bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Near‐Infrared and Visible‐Range Optoelectronics in 2D Hybrid Perovskite/Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Heterostructures
Authors: Varghese Abin , Yin Yuefeng , Wang Mingchao , Lodha Saurabh , Medhekar Nikhil V. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe application of ultrathin 2D perovskites in near‐infrared and visible‐range optoelectronics is limited owing to their inherent wide bandgaps, large excitonic binding energies, and low optical absorption at higher wavelengths. Here, it is shown that by tailoring interfacial band alignments via conjugation with low‐dimensional materials like monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), the functionalities of 2D perovskites can be extended to diverse, visible‐range photophysical applications. Based on the choice of individual constituents in the 2D perovskite/TMD heterostructures, first principles calculations demonstrate widely tunable type‐II bandgaps, carrier effective masses, and band offsets to enable an effective separation of photogenerated excitons for enhanced photodetection and photovoltaic applications. In addition, the possibilities of achieving a type‐I band alignment for recombination‐based light emitters as well as a type‐III configuration for tunneling devices are shown. Further, the effect of strain on the electronic properties of the heterostructures are evaluated to show a significant strain tolerance, making them prospective candidates in flexible photosensors.
Design of Hierarchical Oxide‐Carbon Nanostructures for Trifunctional Electrocatalytic Applications
Authors: Rachna Devi Hemam , Bisen Omeshwari Yadorao , Cao Xun , Chen Zhong , Nanda Karuna Kar 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe rational design of efficient trifunctional catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is of significant importance for metal–air batteries and electrolyzers. Herein, a hierarchical carbon architecture that comprises of 1D tubes and 2D sheets supported on Ni–Co oxide is synthesized. The 1D–2D carbon nanostructures further support homogeneously dispersed Co/Ni–Nx centers, NiCo and its oxide nanoparticles that are beneficial for ORR, HER, and OER, respectively. The hierarchical nanostructures offer highly exposed surface that enables the maximum utility of active sites for different reactions and also provide a single platform that can be used as OER–ORR and OER‐HER bifunctional catalyst for metal– air batteries and electrolyzers, respectively. The catalyst displays a low ΔE (EJ(OER) = 10 − E½(ORR)) of 0.846 V for bifunctional OER–ORR and low potential of 1.54 V at 10 mA cm−2 for overall water splitting with appreciable durability for 40 h. Overall, the nanostructures exhibit remarkable activity and are durable for OER, ORR, and HER. Moreover, the study offers a pathway to expand the functionality of the non‐noble electrocatalyst and simultaneously offers a platform to prove that preferential active sites exist for different reactions.
Computational Inference of Synaptic Polarities in Neuronal Networks
Authors: Harris Michael R. , Wytock Thomas P. , Kovács István A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSynaptic polarity, that is, whether synapses are inhibitory (−) or excitatory (+), is challenging to map, despite being a key to understand brain function. Here, synaptic polarity is inferred computationally considering three experimental scenarios, depending on the nature of available input data, using theCaenorhabditis elegansconnectome as an example. First, the inputs consist of detailed neurotransmitter (NT) and receptor (R) gene expression, integrated through the connectome model (CM). The CM formulates the problem through a wiring rule network that summarizes how NT‐R pairs govern synaptic polarity, and resolves 356 synaptic polarities in addition to the 1752 known polarities. Second, known synaptic polarities are considered as an input, in addition to the NT and R gene expression data, but without wiring rules. These data train the spatial connectome model, which infers the polarity of 81% of the CM‐resolved connections at % precision, while also inferring 147 of the remaining unknown polarities. Last, without known expression or wiring rules, polarities are inferred through a network sign prediction problem. As an illustration of high performance in this case, the generalized CM is introduced. These results address imminent challenges in unveiling large‐scale synaptic polarities, an essential step toward more realistic brain models.
