bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3-D Joint Reaction Forces at the Glenohumeral Joint During Active Motion
Authors: Apreleva Maria , Parsons I. M. , Pfaeffle Jamie , Manson Theodore T. , Fu Freddie H. , Warner Jon J. P. , Woo Savio L.-Y. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Previous studies, using imaging techniques[4] and mathematical models, have predicted that loads up to 90% of body weight are transmitted across the glenohumeral (GH) joint at 90° of abduction[2, 3]. However, in comparison to weight-bearing joints like the hip and knee, there is little quantitative data describing 3-D reaction forces generated at the GH joint during active motion. This information is important to our understanding of GH joint function in both normal and pathological conditions. It can also provide an experimental validation for computational models of the GH joint.
Dynamic Motion Analysis of Human Coronary Artery Vein Grafts In-Vivo
Authors: Vorp David A. , Mears Jon R. , Zacky Oscar , Doriot P.-A. , Dorsaz P.-A. , Dorsaz L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
It has previously been shown that the coronary arteries undergo cyclic flexure, stretching and twisting due to their attachment to the beating heart [3,7,10]. We hypothesize that vein grafts to the coronary arteries also undergo such cyclic motion. Characterizing the heart-induced deformation of coronary artery vein grafts (CAVG) is important in order to study its possible role in their pathogenesis.
Finite Element Analysis of a Swan-Ganz® Catheter Balloon Interacting With the Pulmonary Artery
Authors: Oh Seik , Dove Jeffrey 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A Nonlinear finite element method was employed to analyze the inflation of a Swan-Ganz® catheter balloon and subsequent interaction of the balloon with the pulmonary artery. Inflation of balloon in-vitro was performed and the experimental results compared with the numerical analysis to verify the computer simulation. Interaction between the inflated balloon and the pulmonary artery was also simulated to determine the effects of the interaction on both balloon and the arterial wall. Material properties of the balloon were derived from experimental data. Size and properties of the pulmonary artery were varied to account for the variations of the location in the pulmonary artery where the balloon is positioned and the physiologic condition of the patients pulmonary vasculature.
Measuring the “True” Pressure Field Near the Inflow Region of Heart Valve Prostheses
Authors: Halili R. B. , Gross J. M. , Shu C. S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to obtain accurate measurements of the pressure transients caused by the closing of mechanical and bioprosthetic heart valves. In previous studies, close proximity pressure measurements of mechanical valve closure have been taken at the theoretical point at which the maximum pressure gradient occurs. However, this point may vary slightly depending on the particular valve and its orientation in a pulsatile flow loop. By taking pressure tracings at multiple points and then interpolating the flow field, a more accurate characterization of the pressure distribution near the valve inflow surface can be obtained. This information can then be used in FEA and CFD analysis of the valve and its performance, respectively.
The Effect of Bileaflet Prosthetic Heart Valve Orifice Area on Differences in Distal Flow Characteristics
Authors: Travis Brandon R. , Ellis Jeffrey T. , Saxena Rahul , Yoganathan Ajit P. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
One objective in the design of a mechanical prosthetic heart valve is to maximize the orifice area of the valve. Increasing this parameter decreases the resistance to flow imposed by the valve, minimizing the valvular workload on the heart. Changes in valve design which increase the orifice area may also alter the local flow field, which influences the likelihood of thrombosis related events. Stagnation zones near prosthetic heart valves have been correlated with thrombus deposition (Yoganathan et al, 1979). Blood platelets exposed to turbulent shear stresses above 300 dynes/cm2 for over 100 ms become activated, and can initiate thrombus formation (Wurzinger et al, 1985). The purpose of this work was to study the differences in the flow fields just distal to bileaflet valves of different orifice areas, while concentrating on areas of high turbulent shear stress and flow stagnation.
