bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tipuri de artefacte folosite la ornamentarea gulerului, îmbrăcăminte şi la centură: catarame şi aplici
Authors: Mailat Damaris 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The types of artefacts used on dressing ornaments during the IXth-XIth centuries, discovered in the Danubian Basin, were various as form, ornament and materials. They were used at dressing ornaments (the buttons and the appliqués), ornaments for belts, harnesses or shoes.
These dressing ornaments pieces are: the buckles-various types, appliqués, buttons, each of them with many forms. The buckles found in the Danubian Basin were generally made by iron. The lyre-shaped buckles were commonly used on clothes and harnesses. Three of these have been discovered in the cementery from Brandusei Street, two pieces in M.21 and M. 155, and a thirdly in M. 128. Some textile remnants were preserved on the piece found in M. 128. It is very sure that both buckles were used on belts. Similar buckles have been previously discovered at Blandiana-La Brod, Cluj Napoca-Str. Zapolya, Târgșor and Zalău. They were used as belt buckles, perhaps decorated wuth appliques, or as accessory for the harness or for the belt that sustained the sword or the quiver. These kind of buckles apperead inside the Charpatian Basin at the beginning of the 10th century and were used until the end of the 11 th century. According to Attila Kiss, lyra buckles apperead at Bulgarian populations on the Volga, while the Transylvanian pieces are associated with the typical artefacts belonging to the Magyar communites.
A discoid appliqué, decorated with a cross, has been discovered while processing M. 59 at Alba Iulia- Brândușei Street. A quite similar piece, dated to the 10th century, was found in the Alba Iulia-Staţia de Salvare cementery. Two shield-shapped appliqués and a circular one have been found in the interior part of the necklace found in M. 129. The first two have two perforations and two small claws for hanging up on their backside. The circular one has a hanger on its backside. Similar pieces have been discovered at Szentes-Nagyhegy and Arad. A rectangular applique with heart-shaped corners, made of gilded silver, has been discovered, on Brândușei Street, M. 145. Similar pieces can be mentioned at Mohacs, Budapest-Rakospalota and Szekesfehevar-Demkohegy. The appliqués are frequently encountered in funerary inventories of the 10 th and 11th centuries.
Inele cu pentagramă
Authors: Urdaş Florica Ștefania 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The studies from Xth and XIth centuries are based almost exclusively on archaeological findings and particularly the study of cemeteries. Plate finger rings were decorated with various geometrical, vegetable or zoomorphic. A variant of the ring finger is oval or circular plaque, carved with a pentagram. Pentagram ring is considered one of the most popular jewelery from Byzantine cultural area in the second half of the tenth century and the first half of the eleventh century. Rings with this setting occur discoveries in Bulgaria, Dalmatia, Hungary and Slovakia. P. Gatev placed pentagram rings in type II-1 and it dates from the tenth century and the first half of the following. G. Atanasov and V. Grigorov said that pentagram rings (type III) are quite common in old Bulgarian culture. Pentagram is required after the fourth century as one of the main Christian symbols. Is defined as an expression of geometric notion of man-four angles representing limbs and a head. At Odartsi in grave 286 was discovered a skeleton of a child with pit board and covered with lithic material. Inventory: left hand, ring pentagram (type IX A), occurs in association with ring loop, buttons with vertical splice. Elliptical plate playing a circle which is a pentagram surrounded by dots. On both sides of the ring is two stars.
Tripla Alianță ȋn context european
Authors: Daniela-Liliana Pătrașcu , Pătrașcu Dumitru-Valentin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
L' étude presente les conditions dans lesquelles la Triple Alliance a été formée. L' Austriche-Hongrie et Empire Allemand ont conclu un traité secret, qui a été signé a 7 octobre 1879, et qui avait un caractère offensif. Si l'un de les deux États était attaquée par Russie, les deux États seraient entraidé. L' Italie sera également rejoindre l' Alliance Trilpe aussi malhureux que l' Angleterre avait incorporé Chypre.
