bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision Science Can Help Address the Challenges of Long‐Term Planning in the Colorado River Basin
Authors: Smith Rebecca , Zagona Edith , Kasprzyk Joseph , Bonham Nathan , Alexander Elliot , Butler Alan , Prairie James , Jerla Carly 
Published: January 2022

Abstract“Deep uncertainty” is a term that describes planning contexts in which it is impossible to determine the likelihood of any given set of future conditions, there are conflicting performance objectives and priorities, and decision outcomes are unpredictable. Evidence of the relevance of this term in the Colorado River Basin can be found in the unexpected severity and length of the ongoing drought, the existence of a wide range of future streamflow and demand projections and anticipated system requirements, as well as in the diverse range of stakeholders, viewpoints, and priorities that must be considered when developing and analyzing future operating policies. Decision Making under Deep Uncertainty (DMDU) is a branch of decision science devoted to developing planning approaches that can address these challenges. Reclamation began exploring DMDU techniques in 2012 in the Colorado River Basin Water Supply and Demand Study when it used the concepts of adaptation, vulnerability, and robustness in the design and evaluation of portfolios of options and strategies to address a potential supply‐demand imbalance in coming decades. This article presents the basis for continuing to explore DMDU techniques and briefly describes how Reclamation’s recent and ongoing DMDU studies could contribute to future planning efforts in the Colorado River Basin.
Radiation therapy induces an abscopal effect and upregulates programmed death‐ligand 1 expression in a patient with non‐small cell lung cancer
Authors: Morita Yutaka , Saijo Atsuro , Nokihara Hiroshi , Mitsuhashi Atsushi , Yoneda Hiroto , Otsuka Kenji , Ogino Hirokazu , Bando Yoshimi , Nishioka Yasuhiko 
Published: January 2022

AbstractRadiation therapy (RT) activates the antigen presentation of dendritic cells and priming of cancer‐specific cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, occasionally resulting in a systemic immune response to the tumor outside of the treatment field. The phenomenon of tumor regression at the site distant from irradiated fields is known as the abscopal effect. Several case reports have indicated a potential role of RT in overcoming primary and acquired resistance against immune checkpoint inhibitors in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and melanoma patients. We herein report an NSCLC patient who developed acquired resistance to an RT‐induced abscopal effect and subsequently experienced reactivation of the systemic antitumor immune response by pembrolizumab, an antiprogrammed death 1 antibody. In this case, RT not only induced an abscopal effect but also upregulated the programmed death‐ligand 1 expression outside of the irradiated field when the patient developed resistance to the abscopal effect. This case can facilitate our understanding of the mechanism underlying the RT‐induced systemic immune response against cancer cells and adaptive resistance mechanism of cancer cells from immune surveillance. These findings highlight the promising results of current clinical trials combining RT and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Ongoing clinical trials will further establish evidence supporting combination therapy with RT and immune checkpoint inhibitors.
Higher intensity of 72‐h noninvasive cardiac test referral does not improve short‐term outcomes among emergency department patients with chest pain
Authors: Mark Dustin G. , Shan Judy , Huang Jie , Ballard Dustin W. , Vinson David R. , Kene Mamata V. , Sax Dana R. , Rauchwerger Adina S. , Reed Mary E. ,   for the Kaiser Permanente CREST Network Investigators
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundIt is unclear whether referral for cardiac noninvasive testing (NIT) following emergency department (ED) chest pain encounters improves short‐term outcomes.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of patients presenting with chest pain, without ST‐elevation myocardial infarction or myocardial injury by serum troponin testing, between 2013 and 2019 to 21 EDs within an integrated health care system. We examined the association between NIT referral (within 72 h of the ED encounter) and a primary outcome of 60‐day major adverse cardiac events (MACE). Secondary outcomes were 60‐day MACE without coronary revascularization (MACE‐CR) and 60‐day all‐cause mortality. To account for confounding by indication for NIT, we grouped patient encounters into ranked tertiles of NIT referral intensity based on the likelihood of 72‐h NIT referral associated with the initially assigned emergency physician, relative to local peers and within discrete time periods. Associations between NIT referral‐intensity tertile and outcomes were assessed using risk‐adjusted multivariable logistic regression.ResultsAmong 210,948 eligible patient encounters, 72‐h NIT referral frequency was 11.9%, 18.3%, and 25.9% in low, intermediate, and high NIT referral‐intensity encounters, respectively. Compared with the low referral‐intensity tertile, there was a higher risk of 60‐day MACE within the high referral‐intensity tertile (odds ratio [OR] = 1.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04 to 1.17) due to more coronary revascularizations without corresponding differences in MACE‐CR or all‐cause mortality. In analyses stratified by patients' estimated risk (HEART score; 50.5% lower risk, 38.7% moderate risk, 10.8% higher risk), the difference in 60‐day MACE was primarily attributable to moderate‐risk encounters (OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.08 to 1.24), with no differences among either lower‐ (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.92 to 1.31) or higher‐ (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.90 to 1.14) risk encounters.ConclusionHigher referral intensity for 72‐h NIT was associated with higher risk of coronary revascularization but no difference in adverse events within 60 days. These findings further call into question the urgency of NIT among ED patients without objective evidence of myocardial injury.
