bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated Mechanical Stress Application for Height Control of Greenhouse Chrysanthemum1
Authors: Beyl C. A. , Mitchell C. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An automated, mechanical oscillatory shaking (AMOS) device was developed and tested for its ability to control height of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat) cvs. May Shoesmith, Yellow Fuji Mefo, Improved Mefo, and Dramatic. The AMOS device permits automatic and uniform administration of shaking stress to a number of plants simultaneously. Shoot height and fresh weight were effectively reduced by shaking treatment consisting of 160 to 220 cycles per minute for 4 minutes daily at 0800 hours with ‘Dramatic’ exhibiting the greatest dwarfing response. The fresh weight of all 4 cultivars was reduced to an equivalent extent by 28 days of this combined vibrational-contact treatment.
‘Whitehouse’ Ornamental Pear1
Authors: Ackerman W. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Since its release by the US DA in 1960 Pyrus calleryana Dene. cv. Bradford has experienced outstanding popularity for landscape and street planting purposes. Grown widely throughout the Mid-Atlantic States and westward to the Mississippi, it is listed among the “Ten Most Recommended Trees” of several states. ‘Bradford’ has a broad globular crown up to 12 m across and a height of over 15 m at maturity (1, 2).
A Key to Nutrient Disorders of Vegetable Plants1
Authors: English Jean E. , Maynard Donald N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The visual recognition of abnormal plant growth caused by faulty nutrition has been widely used in diagnosis and subsequent remedial action to restrict crop losses. Fortunately, symptoms of nutrient imbalance are usually quite characteristic and can be readily identified by the trained observer.
On occasion, however, visual symptoms may be masked or occur as a syndrome. In these cases it may be necessary to make major investigations into the chemical, and perhaps physical, characteristics of the soil. Unsuitable soil pH, excessive salinity, or severe nutrient imbalance are major causes of a complex of symptoms rather than those which are typical of a single element imbalance. Despite these exceptions, we believe that the visual method of diagnosis provides the most rapid means of identifying the commonly encountered nutritional problems.
General descriptions (8, 9, 11, 12) of nutrient disorders, keys (1, 10, 14, 17) and detailed descriptions for individual elements and crop plants (3, 4, 13, 16) are found in the literature. This key for nutritional disorders of vegetable crops was developed to provide detailed, yet concise, information on these crops. We believe that it will be useful as a teaching aid in vegetable crops and plant nutrition, and as a working key for diagnosis of field nutritional problems.
Breaking Bud Rest on Detached Apple Shoots: Interaction of Gibberellic Acid with Some Rest-breaking Chemicals1
Authors: Paiva Edilson , Robitaille Henry 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effectiveness of rest-breaking chemicals on detached shoots of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was dependent on the stage of bud rest at the time of chemical application. Thiourea (TU) and dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) improved budbreak on September 9, the addition of gibberellic acid (GA3) to either chemical having no additional effect. On September 23 only DNOC was effective, and its effectiveness was increased with addition of GA3. DNOC + GA3 was the only effective treatment on both October 9 and October 25 at the start of the deep rest period. TU + GA3 improved budbreak on November 11, but no treatments were effective on December 4 and December 20. On January 14, as rest weakened, GA3 alone or in combination with DNOC effectively improved budbreak. By February 5, budbreak on control shoots was good and treatment effects were not significant.
‘Pearl Bailey’ Geranium1
Authors: Buck Griffith J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Pearl Bailey’ geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey) is a new cultivar with the vivid fluorescent salmon scarlet coloring of ‘Orange Glow’ but with improved plant habit and disease tolerance. This new cultivar and ‘Orange Glow’ have a common ancestor in ‘Mme. Landry’ but ‘Pearl Bailey’ is the result of systematic development of the ‘Cardinal’ breeding line.
The Fabulous Filbert
Authors: Lagerstedt Harry B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the plant world, where oddity is commonplace, the filbert, Corylus, stands out because it has so many unusual traits:

The filbert blooms in midwinter in the areas where it is commercially produced.
