bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of sunlight exposure across industries and occupations using blood vitamin D as a biomarker
Authors: Koh Dong-Hee , Park Ju-Hyun , Lee Sang-Gil , Kim Hwan-Cheol , Jung Hyejung , Kim Inah , Choi Sangjun , Park Donguk 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objective
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight induces the production of essential vitamin D, whereas overexposure to sunlight leads to skin cancer. Sunlight exposure has been measured using questionnaires, dosimeters, and vitamin D levels. Several studies have measured vitamin D in the working population; however, these studies were limited to certain occupations such as farmers and construction workers. In the present study, we evaluated sunlight exposure using blood vitamin D as an exposure surrogate across industries and occupations.

Methods
The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) is a nationwide study representing the Korean population. We analyzed data from KNHANES between 2008 and 2009. We examined the association between vitamin D levels and pertinent personal, seasonal, residential, and occupational factors. Furthermore, we developed a multiple regression model with factors other than occupational factors (industry and occupation) and obtained residual values. We computed the third quartile (Q3) of the residuals and then calculated the fractions exceeding the Q3 level for each combination of industry and occupation.

Results
Age, sex, body mass index, year, season, latitude, living area, living in an apartment, industry, and occupation were significantly associated with vitamin D levels. Based on the exceeding fraction, the armed forces showed the highest exceeding fraction level of 0.71.

Conclusions
Our results present the high exposure groups to sunlight across industries and occupations. Our results may provide a source for prioritizing occupational groups with a high risk of adverse health effects from sunlight exposure.
An Oxygen‐Resistant and Self‐Eliminating Passivated Layer for Highly Stable Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhu Maogen , Fan Zhechen , Xu Kangli , Fang Yuting , Sun Wei , Zhu Yongchun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLithium‐metal batteries show great promise as the next generation rechargeable batteries with high theoretical energy density. Unfortunately, Li metal anodes suffer from serious corrosion of the electrolyte and by‐products shuttled from cathode during cycling, such as O2 in Li‐O2 batteries. Here, an oxygen‐resistant and self‐eliminating passivated layer is fabricated through a Wurtz‐type reaction between Li metal and dichlorodimethylsilane (DCDMS). This passivated layer guarantees Li metal great stability with O2 and inhibits the dendritic growth by eliminating the unpredictable fresh Li dendrites in their infancy stage. In addition, this passivated layer is constructed of LiCl and Poly(dimethylsilylene) phases, which provide good Li+ transport, self‐eliminate the undesirable by‐products. The symmetric battery with this protective layer can achieve a stable Li plating/stripping with 500 h at O2 atmosphere. Consequently, the Li‐O2 battery can maintain a stable cycling with more than 200 times and the Li||NCM811 battery presents excellent cycling performance (300 cycles at 0.5 C) and rate capacity (130.3 mA h g−1 at 5 C). This work provides both material and method breakthroughs for the development of electrode protection, which promotes the practical application of silanes and its ramification in alkali metal batteries.
Near‐Net Shape Hot Isostatic Pressing: Microstructural Analysis and Hardness Evolution at a Steel–Nickel Alloy Interface
Authors: Yang Lebiao , Xie Yin , Ren Xiaona , Cai Chao , Xue Pengju , Shi Yusheng , Ge Changchun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFor near‐net shape hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process, the interaction between capsules and consolidating powders at a high pressure and temperature leads to a strong interfacial element diffusion, which is harmful to the surface microstructure and mechanical properties of components. The effects of iron and carbon, in SS400 steel capsules, on the surface microstructure and mechanical properties of the FGH4096M superalloy during HIP are investigated. Results show that the interfacial difussion between the SS400 steel and FGH4096M is divided into three zones: ferrite‐martensite‐austenite mixture zone (≈32.3 µm), Fe‐rich Ni‐Fe‐based superalloy zone (≈27.5 µm), and Ni‐rich Ni‐Fe‐based superalloy zone (≈34.8 µm). The γ′ phase starts to be formed when the mass fraction of iron is below ≈27.2%. The γ′ morphology changes from fine sphere to cuboidal and butterfly‐like shapes as the mass fraction of iron is decreased successively. There is no obvious carbon diffusion around the interface due to a low carbon concentration in the capsule. The Vickers microhardness profile shows an increase, then a decrease, and eventually becomes stable at 425HV. Based on the above conclusions, an understanding of the Fe and C diffusion mechanism at the interface and its extension toward the FGH4096M side is achieved.
