bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Control as a Multivariate Optimization Problem
Authors: Ritz Harrison , Leng Xiamin , Shenhav Amitai 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA hallmark of adaptation in humans and other animals is our ability to control how we think and behave across different settings. Research has characterized the various forms cognitive control can take—including enhancement of goal-relevant information, suppression of goal-irrelevant information, and overall inhibition of potential responses—and has identified computations and neural circuits that underpin this multitude of control types. Studies have also identified a wide range of situations that elicit adjustments in control allocation (e.g., those eliciting signals indicating an error or increased processing conflict), but the rules governing when a given situation will give rise to a given control adjustment remain poorly understood. Significant progress has recently been made on this front by casting the allocation of control as a decision-making problem. This approach has developed unifying and normative models that prescribe when and how a change in incentives and task demands will result in changes in a given form of control. Despite their successes, these models, and the experiments that have been developed to test them, have yet to face their greatest challenge: deciding how to select among the multiplicity of configurations that control can take at any given time. Here, we will lay out the complexities of the inverse problem inherent to cognitive control allocation, and their close parallels to inverse problems within motor control (e.g., choosing between redundant limb movements). We discuss existing solutions to motor control's inverse problems drawn from optimal control theory, which have proposed that effort costs act to regularize actions and transform motor planning into a well-posed problem. These same principles may help shed light on how our brains optimize over complex control configuration, while providing a new normative perspective on the origins of mental effort.
Votive Offerings, Graffiti, or Scribal Exercises?
Authors: Wearne Gareth J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This short article revisits the question whether a class of inscriptions from the Phoenician city of Sarepta and the Israelite settlement at Kuntillet ʿAjrud should be understood as votive offerings, graffiti, or scribal exercises. It argues that differences in the manner of execution mean the Sarepta and Kuntillet ʿAjrud inscriptions resist attempts to impose a single unifying explanation. By doing so, it yields insights into the nature of sacrificial terminology in the world of the Hebrew Bible and offers a more nuanced understanding of the mlkʾmr sacrifices that are named in some Punic inscriptions.
Siding with the Jews: מתיהדים in Esth 8:17
Authors: Thambyrajah Jonathan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The hapax legomenon, מתיהדים, in Esth 8:17 has typically been interpreted as “becoming Jews” or “pretending to become Jews.” Based on contextual factors, we argue that neither of those interpretations is satisfactory. Instead, we argue for the meaning, “siding with the Jews” or “joining with the Jews.”
« Bénissez YHWH ! » : Le verbe bénir (ברך) entre la philologie biblique et l’autorité des massorètes
Authors: Himbaza Innocent 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The masoretic manuscripts and the Hebrew grammars have transmitted two different ways of vocalizing the imperative form of the verb ברך « to bless ». The Tiberian manuscripts, such as Alep and Leningrad B 19a, contain בָּרֲכוּ, while since the twelfth century on, the majority of manuscripts and contemporary editions have read the orthography בָּֽרְכוּ. Different vocalizations of ר (reš) probably reflect dialectal divergences, and a new generation of Hebrew grammar should reflect them as well. The Practice of Ben Asher, who mainly used the ḥatef pataḥ, became the minority, while the use of the šwa by Ben Naftali became the majority and was later taken up by Norzi in the seventeenth century. Thus, the masoretes’ authority is a philological issue in the printed editions of the Hebrew Bible.
Exploring views of relatives and mental health professionals to inform the cultural adaptation of a family intervention for schizophrenia in Oman: A qualitative study
Authors: Al Sawafi Aziza , Lovell Karina , Renwick Laoise , Husain Nusrat 
Published: January 2022

