bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
216 Effects of Total Equine Grain Containing Ascophyllum Nodosum Seaweed Extract and Chelated Minerals on in-Vitro DMd & Ndfd, Body Composition, and Post-Exercise Recovery in Mature Quarter Horse Mares
Authors: Lai Kai Yun , Porter Dylan , Boyd Jamie A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Supplements such as seaweed extracts and chelated minerals have been shown to positively affect animal health. However, these supplementation is not well-researched in equines. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of an extruded grain (Total Equine) containing Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract with and without a chelated sulfur supplement (Total Equine-15 Natural) on in vitro DMd and NDFd, body composition, and post-exercise recovery. Six Quarter Horse mares were fed three different diets: Control (Ctrl), Total Equine (TM), Total Equine plus Equine-15 Natural (TM15) in a Latin square design study with a six-week washout period between each three-week experimental period. Grain was offered at 0.004% BW. A submaximal test (4 min at 4.3 mph, 14 min at 9.5 mph, 6 min at 13.5 mph) was conducted on days 0 and 21. Resting and post-exercise blood lactate, respiratory rate, heart rate, and rectal temperature were measured at the start and end of each experimental period. Fecal samples were collected during the last week of each experimental period and analyzed through Daisy ANKOM. Body weight and body composition were evaluated pre- and post-study. Analysis showed no effect (P=0.12) on Bermuda DMd and NDFd among treatments. However, the DMd and NDFd of alfalfa with TE15 were decreased significantly at 24 hr (P=0.0001 and 0.0003, respectively). The other only significant change observed was body composition. Horses on TE15 had greater loss of fat mass (p=0.005), followed closely by the TE. In conclusion, TE did not show any adverse effects on DMd, NDFd, body composition, and post-exercise recovery; TE15 did not change most nutritional and physiological parameters besides decreasing in vitro DMd, NDFd, and body fat mass. The simple effect of the chelated sulfur and Ascophyllum nodosum in equine should be further investigated.
225 Effects of Supplementing a Live Yeast Supplement in pre-Weaning and Finishing Diets of Holstein Bull Calves on Meat Production and Quality
Authors: Davies Sarah J , Esposito Giulia , Mapiye Cletos , Villot Clothilde , Chevaux Eric , Raffrenato Emiliano 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a live yeast supplement in the preweaning and finishing diets of Holstein bull calves on growth performance, carcass quality attributes and physiochemical traits. Holstein bulls (n = 39) at 5 days of age were randomly allocated to one of two treatment groups with 20 receiving no yeast supplement and 19 calves receiving the yeast supplement. The inclusion level of the yeast supplement in the pre-weaning diet was 54 mg/calf/day added to the milk replacer. During the post-weaning phase, the calves in the yeast treatment group received a pelleted feed with the yeast supplement already incorporated at 150g/tonne. The bull calves were slaughtered at 156 ± 15 days and the m. longissimus thoracis et lumborum was sampled for meat quality measurements. The live yeast supplement had no significant effect (P &gt; 0.05) on average daily gain and final body weight of Holstein bull calves. Furthermore, carcass attributes and meat physiochemical traits were not influenced (P &gt; 0.05) by diet. It was concluded that addition of yeast to preweaning and finishing diets of dairy bull calves has no effect on meat production and quality
232 Examination of Mirna Mimics and Inhibitors on Satellite Cell Proliferation in Vitro
Authors: Greene Maslyn A , Duckett Susan K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine how the use of specific miRNA mimics or inhibitors alters ovine satellite cell proliferation in vitro. Satellite cells were isolated from a Texel x Suffolk cross lamb at d 2 of age and cell purity was assessed with PAX7 protein staining and the population was 95% pure. miRNA candidates were selected from miRNA sequencing of the longissimus muscle at several time points from gestational d85 to market weight. Satellite cells were plated and allowed to reach 60% confluence, then treated with a miRNA mimic (miR-127 or 299a) at 50 or 100nM or a miRNA AntagomiR (miR-22-3p, 29a, 133, or 27) at 500nM using lipofectamine transfection reagent. Cells were allowed to proliferate for 4d following transfection and samples were collected daily for proliferation analysis using DNA quantification. Experiments were replicated and data analyzed using a priori contrasts with miRNA treatment in the model. DNA quantification showed that miR-127 mimic-100nM and miR-22-3p AntagomiR increased (P&lt; 0.05) DNA content after 4d of proliferation following transfection. miR-127 mimic-100nM treatment increased (P&lt; 0.05) miR-127 expression relative to controls at d1 and d4 post transfection. miR-22-3p AntagomiR transfection tended (P&lt; 0.10) to reduce miR-22-3p expression on d4 post-transfection. miR-22-3p AntagomiR did not alter (P&gt;0.05) PAX7, MYOD, or MYOG expression compared with the control. miR-127 mimic-100nM treatment did not alter (P&gt;0.05) PAX7 expression, while it did increase (P&lt; 0.05) MYOD expression on d4 and reduced (P&lt; 0.05) MYOG expression compared to the control. mRNA sequencing was performed on d4 samples to determine possible miR-127 and 22-3p targets. IGF1, fibroin and other extra cellular matrix proteins were identified from miR-127 treated samples and CNDP2, involved in carnosine hydrolysis, was identified from miR-22-3p treated samples. miR-127 and 22-3p enhanced satellite cell proliferation and therefore could be used to promote muscle fiber hypertrophy.
