bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the Electrical and Optical Activity of Halogen-substituted 2- nitrotoulene by Density Functional Theory
Authors: Lakhera Shradha , Rana Meenakshi , Devlal Kamal 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The enhancement of NLO activity of the 2-nitrotoulene (2NT) after the substitution of the halogens (F, Cl, Br and I) at the para position of the benzene ring was reported in the paper. All the computational details were mentioned using density functional theory with B3LYP/6-311G basis set. The engagement of the electrophilic and nucleophilic regions in molecules was established using counter plots. Mulliken charge analysis and frontier molecular orbital parameters laid the high chemical reactivity of 2NT molecule after the substitution of F, Cl, Br, and I. Electronic properties were analyzed by computing absorption and emission spectra using time-dependent density functional theory. The Higher Raman intensity modes and higher absorbance intensity curve for iodine substituted 2NT (2NT-I) highlighted the highest reactivity. The lowest band gap was reported for 2NT-I (4.03 eV) that better correlates with the charge and spectral findings. The polarizability parameters set a fair comparison between the NLO activities of the molecules. 2NT-I has the highest values of polarizability parameters among the other molecules.
Evaluation of Nature Based Tourism Potentials of Karagöller (Borçka, Şavşat and Murgul) in Artvin Province with CRITIC - PROMETHEE-GAIA Methods
Authors: Zorlu Kuttusi , Dede Volkan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Nature-based tourism (NBT) is a tourism segment that has gained popularity worldwide in recent years. NBT mostly carried out in protected areas, is seen as one of the most important tourism activities for many countries and destinations. In this study, it was aimed to quantitatively evaluate the NBT potential in three Karagöl (In Turkish Blacklake) (Borçka, Şavşat and Murgul) located in Artvin province. In the evaluation made for this purpose, CRITIC (Criteria Importance Through Inter-criteria Correlation) and PROMETHEE-GAIA (Preference Ranking Organization Method For Enrichment Evaluation-Geometrical Analysis for Interactive Aid) techniques were used. In this context, twenty-six criteria obtained from the literature and weighted by the CRITIC technique were evaluated by comparing them with the three available alternatives. In the next stage, the evaluation of the alternatives according to the weighted criteria was provided by the PROMETHEE-GAIA technique. According to the findings, the lake with the highest NBT potential in Karagöller in Artvin province was Borçka Nature Park Karagöl. The lake with the lowest potential is Murgul Karagöl, which has not yet been discovered, and its infrastructure has not been completed. It is anticipated that the results will provide practical implications for stakeholders on NBT that can be developed in the region.
Chemical Treatments, Greenhouse Temperature, and Supplemental Day Length Affect Forcing and Growth of Newly Budded Orange Trees1
Authors: Nauer E. M. , Boswell S. B. , Holmes R. C. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Application of 6-benzylamino purine (BA) and 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropy-ranyl-)-9H-purine (PBA) at several concentrations enhanced forcing of newly inserted fall buds of ‘Washington’ navel orange (Citrus sinensis [L.] Osbeck) on Troyer citrange (Poncirus trifoliata Raf. × C. sinensis). Growth of fall-inserted buds was more influenced by an extended day length than greenhouse temperature.
The Effectiveness of Sudangrass Straw and Polyethylene Mulches on the Growth and Yield of ‘Trumpeter’ Strawberry
Authors: Hertz Leonard B. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
‘Trumpeter’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) plants growing under clear polyethylene (PE) as a winter mulch grew and flowered earliest but yielded less than other treatments in 2 of 3 years. Sudangrass straw (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Staph) under clear PE reduced fruit size and yield, whereas sudangrass straw on top of clear PE increased fruit yield. The yield and size of fruit from plants which had not received mulch was equal to that of the standard mulch, sudangrass, in 2 of 3 years. Black PE was nearly as effective a mulch as sudangrass straw.
Non-mobilization of Nutrients during Rooting of Ilex crenata Thunb. cv. Convexa Stem Cuttings1
Authors: Blazich Frank A. , Wright Robert D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Leaves, upper stems and lower stems of Ilex crenata cv. Convexa cuttings were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, and Mg at 3 day intervals for 27 days during intermittent mist propagation. No mobilization of nutrients from the upper portions of a cutting into the base was noted during the root initiation period.
