bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development and Implementation of a Generation Program on the American Gas and Electric Company System: 3—200,000 Kw, 2000 Psi, 1050 F/1050 F—An Advance in the Economics of Integrated Power-System Generation
Authors: Sporn Philip , Fiala S. N. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses the steam-electric generating units being installed at two new plants of the American Gas and Electric Company System, Kanawha River Plant of Appalachian Electric Power Company, and Muskingum River Plant of The Ohio Power Company. Reasons for the selection of unusually large single boiler-single turbine sets are presented in terms of the over-all generating requirements of the AG&E System. Basic considerations in the selection of component equipment for these units are developed, as well as the means by which these components have been combined to accomplish a very economical arrangement for mass generation of power for the System.
Thermodynamics of Gasification of Coal With Oxygen and Steam: Charts for Material and Enthalpy Balance Calculations
Authors: Edmister Wayne C. , Perry Harry , Corey R. C. , Elliott M. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Thermodynamic charts and tabulations are presented for calculating conveniently the heat balance, and product-gas yield and composition for the gasification of coal with oxygen and steam, on the assumption that water-gas shift equilibrium is attained by the product gases. These charts are of general applicability for any rank of coal; they cover a wide range of operating conditions through the use of multiple parameters, and may be used for pressures as high as 30 atm. Examples are given to illustrate the use and versatility of the charts. Charts and numerical examples are also given for a typical high-volatile C bituminous coal to illustrate the uses of such charts for a specific coal.
High-Speed Cascade Testing Techniques
Authors: Keast F. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a cascade wind tunnel used by the author since 1948. Such auxiliary equipment as an automatic traverse and recording gear and a wedge-shaped probe are described. Some results are presented with a method of analysis for turbine cascades which converts the cascade results into a turbine-performance chart. The existence of a critical load factor results from this analysis.
Operating Characteristics of Cylindrical Roller Bearings at High Speeds
Authors: Macks E. F. , Nemeth Z. N. , Anderson W. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The significance of bearing operating temperature is discussed with regard to bearing operating limitations. The extent of the effects of various operating variables upon the bearing inner-race and outer-race temperatures is shown. Test-rig results as well as turbojet-engine data have been generalized by means of a cooling correlation analysis so that the designer may predict either the inner-race or the outer-race bearing temperature from a single curve, regardless of whether bearing speed, bearing load, oil flow, oil-inlet temperature, oil-inlet viscosity or oil-inlet velocity vary over wide ranges.
Measurement of Hydraulic-Turbine Vibration
Authors: Parmakian John , Jacobson R. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a test program used to measure and eliminate the vibration which had produced extensive cracking in the blading of a slow-speed, 40,000-hp hydraulic turbine. Strains, accelerations, and pressures were measured at various locations on the turbine runner while the unit was in operation. The instruments used for these measurements were of the resistance type. Instrument signals were transmitted through collector rings and brushes to direct-writing oscillographs. The vibration was eliminated successfully by an inexpensive modification of the runner blading which is described in the paper.
Design of Flat-Wound Tension Springs
Authors: Conklin R. M. , Forry D. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The design of spring-actuated mechanisms often can be improved by the use of a flat-wound spring. Over-center snap-action and similar devices, where it is advantageous to keep the line of action of the spring as close to the bearings as possible, can be made appreciably more compact because of the narrow width of the spring. Equations for the deflection and stress of flat-wound springs are developed. A nomogram, which can be used to solve the stress and deflection equations simultaneously for square and round wire springs, is presented. Experimental results which support the theoretical analysis have been obtained and are discussed in detail.
High-Temperature Stress-Rupture Testing of Tubular Specimens
Authors: Kooistra L. F. , Blaser R. U. , Tucker J. T. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A large percentage of the high-temperature alloys is used in tubular form but most of the high-temperature strength data for these materials are based on simple tension bar specimens. Testing these materials in the shape and condition in which they are used eliminates many of the discrepancies between test specimen and actual service. A method has been developed in which a tubular specimen under internal steam pressure and at a controlled temperature is tested in stress rupture. This method closely simulates actual service conditions, except for the external flue-gas atmosphere and the temperature gradient through the tube wall existing in heat-transfer service. A suitable environment can, however, be provided when service conditions are known. The test apparatus is described and a number of the test results are discussed in relation to similar data obtained on simple tension specimens. Failures obtained under test conditions are compared with similar failures suffered by tubes in actual service.
Experimental Superheater for Steam at 2000 Psi and 1250 F—Progress Report of Field Operation
Authors: Ely F. G. , Eberle F. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
To investigate the properties of new superstrength alloys for high-temperature steam superheater service a test element constructed of 2-in-OD alloy tubes was installed in an operating boiler at Twin Branch Plant and supplied with steam at 2000 psig 950 F, which was heated to 1250 F. Operating conditions, and results of the first 5000 service-hours are described in this paper. The test is being continued for thorough evaluation of the materials.
