bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence for a more extensive Greenland Ice Sheet in southwestern Greenland during the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Sbarra Christopher M. , Briner Jason P. , Graham Brandon L. , Poinar Kristin , Thomas Elizabeth K. , Young Nicolás E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The maximum extent and elevation of the Greenland Ice Sheet in southwestern Greenland during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 26–19.5 ka) is poorly constrained. Yet, the size of the Greenland Ice Sheet during the LGM helps to inform estimates of past ice-sheet sensitivity to climate change and provides benchmarks for ice-sheet modeling. Reconstructions of LGM ice extents vary between an inner continental shelf minimum, a mid-shelf position, and a maximum extent at the shelf break. We use three approaches to resolve LGM ice extent in the Sisimiut sector of southwestern Greenland. First, we explore the likelihood of minimum versus maximum Greenland Ice Sheet reconstructions using existing relative sea-level data. We use an empirical relationship between marine limit elevation and distance to LGM terminus established from other Northern Hemisphere Pleistocene ice sheets as context for interpreting marine limit data in southwestern Greenland. Our analysis supports a maximum regional Greenland Ice Sheet extent to the shelf break during the LGM. Second, we apply a simple 1-D crustal rebound model to simulate relative sea-level curves for contrasting ice-sheet sizes and compare these simulated curves with existing relative sea-level data. The only realistic ice-sheet configuration resulting in relative sea-level model-data fit suggests that the Greenland Ice Sheet terminated at the shelf break during the LGM. Lastly, we constrain the LGM ice-sheet thickness using cosmogenic 10Be, 26Al, and 14C exposure dating from two summit areas, one at 381 m above sea level at the coast, and another at 798 m asl 32 km inland. Twenty-four cosmogenic radionuclide measurements, combined with results of our first two approaches, reveal that our targeted summits were likely ice-covered during the LGM and became deglaciated at ca. 11.6 ka. Inventories of in situ 14C in bedrock at one summit point to a small degree of inherited 14C and suggest that the Greenland Ice Sheet advanced to its maximum late Pleistocene extent at 17.1 ± 2.5 ka. Our results point to a configuration where the southwestern part of the Greenland Ice Sheet reached its maximum LGM extent at the continental shelf break.
Assessment of Current Risks of Excessive Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soils Based on the Concept of Critical Loads: A Review
Authors: Koptsik S. V. , Koptsik G. N. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAt the international level, the concept of critical loads developed under the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution directed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe is actively used to assess the risks of excessive inputs of pollutants into ecosystems. The review considers the main principles of the concept of critical loads and methods of its application for assessing the current risks of excessive accumulation of heavy metals (HMs) in soil as a component of terrestrial ecosystems from the standpoint of ecotoxicological effects (on plants, soil invertebrates, and microorganisms). Under this concept, the critical concentrations of Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn for soils are for the first time estimated using the functions of critical concentrations taking into account the properties of soils (primarily, acidity and the contents of organic matter and clay). The main attention is paid to the rationale and development of the models for assessment of the critical concentrations and transfer functions connecting the concentrations of HM compounds in soils and soil solutions. The current environmental risks of excessive HM accumulation are assessed by comparing them with their critical concentrations. Current challenges and future prospects for analyzing the current environmental risks based on the concept of critical loads include the reduction in the uncertainty of estimates, combined effect of different metals in a multicomponent pollution, field validation of processes and modeling results, and the impacts of climate change and land use.
Identification of Heavy Metal Compounds in Technogenically Transformed Soils Using Sequential Fractionation, XAFS Spectroscopy, and XRD Powder Diffraction
Authors: Pinskii D. L. , Minkina T. M. , Bauer T. V. , Nevidomskaya D. G. , Shuvaeva V. A. , Mandzhieva S. S. , Tsitsuashvili V. S. , Burachevskaya M. V. , Chaplygin V. A. , Barakhov A. V. , Veligzhanin A. A. , Svetogorov R. D. , Khramov E. V. , Iovcheva A. D. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The transformation of technogenic Cu and Zn compounds in technogenically transformed soils (Spolic Technosols) with high and very high concentrations of metals formed at the site of a natural tailings pond in the floodplain of the Seversky Donets River, the main tributary of the Don River (Rostov oblast, Russia) has been studied. The Technosols are compared to an unpolluted meadow-chernozemic soil (Fluvisol) outside the impact zone. The state of Cu and Zn is assessed using three sequential extraction schemes—Miller’s, Tessier’s, and BCR, as well as synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and analysis of synchrotron X-ray absorption spectrometry (XAFS) spectra. It is shown that the distribution of metals in soil is largely related to their properties, such as electronegativity, hydrolyzability, and softness parameter. As is observed, Cu mainly concentrates in the residual fraction (to 42%) and in the fraction associated with organic matter (up to 27%). The mobility of Zn in the studied soils is higher than that of Cu. Its main part (up to 56%) is in the residual fraction and the fraction associated with Fe and Mn oxides (up to 48%), especially with Fe(III) crystalline compounds. The combination of a three-stage BCR scheme with XAFS and XRD techniques is used for the first time. Most of the peaks in diffraction patterns of soil samples after the first and second extraction stages correspond to the authigenic sulfur-containing minerals, namely, wurtzite (ZnS with a hexagonal structure), sphalerite (cubic ZnS), covellite (CuS), and bornite (Cu5FeS4). Wurtzite is present in the exchangeable and reducible fractions. These fractions also contain chalcocite (Cu2S). Sulfides are most abundant in soil sample after extraction of the oxidizable fraction, while phyllosilicates are prevalent in the sample after extraction of the reducible fraction. X-ray absorption spectroscopy demonstrates molecular structural changes in the Zn and Cu compounds in heavily polluted soils, suggesting the transformation of metals under different environmental conditions, which is important for assessment of the soil protective function.
Development of retinal atrophy after subretinal gene therapy with voretigene neparvovec
Authors: Reichel Felix Friedrich , Seitz Immanuel , Wozar Fabian , Dimopoulos Spyridon , Jung Ronja , Kempf Melanie , Kohl Susanne , Kortüm Friederike Charlotte , Ott Saskia , Pohl Lisa , Stingl Krunoslav , Bartz-Schmidt Karl Ulrich , Stingl Katarina , Fischer M. Dominik 
Published: May 2022

