bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unified Symbolism for Regulatory Controls
Authors: Philbrick G. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Following an exposition of its purposes and scope, this paper proceeds to develop and to apply its proposals for symbolism in the course of a somewhat novel reconstruction of the fundamentals of automatic regulation. It presents the basic null-seeker or follower, to which the more elaborate examples are shown subsequently to reduce, as a primary mechanism about which the symbolic and terminological structures of the subject may be centered. The manner in which regulatory controls are apt to be connected to otherwise unregulated systems is considered, along with a demonstration of the thoroughly distinct technique of compensation. Specific symbols are recommended, together with their self-explanatory names, for the functional elements and the variable quantities which are involved in such controls. There is also included a brief treatment of the relationship between the viewpoints of transient phenomena and steady oscillations, where these are concerned with a study of the dynamics of regulatory processes.
Latest Developments in Aircraft Controls and Instrumentation
Authors: Brown R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As the complications of operation on modern aircraft have increased, the provision of automatic controls has become a necessity to relieve the pilot and other operating personnel of the strain of continual manual control throughout flight periods. Electrical, pneumatic and hydraulic devices have been developed to accomplish reduction in manual functions but these must be controlled automatically by sensing elements which react to conditions encountered. Details of a basic control system having many and varied applications are cited in this paper.
Trends in Development and Application of Cutting Fluids
Authors: Beard J. T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Beginning with the cutting fluids that were commonly employed 30 or 40 years ago, such as lard oil, straight mineral oil, soda water, and soap water, the author traces the development of cutting fluids through the mineral-lard oils, the sulphurized mineral oils, the sulphurized fat bases, the various chlorinated additives to the synthetic additives of the present day. This paper deals with the influence that various metals have upon the types of cutting fluids which are used, and especially on the role played by the hardness and cutting qualities of metals. Some attention is given to the various groups of cutting tools, and how the selection of cutting fluids is governed to a large extent by the duties they perform. The part that is played by the design of machine tools is also discussed. Consideration is given to the new nonpetroleum grinding compounds which are beginning to make their appearance.
Experiences With Automatic Air Soot Blowers at the Oswego and Charles R. Huntley Steam Stations
Authors: Smith H. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper relates in some detail the experience obtained with full-automatic air soot-blowing equipment installed as the cleaning equipment for the external surfaces of three large pulverized-fuel-fired steam generators. It contains a brief description of the blowing equipment, compressors, and automatic controls; information of general interest as to the actual operating performance; and the relative installed cost and investment as compared to comparable steam equipment.
Three Systems for Handling and Storing Metal Chips
Authors: Reibel S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Great advances have occurred during recent years in methods of disposing of metal chips from machining operations. Without the knowledge and equipment to implement it, serious production curtailments would have taken place during the war. What was learned then of chip-handling methods and salvage of useful material may now be applied to peacetime production. The author describes an aluminum-chip pneumatic handling and carloading system; a mechanical method of disposing of steel chips and turnings; and a new system of mechanical handling with gravity carloading features.
Diesel Combustion Temperatures—The Influence of Operating Variables
Authors: Uyehara O. A. , Myers P. S. , Watson K. M. , Wilson L. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Flame-temperature data obtained with the electro-optical pyrometer developed at the University of Wisconsin, and performance curves showing the influence of operating variables are presented. Unique contour graphs show combustion characteristics in a form that facilitates visualization of the existing relationships. Observed combustion trends are pointed out and discussed.
Temperature Distribution in White-Oak Laminated Timbers Heated in a High-Frequency Electric Field
Authors: Dunlap M. E. , Bell E. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
High-frequency dielectric heating has been applied to the process of laminating commercial white-oak ship timbers. Specimens 6 × 6 × 24 in., composed of eight laminations ¾ × 6 × 24 in., were heated both with and without glue to study the temperatures obtaining in the glue-line areas. The uniformity of temperatures depends upon the density, moisture content, and arrangement of the laminations, direction of the electric field, and thermal insulation of the heated material. The effect of these variables is greater when the electric field and glue lines are parallel than when they are mutually perpendicular. Thermocouples were used for rapid temperature measurement. A method of heating the sides of timbers effectively was developed.
Clogging of Bituminous Coal in Bunkers
Authors: Legget R. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Flow of bituminous coal out of the reinforced-concrete bunkers of the Polymer Corporation’s steam power plant at Sarnia, Ontario, was found to be impeded by clogging of the coal. Study of the problem by means of a series of tests in a model bunker eliminated a number of suggested causes, showing finally that the clogging was determined by the moisture content of the coal. Ways of controlling the moisture content below the critical value are suggested.
