bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Executive
Authors: Hebestreit Ray , Korte Karl-Rudolf 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the executive branch of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) with a particular focus on the Federal Chancellor, the ministers who form the Federal Cabinet, including their ministries, and other federal administrative authorities which form the executive bodies of the federal government. There is only a brief discussion of the German parliament (Bundestag), which has a close relationship with the ruling government in Germany’s political system. Germany’s federal government is best viewed as a ‘Chancellor’s Democracy’ whose policies and decision-making are guided by cultivating consensus between the major and minor parties of a governing coalition. Over time, historical developments have diminished the role of certain bodies, such as the Cabinet, and empowered others, such as the Office of the Chancellery, which are not mentioned in the Federal Republic’s Basic Law, the Grundgesetz.
The German Bundestag
Authors: Schüttemeyer Suzanne S. , Siefken Sven T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Bundestag is the only political institution in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) which is directly elected. It stands at the centre of the constitutional design of the political system. To fully grasp its status, it is necessary to analyse the basic characteristics of a parliamentary (party) democracy in Germany. Underlying all political practice is the logic of a ‘new dualism’ between the governing majority on the one hand and the parliamentary opposition on the other. This influences how the involved actors contribute in different ways to the key functions of parliament: election, legislation, control, and communication—all of which are aimed at achieving representation and consequently legitimacy. For a complete understanding, both publicly visible and invisible interactions and influences between parliament and the executive as well as the political parties need to be considered. Such a perspective disproves many current allegations of parliamentary decline and shows that the Bundestag is a working parliament under communicative pressure.
The German Economic Model
Authors: Schweiger Christian 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the foundations of Germany’s social market economy, which is deeply rooted in the ordoliberal tradition of coordination and consensus with the state providing the legal framework for interaction between market and non-market actors and foundations of the supporting welfare state. The main focus lies in analysing the changes Germany’s social market economy has undergone since German reunification. The partial collapse of industry in Eastern Germany, which was mainly the result of the restructuring undertaken by the government agency Treuhand, led to a steep rise in unemployment and to mounting pressures on the German economy and welfare state. The subsequent structural reforms introduced more than two decades ago—the Agenda 2010 policy—of the red-green coalition under Chancellor Gerhard Schröder have modified the institutional foundations of the social market economy and shown that they are adaptable. The most fundamental changes were introduced by the Hartz labour market reforms, which have both substantially increased the levels of precarious employment and transformed the formerly inclusive German welfare state towards activation and means-testing.
The Immigration System and the Rule of Law
Authors: Thränhardt Dietrich 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
West Germany came into being with millions of refugees and expellees and took in more ethnic Germans and East Germans from communist countries between 1945 and 1990. From 1955 on, it recruited ‘guest workers’ from the Mediterranean countries, most of whom became European citizens, due to the enlargement and consolidation of the European Union (EU). This immigration continues with the Eastern EU enlargement in an open migration space. Reacting against Nazism and communism, the German constitution guarantees broad human rights for everybody in the country. The constitutional right for asylum was instrumental in opening the country for refugees, culminating in the ‘welcome summer’ of 2015. In its aftermath, the government tried to limit the numbers of refugees. At the same time Germany opens up for qualified workers and students, to help industry and counter Germany’s demographic problem.
Franco-German Relations and the European Integration Process since 1990
Authors: Germond Carine S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
France and Germany are commonly seen as the two powerhouses driving European union. Their post-war reconciliation cleared the way for economic integration, which in turn provided multiple opportunities for the two countries to work together, deepen their bilateral partnership, and provide leadership. This role has become ever more important in a larger, more diverse, and crisis-laden European Union (EU). The chapter discusses how Franco-German relations have shaped the course of European integration since German reunification. The first section provides a broad-brush overview of the gradual process of Franco-German rapprochement and cooperation between 1945 and 1990. The second section examines the difficulties that France and Germany experienced while trying to steer the course of an enlarging Europe from the early 1990s to roughly the mid-2000s. The third and final section explores the more recent pressures and challenges that have affected the ability of both countries to exert joint leadership in an EU mired in crises.
