bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple, Mite Control, 1987
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test chemicals were applied to 10- to 31-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a handgun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi and at 325-350 (Tests 1 and 2) to 375-400 gal/acre. Spray dates were 16 May (full pink), 29 May (petal fall), 12- 17 Jun (first cover) and 16 Jul (third cover). The standard pesticide program consisted of Difolatan 80 Sprill (8 lb/100) on 16 Apr (the only cover pesticide applied in Test 4), Captan 80W (1 lb) on 6-9 dates, Manzate 200 80W (1.5 lb) and Sevin 80S (1-1.2 lb) on 2 dates, and Pydrin 2.4EC (2.7 oz) on 4 dates. There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used, with 2 'Red Delicious' and 2 'Cortland' cultivars in Tests 1 and 3, 3 'Red Delicious' and 1 'Cortland' in Test 2, and 4 'Cortland' in Test 4. From each tree 25 leaves were collected at chest height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. May, June, July, and August were generally warmer than normal; all except June were relatively dry. Of special note were 94°F maximum temperatures recorded 1 and 2 days after the petal fall spray (Test 2).
Apple, Acaricide Test, 1987
Authors: Hall F. R. , Zajac M. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied as dilute sprays to 23-yr-old apple trees planted 10 by 35 ft apart. A completely randomized design was used, with 4 replicates per treatment. Each replication consisted of 4 apple trees (one of each cultivar). Compounds were applied (to runoff) with an airblast sprayer on either 25 Apr or 19 Jun (as indicated). Mite populations were assessed by sampling 25 leaves, collected at chest height from the periphery of each tree; in the laboratory, mites were brushed from the leaves onto glass plates coated with Tween 20.
Evaluation of two Insecticides for Adult Corn Rootworm Control, 1987
Authors: Calvin Dennis , Hoffman Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two insecticides were evaluated for control of dult corn rootworm at Rocksprings, Pa. Both insecticides were applied on 24 Jul using a mounted boom sprayer. The corn field was planted on 11 May. A randomized complete block design with 5 replications of 3 treatments was used. Plots were 8 rows wide by 100 ft long. Pretreatment counts of adult beetles per plant were taken on 24 Jul prior to the insecticide application. Posttreatment counts were taken on 25 Jul. The number of beetles/plant was counted on r&gt; plants within each plot. Corn plants were in the green silk stage of development when treatments were applied. No yield data were taken. Rainfall measurements were 2.75, 2.82, 2.8, and 3.88 inches for May, June, July, and August, respectively.
First-Generation European Corn Borer Control with Ground, Aerial, and Center Pivot Applications, 1987
Authors: Gray M. E. , Hein G. L. , Boetel M. A. , Walgenbach D. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide trials were established at 3 locations in South Dakota. The experimental design for 2 ground trials was a randomized complete block with 4 replications at Redfield and 3 replications at Beresford. Individual plots were single-row treatments 30 m long for the ground trials. A center pivot trial was conducted at Redfield and an aerial study was established at Armour. Ten plants with shot-hole injury midrib feeding, or both, were evaluated per replicate from each treatment for the ground trial locations. Damage was measured on the basis of one cavity equaling 2.5 cm of tunneling. Four sites were chosen randomly from within the aerial and center pivot treatments, and 10 plants/site were evaluated for damage. Experimental and registered products were tested at Redfield and Beresford. Pioneer 3475 was planted at a seeding rate of 60,540 seeds/ha on 22 Apr at Beresford. Granular materials were applied with a pneumatic applicator powered by a 3.5-horsepower engine mounted on a high-clearance ground applicator. Insecticide was metered by Noble metering units that were chain driven by a 12 V DC motor. Insecticide was banded (20 cm) over the whorl. Liquid insecticides were applied with a backpack sprayer. One 1.5 LE Even Flat Nozzle/row, pressurized at 15 psi was used to apply 19.5 gal/acre at 3.5 mph. All insecticides were applied at Beresford on 26 Jun. Stalks were split on 3 Aug and damage measured. Pioneer 3737 was planted at a seeding rate of 63,500/ha on 1 May at Redfield. Insecticides were applied on 29 Jun at Redfield. Plants were evaluated for injury on 4 Aug. Pioneer 3901 was planted at a seeding rate of 73,388/ha on 1 May at the center pivot trial in Redfield. Insecticides were injected with a Northern chemigation unit into a Valley electric drive center pivot irrigation system from 26 to 27 Jun. Plants were evaluated for damage on 4 Aug. Two irrigation rates of 0.53 and 2.5 cm water/day were used. The aerial trial was conducted at Armour. Dekalb 1100 was planted on 28 Apr at a rate of 63,010 seeds/ha. Insecticides were applied on 26 Jun with a fixed-wing aircraft in single swath treatments 13.7 × 402 m long. Stalks were split on 3 Aug and damage assessed.
