bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meaningful expression of uncertainty in measurement
Authors: Cox Maurice , O’Hagan Anthony 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM) has been the enduring guide on measurement uncertainty for metrologists since its first publication in 1993. According to the GUM, a measurement should always be accompanied by a reasoned and defensible expression of uncertainty, and the primary such expression is the standard uncertainty. In this article, we distinguish between the use of an expression of uncertainty as information for the recipient of a measurement result and its use when propagating uncertainty about inputs to a measurement model in order to derive the uncertainty in a measurand. We propose a new measure of uncertainty, the characteristic uncertainty, and argue that it is more fit for these purposes than standard uncertainty. For the purpose of reporting a measurement result, we demonstrate that standard uncertainty does not have a meaningful interpretation for the recipient of a measurement result and can be infinite. These deficiencies are resolved by the characteristic uncertainty, which we therefore recommend for use in reporting. For similar reasons, we advocate the use of the median estimate as the measured value. For the purpose of propagating uncertainty in a measurement model, we propose simple propagation of the median and characteristic uncertainty and show through some examples that this characteristic uncertainty framework is simpler and at least as reliable and accurate as the propagation of estimate, standard uncertainty and effective degrees of freedom according to the GUM uncertainty framework.
The Sequential Composition of Collaborative Groups’ Emotion Regulation in Negative Socio-emotional Interactions
Authors: Mänty Kristiina , Järvenoja Hanna , Törmänen Tiina 
Published: January 2022

AbstractResearch indicates that to adjust a group’s emotional atmosphere for successful collaborative learning, group members need to engage in group-level emotion regulation. However, less is known about the whys and ways regulation is activated at a group level. This research explores what triggers 12-year-old primary school students’ (N = 37) negative socio-emotional interactions during a collaborative science task and whether the nature of the trigger makes a difference to group-level emotion regulation strategies and their sequential composition in these interactions. Groups’ collaborative working was videotaped, and triggers and strategies were analysed. The results reveal that the triggers of negative interactions are linked to the groups’ activated regulation strategies. Motivation control strategies were more represented in situations where negative interactions were triggered by task-related issues, whereas socially related triggers were associated with behavioural regulation strategies. Furthermore, the results illustrate that strategies are concatenated to a series of strategic actions, which mostly begin with sharing an awareness of the trigger. The results indicate a need to focus on the series of strategic actions activated in group interactions. This will help reveal how socially shared regulatory processes build a group’s emotional atmosphere.
The diagnostic value of grey-scale inversion technique in chest radiography
Authors: Ledda Roberta Eufrasia , Silva Mario , McMichael Nicole , Sartorio Carlotta , Branchi Cristina , Milanese Gianluca , Nayak Sundeep M. , Sverzellati Nicola 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose
We investigated whether the additional use of grey-scale inversion technique improves the interpretation of eight chest abnormalities, in terms of diagnostic performance and interobserver variability.

Material and methods
A total of 507 patients who underwent a chest computed tomography (CT) examination and a chest radiography (CXR) within 24 h were enrolled. CT was the standard of reference. Images were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of atelectasis, consolidation, interstitial abnormality, nodule, mass, pleural effusion, pneumothorax and rib fractures. Four CXR reading settings, involving 3 readers were organized: only standard; only inverted; standard followed by inverted; and inverted followed by standard. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy, assessed with the area under the curve (AUC), and their 95% confidence interval were calculated for each reader and setting. Interobserver agreement was tested by Cohen’s K test with quadratic weights (Kw) and its 95%CI.

