bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poly(acrylic acid) Enabling the Synthesis of Highly Uniform Silica Nanoparticles of sub‐100 nm
Authors: Hu Feng , Rasamani Kowsalya Devi , Abeyweera Sasitha C. , Zhang Dongtang , Sun Yugang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRobust synthesis of small colloidal silica (SiO2) nanoparticles with narrow size distributions (<5%) is challenging because the possible involvement of continuous nucleation and growth of SiO2 in the widely used Stöber process usually results in silica nanoparticles with large sizes and broad size distributions. Promoting heterogeneous nucleation and growth of silica is promising to tackle the challenges by in‐situ forming transient colloidal seeds that provide nucleation surfaces for silica condensate. In this work, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is introduced to the Stöber synthesis solutions, which are usually composed of ethanol (containing a trace amount of water), tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), and ammonia, to mediate the nucleation of TEOS hydrolysates and growth of SiO2 nanoparticles. PAA reacts with ammonia to form soft PAA‐NH3 complex colloids that serve as transient seeds to facilitate heterogeneous nucleation and growth of SiO2 nanoparticles after adding TEOS to the synthesis solution. The number of PAA‐NH3 complex colloidal particles, which strongly depends on the molar ratio of PAA and ammonia, determines the number of the resulting SiO2 nanoparticles and thus the size of the SiO2 nanoparticles correspondingly according to the supply of TEOS. Highly uniform SiO2 nanoparticles with finely tuned diameters in the sub‐100 region have been successfully synthesized, and the synthesis protocol is feasible to be scaled up while maintaining the high quality of SiO2 nanoparticles.
Effects of Dispersion and Charge‐Transfer Interactions on Structures of Heavy Chalcogenide Compounds: A Quantum Chemical Case Study for (Et2Bi)2Te
Authors: van der Vight Felix , Schulz Stephan , Jansen Georg 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe reasons for the unusually small Bi−Te−Bi bond angle of 86.6° observed in the crystal strucure of (Et2Bi)2Te are investigated by quantum chemical calculations. With the help of coupled cluster theory at the CCSD(T) level it is demonstrated that the structure of an isolated monomer should have a bond angle larger than 90°, despite a Bi−Bi distance in good agreement with the value of 4.09 Å found in the crystal structure. The discrepancy is resolved by a lengthening of the Bi−Te bond in the crystal, which is shown to be caused by partial electron transfer from neighbouring molecules to the Bi−Te σ* orbital. Through symmetry‐adapted perturbation theory at the DFT‐SAPT level it is shown that London dispersion interactions are highly important for the packing of molecules in the solid state and, in turn, for the small Bi−Te−Bi bond angle.
Association between bruxism severity and serum concentrations of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels
Authors: Allaf Bushra A. W. , Abdul‐Hak Mahmoud 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between bruxism and blood levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D.Material and MethodsOne hundred male and female patients from Damascus joined the study. Their ages were in the range of 18–40 years. Two groups were considered in this study, the first group included patients who were already suffering from bruxism (76 patients) and the second group consisted of patients who were not suffering from any bruxism (24 patients). The analysis of the blood samples for 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels of the two groups was carried out.ResultsThe recorded results showed that there is a relationship between the levels of bruxism and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentration in the blood (p < .05), enhancing that the bruxism activity has been shown the associated deficiency in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels, which can be divided into five different categories.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this study in spite of the number of patients (one hundred), according to the reported study, it appears that there is a significant relationship between bruxism and the level of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D in the blood.