Interfacial Engineering with Aluminum Oxide toward an Improved Self‐Powered Narrowband Visible‐Light Photodetection in Lead Halide Perovskite CH3NH3PbBr3/p‐Si Heterojunctions
Authors: Shen Xuemin , Yang Shuaiheng , Chen Mingming , Su Jiayun , Cai Jing , Cheng Peiyu , Liu Yuan , Wang Quan , Cao Dawei 
Published: February 2022

AbstractSemiconductor heterojunctions consisting of lead halide perovskite (LHP) and silicon materials are important candidates for the fabrication of self‐powered visible‐light photodetectors. However, the interface recombination caused by interface trap states greatly deteriorates the performance of self‐powered photodetection, but fortunately, it can be suppressed by interfacial engineering. In this work, self‐powered narrowband visible‐light photodetection is demonstrated in the LHP CH3NH3PbBr3/p‐Si heterojunctions. Notably, the self‐powered photodetection performance is greatly enhanced by introducing an atomic‐layer‐deposition‐grown amorphous Al2O3 thin interlayer. Electrical and optical properties measurements suggest that the Al2O3 thin interlayer effectively passivates (reduces) the heterojunction interface trap states. On this basis, the CH3NH3PbBr3/Al2O3/p‐Si heterojunctions exhibit a decreased dark current and increased photocurrent simultaneously compared to CH3NH3PbBr3/p‐Si heterojunctions. Finally, a responsivity as high as 0.39 A W−1 and detectivity as high as 8.45 × 1012 Jones under the bias voltage of 0 V are obtained, which are higher than most reported state‐of‐the‐art devices. The results reported in this work will provide valuable pathways for the fabrication of high‐performance self‐powered narrowband photodetectors based on LHP/Si heterojunctions.
TiO2/Carbon Nanosheets Derived from Delaminated Ti3C2‐MXenes as an Ultralong‐Lifespan Anode Material in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lee Dong Kyu , Ahn Chi Won , Lee Jae W. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTiO2–carbon nanosheets (TiO2‐C NS) with high electrical conductivity are synthesized by CO2 oxidation of Ti3C2 MXene. Importantly, the synthesized TiO2‐C NS (high TiO2 content of 98.45%) can be used without adding a conductive material to impart electrical conductivity. The electrochemical properties show good capacity reversibility at a current density of 2 A g−1 in coin‐type half‐cells. In particular, a prototype pouch cell of TiO2‐C NS//NCM523 also demonstrates that TiO2‐C NS as an anode material is a good match with commercial cathode materials for lithium‐ion batteries. The good electrochemical performance of TiO2‐C NS is attributed to the following factors: 1) the high surface area has abundant exposed active sites offering more Li+ insertion channels and short pathways of the Li+ and electrons; 2) TiO2‐C NS has structural stability and low volume expansion (<4%) during Li+ insertion and desertion; and 3) the nanostructure of TiO2‐C NS prevents restacking and agglomerating by the surface‐anchored TiO2 nanoparticles. The obtained results suggest that TiO2‐C NS, wherein TiO2 nanoparticles are densely and homogeneously loaded on both sides of the carbon sheets, are a promising anode material for lithium‐ion batteries.
