bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of loss‐of‐function of FATTY ACID DESATURASE 7 in Arabidopsis thaliana on the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, and the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae
Authors: Fischer Hillary D. , Goggin Fiona L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe FATTY ACID DESATURASE 7 (FAD7) enzyme is widely conserved across many groups of plants and influences resistance to multiple stresses, including aphid infestation. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Brassicaceae), a loss‐of‐function mutation in the FAD7 gene decreases population growth of a generalist herbivore, the green peach aphid (GPA), Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study used multiple bioassay designs to further characterize the effects of a fad7 mutant on the GPA, and also to determine whether fad7 impacts a specialist herbivore, the cabbage aphid (CA), Brevicoryne brassicae L. (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In choice assays, when presented with wild‐type A. thaliana (Col‐0) or fad7, neither GPA nor CA showed a preference between genotypes within 48 h. In no‐choice assays the fad7 mutation decreased the overall population growth of GPA, with significant differences in juvenile production occurring as early as 48 h after infestation. In contrast, CA showed comparable population growth on fad7 and Col‐0 at all time points, from 24 to 144 h (6 days). No‐choice assays also demonstrated that the fad7 mutation increased GPA development time and reduced fecundity but did not influence the mortality rates of adults or juveniles, or the weight of newly emerged adults reared on fad7. These results indicate that aphid resistance in the fad7 mutant is species‐specific, and that it impacts the population growth of GPA solely through antibiosis, decreasing adult fecundity and increasing juvenile development time.
Common principles in the lateralization of auditory cortex structure and function for vocal communication in primates and rodents
Authors: Ruthig Philip , Schönwiesner Marc 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis review summarizes recent findings on the lateralization of communicative sound processing in the auditory cortex (AC) of humans, non‐human primates and rodents. Functional imaging in humans has demonstrated a left hemispheric preference for some acoustic features of speech, but it is unclear to which degree this is caused by bottom‐up acoustic feature selectivity or top‐down modulation from language areas. Although non‐human primates show a less pronounced functional lateralization in AC, the properties of AC fields and behavioural asymmetries are qualitatively similar. Rodent studies demonstrate microstructural circuits that might underlie bottom‐up acoustic feature selectivity in both hemispheres. Functionally, the left AC in the mouse appears to be specifically tuned to communication calls, whereas the right AC may have a more ‘generalist’ role. Rodents also show anatomical AC lateralization, such as differences in size and connectivity. Several of these functional and anatomical characteristics are also lateralized in human AC. Thus, complex vocal communication processing shares common features among rodents and primates. We argue that a synthesis of results from humans, non‐human primates and rodents is necessary to identify the neural circuitry of vocal communication processing. However, data from different species and methods are often difficult to compare. Recent advances may enable better integration of methods across species. Efforts to standardize data formats and analysis tools would benefit comparative research and enable synergies between psychological and biological research in the area of vocal communication processing.
Epilepsy‐related stigma and attitudes: Systematic review of screening instruments and interventions ‐ Report by the International League Against Epilepsy Task Force on Stigma in Epilepsy
Authors: Austin Joan K. , Birbeck Gretchen , Parko Karen , Kwon Churl‐Su , Fernandes Paula T. , Braga Patricia , Fiest Kirsten M. , Ali Amza , Cross J. Helen , de Boer Hanneke , Dua Tarun , Haut Sheryl R. , Jacoby Ann , Lorenzetti Diane L. , Mifsud Janet , Moshé Solomon L. , Tripathi Manjari , Wiebe Samuel , Jette Nathalie 
Published: January 2022

SummaryObjectiveThis is a systematic review aimed at summarizing the evidence related to instruments that have been developed to measure stigma or attitudes toward epilepsy and on stigma‐reducing interventions.MethodsThis review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) standards. A broad literature search (1985–2019) was performed in 13 databases. Articles were included if they described the development and testing of psychometric properties of an epilepsy‐related stigma or attitude scale or stigma‐reducing interventions. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts, reviewed full‐text articles, and extracted data. Basic descriptive statistics are reported.ResultsWe identified 4234 abstracts, of which 893 were reviewed as full‐text articles. Of these, 38 met inclusion criteria for an instrument development study and 30 as a stigma‐reduction intervention study. Most instruments were initially developed using well‐established methods and were tested in relatively large samples. Most intervention studies involved educational programs for adults with pre‐ and post‐evaluations of attitudes toward people with epilepsy. Intervention studies often failed to use standardized instruments to quantify stigmatizing attitudes, were generally underpowered, and often found no evidence of benefit or the benefit was not sustained. Six intervention studies with stigma as the primary outcome had fewer design flaws and showed benefit. Very few or no instruments were validated for regional languages or culture, and there were very few interventions tested in some regions.SignificanceInvestigators in regions without instruments should consider translating and further developing existing instruments rather than initiating the development of new instruments. Very few stigma‐reduction intervention studies for epilepsy have been conducted, study methodology in general was poor, and standardized instruments were rarely used to measure outcomes. To accelerate the development of effective epilepsy stigma‐reduction interventions, a paradigm shift from disease‐specific, siloed trials to collaborative, cross‐disciplinary platforms based upon unified theories of stigma transcending individual conditions will be needed.
