bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reading the Rules of Knowledge in the Story of the Fall: Calvin and Reformed Epistemology on the Noetic Effects of Original Sin
Authors: Vandici Gratian 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
Reformed epistemology has reclaimed for contemporary apologetics not only Calvin's notion of sensus divinitatis, but also its negative counterpart—the idea of the corruption of human intellectual capacities through original sin. But while Alvin Plantinga's retrieval of the concept finds some support in Calvin's Institutes, it does not do full justice to the exegetically determined historical dynamism of Calvin's anthropology. I will support my argument with a close reading of Calvin's exegesis of the Fall, which highlights the Christological mediation of true knowledge, and Calvin's identification of disordered imagination as the primary noetic accompaniment of sin. These features deserve the attention of any contemporary retrieval of the noetic effects of original sin, while Calvin's exegesis continues to be of theological interest in itself.
Allegory and Empiricism: Interpreting God's Two Books in Newtonian England
Authors: Ney David 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
Allegorical biblical interpretation is often criticized as being far more interested in heavenly than in earthly realities. This perspective is consistent with the fact that the popularization of empirical science in Newtonian England was accompanied by a rejection of allegory. But the interpretation of Ps 19 in Newtonian England suggests that interest in empirical science can equally be fueled by allegorical biblical interpretation. George Watson interprets the term sun in Ps 19 as a reference to Christ. For Watson, however, this interpretation is not a justification to dispense with the physical object we call the sun. To the contrary, it is what spurs him on to study it empirically. Psalm 19 accordingly becomes a window of divine contemplation that invites the interpreter to explore the analogical relationship between what the sun does in the physical world and what Christ does in the spiritual realm.
Augustine's Deer Visits the Ophthalmologist: Exercising the Eyes of Faith in "Enarrationes in Psalmos" 41
Authors: Boersma Gerald P. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
Augustine's exposition of Ps 41[42] is an exploration of the deer's "holy longing" to see God. I suggest that in Enarrat. Ps. 41 Augustine proposes a series of spiritual exercises—a program of rehabilitation—in order to train the soul to see God. Thus, Augustine's theological interpretation of the psalm develops an anagogical spirituality, acclimatizing the inductee to the vision of God. The bishop guides his congregants through this training regimen to sharpen their inner vision so that their longing to see God may be fulfilled. But Enarrat. Ps. 41 remains a psalm of groaning—at the conclusion of the exercises the soul still cannot see God. Although God remains unseen, Augustine suggests the psalm holds out hope: an ecclesially mediated, sacramental vision of God obtains in this life; it is a vision that anticipates, and, indeed, participates in the eschatological vision of God.
The King Arrives, but for What Purpose? The Christological Use of Zechariah 13–14 in Mark 13
Authors: Harriman K. R. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
This analysis of Mark 13 finds the paradigm of a Christology of divine identity—specifically, a Christology that sees Jesus in the place of God in the expectations of God's coming—to be fruitful for understanding the Christological implications of several statements in Mark 13. In the case of this text, the paradigm emerges from the allusive connections between Mark 13 and Zech 13–14, one of the most extensive explications of the hope of God's coming. Although it is not the only text that influences the content of Mark 13, the Christocentric use of the Zecharian text particularly affects the shape of Christological expressions of the Markan text and other aspects of prophetic expectation linked to those expressions (such as the fate of Jerusalem and the identity of who constitutes the remnant). Given the content of the prophecy and given the presence of other allusions to Zech 9–14 in the passion narrative, it is not surprising that there are multiple connections to Zechariah here. Mark—as the storyteller—and the Markan Jesus—as the central character—find in Zechariah fitting language to express Jesus's identity as one who embodies the expectation of God's coming, bears God's presence, enacts God's expected roles, and exercises God's unique authority.
"These Are the Days of Elijah": The Hermeneutical Move from "Applying the Text" to "Living in Its World"
Authors: Briggs Richard S. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
This article offers a critique of—and an alternative to—the commonly held view that one of the goals of the interpreter is to "apply" the Bible to today. First, we will consider an exemplar of this sort of approach (Howard Marshall's Beyond the Bible), an account not atypical of common hermeneutical concerns. I then suggest that one key theological notion that does not sufficiently trouble this account is that of canon, in particular the two-testament structure of Christian Scripture. This has immediate implications for the resultant figural structuring of time, which maps OT into NT in ways that are theologically programmatic for how we understand "today" (as long as it is called today). More briefly, I also argue that the canon sets forth a "secondary world" or a realistic account of reality that again requires something other than a notion of moving from "then" to "now" (or from "there" to "here"). In conclusion, I wager that, if one pursues this kind of enriching or intensifying account of the relevance of Scripture to the present day, then the kinds of issues and questions that will end up emphasized and probed will be both theologically important and also of relevance to today's differently shaped issues and questions.
