bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards effective ecological restoration: Investigating knowledge co‐production on fish–habitat relationships with Aquatic Habitat Toronto
Authors: Piczak Morgan L. , Anderton Rod , Cartwright Lyndsay A. , Little Don , MacPherson Gord , Matos Laud , McDonald Karen , Portiss Rick , Riehl Mike , Sciscione Thomas , Valere Brent , Wallace Angela M. , Young Nathan , Doka Susan E. , Midwood Jonathan D. , Cooke Steve J. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFor decades, the working paradigm for ecological restoration was independent operation of knowledge generators (researchers and scientists) and knowledge users (decision makers and practitioners), resulting in a knowledge–action gap. Knowledge co‐production is a collaborative process where research is conducted in a respectful and engaging manner with continuous knowledge exchange and heralded as a means of bridging the divide.Aquatic Habitat Toronto (AHT) is a unique consensus‐based partnership with diverse member agencies that engage in restoration ecology and practice along the Toronto Waterfront of Lake Ontario, Canada. Here, we examine the process that AHT uses to enable knowledge co‐production and identify associated benefits and challenges.Benefits to AHT's consensus‐based partnership include advanced notice of projects, access to diverse expertise and local knowledge, increased understanding of fish habitat, adoption of novel restoration techniques and more effective restoration and improved knowledge exchange, collectively mitigating the knowledge–action divide.Challenges of knowledge co‐production facilitated by AHT include consistent agency participation and meaningful engagement, closed or exclusive networks, time commitments and limited financial resources, evolving political landscapes, stability of funding cycles and issues stemming from varying goals and relevancy.Key recommendations for ensuring that knowledge co‐production results in actionable science and for maximizing the effectiveness of ecological restoration using AHT's format include securing long‐term and stable funding, developing relationships across agencies and allied partners, engaging early, outlining goals/objectives collaboratively, conducting before and after scientific monitoring, minimizing personal biases, periodically reviewing partnerships to maximize inclusivity, sharing successes (and failures) broadly, and providing open data. AHT embraces an approach that includes integrated planning with multi‐jurisdictional support with diverse partners at a tractable scale and we argue that this should be the standard model of aquatic ecosystem management.
Pd‐Catalyzed C(sp
3
)H Activation by Native Directing Groups
Authors: Babu Srinivasarao Arulananda , Padmavathi Rayavarapu , Aggarwal Yashika , Kaur Ramandeep , Suwasia Sonam 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

In this article, we discuss the recent developments in palladium (Pd)‐catalyzed C(sp
3
)H activation assisted by native directing groups. Although studies on preinstalled (exogenous) directing group‐aided Pd‐catalyzed C(sp
3
)H functionalization reactions are still emerging, research on Pd‐catalyzed C(sp
3
)H activation assisted by native directing groups is growing at a considerable pace. Native directing groups refer to inherent functional groups or moieties present in small organic molecules. Accordingly, this article presents developments involving the Pd‐catalyzed C(sp
3
)H functionalization of small organic molecules containing functional groups, such as carboxylic acid, amine, azaarene, ketone, and part of peptide moieties, which act as native directing groups.
Rh‐Catalyzed Arene Distal
meta
‐ and
para
‐CH Functionalization
Authors: Ali Wajid , Prakash Gaurav , Al‐Thabaiti Shaeel A. , Mokhtar Mohamed , Maiti Debabrata 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

In literature many reports are documented for the Rh‐catalyzed proximal CH functionalization, however introduction of Rh in distal CH activation is a newly instituted field in organic synthesis. In this chapter, we summarized the successful achievement in Rh‐catalyzed
meta
and
para
‐CH functionalization. Rh‐catalyzed reactions are analogous to Pd‐catalysis, however it is different in term of using ligand and oxidant type. These differences allow to explore different kind of ligand apart from MPAA, providing room for stereoselective CH activation as well utilization of cheaper oxidants for closing the mechanistic cycle. Here, we provided a comprehensive discussion on scope, limitation, mechanism and its application in synthetic organic chemistry.
Iron‐Catalyzed CH Halogenation
Authors: Jana Rahul Dev , Paine Tapan Kanti 
Published: November 2022

