bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional imaging of pharmaceutical tablets using serial sectioning and Raman chemical mapping
Authors: Carruthers Hannah , Clark Don , Clarke Fiona C. , Faulds Karen , Graham Duncan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractChemical mapping by Raman spectroscopy is widely used in the pharmaceutical industry to characterise the distribution of components within pharmaceutical tablets; however, current methods do not go beyond examining an exposed surface area of a sample. There are known limitations with estimating domain size and shape statistics from 2D chemical images as the values obtained will depend on where the domain is sectioned, potentially under‐ or overestimating its true value. The combination of Raman spectroscopic mapping and serial sectioning has been recently explored as an alternative method to obtain a depth profile of a sample; however, to date, this has involved instrumentation capable of automated Raman mapping with subsequent sample sectioning. A key requirement for Raman mapping is producing an optically flat surface, and this becomes increasingly challenging for larger surface areas required for the examination of a pharmaceutical tablet. Here, we describe 3D imaging of a tablet matrix by combining Raman mapping with independent sample sectioning to provide appropriate lateral and axial resolution. The approach was first validated by analysing a spherical object of known size and shape and comparing the 3D domain size statistics calculated from the reconstructed image to its absolute values. The method was then applied to a three‐component model system, simulating a pharmaceutical tablet, to determine the capability and applicability of the method for solid dosage formulations. The study demonstrated that relative differences in the size, shape and distribution of domains can be quantified enabling an enhanced understanding of the spatial arrangement of each component within the formulation and the effect of each processing condition on the final drug product. By visualising the 3D structure of a tablet matrix with demonstrable accuracy and precision using materials of known dimensions, new capabilities to enhance tablet manufacturing methods are now available.
Nowhere to run: semi‐permeable barriers affect pronghorn space use
Authors: Robb Benjamin S. , Merkle Jerod A. , Sawyer Hall , Beck Jeffrey L. , Kauffman Matthew J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAnimal movement can mediate the ecological consequences of fragmentation; however, barriers such as fences, roads, and railways are becoming a pervasive threat to wildlife. Pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) habitat in western North America has been fragmented by roads, railways, and fences. Although pronghorn are sensitive to barriers, neither the relative permeability of different barriers to crossing nor their influence on space use have been quantified. We used a large global positioning system (GPS)‐collar dataset of pronghorn (n = 1,010 animal‐years) in Wyoming, USA, to first quantify the likelihood that pronghorn cross each of 5 different anthropogenic barriers, including fences, county roads, railroads, state highways, and interstate highways (i.e., interstates). Next, we assessed how each barrier influenced pronghorn space use during the winter as indexed by the area occupied, and daily displacement relative to the density of barriers on an individual's winter range. The semi‐permeability of the 5 barriers varied substantially, with the interstate being the most severe barrier to pronghorn movement. Pronghorn were >300 times less likely to cross interstates compared to state highways. Although pronghorn space use was rarely influenced by barriers within individual core winter ranges, pronghorn space use was constrained by barriers on the buffered periphery of individual winter ranges. Despite their different permeability to movement, the density of fences and combined interstates and railroads had similarly negative effects on pronghorn space use. Our results illustrate that the degree to which pronghorn avoid crossing barriers may scale up to affect access to habitat. Additionally, our results indicate that the effects of barriers on habitat access are not proportional to their permeability. Our results add to a growing consensus that effective management of mobile species depends on understanding how different kinds of semi‐permeable barriers influence access and use of habitats.
Use of Polysomnography and CPAP in Children Who Received Adenotonsillectomy, US 2004 to 2018
Authors: Qian Z. Jason , Howard Javier M. , Cohen Samuel M. , Jin Michael C. , Bhargava Sumit , Cheng Alan G. , Valdez Tulio A. 