Biomimetic Lipopolysaccharide‐Free Bacterial Outer Membrane‐Functionalized Nanoparticles for Brain‐Targeted Drug Delivery
Authors: Chen Haiyan , Zhou Mengyuan , Zeng Yuteng , Miao Tongtong , Luo Haoyuan , Tong Yang , Zhao Mei , Mu Rui , Gu Jiang , Yang Shudi , Han Liang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe blood–brain barrier (BBB) severely blocks the intracranial accumulation of most systemic drugs. Inspired by the contribution of the bacterial outer membrane to Escherichia coli K1 (EC‐K1) binding to and invasion of BBB endothelial cells in bacterial meningitis, utilization of the BBB invasion ability of the EC‐K1 outer membrane for brain‐targeted drug delivery and construction of a biomimetic self‐assembled nanoparticle with a surface featuring a lipopolysaccharide‐free EC‐K1 outer membrane are proposed. BBB penetration of biomimetic nanoparticles is demonstrated to occur through the transcellular vesicle transport pathway, which is at least partially dependent on internalization, endosomal escape, and transcytosis mediated by the interactions between outer membrane protein A and gp96 on BBB endothelial cells. This biomimetic nanoengineering strategy endows the loaded drugs with prolonged circulation, intracranial interstitial distribution, and extremely high biocompatibility. Based on the critical roles of gp96 in cancer biology, this strategy reveals enormous potential for delivering therapeutics to treat gp96‐overexpressing intracranial malignancies.
Functionalized Spiral‐Rolling Millirobot for Upstream Swimming in Blood Vessel
Authors: Yang Liu , Zhang Tieshan , Tan Rong , Yang Xiong , Guo Dong , Feng Yu , Ren Hao , Tang Yifeng , Shang Wanfeng , Shen Yajing 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUntethered small robots with multiple functions show considerable potential as next‐generation catheter‐free systems for biomedical applications. However, owing to dynamic blood flow, even effective upstream swimming in blood vessels remains a challenge for the robot, let alone performing medical tasks. This paper presents an untethered millirobot with a streamlined shape that integrates the engine, delivery, and biopsy modules. Based on the proposed spiral‐rolling strategy, this robot can move upstream at a record‐breaking speed of ≈14 mm s−1 against a blood phantom flow of 136 mm s−1. Moreover, benefiting from the bioinspired self‐sealing orifice and easy‐open auto‐closed biopsy needle sheath, this robot facilitates several biomedical tasks in blood vessels, such as in vivo drug delivery, tissue and liquid biopsy, and cell transportation in rabbit arteries. This study will benefit the development of wireless millirobots for controllable, minimally invasive, highly integrated, and multifunctional endovascular interventions and will inspire new designs of miniature devices for biomedical applications.
Single Molecular Layer of Chitin Sub‐Nanometric Nanoribbons: One‐Pot Self‐Exfoliation and Crystalline Assembly into Robust, Sustainable, and Moldable Structural Materials
Authors: Ding Yugao , Chen Xizhi , Zhou Youshuang , Ren Xiaoming , Zhang Weihua , Li Mingjie , Zhang Qunchao , Jiang Tao , Ding Beibei , Shi Dean , You Jun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSub‐nanometric materials (SNMs) represent a series of unprecedented size‐/morphology‐related properties applicable in theoretical research and diverse cutting‐edge applications. However, in‐depth investigation and wide utilization of organic SNMs are frequently hindered, owing to the complex synthesis procedures, insufficient colloidal stability, poor processability, and high cost. In this work, a low‐cost, energy‐efficient, convenient, effective, and scalable method is demonstrated for directly exfoliating chitin SNMs from their natural sources through a one‐pot “tandem molecular intercalation” process. The resultant solution‐like sample, which exhibits ribbon‐like feature and contains more than 85% of the single molecular layer (thickness <0.6 nm), is capable of being solution‐processed to different types of materials. Thanks to the sub‐nanometric size and rich surface functional groups, chitin SNMs reveal versatile intriguing properties that rarely observe in their nano‐counterparts (nanofibrils), e.g., crystallization‐like assembly in the colloidal state and alcoplasticity/self‐adhesiveness in the bulk aggregate state. The finding in this work not only opens a new avenue for the high value‐added utilization of chitin, but also provides a new platform for both the theoretical study and practical applications of organic SNMs.
