bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inheritance of Dwarf and Determinate Growth Habits in Cucumber1
Authors: Miller Gregory A. , George William L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The inheritance of reduced vine size was studied in 2 dwarf lines of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) derived from Hardin's PG-57. The dwarfs were crossed with 3 standard cultivars and 3 determinate breeding lines and found to carry a recessive determinate gene, allelic with gene de. There was evidence for the existence of another recessive gene, dl (delayed growth) which reduced the length of the hypocotyl and the first few internodes, and reduced growth rate; dl appeared weakly linked with de. The presence of genetic modifiers of determinate habit make it feasible to breed determinate cucumbers over a wide range of final vine sizes.
Flowering of Young Apple Trees following Summer Pruning1
Authors: Lord William J. , Greene Duane W. , Damon Richard A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Axillary spurs and shoots produced in 1976 by heading back or pinching shoots did not flower in 1977 on ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ and ‘Red Prince Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) Similar treatments induced flower bud initiation on shoots of ‘Cortland’ when applied in 1976 and 1977 and on ‘Red Prince Delicious’ in 1977. Late June and early July treatments were more effective for inducing flower bud initiation than were treatments applied later. The year following summer pruning total bloom and fruit set were not increased and in some instances were reduced. Pruning current season shoots of ‘Red Prince Delicious’ and ‘Cortland’ to 0.5 to 1.0 cm stubs failed to induce flower bud initiation. ‘Cortland’ produced terminal flower buds on some long axillary shoots, while weak regrowth following pruning appeared necessary for formation of terminal flower buds on axillary growth of ‘Red Prince Delicious’. Heading back most shoots on vigorous ‘Cortland’ and ‘Red Prince Delicious’ trees on June 21 or later devitalized the trees in spite of regrowth, although growth was not restricted the following year. Cultivar, tree vigor, and time and type of pruning all affected amount of regrowth.
Cytokinin-Induced Sex Conversion in Male Clones of Vitis Species1
Authors: Moore J. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The conversion of genetically staminate plants of Vitis to functional hermaphrodites by the application of a cytokinin was successfully accomplished in 8 of 15 clones, including 4 Vitis species and an interspecific hybrid. The time of cytokinin application in relation to the stage of development of the inflorescence was a critical factor in successful conversion. Treated flowers were transformed morphologically as well as functionally, producing typical pistils with stigmas.
The general response of species of Vitis to cytokinin-induced sex conversion and the occasional occurrence of sex conversion in nature lend support to common physiological and genetic bases of sex expression within the genus. A physiological model is proposed in which sex expression is dependent upon the levels of female and male sex inhibitors.
Predicting Double Cross Performance for Tomato Fruit Quality Attributes1
Authors: Punzalan M. S. , Lambeth V. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a diallel study involving 5 unrelated tomato lines, the mean values of non-parental single crosses for fruit weight, soluble solids, and titratable acidity were found to predict with confidence the performance of double crosses. No significant correlation was obtained between the observed and predicted fruit pH values. The small magnitude of difference among the observed values involving the same lines in a series of double crosses and the small magnitude of variation among the single crosses made it difficult to establish the best order of combining the lines in a double cross.
Influence of Row Spacing and Plant Density on Single Harvest Tomato Yields1
Authors: Wilcox Gerald E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ripe fruit yields of ‘Campbell 17’ tomatoes at the 50% ripe fruit stage increased from 6.0 to 13.1 tons per acre in the population range of 1,815 to 7,260 plants per acre. Constant yield was obtained in the population range from 7,260 to 29,040 plants per acre in single rows and from 4,840 to 58,080 plants per acre in the twin rows.
Single harvest at the 85% ripe fruit stage resulted in a yield increase from 7.5 to 20.8 tons per acre in the population range from 1,815 to 9,680 plants per acre in single rows. A significant decrease in yield was obtained at the population of 29,040 plants per acre. The ripe fruit yield from twin rows at this harvest stage reached a nearly constant yield plateau of 19.3 to 22.8 tons per acre in the population range of 7,260 thru 29,040 plants per acre. Plant spacing of 3 inches in the row in both single and twin rows resulted in a significant yield reduction at the later harvest date.
