bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Greater Cairo water supply systems
Authors: Fouad Mahmoud M. , El-Gendy Ahmed S. , Khalil Mostafa M. H. , Razek Taha M. A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pose a constant threat to the environment and public health. There are numerous activities in the Greater Cairo area that emit and release significant amounts of PAHs. Concentrations of these PAHs are released into the air and mixed with surface water, limiting its use. In this study, 17 PAH compounds are mapped at eight sites along the Nile River and its tributaries in Greater Cairo. In addition, their removal efficiency is evaluated with the conventional treatment in eight water treatment plants. PAHs were analyzed using GC–MS from January to December 2018. Naphthalene, anthracene, fluorene, pyrene, and phenanthrene were detected. The total amount of PAHs in raw water was highest in Shamal Helwan (1,325 ± 631 ng/l) and lowest in Mostorod (468 ± 329 ng/l), and the removal ranged from 25 to 31%. Further research is needed to integrate other techniques to reduce PAHs using the conventional treatment, and more efforts should be made to reduce the presence and release of PAHs in raw water.
Location identification of river bathymetric error based on the forward and reverse flow routing
Authors: Wang Jiabiao , Lei Xiaohui , Cai Siyu , Zhao Jianshi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRiver bathymetric data is fundamental to water flow simulation. In practice, due to measurement uncertainty and riverbed erosion and deposition, river bathymetric errors are inevitable. Therefore, identifying major cross sections with large bathymetric errors is of great significance. In this study, forward and reverse flow routing models were developed and then applied to obtain two different water stages for a specific cross section, which were respectively propagated from the upstream and downstream boundaries. The spatial variation of differences between the two calculated water stages was compared to quantify the influence of bathymetric errors, and then used as an indicator for the location identification of the bathymetric errors. After being tested and verified in a hypothetical river case, the identification method was then applied to the Xunjiang River case. The results show that the proposed method can effectively identify the cross sections with large bathymetric errors, and the identification performance is related to the flow magnitude. The research is valuable and practical to the improvement of river bathymetric data and the accuracy of water flow simulation.
Field solution to produce irrigation-drinking water by condensation irrigation system from seawater
Authors: Yousefi Bagher , Lindblom Jenny , Nordell Bo , Boroomand-Nasab Saeed , Chaibi M. Thameur 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Condensation irrigation (CI) combines desalination with subsurface irrigation. Here, solar stills are used to heat and humidity air, which is condensed in underground drainage pipes to irrigate the soil, directly in the root zone. This article describes and evaluates a CI field test at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz in Iran. The objective was to gain a deeper understanding of the CI system in the production of drinking and irrigation water and to do a detailed assessment of heat and moisture transfer in the soil. Perforated and unperforated PVC pipes were used in two separate experiments while airflow properties, soil temperature and humidity, and ambient air temperature were monitored. The system produced 6 kg of irrigation water during 8 hours in the 25 m long pipe. When using an unperforated pipe, 4 kg of freshwater was collected at the pipe ending after 8 hours of operation. The preliminary economic analysis of irrigation system indicates a payback time of less than six years.
Treatment of river water using modular gravity-driven ultrafiltration (GDU) for individual contingency water supply
Authors: Ishak Nur Ir Imani , Boon Seng Ooi , Juinn Chieh Derek Chan , Koe Zhen Yao Aaron , Ying Shi Chang , Qi Hwa Ng 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this work, hollow fibre ultrafiltration (UF) membrane operating under gravitational force were used to treat Escherichia coli bloomed water as well as contaminated surface water. The biofouling propensity of the UF membrane was investigated. The results showed that after the single filtration using the gravitational-driven UF unit, E. coli cells were accumulated on the membrane surface and gave fair rejection of 86.35–90.22% for initial E. coli cells concentrations of 5,000 and 10,000 MPN/ 100 mL, respectively. On the other hand, the double GDU membrane unit (filtration in series) could enhance E. coli removal up to 97.70–99.03% based on initial E. coli cell of 5,000 and 10,000 MPN/100 mL, respectively. For river water as feed, it was found that the permeate is free of pathogenic cells. No significant E. coli cells were found on the membrane surface of second filtration unit. Although there is ten-fold flux decrement by using a double filtration unit, the module is able to polish the contaminated water to potable water quality. The membrane could be cleaned using the simple backwash and the flux could be recovered up to 94%. In overall, this study has demonstrated the potential of using gravitational-driven UF to remove pathogens from contaminated river water.
Outcomes, Measurement Instruments, and Their Validity Evidence in Randomized Controlled Trials on Virtual, Augmented, and Mixed Reality in Undergraduate Medical Education: Systematic Mapping Review
Authors: Tudor Car Lorainne , Kyaw Bhone Myint , Teo Andrew , Fox Tatiana Erlikh , Vimalesvaran Sunitha , Apfelbacher Christian , Kemp Sandra , Chavannes Niels 
Published: April 2022

