bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adultery Laws in Islam and Stoning in the Modern World
Authors: Korbatieh Souha 
Published: May 2022

This article looks at the legal basis within Islamic scholarship for imposing stoning for the crime of adultery. Traditionally it has been accepted that, based on Qur'an, hadith and examples from the Rightly Guided Caliphs, stoning is the Islamic punishment for married adulterers. However, upon closer inspection it appears these sources may not be as solid as once believed. While the jumhoor (majority) opinion for stoning remains, there are notable scholars, traditional and modern, who discount, question and even reject these arguments. Despite the jumhoor, the severity of the punishment is greatly tempered by the high evidentiary standards that act as its safeguard. These safeguards are briefly discussed.
The second part of this article looks at stoning in the modern world, which has occurred as a by-product of the rising phenomenon of sharia application in modern Muslim countries. The challenge for these countries is how to apply sharia punishments such as stoning, while maintaining sharia’s aims of equality, social justice and morality.
Solutions for existing and emerging Muslim states regarding the application of punishments are made and practical suggestions for a way forward. This article essentially argues Muslim scholars and jurists must reassess the legitimacy of imposing sharia punishments such as stoning and reach meaningful conclusions about the future of capital punishment in the Muslim world.
Islamic Studies in the Modern World
Authors: Ali Jan A 
Published: May 2022

Violent Islamism is a modern sociological phenomenon with origins in the crisis of society and the negative consequences of modernity. It sees the society and the modern world steeped in a quagmire with an obscene level of wealth and power in the hands of a few and a large section of society in perpetual strife and suffering. Apart from the West in various other parts of the world there is economic stagnation, many in the society are excluding from resources revenue, and the trade and social networks being disrupted and societies torn apart with the creation of new nation states. The society has huge urban agglomerations and people in millions, especially young men and women, are either unemployed or underemployed and many feel alienated from prosperous way of life enjoyed by the urban elite and uprooted from the social fabric of the society where sense of solidarity has been pilfered away. The crisis needs to be addressed and the imbalance corrected immediately. This paper posits that violent Islamism purports to have a solution which is to totally rearrange the social, economic, and political structures of the society, Islamise the knowledge and civil and economic institutions, and establishment the Caliphate with shari'ah as its constitution. Violent Islamists are only too willing and ready to remake the world and will use any means to achieve this goal even defensive and offensive jihad as a weapon of choice.
English Translations of the Qur’an
Authors: Brashi Abbas 
Published: May 2022

A review of the following Arabic book:
Aldahesh, Ali Yunis (2020). English Translations of the Qur’an: A Descriptive Comparative Study in their Aspects of Disagreement (al-Tarjamātu al-Ingilīziyyaui li-Maʿānī al-Qur’āni al-Karīm: Dirāsatun fī Maḍāhiri al-ʾIkhtilāf). Cairo: Hala Publishing Company. 264pp.
Whatever Happened To Subpart F? U.S. CFC Legislation after the Check-the-Box Regulations
Authors: Lokken Lawrence 
Published: May 2022

The U.S. Congress, in 1962, enacted provisions commonly known as subpart F, under which U.S. shareholders of controlled foreign corporations (CFCs) are taxed on their ratable shares of some corporate income, whether or not distributed. A U.S. shareholder is a U.S. person who owns at least 10% of a foreign corporation's voting stock, directly, indirectly, or constructively. A foreign corporation is a CFC if more than 50% of its stock, by vote or value, is so owned by U.S. shareholders.Apart from subpart F, the United States taxes shareholders on corporate income only as it is distributed to them as dividends.Because domestic corporations are taxed on their worldwide incomes, the lack of a shareholder-level tax on undistributed corporate income does not insulate this income from U.S. taxation. However, a foreign corporation is subject to U.S. tax on only [*187] income effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States and certain income from U.S. sources, even if its shareholders are U.S. persons. Thus, apart from subpart F, the United States imposes no tax on foreign income of U.S.-owned foreign corporations until it is distributed to the shareholders or the shareholders sell their shares.
Horizontal and Vertical Equity in Taxation as Constitutional Principles: Germany and the United States Contrasted
Authors: Ordower Henry 
Published: May 2022

