bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fruit Tissue Injury in Apricots, Prunus armeniaca L., and Sweet Cherries, Prunus avium L., as a Result of a Late Spring Freeze1
Authors: Simons Roy K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of freeze injury to the various tissues of young developing fruits were studied anatomically and illustrated by photomicrographs. Samples had been obtained just prior to the freeze so that normal and injured tissues can be compared.
In the apricot, disrupted tissue appeared in the following areas: vascular bundle tissues in the mesocarp, general destruction of the endocarp, ovullary tissue destruction with separation of the outer and inner integuments and a distinct injury occurring in the chalazal end of the ovule.
The same general pattern of tissue injury occurred for the sweet cherries as that which was evident in the apricot. However, injury at the base of the fruit was not as intense as that of the apricot. The ‘Stark Gold’ cherry, which was 2-3 days later in development than the ‘Starting Hardy Giant’, was less severely injured because the floral cup base provided some protection. It also had 4-6 hypodermal layers as compared to 2 layers in the ‘Starking Hardy Giant’.
Response of Baccara Roses to Saline Irrigation1
Authors: Yaron B. , Zieslin N. , Halevy A. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
One year old ‘Baccara’ roses budded on Rosa chinensis cv. ‘Major’ were planted in large containers and irrigated for 90 days with water containing various salinity levels (ca. 0.4 to 7.8 EC × 103). Salinization was obtained by either chloride or nitrate salts. Irrigation with water containing chlorides was more detrimental than with water containing nitrates at the same level of salinity. Stem and leaf growth and water uptake decreased with increasing soil salinity. A slight decrease was noticed even at 2.0 mmhos/cm, containing chlorides, the damage increasing with time, indicating a cumulative effect of soil salinity even at low salinity level.
Influence of Curing, Variety, Size of Root, Evacuation Time and Holding Time Upon the Accuracy of Intercellular Space Measurements of Sweetpotato Roots1
Authors: Kushman L. J. , Pope D. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Intercellular space measurements of ‘Nugget’ and ‘Centennial’ sweetpotatoes were significantly different due to variety, evacuation and holding periods, and the interaction of curing with evacuation and holding periods but not different because of curing alone, root length, dry-matter content, or uncorrected specific gravity. To determine intercellular space accurately, evacuation time should be no less than 10 min and holding in water after evacuation no less than 15 min.
Histological Studies of Gamma Irradiation Artichoke Heads
Authors: Wali Y. A. , Abdel-Salam A. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of ionizing radiation (10 to 100 kr of gamma rays) on cells of mature artichoke heads was studied. Spongy parenchyma cells of outer bracts separated following radiation and ruptured as the dose increased. The number of parenchyma cells increased with 10 kr treatment but decreased with doses higher than that. Following doses of 10 kr to the edible portion, some xylem vessels were blocked.
Effect of Irrigation on Soil Temperature, Potato Yield and Specific Gravity During Early Summer1
Authors: Motes J. E. , Greig J. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Kennebec’ and ‘Irish Cobbler’ potatoes were irrigated when 1/3 or 2/3 of available soil moisture was depleted in a 3-year study. Control plots were not irrigated. Soil temperatures at 4-inch depth were equal in irrigated and non-irrigated soils one year and 2° and 7°F (1.1° and 3.9°C) cooler in irrigated soils the other 2 seasons.
U.S. No. 1 yield of ‘Kennebec’ was greater with irrigation when 1/3 available moisture was depleted in a low rainfall and high temperature season. ‘Irish Cobbler’, the same season, produced greatest yield by irrigating when 2/3 available moisture was depleted. Number of U.S. No. 1 tubers differed between seasons and followed yield trends. Specific gravity and number and weight of tubers were all inversely related to air and soil temperatures. Air and soil temperatures apparently are the major factors affecting potato yield under Kansas growing conditions.
