bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Tyranny of Distance: The Treatment and Prevention of Diphtheria in Middle Canada, 1894-1920
Authors: Rushton Alan R 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Before 1900, diphtheria was a deadly infection in Canadian children. Clinical trials in Europe demonstrated that “antitoxin” decreased mortality of the disease. Canadian physicians first utilized the new medication in 1894 and found it most efficacious when administered early in the illness. Two factors hindered the widespread application of the new medication. Imported antitoxin was expensive, and physicians frequently purchased it themselves rather than let their patients expire. In 1916, Connaught Laboratories in Toronto began domestic production of antitoxin, and provincial governments eventually provided access to the life-saving medication for all citizens.
The vast distances between families and physicians in rural districts also made it impossible to access the antitoxin before sick children were beyond hope. During the 1920s, a public health program began to actually prevent diphtheria. Ten years of experience in many regions demonstrated the efficacy of immunization as mortality from diphtheria declined to almost zero.
Alzheimer Type I Astrocytes: Still Mysterious Cells
Authors: Goldman James E 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Over 100 years ago, von Hösslein and Alzheimer described enlarged and multinucleated astrocytes in the brains of patients with Wilson disease. These odd astrocytes, now well known to neuropathologists, are present in a large variety of neurological disorders, and yet the mechanisms underlying their generation and their functional attributes are still not well understood. They undergo abnormal mitoses and fail to accomplish cytokinesis, resulting in multinucleation. Oxidative stress, hypoxia, and inflammation may be contributing pathologies to generate these astrocytes. The abnormal mitoses occur from changes in cell shape, the accumulation of cytoplasmic proteins, and the mislocalization of many of the important molecules whose coordination is necessary for proper mitotic spindle formation. Modern technologies will be able to characterize their abnormalities and solve century old questions of their form and function.
Risk of deaths due to injuries in travellers: a systematic review
Authors: Wyler Benjamin A , Young Hannah M , Hargarten Stephen W , Cahill John D 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
Annual global travel reached an all-time high of 1.4 billion international tourist visits in 2019. It is estimated that injury accounts for close to 25% of deaths in travellers, most of which are theoretically preventable. However, there are limited data available on injury occurrence and outcomes in travellers. Our objective was to better understand the relative risk of dying from injury that arises from the novel environments and behavioural changes associated with foreign travel.

Methods
A systematic literature review was conducted (PubMed, Embase and Scopus) according to PRISMA guidelines that included studies published in English since 1990 that reported injury deaths in tourists per 100 000-person years or as a proportion of total tourist deaths in comparison to a non-traveller population. We also included studies that reported data allowing calculation of these rates. Relative rates or proportions of overall injury mortality, mortality due to traffic accidents, drowning and homicide were summarized.

Results
In total, 1847 articles were identified, 105 underwent full-text review, and 10 articles were suitable for data extraction. There was great variability of relative risk reported, but overall, travellers appear to have a higher risk of injury mortality than domestic populations, with relative rates of injury death ranging from 1.04 to 16.7 and proportionate mortality ratios ranging from 1.43 to 3.

