bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applied methods to detect and prevent vulnerabilities within PLC alarms code
Authors: Serhane Abraham , Raad Raad , Susilo Willy , Raad Mohamad 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Adversaries may target alerting alarms raised by PLCs (Programmable Logic Controllers) to prevent notifying operators of critical conditions, to hide faults, to disrupt operations, to cause damages to ICS (Industrial Control Systems) and surrounding environment, or to lead to financial loss. The paper focuses on exposing vulnerabilities of the ladder logic code that handles the alerting alarm messages and how to mitigate them. A real-time test bed of a PLC alarms code was developed and used to conduct several stealthy attack techniques to suppress or hinder alarms by exploiting code vulnerabilities. A novel ladder logic solution that consists of countermeasures against the introduced attacks was proposed, demonstrated, and tested. The countermeasure techniques, such as scan time and heartbeat techniques, were able to detect and prevent the code vulnerabilities and other abnormalities. The provided countermeasure techniques in this experiment could be applied to any PLC to enhance the validity and security of its PLC alarms code.

Article Highlights

Four stealthy attack models were introduced to exploit PLC alarms code. They were embedded to skip, delete, fake out, or delay alerting alarms.

Real-time countermeasure solutions with different techniques were introduced: scan time code, heartbeat code, and physical plausibility check. They effectively detected and prevented the introduced attack models.

PLC alarms Code general abnormalities was validated and detected using scan time techniques.

A list of general best code practices for PLC alarms code was introduced to mitigate code vulnerabilities.
Lead electrodeposition from aliphatic polyamines solutions
Authors: Ciszewski Mateusz , Drzazga Michał , Kowalik Patrycja , Orda Szymon , Hawełek Łukasz 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical processing of ores and concentrates generates large amount of various solid residues. These may contain significant amount of heavy metals, particularly lead is of great importance. It is present in form of anglesite, cerrusite or lead oxides. Hydrometallurgical processing of leaching residues, dusts, and fly ashes is used to recover valuable metals from these streams. Acid leaching in sulfuric acid solutions or spent electrolyte results in producing high amount of lead sulfate that is still very attractive material to fulfill demand of lead acid battery market. Aliphatic linear polyamines are solvent extracting agents very selective towards lead sulfate. Here we report the comparative tests of four different linear aliphatic homologs, namely ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, and tetraethylenepentamine as potential extracting agents of lead sulfate. The core research was devoted to the possibility of direct electrodeposition of lead from various polyamines solutions. Electrochemical tests performed at current density 200 A/m2, 60 °C, with an addition of selected inhibitor showed the possibility to produce metal layer with 97.2% purity for triethylenetetramine.
Graphical abstract
Hormone Concentrations in Transgender Women Who Self-Prescribe Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Salakphet Tanadon , Mattawanon Natnita , Manojai Natthaporn , Muangmool Tanarat , Tangpricha Vin 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundSelf-prescribed gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is common practice among transgender women, especially in resource-limited countries, yet the effectiveness of each GAHT regimen to achieve female range sex hormone concentrations is not known.AimTo describe the use and sex hormone concentrations of various GAHT regimens among transgender women who self prescribe in Thailand.MethodsThis was a retrospective study in a community-based setting. Five hundred and 27 records of transgender women taking GAHT who were receiving care at a community health center between January 1, 2018, and December 31, 2020 were included for the analysis.Main Outcome MeasuresBlood total testosterone and estradiol concentration after at least a 6-month period of GAHT.ResultsMultiple GAHT regimens were identified including oral estradiol valerate (EV), transdermal 17β-estradiol gel, injectable EV with hydroxyprogesterone caproate, injectable estradiol benzoate with progesterone, oral EV with cyproterone acetate (CPA), and oral contraceptive pills (OCPs). The most common GAHT regimen used by 49.1% of the participants was OCPs that contained 0.035 mg of ethinyl estradiol and 2 mg of CPA. Only 25.2% of this group had female range testosterone concentrations (&lt;50 ng/dL). Oral EV and CPA were used by 23.1% of the participants. Most of them used 12.5 mg of CPA and 47.7% of this group had female range testosterone concentrations. There was no statistical significance between mean testosterone concentrations in CPA 12.5 and 25 mg groups, (P = .086).Clinical ImplicationsThe inadequate sex hormone levels found in these commonly self-prescribed GAHT regimens provide information regarding the efficacy and safety of GAHT regimens for health care providers working with transgender women in a community-based setting.Strengths and LimitationsThis study reflected a real-world situation and provided hormonal profiles among transgender women taking self-prescribed GAHT. However, issues in recall, medical literacy, and adherence to the medication may limit the results.ConclusionCombined hormonal contraceptive pill was a commonly used GAHT regimen in Thai transgender women who self prescribe GAHT. However, this regimen was not effective to decrease testosterone concentrations to the recommended range of less than 50 ng/dL. Overall, self-prescription of GAHT does not appear to be effective in reaching target sex hormone concentrations. Including health care providers in the prescription and monitoring of GAHT may be a more effective approach in the delivery of GAHT.