Control of European Corn Borer in Field Corn, 1987
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test was conducted on a commercial field planted in 30-inch rows near Queen Anne in Queen Anne’s County, Md. Corn was planted on 20 Apr. Second- and third-instar larvae infested 100% of the corn, which was in the midwhorl stage. Plots were 4 rows × 15 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were broadcast on 4 Jun with a hand-held C02 backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Granules were applied by shaker can on 5 Jun. On 16 and 17 Jul, 10 corn stalks were selected at random from the center 2 rows of each plot, cut open, and the number of borer tunnels was recorded.
First Generation European Corn Borer Larvae, Efficacy Trials, Kansas, 1987
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Blodgett S. , Rice M. E. , Gibb T. , Evans B. , Vap S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Naturally infested late-whorl-stage yellow held corn was treated on 13 Jun. Eighteen insecticides and 2 untreated controls were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots consisted of 4 contiguous rows, each 12 m in length with 90-cm row spacing. Sprays were applied in water (20 gal/acre) with a C02-powered system held above the canopy on a modified backpack frame. Each treated row received spray from 2 opposing nozzles suspended over the row at a 45-degree angle (dp size HC-6) and applied at 40 psi. Granular products were applied using modified electric drive Nobel applicators mounted on a self-propelled highi clearance sprayer or manually banded using a funnel and bander system. Band spreaders were positioned approximately 5 cm above the whorl and distributed products over a 20-cm band.
Second-Generation European Corn Borer Efficacy Trials, Kansas, 1987
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Blodgett S. , Rice M. E. , Evans B. , Vap S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Naturally infested silk-blister-stage yellow field corn was treated on 23, 24, and 29 Jul. Four insecticides and 1 untreated control were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots consisted of 4 contiguous rows, each 12 m long with 90-cm row spacing. Sprays were applied in water (20 gal/acre) with a COa-powered system held above the canopy on a modified backpack frame. Each treated row received spray from 2 opposing nozzles suspended over the row at a 45-degree angle (Tip size HC-6) and applied at 40 psi. Granular products were applied with a modified electric drive Nobel applicator. Band spreaders were positioned approximately 5 cm above the whorl and distributed products over a 20-cm band.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1986
Authors: Meinke L. J. , Barnhart M. R. , Brown J. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn rootworm planting-time and first-cultivation soil insecticide trials wt conducted at Mead, Neb. The test plots were in trap crop during 1985 and had been in a trap crop (no insecticide)/insecticide test plot annual rotation at least 8 yr. The soil type was a silty clay loam. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Each replication consist of single-row treatments that were 35 ft long and 30 inches apart. Planting-time application equipment consisted of modified V-belt seeders mounted oi model 80 John Deere® flex planter. Preweighed amounts of insecticide granules were placed on the V-belts and directed into the seed furrow or band over the row in front of the press wheel. Noble® metering units mounted on a hand-powered bicycle applicator were used to apply granular insectici formulations at first cultivation. Liquid insecticide formulations were applied with a small plot sprayer pressurized with C02 . A Tee Jet® 8004 nozzle v used at 30 psi to deliver 16.4 gal/acre. Granules were banded directly over the plant whorl, and liquids were sprayed in a 7- to 10-inch band directed at t plant base. All treatments were immediately incorporated by a cultivator. Corn was planted on 7 May, and first-cultivation treatments were applied 6 Ji Soil moisture conditions were excellent when insecticides were applied. Initial corn rootworm egg hatch was detected on 3 Jun. Stand counts were taken 2 Jun and 15 Oct. Plant evaluations were made on 2 Jun in the planting-time test to determine whether any insecticide treatments adversely affected cc development. Plants were considered abnormal if they were stunted or exhibited deformed growth patterns (i.e., buggy whipping). Rootworm feeding dama - was evaluated (8 Jul, planting-time test; 17 Jul, cultivation test) by digging 5 roots from each treatment row and rating the damage by means of the Iowa 6 scale (1, no feeding to 6, 3 or more nodes of roots completely destroyed). Lodging counts were taken in October. A plant was recorded as lodged if t angle between the soil surface and the plant stem was ≤67.5 degrees. Data were subjected to an analysis of variance, and an LSD test was used for me separation where significant differences occurred.
