bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of a Phenological Model to Time Acceleration of Pollinizer Bloom
Authors: Seeley Schuyler D. , Seeley Earl J. , Richardson E. Arlo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A pear anthesis phenology model was used to determine timing of placement of reflector boards near ‘Seckel’ pear trees, or polyethylene hotcaps over them to accelerate their bloom for optimum pollination of ‘Anjou’. The normal full bloom date of ‘Anjou’ was predicted from the Utah chill unit (CU) and growing degree hour (GDH) models. ‘Bartlett’ pear phenology and historical bloom divergence of ‘Seckel’ and ‘Anjou’ were used in the absence of ‘Seckel’ and ‘Anjou’ phenology to determine the timing and amount of supplemental thermal accumulation. Bloom-accelerating techniques were placed on the pollinizer trees at an intermediate anthesis stage. Polyethylene hotcaps accelerated bloom effectively.
Injury, Growth, and Flowering Response of Azaleas to Two Formulations of Fluazifop-butyl
Authors: Gilliam C. H. , Wehtje G. R. , Fare D. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity associated with application of 0.28 kg·ha−1 a.i. of the 4E formulation of fluazifop-butyl to Rhododendron ‘Hino-crimson’ was characterized by plant response similar to the response to chemical pinching. Flowering the following spring increased with fluazifop-butyl treatment. In a separate study, application of 1E PP005 (a formulation containing only the active isomer fluazifop-butyl) produced effects similar to the 4E formulation at one-half the rate (0.14 kg·ha−1). Chemical name used: butyl (±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop-butyl).
The Effect of Cadmium on Growth and Acetylene Reduction (N2 Fixation) by Alnus glutinosa
Authors: Hensley David L. , Carpenter Philip L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Effects of Cd accumulation on dry weight accumulation and acetylene reduction (N2 fixation) of 1-year Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. exposed to 0, 1, 2, 4, or 8 ppm Cd as CdCl2·2½ H2O were determined. After 6 months of greenhouse sand culture, significant amounts of Cd accumulated in the nodules and roots, but not in shoot tissues. There were no significant differences on root, nodule, or shoot dry matter accumulation or on C2H2 reduction (N2 fixation) due to CdCl2 treatments.
Comparison of Pinching Methods on Selected Species of Columnea, Kalanchoe, and Crassula
Authors: Lyons R. E. , Hale C. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mechanical and chemical methods for improving the branching of Crassula argentea Thunb., Kalanchoe tomentosa Bak., and Columnea microphylla Klotzsch and Hanst. ex Orst. were examined. C. argentea did not respond to hand-pinching, atrinal, or BA treatments. K. tomentosa produced 44% more branches when treated with 50 ppm BA but were relatively unaffected by atrinal or hand-pinching. C. microphylla typically branched only from the basal nodes; however, 59% more branching was observed when treated with 500 ppm atrinal. Hand-pinching or BA did not affect branching of Columnea. Atrinal also retarded stem elongation of C. microphylla; the inhibitory effect of 500 ppm was comparable to the reduction in stem length caused by hand-pinching. Chemical names used: (2,3:4,6 bis-O-(1-methylethylidene)-O-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid, dikegulac sodium, atrinal), N-(phenylmethyl)-2H-purin-6-amine (BA).
Effects of Calcium and Auxin on Russet Spotting and Phenylalanine Ammonia-lyase Activity in Iceberg Lettuce
Authors: Ke Dangyang , Saltveit Mikal E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the article “Effects of Calcium and Auxin on Russet Spotting and Phenylalanine Ammonialyase Activity in Iceberg Lettuce” by Dangyang Ke and Mikal E. Saltveit, Jr. (HortScience 21:1169–1171, Oct. 1986), Dangyang Ke's name was spelled incorrectly.
‘AU-Jubilant’ and ‘AU-Producer’ Watermelons
Authors: Norton J. D. , Cosper R. D. , Smith D. A. , Rymal K. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the article “AU-Jubilant' and ‘AU–Producer’ Watermelons“ by J.D. Norton, R.D. Cosper, D.A. Smith, and K.S. Rymal (HortScience 21:1460–1461, Dec. 1986), the following corrections should be noted: The legends to Figs. 3 and 4 were reversed. The legend to Fig. 3 should read “Fruit of ‘AUProducer’ watermelon.”; the legend to Fig. 4 should read “Fruit of ‘AU–Jubilant’ watermelon.” In the legend to Fig. 1, the word should be “Pedigree”. In the literature citations, ref. 1 should read J. Amer. Soc. Hort Sci. instead of HortScience, and, in ref. 7, the volume number should read 105 instead of 195.
