bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Rice Husk Nanosilica as A Caries Treatment (Dentin Hydroxyapatite and Antimicrobial Analysis)
Authors: Aprillia Iffi , Alinda Sylva Dinie , Suprastiwi Endang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objective Rice husk nanosilica has a porous, amorphous structure with a silica (SiO2) surface. Silica interacts with calcium ions to form hydroxyapatite and can induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which harm microorganisms. This research determines the effect of rice husk nanosilica on the increase in dentin hydroxyapatite and its antimicrobial effects against Streptococcus mutans.
Materials and Methods We divided 27 dental cavity samples into three groups (n = 9). Group 1: normal dentin, Group 2: demineralized dentin, Group 3: demineralized dentin treated with rice husk nanosilica. The samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) to evaluate the formation of dentin hydroxyapatite. To analyze the viability of S. mutans after exposure to 2% nanosilica rice husk, we conducted an antimicrobial MTT assay.
Statistical Analysis The Kruskal–Wallis test evaluates the formation of dentin hydroxyapatite, and the t-test evaluates the viability of S. mutans.
Results There was an increase in the amount of dentin hydroxyapatite after the application of rice husk nanosilica compared with the control group (normal dentin), and 2% rice husk nanosilica had an antimicrobial effect (p < 0.005) in the group exposed to it.
Conclusion Rice husk nanosilica can induce the formation of dentin hydroxyapatite and has antimicrobial effects.
Analysis of Thrombin-Activated Platelet-Derived Exosome (T-aPDE) Potential for Dental Pulp Regeneration: In-Vitro Study
Authors: Bagio Dini Asrianti , Julianto Indah , Margono Anggraini , Suprastiwi Endang 
Published: June 2022

AbstractObjective This study analyzed the potential of various concentrations of the thrombin-activated platelet-derived exosome (T-aPDE) to regenerate the dental pulp by performing an in-vitro analysis of the cell viability, migration activity, and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) expression of human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs).Material and Methods The hDPSCs were collected from nine third molar teeth of nine healthy donors and were isolated and cultured using the explant method. They were harvested between the third and fourth passages and starved, after which they were seeded in the following treatments: Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium and 10% platelet-rich plasma-thrombin as the control groups, and 0.5, 1, and 5% T-aPDE as the experimental groups. All groups had three biological triplicates (Triplo) and two number of experiments. The T-aPDE was analyzed using transmission electron microscopy testing, particle size analyzer, and CD63 +  and CD81 +  specific immune phenotyping flow cytometry tests for plasma exosomes. The cell viability was evaluated using the colorimetric assay of activity cellular enzymes (MTT assay); the migration activity, using scratch assay; and the VEGF-A expression, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results The highest viability absorbance value of hDPSCs after 24, 48, 72 hours of observation was in the 5% T-aPDE group (p<0.05). Whereas, the closest distance result of migratory activation hDPSCs was also in the same group (p<0.05). However the highest VEGF-A expression of hDSPCs was noted in the same group at 72 hours observation (p<0.05).Statistical Analysis The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and the Kruskal–Wallis test. The statistical power was set at p <0.05Conclusion The 5% T-aPDE had a higher potential to induce dental pulp regeneration than the other groups.
Understanding the Updates in the Asthma Guidelines
Authors: Lee Deborah L. , Baptist Alan P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAsthma is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that affects millions of Americans, with variable symptoms of bronchospasm and obstruction among individuals over time. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) published the 2020 Focused Updates to the Asthma Management Guidelines based on the latest research since the 2007 Expert Panel Report-3 (EPR-3). The following article reviews the 21 new recommendations on the six core topics in asthma: use of intermittent inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting muscarinic antagonist therapy, use of the fractional exhaled nitric oxide test in asthma diagnosis and monitoring, indoor allergen mitigation, immunotherapy, and bronchial thermoplasty. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to rate recommendations as strong or conditional based on the evidence. The recommendations were based on systematic reviews of the literature and focused on patient-centered critical outcomes of asthma exacerbations, asthma control, and asthma-related quality of life. Understanding the recommendations with consideration of individual values through shared decision-making may improve asthma outcomes.
