bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine learning to improve waste management
Authors: Gao Bei , Dai Yunmeng , Bao Qin , Shang Yueqi , Han Feier , Yan Haiwen , Lu Shiyi , Guo Luofujie , Niu Ruidong , Zhou Yifan , Jia Yuen , Yin Jun 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
While recycling facilities have been significantly upgraded in China, but the effectiveness of these facilities in improving waste management needs to be evaluated. Here, we conducted a nationwide survey by directly taking photographs of the inside of individual waste containers over 11 cities across China. We found that waste from recycling and non-recycling containers generally comprised similar materials. The corresponding waste features extracted by machine learning models tend to be well-mixed but clearly separated after removing the misplaced items, demonstrating an objective means for quantifying the accuracy of waste-sorting process. We therefore proposed the nationwide scale-up of this automated machine learning system, which along with additional incentive programs for better waste-sorting behaviors, may help improve waste management.
Apes in Lab Coats: Scientific Exploratory Play Behaviour in Homo sapiens
Authors: Lendrem Dennis 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This study records observations of scientists attempting to solve a standard experimental problem - DNA amplification through the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) - in a ‘virtual’ laboratory. One striking observation is that scientists employ search strategies not dissimilar to the foraging strategies of apes and other animals. While such search strategies may be appropriate when exploring two- or three-dimensional environments, they are highly unsuited to exploring the complex multi-dimensional spaces representing many scientific and technical challenges. The evolution of exploratory behaviour in Homo sapiens may represent a major obstacle to the uptake of better tools. The wider adoption of mathematical and statistical tools designed for exploring such spaces may be constrained by our evolutionary biology.
Identification of SPINT3 as a metastatic suppressor in gastric cancer through induction of TGF-β1 secretion
Authors: Wang Haifeng , Wang Haohao , Li-song Teng 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Cancer metastasis is responsible for most cancer-related deaths. SPINT3 (serine peptidase inhibitor, Kunitz type, 3) is a newly identified gene, and its relationship with gastric cancer has not been well studied.
Methods
We first designed an sgRNA sub-library to screen for metastatic suppressors, and chose SPINT3. We then used QPCR and western blotting to detect the expression level of SPINT3 in gastric cancer tumor tissues. In addition, we used annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) to detect changes in apoptosis. PI staining and wound healing assays were used to detect the cell cycle and changes in cell migration, respectively. Finally, CyTOF and T cell proliferation experiments were performed to detect changes in immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.
Results
sgRNA which target the SPINT3 gene was present in every metastatic tumor. The expression of SPINT3 was low in gastric cancer tissues, and this increased the metastatic ability of gastric cancer cells. In addition, high expression of SPINT3 induced cell apoptosis, downregulated cell proliferation, and impaired cell migration. Furthermore, low expression of SPINT3 induced the secretion of TGF-β1 and an immunosuppressive signal, which could be blocked by Apatinib and SB431542.
Conclusion
We confirmed that SPINT3 is a metastasis suppressor in gastric cancer.
Eu speciation in apatite at 1 bar: An experimental study of valence-state partitioning by XANES, lattice strain, and Eu/Eu* in basaltic systems
Authors: Tailby Nicholas D. , Trail Dustin , Watson Bruce , Lanzirotti Antonio , Newville Matthew , Wang Yanling 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Partition coefficients for rare earth elements (REEs) between apatite and basaltic melt were determined as a function of oxygen fugacity (fO2; iron-wüstite to hematite-magnetite buffers) at 1 bar and between 1110 and 1175 °C. Apatite-melt partitioning data for REE3+ (La, Sm, Gd, Lu) show near constant values at all experimental conditions, while bulk Eu becomes more incompatible (with an increasing negative anomaly) with decreasing fO2. Experiments define three apatite calibrations that can theoretically be used as redox sensors. The first, a XANES calibration that directly measures Eu valence in apatite, requires saturation at similar temperature-composition conditions to experiments and is defined by:
( E u 3 + ∑ E u ) Apatite = 1 1 + 10 - 0.10 ± 0.01 × l o g ⁡ ( f o 2 ) - 1.63 ± 0.16 .
The second technique involves analysis of Sm, Eu, and Gd in both apatite and coexisting basaltic melt (glass), and is defined by:
( Eu E u * ) D Sm × Gd = 1 1 + 10 - 0.15 ± 0.03 × l o g ⁡ ( f o 2 ) - 2.46 ± 0.41 .
The third technique is based on the lattice strain model and also requires analysis of REE in both apatite and basalt. This calibration is defined by
( Eu E u * ) D lattice strain = 1 1 + 10 - 0.20 ± 0.03 × l o g ⁡ ( f o 2 ) - 3.03 ± 0.42 .
The Eu valence-state partitioning techniques based on (Sm×Gd) and lattice strain are virtually indistinguishable, such that either methodology is valid. Application of any of these calibrations is best carried out in systems where both apatite and coexisting glass are present and in direct contact with one another. In holocrystalline rocks, whole rock analyses can be used as a guide to melt composition, but considerations and corrections must be made to either the lattice strain or Sm×Gd techniques to ensure that the effect of plagioclase crystallization either prior to or during apatite growth can be removed. Similarly, if the melt source has an inherited either a positive or negative Eu anomaly, appropriate corrections must also be made to lattice strain or Sm×Gd techniques that are based on whole rock analyses. This being the case, if apatite is primary and saturates from the parent melt early during the crystallization sequence, these corrections may be minimal.
The partition coefficients for the REE between apatite and melt range from a maximum DEu3+ = 1.67 ± 0.25 (as determined by lattice strain) to DLu3+ = 0.69 ± 0.10. The REE partition coefficient pattern, as observed in the Onuma diagram, is in a fortuitous situation where the most compatible REE (Eu3+) is also the polyvalent element used to monitor fO2. These experiments provide a quantitative means of assessing Eu anomalies in apatite and how they be used to constrain the oxygen fugacity of silicate melts.
Research on the safe utilization of agricultural water resources in the Yellow River Basin
Authors: Li Yanbin , Du Xuefang , Li Daoxi , Zhang Xiuyu 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Considering the current problems related to the utilization of agricultural water resources in the Yellow River Basin, we propose the definition of the safe utilization of agricultural water resources based on the summary and analysis of recent studies on water resources security. Through the analysis of water resources development and utilization in the basin over the years, an evaluation index system for agricultural water resources security in the basin was constructed, and a weighted cooperative game method combination was used to evaluate the agricultural water resources security in the basin using the weighted TOPSIS model. The evaluation results show that the utilization of agricultural water resources in the areas under the jurisdiction of Sichuan and Shandong Provinces in the basin was in a secure or a relatively higher state, whereas Ningxia was in a relatively unsecure state, and the remaining provinces were in a basic secure state. Based on the evaluation results, we have provided the corresponding countermeasures for the safe utilization of agricultural water resources in terms of water-saving irrigation technology, water resources monitoring system, and water resources management system to support the effective implementation of efficient water-saving irrigation of agricultural water resources in the Yellow River Basin.
Azapeptides -A History of Synthetic Milestones and Key Examples
Authors: Fan Cheng Kai , VanPatten Sonya , He Mingzhu , Al-Abed Yousef 
Published: May 2022

