bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of nanometric thin films with far-field light
Authors: Salomon Adi , klimovsky hodaya Ester , Shavit Omer , Julien Carine , Olevsko Ilya , Hamode Mohamed , Abulafia Yossi , Suaudeau Hervé , Armand Vincent , Oheim Martin 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The fabrication and characterisation of ultra-thin, transparent films is paramount for protective layers on semiconductors, solar cells, as well as for nano-composite materials and optical coatings. Similarly, the probe volume of nano-sensors, as well the calibration of axial distances in super-resolution microscopies, all require the metrology of axial fluorophore distances. However, the reliable production and precise characterisation of such nanometric thin layers are difficult and labor-intense and they require specialized equipment and trained personnel. In our present work, we describe a simple, non-invasive, all-optical technique for simultaneously measuring the refractive index, thickness, and homogeneity of such thin films. We assemble transparent layers from My-133-MC, a biomimetic transparent polymer with a refractive index of 1.33, amenable for applications in the life sciences. All parameters characterising the films are obtained in a single measurement from the analysis of supercritical angle fluorescence radiation patterns acquired on a minimally modified inverted microscope. Results compare favorably to those obtained through a combination of atomic force and electron microscopy, surface-plasmon resonance spectroscopy and ellipsometry. To illustrate the utility of our technique, we present two applications, one in metrology and one in bio-imaging; (i), the calibration of axial fluorophore distance in a total internal reflection fluorescence geometry; and, (ii), live-cell super-resolution imaging of organelle dynamics in cortical astrocytes, an important type of brain cell. Our approach is cheap, versatile and it has obvious applications in profilometry, biophotonics, photonic devices, and optical nano-metrology.
Presence of Microplastics in Estuarine Environment- A Case Study from Kavvayi and Kumbla Backwaters of Malabar Coast, Kerala, India
Authors: Padmachandran Aiswriya V , Sree Nhavilthodi , Nasrin Fathima , Muthuchamy Muthukumar , Muthukumar Anbazhagi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are gaining global attention in recent years due to its widespread distribution and potential health impacts. The present study focuses on the distribution and characterization of microplastics in the sediments and bottom dwelling organisms of Kavvayi and Kumbla backwaters of Northern Malabar region, Kerala, India. MP isolation procedure including density separation, organic matter digestion and membrane filtration followed by visual and spectral analysis using optical microscope and confocal Raman spectroscopy have been utilised for the microplastic evaluation. Microplastics of size range up to 500 nanometres were analysed and presence of MPs were detected in all samples with an average abundance of 99.5 ± 69.43 particles/ kg and 96.57 ± 29.96 particles/ kg in Kavvayi and Kumbla backwaters respectively. Raman spectral analysis confirmed about 50% of MPs to be synthetic elastomers with the remaining half encompassed by PA, PE, PEST, PU and PP. Higher abundance of MPs in the edible aquatic organisms like clams, prawns and fishes confirmed the transfer of MP from the environment into living organisms envisages the need of further investigation on toxicological impacts and management strategies.
Models of Motion in Abstract Linear Algebra
Authors: Drumea Bianca 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper will solve problems using numerical tools from various branches of math, including linear algebra, analytical topology, and calculus. The main question is of how one can define an abstract algebraic group within a Hilbert space to describe an individual performing a specific movement. Several other questions arise from this, including the modeling of an axis of rotation. These are best resolved by an abstract representation of a motion of a body in space, then applying it to a specific material case. The abstract representation will be in the form of an algebraic group with a defined topology. The model maps the possible singular points in space the individual could occupy. The method of arriving at a solution for each step of the problem was the creation of a series of conclusions, linked by reasoning, expanding from an initial material example. This is known as divergent reasoning. Existent theories related to the concept at the root of the computational result were analyzed to identify any contradictions in lines of reasoning. The model was developed by means of an example case of a sport with elements of martial arts and gymnastics, called tricking. This was accomplished using four theorems: the Hilbert Basis theorem, the Nullstellensatz theorem, the weak Nullstellensatz theorem, and a new theorem, which describes the axis of rotation. The intended outcome is achieved by the end of the paper. The model was proved with a physical example, in which the algebraic group was translated into a vector function in R3 between a limiting interval of time.
