bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome survey sequence of black carp provides insights into development‐related gene duplications
Authors: Lu Ying , Xia Huimin , Zhai Wanying , Liu Jie , Zhou Yan , Xu Xiaoyan , Xiao Jun , Chen Liting , Luo Liming , Shen Yubang , Li Jiale 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAs one of the traditional "Four Domesticated Fishes" in China, black carp (Mylopharyngodon piceus) is an important species in freshwater aquaculture, an important fishery resource in China, and an invasive species in the United Sates. Here, we reported the draft genome of black carp with an estimated size of 975 Mb and 27,541 predicted protein‐coding genes. The genome of black carp exhibited a high synteny with those of grass carp and zebrafish. Phylogenetic estimation suggested that black carp likely diverged from grass carp and zebrafish around 13 and 57 million years ago, respectively. The comparison of expanded gene families among eight fish species identified functional genes involved in skeletal growth, hormone regulation and rhythmic control, cellular differentiation and other development‐related pathways underwent the duplications in the large body fishes such as black carp and grass carp. Further analysis of functional interaction networks of the proteins encoded by these duplicated genes revealed their important role associated with regulation of development pathways. In addition, Sox and TLR gene families were found to have diverse subfamily evolution among different fishes. The first draft genome of black carp offers insights into its genomic structure, function, and evolution and provides an additional resource for improved molecular selection and breeding.
The usefulness of nutrition and health videos displayed on mobile phones in rural Uganda: Experiences of community health workers and mothers
Authors: Schneider Lauriina , Ollila Sari , Mutanen Marja 
Published: January 2022

AbstractImprovements in community health workers' (CHWs) knowledge and practices in low‐income countries increasingly involve mobile phones and videos. However, little data exists on CHWs’ and mothers’ experiences of using such phones and videos. In this study, educational videos on nutrition, health and hygiene were downloaded onto mobile phones, which were given to 12 CHWs in rural Uganda. In 2018, these CHWs used the videos for a period of 3 months to support their work during their visits with families. We subsequently conducted individual interviews with eight CHWs and held four focus group discussions with 16 mothers. From the inductively analysed data, we identified four key themes: impact, competence, meaningfulness and choice, which are also dimensions of the Intrinsic Task Motivation Model. The model describes the motivation of workers and has previously been used in connection with CHWs. In our study, CHWs and mothers considered that the videos had more strongly impacted their learning than traditional teaching methods, and they felt the videos improved the child feeding and caring competence of both CHWs and mothers. Furthermore, the CHWs found that the videos enhanced the meaningfulness of their work, as they felt more greatly appreciated and necessary. In addition, they experienced more freedom of choice in their ability to influence their working routines. This study shows that educational videos are well received among CHWs and mothers. Educational videos are a promising method to maintain and improve the motivation of voluntary CHWs and influence correct child feeding and hygiene practices in Uganda.
Means, motive and opportunity for biological invasions: Genetic introgression in a fungal pathogen
Authors: Rogério Flávia , Van Oosterhout Cock , Ciampi‐Guillardi Maisa , Correr Fernando Henrique , Hosaka Guilherme Kenichi , Cros‐Arteil Sandrine , Rodrigues Alves Margarido Gabriel , Massola Júnior Nelson S. , Gladieux Pierre 
Published: January 2022

AbstractInvasions by fungal plant pathogens pose a significant threat to the health of agricultural ecosystems. Despite limited standing genetic variation, many invasive fungal species can adapt and spread rapidly, resulting in significant losses to crop yields. Here, we report on the population genomics of Colletotrichum truncatum, a polyphagous pathogen that can infect more than 460 plant species, and an invasive pathogen of soybean in Brazil. We study the whole‐genome sequences of 18 isolates representing 10 fields from two major regions of soybean production. We show that Brazilian C. truncatum is subdivided into three phylogenetically distinct lineages that exchange genetic variation through hybridization. Introgression affects 2%–30% of the nucleotides of genomes and varies widely between the lineages. We find that introgressed regions comprise secreted protein‐encoding genes, suggesting possible co‐evolutionary targets for selection in those regions. We highlight the inherent vulnerability of genetically uniform crops in the agro‐ecological environment, particularly when faced with pathogens that can take full advantage of the opportunities offered by an increasingly globalized world. Finally, we discuss “the means, motive and opportunity” of fungal pathogens and how they can become invasive species of crops. We call for more population genomic studies because such analyses can help identify geographical areas and pathogens that pose a risk, thereby helping to inform control strategies to better protect crops in the future.
