bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NASA's Controlled Ecological Life Support Systems (CELSS) Program
Authors: Bredt James H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
NASA is interested in extraterrestrial crop production because it is expected that some future missions may require life support systems that can regenerate food as well as air and water. Such systems must produce a nearly complete human diet within very stringent limits on size and energy consumption. Although many problems remain to be solved by further research, CELSS based on crop production by higher plants appear to be feasible. The feasibility of this approach will be tested in the next several years by a project to build and operate a preprototype system that can recycle oxygen, carbon, water, and nitrogen. If this project succeeds, it will be followed by Space Station experiments to develop cultural methods for weightless plants and ground-based tests of more sophisticated prototypes with human occupants. Readiness to build operational space systems may be achieved as early as the turn of the century.
Economic Evaluation of Different Cultural Systems for Muskmelon Production
Authors: Berle D. , Estes E. A. , Sanders D. C. , Lamont W. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sixteen management systems for early muskmelon production were compared for marketable yield, gross revenue, treatment cost, net economic value, and benefit-cost index. Black plastic mulch and/or transplants increased yields, gross return, and net economic value over a conventional practice of bare soil, direct-seeded production. Row covers did not increase yields or gross returns. When net economic value and benefit cost criteria were evaluated, yield maximization was not necessarily the best strategy. Instead, careful analysis should be given to added costs of production practices and the added revenue these practices will generate.
Planting Dates Related to Tuberous Root Yield, Vine Length, and Quality Attributes of Yam Bean
Authors: Paull Robert E. , Chen Nancy Jung , Fukuda Steven K. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plant growth and tuberous root development in yam beans (Pachyrrhizus erosus L. Urb) were investigated using a series of 2-week plantings from April to December. Decreasing daylength at time of planting initiated tuberous root development, whereas increasing daylength inhibited tuberous root development and promoted vine and leaf growth. Once tuberous root formation and flowering began, stem and leaf growth ceased. At the time of planting, the critical daylength for tuberous root formation and flowering was 11 to 12 hr. The optimum planting date in Hawaii for maximum tuber yield of 24 t·ha–1 for yam beans was found to be September to October. Tuberous root development was sigmoidal, with dry matter percentage declining from 17.5% to 9%. There was little change in tuberous root acidity or total sugars during growth. Titratable acidity was about 20 meq·g–1 fresh weight if not induced to form tuberous roots, and ≈15 meq·g–1 fresh weight in plants forming tuberous roots. Total sugar was in the range of 30 to 50 mg·g–1 fresh weight during tuberous root growth of induced plants. Total phenols in the tuberous root declined during development, whereas roots from plants uninduced to form tuberous roots had an increased level of total phenols.
Over-wintering Strawberry Plants under Rowcovers Increases Fruit Production
Authors: Pollard James E. , Cundari Christina M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Over-wintering strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) plants under row-covers applied in early Fall 1983 through 1985, and removed in spring at first bloom, significantly increased production of marketable fruit. Spunbonded rowcovers of nylon or polyester were more effective than those of slitted polyethylene. In years when winter injury affected fruit production in noncovered controls, addition of a winter-protective mulch to rowcovered treatments in early December had no effect on fruit production, compared to rowcovered treatments without winter mulch. In years when winter injury was not a factor affecting production, addition of winter mulch to rowcovers nullified the rowcover effect on production. Accumulation of degree days (base 10°C) in soil and air in rowcovered plots was significantly greater than in noncovered plots. The rowcover effects influencing fruit production appeared to occur in winter and/or spring rather than in the fall.
Use of Carob as a Potting Medium Component
Authors: Rishani Nabil , Rice R. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Due to the high price of imported sphagnum peat in Lebanon, olive pumace and two types of carob pumace, by-products of local industries, were tested as substitute materials in potting mixes. Their particle size distribution, bulk density, stability, and phase distribution were similar to the peatmoss; both were more alkaline and saline, although still within acceptable levels. Nephrolepsis exaltata (L.) Schott, Pilea cadierii Gagnep and Guillaum, and Hedera helix L. were grown in mixes of the pumaces with builder's sand at 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1 organic material by volume. Olive pumace-based mixes produced unsalable plants, apparently due to a Phytotoxin present, whereas plants grown in media containing traditionally milled or mechanically chopped carob pumace were of equal or better quality than those grown in peatmoss-based mixes.
