bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Midwives’ and registered nurses’ role and scope of practice in acute early pregnancy care services in Australia: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Freeman Nicole , Bradfield Zoe , Cheney Kate , Warland Jane 
Published: November 2022

Objective:
The objective of this review is to review and synthesize what is documented on the role and scope of practice of midwives and registered nurses working in acute early pregnancy care settings in Australia.

Introduction:
Women experiencing complications before 20 weeks of pregnancy may need to attend an acute care service, often a hospital emergency department. Midwives and registered nurses provide care for women with early pregnancy complications, and it is important that their role and scope of practice is documented. This review will explore the literature relating to acute early pregnancy care in Australia to better understand how midwives’ and registered nurses’ roles and scope are currently described in this setting.

Inclusion criteria:
Any literature that explores the role and scope of practice of midwives and registered nurses who care for women who present to acute care services in Australia with early pregnancy complications will be considered for inclusion in the review.

Methods:
A 3-step review process will involve a preliminary search of MEDLINE and ProQuest, followed by a more detailed search of a larger selection of databases, using identified keywords and phrases from the initial search. Reference lists of retrieved literature will then be examined for relevant citations. Literature in English will be considered, including relevant gray literature. Search results will be imported into reference and review support software. Data that align with the inclusion criteria will be organized into tabulated and narrative formats for presentation.

Details of this review project are available at:
Open Science Framework https://osf.io/5bnqz
Spatial Relationship of the Median Nerve and Transverse Carpal Ligament in Asymptomatic Hands
Authors: Jordan David , Zhang Hui , Li Zong-Ming 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The spacing between the median nerve and transverse carpal ligament (TCL) within the carpal tunnel can potentially affect the nerve morphology. This study aimed to quantify the spatial relationship between the median nerve and transverse carpal ligament in asymptomatic hands. Twelve subjects were recruited to image the carpal tunnel using robot-assisted ultrasound. The median nerve and TCL were segmented from each image and three-dimensionally reconstructed using kinematic information from the robot. The TCL-median nerve distance, nerve cross-sectional area, circularity, and position were measured along the entirety of the nerve length within the carpal tunnel. Results were averaged at every 5% of nerve length. At the nerve length percentages of 0% (distal), 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% (proximal), the TCL-median nerve distance (±SD) was 0.7 ± 0.4, 0.7 ± 0.2, 0.5 ± 0.2, 0.5 ± 0.2, and 0.6 ± 0.3 mm, respectively. The corresponding nerve cross-sectional area was 9.4 ± 1.9, 10.6 ± 2.6, 11.2 ± 2.1, 11.2 ± 1.7, and 9.7 ± 1.9 mm2. A one-way analysis of variance showed no significant differences between the respective percentages of nerve length for TCL-median nerve distance (p = 0.219) and cross-sectional area (p = 0.869). Significant (p &lt; 0.0001) but weak correlations were observed between the TCL-median nerve distance with cross-sectional area (r = −0.247) and circularity (r = −0.244). This study shows that the healthy median nerve morphology is consistent along the continuous nerve length within the carpal tunnel, supporting the use of 2D imaging in the evaluation of the healthy nerve.
A Tutorial on the Stability and Bifurcation Analysis of the Electromechanical Behaviour of Soft Materials
Authors: Yang Shengyou , Sharma Pradeep 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSoft materials, such as liquids, polymers, foams, gels, colloids, granular materials, and most soft biological materials, play an important role in our daily lives. From a mechanical viewpoint, soft materials can easily achieve large deformations due to their low elastic moduli; meanwhile, surface instabilities, including wrinkles, creases, folds, and ridges, among others, are often observed. In particular, soft dielectrics subject to electrical stimuli can achieve significantly large deformations that are often accompanied by instabilities. While instabilities are often thought to cause failures in the engineering context and carry a negative connotation, they can also be harnessed for various applications such as surface patterning, giant actuation strain, and energy harvesting. In the biological world, instability and bifurcation phenomena often precede important events such as endocytosis, and cell fusion, among others. Stability and bifurcation analysis (especially for soft materials) is challenging and often present a formidable barrier to entry in this important field. A multidisciplinary audience may lack the background in one or more areas that are needed to carry out the requisite modeling or even understand papers in the literature. Furthermore, combining electrostatics together with large deformations brings its own challenges. In this article, we provide a tutorial on the basics of stability and bifurcation analysis in the context of soft electromechanical materials. The aim of the article is to use simple examples and “gently” lead a reader, unfamiliar with either stability analysis or electrostatics of deformable media, to develop the ability to understand the pertinent literature that already exists and position them to embark on state-of-the-art research on this topic.