Three-Dimensional Cardiac Models With Fluid-Structure Interaction: Application of the Immersed Boundary Method at Physiologic Reynolds Numbers
Authors: Lemmon Jack D. , Yoganathan Ajit P. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The goal of the current study was to develop a computational method that provides blood-tissue interaction under physiologic Reynolds numbers, which required a modest amount of computational resources. To accomplish this goal, the Immersed Boundary Method was used to provide blood-tissue interaction in response to fluid forces and changes in tissue pathophysiology. The fluid conservation equations were solved by Patankar’s Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations (SIMPLE) to provide solution stability. These methods were applied to two thin-walled, truncated ellipsoid models that contracted over a 100 msec period, with only the orifice area differing (ratio of 2:1). By combining the two methods, the simulations were performed at physiologic Reynolds numbers, and required only 24 Mb of memory. In addition, the results predicted the expected behavior of the smaller annulus model requiring a higher ejection pressure and ejecting less volume for the same input function for controlling fiber contraction.
An Experimental Investigation of Interaction of Airflow With a Viscoelastic Layer
Authors: Evrensel Cahit A. , Hassan Amgad A. , Krumpe Peter E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The respiratory tract of mammals is lined with a layer of mucus, described as a viscoelastic semi-solid, above a layer of watery serous layer. For a healthy person, rhythmic beating action of cilia propels the mucus layer continually. Dehydration results in the disappearance of serous layer and impairs the mucociliary clearance. These persons must relay on the two-phase gas-liquid flow and cough as the clearance mechanism. In this study, the interaction of airflow with a mucus simulant in a channel is investigated experimentally. Locust Bean Gum and Borax dissolved in deionized water is used as the mucus simulant. Two types of instability mechanisms are observed. The first is the propagating waves that appear at relatively low air speed and the catastrophic clearance that resembles an avalanche. The results show that onset flow speeds for both instabilities are sensitive to the layer thickness and decrease with the increasing thickness. Onset for the clearance does not seem to be sensitive to the viscoelastic properties of the mucus simulant.
Intracellular Transport Route of Albumin in Cultured Aortic Endothelial Cells
Authors: Ikezawa Kenji , Ueno Kazuki , Ikeda Mariko , Oka Kotaro , Tanishita Kazuo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Effects of colchicine on intracellular albumin transport in aortic endothelial cells have been shown as a reduction of the endocytic activity (Liu et al., 1993) and albumin transcytosis (Antohe et al., 1993). Since microtubules are possibly involved in the movement of vesicles, it is important to understand that microtubules are associated with albumin transport within cells. In our in vitro study, the organization of endocytic compartments were analyzed after internalization of fluorescent-labeled albumin in cultured porcine aortic endothelial cells. We found that microtubules were not only involved in a later step but also early step of endocytosis (containing internalization).
Probability Density of the Rolling Velocity of the Cell
Authors: Skierczynski Boguslaw A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Rolling of the cell under flow conditions is an important process in PMN emigration. It is a finely regulated process involving membrane receptors and cell-matrix recognition. Several models have been proposed to explain how the strength and lifetime of the bonds in receptor-mediated cell-substratum are related to cell rolling velocity (Hammer, 1992, Tozeren, 1992, Zhao, 1995). The paper presents a simple model of the cell rolling based on the experimental measurements that will allow to gain information relevant to the molecular processes underlying the rolling motion of the cell.
Development of a Biomechanically Analogous Cervical Spine Physical Model
Authors: Kumaresan Srirangam , Khouphongsy Phouvadol , Stemper Brian , Daruwala Darius , Cheng Joseph , Pintar Frank A. , Yoganandan Narayan , Maiman Dennis J. , Bray Thomas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Physical models of the human cervical spine vertebrae (C3 to C7) were developed based on the geometrical details obtained from 1.0 mm close-up axial computed tomography scans. The vertebrae were constructed using the rapid prototyping technique. Polyurethane rigid foam, pottery plaster and hydrocal white gypsum cement materials with varying strength combinations were used to construct the models. Biomechanical strength tests were conducted on a total of sixty physical vertebral model specimens by compressing to 50% of their initial height using an electrohydraulic testing machine. The stiffness, energy absorbed at failure, force-deflection and stress-strain responses were computed and compared with cadaver experimental data. The mean compressive force sustained by pottery and hydrocal materials compared well with the cadaver experimental data, while the Polyurethane exhibited lower forces.
