bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population genetics and microevolution of clinical Candida glabrata reveals recombinant sequence types and hyper-variation within mitochondrial genomes, virulence genes, and drug targets
Authors: Helmstetter Nicolas , Chybowska Aleksandra D , Delaney Christopher , Da Silva Dantas Alessandra , Gifford Hugh , Wacker Theresa , Munro Carol , Warris Adilia , Jones Brian , Cuomo Christina A , Wilson Duncan , Ramage Gordon , Farrer Rhys A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Candida glabrata is the second most common etiological cause of worldwide systemic candidiasis in adult patients. Genome analysis of 68 isolates from 8 hospitals across Scotland, together with 83 global isolates, revealed insights into the population genetics and evolution of C. glabrata. Clinical isolates of C. glabrata from across Scotland are highly genetically diverse, including at least 19 separate sequence types that have been recovered previously in globally diverse locations, and 1 newly discovered sequence type. Several sequence types had evidence for ancestral recombination, suggesting transmission between distinct geographical regions has coincided with genetic exchange arising in new clades. Three isolates were missing MATα1, potentially representing a second mating type. Signatures of positive selection were identified in every sequence type including enrichment for epithelial adhesins thought to facilitate fungal adhesin to human epithelial cells. In patent microevolution was identified from 7 sets of recurrent cases of candidiasis, revealing an enrichment for nonsynonymous and frameshift indels in cell surface proteins. Microevolution within patients also affected epithelial adhesins genes, and several genes involved in drug resistance including the ergosterol synthesis gene ERG4 and the echinocandin target FKS1/2, the latter coinciding with a marked drop in fluconazole minimum inhibitory concentration. In addition to nuclear genome diversity, the C. glabrata mitochondrial genome was particularly diverse, with reduced conserved sequence and conserved protein-encoding genes in all nonreference ST15 isolates. Together, this study highlights the genetic diversity within the C. glabrata population that may impact virulence and drug resistance, and 2 major mechanisms generating this diversity: microevolution and genetic exchange/recombination.
Crustal structure and intraplate seismicity in Nordland, Northern Norway: insight from seismic tomography
Authors: Shiddiqi H A , Ottemöller L , Rondenay S , Halpaap F , Gradmann S , Michálek J 
Published: February 2022

SUMMARY
The Nordland region, Northern Norway, situated in an intraplate continental setting, has the highest seismicity rate in mainland Norway. However, the exact cause of seismicity in this region is still debated. Better understanding of factors that influence the seismicity in Nordland can help increase knowledge of intraplate seismicity in general. Here, we address this problem with the aid of a new high-resolution 3-D VP and VP/VS ratio images of the crust in Nordland using seismic traveltime tomography. These images show the existence of a localized, 10–15 km Moho step that runs parallel to the coast. The north–south extent of this step coincides with the region that exhibits the highest rates of seismicity. Focal mechanisms of selected earthquakes computed in this study are dominated by normal and oblique-normal, indicating a coast-perpendicular extension. The coast-perpendicular extensional stress regime deviates from the regional compression imposed by the ridge push from the North Atlantic. This deviation is thought to stem from the additional interference with local flexural stress caused by sediment redistribution and glacial isostatic adjustment, and possibly exacerbated by gravitational potential energy stress associated with the Moho step. The deformation due to the extensional regime is localized on pre-existing faults and fractures along the coastline. The tomography result shows that two distinct seismic swarms occurred in the coastal area with low VP and variable VP/VS ratio anomalies, pointing towards fractured crust and possibly the presence of fluids. The existence of fluids here can change the differential stress and promote seismic rupture.
