bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
« Le tour du monde d’un universitaire ». Significations du voyage de Lucien Lévy-Bruhl en 1920 pour l’histoire de l’anthropologie sociale
Authors: Keck Frédéric 
Published: July 2022

Résumé
Lucien Lévy-Bruhl effectue un voyage autour du monde en 1920 qui le conduit à prendre part aux controverses coloniales sur la vaccination aux Philippines. Cet article interroge la signification d’une telle controverse dans le cadre d’une anthropologie positiviste qui prétend totaliser les modes de penser « primitifs » et « civilisé » pour un sociologue typique. En mobilisant les figures de Jules Verne et d’Alfred Dreyfus, il montre que le tour du monde social peut être effectué à partir des accidents qui en interrompent son accomplissement. Le projet philosophique d’une « logique des sentiments » qui a motivé l’anthropologie française depuis Auguste Comte peut alors être reformulé à partir d’une enquête sur les sentinelles qui anticipent les accidents à partir d’une expérience passée. Un tel projet permet de suivre les significations de l’Affaire Dreyfus jusqu’à l’anthropologie de Claude Lévi-Strauss.
Cantilevering the Malaise: Confusopoly in the 21st Century Employment Relationship
Authors: Desjardins Guillaume 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Critiques of the way workforces were managed in capitalist market economies throughout the 20th century exist but are not necessarily relevant to emergent industries. In the digital age, new economic sectors have proliferated. These are often associated with distinctive labor management practices. A case in point is the telecommunications retail sector—shopping mall outlets where salespeople sell smartphones and associated contracts. In such outlets, it is difficult for consumers to accurately assess their needs and make informed choices, a phenomenon sometime described as confusopoly. This study provides evidence that confusopoly not only characterizes the relationship between customers and firms in the retail telecommunications industry but is also a construct that aptly applies to the employment relationship existing between vendors and their employer. Five themes supporting this conclusion are presented which draw on the results obtained from two focus-groups conducted with Canadian telco vendors in the summer of 2020.
The Fragmentation of Human Rights. Case Studies from a Post-Arab Spring Context
Authors: Annicchino Pasquale 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The Middle East and North Africa region is diverse and large, and it is therefore difficult to make broad arguments and generalizations on the impact of the Arab Spring on human rights protection. In this context, Egypt and Tunisia are important case studies for the assessment of constitutional transitions and human rights protection in a post-Arab Spring context. After the 2011 uprisings and the fall of the ruling authoritarian regimes, activists, scholars, and civil society organizations raised hopes about improvements in the protection of human rights. However, many forces (security services, the military, religious actors) worked against the hopes of the Revolution. The counter-reaction did not happen only because of national political struggles. Institutional factors also played against structural improvements in human rights promotion and protection. Changes in human rights practices need stable institutional frameworks which facilitate the improvement of human rights practices and constitutional transitions. Tommaso Virgili, with his contribution, focuses on the protection of sexual minorities and freethinkers.
Symmetric and Antisymmetric Components of Polar-Amplified Warming
Authors: Hill Spencer A. , Burls Natalie J. , Fedorov Alexey , Merlis Timothy M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
CO2-forced surface warming in general circulation models (GCMs) is initially polar amplified in the Arctic but not in the Antarctic—a largely hemispherically antisymmetric signal. Nevertheless, we show in CESM1 and 11 LongRunMIP GCMs that the hemispherically symmetric component of global-mean-normalized, zonal-mean warming () under 4 × CO2 changes weakly or becomes modestly more polar amplified from the first decade to near-equilibrium. Conversely, the antisymmetric warming component () weakens with time in all models, modestly in some including FAMOUS, but effectively vanishing in others including CESM1. We explore mechanisms underlying the robust behavior with a diffusive moist energy balance model (MEBM), which given radiative feedback parameter (λ) and ocean heat uptake () fields diagnosed from CESM1 adequately reproduces the CESM1 and fields. In further MEBM simulations perturbing λ and , is sensitive to their symmetric components only, and more to that of λ. A three-box, two-time-scale model fitted to FAMOUS and CESM1 reveals a curiously short Antarctic fast-response time scale in FAMOUS. In additional CESM1 simulations spanning a broader range of forcings, changes modestly across 2–16 × CO2, and in a Pliocene-like simulation is more polar amplified but likewise approximately time invariant. Determining the real-world relevance of these behaviors—which imply that a surprising amount of information about near-equilibrium polar amplification emerges within decades—merits further study.
Prevalence of Primary Liver Cancer is Affected by Place of Birth in Hispanic People Residing in the United States: All of Us Research Program Report
Authors: Yu Jingjing , Sullivan Brittany G. , Senthil Girish N. , Gonda Amber , Dehkordi-Vakil Farideh , Campos Belinda , Dayyani Farshid , Senthil Maheswari 
Published: July 2022

