bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redress and Transformation
Authors: Salomone Rosemary 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
To what extent has South Africa achieved redress and transformation as envisioned in its post-apartheid constitution? What racial and class inequities related to language remain, and how can they be remedied? Addressing these questions, this chapter examines the role of English versus Afrikaans and indigenous languages, particularly in education. It discusses the Black population’s identifying Afrikaans with apartheid oppression while viewing English as the language of resistance and upward mobility. It looks at three decisions of the Constitutional Court, one of which laid the groundwork for addressing the right to “receive education in the official language of one’s choice.” The other two decisions upheld university policies that eliminated or minimized instruction in Afrikaans in favor of English. The chapter questions whether the Court’s most recent “multilingual turn” looking beyond the past, in the case against Stellenbosch University, can effectively reshape public discourse and language policies across education.
Marketing Language
Authors: Salomone Rosemary 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
What is the value of language skills in the global knowledge economy? How do those skills meet needs in the domestic service economy? To what extent can technology fill those demands? This chapter examines ways of looking at language from a market perspective. It begins with “Marketing English,” moving from the treatment of call center workers in India and the Philippines to a more general discussion of English skills, the benefits and challenges for workers and companies, and the trend toward using English in multinational corporations. It then turns to “Marketing Multilingualism,” examining both the economic gains and the global need for multilingual workers. In that regard, it looks at the United States, Europe, and the United Kingdom post-Brexit. Sorting through the potential and limits of technology for translation and interpretation, it underscores the importance of the human element, especially in situations that require precision, like health care and international politics.
After Access
Authors: Ticona Julia 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
While the digital hustle is a shared set of strategies, high- and low-wage workers don’t do it under the same conditions. This chapter explains how the terms on which low-wage workers are included in the digital economy reinforce and amplify the disadvantages they already face in the labor market and elsewhere. From buying phones at Walmart and buying airtime at gas stations, low-wage workers face an exploitative marketplace to purchase phones and Internet connections. In addition, these workers often utilize technical infrastructure—from public or commercial Wi-Fi networks to phones with poorer privacy protections—that make them vulnerable to increased amounts and invasive forms of data collection. Market actors make connectivity appear affordable, but predictable instability in their connections requires workers to do “invisible labor” to overcome being disconnected. This chapter also describes the crosscutting ways that racism and the threat of policing and violence shape workers’ ability to use Wi-Fi in public places.
Another Kind of Normal
Authors: Ward Graham 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis volume begins constructing the Christian theological basis for ethical living: an interpretation of Christ’s coming and its relation to God as the Creator. An Augustinian vision of consonance between divine rhythm and the rhythmic orders of creation governs the whole volume, which argues for the inseparability of Christology and creation. On the basis of what Augustine calls the ‘interval’, it proposes Christ is encountered as riddle, scandal, and paradox. An account of creation as a Trinitarian event calls for rethinking the key teachings with respect to this understanding of creation as a divine benediction and a theatre for transformation and healing: the ex nihilo out of which all things came to be; what it means to be human; notions of Eden; and the concept of the Fall. An understanding of the relationship between the operations of time and grace is fundamental here, and the book argues for the omnidirectionality of time as graced, rejecting a conception of the temporal as linear and theologies indebted to that conception. Examining our participation in God, through our hiddenness in Christ the book develops an account of the relationship between divine and human creativity. In this participation of all things in God, human beings are haunted by the Christ through whom all things came to be and formed as those created to tend and attend to all that is given. Consonance is the mark of our homecoming, our responsibilities within creation, and the salvation of all life in, through, and with Christ.
Sighs for Eden
Authors: Ward Graham 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe theme of loss in the last chapter is taken up in terms of the doctrine of an original paradise. This chapter radically problematizes the temporality of that paradigm of perfection–sin–redemption, and foregrounds those questions about the sighs for a lost Eden. There was no paradise historically, so what is being figured in the Scriptures? The Scriptures are examined through the lens of God as planter and horticulturalist and the nature of gardens as forms of heterotopia is explored. The exploration focuses on the two geographical gardens in the Gospels—Gethsemane and the garden of the empty tomb—before returning to the mythic sensibilities of Eden in Derek Jarman’s film The Garden. The film (and Jarman’s Journals) play with the idea of paradise, but in ways which reinvent the myth and its contemporary significance.
