bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep solution operators for variational inequalities via proximal neural networks
Authors: Schwab Christoph , Stein Andreas 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFollowing Bauschke and Combettes (Convex analysis and monotone operator theory in Hilbert spaces, Springer, Cham, 2017), we introduce ProxNet, a collection of deep neural networks with ReLU activation which emulate numerical solution operators of variational inequalities (VIs). We analyze the expression rates of ProxNets in emulating solution operators for variational inequality problems posed on closed, convex cones in real, separable Hilbert spaces, covering the classical contact problems in mechanics, and early exercise problems as arise, e.g., in valuation of American-style contracts in Black–Scholes financial market models. In the finite-dimensional setting, the VIs reduce to matrix VIs in Euclidean space, and ProxNets emulate classical projected matrix iterations, such as projected Jacobi and projected SOR methods.
Analysing the National Education and Learning Priorities Policy Statement Through the Lens of Fielding’s Person-Centred Education Framework
Authors: Adamson Julian 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn the 30 years since the advent of the fundamentally system-altering ‘Tomorrow’s schools’ reforms in the 1990s, the education system of New Zealand has undergone many reviews and changes. The recent Taskforce Inquiry into the suitability of the current system to deliver equitably for learners as we approach the third decade of the 21st Century has seen a detailed report produced that proposes more significant change for the system. The Ministry of Education has used this to develop its National Education and Learning Priorities that will drive the next stage of development of the education system in Aotearoa, New Zealand. This analysis examines the report, the subsequent National Priorities and their philosophical underpinnings through the lens of Michael Fielding’s typology of Person-centred education frameworks and suggests that despite a significant shift towards Person-centeredness, the underlying neo-liberal building blocks of our current schools remain, and that it is likely the system will remain focused on competition, high-stakes assessment results and a narrow interpretation of educational success and equity.
Conceptualizing the Changing Faces of Pilgrimage Through Contemporary Tourism
Authors: Polus Reni , Carr Neil , Walters Trudie 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper aims to conceptualize the pilgrimage and tourism relationship in the contemporary world. As the boundaries between pilgrimage and tourism have become blurred, there is a need to find a more holistic way to understand the nuances of the pilgrimage-tourism relationship. This conceptual paper argues that pilgrimage offers a stage for rejuvenation in the contemporary era. In the 21st Century, the concept of pilgrimage travel has re-emerged in tourism with a new identity that goes beyond the idea of pilgrimage as a journey to a sacred place. Building on this recognition, this paper provides a conceptual framework that emphasizes the linkages between pilgrimage and contemporary tourism using three core elements: meaning, ritual, and transformation. This framework allows broader interpretations of pilgrimage travel in different phenomena of tourism in the contemporary era.
Source Camera Device Identification from Videos
Authors: Bennabhaktula Guru Swaroop , Timmerman Derrick , Alegre Enrique , Azzopardi George 
Published: June 2022

AbstractSource camera identification is an important and challenging problem in digital image forensics. The clues of the device used to capture the digital media are very useful for Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs), especially to help them collect more intelligence in digital forensics. In our work, we focus on identifying the source camera device based on digital videos using deep learning methods. In particular, we evaluate deep learning models with increasing levels of complexity for source camera identification and show that with such sophistication the scene-suppression techniques do not aid in model performance. In addition, we mention several common machine learning strategies that are counter-productive in achieving a high accuracy for camera identification. We conduct systematic experiments using 28 devices from the VISION data set and evaluate the model performance on various video scenarios—flat (i.e., homogeneous), indoor, and outdoor and evaluate the impact on classification accuracy when the videos are shared via social media platforms such as YouTube and WhatsApp. Unlike traditional PRNU-noise (Photo Response Non-Uniform)-based methods which require flat frames to estimate camera reference pattern noise, the proposed method has no such constraint and we achieve an accuracy of$$72.75 \pm 1.1 \%$$72.75±1.1%on the benchmark VISION data set. Furthermore, we also achieve state-of-the-art accuracy of$$71.75\%$$71.75%on the QUFVD data set in identifying 20 camera devices. These two results are the best ever reported on the VISION and QUFVD data sets. Finally, we demonstrate the runtime efficiency of the proposed approach and its advantages to LEAs.
