bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Biological Flora:Ginkgo biloba
Authors: Lin Han‐Yang , Li Wen‐Hao , Lin Chen‐Feng , Wu Hao‐Ran , Zhao Yun‐Peng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis account presents information on all aspects of the biology ofGinkgo bilobaL. (Ginkgo, Maidenhair tree) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of theInternational Biological Flora: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, reproductive and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, conservation and global heterogeneity.Globally, Ginkgo survives a wide range of mean annual temperature (−3.3 to 23.3°C) and annual precipitation (34–3925 mm) conditions, according to a meta‐analysis. It prefers a warm, humid, open‐canopy and a well‐drained environment. The species shows strong tolerance to drought, freezing, fire, air pollution, heavy metals and low‐level salt, whereas it is intolerant to long‐time shade and waterlogging. Six Ginkgo trees even survived the atom bomb in Hiroshima, Japan, during World War II.Ginkgo is susceptible to few diseases. Those occurring in nursery seedlings and juvenile trees involve stem rot and leaf blight. The former is caused byMacrophomina phaseoli, which could lead to a mortality rate of 5%–12% (up to 31.8%) for seedlings. This disease can be mitigated by a 4‐h shading treatment and applying organic fertilisers. The pathogens inducing leaf blight includeAlternaria alternata,Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesandPestalotia ginkgo, which may infect 100% juvenile trees in some regions. The application of 45% carbendazim or 50% Tuzet can effectively prevent leaf blight.Ginkgo bilobais one of the world’s most distinctive trees with an important position in plant evolution and human society. It is a tall deciduous dioecious tree native to China. Refugial populations were identified in three glacial refugia located in eastern, southern and south‐western China, respectively, with a patchy distribution pattern and a small population size. It typically grows along flood‐disturbed streamsides in warm‐temperate deciduous (and evergreen mixed) broadleaved forests. Ginkgo may have been introduced repeatedly out of China since the sixth century. It has been planted as a landscape tree world‐wide, except in Antarctica. Ginkgo is also of great value for edible nuts, herbal medicine, religion and art. It is a natural and cultural symbol of China.
Evidence of local adaptation in litter flammability of a widespread fire‐adaptive pine
Authors: Kane Jeffrey M. , Gallagher Michael R. , Varner J. Morgan , Skowronski Nicholas S. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFire is a strong ecological and evolutionary driver of plant species and terrestrial ecosystem dynamics. Numerous studies have shown that plant species vary widely in their flammability and associated traits that coincide with clear strategies of persistence in fire‐prone ecosystems. Yet, intraspecific variation and phenotypic plasticity in plant flammability has received substantially less attention. Some evidence has demonstrated high plasticity in flammability among populations in species adapted to low‐frequency, high severity fire regimes which suggests the capacity of local adaptation; however, intraspecific variability of species in high‐frequency, low severity fire regimes has not been conducted. Given that frequent fire‐adaptive species tend to produce fast‐flammable litter that is associated with survival following fire, we hypothesized that these species would have highly conserved leaf traits with low variation in litter flammability.We used an existing common garden study to test our hypothesis inPinus rigida(pitch pine) with source populations that span most of its distribution in eastern North America. We examined both phenotypic and genotypic variation as well as phenotypic plasticity (relative distance plasticity index) inP. rigidaleaf traits and litter flammability among populations grown in situ (population) and the same populations grown in a common garden or provenance study (provenance).Phenotypic and genotypic variation in fuel traits and litter flammability differed among source locations. Phenotypic plasticity in litter flammability among source locations were associated with fuel trait plasticity and biogeographic factors. Populations located in warmer and drier climates with presumably more frequent historical fire regimes were associated with greater plasticity in physical litter traits and their resulting flammability.Synthesis. Our study demonstrates the utility of common garden experiments to examine intraspecific variation and phenotypic plasticity in litter flammability. Our results indicate that litter flammability inPinus rigidahas the capacity for local adaptation. We hypothesize that intraspecific variation in plant flammability provides ecologically and evolutionary relevant information and that other frequent fire‐adaptive species will similarly demonstrate local adaptation in plant flammability.
