bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial asynchrony in environmental and economic benefits of stream restoration
Authors: Zhang Ruoyu , Newburn David , Rosenberg Andrew , Lin Laurence , Groffman Peter , Duncan Jonathan , Band Lawrence 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Stream restoration is widely used to mitigate the degradation of urban stream channels, protect infrastructure, and reduce sediment and nutrient loadings to receiving waterbodies. Stabilizing and revegetating riparian areas can also provide recreational opportunities and amenities, and improve quality of life for nearby residents. In this project, we developed indices of an environmental benefit (potential nitrate load reduction, a priority in the Chesapeake Bay watershed) and economic benefit (household willingness to pay, WTP) of stream restoration for all low order stream reaches in three main watersheds in the Baltimore metro region. We found spatial asynchrony of these benefits such that their spatial patterns were negatively correlated. Stream restoration in denser urban, less wealthy neighborhoods have high WTP, but low potential nitrate load reduction, while suburban and exurban, wealthy neighborhoods have the reverse trend. The spatial asynchrony raises challenges for decision makers to balance economic efficiency, social equity, and specific environmental goals of stream restoration programs.
Meeting U.S. greenhouse gas emissions goals with the international air pollution provision of the clean air act
Authors: Yuan Mei , Barron Alexander R , Selin Noelle E , Picciano Paul D , Metz Lucy E , Reilly John M , Jacoby Henry D 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We explore economic, distributional and health consequences of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions objectives that could be achieved using Section 115 of the Clean Air Act (international air pollution), which has only recently received detailed legal analysis as a potential U.S. climate policy tool. Under it a national emissions target could be allocated among the states. This illustrative analysis considers 45% and 50% reductions of energy and industry-related CO2 emissions by 2030, below 2005 levels, via a model rule. Different approaches (based on legal precedent) for the interstate allocation are considered, along with alternative rates of technology improvement. The detail needed to analyze this approach is provided by MIT’s U.S. Regional Energy Policy model (30 individual states and multi-state regions), with its electricity sector replaced by the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s Renewable Energy Development System (ReEDS). Air quality benefits are estimated using modeling tools developed by academic researchers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Three-quarters of emissions reductions in 2030 come in the electric sector, while reductions elsewhere illustrate the efficiency advantage of a multi-sector policy. With all states participating in allowance trading, the resulting national emissions price is lower than in older assessments. The difference is due to lower growth expectations, recent state policies, falling costs of low carbon technologies, and an improved representation of electric system flexibility by the ReEDS model. Even ignoring climate and air quality benefits, economic welfare grows at near the baseline rate for all regions regardless of the interstate allocation approach. When states distribute allowance revenue to residents on an equal per-capita basis, the policy is welfare improving to the lowest income quintile in all regions. Aggregation of control costs, the mortality effects of reduced particulates, and the value of avoided climate damages yields positive national net benefits in all cases.
Climate warming outweighs vegetation greening in intensifying flash droughts over China
Authors: Zhang Miao , Yuan Xing , Otkin Jason A , Ji Peng 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The increasing occurrence of flash droughts with rapid onsets poses a great threat to food security and ecosystem productivity. While temporal trends in flash droughts have been extensively studied, the contributions of climate warming, vegetation greening, and the physiological effect of rising CO2 to trends in flash drought characteristics remain unclear. Here we show there are significant increasing trends in flash drought frequency, duration, and intensity for most of China during 1961–2016. Warmer temperatures and vegetation greening increase evapotranspiration and decrease soil moisture, and explain 89% and 54% of the increasing frequency of flash drought respectively. Rising CO2 concentrations reduce stomatal conductance, which acts to decelerate the increasing drought frequency trend by 18%, whereas the physiological effects of rising CO2 on flash drought duration and intensity are smaller. Warming also outweighs vegetation greening for the increasing trends of flash drought duration and intensity over most of China, except North China. Our study highlights the role of climate warming in increasing the risk of flash droughts.
Contrasting climate and carbon-cycle consequences of fossil-fuel use versus deforestation disturbance
Authors: Jayakrishnan K U , Bala Govindasamy , Cao Long , Caldeira Ken 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Carbon dioxide emissions from deforestation disturbance (e.g. clear-cutting, forest fires) are in the same units as carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuels. However, if the forest is allowed to regrow, there is a large difference between climate effects of that forest disturbance and climate effects of fossil CO2. In this study, using a set of idealized global climate-carbon model simulations with equal amounts of CO2 emissions, we show that on century to millennial timescales the response of the climate system to fossil-fuel burning versus deforestation disturbance are vastly different. We performed two 1000 year simulations where we add abrupt emissions of about 600 PgC to the preindustrial state as a consequence of either fossil fuel use or deforestation disturbance with vegetation regrowth. In the fossil fuel simulations, after 1000 years, about 20% of the initial atmospheric CO2 concentration perturbation remains in the atmosphere and the climate is about 1 °C warmer compared to preindustrial state. In contrast, in the case of deforestation with regrowth, after 1000 years, atmospheric CO2 concentration returns close to preindustrial values, because deforested land will typically recover its carbon over the decades and centuries in the absence of further human intervention. These results highlight the differences in the degree of long-term commitment associated with fossil-fuel versus deforestation emissions.
Uncertainties in quantum measurements: a quantum tomography
Authors: Balachandran A P , Calderón F , Nair V P , Pinzul Aleksandr , Reyes-Lega A F , Vaidya S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The observables associated with a quantum system S form a non-commutative algebra