Effect of Growth Regulators on Non-cooled and Cooled Pelargonium × domesticum1
Authors: Jay Holcomb E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Stem elongation of non-cooled plants of Pelargonium × domesticum L. H. Bailey cv. Grand Slam was restricted by chlormequat but not by daminozide or ancymidol. Neither ancymidol, chlormequat, or daminozide affected stem elongation of cooled plants. GA did not increase elongation of either cooled or non-cooled plants.
Advancements in Commercial Floriculture During during the Past 75 Years
Authors: Seeley John G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Society for Horticultural Science was organized September 9, 1903 with objectives that included the strengthening of horticultural investigation and teaching and the development of horticulture as a science. However the pace for research and teaching relating to commercial floriculture, was much slower than for pomology and olericulture. The major beginning for Society publications in floriculture began 27 years after the Society was formed!
Effects of a Predaceous Mite on Spider Mite Populations of Dieffenbachia under Greenhouse and Interior Environments1,2
Authors: Hamlen R. A. , Poole R. T. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Populations of twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) infesting greenhouse Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G. Don cv. Perfection, were significantly reduced 2 weeks after release of predators, Phytoseiulus macropilis (Banks). Numbers of T. urticae at predator introduction and numbers of predators introduced had a direct effect on time required to bring about reductions in spider mite populations and maintenance of high quality plants. Numbers of T. urticae infesting interior D. maculata were suppressed at predator to prey ratios of 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20, but based on foliar damage, 1:20 ratio was not effective from an aesthetic standpoint. Suppression of T. urticae populations was more rapid at higher P. macropilis to T. urticae ratios.
Physiological Responses of Plants to Waterlogging1
Authors: Bradford Kent J. , Yang Shang Fa 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Waterlogging of the soil rapidly and dramatically alters both the physical and biological environment of plant roots. In response to environmental stimuli, physiological events occur within the plant which affect its growth and development. The purpose of this paper is to review certain aspects of the physiological responses of plants to waterlogging with respect to the response mechanisms and the subsequent adaptations in the growth and development of the whole plant. Many important aspects of the subject must be only briefly mentioned here, such as the effects of waterlogging on soil chemistry, nutrient availability and uptake, microbiology, pathology, and senescence. The reader is referred to recent literature for information on these topics (3, 13, 19, 21). The overriding effect of soil flooding is to limit the diffusion of oxygen to the root zone. The focus here, therefore, will be on the responses of plants to root anaerobiosis and some initial, rapid mechanisms of adjustment. Further information on long-term adaptation, especially in woody plants, can be found elsewhere (76).
Green Coverage and Color Evaluation of Turf grass by Means of Light Reflection1
Authors: Biran I. , Bushkin-Harav I. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Light reflectance and chlorophyll content of 10 turfgrass species grown under different conditions indicated that the ratio between the far red (FR) (peak at 732 nm) and red (R) (peak at 640 nm) components of the light reflected from the grass surface correlated with the percentage green cover in an incompletely covered sward, and the intensity of color where coverage was complete. A simple, practical method for measuring these 2 parameters is proposed, using a Plant Growth Photometer capable of measuring the FR/R ratio.
Improving Ancymidol Efficiency for Height Control of Easter Lily1
Authors: Lewis A J. , Lewis J. S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Ancymidol [α-cyclopropyl-α-(p-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol] applied as a bulb-dip prior to planting was more efficient (based on amount of active ingredient required) in controlling height of Easter lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cv. Ace) height than soil drench or foliar spray applications. The method of application did not affect emergence or number of flowers, but flowering was delayed in plants receiving 0.5 and 1.0 mg a.i. as a bulb dip.
Cytokinin Activity of Root Tissue during Chrysanthemum Development1
Authors: Holland Sheryl , Kemp T. R. , Buxton J. W. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Cytokinin activity was indicated in roots of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat, cv. Polaris cultured using a nutrient film technique and assayed at 3 stages of plant development: young, actively growing; mature flowering; and senescing with dried flowers.