The Victorian Novel and the Problems of Marine Language
Authors: Kerr Matthew P. M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTo write about the sea in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries was to do so against a vast accretion of past deeds, patterns of thought, and particularly modes of expression, many of which had begun to feel not just settled but exhausted. All at Sea takes up this circumstance, showing how prose writers in this period grappled with the super-conventionalized nature of the sea as a setting, as a shaper of plot and character, as a structuring motif, and as a source of metaphor. But while writing about the sea required careful negotiation of multiple and sometimes conflicting associations, the sea’s multiplicity and freight function not just as impediments to thought or expression but as sources of intellectual and expressive possibilities. The book examines a provocatively diverse group of key authors spanning from the 1830s to the 1930s. The discussion treats both writers inextricably associated with the sea (Frederick Marryat, Joseph Conrad) and those whose works are less obviously marine, such as Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, George Eliot, William Makepeace Thackeray, and Virginia Woolf. What these writers share, among other things, is that they simultaneously register and turn to account the difficulties that attend writing about, and writing with, the sea. In the process, their sea-writing sheds new light on the value of marginalized representational techniques including repetition, cliché, and imprecision.
Joseph Conrad’s Departures
Authors: Kerr Matthew P. M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractJoseph Conrad promoted precision as a principle of quality in literary writing, and an epitome of sailorly ethics and good practice. But he simultaneously insisted that haziness and indeterminacy were indispensable to his novels. Accommodating this apparent contradiction, this chapter argues that precision does not equate to a denial of vagueness. Instead, reading Conrad shows that precision as an epistemological practice and fictional method must accommodate inaccuracy, mostly in its mediations between particularity and abstraction. The split quality of precision relates to the sea by way of shifts in the practice and regulation of shipping, which accelerated in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The maritime history of Conrad’s precision suggests an underexplored vector for the widely acknowledged modernist aesthetics of exactitude, usually allied to mechanization. Precision, for Conrad, is a way of thinking and writing in intimacy with error.
One, Two, One, Two
Authors: Kerr Matthew P. M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractVirginia Woolf attempted to enact closure through writing about the sea. For Woolf, sea-writing is inexorably associated with nineteenth-century power structures: the sea is a masculinized emblem of military and economic might, and (relatedly) a conduit of empire. However, this concluding chapter measures two forms of debt to the nineteenth century’s seas against each other in two key novels by Woolf. While The Voyage Out shows Woolf discarding sea styles and stories as chauvinist and imperialist, the sea later enables the productive formal instability upon which The Waves launches its critique of imperial patriarchy. A short coda to the chapter summarizes central arguments and ideas in the book, in particular the relevance of its argument to studies not just of sea-writing but also of literary language more broadly.
Summary and Skeptic’s Corner
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
These AI and HCAI views emerge from an ongoing debate between the rationalists, who favor logical thinking based on laboratory research, and empiricists, who pursue real world observations with an empathy for human needs. Both approaches have value, so I have come to blend rationalist thinking with an empiricist approach. Even as computers become more powerful and algorithms more sophisticated, the dominant design strategy will be to build supertools that empower people with more control over ever more advanced automation. The disruptions to people’s work lives from automation are real, so substantial efforts are needed to improve worker welfare and reduce inequality.
Summary and Skeptic’s Corner
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The HCAI framework clarifies when computer control for rapid automated action is necessary, when human desire for mastery is paramount, and when there are dangers of excessive automation or excessive human control. It clarifies design choices for (1) consumer and professional applications, such as widely used recommender systems, advertising tools, social media platforms, and search engines, which have brought strong benefits to consumers; (2) consequential applications in medical, legal, environmental, or financial systems that can bring substantial benefits and harms; and (3) life-critical applications such as cars, airplanes, trains, military systems, pacemakers, or intensive care units.
Coda
Authors: Berman Carolyn Vellenga 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Coda compares the initial excitement about the democratic possibilities of the internet in the twenty-first century—and subsequent fears concerning the political effects of social media and the resurgence of populism—with nineteenth-century responses to the proliferation of printed paper. It likens the early Victorian debates about allowing the reporting of debates to experiments with regulating communication through Twitter and Facebook. It then reveals how recent events have refocused our attention on both representative democracy and the book as fragile formations. It links recent proposals for adjusting the effects of social media to Dickens’s own efforts on copyright. Finally, it shows how Dickens’s satirical proposals anticipated dystopian aspects of our current world of smartphones and the attention economy.
