bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurotransmission and neuromodulation systems in the learning and memory network of Octopus vulgaris
Authors: Stern‐Mentch Naama , Bostwick Gabrielle Winters , Belenky Michael , Moroz Leonid , Hochner Binyamin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe vertical lobe (VL) in the octopus brain plays an essential role in its sophisticated learning and memory. Early anatomical studies suggested that the VL is organized in a “fan‐out fan‐in” connectivity matrix comprising only three morphologically identified neuron types; input axons from the median superior frontal lobe (MSFL) innervating en passant millions of small amacrine interneurons (AMs), which converge sharply onto large VL output neurons (LNs). Recent physiological studies confirmed the feedforward excitatory connectivity; a glutamatergic synapse at the first MSFL‐to‐AM synaptic layer and a cholinergic AM‐to‐LNs synapse. MSFL‐to‐AMs synapses show a robust hippocampal‐like activity‐dependent long‐term potentiation (LTP) of transmitter release. 5‐HT, octopamine, dopamine and nitric oxide modulate short‐ and long‐term VL synaptic plasticity. Here, we present a comprehensive histolabeling study to better characterize the neural elements in the VL. We generally confirmed glutamatergic MSFLs and cholinergic AMs. Intense labeling for NOS activity in the AMs neurites were in‐line with the NO‐dependent presynaptic LTP mechanism at the MSFL‐to‐AM synapse. New discoveries here reveal more heterogeneity of the VL neurons than previously thought. GABAergic AMs suggest a subpopulation of inhibitory interneurons in the first input layer. Clear γ‐amino butyric acid labeling in the cell bodies of LNs supported an inhibitory VL output, yet the LNs co‐expressed FMRFamide‐like neuropeptides, suggesting an additional neuromodulatory role of the VL output. Furthermore, a group of LNs was glutamatergic. A new cluster of cells organized as a “deep nucleus” showed rich catecholaminergic labeling and may play a role in intrinsic neuromodulation. In‐situ hybridization and immunolabeling allowed characterization and localization of a rich array of neuropeptides and neuromodulators, likely involved in reward/punishment signals. This analysis of the fast transmission system, together with the newly found cellular elements, help integrate behavioral, physiological, pharmacological and connectome findings into a more comprehensive understanding of an efficient learning and memory network.
The Ensemble Oceanic Niño Index
Authors: Webb Eric J. , Magi Brian I. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe describe a new El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) index that we call the Ensemble Oceanic Niño Index (Ensemble ONI). Ensemble ONI uses monthly sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Niño3.4 region from 32 input SST datasets as the basis for the ensemble, and our new monthly ENSO index extends from the present back to the year 1850. We use the input datasets to quantify the uncertainty in the monthly index values. The uncertainty is calculated from datasets that are not completely independent from each other, but we use other estimates of uncertainty in SST, well‐documented historical ENSO events, a detailed consideration of literature‐based definitions of ENSO events, and proxy‐based determinations of past ENSO events, to show that our uncertainty estimate from the ensemble of input datasets is comparable with other studies both in terms of average magnitude and the time‐varying trend. Similar to past research, we find that ENSO events occur every 4–5 years on average, and there have been six “Super” El Niños (1877–1878, 1888–1889, 1972–1973, 1982–1983, 1997–1998, 2015–2016) that statistically rise above all other El Niños since 1850. Finally, the time span of our work shows that El Niño events were most intense at ends of both the 19th century and the 20th century, with a lull in the mid‐1900s, corroborating previous instrumental, written, and proxy records.
