bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation regarding the Replacement of Composite Material Leaf Springs with Spring Steel Leaf Springs in Automotive Vehicles: A Review
Authors: Aggarwal Shivam , Aggarwal M. L. , Verma Krishan 
Published: August 2022

AbstractLeaf Springs finds vast applications in different types of mechanical systems. In spite of lot of research, spring steel leaf springs finds a lot of applications in all types of heavy vehicle. Composite leaf springs represent some application of composite materials in the field of automotive lightweight materials. However, the composite material finds limited applications in the form of mono leaf but for multi leaf in heavy vehicles, its application is rare due to certain issues including delamination. Stiffness and damping properties are the critical parameter of composite leaf springs and are closely related to the handling stability and ride comfort of automobiles. Composite leaf spring with variable parameters may be used in the automobiles to replace the conventional steel leaf springs, mainly due to the high load-bearing capacity. The optimum structural design of composite leaf spring may be calculated using an effective algorithm. The mechanical properties of composite leaf spring is analyzed with experimental or computational approach or both. This paper investigates addresses various issues regarding the replacement of composite material leaf springs with spring steel leaf springs in light and heavy weight automotive vehicles.
Theoretical Estimation of Elastic Characteristics of Natural Reinforced Composite- A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Nejkar Harshal , Swamy K. B. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Natural Fiber composites are among the potential materials due to their low cost, biodegradability, environmental concerns, and other merits. This paper investigates various theoretical methods to evaluate the elastic behavior of Bamboo fiber-reinforced Epoxy composite and compare it with available experimental data. To compute elastic properties for different fiber volume fractions, prominent micromechanical models such as the Rule of mixing, Halpin-Tsai, Chamis, Unified Bridging, and Elasticity approach, as well as the most current FE homogenization simulation, are employed. FE simulation results from the advanced ANSYS 21.0 material designer module incorporating different Representative Volume Elements (RVE) (Square, Diamond, and Hexagonal) are compared with these models. Through this, a comparative analysis is provided for the validity of different models in predicting the elastic behavior of similar natural fiber-reinforced composites.
An initial study on the impression creep behaviour of stir-cast GNP reinforced AA6061 composite (AMMC)
Authors: Khokhar Ostin , Khajuria Akhil , Bedi Raman 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Impression creep testing technique is used to screen out creep behaviour of materials as it is relatively faster method, requires small volume of the specimen, and is relatively material non-invasive technique when compared to conventional uniaxial tensile creep test method. This technique also possesses the benefit of maintaining constant stress throughout the experiment because a flat cylindrical indenter is used to apply load on the specimen. Owing to commercial unavailability of the materials under development such as metal matrix composites (MMC), the impression creep testing approach for such materials becomes a best method. In present work, creep behaviour of stir-cast graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) reinforced AA6061 composite (AMMC) is studied by using impression creep tests. The AMMC was prepared by adding GNPs in AA6061 through stir casting process by melting the alloy up to 1073 K. The impression creep experimentation included stress levels of 140 MPa, 170 MPa, and 200 MPa at a temperature of 573 K, 603 K and 633 K. The tests were conducted at constant stress by varying the temperature and vice-versa in vacuum. Two distinct regions i.e., primary and secondary/steady-state were observed and minimum creep strain rate was obtained in steady-state region. Tertiary region was absent, since the load/stress applied was compressive. During the experiment, depth of indentation of 0.03 mm to 0.14 mm was produced in the specimen. The microstructure of the composite has been analyzed using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to correlate with impression creep behaviour of the studied materials.
Recent advancements in the production of hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMC): A Review
Authors: Anand Anshu , Tiwari Sanjiv Kumar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Industries are currently concentrating on materials that can replace monolithic metals and alloys. The transition from monolithic to advanced materials has resulted in the development novel materials. These materials have better properties than traditional ones, such as high-temperature resistance, increased specific stiffness, increased specific strength, and other mechanical and tribological properties. Metal matrix composites (MMCs) are currently gaining more attention as a critical engineering material due to their superior characteristics over monolithic materials. These MMCs have wide applications in the automotive, aerospace, defense, and marine industries. This makes them worthy of further investigation as potential alternative materials. This paper attempts to review the current advances in producing hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMCs). In addition, the article covers the impact of matrix material selection, reinforcement, and processing techniques on the production of metal matrix composites.
