bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barriers to assessing vulnerability in pregnant women. A cross-sectional survey in Danish general practice
Authors: Brygger Venø Louise , Jarbøl Dorte Ejg , Ertmann Ruth Kirk , Søndergaard Jens , Pedersen Line Bjørnskov 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
Undetected vulnerability in pregnancy contributes to inequality in maternal and perinatal health and is associated with negative birth outcomes and adverse child outcomes. Nationwide reports indicate important barriers to assessing vulnerability among Danish general practitioners.

Objective
To explore general practitioners perceived barriers to vulnerability assessment in pregnant women and whether the barriers are associated with practice organization of antenatal care, general practitioner, and practice characteristics.

Methods
The questionnaire was sent to all Danish general practitioners (N = 3,465). Descriptive statistics described the barriers to assessing vulnerability in pregnant women. Analytical statistics with ordered logistic regression models were used to describe the association between selected barriers to vulnerability assessment and antenatal care organization, and general practitioner and practice characteristics.

Results
760 general practitioners (22%) answered. Barriers to vulnerability assessment were related to lacking routines for addressing vulnerability, lacking attention to and record-keeping on vulnerability indicators, an insufficient overview of vulnerable pregnant women, and perceived insufficient remuneration for antenatal care consultations. Not prioritizing extra time when caring for vulnerable pregnant women was associated with experiencing more barriers. Always prioritizing continuity of care was associated with experiencing fewer barriers. General practitioners of either young age, male gender, or who did not prioritize extra time to care for vulnerable pregnant women experienced more barriers.

Conclusion
Barriers to vulnerability assessment among pregnant women do exist in general practice and are associated with organizational characteristics such as lacking prioritization of extra time and continuity in antenatal care consultations. Also, general practitioner characteristics like male gender and relatively young age are associated with barriers to vulnerability assessment.
Early season soil microbiome best predicts wheat grain quality
Authors: Asad Numan Ibne , Wang Xiao-Bo , Dozois Jessica , Azarbad Hamed , Constant Philippe , Yergeau Etienne 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that it is possible to accurately predict wheat grain quality and yields using microbial indicators. However, it is uncertain what the best timing for sampling is. For optimal usefulness of this modeling approach, microbial indicators from samples taken early in the season should have the best predictive power. Here, we sampled a field every two weeks across a single growing season and measured a wide array of microbial parameters (amplicon sequencing, abundance of N-cycle related functional genes, and microbial carbon usage) to find the moment when the microbial predictive power for wheat grain baking quality is highest. We found that the highest predictive power for wheat grain quality was for microbial data derived from samples taken early in the season (May–June), which coincides roughly with the seedling and tillering growth stages, that are important for wheat N nutrition. Our models based on LASSO regression also highlighted a set of microbial parameters highly coherent with our previous surveys, including alpha- and beta-diversity indices and N-cycle genes. Taken together, our results suggest that measuring microbial parameters early in the wheat growing season could help farmers better predict wheat grain quality.
Derivation of a minimal functional XIST by combining human and mouse interaction domains
Authors: Navarro-Cobos Maria Jose , Morales-Guzman Suria Itzel , Baldry Sarah E L , Brown Carolyn J 
Published: November 2022

AbstractX-inactive specific transcript (XIST) is a 17–19 kb long non-coding ribonucleic acid (RNA) critical for X-chromosome inactivation. Tandem repeats within the RNA serve as functional domains involved in the cis-limited recruitment of heterochromatic changes and silencing. To explore the sufficiency of these domains while generating a functional mini-XIST for targeted silencing approaches, we tested inducible constructs integrated into 8p in a male cell line. Previous results suggested silencing could be accomplished with a transgene comprised of the repeat A, which is highly conserved and critical for silencing; the repeat F that overlaps regulatory elements and the repeat E that contributes to XIST localization by binding proteins such as CIZ1 (AFE). As polycomb-repressive complex 1 (PRC1) is recruited through HNRNPK binding of repeats B–C–D, we included a second ‘mini-XIST’ comprising AFE with the mouse Polycomb Interaction Domain (PID), a 660-nucleotide region known to recruit PRC1. Silencing of an adjacent gene was possible with and without PID; however, silencing more distally required the addition of PID. The recruitment of heterochromatic marks, evaluated by immunofluorescence combined with RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization, revealed that the AFE domains were sufficient only for CIZ1 recruitment. However, mini-XIST transgene recruited all marks, albeit not to full XIST levels. The ability of the PID domain to facilitate silencing and heterochromatic mark recruitment was unexpected, and inhibition of PRC1 suggested that many of these are PRC1 independent. These results suggest that the addition of this small region allowed the partial recruitment of all the features induced by a full XIST, demonstrating the feasibility of finding a minimal functional XIST.