Effect of Thickness and Bonding Technique on Fatigue and Fracture Resistance of Feldspathic Ultra-Thin Laminate Veneers
Authors: Al-Ali Amna Mohamed Ahmed Hassan , Khalifa Nadia , Hadj-Hamou Amir , Sheela Soumya , El-Damanhoury Hatem M. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Objectives To evaluate the fatigue and fracture resistance of ultra-thin laminate veneers (UTLV) with two different thicknesses and two different bonding protocols.
Materials and Methods A total of 64 flat enamel surfaces were assigned to either 0.2 or 0.4 mm UTLV. The UTLV were further subdivided and assigned to one of two bonding techniques: adhesive resin cement(RC( or preheated restorative resin composite (HC) (n = 16). Eight samples were fatigued with 750,000 mechanical cycles and 8,000 thermal cycles between 5 and 55°C in a chewing simulator, and the failure mode was evaluated using a stereomicroscope and SEM. The other eight samples from each group were loaded to failure in a universal testing machine to test the fracture resistance. Fisher's exact Probability test was used to analyze the fatigue test results, and two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni's test were used to analyze the fracture resistance test results.
Results The difference in fatigue resistance between failure proportions in different groups was statistically different (p < 0.05). The 0.4-mm-thick UTLV had similar results regardless of the bonding technique, while 0.2-mm-thick UTLV only showed comparable results when cemented with preheated HC. No statistically significant difference was found in fracture resistance between the tested groups (p > 0.05).
Conclusion The Bonding technique and the thickness of the UTLV had impacted fatigue resistance but had no significant effect on the fracture resistance. bonding of UTLV with preheated composite increases their fatigue resistance. Different testing approaches delivered different results.
Follistatin Protein Enhances Satellite Cell Counts in Reinnervated Muscle
Authors: Feger Mark A. , Isaacs Jonathan , Mallu Satya , Yager Dorne , Shall Mary , Patel Gaurangkumar , Protzuk Omar , Bokkisam Akhil S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background Muscle recovery following peripheral nerve repair is sup-optimal. Follistatin (FST), a potent muscle stimulant, enhances muscle size and satellite cell counts following reinnervation when administered as recombinant FST DNA via viral vectors. Local administration of recombinant FST protein, if effective, would be more clinically translatable but has yet to be investigated following muscle reinnervation.
Objective The aim of this study is to assess the effect of direct delivery of recombinant FST protein on muscle recovery following muscle reinnervation.
Materials and Methods In total, 72 Sprague-Dawley rats underwent temporary (3 or 6 months) denervation or sham denervation. After reinnervation, rats received FST protein (isoform FS-288) or sham treatment via a subcutaneous osmotic pump delivery system. Outcome measures included muscle force, muscle histomorphology, and FST protein quantification.
Results Follistatin treatment resulted in smaller muscles after 3 months denervation (p = 0.019) and reduced force after 3 months sham denervation (p < 0.001). Conversely, after 6 months of denervation, FST treatment trended toward increased force output (p = 0.066). Follistatin increased satellite cell counts after denervation (p < 0.001) but reduced satellite cell counts after sham denervation (p = 0.037).
Conclusion Follistatin had mixed effects on muscle weight and force. Direct FST protein delivery enhanced satellite cell counts following reinnervation. The positive effect on the satellite cell population is intriguing and warrants further investigation.
Low-Grade Fibromyxoid Sarcoma Featuring an Unusual EWSR1-CREB3L2 Gene Fusion: Report of a Rare Case Arising in the Parotid Gland
Authors: Alayed Doaa M. , Pharaon Majed M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractLow-grade fibromyxoid sarcoma (LGFMS), also known as Evan's tumor, is a fibroblastic tumor with a deceptively bland morphology but a high metastasizing potential and late recurrence. It presents clinically as a slowly growing mass in the deep soft tissue of extremities and trunk. Morphologically, it shows a biphasic pattern with alternating fibrous and myxoid areas, whorling growth pattern, hypocellularity, and bland fibroblasts with curvilinear or arcuate vessels in between. Collagen rosettes with central hyalinization is a helpful feature but not specific. MUC-4 is the most sensitive immunostain in LGFMS. The majority of cases harbor a gene fusion in FUS-CREB3L2. Herein, we present a 23-year-old female patient with a slow growing painless mass in the left parotid gland, which was later diagnosed as LGFMS. Involvement of the head and neck region by LGFMS is uncommonly encountered. To date, only two cases within the parotid gland have been described.