A

S

. It is assumed that a density matrix ρ can be determined from the expectation values of observables. But

A

S

admits inner automorphisms

a
↦
u
a

u

−
1

,
a
,
u
∈

A

S

,

u

*

u
=
u

u

*

=
1

, so that its individual elements can be identified only up to unitary transformations. So since Tr ρ(uau*) = Tr(u*ρu)a, only the spectrum of ρ, or its characteristic polynomial, can be determined in quantum mechanics. In local quantum field theory, ρ cannot be determined at all, as we shall explain. However, abelian algebras do not have inner automorphisms, so the measurement apparatus can determine mean values of observables in abelian algebras

A

M

⊂

A

S

(M for measurement, S for system). We study the uncertainties in extending

ρ

|

A

M

to

ρ

|

A

S

(the determination of which means measurement of

A

S

) and devise a protocol to determine

ρ

|

A

S

≡
ρ

by determining

ρ

|

A

M

for different choices of

A

M

. The problem we formulate and study is a generalization of the Kadison–Singer theorem. We give an example where the system S is a particle on a circle and the experiment measures the abelian algebra of a magnetic field B coupled to S. The measurement of B gives information about the state ρ of the system S due to operator mixing. Associated uncertainty principles for von Neumann entropy are discussed in the appendix, adapting the earlier work by Białynicki-Birula and Mycielski (1975 Commun. Math. Phys.
44 129) to the present case.
Control of frustrated double ionization channels with the carrier-envelope phase of few-cycle linearly polarized laser pulses
Authors: Xu Tong-Tong , Zhang Lian-Lian , Gong Wei-Jiang 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Using a three-dimensional classical method, we theoretically explore the frustrated double ionization (FDI) of Ar atoms under few-cycle linearly polarized laser pulses with different carrier-envelope phases (CEPs). Our calculated spectra are similar to the recent experimentally observed two peeks in the electron momentum distribution (Larimian et al 2020 Phys. Rev. Res.
2 013021). The dependence of FDI on laser CEPs is investigated, and the result reveals that the two different pathways of FDI can be controlled by CEPs. The information on which pathway leads to FDI is encoded in the electron-electron energy distribution shortly after recollision and momentum distribution at the ionization time after recollision.
Nanofocusing performance of plasmonic probes based on gradient permittivity materials
Authors: Wang Dongxue , Zhang Ze , Wang Jianwei , Ma Ke , Gao Hua , Wang Xi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Probe is the core component of an optical scanning probe microscope such as scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM). Its ability of concentrating and localizing light determines the detection sensitivity of nanoscale spectroscopy. In this paper, a novel plasmonic probe made of a gradient permittivity material (GPM) is proposed and its nanofocusing performance is studied theoretically and numerically. Compared with conventional plasmonic probes, this probe has at least two outstanding advantages: first, it does not need extra structures for surface plasmon polaritons excitation or localized surface plasmon resonance, simplifying the probe system; second, the inherent nanofocusing effects of the conical probe structure can be further reinforced dramatically by designing the distribution of the probe permittivity. As a result, the strong near-field enhancement and localization at the tip apex improve both spectral sensitivity and spatial resolution of a s-SNOM. We also numerically demonstrate that a GPM probe as well as its enhanced nanofocusing effects can be realized by conventional semiconductor materials with designed doping distributions. The proposed novel plasmonic probe promises to facilitate subsequent nanoscale spectroscopy applications.
