bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Inherited Differences in Growth Habit on Fruit Size and Soluble Solids in Tomato1
Authors: Emery George C. , Munger Henry M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Different growth habits in the same genetic background were produced by backcross programs to obtain determinate, sp, indeterminate, sp+, jointless, j, and dwarf, d, forms of each of 3 varieties, ‘Gardener,’ ‘Fireball,’ and ‘Cornell 54-149.’ Compared at 2 spacings, 6 × 1.5 ft and 6 × 0.5 ft, indeterminate and jointless plants had larger fruit and higher soluble solids than determinate plants in all varietal backgrounds and at both spacings. The magnitude of the differences varied with varietal background. Dwarf plants produced smaller fruit than non-dwarf plants but with no difference in soluble solids. Closer plant spacings within the row resulted in both smaller size and decreased soluble solids of fruit.
Linkage of Turnip Mosaic Virus Susceptibility and Downy Mildew, Bremia lactucae, Resistance in Lettuce1
Authors: Zink F. W. , Duffus James E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Data for resistance in Lactuca sativa L. to turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) and downy mildew were obtained from 8 F2 progenies of crosses between TuMV-susceptible, mildew-resistant, and TuMV-resistant, mildew-susceptible parents. The F1 progeny were TuMV and mildew resistant. Of 3,682 F2 plants assayed 2,773 were TuMV resistant and 909 TuMV susceptible. A total of 2,788 mildew-resistant plants were observed, and 904 mildew susceptible. Resistance to TuMV and mildew are each controlled by a single dominant gene, designated herein as Tu and Dm. The TuMV-susceptible gene, tu, is linked with the mildew-resistant gene, Dm. In the repulsion phase, the cross-over value was 12.5% ± 1.6.
Inheritance of Resistance to Curly Top Virus in the Tomato Line C51
Authors: Martin Mark W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The inheritance of resistance to curly top virus in the tomato breeding line C5 was studied in 5 field trials and a greenhouse seedling test. Comparisons in curly top incidence were made between susceptible commercial parents, the resistant parent C5, and F1, F2, backcross-resistant, and backcross-susceptible progenies. Results suggest that resistance in C5 is controlled by 2 duplicate, incompletely dominant genes probably with modifiers. Plants that contain both genes have the ability to escape infection with CTV until harvest 70 to 100% of the time, depending on the severity of curly top exposure.
Effects of Gibberellic Acid and Indoleacetic Acid on Shoot Growth and Xylem Differentiation and Development in the Olive, Oha europaea L.1
Authors: Badr Sayed A. , Bradley Muriel V. , Hartmann Hudson T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA) applied as an aqueous spray to 4-year-old ‘Ascolano’ olive trees at concentrations of 250 or 500 ppm promoted shoot growth, mainly through internode elongation. Indoleacetic acid (IAA) at the same concentrations caused curling of young leaves and suppressed terminal bud growth for 10 to 14 days. Shoot growth promotion by GA was counteracted by IAA.
GA at 100, 250 or 500 ppm significantly promoted xylem differentiation and development in newly developed regions of olive shoots. GA + IAA, both at 250 or 500 ppm, had a synergistic effect. IAA at all concentrations had no effect in this respect. Xylem lignification was normal in all treated shoots. It is suggested that the endogenous gibberellin level was the limiting factor for xylem development and that a certain balance between auxin and gibberellin is required to stimulate cambial activity with subsequent xylem development. Secondary phloem development was not influenced by IAA and/or GA. GA alone or in combination with IAA stimulated precocious periderm formation
The Use of 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid and Succinamic Acid 2,2-Dimethyl Hydrazide to Aid in Mechanical Shaking of Sour Cherries1
Authors: Looney N. E. , McMechan A. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Both 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) and succinamic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar) aided machine harvesting and improved quality of mechanically harvested sour cherries, Prunus cerasus L., cv. ‘Montmorency’ in a two year experiment. Alar applied two weeks after bloom at 2000 ppm reduced fruit acid levels, reduced the force required for fruit removal, and advanced red color development, but when used alone did not reduce fruit removal force enough to make shake and catch harvesting economic. Ethrel at 500 ppm applied one week prior to harvest on trees previously treated with Alar (2000 ppm) proved to be the best treatment each season on trees tested in both years. This combination resulted in adequate fruit removal coupled with better fruit quality than was attainable with Ethrel alone. Ethrel at 250 or 500 ppm specifically and effectively enhanced fruit removal but was phytotoxic at 1000 ppm as evidenced by gumming and leaf removal.
