bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A framework for belief revision under restrictions
Authors: Long Zhiguo , Meng Hua , Li Tianrui , Li Heng-Chao , Sioutis Michael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Traditional belief revision usually considers generic logic formulas, whilst in practical applications some formulas might even be inappropriate for beliefs. For instance, the formula

$p \wedge q$

is syntactically consistent and is also an acceptable belief when there are no restrictions, but it might become unacceptable under restrictions in some context. If we assume that p represents ‘manufacturing product A’ and q represents ‘manufacturing product B’, an example of such a context would be the knowledge that there are not enough resources to manufacture them both and, hence,

$p \wedge q$

would not be an acceptable belief. In this article, we propose a generic framework for belief revision under restrictions. We consider restrictions of either fixed or dynamic nature, and devise several postulates to characterize the behaviour of changing beliefs when new evidence emerges or the restriction changes. Moreover, we show that there is a representation theorem for each type of restriction. Finally, we discuss belief revision of qualitative spatio-temporal information under restrictions as an application of this new framework.
Navigating intellectual property in the landscape of digital cultural heritage sites
Authors: Marek Hannah M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWhile three-dimensional digital renderings of cultural heritage sites have been developed over the past decades for informational and preservation purposes, the COVID 19 pandemic has demonstrated that the audience for virtual cultural heritage – so-called “technoheritage” – is likely to grow, engaging lay persons and specialist scholars alike through creative renditions and experiences of digital sites. Virtual availability affords democratized access to cultural heritage sites in theory, yet the process of digitizing heritage raises questions of intellectual property rights and how they should be allocated among the various stakeholders, including site stewards and heritage recording organizations. This article untangles these knotty intellectual property issues and posits that the current trend to treat all technoheritage and related data as copyrightable intellectual property is a clunky approach and not legally sound. Understanding the intellectual property in and to technoheritage and addressing intellectual property allocation in the complex manner the law requires are crucial to finding workable solutions that can balance concerns regarding appropriation of cultural heritage with open access to information.
Challenging echocardiographic pictures of aortic arch: when heart murmur leads to a rare diagnosis
Authors: Henssen Fanny , Khamis Jamil , Loeckx Isabelle 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe describe the case of a 2-week-old boy referred for systolic murmur. His echocardiography showed challenging pictures of the aortic arch, which led to the rare diagnosis of arterial tortuosity syndrome.
“No Better Way of Selecting the Man in Whom They Place the Highest Confidence”: A Note on James Madison’s Remarks on the Electoral College at Richmond’s Ratifying Convention
Authors: Novotny Patrick 
Published: September 2022