Background/aimsVoretigene neparvovec (VN) is the first and only subretinal gene therapy approved by the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency. Real-world application has started in 2018 in patients with vision impairment due to biallelic retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)65mutation-associated inherited retinal degenerations. Herein, we evaluated the development of retinal atrophy within in a single-centre patient cohort treated with VN.Methods13 eyes of eight patients treated with VN were retrospectively analysed for areas of retinal atrophy over a period of 6–24 months following surgery. Ultrawide field images were used to measure the area of atrophy. Fundus autofluorescence imaging is presented as an instrument for early detection of signs of retinal atrophy in these patients.ResultsAtrophic changes beyond the retinotomy site were observed in all eyes. Areas of atrophy developed within the area of detachment (bleb) in all eight patients and outside the bleb in three patients. Changes in autofluorescence preceded the development of retinal atrophy and were already evident 2 weeks after surgery in the majority of patients. The areas of atrophy increase with time and progression continued over year 1. Functional outcomes remained stable (VA, FST, visual field).ConclusionSubretinal injection of VN can lead to RPE atrophy with consequent photoreceptor loss in and outside of the bleb area. Fundus autofluorescence is an important tool to monitor atrophic changes in patients after gene therapy. Interestingly, while areas of atrophy also included central areas, the functional benefits of the treatment did not appear to be affected and remained stable.
Short term, relative effectiveness of four doses versus three doses of BNT162b2 vaccine in people aged 60 years and older in Israel: retrospective, test negative, case-control study
Authors: Gazit Sivan , Saciuk Yaki , Perez Galit , Peretz Asaf , Pitzer Virginia E , Patalon Tal 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the relative effectiveness of a fourth dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA (BNT162b2) vaccine compared with three vaccine doses over the span of 10 weeks.DesignRetrospective, test negative, case-control study, with a matched analysis and an unmatched multiple tests analysis.SettingNationally centralised database of Maccabi Healthcare Services, an Israeli national health fund for 2.5 million people; from 10 January 2022 (seven days after the fourth dose was first given to eligible individuals) to 13 March 2022, an omicron dominant period in Israel.Participants97 499 Maccabi Healthcare Services members aged 60 years and older, who were eligible to receive a fourth vaccine dose and obtained at least one polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test during the study.Main outcome measuresBreakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection, defined as a positive PCR test performed seven or more days after inoculation with the BNT162b2 vaccine; and breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection resulting in severe covid-19 disease, defined as hospital admission or death related to covid-19.Results27 876 participants received the fourth BNT162b2 vaccine dose and 69 623 received three doses only. Of 106 participants who died during the follow-up period, 77 had had their third doses only and 23 had had their fourth doses during the first three weeks after inoculation. In the first three weeks, a fourth dose provided additional protection against both SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe disease relative to three doses of the vaccine. However, relative vaccine effectiveness against infection quickly decreased over time, peaking during the third week at 65.1% (95% confidence interval 63.0% to 67.1%) and falling to 22.0% (4.9% to 36.1%) by the end of the 10 week follow-up period. Unlike relative effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infection, the relative effectiveness of a fourth dose against severe covid-19 was maintained at a high level (>72%) throughout follow-up. However, severe disease was a relatively rare event, occurring in <1% of study participants who received four doses or three doses only.ConclusionsA fourth dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine appears to have provided additional protection against both SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe covid-19 disease relative to three vaccine doses. However, relative effectiveness of the fourth dose against infection appears to wane sooner than that of the third dose.
16S rRNA nanopore sequencing for the diagnosis of ocular infection: a feasibility study
Authors: Omi Masatoshi , Matsuo Yoshiyuki , Araki-Sasaki Kaoru , Oba Shimpei , Yamada Haruhiko , Hirota Kiichi , Takahashi Kanji 
Published: May 2022

