bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical Students' Knowledge of Plastic Surgery as a Reflection of the Public Perception
Authors: Yaacobi Dafna Shilo , Shachar Tal , Lvovsky Alex , Cohen Avi , Ad-El Dean D. , Olshinka Asaf , Grush Andrew E. , Barel Eric 
Published: June 2022

AbstractPlastic surgery is a broad field that requires a mixed skillset. Therefore, it is important that students be exposed to all its various subspecialties to make informed career decisions and to properly refer patients in different clinical situations. A nationwide survey was conducted of Israeli medical students to investigate their knowledge and perceptions regarding the field of plastic surgery and its subspecialties, and the impact of a clinical rotation in plastic surgery on these factors. A total of 300 subjects responded. Approximately, 61% of the cohort was female and 70% were enrolled in a 6-year program. About one-third stated that their field of interest was surgical rather than medical. Significant variability was noted in the accuracy of responses to questions about different procedures encompassed in the scope of plastic surgery. Although 90% of the students were aware of some common plastic surgery procedures that are also often thought to be well known to the public, only 50% were able to correctly identify lesser-known surgeries performed by plastic surgeons. Knowledge about plastic surgery was unrelated to an interest in the field. We recommend adjusting preclinical instruction and clinical rotations in plastic surgery to better prepare students to select a specialty best suited to their future goals, as well as to improve their ability to refer patients to other specialists as necessary.
‘Even Though I Get a Loan, My Husband Controls It’: Rhetoric Versus Reality of Empowering Bangladeshi Women Through Microfinance Programs
Authors: Shohel Tunvir Ahamed , Niner Sara , Gunawardana Samanthi J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis study investigates the development intervention of microfinance programs with women borrowers in strong patriarchal communities such as in rural Bangladesh. Using Rahman's framework (1999) of 'public transcript' vs. 'hidden transcript', we describe how women's structural vulnerability is understood and leveraged by the microfinance institutions (MFIs). The findings in this paper is based on data from 331 surveys and 40 in-depth interviews fromDumuria, a southern sub-district of Bangladesh. We found that MFIs’ providers largely conceptualized women's empowerment as increasde in financial participation, mobility and household decision-making. Although the MFIs present microfinance programs as successfully contributing to women’s empowerment, we found that the patriarchal gender norm(s) pervasive in rural Bangladesh meant that men controlled and used most of the microfinance loans. We also found that MFI's do little to monitor or address this issue, instead, they emphasizing high loan recovery rates as evidence of women’s empowerment. Furthermore, MFIs leveraged women's structural vulnerability apparent in the gendered division of labour, mobility restrictions, and notions of honour and shame to ensure the high recovery rates. We conclude that MFIs obscure the reality of their ulterior profit-making motives with the rhetoric of false narratives of women's empowerment.
Intraoperative use of impact microindentation to assess distal radius bone quality
Authors: Lee Donald H. , Reasoner Kaitlyn , Uppuganti Sasidhar , Desai Mihir J. , Nyman Jeffry S. 
Published: June 2022

Impact microindentation is a new technique that measures the resistance of a patient’s bone to micro-indentation but has not yet been implemented in an intraoperative setting. To assess the technique’s safety and utility, we acquired microindentation measurements of bone material strength index (BMSi) using the OsteoProbe prior to distal radius fixation with a volar locking plate. Subsequently, the patients received a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan to measure the areal bone mineral density of the proximal femur, lumbar spine, and contralateral distal radius. By assigning the patients to low-energy, fragility fracture (n = 17) and high-energy fracture (n = 11) groups based on clinical history, we investigated whether intraoperative BMSi was sensitive to osteoporosis. Impact microindentation added a maximum of 10 min of operative time and did not result in any intraoperative or postoperative complications. There were, however, no significant differences in BMSi at the radius between these two groups. This study demonstrates the feasibility of performing intraoperative impact microindentation to directly assess a patient’s bone quality, but additional research is necessary to establish whether intraoperative microindentation can identify patients with inferior bone matrix quality.
