bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to Set Up Consequences That Work
Authors: Temkin-Yu Andrea 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 9 outlines how parental responses can influence teen behavior. It reviews how various reinforcements and punishment can increase or decrease the likelihood of behavior occurring in the future. There is detailed information on the different types of outcomes that influence teens. Parents are provided guidance on the factors they have control over and how to most effectively manage these factors to encourage skillful behavior, reduce problem behavior, and maintain a positive parent–child relationship. The chapter provides specific instructions on different types of behavior management, including logical consequences and reward plans. Chapter exercises and practice worksheets are included to help parents test their knowledge of consequences and establish a plan that works for their teen.
De-Escalation
Authors: Temkin-Yu Andrea 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 10 focuses on strategies to help parents respond to teen outbursts. It outlines three phases of escalation that all teens move through when upset: build-up, peak, and cool-down. The chapter guides parents to recognize how both they and their teen behave during each phase. Readers are then given concrete steps to follow in each stage that will help to encourage emotional and behavior regulation. Common barriers to these steps are explored and problem-solving tips are provided. Chapter exercises and practice worksheets are included to help parents learn how to apply skills within each stage and prepare to put them into use at home.
The Life of a South Alabama Tenant Farmer
Authors: Jones Bryan D. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the life of a Southern white tenant farmer, Charles Cade Jones and his son, Thomas G. Jones, the author’s grandfather. Charles Cade Jones could not support his family through his carpentry work, so he became a tenant farmer. His son, the author’s grandfather, wrote, “With his ax on his shoulder, he walked into the forest, and with his own hands, felled the trees and hewed the trunks into shape and built a house for his growing family. . . . They called it a log cabin, but the young wife and mother said it was the most beautiful house she had ever seen.” The problem was that when a lease was lost, the tenant lost his investment in the property, and had to start again.
“I Was Greatly Embarrassed Because of My Ignorance”
Authors: Jones Bryan D. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The author’s grandfather, Thomas Glenn Jones, lived a long life that stretched through Redemption and Jim Crow and the associated Progressive Movement. At 15, he was functionally illiterate. Granddaddy struggled through his tenant-farming childhood, frustrated with his lack of opportunities on the farm. He wrote of these frustrations, resenting the limitations that he felt kept him ignorant. But he did not have the knowledge of how to better himself, and committed unforced error after unforced error as his driving ambition pushed him to better himself. He was a far more complicated figure than the author knew when growing up. While his attitudes on racial segregation were standard for the era, he harbored progressive views on the rights of women, and wrote a book in 1950 that demonstrated how strongly he felt on the subject.
The Center Does Not Hold
Authors: Jones Bryan D. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
As the ire of Southern whites over integration increased, the pressure on newspaper editors and publishers increased. Many advertisers and subscribers were unhappy with the moderate stances adopted by some editors. The opening for promoting a gradualist approach toward integration was met with massive resistance by Southern politicans, economic elites and many conservative newspapermen. By the end of the period, two of the three newspapermen we have followed moved right. Buford Boone of the Tuscaloosa News stood firm, but Grover Hall of the Montgomery Advetiser had joined the Wallace bandwagon, and the author’s father had moved sharply to the right. Through the writings of these editors, this chapter explores how the white center collapsed in Alabama.
The Pallbearer Who Couldn’t Go into the Church
Authors: Jones Bryan D. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The rigid nature of Southern segregation in which the white race was hailed as superior while Blacks were scorned as inferior relied on actions and symbols that continually reinforced the vast chasm in status between the races. In that system, geography mattered; where Blacks could go was strictly monitored by whites. White churches were especially segregationist. The chapter tells story of Frank Worthy, a Black man who worked in the print shop of the Troy Messenger. Frank was competent, hard-working, and trustworthy, a master of all trades. Yet he could not enter the church where the funeral of his employer, and the author’s father, was held, even though he was invited.
Reform or Revolution?
Authors: Riddle Karie Cross 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter situates the book within the burgeoning literature on the WPS agenda, divided roughly into two overlapping groups of pragmatic reformers (those working to improve the agenda) and skeptical revolutionaries (critics who call for alternatives). While real differences between the two persist, reformers and revolutionaries work in the same system and are influenced by it. The ethos of critique calls for generous treatment of arguments coming from both sides. However, the chapter locates Critical Feminist Justpeace within the second group, the revolutionaries, due to India’s politics. Akanksha Khullar points to India’s slow uptake of the WPS agenda, crediting it to jealous guarding of its own sovereignty. Paula Banerjee also cites India’s unwillingness to acknowledge armed conflict within its borders, choosing instead to label the Northeast region as “disturbed.” The chapter therefore concludes that support for women’s peacebuilding in Manipur requires thinking creatively about feminist peace outside of the WPS agenda.