ObjectiveWe conducted a feasibility study to verify the effectiveness of 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene analysis using the nanopore sequencer MinION for identifying causative bacteria in several types of ocular infections.Methods and AnalysisFour cases of corneal ulcers, one case of endophthalmitis and one case of a conjunctival abscess were included in this study. DNA was extracted from corneal scraping, vitreous samples and secretions from the conjunctival abscess. We conducted 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing using MinION and metagenomic DNA analysis. The efficacy of bacterial identification was verified by comparing the conventional culture method with smear observations.Results16S rRNA gene sequencing analysis with MinION identified the causative organisms promptly with high accuracy in approximately 4 hours, from ophthalmic specimens. The results of the conventional culture method and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were consistent in all cases. In four of the six cases, a greater variety of organisms was found in the 16S rRNA gene analysis than in bacterial culture.ConclusionUsing our workflow, 16S rRNA gene analysis using MinION enabled rapid and accurate identification possible in various kinds of bacterial ocular infections.
Quantifying the intensity of adverse events with ibuprofen and oxycodone: an observational cohort study
Authors: Ali Samina , Gourlay Katie , Yukseloglu Aran , Rosychuk Rhonda J , Ortiz Silvia , Watts Rick , Johnson David W , Carleton Bruce , Le May Sylvie , Drendel Amy L 
Published: May 2022