Compression rate of dynamic diamond anvil cells from room temperature to 10 K
Authors: Yan Jinwei , Liu Xiaodi , Gorelli Federico Aiace , Xu Haian , Zhang Huichao , Hu Huixin , Gregoryanz Eugene , Dalladay-Simpson Philip 
Published: June 2022

There is an ever increasing interest in studying dynamic-pressure dependent phenomena utilizing dynamic Diamond Anvil Cells (dDACs), devices capable of a highly controlled rate of compression. Here, we characterize and compare the compression rate of dDACs in which the compression is actuated via three different methods: (1) stepper motor (S-dDAC), (2) gas membrane (M-dDAC), and (3) piezoactuator (P-dDAC). The compression rates of these different types of dDAC were determined solely on millisecond time-resolved R1-line fluorescence of a ruby sphere located within the sample chamber. Furthermore, these different dynamic compression-techniques have been described and characterized over a broad temperature and pressure range from 10 to 300 K and 0–50 GPa. At room temperature, piezoactuation (P-dDAC) has a clear advantage in controlled extremely fast compression, having recorded a compression rate of ∼7 TPa/s, which is also found to be primarily influenced by the charging time of the piezostack. At 40–250 K, gas membranes (M-dDAC) have also been found to generate rapid compression of ∼0.5–3 TPa/s and are readily interfaced with moderate cryogenic and ultrahigh vacuum conditions. Approaching more extreme cryogenic conditions (&lt;10 K), a stepper motor driven lever arm (S-dDAC) offers a solution for high-precision moderate compression rates in a regime where P-dDACs and M-dDACs can become difficult to incorporate. The results of this paper demonstrate the applicability of different dynamic compression techniques, and when applied, they can offer us new insights into matter’s response to strain, which is highly relevant to physics, geoscience, and chemistry.
The structural origin of the efficient photochromism in natural minerals
Authors: Colinet Pauline , Byron Hannah , Vuori Sami , Lehtiö Juha-Pekka , Laukkanen Pekka , Van Goethem Ludo , Lastusaari Mika , Le Bahers Tangui 
Published: June 2022

Significance
Natural photochromic minerals have been reported by geologists for decades. However, the understanding of the photochromism mechanism has a key question still unanswered: What in their structure gives rise to the photochromism’s reversibility? By combining experimental and computational methods specifically developed to investigate this photochromism, this work provides the answer to this fundamental question. The specific crystal structure of these minerals allows an unusual motion of the sodium atoms stabilizing the electronic states associated to the colored forms. With a complete understanding of the photochromism mechanism in hand, it is now possible to design new families of stable and tunable photochromic inorganic materials-based devices.
A study on the semantic change of the Chinese negative adverbBùshèn(不甚)
Authors: Han Xiao , Zhan Fangqiong 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper aims to account for the multiple interpretations of the Chinese negative degree adverbbùshèn(不甚). InXiandai Hanyu Dacidian Shangce (Modern Chinese Dictionary Volume I)(Ruan & Guo (eds) 2009),bùshènis defined as ‘the degree is not very high’, which can be interpreted as ‘not very’; however, in the CCL and BCC Modern Chinese corpora, a few cases showing thatbùshèncan only be interpreted as indicating positive degree similar to ‘very’. Using the extensive classical and modern Chinese data, we argue that the semantic change has undergone a process of analogy (cf.Harris & Campbell 1995;Fischer 2007;Traugott & Trousdale 2013). Specifically, the use of positive degree ofbùshènhas been analogized to the extant positive degree adverbbùshèng(不胜). The semantic change is observed whenbùshènforms common collocations with an adjective or a verb which convey emotions, such asgǎnxiè‘grateful’ inbùshèng gǎnxiè‘very grateful’.
