bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polarization calibration of the Tandem Etalon Magnetograph of the Solar Magnetic Activity Research Telescope at Hida Observatory
Authors: Yamasaki Daiki , Nagata Shin’ichi , Ichimoto Kiyoshi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Tandem Etalon Magnetograph (TEM) is one of the instruments of the Solar Magnetic Activity Research Telescope of Hida Observatory. The TEM is a partial disk (320″ × 240″) filter magnetograph which scans the wavelength around a Fe i line at 6303 Å and achieves polarimetric sensitivity of &lt;5 × 10−4 for each wavelength. To obtain the polarimeter response matrix of the instrument, we have carried out end-to-end polarization calibrations of the instrument. We have also measured the polarization characteristics of the polarization beam splitter (PBS), which is a crucial component of the instrument. As a result of end-to-end calibration, we found significant spatial variation in the response matrix across the field of view. From a laboratory test, we found that $1\%$ of the magnitude of a circular diattenuation of the PBS was due to the retardation caused by the stress in the cube and the linear diattenuation of the film. Although the spatial variation across the field of view is more than 10 times larger, to achieve the polarimetric sensitivity of &lt;5 × 10−4, this can be well explained by the polarization characteristic of the PBS and corrected by using the response matrix obtained in the end-to-end calibration. In addition, we also obtained the daily variation of the polarization property of the TEM. We found that the crosstalk from Stokes Q to V changes by an amount comparable to the tolerance through a day. In the present configuration, we require a pixel-by-pixel calibration every 100 min to meet the accuracy requirement.
Epidemiology of Neonatal Stroke: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Clive B , Vincer M , Ahmad T , Khan N , Kuhle S , Afifi J , El-Naggar W 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Neonatal stroke (NS) is a known cause of cerebral palsy, epilepsy and cognitive deficits in up to 50% of patients. Understanding its epidemiology can help in early identification of affected patients and in improving outcomes.
OBJECTIVES: To obtain population-based data on the incidence, clinical presentation, treatment, imaging features and outcomes of patients with all types of neonatal stroke.
DESIGN/METHODS: Full term neonates born to mothers living in Nova Scotia between 2007 and 2013 and diagnosed with NS were identified through the province’s Perinatal Follow-up Program Database. Neonates with significant congenital anomalies or hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy were excluded. Perinatal data and neonatal course were reviewed. Neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed at 18 months of age using the standardized cognitive adaptive test/clinical linguistic auditory milestone scale (CAT/CLAMS).
RESULTS: Twenty-nine neonates (47 per 100,000 live births) with NS were identified during the study period. The mean gestational age was 39±1 weeks and mean birth weight was 3278±579 g. In twenty-two (76%), NS was due to neonatal arterial ischemic stroke (NAIS), 2 (7%) to cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, and 5 (17%) to intracerebral hemorrhage. Seizures were the most common presenting sign. [table] The median length of stay in hospital was 7 days (4-21). At 18 months of age, only 2 patients (7%) were found to have cerebral palsy and one had epilepsy (3%). CONCLUSION: The majority of patients with NS had NAIS and presented with seizures on the first day of life. The incidence of NS in Nova Scotia is higher than reported in the literature, however the neurodevelop-mental outcomes are better.
A Randomized Double-Blind Trial Comparing the Effect on Pain of An Oral Sucrose Solution Versus Placebo in Children 1 To 3 Months Old Needing Urethral Catheterization
Authors: Desjardins MP , Gouin S , Gaucher N , Lebel D , Gravel J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Oral sweet solutions have been accepted as effective analgesics for procedures in the neonatal population. However, there have been a limited number of trials in older infants. These studies have conflicting results.
OBJECTIVES: To compare the efficacy of an oral sucrose solution versus placebo in reducing pain during urethral catheterization in infants 1 to 3 months old in the Emergency Department (ED).