Prenatal diagnosis and management of placenta accreta in a Moroccan high-level maternity
Authors: Lamrissi Amine , Benjelloun Ahmed Touimi , Harit Amjad , Fichtali Karima , Bouhya Said 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

The diagnosis of placenta accreta is not as rare as it used to be, its incidence is clearly increasing and it is correlated with the Caesarean sections rate.
This pathology is responsible for a significant maternal morbidity and mortality although it could be preventable with prenatal diagnosis and a good medical and surgical management.
The aim of this work is to describe the behavior adopted in front of a Placenta Accreta diagnosed in a Moroccan maternity level 3 over a period of six years.
The objective of this descriptive retrospective study is to provide epidemiological results concerning the evolution of this obstetric pathology in recent years and to detect the various complications that may arise.
Noted that no significant series of this pathology has been reported in Morocco.

Highlights
Coastlines at Risk of Hypoxia From Natural Variability in the Northern Indian Ocean
Authors: Pearson Jenna , Resplandy Laure , Poupon Mathieu 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCoastal hypoxia—harmfully low levels of oxygen—is a mounting problem that jeopardizes coastal ecosystems and economies. The northern Indian Ocean is particularly susceptible due to human‐induced impacts, vast naturally occurring oxygen minimum zones, and strong variability associated with the seasonal monsoons and interannual Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). We assess how natural factors influence the risk of coastal hypoxia by combining a large set of oxygen measurements with satellite observations to examine how the IOD amplifies or suppresses seasonal hypoxia tied to the Asian Monsoon. We show that on both seasonal and interannual timescales hypoxia is controlled by wind‐ and coastal Kelvin wave‐driven upwelling of oxygen‐poor waters onto the continental shelf and reinforcing biological feedbacks (increased subsurface oxygen demand). Seasonally, the risk of hypoxia is highest in the western Arabian Sea in summer/fall (71% probability of hypoxia). Major year‐to‐year impacts attributed to the IOD occur during positive phases along the eastern Bay of Bengal (EBoB), where the risk of coastal hypoxia increases from moderate to high in summer/fall (21%–46%) and winter/spring (31%–42%), and along the eastern Arabian Sea (i.e., India, Pakistan) where the risk drops from high to moderate in summer/fall (53%–34%). Strong effects are also seen in the EBoB during negative IOD phases, when the risk reduces from moderate to low year‐round (∼25% to ∼5%). This basin‐scale mapping of hypoxic risk is key to aid national and international efforts that monitor, forecast, and mitigate the impacts of hypoxia on coastal ecosystems and ecosystem services.
Numerical Upscaling of Seismic Signatures of Poroelastic Rocks Containing Mesoscopic Fluid‐Saturated Voids
Authors: He Yanbin , Rubino J. Germán , Solazzi Santiago G. , Barbosa Nicolás D. , Favino Marco , Chen Tianning , Gao Jinghuai , Holliger Klaus 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe present a novel coupled fluid‐poroelastic model and an associated numerical upscaling procedure to calculate seismic attenuation and velocity dispersion in porous rocks induced by fluid pressure diffusion (FPD) in the presence of mesoscopic fluid‐saturated voids, such as, for example, vugs or factures. By applying appropriate interface conditions, the proposed model couples the Navier‐Stokes equations for viscous fluids with Biot's equations of poroelasticity to model the mesoscopic voids and the embedding background, respectively. A finite element method is employed to solve the coupled problem for a set of three relaxation tests, which enables us to compute the complex‐valued and frequency‐dependent equivalent stiffness matrix of the considered synthetic sample. The newly proposed fluid‐poroelastic approach is compared with a purely poroelastic one as well as a fluid‐elastic approach in a benchmark model containing interconnected mesoscopic fractures embedded in a poroelastic background. We obtain excellent agreement for the proposed approach and the purely poroelastic model by optimizing the material properties of the fractures for the latter, which demonstrates both the correctness and advantages of our method over the purely poroelastic approach for modeling fluid‐saturated mesoscopic voids. We also observe that, while the coupled fluid‐elastic approach and the proposed method provide consistent results with regard to seismic attenuation due to the fracture‐to‐fracture FPD, the latter also allows to account for the effects of fracture‐to‐background FPD. Finally, we employ the proposed methodology to explore the seismic characteristics of a synthetic “vuggy” carbonate‐type sample, for which we visualize and interpret the resulting seismic attenuation in terms of FPD between the microscopic and mesoscopic pores.