Background Hispanic individuals have a disproportionately higher incidence and mortality for stomach, cervix, and liver cancers compared to Non-Hispanic White people. Since disparities in cancer incidence are influenced by multiple factors including immigration, elucidating the effect of birthplace and exposure to risk factors on the prevalence of these cancers is crucial for identifying high-risk populations and target risk reduction interventions. Methods The National Institutes of Health All of Us Research Program is a prospective, multidimensional biomedical data resource of underrepresented, minoritized people. The Registered Tier Dataset v5 was utilized to evaluate the prevalence and risk of stomach, cervix, and liver cancers among United States (US) born and non-US born Hispanic participants. Results Of over 434 000 current participants, 60 540 are Hispanic; 30 803 (50.9%) reported being US born and 29 294 (48.4%) non-US born. Non-US born Hispanic participants had significantly higher prevalence (.39% vs .21%, P < .001) and associated risk (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.29-2.64, P < .001) of liver cancer, and trend towards higher prevalence of stomach (.14% vs .09%, P = .076) and cervix cancers (.27% vs .20%, P = .083) compared to US born counterparts. US born Hispanic patients with these 3 cancers were significantly younger than non-US born cohort (mean age 56.8 vs 61.7 years, P < .001). Discussion This is the first report using All of Us data to show that non-US born Hispanic participants have a higher risk of liver cancer compared to US born participants. Further analyses, including genomic studies, are necessary to understand these differences and identify targets for risk reduction interventions.
Abdomino-Pelvic Ultrasound Evaluation in Monosymptomatic Primary Nocturnal Enuresis
Authors: Ghobrial Emad E. , Fawzi Nevin M. , Shiba Maha F. , Tawfik Mary A. 
Published: July 2022

Background: Enuresis is one of the most common childhood problems. Our study aimed to evaluate children with enuresis by renal bladder ultrasound (RBUS) to detect urological abnormalities and to compare the sonographic findings with control group. Methods: Our study included 30 children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (PMNE). Another 30 matched children with normal continence to urine were assigned as controls. The 2 groups were subjected to urine analysis, serum creatinine, and RBUS. Results: Ultrasound showed abnormality in 10% of case group, which was not significantly different from controls ( p = 1.000). Conclusion: Abnormalities discovered by ultrasonography in PMNE are more than in control group but without statistical significance and do not require invasive diagnostic tests. Children with sonographic abnormalities appear to be more resistant to treatment. We concluded that ultrasound is not necessary in MPNE and should be done in patients resistant to treatment.
Influence of in-Vehicle Audio Warning on Drivers’ Eye-Movement and Behavior at Flashing Light-Controlled Grade Crossings
Authors: Ma Siwei , Yan Xuedong , Yang Jingsi , Liu Ran 
Published: July 2022

Objective This study aims to evaluate the effect of in-vehicle audio warning at flashing-light-controlled grade crossings based on driving simulation and eye-tracking systems. Background Collisions at flashing-light-controlled grade crossings have severe consequences. In-vehicle audio warning has the potential to regulate driver behavior. However, whether this improvement occurs through priming drivers’ visual search patterns is not yet clear. Method Drivers’ visual activity and behaviors were recorded. The effect of a warning was tested with a series of flashing light trigger times (FLTTs) ranging from 2s to 6s with a 1s increment. Different driving conditions (i.e., clear and fog) and driver experience were considered in the experiment design. Results Warnings could guide the allocation of both overt and covert attention, as well as raise drivers’ situation awareness, manifesting as the enhanced perception of signs and better understanding of the flashing red light. Significant improvement in the stop-compliance rate was found in warning scenarios, particularly with a late FLTT. The decreased saccade duration and increased fixation duration on the signal implied a dilemma-zone effect when the FLTT was lower than 4s. Furthermore, reduced fixation duration on signs and signals was found in foggy conditions. Non-professional drivers had a wider search range than their counterparts. Conclusion In-vehicle audio warning is an effective countermeasure for improving crossing safety by optimizing visual search strategy. Application In-vehicle audio warnings warrant promotion at grade crossings based on the driver assistance system.
Rape and Sexually Transmitted Diseases: Patterns of Referral and Incidence in a Department of Genitourinary Medicine
Authors: Ross J D C , Scott G R , Busuttil A 
Published: July 2022

A retrospective study was carried out of all women attending a Department of Genitourinary Medicine over a 3-year period. Note was taken of referring source, presenting symptoms, infection detected at STD screening and follow-up attendance. Comparison was also made between the number of women referred by the police surgeon and the number who actually attended. We observed an overall incidence of STD of 35% and noted that many infections had a similar prevalence to that of our normal clinic population over the same time period. Only 13% of the women referred by the police attended although after the initial visit attendance was similar regardless of referral source. A number of asymptomatic women were noted to have infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis. Although the risk of significant STD following sexual assault is low greater efforts should be made to encourage women to attend for screening whether or not they are symptomatic.
Diurnal Changes in Perceptions of Energy and Mood
Authors: Wood C , Magnello M E 
Published: July 2022

