bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heritability of Enzymatic Browning in Peaches
Authors: Hansche Paul E. , Boynton Buck 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Heritabilities were estimated for 4 measures of bruise-induced enzymatic browning in peaches (Prunus persica L.) Batsch. Two were direct measures: intensity of the brown color (IB) and the diameter of the brown region (DB). Two were indirect measures: activity of polyphenyloxydase (PPO) and the concentration of polyphenols (PPC). The heritability of IB was moderately high (0.35 ± 0.04). That of DB was not significantly different from zero (0.08 ± 0.06). The heritability of PPC was reasonably high (0.38 ± 0.05), and that of PPO moderate (0.26 ± 0.04). Because the heritabilities of IB and PPC are about equal, the rate of reduction in IB resulting from selection on PPC should not be expected to be as great as that resulting from direct selection applied to IB. Thus, at present it appears that the direct measure of IB provides breeders with the best measure, among the 4 studied, of the susceptibility of seedlings to bruise-induced enzymatic browning.
Cold Storage of Kiwifruit Shoot Tips in Vitro
Authors: Monette Paul L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis Planch, cv. Hayward) shoot tip cultures were stored in the dark successfully at 8°C. After a year, their fresh weight had increased 8-fold and they produced more shoot tips than at the start of storage. Storage was less successful at 4°. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA), N6-benzyla-minopurine (BAP).
Estimating Yields of Red Raspberries in Small Research Plots
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. , Dale Adam , McGregor Graeme 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Estimated yields were compared to actual yields of red raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) from research plots planted in stool beds at Abbotsford, B.C. and Invergowrie, Scotland and in hedge rows at Healesville in Victoria, Australia. Estimated yields, based on fruit set on 2 canes immediately prior to the start of harvest multiplied by the mean weight of 50 fruit taken at least 5 times throughout the harvest season, accurately assessed yield of the plots at all 3 locations. Accuracy of estimates was improved if plots had similar cane numbers and numbers of canes sampled were increased.
Effect of Harvest Maturity on Viability of Onion Seed
Authors: Steiner J. J , Akintobi D. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A study was undertaken to determine the moisture content at which the seed of ‘Sweet Spanish’ onion (Allium cepa L.) expressed maximum yield and viability but at the same time did not shatter. A harvest maturity curve was developed to provide an estimate for optimum time of harvest. Umbels could be harvested with moisture contents as high as 66% without any adverse effect on seed size or viability. The umbels could be left on the plant until umbel moisture was as low as 52% before shattering commenced. The resulting 14% moisture range, within which harvest may proceed without losses to shattering or immature seed, provides an adequate buffer for harvesting onion seed.
Survival of European Red Mite on Apples with Different Levels of Susceptibility to Powdery Mildew
Authors: Goonewardene Hilary F. , Kwolek W. F. , Williams E. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Twenty-eight apple selections exhibiting different levels of powdery mildew resistance, based on greenhouse and field ratings from other investigations at other locations, were evaluated as grafts in the greenhouse for European red mite survival and development. Although we found selections HAR5T8, HAR8T140, HCR9T48, HCR14T149, OR48T70, and TSR14T146 to have a significantly (P = 0.05, 80 df) higher powdery mildew rating than NY55140-19, at one or more European red mite counts the other 22 selections did not show similar differences. Only selection HAR5T142 had significantly higher (P = 0.05, 80 df) mite counts relative to HCR21T200. The absence of a relationship between powdery mildew and European red mite infestations in apple was demonstrated through the lack of significant correlation between the levels of infestation by these 2 pests.
A Laboratory Exercise for Scaling of Hyacinths
Authors: Preece John E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Under natural conditions, hyacinths (Hyacinthus orientalis L.) propagate vegetatively at a slow rate by the production of clusters of daughter bulbs (4, 12). For commercial propagation, scooping, scoring (4, 5, 12), and coring (2, 4) are used because they result in more uniform progeny than natural propagation (4). Hyacinths also can be propagated asexually using in vitro techniques (10, 11). This artificial propagation destroys the apical growing point and requires special treatments and environmental conditions.
