bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mental data protection and the GDPR
Authors: Ienca Marcello , Malgieri Gianclaudio 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Although decoding the content of mental states is currently unachievable, technologies such as neural interfaces, affective computing systems, and digital behavioral technologies enable increasingly reliable statistical associations between certain data patterns and mental activities such as memories, intentions, and emotions. Furthermore, Artificial Intelligence enables the exploration of these activities not just retrospectively but also in a real-time and predictive manner. In this article, we introduce the notion of ‘mental data’, defined as any data that can be organized and processed to make inferences about the mental states of a person, including their cognitive, affective and conative states. Further, we analyze existing legal protections for mental data by considering the lawfulness of their processing in light of different legal bases and purposes, with special focus on the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). We argue that the GDPR is an adequate tool to mitigate risks related to mental data processing. However, we recommend that interpreters focus on processing characteristics, rather than merely on the category of data at issue. Finally, we call for a ‘Mental Data Protection Impact Assessment’, a specific data protection impact assessment designed to better assess and mitigate the risks to fundamental rights and freedoms associated with the processing of mental data.
Giant adrenal myelolipoma in a young female patient: a case report
Authors: Rahoui Moez , Ouanes Yassine , Chaker Kays , Dali Kheireddine Mrad , Bibi Mokhtar , Sellami Ahmed , Rhouma Sami Ben , Nouira Yassine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Myelolipoma is a rare, benign, non-secreting tumor and its pathophysiology is of metaplasia of the cells of the adrenal cortex into reticuloendothelial cells. Although they are often small and asymptomatic, some cases of giant adrenal myelolipoma cause symptoms such as chronic pain. Few cases of adrenal myelolipoma have been reported in the literature. We present a case of a large right adrenal myelolipoma in a 26-year-old female patient, who presented with an adrenal mass, and discuss the challenges of diagnosis and treatment.
The security implications of transnational population movements: A meta-analysis
Authors: Böhmelt Tobias , Mehrl Marius 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Are migrants and refugees systematically linked to insecurity? This article, for the first time, takes stock of the interdisciplinary quantitative research on this question using meta-analysis. We compiled a unique dataset comprising more than 70 published studies across a variety of spatial and temporal scales covering 1951–2016. We show that an overall effect linking foreign-born populations to insecurity may exist, but there is little evidence for refugees or migrants consistently leading to more insecurity when assuming a disaggregated perspective. Specifically, foreign-born populations are unlikely to be systematically related to terrorism and hate crimes, while they can be associated with a higher risk of state-based disputes, inter-group conflict, and one-sided violence. This study adds to our understanding of the security implications of refugees and migrants as it sheds more light on the actual effect transnational population movements have on insecurity, thereby informing the research agenda in the years to come.
On the formation of globular clusters: comparison with observations
Authors: Jiménez Santiago , Tenorio-Tagle Guillermo , Silich Sergiy 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The paper deals with the conditions required to form at least two stellar generations in globular clusters under the constraints generated by feedback from massive stars as well as radiative cooling and the metallicity of the primordial clouds. Our calculations are based on two main constraints to the star-formation efficiency of the first stellar generation (1G) ϵ1G. First, ϵ1G is restricted to warrant that stellar winds and supernovae do not disrupt the leftover gas out of which a second generation would form. Second, ϵ1G is also limited such that the metallicity enhancement caused by trapped supernovae is, in agreement with the observations, not larger than ∼0.1 dex. Several central parameters define the globular cluster’s end result: the mass and radius of the primordial clouds, their metallicity, and ϵ1G. The parameter space composed by models which fulfilled all constraints, is here shown to coincide remarkably well with the scattered observed anticorrelation between the fraction of first-generation stars (f1G) and total cluster mass. Our models also discern, in agreement with the data, between single and multiple population clusters in a metallicity versus mass (or radius) plane. Hence, our results suggest that the presence of multiple stellar populations is closely linked to the ability of proto-globular clusters to retain a fraction of leftover gas.