Cytology‐histology correlation of myoepithelial tumors harboring EWSR1‐POU5F1 fusions: A report of two cases
Authors: Gelarden Ian A. , Fu Lucy , Yap Kai Lee , Richardson Aida I. , Chou Pauline M. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMyoepithelial tumors (MET) constitute a group of neoplasms with a variety of morphologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular features. Approximately half of MET of soft tissue harbor EWSR1 gene rearrangements with a subset showing EWSR1‐POU5F1 fusions and demonstrating distinctive tendency towards aggressive behavior in children. Histologically, EWSR1‐POU5F1‐positive MET typically show clear‐cell morphology with malignant features including marked pleomorphism and atypical mitotic figures. The cytomorphology of these tumors has not been well characterized. Reported here are the cytomorphologic features of two cases of EWSR1‐POUF1‐positive MET with histology correlation.
Review updates on key cases impacting higher education
Authors: Charmatz Marc 
Published: February 2022

Three major disability rights issues — website access, captioning, and emotional distress damages — have been chronicled in previous articles. First, the United States Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit held that the website access case brought against Winn‐Dixie under Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act was moot, and the appeals court vacated its original decision holding that websites were categorically excluded from coverage under Title III (Winn Dixie Stores v. Gill, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS (11th Cir. Apr. 7, 2021, rehearing granted, vacated, and remanded as moot (Dec. 28, 2021)), https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dhe.31127).
Classifying behavior from short‐interval biologging data: An example with GPS tracking of birds
Authors: Bergen Silas , Huso Manuela M. , Duerr Adam E. , Braham Melissa A. , Katzner Todd E. , Schmuecker Sara , Miller Tricia A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Recent advances in digital data collection have spurred accumulation of immense quantities of data that have potential to lead to remarkable ecological insight, but that also present analytic challenges. In the case of biologging data from birds, common analytical approaches to classifying movement behaviors are largely inappropriate for these massive data sets.

We apply a framework for using K‐means clustering to classify bird behavior using points from short time interval GPS tracks. K‐means clustering is a well‐known and computationally efficient statistical tool that has been used in animal movement studies primarily for clustering segments of consecutive points. To illustrate the utility of our approach, we apply K‐means clustering to six focal variables derived from GPS data collected at 1–11 s intervals from free‐flying bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) throughout the state of Iowa, USA. We illustrate how these data can be used to identify behaviors and life‐stage‐ and age‐related variation in behavior.

After filtering for data quality, the K‐means algorithm identified four clusters in >2 million GPS telemetry data points. These four clusters corresponded to three movement states: ascending, flapping, and gliding flight; and one non‐moving state: perching. Mapping these states illustrated how they corresponded tightly to expectations derived from natural history observations; for example, long periods of ascending flight were often followed by long gliding descents, birds alternated between flapping and gliding flight.

The K‐means clustering approach we applied is both an efficient and effective mechanism to classify and interpret short‐interval biologging data to understand movement behaviors. Furthermore, because it can apply to an abundance of very short, irregular, and high‐dimensional movement data, it provides insight into small‐scale variation in behavior that would not be possible with many other analytical approaches.
The effect of riparian pool‐riffles on the hydrochemistry of hyporheic habitats: The River Esk, Yorkshire, UK
Authors: Norbury Michael T. , Bracken Louise J. , Burt Timothy P. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEuropean Union Water Framework Directive (WFD) (2000/60/EC) waterbody statuses are often derived from the assemblage of mixed‐taxon organisms found within bed sediments. Yet no routine water chemistry samples are taken from riverbed substrate, despite many interstitial species being dependant on specific physicochemical conditions. This paper examines water and nutrient exchanges between stream and substrate, the hyporheic zone, and the consequent alteration to the chemistry of interstitial and in‐stream waters, which in turn leads to small‐scale but significant changes in habitat. Bed topography, principally a pool‐riffle sequence, was surveyed and hydraulically sampled to examine the hyporheic flow pathways generated between the stream, substrate, and groundwater—creating an ecotone. Hyporheic zone, in‐stream and groundwater hydrochemistry, and hydraulic measures were assessed at a braided woodland river reach using a dense monitoring approach. The findings demonstrate that through a 23‐m pool‐riffle sequence, where water infiltrates at the riffle‐head and subsequently exfiltrates at the riffle‐tail, there is a 5% reduction in mean in‐stream nitrate‐N and a 73% reduction in hyporheic zone concentration. When calcium‐enriched riffle‐tail exfiltrate meets riffle‐runoff water that is turbulently oxygenated from riffle‐flow, an interstitial redoxcline is created. Dissolved oxygen nocturnally drops, with photosynthetic rate reduction, which causes hyporheic nitrate‐N to double its daytime concentration. The results are related to the Yorkshire River Esk freshwater pearl mussels, Margaritifera margaritifera Linnaeus (1758), a declining endangered species. At present, scant monitoring of interstitial hydrochemistry and diurnal change across stream and substrate occurs.
