bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
272 Effects of a Probiotic Bacillus Strain on Ileal Digestibility of Crude Protein, Starch, Energy and fat and Total Tract Digestibility of Energy and Dietary Fiber in Diets fed to Weanling Pigs
Authors: de Oliveira Maryane Sespere Faria , Jimenez Guillermo , Stein Hans H 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that probiotic Bacillus toyonensis M15750 improve the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients when included in diets fed by weanling pigs. A control diet was formulated based on corn, soybean-meal, and distillers dried grains with solubles and a second diet was formulated by supplementing the probiotic Bacillus toyonensis M15750 (1 × 109 cfu/kg feed) to the control diet. Titanium dioxide (0.50 %) was added to the diets as an indigestible marker. Sixteen weanling barrows (10.7 ± 0.7 kg) that had a T-cannula in the distal ileum were allotted to the two diets with 8 replicate pigs per diet in a randomized complete block design with body weight being the blocking factor. Pigs were adapted to the diets and to the metabolism crates for 7 days, urine and fecal materials were collected during the following 4 days according to standard procedures using the marker-to-marker approach, whereas ileal digesta were collected for 8 h during the following 2 days. The AID and ATTD of energy and nutrients were calculated for each diet. The AID of dry matter and gross energy was greater (P &lt; 0.05) and the AID of starch tended to be greater (P = 0.05) in the diet supplemented with the probiotic Bacillus toyonensis M15750 compared with the control diet (Table 1). However, no differences were observed for the ATTD of energy or nutrients between the 2 diets, which indicates that the increased digestibility in the small intestine of pigs fed the diet supplemented with Bacillus toyonensis M15750 was offset by a reduction in hindgut fermentation. These results indicate that inclusion of probiotic Bacillus toyonensis M15750 in diets for weanling pigs have the potential to improve the AID of dry matter, gross energy and starch.
271 Effects of Increasing Lactation Dietary Energy Concentration by Adding fat During the Summer Period on sow and Litter Performance
Authors: Estrada Jorge , Vier Carine M , Hanson Andrea , Lu Ning , Diaz Julia , Van De Stroet Denise , Zaragoza Luis E , Peterson Beau , Parr Eric , Dritz Steve , Navales Ron , Cast Wayne R , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effects of increasing energy in lactation diets fed during the summer period on sow and litter performance. A total of 356 sows (PIC Camborough) were randomly assigned at entry into the farrowing room to 1 of 4 treatments within parity in a randomized complete block design with body weight and breeding day blocks. Pre-farrowing caliper scores were balanced across treatments. The trial was conducted from July to September 2021 in Carthage, Illinois, with external barn minimum and maximum temperatures averaging 21-32°C. Treatments consisted of increasing levels of added fat in the lactation diet: 0, 1.67, 3.34, and 5.00% of corn oil. Diets were corn-soybean meal-based with a fixed soybean meal inclusion rate of 28.90%. Net energy (NE) concentrations of the treatment diets consisted of 2.345, 2.427, 2.509, and 2.591 Mcal NE/kg. Sow was the experimental unit and data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models with the lmer and glmer functions of R. Increasing corn oil inclusion rates marginally (linear, P=0.086) reduced lactation average daily feed intake but did not significantly (P&gt;0.10) impact total or average daily NE intakes. There was no evidence (P&gt;0.05) for treatment effects on sow body weight, sow caliper score or sow backfat depth changes during lactation, percentage of removed and fall-off piglets, pre-weaning mortality, number of weaned pigs, litter weaning weight, total litter weight gain, and piglet average daily gain. In summary, increasing energy in the lactation diet by adding up to 5% corn oil during the summer period resulted in a marginal linear reduction in lactation average daily feed intake, but did not influence daily NE intake. Under the conditions of this study, no evidence for treatment effects were observed for sow or for litter performance during the nursing period.