Conclusions
Tourists should be aware of the increased risk of dying from road traffic hazards, drowning and homicide while traveling abroad. Specific geographies and activities associated with higher risk should be emphasized. Travel medicine practitioners and organizations that send people abroad should counsel travellers regarding these risks and seek ways to reduce them, including encouraging potential risk-mitigating behaviours. There is a need to improve systems of data collection and reporting on injury deaths in travellers and to study the impact of pre-travel and institutional interventions aimed at reducing this risk.
Characterizing atmospheres of cloudy temperate mini-neptunes with JWST
Authors: Constantinou Savvas , Madhusudhan Nikku 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
The upcoming James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) promises a generational shift in the study of temperate mini-Neptune atmospheres using transit spectroscopy. High-altitude clouds, however, threaten to impede their atmospheric characterization by muting spectral features. In this study, we systematically investigate JWST instrument configurations for characterizing cloudy mini-Neptune atmospheres, assessing the importance of instrument choice and wavelength coverage, focusing on NIRISS and NIRSpec. We consider two temperate mini-Neptunes orbiting nearby M dwarfs, K2-18 b, and TOI-732 c, with equilibrium temperatures below 400 K, as case studies and assess observations using different instrument configurations with one transit per instrument. We find that their JWST transmission spectra with modest observing time and adequate wavelength coverage can provide precise abundance constraints of key molecules H2O, CH4, and NH3 even in the presence of clouds at significantly high altitudes. The best constraints are obtained by combining all three high-resolution NIRSpec gratings (G140H+G235H+G395H) that together span the ∼1–5 $\mu$m range. Single-transit observations with this three-instrument configuration allow precise abundance constraints for cloud-top pressures as low as 3 and 0.1 mbar for K2-18 b and TOI-732 c, respectively, assuming a nominal 10× solar metallicity. The constraints vary with instrument combinations. We find that NIRSpec G235H+G395H is the optimal two-instrument configuration, while NIRISS or NIRSpec G235H is optimal for single-instrument observations. Absent high-altitude clouds, even single-instrument observations can provide good abundance constraints for these planets. Our findings underscore the promise of JWST transmission spectroscopy for characterizing temperate mini-Neptunes orbiting nearby M dwarfs.
Active longitudes and starspot evolution of the young rapidly rotating star USNO-B1.0 1388−0463685 discovered in the Yunnan–Hong Kong survey
Authors: Luo Xiang , Gu Shenghong , Xiang Yue , Wang Xiaobin , Yeung Bill , Ng Eric , Bai Jinming , Fan Yufeng , Xu Fukun , Cao Dongtao , Sun Leilei , Liu Yisi , Wang Jianhua , Bai Lu , Xu Xiaoyun 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
We have discovered a young, rapidly rotating active star USNO-B1.0 1388−0463685 with a rotational period of 0.508750 ± 0.000153 d in the Yunnan–Hong Kong wide-field photometric survey. Based on the chromospheric activity identified in the dedicated spectroscopic observations, the brightness variation of this star is attributed to cool spots on its photosphere. We derived the spot maps from 14 light curves, which demonstrate that the strong spot tends to appear in the same hemisphere, and the light curve amplitude varies with a period of about 2.4 yr. Low-resolution spectroscopic observations revealed the chromospheric activity of the star through the indicators Hα, Na i D1 and D2, He i D3, and Ca ii H & K lines. Moreover, there was a clear anticorrelation between the equivalent width variation of the Hα, Na i D1 and D2 lines and the simultaneous light curve, implying the photosphere and chromosphere connection. Using the spectral subtraction technique, the spectral type of the star was determined as K0–2V and its projected rotational velocity v sin i is 107.492 ± 7.388 km s−1. Both the lithium equivalent width of 254.0 ± 43.3 mÅ and its location on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram indicate that this star should be in the stage from late pre-main sequence to zero-age main sequence.
A survey of HDCO and D2CO towards Class 0/I proto-brown dwarfs
