bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Biopsy Patterns Influence Associations between Multivitamin Use and Prostate Cancer Risk in the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial
Authors: Schenk Jeannette M. , Till Cathee , Neuhouser Marian L. , Goodman Phyllis J. , Lucia M. Scott , Thompson Ian M. , Tangen Catherine M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Background:
Multivitamin (MVI) use is a common health behavior but there is conflicting evidence from prospective studies about whether this behavior increases or decreases prostate cancer risk.

Methods:
Associations of MVI use and prostate cancer risk were evaluated using data from the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). Cox proportional hazards models estimated associations of MVI use with risk of total, low-, and high-grade prostate cancer. Longitudinal data were used to evaluate screening and biopsy patterns. To account for differential biopsy patterns, the probability of prostate cancer was estimated for men with a positive screening value but no biopsy. Incidence density ratios were used to approximate HRs, and associations of MVI use with predicted prostate cancer risk were compared with observed.

Results:
Analyses of data from observed biopsies suggest a respective 19% (95% confidence interval, 10%–28%) and 21% (12%–31%) higher risk of high-grade prostate cancer for current and long-term MVI use, compared with no use. Current and long-term MVI use was associated with a shorter time to first on-study biopsy, indicating the potential for detection bias. After accounting for differential acceptance of biopsy, associations of MVI use with prostate cancer were attenuated and not statistically significant.

Conclusions:
In SELECT, biopsy acceptance patterns differed by MVI use. Estimates of associations of MVI use with prostate cancer risk based on observed biopsy data may be biased by differential acceptance of biopsy.

Impact:
Differential biopsy ascertainment may impact associations of risk factors and prostate cancer. Detailed screening and biopsy data can be used to analytically minimize such bias.
Time to Optimize Deescalation Strategies in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer?
Authors: Sharma Priyanka 
Published: September 2022

SummaryPathologic response serves as a tool to optimize escalation and deescalation of adjuvant treatment. Neoadjuvant carboplatin–taxane combination is a promising chemotherapy deescalation strategy for triple-negative breast cancer. Many key points, such as trial design/patient selection, response biomarkers, role of immunotherapy, and patient advocate input, will have to be carefully considered in order to advance neoadjuvant chemotherapy deescalation investigations.See related article by Gluz et al., p. 4995
PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibition Enhances Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain by Suppressing Neuroimmune Antinociceptive Signaling
Authors: Wanderley Carlos Wagner S. , Maganin Alexandre G.M. , Adjafre Beatriz , Mendes Atlante S. , Silva Conceição Elidianne Anibal , Quadros Andreza Urba , Luiz João Paulo Mesquita , Silva Camila Meirelles S. , Silva Nicole R. , Oliveira Francisco Fabio Bezerra , Gomes Francisco Isaac F. , Restrepo Jeferson Leandro J. , Speck-Hernandez Cesar A. , Turaça Fernanda , Silva Gabriel Victor Lucena , Pigatto Glauce R. , Nakaya Helder I. , Mota Jose Mauricio , Barroso-Sousa Romualdo , Alves-Filho José C. , Cunha Thiago M. , Cunha Fernando Q. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

