bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vitamin A fortification: Recent advances in encapsulation technologies
Authors: Maurya Vaibhav Kumar , Shakya Amita , Bashir Khalid , Kushwaha Satish Chand , McClements David Julian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractVitamin A is an essential micronutrient whose deficiency is still a major health concern in many regions of the world. It plays an essential role in human growth and development, immunity, and vision, but may also help prevent several other chronic diseases. The total amount of vitamin A in the human diet often falls below the recommended dietary allowance of approximately 900–1000 g/day for a healthy adult. Moreover, a significant proportion of vitamin A may be degraded during food processing, storage, and distribution, thereby reducing its bioactivity. Finally, the vitamin A in some foods has a relatively low bioavailability, which further reduces its efficacy. The World Health Organization has recommended fortification of foods and beverages as a safe and cost‐effective means of addressing vitamin A deficiency. However, there are several factors that must be overcome before effective fortified foods can be developed, including the low solubility, chemical stability, and bioavailability of this oil‐soluble vitamin. Consequently, strategies are required to evenly disperse the vitamin throughout food matrices, to inhibit its chemical degradation, to avoid any adverse interactions with any other food components, to ensure the food is palatable, and to increase its bioavailability. In this review article, we discuss the chemical, physical, and nutritional attributes of vitamin A, its main dietary sources, the factors contributing to its current deficiency, and various strategies to address these deficiencies, including diet diversification, biofortification, and food fortification.
Regional citrate versus heparin anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy in critically ill patients: A meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Li Rui , Gao Xiang , Zhou Tao , Li Yunjie , Wang Jianhui , Zhang Peirong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionThis study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of citrate and heparin in continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for critically ill patients.MethodsSearched in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases.ResultsAnalyses showed that there no difference existed in mortality, metabolic alkalosis, circuit loss, and the number of transfused between the two groups (RR = 0.95, p = 0.40; RR = 1.73, p = 0.40; RR = 0.64, p = 0.09; RR = 1.05, p = 0.70). The filter life of the citrate group was longer than the heparin group (MD = 16.98, p < 0.0001). The risk of bleeding and heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia was significantly lower in the citrate (RR = 0.32, p < 0.00001; RR = 0.55, p = 0.04). The citrate group was more susceptible to hypocalcemia (RR = 4.85, p = 0.0004).ConclusionCitrate anticoagulant therapy should have priority for CRRT in most critically ill patients.
A Phenological scale of statice
Authors: Buffon Paola Ana , Streck Nereu Augusto , Schwab Natalia Teixeira , Uhlmann Lilian Osmari , Tomiozzo Regina , Lima Elton Ferreira , Netto Jainara Fresinghelli , Guarienti Veronica Fuzer 
Published: April 2022

AbstractStatice is an important cut flower belonging to the Plumbaginaceae family and which has good acceptance among producers and consumers. The construction of a phenological scale for statice that is easy, fast, and non‐destructive can contribute to the improvement of management practices, increase flower yield and quality, increase the knowledge on the plant and facilitate the communication between the scientific and technical personnel. Field and greenhouse experiments with seven sowing dates were carried out during 2019 and 2020 at the Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, in Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, with Assorted Seeds (mix) and two cultivars (QIS Purple and QIS Yellow) of statice to describe the main stages of plant development. The developmental cycle of statice was divided into three phases: germination, vegetative and reproductive. The germination phase includes the stages S0, S1, S2 and SE, the vegetative phase comprises the stages VC, V2, V8, V10, V20, V100 and Vn, and the reproductive phase has the stages R1, R1.1, R1.2, R1.n, R2, R2.1, R2.2, R2.n, R3, R3.1, R3.2, R3.n, R4, R4.1, R4.2, R4.n, R5, R5.1, R5.2, R5.n, R6, R6.1, R6.2, R6.n, R7, R7.1, R7.2, R7.n, R8, R8.1, R8.2, R8.n and R9. Part of the vegetative development overlaps the reproductive development to represent the appearance of new leaves as new floral stems develop. The phenological scale proposed for statice has practical applications and can be easily used in the field by scientists, teachers, students, consultants and farmers.