Sensitivity of Impact Response to Model Parameters: A Multibody Modeling Study of the Human Lower Limb
Authors: Hall Gregory W. , Crandall Jeff R. , Pilkey Walter D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Multibody modeling is used in the analysis of lower extremity response to plantar impact. The current model, based on cadaveric and volunteer studies, simulates both the external leg kinematics and the internal loading within the ligaments and bones. To help direct future development of the multibody human leg model and to improve understanding of the interactions within the leg, the sensitivity of the leg impact response to heel damping, knee stiffness, knee damping, and simulated bracing were investigated. The results indicate that properties of the heel fat pad have the largest affect on peak tibia compression values and that the stiffness of structures further away from the location of impact have less significance.
Energy Conserving Impact Algorithm for Gait Simulation With Persistent Contact
Authors: Kaplan Matthew L. , Hovey Chad B. , Heegaard Jean H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Substantial ground reaction forces exceeding body weight occur at heel strike. These impulsive loadings are believed to be important etiological factors in joint degenerative processes (Radin et al., 1991). Modelling of the gait cycle and the associated joint mechanics therefore requires an accurate approach to the heel strike impact problem.
How Is the Lumbar Spine Stabilized in Compression? Model Studies on Effect of Various Loading Configurations
Authors: Shirazi-Adl A. , Parnianpour M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The passive human lumbar spine exhibits instability (ie, hypermobility) under compression loads of less than 100N [1,2] which is only a small fraction of loads experienced during various recreational/occupational daily activities. The issue of the spinal stability under compression loads has been the focus of a number of studies [3–7]. The observation of changes in the posture (ie, pelvic tilt, lordosis) during loading/micro-gravity and in low-back population along with that of negligible muscle activities in erect postures with/without loads in hands suggest that the spinal posture is so adjusted as to stabilise the passive system with minimal muscle activation. In search of such plausible mechanisms, this work investigates the effect of alterations in load configurations and lumbar lordosis on the equilibrium/stability of the lumbar spine in moderate/large axial loads. Using a detailed nonlinear finite element model of the lumbar spine, the influence of sagittal/lateral moments on the equilibrium response in axial compression up to 2800N applied at the @L1 alone or distributed among lumbar vertebrae is studied for different lumbar curvatures. The effects of the application of the compression as a follower load on the L1 alone or L1-L5 vertebrae and a novel wrapping compression load that passes through the vertebral centres on the equilibrium/stability response is subsequently investigated using a simplified nonlinear beam model of the lumbar spine.
Analysis of the Lumbar Spine in Heavy Liftings: Slight Flattening in Lordosis Decreases Risk of Tissue Injury
Authors: Shirazi-Adl A. , Parnianpour M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
During various recreational/occupational daily activities, the sagittal curvature of the human lumbar spine (ie, lordosis) changes, influencing mechanics of the entire human spine. It affects the distribution of gravity/external loads among passive and active systems thus altering the load transmission in the structure. Due to the well-recognised role of lifting in industrial low-back injuries, the lumbar posture has attracted attention in a search for the safest lifting methods. Attempts to recommend optimal lifting techniques have not yielded satisfactory results due to many controversies surrounding the issue and lack of reliable models/measurements. Although the squat lift (whenever possible) is generally considered as a safer lift than the stoop lift in bringing the load closer to the body, the advantages in maintaining lordosis during lifting tasks, in general, is less understood. Such changes impose different external loads and internal strains/stresses in the lumbar spine tissues and as such influence the risk of injury and low-back pain. In a recent study, Cholewicki and McGill [1] observed that the experienced power lifters performed their lifts with relatively small lumbar flexion angles, much smaller than their respective maximum values during voluntary forward bending. The current study aims to investigate the detailed response of the entire lumbar spine (eg, tissue stresses) under large compression loads while the posture is altered, ie, the initial lordosis of ∼46° flattens by up to 38° (ie, flexion) or increases by up to 15° (ie, extension).
