bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptualization, Operationalization, and Utilization of Race and Ethnicity in Major Epidemiology Journals, 1995–2018: A Systematic Review
Authors: Martinez Rae Anne M , Andrabi Nafeesa , Goodwin Andrea N , Wilbur Rachel E , Smith Natalie R , Zivich Paul N 
Published: August 2022

AbstractDespite repeated calls by scholars to critically engage with the concepts of race and ethnicity in US epidemiologic research, the incorporation of these social constructs in scholarship may be suboptimal. This study characterizes the conceptualization, operationalization, and utilization of race and ethnicity in US research published in leading journals whose publications shape discourse and norms around race, ethnicity, and health within the field of epidemiology. We systematically reviewed randomly selected articles from prominent epidemiology journals across 5 periods: 1995–1999, 2000–2004, 2005–2009, 2010–2014, and 2015–2018. All original human-subjects research conducted in the United States was eligible for review. Information on definitions, measurement, coding, and use in analysis was extracted. We reviewed 1,050 articles, including 414 (39%) in our analyses. Four studies explicitly defined race and/or ethnicity. Authors rarely made clear delineations between race and ethnicity, often adopting an ethnoracial construct. In the majority of studies across time periods, authors did not state how race and/or ethnicity was measured. Top coding schemes included “Black, White” (race), “Hispanic, non-Hispanic” (ethnicity), and “Black, White, Hispanic” (ethnoracial). Most often, race and ethnicity were deemed “not of interest” in analyses (e.g., control variables). Broadly, disciplinary practices have remained largely the same between 1995 and 2018 and are in need of improvement.
Transhumanism, Motion, and Human Perfection
Authors: Mason Jordan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Transhumanism’s ideology is marked by a commitment to the “progress” or “perfection” of the human species through technological means. What transhumanists are after is not just therapeutic intervention or optimization of current human capabilities, but an ontological change from human to posthuman. In this article, I critique transhumanist ideology on the grounds that it fundamentally misunderstands human moral perfection as resulting from forces acting upon us (i.e., technological interventions), rather than an internal change of character. This misunderstanding reflects an impoverished view of the concept of motion brought about by the rise of modern science, which entails certain ontological commitments that are not Christian in nature. I conclude transhumanism is untenable because it rests on a shaky foundation of Newtonian physics, and reduces the world to mere matter and forces. Furthermore, Christian transhumanism is especially flawed, because it is complicit in this severing of creation from its sacramental ontology, from the Being of God.
Reconstruction of cascading failures in dynamical models of power grids
Authors: Corso Alessandra , Gambuzza Lucia Valentina , Malizia Federico , Russo Giovanni , Latora Vito , Frasca Mattia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this article, we propose a method to reconstruct the active links of a power network described by a second-order Kuramoto model and subject to dynamically induced cascading failures. Starting from the assumption (realistic for power grids) that the structure of the network is known, our method reconstructs the active links from the evolution of the relevant dynamical quantities of the nodes of the system, that is, the node phases and angular velocities. We find that, to reconstruct the temporal sequence of the faults, it is crucial to use time series with a small number of samples, as the observation window should be smaller than the temporal distance between subsequent events. This requirement is in contrast with the need of using larger sets of data in the presence of noise, such that the number of samples to feed in the algorithm has to be selected as a trade-off between the prediction error and temporal resolution of the active link reconstruction.
Prevalence and prognostic implications of myocardial injury in patients with influenza
Authors: Nordenskjöld Anna M , Johansson Niklas , Sunnefeldt Erik , Athlin Simon , Fröbert Ole 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Aims
Influenza may cause myocardial injury and trigger acute cardiovascular events. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and prognostic implications of elevated high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) in patients with influenza.