Critical Feminist Methodology
Authors: Riddle Karie Cross 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter details the book’s use of Brooke Ackerly’s critical feminist methodology, comprised of guiding criteria, deliberative inquiry, and skeptical scrutiny, which together produce a disciplined method for grounded theory. Guiding criteria are the norms and questions that a feminist theorist brings to the research. For this project, guiding criteria include a positive conception of peace, the idea that peace and justice must go together, and the need to examine women’s praxis intersectionally. Deliberative inquiry forces the theorist to expose herself to the broadest possible range of views. Interviews expand from the researcher’s initial questions to the interviewees’ original ideas and reflections on preliminary conclusions. In Manipur, this method fruitfully produced conflicting accounts about the success of interethnic peace work among women. Finally, skeptical scrutiny covers the entire research process with a disposition that pays attention to power hierarchies and questions all areas of potential consensus.
Critical Feminist Analysis of Women’s Peacebuilding Praxis in Manipur
Authors: Riddle Karie Cross 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter presents a critical feminist analysis of women’s peacebuilding praxis in Manipur. It is just one snapshot of constantly changing, multi-sited peace work, but it provides many examples of the diverse initiatives that women in Manipur undertake to realize their visions for peace. The analysis covers five major peacebuilding groups, based on observations and interviews from 2014 and 2015. Two of the groups are interethnic; the remaining three are monoethnic. Only one group tied their work to the WPS agenda, while others focused on local and national politics. Typically, women were not seeking to gain entry to formal peace talks, but rather embarking on their own creative and diverse methods of calling attention to systemic injustice and holding perpetrators of violence accountable. This analysis finds much that is working well, but it also reveals some problematic local-level practices that require revision if they are to produce peace and justice.
Conclusion
Authors: Riddle Karie Cross 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Conclusion returns to Judith Butler’s work to argue that critical deconstruction is a necessary precursor to the type of reconstruction that peacebuilders promote. Butler does not deconstruct to tear down, but rather to create the conditions for a more ethical alternative. This book shares that intention when pinpointing harmful local practices. Only by identifying hierarchies can they be overturned; peacebuilders must deconstruct to reconstruct. The ethos of critique is also an ethos of reconstruction. Then, the chapter analyzes a final example from Manipur, a local tradition known as ningol chakkouba. The analysis identifies hierarchies that might emerge when using this tradition for peacebuilding and suggests several areas for transformation, according to critical feminist justpeace. This application of critical feminist justpeace shows how it can help peacebuilders to deconstruct some of their own practices in order to reconstruct a more inclusive, ethical, and fully feminist future.
Securing the Belt and Road and Establishing Hierarchy in Central Asia
Authors: Lemon Edward , Jardine Bradley 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Faced with the perceived threat of spillover from Afghanistan, protests against its investments in Central Asia, and concerns over the region’s sizable ethnic Uyghur population, China has increased its role as a security provider in Central Asia. The density of these ties has grown dramatically since the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was launched in 2013. At the same time, Central Asia has also proven to be a testing ground for China to develop its own parallel order building and to experiment with forms of security cooperation, increasingly without the region’s former external hegemon, Russia. The authors argue that China’s rising security role along the BRI in Central Asia is part of a longer-term strategy by which China builds networks to lock Central Asian states into hierarchical relations of (inter)dependence. China enhances its security networks with a view to exploiting its network positions to extend its influence in the region, a process called “weaponized interdependence.”
Official Lending, Optics, and Outliers
Authors: Narins Tom 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
From 1980 to 2020, the Chinese state became increasingly visible in developing economies, particularly as an official lender to governments that sought financing for infrastructural projects. This increased visibility garnered the Chinese state both positive and negative attention. Much of the negative attention focused on Chinese lending practices, which became increasingly controversial, particularly within the context of South–South Cooperation (SSC). This chapter examines four Belt and Road Initiative debtor countries (Pakistan, Laos, Sri Lanka, and Zambia) to highlight what implications their economic struggles have for China as a lender and the Belt and Road Initiative as a whole. Where appropriate, this examination involves a survey-level discussion within each country of three comparative angles: academic/policy observers, government spokespeople, and citizens. In doing so, this chapter provides a more complete picture of the economic impact of Chinese debt and associated economic activities in light of the COVID-19-triggered global economic downturn.
