bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microfloristic Evidence on the boundary between the Carboniferous and the Permian systems in Pfalz (W. Gwemany)
Authors: Bhardwaj D.C. , Venkatachala B.S. 
Published: September 2022

The Sporae dispersae recovered out of the coals from the Upper Carboniferous (Stephanian C)- Lower Rotliegend succession in Pfalz (W. Germany), assigned to 17 spore genera, have been described It includes an account of four new species of Sporae dispersae.
It has been discovered that Lycospora disappears at the end of Stephanian C and Triquitrites continues to remain absent in Kuseler Schichen even. The succeeding microflora in Kuseler Schichten (Lower Rotliegend) continues as a much depleted Stephanian C microflora till finally dying out in Upper Kuseler Schichten. It has been concluded that microfloristically Kuseler Schichten can form a part of the Carboniferous and the boundary between the Permian and the Carboniferous can preferably lie between Kuseler Schichten and the succeeding Lebacher Schichten.
The genus Sonneratia and its fossil allies
Authors: Mahabale T.S. , Deshpande J.V. 
Published: September 2022

The development, morphology and structure of the flower, embryo, fruit and seeds in two species of Sonneratia, S. acida L. and S. apetala Ham. Are given; and they are compared with the structure of the flower of Sahnianthus Shukla and with that of the fruit and seed of Enigmocarpon parijai Sahni, considered to be the fruit of Sahnianthus. The flowers of Sonneratia closely resemble in many gross features those of Sahnianthus and possess in addition bracts and a loose tissue of floral nectary around the base of the ovary. The fruit wall in S. acida and Enigmocarpon parijai also possesses arenchyma and nests of sclereids.
The fruit of S. acida dehisces irregularly as in Enigmocarpon and has no persistent calyx as in the fruit of S. apetala. The general structure of the fruit, placentation and vascular supply in the two are also more or less similar. The seeds of Enigmocarpon parijai, however, are said to possess both hypostase and epistase. There is a clear hypostase in Sonneratia, but no real epistase in it, like that in the Malpighiaceae. The inner wall of the inner integument in Sonneratia is very thin. When detached, it looks like a compressed hood in the micropyle in matured seeds. There is a conical nucellar beak on top of embryo sac in both the species of Sonneratia and is pushed up a little in the micropyle. The net result of compression during the further development of seeds is that the inner integument with its thin inner wall comes to lie over the nucellar beak, like the frayed end of a whip and gives an appearance of an epistase lying in the micropyle. There is, however, no organic continuity between the two, and, therefore, it is not a true epistase as in Malpighiaceae. In the seed of Enigmocarpon parijai also, there is no continuity between the basal conical part of the so-called epistase and the frayed whip-like end lying in the micropyle. It is, therefore, suggested that it may also have been formed of two distinct components, the nucellar beak on the top of the embryo sac and the thin integumental part lying above it in the micropyle. It was further observed that there is hypostase in several members of the Lythraceae such as Ammania, Woodfordia and Cuphea. They do not have a real epistase but only a nucellar beak.
On Porostrobus zeilleri Nathorst and its spores with remarks on the systematic position of P. bennholdi Bode and the phylogeny of Densosporites Berry
Authors: Bharadwaj D.C. 
Published: September 2022

This paper contains results of a reinvestigation of Porostrobus zeilleri Nathorst., a fructification from the Lower Carboniferous of Spitzbergen and, based thereupon, remarks on the systematic position of P. bennholdi Bode and the phylogeny of Densosporites Berry.
The cone studied represents the lower portion including a part of the stalk. The cone shows rhomboid sporangia arranged spirally, sporangial sporophylls not visible but fine delicate hairs, apparently sporophyllends, seen on the matrix along one of the sides of the cone. Megasporat and microsporate sporangia occur intermixed. Megaspores are sack-like, bottom heavy and gulate or vestibuled with verrucose ornamentation of the exine. Microspores are cingulate, roundly triangular with spinose ornamentation. Inner body has 3 inter-ray papillae.
Porostrobus shows lepidodendroid as well as sigillarioid characters.
Porostorbus bennholdi Bode is shown not to be a Porostrobus at all. It is provisionally referred to Lepidocarpon.
The microspores of Porostrobus agree morphographically as well as stratigraphically to the genotype of the dispersed spore genus Densosporites Berry. In view of the fact that Densosporites also occurs in strata where Porostrobus has never been found, it is postulated that presently circumscribed Densosporites contains spores of cone genera other the Porostrobus as well.
PS. Porostrobus is considered distinct from Selaginellites and S. canonbiensis Chaloner is advised inclusion in Bothrostrobus (Nath.) Sew.
The seed of Caytonia
Authors: Harris Tom M. 
Published: September 2022

