bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training for Public Administration: A Symposium. IV. The University and the Study of Public Administration
Authors: Brady A. 
Published: October 2022

I have little to add to this discussion for the simple reason that my colleague, Dr. Coats, has said much of what I wanted to say, said it more interestingly, with a Dorothy Dix touch which I, in my academic restraint, cannot give, and also said it with more authority because of his long and distinguished public service. I can do little more than underscore a few broad propositions.My first proposition is an emphasis upon the basic fact that public administration is the administration of the state, and not simply the administration of individual departments of government. It has to deal with the management of the state in its aggregated activities, and hence broadly with the whole subtle art of government. The tone of that management never depends simply upon what industrious and zealous civil servants in their offices may do, or how they may do it, but, among other things, upon the effective organization of parliamentary committees, the conscience and intelligence of their members, the modes of planning parliamentary work, and even the quality of discussion within the conclaves of parties, or the antics and verbal orgies of the demagogue in public debate. The genuine and profitable study of public administration in a democratic state cannot be narrower than the broad frame of government, if we are to appreciate duly the ultimate end sought—the competent management of the state. One phase of national government, designated by text-book writers as the administrative, cannot logically or wisely be isolated from other phases which in turn determine its character. To the institutions of general government must be applied those principles and axioms concerning organization which Henri Fayol, Major Urwick, Mary Follett, and many others, with varying wisdom and clarity, have done much to elaborate.
Excess Profits Taxation. II. A Business Man's View
Authors: Leach Campbell W. 
Published: October 2022

In this paper I am going to tr y to present the business man's point of view towards the Excess Profits Tax Act and to discuss some of the problems which confront him as a result of it. By way of introduction I should like to make it quite clear that I do not write here as an apologist of tax evasion or as a critic of the pay-as-you-go policy or as an opponent of taxing those best able to pay. Rather I shall try to explain some of the problems and some of the objections without necessarily expressing an opinion in every case as to whether or not the objections are justifiable.One of the issues which apparently will be decided by this war is the survival, or otherwise, of capitalism even in modified form; but in this country for the time being a decision on that point has not yet been reached, and the profit motive and individual incentive are still the driving forces of our businesses and industries which the government is depending upon in a large measure to provide the instruments of war and the money with which to pay for them. The government is not yet prepared to underwrite business risks. It shares in the profits without sharing in the losses, and does not even allow the losses of one year to be offset by the profits of another, for tax purposes. In times of high taxes, the result, in many cases, is to convert taxes on income and profits into a confiscation of capital. These circumstances must be kept in mind as the background of what I have to say.
The Natural Products Marketing Act, 1934. II. Notes on the Administration of the Act
Authors: Hopper W. C. 
Published: October 2022

Legislation in Great Britain and the United States. A few of the important differences between Canada's Natural Products Marketing Act and the British Marketing Act might be worthy of note. The Dominion Marketing Board cannot engage in marketing, fix prices, or control production and, of course, none of these powers can be delegated to Local Boards established under marketing schemes. However, as indicated in section 4, paragraph 1 (a), of the Act, a Local Board may designate a marketing agency or agencies, which will be the agency of the persons whose product is regulated, through which the product may be marketed, but the Local Board cannot engage in marketing. The British Act of 1931 provides that a Board created under its authority may engage in the marketing of a product. It may acquire facilities, take control of the product, and dispose of it and in so doing, may establish prices. The British Act also provides a definite percentage that must support a scheme before assent can be given to it.That part of the Agricultural Adjustment Act of the United States which deals with marketing agreements in some respects resembles the Natural Products Marketing Act but there are some marked differences. Under marketing agreements provision may be made for setting prices. The Control Committees which administer marketing agreements are not corporate bodies and enforcement of regulations rests with the Administration in Washington. There is no provision for the designation of a marketing agency under the United States legislation. In both the United States and British legislation provision is made for Consumers' Councils or Committees to investigate schemes and agreements from the consumers' standpoint; there is no such provision in the Canadian legislation but, as I have mentioned above, the Canadian Act aims at the protection of both producer and consumer by making it an offence for anyone to charge an excessive amount for the marketing, processing, or converting of a natural product.
