bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Geometrical and Inlet Parameters on the Impingement Cooling of Aviation Kerosene
Authors: Xing Yunfei , Fan Wenhui , Du Mengmeng , Zhong Fengquan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the present paper, numerical study of flow and heat transfer properties of RP-3 kerosene in an impingement model are conducted with SST k−ω turbulence model and a 10-species surrogate of kerosene. The independence of grids is first studied and the numerical results are compared with experimental data for validation. Characteristics of flow and heat transfer of kerosene flow in the impingement model are studied with different inlet temperatures, dimensionless open areas, and separation distances. The heat transfer coefficients and pressure losses increase with decreasing dimensionless open areas. The separation distance H/d = 2 gets the best heat transfer performance and the separation distance H/d = 3 gets the best heat transfer uniformity on the target plate. Higher inlet temperature gets a higher heat transfer performance and heat transfer uniformity on the target plate.
Incident Case Study of Baseline Pigging During In-Line Inspections for Corrosion Resistant Alloy Clad Pipelines
Authors: Reda Ahmed , Shahin Mohamed A. , Sultan Ibrahim A. , Lagat Christopher , McKee Kristoffer K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper describes an incident that occurred during the baseline inspections of pre-commissioning activities performed on a 20-in. metallurgically bonded corrosion resistant alloy (CRA) clad pipeline of an approximate length equal to 2.7 km. The inspection tool, deployed as part of the baseline inspections before the startup of the pipeline, was damaged in the CRA clad pipeline. This damage occurred despite extensive computer simulations, carried out before the inspection, which indicated that the tool, an ultrasonic (UT) pig, was able to traverse the length of the pipe without major issues. The application of the pressure surges was successful in dislodging the UT pig; however, as a direct consequence, the UT pig crashed into the pig receiver and sustained significant damage. The sealing pigs that were trailing behind the UT pig also collided with the rear of the UT pig, and it was at this junction that all further data transmission was ceased. A metal swarf was discovered upon inspection of the UT pig after retrieval, indicating that the inner wall of the pipeline also sustained damage. An analysis of the swarf indicated that it comprised solely of the CRA alloy that was metallurgically bonded to the inner wall of the carbon steel pipe. It was concluded that, due to the anticorrosive nature of the CRA material and high-quality control standards upheld during the manufacture of CRA pipes, the baseline in-line and routine inspections were unnecessary and can be detrimental if the inspection tool becomes impacted, thereby compromising the containment of the CRA layer.
Enhancing Turbine Deposition Prediction Capability With Conjugate Mesh Morphing
Authors: Bowen Christopher P. , Bons Jeffrey P. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A framework for performing mesh morphing in a conjugate simulation in the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software ansys fluent is presented and validated. A procedure for morphing both the fluid and solid domains to simulate the protrusion of deposit into the fluid while concurrently altering and adding to the solid regions is detailed. The ability to delineate between the original metal sections of the solid and the morphed regions which represent deposit characteristics is demonstrated. The validity and predictive capability of the process are tested through simulation of a canonical impingement jet. A single oversized impingement jet (6.35 mm) at 894 K and an average flow velocity of 56.5 m/s is used to heat a nickel-alloy target plate. One gram of 0- to 5-µm Arizona road dust (ARD) is delivered to the target and a Particle Shadow Velocimetry (PSV) technique is used to capture the transient growth of the deposit structure on the target. Thermal infrared images are taken on the backside of the target and synchronized with the PSV images. The experiment is modeled computationally using the Fluent Discrete Phase Model (DPM) and the Ohio State University (OSU) Deposition Model for sticking prediction. The target is morphed according to the particulate volume prediction. The deposit regions are assigned an effective conductivity (keff) representative of a porous deposit, and the fluid and thermal computations are reconverged; 10 mesh morphing iterations are performed accounting for the first half of the experiment. The morphed deposit volume and height are compared to those of the experiment and show reasonable agreement. The backside target temperatures are also compared, and the simulations show the ability to predict the reduction in temperature that occurs as the growing deposit insulates the metal surface. It is demonstrated that the assignment of unique thermal conductivities to the deposit and metal cells within the solid is critical. With a more robust and accurate implementation of the deposit keff, this conjugate mesh morphing framework shows potential as a tool for predicting the thermal impact of deposition.
Thermodynamic Characteristics of a Single Stage Pneumatically Driven Gifford–McMahon Refrigerator
Authors: Panda Debashis , Behera Suraj K. , Satapathy Ashok K. , Sarangi Sunil K. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
At present, the demand for high cooling capacity Gifford–McMahon (GM) refrigerators is increasing to cool the high-temperature superconducting magnets in cryogenic temperature range. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance the cooling capacity of existing refrigerators, which needs a thorough understanding of related thermodynamic phenomena. In this paper, thermodynamic processes of a GM refrigerator are analyzed and its performance is compared with Carnot cycle, and Brayton cycle with and without work recovery. Subsequently, a mathematical model has been formulated for a pneumatically driven GM refrigerator by applying the fundamental principles of thermodynamics and mechanics. The model computes the influence of geometrical and operating parameters upon its refrigeration performance. Subsequently, the impact of valve opening intervals upon internal thermodynamic and dynamic processes is evaluated. The dynamic characteristics of the displacer motion, transient variation of mass flow, and pressure distribution are studied by the model for different values of idling angles. It is found that an increase in the idling angle of the rotary valve of GM refrigerator reduces its cooling capacity and enhances its specific cooling capacity. An experimental study has also been undertaken to corroborate the mathematical results.
The Effects of Self-Myofascial Release on Hamstring and Gastrocnemius Muscles Using Foam Roll on Postural Sway, Knee Proprioception, and Dynamic Balance in Recreationally Active Females
Authors: Dadfar Mahdis , Seidi Foad 
Published: April 2022