Polygenic adaptation and negative selection across traits, years and environments in a long‐lived plant species (Pinus pinaster Ait., Pinaceae)
Authors: de Miguel Marina , Rodríguez‐Quilón Isabel , Heuertz Myriam , Hurel Agathe , Grivet Delphine , Jaramillo‐Correa Juan Pablo , Vendramin Giovanni G. , Plomion Christophe , Majada Juan , Alía Ricardo , Eckert Andrew J. , González‐Martínez Santiago C. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA decade of genetic association studies in multiple organisms suggests that most complex traits are polygenic; that is, they have a genetic architecture determined by numerous loci, each with small effect‐size. Thus, determining the degree of polygenicity and its variation across traits, environments and time is crucial to understand the genetic basis of phenotypic variation. We applied multilocus approaches to estimate the degree of polygenicity of fitness‐related traits in a long‐lived plant (Pinus pinaster Ait., maritime pine) and to analyse this variation across environments and years. We evaluated five categories of fitness‐related traits (survival, height, phenology, functional, and biotic‐stress response) in a clonal common‐garden network planted in contrasted environments (over 20,500 trees). Most of the analysed traits showed evidence of local adaptation based on Qst–Fst comparisons. We further observed a remarkably stable degree of polygenicity, averaging 6% (range of 0%–27%), across traits, environments and years. We detected evidence of negative selection, which could explain, at least partially, the high degree of polygenicity. Because polygenic adaptation can occur rapidly, our results suggest that current predictions on the capacity of natural forest tree populations to adapt to new environments should be revised, especially in the current context of climate change.
Spastic secondary contractile patterns identified by FLIP panometry in symptomatic patients with unremarkable high‐resolution manometry
Authors: Nguyen Anh D. , Ellison Ashton , Reddy Chanakyaram A. , Mendoza Roseann , Podgaetz Eitan , Ward Marc A. , Souza Rhonda F. , Spechler Stuart J. , Konda Vani J.A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundFunctional lumen imaging probe (FLIP) panometry can show spastic secondary contractile patterns of unclear significance in symptomatic patients who have no esophageal obstructive disorders, and no motility disorders on high‐resolution manometry (HRM).MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed non‐obstructed, symptomatic patients with HRM findings of no motility disorder or ineffective esophageal motility (IEM) for whom spastic secondary contractile patterns identified by FLIP panometry were used to guide treatment. Symptoms were scored using the Brief Esophageal Dysphagia Questionnaire (BEDQ).Key ResultsWe identified ten symptomatic patients treated at our medical center who met inclusion criteria (seven women; mean age 56 years; eight no motility disorder, two IEM). On FLIP panometry, seven had spastic secondary contractions at 60 ml, two at 40 ml, and one at both 40 ml and 60 ml balloon volumes. Eight patients (80%) had improvement in BEDQ scores with therapies that targeted the spastic secondary contractile patterns identified by FLIP (five botulinum toxin injection, two Esoflip dilation, and one Heller myotomy). Interestingly, review of HRM tracings revealed that all patients had a novel HRM finding of mid‐vertical pressurization in at least 20% swallows, with seven exhibiting this finding in >50% of swallows.ConclusionsThis case series demonstrates that treatments targeting spastic secondary contractions identified by FLIP panometry can result in symptomatic improvement in patients with no obstructive disorder and no diagnostic motility disorder on HRM. In such patients, we have identified the novel HRM finding of mid‐vertical pressurization, which might be the manometric manifestation of spasm limited to the mid‐esophagus.
