bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ancient China and the Responsibility to Protect: An Under-Studied Topic of Legal History
Authors: FENG Yuxi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWhile the Responsibility to Protect (“R2P”) doctrine synergizes modern international law against atrocities, its legal underpinnings formed in Europe much earlier. Scholarship thus attributes R2P's origin to the Just War traditions as early as the fourth century, which particularly endorsed external interventions against tyranny. The Ancient Chinese had championed similar ideas of Just War, encompassingjus ad bellumrecognition of war against unworthy sovereigns andjus in bello. Nevertheless, the Chinese traditions charted a different course. While in Europe, Just War rationalized the interventionist protection of co-religionists during the Reformation and later of oppressed Christians ruled by the Ottomans; the Chinese humanitarian expedition was discontinued by the advent of the Qin Empire. As R2P literature largely ignores ancient Chinese doctrines and practice, this paper investigates how they veered away from the pre-Qin traditions. It particularly illustrates how “tyranny” was perceived differently, and why “atrocity” and “minority protection” appeared alien concepts.
When Do Sources Persuade? The Effect of Source Credibility on Opinion Change
Authors: Clemm von Hohenberg Bernhard , Guess Andrew M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDiscussions around declining trust in the US media can be vague about its effects. One classic answer comes from the persuasion literature, in which source credibility plays a key role. However, existing research almost universally takes credibility as a given. To overcome the potentially severe confounding that can result from this, we create a hypothetical news outlet and manipulate to what extent it is portrayed as credible. We then randomly assign subjects to read op-eds attributed to the source. Our credibility treatments are strong, increasing trust in our mock source until up to 10 days later. We find some evidence that the resulting higher perceived credibility boosts the persuasiveness of arguments about more partisan topics (but not for a less politicized issue). Though our findings are mixed, we argue that this experimental approach can fruitfully enhance our understanding of the interplay between source trust and opinion change over sustained periods.
Impact of Climate Change on Hunter‐Fisher‐Gatherer Cultures in Northern Japan Over the Past 4,400 Years
Authors: Yamamoto Masanobu , Seki Osamu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn Hokkaido, northern Japan, densely populated societies of hunter‐fisher‐gatherer cultures persisted over the Holocene until the 19th century. We used the cellulose δ18O values of Sphagnum and vascular plants in peat cores from Rishiri Island to understand paleoclimate changes in Hokkaido over the past 4,400 years and discuss the impacts of climate changes on the development of the cultures. The cellulose δ18O values showed multi‐centennial and millennial variations, reflecting the intensity of the Tsushima Warm Current and the summer position of the westerly jet. The marine hunter‐fisher cultures responded to changes in the strength of Tsushima Warm Current and coastal primary production. In contrast, the inland cultures responded to changes in the latitudinal position of the summer westerlies. This implies that human societies of different lifestyles responded differently to climate changes.
Increased Variability of Biomass Burning Emissions in CMIP6 Amplifies Hydrologic Cycle in the CESM2 Large Ensemble
Authors: Heyblom Kyle B. , Singh Hansi A. , Rasch Philip J. , DeRepentigny Patricia 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHistorical simulations performed for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 used biomass burning emissions between 1997 and 2014 containing higher spatial and temporal variability compared to emission inventories specified for earlier years, and compared to emissions used in previous (e.g., CMIP5) simulation intercomparisons. Using the Community Earth System Model version 2 Large Ensemble, we show this increased biomass burning emissions variability leads to amplification of the hydrologic cycle poleward of 40°N. Notably, the high variability of biomass burning emissions leads to increased latent heat fluxes, column‐integrated precipitable water, and precipitation. Greater ocean heat uptake, weaker meridional energy transport from the tropics, greater atmospheric shortwave and longwave absorption, and lower relative humidity act to moderate this hydrologic cycle amplification. Our results suggest it is not only the secular changes (on multidecadal timescales) in biomass burning emissions that impact the hydrologic cycle, but also the shorter timescale variability in emissions.
