bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inclusivity
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Some examples of moral exclusivity are: (1) chattel slavery in the British Empire and the United States, (2) anti-Black racism in the United States since the Civil War, (3) homophobia before its decline during the past few decades in North America and Europe, (4) transphobia in these same places, and (5) speciesism in factory farming worldwide. Moral progress was eventually achieved in the first case, slow progress in the second, sudden progress recently in the third, at best moral stasis in the fourth, and moral regress in the fifth. What best explains progress or its absence is a feedback loop between (a) morality, (b) social structure, and (c) knowledge. It best explains the gains and losses in inclusivity where the relevant knowledge is of facts needed to apply moral norms consistently. Progress when possible is at best incremental. The final section addresses the objection that rational moral change so conceived is morally conservative.
Conclusion: Survival
Authors: Kumar Victor , Campbell Richmond 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Morality evolved in our lineage over four stages. First, in apes and their ancestors, natural selection favored moral emotions that underpin psychological altruism. Second, within the Homo genus, gene-culture co-evolution produced norms, norm learning, and moral reasoning. Third, as humans became modern, social institutions such as religion modified the moral mind, adding new norms, expanding moral circles, and creating new social hierarchies. Fourth and finally, over the last few hundred years, morality has evolved in progressive and regressive ways, as humans either solved or exacerbated problems of exclusion and inequality. One major problem threatens collective survival: humans must evolve morally to avoid the disastrous effects of climate change.
Scenarios for Defend Forward
Authors: Corn Gary P. , Renals Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The technical details of US Cyber Command’s operations are understandably not available. By all accounts and indications, they involved some level of out-of-network operations below the level of a use-of-force to degrade or disrupt Russia’s malicious cyber operational capabilities. Beyond this surface level reporting and understanding, the extent to which US Cyber Command is actively conducting defend-forward operations remains unclear. Given the imperative for operational security in the domain, it is unlikely that details will be available in the near term, and thus true context for evaluating the legal and policy issues surrounding these operations is thin. What follows is a series of illustrative, hypothetical cyber operations that reflect a sampling of the types of activities that might be conducted under the umbrella of Defend Forward. They are offered solely as a backdrop to aid in contextualizing the legal and policy discussion in the ensuing chapters.
Cyberattacks and Constitutional Powers
Authors: Waxman Matthew C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The United States has one of the world’s strongest and most sophisticated capabilities to launch cyberattacks against adversaries. How does the US Constitution allocate power to use that capability? And what does that allocation tell us about appropriate executive-legislative branch arrangements for setting and implementing cyber strategy? This chapter offers a way to think about the constitutional distribution of powers between the president and Congress governing the use of US cyberattack capabilities. It argues that as a conceptual and doctrinal matter, cyberattacks alone are rarely exercises of war powers—and they might never be. They are often instead best understood as exercises of other, non-war military powers, foreign affairs powers, intelligence powers, and foreign commerce powers, among other constitutional powers not yet articulated. Additionally, it argues that a rush to treat cyberattacks as implicating war powers misguides criticisms about the role Congress is or is not playing in regulating cyberattacks.
Persistent Aggrandizement and Israel’s Cyber Defense Architecture
Authors: Chachko Elena 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Since 2011, the Israeli government has worked to centralize and streamline cyber defense authorities and responsibilities. This chapter compares the Israeli cyber defense architecture and recent reforms with key concepts in current US strategy: Defend Forward and Persistent Engagement. It finds that the Israeli equivalent to Defend Forward is far less regulated than its US parallel, and that the Israeli version of Persistent Engagement at home allows domestic action and harnesses the private sector in ways that the US approach does not contemplate. The chapter also briefly evaluates the Israeli reforms. It argues that the reforms are best described as persistent government aggrandizement, at the expense of the private sector and civil liberties.
Adapting to the Cyber Domain: Comparing US and UK Institutional, Legal, and Policy Innovations
Authors: Chesney Robert M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In 2020, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced that the United Kingdom (UK) had created a National Cyber Force that was already operating against hostile actors. This was not great surprise, but it was a significant moment in the ongoing process of tailoring UK institutions, policies, and legal frameworks to suit the evolving nature and scale of cyber domain threats and opportunities. A similar process has been unfolding in the United States, and it is instructive to compare and contrast the two. This chapter considers the relevant institutional, policy, and legal developments in the two countries through a functional lens. It assesses how the two countries have approached both defense and offense in cyberspace and uses the comparison to reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of their respective intuitional design and legal architecture.