DESIGN/METHODS: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial was conducted in a pediatric university-affiliated hospital ED. Infants, 1 to 3 months of age, were recruited and randomly allocated to receive 2 ml of 88% sucrose solution (SUC) or 2 ml of placebo solution (PLA) orally, 2 minutes before planned urethral catheterization. The primary outcome measure was the difference in pain scores as assessed by the Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) Pain Scale during at 1 min post procedure. Secondary outcome measures were the difference in pain scores using the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS), crying time, variations in heart rate and adverse events.
RESULTS: Seventy-six participants were recruited and completed the study, 37 (group SUC) and 39 (group PLA) respectively. The mean difference in FLACC scores compared to baseline was 5.62±1.32 (SUC) vs. 6.21±1.15 (PLA) (p=.51) during catheterization and 2.70±1.21 (SUC) vs. 2.26±1.41 (PLA) at 1 min (p=.64) and 0.66±1.32 (SUC) vs. 1.26±1.00 (PLA) at 3 mins (p=.38). For the NIPS scores, it was 4.27±1.06 (SUC) vs. 4.69±0.92 (PLA) (p=.56) during procedure and 2.05±0.91 (SUC) vs. 1.97±1.19 (PLA) (p=.92) at 1 min and 0.49±0.89 (SUC) vs. 0.89±0.97 (PLA) (p=.54) at 3 mins. The difference in the mean crying time was not different between both groups: 99±34 secs (SUC) vs. 100±25 (PLA) (p=.99). No significant difference was found in participants’ heart rate variations during procedure 23±8 BPM (SUC) vs. 26±7 (PLA) (p=.60) and after 1 min 19±12 BPM (SUC) vs. 17±7 (PLA) (p=.76) and after 3 mins -1±12 BPM (SUC) vs. 3±6 (PLA) (p=.53). No adverse events were reported. The blinding was successful.
CONCLUSION: In infants 1 to 3 months of age undergoing urethral catheterization in the ED, administration of an oral sweet solution did not statistically decrease pain scores as measured by the FLACC and NIPS scales. Participants' heart rate variations and crying time were not significantly decreased when sucrose was provided.
The Heads-Ed: A Brief Mental Health Screening Tool for Use in the emergency department
Authors: Gray C , Cloutier P , Cappelli M , Kennedy A , Zemek R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
BACKGROUND: The hospital emergency department (ED) is an important entry point for children and youth into the mental health (MH) and addicitons system. Many EDs are challenged in managing child and youth MD/addictions due to lack of clinical resources, standardized screening tools and/or training. Currently, there is no standard of practic or tool used to guide the assessment and disposition of MH concerns within the ED. In fact, researchers have found that only a small minority (&lt;10%) of ED physicians indicate using evidence based screening methods to assess MH concerns. The American Academy of Pediatrics called for improved screening of MH issues in the ED. In response, we developed HEADS-ED, a rapid screening tool that represents Home, Education, Activities/peers, Drugs/alcohol, Suicidality, Emotions/behaviour, Discharge resources.
OBJECTIVES: This presentation will summarize 3 studies completed to date examining the inter rater reliability, sensitivity & specificity of the HEADS-ED. In addition, data will be presented regarding the utility of the HEADS-ED in predicting consultation with psychiatry and admission to hospital.
DESIGN/METHODS: In Study &#x0023;1, Crisis Intervention Workers (CIWs) completed the HEADS-ED and the Child and Adolescent Needs and Strength tool (CANS-MH 3.0) on patients presenting to the ED with MH concerns between March 1 and May 30, 2011. In Study &#x0023;2, ED physicians completed the HEADS-ED for patients presenting to the ED with MH concerns between May 5, 2013 and February 10, 2014.
RESULTS: In Study &#x0023;1, there were 313 participants (M=14.3 years, SD = 2.63 years, 58.1% female). Inter rater reliability analysis revealed strong agreement between raters (r=.79). The HEADS-EDitems were significantly correlated with CANS-MH 3.0 scores on related items. The HEADS-ED also predicted consultation with psychiatry and admission to hospital (sensitivity 82%, specificity 87%). In Study &#x0023;2, there were 589 participants (M = 15.13 years; SD = 1.41; 72.7% female) seen by the ED physicians. The HEADS-ED predicted consultation to psychiatry/crisis team (sensitivity 92.1%, specificity 72.3%).
