bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in E-cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights Into Risk Perceptions and Reasons for Changing Use Behavior
Authors: Bennett Morgane , Speer Jessica , Taylor Nathaniel , Alexander Tesfa 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Introduction
This study assessed changes in e-cigarette use since the COVID-19 pandemic began and reasons for these changes among US youth and young adults.

Aims and Methods
We combined data from two cross-sectional samples of youth and young adult (15–24 years) participants of a monthly surveillance study (data collected in April and June 2021). Analyses were restricted to past-year e-cigarette users who reported using e-cigarettes before the pandemic (n = 1762). Participants reported changes in e-cigarette use since the pandemic began, reasons for changing their behavior, and their perceptions around COVID-19 risk related to e-cigarette use. Multinomial logistic regression models assessed associations between demographics and COVID vaping risk perceptions and changes in e-cigarette use.

Results
Over a third of the sample (37.9%) reported increasing e-cigarette use, while 28.9% reported decreasing use, and 33.1% reported no change. Analyses revealed associations between change in e-cigarette use and age, race and ethnicity, e-cigarette use status, and COVID vaping risk perceptions. The most common reason for increasing use was managing stress (36%); the most common reasons for decreasing use included fewer social interactions (22%) and concerns over general health (18%). Results also indicated differences in reasons for decreasing use by race and ethnicity, and differences in reasons for both increasing and decreasing use by age.

Conclusions
This study provides recent data on how the ongoing and evolving COVID-19 pandemic has impacted youth and young adults’ e-cigarette use. Findings identify subpopulations that may benefit from e-cigarette prevention interventions, as well as insights that may inform the content and delivery of such interventions.

Implications
This study provides recent insights into if and why the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has impacted e-cigarette use behavior among youth and young adults. Findings contribute to the understanding of the role e-cigarettes play in young people’s lives—insights that can inform youth and young adult prevention efforts.
Evaluating Treatment Mechanisms of Varenicline: Mediation by Affect and Craving
Authors: Tonkin Sarah S , Colder Craig , Mahoney Martin C , Swan Gary E , Cinciripini Paul , Schnoll Robert , George Tony P , Tyndale Rachel F , Hawk Larry W 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Negative reinforcement models posit that relapse to cigarette smoking is driven in part by changes in affect and craving during the quit attempt. Varenicline may aid cessation by attenuating these changes; however, this mediational pathway has not been formally evaluated in placebo-controlled trials. Thus, trajectories of negative affect (NA), positive affect (PA), and craving were tested as mediators of the effect of varenicline on smoking cessation.

Aims and Methods
Secondary data analysis was conducted on 828 adults assigned to either varenicline or placebo in a randomized controlled trial for smoking cessation (NCT01314001). Self-reported NA, PA, and craving were assessed 1-week pre-quit, on the target quit day (TQD), and 1 and 4 weeks post-TQD.

Results
Across time, NA peaked 1-week post-quit, PA did not change, and craving declined. Less steep rises in NA (indirect effect 95% CI: .01 to .30) and lower mean craving at 1-week post-quit (CI: .06 to .50) were mediators of the relationship between varenicline and higher cessation rates at the end of treatment. PA was associated with cessation but was not a significant mediator.

Conclusions
These results partially support the hypothesis that varenicline improves smoking cessation rates by attenuating changes in specific psychological processes and supported NA and craving as plausible treatment mechanisms of varenicline.