Background
Extended reality, which encompasses virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), is increasingly used in medical education. Studies assessing the effectiveness of these new educational modalities should measure relevant outcomes using outcome measurement tools with validity evidence.

Objective
Our aim is to determine the choice of outcomes, measurement instruments, and the use of measurement instruments with validity evidence in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the effectiveness of VR, AR, and MR in medical student education.

Methods
We conducted a systematic mapping review. We searched 7 major bibliographic databases from January 1990 to April 2020, and 2 reviewers screened the citations and extracted data independently from the included studies. We report our findings in line with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines.

Results
Of the 126 retrieved RCTs, 115 (91.3%) were on VR and 11 (8.7%) were on AR. No RCT on MR in medical student education was found. Of the 115 studies on VR, 64 (55.6%) were on VR simulators, 30 (26.1%) on screen-based VR, 9 (7.8%) on VR patient simulations, and 12 (10.4%) on VR serious games. Most studies reported only a single outcome and immediate postintervention assessment data. Skills outcome was the most common outcome reported in studies on VR simulators (97%), VR patient simulations (100%), and AR (73%). Knowledge was the most common outcome reported in studies on screen-based VR (80%) and VR serious games (58%). Less common outcomes included participants’ attitudes, satisfaction, cognitive or mental load, learning efficacy, engagement or self-efficacy beliefs, emotional state, competency developed, and patient outcomes. At least one form of validity evidence was found in approximately half of the studies on VR simulators (55%), VR patient simulations (56%), VR serious games (58%), and AR (55%) and in a quarter of the studies on screen-based VR (27%). Most studies used assessment methods that were implemented in a nondigital format, such as paper-based written exercises or in-person assessments where examiners observed performance (72%).

Conclusions
RCTs on VR and AR in medical education report a restricted range of outcomes, mostly skills and knowledge. The studies largely report immediate postintervention outcome data and use assessment methods that are in a nondigital format. Future RCTs should include a broader set of outcomes, report on the validity evidence of the measurement instruments used, and explore the use of assessments that are implemented digitally.
Komparasi Metode Klasifikasi Batik Menggunakan Neural Network Dan K-Nearest Neighbor Berbasis Ekstraksi Fitur Tekstur
Authors: Zaman Badroe 
Published: April 2022

