bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative skull size evolution in Mesozoic archosauromorphs: potential drivers and morphological uniqueness of erythrosuchid archosauriforms
Authors: Bestwick Jordan , Godoy Pedro L. , Maidment Susannah C. R. , Ezcurra Martín D. , Wroe Mia , Raven Thomas J. , Bonsor Joseph A. , Butler Richard J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLittle is known about the large‐scale evolutionary patterns of skull size relative to body size, and the possible drivers behind these patterns, in Archosauromorpha. For example, the large skulls of erythrosuchids, a group of non‐archosaurian archosauromorphs from the Early and Middle Triassic, and of theropod dinosaurs are regarded as convergent adaptations for hypercarnivory. However, few investigations have explicitly tested whether erythrosuchid and theropod skulls are indeed disproportionately large for their body size, and whether this trend is driven by hypercarnivory. Here, we investigate archosauromorph relative skull size evolution, examining the scaling relationships between skull and body size of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic archosauromorphs using a robust phylogenetic framework and assessing the influence of potential drivers, such as taxonomy, diet, locomotory mode and inhabited biotope. Our results show that archosauromorph relative skull sizes are largely determined by phylogeny and that the other drivers have much weaker levels of influence. We find negative allometric scaling of skull size with respect to body size when all studied archosauromorphs are analysed. Within specific groups, skull size scales with positive allometry in non‐archosaurian archosauromorphs and, interestingly, scales isometrically in theropods. Ancestral reconstructions of skull–femur size ratio reveal a disproportionately large skull at the base of Erythrosuchidae and proportionately sized skulls at the bases of Theropoda, Carnosauria and Tyrannosauroidea. Relative skull sizes of erythrosuchids and theropods are therefore distinct from each other, indicating that disproportionately large skulls are not a prerequisite for hypercarnivory in archosauromorphs, and that erythrosuchids exhibit a bauplan unique among terrestrial Mesozoic carnivores.
Your Mother Should Know: Pregnancy, the Ethics of Abortion and Knowledge through Acquaintance of Moral Value
Authors: Woollard Fiona 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAn important strand in the debate on abortion focuses on the moral status of fetuses. Knowledge of the moralvalueof fetuses is needed to assess fetuses' moral status. As Errol Lord argues, acquaintance plays a key role in moral and aesthetic knowledge. Many pregnant persons have acquaintance with their fetus that provides privileged access to knowledge about that fetus' moral value. This knowledge is (1) very difficult to acquire without being pregnant and (2) relevant for assessing the moral status of fetuses. This has implications for public debate on abortion and the research methods of philosophers working on abortion.
Recovery of lymphocyte subpopulations is incomplete in the long‐term setting in pediatric solid tumor survivors
Authors: Yao Zhijian , Fukushima Hiroko , Suzuki Ryoko , Yamaki Yuni , Hosaka Sho , Inaba Masako , Fujiyama Satoshi , Takada Hidetoshi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundChildhood cancer survivors (CCSs) may have comorbidities including a long‐term abnormality in the immune system. Immune reconstitution in CCSs after treatment for acute leukemia has been reported previously, while analyses of immune reconstitution in CCSs with solid tumors have been limited.MethodsChildhood cancer survivors who received chemotherapy for solid tumors and who visited University of Tsukuba Hospital between November 2019 and March 2021 were included the study. Peripheral blood was collected for flow cytometry analysis.ResultsForty‐nine samples from 35 CCSs (18 male, 17 female) were included in the study. High‐dose chemotherapy and cerebral spinal irradiation were conducted in 14 CCSs (40%) and in five CCSs (14%), respectively. The median time between the completion of chemotherapy and the collection of the present samples was 15.0 months (range, 0–286 months). The total lymphocyte count, B cells, and CD8‐positive T cells recovered to the normal range of controls (NR‐CTLs) in 0 (0%), four (66.7%), and four (66.7%) of six samples at 0–3 months after the completion of chemotherapy, and in three (60%), four (80%), and three (60%) of five samples at 3–12 months after the completion of chemotherapy, respectively. Meanwhile, CD4‐positive T cells remained lower than NR‐CTLs in 0 (0%) of six samples, one (20%) of five samples, and seven (63.7%) of 11 samples at 0–3, 3–12 and 12–60 months after the completion of chemotherapy, respectively.ConclusionsRecovery to the NR‐CTLs was rapidly achieved in B cells and CD8‐positive T cells, while the recovery was slower and incomplete in CD4‐positive T cells. Careful observation of infection in long‐term follow‐up clinics is needed.
Why collaborate? Exploring the role of organizational motivations in cross‐sector watershed collaboration