Results
CXR sensitivity % for any finding was 35.1 (95% CI: 33 to 37) for setting 1, 35.9 (95% CI: 33 to 37), for setting 2, 32.59 (95% CI: 30 to 34) for setting 3, and 35.56 (95% CI: 33 to 37) for setting 4; specificity % 93.78 (95% CI: 91 to 95), 93.92 (95% CI: 91 to 95), 94.43 (95% CI: 92 to 96), 93.86 (95% CI: 91 to 95); PPV % 56.22 (95% CI: 54.2 to 58.2), 56.49 (95% CI: 54.5 to 58.5), 57.15 (95% CI: 55 to 59), 56.75 (95% CI: 54 to 58); NPV % 85.66 (95% CI: 83 to 87), 85.74 (95% CI: 83 to 87), 85.29 (95% CI: 83 to 87), 85.73 (95% CI: 83 to 87); AUC values 0.64 (95% CI: 0.62 to 0.66), 0.65 (95% CI: 0.63 to 0.67), 0.64 (95% CI: 0.62 to 0.66), 0.65 (95% CI: 0.63 to 0.67); Kw values 0.42 (95% CI: 0.4 to 0.44), 0.40 (95% CI: 0.38 to 0.42), 0.42 (95% CI: 0.4 to 0.44), 0.41 (95% CI: 0.39 to 0.43) for settings 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively.

Conclusions
No significant advantages were observed in the use of grey-scale inversion technique neither over standard display mode nor in combination at the detection of eight chest abnormalities.
Competitive Advantages in a Hostile, Regulated Environment: Four Multinational Banks in India
Authors: Caussat Paul 
Published: January 2022

AbstractInternational business literature has historically been divided between scholars exploring the local obstacles foreign firms face (thereby overlooking foreign firms’ capacity to deploy advantages locally) and those examining the internationalisation of firm-specific advantages (thereby overlooking the peculiarities of the local context in which foreign firms deploy their advantages). We still do not completely understand the process by which multinational enterprises (MNEs) – especially service MNEs – develop competitive advantages in relation to the host environment. Using a multiple-case study of four multinational banking subsidiaries in India, this research aims to explore the variety of competitive advantages deployed by foreign multinational banks (MNBs) in a hostile, competitive environment: the Indian banking industry. This article’s main contribution is to bridge the gap between the obstacle-oriented internationalisation literature and the advantage-oriented literature through an exploration and comparison of a comprehensive set of locally relevant advantages deployed by the four MNBs studied. We introduce the concepts of global anchoring and local anchoring to make sense of the directionality of subsidiaries’ competitive advantages, and we explore their broad associations with subsidiaries’ commercial and financial performance. We conclude by discussing three theoretical lenses, situated at the intersection of the obstacle-oriented and advantage-oriented literatures, which can potentially account for the origins of competitive advantages in our sample, and we develop a series of propositions for future research.
Agonistische Online-Öffentlichkeiten
Authors: Frieß Dennis , Gilleßen Rabea 
Published: January 2022

