bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rare Inferior Myocardial Infarction Triggered by Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Authors: İŞLER Yeşim 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning is one of the most common causes of death due to poisoning in the world. Cardiovascular complications of CO poisoning includes myocardial infarction, left ventricular dysfunction, cardiogenic shock, and various arrhythmias. Carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) levels do not always correlate with severity of symptoms. In this article, We present a patient who developed a rare ST elevated acute myocardial infarction triggered by CO poisoning and was treated with coronary angiography.
ANALISIS PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN, KERAGAMAN PRODUK DAN IKLAN TERHADAP KEPUASAN KONSUMEN
Authors: Donny Arif Farikh Masruri, Abdul Halik, 
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this research was to know and analyze the influence of the quality of services, the diversity of the products and advertising on consumer satisfaction. The technique of sampling method using accidental sampling that is made using anyone who is found by chance as a sample. Engineering data collection using the questionnaire by providing a list of the statement to the respondent. This study uses multiple linear regression tool. Based on the results of the analysis of the data obtained that ads and diversity in prouk partial effect positive and significant against the satisfaction of consumers, while the quality of service has no effect on customer satisfaction. Keywords: service quality, product diversity, advertising, consumer satisfaction
Measurement report: Introduction to the HyICE-2018 campaign for measurements of ice-nucleating particles and instrument inter-comparison in the Hyytiälä boreal forest
Authors: Brasseur Zoé , Castarède Dimitri , Thomson Erik S. , Adams Michael P. , Drossaart van Dusseldorp Saskia , Heikkilä Paavo , Korhonen Kimmo , Lampilahti Janne , Paramonov Mikhail , Schneider Julia , Vogel Franziska , Wu Yusheng , Abbatt Jonathan P. D. , Atanasova Nina S. , Bamford Dennis H. , Bertozzi Barbara , Boyer Matthew , Brus David , Daily Martin I. , Fösig Romy , Gute Ellen , Harrison Alexander D. , Hietala Paula , Höhler Kristina , Kanji Zamin A. , Keskinen Jorma , Lacher Larissa , Lampimäki Markus , Levula Janne , Manninen Antti , Nadolny Jens , Peltola Maija , Porter Grace C. E. , Poutanen Pyry , Proske Ulrike , Schorr Tobias , Silas Umo Nsikanabasi , Stenszky János , Virtanen Annele , Moisseev Dmitri , Kulmala Markku , Murray Benjamin J. , Petäjä Tuukka , Möhler Ottmar , Duplissy Jonathan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The formation of ice particles in Earth's atmosphere strongly influences the dynamics and optical properties of clouds and their impacts on the climate system. Ice formation in clouds is often triggered heterogeneously by ice-nucleating particles (INPs) that represent a very low number of particles in the atmosphere. To date, many sources of INPs, such as mineral and soil dust, have been investigated and identified in the low and mid latitudes. Although less is known about the sources of ice nucleation at high latitudes, efforts have been made to identify the sources of INPs in the Arctic and boreal environments. In this study, we investigate the INP emission potential from high-latitude boreal forests in the mixed-phase cloud regime. We introduce the HyICE-2018 measurement campaign conducted in the boreal forest of Hyytiälä, Finland, between February and June 2018. The campaign utilized the infrastructure of the Station for Measuring Ecosystem-Atmosphere Relations (SMEAR) II, with additional INP instruments, including the Portable Ice Nucleation Chamber I and II (PINC and PINCii), the SPectrometer for Ice Nuclei (SPIN), the Portable Ice Nucleation Experiment (PINE), the Ice Nucleation SpEctrometer of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (INSEKT) and the Microlitre Nucleation by Immersed Particle Instrument (µL-NIPI), used to quantify the INP concentrations and sources in the boreal environment. In this contribution, we describe the measurement infrastructure and operating procedures during HyICE-2018, and we report results from specific time periods where INP instruments were run in parallel for inter-comparison purposes. Our results show that the suite of instruments deployed during HyICE-2018 reports consistent results and therefore lays the foundation for forthcoming results to be considered holistically. In addition, we compare measured INP concentrations to INP parameterizations, and we observe good agreement with the Tobo et al. (2013) parameterization developed from measurements conducted in a ponderosa pine forest ecosystem in Colorado, USA.
The Education of Medical Students in Human Factors – A National Survey.
Authors: Conroy Michael , Chilaka Joel , Colucci Gianluca 
Published: April 2022

