bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Follow-up study of infants recruited to the randomised, placebo-controlled trial of azithromycin for the prevention of chronic lung disease of prematurity in preterm infants—study protocol for the AZTEC-FU study
Authors: Kotecha Sarah J. , Course Christopher W. , Jones Kathryn E. , Watkins W. John , Berrington Janet , Gillespie David , Kotecha Sailesh 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background
Preterm birth, especially at less than 30 weeks’ gestation, is significantly associated with respiratory, neurodevelopmental and growth abnormalities. The AZTEC study has recruited 799 infants born at < 30 weeks’ gestation to determine if a ten-day intravenous treatment with azithromycin improves survival without development of chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLD) at 36 weeks’ post menstrual age (PMA) when compared to placebo. The follow-up studies will compare respiratory, neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes up to 2 years of corrected age between infants who received azithromycin and those who received placebo in the early neonatal period.

Methods
Survivors at 36 weeks’ PMA from the main Azithromycin Therapy for Chronic Lung Disease of Prematurity (AZTEC) study with parental consent will continue to be followed up to discharge from the neonatal unit and to 2 years of corrected age. Length of stay, rates of home oxygen, length of supplemental oxygen requirement, hospital admissions, drug usage, respiratory illness, neurodevelopmental disability and death rates will be reported. Data is being collected via parentally completed respiratory and neurodevelopmental questionnaires at 1 and 2 years of corrected age respectively. Additional information is being obtained from various sources including hospital discharge and clinical letters from general practitioners and hospitals as well as from national databases including the National Neonatal Research Database and NHS Digital.

Discussion
The AZTEC-FU study will assess mortality and important neonatal morbidities including respiratory, neurodevelopmental and growth outcomes. Important safety data will also be collected, including the incidence of potential consequences of early macrolide use, primarily pyloric stenosis. This study may have implications on future neonatal care.

Trial registration
The study was retrospectively registered on ISRCTN (ISRCTN47442783).
Lung cancer surgery after COVID-19 infection in a patient with severe interstitial pneumonia and restrictive ventilatory impairment
Authors: Komatsu Hiroaki , Izumi Nobuhiro , Tsukioka Takuma , Inoue Hidetoshi , Ito Ryuichi , Suzuki Satoshi , Nishiyama Noritoshi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background
The spread of COVID-19 infection increased the number of patients who underwent pulmonary resection for lung cancer after COVID-19 infection. It is unclear how previous infection with COVID-19 affects perioperative complications and acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia after surgery in patients with interstitial pneumonia.

Case presentation
An 80-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of a tumor in his left lung. Chest computed tomography showed a 28-mm nodule in the lower lobe of the left lung and usual interstitial pneumonia in bilateral lungs. Bronchoscopic examination was performed, which diagnosed squamous cell carcinoma. Pulmonary function testing revealed restrictive ventilatory impairment, and we planned to perform basal segmentectomy of the left lung. However, before the planned surgery, the patient contracted symptomatic COVID-19. Chest computed tomography revealed ground-glass opacities owing to COVID-19. The patient was admitted for surgery 7 weeks after COVID-19 infection. Preoperatively, pulmonary function testing was repeated, which revealed decreased % vital capacity (%VC) and % diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (%DLco). The 6-min walk test indicated a distance of 500 m, and the percutaneous oxygen saturation at the end of the test was 94%. Basal segmentectomy of the left lung was performed by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. The patient’s postoperative course was favorable, and he was discharged without the need for oxygen inhalational therapy 12 days after the surgery. Pathological examination of the resected specimen revealed usual interstitial pneumonia in the non-cancerous areas of the lung. Additionally, the infiltration of immature fibroblasts in the alveoli and perivascular infiltration of inflammatory cells were observed, which were consistent with fibrotic change after inflammation owing to COVID-19. Three months after the surgery, the patient was alive without recurrence or acute exacerbation of the interstitial pneumonia. Pulmonary function testing 6 weeks after surgery revealed decreased %VC and %DLco. Testing 12 weeks after surgery revealed persistently decreased %VC and improved %DLco (Table 1).Table 1
Pulmonary function test results before and after COVID-19 infection and 6 and 12 weeks after surgery