Antisense oligonucleotide induced pseudoexon skipping and restoration of functional protein for Fukuyama muscular dystrophy caused by a deep-intronic variant
Authors: Enkhjargal Sarantuya , Sugahara Kana , Khaledian Behnoush , Nagasaka Miwako , Inagaki Hidehito , Kurahashi Hiroki , Koshimizu Hisatsugu , Toda Tatsushi , Taniguchi-Ikeda Mariko 
Published: November 2022

Abstract Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy (FCMD) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by fukutin (FKTN) gene mutations. FCMD is the second most common form of childhood muscular dystrophy in Japan, and the most patients possess a homozygous retrotransposal SINE-VNTR-Alu insertion in the 3′-untranslated region of FKTN. A deep-intronic variant (DIV) was previously identified as the second most prevalent loss-of-function mutation in Japanese patients with FCMD. The DIV creates a new splicing donor site in intron 5 that causes aberrant splicing and the formation of a 64-base pair pseudoexon in the mature mRNA, resulting in a truncated nonfunctional protein. Patients with FCMD carrying the DIV present a more severe symptoms, and currently, there is no radical therapy available for this disorder. In the present study, we describe in vitro evaluation of antisense oligonucleotide mediated skipping of pseudoexon inclusion and restoration of functional FKTN protein. A total of 16 19–26-mer antisense oligonucleotide sequences were designed with a 2’-O-methyl backbone and were screened in patient-derived fibroblasts, lymphoblast cells and minigene splice assays. One antisense oligonucleotide targeting the exonic splice enhancer region significantly induced pseudoexon skipping and increased the expression of normal mRNA. It also rescued FKTN protein production in lymphoblast cells and restored functional O-mannosyl glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan in patient-derived myotubes. Based on our results, antisense oligonucleotide-based splicing correction should be investigated further as a potential treatment for patients with FCMD carrying the DIV. One Sentence Summary Antisense oligonucleotide treatment restored normal FKTN protein production and functional O-mannosyl glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan via pseudoexon skipping in patient-derived cells carrying the compound heterozygous deep-intronic variant of Fukuyama muscular dystrophy.
Research on fault-tolerant consensus of heterogeneous multi-agent systems based on adaptive robust sliding mode observer
Authors: Wang Jun , Yang Ronglian 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The fault-tolerant consensus control for heterogeneous multi-agent systems with actuator faults and external disturbances is studied in this paper. Firstly, considering the unknown actuator fault information and the influence of external disturbance on the observer, a robust sliding mode observer with adaptive laws modification was proposed to realize the actuator fault reconstruction. Secondly, a fault-tolerant controller is designed based on the reconstructed values obtained from the adaptive robust sliding mode observer, and the original heterogeneous complex dynamic high-dimensional system is converted into two low-dimensional closed-loop error systems by decoupling method. Furthermore, Lyapunov and Ricatti theories are used to obtain the controller gain solution method. Finally, a simulation experiment of fault-tolerant consensus control for heterogeneous multi-agent systems is carried out with one leading agent and four following agents, and the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method are verified.
‘Women’s right to health in detention’: United Nations Committee Observations since the adoption of the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (Bangkok Rules)
Authors: Van Hout Marie Claire , Fleißner Simon , Stöver Heino 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Approximately 11.7 million people are detained globally, with an observed rise in the female prison population in recent years. A range of human rights treaties, and non-binding minimum standards of care (2016 Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules), 2010 Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures for Women Offenders (the Bangkok Rules)) protect the rights of prisoners. States however have discretion in defining humane treatment and adequate medical care in detention settings.
In this Review Essay, we focus on the right to health of detained women based on an environment conducive to adequate health, and access to gender-responsive, non-discriminatory healthcare in detention equivalent to that in the community. We scrutinized all United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women and Committee against Torture Concluding Observations published since 2010, and provide a global illustration of violations of women’s health rights in detention settings to date. We document the inadequate accommodation and standards of detention of women, and inadequate access to healthcare services while detained, particularly relating to HIV and reproductive health, and mental health and drug dependence treatment in some countries. Human rights violations identified in the Concluding Observations reflect 39 countries and are presented as: the United Nations Committee description of their concern pertaining to a country’s treatment of women in detention; and collectively in terms of the particular Bangkok Rule (5, 6, 9, 10, 12, 14–16, 34, 35, 48 and 51).
