bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease predicts new onset of chronic kidney disease better than fatty liver or nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Tanaka Marenao , Mori Kazuma , Takahashi Satoko , Higashiura Yukimura , Ohnishi Hirofumi , Hanawa Nagisa , Furuhashi Masato 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundPossible associations of chronic kidney disease (CKD) with fatty liver (FL) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have recently been focused on. Metabolic dysfunction–associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), defined as FL with overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus or metabolic abnormalities, has been proposed as a new feature of chronic liver disease. However, the relationship between MAFLD and new onset of CKD has not been fully addressed.MethodsWe investigated the associations of FL, NAFLD and MAFLD with the development of CKD, defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) &lt;60 mL/min/1.73 m2 or positive for urinary protein, over a 10-year period in 28 890 Japanese subjects who received annual health examinations. After exclusion of subjects with no data for abdominal ultrasonography and subjects with CKD at baseline, a total of 13 159 subjects (men 8581, women 4578; mean age 48 years) were recruited.ResultsThe prevalence of FL, NAFLD and MAFLD was 34.6% (men 45.1%, women 15.1%), 32.8% (men 42.7%, women 14.5%) and 32.3% (men 42.4%, women 13.4%), respectively. During the 10-year follow-up period, 2163 subjects (men 1475, women 688) had new onset of CKD. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards model analyses showed that MAFLD [hazard ratio 1.12 (95% confidence interval 1.02–1.26); P = .027] but not FL or NAFLD was an independent risk factor for new onset of CKD after adjustment of age, sex, eGFR, current smoking habit, ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, overweight/obesity, hypertension and dyslipidemia. The addition of MAFLD [continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI) 0.154, integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) 0.0024] to traditional risk factors without metabolic abnormalities significantly improved the discriminatory capacity better than did the addition of FL (NRI 0.138, IDI 0.0018) or NAFLD (NRI 0.132, IDI 0.0017).ConclusionsMAFLD is modestly and independently associated with new onset of CKD and predicts the risk for development of CKD better than FL or NAFLD.
Competition and Goal Pursuit: A Temporally Dynamic Model
Authors: Huang Szu-chi , Lin Stephanie 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Competition is prevalent in goal pursuit. These goals may explicitly include outperforming others in a competition, or they can be implicit, such that people internally compare and compete with peers during the pursuit of their own individual goals. In this chapter, we examine competitions from the perspective of goal pursuit theories and answer the critical question of when each driver of motivation should exert the most impact in explicit and implicit competitions. We present a temporally dynamic goal pursuit model that explains how people’s motivation and effort exertion evolve over the course of explicit competition, as well as how, and when, people may implicitly compete and even sabotage others who are pursuing an individual goal alongside them.
Culture as the Configuration and Condensation of Experience
Authors: Lipsitz George 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In his cultural criticism and creative works, Du Bois followed premises and principles central to his social science scholarship, devoting special attention to the particular and specific uses and effects of culture in concrete social and historical circumstances. As both a creative artist and cultural critic, Du Bois put to use what he had learned about the ontology of Black life from direct empirical study of it, and he gave back to Black people works of scholarship, art, and activism that mirrored their own dignity and worth. From his perspective, works of art functioned as configurations and condensations of social experience that produced political effects and served political purposes. One principle that remained constant in his oeuvre was the conviction that creating music, literature, theatre, and visual art cannot be separated from social practice; that regardless of the intent of its auteurs, art inevitably serves political ends.
What Went Wrong?
Authors: Salvatore Armando , Obuse Kieko 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter raises the questions of how and why sociology has contributed to the construction of the “Middle East” as an area of study through a process of geocultural mapping—but also, and conversely, how this fiction has influenced the formation of key coordinates within the dominant paradigms of Western sociology. It explores how the Euro-American fiction of the Middle East (often supported by the Western orientalist essentialization of Islam) has led, through various twists and turns, from the late 19th century to the beginning of the 21st, to the portrayal of the Middle East in a contrasting chiaroscuro to the Western self-image as the harbinger of social progress and secular culture. The chapter argues that the Middle East provides a theoretical borderland in the history of sociological thought, given that the Western fiction of the Middle East as a region is integral to the historical role that sociology has played in the Western construction of modernity. It concludes by suggesting that the sociology of the Middle East needs to deepen its critical examination of its relations with the legacy of Western colonialism and the new dynamics of global power. This step requires an integration of the study of “South-South” and “East-East” connectedness and circulation in history and the present—all while resisting the temptation of a full “indigenization” of sociological knowledge, which risks reproducing the false binaries of modernity/progress versus authenticity/tradition: epistemic ghosts that the Western sociological canon has conjured up in order to perpetuate the West’s own intellectual hegemony.