VC (ml)
%VC (%)
%DLco (%)

Before COVID-19 infection
2070
71.9
74.9

7 weeks after COVID-19 infection
1700
59.6
51.9

6 weeks after surgery
1500
52.6
53.1

12 weeks after surgery
1510
53.0
61.7

%VC % vital capacity, %DLco % diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide

Conclusion
We successfully performed basal segmentectomy of the left lung for lung cancer 7 weeks after COVID-19 infection in a patient with severe interstitial pneumonia and restrictive ventilatory impairment.
Phenotypic detection of methicillin resistance, biofilm production, and inducible clindamycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates in Kathmandu, Nepal
Authors: Maharjan Sujina , Ansari Mehraj , Maharjan Pawan , Rai Kul Raj , Sabina K. C. , Kattel Hari Prasad , Rai Ganesh , Rai Shiba Kumar 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Methicillin resistance, inducible clindamycin resistance (ICR), biofilm production, and increased minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of vancomycin in Staphylococcus aureus are major causes of antibiotic treatment failure and increased morbidity and mortality. The surveillance of such isolates and the study of their antimicrobial pattern are essential in managing the infections caused by these isolates. This study aimed to determine methicillin resistance, biofilm production, and ICR in S. aureus isolates from a tertiary care hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal.

Materials and methods
A total of 217 S. aureus isolated from different samples were processed following standard laboratory procedures. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were identified by the cefoxitin disk diffusion test, and biofilm producers were examined using the microtiter plate technique. D-test and E-test were performed to determine inducible clindamycin resistance and minimum inhibitory concentration of vancomycin, respectively.

Results
Among the 217 S. aureus isolates, 78.3% were multidrug-resistant (MDR), 47.0% were MRSA, 62.2% were biofilm producers, and 50.7% showed ICR. All MRSA isolates exhibited MIC levels of vancomycin within the susceptible range. Biofilm producers and MRSA isolates showed elevated antimicrobial resistance. MRSA was significantly associated with MDR. Biofilm-producing and multidrug-resistant MRSA isolates showed significantly higher MIC levels of vancomycin (p = 0.0013 and < 0.0001, respectively), while ICR was significantly higher in MDR (p = 0.0001) isolates.

