bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Juniper, Spruce Spider Mite Control, Columbiana Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Juniper (1.5-2 m high) growing in a nursery was used to evaluate acaricides against spruce spider mite, Oligonychus ununguis (Jacobi). Treatments were assigned to trees at random, except that the 4 single-tree replicates were chosen from throughout different parts of the plantation. Treatments were applied with a KWH backpack mistblower operating at 0.5 throttle on aperature setting 4 for 30 sec. to deliver ca. 940 ml of finished spray per plant. Each treatment was applied twice: on 27 Jul under sunny skies at 21°C with a 6-9 kph breeze; on 7 Aug under overcast skies at 27°C with a similar breeze. Treatments were evaluated 1 and 2 wk after the second application. During each evaluation, 5 branch ends 10-15 cm long were selected from each tree and transported in paper bags in an air conditioned vehicle to the laboratory. All samples were processed by passing them through a mite brush 6 times to dislodge mites to a rotating glass plate coated with Tween-20. Dislodged mites were counted with the aid of a binocular dissecting microscope.
Woody Plants, Chemical Control of First and Second Generation Fall Webworm, Wayne Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Infested plants growing on campus at The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, near Wooster were chosen for evaluating efficacy of insecticides against first and second generation fall webworm caterpillars. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at 0.5 throttle and aperature setting 3 was used to apply finished spray to the web and surrounding foliage on 3 (Jul treatment) or 4, single-tree replicates per treatment. Application on 3 Jul occurred under sunny skies at 27°C with a breeze of 15-25 kph when first generation larvae were ca. 7-10 mm long. Application on 22 Aug occurred when the sky was cloudy at 21°C with only a slight breeze when the larvae were ca. 25-30 mm long. Application on 24 Aug occurred under sunny skies at 18°C with no breeze.Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 5 to 7days after application by dismantling the web in each sprayed tree and counting living and dead larvae.
Apple, Mite Control, 1984
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test chemicals were applied to 7- to 23-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays using a hand gun and a hydraulic sprayer operating at 250 psi and at 300 to 400 (Test 2) gal/acre. Spray dates were 15 May (tight cluster), 3 Jun (petal fall), 13 Jun (first cover), and 6, 13, and 18 Jul. The standard pesticide program consisted of Difolatan 4F (5 qt/100 gal) on 29 Apr, Polyram SOW (1.8 lb) on 3 dates, Captan 80W (0.9 lb) plus Benlate 50W (2.9 oz) on 2 dates, Imidan 50W (1 lb) on 2 dates, and Sevin 80W (1 lb) on 3 dates. These were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used, with 3 ‘Red Delicious’; and 1 ‘Cortland’ cultivars in Test 1, 2 ‘Red Delicious’ and 2 ‘Cortland’ cultivars in Test 2, 4 ‘Cortland’ cultivars in Test 3, and 3 ‘McIntosh’ and 1 ‘Golden Delicious’ cultivars in Test 4. From each tree 25 leaves were collected at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Minimum temperatures of 36°-37°F were recorded on the 4 days following the tight cluster treatments, and maximum temperatures of89°-90°F occurred on the 2 days after the treatments on 13 Jul. Although the last half of Jun was wet (3.0 inches rain), Jul and Aug were dry (1.8 and 1.5 inches, respectively).
May Beetle Grub Control, North Carolina, 1983
Authors: Kard B. M. , Hain F. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six soil-applied insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling May beetle grubs in pastureland scheduled for Fraser fir (Abies fraseri) Christmas tree plantings. The test pasture was densely covered with a mixture of annual and perennial grasses accompanied by various broadleaf weeds. The pasture is harvested for hay once a year in early Sept and had been cut just prior to insecticide applications. The mineral-organic Porter loamy soil (2-3% organic matter) located in Watauga Co. had a pH of 5.4, an average temperature of 15.2 degrees C at a depth of 4 inch, and a moisture content of 21% by weight. Test plots measured 10 by 10 ft and contained an average of 5.8 late-stage grubs per sq ft. Each treatment was replicated 5 times; the plots were organized in a completely random design. Pre-treatment grub counts were acquired on 16 Sep, with insecticides applied the same day. One sq ft of sod per plot was turned back to expose feeding grubs. The sod was replaced without injuring the grubs. Liquid insecticides were mixed with 2 gal of water per plot and applied with a hand-pressurized portable sprayer. Granular formulations were applied with a 20” wide hand-pushed spreader. On 16 Oct, posttreatment grub counts were acquired by turning back a previously undisturbed sq ft of sod. Both surviving and dead grubs were counted and percent grub mortality calculated. Grubs at the observed high population density were causing extensive root damage and chlorotic conditions to the sod.
