bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global models and predictions of plant diversity based on advanced machine learning techniques
Authors: Cai Lirong , Kreft Holger , Taylor Amanda , Denelle Pierre , Schrader Julian , Essl Franz , van Kleunen Mark , Pergl Jan , Pyšek Petr , Stein Anke , Winter Marten , Barcelona Julie F. , Fuentes Nicol , Inderjit  , Karger Dirk Nikolaus , Kartesz John , Kuprijanov Andreij , Nishino Misako , Nickrent Daniel , Nowak Arkadiusz , Patzelt Annette , Pelser Pieter B. , Singh Paramjit , Wieringa Jan J. , Weigelt Patrick 
Published: November 2022

Summary

Despite the paramount role of plant diversity for ecosystem functioning, biogeochemical cycles, and human welfare, knowledge of its global distribution is still incomplete, hampering basic research and biodiversity conservation.

Here, we used machine learning (random forests, extreme gradient boosting, and neural networks) and conventional statistical methods (generalized linear models and generalized additive models) to test environment‐related hypotheses of broad‐scale vascular plant diversity gradients and to model and predict species richness and phylogenetic richness worldwide. To this end, we used 830 regional plant inventories including c. 300 000 species and predictors of past and present environmental conditions.

Machine learning showed a superior performance, explaining up to 80.9% of species richness and 83.3% of phylogenetic richness, illustrating the great potential of such techniques for disentangling complex and interacting associations between the environment and plant diversity. Current climate and environmental heterogeneity emerged as the primary drivers, while past environmental conditions left only small but detectable imprints on plant diversity.

Finally, we combined predictions from multiple modeling techniques (ensemble predictions) to reveal global patterns and centers of plant diversity at multiple resolutions down to 7774 km2. Our predictive maps provide accurate estimates of global plant diversity available at grain sizes relevant for conservation and macroecology.
Trait matching and sampling effort shape the structure of the frugivory network in Afrotropical forests
Authors: Durand‐Bessart Clémentine , Cordeiro Norbert J. , Chapman Colin A. , Abernethy Katharine , Forget Pierre‐Michel , Fontaine Colin , Bretagnolle François 
Published: November 2022

SummaryFrugivory in tropical forests is a major ecological process as most tree species rely on frugivores to disperse their seeds. However, the underlying mechanisms driving frugivore–plant networks remain understudied. Here, we evaluate the data available on the Afrotropical frugivory network to identify structural properties, as well as assess knowledge gaps.We assembled a database of frugivory interactions from the literature with > 10 000 links, between 807 tree and 285 frugivore species. We analysed the network structure using a block model that groups species with similar interaction patterns and estimates interaction probabilities among them. We investigated the species traits related to this grouping structure.This frugivory network was simplified into 14 tree and 14 frugivore blocks. The block structure depended on the sampling effort among species: Large mammals were better‐studied, while smaller frugivores were the least studied. Species traits related to frugivory were strong predictors of the species composition of blocks and interactions among them. Fruits from larger trees were consumed by most frugivores, and large frugivores had higher probabilities to consume larger fruits.To conclude, this large‐scale frugivory network was mainly structured by species traits involved in frugivory, and as expected by the distribution areas of species, while still being limited by sampling incompleteness.
The impacts of sport emissions on climate: Measurement, mitigation, and making a difference
Authors: Wilby Robert L. , Orr Madeleine , Depledge Duncan , Giulianotti Richard , Havenith George , Kenyon Jamie A. , Matthews Tom K. R. , Mears Stephen A. , Mullan Donal J. , Taylor Lee 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAs a global industry, sport makes potentially significant contributions to climate change through both carbon emissions and influence over sustainability practices. Yet, evidence regarding impacts is uneven and spread across many disciplines. This paper investigates the impacts of sport emissions on climate and identifies knowledge gaps. We undertook a systematic and iterative meta‐analysis of relevant literature (1992–2022) on organized and individual sports. Using a defined search protocol, 116 sources were identified that map to four sport‐related themes: (1) carbon emissions and their measurement; (2) emissions control and decarbonization; (3) carbon sinks and offsets; and (4) behavior change. We find that mega sport events, elite sport, soccer, skiing, and golf have received most attention, whereas grass‐roots and women's sport, activity in Africa and South America, cricket, tennis, and volleyball are understudied. Other knowledge gaps include carbon accounting tools and indicators for smaller sports clubs and active participants; cobenefits and tradeoffs between mitigation‐adaptation efforts in sport, such as around logistics, venues, sports equipment, and facilities; geopolitical influence; and scope for climate change litigation against hosts and/or sponsors of carbon‐intensive events. Among these, researchers should target cobenefits given their scope to deliver wins for both climate mitigation and risk management of sport.
Comparison of the Imaging and Clinical Outcomes among the Measured Resection, Gap Balancing, and Hybrid Techniques in Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Hao Kuo , Wei Maozheng , Ji Gang , Jia Yanfeng , Wang Fei 
Published: November 2022

