bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Students
Authors: Jin Kim Helen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The war triggered a new wave of Korean immigration to the United States through which South Korean Protestants and white fundamentalists forged new networks. Billy Kim’s and Joon Gon Kim’s narratives of immigration and conversion show how they inhabited “racial interstitiality” in a Black and white racial hierarchy, respectively in the 1950s Jim Crow South and Southern California, at white-led fundamentalist institutions, namely Bob Jones, Fuller Theological Seminary, and Campus Crusade. Korean integration into Cold War American institutions was not seamless, as the outbreak of the Korean War ignited suspicion of a communist overthrow from within the United States. Yet, in alignment with the Eisenhower administration’s Cold War emphasis on US-Asian integration, Joon Gon Kim’s and Billy Kim’s narratives bridged affective gaps between the US and noncommunist Asia. Moreover, white fundamentalist America’s survival depended on the integration of nonwhite and noncommunist Koreans, whose life narratives reflected a commitment to a racialized and religious Cold War.
Revival
Authors: Jin Kim Helen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The new evangelicalism set the stage for a humanitarianism that sought global compassion without global equality. Yet the darker dimensions of these racialized transpacific networks did not slow the fervor for evangelical revival. On June 3, 1973, Billy Graham, the “star” of modern evangelical America, preached his largest “crusade,” not in the United States, as one might expect, but in South Korea. Billy Kim joined him at the pulpit to preach to 1.1 million people. Graham and his multiracial, transnational team of American and Korean male evangelists used the crusade not only to strengthen diplomatic relations between the United States and South Korea in the tense Nixon-Park era (1969–1974) of the global Cold War, but also to establish a transpacific evangelical consensus under the canopy of Graham’s theology. The crusade encouraged Koreans to believe in both God and America and to imagine their own ascendancy in the world order through evangelical revival.
I Feel Fine
Authors: Vyse Stuart 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The consequences of optimism and pessimism often change in relation to an individual’s health status quo. The person who is in generally good health and has no looming danger, may not be particularly motivated to do anything differently. If, on the other hand, there is possible danger in the future—for a smoker or for someone living through a pandemic—there are actions that should be taken now. In this case, optimism may not be beneficial. Overwhelming numbers of smokers who start young thinking they can quit come to regret their decision to start smoking. In this case, defensive pessimism, while relatively unpleasant in the moment, may lead to more effective action and better outcomes in the future. Once the status quo has been lost and the goal is recovery from illness or injury and in the hope of regaining one’s prior healthy status, optimism, even unrealistic optimism, maintains motivation and leads to positive outcomes.
Things Unseen
Authors: Vyse Stuart 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Despite the pervasive evidence of the power of scientific thinking, many people place their faith in lucky shirts, astrology, and psychics. Although there are no magic forces in the world, could there be psychological or practical benefits to superstitious belief and action? People report feeling better when they employ their superstitions, which is enough to keep people using superstition, but the evidence for more practical benefits, such as performance of a skilled activity—in sport or in the professional world—is currently lacking. Similarly, there is evidence that religious people are happier than the nonreligious, but it is less clear whether belief itself is the source of religion’s positive effect. Being an active member of a religious community is more important to the positive effects of religion than strength of belief.
The Living Dead
Authors: Vyse Stuart 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A traditional view of bereavement suggests that it is work. There are stages one must go through to detach from the deceased loved one and arrive at acceptance. But in the case of sudden loss, many people go through a period of delusional belief that their spouse or loved one will return. Joan Didion described such an experience in her memoir, The Year of Magical Thinking. More recent research suggests that bereavement is a highly individualized process, and that many people report having a sense of presence of the departed person and in some cases experience a continuing relationship with their deceased loved one. These relationships often reflect the nature of the relationship in life, which means that some are disturbing and unwelcome. But most people who have a sense of continuing relationship with a deceased loved one find it a positive aspect of their lives.
The Gangster Within
Authors: Vyse Stuart 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
People think of themselves as having consistent personalities, and they count on those around them to behave in predictable ways. Consistent with these assumptions, personality psychologists have discovered a number of stable traits that they suggest describe human personality. But much of social psychology demonstrates that people are profoundly affected by the situations they are placed in. People who seem incapable of cruelty and violence can be moved to do horrible things. As Hannah Arrendt suggested, evil is banal. This chapter argues that the continuity of personality is a delusion that people construct in order to trust others and negotiate the social world. A person’s moral behavior is the most important quality to establishing a relationship, and consistent moral behavior is a useful fiction.
