bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OakRootRNADB—a consolidated RNA-seq database for coding and noncoding RNA in roots of pedunculate oak (Quercus robur)
Authors: Kościelniak Paulina , Glazińska Paulina , Zadworny Marcin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The degree to which roots elongate is determined by the expression of genes that regulate root growth in each developmental zone of a root. Most studies have, however, focused on the molecular factors that regulate primary root growth in annual plants. In contrast, the relationship between gene expression and a specific pattern of taproot development and growth in trees is poorly understood. However, the presence of a deeply located taproot, with branching lateral roots, can especially mitigate the effect of insufficient water availability in long-lived trees, such as pedunculated oak. In the present article, we integrated the ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing data on roots of oak trees into a single comprehensive database, named OakRootRNADB that contains information on both coding and noncoding RNAs. The sequences in the database also enclose information pertaining to transcription factors, transcriptional regulators and chromatin regulators, as well as a prediction of the cellular localization of a transcript. OakRootRNADB has a user-friendly interface and functional tools that increase access to genomic information. Integrated knowledge of molecular patterns of expression, specifically occurring within and between root zones and within root types, can elucidate the molecular mechanisms regulating taproot growth and enhanced root soil exploration.
Database URL https://oakrootrnadb.idpan.poznan.pl/
A numerical method for resolving finite mixtures of three-dimensional inter-site distance distributions measured by single-molecule localization microscopy
Authors: Tu Zhiwen , Song Congwei , Qin Xianan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The three-dimensional (3D) inter-site distance can be measured by single-molecule localization microscopy. Existing theories and analysis tools for 3D inter-site distance measurement only consider the simplest case where all measured distances are from an identical 3D Rician distribution. There are many problems where the 3D inter-site distance measurement result is made up of multiple components, for example, the measurement of intramolecular distances of deoxyribonucleic acid with multiple possible conformations. In these cases, the overall distance distributions become finite mixtures of 3D Rician distributions (or 3D Rician mixtures). Here, we provide a numerical method using the 3D Rician mixture model to resolve the finite 3D inter-site distance mixtures, which is based on the expectation–maximization algorithm. The proposed method has been tested on simulation data of finite 3D inter-site distance mixtures. The result using the Gaussian mixture model in the developed method is also discussed for comparison.
An epistemic theory of the criminal process, Part I: Measurement and control
Authors: Cullerne Bown William 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The criminal process can be seen as a system of classification, akin to a search engine. I consider the impact on it of poor measurements of the rates of false positives and false negatives. With ordinal rather than interval measurements, we lose some but not all control. I identify a novel form of indeterminacy, ‘directional aimlessness’, that leads to a behaviour of ‘shoving’. This can take a form, ‘naked shoving’, that looks purposeful but isn’t. I empirically establish the presence of naked shoving in the USA. This methodological work comprises Part I of a novel theory of the criminal process. In Part II, I use it to mathematize Herbert Packer’s influential ‘two models’ theory in criminology, both a form of validation and a way of giving an abstract theory traction in the real world. We acquire a general ‘epistemic’ alternative to economic, organizational, legal or political forms of analysis and I use it to critique Richard Posner’s law and economics. Given the lack of purpose, I conclude that policymaking in the criminal process is usually a form of ritual and, now that we have the capacity for interval measurements, contemplate the end of the old order.
Inside the Black Box
Authors: Shirk Susan L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter unpacks the “black box” of Chinese politics by offering a panoramic view of CCP institutions and their failure in preventing the restoration of personalistic rule. After the death of Mao, Chinese reformers have devoted significant efforts to the institutionalization of the system, such as formalizing succession, promoting officials on the basis of their job performance, and making government operations more transparent. They have even experimented with intraparty election as a method of leadership selection. However, these efforts were rife with problems, such as the lack of written rules, the leadership’s paranoia about elite splits and social unrest, the absence of institutional checks and balances outside the CCP, and the “ambiguity of authority” within the Party organization. The existence of these problems led to the failure of reform efforts and the return to secretive rule, which enabled a strongman like Xi Jinping to rise to power.
Stability Maintenance
Authors: Shirk Susan L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses how the collective leadership under Hu overreached in domestic policymaking under the guise of stability maintenance. The elevation of the chiefs of the internal security and propaganda into the Politburo Standing Committee during Hu’s second term enables these interest groups to profiteer for themselves. By exploiting the leadership’s fears of unrest among the people, these oligarchs overdid their social control policies and boosted their budget and influence through various means, such as cracking down on ethnic minorities, restricting press freedom, and applying stricter censorship. The state economic sector was also boosted in its economic and political clout as Chinese policymakers lost confidence in the American market economy following the 2008 financial crisis.