Methods and results
In this prospective cohort study, we consecutively enrolled patients with influenza-like illness from two emergency departments in Sweden during three seasons of influenza, 2017–20. Ongoing Influenza infection was diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction and blood samples were collected for later analysis of hs-cTnI. All patients were followed-up for a composite endpoint of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) including death, myocardial infarction, unstable angina, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and stroke within 1 year. Of the 466 patients with influenza-like symptoms, 181 (39%) were positive for influenza. Fifty (28%) patients were hospitalized. High-sensitivity cTnI was elevated in 11 (6%) patients and 8 (4%) experienced MACE. In univariate analyses, MACE was associated with age [hazard ratio (HR): 1.14, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05–1.23], hypertension (HR 5.56, 95%CI: 1.12–27.53), estimated glomerular filtration rate (HR: 0.94, 95%CI: 0.91–0.97), and elevated hs-cTnI (HR: 18.29, 95%CI: 4.57–73.24), N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide (HR: 14.21, 95%CI: 1.75–115.5), hs-CRP (HR: 1.01, 95%CI: 1.00–1.02), and white blood cell count (HR: 1.12, 95%CI: 1.01–1.25). In multivariate analysis, elevated hs-cTnI was independently associated with MACE (HR: 4.96, 95%CI: 1.10–22.41).

Conclusion
The prevalence of elevated hs-cTnI is low in unselected patients with influenza. Elevated hs-cTnI was associated with poor prognosis. A limitation is that the estimated associations are uncertain due to few events.
The effect of dissolved char on microbial activity in an extract from the forest floor
Authors: de Nijs Evy A , van Hall Rutger L , Tietema Albert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Climate change is associated with an increased risk in the occurrence of wildfires. Forests store large amounts of carbon (C), which are threatened by these wildfires. Pyrogenic material produced after a wildfire constitutes an important part of the soil organic carbon pool in forest soils. Microorganisms play an important role in the cycling of C. This study investigated microbial activity in dissolved char from burned wood from two tree species in different stages of decay. The char from branches of beech and Norway spruce was produced under laboratory fire conditions and extracted in water after which microbial activity was measured for a 4-week period. Further stages of decay resulted in increased flammability with higher peak temperatures and combustion completeness. For the beech samples, further decay also resulted in a decrease of extractable C but a higher proportion of stable C. Further decay resulted in less respiration for beech and more for Norway spruce. With less C being respired, this points towards an increased C sequestration potential in the form of microbial C and microbial derived products for beech compared to Norway spruce. This study provided a workflow to assess the effects of dissolved char on microbial activity by mimicking natural fire conditions. It also indicated the need for future research to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms explaining why fire-originated dissolved char of wood in different decay stages influences microbial respiration with diverging effects per species.
Para-constitutional engineering and federalism: Informal constitutional change through intergovernmental agreements
Authors: Poirier Johanne , Hartery Jesse 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article explores the phenomenon of informal constitutional change with a particular focus on the role played by intergovernmental agreements (IGAs) concluded between members of a federation. It has two objectives. The first is to add IGAs to the catalogue of methods through which constitutions are altered without recourse to formal amendment procedures. Using Canada as a case study, we highlight a paradox: by rendering unconstitutional certain legislative initiatives meant to circumvent formal rules of constitutional amendment, courts are actually inviting political actors, notably the executive branches, to resort to even more fluid and informal methods of altering the Constitution. Second, we bring the concept of “para-constitutionality” into the broader literature on informal constitutional change. Para-constitutionality captures two distinct dimensions of informal constitutional change which are often conflated. “Para” in the Greek sense signifies “circumvention.” The focus here is on effectivity, on the impact of mechanisms (such as IGAs) on the overall constitutional order. By contrast, “para” in the Latin sense means “against.” It is concerned with constitutional (in)validity. We seek to underscore that even when strategies are not found to be unconstitutional, they may nevertheless have a transformative impact on the overall federal architecture. In conclusion, we suggest that an implicit commitment to intergovernmental transactions and compromise, both inherent to federalism, may explain judicial benevolence in the face of negotiated para-constitutional engineering mechanisms, in contrast to unilateral legislative attempts at informal constitutional change.