“Moving across a Vast Body of Water in Nutshells”
Authors: Baer Friederike 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the transport of the German subsidy troops from their territories within the Holy Roman Empire to America. The process was complicated, time-consuming, and expensive. The soldiers and their equipment constituted a precious cargo that needed to be moved thousands of miles through multiple territories across vast stretches of land, rivers, and oceans. They had to travel from their homes to designated places of assembly within their territories and from there to German or Dutch ports of embarkation. Immediately after their arrival they were inspected by British officers and administered to swear an oath to the British king. British, Dutch, and German transports then took the troops to the port of Portsmouth in the south of England. Here they boarded hundreds of vessels that took them across the ocean to North America. Virtually every German-authored account describes the voyage as a terrifying experience.
“They Were Vexed to Find That We Looked like Human Beings”
Authors: Baer Friederike 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the experiences of German prisoners of war from 1776 to 1781. In 1776 and 1777 alone, thousands of troops were captured at Trenton, Bennington, and Saratoga. Scattered across vast regions from Massachusetts to Virginia, their management required significant attention by the Americans as well as by British and German officials. Moreover, the presence of large numbers of prisoners had a significant impact on the communities that hosted them. In addition, the Americans believed that decent treatment combined with exposure to Patriot propaganda and incentives would entice them to desert and join the American community. However, depending in part on the circumstances of their capture, their location, and their rank, the experiences of German prisoners of war varied considerably.
“Good Night, Peace”
Authors: Baer Friederike 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In the summer of 1777, thousands of soldiers under General Howe sailed from New York to Maryland, from where they would march north toward Philadelphia, the seat of the Continental Congress and at the time the largest city in British North America. Several thousand of the troops were Germans. A difficult campaign that involved numerous skirmishes and battles with the enemy culminated in Howe’s capture of Philadelphia. Although they appreciated being in a predominantly German region, the German troops quickly discovered that most German Americans did not welcome them with open arms. Moreover, a few months after their arrival, the campaign’s successes were overshadowed by what would turn out to be the Hessians’ bloodiest battle of the entire war, the Battle of Red Bank. During this period, some German officers were growing increasingly impatient with British military strategy.
“We Joyously Went on the Expedition”
Authors: Baer Friederike 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the experiences of German troops that participated in Britain’s southern campaigns into Georgia, the Carolinas, and Virginia. In addition to military matters, it examines the Germans’ perceptions of the natural environment, climate, towns, and inhabitants, including free and enslaved Blacks. Between December 1778 and the fall of 1781, British-German forces experienced a number of military triumphs, including the capture of Charleston, South Carolina, and the successful defense of Savannah, Georgia, from a French-American attack. Although the southern expedition ultimately ended with the British defeat at Yorktown in the fall of 1781, German forces remained in garrison in the two port towns until they were evacuated in 1782.
Key Concepts
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Key concepts express the text’s view of the world and form the foundation of Daoist thought. First is Dao, the Way, the underlying power of creation that pervades everything. Next is the understanding of cosmic unfolding, a continuous process that moves from unity to multiplicity, from oneness to duality and on to the myriad beings. All these, moreover, function according to the law of reversal, the mutual interdependence of dynamic states, such as rise and fall, open and close, light and dark, and according to the principle of self-being, that is, naturalness or spontaneity, the flow of unfolding inherent in all that makes them naturally be what they are. The factor that allows this self-being to be actualized within the individual finally, is virtue or inherent potency. In addition, the various concepts are expressed in a number of characteristic metaphors, such as water, mother, the vessel, and more.
Social Application
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
To apply these key concepts in life and society, the Daode jing proposes guidelines and concrete virtues. The first is nonaction or noninterference, a way of doing things that moves with the flow and does not create a forceful impact—in stark contrast to the world full of force, violence, and interfering activities. The root cause of this, moreover, is a mental attitude of greed and desire, causing people to live in extravagant luxury while exploiting others. The main countermeasure is sufficiency, “knowing when it is enough,” a virtue closely related to humility, simplicity, and noncompetition, key qualities necessary for social and political leadership. To achieve this mental state, the text proposes cultivation practices of shutting the doors and holding on to oneness, leading to a state of clarity and stillness. This, in turn, is the central focus of the sage, the ideal human being and close representative of Dao.
Introduction
Authors: Sebo Jeff 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main themes of the book. In 2020, COVID-19 and the Australia bushfires served as vivid reminders that our lives are linked across nations, generations, and species. Human use of nonhuman animals is contributing to pandemics, climate change, and other threats, and these threats are, in turn, contributing to biodiversity loss, ecosystem collapse, and nonhuman suffering. Thus, we need to include animals in health and environmental advocacy and policy, by reducing our use of animals as part of our mitigation efforts and increasing our support for animals as part of our adaptation efforts. Granted, our knowledge, power, and compassion are all limited. But the more we act thoughtfully now, the more we can improve our ability to act effectively in the future.