Distribution of Soluble Components and Quality Factors in the Edible Portion of Citrus Fruits1
Authors: Ting S. V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
There was a definite trend of increasing titratable acidity and decreasing soluble solids from the periphery of the segments toward the core in ‘Pineapple’ and ‘Valencia’ oranges and in ‘Marsh’ and ‘Duncan’ grapefruit. Soluble solids generally increased along the axis of the fruit from the stem regions toward the stylar end. Titratable acidity was higher at the central regions than at either end. Ratios of soluble solids to acid varied from 9.6 to 20.5 at different positions in ‘Valencia’ orange and from 5.5 to 12.5 in ‘Marsh’ grapefruit. Reducing sugars were lower and non-reducing sugars higher at the stem and stylar ends than at the central regions of both oranges and grapefruit. Ratios of nonreducing to reducing sugars decreased from both ends and from the periphery towards the central core. Total nitrogen and vitamin C were slightly higher in the stem halves than in the stylar halves and higher at the core than at the periphery.
Strawberry Achene Set and Berry Development as Affected by Captan Sprays1
Authors: Eaton G. W. , Chen L. I. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When sprayed after anther dehiscence, captan (N-(trichloromethylthio) cyclohex-4-ene-1,2-dicarboxyimide) decreased strawberry achene set and berry development in the greenhouse and increased the proportion of misshapen fruits. Pollination of unsprayed pistils from sprayed anthers was not as effective in setting achenes as was control pollination of sprayed pistils. Sprays applied to pistils either just before or just after pollination decreased achene set. Achene set was not affected by spraying one day after pollination. Captan seemed to act directly upon pollen germination and neither upon the receptivity of the stigma nor upon pollen tube growth in the style or on fertilization.
Storage Conditions for Allium cepa, L., Pollen1
Authors: Kwan S. C. , Hamson A. R. , Campbell W. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Freshly dehisced pollen of Allium cepa L. was stored under various conditions of temperature and relative humidity for up to 198 days. One series of treatments was freeze dried before storage. The degree of viability was determined by germination percentages at periodic intervals. Germination of approximately 60% of the initial germination was maintained in pollen samples freeze dried and stored at −18° and 5% relative humidity. Without freeze drying, approximately 38% of initial germination was maintained in samples of onion pollen stored 198 days at −18° and 10% relative humidity. Pollen stored at −18° and 80% relative humidity germinated 34% of initial germination after 56 days of storage and gradually declined to 4% by 170 days.
Genetic Heterogeneity in the Histogenic Layers of Apple1
Authors: Dayton D. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The technique of disbudding to force development of adventitious buds was used to test for possible genetic heterogeneity in tissues derived from the internal histogenic layers of several apple varieties and strains. Following treatment of 1-year old trees in the greenhouse, adventitious buds were readily produced by 5 strains of ‘Delicious’ and by ‘McIntosh’, but none by ‘Golden Delicious’ in 3 successive years of trial. Fruiting trees developed from adventitious bud growth indicated considerable heterogeneity among the histogenic layers of several of the source varieties. Adventitious trees of ‘Starkrimson’ closely resembled the source variety in fruit characters and in fruiting and growth habits as did most of those of ‘Redspur’. Three adventitious trees of ‘Redspur’ were markedly different in fruiting and growth habits, indicating the existence of internal chimeras. Adventitious trees of ‘Richared’ and ‘Bridgham Red Delicious’ produced fruit with pigmentation closely resembling that of the original ‘Delicious’, indicating that these sports probably resulted from mutations in L I of the growing point. A late-coloring sport of ‘Starking’ produced 3 adventitious trees each representing a different class of pigmentation intensity of the fruit. A striped sport of ‘McIntosh’ produced trees with fruits having an entirely blushed pattern of color development, thus striped-fruited forms of this variety probably resulted from undesirable mutations in L I. The strong tendency to produce adventitious buds probably accounts for an important fraction of the unusually large number of ‘Delicious’ sports.
