bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel methodology for the optimization of transmission and dosimetric leaf gap parameters
Authors: DiCostanzo Dominic J. , Ayan Ahmet S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPurposeOptimization of dosimetric leaf gap (DLG) and transmission is commonly performed through a manual trial and error process, which can lead to sub‐optimal values. The purpose of this work is to create an alternative automated optimization process that provides the optimal DLG and transmission pair for use in a clinical setting.MethodsUtilizing the treatment planning system application programming interface, a phase space of clinically viable DLG and transmission pairs was generated. The phase space contained 51,051 dose planes for DLGs between 0.0 and 2.5 mm and transmission values between 0.01% and 2.5%. Thirteen plans were measured for multiple multileaf collimator types and nominal beam energies. The optimization minimized the meanγ‐index and maximized theγ‐index pass rate. The optimized values were validated using five plans excluded from the optimization.ResultsOf the nominal beam energies and multileaf collimator system (MLC)‐type combinations tested, 6/7 showed an increase inγ‐index pass rate and a decrease in meanγ‐index signifying better agreement between measurement and calculation. When comparing the optimized DLG and transmission values to the clinically implemented values identified via an iterative method, 5/7 energy, and MLC type combinations showed no statistically significant changes. In addition, the optimized values were benchmarked against three Task Group 119 plans with publishedγ‐index pass rates, which had been held out of the optimization. For those plans, the optimized DLG and transmission values provided the same or betterγ‐index pass rates.ConclusionWe presented a novel and viable automated alternative to current approaches of selecting the DLG and transmission parameters. This method will reduce the time required to determine the clinically acceptable DLG and transmission parameters and ensure optimality for the plans included in the optimization.
Reconfigurable Synaptic and Neuronal Functions in a V/VOx/HfWOx/Pt Memristor for Nonpolar Spiking Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Fu Yaoyao , Zhou Yue , Huang Xiaodi , Dong Boyi , Zhuge Fuwei , Li Yi , He Yuhui , Chai Yang , Miao Xiangshui 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe fully memristive neural network consisting of the threshold switching (TS) material‐based electronic neurons and resistive switching (RS) one‐based synapses shows the potential for revolutionizing the energy and area efficiency in neuromorphic computing while being confronted with challenges such as reliability and process compatibility between memristive synaptic and neuronal devices. Here, a spiking convolutional neural network (SCNN) is constructed with the forming‐and‐annealing‐free V/VOx/HfWOx/Pt memristive devices. Specifically, both highly reliable RS (endurance >1010, on‐off ratio >103) and TS (endurance >1012) are found in the same device by setting it at RRAM or selector mode with either the HfWOx or naturally oxidized VOx layers dominating the conductance tuning. Such reconfigurability enables the emulation of both synaptic and nonpolar neuronal behaviors within the same device. A V/VOx/HfWOx/Pt‐based hardware system is thus experimentally demonstrated at much simplified process complexity and higher reliability, in which typical neural dynamics including synaptic plasticity and nonpolar neuronal spiking response are imitated. At the network level, a fully memristive SCNN incorporating nonpolar neurons is proposed for the first time. The system level simulation shows competency in pattern recognition with a dramatically reduced hardware consumption, paving the way for implementing fully memristive intelligent systems.
Extra Storage Capacity Enabled by Structural Defects in Pseudocapacitive NbN Monocrystals for High‐Energy Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhou Shaowen , Chiang Chao‐Lung , Zhao Jianqing , Cheng Guanjian , Bashir Tariq , Yin Wanjian , Yao Junyi , Yang Shiqi , Li Wanying , Wang Jiaqi , Wang Xinyuan , Lin Yan‐Gu , Gao Lijun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLi‐ion hybrid supercapacitors (LHSCs) are intensely studied due to their favorable power densities. However, combined higher energy density materials, particularly anodes, are desirably sought. Herein, a defect‐dominating structure protocol is reported. Specifically, two visible structural defects, i.e., crystal vacancy and lattice distortion have been introduced in situ in ultrafine niobium nitride (NbN) monocrystals that are integrated into a carbon (C) framework. Highly reversible Li‐ion storage capacities up to 540 mAh g−1 are demonstrated in such a NbN@C composite anode, together with excellent rate capability and cycling stability. An extra vacancy‐induced capacity contribution of the defective NbN component is evidenced by first‐principles density functional theory (DFT) simulations in contrast to perfect modeling. Coupling with an activated carbon (AC) cathode, the NbN@C//AC cell can deliver balanced energy and power densities of 53.8 Wh kg−1 and 7818 W kg−1 at 4 A g−1, and retain a desired energy density of 56.1 Wh kg−1 after 10 000 cycles at 1 A g−1. Findings from this study, particularly the demonstrated defects‐induced extra capacity of pseudocapacitive materials, may inspire new structural material designs of LHSCs.
