bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of pretreatment with lignocaine versus dexmedetomidine in prevention of etomidate induced myoclonus- A randomised comparative trial
Authors: Khalik Mohd , Swaminathan Vigneshwaran , Arora Neeharika , Ahluwalia Pallavi , Gupta Akash , Garg Ankur 
Published: April 2022

Etomidate is a short-acting non-barbiturate intravenous anesthetic with rapid induction and rapid awakening. It is frequently utilized in clinical practice, especially for patients with an unstable cardiovascular system, due to its minimal influence on hemodynamics and respiratory depression. However, Etomidate might cause side effects during anaesthetic induction, such as injection discomfort, phlebitis, hemolysis, and myoclonus. This study was, therefore, conducted in order to compare the pre-treatment with lignocaine versus dexmedetomidine in deterrence of myoclonus resulting from Etomidate.60 patients were allocated randomly into two study groups. Each group comprising 30 patients. Patients in GroupI received injection Lignocaine (1 mg/kg)and Group II received injection Dexmedetomidine (0.5μg/kg) in 10 ml of normal saline over 10 min followed by Etomidate injection (0.3 mg/kg) over 30 s. Patients were observed for 2 minutes for occurrence of myoclonus and the intensity and time of occurrence was noted by a person blinded to the drug used.In our study, 90% patients were myoclonus grade zero, followed by 6.7%, 3.3% and no one of myoclonus grade one, two and three in dexmedetomidine group at 1 min. 60.0%, 10.0%, 13.3% and 16.7% patients had grade zero, one, two, three of myoclonus respectively in lignocaine group at 1 min. 80.0% patients were myoclonus grade zero, followed by 13.3%, 3.3%, 3.3% of patients had myoclonus grade one, two, three respectively in dexmedetomidine group at 2mins. 53.3%, 10.0%, 16.7%, 20.0% patients were myoclonus grade zero, one, two and three respectively in lignocaine group at 2mins. On the whole 46.7% patients in lignocaine group developed Myoclonus; but 20.0% in dexmedetomidine group shows the myoclonus.We conclude that the prevalence of Etomidate-induced myoclonus was significantly decreased in patients who were pre-treated with dexmedetomidine in comparison with lignocaine.
Comparative analysis of intrathecal low dose dexmedetomidine and clonidine as an adjuvant to bupivacaine in gynaecological surgeries
Authors: Dangi Vimal , Gour Vinayak , Verma Sushil Chand 
Published: April 2022

: Adjuvants play an important role in the intraoperative and post-operative analgesia. Spinal Anaesthesia is very common among gynaecological surgeries. Bupivacaine is the most common drug used for in gynaecological surgeries. So, addition of Clonidine or Dexmedetomidine as adjuvant can decrease post-operative analgesia. A randomised controlled trial was done to compare the two groups of Dexmedetomidine and Clonidine along with Bupivacaine. A total of 100 patients were divided into 50 each randomly into two groups and intrathecal medication were given as per the group allotted. : Time of onset of sensory and motor block was much faster in Dexmedetomidine group than Clonidine group. The two segment regression was slower in Dexmedetomidine group compared to Clonidine group. The time taken for two segment regression was 590 ±15 minutes and 361± 18 minutes respectively and was found to be statistically significantOnset of motor block according to Bromage grade 3 was 4.3 ±1.2 minutes and 5.14 ±1.4 among Dexmedetomidine and Clonidine group respectively. The mean values of mean arterial pressures and heart rate were similar throughout the inter operative and post-operative time duration.Planning and managing postoperative analgesia starts from pre anaesthetic evaluation. So Dexmedetomidine when used along with Bupivacaine intrathecally has better postoperative pain relief as compared with Clonidine and Bupivacaine.
