bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spiro-configured dibenzosuberene compounds as deep-blue emitters for organic light-emitting diodes with a CIEy of 0.04
Authors: Brouillac Clément , Shen Wan-Shan , Rault-Berthelot Joëlle , Jeannin Olivier , Quinton Cassandre , Jiang Zuo-Quan , Poriel Cyril 
Published: May 2022

Deep blue electroluminescence is highly required for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology. We report, in this work, blue emitting fluorophores for OLED with low CIEy.
Compact expression of dyadic Green's function for homogeneous dielectric half‐space and its efficient double integral representation
Authors: Koh Il‐Suek 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe dyadic Green's function can be represented via spatial derivatives of two Sommerfeld integrals when an infinitesimal electric dipole and an observation point are located above an infinite planar dielectric interface. The two dielectric spaces are assumed to be homogeneous. Recently, new representations have been proposed for two Sommerfeld integrals and their complete uniform asymptotic expansions. The new formulation for the dyadic Green's function contains fourth‐order spatial derivatives, so its explicit expression is lengthy and not compact. Thus, a compact form of the dyadic Green's function was formulated by converting the fourth‐order spatial derivatives into second‐order ones. Based on the new representation, a numerically efficient double integral expression of Green's function was obtained and numerically verified. In addition, five components among nine total electric field components were analytically evaluated in terms of the incomplete Hankel function when the source and observation point both are on the interface.
Dietary Supplementation Before, During and After Pregnancy: Results of the Cluster-Randomized GeliS Study
Authors: Geyer Kristina , Günther Julia , Hoffmann Julia , Spies Monika , Raab Roxana , Zhelyazkova Ana , Rose Inga , Hauner Hans 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Introduction The nutritional status of women before, during, and after pregnancy plays an important role in the health of mother and child. In addition to a balanced mixed diet, the
increased need for folic acid and iodine should be met and ensured with supplements. The aim of this study was to assess dietary supplementation in the context of pregnancy and to
investigate the effect of targeted counselling on supplementation behavior during and after pregnancy.
Methods In the context of the “Gesund leben in der Schwangerschaft” (GeliS; “Healthy living in pregnancy”) trial, women in the intervention group (IG) received four structured
lifestyle counselling sessions during pregnancy as well as postpartum, during which they were informed about appropriate dietary supplementation. The women in the control group (CG) received
routine prenatal care. The intake of dietary supplements was recorded at different points using a questionnaire.
Results In total, 2099 women were included in the analysis. Prior to conception, 31.3% of the women in the IG and 31.4% of the women in the CG took folic acid supplements.
Prenatally, about half of the women took folic acid (IG: 54.1%; CG: 52.0%) and iodine (IG: 50.2%; CG: 48.2%). Statistically significant differences between the groups with regard to
supplementation behavior could not be observed, neither prior to inclusion in the study nor during the intervention. During pregnancy, 23.0% of all women took docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
supplements and 21.8% iron supplements. 49.4% of the women additionally took vitamin D supplements. A higher educational level (p < 0.001), advanced age (p < 0.001), primiparity
(p < 0.001), and a vegetarian diet (p = 0.037) were all associated with a higher level of dietary supplementation.
Conclusion The GeliS lifestyle counselling did not significantly improve the supplementation behavior of women during and after pregnancy. Women should be informed about adequate
dietary supplementation early on within the scope of gynecological prenatal care.
