bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Privacy and Public Space
Authors: Owens David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Norms of privacy draw a line between a private sphere and a public domain by requiring us to control how and when we observe and are observed by others. The function of that boundary is less clear. According to the Traffic Model the line protects an individual’s private sphere from intrusion; the public sphere is simply the space in which these zones of privacy subsist, and the rules governing the public sphere facilitate their peaceful coexistence by rendering persons unobtrusive to one another. As Nagel demonstrates, the Traffic Model can explain certain rules mandating both reticence and discretion. Still, the content of these rules (as described by Goffman, for instance) is simply too rich for this to be the whole story. My alternative, the Theatre Model, gives the public sphere a life of its own, treating norms of privacy as a subset of the rules governing self-presentation in public. Like walking onto the stage, going out in public requires us to play certain social roles, to present ourselves to strangers in a particular fashion; controlling how and when we observe and are observed is one aspect of that self-presentation. Many of these rules are impersonal conventions and it is hard to account for their authority, as Scanlon tries to do, in terms of pre-conventional principles and without allowing that they serve collective deontic interests.
Labor in Hot Climates
Authors: Johnston Katherine 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 examines the seventeenth-century English Caribbean, analyzing both the transition to enslaved African laborers on plantations and European conceptions of hot climates. Although colonial residents overcame ancient theories of the dangers of hot places, a series of events, including the Western Design and the Port Royal earthquake, solidified the region’s reputation as dangerous and unhealthy. At the same time, the chapter demonstrates that the transition to enslaved Black laborers had nothing to do with perceived climatic suitability. Ultimately, white residents of warm climates learned that they could capitalize on the region’s reputation to achieve various ends.
A Climatic Debate
Authors: Johnston Katherine 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines Parliamentary debates in the 1780s and 1790s over the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade. West Indian planters insisted that plantations could never be cultivated without African labor. But others maintained that European bodies could stand the heat of the Americas as long as they were inured to labor. In their repeated petitions to Parliament, though, planters dismissed all history of European labor in the Caribbean colonies, insisting instead on its impossibility. By doing so, they solidified a rhetoric linking climate, race, and the ability to labor and portrayed differences between Black and white bodies as a product of nature.
Conclusion
Authors: Johnston Katherine 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The conclusion demonstrates how the myth of the labor transition—or the idea that planters in the Caribbean and parts of the American South turned to Black laborers because white people could not stand the climate—became the prevailing narrative of the history of these places. This narrative remained the dominant story even though it had no basis in history, and was instead the product of planters’ determination to use enslaved Black laborers. Because of planters’ claims, and because of the way these claims became ingrained in the public consciousness, ideas about racial difference between Black and white people came to seem natural.
Spanked
Authors: Erickson Christina L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tracing the history of spanking from our earliest records, the trail of spankings’ influence on society and individuals is explored. The book covers the slow transition from the whip and rod to the hand, the first questioning of spankings’ utility, and the inception of spanking stigma. Stories of religion, school paddling, and the development of child protection in the United States highlight historical factors on the edges of spanking and show their connections to our modern conundrum—why do we hit people smaller than us who we love so much? To understand the real meaning of spanking, the book explores the private lives of family and the public sphere of our social lives. Spanking has been a common and accepted discipline for hundreds of years. Filled with stories of families, researchers, and community organizers, the book helps us see varied angles of family spanking we have avoided for far too long. The research outcomes on spanking are causal and clear, and the data have been repeated in many studies. Brain research, parent child synchrony, touch, trauma, and communication all lead us to new understandings of spanking’s impact on adults and children alike. Maybe most important of all is the question never asked before: Is spanking a child good for the parent? Book group questions and prompts for organizations and professionals provide a framework for conversation and dialogue. A rich appendix includes laws on physical discipline from each state, laws on school paddling, and corporal punishment laws around the world.
Money, Violence, and Connections
Authors: Naqvi Ijlal 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAt the heart of the relationship between citizen and state over access to electrical power lies a personal encounter between consumer and street-level bureaucrat. The parameters of this encounter are shaped by power in the form of money and personal connections, with an underlying threat of violence that usually remains hidden. This is the lowest of the three nested fields that form the scaffolding of this book and in many senses forms the basis for the phenomena discussed at higher levels. Codified rules exist, and certainly matter, but access to them is wrapped in layers of social negotiations and contestations. In this chapter the arc of the book descends to the most basic and direct form of contest over the terms of engagement with the state, which is mostly conducted face to face.
