bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones with Secondary Alcohols and Aldehydes Catalyzed by Fe(acac)3
Authors: Zhao Zhengjia , Yu Xiangzhu , Zhu Lina , Tan Shangzhi , Fu Weiru , Wang Lianyue , An Yue 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAn efficient and environmentally friendly methodology for the direct synthesis of α,β‐unsaturated ketones by cross‐coupling of secondary alcohols and aldehydes is developed. The transformation is based on Fe(acac)3‐catalyzed Oppenauer oxidation and Claisen‐Schmidt reaction, in which aldehydes are used as oxidants to oxidize secondary alcohols to ketones, and then in situ condensation with aldehydes to form α,β‐unsaturated ketones. The reaction proceeds under base‐free conditions with a wide range of substrates and good compatibility of functional groups. Gram‐scale experiments show the good applicability of this method.
Covalent Modification of Nucleobases using Water‐Soluble Palladium Catalysts
Authors: Shaughnessy Kevin H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractNucleosides represent one of the key building blocks of biochemistry. There is significant interest in the synthesis of nucleoside‐derived materials for applications as probes, biochemical models, and pharmaceuticals. Palladium‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions are effective methods for making covalent modification of carbon and nitrogen sites on nucleobases under mild conditions. Water‐soluble catalysts derived from palladium and hydrophilic ligands, such as tris(3‐sulfonatophenyl)phosphine trisodium (TPPTS), are efficient catalysts for a range of coupling reactions of unprotected halonucleosides. Over the past two decades, these methods have been extended to direct functionalization of halonucleotides, as well as RNA and DNA oligonucleotides (ONs) containing halogenated bases. These methods can be run under biocompatible conditions, including examples of Suzuki coupling of modified DNA in whole cells and tissue samples. In this account, development of this methodology by our group and others is highlighted along with the extension of these catalyst systems to modification of nucleotides and ONs.
Changes to water management and declining pastoral resilience in Marsabit County, northern Kenya: The example of Gabra wells
Authors: M'Mbogori Freda Nkirote , Kinyua Mercy Gakii , Ibrae Ali Gufu , Lane Paul Jeremy 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn this article, we provide a review of research on the existing and abandoned wells in Marsabit County, Northern Kenya, and associated Indigenous Knowledge concerning water governance, institutions of leadership, and how these have contributed to sustaining a resilient pastoral economy in these harsh landscapes. The article discusses the socio‐ecological systems that have been maintained by pastoralists for generations, linking their sustainability to leadership structures and institutional memory, with a particular focus on the Gabra. It further highlights internal and external interventions by governmental and nongovernmental organizations that are expected to improve the livelihoods of the Gabra and other pastoralists inhabiting the area, but have sometimes had a negative effect on the traditional strategies of water governance and socio‐ecological systems, undermining the long‐term viability of the pastoral economy in Marsabit.This article is categorized under:
Human Water > Water Governance
Human Water > Value of Water
Human Water > Rights to Water
A 2D layered Cd(II) coordination polymer supported by in situ generated tetracarboxylate ligand: luminescence sensing for Co2+ ions
Authors: Li Wen‐Hong , Cao Jin‐Jin , Li Yan‐Peng , Sun Jun‐Ru , Liu Jin‐Ze , Liu Jia‐Miao , Yao Jie , Li Ting‐Ting , Xu Dong‐Mei , Guo Li‐Da 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA new Cd(II) coordination polymer of [Cd(H2L)(4,4’‐bipy)(H2O)]n (1, H4L=4‐[(3,4‐dicarboxyphenyl)disulfanyl]benzene‐1,2‐dicarboxylic acid, 4,4’‐bipy=4,4’‐bipyridine) was hydrothermally synthesized. The H4L ligand was in situ generated via the formation of disulfide bond between two 4‐sulfanylbenzene‐1,2‐dicarboxylic acid molecular. The in situ generated H4L ligand deprotonated two protons into H2L2−, which acts as a bidentate ligand to connected Cd(II) ions into a 2D layered structure with the assistance of 4,4’‐bipy ligands. The solids of 1 emits strong blue luminescence, and can be used as a luminescence probe for the detection of Co2+ ions. The limit of detection (LOD) of Co(II) ions by 1 was calculated to be 5.4 μM.