Leaf angle: a target of genetic improvement in cereal crops tailored for high‐density planting
Authors: Cao Yingying , Zhong Zhuojun , Wang Haiyang , Shen Rongxin 
Published: January 2022

SummaryHigh‐density planting is an effective measure for increasing crop yield per unit land area. Leaf angle (LA) is a key trait of plant architecture and a target for genetic improvement of crops. Upright leaves allow better light capture in canopy under high‐density planting, thus enhancing photosynthesis efficiency, ventilation and stress resistance, and ultimately higher grain yield. Here, we summarized the latest progress on the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating LA formation in rice and maize. We suggest several standing out questions for future studies and then propose some promising strategies to manipulate LA for breeding of cereal crops tailored for high‐density planting.
Association between nailfold capillaroscopy abnormalities and autoimmune disease in pediatric populations
Authors: Li Andraia R. , Burke Connor D. , Purvis Colby S. , Lee Lara Wine 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveTime to diagnosis of autoimmune disease in pediatric populations can take years but nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC) may identify early signs of autoimmune disease. The aim of this study is to assess the association between nailfold capillary abnormalities and autoimmune disease in children.MethodsA systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus was performed to identify all studies published before March 17, 2021. Observational studies reporting NFC outcomes in children with autoimmune disease and healthy controls (HC) were eligible for inclusion. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using a random‐effects meta‐analytical model.ResultsNine of 3665 studies reporting on 641 patients (398 subjects, 243 controls) were included. Pediatric patients with autoimmune disease were 9.88 (95% CI 3.16–30.87, I2 = 80.1%) times more likely to have abnormal nailfold capillaries than HC. Of the capillaroscopic features, dilated capillaries (OR 27.90, 95% CI 2.17–349.05, I2 = 59.9%) were the most likely abnormality observed on NFC. This was followed by the likelihood of reduced capillary density (<7 capillaries/mm) (OR 19.91, 95% CI 3.79–105.52, I2 = 0%), giant capillaries (OR 12.87, 95% CI 2.38–69.45, I2 = 0%), hemorrhages (OR 13.89, 95% CI 5.34–36.16, I2 = 0%), and avascularity (OR 10.38, 95% CI 2.20–49.04, I2 = 0%).ConclusionsChildren with autoimmune disease are significantly more likely to have nailfold capillary abnormalities. NFC may be useful in identifying early signs of underlying rheumatic disease and potentially decrease the time to diagnosis for this patient population.
Treatment of vitiligo with 308‐nm light emitting diode: Our experience from a two‐year follow‐up of Chinese patients
Authors: Luan Chao , Hu Yu , Ju Mei , Huang Dan , Zhang Rong‐Lin , Zhang Xiao‐Hua , Tian Pan‐Pan , Zhu Yan , Zhuang Chen , Zhang Jia‐An , Chen Kun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundA light emitting diode (LED), with a wavelength of 308 nm, has been utilized in the dermatologic treatment of vitiligo.ObjectivesWe investigated the efficacy and safety of 308‐nm LED for use in the treatment of vitiligo.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of 70 stable‐stage vitiligo patients (with a total of 99 lesions) who received 308‐nm LED treatment at the Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College from June 2018 to June 2020. Treatment efficacy was evaluated after 8 treatment sessions, 16 treatment sessions, and the final treatment session, to estimate the percentage of re‐pigmentation in the treated area. The Kruskal–Wallis test was used for data analysis.ResultsBased on the final treatment session analysis of all 99 lesions, 0 lesions showed no response, 21 lesions showed poor response, 29 lesions showed moderate response, 23 lesions showed good response, and 26 lesions showed excellent response. The efficacy rate was 49.49%, and there was a significant correlation between the six distinct anatomical regions treated and re‐pigmentation grade (χ2 = 13.419, p = .009). Among these regions, facial lesions showed the best response to treatment, while the hands and feet lesions showed the poorest response.ConclusionsThe clinical efficacy of 308‐nm LED treatment is limited based on the treatment area. It demonstrated significant practical application in the treatment of vitiligo.