Constitutional identity, expressivism, and constitutional change through judicial interpretation: The Indonesian LGBT case as a case study
Authors: Nugraha Ignatius Yordan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Constitutional change can be produced through judicial interpretation when a particular dictum becomes informally entrenched and creates a new constitutional meaning without the need for a formal amendment. However, scholarship has not yet scrutinized the form of legal reasoning that may be used to push for such a change. The purpose of this article is to analyze the role of expressivism in justifying constitutional change through judicial interpretation. For this purpose, I have developed the expressivist framework into what I call “operationalized expressivism,” which refers to constitutional courts interpreting references to constitutional identity in the constitution such as to create a juridical effect. I then use the dissenting opinion in the Indonesian LGBT case as a case study of how operationalized expressivism can initiate a constitutional change. I have selected this particular opinion because of its potential to radically transform the constitutional landscape of Indonesia, as the dissenting judges have declared the Indonesian Constitution as a “Godly” Constitution that requires all laws to be consistent with religious values.
Liver abscess microbiota of feedlot steers finished in natural and traditional management programs
Authors: Fuerniss Luke K , Davis Haley E , Belk Aeriel D , Metcalf Jessica L , Engle Terry E , Scanga John A , Garry Franklyn B , Bryant Tony C , Martin Jennifer N 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Liver abscess etiology in feedlot steers involves the escape of bacteria from the digestive tract to form a polymicrobial abscess within or on the external surface of the liver. However, little is known about the effects of feedlot finishing systems on the microbial composition of the liver abscess purulent material. Liver abscesses were collected at the time of harvest from steers originating from a single feedlot managed in either a traditional program (which included tylosin phosphate supplementation) or a natural program (without tylosin phosphate supplementation). The purulent material of liver abscesses from traditionally managed steers (N = 53 abscesses) and that of naturally managed steers (N = 62 abscesses) was characterized using the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Two phyla and three genera were found in greater than 1% relative abundance across all abscesses. The genus Fusobacterium was identified in all liver abscess samples and accounted for 64% of sequencing reads. Bacteroides and Porphyromonas genera accounted for 33% and 1% of reads, respectively. Trueperella was more likely to be found in the liver abscesses of naturally managed steers than traditionally managed steers (P = 0.022). Over 99% of the genus-level bacterial sequences observed across all liver abscesses belonged to Gram-negative genera. Bacteria known to colonize both the rumen and hindgut were identified within liver abscesses. No differences in alpha diversity or beta diversity were detected between liver abscess communities (between the two management programs or individual pens) when tested as richness, Shannon Diversity Index, or weighted UniFrac distances (P &gt; 0.05). These results were consistent with previous identification of Fusobacterium necrophorum as the primary bacteriologic agent within liver abscesses and emphasized the relationship between the gastrointestinal microbiota and liver abscess formation. Though the microbiota of the liver abscess purulent material was similar between steers fed an antibiotic-free diet and those fed an antibiotic-containing diet from the same feedlot, divergence was detected in liver abscess communities with some being dominated by Fusobacterium and others being dominated by Bacteroides.
