bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ionic Liquid Promoted Regio‐Selective Synthesis of 2‐Methyl amino‐3‐Nitro‐pyrano[3,2‐c]chromen‐5‐ones
Authors: Katariya Ashishkumar P. , Gaikwad Pravinkumar B. , Kadam Gajanan G. , Katariya Maya V. , Deshmukh Satish U. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAn efficient, and simple protocol for the synthesis of extremely functionalized pyrano[3,2‐c]chromen‐5‐ones (4 a–v) has been developed. One‐pot multicomponent cyclo‐condensation of 4‐hydroxycoumarin, aromatic‐aldehydes, and (E)‐N‐methyl‐1‐(methylthio)‐2‐nitroethenamine (NMSM) catalyzed by ionic liquid [(EMIM)Ac] in two different methods as methanolic mediated and at solvent free condition is described which presumably involve the Knoevenagel reaction succeeding Michael‐addition and O‐cyclization with elimination of methanethiol. The noteworthy features of this protocol are use of ionic liquid as catalyst, good to excellent yield, optimum reaction time with easy experimental procedure. The prepared derivatives were characterized by IR, 1HNMR,13CNMR and HRMS spectroscopic techniques.
Anomaly of Pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole Synthesis towards Pyrazolyl‐aryl‐methyl‐malononitrile Derivatives and Their Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Mokariya Jaydeep A. , Rajani Dhanji P. , Patel Manish P. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractOur attempt to prepare pyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole derivatives from 2‐methyl‐5‐propyl‐1,2‐dihydro‐pyrazolone, malononitrile and benzaldehyde rather lead to the formation of pyrazolyl‐aryl‐methyl‐malononitrile derivatives. Fascinating by this opportunity to branch out the synthesis of substituted pyrazolone derivatives using an efficient multicomponent synthetic approach for pyrazolyl‐aryl‐methyl‐malononitrile derivatives. The synthesis was accelerated using guanidine carbonate as a catalyst in the water reaction medium. The rection has blossomed with the green aspects of synthesis such as organocatalyst, water as reaction medium and ambient temperature providing clean product in higher yield. The synthesized derivatives have been screened for anti‐microbial activity. Compounds 4 c and 4 n showed excellent activity. Six compounds were found to be much effective against the Staphylococcus aureus bacterial strain. The molecular docking study of 4 n showed a high binding affinity with the receptor. Collectively, our study provides eco‐friendly synthesis towards pyrazolyl‐aryl‐methyl‐malononitrile derivatives and we evaluated them as a new class of anti‐microbial compounds.
Mapping the Progress in Natural Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: Materials, Parameters and Durability
Authors: Alim Md. Abdul , Repon Md. Reazuddin , Islam Tarikul , Mishfa Kaniz Fatima , Jalil Mohammad Abdul , Aljabri Mahmood D. , Rahman Mohammed M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe rapid growth of the population severely influences the supply of energy, accordingly ensuring clean energy has become a big challenge now and will be in the future. Fossil fuels have been satisfying the energy demand until now, but fossil fuels, being non‐renewable sources, will not be able to satisfy the energy demand in the future and will have a negative impact on the environment. Renewable energy sources have become the most demanding topic for researchers in this crisis. The solar cell, which is an abundant renewable energy resource, converts solar power into electrical energy without any environmental damage. Silicon solar cells have higher efficiency, but their high manufacturing cost, complicated procedures and environmental issues restrict their usage. Then dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been introduced as an alternative to silicon solar cells. In DSSC, both natural and synthetic dyes are used. Though synthetic dyes provide higher efficiency, they are environmentally harmful. Afterward, the concept of natural dye‐sensitized solar cells (NDSSC) have been materialized where only natural dyes are used. Researchers and environmentalists are looking for natural dyes as a replacement for synthetic dyes in recent times, as natural dyes are plentiful, can be collected naturally and have no environmental effects. Natural dyes in the form of anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids, chlorophylls, tannins and betalains are extracted from various portions of plants that include leaves, roots, flowers, fruits, seeds, barks, etc. In this review, we investigate natural sources of dyes, natural sensitizers (dyes), shortcomings and remedies, improvements in efficiency and stability, developments, and commercialization. In addition, recent advances and the comparison of natural and synthetic dyes have been discussed in this review.