In-Whorl Treatments for Fall Armyworm in Late-Planted Field Corn, 1987
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Hunter P. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pioneer 3147' corn was planted on 24 Jun at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville, Tenn. Fourteen in-whorl insecticide treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a complete block design. Plots were 4 rows × 30 ft. Blocks were separated by 5-ft alleys and rows were spaced 40 inches apart with 45 plants/30 row-ft. Insecticides were applied on 30 Jul, when 67% of the plants were infested with an average of 1 larva/plant. Liquid formulations were applied using 2.5-gal compressed-CO2 sprayers at 30 psi and 30 gal/acre. Granular insecticides were applied with shaker jars. Whorls with new damage caused by the fall armyworm (FAW) were counted in the middle 2 rows and expressed as number damaged/90 plants. The 2nd row of each plot was harvested for ensilage yield on 5 Oct. Soil type was Waynesboro silt loam, pH 6.0.
In-Whorl Treatments for Fall Armyworm and Second-Hrood European Corn Horer in Late-Planted Field Corn, 1987
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Onks D. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn was planted on 22 Jun and 2 Jul at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield, Tenn. Twelve and 20 treatments in the 1st and 2nd plantings, respectively, replicated 4 times were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 3 rows × 30 ft in the 1st planting and 4 rows × 30 ft in the second planting. Blocks were separated by 5-ft alleys, and rows were spaced 40 inches apart with 45 plants/30 row-ft. The middle row was evaluated for whorl damage and ensilage yield in the 1st planting, and the 2 middle rows in the 2nd planting were evaluated for whorl damage and stalk feeding. Liquid formulations were applied using 2.5-gal compressed-CO2 sprayers at 30 psi and 30 gal/acre. Granular insecticides were applied with shaker jars. In the 1st planting, 1 insecticide application was made on 28 Jul, when 57% of the plants were infested with an average of 1.9 larvae/plant. Ensilage yield was determined on 7 Oct at 46.3% moisture. In the 2nd planting, the 1st insecticide application was made on 3 Aug, when 78% of the plants were infested with an average of 2 larvae/plant; the 2nd application was made on 18 Aug. Whorls with new damage caused by the fall armyworm (FAW) were counted 14 days after each application. European corn borer (ECB) stalk feeding counts (average number of basal tunnels/45 stalks) were made on 7 Oct at harvest. Soil type was Dixon silt loam, 2-5% slope. Total rainfall for the growing season was 8.64 inches.
Apple, Effect of Vydate on Fruit Thinning, 1987
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A study was designed to examine grower complaints about the effect of Vydate applications on fruit set when applied at pink and petal fall stages on apple. Treatments were applied from a truck-mounted sprayer using a handgun operating at 375 psi. Each treatment was replicated 6 times on 'Golden Delicious' (4 yr old). Spray dates were pink, 23 Apr, petal fall, 13 May. Blossoms were counted and circumference was measured on one tagged limb/tree on 22 Apr. The number of applies remaining on each tagged limb was determined on 15 Jun, after fruit drop.
Apple, Broad Spectrum Control with Insecticides, All-Season Test, 1986
Authors: Johnson James W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 12-yr-old mature trees in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Treatments were applied as dilute sprays to the point of drip with an FMC DP-20 handgun sprayer at 375 psi, using approximately 5 gal finished spray/tree. Cover sprays of dormant oil, mancozeb, Funginex, Plictran, and Omite were applied separately to all trees. Samples consisted of 50 fruit/replicate, 150 fruit/treatment. The fruit was collected randomly from around the tree at chest height. Samples were visually inspected, and the numbers of clean and damaged fruit were recorded. Rating fruit for russeting was not possible due to severe freeze damage on 29 Apr. Climatic conditions were typical for Missouri growing conditions, with less than average rainfall until late summer. An early freeze (28 deg. F.) on 29 Apr caused severe crop loss, with the remaining crop having a high percentage of russetting due to the freeze.