Les Noces
Authors: Garafola Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In 1922 Diaghilev reaches an agreement with the Société des Bains de Mer for the Ballets Russes to become Monte Carlo’s resident ballet company, although initially this is complicated by the presence of a Franco-Italian troupe directed by Georges Belloni. In Paris, Diaghilev sees Alexander Tairov’s Kamerny Theater, his first glimpse of Soviet avant-garde stagecraft, which is received ecstatically by critics. In response he decides to produce Stravinsky’s Les Noces in the spare, Constructivist style advocated by Nijinska. The ballet is a triumph both for Nijinska and for the company’s dancers, who work relentlessly to master the challenging choreography and score. Hailed by French critics as a masterpiece, Les Noces is condemned by André Levinson, the politically conservative émigré dance critic, who attacks Nijinska personally and condemns the ballet’s Constructivist aesthetic as “Soviet,” the start of a vendetta that lasts for nearly a decade.
Les Biches
Authors: Garafola Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Despite the enormous success of the 1923 season, Diaghilev reorients the Ballets Russes toward the aesthetics of Jean Cocteau and the French composers known as “Les Six.” In Monte Carlo he organizes a season of “Ballets Classiques,” with an abbreviated version of Swan Lake as a highlight, and a month-long “Festival Français,” which offers a cycle of French operas and ballets invoking the Grand Siècle but viewed through a modern sensibility. With Belloni off the scene, Nijinska is responsible for choreographing all the new ballets, refreshing old ones, and creating dances for all the operas. She choreographs a second master work, Les Biches, to the music of Francis Poulenc, that reveals her continued fascination with gender ambiguity, her lack of interest in narrative, and her effort to forge a contemporary ballet language. In addition to teaching company class, she works privately with Anton Dolin, whom Diaghilev is grooming as a company star.
Les Ballets Russes de Bronislava Nijinska
Authors: Garafola Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In 1932, after Colonel Wassily de Basil turns the Opéra Russe ballet ensemble over to Nijinska’s former adversary, Boris Kochno, and the choreographer George Balanchine, Nijinska decides to form her own Ballets Russes company, which debuts at the Opéra-Comique in Paris with a Russian opera troupe led by Chaliapin. Nijinska, on her own after so many years, creates several new ballets, including Variations (to Beethoven), Les Comédiens Jaloux (to Casella), and a semi-abstract Hamlet to Liszt’s tone poem in which she plays the Danish prince. To support the company she returns to Buenos Aires for another extended engagement, then, with her own company, heads to Monte Carlo to fulfill de Basil’s contract there. In Paris her season is hamstrung by defections; when it is over, her scenery and costumes are impounded to pay her Russian impresario’s debts. Her company collapses, a victim of the era’s economic precarity, mounting French nationalism, and anti-Russian quotas in the performing arts. Once again she is left with thousands of francs in unpaid bills.
The Dharma in DNA
Authors: Denver Dee 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Dharma in DNA has three objectives: (1) to share the rich but underappreciated history of biology–Buddhism intersections and surprising harmonies between the two traditions, (2) to evaluate Buddhist teachings from a scientific perspective using DNA as the focus of study, and (3) to propose a new approach to science, Bodhi science, as an ethical and operational framework for conducting Buddhist wisdom–guided science and preventing pseudoscience. An interwoven side project examines the life journey of the author, a professor of genetics and father in a transracial adoptive family, who questions the apparent paradox of his fascination with DNA in the lab but disinterest in passing on his own DNA. Early book chapters present the core teachings and diversifications of Buddhism over the last twenty-five centuries. Subsequent chapters share stories of biology–Buddhism interactions, situated in the colonial contexts; examples derive from early twentieth-century Sri Lanka and Japan, and contemporary activities of the Dalai Lama and Western biological scholars. The hypothesis-guided analysis of Buddhist principles and DNA then begins, touring through classical genetic research alongside modern postgenomic insights. The investigation reveals strong support for three core Buddhist concepts—anitya (impermanence), anatman (non-self), and pratitysamutpada (mutual cause and effect)—as applied to DNA. Bodhi science is proposed as a new mode of scientific inquiry rooted in Buddhist teachings. The approach is based on four qualities: selflessness, detachment, awareness, and compassion. Bodhi science provides a path to strong science rooted in logic-based Buddhist ethics, and it helps scientists avoid the deceptive and damaging waters of pseudoscience.
Water
Authors: Denver Dee 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The first chapter shares the author’s experience as an ego-driven twenty-something evolutionary biologist who listens to the Dalai Lama and finds resonance and fascination with the Buddhist ideas presented in the famous Tibetan monk’s talk. The paradox of the geneticist-author’s desire to form a family through adoption instead of biological reproduction is introduced. The first chapter concludes with a presentation of the three main objectives for the book: (1) to share the historical intersections of biology and Buddhism intersections and the underappreciated affinities between the two traditions, (2) to evaluate Buddhist teachings using a hypothesis-guided scientific approach and DNA as the focus of study, and (3) to propose Bodhi science as a wise new way of doing science that also helps prevent pseudoscience.
