bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
51 Determining the Best Indicators for Targeted Selective Treatment Against Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Sheep and Goats in Mississippi
Authors: Dearborn Lindsey , de Alvarez Leyla Rios , Torres-Acosta Juan Felipe 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Successful Targeted Selective Treatment (TST) against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in small ruminant farms require the accurate measurement of phenotypic indicators of the animals. Specific indicators to predict the GIN burden include the age of the animal (A, years), bodyweight (BW, lbs), FAMACHAÓ (score from 1 to 4), body condition score (BCS, score from 1 to 5), and fecal egg count (FEC, eggs per gram of feces or EPG). Objective: Determine the indicator(s) that will more accurately contribute to TST for sheep and goats in the state of Mississippi (MS). Five (05) sheep and five (05) goat herds were used for data collection during fall 2021, the indicators of ewes (n=182) and does (n=197) were individually measured and FEC was determined using a modified McMaster technique. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistix for Windows v. 8.0., and two by two contingency tables were used to evaluate the association between FAMACHA and EPG, and BCS and EPG. The average indicators for sheep and goats sampled were, respectively, for A 2.91 and 2.98 years (P&gt;0.05); BW 137.99 and 89.69 lbs. (P=0.0000); FAMACHA 2.53 and 2.99 (P=0.0000); BCS 3.25 and 2.98 (P=0.0000); FEC 510.05 and 487.56 EPG (P=0.0001). The correlations of FEC and FAMACHA for both species were positive 0.1753 (P=0.0006). Negative correlations were found for FEC and BCS of -0.1517 (P=0.0031) and for FAMACHA and BCS of -0.2945 (P=0.0000). The 2x2 contingency tables showed that goats with FAMACHA 4-5 had 37% chances to have &gt;500 EPG compared to goats with FAMACHA 1-3 (28.2%) (P &gt;0.05). Meanwhile, the BCS 1-2 resulted in 1.01-2.73 times more goats with &gt;500 EPG (45.8% vs. 27.7%; P&lt; 0.05). That effect was more evident for sheep, where 62.6% of animals with BCS 1-2 had &gt;500 EPG vs. 15.8% with BCS 3-5, but the sample size was insufficient to assign statistical significance.
55 The Humoral Response of Newborn Calves Vaccinated Against Bovine Respiratory Complex and Supplemented with Autolyzed Yeast
Authors: Primel Katlin G , Abreu Ana C , Milla Bianca , Naiverth Sarah , Bertagnon Heloisa , Bonato Melina A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Bovine Respiratory Complex (BRC) significantly impacts morbidity and mortality in dairy calves between 1 and 3 months of age, called the immunological gap. The calves receive colostrum and milk immunoglobulins; however, these animals are still developing their specific immune system and cannot present a robust active humoral response. Vaccines against intranasal BRC are recommended for calves from the first week of age; although they do not prevent the disease, they can mitigate the condition. The yeast-based products have been studied as immunomodulators due to the ß-glucans interaction with the innate immune system. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of autolyzed Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast supplementation in the humoral response of newborn calves vaccinated against BRC. For this, 20 calves with no respiratory changes and who received colostrum at adequate immunoglobulin levels were vaccinated against BRC (Inforce 3, Zoets, Brazil) intranasal route in a single dose at 30 days of age. The animals were divided into the Control group (n = 10), and autolyzed yeast supplemented group [AY] (RumenYeast at 10 g/animal/day, ICC Brazil Company). The calves received the supplementation once a day in the milk from the 15th at 51st days of age. Blood samples were collected at 15, 33, 36, and 51 days to measure the serum IgG and IgA of the calves Serum IgA increased at 51 days in the AY group compared to the other moments (P=0.03) and both immunoglobulins of the AY group were greater than the control group at 51 days (P=0.08 and 0.007, respectively), as shown in Figure 1. In conclusion, the AY supplementation could potentially improve the vaccine response against BRC in calf-dependent on colostral immunity.
