bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Burden Among Unaccompanied Minors in US Custody
Authors: Foppiano Palacios Carlo , Tucker Elizabeth W , Travassos Mark A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, crowded and unsanitary living conditions lacking medical expertise made US detention centers hotbeds for infectious disease outbreaks. There have been 30 000 COVID-19 cases, positivity rates exceeding 50%, and 9 deaths in Immigration and Customs Enforcement custody, but the extent of disease among children under the care of the Office of Refugee Resettlement (ORR) has not been well-documented. We sought to evaluate the burden of COVID-19 among unaccompanied minors under the ORR’s responsibility.

Methods
We analyzed SARS-CoV-2 testing results of refugees and asylum seekers in facilities associated with the ORR from February 1, 2020, to November 18, 2020, courtesy of a Freedom of Information Act request.

Results
ORR facilities performed 7132 SARS-CoV-2 tests from March 13, 2020, to November 18, 2020. Overall, the SARS-CoV-2 positivity rate was 13.4%. Factors associated with higher positivity rates were age group (16–17 years old); identifying as male; undergoing testing in April, August, or September; staying in a for-profit versus a nonprofit facility; and detention in certain facilities. The mean detention time with a positive test was 14.8 ± 3.2 days. Greater than 10% of positive tests were in long-term detainees.

Conclusions
The high SARS-CoV-2 test positivity rate raises concerns about an inability to limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 within detention facilities housing unaccompanied migrant children, particularly those run by for-profit companies. Mandated measures for social distancing and vaccination among detainees and detention facility employees are needed to limit the spread of the virus.
Clinical and Molecular Analyses of Recurrent Gram-Negative Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Bock Andrew , Hanson Blake M , Ruffin Felicia , Parsons Joshua B , Park Lawrence P , Sharma-Kuinkel Batu , Mohnasky Michael , Arias Cesar A , Fowler Vance G , Thaden Joshua T 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
The causes and clinical characteristics of recurrent gram-negative bacterial bloodstream infections (GNB-BSI) are poorly understood.

Methods
We used a cohort of patients with GNB-BSI to identify clinical characteristics, microbiology, and risk factors associated with recurrent GNB-BSI. Bacterial genotyping (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis [PFGE] and whole-genome sequencing [WGS]) was used to determine whether episodes were due to relapse or reinfection. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for recurrence.

Results
Of the 1423 patients with GNB-BSI in this study, 60 (4%) had recurrent GNB-BSI. Non-White race (odds ratio [OR], 2.35; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.38–4.01; P = .002), admission to a surgical service (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.26–3.75; P = .005), and indwelling cardiac device (OR, 2.73; 95% CI, 1.21–5.58; P = .009) were associated with increased risk for recurrent GNB-BSI. Among the 48 patients with recurrent GNB-BSI whose paired bloodstream isolates underwent genotyping, 63% were due to relapse (30 of 48) and 38% were due to reinfection (18 of 48) based on WGS. Compared with WGS, PFGE correctly differentiated relapse and reinfection in 98% (47 of 48) of cases. Median time to relapse and reinfection was similar (113 days; interquartile range [IQR], 35–222 vs 174 days; IQR, 69–599; P = .13). Presence of a cardiac device was associated with relapse (relapse: 7 of 27, 26%; nonrelapse: 65 of 988, 7%; P = .002).

Conclusions
In this study, recurrent GNB-BSI was most commonly due to relapse. PFGE accurately differentiated relapse from reinfection when compared with WGS. Cardiac device was a risk factor for relapse.
Challenging austerity under the COVID-19 state
Authors: Warner Mildred E , Kelly Paige M , Zhang Xue 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represented a short-term shift in US social policy. Under the CARES Act and the American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA), the federal government prioritised households by raising the floor for child support and unemployment benefits, and restoring fiscal federalism by providing increased funds to state and local governments. Our 2021 nationwide survey finds local governments with more citizen participation and Black Lives Matter protests plan to prioritise social equity investments, while those with more Trump voters plan to prioritise physical infrastructure with their ARPA funds. COVID-19 led to new policy approaches that expand government investment. While the federal changes for households (expanded unemployment insurance and child tax credits) ended in 2021, the increased aid to state and local governments continues. These have the potential to help reshape citizen expectations and repair federal–state–local relations.
Effect of Macrotroponin in a Cohort of Community Patients with Elevated Cardiac Troponin
Authors: Lam Leo , Tse Rexson , Gladding Patrick , Kyle Campbell 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Macrotroponin is an important cause of discrepancy between current high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) assays, however, its clinical significance is unclear. This study examined the effects of macrotroponin and repeat testing by different hs-cTnI assays in a cohort of community patients with elevated hs-cTnI.