Roumanie adhère a l' Entente au moyen de le traité signé à 18-30 octobre 1883, qui avait une validité de cinq ans et un caractère secret. Si l' Austriche-Hongrie était attaqué par Russie ou Serbie, Roumanie serait intervenue. Toutes ces evolutions ont conduit l' élaboration depuis 1904 à Triple Alliance, le bloc militaires politique qu' avait s'opposer a les tendances hégémoniques de l' Allemagne et Austrich-Hongrie en Europe. Cette alliance était de se joindre a lui la Roumaine à l' été de 1916, parce qu' elle désirait eliberer les territoires roumains qui étaient ocuppées par l' Emipre Austro-Hongrois.
Geții ȋn etnogeneza poporului român
Authors: Nicolae Rodica (Perciun) 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A wrong recognition of links between nations and names of nations have had major consequences in geographical - medieval descriptions of Europe. Geographical areas, „countries”, which did not have a direct connection with Dacia came to be regarded sort of extensions of Dacia, these extensions could be due to migration of the goths in Spain, Denmark, southern of Scandinavian Peninsula, even Lithuania. This study presents the hypothesis according to which the Dacians are not goths and Romanian people is descendant both of Dacians and Romans and have a space of formation as a people and commorancy much smaller than the space assigned to it by some writers even by to the middle ages and which causes theories according to which there are other nations that would have strong roots in the powerful nation of the Getae.
Aşezarea dacică de la Piatra Roşie
Authors: Mailat Damaris 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Dacian place Piatra Roșie is part of the Vest places of Grădiștea, after the Luncani Târsan place. The stronghold was systematically excavated in the spring of 1949 by a group from The Institute of History and Philosophy from Cluj. It is placed on the peak of a isolated peak, near to the Valea Roșie și Valea Târgului rivers. The plateau has 160 m length and the with is between 30 m(at South), 50 m (in the middle) and 45 m (in North). It is covered by a thin stratum of humus under which is the native calcareous stone. The archaeologists found in their reaserches many intersting things.
In the South half of the plateau was found stone walls similars to those from Costești (102 x45 m). In the interior we have 5 towers, two in the S-V and N-V and three in the Est. The construction of the towers is like the enclosure's walls. The N-E tower from the corner was used as entrance. In the interior was found a quite big wooden building, with the bases from stone. The building has two rooms. It is surrounded by a wooden balcony with his shrings placed on the stone base. It has doors, and in thr North side the balcony is round, while the exterior wall is short for a good light.
The funeral inventar is quite poor. It was found only fragmentary Dacian things: nails, targets, spikes, a bronze rushlight and iron staples. The citadel has a dominat military caracter. Civil places must have been on the hills which sourrended Piatra Roșie. The apse construction from balcony 1 could have been used as a place for living but in the same time as worship place.
I primi contatti con il Teatro Occidentale in Romania: le traduzioni dei melodrammi di Pietro Metastasio nei Principati Danubiani alla fine del XVIII secolo/First contacts with western theatre in Romania: The translations of Pietro Metastasio's Melodrammi in Romanian Principates at the end of eighteenth century
Authors: Donatiello Federico 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Uno dei fenomeni più importanti che hanno favorito l'occidentalizzazione romanza della lingua letteraria romena è stato il largo affluire di traduzioni di letteratura francese e italiana. Nel Settecento predomina la figura del poeta italiano Pietro Metastasio con ben nove testi tradotti: il melodramma italiano arriva nei Principati con modalità peculiari in quanto le traduzioni non sono destinate tanto alla rappresentazione scenica quanto alla sola lettura; esse si basano inoltre non sul testo italiano originale ma su alcune traduzioni intermediarie in lingua neogreca. La penetrazione delle opere di Metastasio nei Principati, come pure di molta cultura occidentale, è perciò legata indissolubilmente alla cultura neogreca e ai gusti della nobiltà fanariota. per modesti compilatori come Slǎtineanu o Beldiman; la scomparsa del neogreco come lingua di cultura favorirà ulteriormente il processo di rinnovamento linguistico e letterario.