Identifying the outcomes important to men with hypogonadism: A qualitative evidence synthesis
Authors: Aceves‐Martins Magaly , Quinton Richard , Brazzelli Miriam , Cruickshank Moira , Manson Paul , Hudson Jemma , Oliver Nick , Hernandez Rodolfo , Aucott Lorna , Wu Frederick , Dhillo Waljit S. , Bhattacharya Siladitya , Gillies Katie , Jayasena Channa N. ,   NIHR Testosterone Efficacy & Safety (TestES) Consortium
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveMen with male hypogonadism (MH) experience sexual dysfunction, which improves with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). However, randomised controlled trials provide little consensus on functional and behavioural symptoms in hypogonadal men; these are often better captured by qualitative information from individual patient experience.MethodsWe systematically searched major electronic databases to identify qualitative data from men with hypogonadism, with or without TRT. Two independent authors performed the selection, extraction, and thematic analysis of data. Quality of eligible studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisals Skills Programme and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation‐Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research tools.ResultsWe analysed data from five studies published in nine reports that assessed a total of 284 participants. Published data were only available within North America, with no ethnic minority or other underserved groups included. In addition to sexual dysfunction, men with MH experienced adverse changes in physical strength, perceptions of masculinity, cognitive function, and quality of life. The experience of MH appeared dependent on the source(s) of educational material.DiscussionWe propose a patient‐centred approach to clinician interactions rather than focusing on discreet MH symptoms. Current evidence about the experience of MH is limited to North America and predominantly white ethnicity, which may not be broadly applicable to other geographic regions. Broadening our understanding of the MH experience may improve the targeting of information to patients. In addition, a multidisciplinary approach may better address symptoms neither attributable to MH nor alleviated by TRT.
Spatiotemporal patterns of emergence phenology reveal complex species‐specific responses to temperature in aquatic insects
Authors: Finn Debra S. , Johnson Sherri L. , Gerth William J. , Arismendi Ivan , Li Judith L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimClimate change is broadly affecting phenology, but species‐specific phenological response to temperature is not well understood. In streams, insect emergence has important ecosystem‐level consequences because emergent adults link aquatic and terrestrial food webs. We quantified emergence timing and duration (within‐population synchronicity) of insects among streams along a spatiotemporal gradient of mean water temperature in a montane basin to assess the sensitivity of these phenological traits to heat accumulation from mid‐winter through spring emergence periods.LocationSix headwater streams in the Lookout Creek basin, H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon, USA.MethodsWe collected emerging adults of four abundant insect species twice weekly throughout spring for 6 consecutive years. We fit Gaussian models to the empirical temporal distributions to characterize peak emergence timing (mean) and duration (days between 5th and 95th percentiles) for each species/stream/year combination. We then quantified relationships between degree‐day accumulation and phenological response.ResultsOnly one of the four species (a caddisfly) showed a simple response of earlier emergence timing in both warmer streams and years. One stonefly had lengthy emergence periods resulting in substantial phenological overlap between warmer and cooler streams/years. Interestingly, two species (a mayfly and a stonefly) responded strongly to temporal (interannual) temperature differences but minimally to spatial differences, indicating that emergence was nearly synchronous among streams, within years. These two species had among‐stream differences approaching 500 degree‐days from mid‐winter to peak emergence. Conversely, duration of emergence was more strongly associated with spatial than temporal differences, with longer duration in lower‐elevation (warmer) streams.Main conclusionsEmergence phenology has species‐specific responses to temperature likely driven by complex cues for diapause or quiescence periods during preceding life cycle stages. We hypothesize a trade‐off between complex phenological response that synchronizes emergence among heterogeneous sites and other traits such as adult longevity and dispersal capacity.
