bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liporeduction: A Faster and Safer Breast Remodeling Technique
Authors: Auersvald André , Botti Chiara , Botti Giovanni , Pascali Michele 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Breast reduction is a time-consuming procedure with a relatively high complication rate. Furthermore, recurrent breast enlargement can occur in case of postoperative weight gain. The authors describe a breast reduction technique based on liposuction, followed mostly by skin resection alone, which makes this operation easier, faster, and safer, with more stable results.

Methods:
Two hundred thirty-three patients were treated by breast liporeduction between 2006 and 2017, with an age range of 18 to 70 years (average age, 42 years). The patients were selected after careful clinical and instrumental assessment among those in whose breasts the fat component was prevalent over the gland. Most of the soft-tissue reduction consisted of fat aspiration. The follow-up ranged from 12 months to 9 years (average, 4.5 years).

Results:
The results of this study have been extremely satisfactory. Most of the patients healed uneventfully and were happy with the final outcome. Very few complications were encountered, among which were small steatonecroses and partial nipple-areola complex necroses.

Conclusions:
For the past 15 years, all four authors have preferred this breast reduction technique over others. Fat only is selectively removed by aspiration with a blunt cannula, sparing the vascular network and easily mobilizing the nipple-areola complex. Liporeduction provides a good stable result because any postoperative weight variation will not change the volume of a breast consisting mainly of glandular and fibrous tissue.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Multiple High-Risk HPV Types Contribute to Cervical Dysplasia in Ugandan Women Living With HIV on Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Nakisige Carol , Adams Scott V. , Namirembe Constance , Okoche Lazarus , Ferrenberg James , Towlerton Andrea , Larsen Anna , Orem Jackson , Casper Corey , Frenkel Lisa , Uldrick Thomas S. 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Cervical cancer mortality remains high in sub-Saharan Africa, especially among women living with HIV (WLWH). Characterization of prevalent high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) types and immune function in WLWH with cervical abnormalities despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) can inform prevention strategies.

Setting:
Kampala, Uganda.

Methods:
From 2017 to 2020, we enrolled Ugandan women with cervical dysplasia detected with visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA). WLWH were required to be on ART >3 months with plasma HIV RNA <1000 copies/mL. Biopsies from VIA-positive lesions underwent histopathologic grading and cervical swab specimens were tested for hrHPV. Clinical correlations were evaluated with Poisson regression to estimate adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR).

Results:
One hundred eighty-eight WLWH and 116 HIV-seronegative women participated. Among WLWH, median ART duration was 6 years and median CD4 667 cells/µL. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade 2/3 was found in 29% of WLWH versus 9% of HIV-seronegative women. In women with CIN1 or without histopathology-confirmed dysplasia, hrHPV (aPR [95% confidence interval]: 2.17 [1.43 to 3.29]) and multiple hrHPV (aPR 3.73 [1.07 to 13.1]) were more common in WLWH, as were vaccine-targeted and vaccine-untargeted hrHPVtypes. Differences in hrHPV prevalence by HIV serostatus were not observed in women with CIN2/3 (interaction P < 0.01). Among WLWH, low CD4/8 ratio was associated with hrHPV while detectable plasma HIV RNA (20–1000 copies/mL) was associated with CIN2/3 or invasive cancer.

Conclusion:
Despite ART, WLWH with cervical VIA abnormalities remain at elevated risk for multiple hrHPV and high-grade dysplasia. Cervical cancer prevention and research tailored for WLWH are warranted in the ART era.
SARS-CoV-2 Testing and Positivity Among Persons With and Without HIV in 6 US Cohorts
Authors: Park Lesley S. , McGinnis Kathleen A. , Gordon Kirsha S. , Justice Amy C. , Leyden Wendy , Silverberg Michael J. , Skarbinski Jacek , Jefferson Celeena , Horberg Michael , Certa Julia , Napravnik Sonia , Edwards Jessie K. , Westreich Daniel , Bastarache Lisa , Gangireddy Srushti , Benning Lorie , D'Souza Gypsyamber , Williams Carolyn , Althoff Keri N. ,   on behalf of the CIVET Collaboration of the NA-ACCORD of IeDEA
Published: February 2022

Background:
It is not definitively known if persons with HIV (PWH) are more likely to be SARS-CoV-2 tested or test positive than persons without HIV (PWoH). We describe SARS-CoV-2 testing and positivity in 6 large geographically and demographically diverse cohorts of PWH and PWoH in the United States.

