bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Tomato Pests on Tomatoes, Summer, 1992
Authors: Rowland S. , Cartwright B. , Roberts B. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Greenhouse grown tomato plants (cv. ‘Sunny’) were transplanted into a Bernow fine sandy loam soil covered with black plastic mulch on 11 May at the Wes Watkins A.R.E.C., Lane, OK. Plots were 2.7 m long and one row wide with rows spaced 91 cm apart and plants spaced 46 cm apart within rows. Plots were separated by 3 m buffers within rows to minimize spray drift. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plants were trellised using the stake and weave method as needed and standard cultural practices were used throughout the trial. Treatments were applied on 30 Jun, 7, 14, 21, 28 Jul, 5, 13 and Aug using a CO2-powered backback sprayer. The sprayer, calibrated at 165 liters per acre, was equipped with two TX-18 spray nozzles spaced 45.6 cm apart. One pass down both sides of each plot was made with the boom positioned vertically to ensure adequate coverage of all foliage. Fruit was harvested on the following dates: 17, 23, 30 Jul, 7, 12, 17, 20 and 27 Aug. An average of 275 fruit per plot was produced during the harvest period. Each fruit was graded at harvest for TPW, TFW and thrips damage. Thrips damage was rated according to the following scale: 1 = none, 2 = slight, 3 = moderate, 4 = heavy and 5 = severe. Fruit rated three or higher were considered unmarketable. Fruit with any trace of TPW or TFW damage was considered unmarketable.
Leafminer, Armyworm and Tomato Pinworm Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes In West-Central Florida, Spring 1992
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set 10 Feb, 15 inches apart on 8-inch-high by 30-inch wide beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Each plot consisted of a single 15 ft row with rows on 5 ft centers. Plants were grown staked and were irrigated by seepage subirrigation. Insecticide treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, applied with a 2.5 gal, hand-held CO2-powered sprayer on 19 Mar, 3, 9, 16, 23 Apr, 8, 15, 21 and 29 May. The sprayer was operated at 60 psi and delivered 60 gal/acre using a single nozzle fitted with a D-5 disk and #45 core. On 2 and 4 Jun, the number of leafrolls produced by larvae of the tomato pinworm was counted in a 4 minute search of each plot. On 4 Jun, the number of small (&lt;0.5 inch long) and large (≥0.5 inch long Liriomyza) spp. leafmines was counted in a 1 minute search of selected treatments. Fruit was harvested on 14 and 26 May and the number and weight of undamaged fruit and the number and weight of fruit damaged by noctuid larvae [primarily the southern armyworm] were determined.
Sweetpotato Whitefly and Geminivirus Control on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring 1992
Authors: Schuster David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 10 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots comsisted of 3 rows 20 ft long on 5 ft centers. Plants were grown staked and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Insecticidal spray treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 17, 25, 30 Mar, 8, 15, 22 Apr, 7, 14, 20, 29 May, 4 and 12 Jun. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used hollow cone nozzles fitted with #3 disks and 25° cores. The number of nozzles per row was increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 60 gal/acre were applied the first six sprays (4 nozzles), 90 gal/ acre the next three sprays (6 nozzles) and 120 gal/acre for the remaining three sprays (8 nozzles). The terminal leaflet was collected from a leaf from the upper third of each often plants from the middle row of each plot on 3 and 18 Jun. The numbers of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs, pupae and pupae exuviae of the sweetpotato whitefly were counted. All plants were examined weekly for characteristic symptoms of tomato mottle virus, a geminivirus transmitted by the whitefly. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 2, 11 and 18 Jun and the fruit were counted and weighed. On the last two harvests, a subsample of 50 ripe fruit were rated 1 to 3 for increasing severity of external symptoms of irregular ripening. This disorder is associated with high populations of the sweetpotato whitefly and is characterized by incomplete or inhibited ripening of longitudinal sections of fruit.