Investigation of the Influence of Alternative Spark Plug Electrode Material on Ignition Behavior
Authors: Tilz Anton , Gruber Manuel , Harrer Walter , Engelmayer Michael , Fimml Wolfgang , Klawitter Marc , Wimmer Andreas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Robust engine operation with long maintenance intervals and low emissions is the key to meeting future engine requirements. At the same time, engines should be environmentally friendly, resource-friendly, and cost-effective to produce and operate.
To meet these market requirements, a central component in engine development is the ignition system and in particular the spark plug.
To increase the maintenance intervals of internal combustion engines, it is necessary to increase spark plug lifetime by reducing spark plug wear. The electrode materials used to date are often expensive and rare, and their mining is not without controversy.
Successful use of alternative spark plug electrode materials which are available in large quantities, inexpensive, and more resistant to wear than existing materials with similar ignition behavior would advance engine development so it can meet further economic and environmental requirements.
To this end, ceramic spark plug electrodes were investigated to determine their spark and ignition behavior as well as their wear. These materials seem to be an interesting alternative to existing spark plug electrode materials.
This paper presents a spark plug with ceramic spark plug electrodes that achieves conditions similar to those of standard spark plugs in terms of secondary voltage trace and ignition behavior. Furthermore, it introduces a sophisticated method for scientific, cost-effective, and application-oriented development.
Finally, it provides a promising outlook for the ignition behavior and combustion performance of engines with this spark plug.
Influence of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on NOx Emissions of a Hydrogen Fueled Spark Ignition Engine
Authors: Söhnlein Sebastian Oswald , Judith Jörn Alexander , Taschek Marco , Hammer Moritz , Kettner Maurice 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is a common state of the art technology to reduce NOx emissions in internal combustion engines. Owing to the exponential dependency of NOx formation on temperature, the effect of EGR is to increase combustion duration and thus, to reduce the peak temperature in the combustion chamber. The variation of EGR rates has effects on the combustion process and NOx formation. Furthermore, according to the setup of the EGR system, the EGR supplied interferes with the air dynamics at the intake manifold affecting the delivery ratio, especially in a naturally aspirated combustion engine. Depending on the setup of the EGR line, it is possible to condense out a major amount of water, which effects the caloric mixture properties.
Hence, the scope of this paper is to identify the difference between two types of EGR setups by using a modified single cylinder gas engine fed with hydrogen. In this investigation, emissions and performance parameters are measured and compared for a wet EGR setup and a dry EGR setup. Using dried EGR the NOx emissions decrease with the increase of the EGR rate. The exhaust gas temperature and the efficiency are nearly constant with the increase of EGR rate. Using wet EGR the NOx emissions increase at low EGR rates and decrease at high EGR rates.
Experimental Study on Spark Assisted and Hot Surface Assisted Compression Ignition (SACI, HSACI) in a Naturally Aspirated Single-Cylinder Gas Engine
Authors: Judith Joern Alexander , Kettner Maurice , Schwarz Danny , Klaissle Markus , Koch Thomas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) promises low NOx emission and high efficiency, though showing a limited operating range and difficult-to-control combustion timing. In recent years, spark assisted compression ignition (SACI) was shown to be an efficacious technique to extend the operating range and to control combustion timing in HCCI engines within certain limits. As an alternative to spark assist, a hot surface ignition system (HSI) was demonstrated in a previous work to enable hot surface assisted compression ignition (HSACI) featuring similar combustion characteristics compared to SACI. The scope of this work is the comparison of both types of ignition assistance at various levels of dilution and intake temperatures with regard to the ability to control combustion timing, similarities in the course of combustion, the strength of the ignition systems and the susceptibility to cycle-by-cycle variations (CCV).