Implications
The present research provides the first evidence from a placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial that varenicline’s efficacy is due, in part, to post-quit attenuation of NA and craving. Reducing NA across the quit attempt and craving early into the attempt may be important treatment mechanisms for effective interventions. Furthermore, post-quit NA, PA, and craving were all associated with relapse and represent treatment targets for future intervention development.
Mutations in the chloroplast inner envelope protein TIC100 impair and repair chloroplast protein import and impact retrograde signaling
Authors: Loudya Naresh , Maffei Douglas P F , B�dard Jocelyn , Ali Sabri Mohd , Devlin Paul F , Jarvis R Paul , L�pez-Juez Enrique 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chloroplast biogenesis requires synthesis of proteins in the nucleocytoplasm and the chloroplast itself. Nucleus-encoded chloroplast proteins are imported via multiprotein translocons in the organelle’s envelope membranes. Controversy exists around whether a 1-MDa complex comprising TIC20, TIC100, and other proteins constitutes the inner membrane TIC translocon. The Arabidopsis thaliana cue8 virescent mutant is broadly defective in plastid development. We identify CUE8 as TIC100. The tic100cue8 mutant accumulates reduced levels of 1-MDa complex components and exhibits reduced import of two nucleus-encoded chloroplast proteins of different import profiles. A search for suppressors of tic100cue8 identified a second mutation within the same gene, tic100soh1, which rescues the visible, 1 MDa complex-subunit abundance, and chloroplast protein import phenotypes. tic100soh1 retains but rapidly exits virescence and rescues the synthetic lethality of tic100cue8 when retrograde signaling is impaired by a mutation in the GENOMES UNCOUPLED 1 gene. Alongside the strong virescence, changes in RNA editing and the presence of unimported precursor proteins show that a strong signaling response is triggered when TIC100 function is altered. Our results are consistent with a role for TIC100, and by extension the 1-MDa complex, in the chloroplast import of photosynthetic and nonphotosynthetic proteins, a process which initiates retrograde signaling.
The host exocyst complex is targeted by a conserved bacterial type-III effector that promotes virulence
Authors: Michalopoulou Vassiliki A , Mermigka Glykeria , Kotsaridis Konstantinos , Mentzelopoulou Andriani , Celie Patrick H N , Moschou Panagiotis N , Jones Jonathan D G , Sarris Panagiotis F 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFor most Gram-negative bacteria, pathogenicity largely depends on the type-III secretion system that delivers virulence effectors into eukaryotic host cells. The subcellular targets for the majority of these effectors remain unknown. Xanthomonas campestris, the causal agent of black rot disease of crucifers such as Brassica spp., radish, and turnip, delivers XopP, a highly conserved core-effector protein produced by X. campestris, which is essential for virulence. Here, we show that XopP inhibits the function of the host–plant exocyst complex by direct targeting of Exo70B, a subunit of the exocyst complex, which plays a significant role in plant immunity. XopP interferes with exocyst-dependent exocytosis and can do this without activating a plant NOD-like receptor that guards Exo70B in Arabidopsis. In this way, Xanthomonas efficiently inhibits the host’s pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity by blocking exocytosis of pathogenesis-related protein-1A, callose deposition, and localization of the FLAGELLIN SENSITIVE2 (FLS2) immune receptor to the plasma membrane, thus promoting successful infection. Inhibition of exocyst function without activating the related defenses represents an effective virulence strategy, indicating the ability of pathogens to adapt to host defenses by avoiding host immunity responses.
An Arabidopsis Retention and Splicing complex regulates root and embryo development through pre-mRNA splicing
Authors: Xiong Feng , Ren Jing-Jing , Wang Yu-Yi , Zhou Zhou , Qi Hao-Dong , Otegui Marisa S , Wang Xiu-Ling 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing is an important step in the posttranscriptional processing of transcripts and a key regulator of development. The heterotrimeric retention and splicing (RES) complex plays vital roles in the growth and development of yeast, zebrafish, and humans by mediating pre-mRNA splicing of multiple genes. However, whether the RES complex is conserved in plants and what specific functions it has remain unknown. In this study, we identified Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) BUD13 (AtBUD13), GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND SPLICING 1 (GDS1), and DAWDLE (DDL) as the counterparts of the yeast RES complex subunits Bud site selection protein 13 (Bud13), U2 snRNP component Snu17 (Snu17), and Pre-mRNA leakage protein 1, respectively. Moreover, we showed that RES is an ancient complex evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes. GDS1 directly interacts with both AtBUD13 and DDL in nuclear speckles. The BUD13 domain of AtBUD13 and the RNA recognition motif domain of GDS1 are necessary and sufficient for AtBUD13–GDS1 interaction. Mutants of AtBUD13, GDS1, and DDL failed to properly splice multiple genes involved in cell proliferation and showed defects in early embryogenesis and root development. In addition, we found that GDS1 and DDL interact, respectively, with the U2 small nuclear ribonucleoproteins auxiliary factor AtU2AF65B and the NineTeen Complex-related splicing factor SKIP, which are essential for early steps of spliceosome assembly and recognition of splice sites. Altogether, our work reveals that the Arabidopsis RES complex is important for root and early embryo development by modulating pre-mRNA splicing.
Improved outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis with obesity after a weight loss intervention: randomized trial
Authors: Ranganath Veena K , La Cava Antonio , Vangala Sitaram , Brook Jenny , Kermani Tanaz A , Furst Daniel E , Taylor Mihaela , Kaeley Gurjit S , Carpenter Catherine , Elashoff David A , Li Zhaoping 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objective
To examine whether a weight loss intervention programme improves RA disease activity and/or musculoskeletal ultrasound synovitis measures in obese RA patients.