Residual Grasshopper Control in South Dakota Alfalfa, 1991
Authors: Fuller B. W. , Wang T. , Boetel M. A. , Chambers W. W. , Jenson J. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A freshly cut (within 1 week) alfalfa field near Britton, SD was selected for this experiment. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate residual control of grasshoppers using 3 rates (0.5, 0.75, and 1.00 lb [AI]/acre) of Sevin XLR and Furadan at 0.50 lb [AI]/acre. Initial sampling indicated uniformly high grasshopper populations (24.2/m2) within plots immediately prior to treatment. An RBD with 4 replications was used with infestation level as a blocking criterion. Grasshopper counts (per m2) were conducted at 0, 7, 14, and 21 d after treatment. Four sets of 10 aluminum rings (0.1 m2) were placed in the central region of each treatment plot. Each set was arranged in a straight line, with rings being spaced ca. 3 m apart. Grasshoppers within, and emerging from, each ring were counted. Four 1 m2 samples, each consisting of the total number of grasshoppers from 10 rings, were collected from each plot. A comparison of block means indicated that significant (P &lt; 0.05) preapplication count differences existed only between replicates, and not between plots to receive treatments. This information confirmed that the manner in which treatments were blocked (by infestation level) did not play a significant role in affecting postapplication counts. Treatment plots were arranged in checkerboard fashion with each individual plot being surrounded by 4 untreated plots. The untreated peripheral plots were designed to serve as reservoirs for reinfestation of treatment plots throughout the evaluation period. Plots (220 by 220 ft) receiving insecticide treatments were sprayed using a 40 ft spray boom equipped with Teejet nozzles which were calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre at 3 mph. A modified Abbott’s formula (100 * [preapplication – postapplication/preapplication]) was used to calculate % reduction. Grasshopper counts and reduction data were analyzed using SAS’s GLM procedure with means being compared by DMRT.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1992
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The plots, 60 ft x 68 ft, were in a 3-yr-old stand of ‘Cimarron’ alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied 19 Jun with a low pressure, low volume Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 stainless steel 8003 Teejet nozzles and operated at 35 psi. A standard treatment of Cygon 4 EC was applied at the rate of 0.25 lb (AI)/acre. PLH population densities were determined 3, 6, 10, 13 and 17 DAT by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net. A phytotoxicity rating was made in the Lorsban plots where 1 = no damage and 9 = complete kill with 2 through 8 being intermediate.
Control of Flea Beetles on Canola with Insecticides Applied as Seed Treatments, 1992
Authors: Johnston R. H. , Mathre D. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was designed to evaluate fungicide and insecticide seed treatments against naturally occurring populations of plant pathogens and insects. The treated seed was planted at the MSU Post experiment farm near Bozeman on 4 May. Four row plots measuring 1.3 m x 6 m and seeded at 160 seeds/m2 were arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replicates. Flea beetle damage was assessed on young cotyledons 24 d after seeding. Stand density counts were made after the 4 true leaf stage. Three applications of Sevin insecticide were applied at approximately 2 wk intervals, starting at the time the plots were rated for flea beetle damage. Data collected were analyzed using analysis of variance. The statistical relationship between means was determined with Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test at P = 0.05. In this test, the fungicides were chosen to control a wide spectrum of disease organisms.
Seed Coating for Flea Beetle Control, 1992
Authors: Noetzel David , Putnam Dan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Coated canola seed was made available from Grow Tec, Ltd in Nisku, Alberta, Canada. A trial to compare this technology with standard treatments was established in a growers field at Roseau, MN. Plots were 1.5 m X 7.6 m in size. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Using 5.6 kg/ha seed, plots were planted on May 28 in a clay type soil. Moisture was excellent. Granular treatments were mixed and planted with the seed. Liquid soil treatments were either applied at plant, or were broadcast, and lightly raked in at planting. Foliars were applied Jun 10 on unusually uniform cotyledon stage plants. Late foliars were applied at early bloom on 17 Jul. The entire plot was combined, yields and moisture recorded and final yields adjusted to a standard moisture.