Interparticle Distance Variation in Semiconductor Nanoplatelet Stacks
Authors: Graf Rebecca T. , Schlosser Anja , Zámbó Dániel , Schlenkrich Jakob , Rusch Pascal , Chatterjee Atasi , Pfnür Herbert , Bigall Nadja C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn the large field of research on nanoplatelets (NPLs), their strong tendency to self‐assemble into ordered stacks and the resulting changes in their properties are of great interest. The assembly reveals new characteristics such as the charge carrier transport through the NPL assembly or altered optical properties. In particular, a reduced distance should enhance the charge carrier transport due to higher electronic coupling of neighboring NPLs, and therefore, is the focus of this work. To modify the inter‐particle distances, the straightforward method of ligand exchange is applied. Various CdSe and CdSe/CdX (hetero‐) NPLs serve as building blocks, which not only display different material combinations but also different types of heterostructures. The surface‐to‐surface distance between the stacked NPLs can be reduced to below 1 nm, thus, to less than the half compared to assemblies of pristine NPLs. Moreover, for certain NPLs stacking is only enabled by the ligand exchange. To characterize the ligand exchanges and to investigate the influences of the reduced distances, photo‐electrochemical measurements, fluorescence spectroscopy, energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy are performed. It is possible to show higher photocurrents for smaller distances, indicating enhanced charge transport ability within those stacks.
Optimizing frequency and amount of irrigation needed to establish cool‐season turfgrasses
Authors: Serena Matteo , Leinauer Bernhard , Velasco‐Cruz Ciro , Sevostianova Elena 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLimited information is available on the optimal frequency and amounts of irrigation water needed to establish cool‐season turfgrasses from seed in arid environments. A 2 × 2 factorial study was conducted at New Mexico State University in 2012 and repeated in 2017 to investigate the effect of four irrigation treatments: two reference evapotranspiration (ETo) rates (60 and 120%), and two frequencies (daily and every other day [EOD]) on the establishment of several varieties of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue [Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort] (TF). Our hypothesis was that irrigation rates below 100% ETo replacement applied EOD would negatively affect turfgrass establishment. Turfgrasses were seeded in the fall and digital image analysis was used to estimate percent coverage. The Area Under the Curve model was used to estimate days after seeding needed to reach 50 (DAS50) and 90% coverage (DAS90). Statistical analysis indicated a significant interaction (p < .0001) between ETo and species and that irrigation frequency did affect establishment. Perennial ryegrass established the fastest and DAS90 was not affected by irrigation treatment. Kentucky bluegrass and TF established faster when irrigated daily at 120% ETo. Varieties within the same species all performed equally. In general, our study suggests that cool‐season turfgrasses can be established in arid regions using water conserving measures such as irrigating EOD at rates below 100% ETo replacement. Further studies are needed to determine lowest ETo replacement levels or irrigation frequency possible to achieve establishment.
Data sharing in biological anthropology
Authors: Mulligan Connie J. , Boyer Doug M. , Turner Trudy R. , Delson Eric , Leonard William R. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractOpen data sharing democratizes science by making data more equitably available throughout the world. Furthermore, open data sharing improves the reproducibility and quality of research and enables new collaborations powered by the freely available data. Open data are defined as data that can be freely used, reused, and redistributed by anyone. For an interdisciplinary field like biological anthropology, data sharing is critical since one person cannot easily collect data across the domains relevant to our field. The goal of this paper is to encourage broader data sharing in our discipline by exploring the state of data sharing in the field of biological anthropology. Our paper is divided into four parts: the first section describes the benefits, challenges, and emerging solutions to open data sharing; the second section presents the results of our data archiving and sharing survey that was completed by over 700 researchers; the third section presents personal experiences of data sharing by the authors; and the fourth section discusses the strengths of different types of data repositories and provides a list of recommended data repositories.