Temperature-dependent and Diurnal Root Conductivities in Two Citrus Rootstocks1
Authors: Wilcox Darlene A. , Davies Frederick S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Root conductivity was measured in decapitated 18-month-old citrus rootstocks using a modified pressure chamber apparatus. Carrizo citrange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck × Poncirus trifoliata L. (Raf.)], a frost-hardy species, exhibited a log-linear decrease in conductivity over a temperature range from 40 to 10°C. Rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.), a frost-susceptible species, also exhibited decreasing conductivity from 40 to 20°, but conductivity was similar at 10 and 20°. No endogenous diurnal cycling of root conductivity was observed in Carrizo citrange root-stocks.
Effects of Modified Atmosphere Storage on Overwintering Populations of the Apple Rust Mite and European Red Mite Eggs1
Authors: Lidster P. D. , Sanford K. H. , McRae K. B. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Reduced O2 storage (3.0 or 1.0%) significantly increased mortality of overwintering apple rust mite (Aculus schlechtendali (Nal.)) and European red mite (Panonychus ulmi (Koch)) egg populations on ‘Mcintosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). High levels of mortality can be achieved during the usual commercial storage period for apples in 1.0% O2 atmospheres. Addition of CO2 decreased red mite survival at 3% O2 storage.
‘Ouachita Gold’ Peach1
Authors: Johnson C. E. , Taylor J. C. , Young W. A. , Woodward R. S. , Newsom D. W. , Horn N. L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
‘Ouachita Gold’ peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) was released by the Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station to provide a high quality, large freestone fruit that ripens about 20 days after ‘Elberta’ or about August 5 in north Louisiana.
The Role of Volatile Principles in Nonpreference Resistance to Cowpea Curculio in Southernpea, Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.1
Authors: Rymal Kenneth S. , Chambliss Oyette L. , McGuire John A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Volatile extracts were isolated from pods of southernpea by vapor-phase ether extraction. In bioassays conducted with freshly emerged adult curculios Chalcodermus aeneus (Boh.), the insects were significantly more attracted to extracts of the susceptible ‘California Blackeye No. 5’ than to air with no extracts. Extracts of the breeding lines Ala. 963.8 and CR 22-2-21 were repellent to the insects as evidenced by directed travel away from the extracts towards air alone. Gas chromatographic profiles of the 3 extracts showed obvious qualitative and quantitative differences.
Effects of pH on Growth and Quality of Iris germanica L.1
Authors: Hurley W. K. , Einert A. E. , Hileman L. E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Highest quality of plants of greenhouse-grown ‘Captain Gallant’ iris as measured by plant growth and root and foliar quality were produced at pH levels of 8.0 and 9.0 in hydroponic culture and at pH levels of 7.0 to 9.5 using field soil. Plant foliage appeared to increase in quality with increases in alkalinity.
‘Eureka’ Sweet Potato1
Authors: Scheuerman Robert W. , Hernandez Teme P. , Martin Weston J. , Clark Christopher , Constantin Roysell , Hammett Harrell 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
‘Eureka’, a soil rot-resistant, high-quality sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) formerly tested under the designation of L4-131, was developed by the Louisiana State University Agricultural Experiment Station and is jointly released by Louisiana State University Agricultural Experiment Station and the University of California Agricultural Experiment Station.