Climatology and extreme cases of sea‐effect snowfall on the southern Baltic Sea coast
Authors: Bednorz Ewa , Czernecki Bartosz , Tomczyk Arkadiusz M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHeavy snowfall events of possible sea‐effect origin, occurring on the southern Baltic Sea coast, are described in this study. The analysed region is not very snowy, with an average of 40 days with snow cover in the winter season and a mean maximum snow depth of 8–12 cm. Twenty‐five snowfall events were selected using the threshold of 20 cm/2 days (i.e., 20 cm of snow depth increase during 2 days), and the synoptic climatology, as well as triggering factors of their occurrence, were defined. The bipolar pattern of sea level pressure with a high‐pressure over Scandinavia and a low‐pressure system southward of it was identified as favourable for sea‐effect snowfall on the southern Baltic Sea coast. This pressure field, causing northeastern circulation in the lower troposphere, brings cold air masses over the relatively warm sea basin, and the negative anomalies of air temperature at 850 hPa geopotential level, amounting to −9°C, encompass Scandinavia, as well as central and northeastern Europe. This makes the temperature difference between the air at the 850 hPa geopotential height and the sea surface exceeding 15°C. This large temperature difference establishes favourable conditions for convection in cold air masses, which become unstable while crossing over the warm sea. The formed clouds give snowfall in the coastal areas. In the further part of the study, three sea‐effect snowfall cases were chosen for detailed analysis, including atmospheric sounding, radar and satellite images, air parcel backward trajectories, and synoptic maps. They reveal high‐pressure wedges associated with low air temperature over Scandinavia and northern airflow over the Baltic Sea. The wind direction and the temperature of air masses are key components in the occurrence of sea‐effect snowfall, and global warming conditions seem to reduce the frequency of snow events over the Polish Baltic Sea coast.
Highly efficient enrichment of intact phosphoproteins by a cadmium ion‐based co‐precipitation strategy
Authors: Li Jiangfeng , Fan Chongyuan , Yao Yating , Liu Zhaochen , Li Fangfang , Jiang Binghua 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSelective separation and enrichment of phosphoproteins are essential for understanding their important functions in almost all cellular processes. Here, taking advantage of the feature that cadmium ion (Cd2+) has an overwhelming preference for phosphates, we developed a robust and simple Cd2+ co‐precipitation strategy for the selective isolation of intact phosphoproteins. After evaluating the feasibility of Cd2+ in phosphoprotein precipitation, we compared the washing protocols for the removal of non‐specific binding proteins and then used the best‐performing protocol for the isolation of phosphoproteins from different complex samples. It was found that phosphoproteins can be specifically enriched from artificial protein mixtures containing α‐casein, β‐casein, and bovine serum albumin or plasma, in which bovine serum albumin or plasma were served as interferences with very high molar ratios. Applying this method to enrich phosphoproteins from complex cell lysates, a high specificity was confirmed by western blotting analysis with a phosphoprotein‐specific kit. Finally, we successfully applied this method to the purification of caseins from drinking milk, highlighting its potential application in the studies where purified phosphoproteins were required. In a word, this Cd2+ co‐precipitation method enables universal and effective capture, enrichment, and detection of intact phosphoproteins, making it a powerful tool for the comprehensive analysis of the phosphoproteome.
Inhibition of Walker‐256 Tumor Growth by Combining Microbubble‐Enhanced Ultrasound and Endostar
Authors: Yu Yanlan , Qiao Wei , Feng Shuang , Yi Cuo , Liu Zheng 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesThis research is to investigate the anti‐tumor effects by combining anti‐vascular effect of microbubble enhanced ultrasound (MEUS) mechanical destruction and anti‐angiogenic effect of Endostar.MethodsRats bearing Walker‐256 tumor were randomly divided into 4 groups treated by Endostar + MEUS combination, Endostar, MEUS or Sham ultrasound (US), respectively. MEUS was induced by Sonazoid microbubble and a focused therapeutic US device. Contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) was used to assess tumor perfusion before and after treatment. Microvessel density (MVD) was evaluated with immunohistochemical staining of CD31, CD34, and VEGFA. TUNEL assay was used to determine the apoptosis rate of tumor cells.ResultsEndostar + MEUS combined group induced the most reduced blood perfusion and most retarded tumor growth compared with other 3 groups. Decreased MVD was shown in Endostar + MEUS, Endostar and MEUS group, but the lowest MVD value was presented in the combined treatment group. Significant increase was observed in the combined therapy group and MEUS group.ConclusionsThis study showed an improved anti‐vascular and anti‐angiogenic effect achieved by combining Endostar and MEUS, and may provide a new method potential for anti‐tumor therapy.