Engine trials were conducted at a single-cylinder test-bench under steady state conditions at a constant engine speed of 1400 1/min. The engine operated naturally aspirated under full load conditions using natural gas as the fuel and conditioned intake pressures in the range of 993–995 mbar. Experimental conditions cover relative air-fuel ratios (λ) in the range of λ = 2.1–3.1 and intake temperatures in between 140–170°C. The earliest applicable combustion timing was used as the target variable for the evaluation of the strength of the ignition systems.
Results show similar capabilities of SACI and HSACI to control combustion timing by means of spark timing in SACI and hot surface temperature in HSACI. Heat release analyses of individual combustion cycles at same crank angle timing of center of combustion (CA50) in SACI and HSACI show high agreement of the course of heat release and point out the similarity of both combustion processes. The evaluation of the strength of the ignition systems reveals that HSACI extends the lean limit by Δλ = 0.05–0.10 and the early ignition limit by ΔMinCA50 = 1.0–4.5°CA towards earlier CA50 depending on intake temperature and provided that ringing is not of concern. Comparison of CCV in HCCI, SACI and HSACI at given levels of CA50 show highest combustion stability for HCCI, followed by SACI. HSACI evinces highest CCV due to a larger variation in the start of combustion compared to HCCI and SACI.
Laminar Flame Speed Measurements of Primary Reference Fuels at Extreme Temperatures
Authors: Susa Adam J. , Zheng Lingzhi , Nygaard Zach D. , Ferris Alison M. , Hanson Ronald K. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Experimentally measured values of the laminar flame speed (SL) are reported for the primary reference fuels over a range of unburned-gas temperatures (Tu) spanning from room temperature to above 1,000 K, providing the highest-temperature SL measurements ever reported for gasoline-relevant fuels. Measurements were performed using expanding flames ignited within a shock tube and recorded using side-wall schlieren imaging. The recently introduced area-averaged linear curvature (AA-LC) model is used to extrapolate stretch-free flame speeds from the aspherical flames. High-temperature SL measurements are compared to values simulated using different kinetic mechanisms and are used to assess three functional forms of empirical SL–Tu relationships: the ubiquitous power-law model, an exponential relation, and a non-Arrhenius form. This work demonstrates the significantly enhanced capability of the shock-tube flame speed method to provide engine-relevant SL measurements with the potential to meaningfully improve accuracy and reduce uncertainty of kinetic mechanisms when used to predict global combustion behaviors most relevant to practical engine applications.
An Experimental Study on the Performance and Durability of Nanostructured Spark Plugs
Authors: Nasim Md Nayer , Nawaz Behlol , Dyakov Oliver A. , Mack J. Hunter 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Lean-burn spark ignition engines can reduce emissions, increase efficiencies, and mitigate knocking conditions. Several factors can affect the lean flammability limit of natural gas engines, including the fuel composition, temperature, pressure, and spark characteristics. It has recently been shown that spark plugs with a nanostructured central electrode, treated using pulsed laser irradiation and effectively increasing the surface area, extend the lean flammability limit (LFL) of methane/air mixtures in a constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC). In this study, the effect of varying levels of surface modifications is experimentally examined for two different power configurations of femtosecond laser. These spark plugs are tested by igniting methane/air mixtures at different equivalence ratios in a CVCC coupled with high-speed Z-type Schlieren visualization. The durability of the nanostructures on the electrode surfaces is tested by repeating the evaluations after 6,000, 66,000 and 666,000 spark events. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images at different magnification rates and the root mean square (RMS) surface roughness derived from optical profilometry are used to examine the degradation of the electrode surfaces. The results point towards the existence of an optimized value of surface roughness in terms of the LFL (phi = 0.55 for 5.89 μm and phi = 0.58 for 13.68 μm). Performance degradation was particularly pronounced for electrodes with a high level of initial surface roughness (13.68 μm) whereas the electrode with a lower initial surface roughness (5.89 μm) held a superior LFL (phi = 0.57) compared to the standard spark plug (phi = 0.61) even after going through 666,000 sparks.