Setting:
The Corona Infectious Virus Epidemiology Team comprises 5 clinical cohorts within a health system (Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA; Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States, Rockville, MD; University of North Carolina Health, Chapel Hill, NC; Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; and Veterans Aging Cohort Study) and 1 interval cohort (Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study/Women's Interagency HIV Study Combined Cohort Study).

Methods:
We calculated the proportion of patients SARS-CoV-2 tested and the test positivity proportion by HIV status from March 1 to December 31, 2020.

Results:
The cohorts ranged in size from 1675 to 31,304 PWH and 1430 to 3,742,604 PWoH. The proportion of PWH who were tested for SARS-CoV-2 (19.6%–40.5% across sites) was significantly higher than PWoH (14.8%–29.4%) in the clinical cohorts. However, among those tested, the proportion of patients with positive SARS-CoV-2 tests was comparable by HIV status; the difference in proportion of SARS-CoV-2 positivity ranged from 4.7% lower to 1.4% higher.

Conclusions:
Although PWH had higher testing proportions compared with PWoH, we did not find evidence of increased positivity in 6 large, diverse populations across the United States. Ongoing monitoring of testing, positivity, and COVID-19–related outcomes in PWH are needed, given availability, response, and durability of COVID-19 vaccines; emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants; and latest therapeutic options.
Modeling the Probability of COVID-19 Based on Symptom Screening and Prevalence of Influenza and Influenza-Like Illnesses
Authors: Alemi Farrokh , Vang Jee , Guralnik Elina , Roess Amira 
Published: February 2022

Background:
The importance of various patient-reported signs and symptoms to the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) changes during, and outside, of the flu season. None of the current published studies, which focus on diagnosis of COVID-19, have taken this seasonality into account.

Objective:
To develop predictive algorithm, which estimates the probability of having COVID-19 based on symptoms, and which incorporates the seasonality and prevalence of influenza and influenza-like illness data.

Methods:
Differential diagnosis of COVID-19 and influenza relies on demographic characteristics (age, race, and gender), and respiratory (eg, fever, cough, and runny nose), gastrointestinal (eg, diarrhea, nausea, and loss of appetite), and neurological (eg, anosmia and headache) signs and symptoms. The analysis was based on the symptoms reported by COVID-19 patients, 774 patients in China and 273 patients in the United States. The analysis also included 2885 influenza and 884 influenza-like illnesses in US patients. Accuracy of the predictions was calculated using the average area under the receiver operating characteristic (AROC) curves.

Results:
The likelihood ratio for symptoms, such as cough, depended on the flu season—sometimes indicating COVID-19 and other times indicating the reverse. In 30-fold cross-validated data, the symptoms accurately predicted COVID-19 (AROC of 0.79), showing that symptoms can be used to screen patients in the community and prior to testing.

Conclusion:
Community-based health care providers should follow different signs and symptoms for diagnosing COVID-19 during, and outside of, influenza season.
Liquid-Liver Phantom
Authors: Morr Anna S. , Herthum Helge , Schrank Felix , Görner Steffen , Anders Matthias S. , Lerchbaumer Markus , Müller Hans-Peter , Fischer Thomas , Jenderka Klaus-Vitold , Hansen Hendrik H.G. , Janmey Paul A. , Braun Jürgen , Sack Ingolf , Tzschätzsch Heiko 
Published: February 2022

Objectives
Tissue stiffness can guide medical diagnoses and is exploited as an imaging contrast in elastography. However, different elastography devices show different liver stiffness values in the same subject, hindering comparison of values and establishment of system-independent thresholds for disease detection. There is a need for standardized phantoms that specifically address the viscosity-related dispersion of stiffness over frequency. To improve standardization of clinical elastography across devices and platforms including ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a comprehensively characterized phantom is introduced that mimics the dispersion of stiffness of the human liver and can be generated reproducibly.