Batik tulis adalah hasil seni budaya yang memiliki keindahan visual dan mengandung makna filosofis pada setiap motifnya. Motif batik tulis berkembang sejalan dengan perkembangan jaman dan kehidupan masyarakat. Motif batik tulis memiliki bentuk yang sangat beragam dan memiliki tingkat kompleksitas yang tingi sehingga menjadi kesulitan tersendiri dalam pengelompokan kelas batik tertentu. Klasifikasi citra ke dalam kelas tertentu juga menjadi permasalahan yang pelik dalam bidang pengenalan pola. Metode machine learning dapat digunakan untuk mengenali kelas batik melalui pengenalan citra batik. Namun belum banyak penelitian terkait studi komparasi klasifikasi citra batik. Sehingga penelitian ini berfokus pada data set citra batik tulis yang menggunakan dua motif yaitu motif klasik dan motif kontemporer. Pada penelitian ini, fitur ekstraksi menjadi dasar klasifikasi dengan metode Backpropagation Neural Network dan k-Nearest Neighbor. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menemukan pola baru dalam data dengan menghubungkan pola data yang sudah ada dengan data yang baru. Selanjutnya, penelitian ini melakukan perbandingan metode klasifikasi antara Backpropagation Neural Network dan k-Nearest Neighbor untuk mencari metode klasifikasi terbaik untuk klasifikasi Batik tulis Bakaran. Hasil dari studi komparasi menunjukkan bahwa metode Backpropagation Neural Network memperoleh nilai akurasi 90,11% sedangkan metode k-Nearest Neighbor mendapatkan nilai akurasi 96,00%. Sehingga dapat di simpulkan bahwa metode k-Nearest Neighbor merupakan metode terbaik untuk klasifikasi citra batik bakaran.
Peran Guru PPKn dalam Mencegah Terjadinya Bullying Pada Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Negeri 3 Percut Sei Tuan Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021
Authors: Batubara Armi Sari Pratiwi , Endarwati Adelia , Siagian Nurhasania , Yunita Sri , Hodriani Hodriani 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study is aims to determine the role of PPkn teachers in preventing bullying in class VIII students of SMP Negeri 3 Percut Sei Tuan for the 2020/2021 academic year. The method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 3 Percut Sei Tuan. The population were all eighth grade students consisting of 8 classes totaling 253 students. Determine the sample using the Slovin formula with the results of 72 students, with a percentage of 28% from each class as many as 9 students per class. Data collection instrument was by distributing questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using a simple statistical technique. The results showed that PPKn teachers played a good role in preventing bullying in students which can be seen from the acquisition scores on variable X, as many as 5769 were included in good criteria and seen from the percentage of 80.12% from the expected 100%. The results of data processing also show bullying which is expressed through the acquisition scor on variable Y, as many as 2868. Bullying behavior ever occurs in class VIII SMP Negeri 3 Percut Sei Tuan in the 2020/2021 academic year which is also shown at 39.83% from the expected 0%.----------------AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran guru PPKn dalam mencegah terjadinya bullying pada siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 3 Percut Sei Tuan Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kuantitatif. Penelitian dilaksanakan di SMP Negeri 3 Percut Sei Tuan. Populasi pada penelitian yakni seluruh siswa kelas VIII yang terdiri dari 8 kelas yang berjumlah 253 siswa. Penentuan sampel menggunakan rumus Slovin dengan hasil 72 siswa, dengan persentase sampel sebesar 28% dari tiap kelas yakni sebanyak 9 siswa per kelas. Instrumen pengumpulan data dalam penelitian dengan menyebarkan angket. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan teknik statistik sederhana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa guru PPKn berperan baik dalam mencegah terjadinya bullying pada siswa yang dapat dilihat dari skor perolehan pada variabel X, sebanyak 5769 termasuk dalam kriteria baik dan dilihat dari persentase sebesar 80,12% dari yang diharapkan sebesar 100%. Hasil pengolahan data juga menunjukkan bahwa siswa pernah melakukan bullying yang dinyatakan melalui skor perolehan pada variabel Y sebanyak 2868. Perilaku bullying pernah terjadi pada siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 3 Percut Sei Tuan Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021 yang ditunjukkan melalui persentase sebesar 39,83% dari yang diharapkan sebesar 0%.
Neurological examination in healthy adult inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps)
Authors: Tarbert Danielle K. , Murthy Vishal D. , Guzman David Sanchez-Migallon 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate neurological tests and expected results in inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) and generate recommendations for bearded dragon–specific neurological examination.

ANIMALS
26 healthy adult inland bearded dragons.

PROCEDURES
A complete neurological examination utilizing tests described in both mammals and reptiles was performed on each lizard, and test feasibility and outcome were recorded.

RESULTS
Tests with poor feasibility included oculocardiac reflex (successfully completed in 62% [16/26] of animals) and voluntary ambulation and swallowing by use of a food item (0% [0/26] of animals). Tests with outcomes considered abnormal in mammals but attributable to normal bearded dragon behavior included head position (head tilt present in 12% [3/26]) and head movement (head bob present in 4% [1/26]). Many tests had absent or inconsistent outcomes, including menace response (present in 19% [5/26]), proprioceptive positioning (present in 4% [1/26] in the thoracic limbs and 0% [0/26] in the pelvic limbs), vent reflex (present in 27% [7/26]), and myotatic reflexes (biceps present in 8% [2/26]; patellar, gastrocnemius, and triceps present in 0% [0/26]). Extensor postural thrust was absent in all successfully tested animals, but a novel reflex termed the caudal thoracic extensor reflex was noted instead in all observed animals (100% [21/21]).

