bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responsibility, Punishment, and Predominant Retributivism
Authors: Brink David O. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Punishment combines blame and sanction. This chapter contrasts forward-looking and backward-looking rationales for punishment, arguing that punishment presupposes the backward-looking principle that its target is responsible for wrongdoing and deserving of blame and sanction. If so, retributivism must be at least part of the truth about punishment. Some form of retributivism is defensible, once we clarify misconceptions about retributivism. This leaves a choice between pure retributivism and a mixed conception that includes retributive elements. That choice is best resolved in favor of a mixed conception in which retributive elements predominate.
Reconciliation and the End of Responsibility
Authors: Radzik Linda 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Reconciliation brings responsibility to an end. It involves a relenting in the means by which parties hold themselves and others responsible for past behavior, such as guilt, resentment, social withdrawal, and punishment. For this reason, those who advocate reconciliation are often accused of condoning wrongdoing and undermining accountability. This chapter draws on the moral, legal, and political literature on the aftermath of wrongdoing in order to distinguish reconciliation from condonation. Properly understood, reconciliation is a valuable part of our practices of accountability.
Reasons-Responsiveness, Frankfurt Examples, and the Free Will Ability
Authors: McKenna Michael 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Reasons-responsive theories explain the free will ability in terms of an agent’s responsiveness to reasons. An agent acts freely on such a view just in case she is responsive to a suitable range of potential reasons for acting as she does or for acting other than as she does. One key question for any such view concerns the spectrum of reasons to which an agent must be suitably responsive in order for her to act freely. Another is whether any such theory of freedom can be fitted for the lessons that some take from Frankfurt’s argument. In the sort of example figuring in this argument, an agent cannot do otherwise because an intervener would force her to do what he would have her do on her own were she to be about to do otherwise. But then how can an agent be responsive to reasons to do otherwise in the context of a Frankfurt example? If different reasons were present, she would not do otherwise due to the intervener. Some reasons-responsive theorists address this by rejecting Frankfurt’s argument. Others try to show that an agent can retain the relevant kind of responsiveness when she acts freely on the context of a Frankfurt example. This issue aside, a further one has to do with whether the disposition to respond differently to a range of reasons supplies a reductive analysis of the free will ability. Either option encounters problems. This chapter explores these issues.
Responsibility, Personal Relationships, and the Significance of the Reactive Attitudes
Authors: Shabo Seth 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
P. F. Strawson held that relinquishing moral blame and punishment isn’t a real possibility for us, given our commitment to ordinary interpersonal relationships. In Strawson’s view, this is because these practices are at root expressions of resentment, moral indignation, and guilt, and because our proneness to these reactive attitudes is inseparable from the emotional involvement on which such relationships depend. If Strawson is right, denying these attitudes a prominent place in human affairs isn’t a credible aim of social policy, despite what some theorists have maintained. Focusing on resentment, this chapter distinguishes two ways of fleshing out Strawson’s reasoning, both of which are adumbrated in his landmark essay. According to the Constitutive Expectations Argument, we cannot strive to supplant resentment because it’s a response to violations of the normative expectations that partly constitute such relationships. According to the Psychological Nexus Argument, the obstacle to supplanting resentment lies in other, reinforcing emotional responses, especially feeling hurt and feeling aggrieved, the presence of which makes resentment harder to sincerely disavow and set aside than it would otherwise be. It will be argued that the Psychological Nexus Argument has advantages over the Constitutive Expectations Argument, as can be seen by examining the conditions for sincerely disavowing unavoidable resentment. For the idea is, it’s often the case that people cannot reasonably be expected to sincerely disavow their putatively appropriate resentment when these reinforcing responses are present.
Illusionism
Authors: Smilansky Saul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Illusionism about free will and moral responsibility is broadly the view that illusion is central and, in many ways, positive in the context of the free will problem. The chapter begins by explaining what Illusionism is, the forms it may take, and the reasons for holding it. Then it explores Illusionism’s relations to other views on the free will problem; and the question of the role of illusion concerning free will and moral responsibility as compared to other contexts. Finally, it discusses objections to Illusionism, concluding with reflections on why the position is not more widely held, and its future prospects. Illusionism naturally invites skepticism, indeed incredulity, and perhaps even hostility. Yet the philosophical case for it is strong, assuming the absence of robust libertarian free will. The claims of Illusionism are that free will illusions are central, life-enabling, and morality-enabling features of the human condition. Whether as a pragmatic “buffer” or as an inherent or existential necessity, illusion is seen to be central and indispensable. Humanity is fortunately mistaken and deceived on the free will issue, and this seems to be a condition of respect for persons, civilized morality, and a personal sense of value and meaning.