Paclobutrazol Suppresses Vegetative Growth of Large Pecan Trees
Authors: Wood Bruce W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The desirability of controlling growth of large pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] trees prompted the evaluation of paclobutrazol (PBZ) for growth suppression. PBZ was applied to 75-year-old ‘Stuart’ pecan trees via trunk injection (rates of 0, 50, 100, and 200 mg·cm–1 trunk diameter) or as a spray to the orchard floor (rates of 0, 19, 38 and 76 g/tree). Terminal-shoot growth and leaf area were reduced during 4 years after treatment in both studies. In-shell nut yield was reduced the third and fourth years after PBZ injection, but was increased the second year after soil application. PBZ can reduce terminal-shoot growth in large trees, but higher doses may produce a decline of nut production. Chemical name used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Tree Root Spread in Relation to Branch Dripline and Harvestable Root Ball
Authors: Gilman Edward F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ninety-one percent to 95% of field-grown 3-year-old root systems of Gleditsia triacanthos L., Populus × generosa A. Henry, and Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh were outside of the harvestable root ball. Seventy-seven percent of the Populus root system was growing beyond the branch dripline, whereas 59% and 54% were outside of the Gleditsia and Fraxinus driplines, respectively. Root spread to branch spread ratios are discussed.
Effect of Pre-force Storage Conditions on Early Flowering of Rhododendron
Authors: French C. J. , Alsbury J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of two cold storage treatments (natural temperatures vs. 5°C) and durations (6 vs. 8 weeks) on subsequent forced flowering were investigated in four Rhododendron cultivars. Natural temperatures were: day (0600–1800 hr), mean 6.8°, range –1.0° to 15°; night (1800–0600 hr), mean 4.8°, range –1.0 to 13°. There were marked differences among cultivars in the chilling requirements to break flower bud dormancy. An early flowering cultivar (R. ‘Christmas Cheer’; R. caucasicum ×), required less pre-force chilling than the late-flowering R. ‘Vulcan’ (‘Mars’ × R. griersonianum). Mid-season flowering ‘Unique’ (R. campylocarpum ×) and ‘Pink Bountiful’ (R. williamsianum × ‘Linswegeanum’) had intermediate cold requirements. ‘Christmas Cheer’ was forced into flower for the Christmas period in 3 weeks without artificial pre-force cold storage.
Growth Potential of the Easter Lily Bulb
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Removing 33% or 100% of the Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Nellie White’) mother scales when flower buds were 1.3 cm in length, in conjunction with flower bud removal at the 3-cm stage, increased daughter bulb dry weight by 21% and 45%, respectively, when plants were harvested after 13 weeks. Size of the remaining mother scales in partially de-scaled plants was estimated to be 30% larger than their counterparts in intact bulbs. Growth of the Easter lily bulb is likely limited by source carbon supply.
Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis of Ca and K in Apple Leaves
Authors: Couvillon G. A. , Tan K. H. , Dobson J. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Energy dispersive X-ray analysis of Ca and K was conducted in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaves. Larger amounts of Ca and K were detected in the xylem than in the mesophyll tissue. The X-ray images of both the elements increased in intensities in samples from trees receiving gypsum and foliar sprays with CaCl2. Conversion of the X-ray images into graphical data produced a better quantitative comparison of element concentrations. The range of Ca concentration in the xylem of 206 to 350 ppm compared favorably with that reported in the literature for xylem sap of assorted tree species, including apple trees.
A New Chlorotic Mutant of Muskmelon
Authors: Nugent Perry E. , Bhella H. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A mutant seedling with retarded growth and interveinal chlorosis of leaves characteristic of iron deficiency was discovered in a group of ‘Edisto’ muskmelon transplants. The seedling responded to supplemental Fe, suggesting that the mutant affects Fe uptake or use. The F1 phenotypes from crosses of the mutant with ‘Edisto’ and ‘Mainstream’ were normal. F2, F3, and testcross data indicate that the chlorotic phenotype is controlled by a single recessive gene, which is not allelic or linked to virescent.