Methods
The first residual serum specimen from each patient in the community admitted to hospital with elevated hs-cTnI (Siemens hs-cTnI Centaur) was retested after immunoglobulin depletion and by 5 other hs-cTn assays. Low recovery of cTnI (&lt;40%) following immunoglobulin depletion was considered as macrotroponin. A retrospective chart review was performed for these participants. Investigator-adjudicated diagnosis served as the reference standard.

Results
In our cohort of community patients with elevated troponin (n = 188), participants with macrotroponin (n = 99) often had a multifactorial or indeterminate myocardial injury (56% vs 25%) and were less likely to have acute coronary syndrome (9% vs 28%). On repeat testing of cTn on other platforms, better diagnostic performance (c-statistics) for ischemic and non-ischemic cardiac causes was observed on the Beckman Access hs-cTnI (0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.67–0.81) or the Abbott hs-cTnI Architect (0.75; CI 0.68–0.82) compared to the Siemens hs-cTnI Vista (0.62; CI 0.54–0.70; P &lt; 0.05). This could be attributed to differences in assay reactivity for macrotroponin. Interestingly, better diagnostic performance was observed in patients without macrotroponin. Although a small number of deaths occurred (n = 16), participants with macrotroponin had better overall survival.

Conclusions
In the low-risk setting, the presence of macrotroponin was clinically associated with multifactorial or indeterminate causes of troponin elevation.
The comparative energetics of the carnivorans and pangolins
Authors: Kooijman Sebastiaan A L M , Augustine Starrlight 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Patterns in eco-physiological traits of pangolins and carnivorans are studied, which are functions of underlying Dynamic Energy Budget parameters. The data, parameter values and traits are accessible in the open access Add-my-Pet collection, which currently contains 7 out of 8 species of pangolins and 131 of the extant 276 species of carnivorans and 653 of the extant 6400 species of mammals. Paucity of data and species not included reflect the actual state of knowledge: many species are endangered and/or little measured data is readily available. Although musteloids and pinnipeds form the clade Mustelida, they appear at opposite ends of the classical multidimensional scaling diagram, using 14 traits on all mammals. Yet, in general, the energetic parameters bear a strong taxonomic signal. The weight at birth is proportional to ultimate weight: small for carnivorans and pangolins; extra small for bears; and much larger, but typical for mammals, for the pinnipeds and sea otters. How respiration scales with size is taxon-specific, and we discuss how the body-size scaling of reserve capacity interferes with the waste-to-hurry pattern. Despite their high allocation to soma, the life time cumulated mass of neonates of pangolins and carnivorans equals their own ultimate weight; pinnipeds allocate more to maturation and reproduction. Applying models to support conservation efforts entails needing realistic parameter values. This study contributes to the emerging field of assessing the realism of parameters in biological and evolutionary context.
Intestinal Epithelial Responses to IL-17 in Adult Stem Cell-derived Human Intestinal Organoids
Authors: Lee Chansu , Song Joo Hye , Cha Yeo-Eun , Chang Dong Kyung , Kim Young-Ho , Hong Sung Noh 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Th17 cells and their signature cytokine, interleukin-17A [IL-17], are considered as the main pathogenic factors in inflammatory bowel diseases [IBDs]. However, IL-17 neutralising antibodies, a theoretically curative medication for IBDs, paradoxically aggravated intestinal inflammation. The mechanisms by which IL-17 mediates the protective and pathological effects of IL-17 remain unclear in the intestinal epithelium.

Methods
The intestinal epithelial responses induced by IL-17 were evaluated using the human small intestinal organoid [enteroid] model.

