bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of iodine intake in children, adults, and pregnant women in Europe—comparison against dietary recommendations and evaluation of dietary iodine sources
Authors: Bath Sarah C , Verkaik-Kloosterman Janneke , Sabatier Magalie , ter Borg Sovianne , Eilander Ans , Hora Katja , Aksoy Burcu , Hristozova Nevena , van Lieshout Lilou , Tanju Besler Halit , Lazarus John H 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Context
Adequate iodine intake is essential throughout life. Key dietary sources are iodized salt and animal products, but dietary patterns in Europe are changing, for example toward lower salt intake and a more plant-based diet.

Objective
To review iodine intake (not status) in European populations (adults, children, and pregnant women) to identify at-risk groups and dietary sources.

Data sources
PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases, as well as European national nutrition surveys were searched for data on had iodine intake (from dietary assessment) and sources of iodine, collected after 2006.

Data selection
In total, 57 studies were included, comprising 22 national surveys and 35 sub-national studies. Iodine intake data were available from national surveys of children aged &lt;10 years (n = 11), 11–17 years (n = 12), and adults (n = 15), but data from pregnancy were only available from sub-national studies.

Results
Iodine intake data are lacking—only 17 of 45 (38%) European countries had iodine-intake data from national surveys. Iodine intake reported from national surveys was below recommendations for: (1) children aged &lt;10 years in 2 surveys (18%), (2) boys and girls aged 11–17 years in 6 (50%) and 8 (68%) surveys, respectively, and (3) adult men and women in 7 (47%) and 12 (80%) surveys, respectively. In pregnant women, intake was below recommendations except where women were taking iodine-containing supplements. Just 32% of national surveys (n = 7) included iodized salt when estimating iodine intake. Milk, dairy products, fish, and eggs were important contributors to intake in many countries, suggesting limited sources in plant-based diets.

Conclusion
Results are limited by the challenges of dietary assessment for measuring iodine intake. Future national surveys should include iodine intake. Policy makers should consider dietary sources alongside any iodized salt policies when considering methods for improving population iodine intake.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO 2017 CRD42017075422.
The Concept of Life’s Meaning
Authors: Metz Thaddeus 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The author of this chapter critically discusses views about what at least analytic philosophers have in mind when reflecting on what makes life meaningful. He first demonstrates that there has been a standard view of that, according to which meaningfulness involves the actions of persons, ones that exhibit a high desirability characteristically present in ‘the good, the true, and the beautiful’ and absent from the cases of Sisyphus or the Experience Machine. Then, he addresses five recent challenges to the standard view. He concludes that the standard view should be revised to accommodate judgements that animal lives can exhibit a limited meaning, groups of human persons can exhibit substantial meaning, and there is a difference between mundane and great meaning possible in the life of a person. However, he resists radical suggestions that meaningfulness never inheres in people’s actions, but only in information, or that it need not be positive, but can be negative.
Can Neuroscience Shed Light on What Constitutes a Meaningful Life?
Authors: Hacker P. M. S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
To investigate whether cognitive neuroscience can actually illuminate the meaning of life, the notions of finding meaning in life and living a meaningful life are first explained. The limits of the explanatory potentialities of cognitive neuroscience are then explored. It is then argued that, contrary to the view of Paul Thagard, explaining what constitutes a meaningful life and why it does so lie beyond the purview of cognitive neuroscience. To suppose that there could be a natural science of meaning in life is a form of scientism, that is, an extension of scientific methods beyond their proper domain of application.
Theism and Meaning in Life
Authors: Mawson T. J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines meaningfulness in life as significance. It argues that there are two sorts of significance, subjective significance and objective significance. Subjective significance is a matter of how much something is cared about, and objective significance is a matter of how objectively valuable something is relative to suitable comparators. Given these understandings and in critical conversation with the work of Williams and Kahane, the chapter draws out the assumptions on which human lives may be argued to be more significant in both these senses if there’s a God than if there’s not, and endorses these assumptions (in one case, somewhat tentatively), arguing indeed that, on them, one may say that individuals’ lives have infinite significance in both senses if there is a God and only finite significance in both senses if there is not.