Methods
We conducted a proof-of-concept, 12-week, single-blind, randomized controlled trial of obese RA patients (BMI ≥ 30) with 28-joint DAS (DAS28)  ≥ 3.2 and with evidence of power Doppler synovitis. Forty patients were randomized to the diet intervention (n = 20) or control group (n = 20). Diet intervention consisted of a hypocaloric diet of 1000–1500 kcal/day and high protein meal replacements. Co-primary outcomes included change in DAS28 and power Doppler ultrasound (PDUS)-34. Clinical disease activity, imaging, biomarkers, adipokines and patient-reported outcomes were monitored throughout the trial. Recruitment terminated early. All analyses were based on intent-to-treat for a significance level of 0.05.

Results
The diet intervention group lost an average 9.5 kg/patient, while the control group lost 0.5 kg (P &lt; 0.001). Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID3) improved, serum leptin decreased and serum adiponectin increased significantly within the diet group and between the groups (all P &lt; 0.03). DAS28 decreased, 5.2 to 4.2, within the diet group (P &lt; 0.001; −0.51 [95% CI −1.01, 0.00], P = 0.056, between groups). HAQ-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) improved significantly within the diet group (P &lt; 0.04; P = 0.065 between group). Ultrasound measures and the multi-biomarker disease activity score did not differ between groups (PDUS-34 −2.0 [95% CI −7.00, 3.1], P = 0.46 between groups).

Conclusion
Obese RA patients on the diet intervention achieved weight loss. There were significant between group improvements for RAPID3, adiponectin and leptin levels, and positive trends for DAS28 and HAQ-DI. Longer-term, larger weight loss studies are needed to validate these findings, and will allow for further investigative work to improve the clinical management of obese RA patients.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02881307
Cancer occurrence after SLE: effects of medication-related factors, disease-related factors and survival from an observational study
Authors: Zhao Qing , Liu Huazhen , Yang Wenfang , Zhou Ziyue , Yang Yiying , Jiang Xu , Yang Huaxia , Zhang Fengchun 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To explore the survival and risk factors for cancer occurrence after SLE (SLE-CA).

Methods
Patients with cancer diagnosed after SLE in Peking Union Medical College Hospital between January 2006 and September 2017 were recruited and followed. Data regarding medication-related and disease-related factors and survival were collected and compared with matched controls. Logistic regressions were applied to identify risk factors. The Kaplan–Meier method with a log-rank test was performed to evaluate survival.

Results
Forty-five SLE-CA patients and 128 controls were included, with the most common cancer site being the female genital system. SLE-CA patients were exposed to a higher cumulative dosage of CYC, with less mucocutaneous and haematologic involvement and higher anti-dsDNA positivity. At the time of cancer diagnosis, SLE-CA patients had lower SLEDAI 2000 (SLEDAI-2K), tended to achieve Definitions of Remission in SLE remission and minimal disease activity, but had higher SLICC/ACR Damage Index. Multivariable analysis identified high dosage of CYC [odds ratio (OR) 1.027, 95% CI 1.008, 1.046; P = 0.005] and low SLEDAI-2K at cancer diagnosis (OR 0.756, 95% CI 0.579, 0.986; P = 0.039) as risk factors. Mucocutaneous (OR 0.330, 95% CI 0.110, 0.991; P = 0.048) and haematologic involvement (OR 0.304, 95% CI 0.103, 0.902; P = 0.032) were negatively associated with cancer occurrence after SLE. The 5- and 10-year survival rates in SLE-CA patients were 95.2% and 92.1%, respectively. No significant difference of survival was observed between SLE-CA patients and controls (P = 0.177).

