bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimal prey switching: Predator foraging costs provide a mechanism for functional responses in multi‐prey systems
Authors: Prokopenko Christina M. , Avgar Tal , Ford Adam , Vander Wal Eric 
Published: November 2022

AbstractForagers must balance the costs and gains inherent in the pursuit of their next meal. Classical functional response formulations describe consumption rates driven by prey density and are naive to predator foraging costs. Here, we integrated foraging costs into functional responses to add mechanism and precision to foundational ideas. Specifically, using a model system with a single predator and two prey, we express a functional response emerging from variable energy and time costs of each predation phase: searching, attacking, or consuming prey. The utility of our model is explored through a focused example where prey can exert variable influence on predator foraging costs through antipredator traits. Dissimilarity between prey in their foraging costs influence the energy gain rate of the predator through optimal prey switching. We found that a small subset of prey antipredator traits and density conditions generated a stabilizing Type III (sigmoidal) functional response—the pattern often thought to typify a generalist predator switching between prey species. The sigmoid functional response occurred for highly profitable prey only when the costly prey (1) were at a high density and (2) their antipredator traits increased energy or time costs following an encounter. We outline testable predictions regarding foraging costs from our model. We provide guidance on how to apply optimal foraging theory to empirical scenarios where predator foraging costs vary due to prey type, predator type, or environmental conditions. Our framework represents a synergy of foundational and contemporary theory across disciplines, facilitating the discovery of shared principles and context‐dependent variation across varied predator–prey systems.
Novel sediment sampling method provides new insights into vertical grain size variability due to marine and aeolian beach processes
Authors: van IJzendoorn Christa O. , Hallin Caroline , Cohn Nicholas , Reniers Ad J. H. M. , De Vries Sierd 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn sandy beach systems, the aeolian sediment transport can be governed by the vertical structure of the sediment layers at the bed surface. Here, data collected with a newly developed sand scraper is presented to determine high‐resolution vertical grain size variability and how it is affected by marine and aeolian processes. Sediment samples at up to 2 mm vertical resolution down to 50 mm depth were collected at three beaches: Waldport (Oregon, USA), Noordwijk (the Netherlands) and Duck (North Carolina, USA). The results revealed that the grain size in individual layers can differ considerably from the median grain size of the total sample. The most distinct temporal variability occurred due to marine processes that resulted in significant morphological changes in the intertidal zone. The marine processes during high water resulted both in fining and coarsening of the surface sediment. Especially near the upper limit of wave runup, the formation of a veneer of coarse sediment was observed. Although the expected coarsening of the near‐surface grain size during aeolian transport events was observed at times, the opposite trend also occurred. The latter could be explained by the formation and propagation of aeolian bedforms within the intertidal zone locally resulting in sediment fining at the bed surface. The presented data lays the basis for future sediment sampling strategies and sediment transport models that investigate the feedbacks between marine and aeolian transport, and the vertical variability of the grain size distribution.
Experimental investigation on RP‐3 aviation kerosene large‐scale pool fires at high altitude
Authors: Wang Jian , Yang Rui , Tao Zhenxiang , Yang Wenjie , Li Cong 
Published: November 2022

AbstractRP‐3 aviation kerosene is a standard fuel that is used in civil aircraft and is a substitute for Jet‐A fuel. This paper investigates the combustion behaviour of RP‐3 aviation kerosene in an open space in the low‐pressure environment of a plateau. A series of large‐scale pools with diameters ranging from 0.4 m to 2.82 m combustion experiments are performed. Typical combustion characteristic parameters, including combustion rate, flame height and axial plume temperature distribution is measured. Results show that a low‐pressure environment significantly affects pool fires. With combustion rate, there is a linear variation law between oil pool size and combustion rate. The experimental data are fitted as a means of obtaining the large‐scale combustion rate relationship equation at low pressure. Experimental flame height data is compared using classical prediction models. Prediction model coefficients at low pressure are determined. The axial plume temperature distribution is greater than in the literature findings due to flames becoming longer in a low‐pressure environment. The three regimes in McCaffery's model are redefined and correlate well with the vertical temperature profile of the pool centreline. The results of the experimental investigation will help research fire hazards in low‐pressure environments while also contributing to the provision of basic data for the development of firefighting operation strategies.