From Post-National Democracy to Post-Classical Nation-State
Authors: Winkler Heinrich August 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Learning lessons from the past has been a leitmotif of German politics since 1945. But what lessons have been the most successful and when? Unlike the German Democratic Republic, which decided to mirror the Soviet Union’s ‘anti-fascist’ dictatorship, the German Federal Republic made a conscious effort to join the club of mature Western democracies. This was possible thanks to a new constitution that looked for remedies to the structural flaws of the Weimar Republic and declared the inviolability of human rights as well as West Germany’s outspoken support of projects to intensify the process of European integration. A new set of ‘German questions’ has arisen since reunification in the fall of 1990. In light of contemporary threats to the cohesion of the European Union and the Transatlantic West, Germany once again faces a challenge of learning the right lessons from its past. Only time can tell whether constant appeals to remember the horrors of the Nazi era will lead Germany to avoid or more vigorously engage with the problems of the present and the future.
Germany and NATO
Authors: Kaim Markus 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
At the end of Angela Merkel's chancellorship, NATO enjoys greater support in Germany than it has for a long time. Since Germany's accession in 1955, the North Atlantic alliance has been one of the two pillars on which German foreign and security policy has rested, along with the European integration process. Without US nuclear and conventional military capabilities, Germany and Europe could not protect themselves. In light of France's recent calls for greater European strategic autonomy from the United States, it will be critical for Germany to reconcile Berlin's European ties and its transatlantic commitments. This will also play a major role in NATO's new strategic concept, which will be adopted in the summer of 2022 and will provide answers to crucial questions such as the future of nuclear sharing, NATO's strategy toward a rising China, and the shape of relations with Russia. It is high time that Germany set out its own vision of Europe's future role in the alliance and thus fleshed out what Berlin means by stating that German security policy is supposed to ‘become more European in order to remain transatlantic’.
A Quarter Century of German Relations with the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Stanzel Volker 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
For a continental European power traditionally not much involved in Asian affairs, the rise of Germany to the most successful European economic actor in Asia is remarkable. So far, this has been exceedingly profitable for all sides. That includes non-German European companies teaming up with German ones in their Asian endeavours. Economic relations are most advanced with China. Yet, it is also China which today casts a dark shadow over the future of that landscape. The reason is China’s ambition to translate its newly evolving status as a global great power into that of a hegemon able to reset the liberal international order to one that benefits China at the expense of its partners. That attitude has already had a negative economic, political, and societal impact on Germany’s relations with other European countries. It is likely that this will also be increasingly the case in the future. As a way out, Germany hopes to put its policy in the region on a new foundation. Berlin has begun to focus more on other partners in Asia with whom it already enjoys close relations, such as Japan, India, and Korea. In 2020 Germany promulgated a new framework named ‘Policy Guidelines for the Indo-Pacific’. The European Union (EU) is developing a similar new strategic concept for Asia.
Angela Merkel in Power
Authors: Kornelius Stefan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Angela Merkel’s sixteen-year chancellorship was a period characterized by great continuity and stability. Merkel governed with caution and risk aversion. She worked through the long chain of international crises methodically and persistently. Germany was thus saved from major shocks—from the international banking crisis and the ensuing sovereign debt crisis, the migration crisis, Russia’s occupation of Crimea and threat of war, and a wave of populism and nationalism led by US President Donald Trump. At the end of her tenure, her accumulated political capital helped to steer Germany united through the pandemic and once again united Europe under the multiple pressures of Brexit, budget conflicts, and vaccine nationalism. In this concatenation of crises, Germany grew more and more authoritative in international politics. Within the European Union (EU), the country assumed a dominant role that historically had always led to conflicts and balancing efforts in Europe. It is down to Merkel herself, her moderating and compromise-seeking nature, that Germany’s increase in power was not perceived as a threat for the first time in history.
Leaders in Partnership
Authors: Janes Jackson 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Over the past three decades since unification, Germany has been challenged to rethink and reset its strategy and indeed its mindset about the foreign and security policies and priorities it faces. As the most powerful economic player in Europe, the Federal Republic has sought to understand and respond to expectations that it assume more responsibilities in sharing the burden of defending the international order which has provided the opportunity for Germany to become a stable democracy, a robust economic power, and a leader of the European Union (EU). While German leadership has been accepted by its European partners and it has been encouraged by the US to enhance that role, the German domestic debate over the parameters of that leadership remain contentious and controversial. Germany will have to overcome a tendency to be driven by caution and more by courage and convictions. Leadership will require clear messages about objectives, including the reality of burdens and capabilities. Leadership means being ready to accept shared risks and the ability to take decisions in the face of a changing global arena.