Toward healthier futures in post‐pandemic times: Political ecology, racial capitalism, and black feminist approaches to care
Authors: Neely Abigail H. , Lopez Patricia J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic and state violence converged in the U.S. in 2020 highlighting the uneven distribution of illness and death. In this article, we mobilize three bodies of literature–political ecologies of health and the body, Black geographies and racial capitalism, and Black feminist work on care—to understand the disproportionate impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on Black, Brown, Indigenous, and Asian people, and to imagine different, more just futures. We argue that these literatures center relationships, enabling an analysis that incorporates viruses and cellular processes, histories of racism, power differences, and political economy. We conclude by taking inspiration from the uprisings and Black feminism to envision a more caring future that nurtures relationships.
New power configurations: City mobilization and policy change
Authors: Thouez Colleen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article describes the implications of cities rising as international actors in the field of migration policy with a look at how they mobilize in national and inter‐regional contexts. What is notable about the current period are new configurations of power between cities that are more sophisticated than the standard best practice sharing of traditional inter‐city networks. The author has direct insights into the two case studies presented, and the information gathered derives in large measure from the author's conversations, relationships, and role in the activities described. The article presents assumptions on how these new configurations of power will influence global cooperation, pointing towards a redesign of governance in which local knowledge informs national policy, local action drives national response, and local needs trigger global cooperation.
Peracetic acid activity on biofilm formed by Escherichia coli isolated from an industrial water system
Authors: Farjami A. , Hatami M.S. , Siahi-Shadbad M.R. , Lotfipour F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
One of the major problems in industrial water systems is the generation of biofilm, which is resistant to antimicrobial agents and causes failure of sanitization policy. This work aimed to study the anti-biofilm activity of peracetic acid (PAA) at contact times and temperatures combinations. To this end, a 96-well microtiter-based calorimetric method was applied in in vitro biofilm production using Escherichia coli, isolated from the water supply system of a pharmaceutical plant. The phenotypic and phylogenetic tests confirmed that the isolated bacteria belong to strains of Escherichia coli. The anti-biofilm activity of peracetic acid on formed biofilm was investigated at concentrations of 0·15–0·5% for a contact time of 5–15 min at 20–60°C. The maximum biofilm formation by MTP method using an Escherichia coli isolate was achieved in 96-h incubation in TSB containing wells at 37°C. Biofilm formation rate shown to be high by the environmental isolate compared with that of standard strain. PAA at concentrations above 0·25%, the temperature of 40°C and a minimum of 10 min of contact time was effective in the eradication of biofilm in an MTP-based system.
Role of faculty characteristics in failing to fail in clinical clerkships
Authors: Swails Jennifer L. , Gadgil Meghana A. , Goodrum Heath , Gupta Resmi , Rahbar Mohammad H. , Bernstam Elmer V. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntroductionIn the context of competency‐based medical education, poor student performance must be accurately documented to allow learners to improve and to protect the public. However, faculty may be reluctant to provide evaluations that could be perceived as negative, and clerkship directors report that some students pass who should have failed. Student perception of faculty may be considered in faculty promotion, teaching awards, and leadership positions. Therefore, faculty of lower academic rank may perceive themselves to be more vulnerable and, therefore, be less likely to document poor student performance. This study investigated faculty characteristics associated with low performance evaluations (LPEs).MethodThe authors analysed individual faculty evaluations of medical students who completed the third‐year clerkships over 15 years using a generalised mixed regression model to assess the association of evaluator academic rank with likelihood of an LPE. Other available factors related to experience or academic vulnerability were incorporated including faculty age, race, ethnicity, and gender.ResultsThe authors identified 50 120 evaluations by 585 faculty on 3447 students between January 2007 and April 2021. Faculty were more likely to give LPEs at the midpoint (4.9%), compared with the final (1.6%), evaluation (odds ratio [OR] = 4.004, 95% confidence interval [CI] [3.59, 4.53]; p < 0.001). The likelihood of LPE decreased significantly during the 15‐year study period (OR = 0.94 [0.90, 0.97]; p < 0.01). Full professors were significantly more likely to give an LPE than assistant professors (OR = 1.62 [1.08, 2.43]; p = 0.02). Women were more likely to give LPEs than men (OR = 1.88 [1.37, 2.58]; p 0.01). Other faculty characteristics including race and experience were not associated with LPE.ConclusionsThe number of LPEs decreased over time, and senior faculty were more likely to document poor medical student performance compared with assistant professors.