Jesus Teaches Theological Interpretation of the Law: Reading the Good Samaritan in Its Literary Context
Authors: Strahan Joshua Marshall 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
Apart from its literary context, the parable of the Good Samaritan is commonly understood to teach a simple moral: act like the Samaritan. Closer attention to its Lukan context, however, reveals that this parable is serving the larger purpose of teaching one how to interpret the Law, made particularly evident by the questions that closely precede the parable: "What is in the Law, and how do you read it?" Through a close reading of the parable's grammar, structure, and narrative context, one discovers that the parable illustrates how life-giving interpretation of Torah is characterized by compassion, action, and solidarity with the suffering. The priest and Levite function as foils—those whose embodiment of the Law attests to a distorted interpretation of Torah. The Samaritan, in contrast, embodies a surprisingly exemplary reading of Torah. There is also good reason to suspect another twist at the end of the parable, one that invites the reader to adopt the point of view of the parable's victim, thereby teaching that proper interpretation of the Law must take into account the perspective of the suffering and marginalized.
God and Greek Philosophy in Contemporary Biblical Scholarship
Authors: Levering Matthew 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
How should Christian biblical exegesis relate to Greek philosophical insights, both as they are found in the biblical text and as they might be used to illuminate the realities described in the biblical text? After setting forth some of the background to this longstanding issue, I seek a path forward by asking how Greek philosophy functions in three valuable recent works of biblical scholarship, Daniel Kirk's Unlocking Romans, Kavin Rowe's World Upside Down, and Richard Bauckham's Jesus and the God of Israel.
The Canon Debate: What It Is and Why It Matters
Authors: Chapman Stephen B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Contemporary debate over the formation of the biblical canon has highlighted the question of dating. This article argues that the dating issue is subordinate to a prior semantic question: What does "canon" mean? Recent attempts at defining canon reduce to two alternatives, each defined by the relationship that canon bears to "Scripture"—canon is either viewed as exclusive and formal or inclusive and functional. The former way of conceptualizing canon faces problems of anachronism and theoretical rigidity, while the latter encounters difficulty in explaining the historical stabilization of canonical boundaries. The idea of a "core canon" is identified as a means of adjudicating this dilemma and further illuminating the relationship between Scripture, tradition, and authority in Christian theology.
"Although/Because He Was in the Form of God": The Theological Significance of Paul's Master Story (Phil 2:6–11)
Authors: Gorman Michael J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article explores aspects of the Christology, ethics, and especially theology (proper) of Phil 2:6–11 by focusing on the interpretation of 2:6. It contends that both the concessive ("although") and the causative ("because") interpretations of the participle hyparchōn ("being") are correct and theologically significant, the former being the surface structure of the text, the latter its deep structure. The surface structure ("although...") is significant because it is part of a linguistic pattern that Paul exploits Christologically and ethically throughout his letters ("although [x] not [y] but [z]"). At the same time, because Paul says that Christ was in the form of God and that "this [anaphoric definite article to] equality with God" was properly expressed through the kenosis of incarnation and crucifixion, we can say that the deep structure of the text is causative: "because...." Thus Paul compels us to rethink God and to speak of a cruciform God or "kenotic divinity" (Crossan and Reed). The article also argues that the incarnation and cross manifest, and the exaltation recognizes, both Christ's true divinity and his true humanity, all of which lead us in a Chalcedonian direction, though with a Pauline (cruciform) twist. The understanding of God in Paul that emerges from this interpretation is then linked to John Webster's notion of divine holiness as "majesty in relation," which, for Paul, means power in weakness. This counterintuitive view of God is contrasted with popular notions of divinity that focus on (especially military) power and is offered as the foundation of a counterimperial lifestyle.
The Hermeneutical Circle of Christian Community: Biblical, Theological, and Practical Dimensions of the Unity of Scripture
Authors: Scalise Charles J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Within Christian communities, the problem of the unity of Scripture involves biblical, theological, and practical dimensions. This interdisciplinary study surveys some of the major questions that emerge for theological interpretation of Scripture that follows the hermeneutical circle of Scripture, theology, and practice. The article also briefly explores a possible model of community response. The investigation first examines questions concerning the unity of Scripture at each of the three interfaces of the hermeneutical circle: (1) Scripture and theology, (2) theology and practice, and (3) praxis and Scripture. Historical examples from various periods in the history of Christianity are employed to describe issues of continuing significance. Particular attention is given to a dialectic in the history of biblical interpretation between "one right meaning" (Irenaeus) and "one right method" (Origen). Each interface offers a differing but potentially complementary perspective on this challenging and perennial problem. Then the article explores responses to the questions for the Christian communities that view Scripture as the primary source of religious authority. The responses use a modified version of canonical hermeneutics and a blended diversity of theological models. The study seeks to show that the development of a hermeneutical circle of community, moving through these three dynamic interfaces, offers an approach that holds the unity of Scripture together with theology and practice.