Background: Family interventions (FI) for schizophrenia were primarily developed and practised in the West. It has been proven that cultural adaptation for FI facilitates its uptake and improves therapy outcomes; however, the majority of literature on the development of FI focussed on outpatient or community settings, and little attention has been paid to in-patient units. There is an opportunity to engage with the family during admission, particularly in Asia. Aims: To explore relatives’ and mental health professionals’ views and opinions to inform the cultural adaptation of FI for hospitalised patients with schizophrenia in Oman. It also aimed to gain consensus on items that need adaptation. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with the caregivers ( n = 20) and two separate focus groups with psychiatrists ( n = 7) and nurses ( n = 5). Another consensus group was a mix of both ( n = 6) to develop agreement and solve discrepant issues. The data were analysed using framework analysis to identify the intervention components and delivery system. Results: Modifications to existing components indicated that the cultural adaption of the intervention focussed more on themes such as religious and spiritual causes of mental illness, simplified language, format of delivery as individual sessions and culturally relevant and acceptable problem solving and coping skills. The components of the intervention identified as psychoeducation, problem-solving and emotional support. The consensus group finalised the intervention’s content and delivery system concerning training needs and issues and barriers to implementation. The proposed culturally adapted FI for hospitalised patients requires a flexible approach to meet the family’s needs. Conclusions: The findings of the study indicated that FI is an acceptable and feasible approach to be delivered during hospitalisation. The intervention will be accompanied with an intervention manual, which will be tested in a future feasibility study.
Tobacco 21’s Impact Amid the E-Cigarette Surge
Authors: Roberts Megan E. , Keller-Hamilton Brittney , Teferra Andreas A. 
Published: January 2022

Objectives: Nationwide implementation of Tobacco 21 (raising the legal sales age for all tobacco products to 21) is occurring against the backdrop of an electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) epidemic among young people, which makes Tobacco 21 evaluation difficult. To address this issue, we examined young adult use of e-cigarettes separately from use of other tobacco products. Our objective was to determine whether use changed after Tobacco 21 implementation and whether those changes differed by product. Methods: In Columbus, Ohio, which began enforcing Tobacco 21 in 2017, we surveyed incoming first-year undergraduates at a large, public university in 2016 (Cohort 1; n = 529) and re-contacted them in 2018. We surveyed a new sample of incoming first-year students in 2018 (Cohort 2; n = 611). Survey items assessed tobacco use, sources for obtaining tobacco, and attitudes surrounding Tobacco 21. Results: Both cross-sectional (Cohort 1 vs Cohort 2) and prospective (pre–post Tobacco 21 in Cohort 1) analyses indicated a slight decline in most tobacco use from 2016 to 2018, but e-cigarette use more than doubled during the same period. Students enrolled throughout the transition to Tobacco 21 (Cohort 1) perceived little effect of Tobacco 21 on peer use. The largest proportions (35.3%-43.5%) of combustible tobacco were obtained outside Columbus; 61.8% of e-cigarette users reported obtaining e-cigarettes through borrowing. Conclusions: Tobacco 21 was associated with reductions in combustible and smokeless tobacco use, but its impact was not sufficient to curb the surge in e-cigarette use. Tobacco 21 should be contextualized as part of a broader network of tobacco control efforts, including additional youth-access regulations, that may be needed to address e-cigarette use among young people.
Prevalence and Correlates of Physical-mental Multimorbidity in Outpatient Children From a Pediatric Hospital in Canada
Authors: Ferro Mark A. , Qureshi Saad , Van Lieshout Ryan J. , Lipman Ellen L. , Georgiades Kathy , Gorter Jan Willem , Timmons Brian W. , Shanahan Lilly 
Published: January 2022