ObjectiveAlthough many studies have compared the measured resection (MR) technique to the gap balancing (GB) technique, few studies have investigated the hybrid technique. In this study, we compared imaging and clinical outcomes of the MR, GB, and hybrid techniques in primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA).MethodsFrom January 2016 to January 2019, we conducted a retrospective study on 90 patients who underwent unilateral primary TKA; 30 received the MR technique, 30 received the GB technique, and 30 received the hybrid technique. Radiological outcomes, including joint line level, mechanical alignment of the lower limb, positions of the femoral and tibial components, and rotation of the femoral component, and clinical outcomes, including the visual analog scale score for pain, the Knee Society Score, and the range of motion, were assessed among the three groups. One‐way analysis of variance and Dunnett's test were performed for normally distributed data. Kruskal–Wallis H test and Dunn–Bonferroni test were conducted for non‐normally distributed data.ResultsNo significant difference in the mechanical alignment (p = 0.151) and the positions of the tibial and femoral components (p = 0.230 for α angle, p = 0.517 for β angle, p = 0.686 for femoral flexion angle, and p = 0.918 for tibial slope angle) was found among the three groups. No significant difference in the elevation of the joint line between the MR and the hybrid groups was found (2.1 ± 0.3 mm vs 2.1 ± 0.1 mm, p = 0.627), but the GB group (2.8 ± 0.2 mm) differed significantly from the other two groups (p < 0.001). Although rotation of the femoral component in the GB group was larger than that of the MR and hybrid groups, the difference was not significant (1.8° ± 0.2° vs 1.7° ± 0.3° vs. 1.7° ± 0.2°, p = 0.101). The clinical outcomes were not significantly different (p > 0.05), although the results in the hybrid group were slightly higher.ConclusionThe hybrid technique helped to restore the mechanical alignment of the lower limb and realize optimal positions of the femoral and tibial components without significant differences relative to the MR and GB techniques. The hybrid technique was more helpful for maintaining the original height of the joint line, which was similar to the MR technique. Additionally, although the improvement in the clinical outcomes in the hybrid group was slightly higher, it was not significantly different among the three groups.
Algorithms in the public sector. Why context matters
Authors: Wenzelburger Georg , König Pascal D. , Felfeli Julia , Achtziger Anja 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAlgorithms increasingly govern people's lives, including through rapidly spreading applications in the public sector. This paper sheds light on acceptance of algorithms used by the public sector emphasizing that algorithms, as parts of socio‐technical systems, are always embedded in a specific social context. We show that citizens' acceptance of an algorithm is strongly shaped by how they evaluate aspects of this context, namely the personal importance of the specific problems an algorithm is supposed to help address and their trust in the organizations deploying the algorithm. The objective performance of presented algorithms affects acceptance much less in comparison. These findings are based on an original dataset from a survey covering two real‐world applications, predictive policing and skin cancer prediction, with a sample of 2661 respondents from a representative German online panel. The results have important implications for the conditions under which citizens will accept algorithms in the public sector.
Volatile‐mediated signalling in barley induces metabolic reprogramming and resistance against the biotrophic fungus Blumeria hordei
Authors: Laupheimer S. , Kurzweil L. , Proels R. , Unsicker S. B. , Stark T. D. , Dawid C. , Hückelhoven R. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Plants have evolved diverse secondary metabolites to counteract biotic stress. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are released upon herbivore attack or pathogen infection. Recent studies suggest that VOCs can act as signalling molecules in plant defence and induce resistance in distant organs and neighbouring plants. However, knowledge is lacking on the function of VOCs in biotrophic fungal infection on cereal plants.