Sinai, Zion, and Tabor: An Entry into the Christian Bible
Authors: Bucur Bogdan G. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Building on the insights of Jon Levenson's work, Sinai and Zion: An Entry into the Jewish Bible, this article endeavors to show that a similar approach, which could be labeled "theophanic," has traditionally guided the Christian—perhaps especially the Eastern Orthodox—entry into the Bible. Relating the Sinai theophany and the transfiguration on Tabor was crucially important for early Christian theology. It underlay their appropriation of the Scriptures of Israel as "OT," it lent itself to polemical use against dualism and monarchianism, and it was eventually absorbed into Byzantine festal hymnography and thereby into the mainstream of theology as performed and experienced in liturgy. Similar interpretive strategies are at work in early Christian works and later Byzantine festal hymns and icons that take up theophanies centering on God's throne in Zion. After discussing hymns and icons dealing with Sinai, Zion, and Tabor, I argue that this type of exegesis is difficult to frame within the categories commonly used to describe patristic exegesis and that a more suitable category would be that of "rewritten Bible," current among scholars of the OT pseudepigrapha. I then examine the relationship between the Christology emerging from the hymns under discussion and the normative conciliar Christology. Finally, I sketch a few ways in which today's readers can benefit, both exegetically and theologically, from Byzantine hymnographic and iconographic exegesis.
Relevance Theory and Theological Interpretation: Thoughts on Metarepresentation
Authors: Green Gene L. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Theological interpretation endeavors to account for the way interpretation of the biblical text interacts with Christian theology. This approach to biblical interpretation views theology not as an obstacle to understanding but rather as a "clarifying agent" (Reno¹). It embraces theological traditions of the church and faith commitments in concert with exegetical practices. This article explores theological interpretation from the perspective of relevance theory, with special attention to the notion of metarepresentation, the "ability to represent not just states of the external physical world but also other representations, and representations of still further representations, etc., up to several orders of complexity" (Carston²). In any communication, metarepresentation allows us to reflect on mental states and attribute beliefs. Indeed, holding beliefs becomes essential to comprehension within communication. This article argues that theological interpretation is an approach to biblical interpretation that is consonant with the general cognitive architecture of the human mind.
Character Formed in the Crucible: Job's Relationship with God and Joban Character Ethics
Authors: Timmer Daniel C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article explores the formation of Job's character in the book of Job, especially as it relates to his relationship with Yahweh, from the perspective of character ethics. It follows the book of Job diachronically in order to consider the roles of Job's initial character, his suffering, his interaction with his friends, and God's appearance in the process of character formation. Focusing on Job's "reverence for Yahweh" and other relational concepts, special attention is given to how Job's perceptions, intentions, and virtues change and finally allow him to persevere and even grow through his suffering. The article closes by investigating reverence for Yahweh as a metaphor for character ethics in Job and relates this to contemporary character ethics, especially moral formation and its relation to community.
Which Version of the Twelve Prophets Should Christians Read? A Case for Reading the LXX Twelve Prophets
Authors: Lim Bo H. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The question of which Bible to read continues to be fundamental to the exegetical and theological task. Recent research into the Twelve Prophets has demonstrated that individual books ought to be read in light of their placement within the collection. In the ancient Hebrew and Greek manuscripts, the order of the Twelve Prophets differs, resulting in varying theologies between the versions. The question for Christian interpreters is which text they should read. Scholars have largely favored the MT version of the Twelve and questioned the integrity of a LXX Twelve collection. In this essay, I argue that, as Christian Scripture, books within the Twelve ought to be read in light of their function within both Hebrew and Greek versions. This view rests on a broader theological understanding of canon, as well as recent research on the Twelve Prophets among historical critics. The books of the LXX Twelve consistently appear in the same order in the ancient manuscripts, which suggests that their sequence functioned in a normative manner. LXX Twelve possesses its own catchwords and thematic development that unify the collection and contribute to its distinct theological emphasis. If the Holy Spirit sanctifies the canonical process from composition to reception, then a more expansive canon can include both versions. In addition, if ecclesiastical tradition ought to be consulted in canonical decisions, the exegetical practices of Augustine and Jerome provide a precedent for using both versions for Christian theological interpretation.