Color‐Customizable, Stretchable, Self‐Healable and Degradable Ionic Gel for Variable Human‐Motion Detection via Strain, Pressure, and Torsion
Authors: Wang Peng , Li Guoxian , Yu Wei , Meng Chuizhou , Guo Shijie 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRecently, flexible sensors have attracted great interest for their promising application in wearable electronics. However, previous mechanical sensors are typically limited to detecting one type of stimulus and monotonous in color, which are not able to meet the sensing nor fashion requirements by customers who will wear them in daily life. Herein, a flexible and stretchable sensor based on highly conductive ionic gel is developed. Different phosphor nanoparticles are uniformly embedded into gel to enable color‐customization and even self‐illumination depending on preference. The gel is also self‐healable after complete severance and degradable in hot water. The sensors can detect multiple mechanical deformation modes to allow for detections of strain, pressure, and torsion on a single device. Wearable sensing prototypes are demonstrated with attachment to different parts of human body to detect various human motions, including strain sensing for frowning and elbow/knee bending, pressure sensing for vocal cord vibrations and pulse at wrist, and torsion sensing for shoulder and forearm rotations, through an in‐house, wireless, real‐time signal transmission and process system. Considering its sensing capability toward different stimuli as well as superior physical properties, the developed color‐customizable and self‐illuminating ionic gel sensor would find its promising applications toward wearable sensing.
Influence of Polymer Interfacial Protective Layer Thickness on the Stability of Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Li Xiao Ying , Yang Guang , Xu Lin , Chen Zheng Jian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractProtective layers formed of polymers with conjugated structures have been demonstrated to improve the cycling stability of lithium (Li)‐metal batteries by reducing Li dendrite growth. However, the influence of important film parameters, such as thickness and ionic conductivity, remains largely unexplored. The present work addresses this issue by investigating the influence of film thickness for electrochemically active polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) protective layers on the growth of Li dendrites and the long‐term cycling stability of Li‐metal batteries. The results demonstrate that the cycling stability of cells employing PMMA/Cu electrodes attains a maximum value at an optimal polymer film thickness of 93 nm. The results of detailed analysis indicate that the optimal PMMA layer thickness improves the cycling stability of Li‐metal batteries by eliminating the uneven electric fields on the surface of the Cu electrode leading to Li dendrite growth, and by reducing the interfacial impedance due to the formation of intramolecular cyclopentanedione during the discharge/charge cycling. Accordingly, the results provide effective guidance in the future design of polymer protective layers by demonstrating that film thickness is a key factor influencing the cycling stability of Li‐metal batteries.
Geometric Study of Polymer Embedded Micro Thermoelectric Cooler with Optimized Contact Resistance
Authors: Dutt Aditya S. , Deng Kangfa , Li Guodong , Pulumati Nithin B , Ramos David Alberto Lara , Barati Vida , Garcia Javier , Perez Nicolas , Nielsch Kornelius , Schierning Gabi , Reith Heiko 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMicro‐thermoelectric devices (μTEDs) are used for bio‐medical applications, powering internet‐of‐things devices, and thermal management. For such applications, μTEDs need to have a robust packaging so that the devices can be brought in direct thermal contact with the target heat sink and source. The packaging technology developed for macroscopic modules needs improvement as it cannot be applied to μTEDs due to a large thermal resistance between the capping material and the device which deteriorates its performance. In this work, μTEDs with high net cooling temperature are fabricated by optimizing the contact resistance and device design combined with a novel packaging technique that is fully compatible with on‐chip integration. The simulations and experiments demonstrate that the additional thermal loss caused by the packaging leads to an only marginal decrease in the net cooling temperature. The devices achieve a high net cooling temperature of 10.8 K without packaging and 9.6 K with packaging at room temperature. The packaging only slightly increases the thermal response time of the devices, which also shows an extremely high reliability of over 85 million cooling cycles. This simple packaging technique together with robust device performance is a step toward wide‐spread application of μTEDs.
The Importance of Avoided Crossings in Understanding High Valley Degeneracy in Half‐Heusler Thermoelectric Semiconductors
Authors: Brod Madison K. , Anand Shashwat , Snyder G. Jeffrey 
Published: February 2022

AbstractHalf‐Heusler (hH) compounds are promising candidates for inexpensive, low‐toxicity thermoelectric materials. It is well known that engineering electronic bands with high valley degeneracy is an effective approach for enhancing the performance of thermoelectric materials, and there are several routes for achieving high valley degeneracy in hH systems. For instance, there are multiple locations in the first Brillouin zone where the valence band maximum can be found (at the Γ‐, L‐, or W‐point), and there are two competing low‐lying conduction bands at the X‐point, where the conduction band minimum is located. By converging the multiple valence band and conduction band extrema, the valley degeneracy, and hence, performance of these materials can be improved. Here, group theoretical and tight‐binding approaches, in addition to first‐principles density functional theory calculations, are used to study the chemical origins of various band extrema in both the n‐type and p‐type compounds, with particular focus on ZrNiSn and NbFeSb. Specifically, the importance of avoided crossings is explained. The results of this work can be used to better understand and develop design strategies for engineering better performing hH thermoelectrics.