Impacts of Autumn‐Winter Tibetan Plateau Snow Anomalies on North Atlantic‐Europe and Arctic Climate
Authors: Liu Shizuo , Wu Qigang , Yao Yonghong , Schroeder Steve , Wang Lei 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPrevious empirical studies have indicated strong influences of autumn and winter Tibetan Plateau (TP) snow cover extent (SCE) anomalies on the winter Pacific‐North American (PNA) and also East Atlantic teleconnection patterns over the North Atlantic and Europe. Our early numerical experiments reproduced an observed wintertime PNA response to an extensive heavy TP snow anomaly. This study further investigates impacts of autumn‐winter TP snow anomalies on North Atlantic‐Europe and Arctic climate. Expressing snow conditions as snow water equivalent (SWE), observational analysis shows that the principal component time series associated with the leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF1) pattern of autumn TP SWE anomalies is significantly correlated to a remote equivalent barotropic tripole structure in winter, which resembles the negative phases of two teleconnections, North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) at the surface and West Atlantic (WA) in the mid‐troposphere. This indicates that the hydrological effect of TP SWE differs from the albedo effect of TP SCE in snow‐atmosphere teleconnections. Numerical experiments using autumn TP SWE EOF1 and its persistent changes in winter as idealized snow forcing in a coupled atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model simulate a winter negative NAO/WA response over the North Atlantic‐Europe sector and a negative Arctic Oscillation over the Northern Hemisphere similar to observations. The NAO/WA responses result from mechanisms of horizontal propagation of stationary Rossby wave energy and a transient eddy feedback. Results also indicate that heavy TP SWE induces significant Eurasia cooling, and a consistent pattern of Arctic sea ice anomalies, demonstrating widespread Northern Hemispheric impacts of TP snow anomalies.
Global Radiative Convective Equilibrium With a Slab Ocean: SST Contrast, Sensitivity and Circulation
Authors: Hartmann Dennis L. , Dygert Brittany D. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWarming experiments with a uniformly insolated, non‐rotating climate model with a slab ocean are conducted by increasing the solar irradiance. As the global mean surface temperature is varied across the range from 289 to 319K, the sea surface temperature (SST) contrast at first declines, then increases then declines again. Increasing SST contrast with global warming is associated with reduced climate sensitivity, while decreasing SST contrast is associated with enhanced climate sensitivity. The changing SST contrast and climate sensitivity are both related fundamentally to the effect of water vapor on clear‐sky radiative cooling. The clouds in the convective region are always more reflective than those in the subsiding region and so always act to reduce the SST contrast. At lower temperatures between 289 and 297 K the shortwave suppression of SST contrast increases faster than the longwave enhancement of SST contrast. At warmer temperatures between 297 and 309 K the longwave enhancement of SST contrast with warming is stronger than the shortwave suppression of SST contrast, so that the SST contrast increases. Above 309 K the greenhouse effect in the subsiding region begins to grow, the SST contrast declines and the climate sensitivity increases. The transitions at 297 and 309 K can be related to the increasing vapor pressure path with warming. The mass circulation rate between warm and cool regions consists of shallow and deep cells. Both cells increase in strength with SST contrast. The lower cell remains connected to the surface, while the upper cell rises to maintain a roughly constant temperature.
