bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Charles Hockett’s attempt to resign from the LSA in 1982
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter documents an episode in the history of American linguistics. In 1982 Charles Hockett, perhaps the most prominent American linguist of the preceding generation, attempted to resign from the Linguistic Society of America on the grounds that the organization had fallen into the hands of generative grammarians. The interest of this episode derives, not from the simple fact of Hockett’s resignation attempt, but rather from the light it sheds on the personal and professional interrelationships between the leading linguists of the time. Examining personal correspondence between such figures as Victoria Fromkin, William Bright, Dell Hymes, Kenneth Pike, and others brings into clear focus the dynamics at the centre of the LSA, as well as highlighting the generational shift that was ongoing in the American linguistics scene.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Hilary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Introduction sets out the debate about the significance of gender in translation history, introduces the material covered in the study, and explains the approach which will be taken. The work of women translators in the early modern period and throughout history has traditionally been read through the lens of gender. The Introduction argues that the time is ripe for a revisionist account of this history, given new understandings of the role of translation in early modern culture, as well as developments in scholarly thinking more generally about translation and about gender. The study will juxtapose early modern England with the much less familiar case of Germany in order to interrogate the relationship between translation and gender and to challenge claims about the existence of a female translation tradition which transcends the boundaries of time and place. Rather than pursuing the traditional ‘gynocritical’ line, the study will adopt a contextualizing approach, i.e., women will be discussed alongside their male counterparts and within broad literary and historical developments.
Conclusion
Authors: Brown Hilary 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion summarizes the main findings and reflects on their implications. It reiterates the argument that gender had a less significant impact on the activities of women translators in early modern England and Germany than often thought. The Conclusion emphasizes at the same time that gender has not lost its relevance as a category of analysis, and that critics would do well to adopt a contextualizing, ‘woman-interrogated’ approach to translation history (to borrow a term from Carol Maier). This means not starting out from a position which regards gender as the defining factor in shaping a person’s identity and experiences but as one factor which works alongside others such as social class, family milieu, religious confession, political beliefs, and regional or national context.
A Modern Primer in Particle and Nuclear Physics
Authors: Terranova Francesco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A Modern Primer in Particle and Nuclear Physics introduces the fundamentals of the field at a level amenable to undergraduate students. The textbook provides an ideal entry point and presents the modern concepts, theories, and experiments that explain the elementary constituents and basic forces of the Universe. The author does not follow the historical development of the field and all subjects are introduced at the state-of-the-art. We deal with the most basic questions (“what is an elementary particle”) gradually reaching highly sophisticated developments (Quantum Chromodynamics and its Nuclear Physics applications, the Higgs boson, the first observation of Gravitational Waves, etc.). New concepts are introduced softly and clarified by intuitive explanations, examples, and exercises. The only prerequisites are a basic knowledge of Special Relativity and non-relativistic Quantum Mechanics. Both are briefly recalled in the Appendices. This textbook shows the inbred unity of the discipline. Each theory is mathematically proven at the undergraduate level and supported by detailed descriptions of the experiments that put the theory on solid ground. Particle physics is strongly linked to Nuclear Physics, Astrophysics, and Gravitation by concrete examples, which include the latest findings in these fields. We want the students to have a grand view of the forest before choosing their tree. Choices will come later—in a natural way—following their inclinations, inspiration, and curiosity.
Scattering and decay
Authors: Terranova Francesco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 introduces the language of particle physics offering a student-friendly and detailed explanation of the covariant formalism and the rationale behind it. It introduces relativistic kinematics from the conservation of four-momentum and apply it to one- two- and three-particle decays. The Fermi golden rule is the anchor to describe the dynamics of particles and the rule is extended to be compatible with special relativity. Here the chapter clarifies the concept of “unstable particles” and derives the Breit–Wignet distribution from Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle. Particle scattering and cross-sections are introduced in analogy with decays, with special emphasis on fixed-target and collider experiments. The chapter closes by providing the fully covariant formula for the scattering of two particles.
Measurements in particle physics
Authors: Terranova Francesco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The ideas that drive the design of particle detectors are presented in Chapter 3. It starts from the interactions of heavy charged particles with matter deriving the Bohr formula and extending it to the Bethe formula. Electron interactions with matter are discussed in general and illustrated in detail thanks to Anderson’s experiment, which brought the discovery of the first anti-particle. Photon interactions are introduced on the general ground as a function of the photon energy (photoelectric, Compton, and pair production) and described together with photon detectors for energy measurements. The basic principles – from the Bethe formula to the Shockley–Ramo theorem – are applied to gaseous detectors (ionization and proportional chambers, Multi-Wire Proportional Chamber (MWPC), time projection chamber (TPC), and Geiger counters). We then describe the physics of trajectory trackers and multiple Coulomb scattering. Finally, the most important tool for detector simulation is introduced: the Monte Carlo technique.