The Development of Germany After 1945
Authors: von Beyme Klaus 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This essay considers developments in Germany since the end of the Second World War. The chapter differentiates among five points, which were essential for the quick recovery of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) in the years after 1949. The essay also focuses on the importance of Germany’s long legal tradition. The chapter considers the process of reunification in 1989/90 and the many fortunate factors which led to this. The chapter also focuses on Germany’s more recent developments during the Merkel era and points out some of the deficiencies of modern Germany, not least a lack of innovation and a great dependence on its industry and export-driven economy.
Atlantic Integration and ‘Ever Closer Union’
Authors: Larres Klaus 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the unique role of the West German state in international politics and its close relations with both the US and its Western European partners. The US pursued two crucially important objectives regarding the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) during the Cold War era. First, the US pursued the FRG’s firm and irreversible integration with the Western world, including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Second, and perhaps most significantly, West Germany was at the centre and the main reason for the US-inspired European integration process. Both US policy goals overlapped, however, and complemented each other. By the mid-1950s the former objective—the Bonn Republic’s integration with the West—was essentially completed, though quite unwarranted concern about its continued viability arose in the US in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the context of West Germany’s Ostpolitik. The second objective, the European integration and unity process, remained a work in progress throughout the Cold War years and indeed well beyond, until the present day. Initially, it was driven by the US, in cooperation with France and West Germany, before a decisive turning point occurred in the early to mid-1970s, when Washington largely cooled towards the European unity process. From the mid-1970s Washington lost almost all interest in helping and supporting the Europeans to create a united Western Europe.
Enabled Archaeology in the field, in museums, and the visitor experience
Authors: Hunt Abigail , Kitchen Thomas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between Enabled Archaeology in the field, interpretation methods in museums, and the visitor experience in the United Kingdom (UK). It provides a broad theoretical framework that can act as a foundation for more specific future research projects that draw together the work and visitor experience dimensions by bringing together two theoretical frameworks to examine existing literature: the Social Model of Disability and Crip Theory. It focuses primarily on access to museums and their workforces by dis/Abled individuals and argues that if archaeology and museum workforces are not enabled and organizations fail to ensure that their workforces include dis/Abled people, it is highly likely that archaeological sites open to the public and museums will not meet the needs of all their visitors regardless of dis/Ability.
Scientific investigation of museum objects
Authors: Quinn Patrick Sean 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides general guidelines for the application of techniques to the scientific analysis of museum objects for the purpose of academic research and conservation. It considers the advantages and risks of analysis, and discusses the various steps involved in the analysis of curated artefacts, including the choice of scientific technique, the negotiation of permissions, sampling, analysis, dissemination, and the future of data and analytical samples. The chapter draws primarily on the analysis of pottery and other ceramics, but is relevant to scientific studies on other inorganic and organic artefact types.
Ethnographic collections and archaeological research
Authors: Flexner James L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Archaeologists increasingly turn to collections labelled ‘ethnography’, ‘ethnology’, or ‘anthropology’ depending on the institution to expand the scope of their research. The reasons for this are varied, from the presence of materials or objects that are unlikely to be discovered on archaeological sites because of rarity or taphonomic conditions, to community-driven interests in objects beyond the typical bounds of what is classified as ‘archaeology’. The pace of this research has increased in recent decades. Archaeologists have emphasized the active, dynamic nature of collections, often using interpretive frameworks derived from actor–network theory or assemblage theory. Looking ahead to the future, archaeologists working with these types of collections will in many cases need to confront the colonial legacies of ethnographic collections by working closely with source communities and becoming involved in different forms of repatriation or restitution activities.
Museums and archaeological exhibitions
Authors: Wang Siyu , Hang Kan 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Under the official administrative system in China, museum construction and archaeological exhibition have historically been organized into two parts: ‘movable’ cultural relics and ‘immovable’ archaeological sites. This chapter outlines how the displays of these two parts are linked in terms of their institutional background, which was set up in the 1950s, but also how they have developed independently since. The display of ‘movable’ cultural relics was influenced by ambitions to construct regional museums, leading to the redistribution of archaeological resources between different regions and institutions. The exhibition of ‘immovable’ sites, on the other hand, has been driven by the ambitions of diverse stakeholders since the late twentieth century, while the twenty-first-century development of the ‘Great Site’ policy indicates that exhibiting archaeological sites has more recently moved into a new stage.