Finding and Vetting Sources
Authors: Ghorayshi Azeen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, New York Times science writer Azeen Ghorayshi looks at the way journalists both vet their sources and build relationships with them, which can empower important stories. As she notes, establishing trust is essential, and that requires a journalist to show sensitivity and thoughtfulness with sources—and publish stories that are both diligent and fair. Such ethical work can help gain a broader network of people who may come to the journalist with future tips and become sources to turn to for information time and time again. But those relationships also require maintenance. As she also notes: Don’t be afraid to pick up the phone and just call sources to chat. Open-ended conversations can often yield story ideas where least expected.
Data Storytelling
Authors: Seife Charles 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Charles Seife, a journalism professor at New York University and the author of seven books about science, provides sharp and useful advice for journalists working with data. Data sets, he writes, are a never-ending font of ideas for stories that aren’t dependent on scientific journals, conferences, preprints, or scientists’ willingness to talk. Still, he cautions, never make a data set bear the weight of a story alone any more than depend on a single interview for a news story. And though the process of getting a data set to spill its secrets uses a different set of tools than extracting information from interview subjects, the two complement each other beautifully. Human sources often lead to new data sets—and a good data set give information that can sharpen an interview.
Book Writing
Authors: Fagin Dan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Pulitzer Prize–winning author Dan Fagin argues that books require more of everything: more planning, more pitching, more research, more travel, more interviews, more outlining, more writing, more rewriting, and then more rewriting. Identifying a central idea—and ensuring that it is an idea that the writer’s passion—is key. Fagin offers practical advice on how to find an agent, put together a proper proposal, and get that proposal in front of publishers. But most importantly, he emphasizes clear strategies for the complex, multiyear process of research and writing that any book project will demand. Organization is critical, as is writing as the book progresses rather than waiting until all research is done. Fagin also offers thoughts on self-marketing and book promotion.
Investigative Science Journalism
Authors: Eban Katherine 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Katherine Eban, one of the top investigative science journalists working today, a contributing editor to Vanity Fair, and author of the bestselling Bottle of Lies, offers an insightful overview of the challenges and rewards of a good investigation. The worlds of science and medicine—awash with money and life-and-death stakes—offer the perfect terrain for investigative journalists, she points out. As a journalist becomes more expert, he or she will be able to find and break stories that few others will. It’s not for the faint of heart. Sometimes, the stories are so complex, and the consequences of getting it wrong so serious, that writers might feel like they are doing open heart surgery themselves. But the most rewarding part of the beat is that stories actually have the potential to save lives or explore what took them in the first place.
Medicine
Authors: Rice Sabriya 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Sabriya Rice, the Knight Chair in Health and Medical Journalism at the University of Georgia, draws on her experience working at outlets such as the Dallas Morning News and CNN to give readers a crash course on navigating the health and medicine beat. Featuring insights from some of the beat’s top reporters, the chapter considers lessons from the Covid-19 pandemic, explains what every journalist needs to know about Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) laws, and introduces readers to fundamental strategies for working with health data. Reporters of all stripes will find something useful to take away. As Rice writes, the Covid-19 pandemic has proved that there’s a place on the health and medicine beat for every journalist.
Physics
Authors: Smart Ashley 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Ashley Smart, former editor at Physics Today and current associate director of the Knight Science Journalism Program at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, meditates on the challenges of being a physics reporter. Featuring anecdotes and insights from several of the world’s best physics writers, the chapter offers tips on developing a nose for important stories, advice on reporting on difficult subject matter with savvy, and techniques for telling scintillating stories without sensationalizing. As Smart writes, physics reporters strive to capture the wonder and weirdness of a pursuit that continually pushes the limits of human understanding. This chapter gives aspiring physics reporters the tools they need to get started on their journey.
Space
Authors: Drake Nadia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Nadia Drake, space reporter for National Geographic, looks at how to cover worlds beyond this one with insight and precision. She notes, the same journalistic practices that produce a solid science story in any beat are applicable here. Journalists should cast a wide net when choosing sources, vet information, check assumptions, and seek outside opinions. Always get the name of the dog or the space robot. But space does have some peculiar challenges: first, aliens. Next, the chief U.S. government agency involved in space happenings is very popular and very concerned with its own image. Space is one of a few beats where a reporter can write a story that has literally nothing to do with Earth—but everything known about the universe starts here, with imperfect humans. Last, space stories can often feel like distractions but the wonder they can inspire is priceless.
