bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of Neuromelanin MR Imaging in Parkinson Disease
Authors: He Naying , Chen Yongsheng , LeWitt Peter A. , Yan Fuhua , Haacke E. Mark 
Published: August 2022

MRI has been used to develop biomarkers for movement disorders such as Parkinson disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders with parkinsonism such as progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy. One of these imaging biomarkers is neuromelanin (NM), whose integrity can be assessed from its contrast and volume. NM is found mainly in certain brain stem structures, namely, the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), the ventral tegmental area, and the locus coeruleus. Another major biomarker is brain iron, which often increases in concert with NM degeneration. These biomarkers have the potential to improve diagnostic certainty in differentiating between PD and other neurodegenerative disorders similar to PD, as well as provide a better understanding of pathophysiology. Mapping NM in vivo has clinical importance for gauging the premotor phase of PD when there is a greater than 50% loss of dopaminergic SNpc melanized neurons. As a metal ion chelator, NM can absorb iron. When NM is released from neurons, it deposits iron into the intracellular tissues of the SNpc; the result is iron that can be imaged and measured using quantitative susceptibility mapping. An increase of iron also leads to the disappearance of the nigrosome‐1 sign, another neuroimage biomarker for PD. Therefore, mapping NM and iron changes in the SNpc are a practical means for improving early diagnosis of PD and in monitoring disease progression. In this review, we discuss the functions and location of NM, how NM‐MRI is performed, the automatic mapping of NM and iron content, how NM‐related imaging biomarkers can be used to enhance PD diagnosis and differentiate it from other neurodegenerative disorders, and potential advances in NM imaging methods. With major advances currently evolving for rapid imaging and artificial intelligence, NM‐related biomarkers are likely to have increasingly important roles for enhancing diagnostic capabilities in PD.Evidence Level1Technical EfficacyStage 2
Prognostic Value of 18F‐Fluoro‐Deoxyglucose‐Positron Emission Tomography Volumetric Parameters in Human Papillomavirus‐Related Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Noor Anthony , Mair Manish , Cook Lachlan , Bolt Harrison , Cheriyan Sanith , Woods Charmaine M. , Hopkins James , Ooi Eng H. 
Published: August 2022

BackgroundThis study evaluates and compares the prognostic significance of 18F‐fluoro‐deoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG PET) volumetric parameters in human papillomavirus‐related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC).MethodsA retrospective review of all patients treated for OPSCC with curative intent between 2012 and 2018 was performed. Volumetric parameters analyzed included the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), SUVpeak, metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) in both the primary tumor and nodal metastases. Prognostic significance was determined using Cox proportional hazards models for disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).ResultsPrimary tumor MTV and TLG significantly correlated with both DFS and OS however the commonly reported SUVmax was not found to be predictive. Nodal measures of SUVmax, MTV, and TLG were not significant predictors of survival outcomes.ConclusionA higher burden of metabolically active primary tumor as measured on volumetric 18F‐FDG PET parameters is associated with poorer DFS and OS. This improved prognostication may be used to counsel patients and select those appropriate for treatment de‐escalation in the future.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 133:1667–1672, 2023
Novel Outcome Analysis Tool for Hypoglossal Nerve Stimulator Sensor Lead Function and Comparison by Incision Type (2 Versus 3)
Authors: Saltagi Mohamad Z. , Powell Kayla , Saltagi Abdul K. , Stahl Stephanie , Manchanda Shalini , Parker Noah P. 