Scurtă privire asupra vieții Elisabetei de Wied
Authors: Roșca Adriana 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Queen Elisabeth - Carmen Sylva - the poet princess represented for the Romanian people a pathfinder. Through her youth, literary talent, goodwill and kindness, she brought Romania on a new scale among the European societies. Her marriage to prince Carol meant for the princess assuming a new choice, a choice which would be for Romania the beginning of a golden era. Elisabeth, Queen of Romania brought with her the subtleties of German culture, subtleties which imposed themselves among the Romanian elite society and which created a new Romanian state, stronger and more independent.
The paradox of globalization with focus on Germany and Europe
Authors: Zoltán Eperjesi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Globalization has become a frequently used notion in the applied social sciences and a catchword for the media and politics. It has been applied to refer to the development of supranational and multinational institutions, to explain major shifts in the nation-state organization, to elucidate transformations in the global market, and to describe the rebirth of diverse national and minority cultures. Nevertheless, the various connotations of globalization as observable fact are certainly not exhausted by the given examples and there seems to be no consensus among elite researchers about how globalization can be precisely defined. This synthesis focuses on certain challenges of global competitiveness by showing sequences of the case of Germany. It is a federation that powerfully shapes the EU as well as the paradigm of globalization with a human face and vice versa.
Cercetarea mentalul religios. Perspectiva istoriei mentalităților / The Research of Religious Ideas. The View of the History of Ideas
Authors: Alexandrache Carmen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Our work shows how religion is viewed through the different stages of history. This subject of religion is widely discussed, because there is not a consensus on the definition of “religious mind”. Also, the filed that studies Religion is not Science.
To show where the differences in regards to Religion come from, we will look at the definitions of “mind” and “mentality”.
Based on extensive readings and research about these issues, we propose to concentrate our work on the study of the religious mind and how it interferes with different disciplines.
Învăţământul bihorean în secolul al XIX-lea. Studiu de caz: Chişcău
Authors: Olah Roland , Sărac Ioana 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Las primeras escuelas de Chiscau fueron las escuelas confesionales, con el apoyo de la iglesia.El sacerdote ocupa un lugar muy importante en la education, mas importante que el maestro.
Economia românească interbelică şi rolul sistemului bancar ȋn dezvoltarea economică / The Romanian Economy in the Inter-War Period and the Role of the Banking System in Economic Development
Authors: Dan Horațiu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The study focuses on the development of the economy in interwar Romania and the evolution and role of the banking system for the economical dynamic. In this context, we underline the different rates of development of the two key economical sectors (industry and agriculture), identify their causes and analize the financing processes that take place through the banking system.
Mişcarea Legionară – De la precursorul Mişcării la ideologii revistei Axa / Legionary Movement – From the Precursor of the Movement to Axa Ideologists
Authors: Mureşan Paula 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this paper we have attempted to analyze the ideology of the Legionary Movement by referring to the precursors of the Movement, namely Professor A.C. Cuza and AXA's ideologists, Mihail Polihroniade and Vasile Cristescu. One of the first political figures who expressed anti-Jewish sentiments and who gathered around a first core of anti-Semitic ideology was Professor A.C. Cuza, from the University of Iași. He was a fervent militant for the introduction in universities of a numerus clausus for Jews. In his opinion, there was no compatibility between the Romanian people and the Jews, and, consequently, the only option for Romanians to be an independent nation was to expel Jews from their territory. The same ideas were sustained by the most important ideologists of the Axa review.
Anterioritatea experienței religioase spontane față de confesiune şi pluralismul religios, la Friedrich Schleiermacher / The Priority of Spontaneous Religious Experience to Confession and Religious Pluralism, According to Friedrich Schleiermacher
Authors: Nedu Ovidiu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Schleiermacher's religious naturalism considers religious affections as a spontaneous and ordinary experience of all humans. Confessional identity is only subsequently bestowed to the naturally produced religious experience. Confession doesn't engender religion but it only moulds its expression into a culturally determined pattern; generally, the pattern is given by the outstanding example of a particular religious leader or event. Even if expressed and cultivated according to a common example, religion remains highly particular, its variety going down until the individual level. In most cases, the difference between confessions relies on the differences between their implicit cosmological views. Progress of civilization didn't really involve a progress of the religious feeling itself, but rather a progress of its manner of expression.