Latinx Conversions to Islam
Authors: Morales Harold 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows that Latinx conversion to Islam dates back to the early twentieth century and has increased at the dawn of the twenty-first century as part of an exodus from the Catholic Church in the United States. This chapter draws on quantitative research and examines popular hypotheses attempting to explain why Latinxs leave Christianity to embrace Islam, including those regarding marriage, prison, and mass media. Additionally, this chapter draws on discursive analysis of reversion stories and ethnographic research to shed light on Latinx conversion to Islam as diverse, complex, and fluid processes. By examining how marginalized communities such as Latinx Muslims reinscribe reductive practices, and how these practices are shaped in large measure by broader historical contexts, we can begin to lay the groundwork for more nuanced engagements with Latinx conversion processes.
Prosperity Gospel and Latinos/as
Authors: Tian-Ren Lin Tony 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter is an overview of the ways Prosperity Gospel, in its many manifestations, shapes Latino immigrant communities. The chapter offers an overview of Prosperity Gospel as a religious movement and a description of its core beliefs. The focus of the chapter is on first-generation immigrant Prosperity Gospel Latinos and their social and cultural ramifications. While only one-third of all Latinos are foreign born, they are overrepresented in this faith tradition. Prosperity Gospel is a totalizing religion that redefines private lives, daily behavior, concepts of the good, and ultimately the individuals themselves. It is an American creation at its core. Inadvertently, the pursuit of spiritual enlightenment in Prosperity Gospel results in the adoption of middle-class, white, American norms.
Ethics, Theology, and Mestizaje
Authors: Medina Néstor 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the historical usage of the category of mestizaje by scholars, arguing that it continues to be a useful theological category, because it elucidates the divine dismantling of structures of racialized, cultural, and religious power. Mestizaje constitutes an ethical praxis and ethos unwilling to succumb to easy recipes of “inclusion,” “unity,” and “hospitality.” The concept of mestizaje remains useful as it is used to celebrate and wrestle with complex and fluid multicultural, multilingual, and multinational history and ancestral lines for which it is a cipher. The crucial insight gleaned from mestizaje is its open-endedness; it thrives on diversity and heterogeneity while subverting false notions of purity, homogeneity, unity, and whiteness. Mestizaje is an attempt to actively reject social, cultural, and economic structures of discrimination, racism, and marginalization. This chapter argues that it also rejects intellectual frames which undermine the rich cultural, contextual, and experiential component of lived faith experiences as part of human activity and struggles for justice.
Introduction
Authors: Nabhan-Warren Kristy 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the history of Latina/x/o religious studies and focuses on the particular history of Latina/x/o Christian studies. The chapter offers a genealogy of scholarship on US Latina/x/o from the 1960s to the present. Scholarship from the 1960s and 1970s on US Latina/x/o mostly omitted religion, while scholarship of the 1980s and 1990s tended to focus on institutional Christianity and the various denomination leaders. More recent scholarship of US Latina/x/o attempts to offer a more balanced approach, focusing on institutional as well as more popular, “lived” manifestations of Christianity. Moreover, recent scholarship addresses religion as an integral component of the broader histories of US Latina/x/o. Current scholarship on US Latina/x/o Christianity seeks to address the intersectionalities of ethnicity, migration, religion, and gender.
Latina/o Pentecostalism
Authors: Barba Lloyd 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
That Pentecostalism stands out as among the fastest growing religious movements of the twentieth century in the United States and Latin America is a well-documented fact among scholars. Not until recently, however, scholars started to critically examine the rise of Latino Pentecostalism within the United States, a phenomenon that has been in the making for over a century. To better understand the historical development of Latino Pentecostalism in the United States, this chapter offers a three-part periodization: (1) Foundation: 1906–1929; (2) Building: 1930–1965; and (3) Expansion: 1966–2006. The conclusion then takes stock of the movement from 2006 to 2020, examining the sociopolitical climate in which Pentecostalism continues to flourish. Within these periods, this chapter traces broader cultural, organizational, and educational contours of denominations as they developed within the context of three macro-forces fundamental in the shaping of Latinidad in the United States: shifting racial sensibilities, immigration policies, and labor market demands.
Eighteenth-Century Joseon Confucian Readings on Jesus
Authors: Yang Guen Seok 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
It is not easy to imagine the establishment of a Christian Church without the initiative of the Western missionaries on non-Christian continents. But the birth of the Korean Christian Church, at the end of the eighteenth century, is a unique exception to the general pattern. It was established by the theological volition of Korean Confucians prior to any intervention of foreign missionaries. This chapter examines Korean Confucian biblical readings by which the voluntary formation of Christianity in Joseon Korea was realized. Their readings were active intertextual interactions between the Christian Bible and Confucian scriptures. These readings resulted in both anti- and pro-Christian writings. They show the hermeneutical goals and the distinctive characteristics of intertextual readings. Their early historical and hermeneutical initiative is a model for today’s Korean or Asian contextual readings of the Bible.