A power form curve expressed the yield per plant—plants per acre relationship at plant spacings of 6 to 12 inches in the single rows and from 6 to 24 inches in the twin rows.
Irradiation-Induced Changes in the Volatile Constituents of ‘Valencia’ Oranges1
Authors: Braddock R. J. , Wolford R. W. , Dennison R. A. , Ahmed E. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Volatile compounds were extracted from juices expressed from non-irradiated and irradiated ‘Valencia’ oranges. Gas chromatographic analyses of the recovered volatile compounds, at 3 stages of maturity, indicated some quantitative but few qualitative differences between the irradiated and non-irradiated fruits. These differences diminished as the fruit advanced in maturity.
Effects of Controlled Atmosphere (CA) Storage on Amino Acids, Organic Acids, Sugars, and Rate of Respiration of ‘Lambert’ Sweet Cherry Fruit1
Authors: Singh B. , Littlefield N. A. , Salunkhe D. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sweet cherries (cultivar—‘Lambert’) were kept in a controlled atmosphere (CA) consisting of 10.5 per cent CO2 and 2.5 per cent O2 at 1°C. The sample fruits were taken periodically during the treatment and also after termination of the CA treatment. The concentration of amino acids, tyrosine and α-amino butyric acid; organic acid, malic acid; and total sugars were determined on an ethanolic extract of the fruit pulp. The respiratory CO2 was measured for separate lots of 1.2 to 1.5 kg of fruit.
Fruit stored at higher CO2 concentration had a lower amount of tyrosine, higher amounts of α-amino butyric and malic acids than in fruits stored in the conventional refrigerator at 1°C. The respiratory rate was inhibited, and there was no significant effect on total sugar content.
Noninfectious Bud-Failure from Breeding Programs of Almond (Prunus amygdalus Batsch)1
Authors: Kester Dale E. , Jones R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Potentiality exists for noninfectious bud-failure (BF) to develop in stocks from almond breeding programs. The manifestation of BF among varieties introduced in California since 1920 is similar to the pattern of development of BF among offspring of controlled crosses. Nonpareil, the leading almond variety, has been a parent of most newer varieties, and is predominantly featured in breeding programs. Nonpareil has BF-potential and can transmit it to offspring.
Effects of Tomato Flesh Pigment Mutant Genes on Leaf Chlorophylls and Carotenoids1
Authors: Hannah L. C. , Tomes M. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven mutant strains of tomatoes, crimson (ogc), high beta-carotene (B), low total (yellow r), ‘Snowball’ (yellow r), apricot (at), high pigment (hp), ‘Jubilee’ (tangerine, t), and the check cultivar ‘Rutgers’ were surveyed to determine the effects of these fruit pigment mutants on leaf pigments. Chlorophylls a and b, beta-carotene, lutein, violaxanthin, lutein 5,6-epoxide, and neoxanthin were separated chromatographically and quantities were determined spectrophotometrically. Significant differences among strains were found in chlorophylls and beta-carotene levels. Xanthophyll differences were, generally, nonsignificant. A definite pattern of gene effects was suggested. The apricot strain produced the highest levels of chlorophylls and beta-carotene in the leaves; one of the r strains, ‘Snowball’, the lowest.
Parents, F1 and F2 generations involving apricot, yellow (low total), crimson, and normal were analyzed to determine whether these leaf pigment differences could be related to these particular genes. Apricot significantly increased chlorophyll and beta-carotene levels as suggested in the survey. Yellow in a variable background, however, did not lower these pigments significantly.
Pigment synthesis in tomato leaves and fruits was discussed in relation to the gene effects inferred in the survey and the specific gene effects demonstrated in the segregating populations.
Influence of Plant Density on Yield of Process Tomatoes for Mechanical Harvest1
Authors: Zahara Mike 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Yield of process fruits from ‘VF-145’ tomato plants grown in twin rows on 5-ft beds was greater than from plants in single rows on 4.5-ft beds. The number of fruits per plant increased as the area per plant increased beyond 2.1 ft2, but the mean weight per individual fruit was not affected. The highest number of process fruits per plant was produced by single plants spaced at 48 inches. Plant densities ranged from 2,450 to 158,816 plants per acre. Significant increases in yield were obtained by increasing the plant density from 2,450 to 9,801 plants per acre. Plants grown at densities of 19,602 to 156,816 plants produced from 36 to 42.5 tons of process tomatoes per acre.