Apple, Mid-Season European Red Mite Control with Acaricides, 1987
Authors: Johnson James W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 12-yr-old mature trees in a randomized complete block design with 3 single-tree replications. Treatments were applied as dilute sprays to the point of drip with an FMC DP-20 handgun sprayer at 375 psi, using approximately 5 gal finished spray/tree. Applications of treatments were made on 24 Jun and 21 Jul. Samples consisting of 25 leaves per replicate, 75 per treatment, were taken at chest height from the periphery of the tree. The leaves were inspected with a hand lens. Leaves were scored as infested if they had one or more mites or mite eggs per leaf and as uninfested if no mites or eggs were found.
Pear, Insecticide Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Howitt A. , Biddinger D. J. , Howard J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to 27-yr-old 'Bartlett" trees in unreplicated blocks of approximately one-third acre with 36 trees. Applications were made with a Bean C-336 CP sprayer, which traveled at 4.03 km/h and delivered 200 gal/acre. Dates of application were 21 Apr (white bud), 20 May (petal fall), 3 Jun (2nd cover), 15 Jun (3rd cover), 29 Jun (4th cover), 12 Jul (5th cover), 23 Jul (6th cover), 5 Aug (7th cover), and 18 Aug (8th cover) for all materials. Rust mites were evaluated on 5 Jun, 26 Jun, and 24 Jul for all materials, and all other pests were evaluated for damage at harvest on 25 Aug. For broad-spectrum evaluations, 50 fruit were picked from each of 4 centrally located trees in the block for a total of 200 fruit/ replication. Fruit were examined for injury categorized according to pest. The 3 pear rust mite evaluations taken during the season consisted of 50 leaf samples from 4 centrally located trees in each block. The leaves were then brushed in a mite-brushing machine. The resulting plates were examined under a microscope, and the number of eggs and mites were recorded.
Pear, Insecticide Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Howitt A. , Biddinger D. J. , Howard J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to 20-yr-old 'Bartlett' trees in unreplicated blocks of one-quarter acre, containing 30 trees. Applications were made with a 32 TMG Meyer sprayer, which traveled at 4.03 km/h and delivered 100 gal/acre. Dates of application were 12 May (petal fall) and 13 Jun (3rd cover), the only times when the psylla reached a threshold of 1 nymph/leaf. The fungicide program consisted of Cyprex 65WP at 454 g/acre included with the insecticides on the 2 application dates above. Seven evaluations were made throughout the season. For each evaluation, 25 leaves were picked from each of 4 centrally located trees in each block for a total of 100 leaves/treatment. All 100 of these leaves were then examined for psylla and eggs using a stereo microscope.
Apple, Summer Mite Control with Savey and Apollo, 1987
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry , Annan Richard 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 4 single-tree replications of 33-yr-old trees in a randomized block design. Applications were made with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer which traveled at 3.86 k/h and delivered 935 liters/ha. Date of application was 3 Jul for all treatments, with the Carzol treatment receiving a second application on 24 Jul. Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Bayleton, Benlate, Bordeaux mixture, Captan, Lannate, Manzate 200, Polyram, Sevin, and Streptomycin. European red mite control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope.
Pear, Prebloom Control of Pear Psylla with Pyrethroids, 1987
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied dilute by handgun operating at 200 psi to 14-yr-old pear trees. Test plots consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in a randomized block. Treatments consisted of single sprays applied on 18 Mar (delayed dormant) or two sprays applied on 18 Mar and 8 Apr (white bud). Treatments were evaluated by beating-tray counts of PP adults (2 trays/tree) and counts of PP eggs and nymphs on 5 spurs/tree.