Rethinking English as a lingua franca in scientific-academic contexts
Authors: Navarro Federico , Lillis Theresa , Donahue Tiane , Curry Mary Jane , Reyes Natalia Ávila , Gustafsson Magnus , Zavala Virginia , Lauría Daniela , Lukin Annabelle , McKinney Carolyn , Feng Haiying , Motta-Roth Désirée 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe aim to challenge assumptions made about the use of English as a “lingua franca” in scientific-academic contexts, identify the impact of such assumptions on trajectories of knowledge production and uptake, and legitimize the use of multiple languages for transnational scholarly exchange. We set out ten principles: Using English as a scientific-academic “lingua franca” does not always promote inclusion; A language positioned as a scientific-academic “lingua franca” can act as a language of domination; Positioning English as the “lingua franca” policy may discourage translations and exclude participation; Policies which position English as being the contemporary scientific-academic “lingua franca” may convey the idea that knowledge produced in English is the only knowledge that exists; The imposition of English as a presumed scientific-academic “lingua franca” is a manifestation of the unequal distribution of knowledge production and uptake; Languages/varieties function as powerful resources for knowledge making; Choosing a language for publishing or presenting is a sociolinguistic right; Choosing a language to publish or present in is a political act; Convention organizers should have the right to promote the language(s) of their choice; Convention organizers and scholars should be as creative and sensitive to including as diverse an audience as possible.
Syntactic change in Palaungic
Authors: Lee Wei-Wei , Jenny Mathias 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe relative constructions in several Palaungic languages (Htanaw, Wa, Lawa, Rumai Palaung, Samlong Palaung, and Rucing Palaung), here shown to be participant nominalizations, display striking mutual similarities, while conspicuously diverging from the dominant relativization strategy within the Austroasiatic family. Instead of the commonn [rel (s) v (o)]pattern, the Palaungic constructions examined exhibit the following structural features: (a)relinvariably precedes the verb complex directly; (b) internal constituent order isvs(o), with the exception of Htanaw. An unusual functional trait is additionally found in the three Palaung varieties: the construction only performs object relativization. By placing the findings in a diachronic perspective, we propose two new pathways of branch-internal syntactic change that may explain this unusual synchronic status. Among these, the lexical-to-clausal-nominalization pathway in particular offers a plausible alternative scenario to the earlier hypothesis that such verb-initial structures are inherited from Proto-Austroasiatic (Jenny 2020). Furthermore, a tentatively suggested etymological origin of the relativizer, pAA *pa‘place’, provides an account of the narrow semantics in Palaung.
Interrogatives of Liangshan Yi
Authors: Ding Hongdi 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper describes the interrogative system of Liangshan Yi, a Loloish language spoken in Southwest China, by investigating its two major dialects: Nuosu and Niesu. Ten interrogative categories are addressed, including ‘who’, ‘which’, ‘what’, ‘how many/much’, ‘what kind’, ‘how’, ‘where’, ‘when’, ‘for what’ and ‘why’. The following syntactic categories are revealed for the basic functions of the interrogatives: person ‘who’, thing ‘what’, place ‘where’ and time ‘when’ are all nouns, selection ‘which’ is an adjective, quantity ‘how many/much’ is a numeral, manner ‘how’ is a verb, kind ‘what kind’ is a verb phrase, purpose ‘for what’ is a verb phrase, and cause ‘why’ is a verb. Both purpose and cause interrogatives are based on the meaning ‘to do what’. All interrogatives have the same syntactic categories in Niesu and Nuosu. Both Niesu and Nuosu distinguish purpose from cause by using word/phrase distinction and positional differences in sentences. The grammaticalization of the verb phrase ‘to do what’ into the cause interrogative is facilitated by three structural conditions of Liangshan Yi. Moreover, the (proto-)which-word and thewhat-word are the basis for most of the interrogatives in Liangshan Yi. However, the derivation betweenwhichandhowis no longer visible in Nuosu, while this connection is still clear in Niesu. Three crossover functions are described: asking for ‘why’ with ‘how’, asking for ‘why’ with ‘what’, and asking for ‘how’ with ‘where’; the word classes of the interrogatives may also change due to the functional changes. Finally, the non-interrogative functions of the interrogatives are discussed, including indefinites, intensification of a state, and exclamation.