Bolting Differences Among Nine Leaf Lettuce Cultivars
Authors: Kahn Brian A. , Magnello Dennis F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Bolting (premature production of flowers or seeds) of leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) results in elongated seedstalks and bitter leaves (1). Seed companies often refer to differences in bolting in their advertisements for leaf lettuce cultivars. However, scientific studies that substantiate or refute these claims are not readily available.
Introgression as a Source of Bitterness in Watermelon
Authors: Herrington M. E. , Brown P. J. , Carr A. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The sweet, juicy, red flesh of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai] is a popular dessert in Australia, while the bland, white, firm-textured flesh of pie-melons, also Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai, is used in jam making. Red flesh color of watermelon is a monogenic trait and recessive to white (7). Both bitter and sweet forms of C. lanatus occur and are naturalized in inland areas of tropical and subtropical Australia (3, 9). Bitter fruit of commercial watermelon occasionally have appeared in markets in Australia. A mutation within a commercial cultivar has been considered as the source of plants producing bitter fruit (1,3,6). The nonbitter characteristic of fruit in commerce is conferred by a single recessive gene (1, 7). However, in bitter fruit of C. lanatus, the concentration of Cucurbitacin E glycoside, the principal compound sensed as bitterness (2, 5), is influenced by a modifier gene or genes (1, 7). The concentration of the glycoside in bitter fruit of Accession 242 (a wild type), and of the bitter mutant of the commercial cultivar Hawkes-bury, are 240-590 mg°kg−1 and 1500-2100 mg°kg−1, respectively, and 910-1240 mg °kg−1 in the F1 (1, 2). The concentration of Cucurbitacin E glycoside in nonbitter fruit of C. lanatus is reported to be 0 mg°kg−1 (1) and 60-90 mg°kg−1 (8).
‘Northblue’, ‘Northsky’, and ‘Northcountry’ Blueberries
Authors: Luby J. J. , Wildung D. K. , Stushnoff C. , Munson S. T. , Read P. E. , Hoover E. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) breeding program was initiated at the Univ. of Minnesota in 1967 using V. corymbosum L. and V. angustifolium Ait. and hybrids between the species. The objective was to develop low-saturated, high-quality, cold-hardy cultivars for commercial as well as home garden use (3). ‘Northblue’, ‘Northsky’, and ‘Northcountry’ are the first cultivars introduced from this program.
‘Migold’ Bell Pepper
Authors: Honma Shigemi , Price H. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Migold’ is a sweet, pointed bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) with yellow immature fruit that ripen to an orange-red color. It is a week earlier than ‘Romanian’ and is adapted to the northern United States. The fruit have been satisfactorily processed as a pickled product. Although initially developed for the pickling trade, ‘Migold’ is also well-suited for fresh market use, the garden, and as parents for breeding programs.
MI-2000, MI-100, and MI-08 Tomato Breeding Populations
Authors: Honma Shigemi , Murakishi H. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) populations MI-2000, MI-100, and MI-08 are germplasm released from the Michigan Agricultural Expt. Station. Each population is a bulk of seed from the more promising selections and may need further improvement for horticultural type. The principal value of each population should be as a source of genetic characters, disease resistance, parthenocarpy, and earliness.
Sophora microphylla Ait. ‘Earlygold’
Authors: Butcher S. M. , Bicknell R. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The genus Sophora belongs to the family Papilionaceae and contains about 20 species of temperate and subtropical trees and shrubs (1) of wide distribution. Three species are native to New Zealand: S. prostrata J. Buchan, S. tetraptera J.F. Mill, and S. microphylla Ait. The 2 tall species, S. tetraptera and S. microphylla, are widely planted as garden specimen trees because of their abundant golden yellow flowers produced in spring. 'Earlygold' is being released for its ornamental value and for its dwarf compact growth habit.
Retrospection, Reflection, and the Future of Horticultural Science Presidential Address1
Authors: Kelly John F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
During the past two years as Presidentelect and President of ASHS, I have heard from many of our Members relative to what some have labeled, “The Demise of Horticulture Departments”. Feature articles, editorials, and letters to editors have addressed the subject. Although we cannot deny that many changes have occurred in our applied science units—both private and public, academic and nonacademic—the vast majority of these changes represent progress.