New food safety challenges of viral contamination from a global perspective: Conventional, emerging, and novel methods of viral control
Authors: Ezzatpanah Hamid , Gómez‐López Vicente M. , Koutchma Tatiana , Lavafpour Farnoush , Moerman Frank , Mohammadi Mohammad , Raheem Dele 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFood‐ and waterborne viruses, such as human norovirus, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis E virus, rotaviruses, astroviruses, adenoviruses, and enteroviruses, are major contributors to all foodborne illnesses. Their small size, structure, and ability to clump and attach to inanimate surfaces make viruses challenging to reduce or eliminate, especially in the presence of inorganic or organic soils. Besides traditional wet and dry methods of disinfection using chemicals and heat, emerging physical nonthermal decontamination techniques (irradiation, ultraviolet, pulsed light, high hydrostatic pressure, cold atmospheric plasma, and pulsed electric field), novel virucidal surfaces, and bioactive compounds are examined for their potential to inactivate viruses on the surfaces of foods or food contact surfaces (tools, equipment, hands, etc.). Every disinfection technique is discussed based on its efficiency against viruses, specific advantages and disadvantages, and limitations. Structure, genomic organization, and molecular biology of different virus strains are reviewed, as they are key in determining these techniques effectiveness in controlling all or specific foodborne viruses. Selecting suitable viral decontamination techniques requires that their antiviral mechanism of action and ability to reduce virus infectivity must be taken into consideration. Furthermore, details about critical treatments parameters essential to control foodborne viruses in a food production environment are discussed, as they are also determinative in defining best disinfection and hygiene practices preventing viral infection after consuming a food product.
Effect of drying methods on Lactobacillus Rhamnosus GG microcapsules prepared using the complex coacervation method
Authors: Bi Huimin , Xu Yuqiao , Fan Fangyu , Sun Xue 
Published: February 2022

AbstractLactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) microcapsules prepared using the complex coacervation method were dried through spray and vacuum freeze drying. Physical properties, resistance to simulated gastrointestinal and bile salt conditions, and the stability of the LGG microcapsules during storage and heat treatment were estimated. Spray and vacuum freeze drying are suitable for LGG microcapsule preparation because of lower than 2.80% of the water content, and higher than 93.21% of the encapsulation efficiency. Under the simulated gastrointestinal condition, the survival rates of two kinds of microencapsulated LGG were over 96%. At 0.6% bile salt concentration, the survival rate of microencapsulated LGG subjected to spray drying was 110.89% higher than that of LGG subjected to vacuum freeze drying. In addition, the stability of the former was better than that of the latter during storage under low water activity condition (0.11). However, under high water activity condition (0.75), the two showed opposite results. The two kinds of microencapsulated LGG were completely inactivated after 4 weeks in 0.75 of water activity. The survival counts of microencapsulated LGG had no significant difference at −18°C after 8 weeks. After 8 weeks at 25°C and 4°C, the survival loss of microencapsulated LGG through drying and vacuum freeze drying was approximately 2 and 1 log CFU/g, respectively.Practical ApplicationLGG is a kind of microorganism beneficial to the human body, but it is easy to inactivate and lose its physiological value. LGG microcapsules can improve the stability of LGG, prolong the release time, and expand its application range. The drying method will affect the properties of LGG microcapsules. So, the characteristics analysis of LGG microcapsules with different drying methods can provide a reference for the preparation and application of LGG microcapsules.