Global value chains for medical gloves during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Confronting forced labour through public procurement and crisis
Authors: Hughes Alex , Brown James A. , Trueba Mei , Trautrims Alexander , Bostock Ben , Day Emily , Hurst Rosey , Bhutta Mahmood F 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper evaluates ways in which labour issues in global value chains for medical gloves have been affected by, and addressed through, the COVID‐19 pandemic. It focuses on production in Malaysia and supply to the United Kingdom's National Health Service and draws on a large‐scale survey with workers and interviews with UK government officials, suppliers and buyers. Adopting a Global Value Chain (GVC) framework, the paper shows how forced labour endemic in the sector was exacerbated during the pandemic in the context of increased demand for gloves. Attempts at remediation are shown to operate through both a reconfigured value chain in which power shifted dramatically to the manufacturers and a context where public procurement became higher in profile than ever before. It is argued that the purchasing power of governments must be leveraged in ways that more meaningfully address labour issues, and that this must be part of value chain resilience.
Another New Pentecost? The Holy Spirit and our Theology of Creation
Authors: Beck Ashley 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn May 2021, at Pentecost, a joint Pastoral letter was issued by the Catholic Bishops Conferences of England and Wales and of Scotland. This letter linked the feast day to the urgent need to care better for creation in the months leading to the G20 summit later in the summer and the COP-26 conference in Glasgow in November of that year. This paper looks at the letter, taking some account of reactions to it, and begins to explore ways in which our theology of the Holy Spirit can inform our theology of care for the created order as a developing part of Catholic Social Teaching. Some ‘footprints’ of the Spirit: First, the witness of patristic theologians encourages us to see rationality pointing to order in creation as a fruit of the Spirit. Second, the picture of unity in diversity formed by the Spirit in the New Testament points to the need for cooperation in our response to the current crisis. The last footprint is urgency: in the scriptures the Spirit's activity is constantly seen as urgent, sometimes in an extreme way. This picture suits the urgency of the current crisis in relation to climate change and biodiversity.
Adding genome‐wide genotypic information to a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) breeding programme
Authors: Carvalho Bruna Line , Lewis Ramsey , Bruzi Adriano Teodoro , Pádua José Maria Villela , Patto Ramalho Magno Antonio 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLarge‐scale genotypic information can be used to increase genetic gain in plant breeding programmes. In this research, we evaluated the following: (i) statistical models that could be useful in selection of superior tobacco genotypes in absence of phenotypic information; (ii) the applicability of genome‐wide selection (GWS) for predicting tobacco hybrid performance, and (iii) correlations between genetic divergence of parental lines and F1 hybrid performance. We crossed 13 inbred lines of flue‐cured Virginia tobacco crossed in a diallel scheme to generate 72 hybrid combinations and evaluated them in two field environments. Genotype by sequencing was used for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker generation, and prediction model validation was performed with different levels of missing information. Hybrid performance was predicted using only the genotypic and phenotypic information. We found genetic divergence among lines to be uncorrelated with hybrid performance or heterosis. Genotype × environment interaction affects GWS efficiency, however, and an index that incorporates both genotypic and phenotypic information improves selection accuracy. Tobacco hybrid prediction utilizing GWS data can be used as additional information to increase the response to selection.
Cold‐induced secondary dormancy and its regulatory mechanisms in Beta vulgaris
Authors: Hourston James E. , Steinbrecher Tina , Chandler Jake O. , Pérez Marta , Dietrich Katrin , Turečková Veronika , Tarkowská Danuše , Strnad Miroslav , Weltmeier Fridtjof , Meinhard Juliane , Fischer Uwe , Fiedler‐Wiechers Karin , Ignatz Michael , Leubner‐Metzger Gerhard 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe dynamic behaviour of seeds in soil seed banks depends on their ability to act as sophisticated environmental sensors to adjust their sensitivity thresholds for germination by dormancy mechanisms. Here we show that prolonged incubation of sugar beet fruits at low temperature (chilling at 5°C, generally known to release seed dormancy of many species) can induce secondary nondeep physiological dormancy of an apparently nondormant crop species. The physiological and biophysical mechanisms underpinning this cold‐induced secondary dormancy include the chilling‐induced accumulation of abscisic acid in the seeds, a reduction in the embryo growth potential and a block in weakening of the endosperm covering the embryonic root. Transcriptome analysis revealed distinct gene expression patterns in the different temperature regimes and upon secondary dormancy induction and maintenance. The chilling caused reduced expression of cell wall remodelling protein genes required for embryo cell elongation growth and endosperm weakening, as well as increased expression of seed maturation genes, such as for late embryogenesis abundant proteins. A model integrating the hormonal signalling and master regulator expression with the temperature‐control of seed dormancy and maturation programmes is proposed. The revealed mechanisms of the cold‐induced secondary dormancy are important for climate‐smart agriculture and food security.