Introduction: The importance of human factors (HF) has been highlighted recently by the General Medical Council’s decision to include it in their processes for evaluating fitness to practice. Medical school is a vital stage for embedding concepts into medical practice, but little is known regarding the rigor and extent to which HF is taught across UK medical schools.
Methods: An 8-question survey was designed and disseminated nationally using the Qualtrics platform. Respondents were asked for their existing knowledge and perception of HF, education throughout medical school, and relevant demographic factors.
Results: The survey was completed by 304 medical students from 12 UK medical schools. 45.7% of respondents had never heard of HF as a concept. 96.9% of respondents deemed the concept of HF as very important to medicine and future clinical practice. Simulated scenarios, one-to-one and small group teaching emerged as the most effective teaching methods, whilst many students agreed this teaching should take place in the early stages of medical education. Communication and teamwork were perceived to be the most important aspects of HF.
Conclusion: Findings reveal a lack of awareness regarding human factors (HF) among UK medical students. New strategies are needed to ensure the doctors of tomorrow are equipped with the necessary tools to implement and deliver safer, more effective patient care.
Application of soft tissue laser in the management of recurrent apthous stomatitis
Authors: Rao Zeba , Tomar Deeksha , Kaushik Shalini , Mittal Sachin , Kumar Puneet 
Published: April 2022

Apthous ulcers are relatively common pathology and are very painful, so in order to facilitate the relief in pain and healing of these ulcers application of LLT has been done in the present study. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of Low Level Laser Therapy in the treatment of recurrent aphthous ulcers. 30 patients of both sexes and all age groups with two recurrent aphthous ulcers were included in the study. One ulcer in each subject was subjected to Low Level Laser Therapy as study group and one ulcer in each subject was considered for the Sham Control group. The Student’s t-test was used for statistical evaluation of the data. The study group (LLLT) showed a statistically significant reduction in pain as compared to the sham controlled group. Complete resolution of the ulcers in the study group was observed to be 4.7 ± 1.2 days and control group was 8.4 ± 2.6 days. On comparison with the sham group, the complete healing time for the study group (LLLT) was found to be highly significant, with a p value of <0.001.
Barclays Bank plc v O'Brien and another [1993] 4 All ER 417, BVerfG, 19.10.1993
Authors: Van Roeyen Gino , Ferrari Mariangela , Inzitari Bruno , Geelhand Nicolas 
Published: April 2022

Barclays Bank plc v O'Brien (Case 1) provided an opportunity for the House of Lords to settle an issue which had arisen on a number of previous occasions in the Court of Appeal. The question was whether a bank is entitled to enforce against a wife an obligation to secure a debt owed by her husband to the bank where the wife has been induced to stand as a surety for her husband's debt by the undue influence or misrepresentation of the husband.
The House of Lords concluded that a creditor would be fixed with constructive notice of the undue influence or misrepresentation of a cohabitee (and therefore could not enforce their security as against the other cohabitee) unless it had taken reasonable steps to satisfy itself that the surety entered into the obligation freely and in the knowledge of the true facts. Such steps would include warning the surety at a meeting not attended by the principal debtor of the potential liability and of the risks involved and advising the surety to take independent legal advice.
Cases 2 and 3 both arose in the German courts and led to a consolidated hearing before the German Federal Constitutional Court.
Case 2: An estate agent sought to double his overdraft limit to 100,000 DM. To assist him his daughter, who had temporary employment as a factory worker, signed a contract of guarantee. The significance of this document was played down by the bank. The father entered into new business deals and suffered heavy losses. The bank then tried to assert the guarantee against the daughter. The daughter resisted the claim.
Case 3: A wife signed a contract of guarantee (of 30,000 DM) to assist her husband in obtaining a loan. When there was a delay in payments on the loan, the bank called on the guarantee.
In response to these two cases the Federal Constitutional Court handed down a potentially far reaching decision on the role of fundamental rights in the interpretation of general clauses in the law. In particular the right to the protection of a person's private sphere must be taken into account in interpreting the obligation of good faith in contractual relations where there is disparity of bargaining power between the parties (i.e. the guarantor and the bank), and in particular where there is no shared economic interest between guarantor and guarantee.
The four case notes on this theme are preceded by a more detailed consideration of the reasoning in Barclays Bank v O'Brien. The first two case notes (Van Roeyen and Ferrari) consider the way that this case might have been approached by the Dutch and Italian courts respectively. The third case note (Inzitari) discusses the German cases and the issues that they would raise for the Italian courts, while the fourth note (Geelhand) examines the general problem of guarantees given by family members and friends under Belgian law.
Europäisierung des Privatrechts - Zwischenbilanz und Perspektiven: Achte Tagung der Gesellschaft Junger Zivilrechtswissenschaftler Mainz, 10.-13. September 1997
Authors: Baldus Christian 
Published: April 2022