Earth Sciences
Authors: Mason Betsy 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, award-winning freelance journalist Betsy Mason takes readers on an insider’s tour of an “underappreciated gem” of a journalistic beat: earth sciences. Mason identifies pitfalls to watch out for when reporting on earthquakes, volcanoes, and other natural catastrophes. She maps out the best places to find fresh and compelling story ideas—from perennial topics like satellite sensing to fringe subjects like stratospheric winds. And she highlights some of the common mistakes reporters make on the beat, along with simple tips to avoid them. Earth science has a little of everything, Mason writes, from geology and geodesy to oceanography and meteorology. This chapter will inspire budding journalists and veteran reporters alike to wet their feet on the beat.
Cybersecurity and National Security
Authors: Zetter Kim 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, veteran cyber- and national security reporter Kim Zetter makes one thing abundantly clear: sourcing matters. Cultivating good sources, and avoiding bad ones, is perhaps the most important aspect of covering a beat populated by experts from the hacking and intelligence worlds—denizens accustomed to operating in the places where deception and anonymity are the norm, and where smoking-gun evidence is classified, out of reach, or easily manipulated. Becoming comfortable with those worlds and the characters that inhabit them is the only reliable way to navigate a subject area that can leave journalists uniquely vulnerable to being duped.
Measuring Success in Science Journalism
Authors: Travis Kate 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Kate Travis, a freelance journalist and the former digital director of Science News, offers a sharp, savvy guide to measuring story success in terms of impact and the use of analytics to help direct publishing decisions. Analytics are just one part of a larger puzzle in defining what a successful story is and in figuring out what stories readers want from you. Audience metrics should inform journalism, but shouldn’t dictate it. Instinct should also be a factor: Is a particular story idea novel? Surprising? Important? Standard news values still apply when deciding what to cover and when evaluating success. Know the goals and know the audience. Learn the best ways to measure success and how to use the data—and trust a gut reaction—in making decisions about what stories to cover and how best to cover them.
Social Media in Science Journalism
Authors: Neporent Liz 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Liz Neporent, the executive editor of social media and community at WebMD/Medscape and author of the bestseller Fitness for Dummies, argues that social media is now an integral part of science journalism. Employers want their journalists out there spreading the word about their work, sussing out sources, and becoming “influencers” in their specialties. She shows how to fine-tune and boost your social media voice. It is a nuts-and-bolts beginner’s guide to help you understand the platforms that will work best for you, to learn the rules, to practice the right etiquette, to measure success—and to stay out of trouble.
Narrative Reporting Abroad
Authors: Enserink Martin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Martin Enserink, international news editor for the journal Science, elegantly dissects cross-border narrative reporting and explains how to best find a story in different countries and unexpected places. Going on far-flung reporting trips is one of the most exciting and challenging things that a science journalist can do. His advice for such assignments ranges from tips on planning a trip in advance, to connecting with the proper experts, to how to best write a cinematic story even while on the road. With good planning, curiosity, and writing flair, he adds, new worlds will open for readers and produce some of the most rewarding stories of a career.
Reporting in Authoritarian Regimes
Authors: Stone Richard 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Richard Stone, senior science editor for HHMI Tangled Bank Studios and former international news editor for the journal Science, combines experience and insight from reporting under risky circumstances to craft this chapter on science journalism under authoritarian regimes. Prep hard before a reporting trip, he writes, to gather independently verified information, and be ready to work diligently after you return to vet the reporting you’ve gathered. Avoid flying in under the radar: Reduce risks to yourself and to your sources by obtaining a journalist visa. You may end up burdened with a government minder, but in some countries, few scientists and officials would dare speak with you without such a chaperone. And take care to protect your sources and fixers, especially if your story ends up criticizing or embarrassing a regime.
Collaborative Journalism Across Borders
Authors: Carrillo Iván 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Mexican journalist Iván Carrillo, host of radio and television science programs broadcast to more than 20 countries, draws on his experience as a cofounder of a cross-border reporting project to look at the rewards and risks of international collaboration. The project, Historias Sin Fronteras (Stories Without Borders), had network journalists throughout Central and South America report on science stories of shared importance, from Covid-19 to environmental destruction of the Amazon and to medical treatment of transgender citizens of Latin American Countries. Carrillo wrote: Cross-border journalism is more than just a tool to publish regional stories—it can put a lens on often-neglected health and environmental issues that affect millions of people. But it’s important not only to practice it but also to maintain and to continue building networks that support such ambitious science journalism.
