bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large language models for error detection in radiology reports: a comparative analysis between closed-source and privacy-compliant open-source models
Authors: Salam Babak , Stüwe Claire , Nowak Sebastian , Sprinkart Alois M. , Theis Maike , Kravchenko Dmitrij , Mesropyan Narine , Dell Tatjana , Endler Christoph , Pieper Claus C. , Kuetting Daniel L. , Luetkens Julian A. , Isaak Alexander 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Purpose
Large language models (LLMs) like Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4 (GPT-4) can assist in detecting errors in radiology reports, but privacy concerns limit their clinical applicability. This study compares closed-source and privacy-compliant open-source LLMs for detecting common errors in radiology reports.

Materials and methods
A total of 120 radiology reports were compiled (30 each from X-ray, ultrasound, CT, and MRI). Subsequently, 397 errors from five categories (typographical, numerical, findings-impression discrepancies, omission/insertion, interpretation) were inserted into 100 of these reports; 20 reports were left unchanged. Two open-source models (Llama 3-70b, Mixtral 8x22b) and two commercial closed-source (GPT-4, GPT-4o) were tasked with error detection using identical prompts. The Kruskall–Wallis test and paired t-test were used for statistical analysis.

Results
Open-source LLMs required less processing time per radiology report than closed-source LLMs (6 ± 2 s vs. 13 ± 4 s; p < 0.001). Closed-source LLMs achieved higher error detection rates than open-source LLMs (GPT-4o: 88% [348/397; 95% CI: 86, 92], GPT-4: 83% [328/397; 95% CI: 80, 87], Llama 3-70b: 79% [311/397; 95% CI: 76, 83], Mixtral 8x22b: 73% [288/397; 95% CI: 68, 77]; p < 0.001). Numerical errors (88% [67/76; 95% CI: 82, 93]) were detected significantly more often than typographical errors (75% [65/86; 95% CI: 68, 82]; p = 0.02), discrepancies between findings and impression (73% [73/101; 95% CI: 67, 80]; p < 0.01), and interpretation errors (70% [50/71; 95% CI: 62, 78]; p = 0.001).

Conclusion
Open-source LLMs demonstrated effective error detection, albeit with comparatively lower accuracy than commercial closed-source models, and have potential for clinical applications when deployed via privacy-compliant local hosting solutions.

Key Points

Question

Can privacy-compliant open-source large language models (LLMs) match the error-detection performance of commercial non-privacy-compliant closed-source models in radiology reports?

Findings

Closed-source LLMs achieved slightly higher accuracy in detecting radiology report errors than open-source models, with Llama 3-70b yielding the best results among the open-source models.

Clinical relevance

Open-source LLMs offer a privacy-compliant alternative for automated error detection in radiology reports, improving clinical workflow efficiency while ensuring patient data confidentiality. Further refinement could enhance their accuracy, contributing to better diagnosis and patient care.

Graphical Abstract
Node-RADS category on preoperative CT predicts prognosis in patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Li Xiaoxia , Lin Dengqiang , Xiong Ying , Lin Weifeng , Zhang Shaoting , Huang Shunfa , Zhou Jianjun , Dai Chenchen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Objectives
This research focused on investigating the relationship between the Node Reporting and Data System (Node-RADS) categories, determined via preoperative CT, and the outcomes of progression-free survival (PFS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in individuals diagnosed with papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC).

Methods
A retrospective multicenter study initially enrolled 454 patients, with 218 eligible for analysis following partial nephrectomy or radical resection for pRCC. Prognostic factors related to PFS and CSS in pRCC patients were identified through univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Subsequently, the prognostic value of Node-RADS was assessed and compared with the existing pRCC risk stratification model.

Results
In total, 218 patients (mean age, 58 years; men, 164 [75.2%]) with pRCC (186 Node-rads I tumors (85.3%), 10 Node-rads II tumors (4.6%), and 22 Node-rads III tumors (10.1%)) were included. The Node-RADS category emerged as an independent prognostic factor for PFS (III vs II vs I, hazard ratio (HR) 4.250, p < 0.001) and CSS (III vs II vs I, HR 4.466; p < 0.001). When the Node-RADS category was incorporated into Leibovich’s model, the resulting combined model demonstrated a significant improvement in predictive accuracy (C-index: 0.865 versus 0.755, p = 0.005 for PFS; and 0.921 versus 0.835, p = 0.01 for CSS).

