bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grades and standards in the context of international trade : Some ethical considerations
Authors: Thompson Paul B. 
Published: March 2022

Grades and standards in the context of international trade : Some ethical considerations.
Grades and standards for both domestic and international trade are based in part on beliefs about the purpose of commerce, its contribution to the public good, and general principles on which specific exchanges should be either permitted or restricted. These beliefs form the basis for ethical arguments about grades and standards. Two general types of argument have formed a dual ethical rationale for liberalization of trade restrictions and expansion of global trade. On the one hand, libertarian arguments stress the freedom or right of individuals to dispose of legally acquired property however they see fit. Libertarian arguments rule out restrictions on personal freedom except under conditions of exit and consent. On the other hand, utilitarian arguments stress the social benefit of free trade and utilize economic analysis to demonstrate that relatively open trading systems lead toward efficient use of society's total resources. These two rationales can come into conflict over grades and standards, however. The utilitarian rationale provides a basis for standards aimed at insuring health and safety that can conflict with libertarian belief that individuals should be at liberty to choose which risks to run, and which to avoid. Standards intended to support culturally based food practices become especially controversial, especially when they are negotiated at an international level. While utilitarians may be willing to use scientific risk assessment to predict actual benefits and risks of a given standard, libertarians may regard nationally based cultural food standards as intricate systems of exit and consent. If so they will object to international standard setting based on benefit-risk calculation, and will insist on procedures that leave opportunities for exit and that involve citizens in the active procurement of consent.
Socio-economic and ecological effects of alternative direct payment regimes on different Swiss Alpine regions
Authors: Flury Christian , Gotsch Nikolaus , Rieder Peter 
Published: March 2022

Effets socio-économiques et écologiques de systèmes alternatifs de paiements directs dans deux régions des Alpes suisses
D'une région à l'autre, les niveaux de productivité de la terre, les besoins en moyens et techniques de production, ainsi que les coûts à produire diffèrent, ils sont fonction des caractéristiques topographiques, climatiques, environnementales, agronomiques et structurelles de la région et conduisent à des formes d'utilisation de la terre très variées. En outre, l'utilisation des terres offre des exemples évidents d'externalités environnementales et de nouveaux indicateurs couvrant une large diversité d'attributs et d'actifs environnementaux ont dû être élaborés afin de répondre à la demande des responsables régionaux de développement rural. Un modèle spatial de programmation linéaire est présenté dans cet article. Il porte sur deux régions des Alpes suisses et permet d'analyser les effets de différentes options de paiements directs sur l'utilisation de sols, notamment leurs conséquences sur le nombre de sols mis en jachère, selon leur situation topographique. L'étude démontre également que l'efficacité écologique peut être améliorée si les aspects régionaux et spatiaux sont pris en compte lors de l'élaboration des nouvelles mesures de politique agricole, et ce à un moindre coût pour le contribuable. Il apparaît enfin que la suppression des paiements directs actuels, qui visent au maintien du revenu agricole, pourrait être à l'origine d'un effondrement de l'agriculture dans les régions des Alpes suisses.
Les systèmes productifs localisés : un bilan de la littérature
Authors: Courlet Claude 
Published: March 2022

Local productive systems : a survey of the literature.
This article presents an assessment of the literature on local productive systems (LPS), emphasising the origins and development of this concept This brief review of literature allows to stress the important contribution of Alfred Marshall's theoretical developments to the most recent works dealing with LPS (involving the analysis of inductrial districts in Italy, the clusters in developing countries, the adoption of innovations in rural areas, etc.). The notion of LPS allows, first, to understand the organisation of linkages among firms located in the same area, and second, to clarify the nature of externalities generated by their proximity. A LPS can be literally defined as a cluster characterised by the proximity of productive systems (industrial and service firms, research centres, interfaces, etc.) which are interrelated at different degrees. However, LPS is not a stable concept and is subject to many different interpretations, two of which are the focus of this article.
Régulation de la sphère viticole dans la périphérie européenne : le cas du Portugal
Authors: Simões Orlando 
Published: March 2022