A Realistic Inventory Control Project for Nursery Management Students
Authors: Smith M. A. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
University horticulture students often do not experience the real challenges of the industry until after graduation due to the constraints of classroom schedules and the traditional lecture/laboratory format (3, 10). Practical management of a nursery inventory is a classic example. Complete inventory records are essential for making key management and planning decisions in any business, but the peculiar traits of a woody plant materials inventory demand exceptional ingenuity on the part of nurserymen. Nursery stock may remain in inventory for 7-10 years (from propagation to sale), and is continually changing (in terms of size and caliper) during this period. Individual plants are moved through multiple production stages with characteristic production losses at each stage, a complication that requires constant updates in inventory records. The long lag time between propagation and finished production also makes the target market and number of plants ultimately available for sale very difficult to predict accurately. Each unique requirement compounds the difficulty of maintaining a useful nursery stock inventory record.
Interactions of Soil-borne Organisms and Woody Perennial Root Systems
Authors: Perry Ronald L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The root system of woody perennial crops exists in an extremely complex environment. We as horticulturists and problem solvers need to improve our understanding of the role of the interactions of soil microrganisms, soil media, and the root rhizosphere. It is for this purpose that several ASHS Working Groups—Rootstocks and Compound Genetics, Citrus Crops, Mycorrhiza, Pomology, Nursery Crops, and Viticulture and Small Fruits—have combined to help sponsor this symposium. Plant pathologists and soil microbiologists were invited to elucidate on the impact of pathogenic and beneficial soil bacteria, fungi, and nematodes. As brought out by authors in the following papers, practices employed in managing horticultural crops often discourage the development of plant growth-stimulating microorganisms. Such practices as fumigation and high application rates of fertilizers can alter the composition of the rhizosphere. Conversely, the bacteria, fungi, and nematodes can also alter the rhizospheres by producing substances such as antibodies and toxic metabolites. In citrus, mycorrhizae can alter the nutrient balances, which can indirectly suppress pathogenic fungi.
Root-colonizing Bacteria and Plant Health
Authors: Schroth M. N. , Weinhold A. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this symposium paper is to give an overview and progress report of developments on root-colonizing bacteria to promote plant health. This topic includes such subjects as factors affecting the dynamics of root colonization, mechanisms of microbial antagonism, use of bacteria to control diseases, and commercial development of microbiological inoculants. Papers cited below and reviews (3, 5, 27–30, 34, 39) provide a more detailed account of specific investigations on root-colonizing bacteria and plant health and microbial interactions in the rhizosphere. The rhizosphere is defined as the sphere about roots that is influenced by root activities, such as the exudation of chemicals.
Identifying and Manipulating Metabolic Stress-resistance Traits
Authors: Hanson Andrew D. , Hoffman Neil E. , Samper Catalina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Overall plant resistance to environmental stresses is conferred by characters expressed at four levels of organization: developmental, structural, physiological, and metabolic or biochemical (Fig. 1). Characters expressed at the upper levels are usually controlled by many genes. The potential for using recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology to understand and alter stress resistance is presently limited to single-gene traits, especially those expressed at the biochemical level. Such traits may be rare, and the effects on overall crop performance of modifying them cannot be foretold (Fig. 1), but they remain invaluable for basic research. The ability to construct specific mutations in vitro with cloned genes, and then to reintroduce them into the plant via some mechanism of transformation, would provide the power of genetic analysis to test models of molecular function in stress (2, 22). The ability to suppress expression of individual genes by the use of anti-sense messages would serve similar ends (4, 25). Thus, there is much interest in identifying and isolating single genes related to stress resistance or susceptibility. We discuss and criticize three ways of going about this task and show how helpful an understanding of stress physiology and biochemistry can be.