243 Nutritional Intervention for Reduced Nitrogen Excretion and Better Intestinal Health
Authors: Duarte Marcos Elias E , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Increased awareness on public welfare has augmented the demand for more sustainable swine production. Nutritional interventions have been done to improve the dietary nitrogen utilization in order to reduce nitrogen excretion and enhance the intestinal health of pigs. Highly digestible protein supplements have been used as a strategy to enhance intestinal health and nitrogen utilization. Taking advantage of crystalline amino acids, low CP formulation with adequate amino acid supplementation has been used to reduce feed cost and improve intestinal health by decreasing protein fermentation. It has been estimated that reducing 1% protein in the diet reduces 9% nitrogen excretion and, consequently, environmental pollution. Feeding functional feed additives is another strategy to enhance intestinal health and nutrient digestion. Selected feed enzymes can reduce nitrogen excretion and improve intestinal health by directly increasing the digestibility of protein or by reducing antinutritional compounds such as allergenic proteins, phytate, and NSP that can impair protein digestion. Selected organic acids have antimicrobial properties and used in animal feeds to modulate intestinal microbiota, to enhance intestinal epithelial barrier function, and to improve protein digestibility. Selected prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics can reduce nitrogen excretion by changing the intestinal environment, enhancing the intestinal morphology, immune status, and the microbiota composition. Enhanced intestinal health with increased beneficial microbiota would increase the efficiency of nitrogen utilization consequently reducing nitrogen excretion. In summary, different nutritional strategies can be adopted to improve growth efficiency related to enhanced intestinal health and nutrient utilization, consequently reducing nitrogen excretion. Finally, improved feed efficiency and reduced nutrient waste would assure sustainable swine production, economic incentives to producers, and public welfare.
246 Pathogenic Escherichia Coli Populations within the gut Microbiota of Commercial Swine Herds in the U.S
Authors: Davis Ellen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Enteropathogenic E. coli (ETEC) is a common infection in neonatal and nursery pigs resulting in significant economic losses from morbidity, mortality, and production inefficiencies. Due to the plasticity of its genome, E. coli can be particularly challenging to manage in swine production systems. Populations of E. coli are continuously changing their genome content via multiple methods of genomic modification to better adapt and compete within ecological niches in the intestinal tract. This ability to acquire genetic information allows individuals within E. coli populations to exchange virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, developing into disease-causing ETEC strains that are difficult to manage with therapeutic antibiotics and other antimicrobial methods. Virulence genes associated with ETEC are harbored within healthy swine populations and usually result in disease when individual strains acquire four or more genes associated with virulence. Monitoring and enumerating the virulence gene pool of E. coli populations within U.S. commercial swine herds indicates that incorporating methods to manage the potentially pathogenic E. coli population in its entirety may be a more effective strategy than focusing on disease mitigation.
248 U.S. Challenges with E. Coli and Road map for the Future
Authors: Coble Kyle 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In recent years U.S pork producers have been faced with what seems to be a never-ending uphill battle, with Enterotoxigenic E. coli which causes severe post weaning diarrhea and mortality. Numerous hypotheses ranging from pig genetics to changes in bacterial resistance have all been discussed as potential causes, but no clear answer has been provided to date. Over the past two years, many nutritional strategies (low crude protein, higher fiber diets, etc.) aimed at mitigating the deleterious effects of ETEC have been tried in both field and research nurseries with varying success. There is a concerted effort across the industry to better understand E. coli and possible mitigation and prevention strategies. However, to be successful we need to understand that controlling E. coli is a multidisciplinary issue that requires understanding how each piece of the puzzle impacts E. coli. Production practices, veterinarian protocols, stress events (weaning, transportation), temperature, and clear plans for a world post pharmacological levels of zinc and feed grade medications all contribute to the success of mitigating/eliminating ETEC. While the pig demands we find solutions quickly, the sustainability of healthy swine production and lower production cost require us to find the root source. This requires starting at the beginning of the process and piecing the puzzle together. We need research at all levels of production to understand key triggers–actions and reactions. What things are we doing in the farrowing crate today that impacts this? When pigs are placed in the nursery, what is the required temperature for newly weaned pigs? Are there possibly production practices that have benefits in one place and harsh impacts in another? These are examples of questions needing answered. To fix an issue of this magnitude, you must understand it simply – and we simply do not understand this issue well enough today.