Pistillate Flower Abscission of the Persian Walnut
Authors: Catlin P. B. , Ramos D. E. , Sibbett G. S. , Olson W. H. , Olsson E. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The pistillate flower of walnut is a complex structure (10, 13, 14) and is referred to as a pistil for simplicity. Pistils emerge terminally on shoot or spurs after different degrees of vegetative extension from mixed buds (9, 14). Such growth can range from essentially nil to about 1 m. Pistils are borne on a short peduncle (Fig. 1). Two pistils per peduncle are most common, but one or three, or (rarely) more, can occur. Flowers are wind-pollinated and all cultivars are considered to be cross- and self-fruitful (9, 14). Pistils become receptive very shortly after emergence from the shoot apex when the two stigma lobes begin to separate. Fertilization of ovules is necessary for nut development to maturity, but pollination and fertilization are not required for early growth of the ovary (14). Ovaries of nonpollinated flowers will enlarge at rates similar to those of fertilized ones for several weeks before abscising, when about 1 to 2 cm in diameter.
Chemical Fruit Thinning Response of Spur ‘Delicious’ Apple as Influenced by Light Intensity and Soil Moisture
Authors: Lehman L. J. , Unrath C. R. , Young E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Percent fruit set and crop density of mature ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) were reduced by a whole tree airblast spray of 450 ppm ethephon plus 1200 ppm carbaryl applied 16 days after petal fall (DAPF). Irrigation regimes consisting of half-normal, normal, and twice normal rainfall had no effect on nonchemically or chemically induced fruit drop. Individual limbs within each tree received 30% shade from 0 to 16 DAPF, 73% shade from 0 to 16 DAPF, 73% shade from 17 to 35 DAPF, or no shade. At 16 DAPF, both early shade treatments reduced fruit size and set, but neither influenced nonchemically induced fruit drop occurring from 16 to 35 DAPF. Only heavy shade imposed from 0 to 16 DAPF decreased chemically induced fruit drop. Heavy shading from 17 to 35 DAPF without chemical thinner application doubled fruit drop. Excessive fruit drop occurred when heavy shading followed chemical thinner application, but thinner efficacy was not different from the unshaded, chemically thinned control. Chemical names used: (2-chloro-ethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate (carbaryl).
Time of Flower Bud Initiation in Peach Cultivars Differing in Chilling Requirement
Authors: Raseira Maria C. B. , Moore J. N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Time of flower bud initiation was determined for nine peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] cultivars, three in each of three chilling requirement groups (<500 hr, 500-750 hr, and 800-1050 hr below 7.2°C). Based on morphology of the apical dome, the first visible signs of flower bud initiation of all cultivars occurred between 15 July and 8 Aug. 1984, and between 1 and 20 July 1985. The earlier initiation period in 1985 may have been promoted by drought stress. Although significant differences occurred in time of flower bud initiation among chilling requirement groups in both years, they were not consistent from year to year, indicating that chilling requirement is not strongly associated with time of flower bud initiation. The rate of morphological development of flower primordia was not associated with earliness of flower bud initiation. ‘Diamante’, while early in flower bud initiation, showed a slow rate of subsequent flower development. No relationship was found between time of flower initiation and either time of bloom or time of fruit ripening of the cultivars.
Evapotranspiration Calculations For Young Peach Trees and Growth Responses to Irrigation Amount and Frequency
Authors: Renquist Richard 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Peach tree [Prunus persica (L) Batsch, cv. Glohaven] growth responses to three irrigation regimes were compared during the first two seasons after planting. Weekly microsprinkler irrigation at two levels (1.0 and 1.5 times crop evapotranspiration, ETC) was compared to furrow irrigation (1.0 ETC) at 4-week intervals. Irrigation levels were based on Class A Pan evaporation, (Ep). Average trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) of furrow-irrigated trees was 42% and 64% less than microsprinkled trees after the first and second season, respectively. The bulk of the growth deficit was due to inadequate irrigation frequency rather than amount. However, better midsummer growth with microsprinkler irrigation at 1.5 ETC than 1.0 ETC supported previous reports that water use per unit canopy area is not linear—it is increased for small trees (partial canopies).
