bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐gonadal linear type traits can discriminate reproductive ability of breeding dairy bulls
Authors: Mandal Dilip Kumar , Kumar Mahesh , Tyagi Shrikant 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLinear type traits are easily measurable phenotypic characteristics that help breed characterization, selection of animals for breeding and found to be associated with animals’ performance. Unlike cows, there have been limited studies linking body linear traits with male reproductive ability and semen cryo‐preservability of breeding bulls. Present study reported the age‐related changes in body linear type traits in Frieswal (N = 378) dairy bulls and its relevance with reproductive potentials of breeding bulls. Our results indicated that body frame size traits were significantly and positively correlated with gonadal linear traits. Among the selected body mophometric parameters body length, chest girth and head circumference were the important body linear type traits having capability to discriminate between bulls of frozen semen doses (FSD) and non‐FSD categories. Discriminant function has been developed based on body linear traits of crossbred dairy bulls to find out males of superior reproductive potentials. Our finding provided evidence that body length (humerous tuberosity to tuber ischii) was the most powerful linear body trait associated with breeding bulls’ reproductive ability and semen quality.
Segregation of the membrane cargoes, BACE1 and amyloid precursor protein (APP) throughout the Golgi apparatus
Authors: Fourriere Lou , Cho Ellie Hyun‐Jung , Gleeson Paul A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe intracellular trafficking of β‐site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme (BACE1) and APP regulates amyloid‐β production. Our previous work demonstrated that newly synthesized BACE1 and APP are segregated into distinct trafficking pathways from the trans‐Golgi network (TGN), and that alterations in their trafficking lead to an increase in Aβ production in non‐neuronal and neuronal cells. However, it is not known whether BACE1 and APP are transported through the Golgi stacks together and sorted at the TGN or segregated prior to arrival at the TGN. To address this question, we have used high‐resolution Airyscan technology followed by Huygens deconvolution to quantify the overlap of BACE1 and APP in Golgi subcompartments in HeLa cells and primary neurons. Here, we show that APP and BACE1 are segregated, on exit from the endoplasmic reticulum and in the cis‐Golgi and throughout the Golgi stack. In contrast, the transferrin receptor, which exits the TGN in AP‐1 mediated transport carriers as for BACE1, colocalizes with BACE1, but not APP, throughout the Golgi stack. The segregation of APP and BACE1 is independent of the Golgi ribbon structure and the cytoplasmic domain of the cargo. Overall, our findings reveal the segregation of different membrane cargoes early in the secretory pathway, a finding relevant to the regulation of APP processing events.
The dendritic ERGIC: Microtubule and actin cytoskeletons participate in stop‐and‐go movement of mobile carriers between stable structures
Authors: de los Ángeles Juricic Urzúa María , Rojas Javiera Gallardo , Correa Andrés Couve , Cerda Mauricio , Gründler Steffen Härtel , González‐Silva Carolina 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐to‐Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) is a membranous organelle that mediates protein transport between the ER and the Golgi apparatus. In neurons, clusters of these vesiculotubular structures are situated throughout the cell in proximity to the ER, passing cargo to the cis‐Golgi cisternae, located mainly in the perinuclear region. Although ERGIC markers have been identified in neurons, the distribution and dynamics of neuronal ERGIC structures have not been characterized yet. Here, we show that long‐distance ERGIC transport occurs via an intermittent mechanism in dendrites, with mobile elements moving between stationary structures. Slow and fast live‐cell imaging have captured stable ERGIC structures remaining in place over long periods of time, as well as mobile ERGIC structures advancing very short distances along dendrites. These short distances have been consistent with the lengths between the stationary ERGIC structures. Kymography revealed ERGIC elements that moved intermittently, emerging from and fusing with stationary ERGIC structures. Interestingly, this movement apparently depends not only on the integrity of the microtubule cytoskeleton, as previously reported, but on the actin cytoskeleton as well. Our results indicate that the dendritic ERGIC has a dual nature, with both stationary and mobile structures. The neural ERGIC network transports proteins via a stop‐and‐go movement in which both the microtubule and the actin cytoskeletons participate.