Fistula in Ano—A 2-Year Prevalence Study on North Indian Rural Population
Authors: Kapur Neeru , Kapur Rajiv , Varma Meghna , Batra Chakshu , Sharma Bharat Bhushan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPerianal fistula (PF) is a common inflammatory condition affecting the perianal region including the sphincter muscles, ischioanal fossae, and the perianal skin. It is notorious to recur and, as a result, causes significant morbidity in both urban and rural population. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized imaging in PFs as it provides excellent anatomical visualization of the fistulous tracts, their origin, course, number, chronicity, opening in the external and internal anal sphincter, length of sphincter, evidence of active disease and abscess formation along the tract. It is also very useful in presurgical mapping and reduce the chances of recurrence. Most of the studies done on PFs are based on the urban population. Rural population have a completely different lifestyle which makes them susceptible to various diseases, less prevalent in the urban population. Hence, the purpose of this article is to find the prevalence of different grades in North Indian rural region close to the NCR (National Capital Region). In the study including 98 patients, the maximum number of patients were classified into grade 1 and grade 4 by MRI according to St. James' University Hospital MRI classification. This is the second reported study on prevalence of different grades of PFs in rural population in India. The higher prevalence of grade 4 PFs in our study might be secondary to illiteracy, social stigma, poor hygiene, or higher recurrence rate. Closely understanding the difference in dynamics of urban and rural population, our goal of the study is to determine the prevalence of different grades of PFs in the rural population. We also aim to familiarize physicians, radiologists, and surgeons with the MRI evaluation and grading of PF to help in presurgical mapping and thus, reducing the chances of recurrence. We also recommend further studies to evaluate psycho-social factors as a barrier in seeking early medical care in rural population.
Effect of Whole-body [18F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-2-d-glucose Positron Emission Tomography in Patients with Suspected Brain Metastasis
Authors: Ora Manish , Soni Neetu , Nazar Aftab Hasan , Mehrotra Anant , Mishra Prabhakar , Gambhir Sanjay 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background and Purpose [18F]Fluoro-2-deoxy-2-d-glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has a promising role in the workup and management of carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP). We have evaluated the effect of whole-body FDG PET/CT in assessing the patients presented with suspected brain metastasis (CUP-BM) on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT).
Materials and Methods This retrospective study included FDG PET/CT of 50 patients (24 males, mean: 58 ± 12.2 years old) with a CUP-BM diagnosis based on MRI and CT imaging. The final diagnosis of primary brain neoplasm (BP) or brain metastases (BM) was based on FDG PET/CT findings and/or histopathology (HPE).
Results On FDG PET/CT, 52% (26/50) of patients did not have any systemic lesion apart from a brain lesion. Out of these, 50% (13/26) had HPE confirmation of primary brain neoplasm (BP). FDG PET/CT identified multiple systemic lesions apart from brain lesions in the remaining 48% (24/50) of patients. They were categorized as the brain metastases (BM) group. The primary lesions were located in the lungs (n = 20), kidneys (n = 1), prostate (n = 1), esophagus (n = 1), and tongue (n = 1).
Conclusion FDG PET/CT could suggest a diagnosis of BM based on the presence of systemic lesions. It also provides an easily accessible peripheral site for biopsy and systemic disease burden in a single scan. FDG PET/CT's up-front use in suspected CUP-BM on CT and/or MRI could differentiate the BM from BP in most cases and avoid brain biopsy in the BM group.
Pediatric Portal Hypertension: Etiology and Management
Authors: Shah Jay H. , Krndzija Harun , Hawkins C. Matthew 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPortal hypertension is a known cause of morbidity and mortality in children. With a paucity of data and no standardized algorithm for treatment, a comprehensive understanding of this disease process is necessary for pediatric interventional radiologists, hepatologists, and surgeons who collaborate to care for these patients. While associations can be drawn to adult disease, the specifics of pediatric portal hypertension necessitate a separate, multidisciplinary approach. This review provides a summary and update on the evaluation, management, and treatment of pediatric portal hypertension.
Advances in Management of Pancreatitis Related Portal Hypertension
Authors: Patel Ujas , Mingbunjerdsuk Thammasak , Gabr Ahmed M. , Mizrahi Meir , Salama Fady , Gabr Moamen 
Published: May 2022

AbstractExtrahepatic portal hypertension (EPH) is hypertension that occurs in the extrahepatic portal vasculature in the absence of liver cirrhosis. Portal hypertension (PHTN) is defined as a pressure gradient between the portal vein and hepatic vein/inferior vena cava (IVC) exceeding more than 5 mm Hg. PHTN is more commonly known as a manifestation of cirrhosis and the related elevation in hepatic to venous pressure gradient (HVPG); however, there are other extrahepatic etiologies to PHTN that are important for review. Per our literary review, EPH as a complication of pancreatitis has been known as a manifestation since at least the 1970s. Among the severities of pancreatitis, it occurs most commonly with acute necrotizing pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis. In this review, we plan to provide an understanding of mechanisms by which EPH occurs, discuss the treatments (e.g., anticoagulation, splenic artery embolization, and splenectomy) for the complications that result from prolonged EPH, and discuss the current endoscopic interventions available to counteract these complications.