Biological Control of The Western Corn Rootworm Using an Entomoparasitic Nematode, 1992
Authors: Journey A. M. , Ostlie K. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of Steinernema carpocapsae. All strain, as a biological control agent for WCR was evaluated on a Waukegan silt loam soil at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount. Experimental plots, consisting of 30 plants in 30 rows of 10 (76-cm row spacing, planted 19 May), were infested on 9 Jun with 800 WCR eggs/30.5 cm of row. Sixty additional plants were infested to monitor WCR development. Most plants had reached the 2-leaf stage when infested; 20% were at the 1-leaf stage. A factorial design was used, testing nematode application rate and timing of application relative to WCR development. Nematodes (BioVector®) were applied on 4 dates, determined by rootworm development: before hatch (18 Jun), and when the population had reached its early 1st (29 Jun), 2nd (8 Jul), and 3rd instars (15 Jul). Fourteen ml of 0.15% agar S. carpocapsae suspension was applied around the base of treated plants with a 35 ml syringe. Four replicates of 4 nematode rates and an agar control were applied on each date. Soil conditions were highly favorable for nematode movement except for 8 Jul, when the plots were watered to ensure the top 10 cm of soil was uniformly moist. On 31 Aug, 10 roots from each plot were dug, washed, and rated using the Iowa 1-6 root injury scale (with half-point increments of greater sensitivity).
Field Corn, Wireworm Larval Control, 1992
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Rouse J. R. , Boeve P. J. , Warshaw A. R. , Tollefson J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Planting-time soil insecticides and seed-treatments were evaluated for wireworm control in a silt loam field near Onslow, IA. The field had been planted no-till into soybean stubble, and required replanting due to severe wireworm damage. The test plot was planted no-till into the row centers of the original stand. Following planting, the remaining original stand was hoed out. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to single, 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to ensure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Planter-mounted drag chains were used for incorporation. Seed treatments were assigned to extra, individual seed hoppers. Following corn emergence, stand counts were taken from 1/1000 acre per treatment. Seeds/seedlings were then carefully extracted from 2, 1-m sections of each treatment row, inspected for wireworm feeding damage, and rated on the following 1 to 4 damage scale: (1) seed/seedling undamaged, (2) seed/seedling damaged but plant established, (3) seed/seedling damaged, plant showing some signs of stress, (4) seed/seedling damaged, no plant or questionable establishment. Insecticide efficacy was analyzed using ANOVA and means were separated with REGWQ.
Evaluation of Soil Insecticides on First Year and Continuous Corn in Ohio, 1992
Authors: Willson H. R. , Eisley J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Planting-time treatments of 3 granular soil insecticide products were evaluated on reduced tilled 1st year and continuous corn at the OARDC Western Branch Field Station near South Charleston. Each of the soil insecticides was evaluated at 2 rates. A RCB design with 4 replicates was used. Plots were 27.4 m (90 ft) in length and 4 rows wide at 76.2 cm (30 inch) row spacing. Treatments were applied 5 May at planting time using a John Deere 7000 planter equipped with Noble granular insecticide application equipment. All granular treatments were applied as a band prior to closure by the press wheel. Stand counts were taken 11 Jun on 30.5 m (100 ft) of row. Root systems of 5 plants per plot were rated 7 Aug using the Iowa 1-6 scale. On 22 Oct, plots were machine harvested to determine yield.
Efficacy of Selected Pyrethroids Against Bollworms Under a Traditional and Extended Spray Interval Spray Approach in Southern North Carolina, 1991
Authors: Bacheler J. S. , Mott D. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 7 May in a Norfolk sandy loam soil near Laurinburg, NC. Recommended agronomic practices for fertility and weed control were followed and 0.67 lb (AI)/acre Temik 15 G was used at planting for thrips. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates and 6-row (40 inch centers) x 44 ft plots with 8 ft alleys were utilized. Treatments were applied with a backpack CO2-pressurized sprayer calibrated to deliver 8.0 gal water at 50 psi with one TX-8 Spraying Systems® nozzle per row. Applications were made on 15 and 20 Jul and 13 Aug for the conventional (industry recommended rates) and on 15 and 29 July and 13 Aug for the extended interval (1.6 X rates) treatments. The initial application was made at the egg threshold of 10 eggs per 100 terminals. Twenty-five squares and/or bolls were examined per plot (100 total per treatment) for BW and their damage on 25 Jul, 3 and 13 Aug and 19 Sep. Cotton was harvested from the middle 2 rows with a one row John Deere mechanical harvester.