Site Suitability in Water Harvesting Management Using Remote Sensing Data and Gis Techniques: A Case Study of Sulaimaniyah Province, Iraq
Authors: Noori Shaho , Ghasemlounia Redvan , Noori Abbas Mohammed 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The human-induced water use changes and the climate change effects have impartially led to long-term drought, water shortages and some casual flood incidents. These, have significantly impacted the northern region of Iraq over the past few decades. Water resources management has become a key to resolving this dilemma, particularly for the arid and semi-arid areas. Harvested water could be exploited for consumption, domestic, and animal use. Moreover, it is considered a valuable resource for irrigating agricultural lands. This study aims to identify appropriate sites for rainwater harvesting in the Sulaimaniyah province, Iraqi Kurdistan region. These processes have been done by using remote sensing, Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and multi-criteria decision making (MCDM). The analytical hierarchy process (AHP) model has been used to find out suitable locations for water harvesting. The criteria considered were runoff, slope, soil type, land cover and drainage density. Each factor is assigned to its weight depending on its effect. Based on the findings, the average region that is outstanding and well-suited for water collection is 32% of the whole area. The model that has been applied in the current study is extremely significant and supportive for water resource management.
Magnetite record of repose after recharge leading to the Plinian eruptions at Sakurajima
Authors: Araya Naoki , Nakamura Michihiko , Matsumoto Keiko , Okumura Satoshi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Mafic magma recharge of crustal reservoirs has been considered to be a direct trigger of volcanic eruptions. However, although recharge frequently occurs in many active volcanoes, it rarely leads to an eruption, making its role as a trigger ambiguous. Sakurajima volcano has vigorously erupted three times since the 15th century following a common process, that is, mixed magmas after recharge were once in a shallow, thick conduit before each eruption. We reconstructed the magma migration with a high time resolution by examining multiple elements in different minerals. Magnetite, which has the fastest elemental diffusivity among the phenocrysts, is homogeneous within each crystal but its chemistry varies among crystals, implying the final repose of the zoned, pre-charged magma body for more than dozens of days. Therefore, mafic recharge was not the immediate cause of the eruptions. Instead, crystallization-driven volatile exsolution and bubble growth in a shallow thick conduit might have finally triggered the eruptions.
Creep anisotropy reduction and improvement via post-heat treatment in yttrium-added Hastelloy-X fabricated by laser powder bed fusion
Authors: Banoth Santhosh , Palleda Thaviti Naidu , Saito Takuma , Murakami Hideyuki , Koji Kakehi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The development of laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) has made it possible to produce complex three-dimensional components for high-temperature applications. The LPBF process needs to be refined to address several key factors, such as high-temperature elongation, microstructure heterogeneity, and mechanical anisotropy. Hastelloy-X Ni-based superalloy was used to illustrate these issues in this study. First, yttrium (Y) was added to Hastelloy-X alloy to prevent grain boundary embrittlement. The second step involves post-heat treatment at a higher temperature to eliminate the microstructural heterogeneity and creeps anisotropy. We used Hastelloy-X (HX) as reference material, along with 0.046 wt.% Y (HX-y). The aging was done at 850°C for 2 h (DA) for carbides and solution heat-treatment at 1240°C for 8 h upon aging at 850°C for 2 h (HTA) to eliminate microstructural heterogeneity. The creep properties were studied at 900°C/ 80 MPa. The HX-y specimen was strengthened by solid solution and Y-rich oxides and stabilizing oxygen-based contamination at the grain boundary. The DA and HTA HX-y specimens had better creep properties than HX specimens. The HX-y specimen showed superior creep properties to the HX specimen due to the presence of carbides M6C and Cr23C6 inside grains and at grain boundaries. However, carbides remained stable even at high temperatures within grains and at grain boundaries. Nevertheless, the HTA HX-y specimen exhibited superior isotropic creep properties. As a result of grain boundary pinning, serrated grain boundaries prevented grain boundary sliding. In contrast, HX specimens exhibited poor creep properties.
