bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Afterword: ‘What Have the Romans Ever Done for Us?’
Authors: Hingley Richard 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Roman conquest of Britain had a significant impact in post-Roman times. After the Renaissance, the tale of the valiant freedom fighter Boudica was used to reflect upon Queen Elizabeth I’s resistance in the face of a Spanish invasion. Hadrian’s Wall, known as ‘Picts’ Wall’, served to cast a reflection on the attempts of King James I to unify Scotland and England into a single kingdom. A counternarrative to the resistance of Boudica was provided by the idea that the Romans had brought ‘civilization’ to southern Britain, a popular idea during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the modern world, conflicting ideas of the value of the Roman invasion continue. In Monty Python’s Life of Brian, Rome is seen to have been a primarily positive influence. (‘What the Romans did for us’.) Large numbers of people visit Roman monuments across Britain today. A more critical narrative which views the Roman Empire as an evil and dictatorial regime is popular with some, including those who drew Boudica’s uprising as an ancient parallel with Theresa May and Boris Johnson’s attempts to extricate Britain from the European Union. The events of Roman rule continue to cast light on political and military actions in the present.
Contemplating Nothing
Authors: Ward Graham 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the teaching of creation ex nihilo, arguing that the nihil is an ineradicable pedal note in all that is created. It examines this nihil in mediations upon death and meonotology in post-structural philosophy, before turning to the tradition and the role of nothingness in Eriugena’s apophatic theology. These two strands are brought into dialectic conversation: juxtaposing the nihilistic nothingness expressed in the novels of Joseph Conrad with a theological examination of the notion of uncreated grace in Rahner. Finally, the chapter turns to the emptiness of contemplative silence in which, through contemplation, one enters what Augustine called the ‘eternally silent Word’, before concluding with an exploration of how these two notions of nothingness, the atheistic and the theological, are interwoven in a fable by the French Jesuit, Michel de Certeau.
Ecce Homo
Authors: Ward Graham 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMany of the themes developed in the earlier part of the book come together in this chapter on theological anthropology: being unhoused and in exile, the desire to belong, our migratory nature. Exegesis of J’s narrative in Genesis opens an exploration into the divine intimacy, which developed through reflections upon Michelangelo’s depiction of Adam in the Sistine Chapel. Part of that intimacy, for J, is the act of naming which the chapter develops into an account of the incomplete nature of being human: we are always looking for our true name. Examining P’s account of the making of human beings, we arrive at the idea of having no kind of our own. We are made in the image of. A tradition in English poetry is explored in which our loss of a divine home and belonging is articulated. Rejecting the notion of a pre-existence, the chapter argues that our personal histories concern soul-formation with respect to a Christic belonging we have yet to come into.
The Imitable Charles Dickens
Authors: Kerr Matthew P. M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFor many critics, Charles Dickens’s use of the sea produces problematic effects, as solid features of his nautical scenes continually dissolve into literary cliché. By contrast, this chapter suggests that it is the mobile doubleness of the literary sea—at once unique and commonplace, credible and implausible—that appeals to Dickens. The discussion focuses on Dombey and Son and the Uncommercial Traveller essay ‘The Shipwreck’, tracing clichéd marine associations (including the sea as divine), figures (the midshipman), and set-pieces (the shipwreck). By involving the sea in his prose, Dickens often finds a means by which both his characters and the individuals he encounters as a journalist can be made to coexist in his imagination with their ideal or literary doubles.
Introduction: How to Bridge the Gap from Ethics to Practice
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Moving from ethics to practice means that decision makers will need to take meaningful actions at the levels of team, organization, industry, and government. The recommendations are meant to increase the reliability, safety, and trustworthiness of HCAI systems by way of governance structures: ● software engineering practices within teams ● Safety culture within organizations through business management strategies ● Trustworthy certification through industry-specific independent oversight efforts ● Regulation by government agencies to ensure fair business practices and public safety. The recommendations are a starting point for discussions that can lead to validated practices, which become widely accepted and then evolve to keep up with technology innovations.
Safety Culture through Business Management Strategies
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Past accidents and incidents often had narrow impacts, but today’s failures of massive technology-based interdependent organizations in globalized economies can have devastating effects for the health and economies of entire cities, regions, and continents. Safety cultures have been successful in medicine, transportation, and other industries, so they may be effective for HCAI. The methods include: (1) Leadership commitment to safety, (2) hiring and training oriented to safety, (3) extensive reporting of failures and near misses, (4) internal review boards for problems and future plans, and (5) alignment with industry standards and accepted best practices. Safety cultures are never perfect, but they can improve existing processes and reduce costs, in part by preventing damage and injury.