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Tests with poor feasibility or inconsistent outcomes should have low priority or be excluded from neurological examinations of inland bearded dragons. Normal behaviors should be considered for head position and movement. A bearded dragon–specific neurological examination protocol derived from these findings is described and recommended in order to decrease stress and improve neurolocalization.
Metabolomics reveal the mechanism for anti-renal fibrosis effects of an n-butanol extract from Amygdalus mongolica
Authors: Gao Chen , Chang Hong , Zhou Hong-Bing , Liu Qing , Bai Ying-Chun , Liu Quan-Li , Bai Wan-Fu , Shi Song-Li 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
To reveal the mechanism of anti-renal fibrosis effects of an n-butanol extract from Amygdalus mongolica, renal fibrosis was induced with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and then treated with an n-butanol extract (BUT) from Amygdalus mongolica (Rosaceae). Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham-operated, renal fibrosis (RF) model, benazepril hydrochloride-treated model (1.5 mg kg−1) and BUT-treated (1.75, 1.5 and 1.25 g kg−1) groups and the respective drugs were administered intragastrically for 21 days. Related biochemical indices in rat serum were determined and histopathological morphology observed. Serum metabolomics was assessed with HPLC-Q-TOF-MS. The BUT reduced levels of blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and albumin and lowered the content of malondialdehyde and hydroxyproline in tissues. The activity of superoxide dismutase in tissues was increased and an improvement in the severity of RF was observed. Sixteen possible biomarkers were identified by metabolomic analysis and six key metabolic pathways, including the TCA cycle and tyrosine metabolism, were analyzed. After treatment with the extract, 8, 12 and 9 possible biomarkers could be detected in the high-, medium- and low-dose groups, respectively. Key biomarkers of RF, identified using metabolomics, were most affected by the medium dose. A. mongolica BUT extract displays a protective effect on RF in rats and should be investigated as a candidate drug for the treatment of the disease.
AXL inhibitors selected by molecular docking: Option for reducing SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells
Authors: Galindo-Hernández Octavio , Vique-Sánchez José Luis 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is ongoing and the benefit from vaccines is still insufficient since COVID-19 continues to be dia g-nosed in vaccinated individuals. It is, therefore, necessary to propose specific pharmacological treatments against COVID-19. A new therapeutic target on the human cellular membrane is AXL (anexelekto), proposed as an independent pathway by which interaction with the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 allows the virus to enter the cell, without the participation of ACE2. AXL serves as another gate through which SARS-CoV-2 can enter cells. Therefore, any stage of COVID-19 could be ameliorated by hindering the interaction between AXL and SARS-CoV-2. This study proposes ten compounds (1–10), selected by mole-cu lar docking and using a library of nearly 500,000 compounds, to develop a new drug that will decrease the interaction of AXL with the S protein of SARS-CoV-2. These compounds have a specific potential site of interaction with AXL, between Glu59, His61, Glu70 and Ser74 amino acids. This site is necessary for the interaction of AXL with the S protein. With this, we propose to develop a new adjuvant treatment against COVID-19.
Design and development of novel 1,2,3-triazole chalcone derivatives as potential anti-osteosarcoma agents via inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signalling pathway
Authors: Su Qing , Xu Baolin , Tian Zhoubin , Gong Ziling 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is an uncommon tumour that mainly affects bone in children and adolescents. The current treatment options of OS are of limited significance due to their immense side effects. In the present manuscript, we have developed a novel series of 1,2,3-triazole chalcone derivatives as potential agents against OS. The compounds were synthesized and evaluated for their PI3K and mTOR inhibitory activity using luminescent kinase assay, and Lance ultra assay, resp. The entire set of compounds showed significant to moderate inhibition of both kinases in the nanomolar range. The three most active compounds: 4e (N-(4-(3-(1-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)acryloyl)phenyl)-4-nitrobenzamide), 4f (N-(4-(3-(1-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)acryloyl)phenyl)-4-chlorobenzamide) and 4g (4-bromo-N-(4-(3-(1-(4-bromophenyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)acryloyl)phenyl)benzamide), were evaluated for anticancer activity against human OS cancer cell line (MG-63), liver cancer cell line (HepG2), lung cancer cell line (A549) and cervical cancer (HeLa), using MTT assay. Among the tested series, compound 4e showed a better inhibitory profile than gedatolisib against PI3K and was approximately comparable to that of gedatolisib against mTOR. The most significant inhibitory activity was observed for compound 4e against all cell lines (MG-63, HepG2, A549 and HeLa), still somewhat lower to comparable to that of gedatolisib, but with the highest potency against MG-63 cells. Compound 4e was further tested for anti-cancer activity against other OS cells and showed to be equipo-tent to gedatolisib against U2OS and Saos-2 cells. Moreover, it was also found non-toxic to normal cells (BEAS-2B and MCF 10A). The effect of compound 4e was further determined on apoptosis of Saos-2 cells by Annexin-PI assay, where it significantly amplified the percentage of apoptotic cells. Novel 1,2,3-triazole chalcone derivatives are potential agents against OS.
The incentive contract of subject librarians in university library under the non-linear task importance
Authors: Wang Chunping , Song Lili 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Under the information asymmetry, we consider the impact of task importance on the income of university managers, introducing the non-linear income function of university managers. Based on the principal-agent theory, we construct a non-linear incentive optimisation model for subject librarians. We discussed how university managers allocate incentive intensity and how the subject librarians allocate the effort level to achieve the best net expected income for university administrators and subject librarians while satisfying the constraints of participation and incentive compatibility. The results show that the optimal incentive contract for subject librarians is related to task importance, ability level, risk aversion characteristics and the randomness of the external environment in university libraries. The relative incentive intensity increases with the increase of task importance, risk aversion, ability level and randomness of information retrieval tasks, and decreases with the increase of randomness of subject service tasks.
Malachite green adsorption by calcium-rich crab shell char via two-stage adsorber design
Authors: Sarawanan Tivya , Lawal Sirajo , Zaini Muhammad Abbas Ahmad 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The present work was aimed to evaluate the optimum mass of crab shell biochar and adsorption contact time in a two-stage adsorber design for malachite green. The model was developed to predict optimum adsorbent mass and adsorption profiles at specified volumes and concentrations of dye effluent. Results show that the adsorbent mass can only be reduced by 1.91 % because of the adsorbent’s strong affinity towards malachite green. Accordingly, the adsorption contact time to achieve equilibrium has dramatically reduced from 150 min to 31 min. In the performance evaluation, the adsorbent mass in stage-1 is always higher than that in stage-2 to subside the adsorbent load in achieving the target removal at optimum dosage. From the response surface methodology, the most significant parameters in two-stage adsorber design are adsorption time at stage-2 and malachite green concentration. The predicted values of adsorbent mass and time are essential in designing the cost-competitive two-stage adsorption process for industrial wastewater treatment.
Spontaneous Appearance of Life and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Authors: Snoke David W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
It is often argued both by scientists and the lay public that it is extremely unlikely for life or minds to arise spontaneously, but this argument is hard to quantify. In this paper I make this argument more rigorous, starting with a review of the concepts of information and entropy, and then examining the specific case of Maxwell's demon and how it relates to living systems. I argue that information and entropy are objective physical quantities, defined for systems as a whole, which allow general arguments in terms of physical law. In particular, I argue that living systems obey the same rules as Maxwell's demons.
The Right to Prevent Destruction of Murals
Authors: Žárská Petra 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe destruction of murals burdens artists around the world. Many times, the only option they can rely on is the prohibition of any distortion, mutilation or modification of work under art. 6bis of the Berne Convention, because multiple legal orders are silent on the prohibition of destruction. Thus, this comparative analysis will impartially evaluate legal protection of murals in the USA, France and Germany. The author will thoroughly scrutinize and compare biding laws and case law of selected jurisdictions. The aim of the analysis is to assess the level of protection afforded by the integrity right, which will lead to the conclusion on the necessity of the right to prevent destruction of artwork as a separate right included in Copyright acts.