bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pre-clinical 2D and 3D toxicity response to a panel of nanomaterials; comparative assessment of NBM-induced liver toxicity
Authors: Tutty Melissa Anne , Vella Gabriele , Prina-Mello Adriele 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNanobiomaterials, or NBMs, have been used in medicine and bioimaging for decades, with wide-reaching applications ranging from their uses as carriers of genes and drugs, to acting as sensors and probes. When developing nanomedicine products, it is vitally important to evaluate their safety, ensuring that both biocompatibility and efficacy are achieved so their applications in these areas can be safe and effective. When discussing the safety of nanomedicine in general terms, it is foolish to make generalised statements due to the vast array of different manufactured nanomaterials, formulated from a multitude of different materials, in many shapes and sizes; therefore, NBM pre-clinical screening can be a significant challenge. Outside of their distribution in the various tissues, organs and cells in the body, a key area of interest is the impact of NBMs on the liver. A considerable issue for researchers today is accurately predicting human-specific liver toxicity prior to clinical trials, with hepatotoxicity not only the most cited reasons for withdrawal of approved drugs, but also a primary cause of attrition in pre-launched drug candidates. To date, no simple solution to adequately predict these adverse effects exists prior to entering human experimentation. The limitations of the current pre-clinical toolkit are believed to be one of the main reasons for this, with questions being raised on the relevance of animal models in pre-clinical assessment, and over the ability of conventional, simplified in vitro cell–based assays to adequately assess new drug candidates or NBMs. Common 2D cell cultures are unable to adequately represent the functions of 3D tissues and their complex cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, as well as differences found in diffusion and transport conditions. Therefore, testing NBM toxicity in conventional 2D models may not be an accurate reflection of the actual toxicity these materials impart on the body. One such method of overcoming these issues is the use of 3D cultures, such as cell spheroids, to more accurately assess NBM-tissue interaction. In this study, we introduce a 3D hepatocellular carcinoma model cultured from HepG2 cells to assess both the cytotoxicity and viability observed following treatment with a variety of NBMs, namely a nanostructured lipid carrier (in the specific technical name = LipImage™815), a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) and a panel of polymeric (in the specific technical name = PACA) NBMs. This model is also in compliance with the 3Rs policy of reduction, refinement and replacement in animal experimentation [1], and meets the critical need for more advanced in vitro models for pre-clinical nanotoxicity assessment.Graphical abstractPipeline for the pre-clinical assessment of NBMs in liver spheroid model
Smartphone-based bridge monitoring through vehicle–bridge interaction: analysis and experimental assessment
Authors: Di Matteo Alberto , Fiandaca Dario , Pirrotta Antonina 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn this study, the results of a vast experimental campaign on the applicability of a smartphone-based technique for bridge monitoring are presented. Specifically, the vehicle–bridge interaction (VBI)-based approach is exploited as a cost-effective means to estimate the natural frequencies of bridges, with the final aim of possibly developing low-cost and diffused infrastructure monitoring system. The analysis is performed using a common hybrid vehicle, fully equipped with classical piezoelectric accelerometers and a smartphone MEMS accelerometer, to record its vertical accelerations while passing over the bridge. In this regard, the experimental campaign is carried out considering the vehicle moving with a constant velocity on a bridge in the city of Palermo (Italy). Appropriate identification procedures are then employed to determine the modal data of the bridge from the recorded accelerations. Further, comparisons with the results of a standard Operational Modal Analysis procedure, using accelerometers directly mounted on the structure, are presented. Experimental VBI-based analyses are performed also considering the effect of several different vehicle velocities. Further, the applicability of smartphone-based sensor data is investigated, exploiting the possibility of using up-to-date smartphone accelerometers for recording the vehicle accelerations. In this regard, comparison between piezoelectric accelerometers and MEMS ones is performed to assess the reliability of these sensors for the determination of bridge modal properties.
Increased incidence rates of positive blood cultures shortly after chemotherapy compared to radiotherapy among individuals treated for solid malignant tumours
Authors: Roen Ashley , Terrones Cynthia , Bannister Wendy , Helleberg Marie , Andersen Michael Asger , Niemann Carsten Utoft , Daugaard Gedske , Specht Lena , Mocroft Amanda , Reekie Joanne , Lundgren Jens 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Cancer treatments suppress immune function and are associated with increased risk of infections, but the overall burden of serious infectious diseases in treated patients has not been clearly elucidated.