Method for Changing Water Application Rates In Trickle Irrigation Research Plots
Authors: Lasswell J. L. , Worthington J. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Trickle irrigation studies often require different water application rates. The design and construction of trickle systems for randomized studies can be difficult and expensive if they involve separate timers, solenoids, valves, and/or irrigation lines for each treatment. One possible solution to this problem is to design the system so that only the emitters are used to regulate the flow of water within each test group. Such a system can be controlled by a single timer with only one lateral line needed for each row.
Classification of Vegetable Corns
Authors: Courter J. W. , Rhodes A. M. , Garwood D. L. , Mosely P. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In a broad sense, fresh-market vegetable corns include all maize harvested and eaten fresh while the kernels are tender and before all of the sugars are converted to starch. This definition includes “roasting ears” of selected field corns that lack sweetness-enhancing genotypes and are considered “starchy”. Traditionally, however, sweet corn cultivars have been homozygous for the recessive sugary (su) gene (8).
Control of Vegetative Growth of Stone Fruits with Paclobutrazol
Authors: Sanchez Luis E. , Prieto Francisca , Becerra Monica 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
During the last decade, fruit growers in Chile have made dense plantings of many species of fruit trees to obtain early and high yields of quality fruit. Control of tree size has become the most important problem to many growers. Usually, heavy pruning in summer and winter is used to keep the tree within a certain space and to maintain a good yield of high quality fruit. This pruning is costly and often fails (1). There is a great need for dwarfing rootstocks in most fruit tree species. Good dwarfing commercial rootstocks are available for apples and pears, but few exist for stone fruits (6). Therefore, growth retardants are being tested to regulate the size of fruit trees (4, 6, 8-10). The growth retardant β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol) (PB) is being tested in Chile on peaches, nectarines, plums, apricots, and cherries since PB is the best known and widely tested product of this kind. PB and other growth retardants can induce effects either applied to the soil or sprayed on the foliage (2). When PB is applied to the foliage, the effect on the vegetation is faster than from soil applications, but is of short duration, and several foliar applications are needed to maintain growth retardation. Effects of PB, on stone fruits were studied through soil applications, because Chilean fruit growers wish to use the least number of sprays possible. In our trials, soil applications were made at flowering time. The formulation of PB used was a 25% flowable concentrate under the commercial name of Cultar. These trials are part of a 5-year study on gibberellin biosynthesis inhibitors. Results in tables and figures were recorded after the second year when maximum effects were expressed.
Training and Visit Extension: Back to Basics
Authors: Baxter Michael , Pickering Donald C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Training and Visit (T&V) system of agricultural extension has been widely adopted over the past decade. It is now being used in at least 40 countries. Many governments have contributed significant resources to implementing the system. Multi- and bilateral development organizations have also been involved. The World Bank, the leading development agency in this respect, has invested about $2.4 billion in extension activities.
Organogenesis in Vitro as a Developmental Process
Authors: Christianson M. L. , Warnick D. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plants have a remarkable propensity for asexual or vegetative propagation, and it is not surprising that this capacity extends to plant cells or tissues cultured in vitro (24). The “regenerative response” in vitro includes somatic embryogenesis as well as organogenesis (formation of shoots or roots from cultured tissue). It may be useful to make a further distinction, subdividing the organogenic response. In many instances, explants have the capacity to give rise to shoots, roots, or floral structures when cultured on a medium that supplies mineral salts, vitamins, and a carbon source, but is devoid of plant hormones. These processes may be termed “adventive organogenesis”. Exogenously supplied plant hormones often can facilitate these processes, but are not absolutely required for organogenesis to occur. In these instances, the immediate precursors of the new organs are cells in the explant itself (5, 6). The other type of organogenesis is not adventive and involves a “dedifferentiation” of the explant, elaboration of callus tissue along the cut edges of the explant, and the induction of new organs from this newly formed callus tissue. Exogenously supplied phytohormone not only controls the process but is required for organogenesis to occur. This paper is concerned with the specifics of this last type of organogenesis; we suspect that the general principles derived from this work apply to all organogenesis in vitro. As much as organogenesis in vitro reflects the mechanisms of organogenesis in vivo, these general principles will also apply to the development in whole plants ex vitro.