Cytotoxic agents synergize with immune checkpoint inhibitors and improve outcomes for patients with several cancer types. Nonetheless, a parallel increase in the incidence of dose-limiting side effects, such as peripheral neuropathy, is often observed. Here, we investigated the role of the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis in the modulation of paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain. We found that human and mouse neural tissues, including the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), expressed basal levels of PD-1 and PD-L1. During the development of paclitaxel-induced neuropathy, an increase in PD-L1 expression was observed in macrophages from the DRG. This effect depended on Toll-like receptor 4 activation by paclitaxel. Furthermore, PD-L1 inhibited pain behavior triggered by paclitaxel or formalin in mice, suggesting that PD-1/PD-L1 signaling attenuates peripheral neuropathy development. Consistent with this, we observed that the combined use of anti–PD-L1 plus paclitaxel increased mechanical allodynia and chronic neuropathy development induced by single agents. This effect was associated with higher expression of inflammatory markers (Tnf, Il6, and Cx3cr1) in peripheral nervous tissue. Together, these results suggest that PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors enhance paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain by suppressing PD-1/PD-L1 antinociceptive signaling.
Five-Year Results of Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting With or Without Carotid Endarterectomy in Patients With Asymptomatic Carotid Artery Stenosis: CABACS RCT
Authors: Knipp Stephan C. , Holst Torulv , Bilbilis Konstantinos , von Velsen Otgonzul , Ose Claudia , Diener Hans-Christoph , Jakob Heinz , Ruhparwar Arjang , Jöckel Karl-Heinz , Weimar Christian , Beyersdorf Friedhelm , Breuer Martin , Dahm Manfred , Diegeler Anno , Kowalski Arne , Martens Sven , Mohr Friedrich-Wilhelm , Moritz Anton , Ondrášek Jiri , Reiter Beate , Roth Peter , Seipelt Ralf , Siggelkow Markus , Steinhoff Gustav , Stock Ulrich , Wilhelmi Mathias , Wimmer-Greinecker Gerhard 
Published: September 2022

Background:
In patients with coronary artery disease and concomitant asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis, combined simultaneous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) has been widely performed despite lack of evidence from randomized trials. We recently showed that the risk of stroke or death within 30 days was higher following CABG+CEA compared with CABG alone. Here, we report long-term outcomes following CABG with versus without CEA.

Methods:
The CABACS (Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery in Patients With Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis Study) is a randomized, controlled, multicenter, open trial. Patients with asymptomatic severe (≥70%) carotid stenosis undergoing CABG were allocated either CABG+CEA or CABG alone, and follow-up was 5 years. Major secondary end points included nonfatal stroke or death, any death and any nonfatal stroke. Due to low recruitment, the study was stopped prematurely after randomization of 127 patients in 17 centers.

Results:

By 5 years, the rate of stroke or death did not significantly differ between groups (CABG+CEA 40.6% [95% CI, 0.285–0.536], CABG alone 35.0% [95% CI, 0.231–0.484];
P
=0.58). Higher albeit statistically nonsignificant rates of nonfatal strokes occurred at any time following CABG+CEA versus CABG alone (1 year: 19.3% versus 7.1%,
P
=0.09; 5 years: 29.4% versus 18.8%,
P
=0.25). All-cause mortality up to 5 years was similar in both groups (CABG+CEA: 25.4% versus CABG alone: 23.3%, hazard ratio, 1.148 [95% CI, 0.560–2.353];
P
=0.71). Subgroup analyses did not reveal any significant effect of age, sex, preoperative modified Rankin Scale and center on outcome events.

Conclusions:
During 5-years follow-up, combined simultaneous CABG+CEA was associated with a higher albeit statistically nonsignificant rate of stroke or death compared with CABG alone. This was mainly due to a nonsignificantly higher perioperative risk following CABG+CEA. Since the power of our study was not sufficient, no significant effect of either procedure could be observed at any time during follow-up.

Registration:

URL:
http://www.controlled-trials.com
; Unique identifier: ISRCTN13486906.
A Positive Low Cloud–Sea Surface Temperature Feedback in the East Asian Marginal Seas during El Niño Mature Winters and Their Following Spring
Authors: Guo Zhun , Furtado Kalli , Zhou Tianjun , Larson Vincent E. , Zhang Ling 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
During the winter and subsequent spring of an El Niño year, the East Asian marginal sea (EAMS) exhibits positive sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) and fewer low clouds, while the western North Pacific experiences negative SSTAs. In this study, we suggest that the positive SSTAs in EAMS are maintained by a positive low cloud–SST feedback. In neutral winters and springs, the EAMS is covered by low clouds, which have a cooling effect on surface temperatures. During an El Niño year, a western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone is established, and along its northwestern flank, there are favorable conditions for convergence of moisture and weaker surface latent heat flux over the EAMS. Once a positive SSTA has been established, a further reduction of turbulent mixing results in less low cloud and enhanced solar heating of the ocean mixed layer; this reinforces and maintains both the positive SSTA and the lack of low cloud via a positive feedback mechanism. The concurrent increase of low cloud–SST feedback and anticyclone circulation strengths is evident in the coupled-model simulations from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. Furthermore, sensitivity experiments, performed with the atmospheric components of Community Earth System Model (CESM2), reveal that a positive SSTA helps to maintain the western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone. Four pacemaker-coupled experiments by CESM2, with sea surface temperature in the equatorial Pacific restored to the observational anomalies plus the model climatology and altered low cloud feedback over EAMS, suggest that the low cloud–SST feedback results in more than the maintenance of a positive SSTA over the EAMS: the positive feedback is also a previously overlooked mechanism for the maintenance of the western North Pacific anomalous anticyclone.

Significance Statement
The East Asian marginal sea (EAMS) and western North Pacific are important areas that bridge El Niño and the climate of East Asia. Unlike the cold sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) over the western North Pacific during El Niño, the positive SSTA over EAMS, which is covered by winter low cloud, has received less attention. We suggest that a “low cloud–SST” feedback—namely, one in which decreasing low-level clouds allows more sunlight to strike the ocean surface and favors higher SST—maintains the positive SSTA over EAMS. We also configure a widely used atmospheric model with a set of preset SSTA patterns that mimic different climate patterns. Our experiments with different climate patterns and CMIP6 historical runs show that the low cloud–SST feedback (through the positive SSTA) is a possible supplementary mechanism for reinforcing the WNP anomalous anticyclone.
Analyzing Relationships between Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Rain Rate over the Ocean Using Numerical Simulations
Authors: Xi Dazhi , Wang Shuai , Lin Ning 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this study, the relationship between tropical cyclone (TC) intensity and rain rate over the ocean is investigated using a full-physics numerical model (WRF) and a physics-based TC rainfall model (TCR). TC intensity is found to be nearly linearly correlated with the average rain rate in the inner core [∼0.97 (mm h−1 m−2)/(m s−1)], while the correlation is weak at outer radii. This difference is induced because TC intensity is significantly correlated with both the vertical velocity and specific humidity in the inner core but is not significantly correlated with the vertical velocity in the outer radii. Further investigation shows that the intensity–rain-rate relationship at the outer radii is influenced by the TC evolution stage. The rain rate for the outer radii is positively correlated with TC intensity for nondecaying TCs, while this correlation is reduced for decaying TCs due to systematic downdrafts in the outer radii. In the context of climate change, the sensitivity of the TC rain rate to sea surface temperature (SST) is found to be +9% per 1 K increase of SST, roughly the product of the sensitivity of TC intensity to SST (+3%) and the Clausius-Clapeyron scaling (+7%). Coupled with synthetic storms, evolution of the TC rain rate over the twenty-first century under the SSP5-8.5 scenario is projected by the TCR (calibrated with the WRF simulations). The annual increase rates of averaged TC rain rate are 0.17% and 0.20% for the inner core and outer radii, respectively, larger than the annual increase rate of TC intensity (0.046%) but comparable to that of cube of intensity (0.18%).
Effect of Small-Scale Topography on Eddy Dissipation in the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Yang Zhibin , Jing Zhao , Zhai Xiaoming 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mesoscale eddies are ubiquitous dynamical features, accounting for over 90% of the total kinetic energy of the ocean. However, the pathway for eddy energy dissipation has not been fully understood. Here we investigate the effect of small-scale topography on eddy dissipation in the northern South China Sea by comparing high-resolution ocean simulations with smooth and synthetically generated rough topography. The presence of rough topography is found to 1) significantly enhance viscous dissipation and instabilities within a few hundred meters above the rough bottom, especially in the slope region, and 2) change the relative importance of energy dissipation by bottom frictional drag and interior viscosity. The role of lee wave generation in eddy energy dissipation is investigated using a Lagrangian filter method. About one-third of the enhanced viscous energy dissipation in the rough topography experiment is associated with lee wave energy dissipation, with the remaining two-thirds explained by nonwave energy dissipation, at least partly as a result of the nonpropagating form drag effect.
Breakdown of Near-Surface Sea Current from High-Frequency Radar Data
Authors: Cáceres-Euse Alejandro , Molcard Anne , Bourg Natacha , Dumas Dylan , Guérin Charles-Antoine , Besio Giovanni 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To assess the contribution of wind drag and Stokes drift on the near-surface circulation, a methodology to isolate the geostrophic surface current from high-frequency radar data is developed. The methodology performs a joint analysis utilizing wind field and in situ surface currents along with an unsupervised neuronal network. The isolation method seems robust in the light of comparisons with satellite altimeter data, presenting a similar time variability and providing more spatial detail of the currents in the coastal region. Results show that the wind-induced current is around 2.1% the wind speed and deflected from the wind direction in the range [18°, 23°], whereas classical literature suggests higher values. The wave-induced currents can represent more than 13% of the ageostrophic current component as function of the wind speed, suggesting that the Stokes drift needs to be analyzed as an independent term when studying surface sea currents in the coastal zones. The methodology and results presented here could be extended worldwide, as complementary information to improve satellite-derived surface currents in the coastal regions by including the local physical processes recorded by high-frequency radar systems. The assessment of the wave and wind-induced currents have important applications on Lagrangian transport studies.
Radiofrequency Ablation for Inferior Turbinate Hypertrophy: Predictive Factors for Short and Long-Term Outcomes
Authors: Sleurs Kristien , Postelmans Job , Smit Jasper V. 
Published: September 2022