Influence of Polyethylene-covered Trenches on Yield of Bell Pepper
Authors: Dainello Frank J. , Heineman R. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The covered trench (CT) planting system was evaluated for increasing early yield of ‘Grande Rio 66’ bell pepper (Capsicum annum). Trenches covered with either one of three polyethylene materials (black, solid clear, or slitted clear) were compared to standard, raised flat-topped beds. Treatments were applied with a modified sled-type bed shaper and a conventional plastic mulch applicator. The slitted clear polyethylene CT treatment resulted in 45% of the total marketable fruit harvested in the first harvest as compared to 29% from the raised flat-topped beds. This treatment also increased total yield by ≈ 2000 kg·ha−1 over the standard, raised flat-topped beds.
Shoot Apex and Nodes Exposed Above-ground Influenced Growth of Sweet Potato Vine Cuttings
Authors: Hall Melvin R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pot-grown ‘Georgia Jet’ sweet potato [lpomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] vine cuttings, from which the primary shoot apex was removed, developed vines with fewer secondary laterals, but more tertiary laterals, and greater lengths of both secondary and tertiary laterals than were developed when the primary shoot apex was not removed. With eight nodes exposed aboveground, cuttings without the primary shoot apex developed a greater total length of secondary laterals due to longer internodes and greater total vine length than cuttings with the primary shoot apex. Dry weights of storage roots and lateral vines were increased, but dry weight of the primary vine was reduced from cuttings without the primary shoot apex. With four nodes exposed aboveground under field conditions, cuttings without the primary shoot apex developed fewer secondary laterals, less total vine length, and less yield of jumbo grade roots than those with the shoot apex. With eight nodes exposed aboveground under field conditions, cuttings with the primary shoot apex developed a greater number and length of tertiary laterals than those without the primary shoot apex, but the primary shoot apex did not affect secondary laterals, total vine length, or storage root yield significantly.
Bentgrass and Bermudagrass Putting Green Turf Tolerance to Postemergence Herbicides
Authors: Higgins J. M. , McCarty L. B. , Whitwell T. , Miller L. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted to evaluate response of ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) and ‘Tifgreen II bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt-Davy] to six postemergence herbicides. Fluazifop and sethoxydim were applied at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 kg ha−1. Fenoxaprop, haloxyfop, xylafop, and poppenate were evaluated at 0.07, 0.15, and 0.30 kg −1. Crop oil concentrate was added to each treatment at 2.4 liters·ha−1. Herbicides were applied in June 1985 to bentgrass, and in June and Aug. 1985 to bermudagrass. Bentgrass and bermudagrass had unacceptable color and density through 28 days after treatment (DAT) with all herbicides. Both species showed tolerance 28 DAT to fenoxaprop at 0.07 and 0.15 kg ha−1, but turf density was reduced compared to the untreated check. Bermudagrass quality at 42 and 49 DAT was not different from the untreated check with low and medium rates of fenoxaprop. All other herbicides reduced bentgrass and bermudagrass quality to unacceptable levels. Chemical names used: (±)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate (ethofumesate); (±)-2[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]phenoxy]propanoate (fenoxaprop); (±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxyl]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop); 2-[4-[[3-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (haloxyfop); methyl-3-hydroxy-4[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyridinyl]oxy]phenoxy]-pentanoate (poppenate); 2-[1-(ethoxyi-mino)butyl]-5-]2-(ethylthio)propyl]-3-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one (sethoxydim); 2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-quinoxalinyl)oxy]phenoxyl]propanoic acid (xylafop).
