bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Orifice Diameter of Pre-Chamber Jet Ignition on the Combustion Characteristics and Pressure Oscillations in a Kerosene-Fueled Engine
Authors: Liu Fengnian , Zhou Lei , Zhang Yusheng , Liu Changwen , Wei Haiqiao 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Jet orifice diameter directly impacts the combustion process of the pre-chamber jet ignition (PJI) engine and the optimized diameter is varied with the fuel properties. However, research on the optimization of the jet orifice diameter based on aviation kerosene fuel has not been reported. So, this paper investigates the effect of orifice diameter on combustion, pressure oscillation, and performance based on a kerosene-fueled single-cylinder test engine. Two pressure sensors are respectively fitted in the main combustion chamber and the pre-chamber, which can capture the pressure change process and pressure oscillations phenomenon at the two positions, respectively. The result demonstrates that the throttling of the jet orifice leads to a significant three-stage pressure imbalance between the combustion chambers. With the reduction of the orifice diameter, the combustion acceleration of PJI is enhanced, resulting in an advanced combustion phase, improved combustion stability, and enhanced knock. The time-frequency analysis proves that the pressure oscillation propagation to the pre-chamber is frequency-selective and related to the orifice diameter. By matching the pre-chamber Helmholtz resonance frequency with the main chamber resonance frequency, strong pressure oscillations can be excited in the pre-chamber. Meanwhile, the pressure oscillation energy can be absorbed by the pre-chamber, which may help reduce the engine's combustion noise. Moreover, the PJI with an orifice diameter between 2 mm and 4 mm can improve the combustion stability with the ISFC reduced by 4.7–5.6%, and the IMEP increased by 1.2–2.6%.
Bidirectional Associations Between Physical Activity and Pain Among Older Adults: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study
Authors: Davis Tyler J. , Hevel Derek J. , Dunton Genevieve F. , Maher Jaclyn P. 
Published: August 2022

This paper examines the within-day, bidirectional associations between physical activity and self-reported pain among older adults. Older adults (N = 104; range: 60–98 years) participated in a 10-day Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) study. Participants received six EMA prompts/day with a single item assessing pain. Participants wore an activPAL monitor measuring step counts. At the within-person level, on occasions when participants took more steps than usual in the 30 min before the EMA prompt, they were more likely to experience pain at the prompt (, p < .03). At the between-person level, greater step counts in the 30 min before the EMA prompt, on average, were associated with less pain on occasions when pain was experienced (, p < .04). Pain was not related to subsequent stepping. Bidirectional associations between physical activity and pain were not documented, but physical activity did appear to be related to subsequent pain.
Microbial Analysis of Umbilical Cord Blood Reveals Novel Pathogens Associated with Stillbirth and Early Preterm Birth
Authors: Vander Haar Emilie L. , Wu Guojun , Gyamfi-Bannerman Cynthia , Thomas Charlene , Wapner Ronald J. , Reddy Uma M. , Zhao Liping , Silver Robert M. , Goldenberg Robert L. , Han Yiping W. 
Published: August 2022

Stillbirth accounts for half of all perinatal mortality, but the underlying cause of a substantial portion of all cases remains elusive. We examined the umbilical cord blood microbiome in stillbirths (
n
= 60) and live births (
n
= 176) and discovered that the bacterial prevalence and abundance were significantly higher in stillbirths than live births.
Pressure-temperature evolution of the Qingshuiquan mafic granulite: Implications for Proto-Tethys subduction in the East Kunlun orogenic belt, northern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: He Dengfeng , Dong Yunpeng , Hauzenberger Christoph A. , Sun Shengsi , Liu Xiaoming , Yue Yuangang 
Published: August 2022

