bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design Methodology Evolution: Transition From O&G FPU to FOWT
Authors: Zhang Shaosong , Son Daewoong , Peiffer Antoine 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Floating offshore wind is an emerging industry. The first floating offshore wind turbine designed by Principle Power was deployed offshore Portugal to support a 2-MW wind turbine generator in 2011. The turbine is supported by a proprietary semi-submersible concept named WindFloat. Since then, more than ten floating offshore wind turbines including eight additional WindFloat platforms have been installed and commissioned to produce power offshore. There are significant experiences built from the engineering delivery of the FOWT units.
Compared with offshore oil and gas industry, the offshore wind energy industry is still young. A great part of the design methodology for FOWT is inherited from the offshore oil and gas industry. But there are many design aspects which are unique to the FOWT because of the operational differences between FOWT and FPU for oil and gas industry. This paper will give a brief description of the design methodology for FOWT based on the experience built from the delivery of multiple WindFloat floating foundations. The methodology, which is inherited from oil and gas, but being improved or customized for FOWT will be discussed in detail. The subjects to be addressed in the paper include the engineering interface between WTG and the floating substructure, the floating stability assessment, wind load simulation, the determination of the duration of the numerical simulations and the number of random seeds, and the validation with model test results.
As the wind turbine power capacity becomes larger, the floating substructure and its associated mooring system follows a trend of growing dimensions, which is more comparable with the FPU. The growth of the floating offshore wind industry will leverage the lessons learned from offshore oil and gas industry.
A New Approach for Rock Strength Estimation Through a Semi-Point Load Strength Index and Correlation With Destructive and Nondestructive Tests
Authors: Abugharara Abdelsalam , Mafazy Salum , Butt Stephen 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Multi scale projects of civil, mining, and oil and gas drilling require to determine rock strength as main property of surface and subsurface rocks for safe structures, economic mining operations, as well as drilling performance optimizations. The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) as a main rock strength test is considered a time consuming for sample preparation, costly, and unaffordable. However, it is required for correlations for rock strength obtained from other tests. A semi-Point Load Strength Index (Semi-PLSI) is proposed in this research as a new approach to estimate rock strength. The objectives of this research include reducing testing costs, simplifying sample preparation and testing procedure, precisely localizing, stabilizing, and balancing specimens while testing, and improving accuracy and repeatability. For this test, various sample dimensions and length to diameter ratios are prepared from granite rock type. A 400 (kn) Geomechanics Frame is used for testing and an advanced data acquisition system is utilized for data recording. Data obtained from Semi-PLSI are correlated with data obtained from two main strength types including UCS that represent the shear fracture strength and indirect tensile strength (IT) that represent the tensile fracture strength. Data correlation also includes measurements of ultrasound primary and secondary wave velocities that represents nondestructive data measurements. The good correlation agreements and the verity ways of estimating the strength enrich this new approach of the Semi-PLSI proposed for UCS estimation and pave the road of more research.
New Findings on the Impact of the Idealization of Corrosion on the Brittle Failure of Steel
Authors: Biglu Michael , von Bock und Polach Franz , Ehlers Sören 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Corrosion is mostly considered as homogeneous thickness reduction in construction guidelines of the maritime industry. Several studies concluded that besides a homogeneous thickness reduction the corroded non-uniform surface morphology is affecting the strength and strain behavior of steel. However, the effects of non-uniform corrosion on the behavior of steel is still not clearly assessed.
The effects of corrosion on the local behavior of steel structures under tensile loading were investigated by conducting tensile tests on naturally corroded steel specimens and analyzing the surface morphology based on surface scans. Influences of geometrical parameters on the strength and strains were determined by carrying out a correlation analysis combined with a Particle Swarm Optimization. Then a non-linear finite element analysis was performed to compare a homogeneous idealization with finite element models considering the naturally corroded surface morphology.
Both independent approaches conclude that non-uniform corrosion leads to a more brittle stress-strain behavior of steel compared to a homogeneous corrosion approach, including higher stresses and decreased total breaking strain. In addition we can confirm that pittings and surface roughness are leading to a decrease of the total breaking strain. In contrast to many other studies we highlighted that instead of the pitting corrosion in general, the volume or thickness loss are the primary driver for the ultimate tensile strength reduction.