Establishment of a Rapid Response, 100-Bedded COVID-19 Hospital With General Wards and Intensive Care Unit Within 35 Days in North Karnataka, India: Report From the Field
Authors: Hegde Kiran , Sharma Himanshu , Killedar Makhdoom , Betadur Deepak 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the state of Karnataka, India, the first case of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) was diagnosed on March 9, 2020. As stated by the WHO, around 15% of COVID-19 patients require treatment in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Keeping this in mind, along with the increase in COVID-19 patients in Karnataka, it was predicted that the prevailing general wards and ICUs would be overburdened with the added non-COVID-19 diseases and infirmities. Hence, it was decided to set up a separate infrastructure to reduce the chances of transmission among the patients within the hospital. Thus, the board at SDM College of Medical Sciences & Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, took the responsibility to establish a fully equipped 100-bedded hospital in its premise as part of the national and state services to combat the outbreak. The aim of the study was to establish an isolated, fully functional hospital, equipped with all necessary diagnostic and critical care facilities to treat patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in North Karnataka, India.
Beneath the skin: method and perception in Hippocratic medicine
Authors: Torres Jorge 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper examines some neglected aspects of Hippocratic medicine, drawing special attention to certain methodological questions concerning the role of sense perception in the acquisition of medical knowledge. I argue that there is greater epistemological uniformity among the texts of the HippocraticCorpusthan is sometimes assumed. I provide a careful reading of seemingly inconsistent Hippocratic treatises in the light of a plausible and coherent epistemological model. The impression that we are dealing with different, indeed inconsistent, epistemological views can be explained away by the specific dialectical contexts of each work and their historical background. Most importantly, a proper justification of this model will require us to delve into the epistemological foundations of Hippocratic medicine.
Ca’ Granda, an avant-garde hospital between the Renaissance and Modern age: a unique scenario in European history
Authors: Mattia Mirko , Biehler-Gomez Lucie , Sguazza Emanuela , Galimberti Paolo Maria , Vaglienti Folco , Gibelli Daniele , Poppa Pasquale , Caccia Giulia , Caccianiga Marco , Vanin Stefano , Manthey Laura , Jantz Richard L. , Di Candia Domenico , Maderna Emanuela , Albini Giuliana , Pawaskar Sachin , Damann Franklin , Fedeli Anna Maria , Belgiovine Elena , Capuzzo Daniele , Slavazzi Fabrizio , Cattaneo Cristina 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe Ospedale Maggiore, known as Ca’ Granda, was founded in 1456 by will of Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan, and was considered for almost five centuries a model for Milanese, Italian and even European healthcare. Attracting patients from all over Europe, the Ca’ Granda distinguished itself for the introduction of new treatments and innovative health reforms. In the burial ground of the hospital still lie the bodies of the deceased patients, who came from the poorest strata of the population. The study of their remains aims to give back a general identity and a story to each of these persons as well as reconstruct a fraction of the sixteenth century population of Milano as concerns lifestyle and disease and examine practises and therapy of this exceptional hospital. It is estimated that about two million commingled bones and articulated skeletons rest in the crypt, together with other types of findings (e.g., ceramic, coins, clothing). These remains are the object of a large project involving various disciplines ranging from humanities to hard sciences. The aim of this paper is to bring this historical gem to the attention of scholars and provide a glimpse of what its contents have already revealed.
Immigrant Irishwomen and maternity services in New York and Boston, 1860–1911
Authors: Breathnach Ciara 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMedical acculturation forms a crucial part of the process of migration, and equally, the influx of migrants can shape how medical structures develop in receiving societies – nowhere is that more evident than in the American metropolis. In the late nineteenth century, few ethnic groups caused such sustained bio-hazard concerns as the Irish in America. Poverty and the sheer numbers migrating in the post-Famine (1852-) era, caused the immigrant Irish body to be pathologised, or described in medical terms, to a much greater degree and for longer than their Anglo-Saxon or German counterparts. With a particular focus on Irishwomen’s use of maternity services in New York and Boston, this article aims to elucidate the potential of medical records to flesh out the understandings of how immigrants navigated healthcare. By adopting a case study approach to hospital records in tandem with other data sources, it shows what is being lost through restrictive data protection legislation. It discusses how Irishness was politicised in the contexts of immigration, the social history of medicine and medicalisation.
