Building Programs to Eradicate Toxoplasmosis Part III: Epidemiology and Risk Factors
Authors: Felín Mariangela Soberón , Wang Kanix , Raggi Catalina , Moreira Aliya , Pandey Abhinav , Grose Andrew , Caballero Zuleima , Rengifo-Herrera Claudia , Ramirez Margarita , Moossazadeh Davina , Castro Catherine , Montalvo José Luis Sanchez , Leahy Karen , Zhou Ying , Clouser Fatima Alibana , Siddiqui Maryam , Leong Nicole , Goodall Perpetua , Michalowski Morgan , Ismail Mahmoud , Christmas Monica , Schrantz Stephen , Norero Ximena , Estripeaut Dora , Ellis David , Ashi Kevin , Dovgin Samantha , Dixon Ashtyn , Li Xuan , Begeman Ian , Heichman Sharon , Lykins Joseph , Villalobos-Cerrud Delba , Fabrega Lorena , Mendivil Connie , Quijada Mario R. , Fernández-Pirla Silvia , de La Guardia Valli , Wong Digna , de LadrónGuevara Mayrene , Flores Carlos , Borace Jovanna , García Anabel , Caballero Natividad , de Saez Maria Theresa Moreno , Politis Michael , Ross Stephanie , Dogra Mimansa , Dhamsania Vishan , Graves Nicholas , Kirchberg Marci , Mathur Kopal , Aue Ashley , Restrepo Carlos M. , Llanes Alejandro , Guzman German , Rebollon Arturo , Boyer Kenneth , Heydemann Peter , Noble A. Gwendolyn , Swisher Charles , Rabiah Peter , Withers Shawn , Hull Teri , Su Chunlei , Blair Michael , Latkany Paul , Mui Ernest , Vasconcelos-Santos Daniel Vitor , Villareal Alcibiades , Perez Ambar , Galvis Carlos Andrés Naranjo , Montes Mónica Vargas , Perez Nestor Ivan Cardona , Ramirez Morgan , Chittenden Cy , Wang Edward , Lorena Garcia-López Laura , Muñoz-Ortiz Juliana , Rivera-Valdivia Nicolás , Bohorquez-Granados María Cristina , de-la-Torre Gabriela Castaño , Padrieu Guillermo , Hernandez Juan David Valencia , Celis-Giraldo Daniel , Dávila John Alejandro Acosta , Torres Elizabeth , Oquendo Manuela Mejia , Arteaga-Rivera José Y. , Nicolae Dan , Rzhetsky Andrey , Roizen Nancy , Stillwaggon Eileen , Sawers Larry , Peyron Francois , Wallon Martine , Chapey Emanuelle , Levigne Pauline , Charter Carmen , De Frias Migdalia , Montoya Jose , Press Cindy , Ramirez Raymund , Contopoulos-Ioannidis Despina , Maldonado Yvonne , Liesenfeld Oliver , Gomez Carlos , Wheeler Kelsey , Holfels Ellen , Frim David , McLone David , Penn Richard , Cohen William , Zehar Samantha , McAuley James , Limonne Denis , Houze Sandrine , Abraham Sylvie , Piarroux Raphael , Tesic Vera , Beavis Kathleen , Abeleda Ana , Sautter Mari , El Mansouri Bouchra , El Bachir Adlaoui , Amarir Fatima , El Bissati Kamal , de-la-Torre Alejandra , Britton Gabrielle , Motta Jorge , Ortega-Barria Eduardo , Romero Isabel Luz , Meier Paul , Grigg Michael , Gómez-Marín Jorge , Rao Kosagisharaf Jagannatha , Llorens Xavier Sáez , Reyes Osvaldo , McLeod Rima 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPurpose of ReviewReview comprehensive data on rates of toxoplasmosis in Panama and Colombia.Recent FindingsSamples and data sets from Panama and Colombia, that facilitated estimates regarding seroprevalence of antibodies toToxoplasmaand risk factors, were reviewed.SummaryScreening maps, seroprevalence maps, and risk factor mathematical models were devised based on these data. Studies in Ciudad de Panamá estimated seroprevalence at between 22 and 44%. Consistent relationships were found between higher prevalence rates and factors such as poverty and proximity to water sources. Prenatal screening rates for anti-Toxoplasmaantibodies were variable, despite existence of a screening law. Heat maps showed a correlation between proximity to bodies of water and overallToxoplasmaseroprevalence. Spatial epidemiological maps and mathematical models identify specific regions that could most benefit from comprehensive, preventive healthcare campaigns related to congenital toxoplasmosis andToxoplasmainfection.