AbstractGranulite is in general a key metamorphic rock that can be used to understand the tectonic architecture and evolutionary history of an orogenic belt. The Qingshuiquan mafic granulite in the East Kunlun orogenic belt, northern Tibetan Plateau, occurs as tectonic boudins together with lower-grade ophiolitic mélange assemblages within an amphibolite-facies crystalline basement. In this study, we investigated the geochemistry, geochronology, mineralogy, and phase modeling of the Qingshuiquan mafic granulite. Based on mineralogical observations and microstructures, three mineral assemblage generations were distinguished: an assemblage found as inclusions within garnet and amphibole comprising clinopyroxene + plagioclase + amphibole + quartz + ilmenite + rutile (M1); an inferred peak assemblage of garnet + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + amphibole + quartz + ilmenite ± orthopyroxene (M2) in the matrix; and a retrograde assemblage of amphibole and biotite coronae (M3) around clinopyroxene or orthopyroxene. Thermobarometric calculations and phase equilibrium modeling constrained a clockwise pressure-temperature (P-T) path for the Qingshuiquan mafic granulite with peak T conditions of 830–860 °C at 8.0–9.5 kbar. Prior to the peak T conditions, a pressure maximum of ~11 kbar at ~800 °C was recorded by rutile, ilmenite, and clinopyroxene inclusions in garnet and amphibole. The retrograde path was defined by a decompression segment followed by final cooling. The whole-rock geochemical results indicated that the protolith of the Qingshuiquan mafic granulite was similar to present-day enriched mid-ocean-ridge basalt (E-MORB) displaying low total rare earth element (REE) concentrations and a slight enrichment of light REEs, as well as flat high field strength element patterns in the primitive mantle–normalized trace-element diagram. Geochronologic results revealed that the protolith crystallization age of the mafic granulite is 507 ± 3 Ma, and the timing of granulite-facies metamorphic overprint is 457–455 Ma. This evidence, taken together with results from previous studies, indicates that the protolith of the Qingshuiquan mafic granulite can be interpreted as basaltic rocks of Proto-Tethys oceanic crust that experienced a first high-pressure granulite-facies imprint followed by subsequent decompression and granulite-facies overprint at slightly lower P and slightly higher T. This granulitefacies metamorphism can be attributed to the subduction of Proto-Tethys oceanic crust, which also generated numerous contemporaneous subduction-related magmatic rocks in the East Kunlun orogenic belt.
Behaviour change techniques that constitute effective planning interventions to improve physical activity and diet behaviour for people with chronic conditions: a systematic review
Authors: Lin Hui , Xu Dongdong , Yang Min , Ma Xueping , Yan Ning , Chen Han , He Shilin , Deng Ning 
Published: August 2022

ObjectivesAction planning is a brief and effective behaviour change technique (BCT) to improve physical activity (PA) and diet behaviour (DB). This study aimed to identify critical BCTs and mechanisms of action (MoAs) to interpret the effectiveness of planning interventions based on the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) model.DesignSystematic review.Data sourcesPubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL (EBSCO), PsycINFO (EBSCO), Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection (EBSCO), psyARTICLES and Medline were searched for studies from January 1990 to September 2021 published in English.Eligibility criteriaExperiment involving action planning intervention to improve PA or DB in community-dwelling adult patients with chronic conditions.Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers independently coded the planning interventions into BCT combinations and MoA assemblies. Outcome was dichotomised according to the statistical power and Cohen’s d. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool and the Risk of Bias in Nonrandomized Studies–of Interventions assessment tool were used to assess the quality of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs, respectively.ResultsFrom the 52 included studies, 46 BCTs were identified and linked to 21 MoAs. Long-term facilitators for planning intervention included ‘self-monitoring of behaviour’, ‘problem solving’, ‘instruction on how to perform the behaviour’ and ‘adding objects to the environments’. The three most frequently occurring MoAs were ‘intention’, ‘behavioural regulation’, ‘beliefs about capabilities’. The effective intervention groups had higher MoA scores that corresponded to the HAPA model constructs than the ineffective groups.ConclusionsThe findings from this review may inform scientific and effective planning intervention designs for community-dwelling people with chronic conditions in the future.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42021241227.
Endosaccular flow disruption with the Contour Neurovascular System: angiographic and clinical results in a single-center study of 60 unruptured intracranial aneurysms
Authors: Biondi Alessandra , Primikiris Panagiotis , Vitale Giovanni , Charbonnier Guillaume 
Published: August 2022

