bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing predictions of IUCN Red List categories from machine learning and other methods for bats
Authors: Wieringa Jamin G 
Published: January 2022

AbstractConsisting of over 1,400 species, bats are the second most diverse group of mammals. Many species are currently threatened, while another ~244 species are currently listed as Data Deficient by International Union for Conservation Science (IUCN) Global Red List. IUCN assessments can be vital for early conservation intervention and would be aided by a rapid preliminary tool to determine priority for further research and full IUCN Red List assessments. While some tools currently exist to generate extinction risk predictions for bats, they generally require difficult to obtain data, such as phylogenies and trait data. New approaches exist that utilize machine learning algorithms, such as random forest and neural networks, and can accomplish the same task using easier to obtain occurrence-derived data. Here, I fit models that can predict a species’ potential IUCN Red List category using prior assignments (critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, near threatened, and least concern) grouped into binary categories of “Not Threatened” and “Threatened” as training data and applied the best approach to some Data Deficient bat species. These classifications can be used to prioritize investments in conservation for these species. Methods used included index-based approaches (ConR and rCat) and machine learning (IUC-NN and random forest). The best performing model used a random forest algorithm and could accurately predict IUCN binary categories (“Threatened” and “Not Threatened”) 86.9% of the time. While the overall accuracy is similar to the other approaches used here, it vastly outperforms when looking at other metrics like false-negative rate (incorrectly listing a “Threatened” species as “Not threatened”). As a result, this approach could be used as a first step to predict possible IUCN categories for bats that could be used to prioritize conservation research and is not a replacement for full IUCN Global Red List assessment into extinction risk categories.
Intervention of cGAS‒STING signaling in sterile inflammatory diseases
Authors: Hong Ze , Mei Jiahao , Guo Hanli , Zhu Juanjuan , Wang Chen 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Sterile inflammation characterized by unresolved chronic inflammation is well established to promote the progression of multiple autoimmune diseases, metabolic disorders, neurodegenerative diseases, and cardiovascular diseases, collectively termed ‘sterile inflammatory diseases’. By recognizing host-derived DNA, cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate synthase (cGAS) activates endoplasmic reticulum-associated stimulator of interferon genes (STING), which leads to the induction of type I interferons and inflammatory cytokines or immunogenic cell death that promotes sterile inflammation. Additionally, the DNA/cGAS-independent mode of STING activation has also been characterized in the progression of several sterile inflammatory diseases. This review focuses on the molecular mechanism of cGAS-dependent and cGAS-independent STING signaling under various disease conditions, particularly highlighting the diverse initiators upon this signaling pathway. We also summarize recent advances in the discovery of antagonists targeting cGAS and STING and the evaluation of their efficiencies in preclinical models. Finally, we discuss potential differences in the clinical applications of the specific antagonists, which may shed light on the precision therapeutic interventions.
‘When creativity gets you fired—why professionals tasked with innovation employ subversion when facing competing institutional demands in hybrid organizations’
Authors: Vogelgsang Lukas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
How can professionals tasked with innovation navigate institutional complexity in hybrid organizations without contesting the various institutionalized expectations about what constitutes appropriate and beneficial new ideas? This article investigates this question through an ethnographic study of pharmaceutical professionals tasked with research and development at an internationally operating life science company producing pharmaceutical innovations. There, pharmaceutical professionals must address and satisfy three institutional demands to project legitimacy of their new ideas: (1) scientific validity expected by leading members of their profession; (2) commercial value demanded by management; and (3) legal responsibility enforced by state agencies. Facing the challenge of creating legitimate novelty opposite these competing institutional demands, the pharmaceutical professionals initially design new ideas to primarily meet the jurisdictional control exerted by key opinion leaders in the field of clinical pharmacology. Yet, the resultant scientifically tailored designs regularly conflict with the institutional demands enforced by other powerful institutional referents within their organization. To resolve this issue, the professionals utilize a strategy of subversion to undermine the power and authority of these powerful referents by employing tactics of withdraw, manipulation, collusion, and ambushing. Based on these findings, the present study contributes to institutional theory and to literature on creativity and innovation management by theorizing subversive ingenuity as a distinct strategy professionals employ to navigate competing institutional demands during innovation processes in hybrid organizations.
Knowledge legitimacy battles in nursing, quality in care, and nursing professionalization