255 Leucine Supplementation During Continuous Feeding Enhances Lean Growth in a Preterm Piglet Model
Authors: Posey Erin A , Suryawan Agus , Nguyen Hanh , Stoll Barbara , Sciarrillo Christina , Vonderohe Caitlin , Burrin Douglas G , Fiorotto Marta L , Davis Teresa A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Extrauterine growth restriction is a common complication of preterm birth and is associated with reduced lean growth and long-term morbidities. We previously showed that intermittent pulses of leucine during continuous orogastric feeding increases mTORC1 signaling to protein synthesis in skeletal muscle of neonatal pigs born at term. The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which leucine pulses during continuous feeding would promote lean growth by enhancing mTORC1 signaling in a preterm piglet model. Pigs delivered by cesarean section at 105 d gestation were continuously fed a protein and energy balanced milk-replacer diet [195 kcal ME and 13.5 g protein (kg body weight; BW)-1·d-1)]. Pigs (n=11-12) were randomly assigned to Leucine (LEU) or Alanine (ALA, isonitrogenous control) groups and treatments were administered as a pulse (1.6 mmol·kg BW-1·h-1) for 1 h every 4 h for 21 d. Body composition was determined by DXA and indices of amino acid signaling and mTORC1 activation were determined postprandially, 60 min after initiation of the last pulse. LEU pigs had a 10% greater average daily gain (ADG) (P &lt; 0.05) than ALA pigs. Total lean mass tended to be greater (+13%; P &lt; 0.06) in LEU compared with ALA, and longissimus dorsi muscle weight was 17% heavier in LEU than ALA pigs (P=0.01). Indices of mTORC1 activation, i.e., phosphorylation of S6K1 and 4EBP1 and abundance of the eIF4E-eIF4G complex, were increased in longissimus dorsi and gastrocnemius muscle of LEU compared with ALA pigs (P &lt; 0.05). These results show that leucine supplementation during continuous feeding enhances mTORC1-activated translation initiation in skeletal muscle leading to an increase in muscle mass and lean growth in a preterm piglet model. Research was supported by NIH and USDA.
250 Effect of Dietary Zinc and Copper Supplements on Digestibility of Minerals in Growing Pigs
Authors: Ketata Mohamed Ali , Guay Frederic , Létourneau-Montminy Marie-Pierre 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dietary zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) supplementation can affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients in pigs, especially of minerals. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary levels of Zn and Cu on their ileal (AID) and total tract (ATTD) digestibility and that of manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). Six crossbred pigs were surgically equipped with a single-T cannula in their distal ileum. In cross over design, pigs received one of a four corn-soybean meal diets supplemented by two levels of Zn (100 and 500 mg/kg as Zn oxide) and two levels of Cu (40 and 80 mg / kg as Cu sulfate) for each period (7d with 2d for ileal digesta and feces collection). In this study, high level of Zn increased Zn and Mn AID (P&lt; 0.01) but decreased Ca AID (P&lt; 0.05). The high level of Cu improved Cu AID but only when high level of Zn was used (Zn x Cu, P&lt; 0.051). The ATTD of Zn, Cu, Mn, and P were greater in pigs receiving 500 mg/kg of Zn (P&lt; 0.01). The high level of Cu also increased its ATTD (P&lt; 0.01) but reduced that of Ca when low level of Zn was added (Zn x Cu, P&lt; 0.01). The post-ileal digestibility showed a significant absorption of Cu, Mn and Ca (digestibility different from 0). The post-ileal digestibility of Cu, Mn and Ca was greater when high level of Zn was added (P&lt; 0.05). This study confirmed that the AID and ATTD of Cu and Zn could be affected by the dietary level of Zn and Cu in growing pigs. This study also showed that high levels of Cu and Zn reduced ATTD and AID of Ca but increased P ATTD. This last result is contradictory and must be confirmed by the analysis of phytic P.