281 The Relationship between Postnatal Hormone Concentrations and the Development of Boar Taint at Puberty
Authors: Bone Christine , Squires E James 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The development of boar taint is dependent on the balance between the rate of androstenone synthesis and metabolism, which regulates the quantity of androstenone available for accumulation in the fat. The pubertal production of androstenone and other sex steroids is influenced by sexual maturity status and preceded by a significant period of hormone production during postnatal development that occurs from 14 to 35 days of age (DOA). However, the relationship between postnatal and pubertal hormone production is not well understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if postnatal hormone concentrations can be used to predict sexual maturity status and boar taint development at puberty. Crossbred [(Yorkshire x Landrace) x Duroc] boars (n=90)] were housed in groups of 10. Blood samples were taken at 14, 21, 28, and 35 DOA and again at 120, 130, and 140kg live weights (LWs) along with backfat samples. Plasma and fat androstenone concentrations were quantified using an androstenone-specific ELISA. Plasma estrone sulfate (E1S) concentrations were determined by RIA and used as an indicator of sexual maturity status. Statistical analysis was performed using Spearman correlation. Several nonlinear monotonic relationships were identified between postnatal and pubertal hormone concentrations and are presented in Table 1. A moderate positive correlation was identified between plasma androstenone concentrations at 21 and 28 DOA and fat androstenone concentrations at 120, 130, and 140kg LWs, and between E1S concentrations at 21 DOA and E1S concentrations at 120, 130, 140kg LWs. However, the strength of the relationship between postnatal and pubertal hormone concentrations was insufficient for accurately predicting sexual maturity status or boar taint at puberty. These results suggest that additional factors regulating the development of boar taint, such as the rate of metabolism or accumulation, should be considered in future efforts to develop a predictive model using postnatal hormone concentrations.
283 Quercetin Antagonizes Tall Fescue Toxicosis-Induced Cardiovascular Toxicity in Lamb (Ovis Aries) via Modulating PGC-1α Mediated Mitochondrial Biogenesis
Authors: Huang Yan , Ge Jing , Wang Yongjie , Shelby Sarah , Morse Palika , Coffey Ken 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Quercetin is a natural flavonoid with a higher antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory. Tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort; E+] is perennial cool-season grass for grazing livestock in North America. Fescue infected with the endophyte (Neotyphodium coenophialum) produces chemicals toxic to livestock. However, the impact of quercetin on alleviating fescue toxicosis has received only limited attention. The objective of this experiment was to investigate the mitigation effect of quercetin on fescue toxicosis-induced cardiotoxicity of lambs. A total number of 24 Dorper lambs were randomized to four groups (n = 6 per group) and grazed tall fescue seed for 42 days. The results indicated that quercetin treatment alleviated fescue toxicosis induced cardiovascular histopathology injury (Fig 1), inhibited the increased trend of creatine kinase activities, and serum prolactin concentrations (Fig 2). Meanwhile, quercetin mitigated fescue toxicosis-induced cardiovascular oxidative damage by decreasing MDA and H2O2 contents, increasing antioxidant enzymes (T-SOD, Cu-Zn SOD, CAT, and T-AOC) activities (Fig 3). Quercetin evidently enhanced fescue toxicosis-induced down-regulation of phase I, II, and II detoxification gene expression to relieve oxidative damage (Fig 4-6). Moreover, quercetin triggered the NF-kB signaling pathway to ameliorate fescue toxicosis-induced cardiovascular inflammation (Fig 7-9). Quercetin attenuated cardiac mitochondrial impaired via Parkin/PINK modulated mediated mitophagy and PGC1-α mediated biogenesis (Fig 10-13). Collectively, our findings demonstrated that quercetin explicated potential protection against fescue toxicosis-induced cardiovascular toxicity.