Results
Organoid-forming efficiency, cell viability, and proliferation of enteroids were decreased in proportion to IL-17 concentration. The IL-17 induced cytotoxicity was predominantly mediated by pyroptosis with activation of CASP1 and cleavage of GSDMD. Bulk RNA-sequencing revealed the enrichment of secretion signalling in IL-17 treated enteroids, leading to mucin exocytosis. Among its components, PIGR was up-regulated significantly as the concentration of IL-17 increased, resulting in IgA transcytosis. Mucin exocytosis and IgA transcytosis have a protective role against enteric pathogens. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified that CASP1-mediated pyroptosis occurred actively in intestinal stem cells [ISCs] and enterocytes. IL-17 neutralising antibody completely restored IL-17 induced cytotoxicity, but suppressed mucin secretion and IgA transcytosis. Pyroptosis inhibition using CASP1 inhibitors significantly improved IL-17 induced cytotoxicity without diminishing its beneficial effects.

Conclusions
IL-17 induces the pyroptosis of ISCs and enterocytes, as well as mucin secretion of goblet cells and IgA transcytosis of epithelial cells. Paradoxical gastrointestinal effects of IL-17 neutralising antibodies may be associated with inhibition of mucin secretion and IgA transcytosis. The inhibition of pyroptosis using CASP1 inhibitors prevents IL-17 induced cytotoxicity without compromising its beneficial effects.
Placebo Rates in Randomized Controlled Trials of Proctitis Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Placebo Response in Proctitis
Authors: De Silva Theshani A , Alphonsus Lotus , Ma Christopher , Hogan Malcolm , Sedano Rocio , Narula Neeraj , Danese Silvio , Peyrin-Biroulet Laurent , MacDonald John K , Singh Siddharth , Jairath Vipul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background and Aims
Treatment options for proctitis are limited. To assist trial design for novel therapeutics, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of proctitis randomized controlled trials [RCTs] to quantify placebo rates and identify factors influencing them.

Methods
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and CENTRAL from inception to June 2021. Placebo-controlled trials of pharmacological interventions for proctitis were eligible. Placebo clinical response and remission rates for induction and maintenance trials were extracted and pooled using a random-effects model. Mixed-effects meta-regression was used to evaluate the impact of patient and study-level characteristics.

Results
Twenty RCTs [17 induction and four maintenance phases] were included. The most common intervention was aminosalicylates and most studies investigated topical medications. The pooled placebo clinical response and remission rates for induction trials were 28% (95% confidence interval [CI] 22–35%; n = 17) and 20% [95% CI 12–32%; n = 9], respectively. Pooled placebo endoscopic response and remission rates were 32% [95% CI 26–39%, n = 12] and 18% [95% CI 9–33%, n = 6], respectively. For maintenance trials, the pooled placebo clinical remission rate was 29% [95% CI 16–46%, n = 17]. Trials published after 2005 and trials with a longer duration of follow-up were associated with significantly lower placebo response rates. Nineteen of 20 studies were assessed as having an unclear risk of bias, reflecting the historical nature of trials.

Conclusions
Placebo response and remission rates in proctitis trials are influenced by trial phase and the endpoint being assessed. These contemporary rates will inform trial design for novel therapeutics for treatment of proctitis, which is a large unmet need.
Mending the broken valentine heart: a case report
Authors: Marwaha Sarandeep , Bhatia Raghav , Papadakis Michael , Marciniak Anna 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Mortality from myocardial infarction (MI) has been decreasing since the introduction of primary percutaneous intervention. Late complications still pose a dilemma, such as deterioration of left ventricle (LV) function, LV aneurysms, and LV thrombus formation. If not adequately managed in a timely manner, this can result in life-threatening consequences. Restoration of LV function by surgical resection of the infarcted LV wall is an option for a few complicated cases, with variable outcomes.

Case summary
A 66-year-old man presented with dyspnoea 2 years after his initial MI, which was treated with a drug-eluting stent to his left circumflex artery. His Warfarin had been stopped after 6 months of treatment of a small LV thrombus, which was noted at the time of his initial infarction. His echocardiogram on admission demonstrated severe LV systolic impairment of 23% (which had deteriorated from 40%) with a giant true aneurysm of the basal to mid-lateral wall, which resembled a Valentine heart. The presence of a large, organized thrombus filling the aneurysm complicated the case further. The patient underwent a resection of the LV aneurysm and thrombus. He remained asymptomatic and maintained a significant improvement of his LV function to 47% at his 5 months scan.