Strategies for optimizing urea removal to enable portable kidney dialysis: A reappraisal
Authors: Shao Guozheng , Himmelfarb Jonathan , Hinds Bruce J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundPortable hemodialysis has the potential to improve health outcomes and quality of life for patients with kidney failure at reduced costs. Urea removal, required for dialysate regeneration, is a central function of any existing/potential portable dialysis device. Urea in the spent dialysate coexists with non‐urea uremic toxins, nutrients, and electrolytes, all of which will interfere with the urea removal efficiency, regardless of whether the underlying urea removal mechanism is based on urease conversion, direct urea adsorption, or oxidation. The aim of the current review is to identify the amount of the most prevalent chemicals being removed during a single dialysis session and evaluate the potential benefits of an urea‐selective membrane for portable dialysis.MethodsWe have performed a literature search using Web of Science and PubMed databases to find available articles reporting (or be able to calculate from blood plasma concentration) > 5 mg of individually quantified solutes removed during thrice‐weekly hemodialysis sessions. If multiple reports of the same solute were available, the reported values were averaged, and the geometric mean of standard deviations was taken. Further critical literature analysis of reported dialysate regeneration methods was performed using Web of Science and PubMed databases.ResultsOn average, 46.0 g uremic retention solutes are removed in a single conventional dialysis session, out of which urea is only 23.6 g. For both urease‐ and sorbent‐based urea removal mechanisms, amino acids, with 7.7 g removal per session, could potentially interfere with urea removal efficiency. Additionally for the oxidation‐based urea removal system, plentiful nutrients such as glucose (24.0 g) will interfere with urea removal by competition. Using a nanofiltration membrane between dialysate and oxidation unit with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of ~200 Da, 67.6 g of non‐electrolyte species will be removed in a single dialysis session, out of which 44.0 g are non‐urea molecules. If the membrane MWCO is further decreased to 120 Da, the mass of non‐electrolyte non‐urea species will drop to 9.3 g. Reverse osmosis membranes have been shown to be both effective at blocking the transport of non‐urea species (creatinine for example with ~90% rejection ratio), and permissive for urea transport (~20% rejection ratio), making them a promising urea selective membrane to increase the efficiency of the oxidative urea removal system.ConclusionsCompiled are quantified solute removal amounts greater than 5 mg per session during conventional hemodialysis treatments, to act as a guide for portable dialysis system design. Analysis shows that multiple chemical species in the dialysate interfere with all proposed portable urea removal systems. This suggests the need for an additional protective dialysate loop coupled to urea removal system and an urea‐selective membrane.
Characterising academically At‐Risk students using vital birth records: A Population‐Based examination
Authors: Foust Regan , Prindle John , Putnam‐Hornstein Emily , McCroskey Jacquelyn 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe applied a child‐focused, longitudinal approach to characterising academically at‐risk elementary school students using linked birth and educational records. Following a statewide cohort of children born in California in public school records through grade 5 (n = 722 072) to document identification as a homeless, foster and/or special education (i.e. academically at‐risk) student, we found that one in every six students were classified as academically at‐risk at least once during elementary school––two times annual counts. Strong associations between sociodemographic characteristics observable at birth and future adversities recorded in school records suggest these vulnerabilities should be considered together when providing supports.
