bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
مفهوم الالتزامات تجاه الكافة في القانون الدولي
Authors: المالكي هادي نعيم , علي علي فارس 
Published: September 2022

أثارت محكمة العدل الدولية، باعتبارها الجهاز القضائي الرئيسي للأمم المتحدة في حكمها المتعلق بقضية Barcelona Traction مفهوم الالتزامات تجاه الكافة Erga Omnes في القانون الدولي، ولكن هذا المصطلح اللاتيني Erga Omnes قد استخدم بمعاني ودلالات مختلفة، فمن خلال إستقراء فقه محكمة العدل الدولية نلاحظ إنها أستخدمت المصطلح في إطار معناه التقليدي للتعبير عن المسائل المتعلقة بالاحتجاج والمصلحة القانونية في بعض الأحيان، ومسألة إنفاذ القانون الدولي في أحيان آخرى، كما أنها أستخدمت المصطلح ذاته لتبرير إنصراف آثار بعض المعاهدات الدولية على دول ليست أطرافاً فيها، أو تطبيق قرارات منظمة الأمم المتحدة على الدول غير الأعضاء، فضلاً عن توظيفها للمفهوم ذاته لغرض فرض ولايتها على بعض المنازعات التي تخرج من اختصاصها وتوسيع دائرة نطاق الدول الملزمة بقراراتها.
الطبيعة القانونية لعقود الاستثمار
Authors: الموسوي علي فوزي , كاظم حيدر محمود 
Published: September 2022

يعد عقد الاستثمار المشوب بعنصر اجنبي من العقود التي لها وزنها القانوني والاقتصادي العالمي، لما تمثلها من دور في اقتصاد الدول كافة، وتحقيق التقدم في شتى المجالات التي تتدخل عملية الاستثمار في موضوعها من حيث البناء والانشاء، فهو محظ انظار الجميع، كما ان تعدد الآراء واختلاف المضامين المعطاة لهذه العقود، والخلط بينها وبين العقود الدولية الأخرى، والاهتمام البالغ لفقهاء القانون بهذه العقود حال دون التوصل لتعريف قانوني لها، اذ ان معظم التعريفات هي اقتصادية وهي اكثر من كونها قانونية، ذلك يعود ان القانون يتولى حمايتها وتنظيم العلاقات الاقتصادية ويوفر لها الاستقرار والأمان ويعمل على تطويرها، كما ان تحديد الطبيعة القانونية لها، تحظى ايضاً بأهمية كبيرة، وان تحديد القانون الحاكم لها يتم تحديده من خلال معرفة الطبيعة القانونية، ومن ثم ردها الى ما هو معمول به في العلاقات الدولية الخاصة، اذ ما كان العقد يتمتع بطبيعة إدارية فهو يخضع للقضاء الإداري، وبالتالي تخضع العلاقة الى قواعد القانون العام، اما اذا كانت العلاقة تتصف بالصفة التجارية والمدنية فهي تخضع لأحكام القواعد المدنية ويحكمها القانون الخاص.
التعدي على حقوق منتجي التسجيلات الصوتية(القرصنة)
Authors: حسن حيدر فليح , عبد الحسن سلام هاشم 
Published: September 2022

تعتبر القرصنة من أهم المشاكل التي يعاني منها منتجو التسجيلات الصوتية، كونها مشكلة تتطور بتطور الزمن والتكنولوجية، وعلى الرغم من أن القرصنة ليست بالمشكلة الجديدة، بيد انها حظيت باهتمام كبير في السنوات الأخيرة، وذلك بسبب الوسيلة التي تحدث بها(وهي الأنترنت) وحجم الخسائر التي تنتج عنها، حتى ان العديد من المحاكم تصفها بـ(جريمة العصر الإلكتروني) نظراً لما يترتب عليها من ضرر كبير يصيب جميع الفئات المشتركة في إنتاج التسجيل الصوتي، ذلك لان هناك ثلاث فئات تساهم في عملية إنتاج التسجيل الصوتي وهم (مؤلف العمل الذي يتم تسجيله، والفنان الذي يؤدي العمل، والمُنتج الذي يقوم بعملية تسجيل الاداء ونقله إلى التسجيلات وتوزيعه)، فهذه الفئات الثلاث المذكورة انفاً هي المتضررة من عملية القرصنة بصور عامة، فغالباً ما يكون أجر المؤلف والفنان نسبة معينة من الارباح التي يحققها التسجيل الصوتي، لذلك فعند قرصنة هذا التسجيل بأي شكل سوف يترتب عليه فقدان جزء كبير من الارباح، وبالتالي التأثير على المقابل المالي الذي تحصل عليه الفئات الثلاثة المذكورة سابقا.
الاستثناءات الواردة على قاعدة عدم تخصيص الإيرادات العامة
Authors: عبدالقادر بان صلاح , نعمة رغد عبدالله 
Published: September 2022