Prophylactic and therapeutic potential of active phytoconstituents from Amomum subulatum Roxb
Authors: Dhakal Richa , Dihingia Anjum , Ahmed Ruksana Sultana , Gupta Dipanneeta Das , Sahu Ravi Kumar , Dutta Prachurjya , Bharali Pankaj , Manna Prasenjit , Sastry G. Narahari , Kalita Jatin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAmomum subulatum is a popular aromatic and medicinal spice crop being used for centuries to treat a variety of health ailments. The ethnopharmacological use of Amomum subulatum has been described in various medicinal systems including Ayurveda, Unani, and Chinese for its therapeutic properties in mitigating gastrointestinal disorders, lung congestions, respiratory ailments, jaundice, tuberculosis, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, ischemic heart diseases, etc. Literature search using Google Scholar, PubMed, NCBI, Elsevier, Wiley online Library, Springer, Taylor and Francis, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus databases was restricted to English‐language articles. Significant information on pharmacological properties of Amomum subulatum, including antioxidant (ROS/RNS pathways), anti‐inflammatory (TNF‐α, IL‐1, IL‐6, COX‐2, NF‐кB, HO‐1, arachidonic acid pathways), antinephrotoxic (urea, creatinine, Cystatin‐C), antihepatotoxic (SGOT, SGPT, and ALP), antidiabetic, etc., was collected for the review. The pharmacological properties of this traditional herb may be attributed to the plethora of secondary metabolites present in it. Preliminary phytochemical screening reported the abundance of flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, vitamins, minerals, fatty acid esters, etc. 1,8‐cineole (60%–80% of total volatile oil), α‐terpineol, limonene, α‐terpinyl acetate, etc., are the notable phytochemicals reported from Amomum subulatum. However, detailed insights into the molecular mechanistic pathways mediating the beneficial role of this traditional herb on cell/animal models and large‐scale clinical trials are lacking. In the present review, we provide a comprehensive description of the current knowledge on Amomum subulatum, including its phytoconstituents, pharmacological uses, and toxicities, its implication in host health effects, including in vitro/in vivo efficacy, and the potential of these emerging species to suggest areas for future research.
Petrogenesis and tectonic implications of the Early Carboniferous high‐K granites with enriched isotope signatures in the northern North China Craton
Authors: Zhang Lu , Jiang Shao‐Yong 
Published: November 2022

Although an extensive continental arc magmatism was recorded in the northern North China Craton (NCC) during the Carboniferous, a general geodynamic model has not been constructed, and associated crust–mantle processes are not fully understood. Here, we carried out systematic geochronological and geochemical investigations on the alkali‐feldspar granite pluton in the Zhaojinggou area, northern NCC. U–Pb dating of high‐U–Th zircons failed to obtain concordant ages due to severe metamictization, while apatite U–Pb dating yielded a perfect age of 327.6 ± 4.1 Ma, indicating the emplacement of granites in the Early Carboniferous. The granites have high SiO2 (74.99–76.88 wt%) and K2O (5.73–6.43 wt%) contents and exhibit enriched LREEs, K, Rb, Th, U, and Pb, and depleted Nb, Ta, P, and Ti contents, which are typical of highly fractionated, I‐type high‐K granites formed under a continental arc setting. Moreover, the high‐K granites show highly enriched Nd isotopic compositions (with whole‐rock and apatite εNd(t) of −33.6 to −16.3) that are distinctly lower than other Carboniferous continental arc rocks in the northern NCC (εNd(t) from −18.5 to −9.9). These geochemical characteristics indicate that the high‐K granites possibly originated by partial melting of the Archean TTG gneisses and mafic rocks in the lower crust. Involvement of mantle‐derived fluids is crucial to induce the low‐temperature melting, and sufficient fractional crystallization was reached during subsequent magmatic evolution. Previous studies suggest that the Carboniferous continental arc rocks in the northern NCC have mantle‐derived or crust–mantle mixed sources. Our study, however, indicates that there also exist coeval crust‐derived magmatic rocks in this area. In combination with previous work and this study, we support the hypothesis that the widespread Carboniferous continental arc magmatism in the northern NCC is related to the southward subduction of the Palaeo‐Asian Ocean (PAO), and the different magma sources and extensive crust–mantle interactions are responsible for the formation of diverse types of magmatic rocks with contrasting isotopic compositions. We also draw attention to the fact that phosphate minerals such as apatite may be a preferable chronometer relative to high‐U–Th zircon in a highly fractionated igneous system.
