bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Rule- and Reward-based Strategies on Inferences of Serial Order by Monkeys
Authors: Ferhat Allain-Thibeault , Jensen Greg , Terrace Herbert S. , Ferrera Vincent P. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractKnowledge of transitive relationships between items can contribute to learning the order of a set of stimuli from pairwise comparisons. However, cognitive mechanisms of transitive inferences based on rank order remain unclear, as are relative contributions of reward associations and rule-based inference. To explore these issues, we created a conflict between rule- and reward-based learning during a serial ordering task. Rhesus macaques learned two lists, each containing five stimuli that were trained exclusively with adjacent pairs. Selection of the higher-ranked item resulted in rewards. “Small reward” lists yielded two drops of fluid reward, whereas “large reward” lists yielded five drops. Following training of adjacent pairs, monkeys were tested on novels pairs. One item was selected from each list, such that a ranking rule could conflict with preferences for large rewards. Differences between the corresponding reward magnitudes had a strong influence on accuracy, but we also observed a symbolic distance effect. That provided evidence of a rule-based influence on decisions. RT comparisons suggested a conflict between rule- and reward-based processes. We conclude that performance reflects the contributions of two strategies and that a model-based strategy is employed in the face of a strong countervailing reward incentive.
The Significance of the Omission of Leaven and Honey from Grain Offerings
Authors: Ko Ming Him 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
According to Lev 2:11, leaven and honey were not to be burned as a part of a grain offering, although they could be offered to YHWH as an offering of firstfruits, as mentioned in Lev 2:12. This article proposes that the purpose of the omission of leaven and honey from grain offerings was to foster the production of a pleasing odor, because these substances lengthen the burning process (in the case of leaven) and create a burning smell (in the case of honey). This article also suggests that their omission acts as a reminder of God’s mighty hand of salvation in the Exodus story. The lack of yeast and honey corresponds to the unleavened bread and bitter herbs in the Passover meal, providing a clear link to this meal and thus aiding our understanding of their omission in grain offerings.
Missionaries and Commanders: The Jesuits in Mindanao, 1718–68
Authors: Crailsheim Eberhard 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In the Philippines, at the fringes of the Spanish empire, the Society of Jesus took on a difficult task, the mission and pastoral work on the Island of Mindanao, which was ruled mostly by Muslim polities. In the frontier zone between Spanish and Islamic spheres of influence, Jesuit missionaries, in symbiosis with Spanish and native Christian troops, tried to expand their zone of influence and force Islam back. Thereby, the priests participated actively in defensive and offensive military tasks. This article gives an overview of the Jesuits’ presence in the south of the Philippines and then, by studying printed Jesuit sources, analyzes the image cultivation of the local members of the order. Putting the topic in the context of the anti-Jesuit discussion in Europe, the article reasons that the communication strategy of the Jesuits in the middle of the eighteenth century was particularly aimed at highlighting the usefulness of the missionaries to the colony and the empire in general.
Prequel to the Stories of Warm Conveyor Belts and Atmospheric Rivers: The Moist Tongues Identified by Rossby and His Collaborators in the 1930s
Authors: Mo Ruping 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The model of atmospheric rivers (ARs) has been around since the 1990s. A closely related model is the warm conveyor belt (WCB) developed in the 1970s. Looking further back in time, a phenomenon known as the “moist tongue” was intensively investigated in the late 1930s and early 1940s by Rossby and his collaborators using the innovation of isentropic analysis. This article aims to establish a historical perspective on the development of the moist tongue model and its relevance to the current models of WCBs and ARs. As it turns out, the moist tongue was identified as an extension of moist air into a region of lower moisture content on the selected isentropic charts. Most moist tongues are driven by large-scale cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies and are often accompanied by surface cold fronts in close proximity. Ahead of the moist tongues, areas of continuous precipitation are caused mainly by the motion of moist air up the steep isentropic slopes over warm fronts or topographical features. In the warm season, the mere presence of a moist tongue could be sufficient to give thunderstorms. A reanalysis dataset is used to reexamine the structures and evolutions of two moist tongue events in 1936. It is shown that not all but some of the moist tongues fit well with the modern conceptual models of WCB and AR. These two case studies also serve to elucidate the usefulness of reanalysis data for investigating historical high-impact weather events that were poorly understood due to the lack of observational data.
Structural racism is a mediator of disparities in acute myeloid leukemia outcomes
Authors: Abraham Ivy Elizabeth , Rauscher Garth H. , Patel Anand Ashwin , Pearse William B. , Rajakumar Priya , Burkart Madelyn , Aleem Ahmed , Dave Ami , Bharadwaj Sushma , Paydary Koosha , Acevedo-Mendez Maria , Goparaju Krishna , Gomez Richard , Carlson Kylie , Tsai Stephanie B. , Quigley John G. , Galvin John P. , Zia Maryam , Larson Melissa L. , Berg Stephanie , Stock Wendy , Altman Jessica K. , Khan Irum 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) and Hispanic patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have higher mortality rates than non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients despite more favorable genetics and younger age. A discrete survival analysis was performed on 822 adult patients with AML from 6 urban cancer centers and revealed inferior survival among NHB (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.59; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15, 2.22) and Hispanic (HR = 1.25; 95% CI: 0.88, 1.79) patients compared with NHW patients. A multilevel analysis of disparities was then conducted to investigate the contribution of neighborhood measures of structural racism on racial/ethnic differences in survival. Census tract disadvantage and affluence scores were individually calculated. Mediation analysis of hazard of leukemia death between groups was examined across 6 composite variables: structural racism (census tract disadvantage, affluence, and segregation), tumor biology (European Leukemia Network risk and secondary leukemia), health care access (insurance and clinical trial enrollment), comorbidities, treatment patterns (induction intensity and transplant utilization), and intensive care unit (ICU) admission during induction chemotherapy. Strikingly, census tract measures accounted for nearly all of the NHB-NHW and Hispanic-NHW disparity in leukemia death. Treatment patterns, including induction intensity and allogeneic transplant, and treatment complications, as assessed by ICU admission during induction chemotherapy, were additional mediators of survival disparities in AML. This is the first study to formally test mediators for observed disparities in AML survival and highlights the need to investigate the mechanisms by which structural racism interacts with known prognostic and treatment factors to influence leukemia outcomes.
Pro-inflammatory mediators released by activated monocytes promote aortic valve fibrocalcific activity
Authors: Zhang Peijian , The Erlinda , Luo Zichao , Zhai Yufeng , Yao Qingzhou , Ao Lihua , Fullerton David A. , Xu Dingli , Meng Xianzhong 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most prevalent heart valve disorder in the elderly. Valvular fibrocalcification is a characteristic pathological change. In diseased valves, monocyte accumulation is evident, and aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) display greater fibrogenic and osteogenic activities. However, the impact of activated monocytes on valular fibrocalcification remains unclear. We tested the hypothesis that pro-inflammatory mediators from activated monocytes elevate AVIC fibrogenic and osteogenic activities.