Susceptibility of Evergreen Hosts to the Juniper Blight Fungus, Phomopsis juniperovora, Under Epidemic Conditions1
Authors: Schoeneweiss Donald F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Relative damage due to juniper blight under field conditions was recorded on 188 species, varieties, and cultivars of juniper, cypress, false-cypress, and arborvitae during 2 out of 3 years of epidemic conditions in Illinois. Wide variation in relative susceptibility to blight was observed among the various hosts examined. No blight damage was recorded on 5 of 7 false-cypresses, 27 of 146 junipers, and 4 of 37 arborvitae examined in 1967 and 1968 at the Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, and at 3 large commercial nurseries in the state.
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium and Sulfur Nutrition of the Cranberry in Sand Culture1
Authors: Torio Joyce C. , Eck Paul 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Early Black’ cranberry plants were grown for 3 seasons in sand culture in the greenhouse at high and low levels of N, P, K and S in a factorial design. Weekly application of a 60 ppm N solution produced excessive runner growth despite a decline in N content of the leaf to less than 1% by the 3rd season. It is suggested that vine growth may be used as a diagnostic tool in addition to leaf N to ascertain N sufficiency in cranberry. Flower production was greater on plants treated at the high N rate but the per cent fruit set was lower as compared to that of plants treated with the low N rate. Interactions between N and S in solution were observed with respect to runner and flower production. More uprights were produced by plants receiving the high level of K than the low level. N, P, and K composition of leaves decreased in each progressive growing season. By the third season, values were in the range reported for surveys of commercial plantings. Berry K and S contents were higher than previously reported values. The fruit of the cranberry apparently serves as a K sink. Berry K was nearly 3 times as great as leaf K.
Factors Influencing Petaloidy Expression in the Carrot, Daucus carota L.1
Authors: Eisa H. M. , Wallace D. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several vernalized lots of petaloid male sterile carrots were grown under 3 temperature regimes ranging from 50-80°F. The degree of petaloidy increased as temperature increased. Variable petaloid morphology within plants, within umbels, and within single flowers was probably caused by variation in microenvironmental factors. Externally applied chemicals neither promoted nor retarded petaloidy. Transmission across a graft union of the factors responsible for petaloidy expression was not detected.
Tolerance of Rootstocks and Established Malus, Pyrus, and Prunus Trees to Terbacil1
Authors: Putnam A. R. , Price H. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Several annual and perennial weed species were effectively controlled with 3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil (terbacil) in orchards. One-year-old seedling rootstocks of peach, Prunus persica, (L.) Patsch, were most tolerant to terbacil; pear, Pyrus communis, L., and apple, Malus sylvestris, L., seedlings were intermediate; the East Malling (EM) VII clone, Mazzard, Prunus avium, L., and Mahaleb cherry, Prunus mahaleb, L., seedlings were most susceptible. Both surface and soil incorporated applications were toxic, indicating that terbacil was readily leached into the root zone. Applications were made in 2 and 6-year-old experimental blocks and in commercial orchards (age 2–15 years) from 1965 to 1968. No major damage was observed on apple, peach, tart cherry or sweet cherry trees that were established 3 years or longer. Toxicity symptoms manifested as veinal chlorosis were occasionally observed on sandy loam soils at rates 2–3 fold greater than required for satisfactory weed control.
Air and Soil Temperature and Phosphorus Effects on Mineral Uptake and Distribution in the Pea Plant1
Authors: Adedipe N. O. , Ormrod D. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of 4 air and soil temperature regimes and 3 levels of P on the concentrations and total contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in pea plant tissues were investigated in controlled environments. There were generally no significant interaction effects between temperature regimes and applied P when contents of these minerals were expressed as per cent of dry matter. When contents were expressed as total uptake into the various tissues there were significant interactions for all 5 minerals.
At the pre-fruiting growth stages, tissue concentration of P generally increased with applied P, particularly at the highest rate. P concentration responses at the 10th node stage were similar to those at the 6th node, but there was a reversal of these effects at full bloom. The warm air temperature of 30°/21°C (day/night) generally increased P concentration but depressed total uptake compared with a temperature of 21°/13°. The increases were largely due to concentration effects resulting from smaller plants. Increases in P concentration at the high soil temperature of 18°, compared with 10°, were absolute because they occurred regardless of plant size. Applied P increased the total uptake of minerals as well as their translocation into the seed.