Trees
Authors: Denver Dee 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The second chapter provides an overview of the life, teachings, and enlightenment of Siddhartha Gautama, the historical Buddha. The Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Noble Path, core Buddhist doctrines, are explained along with the Buddha’s Three Marks of Existence: duhkha (suffering, unsatisfactoriness, the lived experience), anitya (impermanence, change), and anatman (non-self). Buddhism’s mutual cause-and-effect framework, pratityasamutpada, is introduced and explained from the perspectives of multiple Buddhist traditions. Multiple primary teachings of the Buddha written in the Pali Canon are quoted, along with references to more contemporary Buddhist authors, to help explain fundamental Buddhist teachings. The chapter concludes with a personal story of the author’s experiences traveling to Ethiopia to adopt two infant children.
Truths
Authors: Denver Dee 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The third chapter shares the paths of diversification and splintering as the Buddha’s teachings spread across Asia in the centuries following his death. The rise of Mahayana, central to modern Zen and Tibetan forms of Buddhism, is detailed along with the concept of bodhicitta (universal compassion) and the bodhisattva path motivated by it. The contributions of Nagarjuna, a second-century monk from India, to the Madhyamaka (Middle Way) Buddhist philosophy are highlighted, along with the Heart Sutra and the broader Perfection of Wisdom Sutras that underpin Mahayana thought. The Madhyamaka principle of sunyata (emptiness) is explained along with the Two Truths framework: conventional truth and ultimate truth. The chapter concludes with a personal narrative about the author’s family visit to his in-laws’ house in Colorado and an unexpected lesson about the Buddha’s teachings in aspen trees.
Molecules
Authors: Denver Dee 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The seventh chapter launches into the evaluation of the three Buddhist hypotheses developed in the previous chapter, focusing on the biochemical and functional features of the DNA molecule as the investigative avenue. Basic well-known structural features of DNA, such as its double-strandedness and chemical composition, are interrogated along with its role in coding for other biomolecules such as RNA and proteins. The nature of the spontaneous mutation process and DNA’s susceptibility to epigenetic changes are also investigated, making connections to the Dalai Lama’s perspective on genetic change. The three Buddhist hypotheses remain supported after the initial analyses presented in this chapter are completed.
Identities
Authors: Denver Dee 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The eighth chapter continues the investigation of the three Buddhist hypotheses as applied to DNA knowledge, with focus turning toward DNA’s role in heredity and identity. Mendelian inheritance and variations on it are explored, including examples where RNA rather than DNA serves as the molecule of heredity. Epigenetic inheritance is evaluated along with horizontal genetic inheritance. Patterns of somatic mutation and bidirectional DNA inheritance are explored as mechanisms by which different cells in the body can have different DNA compositions. Discussion surrounding the role of genetics in determining biological sex and race categories in humans connects the conversation to social concerns, such as the eugenics movement of the early twentieth century and the contemporary rise of intersex activism. The chapter wraps up with a retrospective analysis seeking evidence of pseudoscience in the Buddhist hypothesis analysis, which comes up empty, and a final conclusion where the three Buddhist hypotheses remain supported.
The Relation between Biological and Political Sexual Differences
Authors: Deslauriers Marguerite 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter Four, “The Relation between Biological and Political Sexual Differences” considers the relation between sexual difference as it manifests in male and female bodies and in the deliberative capacities of men and women. It explores two paths to establish a causal connection between the physiology of the sexes and their psychology, in particular their different moral and deliberative capacities. The first moves from the colder temperature of the female body, to compromised sensory capacities, to a defective deliberative capacity. The second moves from the colder temperature of the female to a lower degree of thumos (“spirit”), to an incapacity for rule. In this chapter I argue that the second path is better, for two reasons: first, it explains the particular defect that Aristotle attributes to women, and second, it allows us to distinguish the imperfection of women from the imperfection of natural slaves.
Conclusion
Authors: Deslauriers Marguerite 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
“Conclusion: The Value of Females and Women” provides a summary of the conclusions of the book and discusses the ambivalence Aristotle expresses toward females and women. It traces the themes and arguments of the book as a whole: that Aristotle’s account of sexual difference opposes the negative assessment of women common among his predecessors and includes an argument for valuing and preserving sexual difference; that he attempts to demonstrate the benefit of sexual difference to animal species, and to the political life of human beings, and that in doing so he attributes value to females and women; and that he maintains that sexual difference is not a formal difference, but a difference in the matter of animals.
