bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classical Stochastic Thermodynamics
Authors: Strasberg Philipp 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
After an introduction to the phenomenological theory of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, this theory is derived and extended forsmall systems described by a classical Markov process obeying local detailed balance. Thermodynamic definitions for internal energy, heat, work, entropy and entropy production are provided along a single stochastic trajectory. It is shown that the fluctuations in work and entropy production satisfy universal constraints, known as fluctuation theorems. By providing an independent derivation of them starting from microscopically reversible Hamiltonian dynamics in the full system-bath phase space, it is demonstrated that fluctuation theorems also hold in the non-Markovian regime. The theoretical framework established here is called (classical) stochastic thermodynamics. It has found widespread applications in biology and biochemistry, soft condensed matter physics as well as various artificial nanostructures down to the quantum regime. The chapter finishes with a discussion of the particularly relevant setting of single-molecule pulling experiments.
Quantum Thermodynamics Without Measurements
Authors: Strasberg Philipp 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We derive the basic laws of phenomenological non-equilibrium thermodynamics for small open systems, whose quantum nature can no longer be neglected. Emphasis is put from the beginning on deriving them from an underlying microscopic system on deriving them from an underlying microscopic system–bath picture. Commonly considered approximation schemes (wea k coupling master equations) are reviewed and their thermodynamics is studied. The zeroth law is discussed for small systems and exact identities for the entropy production, valid at strong coupling and in the non non-Markovian regime, are introduced. We discu ss the effect of finite baths even out of equilibrium and use the framework of repeated interactions to study microscopic non-equilibrium resources. The chapter concludes with the study of particle transport and thermoelectric devices, which were realized in experiments. This chapter focuses entirely on the dynamics of a system coupled to a bath without any external interventions.
Quantum Fluctuation Theorems
Authors: Strasberg Philipp 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We introduce a theoretical technique known as the two-point measurement scheme, which allows us to derive a variety of quantum fluctuation theorems with the same form as in classical stochastic thermodynamics. Alternatively, we show how to study fluctuations based on a quantum master equation approach combined with counting field or quantum jump trajectory methods. Although quantum fluctuation theorems have the same form as classical fluctuation theorems, they are more limited in their scope and practical applicability. Nevertheless, we study one important theoretical consequence of them, known as the thermodynamic uncertainty relation. This relation is used to discuss the impossibility of Carnot efficiency at finite power. The latter point also naturally connects to the third law of thermodynamics.
Operational Quantum Stochastic Thermodynamics
Authors: Strasberg Philipp 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Previouschapters built on the assumption that central thermodynamic quantities can be defined without disturbing the dynamics of the system. This assumption cannot be kepted in light of real experiments, where quantum measurements are disturbing. This chapter starts by discussing why it is necessary to overcome the semiclassical two-point measurement scheme. Then, consistent notions of internal energy, heat, work and system entropy are defined for a (Markovian and non-Markovian) quantum stochastic process, whichonly relies on interventions performed on the system. The thermodynamic description of quantum measurements, feedback control and Maxwell’s demon is studied in detail. The chapter concludes with applying these ‘operational’ definitions to a Nobel-prize-winning experiment in quantum optics.
Integration
Authors: Sedaghat Hassan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Riemann integral is defined via interval partitions, Riemann and Darboux sums, and limits. The properties of this integral (linearity, decomposition, etc) are established and the fundamental theorem of calculus (both forms) is stated and proved. The improper Riemann integrals for both unbounded functions and unbounded intervals are studied. The natural logarithm function is defined via the integral of the reciprocal function 1/x and its properties are established. The exponential function is then defined as the inverse of the logarithm and its properties are derived.
Infinite Sequences and Series of Functions
Authors: Sedaghat Hassan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sequences of functions and their convergence in both the pointwise and uniform sense are studied. Convergence for series of functions is defined via the sequence of partial sums and continuity, differentiation and integration of such series are discussed. The results are applied and extended in the case of power series. Taylor series and polynomial are studied in detail, including remainder terms and approximation. The chapter ends with Weierstrass’ approximation theorem.
The Law and the Good
Authors: Timmermann Jens 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The third chapter discusses a challenge first raised by an early reviewer of the Groundwork, Hermann Andreas Pistorius. Pistorius argues that Kant is wrong to assert that the moral law is prior to the good—the law must, rather, be derived from a notion of goodness. Kant’s response can be found in the Critique of Practical Reason, where he provides a reductio of Pistorius’ position. He admits that his own position may seem paradoxical; but Pistorius’ prioritization of value is untenable, he argues, because it cannot justify action conclusively. The distinction between the good and the pleasant plays an important role in this.