Improved molecular softness of tadalafil hapten enhancing antibody performance in immunoassay: Evidence from computational chemistry
Authors: Yang Jin‐Yi , Xie Mei‐Chan , Tan Xue‐Cai , Tian Yuan‐Xin , Wang Hong , Xu Zhen‐Lin , Yuan Ting‐Ting , Xiao Yi‐Mei , Shen Yu‐Dong 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe tadalafil‐like compounds have appeared recently as adulterants in drinks and healthcare dietary supplements sourced from medicinal and edible food, which may cause illness and even death. In this work, the rationality of haptens was explored by computational chemistry and molecular simulation theories such as frontier molecular orbital (FMO)‐based softness (S), three‐dimensional (3D) structure, surface electrostatic potential (ESP), and lipophilic potential (LP). An antiserum from hapten H5 with the highest softness and maintaining the appropriate three‐dimensional (3D) structure showed the optimal immunoassay performance, indicating an increasing softness was a critical factor for effective hapten. Based on the antibody induced by hapten H5, an indirect competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) method for detecting multiple tadalafil‐like adulterants was established. The icELISA showed a limit of detection (LOD), 50% inhibition concentration (IC50), and a working range of 0.004–0.396, 0.89–4.27, and 0.094–16.71 ng/ml for tadalafil, amino tadalafil, acetamino tadalafil, nortadalafil, and N‐desmethyl ent‐tadalafil, respectively. The spiked recoveries of tadalafil‐like adulterants in samples ranged from 84.9% to 116.2%. The results of the icELISA and HPLC‐MS/MS methods had a good correlation for real samples with the R2 of 0.9955. Specially, this work not only provided a convenient immunoassay method for measuring tadalafil‐like adulterants in spirit drinks and dietary supplements in group‐screening manner, but also suggested that softness was likely to be a general theory for rational hapten design.Practical ApplicationRapid monitoring of tadalafil‐like adulterants in food samples is very necessary and important for consumers, regulatory agencies, and the food industry.
Genomic insights into the evolution of the critically endangered soft‐shelled turtle Rafetus swinhoei
Authors: Ren Yandong , Zhang Qiang , Yan Xiahui , Hou Dongmin , Huang Huiwen , Li Chunhui , Rao Dingqi , Li Yongxin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe 2019 death of the female Swinhoes soft‐shelled turtle (Rafetus swinhoei) individual in China put this species in a dire conservation state. To avoid the loss of genetic information from the female individual and facilitate the protection and preservation of R. swinhoei, we sequenced and assembled its draft chromosome‐level genome by combining BGISEQ short reads, Nanopore long reads, and Hi‐C sequencing reads. We characterized its potential ZZ/ZW sex determination system. Phylogeny and divergence time analyses indicated that R. swinhoei has a close relationship with Pelodiscus sinensis, and they shared a common ancestor ~54.4 Ma. Population history analyses indicated that R. swinhoei has the lowest heterozygosity among all turtles examined, and its population size has declined dramatically over the past 10 million years. Many core genes involved in autophagy and DNA damage response, such as Rab5a and Parp1, were under positive selection and/or evolving rapidly, and these genes may make important contributions to the long lifespan and evolutionary adaptation of R. swinhoei. The loss of several tooth‐related genes in turtle genomes explains the genetic basis of their toothless phenotype. This study not only provides a genomic resource for scientists to study the species using the strategy of comparative genomics, but also provides a data basis for us to find more potential R. swinhoei individuals in the wild.
Reciprocal associations between implicit attitudes and drinking in emerging adulthood
Authors: Paige Katie J. , Weigard Alexander , Colder Craig R. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundImplicit alcohol attitudes are considered important in the etiology of drinking, and theory posits reciprocal associations between them. Research testing reciprocal associations between implicit attitudes (using the Implicit Association Task, IAT) and drinking is limited by a failure to consider multiple processes influencing performance on the IAT and to disaggregate within‐ and between‐person effects. The current study addressed these limitations by using a diffusion model to analyze IAT data and Latent Curve Models with Structured Residuals to test reciprocal associations.MethodsThe sample included 314 emerging adults from the community (52% female; predominantly non‐Hispanic Caucasian (76%) or African American (15%)) assessed annually for three years. Differences between IAT conditions in the drift rate parameter of the EZ‐diffusion model (vΔ) were used as an alternative to traditional response‐time‐based indices from the IAT (d‐scores). Differences in drift rate have been found to index implicit attitudes effectively.ResultsWithin‐person reciprocal associations were supported, but between‐person associations were not. Positive implicit alcohol attitudes (vΔ) were prospectively associated with heavy drinking, which was positively associated with subsequent positive implicit alcohol attitudes.ConclusionsWe found that positive implicit alcohol attitudes and heavy drinking reinforce each other in a negative cascade within individuals. The results highlight the importance of disaggregating within‐ and between‐person prospective effects when testing dual process models and suggest that the diffusion model may be a fruitful approach to enhance the construct validity of IAT assessed implicit attitudes.
