bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magister Equitum
Authors: Konrad C. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Magister Equitum receives his powers (imperium and auspices) through appointment by the Dictator; unlike other magistrates, he does not validate his own auspices upon taking office (the Dictator does it for him). He does not hold his office from the People, and thus can—and must—be dismissed by the Dictator. In the Dictator’s presence, his auspices are inactive; but when acting separately, they become his own, although still tied to those of the Dictator: if the latter’s auspices are vitiated, the flaw also affects the Master’s (and probably vice versa). Nothing in theory prohibits the Magister Equitum from celebrating a triumph, since, when commanding separately from the Dictator, he does so under his own auspices. The office could be held jointly with a lower magistracy, but cumulation with the consulship (as in the case of Lepidus under Caesar) was deemed improper. Despite Caesar’s dominance in the years 49–47 bc, the majority of the Augural College refused to bow to political pressure and continued to render its decisions in accordance with augural law; they refused Caesar’s demand to authorize his appointment as Dictator by a Praetor. The augural objection to Antonius remaining in office as Magister Equitum for longer than six months in 48/7 bc was based on the particulars of his appointment, which unlike Caesar’s as Dictator had not been made for a whole year, but only for six months.
Drowning the Chickens
Authors: Konrad C. F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three instances of resistance to the auspices during the final years of the First Punic War suggest an undercurrent of opinion questioning the practice among the Roman nobility. The drowning of the pulli by the Consul P. Claudius Pulcher in 249 bc occurred not at his departure from Rome, but immediately before the Battle of Drepana in Sicily; it raises a highly technical question of how auspices functioned at sea. The other Consul, L. Iunius Pullus, sailed in spite of prohibitive auspices in an attempt to save the supply convoy he was guarding from enemy attack, and lost the entire fleet in a storm. Both were subsequently tried on a charge of treason (perduellio), clearly not for the loss of their fleets but their violation of the auspices. In 242, the Consul C. Lutatius Catulus (or possibly his brother, Lutatius Cerco, in 241) sought to substitute a consultation of the oracle of Fortuna Primigenia at Praeneste for the traditionally required auspices, but desisted in the face of strong senatorial opposition.
Rabelais, Cervantes, and Libraries in Fiction
Authors: Crawford Robert 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The most influential depictions of libraries in fiction are those of Rabelais in Gargantua and Pantagruel and of Cervantes in Don Quixote. These works and their reception in English-language literature are discussed. Stretching from the Middle Ages to the present, this chapter ranges across English and some American literature. Particular attention is paid to the notion of the library as a site of tension between order and subversive disorder, and to the library as a place associated with madness, especially the madness of scholars. Among the authors discussed are John Donne, Sir Thomas Browne, writers about women and eighteenth-century circulating libraries, Gothic novelists, and James Joyce. Though many novels are considered, more detailed consideration is given to Walter Scott’s Waverley, George Eliot’s Middlemarch, and G. K. Chesterton’s The Return of Don Quixote.
M. R. James’s Libraries
Authors: Jones Darryl 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
M. R. James is the pre-eminent ghost story writer in English. He was also the pre-eminent manuscript scholar of his day. This chapter argues that these two activities were, for James, intimately linked. His ghost stories are, in fact, a kind of imaginative surplus or by-product of his formal scholarship, which was largely made up of cataloguing the manuscripts of numerous ancient libraries, including most of the libraries of the Cambridge colleges. In James’s stories, scholarly and archival research unleashes terrible supernatural entities, very often various kinds of Old Testament demons, or else a variety of unappeasable ghosts. The chapter looks at a section of James’s stories in which library researchers uncover more than they had bargained for, and closes with an extended reading of James’s most librarianly story, ‘The Tractate Middoth’, which has deep roots in both the catalogue and the physical architecture of Cambridge University Library.
Borges’s Libraries
Authors: Williamson Edwin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers a series of libraries—both real and imagined—as stages in Borges’s thinking about the scope and power of the creative imagination. While claiming his father’s library was ‘the chief event in his life’, Borges also ‘felt ashamed’ to be ‘a bookish kind of person and not a man of action’. This disjunction gave rise in his youth to a romantic-expressionist poetics through which he hoped to transcend the spectral ‘unreality’ symbolized by the library in order to capture something vital, unique, and true with his pen. His disillusionment is traced through texts such as ‘Pierre Menard, Author of Don Quixote’ (anticipating Roland Barthes’s ‘The Death of the Author’), ‘The Total Library’, ‘The Library of Babel’, ‘Poem of the Gifts’, ‘The Other Tiger’, and ‘Borges and I’, concluding with a sequence of late poems identifying with Alonso Quijano, Cervantes’s bookish hidalgo, who dreamt of escaping from his library to become ‘a man of action’ but whose thwarted dream, paradoxically, won immortality in the figure of mad Don Quixote, an ‘unreal’ character in a famous book.