The Relationship Between Trunk Cross-sectional Area and Weight of Apple Trees1
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Roberts A. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trunk cross-sectional area was found to bear a linear relationship to total above-ground weight of apple trees. From these data, it is suggested that trunk measurements can be used to estimate the potential bearing surface of any orchard tree as long as it has not been pruned heavily to prevent crowding. This relationship permits the calculation of yield efficiency as fruit weight per cm2 trunk cross-section. Estimates were made of maximum bearing surface potential (tree weight) per acre (as cm2 trunk area) for several kinds of tree fruits and nuts.
Quality of Brassica carinata as a Green Leafy Vegetable1
Authors: Stephens Thomas S. , Saldana Guadalupe , Griffiths Francis P. , Cowley W. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Brassica carinata has an excellent potential as a green leafy vegetable for production in the Southwest. The flavor of the cooked, canned or frozen greens is somewhat milder than collard greens without the pungency of mustard greens. The percentage of moisture, titratable acidity, pH, Brix, ascorbic acid, protein, ash and calcium are similar in amounts to collards, cabbage, spinach and mustard greens. The percentage of oxalic acid is considerably less than the amounts reported in spinach.
Statistical Analysis of Flower Temperatures in the Carnation1
Authors: Hanan Joe J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Petal surface temperatures and temperature differentials between the petal surfaces and air, and between the petal surfaces and bottom of the calyx of fully open, red and white Dianthus caryophyllus flowers were examined under a variety of environmental conditions and transparent covers with the aid of an infrared thermometer. A number of multiple linear regression analyses were run on the data. Under certain conditions of wind velocity, solar radiation and air temperature, differentials of red carnation flowers exceeded 10° C, whereas white flowers were close to ambient air temperature. Lower radiant energy transmission by a cover reduced the effect of radiation level upon flower temperature, but increased petal surface temperatures and the differential between the petal surfaces and bottom of the flower. The differences were sufficient to partially explain results obtained in actual practice, to identify undesirable environmental parameters, and to emphasize a hitherto neglected area of research.
The Influence of Light During Vernalization on the Flowering Response of Ajuga and Dianthus1
Authors: Eitzroth Daniel E. , Link Conrad B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A study was made of the flowering response of 2 test plants to various light treatments during a period of cold storage vernalization. Leaf-bearing plants of the obligate cold-requiring species Ajuga reptans and leafy plants of 2 cultivars of the facultative cold-requiring species Dianthus caryophyllus were subjected to differences of intensity, quality and duration of light during a 30-day period of storage at 4°C. Flowering response was measured by earliness of budding, per cent of plants flowering and number of leaf pairs initiated before the reproductive bud was formed. Light applied during the cold period was shown to increase the degree of vernalization obtained. Increases in light intensity resulted in earlier and increased flowering. Differences in photoperiod and light quality, however, were not shown to influence the flowering response.
The Effect of Temperature on the Inheritance of Pod Numbers in Pisum sativum L.1
Authors: Ibarbia E. A. , Bienz D. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lines of peas which produce predominantly single, double, and triple pods, respectively, at each peduncle were crossed and growth of the parental lines and the F1, F2 and backcross progenies was compared at 2 temperature regimes—45° night-6O° day and 60° night-75° day—in the growth chamber.
The single-and double-podded parental lines were extremely uniform, producing almost 100% single and double pods, respectively, at both temperature regimes. The triple-podded parent produced almost all 3-podded determinant peduncles at the lower temperature but tended to produce indeterminant peduncles with 2, 3, and 4 pods at the higher temperature.
The F1 of all crosses produced almost all double pods at both temperatures.
The mean numbers of pods per peduncle produced on the F2 plants was somewhat higher at the high than at the low temperature. The F2 and backcross generation plants segregated as they would for a character which is dependent on several genes but for which genes for 2 pods per peduncle showed some dominance. These results contrast with field studies where pod number was extremely variable for all lines and where genes for low pod number appeared to be somewhat dominant.