Archaeology displays in universities
Authors: Eyifa-Dzidzienyo Gertrude A. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Archaeology collections and displays have been central to universities around the world. This chapter examines archaeology displays in museums in Ghana, placing emphasis on the Museum of Archaeology, a teaching museum situated in the Archaeology and Heritage Studies Department at the University of Ghana, Legon. The chapter presents an overview of archaeological displays in Ghana, the challenges of the Archaeology Museum in managing and displaying archaeological collections, and university students’ perspectives on archaeology displays. It is argued that archaeology displays are significant not just for archaeology students but for many university disciplines through object-based learning, and that students benefit from having agency in their creation. The chapter concludes that cultural awareness, identity creation, as well as an understanding of the past among Ghanaian students are greatly influenced by the cultural materials that are excavated and displayed in museums. There is therefore the need for more archaeology displays in Ghanaian museums.
Engaging contemporary social issues in the museum through archaeological collections
Authors: Del Vesco Paolo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Starting from the analysis of the historical development of the official definition of museum, in search of the nature of its engagement with contemporary social issues, it is argued that museums are transforming in order to preserve their relevance and respond to the demands of an ever-changing society. After briefly considering how museums are addressing their role in society, the ‘social inclusion’ practices tested by the Museo Egizio in Turin between 2015 and 2020 serve as a case study to analyse benefits and drawbacks of approaches addressing social justice issues such as immigration, health and wellbeing, and climate change. Although museums can and should have a strong and beneficial impact on society, it is also argued that their role should not be equated and limited to that.
Conservation and the care of human remains in museums
Authors: Wills Barbara 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the breadth, value, and distinctiveness of human remains in collections are explored. To place the conservation discussion in context, the various preservation methods of human remains along with the history of such collections, the development of relevant protocols, and the analytical possibilities are all briefly described. Conservation techniques are considered, and a case is made for minimal intervention so as to maximize the inherent information available for study and analysis. General advice is given on the conservation care of human remains. A practical conservation case study describes the stabilization of a fragmentary naturally mummified human while avoiding the use of conservation adhesives and solvents: the parts being held in register using tailored passive supports to keep the body whole.
Contested heritage and absent objects
Authors: Engmann Rachel Ama Asaa 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines archaeological representation at Ghana’s coastal forts and castles. During the transatlantic slave trade, such sites were places of captive Africans’ incarceration, as well as the final point of deportation from Africa, prior to the Middle Passage and enslavement in the Americas. Today, African descendants in the diaspora, as heritage tourists and/or pilgrims, journey to visit them, but as contested heritage sites they embody complex and nuanced politics of inclusion, exclusion, representation, remembrance, and commemoration of the transatlantic slave trade. It explores the tensions of interpretation and commercialization of heritage associated with the transatlantic slave trade and the role of autoarchaeology in addressing these. It also turns to the matter of absence, more specifically, what happens when there are few or no objects to exhibit or display. In so doing, it encourages us to rethink the role of materialities in telling stories of the transatlantic slave trade, transgenerational trauma, dislocation, and reclamation.
Unlocking the potential of archaeological archives
Authors: Boyle Gail 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses factors that impact upon the potential of archaeological archives to be fully realized and suggests ways in which museum archaeologists and others might play an active role in affecting positive change. It takes the situation in the UK as its focus but covers issues faced by archaeologists internationally, including the curation crisis. It explains what archaeological archives are, how their make-up and significance may vary, and sets these within a summarized chronological and developmental context. Challenges and opportunities brought about by changes to professional practice, standardization, and the introduction of digital technologies are explored across themes relating to access and use. It is illustrated with recent case studies and data collated via sector-wide intelligence gathering programmes and offers insights and provocations relative to past, present, and future archaeological archive activity within museums.
Social Psychology and Political Participation
Authors: Klandermans Bert , van Stekelenburg Jacquelien 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a social-psychological account of political participation. The framework connects the micro-, meso-, and macro-level and separates demand, supply, and mobilization as factors influencing the dynamics of protest participation. Understanding political participation requires research that focuses on the individual citizens—what are their fears, hopes, and concerns? What are the issues they care for? What are the motives they have? What opportunities do they perceive? Research of protest participation tends to neglect that even in identical circumstances individuals diverge widely in the ways they act politically. A proper understanding of that variation requires a framework that integrates the micro-, meso-, and macro-level of analysis. Such integration is frequently asked for but sparsely done.