bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Keating Jennifer 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion reflects on the environmental imprint of empire in Turkestan by 1916, suggesting that in imperial thought and action, environmental transformation was a central part of the extension of sovereignty, the projection of power hierarchies, and the commercial development of a new borderland territory. Plans to transform local landscapes presumed the fundamental malleability of nature, but termites, camels, fish, sand, silt, crops, and water were powerful material agents in these processes, with more-than-human relations vital to both the consolidation and the demise of imperial power. The chapter assesses the intertwined roles of the state, Central Asian communities, settler society and Slavic migrants, alongside more removed actors—Namibian sheep breeders, French silkworm dealers, and Argentinian farmers. It closes by considering why thinking in terms of scale, synchronicities, connections, and more-than-human relations is important in understanding empire in the Russian context.
Insulin - The Crooked Timber
Authors: Hall Kersten T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Before the discovery of insulin, a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes was an inevitable death sentence. Little wonder then that when insulin was first used to treat patients in the early 1920s, diabetes specialist Elliott Joslin likened its power to the ‘Vision of Ezekiel’, the Old Testament prophet who is said to have seen a valley of dry bones rise up and be restored to life. Despite its life-saving power, however, little was known about the chemical nature of insulin, with one clinician describing it as being simply ‘thick brown muck’. Just over half a century later, insulin was again causing excitement when it became the first pharmaceutical to be produced using genetic engineering, making biotech company Genentech founders multimillionaires after a spectacular flotation on Wall Street. This book tells the stories of those involved in this act of modern-day alchemy. What emerges are sometimes monstrous egos, toxic career rivalries, and a few unsung heroes, such as the two little-known scientists whose work on wool fibres proved to be crucial not only in unravelling insulin but also in ushering in a revolution in biology. Perhaps most importantly of all, with science having become so prominent in all our lives during the past year, the story of insulin has lessons for us all about what technology can—and perhaps more importantly—cannot do for us.
A Boastful Undertaking
Authors: Hall Kersten T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Archer Martin and Richard Synge realized that they had done much more than simply invent a new method of chemicals separation. Not only could partition chromatography separate the different amino acid components of wool proteins, but also it might be used to determine their precise linear order—or, as Martin and Synge called it, their sequence. To test this idea, they embarked on a ‘boastful undertaking’ with their colleagues Hugh Gordon and Raphael Consden to use partition chromatography to determine the order of amino acids in the antibiotic gramicidin S. To help with the study of gramicidin S, Synge also recruited Fred Sanger and Dorothy Hodgkin, two young scientists who would both go on to distinguish themselves through their respective work on insulin.
Introduction
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Introduction provides an overview of the whole book, previewing its major case studies on Samuel Johnson, Frances Burney, Walter Scott, and Jane Austen. It raises issues and topics that recur throughout the book’s argument: mess turned to some purpose as the normal condition of the draft literary manuscript; manuscript as evidence for a discipline called textual forensics, exposing either a unifying consciousness behind the printed page or the text’s relations to itself. It argues that manuscripts have multiple lives both before and after print, raising issues of property and ownership. Manuscripts are ‘curious’ objects: that is, objects of reverence and of knowledge, serving both magical and evidential purposes. They are also artefacts whose aesthetic dimension becomes apparent over time and as they assume new significance, inside the collection, beyond that of a tool for writing and transmission.
Dealing with the Leftovers
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the intertwined strains of aesthetic, heritage, and commercial value driving manuscript collection from the eighteenth century to the present day. Literary manuscripts become culturally venerated from the eighteenth century as a consequence of the industrial ascendancy of print. Their collection is the focus of competing and antithetical drives: conserved as national treasures and traded as commodities on international markets. They are also just so much waste paper, left over after their freight of ideas, and words has moved on. Manuscripts are among those things that challenge the view that price determines value.
Jane Austen Fragment Artist
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Jane Austen’s corpus constitutes a remarkable case of a binary division between print (the published novels, which have left no manuscript traces save for the cancelled version of the last chapters of Persuasion) and manuscript (the teenage writings and unfinished works left in draft—Lady Susan, The Watsons, and Sanditon). What happens if, rather than reading Austen’s manuscript works in the shadow of print (as critics have done in the past), we instead read print in the shadow of manuscript? We discover the novelist as a lifelong practitioner of a ‘fragment art’ that aligns her more closely than we have previously considered to her great Romantic contemporaries and also prefigures features of the next revolutionary aesthetic movement, Modernism.