Animals, creation ethics, and population ethics
Authors: Sebo Jeff 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores questions about creation ethics and population ethics that we need to answer in order to make our duties to animals more concrete. What makes life go better, worse, well, and badly for animals? How much do total well-being, average well-being, equality, and priority for the worst-off matter? What are the ethics of creating better, worse, good, and bad lives? And what follows for how much value, and weight, we should assign to current and future animals in our impact assessments? As before, this chapter shows how different sets of answers can lead to different policy decisions, but it also suggests that, on any reasonable set of answers, many animals have good lives, many animals have bad lives, and all policies will likely have mixed effects for current and future animals.
Strong Democracy and Political Representation, 1776–1787
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter starts by arguing that even though Alexander Hamilton is assumed to be the “Father of the Constitution” in popular culture and literature, historians in fact give that title to James Madison. In relatively quick succession following the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the British were defeated; the Articles of Conference unleashed organized citizen engagement in state politics and economic redistribution; and the Constitutional Convention reacted by containing and institutionalizing new (though restrained) democratic practices. The chapter looks at the consequences of these dramatic changes. The momentous years of the early republic left contradictory legacies, it argues. The strong democracy of the 1780s demonstrates that political representation in America is neither monolithic nor necessarily defined by complete authentic citizen participation and political influence. Madison's constitutional framework fostered over time a style of factional politics that atomized citizens and concentrated power among the few.
Challenging the Church to Save It (1955–1959)
Authors: Tobin Robert 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The second half of the 1950s was a time of assurance tinged by growing unease for the Episcopal Church. On the one hand, its institutional life had never been stronger, while on the other, there were signs of disenchantment and even rebellion growing around the edges. The Parishfield community in Michigan, founded as a center for promoting lay ministry, was one attempt to encourage theological experimentation and corporate renewal. Here again, though, the class orientation of the church became an inhibiting factor and prompted the formation of the Detroit Industrial Mission as a means of engaging with working-class people on their own terms. Meanwhile, the efforts of urban mission priests gained in prominence and awakened Episcopalians to the complex social problems of American cities. At the same time, outspoken figures such as William Stringfellow and James Pike challenged their co-religionists to question the conformist values of middle-class America.
The New Breed Takes Charge (1959–1964)
Authors: Tobin Robert 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Progressive Episcopalians greeted Arthur Lichtenberger’s 1959 installation as presiding bishop as a sign that their church was waking up to the changing nature of its role and responsibilities in American life. Under the aegis of Christian Social Relations, the national church began to facilitate a more coordinated response to the rapid changes taking place in society. In Washington, Dean Francis B. Sayre, Jr., established an influential ministry among the power elite, while rebels such as Malcolm Boyd and Michael Allen sought to connect with young people and those alienated from the church. Increasing numbers of Northern Episcopalians joined in civil rights protests, a trend which caused friction with their Southern co-religionists. A new generation of liberal activist leaders emerged, with men such as Paul Moore, Kim Myers, John Burgess, and Robert DeWitt joining the episcopacy and seeking to place the Episcopal Church’s institutional strength at the service of social reform.
Passing Grace and Seized Microphones (1967–1969)
Authors: Tobin Robert 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In response to the racial unrest that erupted across the United States in the summer of 1967, presiding bishop John E. Hines persuaded Episcopalians to adopt what became known as the General Convention Special Program (GCSP). This program sought to confront the pervasive inequalities of American life by providing empowerment grants to minority community groups with “no strings attached.” The program’s administration soon alienated black clergy, though, and it failed to inspire the white congregations upon which it depended. The gulf between the church’s liberal leadership and more traditionalist laity continued to widen during these years, further exacerbated by the number of clergy speaking out against the Vietnam War. Matters came to a head at the Special General Convention in September 1969, when proponents of the Black Manifesto demanded the Episcopalians pay reparations for slavery. Unhappy and divided, the Episcopal Church struggled with a loss of members, money, and focus.