The Effect of Delayed Pollination on Yield of Cucumbers Grown for Machine Harvests1
Authors: Connor Lawrence J. , Martin E. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Preventing the pollination of cucumber flowers for periods up to 11 days after the appearance of the first pistillate flowers resulted in higher yields of greater dollar value, when compared to yields obtained by pollination of the first pistillate flowers. Following such a delay, an exposure period of 6 days to active honey bee pollination was sufficient for optimum single harvest yields. These results have particular application to the production of gynoecious F1 hybrid cultivars for machine harvesting.
Relationship Between Polyene-Carotene Content and Volatile Compound Composition of Tomatoes1
Authors: Stevens M. Allen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Investigation of the polyene-carotene and volatile compound content of tomatoes showed that there is a high correlation between the following relationships: Geranylacetone and farnesal with phytofluene plus 2 ζ-carotene plus neurosporene: 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one and citral with neurosporene plus 2 lycopene plus 2 prolycopene plus γ-carotene plus δ-carotene: β-ionone with γ-carotene plus 2 β-carotene plus α-carotene; α-ionone with δ-carotene plus α-carotene. Also, there appears to be a relationship between farnesylacetone and 2 phytoene plus phytofluene. The basis for establishing these relationships was oxidation of the polyene-carotenes at the first conjugated diene bonds. These relationships may exist because the volatile compounds result from oxidation of the polyene-carotenes.
Measurement and Partial Characterization of Pectinesterase in Apple Fruits1
Authors: Lee Y. S. , Wiley R. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pectinesterase (PE) assay of apple tissue was accomplished by using a dialysis cell containing a Visking (cellulose) membrane. Production and separation of methanol from the pectin substrate occurred during the dialysis. Agitation was needed for best separation of methanol from the reaction mixture. Microquantities of methanol were detected subsequently by direct injection into a gas-liquid Chromatograph equipped with a flame-ionization detector.
Apple PE, prepared as an acetone powder, exhibited the characteristics of optimal pH between 6.5 and 7.5, an optimal reaction temperature at 55°C, and an activation energy of 5800 calories. The enzyme was completely inactivated at 80° for 10 min or 90° for 5 min. About 40% of the natural PE activity was inhibited in the presence of 15% sucrose.
Tomato Anthracnose: Inheritance of Reaction to Colletotrichum coccodes in Lycopersicon spp.1
Authors: Robbins M. LeRon , Angell Fred F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Resistant plant introduction (P.I.) 129027 was hybridized with susceptible ‘Roma’ and ‘Heinz 1350’, and P.I. 127833 was hybridized with ‘Heinz 1350’. Plants of 6 populations (P1, P2, F1, F2, B1P1, and B1P2) of each of 3 crosses (127833 × ‘Roma’, 127833 × ‘H-1350’, 129027 × ‘Roma’) were field-grown and fruits were inoculated in a laboratory. Genetic analysis indicated presence of a leading factor and that 6 genes might be involved in anthracnose reaction. Resistance was partially dominant to susceptibility, and genetic variance was non-additive.
Furrow Irrigation of Lettuce Resulting in Water and Nitrogen Loss1,2
Authors: Moore F. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Water and nitrogen loss from field soil cropped to head lettuce with furrow irrigation was measured during three seasons in a semi-arid region. Water applications were reduced during the latter ⅓ of the growth period in an attempt to conserve N and water in the root zone.
Approximately 5 acre feet of water was applied to grow the crop. One-fifth of the applied water drained off and one-half percolated below the root zone. Eighty-nine lb./acre of NO3-N was leached. Two-thirds of the water and three-fourths of the N (soil and applied) which were lost below the root zone were lost during germination. Reducing the total volume of water applied by 1½ acre feet did not reduce water or N loss appreciably and had a deleterious effect on the crop.