Wet Compression in an Axial-Flow Compressor
Authors: Soo Shao-Lee 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The problem of wet compression in an axial-flow compressor was studied considering heat and mass transfer. The basic relation between the rate of compression, size of water particles, and over-all pressure ratio was obtained. The design criterion of an axial-flow compressor for wet compression was outlined. The possibility of introducing wet compression in a supersonic compressor was investigated as a two-phase Riemann shock problem.
A Method of Correlating Heat-Transfer Data for Surface Boiling of Liquids
Authors: Rohsenow W. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A method based on a logical explanation of the mechanism of heat transfer associated with the boiling process is presented for correlating heat-transfer data for nucleate boiling of liquids for the case of pool boiling. The suggested relation is clTxhfg=Csf(q/Aμlhfg(q/A)σg(ρl-ρv))0.33(clμlkl)1.7 where the various fluid properties are evaluated at the saturation temperature corresponding to the local pressure and Csf is a function of the particular heating surface-fluid combination.
Runaway Speed of Kaplan Turbines
Authors: Voaden G. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The object of this paper is to illustrate the type of laboratory test data which a turbine manufacturer must have to predict intelligently the runaway speed of a Kaplan turbine. The significant differences between the “on-cam” and “off-cam” runaway speeds are explained and data on actual runaway-speed tests conducted on a large Kaplan turbine installation are given. Attention is called to the possibility of reducing the runaway speed by restricting the minimum angle to which the runner blades can be pitched, and information is presented that will aid the purchaser of a Kaplan turbine to decide what runaway speed should be provided for in the generator.
Frequency-Response Analysis for Industrial Automatic-Control Systems
Authors: St. Clair D. W. , Coombs W. F. , Owens W. D. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The authors outline the fundamental principles of frequency-response analysis in terms familiar to the industrial automatic-control engineer, as well as present data obtained by frequency-response methods descriptive of the effect of typical variables on the behavior of the control system. These variables are gain, derivative time, reset rate, transportation lag, and capacity lag, with period of oscillation and stability as dependent variables. They have been combined to form three basic controllers and four basic processes, the data being presented for the various combinations of controller and process. The method of calculation and a specific example are given in the Appendix.
Design and Performance of an Extended-Surface Regenerator for a Gas-Turbine Plant
Authors: Holm Sven , Lyerly R. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a new type of extended-surface heat exchanger developed for application to a gas-turbine plant for a natural-gas pipe-line pumping station. This regenerator features compactness and low weight, although the particular unit described is not as compact and light as could be made since primary consideration was given to material strength and service life, thus involving the use of relatively heavy sections for both primary and extended surfaces. Smaller-scale component parts would give higher heat-transfer coefficients and increase heating surface per unit volume by as much as 3 to 1.
The New-Type Code Chart for the Design of Vessels Under External Pressure
Authors: Bergman E. O. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a new Code chart for shells and heads of pressure vessels under external pressure. The chart is especially adaptable to materials like nonferrous metals that have a nonlinear stress-strain curve. The curves for shells consist of two families with a common abscissa scale and different ordinate scales. One family represents the dimensional variables and is the same for all materials. The other family represents the mechanical property variables of a given material at different temperatures. Each curve is constructed from a stress-strain diagram of the material at the temperature it represents. A “head-line” curve provides for the design of hemispherical heads.
A Procedure for Determining the Allowable Out-of-Roundness for Vessels Under External Pressure
Authors: Holt Marshall 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The procedure developed in the paper is based on the theory of thin shells developed by Dr. R. G. Sturm. The formula for determining the allowable out-of-roundness contains two factors, one based on the proportions of the shell and the other based on the properties of the material as measured by the allowable design stress. The procedure is applicable to elevated as well as to room temperatures.
Investigation of Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer in Smooth Tubes, Including the Effects of Variable Fluid Properties
Authors: Deissler R. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Equations are derived for the prediction of radial velocity distributions for fully developed turbulent flow in smooth tubes both with and without heat transfer. The analysis results in an equation which represents both the conventional buffer layer and the laminar layer. In order to check the analysis and determine values for the constants appearing in the equations, tests were conducted to determine fully developed velocity distributions for air flowing without heat transfer in a smooth tube. The results are correlated by using conventional velocity and distance parameters, and agree closely with those of Nikuradse and other investigators. The analysis is extended to include flow with heat transfer, and equations for this case are obtained for Prandtl number of 1 in which the effects of the variation of fluid properties due to temperature variation across the tube were considered. By use of the equations for velocity and temperature distributions, relations are also obtained among Nusselt number, Reynolds number, and friction factor for a fluid with a Prandtl number of 1 for the case where the variation of fluid properties across the tube is large. The trends predicted analytically were found to be similar to those determined experimentally by measurement of average surface heat-transfer coefficients and friction factors of air flowing in tubes.