الموازنة هي البرنامج المالي السنوي للدولة الذي تسير به المرافق العامة فيها والذي يحتوي على النفقات والايرادات وتخضع الموازنة العامة لعدة مبادئ منها واهمها مبدأ عمومية الموازنة العامة والذي يضمن صياغة سليمة للبرنامج المالي من خلال الاستناد على قاعدتين هما قاعدة تخصيص النفقات العامة وقاعدة عدم تخصيص الإيرادات العامة.
وفي بحثنا هذا نسلط الضوء على الاستثناءات الواردة على قاعدة عدم تخصيص الإيرادات العامة وكيفية حصر هذه الاستثناءات وماهي وضوابط واحكام تطبيقها حفاظاً على مبدأ الشفافية في إدارة المال العام حيث جاء بحثنا بعنوان (الاستثناءات الواردة على قاعدة عدم تخصيص الإيرادات العامة) وتناولنا الموضوع في ثلاثة مباحث في المبحث الأول بيننا القروض العامة تعريفا وخصائص وأنواع وكيفية انقضاء القرض العام. أما المبحث الثاني فتناونا الضرائب الجديدة تعريفها وقواعدها واهداف فرضها وكيفية تخصيصها. أما المبحث الثالث فتناولنا الإيرادات المخصصة لأغراض محددة كالأغراض الاجتماعية واغراض الاعمار.
الاساس القانوني للحق في المدينة (دراسة مقارنة)
Authors: عبدالله فراس عبدالمنعم , حيدر حيان ابراهيم 
Published: September 2022

يحتل موضوع حقوق الانسان اهمية كبيرة في الجانب الاكاديمي والواقع المعاش على حد سواء، وخصوصاً بعد شيوع الافكار المرتبطة بهذه الحقوق من جهة وكثرة الانتهاكات التي تتعرض لها من جهة اخرى، وهو ما يتطلب ازاء هذا الوضع ضرورة السعي لوضع معالجات جوهرية لمعوقات تنفيذ حقوق الانسان وعلى كافة الاصعدة.
ولقد تناولنا في هذا البحث المعنون (الاساس القانوني للحق في المدينة: دراسة مقارنة) تصوراً جديداً لحقوق الانسان وبحثنا الاساس الذي يستند اليه في المواثيق الدولية والدساتير والقوانين الداخلية.
THE EFFECT OF WARM COMPRESSES OF RED GINGER ON REDUCING PAIN IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: Nur Isriani Nur Isriani Najamuddin , Ismayanti Iis , Firmansyah Andan , Noviati Elis 
Published: September 2022

Introduction : Pain is one of the physiological problems that can be found in Rheumatoid Arthritis patients. An effort that can be made to solve the problem is a warm compress of red ginger. Methods : This study uses a case study design with a nursing care approach or the implementation of evidence-based practice that focuses on nursing innovation. This research was carried out in Cikanyere Hamlet RT/003 RW/014 Gegempalan Village, the working area of the UPTD Cikoneng Health Center on May 25-28, 2022. Participants in this study were one family with a family member who experienced pain, namely Mrs.K aged 67 years, with complaints of pain in the right knee joint. Data collection techniques in this study include interviews, observations, physical examinations and documentation studies. Results : The client said there was an effect of warm ginger compresses on the pain he felt, with the results of the pain scale before being given the intervention of warm compresses of red ginger by 4 (1-10) with indications of moderate pain, and after being given the intervention of warm compresses of red ginger by 2 (1-10) with indications of mild pain. Discussion : Giving of warm compresses of red ginger is effective in lowering pain in clients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, this intervention can be done independently by the client. Keywords: Pain, Rheumatoid Arthritis, warm compresses of red ginger
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KEJADIAN STUNTING PADA ANAK USIA 24-59 BULAN
Authors: Kariani Ni Ketut , Putri Zein Japar Sadia Palega Ni Luh 
Published: September 2022