Materials and Methods
The phantom was made of linear polymerized polyacrylamide (PAAm) calibrated to the viscoelastic properties of healthy human liver in vivo as reported in the literature. Stiffness dispersion was analyzed using the 2-parameter springpot model fitted to the dispersion of shear wave speed of PAAm, which was measured by shear rheometry, ultrasound-based time-harmonic elastography, clinical magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), and tabletop MRE in the frequency range of 5 to 3000 Hz. Imaging parameters for ultrasound and MRI, reproducibility, aging behavior, and temperature dependency were assessed. In addition, the frequency bandwidth of shear wave speed of clinical elastography methods (Aplio i900, Canon; Acuson Sequoia, Siemens; FibroScan, EchoSense) was characterized.

Results
Within the entire frequency range analyzed in this study, the PAAm phantom reproduced well the stiffness dispersion of human liver in vivo despite its fluid properties under static loading (springpot stiffness parameter, 2.14 [95% confidence interval, 2.08–2.19] kPa; springpot powerlaw exponent, 0.367 [95% confidence interval, 0.362–0.373]). Imaging parameters were close to those of liver in vivo with only slight variability in stiffness values of 0.5% (0.4%, 0.6%), 4.1% (3.9%, 4.5%), and −0.63% (−0.67%, −0.58%), respectively, between batches, over a 6-month period, and per °C increase in temperature.

Conclusions
The liquid-liver phantom has useful properties for standardization and development of liver elastography. First, it can be used across clinical and experimental elastography devices in ultrasound and MRI. Second, being a liquid, it can easily be adapted in size and shape to specific technical requirements, and by adding inclusions and scatterers. Finally, because the phantom is based on noncrosslinked linear PAAm constituents, it is easy to produce, indicating potential widespread use among researchers and vendors to standardize liver stiffness measurements.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation During Simulated Pediatric Interhospital Transport: Lessons Learned From Implementation of an Institutional Curriculum
Authors: Noje Corina , Duval-Arnould Jordan , Costabile Philomena M. , Henderson Eric , Perretta Julianne , Sorcher Jill L. , Shilkofski Nicole , Hunt Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2022

Introduction
Little is known about cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality during pediatric interhospital transport; hence, our aim was to investigate its feasibility.

Methods
After implementing an institutional education curriculum on pediatric resuscitation during ambulance transport, we conducted a 4-year prospective observational study involving simulation events. Simulated scenarios were (1) interhospital transport of a child retrieved in cardiac arrest (Sim1) and (2) unanticipated cardiac arrest of a child during transport (Sim2). Cardiopulmonary resuscitation data were collected via Zoll RSeries defibrillators. Performance was evaluated using age-appropriate American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines. Video recordings were reviewed for qualitative thematic analysis.

Results
Twenty-six simulations were included: 16 Sim1 [mannequins: Laerdal SimMan 3G (n = 13); Gaumard 5-year-old HAL (n = 3)] and 10 Sim2 [Gaumard 1-year-old HAL (n = 8); Laerdal SimBaby (n = 2)]. Median (IQR) CPR duration was 18 minutes 23 seconds (14–22 minutes), chest compression rate was 112 per minute (106–118), and fraction (CCF) was 1 (0.9–1). Five hundred eight 60-second resuscitation epochs were evaluated (Sim1: 356; Sim2: 152); 73% were AHA compliant for rate and 87.8% for CCF. Twenty-four minutes (4.7%) had pauses more than 10 seconds. One hundred fifty seven Sim1 epochs (44.1%) met criteria for excellent CPR (AHA-compliant for rate, depth, and CCF). Rates of excellent CPR were higher for learner groups with increased simulation and transport experience (59.1% vs. 35.3%, P < 0.001). Thematic analysis identified performance-enhancing strategies, stemming from anticipating challenges, planning solutions, and ensuring team's shared mental model.