A CONTINUOUS HOMOMORPHISM OF A THIN SET ONTO A FAT SET
Authors: CHALEBGWA TABOKA PRINCE , MORRIS SIDNEY A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA thin set is defined to be an uncountable dense zero-dimensional subset of measure zero and Hausdorff measure zero of an Euclidean space. A fat set is defined to be an uncountable dense path-connected subset of an Euclidean space which has full measure, that is, its complement has measure zero. While there are well-known pathological maps of a set of measure zero, such as the Cantor set, onto an interval, we show that the standard addition on
$\mathbb {R}$
maps a thin set onto a fat set; in fact the fat set is all of
$\mathbb {R}$
. Our argument depends on the theorem of Paul Erdős that every real number is a sum of two Liouville numbers. Our thin set is the set
$\mathcal {L}^{2}$
, where
$\mathcal {L}$
is the set of all Liouville numbers, and the fat set is
$\mathbb {R}$
itself. Finally, it is shown that
$\mathcal {L}$
and
$\mathcal {L}^{2}$
are both homeomorphic to
$\mathbb {P}$
, the space of all irrational numbers.
Dividing the Indivisible: Cold War Sovereignty, National Division, and the German Question at the United Nations
Authors: Gehrig Sebastian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDivided Germany became one of the focal points for international disputes over sovereignty in the late 1960s and early seventies. In a period that is commonly associated with West German Ostpolitik and the diplomatic recognition of German division, the international community disputed how the sovereignty of “divided nations” should be framed under international law. The German-German battle over the terms of détente unfolded within these politics of sovereignty surrounding conflicts over “national divisions” along Cold War front lines as well as the simultaneous confrontations over postcolonial sovereignty. At the United Nations, the issues of German and Chinese division converged at the height of decolonization when East German concepts of sovereignty and self-determination challenged the UN foundational principle of “one nation, one seat” rooted in ethnic nationality. Eventually, the United Nations accepted a German exceptionalism in admitting both German states as members in 1973 based on historical rather than legal explanations for divided German sovereignty, while conflicts around “divided countries” in Asia remained unresolved. In turn, these clashes over international law transformed older German legal traditions of sovereignty and self-determination and opened up Staatsrecht frameworks to legal concepts originating from decolonization.
The Sufi and the Sickle: Theorizing Mystical Marxism in Rural Pakistan
Authors: Raza Shozab 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn worlds of difference, how might certain unities be forged for liberation? This paper pursues this question from the vantage-point of the dialectical tension between Marxism and religion. While some scholars have noted parallels between the two, philosophers of critical realism have aimed to establish a deeper equivalence between Marxism and religion. This paper, however, considers how an equivalence may be forged by subaltern actors in the context of political struggles—how a religious Marxism might look as a theoretical and political practice. I do this by historically reconstructing the life of Sufi Sibghatullah Mazari, a locally influential communist from Pakistan who equated Sufism with Mao-inflected Marxism. Born into a poor farming family from South Punjab, he would go on to lead peasant movements against “feudal” landlords (jagirdars) during the 1970s and be recruited into the Mazdoor Kisan Party, the country’s historically largest communist party, which drew inspiration from Mao Tse-tung. Sibghatullah’s introduction to Maoist thought and practice, especially its emphasis on a vernacular-driven communist universalism, led him to comparatively reflect on circulating insurgent Sufisms and their own universalist possibilities. Maoism and Sufism’s shared universalist elements then allowed him to equate the two: an equivalence he centered on the concept of Truth (Haqiqat). Sibghatullah also expressed this “mystical Marxism” in his political practice, as he mentored revolutionary Sufi disciples, recruited Sufi-inflected mullahs into the communist party, built alternative insurgent mosques, and even challenged the tribal and patriarchal “honor” codes, practices that, in undermining landlordism’s hegemony over Islam, threatened its reproduction.
Evidence for Whistler Waves Propagating Into the Electron Diffusion Region of Collisionless Magnetic Reconnection
Authors: Zhong Z. H. , Zhou M. , Graham D. B. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Wu Y. F. , Le Contel O. , Li H. M. , Tao X. , Tang R. X. , Deng X. H. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDespite a growing number of observations of whistler waves in/around the reconnection diffusion region, the origin of the whistler waves in the diffusion region and their role in reconnection remain elusive. This paper investigates the whistler‐mode waves within an electron‐scale reconnecting current sheet observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission on 23 December 2016. These whistlers were observed in both the electron diffusion region (EDR) and the immediate inflow region of the electron‐scale magnetic reconnection site. The dispersion relation of these whistlers is measured and compared to predictions from linear theory for the first time in these regions. The comparison shows that the field‐aligned drifting electron component critically modifies the dispersion relation of whistlers in the EDR due to the Doppler‐shift effects. We demonstrate that these whistlers propagated into the EDR from outside rather than locally excited, however, they did not provide sufficiently large anomalous dissipation in this EDR.