Wine sector regulation at the periphery of Europe : the case of Portugal.
Its position at the periphery of Europe confers specific features to Portugal's economic and social attributes. Internally, the three main characteristics are : a dominant role of the State in domestic affairs, strong social solidarity mechanisms and a complex social fabric relying on informal compensatory mechanisms. Externally, emphasis is laid on Portugal's geo-strategic position at the European periphery and the implications of such a position. The present study approaches Portuguese viticulture in terms of sectorial regulation, and identifies historical periods with different forms of regulation of the viticultural industry. The major differences and similarities between Portugal and the European wine producing country par excellence, i.e. France, are highlighted.
Starting from the XVIIIth century, the first period that is identifiable in this historical analysis lasted till the first quarter of the XXth century. This period corresponds to a phase of in-stitutionalisation of two wine spheres, i.e. Port wine versus other wines. A phase of mass production then followed from the 1930s to the 60s. During this period, the Port wine trade met with difficulties on international markets and production of domestic common wine was favoured. Finally, a third period corresponds to integration into Europe. Following the development of new consumption patterns, this period is characterised by a qualitative renewal both on
Since 1861, Portugal and France have adopted the same global strategy in world-wide viticulture. Concerning the differences between the two countries, Portugal is characterised by the dominant role of the State, weak professional organisations, delayed adoption of new consumption patterns and delay in the existing relations of production and subjection to foreign economic regimes. With respect to this dependence, the importance of the integration process into the European community should be underscored for the wine sector. This integration has promoted access to more quality-demanding markets. It has been a funding resource to improve the productive and industrial levels of Portugal and has helped to develop new ways of organising and managing the wine sector. As a result, this sector has become less government-dependent and more concerned with quality. These factors have made it possible to increase the relative share of quality wines (VQPRD) in the national wine production, and have also helped reduce the traditional polarisation between Port wine and the remaining Portuguese wines. A better range of wines can now be found on the market.
De l'utilité sociale du contrôle public de la qualité minimale des vins
Authors: Jayet Pierre-Alain , Fuentes-Castro Daniel 
Published: March 2022

About the social opportunity of public regulation on low quality wines
This paper deals with the endogenous choice of wine quality by two professional organisations controlled or not by a regulating body. For this purpose, we propose a model based on a continuum of consumers (characterised by a taste parameter ) and of producers (characterised by a performance parameter ). It is assumed that as quality increases, production cost expands while yield per unit of acreage declines. The market prices of the two (given) qualities are the perfectly competitive prices. Assuming perfect competition, the two professional organisations decide simultaneously the quality level in which they engage their producers. When quality is determined according to pro-ducers' profits, the equilibrium solution is zero differentiation. Quality differentiation occurs when the highest quality is provided by a public authority. Finally, we show that the socially optimal level of differentiation occurs when the regulating authority selects the level of the lowest quality. This result leads us to provide welfare estimates and guidelines to the French Institut national des appellations d'origine as an efficient public authority regulating wine qualities.
OGM et relations commerciales transatlantiques
Authors: Cadot Olivier , Suwa-Eisenmann Akiko , Traça Daniel 
Published: March 2022

Trade-related issues in the regulation of genetically-modified organisms

This paper examines some of the trade-related aspects of the transatlantic conflict over agricultural biotechnology regulation. We first review the notion of "regulatory protectionism" and the difficulties arising in its definition. We also discuss its economic rationale in the light of the strategic trade policy literature. Next, we turn to an empirical assessment of the trade effects of EU biotechnology regulations, verifying the evidence in support of US claims that those regulations have hurt US agricultural exports. Preliminary econometric results at a disaggregated level seem to indicate that there was no shock on US exports of corn seeds for planting in the years 1997-2000. Evidence for soybeans points to a price effect. The paper then turns to a comparison of GMO regulation in the US and EU, assessing the importance of trade vs non-trade
issues.
Regional income effects of producer support under the CAP
Authors: Anders Sven , Harsche Johannes , Herrmann Roland , Salhofer Klaus 
Published: March 2022

Effets sur le revenu régional du soutien aux producteurs distribué par la PAC
La politique agricole commune (PAC) de l’Union européenne est caractérisée par un large éventail de programmes et mesures mis en oeuvre, qui diffèrent selon la catégorie d’instruments utilisés, en fonction des produits et dans le temps. En conséquence, l’impact net de cette combinaison d’instruments en terme d’incitation par les prix pour les producteurs et les consommateurs est opaque depuis des années. Notre étude utilise un concept régionalisé de l’estimation du soutien au producteur (ESP) pour évaluer les effets de la PAC pour les producteurs au niveau désagrégé des régions de type Nuts III. Une étude de cas portant sur 26 régions de l’état de Hesse en Allemagne a été réalisée pour la période 1986-1999. Il en ressort que la PAC appliquée de manière uniforme affecte ces régions de façon très différente. De plus, dans les régions étudiées, les réformes récentes de la PAC n’ont pas conduit à une réduction significative du niveau moyen du soutien aux producteurs. La tendance à la baisse, statistiquement significative, du niveau du soutien par les prix a en effet été compensée par l’accroissement tendanciel significatif du niveau du soutien par les paiements directs. Il est intéressant à noter que les indicateurs ESP en termes absolus, d’une part, et en termes relatifs, d’autre part, ne sont pas du tout corrélés. Si le transfert vers les producteurs, via la PAC, est déterminé sur la base d’un objectif de niveau absolu de soutien, alors il pourrait en résulter une distribution interrégionale arbitraire des ESP relatives, de l’ESP en pourcentage des recettes des producteurs, par exemple.
Une industrie nouvelle en zone rurale : de la fabrique d’une main-d’oeuvre à la fabrique de destins sociaux territorialisés ?
Authors: Fournier Pierre 
Published: March 2022