The historical development of zoo elephant survivorship
Authors: Scherer Lara , Bingaman Lackey Laurie , Clauss Marcus , Gries Katrin , Hagan David , Lawrenz Arne , Müller Dennis W. H. , Roller Marco , Schiffmann Christian , Oerke Ann‐Kathrin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn the discussion about zoo elephant husbandry, the report of Clubb et al. (2008, Science 322: 1649) that zoo elephants had a “compromised survivorship” compared to certain non‐zoo populations is a grave argument, and was possibly one of the triggers of a large variety of investigations into zoo elephant welfare, and changes in zoo elephant management. A side observation of that report was that whereas survivorship in African elephants (Loxodonta africana) improved since 1960, this was not the case in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). We used historical data (based on the Species360 database) to revisit this aspect, including recent developments since 2008. Assessing the North American and European populations from 1910 until today, there were significant improvements of adult (≥10 years) survivorship in both species. For the period from 1960 until today, survivorship improvement was significant for African elephants and close to a significant improvement in Asian elephants; Asian elephants generally had a higher survivorship than Africans. Juvenile (<10 years) survivorship did not change significantly since 1960 and was higher in African elephants, most likely due to the effect of elephant herpes virus on Asian elephants. Current zoo elephant survivorship is higher than some, and lower than some other non‐zoo populations. We discuss that in our view, the shape of the survivorship curve, and its change over time, are more relevant than comparisons with specific populations. Zoo elephant survivorship should be monitored continuously, and the expectation of a continuous trend towards improvement should be met.
Dilution of Precision (DOP) Factors for Evaluating Observations to Galileo Satellites with VLBI
Authors: Wolf Helene , Böhm Johannes , Schartner Matthias , Hugentobler Urs , Soja Benedikt , Nothnagel Axel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Installing a VLBI transmitter on Galileo satellites will allow observing satellites in parallel to quasars with Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) telescopes. This offers a variety of new applications such as the direct determination of the absolute orientation of the satellite constellation with respect to the International Celestial Reference Frame (ICRF) and the improvement of the Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) exploiting the possibilities of direct high precision tying of the different space geodetic equipment. In preparation of these observations by enhancing the capabilities of the VLBI scheduling program VieSched++, we perform an evaluation study of observations of a Galileo satellite employing Dilution of Precision (DOP) factors. The idea is to introduce DOP factors in the decision process of VieSched++ after a thorough assessment of DOP factors for individual parameters. In our study, we choose an existing network of VLBI Global Observing System (VGOS) type telescopes for observing Galileo satellite GSAT0212 within a 24 h arbitrary session. Preparing the DOP factor analysis, we first carry out a theoretical study to investigate the VLBI sensitivity to satellite orbit displacements in the local orbital frame with normal (radial), tangential and cross-track direction. This analysis shows that the highest sensitivity of a satellite observation is that of the tangential component if the direction of the satellite track is parallel to the direction of the observing baseline. A satellite observation is most sensitive towards the cross-track component if these two directions are orthogonal to each other. The DOP factor analysis itself is performed separating the satellite position again into its three components and adding a separate DOP factor for the UT1-UTC (dUT1) parameter. The periods, where satellite observations are possible, were determined using VieSched++. At a later stage, these DOP factors will be used as an optimization criterion for the scheduling process. The DOP factors of potential observations from the chosen VGOS network to GSAT0212 reach minimum DOP values of 27.13 in normal, 1.49 in tangential, and 1.67 in cross-track direction and 0.45 for determining dUT1. With these results, which have confirmed intuitive considerations on the relative magnitudes, we have laid the groundwork for using DOP factors as driving criteria in the scheduling process of Galileo satellites embedded in regular VLBI observations of quasars.