United yet Divided
Authors: Hong Koog P. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Context matters. The Korean reading of the Bible must be different from others in that their lived experiences pose new questions to the text. Unique to the Korean context is the division of North and South. A people united for more than a millennium have been severed into two independent, hostile, political entities. The people of two Koreas continue to live through a complexity of division in unity. How does this Korean context help us better understand the complexity of the north-south relations in the Hebrew Bible? Informed by the Korean context, this chapter stresses the duality inherent in Judah’s relations with Israel. It is critical to distinguish the ideal of unity from the reality of division.
“Forever Strangers at the Margin” in the Context of the United States
Authors: Kim Hyun Chul Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter reads the Abraham story from the perspective of Korean American immigrants. Attending to select plots and motifs, as well as addressing sociological and historical relocation, trauma, minority identity, and interethnic relations, this hermeneutic compares and contrasts the stories of Abraham, Sarah, and others in Genesis 12–25 with the experience of Korean Americans. It illustrates parallel narratives—one ancient, another current. The Abrahamic and Korean American stories share the intersectional characteristics of life at the margin. They contrast experiences of hostility and hospitality. They struggle to survive and build solidarity in the complex milieu of new multiethnic societies.
Reception of the Bible during the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Park In Hee 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The scholarly examination of the significance of the first Korean Christian community founded by Confucian scholars sheds new light for both interreligious dialogue and biblical studies. This chapter demonstrates that the development of early Christian communities, which started in the eighteenth century, is a result of these scholarly endeavors to seek an alternative to feudal society. It reveals how biblical concepts like the Children of God contributed to transforming Confucian concepts such as filial piety and the Will of Heaven to create a more equal society through a sociopolitical impact. This chapter also highlights how the first Korean Gospel, Sung-kyung-jik-hae-gwang-ik (The Interpretation of the Bible and Its Meaning), was formed by these scholars. It empowered laypeople, who suffered cruel persecutions over many decades, to foster a compassionate and egalitarian Christian society known as the “Village of Friends.”
Industrial Dynamics
Authors: Carlsson Bo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Industrial Dynamics is a counterpoint to the dominance in economics of Industrial Organization (IO), which focuses on an industry’s market structure and performance. Industrial Dynamics (ID), in contrast, provides a framework for analyses of the dynamics and evolution of industries, particularly the role of entrepreneurial activity and technological and institutional change. ID asserts that industry transformation can only be understood by looking at processes both beyond and within specific industries, especially at changes in innovation systems that cut across industries and at firm-level innovative activities. Research themes in ID include the causes of industry transformation and economic growth, the nature of economic activity in the firm, firm boundaries and interdependence, technological change and its institutional framework, and related public policy. Since the 1980s, the dynamics of industry transformation has been established as a research domain, but institutionalizing Industrial Dynamics as a distinct and recognized subfield of economics remains an ongoing project.
Early Encounters with Shakespeare Music
Authors: Smith Simon 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
For many early modern playgoers, music was not a peripheral feature of commercial drama, but a chief attraction of the theatres—sometimes even the primary motivation for playgoing. This chapter explores early evidence of musically interested playgoers and their engagements with practical musical performance at venues like the Globe and Blackfriars. It works with a range of examples before taking The Merchant of Venice as an extended test case in the early modern relationship between drama and music. Through these materials, the chapter offers three core propositions about playhouse engagements with music during Shakespeare’s working life. The first is that musical experience was in itself a significant and widely acknowledged incentive for playgoing that can be traced across the textual record. The second is that playgoers regularly encountered music as an integral element of a play’s dramaturgy, and so their musical experiences need to be understood in the context of their wider engagements with drama. The final suggestion is that playwrights like Shakespeare anticipated the overlap of musical and dramatic experience in playhouse performance by embedding music into their dramaturgical designs, using playhouse responses to music to shape dramatic meaning.