Six months can elapse between pollination and fertilization.
At the time of pollination, the rudimentary flower has no ovary.
When the filbert nut has completed its development, its apex is over a year older than its base.
Commercial filbert production is restricted to limited areas of Turkey, Italy, Spain, and the Pacific Northwest, yet members of the genus Corylus are widely distributed throughout the northern hemisphere.
The plant is thought never to go dormant because in mild climatic areas it exhibits some type of growth the year around.
Diluting and Dispensing Unit for Maintaining Trace Amounts of Ethylene in a Continuous Flow System1
Authors: Barmore Charles R. , Adair Wheaton T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A diluting and dispensing system is described for providing concentrations of ethylene as low as 0.1 ppm to a number of different chambers in a continuous flow system for treatment of plant tissue. Several concentrations can be provided simultaneously. The system eliminates the need for routine recharging of the ethylene reservoir.
Fertilization of Maidenhair Fern, Adiantum raddianum K. Presl.1
Authors: Poole Richard T. , Conover Charles A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Weekly applications of 12.5—37.5 mg N/10 cm pot, 5—50 mg P and 25—50 mg K produced good growth of the Maidenhair fern. Elemental composition (% dry weight) of these fern were: N (1.9—2.3), P (0.28—0.43), K (2.3—2.8), Ca (0.11—0.14) and Mg (0.27—0.35).
Chilling Injury in Scindapsus pictus, Aphelandra squarrosa and Maranta leuconeura1
Authors: McWilliams Edward L. , Smith Curtis W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Exposure to low temperature (4.5°C) for 4 days killed Scindapsus pictus Hassk. and resulted in a 49.2% reduction in dry weight of Maranta leuconeura E. Moor. Var. erythroneura Bunting. Aphelandra squarrosa Ness. cv. Louisae exhibited an 8.5% reduction in dry weight and leaf abscission after 6 or more days of chilling. Each of the chilling sensitive species displayed unique and distinctive symptoms. Pilea cadierei Gagnep. and Guillanum showed no chilling damage. The species studied exhibited a decreasing sensitivity to chilling in the following order: 1) S. pictus, 2) M. leuconeura, 3) A. squarrosa, 4) P. cadierei.
Water Quality, Preservative, Grower Source and Chrysanthemum Flower Vase-life1
Authors: Staby George L. , Erwin Terry D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The beneficial effects of de-ionized (DI) or distilled (Dist) water and/or preservative on extending the vase-life of Chrysanthemum morifolium, Ramat. ‘May Shoesmith’ flowers varied depending upon their combinations and on flower source. Generally, the addition of preservative, regardless of water quality, was beneficial as was the use of DI or Dist water alone compared to tap water alone or tap water plus preservative. Maximum vase-life was generaUy achieved using DI or Dist water plus preservative but preharvest factors also greatly influenced vase-life.
W-51 Root Knot Resistant Sweet Potato Germplasm1
Authors: Dukes P. D. , Jones Alfred , Cuthbert F. P. , Hamilton M. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Root knot caused by the southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood) is a serious disease of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) in most production areas of the U. S. and especially in the southern states (3). Considerable variation in pathogenicity of this obligate parasite on sweet potato was reported by Giamalva et al. (1) in 1963. In 1973, Martin and Birchfield (2) reported the discovery of a race of M. incognita that was highly virulent and reproduced abundantly on a sweet potato line, L4-73, that had been established as resistant to root-knot nematode populations commonly found in Louisiana. This strain of M. incognita, herein designated the “resistance breaking” (RB) race, was provided through the courtesy of Dr. W. J. Martin of the Department of Plant Pathology, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge. These findings have caused considerable concern about the future of breeding for root knot resistance in sweet potato, since the existence of RB races makes the work much more difficult and complicated. A breeding line of sweet potato (W-51) was developed at the U. S. Vegetable Laboratory, in cooperation with Clemson University, that is resistant to both the common and the RB race of root-knot nematodes (M. incognita). It also carries resistance to fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. batatas (Wr.) Snyd. & Hans.) and the sweet potato flea beetle (Chaetocnema confinis Crotch.). W-51 is being released for use as a root knot resistant parent in sweet potato breeding programs.