288 Chemical Characterization of the Marking Fluid of Breeding and non-Breeding Male Cheetahs
Authors: Esposito Giulia , Tommasi Alexia , Tredoux Andreas G J , Koziel Jacek A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Volatile semiochemicals released, amongst other methods, through marking fluid (MF), and characterized by scent/odor, are involved in communication and identification of an individual. Scent has an important role in reproduction of cheetahs and other felids; in fact, the presence/odor of a male cheetah has been noted to trigger the estrous cycle of females. The objectives of the study were to analyze the MF of male cheetahs from different breeding groups to determine the composition of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) present. Five males per group (e.g., breeding vs non-breeding) were selected from two facilities. The first facility only had breeding males (B; e.g., animals regularly exposed to females on estrus and actively involved in breeding programs); the second facility, only had non-breeding males (NB). The average age of the B and NB males was of 8.1±2.3 and 6.7±2.8 years respectively. Eighteen MF samples were collected from both groups. VOCs were extracted from the headspace, using solid-phase microextraction techniques and analyzed with gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry. Possible relationships between the frequency of presence/absence of each VOC and the respective groups were evaluated through a contingency test with Fisher’s exact test. Differences in relative concentration (RC) of the identified compounds between groups were analyzed using analysis of variance for repeated measures. Fifty-eight VOCs were identified from the MF, and twelve were commonly identified in the samples collected. The RC of dodecanoic acid and nonanoic acid was significantly greater in the B compared with the NB males; whereas indole tended to be greater in the NB compared with the B group. Although the observed differences could indicate the possible involvement of specific VOCs in reproductive behavior, the different diets and age could have also affected the VOCs RC. Further studies are needed to better understand possible differences in RC of VOCs between breeding groups to confirm their role in reproduction.
294 Awardee Talk: Porcine Sperm Storage in the Oviduct Before Fertilization: A Sweet Spot
Authors: Miller David J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sperm storage in the female reproductive tract from sperm deposition until ovulation is conserved among a wide variety of animals allowing some asynchrony between mating and ovulation. Mammals, reptiles, birds, amphibians, and insects are among those that store sperm from a day or two to as long as a decade. We have studied the molecular basis of how sperm are retained and then released from the reservoirs in the female tract to fertilize oocytes, primarily in swine. Previous research by others implicated various oviduct glycans as receptors to retain sperm in the lower oviduct, the isthmus, but the complete structures of the glycans that bound sperm had not been identified. We used an array of hundreds of glycans to identify those that bound sperm and identified several glycans with sperm binding ability. Further inspection revealed that all sperm binding glycans contained at least one of two motifs, either a branched 6-sialylated structure or a Lewis X trisaccharide. Profiling all glycans produced by the isthmus showed that these motifs were abundant among the complex N-linked glycans of the isthmus. Further, they were found on the apical surface of the isthmic epithelium where they are available to bind sperm. These glycans suppressed the normal increase in intracellular free Ca2+ in sperm during capacitation and, when immobilized on beads, lengthened sperm lifespan, mimicking the effect of sperm of binding to the oviduct. Binding to oviduct glycans alters sperm metabolism in specific ways to prolong sperm viability. Sperm are released from immobilized glycans by progesterone, which induces hyperactivated motility, and by capacitation, which reduces the binding affinity of capacitated sperm for oviduct glycans. This information may be used to improve sperm lifespan in vivo or enhance sperm storage outside of the female tract.