An astigmatic transform of a fractional-order edge dislocation
Authors: Kotlyar Victor V , Abramochkin Eugeny G , Kovalev Alexey A , Nalimov Anton G 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this work, it is theoretically and numerically demonstrated that an astigmatic transformation of a νth-order edge dislocation (shaped as a zero-intensity straight line) of a coherent light field—where ν =n + α is a real positive number, n is integer, and 0 <α <1 is fractional—produces n optical elliptic vortices (screw dislocations) with topological charge (TC) −1, which are arranged on a straight line perpendicular to the edge dislocation and found at Tricomi function zeros. We also reveal that at a distance from the said optical vortices (OV), an extra OV with charge −1 is born on the same straight line, which departs to the periphery with α tending to zero, or gets closer to the n OVs with α tending to 1. Additionally, we find that a countable number of OVs (intensity nulls) with charge −1 are produced at the field periphery and arranged on diverging hyperbolic curves equidistant from the straight line of the n main intensity nulls. These additional OVs, which we term as ‘escort’, either approach the beam center, accompanying the extra ‘companion’ OV if 0 <α <0.5, or depart to the periphery, whereas the ‘companion’ keeps close to the main OVs if 0.5 <α <1. At α =0 or α = 1, the ‘escort’ OVs are shown to be at infinity. At fractional ν, the TC of the whole optical beam is theoretically shown to be infinite. Numerical simulation results are in agreement with the theoretical findings.
Effects of asna fibre reinforced with epoxy resin with and without steel wire mesh and simulation of car bumper
Authors: Elumalai P V , Dhineshbabu N R , Varsala Pragna , Anjani Devi S , Sitaramamurty Adduri S S M , Saleel C Ahamed , Hasan Nasim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The utilization of natural fiber composites has been increased in replacing various parts in the automobile sector made up of synthetic fiber due to its degradability nature and environment friendliness. In this work, the naturally available Asna fiber was processed and the composites were prepared without and with steel wire mesh in various volume fractions (vf) of the fiber. In the present experimental investigation, the influence of different composite on the thermal, mechanical, and water absorption characteristics. Various properties such as tensile, flexural and impact strength were tested for the multiple composites. Subsequently, a simulation model of a car front bumper was prepared using ANSYS to test it while defining the determined properties of the composites. The test results showed that when vf was increased from 0.4 to 0.5%, the tensile and flexural were decreased by 0.72% and 59%, respectively, whereas impact strength was increased by 5.9% for the composite without wire mesh. The tensile and flexural strengths were decreased by 18.2%, whereas impact strength was increased by 1.6% for 0.5 vf of the composite when steel wire mesh was added to the composite. The investigation of composite’s thermal behavior showed that when the temperature range comes within 330 °C–370 °C, the composites started decomposing. Various images were captured using Scanning Electron Microscope to investigate the fibers’ dispersion in epoxy polymers and its interfacial bonding. The simulation results showed that the bumper made up of the composite with wire mesh provides a better impact strength as compared to other composites and steel.
Surface modification of plasma spraying Al2O3–13 wt% TiO2 coating by laser remelting technique