Exploring rural and remote patients' experiences of health services for kidney disease in Aotearoa New Zealand: An in‐depth interview study
Authors: Walker Rachael C. , Hay Sandra , Walker Curtis , Tipene‐Leach David , Palmer Suetonia C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimsPeople with chronic kidney disease (CKD) living in rural communities have increased risks of death, morbidity, hospitalization and poorer quality of life compared with people with CKD living in urban areas. This study explores the experiences and perceptions of rural and remote patients and families in relation to accessing health services for kidney disease in Aotearoa New Zealand.MethodsWe conducted an In‐depth interview study. We purposively sampled adult patients with CKD and their caregivers who lived further than 100 km (62 miles) or more than 1 h drive from their nearest dialysis or transplant centre. Qualitative data were analyzed inductively to generate themes, subthemes and a conceptual framework.ResultsOf 35 participants, including 26 patients and nine caregivers, 51% were female, 71% travelled between 1 and 3 h to their nearest renal unit, and the remainder, between 3 and 6 h. We identified five themes and related subthemes: intense psychological impact of rurality; pressure of extended periods away from home; services not designed for rural and remote living; suffering from financial losses; and poor communication.ConclusionRural and remote patients with CKD and their caregivers face the added challenges of separation from family, social and community support and financial burden, which can have profound consequences on their psychological and physical well‐being and that of their families.
Intraoperative cerebral oxygen saturation and neurological outcomes following surgical management of necrotizing enterocolitis
Authors: Julien‐Marsollier Florence , Cholet Clementine , Coeffic Adrien , Dupont Thibault , Gauthier Thibault , Loiselle Maud , Brouns Kelly , Bonnard Arnaud , Biran Valerie , Brasher Christopher , Dahmani Souhayl 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe goal of the present study was to investigate intraoperative factors associated with major neurological complications at 1 year following surgery for necrotizing enterocolitis.Material and MethodsThe study consisted of a retrospective review of medical charts of patients operated for over one calendar year in one institution. Data collected included demographic data, cardiac resuscitation at birth, Bell classification, antibiotics usage, time of day of surgery, surgical technique, surgical duration, type of ventilation, intraoperative vasoactive agents, and albumin use, nadir cerebral saturation, the decrease in cerebral saturation from baseline, the time period when cerebral saturation was at least 20% below baseline, and the mean arterial pressure at nadir cerebral saturation. Reported follow‐up complications were assessed during formal neonatologist consultation and additional imaging exploration as needed. Analyses included descriptive statistics, and univariable and multivariable statistics.ResultsThe study included 32 patients with no prior clinical neurological complications, of which 25 had normal cerebral imaging. Severe neurological complications occurred in nine patients at 1 year: Intraventricular hemorrhage (N = 2) and Periventricular leukomalacia (N = 7). However, preoperative cerebral imaging was lacking in seven patients. Consequently, the observed neurological complications at 1 year might be present before the surgery. Multivariable analysis found the decrease in cerebral saturation ≥36% from baseline as the only factor associated with the occurrence of those complications.ConclusionIntraoperative decrease of cerebral oxygen saturation below ≥36% from baseline is associated with severe neurological complications in neonates undergoing surgery for necrotizing enterocolitis.
Mechanical stress acclimation in plants: Linking hormones and somatic memory to thigmomorphogenesis
Authors: Brenya Eric , Pervin Mahfuza , Chen Zhong‐Hua , Tissue David T. , Johnson Scott , Braam Janet , Cazzonelli Christopher I. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA single event of mechanical stimulation is perceived by mechanoreceptors that transduce rapid transient signalling to regulate gene expression. Prolonged mechanical stress for days to weeks culminates in cellular changes that strengthen the plant architecture leading to thigmomorphogenesis. The convergence of multiple signalling pathways regulates mechanically induced tolerance to numerous biotic and abiotic stresses. Emerging evidence showed prolonged mechanical stimulation can modify the baseline level of gene expression in naive tissues, heighten gene expression, and prime disease resistance upon a subsequent pathogen encounter. The phenotypes of thigmomorphogenesis can persist throughout growth without continued stimulation, revealing somatic‐stress memory. Epigenetic processes regulate TOUCH gene expression and could program transcriptional memory in differentiating cells to program thigmomorphogenesis. We discuss the early perception, gene regulatory and phytohormone pathways that facilitate thigmomorphogenesis and mechanical stress acclimation in Arabidopsis and other plant species. We provide insights regarding: (1) the regulatory mechanisms induced by single or prolonged events of mechanical stress, (2) how mechanical stress confers transcriptional memory to induce cross‐acclimation to future stress, and (3) why thigmomorphogenesis might resemble an epigenetic phenomenon. Deeper knowledge of how prolonged mechanical stimulation programs somatic memory and primes defence acclimation could transform solutions to improve agricultural sustainability in stressful environments.
