bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
“Review” contains material from algebra and trigonometry useful in calculus. In addition to a myriad of typical topics such as slope, distance, functions, equations of lines, and values of trig functions, the chapter ends with a multipart section called “Avoiding Common Errors.” Each common error is explained, and tips on avoiding the error are given, followed by exercises designed to help readers recognize the error and perform the calculations correctly. Common error topics covered include squaring a binomial, the square root of a sum, cancellation, polynomial equations, being careful with function arguments, trig notation, parentheses, and when not to distribute.
Derivatives
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
“Derivatives” includes the definition of derivative, derivative rules, and some applications of the derivative, all from an infinitesimal perspective. The definition of derivative is derived by applying the slope formula to the point of tangency and a second point infinitely close to that point. A local linearity formula is presented early in the chapter and is the basis for calculation-style proofs of derivative rules, including a simple proof of the chain rule. All the customary derivative rules and formulas are presented, but note that this is not an “early transcendentals” text. The section on trig derivatives includes an approximation formula that simplifies the computation of many trigonometric limits. Applications include tangent lines, motion, and economics. Related rates are presented in two sections, first with Pythagorean relationships only and then for non-Pythagorean relationships, reducing the number of tasks a reader must learn concomitantly.
Applications of the Derivative
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
“Applications of the Derivative” includes the usual topics of absolute extrema, the mean value theorem, local extrema, concavity, curve sketching, optimization, and Newton’s method. Infinitesimals make only a few appearances in this chapter, but feature prominently in the section on limits at infinity. Curve sketching is split into two sections, the first for polynomials and the second for more general functions. Hand-drawn graphs are presented in various stages of completion so that tips for a good sketch are easier to comprehend. Use of technology for curve sketching and for Newton’s method is also included.
Transcendental Functions
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
“Transcendental Functions” examines logarithmic, exponential, inverse trig, and hyperbolic functions, among others. The traditional definition of the natural logarithm as a definite integral is used. Several sections of fairly standard material follow, with the exception that limits of these functions are computed using hyperreal numbers. The diagram of levels of hyperreal numbers is updated to include these new functions, culminating in its use for easy comparisons of rates of growth with application to big-oh notation. This system also reduces (but does not eliminate) the need for l’Hospital’s rule, which is presented along with a discussion of various indeterminate forms. The chapter ends with an optional discussion of nonelementary functions developed in the same manner as the natural logarithm. The sine integral function is used as an example, and others are explored in the exercises, with the purpose of alerting readers to the existence of functions beyond those studied in calculus.
Applications of Integration
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
“Applications of Integration” offers an intuitive development of each topic. By summing infinitely many small parts, an omega sum is obtained and then rewritten as a definite integral. Repeating this pattern several times allows readers to progress to the point of doing it themselves for calculating the work performed when pumping fluids from containers of various shapes. Topics include the finding the area between curves; determining volume using the methods of disks, washers, and shells; and calculating work with constant and variable forces, springs, and fluids. The final application is the average value of a function, which is approached directly by averaging infinitely many function values instead of the usual indirect geometric reasoning approach.
Additional Applications of Integration
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
“Additional Applications of Integration” contains applications that require the use of techniques of integration, or that apply to parametric or polar curves. As in chapter 6, the applications are developed intuitively by summing infinitely many small parts, leading to an omega sum that is rewritten as a definite integral. Geometric topics include arc length and surface area, in Cartesian coordinates as well as for parametric and/or polar curves. Applications to physics and economics are also included.
Sequences and Series
Authors: Dawson C. Bryan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
“Sequences and Series” treats the traditional topics from an infinitesimal perspective. Limits are computed using hyperreal numbers. The usual tests for determining convergence or divergence of a series are included, with the exception that the limit comparison test is replaced with the computationally simpler level comparison test. The wide applicability of the level comparison test also simplifies the strategy for testing series. Power series, including Taylor and Maclaurin series, are included.
Stimulated Kerr Scattering
Authors: He Guang S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In a Kerr liquid consisting of optically anisotropic molecules, the intense pump light may force these molecules to reorientate along the light polarization direction. This is the optical reorientational Kerr effect that is accompanied by a red-shifted light scattering process: part of the incident photon energy is transferred to the molecule to overcome the rotational viscosity of the liquid, while the molecule emits a red-shifted scattering photon. The red-shift value is determined by the induced orientation-angle change or equivalently by the reorientation work done by the scattering molecule. When the pump intensity is above a certain threshold, such a process may lead to stimulated Kerr scattering (SKS). As the induced orientation angle changes for different molecules may be different depending on their initial orientation angle, the observed stimulated scattering red shift may cover a super-broad spectral range (up to 300–500 cm−1).