CONCLUSION: Results provide evidence to supor the psychometric properties of the HEADS-ED. The HEADS-ED is a useful tool to standardize the language used to discuss and assess pediatric MH patients int he ED. The brief, inuitive measure has the potential to determine referral for psychiatric consultation, admission decisions and help guide selection of discharge resources.
Rapid, Non-Invasive Urine Collection is Feasible in Infants Up To 12 Months Old
Authors: Bethune P , Mills J. A , German G J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
BACKGROUND: In non-toilet trained children, collection of non-contaminated urine specimens for culture is done by urethral catheterization or suprapubic aspiration,both invasive procedures, or by clean-catch technique, which is time-consuming. A rapid, non-invasive method of urine collection from neonates has been recently described:a stimulated clean-catch technique, with an 87% success rate within 5 minutes (Herreros et al, Arch Dis Child 2013; 98:27-29).
OBJECTIVES: To determine: 1) the success rate in obtaining urine specimens within 5 minutes from infants (birth-12 months) via this stimulated clean-catch method; and 2) the time to collection of a urine specimen, via the stimulated clean-catch method.
DESIGN/METHODS: Subjects were consecutive infants requiring a urine specimen for urinalysis and/or urine culture, identified by nursing or medical staff in either the inpatient or outpatient areas of a regional hospital. Verbal consent was obtained from the parent or guardian. 10- 60 minutes after a feeding, the infant’s genitalia were cleaned, and a stimulated clean-catch urine collection was attempted. The method consists of holding the infant under the axillae, with legs dangling, and stimulating voiding by rapidly tapping the suprapubic area for 30 seconds, then gently massaging in a circular pattern over the paralumbar area bilaterally for 30 seconds. The tapping and massage are repeated alternately until the infant voids, and the urine is collected “mid-stream”.
RESULTS: Urine collection was attempted 51times, from 43infants, and was successful within 5 minutes in 37of 51attempts (72%). In infants 0-30 days old, the success rate was 64% (14 of 22 attempts). In infants 31-90 days old, the success rate was 93% (14 of 15 attempts). In infants 3-6 months old, the success rate was 67% (4 of 6 attempts). In infants 6-12 months old, the success rate was 63% (5 of 8attempts). The time to successful urine collection was recorded in 26cases, with both a median and a mean time of 85seconds. In 77% of the successful collections, the urine was obtained within 2 minutes.
CONCLUSION: The stimulated clean-catch method of urine collection is useful in infants up to 1 year of age. In most cases of successful urine collection, the infant will void within 2 minutes.
Cost Burden of Raising A Child with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Stade B , Cheema S , Watson W , Bonifacio J , Campbell D , Becker B , Sgro M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
BACKGROUND: In Canada the incidence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is estimated to be 1 in 100 live births. FASD is the leading cause of developmental and cognitive disabilities in Canada. No study has examined the cost to parents/caregivers of raising a child with FASD in Canada.
OBJECTIVES: To calculate an estimate of direct and indirect costs associated with raising a child with FASD at the patient level.
DESIGN/METHODS: Cross-sectional study design was used. Two-hundred and thirty (230) participants completed the study tool. Participants included caregivers of children from day of birth to 18 years of age, living in urban and rural communities throughout Canada. Participants completed the Health Services Utilization Inventory (HSUI). Key cost components were elicited: direct costs: medical, education, social services, out-of-pocket costs; and indirect costs: productivity losses. Total average costs per individual with FASD were calculated by summing the costs in each cost component, and dividing by the sample size. Costs were extrapolated to one year. A stepwise multiple regression analysis was used to identify significant determinants of costs and to calculate the adjusted annual costs of raising a child with FASD.
RESULTS: Total adjusted annual costs associated with FASD at the individual level was $31, 640 (95% CI $25,342; $38,642). Severity of the child’s condition, age, and relationship of the individual to the caregiver (biological, adoptive, kinship) were significant determinants of costs (p &lt; 0.001). Thirty-two (32) percent of the total costs were paid by families caring for the children: The total annual cost to parent(s)/caregiver(s) of a child with FASD was $10,124.80. These costs were beyond the costs of raising a healthy child and only associated with costs of FASD.