Revisiting the quasi-molecular mechanism of recombination
Authors: Huang Zhiqi 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The quasi-molecular mechanism of recombination (QMR), recently suggested by Kereselidze et al., is a non-standard process where an electron and two neighboring protons in the early Universe directly form an ionized hydrogen molecule in a highly excited state, which then descends to lower levels or dissociates. It has been suggested that the increased binding energy due to the participation of a second proton may lead to an earlier cosmic recombination that alleviates the Hubble tension. Revisiting the quasi-molecular channel of recombination in more details, we find that the original work significantly overestimated the probability of finding a pair of adjacent protons in the relevant epoch (z ∼ a few thousand). Our new estimation suggests that the QMR cannot be the primary cause of the Hubble tension.
Insight-HXMT measurements of the diffuse X-ray background
Authors: Huang R , Cui W , Liao J Y , Zhang S , Wang S F , Jin J , Lu X F , Guo C C , You Y , Li G , Zhang J 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
We present an X-ray spectrum of the diffuse X-ray background (DXRB) between 1.5 and 120 keV, as measured with the Low-Energy Detector (LE) and the High-Energy Detector (HE) aboard the Insight-HXMT satellite, based on ’blank-sky’ observations. LE covers a nominal energy range of 1–15 keV and HE 20–250 keV, but calibration issues and data quality narrowed the energy range for this work. The LE background was directly measured with ‘blind’ detector modules, while the HE background was derived from Earth-occultation data. With the LE data alone, the measured DXRB spectrum can be well-described by a power law; fitting the LE and HE data jointly, however, a spectral cut-off must be introduced in the model to account for the measurements above 30 keV. Modelling the combined spectrum with a cut-off power law, the best-fitting photon index is 1.40, normalization 9.57 $\rm ph~cm^{-2}\,s^{-1}\,keV^{-1}\,sr^{-1}$ (at 1 keV), and cut-off energy 55 keV after correcting for the effects of the Earth albedo and atmospheric emission (which are significant in the HE band). Based on the best-fitting cut-off power law, we derived the spectral energy distribution (SED) of the DXRB. The shape of the SED is in general agreement with the published measurements, but the overall normalization is lower by varying amounts, except for the HEAO-1 result, with which our result is in good agreement.
MAGRATHEA: an open-source spherical symmetric planet interior structure code
Authors: Huang(黄辰亮) Chenliang , Rice David R , Steffen Jason H 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
MAGRATHEA is an open-source planet structure code that considers the case of fully differentiated spherically symmetric interiors. Given the mass of each layer and the surface temperature, the code iterates the boundary conditions of the hydrostatic equations using the method of shooting to a fitting point in order to find the planet radius. The first version of MAGRATHEA supports a maximum of four layers of iron, silicates, water, and ideal gas. With a few exceptions, the temperature profile can be chosen between isothermal, isentropic, and user-defined functions. The user has many options for the phase diagram and equation of state in each layer and we document how to add additional equations of state. We present MAGRATHEA’s capabilities and discuss its applications. We encourage the community to participate in the development of MAGRATHEA at https://github.com/Huang-CL/Magrathea.
Combining radiomics and deep convolutional neural network features from preoperative MRI for predicting clinically relevant genetic biomarkers in glioblastoma
Authors: Calabrese Evan , Rudie Jeffrey D , Rauschecker Andreas M , Villanueva-Meyer Javier E , Clarke Jennifer L , Solomon David A , Cha Soonmee 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain malignancy, yet treatment options are limited, and prognosis remains guarded. Individualized tumor genetic assessment has become important for accurate prognosis and for guiding emerging targeted therapies. However, challenges remain for widespread tumor genetic testing due to costs and the need for tissue sampling. The aim of this study is to evaluate a novel artificial intelligence method for predicting clinically relevant genetic biomarkers from preoperative brain MRI in patients with glioblastoma.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed preoperative MRI data from 400 patients with glioblastoma, IDH-wildtype or WHO grade 4 astrocytoma, IDH mutant who underwent resection and genetic testing. Nine genetic biomarkers were assessed: hotspot mutations of IDH1 or TERT promoter, pathogenic mutations of TP53, PTEN, ATRX, or CDKN2A/B, MGMT promoter methylation, EGFR amplification, and combined aneuploidy of chromosomes 7 and 10. Models were developed to predict biomarker status from MRI data using radiomics features, convolutional neural network (CNN) features, and a combination of both.