Latar Belakang: Indonesia masuk dalam tingkat ke-5 negara dengan populasi anak stunting di dunia dimana Kabupaten Sigi masuk dalam 4 Kabupaten dengan lokus utama stunting di Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Puskesmas Kinovaro yang berada di Kabupaten Sigi memiliki jumlah anak stunting yang cukup tinggi yaitu 109 anak stunting dan 31% diantaranya adalah anak berusia 24-59 bulan yang berjumlah 34 anak. Faktor risiko yang diperkirakan dapat memprediksi kejadian stunting adalah pengetahuan ibu tentang ASI Eksklusif, BBL dan IMD. Tujuan: Untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 24-59 bulan. Metode: Jenis Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Puskesmas Kinovaro Kabupaten Sigi pada bulan Juli 2021. Populasi yang digunakan untuk penelitian yaitu ibu yang memiliki anak usia 24-59 bulan yang berjumlah 60 orang. Jumlah sampel adalah 30 responden diambil dengan teknik simple random sampling. Pengolahan data penelitian dibuat dalam bentuk tabel dan diolah secara deskriptif menggunakan perhitungan persentase untuk mendeskripsikan faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 24-59 bulan. Hasil: Persebaran kuesioner tentang faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian stunting pada anak usia 24-59 bulan didapatkan nilai keseluruhan variabel p-value 0,000 < α 0,05 yang artinya ada hubungan pengetahuan ibu, BBL, dan pelaksanaan IMD dengan kejadian stunting. Saran: kepada ibu untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan tentang pemenuhan gizi ibu selama masa kehamilan, manfaat ASI eksklusif dan keuntungan pelaksanaan IMD baik pada masa pra-konsepsi, selama kehamilan maupun selama periode pertumbuhan anak untuk mengatasi risiko kejadian stunting. Kata Kunci: BBL, IMD, Pengetahuan, Stunting
KNOWLEDGE WITH DENTAL AND ORAL HYGIENE IN DEAF CHILDREN
Authors: Ade Yolanda  , Anie Kristiani  , Muhammad Fiqih Sabilillah  
Published: September 2022

Background: Knowledge of dental and oral health is one of the efforts to prevent and overcome dental health problems through the approach of dental and oral health education. Hearing loss is one of the causes of the lack of knowledge of deaf people to maintain dental and oral hygiene and affect their attitudes and behavior in maintaining dental and oral hygiene. The purpose: from this study is to find out the relationship with dental and oral hygiene in deaf people at SLB Yayasan Bahagia Tasikmalaya City. Method: This type of research is quantitative analytics with cross sectional design. Samples taken by puposive sampling technique, the number of samples as many as 20 samples. Data collection uses questionnaires on dental hygiene knowledge and OHI-S examinations of deaf people. Results: research shows that there is a relationship between knowledge and dental and oral hygiene in deaf people at SLB Yayasan Bahagia Tasikmalaya City with the results of statistical tests of significance of 0.030 (<0.05) with corelation coeffition (0.486%) sufficient, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between knowledge and dental hygiene and mouth on deaf presenters at SLB Yayasan Bahagia Tasikmalaya City. Conclusion: There is a knowledge relationship with dental hygiene in deaf people at SLB Yayasan Bahagia Tasikmalaya City.
NEW CORRECTED QT FORMULA OPTIMAL FOR DIFFERENT HEART RATES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Karimulla Shaik , Bhardwaj Arya , Sangareddi Venkatesan , Sivaraman J. 
Published: September 2022

Introduction: In an Electrocardiogram (ECG), QT Interval (QTI) has gained a major role as an indicator; its prolongation leads to ventricular arrhythmias. QTI varies with RR Interval (RRI) as the Heart Rate (HR) changes which motivate to measure corrected QT (QTc) interval for different HR.Objective: To develop a new QTc formula optimal for different HRs and compare its performance with previously developed QTc formulas.Methods: ECGs were recorded from 220 volunteers (110 females) in Sinus Rhythm (SR), Sinus Tachycardia (ST) and Sinus Bradycardia (SB) conditions. HR, RRI and QTI were extracted from the lead II. A New QTc formula was developed by taking the mean value of slopes between RRI and QTI in SR, ST, and SB. The QTc values were calculated using a newly developed formula, and the performance was compared with previously developed QTc formulas.Results: In SR, ST, and SB, the QTI mean values for lead II were 358 ms, 316 ms, and 440 ms and the mean slope values between RRI and QTI were 0.132, 0.214, and 0.137, respectively. The new QTc (QTcN) formula was developed by taking the mean of the above slope values as 0.161 and mentioned as QTcN[Formula: see text]QT[Formula: see text]0.161(1000−RRI).Conclusion: The least slope value of the QTI/RRI plot gave the best correction formula. Using statistical analysis, it was noted that Frederica QTc formula showed the best results for SR and SB and Hodge’s formula in ST. To overcome the limitation of QTc formulas for different HR, a QTcN formula was developed to reduce over/under estimation of QTI.
‘The parachute method’: A novel technique for laparoscopic tumour handling
Authors: Kashu Noriaki , Nishiwaki Noriyuki , Kagawa Tetsuya , Kakishita Tomokazu , Hato Shinji 
Published: September 2022

Aims and Objectives:
Although laparoscopic surgery for submucosal tumours (SMTs) may require multiple support threads, the traction direction of a single thread is only one option and cannot be freely changed. To solve this problem, we introduced a novel innovative technique for tumour handling, named ‘the parachute method’.