‘Eskimo’ Viburnum11
Authors: Egolf Donald R. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
‘Eskimo’ establishes a landmark in the development of elite Viburnum cultivars as the first selection that combines the tubular V. carlesii-type flower in a snowball inflorescence, dwarf growth habit, and semi-evergreen foliage. This compact, slow-growing introduction is especially noteworthy since the majority of Viburnum species are too large and vigorous to be included in the modem home landscape. Not only does this cultivar fulfill the requirements of the home gardener, but also promotes commercial production and use by the nurserymen and landscape architects. ‘Eskimo’ is the 14th Viburnum cultivar introduced from the U.S. National Arboretum shrub breeding project (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
The U.S. Department of Agriculture Strawberry Breeding Program1
Authors: Galletta G. J. , Draper A. D. , Scott D. H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The U.S. Department of Agriculture strawberry breeding program has introduced 61 cultivars from 6 breeding locations in its 61-year history. Fifteen to 20 of these cultivars have been widely grown, and 5 of the recent releases show exceptional promise. From its inception, the program has been aimed at producing high-quality, multipurpose cultivars with disease resistance and broad regional adaptation. Because of disease pressures, genetic resistance has been emphasized, especially for red stele root rot. The USDA has become the principal source of red stele-resistant germplasm for breeding pruposes, and has constantly refined and improved its disease-screening techniques. Red stele and Verticillium resistance have now been incorporated into everbearing strawberries adapted to the eastern United States. Investigations concerning virus detection and eradication and the propagation of virus-free stocks have led to state virus-free plant certification programs, which assure the public of production of the cleanest possible strawberry nursery stocks. The work of the USDA and cooperating state stations has played a significant role in the improvement of strawberry cultivars and the development of modern strawberry production in the United States.
Flower Shop Management at Mississippi State University
Authors: Null Ralph , Cruise Susan , Singletar Clyde 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The creative art of floral design as illustrated on the front and back covers1 is achieved through an understanding of spacial design elements and a knowledge of plants materials. The design on the front cover presents a microcosm: the ceramic sphere provides an “earth” from which bursts forth Acer palmatum, Alstroemeria ‘Campfire’, and Rosa ‘Woben Abby’. On the back cover, a contemporary juxtaposition of aluminum wire, bleached matsumata branches, Chlorophytum comosum ‘Vittatum’, Lilium longiflora, Gypsophila, and Dianthus ‘White Sim’ contrast texture, form, and line.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Watada Alley E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Chilling injury affects a wide range of horticultural crops when they are subjected to low-temperature stress and it also increases marketing losses and the cost of produce. The phenomenon was thought to be restricted to crops of tropical origin because, initially, the injuries were noted only with these crops when grown in the temperate zone. However, crops of temperate origin also have been found to develop physiological disorders when subjected to low-temperature stress. Questions now remain as to the etiology and the basic mechanism that underlie the injuries noticed on crops of tropical and of temperate origins.
In Vitro Propagation of Dicentra spectabilis1
Authors: Lazarz S. A. , Zillis M. R. , Sink K. C. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Tissue culture propagation of Dicentra spectabilis (L.) Lem. was achieved by proliferation of 2.0- to 2.5-cm-long shoot tips placed on solidified Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and vitamins medium containing 2.0 mg/liter kinetin. Each shoot tip yielded a 50-fold increase within 6 weeks. Proliferated shoots rooted 100% in 25 days on MS medium containing selected levels of either indolebutyric acid (IBA) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Optimum transfer of rooted shoots to the greenhouse occurred when an initial high humidity was followed by a gradual reduction over 5–7 days in the ambient environment.
Effects of Preharvest Applications of AVG on Ripening of ‘Bartlett’ Pears With and Without Cold Storage1
Authors: Romani Roger , Puschmann Rolf , Finch Jack , Beutel James 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Application of 400 ppm aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) to pear trees 6 and 2 weeks before harvest resulted in marked but variable inhibition of postharvest ripening at 20°C. AVG amplified the usual nonuniformity in the initiation of ripening exhibited by freshly harvested fruit. Prolonged storage of the fruit at 0 to 2°c counteracted the inhibitory effects with resultant rapid and uniform ripening upon transfer to 20°c. However, a physiological nonuniformity as reflected by wide differences in internal C2H4 concentration persisted well beyond the time when threshold levels for the initiation of ripening had been reached by all fruit. Probable relationships between AVG effects, cold storage, and C2H4 are illustrated diagrammatically.
Objective Measurement of Chilling Injury in the Mesocarp of Stored Avocados1
Authors: Chaplin Grantley R. , Wills R. B. H. , Graham Douglas 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A method to measure the severity of chilling injury (Cl) in stored avocados (Persea americana Mill.) is described that gives better results than visual appraisal. Colored metabolites are extracted from chilled mesocarp and measured in a colorimeter.