A large number of Caytonia seeds has been studied by maceration and the following new parts recognized: inner epidermis and cuticle of integument, nucellar beak forming the pollen chamber and aleurone layer.
Certain uncutinized parts are occasionally preserved, through some exceptional process.
No cutinized megaspore membrane exists in Caytonia.
Certain definite parts of the seed are still not understood and call for further work.5. In having an almost completely cutinized nucellus and no megaspore cuticle Caytonia differs from nearly all Gymnosperms except a few fossils, but agrees with Angiosperms. In other respects, the Caytonia seed is purely Gymnospermous.
Further studies on the structure and composition of variably degraded ancient woody tissues
Authors: Sen J. 
Published: September 2022

Ancient wood of Heritiera fomes, Bischofia javanica and Picea excelsa has been studied with reference to chemistry of these woods and of their normal representatives in relation to anatomical degradation; structure and texture of the walls of tracheids and fibres and their chemical degradation; microscopic architecture of the cell-wall in terms of its submicroscopic organization, and of its composition.
The cellulose in ancient wood is degraded and disappears relatively guickly, whereas lignin is largely retained. When cellulose is destroyed, its original trend of orientation is left in the form of texture in lignin. In some cases, the original submicroscopic structure of cellulose is, however, well preserved. Probably the mineralization of the decaying cell-wall is mainly controlled by the surviving cellulose or the pattern it leaves in the texture of lignin.
Floristic and ecological reconsiderations of the Pleistocene plant impressions from Kashmir
Authors: Vishnu-Mittre  
Published: September 2022

The Pleistocene plant impressions from the Lower Karewas in Kashmir described by Middlemiss, Stewart and Puri are considered from the floristic and ecological viewpoints, in relation to stratigraphy and in the background of the events of the Pleistocene climatic and diastrophic changes. This attempt seeks to straighten out the facts and remove the confusion created by a similar consideration of this fossil flora by the earlier workers.
From the stratigraphical considerations it is discovered that this flora came off from an upper part of the Lower Karewas (Lithozone 4) and is in no way representative of the vegetation of the entire Lower Karewas. Furthermore, the fossil flora is suggestive of temperate climate rather than tropical or subtropical as deduced by earlier workers.
Comments are also made towards the application of this flora in determining the Plio-Pleistocene boundary in the Lower Karewas.
Petrographic and sporological studies of some coals from Talcher coalfield, Orissa, India
Authors: Navale G.K.B. 
Published: September 2022

The present paper outlines petrographic and sporological studies of coals from Nandira and South-Balanda mines of Talcher coalfield in the Mahanadi Coal Basin, Orissa, India. No previous knowledge exists about petro-palynological characters of these coals although general microstructural details of Talcher coals have been established.
The coals investigated are dull in appearance and non-banded. They are composed of Durain, Vitrain and Fusain components. Durain forms the main component with narrow short black lenticles of Fusain. The microscopic study of Durain component indicates Vitrinite, Exinite, and Inertinite as main macerals. Exinite constitutes microspores, megaspores and microsporangia. Vitrain and Fusain components under microscope show Vitrinite and Fusinite macerals showing woody structure. Trimacerites form the bulk of the microlithotypes.
Sporological studies of these coals reveal a large variety of miospores. The miospore assemblage in the coals comprises of trilete, monolete, monosaccate and disaccate forms. Genera Punctatisporites, Parasaccites, Virkkipollenitcs, Sulcatisporites, Lunatisporites, Stotersporites, Faunipollenites and Cuneatisporites are well represented. Saccate sporomorphs constitute a large group in the miospore assemblage. Among saccate forms the genus Parasaccites dominates in miospore distribution. Petro-palynological characters of the coals investigated indicate that by and large they are of non-banded Durain component composed mostly of saccate forms. (predominated by monosaccates), resembling the main seam of Talcher coalfield in palyno-petrographic composition. Presence of mineral matter, high proportion of Inertinite and Exinite constituted by spores, and less amount of vitrain and Clarain indicate high moisture content and low grade quality coals.
A tentative code of the ancient and derivative characters of pollen grains of Angiosperms
Authors: Kuprianova L. 
Published: September 2022