The Viscosity of Five Gases: A Re-Evaluation
Authors: Kestin J. , Wang H. E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The paper contains a re-evaluation of the experimental results for the pressure dependence of viscosity obtained by Pilarczyk and described by Kestin and Pilarczyk. The re-evaluation is based on an improved theory of the oscillating-disk viscometer described by Kestin and Wang. The results for air, nitrogen, argon, helium, and hydrogen are given in graphical and tabular form as well as in the form of empirical equations. The range covered is 1 to 70 atm at 25 C. The results constitute a relative measurement which is based on Gibson and Michels’ data for nitrogen. Very good agreement with previously published data for nitrogen, air, and hydrogen has been reported. In the case of helium no comparative data could be found and in the case of argon there is good agreement with the data published by Michels and others but the difference in absolute values is somewhat higher than for the preceding three gases. The agreement as to rate of change with pressure is excellent. It is believed that the data now reported contain an uncertainty of no more than 0.2 per cent for nitrogen, air, hydrogen, and helium and of not more than 0.6 per cent for argon with respect to nitrogen. The data have been summarized in Table 1.
Convection Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop of Air Flowing Across In-Line Tube Banks: II—Correlation of Data for Ten-Row-Deep Tube Banks
Authors: Gram A. J. , Mackey C. O. , Monroe E. S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
New heat-transfer and pressure-drop data within a Reynolds-number range of 600 to 40,000 obtained from model 10-row in-line tube banks are presented in a conventional form. The new data are compared with previously reported results for similar surface arrangements. By a process of cross-plotting, heat-transfer and pressure-drop factors are shown as a function of tube-bank arrangement in a series of curves at constant Reynolds numbers. Correlations for tube-bank geometry are proposed and the precision with which they represent the new and previously published data is discussed.
Cold Extrusion of Unalloyed Titanium
Authors: Sabroff A. M. , Huber O. J. , Frost P. D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The first known successful cold extrusion of titanium was accomplished at Battelle on a project for Wright Air Development Center. Working with commercially pure grades of titanium having 45,000 and 70,000-psi yield strengths, and employing a Battelle-developed fluoride-phosphate coating for titanium, billets 1½ in. diam were forward extruded to bars 1.16, 1.06, and 0.95 in. diam. These correspond to reductions of 40, 50, and 60 per cent. The fluoride-phosphate coating, in combination with a conventional oil-graphite-molybdenum disulphide lubricant, prevented seizing and galling and produced a smooth surface finish. The extruded bars exhibited as high as a 60 per cent increase in strength, yet adequate ductility (10 per cent in 1 in. minimum) was maintained.
The Application of Gas/Liquid Cyclones in Oil Refining
Authors: Van Dongen J. R. J. , Ter Linden A. J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The two-phase flow of liquids and vapors is encountered in many refinery processes. As most final products must be either in liquid form or in vapor form, the separation of the two phases is necessary at some stage in the process. Therefore the problem of separating liquids from vapors efficiently is of interest in oil-refinery practice.
Laminar Flow Over an Enclosed Rotating Disk
Authors: Soo S. L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Laminar flow over an enclosed rotating disk was studied to reduce the inconsistency between previous theoretical and experimental results. Unlike the case of a disk in an infinite fluid medium, the friction-moment coefficient of the enclosed disk is proportional to Re−1 in the laminar range and Re−1/4 in the turbulent range. The latter is accurate for the range of disk diameter to gap ratios between 200 and 50. The former correlation, instead of being an approximation according to simple shear as has been suggested, is shown to be true even when recirculation exists. The deviation from Re−1 relation in the laminar range is shown to be due to the inertia effect of recirculation. The significance of inertia effects in addition to that due to centrifugal force has been pointed out and corrections have been presented. Radial outflow has been shown to be more effective than radial inflow for turbine-disk cooling. It has been shown that rotation of the shroud provides an added sealing effect for a centrifugal machine.
On the Theoretical Analysis of a Dynamic Thermocouple
Authors: Gaylord E. W. , Hughes W. F. , Appl F. C. , Ling F. F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The “dynamic” thermocouple formed by the moving junctions of two dissimilar metals is analyzed theoretically. It is found that if the two leads from the cold junction, in series with a potentiometer, are symmetrically placed in two bodies rubbing over each other, the e.m.f. measured by the potentiometer satisfies Laplace’s equation in terms of the positioning of the leads in the body. The boundary condition is that the potential at any contact area is the Seebeck e.m.f. corresponding to the contact area temperature. It is shown that, in the case of two semi-infinite rubbing bodies with many randomly distributed contacts, small in area compared to the distance between them, the potential measured by thermocouple leads placed at an infinite distance away from the contact areas is the average of the Seebeck e.m.f.’s, corresponding to the contact temperatures, weighted by the square root of the areas.