The setting up of a new sector plant in a rural district : beyond the construction of a new local workforce, a territorial shaping of social trajectories
The setting up of a new sector plant in a rural district automatically induces new patterns of labor categories and residential space according to the type of housing provided. If we examine these patterns over time, we can observe that they change because of the changing social properties of new generations of actors. But the way social actors perceive these patterns often doesn’t change. It seems that for them the points of reference they use to decide about action are permanent, stable and anchored in their territory. This article focuses on this perception of territory and is based on field research in a district around a new nuclear plant. We examine in detail a special family history that reveals actors’ normal – but normally invisible – attachment to reference marks anchored in territory : in this family, the intergenerational reproduction of social position was only possible because the son left the area, which was extremely painful for the parents. Their suffering was not due merely to a sence of betrayal with respect to a paternalist firm struggling to assure employment for the new generation. Nor was it a matter of deep territorial anchorage of the family, broken by economic restructuring. It seems rather that it was their sense of positive or negative social destiny, which was mediated by their ties with the territory. So we can speak about a territorial shaping of social trajectories.
Comparaison des indicateurs d'efficacité et des indicateurs économiques des navires de pêche dans le cas d'une multi-production
Authors: Le Floc’h Pascal , Mardle Simon 
Published: March 2022

The measure of capacity utilisation of fishing vessels with multi-output
Overcapacity situations appear regularly in the activity of marine natural resources exploitation. Measuring capacity utilisation and efficiency for fishing vessels is then required. In this paper, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) methodology is used in the case of multi-production. Data on landings and inputs are available on a monthly basis in the case of the fishing fleet, from 1994 to 2003. Efficiency indicators for fishing units are compared in a second stage with economic performance measures, computed from bookkeeping data. It seems that fishing vessels considered as the best performers according to efficiency scores are not automatically the more profitable units. This point is mainly verified for small vessels displaying heterogeneous behaviour compared to vessels with higher potential capacity utilisation.
Quality labels and rural development: A new economic geography approach
Authors: Callois Jean-Marc 
Published: March 2022

Signes officiels de qualité et développement rural : une approche par la nouvelle économie géographique
Certaines stratégies de développement rural reposent sur l’hypothèse que les signes de qualité peuvent engendrer, par effets induits, une croissance économique et l’arrivée de nouvelles populations et activités. Afin d’étudier la validité de cette hypothèse, un modèle d’économie géographique est proposé. Un bien agricole spécifique (“ label ”) est supposé être produit par des agriculteurs qui coopèrent pour fixer un prix de monopole et contrôler le nombre de producteurs. Il existe un arbitrage entre le nombre de producteurs de biens de qualité et leur revenu individuel. De plus, l’effet positif sur le développement rural dû à l’augmentation de la demande en provenance des agriculteurs est contrebalancé par un effet opposé dû à l’augmentation des salaires urbains. Un coût de transport supérieur pour le bien de qualité renforce l’effet positif sur l’industrialisation rurale, mais limite la taille du secteur agricole différencié.
Evaluation contingente d’aménités paysagères liées à un espace vert urbain. Une application au cas du parc Balzac de la ville d’Angers
Authors: Oueslati Walid , Madariaga Nicole , Salanié Julien 
Published: March 2022

Contingent valuation of landscape amenities related to an urban green space. An application to Balzac Park in Angers
This paper proposes contingent valuation using an open-ended payment card approaches to evaluate landscape amenities related to an urban green space at Angers city (Balzac Park). Two landscape attributes are considered : opening degree and effort of fleurissement. Each attribute defines a scenario. We have evaluated the factors, which increase the probability to have a positive willingness-to-pay (WTP) for each scenario. Our results show that landscape amenities demands are varied in both scenarios.
Un parti paysan dans la ville en Bolivie : le Mouvement vers le socialisme (MAS) à La Paz (2005-2010)
Authors: Do Alto Hervé 
Published: March 2022

