bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mucosal morphological changes in the ileal neobladder
Authors: Kojima  , Asaka  , Ando  , Takanashi  , Kohri  
Published: July 2002

Objective To determine the ultrastructural changes in the mucosa of intestinal segments used as a neobladder.Materials and methods Biopsy specimens from the ileal neobladders of eight men (mean age 62 years, range 52–68) who had undergone radical cystectomy were assessed by light and electron microscopy from 1 month to 5 years after operation. The morphology was compared with that in control specimens obtained from three patients of similar age during construction of an ileal neobladder after radical cystectomy.Results Light microscopy showed shorter mucosal villi and fewer goblet cells. Marked oedema was found in all ileal neobladder walls. Electron microscopy revealed fewer and shorter microvilli and fewer filamentous core rootlets; cell borders were irregular, there were few senile cells in the tip of the villi and more desmosomes.Conclusions The absorptive and secretory function of the intestinal mucosa was probably decreased; the oedema of transferred ileal mucosa seemed to be associated with an inflammatory cell reaction. The cellular dynamics of the mucosa of the ileal neobladder changed with time, thus the ileal mucosa in the substitute bladder apparently adapted well to the new environment, i.e. urine retention, and neobladder expansion and contraction.
Fast reaction products from the oxidation of CO on Pt(111): Angular and velocity distributions of the CO2 product molecules
Authors: Allers K.-H. , Pfnür H. , Feulner P. , Menzel D. 
Published: July 2002

Angular and velocity distributions of CO2 desorbing as reaction product of CO oxidation on Pt(111) were measured during heating of layers of initially molecular oxygen and CO adsorbed at a surface temperature of 100 K. In the velocity integrated desorption spectra of the reaction product CO2 four different peaks (α, β3, β2, β1) can be discriminated which, for linear heating rates of 5 K/s, appear at 145, 210, 250, and 330 K, respectively. They can be attributed to different reaction mechanisms which depend on the binding conditions of oxygen and the geometric arrangement and coverages of both species. Whereas α-CO2 coincides with the O2 desorption from and the dissociation of pure chemisorbed molecular oxygen, and thus indicates a reaction channel coupled with desorption and dissociation of O2, β1-CO2 corresponds to the reaction path investigated before by many researchers and is most likely due to the reaction at the boundaries of ordered CO and oxygen islands. The structural conditions for β3 and β2 are less clear, but we believe them to stem from reactions in mixed and/or partly mixed layers at high coverages of O and CO. The α-CO2 species is most likely due to reaction of CO with O atoms stemming from O2 dissociation which react before becoming accommodated.
The velocity distributions of α, β2, and β3 are far from thermal equilibrium with the surface as indicated by average kinetic energies between 220 and 360 meV, corresponding to ≂10 (for β3 and β2) and ≂30 kTs (for α), normalized speed ratios between 0.6 and 0.8, and strongly peaked angular distributions (∼cosn ϑ, n=8 for α, n≳10 for β3 and β2). For β1 both the angular and velocity distributions show bimodal behavior with one channel fully accommodated to the surface whereas the other contains again an appreciable amount of reaction energy as kinetic energy (〈E〉≂330 meV) resulting in a strongly peaked angular distribution with n≂9. Some TOF results for steady state reaction at high temperatures (420–800 K) obtained in the same apparatus are given for comparison. The fraction of reaction energy channelled into the translational degree of freedom for the nonequilibrated part of reaction peak β1 is estimated to about 40%. A discussion of the various possible mechanisms is given.
On the mechanism of sinuous and varicose modes in three-dimensional viscous secondary instability of nonlinear Görtler rolls
Authors: Yu Xiuyang , Liu Joseph T. C. 
Published: July 2002