Flexible Pseudocapacitive Iontronic Tactile Sensor Based on Microsphere‐Decorated Electrode and Microporous Polymer Electrolyte for Ultrasensitive Pressure Detection
Authors: Wang Peng , Li Guoxian , Yu Wei , Meng Chuizhou , Guo Shijie 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWearable sensor as the initial terminal is in great requirement for people pursuing healthy life. High‐performance tactile sensors are the guarantee of accurate pressure information acquisition. Herein, a flexible iontronic tactile sensor is developed by utilizing a highly conductive poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) thin film decorated with polymethyl methacrylate microspheres as pseudocapacitive electrode and a porous polyurethane foam composited with Na+/Cl−ion‐enriched polyvinyl alcohol gel as polymer electrolyte through a facile method of solution‐casting followed by freeze‐drying. By taking advantages of both high pseudocapacitance and rationally designed microstructures, the developed tactile sensor shows an ultrahigh sensitivity (≈162.90 kPa−1), a broad detection range (≈160 kPa), a low detection limit (≈30 Pa), a fast response time (≈25 ms), and excellent repeatability and durability. Thanks to the ultrahigh sensitivity, the sensor is capable of detecting subtle pressures caused by dynamic micromotions such as touching a sandpaper surface, dropping water droplets, and adding water into a beaker. Application of a smart glove mounted with such sensor unit and array for a fast and accurate Braille recognition is also demonstrated. The proposed facile and efficient strategy of fabricating flexible ultrasensitive tactile sensors will be favorable to various wearable subtle pressure sensing applications.
Sex and race visual representation in emergency medicine textbooks and the hidden curriculum
Authors: Kalantari Annahieta , Alvarez Al'ai , Battaglioli Nicole , Chung Arlene , Cooney Robert , Boehmer Susan J. , Nwabueze Albert , Gottlieb Michael 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntroductionIn addition to formal training, informal training often occurs through a hidden curriculum. As the hidden curriculum shapes the knowledge and values held by learners, we must consider its role in implicit bias. One example is through the selection of images used in formal instruction. This study aimed to examine the representation of sex and race among images in two textbooks in emergency medicine (EM).MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional study of the sex and race representation of figures in Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice 9th Edition and Tintinalli's Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide 9th Edition. Two reviewers screened all images for inclusion, with disagreements resolved by a third reviewer. Images were excluded if they did not include visualized skin. Two reviewers independently reviewed each image and assessed the sex, race, and roles in the image. A third reviewer resolved any disagreements.ResultsA total of 959 images (Rosen's n = 377; Tintinalli's n = 582) met inclusion criteria. Race was estimated in 877 cases (91.3%). Of those, White individuals comprised 77.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 75.0%–80.2%). Sex was estimated in 362 cases (37.7%). Of those images, males comprised 70.2% (95% CI 65.4%–74.9%), and females comprised 29.8% (95% CI 25.1%–34.6%).ConclusionThere is a male sex and White race predominance in visual representation among two EM textbooks. We propose a call to action for the mindful selection of images in formal education to represent diversity, equity, and inclusion and close the gap between the formal and hidden curriculum.
Characteristic physical traits of first‐grade children in the United States with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) and associated alcohol and drug exposures
Authors: May Philip A. , Hasken Julie M. , Manning Melanie A. , Robinson Luther K. , Abdul‐Rahman Omar , Adam Margaret P. , Jewett Tamison , Elliott Amy J. , Kalberg Wendy O. , Buckley David , Hoyme H. Eugene 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe compared growth, physical features, and minor anomalies in 131 first‐grade children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) to those of a representative comparison group of typically developing children from the same populations (n = 1212). The data were collected from three regional sites in the NIAAA‐funded Collaboration on FASD Prevalence (CoFASP). Dysmorphology examinations were performed by a team of expert clinical geneticists, and FASD diagnoses were assigned according to the Revised Institute of Medicine Guidelines, which include assessments of growth, dysmorphology, neurobehavior, and maternal risk interviews. We present detailed data on 32 physical traits, minor anomalies, and a summary dysmorphology score for children within each of the four diagnostic categories in the continuum of FASD. There were few differences in the frequency of FASD diagnoses by race or Hispanic ethnicity. Children with FASD were born to mothers who reported using alcohol, tobacco (28.3%), and other drugs (14.2%) during pregnancy. Controlling for tobacco and other drug use, risk analysis indicated that women with a drinking pattern of 3 drinks per drinking day prior to pregnancy were 10 times more likely (p < 0.001, OR = 9.92, 95% CI: 4.6–21.5) to bear a child with FASD than those who reported abstinence prior to pregnancy.