Conclusion
High multidrug resistance, MRSA, and ICR in this study call for routine evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility patterns of S. aureus. Vancomycin can be used to treat serious staphylococcal infections. Clindamycin should be prescribed only after performing the D-test. Drugs like teicoplanin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, amikacin, and levofloxacin can treat MRSA infections.
Predictors of ambulatory recovery and walking proficiency in community-dwelling stroke survivors: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Usman Jibrin Sammani , Gbiri Caleb Ademola Omuwa , Olawale Olajide Ayinla 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundAlthough the major goal of rehabilitation is to return a stroke survivor (SSv) to as close to their pre-stroke functioning, limitation in ambulatory recovery and walking proficiency is the major impediment. Despite the importance of walking to the outcomes in stroke, factors predicting its recovery remain unclear. This study therefore was aimed at exploring the predictors of ambulatory recovery and walking proficiency in community-dwelling SSv.MethodsThis study involved 164 (83females) SSv from four tertiary health institutions in Nigeria. Ambulatory level and status was assessed using Functional Ambulatory Classification, motor function using the Fugl-Myer Assessment scale (lower limb), and ambulatory/waking endurance using the 6-min walk test. Ambulatory capability was assessed using the Lower Extremity Functional Scale, ambulatory self-confidence using the Ambulatory Self-Confidence Questionnaire, and functional ambulatory profile using the Modified Emory Functional Ambulation Profile. Mobility was assessed using the Modified Rivermead Mobility Index, functional mobility using Time Up and Go, balance using the Berg Balance Scale, and cognitive function using the modified Mini-Mental State Examination. Spatial indexes were assessed using the Footprint method and temporal variables using a stopwatch and gait speed on a 10-m walkway. Data was analyzed using multiple regression analysis atp≤ 0.05.ResultsParticipants (mean age = 54.3±11.36 years) have had stroke for 12.9 ± 17.39 months and spent 9.82 ± 13.19 months in hospital admissions. More (65.2%) had ischemic stroke with 54.3% of them having left hemispheric stroke. The predictors of ambulatory onset in SSv were stroke duration and length of stay in hospital admission contributing 40.3% (β= 0.403) and 17.6% (β= 0.176) respectively to the variance. Mobility (β= 0.249,p< 0.001), gait speed (β= 0.185,p= 0.012), paretic double-limb support time (β= 0.155,p= 0.03), balance (β= 0.334,p< 0.001), and cognition (β= 0.155,p= 0.01) were predictors of ambulatory self-confidence contributing 59.5% to the variance. Balance (β= 0.363,p< 0.001) and mobility (β= 0.155,p= 0.015) were predictors of ambulatory capability contributing 52.9% to the variance. Balance (β= −0.489,p< 0.001), paretic double-limb support time (β= 0.223,p= 0.003), gait speed (β= −0.181,p= 0.022), and paretic swing phase duration (β= 0.177,p= 0.01) were predictors of functional ambulatory profile (p< 0.05) contributing 52.9% to the variance. Gait speed (β= −0.648,p< 0.001) and step length (β= −0.157,p= 0.003) were predictors of walking endurance contributing 76.5% to the variance.ConclusionAmbulatory recovery and walking proficiency depend on the interplay among duration of stroke and length of hospitalization on the one hand and balance performance, cognitive function, and the spatiotemporal integrity of the affected limb on the other hand.
Postoperative Delirium Severity and Recovery Correlate With Electroencephalogram Spectral Features
Authors: Guay Christian S. , Kafashan MohammadMehdi , Huels Emma R. , Jiang Ying , Beyoglu Bora , Spencer James W. , Geczi Kristin , Apakama Ginika , Ju Yo-El S. , Wildes Troy S. , Avidan Michael S. , Palanca Ben Julian A. 
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND:
Delirium is an acute syndrome characterized by inattention, disorganized thinking, and an altered level of consciousness. A reliable biomarker for tracking delirium does not exist, but oscillations in the electroencephalogram (EEG) could address this need. We evaluated whether the frequencies of EEG oscillations are associated with delirium onset, severity, and recovery in the postoperative period.

METHODS:
Twenty-six adults enrolled in the Electroencephalography Guidance of Anesthesia to Alleviate Geriatric Syndromes (ENGAGES; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02241655) study underwent major surgery requiring general anesthesia, and provided longitudinal postoperative EEG recordings for this prespecified substudy. The presence and severity of delirium were evaluated with the confusion assessment method (CAM) or the CAM-intensive care unit. EEG data obtained during awake eyes-open and eyes-closed states yielded relative power in the delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), and alpha (8–13 Hz) bands. Discriminability for delirium presence was evaluated with c-statistics. To account for correlation among repeated measures within patients, mixed-effects models were generated to assess relationships between: (1) delirium severity and EEG relative power (ordinal), and (2) EEG relative power and time (linear). Slopes of ordinal and linear mixed-effects models are reported as the change in delirium severity score/change in EEG relative power, and the change in EEG relative power/time (days), respectively. Bonferroni correction was applied to confidence intervals (CIs) to account for multiple comparisons.