A trait‐based framework for assessing the vulnerability of marine species to human impacts
Authors: Butt Nathalie , Halpern Benjamin S. , O'Hara Casey C. , Allcock A. Louise , Polidoro Beth , Sherman Samantha , Byrne Maria , Birkeland Charles , Dwyer Ross G. , Frazier Melanie , Woodworth Bradley K. , Arango Claudia P. , Kingsford Michael J. , Udyawer Vinay , Hutchings Pat , Scanes Elliot , McClaren Emily Jane , Maxwell Sara M. , Diaz‐Pulido Guillermo , Dugan Emma , Simmons Blake Alexander , Wenger Amelia S. , Linardich Christi , Klein Carissa J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMarine species and ecosystems are widely affected by anthropogenic stressors, ranging from pollution and fishing to climate change. Comprehensive assessments of how species and ecosystems are impacted by anthropogenic stressors are critical for guiding conservation and management investments. Previous global risk or vulnerability assessments have focused on marine habitats, or on limited taxa or specific regions. However, information about the susceptibility of marine species across a range of taxa to different stressors everywhere is required to predict how marine biodiversity will respond to human pressures. We present a novel framework that uses life‐history traits to assess species' vulnerability to a stressor, which we compare across more than 44,000 species from 12 taxonomic groups (classes). Using expert elicitation and literature review, we assessed every combination of each of 42 traits and 22 anthropogenic stressors to calculate each species' or representative species group's sensitivity and adaptive capacity to stressors, and then used these assessments to derive their overall relative vulnerability. The stressors with the greatest potential impact were related to biomass removal (e.g., fisheries), pollution, and climate change. The taxa with the highest vulnerabilities across the range of stressors were mollusks, corals, and echinoderms, while elasmobranchs had the highest vulnerability to fishing‐related stressors. Traits likely to confer vulnerability to climate change stressors were related to the presence of calcium carbonate structures, and whether a species exists across the interface of marine, terrestrial, and atmospheric realms. Traits likely to confer vulnerability to pollution stressors were related to planktonic state, organism size, and respiration. Such a replicable, broadly applicable method is useful for informing ocean conservation and management decisions at a range of scales, and the framework is amenable to further testing and improvement. Our framework for assessing the vulnerability of marine species is the first critical step toward generating cumulative human impact maps based on comprehensive assessments of species, rather than habitats.