Abstract:
For over 50 years of azapeptide synthetic techniques, developments have renewed
the field of peptidomimetic therapeutics. Azapeptides are close surrogates of natural peptides:
they contain a substitution of the amino acid α-carbon by a nitrogen atom. Goserelin
(1989) and Atazanavir (2003) are two well-known, FDA-approved azapeptide-based drugs
for the treatment of cancers and HIV infection, providing evidence for the successful clinical
implementation of this class of therapeutic. This review highlights the azapeptides in recent
medicinal chemistry applications and synthetic milestones. We describe the current techniques
for azapeptide bond formation by introducing azapeptide coupling reagents and chain
elongation methods both in solution and solid-phase strategies.
Toll-Like Receptor Signaling in the Pathogenesis of Chronic Dacryocystitis:
Implication of c-FOS Transcription Factor and its Downstream Effector
Chemokine Genes CCL2, CCL4, CXCL3, CXCR4 with a Shift of the
M1/M2 Macrophage Phenotype
Authors: Aboulhoda Basma Emad , Edris Noha Ahmed , El-Din Shimaa Saad , Fouad Amina Mahmoud , Albadawi Emad , Rashed Laila Ahmed , Elessawy Kareem Bakr 
Published: May 2022

Introduction:
TLRs are fundamental elements in the orchestration of the innate immune
system. These receptors seem to be responsible for the inflammation and fibrosis in chronic dacryocystitis.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the toll-Like receptors (TLR2
and TLR4) signaling pathway and its downstream effector chemokine genes in the pathogenesis of
chronic dacryocystitis.