Effects of clonidine premedication on perioperative hemodynamic response, anesthetic requirements and postoperative analgesia for patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecological surgeries: A randomized study
Authors: Abraham Liya , J Ramki 
Published: April 2022

The creation of carbon dioxide (CO) pneumoperitoneum is frequent in laparoscopy, but has significant effect on the cardiopulmonary function of the patient. Clonidine by its central sympatholytic action reduces perioperative hemodynamic instability and has several advantages in the postoperative period, hence we consider it to be an effective premedication to contain the stress response to intubation and laparoscopy. With informed consent, 56 patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic gynecological surgeries under general anesthesia were randomly allocated into two groups to receive premedication with either oral Clonidine 100 µg (Group I, n = 28) or Vitamin C as placebo (Group II, n = 28) 90 minutes prior to induction. A balanced general anesthesia was used to manage these patients. Hemodynamic parameters, Sevoflurane concentration, pain and sedation scores, time to request analgesics, 24hr cumulative analgesic requirements and adverse effects between the two groups were collected as data and compared using Two sample t-test and Fisher’s exact test.When compared to the control group, oral Clonidine was found to be considerably superior significantly (p =0.00) in terms of maintaining stable hemodynamics (i.e. In group I, Mean HR ranged from 76.11±12.21 to 94.57±13.75, while in group II, it ranged from 79.04±7.11 to 112.00±12.75 and MAP ranged from 83.07±6.50 to 93.64±14.09 in group I, while in group II, it ranged from 88.04±9.03 to 116.14±13.23), having a Sevoflurane sparing effect and having a longer time (6.5 ± 1.6 hours) between the first request for analgesia postoperatively. In patients undergoing laparoscopic gynecological surgeries, administration of oral Clonidine 100µg as a premedication improves perioperative hemodynamic stability and reduces the intraoperative anesthetic and post-operative analgesic requirements.
The Growing Ineffectiveness of US Federal Stimulus Programs
Authors: Vasiliev Vladimir 
Published: April 2022

The effectiveness of the anticrisis programs of the US federal government to bring the American economy out of the 2020 crisis is analyzed. It is noted that the 2020 crisis was unprecedented in its scale and causes of occurrence, which practically did not occur in American economic history in the period after the end of World War II. The unusual nature of the crisis found its expression in the policy of introducing lockdowns as the main tool in the fight against the coronavirus pandemic, which led to unprecedented drops in the reduction and increase in real GDP over the course of six months. From the very beginning of the implementation of anticrisis fiscal programs, they were characterized by inefficiency in spending budget funds, which was due to several reasons. The main one was political, expressing in the fact that the crisis fell on the year of the Presidential elections. The Republican administration of D. Trump, who is in power, virtualy wasted budget funds «from helicopter» for the speedy overcoming of the crisis, the volume of which significantly exceeded the magnitude of the fall in real GDP. As a result, most of the funds went to support the incomes and, accordingly, the consumer demand of families, individuals, small and medium-sized businesses that received “free” funds that did not require reciprocal labor efforts on the part of payments and benefits’ recipients. In the US economy, a syndrome of unprecedented cash pumping has formed, which by the beginning of 2021 naturally led to an “inflationary overheating” of the economy. Gradually, by the beginning of 2022, inflation, measured by the consumer price index, actually got out of control, which led the Federal Reserve System (FRS) to the decision to switch to a policy of raising the federal fund rate in 2022, which will certainly complicate the US exit to trajectory of sustainable economic growth.
The Democratic administration of J. Biden, which took office in January 2021, put forward an ambitious program to overcome the crisis, called &quot;Build Back Better.&quot; Initially, the total cost of the program was estimated at $7.8 trln, however, as the program began to acquire legislative status, its cost started decrease sharply precisely because the negative elements of the program, which are reflected in the huge growth of budget deficits and the gross debt pyramid, began to clearly outweigh the costs associated with accelerating economic growth and increasing employment. As a result, in 2021, the US Congress refused to accept those components of the Build Back Better program, which were aimed for a sharp expansion of the block of social programs, mainly in the field of health and education, as well as combating climate change and preserving environmental quality. A year after the publication of the Build Back Better program, a fairly stable stereotype of its public rejection has formed in American society as causing more harm to the American economy than providing tangible socio-economic benefits.