Clarifying the Electro‐Chemo‐Mechanical Coupling in Li10SnP2S12 based All‐Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Sun Fu , Wang Chao , Osenberg Markus , Dong Kang , Zhang Shu , Yang Chao , Wang Yantao , Hilger André , Zhang Jianjun , Dong Shanmu , Markötter Henning , Manke Ingo , Cui Guanglei 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA fundamental clarification of the electro‐chemo‐mechanical coupling at the solid–solid electrode|electrolyte interface in all‐solid‐state batteries (ASSBs) is of crucial significance but has proven challenging. Herein, (synchrotron) X‐ray tomography, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS), and finite element analysis (FEA) modeling are jointly used to decouple the electro‐chemo‐mechanical coupling in Li10SnP2S12‐based ASSBs. Non‐destructive (synchrotron) X‐ray tomography results visually disclose unexpected mechanical deformation of the solid electrolyte and electrode as well as an unanticipated evolving behavior of the (electro)chemically generated interphase. The EIS and TOF‐SIMS probing results provide additional information that links the interphase/electrode properties to the overall battery performance. The modeling results complete the picture by providing the detailed distribution of the mechanical stress/strain and the potential/ionic flux within the electrolyte. Collectively, these results suggest that 1) the interfacial volume changes induced by the (electro)chemical reactions can trigger the mechanical deformation of the solid electrode and electrolyte; 2) the overall electrochemical process can accelerate the interfacial chemical reactions; 3) the reconfigured interfaces in turn influence the electric potential distribution as well as charge transportation within the SE. These fundamental discoveries that remain unreported until now significantly improve the understanding of the complicated electro‐chemo‐mechanical couplings in ASSBs.
Balancing the Molecular Aggregation and Vertical Phase Separation in the Polymer: Nonfullerene Blend Films Enables 13.09% Efficiency of Organic Solar Cells with Inkjet‐Printed Active Layer
Authors: Chen Xingze , Huang Rong , Han Yunfei , Zha Wusong , Fang Jin , Lin Jian , Luo Qun , Chen Zheng , Ma Chang‐Qi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDrop‐on demand inkjet‐printing (IJP) is a deposition technique with promise in the context of fabricating large‐area organic solar cells (OSCs) because of its high material usage, direct‐pattern, and large‐area roll‐to‐roll printing compatibility. But its feature of drop‐to‐drop deposition during IJP makes the film's drying and phase separation process different from spin‐coating, and forms different nanophase separation and vertical phase separation morphology. In this work, the nanophase separation of the inkjet‐printed organic blend films is systematically studied at different substrate temperatures. The results reveal that increasing the substrate temperature can suppress excess molecules aggregation owing to the high drying speed, leading to improved exciton dissociation efficiency in the blend films. However, the quick drying process at high temperature also leads to a homogenous vertical phase separation, which is not ideal for charge collection. Instead of printing the mixture of donor and acceptor solution directly to form the bulk‐heterojunction structure, the polymer donor is printed on the top of the acceptor surface, a so‐called layer‐by‐layer inkjet printing (LBL‐IJP) process. By using this LBL‐IJP route, balanced nanoscale phase aggregation and gradient vertical phase separation morphology are achieved, which leads to a record power conversion efficiency of 13.09% for the OSCs with an inkjet‐printed active layer.
Statistical machine‐learning–based predictive control of uncertain nonlinear processes
Authors: Wu Zhe , Alnajdi Aisha , Gu Quanquan , Christofides Panagiotis D. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this study, we present machine‐learning–based predictive control schemes for nonlinear processes subject to disturbances, and establish closed‐loop system stability properties using statistical machine learning theory. Specifically, we derive a generalization error bound via Rademacher complexity method for the recurrent neural networks (RNN) that are developed to capture the dynamics of the nominal system. Then, the RNN models are incorporated in Lyapunov‐based model predictive controllers, under which we study closed‐loop stability properties for the nonlinear systems subject to two types of disturbances: bounded disturbances and stochastic disturbances with unbounded variation. A chemical reactor example is used to demonstrate the implementation and evaluate the performance of the proposed approach.