Published: August 2022

ObjectiveNo reported outcome measures have been established to evaluate sensor lead function in the hypoglossal nerve stimulator (HNS). This study describes the development of novel functional outcome measures for intraoperative sensor electrode function and compares 2‐incision and 3‐incision outcomes for HNS.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of 100 consecutive patients who underwent HNS between June 2019 and September 2021. Demographic information, intraoperative findings, and immediate postoperative outcomes were recorded. Structured parameters were developed to compare intraoperative waveforms with six outcome measures utilized: waveform syncing, waveform amplitude, sensory current leakage, shark‐fin morphology, cardiac artifact, and overall impression. Two sleep surgeons and two sleep medicine specialists compared all waveforms in a blinded fashion and assigned scores on the Likert Scale.ResultsThe cohort included 50 three‐incision and 50 two‐incision patients. Age, gender, average body mass index, comorbidity profiles, and sleep endoscopy findings did not significantly differ between the two groups. No major complications occurred. The interclass‐correlation‐coefficient was greater than 0.7 for all comparisons (good to very good interrater reliability). There was no difference in waveform amplitude, cardiac artifact, sensory current leakage, or shark‐fin morphology between the two groups. Waveform syncing and overall impression were statistically better in the 2‐incision cohort.ConclusionsThis study is the first to define a structured method of HNS sensor electrode outcome measurement and showed consistent measures by surgeons and sleep medicine specialists. This article supports the transition to the 2‐incision technique among surgeons for placement of the sensor lead. Consideration should be given to utilizing this novel tool in the clinical/research setting and validating these measures moving forward.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 133:423–430, 2023
Interferon regulatory factor 1‐triggered free ubiquitin protects the intestines against radiation‐induced injury via CXCR4/FGF2 signaling
Authors: Jiao Yang , Xu Jing , Song Bin , Wu Ailing , Pan Lu , Xu Ying , Geng Fenghao , Li Xiaoqian , Zhao Congzhao , Hong Min , Meng Xuanyu , Luo Judong , Liu Pengfei , Li Ming , Zhu Wei , Cao Jianping , Zhang Shuyu 
Published: August 2022

AbstractRadiation‐induced intestinal injury is a serious concern during abdominal and pelvic cancers radiotherapy. Ubiquitin (Ub) is a highly conserved protein found in all eukaryotic cells. This study aims to explore the role and mechanism of free Ub against radiogenic intestinal injury. We found that free Ub levels of irradiated animals and human patients receiving radiotherapy were upregulated. Radiation‐induced Ub expression was associated with the activation of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1). Intraperitoneal injection of free Ub significantly reduced the mortality of mice following 5–9 Gy total body irradiation (TBI) through the Akt pathway. Free Ub facilitates small intestinal regeneration induced by TBI or abdominal irradiation. At the cellular level, free Ub or its mutants significantly alleviated cell death and enhanced the survival of irradiated intestinal epithelial cells. The radioprotective role of free Ub depends on its receptor CXCR4. Mechanistically, free Ub increased fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF2) secretion and consequently activated FGFR1 signaling following radiation in vivo and in vivo. Thus, free Ub confers protection against radiation‐induced intestinal injury through CXCR4/Akt/FGF2 axis, which provides a novel therapeutic option.
Mutation analysis in patients with nonsyndromic tooth agenesis using exome sequencing
Authors: Yue Haitang , Liang Jia , Song Guangtai , Cheng Jing , Li Jiahui , Zhi Yusheng , Bian Zhuan , He Miao 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundTooth agenesis (TA) is a congenital abnormality that may present as syndromic or nonsyndromic. Considering its complex genetic aetiology, the aim of this study was to uncover the pathogenic mutants in patients with nonsyndromic TA and analyse the characteristics of these mutants.MethodsExome sequencing was performed to detect pathogenic variants in 72 patients from 43 unrelated families with nonsyndromic TA. All candidate variants were validated using Sanger sequencing. Bioinformatics and conformational analyses were performed to determine the pathogenic mechanisms of the mutants.ResultsThe following eight mutations (six novel and two known) in six genes were identified in eight families: WNT10A [c.742C > T (p.R248*)], LRP6 [c.1518G > A (p.W506*), c.2791 + 1G > T], AXIN2 [c.133_134insGCCAGG (p.44_45insGQ)], PAX9 [c.439C > T (p.Q147*), c.453_454insCCAGC (p.L154QfsTer60)], MSX1 [c.603_604del (p.A203GfsTer10)] and PITX2 [c.522C > G (p.Y174*)]. Bioinformatics and conformational analyses showed that the protein structures were severely altered in these mutants, and indicated that these structural abnormalities may cause functional disabilities.ConclusionsOur study extends the mutation spectrum in patients with nonsyndromic TA and provides valuable data for genetic counselling. The pathogenic mechanisms of TA in patients/families with unknown causative variants need to be explored further.