Particle Deposition Characteristics of Supercritical CO2 in a 90° Bend
Authors: Mao Shang , Zhou Tao , Liu Wenbin , Xue Chunhui , Jiang Yi 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
90° bends are widely used in industrial tubes such as supercritical CO2 reactors, which inevitably generate some particle matters during the operation of supercritical CO2 reactors. The particle deposition characteristics in the 90° bend is simulated based on the DPM (Discrete phase model) model. The results show that when the fluid enters the bend, the pressure of the outer wall increases and the pressure of the inner wall decreases due to the centrifugal effect, forming a secondary flow between the inner and outer walls, and forming an obvious low velocity region in the inner wall. As the particle size increases, the deposition rate gradually increases, reaching a maximum at a particle size of 60 μm. Increasing the inlet flow rate first results in a sharp increase in the deposition rate and then a slow increase. The deposition rate is significantly increases with the increasing of wall heat flux due to the thermophoresis effect. The conclusions of this paper can provide reference for the deposition motion characteristics of fine particles in supercritical CO2.
CFD Uncertainty Analysis of Once-Through Steam Generator
Authors: Feng Han , Zhou Youxin , Hu Yousen , Wang Naihua , Zhu Xixi 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
As key nuclear equipment, once-through steam generator (OTSG) can guarantee the safe operation of nuclear power plants. The accurate calculation of the OTSG’s pressure drop is particularly critical to the design of the nuclear power plant primary circuit. When using CFD to calculate the OTSG’s pressure drop, the inlet pressure, the inlet temperature and the inlet flow rate as input parameters are measured. Measurement errors will cause uncertainty. The uncertainty of these input parameters will be transmitted in the CFD calculation, resulting in the uncertainty of the OTSG’s pressure drop. Therefore, how to analyze the uncertainty of the OTSG’s pressure drop in the CFD calculation process is particularly important.
In this paper, a three-dimensional CFD model of OTSG is established. And the uncertainty of OTSG’s pressure drop is analyzed by polynomial chaos expansions (PCE). This paper mainly quantifies the influence of the uncertainty of boundary conditions and turbulence model parameters on the OTSG’s pressure drop. Therefore, the risk of OTSG operation caused by uncertain factors is reduced. The results show that the uncertainty of the OTSG’s pressure drop due to the boundary conditions is 2842 Pa, and the most influential input parameter is inlet flow rate, which accounts for 96.8%. The uncertainty caused by turbulence model parameters is 202 Pa.
Development of Evaluation Method of Gas Entrainment on the Free Surface in the Reactor Vessel in Pool-Type Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors -Gas Entrainment Judgment Based on Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Vortex Center Line and Distribution of Pressure Decrease
Authors: Matsushita Kentarou , Ezure Toshiki , Imai Yasutomo , Fujisaki Tatsuya , Tanaka Masaaki 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In a sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR), cover gas entrainment (GE) by vortices generated at the free surface in the upper plenum of the reactor vessel is one of the significant issues in the safety design and the development of an evaluation method for GE is required. A GE evaluation method using numerical results of three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis has been developed for loop-type SFRs in Japan Atomic Energy Agency, and an evaluation tool using this method, named StreamViewer, has been developed. However, the current evaluation model employed in the StreamViewer gives conservative results to keep safety margins in conventional design basis. In this study, the modification of the evaluation method of the StreamViewer to rationalize the conservativeness in the evaluation results was examined by identifying the vortex center lines and limiting the evaluation area to the vicinity of the suction port, and calculating the three-dimensional distribution of pressure decrease along the vortex center lines. The applicability of the modified method was checked using a water experimental result in a rectangular open channel in which unsteady vortices are generated. As the result, it was indicated that the evaluation results on gas core depth which were excessive in the current method were improved in the modified method, and it is confirmed that the modified method has a potential to discriminate the onset of GE with the appropriate criteria.