Characteristics of ruminal microbiota and metabolome in Holstein cows differing in milk protein concentrations
Authors: Wang Xinling , Zeng Hanfang , Xu Jie , Zhai Yunfei , Xia Haibin , Xi Yumeng , Han Zhaoyu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The rumen is a vital organ containing vast amounts of microbes that play a key role in the digestion of nutrients and affect the production performance of ruminants. However, few studies have focused on the characterization of the ruminal microbiota composition and function in cows with long-term difference milk protein concentrations, and the relationship between milk protein concentration and ruminal microbiota remains elusive. In this study, we collected the data of milk protein concentrations of 1,025 Holstein cows for 10 mo on a commercial farm. Based on the milk protein concentrations, 30 cows were selected and divided into three groups (n = 10 per group): low milk protein group (LMP, milk protein concentration &lt; 3.1%), medium milk protein group (MMP, 3.1% ≤ milk protein concentration &lt; 3.4%), and high milk protein group (HMP, milk protein concentration ≥ 3.4%). The ruminal microbiome, metabolome, VFA concentrations and proportions, and amino acid profiles of the three groups were analyzed. The data showed that free amino acid (FAA) levels were lower in the rumen and higher in the plasma of HMP cows (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, lower NH3 concentrations were observed in the rumen, plasma, and milk of the HMP cows (P &lt; 0.05). Protease activity and isobutyric acid molar proportion in the rumen were lower in the HMP group (P &lt; 0.05). Microbiome analysis showed that HMP cows had lower microbial diversity (represented as Shannon and Simpson indices) than LMP cows. At the genus level, lower relative abundances of Prevotella_1 and Ruminococcaceae_UCG_005 were observed in the HMP group (P &lt; 0.05). At the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) level, a lower relative abundance of OTU3 (Prevotella ruminicola) was observed in the HMP group (P &lt; 0.05). We found that the relative abundances of ruminal Prevotella_1 and OTU3 (Prevotella ruminicola) were negatively correlated with milk protein concentration (P &lt; 0.05). These findings suggested that the cows with long-term high milk protein concentrations had lower microbial diversity and weaker protein degradation ability in the rumen. Furthermore, our observations identified a correlation between the milk protein concentration and ruminal microbiota.
The Effect of Distance to Treatment Center on Long-Term Outcomes of Burn Patients
Authors: Galicia Kevin E , Mehta Anupama , Riviello Robert , Nitzschke Stephanie , Bamer Alyssa , Gibran Nicole S , Stewart Barclay T , Wolf Steven E , Ryan Colleen M , Kubasiak John , Schneider Jeffrey C 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Geospatial proximity to American Burn Association (ABA)-verified burn centers or self-designated burn care facilities varies across the country. This study evaluates the effect of distance to treatment center on long-term, patient-reported outcomes. Data from the Burn Model System (BMS) National Longitudinal Database were analyzed. Demographic and clinical data were compared between three cohorts stratified by distance to BMS center (&lt;20, 20–49.9, ≥50 miles). Distance to BMS center was calculated as driving distance between discharge and BMS center ZIP code centroids. The following patient-reported outcomes, collected at 12-months follow-up, were examined: Veterans RAND 12-Item Health Survey (VR-12), Satisfaction with Life (SWL) scale, employment status, and days to return to work. Mixed model regression analyses were used to examine the associations between distance to BMS center and each outcome, controlling for demographic and clinical variables. Of 726 patients included in this study, 26.3% and 28.1% were &lt;20 and between 20 and 49.9 miles to a BMS center, respectively; 46.6% were ≥50 miles to a BMS center. Greater distance was associated with white/non-Hispanic race/ethnicity, preinjury employment, flame injury, and larger burn size (P &lt; .001). Regression analyses did not identify significant associations between distance to BMS center and any patient-reported outcomes. This study suggests that patients treated at BMS centers have similar long-term, patient-reported outcomes of physical and psychosocial function, as well as employment, despite centralization of burn care and rehabilitation services. Given a steady decline in the incidence of burn injury, continued concentration of key resources is logical and safe.