BackgroundThe Contour Neurovascular System is a novel device designed to treat intracranial aneurysms by intrasaccular flow disruption. We report our experience and mid-term follow-up in a series of patients treated with the Contour.MethodsThe patients were divided into an intention to treat and a per protocol population, the latter defined by the successful implantation of the Contour device. The intention to treat population included 53 patients (30 women, mean age 56 years) with 60 unruptured intracranial aneurysms (53 in the anterior circulation and seven in the posterior circulation). There was clinical and angiographic follow-up immediate postoperatively and at 24 hours, 3 months and 1 year using the Raymond–Roy classification and the O’Kelly–Marotta grading scale.ResultsThe Contour was successfully implanted in 54/60 (90%) aneurysms. With regard to the angiographic follow-up, there was adequate occlusion (defined as complete occlusion or presence of a neck remnant) in 31.5% of 54 aneurysms immediately postoperatively, 62.3% (in 53/54 aneurysms) at 24 hours, 81.4% (in 43/54 aneurysms) at 3 months, and 89.3% (in 28/54 aneurysms) at 1 year. Technical complications in 60 aneurysms of the intention to treat population included two (3.3%) inadvertent detachments of the device. Thromboembolic events were observed in four of the 60 aneurysms (6.7%), with no clinical symptoms in three patients and transient morbidity in one (1.7%). No aneurysm bleeding was observed and no patient was retreated during the 1-year follow-up period. There was no permanent morbidity or mortality.ConclusionsThe Contour device is effective and safe in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. However, more experience and long-term follow-up are needed.
Relationship between motor cortical and peripheral axonal hyperexcitability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Suzuki Yo-Ichi , Shibuya Kazumoto , Misawa Sonoko , Suichi Tomoki , Tsuneyama Atsuko , Kojima Yuta , Nakamura Keigo , Kano Hiroki , Prado Mario , Aotsuka Yuya , Otani Ryo , Morooka Marie , Kuwabara Satoshi 
Published: August 2022

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have hyperexcitability in both the motor cortex and peripheral motor axons, but the relationship between central and peripheral excitability has not been fully disclosed.MethodsThreshold tracking transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and motor nerve excitability testing were prospectively performed in 53 patients with ALS and 50 healthy subjects, and their relations to compound muscle action potential (CMAP) amplitude and revised ALS Functional Rating Scale were cross-sectionally analysed.ResultsCompared with controls, patients with ALS showed both cortical and peripheral hyperexcitability; TMS showed reduced short-interval intracortical inhibition (interstimulus interval 1–7 ms) (p<0.001) and shortened silent period (p<0.05), and median nerve excitability testing revealed greater changes in depolarising threshold electrotonus (TEd) and greater superexcitability (p<0.0001, both), suggesting reduced axonal potassium currents. Significant correlations between cortical and peripheral excitability indices were not found. Greater changes in TEd (90–100 ms) (R=−0.33, p=0.03) and superexcitability (R=0.36, p=0.01) were associated with smaller amplitude of CMAP, whereas cortical excitability indices had no correlation with CMAP amplitude. More rapid motor functional decline was associated with only greater TEd (90–100 ms) (β=0.46, p=0.001).ConclusionsOur results suggest that in ALS, cortical excitability is continuously high regardless of the extent of the peripheral burden, but peripheral hyperexcitability is associated with the extent of the peripheral burden and disease evolution speed. Alterations of ion channel function may play an important role in ALS pathophysiology.
CSF levels of SNAP-25 are increased early in Creutzfeldt-Jakob and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Halbgebauer Steffen , Steinacker Petra , Hengge Sophie , Oeckl Patrick , Abu Rumeileh Samir , Anderl-Straub Sarah , Lombardi Jolina , Von Arnim Christine A F , Giese Armin , Ludolph Albert C , Otto Markus 
Published: August 2022

