bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Sensitivity of Juglans hindsii, J. regia, Paradox Hybrid, and Pterocarya stenoptera to Waterlogging1
Authors: Catlin P. B. , Martin G. C. , Olsson E. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of Juglans hindsii Jeps. and J. regia L. reacted similarly and were much more sensitive to waterlogging at root temperatures of 33°C than those of Pterocarya stenoptera DC. At 23°C,J. regia expressed symptoms of waterlogging earlier than J. hindsii. Paradox plants, hybrids between the 2 walnut species, were more tolerant than J. hindsii but are still considered highly sensitive to anaerobiosis. These results support the contention that use of J. regia seedlings as rootstocks to avoid blackline introduces greater potential for damage if soils become saturated. Some plants of each type which demonstrated increased tolerance have been selected. Levels of abscisic acid, or changes therein did not appear to be useful parameters in screening walnut seedlings for tolerance to waterlogging. Phenolic compounds decreased in roots of waterlogged plants. Although the magnitude of change in phenols was the same in Juglans and Pterocarya plants, it occurred over a much longer period with the latter. Phenols lost from roots may be a secondary phenomenon but contribute to hypersensitivity of Juglans to waterlogging.
Radiant Output from Orchard Heaters1
Authors: Perry Katharine B. , Martsolf J. David , Norman John M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The radiant fractions of four currently available orchard heaters (spot, large cone, return stack and auto clean stack) were determined under orchard conditions using observed surface temperatures, emissivity and the Stefan-Boltzmann Law. The contribution of the flame extending above the spot heater stack to its total radiant output was determined. Stack surface temperatures increased with burning rate on the large cone, return stack and auto clean stack heaters but decreased on the spot heater. The position of the highest temperature was near the bottom of the large cone, return stack and auto clean stack heaters and near the top of the spot heater. Surface temperatures were lower in general on the spot heater than on the other three heaters. The radiant fractions of the large cone, return stack and auto clean stack heaters were greater than 20% and relatively constant with burning rate. Even though the flame contribution is purposely overestimated the radiant fraction of the spot heater was less than 16%. For low wind speeds under which most orchard heating occurs the effect of wind speed on the radiant fraction was negligible.
Electrical Conductivity of ‘Shamouti’ Orange Peel during Fruit Growth and Postharvest Senescence1
Authors: Sasson Alegre , Monselise Shaul P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Electrical conductivity (EC) measurements were carried out in orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) peel (with stainless steel electrodes penetrating 2 mm deep), during fruit growth and subsequent prolonged storage on shelf. Values at the equator were quite generally lower than at the stem and especially at the stylar ends. A curve showing two maxima, one at a very young fruitlet stage (late May) and the other two months before maturation was found. The decrease in EC toward maturation continued for some time postharvest while the water content of tissues decreased, but was followed by an increase with progressive tissue senescence. This last part of the curve is tentatively explained by an increased role of symplast conductance due to tissue aging.
The Effects of Bulb Vernalization and Shoot Photoperiod Treatments on Growth and Flowering of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cv. Nellie White1
Authors: Roh Seung Moon , Wilkins Harold F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Thirty days of night interruptions (4 to 6 hours) or day extensions (4 to 8 hours) were given using incandescent (I), cool white fluorescent (CWF), and BCJ-ruby incandescent (BCJ) light sources to newly emerged shoots from ‘Nellie White’ lily (Lilium longiflorum) bulbs vernalized (4.4°C) for 0, 1, 3, or 6 weeks.
Regardless of light source a 6 hour night interruption (2200 to 0200) was more effective in accelerating anthesis than day extensions (1600 to 2000 or 0400 to 0800). There were no differences in the dates of anthesis between the light treatments when used as a night interruption with shoots from non-vernalized bulbs. Using partially or non-vernalized bulbs a day extension of CWF light delayed flowering when compared to I or BCJ. This delay by CWF was removed when bulbs were fully vernalized.
Leaf and flower bud number were reduced by bulb vernalization and effective shoot light treatments. Plant height was increased by shoot light treatment and was additive to the bulb temperature effect.