Yield and Maturity of Strawberries in Relation to Time of Once-Over Harvest1
Authors: Moore J. N. , Brown Elvin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The cultivars ‘Earlidawn’, ‘Earlibelle’, ‘Sunrise’, ‘Midland’, ‘Florida 90’, ‘Surecrop’, and the selections ‘Md-US 2713’, ‘Md-US 3107’, ‘Md-US 2819’, and ‘Md-US 2593’ exhibited the greatest concentration of fruit maturity of 26 cultivars and selections evaluated. ‘Sunrise’ was outstanding in both concentration of ripening and total yield. Both total yields and acceptable yields were greatly reduced by single harvests in comparison with a multiple-harvested control. Highest yields of acceptable fruit from single harvests were obtained when the harvest was made during the second week of the ripening season, although average size of acceptable fruit was larger when the harvest was made earlier in the season.
Tree Spacing of ‘Washington’ Navel Orange1,2
Authors: Boswell S. B. , Lewis L. N. , McCarty C. D. , Hench K. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In 1961, trees of Frost Nucellar ‘Washington’ navel orange on Troyer Citrange rootstock were planted at eleven different spacings to determine the effect of tree spacing on growth, production, and fruit quality. Growth rate as measured by trunk circumference was proportional to decreasing tree density or increased spacing. The wider the spacing, the greater was the trunk circumference and the fruit-bearing capacity of the tree. Shading of skirt foliage, as closely planted trees began to crowd, caused the skirts to die and decreased production. Pruning to keep these trees from crowding reduced yield in proportion to the amount of foliage removed. Removal of alternate trees in the two most densely planted spacings, 9 ft. × 11 ft. and 11 ft. × 11 ft., reduced competition and allowed more light to reach the remaining trees. Skirt foliage regrew and yield per-tree and per-acre increased.
Fruit colored faster and was larger on the widely spaced trees, where less shading had occurred, than on closely spaced trees. Fruit quality analysis showed no difference in percent of juice, soluble solids, acid, or rag, or in peel and rind thickness.
The closest spacings, 9 ft. × 11 ft., 9 ft. × 15 ft. and 11 ft. × 11 ft., operated at a net loss for the first five years of production. Although per tree production was highest on the widest spacing, 22 ft. × 22 ft., net returns per acre on this spacing are still low because of the number of trees per acre. The 11 ft. × 22 ft. spacing with 180 trees per acre had the largest net income per acre.
Polyploid Hybrids from the Cross Cucurbita moschata Poir. × C. foetidissima HBK1
Authors: Bemis W. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The F1 interspecific hybrid C. moschata × C. foetidissima is sterile at the diploid level. Metaphase I of meiosis during microsporogenesis showed a low degree of chromosomal synapsis indicating very little homology between the two genomes. An amphidiploid hybrid was created by doubling the chromosomes of the allodiploid hybrid. Metaphase I of the amphidiploid showed 40 bivalents indicating no inter-genomic chromosomal association. The amphidiploid was female fertile, but genic male sterile. The female sterility of the allodiploid was chromosomal and the male sterility of the allodiploid was genic as well as chromosomal. A second source of C. moschata germ plasm restored genic male fertility when used as a pollinator on the amphidiploid. The original source of C. moschata did not restore genic male fertility. These genic male fertile hybrids had a high degree of chromosomal sterility due to alloautotriploidy.
Healing of Wounds on Trees1
Authors: Neely Dan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trunk wounds and branch pruning wounds were made on 5 to 7 m tall white ashes, honey locusts, and pin oaks. The amount of healing of each wound and the amount of trunk growth of each tree were measured for 3 years. The rate of healing of wounds was directly correlated with radial growth of the tree. Elliptical wounds, originally 50 mm wide, on all 3 tree species, decreased in width each year by 2.6 mm per 1 mm radial growth. The single most important dimension of a wound affecting rate of healing was width. The variables of wound shape, facing direction, height, and type of wound dressing affected rate of healing little, if at all. Healing of wounds occurred during the season of the year when trunk growth occurred.