Towards a new approach to job‐related distress: A three‐sample study of the Occupational Depression Inventory
Authors: Bianchi Renzo , Verkuilen Jay , Sowden James F. , Schonfeld Irvin Sam 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe Occupational Depression Inventory (ODI) was recently developed to assess depressive symptoms that individuals specifically attribute to their work. One purpose of the ODI is to respond to limitations of current assessments of job‐related distress, most notably, assessments relying on the burnout construct. In this study, we conducted a thorough examination of the psychometric and structural properties of the ODI using exploratory structural equation modelling bifactor analysis and Mokken scale analysis. The study involved three samples of employed individuals, recruited in France (N = 3454), Switzerland (N = 1971), and Australia (N = 1485). Results were consistent across the three samples. The ODI exhibited essential unidimensionality and excellent total‐score reliability―as indexed by McDonald's omega, Cronbach's alpha, Guttman's lambda‐2, and the Molenaar‐Sijtsma statistic. We found evidence for measurement invariance across sexes, age groups, and samples. Mokken scale analysis revealed that the ODI's scalability was strong. No monotonicity violation was detected. Invariant item ordering showed sufficient accuracy. In all three samples, suicidal ideation was the least commonly endorsed item―thus acting as a sentinel item―and fatigue/loss of energy was the most commonly endorsed item. The ODI exhibits excellent psychometric and structural properties, suggesting that occupational health specialists can effectively employ the instrument.
The oldest Euphasmatodea (Insecta, Phasmatodea): modern morphology in an Early Cretaceous stick insect fossil from the Crato Formation of Brazil
Authors: Ghirotto Victor M. , Crispino Edgar B. , Chiquetto‐Machado Pedro I. , Neves Pedro A. B. A. , Engelking Phillip W. , Ribeiro Guilherme C. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractStick insects (Phasmatodea) are herbivorous, mostly nocturnal insects known for their camouflage specialization, constituting a moderately diverse group with around 3400 extant described species. The overall poor and often confusing fossil record of Phasmatodea, especially regarding older taxa, has muddled the knowledge of the early evolution of the lineage and hindered reliable calibration points for ordinal‐level phylogenies. The phylogenetic relationships within the order remain unresolved, but recent research sheds more light on the subject. Here we report on the oldest known fossil of Euphasmatodea, by revising the taxonomic identity of one fossil species (Eoproscopia reliquum Mendes, Vasconcelos & Oliveira) previously described as a stick grasshopper (family Proscopiidae). Based on the finding of a more complete specimen the taxon is redescribed and a new genus, Araripephasma, is erected to accommodate this species in Euphasmatodea. Araripephasma reliquum comb. nov. is a remarkably modern‐looking stick insect species that provides a new minimum age for Euphasmatodea and sets a good and reliable calibration point for phylogenetic and evolutionary studies. The implications of this rare finding for the evolutionary history of Phasmatodea are discussed.
Spatial characteristics of stray current corrosion of reinforcing bars in pseudo concrete
Authors: Peng Yizhan , Wang Zhao , Gong Fuyuan , Zhao Yuxi , Meng Tao , Jin Weiliang , Maekawa Koichi 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper focuses on the spatial characteristics of reinforcing‐bars corrosion under stray current. In the study, a corrosion experiment using a specimen with three steel bars embedded in pseudo concrete was carried out, the distribution of corrosion was obtained by three‐dimensional scanning. Further, a numerical model with the same dimension of the specimen was simulated to explain experimental results. The distribution of electric field driven by stray current was discussed in detail. Results show that by observation through the transparent matrix and by three‐dimensional scanning, the distribution of corrosion could be estimated qualitatively and quantitatively. Additionally, the spatial characteristics of corrosion state under stray current could be realized by the numerical simulation which combines polarization reaction with an extra stray current field. The stray current field around reinforcing bars was uneven in the cross‐sectional plane, leading to the difference of corrosion rate, which reflects the strong positive correlation between the field and corrosion rate.