The Embeddedness Theory of Civilian Targeting by Insurgent Organizations
Authors: Asal Victor , Phillips Brian J. , Rethemeyer R. Karl 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a theory to explain why insurgent organizations attack civilians. One of the main foci is embeddedness theory, which argues that social interactions between entities will have a major impact on the behavior of organizations. Drawing on this perspective and other theoretical building blocks, the chapter explores how the relationships between insurgent organizations and the state, other insurgents, and the public impact the likelihood that the organization will target civilians. It is theorized that government conciliatory measures (carrots) should lead to a lower likelihood of subsequent civilian targeting, whereas government coercion (sticks) should be associated with a higher likelihood. Regarding interorganizational relationships, it is hypothesized that insurgent alliances and rivalries should be associated with a greater propensity toward attacks on civilian. Regarding relationships between insurgents and the public, it is argued that social service provision, ethnic motivations, and involvement in crime should lead to a greater likelihood of subsequent attacks on civilians.
Testing Primary Hypotheses
Authors: Asal Victor , Phillips Brian J. , Rethemeyer R. Karl 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Why do insurgent organizations sometimes attack civilians? This chapter begins hypothesis testing of the insurgent embeddedness argument with contingency tables, which suggest basic relationships between the main variables and attacking civilians. A variety of approaches are used to test the robustness of the findings related to the statistical analysis. The primary model is a logistic regression in which the dependent variable is whether the organization attacked civilians in a particular year. Count models are also used to model the number of attacks against civilians and total civilian fatalities, among other dependent variables. Government coercion (sticks), interorganizational alliances, interorganizational rivalry, and involvement in crime are consistently associated with civilian victimization. Other results are mostly robust: Government concessions (carrots) are associated with less civilian targeting, and social service provision and ethnic motivations are associated with more civilian targeting.
Why Do Some Insurgent Groups Mostly Attack the General Public?
Authors: Asal Victor , Phillips Brian J. , Rethemeyer R. Karl 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter applies the embeddedness argument to types of civilian targeting. It explores why some insurgent groups mostly attack the general public. In other words, it examines why some insurgent groups focus their attacks on civilians who are not government employees or symbols of institutions such as religious leaders or members of the news media. This seemingly random type of targeting has been described as an “ideal type” of terrorism because it makes other members of the public fear that they might be the next victims. Government coercion, intergroup rivalries, and ethnic motivation appear to be important for explaining this type of targeting.
Why Do Some Insurgent Groups Attack Schools?
Authors: Asal Victor , Phillips Brian J. , Rethemeyer R. Karl 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the targeting of schools by insurgent organizations. The chapter focuses on this type of attack because it is one of the most heinous forms of violence that a militant group can commit—an important subset of civilian targeting. These types of attacks have not been the subject of much systematic research. Factors identified as likely to be driving attacks on civilians in general are applied to study terrorist attacks against schools. Targeting of schools is relatively rare, so perhaps unsurprisingly, few variables are associated with it. No insurgent organization that received government concessions attacks an educational target in the subsequent year, consistent with expectations. However, government coercion is associated with insurgent organizations attacking schools. Two other factors linked to attacks on educational facilities are insurgent alliances and social service provision.
Longitudinal Modeling of Insurgent Alliances
Authors: Asal Victor , Phillips Brian J. , Rethemeyer R. Karl 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter uses stochastic actor-oriented models to analyze the factors that shape the alliances that organizations form and keep with other insurgents. Given the assumption that insurgents will behave differently given different global environments, analyses are conducted for theoretically relevant periods: the pre-September 11, 2001 (9/11) attack period (1998–2001), the post-9/11 time period (2002–2007), and the post-surge period (2008–2012), as the United States removed most of its troops from Iraq. Organizations are more likely to build ties with organizations in the same country and with those that are allies of their allies. In the first two time periods, organizations that are involved in terrorist attacks are more likely to make more ties. There are also several factors that drive alliance formation and persistence during both periods after 9/11. For example, older organizations make fewer alliances. Overall, alliance formation is strongly affected by both temporal and organization-specific attributes.
Understanding Insurgent Rivalry
Authors: Asal Victor , Phillips Brian J. , Rethemeyer R. Karl 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the factors that make organizations more likely to be rivals of one another. Given the relatively sparse nature of rivalry connections among insurgent organizations, network-based models of rivalry cannot be used for the analysis. The chapter thus reports descriptive data to examine these rivalries and uses logistic regressions of group-year data to determine what factors are related to insurgent organization rivalry. It appears that ideology is a key characteristic driving rivalry. Religious and separatist groups are likely to have rivals, but the type of ideology most likely to lead to rivalry is the combination of religious and ethnoseparatist. Involvement in the drug trade and territorial control are also associated with the likelihood of rivalry. At the country level, perhaps surprisingly, democracy is negatively related to rivalry formation.