Results
Combined model performance was good for IDH1 and TERT promoter hotspot mutations, pathogenic mutations of ATRX and CDKN2A/B, and combined aneuploidy of chromosomes 7 and 10, with receiver operating characteristic area under the curve (ROC AUC) &gt;0.85 and was fair for all other tested biomarkers with ROC AUC &gt;0.7. Combined model performance was statistically superior to individual radiomics and CNN feature models for prediction chromosome 7 and 10 aneuploidy, MGMT promoter methylation, and PTEN mutation.

Conclusions
Combining radiomics and CNN features from preoperative MRI yields improved noninvasive genetic biomarker prediction performance in patients with WHO grade 4 diffuse astrocytic gliomas.
Plant peptidoglycan precursor biosynthesis: Conservation between moss chloroplasts and Gram-negative bacteria
Authors: Dowson Amanda J , Lloyd Adrian J , Cuming Andrew C , Roper David I , Frigerio Lorenzo , Dowson Christopher G 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that peptidoglycan, consistent with a bacterial cell wall, is synthesized around the chloroplasts of many photosynthetic eukaryotes, from glaucophyte algae to early-diverging land plants including pteridophyte ferns, but the biosynthetic pathway has not been demonstrated. Here, we employed mass spectrometry and enzymology in a two-fold approach to characterize the synthesis of peptidoglycan in chloroplasts of the moss Physcomitrium (Physcomitrella) patens. To drive the accumulation of peptidoglycan pathway intermediates, P. patens was cultured with the antibiotics fosfomycin, D-cycloserine, and carbenicillin, which inhibit key peptidoglycan pathway proteins in bacteria. Mass spectrometry of the trichloroacetic acid-extracted moss metabolome revealed elevated levels of five of the predicted intermediates from uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) through the uridine diphosphate N-acetylmuramic acid (UDP-MurNAc)-D,L-diaminopimelate (DAP)-pentapeptide. Most Gram-negative bacteria, including cyanobacteria, incorporate meso-diaminopimelic acid (D,L-DAP) into the third residue of the stem peptide of peptidoglycan, as opposed to L-lysine, typical of most Gram-positive bacteria. To establish the specificity of D,L-DAP incorporation into the P. patens precursors, we analyzed the recombinant protein UDP-N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanyl-D-glutamate–2,6-diaminopimelate ligase (MurE) from both P. patens and the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. (Nostoc sp. strain PCC 7120). Both ligases incorporated D,L-DAP in almost complete preference to L-Lys, consistent with the mass spectrophotometric data, with catalytic efficiencies similar to previously documented Gram-negative bacterial MurE ligases. We discuss how these data accord with the conservation of active site residues common to DL-DAP-incorporating bacterial MurE ligases and of the probability of a horizontal gene transfer event within the plant peptidoglycan pathway.
Genetic diversity and connectivity of the Ostreid herpesvirus 1 populations in France: A first attempt to phylogeographic inference for a marine mollusc disease
Authors: Delmotte Jean , Pelletier Camille , Morga Benjamin , Galinier Richard , Petton Bruno , Lamy Jean-Baptiste , Kaltz Oliver , Avarre Jean-Christophe , Jacquot Maude , Montagnani Caroline , Escoubas Jean-Michel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The genetic diversity of viral populations is a key driver of the spatial and temporal diffusion of viruses; yet, studying the diversity of whole genomes from natural populations still remains a challenge. Phylodynamic approaches are commonly used for RNA viruses harboring small genomes but have only rarely been applied to DNA viruses with larger genomes. Here, we used the Pacific oyster mortality syndrome (a disease that affects oyster farms around the world) as a model to study the genetic diversity of its causative agent, the Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) in the three main French oyster-farming areas. Using ultra-deep sequencing on individual moribund oysters and an innovative combination of bioinformatics tools, we de novo assembled twenty-one OsHV-1 new genomes. Combining quantification of major and minor genetic variations, phylogenetic analysis, and ancestral state reconstruction of discrete traits approaches, we assessed the connectivity of OsHV-1 viral populations between the three oyster-farming areas. Our results suggest that the Marennes-Oléron Bay represents the main source of OsHV-1 diversity, from where the virus has dispersed to other farming areas, a scenario consistent with current practices of oyster transfers in France. We demonstrate that phylodynamic approaches can be applied to aquatic DNA viruses to determine how epidemiological, immunological, and evolutionary processes act and potentially interact to shape their diversity patterns.
A High-Throughput Fast Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry-Based Method for Deoxynivalenol Quantification in Wheat Grain
Authors: Wang Lipu , Michel Deborah , Zhang Wentao , El-Aneed Anas , Fobert Pierre R. , Ruan Yuefeng , Berraies Samia , Cuthbert Richard , Kutcher Hadley R. 
Published: April 2022