Displacement Versus Time Characteristics of Hydraulic Actuators
Authors: Linderoth L. Sigfred 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper develops the relation between the displacement and time of a piston in a hydraulic actuator in terms of the load, mass, pressure drop, viscosity, and special operating conditions. It is based upon the Fanning law of friction in pipes and the value of the friction factor in smooth pipes as given by Hagen-Poiseuille and Blasius. The relation developed will cover most conditions met in the design of hydraulic equipment and will suggest a means to analyze those conditions not covered. This method is valid for pressures up to 100 atm and, with modifications, to higher pressures.
Cyclone-Fired Pressurized Steam Generator
Authors: Newkirk Merle 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The Dow Chemical Company has a number of plants in the United States and Canada for the manufacture of industrial and pharmaceutical chemicals and the production of magnesium metal. Their power plants supply process, high-pressure, low-pressure, and vacuum steam; electrical energy, compressed air, high and low-pressure water and stack gas. Several of the power plants are synchronized with public utilities. Power is purchased or sold depending upon the local conditions. This combination affords an opportunity to select and operate equipment beyond the scope of the average plant, and to put into use advanced ideas in power-plant design.
62,000-Hp Vertical Six-Nozzle Impulse Turbines for the Bridge River Hydrodevelopment
Authors: Boyle W. F. , White I. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Information is presented concerning the historical background of the vertical impulse-type turbines installed at the Bridge River hydrodevelopment of the British Columbia Electric Railway Company, Ltd. This plant is of wide interest since few similar installations have been made. Data are presented to disclose the reason for selecting the 6-nozzle vertical turbine in comparison with other impulse-type turbines.
The Manufacture of Small Ice
Authors: Field Crosby 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Small ice may be defined as water frozen in the form of ribbons, strips, fragments, cubes, or relatively small pieces, whether regular or irregular in shape, or pieces compounded thereof, or compounded of crushed ice. With the exception of ice cubes frozen in the domestic electric or gas refrigerator, it is only at the beginning of its third decade of successful commercialization. The daily production of small ice is now a substantial tonnage, a growth from less than 10 tons per day at the time of the visit of the Metropolitan New York Section of the American Society of Refrigerating Engineers to the author’s first commercial plant in 1928 (1). Although the reasons for this growth will be mentioned briefly, this paper will be limited to an abbreviated description of the numerous developments of processes and machinery for freezing small ice, including those in commercial operation today. No mention will be made of the equally numerous methods of freezing large cakes of ice and then crushing, sawing, or grid or wire-melting them into small ice, the product of which has not been included in the production stated.
Carbide High-Velocity Turning
Authors: Fersing Leif 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The term “carbide high-velocity turning,” has lately come into use to indicate higher turning speeds than heretofore have been considered economical or practical for machining steel. Turning speeds of 350 to 400 fpm were generally considered high, whereas today turning speeds for steel from 400 to 1400 fpm are actually used in production with great success. This paper deals with factors affecting turning of steel and presents measurements of chip temperatures, loads on tools, effect of chip breakers, and the effect of turning speeds on the quality of finished surfaces. Illustrations of tools in cut at surface speeds up to 2400 fpm are shown. Descriptions of instruments are included, together with references to parts now being machined in the “high-velocity turning range” in production.
Controller Settings for Optimum Control
Authors: Wolfe W. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
When a controller is applied to a process, one set of problems that arises is the dynamic action of the controller. Problems of speed of return, stability, and accuracy of control are all involved. In a paper by J. G. Ziegler and N. B. Nichols, a method of adjusting a controller was described. This method introduced and used concepts of time lag and reaction rate to arrive at satisfactory settings for the controller. The purpose of this paper is to study the problem of optimum settings and to develop criteria for obtaining the settings. In particular, the Laplace transform will be applied to an idealized plant and the resulting equations solved for optimum conditions.
An Analysis of Helicopter Propulsion Systems
Authors: Johnson J. A. , Eustis R. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of several primary lightweight torque and jet-reaction systems which have been contemplated for propulsion power. These systems are compared with the conventional engine now in use. The comparison is made on the basis of hovering endurance and maximum range at a forward speed of 75 mph for helicopters having the same gross weight.