Fintech for Rural Markets in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Aker Jenny C. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis case study looks at how the use of mobiles for transferring cash can make access to government subsidies more effective. The technological innovation of money transfer using mobile phones is made in the context of Niger, one of the lowest-ranked countries on the UN’s Human Development Index. Through the process of iterative implementation and collaboration across multiple stakeholders, the case study demonstrates how mobile money technology can reach the poor and help improve well-being.
Protecting Electoral Integrity in Emerging Democracies
Authors: Long James D. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA lack of electoral integrity in developing democracies undermines political accountability and the public good by yielding leaders who lack a governing mandate. Despite citizen activism and resources from donors to improve transparency, poor administrative functioning, corruption, and barriers to participation persistently degrade elections. This chapter presents “photo quick count” election technology and an ICT-enabled citizen adaption platform “VIP:Voice.” Photo quick count is a low-cost, ICT-capable, independently managed monitoring system of election results that provides polling station level photographic records of tally sheets to audit alongside certified results. The audit detects procedural failures by election officials and aggregation fraud (rigging that occurs in results transmission), and can deter administrative problems and corruption by announcing the audit to polling officials. First deployed in Afghanistan, iterations in Uganda and Kenya helped develop usage across national coverage and new mobile devices. This pivoted to broadening adoption and functionality using a crowdsourced platform in South Africa, VIP:Voice, that recruited citizen users through ICT channels with no pre-existing infrastructure and incorporates volunteers for photo quick count. This case furthers evidence on instruments for policy guidance on the mechanisms and cost-effective tools to bolster institutional performance and elections at scale.
Monitoring the Monitors in Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Rezaee Arman 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAbsenteeism of government frontline health workers can prevent access to primary care, including outpatient care, pre- and postnatal care, deliveries, and vaccinations. As rates of absenteeism tend to be higher in lower-income areas, this issue has the potential to exacerbate the socioeconomic divide. Specifically in Punjab, Pakistan, government doctors posted to rural health clinics, called Basic Health Units (BHUs), were found to be absent two-thirds of the time. Health inspectors are employed to visit BHUs at least once a month to collect data from a paper-based register located at each BHU and ensure doctors are present. However, absenteeism of the government inspectors causes this system to break down. This case study follows the implementation of the “Monitoring the Monitors” program, which aimed to replace the paper-based record-keeping system with an app-based system that feeds an online dashboard system (for real-time aggregation and presentation of data). Conducting a large-scale randomized controlled trial, inspection rates increased from 25.5% to 51.9% after 6 months. After a year of operation, inspection rates were 33.8% in the treatment districts and 23.5% in control districts. An A/B test was used to measure the effect of a simple flagging system that notified senior health officials when health workers were absent during an inspection and showed an increase in doctor attendance from 23.6% to 41.3%. The government eventually adopted this system (rebranded as HealthWatch), and it is now one of the many apps being used to monitor frontline service providers.
Digital Public Services: The Development of Biometric Authentication in India
Authors: Nair Ashwin , Eskici Burak 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLow state capacity makes it difficult for governments in developing countries to deliver resources to the poor. In this chapter, we highlight the role that biometric authentication can play in delivering payments and subsidized food to the poor. We describe the implementation and evaluation of two different biometric authentication systems in Andhra Pradesh (“AP Smartcards”) and Jharkhand (“Aadhaar”), India. Results from two large-scale RCTs (Muralidharan et al., 2016 and Muralidharan et al., 2020b) showed that more accurate biometric ID systems, coupled with payments and policy reforms, reduced leakages in welfare schemes in both Andhra Pradesh and Jharkhand. However, there were varying results on beneficiary welfare. In Jharkhand, reduced fiscal leakage came at the expense of excluding genuine beneficiaries who were unable to meet new standards for identification. Exclusion of beneficiaries was low in Andhra Pradesh, where the government was more focused on improving beneficiary experience with welfare programs. The studies discussed in this chapter highlight how differences in policy priorities and the details of solution design influence the extent to which beneficiaries benefit from biometric authentication and accompanying reforms.