Germany's Basic Law assigns primary jurisdiction over constitutional issues to Germany's Constitutional Court and requires other courts to suspend their proceedings and refer constitutional issues that are critical to resolution of any pending case to the Constitutional Court. In the United States, the Supreme Court has broad appellate and, in some cases, original jurisdiction; and its authority to review legislative action for conflict [*262] with the Constitution became clear early in the Court's history. Unlike Germany, however, lower courts also have jurisdiction to decide constitutional issues, subject of course to eventual Supreme Court review.While the U.S. Supreme Court has resolved many tax controversies, with taxpayers raising constitutional questions in a number of cases addressing questions of federal tax law, only infrequently has the Court found a federal taxing statute to violate a constitutionally protected right or privilege. Rarely has the Supreme Court looked to the Constitution and decided that a federal tax law violated the Constitution. Never has the Supreme Court held a federal tax law to conflict with the Bill of Rights. Many more decisions involve challenges to state tax statutes as in conflict with the U.S. Constitution. Often those state law cases combine claims under several provisions of the Constitution, including the Commerce Clause, Due Process, and Equal Protection. In reviewing state tax [*263] statutes for compliance with constitutional standards, the Court consistently has applied its "rational basis test," its least intrusive standard of review. Under that test, a statute is valid so long as the legislature has a rational basis for its enactment. The decisions predominantly uphold the state taxing statute. Occasionally, the Court limits states' taxing power or their tax collection authority over non- residents.
Concepciones sobre evaluación en educación médica: un camino hacia la transformación
Authors: Linares-Mendoza Gerardo , Figueroa-Avendaño Carlos E. , Rincón-Salazar Adriana Marcela , Alba-Vásquez John Alexander 
Published: May 2022

It has been described that teachers' conceptions determine their educational practice.Evaluation can influence the success or failure of students in school. For this reason, teachers'conceptions of evaluation are important to guide their professional development and evaluativepractice. The purpose of this investigation was to identify and categorize the conceptions aboutevaluation in a group of 14 Medical Education master students at a Colombian university duringan evaluation course. Qualitative research was carried out with thematic analysis of the writteninformation collected at the beginning, during, and at the end of the evaluation course. Prior to theanalysis of the documents, the signing of the informed consent by the participants and compliancewith the ethical requirements of research in humans were guaranteed. It was identified that thepreconception about evaluation was focused on the grade. During the course, this preconceptionevolved towards a holistic conception, immersed in the teaching-learning process in whichmultiple actors and resources are involved, and with a clearly formative purpose. For this reason,the documentation of the conceptual transformation on evaluation highlights the need for formaltraining in evaluation focused on health teachers.
Se ha descrito que las concepciones de los docentes condicionan su práctica educativa. La evaluación, puede influir en el éxito o frcaso escolar de los estudiantes; por esto, las concepciones sobre evalución de los docentes cobran importancia para guiar su desarrollo profesional y ejercicio evaluativo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar y categorizar las concepciones sobre evaluación de un grupo de 14 maestrandos de Educación Médica en una universidad colombiana durante el segundo semestre de 2020, en el transcuso de un curso de evaluación. Se realizó una investigación cualitativa con an´álisis temático de la información escrita recolectada al inicio, durante y al final del curso de evaluación. Previo al análisis de los documentos, se garantizó el consentimiento informado de los participantes y el cumplimiento de los requisitos éticos de la investigación en humanos. Se identificó que la preconcepción del grupo sobre evaluación estaba centrada en la calificación. Durante el curso, esta preconcepción evolucionó hacia una concepción holística, inmersa en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en donde se involucran múltiples actores, recursos y con un proposito formativo. Es por ello por lo que, la documentación de las transformación conceptual sobre evaluación resalta la necesidad de un entrenamiento formal en evaluación dirigido a los docentes de profesionales de la salud
Transcriptomic signals of mitochondrial dysfunction and OXPHOS dynamics in fast-growth chicken
Authors: Hubert Shawna , Athrey Giridhar 
Published: May 2022