Authors: Riaz B , Thi W-F 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Deuterium fractionation can constrain the physical and chemical conditions at the early stage of brown dwarf formation. We present IRAM 30-m observations over a wide frequency range of 213–279 GHz of singly and doubly deuterated species of formaldehyde (HDCO and D2CO) towards Class 0/I proto-brown dwarfs (proto-BDs). Multiple low-excitation HDCO and D2CO transition lines with upper energy level ≤40 K are detected. The D2CO/HDCO, HDCO/H2CO, and D2CO/H2CO abundance ratios range between 0.01 and 2.5 for the proto-BDs, similar to the range seen in low-mass protostars. The highest ratios of D2CO/HDCO ∼1.3–2.5 are measured for two Stage 0 proto-BDs. These objects could possess a warm corino, similar to the few hot corino cases reported among Class 0 protostars. The mean D2CO/HDCO, D2CO/H2CO, and HDCO/H2CO ratios for the proto-BDs are comparatively higher than the range predicted by the current gas-grain chemical models, indicating that HDCO and D2CO are formed via grain surface reactions in the dense and cold interiors of the proto-BDs at an early formation stage.
A simple data-driven method to optimize the penalty strengths of penalized models and its application to non-parametric smoothing
Authors: Thomas Jens , Lipka Mathias 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Information of interest can often only be extracted from data by model fitting. When the functional form of such a model cannot be deduced from first principles, one has to make a choice between different possible models. A common approach in such cases is to minimize the information loss in the model by trying to reduce the number of fit variables (or the model flexibility, respectively) as much as possible while still yielding an acceptable fit to the data. Model selection via the Akaike information criterion (AIC) provides such an implementation of Occam’s razor. We argue that the same principles can be applied to optimize the penalty strength of a penalized maximum-likelihood model. However, while in typical applications AIC is used to choose from a finite, discrete set of maximum-likelihood models, the penalty optimization requires to select out of a continuum of candidate models and these models violate the maximum-likelihood condition. We derive a generalized information criterion AICp that encompasses this case. It naturally involves the concept of effective free parameters, which is very flexible and can be applied to any model, be it linear or non-linear, parametric or non-parametric, and with or without constraint equations on the parameters. We show that the generalized AICp allows an optimization of any penalty strength without the need of separate Monte Carlo simulations. As an example application, we discuss the optimization of the smoothing in non-parametric models, which has many applications in astrophysics, like in dynamical modelling, spectral fitting, or gravitational lensing.
Using HITRAN to model opacities for planetary atmospheres: test case of microwave spectra of NH3, SO2, and PH3
Authors: Skinner Frances M , Hargreaves Robert J , Gordon Iouli E 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
The latest version of the HITRAN molecular spectroscopic data base, HITRAN2020, has recently been released featuring many updates, including line-by-line broadening parameters (and their temperature dependence) appropriate for the dominant constituents of planetary atmospheres. In this work, line shape codes suitable for calculating microwave spectra have been implemented within the HITRAN Application Programming Interface (HAPI). These new additions allow for spectroscopic calculations of microwave absorbing species pertinent to current and future studies of the atmospheres of Jupiter and Venus, and more generally for the atmospheres of gas giants and rocky planets. The inversion spectrum of the NH3 molecule broadened by H2, He, and H2O dominates the microwave region of Jupiter, whereas for Venus, accurate spectroscopic data of SO2 broadened by CO2 are necessary in order to determine its significance, if any, on the reported detection of PH3 in the Venusian upper cloud deck. Comparisons have been made to available microwave laboratory opacities and the following results illustrate that HITRAN data can be used in conjunction with HAPI to reproduce the existing experimental measurements and provide reliable calculation of planetary opacities. Users should be mindful regarding selection of appropriate parameters in HITRAN and selecting suitable line shape functions in HAPI, depending on the spectral region, target molecular species, as well as ambient chemical and thermodynamic conditions.
Frequency–response relationship between exercise and locomotive syndrome across age groups: Secondary analysis of a nationwide cross-sectional study in Japan
Authors: Yamaguchi Satoshi , Yamada Keiko , Ito Yoichi M , Fuji Takeshi , Sato Kimihito , Ohe Takashi 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Objectives
This study aimed to clarify the frequency–response relationship between exercise habits and locomotive syndrome (LS) in different age groups.