Relationship of Amniotic Fluid Sludge and Short Cervix With a High Rate of Preterm Birth in Women After Cervical Cerclage
Authors: Huang Yingmin , Liang Xiaowen , Liao Jianyi , Li Yingtao , Chen Zhiyi 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveWe aims to determine the relationship of amniotic fluid sludge (AFS) and/or short cervical length (CL, ≤25 mm) with a high rate of preterm birth in women after cervical cerclage.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted among singleton pregnancies after cervical cerclage between January 2018 and December 2021. A total of 296 patients who underwent transvaginal ultrasound to evaluate CL and the presence of AFS within 2 weeks after cerclage were included. Pregnancy outcome after cerclage was analyzed in accordance with the presence of AFS and CL ≤25 mm.ResultsIn patients with cerclage, AFS was an independent risk factor for preterm birth at <28 and <36 weeks but not for preterm birth at <32 weeks, and CL ≤25 mm was an independent risk factor for preterm birth at <28, <32, and <36 weeks. The Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that the association between the presence of AFS and short gestational age at delivery was statistically significant in women with CL ≤25 mm (log rank test, P = .000). The Cox regression analysis showed that these results remained significant after adjusting for confounding factors (P = .000). The negative linear relationships between AFS and CL (R = −0.454, P < .001) also explained the outcome.ConclusionsAFS and short cervix have a direct effect on pregnancies after cerclage. Mid‐trimester AFS can become a supplementary ultrasound index for detecting preterm birth after cerclage in pregnant women with a short cervix.
Is obstructive sleep apnea associated with erythrocytosis? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Rha Min‐Seok , Jeong Yeonsu , Kim Jungghi , Kim Chang‐Hoon , Yoon Joo‐Heon , Cho Hyung‐Ju 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to investigate the association between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and erythrocytosis.MethodsThe PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases were searched for articles examining hematocrit values in patients with OSA and control individuals published till September 1, 2021. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated, and subgroup analyses were performed.ResultsEleven eligible studies with a total of 4608 patients with OSA were included in this meta‐analysis. Pooled outcomes revealed that hematocrit values were significantly higher in patients with OSA than in controls (SMD, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.08–0.29; p < .01). When studies were stratified by disease severity, the significant differences in hematocrit values between patients and controls were only observed in the severe OSA group (SMD, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.08–0.59; p < .01), but not in the mild and moderate OSA groups. In subgroup analyses according to sex and publication year, significant differences in hematocrit values between patients and controls remained stable in studies with only female patients (SMD, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.12–0.38; p < .01) and in studies published after 2012 (SMD, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.06–0.28, p < .01).ConclusionOur meta‐analysis revealed that the hematocrit value was significantly increased in patients with OSA, particularly in severe patients, compared with that in controls. However, the elevation was modest, and the hematocrit value is expected to be within the normal range in patients with OSA. These data suggest that OSA leads to slight increases in hematocrit but does not cause clinically significant erythrocytosis.
Customizing the Topological Charges of Vortex Modes by Exploiting Symmetry Principles
Authors: Yang Jie , Zheng Xuezhi , Wang Jiafu , Zhang Anxue , Cui Tie Jun , Vandenbosch Guy A. E. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractVortex modes carrying Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) provide an ideal platform for realizing many novel physical effects and applications ranging from classical to quantum regimes. An important approach to generating the vortex modes is the electromagnetic (EM) scattering by scatterers holding high degrees of symmetries. Within this context, a clear link is established between the symmetries and the topological charges of the vortex modes. A symmetry matching condition is formulated and a design rule consisting of two simple formulas is suggested to excite a specific topological charge order. The formulas are numerically and experimentally verified by designing a microwave resonator and its feeding network to generate vortex modes with topological charges from to . The reported approach can be applied to microwave, terahertz, and optical applications, and hence provides a holistic design principle for engineering vortex modes for a wide EM spectrum.