Synergistic Generation and Accumulation of Triplet Excitons for Efficient Ultralong Organic Phosphorescence
Authors: Chen Junru , Chen Xiaojie , Cao Lei , Deng Huangjun , Chi Zhenguo , Liu Bin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe traditional method to achieve ultralong organic phosphorescence (UOP) is to hybrid nπ* and ππ* configurations in appropriate proportion, which are contradictory to each other for improving efficiency and lifetime of phosphorescence. In this work, through replacing the electron‐donating aromatic group with a methoxy group and combining intramolecular halogen bond to promote intersystem crossing and suppress non‐radiative transition, an efficient UOP molecule (2Br‐OSPh) has been synthesized with the longest lifetime and brightest UOP among its isomers. As compared to CzS2Br, which has a similar substituted position of bromine atom and a larger kisc (the rate of intersystem crossing), the smaller ΔETT* (the energy gap between monomeric phosphorescence and aggregated state phosphorescence) in 2Br‐OSPh could accelerate the transition from T1 to T1*. This research indicates that both generation and accumulation of triplet excitons play an important role in realizing efficient UOP materials.
Enzymaktivierte, chemilumineszente Siderophor‐Dioxetan‐Sonden ermöglichen den selektiven und hochempfindlichen Nachweis von bakteriellen Krankheitserregern
Authors: Peukert Carsten , Popat Gholap Sachin , Green Ori , Pinkert Lukas , van den Heuvel Joop , van Ham Marco , Shabat Doron , Brönstrup Mark 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDer empfindliche Nachweis von bakteriellen Infektionen ist eine Voraussetzung für deren erfolgreiche Behandlung. Die Verwendung von chemilumineszenten Sonden wurde bisher durch deren unzureichende Anreicherung in den Erregern erschwert. Wir koppelten Siderophoreinheiten, welche über das bakterielle Eisentransportsystem in Pathogenen angereichert werden, mit enzymatisch aktivierbaren Dioxetanen und erhielten sieben trifunktionale Sonden, die hohe Signal‐zu‐Hintergrund‐Verhältnisse (S/H=426‐859) aufwiesen. Die Eisentransportfähigkeit der Sonden wurde durch Experimente zur Wiederherstellung des Wachstums in Siderophor‐defizienten Mutanten gezeigt. Desferrioxamin‐Konjugate markierten alle Erreger des ESKAPE‐Panels mit einem hellen Chemilumineszenzsignal, während die Signale von Catechol‐Konjugaten aufgrund von Selbstquenchingeffekten generell schwächer ausfielen. Die Sonden konnten Bakterien in infizierten Lungenepithelzellen nachweisen. Die beste Sonde 8 wies 9.1×103 KBE mL−1 von S. aureus und 5.0×104 KBE mL−1 von P. aeruginosa nach, während die strukturell ähnliche Fluoreszenzsonde 10 205–305fach weniger empfindlich war. Die Daten qualifizieren Siderophor‐Dioxetan‐Sonden für den selektiven und empfindlichen Nachweis von Bakterien.
Highly Chemoselective Transamidation of Unactivated Tertiary Amides by Electrophilic N−C(O) Activation by Amide‐to‐Acyl Iodide Re‐routing
Authors: Zuo Dongxu , Wang Qun , Liu Long , Huang Tianzeng , Szostak Michal , Chen Tieqiao 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe challenging transamidation of unactivated tertiary amides has been accomplished via cooperative acid/iodide catalysis. Most crucially, the method provides a novel manifold to re‐route the reactivity of unactivated N,N‐dialkyl amides through reactive acyl iodide intermediates, thus reverting the classical order of reactivity of carboxylic acid derivatives. This method provides a direct route to amide‐to‐amide bond interconversion with excellent chemoselectivity using equivalent amounts of amines. The combination of acid and iodide has been identified as the essential factor to activate the amide C−N bond through electrophilic catalytic activation, enabling the production of new desired transamidated products with wide substrate scope of both unactivated amides and amines, including late‐stage functionalization of complex APIs (>80 examples). We anticipate that this powerful activation mode of unactivated amide bonds will find broad‐ranging applications in chemical synthesis.