Objective The aim of this study was to estimate the six-month prevalence of mental illness in children with chronic physical illness (multimorbidity), examine agreement between parent and child reports of multimorbidity, and identify factors associated with child multimorbidity. Method The sample included 263 children aged 2–16 years with a physician-diagnosed chronic physical illness recruited from the outpatient clinics at a pediatric hospital. Children were categorized by physical illness according to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)-10. Parent and child-reported six-month mental illness was based on the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children and Adolescents (MINI-KID). Results Overall, 101 (38%) of children had a parent-reported mental illness; 29 (25%) children self-reported mental illness. There were no differences in prevalence across ICD-10 classifications. Parent-child agreement on the MINI-KID was low (κ = 0.18), ranging from κ = 0.24 for specific phobia to κ = 0.03 for attention-deficit hyperactivity. From logistic regression modeling (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence interval), factors associated with multimorbidity were: child age (OR = 1.16 [1.04, 1.31]), male (OR = 3.76 [1.54, 9.22]), ≥$90,000 household income (OR = 2.57 [1.08, 6.22]), parental symptoms of depression (OR = 1.09 [1.03, 1.14]), and child disability (OR = 1.21 [1.13, 1.30]). Similar results were obtained when modeling number of mental illnesses. Conclusions Findings suggest that six-month multimorbidity is common and similar across different physical illnesses. Level of disability is a robust, potentially modifiable correlate of multimorbidity that can be assessed routinely by health professionals in the pediatric setting to initiate early mental health intervention to reduce the incidence of multimorbidity in children.
Outcomes in Neonates Following the Surgical Removal of a Teratoma: A NSW and ACT Experience
Authors: Singh Moni Pankhuri , Popat Himanshu , Holland Andrew J. A. , Walker Karen 
Published: January 2022

Aim To describe the characteristics and outcomes of neonates admitted to tertiary hospitals in New South Wales and Australian Capital Territory who have undergone surgical removal of a teratoma, as there is paucity of Australian data. Methods All neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit with teratoma between 2007 and 2017 inclusive (as per neonatal intensive care units data collection) were included in this retrospective study. Results Forty-three neonates with a diagnosis of teratoma were included in the study. The most common tumors were sacrococcygeal teratomas, accounting for 79% (34) of all the cases. Twenty-four (56%) neonates were diagnosed with teratoma antenatally. Ninety-one percent (39) of the deliveries took place in the tertiary center. Median gestational age of the neonates was 37 weeks and the median weight was 3.39 kg. One or more additional anomalies apart from teratoma were detected in 16 neonates (37%), most common being congenital hydrocephalus and hydronephrosis. Overall survival was 93% at hospital discharge: the 3 neonates who died soon after birth did not undergo surgery and they all were premature with poor Apgar scores. Conclusions Sacrococcygeal teratoma was the most common type of teratoma with more than half of the cases determined antenatally. Overall survival of neonates after surgery for teratoma is high.
What strategies are used by clinician champions to reduce low-value care?
Authors: Parchman Michael L , Palazzo Lorella G , Mogk Jessica M , Webbon Janna C , Demosthenes Lauren , Vossenkemper Elizabeth , Hoke George , Moskovitz Joshua , Dunlap Leslie , Diaz del Carpio Roberto 
Published: January 2022

Background: Clinician champions are front-line clinicians who advocate for and influence practice change in their local context. The strategies they use when leading efforts to reduce the use of low-value care have not been well described. The purpose of this study is to identify and describe strategies used by six clinician champions who led a low-value care initiative in their clinical setting. Methods: Qualitative data collected during an overuse reduction initiative led by clinician champions were used to identify strategies, guided by the Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change compilation of strategies. Clinician champions were asked to rank the importance of these activities and indicate which one of the six most important activities they would be willing to discuss in an interview. A 30-min semi-structured interview was conducted with each clinician about the activity they selected and thematically analyzed. Results: Twelve Expert Recommendations for Implementing Change strategies were identified. The top six strategies discussed during interviews were: build a coalition, conduct a local needs assessment, develop a formal implementation blueprint, conduct educational meetings, use facilitation, and develop clinical reminders. Common themes that emerged across all interviews were the use of data to engage clinicians in conversations, including the patient’s perspective in designing the interventions, and investing the time upfront to plan and launch the initiative because of the inherent challenges of relinquishing a service. Conclusions: Clinician champions identified multiple strategies as important when de-implementing a low-value service. Many were used to engage in conversations with stakeholders, including leadership, providers, and patients, to increase buy-in and support, challenge beliefs, promote behavior change, and gather insights about next steps in their effort. Future work is needed to better understand how prepare clinicians for this role and to understand the mechanisms through which these strategies might be effective.
Lateral Instability in Total Ankle Arthroplasty: A Comparison Between the Brostrom-Gould and Anatomic Lateral Ankle Stabilization (ATLAS)
Authors: Rushing Calvin J. , McKenna Bryon J. , Berlet Gregory C. , Malloy McCoy Antonio M. 
Published: January 2022

