bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity and Resistance Patterns of Gram-Negative Uropathogens Isolated from the Urine of Patients with Upper/Lower Urinary Obstruction in Nigeria
Authors: Raphael John E. , Abhulimen Victor 
Published: April 2022

Background: Urinary tract infection is a cause of significant morbidity and potential mortality in patients. Urine microscopy culture and sensitivity enable the isolation of the incriminating microbes. The sensitivity and resistance of the various microorganisms are invaluable in the effective management of UTIs and the associated adverse consequences. Gram-negative organisms are the usual pathogens responsible for most UTIs. The abuse of antibiotics can increase the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. This leads to an increased cost of treatment, as more expensive higher-end antibiotics may become indicated. There is also the risk of spreading multidrug-resistant infections to the community.
Aims: To evaluate the sensitivity and resistance patterns of commonly available antibiotics to uropathogens in the positive urine culture of patients who presented with upper and lower urinary obstruction.
Methods: This retrospective study was carried out on urine samples of patients with upper/lower urinary obstructive from two specialist urology referral hospitals with a positive culture and sensitivity tests between January 2011 and December 2020. The patients’ case notes were retrieved, and their urine culture, sensitivity results and mode of treatment were analyzed. These data were collated using Microsoft Excel, and they were analysed using SPSS version 20.
Results: 314 urine samples had positive culture and sensitivity tests. All were Gram-negatives: Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas, Proteus and Citrobacter spp. in decreasing frequency. Among the quinolones, levofloxacin {56.7% (178)} had the highest moderate-high (M-H) sensitivity to the Gram-negative uropathogens; followed by Ciprofloxacin {46.2 % (145)} and Ofloxacin {19.1% (60)}.
The gram-negatives were most sensitive to streptomycin {75.5% (237)} and gentamicin 62.4% (196)} and also least resistant to them. (Streptomycin 11.1%; gentamicin 21.0%) The highest resistance was to Nalidixic acid {90.1%, (225)}, peflacine {76.1% (239)}, Augmentin {73.6% (231)} and Ampicillin{72%(226)}.
Conclusion: Among the commonly available antibiotics in our study, the gram-negative uropathogens are the most sensitive and least resistant to streptomycin, gentamycin and levofloxacin. Levofloxacin had the best sensitivity and lowest quinolones resistance compared to ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin. There is very low sensitivity and high resistance to nalidixic acid, ampicillin, Augmentin, Septrin and Peflacine.
Hypoglycemic and Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Ethanolic Fruit Peel Extract of Carica papaya (pawpaw) in an Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Haruna M. , Abdulmumin Y. , Abdulmumin T. M. , Murtala M. , Dalhatu M. M. 
Published: April 2022

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a severe health concern that is usually linked to a person's lifestyle and genetic variables. Its frequency of occurrence is alarming. Anti- diabetics drugs are costly and come with adverse effects. This study aims to evaluate the phytochemical, toxicity profile, antidiabetic and antihyperlipedemic effects of ethanolic fruit peel extract of Carica papaya in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
Methods: The qualitative phytochemicals and acute toxicity (LD50, oral, rats) were evaluated. Diabetes was induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg) while fasting. The rats were divided into 6 groups of 6 albino rats. Group 1 as normal control, group 2 as test control, and group 3 as standard (administrated with 0.1 mg/kg/day of glibenclamide). The ethanolic fruit peel extract of Carica papaya was administered to groups 4-6 at doses of 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg. 2-6 were induced with diabetes. Blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 3, 6, and 9 hrs, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days, and the serum lipid profile was evaluated at the last 28 days.
Results: The ethanolic fruit peel extract of Carica papaya shows the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and anthraquinones. The acute toxicity indicated that the fruit peel of Carica papaya is practically non-toxic to the experimental rats and its LD50 was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. There was a significant reduction in body weight from day 3 to day 28. The decreases in body weight were found in group 5 .The extract of Carica papaya showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction of blood glucose levels from day 3 to 28. Similarly, oral administration of fruit peel extract of Carica papaya at 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg showed significant decreases in serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) with increases in serum high density lipoprotein (HDL-C).
Conclusion:The ethanolic fruit peel extract of Carica papaya exhibited potent hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic potential in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.