Authors: Diaz‐Kope Luisa , Morris John C. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAs governments turn to cross‐sector collaboration to address complex watershed pollution problems, questions of how to manage collaborative efforts are brought to the fore. Chief among the challenges is how to determine the necessary stakeholders to bring to the table and, concomitantly, how to incentivize organizations from different sectors to work collaboratively in order to address these complex problems. While work has been done to explore individual motivations, little research has been conducted to examine organizational motivations for collaboration. This study explores the motivational determinants that drive local cross‐sector watershed collaboration. Key findings of the study identify variations in the level of prevalence in the motivational determinants among organizations from different sectors that partner with the focal organization.Related ArticlesGerlach, John David, Laron K. Williams, and Colleen E. Forcina. 2013. “The Science‐Natural Resource Policy Relationship: How Aspects of Diffusion Theory Explain Data Selection for Making Biodiversity Management Decisions.” Politics & Policy 41(3): 326–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12017.Neill, Katharine A., and John C. Morris. 2012. “A Tangled Web of Principals and Agents: Examining the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill through a Principal–Agent Lens.” Politics & Policy 40(4): 629–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00371.x.Solar, Carlos. 2020. “Introducing Change in Public Service Organizations under Austerity: The Complex Case of the Governance of the Defence in the United Kingdom.” Politics & Policy 48(4): 700–26. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12368.
Red for Ed? Heterogeneous support for increased school spending in a conservative state
Authors: Anglum J. Cameron , Rhinesmith Evan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveFollowing the Red for Ed movement and recent pandemic‐era impacts on public school spending, we explore preferences for increased school expenditures in conservative political contexts, including total spending, teacher salaries, and taxation.MethodsExamining survey data from a representative sample of Missouri voters, including data from embedded experiments on the provision of school spending information, we estimate spending preferences using regression analyses.ResultsAlthough a majority of Missouri voters favor higher teacher salaries and maintaining or increasing total school spending, opinions vary significantly by political ideology and perception of local school quality. Preferences for modes of taxation are similarly heterogeneous. Voters are sensitive to the provision of information pertaining to school spending practices but insensitive to similar teacher salary information.ConclusionOur findings help inform policy deliberations in conservative settings, where though differences in spending preferences persist, the average opinion may still favor increased school spending and associated tax increases.
Effect of active vitamin D treatment on development of type 2 diabetes: DPVD randomised controlled trial in Japanese population
Authors: Kawahara Tetsuya , Suzuki Gen , Mizuno Shoichi , Inazu Tetsuya , Kasagi Fumiyoshi , Kawahara Chie , Okada Yosuke , Tanaka Yoshiya 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether eldecalcitol, an active vitamin D analogue2, can reduce the development of type 2 diabetes among adults with impaired glucose tolerance.DesignDouble blinded, multicentre, randomised, placebo controlled trial.SettingThree hospitals in Japan, between June 2013 and August 2019.ParticipantsPeople aged 30 years and older who had impaired glucose tolerance defined by using a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test and glycated haemoglobin level.InterventionsParticipants were randomised to receive active vitamin D (eldecalcitol 0.75 μg per day; n=630) or matching placebo (n=626) for three years.Main outcomesThe primary endpoint was incidence of diabetes. Prespecified secondary endpoints were regression to normoglycaemia and incidence of type 2 diabetes after adjustment for confounding factors at baseline. In addition, bone densities and bone and glucose metabolism markers were assessed.ResultsOf the 1256 participants, 571 (45.5%) were women and 742 (59.1%) had a family history of type 2 diabetes. The mean age of participants was 61.3 years. The mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration at baseline was 20.9 ng/mL (52.2 nmol/L); 548 (43.6%) participants had concentrations below 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L). During a median follow-up of 2.9 years, 79 (12.5%) of 630 participants in the eldecalcitol group and 89 (14.2%) of 626 in the placebo group developed type 2 diabetes (hazard ratio 0.87, 95% confidence interval 0.67 to 1.17; P=0.39). Regression to normoglycaemia was achieved in 145 (23.0%) of 630 participants in the eldecalcitol group and 126 (20.1%) of 626 in the placebo group (hazard ratio 1.15, 0.93 to 1.41; P=0.21). After adjustment for confounding factors by multivariable fractional polynomial Cox regression analysis, eldecalcitol significantly lowered the development of diabetes (hazard ratio 0.69, 0.51 to 0.95; P=0.020). In addition, eldecalcitol showed its beneficial effect among the participants with the lower level of basal insulin secretion (hazard ratio 0.41, 0.23 to 0.71; P=0.001). During follow-up, bone mineral densities of the lumbar spine and femoral neck and serum osteocalcin concentrations significantly increased with eldecalcitol compared with placebo (all P<0.001). No significant difference in serious adverse events was observed.ConclusionsAlthough treatment with eldecalcitol did not significantly reduce the incidence of diabetes among people with pre-diabetes, the results suggested the potential for a beneficial effect of eldecalcitol on people with insufficient insulin secretion.Trial registrationUMIN Clinical Trials Registry UMIN000010758.
Spatial transcriptomics of macrophage infiltration in non-small cell lung cancer reveals determinants of sensitivity and resistance to anti-PD1/PD-L1 antibodies
Authors: Larroquette Mathieu , Guegan Jean-Philippe , Besse Benjamin , Cousin Sophie , Brunet Maxime , Le Moulec Sylvestre , Le Loarer François , Rey Christophe , Soria Jean-Charles , Barlesi Fabrice , Bessede Alban , Scoazec Jean-Yves , Soubeyran Isabelle , Italiano Antoine 
Published: May 2022

BackgroundTumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) having immunosuppressive properties are one of the most abundant immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Preclinical studies have highlighted the potential role of TAMs in resistance to immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs). Here, we investigated the predictive value of TAM infiltration in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated with ICBs and characterized their transcriptomic profiles.MethodsTumor samples were collected from 152 patients with NSCLC before ICB treatment onset. After immunohistochemical staining and image analysis, the correlation between CD163+ cell infiltration and survival was analyzed. Spatial transcriptomic analyses were performed using the NanoString GeoMx Immune Pathways assay to compare the gene expression profile of tumors with high or low levels of CD163+ cell infiltration and to identify determinants of response to ICBs in tumors with high CD163+ infiltration.ResultsLow intratumoral CD163+ cell infiltration was associated with longer progression-free survival (PFS; HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40 to 0.94, p=0.023) and overall survival (OS; HR 0.48, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.80, p=0.004) under ICB treatment. Spatial transcriptomic profiles of 16 tumors revealed the upregulation of ITGAM, CD27, and CCL5 in tumors with high CD163+ cell infiltration. Moreover, in tumors with high macrophage infiltration, the upregulation of genes associated with the interferon-γ signaling pathway and the M1 phenotype was associated with better responses under immunotherapy. Surprisingly, we found also a significantly higher expression of CSF1R in the tumors of responders. Analysis of three independent data sets confirmed that high CSF1R expression was associated with an increased durable clinical benefit rate (47% vs 6%, p=0.004), PFS (median 10.89 months vs 1.67 months, p=0.001), and OS (median 23.11 months vs 2.66 months, p<0.001) under ICB treatment.ConclusionsEnrichment of TAMs in the TME of NSCLC is associated with resistance to immunotherapy regardless of the programmed death ligand 1 status and is driven by upregulation of CD27, ITGAM, and CCL5 gene expression within the tumor compartment. Our transcriptomic analyses identify new potential targets to alter TAM recruitment/polarization and highlight the complexity of the CSF1R pathway, which may not be a suitable target to improve ICB efficacy.
United through leadership: survey results from the Medic Mentor scholarship programme for medical, dental and veterinary students
Authors: Smith Lucy Elizabeth , Pham Alisa , Bowyer Lauren-Jane 
Published: May 2022

