bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modern system approach to the diagnosis, therapy and rehabilitation of mental disorders
Authors: Mitikhin V. , Solokhina T. , Tiumenkova G. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionThe current stage of research on mental disorders is associated with the use of system approaches to the development of the scientific foundations of psychiatric care.ObjectivesApproach to solving problems that arise in the diagnosis of psychopathological conditions, assessing their severity, as well as evaluating the effectiveness of psychosocial treatment and rehabilitation.MethodsClinical, psychometric, system analysis methods and algorithms of the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) [1] were used.ResultsWhen assessing a patient’s condition and behavior, it is necessary to make decisions (diagnosis, development of treatment and rehabilitation plans) based on heterogeneous information (genetic, neuronal and environmental, involving individual characteristics, as well as family and social context). This information is hierarchically organized and includes quantitative and qualitative data. Exposure at each of these different levels can affect the onset and course of the disease, and therefore should be considered in primary prevention and subsequent psychosocial therapy and rehabilitation of patients. Analysis of the problems of assessing psychopathological states and related psychosocial problems shows that these problems can be presented in the form of appropriate hierarchies, the structure of which must be taken into account when processing the initial information. The main advantages of the AHP include the use of the relationship scale (fundamental scale) for processing heterogeneous data based on expert, clinical information.ConclusionsThe approach provides correct integration of heterogeneous characteristics when considering diagnostic procedures, psychosocial therapy and rehabilitation.1. Mitikhin V.G., Solokhina T.A. S.S. Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, 2019, 2: 49-54. doi:10.17116/jnevro201911902149
Objective risk assessment using a driving computer game
Authors: Delgado-Gomez D. , Sujar A. , Ardoy-Cuadros J. , Moana S. , Peñuelas-Calvo I. , Aguado D. , Blasco-Fontecilla H. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionAccurate and objective risk assessment is important in the evaluation of many mental disorders and behaviours. For example, in the evaluation of suicidal behaviour or the assessment of accidents in ADHD. Video games could contribute to improve the assessment and increase engagement.ObjectivesOur hypothesis is that the proposed videogame can precisely evaluate risk. In addition, the developed game is able to indirectly assess the risk. This feature is useful in setups where patients are prone to lie.MethodsWe have developed a car driving video game where users are told that they should drive near to the border but not too much. We record distance to the border and each key pulsation every 0.1 seconds.ResultsIt has been observed that the median of recorded distance positively correlated with the score obtained by Self-report of Risk-taking Behaviors (SRB). In addition, the interquartile range significant correlates with the global score obtained in this questionnaire.ConclusionsThe proposed videogame is able of performing an accurate risk assessment. Our game takes seven minutes and it does not need complicated nor expensive hardware and could be deployed online. Results obtained open up new possibilities of creating video games which make an objective assessment risk.
Eye-movements deficits in schizophrenia: A metanalysis of evidence
Authors: Orsoni M. , Col S. Dal , Ruscelli C. , Sant’Angelo R. , Benassi M. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionAlthough eye-movement disorders are one of the most replicated deficits in the psychiatric literature, the strong heterogeneity of results is still an unexplained issue that could be effectively addressed with a quantitative review of evidence.ObjectivesFor this reason, a large-scale metanalytic study comprising more than 200 studies was conducted to analyse the presence of eye-movement deficits in schizophrenia patients, as compared to healthy controls.MethodsTo this aim, saccadic eye movements were grouped based on the type of task required (e.g., standard, predictive) and the quantification method used (e.g., number, duration, amplitude). For each sub-group separate meta-analysis were computed. Cohen’s d was used as measure of effect size. Risk of bias within and between studies and heterogeneity were also analysed.Resultsindicated low Cohen’s d with the exception of the number of correct antisaccades – where schizophrenia patients reportedless correct anti-saccadesthan healthy controls - and antisaccades error rate – where schizophrenia patients reported a higher number of errors than healthy controls.ConclusionsAntisaccades emerged as better suited to differentiate between patients and healthy controls, thus making them the most promising candidate as a possible biomarker for schizophrenia.
