Simulation of Cathode Catalyst Durability Under Fuel Cell Vehicle Operation - the Effect of Fuel Cell Stack Size
Authors: Shojayian Mohammad , Kjeang Erik 
Published: July 2022

The concerns regarding climate change have made the researchers seek a clean alternative for the fossil fuel vehicles. Fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are considered to be promising candidates owing to their efficient energy conversion and zero-carbon emission. However, a number of obstacles such as high cost and limited hydrogen infrastructure have made the FCVs commercialization process challenging. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) have been proven promising for transportation applications. For heavy duty transportation applications, the PEMFC durability is also not yet proven, and extrapolating from lab data to real-world field operating conditions remains a significant challenge [1].
In this work, the cathode catalyst degradation in PEMFC is studied to estimate the effect of stack size on fuel cell durability in the FCV application. Platinum dissolution and redeposition, platinum oxidation and platinum ion formation during the fuel cell operation are modeled using the Butler-Volmer approach presented in [2]. A drive cycle recorded based on a real-life transit bus operation in the city of Victoria is utilized to calculate the input fuel cell voltage profile based on the methodology presented by Ahmadi and Kjeang [3]. According to this methodology, the required cell power density is calculated using Newton’s second law considering the air flow drag force as a counteracting force against the vehicle movement. Then, the required voltage cycle is obtained by employing a polarization curve characterizing the fuel cell performance. Finally, the change of remaining electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) with time is calculated as the output of the model. The fuel cell is assumed to operate at 80 ℃ and the cell active area is considered to be 500 cm2. Simple Tafel kinetics is then used to determine the fuel cell voltage loss. A 10% voltage drop at 0.6 A/cm2 is considered as the failure criterion for the cathode lifetime. Moreover, the effect of the fuel cell stack size is studied. By increasing fuel cell stack size, the required cell power density drops, leading to a decrease in the voltage cycle amplitude while the voltage cycle period remains the same. According to the empirical kinetic rate equation, the catalyst degradation exponentially increases with increasing the voltage. Therefore, a higher degradation rate is observed for a catalyst operating on a voltage cycle with a lower amplitude while the period and the upper potential limit (UPL) are maintained the same, causing a significant platinum ion generation. Fig. 1 shows the change of remaining ECSA over time and resulting fuel cell lifetime for three stack sizes which are represented by the stack nominal powers. The results show that the fuel cell lifetime will be roughly doubled when the stack size is reduced by half. Stack sizing is thus an important consideration for fuel cell durability in the FCV application.
In this regard, predicting fuel cell lifetime is a crucial step in commercializing FCVs. The present modeling framework could be utilized by FCV developers to predict lifetime for new products instead of carrying out time-consuming lifetime experiments. The factors influencing fuel cell durability can also be investigated using the present model framework to develop durables cells and stacks for a targeted FCV application.

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Canada Research Chairs, and Simon Fraser University Community Trust Endowment Fund.

References

[1] S. D. Knights, K. M. Colbow, J. St-Pierre and D. P. Wilkinson, "Aging mechanisms and lifetime of PEFC and DMFC," Journal of power sources, vol. 127, no. 1-2, pp. 127-134, 2004.
[2] H. A. Baroody and E. Kjeang, "Predicting Platinum Dissolution and Performance Degradation under Drive Cycle Operation of Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells," Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 168, no. 4, p. 044524, 2021.
[3] P. Ahmadi and E. Kjeang, "Realistic simulation of fuel economy and life cycle metrics for hydrogen fuel cell vehicles," International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 714-727, 2017.

Figure 1