ZusammenfassungDas Internet hat die Möglichkeiten zur Konfliktaustragung radikal verändert. Insbesondere soziale Medien eröffnen agonistische Arenen, in denen konträre Positionen aufeinanderprallen. Obgleich die theoretische Konzeption des Internets als agonistische Sphäre nicht neu ist, liegen bisher kaum inhaltsanalytische Instrumente vor, die eine ganzheitliche Betrachtung agonistischer Diskursstrukturen ermöglichen. Der Beitrag will diese Lücke schließen, indem er einen Vorschlag zur Operationalisierung von Agonismus unterbreitet. Er wirbt damit gleichsam für einen Perspektivenwechsel bei der Analyse politischer Online-Kommunikation vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Debatten zu digitalen Öffentlichkeiten. Während deliberative Theorien von einem verständigungsorientierten Kommunikationsmodus ausgehen, an dessen Ende prinzipiell eine Form von Konsens möglich ist, stehen im Agonismus Konflikt, Gegnerschaft, Hegemonie, kollektive Identitäten und Leidenschaften im Vordergrund. Vor dem Hintergrund der Arbeiten von Chantal Mouffe arbeitet der Beitrag diese theoretischen Dimensionen heraus. Mit Blick auf bisherige Online-Kommunikationsforschung wird argumentiert, dass das Internet vielerorts agonistische Kommunikationsräume eröffnet, die es weiter zu analysieren gilt. Daran anschließend wird eine inhaltsanalytische Operationalisierung vorgeschlagen und im Rahmen einer Fallstudie illustriert. Die Ergebnisse einer Inhaltanalyse von 945 Nutzerkommentaren auf den Facebook-Seiten der im Bundestag vertretenen Parteien zeigen, dass das vorgeschlagene Instrument geeignet ist, um agonistische Diskursstrukturen zu identifizieren und zu analysieren. Der Beitrag diskutiert abschließend das vorgestellte Instrument und skizziert eine agonistische Forschungsagenda, wobei die Deliberationsforschung als Inspiration genutzt wird.
An actionable understanding of societal transitions: the X-curve framework
Authors: Hebinck Aniek , Diercks Gijs , von Wirth Timo , Beers P. J. , Barsties Lisa , Buchel Sophie , Greer Rachel , van Steenbergen Frank , Loorbach Derk 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSustainability transition research seeks to understand the patterns and dynamics of structural societal change as well as unearth strategies for governance. However, existing frameworks emphasize innovation and build-up over exnovation and break-down. This limits their potential in making sense of the turbulent and chaotic dynamics of current transition-in-the-making. Addressing this gap, our paper elaborates on the development and use of the X-curve framework. The X-curve provides a simplified depiction of transitions that explicitly captures the patterns of build-up, breakdown, and their interactions. Using three cases, we illustrate the X-curve’s main strength as a framework that can support groups of people to develop a shared understanding of the dynamics in transitions-in-the-making. This helps them reflect upon their roles, potential influence, and the needed capacities for desired transitions. We discuss some challenges in using the X-curve framework, such as participants’ grasp of ‘chaos’, and provide suggestions on how to address these challenges and strengthen the frameworks’ ability to support understanding and navigation of transition dynamics. We conclude by summarizing its main strength and invite the reader to use it, reflect on it, build on it, and judge its value for action research on sustainability transitions themselves.
Hydrochloric acid-treated Bacillus subtilis ghosts induce IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in murine macrophage
Authors: Kim Young-Min , Lee Kwang-Su , Kim Won-Mun , Kim Min , Park Han-Oh , Choi Chang Won , Han Joong-Soo , Park Shin-Young , Lee Ki-Sung 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Bacterial ghosts (BGs) are empty cell envelopes commonly generated using Gram-negative bacteria; they represent a potential platform for efficient adjuvant and vaccine delivery systems. However, the efficient production of BGs from bacteria in a short period of time is challenging.

Objective
The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of producing BGs in the Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis using various chemicals, and the potential application of BGs as a novel immunomodulatory agent.

Results
In this study, Bacillus subtilis ghosts (BSGs) were generated, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, using the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of hydrochloric acid (HCl; 6.25 mg/mL), sulfuric acid (H2SO4; 3.125 mg/mL), and nitric acid (HNO3; 6.25 mg/mL). Among the BSGs generated using these chemicals, HCl-induced BSGs were completely DNA-free as confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Scanning electron microscopy showed the formation of transmembrane lysis tunnel structures in HCl-induced BSGs. Murine macrophages exposed to the HCl-induced BSGs at a concentration of 1 × 105 CFU/mL showed a cell viability of 97.8%. Additionally, HCl-induced BSGs upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-6. Furthermore, we found differences in the protein expression profiles between intact live bacteria and BSGs using two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with peptide mass fingerprinting/matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry analysis.