Sexual disfunction in adolescents with antipsychotics. evaluation and suitability of the treatment
Authors: Sánchez S. Pérez , Herrero I. Martín , Fernández M.A. Cutillas , Güimil D. Raya , Portero A. Crespo 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionProblems in sexual function associated with psychotropic drugs in adolescents with psychotic disorders are common in clinical practice. However, they are usually not taken into account in follow-up and are rarely reported by patients.Objectives1. To analyze if there is sexual dysfunction in adolencents with antipsychotic treatment. 2. To assess the degree of sexual dysfunction.MethodsDescriptive study in psychiatric outpatient clinics involving 14 men (aged 16 to 19) with antipsychotic treatment. Record prospectively through interviews between 2 and 4 months from the start of treatment. Sexual function was evaluated with the questionnaire SALSEX Informed consent.ResultsInitially, no sexual dysfunction scores are obtained. At 4 months, records of sexual dysfunction were observed in 67% of the patients with less impact in those with aripiprazole as antipsychotic treatment, with a moderate intensity (mean score 8.2; SD 4.7). 33% of cases report the problem spontaneously. Breaking down the reasons for sexual dysfunction: 50% decrease in libido, 20% delay in ejaculation and 7% impotence. The global tolerance to sexual dysfunction was poor, 45% with ideas to abandon treatment.ConclusionsIn our experience, sexual dysfunction is one of the main causes that make young patients abandon treatment and even follow-up. For what we consider, it is very relevant to systematically evaluate and be able to quantify this vital aspect of our patients, which on many occasions is not addressed in the consultation. Likewise, it will be necessary in future studies to describe in detail the psychotropic drugs associated with sexual dysfunction for better management and dose adjustment.
Epilepsy and psychosis– where are we now?
Authors: Pereira I. , Nogueira V. , Teixeira J. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionEpilepsy has long been considered a risk factor for psychosis, and studies estimate that up to 80% of patients with epilepsy will experience a psychotic episode at some point in the course of their disease. However, data on the treatment of psychotic disorders in epilepsy is limited and the management of these problems is still founded on individual clinical experience.ObjectivesTo assess evidence pertaining psychosis related to epilepsy, especially its risks factors and treatment approaches available.MethodsBibliographic research was made through the PubMed/NCBI database. No time limit was specified on the search. Pertinent manuscripts were individually reviewed for additional relevant citations.ResultsRecent literature shows a prevalence in psychotic disorders of 5.6%, and up to 7% in patients with epilepsy. So far, mechanisms of psychosis in epileptic patients remain unknown. Risk factors are earlier age of epilepsy onset, more frequent seizures, longer duration of epilepsy, high number of relatives with epilepsy and long-term antiepileptic drugs therapy. Psychiatric manifestations may include both positive and negative symptoms, including auditory hallucinations, paranoid delusions, and disorganized thought and/or behaviour. Poor adherence to treatment with oral antipsychotics occurs in more than 40% of patients; long-acting injectable medication should be considered, bearing in mind interactions with anti-epileptic medication and possibility of increased side effects.ConclusionsOur findings emphasize the importance of early recognition and management of psychosis in epileptic patients. Unfortunately, there is lack of evidence for the use of antipsychotic medication in epileptic patients, since available studies pertain to populations with primary psychiatric disorders.
Using causal interventionist models to examine the relationship between social anxiety and paranoia: A 3-month follow-up cross-cultural survey conducted in thailand and the united kingdom
Authors: Aunjitsakul W. , Mcleod H. , Gumley A. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionThe continuum of social threat ranges from anxiety to paranoia. Examining the factors that predict and mediate the relationship between social anxiety and persecutory paranoia will help with the development of interventionist-causal theories that can guide the development of new treatments.ObjectivesTo investigate mediators between social anxiety and persecutory paranoia in a prospective cross-cultural analogue sample.MethodsA 3-month follow-up online survey included participants aged ≥18-years-old in Thailand and the UK. Recruitment was via advertisements on websites and social media. Participants completed questionnaires at baseline (T1) and 3-month follow-up (T2) measuring social anxiety, paranoia, depression. Mediators were: stigma; internal and external shame; social rank; self-esteem; and safety behaviours. We used linear regression to examine predictors of paranoia and mediation analysis to test indirect effects. Estimating the indirect effects was calculated by 10,000 bootstrapping bias-corrected 95% confidence intervals.ResultsAt follow-up, 186 (70.4%female; mean age 34.9±9.1) Thai and 236 (81.4%female; 35.7±12.7) UK respondents completed the survey. Regarding change scores (T2-T1), higher paranoia was significantly predicted by higher social anxiety and external shame controlling for age, gender, depression. A simple mediation model controlling for depression showed significant indirect effects for external shame (ab=0.06, 95%CI=0.018 to 0.105) and safety behaviours (ab=0.06, 95%CI=0.002 to 0.127). A multiple mediation model found external shame was a significant mediator (ab=0.06, 95%CI=0.020 to 0.110).ConclusionsThese cross-cultural data suggest that external shame may mediate the prospective relationship between social anxiety and paranoia. These data suggest the potential for treatment of persecutory fears and social anxiety in psychosis by targeting shame-related cognitions.