Fantastic Books and Where to Find Them
Authors: Lodge Sara 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In Fantasy, libraries are often labyrinthine, like the brain itself; they are attractive repositories of magical power and secrets, but also dangerous zones where characters can become trapped. Books are frequently imaged as living forms that may fly, bite, or shriek. Authors of Fantasy sometimes stage conflict in the library between a conception of texts as static, orderly, authoritative repositories of predominantly male knowledge and a more fluid conception of texts as organic, generative bundles of cells whose implicitly female corpus revels in perpetual flux and multivalent modes of knowing. These authors stage metatextual debate between the genres of History and Fantasy in the library that asserts the power of Fantasy and its status within the Academy. In this genre, the book one finds in the library typically relates to one’s inner life: a text that can transform the dead language of knowledge into the living dialogue of action.
Introduction
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces two key Christological theories that guide the discussion through the book. The first, associated with Duns Scotus, maintains that the union of human nature and divine person requires some kind of created relational tie. The second, associated with Thomas Aquinas, denies this, and holds that the intrinsic metaphysical structure of the two components, so to speak, means that, once joined, the human nature and the divine person cling together without any further explanation. The chapter introduces a series of models to capture the distinction: two pieces of Velcro (Aquinas) as opposed to two pieces of cloth buttoned together (Scotus), or a mortise and tenon joint (Aquinas) as opposed to two blocks glued together (Scotus). Scotus’s theory is an example of what the book labels ‘union theories’, and Aquinas’s an example of what the book labels ‘communion theories’. The chapter introduces further subdivisions to communion theories. They might be, for example, explanatory, specifying the relevant features of the divine person and human nature in virtue of which they are apt to cling together, or non-explanatory. And they might be maximalist, such that a feature of the divine person (for example, existence or subsistence) becomes some kind of internal feature of the human nature, or minimalist, such that this characteristic does not obtain.
Union Theories in Catholic Theology (2)
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how Suárez’s account of both subsistence and the union of divine person and human nature as modes was adopted in much of Iberian Thomism: first of all Pedro de Cabrera, and then two Salamancan Dominicans, Francisco Araújo and Pedro Godoy, and finally in the Cursus theologicus of the Discalced Carmelites at Salamanca, the so-called ‘Salmanticenses’. These thinkers fundamentally conceptualize the issues in terms of the requirement for a foundation for the categorial relation between human nature and divine person affirmed by Aquinas. The relation requires a permanent foundation, for which they borrowed Suárez’s mode of union. But they combined with this Cajetan’s view that the subsistence of a nature is what makes it apt to be the subject of existence. So they held that the nature both lacked its proper subsistence and proper existence, and that the place of these was taken by the divine subsistence and existence. In both cases, this communication of divine subsistence and existence to the human nature is explained by the created mode of union that the human nature has to the divine person: a reductionist account of the communication of divine subsistence and existence to the human nature.
Union Theories in Reformed Theology
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the universal acceptance of Scotus’s union theory of the Incarnation by Reformed theologians. This theory is sometimes formulated in terms of the anhypostasia–enhypostasia binary. Generally, Reformed theologians (unlike Lutheran ones) are happy to affirm the anhypostasia: that the human nature lacks proper subsistence. But they are more hesitant about the enhypostasia, since they associate the term with the claim that the human nature subsists—and they dislike this latter claim, since it suggests to them that the human nature is a person, and thus that Nestorianism is true. Some even reject the enhypostasia tout court for this reason. The Reformed theologians generally affirm that subsistence is a mode. A final section discusses the semantics of personal predication in terms of identical predication, about which the Reformed theologians disagree strongly with the Lutheran theologians.
Communion Theories in Protestant Theology (1)
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The view that the union consists in a relation between the divine person and a human being—a homo assumptus—(as opposed to a human nature) soon came to predominate in seventeenth-century Lutheran theology. This chapter describes the views of some Protestant theologians who accepted the immediate communication of divine subsistence to the human nature, but rejected this Lutheran view. The chapter begins with the sole Reformed theologian to accept this communication theory: Amandus Polanus, who quotes Thomas Aquinas to the effect that the divine esse is immediately communicated to the human nature. (In a long footnote, it is shown how Polanus was expressly followed in this by the most significant twentieth-century theologian, Karl Barth, and thus that Barth’s Christology is quite atypical of Reformed theologians.) The chapter then considers two Lutheran theologians, Leonhart Hutter and Georg Calixt, both of whom accept communion theories and combine them with a semantics of personal predications such as ‘God is man’ according to which subject and predicate both supposit for the divine person (rather than the divine person and a human being).