The Emergence of Practical Reason
Authors: Timmermann Jens 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The fifth chapter provides a genetic account of the emergence of practical reason, beginning with the stirrings of inclination and ending with fully-fledged moral agency. The devolution of practical authority from sensibility to reason is compared with Kant’s reconstruction of the French Revolution, which (he argues) took place when Louis XVI. devolved power to the Estates. Neither reason nor the Estates are content with playing a subservient role (to sensibility or the King). They seize power and assert their sovereignty. The necessities of moral duty and the human desire for happiness are shown to be different in kind; and it is argued that deliberation should be construed not as a state of detached reflection but rather as a process that concerns a will that is already active.
Incentives, Maxims, and Freedom
Authors: Timmermann Jens 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The sixth chapter re-examines the ‘incorporation thesis’ Kant formulates in his 1793 Religion and rejects popular intellectualist readings of this thesis, according to which agents act on incentives they regard as sufficient reasons to act. In the moral sphere, agents can choose to do what they do not take to be rationally justified. The ‘incorporation’ of an incentive amounts to an act of will that cannot be fully explained. Different readings of the ‘incorporation thesis’ are shown to depend on different conceptions of Kant’s distinction between the will (Wille) and the faculty of choice (Willkür), which is shown to be in place from at least the early 1780s.
Outsourcing Rulemaking Powers
Authors: Jenart Cedric 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Within democratic states, parliaments have always been regarded as playing a pivotal role in the creation of rules and are taken to represent the opinions and interests of society, which they serve through the legislative process. In an increasingly globalized world, nation-states are confronted with issues that require international cooperation, expert knowledge, and flexibility to resolve and parliaments are increasingly settling for a managerial position. They have also begun to outsource their rulemaking powers.
International Framework
Authors: Jenart Cedric 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter verifies how an international law framework, consisting of four comprehensive human rights treaties (IACHR, ICCPR, ECHR, and EUCFR), influences the national constitutional framework of the signatory states on the topic of outsourcing rulemaking powers. It attempts to provide insights from an overarching perspective with respect to two questions that are aligned with the two research hypotheses. (1) Did the Contracting States subject to these human rights treaties incorporate a right to democratic representation which would limit the possibility of outsourcing their rulemaking powers on a national level? (2) Does the international legality principle in these treaties put an obligation on all rulemakers to draft their rules in conformity with certain guarantees? The chapter explains that the domestic obligations that derive from these four treaties have not yet led to a clear-cut prohibition of outsourcing rulemaking powers; however, angles and arguments are provided suggesting how this situation could change. Nevertheless, this international chapter shows the necessity to address both research hypotheses from a comparative, national approach.
Comparative Outsourcing Limits by Constitutional Principles
Authors: Jenart Cedric 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter elucidates how, in the absence of clear constitutional provisions, courts have limited the possibility to outsource rulemaking powers based on constitutional principles. Primarily, these are the legality principle (general and specific), the separation of powers (institutional and functional), and a residuary democracy principle. The legality principle is a first substantive limit to the outsourcing of rulemaking powers because the core of the competences that are reserved for the Legislature may not be transferred to any other institution or actor. The separation of powers is a second constitutional principle influencing the outsourcing of rulemaking powers. If autonomous public, private, or hybrid actors receive rulemaking powers, this may disturb the institutional balance between the Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary. Moreover, if they receive rulemaking powers combined with other functions, such as an investigatory or adjudicative function, this could jeopardize the functional separation of powers. Third, this chapter tests the first research hypothesis concerning the limits of outsourcing, by distilling an overarching and comparative test from the democracy principle that generally limits the transfer of rulemaking powers. At the very least, any discretionary powers should be reined in by outsourcing in a precise manner, for technical or accessory matters, and with a continuous degree of political control.
Biological Escapes
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss the mechanicsm by which biological systems manage to (temporarily) escape thermal death via of a continuous exchange of mass, energy and above all, entropy, with the surrounding environment. This exchange keeps them in a state of non-equilibrium which temporarily eludes the second principle and the ensuing thermal death: Life on borrowed time from the second principle. This is an escape route from thermal death that Iliya Prigogine called “The New Alliance” between humankind and nature.
Free-Energy Funnels
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Where we describe the structure of the free energy landscape that guides the search of the right locations of Hyperland where “things work” (the Ozland valleys). This comes through a subtle conspiracy between Order and Disorder, which shapes up funnel-like valleys where free-energy is minimised while still keeping enough order for organised structures to survive and deliver their vital functions. Where it also discussed the “miracle” by which these valleys are reached on time (they are either reached on time or invain).
