bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Berkeley on Ideas and Notions
Authors: Hill James 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter seeks to understand the nature and the significance of Berkeley’s crucial distinction between ideas and notions. Ideas are treated as the passive objects of mental perception, while notions are immediately known mental acts. Ideas provide us with sensory knowledge of bodies (construed idealistically), while notions mark the transparency of our own doings and our active spiritual natures. It is argued that the doctrine of notions is a significant part of Berkeley’s system, accounting for our knowledge not only of the inner, but also of intellectual elements such as “substance,” “causal power,” “relation,” and “unity.” The doctrine of notions thus represents a rationalist strand in Berkeley’s philosophy, and it is suggested, by way of conclusion, that it should lead us to question the routine categorization of Berkeley as an empiricist.
Berkeley’s Arguments for Idealism
Authors: Hill Benjamin D. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the current lack of consensus regarding Berkeley’s arguments for idealism. Discussed first are ways of interpreting Berkeley’s conclusions, as partial idealism, limited idealism, or total idealism. Interpretations of Berkeley’s justifications for idealism are then organized into three categories: the intuitively known; the demonstratively known, metaphysical; and the demonstratively known, epistemological. Berkeley’s reasons from Principles 1–6 (the semantic argument and the two simple arguments) are presented, followed by the reason commonly adduced from Berkeley’s immaterialism (the likeness principle argument). Discussion of the master argument then follows. Next, attention is directed at Berkeley’s reasons from the Three Dialogues, where the pain-pleasure argument and the argument from perceptual relativity are presented as attempts to justify key presumptions behind the simple arguments of the Principles. The master argument briefly reappears as well. The chapter concludes with discussion of the attempts to understand the conceptual basis of the arguments for idealism: heterogeneity, anti-abstractionism, and immediate perception.
Berkeley on Objections to Idealism
Authors: Dicker Georges 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents three objections to Berkeley’s idealism that he anticipates and states very clearly, and assesses Berkeley’s own attempts to refute them. These objections are that his idealism (1) cannot accommodate the distinction between appearance and reality, (2) entails that ordinary objects exist intermittently, and (3) entails that such objects are not intersubjectively perceivable. The chapter argues that Berkeley’s replies to these objections are largely unsuccessful. His reply to (1) does not allow for the distinction (emphasized by Kant) between the time-order in which objects are perceived and the time-order in which they exist, and it also attributes to ideas of sense an order or regularity in time that can be safely attributed only to a mind-independent realm. His reply to (2) depends on an appeal to an all-perceiving God that rests partly on a circular “continuity” argument and partly on a “passivity” argument that has much the same weaknesses as Hume found in the teleological argument. And his reply to (3) wrongly conflates the qualitative identity of two or more ideas with numerical identity.
Berkeley on Minds
Authors: Migely Genevieve 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter proposes to offer an interpretation of Berkeley’s theory of mind in light of his dualistic idealism. Berkeley’s idealism posits a dualism of active and inactive beings. Minds as perceiving agents and ideas as perceived dependents shape the landscape of Berkeley’s position on substance. Rather than demand that his views on immaterial substance adhere to a traditional account, Berkeley’s revisionist ontology is treated as coherent in its own right according to Berkeley’s overall philosophical positions. Defining the mind as an agent affords Berkeley a way to both establish his ontology and ground his morality. Though the mind’s different operational functions seem to challenge its active nature, the mind expresses its activity in willing, perceiving, and thinking.
Mexican-Descent Catholics
Authors: Matovina Timothy 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of Mexican immigration and the ongoing struggles of Mexican-descent Catholics. An expanding Mexican and Latino population is part of larger demographic shifts within US Catholicism. The US Catholic Church is no longer an overwhelmingly immigrant church, as it was a century ago at the end of the great period of European immigration in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, nor is it solely an “Americanized” church. The Roman Catholic Church in the United States is a church largely run by middle-class, European-descent Catholics. Mexican-descent Catholics do not just add another chapter to the general history of US Catholicism, but a lens through which to examine significant components of that history such as its origins, westward expansion, ongoing immigration, and the struggles of non-European groups for dignity and justice.