The present study begins with the solution of the linearized partial differential equations for viscous, secondary instabilities of nonlinearly developed primary Görtler rolls. A global energy balance verifies the amplification rates obtained from secondary instability analysis and confirms that the sinuous mode would dominate. This therefore explains the strong resemblance between the rms-streamwise u-velocity structure obtained by hot-wire measurements [Swearingen and Blackwelder, J. Fluid Mech. 182, 255 (1987)] in the cross-sectional yz plane and that of the sinuous mode. The u contours of the secondary disturbance have peaks at locations corresponding to the shoulder regions of the mushroom-like primary streamwise U-velocity structure and even more intense regions surrounding the mushroom stem near the wall. This structure is explained by detailed analysis of the energy-balancing mechanisms for u2/2 in yz plane: the Reynolds stress-conversion mechanism predominantly affects the primary spanwise rate of shear strain ∂U/∂z, whereas of less importance is the effect on the normal rate of shear strain ∂U/∂y; these are delicately balanced by the isotropizing mechanism of pressure rate of strain correlation and viscous dissipation.
The appropriate pressure rates of strain correlation then provide the sources for the vertical v2/2 and spanwise w2/2 contributions to the kinetic energy. The sinuous mode can be identified with streamwise-propagating structures having spanwise waviness in flow visualization studies. The spanwise-antisymmetric w, which has intense regions in the upper and lower levels of the boundary layer, tends to wag the primary mushroom structure both at the upper domed region and in the stem region near the wall, not necessarily in phase, in the spanwise direction in the y,z plane, as shown in the flow-visualization work of Peerhossaini and Wesfreid [Intl. J. Heat Fluid Flow 9, 12 (1988)]. On the other hand, the infrequency of the varicose mode can be attributed to its relatively lower amplification rate for its most amplified mode. When observed, it is identifiable with the spanwise-symmetric streamwise propagating, repetitive ‘‘horseshoe’’ structures appearing in flow visualization. Energy balance analysis reveals that this mode is attributable mainly to the Reynolds stress-conversion mechanism associated with rate of strain ∂U/∂y in the high shear layer in the peak region, although the mechanism associated with ∂U/∂z is not dramatically smaller. Viscous dissipation, though not large enough to overcome the production mechanisms, is nevertheless prominent in the global balance as well as in the detailed structural balances in the yz plane. The secondary instability vorticity structure indicates that the sinuous mode is dominated by its vertical component ηs and the varicose mode by its spanwise component ζv.
The material and the symbolic in theorizing social stratification: issues of gender, ethnicity and class
Authors: Anthias Floya 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTWithin most approaches to stratification gender and ethnicity are seen to pertain primarily to the symbolic or cultural realms, whilst class is regarded as pertaining to material inequality. This constructs gender and ethnic positioning as entailing honour, deference, worth, value and differential treatment (sometimes expressed through the notion of ‘status’), but the social relations around these are themselves not seen as constitutive of social stratification. In this paper I will rethink social stratification away from the polarity between the material and the symbolic, and argue that material inequality, as a set of outcomes relating to life conditions, life chances and solidary processes, is informed by claims and struggles over resources of different types, undertaken in terms of gender, ethnicity/race and class. This formulation allows us to include these categorial formations, alongside class, as important elements of social stratification i.e. as determining the allocation of socially valued resources and social places/locations.
‘Sites’ of resistance: alternative websites and state‐society relations 1
Authors: Ho K. C. , Baber Zaheer , Khondker Habibul 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTMuch attention has been focused on Singapore's attempt to use information technology to build a knowledge‐based economy. This paper examines the implications of the unintended consequences of the Internet in the restructuring of state and society relations in Singapore.We use the data on Singapore‐based and Singapore‐related websites to show (a) the diversity of positions expressed by civil society organizations, fringe groups and even mainstream segments of society; (b) the negotiation process between the state and civil society over various rights and how developments in cyber‐space have implications for ‘reality’; (c) how censorship and content regulation itself is a more complex multi‐dimensional process such that while local politics is regulated, the multi‐ethnic character of the resident population has led to greater religious tolerance such that religious groups banned in some countries have found a safe haven in Singapore and have used the city‐state as a strategic Internet node.
Censorship, the Internet and schools: a new moral panic?
Authors: Lawson Tony , Comber Chris 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTAs the use of the Internet in schools increases, so too do anxieties over inappropriate access, often fuelled by a popular media focus upon the dangers of children's exposure to pornographic or extremist material. Teachers and school managers, attempting to weigh such hazards against the education potential of access to global information sources, are caught in the crossfire between those who call for rigid controls and those who argue for freedom and access. In the context of these contrary positions, this article begins by exploring the extent to which current public concern over Internet access can be seen as the “moral panic” of the 1990s. Following this, we draw upon examples from Education Departments' Superhighways Initiative (EDSI) to examine the responses of teachers faced with these dilemmas and the effectiveness of various strategies in resolving them. While a combination of control over access (particularly for younger children) and sanctions for inappropriate use was in operation in most schools, many teachers' preferred strategy was to alert pupils to the potential dangers, and to educate them to become responsible users.
Development and disadvantage: implications for the early years and beyond
Authors: Locke Ann , Ginsborg Jane , Peers Ian 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLinks have long been made between literacy and economic development, and recent governments in the UK have put great emphasis on the teaching of literacy to raise educational standards. There is substantial evidence to show that spoken and written language share some processes in common and that the development of literacy is supported by the development of spoken language. Anecdotal evidence from early years practitioners suggests that many children coming into early years education, particularly those from disadvantaged socioeconomic backgrounds, may not have the spoken language skills needed to develop reading and writing. This preliminary study aimed to investigate the extent to which the spoken language skills of children reared in poverty are depressed in comparison with the general population, and in comparison with their general cognitive abilities. Two tests were administered to children in their first term at nursery school to measure their spoken language skills and cognitive abilities: CELF‐PUK and BAS II. More than half of the children were found to be language‐delayed, although girls' receptive language abilities were significantly better than those of boys. Participants' language skills were also significantly depressed in comparison with their cognitive abilities. Government initiatives to raise awareness of spoken language in the early years are discussed, and implications for the future role of speech and language therapists working in the pre‐school sector are considered.
Molecular Cloning of NKp46: A Novel Member of the Immunoglobulin Superfamily Involved in Triggering of Natural Cytotoxicity
Authors: Pessino Anna , Sivori Simona , Bottino Cristina , Malaspina Angela , Morelli Luigia , Moretta Lorenzo , Biassoni Roberto , Moretta Alessandro 
Published: July 2002