Energy-efficient high-fidelity image reconstruction with memristor arrays for medical diagnosis
Authors: Zhao Han , Liu Zhengwu , Tang Jianshi , Gao Bin , Qin Qi , Li Jiaming , Zhou Ying , Yao Peng , Xi Yue , Lin Yudeng , Qian He , Wu Huaqiang 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Medical imaging is an important tool to make accurate medical diagnosis and disease intervention. Current medical image reconstruction algorithms mainly run on Si-based digital processors with von Neumann architecture, which faces critical challenges to process massive amount of data for high-speed and high-quality imaging. Here, we present a memristive image reconstructor (MIR) to greatly accelerate image reconstruction with discrete Fourier transformation (DFT) by computing-in-memory (CIM) with memristor. To implement DFT on memristor arrays efficiently, we proposed a high-accuracy quasi-analogue mapping (QAM) method and generic complex matrix transfer (CMT) scheme, to improve the mapping precision and transfer efficiency, respectively. With these two strategies, we used MIR to demonstrate high-fidelity magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) image reconstructions, achieving software-equivalent qualities with peak signal-to-noise ratios (PSNR) of 40.88 dB and 22.38 dB, respectively. The reconstructed images were then segmented using a popular nnU-Net algorithm to further evaluate the reconstruction quality. For the MRI task, the final DICE scores were 0.979 and 0.980 for MIR and software, respectively; while for the CT task, the DICE scores were 0.977 and 0.985 for MIR and software, respectively. These results validated the feasibility of using memristor-reconstructed images for medical diagnosis. Furthermore, our MIR also exhibited more than 153× and 79× improvements in energy efficiency and normalized image reconstruction speed, respectively, compared to graphics processing unit (GPU). This work demonstrates MIR as a promising platform for high-fidelity image reconstruction for future medical diagnosis, and also largely extends the application of memristor-based CIM beyond artificial neural networks.
Antiretroviral Therapy Regimen Modification Rates and Associated Factors in a Cohort of HIV/AIDS Patients in Asmara, Eritrea: A 16-year Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Tekle Samuel , Yohannes Arsema , Issaias Hermon , Mesfn Mical , Zerufael Simon , Dirar Aman , Teklemariam Habtemichael M. , Ghebremeskel Ghirmary Ghebrekidane , Achila Oliver Okoth , Basha Saleem 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background: Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) durability and time to modification are important quality indicators in HIV/AIDs treatment programs. This analysis describes the incidence, patterns, and factors associated with cART modifications in HIV patients enrolled in four treatment centers in Asmara, Eritrea from 2005-2021.
Methods: Retrospective cohort study combining data from 5,020 (males, 1,943 (38.7%) vs. females, 3,077 (61.3%)) patients were utilized. Data on multiple demographic and clinical variables were abstracted from patient’s charts and cART program registry. Independent predictors of modification and time to specified events were evaluated using a multi-variable Cox-proportional hazards model and Kaplan-Meier analysis.
Results: The median (±IQR) age, CD4+ T-cell count, and proportion of patients with WHO Clinical stage III/IV were 48 (IQR: 41-55) years; 160 (IQR: 80-271) cells/µL; and 2,667 (53.25%), respectively. The cumulative frequency of all cause cART modification was 3,223 (64%): 2,956 (58.8%) substitutions; 37 (0.7%) switches; and both, 230 (4.5%). Following 241,194 person-months (PMFU) of follow-up, incidence rate of cART substitution and switch were 12.3 (95% CI: 11.9-12.8) per 1,000 PMFU and 3.9 (95% CI: 3.2-4.8) per 10,000 PMFU, respectively. Prominent reasons for cART substitution included toxicity/intolerance, drug-shortage, new drug availability, treatment failure, tuberculosis and pregnancy. The most common adverse event (AEs) associated with cART modification included lipodystrophy, anemia and peripheral neuropathy, among others. In the adjusted multivariate Cox regression model, Organisation (Hospital B: aHR=1.293, 95% CI: 1.162-1.439, p-value<0.001) (Hospital D: aHR=1.799, 95% CI: 1.571-2.060, p-value<0.001); Initial WHO clinical stage (Stage III: aHR=1.116, 95% CI: 1.116-1.220, p-value<0.001); NRTI backbone (D4T-based: aHR=1.849, 95% CI: 1.449-2.360, p value<0.001) were associated with increased cumulative hazard of treatment modification. Baseline weight (aHR =0.996, 95% CI: 0.993-0.999, p-value=0.013); address within Maekel (aHR=0.854, 95% CI: 0.774-0.942, p value=0.002); AZT-based backbones (aHR=0.654, 95% CI: 0.515-0.830, p-value<0.001); TDF-based backbones: aHR=0.068, 95% CI: 0.051-0.091, p-value<0.001), NVP-based anchors (aHR=0.889, 95% CI: 0.806-0.980, p-value=0.018) were associated with lower cumulative hazards of attrition.