Poor joint proprioception and balance maintenance may lead to sports injuries. Numerous studies have indicated that self-myofascial release (SMR) can improve the function of the proprioception and balance systems. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the effects of acute bouts of SMR on the center of pressure displacements during four stance positions, knee joint position sense at 45° and 90° in open kinetic chain tasks, and dynamic balance during the Y-balance test. Forty-two recreationally active females aged 20–25 years were assigned to either the foam roll group performing 1 min × 3 sets of SMR in the posttest session (N = 22) or the control group (N = 20). Joint position sense at 90° (p = .021), dynamic balance in the anterior (p = .007) and posterolateral (p < .001) directions, as well as the composite score (p = .001), improved significantly in the foam roll group. According to the findings, SMR may improve knee joint position sense at 90° and dynamic balance without any significant impacts on postural sway.
Synthesis and Prediction of Antitumor Activity of New Fused Pyrano[3,4-c]pyridines and Pyrano[4′,3′:4,5]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines
Authors: Dashyan Sh. Sh. , Paronikyan E. G. , Ayvazyan A. S. , Mamyan S. S. , Hunanyan L. S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
One-pot methods were developed for the preparation of 6-amino-3-isopropyl-7-aryl substituted-8-thioxo(oxo)pyrano[3,4-c]pyridines derivatives. The latter served as starting materials for the synthesis of a new pyrano[4′,3′:4,5]pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine heterosystems. The proposed mechanisms of one-pot reactions were presented. Antitumor activity of new synthesized compounds was predicted by in silico methods.
Historiographies of surgical innovation: endoscopic endonasal pituitary surgery
Authors: Conroy Katherine 
Published: April 2022

The historiography of medicine has shifted from narratives of inevitable progress, authored mainly by the medical profession, to a more complex, analytical approach in which historians place medicine in its social context. However, the history of surgery has lagged behind somewhat; Christopher Lawrence suggests this is because the recent focus on the construction of medical knowledge does not incorporate the practical aspects of surgery, which are difficult to extract from their previous linear narrative. Thomas Schlich likewise recognises that surgery is both knowledge and skill—therefore more of a ‘craft’ than medicine. A possible solution is aligning the history of surgery with the history of technology: analysing the interplay of instruments and human activity.This case study uses the history of endoscopic endonasal pituitary surgery to explore the historiography of surgical innovation, in the context of its heavy reliance on both technology and interdisciplinary divisions of labour. Re-enactment, evolutionary frameworks and using Social Construction of Technology methods all require close collaboration between historian and surgeon to bridge the gap between scholarship and tacit knowledge.
Image of the Schwarzschild black hole pierced by a cosmic string with a thin accretion disk
Authors: Liu Changqing , Tang Li , Jing Jiliang 
Published: April 2022