The Rationality of Suicide and the Meaningfulness of Life
Authors: Cholbi Michael 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A wide body of psychological research corroborates the claim that whether one’s life is (or will be) meaningful appears relevant to whether it is rational to continue living. This chapter advances conceptions of life’s meaningfulness and of suicidal choice with an eye to ascertaining how the former might provide justificatory reasons relevant to the latter. Drawing upon the recent theory of meaningfulness defended by Cheshire Calhoun, the decision to engage in suicide can be understood as a choice related to life’s meaningfulness insofar as an individual can see no point in investing her agency in her anticipated future. These meaning-based reasons relevant to suicidal choice either cannot be reduced to the reasons of well-being that philosophers have typically used to analyse suicide decisions or at least forms a distinct class of reasons within those that contribute to well-being.
Psychological Approaches to Life’s Meaning
Authors: Baumeister Roy F. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Intended to provide an overview of psychological research on life’s meaning for a philosophical readership, this chapter reviews multiple lines of enquiry. People find meaning in diverse places, so the questions (needs for meaning) may be more constant than the answers. Self-rated meaningfulness often emphasizes family, love, work, and religion, some of which seem little more than basic animal drives embellished with meaningfulness. Self-rated meaningfulness rises and falls in response to mundane events, increasing after seeing simple orderly patterns and while performing routines, and decreasing after interpersonal rejection. Searching for meaning is largely uncorrelated with finding or having it. Applying meaning to life may increase its incompleteness. Self-rated happiness correlates with meaningfulness, but important differences exist, including differential relevance of goal satisfaction, time span, interpersonal relations, stressful involvements, and self-expression.
The Experience of Meaning
Authors: Kauppinen Antti 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Recently, psychologists have started to distinguish between three kinds of experience of meaning. Drawing on philosophical as well as empirical literature, the author of this chapter argues that the experience of one’s own life making sense involves a sense of narrative justification, so that not just any kind of intelligibility suffices; the experience of purpose includes enthusiastic future-directed motivation against the background of a global sort of hopefulness, or the resonance of what one does right now with one’s values; and finally, the experience of significance consists primarily of feelings of pride and fulfilment, which construe one’s own actions as making a positive difference to the world or as mattering to someone who matters to one. Mutually exclusive philosophical views of what makes lives meaningful could all be simultaneously correct about the fittingness of these different kinds of experience.
Meaning in Life and Phoniness
Authors: Landau Iddo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Many people complain that phoniness causes, or contributes to causing, life to be insufficiently meaningful. In this chapter, the author explores the relation between phoniness and meaning in life, arguing that the former sometimes enhances rather than undermines the latter. After typifying phoniness and distinguishing it from neighbouring notions (e.g. lying, deceiving, being hypocritical), the author discusses the ways in which phoniness undermines life’s meaning. He then discusses common reactions to phoniness and claims that two of them are preferable to others. He argues that the prevalence and degree of phoniness can be easily exaggerated, and that phoniness sometimes protects or even increases, rather than undermines, meaning in life. Hence, some of the efforts to combat phoniness are unhelpful. Occasionally, there is also reason to doubt their motivation. However, since in many cases phoniness does diminish life’s meaning, there is need for a nuanced understanding of the relation between the two.
Pessimism, Optimism, and Meaning in Life
Authors: Benatar David 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines pessimistic and optimistic views about life’s meaning. To this end, it engages three broad questions. First, what is one asking when one asks whether life has meaning? Different possible questions are differentiated, and the relevant ones highlighted. Second, what constitutes optimism or pessimism about life’s meaning? Optimists and pessimists can disagree about whether life has a specified kind of meaning, or they can disagree about whether the presence or absence of such meaning is good or bad. Competing understandings of optimism and pessimism are discussed. Third, how optimistic or pessimistic should one be about life’s meaning? It is argued that while one should be optimistic that life has some meaning, one should be pessimistic about how much meaning life has. It would be better if individuals’ lives were much more meaningful than they actually are.
The Archaeology of Agrarian Australia
Authors: Paterson Alistair 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The arrival of Europeans in Australia heralded the establishment of new forms of farming reliant on a range of foreign domesticated plants and animals. More than any other colonial industry, farming transformed the continent’s environments, ecosystems, and Indigenous cultures. This chapter considers the history of the archaeology of agrarian Australia, and in particular the ways that Aboriginal people provided labour and knowledge. At the same time farming relied on Aboriginal peoples’ Country. Recent research highlights both the social and environmental dimensions of this history. Other work highlights how Aboriginal people managed landscapes in their own right, a fact also reported by some colonial observers. This management has the potential to highlight Aboriginal peoples’ agency and to offer ways to reconsider contemporary land management in an era increasingly concerned with the challenges of the Anthropocene.
