bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Living Unnoticed: The Tyranny of the “Like”
Authors: Austin Emily A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the relevance of the Epicurean advice to “live unnoticed” to current discussions about the psychological and political effects of social media. Epicurus thinks anything that facilitates meaningful friendships and social trust without increasing anxiety conduces to tranquility, our natural good. Some people on social media are tranquil; many are not. Epicurus, of course, could not have anticipated the internet at all, much less the many ways we have devised to turn it against ourselves, but here his enigmatic advice to “live unnoticed” has perhaps its greatest contemporary resonance. Epicurus thinks we increase our anxiety when we pander or seek approval indiscriminately and from strangers. In addition, social media can sap the joy from our pleasant experiences by encouraging us to flatten and frame them for the edification and admiration of others. The chapter entertains a mitigated defence of some uses of social media as a practical necessity or as a mechanism of political change.
The Public/Private Sector Mix in Healthcare Delivery
Authors: 9780197571118  , Palley Howard A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This volume examines the public/private sector mix in a number of national healthcare systems and their interface with the goals of health equity and quality of healthcare. Moreover, there is a consideration of public accountability. The unique significance of this collection of national studies involving the public/private sector mix of healthcare services and/or finances is that it provides insights into the factors that enhance the public/private sector mix in fulfilling the goals of health equity and the quality of healthcare services as well as an understanding of the circumstances in which elements of the public/private sector mix may be harmful for the achievement of such goals in a variety of national settings. The contributions to this volume provide a variety of perspectives for dealing with these objectives.
The Public/Private Sector Mix in the Italian Healthcare System
Authors: Toth Federico 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Italian healthcare system. Special attention is paid to the mix of public and private (at the level of both financing and service provision) and the consequences in terms of the equity and quality of healthcare. The concept of health equity is analyzed with respect to four dimensions: (1) equity in financing; (2) equity in resource allocation; (3) equity in access to healthcare; and (4) equity in healthcare utilization. The aim of the chapter is to evaluate the extent to which the Italian National Health Service succeeds in guaranteeing the equity and quality of healthcare in actual practice.
Critical Philosophy of Race
Authors: Bernasconi Robert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The fifteen essays collected here set out to demonstrate why the critical philosophy of race needs to take a historical turn. Genealogies of the concepts of both race and racism are deployed to clarify why some of the dominant strategies for combatting racism tend either to miss the target altogether or give it only a glancing blow. For example, relying on biology to reject the concept of race as a way of disarming racism misses the fact that racism precedes the biology of race. It also ignores the prevalence of forms of racism, such as cultural racism, that do not take their starting point in biology. Drawing on the work of Frantz Fanon, the late Sartre, and Michel Foucault, Robert Bernasconi argues for a holistic approach that integrates the concrete experience of racism faced by individuals into the study of institutional, structural, and systemic racism. Studying the interventions of such Black philosophers as Ottobah Cugoano, Anténor Firmin, and W. E. B. Du Bois shows the value of allowing them to set the terms of the debate, instead of trying to fit them into debates shaped by other areas of philosophy. If race is indeed a social construct, then it is necessary to uncover the different forces, material as well as intellectual, that at different times shaped the various forms the concept of race has taken and the value then placed on preserving racial purity. Critical philosophy of race has a role to play in rendering both the material and psychological effects of slavery and segregation more intelligible as forms of systemic racism. When critical philosophers of race ignore the history of racism, they are in danger of being complicit with that part of society that seeks to erase that history.
Crossed Lines in the Racialization Process
Authors: Bernasconi Robert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Race is often discussed as though it were tied to a rigid racial essentialism, but, for long periods of time, race has functioned predominantly as a border concept. That is to say, it has served as a dynamic fluid concept whose core lies not at the center but at its edges—hence the focus throughout much of modern racial thinking on policing the boundaries between the races where racial mixing has occurred. The focus falls especially on the legal, scientific, and philosophical discussions of racial classification in the United States, ranging from the definitions found in laws passed in Colonial Virginia at the turn of the eighteenth century through Virginia’s 1924 Act to Preserve Racial Integrity. Consideration is also given to the way in which the United States imposed its own rigid systems of classifications on Mexicans and Puerto Ricans.
A Haitian in Paris
Authors: Bernasconi Robert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
While embracing a Comtean positivism of progress, the Haitian philosopher Anténor Firmin in The Equality of the Human Races (1885) took on the establishment of French anthropology, including Paul Broca, Paul Topinard, and Armand de Quatrefages. He explored the impact of Charles Darwin on the discussion of the human races, particularly through a critical examination of one of his French representatives, Clémence Royer. He also attacked the new orthodoxy of polygenesis. Although some of his own views strike us as strange, such as his conviction that the shapes of faces indicated stages on the path of the progress of civilization, by exposing the prejudices of many of the leading scientists of his day, his work challenges those scholars who seek to defend them as “children of their time.”