97 Maternal Nutrient Restriction and Melatonin Supplementation Alter Neurotransmitter Profiles in Bovine Fetal and Placental Tissues
Authors: Harman Allison R , Contreras-Correa Zully E , Swanson Rebecca M , Ripper Mackenzie , Duncan Thomas H , Lemley Caleb O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The placenta modulates fetal brain development in mice and humans, with a paucity of information reported in cattle. The objective was to determine the effects of maternal nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation on neurotransmitter concentrations in the cotyledon, fetal hypothalamus, and fetal blood. At day 160 of gestation, 29 spring-calving and 25 fall-calving Brangus heifers were assigned treatments: adequately fed (ADQ-CON; 100% NRC recommendation), nutrient restricted (RES-CON; 60% NRC recommendation), and ADQ or RES supplemented with 20 mg/d of melatonin (ADQ-MEL; RES-MEL). Fetuses were removed at day 240 of gestation for collection of placentomes, blood, and hypothalamic tissue. Neurotransmitters (serotonin, 5-HT; dopamine, DA; norepinephrine, NE; epinephrine, EPI) and metabolites (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, DOPAC; 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 5-HIAA; homovanillic acid HVA) were analyzed by LCMS or HPLC in blood or tissues, respectively. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using the mixed procedure in SAS with seasons analyzed separately. In spring-calving heifers, melatonin increased (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations of DOPAC, DA, 5-HIAA, and HVA in the cotyledon. Nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation increased (P ≤ 0.05) blood 5-HT. In both calving seasons, there was a nutrition by treatment interaction in hypothalamic 5-HT (P ≤ 0.01), whereby RES-MEL was increased compared with ADQ-MEL. For fall-calving heifers, no differences were observed in neurotransmitter concentrations in the cotyledon. Hypothalamic NE was increased (P = 0.02) in RES vs. ADQ, while hypothalamic and blood DA were decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in RES vs. ADQ. Hypothalamic 5-HIAA was increased (P = 0.05) in the MEL vs. CON, while blood EPI was decreased (P = 0.04) in MEL vs. CON. In summary, nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation alter concentrations of neurotransmitters and their metabolites in a seasonally dependent manner. Further investigation into the gene expression of these neurotransmitter pathways is necessary to better define the bovine placental-brain axis.
303 Overview of Paternal Programming in Livestock Species
Authors: Dahlen Carl R , Caton Joel S , Diniz Wellison , Reynolds Lawrence P , Ward Alison K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The concept of developmental programming from a maternal standpoint is well established. Perhaps even more impactful, however, is developmental programming that may arise from paternal contributions when single sires are responsible for breeding multiple females. Research in rodent models has shown that paternal obesity, high fat or low protein diets, exercise, stress, and drug and alcohol exposure can lead to epigenetic modifications in sperm and seminal plasma. Some of these changes withstand the extensive remodeling associated with fertilization and early embryo development, culminating in discernable offspring phenotypes that remain present for multiple generations. Certainly, the observations in rodent models related to alterations in offspring body weight, adiposity, metabolic responses, bone density, and reproductive outcomes and function have implications for the livestock industries if similar paternal programming phenomena exist. Livestock production systems are robust and dynamic and many paradigms exist with potential to alter male germ line epigenome, with specific changes likely related to timing of aberrant conditions relative to spermatogenesis and sperm residence in the epididymis. Within the context of routine management systems, our livestock patriarchs can experience major diet and weight changes, transportation and handling stress, environmental extremes, and/or changes in exercise duration, frequency, and intensity. In addition, livestock managers may embrace the concept of delivering specific quantities and types of feedstuffs, and apply other interventions if proven beneficial. Several research groups using livestock models have revealed that epigenetic machinery delivered in sperm and seminal plasma can be altered. A sheep model demonstrated the feeding rumen-protected methionine to rams from weaning to puberty resulted in epigenetic and phenotypic alterations still present in the F2 generation. This presentation will review the status of literature regarding paternal programming, identify knowledge gaps, and suggest areas for future research efforts with potential to enhance production efficiencies of livestock operations.