Considered as the feeling of utter dependence of every finite being on the Infinite, religion necessarily embeds an attitude of absolute openness, seeing everything, including all faiths, as complementary within the all-encompassing unity. Hence, religious pluralism is not just a possible view, but it belongs to the very essence of religiosity.
The Name of Zalmoxis and Its Significance in the Dacian Language and Religion
Authors: Drugaş Şerban George Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In order to write about the significance of the name of Zalmoxis in the Dacian language and religion, I begin with the displaying of the sources. Afterwards, there are presented three debates, about: (1) the relation between Zalmoxis and Pythagoras, showing that the philosopher was definitely influenced by the Thraco-Dacian beliefs which were also present in Zamolxianism; (2) “immortalization” as an initiatic mystery cult, shamanic practices; (3) an exploration of the forms Zalmoxis and Zamolxis.
The first form, of Zalmoxis, attested in Herodotus, with witnesses in inscriptions, could be related with some terms and practices found in Siberian peoples, used for hunting and shamanism (cf. sϵl, at Ket and Yugh). These practices are connected to the Dance of the Bear and others in the Romanian folklore. The second part of the term Zalmoxis could have come from *mo(i)š) (skin, sack, i. e., shamanic mask), which could lead to the Romanian autochtonous word moş (old, elder, ancestor).
The second form, Zamolxis, was connected to the Indo-European satem *sem- &lt; PIE *dheghom- (earth &gt; man). The theonym could end up with two forms by a word game, due to the oppositions between the mystery cult and shamanism, and between the solar-uranian cult from Sarmizegetusa and a chthonian cult, supported mainly by the southern Thracians (Semele, Dionysos).
Dagli Angiò ai Savoia. l'affermarsi della sovranità Sabauda nella Val Nervia provenzale (secoli XIV-XV)
Authors: Cassioli Marco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Si la « dédition » de Nice à la Savoie (1388) représente un véritable tournant dans l'histoire du Midi, le lent procès d'intégration de la Provence orientale dans l'Éat savoyard n'a pas encore été pleinement examiné. Le présent article se propose de combler cette lacune pour ce qui concerne la vallée de la Nervia, sur la base de documents inédits conservés aux Archives Départementales des Alpes-Maritimes (Nice), aux Archives d'Éat de Turin, aux Archives communales et paroissiales de Pigna et à la bibliothèque de l'Institut International d'Éudes Ligures, à Bordighera. Les sources permettent, en particulier, de mettre en lumière trois étapes qui marquèrent l'enracinement du régime savoyard dans la haute vallée: le recensement des feux, en 1394; l'établissement d'une ligne frontière entre la Provence orientale et la seigneurie de Dolceacqua, en 1396; la réglementation du transit du bétail, en 1425. La documentation recueillie conduit aussi à réfléchir sur le dialogue, souvent difficile, entre le pouvoir central et les élites locales comme sur la naissance d'un sentiment d'identité lié à la dynastie savoyarde.
Iconography of Power of the Pagan Bulgarian Ruler: Images, Symbolism and Tradition
Authors: Minaeva Oksana 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The ideas of ruler's power of the pagan Bulgarians and their expression are a question of debates concerning different fields of humanities such as history, archaeology, epigraphy, religious studies, and art history. The discussion proposed tends to seek the ideological basis of the ruler's power as seen through cosmogonic, religious and political notions preserved in written historical sources, traces of rites and beliefs in mythology and folklore and in the arts. Thus, the three levels of the ruler's ideology are considered: the written/verbal texts, ritual texts and visual texts in order to find out a set of iconographie formulae of expressing the power of the pagan Bulgarian ruler.