Evaluación del tiempo de exposición de una resina Bulk-Fill en preparaciones profundas
Authors: Vásquez-Castro Eva , Portella-Atamari José , Melendez Diego , Ramirez-Vilchez Nicol , Delgado-Cotrina Leyla 
Published: April 2022

Antecedentes: Las resinas compuestas tipo Bulk-Fill (BF) son usadas en piezas posteriores con preparaciones extensas y profundas. Uno de sus beneficios más resaltantes es que, puede ser utilizada en incrementos de 4 a 5 mm, disminuyendo el tiempo de trabajo clínico. Sin embargo, en dientes con tratamientos de conductos estas preparaciones podrían tener mayor profundidad. Objetivos: Determinar el tiempo de fotoactivación necesario para polimerizar una resina Bulk-Fill ubicada en zonas profundas. Material y Métodos: En el presente estudio experimental in vitro, se confeccionaron especímenes de resina compuesta Filtek One Bulk Fill (3M ESPE, St. Paul, EE.UU.) de 5x5x5 mm color A2 fotoactivado a una distancia/tiempo de 0 mm/10 s, 0 mm/20 s, 3 mm/10 s, 3 mm/20 s, 3 mm/30 s y 3 mm/40 s (n=5). La microdureza superficial se registró en la superficie y en la base de cada espécimen. Resultados: El mayor valor de microdureza se registró en el grupo BF 0 mm/20 s y BF 3 mm/40 s (p<0,05), seguido por los grupos BF 3 mm/20 s y BF 3 mm/30 s (p>0,05). Los menores valores de microdureza se encontraron en los grupos BF 0 mm/10 s y BF 3 mm/10 s. Conclusión: Se requiere de 40 s de fotoactivación para polimerizar una resina Bulk-Fill ubicada en zonas profundas, cuando la lámpara está a una distancia de 3 mm de la superficie de la resina.
Seguridad del paciente y eventos adversos en la práctica odontológica en una clínica dental docente
Authors: Manrique-Guzmán Jorge A. , Chávez-Reátegui Beatriz del C. , Manrique-Chávez Carolina B. , Manrique-Chávez Jorge E. 
Published: April 2022

Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia y distribución de eventos adversos que se presentan en el desarrollo de los tratamientos odontológicos ejecutados por operadores clínicos de una Clínica Dental Docente durante el 2015. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional y descriptivo de corte longitudinal y prospectivo para evaluar la frecuencia de eventos adversos en la práctica odontológica de estudiantes de Odontología, para lo cual se implementó un Sistema de Registro y Notificación de Eventos Adversos en Odontología dirigido a 110 operadores clínicos en las áreas de Odontología Restauradora, Cirugía Bucal, Endodoncia y Rehabilitación Oral durante el 2015. Resultados: Se reportaron 167 eventos adversos que representan un 10.18% del total de tratamientos realizados durante el periodo de seguimiento y evaluación Los eventos más frecuentes, según campo clínico, fueron la “Hipersensibilidad post tratamiento restaurador” (operatoria dental), “Sobreobturación o subobturación con sintomatología” (endodoncia), “Alveolitis dental post-extracción” (cirugía bucal) y “Sensibilidad post-tallado para prótesis fija (pilares)” (rehabilitación oral). Conclusiones: La implementación de un sistema de registro y notificación es el punto de partida para la identificación de eventos adversos más frecuentes en la práctica odontológico, el cual es útil para definir procedimientos a seguir, elaborar protocolos y formular lineamientos para la atención segura y de calidad.
Higher triglyceride is a risk factor for diabetes in adults with normal triglyceride in Chinese adults
Authors: Wang Yutang , Liu Hongying , Ma Shenzhou , Qian Tingting , Sun Hui , Xu Qun , Hou Xujuan , Hu Wenqi , Zhang Guang , Fang Yan , Yang Guang 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Whether higher triglyceride is a risk factor for diabetes diagnosis in people with normal triglyceride is yet established. This study aimed to investigate this association in Chinese adults.