Attitudes of national decision-makers towards differentiated integration in the European Union
Authors: Telle Stefan , Badulescu Claudia , Fernandes Daniel 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDifferentiated integration (DI) in the European Union (EU) has mainly been understood as variation in participation in common policies. But DI also has implications for the nature and functioning of the EU as a polity. While temporary DI may facilitate deeper integration, permanent DI is liable to increase transaction costs and fragmentation. However, little is known about how such alternatives are assessed by decision-makers in the member states. This article uses novel quantitative and qualitative data to shed light on this question. It looks at the explanatory role of various types of opt-outs and at member states’ dependence, capacity, and identity. We find that temporary and permanent differentiation are assessed differently in the member states but neither alternative is clearly preferred. Long-term involuntary opt-outs are related to negative assessments of both forms of DI. Surprisingly, voluntary opt-outs do not seem to lead to more positive assessments of DI. We also find that the temporary DI is preferred in smaller member states, while support for permanent DI is higher in larger member states. Finally, we find differences in the effects of dependency, capacity, and identity between older and newer member states.
Biogas fixed-bed upgrading through catalytic shift–methanation: A numerical investigation and experimental validation
Authors: Dong Xinxin , Pan Xiang , Luo Jianwei , Huang Yaji , Jin Baosheng 
Published: May 2022

The numerical investigation of simultaneous methanation and water gas shift reactions (shift–methanation) for biogas upgrading in a fixed-bed reactor is conducted in this work. The catalyst bed was represented as a porous media model, and the reaction kinetics were coupled with heat and mass transfer in the whole simulation process in order to visualize the composition change and temperature profile in the reactor. The effect of reaction temperature, H2/CO ratio of feed gas, and initial CH4 content on the process was separately investigated. It was found that the biogas upgrading with highest CO conversion and CH4 mole fraction could be realized under a reaction temperature of 630 K. Larger H2/CO and initial CH4 content was beneficial to the biogas upgrading process but, in the meantime, lead to a higher temperature rise in the catalyst bed zone. The mass fraction of each component showed uniformity in the radial direction but presented an axial gradient due to the isotropy of porous media, while the temperature profile displayed both radial and axial gradients, which were caused by the temperature difference between the catalyst bed and the reactor wall. The results of experimental validation were in good accordance with the expected ones via numerical simulation.
Hybrid integrated external cavity laser with a 172-nm tuning range
Authors: Guo Yuyao , Li Xinhang , Jin Minhui , Lu Liangjun , Xie Jingya , Chen Jianping , Zhou Linjie 
Published: May 2022

Chip-scale lasers with a wide tunable range and a narrow linewidth have rich applications in optical communications, sensing, and light detection and ranging systems. External cavity lasers (ECLs) have the advantage of a wide tuning range and a narrow linewidth compared with their counterparts such as distributed feedback lasers and distributed Bragg reflector lasers because the passive filter separated from the gain section can be widely tuned and the low-loss external cavity extends the photon lifetime. However, so far, the tuning range achieved by the chip-scale ECLs is in the range of 80–120 nm, smaller than that of the bulk free-space ECL (typically &gt;160 nm). The bottleneck in reaching an ultrabroad tuning range for chip-scale ECLs lies in the unsuppressed side modes of the external cavity. Here, we demonstrate a hybrid-integrated ECL consisting of a broadband III–V reflective semiconductor optical amplifier and a low-loss Si3N4 wavelength-selective reflector. A record 172-nm lasing wavelength tuning range together with a more than 40 dB side-mode suppression ratio is achieved beyond the free spectral range of the Vernier ring filter due to the enhanced lasing mode selection from a tunable Sagnac loop reflector. The Si3N4 platform enables a low-loss external cavity, facilitating laser linewidth reduction below 4 kHz over the full tuning range. The on-chip output power reaches 26.7 mW at a wavelength of 1550 nm.
Flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of two-phase flow in microchannels
Authors: Guo Lei , Zhang Shusheng , Hu Jing 
Published: May 2022

A set of experimental platforms with widths of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mm was established to explore the mechanism of flow boiling bubble dynamics in microchannels, focusing on heat transfer characteristics, pressure loss, and two-phase flow pattern identification. Bubble flow, restricted bubble flow, and dry area were observed in all four channels. The appearance of flow pattern was related to flow rate and channel width. Under the condition of the same channel width, the initial heat flux of subcooled boiling gradually increased with increase in flow rate, and this change trend was close to the linear trend. Under the same flow rate, the initial heat flux of subcooled boiling increased with decrease in channel width. This condition was due to the faster flow rate of the working medium in the narrow channel, resulting in decrease of heating time. The increase in bubble generation frequency directly led to the increase in the wall heat transfer coefficient and the decrease in the bubble separation diameter. Mathematical analysis showed that under the condition of small flow, reduction of channel size led to reduction of the total wall heat transfer coefficient. In this condition, reduction of channel size cannot enhance heat transfer. With increasing volume flow rate, the range of hydrodynamic control area increased and the index decreased. When the flow rate was large, the total heat transfer coefficient increased greatly with the decrease in channel size. The theoretical values were in good agreement with the experimental data.
Advanced inorganic chemistry laboratory curricula in Australian universities: investigating the major topics and approaches to learning
Authors: Bissember Alex C. , Connell Timothy U. , Fuller Rebecca O. , Pullen Reyne , Yeung Alexandra 
Published: May 2022

The teaching laboratory remains an important environment for developing undergraduate chemists, but the inherent diversity of inorganic chemistry results in less standardised undergraduate curricula than other sub-disciplines. This study surveys the content of advanced (third-year) inorganic chemistry across Australia and reviews experimental materials from 15 universities that offer inorganic laboratory programmes at this level. All institutions offer at least one traditional inorganic experiment, the most common being the preparation and acetylation of ferrocene, spectroscopy and magnetochemistry of nickel coordination compounds and palladium-catalysed cross-couplings. These inorganic classics are complemented by a breadth of non-traditional offerings that often align with institutional research strengths. Academic unit coordinators were also surveyed and their responses interpreted using ASELL (Advancing Science and Engineering through Laboratory Learning) tools. Advanced inorganic laboratory programmes were found to develop students’ practical and transferrable skills. Students generally receive guidance from teaching staff in all aspects of experimental work, including planning, development, analysis and communicating conclusions. Academic unit coordinators identified potential improvements that included diversifying student activities in the lab and how they are being assessed.
Is Malayo-Polynesian a primary branch of Austronesian?
Authors: Chen Victoria , Kuo Jonathan , Gallego Maria Kristina S. , Stead Isaac 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAn understudied morphosyntactic innovation, reanalysis of the Proto-Austronesian (PAn) stative intransitive prefix *ma- as a transitive affix, offers new insights into Austronesian higher-order subgrouping. Malayo-Polynesian is currently considered a primary branch of Austronesian, with no identifiably closer relationship with any linguistic subgroup in the homeland (Blust 1999,2009/2013;Ross 2005). However, the fact that it displays the same innovative use ofma-with Amis, Siraya, Kavalan and Basay-Trobiawan and shares the merger of PAn *C/t with this group suggests that Malayo-Polynesian and East Formosan may share a common origin – the subgroup that comprises the four languages noted above. This observation points to a revised subgrouping more consistent with a socio-historical picture where the out-of-Taiwan population descended from a seafaring community expanding to the Batanes and Luzon after having developed a seafaring tradition. It also aligns with recent findings in archaeology and genetics that (i) eastern Taiwan is the most likely starting point of Austronesian dispersal (Hung 2005,2008,2019;Bellwood 2017;Bellwood & Dizon 2008;Carson & Hung 2018) and (ii) that the Amis bear a significantly closer relationship with Austronesian communities outside Taiwan (Capelli et al. 2001;Trejaut et al. 2005;McColl et al. 2018;Pugach et al. 2021;Tätte et al. 2021). Future investigation of additional shared innovations between Malayo-Polynesian and East Formosan could shed further light on their interrelationships.