The Residential Library
Authors: Hayes Kevin J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
“The Residential Library” examines the ideal private libraries of the future that the utopian novelists imagined, looking at the contents of the library and its place in the home. It projects the place of books in the home of the future. In addition, it studies the personal and social functions of the home library. In the ideal future, the utopian novelists foresaw the private library as both a place of refuge, where the homeowner could seek solace, and a social space, where homeowners could entertain guests and quietly show off their intellect. Some utopian novelists saw the ideal future differently, imagining communal dwellings with communal libraries. This chapter closes with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of communal libraries.
Legitimacy as a Challenge to Compliance with the Norms on the Protection of Children in Africa
Authors: Miamingi Remember 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter critiques the normative framework on children’s rights in Africa. In 1979, in commemoration of the International Year of the Child declared by the United Nations General Assembly, African leaders within the framework of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) adopted the Declaration on the Rights and Welfare of the Child. The OAU considered the Declaration a first step in a process towards a regional binding instrument on children’s rights and welfare in Africa. In 1990, just a year after the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) came into force, the OAU adopted the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC). The chapter argues that the ‘continued inability of human rights norms and standards to effectively end impunity is forcing international and national policy makers to shift the policy battlefront to issues of compliance with human rights’. Through a reflection on the African Children’s Charter, it highlights the need to give attention to issues of legitimacy, particularly cultural legitimacy within the regional context in view of existing philosophies and cultural heritage on childhood in Africa.
Member States’ Compliance with the Recommendations of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Authors: Louw Lirette 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses the compliance of AU Member States with the recommendations of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Commission) under the individual complaints system provided in the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Charter). There is no direct reference in the African Charter authorizing the Commission to issue recommendations upon finding a state party in violation of the provisions of the Charter. The Commission has developed its mandate in a progressive manner by relying on the ‘implied powers doctrine’; to adopt recommendations upon having found a state party in violation of the Charter. Currently, it appears that some States still view the implementation of recommendations on Communications as voluntary because the Commission is viewed as a quasi-judicial organ. The chapter then argues that there are factors, both permanent and variable to the system, which if focused on could harvest positive results, in as far as securing improved state compliance to the African Commission’s recommendations and thereby contributing to the realization of human and peoples’ rights on the continent.
‘Horizontal’ Compliance with Decisions of the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights
Authors: Abebe Adem K 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter develops an innovative approach to the furtherance of compliance with decisions of supranational human rights tribunals beyond the vertical context of decisions of these tribunals applying only to the respondent states. Through a reflection on the African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Court), it introduces the idea of ‘horizontal’ compliance where the Court can seek to ensure compliance with its decisions involving the validity of laws vis-à-vis states with comparable legal provisions to the respondent state. Indeed, the pursuance of horizontal compliance would allow the Court to radiate its key decisions, involving the validity of legal provisions, beyond the specific respondent state. Horizontal compliance would also require an adaptation of the Court’s functions from merely serving as a reactive to a proactive protector of continental human rights standards. While this new function may be seen as crossing the blurry boundaries of the Court’s protective mandate towards a promotional mandate, this would not constitute an undue expansion of the Court’s reach as it will be limited to instances where the decision involves the validity of legal provisions, which is true in a small minority of cases.
News from Moscow
Authors: Huxtable Simon 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
News from Moscow: Soviet Journalism and the Limits of Post-war Reform is a history of the post-war Soviet press that takes readers from the tense ideological climate of the late Stalin era to the comparative freedom of the Thaw. Through a case study of one of the country’s most innovative and popular titles, the youth daily Komsomol’skaia pravda, the book shows how journalists attempted to remake the Soviet newspaper after Stalin’s death, but details the many obstacles they faced along the way. The book argues that Thaw journalism was characterised by an unresolvable tension between innovation and conservativism: the more journalists tried to devise new forms to attract readers, the more officials grew anxious about the potentially disruptive consequences of reform. Taking readers from the gloomy climate of late Stalinism to the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, the book’s six chapters offer examples of journalists attempts to innovate, from its advocacy for person-centred pedagogy in the late Stalin and Thaw periods, to the creation of the country’s first polling institute and its support for Brezhnev’s technocratic reforms in the 1960s. Drawing on a range of unseen internal documents, including transcripts of private editorial meetings, the book takes readers into the Soviet newsroom for the first time, and details the conversations—with colleagues, functionaries and readers—that characterised journalists’ daily work, and the conflicts with officials that came to characterise the Thaw project.
