bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary community ecology of Odonata
Authors: Siepielski Adam M. , Gómez Miguel , Hasik Adam Z. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ecological dynamics among the constituent species in a community shape evolutionary processes, and the outcomes of these evolutionary processes in turn feed back to affect ecological dynamics. Determining the feedback between ecology and evolution is therefore paramount for understanding how communities are structured. Considerable progress has been made in developing this kind of research program, with studies of odonates serving as a centerpiece. This chapter highlights how the integration of ecological and evolutionary processes have provided insight into how communities containing odonates are structured. First it presents a conceptual framework from which the interactions between ecology and evolution emerge as key elements structuring communities. It then reviews the types of interactions in which odonates engage as members of complex food webs. Next it reviews the multitude of studies that capture the dynamics of natural and sexual selection in odonate communities. Lastly, it examines how adaptation has shaped the demographic features allowing species to both persist in and alter food webs, and how adaptation may contribute to species range shifts generating uniquely structured communities and novel evolutionary dynamics. At the end, it highlights future directions and key knowledge gaps. Overall, the chapter contends that odonates are an exemplar group that has provided much information about how ecology and evolution combine to structure communities.
Species identification and description
Authors: Parise Pinto Ângelo , Andrés Bota-Sierra Cornelio , Marinov Milen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Species identification (establishing an affiliation of a sampled specimen to a particular taxon) and description (introduction of a new taxon) are two of the basic tasks in taxonomy, commonly known as alpha-taxonomy. This chapter reviews practices which have shaped contemporary taxonomy in Odonata at taxonomic and nomenclature ranks within the species group. It discusses the concepts of taxa, including drilling down to species and subspecies levels, as well as those odonate ranks that appear below subspecies level. It addresses the question of when a species is “new.” It covers aspects of species description and looks at the role of “concept” in the practice. Finally, it proposes a workflow for future studies.
Odonata systematics
Authors: Kohli Manpreet K. , Ware Jessica L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic approaches to systematics—using morphological and molecular data—and it considers the history of systematic analysis in odonates. In this chapter we address how different molecular methods have been applied at different times to the study of odonate systematics. We also review the current understanding of relationships within the three main suborders (Zygoptera, Anisozygoptera and Anipoptera) and highlight areas in need of further research. We then look at how systematics tools can be applied to address questions in ecology and evolution, consider some questions that systematics cannot answer, and review the future of odonate systematic research.
“Bird Bombs”
Authors: Regis Ed 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter introduces S. Dillon Ripley, the incoming secretary of the Smithsonian. The chapter also describes some of the smallest bits of land surveyed by the POBSP: La Pérouse and Gardner Pinnacles. When news of the POBSP finally became public, which was near the very end of the program, some critics suggested that its real purpose had been to convert Pacific island bird species into carriers of pathogenic biological organisms. Supposedly, the birds would become biological agent delivery systems, or “bird bombs.” The chapter examines this claim, shows that there is no plausible evidence that this was the Army’s true motivation, and presents several reasons why using birds to transmit diseases would be ineffective. For one thing, although some species of birds do exhibit certain specific migration patterns, nobody has any real control over where individual birds go. Second, the birds studied by POBSP scientists were pelagic species, meaning that they lived on the water. Therefore they would be highly unlikely to invade major cities and cause mass death.
Aftermath and Aftereffects
Authors: Regis Ed 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The chapter describes the final fates of the four main players appearing in the narrative: Binion Amerson (deceased), Roger Clapp (deceased), Larry Huber (drowned at sea), and Fed Sibley (retired, still alive), discusses the issue of health effects on members of the SHAD program who were aboard ships involved in the tests of pathogenic biological agents, and describes the effects of the Pacific Program on the Smithsonian Institution itself. Some members of Project SHAD claimed they were harmed by the infectious agents used in the biological weapons trials. However, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences conducted not one but two separate and massive epidemiological studies of the SHAD personnel and found no evidence of adverse health effects consequent upon participation in the SHAD tests. Finally, the chapter brings the reader up to date with how the Smithsonian Institution fared after the end of the POBSP, and shows that it was not in the end harmed by its earlier association with the American biological warfare project.