Middle East or “Middle Earth”?
Authors: Obuse Kieko , Salvatore Armando 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis concluding chapter extends the historical sociology of knowledge of the Middle East introduced at the beginning of the volume through a shift of perspective, from Western fictions of the region to alternative constructions developed within the purported East. This perspective links the Ottoman Empire and its legacy with pre–World War II and postwar Japan. The chapter challenges the idea that the West has held a monopoly in demarcating and sectioning the East by exploring the Japanese transgression and, later, integration of the West’s Middle East into a more comprehensive “Middle Earth” partly overlapping with the Islamosphere, reckoned as a transregional force. By unraveling some of the historic “East-East” involvements that decenter the genealogy of the Middle East from the Western hegemonic fiction, the chapter illustrates how the Middle East of Western hegemony could be deconstructed, provincialized, and recontextualized by disentangling and complexifying the univocal (and power-laden) East-West, Far-Near coordinates dictated by Western Orientalism and imperialism.
Buddhism and the “Natural” Environment
Authors: Shaw Julia 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores archaeology’s contribution to scholarly understandings of Buddhist attitudes toward the “natural” environment and the relevance of such material for global discourse on the contemporary climate-change and biodiversity crises. It draws on evidence from central India for monastic engagement with food production, land and water use in lowland zones, as well as attitudes toward, and engagement with, upland forested areas, including the monastic occupation of prehistoric rock-shelters clustered around hilltops that were developed into architectural monastery complexes during the late centuries bce. Both sets of evidence need to be viewed together in order to address critically text-based discourse on Buddhist environmental ethics with its predominant focus on Buddhist attitudes toward the suffering of animals and the “beauty” of “nature,” over and above human-centric variables, and to reassess art-historical discourse on monastic gardens as arenas for transcending and viewing “nature” from a distance. Such an approach also helps to break down socially constructed polarizations between “peripheral” forests and “productive” lowland agriculture that have long since shaped discourse on India’s religious, political, and environmental history.
Buddhist Healing Practices
Authors: Craig Sienna R. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses Buddhist approaches to healing, health, and illness within the context of Himalayan and Tibetan communities. It is framed around an ethnographic exploration of how practitioners of Sowa Rigpa (gso ba rig pa), the Tibetan “science of healing,” responded to the 2015 earthquakes in Nepal. By highlighting the roles of these practitioners—at once doctors and monks or tantric ritual specialists—in responding to individual and collective suffering, this chapter discusses the relationship between medical and Buddhist practice. In describing Sowa Rigpa as a major Asian healing tradition, this chapter explores the causes and conditions of human suffering, and the possibilities to respond to that suffering. It also sheds light on the similarities and differences between conventional humanitarianism and a Buddhist response to crisis.
Pilgrimage
Authors: Reader Ian 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Pilgrimage in Buddhism derives from the roots of the historical tradition. Initially ascetic, it expresses core doctrines and has played a role in the spread of Buddhism. Asceticism, however, is not essential to Buddhist pilgrimage. Pilgrimage is often associated with expressions of worldly practical needs and benefits, along with the pragmatic use of ways to make travel easier and allow more people to make pilgrimages. Buddhism has produced multiple pilgrimage sites from the transnational to the local. Many such sites are expressions of particular cultural and ethnic identities, as much or more than they are specifically Buddhist. Moreover, there is little (if anything) specifically “Buddhist” about Buddhist pilgrimages; pilgrimage is a virtually universal phenomenon and whatever practices and concepts one finds in Buddhist pilgrimage can be readily found in other (non-Buddhist) contexts.
Aural Practices of Chanting and Protection
Authors: Deegalle Mahinda 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the power and associated practices of the recited word in Theravada Buddhist traditions. It highlights Sri Lankan Buddhist recitation practices, considering a variety of recitations and their ritually performed contexts across several historical and literary periods. It examines the rhythmic chanting of Buddhist “discourses” (suttas) as paritta (recitation for protection) as the foremost chanting practice, as well as other chanting practices such as recitations of prose Pali texts, specific verse (gāthā) texts of the Dhammapada, as well as popular recitations of Sinhala poems (kavi). Vernacular chantings used during the pilgrimage to Śrī Pāda are also examined.