77 Hands-on: Making Sense of big Data, Machine Learning, and Modeling
Authors: Brennan Jameson R , Menendez Hector M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Advancements in precision livestock technology have resulted in an unprecedented amount of data being collected on individual animals. Often processing of these datasets can be time consuming, tedious, and prone to human-error if processed with conventional software. Open-source statistical software (e.g., R of Python) can provide users with tools to automate many data processing steps for compiling and aggregating data. However, the steps from data collection to processing and training machine learning (ML) models can be time intensive for those new to statistical programming, with few examples pertaining to livestock. The objectives of this hands-on training are: 1) introduce workshop participants to methods for streamlining data processing tasks in Python and R, 2) demonstrate and provide examples of compiling large accelerometer datasets for determining daily livestock behavior; 3) introduce a suite of classification algorithms and validation testing approaches for classifying accelerometer training datasets, and 4) utilize model predictions to estimate and analyze daily behavior for beef cattle. Real life example datasets and code will be provided to workshop attendees to demonstrate how to take raw accelerometer datasets through a finished machine learning analysis. An example of estimating daily energy expenditure for individual animals using behavior data will be provided to highlight linkages to potential rangeland nutrition modeling applications. To obtain maximum benefit from this workshop, participants should bring a portable laptop computer to the workshop and will be encouraged to load software and preview content from a shared cloud directory prior to this training.
90 Evaluating the Difference between Formulated Dietary net Energy Values and net Energy Values Determined from Growth Performance and Estimates of Shrunk Body Weight Gain in Finishing Beef Cattle
Authors: Hales Kristin E , Galyean Michael , Smith Zachary K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The California Net Energy System (CNES) was developed more than 50 yr ago and partitions energy into NEm and NEg, both of which can be calculated for feedstuffs as a cubic function of dietary ME. Recovered energy (i.e., NEg) can be calculated from NEm requirements, dry matter intake (DMI), and shrunk body weight gain (SWG). Thus, if body composition can be reliably estimated relative to maturity, SWG and DMI can be used to calculate performance-adjusted net energy values using a quadratic solution. Likewise, SWG can be predicted from 13.91 × RE0.9116 x EQSBW-0.6837. Evaluating observed vs. predicted values of NEm, NEg, and SWG enables nutritionists to better understand differences in maintenance energy requirements, efficiency of energy use, associative or antagonistic effects of feedstuffs, nutrient deficiencies, and environmental factors. Our objective was to use feedlot performance and carcass data from numerous pens of cattle fed at two locations to identify potential weaknesses in the CNES equations by evaluating factors affecting residuals between calculated dietary NEm and NEg values based on NASEM (2016) tabular values and performance based NEm and NEg values. With adjustments to address beef industry changes, the CNES will continue to maintain functionality in practical beef production.
93 Research Needs to Advance Nutrient Requirements for Beef Cattle: Ninth Revised Edition
Authors: Krehbiel Clint 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Statement of Task for the Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle for the Eighth Revised Edition indicated that the report would address "future areas of needed research." Advancement of science and evolution of beef cattle and beef cattle production as well as our ability to collect and to assimilate data lends itself to continuously filling gaps in knowledge and solidifying nutrient recommendations. Advancements made in energy requirements, micronutrients, and model evaluation are being discussed in the present symposium. There are many additional needs and gaps related to intake and nutritive value of grazed forages, microbial protein synthesis and its contribution to metabolizable amino acids, and contributions to greenhouse gas and ammonia emissions across beef cattle production systems, to name a few. Additional data to better understand beef production system (conventional, organic, grassfinished, etc.) effects on safety and nutrient profile of beef products are also warranted. Serial slaughter experiments at different stages of production of beef cattle (i.e., feedlot growth rate, gestational status, lactation, etc.) should be conducted across all production segments to evaluate retention of energy, protein, and minerals. Development of a data repository for continuous improvement of model development and evaluation is needed, including methods to ensure accuracy and outlier removal. A greater understanding of how industry nutritionists and producers use the publication and what they need moving forward for ease of application in the field would be beneficial. This presentation will summarize needs and opportunities for improving the ninth edition of the Nutrient Requirements for Beef Cattle.