Discussion
The importance of imaging post-large MI and follow-up imaging once thrombus resolution has occurred is crucial. Patients with large LV aneurysm associated with severe refractory LV impairment and LV thrombus should be considered for LV aneurysmectomy for prognostic benefit and symptom relief.
Interactions of the bacteriome, virome, and immune system in the nose
Authors: Flynn Matthew , Lyall Zinnia , Shepherd Gwendolyn , Lee Osher Ngo Yung , Marianna Da Fonseca Ioannou , Dong Yijia , Chalmers Stuart , Hare Jamie , Thomson Jack , Millar Freya 
Published: August 2022

AbstractEmerging evidence suggests that the nasal microbiome may influence host susceptibility to initial development and severity of respiratory viral infections. While not as extensively studied as the microbiota of the alimentary tract, it is now clearly established that the microbial composition of this niche is influenced by medical, social and pharmacological influences, predisposing some sub-populations to respiratory infections. The resulting specific microbial profiles may explain variance in susceptibility to viral infection. This review summaries the evolution and constituents of the commensal nasal microbiome; the bacterial-virus, bacterial-host and interbacterial interactions which potentiate disease; and considers the effects of interventions such as vaccination and probiotics.
Influence of Freedom of Movement on the Health of People With Dementia: A Systematic Review
Authors: van Liempd Suzan , Verbiest Marjolein , Stoop Annerieke , Luijkx Katrien 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background and Objectives
To protect residents with dementia from harm, nursing homes (NHs) often have closed-door policies. However, current research suggests a positive influence of freedom of movement, that is, the right to (decide to) independently move from one place to another, on the health of NH residents with dementia. This systematic review aims to collate, summarize, and synthesize the scientific evidence published to date on the influence of freedom of movement on health among NH residents with dementia.

Research Design and Methods
Multiple databases were searched up until March 2021. Peer-reviewed qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods studies were included. Health was operationalized using the Positive Health framework, encompassing 6 dimensions: bodily functions, mental functions and perception, existential dimension, quality of life, social and societal participation, and daily functioning. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool.

Results
Sixteen studies were included of good to excellent quality. Compared to closed NHs, freedom of movement in semiopen and open NHs may have a positive influence on bodily functions, mental functions and perception, quality of life, and social and societal participation. The influence on daily functioning and on the existential dimension remains unclear.