An experimental study of the effect of condensing water vapour on the cold corrosion wear of marine engine cylinder liners
Authors: Cordtz Rasmus F. , Kjemtrup Lars , Jensen Michael V. , Schramm Jesper 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis work presents an experimental study of the cold corrosion wear phenomenon that is experienced on the cylinder liners in large two‐stroke marine diesel engines that burn heavy fuel oil containing sulfur. The wear is caused by condensing sulfuric acid‐ and water vapours (H2SO4 and H2O, respectively) that are formed during combustion. In this work, cold corrosion is studied experimentally with a modified and motored light duty engine that operates at 98 revolutions per minute, in order to match the rotational speed of a large marine engine. The engine works as a tribotester where multiple charge gas compositions with up to 10% H2O and 80 ppm H2SO4 (mole/mole) in dry air are fed to its cylinders to produce realistic marine engine H2O and H2SO4 partial pressures. A lube oil blend that is composed by a conventional two‐stroke marine engine cylinder lube oil and a base oil is used in the experiments. By extracting oil samples from the engine oil swamp during an experiment (that are analysed for iron and sulfur content using an energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer) the cylinder liner wear rate and sulfuric acid condensation rate are determined for the applied charge gas composition and liner surface temperature (primarily 80°C). The method shows that the different charge gas compositions yield distinct liner wear rates and the highest wear rates are experienced at elevated H2O concentrations where the influence of H2SO4 is comparably low.
Novelfull‐regionmodel of inherent orifice aerostatic bearings considering air flow in orifice and clearance
Authors: Li Wenjun , Zhang Yinjie , Wang Peng , Feng Kai , Cui Hailong , Zheng Yueqing 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe performance of inherent orifice‐restricted aerostatic bearings (IORABs) is directly determined by the coupling of air flow in the orifice and clearance. This paper presents a novel full‐region model to analyse the performance of IORABs. The air flowing in the orifice is treated to be adiabatic. The air flow in the pressure depression region of the clearance, which is the key factor influencing the bearing performance, including inertial and viscous terms, is modelled. The Reynolds equation is used to simulate the air flow in the laminar flow region of the clearance. By using this model, the pressure distribution, including the pressure depression characteristics, could be accurately predicted and achieved substantial agreement with the experimental results. The predicted load capacity is accorded well with the published experimental data without relying on the discharge coefficients. The airflow characteristics in the orifice are crucial in determining the bearing performance and directly influenced by the orifice inner surface shape (OISS). Therefore, the pressure distribution and the static characteristics of the bearings with coupling different OISS are also systematically analysed by using this model. Narrowing and widening OISS influence the pressure depression region and the pressure value of the turning point to directly influence the static characteristics of the bearings. The full‐region model and the results are significantly for guiding the precisely calculating and designing the IORABs.
Electrospinning of Fatty Acid‐Based and Metal Incorporated Polymers for the Fabrication of Eco‐Friendly Fibers
Authors: Erdem Çaǧlar , Isık Tuǧba , Horzum Nesrin , Hazer Baki , Demir Mustafa M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAccumulation of plastic wastes occupies large space in gyres of the oceans called the 7th continent. This high‐level concentration of toxic plastic wastes causes harmful consequences for marine life, therefore petroleum‐originated plastics must be replaced (or at least partially) with natural resources. The environmental trends in material preparation promote the utilization of greener methods and materials when the limited primary sources are considered. Starting from the fatty acid macroperoxide initiators, synthesis of bio‐based polymers using less commercial chemicals and stepwise green synthesis schemes could be possible in the near future. In this research, autoxidized vegetable oil initiators (castor, limonene, and soybean oil) containing metal nanoparticles (silver, platinum, and gold) are employed for free radical polymerization of vinyl monomers. The metal loaded and vegetable oil‐based polymers are processed by electrospinning and end up with the successful fabrication of continuous fibers. Ag‐loaded ricinoleic acid based polymers show notable antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli. This approach offers a remarkable minimization of the initiator consumption in the synthesis of such synthetic macromolecules as well as nanoparticle containing polymer composites while still maintaining the ease of processing. Transforming the obtained graft copolymers to electrospun nanofibers facilitates the use as support materials for antibacterial surfaces.