The role of alcohol packaging as a health communications tool: An online cross‐sectional survey and experiment with young adult drinkers in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jones Daniel , Moodie Crawford , Purves Richard I. , Fitzgerald Niamh , Crockett Rachel 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionAlcohol packaging is a potentially valuable means of communicating product and health‐related information, with growing academic and political interest in its role as a health communications vehicle.MethodsAn online cross‐sectional survey and experiment were conducted with a non‐probability sample of 18–35‐year‐old drinkers in the United Kingdom (n = 1360). The survey assessed exposure to, and engagement with, current messaging on packs, and support for displaying product and health‐related information. For the randomised experiment, participants were shown, and asked questions about, a vodka bottle with either no warnings (control), small text warnings, large text warnings or pictorial (image‐and‐text) warnings; the main binary outcome measures were negative product appeal and social acceptability, and positive cognitive and behavioural impact.ResultsTwo‐fifths of the sample rarely or never saw on‐pack health‐related information, with almost three‐quarters rarely or never reading or looking closely at this. There was strong support for displaying a range of product and health‐related information (e.g. units, ingredients) on packs. Relative to the control, products with warnings were more likely to be perceived as unappealing and socially unacceptable, and to positively impact alcohol‐related cognitions and behaviours. For example, pictorial warnings were 10 times as likely to positively influence cognitions and behaviours (AOR = 10.01, 95% CI: 8.09, 17.46).Discussion and ConclusionsAlcohol packaging could have an important role in delivering health messaging. Large pictorial or text warnings may help counteract the appeal and social acceptability of alcohol products and increase awareness of risks, potentially supporting a reduction in consumption and related harms.
Prioritizing phylogenetic diversity to protect functional diversity of reef corals
Authors: Ng Linus W. K. , Chisholm Chelsea , Carrasco Luis Roman , Darling Emily S. , Guilhaumon François , Mooers Arne Ø. , Tucker Caroline M. , Winter Marten , Huang Danwei 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimThe ecosystem functions and services of coral reefs are critical for coastal communities worldwide. Due to conservation resource limitation, species need to be prioritized to protect desirable properties of biodiversity, such as functional diversity (FD), which has been associated with greater ecosystem functioning but is difficult to quantify directly. Selecting species to maximize phylogenetic diversity (PD) has been shown to indirectly capture FD in certain other taxa but not corals. Here, we test this hypothesis, the “phylogenetic gambit”, on corals within global marine protected areas (MPAs).LocationGlobal coral reefs.MethodsBased on the global distributions of reef corals, a complete species‐level phylogeny and trait data, we compared the FD of coral assemblages within MPAs when selected to maximize PD versus FD for assemblages selected randomly. The relationships between PD and FD were also tested as predictors of surrogacy. We then used coral FD and PD to perform spatial prioritization of reefs for protection and assessed the congruence between the two approaches.ResultsSelecting assemblages to maximize PD captured significantly more FD than a random subset of species for 83.1% of all selection scenarios across MPAs and would protect on average 18.7% more FD than random selection. Spatial prioritization analyses showed some mismatches between PD‐ and FD‐optimized planning units, particularly in the Tropical Western Atlantic, but the high degree of overlap between the optimizations for other reef regions lends further credence to the PD‐maximizing strategy in conserving coral FD.Main ConclusionsA PD‐maximizing strategy generally protects greater FD of coral assemblages relative to random selection of species, suggesting that the “phylogenetic gambit” is valid for reef corals. There are risks, however, and the mismatches between PD‐maximized and FD‐maximized MPA networks highlight specific shortcomings of the PD‐maximization approach. Nevertheless, in data‐deficient circumstances, maximizing PD may provide a viable alternative.
Climate warming can reduce biocontrol efficacy and promote plant invasion due to both genetic and transient metabolomic changes
Authors: Sun Yan , Züst Tobias , Silvestro Daniele , Erb Matthias , Bossdorf Oliver , Mateo Pierre , Robert Christelle , Müller‐Schärer Heinz 
Published: April 2022

AbstractClimate change may affect plant–herbivore interactions and their associated ecosystem functions. In an experimental evolution approach, we subjected replicated populations of the invasive Ambrosia artemisiifolia to a combination of simulated warming and herbivory by a potential biocontrol beetle. We tracked genomic and metabolomic changes across generations in field populations and assessed plant offspring phenotypes in a common environment. Using an integrated Bayesian model, we show that increased offspring biomass in response to warming arose through changes in the genetic composition of populations. In contrast, increased resistance to herbivory arose through a shift in plant metabolomic profiles without genetic changes, most likely by transgenerational induction of defences. Importantly, while increased resistance was costly at ambient temperatures, warming removed this constraint and favoured both vigorous and better defended plants under biocontrol. Climate warming may thus decrease biocontrol efficiency and promote Ambrosia invasion, with potentially serious economic and health consequences.