240 Nutritional Intervention to Improve Carbohydrate Utilization and gut Health in Pigs
Authors: Zijlstra Ruurd T , Vasanthan Thava , Gaenzle Michael G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In swine production, using feed antibiotics as antimicrobial growth promotants has been reduced; thus, feed alternatives to manage gut health are required. Dietary fiber, resistant starch, oligosaccharides, and exopolysaccharides are carbohydrate structures and are nutritional tools that may enhance gut health in pigs. Dietary carbohydrates may have a role to alleviate diarrheal diseases including in pigs post-weaning but also reduce constipation in sows. Antibiotics are hypothesized to influence gut health via modulation of intestinal microbial profiles; fermentation and intestinal inflammation are considered important mechanisms. Dietary fiber sources differ in 2 key properties: fermentability and solubility. Rapid fermentation of fiber and oligosaccharides is associated with changes in microbial profiles and increased metabolite production. Recently, microbial composition was hypothesized to be less important and combined output of metabolites should be the focus. Fiber properties may also manipulate retention time and physico-chemical properties of the undigested residue; hence, non-fermentable insoluble fiber may prevent constipation in sows. Starch is mostly digested and absorbed as glucose. However, resistant starch is not digested and acts as insoluble but fermentable fiber and has unique properties, because it specifically increases intestinal abundance of bifidobacteria, which are associated with improved gut health. Using crop breeding, feed processing, and feed additives, the structure of fiber and starch can be altered thereby changing its degradation kinetics and affecting its utilization as energy source and its prebiotic activity. Finally, exopolysaccharides from Limosilactobacillus reuteri and unique oligosaccharides may serve as receptor analogues for pathogenic bacteria, e.g., enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). These receptor analogues block lectin domains of bacterial adhesins and thus prevent adherence of pathogens to the gut wall, thereby avoiding initiation of post-weaning diarrhea. In conclusion, dietary carbohydrates are important energy sources but may also provide important solutions to maintain gut health in pigs.
247 Nutritional Interventions: Our Experiences from the Field
Authors: Bussières Dan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dealing with E. coli in the early post-weaning period has been an ongoing theme in the swine industry since many years. Many strategies have been putted in place in order to reduce the issue. Knowledge in nutrition and use of specific feed additive have for sure led the way as solution to overcome those enteric challenge. We also saw a shift over the last 10-15 years for an increase in wean age in order to have a more robust and well-developed pig at weaning. Despite those improvements, use of pharmacological dose of zinc in the early phase post-weaning has remain a key strategy to control E. coli. On the other hand, in some case, efficacy of the historical pharmacological dose of zinc of 2000 to 25000 ppm for the first 2-3 weeks post-weaning seem to be not sufficient to control E. coli challenge. Higher dose and/or use over an extended period of time seem to be more common those days. The reason why we are talking more and more about zinc oxide is that many countries, mostly in Europe, have restricted/banded to use of high dose of zinc in any diet for pig. Limit have now been set at level around 150 ppm. Concern about environmental impact, but mostly about link with antibiotic resistance have been the main concern toward the ban of pharmacological dose of zinc. Canada feed regulations is under review and expectation is that we will also have a ban on high dose of zinc. With that in mind, our group have worked toward finding way to successfully feeding pig with low level of zinc and try to limit the impact of E. coli. We have run multiple research projects throughout the year and we are still conducting project that focus on feeding low level of zinc. Our belief and observation are that the success rely on a broader approach vs the use of single additive to replace the zinc oxide. We are talking about nutritional concept that include a complete review of how we approach the formulation of the diets for nursery pigs. Energy and protein level, use of fiber, specific feed additive, feed and water acidification are some of the strategies that need to be reviewed and evaluated in order to have a complete solution and to ensure better rate of success. The presentation will cover our experience throughout the last 10 years with the change that we implemented and that seem to allow for being successful in feeding pig in nursery with lower zinc oxide level.