Cognitive impairment in treatment-refractory schizophrenia and type i diabetes. A case
Authors: Rodriguez L. Soldado , Sánchez Rus S.S. , Martinez G.M. Ruiz , Dafonte A. Alvarado 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionEven when sharing etiologic factors, the incidence of DM-1 is low in patients with schizophrenia. Both diseases can lead to cognitive impairment, but its difficult to define its origin. 33 years old male, with DM-1 and schizophrenia referred to Therapeutic Community for psychotic symptomatology control, cannabis consumption withdrawal, improvement of self-care and hipoglycemia control reachObjectivesNowadays toxic abstinent and adequate consciousness of disorder. Remarkable persistence of hallucinations both auditive and visual, mostly shown as delirium, pharmacologic treatment-refractary. During last months, he shows excessive absent-mindedness, recent memory failure and verbal declarative memory and psychomotor slowdown Analysis: unbalance glycosylated hemoglobin. MR: cortical-subcortical atrophy, very shocking his age. Endocrinology follow up it was decided to stablish an insulin pump, so metrics were regulated.MethodsNeurological profile of the patient (deficit and slowdown attention capability) aggravation of symptoms according to glycaemia and disturbances in image test could lead to vascular origin. Attention deficit and excessive focus are symptoms of schizophrenia, but they are shown in the beginning, they tend to stabilize during years. Verbal declarative memory disruptions can be produced in both disordersResultsBetter glycemic control and changed to Lurasidone 37mg and Cariprazine 3mg objecting higher reactivity and less absent-mindednesConclusionsCognitive impairment in DM is frequent in adults with severe and long evolving hypoglycemic episodes Regardless of its origin, the cognitive impairment in schizophrenia leads to serious impact in functional and pragmatic areas Further investigation will allow us to quantify the magnitude of cognitive effect in metabolic control so according strategies could be developed
A network analysis of executive deficits in patients with psychosis and their healthy siblings
Authors: Gil-Berrozpe G. , Sánchez-Torres A. , Lorente-Omeñaca R. , Moreno-Izco L. , De Jalón E. García , Anton R. Hernandez , Peralta V. , Cuesta M. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionPsychopathological symptoms and cognitive impairment are core features of patients with psychotic disorders. Executive dysfunctions are within the most commonly observed deficits and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) is the test most extensively used for their assessment. Yet, the structure of executive deficits remains unclear, as there may be different underlying processes.ObjectivesThe study’s aims were to explore and compare the network structure of the WCST measures in psychosis and their unaffected siblings.MethodsSubjects were 298 patients with a DSM 5 diagnosis of psychotic disorder and 89 of their healthy siblings. The dimensionality and network structure of the 13 WCST measures were examined by means of the Exploratory Graph Analysis (EGA) and centrality parameters.ResultsThe WCST network structure comprised 4 dimensions: Perseveration (PER), Inefficient sorting (IS), Failure to maintain set (FMS) and Learning (LNG). Patient and sibling groups showed a similar network structure and in both cases the network structure was reliably estimated.ConclusionsPerseveration measures reflect the inability to switch sorting rules when necessary. Scores for the IS dimension can occur when the subject ineffectively tries to test different sorting hypotheses, changing at random the response. FMS reflects the subject’s strategy when he/she is able to find out the sorting rule, but is unable to keep applying that rule long enough. LNG comprised conceptual ability and learning items. The lack of significant difference between network structures is in keeping with results from exploratory and confirmatory studies demonstrating an invariant cognitive factor structure between schizophrenia patients and their unaffected siblings.
Reality–fantasy collapse in schizophrenia vs. neurocognitive impairment during Rorschach’s III card responding
Authors: Gornushenkov I. , Pluzhnikov I. , Sorokin S. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionAdaptive thinking demands a balance between manifestations of intrapsychic activity and reliance on requirements of the outer reality. Features of responses to Rorschach’s III card could provide information about subject’s ability to preserve the dialectical tension between the two poles of external and internal realities during solving tasks related to interpersonal relationships.ObjectivesTo compare reality-fantasy relations during Rorschach’s III card responding in patients with schizophrenia, neurocognitive impairment and normal subjects.MethodsParticipants were 12 young adult inpatients with schizophrenia, 14 students without mental disorders and 12 inpatients with neurodegenerative diseases of old age. Reality-Fantasy Scale (RFS) was applied to assess responses to Rorschach’s III card. RFS scale ranges from –5 (reality collapse into fantasy) to 5 (fantasy collapse into reality) (Tibon-Czopp et al., 2015).ResultsPatients with schizophrenia (M= –3,38, SD= 1,9) demonstrated tendency to fantasy domination (and reality collapse) if compared with the students (M= –1,47, SD= 2,0, p<0,05). Patients with neurodegenerative diseases (M= 0,75, SD= 2,1), conversely, had difficulties to apply fantasy during solving Rorschach task (p<0,01).ConclusionsExpress Rorschach testing using III card could be useful to provide screening data of thinking tendencies related to situations of social interaction. Also it provides a mental pabulum regarding role of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia in relation to significance of affective dependence of their thinking process.Conflict of interestThe reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-013-00772