Representation of the Mean Atlantic Subtropical Cells in CMIP6 Models
Authors: Fu Yao , Brandt Peter , Tuchen Franz Philip , Lübbecke Joke F. , Wang Chunzai 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Atlantic Subtropical Cells (STCs) consist of poleward Ekman transport in the surface layer, subduction in the subtropics, and equatorward transport in the thermocline layer that largely compensates the surface Ekman divergence and closes the STCs via equatorial upwelling. As a result, the STCs play an important role in connecting the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean, in terms of heat, freshwater, oxygen, and nutrients exchange. However, their representation in state‐of‐the‐art coupled models has not been systematically evaluated. In this study, we investigate the performance of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 climate models in simulating the Atlantic STCs. Comparing model results with observations, we first present the simulated mean state with respect to ensembles of the key components participating in the STC loop, that is, the meridional Ekman and geostrophic flow across 10°N and 10°S, and the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC) at 23°W. We find that the model ensemble reveals biases toward weak Southern Hemisphere Ekman transport and interior geostrophic transports, as well as a weak EUC. We then investigate the large inter‐model spread of these key components and find that models with strong Ekman divergence between 10°N and 10°S tend to have strong mixed layer and thermocline interior convergence and strong EUC. The inter‐model spread of the EUC strength is primarily associated with the intensity of the southeasterly trade winds in the models. Since the trade‐wind‐induced poleward Ekman transports are regarded as the drivers of the STCs, our results highlight the necessity to improve skills of coupled models to simulate the Southern Hemisphere atmospheric forcing.
H2O2 and CH3OOH (MHP) in the Remote Atmosphere: 1. Global Distribution and Regional Influences
Authors: Allen Hannah M. , Crounse John D. , Kim Michelle J. , Teng Alexander P. , Ray Eric A. , McKain Kathryn , Sweeney Colm , Wennberg Paul O. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAtmospheric hydroperoxides are a significant component of the atmosphere's oxidizing capacity. Two of the most abundant hydroperoxides, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and methyl hydroperoxide (MHP, CH3OOH), were measured in the remote atmosphere using chemical ionization mass spectrometry aboard the NASA DC‐8 aircraft during the Atmospheric Tomography Mission. These measurements present a seasonal investigation into the global distribution of these two hydroperoxides, with near pole‐to‐pole coverage across the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean basins and from the marine boundary layer to the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. H2O2 mixing ratios are highest between 2 and 4 km altitude in the equatorial region of the Atlantic Ocean basin, where they reach global maximums of 3.6–6.5 ppbv depending on season. MHP mixing ratios reach global maximums of 4.3–8.6 ppbv and are highest between 1 and 3 km altitude, but peak in different regions depending on season. A major factor contributing to the global H2O2 distribution is the influence of biomass burning emissions in the Atlantic Ocean basin, encountered in all four seasons, where the highest H2O2 mixing ratios were found to correlate strongly with increased mixing ratios of the biomass burning tracers hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and carbon monoxide (CO). This biomass burning enhanced H2O2 by a factor of 1.3–2.2, on average, in the Atlantic compared with the Pacific Ocean basin.
How Fluvial Deposits Distort Aquifer Recharge Estimated From Groundwater Age: Insights From a Landscape Evolution Model
Authors: Rongier Guillaume , Peeters Luk 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSustainable management of groundwater relies on robust estimates of aquifer fluxes. As such, recharge can be estimated from groundwater age using analytical models assuming a homogeneous aquifer. We propose to assess how this assumption affects recharge estimates in fluvial deposits. First, we use CHILD, a landscape evolution model, to generate plausible deposits after tens of thousands of years of river evolution. Then, we use the fractional packing model to compute porosity and permeability of unconsolidated sediments assuming a mixture of a coarse and a fine fraction. Finally, we use PFLOTRAN to simulate groundwater flow and mean age over two thousand years of spatially uniform recharge. This reproduces the boundary conditions underlying Vogel's analytical model to estimate recharge rates. Our results are based on 20,000 realizations from varying inputs: grain sizes, aggradation rate of the river, porosity, recharge, etc. For most models, the mean estimate of the recharge rate remains below an absolute error of 25%. But fluvial heterogeneities can lead to local errors ranging from close to zero to several thousand percent, which means that estimates may vary drastically depending on sampling locations. A sensitivity analysis using the δ‐importance measure and CUSUNORO curves exposes how fluvial processes influence the range and distribution of the error. For instance, a high bank erodibility and small coarse grain size under low aggradation rates favor the reworking of deposits, which increases heterogeneity and leads to high errors. This work paves the way for a more reliable estimation of recharge by considering the sedimentary context.