Anxiety, Depression, Psychological Reaction and Impact of COVID 19 on Human Fertility
Authors: Younus Mehwish , Hira Aruna Kumari , Naz Urooj , Shahmir Sana , Naz Uroosa , Mazhar Rabia 
Published: April 2022

Objective: The current study aim to understand the anxiety, depression, psychological reaction and impact of COVID-19 on human fertility in Karachi, Pakistan.
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on all married 243 patients at Out Patients Department (OPD) of Gynecology and Obstetrics at Civil Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. The data were collected through a standardized questionnaire and this was done between from July 2020 to December 2021. Regarding the inclusion criteria, only patients who consulted a gynecologist were invited to participate in the study voluntarily. The principles of research ethics regarding the confidentiality of the data collected and ensure the anonymity of the participants. The data were analyzed by way of descriptive statistics and cross tabulation, with a P value of 5 per cent used to determine level of significance.
Results: Mostly patients were observed above 30 years 42.38% with mean age was 36.12± 3.2 years (range 18-50 years) and majority of patient’s relatively good health status 153(62.96%). Mostly couple 161 (66.25%) avoid the pregnancy in covid-19 period. Patients preferring to avoid the pregnancy due to higher COVID-19 contagion anxiety 121(75.15%) were observed. The main reason for avoid the pregnancy was fear of delivering a baby in the current situation 110(68.32%) cases. Followed by infected 55(34.16%), financial concerns 63(39.13%) and risks for the pregnancy 88 (54.65%) cases. There are significant number of patients, who report moderate anxiety 73(30.04%), severe anxiety 55(22.63%), findings of PHQ9 shows moderate depression 67(27.57%), moderately severe depression 71 (29.21%), and severe depression 25(10.28%).
Conclusion: In Covid-19 period were observed high rate of anxiety, depression, and psychological reaction in female patients who wants to conceive. Anxiety, depression, and psychological reaction might be leading to changes in sexual behavior can all predict the quality of a couple’s relationship.
Understanding the Effect of the Valence State of Perovskite B‐Site Ions on Its Oxygen Electrocatalytic Performance
Authors: Hao Zhanzhong , Xu Lincheng , Yan Yong , Li Fan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe relationship between the interactions of valence, electronic structure and orbitals generated by rare‐earth doped perovskites and the electrocatalytic mechanism is important research work. Herein, the experimental and theoretical studies prepared through La1–xSmxMnO3 show that the doping of Sm triggers the B‐site active center, which will promote the ORR and OER kinetics at the catalyst interface, and ultimately give La0.7Sm0.3MnO3 (LSM0.3) which has the most positive half‐wave potential of 0.70 V versus RHE and the smallest overpotential of 0.48 V. Meanwhile, the specific electron configuration of Sm reduces the grain boundary energy and suppresses Oswald maturation, which causes the smallest reduction for ORR current density during long‐term operation. Finally, zinc‐air cell assembled with LSM0.3 as a cathode catalyst can be cycled stably for 330 h at 1 mA cm−2. This work provides new insight into the improved electrocatalytic performance of oxygen by rare‐earth doped perovskites.
Photocatalytic Conversion of Plastic Waste: From Photodegradation to Photosynthesis
Authors: Chu Sheng , Zhang Bowen , Zhao Xin , Soo Han Sen , Wang Feng , Xiao Rui , Zhang Huiyan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPlastic waste remains a global challenge due to the massive amounts being produced without satisfactory treatment technologies for recycling and upcycling. Photocatalytic processes are emerging as green and promising approaches to upcycle plastics into value‐added products under mild conditions using sunlight as the energy source. In this review, the recent advances in plastic conversion through photocatalysis have been comprehensively summarized. Special emphasis is placed on the photocatalytic mechanism and the selective CC and CH bond transformations of plastics to access fuels, chemicals, and materials. Finally, the challenges and the perspectives on establishing a new paradigm toward a sustainable and circular plastic economy are also put forward.