Published: March 2022

Objectives1) To determine the prevalence polysomnogram (PSG) and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy use in children who received adenotonsillectomy (AT) for sleep symptoms. 2) To identify health care disparities in these regards.Study DesignRetrospective database analysis.MethodsThis study used data from Optum (Health Services Innovation Company) to identify 92,490 children who received AT for sleep symptoms between 2004 and 2018. Prevalence of preoperative PSG and postoperative PSG and CPAP were described. Clinical and demographic characteristics were compared between children who had preoperative PSG and those who did not. Characteristics of children with trisomy 21 (T21) were compared to assess PSG and CPAP use in a high‐risk cohort. Predictive modeling was used to identify patient characteristics associated with postoperative PSG and CPAP use.ResultsPreoperative PSG was obtained in 5.5% of children overall and 33.2% of children with T21. Male sex, obesity, other medical comorbidities, non‐White race/ethnicity, and higher parent education were associated with preoperative PSG. Fewer than 3% of children received postoperative PSGs and approximately 3% went on to receive CPAP therapy postoperatively. Multiple logistic regression showed that age at surgery, male sex, obesity, other medical comorbidities, non‐White race/ethnicity, and higher parent education were associated with postoperative PSG and CPAP use.Conclusions and RelevanceThis study described the prevalence pre‐AT PSG use and post‐AT PSG and CPAP use for persistent symptoms and identified sleep health care disparities in these regards. These results show that increased, equitable access to PSG is needed in children, particularly in the workup and treatment persistent symptoms after AT.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 133:184–188, 2023
Enhancing productivity of perennial aromatic grasses on marginal lands through plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
Authors: Maddhesiya Pawan Kumar , Singh Kripal , Kumar Devendra , Singh Rana Pratap 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe cultivation of perennial aromatic grasses on marginal lands is a socio‐economically and ecologically sustainable approach. However, the studies on assessment of the potential efficacies of consortium of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in enhancing the productivity of perennial aromatic grasses on marginal lands are rare. In this study, therefore, we studied the effect of PGPR consortium (Pseudomonas protegens and two strains of Bacillus paramycoides) on yield and economics of four perennial aromatic grasses (Vetiveria zizanioides, Cymbopogon citratus, C. martinii, and C. winterianus) in slightly alkaline (pH >8.50) soil. A field experiment was established in a complete randomized block design with two treatments (i.e. with PGPR consortium and without PGPR consortium) and three replications. The changes in growth (height, number of slips, and leaf area index), productivity (fresh shoot‐root biomass and oil yield), quality (important secondary metabolites), and economics (cost of cultivation, gross, and net return) in response to PGPR were observed at three harvests. The species‐specific effects of PGPR were found on the growth and productivity of perennial aromatic grasses. On an average, the highest increase in growth and productivity with the effect of PGPR was found in V. zizanioides followed by other grasses. The highest oil yield 16.38, 71.14, 53.13, and 49.49 kg ha−1 were recorded at third harvest in PGPR consortium treated plots for V. zizanioides, C. citratus, C. martinii, and C. winterianus, respectively. The agronomical economics show the highest net return of 2094.95 $US in the cultivation of V. zizanioides with the application of PGPR.
NMR‐Based Cross‐Link Densities in EPDM and EPDM/ULDPE Blend Materials and Correlation with Mechanical Properties
Authors: Karekar Akshay , Pommer Reinhold , Prem Bianca , Czibula Caterina , Teichert Christian , Trimmel Gregor , Saalwächter Kay 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe role of cross‐linking in dictating the microstructural and mechanical properties in ethylene‐propylene‐diene‐monomer rubber (EPDM) and EPDM/ULDPE blends cross‐linked by different sulfur amounts is investigated by solid‐state1H time‐domain NMR spectroscopy and tensile‐tests. Analyses of spin‐spin relaxation time (T2), by combining free‐induction decay (FID), magic‐sandwich echo‐FID, and Hahn‐echo experiments demonstrate a reduction in crystal‐amorphous interface regions of pure ultralow‐density polyethylene (ULDPE) upon curative addition. The blends demonstrate a complete loss of these fractions due to curative‐induced plasticization and solvation by polyethylene segments of EPDM. Cross‐link densities, quantified by the magnitude of residual dipolar coupling constant (Dres), arising from topological restrictions to segmental motions, are measured by multiple‐quantum experiments. The entanglement‐dominated EPDMs demonstrate a significant reduction in ultimate tensile properties with increasingDres. The analogous blends yield similarDresvalues up to 0.36 phr of free sulfur. Thereafter, a deviation from the cross‐linking trend of the EPDMs is observed with the blends approaching a cross‐linking limit, thus emphasizing the migration of additives to the amorphous phase of the ULDPE. From the additional contributions of solvation and complex entanglement scenarios in the blends, restoration and even significant enhancement in ultimate tensile strength are achieved. Limitations in applying the popular Mooney–Rivlin analysis are also briefly discussed.