Methods
All patients treated for solid malignant tumours with radiotherapy (RT) and/or standard first-line chemotherapy (C) at the Department of Oncology at Rigshospitalet between 01/1/2010 and 31/12/2016 were included. Patients were followed from treatment initiation until the first of new cancer treatment, 1 year after treatment initiation, end of follow-up or death. Incidence rates (IR) of positive blood culture (PBC) per 1000 person-years follow-up (PYFU) were calculated.

Findings
12,433 individuals were included, 3582 (29%), 6349 (51%), and 2502 (20%) treated with RT, C, or both RT & C, respectively, contributing 8182 PYFU. 429 (3%) individuals experienced 502 unique episodes of PBC, incidence rate (95% CI) 52.43 (47.7, 57.6) per 1000 PYFU. The 30-day mortality rate after PBC was 24% independent of treatment modality. Adjusted incidence rate ratios in the first 3 months (95% CI) after PBC significantly varied by treatment: 2.89 (1.83, 4.55) and 2.52 (1.53, 4.14) for C and RT & C compared to RT. Escherichia coli (n = 127, 25%) was the top microorganism identified.

Interpretation
PBCs are not common, but when they occur, mortality is high.
Finite Element Study of Periodontal Ligament Properties for a Maxillary Central Incisor and a Mandibular Second Molar Under Percussion Conditions
Authors: Mapar Aboozar , Taheri-Nassaj Nasrin , Shen Jie , Komari Omid , Sheets Cherilyn G. , Earthman James C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The quantitative percussion diagnostics (QPD) response of a mandibular second molar and a maxillary central incisor including their supporting ligament/bone structure was simulated using dynamic 3D finite element analysis (FEA). The focus of the work was on the role of the periodontal ligament (PDL) which acts as a damper in the dental structure and dissipates occlusal forces transmitted from the tooth surface to the surrounding bone.

Methods
Several FEA models were developed to examine the effects of mechanical characteristics that have been reported for the PDL. Specifically, the effects of changing the PDL’s quasi-static elastic modulus and Rayleigh damping properties were predicted.

Results
The present FEA simulations indicate that the PDL can significantly reduce forces for both the incisor and the molar compared to when there is no PDL (i.e. ankylosed tooth) as long as the quasi-static elastic modulus of the PDL is among the lowest reported (~ 0.1 MPa). In addition, the FEA simulations for both the incisor and molar with this lower value of the PDL quasi-static elastic modulus are also in reasonably good agreement with experimental percussion data. A simple approximation for partitioning Rayleigh damping properties between the hard and soft tissues was also found to provide reasonable values of overall damping that are consistent with experimental data.