Developing a Mechanized Harvesting and Production System for Erect Blackberries1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Nelson G. S. , Kattan A. A. , Cawthon D. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The development of a mechanical harvester for erect blackberries is traced from its inception to commercialization. The harvesting and production system tested in this study required productive, erect cultivars that are mechanically pruned to form continuous hedgerows. An acceptable processed product is obtained from the system.
The Buffalo Gourd: A New Potential Horticultural Crop
Authors: Bemis W. P. , Berry J. W. , Weber C. W. , Whitaker Thomas W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Seldom in the long history of man's association with plants has a wild species been adapted for cultivation within the span of a few years. The production of an “instant” domesticated plant is the goal of a team of researchers at the University of Arizona, Tucson. If this program is reasonably successful, it will have far-reaching effects, particularly for horticulture in those countries with large areas of arid lands within their boundaries. Even more important, it may provide incentive and suggest methods for the development of food or fiber crops from the vast reservoir of tropical species awaiting study.
Duration of Pistil Receptivity, Fruit Set, and Seed Production in Rabbiteye and Tetraploid Blueberries
Authors: Young M. J. , Sherman W. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rate of pollen tube growth in styles of cross-pollinated rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade) and tetraploid highbush blueberries were adequate to induce a commercial fruit set when pollinated up to 6 days after emasculation. Varying intervals between emasculation and pollination, up to 6 days, did not consistently influence percentage fruit set and number of seeds produced per fruit.
Variation of Pickle worm Feeding and Oviposition on Muskmelon and Cucumbers1
Authors: Day Augustine , Nugent Perry E. , Robinson John F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Feeding of pickle worm Diaphania nitidalis (Stoll), on muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) differed, but more definitive laboratory testing under controlled condition is needed to determine if usable resistance mechanisms are involved. Few differences were detected in larval feeding on muskmelon seedlings with various characteristics. However, adult pickleworms laid fewer eggs on glabrous muskmelon and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants than on pubescent ones.
Effect of Date and Method of Application on Radioactive Sodium Content of White Spruce and American Arborvitae1
Authors: Langille Alan R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Foliar applications of 22NaCl solution to American arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis L.) and white spruce (Picea glauca L.) resulted in higher tissue accumulation of 22Na than soil applications for both species. Stem and needle tissue of spruce had higher 22Na content than corresponding tissues of arborvitae. Arborvitae roots, however, had a higher 22Na content than spruce. When foliarly applied, 22Na content of arborvitae was not influenced by date of salt application. In spruce, however, 22Na content increased as spring approached.
Timing of Fertilizer Application in Relation to Growth Flushes of ‘Helleri’ Holly (Ilex crenata Thunb.)1
Authors: Gilliam C. H. , Wright R. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Fertilizer applied during a period following the cessation of stem elongation and before the next flush resulted in greater total tissue N and shoot growth than applications made during other stages of growth in ‘Helleri’ holly. Root growth was suppressed by 3 or more fertilizer applications, regardless of the time of application.
Benefits of Mycorrhizae on Growth and Development of Three Woody Ornamentals1
Authors: Crews C. E. , Johnson C. R. , Joiner J. N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three container-grown woody ornamentals (Viburnum suspension Lindl., Podocarpus macrophylla Thunb., Pittosporum tobira Thunb.) showed increased height, stem caliper, shoot and root fresh weight when inoculated with either Glomus fasiculatus (Thaxter) Gerd. & Trappe or G. mosseae (Nich. and Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe endomycorrhizae.
Modeling of Plant Growth in Horticulture
Authors: Allen Hammer P. , Langhans R. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Horticulturists have been slow to accept and use plant modeling, even though greenhouse crops have high economic value and are produced in controlled environment conditions. Although the incentive to improve productivity in horticulture through modeling should be great, basic plant scientists have placed a much higher priority on plant modeling than horticulturists. Two reviews (7, 15) on the subject have appeared in the Annual Review of Plant Physiology since 1971 and a book has been published in 1976 (19).