The Genus Idiomaticum
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the varied accounts theologians give of the semantics of those Christological predications in which divine and human properties are predicated of the person. It begins with an analysis of Francisco Suárez’s account of the issue, and then examines the view of the Reformed theologian Bartholomäus Keckermann. The chapter shows that the great point of division between Lutheran and Reformed theologians of the sixteenth century—whether or not the divine person bears human accidents—was no longer a point of disagreement in the seventeenth. Both sides agree that the divine person does indeed bear these attributes. The main part of the chapter focuses on Lutheran semantics: first, that of Hutter and then that of the Brenzian theologians. The initial problem for such theologians was that Brenzian Christology on the face of it requires the human being to be the subject of divine attributes. Given that there are some attributes that the human being cannot be the subject of (e.g. eternity), Brenzian Christology is on the face of it incompatible with the teaching of the Council of Chalcedon. Hafenreffer, in 1603, manages to come up with a semantics that solves this issue, and he is then followed by the later Lutheran theologians. The chapter includes a lengthy consideration of the claim of the Tübingen theologians, here represented by Theodor Thumm, that the divine nature may be said to be the subject of human attributes. It is argued that there is no sense in which this should constitute a genus tapeinoticum.
Pragmatist Quietism
Authors: Sepielli Andrew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pragmatist Quietism argues that there are objective ethical truths that neither require nor admit of a vindication or foundation from domains outside of ethics—metaphysics, semantics, epistemology, and so on. First, it argues that normative-ethical debates are similar in important ways to debates that philosophers call ‘merely verbal’; the key difference is that the former influence action and affect in a way that the latter do not. It then uses this set of features to explain why there are objective ethical truths that don’t need or allow for extra-ethical vindication, but also why it can sometimes seem as though ethics is not objective. This explanation of ethical objectivity without foundations is a distinctly pragmatist one, where pragmatism is the approach to inquiry and explanation on which we endeavour to guide our beliefs by considerations of value rather than by the accurate representation of the world. The meta-ethical outlook is then applied to issues in moral epistemology, including disagreement, and debunking arguments.
Objectivist Quietism about Ethics, Part One
Authors: Sepielli Andrew 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter fashions the ‘raw materials’ from Chapter 2 into an explanation of why ethics admits of objectively right answers, and why the claims within what we call ‘normative ethics’ can neither be vindicated nor undermined by metaphysics, semantics, and the like. First the notions of ‘truthy’ value and its constituent values (predictive, general-practical, and representational) are explained. Then it is argued that the relevant ethical disputes, in virtue of being superficial, do not afford truthy values. It is further argued that fields like metaphysics and semantics could bear on ethics only by bearing on the truthy value enjoyed by an ethical belief; it follows that these fields are irrelevant to the ethical disputes in question. However, the chapter distinguishes a set of values called ‘specifically ethical’ values, and shows how: (a) superficial ethical disputes can afford these, largely in virtue of the disputes’ influence on action and affect, and (b) a conception of truth in ethics can be constructed out of the specifically ethical values, such that these disputes can admit of truth. The chapter concludes with some arguments that the truths available in these disputes are sometimes objective, or mind-independent.
Introduction
Authors: Clements Ben , Bullivant Stephen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Introduction sets out how the study contributes to and advances existing scholarship on the Catholic community in Britain and on wider processes of religious change and secularization. It sets out the core research questions animating the study and the range of topics analysed in depth. It then delineates the key findings and how they advance theoretical perspectives and debates in existing scholarship. It discusses the new ‘Catholics in Britain’ survey on which the book is based. It i provides important information about the study’s methodology, the survey fieldwork, and the scope and content of the questionnaire. It also provides an outline of the book’s overall structure, including summarizing the aims and thematic focus of each chapter.
Behaving and Belonging
Authors: Clements Ben , Bullivant Stephen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 focuses on religious behaving and belonging. It emphasizes the primacy of religious practice for Catholics, the primary measures for which are Mass attendance, frequency of prayer, and regularity of Confession. For ‘belonging’ the analysis looks at the type of Mass most frequently attended (noting the wide liturgical diversity on offer within British Catholicism), and where they attend it (in their own parish or elsewhere), on the assumption that the specific worshipping community attended is a salient signal of certain subtypes of Catholic identity. The chapter presents new data on the social bondedness of British Catholics and show how this differs according to age and religious practice. It also discusses a significant youth effect within our data, in light of three possible explanations: survivorship bias, immigration, and a ‘creative minority’ effect.