Introduction
Birds are equipped with unique evolutionary adaptations to counter oxidative stress. Studies suggest that lifespan is inversely correlated with oxidative damage in birds. Mitochondrial function and performance are critical for cellular homeostasis, but the age-related patterns of mitochondrial gene expression and oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) in birds are not fully understood. The domestic chicken is an excellent model to understand aging in birds; modern chickens are selected for rapid growth and high fecundity and oxidative stress is a recurring feature in chicken. Comparing fast- and slow-growing chicken phenotypes provides us an opportunity to disentangle the nexus of oxidative homeostasis, growth rate, and age in birds.

Methods and Results
We compared pectoralis muscle gene expression patterns between a fast and a slow-growing chicken breed at 11 and 42 days old. Using RNAseq analyses, we found that mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced oxidative phosphorylation are major features of fast-growth breast muscle, compared to the slow-growing heritage breed. We found transcriptomic evidence of reduced OXPHOS performance in young fast-growth broilers, which declined further by 42 days.

Discussion
OXPHOS performance declines are a common feature of aging. Sirtuin signaling and NRF2 dependent oxidative stress responses support the progression of oxidative damage in fast-growth chicken. Our gene expression datasets showed that fast growth in early life places immense stress on oxidative performance, and rapid growth overwhelms the OXPHOS system. In summary, our study suggests constraints on oxidative capacity to sustain fast growth at high metabolic rates, such as those exhibited by modern broilers.
Contrasting nursery habitats promote variations in the bioenergetic condition of juvenile female red squat lobsters (Pleuroncodes monodon) of the Southern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Guzmán-Rivas Fabián , Quispe Marco , Urzúa Ángel 
Published: May 2022

The red squat lobsterPleuroncodes monodonis an important fishery resource in the Humboldt Current System (HCS). This decapod is exploited in two fishing units: (a) the northern fishing unit (NFU, from 26°S to 30°S) and (b) the southern fishing unit (SFU, from 32°S to 37°S), each of which have an adjacent nursery area that is the source of recruits to replace the exploited adult populations (in the NFU: off the coast of Coquimbo (28°S) and in the SFU: off the coast of Concepción (36°S)). Marked spatial differences in the environmental conditions of the NFU and SFU, and the biogeographic break that exists between these nursery areas (30°S) may promote changes in the bioenergetic condition of newP. monodonjuveniles. To evaluate this, we analyzed the bioenergetic condition (measured as: body mass, lipids, proteins, glucose, and energy) of new juvenile females in the main nursery areas off the Chilean coast. The juvenile females from the SFU showed a higher body mass than those from the NFU. Consistently, the juvenile females from the SFU had a higher content of lipids, proteins, and glucose than those from the NFU, indicative of higher energy contents and a higher lipid/protein ratio in the south compared to the north. Considering the current overexploitation of this fishery resource in the HCS, it is essential to understand how the bioenergetic condition of juvenile females ofP. monodonmay vary in nursery areas at different latitudes in order to generate sustainable fishery management policies with an ecological approach, designed specifically to each fishing unit. Furthermore, identifying the latitudinal variations of these biochemical compounds inP. monodonjuveniles can elucidate the geographic origin of red squat lobsters that present a ”better bioenergetic condition” in the HCS, which may significantly benefit sustainable fishing certification processes.
Emergence of Scrub Typhus in Urban Areas: a Report from South India
Authors: Madhumitha R. , Surendran R. , Gopalakrishnan Ram , Ramasubramanian V. , Nambi P. Senthur 
Published: May 2022