Properties of kenaf/textile waste fibre hybridisation in a carbon nanotubes modified matrix
Authors: Suri M.S.N. , Shaari N. , Shaari N.S. , Sapiai N. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTextile waste is part of the solid waste that should be disposed of due to environmental concerns. Thus, the textile waste composite was proposed as one solution to minimise this problem. However, the properties of the composite produced is one of the issues to tackle to produce high‐quality composite materials. Fibre hybridisation and nanofiller addition have been proved to enhance the properties of polymer composites. Therefore, hybridising textile waste with kenaf fibres was expected to improve the composite‘s mechanical properties as kenaf fibres have been extensively accepted due to their flexural and tensile strength capabilities. While incorporating carbon nanotubes should enhance the properties of a matrix system. This research aims to analyse the effect of fibre hybridisation and matrix modification on the mechanical properties of kenaf/textile waste composites. The specimens were fabricated using a casting method in a silicon rubber mould. The results show that the hybrid composite had improved tensile, compressive, and impact strength up to 28.57 %, 39.15 %, and 16.33 %, respectively, compared to textile waste composites. Meanwhile, incorporating 1.0 wt. % carbon nanotubes in hybrid composite specimens improved the compressive modulus and impact strength by 108 % and 48.95 % compared to hybrid textile waste composites.
Effect of processing parameter on void content of glass fibre composite laminate
Authors: Hanafiah N.H.M. , Othman A.R. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis work investigates the effects of out‐of‐autoclave processing parameters on glass/epoxy composite void content. Void quality measurement was done via ultrasonic C‐scan combined with image processing algorithm and burn off testing. Results showed that type of mould release, edge breather, debulking and intensifier as the variable processing parameters influenced the glass/epoxy composite void content.
Automated and manual classification of metallic nanoparticles with respect to size and shape by analysis of scanning electron micrographs
Authors: Bals J. , Loza K. , Epple P. , Kircher T. , Epple M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAutomated image analysis has been applied to scanning electron micrographs (transmission mode; STEM) of metallic nanoparticles (silver and gold; about 10 nm to 20 nm). For a reliable particle identification, scanning electron microscopic images must be recorded with distinct contrast and resolution parameters. The particles were separated from the background and classified according to shape and size by machine learning (machine learning). Training images were created with model particles cut out of real electron microscopic images. The automated analysis of the particle size (expressed as area) was well possible, but overlapping particles could not be safely separated. The assignment of particle to six different shape classes (sphere, triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, rod) by automated analysis was difficult. The fact that real particles never have an ideal geometrical shape but are always distorted or have rough edges or cropped tips is the fundamental reason of this problem. This effect also occurred with human image evaluators and poses a considerable obstacle in the training process for machine learning. Image analysis by machine learning techniques is difficult if different human evaluators disagree on the shape assignment of given particles because a proper training cannot be provided.