Ecological Feminist Hermeneutics
Authors: Elvey Anne 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Ecological feminist hermeneutics emerged in the wake of ecofeminist theory and women’s environmental activism in the second part of the twentieth century. While relatively few explicitly ecological feminist readings of biblical texts have appeared, feminist hermeneutics have informed ecological hermeneutics. The trend in ecological feminist hermeneutics is toward multidimensional approaches that recognize the complexity of situation and the persistence of worldviews that support antiwomen and anti-Earth perspectives. Rather than evolving from a normative biblical text or being applied normatively to biblical texts, ecological feminist hermeneutics open spaces for pneuma (breath/spirit) to “breeze through” in biblical interpretations where Earth has agency in the reading process. Bodies, matter, and habitat become important themes in ecological feminist readings oriented toward a decolonizing shift in dominant worldviews.
Genesis
Authors: Hiebert Theodore 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The book of Genesis is one of our oldest ecological epics. It provides us, at the very beginning of our religious traditions, with perspectives on the world that are important to recognize in an age of environmental crisis. In its exploration of beginnings, it places the world at the center of its thought, it grounds human identity and vocation in the earth, and it connects divine activity closely to nature and its processes. As an early ecological epic, Genesis represents the values of an ancient subsistence agricultural society in the Mediterranean highlands, which saw itself closely integrated with the fertile soil on which it lived and on which it depended for its survival. Genesis thus escapes the later philosophical dualisms between spirit and matter and history and nature that have separated and privileged the human in dangerous ways and that have marginalized the world. Though citizens of a small ecological niche in an ancient world, its authors provide constructive conversation partners for those today seeking a more integrated view of the world and the human place in it.
Ecology and Eschatology in the Second Temple Period
Authors: Rowland Christopher 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Disruptions in the natural world have deep biblical roots. They are signs of divine displeasure signifying that creation is out of joint because of human behavior. It is judgment on the destroyers of the earth (Rev 11:18). In the Jewish and Christian eschatological literature, natural disasters became a regular feature of the antecedents of the coming of a new age. Such cataclysmic events are often described as “apocalyptic” and are related to ancient texts such as the Book of Revelation. The evolution of this kind of description is considered in the light of the revelatory dimension which is such a dominant feature of the apocalyptic texts themselves. Ancient Jewish and Christian eschatology did not share the view that God had consigned the world to chaos. Rather the evidence suggests that there was a significant and lasting hope for a restored and glorious world once the new age had come. Far from being destroyed with fire it was going once again to blossom as a rose (cf. Isa 35:1–2). This became the dominant way in which Jewish and ancient Christian hopes were articulated. Whether that optimistic hope is sustainable rather than the bleaker view of the biblical prophetic literature that human behavior would lead to chaos and destruction is a pertinent question for our times.
Introduction
Authors: Marlow Hilary , Harris Mark 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The Introduction sets the scene for the whole volume of essays by briefly summarising the rise of ecological hermeneutics as an important field of study in contemporary Biblical Studies and highlights the importance of exploring the connections – and disconnections – between the ancient world of the biblical authors and our modern environmental predicament. The Introduction includes consideration of terminology such as 'nature' and 'creation' and cautions against anachronistic application of modern concepts regarding the material world onto biblical texts. The Introduction then outlines the scope of the volume and the rationale behind the four sections into which it is divided, before ending with some critical reflections and scope for further study.
Special Objects
Authors: Greenway Tyler S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses three questions: (a) what are special objects, (b) where do special objects come from, and (c) what do special objects do? Special objects are defined as objects with counterintuitive properties or counterschematic causal effects that a group of people reflectively believe exist, that have a type of existence or action that is detectable by people, and whose existence motivates some differences in human behavior as a consequence. Distinctions between objects and agents, ordinary objects and special objects, special objects and special agents, and agential and nonagential special objects are also made. Three means of generating special objects are identified: direct supernatural action, ritual action, and contagion. The implications of and interpretative issues related to these means of generation are discussed, including an object’s continued connection to a supernatural agent, lay beliefs concerning an object’s origin, and the frequency with which different types of special objects may be generated. Finally, the effects of special objects within rituals, the power of these objects, and the means by which they bring about change are addressed. Several lines of future inquiry are also noted, including the need for a catalog that identifies the prevalence, use, and type of various special objects across religious traditions.