278 Awardee Talk: Progesterone Regulates the Abundance of Mrnas and Proteins Involved in Polyamine Metabolism in the Sheep Endometrium
Authors: Halloran Katherine M , Hoskins Emily , Stenhouse Claire , Moses Robyn , Satterfield Michael C , Dunlap Kathrin , Seo Heewon , Johnson Gregory A , Wu Guoyao , Bazer Fuller W 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Agmatine and polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, and spermine), metabolites of L-arginine, are important for development of mammalian conceptuses. The objective of this study was to determine if exogenous progesterone administered during the pre-implantation period, which accelerates conceptus development, alters the expression of mRNAs and proteins involved in the metabolism of agmatine and polyamines in the sheep uterus during pregnancy. Mature Suffolk ewes were bred to fertile rams and assigned randomly to be treated with daily i.m. injections of either 1ml corn oil (CO;n=28) or 25mg progesterone in corn oil (P4;n=20) from Day 1.5 through Day 8 after breeding (Day 0). Ewes were hysterectomized on Day 9, 12, or 125 of gestation and endometrial samples were collected. The expression of candidate mRNAs was quantified using qPCR and proteins localized using immunohistochemistry. On Day 9 of pregnancy, the expression of mRNAs for AMD1 (P &lt; 0.01), ASL (P &lt; 0.01), and SLC12A8 (P &lt; 0.05) was greater in endometria of P4-treated compared to CO-treated ewes. The expression for MAT2B mRNA was greater (P &lt; 0.001) for P4-treated compared to CO-treated ewes on both Days 9 and 12. On Day 125 of gestation, endometria from P4-treated ewes tended to have greater expression of SAT1 (P &lt; 0.10) mRNA compared to CO-treated ewes. In contrast, the expression of AMD1(P &lt; 0.01), MAT2B (P &lt; 0.05), OAT (P &lt; 0.05), SMOX (P &lt; 0.05), and SLC12A8 (P &lt; 0.05) mRNAs was lower in endometria from P4-treated compared to CO-treated ewes on Day 125. Exogenous P4 appeared to increase the relative abundance of SAT1 and SMOX proteins in the uterine luminal and glandular epithelia on Day 125 of pregnancy. These results suggest that early administration of progesterone may alter the biosynthesis of agmatine and polyamines in the sheep uterus during the pre-implantation period of pregnancy with potential ‘programming’ effects manifested in late pregnancy.
286 Effects of Presynchronization with Prostaglandin F2α and a Progestin, and Delayed Insemination on Pregnancy Rates with Sexed Semen in Replacement Beef Heifers
Authors: Oosthuizen Nicky , Porter Kristina , Burato Samir , Melo Lucas , Pohler Ky G , Fontes Pedro , Lamb Cliff C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To determine effects of presynchronization and delayed fixed-time artificial insemination (TAI) on pregnancy rates (PR/AI) with sexed semen, 1,844 beef heifers were enrolled in a completely randomized design at 12 locations. Within location, heifers were randomly assigned to one of five treatments: 1 and 2), heifers administered prostaglandin F2α (PGF) on day -7, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and a CIDR insert on day 0, PGF at CIDR removal on day 7, and another injection of GnRH at TAI 72 hours later with conventional (CTRL72-CNV) or sexed semen (CTRL72-SEX); 3 and 4), treated the same as CTRL72 but received a CIDR insert on day -7 at PGF administration and TAI at 60 hours with conventional (CIDR60-CNV) or sexed semen (CIDR60-SEX); 5), treated the same as CIDR60 but had TAI delayed to 72 hours with sexed semen (CIDR72-SEX). Estrus expression between day 7 and TAI did not differ (P=0.92) between CIDR60 and CIDR72 heifers but was greater (P&lt; 0.001) in CIDR60 and CIDR72 heifers compared with CTRL72 heifers. Among treatments, PR/AI differed (P&lt; 0.001) and were greater (P≤0.003) in CTRL72-CNV and CIDR60-CNV heifers than CIDR60-SEX and CIDR72-SEX heifers. Furthermore, PR/AI were greater (P&lt; 0.001) in CTRL72-SEX and CIDR60-SEX heifers when compared with CIDR72-SEX heifers but only tended (P=0.09) to differ between CTRL72-SEX and CIDR60-CNV heifers. No differences (P=0.33) were determined between CTRL72-CNV and CIDR60-CNV or between CTRL72-SEX and CIDR60-SEX heifers (P=0.22). In conclusion, no differences were determined between heifers presynchronized with only PGF and those presynchronized with PGF and a CIDR insert when inseminated with either conventional or sexed semen. Therefore, use of a CIDR insert for an additional 7 days was not beneficial to PR/AI when heifers were TAI at 60 hours with either conventional or sexed semen. Additionally, delaying TAI to 72 hours with sexed semen after presynchronization with both PGF and a CIDR insert has a negative impact on PR/AI.