We study the optical appearance of a thin accretion disk around a Schwarzschild black hole pierced by a cosmic string with a semi-analytic method of Luminet [Astron. Astrophys. 75 (1979) 228]. Direct and secondary images with different parameters observed by a distant observer are plotted. The cosmic string parameter [Formula: see text] can modify the shape and size of the thin disk image. We calculate and plot the distribution of both redshift and observed flux as seen by distant observers at different inclination angles. Those distributions are dependent on the inclination angle of the observer and cosmic string parameter [Formula: see text].
Major Vault Protein Prevents Atherosclerotic Plaque Destabilization by Suppressing Macrophage ASK1-JNK Signaling
Authors: Liu Qingling , Pan Junlu , Bao Linrui , Xu Chunxiang , Qi Yu , Jiang Bin , Wang Dongdong , Zhu Xudong , Li Xiaoyu , Zhang Hanwen , Bai Hui , Yang Qing , Ma Junqing , Wiemer Erik A.C. , Ben Jingjing , Chen Qi 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Macrophages are implicated in atherosclerotic plaque instability by inflammation and degradation of extracellular matrix. However, the regulatory mechanisms driving these macrophage-associated processes are not well understood. Here, we aimed to identify the plaque destabilization-associated cytokines and signaling pathways in macrophages.

Methods:
The atherosclerotic models of myeloid-specific MVP (major vault protein) knockout mice and control mice were generated. Atherosclerotic instability, macrophage inflammatory signaling, and active cytokines released by macrophages were examined in vivo and in vitro by using cellular and molecular biological approaches.

Results:
MVP deficiency in myeloid cells exacerbated murine plaque instability by increasing production of both MMP (matrix metallopeptidase)-9 and proinflammatory cytokines in artery wall. Mechanistically, expression of MMP-9 was mediated via ASK1 (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1)-MKK-4 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4)-JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) signaling in macrophages. MVP and its α-helical domain could bind with ASK1 and inhibit its dimerization and phosphorylation. A 62 amino acid peptide (MVP-[686–747]) in the α-helical domain of MVP showed a crucial role in preventing macrophage MMP-9 production and plaque instability.

Conclusions:
MVP may act as an inhibitor for ASK1-JNK signaling-mediated MMP-9 production in macrophages and, thereby, attenuate unstable plaque formation. Our findings suggest that suppression of macrophage ASK1-JNK signaling may be a useful strategy antagonizing atherosclerotic diseases.
Pharmacological Targeting of the CCL2/CCR2 Axis for Atheroprotection: A Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Studies
Authors: Živković Luka , Asare Yaw , Bernhagen Jürgen , Dichgans Martin , Georgakis Marios K. 
Published: April 2022

Background:
The CCL2 (CC-chemokine ligand 2)/CCR2 (CC-chemokine receptor 2) axis governs monocyte recruitment to atherosclerotic lesions. Genetic and epidemiological studies show strong associations of CCL2 levels with atherosclerotic disease. Still, experimental studies testing pharmacological inhibition of CCL2 or CCR2 in atheroprone mice apply widely different approaches and report variable results, thus halting clinical translation.

Methods:
We systematically searched the literature for studies employing pharmacological CCL2/CCR2 blockade in atheroprone mice and meta-analyzed their effects on lesion size and morphology.