Stimulated Rayleigh–Bragg Scattering
Authors: He Guang S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In a two- or three-photon active liquid or solution, the input pump beam may interfere with the initial backward Rayleigh scattering beam to form a standing-wave field with a spatially periodic intensity modulation, which leads to the formation of an induced stationary Bragg grating through the intensity-dependent and multiphoton-resonance-enhanced refractive-index change of the scattering medium. The nonlinear reflection from the induced stationary Bragg grating provides the necessary gain to the backward Rayleigh scattering beam and may lead to a stimulated Rayleigh–Bragg scattering generation without any frequency shift. It has been shown that the primary contribution to the induced refractive index change is from the spatial redistribution of the multiphoton active solute molecules driven by the gradient force imposed by the standing-wave field.
Multiphoton Absorption (MPA) Theories
Authors: He Guang S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses multiphoton absorption (MPA) theories, including their intermediate states and virtual energy levels. Based on the rules established by quantum electrodynamic theory, we have been able to formulate the molecular two-, three-, four-, and m-photon absorption probability rates (in units of 1/s), transition matrix elements, and cross-sections (in units of cm2). Furthermore, when this chapter discusses a case of a single incident laser beam, it also provides examples of the expressions of molecular degenerate multiphoton absorption coefficients. One important conclusion is that the m-photon absorption induced light intensity attenuation is proportional to the mth power of the local intensity.
Multiphoton Ionization of Atoms and Molecules
Authors: He Guang S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
With multiphoton excitation, when the multiphoton energy is larger than the ionization potential (energy) of an atom or molecule, the laser irradiation induced ionization may occur. Especially, when one of the intermediate-state levels related to the multiphoton transitions is close to or overlapped with one of the atomic or molecular eigenenergy levels, the laser-induced ionization probability will be enhanced resonantly. Based on this principle, the high-lying Rydberg states of atoms and molecules, as well as the molecular vibronic and rotational spectral properties can be well studied via the multiphoton excitation technique. In addition, these studies can also exhibit a time-resolved capability by using a pump-probe two-beam approach.
Multiphoton Dissociation of Molecules
Authors: He Guang S. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In multiphoton excitation, when the multiphoton energy is greater than a certain dissociation energy, the corresponding chemical bond is broken, resulting in molecular dissociation. If one of the intermediate-state levels associated with the multiphoton transitions is close to or overlapped with one of the molecular vibrational energy levels, it enhances the resonation of the dissociation process. In principle, the m-photon-induced dissociation products are proportional to the mth power of the incident laser intensity, provided that the multiple-photon absorption process is not yet saturated. Proof appears when the incident laser beam(s) is (are) in the visible and UV wavelength range. On the other hand, when the incident light wavelength is in the mid-IR (e.g. ~ 10-μm) range, more than 20–30-photon absorption is needed to break a chemical bond for a given molecule. In such a case, the real multiphoton excitation processes may be more complicated, and the measured dependence of the dissociation products on the incident light intensity may deviate from the simple mth-power law. Multiphoton dissociation (MPD) now exists as a novel technique for molecular spectroscopy and isotope-separation studies.
Paths out of the Apocalypse
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kucera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This book uses violence as a prism through which to investigate the profound social, cultural, and political changes experienced by (post-) Habsburg Central Europe during and immediately after the Great War. It compares attitudes toward, and experiences and practices of, physical violence in the mostly Czech-speaking territories of Bohemia and Moravia, the German-speaking territories that would constitute the Republic of Austria after 1918, and the mostly German-speaking region of South Tyrol. Based on research in national and local archives and copious secondary literature, the book argues that, in the context of total war, physical violence became a predominant means of conceptualizing and expressing social-political demands as well as a means of demarcating various notions of community and belonging. The authors apply an interdisciplinary understanding of violence informed by sociological and psychological theories as well as by rigorous empirical historiographical approach. First, they examine the most severe kind of physical violence—murder—against the backdrop of shifting scientific and media discourses during the war and its immediate aftermath. Second, the authors use numerous cases of collective violence, ranging from less serious everyday conflicts to massive hunger demonstrations and riots, to unravel its “language,” thus deciphering the attitudes and values shared among an ever-growing group of perpetrators. This book thus fundamentally rethinks some key topics currently debated in the scholarship on early twentieth century Central Europe, the First World War, violence, nationalism, and modern European comparative social and cultural history.
