temp on flower initiation persisted after the seedlings were removed from the growth chambers and placed in the greenhouse on natural long photoperiods. The feasibility of using cool-temp treatment at the seedling stage to promote flowering in this cultivar was, thereby, demonstrated.
Effects of Preharvest Application of Ethephon on ‘Early Black’ Cranberries1
Authors: Bramlage W. J. , Devlin R. M. , Smagula J. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Application of (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) at a rate of 0.92 kg/ha stimulated preharvest anthocyanin accumulation in ‘Early Black’ cranberries. A 10-fold increase in ethylene production followed application; however, within 10 days there was little difference in ethylene production between control and treated fruit. The increase in pigment that occurred during this time persisted well beyond this period. Ethephon did not affect the rate of CO2 production from the fruit. Whether or not anthocyanin stimulation occurred via accelerated ripening was not resolved.
Influence of Controlled Atmosphere Storage on Quality of Canned Apricots1
Authors: Claypool L. L. , Pangborn R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Blenheim’ and ‘Tilton’ apricots were stored under several CA conditions at 0°C and in air storage at −1°C. Loss in acidity with time in storage was more rapid in air than in CA. Oxygen level seemed more important than CO2 in influencing rate of acid loss. Taste panels evaluating the canned fruit were able to differentiate between fruits of different harvest maturities and ascribed better flavor to the more mature fruits. Fruits canned the day of harvest were of better quality than those canned after storage. Flavor deteriorated progressively as storage time increased. The rate of flavor deterioration was less in CA than in air, although the air lots had been held at a slightly more favorable storage temp. ‘Blenheim’ apricots stored in atmospheres containing 2.5 to 3.5% CO2 had better flavor than those stored in atmospheres higher in CO2. Approximately equal flavor deterioration of ‘Blenheim’ apricots occurred in 3 weeks in air, 5 weeks in low O2 atmospheres with 5 and 10% CO2, and 7 weeks in low O2 atmospheres containing 2.5 to 3.5% CO2. ‘Blenheim’ apricots were greatly preferred over ‘Tilton’. The potential storage life of ‘Tilton’ in relation to acceptable flavor was much less than that of ‘Blenheim’.
Effect of Plot Size and Number of Replications Upon the Efficiency of Muscadine Grape Cultivar Trials1
Authors: Nesbitt William B. , Kirk Herbert J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A rearrangement of the Harris et al. equation was used to determine a precise and economical field plan for conducting a randomized complete block muscadine grape cv. and selection trial. An increase in the number of replications decreased the magnitude of the yield differences that are detectable as being significant to a greater extent than did an increase in plot size or number of clones being tested. Relatively little precision was gained by increasing the plot size from 1 to 2 vines and almost nothing was gained by increasing the plot size further to 3 or 4 vines. Muscadine grape yield trials can be conducted most efficiently by using 1-vine plots and 5 or more replications.
Three Years’ Results with Chemical Thinning of Peaches with (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid1
Authors: Thompson A. H. , Rogers B. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three years’ investigations of ethephon sprays for thinning of ‘Redskin’ and ‘Redhaven’ cvs. are summarized. In screening, thinning without foliage injury was achieved up to about 3 weeks after full bloom at concn up to 300 ppm. Field experiments tended to confirm screening results. Within timing used, satisfactory thinning was accomplished most often during blossoming. Foliage injury generally increased as application was delayed and as concn increased. Fruit size at harvest was increased more by blossom treatments than later application. Fruit abscission occurred quickly after spraying. Ethephon is most promising as a peach thinning chemical, but time-dosage curves within acceptable injury Emits are not yet established.
Vascular Blockage in Cut Roses1
Authors: Gilman Karen Frenzel , Steponkus Peter L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A gravity system was developed for measuring xylem conductivity in excised stem sections from ‘Red American Beauty’ roses. The system was reliable for measurement of the potential xylem conductivity which closely corresponded to actual water uptake in cut roses. Distilled water, sucrose, 8-hydroxy quinoline sulfate (8-HQS), and a modified Cornell solution (2% sucrose + 200 mg/liter 8-HQS) were tested for their effects on xylem conductivity and vascular blockage in excised stem sections. The modified Cornell solution showed the most favorable effects on conductivity, vase life, and appearance. The browning of stem tissue with 8-HQS was associated with a depressed rate of metabolism as measured by a modified triphenyl tetrazolium chloride test. Good xylem conductivity and a low incidence of vascular blockage was associated with the 8-HQS-depressed metabolic rate indicating an active process, attributed to a wound response triggered by excision of the cut flower, in the stem is responsible for vascular blockage. However, microscopic observations of fresh, frozen, and permanent tissue sections of rose xylem showed no evidence of lignin, tannins, or tyloses which are reputed to accompany wound response in plants.
Control of Annual Weeds in Container Grown Nursery Stock1
Authors: Fretz Thomas A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven herbicides were evaluated for their safety and efficacy on 5 species of container grown nursery stock. During both growing seasons all materials except isopropyl-m-chlorocarbanilate [chlorpropham] at 2.2 and 8.9 kg/ha, chlorpropham at 2.2 and 8.9 kg/ha + P-chlorophenyl-N-methylcarbamate [PPG-124] at 0.4 and 1.7 kg/ha, resp., and N,N-dimethyl 2,2-diphenylacetamide [diphenamid] at 5.6 kg/ha gave satisfactory long season (163 days) broadleaf weed control. Long season grass weed control in nursery containers was achieved both years with 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) at 13.4 kg/ha, α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) at 2.2 and 8.9 kg/ha, S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) at 5.6 and 22.4 kg/ha, chlorpropham + PPG-124 at 8.9 + 1.7 kg/ha and diphenamid at 22.4 kg/ha. Both azalea species employed in the test exhibited severe chlorosis, necrosis, and stunting when dichlobenil at 13.4 kg/ha and EPTC at 22.4 kg/ha were employed. Japanese holly and ‘Sasanqua’ camellias were severely injured by dichlobenil at 13.4 kg/ha, while ‘Hetzi’ juniper was tolerant to all herbicides at all rates employed.