Conclusion
These data suggest that the HCl-induced BSGs may be potentially safe and effective candidates for inactivated bacterial vaccines and/or immunostimulants.
Modeling students’ performance using graph convolutional networks
Authors: Mubarak Ahmed A. , Cao Han , Hezam Ibrahim M. , Hao Fei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMany models were recently proposed to classify students, relying on a large amount of pre-labeled data to verify their classification effectiveness. However, those models lack to accurately classify students into various behavioral patterns, employing nominal class labels, rather than ordinal ones. Meanwhile, such models cannot analyze high-dimensional learning behaviors among learners according to students’ interaction with course videos. Since online learning data are huge, the main challenges associated with data are insufficient labeling and classification using nominal class labels. In this study, we proposed a model based on Graph Convolutional Network, as a semi-supervised classification task to classify students’ engagement in various behavioral patterns. First, we proposed a label function to label datasets instead of manual labeling, in which input and output data are labeled for classification to provide a learning foundation for future data processing. Accordingly, we hypothesized four behavioral patterns, namely (“High-engagement”, “Normal-engagement”, “At-risk”, and “Potential-At-risk”) based on students' engagement with course videos and their performance on the assessments/quizzes conducted after. Then, we built a heterogeneous knowledge graph representing learners, course videos as entities, and capturing semantic relationships among students according to shared knowledge concepts in videos. Our model intrinsically works for heterogeneous knowledge graphs as a semi-supervised node classification task. It was evaluated on a real-world dataset across multiple settings to achieve a better predictive classification model. Experiment results showed that the proposed model can predict with an accuracy of 84% and an f1-score of 78% compared to baseline approaches.
The Kind of Blame Skeptics Should Be Skeptical About
Authors: Menges Leonhard 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSkepticism about blameworthiness says that there is good reason to doubt that, in our world, humans are ever blameworthy for their deeds. A significant problem for the discussion of this view is that it is unclear how to understand the kind of blame that should be at issue. This paper makes a new proposal. The basic idea is that the kind of blame skeptics should be skeptical about is constituted by responses that can violate the targets’ claims and by the responders’ thought that the targets have forfeited this claim because of their morally objectionable actions and because of how they were when they performed them. This view identifies an important part of our everyday lives and frames discussions about skepticism about blameworthiness in a new way.
Staff Augmentation during Disaster Response
Authors: Fairley Romeo , Emanuel Tatiana , Goettl Bradley 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article outlines a disaster medicine team response to the Texas-Mexico border during a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) surge. The team consisted of emergency medicine attending providers, as well as a nurse practitioner and a physician assistant, who were asked to work in the intensive care unit (ICU) under the guidance of an intensivist. The article highlights the medicolegal and ethical implications of providers working outside of their designated scope of practice. A framework for future staff augmentation during a disaster is explained.
Linking Total Precipitable Water to Precipitation Extremes Globally
Authors: Kim Seokhyeon , Sharma Ashish , Wasko Conrad , Nathan Rory 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe relationship between extreme precipitation (EP) and precipitable water (W) is useful to assess design extremes and speculate on their expected changes with rising global temperatures. This study investigates the relationship between daily and longer‐duration EP and corresponding W at a global scale by analyzing remote‐sensed and reanalysis data sets from 2003 to 2019. An assessment of the consistency in the temporal trend across various W data sets reveals a consistent statistically significant upward trend during the period. This upward trend, while predominant worldwide, is especially significant over tropical land regions. W is found to generally be positively correlated with surface (dew point) temperature, suggesting a rise in temperature will cause a greater W over time. To assess whether EPs occur coincident with extreme W, the Concurrent Extremes Index (CEI) is proposed, which compares the cumulative distribution functions between the two variables and assumes a value of unity if ranks of the EP series are identical to that of the coincident W series, and zero with no correspondence. For EP (defined as the five largest 1‐day events per year on average), a high CEI is pronounced across the tropics, except for rainforests. The W‐EP relationship is noticeably weakened in nontropics, except the inland regions of North America and East Asia. An assessment indicates that as the duration of the EP becomes longer, the influence of W on EP decreases. However, the contrast in the W‐EP relationship between the tropics and nontropics is found to become more pronounced as longer‐duration EPs are considered.