Phytotoxicity Test on Woody Ornamentals Using Turcam 76Wp and Bendiocarb 35Sc, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 1984
Authors: Freeman Richard , Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , King Ed 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests were conducted to evaluate the phytotoxicity of different rates of Turcam 76WP and Bendiocarb 35SC on 7 species of ornamentals. In test 1, 2 rates of Turcam 76WP were evaluated. Plants were sprayed to runoff using a Marco R-20 sprayer which delivered 1.5 gal/min at 150 psi. Plants were sprayed on 13 Jul when the temperature was 95°F and the wind velocity was 0-5 mph. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Plants were examined for phytotoxicity at 4, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. Phytotoxicity was recorded as none, slight, moderate or severe.
Phytotoxicity Test, Lake Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides and 1 acaricide were evaluated for phytotoxicity on 14 species/cultivars of woody plants growing in #2 containers in a production nursery. Applications were made soon after irrigation with a CO2 compression sprayer at 40 psi with a single Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle to deliver ca. 1892 ml of finished spray to a total of 42 plants. This volume approached application to runoff. Each treatment was applied to 3 plants of each species/cultivar. The 2 lower rates of Zectran 2 E were applied only once (19 July); the higher rates and the 2 highest rates of UCZF 14 were applied 3 times at weekly intervals, beginning 19 Jul. Plants receiving Kelthane were sprayed 19 and 26 Jul. On 19 Jul the sky was sunny at 25-27°C with a breeze of 8 kph. The sky was cloudy at 25°C with no breeze on 2 Aug.
Phytotoxicity Evaluations on Bedding Plants, Georgia. 1984
Authors: Oetting Ronald D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials were conducted on raised benches in greenhouses on the Georgia Experiment Station in Jul and Aug on 10 different species of bedding plants. The materials were applied as foliar sprays to run-off on 24 Jul (28°C, 84% RH), 31 Jul (23°C, 96% RH), and 7 Aug (28°C, 85% RH) with a compressed air sprayer at 30-35 psi utilizing a 8003 nozzle. Each treatment was replicated 4 times for each type of plant in a RCB design. Each replicate consisted of a 6 plant pack with individual plants rooted in 50 x 55-mm units filled with 6 parts peat to 1 part sand (pH approx. 5.5). All plants were inspected for phytotoxicity at 7 day intervals, terminating 4 wk after the final application. They were evaluated for overall appearance compared to an untreated check on a scale of: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight, 2 = moderate, and 3 = severe damage.
Bedding Plant Phytotoxicity Evaluations, California, Summer, 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Virzi J. K. , Parrella M. P. , Wada R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity trials on bedding plants, Los Angeles County, Calif., evaluated the effects of 1 x , 2 X , and 4 X rates of FMC 54800 2E, FMC 54800 10WP (1 x =0.125 lb AI/100 gal) and Zectran 2E (1 x = 0.5 lb AI/100 gal). Two flats, each containing 9 pony paks with 6 plants, were evaluated per treatment for each species. The materials were applied to runoff with a 2.5 gpm piston pump hand sprayer with a 5003 Spraying Systems® nozzle @ 150 psi on 3 Jul and 17 Jul, 33-38°C and 29-31°C, respectively. Weekly phytotoxicity readings were compared to a water check.
Phytotoxicity Test on Three Varieties of Ornamental Peppers, Massachusetts, 1983
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
“Christmas Fiesta”, “Candlelight”, and “Holiday Cheer” ornamental peppers were treated on Apr 29 with 7 different insecticides, with 4 plants treated for each material (and rate) tested. Plants were sprayed to run-off with a 2 liter capacity hand pumpsprayer. Plant were in 10-cm pots and just beginning to fruit when treated. Plants were rated for foliar damage 3, 7, 13, and 20 days after treatment.