Metamaterial-enhanced near-field readout platform for passive microsensor tags
Authors: Wu Ke , Duan Guangwu , Zhao Xiaoguang , Chen Chunxu , Anderson Stephan William , Zhang Xin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRadiofrequency identification (RFID), particularly passive RFID, is extensively employed in industrial applications to track and trace products, assets, and material flows. The ongoing trend toward increasingly miniaturized RFID sensor tags is likely to continue as technology advances, although miniaturization presents a challenge with regard to the communication coverage area. Recently, efforts in applying metamaterials in RFID technology to increase power transfer efficiency through their unique capacity for electromagnetic wave manipulation have been reported. In particular, metamaterials are being increasingly applied in far-field RFID system applications. Here, we report the development of a magnetic metamaterial and local field enhancement package enabling a marked boost in near-field magnetic strength, ultimately yielding a dramatic increase in the power transfer efficiency between reader and tag antennas. The application of the proposed magnetic metamaterial and local field enhancement package to near-field RFID technology, by offering high power transfer efficiency and a larger communication coverage area, yields new opportunities in the rapidly emerging Internet of Things (IoT) era.
Diversity and origins of bacterial and archaeal viruses on sinking particles reaching the abyssal ocean
Authors: Luo Elaine , Leu Andy O , Eppley John M , Karl David M , DeLong Edward F 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sinking particles and particle-associated microbes influence global biogeochemistry through particulate matter export from the surface to the deep ocean. Despite ongoing studies of particle-associated microbes, viruses in these habitats remain largely unexplored. Whether, where, and which viruses might contribute to particle production and export remain open to investigation. In this study, we analyzed 857 virus population genomes associated with sinking particles collected over three years in sediment traps moored at 4000 m in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Particle-associated viruses here were linked to cellular hosts through matches to bacterial and archaeal metagenome-assembled genome (MAG)-encoded prophages or CRISPR spacers, identifying novel viruses infecting presumptive deep-sea bacteria such as Colwellia, Moritella, and Shewanella. We also identified lytic viruses whose abundances correlated with particulate carbon flux and/or were exported from the photic to abyssal ocean, including cyanophages. Our data are consistent with some of the predicted outcomes of the viral shuttle hypothesis, and further suggest that viral lysis of both autotrophic and heterotrophic prokaryotes may play a role in carbon export. Our analyses revealed the diversity and origins of prevalent viruses found on deep-sea sinking particles and identified prospective viral groups for future investigation into processes that govern particle export in the open ocean.
Sialylation of TLR2 initiates osteoclast fusion
Authors: Dou Ce , Zhen Gehua , Dan Yang , Wan Mei , Limjunyawong Nathachit , Cao Xu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe molecular control of osteoclast formation is still not clearly elucidated. Here, we show that a process of cell recognition mediated by Siglec15-TLR2 binding is indispensable and occurs prior to cell fusion in RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis. Siglec15 has been shown to regulate osteoclastic bone resorption. However, the receptor for Siglec15 has not been identified, and the signaling mechanism involving Siglec15 in osteoclast function remains unclear. We found that Siglec15 bound sialylated TLR2 as its receptor and that the binding of sialylated TLR2 to Siglec15 in macrophages committed to the osteoclast-lineage initiated cell fusion for osteoclast formation, in which sialic acid was transferred by the sialyltransferase ST3Gal1. Interestingly, the expression of Siglec15 in macrophages was activated by M-CSF, whereas ST3Gal1 expression was induced by RANKL. Both Siglec15-specific deletion in macrophages and intrafemoral injection of sialidase abrogated cell recognition and reduced subsequent cell fusion for the formation of osteoclasts, resulting in increased bone formation in mice. Thus, our results reveal that cell recognition mediated by the binding of sialylated TLR2 to Siglec15 initiates cell fusion for osteoclast formation.