“Upon This Rock”
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the so-called Petrine text (Matthew 16:18–19) and its place in Catholicism as a rationale for the office of the papacy. Viewed historically, the text was not invoked until the end of the fourth century by a church leader (viz., Pope Damasus) to support claims to Roman primacy based on Peter. The chapter discusses these early developments with a focus on the interpretation of Jesus’ words, “You are Peter and upon this rock I will build my church” (v. 18), noting its varied interpretations of “rock” from the early church to the present. This critical word was understood to refer to Christ, to Peter’s rocklike faith, and to Peter himself. The interpretive categories hardened following the Reformation: Catholics invoked the text as proof positive that the church was founded upon Peter and his successors, the bishops of Rome; Protestants maintained that “rock” referred to Peter’s faith or to Christ himself. The present-day general consensus is that “rock” refers to Peter, although the implications of that reference differ among Christian traditions.
“Let My People Go”
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Book of Exodus in the history of African American Christians. It begins by examining the biblical exodus as one of the core events in the entire Jewish tradition—God’s deliverance of the Israelites from Egyptian oppression. It then takes up the exodus theme in America, first, from the perspective of the Puritans, then, by contrast, the various African American understandings and expressions of exodus themes in the context of slavery (particularly slave spirituals and slave revolts), emancipation, migration, the civil rights movement, black liberation theology, womanist theology, and the future prospects of the exodus theme.
“Go and Make Disciples of All Nations”
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on what became known in the nineteenth century as the “Great Commission” text of Matthew 28:18–20—Jesus’ words to his disciples to “go . . . and make disciples of all nations.” It begins by examining the text in modern biblical studies, then considers interpretations in the early, medieval, and Reformation periods. The text as a missionary imperative was a late comer, cited occasionally before the sixteenth century, highlighted by a few individuals and groups (e.g., Anabaptists, Pietists, and Moravians) in the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries, then, thanks in large part to William Carey’s Enquiry (1792), it was elevated to its status as the Great Commission in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. While still cited by evangelicals as the text for missionary motivation, post-colonial and feminist interpreters have criticized those who fail to interpret the text from the perspective of non-Western people on the margins.
“Men Committed Shameless Acts with Men”
Authors: Kling David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on recent American Christian perspectives on male homosexuality, one of the most contentious issues of our time. Multiple texts are examined from the Old Testament and the New Testament, with special attention given to Romans 1:26–27. Throughout nearly all of Christian history, theologians, biblical commentators, and Christian society at large condemned homosexual activity as sinful. Not until the mid-twentieth century and then accelerating during the 1960s sexual revolution, was this blanket condemnation questioned. While Conservative Christians argued that the overall negative tone in biblical texts condemned homosexuality or at least homosexual behavior, progressives either dismissed the normative value of Scripture or claimed that these texts were written in a different time, of different values and norms, and hence were no longer applicable in the context of contemporary society and the church.
A Queer Cosmopolitan
Authors: Brown Ashley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins by examining how the Police Athletic League (PAL) led Althea Gibson to paddle tennis. Gibson’s background—Southern and working-poor—made her a decidedly unlikely tennis player, since the game was a pastime associated with the White American elite. In the summer of 1941, Gibson was given a place on the membership roster of the American Tennis Association’s (ATA) Cosmopolitan Tennis Club, which was interracial in membership. She later discovered that the Cosmopolitan and the ATA used tennis as a vehicle for teaching and expressing respectability. Gibson was not a devotee of either standardization or femininity and bristled at attempts to make her such. The chapter then recounts the first tennis tournament that Gibson won: the annual New York State Open at the Cosmopolitan in 1942. She was also a member of the Mysterious Girls A.C. (Athletic Club), Harlem’s famed basketball team, between 1943 and 1945. The Mysterious Girls A.C. gave Gibson a group of Black female friends who, in their passion for and success in sports, gave her a queer community that she did not have at the Cosmopolitan.
Ely S. Parker,
Authors: Winters John C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Red Jacket’s grand-nephew, Ely S. Parker, launched a remarkable public career as a Seneca chief, General Ulysses S. Grant’s military secretary during the Civil War, and as the first Indigenous federal Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Although he seemed to abandon his Indigenous heritage by integrating into American society, he took pains to openly embrace and celebrate his Seneca heritage. This mattered not only to contemporaries who read about “Grant’s Indian Aid,” but also because he established himself as an important interpreter and archivist both of the history of the Haudenosaunee and of the legacy of Ulysses S. Grant and the North’s victory in the Civil War. Parker’s fame and knowledge of Haudenosaunee culture and society bound the memory of the United States’ most significant national challenge to the history and culture of the Haudenosaunee.