AbstractOrganohalogen compounds are of particular interest in pharmaceutical, therapeutic peptides, agrochemicals, detergents, pigments, and polymer sciences. Therefore, facile and selective halogenation of aliphatic and aromatic CH bonds using the abundant and cheap oxidant is extremely attractive from the chemical and industrial perspective. Despite the significant development in CH functionalization chemistry, selective and catalytic halogenation under sustainable conditions remains a challenge. In biological systems, CH bond halogenation reactions are catalyzed by metalloenzymes under ambient conditions using aerial oxygen and/or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant. Among these metalloenzymes, iron‐containing halogenases utilize high‐valent iron‐oxo intermediates to install halogen atoms into aromatic and aliphatic substrates. As a result, high‐valent iron‐oxo oxidants have recently attracted considerable attention in developing structural and functional models of halogenase enzymes. The characterization and reactivity studies of iron‐oxo/iron‐oxo‐halide species help understand the influence of steric‐ and electronic properties of metal centers on the CH bond halogenation reactivity. In that direction, several iron complexes supported by polydentate nitrogen ligands have been developed by exploring bio‐inspired approaches, i.e. mimicking essential aspects of halogenase enzymes. This article provides a focused overview of the development of iron‐based systems for selective halogenation reactions and understanding the mechanism of their activity.
Mechanistic Understanding on Iron‐Catalyzed CH Activation
Authors: Gallego Daniel , Baquero Edwin A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Modern synthetic chemistry has explored the applicability of more abundant and less toxic transition metals based on their reactivity towards CH functionalization reactions despite their lower catalytic performance compared to noble‐metal catalysis. However, a strong understanding of the reaction mechanism is required to make a rational design of a catalytic system without the need to test a wide variety of conditions libraries with poor results. Mechanistic studies are not trivial, and comprehensive experimental and computational data is preferred to draw a complete mechanistic scenario for each catalytic system. In this sense, during the last decade, iron‐based catalysts have presented very prominent results in the CH functionalization arena. Nevertheless, there is plenty of room to improve their catalytic performance to reach activities to the noble metal‐based catalysts. Thus, in order to give an overview to the reader, we focus this review on the recent articles digging into mechanistic aspects from different perspectives covering spectroscopic analyses of possible reaction intermediates, kinetic, thermodynamic, and theoretical studies on iron‐based CH functionalizations following inner‐sphere mechanisms. Hence, the critical parameters and conditions are summarized to clarify the iron catalysts' mode of action on the CH activation to enhance their catalytic performances and look for more sustainable catalytic transformations with this metal.
Photochemical CH Bond Activation by Gold, Platinum, Tungsten, and Osmium Complexes
Authors: Liu Yungen , Tan Hao‐Chong , Yu Daohong , Che Chi‐Ming 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTo meet the increasing demand for environmentally benign and sustainable chemical processes, the use of light in organic synthesis is blossoming. Over the past decades, luminescent transition metal complexes have been extensively studied as photosensitizers due to their excellent photophysical properties and flexibility in structure modification. The visible‐light photo‐catalysis has been developed rapidly, from “proof of concept” to “a useful strategy,” in a broad range of organic transformation reactions that can be used in practical organic synthesis. Compared with the extensive literatures on ruthenium and iridium complexes used in visible‐light catalysis, the summaries on gold, platinum tungsten (except polyoxotungstates), and osmium complexes catalyzed photochemical reactions are scarce. In this article, the recent developments in photochemical reactions catalyzed by gold (Au), platinum (Pt), tungsten (W), and osmium (Os) complexes, as well as the mechanistic studies and their applications in organic synthesis are summarized. The photochemical reactions discussed herein mainly refer to the ones with transition metal complexes that absorb light in the UV–visible spectral region and which serve as a photo‐redox catalyst or a photosensitizer.
Pincer‐Metal Complexes as Catalysts for CH Activation and Functionalization in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Reyes‐Sanchez Adan , González‐Sebastián Lucero , Morales‐Morales David 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This article describes applications of pincer complexes in the CH bond activation and functionalization. The reader is provided with an overview of this important area and its crucial role in forging stoichiometric intra‐ and intermolecular CH activations in organometallic pincer compounds. A special emphasis is given to the role of pincer ligands in promoting challenging CH activation methods. Applications in the stoichiometric and catalytic formation of CC and CB bonds via CH activation in organic substrates are also presented. The scope of this article is limited to complexes of late transition metals and therefore, reactions involving main group metals are not included.
Transition Metal‐Free Decarboxylative
CH
Bond Functionalization
Authors: Bisht Shweta , Batra Sanjay 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