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium spp., is a destructive disease of cereal grains. Apart from grain yield loss, a major quality concern is contamination with Fusarium-produced mycotoxins, specifically deoxynivalenol (DON). Mycotoxins accumulate in the grain, making it unfit for consumption by humans and animals. Breeding cultivars with high disease resistance and low mycotoxin contamination is a priority for wheat breeders. However, DON measurement in breeding programs is expensive and time consuming due to the lack of efficient quantification methods. In this study, we established a simple fast chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, which employed a one-step acetonitrile extraction protocol with a short guard column to reduce complexity, cost, and analysis time. To ensure robustness and reproducibility, the method was validated according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration Guidance for Bioanalytical Method Validation. Furthermore, the method was applied for determination of DON in 102 wheat grain samples. Obtained results highly correlated with the conventional immunological method for all tested samples. With its ease of use, rapid sample analysis, and high sensitivity and accuracy, the method could be integrated into current FHB breeding programs to increase breeding efficiency and accelerate screening progress to identify germplasm with increased resistance to DON accumulation. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license .
The Impact of a Machine Learning Early Warning Score on Hospital Mortality: A Multicenter Clinical Intervention Trial
Authors: Winslow Christopher J. , Edelson Dana P. , Churpek Matthew M. , Taneja Munish , Shah Nirav S. , Datta Avisek , Wang Chi-Hsiung , Ravichandran Urmila , McNulty Patrick , Kharasch Maureen , Halasyamani Lakshmi K. 
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES:
To determine the impact of a machine learning early warning risk score, electronic Cardiac Arrest Risk Triage (eCART), on mortality for elevated-risk adult inpatients.

DESIGN:
A pragmatic pre- and post-intervention study conducted over the same 10-month period in 2 consecutive years.

SETTING:
Four-hospital community-academic health system.

PATIENTS:
All adult patients admitted to a medical-surgical ward.

INTERVENTIONS:
During the baseline period, clinicians were blinded to eCART scores. During the intervention period, scores were presented to providers. Scores greater than or equal to 95th percentile were designated high risk prompting a physician assessment for ICU admission. Scores between the 89th and 95th percentiles were designated intermediate risk, triggering a nurse-directed workflow that included measuring vital signs every 2 hours and contacting a physician to review the treatment plan.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
The primary outcome was all-cause inhospital mortality. Secondary measures included vital sign assessment within 2 hours, ICU transfer rate, and time to ICU transfer. A total of 60,261 patients were admitted during the study period, of which 6,681 (11.1%) met inclusion criteria (baseline period n = 3,191, intervention period n = 3,490). The intervention period was associated with a significant decrease in hospital mortality for the main cohort (8.8% vs 13.9%; p < 0.0001; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.60 [95% CI, 0.52–0.71]). A significant decrease in mortality was also seen for the average-risk cohort not subject to the intervention (0.49% vs 0.26%; p < 0.05; adjusted OR, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.41–0.74]). In subgroup analysis, the benefit was seen in both high- (17.9% vs 23.9%; p = 0.001) and intermediate-risk (2.0% vs 4.0 %; p = 0.005) patients. The intervention period was also associated with a significant increase in ICU transfers, decrease in time to ICU transfer, and increase in vital sign reassessment within 2 hours.

