bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Determination of the Equation of State From Wave-Front Observations
Authors: Lype E. F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The equation of state and the specific heat of a substance are related by certain differential equations to the pressure-density changes incurred by that substance under the influence of a rarefaction wave or a shock wave. These differential equations are derived, making it possible to obtain the thermodynamic properties from observations of the phenomena of wave propagation. In case of shock waves, this possibility results from the existence of a function, named the “Hugoniot function,” which is constant on each compression curve and possesses the qualities of a property of state. A simple example illustrates the application of this method.
The Heat-Balance Integral and Its Application to Problems Involving a Change of Phase
Authors: Goodman T. R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
An approximate mathematical technique utilizing the “heat-balance integral” is presented for solving for the location of the melt line in heat-conduction problems involving a change of phase. Analytical expressions are derived when (a) boundary temperature is fixed; (b) heat flux at boundary is given; (c) heat flux is generated aerodynamically or by radiation; (d) heat flux at boundary is given and melt is completely removed; (e) heat flux at boundary is given, and at time t0 melt begins to vaporize. Comparisons with known solutions have been made when available, and ultimately all the solutions are presented in graphical form.
Heat-Transfer Studies of Naval Boilers
Authors: Cohen L. , Fritz W. A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
During World War II the double-furnace superheat-control type boiler was the prevailing type used on combatant ships. It operated at a pressure of 575 psig and temperature of 850 F. These boilers presented two serious operational difficulties: Adaptation of relatively simple automatic control systems for double-furnace operation; and maintenance of sufficient steam flow through the superheater to coincide with firing rates in the superheater furnace. Because of these and other difficulties associated with size and weight requirements, postwar naval boilers were predominantly the single-furnace integral superheater type.
In single-furnace boilers all steam generated flows through and gases of combustion flow over the superheater. There are no positive means of superheat control such as dampers and attemperators, but steam temperature at superheater outlet may be varied by changing combination of lighted-off burners, amount of excess air, or temperature of feed. These or other changes of a similar type generally have a small effect upon final steam temperature and additionally affect cycle and operating efficiencies. Therefore it is imperative that these integral superheater boilers be designed to provide a required superheat temperature. These temperatures should be constant over as wide a range of rate as possible. Boilers that range in pressure from 600 to 2000 psig and temperature from 800 to 1050 F have been tested.
Experimental Velocity and Temperature Profiles for Air in Turbulent Pipe Flow
Authors: Sleicher C. A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
It is often necessary to calculate the rate of heat transfer to fluids in situations for which no heat-transfer data exist. In many such cases, the rate of heat transfer can be calculated from known velocity distribution provided that the ratio of eddy diffusivity for heat to that for momentum is known. This paper describes an experiment in which the ratio was calculated from measured velocity and temperature profiles of air in fully developed flow in a pipe at uniform wall temperature. The ratio was found to vary with Reynolds number and position, and in all cases was above the value of unity used by many authors. The ratio approached a constant of about 1.4 very near the pipe wall.
Losses in Flow Normal to Plane Screens
Authors: Cornell W. G. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Experimental data are correlated for total-pressure losses in subsonic-compressible, real-fluid flow normal to plane round-wire screens of square mesh, including new data at very high screen Reynolds number. A theory is developed for subsonic-compressible flow normal to plane screens of sharp-edged elements of any geometry, yielding predicted total-pressure losses which compare reasonably well with experimental data. The effect of Reynolds number on loss is found to be small, except at very low Reynolds number.
An Instrument for the Measurement of the Viscosity of Steam and Compressed Water
Authors: Kestin J. , Moszynski J. R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Noting the highly imperfect state of present knowledge regarding the viscosity of steam, the paper describes an instrument designed for the measurement of the viscosity of steam and compressed water. The project, undertaken under the sponsorship of the ASME Steam Research Committee, aims at exploring the applicability of the method of observing small torsional oscillations of bodies of revolution to the purpose in hand.
Some Factors Influencing the Area-Load Characteristics for Semismooth Contiguous Surfaces Under “Static” Loading
Authors: Ling F. F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Finnie and Shaw [7] have determined empirically the relationship between the actual area of contact and normal load between contiguous surfaces for a large range of normal loads in connection with the problem of friction in cutting processes. The so-called actual area of contact refers to the area projected on a plane perpendicular to the direction of the normal load; and, as such, the term has only qualitative or semiquantitative value. In this paper the ideal case of “semismooth” contiguous surfaces is studied theoretically. That is, one of the surfaces is considered rigid and macroscopically smooth while the other one is allowed to have a large number of macroscopic asperities in the form of wedges. Under this restriction, actual area of contact acquires a definite meaning. The study is also limited to “static” loading; i.e., only relative motions resulting from plastic deformations of the wedges are permitted. The role the area-load characteristics play in the friction process and their relationships to the various theories of friction are discussed. Furthermore, some factors which may cause the area-load characteristics to be nonlinear are examined theoretically. These factors include strain-hardening, size of asperities, terminating levels of the asperities, and a statistical correlation between the shape and the starting level of asperities. Results are discussed with respect to the work of Archard [21], Ittner and Magill [22], and Campbell [25].