Hongkongers in the British Armed Forces, 1860-1997
Authors: Kwong Chi Man 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The historical experience of the Hongkongers during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries is unique, as Hong Kong has been a multi-ethnic and multicultural society, an international trading hub, and a geopolitically crucial British colony until 1997. In past decades, historians produced works on different aspects of Hong Kong history, but one particular group remained obscure: the more than 30,000 Hong Kong men and women who served in the British armed forces from the Opium Wars to the end of British rule. This book is the first systematic study of the experience of Hong Kong servicemen in the British armed forces during the colonial period. It puts them in the contexts of Hong Kong history, the history of overseas Chinese, the history of the British Empire, and the military history of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It details the agency of Hongkongers, who were more often than not portrayed as victims or beneficiaries during the two world wars and the Cold War, and highlights the relevance of Hong Kong in the modern history of East Asia. It also looks at how the intertwined issues of class and race played out among these servicemen, who came from a variety of ethnic, cultural, and social backgrounds. It reveals the complexity of colonial Hong Kong society by illustrating the interplay between the colonisers and the colonised of different classes and ethnicities and informs the ongoing discussion about colonial Hong Kong by providing concrete examples of the collaboration between ethnic groups.
The Interwar Period, 1919–1941
Authors: Chi Man Kwong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The fourth chapter focuses on the experience of the Hong Kong soldiers and ratings during the interwar period (1919–39) until the battle of Hong Kong in 1941. It starts with a discussion of the experience of Hong Kong servicemen during the interwar period when serving in the military was seen as a stable career that offered learning opportunities for the working-class Hongkongers. Meanwhile, volunteer military service in the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Corps was seen as a means for middle-class Hongkongers to gain respectability, especially for the Portuguese and the Eurasians who were sometimes seen as outsiders in pre-war Hong Kong society. The chapter then covers the British attempt to recruit more locals for the defence of Hong Kong from 1936. The training and organisation of the various local units are discussed. It challenges the myth that the Chinese in Hong Kong were not mobilised because of the racist prejudices held by the British decision-makers. It suggests that Chinese propagandists first engineered the myth in 1942 in an attempt to undermine British prestige in China after the fall of Hong Kong, as the Nationalist government was planning to pressure the British to give up Hong Kong after the war. The myth found a second life after the signing of the Sino–British Joint Declaration in 1984 because of the changing political situation.
Military Service in Cold War Hong Kong, 1946–1997
Authors: Chi Man Kwong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the experience of the Hong Kong servicemen between the end of the Second World War and the end of British rule in 1997. It examines the servicemen’s lives and actions during the Cold War, the changing status of the servicemen, and the attempt of the colonial elites to use military service to instil civic spirit among the locals. It first offers an overview of the strategic situation of Hong Kong and the post–Second World War garrison, and suggests that while Hong Kong became an outpost of the free world and an economic powerhouse, it faced a peculiar security problem that could not be solved by the garrison alone. Nevertheless, the garrison helped maintain the confidence of the population and supported the civil government during internal security situations. The issues arising out of the gradual British withdrawal from Hong Kong, especially the redundancy of Hong Kong servicemen, are also discussed. The last section of the chapter narrates the Hong Kong veterans’ fight for the right of abode in the United Kingdom and financial compensation during the 1980s and 1990s. To fight the bureaucrats in Hong Kong and London, the veterans formed a united front that was not bounded by class and ethnicity, and enlisted support from international civil society. These factors explained their eventual, albeit modest, success.
Keeping Out of Court II
Authors: Bricker Andrew Benjamin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the tricks used in the book trade to print, market, distribute, and circulate satiric works. It also discusses Jonathan Swift and the Act of Anne, the first modern copyright law. Although the statute protected booksellers by requiring the formal registration of publications, it also benefited authors, by giving them a mechanism for selling their rights, sometimes even in exchange for legal protection. Swift, for instance, found numerous accomplices to absorb the repercussions of his publications in exchange for editorial freedom with his texts and the profits extending from copyright. This chapter shows how the ruses used to distribute a range of illicit works fundamentally shaped the visual and material qualities of printed satire. It also reorients discussions of copyright law away from the historical model—what intellectual property was—to how satirists and those in the book trade exploited the provisions of the Act of Anne to create legal protections.
The Talk of the Town
Authors: Roth Carla 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Talk of the Town explores everyday communication in a sixteenth-century small town and the role it played in the circulation of information across and within early modern communities. It does so through the lens of the St Gall linen trader Johannes Rütiner (1501–56/7) and his notebooks, the Commentationes––a little-known source which offers unusual insights into an oral world normally hidden from view. A close reading of Rütiner’s notes on hundreds of conversations reveals what the inhabitants of a sixteenth-century town talked about, through which channels such information reached them, and how it was then processed, shared, criticized, contradicted, and employed as a means to forge and strengthen social bonds. By bringing together the histories of sociability and information, reconstructing Rütiner’s network of informants and probing a broad variety of exchanges—jokes, gossip, news, and tales of the past—this book rethinks both what constituted valuable information in the sixteenth century and who was able to provide it, and argues that the circulation of information remained inseparably linked to the social dynamics of face-to-face exchanges long into the age of print.