For any studies in the comparative morphology of pollen, as well as for any application of palynological data to plant taxonomy, phylogeny and palaeopalynology it is very important to be able to estimate the antiquity of the more recency of characters.
The palynological code proposed is the first step in this direction. Similar codes have been published earlier by other authors for both vegetative and generative organs of Angiosperms.
For the establishment of the antiquity of characters it is necessary to take into consideration the phenomenon of heterochrony; therefore, not a single character, but as many as possible should be used.
Flozidentifizierung Und Sporologie (IM Oberkarbon)
Authors: Potonie R. 
Published: September 2022

A great deal of sporological stratigraphy has to do with statistics. But there also are some possibilities to work without statistics. This is, e.g., the study of regional extraaccumulations of spores occurring in coals and elsewhere as a result of over-production of spores in certain years accompanied by favourable meteorological constellations.
On the other hand, we may observe better than till now, the change of spore content with the change of facies occurring even without stratigraphical change. This seems to be good for nothing. It perhaps only makes the problem more difficult. But in fact, it gives more possibilities for different purposes, e.g., the distance from shore in marine sediments is sometimes better seen with spores than with others petrographical studies. In every case if we use statistics as far as possible, we must compare associations of similar facies only. Often that is very difficult and of course makes invalid the best mathematical calculations of statistics. You know we have today papers trying to introduce even higher mathematics in sporology. To have success by this way it would first be necessary to understand what is a spore species and a spore genus. If people would learn, that these taxa are not classical one but form-organ-taxa, stratigraphy would have a great success. A definition of the form-organ species so useful for stratigraphy follows here:
"A form-organ-species contains organs of equal category being of the same shape. They are put together in the same species in spite of the fact 0that these equal organs may have belonged to plants which in other organs differed from one another ".
An author, who does not understand this definition makes too many new species and genera which injure the stratigraphical methods. Further we must know that chiefly the spore species are suitable for stratigraphical purposes while the spore genera help to embrace the greater construction plans. The progress of spore stratigraphy will be insufficient as long as we are not accepting, that many spore genera have representatives from the palaeozoics (or only mesozoics) till to day, and that even sometimes it may be so with certain spore species (pollen grains are spores s.l.).
Corisaccites gen.nov., A new saccate pollen genus from the permian of salt range, West Pakistan
Authors: Venkatachala B.S. , Kar R.K. 
Published: September 2022

A re-examination of spores and pollen contained in the Kathwai shale, 25 ft. above the Talchir boulder bed, has revealed considerable information regarding the age of these beds. Virkki (1946) investigated this material.
The present paper deals with pollen grains designated as "Spore 5" by Virkki (1946) and later included under Lueckisporites by Potonie and Potonie & Klaus (1954). These pollens differ from Lueckisporites in not possessing an intrabaculate exoexinal cap on the central body and hence included here in a new genus Corisaccites. The genus is compared with other bisaccate genera like Taeniaesporites, Lunatisporites and Chordasporites.
Kaundinyapur plant economy in protohistoric and historic times
Authors: Vishnu-Mittre  
Published: September 2022

The paper describes carbonized food grains and their impressions from Kaundinyapur a site in Madhya Pradesh. The remains include cereals (rice and ? maize), legumes (peas) and the fruit remain (jujube) and a crushed fragment of a bamboo. The various strata from which the material has been recovered range in age from 500 B.C. to 1400 A.D. representing slightly earlier Mauryan to the Muslim Period.
Present achievments in a palynological study of the Quaternary period in the USSR
Authors: Neustadt M.I. 
Published: September 2022