We analysed VOCs emitted by 13 ± 1‐day‐old barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L.) after mechanical wounding using passive absorbers and TD‐GC/MS. We investigated the effect of pure VOC and complex VOC mixtures released from wounded plants on the barley–powdery mildew interaction by pre‐exposure in a dynamic headspace connected to a powdery mildew susceptibility assay. Untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics were applied to investigate metabolic changes in sender and receiver barley plants.

Green leaf volatiles (GLVs) dominated the volatile profile of wounded barley plants, with (Z)‐3‐hexenyl acetate (Z3HAC) as the most abundant compound. Barley volatiles emitted after mechanical wounding enhanced resistance in receiver plants towards fungal infection. We found volatile‐mediated modifications of the plant–pathogen interaction in a concentration‐dependent manner. Pre‐exposure with physiologically relevant concentrations of Z3HAC resulted in induced resistance, suggesting that this GLV is a key player in barley anti‐pathogen defence.

The complex VOC mixture released from wounded barley and Z3HAC induced e.g. accumulation of chlorophyll, linolenic acid and linolenate‐conjugated lipids, as well as defence‐related secondary metabolites, such as hordatines in receiving plants. Barley VOCs hence induce a complex physiological response and disease resistance in receiver plants.
Light‐induced damage to photosystem II at a very low temperature (195 K) depends on singlet oxygen
Authors: Mattila Heta , Tyystjärvi Esa 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPhotosynthetic organisms, like evergreen plants, may encounter strong light at low temperatures. Light, despite being the energy source of photosynthesis, irreversibly damages photosystem II (PSII). We illuminated plant thylakoid membranes and intact cyanobacterial cells at −78.5°C and assayed PSII activity with oxygen evolution or chlorophyll fluorescence, after thawing the sample. Both UV radiation and visible light damaged PSII of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) thylakoids at −78.5°C, but visible‐light‐induced photoinhibition at −78.5°C, unlike at +20°C, proceeded only in the presence of oxygen. A strong magnetic field that would decrease triplet chlorophyll formation by recombination of the primary radical pair slowed down photoinhibition at −78.5°C, suggesting that singlet oxygen produced via recombination of the primary pair is a major contributor to photoinhibition at −78.5°C. However, a magnetic field did not affect singlet oxygen production at +25°C. Thylakoids of winter leaves of an evergreen plant, Bergenia, were less susceptible to photoinhibition both at −78.5°C and +20°C, contained high amounts of carotenoids and produced little singlet oxygen (measured at +20°C), compared to thylakoids of summer leaves. In contrast, high carotenoid amount and low singlet oxygen yield did not protect a Synechocystis mutant from photoinhibition at −78.5°C. Thylakoids isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana grown under high light, which reduces PSII antenna size, were more resistant than control plants against photoinhibition at −78.5°C but not at +20°C, although carotenoid amounts were similar. The results indicate that visible‐light‐induced photoinhibition at −78.5°C depends on singlet oxygen, whereas photoinhibition at +20°C is largely independent of oxygen.
Policy coordination and selective corruption control in China
Authors: Zhan Jing Vivian , Zhu Jiangnan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn autocracies facing widespread corruption, the allocation of the scant attention available for fighting corruption strongly affects corruption control. Although research has found that authoritarian regimes tend to fight corruption selectively, it is unknown whether and how autocracies allocate attention across different policy areas to combat corruption. We propose that single‐party authoritarian regimes can steer anticorruption attention to the policy domains prioritized by the central authority through the mechanism of cross‐organizational policy coordination. Using original datasets compiled from Chinese governmental and procuratorial policy papers from 1998 to 2016, we demonstrate that Chinese prosecutors direct anticorruption attention to the policy domains accentuated in the central government's major reforms. Our field interviews support this finding and reveal possible disruption of anticorruption efforts in policy domains falling off the central government's top list. Thus, we extend the research on political influence over anticorruption agencies and show that single‐party regimes can instrumentalize anticorruption to serve the government's policy agenda, driving the allocation of limited anticorruption attention across policy areas.
Tidal restoration to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from freshwater impounded coastal wetlands
Authors: Cadier Charles , Waltham Nathan J. , Canning Adam , Fry Scott , Adame Maria Fernanda 
Published: November 2022