Summary
NKp46 has been shown to represent a novel, natural killer (NK) cell–specific surface molecule, involved in human NK cell activation. In this study, we further analyzed the role of NKp46 in natural cytotoxicity against different tumor target cells. We provide direct evidence that NKp46 represents a major activating receptor involved in the recognition and lysis of both human and murine tumor cells. Although NKp46 may cooperate with other activating receptors (including the recently identified NKp44 molecule) in the induction of NK-mediated lysis of human tumor cells, it may represent the only human NK receptor involved in recognition of murine target cells. Molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding the NKp46 molecule revealed a novel member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, characterized by two C2-type Ig-like domains in the extracellular portion. The transmembrane region contains the positively charged amino acid Arg, which is possibly involved in stabilizing the association with CD3ζ chain. The cytoplasmic portion, spanning 30 amino acids, does not contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activating motifs.
Analysis of a panel of human/hamster somatic cell hybrids revealed segregation of the NKp46 gene on human chromosome 19. Assessment of the NKp46 mRNA expression in different tissues and cell types unambiguously confirmed the strict NK cell specificity of the NKp46 molecule. Remarkably, in line with the ability of NKp46 to recognize ligand(s) on murine target cells, the cDNA encoding NKp46 was found to be homologous to a cDNA expressed in murine spleen. In conclusion, this study reports the first characterization of the molecular structure of a NK-specific receptor involved in the mechanism of NK cell activation during natural cytotoxicity.
Development and validation of the predicted heat strain model
Authors: Malchaire J. , Piette A. , Kampmann B. , Mehnert P. , Gebhardt H. , Havenith G. , den Hartog E. , Holmer I. , Parsons K. , Alfano G. , Griefahn B. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Eight laboratories participated in a concerted research project on the assessment of hot working conditions. The objectives were, among others, to co-ordinate the work of the main European research teams in the field of thermal factors and to improve the methods available to assess the risks of heat disorders at the workplace, and in particular the “Required Sweat Rate” model as presented in International Standard ISO 7933 Standard (1989). The scientific bases of this standard were thoroughly reviewed and a revised model, called “Predicted Heat Strain” (PHS), was developed. This model was then used to predict the minute by minute sweat rates and rectal temperatures during 909 laboratory and field experiments collected from the partners. The Pearson correlation coefficients between observed and predicted values were equal to 0.76 and 0.66 for laboratory experiments and 0.74 and 0.59 for field experiments, respectively, for the sweat rates and the rectal temperatures. The change in sweat rate with time was predicted more accurately by the PHS model than by the required sweat rate model. This suggests that the PHS model would provide an improved basis upon which to determine allowable exposure times from the predicted heat strain in terms of dehydration and increased core temperature.
Detecting hypermutations in viral sequences with an emphasis on
G → A hypermutation
Authors: Rose Patrick P. , Korber Bette T. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: This program compares sequence sets to a reference sequence, tallies G → A hypermutations, and presents the results in various tables and graphs, which include dinucleotide context, summaries of all observed nucleotide changes, and stop codons introduced by hypermutation.
Availability: www.hiv.lanl.gov/HYPERMUT/hypermut.html
Contact: pxr@t10.lanl.govor btk@t10.lanl.gov
Attention, self–regulation and consciousness
Authors:   The American Association for Research into Nervous and Mental Diseases, Posner M. I. , Rothbart M. K. 
Published: July 2002