This article highlights the recent advances in metal‐free decarboxylative coupling reactions for the CH bond functionalization leading to CC or CX bond formation. The ready availability of a variety of carboxylic acids and extrusion of CO
2
as the only by‐product are some of the attributes, which make this coupling approach sustainable and environmentally benign as compared to the conventional coupling reactions. This article features three major routes for nonmetallic decarboxylative CH bond functionalization viz. (i) oxidative CH bond functionalization; (ii) visible‐light CH bond functionalization, and (iii) electrochemical CH bond functionalization.
Site‐Selective CH Functionalization with Diazo Compounds (Carbenes)
Authors: Laha Debasish , Shaikh Javed Y. , Bhat Ramakrishna G. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

The realization of the direct CH bond functionalization has really brought the radical change in planning the organic synthetic strategies via traditional logics. The CH bond functionalization is an art of selective functionalization even in presence of more reactive functional groups. In this article, we have highlighted more challenging intermolecular site‐selective CH bond functionalization of unactivated CH bonds of small organic scaffolds using different diazo carbonyl reagents, substrates, and catalysts‐controlled processes. This article has covered the selective and undirected CH functionalization of alkanes, arenes,
N
‐substituted and free aromatic amines, phenols, naphthols, 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds, and benzofurans with different diazo carbonyl compounds under metal catalysis. This article has been written to serve as a guide for understanding the principle and for accessing newer approaches to achieve the selective CH bond functionalization.
CH Bond Functionalization by the Confluence of Organocatalysis and/or Transition Metal Catalysis with Photoredox Catalysis
Authors: Bhowmick Anindita , Behera Mousumi , Bhat Ramakrishna G. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Over the years, the visible‐light photoredox catalysis has gained a great interest and attention to achieve efficient and attractive strategies to construct useful organic scaffolds relatively more sustainable manner using a clean energy source. There has been a great focus on the CH bond functionalization via photoredox catalysis over the last few years owing to its atom‐ and step‐economical features. Recently, the merger of photoredox catalysis with transition metal catalysis or organocatalysis is emerging as a very powerful and promising tool to access useful molecules which otherwise were difficult via traditional approaches. This article highlights some of the recent advancements in the CH bond functionalization by the merger of photoredox catalysis with organocatalysis and/or transition metal catalysis, and some of the miscellaneous reactions of photoredox catalysis. This article also highlights the protocols based on dual catalysis using organic photoredox catalysts to avoid the metal catalysts. The strategic merging of photoredox catalysis with complementary activation modes of catalysis has successfully allowed the interesting transformations to construct useful compounds.
Gold‐Catalyzed C(sp
2
)H Bond Functionalization
Authors: Liu Xun‐Shen , Liu Lu 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