Conceptualizing the BRI
Authors: Paltiel Jeremy , Yan Karl 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a structure of complex bilateralism. This can be defined as a structure whereby the initiator country forges multiple bilateral relationships centered on itself. Its overarching aim is enhancing regional and transregional integration without a common coordinating institution accountable to all international stakeholders. This chapter explores the concept by looking at the relationship between the coordinating mechanisms of the BRI established domestically under the State Council of the People’s Republic of China and the relationship of the financial and economic coordinating bodies within the Development and Reform Commission under the State Council. Using two cases of railway export, namely, the Jakarta–Bandung High-Speed Railway project and the Malaysian East Coast Rail Link project, this chapter shows how the structure of Chinese domestic coordination institutions serves to reinforce bilateral over multilateral or minilateral coordination principles and institutions within the BRI.
Keeping Watch along the Digital Silk Road
Authors: Dall’Agnola Jasmin 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chinese technology firms are promoting and selling their closed-circuit television (CCTV) cameras to Central Asia under the banner of China’s Digital Silk Road (DSR). This is problematic because not only are these cameras used by local elites to track people’s whereabouts, but they also enable Chinese businesses and, by extension, Chinese authorities to collect and store big data on Central Asian citizens. This chapter uses an interpretative qualitative frame that features analysis of survey data along with the visual assessment and documentation of Chinese CCTV cameras in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan. It seeks to illustrate what the normalization of mass state surveillance, intensified by China’s DSR, has come to mean for individuals’ data and privacy in Central Asia. The chapter finds Central Asians’ widespread support for and understanding of CCTV surveillance and, by extension, their vision of China’s DSR to be influenced by both historical legacies and the lack of democratic mechanisms.
Back from the Brink
Authors: Moskos Peter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
New York City’s 1990s crime drop was unexpected and counter to a long-established academic narrative that crime could only be addressed through greater changes in society. Using extensive interviews, this book explains the crime drop from the police officers’ perspectives. Over the course of three decades—through riots, fiscal crises, urban decline, and increasing gun violence—New York City’s seemingly inevitable fall transformed into rebirth. First, in the subway system in the late 1980s, the intractable problem of graffiti was solved through a five-year problem-solving approach that only tangentially relied on policing. In the early 1990s, public areas along 42nd Street—Bryant Park, Times Square, and the Port Authority Bus Terminal—were improved through public-private partnership and effective management. This coincided with a new “broken-windows” strategy of policing in the subway that reduced crime by creating a safer environment for riders through rule enforcement for violations both large and small. Above ground, a massive investment in policing increased the number of police officers. This came to fruition as the crack epidemic receded in the early 1990s. A massive reduction in crime began in 1994 as new city and police leadership focused on crime reduction in a manner which simply had never been tried before. Innovations in leadership, accountability, and management were best exemplified by the establishment of weekly crime meetings that became known as Compstat. A four-step problem-solving approach provided a template by which crime could be mapped and reduced: accurate and timely intelligence, rapid deployment, effective tactics, and relentless follow-up and assessment. Murders and other crime rapidly declined.
Crack, Community Policing, and Crown Heights (1980–1993)
Authors: Moskos Peter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In the 1980s and early 1990s, New York City was on more solid economic footing, and the city’s population began to increase after decades of decline. The number of police officers reached an all-time low in 1981. In that same year, robberies reached an all-time high. As the city’s financial situation improved in the first half of the 1980s, crime declined. The NYPD shifted to a focus on “community policing,” and the number of arrests increased drastically along with crime and violence, the latter heavily linked to public dealing of crack cocaine, which significantly and disproportionately impacted minority communities. Riots in Crown Heights targeting the Jewish community showed that the police department was unable to deal with issues of urban unrest. A number of high-profile crimes provoked Mayor Dinkins’s Safe Streets Safe City program, which in 1990 that paid for the hiring of thousands of police officers.
Compstat: Accurate Timely Intelligence (1994–1996)
Authors: Moskos Peter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Weekly crime meetings, known as Compstat, came to symbolize the cultural transformation of the NYPD into a proactive and aggressive crime-fighting organization. Previously, the NYPD had neither the system nor the desire to compile and examine such data on a weekly basis. During the meetings, careers were made or lost. Precinct commanders were held accountable and given resources and ideas to fight crime. While the technology itself was little beyond the ability to map crime data, accurate data needed to be painstakingly gathered from every command in the city. This allowed Compstat meetings to focus on individual officers, individual criminal cases, and patterns and trends. Crime began to plummet in August 1994. This decline would accelerate in 1995.