Mitogenomic phylogeny resolves Cuneopsis (Bivalvia: Unionidae) as polyphyletic: The description of two new genera and a new species
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Ping , Dai Yu‐Ting , Yin Nan , Shu Feng‐Yue , Chen Zhong‐Guang , Guo Liang , Zhou Chun‐Hua , Ouyang Shan , Huang Xiao‐Chen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFreshwater mussels are known to have two types of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) transmitted separately through oocytes and sperms, namely, maternal (F‐type) and paternal (M‐type) mtDNA. The additional suite of mitochondrial genes provides a great opportunity to resolve phylogenetically problematic relationships. East Asian freshwater mussels of the genus Cuneopsis were considered a compact group of taxa having wedge‐shaped shells. However, preliminary results from previous studies challenged the monophyly of Cuneopsis, and the exact phylogenetic relationships among Cuneopsis and its allied genera are yet to be determined with comprehensive species sampling. Here, we evaluated species boundaries in Cuneopsis based on COI barcoding and obtained 11 new F‐ and M‐type mitogenomes via genome skimming to elucidate the evolutionary history of Cuneopsis. COI barcode data supported the validity of all sampled six Cuneopsis species (missing C. kiangsiensis). Our mitochondrial phylogenomic analyses confirmed that the currently recognized genus Cuneopsis sensu lato was polyphyletic, recovering three well‐supported clades. Molecular dating analysis suggested Cuneopsis s.l. diversified at ~58.06 million years ago in the Paleogene. Hereby, we propose two new genera, that is, Arcuneopsis gen. nov. and Pseudocuneopsis gen. nov. Additionally, we report a new species, Pseudocuneopsis sichuanensis sp. nov., from Chengdu, Sichuan, China, and a newly recorded species from China, Cuneopsis demangei.
Experimental and Theoretical Pressures and Velocity Fields for Various Lead Extrusions
Authors: Thomsen E. G. , Frisch J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Extrusion pressures and velocity fields were determined for inverted extrusion processes of commercially pure lead. The extrusion ratios were varied from 1.51 to 18.5 (33.7 per cent to 94.6 per cent reduction). It was found that, for both low and high friction at cylinder wall and at die surfaces, qualitative agreement exists between slip-line solutions and experiment.
An Experimental Study on Chatter Vibrations in Grinding Operations
Authors: Doi S. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
During the grinding process there frequently occurs a lateral vibration of the rotating wheel. In this experiment that vibration was magnified under the microscope and measured on a rotating film. Many modes of vibration were ascertained experimentally, produced by irregularity of the journal of the main spindle; peripheral irregularity of the grinding wheel; a flexible main spindle; clearance in the main bearing; the driving-belt seam and the flapping vibration of the driving belt on the main spindle; a flexible workpiece; the deflection of a grinding machine, and so on. The causes and the characters of these vibrations and some preventative methods were investigated. It has been found that a plain bearing used as the main bearing of a grinder is superior to a ball bearing in so far as prevention of vibration of the wheel is concerned.
A Method for Calculating Vibration Frequency and Stress of a Banded Group of Turbine Buckets
Authors: Prohl M. A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Steam-turbine buckets are normally covered at the tips by a band. The band is applied in segments, each segment elastically joining together a given number of buckets. In studying vibrational behavior the buckets should be treated as banded groups rather than as individual cantilevers. A method of analysis, suitable for digital computation, is presented which gives all of the natural frequencies and mode shapes of a banded group of buckets subject to the usual limitations of the elementary beam theory. Axial and torsional motion as well as tangential is considered. Also a procedure is included for evaluating vibration amplitude and stress at resonance. Damping is assumed to be small and the energy input to the banded group from a prescribed form of nozzle stimulus is equated to the energy dissipated in damping to determine vibration-stress levels. Sample calculations have been made on the I.B.M. Electronic Data Processing Machine, Type 704, and the results of these calculations are given in a companion paper (1).