Gait‐Related Metabolic Covariance Networks at Rest in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Sigurdsson Hilmar P. , Yarnall Alison J. , Galna Brook , Lord Sue , Alcock Lisa , Lawson Rachael A. , Colloby Sean J. , Firbank Michael J. , Taylor John‐Paul , Pavese Nicola , Brooks David J. , O'Brien John T. , Burn David J. , Rochester Lynn 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundGait impairments are characteristic motor manifestations and significant predictors of poor quality of life in Parkinson's disease (PD). Neuroimaging biomarkers for gait impairments in PD could facilitate effective interventions to improve these symptoms and are highly warranted.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to identify neural networks of discrete gait impairments in PD.MethodsFifty‐five participants with early‐stage PD and 20 age‐matched healthy volunteers underwent quantitative gait assessment deriving 12 discrete spatiotemporal gait characteristics and [18F]‐2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography measuring resting cerebral glucose metabolism. A multivariate spatial covariance approach was used to identify metabolic brain networks that were related to discrete gait characteristics in PD.ResultsIn PD, we identified two metabolic gait‐related covariance networks. The first correlated with mean step velocity and mean step length (pace gait network), which involved relatively increased and decreased metabolism in frontal cortices, including the dorsolateral prefrontal and orbital frontal, insula, supplementary motor area, ventrolateral thalamus, cerebellum, and cuneus. The second correlated with swing time variability and step time variability (temporal variability gait network), which included relatively increased and decreased metabolism in sensorimotor, superior parietal cortex, basal ganglia, insula, hippocampus, red nucleus, and mediodorsal thalamus. Expression of both networks was significantly elevated in participants with PD relative to healthy volunteers and were not related to levodopa dosage or motor severity.ConclusionsWe have identified two novel gait‐related brain networks of altered glucose metabolism at rest. These gait networks could serve as a potential neuroimaging biomarker of gait impairments in PD and facilitate development of therapeutic strategies for these disabling symptoms. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Tunable balanced bandpass filter with wide frequency‐tuning range and high selectivity
Authors: Yang Hong , Zhang Dewei , Wang Xian , Lv Dalong , Zhang Yi , Zhou Dongfang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA tunable balanced bandpass filter (BPF) with a wide frequency‐tuning range (FTR) and high selectivity is presented. The designed BPF is implemented by utilizing varactor‐tuned square ring resonators (SRRs) with parallel‐coupled feedlines. A wide FTR with an almost constant absolute bandwidth (CABW) can be realized by varactors Cv2 connected between SRRs. Four transmission zeros (TZs) can be obtained by the mixed electric and magnetic coupling, source‐load (S‐L) frequency‐variant coupling, and four shunt quarter‐wavelength open and short stubs. Meanwhile, two TZs on both sides of the passband keep the relative position unchanged to achieve high selectivity. The other two are generated to improve the out‐band rejection. In addition, by employing additional stubs and capacitances on the symmetry plane, the common‐mode (CM) suppression can be enhanced. For verification, a tunable balanced BPF with 0.62‐1.27 GHz and four TZs was designed, manufactured, and tested. And experimental results agree well with the simulated ones.
Relationships between Gizzard Shad, Impoundment Characteristics, and Sympatric Fish Species
Authors: Klein Zachary B. , Neely Ben C. , Koch Jeff D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Gizzard Shad Dorosoma cepedianum are a widely distributed species that can have detrimental effects on aquatic systems and associated fish populations. As a result, Gizzard Shad populations are often manipulated to improve water quality or benefit recreationally important fish populations. Unfortunately, Gizzard Shad manipulations are expensive and the results are variable. In an attempt to inform management of Gizzard Shad and associated species, we evaluated relationships between Gizzard Shad, impoundment characteristics, and sympatric species in 98 impoundments in Kansas using two-dimension Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests and multiple regression techniques. Our results indicated that Gizzard Shad abundance had a positive influence on the relative abundance of Largemouth Bass Micropterus salmoides and did not influence other sympatric species. Impoundment characteristics (e.g., watershed : lake area ratio, mean depth, turbidity) were more strongly related to the relative abundance and condition of sympatric species than Gizzard Shad. Our results indicate that manipulation of Gizzard Shad likely has little effect on certain sympatric fish species in Kansas impoundments. Therefore, resources used to manipulate Gizzard Shad populations could be better allocated toward management actions that promote or maintain fisheries in impoundments with characteristics that benefit recreationally important species.