Oligosaccharins: Regulatory Molecules in Plants
Authors: Albersheim Peter , Darvill Alan G. , Davis Keith R. , Doares Steven H. , Gollin David J. , O'Neill Roger , Toubart Patrick R. , York William S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The well-characterized regulatory molecules of plants, abscisic acid, auxin, cytokinin, ethylene, and gibberellin, are pleiotropic. We hypothesize that these five molecules catalyze the release of other, more specific chemical messages. Two research projects of our laboratory team, elucidating the structure and function of the matrix polysaccharides of the walls of growing plant cells, and studying the manner by which plants defend themselves against disease, led us to discover that structurally defined fragments of cell-wall polysaccharides are chemical messages with specific regulatory properties. These regulatory molecules—oligosaccharins—are released from the cell wall by enzymes. This lecture will describe evidence that cell walls are the repository of numerous, different oligosaccharins that can regulate not only triggering of plant defenses against pathogens and other types of stress, but also can regulate rate of growth, and differentiation into roots, flowers, and vegetative buds.
European Selection Schemes for Woody Ornamentals
Authors: Webster A. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Man's breeding and selection of woody ornamentals is, by no stretch of the imagination, a novel pursuit, but has employed succeeding generations of plantsmen for many centuries. Currently, selection of woody ornamentals that depends on government or industry funding is inevitably stimulated by cultural or disease problems with existing species or cultivars, by changing consumer needs, or by recognition of a market demand for superior or novel plants. The worth of this work frequently is judged in terms of its potential economic benefit. Speculative breeding and/or selection of esoteric plants, a traditional pursuit of the enthusiastic horticulturist, is now difficult for anyone other than the keen amateur to sustain.
Keeping Quality of Various Genotypes of Ficus benjamina after Simulated Dark Shipping and Storage Indoors
Authors: Ottosen Carl-Otto , Høyer Lars 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Up to 42% difference was found in leaf abscission of some selected fast growing clones of Ficus benjamina after simulated transport in darkness followed by low irradiance conditions in a simulated interior environment. Clones that grew fast under low irradiance conditions also had superior keeping quality. This suggests a possibility of selecting genotypes with both a fast growth and good keeping quality.
Inheritance of Fruit Bitterness in a Cross of Cucurbita mixta × C. pepo
Authors: Borchers E. A. , Taylor R. T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A cross of ‘Green Striped Cushaw’ pumpkin (Cucurbita mixta) × ‘Goldbar’ hybrid summer squash (C. pepo), neither of which have bitter fruit, produced an F1 having extremely bitter fruit. Inheritance data suggest that fruit bitterness in this cross is conditioned by three dominant, complementary genes with two contributed by ‘Goldbar’ and the third by ‘Green Striped Cushaw’.
Measuring Growing Media pH with Metal-probe and Glass Electrode pH Meters
Authors: Hershey David R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Probe pH meters are marketed by many horticultural suppliers and cost from $5 to $21. A probe pH meter consists of an analog meter attached to one or two metal probes. To measure pH a probe is pushed into moist growing medium, and the indicator needle points to the pH. Despite low cost and seemingly simple operation, probe pH meters have been criticized as being unsuitable for horticultural use (1, 3). I, therefore, evaluated the accuracy of a probe pH meter for measuring growing media pH.
Analysis of Shear Force Data in Broccoli Transplant Studies
Authors: Latimer Joyce Griffin , Beverly Reuben B. , Blum Bill 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Georgia transplant industry is based upon production of vegetable transplants in field seedbeds. Since transplants are hand-pulled and packed in crates for shipping, stem strength is important to the survival of the transplants. During a project studying transplant production, we observed differences in stem strength as a result of soil amendments added to the seedbeds. Stem strength of plants has been analyzed using shearing devices, and several methods of analyzing and interpreting shear force data have been reported (2-4). This report compares three methods of analyzing data from field research on broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Group Italica) transplant production to determine the most appropriate means of identifying treatment effects on stem strength.