Objectives: Radiofrequency Ablation (RFA) is a widely used technique for treatment of nasal obstruction due to inferior turbinate hypertrophy. This study aims to evaluate short and long-term outcome after RFA. Secondly, predictive factors for this outcome were evaluated. Methods: A prospective clinical study was performed in 65 patients to evaluate short-term outcome and predictive factors (Study A). To evaluate long-term outcome and predictive factors we performed a second clinical study in 124 patients (Study B). Patients scored nasal symptoms on a 1 to 5 points visual analogue scale (VAS) and filled in questionnaires about their comorbidity, previous nasal surgery, and medication use. Results: Study A: There was significant short-term (6-8 weeks after RFA) improvement in nasal obstruction (VAS −1.3, P < .001), trouble exercising (VAS −1.5, P < .001), trouble sleeping (VAS −0.9, P < .001), snoring (VAS −1.1, P< .001), and hyposmia (VAS −0.6, P = .004). Smoking ( R2 = .065, P = .047) was a predictor for less optimized and previous use of decongestive nasal spray ( R2 = .135, P = .005) for better short-term outcome. Study B: Nasal obstruction significantly decreased in the long term (1-5 years after RFA) compared to VAS before RFA (VAS −1.5, P < .001), but slightly increased compared to VAS 6 to 8 weeks after RFA (VAS +0.3, P = .036). Allergy ( R2 = .066, P = .006), asthma ( R2 = .068, P = .005), and previous use of corticosteroid nasal spray ( R2 = .050, P = .016) were associated with a less optimized and older age ( R2 = .217, P < .001) with better long-term outcome. Conclusion: RFA is an efficient treatment for nasal obstruction, and improves sleeping, exercising, snoring, and hyposmia. Predictors for good short-term outcome were previous use of decongestive nasal spray and no smoking. Predictors for a less optimized long-term outcome were allergy, asthma, and previous use of corticosteroid nasal spray. Older age was associated with better long-term outcome.
Dynamics of Twin Deficits: An Enquiry of the Mundell–Fleming Proposition for India
Authors: Devi Manisha , Sarma Amiya 
Published: September 2022