Frantz Fanon and Psychopathology
Authors: Bernasconi Robert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The core of Frantz Fanon’s Black Skin, White Masks lies not in the famous fifth chapter, “The Lived Experience of the Black,” but in the sixth chapter, “The Negro and Psychopathology.” Fanon there does much more than clarify his critique of certain tendencies within psychoanalysis. In accord with what he called the book’s “progressive infrastructure,” he advanced the argument far beyond what he had arrived at earlier in the book. So, for example, he significantly modified some of the criticisms of Sartre that he had introduced in the fifth chapter, while recognizing that some of those criticisms would stand against him if he continued to maintain them. Furthermore, he clarified what Fanon called “the solution” to the Black’s alienation.
Making Nietzsche’s Thought Groan
Authors: Bernasconi Robert 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
It is well-known that Michel Foucault in “Society Must Be Defended” developed a new and, in some serious respects, problematic account of the history of racisms. But his lasting achievement was the identification of what he called state racism, a racism rooted in what he called biopolitics. Less well-known is the fact that he not only succeeded in locating Nietzschean genealogy within his own account of genealogy, but, by connecting Henri de Boullainvilliers to Nietzsche, he was also able, almost unnoticeably, to locate Nietzsche within his history of racisms and for a brief moment call into question his own proximity to Nietzsche. In this way this chapter demonstrates that “Society Must Be Defended” offers a much richer account of genealogy and of racism than has previously been recognized.
Solutions Now
Authors: Perera Frederica 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 follows the outline of the Drawdown Review (2021) to lay out available solutions to climate change and strategies to advance social and economic equity, providing many examples from the real-world application of these solutions. The chapter focuses on climate change mitigation but also discusses adaptation strategies. It describes the quick-win solutions such as an immediate halt to coal, oil, and gas production; rapid deployment of renewable energy; reduction of industrial waste; improved urban design; and halting methane emissions from the oil and gas industry. It reviews solutions that make steady progress: infrastructure changes, shifts in agricultural practices, protection of natural carbon storage systems, and technological advances. It describes the needed social initiatives, cultural and policy shifts, and individual actions such as reducing food and energy waste, eating more plant-based foods, and citizen engagement. The chapter discusses the role of artists, government, and businesses; the rights of children; and the reciprocal relationship between climate solutions and social initiatives that ensure those rights.
Activity–Concentration Relationships
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the relationships between thermodynamically ideal concentrations, called activities, and the standard ways we measure and report chemical concentrations. Activities and concentrations are related by activity coefficients, and relationships defining such coefficients are described for gases, liquids, ionic and nonionic solutes in water, and mixtures of solids (called solid solutions). Forms of the Debye-Hückel equation used to calculate ion activity coefficients as a function of ionic strength are developed and described, and the limiting conditions under which the equations apply are discussed. Advanced methods to determine ion activity coefficients at the high ionic strengths of seawater and brines are presented
Fundamentals of Organic Chemistry for Environmental Systems
Authors: Brezonik Patrick L. , Arnold William A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The principles of organic chemistry needed to understand the behavior of organic contaminants in aquatic environments are presented in this chapter, starting with a description of the nature of chemical bonds in carbon compounds and a summary of the major categories of aliphatic and aromatic organic compounds. The common functional groups that affect the physical, chemical, and biological behavior of organic compounds are described. Rules are given for naming compounds based on their structural features, and ways of drawing structures of organic compounds are described. The nature and significance of stereoisomers and optical isomers are explained as background for describing the nature of biomolecules—the building blocks of organisms that control carbon cycling in aquatic environments. Situations where organic compounds are relevant to processes covered in Part III of the book are briefly described, along with important properties used to predict the behavior and environmental fate of organic compounds.
He Will Save You from the Deadly Pestilence
Authors: Jenkins Philip 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Jews and Christians alike have made Psalm 91 one of the most commonly used and cited parts of the Bible. The psalm has shaped theories of politics and government, not to mention influencing medicine and mysticism. In different ages, the psalm has borne many different names: the Song of Evil Spirits, the Soldier’s Psalm, and, most concisely, the Protection Psalm. As the Song of Plagues, it has gained a whole new relevance in an age of global pandemic. In the New Testament, Satan himself quotes the psalm, and ever since, that text has both reflected and shaped changing concepts of evil and the demonic. It was and still is used for magical and superstitious purposes, including for exorcism and demon-fighting. As perils and threats have changed and evolved in various societies, so interpretations of Psalm 91 have developed to accommodate each new reality. A biography of Psalm 91 is also a history of critical themes in Western religion.