Commercial Production of Horticultural Crops in Controlled Environments
Authors: Scott E. G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Our inability to control adequately the greenhouse environment is probably the main reason for the present interest in the use of controlled environments for commercial production. Actually the controlled environment concept is not revolutionary, since it can be regarded as a logical step in the evolutionary development of protected cropping, i.e., cold house to heated house, to heated house with supplementary lighting to controlled environment growing room. Many of the chambers used in controlled environment agriculture in operation today were built after the grower tried supplementary lighting in the greenhouse, and found that he needed a greater degree of control than the present method.
A Preliminary Assessment of Citrus Spacing on Production Using a “Sub-standard" Rootstock-scion Combination1
Authors: Boswell S. B. , Atkin D. R. , McCarty C. D. , Copeland R. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Trees of old-line ‘Atwood’ navel sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] on Rubidoux trifoliate orange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] were planted in 1970 at 331 to 801 trees per ha to determine effects of tree spacing on growth, yield, production costs, and fruit quality. Growth measured as trunk circumference and hence fruit-bearing capacity per tree was inversely proportional to tree density but fruit yields per hectare increase with close spacing.
Rapid Changes in the Firmness of Peaches as Influenced by Temperature1
Authors: Werner Reni A. , Frenkel Chaim 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Following harvest, fruit of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) allowed to soften at room temperature for 48 hours and then placed in ice-cold water, underwent a rapid increase in firmness. The fruit rapidly lost firmness upon transfer to warm water (20°C). The changes in firmness were inversely correlated to the temperature changes in the fruit flesh. Solutions containing soluble pectin fraction extracted from the fruit similarly showed changes in viscosity in inverse proportion to the changes in the temperature. The changes in firmness of intact fruit as influenced by temperature may, in part, reflect the gelling behavior of pectin fractions.
Humidity: Basic Principles and Measurement Techniques
Authors: Gaffney J. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dry air is a mixture of nitrogen (about 78%) and oxygen (about 21%), with argon, carbon dioxide and other minor constituents making up the remaining 1%. Moist air is defined as a two-component mixture of dry air and water vapor. The amount of water vapor in air can be highly variable, ranging from 0 (dry air) to a maximum that depends upon temperature and pressure. The term “humidity” relates to the presence of water vapor in air but, depending upon its particular usage, may be used to express either the absolute quantity or the relative amount of water vapor in a moist air mixture.
Relative Humidity Effects on the Postharvest Life of Fruits and Vegetables1
Authors: Grierson W. , Wardowski W. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We all pay lip service to the concept that fruits and vegetables are alive. Nevertheless, very little attention is paid to what must be a major trauma for most of them, being suddenly cut off at harvest from the water supply that has hitherto sustained them. While on the plant, the organs that we call fruits and vegetables participated in a dynamic traffic in water due to transpiration and to withdrawal of water by the plant in times of stress (40). At harvest, this suddenly ceases and for water, as well as other essential nutrients, they have to become what Biale has called “self sufficient harvested fruit” (8). This transition is minimal for those that are storage organs physiologically prepared for a long resting period (e.g. onions, cabbage, pumpkins, beets, carrots, potatoes) or are fruits2 that form a complete abscission layer preparatory to inevitable dehiscence (e.g. nuts, apples, pears, persimmons, plums, pomegranates, lychees). The water relations transition is maximal for those severed from the parent plant regardless of botanical independence or physiological maturity (e.g. okra, cauliflower, asparagus, corn-on-the-cob, leeks, celery, green beans, parsley, lettuce, green peas). Fruits that have a long harvest period from a single bloom (oranges, grapefruit, avocado) are intermediate. At the time of the fruit’s sudden severance from a hitherto assured water supply, humidity (as distinct from root-supplied water) becomes of critical importance. The trauma of this onset of harvested life should be a consideration in the handling of horticultural products.