Underwater photogrammetry reveals new links between coral reefscape traits and fishes that ensure key functions
Authors: Urbina‐Barreto Isabel , Elise Simon , Guilhaumon François , Bruggemann J. Henrich , Pinel Romain , Kulbicki Michel , Vigliola Laurent , Mou‐Tham Gerard , Mahamadaly Vincent , Facon Mathilde , Bureau Sophie , Peignon Christophe , Dutrieux Eric , Garnier Rémi , Penin Lucie , Adjeroud Mehdi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMaintaining key functions of coral reefs is vital for the persistence of these ecosystems as well as for securing the goods and services that they provide in the Anthropocene. Underwater photogrammetry by Structure from Motion (SfM) allows the quantification of novel habitat descriptors that may be particularly relevant in assessing key reefscape traits, that is, physical and ecological characteristics of coral reef habitats. Here, we combined this new technology with fish surveys to explore how reefscape traits shape the functional structure of reef fish assemblages around three environmentally contrasted islands of the Indo‐Pacific (Europa Island, Reunion Island, and New Caledonia). At 24 sites, habitat descriptors were computed from digital elevation models (DEM) and orthomosaics, while reef fish assemblages were assessed by visual census and video footage. Four habitat descriptors were marginally correlated and presented low variance inflation factor (VIF) values, thus being the most complementary descriptors: surface complexity, total shelter capacity, Shannon Shelter Index, and total coral cover. Linear mixed models (LMM) were used to explore the relationships between these habitat descriptors and four key fish functional entities: prey, planktivores, grazers, and predators. For each model, the variance explained (i.e., marginal R2) was significantly higher when considering multiple predictors, including the novel three‐dimensional descriptors (i.e., total shelter capacity and Shannon Shelter Index). The habitat descriptors quantified from underwater photogrammetry outputs (i.e., DEM and orthomosaics) provide easily available data to assess key reefscape traits and predict fish assemblage structure in coral reef ecosystems. This trait‐based functional approach allows consistent assessment of the links between these descriptors from local to regional scales. Considering the global coral reef crisis and the increasing availability of world‐reef photogrammetric surveys, this new technology should be key to bringing solutions to 21st‐century conservation issues.
Differentiated plant defense strategies: Herbivore community dynamics affect plant–herbivore interactions
Authors: Perkovich Cindy , Ward David 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPlant–herbivore interactions account for much of the biodiversity observed in an ecosystem. Plants may alter defense expression dependent on the specific herbivore present. Many studies focus on the optimization of these defenses against a single herbivore, but in an ecological context, there may be a myriad of herbivores at any given time. We designed a study to examine defenses employed by swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor) against insects and large mammals. We established six deer exclosures with trees located inside and outside each exclosure. Outside the exclosures, physical constraints only allow deer to feed up to abrowselineon trees, whereas insects can potentially access all portions of the tree. Trees inside exclosures were only accessible to insect herbivores. Furthermore, insecticides were applied to half of the exclosures to create insect‐free (i.e., insecticide applied), deer‐free (i.e., inside exclosures), deer‐only (i.e., outside exclosures with insecticide), and herbivore‐free (i.e., inside exclosures with insecticide) environments. This design allowed us to analyze simultaneous defensive responses of individual trees to mammal and insect herbivores. We predicted that because insects represent a continuous threat, plants should invest in fixed concentrations of defenses (e.g., polyphenols, tannins, and condensed tannins), even when deer are absent. When deer are present, plants should increase investment in defenses in tissues that deer have access to. We found that plant defense strategies varied spatially on individual trees. When only insects were present, nutritional constituents (e.g., nitrogen and non‐structural carbohydrates) did not change but antinutritional constituents increased. Contrastingly, when deer were present, both nutritional and antinutritional constituents decreased. We found a decrease in insect functional group diversity when deer were present. Our findings suggest that plants may partition defense strategies depending on the most prominent herbivore pressure. However, changes in insect functional group diversity may result from either changes in plant defense strategy or intraspecific competition among multiple herbivores. Future studies should investigate patterns of chemical heterogeneity displayed by plants in response to diverse herbivore pressures.