Children's opposition, marital and life satisfaction: the mediating role of parenting stress
Authors: Matalon Carmit , Turliuc Maria Nicoleta , Mairean Cornelia 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe present study examines the association of children's oppositional behavior with marital and life satisfaction by examining the mediating role of parenting stress.BackgroundPrevious research indicates that parents of children who exhibit behavioral problems often experience parenting stress and lower marital and life satisfaction. However, few studies have addressed the underlying mechanisms, and even fewer have focused on the effects of children's nonclinical oppositional behaviors while obtaining data from both parents.MethodParticipants were 211 parent dyads (N = 422) of typically developing preschool children. Data on child's oppositional behavior, parenting stress, and marital and life satisfaction were obtained from both parents simultaneously and analyzed using the common fate mediation model.ResultsParenting stress was found to fully mediate the associations between children's oppositional behavior and marital and life satisfaction, whereas marital satisfaction was found to partially mediate the association between parenting stress and life satisfaction.ConclusionsChildren's oppositional behaviors lead to lower marital and life satisfaction through a mechanism of parenting stress, and parenting stress negatively affects life satisfaction, both directly and indirectly, through marital satisfaction.ImplicationsTherapeutic interventions for treating children's oppositional behaviors can usefully include a direct focus on reducing parenting stress and enhancing parents’ ability to cope with child‐related stress as a couple, thus improving parents’ satisfaction with their marital relationship and with life in general.
Age differences in the safety and effectiveness of the HEART Pathway accelerated diagnostic protocol for acute chest pain
Authors: Ashburn Nicklaus P. , Snavely Anna C. , Paradee Brennan E. , O'Neill James C. , Stopyra Jason P. , Mahler Simon A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe HEART Pathway is a validated protocol for risk stratifying emergency department (ED) patients with possible acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Its performance in different age groups is unknown. The objective of this study is to evaluate its safety and effectiveness among older adults.MethodsA pre‐planned subgroup analysis of the HEART Pathway implementation study was conducted. This prospective interrupted time series accrued adult ED patients with possible ACS who were without ST‐elevation across three US sites from 11/2013–01/2016. After implementation, providers prospectively used the HEART Pathway to stratify patients as low‐risk or non‐low‐risk. Patients were classified as older adults (≥65 years), middle‐aged (46–64 years), and young (21–45 years). Primary safety and effectiveness outcomes were 30‐day death or MI and hospitalization at 30 days, determined from health records, insurance claims, and death index data. Fisher's exact test compared low‐risk proportions between groups. Sensitivity for 30‐day death or MI and adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for hospitalization and objective cardiac testing were calculated.ResultsThe HEART Pathway implementation study accrued 8474 patients, of which 26.9% (2281/8474) were older adults, 45.5% (3862/8474) middle‐aged, and 27.5% (2331/8474) were young. The HEART Pathway identified 7.4% (97/1303) of older adults, 32.0% (683/2131) of middle‐aged, and 51.4% (681/1326) of young patients as low‐risk (p < 0.001). The HEART Pathway was 98.8% (95% CI 97.1–100) sensitive for 30‐day death or MI among older adults. Following implementation, the rate of 30‐day hospitalization was similar among older adults (aOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.00–1.55) and cardiac testing increased (aOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.04–1.51).ConclusionThe HEART Pathway identified fewer older adults as low‐risk and did not decrease hospitalizations in this age group.