110 Evaluation of High-Protein Diets Differing in Protein Source in Healthy Adult Dogs
Authors: Sieja Kelly M , Oba Patrícia M , Kelly Janelle , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Given the dynamic market for protein-based ingredients in the pet food industry, demand continues to increase for both plant- and animal-based options. Animal and plant protein sources contain different amino acid profiles and vary in digestibility, which can affect the protein quality provided to the animal. Our objective was to evaluate the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and compare protein quality of canine diets differing in protein source using healthy adult dogs. Four isocaloric and isonitrogenous, extruded diets were formulated to meet all AAFCO nutrient recommendations for adult dogs, with the primary difference being protein source: 1) chicken by-product meal (CBPM), 2) deboned chicken, dried chicken, and spray dried chicken (DC), 3) corn gluten meal (CGM), or 4) wheat gluten meal (WGM). Adult female beagles (n = 20; BW = 9.9 kg; age = 6.3 yr) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square design (n=12/treatment). Each period consisted of a 22-d adaptation phase, 5 d for total and fresh fecal collection, and 1 d for blood collection. All data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4. Diets contained similar crude protein (CP) concentrations (39.8%-41.7%), but DC had the most balanced AA profile (indispensable AA:dispensable AA ratio). Fecal scores were greater (P&lt; 0.01) in dogs fed DC or CBPM than those fed WGM or CGM, but all remained within an appropriate range. Apparent dry matter digestibility was less (P&lt; 0.0001) in dogs fed CBPM or CGM than those fed DC or WGM. Dogs fed CBPM had decreased (P&lt; 0.0001) apparent organic matter, CP, and energy digestibilities than those fed the other 3 diets. Apparent CP digestibility was also reduced (P&lt; 0.0001) in dogs fed DC or CGM than those fed WGM. Considering AA profiles and digestibility data together, the DC diet clearly provided the most and greatest quality protein of all diets tested.
112 Determining the Required Length of Adaptation and Fecal Collection Periods for in-Home Digestibility Testing of cat Foods
Authors: Bos E , Hendriks W H , Bosch Guido , Beerda B 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In-home digestibility testing of pet foods has advantages over the standard procedure of testing in kennels. Existing test protocols must be adjusted for use in-home, e.g. regarding periods of adaptation and fecal collection[1]. We evaluated the minimal durations of these periods for in-home digestibility testing of cat foods. In a cross-over design, 26 privately-owned indoor cats (16♀10♂; 1-16 yr; 3-8 kg) were fed two extruded cat foods of contrasting digestibility (Food A high, Food B low) and containing 0.1% titanium (Ti) dioxide. Consecutive feeding periods (1, 2) lasted 8 days and owners collected feces daily. Foods and daily feces were analyzed for Ti, dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N), crude fat (CFat) and gross energy (GE). Fecal Ti concentrations and digestibility values were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test, within each combination of food and period. Feces were collected on 320 out of 416 study days, implying the necessity for multiple collection days to account for long intervals between defecations. Fecal marker concentrations were constant from day 3 (Food A) and 2 (Food B) onwards in both periods (Figure 1a,b). In period 1, when cats received Ti for the first time, CFat digestibility of food A was constant from day 1 and DM, N (Figure 1b) and GE from day 3 onwards. For Food B, all digestibility values were constant from day 2. In period 2, CFat digestibility of food A was constant from day 2 and that of DM, N (Figure 1d) and GE again from day 3. For Food B, N digestibility was constant from day 1, GE and CFat from day 2 and that of DM from day 3. In-home digestibility testing of cat food seems to require 2 days of adaptation and 3 days of fecal collection. [1] FEDIAF (2021), nutritional guidelines, fediaf.org
125 Evaluation of Antioxidant-Containing Kibble on Serum Antioxidant Biomarkers in Adult Beagles