Fermented Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides protect UVA‐induced photoaging of human skin fibroblasts
Authors: Zhang Yongtao , You Shiquan , Wang Dongdong , Zhao Dan , Zhang Jiachan , An Quan , Li Meng , Wang Changtao 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this study, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), gel permeation chromatograph‐liquid chromatography (GPC‐LC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze the molecular characteristics of fermented Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (FDOP) by Lactobacillus delbrueckii bulgaricus. The characteristic structural peak of FDOP was more prominent, showing a smaller molecular structure, and its porous structure showed better water solubility. The protective effect of FDOP on the damage of human skin fibroblasts (HSF) caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation was investigated by evaluating its antioxidative and antiaging indices. The results showed that the antioxidant capacity of HSF was improved, and the breakdown of collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid was reduced, thus providing effective protection to the skin tissue. The antioxidative property of FDOP was explored using Nf‐E2‐related factor 2‐small interfering RNA‐3 (Nrf2‐siRNA‐3) (Nrf2‐si3) and qRT‐PCR (quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction), and the antiaging property of FDOP was explored using Western Blot and qRT‐PCR. The results show that FDOP can up‐regulate signal transduction of the Nrf2/Keap1 (Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1) and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β)/Smads pathways to reduce antioxidative damage and antiaging effects. Therefore, this study provides a theoretical basis for FDOP as a novel functional agent that can be used in the cosmetic industry.
Lonely older adults are more likely to delay or avoid medical care during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic
Authors: Li Yue , Cheng Zijing , Cai Xueya , Holloway Melissa , Maeng Daniel , Simning Adam 
Published: February 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the relationship between loneliness and self‐reported delay or avoidance of medical care among community‐dwelling older adults during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic.MethodsAnalyses of data from a nationally representative survey administered in June of 2020, in COVID‐19 module of the Health and Retirement Study. Bivariate and multivariable analyses determined associations of loneliness with the likelihood of, reasons for, and types of care delay or avoidance.ResultsThe rate of care delay or avoidance since March of 2020 was 29.1% among all respondents (n = 1997), and 10.1% higher for lonely (n = 1,150%, 57.6%) versus non‐lonely respondents (33.5% vs. 23.4%; odds ratio = 1.59, p = 0.003 after covariate adjustment). The differences were considerably larger among several subgroups such as those with emotional/psychiatric problems. Lonely older adults were more likely to cite “Decided it could wait,” “Was afraid to go,” and “Couldn't afford it” as reasons for delayed or avoided care. Both groups reported dental care and doctor's visit as the two most common care delayed or avoided.ConclusionsLoneliness is associated with a higher likelihood of delaying or avoiding medical care among older adults during the pandemic.
Impact of the COVID‐19 lockdown on system usage of an innovative care support system and the mood of older adults
Authors: Mayer Christopher C. , Mosor Erika , Bachler Martin , Stani Sabrina , Roedl Lukas , Muellner‐Rieder Markus , Cichocki‐Richtig Beatrix , von Dollen Viviane , Pasterk Sabine , Aldrian Julia , Köberl Paul , Stamm Tanja 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundOlder age is a substantial risk factor for serious illness from COVID‐19. Moreover, isolation and quarantine are more likely to cause physical, mental and social deprivation in older age. Information and Communication Tools are means to prevent such consequences.ObjectiveThis study aimed therefore to investigate the impact of the COVID‐19 lockdown measures on the usage of an innovative technical support system deployed in Austria (AT) and Luxembourg (LU) consisting of several tools that allow independent living in older age.MethodsThirty‐nine older adults (11 male; 28 female) with a mean age of 74.3 (SD 7.3) years were included in the study. In total, 18 older people were recruited in AT and 21 in LU. Descriptive statistics were computed, and longitudinal models were fitted for technology use and self‐reported mood.ResultsThe number of older adults using the system significantly decreased from the time before lockdown (39 [100%]) to during lockdown (26 [67%]) and thereafter (23 [59%]; p < 0.001). Multiple comparisons revealed a significant reduction in the average number of events for calendar and medication tools, but a substantial increase in communication and messaging events. Self‐reported well‐being declined during the lockdown and increased afterwards back to baseline levels.ConclusionCommunication was the main reason for using the support system. In addition, strategies and interventions are essential to support older adults when using information technology in the prolonged phases of the pandemic to sustain independent living.Clinical trial registrationThe DAPAS protocol was published at www.researchgate.net. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.24233.34401.