Conclusion
The Node-RADS category has been identified as a more accurate predictor of prognosis for pRCC, regardless of pathologic lymph node involvement. These findings need further confirmation in prospective studies.

Key Points

Question

Lymph node status is important for papillary renal cell carcinoma prognosis, and there is a lack of consensus on radiological evaluation.

Findings

Node-RADS is an independent predictor of progression-free survival and cancer-specific survival in papillary renal cell carcinoma.

Clinical relevance

The Node Reporting and Data System category improves the accuracy of the Leibovich model for prognosis, which can help clinical practitioners select individualized treatment plans for each patient.

Graphical Abstract
A quantitative Lewy-fold-specific alpha-synuclein seed amplification assay as a progression marker for Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Bernhardt Alexander M. , Longen Sebastian , Trossbach Svenja V. , Rossi Marcello , Weckbecker Daniel , Schmidt Felix , Jäck Alexander , Katzdobler Sabrina , Fietzek Urban M. , Weidinger Endy , Palleis Carla , Ruf Viktoria , Baiardi Simone , Parchi Piero , Höglinger Günter U. , Matthias Torsten , Levin Johannes , Giese Armin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Misfolded α-synuclein (αSyn) is the hallmark of α-synucleinopathies such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). While seed amplification assays (SAA) have demonstrated ultrasensitive detection of misfolded αSyn, they have been primarily used reliably to provide binary (positive/negative) results for diagnostic purposes. We developed an SAA with enhanced specificity for Lewy-fold α-synucleinopathies and introduced a quantifiable measure correlating with clinical severity. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 170 patients with neurodegenerative diseases and controls was analyzed. Blinded measurements demonstrated 97.8% sensitivity and 100% specificity for Lewy-fold α-synucleinopathies, correctly identifying PD and DLB while excluding MSA. In addition, we validated the strain specificity of the assay by testing brain homogenates from 30 neuropathologically confirmed cases. A novel Lewy-fold pathology (LFP) score based on positive signals in a dilution series provided a quantitative measure of αSyn seeds. The LFP score significantly correlated with motor and cognitive impairment presented by Hoehn and Yahr stage, MDS-UPDRS III, and MoCA. Longitudinal tracking in seven PD cases showed progressive LFP score increases corresponding with clinical deterioration, highlighting the assay’s potential for monitoring disease progression at an individual level. Our Lewy-fold-specific SAA enhances ante-mortem diagnosis and differentiates Lewy-fold α-synucleinopathies from MSA. Unlike previous assays, the LFP score offers a quantitative assessment, showing promise as a progression marker and pharmacodynamic biomarker for αSyn-targeting therapies. This represents an important step toward developing an αSyn SAA that could help to track disease progression quantitatively, with potential applications in both clinical diagnostics and therapeutic trials.
Head and neck cutaneous basal cell carcinoma: a retrospective analysis of tumour features, surgical margins and recurrences
Authors: Di Maio Pasquale , Giudice Marco , Cavallero Antonio , Carnevale Claudio , Til-Pérez Guillermo , Sarría-Echegaray Pedro Luis , Copelli Chiara , Ramieri Guglielmo , Iocca Oreste 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Purpose
The aim of this study was to analyse the factors affecting the status of surgical margins and recurrence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the head and neck. A secondary aim was to provide detailed demographic, clinical and topographic data to understand the biological behaviour of this skin cancer in head and neck area.

Methods
A retrospective analysis was conducted analysing all primary head and neck BCCs treated from July 2014 to October 2021. Chi-square and logistic regression were used to assess the presence of statistically significant associations.