ABSTRACTThis article discusses the remarks by James Madison to Virginia’s ratifying convention in June 1788 as they relate to the Electoral College. Madison’s remarks in Richmond shed light on his rarely highlighted expectations of the workings of the Electoral College and provide insight into the Constitutional Convention’s debate on the legislative selection of the President.
A Friend's Tribute: Mir ‘Ali for Hilali
Authors: ABDULLAEVA-MELVILLE FIRUZA 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article will focus on a Persian manuscript of Central Asian origin of exceptional literary, historical, and artistic importance. It is a selection of poetry, which was composed in Herat and written in 1531–32 in Bukhara and now belongs to King's College, Cambridge (King's Pote 186). It is the second part of my research on this manuscript, and I shall concentrate mainly on its textual and artistic peculiarities. The first part, which was published recently, was dedicated to its provenance as well as its historical and religious setting.1 The studies also reflect the political, social, and cultural processes in a contemporary turbulent world. Among these are the Shaybanid and Safavid conquests of sixteenth-century Central Asia, Shah Jahan's literary preferences, the colonial ambitions of the former Cambridge graduate Ephraim Pote, East India Company agent-turned-scholar Antoine Polier, and expertise of the crème de la crème of Victorian Cambridge academia.
Research progress of health care in Yemeni children during the war: review
Authors: Gaber Yahya Ali , Al-Sanabani Rukaih , Annuzaili Dhekra Amin , Al-danakh Abdullah , Ling Li Chun 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackground:Yemen crisis, which has been going on for more than six years, represents one of the most gruesome human plights in the modern history, especially children.Objectives:This research aimed to present a comprehensive view of Yemeni children’s studies during the ongoing war period, to come up with a comprehensive base that concerns humanitarians, researchers, decision-makers, and general public at large about the reality of the predicament of Yemeni child.Method:We searched databases and identified 373 articles, of which 68 were included in this review. Review of literature between 2014 and 2020 is taken from academic sources, multilateral organizations, donors, and governmental and non-governmental organizations. The data are analyzed by date and governorates.Results:We chose 68 articles and divided them according to the diseases and health conditions as follows: infectious diseases (15 studies), non-infectious diseases (10 studies), blood-related diseases (7 studies), oral and dental problems (12 studies), accidents and injuries (2 studies), health system (16 studies), family and community (6 studies). Moreover, the studies were divided geographically as follows: 7 studies that were almost comprehensive for all governorates; additional studies were conducted for Amanat Al Asimah (21 studies), Taiz (12 studies), Aden and Al Hudaydah (7 studies for each), Dhamar and Ibb (6 studies for each), Abyan and Lahij (2 study for each). As for Al Bayda, Marib, Sana’a, and Socotra, each of them had one study.Conclusion:Our assessment revealed that the ongoing Yemen crisis is underrated and largely neglected. The studies conducted so far do match the ground reality both in terms of inclusiveness and numbers.
Spatial Variation in Catchment Response to Climate Change Depends on Lateral Moisture Transport and Nutrient Dynamics
Authors: Stephens C. M. , Marshall L. A. , Johnson F. M. , Ajami H. , Lin L. , Band L. E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractFuture shifts in rainfall, temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) will impact hydrologic and ecosystem behavior. These changes are expected to vary in space because water and nutrient availability vary with terrain and soil properties, with feedbacks on vegetation and canopy adjustment. However, within‐basin patterns and spatial dependencies of ecohydrologic dynamics have often been ignored in future scenario modeling. We used a distributed process‐based ecohydrologic model, the Regional Hydro‐Ecological Simulation System, as a virtual catchment to examine spatial and temporal variability in climate change response. We found spatial heterogeneity in Leaf Area Index, transpiration and soil saturation trends, with some scenarios even showing opposite trends in different locations. For example, in a drying scenario, decreased vegetation productivity in water‐limited upslope areas enhanced downslope nutrient subsidies so that productivity increased in the nutrient‐limited riparian zone. In scenarios with both warming and rising CO2, amplifying feedbacks between mineralization, vegetation water use efficiency and litter fall led to large increases in growth that were often strongest in the riparian area (depending on the coincident rainfall change). Modeled transpiration trends were determined by the competing effects of vegetation growth and changing water use efficiency. Overall, the riparian zone experienced substantially different (and even opposing) ecohydrologic trends compared to the rest of the catchment, which is important because productive riparian areas often contribute a disproportionate amount of vegetation growth, transpiration and nutrient consumption to catchment totals. Models that are spatially lumped, lack key ecosystem‐driving dynamics, or ignore lateral transport could misrepresent the complex ecohydrologic changes catchments could experience in the future.
A Characterization of Clouds and Precipitation Over the Southern Ocean From Synoptic to Micro Scales During the CAPRICORN Field Campaigns
Authors: Montoya Duque E. , Huang Y. , Siems S. T. , May P. T. , Protat A. , McFarquhar G. M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe persistent Southern Ocean (SO) shortwave radiation biases in climate models and reanalyses have been associated with the poor representation of clouds, precipitation, aerosols, the atmospheric boundary layer, and their intrinsic interactions. Capitalizing on shipborne observations collected during the Clouds Aerosols Precipitation Radiation and atmospheric Composition Over the Southern Ocean 2016 and 2018 field campaigns, this research investigates and characterizes cloud and precipitation processes from synoptic to micro scales. Distinct cloud and precipitation regimes are found to correspond to the seven thermodynamic clusters established using a K‐means clustering technique, while less distinctions are evident using the cyclone and (cold) front compositing methods. Cloud radar and disdrometer data reveal that light precipitation is common over the SO with higher intensities associated with cyclonic and warm frontal regions. Multiple lines of evidence suggest the presence of diverse microphysical features in several cloud regimes, including the likely dominance of ice aggregation in deep precipitating clouds. Signatures of mixed phase, and in some cases, riming were detected in shallow convective clouds away from the frontal conditions. Two of the K‐means clusters with contrasting cloud and precipitation properties are observed over the high‐latitude SO and coastal Antarctica, suggesting distinct physical processes therein. Through a single case study, in‐situ and remote‐sensing data collected by an overflight of the Southern Ocean Clouds Radiation Aerosol Transport Experimental Study were also evaluated and complement the ship‐based analysis.
Molecular Characterization of the Product Compounds Formed Upon Heterogeneous Chemistry of Ozone With Riverine Surface Microlayer
Authors: Wang Yiqun , Deng Huifan , Li Pan , Xu Jinli , Jiang Bin , Pang Hongwei , Gligorovski Sasho 
Published: September 2022