Methods
This cross-sectional study included 16,786 Chinese adults with triglyceride in the normal range, i.e., < 1.7 mmol/L. Associations between triglyceride and fasting plasma glucose and between triglyceride and diabetes diagnosis were analyzed using linear regression and binary logistic regression, respectively.
Results
Participants with higher triglyceride had higher fasting plasma glucose, higher prevalence of diabetes, and higher prevalence of use of anti-diabetic drugs. Triglyceride (natural log-transformed) was positively associated with fasting plasma glucose (natural log-transformed) after adjustment for all the tested confounders (β = 0.034, P < 0.001). A 1naturallogunit increase in triglyceride (e.g., from 0.50 to 1.36 mmol/L or from 44 to 120 mg/dL) was associated with a 61% higher multivariate-adjusted risk of diabetes diagnosis (odds ratio [OR], 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-2.17). Participants with triglyceride in the highest quartile (1.26-1.69 mmol/L) had a 54% higher risk of diabetes diagnosis (OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.14-2.09) compared with those with triglyceride in the lowest quartile (< 0.73 mmol/L).
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that higher triglyceride is associated with higher risks of diabetes diagnosis in people with normal triglyceride. This suggests that patients with high “normal” triglyceride (e.g., 1.26-1.69 mmol/L) may need to be closely monitored for the risk of diabetes.
Sources and trends of contaminants in a shallow lake in the Mediterranean area from sediment archives of the Anthropocene
Authors: Paola Gravina , Sebastiani Bartolomeo , Bruschi Federica , Petroselli Chiara , Moroni Beatrice , Selvaggi Roberta , Goretti Enzo , Pallottini Matteo , Ludovisi Alessandro , Cappelletti David 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this study, the anthropogenic contamination in Trasimeno lake (Central Italy) was investigated using three sediment cores of the last 150 years (Anthropocene) to identify the primary sources of pollutions and quantify the level of contaminant enrichment in the basin. To this aim, trace elements, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and lead isotope ratios have been determined at biannual resolution.
The deeper parts of the sediment cores were used to estimate the local geochemical baseline, based on known statistical methods, and to determine the values of enrichment factors. Principal component analysis and factor analysis were exploited to associate chemical proxies to human-driven contamination processes. On these grounds
it was possible to identify the timings and impacts of pre-world war industrial productions and more recent activities characteristic of the basin's surroundings, such as agriculture.
Effect of aromatherapy in patients with Alzheimer's disease: a randomised controlled clinical trial
Authors: Lin Lin , Duan Ran , Yang QiHan , Li TingTing , Zhou Heng , Hou JiXin , Zhou Huan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background: Aromatherapy is a complementary and alternative therapeutic method that has attracted much attention worldwide. Based on the lack of clinical research on the application of aromatherapy in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in China, this study aimed to investigate the effect of aromatherapy in patients with AD.Methods: 54 patients with AD were randomly allocated to aromatherapy groups and control groups in a 1:1 ratio. Eventually, 25 patients in the aromatherapy group (two participants discontinued midway) and 26 in the control group (one participant discontinued midway) completed the study. Both groups of patients received conventional treatment and nursing care, and the aromatherapy group received an hour of aromatic inhalation per day for 12 weeks,the control group inhaled only distilled water per day for 12 weeks. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Neuropsychiatric Inventory–Brief Questionnaire form, Quality of Life-Alzheimer’s Disease, and four kinds of biochemical indicators were evaluated as outcome measures.Results: The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory–Brief Questionnaire Form scores decreased, the Quality of Life-Alzheimer’s Disease score improved (P<0.05), the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in serum was slightly reduced, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was enhanced (P<0.05), and TNF-α and IL-6 levels were significantly reduced (P<0.05) in the aromatherapy group, compared to those of the control group.Conclusion: Aromatherapy can improve sleep, alleviate psychobehavioural symptoms and improve quality of life in patients with AD, which may be related to reducing the level of oxidative stress in patients and inhibiting inflammatory factors; it is a non-drug intervention that can be widely applied.Trial registration: The trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry in 25/01/2022, ID: #ChiCTR2200055918.