ObjectiveTo quantify the frequency and intensity of adverse events (AEs), commonly known as side effects, experienced by children receiving either ibuprofen or oxycodone for pain management following an acute fracture. Secondary objectives were to quantify functional outcome impairment and describe demographic and clinical characteristics associated with AEs.DesignObservational cohort study.SettingPaediatric emergency department.PatientsPatients (n=240) aged 4–16 years diagnosed with an acute fracture.InterventionPrescribed either ibuprofen (n=179) or oxycodone (n=61) for pain.Main outcome measuresFamilies were called for the first 3 days after discharge to report the presence and intensity of AEs and their child’s functional outcomes (ability to eat, sleep, play or attend school).ResultsOn day 1, children using oxycodone were more likely to report any AE (χ21=13.5, p<0.001), nausea (χ21=17.0, p<0.001), vomiting (χ21=11.2, p<0.001), drowsiness (χ21=13.7,p<0.001), constipation (χ21=8.9, p=0.003) and dizziness (χ21=19.1, p<0.001), compared with those using ibuprofen. Children receiving oxycodone reported greater severity of abdominal pain (oxycodone: mean 5.4 SD 3.1; ibuprofen mean 2.5 SD 1.4, F113=6.5, p=0.02) on day 1 and worse intensity of constipation (oxycodone: mean 4.9 SD 2.1; ibuprofen mean 3.2 SD 2.2, F133=4.5, p=0.04) over all 3 days. Use of oxycodone was associated with an increased odds of experiencing an AE on day 1 (OR=1.31 (95% CI 1.13 to 1.52)). Higher pain scores (OR=1.50 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.01)), lower extremity fracture (OR=1.25 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.47)) and undergoing ED sedation (OR=1.16 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.34)) were associated with missing school. Higher pain scores (OR=1.50 (95% CI 1.14 to 1.97)) and lower extremity fractures (OR=1.23 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.43)) were also associated with less play.ConclusionsOxycodone is associated with more frequent AEs overall, higher intensity gastrointestinal AEs and greater functional limitations compared with ibuprofen. Lower extremity fractures cause more functional limitations than upper extremity fractures. Clinicians should consider these differences when providing fracture pain care for children.
Detrital chromian spinels in the Cretaceous Sindong Group, SE Korea: implications for tectonic emplacement of hydrated mantle peridotites
Authors: Lee Yong Il , Lim Hyoun Soo 
Published: May 2022

The Sindong Group (Aptian–Albian), distributed in southeastern Korea, is a fluvio-lacustrine sequence deposited in the NE–SW-trending Nakdong Trough formed in an active continental margin. Sediments were derived from the Yeongnam Massif located west and NW of the Nakdong Trough, where Early Jurassic arc magmatism began in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. We report mineral chemistry of detrital chromian spinels of first-cycle origin occurring as an accessory mineral in arkose to feldspathic litharenites of the Sindong Group. Chromian spinel grains have Cr/(Cr + Al) atomic ratio between 0.36 and 0.94, Mg/(Mg + Fe
2+
) atomic ratio between 0.12 and 0.74, Fe
3+
/(Fe
3+
+ Al + Cr) value mostly <0.1, and <0.2 wt% TiO
2
; these values are consistent with spinel composition of forearc mantle peridotites, but are different from spinel composition of ultramafic rocks exposed in the southern Korean Peninsula. The results of this study indicate that forearc mantle peridotite or serpentinite was present in the Yeongnam Massif, and its tectonic emplacement is interpreted to have occurred by protrusion through the NE–SW-trending strike-slip fault zone developed in Middle Jurassic–Early Cretaceous time in the Yeongnam Massif and along the border with the adjacent tectonic province to the NW as a result of oblique convergence.