The modern theory of strong interactions
Authors: Terranova Francesco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the modern theory of strong forces: quantum chromodynamics (QCD). It introduces this theory by analogy to quantum electrodynamics (QED) starting from the only elementary fermions that undergo strong interactions, the quarks. The chapter generalizes the concept of electric charge to three color charges. It shows that QCD is based on the assumption that the color charge assignments are conventional and then, the QCD Lagrangian must have a symmetry accounting for it. The corresponding gauge symmetry SU(3)c originates all QCD diagrams. The chapter thus presents the most prominent feature of QCD, asymptotic freedom and its link to quark confinement. Finally, it describes the experimental proofs that quarks are real physical particles and can be identified with Feynman’s partons. It discusses modern methods to test QCD predictions from the observation of jets.
From QCD to nuclear physics
Authors: Terranova Francesco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains why nuclear physics (NP) could be derived in principle by quantum chromodynamics (QCD) but – due to tremendous computational challenges – has developed its own methods, which are useful and predictive. It begins by introducing nuclear physics terminology in detail and recalls how the neutron was discovered at the dawn of NP. It studies the analog of the hydrogen atom in NP, the deuteron. Many-body nuclei are treated employing the shell model and the semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF). We see the QCD origin of NP through the appearance of the isospin in the classification and properties of nuclides, and the effectiveness of lattice-QCD potentials. The chapter then discussed the kinematics of nuclear reactions and, in particular, nuclear fission. Fission gives the possibility to produce a large amount of energy in nuclear reactors and weapons. Reactors and fission bombs are discussed at the end of the chapter.
Weak interactions
Authors: Terranova Francesco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides readers with a way to identify weak processes by looking at violations of the flavor symmetry. It discusses neutrinos, the ideal probes of weak forces. It examines the symmetries of weak forces, introducing baryon and lepton numbers. These quantities are defined in their modern form, which accounts for massive and oscillating neutrinos. Pauli once asked: “how can a force violate parity if the orientation of the reference frame is conventional?”. Pauli’s question is answered first using a hypothetical massless particle and then with neutrinos. Helicity and chirality are introduced to show how a chiral theory is built and this possibility is substantiated with a detailed description of the experiments by Wu and Goldhaber. Once we have all ingredients, we present the modern theory of weak interactions (V-A theory) in a rigorous form and its more striking prediction: the solution of Fidecaro’s puzzle.
Radioactivity and cosmic engines
Authors: Terranova Francesco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Radioactivity occurs by weak, electromagnetic, and strong forces but can be described in a common framework introduced at the beginning of the chapter. Alpha decays in the old-fashioned Condon–Gourney approach and modern developments are discussed. Beta decays are described from first principles using the V-A theory, while gamma decays employ classical and quantum electromagnetism. The chapter then introduces natural radioactivity and the main decay chains. Emphasis is given to many important applications: Majorana neutrinos, radiocarbon dating, M\"ossbauer spectroscopy, the Wu experiment, etc. These applications impact particle physics, gravitation, archeology, anthropology, medicine, and other disciplines. A prime example is the explanation of the life-cycle of stars and the origin of cosmic rays. The chapter discussed fusion reactors and thermonuclear weapons, where weak forces play a leading role.
At the forefront of the Standard Model
Authors: Terranova Francesco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The final chapter covers the least-known territories of the Standard Model (SM). It describes the Higgs mechanism using classical relativistic fields. We present the greatest achievement of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC): the discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012. The Higgs mechanism originates fermion masses, too. Lepton masses are covered first: the discovery of neutrino oscillations and the Pontecorvo–Maki–Nakagawa–Sakata (PMNS) mixing matrix. It then turns to the quark sector, stressing similarities and differences with leptons, especially in meson oscillations. The complex phase of the quark mixing matrix (CKM) and the evidence for CP violation are covered. Finally, the chapter looks at the failures of the Standard Model, introducing the idea of naturalness and the dark matter–dark energy problem. The book concludes with two masterpieces of experimental ingenuity that address these issues. The direct search of dark matter by XENON1T (2017) and the observation of gravitational waves by LIGO (2016).