Authors: Ernst Jette , Tatli Ahu 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The article explores the shifting value of nursing work in the context of knowledge legitimacy battles, policy, and nursing professionalization. We unpack the battle for legitimacy between two approaches to nursing, that is, caring and curing that are associated with traditional and scientific knowledge, respectively, based on an ethnographic study of day-to-day nursing in a new acute care hospital department. The article offers an expansion to the study of professional work and professionalization by using concepts from Bourdieu as a toolkit to bridge structural and subjective dimensions of professional practice when we connect nurses’ local experiences of work to macro-level political agendas and nursing professionalization struggles. Our study shows that curing is becoming a nursing domain, and scientific evidence-based knowledge is seen as more legitimate in relation to care quality and nursing professionalization in the healthcare field. We discuss under-recognized consequences of the knowledge legitimacy battles for the organization of care, including nurses’ bodywork.
Excluding Livestock Livelihoods in Refugee Responses: A Risk to Public Health
Authors: Braam Dorien H 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Syrian civil war caused a near total collapse of its health and veterinary infrastructure, affecting vaccinations, quarantine and border control. While outbreaks of zoonoses—diseases transmissible between animals and humans—in neighbouring countries are attributed to irregular cross-border movements, little remains known about the impact of conflict and displacement on livestock, and zoonotic disease risks in refugee and host populations. This case study investigates the role of livestock and zoonotic disease dynamics in the Syrian refugee context in Jordan, to inform policies and procedures for better inclusion of livestock in refugee responses. Key informant interviews were conducted with humanitarian, animal and public health experts, and household interviews with Jordanian and Syrian livestock keepers in Mafraq Governorate. Respondents attributed zoonotic disease outbreaks to cross-border smuggling of livestock, with no reports of refugees bringing animals into Jordan. While Syrian respondents diversify their livelihoods through animal husbandry, high-level political and practical barriers affect refugees’ access to livestock assistance, increasing zoonotic disease risks. To support animal and human health, stakeholders need to address structural inequalities through inclusive policies and support to both refugees and host populations.
Laparoscopic-assisted modified Kugel herniorrhaphy for obturator hernia: a case report
Authors: Yamagishi Shunsuke , Aramaki Osamu , Yoshida Nao , Mitsuka Yusuke , Kawai Takaharu , Yamazaki Shintaro , Kang Woodae , Nakayama Hisashi , Moriguchi Masamichi , Higaki Tokio , Kochi Mitsugu , Okamura Yukiyasu 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Obturator hernia (OH) is a relatively rare disease and there are various surgical procedures for treating it. We report the case of a patient with an OH who underwent laparoscopic-assisted modified Kugel herniorrhaphy. The patient was a 74-year-old woman admitted to our hospital with nausea and abdominal distension. A diagnosis of intestinal obstruction was made because abdominal computed tomography revealed incarcerated right OH. No apparent strangulation findings were observed, and reduction was performed under ultrasound guidance. Laparoscopic-assisted modified Kugel herniorrhaphy for OH was performed. There were no signs of the bowel necrosis. Pneumoperitoneum was temporarily discontinued, and the OH was repaired by the modified Kugel herniorrhaphy. Laparoscopy confirmed that the direct Kugel patch was placed at the appropriate position. Laparoscopic-assisted modified Kugel herniorrhaphy is considered to be safe and useful for patients with OH and is considered as one of the treatment options.
Contagions, Congregations, and Constitutional Law: Reciprocity and Religious Freedom in the 1918 and 2020 Pandemics
Authors: Earley Brady 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This article undertakes a comparison of legal restrictions on religious gatherings in the USA during the 1918 Spanish Flu pandemic and the COVID-19 pandemic. After contextualizing each pandemic within its legal, political, and social culture, the analysis distills prevailing principles between the two health crises and their approach to religious liberty. Evidence suggests that courts in both periods relied on proportionality and equality to resolve disputes between government bans on worship services and conscientious objectors. However, the experience of multiple local governments in 1918 and other nations in 2020 models a better way. Instead of using proportionality or equality, these state officials relied on reciprocity between government and religious groups. Their approach tended to produce fewer bans, lower case counts, and greater trust during the pandemic and offers a useful precedent for current US lawmakers managing the religious freedom concerns of COVID-19.
Optimism Bias in the Design of Phase III Randomized Control Trials Evaluating PD-1/PD-L1 Targeting Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Al-Showbaki Laith , Almugbel Fahad A , Alqaisi Husam A , Amir Eitan , Chen Eric X 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background
Many randomized control trials (RCTs) evaluating programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) targeting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been completed or are in progress. We examined hypothesized hazard ratios (HHRs) and observed hazard ratios (OHRs) from published RCTs evaluating these mAbs.