The direct conversion of CH bond into CX bond has been emergent as an efficient approach for the construction of complex molecules. In this area, gold‐catalyzed C(sp
2
)H bond functionalization has attracted great interest over the past two decades as a synthetic toolbox for the construction of complex molecules and late‐stage modification of bioactive compounds. This article summarizes the evolution of gold‐catalyzed C(sp
2
)H bond functionalization and exhibits the different chemo‐ and site‐selectivities under various reaction conditions.
Metal‐Free Oxidative CH Bond Functionalization
Authors: Dahatonde Dipak J. , Bisht Shweta , Batra Sanjay 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Direct replacement of an inert CH bond with a functional group is traditionally termed CH bond functionalization. Remarkable progress in the strategies for CH functionalization has enabled organic chemists to take advantage of the ubiquity of the CH bond in the chemical feedstock to construct complex molecules. The CH bond functionalizations, resulting in a CC or C–hetero bond that is conventionally achieved via metal‐mediated activation of inert CH bond, are now of paramount importance in modern synthetic chemistry. However, growing environmental concerns and issues about sustainability have inspired the development of metal‐free approaches to such useful CH functionalization reactions under oxidative conditions. During the last decade, there has been profound progress in the development of a variety of innovative metal‐free oxidative CH functionalization reactions and this article presents the assimilation of the literature since 2015, concerning the construction of CC and C–hetero (N, O, S, Se, Te, P, B) bonds using the strategy.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed C(sp
2
)H Functionalizations
Authors: Zhai Hongbin , Qiu Shuxian , Zhai Shengxian , Wang Huifei 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Cobalt catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool for the efficient and economic synthesis of numerous synthetic useful molecules in recent years. This chapter summarizes the recent progress and synthetic utility of cobalt catalysts toward C(sp
2
)H functionalization processes achieving CC bond formation, CX bond formation, and different types of annulations. And CH functionalizations by merging cobalt and photoredox catalysis or electro‐catalysis are also included.
Recent Advances in Palladium‐Based Cross‐Dehydrogenative‐Coupling (CDC) with C(sp
2
)H/C(sp
2
)H Bond to Form New C(sp
2
)C(sp
2
) Bond
Authors: Leung Man Pan , Tsang Yi Ling , Choy Pui Ying , Kwong Fuk Yee 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

The advancement of CH/CH cross‐dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reactions for the construction of C(sp
2
)C(sp
2
) bond with representative examples from mainly 2016 to May 2021 is overviewed. Palladium‐catalyzed CDC reaction has been considered as a modern and attractive synthetic tool due to (i) limited amount of undesired and toxic by‐products; (ii) more straightforward synthetic approach from simple materials, resulting in a better step‐ and atom economy. Diversified applications across pharmaceutical and material areas have been successfully realized. In addition to the ordinary CDC reaction, the most recent accomplishments of asymmetric CDC process are also included.
Transition Metal‐Catalyzed CH Functionalization of Aldehydes
Authors: Wu Xianqing , Shrestha Mohini , Chen Yifeng 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Aldehydes are ubiquitous and commercially available compounds with the characteristic of less toxicity and low cost. In the past decade, transition metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions have emerged as one of the most important tools for synthetic chemists to assemble various chemical bonds for the efficient construction of natural products and bioactive molecules. Recently, CH bond functionalization of aldehydes with manifold carbon coupling partners, catalyzed by different transition metals, has attracted growing attention as a straightforward and atom‐economical route to valuable ketone and ester synthesis. In this article, acylation of arene via selective CH activation will be briefly summarized. In addition, acylation of CX (X = halides, O, N, and metal) bond, recent hydroacylation, and carboacylation of unsaturated bond using aldehyde as an acyl surrogate will be mainly discussed.
Catalytic Aromatic CH Functionalization Involving Metal Carbene
Authors: Bao Ming , Huang Jingjing , Xu Xinfang 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The metal carbene species, which catalytically generated from diazo compounds or other types of precursors, is one of the reactive and versatile synthons that possess broad applications in modern synthetic chemistry. A variety of reactions involving metal carbene have been well documented and reviewed, for example the metal carbene CH insertion reaction has become a very attractive and promising method for the expeditious construction of molecules with structural complexity. Whereas, reviews that focused on the catalytic aromatic CH functionalization using metal carbene, which went through a nondirected CH functionalization, are rare. This reaction has attracted considerable interest because of its ability for the direct CC bond formation with no need for prefunctionalization, providing a powerful and efficient tool in organic synthesis for rapid assembly of important molecules with structural diversity. The advances of catalytic aromatic CH functionalization using metal carbene in the last five decades using a variety of carbene precursors in the presence of different catalysts (or catalytic conditions), and the versatility of this method for the preparation of bioactive molecules, will be outlined in this article.
Alkynylation by Electrophilic CH Functionalization
Authors: Della‐Felice Franco , Montesinos‐Magraner Marc , Echavarren Antonio M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The introduction of alkyne scaffolds in organic molecules is an interesting topic for researchers ranging from synthetic organic chemists to materials scientists. This goal can be achieved through very diverse disconnections strategies, among which the direct alkynylation of CH bonds is particularly appealing due to the broad scope of substrates that can be employed. In this article, we focus on electrophilic alkynylation methodologies, which employ haloalkynes and hypervalent iodine reagents as acetylene donors. As a result of the length constrains, methodologies based on radical mechanisms and those under oxidative conditions, including cross‐dehydrogenative couplings, are out of scope. The existing protocols for electrophilic alkynylation are herein described and organized by their undirected or directed character. For the latter, different sections were considered according to the nature of the directing group.
Organocatalytic Routes to CH Functionalization Reactions
Authors: Barik Shilpa , Biju Akkattu T. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Transition metal‐catalyzed reactions are powerful and routinely used for the functionalization of inert CH bonds. However, the toxicity of the metals, cost of the metal catalysts, and their availability limit the potential application of this strategy. Organocatalysis is an elegant alternative, and in few cases, provides reaction outcomes unparalleled in transition metal catalysis. The use of various organocatalytic techniques such as secondary amine catalysis,
N
‐heterocyclic carbene catalysis, H‐bonding catalysis, photoredox catalysis, etc. can be utilized for the transition metal‐free CH functionalization reactions. This article is aimed at highlighting the organocatalytic protocols for inert CH functionalization reactions (with selected examples) giving special emphasis on the catalytic mode of action and the type of inert CH bond being functionalized.
Deprotonative CH Zincation for Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation
Authors: Cho Seoyoung , Bitting Katie J. , Wang Qiu 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