Practices of Veneration and Offering
Authors: Samuels Jeffrey 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores Buddhist practices of veneration and offerings. In focusing on the three jewels or gems, the author looks at how the Buddha, the teachings (Dharma), and the monastic community (sangha) are venerated across multiple traditions in Asia through practices of giving and paying homage. It also explores pilgrimage as a form of veneration, as well as the role that emotions and aesthetics play in the process. Finally, drawing on his own research on Malaysian Buddhism, the author uses the Buddhist celebration of Vesak to examine how practices of veneration and offerings may be used as a process of identity formation in a globalized, modern nation-state.
Monastic Authority in Medieval Japan
Authors: Meeks Lori 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The thirteenth-century revival of the ancient convent Hokkeji is a useful case study for thinking about monastic authority in pre-modern Japanese Buddhism. By this time the dominant schools of Japanese Buddhism had excluded women from formal monastic training, and yet a group of nuns at Hokkeji managed to establish and maintain a formidable sense of monastic authority. This chapter explores the means by which they did so. In particular, it examines the following: how Hokkeji nuns drew on the legacy of their convent’s founder, Queen-Consort Kōmyō, and the courtly culture she represented; the role of precept-taking and doctrinal training in the nuns’ establishment of authority; and the ritual programs in place at Hokkeji and how they further bolstered the authenticity and authority of the convent’s monastic women.
Nation-State and Monastic Identity
Authors: Borchert Thomas 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Buddhist monastics embody two very different identities: they are citizens of nation-states, and they are also ordained as members of institutions that require them to follow rules distinct from ordinary Buddhists. At the same time, because religions are often important within ideologies of national belonging, Buddhism has become entangled with the politics of the nation-states of Asia. While present across Asia, the role of Buddhism varies within the nation-states of the continent, ranging from a close link between Buddhism and the nation to virtually no formal recognition of Buddhism. As a result, some monastics face tensions between their religious and political identities, while for others the relationship is easier. This chapter examines the tension between Buddhist and national practices for monastics. While superficially Buddhist practices, such as monastic education and sermons, and national practices, such as elections and military participation, seem distinct from one another, this chapter shows that Buddhist practices can be reframed by nationalist ideologies, and monks and nuns often participate in the practices of the nation.
An Embodied Dharma of Race, Gender, and Sexuality
Authors: Syedullah Jasmine 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Some may resist the inclusion of conversations about race, gender, and sexuality in a discussion of the dharma, but they are precisely why we, queers and folks of color, are seeding a dharma for the world as it is right now, one that cuts through the heart of how we are sitting with and suffering separation in these times. A brief sketch of a gathering of black largely US-based dharma teachers and practice communities in October 2019, this chapter argues that there are new waves of insight and awareness turning the wheel, bringing with them new kinds of teachers and more fugitive formations of practice. Reflecting on practice as a way of telling time, this chapter traces an emergent virtual network of sangha practitioners based in the Buddha’s teachings, but fugitive from traditional practice paths, who collectively remix contemplative practices into protocols for embodied social change and political organizing. An embodied reading of the break-away lineage of Radical Dharma, this chapter centers the leadership of Rev. angel Kyodo williams and Lama Rod Owens with whom the author co-wrote the book Radical Dharma: Talking Race, Love and Liberation released the summer before the 2016 Presidential Election. This chapter considers how practice is political, not just for the queer-of-color practitioners, but for everyone, and considers what place their experiences and insights have within the global landscape of Dharma practice. In short, how might embodied approaches to the first noble truth have to reckon with the presence of white supremacy.
Buddhist Practice in Europe and North America
Authors: Mitchell Scott A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter contextualizes Buddhist practice in North America and Europe, paying particular attention to the historical development of a diversity of traditions; adaptation of practice to new cultural contexts; and the intersection of embodied practices and embodied identities. The chapter focuses on developments in the Hawai‘ian context, Chinese and Japanese immigrants to the mainland of North America during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, as well as the intellectual interest in Buddhism. The chapter clarifies the themes of adaptation, language, sociopolitical structures, and identity through a series of case studies on Zen, meditation, Buddhist sites, and social engagements. The chapter points to several lacunae in the field that represent future research vistas.
Introduction: Embodiment and Sense Experience
Authors: Arai Paula , Trainor Kevin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Embodiment, materiality, emotion, and gender shape the way most Buddhists engage with their traditions, in contrast to popular representations of Buddhism as spiritual, disembodied, and largely devoid of ritual. This volume highlights how practice often represents a fluid, dynamic, and strategic means of defining identity and negotiating the challenges of everyday life. Highlighted, as well, are the multiplicity of methods and theoretical perspectives that scholars of Buddhism use in their research and writing, including field-based, textual, and historical approaches. The essays also push beyond traditional representations of Buddhism as divided into static schools and traditions, highlighting instead the contested and negotiated character of individual and group identities.