The Role of the Core and Shell on the Mechanical Response of Aging Vertebral Body
Authors: Overaker David W. , Langrana Noshir A. , Cuitiño Alberto M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A 3D cellular solid model was used for the trabecular core of a whole vertebral body model to study the load bearing role of the two components: shell and core. Age related changes in the trabecular architecture were considered and the effects of osteoporosis on the load sharing behavior was addressed.
Load Sharing Comparison of a Rigid vs. a Hinged Device in the Stabilized Lumbar Motion Segment: A Finite Element Study
Authors: Goel Vijay K. , Konz Regina J. , Chang Hsiung-Tsai , Grosland Nicole M. , Grobler Leon J. , Chesmel Kathleen D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This study investigated the dynamic load-sharing ability of a rigid versus a hinged pedicle screw-rod system using finite element analysis. A three-dimensional finite element model (FEM) of an intact L3-L4 motion segment was used in the investigation. The model was modified to incorporate both the rigid screw-rod device and the hinged screw-rod device. Both models were run for 800 N compression, 10 N-m flexion, and 10 N-m of extension. The loads through the nucleus of the intervertebral disc and the corresponding loads through the device were determined for each case. Additionally, the axial displacement of L3 and the flexion rotation of L3 with respect to L4 were determined. Both screw-rod devices provided stability to a destabilized spinal segment. However, the rigid device system allowed for slightly greater flexion rotation. Furthermore, the hinged pedicle screw-rod system offers a design more likely to promote increased load sharing without sacrificing construct stability, as compared to an equivalent rigid system.
Surface Response of Isokinetic Lower-Extremity Joint Strength: Towards the Evaluation of Dynamic Human Performance
Authors: Khalaf Kinda A. , Parnianpour Mohamad , Karakostas Tasos 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The dynamic strength surface response was modeled for the ankle, knee, and hip joints of twenty normal subjects Such representation may be used as a “performance capacity envelope” to comprehensively characterize an individual’s dynamic joint strength performance. Potential applications cover a wide spectrum ranging from rehabilitation to ergonomic and biomechanical applications.
Kinematic Characterization and Radiographic Evaluation of Elbow Joint Rotation
Authors: Bottlang Michael , Marsh J. L. , Brown T. D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Since the elbow is the articulation that most closely resembles a perfect hinge joint in the human, a number of operative techniques have emerged that impose an artificial hinge to the elbow joint. Currently these include total elbow arthroplasty, articulated external fixation, and distraction arthroplasty (Morrey, 1993). While the success of these treatment modalities highly depends on precise replication of the normal elbow motion by the imposed artificial hinge, there remain conflicting reports on physiologic elbow joint kinematics. Furthermore, no detailed analysis of radiographic landmarks describing the location of the elbow axis is available to date. Such data would allow more precise alignment of the artificial hinge with the elbow rotation axis in an operative setting.
A Cadaveric Foot Model for Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction
Authors: Otis James C. , Kenneally Sharon M. , Hansen Matthew L. , Deland Jonathan T. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) is a significant foot disorder in which the posterior tibial tendon becomes inflamed and painful and loses its integrity. As a result, the posterior tibialis muscle/tendon unit becomes dysfunctional and, over the long term, the foot acquires a flatfoot deformity. Ideally, one would like to treat the problem early on and prevent the deformity from occurring. However, treatment to restore muscle balance in the foot in the early stages of the disorder have met with minimal success with patients eventually requiring fusions to treat the deformity and relieve pain. Currently no adequate models exist for studying the efficacy of treatment. A cadaveric foot model has been developed which simulates the muscle imbalance. The model can be used to investigate the biomechanical efficacy of surgical treatments used in early stage disease, prior to the occurrence of deformity. The model utilizes medial arch strain and talonavicular joint rotation as outcome measures.