On the occasion of its Eight Annual Meeting (Mainz, September 1997), the Society of Young Researchers in Civil Law tried to sum up the present-day discussion on 'Europeanisation of Private Law'. In the context of German legal scholarship, necessity and desirability of this process are still controversial even among younger authors. In the continental tradition of strict separation of public and private law, the EC remains a phenomenon to be described and controlled in terms of constitutional law. The actions of such a phenomenon with reference to private law relationships, therefore, appear as necessarily isolated and a dangerous interference with sovereignty and with the civil law system so fundamental to lawyers' state of mind. However, the economic and political necessities of market integration cannot avoid reshaping even basic structures of general private law (e.g. in the field of consumer protection). The very aim of the treaties is a continuous growth of general welfare within the legal community of Europe; the key mechanism to achieve that aim can be seen in the full release of private freedom and entrepreneurship. There can now can be observed, in EC law, complex and multipolar relationships between private parties, States, and the Community (e.g. in the well-known issue of directives' horizontal direct effect). This situation is not likely to be explained sufficiently by recourse to the fixed and formal sub-ordination structures of nineteenth-century rooted public law.
Accordingly, the congress opened with reflections on the general question of competition or unification of legal orders in Europe. This basic feature emerged also in many contributions to specific problems. The congress continued with historical and comparative presentations. The crucial issue under all these perspectives is how to find models apt to meet the requirements of an unprecedented harmonisation process. Certain fields of substantive law were at the centre of the following lectures, especially Labour, Company, and Competition Law. Unfair competition and merger control was also discussed in a round table with renowned representatives of legal practice. The final contributions concerned Private International Law and methodological problems in European Law.
The last mentioned aspect is of outstanding importance also for the current debate on the reform of legal studies in Germany. The bulk of knowledge tested in the state examinations has become too great; it even hampers a structural understanding of law. It could be, however, just the links of EC law to foreign legal systems and to other sciences that introduce the student to the inherent openness and incompleteness of law. Method will again turn out to be the only key to a high-level legal argument and practice, as it has always been. In the light of such developments, a further harmonisation of private law should be 'tolerable' even from the continental, systematic, point of view.
Nécessité et Moyens d'une Harmonisation des Règles de Transmission Successorale en Europe
Authors: Leleu Yves-Henri 
Published: April 2022

The rules of succession have as their purpose the transfer of the ownership of the goods of the deceased to his successors and the determination of their obligations in relation to the payment of his debts. Closely linked with the law of property, this area of law has numerous national peculiarities which make it more difficult to settle matters of succession in cases with connections to several jurisdictions. Harmonisation at the European level is therefore desirable.
The author describes the principle approaches to succession applied in the Member States to the European Union, in accordance with a bipartite division of the material - concerning respectively succession to the assets and to the debts of the deceased. He then sets out a theoretical model of an ideal regulation of succession, which would satisfy all the competing interests. This model could form the basis of a regulation of the matter common to all Member States.
The choice of the method of harmonisation depends on its suitability to the law of succession. Among the methods available (substantive community law, case law of the European courts, spontaneous convergence of domestic legislation, multilateral treaties), a treaty creating a uniform law appears to be the best way forward. The states which conclude a treaty of this kind undertake to replace their former legislation with uniform rules, without allowing any reservations. Community law provides a legal framework favouring the conclusion of a treaty of this kind (Article 220, Treaty of Rome) and the American example of the Uniform Probate Code confirms that a project of this kind would have a good chance of success.
Modifying Procedural Autonomy: Better Protection for Community Rights
Authors: McKendrick John 
Published: April 2022

The author highlights the conflicting demands for certainty and fairness within Member State systems of procedural law. The obstacles to effective implementation of European law are particularly difficult to overcome when the need to maintain certainty in the law has high priority, as in the case of procedural laws.
Nevertheless, differences in procedural laws are severely undermining the uniform application of European law in the Member States. The European Court has adopted the approach that national legal systems should have procedural autonomy to a large extent — limited by the need to ensure that Community law rights are not subject to less favourable procedural conditions than those applying in the case of domestic law rights and that it does not become "virtually impossible" for a litigant to assert his or her Community law rights. This approach is unsatisfactory. It does not adequately promote the effectiveness of Community law rights. An alternative theory has emerged in recent ECJ case law, in which the purpose of the national law rule is investigated to determine whether it is compatible with Community law. This approach is also problematic, however. It leads to a high degree of uncertaintyover the validity of national procedural laws. The ECJ should retain its approach based on procedural autonomy, but identify more precisely the particular problems that the case law is trying to resolve. In particular, the key cases are concerned with the inadequate transposition of Directives into national law. Rules specific to this problems should be put in place. The obstacles caused by procedural laws should then be monitored to allow further intervention by way of harmonisation to meet identifiable needs.
Vorlagebeschluss of June 29, 1999 — The Protection of "Vulnerable Sureties" as to German, French, Belgian, Dutch, English and Scottish Law
Authors: Lebon Caroline 
Published: April 2022