Conclusion: The minimal number of switching suggests inadequate VL testing. However, the large number of toxicity/intolerance and drug-shortage driven substitutions highlight important problems in this setting. Consequently, the need to advocate for both sustainable access to safer ARVs in SSA and improvements in local supply chains is warranted.
Genetic Association of Intelligence with Longevity in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Khan Mousumee , Lkhagva Enkhchimeg , Siddiqui Sharif Hasan , Hong Seong-Tshool 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Epidemiological studies in different populations, in different countries, and in different epochs consistently showed that high intelligence is positively correlated with longevity. The link between high intelligence and longevity has remained unknown, only to be assumed as a consequence of the socioeconomic difference associated with intelligence in human population. Here, we report that genome stability contributes both to lifespan and intelligence in Drosophila melanogaster. The intelligence of the genetically heterogenous flies was determined by T-maze olfactory memory assay, and the flies moving to the right direction defined as intelligent flies (INT) were separated from the flies moving to the wrong direction defined as non-intelligent flies (NINT). INT male and female lived 26.40% and 21.35% longer than NINT male and female, respectively, suggesting a possible genetic linkage between intelligence and longevity. The bidirectional selective breeding based on intelligence extended lifespans gradually generation by generation in INT breeding contrast to the reversed pattern in NINT breeding. INT of F12 generation lived longer than NINT of F12 generation, 63.91% for male and 67.88% for female, as a result from slower aging. The whole-genome transcriptome analysis showed the activation of the genes in ribosome and autophagy in INT and the pathways of genome stability and immune reaction in NINT. Especially, the genetic pathway associated with genome stability was most noticeable, indicating that genome stability contributes both to lifespan and intelligence in D. melanogaster.
Progress, Challenges and Prospects of Urban Air Pollution and Climate in Iran
Authors: Taghizadeh Farzaneh , Mokhtarani Babak , Rahmanian Nejat 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAir pollution has been integrated into global challenges over the last few years due to its negative impact on the health of human beings, increasing socio-economic risks and its contribution to climate change. This paper highlights the general status of air pollution worldwide. It then attempts to systematically evaluate the current status of Iran's air pollution with regard to the sources of emissions, control policies, as well as the health and climate consequences that have resulted through available data from monitoring stations reported in the literature and official documents. The challenges and opportunities are also discussed to provide feedback on the efficacy of control measures and policy-making. Many large cities in Iran surpass the permissible concentration of air pollutants, particularly particulate matter, sulfur dioxide, black carbon and ozone. Although the regulations and policies are in place and enormous efforts are being made to address air pollution issues in the country, implementation and enforcement are not as effective as they could be. The significant challenges may be regarded as the inefficiency of regulation and supervision systems, the lack of air quality monitoring systems and technology, particularly in industrial cities rather than Tehran as well as the lack of continual feedback and investigations on the efficiency of regulation. Providing such a comprehensive and up-to-date report can bring opportunities for international collaboration, which is essential in addressing the air pollution issue worldwide.