Superstable and Intrinsically Self‐Healing Fibrous Membrane with Bionic Confined Protective Structure for Breathable Electronic Skin
Authors: Zhu Miaomiao , Li Jialu , Yu Jianyong , Li Zhaoling , Ding Bin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractConsiderable effort has been devoted to the fabrication of electronic skin that can imitate the self‐healing and sensing function of biological skin. Almost all self‐healing electronic skins are composed of airtight elastomers or hydrogels, which will cause skin inflammation. Fibrous membranes are ideal materials for preparing highly sensitive breathable electronic skins. However, the development of intrinsically self‐healing fibrous membranes with high stability is still a challenge. Here, a novel interface protective strategy is reported to develop intrinsically self‐healing fibrous membranes with a bionic confined structure for the first time, which were further assembled into an all‐fiber structured electronic skin through interfacial hydrogen bonding. The electronic skin is multifunctional with self‐powering, self‐healing, breathability, stretchability, and thermochromism functionalities, which is highly promising for application in intelligent wearable sensing systems.
Visible Light‐Mediated Dearomative Hydrogen Atom Abstraction/ Cyclization Cascade of Indoles
Authors: Xiong Yang , Großkopf Johannes , Jandl Christian , Bach Thorsten 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe photochemical synthesis of yet unknown 2‐oxospiro[azetidine‐3,3′‐indolines] (17 examples, 80–95 % yield), 2,4‐dioxospiro[azetidine‐3,3′‐indolines] (eight examples, 87–97 % yield), and 1‐oxo‐1,3‐dihydrospiro[indene‐2,3′‐indolines] (17 examples, 85–97 % yield) is described. Starting from readily accessible 3‐substituted indoles, a dearomatization of the indole core was accomplished upon irradiation at λ=420 nm in the presence of thioxanthen‐9‐one (10 mol%) as the sensitizer. Based on mechanistic evidence (triplet energy determination, deuteration experiments, by‐product analysis) it is proposed that the reaction proceeds by energy transfer via a 1,4‐ or 1,5‐diradical intermediate. The latter intermediates are formed by excited state hydrogen atom transfer from suitable alkyl groups within the C3 substituent to the indole C2 carbon atom. Subsequent ring closure proceeds with pronounced diastereoselectivity to generate a 4‐ or 5‐membered spirocyclic dearomatized product with several options for further functionalization.
Photo‐Reduktion mit NIR‐Licht von Zellkern akkumulierenden PtIV‐Nanopartikeln für eine kombinierte Tumor ausgerichtete Chemotherapie und Photodynamische Immuntherapie
Authors: Wei Dengshuai , Huang Yun , Wang Bin , Ma Lili , Karges Johannes , Xiao Haihua 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDie Entwicklung von PtIV‐Prodrugs, die in Krebszellen selektiv in ihre therapeutisch wirksamen PtII‐Spezies reduziert werden, hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen. Trotz jüngster Fortschritte in der Forschung werden die meisten untersuchten Verbindungen mit ultraviolettem oder blauem Licht angeregt. Da die Eindringtiefe des Lichts bei diesen Wellenlängen gering ist, ist die Behandlung von tiefsitzenden oder großen Tumoren begrenzt. Um diese Einschränkung zu überwinden, wird hier über ein Beispiel von PtIV‐funktionalisierten Nanopartikeln berichtet, die im NIR‐Bereich bei 808 nm angeregt werden können. Das Polymer‐Grundgerüst, das sich selbst zu Nanopartikeln zusammensetzen kann, wurde mit PtIV‐Komplexen für die Chemotherapie, Photosensibilisatoren für die photodynamische Immuntherapie und Kern‐/Krebs suchenden Peptiden funktionalisiert. Bei der Aussetzung zu Licht wird das PtIV‐Zentrum zu PtIIreduziert und die axial koordinierten Liganden freigesetzt, was eine multimodale Behandlung ermöglicht. Die Nanopartikel reichern sich selektiv im Tumorgewebe an und haben in einem Mausmodell einen dreifach‐negativen Brustkrebstumor vernichtet.
Enzyme Catalysis for Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization
Authors: Li Ruoyu , Kong Weina , An Zesheng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractEnzyme catalysis has been increasingly utilized in reversible deactivation radical polymerization (Enz‐RDRP) on account of its mildness, efficiency, and sustainability. In this Minireview we discuss the key roles enzymes play in RDRP, including their ATRPase, initiase, deoxygenation, and photoenzyme activities. We use selected examples to highlight applications of Enz‐RDRP in surface brush fabrication, sensing, polymerization‐induced self‐assembly, and high‐throughput synthesis. We also give our reflections on the challenges and future directions of this emerging area.