Our investigation raises general questions around the continued lack of resourcing of female detention settings and gender-responsive healthcare programming, the lack of data and advocacy on behalf of detained women, and the lack of routine scrutiny of the unique health rights assurances of women within independent monitoring and inspection in detention settings all over the world.
National policies for delivering tuberculosis, HIV and hepatitis B and C virus infection services for refugees and migrants among Member States of the WHO European Region
Authors: Baggaley Rebecca F , Nazareth Joshua , Divall Pip , Pan Daniel , Martin Christopher A , Volik Mikhail , Seguy Nicole S , Yedilbayev Askar , Reinap Marge , Vovc Elena , Mozalevskis Antons , Dadu Andrei , Waagensen Elisabeth , Kruja Krista , Sy Tyrone Reden , Nellums Laura , Pareek Manish 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackground/objectiveRefugees and migrants to the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region are disproportionately affected by infections, including tuberculosis (TB), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B and C (HBV/HCV) compared with the host population. There are inequities in the accessibility and quality of health services available to refugees and migrants in the Region. This has consequences for health outcomes and will ultimately impact the ability to meet Regional infection elimination targets.MethodsWe reviewed academic and grey literature to identify national policies and guidelines for TB/HIV/HBV/HCV specific to refugees and migrants in the Member States of the WHO European Region and to identify: (i) evidence informing policy and (ii) barriers and facilitators to policy implementation.ResultsRelatively few primary national policy/guideline documents were identified which related to refugees and migrants and TB [14 of 53 Member States (26%), HIV (n = 15, 28%) and HBV/HCV (n = 3, 6%)], which often did not align with the WHO recommendations, and for some countries, violated refugees' and migrants’ human rights. We found extreme heterogeneity in the implementation of the WHO- and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC)-advocated policies and recommendations on the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care of TB/HIV/HBV/HCV infection among migrants across the Member States of the WHO European Region.There is great heterogeneity in implementation of WHO- and ECDC-advocated policies on the prevention, diagnosis, treatment and care of TB/HIV/HBV/HCV infection in refugees and migrants across the Member States in the Region.ConclusionMore transparent and accessible reporting of national policies and guidelines are required, together with the evidence base upon which these policy decisions are based. Political engagement is essential to drive the changes in national legislation to ensure equitable and universal access to the diagnosis and care for infectious diseases.
Out-of-Court vs Court-Supervised Restructurings
Authors: Olivares-Caminal Rodrigo , Guynn Randall D , Kornberg Alan W , Paterson Sarah , Singh Dalvinder 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 highlights the various avenues through which restructurings can occur in the UK and US, and provides the reader with a framework for understanding both the out-of-court and in-court restructuring process. This chapter discusses typical out-of-court approaches in the UK and US and the advantages and disadvantages of such tactics. Chapter 3 includes a detailed summary of the court-supervised chapter 11 process in the US, including events that typically lead to a chapter 11 filing, the chapter 11 plan and confirmation process, section 363 sales, and COVID-19’s effects on restructurings. It also includes a detailed analysis of the multiple restructuring tools available in the UK, including new tools which have been introduced by the Corporate Governance and Insolvency Act 2020.
Article 1
Authors: Byrnes Andrew , Kapai Puja 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Article 1 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). The concept of discrimination is the core of the Convention and runs through its overall scheme and its individual provisions. It requires taking into account gendered power relationships within societies and to identify their negative effects on women. The CEDAW Committee has been sensitive to the many different forms of discrimination against women based on sex and gender and the ways in which they may interact with discrimination based on other categories, something reflected in its consistent engagement with intersectionality and a focus on the need to ensure that the particular circumstances of disadvantaged groups of women are recognized and addressed by States parties. The Article 1 definition is the link that guarantees women protection against discrimination in relation to all human rights, not just those listed in the Convention, and the Committee has developed this to include important areas such as emergencies and humanitarian disasters, climate change, and women, peace, and security within the scope of the Convention. Moreover, the Committee has adopted a dynamic interpretation to respond to new forms and arenas of gender-based discrimination and thus brought within the Convention’s practical coverage discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity.
