Nonregistration, discontinuation, and nonpublication of randomized trials: A repeated metaresearch analysis
Authors: Speich Benjamin , Gryaznov Dmitry , Busse Jason W. , Gloy Viktoria L. , Lohner Szimonetta , Klatte Katharina , Taji Heravi Ala , Ghosh Nilabh , Lee Hopin , Mansouri Anita , Marian Ioana R. , Saccilotto Ramon , Nury Edris , Kasenda Benjamin , Ojeda–Ruiz Elena , Schandelmaier Stefan , Tomonaga Yuki , Amstutz Alain , Pauli–Magnus Christiane , Bischoff Karin , Wollmann Katharina , Rehner Laura , Meerpohl Joerg J. , Nordmann Alain , Wong Jacqueline , Chow Ngai , Hong Patrick Jiho , Mc Cord – De Iaco Kimberly , Sricharoenchai Sirintip , Agarwal Arnav , Schwenkglenks Matthias , Hemkens Lars G. , von Elm Erik , Copsey Bethan , Griessbach Alexandra N. , Schönenberger Christof , Mertz Dominik , Blümle Anette , von Niederhäusern Belinda , Hopewell Sally , Odutayo Ayodele , Briel Matthias 
Published: April 2022

Background
We previously found that 25% of 1,017 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) approved between 2000 and 2003 were discontinued prematurely, and 44% remained unpublished at a median of 12 years follow-up. We aimed to assess a decade later (1) whether rates of completion and publication have increased; (2) the extent to which nonpublished RCTs can be identified in trial registries; and (3) the association between reporting quality of protocols and premature discontinuation or nonpublication of RCTs.

Methods and findings
We included 326 RCT protocols approved in 2012 by research ethics committees in Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Canada in this metaresearch study. Pilot, feasibility, and phase 1 studies were excluded. We extracted trial characteristics from each study protocol and systematically searched for corresponding trial registration (if not reported in the protocol) and full text publications until February 2022. For trial registrations, we searched the (i) World Health Organization: International Clinical Trial Registry Platform (ICTRP); (ii) US National Library of Medicine (ClinicalTrials.gov); (iii) European Union Drug Regulating Authorities Clinical Trials Database (EUCTR); (iv) ISRCTN registry; and (v) Google. For full text publications, we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. We recorded whether RCTs were registered, discontinued (including reason for discontinuation), and published. The reporting quality of RCT protocols was assessed with the 33-item SPIRIT checklist. We used multivariable logistic regression to examine the association between the independent variables protocol reporting quality, planned sample size, type of control (placebo versus other), reporting of any recruitment projection, single-center versus multicenter trials, and industry versus investigator sponsoring, with the 2 dependent variables: (1) publication of RCT results; and (2) trial discontinuation due to poor recruitment.
Of the 326 included trials, 19 (6%) were unregistered. Ninety-eight trials (30%) were discontinued prematurely, most often due to poor recruitment (37%; 36/98). One in 5 trials (21%; 70/326) remained unpublished at 10 years follow-up, and 21% of unpublished trials (15/70) were unregistered. Twenty-three of 147 investigator-sponsored trials (16%) reported their results in a trial registry in contrast to 150 of 179 industry-sponsored trials (84%).
The median proportion of reported SPIRIT items in included RCT protocols was 69% (interquartile range 61% to 77%). We found no variables associated with trial discontinuation; however, lower reporting quality of trial protocols was associated with nonpublication (odds ratio, 0.71 for each 10% increment in the proportion of SPIRIT items met; 95% confidence interval, 0.55 to 0.92; p = 0.009). Study limitations include that the moderate sample size may have limited the ability of our regression models to identify significant associations.

Conclusions
We have observed that rates of premature trial discontinuation have not changed in the past decade. Nonpublication of RCTs has declined but remains common; 21% of unpublished trials could not be identified in registries. Only 16% of investigator-sponsored trials reported results in a trial registry. Higher reporting quality of RCT protocols was associated with publication of results. Further efforts from all stakeholders are needed to improve efficiency and transparency of clinical research.