Automated segmentation of five different body tissues on computed tomography using deep learning
Authors: Pu Lucy , Gezer Naciye S , Ashraf Syed F. , Ocak Iclal , Dresser Daniel E. , Dhupar Rajeev 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPurposeTo develop and validate a computer tool for automatic and simultaneous segmentation of five body tissues depicted on computed tomography (CT) scans: visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), skeletal muscle (SM), and bone.MethodsA cohort of 100 CT scans acquired on different subjects were collected from The Cancer Imaging Archive—50 whole‐body positron emission tomography‐CTs, 25 chest, and 25 abdominal. Five different body tissues (i.e., VAT, SAT, IMAT, SM, and bone) were manually annotated. A training‐while‐annotating strategy was used to improve the annotation efficiency. The 10‐fold cross‐validation method was used to develop and validate the performance of several convolutional neural networks (CNNs), including UNet, Recurrent Residual UNet (R2Unet), and UNet++. A grid‐based three‐dimensional patch sampling operation was used to train the CNN models. The CNN models were also trained and tested separately for each body tissue to see if they could achieve a better performance than segmenting them jointly. The paired sample t‐test was used to statistically assess the performance differences among the involved CNN modelsResultsWhen segmenting the five body tissues simultaneously, the Dice coefficients ranged from 0.826 to 0.840 for VAT, from 0.901 to 0.908 for SAT, from 0.574 to 0.611 for IMAT, from 0.874 to 0.889 for SM, and from 0.870 to 0.884 for bone, which were significantly higher than the Dice coefficients when segmenting the body tissues separately (p < 0.05), namely, from 0.744 to 0.819 for VAT, from 0.856 to 0.896 for SAT, from 0.433 to 0.590 for IMAT, from 0.838 to 0.871 for SM, and from 0.803 to 0.870 for bone.ConclusionThere were no significant differences among the CNN models in segmenting body tissues, but jointly segmenting body tissues achieved a better performance than segmenting them separately.
An algorithm for generating microstructures of fiber‐reinforced composites with long fibers
Authors: Schneider Matti 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe describe a sequential addition and migration (SAM) algorithm for generating microstructures of fiber‐reinforced composites with a direct control of the magnitude of curvature of the fibers. The algorithm permits to generate microstructures with fibers that are significantly longer than the edge lengths of the underlying cell. Industrially processed short and long‐fiber composites naturally feature a high volume fraction, which needs to be reflected by state‐of‐the‐art microstructure generation tools. Nowadays, it is well understood that digital twins of the microstructure of composites are essential for reliable computational multiscale methods. The original SAM algorithm was shown to reliably generate microstructures for short and straight cylindrical fibers. Digital volume images reveal, however, that the fibers in such fiber‐reinforced composites may show significant curvature, in particular for long fibers. The work at hand introduces an extension of the original SAM approach to curved fibers. More precisely, curved fibers are considered as sequences of straight fibers which are joined at their respective ends and whose level of bending is controlled by the angle between adjacent fiber segments. We discuss how to efficiently implement the novel method and how to select the crucial numerical parameters. We compare the introduced methodology to the original SAM algorithm for short fibers and demonstrate the superiority of the novel strategy for long fibers.
