bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance of Strawberry Clones to Botrytis Fruit Rot1
Authors: Barritt Bruce H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pre- and postharvest fruit rot, caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex. Fr., were determined during 2 seasons for 48 strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars and selections. All had as much or more preharvest rot than ‘Totem’ which was used as the resistant standard. Many, including ‘Belrubi’, ‘Hood’, ‘Linn’, ‘Olympus’, ‘Rainier’ and ‘Sivetta’ had a significantly higher incidence of preharvest rot than ‘Totem’. ‘Totem’, ‘Olympus’, ‘Shuksan’ and ‘Rainier’ were very susceptible to postharvest fruit rot, ‘Hood’ and ‘Linn’ showed intermediate susceptibility and ‘Tago’ and several selections showed some resistance. Pre- and postharvest rot were correlated on several dates but correlation coefficients were all less than 0.585. Fruit firmness was negatively associated with both pre- and postharvest incidence of fruit rot although correlation coefficients were all less than 0.645. Many selections showing postharvest rot resistance were derived from the very firm fruited clones, NY 844 and ‘Linn’. This study demonstrates that it is possible to select firm-fruited clones which have resistance to both preharvest and postharvest Botrytis fruit rot. Clones with these three desirable traits were WSU 1522, 1641, 1647, 1675, 1696 and 1698.
Rust Mite Damage Increases Uptake and Effectiveness of an Abscission-accelerating Chemical on ‘Valencia’ Oranges1
Authors: Evensen Kathleen B. , Bausher Michael G. , Biggs R. Hilton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Valencia’ oranges (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) damaged with rust mite (Phyllocoptruta oleivora Ashmead) responded to the abscission-accelerating chemical glyoxal dioxime (ethanedial dioxime) with greater ethylene production and greater reduction in bonding force than undamaged fruit. More than 90% of the 14C-glyoxal dioxime taken up by the rind was absorbed during the first 24 hrs. Absorption of 14C-glyoxal dioxime by rind tissue of mite-damaged fruit was more rapid than that of undamaged fruit. The differences in uptake of 14C-glyoxal dioxime due to mite damage were greatest on the first day after treatment, which was also the time of maximum ethylene production in response to glyoxal dioxime. The increased uptake in mite-damaged fruit is partially responsible for the increased effectiveness of glyoxal dioxime. It is likely that mite-damaged fruit are more permeable to many agricultural chemicals than undamaged fruit.
Variation of Thiocyanate Ion Content in Cauliflower and Broccoli Cultivars1
Authors: Ju Hak-Yoon , Bible Bernard B. , Chong Calvin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The thiocyanate ion (SCN−) content in leaves and stems of 2 cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. Botrytis group) and 2 broccoli (B. oleracea L. Italica group) cultivars was highest in 15-day seedlings at the cotyledon stage of development, then decreased rapidly and showed little change in 72-day and older plants. The highest quantities of SCN− in cauliflower curds and broccoli heads generally occurred at the premature stage of development, after which it decreased rapidly. Except for ‘Jet Snow’ cauliflower, relatively high quantities of SCN− were found in edible curds of 9 other cauliflower cultivars and heads of 6 broccoli cultivars at the optimum mature stage.
Juvenility and Response Time of Kalanchoe Cultivars1
Authors: Khoury N. , White J. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
With 4 weeks of long nights Kalanchoe ‘Deep Scarlet’, ‘Yellow Darling’ and ‘Exotica’ reached maturity by the 10th week from sowing; ‘Melody’ on the 14th week; with 6 weeks of long nights ‘Morning Sun’ on the 10th week, ‘Ramona’ on the 12th week and ‘Red Glow’ >14 weeks. Response time, defined as days from the beginning of long nights to anthesis, was 13 weeks for ‘Hummel's Hybrid’ and ‘Ramona’; 9 for ‘Deep Scarlet’; 10 for ‘Yellow Darling’, ‘Exotica’, and ‘Morning Sun’; 11 for ‘Melody’; and <12 weeks for ‘Red Glow.’
Assimilate Translocation in Juvenile-adult Grafts of Hedera helix1
Authors: Clark James R. , Hackett Wesley P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Translocation of 14C-labelled assimilates between partners of juvenile–adult grafts of English ivy (Hedera helix L.) was influenced by 14CO2 application technique, stem girdling, selective defoliation, and cytokinin treatment. Applications of the cytokinin, 6 benzylamimo purine (BA), to the shoot tip of the juvenile scion increased the amount of label translocated to the juvenile shoot. The results indicate the importance of precise manipulation of assimilate sources and sinks in order to insure translocation from presumptive donor to receptor in the grafted ivy system.