Methods
Publications of RCTs evaluating at least one PD-1/PD-L1 targeting mAbs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration were identified through PubMed searches. The primary reports of RCTs were retrieved. Two investigators extracted HHR, OHR for the primary endpoint among other data elements independently. The differences (∆HR) in HHR and OHR were analyzed statistically. A separate search was conducted for secondary reports after longer follow-ups, the updated OHR was extracted.

Results
Forty-nine RCTs enrolling 36 867 patients were included. The mean HHR and OHR were 0.672 and 0.738 respectively. The mean ∆HR was 0.067 (range: –0.300 to 0.895; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.003-0.130). HHR was met or exceeded in 22 (45%) RCTs. OHR was ≥ 1.0 in 6 RCTs (12%). PD-L1 expression was not associated with the magnitude of effect. Of 18 RCTs with follow-up reports, the magnitude of benefit decreased in 8 RCTs with extended follow-ups.

Conclusion
The majority of published RCTs evaluating PD-1/PD-L1 targeting mAbs did not achieve their hypothesized magnitude of benefit. The optimism bias requires attention from the cancer clinical research community given the number of these agents in development and the intense interest in evaluating these agents in a variety of disease settings.
What can the UK learn from the impact of migrant populations on national life expectancy?
Authors: Hiam Lucinda , Zhang Claire X , Burns Rachel , Darlington-Pollock Frances , Wallace Matthew , McKee Martin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Improvements in life expectancy at birth in the UK had stalled prior to 2020 and have fallen during the COVID-19 pandemic. The stagnation took place at a time of relatively high net migration, yet we know that migrants to Australia, the USA and some Nordic countries have positively impacted national life expectancy trends, outperforming native-born populations in terms of life expectancy. It is important to ascertain whether migrants have contributed positively to life expectancy in the UK, concealing worsening trends in the UK-born population, or whether relying on national life expectancy calculations alone may have masked excess mortality in migrant populations. We need a better understanding of the role and contribution of migrant populations to national life expectancy trends in the UK.
Why LGBTQ Adults Keep Ambivalent Ties with Parents: Theorizing “Solidarity Rationales”
Authors: Bosley-Smith Emma , Reczek Rin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Many LGBTQ adults have ongoing relationships with their parents that are ambivalent, typified by both solidarity (e.g., frequent contact, emotional or financial exchange) as well as conflict (e.g., parents’ heterosexism and cissexism). Yet, why LGBTQ people remain in—rather than end—their ambivalent intergenerational ties is under explored. We analyze qualitative in-depth interview data with 76 LGBTQ adults to answer this question. We find that LGBTQ adult children deploy narratives that privilege intergenerational solidarity over strain—what we call “solidarity rationales”— to explain why they remain in their ambivalent intergenerational ties. Four solidarity rationales were identified: 1) closeness and love, 2) parental growth, 3) the unique parent-child role, and 4) the importance of parental resources. Identifying LGBTQ adults’ solidarity rationales pulls back the curtain on the compulsory social forces driving persistent intergenerational relationships. This study also advances our thinking about how socially marginalized people cope with complex social ties that include interpersonal discrimination and stigma.
Residual Deformity and Outcome of Ambulatory Adults With Cerebral Palsy: A Long-term Longitudinal Assessment
Authors: Saisongcroh Tanyawat , Shrader Michael W. , Lennon Nancy , Church Chris , Sees Julieanne P. , Miller Freeman 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Advances in pediatric orthopaedic care have improved mobility and function for children with cerebral palsy (CP) as mobility declines from adolescence into adulthood. The long-term effectiveness of modern orthopaedic care is not widely reported. This study aimed to report the pediatric orthopaedic surgical burden, residual deformities, and outcomes using objective evidence of mobility in ambulatory adults with CP.