Nursery Stock Phytotoxicity Evaluations, Ft. Collins, Co., 1984
Authors: Wright Glenn , Cranshaw Whitney S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seedling nursery stock, 3 mo to 1.5 years old, at the Colorado State Forest Service nursery were tested for sensitivity to several insecticides used for ornamental/shade tree insect control. Concentrations used were generally 5 X label rates and were applied 3 Aug to 5 ft of bed (50 + seedlings) until point of run-off. Ivory Dishwashing Liquid was diluted 40:1 with water. Plants were evaluated 8 Aug and 17 Aug.
Insecticide Efficacy on the Pine Needle Midge, 1984
Authors: Sapio Frank J. , Simmons Gary A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Eleven Vi acre test plots were installed in a Christmas tree stand in section 8 of Inverness township in Cheboygan County, MI. Each plot contained approximately 100 Scots pine trees ranging from 4 to 8 feet tall. Midge damage from the previous growing season was prevalent in all test plots and distributed evenly across the field. Experimental treatments were applied with a Solo 423 back pack mistblower calibrated in 15 gal/a. Sprays were applied once at the time of initial adult emergence as indicated by emergence trap catch (21 Jun). Winds were slight at the time of spray (&lt;5mph) and the ambient air temperature was approximately 22°C. Meta-Systox R, the current industry standard, was applied by the cooperating grower twice with the first treatment applied 2 days after all other experimental treatments. The second treatment of Meta-Systox R was applied 1 wk after the first at recommended label rates. At that time all stages of larvae were present and damage was just beginning to show up in the area. Approximately 2 wk later the spray block was surveyed for infested fasicles. On 75 randomly selected Scots pine trees the number of infested fasicles were estimated on the top whorl and leader (Test 1). Total midge impact was measured at the end of the growing season using a rating system devised to rank trees ordinally according to the severity of damage. The system is as follows: 0, no discernable midge damage; 1, slight damage contributing to degrade slightly; 2, damage moderate causing noticible degrade and 3, damage severe, tree may be unmarketable for 1-3 years. During late October, just prior to harvest, fifty systematically selected trees were rated from each treatment plot (Test 2). Damage ratings were analysed using a Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance. Individual treatment comparisons were made with a Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. This non parametric approach is analogous to a standard ANOVA and t tests although more appropriate for ordinal ratings that do not usually meet the assumptions of an ANOVA. Individual comparisons were made between the standard, Meta-systox R and each treatment. Comparisons marked with a “s –” performed significantly worse than the standard. Treatments marked with a “s + ” performed significantly better. Those treatments marked with a “ns” do not show a significantly different damage rating than the industry standard, Meta-systox R.
Yellow Rose Aphid Control, 1984
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Cobb G. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Materials were applied to runoff to all leaf surfaces on heavily infested container-grown roses with a hand-pumped, compressed air sprayer. Four single-plant replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design in a glass greenhouse. Treatments were evaluated by counting numbers of living aphids per plant sample. Each sample contained 3 subsamples of 3 terminal leafle.
Taxus, Fletcher Scale Control, Lake Co., Oh, 1984
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Taxus media ‘Hicksi’ (0.3 m tall) growing in 3-gal containers and infested with Lecanium fletcheri were used for evaluating effectiveness of insecticides against established first and second stage scale nymphs. Sprays were applied with a KWH backpack mistblower on aperature setting 4 at half throttle for 30 sec to deliver ca. 930 ml of finished spray to each of 4, single-plant replicates. All plants were tightly sheared, necessitating this volume to approach runoff. Sprays were applied 13 Aug under cloudy skies at 24°C with a breeze gusting to 15-20 kph. Samples were taken 20 Aug by collecting 5 infested twigs from each plant and placing them in separate paper bags, transported under refrigeration to the laboratory. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated by determining viability of all nymphs on 25 infested needles, with the aid of a dissecting microscope.
Pyrethroid Formulations for Control of Horn Flies and Lice on Range Cattle in Wyoming, 1982
Authors: Jones C. J. , Lloyd J. E. , Watson D. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Permectostrips (10% permethrin) and Durmectostrips (8% cypermethrin), both on steers, and 2 Atroban ear tags, commercial and a matrix, (10% permethrin), and 0.0125% Ectiban spray (permethrin) on cow-calf herds were compared for efficacy against summer horn fly populations (Jul–Sep). Two tags were used per adult cow. Additional observations were made for reductions of winter lice populations. A herd of 2-year-old steers served as a control for each test. Horn flies were counted on 1 side of each of 10 cows during each observation period. The same cows were used for each period. The non-parametric Krusal-Wallis test was used to determine differences in fly counts among treatments. Lice were counted on all catchable adult cattle during early Oct. The indexing system used consisted of counting the lice seen at three, 6-inch long sites on consistent portions of the neck, dewlap, backline, rump, and head.