CONCLUSION: Study results demonstrated thecost burden of FASD in Canada to parents/caregivers. Implications to practice, policy, and research are discussed.
Severe Alcohol Intoxication in Canadian Adolescents: 2 Year Surveillance Data
Authors: Acker A , Dow K , Norris M , Allain D , Thomas K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Alcohol is the most commonly used drug by Canadian adolescents, and can lead to a host of negative short and long-term outcomes. Understanding more about youth drinking can help develop more effective strategies for treatment and prevention. This study, gathering data through the Canadian Pediatric Surveillance Program (CPSP), was completed to fill in knowledge gaps and provide epidemiologic data about severe alcohol intoxication among Canadian adolescents.
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of the surveillance study included: 1) To obtain national epidemiological data outlining the incidence of severe alcohol intoxication among adolescents. 2) To describe the demographics, presentation to hospital, co-ingestions, co-morbidities, management and short-term outcomes. 3) To use the data to increase awareness and education. 4) To facilitate harm reduction strategies.
DESIGN/METHODS: Through the established methodology of the CPSP, paediatric physicians have been actively surveyed on a monthly basis for identified cases of severe alcohol intoxication. A detailed questionnaire was then completed for each new case. The case definition includes any adolescent meeting the following criteria: 1) Between 11-15 years of age 2) Blood alcohol level &gt; 0 g/L (if drawn) 3) Presenting with severe intoxication with impaired consciousness requiring prolonged ER observation (≥ 6 hours) or hospital admission.
RESULTS: In the two years of surveillance, 40 cases were confirmed, including 21 male and 19 female adolescents, with a median age of 14. The youngest case reported was 11 years old. There were no significant differences between sex and blood alcohol level or age at presentation and blood alcohol level. Additional descriptive data of the confirmed cases will be reported and discussed.
CONCLUSION: After two years of surveillance, 40 cases of severe intoxication in adolescents have been identified. This is likely only the ‘tip of the iceberg’ and represents the more severe cases that required prolonged ER observation or hospital admission. The young age of presentation (youngest 11 years of age) and severity of intoxication requiring observation/admission are concerning. These data regarding Canadian adolescents presenting to the ED with severe intoxication will help inform strategies for education, prevention and harm reduction. It is noteworthy that the majority of adolescents with severe intoxication consumed spirits, suggesting that more education for adolescents around the higher potency of spirits relative to other alcoholic beverages and the dangers of consumption even in small amounts could reduce the incidence of severe alcohol intoxication in children and adolescents. Consideration of more stringent controls on spirits to help decrease adolescents’ access would assist with harm reduction.
Embodied Motherhood: An Exploration of Body Image in Pregnant and Parenting Youth
Authors: Harrison M , Obeid N , Rohde K , McLean N , Haslett K , Simpson C , Barriault D , Clarkin C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is associated with changes in body shape that influence body image satisfaction. Body dissatisfaction during pregnancy is a concern because of the potential association with negative behaviours, such as unhealthy dieting, which have been linked to poor pregnancy and neonatal outcomes. This is of particular concern for pregnant youth as they are already at increased risk for medical complications. Body image dissatisfaction in pregnancy is also an important determinant of depressive symptoms in pregnancy and postpartum. Given that pregnant and parenting youth (PPY) have poorer mental health outcomes, including a high rate of both antenatal and postpartum depression, examining the relationship between body image and depression during pregnancy is particularly important.
OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to 1) examine psychological profiles of PPY regarding body image and related issues, 2) explore differences between younger and older PPY, and 3) compare psychological profiles of those who are pregnant versus not pregnant.
DESIGN/METHODS: Data was collected from 75 PPY from 2 urban social service agencies via electronic questionnaires. Demographic data and scores from several validated self-report measures related to self-esteem, body esteem, eating disorder behaviours and depression were collected. Research ethics board approval was obtained prior to the onset of the study.