Methods and results
Picro-sirius red staining and Alizarin red staining revealed collagen and calcium depositions in cultured human AVICs exposed to conditioned media derived from Pam3CSK4-stimulated monocytes (Pam3 CM). Pam3 CM up-regulated alkaline phosphatase (ALP), an osteogenic biomarker, and extracellular matrix proteins collagen I and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2). ELISA analysis identified high levels of RANTES and TNF-α in Pam3 CM. Neutralizing RANTES in the Pam3 CM reduced its effect on collagen I and MMP-2 production in AVICs while neutralizing TNF-α attenuated the effect on AVIC ALP production. In addition, Pam3 CM induced NF-κB and JNK activation. While JNK mediated the effect of Pam3 CM on collagen I and MMP-2 production, NF-κB was critical for the effect of Pam3 CM on ALP production in AVICs.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that activated monocytes elevate the fibrogenic and osteogenic activities in human AVICs through a paracrine mechanism. TNF-α and RANTES mediate the pro-fibrogenic effect of activated monocytes on AVICs through activation of JNK, and TNF-α also activates NF-κB to elevate AVIC osteogenic activity. The results suggest that infiltrated monocytes elevate AVIC fibrocalcific activity to promote CAVD progression.
Short-term outcomes of Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty with coronal subluxation of the knee: a retrospective case–control study
Authors: Xi Gang , Wang Hao-hao , Li Hao , Zhang Min 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
The goal of this study was to assess short-term outcomes in single compartment osteoarthritis patients associated with the coronal tibiofemoral subluxation (CTFS) of the knee joint after Oxford unicompartmental knee arthroplasty (OUKA), and to establish the potential impact of the degree of CTFS on operative outcomes.