Predictive value of the second‐trimester fibronectin concentration for severe preeclampsia: A prospective nested case–control study in China
Authors: Li Wei , Lin Xiaowen , Chen Yuchen , Liu Kun , Yang Weibin , Zeng Sifan , Zhang Jing 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimTo evaluate the value of the second‐trimester fibronectin concentration, alone and in combination with other markers (e.g., mean arterial pressure, inhibin A), in the identification of women who subsequently develop severe preeclampsia.MethodsFor this prospective nested case–control study, serum from pregnant women (gestational age 15–22 weeks) who underwent routine Down syndrome screening was analyzed. The women were tracked to delivery and assigned to the severe preeclampsia or control group, according to whether they developed severe preeclampsia. Each woman who later developed severe preeclampsia was paired with five healthy women with pregnancies of similar gestational age (± 1 week). Fibronectin, inhibin A, human chorionic gonadotropin, placental growth factor, cysteine, and homocysteine concentrations were measured in 44 cases in the severe preeclampsia group and 220 cases in the control group. The body mass index and mean arterial pressure were calculated. All results were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve construction were conducted for markers differing significantly between two groups.ResultsThe second‐trimester fibronectin value was positively correlated with severe preeclampsia and predicted 67.7% of severe preeclampsia cases. The combination of fibronectin, inhibin A, and mean arterial pressure predicted 76.7% of severe preeclampsia cases; predictive values for combinations of fibronectin with mean arterial pressure or inhibin A were 75.4% and 74.6%, respectively. Combination with these other markers increased the predictive value of fibronectin. In addition, fibronectin was more powerful for the late severe preeclampsia and severe preeclampsia without fetal growth restriction subgroups.ConclusionsThe second‐trimester fibronectin concentration can be used to predict severe preeclampsia.
Treatment of a cat with presumed Bartonella henselae‐associated immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia, fever, and lymphadenitis
Authors: Nivy Ran , Lavi‐Ginzberg Yael , de Sousa Keyla Carstens Marques , Golani Yael , Kuzi Sharon , Nachum‐Biala Yaarit , Harrus Shimon 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA 2.5‐year‐old castrated male cat presented with fever and marked generalized lymphadenopathy of 4‐months duration, despite treatment with amoxicillin‐clavulanate/marbofloxacin. Abnormalities were not detected on complete blood count, serum chemistry, and FIV/FeLV test apart from a borderline, non‐regenerative anemia. Peripheral lymph node fine needle aspirations revealed a marked increase in the percentage of intermediate‐ and lymphoblastic‐lymphocytes in addition to reactive macrophages. Three weeks after presentation, the cat developed a severe, regenerative, immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) which responded to immunosuppressive therapy. Fever and lymphadenopathy persisted. Peripheral lymph nodes tested positive for Bartonella henselae DNA in real‐time PCR assay and sequencing. Treatment with pradofloxacin and doxycycline resulted in resolution of clinical signs, and negative PCR tests. Despite its reported low pathogenicity, B. henselae infection should also be considered in cats with protracted unexplained fever, lymphadenitis, and IMHA. Furthermore, a combination of pradofloxacin and doxycycline might be considered in cats with bartonellosis given its apparent clinical efficacy.
Task specialization and the Native‐Foreign Wage Gap
Authors: Storm Eduard 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study documents that worker‐level variation in tasks has played a key role in the widening of the German Native‐Foreign Wage Gap. I find idiosyncratic differences account for up to 34 per cent of the wage gap. Importantly, natives specialize in high‐paying interactive activities not only between, but also within occupations. In contrast, foreign workers specialize in low‐paying manual activities. This enhanced degree of task specialization accounts for 11 per cent of the gap among high‐wage earners and 25 per cent among low‐wage earner, thus offering new insight into sources for imperfect substitution of native and foreign workers and consequently small migration‐induced wage effects.