Aims: To study the epidemiology and clinical presentation of Scrub typhus in Southern India.
Study design: Observational study
Place and Duration of Study: Apollo Hospital, Chennai, India, between January 2010 and December 2011.
Methodology: This is an observational study of 182 patients from a tertiary care center between January 2010 and December 2011. Cases of scrub typhus were defined by a positive IgM scrub typhus ELISA, compatible clinical features and negative workup for other pathogens. Epidemiological data and clinical data were collected from the records for the study purpose.
Results: Fever (100%), headache (69.7%) and cough (47.8%) were the predominant presenting symptoms. The majority (85.7%) of cases were during the period from July to December in both the years, corresponding to the monsoon in South India. 62% of cases were from urban areas and 47.3 % of cases required admission to the critical care unit. An eschar was present in 46.7% of cases and 97.3% of the cases improved with therapy. All patients received either doxycycline or azithromycin or a combination of both as therapy. Defervescence was seen within 72 hours in 98.5% of patients.
Conclusion: Scrub typhus is a re-emerging disease in South India. It should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute undifferentiated febrile illness even in urban areas in all age groups, especially during the monsoon season. Careful search for an eschar is important. Treatment with doxycycline or azithromycin is effective. The mortality rate is expected to be high if untreated, so we suggest that these antibiotics be part of initial empiric therapy whenever the disease is in the differential diagnosis in all severely ill patients awaiting diagnostic results.
Relationship between alcohol consumption and telecommuting preference-practice mismatch during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors:   CORoNaWork project, Watanabe Chihiro , Konno Yusuke , Hino Ayako , Nagata Masako , Muramatsu Keiji , Tateishi Seiichiro , Tsuji Mayumi , Ogami Akira , Yoshimura Reiji , Fujino Yoshihisa 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objective
This study examined the association between increased alcohol consumption and telecommuting, comparing employees who expressed a preference for telecommuting and those who did not.

Methods
We conducted an internet monitor survey. Responses from 20 395 of the 33 302 participants were included in the final sample. Participants were asked about their desire for and frequency of telecommuting, and about changes in alcohol consumption under the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were analyzed by logistic regression analysis.

Results
The ratio of increased drinking in those who telecommuted at least once a week was significantly different (OR = 1.29, 95% CI 1.16–1.43, p &lt; .001). The ratio of increased drinking in participants for whom telecommuting was not preferred was significantly different (OR = 1.08, 95%CI 1.02–1.14, p = .002). Since the interaction term was significant in preliminary analysis, stratification was performed. Participants who telecommuted despite preferring not to do so reported significantly increased alcohol consumption, as revealed by a multivariate analysis (OR = 1.53, 95% CI 1.18–2.00, p &lt; .001). Participants who expressed a preference for telecommuting showed no such increase (OR = 1.12, 95% CI 0.98–1.27, p = .074).