Subjects and Methods:
Prior to suturing, the surrounding vessel was treated when the tumour was located near the lesser or greater curvature. A monofilament thread was ligated in the serous muscle layer along the peritumoural markings with approximately five stitches in a row, with moderate deflection. Next, the other monofilament thread was passed through the deflection and ligated; this resembled a parachute shape that could be pulled in any direction over the entire circumference with uniform tension.

Results:
We performed this procedure in three patients with extramural growth-type gastrointestinal stromal tumours of approximately 2–3 cm. The median suturing time was 10 minutes. Laparoscopic local resection of the stomach was safely performed, and the patients were discharged without any complications.

Conclusion:
In this study, we demonstrate a novel, simple, inexpensive, useful and reasonable technique for handling SMTs, named ‘the parachute method’. We believe that this technique will have additional applications in cooperative surgery with endoscopy.
Total areola approach for endoscopic thyroidectomy: Six years of experience with the same surgeon
Authors: Wang Junxiao , Lin Qisheng , Wu Xiaolan , Lin Yixing , Liu Ezhang 
Published: September 2022

Background:
Scarless endoscopic thyroidectomy (ET) is increasingly accepted by the growing amount of surgeons. The target of this study is to assess the efficacy and summarise the experiences of total areola approach for ET (TAAET).

Subjects and Methods:
TAAET was performed on 529 patients between January 2016 and October 2021. All operated patients were divided into two groups according to the chronological order. Demographic data, perioperative data and post-operative complications were collected to assess the effectiveness of TAAET.

Results:
Five hundred and twenty-eight patients were successfully treated with TAAET, while 1 case was converted to open surgery due to bleeding. The surgical approach consists of lobectomy or total thyroidectomy with or without central lymph node dissection. The post-operative pathology of 433 (81.9%) patients was diagnosed with T1 ~2N0M0. The average number of unilateral lymph node dissection was 7.72 ± 2.44 while the bilateral lymph node was 10.70 ± 3.72. In terms of complications, 38 cases had transient hoarseness, 28 cases had tetany and numbness, 3 cases had post-operative bleeding, 1 case had infection and 33 cases had subcutaneous fluid. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups with respect to transient hoarseness (P < 0.001), tetany and numbness (P = 0.005), intraoperative blood loss (P = 0.003) and operation time for malignant tumour (P < 0.001) because of the accumulation of surgical experience and the maturation of technology.

Conclusions:
TAAET which conforms to the anatomical pathway of open thyroidectomy is a safe, effective and feasible technique and is highly suitable for novices.
Suprasellar arachnoid cyst with temporal extension or temporal cyst with suprasellar extension?
Authors: Da Silva Aldo José F 
Published: September 2022

A 4-year-old female child presented to an emergency hospital with headache and episodes of seizures. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the skull (Figs. 1a, b and c) were performed; they showed large suprasellar cystic lesions with right temporal extension and mild hydrocephalus. Subsequently, an endoscopic ventriculocystocysternotomy was performed (Figs. 1d, e, and f), which showed good results.
Suprasellar arachnoid cysts account for 9%–21% of the pediatric arachnoid cysts [1,2]. According to the morphology and characteristics, there are three types of suprasellar arachnoid cysts, as follows: 1. Diencephalic leaflet dilatation of the Liliequist membrane with the formation of purely suprasellar cysts, which presents with hydrocephalus; 2. The defect of the mesencephalic leaflet of the Liliequist membrane with dilatation of the interpeduncular cistern, which presents without hydrocephalus; 3. Asymmetrical form that extends to other subarachnoid spaces, which presents with macrocrania and mild or no hydrocephalus [1], similar to the present case. The expansion could be due to an osmotic gradient, a slit valve mechanism, tissue debris transudation from the choroid plexus, or ectopic glial cells [3]. The first treatment option for suprasellar arachnoid cysts should be endoscopic ventriculocystocysternotomy; ventriculoperitoneal shunt may be considered the second treatment option if endoscopic ventriculocystocysternotomy fails [2].