Method:
This study was conducted on 20 patients diagnosed with chronic dacryocystitis and
underwent external dacryocystorhinostomy. Estimation of gene expression of TLR2, TLR4, CCL2,
CCL4, CXCL3, CXCR4, and c-FOS genes in the lacrimal sac tissues was performed together with
the assessment of the inflammatory markers TNFα, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and IL-22. Histopathological examination
of the lacrimal sac walls using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, in addition to
immunohistochemical staining of the CD68 and CD163 macrophage markers, was also performed.

Results:
Our results showed that TLR2, TLR4, and c-FOS gene expressions were significantly increased
in the chronic dacryocystitis group with a subsequent increase in their downstream effector
chemokine genes CCL2, CCL4, and CXCL3. This up-regulation of genes was accompanied by
macrophage shift of polarization toward the M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype (increased CD68 and
decreased CD163 expression), leading to increased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-
α, IL-1β and IFN-γ) and decreased anti-inflammatory marker IL-22 with chronic dacryocystitis.

Conclusion:
It is essential to fine-tune TLR activation through emerging therapeutic approaches.
Targeting TLR signaling at the level of receptors or downstream adaptor molecules represents a
new challenge for treating chronic dacryocystitis.
Gasdermins: Pore-forming Proteins as a Potential Therapeutic Target
Authors: Jain Kripa , Barve Kalyani , Bhatt Lokesh Kumar 
Published: May 2022

Abstract:
Gasdermins are novel pore forming proteins that comprise Gasdermin A, Gasdermin B,
Gasdermin C, Gasdermin D, Gasdermin E and Pejvakin (DFNB59). Recently, pyroptosis has been
redefined as "Gasdermin mediated necrosis", as gasdermins are key regulators of apoptosis, necrosis,
and pyroptosis. The discovery of the gasdermin family has broadened the field of pyroptosis studies.
Studies have correlated gasdermins with several diseases. This review summarizes the physiological
roles and signal transduction of gasdermins. It further highlights the role of gasdermins in pathological
conditions like autoimmune disease, kidney diseases, and central nervous system diseases.
A Smart Hydrogel from Salvia spinosa Seeds: pH Responsiveness, On-off
Switching, Sustained Drug Release, and Transit Detection
Authors: Hussain Muhammad Ajaz , Bukhari Syed Nasir Abbas , Ali Arshad , Haseeb Muhammad Tahir , Muhammad Gulzar , Sheikh Fatima Akbar , Farid-ul-Haq Muhammad , Ahmad Naveed 
Published: May 2022

Background:
The use of synthetic and semi-synthetic materials in drug delivery systems has
associated drawbacks like costly synthesis, toxicity, and biocompatibility issues. Therefore, there is a
need to introduce novel materials to overcome such issues. Naturally occurring and water-swellable
polysaccharides are advantageous in overcoming the above-mentioned issues. Therefore, we are reporting
a novel hydrogel (SSH) isolated from the seeds of Salvia spinosa as a sustained release material.

Methods:
SSH was explored for its pH-dependent and salt-responsive swelling before and after compression
in a tablet form. Stimuli-responsive swelling and deswelling were also monitored at pH 7.4 and
pH 1.2 in deionized water (DW) and normal saline and DW and ethanol. The sustained-release potential
of SSH-based tablets was monitored at gastrointestinal tract (GIT) pH. The transit of SSH tablets was
ascertained through an X-ray study.

Results:
The swelling of SSH in powder and tablet form was found in the order of DW > pH 7.4 > pH
6.8 > pH 1.2. An inverse relation was found between the swelling of SSH and the concentration of the
salt solution. The SSH showed stimuli-responsive swelling and de-swelling before and after compression,
indicating the unaltered nature of SSH even in a closely packed form, i.e., tablets. Sustained release
of theophylline (< 80%) was witnessed at pH 6.8 and 7.4 during the 12 h study following zeroorder
kinetics, and radiographic images also showed 9 h retention in GIT.