Consciousness has many aspects. These include awareness of the world, feelings of control over one's behaviour and mental state (volition), and the notion of a continuing self. Focal (executive) attention is used to control details of our awareness and is thus closely related to volition. Experiments suggest an integrated network of neural areas involved in executive attention. This network is associated with our voluntary ability to select among competing items, to correct error and to regulate our emotions. Recent neuroimaging studies suggest that these various functions involve separate areas of the anterior cingulate.
We have adopted a strategy of using marker tasks, shown to activate the brain area by imaging studies, as a means of tracing the development of attentional networks. Executive attention appears to develop first to regulate distress during the first year of life. During later childhood the ability to regulate conflict among competing stimuli builds upon the earlier cingulate anatomy to provide a means of cognitive control. During childhood the activation of cingulate structures relates both to the child's success on laboratory tasks involving conflict and to parental reports of self–regulation and emotional control. These studies indicate a start in understanding the anatomy, circuitry and development of executive attention networks that serve to regulate both cognition and emotion.
Acute Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Freund Yonathan , Cohen-Aubart Fleur , Bloom Ben 
Published: October 2022

ImportancePulmonary embolism (PE) is characterized by occlusion of blood flow in a pulmonary artery, typically due to a thrombus that travels from a vein in a lower limb. The incidence of PE is approximately 60 to 120 per 100 000 people per year. Approximately 60 000 to 100 000 patients die from PE each year in the US.ObservationsPE should be considered in patients presenting with acute chest pain, shortness of breath, or syncope. The diagnosis is determined by chest imaging. In patients with a systolic blood pressure of at least 90 mm Hg, the following 3 steps can be used to evaluate a patient with possible PE: assessment of the clinical probability of PE, D-dimer testing if indicated, and chest imaging if indicated. The clinical probability of PE can be assessed using a structured score or using clinical gestalt. In patients with a probability of PE that is less than 15%, the presence of 8 clinical characteristics (age &amp;lt;50 years, heart rate &amp;lt;100/min, an oxygen saturation level of &amp;gt; 94%, no recent surgery or trauma, no prior venous thromboembolism event, no hemoptysis, no unilateral leg swelling, and no estrogen use) identifies patients at very low risk of PE in whom no further testing is needed. In patients with low or intermediate clinical probability, a D-dimer level of less than 500 ng/mL is associated with a posttest probability of PE less than 1.85%. In these patients, PE can be excluded without chest imaging. A further refinement of D-dimer threshold is possible in patients aged 50 years and older, and in patients with a low likelihood of PE. Patients with a high probability of PE (ie, &amp;gt;40% probability) should undergo chest imaging, and D-dimer testing is not necessary. In patients with PE and a systolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or higher, compared with heparin combined with a vitamin K antagonist such as warfarin followed by warfarin alone, direct oral anticoagulants such as apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban, or dabigatran, are noninferior for treating PE and have a 0.6% lower rate of bleeding. In patients with PE and systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mm Hg, systemic thrombolysis is recommended and is associated with an 1.6% absolute reduction of mortality (from 3.9% to 2.3%).Conclusions and RelevanceIn the US, PE affects approximately 370 000 patients per year and may cause approximately 60 000 to 100 000 deaths per year. First-line therapy consists of direct oral anticoagulants such as apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban, or dabigatran, with thrombolysis reserved for patients with systolic blood pressure lower than 90 mm Hg.
Association of Hurried Communication and Low Patient Self‐Efficacy With Persistent Nonadherence to Lupus Medications
Authors: Barr Ann Cameron , Clowse Megan , Maheswaranathan Mithu , Eder Lena , Eudy Amanda M. , Criscione‐Schreiber Lisa G. , Rogers Jennifer L. , Sadun Rebecca E. , Doss Jayanth , Sun Kai 
Published: October 2022

ObjectiveMedication nonadherence is common among patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and adherence often fluctuates with time. Underrepresented racial minorities have disproportionately lower rates of medication adherence and more severe SLE manifestations. We aimed to identify modifiable factors associated with persistent medication nonadherence.MethodsPatients taking ≥1 SLE medication were enrolled. Adherence data were obtained at baseline and at follow‐up roughly 1 year later using both self‐reported adherence and pharmacy refill data. Covariates included patient–provider interaction, patient self‐efficacy, and clinical factors. We compared characteristics of patients in 3 groups using the Kruskal‐Wallis H test: persistent nonadherence (low adherence by self‐report and refill rates at both time points); persistent adherence (high adherence by self‐report and refill rates at both time points); and inconsistent adherence (the remainder).ResultsAmong 77 patients (median age 44 years, 53% Black, 96% female), 48% had persistent nonadherence. Compared with other adherence groups, patients with persistent nonadherence were younger and more likely to be Black, have lower income, take ≥2 SLE medications, have higher SLE‐related damage at baseline, and have higher physician global assessment of disease activity at follow‐up. Persistently nonadherent patients also rated more hurried communication with providers (particularly fast speech and difficult word choice) and had lower self‐efficacy in managing medications.ConclusionPotential avenues to improve medication adherence include optimizing patient–provider communication, specifically avoiding difficult vocabulary and fast speech, and enhancing patient self‐efficacy, particularly among younger Black patients with lower income who are at higher risk for nonadherence.