Transient Interface Temperatures in Plain Peripheral Milling
Authors: McFeron D. E. , Chao B. T. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The analytical calculation of tool-chip interface temperature has been extended to the plain peripheral milling process. The solution of the equations presented enables an investigation of the effects of material and process variables to be made from fundamental cutting data. It was found that the intermittent nature of this cutting process increases the percentage of heat flow from the tool-chip interface into the tool as compared with single-point turning. A slight increase in the workpiece temperature has a more pronounced influence on the tool-chip interface temperature than would a similar increase in the tool temperature.
On the Stagnation of Natural-Convection Flows in Closed-End Tubes
Authors: Ostrach Simon , Thornton P. R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
An analysis of the laminar natural-convection flow and heat transfer in a closed-end tube with a linear wall temperature and large but finite length-radius ratio is presented. It is found that for a given relation between the two physical parameters of the problem, the flow will fill the entire tube length. Representative velocity and temperature profiles are presented to show the effects of the parameters on the flow and heat transfer.
A Model Method for Determining Geometric Factors in Solid-to-Solid Radiation Heat Transfer
Authors: Tea P. L. , Baker H. D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A model method using light is presented for determining the geometric factors which must be known in order to utilize the Stefan-Boltzmann equation for heat transfer by solid-to-solid radiation. The model source is of unique design and closely approximates a uniform, perfectly diffuse plane source of any shape. The detector of radiation has negligible cosine error. The technique is highly suited to handle problems involving interreflections.
Laminar Mass and Heat Transfer from Ellipsoidal Surfaces of Fineness Ratio 4 in Axisymmetrical Flow
Authors: Ko Shao-Yen , Sogin H. H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The calibration of the heat-mass analog given by Sogin (7) is employed to obtain mean coefficients of heat transfer from the nosepieces of ellipsoid-cylinders to air in axisymmetrical flow. The results for the ellipsoidal surface of axis ratio 4:1 are represented by the equation (hGcpNPr,f2/3)(GSμf)1/2=0.76 in the range of the Reynolds number from 32,500 to 280,000. They are compared with the results of a wedge-flow approximation of the boundary-layer solution and with results from other investigations on related shapes.
Investigation of Burnout Heat Flux in Rectangular Channels at 2000 Psia
Authors: Jacket H. S. , Roarty J. D. , Zerbe J. E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Burnout heat-flux data were obtained under conditions of approximately zero exit quality and bulk boiling at the exit of electrically heated test specimens. These specimens were long, narrow channels with various slot thicknesses, surfaces, materials, and length-to-diameter ratios. Tests were run at 2000 psia and mass velocities from approximately 0.2 × 106 to 3 × 106 lb/hr-sq ft. The effect of inclining the channel at 45 deg also was investigated. The rectangular channel burnout results are in reasonable agreement with data previously obtained for round tubes. A design equation is suggested which yields a conservative estimate of the burnout heat flux in the low subcooling and quality regions for the range of variables investigated herein. A burnout loop and method of operation are described.
Properties of Friction Materials II—Theory of Vibration in Brakes
Authors: Basford P. R. , Twiss S. B. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A theory of vibration in brakes is developed, based on the statistical nature of friction. The conditions under which an incipient vibration can develop are shown to be (i), 4 bm &gt; a2L2 where b = elastic constant of the lining in shear, m = mass per unit area, a = change in coefficient of friction with speed, and L = load force per unit area; and also, (ii), a &lt; 0.
Whether noise will result from the vibration depends on how close the natural frequency of the lining, (4 bm – a2L2)1/2/(4πm), is to a frequency of the drum which can be excited by resonance.
Observations on the relative noisiness of four kinds of lining were correlated with measurements of a and b. When the linings are ranked in order of increasing tendency to noise as predicted by the theory, it is found that the order is the same as that observed in brake tests on road cars.