Conclusions
Under the COVID-19 pandemic, telecommuting that involves a mismatch with employee preference for way of working may be a new risk factor for problematic drinking.
Strategies for Measuring Cytosolic Sugar Concentrations in Plant Cells
Authors: Li Jiazhou , Liesche Johannes 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The primary products of plant photosynthesis are soluble sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose. These form the basis of every cell's carbon and energy metabolism. One major limitation for the investigation of soluble sugar metabolism is the difficulty associated with measuring their concentrations in different subcellular compartments. This applies especially to the cytosol, the site of many important enzymatic reactions, as it typically only fills a thin area between the vacuole and plasma membrane. In this article, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of methods that have been used to probe cytosolic sugar concentrations, including microautoradiography, plasmolysis, non‐aqueous fractionation, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy, Raman microspectroscopy, mass spectrometry imaging, Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) nanosensors, direct sampling, and theoretical modelling. Perspectives regarding different use cases and future developments are provided.
Plant Genome Editing: Advances and Prospects of Market‐Ready Food Crops
Authors: Heynes Xanthea , Wang Duoduo , Lu Chungui 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Genome‐editing biotechnologies, such as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR‐associated proteins (Cas), are disrupting both the research and commercial genomics industries. Genome editing has become a major tool within both the Fourth Industrial Revolution and Green Revolution 2.0, making claim to revolutionise healthcare, environmental conservation, agriculture, and food security. With the technology rapidly advancing the fields of plant genomics and breeding, an increasing number of gene‐edited food crops are now launching to both industry and consumer markets. New market‐ready gene‐edited food crops and products include a healthier soya bean oil and the first consumer‐harvested CRISPR/Cas crop, the Sicilian Rouge High GABA tomato. However, as gene‐edited crops begin to arrive on the market, debates previously seen with GMOs surrounding social acceptance, bioethics, and changing regulatory environments for agriculture and food safety are being renewed. In this article, we provide an overview of plant genome‐editing technologies, including CRISPR/Cas, transcription activator‐like effector nucleases (TALENs), and zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs); market‐ready gene‐edited food crops; and regulatory environments across the world.
Genome‐Wide Association Studies of Important Agronomic Traits in
Brassica napus
: What We Have Learned and Where We Are Headed
Authors: Liu Haijiang , Wang Wei , Yang Meng , Yuan Pan , Hammond John P. , King Graham J. , Ding Guangda , White Philip J. , Wang Sheliang , Cai Hongmei , Wang Chuang , Lu Chungui , Xu Fangsen , Shi Lei 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Oilseed rape (
Brassica napus
L.;
B. napus
) is one of the main oil crops in China as well as in the world. Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have revolutionised the field of complex agronomic traits. In
B. napus,
these include seed yield and yield‐related traits, seed oil content, and abiotic and biotic stress‐tolerance traits over the past decade in which hundreds of thousands to millions of genetic variants across the genomes of hundreds of individuals have been tested to identify genotype–phenotype associations. In this review, we assess the current status of GWAS in terms of genotypes, phenotypes, statistical models, and candidate genes for these agronomic traits in
B. napus
. Post‐GWAS, the combination of QTL mapping, transcriptomics, and new statistical methods, has allowed us to identify candidate genes associated with specific agronomic traits. In addition, we can use diverse populations, increase the population size, or look for rare variants and structural variations of
B. napus
by whole‐genome sequencing to minimise the ‘missing heritability’ effects. These approaches are essential for uncovering the genetic mechanisms defining or regulating complex agronomic traits and the delivery of molecular marker‐assisted breeding in
B. napus
to breed new varieties that are higher yielding but resilient to our changing climate.
Hybrid Bulk‐Heterojunction of Colloidal Quantum Dots and Mixed‐Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals for High‐Performance Self‐Powered Broadband Photodetectors
Authors: Sulaman Muhammad , Yang Shengyi , Bukhtiar Arfan , Tang Peiyun , Zhang Zhenheng , Song Yong , Imran Ali , Jiang Yurong , Cui Yanyan , Tang Libin , Zou Bingsuo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSelf‐powered broadband photodetectors exhibit excellent self‐powered and wide‐band photoresponse from visible to infrared region and attract enormous attention due to their promising applications in imaging, sensing, and optical communication. PbSe colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) and halide perovskites nanocrystals (NCs) are commonly used for photodetectors due to their strong absorption capability, tunable bandgap, and high aspect ratio. However, due to suffering from low charge carrier mobility and high trap density, the performance of individual PbSe CQDs and perovskites‐based photodetectors is not satisfactory. Integration of PbSe CQDs with inorganic mixed‐halide perovskite nanomaterials can provide an opportunity to overcome these drawbacks. In this work, a hybrid nanocomposite of PbSe CQDs blended with all‐inorganic mixed halide perovskite NCs is integrated to fabricate bulk‐heterojunction‐based high‐performance photodetectors. The transportation of photogenerated carriers is enhanced by employing electrons‐ and holes‐extracting layers. As a result, the photoresponsivity of 6.16 A W−1 and a specific detectivity of 5.96 × 1013 Jones with an ON/OFF current ratio of 105 is obtained for bulk‐heterojunction photodetector ITO/ZnO/PbSe:CsPbBr1.5I1.5/P3HT/Au in the self‐powered mode. Meanwhile, the device performance of the fabricated photodetector is numerically simulated by using Technology Computer‐Aided Design software, and the physical mechanisms for photogenerated carriers’ transportation are discussed in detail.