The Challenges of Data Availability for the Life Extension of Steel Catenary Risers
Authors: Mekha Basim , Gordon Robin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Many offshore floating production systems including their risers are approaching the end of their original Design Life. Operators are faced with the choice of either decommissioning or demonstrating that the original Design Life can be extended (Life Extension). Life extension requires the Operator to perform detailed engineering analyses to verify that the system can be operated safely over the period of Life Extension. This generally requires detailed fatigue analysis of actual fabrication data to demonstrate that the fatigue damage still within the required design life and the original fabrication flaws or fatigue cracks that may have initiated over the original Design Life will not grow to a critical size resulting in failure. In some cases, the detailed engineering analysis is supplemented by an in-line inspection program.
The critical challenge that many operators face nowadays is finding the original design, fabrication and inspection records since they may be more than 20 years old. The use of actual procurement and fabrication data provides more credibility to the life extension engineering. Furthermore, the actual data could support the removal of at least some of the conservatism associated with the design of new risers.
This paper will review and discuss specific issues associated with the availability of procurement and fabrication data and how to optimize and use the available knowledge and information in cases where data is not available. Some focus will be placed on the fracture mechanics aspect of the fatigue and the Engineering Criticality Assessment (ECA) approach to determine the riser life extension based on the weld original flaws. Finally, the paper will provide guidance and examples of how to take advantage of in-line inspection to supplement the life extension analysis and provide increased confidence on the predicted life extension.
Benchmark Study of Welding Deformations in Stiffened Plate
Authors: Josefson B. L. , Chen B.-Q. , Gotoh K. , Wang F. , Liu K. , van Duin S. , Dong P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The fabrication of ship hulls involves welding operations, one typical operation is fillet welding of stiffeners to plates (panels) a so-called T-joint. The residual stresses from the welding process will influence the fatigue life of the structure, and residual deformations will increase the risk for buckling of the panel and give poor fabrication tolerances which may complicate the assembly of a built-up structure.
Though this weld geometry has been frequently studied in the literature both experimentally and numerically, the focus has been on the residual stress field and if residual deformations are studied, the angular distortion and the typical V-shape seen in the welded plate (panel) are reported. This benchmark focusses on the residual shape after two-pass fillet welding of a stiffener to a plate (T-joint and the influence of the constraints used during welding. The information of the full welding residual deformations may be useful for the fabrication of larger complex welded structures.
The benchmark study clearly shows that careful consideration is needed when defining a reference plane for comparison of resulting deformations from FE-simulations and from experiments as well as good documentation of the actual boundary conditions and steps carried after the completion of the welding and before measuring residual deformations. The FE-simulations have shown that it is difficult to obtain the full antisymmetric, twisted shape of the plate as measured in the experiments, although a trend similar to the experiments can be seen as the plate tends to move upwards at the end of each weld pass, i.e a slight influence of the weld pass direction.
A Hybrid Numerical Wave Model for Extreme Wave Kinematics
Authors: Kim Jang , Park Sewan , Kyoung Johyun , Baquet Aldric , Shen Zhirong , Ha Yoon-Jin , Kim Kyong-Hwan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Numerical wave model that predicts realistic and correct wave kinematics such as wave elevation and particle velocity for the ocean waves become an essential part of the offshore platform design. A recent joint-industry effort, ‘Reproducible Offshore CFD JIP’, presented a systematic procedure to qualify the wave models and several wave models that satisfy the proposed qualification criteria. To name a few, Higher-Order Spectral Method (HOS, HOSM), HAWASSI, IGN, Reef3D::FNPF and TPNWT wave models have been verified for moderate to extreme sea states. They are all based on potential theory with an empirical wave-breaking model implemented.
In this paper, the numerical methods of the existing wave models are compared to derive a new numerical wave model combining superior features of them. The new model uses pseudo-spectral method that is used in the HOS / HOSM and HAWASSI for the time evolution of the surface variables — surface elevation and free-surface velocity potential, but the variational method for the Laplace equation for fluid volume that is used in IGN and TPNWT. The new hybrid model shows efficiency and accuracy of the spectral method and the robustness of the variational method.
The new numerical model is verified following the qualification criteria proposed in the ‘Reproducible Offshore CFD JIP’. The verification results of the new model show both robust convergence behavior and efficiency in practical numerical setup.