Amorphous Boron Carbide on Titanium Dioxide Nanobelt Arrays for High‐Efficiency Electrocatalytic NO Reduction to NH3
Authors: Liang Jie , Liu Pengyu , Li Qinye , Li Tingshuai , Yue Luchao , Luo Yongsong , Liu Qian , Li Na , Tang Bo , Alshehri Abdulmohsen Ali , Shakir Imran , Agboola Philips O. , Sun Chenghua , Sun Xuping 
Published: February 2022

AbstractElectrocatalytic NO reduction is regarded as an attractive strategy to degrade the NO contaminant into useful NH3, but the lack of efficient and stable electrocatalysts to facilitate such multiple proton‐coupled electron‐transfer processes impedes its applications. Here, we report on developing amorphous B2.6C supported on a TiO2 nanoarray on a Ti plate (a‐B2.6C@TiO2/Ti) as an NH3‐producing nanocatalyst with appreciable activity and durability toward the NO electroreduction. It shows a yield of 3678.6 μg h−1 cm−2 and a FE of 87.6 %, superior to TiO2/Ti (563.5 μg h−1 cm−2, 42.6 %) and a‐B2.6C/Ti (2499.2 μg h−1 cm−2, 85.6 %). An a‐B2.6C@TiO2/Ti‐based Zn−NO battery achieves a power density of 1.7 mW cm−2 with an NH3 yield of 1125 μg h−1 cm−2. An in‐depth understanding of catalytic mechanisms is gained by theoretical calculations.
Zinc‐Promoted ZnMe/ZnPh Exchange in Eight‐Coordinate [Ru(PPh3)2(ZnMe)4H2]
Authors: Sotorrios Lia , Miloserdov Fedor M. , Pécharman Anne‐Frédérique , Lowe John P. , Macgregor Stuart A. , Mahon Mary F. , Whittlesey Michael K. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe syntheses, reactivity and electronic structure analyses of [Ru(PPh3)2(ZnMe)4H2], 1 a, and [Ru(PPh3)2(ZnPh)4H2], 2 b, are reported. 1 a exhibits an 8‐coordinate Ru centre with axial phosphines and a symmetrical (2 : 2) arrangement of ZnMe ligands in the equatorial plane. The ZnMe ligands in 1 a undergo facile, sequential exchange with ZnPh2 to give 2 b, which shows a 3 : 1 arrangement of ZnPh ligands. Both 1 a and 2 b exist in equilibrium with their respective 3 : 1 and 2 : 2 isomers. Mechanisms for ZnMe/ZnPh exchange and isomerisation are proposed using DFT calculations. The relationships of these {Ru(ZnR)4H2} species to isoelectronic Group 8 transition metal polyhydrides and related Schlenk equilibria in the Negishi reaction are discussed.
Environmentally Benign Biosynthesis of Hierarchical MOF/Bacterial Cellulose Composite Sponge for Nerve Agent Protection
Authors: Cheung Yuk Ha , Ma Kaikai , Wasson Megan C. , Wang Xingjie , Idrees Karam B. , Islamoglu Timur , Mahle John , Peterson Gregory W. , Xin John H. , Farha Omar K. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe fabrication of MOF polymer composite materials enables the practical applications of MOF‐based technology, in particular for protective suits and masks. However, traditional production methods typically require organic solvent for processing which leads to environmental pollution, low‐loading efficiency, poor accessibility, and loss of functionality due to poor solvent resistance properties. For the first time, we have developed a microbial synthesis strategy to prepare a MOF/bacterial cellulose nanofiber composite sponge. The prepared sponge exhibited a hierarchically porous structure, high MOF loading (up to ≈90 %), good solvent resistance, and high catalytic activity for the liquid‐ and solid‐state hydrolysis of nerve agent simulants. Moreover, the MOF/ bacterial cellulose composite sponge reported here showed a nearly 8‐fold enhancement in the protection against an ultra‐toxic nerve agent (GD) in permeability studies as compared to a commercialized adsorptive carbon cloth. The results shown here present an essential step toward the practical application of MOF‐based protective gear against nerve agents.