Reporting in the Global South
Authors: Nakkazi Esther 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, Ugandan health and science reporter Esther Nakkazi discusses the promise, perils, and challenges of doing reporting on science in less economically developed countries. Nakkazi points aspiring science journalists in the Global South to training and mentoring resources that can help them sharpen fundamental skills and hone their reporter’s intuition. Nakkazi also shares tips for finding and vetting local science experts; discusses pitfalls of the “philanthrojournalism” model and how to avoid them; and argues for the important role of solutions journalism in the Global South. As Nakkazi writes, homegrown journalism that links science to people’s everyday lives is becoming increasingly important in Africa, South Asia, and other parts of the Global South. And a diverse new generation of journalists and publications is answering the call.
Epilogue
Authors: Zeller Tom 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Journalists operate under a raft of noble obligations: fairness, skepticism, impartiality, and detachment. An appreciation for these is important, former New York Times writer and Undark editor Tom Zeller Jr. notes in this chapter—but so is the recognition that those ideals will constantly be tested, and even brought into question, in the day-to-day scrum of journalism. Being open to moments of confusion, frustration, moral ambiguity, and wrenching self-doubt—and staying attuned to the competing values and interests at play in the stories reported and among the sources consulted—is an important quality, Zeller argues, for anyone hoping to make a career in journalism.
The Question of Dōgen as Poet
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The second chapter examines is Dōgen’s overall view of language and expressivity as essential tools for disclosing Buddhist teachings, in addition to a detailed analysis of a few representative poems. Traditionally Dōgen’s poetry has been overlooked or neglected because he expressed a few sayings that indicate literary pursuit is a distraction from meditation and the role of versification is generally associated with the rival Rinzai sect rather than Dōgen’s own Sōtō sect. However, modern Japanese scholarship has recently shown that these stereotypes are misleading so that an appreciation of Dōgen’s poetry in both Chinese and Japanese styles is very useful and important for understanding the rhetoric in his major prose writings, including the Treasury of the True Dharma Eye, the first eight volumes of the Extensive Record, and Dōgen’s Monastic Rules.
Fight in the Air
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Even during the Battle of Britain and the Blitz, Britain was sending bombers over Germany and Nazi-occupied Europe to destroy strategic and military targets. This chapter describes how, after Pearl Harbor, the United States joined the bombing campaign, dividing their duties between daylight raids (Americans) and nighttime raids (British). The development of airborne radar by British and American scientists gave both nations the ability to “see” targets through clouds and overcast, and even at night, which greatly improved bombing effectiveness. The chapter then describes the joint effort to develop a series of countermeasures, notably chaff, to fool the German radar systems. Another parallel development in this chapter concerns the P-51 Mustang fighter, built to British specifications in America for the RAF. The US Army Air Forces did not initially want it after it entered RAF service in 1942, but when the fighter was fitted with a British Rolls-Royce Merlin engine (which at the time was also being built in Detroit), it became the Allies’ most capable escort fighter, which allowed strategic bombing to extend to Berlin, hastening the end of the war.
Fight on the Seas and Oceans
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Battle of the Atlantic against Nazi U-boats was the longest campaign of the entire war. This chapter describes how various elements, which began in Britain and were taken over by the United States, came together to defeat the U-boat threat. It begins by detailing how the convoy system became the centerpiece of the anti-submarine warfare (ASW) strategy. It then explains how the Liberty ship, based on a British design, became the icon of American industrial output. It then covers scientific advancements in mathematics and cryptology that were shared across the Atlantic to break German codes and analyze the best means for attacking U-boats. It explores radio intercepts (HF/DF or Huff-Duff) that pinpointed the submarines, new weapons like Hedgehog that were more accurate than depth charges, and the RDX explosive that gave these weapons a heavier punch. It details how all these elements came together in one particular set of ASW engagements in March 1943 that marked the turn of the tide for Allied forces.
Fight on the Beaches
Authors: Ferreiro Larrie D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Allies knew they would have to conduct a massive amphibious assault in France, in order to retake Europe from the Nazis and defeat them. The ships and equipment to conduct such an assault had to be invented even while planning for the invasion occurred. This chapter describes the transatlantic development and production of three key elements that allowed the Allies to invade Europe: the Landing Ship, Tank (LST), the pontoon bridge, and the Duplex Drive (DD) tank. Through a series of experiments and trials by combat, these elements were made ready for the D-Day invasion in June 1944.