RESULTS:
Occipital alpha relative power during eyes-closed states offered moderate discriminability (c-statistic, 0.75; 98% CI, 0.58–0.87), varying inversely with delirium severity (slope, –0.67; 98% CI, –1.36 to –0.01; P = .01) and with severity of inattention (slope, –1.44; 98% CI, –2.30 to –0.58; P = .002). Occipital theta relative power during eyes-open states correlated directly with severity of delirium (slope, 1.28; 98% CI, 0.12–2.44; P = .007), inattention (slope, 2.00; 98% CI, 0.48–3.54; P = .01), and disorganized thinking (slope, 3.15; 98% CI, 0.66–5.65; P = .01). Corresponding frontal EEG measures recapitulated these relationships to varying degrees. Severity of altered level of consciousness correlated with frontal theta relative power during eyes-open states (slope, 11.52; 98% CI, 6.33–16.71; P < .001). Frontal theta relative power during eyes-open states correlated inversely with time (slope, –0.05; 98% CI, –0.12 to –0.04; P = .002).

CONCLUSIONS:
Presence, severity, and core features of postoperative delirium covary with spectral features of the EEG. The cost and accessibility of EEG facilitate the translation of these findings to future mechanistic and interventional trials.
Design, development, and local production of lipid-based nutritional supplements to enhance the complementary feeding diet: A model for collaboration for a feeding trial in Bangladesh
Authors: Merrill Rebecca , de Pee Saskia , Ahmed Tahmeed , Kramer Klaus , Hossain Nahid , Choudhury Nuzhat , Schumacher Britta , Steiger Georg , Minhas Shahid , Shamim Abu Ahmed , Shaikh Saijuddin , Fuli Rachel , Christian Parul 
Published: September 2022

Background: Lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) are effective for treating childhood wasting and for preventing stunting, wasting, and anemia, but large-scale production and programmatic use are a barrier. Locally-developed and produced LNS may be more affordable and reduce logistical procurement and importation hurdles, while promoting private sector engagement and partnership. Methods: In northwestern Bangladesh, we conducted a community-based trial of complementary food supplementation to test its efficacy to reduce childhood stunting. Two locally-developed, small-quantity LNS (20g/day, rice-lentil and chick-pea based) were designed, developed first at small scale in the ‘kitchen’ laboratory under controlled conditions, followed by taking them to a local food manufacturer for larger production for the study. We describe here the partnership, required expertise and capacity, experiences, and lessons learned that made this uniquely complex undertaking possible Results: Key steps in the journey included addressing the dynamics of clear communication between partners, executing on carefully assigned tasks and roles, correcting course when needed, and maintaining timeliness and roadmaps. Knowledge of food science and technology was key in solving many food-production challenges that were encountered in taking the laboratory recipe to the factory. Factory production was established and had to meet quality and hygiene criteria set for young children. Conclusions: We provide documentation of this experience as a model to describe the various steps and considerations and what is entailed in local LNS production. We highlight the importance of a well-conceived collaboration with clear roles that created a ‘win-win’ situation for all partners for achieving common goals, establishing improved technology at the factory, and building new capacity to produce such products for children in a low resource setting. Key words: micronutrient, lipid-based nutrient supplements, maternal and child, malnutrition, multiagency collaboration
STATE OF TRANSPORT INDUSTRY OF RUSSIA AND MAIN TRENDS OF ITS DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Mirkina Olga N. 
Published: September 2022

The transport industry is the most important branch of the Russian economy. A significant part of the population is employed in the industry, it creates a significant amount of national income. An analysis of the most important indicators of the industry for 2018–2020 was carried out. To identify trends in the development of the transport industry, a detailed analysis was carried out in the following areas: freight transportation, passenger transportation, the length of transport routes, the presence of freight and passenger vehicles. An increase in transportation indicators, an increase in the length of public roads, a decrease in the availability of almost all types of vehicles were revealed. All indicators were adversely affected by pandemic-related constraints. At the same time, the economy of the country needs the development of the industry under consideration. Supporting the state and removing obstacles will allow the industry to develop.
The goal is to review the state of the transport industry of Russia and identify the main trends in its development.
Method or methodology of work: the study used general scientific methods – statistical, comparative analysis, logical generalizations.
Results: The current state of Transportation and Storage industry is assessed and some trends of its development are shown.
Field of application of the results: the obtained results can be used by economic entities in the field of transport organization.
DIAGNOSIS OF BRAKE SYSTEMS OF MOTOR VEHICLES IN OPERATING CONDITIONS
Authors: Huseynov Rasul V. , Alieva Karina A. , Nazhmudinova Madina N. 
Published: September 2022