Aphid and Spideb Mite Efficacy Test, 1991
Authors: Burris E. , Leonard B. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cotton seed was planted 13 May on a silt loam soil at the Northeast Research Station, St. Joseph, LA. Plots consisted of 6 rows (1.02 m centers) X 19.8 m, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. All plots were treated at-planting with Temik, 0.58 kg (AI)/ha, and Terraclor Super X fungicide, 0.28 + 1.1 kg (AI)/ha, at planting. The plots were treated for boll weevils with methyl parathion 4 E on 19 Jun, and Guthion 2 L on 28 Aug. Test treatments were applied to the center 4 rows with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots, delivering 93.5 liters/ha with X-18 hollow-cone nozzles (2/row) at 40 psi. Applications were made on 2 and 9 Aug. Plots were sampled 3 and 5 days after the first application and 4 days after the second application. Pests were collected using plant washing procedures. Twenty terminal leaves were randomly collected, placed in jars and transported to the laboratory. The pests were washed from the leaves and collected on 300 mesh sieves and backwashed to ruled filter paper. A binocular dissecting microscope was used to assist counting. The minimum and maximum temperature prior to the first application was 72 and 98°F, respectively. On 10 and 11 Aug there was 1.4 and 3.8 cm rainfall. Temperature for the period of 10 through 13 Aug was 68-91 F.
Sweetpotato Whitefly Control on Cotton, 1991
Authors: Chu C. C. , Henneberry T. J. , Akey K. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted at the USDA-ARS Irrigated Desert Research Station at Brawley, CA. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Cotton seed was planted 13 Mar in 40-inch row spacing (30,000 plants/acre). Each plot was 4 rows wide and 40 ft long. Plots were separated by 4 untreated rows on each side and 10 ft fallow alleys between replications. Temik 15 G and Bay NTN 33893 240 FS were applied on 2 Jul when cotton plants were in the first flower growth stage. Temik soil applications were made at rates of 0.75, 1.50, 2.25, and 3.0 lb (AI)/acre, and chiseled 2.5 inches deep at a distance of 8 inches from plants. Foliar applications of NTN 33893 were applied with a backpack sprayer at 0.23 lb (AI)/acre in 22 gal of spray/acre 4 times at biweekly intervals beginning 2 Jul. Plots were sampled 8 times at weekly intervals from 5 Jul to 20 Aug. Ten leaves numbered 6th or 7th from the top fully expanded leaf on the main stem were collected from 1 of the 2 center rows of each plot on each sampling date. The SPW population was estimated by counting. Third and fourth instars on the underside of two 1.55-inch2 leaf disks from each leaf with the aid of a microscope. Seed cotton was hand harvested from two 13-ft sections of row in each plot on 11 Sep to determine the treatment effects of yields.
Apple, Seasonal Insecticide Evaluations, 1990
Authors: Horsburgh R.L. , Kilmer S. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental insecticide treatments were applied to 15-year-old ‘York’ and 13-year-old ‘Redspur Delicious’ trees. Originally the test was established in the ‘Redspur Delicious’ orchard, but was moved to the ‘York’ trees following bloom because of poor fruit set in the ‘Delicious’ planting. A randomized block design was used and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Treatments were applied on 16 Mar, 2 Apr, 16, 31 May, 13, 26 Jun, 12 Jul, and 2 Aug. Mite populations were evaluated by randomly selecting 20 leaves per replicate (10 on 7 Jun), brushing onto a sticky glass plate and counting all motile mites and viable mite eggs with a binocular microscope. Predators of mites were evaluated by a 3 minute observation period per tree. RAA colonies per tree were counted on ‘Redspur Delicious’ trees during a 2-minute visual observation period per tree. Ground cover was closely mowed and all drop apples collected were examined for insect injury weekly from mid Aug to harvest. This drop fruit was graded for insect damage and the first 2 wk ‘drops’ were graded for fruit finish. Drop fruit finish was graded on a scale of 1-5 with 1 being the best.