Postbloom and Preharvest Daylength Effects on the Ripening of ‘Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Blanpied G. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Orchard-grown trees of ‘Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica, Borkh) were exposed to shortened daylengths for 30 days after bloom or for 70 days preceding the normal fruit ripening period. Ethylene concentrations in attached apples and ethylene production rates of harvested apples indicated that the ripening of ‘Delicious’ apples is not daylength dependent.
Selecting Economically Optimal Levels of Fertilization and Irrigation for Container Production of Woody Ornamentals1
Authors: Miller Marvin N. , Gunter Dan L. , Melton Bryan E. , Johnson Charles R. , Midcap James T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A production function was estimated for Ligustrum japonicum L. A medium comprised of 1 peatmoss: 2 sand: 2 pinebark with 10.8 g of fertilizer and 19.3 liters of water per container provides for the least cost production of a “salable” 70 g (dry weight) plant. The method is outlined for determining economic optimality for salable production.
A Morphological Study of the Development of Reproductive Structures of Phaseolus coccineus Lam.1
Authors: Webster Barbara D. , Ross Ryan M. , Sigourney Mary C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The scarlet runner bean, Phaseolus coccineus, although self-compatible, is primarily cross-pollinated. Morphological characteristics of the reproductive system which facilitate cross-pollination include the relative position of anthers and stigma at the time of pollen deshicence. Pollen is shed primarily onto stylar and stigmatic hairs or the style, rather than onto the stigmatic surface. The long period of stigma receptivity, from the mature bud stage through anthesis, also favors cross-pollination and accounts for the small degree of self-pollination which occurs in mature buds. Movement of stigmatic hairs may result in some transfer of pollen onto the stigma.
Diabroticite Beetle Responses to Cucurbitacin Kairomones in Cucurbita Hybrids1
Authors: Rhodes A. M. , Metcalf Robert L. , Metcalf Esther R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two hybrid cucurbits were produced that combined the genetic production of cucurbitacins as found in the wild bitter gourds, Cucurbita andreana Naud and C. texana Gray, with the high fruit yields characteristic of the domesticated cultivars of C. maxima Duchesne and C. pepo L. Both the C. andreana × C. maxima and C. texana × C. pepo hybrids produced relatively high yields of fruit with high cucurbitacin content. Both hybrids showed promise as attractants for population estimation of corn rootworm beetles (Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber and D. virgifera LeConte) or for use in poisoned baits using methomyl or trichlorfon with the bitter cut fruits or fruit homogenates.
Ethylene Evolution from Apple Shoots and Spur Buds1
Authors: Walsh Christopher S. , Kender Walter J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An effective and simple system for studying ethylene evolution from apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) shoots was devised and used to follow seasonal patterns of ethylene evolution, as well as changes in ethylene evolution following ethephon and shoot bending treatments. Field studies using intact two year wood of spur and non-spur strains of ‘Delicious’ and ‘McIntosh’ showed similarly high levels of ethylene early in the season which subsequently declined. The large differences in ethylene evolution between sampling dates may have been caused by climatic differences at the time of sampling. No differences in ethylene evolution were detected among strains or cultivars although differences in flowering were observed in the following season.
A Comparison of Tree Size, Productivity, and Fruit Quality of ‘Delicious’ Strains1
Authors: Lord William J. , Damon Richard A. , Anderson James F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A planting was established in 1964 and 1965 to evaluate the following ‘Delicious’ strains: ‘Red Prince’, ‘Jardine Red’, ‘Royal Red’, ‘Turner Red’, ‘Richared’, ‘Rogers Red’, ‘Gardner Red’, ‘Sturdeespur’, and ‘Starkrimson’, the last 2 being spur types. The strains have been evaluated through 1979. Leaf N, K, Ca and Mg levels varied among the strains but none was consistently different from another. The cumulative yield per tree from 1970 to 1979 was higher for all standard strains except ‘Red Prince’ than for the spur strains. Theoretical cumulative yield per hectare was highest for ‘Sturdeespur’ and significantly higher than all other cultivars with the exception of ‘Turner Red’. ‘Sturdeespur’ had the highest production efficiency. Watercore severity at harvest was inconsistent among the strains, but in 3 of 4 years fewer ‘Starkrimson’ fruits were affected.