Universal narrowband wavefront shaping with high quality factor meta-reflect-arrays
Authors: Lawrence Mark , Lin Lin , Hu Jack , Dagli Sahil , Dionne Jennifer 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Optical metasurfaces offer unprecedented flexibility in light wave manipulation but suffer weak resonant enhancement. Tackling this problem, we experimentally unveil a new phase gradient metasurface platform made entirely from individually addressable high-quality-factor (high-Q) silicon meta-atoms. Composed of pairs of nearly identical nano-blocks, these meta-atoms support dipolar-guided-mode-resonances that, due to the controlled suppression of radiation loss, serve as highly sensitive phase pixels when placed above a mirror. A key novelty of this platform lies in the vanishingly small structural perturbations needed to produce universal phase-fronts. Having fabricated elements with Q-factor~380 and spaced by λ/1.2, we achieve strong beam steering, up to 59% efficient, to angles 32.2°, 25.3°and 20.9° with variations in nanoantenna volume fractions across the metasurfaces of ≤2.6%, instead of >50% required by traditional versions. Aside from extreme sensitivity, the metasurfaces exhibit nearfield intensity enhancement over 1000x. Taken together, these properties represent an exciting prospect for dynamic and nonlinear wave-shaping.
Regorafenib inhibits EphA2 phosphorylation damages the liver via ERK/MDM2/p53 axis
Authors: Yan Hao , Wu Wentong , Hu Yuhuai , Li Jinjin , Chen Xueqin , Xu Zhifei , Yang Bo , He Qiaojun , Luo Peihua 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Hepatotoxicity of regorafenib is one of the most noteworthy concerns for patients, however the mechanism has poorly understood. Hence, lack of effective intervention strategy. In this study, we found that regorafenib-induced liver injury mainly derived from its non-therapeutic target EPH receptor A2 (EphA2) by comparing the target with sorafenib. EphA2 deficiency attenuated liver damage and cell apoptosis under regorafenib treatment. Overexpression of EphA2-S898A could directly cause hepatocyte apoptosis, while recovering EphA2 Ser898 phosphorylation greatly alleviated regorafenib-induced liver injury. Mechanistically, regorafenib inhibits EphA2 Ser897 phosphorylation and reduced ubiquitination of p53 by altering the intracellular localization of mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) through affecting the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/MDM2 axis. Meanwhile, we found Schisandrin C which could upregulate the phosphorylation of EphA2 at Ser897 also had protective effect against the toxicity in vivo. Collectively, our findings identify the inhibition of EphA2 Ser897 phosphorylation as a key cause of regorafenib-induced hepatotoxicity, and chemical activation on EphA2 Ser897 represents a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent regorafenib-induced hepatotoxicity.
Point Prevalence Surveys of Antibiotic Prescribing in Children at a Tertiary Hospital in a resource constraint, low- income sub-Saharan African country.
Authors: AKINTAN PATRICIA , Oshun Phillip , Osuagwu Chioma , Ola-Bello Olafoyekemi , Fajolu Iretiola , Roberts Alero , Temiye Edamisan , Oyinlola Oduyebo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackground Antibiotic resistance has been widely described in children by various pathogens to multiple antibiotics, these have become a global health crisis and an emergency. Factors associated with antibiotic use are both community and hospital based as studies have reported increased use of antibiotics by parents and caregivers as well as health care providers This study aimed to describe prevalence rates of antibiotic prescribing and evaluate antibiotic prescribing practices as well as targets for improving the quality of antimicrobial prescribing in children over time. Method Point prevalence survey of antimicrobial use was performed yearly for 4 years to monitor trends in antimicrobial prescribing., Data from all patients admitted before 8 am on the day of the PPS were included. A web-based application designed by the University of Antwerp was used for data-entry, validation and analysis (http://www.global-pps.com). Results A total of 260 children including 90 (34.6%) neonates and 170 (65.4%) older children were admitted during the four surveys. Overall, 179 (68.8%) patients received at least one antibiotic. In neonates, the prevalence of antibiotic use increased from 78.9–89.5% but reduced from 100–58.8% in older children. There was a reduction in the use of antibiotics for prophylaxis from 45.7–24.6%. The most frequently prescribed antibiotic groups were third generation cephalosporins and aminoglycosides. The most common indication for antibiotic prescribing was sepsis in neonates and central nervous system infection in older children. The documentation of reason in notes increased from 33–100% while stop review date also increased from 19.4–82.1%. Conclusion The prevalence of antibiotic use was high with cephalosporins being the most prescribed antibiotic.