Epilogue
Authors: Clements Ben , Bullivant Stephen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Epilogue consider the overall significance of Catholicism within the ambit of British religion. It offers some cautious thoughts on the Catholic community and how it engages with its faith in the context of the current Covid pandemic, which began in early 2020. It reflects on the impact the Covid pandemic is likely to have on the study’s main findings in the future. While offering some informed speculation, it stresses that the more significant long-term effects of the pandemic will likely emerge gradually. Finally, this Epilogue emphasizes that the new survey provides a solid benchmark against which to judge the lasting effects of the pandemic on Catholics in living Britain.
Introduction
Authors: Foley Hugh 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The introduction begins by discussing how and why liberal American poets have connected the subject of the lyric poem to liberal ideas of what the subject of rights looks like. The introduction sets out the book’s approaches to this connection, laying out the rationale for examining what it calls, after Paul de Man, the ‘lyric exchange’ as a set of techniques that poets can self-consciously use to respond to the critique of liberalism inside their poems. After discussing how recent scholarship has thought about the concept of lyric, it discusses the way that political critiques of lyric share a gestural pattern. It is argued that this pattern can be incorporated into poems. The introduction finishes by reading Walt Whitman’s ‘Crossing Brooklyn Ferry’ in order to show how the terms of the argument can be brought to bear on an individual poem.
Tradition and the Individual Dissent
Authors: Foley Hugh 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the work of Robert Lowell and Elizabeth Bishop. It explores how the influence of both the Southern New Critics and other forms of right-wing modernism, as well as the particular historicist tendency in Marxism, structure an anxiety about individual expressive lyric and liberal individualism. It argues that these criticisms granted Lowell and Bishop the perception of a double bind, in which dissent articulated from an individual perspective might be seen as endorsing liberalism as it existed. New critical arguments against capitalism, and the later vision of Cold War liberalism, presented a similar problematic in which support for a liberal society depended on conformity. The chapter demonstrates that Lowell and Bishop use the lyric exchange with the external world as a way of staging dissent from Cold War conformity without endorsing a kind of ahistorical view of the individual. The chapter concludes by reading ‘The Armadillo’ (1957) and ‘Skunk Hour’ (1958), arguing that these represent an attempt to test the capacities of the individual, and that this capacity speaks against the enlistment of conscience in the great power struggle.
Poetic Priesthood in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Prakas Tessie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Poetic Priesthood reads seventeenth-century devotional verse as staging a surprising competition between poetry and the established church. The work of John Donne, George Herbert, Richard Crashaw, John Milton, and Thomas Traherne suggests that the demands of faith are better understood by poets than by priests—even while four of these authors were also ordained. While recent scholarship has tended to emphasize the shaping influence of the liturgy on the verse of this period, this book argues that verse instead presents readers with a mode of articulating piety that relies on formal experimentation, and that varies from the forms of the church rather than straightforwardly reproducing them. In offering their readers this poetic aid to devotion, these authors shape an alternative and even more ample form of ministry than in their ecclesiastical activities. While they do not often theorize their verse practice explicitly in these terms, that practice is continuous with their definitions of ministerial behavior both in their verse and in the other writings this book considers, including sermons, prose treatises, and polemical pamphlets. In a historical moment when some literary writing began to define itself as a discursive arena separate from theological or doctrinal considerations, these authors complicate that picture: they claim the work of priesthood for poetry—but they do so by critically interrogating the forms of the church, through the unique formal affordances of verse.
“O let thy blessed Spirit bear a part”
Authors: Prakas Tessie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Where Donne advocates an attitude to liturgical worship that is shaped by the act of engaging with figured speech, Chapter 2 proposes that Herbert’s poetics take the inverse approach. By reading The Temple alongside the multivocal music-making that was gaining increasing attention in the liturgy of the late-sixteenth-century English church, the chapter argues that Herbert’s verse presents such musical occasions both as communal prayers to be heard and as attempts to figure forth God’s response. In so doing, however, Herbert hints that these attempts can be devotionally self-defeating, making worshippers less able to appreciate the complex nature of their union with God amidst the loud noise of their music of praise. By contrast, the language on the poetic page more boldly brings God into the vocal mix, often by dismissing the distracting potential of literal music.
“One friendly flood”
Authors: Prakas Tessie 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Richard Crashaw’s verse points less to the limitations of specific liturgical forms than to those of strictly defined confessional belonging. Critics have tended to read his vivid descriptions of religious fervor as signifiers of a uniquely Catholic aesthetic, and sometimes as specifically intended to encourage denominational conversions in their readers. Chapter 3 instead examines these stylistic traits as Crashaw’s attempt to generate a poetics that is available and appealing across confessional boundaries. This reading takes a cue from Crashaw’s verse account of baptism as a rite that “blends” Christians “into a blood” rather than dividing them. The chapter argues that this notion of baptism shapes both his symbols and his verse form, as Crashaw’s lineation “baptizes” into more ecumenical devotional experience both the trope of the tear and the female figures who often produce it.