Voice Interfaces for Underserved Communities
Authors: Vashistha Aditya , Raza Agha Ali 
Published: September 2022

AbstractInternet technologies – like social media platforms and discussion forums – have transformed how people communicate with each other. In addition to improving access to information, news, and entertainment, they have impacted governance, politics, civil society movements, crisis response, marketplaces, and healthcare, among other parts of our lives. Although concerns regarding data misuse, privacy breaches, and overuse have grown recently, these technologies are continuing to soar, mostly among literate, urban, and connected communities, all across the world. However, despite their promises (and pitfalls), these technologies currently exclude billions of people worldwide who are too remote to access the Internet, too low-literate to navigate the mostly text-driven Internet, or too poor to afford Internet-enabled devices. This chapter presents the innovation, implementation, and adaptation of voice forums that have evolved over the last two decades, discusses challenges that plagued their growth, and highlights ingenious solutions that were used to address their pain points.
Celestial geometry
Authors: Mizera Sebastian , Pasterski Sabrina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Celestial holography expresses $$ \mathcal{S} $$
S
-matrix elements as correlators in a CFT living on the night sky. Poincaré invariance imposes additional selection rules on the allowed positions of operators. As a consequence, n-point correlators are only supported on certain patches of the celestial sphere, depending on the labeling of each operator as incoming/outgoing. Here we initiate a study of the celestial geometry, examining the kinematic support of celestial amplitudes for different crossing channels. We give simple geometric rules for determining this support. For n ≥ 5, we can view these channels as tiling together to form a covering of the celestial sphere. Our analysis serves as a stepping off point to better understand the analyticity of celestial correlators and illuminate the connection between the 4D kinematic and 2D CFT notions of crossing symmetry.
Soft logarithms in processes with heavy quarks
Authors: Gaggero Daniele , Ghira Andrea , Marzani Simone , Ridolfi Giovanni 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Observables involving heavy quarks can be computed in perturbative QCD in two different approximation schemes: either the quark mass dependence is fully retained, or it is retained only where needed to regulate the collinear singularity. The two schemes have different advantages and drawbacks. In particular, it is known that the structure of large logarithms arising from soft emissions is different in the two approaches. We investigate the origin of this difference in some detail, focussing on a few specific processes. We show that it is related to the non-commutativity of the small-mass and soft-emission limits. Finally, we perform the resummation of soft-emission logarithms to next-to-leading accuracy in the case of Higgs decay into a b$$ \overline{b} $$

b
¯

pair, in the scheme in which the quark mass dependence is fully accounted for.
A continuum model based on Rayleigh dissipation functions to describe a Coulomb-type constitutive law for internal friction in woven fabrics
Authors: Ciallella Alessandro , Scerrato Daria , Spagnuolo Mario , Giorgio Ivan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA continuum model intended to provide predictions for the response of a woven fabric that includes the effects of friction between fibers is proposed. Specifically, we consider a macroscopic formulation in which the fabric weave is composed of two orthogonal families of continuously distributed yarns. The elastic behavior of the planar fabric is characterized by a second-gradient formulation, incorporating the capacity of the fibers to resist a bending deformation. Particular care is devoted to modeling the action of preventing fiber overlapping through a potential energy barrier. The frictional sliding effect of warp threads interwoven with the weft yarns is introduced through a Rayleigh dissipative function that can be appropriately shaped to consider a Coulomb-type law. Spinning friction of yarns belonging to different families also is conceived when a relative rotation between fibers is present to generalize the dissipation phenomenon involved in the considered sheet. Numerical simulations of the proposed model are provided and discussed.
Assessment of Phytotoxicity of Landfilled Waste and Foundry Dust Based on The Direct Test
Authors: Bożym Marta 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe article presents the results of phytotoxicity tests on foundry dust and landfilled waste. Currently, all this waste is being reused. The research has focused on phytotoxicity tests performed directly on the waste. Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) was used as the test plant. The germination test (GI) and the accumulation test were used to assess phytotoxicity. All dust types were highly phytotoxic to L. sativum L. in the direct test. The reason for this effect could be the low pH, the high level of heavy metals (HM), and probably the presence of organic pollutants (phenol, formaldehyde). The most phytotoxic was electric arc furnace dust (EAFD), classified as hazardous waste due to the high content of HM. The landfilled foundry waste (LFW) was characterised by moderate phytotoxicity in the direct test. The study confirmed the usefulness of the direct test in the phytotoxicity assessment of foundry waste with L. sativum L.