Simulation and optimization of the thermally coupled reactive distillation column for producing toluene diisocynate
Authors: Bi Rongshan , Yan Kejia , Yang Haixing , Tan Xinshun , Xiang Shuguang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractToluene diisocyanate is an important chemical intermediate prepared by phosgenation reaction with two steps named cold and thermal phosgenation, respectively. The thermal phosgenation reaction is a complex reactive distillation process with high energy consumption and multiple targets of reaction and separation, so it is of great significance to optimize the step. The reactive distillation model of the thermal phosgenation was established for an industrial installation by aspen plus, and the effects of the different parameters of temperatures, residence times, etc., were investigated firstly; then a thermally coupled reactive distillation column was presented to perform the thermal phosgenation process, and the optimal operation and configuration parameters were obtained by simulation. The results showed that the proposed process can save the heat and cold energy with 7.29% and 32.78%, respectively, and reduce the total annual cost by about 17.11%.
Is this the end of the Job Network model? The evolution and future of performance‐based contracting of employment services in Australia
Authors: Davidson Peter 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAustralia was the first OECD nation to privatise its public employment service, replacing it with the “Job Network model” of performance‐based contracting. A “New Employment Services Model” commences in July 2022 following a major review. To assess the prospects for systemic reform, we trace the model's development from 2007–2019 in response to changes of government and policy goals, tensions within the model and labour market conditions. One reason for the model's endurance is that it met the policy goal of successive governments to closely supervise job search at low cost. The Job Network was poorly suited to the policy shift under Labor governments (2007–2013) towards skills development, but they found it less fiscally and politically costly to layer new programs on top than transform the model. Its poor performance in reducing long‐term unemployment and declining take‐up by employers triggered the recent review, which recommended the transfer of those closest to employment to an online service, a licensing system, and less reliance on outcome payments. The review's proposals could lead to systemic change, but only if underpinned by a shift in policy goals from benefit compliance and cost containment towards greater agency for, and investment in, unemployed people.
Efficacy of awake prone positioning for severe illness coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a propensity score‐adjusted cohort study
Authors: Numata Kenji , Kobayashi Daiki , Hosoda Tomohiro , Saito Yutaka , Minoura Ayu , Yamazaki Satsuki , Fujitani Shigeki 
Published: February 2022

AimAwake prone positioning (PP) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) can improve oxygenation. However, evidence showing that it can prevent intubation is lacking. This study investigated the efficacy of awake PP in patients with COVID‐19 who received remdesivir, dexamethasone, and anticoagulant therapy.MethodsThis was a two‐center cohort study. Patients admitted to the severe COVID‐19 patient unit were included. The primary outcome was the intubation rate and secondary outcome was length of stay in the severe COVID‐19 unit. After propensity score adjustment, we undertook multivariable regression to calculate the estimates of outcomes between patients who received awake PP and those who did not.ResultsOverall, 108 patients were included (54 [50.0%] patients each who did and did not undergo awake PP), of whom 25 (23.2%) were intubated (with awake PP, 5 [9.3%] vs. without awake PP, 20 [37.0%]; P < 0.01). The median length of stay in the severe COVID‐19 unit did not significantly differ (with awake PP, 5 days vs. without awake PP, 5.5 days; P = 0.68). After propensity score adjustment, those who received awake PP had a lower intubation rate than those who did not (odds ratio, 0.22; 95% confidence interval, 0.06–0.85; P = 0.03). Length of stay in the severe COVID‐19 patient unit did not differ significantly (adjusted percentage difference, −24.4%; 95% confidence interval, −56.3% to 30.8%; P = 0.32).ConclusionAwake PP could be correlated with intubation rate in patients with COVID‐19 who are receiving remdesivir, dexamethasone, and anticoagulant therapy.