Correlation analysis of the elastic‐ideal plastic material behavior of short fiber‐reinforced composites
Authors: Rauter Natalie 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFor the numerical simulation of short fiber‐reinforced composites and the correct analysis of the deformation, information about the plastic behavior and its spatial distribution is essential. When using purely deterministic modeling approaches information of the probabilistic microstructure is not included in the simulation process. One possible approach for the integration of stochastic information is the use of random fields, which requires information about the correlation structure of all material input parameters. In this study the correlation structure for finite strain elasto‐plastic material behavior of short fiber‐reinforced composites is analyzed. This approach combines the use of already established procedures for linear‐elastic material behavior with a homogenization method for plasticity. The obtained results reveal a complex correlation structure, which is approximated with triangle and exponential correlation functions influenced by the window size. Due to the dependence of the hyperelastic and plastic material parameters on the fiber mass fraction, the strain‐energy density function coefficients are cross‐correlated with the yield strength of the composite. With this knowledge at hand, in a subsequent work numerical simulations of tensile tests are conducted that cover the elastic and plastic domain and include spatially distributed material properties.
Comparing mental health status and COVID‐19 event impact between survivors and the general population during the second wave of the pandemic in Iran
Authors: Hasannezhad Reskati Maryam , Kheradmand Motahareh , Moosazadeh Mahmood , Assadi Touraj , Shafizad Misagh , Hedayatizadeh‐Omran Akbar , Hosseini Seyed Hamzeh , Elyasi Forouzan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackground and AimThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has to date overwhelmed the survivors and the general population. The present study aimed to compare the mental health status and the COVID‐19 event impact between the survivors and the general population in Mazandaran Province, Northern Iran.DesignA web‐based cross‐sectional survey was used.MethodsThis study was performed using convenience sampling.ResultsIn total, 1,766 participants were included in this study. The findings revealed that the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity in both outpatient and hospitalized groups was significantly higher than that in the general population. Besides, the levels of anxiety and depression in the group receiving inpatient care and treatment had significantly elevated than those in the general population.ConclusionGiven the high prevalence rate of mental disorders, healthcare professionals are recommended to plan for various interventions and support services to boost community mental health status.
Potato protease inhibitor II prevents obesity by inducing browning of white adipose tissue in mice via β3 adrenergic receptor signaling pathway
Authors: Zhang Nana , Liu Jianlin , Wang Minjie , Guo Xinxin , Fan Bei , Wang Fengzhong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThere are currently few effective and safe pharmacologic means for inducing beige adipogenesis in humans. This study highlights the role of potato protease inhibitor II (PPI II) in regulating the browning of adipose tissue. The in vitro results showed that PPI II increased the expression of the uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) protein and gene and beige‐specific genes, including Cd137, Cited1, Tbx1, and Tmem26 in vitro. PPI II treatment for three months in diet‐induced obesity mice increased the levels of the UCP1 protein in white adipose tissue, causing elevated energy expenditure, thus preventing obesity and improving glucose tolerance. Mechanistic studies further revealed that PPI II regulated the abundance and activity of β3 adrenergic receptor (β3‐AR) in white adipocytes. Chemical‐inhibition experiments revealed the crucial role of β3‐AR‐dependent protein kinase A (PKA)‐p38 kinase (p38)/extracellular signal‐related kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling in PPI II‐mediated browning program of white adipose tissues. In summary, our findings highlight the role of PPI II in beige adipocyte differentiation and thermogenesis and provide new insights into its use in preventing obesity.
Update on the omicron sub‐variants BA.4 and BA.5
Authors: Tallei Trina Ekawati , Alhumaid Saad , AlMusa Zainab , Fatimawali  , Kusumawaty Diah , Alynbiawi Ahlam , Alshukairi Abeer N. , Rabaan Ali A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSeveral nations have recently begun to relax their public health protocols, particularly regarding the use of face masks when engaging in outdoor activities. This is because there has been a general trend towards fewer cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). However, new Omicron sub‐variants (designated BA.4 and BA.5) have recently emerged. These two subvariants are thought to be the cause of an increase in COVID‐19 cases in South Africa, the United States, and Europe. They have also begun to spread throughout Asia. They evolved from the Omicron lineage with characteristics that make them even more contagious and which allow them to circumvent immunity from a previous infection or vaccination. This article reviews a number of scientific considerations about these new variants, including their apparently reduced clinical severity.