Effect of Soil Fumigation on the Early Growth and Production of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees1
Authors: Koch B. L. , Covey R. P. , Haglund W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) grown in soil fumigated with methyl bromide showed a significant increase in growth as measured by trunk circumference. The increase in trunk circumference from fumigation varied from 33 to 49% after 6 to 8 years. Fruit production increased from 2- to 4-fold during the same period. Soil pH, soil arsenic and nematode counts were not considered to be major factors in the lack of growth and fruit production for trees grown in unfumigated soil.
In Vitro Flowering of Passiflora suberosa L.1
Authors: Scorza Ralph , Janick Jules 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf, stem, and tendril explants of Passiflora suberosa flowered in vitro on a basal medium containing Murashige and Skoog salts plus 3% sucrose, glycine, and vitamins. The most effective flowering treatment was achieved with stem explants from the shoot apex cultured with 0.1 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA) in light. Flowering occurred in as few as 21 days. Shoot formation required only a 1-day exposure to BA but flowering required a 3-day exposure. Explants of leaves and stems obtained from below node 5 remained vegetative. Combined culture of basal and apical leaf discs did not alter flowering ability. Leaf discs recultured from in vitro flowering shoots formed only vegetative shoots, suggesting exhaustion of a flower-inducing substance in culture. Explants from juvenile plants formed only vegetative shoots.
Factors Associated with Excessive Fruit Drop of Navel Orange1
Authors: de Lima Jose E. O. , Davies Frederick S. , Krezdorn Alfred H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two distinct periods of fruit drop, summer (mid-June to mid-August) and summer-fall (late August to late October), of navel sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were observed during the period between the end of the June drop (mid-June) and legal maturity (late October) in the 1978-79 and 1979-80 seasons. Summer drop reduced fruit number in 1979 by as much as 16.5% and was mostly caused by a yellowing and subsequent decay of the secondary fruit. A separation zone was found between the central axis and the secondary fruit of those with yellow navels. Summer-fall drop was responsible for an additional 14.5% reduction in fruit number based on catching frame counts. It was caused primarily by stylar-end decay, dieback of branches, splitting and brown rot (Phytophthora spp.). Causes of stylar-end decay, branch dieback and splitting were not identified. Incidence of stylar-end decay and splitting was greatest on fruit with a large (> 12 mm) stylar-end aperture (navel) of irregular shape, and adjacent thinner than usual peel. Stylar-end decay was associated with protrusions of rind-like tissue from the secondary fruit into segments of the primary fruit.
Fire Blight Resistance in the Geneva Apple Rootstock Breeding Program1
Authors: Gardner Randolph G. , Cummins James N. , Aldwinckle Herb S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Reactions of 122 apple clones, representing 26 pure and hybrid species of Malus, to Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. were evaluated in the greenhouse, orchard, and field nursery. Vigorously growing shoots, 7 to 9 weeks old, were tip inoculated by injecting a 24-hour broth culture of a highly pathogenic isolate of E. amylovora. Lesion development, measured 5 to 7 weeks after inoculation, was expressed as a percentage of the current season’s shoot length killed by fire blight. Inter- and intraspecific variation in resistance, similar to that reported for Pyrus, was observed. The highest level of resistance, typified by a small necrotic lesion 2-3 mm in diameter around the inoculation point, occurred in small-fruited selections derived from Asiatic species. Few selections of the cultivated apple, Malus pumila Mill., were resistant. Fire blight ratings were assigned the clones based on their potentials as parents for breeding apple rootstocks.
Residue and Efficacy Studies of Alachlor on Cabbage and Soil1
Authors: Hunt T. W. , Monaco T. J. , Sheets T. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Newly transplanted cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba DC. cv. Market Prize) was treated with alachlor [2 chloro-2′, 6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] at rates of 0, 3.4, and 6.7 kg/ha in 4 tests at 2 locations during 1971, 1972, and 1976. Both rates provided control of all predominant weeds, except ivyleaf morningglory, [Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.]. Decreased crop vigor usually occurred with the high rate of alachlor. Cabbage samples from the 1976 tests contained alachlor residues below 0.01 ppm, the low detectable limit. Residue levels in soil samples from plots that received 3.4 kg/ha decreased from 0.72 to to 0.07 ppm at one location and 0.72 to 0.08 ppm at the other location during the 10 and 11 weeks of the experiment. Residues in soils from the 6.7 kg/ha plots decreased from 1.58 to 0.10 ppm and 1.89 to 0.22 ppm for each location, respectively.