Control of Eastern Tent Caterpillar on Black Cherry, 1987
Authors: Williams Michael L. , Miller Gary L. , Hendricks Harlan J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eleven insecticides were sprayed on nests of eastern tent caterpillar Malacosoma americanum (F.), found in black cherry, Prunus serotina. Selected trees were growing along roadsides near Auburn, in Lee County, Ala. Tes materials were applied 14 Apr to active colonies and surrounding foliage. Insecticides were applied to runoff using hand-pumped, compressed-air sprayers Chevron Spray Sticker™ was added to all spray mixtures at the rate of 0.5 pt/100 gal. Treatments were replicated 3 times, with each colony constituting. a replication. Efficacy of test materials was determined 7 days posttreatment by removing the colonies from trees, dismantling the webbing, and counting tit number of dead and living larvae.
Bioassay Evaluation of Insecticides on Blueberries, 1987
Authors: Williams R. N. , Ellis M. A. , Fickle D. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 12-yr-old experimental blueberry planting at Wooster, Ohio, was used. Plots consisted of 2 blueberry bushes, with 4 replications/treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 150 gal/acre (1,403 liter/ha) on 28 May, 10 and 25 Jun, and 10 Jul, using a hand-held C02 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. On 11 Jun, 24 h after insecticides were applied, 5 leaves from each replicate were placed in ventilated 1-gal round ice cream containers Ten rose chafers and driedfruit beetle adults were then placed in each container. After 24 h the dead insects were counted. On 25 Jun, a similar bioassay was set up, but, in addition to the leaves, we placed 5 ripe berries in each container. Ten adult tarnished plant bugs and strawberry sap beetles were added to each container (replicate) 1 day posttreatment. The number of dead insects was recorded 24 h after exposure to treated fruit and foliage. On 10 Jul, a final bioassay was begun using the same procedure. Ten adult Japanese beetles and 10 adults of each of the 2 species of picnic beetle were set up per replicate on 0 and 3 days posttreatment. Insect mortality was once again read 24 h after exposure to treated fruit and foliage.
Insecticide Evaluation for the Early Control of Foliar Form of Grape Phylloxera, 1987
Authors: Williams R. N. , McLeod M. J. , Fickle D. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test at Wooster, Ohio, consisted of 5 treatments applied on 7, 22, and 27 May and 5 Jun. Plots consisted of 3 grape vines, with 4 replications/treatment in a randomized block design. Vine spacing was 2.7 m between rows and 2.4 m within the row. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a hand-operated CO2 sprayer equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle and operated at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2). Sprays were applied at the rate of 200 gal/acre (1,870 liter/ha). The spreader sticker Triton-B was added to each treatment at the rate of 1 oz/25 gal (30 ml/95 liters) of water. Prior to the first insecticide application (7 May), the total number of galls in each plot was recorded. In the final reading 25 Jun, 10 shoots were examined at random from each plot. The number of galls was recorded from the 10 apical leaves on each of these shoots.
Field and Bioassay Evaluation of Insecticides on Raspberries, 1987
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 9-yr-old experimental red raspberry planting at Wooster, Ohio, was used for this evaluation. Plots consisted of an 18-ft2 area, with 4 replicates per treatment in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 100 gal/acre (935 liters/ha) on 10 and 20 Jul, using a hand-held C02 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. Readings of the number of live Japanese beetles in each plot were taken 2, 3, and 5 days posttreatment. On 20 Jul, after insecticides had dried on foliage, 5 leaves and 5 berries were sampled from each replicate and placed in ventilated 1-gal round ice cream containers. Ten adult Japanese beetles and 10 each of the 2 species of picnic beetle were then added to each container. The number of dead insects was recorded 24 h after exposure to the treated fruit and foliage. There was no rainfall during insecticide evaluations.
Apple, Periodical Cicada Control, 1987
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Baugher Tara A. , Crim Larry 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides were applied to 5 single-tree plots of 2-yr-old trees in a randomized block design. Applications were made with a Century handgun sprayer operated at 200 psi and delivering approximately 3.8 liters of spray per tree. Dates of application were 1, 5, 9, 13, and 17 Jun, with Asana also applied on an 8-day interval (1, 9, and 17 Jun). Cicada knockdown was determined by counting the immobilized cicadas on the ground beneath each tree in the early morning of 2 Jun following the evening application on 1 Jun. Damage to trees was evaluated on 20 Jul, by counting the oviposition scars in a 40-cm section (previously marked with spray paint) on each of 3 branches per tree.