Brăila at the End of the Nineteenth Century. The Report of Vice-Consul William J. Norcop on the Year 1899
Authors: Constantin Cristian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The text proper is preceded by a short historical comment on the activity of the International Trade in the Lower Danube region. The exports and imports of Romania, and her commercial relations with the different European countries had been, from their very beginning, organised on a highly individual basis owing to the initiative and according to the interests of private citizens. The report is an extremely important source for all social aspects related to the Brăila harbour, from statistic dates about export and import, agriculture, navigation, and economic realities in the towns. This document is an alternative to the statistical sources published by the European Commission of the Danube and by the Romanian authorities.
Byzantinism as a Fundament of Balkanism
Authors: Conev Blagoj 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Byzantinism, a not sufficiently explored field, is still today a fundament of the pejorative explanation of the terms “Balkanization” and “Balkanism”. Byzantinism, the Hellenic one, actually represents the whole idea for the Balkans; the idea of how, due to the hegemonization of an ethnic identity, an empire that persisted for about a millennium could collapse. The idea of this text is to show the connection between Byzantinism and Balkanism and by using synthesis and comparative analysis to prove the thesis that: The hegemonization of the Byzantine-Greek identity in the past contributed to the birth of today's Balkan nationalism - Balkanism. In this text, the author analyses the appearance of Byzantium as a par excellence addition to ancient Hellenism, especially its conversion into hegemonic Hellenism, which was intended to submerge and assimilate all the other non-Greek identities in Byzantium. In fact, the author will prove that Byzantinism, which is a product of Hellenism, is the source of Balkanism, which itself leads to the idea that the fundament of today's Balkan nationalism, that is, Balkanism, is nothing but the hegemonic Hellenism during the Byzantine Empire.
Negative Emotions in Action – two Examples from the 15th Century Ragusan Diplomacy
Authors: Šoštarić (Zovko) Valentina 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Emotions shouldn't be neglected, but rather taken seriously in order to understand better the complexity of political, and socio-cultural processes that they have generated. The study of emotions in the field of diplomacy is particularly promising, but requires precise definition of the term, explanation of the methodological approach and qualifications concerning the research possibilities that depend upon the nature of the archival sources. The goal of this article is to analyze how words used to signify emotions, which could be signified as negative, shaped practical decisions within certain socio-political and cultural contexts; in other words to demonstrate an active role of emotions in shaping and conducting practical diplomatic decisions. The study aims to underpin the reciprocal relations between emotions and actions illustrated by two case studies from the late medieval Ragusan history. The sources of an interest are preserved in the State archive in Dubrovnik, in the archival seria Lettere di Levante, which, among others, contains the instructions written by the city authorities to their envoys. Despite the fact that the instructions were a product of a long and sober-minded discussions, and therefore they aren't usually abundant with words used to express certain emotions in them, places where those expressions appear are quite significant and can tell us more about how emotions were used as a tool of cognitive processes.
Critical Fiction: Reading Seinte Margarete through Robyn Cadwallader’s The Anchoress
Authors: Winstead Karen A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article examines Robyn Cadwallader’s 2015 novel The Anchoress as an interpretation of the early thirteenth-century saint’s life Seinte Margarete. The Anchoress is at once a scrupulously researched historical novel and what the author calls a “critical fiction,” that is, a work of fiction that undertakes the same analytical project as conventional literary criticism: it self-consciously interprets a narrative through its own narrative and investigates many of the same issues that are explored in more familiar forms of literary scholarship and cultural history. The author analyzes The Anchoress’s critical strategies and considers how it can prompt us to think in new and creative ways about Seinte Margarete and the devotional culture that produced it. As it interprets Seinte Margarete, this article shows, Cadwallader’s novel mimics the medieval text, producing a Saint Margaret for a twenty-first-century secular audience. Despite their limitations, which are also considered, critical fictions such as Cadwallader’s can deepen our appreciation of the past we love and stimulate us to rethink its relation to the present we inhabit.