EphA4/ephrinA3 reverse signaling mediated downregulation of glutamate transporter GLAST in Müller cells in an experimental glaucoma model
Authors: Zhou Zhi‐Xin , Xu Lin‐Jie , Wang Hong‐Ning , Cheng Shuo , Li Fang , Miao Yanying , Lei Bo , Gao Feng , Wang Zhongfeng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDeficiency of glutamate transporter GLAST in Müller cells may be culpable for excessive extracellular glutamate, which involves in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) damage in glaucoma. We elucidated how GLAST was regulated in rat chronic ocular hypertension (COH) model. Western blot and whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings showed that GLAST proteins and GLAST‐mediated current densities in Müller cells were downregulated at the early stages of COH. In normal rats, intravitreal injection of the ephrinA3 activator EphA4‐Fc mimicked the changes of GLAST in COH retinas. In purified cultured Müller cells, EphA4‐Fc treatment reduced GLAST expression at mRNA and protein levels, which was reversed by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor PP2 or transfection with ephrinA3‐siRNA (Si‐EFNA3), suggesting that EphA4/ephrinA3 reverse signaling mediated GLAST downregulation. EphA4/ephrinA3 reverse signaling‐induced GLAST downregulation was mediated by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/NF‐κB pathways since EphA4‐Fc treatment of cultured Müller cells reduced the levels of p‐Akt/Akt and NF‐κB p65, which were reversed by transfecting Si‐EFNA3. In Müller cells with ephrinA3 knockdown, the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 still decreased the protein levels of NF‐κB p65 in the presence of EphA4‐Fc, and the mRNA levels of GLAST were reduced by LY294002 and the NF‐κB inhibitor SN50, respectively. Pre‐injection of the PI3K/Akt pathway activator 740 Y‐P reversed the GLAST downregulation in COH retinas. Western blot and TUNEL staining showed that transfecting of Si‐EFNA3 reduced Müller cell gliosis and RGC apoptosis in COH retinas. Our results suggest that activated EphA4/ephrinA3 reverse signaling induces GLAST downregulation in Müller cells via inhibiting PI3K/Akt/NF‐κB pathways, thus contributing to RGC damage in glaucoma.
Malnutrition diagnosed by GLIM criteria better predicts long‐term outcomes for patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma: A prospective multicenter cohort study
Authors: Zou Yuanlin , Xu Hongxia , Lyu Quanjun , Weng Min , Cui Jiuwei , Shi Hanping , Song Chunhua 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSince Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) method was proposed, few studies have applied these new criteria to hematological tumors. In this study, we explored the prevalence of malnutrition according to the GLIM criteria and scored Patient‐Generated Subjective Global Assessment (sPG‐SGA) and their association with 1‐year, 3‐year and 5‐year mortality among patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Malnutrition of all patients were assessed by GLIM criteria and sPG‐SGA. Relationship between the malnutrition based on GLIM criteria or sPG‐SGA and mortality was investigated by Cox regression analyses. The performance of GLIM criteria was evaluated by assessing the sensitivity, specificity, k‐value, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and time‐dependent ROC. Of 963 patients with NHL, the prevalence of malnutrition was 38.8% with GLIM criteria, 65.3% with GLIM‐omitted NRS‐2002 and 53.2% with sPG‐SGA. In comparison with sPG‐SGA, the sensitivity of GLIM criteria was 61.7%, the specificity was 84.8%, and the agreement was moderate (k = 0.48, p < 0.001). Malnutrition based on GLIM criteria could also predict 3‐year and 5‐year mortality after adjusting for confounders, except for sPG‐SGA (HR = 1.816, 95%CI = 1.274–2.589, p = 0.001 for 3‐year mortality; HR = 1.707, 95%CI = 1.223–2.382, p = 0.002 for 5‐year mortality). For patients with NHL, GLIM criteria could be applied as an effective replacement to sPG‐SGA for nutrition assessment and mortality prediction, especially for predicting long‐term prognostic outcomes.