HMGB1/PTEN/PI3K axis participates in the peripheral immune cell differentiation in two representative TCM syndromes of chronic hepatitis B patients
Authors: Jiang Cen , Li Xia , Liu Chao , Li Guiyu , Zheng Yanfeng , Xie Lushuang , Wu Wenjun , Feng Quansheng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLiver depression and spleen deficiency syndrome (LDSDS) and spleen‐gastric damp‐heat syndrome (SGDHS) are two major traditional Chinese medicine syndromes observed in chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Both syndromes exhibit significant differences in the pathogenesis and prognosis, and are closely related to the immune system. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. This study aimed to explore the immunoregulatory mechanisms of the two syndromes and promote the differentiation precision between the two syndromes. Thirty‐six patients with CHB (18 LDSDS patients and 18 SGDHS patients) and 14 healthy controls were recruited into this study and blood was collected from all the subjects for testing. We studied the contents of T lymphocytes by flow cytometry and the expression levels of HMGB1/PTEN/PI3K axis proteins by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa). Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks among HMGB1/PTEN/PI3K axis were constructed for functional enrichment. The correlations between T lymphocytes and proteins were analyzed by constructing multiple regression equations. The results revealed that the CD8+T cells level in the two syndromes were lower than that in healthy controls, and the levels of Th17, Treg cells, and HMGB1, PI3K, PDK1, Akt were higher than those of the healthy controls (p < 0.05). Moreover, the levels of CD4+T, Th17 cells, and HMGB1, PTEN, PI3K in LDSDS were higher than SGDHS (p < 0.05). PPI network indicated that HMGB1/PTEN/PI3K axis participated in T cell activation and liver pathology. Our results revealed that HMGB1/PTEN/PI3K axis may play an important role in regulating the formation of peripheral immune differences between the two syndromes. CD4+T and Th17 are two representative immune cells that may serve as potential biological markers for LDSDS and SGDHS in CHB.
A new radiolocation method for precise depth estimation and its application to the analysis of changes in groundwater levels in Colonia Clunia Sulpicia
Authors: Ayuso N. , Cuesta R. , de la Iglesia M.A. , Cuchí J.A. , Lera F. , Viñals V. , Tuset F. , Villarroel J.L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUnderground mapping is of paramount importance at archaeological sites with natural or man‐made caves. Techniques of different complexity are available for underground surveying, from compass and tape to light detection and ranging (LiDAR). However, there are scenarios where it is impossible to use heavy and/or delicate instrumentation, or with some of the more advanced techniques, long‐distance and time‐consuming fieldwork would be required. This is the case of the study of the height of water at key points inside the aquifer located in the subsoil of the Roman city of Colonia Clunia Sulpicia to assess its relation with the evolution of the city. Although subsurface radiolocation, a technique originally intended for cave mapping, seems promising for this application, its accuracy in depth estimation is not sufficient for this purpose. Therefore, the main objectives of this work are to improve the accuracy of depth estimation using radiolocation, to obtain sound data to study changes in water supply in the early centuries of the city and to hypothesize possible causes and probable consequences. Then, this work analyses the sources of error affecting the radiolocation process and develops a new method experimentally validated to improve the depth estimation accuracy. As a result, the depth of key points at Clunia has been accurately measured by radiolocation, where LiDAR or direct measurements from the water level are not possible. Finally, based on the resultant data, a chronology of the city in relation to the aquifer, and vice versa, is outlined. The new radiolocation and calculation procedure proposed in this paper is an improved subsurface location technique that can lead to a significant innovation in archaeological prospection.
Design and Self‐Assembly of Macrocycles with Metals at the Corners Based on Dissymmetric Terpyridine Ligands
Authors: Xu Yaping , Su Haoyue , Bai Qixia , Fang Fang , Ma Jianjun , Zhang Zhe , Hao Xin‐Qi , Shi Junjuan , Wang Pingshan , Wang Ming 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTerpyridine‐based discrete supramolecular architectures with metal ions at the corners have rarely been reported. Herein, we report two dissymmetric terpyridyl ligands LA and LB decorated at the 5‐position and 4‐position of terpyridine respectively. The complexes constructed by the self‐assembly of LA and LB with Zn(II) exhibit hand‐circle‐like structures. Moreover, all Zn(II) are successfully fixed in the corners. A series of dimeric to hexameric macrocycles is obtained by head‐to‐tail connections with changing concentration. This work will pave the way for preparation of more elaborate self‐assembled structures based on dissymetric ligands.