We hypothesize that bulb vernalization and shoot photoperiod treatments lead to rapid flowering through 2 inducing mechanisms. These mechanisms are phytochrome and high energy reaction (HER) systems.
Carbon Fluxes in Apple Trees: Use of a Closed System to Study the Effect of a Mild Cold Stress on ‘Golden Delicious’1
Authors: Seeley Earl J. , Kammereck R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A system for monitoring CO2 flux in deciduous fruit trees was developed that allows simultaneous, independent control of climatic variables over a wide range. For such a system to work effectively, attention must be given to proper sealing of the chamber, placement of components within the system and disturbances which may arise from the functioning of control and sampling loops. Using the system described, it was found that the occurrence of a light frost after ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) had begun to produce vegetative growth drastically affected the carbon flux within the plant. These changes took place even though the cold stress was not severe enough to cause any discernible visual symptoms. Subsequent exposure of the trees to favorable growing conditions after a light frost resulted in the gradual recovery of the photosynthetic rate to levels approaching but not equal to that occurring in tissues of unstressed trees.
Abscisic Acid Identification and its Quantitation in Leaves of Juglans Seedlings during Waterlogging1
Authors: Shaybany B. , Martin G. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A rapid method was developed for extraction and purification of free abscisic acid (ABA) from leaves of waterlogged seedlings of Juglans. There were significant increases (6-15 fold) in leaf ABA contents of treated plants reaching maximum levels after the first 12 to 18 hours of waterlogging. With the exception of J. nigra, the leaves of which were desiccated at 24 hr after treatment, ABA content rapidly declined to original levels by 30 hours after waterlogging. Changes in ABA concentration in walnut is likely a secondary expression to the stress induced by waterlogging.
Influence of Soil and Cultivar on Mineral Composition of Avocado Leaves in Florida1
Authors: Young T. W. , Koo R. C. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaves were collected in 1974 and 1975 from mature ‘Tonnage’, ‘Lula’, ‘Taylor’, and ‘Booth 8’ avocado trees (Persea americana Mill.) on sand, muck, and calcareous rock soils and analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, and Fe. Significant differences in levels of all 9 elements in ‘Tonnage’ leaves occurred among the 3 soil types. Crop size, fertilization, soil pH, soil Ca level, and exchange capacity of the soil appeared to be important factors in the variations. Differences in concentration of N and P were not significant among the 4 cultivars but were significant for the other elements.
Breeding for Multiple Root Rot Resistance in Snap Beans1
Authors: Dickson M. H. , Boettger M. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Inheritance of resistance to Pythium, Fusarium, and Rhizoctonia in snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., was studied for three populations involving a common resistant parent (Cornell 2114-12) and 3 different susceptible parents. Pythium resistance was strongly associated with colored seed but resistance was found in some white seeded segregants and was widely influenced by degree of susceptibility of white seeded parents. In contrast to the widely accepted theory that colored seed and resistance to Rhizoctonia are tightly linked, Rhizoctonia resistance seemed to be independent of seed color. Heritability for Rhizoctonia resistance was 0.75 and 0.65 for broad and 0.32 and 0.29 for narrow sense heritability. Resistance to all three diseases was independent and quantitatively inherited. Correlations for resistance to Pythium and Fusarium in F4 with F3 selections (r = 0.557**) were in line with heritability expectations. In the Rhizoctonia selections, generation to generation correlation was high (r = 90**) among those with the best resistance but only moderate among those with moderate resistance. In view of the low narrow sense heritability, selection for resistance in later rather than earlier generations should be more effective.
Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Levels in Pistachio Branches as Related to Shoot Extension and Yield1
Authors: Crane Julian C. , Al-Shalan I. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The pistachio (Pistacia vera L.), characteristically a biennial bearer, produces its most extensive shoot growth in years of heavy crop production. Whereas levels of total sugars in bark and wood of bearing and nonbearing branches were similar throughout the year, starch levels tended generally to be higher in nonbearing than in bearing branches. Consequently, nonbearing branches one year gave rise to heavy crops the next and, beacuse of greater quantities of reserve foods, also produced extensive shoot growth. Bearing branches of that same year, .however, produced few or no nuts the next and, because of lesser quantities of reserve foods, produced markedly less shoot growth. No relationship between total nitrogen level and shoot growth or fruiting was evident.