Ornamental Response to Two Methods of Oxadiazon Application
Authors: Glaze N. C. , Singh M. , Phatak S. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Oxadiazon was applied conventionally as a granular and compared to the emulsifiable concentrate injected into sprinkler irrigation system (chemigation) at 60- day intervals on 20 species of container-grown ornamentals. In general, phytotoxicity increased proportional to the number of applications and was most prevalent during cold weather. Moderate to severe phytotoxicity at 2 × and 4 × rates was observed on aucuba (Aucuba japonica Thunb.), azalea [Rhododendron (AZ) ‘Formosa’ and R. (AZ) ‘Fashionaire’], liriope [Liriope muscari (Decne) L. H. Bailey], pampas grass [Cortaderia selloana (Schult. & Schult. f.) Asch. & Graebn.], Japanese black pine (Pinus thunbergiana Franco), and red tip photinia (Photinia ‘Fraseri’ Dress). Increased injury was observed on aucuba, Japanese black pine, and azalea when oxadiazon was applied via chemigation. On the other species, the degree of phytotoxicity was proportional to the rate applied. Both monocots showed moderate (18%) to severe (45%) injury. The only cultivar with significant growth reductions after 8 months was the ‘Formosa’ azalea when chemigated. The only species with reduced marketability due to the herbicide was liriope. After the second application, the weight and number of weeds decreased proportional to the herbicide rate or number of applications. Chemical name used: 3-[2,4-dichloro-5-(1-methylethoxy)phenyl]-5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (oxadiazon).
In Situ Psychrometry For Measuring Cut Flower Water Status
Authors: Dixon Michael A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Mature potted rose bushes and cut rose blooms (Rosa hybrida ‘Samantha’) were used to assess the reliability of in situ stem psychrometers for measuring the water potential of these plant systems. Concurrent measurements of adjacent leaf water potential using a pressure bomb were correlated with the psychrometer measurements. The plants were subjected to a series of drought and rehydration cycles in order to exhibit a wide range of water potential (— 0.1 to —1.8 MPa). The results closely followed a 1:1 correlation. The psychrometer installations on intact rose bush stems produced reliable measurements of stem water potential for up to 6 weeks. The technique described is a nondestructive means to monitor the water status of intact plants or cut flowers continuously in response to management practices, storage and shipping techniques, or methods to enhance keeping quality.
Seasonal Changes in Specific Leaf Weight and Leaf Anatomy of Apple
Authors: Wooge Jon D. , Barden John A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Newly expanded interior canopy leaves of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) had lower specific leaf weight (SLW), leaf thickness, palisade depth, and number of palisade cell layers than middle or peripheral leaves from late May to early October. Leaves on the periphery of the canopy had the highest SLW values at all sample dates. Differences in leaf SLW, leaf thickness, and palisade depth between interior and peripheral leaves increased as the season progressed, primarily due to increases in peripheral leaves that developed later in the season. Regression analysis showed SLW to be significantly correlated with leaf thickness and palisade depth.
Summer Drought Response and Rooting Depth of Three Cool-season Turfgrasses
Authors: Sheffer K. M. , Dunn J. H. , Minner D. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted to determine root distribution, soil moisture depletion, and 32P uptake, as an indicator of water absorption, by Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. ‘Fylking’), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L. ‘Manhattan’), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb. ‘Kentucky 31’). 32P was injected at 6, 18, 30, 42, and 54 cm from the soil surface under each turfgrass plot on 18 July 1978. Leaf blade radioactivity revealed differences in uptake among species, but was inconsistent with rooting patterns. Root mass measurements below 36 cm in late August showed tall fescue > perennial ryegrass > Kentucky bluegrass. Root mass above 12 cm showed Kentucky bluegrass > tall fescue = perennial ryegrass. Soil water content (SWC) at three depths in August reflected root distribution for the three species. SWC was lowest under Kentucky bluegrass and highest under tall fescue at 6 cm. At 54 and 78 cm, SWC was highest under Kentucky bluegrass and lowest under tall fescue. SWC was better than 32P injection for detecting species differences in water uptake.
‘Shore Gold’ Sweet Potato
Authors: Sterrett S. B. , Graves B. , Savage C. P. , Cooler F. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Shore Gold’ sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] was developed by the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State Univ. Experiment Station. It is an early, widely adapted, high-yielding sweet potato cultivar with excellent baking quality.
‘Biloxi’, ‘Miami’, and ‘Wichita’ Lagerstroemia
Authors: Egolf Donald R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Biloxi’, ‘Miami’, and ‘Wichita’ are the first introduced tree growth habit Lager-stroemia indica L. × L. fauriei Koehne cultivars that combine mildew resistance, dark trunk bark coloration, and a range of flower colors. Lagerstroemia, commonly referred to as crape-myrtle, is the primary southern summer-flowering small tree, traditionally associated with the colonial era as was the lilac (Syringa vulgaris L.) in the northern frontiers. Crape-myrtle no longer is just a summer-flowering tree, but is a year-round landscape plant with magnificent trunk bark coloration. ‘Natchez’ and ‘Muskogee’ (4), the first U.S. National Arboretum L. indica × L. fauriei hybrids, have become leading nursery production and landscape plants as much for spectacular trunk bark coloration as the flowers. On the other hand, ‘Tuscarora’ (5) and ‘Tuskegee’ (6), both of similar parentage, lack intense bark coloration but are noteworthy cultivars because of the unique coral to dark pink flowers. More recently, the growth habit diversity was extended by the release of ‘Acoma’, ‘Hopi’, ‘Pecos’, and ‘Zuni’ with semi-dwarf growth habits (7). ‘Biloxi’, ‘Miami’, and ‘Wichita’ bring to 17 the U.S. National Arboretum Lagerstroemia cultivar introductions (2, 3).