The standard terms of the bank, where a man got a loan for the restoration of the matrimonial home (where he also had his architect's firm) he was the sole proprietor of, obliged the spouse to grant security for the loan. The architect's wife made no objections. At the time of the conclusion of the whole transaction, she was 32, mother of a young child, owed two already several times charged pieces of land and got only a low income as employee in the bureau of her husband. After several delays in payments on the loan, the bank terminated the loan and called upon the wife as guarantee as the man was not able to repay.
The editors of this journal made an interesting choice by taking the Vorlagebeschluss from the 29th June 1999 as case to be annotated. This not only because of the - at least - strange end of the affair, but mostly because of the style and form of the decision itself. The decision provides, like a real textbook, a complete overview of the different opinions concerning the Sittenwidrigkeit of contracts of suretyship of the IXth and the XIth Civil Chambers of the Bundesgerichtshof.
After discussing the German Law, it will be investigated how (vulnerable) sureties can try to avoid liability under French, Belgian, Dutch, English and Scottish Law.
The present standpoint in France upon this matter stems from the so-called Macron-case of the Court de Cassation of the 17th June 1997, which introduced the delictual libaility of banks that demanded "manifest disproportionate" sureties. Since then, French sureties are better protected than at the time when it was only possible to obtain annulment of the contract of suretyship for a defect of consent.
In Belgium sureties still have to take the hard way and proof a defect of consent in order to get relief of a null contract. It will be considered therefore if sureties cannot profit from the latest case law-evolution on the contractors' duties in the precontractual stage.
Broadening the Vision of Trade Liberalisation; International Competition Law and the WTO
Authors: Mitchell Andrew D. 
Published: April 2022

This article begins by examining competition law and trade liberalisation as promoted by international trade law, and the common policies that inform them. It goes on to consider the points of intersection between competition and trade law, highlighting the problems arising from the current system of national competition laws in the context of trade liberalisation. It suggests that international competition law could solve some of these problems, although previous attempts to implement such a regime have proved unsuccessful on the whole. It then considers the possibility of creating international competition laws within the World Trade Organization (WTO) framework, which already includes some competition law elements. The article argues that international competition law under the WTO could provide a meaningful solution to some current trade/competition conflicts, although theoretical and practical obstacles require a modest beginning concentrating on substantive principles about which there is widespread consensus.
"The issue is not whether competition policy questions will be dealt with in the WTO context, but how and, in particular, how coherent will the framework be within which this will be done".
BGH, Urteil vom 11. Dezember 1998 — Zur Rechtlichen Einordnung eines Wiederverkaufsrechts — Anwendbarkeit der §§ 497, 498 BGB und Gewährleistung Spanish Case Note
Authors: Cámara-Lapuente Sergio 
Published: April 2022

The decision of the German Federal Supreme Court was based on the following set of facts: the defendant sold the claimant several properties in 1993 for an overall price of 1.7 million DM. In § 12 of the notarised contract it stated:
'The vendor undertakes to repurchase the … property on the request of the purchaser up until 30.6.1996. The request must be made to the vendor in writing before 31.3.1996. The repurchase will then take place in accordance with the conditions of this contract for a sale price of 1.7 million DM.'
By an agreement of 6.2.1994 the defendant granted the claimant an interest-free loan of 300,000 DM with provision that in the case of a repurchase this sum would be set off against the purchase price to be demanded by the claimant. The remainder of the purchase price was to be settled via an extension of credit. In 1995 the claimant demanded that the property be repurchased by 31.1.1995. The defendant refused this, objecting that the condition of the object of the sale had deteriorated significantly during the time that it had been in the claimant's possession, through the fault of the latter.
The Landgericht rejected the claim, the Oberlandesgericht gave judgment for the claimant, with the proviso that the property be sold without any guarantee as to its size or condition, but that the vendor's rights arising from § 498 (2) BGB should remain unaffected.
The defendant's appeal to the Supreme Court led to this decision being quashed. In the opinion of the Supreme Court § 497(1) BGB was not applicable to the right of resale, since the parties had not included this right in their agreement as a right on the part of the purchaser to modify the terms of the contract, but rather as an obligation to repurchase on the part of the vendor. Furthermore, neither §498 (2) second sentence BGB nor § 498 (2) first sentence BGB were applicable by analogy to the resale of immovable property, because of the difference in the framework of the parties' interests. In so far as the parties had structured the right of resale as a personal obligation, the purchaser could only require the conclusion of a contract of repurchase if he at the same time made good the defects that had emerged in the interim period.
On the following pages, the authors examine the decision from the point of view of Belgian, Spanish and Greek law.