Hepatitis Viruses
Authors: Li Jie Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with the discovery of the hepatitis A (HAV) virus in the late 1970s, followed by the development of vaccines for HAV. The hepatitis B (HBV) virus was discovered by Barry Blumberg in the 1960s, starting with his first observation of the Australian antigens. Vaccines for HBV went through several methods, and the first HBV vaccine was developed using Blumberg’s antigen proposal. It was followed by the recombinant DNA technology. Antiviral treatment of HBV began with interferon, followed by nucleosides, and acyclic nucleotide phosphonates and their prodrugs. Discovery of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) was achieved using exclusively molecular biology technology, such as cloning. While vaccines for HCV have not been successful thus far, small-molecule antiviral drugs for treating HCV represent the pinnacle of modern drug discovery. They include HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitors, HCV NS5A replication complex inhibitors, and HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors
Introduction: Empire of Faith
Authors: Voekel Pamela 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
At the heart of the Age of Revolution in Spanish America was a transatlantic Catholic civil war. Each side of this religious divide operated from within a self-conscious intercontinental network of like-minded Catholics. The traditional narrative of the transition from monarchy to independent republicanism as a process of secularization misses completely the warring factions in the Catholic Church who vied to define man’s relation to God and, therefore, the proper order of temporal authority. For its central protagonists, the era’s crisis of sovereignty provided a political stage for a religious struggle. The blood-soaked history that emerged both before and after independence is more legible in light of these sacred stakes. This theological and ecclesiastical rivalry fired imaginations in the Spanish-speaking Atlantic world. Its networks of ideas and actors undergirded the Age of Revolution and framed the lasting divisions that would define much of Latin America’s nineteenth century. The two sides defined themselves along a theological fault line centuries in the making. But the particular permutations of this division in colonial Latin America and then the independent nations of Mexico and Central America responded directly to the historical contingencies of this chaotic period. Alliances were scrambled and new ones made, unintended consequences of state policy begat novel horizons of ideology, and everywhere local interests intersected with transnational currents. The New World’s sacred vision of liberty is revealed in the enormous archive of reformist theology, republican advocacy, and official reports of often bloody confrontations that marked this religious civil war.
The Long Shadow
Authors: Voekel Pamela 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The centrality of Reform Catholicism to Mexican liberalism of the mid-century is brought into high relief by the 1859 establishment of a schismatic Catholic Church under state protection—the opposite of state-driven secularization. Prominent liberals cast their newly created Constitutional Clergy as critical messengers of a simple, ethical piety that blossomed in the Christian fraternity and God-given sentiment required to bind the fractured nation together. In so doing, they echoed reformist advocates of constitutionally constituted church authority that we have seen in previous chapters.
Vestiges of a Philosophy
Authors: Ó Maoilearca John 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This book is a highly original examination of the writings and practices of mystic and spiritualist Mina Bergson (1865–1925), in the light of her seemingly estranged brother, Henri Bergson’s (1859–1941) ultra-realist ideas in the philosophies of time and of mind (the past really survives in memory). Her proposal that “material science” was “spiritualizing itself” just as “occult science” was “materializing itself” converges with her brother’s attempt to overcome the duality of spirit and matter through a process metaphysics. Yet her approach comes from the tradition of Western esotericism rather than Western philosophy, a difference that will motivate an analysis of the ontology and methodology of the Bergson siblings. In doing so, it also engages with contemporary ideas in panpsychism, memory studies, the philosophy of time, as well as the relationship between spirit and matter within contemporary materialist thinking (Catherine Malabou, Karen Barad, and Jane Bennett). This study is then able to conceptualize for the first time the relations between a nonmechanistic view of matter as heterogeneous, nonlocal, and creative, and Mina Bergson’s mystical performances of a spiritualized materiality. In this process of cross-fertilization, a number of new concepts emerge involving the meta-spiritual, hetero-continuity, the supernormal, and the hyperbolic while also helping to side-step the duality of an immaterial or paranormal spiritualism on the one side and a reductive materialism on the other.