Figure Caption
Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain: (a) T1 axial and (b) T2 axial showing a large suprasellar (black arrows) cyst with expansion to the right temporal pole, having a mass effect and mild ventricular dilatation(white arrows) without ependymal transudation; (c) Sagittal FIESTA-T2 with compressive effect on the brain stem(white arrow) and basilar artery(black arrow) displacement; Endoscopic view: (d) ventriculocystotomy; (e) the third ventricular floor with pituitary stalk(black arrow) and gland(white arrow), dorsum of the sella turcica(black curved arrow), posterior communicating artery(black arrowhead), and oculomotor nerve(white arrowhead); (f) cyststocisternotomy was conducted with visualization of the basilar artery((black arrow) and dorsum of the saddle.
Sacral chordoma with metastatic dissemination in a child: case report
Authors: Gobbo Camile Cremonese , Bedin André , Dos Santos Samir Cezimbra , Greggianin Gabriel Frizon , Cambruzzi Eduardo , Bizzi Jorge Wladimir Junqueira 
Published: September 2022

Introduction: Chordoma is a rare pathology in the pediatric age group, especially when located in the sacral region. Despite the local infiltrative character, some cases of metastasis are reported. The prognosis of these patients depends on early diagnosis and tumor resection.
Case Report: 13 y-o girl transferred with a huge mass lesion in the lumbosacral area. In the primary hospital,she was submitted to a biopsy, whose anatomopathological report showed chordoma. The patient started with pain in the lumbosacral region a year ago, which rapidly evolved to a significant bulging in the area, pain in the posterior region of the left lower limb, urinary retention, and difficulty in walking. A surgical approach, both anterior and posterior, was performed en block resection of the tumor. During the procedures, there was evidence of metastatic dissemination to the ovary and peritoneum. The pathological examination confirmed the initial diagnosis. Due to the late recognition of the condition and the fast evolution of the disease, there was not enough time to perform adjuvant radiotherapy and the patient died.
Discussion: From notochordal remnants, chordoma manifests in less than 5% of patients in the first two decades of life and is occasionally found in the sacral region, but rarely with metastatic dissemination at presentation. These patients open up with the manifestation of local pain and, when not diagnosed early, progress with bulging of the sacral region and tumor dissemination. Management is based on primary resection, for the complete removal of the lesion, followed by radiation therapy.
Why neuroendoscopy is not for all supratentorial intracranial arachnoid cysts in children: analysis of risk factors and prognosis
Authors: Cavalcante Tiago Paiva , Guedes Breno William Mariz , Moreira Dandara Carvalho 
Published: September 2022

Cerebral neuroendoscopy is a minimally invasive approach that reduces brain exposure, retraction and mobilization of neural tissues and neurovascular structures and the treatment of intracranial arachnoid cysts by endoscopy has been widely used. Selection of the patients who are most likely to benefit remains challenging in certain cases. The purpose of this article is to raise questions and observations regarding its indication and failure in pediatric patients with suprasellar, and middle fossa arachnoid cysts. We searched English-language articles published in the last 20 years and found evidence that Neuroendoscopy emerged as an alternative to the treatment of this pathology and has its definitive role as a safe, less morbid strategy in these supratentorial pediatric arachnoid cysts and must be added to the therapeutic protocols respecting the best indication.
Endoscopic Fenestration of Posterior Fossa Arachnoid Cysts
Authors: Dastoli Patricia , Costa Marcos Devanir  Silva , Nicácio Jardel Mendonça , Cavalheiro Sergio 
Published: September 2022

Introduction: Posterior Fossa arachnoid cysts (PFAC) are rare lesions in the childhood. Owing to the wide variety of cystic malformations within the posterior cranial fossa, PFAC have long attracted the attention of pediatric neurosurgeons because they can produce not only neurological symptons but also behaviro and learning deficts, in addition to presenting major surgical challenges. Surgical treatment is warranted in symptomatic patients. Nowadays, neuroendoscopic techniques have established themselves as the treatment of choice of these lesions.
Patients and Methods: We present four cases of symptomatic PFAC which were treated using endoscopic neurosurgery. Endoscopic approaches were defined by the presence of hydrocephalus, and discussed in each case.
Results : Two cases of quadrigeminal plate cysts, predominantly occupying the infratentorial compartment , one case of supracerebellar cyst and one case of cerebellopontine angle were treated with good results. However, one case of quadrigeminal plate cyst developed a communicating hydrocephalus, requiring placement of cyst-ventricle peritoneal shunt, guided by the neuroendoscope.
Discussion and Conclusion : A literature review was performed. The clinical features, the advantages and disadvantages of several surgical treatments are discussed. Symptomatic PFAC should be treated. The relatively good results using endoscopic fenestration buttresses our use as a first-line surgery.