Conclusion
The overall findings indicate that using a quasi-static elastic modulus of approximately 0.1 MPa for the PDL in combination with Rayleigh damping gives realistic predictions of the mechanical response of a tooth under QPD loading conditions.
Points of Interest (POI): a commentary on the state of the art, challenges, and prospects for the future
Authors: Psyllidis Achilleas , Gao Song , Hu Yingjie , Kim Eun-Kyeong , McKenzie Grant , Purves Ross , Yuan May , Andris Clio 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn this commentary, we describe the current state of the art of points of interest (POIs) as digital, spatial datasets, both in terms of their quality and affordings, and how they are used across research domains. We argue that good spatial coverage and high-quality POI features — especially POI category and temporality information — are key for creating reliable data. We list challenges in POI geolocation and spatial representation, data fidelity, and POI attributes, and address how these challenges may affect the results of geospatial analyses of the built environment for applications in public health, urban planning, sustainable development, mobility, community studies, and sociology. This commentary is intended to shed more light on the importance of POIs both as standalone spatial datasets and as input to geospatial analyses.
Decomposing definiteness: Evidence from Chuj
Authors: Royer Justin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis article explores the realization of definiteness in Chuj, an underdocumented Mayan language. I show that Chuj provides support for recent theories that distinguish betweenweakandstrongdefinite descriptions (e.g., Schwarz 2009, 2013; Arkoh and Matthewson 2013; Hanink 2018; Jenks 2018). A set of morphemes called “noun classifiers” contribute a uniqueness presupposition, composing directly with nominals to form weak definites. To form strong definites, I show that two pieces are required: (i) the noun classifier, which again contributes a uniqueness presupposition, and (ii) extra morphology that contributes an anaphoricity presupposition. Chuj strong definites thus provide explicit evidence for a decompositional account of weak and strong definites, as also advocated in Hanink 2018. I then extend this analysis to third person pronouns, which are realized in Chuj with bare classifiers, and which I propose come in two guises depending on their use. On the one hand, based on previous work (Postal 1966, Cooper 1979, Heim 1990), I argue that classifier pronouns can sometimes be E-type pronouns: weak definite determiners which combine with a covert index-introducing predicate. In such cases, classifier pronouns represent a strong definite description. On the other hand, I argue, based on diagnostics established in Bi and Jenks 2019, that Chuj classifier pronouns sometimes arise as a result of NP ellipsis (Elbourne 2001, 2005). In such cases, classifier pronouns reflect a weak definite description.
Inconsistent treatments of the kinetics of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) impair assessment of its diagnostic potential
Authors: Santiago Juan G. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The scientific and technological advent of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) is one of the most exciting developments of the past decade, particularly in the field of gene editing. The technology has two essential components, (1) a guide RNA to match a targeted gene and (2) a CRISPR-associated protein (e.g. Cas 9, Cas12 or Cas13) that acts as an endonuclease to specifically cut DNA. This specificity and reconfigurable nature of CRISPR has also spurred intense academic and commercial interest in the development of CRISPR-based molecular diagnostics. CRISPR Cas12 and Cas13 orthologs are most commonly applied to diagnostics, and these cleave and become activated by DNA and RNA targets, respectively. Despite the intense research interest, the limits of detection (LoDs) and applications of CRISP-based diagnostics remain an open question. A major reason for this is that reports of kinetic rates have been widely inconsistent, and the vast majority of these reports contain gross errors including violations of basic conservation and kinetic rate laws. It is the intent of this Perspective to bring attention to these issues and to identify potential improvements in the manner in which CRISPR kinetic rates and assay LoDs are reported and compared. The CRISPR field would benefit from verifications of self-consistency of data, providing sufficient data for reproduction of experiments, and, in the case of reports of novel assay LoDs, concurrent reporting of the associated kinetic rate constants. The early development of CRISPR-based diagnostics calls for self-reflection and urges us to proceed with caution.
A retrograde approach for transcatheter valvotomy procedure in infants with pulmonary atresia intact ventricular septum (PA-IVS): retrograde versus antegrade approach
Authors: Prakoso Radityo , Putra Bayushi Eka , Kurniawati Yovi , Siagian Sisca Natalia , Lelya Olfi , Sembiring Aditya Agita , Roebiono Poppy S. , Rahajoe Anna Ulfah , Sakidjan Indriwanto , Harimurti Ganesja M. , Lilyasari Oktavia 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIntroduction:This study evaluates the retrograde approach compared to the antegrade approach in infants with PA-IVS who underwent transcatheter pulmonary valvotomy procedure at National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta, Indonesia.Material and method:This is a single-centre retrospective study conducted from January 2017 to June 2019 consisting of infants undergoing transcatheter pulmonary valvotomy procedures from our centre.Results:Among 3733 records of cardiac catheter procedure in paediatric patients during the last 3 years, there were 12 subjects with PA-IVS, where five subjects were done by antegrade approach and seven by retrograde approach. The retrograde approach is shown to excel the antegrade approach in terms of procedural time by 58.64 minutes (CI 95 % 32.97–84.29, p = 0.008) and PA-RV crossing time by 27 minutes (CI 95 % 14.01–39.99, p = 0.02). There was no significant difference in contrast used (120.23 ± 25.77 versus 150.27 ± 39.26 ml/BSA, p = 0.518), and right ventricle to pulmonary artery systolic pressure gradient after valvotomy (39.571 ± 5.814 versus 53.52 ± 29.15, p = 0.329) between the retrograde and the antegrade approach.Conclusion:The retrograde approach offered shorter procedural time and comparably satisfying results than the antegrade approach. The shorter procedural time was preferred due to the shorter duration of general anaesthesia, which may decrease the risk of neurodevelopmental deficits in the patient.
Composition and sensitivity of residential energy consumption
Authors: Jimenez Mori Raul , Yepez-Garcia Ariel , Macedo Demian 
Published: June 2022