Buddhist Practice in Central Asia/Himalayas
Authors: Lewis Todd 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the history of Buddhism across the arc of territory defined by the Hindu Kush and Himalayan mountain ranges. It surveys the earliest sources and accounts of the tradition entering the small communities that formed in this frontier region between the Tibetan plateau and the Indus-Gangetic plains. The importance of the Kashmir Valley and the Kathmandu Valley is highlighted, including recent developments in the latter, where Indic-style Buddhism exists until the present day. Special attention is also devoted to Buddhism among the Tibeto-Burman peoples of the mid-montane and highland regions, where the farthest extensions of Tibetan Buddhism have existed for centuries. The introduction of Theravadin modernist traditions in Nepal is covered, as are the ways that Buddhism has coexisted with various deity cults and shamanism.
Relics and Images
Authors: Strong John S. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
After a short introduction, this chapter considers relics and images in the light of two sets of polarities: (1) wholeness and fragmentation (or oneness and multiplicity), where the Buddhist view of relics and images is seen to oscillate between affirming that the body of the Buddha is singular or that it is multiple; and (2) aversions and advocacies, where the questions of impurity and purity, as well as iconophobia and “iconophilia” in Buddhism are dealt with. In both cases, the emphasis is on ambiguities and paradoxes (as well as attitudinal shifts) in the Buddhist tradition vis-à-vis its relics and images. A brief conclusion sums up the chapter’s findings.
Irreversible Loss
Authors: Spiekermann Kai 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers three reasons for trying to avoid some irreversible losses. First, there is a prudential reason for avoiding irreversible loss in order to keep options open in the future in the face of uncertainty. Second, humans have reasons to care about the preservation of some goods, even beyond their own life. Third, present generations may have duties toward future generations to avoid some irreversible losses, though spelling out such theories of intergenerational ethics or justice is challenging. Finally, the chapter responds to the objection that, in a certain sense, all processes are irreversible and the notion therefore is empty. A sensible conception of irreversibility is offered that avoids this concern.
Human Rights and Intergenerational Ethics
Authors: Düwell Marcus 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Do future generations have (human) rights? A lot of philosophers have doubted that one can meaningfully ascribe “rights” to people who do not exist (yet) and whose existence depends on decisions current generations have to make. The human rights regime is, however, based on the assumption that all human beings have dignity. This entails the duty of human beings to ensure the necessary condition of future people to live an autonomous life. The chapter will deal with those questions in three steps. First, it will sketch what an ethics of human rights in an intergenerational perspective would look like. Second, it will discuss under which philosophical assumptions such an ethics is legitimate. Third, the chapter will briefly outline some implications of such an ethics of human rights.
For a Care-Based Intergenerational Ethic
Authors: Makoff Ruth , Read Rupert 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Discourses of distributive and procedural justice tend to distort the fundamental structure of intergenerational moral relationships: their constant becomingness and two of its central structural properties, commonly known as non-reciprocity and non-identity. These are two well-recognized fundamental issues in the literature. However, where addressed, these are not typically presented as centrally defining features of intergenerational relationships but are rather sidelined as “challenges” which any “theory” can “deal with.” The authors also suggest a motivation gap: that justice-based approaches further obscure the extent to which they already rely on an attitude of care toward recipients of justice. The authors set out how care-based metaphors are better placed to express this underlying motivational attitude and to more fully capture the structural features of intergenerational relationships. This is not to propose care ethics as an alternative theory to replace justice in intergenerational ethics. Rather, the authors advocate drawing on a different range of moral metaphors to guide ethical reflection on intergenerational cases, recognizing the limitations of the (currently dominant) justice metaphors, and giving more prominence to metaphors of care. The authors first provide a brief overview of care ethics and then outline possibilities for care metaphors that might be mobilized for intergenerational ethics. They finish by considering some challenges faced by a care-based approach and sketching ways such challenges might be answered.
The Emergence of Biblical Canons in Orthodox Christianity
Authors: McDonald Lee Martin 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the factors that led to the emergence of both Old Testament (OT) and New Testament (NT) canons in early Christianity. This begins with the recognition of the authority of Jesus, followed by the not-yet-formed Jewish scriptures largely from the Septuagint (LXX) and the emerging apostolic tradition. The limited evidence is derived from early church father citations, ancient canon lists, surviving biblical manuscripts, early translations, and local council decisions. Orthodox Christianity gave priority to the Hebrew scriptures in their OT canons, but welcomed for teaching and liturgical use the additional books in the LXX. Most OT/NT books were widely welcomed, but some books took longer.