Methods:
An institutional review board–approved prospective cohort study was performed in ambulatory adults with CP between 25 and 45 years, who had an adolescent gait analysis. Orthopaedic interventions were reviewed, and adolescent and adult gait analyses were compared using paired 2-tailed t tests. Adults were categorized by the presence of no, mild, or severe residual deformities in rotation, crouch, stiff knee, equinus, and foot deformity.

Results:
Of 106 adults with CP, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) distribution was grade I (22%), II (50%), III (23%), and IV (5%). Sixty-one males and 45 females were tested. The average age was 30±4 years with follow-up of 13±4 years since previous analysis; 279 surgical events (1165 procedures) were performed with a mean per patient of 2.6 events and 11 procedures. Comm on procedures were gastrocsoleus complex (88%) and hamstring lengthening (79%). The mean gait deviation index at adolescent and adult visit were 72.7±13 and 72.3±13 (P=0.78). Mean gait velocity at the adolescent visit was 85±27 and 79±31 cm/s at adult visit (P=0.02). Both gait deviation index and gait velocity change were clinically insignificant. Fifty-seven adults (81 limbs, 54%) had mild residual deformities. Residual hip internal rotation, pes planovalgus, and crouch gait were common. Severe deformities impacting function or causing pain were present in 11 participants (14 limbs, 10%). Seven of the 11 adults with severe deformities were worse compared with their adolescent evaluation; 4 were unchanged.

Conclusions:
Correcting deformities before adulthood has lasting stability with little functional loss in most ambulatory young adults with CP. Increasing deformity after adolescence can occur in young adults but is uncommon.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Risk of Adverse Birth Outcomes in Two Cohorts of Pregnant Women With HIV in Zambia
Authors: Price Joan T. , Sebastião Yuri V. , Vwalika Bellington , Cole Stephen R. , Mbewe Felistas M. , Phiri Winifreda M. , Freeman Bethany L. , Kasaro Margaret P. , Peterson Marc , Rouse Dwight J. , Stringer Elizabeth M. , Stringer Jeffrey S. A. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
A trial of progesterone to prevent preterm birth among HIV-infected Zambian women [Improving Pregnancy Outcomes with Progesterone (IPOP)] found no treatment effect, but the risk of the primary outcome was among the lowest ever documented in women with HIV. In this secondary analysis, we compare the risks of preterm birth (<37 weeks), stillbirth, and a composite primary outcome comprising the two in IPOP versus an observational pregnancy cohort [Zambian Preterm Birth Prevention Study (ZAPPS)] in Zambia, to evaluate reasons for the low risk in IPOP.

Methods:
Both studies enrolled women before 24 gestational weeks, during August 2015–September 2017 (ZAPPS) and February 2018–January 2020 (IPOP). We used linear probability and log-binomial regression to estimate risk differences and risk ratios (RR), before and after restriction and standardization with inverse probability weights.

Results:
The unadjusted risk of composite outcome was 18% in ZAPPS (N = 1450) and 9% in IPOP (N = 791) (RR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.6, 2.6). After restricting and standardizing the ZAPPS cohort to the distribution of IPOP baseline characteristics, the risk remained higher in ZAPPS (RR = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.0, 2.4). The lower risk of preterm/stillbirth in IPOP was only partially explained by measured risk factors.

Conclusions:
Possible benefits in IPOP of additional monetary reimbursement, more frequent visits, and group-based care warrant further investigation.
The Course and Interaction of Ventriculomegaly and Cerebellar Tonsillar Herniation in Crouzon Syndrome over Time
Authors: Doerga Priya N. , de Planque Catherine A. , Erler Nicole S. , van Veelen Marie-Lise C. , Mathijssen Irene M.J. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Children with Crouzon syndrome have a higher incidence of cerebellar tonsillar herniation (TH) and ventriculomegaly than the general population, or children with other craniosynostosis syndromes.