Popular Religion among Latinos/as
Authors: Pulido Alberto López 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter adopts a place-based analysis of Latina and Latino popular Catholicism, which recognizes and affirms the significance of a community-generated and self-defined expression of the sacred. A place-based analysis appreciates the intimacy of the sacred in the lives of people and how it serves as a powerful source for responding to external forces that would seek to minimize or erase the significance of Latina and Latino popular Catholicism as an expression of resistance. This chapter emphasizes contested “spatial struggles” over systems of meaning and orientation with an eye toward incorporating new perspectives on gender, race, and ethnicity when seeking to explain the significance of Latina and Latino popular Catholicism. This chapter posits that popular religion is simultaneously about manifestations of resistance and affirmation of Latina and Latino sacred traditions and practices.
Cuban-Descent Catholics
Authors: Maldonado Michelle Gonzales 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of Cuban Americans, who are the second largest Latino/a immigrant group in the United States. In the first forty years after the 1959 Cuban Revolution, around a million Cubans immigrated to the United States. The Cuban American population is distinctive from other Latino/a groups and internally diverse. They are distinctive in light of the historical events that led to their mass exodus to the United States and the manner in which they were received by the US government. They are diverse, given the historical moment of their arrival and the manner in which this shapes their political, religious, and social worldviews. This chapter focuses on the unique history of the Cuban exile, which was instrumental in the creation of the Catholic Church in Miami. While the local Miami Church played an instrumental role in the resettlement of Cuban exiles, it was the exiles themselves who were instrumental in the establishment and growth of the Catholic Church in Miami, the center of Cuban Catholic identity and diaspora in the United States.
Occupying the Church
Authors: Hinojosa Felipe 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
While most studies on Latina/o religious politics center on clergy or religious leadership, this chapter investigates the role of activists outside of the church (nonclergy) with little or no real strong ties to the institutional church. Rather than assume that Latina/o religious politics begins with religious leadership, this chapter proposes a narrative framework for religious politics in the civil rights era that outlines how both religious insiders and outsiders together came to shape, influence, and in many ways undergird what historian Anthony M. Stevens Arroyo has called the “Latino religious resurgence” in the 1970s. This chapter investigates the period from the late 1960s to the early 1980s, an era that saw the rise—theologically and culturally—of Latina/o religious politics. The chapter argues that to understand this era we must move beyond the walls of the church and the religious leadership that is so often at the center of these narratives. Instead, we must include the broad range of religious experiences in the Latina/o community, both formal and informal, religious and nonreligious, that have pushed back against urban renewal, racial discrimination, and anti-immigrant/refugee policies.
The Catholic Church and Central American Immigrants in the United States
Authors: Menjívar Cecilia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the historic and contemporary role of the Catholic Church in leading ecumenical efforts in supporting Central American immigrants. In sharp contrast to the state, which has refused to extend assistance to the migrants, the Catholic Church (as well as some mainline Protestant congregations) has offered Salvadoran, Guatemalan, and Honduran immigrants assistance and protection. Since the 1980s, these churches have created sanctuaries throughout the country to protect these migrants from deportation to life-threatening conditions in their homelands, have provided settlement assistance, championed the legal struggle that eventually granted Temporary Protected Status to Salvadorans as well as other legal battles that have extended protection to these immigrants, and issued pastoral calls to remind Catholics to welcome immigrants into their communities. This chapter focuses on churches and their efforts to change immigration policy and, in doing so, to change the broader context of reception for Central Americans and for other immigrants as well. The Catholic Church continues to play a pivotal role in all spheres of life in Central America as well as among Central American migrants in the United States.
Latina/o/x Mormons
Authors: Vega Sujey 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of LDS Latinas/os, which is marked by moments of consecration, conversion, and coming to voice. Latina/o Saints navigate Mormon doctrine and Mormon culture through multiple reference points. Some find their conservative values supported, while others grow frustrated by the lack of adequate response to larger social justice issues like immigration, gender, and race politics. Some welcome the callings they receive to lead their wards as a way to make positive changes in ethnoreligious understanding, while others prefer to follow and obey the dictates of those in power. Far from a monolith, Latina/o Saints are a conglomerate of various national origins, class, political, and educational circumstances. This chapter emphasizes that whether or not they are genetically connected to the Book of Mormon, the presence of Spanish-speaking Saints from multiple backgrounds continues to grow. This chapter argues that if the population projections are accurate, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints must come to terms with a shift in minority–majority relations.