295 Effects of Prenatal Testosterone Excess on Puberty Attainment of First-Generation ewe Lambs
Authors: Gurule Sara C , Sustaita Jessica F , Landers Renata , King Leslie , Garza Viviana , Bynum Sarah , Arrott Dylan , Padmanabhan Vasantha , Cardoso Rodolfo C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Prenatal testosterone excess causes reproductive perturbations in sheep that recapitulate those seen in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Obesity has a significant role in the development and severity of the PCOS phenotype. Our objective was to investigate the effects of testosterone excess from gestational days (GD) 60-90 (unlike the GD 30-90 model, these animals are not virilized) and postnatal body weight (BW) gain on puberty in first-generation ewe lambs. Pregnant Suffolk ewes received testosterone propionate (T; 100 mg) or corn oil (C) i.m. twice weekly from GD 60-90 (term=147d). Ewe lambs were weaned ~3 mo of age. Control and T lambs were assigned to gain either 0.3 kg/d (C and T-maintenance) or 0.4 kg/d (T-overfed). Maintenance diet was designed to promote optimal growth without excess fat deposition. Overfed ration was designed to achieve a BW ~30% above that of maintenance. Progesterone concentrations were measured via radioimmunoassay in blood samples collected twice weekly from ewe lambs (n=15/group) during the first breeding season. Puberty was defined as when progesterone concentrations were &lt; 0.5 ng/mL for four consecutive samples followed by three consecutive samples ≥0.5 ng/mL. Six animals (C, n=1; T-maintenance, n=3; T-overfed, n=2) did not attain puberty during the study and puberty was assigned as last day of sampling. Average daily gain was not different among treatments (C, 0.23±0.02kg; T-maintenance, 0.25±0.01kg; T-overfed, 0.27±0.02kg). Age at puberty did not differ between groups (C, 274.6±9.9d; T-maintenance, 270.0±11.3d; T-overfed, 266.0±10.2d). Similarly, BW at puberty did not differ across treatments (C, 50.44±2.2kg; T-maintenance, 52.5±2.4kg; T-overfed, 57.3±2.5kg). In conclusion, unlike GD 30-90 exposure which advanced puberty, GD 60-90 exposure did not affect age and BW at puberty in ewe lambs. Collectively, these studies suggest that GD 30-60 is a critical developmental window in which prenatal testosterone excess advances puberty in female sheep. Research support: NIH-NICHD (R01HD099096).
296 Ergot Alkaloid Consumption Alters Serotonin Receptor-Induced Vasoactivity in Ovine Umbilical Vasculature
Authors: Klotz James L , Duckett Susan K , Britt Jessi , Greene Maslyn A , Andrae John G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Consumption of ergot alkaloids during the second half of gestation have been shown to decrease umbilical artery vasoactivity resulting in lighter birth weights. The objective was to evaluate vasoactivity of serotonin (5HT) receptors 5HT2A and 5HT1B/1D in umbilical artery and vein from ewes receiving endophyte-infected (E+ 1.77 mg ergovaline/animal/day) or endophyte-free (E-; 0 mg ergovaline/animal/day) tall fescue seed at d-85 (n=4), 110 (n=4 E+; n=4 E-), 135 (n =4 E+; n=4 E-) of gestation. Suffolk ewes began receiving seed treatments on d-86 of gestation. Umbilical artery and vein were collected from ewes at slaughter. Two-mm blood vessel cross sections were mounted in multi-myographs containing Krebs-Henseleit buffer and exposed to increasing concentrations of rizatriptan benzoate (5HT1B/1D agonist) and TCB-2 (5HT2A agonist). Data were analyzed as a split-plot with mixed models of SAS. The 5HT1B/1D agonist did not stimulate a contractile response in either vessel for any gestation time point evaluated. The 5HT2A agonist caused contractile responses in umbilical artery with the greatest occurring at d-85 and decreasing in magnitude as days of gestation increased (P&lt; 0.05). On d-110 and 133 of gestation, umbilical arteries from ewes receiving E- seed had a greater contractile response than those arteries collected from ewes receiving the E+ treatment (P&lt; 0.05). Umbilical veins also responded to increasing concentrations of 5HT2A agonist and maximal response was not different between d-85 and 110 of gestation, but both were greater than d-133. Unlike the artery, umbilical veins from ewes receiving E+ seed had greater contractile response than E- at d-133 (P&lt; 0.05). These results demonstrate that ovine vascular smooth muscle contractions of the umbilical artery and vein are induced by 5HT2A receptor activity and not 5HT1B/1D. Umbilical artery 5HT2A receptor activity responded to seed treatment differently than umbilical vein and could be the source of ergot alkaloid-induced intra-uterine growth restriction.