Article 3
Authors: Chinkin Christine , Gormley Lisa 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article 3 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Article 3 is an unusual provision in the Convention in that it does not explicitly identify elimination of discrimination against women as its goal; rather, it emphasizes States parties’ obligations to take positive steps to ensure the full development and advancement of women on a basis of equality with men. While it has not been explicitly used by the CEDAW Committee on many occasions as the basis for imposing free-standing obligations (with the exception of General Recommendation No 18 on Disabled Women), Article 3 has been relied upon (in conjunction with other articles of the Convention) as the basis for asserting States parties’ obligations with respect to violence against women, removing reservations, and establishing effective national processes and mechanisms for the achievement of the Convention’s objectives, particularly effective coordination of State initiatives to implement the full range of women’s human rights and setting up ‘national machinery’ for the advancement of women. Its open-ended wording confers a residual capacity allowing for the inclusion of matters which do not come within the express wording of other articles.
Article 4
Authors: Lembke Ulrike 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses Article 4 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Article 4, in both its paragraphs, introduces the concept of special measures into the Convention: the first paragraph deals with temporary special measures (TSMs) to accelerate de facto or substantive equality for women and the second concerns special measures to protect maternity, which are not of a temporary nature. The measures under Article 4(1) are TSMs of compensation for, correction of and intervention into gender hierarchies that are supported by gender stereotypes and gender-segregated distribution of power and resources. Article 4(2) focuses on the issue of maternity, legitimizing protective measures for special needs that are linked to biological as well as social aspects of maternity. Thus, it can contribute to integrating maternity into public and working life, dismantle the gendered public–private divide, and support the (economic) recognition and compensation of mostly unpaid care work. Although ‘special measures’ may differ considerably in context, concept, and design, they serve the same purpose: equality for women, including formal, substantive, and transformative equality.
Article 12
Authors: Undurraga Verónica , Cook Rebecca J 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article 12 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). It shows how the CEDAW Committee has applied Article 12 to States parties so as to identify discrimination against women in the field of health care. One pervasive form of gender-based discrimination is the denial or neglect of women’s basic health services due to the failure to take account of the socio-economic determinants of women’s ill health. A further factors of discrimination is that health-care systems are structured in ways that subordinate women and their health-care needs to those of men and deny them their agency in making their own health-care decisions and their voice in designing health systems. Article 12(2) also addresses sex-specific reproductive health-care needs by requiring appropriate services for women relating to pregnancy, confinement, and the post-natal period and adequate nutrition during pregnancy and lactation. General Recommendation No 24 requires that reports of States parties to the Committee demonstrate that their respective health legislation, plans, and policies are based on scientific and ethical research and assessment of the health status and needs of women in that country.
Article 16
Authors: Halperin-Kaddari Ruth , Freeman Marsha A 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article 16 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Article 16 obligates States parties to ensure equality between women and men in all aspects of marriage and dissolution of marriage, prohibits child marriage, and obligates States parties to enact a minimum age for marriage and to require marriage registration. In conjunction with Articles 2 and 5, it requires States parties to prohibit discrimination, to eliminate discrimination in civil law and personal status laws, and to address the gender stereotyping in customary and religious law and practice that support persistent inequality within the family. The CEDAW Committee consistently reviews these three overarching requirements within the framework of Article 2 and General Recommendation No 28, commenting on States parties’ progress towards their achievement and emphasizing the areas still to be addressed. The Committee itself has expanded its understanding of the issues under Article 16 progressively, breaking new ground in the areas of the economic consequences of family relations, the connection between domestic violence and questions on child custody, the taxation of married couples, the rights of women living in de facto relationships, and more.
Article 21
Authors: Boerefijn Ineke , Fraser Julie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies Article 21 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), which combines two distinct topics. First, the CEDAW Committee must report annually on its activities to the General Assembly. This clause can be found in all human rights treaties, although not all treaties include a role for the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC). The Convention is the only treaty that also requires the Commission on the Status of Women (CSW) to receive the Committee’s annual reports, though only ‘for its information’. The second topic is the reference to ‘suggestions and general recommendations’ based on the examination of States parties’ reports. While the Committee was initially hesitant regarding its mandate under this article, its practice has evolved to include adopting specific concluding observations to State reports and general recommendations on the Convention’s implementation. These documents form part of the Committee’s jurisprudence and are essential tools for a wide variety of actors in understanding the content of Convention obligations as well as addressing obstacles in a particular State context. Over the years, the general recommendations have come to contain detailed analysis of complex situations regarding the realization of women’s rights.