The Significance of Electrical Polarity in Electrospinning: A Nanoscale Approach for the Enhancement of the Polymer Fibers' Properties
Authors: Ura Daniel P. , Stachewicz Urszula 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThanks to its versatility, electrospinning is a method often used to produce polymer fibers for bioengineering, water, and energy harvesting applications. The change of a single process parameter in electrospinning provides a tremendous opportunity to modify the properties of the materials produced without any additional post‐treatment. One of these is the voltage and electrical polarity applied to the nozzle. The alternating polarity, between positive and negative, causes a change in the types of charges accumulated on the polymer jet. Consequently, the produced fibers show different molecule configurations on the surface, resulting in changes in surface chemistry while tailoring their properties to fit various application needs. This review explains polymer chain reorientation phenomena caused by electrical polarity in electrospinning. Furthermore, the electrical polarity effect on the surface and the mechanical properties of electrospun fibers, and the methods to investigate it is demonstrated. Finally, this review illustrates the significance of electrical polarity in electrospinning as a nanoscale approach to enhance fiber surface properties and their applicability.
L‐fucose, a sugary regulator of antitumor immunity and immunotherapies
Authors: Adhikari Emma , Liu Qian , Burton Chase , Mockabee‐Macias Andrea , Lester Daniel K. , Lau Eric 
Published: February 2022

Abstractl‐fucose is a dietary sugar that is used by cells in a process called fucosylation to posttranslationally modify and regulate protein behavior and function. As fucosylation plays essential cellular functions in normal organ and immune developmental and homeostasis, it is perhaps not surprising that it has been found to be perturbed in a number of pathophysiological contexts, including cancer. Increasing studies over the years have highlighted key roles that altered fucosylation can play in cancer cell‐intrinsic as well as paracrine signaling and interactions. In particular, studies have demonstrated that fucosylation impact tumor:immunological interactions and significantly enhance or attenuate antitumor immunity. Importantly, fucosylation appears to be a posttranslational modification that can be therapeutically targeted, as manipulating the molecular underpinnings of fucosylation has been shown to be sufficient to impair or block tumor progression and to modulate antitumor immunity. Moreover, the fucosylation of anticancer agents, such as therapeutic antibodies, has been shown to critically impact their efficacy. In this review, we summarize the underappreciated roles that fucosylation plays in cancer and immune cells, as well as the fucosylation of therapeutic antibodies or the manipulation of fucosylation and their implications as new therapeutic modalities for cancer.
Exploring the Contribution of (Poly)phenols to the Dietary Exposome Using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry Untargeted Metabolomics
Authors: Li Yuan‐Yuan , Rushing Blake , Schroder Madison , Sumner Susan , Kay Colin D. 
Published: February 2022

ScopeThis study presents a workflow to construct a Dietary Exposome Library (DEL) comprised of phytochemicals and their metabolites derived from host and gut microbiome metabolism for use in peak identification/annotation of untargeted metabolomics datasets.Methods and ResultsAn evidence mapping initiative established target analytes related to the consumption of phytochemical‐rich foods. Analytes were confirmed by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS(n)) analysis of human biospecimens from dietary intervention studies of (poly)phenol‐rich diets. One hundred and sixty six verified compounds were subsequently analyzed on an untargeted metabolomics platform to acquire chromatographic and high‐resolution mass spectral data for construction of a DEL. The DEL facilitated identification/annotation of 123 metabolites associate with exposure to (poly)phenol enriched diets, which included aromatic ketones, benzoic acids, ellagic acids, caffeoylquinic acids, catecholamines, coumarins, hippuric acid, hydroxytoluenes, phenylamines, stilbenes, urolithins, valerolactones, and xanthonoids, in untargeted metabolomics datasets acquire from human plasma and urine reference materials.ConclusionsThe DEL focusing on (poly)phenols and their metabolites of dietary exposure facilitated identification/annotation of ingested food components and their associated pathways in untargeted metabolomics datasets acquired from human biospecimens. The DEL continues to expand with the aim to provide evidence‐based data for dietary metabolites in exposome research and inform the development of dietary intervention strategies.