BackgroundEffective leadership is essential for practising within increasingly complex healthcare systems. It is recognised that early leadership training is key for medical and other healthcare students; however, integration into curricula and providing ‘hands-on’ opportunities can be challenging.ObjectiveOur study aimed to assess their perspectives and achievements while undertaking a national scholarship programme designed to develop leadership skills for medical, dental and veterinary students.MethodsAn online questionnaire was designed based on the clinical leadership framework competencies and distributed to students currently enrolled on the programme. Data were collected on student perspectives and achievements gained during the programme.ResultsThe survey was distributed to 78 enrolled students. 39 responses were received. The majority of students either agreed or strongly agreed that the programme improved leadership skills across three domains of ‘personal qualities’, ‘working with others’ and ‘managing services’, and over 80% reported that the scheme had enhanced their professional development. Several students reported an academic achievement, including presentation of project work at a national level.ConclusionResponses indicate that this programme is an effective adjunct to traditional university leadership training. We suggest that extracurricular schemes provide additional educational and practical opportunities to help shape the healthcare leaders of tomorrow.
Examining the cognitive benefits of probiotic supplementation in physically active older adults: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Sanborn Victoria , Aljumaah Mashael , Azcarate-Peril M. Andrea , Gunstad John 
Published: May 2022

The prevalence of dementia is projected to increase with the growing older adult population and prevention strategies are urgently needed. Two promising interventions include physical activity (PA) and probiotic supplementation, with initial findings suggesting their combined use may confer greater cognitive benefits than either intervention alone. However, no study has yet examined the effects of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function in healthy, physically active older adults. The present study used archival data from a randomized clinical trial including 127 physically active, middle-aged to older adults (average age 64.3 years) with self-reported PA levels meeting or exceeding recommendations to investigate the effects of probiotic supplementation ( Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG; L.GG) on cognitive outcomes. Repeated measures ANOVAs showed no significant changes in cognitive performance from baseline to follow up as an effect of L.GG consumption. These results suggest that probiotic supplementation may not improve cognitive function in persons already engaged in high levels of PA. Future research should include prospective studies to determine whether long-term use of probiotic supplementation may help prevent cognitive decline. Clinical trial registration: clinicaltrials.gov; study # NCT03080818. Novelty: Initial research shows promising cognitive benefits of combined PA and probiotics consumption. L.GG did not lead to acute cognitive improvements for older adults already meeting PA guidelines. Prospective studies examining prevention of cognitive decline with probiotics in healthy and clinical samples are much needed.
Association of CLOCK gene variants with obesity and adiposity-related anthropometric, metabolic, and behavioral parameters
Authors: Rana Sobia , Fatima Narjis , Bhatti Adil Anwar 
Published: May 2022