Extracellular ATP promotes breast cancer chemoresistance via HIF-1α signaling
Authors: Yang Hui , Geng Yue-Hang , Wang Peng , Zhang Hong-Quan , Fang Wei-Gang , Tian Xin-Xia 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe have previously demonstrated that extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) promotes breast cancer cell chemoresistance. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Using a cDNA microarray, we demonstrated that extracellular ATP can stimulate hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signaling. In this study, we report that hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) was upregulated after ATP treatment and mediated the ATP-driven chemoresistance process. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms and identify potential clinically relevant targets that are involved. Using mass spectrometry, we found that aldolase A (ALDOA) interacts with HIF-1α and increases HIF-1α expression. We then demonstrated that STAT3-ALDOA mediates ATP-HIF-1α signaling and upregulates the HIF-1 target genes adrenomedullin (ADM) and phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK1). Moreover, we show that PI3K/AKT acts upstream of HIF-1α in ATP signaling and contributes to chemoresistance in breast cancer cells. In addition, HIF-1α-knockdown or treatment with direct HIF inhibitors combined with the ATP hydrolase apyrase in MDA-MB-231 cells induced enhanced drug sensitivity in nude BALB/c mice. We then used in vitro spheroid formation assays to demonstrate the significance of ATP-HIF-1α in mediating chemoresistance. Furthermore, considering that indirect HIF inhibitors are effective in clinical cancer therapy, we treated tumor-bearing BALB/c mice with STAT3 and PI3K/AKT inhibitors and found that the dual-targeting strategy sensitized breast cancer to cisplatin. Finally, using breast cancer tissue microarrays, we found that ATP-HIF-1α signaling is associated with cancer progression, poor prognosis, and resistance to chemotherapy. Taken together, we suggest that HIF-1α signaling is vital in ATP-driven chemoresistance and may serve as a potential target for breast cancer therapies.
Metformin suppresses the growth of colorectal cancer by targeting INHBA to inhibit TGF-β/PI3K/AKT signaling transduction
Authors: Xiao Qing , Xiao Jiani , Liu Jiaqi , Liu Jiaxin , Shu Guang , Yin Gang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMultiple evidence shows that metformin serves as a potential agent for Colorectal Cancer (CRC) treatment, while its molecular mechanisms still require detailed investigation. Here, we revealed that metformin specifically suppressed the proliferation of CRC cells by causing G1/S arrest, and INHBA is a potential target for metformin to play an anti-proliferation effect in CRC. We verified the oncogene role of INHBA by knocking down and overexpressing INHBA in CRC cells. Silencing INHBA abrogated the cell growth, while overexpression INHBA promotes the proliferation of CRC cells. As an oncogene, INHBA was aberrant overexpression in CRC tissues and closely related to the poor prognosis of CRC patients. In mechanism, INHBA is an important ligand of TGF-β signaling and metformin blocked the activation of TGF-β signaling by targeting INHBA, and then down-regulated the activity of PI3K/Akt pathway, leading to the reduction of cyclinD1 and cell cycle arrest. Together, these findings indicate that metformin down-regulates the expression of INHBA, then attenuating TGF-β/PI3K/Akt signaling transduction, thus inhibiting the proliferation of CRC. Our study elucidated a novel molecular mechanism for the anti-proliferation effect of metformin, providing a theoretical basis for the application of metformin in CRC therapy.
Downregulation of MUC15 by miR-183-5p.1 promotes liver tumor-initiating cells properties and tumorigenesis via regulating c-MET/PI3K/AKT/SOX2 axis
Authors: Han Tao , Zheng Hao , Zhang Jin , Yang Pinghua , Li Hengyu , Cheng Zhangjun , Xiang Daimin , Wang Ruoyu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMucin 15 (MUC15) is reportedly aberrant in human malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of MUC15 in the regulation of liver tumor-initiating cells (T-ICs) remains unknown. Here, we report that expression of MUC15 is downregulated in liver T-ICs, chemoresistance and recurrent HCC samples. Functional studies reveal that MUC15 inhibits hepatoma cells self-renewal, malignant proliferation, tumorigenicity, and chemoresistance. Mechanistically, MUC15 interacts with c-MET and subsequently inactivates the PI3K/AKT/SOX2 signaling pathway. Moreover, we find that miR-183-5p.1 directly targets MUC15 3′-UTR in liver T-ICs. Coincidentally, SOX2 feedback inhibits MUC15 expression by directly transactivating miR-183-5p.1, thus completing a feedforward regulatory circuit in liver T-ICs. Importantly, MUC15/c-MET/PI3K/AKT/SOX2 axis determines the responses of hepatoma cells to lenvatinib treatment, and MUC15 overexpression abrogated lenvatinib resistance. Analysis of patient cohort, patient-derived tumor organoids and patient-derived xenografts further suggests that the MUC15 may predict lenvatinib benefits in HCC patients. Collectively, our findings suggest the crucial role of the miR-183-5p.1/MUC15/c-MET/PI3K/AKT/SOX2 regulatory circuit in regulating liver T-ICs properties, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for HCC.