High-Frequency Vibration of Steam-Turbine Buckets
Authors: Weaver F. L. , Prohl M. A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The design of short and medium-height steam-turbine buckets is discussed with regard to the possibility of resonant vibration at the frequency of passing nozzles or multiples of this frequency. Particular attention is given to the design problems involved in marine applications. A new calculation procedure (1) is used to obtain the various natural frequencies (tangential, axial, and torsional) of a banded group of buckets and the related mode forms and vibration-stress levels. Calculation results obtained on the IBM Electronic Data Processing Machine, Type 704, are presented and are discussed with relation to their influence on bucket design.
The Formation of Sulphuric Acid in Boiler Flue Gases
Authors: Harlow W. F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The discovery of the mechanism for the formation of sulphuric acid in flue gases of modern boiler plants by the process of surface catalysis, brought about by the heating surface over which the gases pass, was published some years ago. Notwithstanding the evidence put forward at that time, both from fundamental tests and operating plants, controversy on the question continues and little progress has been made in the suppression of this harmful product which is responsible for the deposit and corrosion on the boiler-plant surfaces and is, moreover, a very destructive and undesirable contaminant of the atmosphere. This paper describes further work on the subject, including tests which leave the explanation in no reasonable doubt and shows the effect on the sulphuric-acid formation of various surface treatments of the heating surface—both metallurgical and chemical.
Concurrent Flow of Air, Gas-Oil, and Water in a Horizontal Pipe
Authors: Sobocinski D. P. , Huntington R. L. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
There are several operations in the production of petroleum in which three-phase concurrent flow of fluids takes place. In some cases this type of flow necessarily must occur, such as the lifting and transportation of gas, crude oil, or condensate and water from the reservoir to the first separator in the field. In another operation, three-phase flow is encountered when glycol is injected into a pipeline at the well-head with oil and wet gas, in order to prevent freeze ups from gas-hydrate formation. The design of piping for vertical, horizontal, and inclined multiphase flow has been done largely by the expensive route of trial and error. Poettman, et al., have analyzed data on a number of wells flowing oil, gas, and water vertically. This laboratory study was undertaken in view of the current interest in the concurrent flow of oil and gas in field-gathering pipelines along with the injection of a third water phase such as glycol.
Designing Thermocouples for Response Rate
Authors: Moffat R. J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Accurate information about thermocouple response rate is of value both to the designer of engine controls and to the test engineer. The response performance of a probe can be described in terms of its “characteristic time,” which can be determined experimentally. The characteristic time of a probe is not a constant, but is affected by the mass velocity and temperature of the gas stream in which it is used. Analysis of experimental data resulted in an empirical equation for characteristic time in terms of the geometry and flow conditions. This equation predicts the characteristic time within 10 per cent for bare wireloop-junction thermocouples from 0.016 to 0.051-in-diam wire, mass velocities from 3 to 50 lb/sec ft2 and temperature from 160 to 1600 F. All data were taken at a static pressure of 1 atm. The effects of manufacturing tolerances and engine environmental conditions also have been investigated. Data are presented concerning the effect of junction-weld bead size, junction exposed length, junction orientation, and radiative heat transfer from the junction.
A Tool-Work-Thermocouple Compensating Circuit
Authors: Trigger K. J. , Campbell R. K. , Chao B. T. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A compensating circuit which facilitates the use of the tool-work thermocouple for interface-temperature measurements is presented. The IR drop due to the flow of thermoelectric current in a closed circuit is used to nullify the parasitic emf introduced by dissimilar lead materials attached to the cutting insert. Conditions necessary to achieve complete compensation are explained and test results indicating the reliability of the method are given.