AbstractOzone (O3) is an important trace gas and oxidant in the atmosphere which sources and sinks are not well understood. In this study we measured the uptake coefficients of O3 (100 ppb) on authentic riverine surface microlayers (SML) collected on three different places on Pearl River in Guangzhou by a vertical wetted wall flow tube reactor which enables to estimate the deposition velocity of O3 on the fresh water surface. The product compounds formed upon interfacial reactions of O3 with the SML have been investigated by a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. About 10 times more product compounds were formed upon ozonolysis on the SML sample collected in a transportation hub close to the Estuary zone compared to the products formed upon ozonolysis on the SML sampled at the upper reach of the river at the periphery of Guangzhou. Moreover, 933 nitrogen (N)‐containing organic compounds which are associated with nitrooxy amines, organonitrates, nitroaromatics, and peroxyacetyl nitrates were formed upon heterogeneous reaction of ozone with the SML collected near the Estuary zone compared to 165 N‐containing compounds formed upon ozonolysis of the SML sample collected at the periphery of the city. Hence, the formed condensed phase product compounds through the reactions of ozone with the riverine SML can affect the freshwater biodiversity. An important fraction of brown carbon compounds was formed, which may be released to the air by wind‐wave interactions and influence the chemical composition of the atmosphere and thus, radiative forcing of the aerosols.
GPS networks: The practical side
Authors: Bevis Michael 
Published: September 2022

Setting up a Global Positioning System (GPS) network presents a number of practical problems in terms of techniques, equipment, fieldcraft, logistics, organization, politics, and funding. These issues are just as important to address as the more purely scientific aspects of GPS research.The National Science Foundation (NSF) sponsored a 1‐day workshop in San Francisco on December 3, 1989, the first ever to focus on the practical side of organizing and managing GPS campaigns and networks.
Iceland's Hekla erupts
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

One of the most active volcanos in Iceland erupted in January after 10 years of repose. Hekla, located in southern Iceland (63.98°N, 19.70°W), erupted on January 17, according to reports from the Smithsonian Institution's Global Volcanism Network. The following account is from the GVN Bulletin, December 1990. (Local time = UT)On January 17 an eruption ejected tephra columns and fed numerous fluid lava flows from fissure vents. Local farmers noticed strong sulfurous smells around 1200–1300, 4–5 hours before the eruption began. Instruments, however, gave less than 40 minutes warning of the eruption.
AGU sponsors Argentinean's visit
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Maria C. Azpiazu, an Argentinean space scientist, has been selected to receive travel support to attend the 1991 AGU Spring Meeting in Baltimore under AGU's Latin American Visiting Geophysicist Program. In addition to presenting a paper at the meeting on [Analysis of Electron Density and Temperature Profiles in the E‐Region on Geomagnetically Quiet Days,] Azpiazu plans to visit several universities and research institutions.Azpiazu is an assistant professor at the University of Buenos Aires and an assistant researcher at the Argentinean National Research Council. While in the United States she plans to visit Boston and Harvard Universities, MIT, Hanscom Air Force Base, and the University of Colorado.
Environmental tracers
Authors: Hornberger George 
Published: September 2022