Strongman Rule
Authors: Shirk Susan L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the return to strongman rule under Xi Jinping beginning in 2012. It starts with the discussion about the background of Xi’s family, as well as how his early working and political life and ideology shape his view of governing the country. After gaining popular support and purging political rivals through the anti-corruption and various ideological campaigns, Xi significantly weakened the oligarchs, recentralized authority, and revived Mao Zedong’s personalistic style of rule. He put the Party at the center of the policy process, reclaiming the authority that had been delegated to the government during the reform era. He began overreaching in every policy domain, including economic policy, foreign policy, and military development. Although Xi has earned praise from his subordinates and the general public over his role in clamping down corruption and his increasingly assertive policy stance in controversial issues, his management of the Covid crisis appears to have exposed some weaknesses in his ruling style.
Introduction
Authors: Howard Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
To complement past studies of specific programs or individuals struggling to make ends meet, this book offers a comprehensive map of the US social safety net. The first part of the Introduction clarifies the boundaries of the social safety net, which extend beyond public assistance programs. The second part introduces the care framework developed by theorist Joan Tronto. She identified four stages of care—caring about, taking care of, caregiving, and care-receiving. In some stages, care is expressed verbally, while other stages require concrete action. The rest of this book is organized around those stages. Patterns of care are related to notions of deservingness. The social safety net might favor those who are employed (i.e., the working poor). Another possibility is that ascriptive characteristics—race, ethnicity, gender—shape who gets what from the social safety net. Both possibilities will be examined in the remaining chapters.
General Public
Authors: Howard Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The central questions in the chapter are how much ordinary Americans care about low-income people and poverty-related needs, and who should take care of these people and needs. Depending on question wording, the general public appears to care very little or quite a lot. However, Americans believe the poverty population is much larger than the official numbers indicate. Ordinary Americans care more about poverty than welfare, and racial stereotypes may still help explain these differences. Americans agree that governments, charities, churches, individuals, and families share responsibility for taking care of people in need. Most Americans believe that government should do more to help with food, shelter, and medical care than with income or employment. Government should also do more to help the elderly. Public opinion on these matters is divided more along racial and party lines than by gender.
Business and Labor
Authors: Howard Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Normally we expect big differences in the views of business and labor. In fact, neither the AFL-CIO nor leading business associations paid much attention to poverty-related issues between 2000 and 2020. Labor unions care much more about workers and working families; they seldom mention the working poor. Business interests focus more on taxes and regulations. There are exceptions: some unions (e.g., the SEIU) and some larger corporations pay attention to the needs of lower-income individuals. Although business and labor agree that government has important responsibilities, they disagree over which programs should be emphasized. Labor unions favor social insurance programs (e.g., Social Security, Unemployment Insurance) and minimum wage laws to help workers deal with hardship. Business groups worry about the cost of social insurance programs and want the national government to target help via means-tested public assistance.
Churches and Other Charities
Authors: Howard Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Churches and secular charities care much more about poverty-related issues than do business and labor organizations. Nevertheless, charities care about many other issues as well. Because Christianity is the largest religion in the United States, the first part of this chapter analyzes the views of major Protestant and Catholic groups. They speak openly about the poor and the needy. They do not expect people to work in order to be helped, nor do they make distinctions along racial, ethnic, or gender lines. While religious leaders believe that churches must take care of the poor, their resources are limited. They publicly support government programs. The largest secular charities (e.g., United Way, Feeding America) are quite diverse. Some care explicitly about the poor and needy, while others pay attention to broader groups. Some charities favor the working poor, but most do not.
Medical Care
Authors: Howard Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Most Americans are covered by job-based health insurance. Low-income workers, however, may not be offered health insurance or be able to afford the premiums. Free and charitable clinics are available in some parts of the country, but not as many as food pantries. The family safety net cannot provide medical care as readily as food or housing. The means-tested Medicaid program therefore plays a crucial role for low-income Americans. State and local governments (and thus taxpayers) take care of paying for Medicaid. Medicaid coverage varies, partly because some states have refused to expand eligibility under the Affordable Care Act. In addition, Medicare helps millions of older and disabled adults, some of whom are low-income. Medical care is big business, and most caregivers work in the private sector. The uninsured are disproportionately Black and Hispanic. Many low-income Americans, even those with health insurance, cannot afford preventive care or needed treatment.