Summary and Skeptic’s Corner
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
I promised to deliver a guidebook to hope and a roadmap to realistic policies. The guidebook calls for human-centered thinking that integrates disciplines, such as science, engineering, design, art, social sciences, and humanities. Combining disciplines will speed creation of technologies that respect human values of rights, justice, and dignity, while supporting individual goals of self-efficacy, creativity, responsibility, and social connections. Skeptics question whether the HCAI movement can become significant, but the growing efforts from academic researchers, technology innovators, business leaders, and government policy makers suggests that the future will be more human-centered.
Race
Authors: Mark James 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores anti-colonial whiteness. It argues that postwar global decolonization offered a pathway to international status for Eastern Europeans and thus an escape from their historical subordination as lesser whites defined by their lack of imperial power. Adopting the postwar consensus that the world consisted of three races, Communists often presented themselves as the morally superior white Europeans. The racial problem had been solved at home, Communists argued, and their commitment to fighting continued discrimination wherever capitalist imperialism reproduced it placed them in the anti-racist avant-garde. This chapter brings together the contemporary voices of Eastern European politicians, activists and writers, alongside those of the Chinese, and Africans, to explore such declarations. Both friends and enemies were often critical. They argued that such claims were cynically used to hide the realities of domestic anti-Semitism, or were merely performative, a product of only superficially hidden European desires for power still expressed through white saviour fantasies based on imperial nostalgia. Nevertheless, as long as an anti-racism motivated in part by an imperially inspired longing for status could be hitched to a powerful and appealing anti-colonial world project, Communist Eastern Europe’s allies could discern its progressive potential. As soon as Third World alliances ceased to be perceived, from the late 1970s, as a route to global influence, commitments to forging a superior anti-colonial whiteness collapsed. More and more voices in Eastern Europe contended that a ‘multi-coloured socialist internationalism’ had degraded the region, the status of which would be recovered through a return to a culturally distinct, and racially bordered, white Christian Europe.
Violent Ventriloquism
Authors: Edmondson Belinda 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The chapter focuses on the relationship between violence, both physical and rhetorical, and the emergence of dialect literature in the nineteenth-century post-Emancipation anglophone Caribbean. It focuses on racial ventriloquism, the use of so-called black voices by white authors to advocate violent retribution against black populations. The chapter uses as case studies Jamaica during the period of the Morant Bay Rebellion and British Guiana after the arrival of Indian indentured laborers and other large-scale migrations. White creole authors like British Guiana’s Michael McTurk, or “Quow,” are discussed. The chapter also examines rebuttals by black and brown people to white ventriloquist dialect in newspapers published by men of color.
The Charles Dickens of Jamaica
Authors: Edmondson Belinda 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The chapter explores the life of Henry Garland Murray, the first black author of Creole literature in the English-speaking Caribbean. Murray was a popular performer of dialect sketches in post-Emancipation Jamaica who eventually published his dialect sketches in book form. The chapter discusses Murray’s travels to Panama and to Boston, where he performed at the famous Lyceum. It investigates the historical moment in the post-Emancipation Jamaica in which Murray authored his stories, particularly the nationalist bent of Jamaicans across racial lines who sought a “native literature” and identified Creole stories as the basis of that literature. It interprets the stories as balancing racist white nostalgia for slavery with an emergent literary nationalism.
Cornelia and Susanna Teellinck
Authors: Pipkin Amanda C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter features Cornelia Teellinck (1553–76) and Susanna Teellinck’s (1551–1625) efforts to spread the Reformed faith in Zeeland in the 1570s as well as the latter’s work providing material for the first wave of the Further Reformation after 1607. Among the earliest converts to Reformed Protestantism in the northern provinces of the Netherlands, the Teellincks were invigorated by Spain’s attempt to crush all those who rejected the Catholic faith. The sisters fought to unify their fellow Protestants and circulated anti-Spanish prophecy. The chapter makes the novel argument that the Teellinck sisters amplified the influence of the Dutch Reformed Church by spreading orthodox teachings and religious, political poetry, and by serving as important role models for religious revival in the seventeenth century. Their leadership within the Teellinck family as early converts to Protestantism made them essential church builders as well, given the impact of their prolific nephews Willem and Eeuwout, and Willem’s sons in advocating reform as ministers. In addition to the Teellinck sisters’ lasting impact on their religious communities, this chapter argues that Susanna’s publication of her sister’s book was not an anomaly, but one of many Further Reformation books published just after the turn of the seventeenth century to remind Calvinists to fight fiercely for their faith and live pious lives following the model of the previous generation. The Teellincks also provide an early example of women’s ability to help their relatives and other female friends appear in print.