Improvising in Court
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In the German-speaking periphery of the South Tyrol, removed from the national center of Vienna and close to the front lines, another professional interpretation of murder and its perpetrators emerged. In this region, the courts followed the basic outlines of the practices common in Vienna. However, because of the lack of qualified medical experts in the region, coupled with classic methods of investigation such as eyewitness testimony, murder could not easily be fitted into the complex discourse on degeneracy. At the same time, local courts were aware of the importance of the mental state of the accused, and thus relied on the opinions of local doctors and often on the judges themselves. The mental state of the perpetrators were taken into account and as the case of Franz Vent, for example, shows in this chapter, previously diagnosed mental disorders could mean that the murderer did not end up in prison, but in hospital for treatment. Once the war ended, South Tyrol came under Italian control. The medicalization of murder continued, but the experts were now Italian rather than German. This switch at times led to absurd situations, such as the case of Ferdinand Götsch, whereby the German-speaking patient ended up in an Italian hospital for treatment, where the language barrier meant that in reality he received no real treatment.
Cannibals, Poachers, and Deserters
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The period of the First World War saw a small decline in the number of murders committed in the Habsburg Monarchy. Even so, because of a lack of personnel and despite the advances of forensic techniques, the police still needed the cooperation of the local population in solving crimes in big cities. Mass media was one of the tools that the state used during the war to this end. The press reporting often admonished the public to be more vigilant of their surroundings, not only so that they could potentially help the police in solving crimes, but also for their own safety, further strengthening the feeling of an ever-present danger in the modern city. During the war, the surveillance of the press allowed the state to exercise a greater oversight of newspapers than in peacetime. However, this chapter shows that this more robust control meant not only censorship, but also that the state could influence what the newspapers printed, using the press to strengthen alertness for potential criminals, such as prisoners of war, and to reinforce the loyalty of the population toward the state. Even so, reports were often exaggerated or even made up, such as the urban legend of human flesh in Vienna slaughterhouses. This chapter shows that the strategy of reporting on violence in the Austrian lands, the Czech lands, and in South Tyrol played a substantial role in the production of a culture of surveillance on the wartime home front and became an integral element of wartime mobilization.
Appeasement in the Public Square
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Protests and demonstrations, as this chapter shows, were primarily aimed at the authorities in the hope that once their attention was drawn to the material shortages people were experiencing or to the inflated prices of basic goods, those in positions of power would remedy the situation. This behavior can be observed in both the urban and rural settings. Officials, including mayors and police officers tried to appease the crowds by calling for restraint and for the importance of sacrifice in the hinterlands. Negotiations between delegations of protesters and the representatives of the state were also frequently employed as tactics in trying to de-escalate the protest. However, communication between the authorities and the protestors often led to misunderstandings and the paternalistic communication strategies of the officials angered the crowds, even leading to further violence. Through these acts of protest and violence, demonstrators came to oppose an existing social order that they perceived to be increasingly unjust. It was in these moments that the old order started to crumble.
Disintegrating Societies
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In Austria and the Czech lands, the language of violence articulated basic notions of justice, hatred, and defiance against those responsible for wartime suffering, those who profited from the war, and those who mocked the sacrifices of the people. The difficult conditions mobilized thousands on the home front, but despite this mobilization, violent crowds did not create a more stable and structured movement: They were simply the temporary sum of the angry crowds. Wartime sacrifice and the general misery that people experienced during the war gave an importance to close-knit local communities over society at large, resulting, in a number of localities in the last years of the war, in the hijacking of commodities that were destined for other places. These acts often put the governments in Austrian and the Czech lands in conflict with the people, as local populations no longer wished to sacrifice for the greater good. This new culture of violence was usually mild, although there was a clear rise in collective action. Thus, apart from the economic and social problems that the newly established post-Habsburg successor states needed to solve, they also had to learn how to tame violent protest.
The Wild West or a New Republic?