Conclusion:
These investigations showed the potential of SSH as a pH-sensitive material for sustained
and targeted drug delivery.
Current Insights on the Role of Irisin in Endothelial Dysfunction
Authors: Luna-Ceron Eder , González-Gil Adrian M. , Elizondo-Montemayor Leticia 
Published: May 2022

Abstract:
Endothelial dysfunction is a crucial physiopathological mechanism for cardiovascular diseases
that results from the harmful impact of metabolic disorders. Irisin, a recently discovered adipomyokine,
has been shown to exert beneficial metabolic effects by increasing energy consumption, improving
insulin sensitivity, and reducing the proinflammatory milieu. Multiple preclinical models have assessed
irisin's possible role in the development of endothelial dysfunction, displaying that treatment with exogenous
irisin can decrease the production of oxidative stress mediators by up-regulating Akt/mTOR/Nrf2
pathway, promote endothelial-dependent vasodilatation through the activation of AMPK-PI3K-AkteNOS
pathway, and increase the endothelial cell viability by activation of ERK proliferation pathway
and downregulation of Bad/Bax/Caspase 3 pro-apoptotic pathway. However, there is scarce evidence of
these mechanisms in clinical studies, and available results are controversial. Some have shown negative
correlations of irisin levels with the burden of coronary atherosclerosis and leukocyte adhesion molecules'
expression. Others have demonstrated associations between irisin levels and increased atherosclerosis
risk and higher carotid intima-media thickness. Since the role of irisin in endothelial damage remains
unclear, in this review, we compare, contrast, and integrate the current knowledge from preclinical
and clinical studies to elucidate the potential preventive role and the underlying mechanisms and
pathways of irisin in endothelial dysfunction. This review also comprises original figures to illustrate
these mechanisms.
Varicocele at High Altitude; Venous Outflow Restriction by Hypobaric
Hypoxia
Authors: Alcántara-Zapata Diana , Nazzal Carolina , Muñoz Sergio , De Gregorio Nicole , Marchetti Nella , Behn Claus 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Testicular aches have been reported to occur on exposure to high altitude (HA).
As a painful expression of venous congestion at the pampiniform plexus, varicocele (VC) might be a
consequence of cardiovascular adjustments at HA. Chile’s National Social Security Regulatory Body
(SUSESO) emphasized evaluating this condition in the running follow-up study “Health effects of exposure
to chronic intermittent hypoxia in Chilean mining workers.”

Objectives:
This study aimed at investigating the prevalence of VC in a population usually shifting between
sea level and HA, thereby intermittently being exposed to hypobaric hypoxia.

Methodology:
Miners (n=492) agreed to be examined at their working place by a physician, in the context
of a general health survey, for the presence of palpable VC, either visible or not. Among them was a
group exposed to low altitude (LA) <2,400 m; n=123; another one exposed to moderate high altitude
(MHA) working 3,050 m; n=70, and a third one exposed to very high altitude (VHA) >3,900 m, n=165.
The Chi2 test and Kruskal-Wallis test were used for the descriptive analyses, and logistic regression was
applied to evaluate the association of VC with exposure to HA. The Ethics Committee for Research in
Human Beings, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, approved this project.

Results:
VC prevalence (grades 2 and 3) was found to be 10% at LA, 4.1% at MHA, and 16.7% at VHA
(p≤0.05). Hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2) was lower, and hemoglobin concentrations were higher
in workers with high-grade VC at VHA compared to LA and MHA (Wilcoxon tests, p<0.001). Odds
ratios (OR) for the association of VC with HA were 3.7 (95%CI: 1.26 to 12.3) and 4.06 (95%CI: 1.73 to
11.2) for MHA and VHA, respectively

Conclusions:
Association of VC with HA, a clinically relevant finding, may be related to blood volume
centralization mediated by hypobaric hypoxia.
A Comparative Study of Binding Interactions of Natural Flavonoids and
Conventional Drug Donepezil for Multiple Alzheimer's Disease Targets
Using In silico Approach
Authors: Sonawane Devika , Pokharkar Varsha 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major causes of morbidity, affecting more
than 36 million population worldwide. Current anti-AD treatments result in limited therapeutic outcomes
owing to the complexity of the disease. Some natural promising herbal drugs and phytoconstituents
utilized as an alternative treatment for AD have been reported by several researchers for their
neuroprotective action.