Self-Theologizing in Hymnology
Authors: Yang Jayhoon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Wherever the biblical texts are delivered, they follow the process of inculturation to make their messages understandable to the recipient of the gospel. This process includes interpretation and reproduction of the biblical texts in the recipient’s culture. Exploring the Korean biblical products, like dendroclimatology, helps us understand how Korean Christians understood the biblical messages and why they did as such. We discuss the biblical interpretation of Korean Christians through Korean Christian music which tells us, like growth rings, what Korean Christianity was like. The theological significance of different musical traditions and their dynamic of biblical interpretation for a contemporary context are examined. In particular, this exploration canvasses four hymnological periods from the Korean Catholic gasa music of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries during the advent of Korean Christianity, to the Protestant gasa of the early twentieth century, to the Protestant hymns of the twentieth century, and finally, to Park Dong-Jin’s Bible Pansori pieces, which capture contemporary emotions and ideologies of Minjung theology.
Self-Theologizing in Preaching
Authors: Yang Sunggu A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates how Korean preachers approach the Bible according to five culturally pertinent interpretative hermeneutical codes and variant styles of each code. These include eschatological pilgrim, evangelical mission, Confucian egalitarian, Buddhist-Shamanistic, and Pentecostal liberation codes. These are not a prefixed set of interpretative goals. Rather, they provide an interpretative dialogical window through which preachers view scripture, history, and culture for uniquely contextual Korean congregants. Beyond the interpretive use of the five codes, the essay demonstrates by relevant sermon snippets that preachers also utilize the codes as the constructive foundation for sermon design and writing. The survey shows that Korean preachers typically intertwine all five codes and their styles and use them at the same time as an integrative interpretational framework, to gain maximum effectiveness out of preaching.
Minjung and Han
Authors: Yoo Yoon Jong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter applies the concept of han in and through exilic prophetic literature and contemporary Korean challenges. Traditionally, han has been treated as inseparable from the suffering of Korean minjung. Now, however, han bears universal meaning. It expresses the internalized pain in individual hearts as well as the collective struggle of people, spanning the time of ancient Israel to modern Korea. The Bible is replete with stories of minjung having han, the deep anger and sadness stoked by oppression and exploitation. The most severe suffering stories are attested to in exilic prophetic literature of the golah community that endured forced migration and spiritual and psychological pain. With transformative energy from internalized han, the golah community overcame imperial oppression by confessing monotheism and realizing their identity as a light to the nations. Returning to Judah, the exilic situation continued under the Persian Empire. An exilic spirit arose from han and created ethnonationalism, transformative power, and a diaspora identity. Similarly, in Korean history, the minjung’s han originated from internal exploitation and oppression by the upper class and sparked transformative resistance against Japanese colonization. In today’s divided Korean peninsula, the minjung still bear han that needs healing.
Mapping Korean Biblical Interpretation in the Shadow of Powers
Authors: Lim Sung Uk 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In geopolitical terms, the Korean peninsula is surrounded by great powers, such as China, Russia, Japan, and the United States. Accordingly, realpolitik affects biblical interpretation. Anticolonial, liberationist, and postcolonial reading strategies respond to the colonial, military, and neoliberal powers that have shaped modern Korean history. Specifically, in the colonial era, Kim Gyo-Shin, Ham Seok-Heon, and Gil Seon-Ju provided an anticolonial reading strategy grounded in both biblical authority and religious imagination to inspire a population to oppose foreign imperialism. In the Cold War domestic face-off of South Korean military oppression and democracy movements, Ahn Byung-Mu and Cyris H. S. Moon conducted a liberationist reading strategy using minjung theology and biblical narratives to confront military regimes. Now amidst neoliberal globalization, Korean and Korean American biblical scholars, such as Seong Hee Kim and Uriah Y. Kim, employ a postcolonial reading strategy that empowers gendered and ethnic minorities to restore their agency and identity through critical engagement with biblical narratives. Across these three eras, Korean biblical interpretation has disrupted the exercise of unjust power, revealing the liberative power of the Bible in pursuit of divine justice.
Minjung Biblical Hermeneutics
Authors: Lee Jae Won 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the seminal minjung aspect of Korean biblical interpretation through the work of Ahn Byung-Mu’s reading of the Gospel of Mark. The three core themes integral to Ahn’s biblical hermeneutics are reviewed. First, Ahn articulates the “Jesus Event” as a political hermeneutic for interpreting the historical Jesus and the Galilean minjung. Second, he reads Mark as a story of the minjung with emphasis on their social memory of suffering, resistance, and liberation. Third, he identifies Mark’s unique option for ochlos (the multitudes) as a reference to the Galilean minjung. Significantly, Ahn’s interpretation anticipates recent attention to these issues by other global New Testament scholars. Korean biblical scholarship may seize upon Ahn’s hermeneutics not only to build on his legacy but also for transformative purposes in engaging the complex context of the Korean minjung today.