Authors: Panasevich Matthew , Daristotle Leighann , Lin Ching-Yen , Frantz Nolan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate oxidative health biomarkers in healthy male and female adult Beagles (n=30, 13 male and 17 female; avg age and BW + SD 4.46 ± 1.41 years; 9.83 ± 2.37 kg) fed a commercial adult maintenance diet (Blue Buffalo Life Protection Formula Adult Chicken and Brown Rice) without (control diet) and supplemented with an antioxidant-containing kibble (test diet; a proprietary blend containing blueberries, cranberries, and other antioxidant-containing ingredients). Both diet offerings analyzed as 25.6% crude protein, 14.4% crude fat, 2.6% crude fiber, 8.6% moisture, 42.6% carbohydrate as-is. We hypothesized that test diet feeding would reduce serum pro-oxidative biomarkers, compared with control diet feeding. The study protocol was first approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. All dogs were fed a base kennel maintenance diet (no added antioxidants beyond maintenance requirements) for 14d before treatment phase. Animals were then randomized to control or test for a 28-d treatment period in a randomized cross-over design. Base kennel maintenance diet was provided for a 14d washout, followed by another treatment period. Serum was collected on days 0, 14, and 28 of each treatment period for biomarker analysis. Data were analyzed as a mixed models 2-way ANCOVA (SAS v9.4). Significant differences between treatments were set at P&lt;0.05 and a trend at P&lt;0.10. Average daily food intake and body weight were similar between treatments for the entire study. Serum advanced glycation end-products and malondialdehyde tended (P&lt;0.10) to be reduced when animals were fed test diet compared with control diet. No differences were observed in other antioxidant biomarkers. These data suggest that addition of an antioxidant-containing kibble extruded to preserve antioxidant activity to a maintenance diet results in some favorable modulation of serum antioxidant markers in dogs. The observed trends suggest additional research to elucidate the effects.
163 Assessment of the Methanogenic Archaeal Communities Throughout the Gastrointestinal Tract in Beef Cattle with Different Breeds
Authors: Ban Yajing , Zhou Mi , McAllister Tim A , Le Guan L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Methane mitigation in ruminants is important to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and enhance feed utilization. Methanogenic archaea inhabit the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of ruminants where they utilize H2 reducing equivalents formed by other microbiota (i.e., bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) to reduce CO2 to methane. This study aimed to assess methanogens in the GIT of beef cattle and evaluate the influence of gut regions and cattle breeds on methanogenic ecology. Digesta were collected from six gut regions (rumen, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum) in forty-two beef steers representing three breeds (Angus n=13, Charolais n=14, Kinsella composite hybrid n=15). Methanogens were characterized using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing with methanogen-specific primers and analyzed using RIM-DB with QIIME2. Total methanogens were quantified using qPCR with universal methanogen primers. Gut region and breed effects were assessed using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Estimation of methanogenic populations showed a region effect (P &lt; 0.05), with the highest copy number observed in the rumen and the lowest in the duodenum and jejunum. Ten methanogenic species were identified (with a relative abundance ≥ 0.01% in ≥ 50% of individuals per breed) throughout the GIT with Methanobrevibacter ruminantium (predominant in all regions), Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii, and Methanosphaera sp. ISO3-F5 observed in all regions and in all breeds. Divergent methanogenic compositions were observed among gut regions (P &lt; 0.05) and breed-specific species were identified (e.g., Methanobacterium bryantii in the colon of Charolais). The alpha-diversity index (Chao1) varied among gut regions (P &lt; 0.05), and rumen showed the highest richness over other gut regions. Breed affected the alpha-diversity where Angus was distinct from other breeds (P &lt; 0.05). These results revealed that methanogens in the GIT are region-dependent and breed-specific, highlighting the importance of taking cattle breed and total-tract ecology into consideration to understand the role of methanogens in the GIT.