BackgroundSynaptosomal-associated protein 25 (SNAP-25) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an emerging synaptic biomarker for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, comprehensive studies investigating the marker in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) and in the differential diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases are still lacking.MethodsWe developed a novel, sensitive ELISA for the measurement of SNAP-25 in CSF. In total, we analysed 316 patients from 6 diagnostic groups comprising patients with AD (n=96), CJD (n=55), Parkinson’s disease spectrum (n=41), frontotemporal lobar degeneration (n=25) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n=24) and non-neurodegenerative control patients (n=75). Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, we analysed the differential diagnostic potential and compared the results with core AD biomarkers.ResultsSNAP-25 CSF concentrations were elevated in AD and CJD (p<0.0001) but not in the other neurodegenerative diseases. Increased levels were observed already at early AD and CJD stages (p<0.0001). In CJD, SNAP-25 levels correlated negatively with survival time (r=−0.33 (95% CI −0.57 to −0.04, p=0.02). For the discrimination of AD from all other diseases except CJD, we observed a good diagnostic performance for CSF SNAP-25 (area under the curve (AUC) 0.85) which was further improved by applying the ratio with CSF amyloid-β 1–42 (AUC 0.95). For CJD, we could demonstrate a strong differential diagnostic potential against all other groups including AD (AUC 0.97).ConclusionUsing the novel established CSF SNAP-25 ELISA, we here demonstrate the applicability of SNAP-25 as an early synaptic biomarker for both AD and CJD with a possible prognostic value in patients with CJD.
Prevalence of young-onset dementia: nationwide analysis of routinely collected data
Authors: Ryan Brigid , To Edith , Ma'u Etuini , Chan Amy Hai Yan , Rivera-Rodriguez Claudia , Curtis Maurice A , Cullum Sarah , Cheung Gary 
Published: August 2022

IntroductionYoung-onset dementia prevalence is understudied internationally. Previous studies have been limited by low case numbers, reliance on single sources of routinely collected health data for case identification and inclusion of a limited age range. Our objective was to determine the 1-year period prevalence of diagnosed dementia in people aged 0–64 in the entire New Zealand population using routinely collected health data.MethodsA population-based descriptive study was carried out in New Zealand (population 4.8 million) using routinely collected deidentified health data from 2016 to 2020. Dementia cases in seven linked health datasets in the New Zealand Integrated Data Infrastructure were identified using diagnostic codes and/or use of antidementia medication. Prevalence for each of the four study years was calculated by age, sex and ethnicity.ResultsFrom a total population of 4 027 332–4 169 754 individuals aged 0–64, we identified 3396–3474 cases of ‘all-cause’ dementia in each of the study years (prevalence crude range: 83–84/100 000 people aged 0–64; 139-141/100 000 people aged 30–64 years; 204–207/100 000 people aged 45–64 years). Age-standardised prevalence was higher in males than females. Age-standardised and sex-standardised prevalence was higher in Māori and Pacific People than European and Asian.DiscussionBy using a large study population and multiple national health datasets, we have minimised selection bias and estimated the national prevalence of diagnosed young-onset dementia with precision. Young-onset dementia prevalence for the total New Zealand population was similar to reported global prevalence, validating previous estimates. Prevalence differed by ethnicity, which has important implications for service planning.
Enhanced solar light photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity of green noble metal/TiO2 nanorods
Authors: Mohamed Hanan H. , Youssef Tamer E. 
Published: August 2022