Results
The study cohort included 307 patients who underwent resection of 377 BCCs. The mean age of the patients was 76.86 years. There were 251 (67%) clean surgical margins, 80 (21%) positive and 46 (12%) closed. Recurrences were observed in 11 (5%) out of 218 BCCs of patients with a minimum follow-up of 24 months. The median follow-up time was 35 months. Positive margin status was significantly associated with BCC of the nose, while clean margin was correlated with neck localization (p<0.05). Clean margin status was linked with direct closure (p<0.05), while positive and closed margins were significantly associated to local flaps (p<0.05). Positive margin status was significantly related to depth of invasion below the dermis (p<0.05).

Conclusion
The location, depth of invasion and method of reconstruction of head and neck BCC influence the completeness of surgical resection. Considering the low recurrence rate, clinical observation is an acceptable management option in patients with compromised margins, especially in elderly and frail patient populations.
Scanning of chicoric acid in different parts of Cichorium intybus by high-performance thin-layer chromatography with quantitation by image analysis
Authors: Baumli Julia , Mărincean Alina-Ioana , Cimpoiu Claudia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Cichorium intybus, commonly known as chicory, is a widespread plant, valued for its medicinal properties and use as a coffee substitute, chicoric acid being one of its key constituents. This study investigates the variation in chicoric acid content across different parts of the chicory plant-flowers, leaves, root and aerial parts. Three extraction methods, namely maceration in 70% ethanol, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and enzyme-assisted UAE were compared. A new optimized high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was used to determine the chicoric acid quantities. The chicoric acid was separated on HPTLC silica gel F254 plates developed with a mixture of ethyl acetate‒formic acid‒acetic acid‒water (8:0.2:2:1.8, v/v) as the mobile phase. The detection was performed in UV light at 366 nm after derivatization with natural product (NP) and polyethylene glycol solution (PEG). The quantification was performed by image analysis (IA) using ImageJ software, with the green color channel offering the most sensitive detection (LOD = 2 ng/band and LOQ = 6 ng/band). The analysis revealed that leaves contained the highest concentration of chicoric acid, while roots exhibited the lowest. Enzyme-assisted UAE proved to be the most effective method. Antioxidant activity was tested using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical revealing that the chicoric acid possesses this activity. These findings highlight chicory leaves as a valuable source of chicoric acid and emphasize the importance of choosing effective extraction methods to maximize the yield of bioactive compounds.
How do 4–6 years-old children spend their time in preschool?
Authors: Júdice Pedro B. , Teno Sabrina C. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Aim
To objectively measure the time spent in different physical behaviors through ActivPAL measurement in the Portuguese preschool setting for the first time.

Subject and method
This cross-sectional investigation included children (4–6 years-old) from a preschool of the Municipality of Lisbon. The study obtained ethical approval (number JL2224), and informed consent from parents/child subjects was provided. Data was collected using the ActivPAL inclinometer/accelerometer (model ActivPAL4; PAL Technologies Ltd., Glasgow, UK), while using the GHLA (v2.2) classification algorithm on an entire day at preschool. Differences between groups were examined using independent sample t-tests.

Results
More than 180 h of data were collected throughout 4 typical days in 28 preschoolers (39% girls and 61% boys) from 3 different classes. No differences were found between classes or sex for any of the variables (p > 0.05). Our findings show that while at school preschoolers spent 39.2% sitting, 29.9% standing, and 26.1% moving around, while performing 65 sit-to-stand transitions/preschool day.