The Role of Honey Bees in Macadamia Nut (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche) Production in Hawaii1
Authors: Shigeura Gordon T. , Lee James , Silva James A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Honey bees from commercial apiaries placed in a macadamia nut orchard increased nut yields in 2 of 3 cultivars tested.
Effects of Cycocel, Moisture Stress and Pinching on Growth and Flowering of F1 Hybrid Geraniums (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey)1
Authors: White John W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cycocel applied as a 5000 ppm soil drench 31 days after sowing reduced height 8 to 10 cm and caused 8 to 16 days earlier flowering of F1 geranium ‘Carefree Scarlet’ when compared with plants which had not been treated with Cycocel. Manually irrigated plants were shorter, flowered earlier, and were more compact, as measured by fresh weight, than automatically irrigated plants for this Cycocel treatment. Pinched plants were short and well branched but so much delayed in flowering that this method of height reduction would not be acceptable for commercial use.
Scale Function in Growth and Flowering of Lilium longiflorum, Thunb. ‘Nellie White’1
Authors: Lin P. C. , Roberts A. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Response of cold-treated ‘Nellie White’ Easter lily bulbs to various degrees of scale removal, ranging from 0 to 100%, showed that scales can perform inhibitory and promotive roles at various times. The scales were not necessary for flower induction, but the number of leaves and flowers initiated was proportional to the number of scales retained. Daughter scale removal accelerated daughter sprouting by increasing internode elongation, but subsequently reduced the rate of organ formation and expansion. Daughter scale removal reduced the number of leaves and flowers initiated and anthesis was delayed because of the reduction in rate at which these organs expanded.
Liquid Nitrogen Preservation of Spawn Stocks of the Cultivated Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing.1,2
Authors: San Antonio James P. , Hwang Shuh-Wei 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Stock cultures of the cultivated mushroom in the form of rye grain spawn were preserved at −160 to −196 C for periods up to a year. Mycelial growth of the cultures was about the same after storage as before. A total of 285 spawn cultures derived from 66 different vials of preserved material, without exception, grew normally on rye grain and compost. Spawn performance of two strains each of White, Intermediate, and Brown mushroom varieties was evaluated after 2, 70, and 180 days storage. Results of yield tests indicated that there was no significant difference, in quality or quantity of mushrooms produced, between any preserved spawn and its check. The effect of glycerol or dimethyl sulfoxide as a protective agent during freezing was determined. Though the presence of a protective additive did not appear essential for short storage times, glycerol was added routinely in all later tests. Results to date indicate that the storage method potentially has great value for mushroom research and spawnmaking.
Seasonal Changes in Growth Promoters and Inhibitors in Buds of Apricot1
Authors: Ramsay Juan , Martin George C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spur buds of apricot were sampled at intervals from late July, 1968, until bloom in 1969, and from 1 month after bloom until the end of September. The samples were freeze-dried and then extracted with 80% methanol. The extracts were partitioned into 4 phases: water, neutral ethyl acetate, acidic ether, and acidic butanol, and then bioassayed for auxins, inhibitors and gibberellins. Although an inhibitor and gibberellin-like activity were present in the extracts, no consistent auxin-type activity was found. The end of rest was correlated with a decrease in the level of inhibitor and gibberellin-like activity, with the inhibitor increasing again towards anthesis. The onset of rest in May, 1969, was correlated with a decrease in inhibitor and increase in gibberellin-like activity. The inhibitor was present in scales and floral parts of buds, while gibberellin-like activity was confined mainly to the floral parts.
Promotion of Leaf Abscission of Deciduous Nursery Stock with 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Work with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (Ethrel)3 over a two year period to stimulate leaf abscission of deciduous nursery stock showed that this chemical has potential for this purpose. Satisfactory rates for apples were generally 3 applications of 2000 ppm at weekly intervals. ‘Italian’ prune required two applications of 2000 ppm. Single applications of 500 ppm and 1000 ppm were sufficient for ‘Bartlett’ pear trees and Prunus mazzard cherry seedlings respectively. A 5 or 10 ppm NAA spray two weeks prior to Ethrel application materially reduced the effect of Ethrel. Combining NAA with Ethrel in the same application had less effect than a pre-spray but still often reduced leaf abscission. Combining 5 and 10 lbs. urea/100 gal with Ethrel occasionally increased abscission. ‘Elberta’ peaches were killed back almost to the bud union with single applications of 2000 ppm Ethrel and serious bud damage occurred on ‘d'Anjou’ pear at 4000 ppm. Apple, prune, and cherry were not damaged by 4000 ppm.