Pelvic fin musculature in skates: Morphological variation, phylogeny, and locomotor implications (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea: Rajiformes)
Authors: Soares Karla D. A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSkates of the order Rajiformes are known to perform benthic locomotion by using their specialized bilobed pelvic fins and thus walking or punting on the substrate. Several studies have investigated the pelvic fin and girdle skeleton but little is known about the muscles responsible for walking performance. The goals of this study, therefore, are to investigate, describe, and illustrate the morphological variation in pelvic musculature among skate species and to discuss the phylogenetic and locomotor implications of the conditions observed. Specimens belonging to 19 of the 36 skate genera currently valid for the order Rajiformes were manually dissected and specimens of Narcine, Tetronarce, and Zapteryx were also examined as comparative material. The pelvic musculature varies among skates, mainly regarding the extension of ventral and dorsal muscles related to the anterior lobe of pelvic fin. All rafijorms examined and the torpediniforms Narcine and Tetronarce possess a complex pelvic musculature associated to the anterior pelvic lobe, which is herein suggested as a synapomorphy of Batoidea with independent losses in guitarfishes and stingrays. Nevertheless, the examination of additional taxa is required to better understand the evolution of pelvic musculature within batoids. The morphological variation observed could indicate different walking abilities as discussed herein but further studies on the locomotion behavior in skates are needed to confirm these assumptions.
Sensitivity study on storm modulation through a strategic use of consumer air conditioners
Authors: Hiruma Daisuke , Onishi Ryo , Takahashi Keiko , Fukagata Koji 
Published: March 2022

AbstractStorm trainings, consisting of quasi‐stationary band‐shaped precipitation systems, bring persistent local heavy rains, often causing devastating floods and landslides. Here, we show that a strategic use of consumer air conditioners can modulate a storm downstream. We numerically reproduced a storm training that damaged the Hiroshima metropolis in Japan in 2014, and conducted experiments to test the sensitivity of the storm to the initial moisture field near the surface. We propose an empirically‐derived formula for a control efficiency parameter, which can be used to estimate the impact of moisture removal on the rainfall accumulation. That formula can be different for different storms and used to assess the feasibility of modulating the target storm. It reveals that removal of half a kiloton of moisture, which could be achieved within half an hour in a city with a population of 1 million since more than one air conditioner is installed per capita in Japan, could lead to a significant reduction of the total rainfall accumulation over a 100‐km2 area of heavy rain during the Hiroshima storm event. We anticipate our results, which reveal that human activity can have a significant impact on storms, will be a starting point for considering the coupling of weather and the economy, and will contribute to the development of a sustainable society.
New developments in premise plumbing: Integrative hydraulic and water quality modeling
Authors: Palmegiani Maria A. , Whelton Andrew J. , Mitchell Jade , Nejadhashemi Pouyan , Lee Juneseok 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSignificant seasonal changes in chemical and microbiological water quality can occur in buildings at different fixture locations due to temperature and time dependent reaction rates. Here, a series of calibrated plumbing hydraulic‐water quality models were developed for the extensively monitored Retrofitted Net‐zero Energy, Water & Waste (ReNEWW) house in West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. The eight new models predict the absolute level of free chlorine, total trihalomethanes, copper, iron, lead, NO3− (nitrate‐nitrogen), heterotrophic plate count (HPC), and Legionella spp. concentration at each fixture for plumbing use, operational characteristics, and design layouts of the plumbing system. Model development revealed that the carrying capacity to describe Legionella spp. growth (and other organisms) under water usage and plumbing design conditions is lacking in the literature. Reducing simulated building water use by 25% prompted increased absolute concentrations of HPC and Legionella spp., each increasing by a factor of about 105. When the simulated service line length was increased, Legionella spp. concentrations increased by up to 106 gene copies /L in the Summer season. The proposed modeling framework can be used to support better planning, design, analysis, and operational decision‐making.
Muss denn immer alles neu sein? Teilerneuerung der Brücke Viersener Straße in Mönchengladbach
Authors: Sprinke Peter , Giesing Laura , Lambracht Christian 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDie im Jahre 1968 erbaute Brücke Viersener Straße liegt im innerstädtischen Bereich von Mönchengladbach und überführt die B 57 (Hermann‐Piecq‐Anlage). Aufgrund von Tragfähigkeitsdefiziten des Spannbetonüberbaus mit einhergehenden verkehrlichen Einschränkungen der Viersener Straße war eine Erneuerung des Überbaus unabdingbar. Neben den gängigen Varianten von einer Ertüchtigung der Brückenkonstruktion bis hin zur Kompletterneuerung wurden hier zudem neue Wege begangen und auch eine Teilerneuerung – Ersatzüberbau mit Weiternutzung der Unterbauten – untersucht. Der neue Überbau, auf alten Unterbauten, sichert heute den innerstädtischen Verkehrsfluss.