Vector balancing in Lebesgue spaces
Authors: Reis Victor , Rothvoss Thomas 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Komlós conjecture suggests that for any vectors there exist so that . It is a natural extension to ask what ‐norm bound to expect for . We prove a tight partial coloring result for such vectors, implying a nearly tight full coloring bound. As a corollary, this implies a special case of Beck–Fiala's conjecture. We achieve this by showing that, for any , a symmetric convex body with Gaussian measure at least admits a partial coloring. Previously this was known only for a small enough . Additionally, we show that a hereditary volume bound suffices to provide such Gaussian measure lower bounds.
Investigating the Role of Surface Roughness and Defects on EC Breakdown, as a Precursor to SEI Formation in Hard Carbon Sodium‐Ion Battery Anodes
Authors: Olsson Emilia , Cottom Jonathon , Alptekin Hande , Au Heather , Crespo‐Ribadeneyra Maria , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena , Cai Qiong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHard carbon (HC) anodes together with ethylene carbonate (EC)‐based electrolytes have shown significant promise for high‐performing sodium‐ion batteries. However, questions remain in relation to the initial contact between the carbon surface and the EC molecules. The surface of the HC anode is complex and can contain both flat pristine carbon surfaces, curvature, nanoscale roughness, and heteroatom defects. Combining density functional theory and experiments, the effect of different carbon surface motifs and defects on EC adsorption are probed, concluding that EC itself does not block any sodium storage sites. Nevertheless, the EC breakdown products do show strong adsorption on the same carbon surface motifs, indicating that the carbon surface defect sites can become occupied by the EC breakdown products, leading to competition between the sodium and EC fragments. Furthermore, it is shown that the EC fragments can react with a carbon vacancy or oxygen defect to give rise to CO2 formation and further oxygen functionalization of the carbon surface. Experimental characterization of two HC materials with different microstructure and defect concentrations further confirms that a significant concentration of oxygen‐containing defects and disorder leads to a thicker solid electrolyte interphase, highlighting the significant effect of atomic‐scale carbon structure on EC interaction.
Screening of Protein‐Based Ultrasmall Nanozymes for Building Cell‐Mimicking Catalytic Vesicles
Authors: Wu Jin , Wei Yonghua , Lan Jingping , Hu Xueyan , Gao Fangli , Zhang Xiangyun , Gao Zhanxia , Liu Qiqi , Sun Zhiyuan , Chen Rui , Zhao Hanqing , Fan Kelong , Yan Xiyun , Zhuang Jie , Huang Xinglu 
Published: August 2022

AbstractEnzymes are an important component for bottom‐up building of synthetic/artificial cells. Nanozymes are nanomaterials with intrinsic enzyme‐like properties, however, the construction of synthetic cells using nanozymes is difficult owing to their high surface energy or large size. Herein, the authors show a protein‐based general platform that biomimetically integrates various ultrasmall metal nanozymes into protein shells. Specifically, eight metal‐based ultrasmall nano‐particles/clusters are in situ incorporated into ferritin nanocages that are self‐assembled by 24 subunits of ferritin heavy chain. As a nanozyme generator, such a platform is suitable for screening the desired enzyme‐like activities, including peroxidase (POD), oxidase (OXD), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). After screening, it is found that Ru intrinsically possesses the highest POD‐like and CAT‐like activities, while Mn and Pt show the highest OXD‐like and SOD‐like activities, respectively. Additionally, the inducers/inhibitors of various nanozymes are screened from more than 50 compounds to improve or inhibit their enzyme‐like activities. Based on the screened nanozymes and their inhibitors, a proof‐of‐conceptually constructs cell‐mimicking catalytic vesicles to mimic or modulate the events of redox homeostasis in living cells. This study offers a type of artificial metalloenzyme based on nanotechnology and shows a choice for bottom‐up enzyme‐based synthetic cell systems in a fully synthetic manner.