Global warming overshoots increase risk of triggering climate tipping points and cascades
Authors: Wunderling Nico , Winkelmann Ricarda , Rockström Johan , Loriani Sina , Armstrong-McKay David , Ritchie Paul , Sakschewski Boris , Donges Jonathan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Climate tipping elements play a crucial role for the stability of the Earth system under human pressures and are potentially at risk of disintegrating within and partially even below the Paris temperature guardrails of 1.5-2.0°C above pre-industrial levels. However, current policies and actions make it very likely to, at least temporarily, transgress the Paris targets. This raises the question whether tipping points can still be avoided under such overshoot scenarios. Here, we investigate the associated risks for tipping under a range of temperature overshoot scenarios using a stylised network model of four interacting climate tipping elements: the Greenland and West Antarctic Ice Sheets, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and the Amazon rainforest. Our results reveal that temporary overshoots can increase tipping risks by up to 72% compared to a soft landing without overshoots, even when the long-term equilibrium temperature stabilises within the Paris range. Moreover, we find that modest interaction strength levels between the tipping elements are responsible for 49% more tipped elements than without cascading interactions. Our analysis shows that avoiding a high climate risk zone, which minimise risks for triggering tipping dynamics requires both long-term temperatures to stabilise at or below today's levels of global warming, and low temperature overshoots at the same time.
Urinary schistosomiasis in three different water-access in the Senegal River Basin: monitoring praziquantel efficacy and re-infection levels
Authors: SENGHOR Bruno , Mathieu-Begné Eglantine , Rey Olivier , Doucouré Souleymane , Sow Doudou , Diop Bocar , Sène Mariama , Boissier Jérôme , Sokhna Cheikh 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
BackgroundSchistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa countries. In the Senegal river basin, the construction of the Diama dam led to an increase and endemicity of schistosomiasis. Since 2009, praziquantel has frequently been used as preventive chemotherapy in the form of mass administration to Senegalese school-aged children, despite reports of low cure rates and possible resistance in certain endemic countries. This study aims to determine the current prevalence of S. haematobium, the efficacy of praziquantel, and the re-infection in children from five villages with different water access.MethodsThe baseline prevalence of S. haematobium was determined in August 2020 in 777 children between 5 and 11 years old. A single dose of praziquantel (40 mg/kg) was administered to those positive. The efficacy of praziquantel and re-infection rates were monitored four weeks and seven months after treatment, respectively, in 226 children with a high intensity of infection at baseline.ResultsPrevalence was lower among children from the village of Mbane who live close to the Lac de Guiers (37.92%), average among those from the villages of Dioundou and Khodit, which neighbour the Doue river (46%), and very high (over 90%) in Khodit and Guia which mainly use an irrigation canal. A significant difference in the prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium infection was noted between the different types of water access. The lowest cure rate (88.5%) was obtained in the village using the irrigation canal, while high cure rates (96.5% and 98%) and egg reduction rates (between 96.7% and 99.7%) were observed in all the villages. Re-infection was significantly higher in the village using the canal (42.5 %) than in the villages accessing the Lac de Guiers (18.3%) and the Doue river (14.8%).ConclusionPraziquantel (40 mg/kg) has an impact on reducing the prevalence and intensity of S. haematobium infection four weeks after treatment. However, in the Senegal river basin, S. haematobium remains a real health problem for children living in the villages near the irrigation canals, despite regular treatment, while prevalence is declining from those frequenting the river and the Lac de Guiers.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04635553. Registered 19 November 2020 retrospectively registered, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04635553?cntry=SN&draw=2&rank=4