Data from five separate groups of volunteers show that diurnal variation in perceptions of physical and mental energy (‘vigour’) can be simply measured by the use of visual analogue scales. In all five groups, perceptions of vigour were significantly higher in the morning than at other times of day. In three groups where energy levels were measured six times daily the values achieved between 10.00 h and 12.00 h were significantly higher (P< 0.05) than those recorded on rising or retiring. Some evidence was also found for the existence of high energy levels in the evening (particularly among the undergraduates) and for an ‘afternoon dip’ in energy in about 20% of subjects. Higher levels of positive affect were also found in the morning and levels recorded between 10.00 h and 12.00 h were significantly greater than those on rising or retiring, (P< 0.01). However, no similar diurnal variation was observed for negative affect. The difference may be due to the fact that positive affect has a distinct ‘biological’ component contributing to perceptions of energy, whilst negative affbct depends more on features in the individual's environment, which show no consistent diurnal pattern.
Resource Implications of Head Injuries on an Acute Surgical Unit
Authors: Williams R J Li , Hittinger R , Glazer G 
Published: July 2022

Head injuries are expensive and demanding in terms of resources. In the UK, most are cared for outside neurosurgical centres. In the absence of specialist rehabilitation services, patients with on-going disability add to those admitted for observation and treatment on acute surgical wards. We audited the workload pattern and financial implications related to head injuries on a general surgical unit in a central London teaching hospital. Data collected prospectively at the time of admission and derived from departmental computerized information systems included clinical outcome, hospital stay and its relationship to severity of injury and other factors. Ward, departmental (accident and emergency (A & E), intensive therapy unit (ITU), radiology, and theatre) and neurosurgical referral costs were derived. Long-term social and rehabilitation costs were not calculated. Over a 6 month period 899 patients with head injuries were treated in the A & E department, of whom 156 were admitted. Of the admitted patients 68% were classified as minor; 22% as moderate; and 10% as severe head injuries. Fifty-one per cent of adult admissions were intoxicated by alcohol. Prolonged hospital stay was related to age, severity of head injury, mechanism of injury, associated injuries and preexisting neuropsychiatric conditions (including alcoholism). Six patients died. The direct cost of these head injuries patients was estimated at £173 500, during which time they occupied 7.6% of our unit's adult inpatient capacity. Twenty-four hour observation of 76 patients with minor head injuries contributed £9700 (5.6%) to this figure. Associated extracranial injuries cost a further £46 500. Head injuries are an important component of an acute unit's costs, particularly when the unit serves an inner city population where alcohol-related and neuropsychiatric problems are prevalent. In view of the financial implications involved, all hospitals whether directly managed or trusts will have to analyse their position in relation to local needs and available facilities.
Confrontation in the Climacteric
Authors: Wilbush Joel 
Published: July 2022

Why is an increasing number of women dissatisfied with their doctors' help in their climacteric? Why do so many object to hormone replacement therapy (HRT)? Why do they generally feel it is not ‘natural’? Though many object to getting old, want to continue flaunting their ‘eternal youth’, many more, women and men, embrace retirement, wish to rest and slow down. There is no mistaking these extremes, for while the first grasp at every possible treatment, the last are but seldom medically seen. It is the middle majority, their demands, censure, disapproval, even open confrontation with those who try to help them which is difficult to understand. This paper briefly reviews the manner in which Western climacteric women have, during two hundred, but mainly last fifty, years confronted their world: their protests at societal attitudes, their private marital conflicts, their demands of doctors and, finally, their present criticism of them. It also pays detailed attention to the key concept of ‘natural’ treatment. Finally it suggests that much of present climacteric confrontation is a displacement activity, born of concurrent conflicting desires for both youth and retirement, rather than aimed specifically at doctors.
Why Use a Pain Clinic? Management of Neurogenic Pain before and after Referral
Authors: Davies Huw T O , Crombie Iain K , Macrae William A 
Published: July 2022

