bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainable Recovery: Regained Optimism
Authors: Ben-Naceur Kamel 
Published: April 2022

Upstream investment is the main driver for employment in our industry, and forecasts of company spending are eagerly expected by the service sector. I commented in my January column on the initial activity estimates made by West (Evercore). The forecasts have now been firmed up and the increases range between 15 and 17% in 2022 compared to 2021, with growth in all geographical regions. Evercore even projects that 2022 will be the beginning of a multiyear positive cycle for the industry, following 2021 which was a “renaissance of sorts” for the E&P sector. The US Energy Information Administration (EIA) Short Term Energy Outlook for February 2022 forecasts that US oil production will rise to 12.0 and 12.6 million B/D in 2022 and 2023, respectively. The latter would be the highest level ever reached, exceeding the previous record in 2019 by 0.3 million B/D.
In their fourth-quarter announcements, the leaders of major service companies made the most optimistic comments for the past several years. Halliburton’s CEO Jeff Miller stated that “simultaneous” growth will occur in both the North American and international markets with a “momentum that I have not seen in a long time.” For Schlumberger’s CEO Olivier Le Peuch, “a strong multiyear upcycle” is underway as capital spending commitments are set to increase by 20% in North America and in the “low to mid-teens” across the broader international market.
Such notes from the service sector are welcome news for SPE, as its financial sustainability depends on the engagement of the industry through trade shows, exhibitions, and meetings.
Fiscal year 2022 (which ends on 31 March 2022) was the most challenging one in SPE’s history, as we chose not to diminish the level of service to our members and continued to provide virtual and hybrid information channels. SPE’s account balance was positively impacted by the outstanding performance of its reserve funds in financial markets and the support from the US government through instruments such as the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP). These allowed a considerable reduction in loss to an estimated $3 million.
For fiscal year 2023 (ending 31 March 2023), the SPE Finance Committee has retained a cautious outlook, with significant uncertainties resulting from the pandemic situation. Early signals coming from the success of the recent hydraulic fracturing technology conferences and exhibitions in Oman and the US are positive. The financial strategy will be adapted in the coming months based on the results of key events such as IPTC, OTC Asia, and the Offshore Technology Conference in Houston.
History Matching of Petroleum Engineering Graduation Rates
Authors: Blasingame Tom , Ozkan Erdal , Kelkar Mohan , Miskimins Jennifer , Rassenfoss Stephen 
Published: April 2022

An email discussion among the four members focused on one of several charts created by Tom Blasingame, 2021 SPE president. A summary of their insights follows.
Tom Blasingame explained the chart, which led to further discussion. The “reference” trend shown (red) occurs over the period from 1970 to 2000, which peaked at 1,587 BS graduates around 1984. It is a Gaussian probability distribution fitted to the data provided by Lloyd Heinze, professor at Texas Tech University’s Bob L. Herd Department of Petroleum (solid black line), and data extracted from a 1991 paper by John C. Calhoun, who was then at Texas A&M University and previously served as the 1964 SPE president.
The reference trend is then shifted in time to the period from 2003 to 2033 (green).
The mean and standard deviation of the statistical trends are the same; only the midpoint in time and peak in BS graduates are adjusted for each period. We note an excellent match of the data in the period from 2003 to 2033.
Taking the reference trend back in time to the period from 1940 to 1970 (purple trend), we do not get a reasonable match of the data, with the exception of a slump from about 1951 to 1956.
It is difficult to explain this feature, other than to note that in this timeframe the US began to import significant quantities of oil.
Regardless, we note the statistical trend does capture the beginning and end of this distribution, and we recognize that there is no single peak in the data trend from 1940 to 1970.
If we follow the historical trends and the current increase in oil prices and consider the need for oil and gas in the foreseeable future, we predict that the downward trend may stabilize as it did before and level out at the range of 250 graduates a year, while the demand for graduates is much higher.
In this scenario, I consider the following positives and negatives.
- Negative publicity around fossil fuels and social/political pressure to shut down the oil industry will continue, pulling the graduates’ figures down.
- Current energy shortages and price spikes will remind the public that the end of oil and gas is not near, which will start to improve the image of petroleum engineering.
- Deepening global economic crises and rising inflation will reduce people’s buying power and move them from highly idealistic to mostly pragmatic decisions. That, combined with the unmatched salary prospect of petroleum engineers with only a 4-year undergraduate degree, will increase the interest in the PE degree.
- Considering that oil and gas will remain to be slightly over 50% of the energy mix, and that the energy demand will increase by 47% by 2050, we will need to produce roughly 45% more oil and gas than today. Even with the increased efficiency … we will need more petroleum engineers.