Low-Frequency Acoustic Response of Gas Turbine Perforated Plate and Axial Swirler
Authors: Van Horn Eric M. , Scarborough David E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The ability of acoustic network models to model combustion instabilities is dependent on the accuracy of acoustic two-port models. While several forms of two-ports are available, the most common for these types of analyses is the scattering matrix. To facilitate the modeling of industrial-type components in these models, two industrial components, a perforated plate and an axial swirler with vane-based fuel injection, are tested in an impedance tube. Both elements were tested from 100 Hz to 1000 Hz and with bias flow; the perforated plate was tested with a 1–4% differential pressure across the plate and the axial swirler was tested with a bias flow of 0–50 m/s. The experimental results are then used to generate the scattering matrix, and the swirler experimental results are compared to previously published numerical and analytical results.
Experimental Study of a Novel Twin-Nozzle Configuration for Reacting Jet in Hot Crossflow
Authors: Wang Zhen , Wang Yayao , Liu Xunchen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Advanced gas turbine adopts axially staged combustion to achieve the goal of increasing turbine inlet temperature while limiting NOx emissions. The premixing effect of secondary fuel injection has a significant influence on secondary combustion organization and flame-dynamic characteristics. In this paper, we proposed a novel twin-nozzle configuration for secondary fuel injection. Secondary fuel is injected from the front nozzle, and air is injected from the rear nozzle. Operation condition studied includes the diameter (d) of front and rear nozzle from 1 mm to 3 mm, jet Reynolds number from 1900 to 5700, the jet spacing L ranges from 2d to 4d, and the equivalence ratio of primary stage from 0.72 to 0.59. This flexible configuration controls the injection of fuel and air separately and allows fully lifted flame front organization, which is crucial for fuel/air mixing and NOx control. Using high-speed CH* imaging, the effects of primary stage equivalence ratio, nozzle diameter, and rear air injection ratio on the dynamical characteristics are investigated. We discussed the flame propagation mechanism, flame base pulsation frequency, ignition delay distance, and heat release distribution. We found that when the jet Reynolds number is reduced from 5700 to 1900, the flame pulsation frequency rises from 176 Hz to 586 Hz. When the rear air injection ratio increases from 0 to 3, the pulsation frequency decreases from 586 Hz to 88 Hz, the flame lift-off height increases, and the ignition delay distance decreases.
Influence of Vibration–Dissociation Coupling and Number of Reactions in Hypersonic Nonequilibrium Flows
Authors: Kane Aniruddha Ajay , Peetala Ravi K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
During the atmospheric cruising of a hypersonic vehicle, the thermal and chemical nonequilibrium effects characterize the flow field within the shock layer. Therefore an understanding of nonequilibrium flow is essential for the efficient design of a hypersonic vehicle. The present numerical study uses various canonical configurations to study the thermochemical nonequilibrium effects in hypersonic flows. The present study investigates the influence of the vibration–dissociation (V–D) coupling method and the number of reactions on shock standoff distance (SSD), vibrational relaxation process, and surface properties. A finite volume method-based solver using the open-source platform openfoam has been developed to analyze the thermochemical nonequilibrium effects in the hypersonic flow field. The current results show that thermal and chemical nonequilibrium flow assumptions significantly affect SSD, and hence these assumptions are necessary to study the cases with a higher degree of nonequilibrium. The number of reactions influences the vibrational relaxation of diatomic gases in the air. At the same time, the V–D coupling method used to calculate reaction rate constants has a negligible impact on the vibrational relaxation process. Moreover, the V–D coupling method and the number of reactions marginally affect surface pressure. However, in the case of surface heat flux, the 11 reaction model predicts higher peak values than the 17 reaction model.