Conclusions
High-quality CPR may be achievable during pediatric interhospital transport. Certain transport-specific strategies may enhance resuscitation quality. Learners' performance improved with simulation and transport experience, highlighting ongoing education's role.
Scattering of surface waves by a vertical truncated structured cylinder
Authors: Porter R. , Zheng S. , Liang H. 
Published: February 2022

This paper describes the solution to the problem of scattering of plane incident waves on water of constant depth by a bottom mounted circular cylinder, extending partially through the depth, which has an internal structure comprised of closely spaced thin vertical barriers between which fluid is allowed to flow. The problem is solved under full depth-dependent linearized water wave theory using an effective medium equation to describe the fluid motion in cylinder and effective boundary conditions to match that flow to the fluid region outside the cylinder. The interest in this problem lies in the development of novel solution methods for fully three-dimensional water wave interaction with bathymetric plate arrays. Results computed using this theory are compared with a shallow water approximation based on the recent work of Marangos & Porter (2021 Shallow water theory for structured bathymetry.
Proc. R. Soc. A
477
, 20210421.) and with accurate computations of an exact representation of the geometry using a discrete set of plates. Other results highlight the resonant directional lensing effects of this type of cylindrical plate array device.
Accurate Non-invasive Mass and Temperature Quantifications with Spectral CT
Authors: Liu Leening P. , Hwang Matthew , Hung Matthew , Soulen Michael C. , Schaer Thomas P. , Shapira Nadav , Noël Peter B. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSpectral CT has been increasingly implemented clinically for its better characterization and quantification of materials through its multi-energy results. It also facilitates calculation of physical density utilizing the Alvarez-Macovski model without approximations. These spectral physical density quantifications allow for non-invasive mass measurements and temperature evaluations by manipulating the definition of physical density and thermal volumetric expansion, respectively. To develop the model, original and parametrized versions of the Alvarez-Macovski model and electron density-physical density model were validated with a phantom. The best physical density model was then implemented on clinical spectral CT scans of ex vivo bovine muscle to determine the accuracy and effect of acquisition parameters on mass measurements. In addition, the relationship between physical density and changes in temperature was evaluated by scanning and subjecting the tissue to a range of temperatures. A linear fit utilizing the thermal volumetric expansion was performed to assess the correlation. The parametrized Alvarez-Macovski model performed best in both model development and validation with errors within ±0.02 g/mL. As observed with muscle, physical density was not significantly affected by dose and acquisition mode but was slightly affected by collimation. These effects were also reflected in mass measurements, which demonstrated accuracy with a maximum percent error of 0.34%, further validating the physical density model. Furthermore, physical density was strongly correlated (R of 0.9781) to temperature changes through thermal volumetric expansion. Accurate and precise spectral physical density quantifications enable non-invasive mass measurements for pathological detection and temperature evaluation for thermal therapy monitoring in interventional oncology.
SENSOR TECHNOLOGY FOR OPENING NEW PATHWAYS IN DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPEUTICS OF BREAST, LUNG, COLORECTAL AND PROSTATE CANCER
Authors: Roshani Saeed , Coccia Mario , Mosleh Melika 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study analyzes the interaction between sensor research and technology and different types of cancer (breast, lung, colorectal and prostate) that generates a high mortality in society with the goals of detecting new directions for improving diagnosis and therapeutics. This study develops an approach of computational scientometrics based on data of the Web of Science from 1991 to 2021 period. The results of this analysis show the vital role of biosensor and electrochemical biosensor applied in breast cancer, lung cancer, and prostate cancer research, except colorectal cancer for latter one. Instead, research of optical sensors is developing mainly in the directions of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancer for improving diagnostics. Finally, oxygen sensor research is developing for breast and lung cancer for applications in breath analysis in new treatment processes. Preliminary results presented here clearly illustrate the evolutionary paths of main sensor technologies that have a great potential in future diagnosis of cancer, but we also need additional examinations of other aspects and factors for supporting appropriate strategies of management of technology to foster the technology transfer of sensor technologies in cancer research for improving diagnosis and, whenever possible, reduce world-wide mortality of cancer ins society.
Distribution of the National Science Foundation’s Advancing Informal STEM Learning Awards (AISL) between 2006-21