178 Impacts of an Online Extension Initiative on Adoption of Research-Based Principles by Beef Stakeholders
Authors: Brandão Alice P , Lamb Cliff C , Cooke Reinaldo , Pohler Ky G , Dunlap Kathrin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate, characterize and quantify the learning experiences and subsequent application of research-based technologies by beef producers upon conclusion of an online extension certification program (44 Farms International Beef Cattle Academy, IBCA). Upon conclusion of the program, participants were invited to complete a structured interview. Interview transcripts (n = 4) were coded, categorized, and merged into four overarching themes: Demographics, Program Material, Outcomes, and Feedback. Within Demographics the most prevalent codes were associated with participant background, program diversity and participant description of target audience. The most frequently occurring references within the Program Material related to the “Prestige of the IBCA” (n = 64); “Courses” (n = 48); “Content and delivery” (n = 44); and “Instructors” (n = 37). The subcodes of “Nutrition” (n = 11) and “Reproduction” (n = 8) were those most frequently mentioned in “Courses”. Outcomes were an emergent theme (n = 35) in which participant discussion of development of knowledge and skills (n = 16) as well as translation of information (n = 13) were captured. Examples include unsolicited mentions of concepts presented in one or more courses (“concept presented”, n = 3; “combining courses” n = 2; “display of knowledge”, n = 3). Within Feedback main identified challenges, included “time management” (n = 7); and “English as a second language” (n = 5), while the positive aspects identified included “research experience” of instructors (n = 11); “manageability” of materials (n = 7) and the “value of international connections” (n = 7). Collectively, these results support the impact of the IBCA as an educational extension initiative for beef stakeholders around the world, and provide insight into participants, their learning experiences, and programmatic design to be used for refinement of future offerings.
203 Estradiol Improves Proliferation and Protein Synthesis Rates of Primary Bovine Satellite Cells by Altering Mrna Abundance Related to Amino Acid and Micronutrient Metabolism
Authors: Reichhardt Caleb C , Okamoto Lillian L , Motsinger Laura A , Ineck Nikole E , Thornton Kara J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Approximately 90% of beef cattle on feed in the U.S. receive an anabolic implant to improve production. The mechanisms implants operate through to improve growth have not been deciphered. Estradiol (E2) is one of the primary hormones found in anabolic implants. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of E2 on mRNA abundance of genes associated with skeletal muscle growth in proliferating and fused bovine satellite cells (BSC). To accomplish this, BSC were isolated from six backgrounded steers and cultured. Proliferation experiments used BSC cultures grown to 75% confluency, followed by treatment with 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS) or 10 nM E2 in 1% FBS. Protein synthesis experiments used cultures grown to 80% confluency, at which point cultures were induced to differentiate and treated 48-h later with serum free media (SFM) or10 nM E2 in SFM. Isolation of RNA occurred 30-min and 12-h post-treatment in both experiments. The mRNA abundance of 94 genes associated with skeletal muscle growth were examined. Treatment with E2 increased (P&lt; 0.05) both proliferation and protein synthesis rates compared with controls. In proliferating BSC, 30-min post-treatment four genes had abundance altered (P&lt; 0.10) by E2, while 12-h post treatment two genes had abundance altered (P&lt; 0.10). Fused BSC, 30-min post-treatment, E2 altered (P&lt; 0.10) abundance of five genes, while 12-h post treatment eight genes were altered (P&lt; 0.10). A subset of significant genes include Zip8 abundance increasing (P=0.03) 30-min post-treatment in E2 treated proliferating BSC, arginase-2 abundance increasing (P=0.03) 30-min post-treatment in E2 treated fused cultures, Retinoid X Receptor-gamma abundance increasing (P=0.05) 12-h post-treatment in E2 treated proliferating BSC, and superoxide dismutase-2 abundance increasing (P=0.05) 12-h post-treatment in E2 treated fused BSC. These results indicate that E2 may improve proliferation and protein synthesis rates of BSC by altering mRNA abundance related to amino acid and micronutrient metabolism.