Twin deficits have appeared as the indispensible reality of the Indian economy since long. The study is an attempt to trace out the inherent dynamics of India’s twin deficits problem, particularly to unveil its transmission mechanism. Applying annual secondary data for the period 1971 to 2019, the endeavour reveals India’s twin deficits encounter to follow the path prescribed by the Mundell- Fleming open economy IS-LM model. However, India’s realization is found to differ slightly from the standard theoretical manifestation. In India, domestic exchange rate is found to appreciate followed by the expansionary fiscal policies of the government. The improved exchange rate, owing to the sterilization policies of the monetary authority to uphold the country’s trade competitiveness, is observed to augment India’s domestic interest rate. Again, the increased interest rate, due to its positive effect on the financial inflows, is found to deteriorate India’s external balance. JEL Classification: H6, F32, F31, F21, E43
Flexibility in human sexuality education during a pandemic
Authors: Blaisdell Amanda J 
Published: September 2022

Objective: As a result of the SARS-COVID-2 pandemic, many students had to leave highly interactive face-to-face learning environments in classrooms and join online learning environments. By autumn 2020, some large numbers of US institutions had opted for face-to-face, hybrid and fully online teaching formats. For many of them, the challenge lay in developing teaching models that enabled parties to experience success, particularly in the field of human sexuality education, which can be effective in either format, online or face-to-face. This study explored students’ perspectives regarding a differentiated proficiency-based online education model for delivery in two course formats: modified face-to-face and fully online. Design: Mid-course and end-of-course surveys were conducted to examine students’ experiences and perspectives regarding course structure. Survey questions were coded using self-determination theory constructs. Setting: Surveys were completed in the Canvas Learning Management System at the mid-point and end of each course. Participation was voluntary, and surveys were completed asynchronously outside of the classroom. Results: Students were overwhelmingly appreciative of the support for autonomy provided in both formats, but each cohort had unique criteria for success. The face-to-face cohort evaluated the course in terms of relatedness and competence. The winter online cohort evaluated the course based on perceived competence. Conclusion: Students were overwhelmingly supportive of course policies designed to increase flexibility and scaffold learning so long as the burden was minimal and they recognised the benefit. Students were ambivalent regarding the due dates of assignments, appreciating flexibility but recognising their role as extrinsic motivators.
Systematic review of conceptual and theoretical frameworks used in palliative care and end-of-life care research studies
Authors: Tark Aluem , Estrada Leah V , Stone Patricia W , Baernholdt Marianne , Buck Harleah G 
Published: September 2022

Background: Frameworks are the conceptual underpinnings of the study. Both conceptual and theoretical frameworks are often used in palliative and end-of-life care studies to help with study design, guide, and conduct investigations. While an increasing number of investigators have included frameworks in their study, to date, there has not been a comprehensive review of frameworks that were utilized in palliative and end-of-life care research studies. Aim: To summarize conceptual and theoretical frameworks used in palliative and end-of-life care research studies. And to synthesize which of eight domains from the National Consensus Project’s Clinical Practice Guidelines for Quality Palliative Care (fourth edition) each framework belongs to. Design: Systematic review. Data sources: Four electronic databases (EMBASE, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, PsychINFO, and PubMed) were searched from July 2010 to September 2021. Results: A total 2231 citations were retrieved, of which 44 articles met eligibility. Across primary studies, 33,801 study participants were captured. Twenty-six investigators (59.1%) proposed previously unpublished frameworks. In 10 studies, investigators modified existing frameworks, mainly to overcome inherent limitations. In eight studies, investigators utilized existing frameworks referenced in previously published studies. There were eight orientations identified among 44 frameworks we reviewed (e.g. system, patient, patient-doctor). Conclusions: We examined palliative and end-of-life research studies to identify and characterize conceptual or theoretical frameworks proposed or utilized. Of 44 frameworks we reviewed, 21 studies (47.7%) were aligned with a Clinical Practice Guideline’s single domain, while the rest two or more of eight guidelines in quality palliative care domains.