An investigation on microstructure and mechanical behaviour of aluminium hybrid metal matrix nanocomposite fabricated through electromagnetic stir casting process
Authors: Anitha P , Srinivas Rao M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This study focuses on the microstructure characteristics and mechanical properties of unreinforced and reinforced ceramic materials titanium diboride (TiB2) and graphite (Gr). Aluminium hybrid metal matrix nanocomposites reinforced with varying weight percentage of nano TiB2 (0-12.5 wt. %) and nano Gr (4wt %) via electromagnetic stir casting process to produce hybrid nanocomposites samples. Identification of phases and microstructure analysis are performed through X-ray diffraction, Optical Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersion X-ray Spectrum. Mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile, compression and flexural strength were investigated on the prepared hybrid nanocomposites samples. Microstructure images of the samples reveals uniform dissemination of reinforced TiB2 and Gr nanoparticles in Aluminium base matrix and X-ray diffraction confirms the presence of reinforced particles TiB2 and Gr in Aluminium base matrix. Concluded from the consolidated samples, mechanical properties of the reinforced samples improved as compared to the matrix material.
Study of self-healing capability of composite material with phase changing paraffin wax and graphene
Authors: Kumar Gondela Yaswanth , Jhanji Kanu Priya , Amit Kumar R 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The main aim of this research work was to conduct an experimental study of self-healing capability of the composite material by using phase changing material. The phase changing material utilized was “paraffin wax” for healing the material made up of the carbon fiber and epoxy. Three combinations of carbon fiber reinforced epoxy with phase changing materials were prepared i.e., plain carbon fiber epoxy without any phase changing material, carbon fiber epoxy with paraffin wax and carbon fiber epoxy with paraffin wax nano graphene. The fabrication of the carbon fiber composite material inside the capsulation has been done by keeping the 3d model. To identify the structural properties of the material some tests were done i.e., the tensile test and flexural test at normal room temperature and pressure. Damage was produced at the center of each specimen with the help of a Barcol hardness test machine. The Specimens were tested without indentation damage, immediately after indentation damage and after 48 hours of producing damage.
Influence of Photo-initiator concentration on photoactivation of composites prepared with LTCC and silver powders for DLP based 3D printing and their characterization
Authors: Joseph Jesly , Kondhalkar Jyoti , Jagdale Pankaj , Gadde Janardhan Rao , Hawaldar Ranjit , Kashid Ranjit , Giramkar Vijaya , Joseph Shany 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
DLP (Digital Light Processing) based 3D (three dimensional) printing had been a widely used additive manufacturing technique with its broad aspects in rapid prototyping, packaging, biomedical applications, PCB etc due to its high resolution and reliability. Since, drive for miniaturization in electronic industry had been increasing; the need of additive manufacturing becomes better and reliable solution for fabrication of electronic device. In this study, we attempt to adopt LTCC (Low Temperature co-fired ceramic) technology with DLP based additive manufacturing machine to reduce lead time, running cost and investment cost while increasing production volume to levels suited for SMEs. This work reports our 3D Printing trials with composites using LTCC/dielectric and silver powder. Initial trials using the commercially available resins showed residue after firing the package which indicates its unsuitability for electronic packaging applications. Hence, the new resin was formulated by varying the Photo-initiator 2,4,6 -trimethyl benzoyl diphenyl phosphine oxide (TPO) Concentration. Photoresist was prepared by mixing the Photo-initiator (1 to 3wt %), Surfactant (2.5wt %) and diacrylate based monomer (96.5 -94.5wt%) in planetary mixer and the composition was optimised. Curing parameters for the unloaded resin such as exposure time, Intensity etc were varied accordingly and optimised. The photoresist and the printed samples were analysed for their viscosity, optical inspection, NMR, FTIR. Printing trials were done by preparing composites with Dielectric (LTCC) and conducting material (Silver) using above prepared photopolymer in 50:50 ratio. Effect of variation in the exposure time and intensity on the loading of functional material for curing has also been studied. Printed patterns were then sintered at about 875°C with standard LTCC firing cycle. No residue was observed after the sintering cycle. Trials using composites with different material were also tried. Characterisation of these composites and printed packages are reported. For 50% loading of functional material shrinkage of about 29% was observed. Effect of solid loading on shrinkage of sintered sample were also studied and reported.