“Through the fire and flames, we carry on:” Art Therapy Small N Feasibility Study With Adult Burn Patients in an Acute Care Setting
Authors: Malhotra Bani , Haith Linwood R , Stair-Buchmann Megan , Kaimal Girija 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of facilitating four sessions of art therapy intervention with a primary focus on implementation and acceptability. The exploratory aim was on assessing the effect of art therapy on self-reported outcomes on anxiety and mood among five individuals (aged 18+ years) hospitalized for burn injuries and to understand their perceptions of engagement with art therapy. A convergent mixed-methods small N design was adopted wherein both quantitative and qualitative data are gathered and then integrated, and an individual served as his/her own control when assessed before and after art therapy. Anxiety was assessed using Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Anxiety short-form of the emotional distress bank, and mood was assessed using the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). There was a statistically significant decrease in anxiety scores and negative mood scale. Positive mood scale scores tended to improve after art therapy though were not statistically significant. Thematic analysis of qualitative data indicates that art therapy improves 1) symptom management, 2) facilitates emotional expression and 3) insight, 4) brings out symbolic and metaphorical representations, and 5) allows tactile and sensory exploration of art media. This study demonstrated that art therapy can be successfully implemented with acute burn patients and can have promising psychosocial benefits. Further research in needed to determine the effectiveness of art therapy with more burn patients, in ways that is meaningful to the patients.
An Enhanced Factor Model for Portfolio Selection in High Dimensions
Authors: Shi Fangquan , Shu Lianjie , Gu Xinhua 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article extends Fama and French (FF) models of observed factors by introducing latent factors (LFs) to further extract information from FF residual returns. A diagonally dominant (DD) rather than a diagonal or sparse matrix structure is adopted in this study to estimate remaining covariance between disturbance terms. Such an enhanced factor (EF) model provides a more comprehensive analysis for portfolio selection in high dimensions and also has certain advantages of estimation stability and computational efficiency. It is shown that the proposed EF–DD approach achieves overall better performance than competing models in terms of portfolio variance and the net Sharpe ratio.
Survival and Fecundity of Anopheles stephensi and Anopheles albimanus Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) After Ingesting Bovine Blood Containing Various Veterinary Systemic Parasiticides
Authors: Dreyer Staci M , Vaughan Jefferson A 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Systemic parasiticides in livestock can control zoophilic malaria vectors that contribute to residual malaria transmission. Membrane feeding techniques were used to screen seven systemic parasiticidic drugs currently in veterinary use for livestock and dogs. Drugs were tested in two laboratory strains of zoophilic Anopheles – A. stephensi (South Asian vector) and A. albimanus (Central American vector). To assess the relative potentials of these drugs, the resultant LC-50 for each drug was compared with what is known about the pharmacokinetic of the drug. Drugs with LC-50 values below the reported maximum plasma concentration of treated animals were considered as showing the most promise for use in the field. Ivermectin and fipronil showed the greatest promise for use in cattle against A. stephensi. Fipronil showed the greatest promise for use in cattle against A. albimanus. Both fluralaner and afoxolaner were highly effective against both mosquito species but pharmacokinetic data for these drugs in cattle are lacking. Eprinomectin, moxidectin and abamectin showed marginal to no promise for either mosquito species. At sublethal doses, ivermectin, fipronil, and afoxolaner (but not fluralaner) significantly reduced the larval production of surviving A. stephensi and A. albimanus. Further testing of candidate systemic parasiticides, including their product formulations, in livestock against field-collected populations of Anopheles is the next logical step toward full implementation of this strategy to manage zoophilic vectors.
OECD National Contact Point Specific Instances: When ‘Soft Law’ Bites?
Authors: Achtouk-Spivak Laurie , Garden Robert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This article explores procedures before National Contact Points (NCPs) that are tasked with the implementation of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, and their use as a mechanism for the resolution of disputes between corporates and stakeholders in their business conduct. The fruit of a ‘soft law’ framework, NCPs offer a non-judicial mechanism in which the parties may use NCPs’ ‘good offices’ to broker agreement using mediation or conciliation. The article examines the scope of NCPs’ competence and the potential diversity of outcomes. Although NCP procedures are ultimately non-binding, this article explores various ways in which this ‘soft law’ mechanism may ‘bite’, against the backdrop of the growth in sustainable finance, sustainability regulation, and the growing number of disputes relating to responsible business conduct. The article considers whether, by means of the interaction of the NCP mechanism with these emerging fields, we may see the mechanism start to ‘bite’.