Influence of Shade and Fertilizer on Light Compensation Point of Ficus benjamina L.1
Authors: Collard R. C. , Joiner J. N. , Conover C. A. , McConnell D. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Light and fertilizer significantly affected light compensation point (LCP) in Ficus benjamina in a 3 × 4 factorial experiment with 0%, 30%, 55% and 80% light exclusion and of 784, 1568 and 2352 kg N+K/ha/year. Increasing shade levels decreased LCP and at each shade level increasing fertilizer rates increased LCP. Fertilizer was less effective than shade in altering LCP. The highest LCP at 0% shade and 784 kg N+K/ha/year was nearly 3 times higher than the lowest LCP at 80% shade and 784 kg N+K/ha/year. Increasing shade and fertilizer levels increased chlorophyll content, plant size and visible quality.
Mid-summer Applications of Ethephon and Daminozide on Apples. II. Effect on ‘Delicious’1
Authors: Greene D. W. , Lord W. J. , Bramlage W. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sprays of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied to ‘Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) in July at concentrations of 500 to 1000 ppm shortly after the completion of June drop hastened the respiratory climacteric, and increased soluble solids, watercore and preharvest drop. These effects were diminished when 1000 ppm succinic acid-2,2-dimethyhydrazide (daminozide) was included with ethephon. All concentrations of ethephon increased flesh firmness. Two periods of fruit abscission occurred following ethephon application at high concentrations: shortly after application and immediately prior to harvest. After cold storage, fruit which had received 500 or 1000 ppm ethephon had less scald but a greater incidence of brown core. High ethephon concentrations increased bloom the following spring but had no influence on fruit set.
Ozone and Botrytis spp. Interaction in Onion Leaf Dieback: Field Studies1
Authors: Wukasch R. T. , Hofstra G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A suspected interaction between ozone injury and Botrytis spp. infection on onions (Allium cepa L.) was investigated in the field by reducing one or both causal agents by chemical antioxidants and/or fungicides. ‘Autumn Spice’ and ‘Rocket’ onions received 4 sprays of the fungicide anilazine and/or one of the following chemicals with antioxidant properties: fenarimol, ancymidol, chlormequat, piperonyl butoxide, metiram, chlorthalonil, or DuPont DPX-4891. Ozone levels exceeded 4 hourly averages of 8 pphm on at least 7 occasions during July, ozone injury was routinely observed in the field, and Botrytis was frequently isolated from lesions on onion leaves. Single and combination treatments of all fungicides and antioxidants generally reduced leaf necrosis and the Botrytis incidence. Fungicide-antioxidant combination treatments were superior to either fungicide or antioxidants alone in reducing Botrytis infection. Yields of ‘Autumn Spice’ were increased by most treatments while ‘Rocket’ onion yields were generally decreased. DPX-4891, the only antioxidant which was nonfungitoxic to Botrytis in vitro, was frequently superior to fungicides in preventing Botrytis lesions and was also the most effective in reducing ozone injury. These results support the hypothesis that onions injured by ozone are more susceptible to Botrytis infection.
Water Relations and Physiological Activity of Potatoes1
Authors: Ackerson R. C. , Krieg D. R. , Miller T. D. , Stevens R. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of water stress on internal water potential components and specific physiological processes were investigated in field grown potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Viking). Leaf water potential (ψleaf) as estimated by the pressure chamber, was not directly related to soil water potential (ψsoil) until a specific minimum ψsoil was attained. Subsequently ψleaf did not increase in response to increases in ψsoil. Water stress affected physiological processes such as stomatal resistance, photosynthesis and enzyme activity. A decline in ψleaf was apparently responsible for increased stomatal resistance and decreases in photosynthetic rates. The activities of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase decreased as ψleaf declined. The relationship between water stress and physiological processes and the inability of ψleaf to respond to increases in ψsoil after a maximum stress may partially explain the extreme sensitivity of potatoes to even mild water stress.