Iron Exports From Catchments Are Constrained by Redox Status and Topography
Authors: Tittel Jörg , Büttner Olaf , Friese Kurt , Lechtenfeld Oliver J. , Schuth Stephan , von Tümpling Wolf , Musolff Andreas 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFe(III) hydroxides stabilize organic carbon (OC) and P in soils. Observations of rising stream Fe concentrations are controversially posited to result from a flushing of iron‐rich deeper soil layers or a decrease of competing electron acceptors inhibiting Fe reduction (and). Here, we argue that catchment topography constrains the release of Fe, OC, and P to streams. We therefore incubated organic topsoil and mineral subsoil and modified the availability of. We found that Fe leaching was highest in topsoil. Fe, OC, and P released at quantities proportional to their ratios in the source soil. Supply ofreduced Fe leaching to 18% and increased pore water OC:Fe and P:Fe ratios. Subsoil, however, was an insignificant Fe source (<0.5%). Here, the leached quantities of Fe, OC and P were highly disproportionate to the soil source with an excess of released OC and P. We tested if experimental findings scale up using data from 88 German catchments representing gradients inconcentration and topography. Average stream Fe concentrations increased with decreasingand were high in catchments with shallow topography where high groundwater levels support reductive processes and topsoils are hydrologically connected to streams; but Fe concentrations were low in catchments with steep topography where flow occurs primarily through subsoils. OC:Fe and P:Fe ratios in the streams similarly varied byand topography. This corroborates the findings from the laboratory experiment and suggests that catchment topography and competing electron acceptors constrain the formation of Fe‐reducing conditions and control the release of Fe, OC, and P to streams.
Pinpointing Early Signs of Impending Slope Failures From Space
Authors: Zhou Shuo , Tordesillas Antoinette , Intrieri Emanuele , Di Traglia Federico , Qian Guoqi , Catani Filippo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA promised potential of spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radars (InSAR) is a capability for regularly monitoring ground deformation with millimeter accuracy, for timely forecasting of impending natural hazards such as landslides. The main limitation in InSAR being actually capable of unleashing this potential for hazard prediction is that key precursory ground displacements are, in the majority of cases, a very small subset of the entire big data set provided by the method over large regions. Consequently, pinpointing a single impending failure may become very difficult or impossible. We develop a data‐driven framework that can handle such imbalanced spatiotemporal data based on the concept of outlying aspects mining, to find a subset of features out of a collection of potential features, which best distinguishes the landslide source area from the others. We show that the identified feature subspace can be used to find anomalous areas across multiple spatial scales, such that Sentinel‐1 satellite monitoring points which persistently lie in these areas can accurately detect the location of the Xinmo landslide (China) almost 1 year in advance—without false alarms. In a second case study, we identify the area affected by rockfalls on Stromboli volcano, a task that is generally infeasible with traditional methods applied to InSAR data. With continuing improvements in the spatial and temporal resolution from the new generation of satellites, such as Sentinel‐1, this approach opens the door to reliable and early prediction of failure over a broad range of slope instabilities.
Explaining Structural Difference Between the Eastern and Western Zones of the Qiongdongnan Basin, Northern South China Sea: Insights From Scaled Physical Models
Authors: Yang Gengxiong , Yin Hongwei , Gan Jun , Wang Wei , Zhu Jitian , Jia Dong , Xiong Xiaofeng , Xu Wenqiao 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe western and eastern zones of the Qiongdongnan Basin (China) show clear contrasts in sub‐basin distribution, fault orientation, and structural styles. Generally, pre‐existing structures are considered to control such differences, that is, NE‐striking main faults in the western zone underwent orthogonal stretching, while E–W‐ and NE‐striking faults in the eastern zone underwent oblique stretching. In addition to the influence of the pre‐existing structures, we suggest that depth‐dependent stretching controlled by the strength of the lower crust together with a change in extension direction may also affect the structural differences of the western and eastern Qiongdongnan Basin. In this study, we use physical analog modeling to explain the structural differences between the eastern and western zones of the Qiongdongnan Basin with the main variables being the strength of the lower crust and a change in extension direction. The model with weak lower crust is successful in accounting for the observed first‐order structural characteristics of this basin. This finding indicates that the rift formation is depth‐dependent and controlled by the orientation of the velocity discontinuities (VDs) and thus the extension direction. Experiment with a change of the extensional direction and weak lower crust reveal that the pre‐existing VDs mainly control the structural belts’ location and fault strikes; some minor structures (late features) respond to the extension change, whereas the main faults are inherited and developed from the previous stage of deformation.