Objective:
This retrospective cohort study aimed to determine how ventriculomegaly and TH develop and progress over time, and determine associations between ventriculomegaly and TH in Crouzon patients, treated according to our center’s protocol.

Methods:
Fronto-occipital horn ratio (FOHR) and TH were determined over time using brain-imaging. These data were used to fit a mixed-model to determine associations between them, and with clinical variables, head-circumference, and lambdoid suture synostosis.

Results:
Sixty-three Crouzon patients were included in this study. Preoperatively, 28% had ventriculomegaly, and 11% had TH ≥ +5 mm. Postoperatively ventriculomegaly increased to 49%. Over time and with treatment, FOHR declined and stabilized around 5 years of age. TH ≥ +5 mm increased to 46% during follow-up. FOHR and TH were associated: expected FOHR with a TH of either 0 mm versus +8.6 mm at 0 years: 0.44 versus 0.49, and at 5 years: 0.34 versus 0.38; 10% increase of FOHR was associated with 1.6 mm increase in TH. Increased head-circumference was associated with increased FOHR. Lambdoid suture synostosis was associated with +6.9 mm TH increase.

Conclusions:
In Crouzon patients, FOHR was large at onset and decreased and stabilized with treatment and time. FOHR was associated with head-circumference and TH. TH was strongly associated with lambdoid suture synostosis and FOHR. Increased head-circumference was associated with an increased FOHR, and closed lambdoid sutures before 1 year of age were associated with a +6.92 mm increase in tonsil position.
Vessel Loop Shoelace Technique followed by Keystone Flap to Treat a Large Mid-back Defect
Authors: Lee Chia-Chun , Wang Tien-Hsiang , Chen Ching-En 
Published: January 2022

Summary:
The keystone design perforator island flap has been gaining popularity for reconstructing large cutaneous defects with sufficient soft tissue laxity. However, for a defect with insufficient local tissue and tense laxity such as upper to mid-back, a single keystone flap may not be so suitable for advancement and mobilization. Instead of an additional flap or double-opposite-designed keystone flaps, we attempted to apply the vessel loop shoelace technique for external expansion before proceeding with only one keystone flap reconstruction for a 15 × 15 cm skin and soft tissue defect on the mid-back. The outcome was a viable flap, with no ischemic flap edge, wound dehiscence, or infection. In our opinion, external expansion with vessel loops followed by a keystone flap might yield fairly good results for the reconstruction of mid-back defects; furthermore, this method may be ideal for defects located in regions lacking sufficient skin laxity.
Readability and Quality Assessment of Online Materials for Syndactyly Release
Authors: Saleh Joseph , Gornitsky Jordan , Jaloux Charlotte , Bougie Emilie 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Syndactyly is one of the most common congenital hand malformations, involving an abnormal fusion of digits and with treatment varying according to its complexity. The internet has become a primary source of information for both families and patients with congenital hand anomalies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate both the readability and quality of available web content for syndactyly, using validated instruments.

Methods:
Two independent reviewers conducted searches for “Syndactyly” using three of the largest online search engines: Bing, Google, and Yahoo. The top 10 websites for each search engine, along with any webpage within one click of the parent website, were analyzed. Readability was assessed using seven established quantitative tests. The quality of the web pages was analyzed using the Discern questionnaire and handbook.

Results:
A total of 15 websites were included in the analysis. The average readability of all websites was equivalent to comprehension at a grade 11.3 level. The average Flesch reading ease score was 49.3 out of 100, which is considered difficult to read. Quality was assessed using Discern, a brief questionnaire consisting of 16 questions with five points attributed per question. The mean quality score using Discern was 33.3 points out of a maximum of 80 points.

Conclusions:
Online materials pertaining to the treatment of syndactyly far exceed the recommended sixth-grade reading level, and lack in terms of quality and comprehensiveness of information. Health care professionals should be cognizant of the paucity of available online information and provide patients with more appropriate resources.