Modal Angst or: How I Stopped Worrying and Learned to Love Modal Realism
Authors: Heil John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Could you have been a different height? Are the laws of nature contingent? Are talking donkeys possible? Such questions admit of no easy answers. Could you have been a different height? For that to be so, myriad other things would have had to be different. Could they have been? Again, for each of those things, still other things would have had to be different. Modal questions of this sort evidently pose epistemological challenges of the highest order. The suggestion that modal truths are epistemologically vexed might be thought to be deeply at odds with the account of modality associated with David Lewis. Lewis’s approach to modality has been widely misunderstood, however, by its advocates and its detractors alike. Rightly understood, Lewis’s ‘Humean’ cosmos has more in common with Spinoza than with Hume. The upshot is a rapprochement between Lewis’s Humeanism and an increasingly popular Aristotelian challenger.
Two Kinds of Platonism and Categorial Semantics
Authors: Bigelow John , Leckey Martin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
David Lewis was gripped by two philosophical visions that are in tension with one another, one in metaphysics, one in the philosophy of language. The first was a metaphysical vision that countenanced only concrete individuals, and aggregates and classes of these. The second vision emerges from ‘categorial languages’ like those that were articulated by Richard Montague, Max Cresswell, Angelika Kratzer, Lewis and others—these languages speak of not only individuals but also ‘ways for individuals to be’ and ‘ways for those ways to be’,  …  and so on ad infinitum. Lewis resolved the tension between these two visions by identifying ‘ways for things to be’ with properties and relations, and properties and relations with classes. An alternative response to this tension results in a different kind of Platonism. The chapter argues that classes, properties, relations and Lewis’s non-actual possibilia can all be identified with universals, re-conceived as ways for things to be.
What Would Lewis Do?
Authors: Nolan Daniel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
David Lewis rejected consequentialism in ethics. However, two aspects of his meta-ethical views do not sit naturally with this anti-consequentialism. Lewis endorses a conception of rationality where to be rational is to maximise value of a certain sort; it seems possible to be both rational and moral; and yet he rejects conceptions of moral action as acting to maximise moral value, and arguably suggests that maximising moral value is sometimes impermissible. The second tension is that his meta-ethics is primarily an account of value, including moral value, and his story about moral motivation goes via a motivational connection to value. Yet his anti-consequentialism seems to commit him to rejecting a story of moral action given entirely in terms of pursuit of moral value. This chapter explores what a Lewisian’s options are here. It also makes the case that, despite first appearances, Lewis is perhaps best interpreted as an agent-relative consequentialist.
Living With An Unpromised End
Authors: Frank Arthur W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The aftermath of the victory of Goneril, Regan, and Edmund unfolds in multiple acts of revenge, both justified and useless. The play’s presentation of forms of anger can now be seen in all their variation. As Cordelia goes to her death, whether she too had a ‘darker purpose’ is considered. A central question is why Shakespeare changes the ending of an earlier play based on a traditional story. In that story, Cordelia is victorious and Lear restored. Shakespeare chooses a tragic ending, culminating in Lear’s repetitions of ‘Nothing, nothing, nothing’ as he holds Cordelia’s dead body. How do we live with this nothing? Lear dies, and Kent describes him as having usurped his life; how to understand that choice of verb is a final question.
William James
Authors: Davis Philip 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
William James (1842–1910) was elder brother to the novelist Henry James and a founder of the study of psychology. But he was also a thinker who sought to work across conventional boundaries, and did not believe in separate disciplines or over-professionalized ways of thinking. Not a formal, academic philosopher, James was above all interested in those moments when thoughts suddenly come into being, ‘hot’ and ‘alive’. William James is for anyone who has experienced the personal need for such thinking and feels the excitement of ideas. It concerns the personal experience of reading James, involving extensive quotation from his work in relation to Philip Davis’s own inner life and the lives of other readers of James—a thinker who is defiantly convinced of the fundamental validity of the inner life in the perception and the making of the Real. William James is about William James’s life-writing, writing for the sake of existence, that puts together a mix of literature, psychology, philosophy, and biography in the search for purpose and human flourishing, in place of formal religion. Philip Davis is a reader of literature who feels that readers of novels and poems also need the help of psychology and philosophy, to get the thinking out, to make it into a working part of a life. His book is for readers, especially readers of literature, seeking to create, like William James, a literary way of thinking outside the realm of literature.