Tangut verb agreement
Authors: Beaudouin Mathieu 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe Tangut language is of particular importance to the field of Sino­Tibetan Studies, notably because of its morphological conservatism, which is unexpectedly correlated with a simplification of its syllable structure, a consequence of a processMiyake (2012)called “compression”. Such conservatism is evident in the syllable qualities reconstructed, which sometimes reflect proto­ Tangut’s ancient derivational processes. Verbs also exhibit various flectional phenomena, mainly due to conversion of agreement rules and referential hierarchy rules (Silverstein 1976), in a manner reminiscent of the indexation system of languages of the rGyalrongic taxon within the Qiangic family. The present paper attempts to explain the absence of indexation in the Tangut verb, a key phenomenon in the history of verb agreement analysis. First, I recall the main rules of the Tangut verb’s agreement system, as shown byKepping (1975)andGong (2001). Second, cases of non­agreement are analyzed. Apart from the case of non­local contexts, we see that the absence of agreement occurs in non­finite forms resulting from a dependency pattern, such as clause chaining, topic/comment context, and semantically dependent modality.1
Classifiers before numerals
Authors: Evans Jonathan P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractLanguages with sortal classifiers (clf) are distributed across the world, with a large concentration in East and South (east) Asia. Across the world’s classifier languages, few are attested which order classifiers before numerals in counted noun phrases (clf num). The Sino-Tibetan language family includes languages without sortal classifiers, languages with the more typicalnum clforder, as well as languages withclf numorder. The latter group of languages are concentrated in Northeast India and neighboring regions. The Sino-Tibetan languages withclf numorder do not fit under one genealogical node. The present hypothesis is that the classifiers arose through repetition of the counted noun, following which the order spread via contact. Theclf numorder appears to have arisen at least as early as the time of Proto-Bodo-Garo. However, we do not yet find cognate classifiers at a time depth beyond Proto-Bodo-Garo. A remaining mystery is why such a cross-linguistically rare morpheme order spread so easily within the Northeast India linguistic area.
Flow visualization: state-of-the-art development of micro-particle image velocimetry
Authors: Etminan Amin , Muzychka Yuri S , Pope Kevin , Nyantekyi-Kwakye Baafour 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Experimental flow visualization is a valuable tool for analyzing microfluidics and nanofluidics in a wide variety of applications. Since the late 1990s, considerable advances in optical methods and image postprocessing techniques have improved direct optical measurements, resulting in an accurate qualitative and quantitative understanding of transport phenomena in lab-on-a-chip capillaries. In this study, a comparison of different optical measurement techniques is presented. The state-of-the-art development of particle image velocimetry (PIV) to date, particularly in microscale applications, is reviewed here in detail. This study reviews novel approaches for estimating velocity field measurements with high precision within interrogation windows. Different regularization terms are discussed to demonstrate their capability for particle displacement optimization. The discussion shows how single- and multi-camera optical techniques provide two-dimensional and three-component velocity fields. The performance of each method is compared by highlighting its advantages and limitations. Finally, the feasibility of micro resolution PIV in bioapplications is overviewed.
Single layer aligned semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube array with high linear density
Authors: Liu Hao , Liu Fengjing , Sun Zhaolou , Cai Xiaoyong , Sun Huijuan , Kai Yuan , Chen Li , Jiang Chao 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Highly ordered semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes(sc-SWCNTs) array with high purity, high linear density and controllable manner is strongly desired for carbon-based integrated circuits, yet it remains a big challenge. Herein, close-packed single layered and controllably aligned sc-SWCNTs arrays were obtained through dielectrophoresis using a high purity sc-SWCNT dispersion. Under optimized condition of length and average number of interconnecting junctions across the channel full of aligned sc-SWCNTs, field effect transistors (FETs) with high performance were achieved with both a high on/off current ratio and large carrier mobility. Based on the optimized channel length, by systematically optimizing the dielectrophoresis parameters of the frequency and duration of applied AC voltage (V
pp), the highly ordered sc-SWCNTs arrays with an ultra-high linear density of 54 ± 2 tubes μm−1 showed relatively high device performance of FET. The fabrication process optimized in this report can be further extended and applied in large-area, low-cost carbon-based integrated circuits.