Temperature Distribution at Tool-Chip and Tool-Work Interface in Metal Cutting
Authors: Chao B. T. , Trigger K. J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A noniterative method is presented for the computation of temperature distribution both at the tool-chip and tool-work interface in metal cutting. Temperatures at the tool-work interface increase appreciably with the increase in flank wear. This phenomenon contrasts to the relatively minor influence on tool-chip interface temperature as crater wear develops. Results include a three-dimensional temperature distribution at the tool top surface.
The Biotechnical Problem of the Human Body as a Heat Exchanger
Authors: Herrington L. P. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The physical and engineering properties of inanimate objects as heat exchangers have been the subject of long study. Within the past 25 years, many factors have brought biological disciplines into intimate contact with the formally similar problem of heat exchange between a living body and its environment. A Committee on Biotechnology of the Heat Transfer Division of this Society has been organized recently with the intention of advancing and standardizing useful engineering descriptions of biological heat-exchange problems. Such problems presently complicate engineering design in which the human link is a critical element in total function of man and machine. The paper demonstrates that a large body of calorimetric data on the human heat exchanger can be summarized in statistically derived empirical equations. These equations obviate the need for special physiological knowledge required of the engineer who would make such computations from the classical equations of heat loss.
Heat Transfer Between a Flat Plate and a Fluid Containing Heat Sources
Authors: Whiteman I. R. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The Leveque solution for the case of a fluid flowing past a flat plate has been expanded to include the presence of heat sources in the fluid. Through the use of certain approximations, an expression has been obtained for the heat flux through the plate for given plate temperature and source, and an expression for the plate temperature for given heat flux and source.
A Simple Formula for Determining the Position of Maximum Slider Velocity in a Slider-Crank Mechanism
Authors: Ip Ching-U , Price L. C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A cubic equation which gives the position of maximum slider velocity is derived. The equation lends itself readily to be solved to any desired degree of accuracy by Lin’s method. A simple formula is found to furnish a closed-form answer which is accurate within 4 min of a degree for l/r ratio of 1.5, and has practically no error for l/r greater than 5. The results are compared with those obtained from the familiar approximate slider-velocity formula having a second harmonic.
Correlation Functions and Noise Patterns in Control Analysis
Authors: Thal-Larsen Herman 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper describes the interplay of disturbance patterns and correlation functions when “noise” enters a control system, both in the fictitious case of the mathematical model and in the real process. In pointing out this interplay in the model and again in the real process, the application of correlation functions to control analysis is shown to have its limitations. At the same time the importance of discovering equivalent disturbance patterns is emphasized and a procedure for their discovery is developed.
Dynamic Study of an Experimental Pneumatic Process-Pressure Transmitter
Authors: Hochschild E. F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A dynamic analysis and synthesis study of a highly accurate pressure-measuring instrument is presented. Emphasis is placed on methods, techniques, and the experience gained during the course of the investigation. Use of network theorems and the mobility method permits a simple analysis of a complex mechanical-pneumatic device. The effects on the transmitter resulting from tubing load are treated in detail. An electronic analog simulation, incorporating a transmitter nonlinearity, is used in the final synthesis for obtaining the required dynamic performance. Experimental and calculated frequency responses are compared and excellent correlation is shown.
Recovery Ratio—A Measure of the Loss Recovery Potential of Compressor Stages
Authors: Smith Leroy H. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Certain types of axial-flow-compressor stage designs have the ability to add extra energy to high-loss regions of the inlet flow and thereby tend to smooth out inlet-flow distortion rapidly. A recovery ratio, which is believed to give a quantitative measure of this ability for radial (axisymmetric) distortions, is defined and expressed in terms of familiar stage parameters. It is found that the flow coefficient (meridional velocity/blade speed) should have a value near 0.5 or less, and that the stage loading should be light.
Overstrain and Bursting Strength of Thick-Walled Cylinders
Authors: Jorgensen S. M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A description is given of the stress distribution in elastically strained and partially overstrained thick-walled cylinders, followed by a method of determining the most advantageous degree of overstrain. Ultimate strength is discussed and an empirical formula for the bursting strength is proposed.