Category: Ankle; Sports; Other Introduction/Purpose: Lateral ankle instability is not uncommon after osseous cuts and soft tissue releases are performed during Total Ankle Arthroplasty (TAA), particularly with varus malalignment. The purpose of the present study was to compare the outcomes of ankles that underwent TAA with concurrent Brostrom-Gould (BG) or Anatomic Lateral Ankle Stabilization (ATLAS) at a minimum of 1-year follow-up. Methods: Thirty-eight TAA's underwent BG (21 INFINITY, 4 CADENCE) or ATLAS (13 INBONE-2) between August 2015 and February 2019 at a single institution and were at least 1 year postoperative (mean 18.3 months, range 12-40). Baseline patient demographics, characteristics, and operative factors were assessed via medical record and chart reviews. Radiographs parameters were measured preoperatively, at 6 weeks postoperative, and during the latest follow-up. Revisions, reoperations, and complications were classified according to the criteria established by Vander Griend et al. and Glazebrook et el., respectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: Survivorship for TAA with concurrent BG/ATLAS was 97%. Overall, TAA with concurrent BG had higher incidences of early TAA revision (4%), recurrent instability (4%), reoperation (16%), and complications (29%) compared to ATLAS. Postoperative coronal and sagittal tibiotalar alignment changes were significant for both groups (p< 0.001, p=0.014); however, the differences were greater for ATLAS (p= 0.045, p<0.001). Conclusion: The present study is the first to compare outcomes between techniques for addressing ankle instability in the TAA population. At short-term follow-up, anatomic reconstruction produced better outcomes than the traditional BG procedure. Additional comparative studies between techniques to address instability in the TAA population are warranted.
Impact of Resilience on Patient Reported Outcomes of First Metatarsophalangeal Arthrodesis
Authors: Andrews Nicholas A. , Tran Sterling , Halstrom Jared R. , Ray Jessyca , Harrelson Whitt , Dib Aseel G. , Agarwal Abhinav , Shah Ashish 
Published: January 2022

Category: Other; Ankle; Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: Resilience is an interactive dynamic construct most simply defined as the ability to recover from stress. To date, there is no literature examining the impact of resilience on the outcomes following foot and ankle surgery. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent first MTP arthrodesis from September 2011 to May 2020, 98 met inclusion criteria. Medical records were reviewed for patient characteristics and union status. PROMIS Physical Function (PF), Pain Interference (PI), Depression (D), and the Foot Function Index (FFI) were collected. Resilience was measured using the Brief Resilience Scale. A multivariable linear regression analysis examining the impact of resilience on patient reported outcomes while adjusting for potential confounding covariates was conducted. Results: At an average of 3.4+-2.6 (SD) years postoperatively, resilience was found to have an independent effect on patient reported outcomes across all instruments, except the FFI pain subscale. Resilience's effect on the instruments was as follows: PROMIS physical function (Unstandardized β 5.0, 95% CI 2.6 to 7.4), PROMIS pain interference (Unstandardized β -4.8, 95% CI - 7.8 to -1.8), PROMIS Depression (Unstandardized β -9.4, (95% CI -12.8 to -6.1), FFI disability subscale (Unstandardized beta -13.3, 95% CI -20.3 to -6.3 ), FFI activity limitation subscale (Unstandardized beta -15.7, 95% CI -23.0 to -8.5), FFI total (Unstandardized beta -11.7, 95% CI -18.1 to -5.4), and FFI pain subscale (Unstandardized beta -6.5, 95% CI -13.1 to.01). Conclusion: In this first study examining the impact of resilience following foot and ankle surgery, we found that resilience has an independent positive effect on overall physical function, disability, pain, and mental health following MTP arthrodesis. Preoperative resilience scores could be used to predict postoperative functional outcomes following MTP arthrodesis and guide postoperative rehabilitation. These findings help establish the role of early positive psychosocial characteristics within orthopaedic foot and ankle population.
Chronic Achilles Tendon Ruptures: A Systematic Review
Authors: Azam Mohammad , Butler James J. , Mercer Nathaniel P. , Hurley Eoghan , Shimozono Yoshiharu , Kennedy John G. 
Published: January 2022