Molecular basis of apoptotic DNA fragmentation by DFF40
Authors: Ha Hyun Ji , Park Hyun Ho 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAlthough the functions of CIDE domain-containing proteins, including DFF40, DFF45, CIDE-A, CIDE-B, and FSP27, in apoptotic DNA fragmentation and lipid homeostasis have been studied extensively in mammals, the functions of four CIDE domain-containing proteins identified in the fly, namely DREP1, 2, 3, and 4, have not been explored much. Recent structural study of DREP4, a fly orthologue of mammalian DFF40 (an endonuclease involved in apoptotic DNA fragmentation), showed that the CIDE domain of DREP4 (and DFF40) forms filament-like assembly, which is critical for the corresponding function. The current study aimed to investigate the mechanism of filament formation of DREP4 CIDE and to characterize the same. DREP4 CIDE was shown to specifically bind to histones H1 and H2, an event important for the nuclease activity of DREP4. Based on the current experimental results, we proposed the mechanism underlying the process of apoptotic DNA fragmentation.
In-degree centrality in a social network is linked to coordinated neural activity
Authors: Baek Elisa C. , Hyon Ryan , López Karina , Finn Emily S. , Porter Mason A. , Parkinson Carolyn 
Published: March 2022

AbstractConvergent processing of the world may be a factor that contributes to social connectedness. We use neuroimaging and network analysis to investigate the association between the social-network position (as measured by in-degree centrality) of first-year university students and their neural similarity while watching naturalistic audio-visual stimuli (specifically, videos). There were 119 students in the social-network study; 63 of them participated in the neuroimaging study. We show that more central individuals had similar neural responses to their peers and to each other in brain regions that are associated with high-level interpretations and social cognition (e.g., in the default mode network), whereas less-central individuals exhibited more variable responses. Self-reported enjoyment of and interest in stimuli followed a similar pattern, but accounting for these data did not change our main results. These findings show that neural processing of external stimuli is similar in highly-central individuals but is idiosyncratic in less-central individuals.
The role of lattice dynamics in ferroelectric switching
Authors: Shi Qiwu , Parsonnet Eric , Cheng Xiaoxing , Fedorova Natalya , Peng Ren-Ci , Fernandez Abel , Qualls Alexander , Huang Xiaoxi , Chang Xue , Zhang Hongrui , Pesquera David , Das Sujit , Nikonov Dmitri , Young Ian , Chen Long-Qing , Martin Lane W. , Huang Yen-Lin , Íñiguez Jorge , Ramesh Ramamoorthy 
Published: March 2022

AbstractReducing the switching energy of ferroelectric thin films remains an important goal in the pursuit of ultralow-power ferroelectric memory and logic devices. Here, we elucidate the fundamental role of lattice dynamics in ferroelectric switching by studying both freestanding bismuth ferrite (BiFeO3) membranes and films clamped to a substrate. We observe a distinct evolution of the ferroelectric domain pattern, from striped, 71° ferroelastic domains (spacing of ~100 nm) in clamped BiFeO3films, to large (10’s of micrometers) 180° domains in freestanding films. By removing the constraints imposed by mechanical clamping from the substrate, we can realize a ~40% reduction of the switching voltage and a consequent ~60% improvement in the switching speed. Our findings highlight the importance of a dynamic clamping process occurring during switching, which impacts strain, ferroelectric, and ferrodistortive order parameters and plays a critical role in setting the energetics and dynamics of ferroelectric switching.