Performance Factors of a Periodic-Flow Heat Exchanger
Authors: Lambertson T. J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A numerical finite-difference method of calculating the effectiveness of the periodic-flow type heat exchanger is presented by considering the metal “stream” in crossflow with each of the gas streams as two separate but dependent exchangers. A general purpose digital computer was used to accommodate the large number of subdivisions necessary for accuracy and an extrapolation of data to zero element area such that the values of effectiveness are good to four significant figures. The exchanger effectiveness has been evaluated over the following range of dimensionless parameters 1.0⩾Cmin/Cmax⩾0.101.0⩽Cr/Cmin⩽∞1.0⩽NTUo⩽101.0⩾(hA)′⩾0.25
Dynamic Response of Heat Exchangers Having Internal Heat Sources—Part II
Authors: Arpaci V. S. , Clark J. A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper considers the dynamic response of the temperature of the heat-transfer surface and the fluid-surface temperature difference in a heat exchanger having internal heat sources which is subjected to a sudden change in the rate of heat generation. The results are obtained by a direct mathematical attack on the governing differential equations. These are presented such that the surface temperature may be computed as a function of space and time using three mathematical functions obtained by IBM machine reduction. The theory is compared with experimental measurements and favorable agreement is obtained. Heat exchangers to which the solutions apply include the heterogeneous nuclear reactor.
Quasilinear Heat Flow
Authors: Friedmann N. E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The influence of variation (with temperature) of thermal conductivity, density, and heat capacity at constant pressure on the solutions of the heat-conduction equation is considered. Several problems are solved by analog computation, for materials whose properties vary linearly with temperature, and the solutions of these are compared to analytical solutions. Analytical solutions also are obtained for problems involving materials which exhibit power-function-property variations with temperature. In all cases considered, the effects of property changes on calculated temperatures are found to be significant.
The Effect of Heat Conductance on Slider-Bearing Characteristics
Authors: Guilinger W. H. , Saibel E. A. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The slider bearing without side leakage is considered when heat generated in the oil film may be conducted in the fluid as well as lost to the surroundings, which are assumed held at fixed temperatures. The basic equations are reduced to a form suitable for calculation using a digital computer, and a procedure for carrying out these calculations is suggested together with error criteria.
Oil Seals to Provide Positive Lubrication on Large or High-Speed Thrust Bearings
Authors: Baudry R. A. , Peterson G. E. , Cooper G. D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Vertical waterwheel generators are provided with large thrust bearings the surfaces of which are separated by a hydrodynamic oil film. In order to insure the formation of the required oil film, a continuous and sufficient supply of oil is required. With thrust bearings of increased size or speed, aeration of the oil may cause inadequate lubrication of the bearing surfaces or result in oil leakage. This paper discusses the application of positive oil seals which effectively prevent aeration of the oil and oil leakage.
Solution of Reynolds’ Equation for Finite Journal Bearings
Authors: Pinkus O. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Reynolds’ differential equation for finite bearings was solved for journal bearings having 100 and 75-deg arcs, using a digital computer. These results were applied to partial bearings as well as to 3-groove and 4-groove full journal bearings. Results are given for L/D ratios ranging from 1½ to ¼ and eccentricities up to 0.95. These results were correlated with previous results for different bearing arcs obtained by others and the author, to provide a comprehensive set of solutions of Reynolds’ equation for finite bearings from a full 360-deg arc down to an arc of 75 deg. Expressions for calculating minimum film thickness, total oil flow, power loss, and temperature rise also are given.
The Effect of Conduit Dynamics on Control-Valve Stability
Authors: Ezekiel F. D. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A method is presented for simulating the dynamic behavior of a frictionless hydraulic conduit with distributed parameters in conjunction with a simple spool-type control valve for analog-computer use. Analytical and experimental results showing the regions of stable and unstable operation of such a system are given, together with suggested stabilizing techniques. The effect of the valve chamber in the over-all analysis is found to be of considerable importance.