Chilling Injury: A Review of Possible Causes
Authors: Markhart Albert H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Chilling injury has been defined as injury at temperatures low enough to cause damage but not cause freezing of water (17). Common usage refers to temperatures between 0° and 15°C, which cause irreversible damage to tropical and subtropical species. Except for the obvious postharvest loss of quality in many fruits and poor stand establishment in some field crops, the economic importance of chilling injury is difficult to quantify. Chilling injury often results in plants being “set back” so that maturation is delayed and yield reduced. A better understanding of the physiological and biochemical causes of injury and mechanisms of resistance will enable the horticulturist to design better cultural practices and the breeder to develop more resistant cultivars.
Effects of Previous Tillage System and Nitrogen Rates on Yield and Nitrogen Concentration and Recovery by Turnip
Authors: Knavel Dean E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Foliage dry weight for a fall turnip (Brassica rapa L. Rapifera group) crop grown in plowed no-till (NT) plots that previously contained a cover crop of hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth.) (NT + V) was greater for plants grown in plots that were previously treated with N at 0 and 56 kg·ha−1 than with 112 kg·ha−1. There were significant linear effects of N rates on fresh root and dry foliage weights of turnip plants in plots that had not contained vetch (NT − V), but not for plants in NT + V plots. About 64 and 48 kg·ha−1 of N were recovered by turnip plants grown in NT + V plots that were previously treated with N at 0 and 56 kg·ha−1, respectively. The previous tillage treatments had no effect on turnip root yield.
Effects of Planting and Harvest Date on Betalain Pigment Concentrations in Three Table Beet Genotypes
Authors: Wolyn D. J. , Gabelman W. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of planting and harvest dates on violet betacyanin (BC) and yellow betaxanthine (BX) pigment concentrations and the BC : BX ratio were studied in three table beet (Beta vulgaris L.) genotypes. The R'R, Rt'r, and R'r genotypes, conditioning high (violet), medium (red), and low (orange) BC/BX ratios, were studied using two planting and three harvest dates. Total pigment (BC + BX) increased with both later planting and later harvest dates. BC : BX ratio increased with later planting date but decreased with later harvest dates. For any planting date-harvest date combination the three genotypes showed distinct pigment ratios. The Rt'r genotypes planted on 1 July and harvested at 50 days had a pigment ratio similar to the R'R genotype planted on 1 July and harvested at 100 days. Environment can affect betacyanin and betaxanthine production differently, altering pigment concentrations and ratios.
Interaction Between Rhizobial Inoculation and Fertilizer Nitrogen in Five Cowpea Cultivars
Authors: Fernandez George C.J. , Miller J. Creighton 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Rhizobial inoculation with commercial cowpea ‘EL’ mixed strain inoculant as compared to noninoculation, and effects of four levels (0, 14, 28, and 84 kg·ha−1) of fertilizer N (CaNO3–15.5% N) on yield and N2 fixation components in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] were investigated in a field study. Plants were grown on a vertic albaqualf, fine, montmorillonitic, thermal soil with a pH of 6.7. Three high (H) and two low (L) N2-fixing, indeterminate cowpea cultivars, ‘H-California Blackeye No. 5’, ‘H-Brown Crowder’, ‘H-Tennessee White Crowder’, ‘L-Lady’, and ‘L-Mississippi Silver’, were used. In inoculated plants, N2 fixation was significantly reduced with increasing N levels. Although high-fixing cultivars produced more and larger nodules and expressed higher nitrogenase activity than the low fixers, no significant differences in top dry weight and total N/plant were observed between these groups at the time of flowering. Seed yield was greater in rhizobia-inoculated plants than in the noninoculated, fumigated controls. A significant linear increase in seed yield was observed with increasing N levels in the noninoculated, fumigated controls. The addition of fertilizer N to cowpeas inoculated at planting did not increase seed yield. In high-fixing cultivars, N2 fixation did not directly influence seed yield, but increased vegetative matter was produced. Seed and biomass yield were influenced by N2 fixation in low-fixing cultivars.