Temperature Sensitivity of Freshwater Denitrification and N2O Emission—A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Velthuis Mandy , Veraart Annelies J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFreshwater denitrification removes a considerable amount of nitrogen from inland waters, which are under pressure from eutrophication and warming. However, incomplete denitrification can lead to the formation of N2O, a potent greenhouse gas, which can amplify climatic warming. Although temperature effects on denitrification are well studied in individual habitats and experiments, global patterns in temperature‐responses of denitrification and N2O emissions remain to be elucidated. Here, we investigated the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of denitrification and N2O emissions in freshwater ecosystems worldwide, using a meta‐analytic approach. To this end, Q10 values from in‐situ and temperature manipulation studies were related to environmental nutrient conditions, O2, pH, sediment organic matter (SOM), and geographic location. Temperature sensitivity of denitrification displayed a strong positive correlation with environmental nitrogen concentrations, pH and O2. Significant correlations with SOM and SOM:N ratios were observed as well, but the direction of the effect differed between in‐situ and temperature manipulation studies. Surprisingly, temperature sensitivity of N2O emissions did not correlate with pH, SOM, nutrient or O2 conditions. Temperature sensitivity of the ratio between N2O emission and NO3− concentration (adapted EF5 values) was 6.6 times higher in Australia and New Zealand compared to other geographic regions. As global temperatures and nitrogen deposition in freshwater ecosystems are expected to increase over the coming decades, our results suggest enhanced future denitrification, which may present a natural way to balance eutrophication. The observed temperature sensitivity of N2O emission factors, however, may indicate enhanced denitrification‐derived N2O emissions from freshwater ecosystems in a future warmer world.
Subsurface Multi‐Physical Monitoring of a Reservoir Landslide With the Fiber‐Optic Nerve System
Authors: Ye Xiao , Zhu Hong‐Hu , Wang Jia , Zhang Qin , Shi Bin , Schenato Luca , Pasuto Alessandro 
Published: June 2022

AbstractReservoir landslides are typical geohazards with sophisticated thermo‐hydro‐mechanical interactions. However, direct observations of subsurface multi‐physical processes in bank slopes remain rare. Herein we present the design, implementation and evaluation of an innovative fiber‐optic nerve system based on weak‐reflection fiber Bragg grating to monitor a giant landslide located in the Three Gorges Reservoir region, China. The system is capable of measuring and imaging spatiotemporal distributions of temperature, moisture and strain along boreholes in near real‐time. Such visual profiles offer unique insights into the subsurface thermo‐hydro‐mechanical link between external conditions and geotechnical deformation, making it possible to decipher the substantial trigger of accelerated movements. Multi‐physical responses at depths of interest also enable us to better understand the evolution mechanism of reservoir landslides. Fiber‐optic nerve sensing can synergize with remote sensing and surface‐based technologies to build a space‐sky‐ground‐subsurface integrated monitoring system for landslides.
Two Sources of Deep Decadal Variability in the Central Labrador Sea Open‐Ocean Convection Region
Authors: Thomas M. D. , Zhang R. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe ventilation of the central Labrador Sea is important for the uptake of ocean tracers and carbon. Using historical ocean observations, we construct a simple multiple linear regression model that successfully reconstructs the decadal variability of the upper ∼2,000 m of the central Labrador Sea water properties based on observed indices that represent two different open‐ocean ventilation mechanisms. The first mechanism is the modification of deep ocean properties through local decadal variability of the Labrador Sea deep convective mixing. The second, more novel, mechanism is the climatological convective vertical redistribution of upper central Labrador Sea temperature and salinity anomalies associated with the nonlocal large‐scale subpolar Atlantic Multidecadal Variability and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. The ventilated decadal central Labrador Sea signal subsequently spreads into the western subpolar North Atlantic. The results have important implications for predicting decadal ventilated signals in the Labrador Sea that are associated with the large‐scale climate variability.