Static and Fatigue Response Measurement of Various Fixation Systems Under Combined Loads
Authors: Patenaude O. , Shirazi-Adl A. , Dammak M. , Zukor D. J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In arthritic joints, prostheses are used to replace degenerated articular surfaces thereby relieving the pain and gaining the near-normal function of the joint. The long-term performance of joint replacement systems depends, amongst others, on the short-term fixation stability of the prostheses. Excessive motions at the bone/porous-surfaced metal interface are generally recognized as a crucial factor to limit bone proliferation into surface pores of implants, resulting in fibrous ingrowth. Recent studies have identified relative micromotions of ∼20–40μm to be compatible with the bone ingrowth while larger motions are associated with less stable bone ingrowth and the formation of the fibrous tissue around the implant [1–3]. In recent years, periprosthetic osteolysis due to the wear debris produced from the implant bearing surfaces has been identified as the leading problem in total joint arthroplasty. To reduce the wear debris, substantial research studies have been and are being performed on the development of surface treatments and new materials for more resistant bearing surfaces. Despite the current general recognition of particulate debris as the principal cause of implant failures, the synergy between the implant motion and wear debris mechanism in the formation of periprosthetic fibrous membranes has only recently been stressed [4]. To provide initial and long-term stability of tibial components, the existing implant designs utilize a wide range of configurations with different number of screws and posts. We have compared the static fixation response of a metal plate resting on a polyurethane block with or without screws and posts under single symmetric/eccentric axial compression loads of up to 1000N [5], In an artificial knee joint, the transmitted articular forces are often inclined generating shear and torsional load components as well. Moreover, the fatigue response was not considered. To overcome these shortcomings of our earlier studies, the current work was set to: -measure the fixation response of a metal plate on top of a polyurethane block for designs with two bone screws or two smooth-surfaced posts under an inclined eccentric load resulting in 1000N axial compression and 250N shear force (the single plate with no fixation cannot be tested due to the destabilizing effect of the shear force which exceeds the frictional resistance); -measure the response of the plate fixated with a novel smooth-surfaced post with adjustable inclinations of nil, 1.5°, and 3°; and -investigate the fatigue response of various fixation systems under repetitive eccentric inclined for up to 4000 cycles at 1 Hz frequency.
Finite Element Analysis of Contact Stresses in Metal-Plastic Total Knee Replacement
Authors: Chu Taiming , Chen Jing , Pappas Michael 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Clinical observation indicates that the polyethylene wear in replacement knee with metal to plastic articulation is a significant problem. The case studies (Knezevich et al., 1993) reinforce the concept that the design of the knee components is critical to minimize polyethylene wear and thus reduce the chances of subsequent failure. Many factors affect wear. They are, for example, contact surface configuration, material, surface finishing, loads, motion, temperature, lubrication, contaminants and previous use conditions. Among them, the essential factor is the contact surface configuration (Pappas, 1986). From the design viewpoint, avoiding high wear rates in a metal polyethylene articulation prosthesis is equal to avoiding a high contact stress in excess of the fatigue strength of the polyethylene. The aim of this study is to investigate the contact stress distribution on the tibial (bearing) component at different walking positions using the finite element method. Results can help to predict the wear potential of the tibial component.
A Viscoelastic Model for Finite Deformation of Soft Tissue
Authors: Hovey Chad B. , Kaplan Matthew L. , Heegaard Jean H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of soft tissue in the human body has provided significant motivation for researchers to model its behavior. Specifically, soft tissue models for cartilage have been extensively developed. The biphasic (Mow et al., 1984) model has provided a foundation for the understanding of cartilage behavior, grounded in a solid-fluid interaction point-of-view. Phenomenological approaches have also been made, borrowing developments from viscoelasticity and applying those models to biomechanics. Woo et al. (1980) discussed the viscoelastic properties of cartilage in the context of a quasi-linear theory.