Several naturally occurring tracers of water in natural systems (for example, stable isotopes of oxygen and hydrogen) are being widely used to determine the flow paths that water takes through a catchment. These chart the course of water from when it lands on the soil surface as rain or snow until it flows out of the catchment as streamflow. Tracing of hydrological flow paths, in conjunction with geochemical studies of how water interacts with rocks and soils, has led to new understanding of the hydrochemistry of upland forested catchments.Although a large fraction of precipitation that reaches the forest floor infiltrates into the very permeable soils, studies have disproved the once‐prevalent notion that water slowly percolates through soils and rocks. Instead, preferred flow paths along old root channels, dessication cracks, and other heterogeneities in the soils transmit water and solute rapidly both vertically and downslope. This rapid movement profoundly affects the chemical reactions in the soils, influencing, for example, how “acid rain” affects the chemical composition of soil and stream water. Major findings from recent work are that downslope transport occurs along preferred paths in the shallow, normally unsaturated portions of the soil; and that riparian areas (wetlands immediately adjacent to the stream channel) play an extraordinarily important role in catchment hydrochemistry.
Congress targets education in NSF budget
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: September 2022

Education was overwhelmingly on the minds of the House Science Committee's Subcommittee on Science as it examined the National Science Foundation's budget at a hearing February 20. “Science and engineering education continues to be a focus of particular interest to this subcommittee,” said the new chairman, Rick Boucher (D‐Va.). “We are pleased to note a 21% increase in the FY 1992 budget request for the NSF education directorate.” The subcommittee directed most of its questions at how NSF will spend this increase.Ron Packard (R‐Calif.), the subcommittee's ranking minority member, asked about NSF's math and science education initiative, particularly the agency's plans for undergraduate education and teacher training. Luther Williams, NSF assistant director for education and human resources, sketched the agency's plans to improve teacher competency, to train the next generation of teachers, and to foster teacher networking. Frederick M. Bernthal, NSF acting director, said the agency's high performance computing initiative could “revolutionize” math and science teaching.
Ducklow named JGR‐Oceans Editor
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: September 2022

Hugh Ducklow of Horn Point Environmental Laboratories, University of Maryland‐CEES, Cambridge, Md., has been appointed an editor of the Journal of Geophysical Research‐Oceans to serve a 4‐year term ending December 31, 1994. His primary responsibility will be for papers relating to biological oceanography with special emphasis on the production dynamics of the upper ocean. Ducklow will also encourage more process‐oriented biologists to publish in JGR‐Oceans.Ducklow intends to raise the profile of JGR among biological oceanographers and increase the number of biology articles published in the journal. Ducklow reports that in 1990 only about 20 of more than 300 articles in JGR‐Oceans were biological. He would like to see the Oceans section continue to expand its role as a stage for presenting collections of articles about major field programs, including the first JGOFS process studies. Also, the launch of the Sea‐WIFS ocean color sensor in 1993 promises to open a new era in biological oceanography and Ducklow plans to ensure JGR becomes one of the principal outlets for ocean color papers.
Circulation variability in the Gulf of Alaska
Authors: Ingraham W. J. , Schumacher J. D. , Macklin S. A. , Reed R. K. 
Published: September 2022