Newfoundland, Economic and Political II. Government-by-Commission (1934–6): A Survey
Authors: Fraser A. M. 
Published: October 2022

The new system of government inaugurated in Newfoundland on February 17, 1934—Government-by-Commission—is a constitutional experiment of the utmost importance to the people of the country, and, moreover, of profound interest to the student of political science. It possesses distinctive features which are unique in even the long and varied constitutional history of the British Commonwealth of Nations.The process of economic deterioration, which had been almost continuous in Newfoundland since 1920, culminated in an acute financial crisis in which the government of the Dominion found itself confronted with imminent bankruptcy. At this juncture, a Royal Commission was appointed on the advice of the governments of the United Kingdom, of Newfoundland, and of Canada, to investigate conditions in Newfoundland, and to issue a report on its financial situation. The Commission, under its chairman, Lord Amulree, examined hundreds of representative witnesses, and published, on October 3, 1933, an exhaustive, courageous, and admirably lucid Report.
Alberta, Economic and Political. III. Income and Expenditure in Alberta: A Revision
Authors: MacGregor D. C. 
Published: October 2022

The Report of the Alberta Bondholders' Committee contains the most detailed application of Canadian national income figures yet published for purposes of argument. Owing to the difficulty of breaking down national figures for provincial purposes, and the important effect of small errors in the total income upon the residual “margin of income”, the corrections presented below are of interest. Certain deductions from Alberta's income are made to avoid double counting (table I) while the value of “necessary expenses” is estimated with more care (table II).A detailed explanation and justification of the revised estimates of income in table I is given below in section B, and of table II within the table, and in section C. It is only fair to add that there is more room for difference of opinion in the interpretation of necessary expenses than in correcting estimates of income. More than statistical technique is involved, as there must also be some value judgments.
ONE-SYSTEM INTEGRITY AND THE LEGAL DOMAIN OF MORALITY
Authors: Crummey Conor 
Published: October 2022

ABSTRACTAccording to contemporary nonpositivist theories, legal obligations are a subset of our genuine moral obligations. Debates within nonpositivism then turn on how we delimit the legal “domain” of morality. Recently, nonpositivist theories have come under criticism on two grounds. First, that they are underinclusive, because they cannot explain why paradigmatically “legal” obligations are such. Second, that they are overinclusive, because they count as “legal” certain moral obligations that are plainly nonlegal. This paper undertakes both a ground-clearing exercise for and a defense of nonpositivism. It argues, in particular, that Dworkin's claims about the legal domain of morality in his later work are often mischaracterized by critics, because these critics fail to read these claims in light of his earlier theory of “Law as Integrity.” A nonpositivist theory that unifies Dworkin's earlier and later work, I argue, deals with the criticisms leveled at nonpositivist theories better than other nonpositivist competitors.
Trends in dietary carbohydrates, protein and fat intake and diet quality among Chinese adults, 1991–2015: results from the China Health and Nutrition Survey
Authors: Huang Lina , Wang Liusen , Jiang Hongru , Wang Huijun , Wang Zhihong , Zhang Bing , Ding Gangqiang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjective:Dietary transitions in China have undergone rapid changes in over the last three decades. The purpose of this study is to describe trends in the macronutrient consumption, the sources of those nutrients and the diet quality among Chinese adults.Design:Longitudinal China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) cohort analysis. Main outcomes are dietary energy intake from total carbohydrate, protein and fat and their subtypes, as well as food sources of carbohydrates, protein, and fat, and the China Dietary Guidelines Index 2018 (CDGI-2018).Setting:CHNS (1991, 2000, 2009 and 2015).Participants:Data from the longitudinal 1991, 2000, 2009 and 2015 CHNS of adults aged 18 years or older who had complete demographic information.Results:The estimated mean energy intake from total carbohydrate decreased from 62·6 % to 50·6 % between 1991 and 2015, while the mean energy intake from total protein increased from 12·6 % to just 13·1 % and the mean energy intake from total fat significantly increased from 24·0 % to 35·8 % (P < 0·001 for trend). Decreases were observed in evaluated mean energy from low-quality carbohydrates (from 53·6 % to 41·7 %) and incomplete protein (from 9·3 % to 7·5 %), while increases were seen in estimated mean energy from high-quality protein (from 3·3 % to 5·5 %), high-quality fat (from 9·1 % to 16·7 %) and low-quality fat (from 14·9 % to 19·0 %). Low-quality carbohydrates, primarily those derived from refined grains, decreased from 52·2 % to 36·2 %. The diet quality as measured by CDGI-2018 improved, with the estimated mean increasing from 41·7 to 52·4 (P < 0·01 for trend).Conclusion:For Chinese adults, there was a significant change in the macronutrient composition over the previous few decades. The percentage of energy consumed from carbohydrates significantly decreased; however, the percentage of energy consumed from total fat significantly increased. Additionally, the diet quality remains suboptimal.