Psychological symptoms and related risk factors among healthcare workers and medical students during the early phase of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Japan
Authors: Tanifuji Takaki , Aoyama Shinsuke , Shinko Yutaka , Mouri Kentaro , Kim Saehyeon , Satomi‐Kobayashi Seimi , Shinohara Masakazu , Kawano Seiji , Sora Ichiro 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to investigate the mental health status of healthcare workers and medical students during the early phase of the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsAn online questionnaire was administered to 637 students and 3189 healthcare workers from May to July, 2020. The patient healthcare questionnaire‐9 (PHQ‐9) and state anxiety (A‐State) of the state–trait anxiety inventory‐form (STAI) were used to assess depression and anxiety symptoms, respectively. Individuals were categorized into severe (15 or higher) depression and severe (50–51 or higher) anxiety groups.ResultsHealthcare workers and those taking care of COVID‐19 patients had a higher risk of severe depression (PHQ‐9 scores >15) than other comparison groups. Students and men also had a higher risk of severe anxiety (STAI > 50–51). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that healthcare workers had a fivefold higher risk of developing severe depression symptoms (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 4.99, confidence interval [CI] 2.24–5.97, P‐value < 0.001) and those taking care of COVID‐19 patients had 2.8‐fold higher risk of developing severe depression symptoms (OR 2.75, CI 1.36–5.53, P‐value = 0.005).ConclusionBoth medical students and healthcare workers have been experiencing depression and anxiety symptoms during the first wave of the pandemic. Our findings showed a high rate of severe anxiety symptoms in medical students and a high rate of severe depression symptoms in healthcare workers. Those who treated COVID‐19 patients were at greater risk of developing major depressive disorder than those who treated non‐COVID‐19 patients.
Microcellular ground tire rubber/ethylene vinyl acetate compounds: Mechanical properties and structure relationships
Authors: Gámez José Francisco Hernández , Hernández Ernesto Hernández , Martínez Deidré Itandehuí Sánchez , Castillo Pablo Antonio Garza , Nieves Israel Sifuentes , Corral Florentino Soriano , Morones Pablo González , Valdés Saúl Sánchez , Rivera Javier Gudiño , Velázquez Guadalupe Neira , Vargas Eduardo Ramírez , Florido Heidi Andrea Fonseca , Zamora Miguel Ángel Mendoza 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study aims to investigate the effect of ground tire rubber (GTR) treated by acetone on mechanical and morphological properties of ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) matrix. Polymeric EVA/GTR (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 phr) compounds were achieved through extrusion and batch foaming process. TGA and NMR analysis revealed that oils and additives were removed from the GTR after the acetone treatment. Morphological characterization showed cell sizes below 100 μm in the compounds with treated GTR, which improved the mechanical performance of EVA/GTR compounds. The results indicated that the acetone‐treated GTR are a suitable raw material to obtain foam compounds useful in vibrations absorber and isolation applications.
Characterization of Flow Properties of Gas‐Atomized Powder Alloys Used for Additive Manufacturing: Comparison between Traditional Methods and Vibrated Rheology
Authors: Barros Frederico Macedo Fernandes , Duc Emmanuel , Nedelec Jean‐Marie , Falk Véronique , Marchal Philippe 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPowder‐based additive manufacturing is a fast‐growing technique in which complex parts with elaborate design can be obtained, saving time and costs. In order to achieve optimal processability, the powders used should have good flow properties. Quick and reproducible methods to measure the flowability of the employed alloy powders are needed to determine their behavior and the influence of parameters like particle size, shape, chemical composition, and surface state. Many techniques are available; however, their applicability is debatable. The results obtained by one technique frequently cannot be transposed to other techniques. Also, the correlation with the processing steps is often not clear. In this study, three flowability measuring methods, tapped density, FT4 Shear cell, and vibrating cell rheology, are used to measure the flowability of five different powders. The results demonstrate that their ability to flow is classified differently according to the test employed.