Enormous palynological data are accumulated over the continental and marine deposits from the various regions of the USSR.
Palynological data are usually applied together with the geological ones. At a time, diatoms and large plant remains are analysed. The absolute age determination by C 14 is in common use.
The general pattern of distribution and dynamic of vegetation and natural zones in the Pleistocene and Holocene are traced in large scale regions and in all the country.
Palynological data serve usually as a main criterion for the differentiation and subdivision of interglacials and interstadials with reference to their relative chronological estimates.
Palynological method is used also for the identification of the Pliocene-Pleistocene and Pleistocene-Holocene boundaries, for the sub-division of deposits into horizons and zones on the base of vegetational changes, for the determination of past climates, for the typization of interglacial, interstadial and holocene diagrams with reference to their geographical position, time correlation, of marine transgressions etc.
There are found some sections representing palynologically continuous vegetational development from the last interglacial to the present. The data from arid zone are very interesting to study pluvial and interpluvial periods.
Palynological data show the extremely complicated development of the Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation, the significant mobility and transformation of natural zones.
Only due to the use of palynological method it became possible to study climatic conditions, vegetational development and stratigraphical position of the Pleistocene and Holocene deposits.
The role of Paleopalynological investigations during the study of Quaternary deposits
Authors: Pokrovskaja I.M. 
Published: September 2022

The main criterion for establishing the main stratigraphic subdivisions (system, division, stage) in all the deposits from Proterozoic to Neogen inclusive is their paleontological as well as paleopalynological character. On the basis of successive change of complexes of species and genera of animals and plants there have been constructed the stratigraphic and geochronological scales for these sediments.
Tile paleontological data cannot be used for stratigraphic subdivision and dating of the Quaternary deposits because during the Quaternary "period" there was no time for formation of new species of plants which emergence and extension help to judge about the age of sediments. According to the palaeobotanical data the absolute majority of existing species of plants appearance in Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene periods and the whole history of flora of the Quaternary "period" must be estimated by the time not exceeding the age (stage).
On the basis of the up-to-date paleopalynological investigations it is not possible to solve to what part of the section the investigated Quaternary deposits belong. The results of these investigations may explain only some questions of botanical geographic, climatic and physico-geographic character.
In order to use the paleopalynological data more effective during the study of the Quaternary deposits it is necessary to study spores and pollen in great detail than now. Thus the most important tasks are: (1) the establishment of plant species by their spore and pollen fossils; (2) the study of spore and pollen of existing species of plants and first of all those which live in the investigated region and in the adjacent territories in order to reconstruct the ways of sequence and time of these or those species using the spores and pollen finds in fossil state (3) the creation of "types" of spore-pollen diagrams for different parts of the Quaternary time and (4) the separation of plant species by their spores and pollen which can be the reliable correlates and further probably the age indicators.
The Post-glacial marine transgression in N. Ireland-Conclustion from Esturine and raised beach deposits: A contrast
Authors: Singh Gurdip , Smith A.G. 
Published: September 2022

Studies of the raised beaches in Co. Down have suggested a water level of + 30 ft. (9.2 m.) I.O.D. in the Atlantic period (c. 8,000-5,000 B.P.).
Stratigraphical, palynological and radiocarbon investigations of estuarine deposits in Co. Down indicate that the maximum of the post-glacial relative sea-level rise was shortly before 3,000 B.P. when high-water reached to 12 ft. (c. 3.6 m.) above present mean sea-level. The regression since the maximum is apparently of the order of 4 ft. (c. 1.2 m.). These findings stand in contrast to earlier tentative conclusions from open coast 'raised beach' studies that the sea rose at its maximum to c. 22 ft. (6.46 m.) above mean sea-level before 5,000 B.P.
Palynology of the Mesozoic sediments of Kutch - 4. Spores and pollen from the Bhuj exposures near Bhuj, Gujarat district
Authors: Venkatachala B.S. 
Published: September 2022

The present paper deals with the palynology of Bhuj sediments exposed on the banks of Pur and Pat rivers near Bhuj, Kutch. 3 sections were measured and samples collected for systematic study.
The assemblage is dominated by Impardecispora, Applanopsis and Araucariacites; Laricoidites and Schizosporis are frequently found while Concavissimisporites, Bhujiasporites, Matonisporites, Boseisporites and Alisporites are rare.
On a fossil species of Diplodia from the Deccan Intertrappean Series, M.P., India
Authors: Mahabale T.S. 
Published: September 2022