From Technocracy to Stagnation
Authors: Huxtable Simon 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Though the Brezhnev era is often associated with ‘stagnation’, intellectuals were initially optimistic about the reformist bent of the country’s new leadership team. This chapter looks at the response of journalists at Komsomol’skaia pravda to the change of leaders and to the Brezhnev–Kosygin tandem’s new, technocratic, direction. It shows how the paper’s journalists were captivated by the reforms of the early Brezhnev era and sought to educate themselves and their readers about the country’s new economic priorities. The Kosygin reforms introduced market principles into the Soviet press, and forced journalists to employ sociological research to learn more about their readers. As the chapter shows, this new sobriety affected journalists’ attitudes to exemplary individuals: lauded only a few years before as romantic heroes, individuals who sacrificed their comfort to build communism were now seen as an embarrassing anachronism as journalists sought out the ordinary, rather than the extraordinary. However, by the late 1960s, the paper’s technocratic direction was beginning to fizzle out: not only was the paper’s editor removed in 1965 for an article that the Kremlin’s top brass disliked, but amid a panic over domestic and international dissent, officials began to clamp down on journalists’ reformist ideas. By the time of the invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968, journalists’ hopes for significant change had already started to fade.
Perceptions of Mortality
Authors: McGarry Kathleen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Financially successful retirement depends in large part on managing longevity risk: individuals need to save during their working lives to cover expenses in retirement, and then they must spend down those savings carefully so as not to outlive their assets. Despite the centrality of individuals’ expectations regarding life expectancy, little is known about how longevity expectations are formed and how they evolve as individuals age. This chapter assesses the evolution of subjective survival probabilities, defined as the probabilities that people believe they will live to at least 75 or 85 years of age. I examine the correlates of these reported probabilities when initially measured, how they change over time, and in particular, how they change with major life course events like the death of a parent, in-law, spouse, or sibling. I also examine how the subjective probabilities change in response to health shocks such as a heart attack or diagnosis of diabetes.
Innovative Strategies to Finance and Deliver Long-term Care
Authors: Super Nora , Burstein Arielle , Davis Jason , Servat Caroline 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Policymakers have long tried and failed to solve the vexing problem of long-term care (LTC) insurance. The federal Community Living Assistance Services and Supports (CLASS) Act, a voluntary, publicly administered LTC insurance program, was repealed in 2013, and the problem has gone from bad to worse. The number of private insurers offering LTC insurance has plummeted from over 100 in 2002 to about a dozen today. While some of this is due to consolidation, the larger force driving the exit is lack of profitability. This chapter explores issues surrounding the LTC market including pricing, modeling, and alternative payment models, to better understand the reasons for market failure. We provide a review of innovative approaches used successfully in other industries, which may serve as a model for new ways to finance and deliver LTC. Based on interviews with thought leaders across multiple disciplines and industries, we identify three of the most promising solutions: public and private LTC insurance, Medicare expansion, and technology.
Why the One Did Not Remain Within Itself
Authors: O’Connor Timothy 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Why did the omnipotent, omniscient, unsurpassably, and perfectly good being who is necessary in Himself, and having a supremely rational will, contingently create ex nihilo? What motivation could account for such freely undertaken activity, displaying it as neither necessary nor less than fully rational? The chapter considers and criticizes answers recently offered by Mark Johnston and Alex Pruss. It is argued that creation of some contingent reality or other is necessary, and that plausible reflections on the ordered complexity in God’s motivations indicate that the scope of contingency regarding what to create is highly constricted—though not to the point of complete modal collapse. A perfect creator would create either an infinite and richly varied multiverse or an infinitely improving universe realizing a wide array of kinds of goods. Finally, a rebuttal is given to the contention that any element of contingency in a divine choice entails a rational-explanatory deficiency.