Nickel-Chromium Alloys for Gas-Turbine Service
Authors: Crawford C. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The author describes two interesting nickel-base alloys developed with properties useful for gas-turbine applications at temperatures up to at least 1500 F. The first of these alloys, Inconel X, is a wrought material, readily forged and welded, with high rupture strength at all temperatures up to 1500 F and possibly higher. In addition to its use in gas turbines, Inconel X appears to offer promise as a spring material operating at temperatures of 900 F or more. The material has also been supplied experimentally in sheet form for aircraft manifold assemblies, tail pipes, and similar components. It has been produced commercially in ingot sizes as large as 5000 lb and is available in billets, simple rod sections, wire, sheet, and strip and may soon be available in tubing form. The second of the two alloys is a cast material primarily suited for extended service applications requiring high creep resistance in the neighborhood of 1500 F. The alloy has good casting qualities and is resistant to thermal shock, thereby making possible the use of high-temperature heat-treatment.
Determination of the Thermal Correction for a Single-Shielded Thermocouple
Authors: Rohsenow W. M. , Hunsaker J. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previously lacking a satisfactory technique for measuring the temperature of a hot gas stream, a single-shielded thermocouple has been developed which, while entirely practical, requires a thermal correction when being applied. A rapid graphical method of determining this correction and its magnitude in relation to some thermocouple designs is outlined.
Kinematics of Disk Cam and Flat Follower
Authors: Candee Allan H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper demonstrates the practicability of determining the proper shape of a cam to produce a required motion by means of what might be termed “geometrical kinematics.” The author shows how the general principles of geometry and kinematics can be applied and that the graphical method is not limited to determining a cam profile as the envelope of the follower. The methods of kinematics, including graphical construction, can determine points of contact and centers of curvature, so as to avoid cusps. Dimensions of the cam can be obtained to any desired degree of accuracy by calculations based upon the geometrical constructions. Designers and draftsmen will find the methods explained easy to understand and use.
Evaporation-Cooling for Pure-Water Systems for Turbine-Generator Gas and Oil Coolers
Authors: Knowlton P. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two systems of evaporation-cooling for condensate to be circulated through generator and lubricating-oil coolers on steam turbines are described, and charts provided to facilitate certain calculations to determine the operating power required and consequent losses or gains to the steam cycle. An example of each system has been worked out, each with two different steam-pump efficiencies. A few comments have been made regarding the possibilities of design of suitable steam pumps. There seems to be no reason why such systems could not be designed and operated satisfactorily. No attempt has been made to compare these evaporation systems with other methods of doing the cooling. The author considers that power-plant engineers and operators are in a much better position than he to offer informed opinions of such comparisons. It seems evident that whenever the condensate from the condenser is cool enough to be used directly, there is no reason to consider the evaporation systems. It is possible that one of the two evaporation-cooling systems may compare favorably with the use of raw-water or raw-water-to-condensate heat exchangers when the condensate temperature is too high to be used directly.
Regeneration of Spent Catalyst in Fluid Catalytic Cracking
Authors: Snuggs J. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The factors which influence the design, operation, and control of spent-catalyst regeneration facilities in commercial fluid catalytic cracking are discussed. The regeneration of spent cracking catalyst is accomplished by burning about 1 to 2 weight per cent of carbonaceous material from the catalyst under closely controlled operating conditions. During the combustion a large quantity of heat is produced. Regeneration supplies a portion of the heat required to support the reaction in the catalytic conversion zone, and excess heat is used to produce steam. A description of the facilities used for regeneration, and of the integration of these facilities with the rest of the catalytic plant is presented.
Bending Rigidity and Column Strength of Thin Sections
Authors: Sandorff P. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been found that elementary structural theory cannot be applied with accuracy to problems concerning beams and columns having thin deep webs and thin wide flanges, because of nonuniform stress distribution which exists in the flanges. In this paper the problems of nonuniform axial flange stress are treated by means of efficiency factors which apply to the flange material. These basic factors are evaluated from theoretical considerations. Then, given a particular section and the manner of loading, it is necessary only to apply the proper flange efficiency factor to calculate reduced or effective section properties, which can be used in place of the geometrical properties in the elementary formulas for lateral bending or lateral column buckling.
The results are substantiated by empirical data. Practical usage is illustrated with examples. The tangentmodulus column curve is shown to apply to stiffened-skin panels when based on a “true slenderness ratio” which allows for shear lag effects. Conclusions are drawn indicating design for best efficiency.