Very little N was lost as a result of runoff, but much was moved to the bed tops after the first irrigation. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Historic Synoptic Weather Maps as a Basis for Evaluating Weather Hazards in a New Agricultural Development1
Authors: Neild R. E. , Craig A. L. , Reiss A. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
High prices and government plans to increase citrus production have stimulated interest in increased citrus planting in Iran. With favorable soils, availability of water, and the existence of limited planting of citrus in village gardens, commercial planting of citrus is a development of interest for a new irrigation project in southwestern Iran. A severe freeze in 1964 posed questions concerning the suitability of the climate for citrus. Lacking long-term climatological records, analysis was made of daily historic synoptic weather maps from which freezes were forecast in retrospect. Results of this analysis are compared with similar analyses for citrus producing areas near Brownsville, Texas and Yuma, Arizona.
Tomato Skin Strength — Its Measurement and Relation to Cracking1
Authors: Voisey Peter W. , Lyall L. H. , Kloek M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The puncture test was found suitable for evaluating the resistance of tomato fruit to cracking. However, several test conditions must be kept constant and the texture of the flesh supporting the skin may influence the results. Cracking resistance does not appear to be governed by skin thickness, but skin strength and its ability to stretch are contributing factors. These may be governed by the penetration of the cutinized outer layer into the outer cells of the skin.
Green Fruit Characters of Cucumber as Related to Quality Factors in Brine Stock1
Authors: Sneed F. D. , Bowers J. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The correlation between each of the green fruit characters: carpel separation, firmness, and skin toughness with balloon bloating in salt stock was significant. As percentage of carpel separation increased the percentage of balloon bloating increased. As fruit firmness and skin toughness increased the percentage of balloon bloaters decreased. Firmness and skin toughness measurements on green fruit were significantly correlated with the same measurements on brine stock.
There was no significant correlation between lens bloating and any one of the three green fruit characters. The multiple correlation coefficient between carpel separation, fruit firmness, and lens bloating was significant. The regression equation of Ȳ = −1.21A −8.42B + 248.79 is useable in predicting lens bloating where A is percent carpel separation and B is firmness of green fruit. The estimate of lens bloating from use of this equation was just as reliable as the equation using all three green fruit characters.
Prevention of Physiological Necrosis (Red Cotyledons) in Lettuce Seeds (Lactuca sativa L.)1
Authors: Bass Louis N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lactuca sativa seed, cvs. ‘Imperial 847’, ‘Imperial 456’, ‘Imperial 44’, ‘Fulton’, and ‘Oswego’ were stored at a wide range of temperature and relative humidity, to determine their effect upon development of red cotyledons (physiological necrosis).
Red cotyledons did not develop equally (rate or amount) in seeds of all cultivars at any given storage condition. More red cotyledons developed at a low than at a high relative humidity at the same temperature. However, longer storage at the low relative humidity was required before red cotyledons developed.
Storage at −12°C/70% relative humidity prevented red cotyledon development in all cultivars tested for 210 weeks. Storage at 10/90, 10/70, 4/35 and −1/40 prevented red cotyledon development in all cultivars for 157 weeks and in some cultivars for 210 weeks.
Physiology of Dormancy in Lilium longiflorum ‘Ace’, Thunb.1
Authors: Wang S. Y. , Roberts A. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The physiology of dormancy in Lilium longiflorum ‘Ace’ was studied by determining the relationships between plant growth and composition and treatments such as bulb scale removal, cold treatment, field soil heating and chemical stimuli. Initiatory activity was continuous in the daughter bulb until its anthesis, but elongation of daughter axis leaves and internodes were normally inhibited until autumn. Inhibition of the daughter axis was high during the spring prior to anthesis of the mother, but progressively decreased following anthesis and disappeared completely by autumn. Balances of inhibitor-promoter growth substances were found in the bulb scales. Daughter scales were found to be the principal source of inhibitors. Treatments conducive to breaking dormancy included 40°F storage, GA3 treatment and field soil heating in early spring. Dormancy-breaking cold treatments were followed by changes in nitrogenous substances characteristic of dormancy removal in other species. The period of dormancy in the daughter portion of the lily bulb is of the correlated type and involves scale inhibition of axis elongation rather than initiatory activity in the apex.