Single‐center serological surveillance of SARS‐CoV‐2 in pregnant patients presenting to labor and delivery
Authors: Boggess Kim A. , Stringer Elizabeth M. , Robinson Whitney R. , Munoz M. Cristina , Goodnight William H. , Rahangdale Lisa , Vora Neeta L. , Rosenbaum Alan J. , Bala Vidhya , Ivins Amber , Narowski Tara M. , Jadi Ramesh , Premkumar Lakshmanane 
Published: November 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo measure maternal/fetal SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody levels.MethodsA prospective observational study of eligible parturients admitted to the hospital for infant delivery was conducted between April and September 2020. SARS‐CoV‐2 antibody levels were measured in maternal and umbilical cord specimens using an in‐house ELISA based on the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein. Among SARS‐CoV‐2 seropositive patients, spike RBD antibody isotypes (IgG, IgM, and IgA) and ACE2 inhibiting antibodies were measured.ResultsIn total, 402 mothers were enrolled and spike RBD antibodies in 388 pregnancies were measured (336 maternal and 52 cord specimens). Of them, 19 were positive (15 maternal, 4 cord) resulting in a seroprevalence estimate of 4.8% (95% confidence interval 2.9–7.4). Of the 15 positive maternal specimens, all had cord blood tested. Of the 15 paired specimens, 14 (93.3%) were concordant. Four of the 15 pairs were from symptomatic mothers, and all four showed high spike‐ACE2 blocking antibody levels, compared to only 3 of 11 (27.3%) from asymptomatic mothers.ConclusionA variable antibody response to SARS‐CoV‐2 in pregnancy among asymptomatic infections compared to symptomatic infections was found, the significance of which is unknown. Although transfer of transplacental neutralizing antibodies occurred, additional research is needed to determine how long maternal antibodies can protect the infant against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
α‐Synuclein aggregation causes muscle atrophy through neuromuscular junction degeneration
Authors: Yang Qiumei , Wang Yanyan , Zhao Chunsong , Pang Shimin , Lu Jing , Chan Piu 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundSarcopenia is common in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), showing mitochondrial oxidative stress in skeletal muscle. The aggregation of α‐synuclein (α‐Syn) to induce oxidative stress is a key pathogenic process of PD; nevertheless, we know little about its potential role in regulating peripheral nerves and the function of the muscles they innervate.MethodsTo investigate the role of α‐Syn aggregation on neuromuscular system, we used the Thy1 promoter to overexpress human α‐Syn transgenic mice (mThy1‐hSNCA). hα‐Syn expression was evaluated by western blot, and its localization was determined by confocal microscopy. The impact of α‐Syn aggregation on the structure and function of skeletal muscle mitochondria and neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), as well as muscle mass and function were characterized by flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy, Seahorse XF24 metabolic assay, and AAV9 in vivo injection. We assessed the regenerative effect of mitochondrial‐targeted superoxide dismutase (Mito‐TEMPO) after skeletal muscle injury in mThy1‐hSNCA mice.ResultsOverexpressed hα‐Syn protein localized in motor neuron axons and NMJs in muscle and formed aggregates. α‐Syn aggregation increased the number of abnormal mitochondrial in the intramuscular axons and NMJs by over 60% (P < 0.01), which inhibited the release of acetylcholine (ACh) from presynaptic vesicles in NMJs (P < 0.05). The expression of genes associated with NMJ activity, neurotransmission and regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolic process were significantly decreased in mThy1‐hSNCA mice, resulting in ROS production elevated by ~220% (P < 0.05), thereby exacerbating oxidative stress. Such process altered mitochondrial spatial relationships to sarcomeric structures, decreased Z‐line spacing by 36% (P < 0.05) and increased myofibre apoptosis by ~10% (P < 0.05). Overexpression of α‐Syn altered the metabolic profile of muscle satellite cells (MuSCs), including basal respiratory capacity (~170% reduction) and glycolytic capacity (~150% reduction) (P < 0.05) and decreased cell migration and fusion during muscle regeneration (~60% and ~40%, respectively) (P < 0.05). We demonstrated that Mito‐TEMPO treatment could restore the oxidative stress status (the complex I/V protein and enzyme activities increased ~200% and ~150%, respectively), which caused by α‐Syn aggregation, and improve the ability of muscle regeneration after injury. In addition, the NMJ receptor fragmentation and ACh secretion were also improved.ConclusionsThese results reveal that the α‐synuclein aggregation plays an important role in regulating acetylcholine release from neuromuscular junctions and induces intramuscular mitochondrial oxidative stress, which can provide new insights into the aetiology of muscle atrophy in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Impact of probiotics on muscle mass, muscle strength and lean mass: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Prokopidis Konstantinos , Giannos Panagiotis , Kirwan Richard , Ispoglou Theocharis , Galli Francesco , Witard Oliver C. , Triantafyllidis Konstantinos K. , Kechagias Konstantinos S. , Morwani‐Mangnani Jordi , Ticinesi Andrea , Isanejad Masoud 
Published: November 2022

AbstractProbiotics have shown potential to counteract sarcopenia, although the extent to which they can influence domains of sarcopenia such as muscle mass and strength in humans is unclear. The aim of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to explore the impact of probiotic supplementation on muscle mass, total lean mass and muscle strength in human adults. A literature search of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Cochrane Library from inception until June 2022. Eligible RCTs compared the effect of probiotic supplementation versus placebo on muscle and total lean mass and global muscle strength (composite score of all muscle strength outcomes) in adults (>18 years). To evaluate the differences between groups, a meta‐analysis was conducted using the random effects inverse‐variance model by utilizing standardized mean differences. Twenty‐four studies were included in the systematic review and meta‐analysis exploring the effects of probiotics on muscle mass, total lean mass and global muscle strength. Our main analysis (k = 10) revealed that muscle mass was improved following probiotics compared with placebo (SMD: 0.42, 95% CI: 0.10–0.74, I2 = 57%, P = 0.009), although no changes were revealed in relation to total lean mass (k = 12; SMD: ‐0.03, 95% CI: −0.19 – 0.13, I2 = 0%, P = 0.69). Interestingly, a significant increase in global muscle strength was also observed among six RCTs (SMD: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.33–1.06, I2 = 64%, P = 0.0002). Probiotic supplementation enhances both muscle mass and global muscle strength; however, no beneficial effects were observed in total lean mass. Investigating the physiological mechanisms underpinning different ageing groups and elucidating appropriate probiotic strains for optimal gains in muscle mass and strength are warranted.
Changes in lengths of the four seasons in China and the relationship with changing climate during 1961–2020
Authors: Yiqi Chen , Yuanjie Zhang , Yubin Li , Shugang Song 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe spatial–temporal characteristics of changes in lengths and onsets of the four seasons in China during 1961–2020 are investigated using daily temperature observations from weather stations. The relationship between changes in season lengths and climate change is also explored based on annual temperature variation, the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). The results show that lengths of spring and autumn are shorter in the plateau region but longer in the southwest compared with other regions. In the past 60 years, the onset was generally advanced for spring and summer, whereas it was delayed for autumn and winter. Lengths of summer (winter) showed an overall increase (decrease) as 10.78 days (11.74 days) from the 1960s to the 2010s, which is positively (negatively) correlated with the temperature variation. Comparatively, changes in lengths of spring and autumn are much smaller and weakly correlated with the temperature variation. However, lengths of spring and autumn significantly increased in the plateau region and parts of the southwest and decreased in the south, which is positively and negatively correlated with the temperature trend, respectively. Changes in season lengths in China are also related to the AMO and modulated by the PDO phases. At the ~55‐year scale, summer lengths and winter lengths are simultaneously affected by the AMO and the PDO. The impact of the AMO on changes in lengths of spring and autumn is mainly due to its effect on the nonlinear trend associated with long‐term climate change.