Results:

In a meta-analysis of 14 studies testing 11 different agents, CCL2/CCR2 blockade attenuated atherosclerotic lesion size in the aortic root or arch (
g
=−0.75 [−1.17 to −0.32],
P
=6×10
−
4
; N=171/171 mice in experimental/control group), the carotid (
g
=−2.39 [−4.23 to −0.55],
P
=0.01; N=24/25), and the femoral artery (
g
=−2.38 [−3.50 to −1.26],
P
=3×10
−
5
; N=10/10). Furthermore, CCL2/CCR2 inhibition reduced intralesional macrophage accumulation and increased smooth muscle cell content and collagen deposition. The effects of CCL2/CCR2 inhibition on lesion size correlated with reductions in plaque macrophage accumulation, in accord with a prominent role of CCL2/CCR2 signaling in monocyte recruitment. Subgroup analyses showed comparable efficacy of different CCL2- and CCR2-inhibitors in reducing lesion size and intralesional macrophages. The quality assessment revealed high risk of detection bias due to lack of blinding during outcome assessment, as well as evidence of attrition and reporting bias.

Conclusions:
Preclinical evidence suggests that pharmacological targeting of CCL2 or CCR2 might lower atherosclerotic lesion burden, but the majority of existing studies suffer major quality issues that highlight the need for additional high-quality research.
Abstract EP42: Effects Of Bariatric Surgery On Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Aung Pyi Phyo , Park Kyeeun , Wu Fangcheng , Konidala Navy , Nge Htoo Myat 
Published: April 2022

Obesity is one of the most common and modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Bariatric surgery (BS) is a fast-growing procedure being used to treat patients with morbid obesity, obesity with significant comorbidities or failed dietary and pharmacological therapy. We assessed the hypothesis that bariatric surgery has positive effects on acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in obese population.
We conducted a retrospective analysis of 3 years of the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database, 2016 to 2018. Study populations were selected using ICD-10 diagnosis code. Discharge-level weight analysis was used to produce a national estimate. We conducted multivariate regression analysis to calculate odds ratio with STATA 17.
During the study period, 106,970,745 patients were discharged, and 2,996,629 patients experienced acute coronary artery syndrome during the hospitalization. Total 962,780 (0.90%) patients had history of bariatric surgery. Patients with BS tended to be female (77.84 % v 56.21 %), older (54.91± 0.30 v 49.43 ± 0.01), diabetic (28.47% v 22.50%) and hypertensive (42.60% v 29.23%) but prevalence of hyperlipidemia was similar in both groups (3.73% v 3.23%). The prevalence of ACS was significantly reduced with BS in patient with obesity (1.51% v 2.81%). After adjusting for age, sex, race and comorbid burden, obesity was associated with higher risk of ACS (OR 1.13, 1.13 - 1.15, p<0.0001), whereas patients with obesity who underwent BS was associated with lower risk for ACS (OR 0.61, 0.59 - 0.64, p< 0.0001). After adjusting for comorbidities, BS decreased the risk of in-hospital mortality (OR 0.67, 0.56-0.80, p< 0.0001) and major cardiovascular events (OR 0.59, 0.48-0.72, p< 0.0001).
In conclusion, bariatric surgery is associated with lower risk of acute coronary syndrome as well as better outcomes including lower in-hospital mortality and lower major cardiovascular events in obese population.
Innovations in Undergraduate Research Training Through Multisite Collaborative Programming: American Heart Association Summer Undergraduate Research Experience Syndicate
Authors: Ajayi Tinuola B. , Mueller Adrienne L. , Okwuosa Ike S. , Barshilia Asha , Wu Joseph C. , Benjamin Emelia J. , Barnett Joey V. , Oliver Kendra H. 
Published: April 2022

Background
To support diversity in biomedical science, the American Heart Association launched the Supporting Undergraduate Research Experiences for undergraduate students from underrepresented backgrounds to provide mentorship and high‐level exposure at 5 leading medical institutions. Here we describe the initial formation of the partnership and the alteration made in response to the program to accommodate COVID‐19 safety precautions.

Methods and Results
We outline how programming shifted from local, in‐person programming in the summer of 2019 to a collaborative, mainly virtual curriculum in 2020 using students’ self‐reported before and after surveys from both 2019 (n=33) and 2020 (n=42). Students from both in‐person (2019) and virtual programs (2020) self‐reported significant gains in scientific proficiency. A qualitative‐directed content analysis of student open‐response questions was performed. Students reported extensive benefits from the 2020 virtual training, including Personal Gains, Research Skills, Thinking and Working Like a Scientist, and Attitudes and Behaviors. Notedly, we observed increases in the Attitudes and Behaviors category. We outline the pros and cons of in‐person and virtual programming and make recommendations moving forward in a postpandemic world with hybrid work and learning systems.