Apple, Miticide Evaluations, 1992
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Kilmer S. W. , Warren J. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 20 year old ‘Red Delicious’ trees in a commercial orchard. Plots were arranged in a randomized block design with 5 replications of three trees in a row. The first treatment spray was applied with a power take off driven FMC sprayer (model 252S) and the second with a truck mounted Swanson D400 Airblast sprayer. Both sprayers were calibrated to deliver 68.25 liters/ha (50 gal/acre). The pH of all treatment mixtures was adjusted to 6.0 before application by adding one of the acidifying agents (Latron AG 44M, Spray Aid, or cider vinegar) as noted in tables. All data were taken from the center tree in each replicate plot. Rows of replicates were separated from each other by an unsprayed guard row. Mite pest and predator counts are the results of microscopic examination of twenty leaves collected from the center tree in each replicate plot (Henderson-McBurnie technique). Insect predator counts presented were collected during three minutes of visual observation of the same center trees. Two applications of all treatments were made (16 Jul and 7 Jul). Before the 16 Jul treatment mites density was estimated at 6.5 ERM/leaf, 46 ERM eggs/leaf, 0 TSM/leaf and 3 TSM eggs/leaf. The estimate was derived from a count of mites on 20 leaves randomly selected from the orchard. Two timed three minute observations of SP were made, one on 30 Jun (14 days post 1st treatment) and the second 14 Jul (7 days post second treatment).
Apple, Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1992
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Biddinger David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We set up the experiment with 4 randomized complete blocks of 5 insecticide treatments and a control. Plots consisted of 3-4 rows of 3 tree plots, one each of cultivars ‘Yorking,’ Golden Delicious,‘ and Rome Beauty.’ Trees were planted at a spacing of 10 x 20 ft and were 19 years old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gal/acre. Application dates varied between treatments based on ‘Golden Delicious’ development and were as listed in the table. Growth stages were as follows: 10 Apr (green tip), 14 Apr (half-inch green), 29 Apr (pink). A regular fungicide schedule using Dithane M-45, captan 50 WP, and Nova 40 WP was maintained throughout the season. Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 35 WP, Lannate 1.8 L) were applied at 1- to 2-wk intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of sprays for RAA was evaluated by counting injured clusters/tree in a 10 minute sample and all damaged apples per tree for ‘Rome Beauty’ and ‘Yorking.’
Apple, Broad-Spectrum Insect Control, 1992
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Douglas, MI (‘B’ Block) at a rate of 150 gal/acre with an FMC CP 3000 sprayer. Treatments were arranged as completely randomized units consisting of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications were made, as indicated, on 30 Apr (1/2 Green), 5 May (tight cluster), 12 May (pink), 28 May (petal fall), 9 Jun (1C), 22 Jun (2C), 2 Jul (3C), 15 Jul (4C), 27 Jul (5C), 7 Aug (6C), 20 Aug (7C), and 1 Sep (8C). Streptomycin, Dithane, Captan, and Nova were applied separately to all treatments. Mid-season fruit finish was evaluated on 26 Jun, by picking 50 apples per replicate (100 apples per treatment). Harvest fruit finish data were taken on 9 Sep from 100 fruit taken randomly from the periphery of the tree from each replicate, for a total of 400 fruit per treatment.
Apple, Campylomma Timing Test, 1992
Authors: Reding M. E. , Beers E. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted in a young ‘Delicious’ orchard near Orondo, Washington. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, consisting of 4 replicates of three contiguous trees. Treatments were timed to coincide with tree phenology stages: HIG (half-inch green), applied 21 Mar; TC (tight cluster), applied 30 Mar; PK (Pink), applied 3 Apr; and FB (full bloom) applied 13 Apr. Treatments were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 240 psi. Per acre rates were based on a 400 gal/acre dilute application. Nymphs were sampled by tapping limbs and catching nymphs on a 45 cm X 45 cm black cloth tray. One randomly chosen limb of each experimental tree was sampled on each date (three samples per replicate). Fruit evaluation was conducted after hand thinning and before fruit harvest. Forty apples per tree (or every apple on trees with less than 40 apples) were examined at both evaluation periods. Apples with one or more stings were considered culls.