Authors: Konrád Ota , Kučera Rudolf 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Austria and Czechoslovakia, as this chapter demonstrates, were both hotbeds of criminality in the immediate postwar period, where violent protesters continued to stand firm in their opposition to the old order. The press also continued to exacerbate the seeming lack of security in these countries by reporting on the violent acts of gangs of highwaymen and the Roma, highlighting behavior that went against orderly society. Even so, this kind of behavior was reserved not only for those on the peripheries of society, but also for large segments of the population. Crowds expressed their dissatisfaction with the old order by intervening in police arrests, attacking the police and gendarmes, taking revenge on former superiors in the imperial army, looting from the wealthy and from those considered to be holding power, and some even joined groups of bandits. In the process of settling scores with the old order, they were also conscious of a new order being formed.
Belief, Agency, and Knowledge
Authors: Chrisman Matthew 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Epistemology is not just about the nature of knowledge or the analysis of concepts such as ‘knows’ and ‘justified’, it’s also about what we ought to believe and how we should investigate and reason about what is the case. This is a book focused on these normative aspects of epistemology. More specifically, it is concerned with the nature of epistemic norms and the relation these have to the value of knowledge and the structure of doxastic agency. The first part develops a theory of doxastic agency according to which believers exercise agency with respect to their beliefs primarily in the always ongoing activity of maintaining systems of belief. The second part develops an account of the grip epistemic norms have on us and the nature of our epistemic values, which explains these in terms of the way a state, such as a person’s belief, can be subject to robust “state norms” and valued accordingly for its stability within the practices constitutive of epistemic communities. The third part proposes inferentialist foundations for a meta-epistemological theory of epistemic discourse that takes seriously the idea that knowledge attributions are partly normative and hence should be partly classified on the ‘ought’ side of the division between claims about what reality is like and claims about what people ought to do, think, and feel.
Introduction
Authors: Chrisman Matthew 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main topic and themes of the book, explaining why epistemology is treated here as a normative discipline and motivating the idea that there is a special kind of doxastic agency relevant for understanding epistemic normativity. The chapter distinguishes axiological and deontological puzzles arising from the study of epistemic normativity. The former has to do with the distinctive way we value belief that amounts to knowledge; the latter has to do with the fact that we make binding and seemingly categorical normative judgments about what people ought to believe. Both are puzzling in light of the fact that we do not normally seem capable of chosing what we believe. The chapter also contains an overview of the book’s three-part structure and discusses some of its inspiration in the ideas of E. J. Craig and Wilfrid Sellars.
Belief Formation Doesn’t Exhaust Doxastic Agency
Authors: Chrisman Matthew 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the idea that doxastic agency is exercised in belief-formation. Two versions of the idea are considered, one that appeals to intellectual actions of inquiry and deliberation, another that appeals to wider manifestations of cognitive virtues in belief-formation. In both cases, it is argued that etiological accounts of the locus of doxastic agency leave out a central element of our agency with respect to our beliefs. Epistemic normative evaluations of belief do not (mainly) target how beliefs are formed in the past, but whether they are justified here-and-now.
Social Foundations for Epistemic Normativity
Authors: Chrisman Matthew 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that it helps to make sense of the nature and source of epistemic normativity if we think of norms of belief as applying to us mainly because of our interpersonal and epistemic sociality. That is, this helps to explain how various epistemic norms have a grip on us even if we don’t typically exercise voluntary control in believing what we believe. This chapter distinguishes two ways to ground epistemic normativity in socialized individual interests in order to develop a variegated social picture of the nature and force of epistemic norms and the distinctive value of complying with them that is manifested in the distinctive way we value knowledge. It concludes by using these accounts to speculatively frame some important questions about doxastic freedom and epistemic responsibility.
From Epistemic Expressivism to Epistemic Inferentialism
Authors: Chrisman Matthew 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains my reasons for endorsing an inferentialist rather than an expressivist form of nondescriptivism about epistemic discourse. Epistemic inferentialism is the view that epistemic claims mean what they do in virtue of the inferential responsibilities and entitlements one commits to in making them, rather than because of their potential to express nonrepresentational attitudes. By conceiving of some inferential roles as nonrepresentational, an inferentialist can also capture the idea that normative claims are not about how reality is, but rather about how people ought to act and react given how they take reality to be.