Uptake and Metabolism of 15N-labeled Potassium Nitrate by French Prune (Prunus domestica L.) Leaves and the Effects of Two Surfactants1
Authors: Weinbaum Steven A. , Neumann Peter M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
15N-labeled potassium nitrate was applied in a foliar spray to French prune/Marianna 2624 trees (Prunus domestica L.), and the nitrogen absorbed by the leaves was quantified. Nitrogen derived from a single foliar spray averaged 3% of total leaf nitrogen. L77, a non-ionic organosilicone surfactant which lowers surface tensions of aqueous solutions sufficiently for stomatal penetration, significantly enhanced the rate of NO3 absorption and increased incorporation of foliar-derived nitrogen into alcohol insoluble macromolecules. This enhancement was not apparent when labeled NO3 was applied with Regulaid, a carbohydrate-based non-ionic surfactant. About 25% of the foliar-derived N was apparently transported from leaves within 3 days when the stomatal penetrant was employed. No transport was evident in the absence of the penetrant.
Influence of Subsoil Acidity on Tomato Yield and Fruit Size1
Authors: Doss B. D. , Evans C. E. , Turner J. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Tropic’ and ‘Walter’ tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill.) were grown in central Alabama on a Lucedale fine sandy loam soil (Rhodic Paleudult) with uniform 0- to 15-cm surface soil pH of about 6.0 and subsoil pH ranging from 4.4 to 6.2. Depth and amount of soil water extraction and plant heights increased as subsoil pH increased. Marketable tomato yields were influenced by subsoil pH, with maximum yields occurring at pH 5.6 to 5.8. Marketable yields ranged from 10,400 to 55,500 kg/ha for ‘Tropic’ and from 14,000 to 39,400 kg/ha for ‘Walter’. Yield of large size fruit of ‘Tropic’ was greater above pH 5.0 than below pH 5.0. Fruit size distribution for ‘Walter’ was not affected by subsoil pH.
Effects of Fruiting on Scorch, Premature Defoliation, and Nutrient Status of ‘Chickasaw’ Pecan Leaves1
Authors: Sparks Darrell 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of retaining fruit on the induction of scorch, defoliation, and nutrient status of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] leaves was compared with the effect of fruit removal. Fruit retention induced leaf scorch and defoliation. Fruiting suppressed N, P, and Zn accumulation in leaves and resulted in a net loss of K from leaves. Potassium loss from leaves was associated with a high K content in the shuck. The data suggest that heavy fruiting in pecans can induce a K stress which in severe cases results in leaf scorch and defoliation.
Effect of Fruiting on Carbohydrate and Mineral Composition of Stems and Leaves of French Prunes1
Authors: Ryugo Kay , Nii N. , Iwata M. , Carlson R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaves and stems from bearing and non-bearing branches of French prune (Prunus domestica L. cv. Agen) were collected periodically during the growing season and analyzed for their carbohydrate and mineral contents. The non-bearing shoots contained more starch than the bearing ones during the period when the fruits were growing rapidly and accumulating soluble solids. The % dry matter and alcohol insoluble substances (AIS) were also higher in the former than those of the latter. Analysis of fruits revealed that sorbitol was the predominant carbohydrate, followed by sucrose and reducing sugars during the ripening period. These findings indicate that when internal competition for carbohydrates becomes limited, the stem cells assimilate constituents, presumably cell wall substances, other than reserve food. Leaf analysis also reflected the diminished competition in that the dry matter, sugar and starch contents were consistently higher in leaves from non-bearing limbs than those collected from bearing ones on a unit area basis. No difference was detectable in mineral contents of leaves and stems collected from de-fruited and bearing limbs.