Discussion and Implications
Freedom of movement of NH residents with dementia is often studied as part of a larger context in which other factors may contribute to health benefits. More research is therefore needed to unravel the underlying mechanisms of the positive influence of freedom of movement on health.
The Lesser-Known Transitions: Organismal Form and Function across Abiotic Gradients
Authors: Easterling C M , Kolmann M A , O'Donnell M K 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
From minute-to-minute changes, or across daily, seasonal, or geological timescales, animals are forced to navigate dynamic surroundings. Their abiotic environment is continually changing. These changes could include alterations to the substrates animals locomote on, flow dynamics of the microhabitats they feed in, or even altitudinal shifts over migration routes. The only constancy in any organism's day-to-day existence is the heterogeneity of the habitats they move through and the gradients in the physical media (e.g., air and water) they live in. We explored a broad range of organismal transitions across abiotic gradients and investigated how these organisms modify their form, function, and behavior to accommodate their surrounding media. We asked the following questions: (1) What are some challenges common to animals in changing media or moving between media? (2) What are common solutions to these recurring problems? (3) How often are these common solutions instances of either convergence or parallelism? Our symposium speakers explored these questions through critical analysis of numerous datasets spanning multiple taxa, timescales, and levels of analysis. After discussions with our speakers, we suggest that the role of physical principles (e.g., drag, gravity, buoyancy, and viscosity) in constraining morphology and shaping the realized niche has been underappreciated. We recommend that investigations of these transitions and corresponding adaptations should include comparisons at multiple levels of biological organization and timescale. Relatedly, studies of organisms that undergo habitat and substrate changes over ontogeny would be worthwhile to include in comparisons. Future researchers should ideally complement lab-based morphological and kinematic studies with observational and experimental approaches in the field. Synthesis of the findings of our speakers across multiple study systems, timescales, and transitional habitats suggests that behavioral modification and exaptation of morphology play key roles in modulating novel transitions between substrates.
Estimating the Drivers of Diversification of Stoneflies Through Time and the Limits of Their Fossil Record
Authors: Jouault Corentin , Nel André , Legendre Frédéric , Condamine Fabien L 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDeciphering the timing of lineage diversification and extinction has greatly benefited in the last decade from methodological developments in fossil-based analyses. If these advances are increasingly used to study the past dynamics of vertebrates, other taxa such as insects remain relatively neglected. Our understanding of how insect clades waxed and waned or of the impact of major paleoenvironmental changes during their periods of diversification and extinction (mass extinction) are rarely investigated. Here, we compile and analyze the fossil record of Plecoptera (1,742 vetted occurrences) to investigate their genus-level diversification and diversity dynamics using a Bayesian process-based model that incorporates temporal preservation biases. We found that the Permian-Triassic mass extinction has drastically impacted Plecoptera, while the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution corresponds with a turnover of plecopteran fauna. We also unveiled three major gaps in the plecopteran fossil record: the Carboniferous-Permian transition, the late Early Cretaceous, and the late Cenomanian to Bartonian, which will need to be further investigated. Based on the life history of extant Plecoptera, we investigate the correlations between their past dynamic and a series of biotic (Red Queen hypothesis) and abiotic (Court Jester hypothesis) factors. These analyses highlight the major role of continental fragmentation in the evolutionary history of stoneflies, which is in line with phylogeny-based biogeographic analyses showing how vicariance drove their diversification. Our study advocates analyzing the fossil record with caution, while attempting to unveil the diversification and extinction periods plus the likely triggers of these past dynamics of diversification.
Potency of the novel PolC DNA polymerase inhibitor CRS0540 in a disseminated Listeria monocytogenes intracellular hollow-fibre model
Authors: Patel Swati , Chapagain Moti , Mason Clifford , Gingrich Matthew , Athale Shruti , Ribble Wendy , Hoang Teresa , Day Joshua , Sun Xicheng , Jarvis Thale , Ochsner Urs A , Howe David , Gumbo Tawanda 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Listeriosis is an orphan disease, which is nevertheless fatal in immunocompromised people. CRS0540 is a novel PolC DNA polymerase inhibitor that has demonstrated good in vitro and in vivo activity against Listeria monocytogenes.

Methods
Rodent-to-human allometry projection-based human population pharmacokinetics of CRS0540 were used for all studies. CRS0540 pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics studies in an intracellular hollow-fibre system model of disseminated listeriosis (HFS-Lister) examined the effect of eight treatment doses, administered daily over 7 days, in duplicate units. Total bacterial burden versus AUC/MIC exposures on each day were modelled using the inhibitory sigmoid Emax model, while CRS0540-resistant bacterial burden was modelled using a quadratic function. Ten thousand-subject Monte Carlo simulations were used to predict an optimal clinical dose for treatment.

Results
The mean CRS0540 intracellular/extracellular AUC0–24 ratio was 34.07 (standard error: 15.70) as measured in the HFS-Lister. CRS0540 demonstrated exposure-dependent bactericidal activity in the HFS-Lister, with the highest exposure killing approximately 5.0 log10 cfu/mL. The free drug AUC0–24/MIC associated with 80% of maximal kill (EC80) was 36.4. Resistance emergence versus AUC/MIC was described by a quadratic function, with resistance amplification at an AUC/MIC of 54.8 and resistance suppression at an AUC/MIC of 119. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated that for the EC80 target, IV CRS0540 doses of 100 mg/kg achieved PTAs of &gt;90% at MICs up to 1.0 mg/L.

Conclusions
CRS0540 is a promising orphan drug candidate for listeriosis. Future PK/PD studies comparing it with penicillin, the standard of care, could lead to this drug as a new treatment in immunocompromised patients.