Detecting Discontinuities From In Situ Space Measurements: Method and FPGA Implementation
Authors: Munteanu C. , Turicu D. C. , Creţ O. , Echim M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe analysis in real time of space data variability is essential for scientists and space mission controllers. Automated tools designed to extract key descriptors of variability are needed and solutions to adapt such algorithms for on‐board computers are rare. This paper describes the design of an automated system for detecting directional discontinuities of a physical quantity and its implementation in Field‐Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). The system is currently adapted for solar wind or terrestrial magnetosheath magnetic field directional discontinuities, that is, sharp changes of the magnetic field directionality. Our detection algorithm uses analysis windows of adjustable width and averaging procedures in order to reduce the effects of random fluctuations. A sliding‐window approach is designed for continuous monitoring and detection of magnetic directional discontinuities. A software implementation of the algorithm was tested using in‐situ magnetic field measurements, and emphasized improvements of performance when using analysis windows of adjustable width. The FPGA implementation of the detection algorithm is built on DILIGENT Nexys 4 DDR featuring a commercial Xilinx Artix‐7 device and is designed to be ported to space qualified infrastructure. The FPGA system was tested with synthetic and laboratory signals, and provides results in very good agreement with the software implementation. The FPGA system provides an efficient real‐time monitoring solution using minimal computational and energy resources, and reducing the main on‐board computer utilization.
Heat Transfer and Production in Cratonic Continental Crust: U‐Pb Thermochronology of Xenoliths From the Siberian Craton
Authors: Apen Francisco E. , Rudnick Roberta L. , Ionov Dmitri A. , Cottle John M. , Moyen Jean‐Franҫois , Golovin Alexander V. , Korsakov Andrey V. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCoupled U‐Pb and trace‐element analyses of accessory phases in crustal xenoliths from the Late Devonian Udachnaya kimberlite (Siberian craton, Russia) are used to constrain Moho temperature and crustal heat production at the time of kimberlite eruption. Rutile and apatite in lower‐crustal garnet granulites record U‐Pb dates that extend from 1.8 Ga to 360 Ma (timing of kimberlite eruption). This contrasts with upper‐crustal tonalites and amphibolites that contain solely Paleoproterozoic apatite. Depth profiling of rutile from the lower‐crustal xenoliths show that U‐Pb dates increase gradually from rim to core over μm‐scale distances, with slower‐diffusing elements (e.g., Al) increasing in concentration across similar length‐scales. The U‐Pb and trace element gradients in rutile are incompatible with partial Pb loss during slow cooling, but are consistent with neocrystallization and re‐heating of the lower crust for <1 Myr prior to eruption. Because Paleoproterozoic rutile and apatite dates are preserved, we infer that long‐term ambient lower‐crustal temperatures before this thermal perturbation were cooler than the Pb closure temperature of rutile and probably apatite (<400°C). The lower‐crustal temperature bounds from these data are consistent with pressure‐temperature arrays of Udachnaya peridotite xenoliths that suggest relatively cool geothermal gradients, signifying that the mantle xenoliths accurately capture the thermal state of the lithosphere prior to eruption. Combined, the xenolith data imply low crustal heat production for the Siberian craton (∼0.3 μW/m3). Nevertheless, such values produce surface heat flow values of 20–40 mW/m2, higher than measured around Udachnaya (average 19 mW/m2), suggesting that the surface heat flow measurements are inaccurate.