Daily Care
Authors: Howard Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Many people are unable to perform everyday tasks like getting dressed, preparing meals, or bathing. Young children belong in this group, as do adults with disabilities that range from mild to severe. Historically, family members have been the primary givers of daily care; most have been women and unpaid. Over time, paying other people to care for the young, the old, and the disabled has become more common. However, most of the poor and near poor cannot afford a child-care center or nursing home on their own. If they work unpredictable hours, evenings, or weekends, affordable care is even harder to find. Few of their employers offer paid family and medical leave. The national government spends little on child care. It spends much more on long-term care, largely through Medicaid. Even so, the family safety net remains a crucial source of daily care.
Conclusion
Authors: Howard Christopher 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Based on what they say, churches and other charities care more about poverty-related needs than do business and labor organizations or public officials. The latter focus instead on the needs of workers. Fortunately, society does more for people dealing with hardships than our rhetoric suggests. The patterns vary from one part of the social safety net to the next. Governments take care of income support much more than housing assistance. Charities are mostly involved with food and medical care. The family safety net is crucial in daily care. Overall, the public safety net of government programs is far larger than whatever charities and extended families provide. But government’s role is largely to pay for care given by businesses and nonprofits. Even when the economy seems healthy, the social safety net has sizable holes. Blacks, Hispanics, and people who do not work full time are more likely to suffer.
The Normalization of Saudi Law
Authors: Mallat Chibli 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Saudi Arabia has never commanded more attention and yet it remains one of the world’s least understood countries. The book draws on a systematic study of Saudi law over nearly a decade; the author’s involvement as a legal expert in landmark decisions around the world; and his experience as a law professor in leading universities in the Middle East, Europe, and America. The book also reflects his work with law students and practicing colleagues, particularly in commercial cases but also in those involving government and human rights. The Normalization of Saudi Law goes to the heart of Saudi society, politics, and business by exploring the workings of its courts. &#x2028;The Normalization of Saudi Law will interest both readers following the fast-changing world of comparative law and those intrigued by Saudi Arabia. Legal practitioners and scholars will find a comprehensive analysis of the law’s operation in the Kingdom. The practitioner will access full thematic coverage of all important fields: judicial organization, contracts and torts, crime, family, property, administration, commerce, companies, banking, insolvency, the stock market, the constitution, succession, and human rights, with major statutes and a large number of court decisions distilled in 16 chapters. The scholar is presented with an assessment of a dynamic legal process, a “normalization” of Saudi law where developing norms are both “normal” (usual) and “normative” (carrying moral force). This includes judges reshaping Islamic law by applying it in everyday transactions and disputes as they interpret classical treatises and modern statutes. The Normalization of Saudi Law paints a compelling picture of a fast-changing country with a unique legal trajectory.
Introduction
Authors: Mallat Chibli 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The first section summarizes the lay of the land in legal terms since the 1924-5 occupation of the Ottoman Hijaz by then Emir of Najd ‘Abd al-‘Aziz Al Sa‘ud. It underlines the salient traits of the history of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia since its founding by ‘Abd al-‘Aziz in 1932: conquest, the Hanbali domination, the importance of the Wahhabi nexus, oil and technological developments, and the judicial order between the First World War and the 1950s. The second section explains how the prism of ‘normalization’ adopted in the book is premised on tracking norms understood both as normal and normative. The third section shows how a mathematical ‘spline curve’ illustrates the progress of normalization into the book’s four constituent parts: from (I) abnormal to (II) normalized case law, to (III) normalized statute law, and back to (IV) abnormality. A final section suggests the openness of the legal field to daily life stories which are often lost behind the logic of cases and their abstract legal reasoning.
Criminal Law II
Authors: Mallat Chibli 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
. . . and, in continuation of the previous chapter’s mapping of the Islamic criminal common law, (b) crimes left to the court’s discretion (ta‘zir), which covers homicide, assault, and battery. Ta‘zir as “everything else” is the default mode in the system, including “new crimes” ranging from joyriding to cutting a girl’s hair forcibly. Two other pillars of the criminal system concerning “violations of the body” are examined: (c) qisas/retaliation and (d) monetary compensation (blood money, diya/arsh). The conclusion summarizes procedure and substance and underlines the need to draw sentencing guidelines to limit the discretion given to the Saudi judge in deciding on punishment.