Methods
Data pertaining to 183 patients with medial compartment osteoarthritis that underwent OUKA treatment between February 2016 and June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. The presence and degree of severity of CTFS were assessed using preoperative weight-bearing anteroposterior X-ray images of the knee. Patients were stratified into three subgroups based upon the observed degree of subluxation: a normal group, a mild subluxation group (CTFS < 0.5 cm), and a severe subluxation group (CTFS ≥ 0.5 cm). Anterior and posterior X-ray examination of the knee was conducted at the time of most recent follow-up for each patient to assess the degree of CTFS correction following OUKA. Clinical function was assessed using Oxford knee score (OKS) and Hospital for Special Surgery score (HSS) values, while pain was rated using visual-analog scale (VAS) scores. The mechanical femoral tibial angle (mFTA), range of motion (ROM), and complication rates in these three groups were additionally compared.

Results
The average follow-up duration for patients in this study was 24.1 months (range: 17–32 months). There were no significant differences in patient age, sex, body mass index (BMI), follow-up duration, mFTA, ROM, OKS, HSS, or VAS scores among these three groups (P > 0.05). After surgery, OKS and HSS scores declined significantly, but no differences in these scores were observed among groups (P > 0.05). Of these patients, 135 (73.8%) were satisfied with the operation, of whom 80 (43.7%) were very satisfied. There were no significant differences in ROM or VAS scores among groups (P > 0.05). The degree of CTFS for patients in the mild and severe subluxation groups was significantly improved following OUKA relative to preoperative values such that the degree of postoperative CTFS did not differ significantly among these groups (P > 0.05). Postoperative mFTA was also significantly improved in these three patient subgroups (P < 0.05). No patients experienced operative complications over the follow-up period.

Conclusions
OUKA can successfully improve clinical symptoms in patients with single compartmental osteoarthritis. Moreover, OUKA can effectively correct CTFS of the knee in these patients, and the degree of preoperative CTFS has no impact on surgical efficacy.

Level of evidence
III.
Performance of Swedish Warmblood fragile foal syndrome carriers and breeding prospects
Authors: Ablondi Michela , Johnsson Martin , Eriksson Susanne , Sabbioni Alberto , Viklund Åsa Gelinder , Mikko Sofia 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Warmblood fragile foal syndrome (WFFS) is a monogenetic defect caused by a recessive lethal missense point mutation in the procollagen‐lysine, 2‐oxoglutarate 5‐dioxygenase 1 gene (PLOD1, c.2032G>A). The majority of homozygous WFFS horses are aborted during gestation. Clinical signs of affected horses include fragile skin, skin and mucosa lacerations, hyperextension of the articulations, and hematomas. In spite of its harmful effect, a relatively high frequency of WFFS carriers has been found in Warmblood horses, suggesting a heterozygote advantage. Thus, in this study our aims were to: (1) estimate the frequency of WFFS carriers in the Swedish Warmblood breed (SWB), (2) estimate the effect of WFFS carrier genotype on performance traits in two SWB subpopulations bred for different disciplines, and (3) simulate the potential effects of balancing selection and different selection strategies on the frequency of carriers.

Methods
In total, 2288 SWB sport horses born between 1971 and 2020 were tested for the WFFS mutation and had estimated breeding values (EBV) for ten traditional evaluating and 50 linear descriptive traits.

Results
The frequency of WFFS carriers calculated from a pool of 511 randomly selected SWB horses born in 2017 was equal to 7.4% and ranged from 0.0 to 12.0% among the whole set of tested SWB horses, starting from 1971 till 2020. The effect of the WFFS carrier genotype was significant for several EBV mainly related to movements and dressage traits and especially for horses not bred for the show jumping discipline. Using simulation, we showed that balancing selection can maintain a recessive lethal allele in populations such as the SWB breed over generations and that the frequency is expected to slowly decrease in absence of balancing selection. Finally, we showed that selection against carrier sires can result in a more rapid decrease of the frequency of the mutant allele over time.