Efficient hydrogen evolution reaction at the phase transition boundary of polymorphic Mo1−xWxTe2
Authors: Kim Jeong Hyo , Lee Da Yeon , Eshete Yonas Assefa , Yang Heejun , Cho Suyeon 
Published: June 2022

Phase engineering of two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) has been the subject of considerable interest as it represents a promising strategy for a highly active hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). However, various types of active sites on the basal planes and edges of TMDs have shown complicated mechanisms of the HER in TMDs, hindering the systematic engineering of the catalytic activity of TMDs. Here, we report the intrinsic basal-plane activity of a series of TMDs, Mo1−xWxTe2, whose phases can be engineered from semiconducting to metallic states by adjusting the stoichiometric ratio of tungsten atoms (x). Three forms of 2H- (semiconducting) and 1T′-(metallic) Mo1−xWxTe2, bulk, powder, and exfoliated flakes, as well as microreactors, were used to investigate the HER process of the phase-engineered TMDs. The catalytic activity of Mo1−xWxTe2 exhibits the best performance at the phase-transition boundary (i.e., x = 0.09) with a hydrogen conversion rate of 0.692 s−1, which is 10–20 times higher than that of other 2H and 1T′ samples with different x values. Our study provides a novel approach, using the phase-transition boundary, to modify the catalytic activity of polymorphic nanomaterials.
Na transport in bilayer MoS2 and MoS2-WS2 heterojunction with S vacancy defect: First-principles study
Authors: Xiao Jin , Zhou Juan , Chen Ling-Na , Chen Jian 
Published: June 2022

Based on first-principles calculations, the diffusion properties of Na+ in bilayer MoS2 and the MoS2-WS2 heterojunction were investigated. Owing to the similar structures, the diffusion properties of Na are almost identical in both systems. On perfect surfaces, the diffusion energy barrier is smaller than 0.1 eV. The diffusion characteristics of Na+ ions between layers are related to the size of the system. For a small size (&lt;3 nm2), the Na+ diffusion energy barrier is around 0.40 eV because of sliding between layers. With the size of the system increasing, the energy barrier for Na+ diffusion between layers increases to 0.90 eV. S vacancy defects can trap Na+ ions and hinder Na+ diffusion. The diffusion energy barrier on the surface with S vacancy defects will increase to around 0.5 eV. When Na ions are transported between layers, they are tightly bound by S vacancy defects. The energy barrier exceeds 2.0 eV.
Numerical analysis of the GaN trench MIS barrier Schottky diodes with high dielectric reliability and surge current capability
Authors: Zhou Yuhao , Wu Qianshu , Zhang Qi , Li Chengzhang , Zhang Jinwei , Liu Zhenxing , Zhang Ke , Liu Yang 
Published: June 2022

The commercialization of GaN-based Schottky barrier diodes in middle- and high- voltage applications still faces many challenges, in which the lack of an effective selective area p-type doping method is one of the main obstacles. This paper proposes novel vertical GaN-based Schottky diodes with trench MIS structure and an embedded p-GaN protection layer (junction-trench MIS barrier Schottky diodes, J-TMBS). The trench structure and lateral p-n junctions can be achieved by selectively etching the very thin p-GaN and then regrowing n-GaN. Therefore, the fabrication technology avoids the selective area p-type doping process, and the dry etching damage and poor sidewall regrowth interface issue, which are serious in GaN Merged pn/Schottky (MPS) diodes, can also be alleviated for the proposed J-TMBS. Compared with the optimized GaN trench MIS barrier Schottky (TMBS) diodes, the surge current capability and dielectric reliability of the proposed J-TMBS are significantly improved (the electric field of the dielectric layer and maximum lattice temperature under the surge test can be reduced by 448% and 202%, respectively). In addition, the specific on-resistance (Ron,sp) and breakdown voltage remain basically unchanged compared with TMBS. Compared with the optimized GaN MPS diodes, the proposed structure improves the specific on-resistance by 17.2% benefiting from the reduced area of the JFET region without degrading the reverse I–V characteristics and surge current capability. The proposed J-TMBS exhibits potential in practical high voltage (&gt;600 V) application of GaN Schottky power diodes.