The Proud Hotel Termite Inspector of Yangon: Otherings and Conflicts in Myanmar
Authors: Magcamit Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
“They [Rohingya Muslims] are like termites, eating and destroying the house of Burma … many foreign people think we Buddhists are the bad people. They are the bad people!,” bemoaned a local hotel inspector from Yangon. Burman Buddhist nationalism, as Chapter 4 illuminates, is a cornerstone and a perennial legitimizing force of “Burmeseness.” Using the ethnoreligious othering framework, Chapter 4 examines the conflicts involving Buddhist and Muslim factions in Myanmar by probing the emotive, symbolic, and perceptual mechanisms driving these phenomena. It opens with a discussion of how ethnoreligious nationalism provides an affective lexicon for initiating and framing the othering of a target group. It then scrutinizes how securitizing actors project the blame and facilitate the “necessary” extraordinary measures against their designated enemies. The chapter concludes by dissecting how the Burman Buddhists’ attempts at sacralizing their ideal construction of “Burmese” identity, homeland, and nation-state, justify the extermination of the othered.
Introduction
Authors: Schonhardt-Bailey Cheryl 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the theoretical foundations for ‘deliberative accountability’ and describes the three metrics by which to evaluate the quality of deliberative accountability—namely, respect among actors, the extent to which partisan-point scoring replaces reason-giving, and a reciprocal dialogue. The context in which these are explored is parliamentary select committee hearings on monetary policy, financial stability and fiscal policy. In these hearings, parliamentarians in the Treasury Select Committee and the Economic Affairs Committee hold central bankers, Treasury officials, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer to account for their policy decisions. In this adversarial context, the relationship between parliamentarians and witnesses is hierarchical, which makes deliberative accountability a unique term which is distinct from either deliberation or accountability. The chapter also outlines briefly the mixed methods applied to gauge deliberative accountability, including quantitative text analysis, an experimental approach to gauge nonverbal behaviour by actors, and elite interviews with key participants in the hearings.
Nonverbal Behaviour in Parliamentary Hearings on Economic Policy1
Authors: Schonhardt-Bailey Cheryl 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies how parliamentarians, central bankers, and Treasury witnesses communicate in a deliberative setting, by gauging the extent to which nonverbal communication—in the form of facial expressions, vocal cues, and gestures—influences deliberation in two parliamentary select committee hearings. Comparisons are made between accountability hearings for monetary policy, financial stability, and fiscal policy, which lend insights into latent aspects of respect between and among Treasury ministers, central bankers and parliamentarians. The first part of the chapter systematically examines facial expressions, vocal cues and gestures, based upon a qualitative coding of a sample of the full set of hearings during the 2010–15 Parliament. The second part analyses findings from a laboratory experiment (with 120 participants), which sought to gauge the effect of nonverbal behaviour on perceptions of credibility, competence, and persuasiveness.
A View from the Inside
Authors: Schonhardt-Bailey Cheryl 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines how participants in select committee hearings on economic policy perceive their own behaviour, expressions, and intentions, as well as those of other actors in these hearings. It explores deliberation by directly asking the participants in the hearings—parliamentarians, Treasury officials, central bankers, staff—for their views and assessments. Using about two dozen in-depth elite interviews, this chapter uncovers a number of the dimensions of deliberative accountability, including the motivations of the actors themselves, and their perceptions as to the value of deliberation within the hearings. The interviews also serve as a check on the findings from the quantitative text analysis of the hearing transcripts as well as those from both the coding and the experiment on nonverbal communication. It does so by asking the participants themselves whether the findings from these analyses accorded with their own experiences in the hearings.
The OSS Model
Authors: Jeffreys-Jones Rhodri 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter opens with a discussion of the views of Ray S. Cline, who joined the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) after he successfully completed his dissertation on the US Army High Command in World War II. It details how Cline became head of the CIA’s directorate of intelligence from 1962 to 1966 and published a book reflecting on the CIA’s present, past, and origins. It also highlights Cline’s interpretation of the CIA’s origins, reflecting views regularly held within the agency, even if the CIA was a pluralistic institution whose personnel had differences of opinion on a number of issues. The chapter challenges Cline’s view that the OSS was a British-inspired ‘miracle’ that underpinned the later CIA. It finds that the CIA drew on American traditions.
The Founding of the CIA, 1947
Authors: Jeffreys-Jones Rhodri 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter mentions the Gallup polls that indicated a 77 percent approval rating for the CIA, the world’s first democratically sanctioned secret service, which was founded in 1947. It explores the democratic nature of the CIA’s founding, which gave it instant authority and standing. It recounts President Harry Truman’s termination of the OSS on 20 September 1945, which is considered his first significant action regarding secret intelligence. The chapter explains President Truman’s animosity toward William Donovan, director of the OSS. It cites President Truman’s initial reservations about a large-scale peacetime central intelligence agency, reservations that were in tune with contemporary sentiment expressed by a vibrant segment of the press.