The article analyzes the effectiveness of methods for monitoring motor vehicles during operation. The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the braking system is an important element responsible for the safe operation of the car.
Purpose. To increase the efficiency of the technical operation of motor vehicles on the basis of the road method for diagnosing brake systems.
Methodology or methodology for conducting work. The article considers the road method using accelerometers.
Results. The main disadvantages of the road method and stands of various designs are considered, which give low reliability of the determined parameters of efficiency and stability during vehicle braking. The effectiveness of the implementation of on-line road diagnostics of automotive braking systems of multi-channel accelerometers is shown, which, when assessing course stability during braking, provide visually convincing information with a fairly high level of reliability.
Practical implications: the results of the study can be used by car service organizations.
Can Public Organizations Perform Like Private Firms? The Role of Heterogeneous Resources and Practices
Authors: Teodorovicz Thomaz , Lazzarini Sérgio , Cabral Sandro , Nardi Leandro 
Published: September 2022

Despite the well-known governance problems in public (state-owned) organizations, such as process rigidity, limited autonomy, and weak incentives, public organizations exhibit substantial performance heterogeneity, with some performing similarly to their private counterparts. In this paper, we scrutinize those sources of heterogeneous performance based on the interplay of management practices and resources. We argue that the governance constraints in public organizations inhibit the adoption of performance-enhancing practices. However, this negative effect is attenuated by the presence of distinct resources, such as human capital. We examine these effects in the context of over 9,000 public and private schools in Brazil. We find that private schools are more likely to use internal operational practices, such as planning and human resource management, as well as practices of engaging with external stakeholders. Differential adoption of these practices partially explains why private schools outperform their public counterparts in terms of student learning. Yet, access to highly educated teachers in public schools attenuates the negative association between public governance and the adoption of superior practices. In other words, schools with skilled teachers are more likely to adopt superior practices, thus reducing their performance gap compared with private schools. This result suggests that heterogeneous resource endowments—in our context, human capital—can soften governance constraints that inhibit performance-enhancing practices in public organizations. We thus show that heterogeneous practices and resources jointly explain not only performance differences across public and private organizations but also variations in the performance of organizations with the same governance form. Funding: This work was supported by Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico [Grant 428670/2016-4]; Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo [Grants 2016/18423-3 and 2017/07423-5]. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1634 .
Driving system for Mach–Zehnder electro-optic modulators in microwave photonics
Authors: Yue Jiantao , Kang Jiehu , Li Hongtong , Hou Yibing , Zhang Zhen , Wu Bin 
Published: September 2022

In order to obtain a modulation signal with high bandwidth and highly stable output power without distortion, an electro-optic modulator driving system with quick response to the input signal is designed in this paper. The system mainly includes three parts: power supply module, microwave signal generation module, and automatic gain control (AGC) module. The power supply module provides appropriate voltage and current for other two modules. The microwave signal generation module is used to generate microwave signals. The AGC module adopts the digital AGC control structure and the PID control principle to achieve stable control of the output power of the microwave signal. The hardware is developed, and the software algorithm is integrated into the driving system to verify the effectiveness and stability. The experimental results show that the bandwidth of the AGC module reaches 20 GHz. The proposed AGC module can effectively stabilize the output power of the microwave signal at 10 dBm with fluctuations less than ±1.5 dB, and its stability is improved by 74.95% compared to existing instrument. When the input power changes at 10 KHz, the system can still achieve stable control performance and has exhibited excellent dynamic response characteristics.