Introduction
Authors: Roth Carla 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The Introduction argues that early modern exchanges of information were shaped by the social dynamics of face-to-face exchanges long into the age of print. It proposes to study these dynamics through the lens of an exceptional but little-known source, namely Johannes Rütiner’s Commentationes, and by bringing together the histories of information and sociability. A close reading and contextualization of Rütiner’s notes on hundreds of conversations allows us to explore what the inhabitants of a sixteenth-century town talked about, what kind of information they valued, through which channels such information reached them, and how it was then processed, shared, criticized, contradicted, and employed as a means to forge and strengthen social bonds. Zooming in on a small sixteenth-century town moreover enables us to examine what the early modern communications revolution looked like outside of the large printing centres upon which historians of communication have so far bestowed much of their attention, and to a community which did not directly partake in its novelties. At the same time, Rütiner’s notes also force us to rethink both what constituted valuable information in the sixteenth century and who was able to provide it. To this end, the introduction introduces the concept of ‘communicative capital’, and argues that such diverse content as jokes, gossip, rumours, and tales could serve as currency on the early modern marketplace of information.
Conclusion
Authors: Roth Carla 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The conclusion turns to the end of the 1530s, when, just before Rütiner’s notes come to a sudden end, the talk of the St Gall increasingly reached the consensus that war was imminent. It argues that this fear of war was amplified by the close entanglement between information and community in 1530s St Gall, which gave informants both an incentive to tailor their stories to their audiences’ fears and expectations and the knowledge required to do so. The conclusion then looks beyond sixteenth-century St Gall to argue that one of the more important transformations in the history of early modern communication was a growing separation between the dissemination of news and the circulation of social knowledge—a development which is in the process of being reversed in the current age of social media.
Living with a Playhouse
Authors: Highley Christopher 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers why there were no formal complaints against the playhouse between 1596 and the next petition of 1619. It argues that the playhouse brought economic and social benefits to the area, and that over time theater people became a familiar part of the neighborhood. Even the godly learned to live in the shadow of a playhouse. For the Blackfriars clergy, maintaining neighborhood stability by accommodating the interests of different factions usually trumped a desire for ideological purity. The presence of a playhouse may even have served their polemical goals until material conditions dictated otherwise.
Gouge, the Spanish Match, and Blackfriars “Spanish” Plays
Authors: Highley Christopher 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that William Gouge not only continued Stephen Egerton’s tradition of dissident preaching but also made the parish of St. Anne’s a cockpit of opposition to Stuart policy in church and state. King James’s pursuit of an inter-faith dynastic marriage for Prince Charles and his reluctance to support the Protestant cause in Europe galvanized Gouge and his activist parishioners. Their sermons and other writings pushed back against Stuart policies in subtle and not so subtle ways. In doing so, they resonated with similar oppositional discourses in contemporary Blackfriars Spanish-themed plays. During these years, sermons and plays were more in dialogue with than opposed to one another.
Intention and Motivation
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
What is the role of intentions in the actions intended? What do they contribute, and how do they contribute to the occurrence of the intended actions? The chapter will offer an account of acting with an intention and of having an intention to act. It will not offer an account of intentional action, merely suggesting that when intentional actions are not actions done with an intention, their explanation as intentional relates to that of actions with intentions, showing how like them and unlike them they are. Motivation will be discussed mainly to distinguish its role in leading to action from the role played by intentions.
Is There a Reason to Keep a Promise?
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
If promises are binding there must be a reason to do as one promised. There is a difficulty in explaining what that reason is. It arises because the reasons that promising creates are content independent. Similar difficulties arise regarding other content-independent reasons, though their solution need not be the same. Section 1 introduces an approach to promises, and outlines an account of them. The problems discussed in the chapter arise, albeit in slightly modified ways, for various other accounts as well. It is, however, helpful to use a specific account as a springboard leading to one explanation of promissory reasons, namely of the reasons that valid promises constitute for performing the promised act (Section 2). We can call it the bare reasons account. Sections 3 and 4 will raise difficulties with that account, leading to its abandonment in favour of an alternative in Sections 5 and 6.