Freshwater impounded wetlands are created by artificially restricting coastal wetlands connection to tides. The decrease in salinity and altered hydrology can significantly increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, specifically methane (CH4). Restoration of freshwater impounded wetlands through tidal reintroduction can potentially reduce GHG emissions; however, studies in tropical regions are scare. This study investigates the potential for tidal restoration of impounded freshwater coastal wetlands by comparing their GHG emissions with tidally connected mangrove and saltmarshes in the Burdekin catchment in Queensland, Australia. We found that freshwater impounded wetlands had significantly higher CH4 emissions (3,633 ± 812 μg CH4 m−2 hour−1) than mangroves (27 ± 8 μg CH4 m−2 hour−1) and saltmarsh (13 ± 8 μg CH4 m−2 hour−1). Soil redox, moisture, carbon, nitrogen, and bulk density were all significantly correlated to methane emissions. Conversely, freshwater impounded wetlands had significantly lower nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions (−0.72 ± 0.18 μg N2O m−2 hour−1) than mangroves and saltmarsh (0.35 ± 0.29 and 1.32 ± 0.52 μg N2O m−2 hour−1 respectively). Nevertheless, when converting to CO2 equivalents (CO2‐eq), freshwater impounded wetlands emitted 91 ± 20 g CO2‐eq m−2 hour−1, compared to the much lower 0.8 ± 0.2 and 0.7 ± 0.2 g CO2‐eq m−2 hour−1 emission rates for mangroves and saltmarsh. In conclusion, restoration of freshwater impounded wetlands through tidal restoration is likely to result in reduced GHG emissions.
The essential spectrum of periodically stationary pulses in lumped models of short‐pulse fiber lasers
Authors: Shinglot Vrushaly , Zweck John 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn modern short‐pulse fiber lasers, there is significant pulse breathing over each round trip of the laser loop. Consequently, averaged models cannot be used for quantitative modeling and design. Instead, lumped models, which are obtained by concatenating models for the various components of the laser, are required. As the pulses in lumped models are periodic rather than stationary, their linear stability is evaluated with the aid of the monodromy operator obtained by linearizing the round‐trip operator about the periodic pulse. Conditions are given on the smoothness and decay of the periodic pulse that ensure that the monodromy operator exists on an appropriate Lebesgue function space. A formula for the essential spectrum of the monodromy operator is given, which can be used to quantify the growth rate of continuous wave perturbations. This formula is established by showing that the essential spectrum of the monodromy operator equals that of an associated asymptotic operator. Since the asymptotic monodromy operator acts as a multiplication operator in the Fourier domain, it is possible to derive a formula for its spectrum. Although the main results are stated for a particular experimental stretched pulse laser, the analysis shows that they can be readily adapted to a wide range of lumped laser models.
Phylogenomics of the family Lachesillidae (Insecta: Psocodea: Psocomorpha)
Authors: Saenz Manchola Oscar Fernando , Virrueta Herrera Stephany , D'Alessio Lorenzo Mario , García Aldrete Alfonso Neri , Johnson Kevin P. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractLachesillidae is one of the largest families of bark lice and includes more than 420 described species, in 26 genera and three subfamilies. This family belongs in the suborder Psocomorpha, infraorder Homilopsocidea. The classification of Lachesillidae is based on male and female genital morphologies, but questions remain regarding the monophyly of the family and some of its genera. Here, we used whole genome and transcriptome data to generate a 2060 orthologous gene data matrix of 2,438,763 aligned bp and used these data to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of species of Lachesillidae and relatives. Taxon sampling included 24 species from Lachesillidae and 23 additional species belonging to related families from the infraorders Homilopsocidea and Caeciliusetae. Phylogenetic relationships reconstructed with maximum likelihood and coalescent‐based analyses indicated paraphyly of Lachesillidae, and monophyly of the tribe Graphocaeciliini and the genus Lachesilla were also never recovered. Instability was observed in the position of Eolachesilla chilensis, which was recovered either as sister to Elipsocidae or to Mesopsocidae species, so we cannot conclusively determine the position of this genus within the Homilopsocidea. Given our results, a reclassification is necessary, but more taxon sampling of other species in Mesopsocidae and Peripsocidae would be useful to add to a tree in future before proposing a new classification.
Reversible changes in structure and function of photosynthetic apparatus of pea (Pisum sativum) leaves under drought stress
Authors: Pandey Jayendra , Devadasu Elsinraju , Saini Deepak , Dhokne Kunal , Marriboina Sureshbabu , Raghavendra Agepati S. , Subramanyam Rajagopal 
Published: November 2022