Productivity of the performance of visual perceptual tasks and symptom severity in patients with schizotypal disorder
Authors: Vinogradova M. , Chepeliuk A. , Dorofeeva O. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionThe experimental research of visual perceptual processes in schizophrenia could shed a light on the psychological mechanisms of development of the illness.ObjectivesTo research the performance of visual perceptual tasks and its correlation with the symptom severity in patients with schizotypal disorder (SD).Methods40 patients with SD in ICD-10 (mean age 29.8±8.3 years) were enrolled to the study. The Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) and two series of visual-perceptual tasks (Figures of Witkin and Goldstein) were applied. In series I subject should make a decision whether a complex figure contains a simple one without any feedback from the experimenter (all 96 trials). In series II each trial included two complex figures presented simultaneously (all 96 trials) that increased the visual-perceptual load. Statistical significance was ascertained by Spearman’s rank correlation.ResultsNegative correlations were established between the number of right answers in series II of visual perceptual tasks and emotional withdrawal (r=-0.78, p≤0.01), passive/apathetic social withdrawal (r=-0.53, p≤0.05). Time of performance of series I and series II had negative correlations with preoccupation (r=-0.55 and r=-0.53, p≤0.05, respectively).ConclusionsThe decrease in the productivity of visual perceptual tasks performance in case of additional load relates with reduced social and emotional dimensions of symptoms (social initiation, passivity, lack of sociality and inattention in daily activity, etc.) of patients with SD. Impulsivity in solutions (reduction of decision-making time) is associated with the increase of preoccupation with feelings, thoughts and autistic fantasies that lead to social and daily life disadaptation.
Relationship of abstract thinking to mentalization in schizophrenia
Authors: Sokolova E. , Andreyuk K. , Ryzhov A. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionThe formation of thinking in ontogenesis follows the line of progressive differentiation and integration of the representations of objects, events, and relationships. The same is true for the development of mentalization ability, conceived as a thought process in the area of social interactions.ObjectivesThe purpose of the study was to compare the particularities of thought processes when dealing with different types of material: physical objects (operational thinking) and social situations (mentalization).Methods40 inpatients with schizotypal personality disorder, 40 inpatients with paranoid schizophrenia and 40 controls took part in the study. The Objects Sorting Test was used to assess operational thinking. The mentalization ability was assessed using two SCOR-S scales for Thematic Apperception Test: Complexity of representations of people and Understanding of social causality.ResultsThe results of correlation analysis support the existence of the reverse links between the impairments of operational thinking and both the complexity of representations of people (r=-.36, р<.001) and the understanding of social causality (r=-.38, р<.001). It is supported by the qualitative analysis, where inpatients with thought distortions, characterized by arbitrary generalizations, are inclined to make similar errors in the reasoning about the mental states, ignoring the conventional explanations and relying on their own emotional impression and etc.ConclusionsThe limitations of the operational thinking as reflected in the inability to form adequate generalizations on the basis of socially predefined attributes of meaning are closely related to the ability of differentiation, integration and causal explanation of meaningful aspects or social situations.
Improvement of conventional perception in stable patients with schizophrenia by add-on treatment with ipidacrine
Authors: Morozova M. , Potanin S. , Rupchev G. , Burminskiy D. , Lepilkina T. , Beniashvili A. 
Published: February 2022

IntroductionImpairment of conventional perception is one of the key dysfunction in patients with schizophrenia even in absence of psychotic symptoms.ObjectivesPossibility of improvement of conventional perception by add-on treatment with ipidacrine in patients with schizophrenia in long-term remission.Methods26 (13 females) patients, mean age 40.4 (SD 11.7) with episodic schizophrenia in remission more than one year, receiving stable antipsychotic therapy were included into the open label study. As add-on treatment ipidacrine was administered once per day in dosage 20 mg for two months. Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (PANSS) was used to assess clinical symptoms and projective psychological method (Rorschach Test) was used to assess conventional perception.ResultsThe study showed that ipidacrine in a low dosage, added to standard antipsychotic treatment, was effective in relation to negative symptoms (PANSS negative subscale score before 22,4 (SD4,7) and after beginning of the study 19,7 (4,5), p=0, 001). Of all the indicators of the Rorschach test, there was significant improvement in the index X+%, which is responsible for the degree of conventionality in reality recognition. The decrease in conventionality was associated with both high individualism and perceptual disorders. The value of of X+ % did not reach the standard one (70%) to the end of the study, but the improvement showed the switching from severe (52,4 (SD 12,2) to moderate (60,6 (SD10,4) impairment level (p=0,039).ConclusionsIpidacrine in a low dosage as add-on treatment has positive effect on conventional perception of stable patients with schizophrenia even in short-term trial.