Conclusion
In comparison to previous investigations, Portuguese preschoolers were less sedentary. The fact that this school had a significant outdoor space can explain the lower sedentariness, or it can be, that Portuguese preschoolers are in fact less sedentary. More studies using larger samples are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
Longitudinal patterns of regulatory violations in chemical corporations
Authors: Kluin Marieke H. A. , Blokland Arjan A. J. , Huisman Wim , Peeters Marlijn P. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Unlike criminal career research into the criminal behavior of natural persons, longitudinal research into regulatory violations by corporations is still scant. The few available longitudinal studies mostly suffer from either a small sample size or a short follow-up period, limiting the generalizability of their findings. The present study uses longitudinal data on rule violating behavior of 567 chemical corporations having to comply with the EU Seveso Directive in the Netherlands, derived from yearly inspections (N = 5.975) of the relevant safety, occupational health and environmental agencies between 2007 and 2021. The study aims to gain insight in the patterning of regulatory violations by Dutch Seveso corporations, and the extent to which these patterns are associated with sector and corporate characteristics. The results show that regulatory violation is common among Dutch Seveso corporations. A small minority of chronically violating corporations however, is responsible for a disproportional share of all observed regulatory violations. Using group-based trajectory modelling (GBTM) we distinguish several longitudinal patterns of regulatory violations in our data. Available sector and corporation characteristics are found to be only weakly associated with the patterns of regulatory violations identified.
What Does Organizational Culture Tell Us About Developmental Education Reform? Corequisite Implementation in Texas
Authors: Henning Holly N. , Danyi Morgan M. , Park-Gaghan Toby J. , Mokher Christine G. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
A continuous topic of discussion in postsecondary success contexts is how institutions can assist students who need developmental education support. As part of an ongoing move away from lengthy developmental course sequences that delay students’ time-to-degree completion, corequisite education models allow students to enroll in developmental courses in the same semester as college level courses. Under HB 2223 passed in 2017, Texas mandated all public postsecondary institutions to offer corequisite education as the main form of developmental education by 2021. This research study focuses on the organizational cultures and subcultures of seven institutions from different economic and geographic regions during the four-year policy implementation in Texas using qualitative data. Based on the theoretical lenses of Birnbaum’s organizational cultures and Hatch’s organizational subcultures, findings from this multi-site case study indicate that one institution represented an anarchical culture, three demonstrated bureaucratic cultures, and the final three showed collegial cultures. Organizational subcultures included mostly enhancing types with one institution revealing a counterculture and another showing an orthogonal subculture. Institutional practices, like number of credit hours and course delivery, also differed during implementation according to institutional profiles and characteristics.
How does removing menthol tobacco product displays at point-of-sale affect adolescents’ cigarette smoking intentions? The mediating effects of social norms
Authors: Wong Jody Chin Sing , Setodji Claude Messan , Dunbar Michael S. , Martino Steven , van Valkenburg Grace , Jenson Desmond , Shadel William G. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This study investigates the psychological mechanisms through which a removal of mentholated tobacco products from retail stores affects future smoking intentions among youth. Descriptive norms and injunctive norms were examined as candidate mediators. The study was conducted in the RAND StoreLab (RSL), a life-sized replica of a convenience store developed to evaluate how changing point-of-sale (POS) tobacco advertising influences tobacco use outcomes during simulated shopping experiences. Participants were assigned to shop randomly in the RSL under one of three experimental conditions that were (1) status quo condition in which all tobacco-, sweet-, and menthol-flavors were displayed; (2) tobacco/menthol condition in which only tobacco- and menthol-flavored tobacco products were displayed (sweet characterizing flavors other than tobacco or menthol/mint were removed from the display, effectively “banned”); and (3) tobacco-only condition in which only tobacco-flavored products were displayed (all sweet- and menthol-flavored products were removed). Results revealed that injunctive norms mediated the relationship between the removal of menthol cigarettes from the POS setting and increased intentions to smoke menthol-flavored cigarettes, whereas descriptive norms were not a significant mediator. These findings suggest that targeting injunctive smoking norms in public health communications may be a promising strategy to mitigate potential unintended consequences of a menthol ban on future smoking intentions for youth.
Perspective of Clean Energy-saving by Semiconducting Quantum Dot Nanomaterials through Photoelectric and Density of States Analysis
Authors: Mollaamin Fatemeh , Monajjemi Majid 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
With the pressure for renewable energy resources and the enchantingly digitalized current lifestyle, the need for batteries will augment. Therefore, in this article, it has been evaluated the promising alternative alkali metals of sodium-ion and potassium-ion, batteries. The hypothesis of the hydrogen adsorption phenomenon was confirmed by density distributions of charge density differences (CDD), total density of state (TDOS), and electron localization function (ELF) for of Li[GeO–SiO], Na[GeO–SiO] or K[GeO–SiO] heterostructures that have revealed an efficient charge transfer owing to the internal electric field. Regardless of adsorption configurations of H2 molecules, the region of charge density variation is mainly concentrated between the H2 molecule and the layers of Li[GeO–SiO], Na[GeO–SiO] or K[GeO–SiO] heterostructures atoms. The maximum energy of TDOS for K[GeO–SiO] with several peaks around –0.35, –0.45, –0.6 and –0.75 a.u. with maximum density of state of ≈ 23 around –0.35 a.u. has been revealed. As the advantages of lithium, sodium or potassium over Si/Ge possess its higher electron and hole motion, allowing lithium, sodium or potassium instruments to operate at higher frequencies than Si/Ge instruments. K[GeO–SiO]–2H2 and Na[GeO–SiO]–2H2 heterostructures with band gap of 0.9230 and 0.8963 eV, respectively can be more efficient for hydrogen grabbing. The findings suggest that the proposed heterostructures offer appropriate band edge positions for saving energy in the batteries. Furthermore, the calculations have revealed that non-magnetic dopants can induce stable half-metallic ferromagnetic ground state in Li/Na/K. In particular, at the same levels of doping, the K/Na-doped [GeO–SiO] heterostructure framework exhibited the strongest H2 binding.
Evaluation of Prescription Practices for Antenatal Steroids in Pregnant Women
Authors: Jano Antalya , Madigan Caroline , Ekeke Paris 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Objective
The significant racial disparity in adverse birth outcomes is unexplained by individual-level stressors. This implores us to explore modifiable prenatal care delivery characteristics. Our objective was to evaluate if racial disparities in infant respiratory outcomes were explained by inequitable exposure to antenatal steroids.