Ultrasonography as a sensitive and specific diagnostic modality for the detection of ectopic ureters in urinary incontinent dogs
Authors: Taylor Oliver , Knight Rebekah , Genain Marie‐Aude , Owen Laura 
Published: January 2022

AbstractUltrasonography is a widely available diagnostic modality for the identification of dogs with suspected ureteral ectopia; however published studies detailing its sensitivity and specificity are currently lacking. The aim of this retrospective, descriptive, diagnostic accuracy study was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of ureteral ectopia in incontinent dogs presenting to a referral institution, using cystoscopy as the gold standard. Medical records of urinary incontinent dogs presenting to a single institution (n = 38) were retrospectively reviewed for the presence of ureteric insertion abnormalities and concurrent urinary tract abnormalities. Ultrasonographic findings were compared with those from cystoscopic examination to determine diagnostic accuracy. The relationship between the presence of concurrent urinary tract abnormalities and ureteral ectopia was assessed using an independent samples t‐test and Mann–Whitney test. Statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Ultrasonography had a sensitivity of 93.5%, specificity of 100%, and diagnostic accuracy of 95% when identifying dogs with ureteral ectopia. When classifying individual ureters as ectopic or non‐ectopic, sensitivity was 87.8% and specificity was 86.7%. Dogs with ureteral ectopia had significantly more concurrent urinary tract abnormalities on ultrasound than unaffected dogs (P = 0.004). Ectopic ureters were associated with significantly more concurrent ipsilateral upper urinary tract ultrasonographic abnormalities than unaffected ureters (P < 0.001). Ultrasonography performed by an experienced ultrasonographer is a sensitive and specific screening tool for canine ureteral ectopia, which eliminates the need for heavy sedation, general anesthesia, and advanced imaging, although it should not be relied upon as the sole diagnostic modality for the assessment of individual ureters.
B″ not D″ as the source of intraplate volcanism
Authors: Smith* Alan D. 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Under fast-moving oceanic plates, the asthenosphere seismic B″ region becomes isolated from the convecting mantle by plate drag and acts as an advecting layer, which can serve as a long-lived source for intraplate volcanism. Geochemical enrichment of B″ can occur via infiltration by melts generated from the breakdown of serpentinite at ~200 km depth in subducting slabs. Ocean-island chains arise when melts generated within metasomatized B″ by shear melting and localized convection are released along lithospheric fractures controlled by the stress field of the plate. Intersection of metasomatized B″ with ocean-ridge systems produces oceanic plateaus. A strong anisotropy anomaly (VSH/VSV &gt;1) at depths of ~150 km in the Pacific asthenosphere marks a metasomatized B″ domain that originated in the western paleo-Pacific basin in the Carboniferous, and that is now associated with Hawaiian volcanism. Metasomatized B″ can be trapped beneath orogenic belts during continental aggregation and tapped by edge-driven convection upon rifting to produce the correlation between intraplate volcanism and the fabric of sutures in opening ocean basins such as the Atlantic Ocean basin.
Anaemia Prevalence More Than Doubles in an Academic Year in a Cohort of Tertiary Students: A Repeated-Measure Study in Cape Coast, Ghana
Authors: Amoaning Regina Elorm , Amoako Ernestina Siaw , Kyiire Grace Arezie , Owusu Dennis Dela , Bruce Happy , Simpong David Larbi , Adu Patrick 
Published: January 2022

Background. The stress of academic life may predispose young adults to poor dietary habits, which could potentially precipitate nutritional deficiencies, such as iron deficiency. This study evaluated factors predictive of optimal iron stores as well as changes in haematological parameters over the course of an academic year in a cohort of tertiary students. Materials and Methods. The repeated-measure cohort study recruited 117 undergraduate students from September 2018 to May 2019. Venous blood samples were drawn for full blood count estimation, qualitative glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) status, haemoglobin variants, and blood group determination during the first 2 weeks of semester 1. However, anthropometric parameters as well as full blood counts were determined for each participant during the first week and last week of semesters 1 and 2. Additionally, semistructured questionnaires were used to capture sociodemographic data. Also, serum ferritin was estimated for each participant using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results. Overall, 23.1% and 15.5% of participants inherited G6PD defect (G6PDd) or haemoglobin variants, respectively. However, group O (68/117; 58.1%) was the predominant ABO blood group and an overwhelming 90.6% (106/117) inherited Rh D antigen. The prevalence of anaemia increased from 20% at the beginning of the first semester to 45.1% at the latter part of the second semester. G6PDd participants had significantly higher median serum ferritin than G6PD normal participants (

p

= 0.003). Also, a significantly higher proportion of females were iron depleted (25% vs. 2.3%) or iron deficient (14.3% vs. 9.3%) compared to males. Moreover, being male, G6PD deficient, or 21–25 years was associated with increased odds of participants having optimal serum ferritin levels. Conclusion. The progression of anaemia prevalence from mild to severe public health problem over the course of one academic year should urgently be addressed.