Erratic velars in West-Coastal Bantu
Authors: Pacchiarotti Sara , Bostoen Koen 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn this article, we present the first quantitative study of what we call multiple unconditioned reflexes (MUR) in Bantu, more specifically of Proto-Bantu velar stops *k and *g in the West-Coastal Bantu (WCB) branch of the Bantu language family. MUR, also known as “doubles reflexes” in Bantu studies, represent a situation where one and the same proto-sound has two or more reflexes in a given language which cannot be accounted for by phonological conditioning and/or lexical borrowing. This diachronic irregularity has been explained in Bantu historical linguistics, and Niger-Congo studies more broadly, by reconstructing either an additional series of consonants (phonemic merger) or a latent conditioning that went lost (phonemic split). We show that MUR should not be explained, but rather taken as an indicator of the same pervasive irregularity of sound change reported in other parts of the world that are highly multilingual and lack a neat overlap between distinct languages and communities. Along with widespread multilingualism, we assess lexical diffusion, substrate influence, and spread-over-spread events in Bantu language history as complementary explanations for the rise of MUR in WCB.
Palestinian kindergarten teachers in Israel and Arabic education policy
Authors: Kassem Abeer Shahbari , Amara Muhammad 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis study aims to explore language education policy among Palestinian Arab kindergarten teachers in Israel, employing the framework of language policy proposed bySpolsky (2009), based on three major components: language practices, language ideologies, and language management. A mixed-method research approach consisting of both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection is employed. A questionnaire was completed by a total of 509 kindergarten teachers. In addition, a semi-structured interview was carried out with 12 kindergarten teachers, selected from among those who answered the questionnaire, in order to gain a deeper understanding about Arabic language education policy. The data revealed that Palestinian Arab kindergarten teachers in Israel mostly use a mixture of Standard Arabic (StA) and Spoken Arabic (SpA) as the medium of instruction, using Hebrew or foreign words only sparingly. They express positive attitudes towards Arabic’s role as an important language in Israel. They also show positive attitudes about StA, believing that it is necessary to master it, yet facing difficulties while using it when speaking with the children. Regarding language management, they conduct activities that help develop StA skills, both for themselves and their students. Finally, there are significant interrelations between the kindergarten teachers’ background variables (religion, type of city they live in, seniority, education, and district) and language practice, ideology, and management. Based on these findings, it is important to construct a clearly-defined StA educational policy in Arab kindergartens.
Effects of magnetic monopole charge on Joule–Thomson expansion of regular Ayón Beato–García black hole
Authors: Feng Qi-Min , Pu Jin , Jiang Qing-Quan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
We investigate Joule–Thomson (J–T) expansion process of the regular Ayón Beato–García (ABG) black hole, and compare the J–T expansion process between the regular ABG black hole and the singular AdS black holes. We find that the inversion curves are unclosed and closely related to magnetic monopole charge (MMC) in the black hole solution. The results show that the temperature decreases/increases with the increase of MMC parameter at low/high pressure, in contrast to a branch of the inversion curves for singular AdS black holes. The ratio between the minimum inversion temperature and the critical temperature is also greater than that of any known ratio of singular AdS black holes. In addition, the minimum inversion mass is greater than the minimum mass, so there are some isenthalpic curves without inversion points below the inversion curves, which means that the regular black hole is always in heating process. In contrast of singular charged AdS black holes, the isenthalpic curves cannot exist below the inversion curves, because the event horizon cannot be defined here. Furthermore, we obtain that the minimum inversion mass and the minimum mass depend only on MMC parameter. By fixing the parameters of MMC and the black hole mass, we find that a repulsive core near the origin of the regular black hole may lead to different results from that of the singular AdS black holes in the J–T expansion process.