Comparison and Verification of the Different Schemes for the Ionization‐Recombination Cycle of the Ionospheric D‐Region
Authors: Bekker S. Z. , Kozlov S. I. , Kudryavcev V. P. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study presents the results of a comparison and verification of three plasma‐chemical models of the lower ionosphere, which describe the dynamics of 4, 5, and 8 charged components under calm conditions and during X‐ray flares of different classes. As a result of verification of the constructed schemes for the ionization‐recombination cycle using data on the propagation of very low frequency signals during 12 X‐ray flares, the best agreement with experimental measurements was obtained with the eight‐component model of the ionospheric D‐region. On two of the four paths, this model successfully simulated the qualitative and quantitative response of the amplitude‐phase characteristics to solar flares in the C, M, and X classes. In contrast to the eight‐component model, four‐ and five‐component models are of limited accuracy which could not be noticeably increased by correcting the ionization rate calculation or the input values of the neutral parameters of the atmosphere.
Global Trends in Marine Heatwaves and Cold Spells: The Impacts of Fixed Versus Changing Baselines
Authors: Chiswell Stephen M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMarine heatwaves (MHW) and cold spells (MCS) are considered to be anomalously warm or cool events in sea surface temperature that are commonly defined relative to a long‐term fixed baseline. As a result, because of climate warming, it is often concluded that MHW will become stronger, longer, and more frequent in the future, whereas MCS will become weaker, shorter, and less frequent. Here, it is argued that in order to understand the physics of MHW/MCS, it is important to remove the climate signal when detecting events. The 1982–2021 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration optimum interpolation sea surface temperature data set (NOAA OISST V2) is used to show that using a fixed baseline leads on average to overestimating MHW and underestimating MCS strengths between 1982 and 2021 compared to using a linear trend to remove the climate signal. If a linear trend is used to remove the climate signal, global trends over the 40‐year record indicate a shift to weaker MHW and MCS in the tropics, especially in the eastern Pacific Ocean, and a shift to stronger MHW and MCS in the northern Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. The trends in the tropics are likely related to El Niño conditions predominating during the first half of the record and La Niña conditions predominating during the second half of the record. The trends at higher latitudes are consistent with changes in the North Atlantic and Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillations.
The Influence of Sea Ice Cover and Atlantic Water Advection on Annual Particle Export North of Svalbard
Authors: Dybwad C. , Lalande C. , Bodur Y. V. , Henley S. F. , Cottier F. , Ershova E. A. , Hobbs L. , Last K. S. , Dąbrowska A. M. , Reigstad M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe Arctic Ocean north of Svalbard has recently experienced large sea ice losses and the increasing prominence of Atlantic water (AW) advection. To investigate the impact of these ongoing changes on annual particle export, two moorings with sequential sediment traps were deployed in ice‐free and seasonally ice‐covered waters on the shelf north (NSv) and east (ESv) of Svalbard, collecting sinking particles nearly continuously from October 2017 to October 2018. Vertical export of particulate organic carbon (POC), total particulate matter (TPM), planktonic protists, chlorophyll a, and zooplankton fecal pellets were measured, and swimmers were quantified and identified. Combined with sensor data from the moorings, these time‐series measurements provided a first assessment of the factors influencing particle export in this region of the Arctic Ocean. Higher annual TPM and POC fluxes at the ice‐free NSv site were primarily driven by the advection of AW, higher grazing by large copepods, and a wind‐induced mixing event during winter. Higher diatom fluxes were observed during spring in the presence of sea ice at the ESv site. Along with sea ice cover, regional differences in AW advection and the seasonal presence of grazers played a prominent role in the biological carbon pump along the continental shelf off Svalbard.