Soundscapes of the Outdoor Playhouses, 1567‒1608
Authors: Munro Lucy 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
While Shakespeare’s uses of music at the Theatre and Globe playhouses have been the subject of a good deal of scholarly attention, the soundscapes of other outdoor playhouses such as the Curtain, Rose, Boar’s Head, Fortune, and Red Bull have been largely dismissed or ignored. Yet from Robert Greene in the late 1580s and early 1590s, to plays written specifically for the outdoor playhouses in the 1620s, to Richard Brome at the Globe and Red Bull in the 1630s, the outdoor playhouses presented varied and often markedly experimental soundscapes. This chapter examines the musical traditions of the outdoor playhouses in detail for the first time, offering a new perspective on Shakespeare’s musical practice. It surveys the period between the construction of the outdoor Red Lion playhouse in 1567 and the acquisition of the indoor Blackfriars by Shakespeare’s company, the King’s Men, paying particular attention to the late 1580s and 1590s, the years during which Shakespeare established himself as a dramatist. Looking at song and instrumental music, it draws on the histories of the playhouses, playing companies and individual actor-musicians, contemporary commentaries, and a range of plays and jigs, paying particular attention to the work of Robert Wilson, Robert Greene, Thomas Dekker, and William Kemp. It argues first that Shakespeare’s early musical practices are in line with those of other playwrights working for outdoor playhouses, and second that the musical traditions of those playhouses are more wide-ranging, original, and inventive than scholars have generally recognized.
Musical Response to Shakespeare in Greater China
Authors: Wong Katrine K. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Shakespeare and his works began making their way to Asia through diplomatic and missionary channels some two centuries after the Bard’s death. Through translations and adaptations, Asian countries began to learn about his works and what they represent (culture, lifestyle, ideology), and such activities soon began to interact with local cultures and practices of musical performances: Chinese operatic Shakespeare, Japanese Nō Shakespeare, Korean shamanistic Shakespeare, to name but a few. With a focus on Shakespeare in China, this chapter begins with a summary of the history of Chinese perceptions, responses, and (re)creations of Shakespeare. The introductory overview serves as a socio-historical context for a discussion of mass-market musical responses to Shakespeare and his works in contemporary China. The author investigates how popular musical forms and modes, in particular Mandopop and Cantopop, have embraced and given new shape and voice to Shakespearean works.
Shakespeare and the Nineteenth-Century Italian Operatic Stage
Authors: Germano William 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
At least a dozen of Shakespeare’s plays provided the basis for nineteenth-century Italian operas. Poets and composers took on the double project of transforming the playwright’s work into a text suitable for musical setting, and then producing a work of dramatic vocal music that could succeed in the fertile and competitive world of nineteenth-century opera. The century’s operatic output is marked by monumental gateposts—Rossini’s groundbreaking Otello (1816) and Verdi’s final stage works, Otello (1887) and Falstaff (1893)—but many other significant Italian composers, including Pacini, Piccinni, Vaccai, Bellini, Mercadante, Marchetti, and Faccio (whose recently recovered Amleto is of special interest) would contribute interpretations of Henry IV, Henry V, Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, and Hamlet. Even non-Italian composers, such as Halévy and Balfe, composed Italian-language operas based on Shakespearean subjects. These operas also mark at least two trajectories of interest to Shakespeareans. First, the development of a Shakespearean ‘voice’—the movement from a vocal world dominated by tenors and women’s voices to what we view today as the more ‘realistic’ distribution of gendered sounds heard in Verdi’s musical Cyprus and Windsor. Second is the recovery of the Shakespearean text—the movement from fanciful or surgically expedient versions of Shakespeare to linguistically and poetically attentive settings of Shakespeare’s dramas. Such developments connect opera, the most extravagant of theatrical forms, to the literary history of a translated, internationalized, and now fully musical Shakespeare.
Sonic Spectacle in Erich Wolfgang Korngold’s Score to Max Reinhardt’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1935)
Authors: Penner Nina 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Max Reinhardt’s productions of A Midsummer Night’s Dream (dozens of stage productions, beginning in 1905, culminating in a 1935 film) were notable for their privileging of the forest realm over Athens. Although much has been written about the spectacular visual effects that brought about this bias in the film, little attention has been paid to the role of music, since the film does not have an original score. Erich Wolfgang Korngold arranged its score from Mendelssohn’s incidental music as well as various other works by the composer. Most discussions of Korngold’s work on the film emphasize his fidelity to Mendelssohn. However, attempting to following the soundtrack with Mendelssohn’s scores reveals few direct quotations. Like the sleight of hand of a magician, Korngold creates the illusion that one is hearing Mendelssohn unadulterated, yet, a Mendelssohn one has never heard before. Instead of merely selecting bolts of music of the requisite lengths, he wove together his own fabric from an array of musical-thematic threads, all the while adorning it with glamorous modern accoutrements all his own. This chapter shows how Korngold brought skills he acquired on the operatic stage to his glamorization of Mendelssohn, and how the sonic spectacle he created contributed to the foregrounding of the forest.