Production of Specialty Crops for Ethnic Markets in the United States
Authors: Marsh Dyremple B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The number of people of Caribbean, African, and Asian descent living in the United States is quite high. Most of these people live in diverse ethnic centers, such as New York, San Francisco, Chicago, Miami, and Atlanta. It might be profitable to provide traditional foods (2, 3) for these groups. Many of these foods already are imported into the United States. However, importation sometimes is not possible because of (a) inadequate storage facilities, (b) low cost effectiveness, and (c) small amounts that need to be imported (J.R. Suah, CARDI, personal communication). Three of these crops that may be grown in Missouri are hot pepper, ‘Scotch Bonnet,’ a low moisture pumpkin, ‘Calabash,’ and yam. ‘Scotch Bonnet,’ pepper grown under tropical conditions is semiperennial with peak production occurring in the first year. ‘Calabash’ pumpkin, requires a growing season of at least 7 months. Yam requires a 6- to 10-month growing period under tropical conditions. The potential production of these vegetables in the United States has not been adequately investigated. We, therefore, investigated their performance under mid-Missouri growing conditions.
Adventitious Shoot Production From Leaves of Blueberry Cultured in Vitro
Authors: Dweikat I. M. , Lyrene P. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Blueberry is clonally propagated by hardwood and softwood cuttings, and by micropropagation. Zimmerman and Broome (7) reported 22.8 µm 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) plus 73.8 µm N-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (2ip) to be optimal for axillary shoot proliferation. Lyrene (4) found that 28.5 µm IAA added to medium containing 73.8 µm 2ip had no effect on shoot multiplication. Although lowbush blueberries produced increasingly more shoots as 2ip concentrations increased from 0 to 147.6 µm (2), three highbush clones produced fewer shoots at the 147.6 µm than at lower concentrations (1).
‘Texas Grano 1025Y’: A Medium Length Storage Shortday Onion
Authors: Pike L. M. , Horn R. S. , Andersen C. R. , Leeper P. W. , Miller M. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The development of a high yielding, pink root resistant, medium length storage shortday onion (Allium cepa L.) with improved shipping quality and maturing slightly later than ‘Texas Early Grano 502’ (TEG502) was the objective in the development of this cultivar. ‘Texas Grano 1025Y’ (TG1025Y) extends the South Texas onion season by 7 to 10 days beyond the ‘TEG502’ maturity season.
Comments on Flux and Flux Density
Authors: Downs Robert J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A recent update supplement of the ASHS Publications Manual (1) states that photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) shall now be called photosynthetic photon flux (PPF). This decision appears to be based on a Feature article by Holmes et al. (2), which suggested that flux density was seriously misused to describe flux. They offered three definitions of flux to support this alleged misuse—Chamber's Dictionary of Science and Technology: the rate of flow of mass, volume, or energy per unit cross-section normal to the direction of flow; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms: the amount of some quantity flowing across a given area per unit time; Oxford English Dictionary: the rate of flow of any fluid across a given area; the amount of which crosses an area in a given time; it is thus a vector referred to unit area.
Effect of Planting Date on Growth and Yield of Sweet Potatoes
Authors: Sajjapongse Adisak , Wu Mei-Huey , Roan Yu-Chi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
High temperature during August plantings of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] reduced the number of storage roots/plant, increased top weight, and gave low yield. November planting, when the temperature was relatively low, had no effect on root formation but resulted in small roots. Yields were related to the accumulated temperature of the first 60 days after planting (DAP) and the relationship was quadratic. Regression analysis revealed that the highest yield (15.3 t·ha–1) in 1981–82 was obtained when the mean daily temperature of the first 60 DAP was 22.4°C. Analogous data for 1983–84 were 17.7 t·ha–1 and 23.1°.