SUMMARYThe effects of drought on photosynthesis have been extensively studied, whereas those on thylakoid organization are limited. We observed a significant decline in gas exchange parameters of pea (Pisum sativum) leaves under progressive drought stress. Chl a fluorescence kinetics revealed the reduction of photochemical efficiency of photosystem (PS)II and PSI. The non‐photochemical quenching (NPQ) and the levels of PSII subunit PSBS increased. Furthermore, the light‐harvesting complexes (LHCs) and some of the PSI and PSII core proteins were disassembled in drought conditions, whereas these complexes were reassociated during recovery. By contrast, the abundance of supercomplexes of PSII‐LHCII and PSII dimer were reduced, whereas LHCII monomers increased following the change in the macro‐organization of thylakoids. The stacks of thylakoids were loosely arranged in drought‐affected plants, which could be attributed to changes in the supercomplexes of thylakoids. Severe drought stress caused a reduction of both LHCI and LHCII and a few reaction center proteins of PSI and PSII, indicating significant disorganization of the photosynthetic machinery. After 7 days of rewatering, plants recovered well, with restored chloroplast thylakoid structure and photosynthetic efficiency. The correlation of structural changes with leaf reactive oxygen species levels indicated that these changes were associated with the production of reactive oxygen species.
A Portable, Vacuum-Operated, and Purely Mechanical Device for Extracting Feces by Suction to Cure Chronic Anal Fissures
Authors: Mohammed Riaz Ur Rehman , Bassari Vedad , Rasmussen Richard , Terry Benjamin S. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
An anal fissure is a common anorectal problem that affects men and women of all age groups. It initiates with an acute stage that presents as a linear or oval tear in the anoderm and may progress to a more complex chronic stage due to poor healing. Routine defecation causes overstretching of the injured anoderm which deepens the injury resulting in hypertonicty and ischemia, setting up a positive feedback loop that keeps the fissure from healing. Existing treatments can be invasive, expensive, and may include side effects. Here we present a novel vacuum-operated mechanical device to extract feces via suction. The device is designed to solve the problem of anodermal stretching by assisting in defecation. The device was tested in vitro on a benchtop model of the rectum and in vivo on live pigs. in vitro tests showed that the device could hold vacuum pressures for 12 h with negligible leakage. Further, the device could extract simulated human feces at a flowrate of 32 mL/s. in vivo tests on pigs showed that the device did not cause any trauma to the rectal wall, thus demonstrating its safety. Our results highlight the potential of this novel platform to circumvent the problem of anodermal stretching and improve the healing rate of anal fissures.