Dynamic analysis and optimization of a wind turbine tower subject to wind and earthquake loads
Authors: Zhu Hao , Li Deyu , Xu Jun 
Published: June 2022

SummaryA dynamic model of a wind turbine tower is established to investigate its dynamic responses under wind and earthquake loads. Then a generalized global spatial discretization method is used to solve the problem. Modal analysis of the wind turbine tower is conducted using the dynamic model and the results are verified by shell models and beam models established in the commercial FE software ANSYS and LS‐DYNA. Transient vibration displacements, as well as normal and shear stress distributions of the wind turbine tower subject to different levels of pulsing wind loads, are calculated based on the dynamic model. Quasi‐static motion and transient motion assumptions are applied to evaluate the strengths of the tower, respectively. Influences of different earthquake ground motions on vibration amplitudes of the tower top are examined. Then, a hybrid mutation particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to perform design optimization on the tower body thickness for vibration reduction with its weights and strength being constrained. The penalty function strategy is used to deal with the constraints on body weight and stress level. Results demonstrate that the comprehensive performances of the wind turbine tower especially the tower top vibration have been greatly reduced after optimization.
Nationalism, Internationalism and the Sciences in the Long Nineteenth Century
Authors: Schappacher Norbert 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis book is about Science International, and what it meant for mathematics over the past two centuries. The emergence of the particular kind of Science International at work in the twentieth century hinges on the concept of Nation States, i.e., states which claim to be political and cultural units at the same time. Science International thus originated from European, especially continental European developments in the nineteenth century.
Forced Migration and World War II
Authors: Schappacher Norbert 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn Section 1.4, I summarized the situation before 1914 like this: “In the last three decades before World War I, attention to national distinctions and feelings of national pride or imperial supremacy were extremely common, but by and large they peacefully coexisted—if I may put it like this—with increasing contact and collaboration among scientists from different empires or countries.”
Sino-Russian Scientific Cooperation in the Arctic: From Deep Sea to Deep Space
Authors: Jüris Frank 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis paper focuses on Sino-Russian scientific cooperation in the Arctic over the time period from 2012 to the current day. Academic cooperation with China entails more than meets the eye, as Chinese counterparts see the interactions with their partners from the prism of people-to-people diplomacy designed to create positive sentiment towards Chinese interests via non-governmental exchanges. The first part of this paper focuses on this engagement and Chinese attempts to steer the discourse in support of its interests in the Arctic.Foreign academics and leaders at the local level, untrained in the Chinese language and political system and unfamiliar with the hidden meanings of academic exchanges, become vulnerable and valuable targets for Chinese influence activities due to their high standing and access to valuable knowledge. The second part of the paper investigates the Sino-Russian scientific cooperation and capacity building that enables China to become a great maritime power—not always for the benefit of Russia, and to the disadvantage of NATO.
Partnership Without Substance: Sino-Russian Relations in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Lucas Edward , Lo Bobo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractIn recent years, the Sino-Russian partnership has emerged in Western eyes as the principal threat to the post-Cold War, rules-based international order. According to this narrative, the challenge is no longer simply one of China’s rise or Russia’s resurgence, but a growing strategic convergence: a mutually reinforcing “axis of authoritarians.” Talk of an alliance has become commonplace. In leading Western capitals, the Sino-Russian “comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for a new era” has become the existential menace of our time. This sense of alarm has been heightened by a feverish international context, dominated by great-power rivalry and the devastating consequences of the covid-19 pandemic. One region, however, has been largely exempt from such speculation. Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) remains a backwater of Sino-Russian engagement, and Western reactions have been correspondingly muted. Nevertheless, the region provides a useful window through which to assess the dynamics of the relationship.