Lively Minds: improving health and development through play–a randomised controlled trial evaluation of a comprehensive ECCE programme at scale in Ghana
Authors: Augsburg Britta , Attanasio Orazio Pedro , Dreibelbis Robert , Nketiah-Amponsah Edward , Phimister Angus , Wolf Sharon , Krutikova Sonya 
Published: October 2022

IntroductionMany children in developing countries grow up in environments that lack stimulation, leading to deficiencies in early years of development. Several efficacy trials of early childhood care and education (ECCE) programmes have demonstrated potential to improve child development; evidence on whether these effects can be sustained once programmes are scaled is much more mixed. This study evaluates whether an ECCE programme shown to be effective in an efficacy trial maintains effectiveness when taken to scale by the Government of Ghana (GoG). The findings will provide critical evidence to the GoG on effectiveness of a programme it is investing in, as well as a blueprint for design and scale-up of ECCE programmes in other developing countries, which are expanding their investment in ECCE programmes.Methods and analysisThis study is a cluster randomised controlled trial, in which the order that districts receive the programme is randomised. A minimum sample of 3240 children and 360 schools will be recruited across 72 district school cohort pairs. The primary outcomes are (1) child cognitive and socioemotional development measured using the International Development and Early Learning Assessment tool, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and tasks from the Harvard Laboratory for Development Studies; (2) child health (measured using height/weight for age, height-for-weight Z scores). Secondary outcomes include (1) maternal mental health, (using Kessler-10 and Warwick Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale) and knowledge of ECCE practices; (2) teacher knowledge, motivation and teaching quality (measured with classroom observation); (3) parental investment (using the Family Care Index and Home Observation Measurement of the Environment and the Child–Parent Relationship Scale); (4) water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices; (5) acute malnutrition (using mid-upper arm circumference). We will estimate unadjusted and adjusted intent-to-treat effects.Ethics and disseminationStudy protocols have been approved by ethics boards at the University College London (21361/001), Yale University (2000031549) and Ghanaian Health Service Ethics Review Committee (028/09/21). Results will be made available to participating communities, funders, the wider public and other researchers through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations, social and print media and various community/stakeholder engagement activities.Trial registration numberISRCTN15360698, AEARCTR-0008500.
Inequalities in healthcare disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from 12 UK population-based longitudinal studies
Authors: Maddock Jane , Parsons Sam , Di Gessa Giorgio , Green Michael J , Thompson Ellen J , Stevenson Anna J , Kwong Alex SF , McElroy Eoin , Santorelli Gillian , Silverwood Richard J , Captur Gabriella , Chaturvedi Nishi , Steves Claire J , Steptoe Andrew , Patalay Praveetha , Ploubidis George B , Katikireddi Srinivasa Vittal 
Published: October 2022

ObjectivesWe investigated associations between multiple sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age, occupational social class, education and ethnicity) and self-reported healthcare disruptions during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignCoordinated analysis of prospective population surveys.SettingCommunity-dwelling participants in the UK between April 2020 and January 2021.ParticipantsOver 68 000 participants from 12 longitudinal studies.OutcomesSelf-reported healthcare disruption to medication access, procedures and appointments.ResultsPrevalence of healthcare disruption varied substantially across studies: between 6% and 32% reported any disruption, with 1%–10% experiencing disruptions in medication, 1%–17% experiencing disruption in procedures and 4%–28% experiencing disruption in clinical appointments. Females (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.15 to 1.40; I2=54%), older persons (eg, OR 1.39; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.72; I2=77% for 65–75 years vs 45–54 years) and ethnic minorities (excluding white minorities) (OR 1.19; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.35; I2=0% vs white) were more likely to report healthcare disruptions. Those in a more disadvantaged social class were also more likely to report healthcare disruptions (eg, OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.08 to 1.27; I2=0% for manual/routine vs managerial/professional), but no clear differences were observed by education. We did not find evidence that these associations differed by shielding status.ConclusionsHealthcare disruptions during the COVID-19 pandemic could contribute to the maintenance or widening of existing health inequalities.
Evaluation of rational prescribing in a hospital paediatric outpatient clinic in Nigeria
Authors: Okoye Blessing Ijeoma , Udemba Jacintha Chibuogwu , Ndugba Chinwendu Augusta , Okonkwo Justina Ijeoma , Obed Ebierinyo Andi 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundIrrational prescribing is a continuing public health issue in low/middle-income countries. This study evaluated the drug use pattern of medicines in paediatrics aged below 12 years attending the outpatient paediatric clinic of Bingham University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria.MethodAn observational cross-sectional study was conducted using patients’ medical records who attended the outpatient paediatric clinic from 1 January to 30 April 2022. The WHO prescribing indicators and guidelines for investigating drug use in health facilities were used.ResultA total of 800 prescriptions containing 2723 drugs were analysed, with a mean number of drugs per prescription of 3.4. A total of 651 patients (81.3%) had at least one antibiotic, and the number of encounters with injection was 17.5% (140 patients). Prescribing by generic name was done for 1406 (51.6%) drugs; of the 2723 drugs prescribed, 2441 (89.6%) were from the WHO Pediatric Essential Medication List. In addition, 80% of the prescriptions contained antimalaria. Analgesics/antipyretics were the most frequently prescribed medicine (87.9%).ConclusionThe findings of this study deviated from the WHO recommended standards. There is a need to target paediatric clinics further and enforce national strategies to tackle non-standard prescribing practices among the paediatric population.