This article focuses on the recent developments of deprotonative C

H zincation approaches for carbon–carbon bond formation as a useful strategy of C

H functionalization. Key to the success of this strategy is the development of different zincate bases for regioselective C

H zincation and subsequent coupling reactions of the generated organozinc intermediates with various partners. Herein presented are recent examples using deprotonative C

H zincation strategy for diverse carbon functionalization of Csp
3

H, Csp
2

H, and Csp

H bonds, including the installation of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and acyl groups, as well as zincation‐mediated multifunctionalization reactions in providing step‐efficient synthetic strategies.
Organocatalytic Allylic and Benzylic CH Bond Functionalization
Authors: Khuntia Rupkumar , Gharui Chandan , Pan Subhas C. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Selective functionalization of benzylic and allylic CH bonds has enormous effect in feedstock and fine chemistry. Conventional activation strategies of inert C(sp
3
)H bond usually require relatively harsh conditions. The most explored direction in the domain is transition metal catalysis, while organocatalysis is following behind. A joint force of organocatalysis and CH functionalization could be possible as they are coexisting and rapidly growing research fields in modern synthetic chemistry. This article summarizes the recent state of art in organocatalytic benzylic and allylic CH functionalization reactions for the formation of CC, CO, CN, CS, and Chalogen bonds. Diverse organocatalytic CH activation mechanisms have also been discovered in parallel with these studies, which complement or even bypass the prevalent transition metal catalysis.
Synthesis of Heteropolycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Through Directed CH Functionalization
Authors: Biswal Pragati , Prusty Namrata , Ravikumar Ponneri C. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The increasing demand for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as an advanced material led to significant interest among synthetic and material science community. PAHs being highly conjugated are found to have good absorption and emission properties. Heteropolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (hetero‐PAHs) are those with one or more heteroatoms in the carbon framework, and they have multifold applications in optoelectronics. Synthesis of such molecules via directed CH functionalization has reduced the time, energy, and more importantly multiple steps in comparison with their classical synthesis. In this article, the synthesis of these valuable doped‐PAHs/hetero‐PAHs through directed CH functionalization has been documented.