Domestic Politics: A Forgotten Factor in the Russian-Chinese Relationship
Authors: Kaczmarski Marcin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter argues that domestic politics plays a significant role in shaping Sino-Russian relations. Domestic political factors strengthen certain trends in the relationship and, more occasionally, generate obstacles. In structural terms, the growing similarity of political systems, characterized by a high degree of centralization of power in leaders’ hands and the rising crackdown on dissent, shapes the threat assessment. The Russian ruling regime is not challenged by Beijing, hence an increase in China’s power and influence. While disadvantageous geopolitically, it does not pose a threat to regime security and regime survival in the Kremlin. Domestic actors have contributed to Russia’s policy towards China in two ways: by influencing the leadership’s threat assessment and by implementing particular policies. In some areas, such as energy cooperation, a privileged position on behalf of certain actors enables them to promote closer cooperation with China. There is no openly anti-Chinese lobby within the ruling elite and its supporters. More often than not, domestic politics act as a facilitating factor, which mitigates systemic pressures related to China’s rise and growing asymmetry between Russia and China and creates a conducive environment for bilateral cooperation with China in certain sectors.
Russia-China Naval Partnership and Its Significance
Authors: Sheldon-Duplaix Alexandre 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAllies in 1950, at odds in 1960, at war in 1969, on opposite sides of the Cold War during the 1980s, the Russians and Chinese have worked out their border issues in recent years to partner against a common challenge: the United States. While it can be argued that both countries distrust one another, Moscow and Beijing share a common concern and can’t afford bad relations. Both abhor the US-Western interventions of the last two decades that in their view have destabilized the Middle East, generating terrorism and instability within or near their borders. Both resent US support for their domestic opposition or to neighboring intimate “foes,” most notably Taiwan, Ukraine, and Georgia. Both have displayed their support for Syria and Iran. Both have been engaged in a “strategic partnership” within the framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization since 2001. Both are now conducting joint naval exercises, sometimes in sensitive areas. But beyond those gesticulations, how far can this naval partnership go? Is it a harbinger of a future military alliance? Does it suggest an intent to deter future Western interventions from the sea? Is there evidence and are there documents that formally support this signaling of strategic and naval partnerships?
Chinese and Russian Military Modernization and the Fourth Industrial Revolution
Authors: Bitzinger Richard A. , Raska Michael 
Published: June 2022

AbstractChina and Russia are both keen to exploit cutting-edge technologies for military use. Most of these advanced technologies are embedded in the so-called fourth industrial revolution (4IR), such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, automation and robotics, quantum computing, big data, 5G networking, and the “Internet of Things” (IoT). At the same time, most research and development (R & D) taking place in the 4IR is occurring in the commercial realm. The usefulness of 4IR technologies to future military capabilities will depend on how well countries can leverage breakthroughs in commercial R & D, via military-civil fusion (MCF). China and Russia are pursuing concurrent and often intertwined R & D programs to develop and advance 4IR technologies in their respective countries—particularly AI—and to subsequently utilize these technologies (via MCF) in military applications. Their mutual interests in exploiting cutting-edge technologies to underwrite military modernization could motivate Beijing and Moscow to collaborate on future 4IR R & D. Nevertheless, such cooperation could be limited. In particular, Russia lacks the resources or overall technological capacities (money and manpower, plus an already low level of innovation in the national economy) to function as an equal to China, and it may not wish to play the junior partner in such a relationship.