Photocatalytic Chemical Crosslinking for Profiling RNA–Protein Interactions in Living Cells
Authors: Luo Huixin , Tang Wei , Liu Hongyu , Zeng Xiangmei , Ngai William Shu Ching , Gao Rui , Li Heyun , Li Ran , Zheng Huangtao , Guo Jianting , Qin Fangfei , Wang Gang , Li Kexin , Fan Xinyuan , Zou Peng , Chen Peng R. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe dynamic interactions between RNAs and proteins play crucial roles in regulating diverse cellular processes. Proteome‐wide characterization of these interactions in their native cellular context remains desirable but challenging. Herein, we developed a photocatalytic crosslinking (PhotoCAX) strategy coupled with mass spectrometry (PhotoCAX‐MS) and RNA sequencing (PhotoCAX‐seq) for the study of the composition and dynamics of protein‐RNA interactions. By integrating the blue light‐triggered photocatalyst with a dual‐functional RNA–protein crosslinker (RP‐linker) and the phase separation‐based enrichment strategy, PhotoCAX‐MS revealed a total of 2044 RBPs in human HEK293 cells. We further employed PhotoCAX to investigate the dynamic change of RBPome in macrophage cells upon LPS‐stimulation, as well as the identification of RBPs interacting directly with the 5′ untranslated regions of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA.
“Rim‐Differentiated” Pillar[6]arenes
Authors: Chao Yang , Thikekar Tushar Ulhas , Fang Wangjian , Chang Rong , Xu Jiong , Ouyang Nianfeng , Xu Jun , Gao Yan , Guo Minjie , Zuilhof Han , Sue Andrew C.‐H. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA “rim‐differentiated” pillar[6]arene (RD‐P[6]) was obtained successfully, with the assistance of a dimeric silver trifluoroacetate template, among eight different constitutional isomers in a direct and regioselective manner. The solid‐state conformation of this macrocycle could switch from the 1,3,5‐alternate to a truly rim‐differentiated one upon guest inclusion. This highly symmetric RD‐P[6] not only hosts metal‐containing molecules inside its cavity, but also can form a pillar[6]arene‐C60 adduct through co‐crystallization on account of donor‐acceptor interactions. The development of synthetic strategies to desymmetrize pillararenes offers new opportunities for engineering complex molecular architectures and organic electronic materials.
On‐Surface Synthesis of a Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Nanoribbon with Multiple Substitutional Sites
Authors: Zhang Yong , Lu Jianchen , Li Yang , Li Baijin , Ruan Zilin , Zhang Hui , Hao Zhenliang , Sun Shijie , Xiong Wei , Gao Lei , Chen Long , Cai Jinming 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDoped graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) with heteroatoms are a principal strategy to fine‐tune the electronic structures of GNRs for future device applications. Here, we successfully synthesized the N=9 nitrogen‐doped armchair GNR on the Au(111) surface. Due to the flexibility of precursor molecules, three different covalent bonds (C−C, C−N, N−N) are formed in the GNR backbone. Scanning tunneling spectroscopy analysis together with band structure calculations reveals that the band gap of the N‐9‐AGNRs (C−C) will be enlarged compared to pristine 9‐AGNRs, and the C−N bond and N−N bond at the isolated site of N‐9‐AGNR (C−C) will introduce new defect states near the Fermi level. DFT calculations reveal that the electronic structure of N‐9‐AGNR (C−C) shows semiconductor character, while N‐9‐AGNR (C−N) and N‐9‐AGNR (N−N) display metallic character. Our results provide a promising route for creating more complex molecular heterostructures with tunable band gaps, which may be useful for future molecular electronics and memory device applications.
Conway–Maxwell Poisson regression‐based control charts under iterative Liu estimator for monitoring count data
Authors: Mammadova Ulduz , Özkale M. Revan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDuring the evaluation and monitoring of a process, shifts are inherit parts of any statistical process control. In statistical process control, identifying the sources of such shifts is essential. Although there are many tools to identify the sources of such shifts, the control charts are most commonly used to identify these shifts. In this article, Shewhart, CUSUM, and EWMA control charts are proposed based on Liu deviance residuals for count data when there is a multicollinearity problem in Conway–Maxwell Poisson profiles to identify shifts. The comparisons of the proposed control charts are made with the deviance and ridge deviance‐based Shewhart, CUSUM, and EWMA control charts. Thus, a numerical illustration through bike‐sharing dataset and Monte Carlo simulation are considered. The simulation study is performed for the Poisson and COM‐Poisson distributions to see the effects of over‐ and underdispersion, the number of predictors as well as the shift size.