Chemical Control of Weeds in Transplanted Ground Covers1
Authors: Putnam A. R. , Davidson Harold 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nine herbicides were evaluated for their efficacy and safety in new plantings of pachysandra, English ivy, myrtle, and ajuga. Sprays of diphenamid, norea, simazine and trifluralin or granules of amiben and EPTC effectively controlled grasses and selected broadleaved weeds in two growing seasons. English ivy and pachysandra displayed excellent tolerance to all of the herbicides at the rates tested, although there was some injury observed from the 2× rate of simazine in 1969. Ajuga and myrtle exhibited a much wider range in susceptibility to the various herbicides. Preplant applications of trifluralin or post-transplant applications of norea gave good weed control and did not injure ajuga at two rates of application. Myrtle displayed adequate tolerance to both diphenamid and granular EPTC.
Histology of Blemishes of Cherry Fruits, (Prunus cerasus L., cv. Montmorency), Resulting from Mechanical Harvesting1
Authors: Arnold C. E. , Mitchell A. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Scald was the major grade lowering defect resulting from mechanical harvesting of sour cherries for processing. Histological sections of scalded tissue showed no crushing or distortion of cells, but the epidermal cells appeared dense and the cell walls appeared to be thicker than those of nonscalded tissue. Since the cells of scalded tissue did not appear distorted, bruising apparently induced a chemical change as a result of membrane disruption bringing about discoloration. Microscopic examination indicated that darkened bruises on the epidermis of the cherries occurred prior to mechanical harvesting. Tannins were located primarily in the epidermal region, but during a 24-hour soak there was a slight movement of tannin into the outer cortical cells. Greater movement occurred in mechanically harvested cherries than in handpicked fruit. The cellular disruption resulting from bruising by mechanical harvesting possibly aided the movement of tannins. Scald was a major grade lowering factor when mechanically harvested cherries were soaked longer than 8 hours before processing.
Calcium Levels of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples Sprayed with 2,3,5-Triiodobenzoic Acid1
Authors: Stahly E. A. , Benson N. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees sprayed with 50 ppm 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) 28 days after bloom had pitted fruit at harvest, but comparable control trees had none. The appearance of the pits on the fruit was similar to bitter pit. TIBA decreased the fruit Ca content and increased fruit B content. Decrease in Ca content by TIBA probably caused the development of bitter pit on the fruit.
Effects of Virus Infection on Drupelet Set of Four Red Raspberry Cultivars1
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. , Freeman Jack A. , Stace-Smith R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
As part of the study on the effect of viruses on the growth and fruiting of red raspberry cultivars, drupelet set of fruit was studied. Clones of four cvs., Fairview, New-burgh, Sumner and Willamette were infected with black raspberry necrosis (BRNV), raspberry mosaic (RMV), tomato ringspot (TomRSV) and raspberry vein chlorosis (RVCV). Significant reduction in drupelet set, expressed as crumbliness, occurred only in the TomRSV-infected clones of ‘Sumner’ and ‘Fairview’, and for the latter, it occurred only on those plants which showed relatively severe symptoms of decline.
Phenylmercuric Acetate Effects on Water Loss of the Tomato1
Authors: Cotter D. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
One of paired tomato plants was sprayed with 100 ppm phenylmurcuric acetate (PMA). Transpiration rates were measured gravimetrically. During the initial daylight periods, PMA treatment reduced water losses in 2 tests. Conversely, night water losses were higher for the PMA treated plants in both tests. When moisture stress symptoms occurred, water losses by the treated plant were higher. The results indicate that PMA closes the stomates at some small aperature. This reduces transpiration when plants are not stressed for water. Relative increased water losses occur, however, when untreated plant losses would be minimal (dark, wilted).