Self-sacrifice expressions in Persian
Authors: Allami Hamid , Eslamizadeh Ahmad Reza 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In spite of its prevalence in Iranian Persian-speaking communities, the issue of self-sacrifice expressions as a
culture-specific verbal behavior has remained almost ignored in the existing literature on speech acts. The current study is an
enquiry into the use of self-sacrifice expressions by Iranian Persian speakers in performing different speech acts such as
thanking, sympathizing, and expressing affection and love. Serving as a device of encoding emotion into speech, self-sacrifice
expressions have been found to be of variety in diction as well as variation in frequency across such social factors as age,
gender, and education level. The results indicate pragmalinguistic variations in the use of self-sacrifice expressions in terms of
social context, gender, age, and educational level. The tenets of this study are intended to be of insight into socio-cultural
aspects of self-sacrifice expressions in language use.
Light ray fluctuations in simplicial quantum gravity
Authors: Jia Ding 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
A non-perturbative study on the quantum fluctuations of light ray propagation through a quantum region of spacetime is long overdue. Within the theory of Lorentzian simplicial quantum gravity, we compute the probabilities for a test light ray to land at different locations after travelling through a symmetry-reduced box region in 2, 3 and 4 spacetime dimensions. It is found that for fixed boundary conditions, light ray fluctuations are generically large when all coupling constants are relatively small in absolute value. For fixed coupling constants, as the boundary size is decreased light ray fluctuations first increase and then decrease in a 2D theory with the cosmological constant, Einstein–Hilbert and R-squared terms. While in 3D and 4D theories with the cosmological constant and Einstein–Hilbert terms, as the boundary size is decreased light ray fluctuations just increase. Incidentally, when studying 2D quantum gravity we show that the global time-space duality with the cosmological constant and Einstein–Hilbert terms noted previously also holds when arbitrary even powers of the Ricci scalar are added. We close by discussing how light ray fluctuations can be used in obtaining the continuum limit of non-perturbative Lorentzian quantum gravity.
Chaotic photon orbits and shadows of a non-Kerr object described by the Hartle–Thorne spacetime
Authors: Kostaros K , Pappas G 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The data from the event horizon telescope have provided a novel view of the vicinity of the horizon of a black hole (BH), by imaging the region around the light-ring. They have also raised hopes for measuring in the near future, features of the image (or the shadow) related to higher order effects of photons travelling in these regions, such as the appearance of higher order bright rings produced by more than one windings of photons around the light-ring. While the prospect of measuring these fine features of Kerr BHs is very interesting in itself, there are some even more intriguing prospects for observing novel features of possible non-Kerr objects, in the case that the subjects of our images are not the BH solutions of general relativity. In the hope of sufficient resolution being available in the future, we explore in this work the structure and properties of null geodesics around a Hartle–Thorne (HT) spacetime that includes a deformation from the Kerr spacetime characterised by the quadrupole deformation δq. These spacetimes have been found to exhibit a bifurcation of the equatorial light-ring to two off-equatorial light-rings in a range of δqs and spin parameters. In addition to this, there is a range of parameters where both the equatorial and the off-equatorial light-rings are present. This results in the formation of a pocket that can trap photon orbits. We investigate the properties of these trapped orbits and find that chaotic behaviour emerges. Some of these chaotic orbits are additionally found to be ‘sticky’ and get trapped close to periodic orbits for long times. We also explore how these novel features affect the shadow and find that the off-equatorial light-rings produce distinctive features that deform its circular shape, while the chaotic behaviour associated to the pocket creates features with fractal structure. These results are shown to be quite general, extending to higher order HT spacetimes.