Conclusion
Further research is needed to confirm the apparent association between equine performance and the WFFS carrier genotype. Identification of such associations or new causative mutations for horse performance traits can serve as new tools in horse breeding to select for healthy, sustainable, and better performing horses.
Genomic diversity and signatures of selection in meat and fancy rabbit breeds based on high-density marker data
Authors: Ballan Mohamad , Bovo Samuele , Schiavo Giuseppina , Schiavitto Michele , Negrini Riccardo , Fontanesi Luca 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Domestication of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has led to a multi-purpose species that includes many breeds and lines with a broad phenotypic diversity, mainly for external traits (e.g. coat colours and patterns, fur structure, and morphometric traits) that are valued by fancy rabbit breeders. As a consequence of this human-driven selection, distinct signatures are expected to be present in the rabbit genome, defined as signatures of selection or selective sweeps. Here, we investigated the genome of three Italian commercial meat rabbit breeds (Italian Silver, Italian Spotted and Italian White) and 12 fancy rabbit breeds (Belgian Hare, Burgundy Fawn, Champagne d’Argent, Checkered Giant, Coloured Dwarf, Dwarf Lop, Ermine, Giant Grey, Giant White, Rex, Rhinelander and Thuringian) by using high-density single nucleotide polymorphism data. Signatures of selection were identified based on the fixation index (FST) statistic with different approaches, including single-breed and group-based methods, the latter comparing breeds that are grouped based on external traits (different coat colours and body sizes) and types (i.e. meat vs. fancy breeds).

Results
We identified 309 genomic regions that contained signatures of selection and that included genes that are known to affect coat colour (ASIP, MC1R and TYR), coat structure (LIPH), and body size (LCORL/NCAPG, COL11A1 and HOXD) in rabbits and that characterize the investigated breeds. Their identification proves the suitability of the applied methodologies for capturing recent selection events. Other regions included novel candidate genes that might contribute to the phenotypic variation among the analyzed breeds, including genes for pigmentation-related traits (EDNRA, EDNRB, MITF and OCA2) and body size, with a strong candidate for dwarfism in rabbit (COL2A1).

Conclusions
We report a genome-wide view of genetic loci that underlie the main phenotypic differences in the analyzed rabbit breeds, which can be useful to understand the shift from the domestication process to the development of breeds in O. cuniculus. These results enhance our knowledge about the major genetic loci involved in rabbit external traits and add novel information to understand the complexity of the genetic architecture underlying body size in mammals.
Effect of initial COVID-19 outbreak during first trimester on pregnancy outcome in Wuxi, China
Authors: Liu Yun , Dai Ming , Tang Shaidi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
A hospital-based retrospective study was conducted to examine the effect of initial COVID-19 outbreak during first trimester on pregnancy outcome in Wuxi, China.

Methods
Women who delivered children at our hospital during June 2020 to July 2020 (control group), and October 2020 to December 2020 (exposure group) were recruited in the present study. All of the participants were not infected with COVID-19. The last menstrual period (LMP) of the exposure group was between January 24th, 2020 and March 12th, 2020, whilst in the control group, the LMP was between May 12th and October 31st, 2019.

Results
There were 1,456 women in the exposure group and 1,816 women in the control group. Women in the exposure group were more susceptible to hypertension during pregnancy (HDP, P = 0.004, OR[95%CI] = 1.90[1.22–2.95]) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM, P = 0.008, OR[95%CI] = 1.31[1.08–1.60]) compared to those in the control group. Mothers diagnosed with HDP were more likely to deliver premature infants, leading to a higher rate of low birth weight (all P < 0.05). The other common outcomes of pregnancy showed no statistical differences between the two groups.