Religion Is Good When . . .
Authors: Smith Christian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The chapter examines six key criteria that Americans use to evaluate religion: moral guidance, positive psychological support, community building, role modeling, moderation, and national solidarity. Religion is valued when it promotes good morals, helps individuals maintain a positive outlook, fosters social harmony, provides moral role models, remains moderate and non-extremist, and strengthens national unity. When religion meets these expectations, it is affirmed and supported; when it fails to do so, skepticism and disengagement follow. These criteria help explain traditional religion’s obsolescence, setting normative baselines that were later violated by religious actors and made impossible by changing sociocultural conditions.
Some Complex Ways Culture Changes
Authors: Smith Christian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter advances several useful analogies of change to help explain the obsolescence of traditional American religion. In population ecology, factors like diseases and habitat loss contribute to species decline, just as how sociocultural changes and new influences affect religion. Avalanche science demonstrates how small disruptions can escalate into significant changes, paralleling how minor societal shifts can lead to widespread religious changes. Cultural mismatch, where clashing norms of students and schools can lead to student disadvantage and failure helps explain religion's decline. Nonlinear change, where effects accumulate before reaching a tipping point, reflects how religion’s decline can be sudden and dramatic. Everett Rogers’s innovation adoption curve illustrates how new beliefs spread across populations, similar to traditional religion losing ground to rival ways of life. Economic crowding out describes how competing demands reduce religion’s role, while Andrew Abbott’s theory explains how competitive claimants to knowledge and authority compete with traditional religious authority. These analogies help illustrate the dynamics of the complex, multifaceted nature of religion’s obsolescence in American society, as explained in following chapters.
Long-Term Social Trends
Authors: Smith Christian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter explains how the obsolescence of traditional American religion since the early 1990s was shaped by long-term macro-social factors. The expansion of higher education since World War II, driven by the GI Bill and government subsidies, has increased college attendance. The rise in women’s workforce participation has diminished volunteer labor for religious congregations and reshaped traditional family structures, impacting religious involvement. Changing family dynamics, including delayed marriage, increased cohabitation, and higher rates of living alone, have further weakened traditional religion’s appeal. The decline in face-to-face membership organizations, including churches, also reflects a broader trend of reduced civic engagement. The rise of mass consumerism and advertising has shifted American values toward individualistic consumption and redefined notions of success and fulfillment. Meanwhile, expressive individualism, which emphasizes personal authenticity, has become dominant in the late twentieth century. The cultural shift from materialist to postmaterialist values has further contributed to the decline of traditional religion. Last, the rise of emerging adulthood, characterized by extended education and delayed commitments, contrasts with traditional religion’s focus on stability and community, leading to reduced religious engagement among younger generations.
The Developing Religious Environment
Authors: Smith Christian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter addresses changes in American religion over decades that help explain traditional religion’s weaknesses heading into the 1990s. These include the organizational decline of mainline Protestantism, which paradoxically stems from its larger cultural successes. Liberal Protestant values such as individualism, pluralism, and tolerance became so integrated into American culture that the need for these churches diminished, leading to membership losses after the 1960s. The American Catholic Church faced similar challenges after reforms from the Second Vatican Council, which caused internal conflict and declining resources. Meanwhile, evangelicalism gained strength in the 1970s, polarizing religion and politics through televangelism and the Religious Right. By the 1990s, increased interest in Eastern religions, the New Age movement, and perceived conflicts between science and religion further accelerated the decline of traditional religious institutions.
Contours of the Millennial Zeitgeist
Authors: Smith Christian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter uses multiple means to explore how the Millennial cultural zeitgeist that emerged in the 1990s through the 2000s both contributed to and represented the obsolescence of traditional religion. The optimism and innovation of the 1990s gave way to economic instability and political conflict in the 2000s. As the internet rose and new cultural values emphasized individuality, fluid identity, and personal subjectivism, traditional religion increasingly seemed irrelevant. Millennials, influenced by these changes, became skeptical of institutional authority, viewing religious institutions as hypocritical and controlling. This was reflected in music, attire, attitudes, and values. Many turned to alternative “re-enchanted” spiritual practices or engaged with “occulture” rather than adhering to traditional frameworks. This loss in traditional religious commitment was not primarily replaced by secularism but by a larger rise in eclectic, non-traditional spiritual beliefs and practices. Traditional religion meanwhile failed to resonate with contemporary values centered on personal experience, diversity, relativism, and individualism.