Breaking Bud Rest on Detached Apple Shoots: Effects of Wounding and Ethylene1
Authors: Paiva Edilson , Robitaille Henry A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Buds of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were in deep rest between October 25 and December 20, 1976, although the uppermost bud on decapitated (apical and basal cuts) shoot segments developed at all sampling dates. Increases in rate of development of the uppermost bud, as well as in % break of lower buds after completion of deep rest, were both linear with time. Increases in % budbreak with time occurred in a basipetal direction, suggesting a gradient of increasingly deep rest from shoot apex to base. Development of the uppermost bud on decapitated shoots during deep rest was a result of the apical cut, and was not influenced by the original position of that bud on the intact shoot. The bud above the basal cut developed only on shoots with the terminal bud intact (basal cut only). Notching above a second bud on decapitated shoots did cause that bud to develop in addition to the uppermost bud. Results are discussed on the basis of a 2 stage rest model, rest gradient and apical dominance. There was no evidence for a role of ethylene in wounding or dinitro-orthocresol-stimulated budbreak. In addition, neither ethylene-releasing chemicals nor silver or cobalt had any influence on budbreak when applied to shoots at 2 dates during the rest period.
Growth and Nutrient Interrelationships in Snap Beans as Affected by Several Sources of Potassium and Magnesium1
Authors: Palaniyandi Ravindran , Smith Cyril B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Snap beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Bush Blue Lake 283) were grown in 2 greenhouse experiments in soil with 8 fertilizer treatments with a basic NP treatment to which various sources of K and Mg were added. The NP treatment substantially increased vine weight and leaf concentrations and total plant content of N, P, Ca, Mg, Mn and Na. In NPK treatments, regardless of K source, substantial increases in the leaf K and decreases in leaf P and particularly Mg concentrations were shown while only potassium chloride enhanced Mn leaf concentrations. In NPMg treatments, regardless of Mg source, leaf Mg increased but no reduction in K concentration occurred. Adding both K and Mg to the NP treatment did not affect the Mg leaf concentration. Treatments caused a redistribution of elements in plant parts.
Response of Sweet Cherry Leaf Tissue to Hydrogen Fluoride Fumigation at Different Nitrogen Levels1
Authors: Facteau T. J. , Wang S. Y. , Rowe K. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Foliar uptake of fluoride (F) resulting from hydrogen fluoride (HF) fumigations was linear with dose (concentration F in μg/m3 × duration of exposure in hours) at F concentrations lower than 17.5 μg/m3. Above this level, duration of exposure was the only important factor and uptake was non-linear with time. Higher leaf N levels resulted in greater F uptake. Production of CO2 was increased more by high F concentration for short periods than by low concentration for longer periods where leaf N was optimal or supraoptimal. Amino nitrogen (AN) levels increased more at low F concentration for longer periods than high concentration for shorter periods. The response patterns were similar at optimal and supraoptimal leaf N. Protein nitrogen (PN) decreased with increasing In HF dose at optimal and very low leaf N levels. Changes in PN and AN were significantly correlated in leaf tissue with optimal, but not in tissues with deficient or supraoptimal N.
Interaction of Moisture Potential and Activated Carbon on Lettuce Seed Germination1
Authors: Sharples G. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Activated carbon stimulated seed germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in soil and vermiculite. Stimulation was strongly dependent upon the moisture potential. Germinating seeds were shown to excrete an inhibitor into the micro-environment which cannot diffuse away rapidly at moisture potentials near the soil field capacity or at analogous potentials in vermiculite. Increasing the moisture potential or adding activated carbon caused rapid removal of inhibitor from the seed micro-environment.
Translocation of 14C in ‘Stuart’ Pecan in the Spring following Assimilation of 14CO2 during the Previous Growing Season1
Authors: Lockwood David W. , Sparks Darrell 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaves on selected branches of 3-year-old ‘Stuart’ pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch) trees were treated weekly with 14CO2 for one growing season. Carbon-14 distribution within the tree during dormancy and its mobilization the following season were followed by autoradiography and liquid scintillation counting. During dormancy, 14C distribution was predominantly on the treated side of the tree. Tissues that developed during the season of treatment were heavily labelled. Carbon-14 mobilization was evident at bud break. Translocation was primarily to new growth, i.e., to leaves, shoots, pistillate and staminate inflorescences, and new roots. First-formed leaves, veins, and primary growth were more heavily labelled than later leaves, interveinal tissue, or secondary growth. Tissues from treated branches were labelled more intensely than those from untreated branches. Storage substrates decreased as shoots developed.