Au/TiO2 and Pt/TiO2 nanocomposites have been processed using a green method. Au and Pt colloidal nanoparticles have been primarily synthesized by mixing their corresponding metal ions with an aqueous solution of corn husk extract, followed by anchoring on the as-synthesized TiO2 nanorods. The structural and morphological properties of green-prepared nanomaterials were systematically investigated by various techniques. The UV–VIS absorption measurements confirmed the formation of colloidal Au and Pt with λmax at 550 and 345 nm, respectively. TEM results show anchoring of spherical Au particles (40 nm) on TiO2 nanorods while smaller Pt particles have been observed on Pt/TiO2 composite. It has been shown that the highest visible light harvesting capability was earned for Au/TiO2 composite due to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of Au nanoparticles. The photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity of the nanomaterials was investigated for disinfection of Escherichia coli under solar light irradiation. The green synthesized nanocomposites showed enhanced solar light photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity. The best photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity was obtained for Au/TiO2. This evidences the enhanced SPR of Au nanoparticles and hence an enhancement in the solar light accessible by TiO2 so that a higher amount of reactive oxygen species can be generated, which enhances photocatalytic and antibacterial activity.
Light-front description of infinite spin fields in six-dimensional Minkowski space
Authors: Buchbinder I. L. , Fedoruk S. A. , Isaev A. P. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe present a new 6D infinite spin field theory in the light-front formulation. The Lorentz-covariant counterparts of these fields depend on 6-vector coordinates and additional spinor variables. Casimir operators in this realization are found. We obtain infinite-spin fields in the light-cone frame which depend on two sets of the $$\mathrm {SU}(2)$$

SU
(
2
)

-harmonic variables. The generators of the 6D Poincaré group and the infinite spin field action in the light-front formulation are presented.
Evaluation of CO
2
sealing potential of heterogeneous Eau Claire shale
Authors: Kim Hyunbin , Makhnenko Roman Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

During geological carbon dioxide storage in deep saline aquifers, buoyant CO
2
tends to float upwards in the reservoir overlaid by a low permeable formation called a caprock. Caprocks should serve as barriers to potential CO
2
leakage that can happen through diffusion and permeation through faults, fractures or pore spaces. The leakage through intact caprock would mainly depend on its permeability and CO
2
breakthrough pressure and is affected by the heterogeneities in the material. Here, we study the sealing potential of a caprock from the Illinois Basin – Eau Claire shale, with sandy and clayey fractions distinguished via electron microscopy, grain/pore size analyses and surface area characterization. The direct measurements of permeability of sandy shale provide the values on the order of 10
−15
m
2
, while clayey specimens are three orders of magnitude less permeable. The CO
2
breakthrough pressure under
in situ
stress conditions is 0.1 MPa for the sandy shale and 0.4 MPa for the clayey counterpart – these values are higher than those predicted by the porosimetry methods performed on the unconfined specimens. Sandy Eau Claire shale would allow penetration of large CO
2
volumes at low overpressures, while the clayey formation can potentially serve as a caprock in the absence of faults and fractures.
A screening assessment of the impact of sedimentological heterogeneity on CO
2
migration and stratigraphic-baffling potential: Sherwood and Bunter sandstones, UK
Authors: Alshakri Jafar , Hampson Gary J. , Jacquemyn Carl , Jackson Matthew D. , Petrovskyy Dmytro , Geiger Sebastian , Machado Silva Julio D. , Judice Sicilia , Rahman Fazilatur , Costa Sousa Mario 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

We use a combination of experimental design, sketch-based reservoir modelling and flow diagnostics to rapidly screen the impact of sedimentological heterogeneities that constitute baffles and barriers on CO
2
migration in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs and saline aquifers of the Sherwood Sandstone Group and Bunter Sandstone Formation, UK. These storage units consist of fluvial sandstones with subordinate aeolian sandstones, floodplain and sabkha heteroliths and lacustrine mudstones. The predominant control on effective horizontal permeability is the lateral continuity of aeolian-sandstone intervals. Effective vertical permeability is controlled by the lateral extent, thickness and abundance of lacustrine-mudstone layers and aeolian-sandstone layers, and the mean lateral extent and mean vertical spacing of carbonate-cemented basal channel lags in fluvial facies-association layers. The baffling effect on CO
2
migration and retention is approximated by the pore volume injected at breakthrough time, which is controlled largely by three heterogeneities, in order of decreasing impact: (1) the lateral continuity of aeolian-sandstone intervals; (2) the lateral extent of lacustrine-mudstone layers; and (3) the thickness and abundance of fluvial-sandstone, aeolian-sandstone, floodplain-and-sabkha-heterolith and lacustrine-mudstone layers. Future effort should be focused on characterizing these three heterogeneities as a precursor for later capillary, dissolution and mineral trapping.