The CLOCK gene is a core component of the circadian clock and regulates various aspects of metabolism. Therefore, any variation that affects the function/expression of the CLOCK gene may contribute to the manifestation of metabolic disorders such as obesity. This study investigated whether the CLOCK variants rs4864548 and rs6843722 are associated with obesity and related traits in Pakistanis. A total of 306 overweight/obese cases and 306 age- and gender-matched control subjects were recruited (males 336 and females 276, age range 12–63 years). Anthropometric and metabolic parameters were taken by standard procedures and biochemical analyses, respectively. Behavior-related information was collected with a questionnaire. The genotypes of the variants were determined by allelic discrimination Taqman assays. Both variants were found to have a significant association with overweight/obesity according to the over-dominant model. The rs4864548 and rs6843722 were observed to escalate the risk of overweight/obesity by 1.611 ( p = 0.004) and 1.657 ( p = 0.002) times, respectively. These variants were also seen to be significantly associated with various other adiposity-related anthropometric parameters ( p < 0.05). However, no association of both variants with metabolic and behavioral parameters was observed ( p > 0.05). Thus, these variants may contribute to increasing the risk of overweight/obesity and related anthropometric traits in Pakistanis.
Providing valid evidence for decision-making: the Drug Safety and Effectiveness Network Methods and Applications Group in Indirect Comparisons (DSEN MAGIC)
Authors: Straus Sharon E. , Hutton Brian , Moher David , Kelly Shannon E. , Wells George A. , Tricco Andrea C. 
Published: May 2022

In 2009, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Health Canada, and other stakeholders established the Drug Safety and Effectiveness Network (DSEN) to address the paucity of information on drug safety and effectiveness in real-world settings. This unique network invited knowledge users (e.g., policy makers) to submit queries to be answered by relevant research teams. The research teams were launched via open calls for team grants focused in relevant methodologic areas. We describe the development and implementation of one of these collaborating centres, the Methods and Application Group for Indirect Comparisons (MAGIC). MAGIC was created to provide high-quality knowledge synthesis including network meta-analysis to meet knowledge user needs. Since 2011, MAGIC responded to 54% of queries submitted to DSEN. In the past 5 years, MAGIC produced 26 reports and 49 publications. It led to 15 trainees who entered industry, academia, and government. More than 10 000 people participated in courses delivered by MAGIC team members. Most importantly, MAGIC knowledge syntheses influenced practice and policy (e.g., use of biosimilars for patients with diabetes and use of smallpox vaccinations in people with contraindications) provincially, nationally, and internationally.
Prevalence of Refractive Error in School Children in Suining City of Sichuan Province, China: A School-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Liu Linglin , Li Heng , Tang Zhijin , Huang Zaihong , Yang Xu 
Published: May 2022

Objective. To investigate the prevalence of refractive errors among school children in Suining City, Sichuan Province, and to provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of myopia. Methods. This was a school-based cross-sectional study. Children aged 6-15 years were selected from kindergartens, primary schools, and middle schools in the urban setting of Suining City. The children underwent ocular examination including measurement of uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), visual acuity when wearing glasses, and noncycloplegic autorefractometry. Results. Of the 1200 eligible students, 1138 children (94.8%), 553 of them girls (47.4%), participated. The mean age was

10.64
±
2.89

years. The prevalence of myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and emmetropia was 59.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 57.6, 60.5), 5.0% (95% CI: 4.7, 6.1), 38.4% (95% CI: 55.5, 58.5), and 25% (95% CI: 23.7, 26.2), respectively. In univariate analysis, the prevalence of myopia was correlated with age, female gender, and learning stage. The prevalence of hyperopia and astigmatism was correlated with age and learning stage. The prevalence of mild myopia, moderate myopia, and high myopia in the 1138 students was 17.7%, 41.4%, and 3.3%, respectively. The prevalence of mild, moderate, and high myopia all increased with age and learning stage. The prevalence of myopia differed by gender. The mean spherical equivalents of the right and left eyes were

−
1.40
±
1.99

diopters (D) and

−
1.29
±
1.93

D

, respectively, and the median values were -0.75 D and -0.6 D, respectively. The mean spherical equivalent increased with age, learning stage, and female gender. Conclusions. The most common type of refractive error was myopia which was associated with higher age, female gender, and higher learning stage. This study provides new data and recommendations for myopia-control in school-aged children in Sichuan province.