Semiuniversal Toothed Couplings
Authors: Wildhaber Ernest 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present analysis shows that tooth crowning is essential to keep the geometrical tooth contact within the boundaries of the tooth surfaces. Crowning in the axial direction also makes the transmitted motion more nearly uniform and increases the number of teeth in simultaneous contact. When properly designed, the coupling may transmit more nearly uniform motion than Hooke’s joint, but it does so in the manner of gears. Tooth contact is in two diametrically opposite zones of mesh. The theoretical departure from uniform motion increases with the square of the shaft angularity, and the number of simultaneously contacting teeth and the load capacity are correspondingly decreased. Semiuniversal toothed couplings give excellent results at small shaft angularities, where they combine simplicity and strength.
Explanation of Longitudinal Shrinkage of Wood Based on Interconnected Chain-Molecule Concept of Cell-Wall Structure
Authors: Cockrell R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper demonstrates that the following four factors exert a significant influence on the longitudinal shrinkage-moisture content relationship of wood: (a) The interconnection of chain molecules; (b) fibril angle; (c) the cellulose chain-molecule length; (d) the microcapillary width. A mathematical demonstration is given to check the validity of the shrinkage theory advanced.
Temperature Distribution in Cylinder Heated by Point Source Moving Along Its Axis
Authors: Rosenthal D. , Cameron R. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The subject treated in this paper forms a part of a more general theory of heat flow involving moving sources of heat. The present problem deals with the temperature distribution around a point source moving at a constant speed along the axis of a cylinder. It is shown that the rise of temperature produced at a given cross section of the cylinder, as a result of the passage of the heat source, tends rapidly to become constant. The factor which governs this trend is a dimensionless product of the following units: (1) The speed at which the source travels; (2) the radius of the cylinder; and (3) the converse of the heat diffusivity.
The Proficorder—An Instrument for Recording Waviness and Other Surface Profiles
Authors: Abbott E. J. , Rupke Edward 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Proficorder described in this paper represents a major addition to available surface-measuring instruments. It provides data which are highly essential in the study of surfaces and the processes by which they are obtained. Its function is to reproduce, with appropriate magnifications, the actual profile of a considerable length of surface. It permits the study of individual irregularities as to size, shape, and relative position with respect to other irregularities. The instrument can be used to good advantage for inspection of production setups for waves and other surface characteristics. As an instrument for use in process engineering, it provides quantitative data for determining the effectiveness of steps taken to improve or obtain certain surface finishes in machining or grinding operations. As a laboratory instrument, the Proficorder supplies indispensable information to all those who are interested in determining the causes, effects, and characteristics of surface irregularities.
Development of an Air-Operated Force-Measuring System
Authors: Markson A. A. , Williams R. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The force-measuring system described in this paper depends upon the principle of using a nonmetallic flexible diaphragm as a null-deflection frictionless measuring piston. This is accomplished by use of a simple auxiliary positioning pneumatic-relay system. A novel viscous stabilizing damper is described. The paper outlines the industrial development of this principle. Previous related NACA work in this field is cited. Because the devices are now used in test measurements on cradle dynamometers, turbojet engines, rockets, and guided missiles, some essential data relating to the evaluation of such a system and its probable errors are given. It is shown that this principle is capable of yielding an unusually good combination of ruggedness and stable accuracy.
Measurements of Combined Frictional and Thermal Behavior in Journal-Bearing Lubrication
Authors: McKee S. A. , White H. S. , Swindells J. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Data were obtained in tests with a four-bearing friction machine which show that an increase in the load on a journal bearing produces a proportional increase in frictional torque when other conditions of test are held constant. Under these same conditions an increase in load also produces a proportional increase in the fluidity of the oil in the bearing. These two effects are the result of the combined hydrodynamic and thermodynamic actions involved in journal-bearing operation with forced-feed lubrication. The increase in torque is influenced by the viscosity of the oil, the oil-inlet temperature, the oil-feed pressure, the shaft diameter, the clearance-diameter ratio, and the length-diameter ratio. The increase in fluidity is influenced by the same factors and also by the speed of the journal. Empirical equations are derived for the fluidity-pressure relationship for certain conditions. Also, a graphical method is given for the use of this relationship in estimating safe bearing loads.
Power Turbines for Natural-Gas Expansion
Authors: Bencze Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Natural-gas expansion turbines are driven by gas in the same way that steam drives steam turbines. These gas-expansion turbines are supplied with energy in the form of heat energy in the gas, and they convert this into useful mechanical energy. Turbines of this type are not to be confused with the combustion type of gas turbine in which the fuel is burned and the resultant gases allowed to expand, generating power, then exhausted and thrown away. In a natural-gas turbine, the gas is allowed to expand and is exhausted into subsequent processes and may be used for combustion or chemical reduction. The gas undergoes only a change in pressure and temperature and undergoes no chemical change in passing through the turbine. Thus the conversion of power can be considered a “by-product” to the normal uses of the gas.