Educational attainment and mortality in schizophrenia
Authors: Tesli Martin , Degerud Eirik , Plana‐Ripoll Oleguer , Gustavson Kristin , Torvik Fartein Ask , Ystrom Eivind , Ask Helga , Tesli Natalia , Høye Anne , Stoltenberg Camilla , Reichborn‐Kjennerud Ted , Nesvåg Ragnar , Næss Øyvind 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals suffering from schizophrenia have a reduced life expectancy with cardiovascular disease (CVD) as a major contributor. Low educational attainment is associated with schizophrenia, as well as with all‐cause and CVD mortality. However, it is unknown to what extent low educational attainment can explain the increased mortality in individuals with schizophrenia.AimHere, we quantify associations between educational attainment and all‐cause and CVD mortality in individuals with schizophrenia, and compare them with the corresponding associations in the general population.MethodAll Norwegian citizens born between January 1, 1925, and December 31, 1959, were followed up from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 2014. The total sample included 1,852,113 individuals, of which 6548 were registered with schizophrenia. We estimated hazard ratios (HR) for all‐cause and CVD mortality with Cox models, in addition to life years lost. Educational attainment for index persons and their parents were included in the models.ResultsIn the general population individuals with low educational attainment had higher risk of all‐cause (HR: 1.48 [95% CI: 1.47–1.49]) and CVD (HR: 1.59 [95% CI: 1.57–1.61]) mortality. In individuals with schizophrenia these estimates were substantially lower (all‐cause: HR: 1.13 [95% CI: 1.05–1.21] and CVD: HR: 1.12 [95% CI: 0.98–1.27]). Low educational attainment accounted for 3.28 (3.21–3.35) life years lost in males and 2.48 (2.42–2.55) years in females in the general population, but was not significantly associated with life years lost in individuals with schizophrenia. Results were similar for parental educational attainment.ConclusionsOur results indicate that while individuals with schizophrenia in general have lower educational attainment and higher mortality rates compared with the general population, the association between educational attainment and mortality is smaller in schizophrenia subjects than in the general population.
Impact of Investor Sentiment on Stock Returns*
Authors: Kim Youngkwang , Lee Kaun Y. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between investor sentiment and stock returns in two active but different Korean stock markets. Using daily KOSPI and KOSDAQ data, we construct an investor sentiment index that includes adjusted turnover rate, buy–sell imbalance, and relative strength index. We find that investor sentiment significantly affects stock returns, more so in the KOSDAQ with high individual participation. Company characteristics, including size and stock price, affect the relationship between investor sentiment and stock returns. Moreover, we introduce the relationship between mobile trading and investor sentiment, and demonstrate that mobile trading transforms irrational investors into informed, rational investors.