The Response of Summertime Organic Aerosol Composition to Emission Controls in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Zhang Jie , Wang Junfeng , Sun Yele , Zhou Shan , Shrivastava Manish , Catena Alexandra , Ng Nga Lee , Zhang Qi , Schwab James 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe responses of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) to emission controls remain uncertain due to the limited continuous long‐term measurements. Measurements of detailed carbonaceous aerosol composition in the New York City metropolitan region during the summers of 2001, 2009, 2011, and 2018 provide a look at the changes in summertime SOA over the past two decades when significant pollution reduction and emission controls occurred in the northeastern United States. Here, we show that the averaged nighttime SOA, especially the fresh local SOA, extreme mass concentrations resulted from anthropogenic volatile organic compounds reductions, while there is a little trend for the regional aged SOA. Meanwhile, these fresh SOA extremes occurred most often under conditions of high relative humidity during nighttime. The analysis presented here provides a comprehensive evaluation of the evolution of the increasingly important organic component of the submicron ambient aerosols in this major metropolitan area.
Estimation of Return Stroke Velocity by Time‐Reversal Reconstruction of Channel Feature Points
Authors: Liu Yicheng , Shi Lihua , Li Yun , Zhang Qi , Qiu Shi 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn order to better understand the process of the return stroke (RS), based on the time‐reversal (TR) method, the feature points in the fine structure of the RS electric field (E‐field) waveforms are mapped to the feature points in the RS channel, and velocity of the RS is calculated. First, by using the RS engineering model of the tortuous channel with variable velocity, it is shown that the fluctuation of RS velocity and the tortuous channel will lead to subsidiary peaks of the E‐field waveform in the LF band, the variation in the width of the subsidiary peak is correlated to the scale of the segmented tortuous channel and the variation of the velocity, and the contributions of the radiation field to the subsidiary peaks on the total field are the largest. Then, simulation examples under conditions of vertical, inclined, and tortuous channels are used for validation. Combined with the TR approach, the time‐reversed E‐field waveforms are back‐propagated and superimposed, the focused points are in good agreement with feature points in the RS channel. Finally, the reconstruction results of the feature points in the RS channel of a natural negative cloud‐to‐ground lightning are presented, and the average velocity between the feature points is calculated, which falls in a reasonable region between 0.35 × 108 and 1.73 × 108 m/s.
How Do Planetary Boundary Layer Schemes Perform in Hurricane Conditions: A Comparison With Large‐Eddy Simulations
Authors: Chen Xiaomin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractParameterizations of turbulent processes in planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes impact tropical cyclone (TC) forecasts. Existing PBL schemes are mostly designed for low‐wind conditions, and assessing their uncertainties in hurricane conditions remains challenging, mostly due to very scarce observations. Using a recently developed framework based on large‐eddy simulations (LES), this study evaluates K‐profile parameterization (KPP) and high‐order PBL schemes in hurricane conditions. Among KPP PBL schemes, the Global Forecast System (GFS) scheme tends to produce excessively deep inflow layers with large values of eddy viscosity (Km). Opposite results are found for the Yonsei University (YSU) scheme. Using LES results as a benchmark, the performance of YSU and GFS schemes is improved by modifying the “shape parameter” such that Km is maximized closer to the surface, and by using a new definition of boundary layer height tailored to high‐wind conditions. The LES results also suggest an asymptotic mixing length of ∼40 m can improve the Louis‐type parameterizations of the YSU scheme that operates above the boundary layer. Among high‐order PBL schemes, the Mellor–Yamada–Nakanishi–Niino (MYNN) scheme produces reasonably accurate vertical profiles of eddy viscosity, turbulent stress, and boundary layer winds under different high‐wind conditions. Further analysis of MYNN supports a “three‐layer” strategy for the mixing length parameterization for TCs that represents different types of turbulent regimes. In contrast, the high‐order eddy‐diffusivity mass‐flux scheme produces excessive boundary‐layer vertical mixing and a deeper inflow layer, partly attributable to a notable overestimation of the maximum allowable mixing length in the PBL code.