Some Rootstock and Interstock Influences in the Olive (Olea europaea L.) cv. Sevillano1,2
Authors: Hartmann Hudson T. , Whisler John E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An olive rootstock planting was established in Tulare County, California in 1954 using 10 different rootstocks with ‘Sevillano’ as the scion variety. Verticillium wilt, a major problem in California olive production, became strongly established in this planting, affecting trees on the different rootstocks to a markedly different degree. All trees on 2 of the rootstocks, Olea ferruginea Royle and Forestiera neo-mexicana Gray were killed. No trees on a clonal rootstock, Olea europaea, ‘Oblonga’ were affected, while trees on the 7 other rootstocks showed intermediate survival percentages. Over a 15-year period, tree size and yields were influenced by the rootstock. ‘Sevillano’ trees, on their own roots, were the smallest as measured by trunk cross section area. There was no pronounced effect of rootstock on fruit size.
In another olive planting in Tulare County, California, the effect of various interstocks, inserted during a top-working operation, on the behavior of the scion cultivar was determined. No Verticillium wilt was apparent in any of the trees in this experiment. Each of 3 genetically dwarfed clonal stocks caused a significant dwarfing influence on the scion cultivar and a reduction in yields, in comparison with the scion cultivar itself used as an interstock. No influence on fruit size occurred. Similar results were noted with Olea chrysophylla Lamk. as an interstock but with severe constriction of the interstock tissue.
An Analysis of Regional Trade Advantage In Processed Tomato Products1
Authors: Sullivan G. H. , Schrader L. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Linear programming was used to determine the optimum shipping pattern for five processed tomato products; canned whole tomatoes, catsup, juice, puree, and sauce and paste. The research objective was to assess the regional advantage attributed to transportation cost differences for the five tomato products.
Processors in California, the dominant tomato processing state, required the widest distribution pattern in each product category. Processors in Indiana-Ohio followed California in breadth of distribution, especially for catsup, juice, and canned whole tomatoes. Eastern production regions were able to optimally distribute their surplus product supplies in a more restricted market area, principally to nearby regions of consumption.
The results provided a basis for evaluation of production planning and marketing strategy at the regional and firm levels. The model solution may be used as a guide to production levels. The estimated optimal shipping patterns and regional wholesale price differences may be used as a guide to regional direction of marketing efforts for a given product category. In addition, the set of implied wholesale price differences may be used as a guide to product mix selection.
Response of the Tomato to Population Pressure1
Authors: Fery Richard L. , Janick Jules 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five tomato vine types (indeterminate, jointless, determinate, miniature, and dwarf) were grown in “equidistant” (on the square) arrangements at 5 population levels (3,000, 7,000, 17,000, 41,000 and 100,000 plants per acre) with multiple and single harvests. As populations were increased, yields per unit area asymptotically approached a common theoretical maximum yield regardless of vine types. With multiple harvests, maximum yields were approached at low populations for the large vine types and at intermediate populations for the small vine types. Higher populations were required to approach the maximum yields obtainable using a single harvest than were required to approach the maximum yields obtainable using multiple harvests. Earliness (1st harvest yield/total × 100 for multiple harvest) and yield concentration (marketable fruit yield/total fruit yield × 100 for single harvest) increased for all vine types as population increased. The relation between yield per plant (w) and plant population per unit area (p) was best described by the equation w−1 = Ap + B, where A and B are constants.
Promotion of Ethylene Evolution and Fruit Abscission in the Olive by 2-Chloroethanephosphonic Acid and Cycloheximide1
Authors: Hartmann Hudson T. , Tombesi Agostino , Whisler John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Applications of 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid (Ethrel) at 2,250 ppm to olive (Olea europaea L.) trees under warm, low humidity conditions caused a considerable reduction in fruit removal force along with marked increases in leaf abscission and in ethylene evolution from both leaves and fruit. The addition of urea at 1.35% to the spray formulations caused a strong increase in ethylene production and in abscission effects. Definite cultivar differences appeared in response to Ethrel. An Auxin, NAA, blocked Ethrel activity, particularly if applied before, or simultaneously with, Ethrel. If applied 2 or 3 days after Ethrel, NAA reduced leaf abscission while maintaining fruit abscission. Rains following shortly after Ethrel application greatly reduced its activity in both ethylene production and abscission induction. Abscission effects from Ethrel were greater under warm than cool conditions.