God-Optional Religion in Twentieth-Century America
Authors: May Isaac Barnes 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This book is about the relationship between the American religious left and secularization. It explores how three liberal religions—liberal Quakers, Unitarians, and Reconstructionist Jews—attempted to preserve their traditions in the modern world by redefining what it meant to be religious. Between the 1920s and the 1960s, these groups underwent the most massive theological change imaginable, allowing their members to opt not to believe in a personal God. As the God of traditional theism did not seem to fit into a post-Darwinian framework, these traditions took the dramatic step of redefining that concept to make a “God” that did fit, and eventually they went even further by making belief in God a matter of purely personal preference. This book narrates how, over the course of the twentieth century, believing in God and being religious became increasingly disconnected. It documents the continuance of these religious communities even after the theological rationales that originally brought them together disappeared, their communal identities instead becoming focused on humanitarian service and political commitments, which began to replace a shared adherence to theism. The radical religious views of these small liberal denominations became influential among the wider society, and eventually became accepted in American popular culture and law.
The Boundary With Godless Religion
Authors: May Isaac Barnes 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores efforts to create explicitly nontheistic Godless religions that, unlike God-optional religion, would exclude theists. The main figure in the chapter is Charles Francis Potter, a Unitarian and Universalist minister who eventually became a humanist. Potter was an important figure in the creation of an independent humanist movement separate from Unitarianism. The chapter also briefly examines the career of Sherwin Wine, who created Humanistic Judaism and the Humanist Society of Friends, a schismatic group from the Religious Society of Friends. The chapter argues that the division between Godless and God-optional groups was permeable and often illusive in practice.
Conclusion
Authors: May Isaac Barnes 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The conclusion covers the narrative about God-optional religion from the late 1960s up through 2020. It also considers the impact of God-optional ideas on other religious communities beyond Quakerism, Reconstructionist Judaism, and Unitarianism. As God-optional ideas are now found among mainline Protestants, evangelicals, Reform Jews, Buddhists, and in a host of other groups, the conclusion argues that God-optional ideas have become relatively common in the United States. It further argues that God-optional beliefs may be as resistant to secularization as more theologically conservative religious beliefs are. Finally, the conclusion suggests that beliefs about God may be becoming more open and permissive in the United States.
Second Texts and Second Opinions
Authors: Zoloth Laurie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This is a book about writing and thinking about bioethics of a particular sort, a feminism of a particular sort, and a Jewish philosophy of a particular sort. It is about all of these things—feminist thought, Judaism, and the practice of bioethics—as I have written about them in a distinctive moment in the field and from the moral location from which I worked, which was as an academic in the disciplines of Jewish Studies and moral philosophy who also worked as a clinical ethicist in a large public hospital. These are cases of children and families facing illness and death within the clinical world, a world of scarcity, desperation, and grace; and the choices they make within that world. It explores the meaning of these choices and reflects on why the dilemmas are so important in our society. The book considers the moral gesture that is medicine and the role of the ethicist as she comes to learn her practice. This is a book about the memory and meaning, re-evaluated and considered in light of the traditional texts of Jewish thought.
How to Be Good
Authors: Zoloth Laurie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
When teaching young pediatric residents, I reflect on the reason to be ethical and why it matters in medicine, and in so doing, I consider some of the texts about justice and debt in medicine and in Scriptures. We think about the case of Rosa who has recovered in part from her illness with terrible costs. She has had numerous amputations and we here consider how to think about her fate and future. The case is considered in light of texts of justice to the stranger, and as a sign about the limits of the debt that one incurs as a physician.
In Case
Authors: Zoloth Laurie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, I think again about the role of grief in tragic pediatric cases and the idea of positional luck in bioethics. I question a text that considers how to mourn a stranger and raise the issue of clinical distance. In what way are we connected to the strangers we encounter as health care providers? Their grief is singular and life changing, while for us, it is one of a series of cases that are a daily part of our work. Why do I return to these cases for over 20 years to rethink the moral decisions we make, if not because of the impossibility of distance? We think about a case of near drowning and the parents’ decision to stop care and allow their child to die. We consider a Christian idea about death, and we raise the problem of guilt after accidents that happen to children when they are in the care of others.
Tutankhamun Superstar
Authors: Brier Bob 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with what has been called “Tutmania”—the fascination with Tutankhamun and everything connected to him. It discusses the wide range of Tutankhamun memorabilia, from songs of the 1920s to King Tut Cologne, but it also discusses more serious matters such as how the discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb helped usher in the era of the blockbuster exhibition, changing museum economics forever. It is because of the large traveling Tutankhamun exhibition that museums realized admissions and their gift shops could be a major source of revenue. The chapter also discusses the possibility that in the future Tutankhamun exhibitions may be of only replicas.