Methods
We included women who delivered infants between 23 and 34 weeks gestation in Level 3 NICU between January 2017 and December 2020. Prenatal and postnatal variables, including exposure to antenatal steroids, were collected. A community need index was assigned designating level of neighborhood deprivation. Chi squared and t tests were performed to look for racial differences in prenatal and delivery characteristics.

Results
There were no racial differences in steroid administration with 89.9% of eligible Black women and 89.8% of eligible White women completing an antenatal steroid course. Despite no differences in maternal risk factors such as diabetes, pre-eclampsia, prenatal care utilization and PPROM, Black infants were more likely to require intubation (p = 0.04), oxygen (p = 0.001), and surfactant (p = 0.008) in the delivery room compared to White infants. Compared to the lower community need groups exposed to ANS, the high need group had higher rates of chorioamnionitis and were more likely to be on Medicaid and Black race. Despite this, there were no differences in infant respiratory outcomes by community need group.

Conclusions
Despite the shift in focus to include the interaction between individuals and their community exposures, the racial disparity in birth outcomes persists. Attention should be paid to other modifiable elements of a mother’s prenatal experience.
Fine Boundary Continuity for Degenerate Double-Phase Diffusion
Authors: Ciani Simone , Henriques Eurica , Skrypnik Igor I. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We study the boundary behavior of solutions to parabolic double-phase equations through the celebrated Wiener’s sufficiency criterion. The analysis is conducted for cylindrical domains and the regularity up to the lateral boundary is shown in terms of either its p or q capacity, depending on whether the phase vanishes at the boundary or not. Eventually we obtain a fine boundary estimate that, when considering uniform geometric conditions as density or fatness, leads us to the boundary Hölder continuity of solutions. In particular, the double-phase elicits new questions on the definition of an adapted capacity.
Mill’s harm principle, rationality, and Pareto optimality in games
Authors: Hargreaves Heap Shaun , Ismail Mehmet S. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Mill’s classic argument for liberty requires that people’s exercise of freedom should be governed by the harm principle (MHP): that is, an action should not harm another. In this paper, we develop the concept of a Millian harm equilibrium (MHE) in n-person games where players maximize utility subject to the constraint of an MHP. Our main result is in the spirit of the fundamental theorems of welfare economics. We show that for every initial ‘reference point’ in a game the associated MHE is Pareto efficient and, conversely, every Pareto efficient point can be supported as an MHE for some initial reference point. This is an important result for an old question in political philosophy over whether the exercise of liberty is consistent with order in society and for how we think about policy in a non-ideal world.