Soft Matter, the Stuff that Dreams are Made of
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Where we discuss soft matter, the state of matter most relevant to biological systems. Even though soft materials, such as foams, emulsions (mayonnaise) and gels, result from a blend of the three basic states, liquid, gas and solid, they behave like none of the three. We discuss the molecular underpinning of this behaviour and show how its complexity stems from a chicken-egg coupling between chemistry, mechanics, electrostatics and geometry. Nothing fundamental from the perspective of theoretical physics, no Higgs bosons, no black holes, and still a lot “unfundamental” complexity absolutely crucial to biological life as we know it.
Procedural Memory
Authors: Janacsek Karolina , Nemeth Dezso 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, we review findings on interactive (in particular, competitive) learning/memory functions based on cognitive, developmental, and computational neuroscience research. Research suggests that a competition takes place between the neural circuits involving the basal ganglia vs. medial temporal lobe regions in procedural memory, and prefrontal cortical regions arbitrate between the two circuits. On the computational level, both model-free and model-based processes may be involved in procedural memory. These processes and the underlying neural circuits seem to compete for the control of behavior in any task or situation. There are marked changes in how these circuits are engaged from childhood to adulthood, leading to distinct behavioral and computational patterns across development. We believe that taking into account these interactions from a developmental perspective, using a process-oriented approach can stimulate future research to deepen our understanding not only of procedural memory but of cognition in general as well.
Cognitive Neuroscience of Implicit Learning
Authors: Catherine Han Y. , Schmidt Kevin D. , Grandoit Evan , Shu Peigen , McRobert Caelie P. , Reber Paul J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Our research framework conceptualizes implicit learning as the result of neuroplasticity mechanisms that are intrinsic and universal to all cognitive processing. This approach derives from a rationality assumption that neural systems subtly reorganize during processing in anticipation of more effective and/or efficient activity during future cognitive demands. Research across a range of areas including perceptual, motor, sequence, and statistical learning are reviewed to illustrate the utility of this framework. In more cognitively complex learning domains, acquiring expertise depends on a combination of knowledge acquired across multiple types of memory. The multisystem PINNACLE model is presented that embeds a conjecture of how embedded neural changes interact with consciously represented information and highlights significant gaps in our understanding of memory system interactions. This model aims to push memory systems research beyond dissociations to build toward a broader understanding of how all types of memory together support the complexity of human cognition.
Implicit Cognition in the Face of Neurological Disorders
Authors: Litman Leib , Jaffe Shalom Noach 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The evolutionary model of implicit and explicit cognition predicts that implicit cognitive functions should be more robust in the face of trauma than their explicit counterparts. In the last several decades, research has documented the resilience of the implicit system in the face of a host of neurological disorders. Here we review the literature discussing the robustness of implicit cognition across several perceptual and cognitive conditions, including amnesia, Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, developmental disorders, traumatic brain injury, and blindsight. We review the experimental paradigms that have been used to study the implicit system for each of these disorders, and suggest methodological explanations for occasionally contradictory results. Additionally, we note the implications that this program of research has on studying related issues such as the underlying neurology of implicit cognition. We conclude with limitations of the prior literature and suggest directions for future study of the robustness of implicit systems.
IQ, Adaptive Intelligence, and Unconscious Processes
Authors: Allen Rhianon 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter distinguishes between intelligence as assessed by traditional IQ tests and intelligence as defined as successful adaptation. A. S. Reber’s evolutionary argument predicts that unconscious cognitive processes should be more closely linked to general adaptation than to IQ scores, since the latter reflect primarily more recently evolved explicit cognitive functions. The evidence supporting this assertion is examined by reviewing empirical research in the domains of perception, memory, learning of associations and transitional probabilities, application of previous learning, and decision-making. Some everyday examples of unconscious adaptive functioning are used to fill in gaps left by research. The chapter concludes with the contention that data largely support Reber’s argument, but that much work still needs to be done in this relatively unexplored topic.
Human Unconscious Processes In Situ
Authors: Bargh John A. , Hassin Ran R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The literature on unconscious influences on behavior uses two quite different definitions of “unconscious.” One is based on subliminality of the stimulus. The other, a sense associated with George Washington, is based on unawareness of the influences and consequences of a stimulus event. While the former has its origins in Freudian theory, the latter is more applicable to human behavior in natural contexts, and hence more relevant to the wider cognitive community. Under this Washingtonian definition, data strongly suggests that unconscious influences on everyday life are pervasive and come from many different sources. Research evidence supports two main types: analyses of the current situation that influence how we feel and choose and that generate behavioral impulses, and the operation of important goals outside of awareness, which direct attention, alter preferences, and guide action. The chapter notes further that conscious thoughts and feelings themselves logically must originate in unconscious processes.