Intra‐Crater Eruption Dynamics at Nyiragongo (D.R. Congo), 2002–2021
Authors: Barrière Julien , Nicolas d’Oreye  , Smets Benoît , Oth Adrien , Delhaye Louise , Subira Josué , Mashagiro Niche , Derauw Dominique , Smittarello Delphine , Syavulisembo Adalbert Muhindo , Kervyn François 
Published: April 2022

AbstractNyiragongo is one of the rare volcanoes on Earth hosting a lava lake. However, the understanding of its plumbing and lava lake systems remains limited, with, until recently, only sporadic or time‐limited historical observations and measurements. Combining dense accurate lava lake and crater floor level measurements based on 1,703 satellite radar images and topographic reconstructions using photogrammetry, we obtain the first reliable picture and time evolution of intra‐crater erupted lava volumes between the two last flank eruptions in January 2002 and May 2021. The filling of the crater by lava, initiated in 2002 and continued up to May 2021, is seen as an evidence of a long‐term pressure build up of the magmatic system. This filling occurs through irregular pulsatory episodes of rising lava lake level, some of which overflow and solidify on the surrounding crater floor. Pauses of stable molten lava lake level and sudden numerous level drops also marked the summit's eruptive activity. The joint analysis with seismic records available since 2015 revealed that the largest lava lake drops are synchronous with seismic swarms associated with deep magma intrusions, generally preceded by an increase of extrusion rate within the crater. The appearance of a spatter cone in the summit crater in 2016, most likely superficially branched to the lava lake, was a clear marker of the change in eruption dynamics. This first long‐term time series of Nyiragongo's crater topography between two hazardous flank eruptions might further help to better decipher Nyiragongo's past and future behavior using multi‐parameter observations.
Differential Ablation of Organic Coatings From Micrometeoroids Simulated in the Laboratory
Authors: DeLuca Michael , Sternovsky Zoltan , Armes Steven P. , Fielding Lee A. , Horányi Mihály , Janches Diego , Kupihar Zoltan , Munsat Tobin , Plane John M. C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMicrometeoroids contain organic material that may undergo differential ablation during atmospheric entry, potentially depositing organic material into Earth's atmosphere and affecting the radar detectability of meteors. To investigate the differential ablation of organics, we used a dust accelerator to shoot submicron polypyrrole‐coated olivine particles at speeds of 10–20 km/s into a gas target containing air. A set of biased electrodes placed along the path of the particles measured the charges generated when the particles ablated and the ablated molecules collided with gas molecules. We observed that the particles differentially ablate their organic polypyrrole coatings prior to their inorganic olivine cores, producing spikes in charge production, with charge yields of 104–105 C/kg even at relatively low speeds. These measurements suggest that large organic molecules survived ablation and are responsible for the observed charge production since small molecules either do not produce ions at those speeds or produce them in much lower quantities than observed. We modeled the ablation using basic meteor physics by assuming that the polypyrrole coating decomposes into pyrrole monomer. Extending these results to the ablation of micrometeoroids in the atmosphere indicates that organic coatings should ablate at high altitudes within relatively narrow altitude ranges, which has consequences for the detectability of meteors by radar. Since the ablated coatings generate relatively large molecules, the results also suggest that micrometeoroids can deliver complex organic material into planetary atmospheres by ablating them during entry, potentially serving as a source of prebiotic organics.
Identification and validation of ecto-5' nucleotidase as an immunotherapeutic target in multiple myeloma
Authors: Ray Arghya , Song Yan , Du Ting , Buon Leutz , Tai Yu-Tzu , Chauhan Dharminder , Anderson Kenneth C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractInteraction of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) with multiple myeloma (MM) cells, T- or NK-effector cells in the bone marrow (BM) microenvironment induces tumor cell growth, as well as inhibits innate and adaptive immune responses. Defining pDC-MM interaction-triggered immunosuppressive mechanism(s) will enable design of interventional therapies to augment anti-MM immunity. In the present study, we show that pDC-MM interactions induce metabolic enzyme Ecto-5' Nucleotidase/CD73 in both pDCs and MM cells. Gene expression database from MM patients showed that CD73 levels inversely correlate with overall survival. Using our pDC-MM coculture models, we found that blockade of CD73 with anti-CD73 Abs: decreases adenosine levels; activates MM patient pDCs; triggers cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activity against autologous patient MM cells. Combination of anti-CD73 Abs and an immune-stimulating agent TLR-7 agonist enhances autologous MM-specific CD8+ CTL activity. Taken together, our preclinical data suggest that the therapeutic targeting of CD73, alone or in combination with TLR-7 agonist, represents a promising novel strategy to restore host anti-MM immunity.