Arthur C. Parker and
Authors: Winters John C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Arthur C. Parker enshrined Iroquois exceptionalism in New Yorkers’ collective unconscious through his development of the modern history museum. He had a celebrated career as a public historian and a field-shaping leader of the New York State Museum and Rochester Museum of Arts and Sciences. He was responsible for collecting the stories that grew out of the preceding generations and strategically incorporating them into influential museum exhibitions; scholarly and popular work on anthropology, archaeology, and history; and public parks and signage. Parker used these otherwise colonizing spaces to deliver to the public the opposite of what they were expecting: Indigenous perspectives on their own history. He made Iroquois exceptionalism obvious, immutable, and political.
Paths to Enlistment
Authors: Clarke Frances M. , Plant Rebecca Jo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Americans in the mid-nineteenth century inhabited a social world in which boys constantly interacted with older youths and grown men. By their mid-teens, many boys labored alongside adults in shops and fields, where specific tasks were assigned according to size, strength, and skill rather than age. Children attended speeches and other political events, and boys in their teens formed their own juvenile military companies and partisan organizations. Educational institutions, from common schools to colleges, were also far less differentiated by age than is the case today, so that boys of fifteen viewed youths of nineteen as essentially their peers. The age-integrated nature of daily life, combined with the lack of attention to numerical age in most realms, paved the way to mass underage enlistment once the Civil War began.
Contrary to All Law
Authors: Clarke Frances M. , Plant Rebecca Jo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Conflict over underage enlistees plagued the US government throughout the Civil War. As soon as the war began, masses of boys and youths rushed to enlist. But common law held that parents or guardians owned the labor and earnings of minor children, and many households leaned heavily on older sons to get by. Moreover, while parents traditionally accepted that youths above age eighteen should serve in the militia, joining a Union regiment increasingly meant service that more closely resembled that performed by regular soldiers in the US army. When the War Department refused to discharge underage enlistees, many parents turned to the courts to pursue sons’ release. Their actions contributed to Lincoln’s decision to suspend habeas corpus across the nation in late 1863, and ultimately to the permanent federalization of habeas corpus.
9/11
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the immediate American reactions to the attack by al Qaeda on 9/11. It highlights the role of George W. Bush as the key decision maker. It discusses his strategic decisions to launch a Global War on Terror, to hold nations that supported terrorists as responsible as the terrorists themselves, and to focus initially on Afghanistan and Osama bin Laden, not Iraq. Bush was motivated by fear of another attack and a keen sense of responsibility that his overriding duty as president was to protect the American people. Lurking in his mind was the knowledge that he had failed to do so despite warnings of impending danger. Should another attack occur—and intelligence analysts were certain it would, especially after anthrax spores showed up in the United States and started killing Americans—Bush feared that he and his party would be repudiated by the American people.
Coercive Diplomacy
Authors: Leffler Melvyn P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines the strategy of coercive diplomacy embraced by George W. Bush to confront Saddam Hussein. After learning that covert action was not likely to be effective, Bush decided that the threat of military force might compel Hussein to allow inspections and relinquish his weapons of mass destruction. Alternatively, that threat might impel Hussein to flee or inspire a military coup to overthrow him, thereby producing regime change. Still fearing that Hussein might supply al Qaeda or other terrorist groups with weapons of mass destruction, Bush asked Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld and General Tommy Franks, head of CENTCOM, to prepare a new war plan. Bush stressed, however, that he had not resolved to go to war. Bush hoped that coercive diplomacy might reduce the threat emanating from Iraq while he launched other initiatives like the Millennium Challenge Account to allay the conditions that produced more terrorists.
Eugenics, Genetics, and Disability in Historical and Contemporary Perspective
Authors: O’Brien Gerald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This book focuses on the conceptual relationship between the American eugenic movement of the early 1900s and contemporary genetic research, policy, and practices, and the relevance of this for social work and related professions. While the expansion of prenatal testing and other genetic innovations are often couched as a form of “new eugenics,” this description is only partially correct. The work also provides the first in-depth exploration of the relationship between the emerging social work profession and the eugenic movement during the first quarter of the 20th century, and considers the historical importance of this for the profession today. Social workers played a particularly important role in the movement of eugenic policies from targeting persons with disabilities to limiting procreation among “welfare” recipients, especially minority women. As the profession attempts to come to terms with this problematic history, it also needs to understand the dual “faces” it displays to persons with disabilities—as purported supporters of such persons whose continued embrace of the medical model of disabilities keeps them from being accepted by many as true allies in the fight for social justice related to disability inclusion.