Conclusions
Our effort informs the development of future undergraduate research training programs, significantly maximizing a hybrid training modality. The American Heart Association Supporting Undergraduate Research Experiences serves as a model for building multi‐institutional partnerships and providing research experiences that overcome institutional barriers and support students' interests, commitment, and ability to persist in science, technology, engineering, and math fields.
Linear-Time Calculation of the Expected Sum of Edge Lengths in Random Projective Linearizations of Trees
Authors: Alemany-Puig Lluís , Ferrer-i-Cancho Ramon 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The syntactic structure of a sentence is often represented using syntactic dependency trees. The sum of the distances between syntactically related words has been in the limelight for the past decades. Research on dependency distances led to the formulation of the principle of dependency distance minimization whereby words in sentences are ordered so as to minimize that sum. Numerous random baselines have been defined to carry out related quantitative studies on lan- guages. The simplest random baseline is the expected value of the sum in unconstrained random permutations of the words in the sentence, namely, when all the shufflings of the words of a sentence are allowed and equally likely. Here we focus on a popular baseline: random projective per- mutations of the words of the sentence, that is, permutations where the syntactic dependency structure is projective, a formal constraint that sentences satisfy often in languages. Thus far, the expectation of the sum of dependency distances in random projective shufflings of a sentence has been estimated approximately with a Monte Carlo procedure whose cost is of the order of Rn, where n is the number of words of the sentence and R is the number of samples; it is well known that the larger R is, the lower the error of the estimation but the larger the time cost. Here we pre- sent formulae to compute that expectation without error in time of the order of n. Furthermore, we show that star trees maximize it, and provide an algorithm to retrieve the trees that minimize it.
Identification of Visual Functional Thresholds for Immersion Assessment in Virtual Reality
Authors: Hébert-Lavoie Maxence , Doyon-Poulin Philippe , Ozell Benoît 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We consider that to objectively measure immersion, one needs to assess how each sensory quality is reproduced in a virtual environment. In this perspective, we introduce the concept of functional threshold which corresponds to the value at which a sensory quality can be degraded without being noticed by the user of a virtual environment. We suggest that the perceived realism of a virtual experience can potentially be evoked for sensory qualities values ranging from the perceptual threshold to the functional threshold. Thus, the identification of functional thresholds values allows us to constrain immersion. To lay the foundation for the identification of functional thresholds, we applied a modified version of the method of limits. We measured the value at which 30 participants were able to identify the degradation of their field of view (FOV), visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity while executing a multidirectional selection test. This enabled us to identify functional perceptual thresholds of 96.6 degrees for FOV, 12.2 arcmin for visual acuity, and 25.6% for contrast sensitivity.
A Multi-Level Optimization Framework for End-to-End Text Augmentation
Authors: Somayajula Sai Ashish , Song Linfeng , Xie Pengtao 
Published: April 2022

AbstractText augmentation is an effective technique in alleviating overfitting in NLP tasks. In existing methods, text augmentation and downstream tasks are mostly performed separately. As a result, the augmented texts may not be optimal to train the downstream model. To address this problem, we propose a three-level optimization framework to perform text augmentation and the downstream task end-to- end. The augmentation model is trained in a way tailored to the downstream task. Our framework consists of three learning stages. A text summarization model is trained to perform data augmentation at the first stage. Each summarization example is associated with a weight to account for its domain difference with the text classification data. At the second stage, we use the model trained at the first stage to perform text augmentation and train a text classification model on the augmented texts. At the third stage, we evaluate the text classification model trained at the second stage and update weights of summarization examples by minimizing the validation loss. These three stages are performed end-to-end. We evaluate our method on several text classification datasets where the results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. Code is available at https://github.com/Sai-Ashish/End-to-End-Text-Augmentation.