Conclusion
High dosage of CYC and disease-related factors (low SLEDAI-2K, less mucocutaneous and haematologic involvement) were related factors for cancer occurrence after SLE, while no survival difference was observed.
Ambivalent (In)Securities: Comparing Urban Refugee Women’s Experiences of Informal and Formal Security Provision
Authors: Linn Sarah 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Using feminist theories of geolegality, geopolitics, and intersectionality, this article presents Syrian refugee women’s experiences and perceptions of both formal and informal security providers in Amman and Beirut in 2016–2017. Based on qualitative data from refugee women based in these cities since the onset of the Syrian civil war, this article argues three related points regarding urban refugee women and their experiences with security providers. First, that although not gendered at the State level, refugee law is applied in gendered ways in the everyday by State and non-State security providers and that this has direct outcomes as to how refugee women perceive and access security services in their host cities. Secondly, that whilst women perceive both formal and informal security providers in ambivalent terms, they are deeply appreciative of State security presence in urban areas which seem vulnerable to tension and conflict. Lastly, in order to understand ambivalent experiences of (in)security of (in)formal security providers, we need closer examinations of the ways in which identity interacts with structures of policy, law and culture, using feminist theories of intersectionality and geolegality.
0012 Disordered sleep and emotional self-regulation in a prospective cohort of preschool-age children
Authors: Emond Jennifer , Ballarino Grace , Carlson Delaina , Lansigan Reina , Godzik Cassandra , Gilbert-Diamond Diane 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Disrupted sleep has been associated with poor emotional self-regulation among preschool-age children cross-sectionally, with few studies examining change over time. Our goal was to examine the prospective association between disrupted sleep and emotional self-regulation over six months among preschool-age children.

Methods
Analyses included 54 children, age 3-5 years old, who completed their participation in a currently ongoing, 6-month prospective study conducted in a rural area of New England to examine early-life predictors of obesity. Parents completed the 35-item Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), a validated scale to measure problematic sleep, reflecting both reduced sleep quantity and quality. Total scores greater than 41 reflect a clinically-meaningful sleep disorder. Parents also completed the 5-item emotional self-regulation subscale of the validated Child Social Behavior questionnaire. A final score was computed as the average across the 5 items (range 1-7), with higher scores indicating poorer emotional self-regulation. A series of linear regression models were used to examine associations between sleep and emotional self-regulation at baseline, as well as change in self-regulation over six months. Each model was adjusted for child age, sex, and parental education level.

Results
The sample was largely white, non-Hispanic (87.0%), with 61.1% of male children, 90.7% of accompanying parents as mothers, and 79.6% of parents with a Bachelor’s degree or greater. One-fourth (n=14, 25.9%) of children met the criteria for disordered sleep at baseline. In an adjusted linear regression model, children with disordered sleep at baseline, on average, had worse self-regulation at baseline (beta coefficient=0.90, SE=0.33; p&lt;0.01) and, separately, a greater decrease in self-regulation over six months (beta=0.78, SE=0.30; p=0.01). When further adjusting for disordered sleep at month 6, disordered sleep at baseline remained predictive of a greater decrease in self-regulation over time (beta=1.12; SE=0.41; p&lt;0.01).

Conclusion
In this preliminary analysis, disordered sleep was associated with poor emotional self-regulation cross-sectionally and a decline in emotional self-regulation over six months. Generalizability is limited because of the high socioeconomic status of the sample. Yet findings suggest that the effects of disordered sleep on emotional self-regulation may manifest within in the preschool-years.

Support (If Any)
This study was supported by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, grant number K01DK117971.
0015 Effectiveness-Implementation Study of Two Novel Lighting Interventions for Shiftworkers on a Submarine Watchfloor
Authors: Bessman Sara , Harrison Elizabeth , Easterling Alexandra , Phares Ashley , Teisberg Madeline , Snider Michelle , Robertson Ian , Glickman Gena 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Shiftwork is common in the military, where around-the-clock readiness is necessary. Yet, non-standard schedules can negatively impact sleep, circadian health, and performance. Light is a leading countermeasure due to its phase shifting and alerting properties, with higher intensities and shorter wavelengths eliciting relatively greater effects. New technologies allow for deliberate spectral engineering that targets specific photobiological responses. This study examined the efficacy and implementation of two spectrally-distinct lights for improving sleep, alertness, and performance in active duty service members working nightshift schedules.