Category: Ankle; Trauma Introduction/Purpose: Chronic Achilles tendon ruptures (CATR) are an uncommon injury compared to acute ruptures. Currently, no evidence-based guidelines exist for treating CATR. The purpose of this systematic review was to present the outcomes of the current treatment options for CATR and to analyze the level of evidence (LOE) and quality of evidence (QoE) of the included studies. Methods: In July 2020, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases were systematically reviewed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The LOE and QOE of the included studies was evaluated using the Modified Coleman Methodology Score. Studies reporting outcomes following repair of CATR were included. Results: Thirty-one studies with 653 CATRs were included. Three studies were LOE III and 28 studies were LOE IV. Six studies reported dual technique procedures and 23 studies reported single technique procedures. Semitendinosus graft was the most frequently utilized single technique procedure amongst the included studies. Most studies reported good postoperative subjective outcomes, strength outcomes, and return to sports data at mid-term follow-up. In total, 14.6% of patients experienced postoperative complications. The most common complication was surgical wound complications (10.8%). Conclusion: This systematic review found that no evidence-based treatment guidelines exists for CATR. Surgical management of CATR produces good clinical outcomes at mid-term follow up, but a high complication rate (14.6%) was noted. Future studies of higher QOE and LOE with improved data reporting are warranted to determine the optimal treatment strategy for CATR.
Outcomes of Minimally Invasive Proximal Chevron Metatarsal Osteotomy for Moderate to Severe Hallux Valgus Deformity
Authors: Choi Jun Young , Suh Jin Soo 
Published: January 2022

Category: Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: The effectiveness of minimally invasive surgery (MIS)-distal chevron metatarsal osteotomy (DCMO) for the correction of moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity is unclear. Traditionally, proximal chevron metatarsal osteotomy (PCMO) has been considered a reliable procedure for correcting severe hallux valgus deformity. This study aimed to clarify the clinicoradiographic outcomes of our novel MIS-PCMO technique and compared its outcomes to those of MIS-DCMO performed during the same timeframe. We addressed the following research questions: (1) can the MIS-PCMO technique be an effective option for correcting moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity?; (2) are there differences in the extent of deformity correction possible with MIS-PCMO and MIS-DCMO?; and (3) what points should be considered before performing the MIS-PCMO technique? Methods: We prospectively compared the outcomes of patients who underwent MIS-PCMO (n=20 patients; 22 surgeries) and those of patients who underwent MIS-DCMO (n=23 patients; 26 surgeries) for moderate to severe hallux valgus deformity (hallux valgus angle [HVA] >=30o) between January 2017 and December 2018. The minimum follow-up duration for inclusion in this study was 18 months. The HVA, first-to-second intermetatarsal angle (IMA), distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA), relative length of the second metatarsal, medial sesamoid position, and Meary angle were measured preoperatively and at the final follow- up. Results: Compared to MIS-DCMO, MIS-PCMO resulted in significantly greater correction of the HVA (P<0.001) and IMA (P=0.01), along with Meary angle improvement (P<0.001); however, the DMAA worsened (P=0.01). Furthermore, there was a significantly greater change in the relative second metatarsal length in the MIS-DCMO group (P=0.01). There were no significant between-group differences in the correction of the medial sesamoid position (P=0.445). Conclusion: MIS-PCMO can be a better option for correcting moderate to severe hallux valgus deformities than MIS-DCMO. However, this technique should be applied carefully when the preoperative DMAA is already large because the DMAA can become worse postoperatively.