Combinatorial InVitroFlow‐assisted mutagenesis (CombIMut) yields a 41‐fold improved CelA2 cellulase
Authors: Körfer Georgette , Besirlioglu Volkan , Davari Mehdi D. , Martinez Ronny , Vojcic Ljubica , Schwaneberg Ulrich 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe combination of diversity generation methods and ultrahigh‐throughput screening (uHTS) technologies is key to efficiently explore nature's sequence space and elucidate structure–function relationships of enzymes. Beneficial substitutions often cluster in a few regions and simultaneous amino acid substitutions at multiple positions (e.g., by OmniChange) will likely lead to further improved enzyme variants. An extensive screening effort is required to identify such variants, as the simultaneous randomization of four codons can easily yield over 105 potential enzyme variants. The combination of flow cytometer‐based uHTS with cell‐free compartmentalization technology using (w/o/w) double emulsions (InVitroFlow), provides analysis capabilities of up to 107 events per hour, thus enabling efficient screening. InVitroFlow is an elegant solution since diversity loss through a transformation of host cells is omitted and emulsion compartments provide a genotype‐phenotype linkage through a fluorescence readout. In this study, a multisite saturation mutagenesis and an OmniChange library with four simultaneously saturated positions in the active site of CelA2 cellulase were screened using InVitroFlow. Screening of over 36 million events, yielded a significantly improved cellulase variant CelA2‐M3 (H288F/H524Q) with an 8‐fold increase in specific activity compared to the parent CelA2‐H288F (83.9 U/mg) and a 41‐fold increased specific activity (674.5 U/mg) compared to wildtype CelA2 (16.6 U/mg) for the substrate 4‐MUC (4‐methylumbelliferyl‐β
d‐cellobioside).
A Light(er) Approach for the Selective Hydrogenation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5‐Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan without External H2
Authors: Jaryal Arpna , Venugopala Rao Battula , Kailasam Kamalakannan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe selective conversion of 5‐hydroxymethyfurfural (HMF), a biomass‐derived platform molecule, to value added chemicals can ease the burden on petroleum‐based fine chemical synthesis. The active contribution of renewable energy sources along with low cost, environmental friendliness, and a simple reaction system must be adopted for better sustainability. In this context, photocatalytic selective hydrogenation of HMF to 2,5‐bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (BHMF) was achieved over P25 titania nanoparticles without chemical squander. Simultaneously the photo‐oxidation of p‐methoxybenzyl alcohol (MeOBA) to p‐methoxybenzaldehyde (MeOBaL), similar to biomass‐derived vanillin, was carried out, abolishing the need of additional redox reagents. This system put forward the competent employment of photogenerated excitons for the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass to fine chemicals, which is an urgent requirement for sustainable chemical synthesis.
Combined Power of Organo‐ and Transition Metal Catalysis in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Chakraborty Nikita , Das Bubul , Rajbongshi Kamal K. , Patel Bhisma K. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe combination of organocatalysis with transition metal catalysis is an emerging research area for the scientific community. Various unprecedented transformations that are otherwise inaccessible by individual catalytic systems can be achieved with good efficiency and stereocontrolled manner by this dual‐catalytic strategy. This Review presents a detailed discussion on the recent advances in dual catalytic systems combining organocatalysis and transition metal catalysis, covering the literature of the last five years. A wide variety of combinations of transition metals with organocatalysts including aminocatalysts, such as secondary amines and more recent primary amines, Brønsted acid catalysts, especially phosphoric acids based on the chiral BINOL scaffold and N‐heterocyclic carbene catalysts, are discussed. Considering the great contribution of this domain to organic synthesis, the present and future potential of this new and exciting research field is highlighted.
Mechanistic Studies on the Epoxidation of Alkenes by Macrocyclic Manganese Porphyrin Catalysts
Authors: Chen Xiaofei , Duez Quentin , Tripodi Guilherme L. , Gilissen Pieter J. , Piperoudis Dimitrios , Tinnemans Paul , Elemans Johannes A. A. W. , Roithová Jana , Nolte Roeland J. M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMacrocyclic metal porphyrin complexes can act as shape‐selective catalysts mimicking the action of enzymes. To achieve enzyme‐like reactivity, a mechanistic understanding of the reaction at the molecular level is needed. We report a mechanistic study of alkene epoxidation by the oxidant iodosylbenzene, mediated by an achiral and a chiral manganese(V)oxo porphyrin cage complex. Both complexes convert a great variety of alkenes into epoxides in yields varying between 20–88 %. We monitored the process of the formation of the manganese(V)oxo complexes by oxygen transfer from iodosylbenzene to manganese(III) complexes and their reactivity by ion mobility mass spectrometry. The results show that in the case of the achiral cage complex the initial iodosylbenzene adduct is formed on the inside of the cage and in the case of the chiral one on the outside of the cage. Its decomposition leads to a manganese complex with the oxo ligand on either the inside or outside of the cage. These experimental results are confirmed by DFT calculations. The oxo ligand on the outside of the cage reacts faster with a substrate molecule than the oxo ligand on the inside. The results indicate how the catalytic activity of the macrocyclic porphyrin complex can be tuned and explain why the chiral porphyrin complex does not catalyze the enantioselective epoxidation of alkenes.