Effect of aging on reclaimed asphalt pavement and rejuvenators
Authors: Aeron P , Aggarwal P 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) material primarily consists of extracted asphalt concretes from the existing road infrastructure. It comprises 2 major non-renewable resources, i.e., aggregates and bituminous binder and their conscious use can ensure the sustainability of bituminous pavement construction. In this study, more focus is given to the asphalt binder, which is extracted from RAP. It has been tried to replace more and more new virgin binders with recycled RAP binders. But to counteract the higher stiffness of the RAP binder, it is rejuvenated to achieve strength higher or equivalent to the target binder. To have confidence in the efficacy of the RAP binder and rejuvenator in unaged and aged conditions, different combinations of blends are made and tested in aged as well as unaged conditions. In this study, Two RAP sources with and without virgin binder are rejuvenated with two rejuvenators. Physio-rheological tastings are done on each same. Based on achieved results aging index of all the blends is found. These results authenticate the aging properties of RAP binder as well as rejuvenators.
Evaluation of mechanical and tribological properties of Aluminium metal matrix composite reinforced with titanium diboride and graphite
Authors: Anitha P , Srinivas Rao M 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this research is to assess mechanical and tribological behavior of Aluminum matrix nanocomposites reinforced with varying weight percentage of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10% and 12.5% titanium diboride (TiB2) nano particles and 6% graphite (Gr) nanoparticles through electromagnetic stir casting process. Microstructure analysis were examined using Optical microstructure, Scanning Electron Microstructure, Energy Dispersive Spectrum and phases of reinforced particles in the Aluminium alloy were identified using X-ray diffraction. Mechanical and tribological testing were conducted. Regarding mechanical properties such as tensile strength, flexural strength, compression strength, and wear resistance of all reinforced composite specimens presented enhanced properties than the unreinforced matrix. It was found that the enhanced mechanical properties and wear behavior of the tested specimens of aluminium hybrid nanocomposites has been achieved due to presence of strengthening of hard ceramic nanoparticles of TiB2 in the matrix.
Influence of the Manufacturing Variances on the Strength of the Pressure Vessel
Authors: Cheranseshagirirao Innamuri V. G. , Harshavardhan Kodali , Jayaram Behara Dheenabandu , Sri Valli G. , Sri Chaitanya Ch. , Narasimha Rao R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The pressure vessels are used to contain fluids that are at a pressure that is significantly different from the atmosphere. İn the present study, multiple carbon fibre reinforced composite pressure vessels were modelled in ANSYS with the variation of the fibre orientation angle. Internal pressure was applied to the pressure vessels, then it was considered to be failed if the first ply burst failure was occurred. The Tsai-Hill failure criterion was applied to the model. The fibre orientation angle of 55°/-55° was found to have good strength. The deformation modes changed from the lateral deformation at lower fibre orientation angles to the axial deformation at higher angles. For axial loading the lower fibre orientation angle has better strength. The fibre orientation angle of 30° showed better properties for the axial loads. For the combination of the axial and the internal pressure as the load, the 55° orientation angle showed better resistance.