We have recently found a connection between the effects of large‐scale atmospheric forcing over the Gulf of Alaska and deep‐water properties (temperature and salinity) below the southern sill depth (∼200 m) in Shelikof Strait, through studies under the Fisheries Oceanography Coordinated Investigations (FOCI) program. Startedin 1984, by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, most FOCI research has been conducted in Shelikof Strait, Alaska (Figure 1), a large estuarine‐like system located between Kodiak Island and the Alaska Peninsula, where vast numbers of walleye pollock spawn each spring.Although we had been aware that marked variability in the deep waters of the strait existed, a mechanism for inducing the changes was not apparent. It now seems clear that the interannual variability of upperocean circulation is large enough to bring about the water property anomalies. Figure 1 contrasts the mixed layer flows or trajectories during winter‐spring of a typical year (1986) and an unusual year (1985), when southwestward outflow from the upper gulf was quite weak. These flow variations appear to result in changes in the source waters that flow over the sill to the strait, thereby causing the observed variability in properties.
How high will Yucca's water table rise?
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: September 2022

Upward movement of groundwater is at the forefront of research and discussion of Yucca Mountain's safety over the next 10,000 years as a proposed nuclear repository site. Researchers have used available data and computer modeling of groundwater movement to work toward agreement on the controversial question of the mountain's geologic stability, despite the fact that the state of Nevada is opposed to an official site assessment.Earthquakes, climate change, and magma intrusion are some of the mechanisms of water table rise that were discussed at the AGU's Spring Meeting.
Mount Unzen kills three volcanologists
Authors: DeVito M. Catherine 
Published: September 2022

Three AGU members were among 37 people killed June 3 when Mount Unzen, a volcano in Nagasaki prefecture, Japan, erupted. Unzen last erupted in 1792. The first signs of renewed activity appeared in mid‐1990, with increases in seismicity and the first volcanic tremor since observations began in 1966. The three volcanologists, Harry Glicken and Maurice and Katia Krafft, had traveled to Mount Unzen to monitor the increased seismic activity. Glicken, 33, was a visiting scientist at Tokyo Metropolitan University and an assistant researcher in geological sciences at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He worked for the U.S. Geological Survey until 1989, and narrowly escaped death in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington.Glicken had been an AGU member since 1980 and was known for his work in debris avalanches. Maurice, 45, and Katia Krafft, 44, of Cernay, France, were professional volcanologists known for their extensive work in publishing books and films on volcanology for the general public. Both Kraffts joined AGU in 1975.
Galileo's Earth‐Moon portrait
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: September 2022

Research reported at an AGU session on Galileo's Earth/Moon flyby refined the spacecraft's distinctive portrait of the Earth‐Moon system. The Galileo team presented dramatic new views of the Earth and Moon taken last December. Andrew P. Ingersoll showed a color movie of the rotating Earth, made through spectral filters with which Galileo viewed the Earth almost continuously for 25 hours.Galileo also made finely tuned observations of vegetation and clouds, using three very closely spaced spectral wavelengths in the near‐infrared, explained W. Reid Thompson. In the resulting images, Argentinian grassland and Brazilian rain forest are clearly distinguished, demonstrating the applicability of this technique for routine monitoring of deforestation, shifts in vegetation due to climate, and other phenomena. Thompson suggested that this capability could be used on the Earth Observing System. One of the spectral bands may also have potential for monitoring cloud condensation, as it appears to differentiate actively condensing, vapor‐heavy clouds from higher and drier clouds.
Senate passes energy, water appropriations bill
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: September 2022

The $21.98 billion energy and water appropriations bill (HR 2427) was passed by the full Senate on July 10, representing an increase of about $1 billion over FY 1991 funding. With a 96‐3 vote, HR 2427 was one of the first of 13 spending bills to be approved by the Senate. (See “DOE Funding Up in FY 1991,” Eos, July 16.)The Senate appropriated $509 million to begin construction of the controversial Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) in Waxahachie, Texas. Earlier this year, the House voted $434 million for the project, which was $100 million less than requested by the administration.
House trims NOAA's Weather Service Budget
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: September 2022

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's portion of the House‐passed Department of Commerce appropriations bill (HR 2608) for FY 1992 is $1.4 billion, $117 million less than requested by President Bush and about $24 million over FY 1991's appropriation.The bill cut a major part of the modernization of the National Weather Service. For FY 1992, $423.7 million would go to the NWS, a cut of about $85 million from the president's request of $508.6 million and about $30 million below FY 1991's appropriations.