China-Russia Cooperation in Nuclear Deterrence
Authors: Carlson Brian G. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractNuclear issues have historically played an important role in the development of relations between Moscow and Beijing, acting as a source of both potential discord and emergent cooperation. From 1964, when China conducted its first nuclear test, until Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev’s tenure in the 1980s, nuclear relations between the Soviet Union and China were explicitly adversarial. The normalization of Sino-Soviet relations introduced an era of implicitly adversarial relations that lasted until the Ukraine crisis. During this phase, Russia’s concerns about China’s growing military power and its resulting determination to maintain nuclear deterrence of China remained apparent. Since the onset of the Ukraine crisis, Russia and China have built an increasingly close relationship, leading to a new phase of implicitly cooperative nuclear relations featuring coordinated efforts to maintain nuclear deterrence of the United States. The two countries jointly oppose US efforts to build missile defense systems and high-precision conventional weapons. They coordinate their positions on such issues as multilateral arms control and the post-INF strategic landscape. Russia is helping China to build a missile attack early warning system. Growing levels of defense cooperation raise the possibility of coordinated efforts to maintain nuclear deterrence of the United States in a crisis.
Forced into Trade Out of Necessity: Working-Class Narratives on Petty Trade
Authors: Stark Eija 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe chapter approaches petty trade as a form of livelihood among working-class people and as the visible sign of consumerism as represented in personal narratives. Using written autobiographies of peasant Finns, the chapter points to the strategies of petty trade for coping with poverty, and its social consequences, during the rise and formation of the modern welfare state. Although industrialization, economic growth, and consumption rose gradually from 1900 onward, most Finns earned their scanty living from a combination of various livelihoods, such as farming, wood industry works, and small-scale trade of food products, pastries, and needlework.
Conclusions: Dealing with Difference
Authors: Ahlbeck Jutta , Östman Ann-Catrin , Stark Eija 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe chapter discusses how both trading encounters and commodities were charged with meaning, and intimately connected to gendered, ethnicized, and classed practices. Focusing on trading practices in Northern Europe, the editors of the collection point to power relations that shaped the shifting boundaries between inclusion and exclusion of social groups and individuals. The livelihoods of petty traders were affected by how they were viewed as members of, often ethnicized or otherwise, subordinate groups. Meanwhile, culturally significant commodities could be empowering, allowing for a more respectable status for traders.
Unearthing Livelihoods: Sámi Trade as an Active Livelihood
Authors: Kortekangas Otso 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMany Sámi have been reindeer herders for centuries and their livelihood has usually been understood (solely) in terms of reindeer herding, yet agriculture has also been a typical Sámi livelihood. This chapter investigates trade, another forgotten Sámi livelihood, as portrayed in the journals of two nineteenth-century Nordic clergymen, Jacob Fellman (Finland) and Petrus Læstadius (Sweden). The chapter explores what status Sámi trade had among other livelihoods described in the two journals as well as the practices and functions that Sámi traders carried out in nineteenth-century Arctic and subarctic Europe.
Dressed for Peddling: Dalkullor, Marketing and Practices of Tradition
Authors: Johansson Ella 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe chapter investigates late nineteenth-century Swedish peddling women, the Dalkullor from Dalecarlia, and how these women used traditional clothing as marketing practices. During this period, the district of Dalarna (or Dalecarlia), a county in middle Sweden, came to symbolize the most representative region of “Swedishness,” and was seen as a link to a glorious past. This region was admired for its archaic and authentic material culture. The Dalkullor were unmarried women, who utilized the fame of the region in their peddling activities by wearing local traditional costumes, such as dresses and hoods, thus being a visible group of mobile workers, particularly in cities. This chapter suggests that this “ethnification” was a livelihood strategy for the poor.
Rag Collectors: Mobility and Barter in a Circular Flow of Goods
Authors: Wassholm Johanna , Sundelin Anna 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter traces a forgotten, yet important itinerant means of livelihood, namely rag collecting. Rags played an essential role as raw material for the paper and textile industries in the nineteenth century. The chapter identifies a business logic based on the idea that material perceived by one individual as worthless could be turned into something of economic value. As rags were commodified, they acquired new value in a different context. By analyzing newspapers, periodical articles and responses to ethnographic questionnaires, the authors follow a group of rag collectors from the Karelian Isthmus, who utilized their favorable geographic location to gain a livelihood from a circular flow of goods. The chapter demonstrates how an earthenware pot could be bartered for a discarded garment, which in turn became a piece of the puzzle in the process that kept industry and economic growth going.