Pain arising from damage or malfunction of the nervous system (for example postherpetic neuralgia, peripheral nerve injuries and the neuropathies) is often severe and resistant to standard analgesics. These patients are commonly seen in pain clinics where they receive a variety of treatments including psychotropic drugs (such as antidepressants and anticonvulsants), nerve blocks and stimulation. There is concern that the management of these difficult patients may be less than optimal where they are not seen by pain specialists. We examined a cohort of 703 patients with long-established nerve-damage pain seen in ten outpatient pain clinics. We compared their use of treatments prior to referral with the management given in the pain clinic. The majority of patients (79%) had had their pain for over 1 year before being seen in the pain clinic, yet many had not tried simple and effective treatments prior to referral. Less than a quarter had received an adequate trial of antidepressants; only one in seven had been appropriately treated with anticonvulsants; and only one in 10 had tried a nerve stimulator. All these treatments were frequently provided in the pain clinic. Referral of patients with nerve-damage pain to a pain clinic may greatly increase their access to therapies of proven value.
Will Subsidiarity Work for Long-Term Care?
Authors: Harbert W B 
Published: July 2022

New financial and organization arrangements are changing the distribution of authority and power in the public service affecting managers, professionals and governing committees. The need for new roles like budget holding general practitioners, advocates, brokers and care managers are becoming recognized; traditional professional practice based on narrowly defined skills with the danger of a no-man's land between them is giving way to management arrangements that offer greater recognition of the needs of service users and their families. If the role of care manager and the new arrangements for assessment occur, much of the power now exercised by local authority members and by centrally based managers in local government will in the long-term be devolved locally to care managers. Various key issues are identified. Comprehensive multi-professional assessment is vital, with the results available to all groups of professionals so that a common voice can be presented to government circles in the future. Three broad areas need to be considered in the future implementation of long-term care. Firstly, some of the implications for assessment processes of the changes now taking place in community care will be described. Factors that inhibit good assessment will be discussed as well as key issues that also need to be addressed.
Surveillance of Duodenal Polyps in Familial Adenomatous Polyposis: Progress Report
Authors: Nugent Karen P , Spigelman Allan D , Williams Christopher B , Talbot Ian C , Phillips Robin K S 
Published: July 2022

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is characterized by the presence of premalignant adenomas of the large and small bowel. Prophylactic colectomy deals with the risk for colon cancer, leaving duodenal cancer as the leading cause of death. Although most FAP patients have duodenal adenomas, only approximately 5% develop duodenal cancer. This study looks at progression of duodenal polyps with time. The outcome of endoscopic surveillance in the duodenum of 70 patients with familial adenomatous polyposis was determined. A mean of 40 months elapsed between endoscopies. Outcome was measured using video comparison and a staging system that includes histological assessment. Duodenal cancer developed in one patient, and was suspected in two others. The stage of duodenal polyposis worsened in another seven patients. When histology was ignored, comparison of video recordings in 52 patients showed a worsening in 21 (40%). In conclusion, further surveillance appears warranted so that patients at high risk for duodenal cancer might receive early treatment. Should slow progression of duodenal polyposis be shown to be associated with low risk, then most patients can be safely offered less frequent endoscopies than hitherto.
Iso-Osmotic Bowel Preparation Improves the Accuracy of Iliac Artery Colour Flow Duplex Examination
Authors: Whiteley M S , Fox A D , Harris R A , Horrocks M 
Published: July 2022

Colour flow duplex ultrasonography is currently the non-invasive method of choice for investigating the iliac arteries. However it is only 84–92% sensitive in the best hands when compared with biplanar angiography. Bowel gas and faeces overlying the iliac arteries obscure the vessels and prevent a good ultrasound image. We have previously shown that preparation of the bowel with an iso-osmotic bowel preparation (Klean Prep) improves the clarity of duplex image of the iliac arteries. This is caused by a volume effect which flushes out gas and faeces, leaving a fluid-filled bowel transparent to ultrasound. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this enhanced image increased the diagnostic accuracy of duplex examination. We performed iliac duplex examinations on 56 patients with clinically suspected iliac artery disease, initially with the normal preparation of starving the patients for 12 h and subsequently after preparation by Klean Prep. The results from each investigation were compared with the gold standard of biplanar intra-arterial digital substraction angiography. The use of iso-osmotic bowel preparation (Klean Prep) significantly improved the accuracy of iliac duplex ultrasonography over preparation by 12 h starvation, when compared with biplanar angiography.
Unexplained Illness: The Mind versus the Environment
Authors: Radcliffe Michael J , Ashurst Pamela , Brostoff Jonathan 
Published: July 2022

Every doctor in clinical practice is familiar with the patient who presents with multiple ‘soft’ symptoms. Where organic pathology cannot be demonstrated, there is a tendency to apply psychiatric labels. Indeed, it has been suggested that the risk of psychiatric disorder increases linearly with the number of presented symptoms1. In psychiatric practice, the mere absence of an organic cause of disease is often regarded as adequate reason to invoke a psychological mechanism. However, this action precludes the possibility of any other diagnosis, and thus constricts therapeutic management to the psychiatric realm. Such psychologization of illness is commonplace, overworked and infrequently challenged2. This highlights the longstanding controversy over multiple allergy and the role of psychiatric disorder3.