Inflorescence and Fruit Development in Concentrated and Nonconcentrated Ripening Strawberries1
Authors: Stang Eiden J. , Denisen E. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Morphological differences exist in pre- and postdormant inflorescence and fruit development of concentrated ripening selections Iowa 23-6214 and 26-6215 when compared with nonconcentrated ripening strawberry cultivars ‘Midway’ and ‘Cyclone’. Inflorescences sectioned before dormancy, however, revealed no characteristics considered indicative of concentrated ripening. Stylar development in secondary and tertiary flowers of greenhouse grown, concentrated ripening selections was retarded in the early post-dormant period. In single harvests in the field and greenhouse, these selections had higher percentages of ripe and partially ripe secondary and tertiary fruit than ‘Midway’ and ‘Cyclone’. A high abortion rate and/or arrested development in late-blooming flowers was characteristic of concentrated ripening selections. Pedicel length and inflorescence branching habit were not correlated with developmental or ripening rates.
The Effects of Iron and Manganese Deficiencies on Accumulation of Nonprotein and Protein Amino Acids in Macadamia Leaves1
Authors: Labanauskas C. K. , Handy M. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of Fe-deficiency and Mn-deficiency in macadamia leaves on the accumulation of free amino acids and total amino acids (free plus protein amino acids) were studied in water vs. sand culture. Leaves showing severe Fe-deficiency symptoms contained substantially higher concentrations of free histidine, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, alanine, valine, and tyrosine than analogous control leaves. The sum of the individual free amino acids were 177% higher in the Fe-deficient leaves than in the control leaves.
Mn-deficient leaves, containing .0003% Mn, had significantly higher concentrations of free aspartic acid, threonine, glutamic acid, proline, alanine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tryosine, and phenylalanine than analogous control leaves. The sum of the free amino acids in Mn-deficient leaves was 85% higher than in the analogous leaves from the control plants.
In chlorotic Fe-deficient leaves the concentrations of total lysine, histidine, ammonia, arginine, aspartic acid, methionine, and leucine were significantly higher than in control leaves.
Mn-deficient leaves contained significantly higher amounts of total lysine, histidine, ammonia, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine and phenylalanine than control leaves.
The concentrations of free lysine, histidine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, proline, alanine, and valine were higher in the leaves of plants grown in sand culture. The total ammonia, threonine, methionine, leucine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine were lower in the leaves of plants grown in water culture. Total arginine was higher in leaves from the sand culture.
There were several significant interactions between treatments and culture media on the accumulation of free and total amino acids in the Fe- or Mn-deficient leaves.
The Inheritance of Fusarium Wilt Resistance in Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf.1
Authors: Henderson W. R. , Jenkins S. F. , Rawlings J. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The inheritance of Fusarium wilt resistance was studied using 3 varieties of watermelon. ‘Summit’ and ‘Charleston Gray’ differed in their level of resistance. ‘Summit, carrying a high level of resistance, acted in a completely dominant manner to the susceptible variety ‘New Hampshire Midget’. On the other hand, ‘New Hampshire Midget’ was partially dominant to the moderately resistant variety ‘Charleston Gray’. The relationship of ‘Summit’ to ‘Charleston Gray’ was not clear, although the data suggested dominance of ‘Summit’ to ‘Charleston Gray’.
Three gene models were postulated, a one-locus multiple-allelic model and 2 two-locus models. The deviations from regression (model adequacy) for the multiple-allelic model and for one of the 2-locus models were nonsignificant as shown by the Chi-square test. The coefficient of determination (R2) for the multiple-allelic model was .973 with 5 genetic parameters and for the 2-locus model, R2 = .970 with 4 genetic parameters. Neither model was considered superior to the other.
It was suggested that a variety such as ‘Summit’, with a high level of resistance, inherited in a completely dominant manner, could be of value in obtaining Fi hybrids highly resistant to Fusarium wilt, as well as aid in the development of highly resistant open-pollinated varieties.