Student understanding of thermodynamic processes, variables and systems
Authors: Brown Benjamin , Singh Chandralekha 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This work focuses on students’ common struggles with thermodynamic processes, variables and systems found via a research-based multiple-choice survey. The analysis of data from more than a thousand students using the validated survey administered at six different higher education institutions in the US shows that not only introductory but also advanced physics students have many common difficulties with these concepts after traditional lecture-based instruction in relevant concepts. Findings related to common challenges encountered by students with thermodynamic processes, variables and systems can help instructors teaching these courses improve student understanding of these concepts. These findings can also be valuable for developing effective evidence-based curricula and pedagogies to reduce student difficulties and help students develop a solid grasp of these fundamental thermodynamic concepts.
An ultra-thin transparent multi-functional sensor based on silk hydrogel for health monitoring
Authors: Qiu Yu , Wang Yi-Lin , Tang Wen-Jie , Wu Tong-Jing , Huang Peng , Yu Qian , Xu Li , Zhang Xiao-Sheng 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
With the gradual improvement of people’s health awareness, wearable devices occupy an important position in daily health care and human physiological activity monitoring. As traditional silicon-based electronic products face problems such as interface mismatch, silk fibroin has gradually become an alternative choice for next-generation wearable electronic devices due to its excellent performance. Herein, an ultra-thin transparent and flexible multi-functional sensor based on silk hydrogel with self-patterned microstructure is proposed. The silk hydrogel exhibits superior transparency (>82%) and thin thickness (∼100 μm). Furthermore, the self-patterned microstructure on the silk hydrogel surface is beneficial for the high sensitivity of pressure sensing response (1.6 kPa−1). This device exhibits advantageous performance on temperature (top sensitivity of 6.25% °C−1) and humidity (top sensitivity of 0.16% RH−1) sensing response. It also shows fast response (0.16 s) and durable stability (over 2000 dynamic cycles). Moreover, this device can be applied to monitor human facial expression, joint movements, temperature change, breathing and other health indicators. It is worth mentioning that this multi-functional sensor can monitor the signal of breathing and throat, so it can be applied to the clinical physiological activity monitoring of patients with upper respiratory tract infection. In addition, we also demonstrate a grasping and relaxing experiment of intelligent manipulator to verify the pressure and temperature sensing performance, providing a possibility for its application in the field of prosthetics. According to these advantages, the reported ultra-thin transparent multi-functional sensor based on silk hydrogel has broad prospects in the fields of health monitoring, intelligent prosthetics, and electronic skin, etc.
Flexible V-shaped piezoelectric-triboelectric device for biomechanical energy harvesting and sensing
Authors: Naval Sourav , Beigh Nadeem Tariq , Mukherjee Dibyajyoti , Jain Ankesh , Mallick Dhiman 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The vast proliferation of wearables and smart sensing devices in the last decade has created an immense demand for new and efficient powering solutions. The research focus has shifted towards developing simple, cost-effective, flexible device topologies capable of capturing kinetic energy associated with the human body. Piezoelectric and triboelectric mechanisms are widely employed to convert biomechanical energy to electrical power due to their inherent merits in terms of affordable designs and high energy conversion efficiencies. In this work, we propose a flexible hybrid generator topology incorporating both piezoelectric and triboelectric mechanisms to achieve high electrical output from human motion. To enhance the efficiency and obtain a symmetric output, dual triboelectric generators are employed, which generate time-multiplexed output across the same set of electrodes. The device displays a characteristic ability to distinguish between different body movements as its output depends on the contact area as well as the pressure generated by the motion. This creates numerous avenues for employing the device in self-powered tactile sensing applications. The unique single substrate design makes the device robust and increases its longevity. The V-shaped prototype having an active area of 3.5 cm × 2 cm, is tested under a wide range of biomechanical stimuli, including touching, tapping, and pressing motions. The practical applications of the proposed device as an add-on patch on fabrics, as an in-sole device, and for powering commercial electronics are demonstrated. Apart from this, the reported generator can also fuel low-power devices from various other day-to-day human activities.