Measurement of Gas-Liquid Interfacial Area Concentration and Its Effect on Aerosol Behavior in Pool Scrubbing
Authors: Kadoma Sasuke , Fujiwara Kota , Yoshida Kohei , Kaneko Akiko 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Pool scrubbing is one of the severe accidents (SA) countermeasures in nuclear power plants. In pool scrubbing, gas containing Fission Products (FPs) generated in the reactor during SA is passed through the pool water in the suppression chamber to move FPs into the pool water and prevent them from being released into the surrounding environment. Since FPs have a significant negative effect on the surrounding environment, it is important to predict and evaluate how much FPs will be removed by pool scrubbing.
Currently, SA analysis codes such as MELCOR are used to evaluate FPs removal in pool scrubbing. However, the removal mechanism is not fully understood because the phenomena occurring in pool scrubbing are very complicated. It has been shown that parameters such as pool water depth and FPs size affect FPs removal rate (DF: Decontamination Factor), but there have been few experimental evaluations of the interrelationship between two-phase flow behavior and FPs removal.
Therefore, we focus on the gas-liquid interfacial area, which is one of the most important parameters in FPs transport between gas and liquid and in two-phase flow behavior, and the aim of our study is development of gas-liquid interfacial area concentration using a Wire Mesh Sensor (WMS) and clarification of relationship with DF. First, the void fraction of two-phase flow was measured using WMS, and the bubble interfaces were reconstructed to estimate the interfacial area concentration. The interfacial area concentration diffused to the surrounding as the relative distance from the nozzle increased as well as the void fraction. The overall interfacial area concentration increased with increasing the flow rate and the relative distance from the nozzle. Moreover, the results of DF measurements were compared with those of flow parameters. It was found that there was an inverse trend between the two parameters, indicating that it is necessary to consider not only the above flow parameters but also FPs transport between gas and liquid and decontamination by unsteady behavior of bubbles such as bubble breakup.
Effect of Surface Treatment on the Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steels in High-Temperature Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Liu Zhu , Su Haozhan , Long Jiachen , Cong Shuo , Chen Kai , Guo Xianglong , Zhang Lefu 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The corrosion behavior of two stainless steels (310S and alumina-formed 310S) treated by different surface treatment methods (polishing or grinding) has been investigated after exposed to high-temperature supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) at 650°C / 20 MPa. The microstructure and microchemistry of materials have been analyzed and compared before and after exposure. The results show that polishing deteriorates the corrosion resistance, while grinding enhances the anti-oxidation and anti-carburization capability of materials. Thick and unprotective Fe-rich oxides are formed on the polished 310S and alumina-formed 310S, which leads to the poor carburization resistance. Much thinner oxides and shallower carburization depths can be observed on the materials treated by grinding. Continuous Cr-rich oxide is formed on the grinded 310S, while outer Cr-rich and inner Al-rich oxides are formed on the grinded alumina-formed 310S. Grinding deforms the surface region of materials. An outer ultra-fine grain layer and an inner highly deformed grain layer are located at the surface, which own fast diffusion paths and enhance the element diffusion rates (especially Cr and Al). This leads to the transition from the formation of unprotective Fe-rich oxide layers to the protective Cr-rich or Al-rich oxide layers, which not only hinders further oxidation of the matrix, but also reduces the carbon permeation. Improved oxidation and carburization resistance therefore occurs on the materials treated by grinding after exposed to high temperature sCO2 environment.