Introduction
Authors: Robinson Michael A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe shifting landscape of American politics has left many of its institutions of government bereft of public confidence. One confounder of this trend has been its military, which remains a seeming bastion of the public trust. However, rising partisan polarization and the erosion of traditional barriers between the military and the partisan political space could possibly compromise this enviable position. Traditional civil-military relations scholarship not only reflects a consensus regarding the necessity of a non-partisan military able to maintain a credible voice in society, but the belief that the public values this same norm. As partisan tribalism influences increasing swaths of the political debate, there is reason to doubt the military’s ability to avoid becoming yet another partisan battlefield. Such “politicization” could be deleterious to preserving the military’s non-partisan image, designing smart foreign policy, and strengthening democratic institutions.
That Fair and Warlike Form
Authors: Robinson Michael A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractFollowing a general decline in the public’s trust in government following Vietnam, Americans have grown increasingly warm toward the military and increasingly cold toward one another, particularly along partisan lines. The result of these concurrent trends is an environment ripe for politicization: actions that result in the belief that the military is averse (or amenable) to the preferences of a specific political party. This chapter develops a typology of politicization activities that captures the role that the public, political parties, and the armed forces themselves can play in shaping public perceptions of military credibility. Whether through its own organizational practices, retired military speech, partisan opportunism, or media reporting, the public may draw very different conclusions about the objective credibility of its military as filtered through their own individual-level partisanship.
Return to Sender
Authors: Robinson Michael A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractIf military speech can potentially influence those who trust the institution, what forces shape that trust? Civil-military scholarship has charted the impact of demography, culture, and shared political preferences on the sources of public trust in the military. But a widening “gap” between partisans over confidence in that same institution creates questions about how individuals evaluate the military’s performance. Using observational media reporting data and text-as-data on news broadcasts during the Iraq War, this chapter observes the influence of partisan media “echo-chambers” on depictions of the military’s institutional quality. Indeed, partisans of different stripes may be subjected to far different information environments depending on their preferred outlets, with Republicans less likely to see information critical of the military. Using other examples of third-party influence or media reporting, the chapter illustrates how media consumption can shape aspect politicization as the public adopts new positions with respect to the military’s credibility.
La Santa Muerte
Authors: Calvo-Quirós William A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the spread of the veneration of La Santa Muerte, a controversial female personalization of the Grim Reaper, in both Mexico and the United States. The chapter contextualizes her modern public emergence in 2001 within the extreme precariousness that characterized the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the Tequila Crisis.1 The chapter first explores how La Santa Muerte iconography has been (mis)interpreted and appropriated to promote anti-Latinx sentiments by various groups and agencies tasked with enforcing the power of both Church and state. Intimately connected to the case of Jesús Malverde, these groups range from the US Drug Enforcement Agency to for-profit, private, consulting groups within police forces in the United States and Mexico to newly emerged organized policing agents within the Catholic Church. This chapter then discusses how followers of La Santa Muerte and LGBTQ Latinx communities—communities that share similar experiences of discrimination and criminalization—have converged in venerating her as a beacon of affirmation and liberation for the outcasts of society. Drawing on queer performance and religious studies, I focus on the LGBTQ network of leaders who sustain and organize La Santa Muerte worship in Mexico and the United States, in resistance to the state and state-sanctioned forces that try to turn her veneration to their own ends.
Conclusion
Authors: Calvo-Quirós William A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Using the case of Phoenix, Arizona, the conclusion begins by analyzing how racial segregation, and its intersections with class, gender, and legal status, has shaped the experience of Latinx Catholic communities in the United States, and in particular the Southwest. It summarizes the main features of vernacular saints as we have examined them here, and articulates the challenges to studying them as cultural sites that navigate both secular and formal religious spaces. It explores how the spiritual and the profane are interconnected, how the battle for survival along the border is performed through the real and the imaginary, and how vernacular religiosity can be used to disseminate knowledge and receive information. The conclusion ends with a pastoral exhortation toward diversity and inclusion within the Catholic Church and those researching religious studies.
The Cartel Today
Authors: Acharya Avidit , Lee Alexander 
Published: December 2022

AbstractChapter 7 lays out some ideas for how the state system may develop in the future. The long-distance movement of both people and goods was far less common during the time that the state system was starting to develop than it is in today’s globalized world. These developments have challenged the system in many ways. The most important question of the 21st century is not how territory can be divided within the cartel of states, but whether such a cartel can continue to assert itself at a time when the value of governing lies more in mobile assets than in immobile assets tied to specific territorial locations.