Laboratory Evaluation of Chemosterilants Against the Adult House Fly, 1982
Authors: McGowan M. J. , Patterson R. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mixed sexes of adults from an insecticide-resistant laboratory strain are fed exclusively after emergence on fly food (6 parts sugar, 6 parts powdered nonfat dry milk, and 1 part powdered egg yolk) containing a 1% concentration (wt/wt) of the candidate chemosterilant. The treated diet is prepared by adding 10 ml of a solution or suspension of the chemical in a volatile solvent to 10 g of fly food in a small container. The solvent is allowed to evaporate for 4-6 h, then the fly food is repulverized. The container of treated food and a container of water are placed in a cage with 100 newly emerged adult flies. After 3 days, the flies are observed to note any mortality caused by the compound. When flies were 6-7 days old, moist CSMA larval-rearing medium in a container is placed in the cage to stimulate oviposition. If no eggs are laid, the oviposition medium is offered again at 1-2 day intervals until it has been offered 3 times or the flies have oviposited. After the medium has been in the cage for 4-6 h, it is removed and the egg masses are transferred to a container of water and thoroughly mixed. A random sample of 100 eggs is placed on a small piece of wet black cloth; the cloth is then place on moist CSMA medium in a rearing container. After 2 days, the eggs are examined and the percent hatch is determined. The resulting larvae, if any, crawl from the cloth into the rearing medium. The medium is examined about a week after oviposition to determine the number of larvae that develop to the pupal stage. If more than 5 pupae are observed, evaluation of the compound is discontinued. All tests are conducted in duplicate. Cages of flies handled in the same manner but exposed to untreated fly food only are used as controls.
Evaluation of Guardian 7.5% and 10.0% Swine Ear Tags for Hog Louse Control on Brood Sows, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Efficacy of Guardian 7.5% and 10.0% swine ear tags was evaluated in Mar and Apr, 1984, for hog louse control on brood sows. Permectrin 10.0% calf ear tags were used to determine comparative efficacy. The following treatment groups were established in Montgomery Co, VA; A) Guardian 7.5% ear tag, consisting of 7 adult brood sows, weighing 300-500 lb. Each animal received 2 ear tags, 1 in each ear, on 5 Mar. All animals were established in a farrowing house, and remained there for the duration of the trial. B) Guardian 10.0% ear tag, consisting of 7 adult brood sows, weighing 300-500 lb. Each animal received 2 ear tags, 1 in each ear, on 12 Mar. All animals were established in pasture and remained there for the duration of the trial. C) Permectrin 10.0% ear tag, consisting of 7 adult brood sows, weighing 300-500 lb. Each animal received 2 ear tags, 1 in each ear, on 5 Mar. All animals were established in a farrowing house, and all except 1 were later moved at varying times to pasture. D) Untreated control, consisting of 7 gilts, weighing 300-400 lb. All animals were established in pasture and remained there for the duration of the trial. All treatment groups were penned separately from each other when in pasture, and were individually isolated in modern farrowing crates when in-house.
Evaluation of Fumigants for Insect Control on Harvested Lettuce, 1979-82
Authors: Spitler G. H. , Hartsell P. L. , Yerington A. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The green peach aphid and cabbage looper are common pests of head lettuce and Heliothis spp.. are occasional pests. Unwrapped iceberg lettuce was fumigated in a 2.84 m3 vacuum chamber for control of the above insects pests. Insects were exposed in cages. The cages with aphids were wrapped in a leaf and inserted between heads of lettuce in a carton. Cabbage loopers and/or Heliothis spp. were placed in the center of a head of lettuce. Fumigation treatments [dose (g/m3), exposure (h), and temperature (°C)] are shown in the following table. All fumigations were at 30 to 100 mm Hg. Since preliminary tests (6 reps) showed that holding insects at this reduced pressure alone had no influence on insect mortality, control insects were not held in vacuum during the actual tests. After the 30 mm Hg vacuum was drawn in the chamber, the fumigant was introduced, which caused a slight rise in pressure. This pressure was standardized at 100 mm Hg after 10 min.