Supplementary material
: Locations of sandstone samples and compositions of spinels are available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.6004354
Marine minerals’ role in future holistic mineral resource management
Authors: Ellefmo Steinar Løve , Aberle Nicole , Hagspiel Verena , Ingulstad Mats , Aasly Kurt 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Deep marine mineral deposits are mineral deposits that have been formed outside the continental slope. Currently three main types of deposits are generally recognized: polymetallic manganese nodules, massive seafloor sulfides and cobalt-rich crusts. The authors argue that marine mineral resource management must be holistic. Holistic marine mineral management requires a clear understanding of the objectives to be achieved through mining and to assess and ensure a proper balance between costs, risks, potential gains and losses. For decades there have been substantial uncertainties regarding the short- and long-term impact of deep-sea mining on international society and the economy and, more recently, environmental issues have become central to the debate over mining the deep seabed. If deep-sea mining is to play a constructive role in the green transition towards more environmentally robust energy production and e-mobility, more ambitious interdisciplinary research is needed to provide the knowledge needed to devise a holistic approach to management of marine minerals. This includes completing thorough baseline studies in conjunction with geological exploration and devising new means of handling financial and technological uncertainties when making investment decisions and when developing regulatory frameworks.
Ultra‐Early Functional Improvement After Stroke Thrombectomy – Predictors and Implications
Authors: Desai Shashvat M. , Catapano Joshua S. , Tonetti Daniel A. , Nayar Gautam , Shah Kavit , Morrison Andrew A. , Jha Ruchira M. , Jovin Tudor G. , Jadhav Ashutosh P. 
Published: May 2022

Background
Neurocritical care is routinely provided to patients post‐endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) for anterior large vessel occlusion strokes. We aim to study the relationship between immediate improvement in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score on outcomes post‐EVT and potential implications for postprocedural care.

Methods
We performed a retrospective review of anterior circulation large vessel occlusion (internal carotid/proximal middle cerebral artery) patients undergoing EVT. Demographic, clinical, and imaging information was analyzed. Ultra‐early functional improvement (UEFI) was defined as NIHSS score <6 within 30 minutes of successful recanalization. We analyzed the incidence and predictors of UEFI, and explored reasons for neurological decline post‐UEFI.

Results

Of the 343 anterior large vessel occlusion patients undergoing EVT, mean age was 71 ± 15 and 46% were male. Mean NIHSS was 17 ± 6 and Time Last Known Well (TLKW) to arrival was 9 ± 11 hours. UEFI was observed in 23% (79/343) of patients. Independent predictors of UEFI included lower pretreatment NIHSS, favorable Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS), and lower admission systolic blood pressure. Rates of 90‐day‐modified Rankin scale 0–2 were higher (71% versus 33%,
P
<0.01) and the rate of mortality (8% versus 28%,
P
<0.01) was lower in the UEFI group compared with the non‐UEFI group. Amongst patients with UEFI, 1.3% (1/79) experienced increase in NIHSS by ≥4 points within 24 hours of EVT. This patient received thrombolysis, achieved TICI‐2B recanalization, and follow‐up neuroimaging revealed a parenchymal hemorrhage and an infarct volume of 44 mL. None of the patients with UEFI required continuous antihypertensive infusions.

Conclusions
Approximately 1‐in‐4 of anterior large vessel occlusion stroke patients undergoing EVT have an NIHSS score of <6 within 30 minutes of successful recanalization. Only 1% of them experience significant decline in neurological status within 24 hours of the procedure with the majority achieving functional independence at 90 days. The need for advanced neurocritical care should be reevaluated in these patients.
Accelerating Climate Action: The Politics of Nonstate Actor Engagement in the Paris Regime
Authors: Jernnäs Maria , Lövbrand Eva 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The 2015 Paris Agreement is often depicted as a turning point for global climate governance. Following years of diplomatic gridlock, it laid the foundations for a new global climate regime that invites states to partner with nonstate actors in the transition to the low-carbon society. This article critically examines the political rationalities that inform the pluralization of climate politics after Paris and the turn toward cooperative modes of governing. Drawing on an analysis of initiatives led by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change that were launched to engage nonstate actors in the evolving Paris regime, we identify a global governmentality that mobilizes nonstate actors as active and responsible partners in the quest for rapid and deep decarbonization. In its search for cooperative and efficient forms of problem management, we argue, this form of rule nurtures a global space free from friction and opposition where businesses, investors, and industry are elevated as the real partners of government.