Nondestructive Evaluation of Stress Corrosion Cracking in a Welded Steel Plate Using Guided Ultrasonic Waves
Authors: Ma Zhaoyun , Yu Lingyu , Chao Yuh J. , Lam Poh-Sang , Sindelar Robert L. , Duncan Andrew J. , Truong Thanh-Tam , Verst Christopher , Sun Pei-Kang , Campbell Andrew 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) had occurred in early-generation high-level nuclear waste tanks constructed by welding carbon steel. This paper describes an ultrasonic inspection system and its fundamental ability to detect and quantify the length of SCC on thick welded steel plates. The finite element method (FEM) was applied to simulate the welding process to estimate the welding residual stress field. Growth of stress corrosion cracks is driven by crack stress intensities exceeding the subcritical cracking threshold intensity. The subject plate was experimentally inspected with ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques to characterize the extent of SCC. The NDE system uses a piezoelectric transducer to generate guided waves in the thick steel plate, and a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (SLDV) to measure multidimensional time–space wavefield data over a user-defined scanning area in the plate surface. The measured wavefield data can show wave interactions in a localized area in the plate due to the presence of the discontinuities of the SCC. To generate an inspection image that can precisely show the crack’s location and/or the dimension, the wavefield data are further processed to generate inspection image that maps the entire sample plate so the crack can be clearly identified in the plate while its length can be readily estimated. The ultrasonic test results for crack length agree well with the visually estimated length and are close to that predicted by the FEM for cracks in the weld residual stress field.
Ramifications of Vorticity on Aggregation and Activation of Platelets in Bi-Leaflet Mechanical Heart Valve: Fluid–Structure-Interaction Study
Authors: Ahmed Meraj , Gupta Nirmal , Jana Rashmoni , Das Malay K. , Kar Kamal K. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Bileaflet mechanical heart valves (BMHV) are widely implanted to replace diseased heart valves. Despite many improvements in design, these valves still suffer from various complications, such as valve dysfunction, tissue overgrowth, hemolysis, and thromboembolism. Thrombosis and thromboembolism are believed to be initiated by platelet activation due to contact with foreign surfaces and nonphysiological flow patterns. The implantation of the valve causes nonphysiological patterns of vortex shedding behind the leaflets. This study signifies the importance of vorticity in platelet activation and aggregation in BMHV implants. A two-phase model with the first Eulerian phase for blood and the second discrete phase for platelets is used here. The generalized cross model of viscosity has been used to simulate the non-Newtonian viscosity of blood. A fluid–structure-interaction model has been used to simulate the motion of leaflets. This study has also estimated the platelet activation state (PAS), which is the mathematical estimation of the degree of activation of platelets due to flow-induced shear stresses that cause thrombus formation. The regions in the fluid domain with a higher vorticity field have been found to contain platelets with relatively higher PAS than regions with relatively lower vorticity fields. Also, this study has quantitatively reported the effect of vorticity on platelet aggregation. Platelet densities in fluid areas with higher vorticity are higher than densities in fluid areas with lower vorticity, indicating that highly activated platelets aggregate in areas with stronger vorticity.
A General Model for the Longevity of Super-Hydrophobic Surfaces in Under-Saturated, Stationary Liquid
Authors: Bourgoun Aleksey , Ling Hangjian 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We perform a numerical study of the longevity of a super-hydrophobic surface (SHS) in under-saturated, stationary liquid. We numerically solve the spatial-temporal evolution of the gas concentration in the liquid, the time-variation of mass flux of gas out of the plastron, as well as the time required for the gas in the plastron to be fully dissolved (i.e., the plastron lifetime). We find that the profiles of gas concentration at different times are self-similar, and the mass flux reduces with time (t) at a rate of 1/t0.5. In addition, we examine the impact of texture parameters, including pitch, gas fraction, texture height, and advancing contact angle, on the diffusion process. Our results show that both plastron lifetime and diffusion length increase with increasing the gas fraction or increasing the texture height and are independent of the advancing contact angle and pitch. We propose simple analytical models for plastron lifetime and diffusion length. We show that the model has a fair agreement with the experimental data reported in the literature, and can predict the longevity for SHS with various texture geometries, texture sizes, and under different degrees of under-saturations. Our models could guide the design of long-life SHS for underwater applications such as reducing skin-friction drag and preventing biofouling.
Development and Validation of a Physiological Testing Method for Sternal Closure Systems
Authors: Kienle Annette , Renner Nadine , Bischoff Constanze 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
After a median sternotomy, the sternum has to be refixated using implants such as wires, plates, or clamps. However, there is still a lack of specifically applicable test methods to investigate the mechanical safety and effectiveness of such implant systems. The aim of this study was to develop a new test method that replicates the in vivo loads acting on the sternum and that is applicable to all types of sternal closure systems. Based on the scientific literature, a setup was developed that incorporates the physiological loads acting on the sternum during breathing (91 N) and coughing (328 N). These loads are applied to a sternum replicate at 5 Hz for approximately 1.8 × 106 cycles. This cycle number is assumed to represent the healing period. For validation, the new method was applied to two different sternal closure systems: a PEEK clamp system and wires. The new test method proved to be easily applicable. The validation tests with the two sternal closure systems showed reasonable and reproducible results regarding all outcome parameters. The pretension exerted by the implants significantly differed between the two implant groups and decreased after the first coughing cycles. The fracture gap separation during breathing also significantly different between the two test groups, but it was similar during coughing. No implant failed. Using this new test method, it is possible to compare sternal closure systems under reproducible, in vivo-based conditions and interpret their mechanical characteristics regarding their clinical safety and effectiveness.