Conclusions
The initial COVID-19 outbreak might increase the incidence rates of HDP and GDM among pregnant women whose first trimesters were during that period, resulting in higher percentages of premature delivery and low birth weight. These results should be confirmed by studies from other hospitals or cities.
Dietary patterns and severity of symptom with the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its histological precursor lesions in China: a multicenter cross-sectional latent class analysis
Authors: Zang Zhaoping , Liu Yong , Wang Jialin , Liu Yuqin , Zhang Shaokai , Zhang Yongzhen , Zhang Liwei , Zhao Deli , Liu Fugang , Chao Lina , Wang Xinzheng , Zhang Chunli , Song Guohui , Zhang Zhiyi , Li Youpeng , Yan Zheng , Wen Yongxiu , Ge Yinyin , Niu Chen , Feng Wei , Nakyeyune Rena , Shen Yi , Shao Yi , Guo Xiuhua , Yang Aiming , Liu Fen , Wang Guiqi 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Dietary patterns and symptoms research among Chinese with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and its precursor lesions is limited, especially as it relates to multiple food consumption and multiple co-occurring symptoms. The aim of our study was to identify the dietary patterns and severity of symptom classes with the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its histological precursor lesions, and develop a risk prediction model for different stages of esophageal disease.

Methods
We analyzed data from a multicenter cross-sectional study carried out in ESCC high incidence areas between 2017 and 2018, which included 34,707 individuals aged 40–69 years. Dietary patterns and severity of symptom classes were derived by applying a latent class analysis (LCA). A multiple logistic regression model was used to derive the odds ratio (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for ESCC and the different stages of esophageal disease according to the dietary patterns and severity of symptom classes identified. We built the risk prediction model by using a nomogram.

Results
We identified five dietary patterns and three severity of symptom classes. The dietary patterns were classified as follows: “Healthy”, “Western”, “Lower consumers-combination”, “Medium consumers-combination” and “Higher consumers-combination” patterns based on the intake of foods such as red meat, vegetables and fruits. The severity of symptoms was categorized into “Asymptomatic”, “Mild symptoms” and “Overt symptoms” classes based on health-related symptoms reported by the participants. Compared to the “Healthy” pattern, the other four patterns were all associated with an increased risk of esophageal disease. Similarly, the other two symptom classes present different degrees of increased risk of esophageal disease compared to the “Asymptomatic”. The nomograms reflect the good predictive ability of the model.

Conclusion
Among individuals aged 40–69 years in high incidence regions of upper gastrointestinal cancer, the results supplied that subjects with diets rich in livestock and poultry meat and low in fruits and vegetables and subjects with typical symptoms were at increased ESCC risk. The findings highlight the importance of considering food and symptom combinations in cancer risk evaluation.
Serum cholinesterase may independently predict prognosis in non-small-cell lung cancer
Authors: Ran Hailiang , Ma Jie , Cai Le , Zhou Hai , Yuan Zhongqin , Chen Ying , Chang Wei , Huang Yunchao , Xiao Yuanyuan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Serum cholinesterase (ChE) was found to be involved in cancer initiation and progression. However, the survival association between serum ChE and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been extensively discussed. In the present study, we aim to elevate the role of ChE in overall survival (OS) of NSCLC patients.

Methods
A total of 961 histologically confirmed NSCLC patients diagnosed between 2013 and 2018 in a provincial cancer hospital in southwestern China were retrospectively selected. Relevant information, such as histological type, clinical stage, chemotherapy, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), important serum indicators (albumin, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, ChE), date of death of the patients was extracted from the computerized hospital information system. Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were used to determine the association between baseline serum ChE measured at the diagnosis and the OS of NSCLC patients.

Results
The median of baseline ChE (7700 units/liter) was used as a cut-off to dichotomize NSCLC patients. After controlling for possible confounding factors, serum ChE at diagnosis was significantly associated with OS of NSCLC: patients with higher level of ChE were observed a better prognosis (hazard ratio, HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.67–0.93, p = 0.006). Subgroup analysis revealed significant ChE-OS association for NSCLC patients: with lower systemic inflammation level (baseline NLR < 2.95, HR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.56–0.89, p = 0.003), of adenocarcinoma (HR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.54–0.80, p < 0.001), in advanced stage (HR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.66–0.92, p < 0.01), and received chemotherapy (HR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.59–0.96, p < 0.02).

Conclusion
Baseline ChE may have independent prognostic value for NSCLC patients. Longitudinal studies should be performed to corroborate this finding.