Fiscal Development under Colonial and Sovereign Rule
Authors: Frankema Ewout , Waijenburg Marlous van 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores differences in the making of a ‘modern’ fiscal state under colonial and sovereign rule. Focusing on African and Asian colonies (1820–1970) and their respective European metropoles, it argues that while the introduction of ‘modern’ taxes was part of an imperial diffusion process of fiscal reforms, these new taxes were embedded in a distinctly colonial political, social and economic logic. In contrast to the imperial metropoles, where ‘modern’ taxes built on organically grown tax bases, fiscal ‘modernity’ and ‘tradition’ co-existed in a dualistic system in the colonies. The comparison of fiscal development under colonial and sovereign rule helps to move beyond the Eurocentric bias in the historical tax literature and develop a more global theory of fiscal modernization.
Trajectories of Taxation in Uganda and Senegal
Authors: Schlichte Klaus 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The chapter compares the historical pathways of taxation in Senegal and Uganda. It finds remarkable similarities despite differences in colonial history, contemporary politics, and geopolitical location. In both countries, the process of tax modernization went through three distinct stages. The first consisted of the mostly coercive integration of local populations into the global capitalist economy during early colonialism. The second stage was shaped by the spread of the developmental paradigm during late colonialism and early independence. The final stage is marked by the strong influence of international financial institutions. Domestic actors and interests played a subordinate role during all three stages. Yet they constrained the implementation of externally imposed tax policy choices in important ways. Highlighting the essential continuity of taxation under late colonialism and early independence, the chapter questions conventional periodization of African political history.
On distinguishing formal syntactic constraints from other aspects of linguistic knowledge
Authors: Francis Elaine J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractChapter 3 examines how syntactic effects on acceptability can be distinguished from effects of other aspects of linguistic knowledge, including semantics, pragmatics, and prosody. It is argued that in cases where the acceptability of purportedly ungrammatical sentences can be substantially improved by changing the discourse context or by changing syntactically irrelevant aspects of the sentence, syntactic constraints may not be needed. It is further shown that arguments in favor of a non-syntactic explanation can be strengthened with reference to attested examples and with data from different types of experimental tasks that specifically target semantic, pragmatic, or prosodic features. These points are supported with examples from outbound anaphora and factive islands in English, word order variation in Czech, and split intransitivity in German.
On the relationship between corpus frequency and acceptability
Authors: Francis Elaine J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractChapter 5 starts by observing that linguists from different theoretical traditions tend to express different views on the relative importance of judgment data and corpus data for developing theories of grammatical knowledge. Similarly, although everyone recognizes frequency of use as a factor to which language users are sensitive, there is disagreement as to how it relates to acceptability. Proponents of usage-based and probabilistic theories have tended to emphasize the close correlations between frequency and acceptability, while proponents of traditional generative theories have tended to emphasize cases in which acceptability judgments differ among low-frequency or zero-frequency structures. This chapter discusses a few studies which have directly examined the relationship between corpus frequency and acceptability and considers their implications for these different theoretical approaches. Alongside more traditional corpus studies, machine learning studies are also considered.
Gradient acceptability, methodological diversity, and theoretical interpretation
Authors: Francis Elaine J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractChapter 8 revisits the issues of form–meaning isomorphism and soft constraints, providing additional examples and arguments to support the positions taken in earlier chapters. The chapter then highlights three studies of split intransitivity in Spanish and English which used visual probe recognition tasks, cross-modal lexical priming tasks, and structural priming tasks to test a widely accepted syntactic distinction between unaccusative and unergative predicates. It is argued that while the results of these studies are open to different theoretical interpretations, the information gleaned from these and other alternative task types is potentially valuable for addressing syntactic questions. The chapter concludes with some brief remarks on big data, neurolinguistics, and the future of syntactic theory within an increasingly diverse methodological landscape.