Translocation of 14C-photosynthate in Mung Bean during the Reproductive Period1
Authors: Kuo C. G. , Jung M. C. H. , Tsou S. C. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The distribution of 14C-photosynthates was examined in pot-grown Tainan-1 mung bean plants (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek var. radiata). Whole plants were assimilated with 14CO2 at anthesis, and at 7 and 17 days after anthesis. The 14C-photosynthate fixed at anthesis was retained mostly in the vegetative tissue. However, of the 14C-photosynthate fixed at early pod development stage (i.e. 7 days after anthesis), 15-26% of the assimilated 14C was detected in the reproductive tissue within 24 hours after exposure, whereas about 43% was detected at maturity (i.e. 38 days after anthesis). When plants with full grown pods (i.e. 17 days after anthesis) were treated, 70% of the 14C was detected in the reproductive tissue 24 hours after exposure and at maturity.
Identification of Four Red Maple Cultivars with Scanning Electron Microscopy1
Authors: Krause Charles R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Four cultivais of red maple (Acer rubrum L.) which could not be distinguished by classical identification techniques were differentiated on the basis of foliar surface characteristics of cuticles and trichomes. Intraclonal variation due to environmental and genetic influences of ages of individual plants was negligible.
‘Oregon Cherry’ Tomato1
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Frazier W. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Oregon Cherry’ is a highly determinate, compact, fruitful, and early maturing cultivar. Developed in the Willamette Valley of Western Oregon, it should be adapted to cool summer areas where most cherry tomato culti-vars are late to mature. Similar to the F1 hybrid ‘Small Fry’ in fruit size and quality, ‘Oregon Cherry’ is less vegetative and vigorous, but more concentrated in fruit set, and generally earlier in production pattern. This cultivar should be useful in home gardens and for early fresh market production. It should be superior to most existing cultivars where a compact plant and earliness are needed.
Apple Tree Photosynthesis: An Introduction1
Authors: Seeley Earl J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
For the first decades of the twentieth century, as with the last decades of the nineteenth, men were limited in attempts at crop improvement to manipulating the environment in which the plant grew or to changing the plant, through breeding, to better fit its environment. Great strides were made in increasing productivity by determining and optimizing fertility levels, water regimes, genetic composition of plants, and by protecting desirable plants and plant parts from insects, diseases, rodents and other pests. We began this era with crop plants which, under “ideal conditions”, could harvest a small percentage of the sun’s energy striking their leaf surfaces. After several decades we still find ourselves in the position of depending on greater leaf surfaces in a relatively protected and engineered environment to attain high yields. While we probably should not “knock” that which has worked so well in the past, the specter of widespread hunger, malnutrition, growing populations and possible competition for some segments of the food supply for energy production indicates additional gains in plant productivity will be beneficial, if not absolutely necessary.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Higbee Arthur L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
What value is an extension or industry horticulturist, a teacher, even a researcher if he cannot communicate effectively? Not much, perhaps. Today’s audiences are accustomed to and expect messages which are relevant to their needs, interestingly presented, based on fact, and transmitted so that the meaning can be grasped with a minimum of effort.
Minnesota’s Information Clinic
Authors: McKinnon Jane Price 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Horticulture Information Clinic at Minnesota is organized to foster communication between the University and the urban citizen. All agricultural extension offices probably communicate by telephone, but the University of Minnesota has evolved an information service of important proportions. The St. Paul Campus stands with multi-storied brick building high above chrysanthemum beds and corn fields in the middle of the largest metropolitan area of the state. Alderman Hall, housing the Department of Horticultural Science and Landscape Architecture, is only 10 or 15 minutes away from either downtown Minneapolis or downtown St. Paul. Almost 2 million people, half the population of Minnesota live in the 5 surrounding counties. They use 590,646 toll-free residential telephones. Urban communities ring the central cities. The Minnesota Landscape Arboretum, a Horticulture Department facility, is not far away. Two-thirds of the legislators in Minnesota represent urban constituents.