Neuroscience of Religion
Authors: Schjoedt Uffe , van Elk Michiel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces research within the neuroscience of religion, emphasizing the critical dimensions of experimental control and authenticity, while considering the problem of reverse inference. The chapter presents the strengths and weaknesses of five distinguishable neuroscientific approaches that can be characterized along these dimensions. The first approach examines the neural correlates of religion using adapted versions of standard experimental psychology paradigms. The second examines religion and spirituality in relation to structural differences in brain anatomy. The third examines the religion-brain link by analogy, using hypnosis and illusion paradigms. The fourth examines neurocognitive processes in authentic religious practice and experience directly in the laboratory. The fifth attempts to elicit religious experiences by exploiting participants’ belief in neuroscience (so-called neuroenchantment). The chapter ends with a discussion on the potential for theoretical integration across studies and approaches using the general framework of predictive processing.
Lived Faith and Cognitive Intuitions
Authors: Edman Laird R. O. , Penner Myron A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of cognitive science of religion (CSR) and shows how aspects of CSR can be applied to theology. It surveys some of the main methods and assumptions of CSR, including embedding CSR within ‘dual-system’ accounts of cognition, and employing multi-disciplinary experimental approaches across cultures and life-span. It surveys some of the main findings of CSR, and then explores how cognitive tendencies to attribute purpose to events and develop in-group bonds through ritual have consequences for theological reflection. These consequences are both cautionary (showing how human cognitive processes can be primed for purposes irrelevant to truth), and generative (showing how understanding human cognition can open new areas for theological reflection).
THE Nature of the World
Authors: Scott Julie B. , Barrett Justin L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates the way human minds intuitively conceive of the world by dividing up objects according to their kinds: natural kinds, nominal kinds, and artifacts. People intuitively hold certain expectation sets (i.e., spatiality, physicality, or mentality expectation sets, etc.) for different ontological categories. When a concept fits most of the intuitive assumptions humans hold about the world, it is considered “minimally counterintuitive” and easier to think, remember, and be communicated; it thus has good inferential potential. Counterintuitive agents (CI agents) have especially high inferential potential, as they can be used as explanations for many personally relevant events, including the origin of the natural world. Research shows that children seem to have intuitive teleological reasoning; they conceive of the natural world as created, and created for a purpose. Research findings suggest that children intuitively hold beliefs of creationism (the natural world was created by a divine or CI agent) and essentialism (things hold a set of essential characteristics). Adults, even explicitly nonreligious adults, show signs of persisting, intuitive teleological reasoning about the natural world, even as created by agent(s), when tested under increased cognitive load.
Anonymous Welfarism, Critical-Level Principles, and the Repugnant and Sadistic Conclusions
Authors: Bossert Walter 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Welfarist population principles rank alternatives using information regarding the lifetime well-being of those that ever live, disregarding non-welfare information. Standard examples are classical (total) utilitarianism, average utilitarianism, and critical-level utilitarianism. A population principle implies Parfit’s Repugnant Conclusion if every alternative in which each individual’s lifetime well-being exceeds the level that corresponds to a neutral life is ranked as worse than some other alternative with a larger population in which everyone alive has a lifetime well-being above neutrality but arbitrarily close to it. As is well known, total utilitarianism implies the Repugnant Conclusion but average utilitarianism and critical-level utilitarianism with a critical level above neutrality do not. Because critical-level utilitarianism also has several other desirable properties, this class of population principles can be viewed as an attractive candidate for avoiding the Repugnant Conclusion. This chapter discusses some important characteristics of the critical-level (generalized) utilitarian principles and compares them to alternative proposals. In addition to the Repugnant Conclusion, Arrhenius’s Sadistic Conclusion is examined. Critical-level utilitarianism with a critical level above neutrality implies the Sadistic Conclusion. It is illustrated that it is impossible to obtain a population principle that avoids both of these conclusions, provided that some additional plausible requirements are imposed. Thus, the chapter illustrates one of the difficult trade-offs that are common in population ethics.
Separability and Population Ethics
Authors: Thomas Teruji 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Separability is roughly the principle that, in comparing the value of two outcomes, one can ignore any people whose existence and welfare are unaffected. Separability is both antecedently plausible, at least as a principle of beneficence, and surprisingly powerful; it is the key to some of the best positive arguments in population ethics. This chapter surveys the motivations for and consequences of separability. In particular, it presents an ‘additivity theorem’ which explains how separability leads to total utilitarianism and closely related axiological views. It then examines systematically how this family of views can avoid the Repugnant Conclusion by incorporating lexicality, a critical level, or a neutral range.