Cycloheximide at 50, 100, and 200 ppm applied during cool, humid weather caused ethylene production from olive leaves and fruits as well as a reduction in fruit removal force and an increase in leaf abscission. However, ethylene evolution and abscission effects were much less than those obtained with Ethrel.
Interaction of Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethyl Hydrazide, 2-Chloroethylphos-phonic Acid and Auxins on Maturity, Quality and Abscission of Apples1
Authors: Edgerton L. J. , Blanpied G. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel) was applied alone and in combination with NAA or 2,4,5-TP on apple cultivars which had previously been treated with succinic acid 2,2-dimethyl hydrazide (Alar). On ‘McIntosh,’ Ethrel applied 1 to 2 weeks before harvest overcame the abscission delay induced by the earlier Alar application, hastened red color development and slightly diminished the increased firmness imparted by Alar. The addition of NAA to the Ethrel treatment counteracted the abscission stimulation but did not alter the other effects of Ethrel associated with its release of C2H4. Thus, Alar-treated fruits reached maturity earlier under the influence of Ethrel, and with the addition of NAA or 2,4,5-TP a satisfactory retention force was maintained until harvest. ‘McIntosh’ receiving these combinations were of comparable or better quality in comparison with control fruits or fruits treated with Alar alone after storage in CA and in 32°F air.
Effects of High Humidity and Solar Radiation on Temperature and Color of Tomato Fruits1
Authors: Lipton Werner J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomatoes were grown at Tucson in plastic covered greenhouses with normal or high relative humidity (RH). The fruits were exposed to the sun (Ex) or shaded by foliage (Sh), and some exposed fruits were painted either black (B) or white (W).
Temperatures of the surface (Ts), wall (Tw) and center (Tc) of the fruit were 2 to 3° C lower in high than in normal RH, even though the maximum air temperature (Ta max) in high RH exceeded that in normal RH by 1.5°. When Ts and air temperature (Ta) were measured simultaneously, Ts of Ex and B fruits was always higher than Ta, that of Sh fruits lower, and that of W fruits about the same as Ta. The exact gradient depended on RH and Ta.
Tw of Ex fruits almost invariably exceeded Ts or Tc, and thus the wall was a heat sink. Further, Tc max exceeded Ta max in small (diam 35 to 40 mm) or large (diam 60 mm) fruits.
The gradient Tc−Ta for large Ex fruits grown in normal RH ranged from −5° to 15° C during the day, while that for fruits grown in high RH ranged from 0° to 12°. The respective daily ranges for the gradient Tw−Ta were −5° to 20° and 0° to 13°. For small fruits all gradients were similar and ranged from 3° to 13°.
The incidence of defective coloration of the shoulders or sides of fruits was highest in Ex and seemed to be influenced by infrared and short-wave radiation. The possibility of protecting tomatoes from excess radiation is discussed.
Sweet Potato Blister, a Disease Associated with Boron Nutrition1
Authors: Miller C. H. , Nielsen L. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) blister is primarily a superficial disease that develops in stored roots. The cultivar ‘Nugget’ is particularly susceptible and was used to investigate the role of mineral nutrition of the growing plant on the development of the disease. Results from greenhouse and field experiments demonstrated that the disease developed in roots that received excesses of N, K, and Mg during growth and the disease was prevented by including B in the fertilizer program.
Respiratory Response of Lemons to Ethylene1
Authors: Craft C. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Green and yellow lemons responded to ethylene treatment by a 2- to 3-fold increase in O2 uptake. Maximum rates of O2 uptake were reached some 20 hr after treatment at 25°G and both O2 and the continued presence of ethylene were required. Following removal of ethylene, O2 uptake declined in 2 days to a level approaching the rate before treatment. Upon retreatment with ethylene, the fruits again responded with a 2- to 3-fold increase in O2 uptake. Ethylene stimulated the O2 uptake of lemons in 5% and 10% O2 even though the rates of O2 uptake of these fruits were already limited by the low levels of O2. The presence of high levels of CO2 during ethylene treatment did not suppress the ethylene-induced respiratory increase. Lemons treated with ethylene at 35°C showed typical increases in O2 uptake. 2-Chloroethanephosphonic acid (Ethrel) stimulated the O2 uptake of lemons more effectively than ethylene.