The City and the Arts
Authors: Levy Daniel S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses how New York attracted artists and inventors. On Saturday nights, culture-seeking citizens followed a well-worn path to the home of Anne Charlotte Lynch. Her soirees just off Washington Square, had transformed her into a leader of the city's literary and artistic life, attracting authors Washington Irving and Edgar Allan Poe. Other authors living and writing in the city included James Fenimore Cooper, Herman Melville and Walt Whitman. As New Yorkers vied to be cultural leaders on par with those in Europe, the city's more sophisticated and socially conscious citizens actively supported both new and older art forms. With the growth of theaters and concert halls, actors and musicians flocked to town. The Bowery Theatre, which was owned by Thomas Hamblin, was the center of the common man's entertainment world. For entertainment aside from that offered by the theatre, New Yorkers in the 1830s and 1840s could go to places like Barnum’s American Museum or the New York Zoological Institute, located on the Bowery, to see its menagerie of animals. However, while New York brimmed with cultural life, much of the city's entertainment was restricted to white audiences. Yet despite their treatment, music and dance were one of the few ways that African Americans could express themselves within a society where most lacked basic rights.
Quenching a City’s Thirst
Authors: Levy Daniel S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the search for safe water in Manhattan. After the arrival of the Dutch in the early 17th century, there had been attempts to find a reliable source of water for both household use and for fighting fires. New York also lacked a sewage system to take away its waste, and the dumping of filth in the island’s streams and ponds caused the quality of the island’s water to suffer. Diseases, such as Yellow Fever and cholera spread, taking the lives of both the rich and the poor. A proper water system was desperately needed, and this chapter looks at the creation of the Manhattan Company. The private firm started bringing water to homes in the late 18th century. The system, though, was limited,. As the city expanded northward, officials started contemplating public ways to obtain a larger and more reliable water supply. Spurred by disease and the devastation of the Great Fire of 1835, the city began work on the creation of the Croton Aqueduct to flow a reliable source from upstate New York.
The Power of the Fire Engines
Authors: Levy Daniel S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the arrival of Croton water in 1842 not only gave the city potable water, it supplied the firemen with a reliable source to fight the flames. It was hoped that an accessible water supply would make the city safer. Even so, blazes still flared up. Sadly, the Bowery Theatre caught fire for the fourth time in April 1845, two and a half years after the Croton celebration. And then three months later, the new aqueduct system received a serious test when a fire broke out at J.L. Vandoren's sperm-oil store on New Street. While what became known as the Great Fire of 1845 destroyed 345 buildings, wiped out firms like Philip Hone’s American Mutual Insurance company, and brought physical, personal, and financial damage to many, the Croton water supply proved its worth. At the same time, the chapter explores how the volunteer fire department had become a problem for the city. While the men had zealously committed themselves to their jobs, their fire houses had developed into entrenched and troubling centers of entitlement, and would give future Tammany boss William Tweed his springboard to power.
Firemen and Politics
Authors: Levy Daniel S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines politics in New York. Nationally, the early 19th century witnessed a series of major shifts in political control. All the jostling for power resonated in New York, where Tammany Hall developed into the most powerful political organization. But while it had become an important presence in the governing of the city, Tammany was far from monolithic. There was constant infighting, and the group struggled to keep its disparate factions in check. One obvious place of Tammany strength was the firehouse. That was where so many had their first taste of power and took their hesitant initial steps up the social and political rungs of society and politics. The chapter follows William Tweed's departure from the firehouse and into the world of New York politics with his election as an alderman in the early 1850s. It also considers the reign of the “Forty Thieves,” a nickname given to Tweed and many of the other Common Council members who abused their position in government to profit from their offices. While not everyone in Tweed's class of 1852 qualified as a grifter, the group ushered in the most corrupt council the city had ever seen.
Corporation Pudding and Death
Authors: Levy Daniel S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at the growing problem of pollution on Manhattan Island. Since its founding, the city lacked proper sanitation. Garbage piles along the streets—which the public nicknamed “Corporation Pudding”—were supposed to be cleared up by the Department of Street Cleaning. However, the contractors rarely did their job. Because of the clutter, New York's streets proved hard to navigate. Adding to the nastiness was the mass of pigs, cattle and horses—which meant mounds of manure—along with all the rats scurrying around. Not surprisingly, sanitary conditions were thus the main cause of the diseases that permeated all levels of 19th-century New York society. With limited understanding of medicine or a sense of how to combat disease, Yellow Fever and cholera wreaked havoc on the city.