The Liquid-Coupled Indirect-Transfer Regenerator for Gas-Turbine Plants
Authors: London A. L. , Kays W. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The advantages of a liquid-coupled indirect-transfer-type gas-turbine-plant regenerator relative to the conventional direct-transfer-type are described. The indirect system consists of two units, one a hot-gas-to-coupling-liquid exchanger, and the other a coupling-liquid-to-compressed-air heater, together with the necessary circulation system for the coupling-liquid. One of the liquid metal alloys possessing a high heat-transfer coefficient, a low freezing point, and a high boiling point might prove to be suitable as a coupling liquid. As an example, the sodium-potassium eutectic alloy might be practical. Design studies are presented to give an idea of the geometry of indirect-type regenerators for four different gas-turbine cycles. One of these cycles may be considered as typical of a conventional open-cycle central station or marine plant; the second is like the first only it is a closed-supercharged cycle; the third is a locomotive plant, and the fourth is an aircraft turboprop system. The principal conclusion reached is that, granting the successful development of a suitable coupling liquid, the indirect-type regenerator possesses so many advantages over the direct type that it may prove to be a strong competitor.
Determination of the Dynamic Coefficient of Friction for Transient Conditions
Authors: Gould G. G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
A numerical value cannot be assigned to the coefficient of sliding friction between two materials. For most friction-clutch and brake applications, the friction forces during the first 2 min of operation are of primary interest; however, during this time these forces do not remain constant even under otherwise steady operating conditions. Curves, derived from experimental data, are presented showing the behavior of friction during this transient period for many different combinations of friction materials and mating surfaces.
Fireside Deposits on Steam Generators Minimized Through Humidification of Combustion Air
Authors: Murphy Paul , Piper J. D. , Schmansky C. R. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Increasing the humidity of combustion air to at least 16 lb of water per 1000 lb of dry air has been found to reduce greatly fireside-deposit troubles in stoker-fired steam generators at the Delray Plant of The Detroit Edison Company. It is believed that by keeping the heating surfaces cleaner than normal, humidification will improve average boiler efficiency sufficiently to compensate thermally for the water added to the combustion air, leaving a pronounced gain in availability and lower maintenance. Humidification appears to decrease volatilization from the fuel bed, particularly of silicon compounds.
Developments in Spreader-Firing Wet Wood
Authors: Weigel A. S. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The spreader, with its ability to burn a wide range of coals, has been one of the most widely accepted stokers for many years. In recent years it has been increasing in popularity by demonstrating a natural ability to burn cellulose fuels. The same inherent characteristics which give the spreader fuel flexibility when burning coal, are proving to be equally effective in broadening its application to include among other cellulose fuels wet wood. Wet wood as a fuel is usually considered to be those refuse fuels which are by-product in the manufacture of lumber, pulp and paper, and naval stores. They take the form of hogged wood and bark, “spent” chips, and other wood wastes which fall within the size range and moisture content suitable for spreader firing.
The Prevention of Embrittlement Cracking
Authors: Berk A. A. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Data are presented to show that nitrate, quebracho tannin, and zero-caustic treatment have been applied successfully in stationary plants to prevent cracking in embrittlement-detector specimens. On one large railroad prevention of cracking in detector specimens has paralleled a spectacular decrease in boiler-seam cracking in locomotive engines. The principal conclusion from a survey of cracking in stationary boilers in the last 10 years is that embrittlement is not a frequent occurrence.
The Solubility of Quartz and Some Other Substances in Superheated Steam at High Pressures
Authors: Morey G. W. , Hesselgesser J. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
An apparatus and method for determining the solubility of silica in superheated steam at high pressures are described. At 752 F (400 C), the solubility of quartz in steam increases from 1.0 ppm at 500 psi to 1548 ppm at 15,000 psi; at 932 F (500 C), the solubility increases from 4.3 ppm at 500 psi to 2596 ppm at 15,000 psi. The curves representing the solubility results at 752 F and 932 F cross at two pressures. Between these two pressures the solubility is greater at 752 F than at 932 F; below and above these pressures the solubility is greater at 932 F than at 752 F. This crossing is ascribed to the pressure-density relationships of water at the two pressures, which are affected by the proximity at 752 F of the critical point of water. When the solubility is plotted against the density of steam at each measured point, the curves do not cross, and the solubility at 932 F is greater than at 752 F. The solubilities of some other substances in superheated steam at high pressures are given also.
Stress and Deflection Tests of Steam-Turbine Diaphragm
Authors: Taylor V. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper gives the results of tests made on a high-pressure and a low-pressure steam-turbine diaphragm. These diaphragms were subjected to loads which were applied uniformly along a semicircular arc. Data were taken on the deflection, reaction distribution, and nozzle-vane stresses. The information derived from these tests is incorporated in a method for calculating diaphragm stresses and deflections.