Phenomenology, disability and sexual functioning in female Dhat syndrome: a study of tertiary care gynaecology outpatients
Authors: Joshi Shubha , Tripathi Adarsh , Agarwal Smriti , Singh Nisha , Gupta Bandna , Nischal Anil , Kar Sujita Kumar 
Published: October 2022

BackgroundDhat syndrome, a clinical condition related to semen loss in urine often found among males in India, has rarely been described as a separate clinical condition in females. Women with the syndrome complain of passing vaginal discharge and can be excessively concerned and preoccupied with it, often attributing various physical symptoms to the loss of vaginal fluids.AimsThis study aimed to assess the sociodemographic and clinical profiles of female patients with Dhat syndrome and their perceived stress, disability and sexual functioning.MethodsSociodemographic details of 70 females with non-pathological vaginal discharge were evaluated with a semistructured sociodemographic assessment. The phenomenology of the vaginal discharge was assessed with the Scale for Assessment of Female Dhat Syndrome Questionnaire. Anxiety and depressive symptoms were measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Perceived stress in the past month and disability caused by the illness were assessed with the Perceived Stress Scale and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale. In addition, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Level 2 Somatic Symptoms Scale was administered to rate the severity of somatic symptoms, and sexual functioning was evaluated using the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) scale for women who had had sexual intercourse in the past month.ResultsThe mean age of onset vaginal discharge was 23.0 (6.6) years. Biological factors, such as urinary tract infection, were the commonly attributed cause of the loss of vaginal fluids. Psychiatric comorbidity and perceived moderate stress in the past month were found in 38.6% and 68.6% of female patients with Dhat syndrome, respectively. Disability scores tended to be low. Among the females having had sexual intercourse in the past month, 48.3% had FSFI scores indicative of a female sexual disorder.ConclusionsThe clinical presentation of women with non-pathological vaginal discharge is similar to that of males with Dhat syndrome. It requires comprehensive assessment and management that targets the biological, social and psychological factors and cultural issues.
CD47-blocking Antibody ZL-1201 Promotes Tumor-associated Macrophage Phagocytic Activity and Enhances the Efficacy of the Therapeutic Antibodies and Chemotherapy
Authors: Cao Anthony , Yi Jiaqing , Tang Xinyan , Szeto Christopher W. , Wu Renyi , Wan Bing , Fang Xu , Li Shou , Wang Lei , Wang Lina , Li Jing , Ye Qiuping , Huang Tom , Hsu Karl , Kabbarah Omar , Zhou Haiying 
Published: October 2022

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) are the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. They consist of various subsets but primarily resemble the M2 macrophage phenotype. TAMs are known to promote tumor progression and are associated with poor clinical outcomes. CD47 on tumor cells and SIRPα on TAMs facilitate a “don't-eat-me” signal which prevents cancer cells from immune clearance. Therefore, blockade of the CD47–SIRPα interaction represents a promising strategy for tumor immunotherapy. Here, we present the results on ZL-1201, a differentiated and potent anti-CD47 antibody with improved hematologic safety profile compared with 5F9 benchmark. ZL-1201 enhanced phagocytosis in combination with standards of care (SoC) therapeutic antibodies in in vitro coculture systems using a panel of tumor models and differentiated macrophages, and these combinational effects are Fc dependent while potently enhancing M2 phagocytosis. In vivo xenograft studies showed that enhanced antitumor activities were seen in a variety of tumor models treated with ZL-1201 in combination with other therapeutic mAbs, and maximal antitumor activities were achieved in the presence of chemotherapy in addition to the combination of ZL-1201 with other mAbs. Moreover, tumor-infiltrating immune cells and cytokine analysis showed that ZL-1201 and chemotherapies remodel the tumor microenvironment, which increases antitumor immunity, leading to augmented antitumor efficacy when combined with mAbs.Significance:ZL-1201 is a novel anti-CD47 antibody that has improved hematologic safety profiles and combines with SoC, including mAbs and chemotherapies, to potently facilitate phagocytosis and antitumor efficacy.