Study Reviews Downhole Wireless Technologies and Improvements
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: April 2022

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 207466, “A Review of Downhole Wireless Technologies and Improvements,” by Brett Bouldin, SPE, Wireless Instrumentation Systems, and Ahmed AlShmakhy, SPE, and Ahmed Khaled Bazuhair, SPE, ADNOC, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Downhole wireless communication through mud-pulse telemetry has enabled directional drilling for decades and has been highly successful. But on the production end of the industry, applications for downhole wireless communication have been less clear, especially where long distances and long-term monitoring are concerned. In the complete paper, a history and comparison of wireless telemetry methods is provided and potential improvements to existing systems are discussed.
Background
Downhole wireless gauges for production monitoring can be likened to permanent downhole gauges (PDGs). PDGs are the standard for production monitoring in the industry, but they have the drawback of increased capital expense and a system failure rate of approximately 10% after 10 years, depending on downhole and surface conditions. The failure rate of the gauges themselves is generally 2–3% at 5 years, so downhole umbilicals, connectors, and surface infrastructure problems generally comprise the remainder. Because PDG-system repair would involve a full well workover, failed PDGs tend to remain nonfunctional indefinitely or until a greater purpose for the workover is encountered. While the loss of monitoring information is regretted by production and reservoir engineers, it does not justify a well workover on its own. One solution is a retrofit wireless gauge run inside the production tubing.
Production Strategy Calls for Injection of High-Gas/Oil-Ratio HP/HT Crude
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: April 2022

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 203484, “The Innovative Production Enhancement Strategy of Using High-GOR Crude in HP/HT Reservoir To Lift Upper Reservoir Production, Case Study in Iraq,” by Xueqing Tang and Zhongliang Cheng, SPE, PetroChina, and Ruifeng Wang, SPE, CNPC, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Halfaya oilfield in Iraq contains multiple vertically stacked reservoirs. The main oil reservoirs are under primary development at the time of writing. The remaining deepest high-gas/oil-ratio (GOR), high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) carbonate reservoir, with an original pressure gradient of 0.867 psi/ft, has been drilled and tested but not yet developed. A production strategy has been proposed in which high-GOR crude can be injected into the upper oil reservoirs with partial pressure depletion as an energy-conservation measure in view of its high wellhead pressure and good productivity during drillstem tests (DST), thereby achieving production enhancement and synergy among reservoirs.

Introduction
The Halfaya field is a supergiant hydrocarbon accumulation in southeastern Iraq. Structurally, it is a gentle elongated anticline trending northwest/southeast. It is 20–22 miles long and 5.0–5.9 miles wide. It features nine vertically stacked reservoirs, including two sandstone reservoirs with high permeability and seven highly heterogeneous carbonate reservoirs (including Sadi B, Middle Cretaceous Mishrif, and Lower Cretaseous Yamama). The main reservoirs, Mishrif, Nahr Umr, and Upper Kirkuk, contain edge water and bottomwater support.
Early field production began in April 2005. So far, 313 wells have been producing and the field has successfully achieved 413,000 BOPD compared with the plateau production target of 400,000 BOPD, with a water cut of 8.7%, producing a GOR of 759 scf/STB.
Geomechanics Study: Key to Successful Development of Unconventional Resources
Authors: Omer Mohammed , AlKhalifa Ali Ahmed , Fragachan Francisco E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
With the rising energy demand, operators in Middle East are now focusing on developing Unconventional resources. To optimize hydraulic fracture stimulation, most of these deep gas wells are required to be drilled laterally and in the direction of the minimum horizontal stress. However, this poses an increased risk of stuck pipe due to hole instability and differential sticking, which makes drilling these wells challenging. Over the last couple of years one of the operators in Middle East had 1500 days of lost time due to stuck pipe which translates to around $100 million worth of red money. One of the stuck pipe mitigation strategy is to perform both Pre-Drill and Real Time Geomechanics analysis. This paper presents the results of 1D Mechanical Earth Models case studies across multiple formations and wells which helped the client in reduce NPT, providing a roadmap to optimized drilling of gas wells and understanding the formation risks for wellbore collapse before drilling.
The workflow used for building the 1D-Geomechanical model required for optimizing the drilling plan and optimizing the direction for enhancing gas production is demonstrated in this work. The 1D model integrates petrophysical logs, acoustic data, drilling history, frac data and pore pressure data for identification of the current stress state.
The resulting 1D-Geomechanical model gives a new understanding of the in-situ stresses along with optimized wellbore stability mud weight predictions for effectively reducing the risk of kicks, mud losses and the risk of borehole shear failures. Integrating Petrophysics data, offset well drilling data and pore pressure fracture gradient data helps in calculating the in-situ stress which is calibrated with drilling events giving a clear idea of the associated risks, the best direction to drill wells and identify stress field around the wellbore.