Some well-preserved two-celled, purple spores of a fossil fungus were found in group in the decaying tissues of leaf and bits of other parts in an intertrappean chert collected at Mohgaon Kalan (Dist. Chhindwara, M.P., Horizon-Tertiary, Age Eocene). They were 17.5-18 µ x 7.5 µ and seemed to have come out from a pycnidium. They were borne terminally, singly, on septate mycelium. Comparing their characters, double nature, size and colour, so very well preserved in the chert, they seem to have belonged to the genus Diplodia and are named as Diplodia rodei n. sp. after Professor K. P. Rode of the University of Udaipur*.
Some well-preserved two-celled, purple spores of a fossil fungus were found in group in the decaying tissues of leaf and bits of other parts in an intertrappean chert collected at Mohgaon Kalan (Dist. Chhindwara, M.P., Horizon-Tertiary, Age Eocene). They were 17.5-18 µ x 7.5 µ and seemed to have come out from a pycnidium. They were borne terminally, singly, on septate mycelium. Comparing their characters, double nature, size and colour, so very well preserved in the chert, they seem to have belonged to the genus Diplodia and are named as Diplodia rodei n. sp. after Professor K. P. Rode of the University of Udaipur*.
Some well-preserved two-celled, purple spores of a fossil fungus were found in group in the decaying tissues of leaf and bits of other parts in an intertrappean chert collected at Mohgaon Kalan (Dist. Chhindwara, M.P., Horizon-Tertiary, Age Eocene). They were 17.5-18 µ x 7.5 µ and seemed to have come out from a pycnidium. They were borne terminally, singly, on septate mycelium. Comparing their characters, double nature, size and colour, so very well preserved in the chert, they seem to have belonged to the genus Diplodia and are named as Diplodia rodei n. sp. after Professor K. P. Rode of the University of Udaipur*.
Some well-preserved two-celled, purple spores of a fossil fungus were found in group in the decaying tissues of leaf and bits of other parts in an intertrappean chert collected at Mohgaon Kalan (Dist. Chhindwara, M.P., Horizon-Tertiary, Age Eocene). They were 17.5-18 µ x 7.5 µ and seemed to have come out from a pycnidium. They were borne terminally, singly, on septate mycelium. Comparing their characters, double nature, size and colour, so very well preserved in the chert, they seem to have belonged to the genus Diplodia and are named as Diplodia rodei n. sp. after Professor K. P. Rode of the University of Udaipur*.
On fossil flora of Ganjra nalla beds: Part II - Microflora (A) dispersed spores and pollen grains
Authors: Saksena Shivdayal 
Published: September 2022

Carbonaceous, micaceous shales from Ganjra nalla beds (Permo-Carboniferous) of South Rewa Gondwana basin Central India, on maceration yielded a very rich microflora consisting of cuticles, tracheids and spores. Single spore mounts of about 375 microspores and 35 megaspores were prepared. These were placed into 66 species under 19 genera. In the first instance the system of classification proposed by Schopf, Wilson and Bentall was followed but later on it was felt that till the accumulation of sufficient data it would be better to arrange the dispersed spores according to their morphographic characters in a purely artificial system. Hence in the present paper many ill-defined spores have been left out, and the remaining 102 dispersed spores have been arranged according to the system proposed by Potonie and Kremp (1954) and Potonie (1958, 1960) into 35 genera and 47 species.
The shales are crowded with the leaf impressions of Noeggerathiopsis hislopi, and several species of Glossopteris, which come next in frequency to Noeggerathiopsis hislopi. Impressions of Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, Phyllotheca and Samaropsis are also met with.
Microspores of the genera Plicatipollenites, Parasaccites, Florinites, Illinites, Potonieisporites and Cuneatisporites are in abundance. But I feel that the correlation of megafossils, which are generally arranged in a natural system, with the microfossils arranged in a purely artificial system does not seem to be quite justified, and hence no attempt has been made.