Horticultural Curricula can Benefit from National Initiatives
Authors: Hegwood Donald A. , Merritt R. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two primary purposes of education are to satisfy the quest for knowledge and to provide educated and trained persons to serve the needs of society. These purposes also constitute an important part of the mission of a horticulture teaching program. In recent years, this mission has become more difficult to achieve, being challenged by declining enrollments, reallocation of positions, operating resources for teaching, inadequate facilities, and the diminishing half-life of new knowledge brought about by rapid advances in science and technology. The challenge also comes from institutional and societal pressures to look beyond disciplinary boundaries in both teaching and research.
Influence of Lantana on Growth of Various Citrus Rootstocks
Authors: Singh Megh , Achhireddy N. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Under nonlimiting conditions for nutrients, water, and light, the growth of citrus rootstocks was generally less in the presence of lantana (Lantana camara L.) than when they were grown alone. Approximately 75% of the rough leaves plants died within 3 months. Cleopatra mandarin was the least-affected rootstock with about 20% reduction of the root and shoot dry weights. The growth of Milam, sour orange, and Swingle citrumelo was intermediate in the presence of lantana. Overall, the presence of lantana did not affect nitrogen content of roots, whereas nitrogen levels in shoots varied for the six rootstocks.
Effect of Root Pruning at Different Growth Stages on Growth and Fruiting of Apple Trees
Authors: Schupp James R. , Ferree David C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Three- and 4-year-old ‘MeIrose’/M.7A apple trees were root-pruned on two sides, 50 cm from the trunk, at a depth of 35–40 cm at one of the following growth stages: dormant, full bloom, June drop, and preharvest. Root pruning at dormant or full bloom growth stages reduced trunk cross-sectional area increase and shoot length, reduced average leaf size and fruit size, and increased yield efficiency. Dormant root pruning increased the level of Ca in the fruit flesh. Root pruning at June drop and preharvest had no influence on shoot growth, but increased preharvest fruit drop. Root pruning at full bloom or later increased fruit soluble solids. Considerable root regeneration in close proximity to the cut was evident in November on trees root pruned at the dormant and full-bloom stages. Root regeneration was less on roots pruned at June drop and minimal in preharvest-treated trees. Leaf mineral nutrient levels were not influenced by root pruning treatment. Vegetative growth and fruit size were reduced less by root pruning in the 3-year-old trees than in the 4-year-old trees.
Summer Pruning Affects Fruit Quality and Light Penetration in Young Peach Trees
Authors: Miller Stephen S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two-year-old peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Candor] on ‘Lovell’ rootstock were summer-pruned (selective thinning and heading of current season's growth) 23 days before harvest. Pruning did not affect fruit quality. Summer pruning increased yield the subsequent year, apparently by increasing fruiting wood in the center of the tree. Summer pruning vigorous 3-year-old ‘Loring’ peach trees 8 weeks before harvest increased PAR through the canopy, 1 m above the ground, immediately after pruning and when measured at harvest. Fruit from summer-pruned ‘Loring’ were firmer, with lower soluble solids than those not summer-pruned.
Computer-assisted Determination of Apple Tree Canopy Volume
Authors: Miller Stephen S. , Lightner Gary W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A method for determining canopy volume of apple trees is described in which a graphics computer is used to digitize photographs of young trees. Volume is calculated from a formula based on the first theorum of Pappus. Volumes obtained compare favorably with the laborious, detailed hand-measurement methods. Canopy volumes determined from defined geometric shapes were generally less than those from hand- or computer-generated methods. Both of the latter methods correlated with trunk circumference and trunk cross-sectional area. Geometrically determined canopy volumes did not correlate with trunk size.