Design, Fabrication and Testing of a Novel Wave Energy Converter
Authors: Narayan Sumesh , Deo Ashneel , Raj Anilesh , Kumar Shaniel , Pratap Ronesh 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A novel wave energy converter (WEC) was designed, fabricated and tested experimentally in the wave channel. The wave channel produced two dimensional sinusoidal waves from the generator. Experimental study on the novel WEC was carried out at the different wave frequency ranging from 0.7 Hz to 1 Hz and at five different water depths of 240 mm, 260 mm, 270 mm and 280 mm. A flywheel is utilized as an energy storage system in this study. It provides an improved way of power output from the system, even with intermittent input of the incoming waves. The use of the backwall helps the novel WEC to move the same distance during the back stroke as it achieved during the front stroke to complete the cycle. The maximum stroke length was 90 mm at back wall distance of 200 mm with the clearance of 50 mm from the bottom. The optimum angle of the backwall placement was 14° and the maximum power output of 4.79 watt was achieved at a frequency of 1 Hz and at a water depth of 280 mm. An efficiency of 5.31% was achieved for the designed novel WEC.
Improving Overall Equipment Effectiveness by Enabling Autonomous Maintenance Pillar for Integrated Work Systems
Authors: Chand Aneesh A. , Prasad Kushal A. , Sharma Krishneel R. , Narayan Sumesh , Mamun Kabir A. , Islam F. R. , Kumar Nallapaneni Manoj , Chopra Shauhrat S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Integrated Work System (IWS) and Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) are two popular approaches used by production firms to identify and eliminate production losses. In a highly competitive business environment, companies must increase their efficiency in the manufacturing process to support resilient business continuity. While OEE is widely used as a quantitative tool for measuring the performance of total productive maintenance (TPM), the IWS approach integrates equipment, processes, and involvement of people into a unified approach to reduce costs, improve quality, and increase productivity. Principally, there is an alignment between the two concepts. The IWS has the potential to maximize OEE to eliminate equipment failure and defects, minimizing downtime and maximizing productivity with less time, effort, and waste. The purpose of this work is to compare the performance of the OEE with the implementation of the IWS pillar, i.e., autonomous maintenance (AM). The rollout of the AM pillar was carried out on the two identical packaging machines (HLP1) with a speed of 120 packets per minute. The data which is shown in this paper is for both machines during the operational hours. Finally, the analysis showed positive results for both machines within a five-month period, with an increase of 27% and 15% in OEE, respectively. Later in the discussion, the root cause and SWOT analysis were perused for OEE and TPM, respectively, in this paper.
Wear Analysis of a Ni-Resist 1 Mixed Flow, Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pump: An Erosion-Corrosion Case Study
Authors: Naiana Pires da Silva Carla 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
One of the most used secondary recovery methods in mature oil production fields is the injection of water. Multi-stage mixed flow centrifugal pumps are usually used in order to achieve the required high pressures and flow rates. However, the material of this equipment can suffer high damage when it is in contact with the chemical complexity of the reservoirs water.
This paper proposes a case study referring to the effects of erosion-corrosion in an injection pump that operated in an oil production company in mature fields located in Brazil for six months. The equipment has its rotors and diffusers manufactured in Ni-Resist 1.
Initially, twelve samples of the water were collected at two different points and several components were analyzed, among them we can highlight the salinity tests that showed an average value of 40.36% measured in the suction of the pump and the suspended solids that presented an average value of 236.58 mg/L which is a value considered high for the operation of this equipment.
Continuing the study, the equipment was teared down and a visual inspection of all 41 stages was done. In this analysis, it was possible to identify an excessive wear and the damage form. The diffusers showed a mass loss at the blades leading edges, in the sealing region and in the coupling region between stages and it kept the blades rear edges in good condition. The impeller showed excessive wear, losing mostly of the blades and 100% of the skirt, the hydraulic balancing holes showed little wear on their edges.
After visual inspection, micrography and chemical analysis by Optical Emission Spectrometry (OES) were performed reaching values consistent with the Nickel Institute, thus not affecting the type of damage.
In the semi-quantitative chemical analysis by Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) we were able to evaluate the distribution of the main elements in the base metal and in the impeller decomposition residues.