In vitro models to detect in vivo bile acid changes induced by antibiotics
Authors: Zhang Nina , Wang Jingxuan , Bakker Wouter , Zheng Weijia , Baccaro Marta , Murali Aishwarya , van Ravenzwaay Bennard , Rietjens Ivonne M. C. M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBile acid homeostasis plays an important role in many biological activities through the bile–liver–gut axis. In this study, two in vitro models were applied to further elucidate the mode of action underlying reported in vivo bile acid changes induced by antibiotics (colistin sulfate, tobramycin, meropenem trihydrate, and doripenem hydrate). 16S rRNA analysis of rat fecal samples anaerobically incubated with these antibiotics showed that especially tobramycin induced changes in the gut microbiota. Furthermore, tobramycin was shown to inhibit the microbial deconjugation of taurocholic acid (TCA) and the transport of TCA over an in vitro Caco-2 cell layer used as a model to mimic intestinal bile acid reuptake. The effects induced by the antibiotics in the in vitro model systems provide novel and complementary insight explaining the effects of the antibiotics on microbiota and fecal bile acid levels upon 28-day in vivo treatment of rats. In particular, our results provide insight in the mode(s) of action underlying the increased levels of TCA in the feces upon tobramycin exposure. Altogether, the results of the present study provide a proof-of-principle on how in vitro models can be used to elucidate in vivo effects on bile acid homeostasis, and to obtain insight in the mode(s) of action underlying the effect of an antibiotic, in this case tobramycin, on bile acid homeostasis via effects on intestinal bile acid metabolism and reuptake.
First-in-human evaluation of [18F]CETO: a novel tracer for adrenocortical tumours
Authors: Silins Isabella , Sundin Anders , Lubberink Mark , O’Sullivan Lleah , Gurnell Mark , Aigbirhio Franklin , Brown Morris , Wall Anders , Åkerström Tobias , Roslin Sara , Hellman Per , Antoni Gunnar 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Purpose
[11C]Metomidate positron emission tomography (PET) is currently used for staging of adrenocortical carcinoma and for lateralization in primary aldosteronism (PA). Due to the short half-life of carbon-11 and a high non-specific liver uptake of [11C]metomidate there is a need for improved adrenal imaging methods. In a previous pre-clinical study para-chloro-2-[18F]fluoroethyletomidate has been proven to be a specific adrenal tracer. The objective is to perform a first evaluation of para-chloro-2-[18F]fluoroethyletomidate positron emission computed tomography ([18F]CETO-PET/CT) in patients with adrenal tumours and healthy volunteers.

Methods
Fifteen patients underwent [18F]CETO-PET/CT. Five healthy volunteers were recruited for test-retest analysis and three out of the five underwent additional [15O]water PET/CT to measure adrenal blood flow. Arterial blood sampling and tracer metabolite analysis was performed. The kinetics of [18F]CETO were assessed and simplified quantitative methods were validated by comparison to outcome measures of tracer kinetic analysis.

Results
Uptake of [18F]CETO was low in the liver and high in adrenals. Initial metabolization was rapid, followed by a plateau. The kinetics of [18F]CETO in healthy adrenals and all adrenal pathologies, except for adrenocortical carcinoma, were best described by an irreversible single-tissue compartment model. Standardized uptake values (SUV) correlated well with the uptake rate constant K1. Both K1 and SUV were highly correlated to adrenal blood flow in healthy controls. Repeatability coefficients of K1, SUV65–70, and SUV120 were 25, 22, and 17%.

Conclusions
High adrenal uptake combined with a low unspecific liver uptake suggests that 18F]CETO is a suitable tracer for adrenal imaging. Adrenal SUV, based on a whole-body scan at 1 h p.i., correlated well with the net uptake rate Ki.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05361083 Retrospectively registered 29 April 2022. at, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05361083