Family Law
Authors: Mallat Chibli 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Saudi law is the only Arab Gulf country not to have adopted a family law code. Case law provides nonetheless a steady and predictable set of rules of Hanbali law in the process of normalization. Cases cover marriage and marital life, including maintenance; various forms of separation, a lively dispute between muftis and qadis over the thrice-uttered formula of repudiation; guardianship and custody, filiation; succession, and trusts (waqfs). In all these areas, the chapter underlines the position of women as subordinate to men together with efforts by judges to redress the balance, notably in ‘adl (the right of a male kin to prevent a woman to marry) and the equality of gender in inheritance law for a woman’s entitlement to waqf benefits.
Companies and Corporate Governance
Authors: Mallat Chibli 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Company law in Saudi Arabia is predominantly statutory. It can be found in a long stream of statutes from 1931 to 2020. The most comprehensive law in force is the Law of companies of 2015, and the chapter examines the various corporate vehicles it organizes (general partnership, joint stock company, limited liability company), including those which have survived from fiqh (mudaraba or commenda) and from 19th-century adaptations (the Egyptian mahassa or joint venture). It dwells in particular on some fiqh-related complexities in the application of mudaraba and the fiduciary duties of partners. Corporate governance is then examined in the light of new legislation and case law, and in the “Family business companies model contract,” an optional arrangement encouraged by the government to ensure better governance for family businesses.
Activation and Employment Support Policies for Stronger and Fairer Labor Markets
Authors: Scarpetta Stefano 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the author reviews the implementation of active labor market policies by countries of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) tracing some of the major themes from the volume’s chapters. The author places active labor market policies within the framework of an activation strategy that involves a fine balance between ensuring that unemployment and other benefits protect workers, thus enabling them to smooth consumption and engage in effective job search and ensuring that incentives to benefit recipients to take up a new job remain strong. He suggests that effective implementation of strict job search requirements, coupled with profiling of job seekers to identify their needs and mandatory participation in tailored activation programs enhance outflows from unemployment benefits and into jobs. The Great Recession exposed activation strategies to a hard test of maintaining activation services in a time of increased demand and constrained budgets. Many countries temporarily extended the length of unemployment benefits while maintaining activation requirements but faced “capacity constraints.”
Activation in Public Employment Services in Europe
Authors: Weishaupt J. Timo , Jørgensen Henning , Nunn Alexander 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Since the dawn of the New Public Management and labor market activation paradigms, public employment services (PES) have been in a state of perpetual reform. This chapter not only identifies key modernization trends in three pioneering PES in Europe, including Denmark, Germany, and the United Kingdom, but also critically assesses whether PES reforms delivered on their promises, especially during the Great Recession. This chapter argues that while PES have performed a crucial social stabilization role, it also finds that the reforms have potentially produced adverse consequences. In Denmark, the strategy toward municipalization has generated new conflict lines between central and local actors, while British efforts toward privatization have led to bottlenecks during times of employment shortages in the private sector. The German PES, in turn, has proved most robust as it was able to balance the need for central guidance and local flexibility.
Less Common Causes of Dementia
Authors: Noble James M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes less common forms of neurodegenerative dementia. These less common forms of dementia can be broadly grouped as rare genetic causes (Huntington’s disease), structural causes of dementia, dementia due to other chronic neurologic disorders, autoimmune or acute inflammatory brain diseases, and rapidly progressive neurodegenerative diseases (including Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease). The chapter then looks at normal pressure hydrocephalus and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. It also considers the cognitive complications of other neurologic disorders, including multiple sclerosis and epilepsy. About half of all people diagnosed with multiple sclerosis have some degree of impaired cognitive abilities at the time of diagnosis, although these may be subtle. Many people with epilepsy also report some cognitive problems, which are often due to side effects of the medications that treat epilepsy.
Introduction
Authors: Gautney Heather 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This introduction argues that the condition of inequality we find ourselves in today is the result of a class program to transfer wealth and political power away from ordinary people into the hands of a few. It presents C. Wright Mills’s analysis of postwar American power structures in The Power Elite and assesses changes in the dynamics of global capitalism and elite power that necessitated this “remake” of his work. From the Cold War onward, neoliberals have worked to debase public institutions and exalt “the free market” as an engine of human progress and equalizing principle of U.S. democracy. This positioning of government and the public sphere as an anathema to freedom has enabled power elites to transform pillars of the social order into profit-making opportunities and ransack rules and programs that once provided the most basic protections—driving an alarming turn toward authoritarianism, as Mills forewarned.