A peasant party in a Bolivian city : The Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS) in La Paz (2005-2010)
The takeover of the Bolivian presidency by the peasant trade-unionist Evo Morales and his party, the Movement towards Socialism (MAS), in 2005 not only marked the return of the left into the national political arena, but illustrates as well the raise, begun in the mid 90s, of the peasantry as an autonomous protagonist of Bolivian politics, in a context of growing urbanisation. This article focuses on the political and social conditions prior to the electoral triumph of MAS in a supposedly hostile environment : the cities. On the basis of an ethnographic research carried out within the working-class districts of La Paz, this work aims to show how a particular partisan configuration that favours its rural membership acts as a constraint for the party’s implantation in urban areas. Nevertheless, this fact does not turn into an obstacle, mainly due to the control that MAS holds on public jobs, which plays a key role in maintaining internal discipline in the cities.
Modern Biomarkers for Assessing the Metabolic Status of Zinc in Humans and their Laboratory and Diagnostic Significance (Review)
Authors: Гармаза Ю.М. , Слобожанина Е.И. 
Published: March 2022

Цинк является одним из жизненно важных элементов организма человека. Пребывая в нем в виде двухвалентного иона, он в физиологических условиях не проявляет редокс-активности, участвуя вместе с тем в осуществлении разнообразных физиологических функций путем характерного для этого микроэлемента влияния на разнообразные биологические процессы. Например, цинк может быть представлен в качестве структурного, каталитического, внеклеточного или внутриклеточного сигнального компонента.К настоящему времени описаны многие симптомы, вызванные дефицитом цинка в организме, однако проблема лабораторной диагностики этого состояния все еще окончательно не решена. В данном обзоре представлена информация о современных биомаркерах (уровень содержания цинка, металлотионеинов и цинк-зависимых ферментов в плазме и клетках крови, моче) оценки метаболического статуса цинка в организме человека и их лабораторно-диагностическая значимость. Также уделено внимание методам оценки уровня содержания цинка в биологических системах.Zinc is one of the essential elements for humans, which exists as a bivalent cation and does not exhibit redox activity under physiological conditions. Exactly this feature explains its various physiological functions in various biological processes. For example, zinc can be present as a structural, catalytic extracellular or intracellular signaling component. Therefore, it is not surprising that zinc deficiency is a significant global health problem. Today, many symptoms caused by zinc deficiency have been described; however, laboratory diagnostics of this condition is a problemthat has not been fully resolved. This review provides information about the modern biomarkers (serum, blood cells, urine zinc levels, level of metallothioneins, as well as zinc-dependent enzymes, etc.) for assessing the metabolic status of zinc in humans and its laboratory diagnostic significance. The methods for assessing the zinc level in biological systems are also described in general.
Laboratory Monitoring of the Thyroid Status of Patients while Taking Amiodarone
Authors: Кузьменко А.Т. , Батуревич Л.В. 
Published: March 2022

В связи с широким использованием в практике лечения разных видов аритмий амиодарона, высоким содержанием в препарате йода и липофильностью лекарственного средства необходимо помнить о связанных с его применением возможных нежелательных эффектах. Употребление амиодарона может создать ряд побочных эффектов, одним из которых является нарушение функциональной активности щитовидной железы, сопровождаемое изменениями характеризующих ее состояние показателей лабораторных тестов.Различают индуцированный амиодароном гипотиреоз, тиреотоксикоз, а также смешанные (недифференцированные) формы патологии.Индуцированный амиодароном гипотиреоз может развиваться у пациентов с нормальной функцией щитовидной железы и отсутствием аутоиммунной реакции, но чаще всего он выявляется у пациентов со скрытым хроническим аутоиммунным тиреоидитом, преобладает у женщин, а также в йодонасыщенных областях.В статье рассматриваются особенности диагностики амиодарон-индуцированных нарушений функции щитовидной железы, а также представлены алгоритмы обследования пациента до начала и во время терапии амиодароном.Вместе с тем приведенная в материалах статьи информация отражает проявление лекарственным средством метаболической и, возможно, химической интерференции, способной повлиять на показатели лабораторных тестов, отражающих состояние функции щитовидной железы.
Due to the widespread use of amiodorone in the treatment of various types of arrhythmias, the high content of iodine in the preparation and the lipophilicity of the drug, it is necessary to remember about the possible undesirable effects associated with its use. The use of amiodarone can create a number of side effects, one of which is a violation of the functional activity of the thyroid gland, accompanied by changes in the parameters of laboratory tests characterizing its state.There are hypothyroidism induced by amiodarone, thyrotoxicosis, and mixed (undifferentiated) forms of pathology.Amiodarone-induced hypothyroidism can develop in patients with normal thyroid function and lack of autoimmune response, but most often, it is detected in patients with latent chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, which prevails in women, and also at the iodine-saturated areas.In the article, there are discussed the features of diagnostics of amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction; it also presents the algorithms for examining patients before and during the amiodarone therapy.At the same time, the information given in the materials of the article reflects the manifestation of metabolic and, possibly, chemical interference of the drug, which can affect the indicators of laboratory tests reflecting the state of the thyroid gland function.