CONCLUSIONS:
Implementation of a machine learning early warning score-driven protocol was associated with reduced inhospital mortality, likely driven by earlier and more frequent ICU transfer.
BRCA2-associated Breast Cancer in Transgender Women: Reconstructive Challenges and Literature Review
Authors: Cole Naomi A. , Copeland-Halperin Libby R. , Shank Nina , Shankaran Vidya 
Published: April 2022

Summary:
Breast cancer in trans women is rare. Only 21 cases have been reported worldwide. Multidisciplinary teams must balance oncologic treatment with patient goals. Here we describe a case of invasive ductal carcinoma in a transgender woman who was found to have a BRCA2 gene mutation. A shared decision-making process led to the patient undergoing bilateral nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate tissue expander placement. Later findings prompted discussions about adjuvant chemotherapy and radiation. Additionally, we discuss the complexities associated with reconstructing a transfeminine chest.
The Practice of Psychiatric E-Consultation: Current State and Future Directions
Authors: Adams Thomas C. E. , Lim Christopher T. , Huang Hsiang 
Published: April 2022

Objective
This article summarizes the existing literature on psychiatric electronic consultation (e-consultation or e-consult) to provide guidance on psychiatric e-consult practice and suggest next steps in research on psychiatric e-consults.

Method
A narrative review was conducted using relevant search terms in PubMed and Google Scholar.

Results and Discussion
The psychiatric e-consult is a method of asynchronous consultation between primary care providers and psychiatric specialists that is associated with primary care provider satisfaction and promotes access to specialist guidance in mental health care. Major themes in the literature include contextual factors that affect implementation of psychiatric e-consult services, outcomes associated with psychiatric e-consults, and specific practical considerations that may affect psychiatric e-consult technique.

Conclusions
Psychiatric e-consults may help address the widespread lack of access to specialty psychiatric care. Further studies are needed to examine clinical outcomes based on psychiatry e-consults.
Transluminal Nd: YAG laser embolysis for branch retinal artery occlusion
Authors: Zhang Wei , An Ning , Zhang Xi , Gu Wei , Peng Xiaoyan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Rationale:
Central retinal artery occlusion and branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) result in partial or complete retinal ischemia and sudden loss of vision; to date there is no effective therapy for central retinal artery occlusion and BRAO. Transluminal Nd:YAG laser embolysis (TYE) could represent a therapeutic approach for retinal vascular occlusive diseases.

Patient concerns:
We report 2 cases with BRAO, 1 with inferor-temporal and 1 with superor hemiretinal BRAO. All the patients complained of a history of sudden blurry vision and impaired visual field and had a visible embolus within the intravascular, all of them treated with TYE, the laser applications being delivered directly to the embolus.

Diagnosis:
The diagnosis was based on the results from color retinography, optical coherence tomography and visual field testing. Fundus fluorescein angiography clearly indicated the location of retinal artery occlusion.

Interventions:
The patients’ symptoms could not be relieved after dilating the blood vessels in the eye, lowering intraocular pressure, massaging the eyeball, and inhaling oxygen. Informed consent was obtained from the patient for TYE and the patients were referred for this procedure.

Outcomes:
Upon the successful competition of the TYE procedure the embolus was removed completely, restoring the blood flow in the intraocular vessels and improving significantly the patients’ visual acuity.

Lessons:
World-wide experience with TYE is still limited, but the technique seems feasible for the treatment of RAO caused by visible emboli on the optic disc surface and the posterior pole of the fundus oculi.
Two cases of neurilemmoma in the nasal vestibule
Authors: Heo Sung Jae , Kim A. Young , Kim Jung Soo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Rationale:
Neurilemmoma is a benign tumor derived from the Schwann cells of the nerve sheath. The highest incidence of neurilemmoma occurs in the head and neck region; however, the nose and paranasal sinuses are rarely involved. Less than 4% of these tumors involve the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. To date, only six cases of nasal vestibule neurilemmoma have been reported.

Patient concerns:
Two patients (a 32-year-old man and a 42-year-old woman) visited our clinic with complaint of a lump in the left nasal vestibule.

Diagnosis:
Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining confirmed a neurilemmoma.

Interventions:
The mass was completely removed via an intranasal approach.

Outcomes and Lessons:
Neurilemmoma is easy to overlook because it occurs rarely in the nasal vestibule, but neurilemmoma needs to be considered as a differential diagnosis.