Authors: Zhou Yan , Xu Lifeng , Zheng Haizhong , Wang Dongsheng 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An Al2O3–13 wt% TiO2 composite ceramic coating was prepared on the TiAl alloy surface by plasma spraying and laser remelting combined technique. The morphology, microstructure, and phase composition of the prepared coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, energy disperse spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The bonding strength, microhardness, wear resistance, erosion resistance, and thermal shock resistance of the coating were also tested. Results demonstrated that after processing by laser remelting, the particles on the ceramic coating surface were refined, lamellar structure disappeared, and density increased. A remelting layer basically without crack and other defects was gained. Due to laser remelting, the metastable-phase γ-Al2O3 was converted into stable-phase α-Al2O3. Influenced by the low thermal conductivity of ceramic materials, remelting of the whole ceramic layer is impossible to realize during laser remelting. The remelted ceramic coating formed the isometric crystal remelting zone with small grain size, sintering zone, and lamellar residual plasma spraying zone. The bonding strength and microhardness of the coating improved significantly after laser remelting, and the wear resistance, erosion resistance, and thermal shock resistance were significantly superior to those of the original plasma spraying layer. Laser remelting specimens still represented typical brittle erosion characteristics. Cracks initiated and expanded on near surface, finally leading to breakage of the remelting layer, mainly manifested by grain peeling. With respect to thermal shock failure mode, the corner peeling is the major failure mode of the ceramic coating after plasma spraying. Differently, corner peeling and considerable local peelings were found at the center of the ceramic coating after laser remelting. The influences of laser remelting on the thermal shock performances of the coating are mainly manifested as the decreased initial failure resistance, decelerated crack expansion, and changes in failure modes of the coating.
Influence of Cu content on the microstructure and mechanical property of Ti3SiC2/Cu composites
Authors: Ma Shuai , Zhang Rui , Liu Fuyan , Chen Biao , Wu Chenlong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Ti3SiC2/Cu composites with different Cu content were prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) process in vacuum and the effect of Cu content on the microstructure and mechanical property was investigated. The axial displacement, temperature and current of the composites during the sintering process were recorded and discussed. The phase compositions of the original Ti3SiC2 and Cu powder before and after ball-milling, and the as-produced composites were studied by XRD analysis. The surface morphology and fracture surface of the composites were investigated by SEM. The influence of Cu content on the relative density, hardness and compressive strength of the composites was inquired. The results discovered that the phase composition of Ti3SiC2/Cu composites varied with the content of Cu. The phase composition of the Ti3SiC2/5 vol% Cu composite was composed of Ti3SiC2, Ti5Si3 and Cu3Si, while that of Ti3SiC2/10 vol% Cu composite and Ti3SiC2/15 vol% Cu composite contained TiC, besides Ti3SiC2, Ti5Si3 and Cu3Si. Moreover, the relative density of all Ti3SiC2/Cu composites was relatively high (≥93%). With the increase of Cu content, the axial displacement, hardness and compressive strength of the Ti3SiC2/Cu composites increased. Conclusively, the Ti3SiC2/Cu composite with 15 vol% Cu exhibited better mechanical properties.
The impact of a magnetic ion on the thermoelectric properties of copper-rich quaternary selenides
Authors: Aldowiesh Alaa , Mangelis Panagiotis , Vaqueiro Paz , Powell Anthony V 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A series of copper-based p-type chalcogenide semiconductors, Cu2+x