Diversity within the Korean Diaspora
Authors: Lee Boyung 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Utilizing Rita Nakashima Brock’s notion of interstitial integrity, this chapter names Korean American women’s social and reading location interstitial spaces—worlds between Asia and America, centers and margins, home and foreign land, and multiple spaces in between. A Korean American woman’s reading of the Bible from an interstitial space refuses to disconnect from any multiple and in-between locations and borders wherein she resides. While not pledging allegiance to a singular space, one may pursue solidarity with others who also live in various interstices for the wholeness of all. Using such principles, this chapter reads the Parable of the Laborers in the Vineyard as God’s invitation to solidarity for justice across various borders. The parable teaches the danger of the demanding equal rights without first fighting for equity and the liberation of the most marginalized. The parable calls for solidarity of all people to bring forth the reign of God, a community of “WEs.”
Minjung in Global Context
Authors: Kwon JiSeong James 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Scholars in Korea have compared Job’s suffering to that of minjung, but they are less concerned with the drastic change of Job’s character in his final speech (Job 29–31). Although Job, as a righteous sufferer, most likely causes readers to acknowledge him as a representative of minjung who knows trauma, a careful reading of Job’s heartless speech toward the social underclass in Job 30:1–8 identifies him as an oppressor advocating bias and injustice. Acknowledging Job’s character variation, this chapter underscores the difficulty of designating simple categories of minjung in Korean history and twenty-first-century society. Furthermore, responses to minjung concerns raise self-critical examination. For instance, what support do democratic forces and Protestant churches render the marginalized in Korean society? The fresh discernment of minjung suggested by Ahn Byung-Mu mirrors the complex character of Job in the poetic dialogue (Job 3–31). Is Job a new model of minjung? Finally, an example of newly emergent minjung comparable to those treated as abandoned animals (Job 30:1), this chapter lifts up migrant workers as people oppressed by the liberal ruling party and the Moon Jae-In’s administration, though they supposedly count upon the absolute support of the minjung of Korea.
Shamanistic Influence on Biblical Interpretation
Authors: Sweeney Soo J. Kim 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
There are solid cultural affinities between Korean Christianity and Korean Shamanism. Consequently, Christian leaders and scholars are understandably anxious about syncretism. Yet fearing too much religious proximities can obscure possible insight into biblical interpretations. This chapter examines Korean shamanistic influence on biblical interpretations and explores hermeneutical bridges across the two religions and their cultural practices. How might the two core attributes of shamanism—all-connectedness and the (over)active role of the human mediator—be embedded in Korean biblical interpretations? For example, is there a more inclusive theology in reading the David-Gibeonites Story of 2 Samuel 21:1–14 through these shamanistic attributes?
Daoist, Buddhist, and Christian Readings on Creation
Authors: Kim Eun Kyu Micah 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Despite the East-West and historical differences, human thought transcends time and space in the creation myths of Taoism, Buddhism, and Judeo-Christianity. The guiding myth of each accounts for the origin of the universe, creation, nature, and humanity. Although these religions share etiological reasoning about ultimate truths, each illuminates a different perspective. Therein lies insightful comparison and contrast. Although Buddhism denies a divine being, the concept of an absolute Nothingness expresses the reality of divinity. Daoism’s “Oneness” teaches about a vast universe and creation. Christian theology, which is based in part of comparable Hebraic creation myths, can extend a hand toward Daoism and Buddhism for the development of each other. While Christianity has been largely exclusive for two millennia, the Korean context of interreligious textual exchange offers an opportunity for mutual discernment.
Thomas Morley, Robert Johnson, and Songs for the Shakespearean Stage
Authors: Duffin Ross W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Thomas Morley’s possible association with, and contribution to, the Shakespeare theatre has been proposed and dismissed with equal weight by a host of scholars over many years. This chapter re-examines what we know, offers solutions to major problems, and concludes that it is probably time to put the controversy to bed once and for all. The songs of Robert Johnson have long been admired by those interested in early seventeenth-century English theatre. Songs by or attributed to him survive for plays by Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Webster, Thomas Middleton, Francis Beaumont, and John Fletcher, and many of them are exquisite. Is it possible, however, that our eagerness to have the original songs to the plays has led us to presume that any musical setting that survives in a seventeenth-century source was used in the relevant play’s first production? This chapter re-examines what we know of Johnson’s career and of the surviving sources for his play songs, explores the limits of what we can safely claim about his settings and, in some cases, proposes alternative original settings to the lyrics.