RESULTS: Youth participants had a mean age of 19.6 years (SD=2.68); 29.3% (n=22) were pregnant at the time of the survey and 82.7 % (n=62) had at least 1 child. Youth reported a past history of depression (76.9%), anxiety (70.5%), drug/alcohol abuse (46.2%), and eating disorder (28.2%). Descriptive analyses revealed that PPY reported depression scores that were in the borderline clinical range (Edinburgh postnatal depression scale: mean 11.57, SD 6.26), whereas they scored within the relative normal range for all other psychological measures. There were no significant differences in any of the survey scores when comparing younger to (n=39, mean age 17.5 yrs) older participants (n=36, mean age 22 yrs); although when comparing pregnant (n=22) participants and non-pregnant (n=53) participants significant differences were found among scores of body esteem (t=-2.173, p=0.034) and eating disorder behaviours (t=2.713, p=0.008).
CONCLUSION: This study adds to the very limited research regarding adolescents' experience with body image during motherhood and the postpartum years, and can inform future program development for pregnant teens and young mothers struggling with poor body image. Future research is needed to continue exploring how adolescent body image during pregnancy and postpartum may differ and how this affects maternal and child outcomes.
Oral Food Challenges: A Retrospective Review of A Canadian Paediatric Allergy Clinic
Authors: Dhar A , Liao L , Liem J , Sidhu A , Kassum S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
BACKGROUND: Food allergies in children can be life threatening and require prompt treatment with epinephrine. The gold standard for food allergy diagnosis is an Oral Food Challenge (OFC).
OBJECTIVES: To demonstrate the safety of OFCs for diagnosing and monitoring food allergies in a Canadian community paediatric population.
DESIGN/METHODS: Retrospective review of 500 paediatric patients that underwent 684 OFCs to a variety of foods from November 2006 to December 2013. Data collected from the patients includes demographics; the food challenged; reasons for the OFC; reactions experienced during the OFC; medical intervention performed; and whether the patient should continue eating the food challenged (OFC success). Anaphylaxis was defined using the World Allergy Organization criteria – i.e. dermatologic and cardiovascular or respiratory involvement after food ingestion; or two of dermatologic, cardiovascular, respiratory or gastrointestinal involvement after a likely allergen; or cardiovascular involvement after a known allergen. Mild reactions involved only 1 non-cardiovascular system; and moderate reactions involved more than 1 non-cardiovascular system, but did not qualify as anaphylaxis. Systems observed included the dermatologic, upper and lower respiratory, gastrointestinal, cardiovascular, and behavioural systems.
RESULTS: Of the 684 OFCs performed, there were 584 OFCs (85.4%) where the patients were successful at eating the food. Reactions occurred in 274 of 684 OFCs (40.1%), including 161 mild reactions (58.8% of reactions), 56 moderate reactions (20.4% of reactions), and 57 anaphylactic reactions (20.8% of reactions). Medical intervention was required in 74 OFCs (27.0% of reactions). All OFCs with no reaction were successful and all OFCs with anaphylaxis were not successful. OFCs with mild and moderate reactions had equivalent odds of being successful (OR [95% CI] = 0.01 [0.0003, 0.08] and 0.006 [0.0001, 0.04], respectively). Most reactions occurred within six hours of exposure to the food (267 of 274 reactions; 97.4%). The most common foods challenged were peanuts, eggs, and cow’s milk. The reasons for the OFCs were to diagnose an allergy (49.7%), monitor outgrowth of a diagnosed allergy (43.7%), or due to a family member having an allergy (6.6%).
CONCLUSION: In this community practice setting, patients undergoing an OFC were able to eat the food afterwards in 85.4% of the cases. Reactions occurred in 40.1% of OFCs. Anaphylaxis occurred in 8.3% of OFCs (57 of 684 OFCs). Most patients reacted within six hours of exposure. The majority of patients undergoing OFCs did not require treatment. OFCs provide a safe environment to diagnose and monitor food allergies in children.