Numerical analysis of sandwich panels under high-velocity impact
Authors: Srilakshmi R , Sanjay kumar R 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Composites are gaining importance in aircraft structures, due to their high specific strength, stiffness, and low weight. There are different types of composites used in aircraft structures out of which carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) serves best in the aircraft industry. Half of the weight of the Boeing 787 is made of CFRP and other composites that reduced the weight of the aircraft by 20% as compared to the conventional design with aluminum alloy. Similar to CFRP the recent trend focused on the usage of sandwich structures in aircraft design. Sandwich structure is a composite material made of the lightweight thick core placed between the thin face sheets made of CFRP or Glass fiber reinforced polymer. During service, aircraft panels are subjected to severe structural, aerodynamics loads, and impact loads. These loads cause severe damage to the structure that affects the residual strength. The impact is the more susceptible damage in composite panels. In this paper, a numerical impact analysis of the sandwich panel is carried out. There are different parameters that influence the impact strength of sandwich panels are face sheet material, core material, and thickness of the core. In this paper, finite element-based parametric analysis is carried out by varying face sheet materials such as CFRP, GFRP, Al alloy, Ti alloy, and core materials (such as honeycomb structure and PVC foam). Further, in this work, the combined MADM method using TOPSIS and AHP is applied to find out the optimal face sheet material for the sandwich panel. The attribute data for applying the MADM method is obtained from finite element analysis (FEA).
Effect of Ca content on biomineralization of Mg-Ca alloys
Authors: Favas T , Rahim Shebeer A. , Muhammad Rabeeh VP , Joseph M A , Hanas T 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe mechanical and physical properties of biodegradable Mg-based alloys make them suitable for temporary orthopaedic implants. However, processing them in such a way that it degrades at the required rate in physiological environment is a challenge. Among the possible methods, in situ formation of calcium phosphate (CaP) during service to control the degradation rate is least explored. The CaP formation can be improved by enhancing the biomineralization of Mg alloys. The present work investigates the effect of Ca concentration (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 wt.%) on the biomineralization of Mg-Ca alloys. Optical microscopy observations and X-ray diffraction analysis showed that Mg-xCa (x = 0.5, 1 & 2 wt. %) alloys were composed of two phases, α-Mg and Mg2Ca. The electrochemical corrosion test in biomimetic NaCl solution and immersion test in simulated body fluid shows that the corrosion rate increases as Ca content increases. The studies reveal that a low calcium content single-phase microstructure is preferred over a multiphase morphology for promoting biomineralization.
A review, tabulation of the Antimicrobial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Shehla  
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Silver nanoparticles are used in every single aspect of science including medical and pharmaceuticals, as they have high antimicrobial effects because of their large surface area to volume ratio, which is the curiosity of new researchers on antibiotics, the growing microbial resistance and the development of resistant strains. Silver nanoparticles are the superabundant antimicrobial agent for bacteria, fungi, algae and are less noxious to human cells than bacterial cells. Silver nanoparticles are used to control germination in a variety of applications, such as antibacterial coating for medicinal materials to promote wound healing and prevent infection, and antibacterial vaccines to control bacterial diseases. In the current work, a review of the antimicrobial properties of silver nanoparticles is compiled in tabular form reported by different research groups. The aim of this review is to discuss the present state of affairs and suggestions for future possibilities in this field.
Chitinase 3-Like 2
Authors: Nimbalkar Vidya P , Kruthika Banavathy S , Sravya Palavalasa , Rao Shilpa , Sugur Harsha S , Chickabasaviah Yasha T , Somanna Sampath , Arivazhagan Arimappamagan , Kondaiah Paturu , Santosh Vani 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Objectives
We aimed to evaluate the expression pattern of chitinase 3-like 2 (CHI3L2) in the tumor core and peritumoral brain zone (PBZ) of newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM) in recurrent tumors and its association with patient prognosis.

Methods
The study was conducted on three sample sets derived from different patient cohorts. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of CHI3L2 in the tumor core and PBZ (n = 34) compared with control (n = 20) tissues was studied by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in sample set 1. Sample set 2 included 19 paired, primary-recurrent GBM tissues. Sample set 3 comprised 82 GBM tissues of patients with treatment and follow-up information. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on all three sample sets.