AbstractWe examine how the composition of residential energy consumption and its sensitivity with respect to income changes. The paper characterizes the energy transition, analyzing the behavior of income elasticity of energy demand along the economic development stages by fuel types. The results indicate a nonlinear relationship between income and domestic energy consumption that can be explained by two factors. First, along the income distribution, consumption of modern fuels increases, replacing traditional and transitional fuels until modern fuels drive all of the growth in domestic energy demand. Second, at the highest income levels, income elasticity starts to decrease, leading to concavity in energy consumption. That is, the income elasticity of residential energy demand follows an inverse U-shape along the world income distribution. This finding suggests that at high income levels, residential energy consumption shows satiation and net energy-saving effects.
The Silver Stream in the Foreground
Authors: SIMS ELEANOR 
Published: June 2022

AbstractOne of the classical features of landscape in Persian manuscript-illustration is a stream of water. Painted in silver, it winds its way through a picture in a manuscript, punctuating the ground with verdant green on either side, even though the stream itself may have tarnished with centuries of exposure to the air.Among a small group of paintings kept in several of the celebrated Hazine albums in the Topkapi Saray Library in Istanbul, the group that Ernst J. Grube, in 1980, had called ‘Chinese People’, one stands out, the cover-illustration to an exhibition in London in 2005. There entitled ‘Enthronement Scene’, it is unlike its closest companion-parallels, which have unpainted grounds but no naturally occurring water in the landscape: it has a surface almost fully covered in pigment; but at its very bottom can be seen the tarnished remains of ‘a silver stream in the foreground’.Placed variously on a continuum stretching ‘between China and Iran’, since about 1972, the prevailing attribution has been to Aq Quyunlu Tabriz around 1480. Given ‘the silver stream in its foreground’, this article re-examines that attribution and proposes that it may be as much as a century earlier but ‘modernised’, given a fully painted landscape, at Ya'qub Beg's court in Tabriz.
Impact on the NHS and health of the UK's trade and cooperation relationship with the EU, and beyond
Authors: Fahy Nick , Hervey Tamara , Dayan Mark , Flear Mark , Galsworthy Michael J. , Greer Scott , Jarman Holly , McCarey Martha , McKee Martin , Wood Matthew 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The UK's relationship with the European Union (EU) is now embodied in two principal legal instruments: the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement, which formally entered into force on 1 May 2021; and the Withdrawal Agreement, with its Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland, which continues to apply. Using a ‘building blocks’ framework for analysis of national health systems derived from the World Health Organisation, this article examines the likely impacts in the UK of this legal settlement on the National Health Service (NHS), health and social care. Specifically, we determine the extent to which the trade, cooperation and regulatory aspects of those legal measures support positive impacts for the NHS and social care. We show that, as there is clear support for positive health and care outcomes in only one of the 17 NHS ‘building blocks’, unless mitigating action is taken, the likely outcomes will be detrimental. However, as the legal settlement gives the UK a great deal of regulatory freedom, especially in Great Britain, we argue that it is crucial to track the effects of proposed new health and social care-related policy choices in the months and years ahead.
Let Me Be the Judge: Ideology, Identity, and Judicial Selection
Authors: Eriksson Lina M. , Vernby Kåre 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA substantial body of research has found biased recruitment in a variety of societal spheres. We study selection in the judiciary, a domain that has received less attention than the economic and political spheres. Our field experiment took place in the midst of a Swedish government campaign encouraging ordinary citizens to contact local parties, which are responsible for recruiting lay judges (jurors) and put themselves forward as lay judge candidates. Parties’ responsiveness to citizen requests does not seem to favor their own sympathizers, does not vary at all with signals of gender, and is only marginally affected by ethnicity and age. Given the potential importance of ideology and identity in judicial decision-making, the finding that there is little bias with respect to these factors at this first stage of the recruitment process is reassuring from the perspective of impartiality.