Intentionally created localized bridges for electron transport through graphene monolayer between two metals
Authors: Daugalas T , Bukauskas V , Lukša A , Nargelienė V , Šetkus A 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Monolayer graphene (1LG) is frequently unpredictably modified by supporting material so that it limits development of devices. Van der Waals interaction is dominant in the models describing the in-plane processes, including the electrical charge transport. However, the current flow perpendicular to the plane of the graphene is still less understood. This report analysed specific aspect of the perpendicular current and disclosed an original way to create transport bridges perpendicular to the plane across the 1LG. The most extraordinary finding is that the electron transport between two parallel metal surfaces can be shut down and opened if the metals are separated by the 1LG. The electron transmission can be intentionally varied in this metal–1LG–metal (M–G–M) system by pressure. In the experimental study the AFM force curve and tunnelling current measurements were combined when the external load force (0–1200 nN) and electrical potential (−1.5 V to +1.5 V) were used. It is proved that for low voltages (<±9 mV) a bridge is opened perpendicular to the graphene across the M–G–M systems by the external force, if the compression dependent Fermi level crosses electronic states in the interfaces and graphene. The localised bridges with diameter about 10–40 nm can be opened and kept continuously by the stabilised force in separated points of the system. However, the predictable changes can be produced in the system if the voltage and the force exceeded critical magnitudes. A combined model was proposed acceptable to explain the bridging and predictably modify the characteristics.
Superconductivity and weak anti-localization in nodal-line semimetal SnTaS2
Authors: Singh M , Saha P , Nagpal V , Patnaik S 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Topological semimetals with superconducting properties provide an emergent platform to explore the properties of topological superconductors. We report magnetization, and magneto-transport measurements on high quality single crystals of transition metal dichalcogenide SnTaS2. It is a nodal line semimetal with superconducting transition below T
c = 2.9 K. Moderate anisotropy (γ = 3.1) is observed in upper critical fields along H//c and H//ab plane. In the normal state we observe large magneto-resistance and weak anti-localization effect that provide unambiguous confirmation of topological features in SnTaS2. Therefore, genuine topological characteristics can be studied in this material, particularly with regard to microscopic origin of order parameter symmetry.
A new MgB2 bulk ring fabrication technique for use in magnetic shielding or bench-top NMR systems
Authors: Moseley D A , Wilkinson D P , Mousavi T , Dennis A R , Speller S , Durrell J H 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
We report a new methodology in bulk MgB2 ring production for use in small-scale magnetic shielding or bench-top nuclear magnetic resonance systems. This process is a modified field-assisted sintering technique (mFAST) which enables direct formation of the rings without the need for machining or additives into the precursor powder. The shielding and trapped field capabilities of three mFAST MgB2 rings were determined using zero-field- and field-cooled magnetic experiments. Individual bulks trap magnetic fields up to 1.24 T at 20 K comparable to the highest published data for a ring sample. It is anticipated that for many applications, multiple rings will be stacked to form the required experimental structure. We find, for the three ring stack, a trapped field of 2.04 T and a maximum shielded field of 1.74 T at 20 K. The major factor limiting performance at low temperatures are flux jumps which cause rapid loss of the trapped field or shielding capability. Preliminary studies of magnetic field ramp rate dependence on flux jumps were conducted illustrating that even at very slow ramp rates (0.007 T min−1) they remain a significant issue. Despite this concern, we conclude that mFAST represents an exciting new fabrication methodology for bulk MgB2 rings.