“Phase Portraits” of Alfven Waves in Magnetospheric Plasma
Authors: Leonovich A. S. , Zong Q.‐G. , Kozlov D. A. , Vlasov A. A. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAlfven waves have a very small‐scale radial (across magnetic shells) structure, in an inhomogeneous magnetospheric plasma. This structure is determined by the Alfven wave type. In spacecraft observations, it is difficult to separate local oscillations of the wavefield from oscillations due to the spacecraft crossing the small‐scale transverse structure of such a wave. We propose a new method (“phase portraits”) to determine the type of Alfven waves observed onboard. What we call a “phase portrait” of monochromatic Alfven wave are two related plots: (a) radial distribution of the transverse components of the electric or magnetic field of the wave; and (b) radial distribution of the phase shift between these components. In order to construct such a “phase portrait,” we propose using the transverse components of the wavefield as registered onboard a spacecraft crossing the region occupied by the wave. It is demonstrated that the phase shift between the oscillations of the transverse components of the electric/magnetic field in a monochromatic Alfven wave is uniquely related to its radial structure. The transverse structure of the spacecraft‐observed Alfven wave can be determined by plotting the radial dependence of the phase shift between the wavefield transverse components. Comparing this plot to the calculated theoretical “phase portraits” we can select the most appropriate (similar) portrait in order to determine the radial structure and type of the wave. In this paper, “phase portraits” are constructed for most types of ULF monochromatic Alfven waves observed in the Earth's magnetosphere.
Surface Sublimation/Evaporation and Condensation/Deposition and Their Links to Westerlies During 2020 on the August‐One Glacier, the Semi‐Arid Qilian Mountains of Northeast Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Guo Shuhai , Chen Rensheng , Li Hongyuan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTo identify the links between glacier sublimation/evaporation, condensation/deposition and westerlies, in situ meteorological data and surface roughness lengths during 2020 were collected on a mid‐latitude and westerlies‐controlled glacier in the northeast TP. Snow or ice sublimation rate was generally believed to be higher during the weather conditions with stronger winds and drier air, while our results showed that the strong westerlies in winter brought the driest and windiest conditions, but did not cause the most sublimation loss due to extremely low surface temperature. The weakening of westerlies intensity and the increased precipitation during summer suppressed the sublimation and evaporation for the low wind speed and high air humidity, and condensation or deposition was more possible during the nighttime of summer together with the radiative cooling on surface and enhancement in atmosphere stability, while annual condensation and deposition were only 1.3 and 14 mm, respectively, which were negligibly small compared to sublimation (115 mm). The westerlies in autumn and spring strengthened sublimation with relatively stronger winds and drier air than summer and higher temperature than winter. Sublimation was more intense in autumn (41 mm/0.4 mm d−1) and spring (35 mm/0.4 mm d−1) than winter (23 mm/0.2 mm d−1) and summer (17 mm/0.2 mm d−1). Therefore, westerlies may not be the most crucial driver of glacier sublimation as its effect may be restricted by low surface temperature during a very cold weather.
Satellite‐Based Detection of Secondary Droplet Activation in Convective Clouds
Authors: Efraim Avichay , Lauer Oliver , Rosenfeld Daniel , Braga Ramon C. , Franco Marco A. , Kremper Leslie A. , Zhu Yannian , Pöschl Ulrich , Pöhlker Christopher , Andreae Meinrat O. , Artaxo Paulo , de Araújo Alessandro C. , Pöhlker Mira L. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe present a new approach of analyzing and interpreting vertical profiles of cloud microstructure obtained by satellite remote sensing. The method is based on a spectral bin microphysics adiabatic parcel model and aims to elucidate the effects of aerosols on the evolution of convective clouds and related microphysical processes, including the activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), the growth of cloud droplets, and the formation of precipitation. Characteristic features in the vertical profiles of effective radius (re) and temperature (T) reveal different microphysical zones in convective clouds related to the change increase of re with decreasing T. The classification of the different microphysical zones includes the (a) condensational growth of droplets, (b) growth by coalescence, (c) rainout, (d) secondary droplet activation zone (SAZ), (e) mixed‐phase of ice particles and water droplets, and (f) glaciation of the cloud. The detection of the SAZ is introduced here for the first time. This method allows us to identify the activation of aerosol particles above cloud base and their role in the invigoration of deep convective clouds.