Results
mRNA expression of CHI3L2 was significantly higher in the tumor core and PBZ compared with control (P &lt; .0001). By IHC, CHI3L2 showed strong cytoplasmic staining in tumor cells. Recurrent tumors had a higher expression of CHI3L2 compared with primary tumors (P = .007). Survival analysis showed CHI3L2 expression was associated with shorter overall survival (P = .034) and progression-free survival (P = .010), which was in line with The Cancer Genome Atlas cohort (P = .043).

Conclusions
High expression of CHI3L2 in the tumor core and PBZ, as well as its association with tumor recurrence and poor patient prognosis, suggests it might be contributing to tumor spread and recurrence.
Integrative genomics important to understand host–pathogen interactions
Authors: Mehta Priyanka , Swaminathan Aparna , Yadav Aanchal , Chattopadhyay Partha , Shamim Uzma , Pandey Rajesh 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Infectious diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Causative pathogenic microbes readily mutate their genome and lead to outbreaks, challenging the healthcare and the medical support. Understanding how certain symptoms manifest clinically is integral for therapeutic decisions and vaccination efficacy/protection. Notably, the interaction between infecting pathogens, host response and co-presence of microbes influence the trajectories of disease progression and clinical outcome. The spectrum of observed symptomatic patients (mild, moderate and severe) and the asymptomatic infections highlight the challenges and the potential for understanding the factors driving protection/susceptibility. With the increasing repertoire of high-throughput tools, such as cutting-edge multi-omics profiling and next-generation sequencing, genetic drivers of factors linked to heterogeneous disease presentations can be investigated in tandem. However, such strategies are not without limits in terms of effectively integrating host–pathogen interactions. Nonetheless, an integrative genomics method (for example, RNA sequencing data) for exploring multiple layers of complexity in host–pathogen interactions could be another way to incorporate findings from high-throughput data. We further propose that a Holo-transcriptome-based technique to capture transcriptionally active microbial units can be used to elucidate functional microbiomes. Thus, we provide holistic perspective on investigative methodologies that can harness the same genomic data to investigate multiple seemingly independent but deeply interconnected functional domains of host–pathogen interaction that modulate disease severity and clinical outcomes.
Cranial differences in three-toed jerboas (Dipodinae, Dipodidae, Rodentia) according to recent taxonomic revisions
Authors: Alhajeri Bader H , Hasan Zahraa , Alhaddad Hasan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Recent phylogenetic studies amended the taxonomy of three-toed jerboas (subfamily Dipodinae), including raising subspecies to full species. Here, we use geometric morphometrics to compare scaled-shape differences in dipodine crania while considering their revised taxonomy. We sampled Dipus deasyi, D. sagitta halli, D. s. sowerbyi, Jaculus blanfordi blanfordi, J. hirtipes, J. jaculus, J. loftusi, J. orientalis gerboa, J. o. mauritanicus, and Stylodipus andrewsi. Crania were not sexually dimorphic. Common allometry explained some of the shape variation, for example, reduced braincases in larger specimens. Most operational taxonomic unit pairs differed in both size and shape. Dipus and Stylodipus clustered together based on their cranial shape. Jaculus differed from the aforementioned genera by its larger tympanic bulla, broader braincase, larger infraorbital foramen, along with reduced molars and rostra. Jaculus orientalis differed from other Jaculus by its broader face versus reduced cranial vault. Jaculus blanfordi (subgenus Haltomys) resembles members of the subgenus Jaculus more than its consubgener (J. orientalis). Jaculus loftusi, previously considered a synonym of J. jaculus, clearly differed from the latter by its shorter rostrum, smaller infraorbital foramen, and more caudolaterally expanded tympanic bulla. Jaculus hirtipes, another recent synonym of J. jaculus, resembled J. blanfordi more in scaled cranial shape than it did J. jaculus. Dipus sagitta halli and D. s. sowerbyi were indistinguishable, but they clearly differed from D. deasyi (recently raised to full species) with the latter having a larger molar row, more inflated tympanic bulla, and shorter, slenderer rostrum. Ecological explanations for detected cranial shape differences are considered, including diet and habitat (particularly substrate).