The Cognitive Unconscious and Dual Process Theories of Reasoning
Authors: De Neys Wim 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Reasoning researchers have long proposed dual process models to account for biases in human thinking. These models envisage reasoning as an interplay between fast, intuitive (“System 1”) and slow, deliberate (“System 2”) thought processes. This work helped to put the spotlight on the role of unconscious or intuitive processes in reasoning. However, whereas research on the cognitive unconsciousness in other fields has often highlighted the potential of unconscious cognition, dual process research on thinking has traditionally stressed its limitations. This chapter illustrates how recent advances in dual process theorizing are starting to correct this traditional view and calls for an upgraded role of intuitive “System 1” reasoning.
Implicit Learning in Primates
Authors: Wilson Benjamin , Jenkins Holly E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Implicit learning involves automatically and unconsciously extracting the underlying structure of the environment around us, as in recognizing that some events might predict others or frequently co-occur. It can be observed across a wide range of domains from musical processing to visual search, sensorimotor learning, and language acquisition. Importantly, it is a domain-general process that preceded the evolution of explicit learning systems and is not unique to humans. In this chapter we examine the data from studies of nonhuman animals looking at the extent to which we might see similarities or differences across species. We discuss how methods originally designed to assess implicit learning in adults were later adapted to investigate related processes in infants, and how it led to research with nonhuman primates. These studies provide fascinating insights about those aspects of implicit learning that appear to be broadly shared across the primate taxa.
Belief and the Cognitive Unconscious
Authors: Alcock James E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Beliefs influence perceptions, emotional reactions, and behaviors. Much intellectual activity is devoted to their acquisition and to protecting them from corruptive influences. Beliefs also influence the encoding and recall of experience, resulting in memories that tend toward consistency with what is already believed to be true. They have been an important focus of study despite difficulties in providing a precise and meaningful definition of the construct. Some have added to the problem by suggesting that beliefs also exist in the cognitive unconscious, and that such “implicit” beliefs have unrecognized but significant impacts on emotion and behavior. This notion is examined and rejected in this chapter. While implicit biases and conditioned emotional responses certainly exist, they do not constitute belief, which is a truth-testable proposition involving both content and a subjective probability estimate of its truth. An implicit belief therefore violates the normal sense of what it means to believe.
Introduction
Authors: Barba Lloyd Daniel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Introduction lays the groundwork of identifying what is considered “profane,” what is considered “sacred,” and what falls in between in this book. It conceptualizes the exploitation and racialization of Mexican farmworkers as “profane” phenomena and the religious world that they made as “sacred.” First, it begins with a brief note on Pentecostal nomenclature to help the reader identify exactly which group is discussed in the book. The Introduction is then divided into two larger parts: (1) cultural history and theory, and (2) religious history and theory. This is followed by a brief note on the book’s argument, methodology, and organization.
Sacred Routes
Authors: Barba Lloyd Daniel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how various actors in the early years of the Apostolic Assembly of the Faith in Christ Jesus (AAFCJ) sought to make sense of the status of AAFCJ founders as displaced farmworkers. The commemorative volumes and writings examined in this chapter do not portray them to be mere passive workers tossed to and fro by the macro-forces of labor migration. Rather, they are portrayed as farmworkers who worked miracles as they founded and mapped out new churches. The main volume under study is a 1966 semi-centennial volume published by the AAFCJ. This 1966 commemorative volume along with autobiographies and other brief personal accounts made clear to me that stories written about the founders constructed a sacralized past of the profane agricultural environments they inhabited. This chapter uses the idea of “scripturalized narratives” to unpack these histories.
Sacred Talents
Authors: Barba Lloyd Daniel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the ways in which sacred space making continued to play out inside of the houses of worship discussed in the previous chapters. This chapter shows how women were the primary contributors to Mexican Pentecostal material culture. Specifically, they contributed through (1) the financing to build and sustain temples, (2) the making of handmade goods for the decoration of the temples, and (3) the making of banners for the different social auxiliaries in a congregation and the celebration of temple dedications. While men largely dominated ministerial roles of preaching and teaching, it was women who ultimately were the producers of the denomination’s material history and culture. This chapter elucidates how the study of material culture lends itself to a greater understanding of the extensive work of women.