III—Heats of Formation and Chemical Thermodynamic Properties
Authors: Rossini Frederick D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This report describes the tables of selected values of chemical thermodynamic properties issued by the National Bureau of Standards and presents a summary of values of the heats of formation of the molecules H2O, CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4, NH3, and the atoms O, H, N, C, all in the gaseous state.
V—Vapor Pressure, Specific Volumes, and p-v-T Data for H2O, NH3 CH4, C2H4 With Comments on Mixtures
Authors: Keyes F. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Because of its importance wherever thermodynamics is used, reference is made to the need of improved knowledge of the relation of the international scale of 1927 to the thermodynamic scale. The published results of James A. Beattie comprise comparisons between the scales from 32 F to 832.28 F and indicate that the thermodynamic-scale temperature as a maximum is 0.26 deg F greater than the international scale at about 750 F. The new thermometric information makes possible a thermodynamic consistency test of vaporization data, vapor pressures, and volume data from the steam investigation sponsored by this Society up to 1935. It is suggested that additional volume data are desirable above 860 F. Comments are offered on the known thermodynamic properties of water, ammonia, methane, ethylene, and mixtures of a number of the eleven pure gases of the list selected by the Research Committee on Properties of Gases and Gas Mixtures.
VIII—Brief Review of Available Data on the Dynamic Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity for Twelve Gases
Authors: Hawkins G. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A brief review of the available data relative to the dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity for twelve gases is presented in order to show the need for future experimental work. The values found in the survey for the thermal conductivity and viscosity for the various gases at a pressure of approximately 1 atm have been analyzed and average values presented in the form of graphs to show the influence of the temperature.
Instrument-Gear Standards and Design
Authors: Kuntny G. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Common gear formulas alone do not guarantee smooth, continuous, and uniform gear motion. Refinements and corrections on basic dimensions are sometimes needed. Small pinions, for example, must be made oversize with increased pitch diameters if weak undercut teeth and loss of overlapping tooth action are to be avoided. Accurate mathematical analysis of gear problems can be made by methods developed through the new science of gearing, “involute trigonometry.” Graphic gear analysis can be used to visualize gear theory and to double-check mathematical analysis. A fairly accurate graphic check can be made of essential gear elements such as overlapping tooth action, backlash, tolerances, and possible interference by duplicating the action of a gear-hobbing machine on a simple fixture described in this paper. Because accurate gear calculations are complex, the establishment of pre-selected standard specifications is recommended for frequently used classes and grades of gears. Samples of such “quick-reference” tables are included. They are intended as a timesaver for the busy designer, and as a yardstick of gear quality for the less experienced draftsman.
Development of a High-Speed Lathe for Machining Aluminum
Authors: Templin R. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper describes an experimental high-speed lathe, having a maximum spindle speed of 9000 rpm, capable of taking a 2¼-in-diam bar through its hollow spindle, driven by a special 80-hp motor; together with certain accessory equipment. Certain machining experiments conducted with the lathe on two aluminum alloys at cutting speeds varying from 5000 to 20,000 fpm are described.
Theory and Practice of the Crush-Dressing Operation on Grinding Wheels
Authors: Helfrich E. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a qualitative analysis of the crush-dressing process based upon experimental evidence. The theory developed herein accounts for the forces involved, power requirements, rate of wheel removal, the effect of wheel and crusher diameters, and surface speed on the crushing process. The equations and data presented will enable the designer to engineer crush-dressing applications more intelligently, and will contribute to a clearer understanding of the process by all who may be interested in applying it. The advantages and disadvantages of crush-dressing versus diamond-truing are discussed with reference to the physical properties of crystals.
Heat Transfer Through Thick Insulation on Cylindrical Enclosures
Authors: Nickerson T. S. , Dusinberre G. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A graph is presented for finding the heat transfer through relatively thick insulation applied to an enclosure having the form of a short cylinder such as a tank. Incorrect treatment of the corner effect in this case may lead to serious error. The “relaxation” method of calculation was used.
A Method of Correlating Axial-Flow-Compressor Cascade Data
Authors: Davis Hunt 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a method of correlating wind-tunnel tests on axial-flow-compressor cascades. The use and construction of two charts for the NACA four-digit airfoil series are described. The charts relate the three cascade quantities; camber, solidity, and stagger angle with two flow angles; the entrance angle, and the turning angle, for low Mach numbers. When four of these five variables are given, the fifth is determined. A simple computation procedure to correct the solution for a high subsonic Mach number is given. The profile drag does not enter the correlation scheme directly but an approximate guide is indicated on the charts.