Methods
We analysed 8681 independent community dwellers who participated in a nationwide cross-sectional LS study. Participants were divided into young (20–39 years), middle (40–64 years), and old (≥ 65 years) groups. The presence of LS was evaluated using the LS risk tests. Exercise habits were assessed by exercise frequency (almost every day/sometimes/occasionally/never). The association between LS and exercise was assessed using the multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for participant characteristics for each age category.

Results
Overall, 3528 (41%) participants had LS. In the old group, the risk of LS was lower with an increased exercise frequency. However, this dose–response relationship was not found in the young group. The proportion of LS was lower even in participants who occasionally exercised (1–3 days/month) than those who never exercise in the young and middle age groups.

Conclusions
Regular exercise reduced the risk of LS not only in middle and older adults but also in young adults. Moreover, increasing exercise frequency may provide benefits for LS prevention, especially among older adults.
Comparisons between US norm-based two-component and Japanese norm-based three-component SF-36 summary scores in systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Authors: Yamashita Sayuri , Katsumata Yasuhiro , Konda Naoko , Kandane-Rathnayake Rangi , Morand Eric F , Harigai Masayoshi 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT

Objectives
We compared the US norm-based two-component vs. Japanese norm-based three-component summary scores of the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 (SF-36) in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods
One hundred fourteen Japanese SLE patients were studied. SF-36 physical component summary (PCS) and mental component summary (MCS) scores were computed by the US norm-based two-component (US2) and Japanese norm-based three-component (JP3) models, respectively, and compared. Their association with demographics and disease characteristics was also analysed.

Results
The US2-PCS scores were significantly higher than the JP3-PCS scores (p &lt; .001); however, the US2-MCS and JP3-MCS scores were not significantly different (p = .16). Bland–Altman analyses demonstrated that the US2-PCS scores were generally higher than the JP3-PCS scores, and their difference was larger in the subjects with lower PCS scores. However, the multiple linear regression analyses for the PCS and MCS scores computed by the different models demonstrated mostly equivalent standardized regression coefficients with the variables.

Conclusions
Although the agreement between the US norm-based two-component and Japanese norm-based three-component models of the SF-36 was insufficient, their scores demonstrated similar associations with other variables. The application of the US original version could be acceptable in certain studies depending on the research question.
The domains of yeast eIF4G, eIF4E and the cap fine-tune eIF4A activities through an intricate network of stimulatory and inhibitory effects
Authors: Krause Linda , Willing Florian , Andreou Alexandra Zoi , Klostermeier Dagmar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Translation initiation in eukaryotes starts with the recognition of the mRNA 5′-cap by eIF4F, a hetero-trimeric complex of eIF4E, the cap-binding protein, eIF4A, a DEAD-box helicase, and eIF4G, a scaffold protein. eIF4G comprises eIF4E- and eIF4A-binding domains (4E-BD, 4A-BD) and three RNA-binding regions (RNA1–RNA3), and interacts with eIF4A, eIF4E, and with the mRNA. Within the eIF4F complex, the helicase activity of eIF4A is increased. We showed previously that RNA3 of eIF4G is important for the stimulation of the eIF4A conformational cycle and its ATPase and helicase activities. Here, we dissect the interplay between the eIF4G domains and the role of the eIF4E/cap interaction in eIF4A activation. We show that RNA2 leads to an increase in the fraction of eIF4A in the closed state, an increased RNA affinity, and faster RNA unwinding. This stimulatory effect is partially reduced when the 4E-BD is present. eIF4E binding to the 4E-BD then further inhibits the helicase activity and closing of eIF4A, but does not affect the RNA-stimulated ATPase activity of eIF4A. The 5′-cap renders the functional interaction of mRNA with eIF4A less efficient. Overall, the activity of eIF4A at the 5′-cap is thus fine-tuned by a delicately balanced network of stimulatory and inhibitory interactions.
Contrastive learning on protein embeddings enlightens midnight zone
Authors: Heinzinger Michael , Littmann Maria , Sillitoe Ian , Bordin Nicola , Orengo Christine , Rost Burkhard 
Published: June 2022