Pear: Pest Control, 1984
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty-one year-old pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of five 2-tree replicates in randomized block design. Plots 1 and 2 were sprayed 4 May, 22 Jun and 11 Jul, plot 3 was sprayed 26 Apr, 13 Jun and 11 Jul and plots 4-9 were sprayed 4 May, 13 Jun and 11 Jul. Treatments were evaluated for pear psylla control by counts of adults and nymphs at 2-week intervals. Adults were counted from a 5 beating-tray sample/rep. Nymphs were counted from 50-leaf samples/rep. First generation nymph samples, those prior to 26 Jun, consisted of fruiting spur leaves. Later samples included the proximal, distal and 3 leaves from between, on each of 10 shoots/rep. Leaves were brushed and the resulting slides were examined using a dissecting microscope. Two 10-fruit samples/rep collected at normal harvest time were weighed and tested for firmness with a penetrometer. Soluble solids were measured with a refractometer on samples of the combined juice of each lot of 10 fruit. Pear psylla and pear rust mite russets were rated according to US grade standards for fresh market Bartlett pears on 2 samples of 25 fruit/rep. Fruit and foliage were examined after each spray date for phytotoxicity.
Candidate Aerosol and Dust Formulations for Disinfesting Transport Vehicles, 1984
Authors: Kirkpatrick Robert L. , Witherell Peter C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory-reared stored-product insects were exposed to insecticidal formulations in transport trailers (ca. 32 m3 or 71 m3) at Baltimore, MD and Miami, FL. For each test, 40 insects of each species were held in 10-cm diam open petri dishes placed on the floor at the midsection of each trailer ca. 30 cm from a side wall. Each trailer was used only once. The aerosols were propelled by Freon 11/12 and released within closed trailers by an individual walking the length of the trailer and releasing the aerosol from the pressurized can for the required amount of time. Dusts were formulated with HiSil 233 (except for a wettable powder formulation of permethrin) as a carrier and introduced into the trailer by CO2 propellant through an open rear door. The exposure period was 5 h; 10 min in the closed trailer after each aerosol or dust application, 20 min with one door of the trailer opened for aeration, and 4.5 h in the original containers after their removal from the trailers and before the insects (treated and untreated) were transferred to clean petri dishes. Insects were observed after 24 h for knockdown (KD) (those that could not walk or remain in an upright position). The insects were held in petri dishes without food for 14 days at 27°C ± 1°C and 60% RH, and then examined for mortality, expressed as dead plus moribund (D + M) insects (those that showed little or no movement when lightly stimulated with a small camel-hair brush). Each test was replicated on 3 successive days. Control in untreated trailers were also replicated on 3 successive days. The average air temperature inside the trailers at treatment was 28 ± 6°C.
Peach, Catfacing and Oriental Fruit Moth Trial, 1984
Authors: Pfeiffer D. G. , Ponton L. F. , Varn M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three insecticides were evaluated in a peach block at Steeles Tavern. Each treatment was applied to ca 0.2 acre using a truck-mounted Swanson airblast sprayer. The sprayer was calibrated to apply a 3X concentration based on 176 gal/A (59 gal/A finished spray). Each plot included cultivars ‘Madison’, ‘Loring’, ‘Sun High’ and ‘Red Haven’. Spray dates were 13 Apr (pink), 2 May (petal fall), 17 May (shuck split), 31 May, 15 Jun and 18 Aug.
Peach: Control of Oriental Fruit Moth, 1984
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Hamilton George C. , Herman Elizabeth J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a 9-year-old and a 7-year-old peach block, varieties ‘Red Haven’ and ‘N.J. 193’, respectively. In each block 4 trees arranged in a randomized complete block design were used for each treatment. Sprays were applied on 2-7 May and 20 June, which coincided with broods 1 and 2 of OFM. Sprays were applied to runoff, ca. 3 gal/tree, using a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 250 psi. Treatment effect was determined by counting the number of OFM-damaged terminals/tree on 18 Jun and the number of newly damaged terminals on 6 Jul. Data were transformed to log (x + 1) prior to analysis of variance and comparison of means.