1D Geomechanics model is key to successfully drilling gas wells along minimum horizontal stress direction and along the weak bedding planes. Additionally, having a better understanding of the fracture gradient in the carbonate formations enables optimal reservoir development and production.
This paper will provide a unique workflow that combines well engineering, project management, fracture analysis and geomechanics modeling and cover multiple scenarios including reducing stuck pipe issues in unconventional wells, identifying weak bedding planes, real time monitoring of mud weight to mitigate wellbore stability issues and drilling in unconventional formations.
Defining Maximum Allowable ROP in Realtime Enhancing Drilling Performance Based on Cutting Recovery Technology in Highly Deviated Wells
Authors: Wasnik Atul Sheshrao , Al Shammari Abdullah , Shadad Nawaf Bader , Saleh Khaled , Martocchia Alberto , Shoeibi Ahmad 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Realtime Wellbore cleaning and stability Monitoring Service has been deployed in the field, where several side-track wells had been drilled due to stuck pipe and consequent lost in hole equipment. Traditional drilling practices were to drill highly deviated wells with inconsistent ROP without having sufficient information about the borehole condition and with the narrow pore pressure margin, which regularly resulted in sustained losses, even leading to differential sticking. In addition to these challenges, the well geometry made it necessary to constantly maintain sufficient ECD sensitive to borehole condition.
The service consists of Advance cutting flowmeter measuring cumulative bulk solids recovery while drilling, along with sophisticated software application compensating for drilling fluid coating the cutting. The real-time delta between actual and expected cutting volumes in surface is therefore a direct indicator of borehole cleaning efficiency and thus compared with various drilling and hydraulics parameters to provide timely operational recommendation, optimizing drilling performance and pre-empt potential causes of NPT/ILT.
The service is successfully determining the maximum allowable ROP in relation to cutting recovery, optimizing the number of drilling fluid pills, and supporting torque and drag analysis including cutting effects to give early indication of potential stuck pipe. This has reduced the on-bottom circulation cycles, reaming time and tripping intervals; thus allowing to drill longer deviated or horizontal sections avoiding tripping to clean the borehole.
As a result, operator was able to drill the wells optimally; saving 3.5 days of rig time, and about 50% of the pill volume for each well. The total cost saving for 5 wells, with the service deployed mostly in 6" production section was USD – 1.075 Million. The solution has then deployed across multiple rigs, drilling similar challenging wells.
Shale Compaction
Authors: Smith J. E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The compaction of· shales or other fine-grained compressible rocks is described by a mathematical model, and specific solutions are presented graphically. The model treats the upward and downward movements of the water and the solid matrix in very extensive, uniform, flat-lying units. It may readily be adapted to treat the compaction of sands. The principal elements of the model are: (1) continuity equations for the water and solid matrix; (2) Darcy's law; (3) an expression for the fluid potential; (4) an equation for the total vertical stress; (5) an empirical relationship between porosity and the difference between the total vertical stress and the fluid pressure; and (6) an empirical relationship between permeability and porosity. From these elements an expression is derived for the porosity within the unit in terms of the space and time coordinates and boundary conditions, for the approximation that the densities of the water and the solid matrix are constant. Numerical solutions for the fluid pressure, the total vertical stress, the porosity, the permeability, and the velocities of water and solid matrix were obtained as profiles through the unit at close time intervals, and representative results are displayed. The events followed are: (1) shale sedimentation; (2) a time lapse following shale sedimentation; (3) sedimentation of a normally pressured unit over the shale unit; and (4) a final time lapse with no sedimentation. Two boundary conditions for the base of the shale unit are considered: (1) the underlying unit is impermeable, and (2) the underlying unit is a normally pressured sand. In the latter case, water flows both upward and downward out of the compacting unit. The solutions show that pore water pressures much greater than normal are obtained and may persist for tens or hundreds of millions of years. It is also found that a shale unit rapidly buried beneath a thick normally pressured sand develops a zone near the sand-shale boundary of reduced porosity and permeability in which the pore water pressure gradient is very large.
Effects of mammalian sex hormones on regeneration capacity, retrotransposon polymorphism and genomic instability in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Turkoglu Aras 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Mammalian steroid hormones (MSH) are also inherently synthesized by several plant species. However, external application of steroid hormones further stimulates cell division, pollen germination, plant growth and development. There is little known about the effects of MSH on polymorphism and DNA damage in Triticum aestivum L under in vitro conditions. In this study, inter-primer binding site (iPBS) retrotransposon and coupled restriction enzyme digestion-iPBS (CRED-iPBS) markers were used for detection of the variation in responded embryogenic callus (REC) that were obtained from endosperm-supported mature embryo of wheat in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing different concentrations [0 (control), 10-4, 10-6 and 10-8 m mol L−1] of MSH (progesterone, 17β-estradiol, estrone and testosterone). Responded embryogenic callus (REC) and regenerable callus (RE) induction from mature embryos varied with MSH type and concentrations. The highest level of genomic template stability (GTS) value (80.52%) was obtained from 10-8 mM progesterone treatments and the lowest value (68.83%) from 10-4 mM 17 β-estradiol treatments. Epigenetic changes were more frequent and variable than the genetic changes. While DNA hypermethylation was observed at higher 17 β-estradiol concentrations, DNA hypomethylation was observed in progesterone treatments. It was concluded based on iPBS and CRED-iPBS findings that high MSH concentrations caused DNA changes and methylation.