AllergoOncology: Danger signals in allergology and oncology: A European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) Position Paper
Authors: Bergmann Christoph , Poli Aurélie , Agache Ioana , Bianchini Rodolfo , Bax Heather J. , Castells Mariana , Crescioli Silvia , Dombrowicz David , Ferastraoaru Denisa , Fiebiger Edda , Gould Hannah J. , Hartmann Karin , Izquierdo Elena , Jordakieva Galateja , Josephs Debra H. , Jutel Marek , Levi‐Schaffer Francesca , de las Vecillas Leticia , Lotze Michael T. , Osborn Gabriel , Pascal Mariona , Redegeld Frank , Rosenstreich David , Roth‐Walter Franziska , Schmidt‐Weber Carsten , Shamji Mohamed , Steveling Esther H. , Turner Michelle C. , Untersmayr Eva , Jensen‐Jarolim Erika , Karagiannis Sophia N. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe immune system interacts with many nominal ‘danger’ signals, endogenous danger‐associated (DAMP), exogenous pathogen (PAMP) and allergen (AAMP)‐associated molecular patterns. The immune context under which these are received can promote or prevent immune activating or inflammatory mechanisms and may orchestrate diverse immune responses in allergy and cancer. Each can act either by favouring a respective pathology or by supporting the immune response to confer protective effects, depending on acuity or chronicity. In this Position Paper under the collective term danger signals or DAMPs, PAMPs and AAMPs, we consider their diverse roles in allergy and cancer and the connection between these in AllergoOncology. We focus on their interactions with different immune cells of the innate and adaptive immune system and how these promote immune responses with juxtaposing clinical outcomes in allergy and cancer. While danger signals present potential targets to overcome inflammatory responses in allergy, these may be reconsidered in relation to a history of allergy, chronic inflammation and autoimmunity linked to the risk of developing cancer, and with regard to clinical responses to anti‐cancer immune and targeted therapies. Cross‐disciplinary insights in AllergoOncology derived from dissecting clinical phenotypes of common danger signal pathways may improve allergy and cancer clinical outcomes.
The appendix‐mucosal immunity and tolerance in the gut: consequences for the syndromes of appendicitis and its epidemiology
Authors: de Costa Alan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe cause of appendicitis is unknown. A review is presented across diverse sources relating to the biology of the appendix and its perturbations. A mechanistic model of the function of the appendix is presented, and its application to the syndromes and consequences of appendicitis is described.
Acalabrutinib CYP3A‐mediated drug–drug interactions: Clinical evaluations and physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling to inform dose adjustment strategy
Authors: Chen Buyun , Zhou Diansong , Wei Hua , Yotvat Marmor , Zhou Li , Cheung Jean , Sarvaria Nicole , Lai Richard , Sharma Shringi , Vishwanathan Karthick , Ware Joseph 
Published: February 2022

AimsClinical drug interaction studies with itraconazole and rifampicin have demonstrated that acalabrutinib is a sensitive substrate of CYP3A. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed based on the data of these studies. One of the active CYP3A metabolites, ACP‐5862, was identified but never studied in a drug interaction scenario. This study aims to evaluate both parent and metabolite exposure change with coadministration of moderate CYP3A inhibitors and its impact on safety and efficacy.MethodsIn an open label, randomized, 2‐period study, we investigated the effect of coadministration of fluconazole or isavuconazole on the pharmacokinetics of acalabrutinib. Bruton tyrosine kinase receptor occupancy and safety were compared between different treatments. Experimental data were compared to PBPK simulation results.ResultsLeast square means of acalabrutinib maximum plasma concentration and area under the curve increased 1.37 (1.14–1.64) and 1.60 (1.45–1.77)‐fold in the presence of isavuconazole and 1.48 (1.10–1.98) and 2.16 (1.94–2.40)‐fold in the presence of fluconazole, respectively. For ACP‐5862, these values are 0.72 (0.63–0.82) and 0.91 (0.86–0.97) fold for isavuconazole and 0.65 (0.49–0.87) and 0.95 (0.91–0.99) fold for fluconazole coadministration. The PBPK model was able to recover acalabrutinib and ACP‐5862 PK profiles in the study. Bruton tyrosine kinase receptor occupancy change was minimal in the presence of isavuconazole. There were no deaths, serious adverse events (AEs), or subject discontinuation due to AEs in this study. Only mild (Grade 1) AEs were reported during the study, by 17% of the study population.ConclusionOur results demonstrate the impact of fluconazole and isavuconazole on the pharmacokinetics of acalabrutinib and ACP‐5862, and suggest that no dose adjustment is needed for concomitant administration with moderate CYP3A inhibitors. the current PBPK model can be used to propose dose adjustment for drug interactions via CYP3A.