Growth Response of ‘Grand Rapids’ Lettuce and ‘First Lady’ Marigold to Increased Far-red and Infrared Radiation under Controlled Environments1
Authors: Krizek Donald T. , Ormrod Douglas P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids) and marigold (Tagetes erecta L. cv. First Lady) plants were grown in controlled-environment chambers at equal levels of photosynthetically active radiation but with varying amounts of far-red and infrared radiation. Levels of FR and IR were obtained by varying the incandescent level in each chamber to provide 10, 18, 25, or 31% of the total input wattage for lettuce and 17 or 30% for marigold. In lettuce, increasing INC level from 10 or 18% to 31% of the total input wattage markedly increased stem elongation, node number, and fresh and dry weight of tops. In marigold, increasing INC level from 17 to 30% significantly increased the fresh and dry weight of tops, but had no effect on stem length or node number. Mean relative growth rate was unaffected by INC level in either species.
In Vitro Studies on Ethephon-induced Abscission in Olive. I. The Effect of Application Period and Concentration on Uptake, Ethylene Evolution, and Leaf Abscission1
Authors: Lavee S. , Martin G. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An in vitro laboratory model for the study of leaf abscission induced by (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) was developed. Feeding of ethephon through the base of excised shoots of ‘Manzanillo’ olive (Olea europaea L.) resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent sequential increase in ethylene evolution from, and abscission of the leaves along, these shoots. The extent of leaf abscission was correlated with the early rate of ethylene evolution from individual leaves. A minimum induction period of about 50 hr was needed to induce the first leaf abscission. An ethephon pulse of 500 mg/liter for 1 hr or 250 mg/liters for 2 hr was enough to induce about 90% leaf abscission.
Woolly Apple Aphid Colonization on Malus Cultivars1
Authors: Cummins James N. , Forsline P. L. , Mackenzie J. David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Susceptibility to woolly apple aphids (Eriosoma lanigerum Hausmn.) was evaluated on 391 Malus clones in a mature cultivar test orchard and on 164 clones in the greenhouse and nursery. A spray program based on Mesurol (4-methylthio-3,5-xylylmethyl-carbamate) resulted in increased aphid populations in the orchard and thereby enhanced identification of susceptible clones. Resistant cultivars included ‘Northern Spy’, several derivatives of ‘Northern Spy’, ‘Ivory’s Double Vigour’, ‘Kola’, Malus halliana Koehne, M. hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd., M. X robusta (Carr.) Rehd. No. 5 (R5), and M. tschonoskii (Maxim.) Schneid. No evidence was seen that a biotype capable of colonizing ‘Northern Spy’ and its derivatives had arisen in New York.
Composted, Digested Sludge as a Medium for Growing Flowering Annuals1
Authors: Wootton R. D. , Gouin F. R. , Stark F. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tagetes erecta L. cv. Golden Jubilee, Zinnia elegans Jacq. cv. Fire Cracker, and Petunia hybrida Hort. cv. Sugar Plum were grown in various sludge compost-based media based on fraction size. Growth determined by shoot dry weight was greatest in media containing greater portions of small compost particles. No nutrient deficiency symptoms or toxicity symptoms were observed. Shoot weight was increased by addition of a N-P-K fertilizer.
Genetic Variation for Flowering Response to Photoperiod in Phaseolus lunatus L.1
Authors: Harding James , Tucker C. L. , Barnes Kathleen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Twenty-seven pure lines of lima bean collected over a wide geographical area were evaluated for response to photoperiod. The genotypes were grown in 6 chambers with photoperiods of 9, 11, 12.5, 14, 15.5 and 17.5 hours. Response to flowering among the genotypes was characterized by a polynomial regression model. Sixteen of the 27 genotypes were characterized as daylength neutral and 8 reacted sharply to daylength. Three genotypes reacted in a quantitative manner. Linear, quadratic, and cubic responses were observed.