Revelation and the "Missio Dei": Toward a Missional Reading of the Apocalypse
Authors: Flemming Dean 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This essay explores a reading of the book of Revelation in light of the missio Dei. This sort of missional hermeneutic involves reading the Apocalypse, first, as a witness to the mission of God. Revelation testifies to God's redemptive purpose largely through telling a number of interrelated stories, including the stories of creation and new creation, redemption through the slaughtered Lamb, judgment, and the people of God. Second, the Apocalypse serves as an instrument of the missio Dei, equipping its audience to participate in that divine mission. God's people are called both to distance themselves from "Babylon" and to engage the world through costly, prophetic witness. John's climactic vision of the New Jerusalem gives the church the perspective from which to live in the present as a faithful missional community. Finally, a missional reading of Revelation fosters the church's participation in the mission of God today.
Called to the Third Heaven: 2 Corinthians 11:21–12:9 in the Eastern Orthodox Liturgical Tradition
Authors: Wallace James Buchanan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In Russian and Greek Orthodox churches, 2 Cor 11:21–12:9 serves as a lectionary reading for the Divine Liturgy on the Feast of Sts. Peter and Paul, and 2 Cor 11:30–12:9 is read again on the 19th Sunday after Pentecost. These lectionary readings suggest the importance of this passage for the Eastern Orthodox Church's construal of Paul. 2 Corinthians 11:21–12:9 tells of Paul's suffering, his flight from Damascus, his ascent to the third heaven and paradise, as well as his reception of a thorn in the flesh. This essay explores the use of this passage in the hymns of the Orthodox liturgy. References to the passage, especially Paul's ascent to heaven where he heard "ineffable words" (12:4), feature prominently in hymns for the Feast of Sts. Peter and Paul and the Feast of the Synaxis of the Apostles. Moreover, allusions also occur in hymns for the Exaltation of the Cross and the Feast of St. Andrew the Fool. The essay explores the theological interpretations implied by these hymns, and it traces the rich and often multifaceted traditions of interpretation that inform the language of the hymns. Modern scholars frequently detect a polemic against ecstatic experiences such as Paul's ascent in this portion of 2 Corinthians and thus view 2 Cor 12:1–4 as having limited theological value. The Orthodox tradition, by contrast, interprets the passage as revealing crucial aspects of Paul's theological vision. The essay concludes by suggesting ways this tradition of interpretation might transform contemporary reading of the passage, especially in the context of the church.
Wild Beasts in the Prophecy of Isaiah: The Loss of Dominion and Its Renewal through Israel as the New Humanity
Authors: Wenkel David H. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article argues that the best framework for understanding the Isaianic portrayal of wild beasts having dominion over the land is the "creation mandate" of Gen 1:28. The judgment of Yhwh is designed to make it clear that humanity has failed to exercise dominion. This judgment is overturned in the age to come when both animals and humanity are renewed. When Yhwh restores Israel, this will begin a renewal of humanity and animals so that this dominion can be successfully carried out.
Korean Flagship: A New Frontier for Advanced Language Study
Authors: Sohn Ho-min 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
The gist of this paper is first, to overview the history, mission, objectives, setting, and evolution of the Language Flagship initiative as a new paradigm of advanced language and culture learning, instruction, use, and assessment, and, second, more importantly, to discuss how this national initiative to create global professionals commanding a superior-level of proficiency in a critical language, has been innovatively practiced at the University of Hawaii at Manoa (UHM) to push the frontier forward for advanced Korean language study through a unified approach. Specific innovations made by the UHM Korean Language Flagship Center, in cooperation with the UHM Department of East Asian Languages and Literatures, include (a) introduction of Flagship degree programs, (b) program revamping to accommodate superior-level language and culture training, (c) intensive and innovative instructions, (d) overseas immersion training, (e) content-based, domain-based instruction, and (f) outreach to precollege students. In addition, the paper points out what kinds of further innovations are awaiting to be made, what kinds of challenges are ahead for the Korean Flagship programs and how such challenges may be resolved in the near future. Finally, the paper concludes that the Flagship model can be adapted or customized to other advanced Korean language courses and programs and thus it has a high potential for applicability in other college setting.
Culture Learning Curriculum for Advanced Learners of Korean
Authors: Cheon Sang Yee 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
This study introduces and discusses a culture learning curriculum for advanced learners of Korean at the Korean Language Flagship Center (KLFC) undergraduate program at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa (UHM) in which Content-based instruction (CBI) models have been implemented as a primary pedagogical approach in order to train students to reach a superior level of proficiency in Korean. Cultural awareness of an L2 is often called the fifth skill in language learning, in addition to the four basic language skills. The current trend in foreign language education is to emphasize culture learning, insisting that language learning cannot be mastered without knowledge of the target language culture. Two culture learning courses designed under the theme-based instruction model (one of the three CBI models) are described and discussed below, along with their accompanying CBI-based textbooks and activities for language classroom use.