Methods
Participants were service members working 12-h shifts (0530-1730) on a high-security, submarine watchfloor (N=56, 9 females; mean+SE age=28.95 + 0.76). Lighting interventions included LED panels (3,721 cm2) that were either enhanced (SW+) or depleted (SW-) in short wavelength energy, while maintaining a comparable color temperature (~3000 K) and photopic illumination (~300 lux at 46 cm from eyes). For both SW+ and SW-, a bank of light panels were arranged across the front of the watchfloor and illuminated for the full duration of the nightshift. In addition, participants wore blueblocker glasses after nightshifts up until bedtime, when eye masks were worn during sleep. There were two data collection periods that coincided with existing 16-day schedule cycles: the first contained an 8-day baseline (BL1) and 8-day SW+ condition, and the second contained an 8-day baseline (BL2) and 8-day SW- condition (order within those 16-day periods was pseudo-randomized). Sleep and alertness were assessed via actigraphy, sleep diary, psychomotor vigilance test (PVT), and Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). Implementation metrics were obtained with questionnaires.

Results
All analyses are still ongoing. Preliminary examinations show higher satisfaction with the SW+ than BL1, and greater comfort and fewer symptoms under both SW+ and SW- as compared to BL1. Most felt the SW+ and SW- improved alertness on shift and expressed an interest in keeping the lights on the watchfloor.

Conclusion
Findings thus far indicate the interventions were well-received by participants. Subsequent analyses will further examine barriers to intervention use and the efficacy of the lights for improving sleep, alertness, and performance in service members working nightshifts.

Support (If Any)
ONR TS-788
0016 Changes in Alertness Over Consecutive Workdays for Internal Medicine Interns: A Secondary Analysis of the iCOMPARE Trial
Authors: Cordoza Makayla , Dinges David , Asch David , Shea Judy , Bellini Lisa , Malone Susan , Desai Sanjay , Volpp Kevin , Mott Christopher , Coats Sara , Mollicone Daniel , Basner Mathias 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Little is known about the impact of cumulative workdays on medical residents' alertness. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in alertness over consecutive workdays following a day off for internal medicine interns.

Methods
This is a secondary report of a randomized non-inferiority trial of 12 internal-medicine residency programs assigned to either standard duty-hour (80h workweek/16h shifts) or flexible (80h workweek/no shift-length limit) policies. Interns were followed for 2 weeks during inpatient rotations. Each morning, alertness (number of Brief Psychomotor Vigilance Test [PVT-B] lapses) was assessed, and interns selected the type of shift worked (day-off, days, nights, beginning/ending extended overnights, or other). Sleep duration (actigraphy) was averaged each 24h day. For this analysis, interns were included if they had ≥1 day-off followed by at least 3 workdays, and had no flagged PVT-B results for non-adherence. To examine the longitudinal effect of consecutive workdays on alertness, a generalized linear mixed model with random intercept and slope, and Poisson distribution was used to determine the rate of PVT-B lapses for up to 4 work days following a day off, controlling work shift type, sleep duration, and policy, with sleep and shift type interaction, and linear spline to account for the change in slope after the 2nd workday.

Results
N=328 interns were included (mean age 27.8±2.2y, 49% males). Mean±SD number of PVT-B lapses were 3.4±4.5, 4.2±5.6, 5.3±6.6, 4.8±5.8, and 4.7±6.0, and mean±SD sleep duration was 9.0±1.9, 6.9±1.3, 6.5±2.1, 6.6±1.8, and 6.9±1.7 hours for a day off and workdays 1-4 respectively. Rate of lapses increased by 1.1 lapse/day from a day off to the 2nd workday (p=0.004; 95%CI: 1.03-1.18), and then significantly decreased from days 2-4 at a rate of 0.89 lapses/day (p&lt;0.0001; 95%CI: 0.85-0.92). Patterns of change in the rate of lapses were similar to changes in sleep duration, where, from baseline, every 1h longer sleep duration was associated with 0.91 fewer PVT-B lapses (p&lt;0.0001; 95%CI: 0.93-0.97).

Conclusion
Both sleep and subsequent alertness were negatively impacted when returning to work following a day off for interns in this study. After two workdays, sleep duration appeared to increase again, with observed improvements in alertness.

Support (If Any)
Funded by the NHLBI and American Council for Graduate Medical Education. M.C. is supported by NIH/NINR (K99 NR019862).