Estimation of the Effects of Neonicotinoid Insecticides on Wild Raccoon, Procyon lotor, in Hokkaido, Japan: Urinary Concentrations and Hepatic Metabolic Capability of Neonicotinoids
Authors: Shinya So , Sashika Mariko , Minamikawa Miku , Itoh Tetsuji , Yohannes Yared Beyene , Nakayama Shouta M. M. , Ishizuka Mayumi , Nimako Collins , Ikenaka Yoshinori 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Toxicological effects of neonicotinoid insecticides (NNIs) have been reported for mammals, such as humans, rats, and mice. However, there are limited reports on their toxic effects on wild mammals. To predict NNI-induced toxic effects on wild mammals, it is necessary to determine the exposure levels and metabolic ability of these species. We considered that raccoons could be an animal model for evaluating NNI-induced toxicities on wildlife because they live near agricultural fields and eat crops treated with NNIs. The objective of the present study was to estimate the effects of NNI exposure on wild raccoons. Urinary concentrations of NNI compounds (n = 59) and cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of NNIs (n = 3) were evaluated in wild raccoons captured in Hokkaido, Japan, in 2020. We detected either one of the six NNIs or one metabolite, including acetamiprid, imidacloprid, clothianidin, dinotefuran, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, and desmethyl-acetamiprid in 90% of raccoons (53/59); the average cumulative concentration of the seven NNI compounds was 3.1 ng/ml. The urinary concentrations were not much different from those reported previously for humans. Furthermore, we performed an in vitro assessment of the ability of raccoons to metabolize NNIs using hepatic microsomes. The amounts of NNI metabolites were measured using liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry and compared with those in rats. Raccoons showed much lower metabolic ability; the maximum velocity/Michaelis–Menten constant (Vmax/Km) values for raccoons were one-tenth to one-third of those for rats. For the first time, we show that wild raccoons could be frequently exposed to NNIs in the environment, and that the cytochrome P450-dependent metabolism of NNIs in the livers of raccoons might be low. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the effects of NNIs on raccoons, leading to better conservation efforts for wild mammals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1865–1874. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Enantioselectivity and residue analysis of cycloxaprid and its metabolite in the pile and fermentation processing of Puer tea by ultraperformance liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Liu Hongcheng , Tian Hen , Jiang MingMing , Lin Tao , Li Ji , Huang Xiangzhong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe residues of cycloxaprid enantiomers and metabolites are investigated by ultraperformance liquid chromatography–high‐resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC‐HRMS) during raw and ripen Puer tea processing. A Chiralpak AG column with chiral stationary phase of amylose tris (3‐chloro‐5‐methylphenylcarbamate) is succeed to separate the 1R, 2S‐cycloxaprid, 1S, 2R‐cycloxaprid, and their metabolite, which is identified as nitrylene‐imidazolidine. It is not conversed 1R, 2S ‐cycloxaprid into 1S,2R‐cycloxaprid during Puer tea processing. The estimated half‐lives of the 1R,2S‐cycloxaprid and 1S,2R‐cycloxaprid are 0.97 and 1.1 h, respectively, and 1R,2S‐cycloxaprid decreases more quickly than the 1S,2R‐cycloxaprid. During raw Puer tea processing, the half‐lives of 1R, 2S‐cycloxaprid and 1S, 2R‐cycloxaprid are 1.68 h and 1.77 h, but the residue is still detected even if it is over 730 day. However, the half‐lives of 1R,2S‐cycloxaprid and 1S,2R‐cycloxaprid are 0.60 day and 0.63 day during ripen tea processing. The amounts of metabolite are more in raw tea than in ripen tea; the terminal residues are still detected until 730 days during raw tea. A significant enantioselectivity of 1R, 2S‐cycloxaprid and 1S, 2R‐cycloxaprid is observed during raw tea or ripen tea processing. The degration result shows the enantioselectivity of cycloxaprid in raw or ripen Puer tea processing.