ISNet: Costless and Implicit Image Segmentation for Deep Classifiers, with Application in COVID-19 Detection
Authors: Bassi Pedro , Cavalli Andrea 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This work proposes a novel deep neural network (DNN) architecture, Implicit Segmentation Neural Network (ISNet), to solve the task of image segmentation followed by classification. It substitutes the common pipeline of two DNNs with a single model. We designed the ISNet for high flexibility and performance: it allows virtually any classification neural network architecture to analyze a common image as if it had been previously segmented. Furthermore, in relation to the original classifier, the ISNet does not cause any increment in computational cost at run-time. We implement an ISNet based on a DenseNet121 classifier to solve the task of COVID-19 detection in chest X-rays. The ISNet precisely ignored the image regions outside of the lungs; it achieved 94.5 +/-4.1% mean accuracy with an external test database, surpassing the performances of state-of-the-art DNNs (U-Net segmenter followed by DenseNet121 and standalone DenseNet121) by 6 to 7.9%. ISNet presents an accurate, fast, and light methodology to perform classification preceded by segmentation.
Exploration of User Needs and Design Requirements of a Digital Stress Management Intervention for Software Engineers in Sri Lanka: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Weerasekara Manoja Kumari , Smedberg Åsa 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background: Stress and stress-related disorders have risen throughout the years and negatively impacted individual, organisational and societal levels. Digital stress management interventions are considered promising additions to the spectrum of programs companies use to support the mental wellbeing of their employees. However, a series of constraints are identified that hinder the potential benefits of such interventions. These constraints include lack of user engagement, lack of personalization, poor adherence, and high attrition. Thus, to increase the likelihood of success of implementing ICT supported stress management interventions it is essential to understand the user requirements. Methods: With the participation of 22 software employees in three focus groups in Sri Lanka, the current study further explores the user needs and design requirements of a digital stress management intervention. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the collected data. Results: The analysis of the focus groups’ discussions provided a deeper understanding of the user needs. Three major themes and twelve subthemes emerged. The main themes were 1. provision for self-help: individual space, 2. provision for social support: collaborative space and 3. general design considerations for achieving success. Overall, participants preferred to use web and mobile as their preferred platforms. Participants emphasized the importance of incorporating content that is familiar to them and keeping the intervention simple and user friendly. While appreciating the provision for individual activities female participants highlighted the importance of having the support of peers to manage their stressful situations. Conclusions: The findings of the study directed to the implementation of a few design considerations to govern the artefact design and development process. Such design considerations covered the aspects of modality and focus of the intervention, rendering personalised experience, provision for active and passive content generation, social connectedness, and gamification.
The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of head lice infestation among children attending schools and kindergartens: direct research in Poland.
Authors: Padzik Marcin , Hendiger Edyta. B. , Gromala-Milaniuk Anita , Kopeć Ewa , Olędzka Gabriela 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Human pediculosis is a parasitic disease caused by Pediculus humanus. The infection occurs mainly among children aged 5 to 13 years old. Due to the high prevalence of Pediculus humanus in the environment and the parasite's ability to transmit pathogenic bacteria, the disease needs monitoring. Each year, nearly 12 million patients suffer from head lice infestation. Current recommended treatment includes topical antiparasitic agents, oral therapy, and combing. The infestation causes potential social side effects such as embarrassment, discomfort, and necessary absenteeism from school or kindergartens. Various types of restrictions were used in Poland during the COVID-19 pandemic since 2020, including restrictions on interpersonal contacts, social isolation and functional restrictions on educational facilities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between COVID-19 pandemic and the prevalence of head lice among children attending schools and kindergartens in Poland. The study group consisted of children aged 3 to 14 years old attending elementary school and kindergartens. A total of 5008 children were examined in educational institutions by registered nurses in period of 35 months. The results indicated that the restrictions applied during the COVID-19 pandemic reduced significantly the number of infected school children comparing to the pre-pandemic state. At the same time, restrictions and functional limitations of educational facilities did not significantly affect the incidence of head lice among preschool children. It can be concluded that restrictions on direct human contacts also significantly reduced the incidence of human head lice infestation among the study population.