AbstractExperimental structures are leveraged through multiple sequence alignments, or more generally through homology-based inference (HBI), facilitating the transfer of information from a protein with known annotation to a query without any annotation. A recent alternative expands the concept of HBI from sequence-distance lookup to embedding-based annotation transfer (EAT). These embeddings are derived from protein Language Models (pLMs). Here, we introduce using single protein representations from pLMs for contrastive learning. This learning procedure creates a new set of embeddings that optimizes constraints captured by hierarchical classifications of protein 3D structures defined by the CATH resource. The approach, dubbed ProtTucker, has an improved ability to recognize distant homologous relationships than more traditional techniques such as threading or fold recognition. Thus, these embeddings have allowed sequence comparison to step into the ‘midnight zone’ of protein similarity, i.e. the region in which distantly related sequences have a seemingly random pairwise sequence similarity. The novelty of this work is in the particular combination of tools and sampling techniques that ascertained good performance comparable or better to existing state-of-the-art sequence comparison methods. Additionally, since this method does not need to generate alignments it is also orders of magnitudes faster. The code is available at https://github.com/Rostlab/EAT.
Association of coronary artery calcium with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and death in patients with chronic kidney disease: results from the KNOW-CKD
Authors: Jung Chan-Young , Yun Hae-Ryong , Park Jung Tak , Joo Young Su , Kim Hyung Woo , Yoo Tae-Hyun , Kang Shin-Wook , Lee Joongyub , Chae Dong-Wan , Chung Wookyung , Kim Yong-Soo , Oh Kook-Hwan , Han Seung Hyeok 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundIn East Asian countries, patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have lower cardiovascular risk profiles and experience fewer cardiovascular events (CVEs) than those in Western countries. Thus the clinical predictive performance of well-known risk factors warrants further testing in this population.MethodsThe KoreaN cohort study for Outcome in patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (KNOW-CKD) is a multicenter, prospective observational study. We included 1579 participants with CKD G1–G5 without kidney replacement therapy between 2011 and 2016. The main predictor was the coronary artery calcium score (CACS). The primary outcome was a composite of nonfatal CVEs or all-cause mortality. Secondary outcomes included 3-point major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs; the composite of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke), all CVEs and all-cause mortality.ResultsDuring a median follow-up of 5.1 years, a total of 123 primary outcome events occurred (incidence rate 1.6/100 person-years). In the multivariable Cox model, a 1-standard deviation log increase in the CACS was associated with a 1.67-fold [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.37–2.04] higher risk of the primary outcome. Compared with a CACS of 0, the hazard ratio associated with a CACS &gt;400 was 4.89 (95% CI 2.68–8.93) for the primary outcome. This association was consistent for secondary outcomes. Moreover, inclusion of the CACS led to modest improvements in prediction indices of the primary outcome compared with well-known conventional risk factors.ConclusionsIn Korean patients with CKD, the CACS was independently associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause death. The CACS also showed modest improvements in prediction performance over conventional cardiovascular risk factors.
Decisional needs of patients with recurrent high-grade glioma and their families
Authors: Sorensen von Essen Helle , Stacey Dawn , Dahl Steffensen Karina , Guldager Rikke , Rom Poulsen Frantz , Piil Karin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
High-grade gliomas are aggressive and life-threatening brain tumors. At the time of recurrence, the patients and their families need to decide on future treatment. None of the treatment options are curative, and tradeoffs between benefits and harms must be made. This study aimed to explore the patients’ and family members’ decisional needs when making the decision.

Methods
We performed semi-structured individual interviews with patients and family members to explore their experiences during the decision making. A phenomenological hermeneutical analysis was conducted.

Results
A total of 15 patients and 14 family members aged 22-79 years participated in the study. Most of the family members were partners to the patient. The findings were centered around three interrelated and concurrently occurring themes: (I) A patient- and family-centered decision making, including the subtheme of being a supportive family member; (II) Balanced information and a trustful professional encounter; and (III) The value of hope. We found that both the patients and family members preferred to be involved in the decision making and that a trustful relationship with the surgeon, balanced and tailored information, and sufficient time to make the decision were essential. The experience of hope had a significant influence on patients’ decisions.

Conclusion
This study found that patient and family involvement, balanced information, and hope were the primary decisional needs of patients and family members at the time of recurrent high-grade glioma. Patients and family members can have different decisional needs, making individual needs assessment essential to decisional support.