Xylem embolism spread is largely prevented by interconduit pit membranes until the majority of conduits are gas‐filled
Authors: Avila Rodrigo T. , Guan Xinyi , Kane Cade N. , Cardoso Amanda A. , Batz Timothy A. , DaMatta Fábio M. , Jansen Steven , McAdam Scott A. M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractXylem embolism resistance varies across species influencing drought tolerance, yet little is known about the determinants of the embolism resistance of an individual conduit. Here we conducted an experiment using the optical vulnerability method to test whether individual conduits have a specific water potential threshold for embolism formation and whether pre‐existing embolism in neighbouring conduits alters this threshold. Observations were made on a diverse sample of angiosperm and conifer species through a cycle of dehydration, rehydration and subsequent dehydration to death. Upon rehydration after the formation of embolism, no refilling was observed. When little pre‐existing embolism was present, xylem conduits had a conserved, individual embolism‐resistance threshold that varied across the population of conduits. The consequence of a variable conduit‐specific embolism threshold is that a small degree of pre‐existing embolism in the xylem results in apparently more resistant xylem in subsequent dehydrations, particularly in angiosperms with vessels. While our results suggest that pit membranes separating xylem conduits are critical for maintaining a conserved individual conduit threshold for embolism when little pre‐existing embolism is present, as the percentage of embolized conduits increases, gas movement, local pressure differences and connectivity between conduits increasingly contribute to embolism spread.
Designing internal innovation contests
Authors: Nittala Lakshminarayana , Erat Sanjiv , Krishnan Vish 
Published: January 2022

Innovation contests within firms offer the potential to tap latent employee expertise across the organization and expand innovation beyond the core R&D teams. Still, firms undertaking an internal contest, unlike the more commonly studied external contests, incur significant opportunity costs when employees divert their efforts toward the contest (and away from their routine work). Managing this key challenge forms the focus of the current study, with the overarching question being How should firms design internal contests? Motivated by fieldwork in electronics companies, we develop an application‐driven model that explicitly captures the fundamental trade‐off between incurring greater opportunity cost (of lost routine work) and increasing participation and contest effort. Analysis of our model demonstrates that for problem types that do not need significant effort for solution generation, the optimal contest reward is non‐monotonic in both the problem uncertainty and the wage rate of the participating employees. In case of more complex problems that require contestants to exert some minimal effort, the firm uses the reward decision to restrict participation and to ensure that contestants exert the required effort. In this case, the optimal reward increases with problem uncertainty, thereby incentivizing more contestants to enter. While the firm can attempt to mitigate the loss due to opportunity costs by organizing internal contests during employee leisure time, we identify conditions under which it is still optimal to organize these contests during working hours.
Multifoetal gestations mediate the effect of in vitro fertilisation (IVF) on ischaemic placental disease in autologous oocyte IVF more than donor oocyte IVF
Authors: Modest Anna M. , Smith Louisa H. , Toth Thomas L. , Collier Ai‐ris Y. , Hacker Michele R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundIschaemic placental disease (IPD) affects 16%–23% of pregnancies in the United States. In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a risk factor for IPD, and the magnitude of increase in risk differs for individuals using donor oocytes (donor IVF) versus their own oocytes (autologous IVF). In addition, multifoetal gestations, which are more common in IVF than non‐IVF pregnancies, also are a risk factor for IPD.ObjectiveTo quantify the contribution of multifoetal gestations to the association between IVF and IPD.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study at a tertiary hospital from 1 January, 2000 to 1 August 2018 using electronic medical records and state vital statistics data. IPD was defined as preeclampsia, placental abruption, small for gestational age (SGA) birth or an intrauterine foetal demise due to placental insufficiency. We used mediation analysis to decompose the total effect of IVF on IPD into a natural direct effect and an indirect effect through multifoetal gestations. We repeated the analyses separately for donor and autologous IVF. All models were adjusted for maternal age, race, parity, insurance, year of delivery and account for multiple pregnancies per person.ResultsWe identified 86,514 deliveries, of which 281 resulted from donor IVF and 4173 resulted from autologous IVF. IVF pregnancies had 1.99 (95% CI 1.88, 2.10) times the risk of IPD compared to non‐IVF pregnancies, and 75.5% of this increased risk was mediated by multifoetal gestations. Autologous IVF pregnancies had 1.95 (95% CI 1.84, 2.07) times the risk of IPD compared to non‐IVF pregnancies, and the per cent mediated was 78.8%. Donor IVF pregnancies had 2.50 (95% CI 2.09, 2.92) times the risk of IPD, but the per cent mediated was 37.5%.ConclusionThe majority of the association between autologous IVF and IPD was mediated through multifoetal gestations; however, this was not the case for donor IVF pregnancies.