A Comparison of Five Irrigation Methods on Onions
Authors: Ellis J. E. , Kruse E. G. , McSay A. E. , Neale C. M. U. , Horn R. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Water use efficiencies of five irrigation methods on dry onions (Allium cepa L.) were compared in a two-year field study. The methods were: 1) graded furrows where water was measured into the upper end of the furrows and excess water was measured as it ran out the lower end; 2) level furrow where water was held in short, level furrows until infiltrated into the ground; 3) sprinkler; 4) trickle; and 5) trickle three times per week. Efficiency of water use (tonne per hectare per millimeter) was least with graded furrows and the same for the other four treatments in 1983, whereas there were no efficiency differences in 1984. Treatment differences in yield among onion grades occurred both years, but no differences in total yields among treatments for either year. The results do not justify the expense of conversion from existing furrow irrigation systems to pressurized systems for water savings on a uniform, heavy-textured soil where good-quality water is used.
Rooting of Interspecific Peach Hybrids by Semihardwood Cuttings
Authors: Mehlenbacher Shawn A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Semihardwood cuttings of 82 genotypes of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and complex hybrids of peach with almond (P. amygdalus Batsch), P. davidiana, P. kansuensis, and P. persica vulgaris siberica were rooted under mist. Average rooting percentages ranged from 7% to 100%. Peach selections generally rooted well with the exception of hardy rootstock selections. P. davidiana rooted poorly, but most of its hybrid progeny rooted well. P. kansuensis and its hybrid progeny rooted well. Peach x almond F1 hybrids generally rooted poorly; the rooting percentage was higher in backcrosses to peach.
Identification of Manganese Toxicity and Magnesium Deficiency on Melons Grown in Low-pH Soils
Authors: Simon James E. , Wilcox Gerald E. , Simini Michael , Elamin Osman M. , Decoteau Dennis R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Field-grown muskmelons (Cucumis melo var. reticulatus Ser.) and watermelons [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai] are sensitive to nutrient stress induced by low-pH soils. Severe foliar injury observed on melons grown in low-pH soils was caused by toxic levels of Mn and/or deficient levels of Mg in the leaf tissue. Manganese toxicity symptoms in muskmelons develop as chlorotic spotting on the adaxial surface of older leaves, with water-soaked rings around necrotic spots on the abaxial surface. In watermelons, Mn toxicity develops initially on older leaves as black-brown speckling on the abaxial leaf surface. Severe vein browning develops with age. Magnesium deficiency develops first on mature muskmelon and watermelon leaves as an interveinal bronzing, followed by a necrosis and browning of the interveinal tissue. Muskmelons are more sensitive to both Mn toxicity and Mg deficiency than are watermelons.
Influence of Light Treatments Before and After Induction Treatment on Flowering of Alstroemeria ‘Regina’
Authors: Healy William E. , Wilkins Harold F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Early winter flowering of Alstroemeria ‘Regina’ plants was accomplished by a long-day, high-pressure sodium vapor lamp (HPS) treatment before the low 5°C temperature induction treatment. This HPS treatment predisposed the plants to respond to a subsequent long photoperiod treatment during winter. Winter generative shoot yield was increased by 35% through the use of HPS pretreatment. Stem length increased as the duration of the HPS treatment prior to cold induction increased.
Aryl Esters of IBA Increase Rooted Cutting Quality of Red Maple ‘Red Sunset’ Softwood Cuttings
Authors: Struve Daniel K. , Arnold Michael A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Softwood cuttings of ‘Red Sunset’ red maple (Acer rubrum L.) were given 3-sec basal dips in five auxins at four concentrations. Auxins used were: IBA, K-IBA, NP-IBA, P-ITB, and P-IBA. All auxins were prepared in 10-, 20-, 30-, and 40-mm concentrations. Cuttings treated with 30 mm IBA had the highest percentage of rooting (70%). Other treatments exceeding 50% rooting were: 20 mm K-IBA and IBA and 30 mm P-IBA and P-ITB. Although the percentage of rooting was less in cuttings treated with aryl esters of IBA, rooted cutting quality was improved when compared with IBA-treated cuttings. Cuttings treated with 30 and 40 mm P-IBA had more roots per rooted cutting (two to three) and more total root length (20 cm) compared with 30 mm IBA-treated cuttings. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); potassium salt of IBA (K-IBA); N phenyl-indole-3-butyramide (NP-IBA); phenyl indole-3-thiobutyrate (P-ITB); and phenyl indole-3-butyrate (P-IBA).