Ripples of Hate
Authors: Blazak Randy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Hate crimes have been shown to have a wider impact field than non-bias-motivated crimes. The notion that “hate crimes hurt more” includes deeper psychological impacts on victims, as well as increased anxiety and behavior changes among members of marginalized communities who are negatively impacted by the terroristic intent of the crime. This research explores the waves of trauma experienced by different demographic groups after a double homicide on a commuter train in Portland, Oregon. Utilizing interviews with members of local Muslim, Ethiopian, Latinx, African American, and White communities, proximity to the characteristics of the targets of the attack were shown to be correlated with levels of trauma and behavior change. This study provides a map to the nature of the waves of harm created by hate-motivated violence across both demographic space and time.
The Victimization of Muslim American Women and the Challenges of Imperial Feminism in Comparative Context
Authors: Abdelkader Engy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Breadwinner, a critically acclaimed animated film, dramatically portrays Muslim women’s lived experiences under Taliban rule. The film focuses on the experiences of Parvana, the girl child protagonist, as she struggles against the ultra-conservative group’s extreme interpretation of Islamic law. Indeed, The Breadwinner both reinforces and complicates a familiar Orientalist narrative and advances imperial feminism insofar as Muslim women are portrayed as victims, the Taliban as savages, and U.S. military forces as saviors. While the Taliban oppressed many Muslim women, did the United States save Afghan women? Is the United States a savior for Muslim women, more generally? This chapter explores the status of American Muslim women in comparative context to further interrogate the imperial feminist agenda.
Trends and Catalysts of Anti-Muslim Hate Crime and Bigoted Attitudes
Authors: Levin Brian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Anti-Muslim hate crime in the United States rose to record highs after 9/11, never reverting to preattack levels. Hate crimes against Muslims, Arabs, and others combined to make 2001 the worst year for overall hate crime since national record-keeping began in 1992. However, after a series of elevated plateaus, hate crimes against Muslims spiked again during the last decade, followed by a decline. Fluctuations in anti-Muslim hate crime correlated with brief periods around domestic terror attacks, overseas conflicts, and statements by political leaders around those events. Moreover, prejudice indicators in surveys relating to Muslims also remain at elevated levels in the two decades following 9/11 as Muslims and others have been maliciously stereotyped as a terror threat and as a looming demographic. Increases correlate to periods when fearful anti-Muslim stereotypes and animus are most widely circulated in mainstream online and political venues, often in the discourse around terror attacks and demographic change.
What Is African Psychology the Psychology of?
Authors: Nwoye Augustine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter raises some questions of interest to the effective understanding of the orienting stimulus, meaning, and scope of the new postcolonial discipline of African psychology. What foundational influences precipitated the emergence of African psychology as an academic subject field? How can the delayed arrival of African psychology in African universities be explained? What is a postcolonial theory of African psychology? What constitutes the major phases in the evolution of African psychology? In what ways can African psychology be defined and conceptualized? What are the principal goals of African psychology as a postcolonial discipline? What key topics does African psychology teach? On what ontological foundations and cosmovision is African psychology grounded? And, what is African in African psychology? The chapter concludes with the observation that African psychology represents a justly bold attempt to create a new way of approaching the decolonial study of the psychology of Africans.
African Psychology and Archaeology
Authors: Nwoye Augustine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 highlights by means of archival data the negative images of Africa and Africans found scattered in the literature of colonial psychiatry. The chapter draws on archaeological evidence from Thurstan Shaw’s finds at Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria, to challenge the unfounded disparaging portraits of Africans and their cultures advanced by so-called professional scientists in the field of psychiatry, the aim of which was to poison the world’s opinion against Africa and its peoples. Drawing again from Shaw’s data and other confirmatory evidence found in other parts of Africa, such as the artistic style of uShaka Marine Resort in Durban, South Africa, the chapter demonstrates that African peoples are one and share a holistic, sociocentric, interdependent ontology; a curvilinear worldview; and a great civilization from the past. The chapter illustrates that African archaeology is a key intellectual tradition for the scientific study of African psychology.
Endogenous Principles and Concepts in African Psychology
Authors: Nwoye Augustine 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The principal aim of this chapter is to demonstrate that a number of basic concepts and principles emerging from African cultural phenomenology constitute an important segment of the knowledge base of African psychology. Among such principles and concepts are the principle of bifocality; the principle of duality and interdependent ontology; the principle of diunital rationality; the principle of the guinea-fowl mentality; the principle of endotropism or kienyegism; the Sankofa paradigm or the principle of putting the past ahead; the principle of the “seed yam” mentality; the concept of multilayered consciousness; the ideology of the chameleon perspective; the detached attachment hypothesis; the theory of the limits of language; and the notion of prophetic pragmatism. These principles and the important concepts embedding them together demonstrate that African psychology is an Africanized and a culturally situated psychology.