Objective:
This study aimed at carrying out molecular docking studies of selected promising flavonoids
such as curcumin, quercetin, bilobalide, ferulic acid, reseveratrol for their molecular interactions with
multiple AD target proteins and further compare the data with the standard acetylcholine esterase
inhibitor drug donepezil.

Methods:
The molecular docking interactions were studied between the selected actives and the AD
target proteins acetylcholine esterase, butyrylcholine esterase, and tau protein using the AutoDock Vina
software. The Swiss ADME approach performed prediction of the ADME properties. Binding interactions
of the ligands at the target protein binding sites were examined using the Discovery Studio Visualizer
2021.

Results:
The binding energy for quercetin in the active site of the selected target enzymes acetylcholine
esterase, butyrylcholine esterase, and tau protein was -9.5 , -7.8 , and -8.2 kcal/mol, respectively which
was much greater than other flavonoids and comparable to the standard drug donepezil binding energy -
10.3, -7.5,-7.9 kcal/mol respectively.

Conclusion:
This work focuses on recognizing structural features and comparing selected flavonoids and
standard acetylcholine esterase (AChEs) inhibitors for molecular docking with three primary targets of
AD, namely AChEs, Butyrylcholine esterase, and tau protein. This in silico study concluded that quercetin
had significant docking interactions and good pharmacokinetic features, making it a potential therapeutic
candidate for the treatment of AD.
Impact of Metabolic Risk Factors on COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes: An
Extensive Review
Authors: Muxfeldt Elizabeth S. , Azevedo Rafael B. , Wandermurem Débora C.R. , Libório Flávia C.F. , Machado Maíra K. , Ushijima Natália M. , Narde Ramon S. , D. Pecly Inah Maria 
Published: May 2022

Background:
Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, particularly cardiometabolic, seem to be
associated with heightened severity and increased morbimortality in patients infected with the novel
Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).

Methods:
A thorough scoping review was conducted to elucidate and summarize the latest evidence
for the effects of adverse cardiac metabolic profiles on the severity, morbidity, and prognosis
of COVID-19 infection.

Results:
The pathophysiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)
is complex, being characterized by viral-induced immune dysregulation and hypercytokinemia,
particularly in patients with critical disease, evolving with profound endothelial dysfunction, systemic
inflammation, and prothrombotic state. Moreover, cardiovascular comorbidities such as diabetes
are the most prevalent amongst individuals requiring hospitalization, raising concerns towards
the clinical evolution and prognosis of these patients. The chronic proinflammatory state observed
in patients with cardiovascular risk factors may contribute to the immune dysregulation mediated
by SARS-CoV-2, favoring more adverse clinical outcomes and increased severity. Cardiometabolism
is defined as a combination of interrelated risk factors and metabolic dysfunctions
such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, and central adiposity, which
increase the likelihood of vascular events, being imperative to specifically analyze its clinical association
with COVID-19 outcomes.

Conclusion:
DM and obesity appears to be important risk factors for severe COVID-19. The
chronic proinflammatory state observed in patients with excess visceral adipose tissue (VAT) possibly
augments COVID-19 immune hyperactivity leading to more adverse clinical outcomes in these
patients.
Post COVID-19 Vaccination Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis: A
Case Report
Authors: Garg Amit , Batra Parveen Kumar , Gupta Pranav 
Published: May 2022

Introduction:
A 67-year-old female with no significant past medical history presented to the
critical care department with symptoms of encephalopathy.

Case Presentation:
The patient’s Main Concerns and the Important Clinical Findings: The patient
had a history of COVID -19 vaccination (recombinant ChAdOX1 nCoV-19) 14 days prior to the symptoms.
She underwent an MRI of the brain and cervical spine and a lumbar puncture.

The Primary Diagnoses, Interventions, and Outcomes:
The patient was examined and sent for an
MRI of the brain and cervical spine, followed by extensive blood and CSF investigations to rule out
any infective, paraneoplastic, connective tissue disorder, or inflammatory disorder. The patient was
given steroids, and a good response was reported. The primary diagnosis was made as vaccine-induced
ADEM.

Conclusion:
The clinical exam, location, sparse contrast enhancement, and CSF findings were all consistent
with an acute demyelinating event, and the history of vaccination, together with the clinical
situation, was found to be favourable for the development of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.