A New Grand Strategy
Authors: French David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The National Government was elected to engineer a recovery from the Slump. But they were also concerned that British interests were threatened in the Far East by Japan and by Germany in Europe, and that to meet these threats it was necessary to make good the worst deficiencies under which the armed services laboured. The DRC’s report promised not only to rectify the worst deficiencies of all three of the armed services, but it would also constitute a revised grand strategy. By 1939 Britain was to be ready to meet the new security challenges it faced, and the British public was to be primed to make the necessary sacrifices. But the program that the ministers finally agreed in July 1934 was heavily circumscribed, not just by economic constraints, but by what they believed would be acceptable to the electorate. The preparation of even a small regular field force for war on the continent was postponed, whereas the creation of an air force larger than even the Air Staff wanted was accepted on the grounds that ministers believed that was what the electorate wanted. Neville Chamberlain’s vision, which had come to dominate the Cabinet’s thinking about grand strategy by the second half of 1934, put the defence of the British Isles, and in particular its defence against a German air attack, far ahead of the demands of the Far East, or of the need to prepare a field force to go to the continent to support France.
‘I wish I saw a real policy emerging, but frankly I don’t’
Authors: French David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The Stresa front was intended to be the lynchpin of a strategy to contain Hitler and eventually persuade him to return to the conference table and settle all outstanding questions by peaceful negotiations. But the British themselves then began the process that led to its unravelling. The accelerating pace of German rearmament, and the pressing need to ensure that the fleet would not be tied down in European waters if it was needed at Singapore, persuaded them to grab at Hitler’s offer of an Anglo-German naval arms limitation agreement. This was a blunder which represented the first nail in the coffin of the Stresa front. The second, and far more decisive, blow to that agreement came in October 1935, when Mussolini invaded Abyssinia. The central premise of the grand strategy that the Cabinet had adopted in July 1934, that Britain faced only two potential enemies, was now redundant and policy-makers had to decide how to confront not only Germany in Western Europe, and Japan in the Far East, but Italy in the Mediterranean. The manifold difficulties of creating a new grand strategy to replace the DRC’s blueprint were quickly made apparent when the German remilitarized the Rhineland, when a major revolt against British rule broke out in Palestine, and when Italy, Germany, and the Soviet Union began to fish in the troubled waters created by the Spanish civil war.
The Grand Strategy of Fortress Britain, May 1937–September 1938
Authors: French David 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
As Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was infused by a determination to do what he thought was right, regardless of what his critics might say. The policies he chose were not forced upon him by circumstances beyond his control. They were choices which he made when he was faced by possible alternatives. Appeasement was not the only choice open to him. He could have opted for Eden’s policy of hastening rearmament and working with other powers to contain the dictators, or Churchill’s Grand Alliance. He deliberately chose neither. Chamberlain abandoned any attempt to maintain a balance of power in the three key regions of the world, Europe, the Mediterranean and Middle East, and the Far East that mattered most to Britain, and focused all efforts and resources on transforming Britain itself into a fortress. He also turned his back on the policy that had played a crucial role in making and sustaining Britain’s great power status since the eighteenth century: a willingness to work in concert with allies. Instead, his grand strategy was based on the assumption that what he regarded as massive spending on defence sustained over a prolonged period would convince Britain’s rivals that it would not tamely surrender to their demands. It was a measure of the failure of his policy that at Munich in September 1938 he did just that.
The Fate of Progress in British Romanticism
Authors: Canuel Mark 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
What did Romantic writers mean when they wrote about “progress” and “perfection”? This book shows how Romantic writers inventively responded to familiar ideas about political progress which they inherited from the eighteenth century. Whereas earlier writers such as Voltaire and John Millar likened improvements in political institutions to the progress of the sciences or refinement of manners, the novelists, poets, and political theorists examined in this book reimagined politically progressive political associations in multiple genres. While embracing a commitment to optimistic improvement—increasing freedom, equality, and protection from injury—they also cultivated increasingly visible and volatile energies of religious and political dissent. Earlier narratives of progress tended not only to edit and fictionalize history but also to agglomerate different modes of knowledge and practice in their quest to describe and prescribe uniform cultural improvement. But Romantic writers seize on internal division and take it less as an occasion for anxiety, exclusion, or erasure, and more as an impetus to rethink the groundwork of progress itself. Political entities, from Percy Shelley’s plans for political reform to Charlotte Smith’s motley associations of strangers in The Banished Man, are progressive because they advance some version of collective utility or common good. But they simultaneously stake a claim to progress only insofar as they paradoxically solicit contending vantage points on the criteria for the very public benefit which they passionately pursue. The “majestic edifices” of Wordsworth’s imagined university in The Prelude embrace members who are “republican or pious,” not to mention the recalcitrant “enthusiast” who is the poet himself.