Influence of Preharvest Sprays of Calcium Salts and Wax on Fruit Quality of Red Raspberry
Authors: Eaves C. A. , Lockhart C. L. , Stark R. , Craig D. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Preharvest sprays of CaCl2, Ca(NO3)2, or water soluble wax increased berry size (by wt) and decreased the rate of softening during storage for 48 hr at 21°C. In a split plot experiment, with 4 cvs. and 3 dates of harvest, preharvest sprays of wax increased firmness but had no effect on total acidity, acid loss, water loss, or fungal decay. There were, however, significant interactions between cvs. and harvest dates in relation to firmness, acidity, and rot development.
Organic and Mineral Fertilizers Compared by Yield, Quality, and Composition of Spinach1
Authors: Peavy William S. , Greig J. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mineral fertilizers increased yield and concn of N in leaf tissue more than organic fertilizers when nutrients were applied to make mineral and organic rates identical. All 3 types of fertilizer treatments increased N concn in plant tissues over the control plots. Organic fertilizer resulted in significantly higher P concn in plant tissue than did MF or MFSN for every crop. Mineral fertilizer increased Ca uptake the 1st and 3rd crops, but significantly reversed those results in the 2nd (overwintered) crop. Organic fertilizers increased Fe uptake significantly over MF the 2nd and 3rd crops and significantly increased Na uptake more than either MF or MFSN every crop. Of the 13 variables studied, concn of 10 variables was greater in the overwintered crop than in the spring planted crops.
Effect of Plant Growth Regulators on Apple Fruit and Pedicel Abscission1
Authors: Stahly E. A. , Williams M. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lanolin bands containing 2, 3, 5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) applied to the pedicel of apple fruits 2 to 3 weeks after bloom caused the fruits to drop. Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) applied to the cut end of defruited pedicels prevented pedicel abscission, but a band of lanolin containing TIBA at mid-pedicel caused most of them to abscise. Cytokinins did not prevent pedicel abscission. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellins A3 and A4,7 more effectively prevented pedicel abscission of ‘Delicious’ than ‘Golden Delicious’.
Climatic Effects on Fruit Shape and Peel Thickness in ‘Marsh Seedless’ Grapefruit1
Authors: Cohen A. , Lomas J. , Rassis A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relations between peel thickness and fruit shape of ‘Marsh Seedless’ grapefruit and various climatic factors were studied at 8 locations in Israel. Peel thickness was affected greatest by winter temp. Low winter temp resulted in fruits with thick peel in the following year. Fruit shape was affected to a similar degree by low winter temp, summer air humidity, and rate of evaporation. Summer temp and the differences between maximum and minimum temp in the spring and fall, had little effect on fruit shape and peel thickness.
Performance of 13 Citrus Cultivars as Rootstocks for Grapefruit1
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K. , Shull A. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Yield, fruit quality, growth, and the levels of 12 elements in the leaves of 14-year old nucellar ‘Redblush’ grapefruit on 13 rootstocks showed that trees on Citrumelo C.P.B. 4475, ‘Morton’ citrange, and ‘Bittersweet’ sour orange were the most productive; those on ‘Ponkan’ mandarin, seedlings on their own roots, and sour orange were the least productive3. Two-year means of total soluble solids ranged from 10.3% for fruit from trees on ‘Bittersweet’ sour orange, ‘Carrizo’ citrange, and ‘Ponkan’ mandarin to 11.3% on sour orange. Fruit size was best on ‘Bittersweet’ sour orange and on Citrumelo C.P.B. 4475. Effects of rootstock on the levels of N, K, Mg, Mn, Zn, Na, and Cl and B in the leaves were statistically significant.
Association of Plant Density, Cowpea Curculio Damage and Choanephora Pod Rot in Southern Peas1
Authors: Fery Richard L. , Cuthbert Frank P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cowpea curculio damage in southern peas was found to be highly correlated with plant density. A mean increase in curculio damage of over 300% was associated with the increase in density from 37.5 to 600 plants/100 ft row. The incidence of Choanephora pot rot also Increased with increased plant density. This association, however, was the result of the density effect on curculio damage. The insect damage apparently provided points of entry for the pathogen.
Effects of Low Oxygen Atmosphere Storage on Ripening and Associated Biochemical Changes of Tomato Fruits1
Authors: Salunkhe D. K. , Wu M. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Low O2 atmospheres inhibited ripening and thus increased the storage life at 12.78°C (55°F) of tomato fruits. At 10% O2 and 90% N2, the storage life was 62 days; at 3% O2 and 97% N2, 76 days. The maximum life of tomato fruits in this study was 87 days (1% O2 and 99% N2). Low O2 atmospheres inhibited degradation of chlorophyll and starch, and syntheses of lycopene, β-carotene, and soluble sugars of tomato fruits.