Which Rainfall Errors Can Hydrologic Models Handle? Implications for Using Satellite‐Derived Products in Sparsely Gauged Catchments
Authors: Stephens C. M. , Pham H. T. , Marshall L. A. , Johnson F. M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThere is interest in applying satellite‐derived rainfall products for water management in data‐sparse areas. However, questions remain around how uncertainties in different products interact with hydrologic models to determine simulation skill. Most related work uses performance statistics that inherently combine rainfall magnitude, timing and persistence, making it unclear which product improvements should be prioritized. We applied six satellite‐derived rainfall products in a conceptual hydrologic model (GR4J) across four Australian catchments with dense gauge data for comparison. We found that GR4J's inherent flexibility allowed it to filter errors in rainfall magnitude and variance through parameterization. Therefore, when rainfall observations for bias correction are unavailable, calibration of a flexible model could prove a useful alternative. However, the model was less able to compensate for errors in rainfall occurrence. In fact, the Probability of Detection score explained 59% of the variance in calibration performance (26% for validation), while overall bias explained just 14% (8% for validation). All products underestimated rainfall state persistence, but this had less influence on model skill. We then removed gauges from the observed data set to mimic data sparsity, finding that even a few gauges could reproduce rainfall occurrence and outperform satellite‐derived products. Two data‐sparse catchments in Vietnam were modeled to check whether the same learnings applied. The gauge data also performed best in Vietnam, and performance of most satellite‐derived products was comparable to the Australian case. Efforts to increase the spatial and temporal resolution of satellite observations, which could improve rainfall detection, will enhance satellite‐derived precipitation for hydrologic modeling.
Reconstruction of GRACE Mass Change Time Series Using a Bayesian Framework
Authors: Rateb Ashraf , Sun Alexander , Scanlon Bridget R. , Save Himanshu , Hasan Emad 
Published: June 2022

AbstractGravity Recovery and Climate Experiment and its Follow On (GRACE (‐FO)) missions have resulted in a paradigm shift in understanding the temporal changes in the Earth's gravity field and its drivers. To provide continuous observations to the user community, missing monthly solutions within and between GRACE (‐FO) missions (33 solutions) need to be imputed. Here, we modeled GRACE (‐FO) data (196 solutions) between 04/2002–04/2021 to infer missing solutions and derive uncertainties in the existing and missing observations using Bayesian inference. First, we parametrized the GRACE (‐FO) time series using an additive generative model comprising long‐term variability (secular trend + interannual to decadal variations), annual, and semi‐annual cycles. Informative priors for each component were used and Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) was applied to generate 2,000 samples for each component to quantify the posterior distributions. Second, we reconstructed the new data (229 solutions) by joining medians of posterior distributions of all components and adding back the residuals to secure the variability of the original data. Results show that the reconstructed solutions explain 99% of the variability of the original data at the basin scale and 78% at the one‐degree grid scale. The results outperform other reconstructed data in terms of accuracy relative to land surface modeling. Our data‐driven approach relies only on GRACE (‐FO) observations and provides a total uncertainty over GRACE (‐FO) data from the data‐generation process perspective. Moreover, the predictive posterior distribution can be potentially used for “nowcasting” in GRACE (‐FO) near‐real‐time applications (e.g., data assimilations), which minimize the current mission data latency (40–60 days).