Authors: Houzenga Heidi M. , Muindi Fanuel J. 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTThe COVID-19 pandemic tested many fundamental connections between science and society. A growing field working to strengthen those connections exists within the informal STEM learning (ISL) community which provides diverse learning and engagement environments outside the formal classroom. One of the largest funders of ISL initiatives is the National Science Foundation (NSF) which runs the Advanced Informal STEM Learning (AISL) program in the United States. The AISL program supports initiatives through six categories that include pilots and feasibility studies, research in service to practice, innovations in development, broad implementation, literature reviews, syntheses, or meta-analyses, and conferences. However, a number of questions remain unanswered with respect to the distribution and ultimately the broad impact of the awards. In this study, we analyzed publicly available awardee information across a 15-year period (2006-2021) to provide a preliminary analysis of how the AISL grants are distributed across individual states, organizations, and the principal investigators. Several states, organizations, and principal investigators stood out as prolific awardees. Massachusetts and California represented the largest share of awards at 14% and 13% respectively during that time. WGBH Educational Foundation located in Massachusetts and the Exploratorium located in California, received the largest number of awards during the 15 year period. Notably, 67% of the AISL awards list at least one co-principal investigator. Our report brings to light a number of new questions and charts new paths of exploration for future studies.
An Ethogram Identifies Behavioural Markers of Attention to Humans in European Herring Gulls (Larus argentatus)
Authors: Feist Franziska , Graham Paul 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHerring gulls are one of few species thriving in anthropogenic landscapes. Their history of urbanisation and familiarity with people makes them a good target for studies of human-wildlife interactions. Previous research highlights a connection between food-stealing behaviour, success in anthropogenic areas, and increased attention towards humans, raising questions about the exact extent of a gull’s knowledge of human food cues. To explore these, behavioural responses to human cues in a food-related context were investigated and presented in a systematic ethogram, which identified three distinct markers of attention. Head turns, approaches, and angular body position all differed significantly between control and food conditions, showing that attention towards humans in a food-related context was upregulated and reflected in behaviour. In food condition trials, head turns occurred more often and gulls faced towards the experimenter with occasional approaches that were never seen in control conditions. Additionally, juvenile gulls exhibited less head turns, indicating lower vigilance, while neither approaches nor pecks differed between age groups. Interestingly, no group effects on attentional markers were found. Acoustic and behavioural human food-like cues alone seemed insufficient to elicit these responses, indicating that gulls specifically paid attention to the details of human behaviour. These results show situation-dependent attentional modulation in gulls and provide a description of attentive behaviours that can be used in further study.SummaryUrbanised herring gulls successfully benefited from anthropogenic food sources. We showed that human food-centred behaviours directly modulated the attentional states of gulls.
Favourable vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell response profile in patients undergoing immune-modifying therapies
Authors: Qui Martin , Bert Nina Le , Chan Webber Pak Wo , Tan Malcolm , Hang Shou Kit , Hariharaputran Smrithi , Sim Jean Xiang Ying , Low Jenny Guek Hong , Ng Wei Ling , Wan Wei Yee , Ang Tiing Leong , Bertoletti Antonio , Salazar Ennaliza 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTPatients undergoing immune-modifying therapies demonstrate a reduced humoral response after COVID-19 vaccination, but we lack a proper evaluation of the impact of such therapies on vaccine-induced T cell responses. Here, we longitudinally characterised humoral and Spike-specific T cell responses in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients who are on antimetabolite therapy (azathioprine or methotrexate), TNF inhibitors and/or other biologic treatment (anti-integrin or anti-p40) after mRNA vaccination up to 3 months after completing two vaccine doses. We demonstrated that a Spike-specific T cell response is not only induced in treated IBD patients at levels similar to healthy individuals, but also sustained at higher magnitude, particularly in those treated with TNF inhibitor therapy. Furthermore, the Spike-specific T cell response in these patients is mainly preserved against mutations present in SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.529 (Omicron) and characterized by a Th1/IL-10 cytokine profile. Thus, despite the humoral response defects, the favourable profile of vaccine-induced T cell responses might still provide a layer of COVID-19 protection to patients under immune-modifying therapies.