BGe1−x
Se4 (B = Zn, Fe; 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.15), was prepared by high-temperature methods, to explore the impact of replacement of the closed-shell ion, Zn2+, with the magnetically active, Fe2+ cation. Powder x-ray diffraction in conjunction with Rietveld refinement reveals that zinc-containing materials are described in the kesterite-type structure (space group:

I

4
ˉ

) and contain trace amounts of secondary phases, whereas in the iron analogues, described in the stannite-type structure (space group: I

4
ˉ

2
m

), single-phase behaviour persists to x = 0.1. Excess copper ions lead to the formation of holes and the electrical resistivity of both series is reduced from that of the stoichiometric end members. In the case of the iron-containing materials, this is shown to be due to an increase in the hole mobility, µ. This decrease in resistivity offsets the observed reduction in Seebeck coefficient and both series exhibit an improvement in thermoelectric performance. The lower electrical resistivity of the iron-containing materials, leads to higher figures-of-merit, compared to those of the zinc-containing materials at the same level of copper excess. The maximum figure-of-merit, ZT = 0.3 is attained for Cu2.075FeGe0.925Se4 at the comparatively low temperature of 575 K. This is an increase of ca. 62% from that of the end member phase and ca. 67% higher than that of the zinc analogue at the same level of substitution.
Evaluation of “Spin” in the Abstracts of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of Therapeutic Interventions Published in High-Impact Plastic Surgery Journals: A Systematic Review
Authors: Gallo Lucas , Yuan Morgan , Gallo Matteo , Chin Brian , Huynh Minh N Q , McRae Mark , McRae Matthew , Coroneos Christopher J , Thoma Achilleas , Voineskos Sophocles H 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
“Spin” is a form of reporting bias where there is a misappropriated presentation of study results, often overstating efficacy, or understating harms. Abstracts of systematic reviews (SRs) in other clinical domains have been demonstrated to employ spin, which may lead to clinical recommendations not justified by the literature.

Objectives
The authors sought to determine the prevalence of spin strategies in abstracts of plastic surgery SRs.

Methods
A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, Embase, and CENTRAL to identify all SRs published in the top 5 plastic surgery journals from 2015 to 2021. Screening, data extraction, and spin analysis were performed by 2 independent reviewers. Data checking of the spin analysis was performed by a plastic surgery resident with graduate-level training in clinical epidemiology.

Results
From an initial search of 826 SRs, 60 SRs and meta-analyses were included in this study. Various types of spin were identified in 73% of SR abstracts (n = 44). “Conclusion claims the beneficial effect of the experimental treatment despite high risk of bias in primary studies” was the most prevalent type of spin and was identified in 63% of SRs (n = 38). There were no significant associations between the presence of spin and study characteristics.

Conclusions
This study found that 73% of abstracts in plastic surgery SRs contain spin. Although systemic reviews represent the highest level of evidence, readers should be aware of types of “spin” when interpreting results and incorporating recommendations into patient care.
GASS-Metal: identifying metal-binding sites on protein structures using genetic algorithms
Authors: Paiva Vinícius A , Mendonça Murillo V , Silveira Sabrina A , Ascher David B , Pires Douglas E V , Izidoro Sandro C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Metals are present in &gt;30% of proteins found in nature and assist them to perform important biological functions, including storage, transport, signal transduction and enzymatic activity. Traditional and experimental techniques for metal-binding site prediction are usually costly and time-consuming, making computational tools that can assist in these predictions of significant importance. Here we present Genetic Active Site Search (GASS)-Metal, a new method for protein metal-binding site prediction. The method relies on a parallel genetic algorithm to find candidate metal-binding sites that are structurally similar to curated templates from M-CSA and MetalPDB. GASS-Metal was thoroughly validated using homologous proteins and conservative mutations of residues, showing a robust performance. The ability of GASS-Metal to identify metal-binding sites was also compared with state-of-the-art methods, outperforming similar methods and achieving an MCC of up to 0.57 and detecting up to 96.1% of the sites correctly. GASS-Metal is freely available at https://gassmetal.unifei.edu.br. The GASS-Metal source code is available at https://github.com/sandroizidoro/gassmetal-local.