Influence of Tillage, Nitrogen, and Rye Cover Crop on Growth and Yield of Tomatoes1
Authors: Doss B. D. , Turner J. L. , Evans C. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field studies were conducted on an Orangeburg sandy loam soil (Typic Paleudults) in central Alabama to determine the effects of tillage methods (complete, strip, and no-tillage), nitrogen rates (100 and 200 kg/ha), and rye (Secale cereale) cover crop on growth and yield of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Marketable tomato yields tended to decrease as amount of tillage decreased. The 3-year average yields for complete-tillage, strip-tillage, and no-tillage treatments were 29.9, 27.0, and 26.0 MT/ha, respectively. There was no consistent effect from N-rate on marketable yields. Average yields from the lower N-rate were greater than the higher N-rate in the two driest years and were similar or higher from the higher N-rate in the year of more average rainfall. Marketable yields tended to be greater on no-rye plots than on rye plots, with yields averaging 2.2 MT/ha higher for no-rye plots.
Development Time of ‘Cara Mia’ Rose Shoots as Influenced by Pruning Position and Parent Shoot Diameter1
Authors: Byrne Thomas G. , Doss Robert P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shoots of ‘Cara Mia’ rose (Rosa hybrida L.) arising from buds higher on the parent shoot become salable more quickly than those arising from lower buds. Those developing above the 10th or below the 6th true leaf are shorter, of smaller diameter and weigh less. Shoot development is also strongly influenced by shoot diameter at the point of origin. Larger parent shoots give rise to shoots that become salable more quickly, are longer, weigh more, and are larger in diameter than those from smaller parent shoots. Buds from larger-diameter shoots are of larger diameter and have more leaf primordia than those from smaller-diameter shoots, but the diameter of their apical dome is not greater.
Importance of Leaf Retention to Rooting of Avocado Cuttings1,2
Authors: Reuveni O. , Raviv M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cuttings of 10 different clones of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) were rooted under intermittant mist. A wide range in rooting capability was noted. Rooting percentage of clones was found to be correlated with number of leaves retained on the cuttings. Speed of rooting within the same clone was also determined by number of leaves retained. Carbohydrate content in leaves and cutting bases at the beginning was not associated with rooting capability. Starch accumulation at the cutting bases occurred while cuttings were under mist; this was correlated with the rooting capability. Mineral (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, B, Fe, Zn, Mn) content of the leaves at the beginning and after a while under the mist did not show any association with rooting except for Mn, which was negatively correlated with rooting capability.
Effects of Season and Crop Load on Maturity Characteristics of ‘Bing’ Cherry1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Mills H. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
As ‘Bing’ cherries (Prunus avium L.) matured, the quality characteristics changed rapidly but not consistently from year to year over 9 years. Color increased rapidly and at similar rates in all years. Soluble solids increased rapidly during years when the crop was light, but slowly when the crop was heavy. When crops were light, the fruit was full sized before color reached fresh market standards and there was no further growth as the fruit continued to mature. With heavy crops the fruit increased in size until they began to shrivel. Early in maturation the fruits were very firm, but they softened rapidly during the early fresh market stage, then more slowly.
Inheritance of Several Plant and Floral Characters in Streptocarpus1
Authors: Schmidt Doreen , Erickson H. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Inbreds (S2) of Streptocarpus spp. ‘Constant Nymph’ were crossed with a related selection, ‘Maassen’s White,’ and a red, large-flowered S. rexii hybrid clone. Progeny analysis showed ‘Constant Nymph’ to be heterozygous for the L gene for striping on the lower corolla petals and Y gene for yellow throat blotch. Anthocyanin striping on the upper corolla was regulated by 2 complementary dominant genes, designated Lu-1 and Lu-2. ‘Maassen’s White’ is homozygous for blue flowers although color is suppressed by a recessive inhibitor. Several quantitative flower and leaf characters showed considerable variability among progenies indicating substantial progress can be expected in breeding for leaf size and form, flower size and number, peduncle length, and earliness. Inbreeding to the S3 led to low fertility and considerable loss of vigor.
Evaluation of Ethanedial Dioxime (Pik-Off) as an Abscission Agent on Florida Oranges Used for Processing1
Authors: Wilson W. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pik-Off (PO), a Ciba-Geigy Corp. product, has been field evaluated under an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) experimental permit. Although PO does not usually produce as good abscission as some other chemicals, it appears satisfactory for many uses. From a cost and residue standpoint, PO appears to be in an advantageous position, and it is compatible with the ‘Valencia’ cultivar (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). PO should not be used with surfactants. Its effect is decreased by rain (within 24 hours of application) and low temperatures. PO is restricted by label as to total quantity which can be applied per ha. However, results of a series of volume versus concentration field tests showed that increased amounts of material per ha substantially improved abscission performance, particularly on larger trees.