Retail and Consumer Losses in the Fall and Winter Crop of Western Head Lettuce Marketed in Metropolitan New York1
Authors: Ceponis M. J. , Butterfield J. E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Retail store losses of whole heads or their equivalents of western crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. capitata L.) in the fall and winter crop were 4.2 and 5.2% in field-wrapped and nonwrapped heads, respectively, during 1977-80 in metropolitan New York. Trimming losses increased the retail loss to 14% one year. Consumer level losses for 3 years was 11%. Bacterial soft rot and rusty brown discoloration were the chief causes of loss in retail stores. Mechanical injuries and russet spotting were the leading causes of loss in consumer samples.
An Inexpensive Temperature Gradient System1
Authors: Hensley David L. , Masiunas John B. , Carpenter Philip L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A temperature gradient block was made from a solid aluminum block. Holes were drilled for the placement of samples or temperature monitoring. The heating or cooling source was liquid circulated through 2 holes drilled through the width of the bar. Temperatures over a range from −4 to 48°C could be maintained for 96 hours with minimal fluctuation.
Seed Germination of Elder (Sambucus pubens) and Honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica)
Authors: Cram W. H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Germination of stratified seed was highest for immature fruit of red elder (Sambucus pubens Michx.), harvested in early August, and for fruit of Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica L.), harvested in mid-August. Neither specific gravity nor moisture content of the fruit were related to seed germination.
Creeping Bentgrass, Kentucky Bluegrass and Annual Bluegrass Seed Germination Response to Elevated Temperature1
Authors: Eggens J. L. , Ormrod D. P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Germination responses of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), and annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) to elevated temperature were evaluated by germinating seed in sustained temperature regimes or by moving imbibed seed from high to intermediate or from intermediate to high temperatures. ‘Penncross’ creeping bentgrass germinated well at 40°/30°C (day/night) temperature or when moved from 40/30° to 25°/18° or from 25°/18° to 40°/30°. ‘Baron’ Kentucky bluegrass seed germination was decreased by 34°/28° and there was no germination at 40°/30°. Moving imbibed seed from 40°/30° to 24°/18° resulted in a high germination percentage, while imbibition for 12 or 24 hours at 25° resulted in some germination at 40°/30°. Annual bluegrass seed germination was significantly less at 34°/28° than at 25°/18° and was prevented at 40°/30°. Imbibition at 40°/30° prior to 25°/18° decreased germination and there was no annual bluegrass germination at 40°/30° regardlessf of pretreatments at 25° for up to 24 hours.
Heritability and Parent Selection for Fruit Firmness in Red Raspberry1
Authors: Barritt Bruce H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) fruit firmness, measured as compression force with a Hunter Series L portable pressure gauge, was determined from 15 parent clones and for 813 seedlings derived from 44 crosses. Heritability estimate for fruit firmness, based on parent/offspring regression, was .90 ± .13. Analysis of variance of progeny data showed that general combining ability variance (additive) was significant and much larger than specific combining ability variance. Of the parent clones, ‘Glen Isla’, ‘Glen Prosen’, SHRI6820/41, and SHRI6820/64 had the firmest fruit and, on the basis of progeny analysis, had the highest general combining ability parent values. Low parental values were obtained for ‘Sumner’, ‘Mailing Leo’, ‘Mailing Admiral’, ‘Taylor’, ‘Haida’, and ‘Meeker’.
‘Blairmont’ Apple1
Authors: Thompson J. M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
‘Blairmonf apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) has been released by the Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, to provide a solid-red, sub-conic shaped, marketable cultivar which will develop satisfactory color and finish when grown in areas of southeastern United States where high daytime and, especially, nighttime temperatures often prohibit satisfactory development of the usual appearance attributes of many non-adapted cultivars.
Computer Transformation of Trial Data for Grower Recommendations
Authors: Zettelmeyer Winfrid J. , Teixeira Alvaro J. M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Algarve is the southern province of Portugal, bound to the west and south by the Atlantic. Climatically it is Portugal's mildest part and corresponds in this respect to southern Spain, southern Sicily, and Cyprus. The rapidly increasing number of plastic greenhouses for vegetable production in this area in recent years demonstrates that Portuguese growers are preparing to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the climate, growing demand from tourism, and the impending entry of the country into the European Economic Community.