RIPK4 regulates cell–cell adhesion in epidermal development and homeostasis
Authors: Fortugno Paola , Monetta Rosanna , Belli Manuel , Botti Elisabetta , Angelucci Francesco , Palmerini Maria Grazia , Nottola Stefania Annarita , De Luca Chiara , Ceccarini Marina , Salvatore Marco , Bianchi Luca , Macioce Pompeo , Teson Massimo , Ricci Francesco ,   Italian Undiagnosed Diseases Network, Taruscio Domenica , Censi Federica , Polizzi Agata , Mallozzi Cinzia , Novelli Giuseppe , Sangiuolo Federica , Daina Erica , Remuzzi Giuseppe , Ferlini Alessandra , Neri Marcella , Roccatello Dario , Baldovino Simone , Menegatti Elisa , Sciascia Savino , Dariol Maria Rosaria , Castori Marco , Priolo Manuela , Macchiarelli Guido , Didona Biagio , Costanzo Antonio , Castiglia Daniele , Brancati Francesco 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Epidermal development and maintenance are finely regulated events requiring a strict balance between proliferation and differentiation. Alterations in these processes give rise to human disorders such as cancer or syndromes with skin and annexes defects, known as ectodermal dysplasias (EDs). Here, we studied the functional effects of two novel receptor-interacting protein kinase 4 (RIPK4) missense mutations identified in siblings with an autosomal recessive ED with cutaneous syndactyly, palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and orofacial synechiae. Clinical overlap with distinct EDs caused by mutations in transcription factors (i.e. p63 and interferon regulatory factor 6, IRF6) or nectin adhesion molecules was noticed. Impaired activity of the RIPK4 kinase resulted both in altered epithelial differentiation and defective cell adhesion. We showed that mutant RIPK4 resulted in loss of PVRL4/nectin-4 expression in patient epidermis and primary keratinocytes, and demonstrated that PVRL4 is transcriptionally regulated by IRF6, a RIPK4 phosphorylation target. In addition, defective RIPK4 altered desmosome morphology through modulation of plakophilin-1 and desmoplakin. In conclusion, this work implicates RIPK4 kinase function in the p63-IRF6 regulatory loop that controls the proliferation/differentiation switch and cell adhesion, with implications in ectodermal development and cancer.
Mapping the Notting Hill Riots: Racism and the Streets of Post-war Britain
Authors: Hilliard Christopher 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article offers a new interpretation of the 1958 race riots in west London. It uses arrest data to map where the violence occurred and where the rioters lived. Few of the white people arrested lived alongside black people or competed with them for housing. The riots were not a straightforward response to privation. Rather, they were a reassertion of an implicitly but powerfully racialized conception of urban community in which street life was symbolically potent. Anti-immigration politicians would exploit the idea of familiar streets ‘lost’ to demographic change, beginning with Oswald Mosley the year after the riots.
Human insecurity and child deaths in conflict: evidence for improved response in Yemen
Authors: Ogbu Thomas Jideofor , Rodriguez-Llanes Jose Manuel , Moitinho de Almeida Maria , Speybroeck Niko , Guha-Sapir Debarati 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundSince the beginning of the ongoing conflict in Yemen, &gt;23 000 air strikes and &gt;100 000 fatalities have been recorded. Data from Yemen Data Project linked &gt;1300 child fatalities and &gt;900 child injuries to air raids. However, there is little literature on the effect of the protracted armed conflict on the pattern of child mortality using data from small-scale surveys. We aimed to identify the pattern of the death rate for children aged &lt;5 years (‘under-5’) and its relationship with human insecurity in Yemen.MethodsWe created a human insecurity index (i.e. severely insecure vs insecure) for the 22 governorates in Yemen from 2015 to 2019, using data from the Armed Conflict Location and Event Database. We matched this insecurity index with the corresponding under-5 mortality data from the Complex Emergency Database. We analysed the relationship between the under-5 death rate (U5DR) and the insecurity level using a Bayesian finite mixture model in order to account for unobserved heterogeneity in clustered finite subsets of a population.ResultsWe extracted 72 surveys and 77.8% (n = 56) were included in this study. The mean of the recall period for mortality was 106 days with a standard deviation of 93 days. We identified two subpopulations: Subpopulation I—high average number of child deaths and Subpopulation II—low average number of child deaths. The log posterior mean of the U5DR is 1.10 (95% credible intervals: 0.36, 1.82) in the severely insecure group in Subpopulation I and 3-fold the estimate in Subpopulation II. However, in Subpopulation II, we found no association between the insecurity level and the U5DR.ConclusionThe pattern of child deaths is crucial in understanding the relationship between human insecurity and the U5DR.
Stability analysis of nonlinear inviscid microscopic and macroscopic traffic flow models of bidirectional cruise-controlled vehicles
Authors: Karafyllis Iasson , Theodosis Dionysios , Papageorgiou Markos 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The paper introduces a new bidirectional microscopic inviscid Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) model that uses only spacing information from the preceding and following vehicles in order to select the proper control action to avoid collisions and maintain a desired speed. $KL$ estimates that guarantee uniform convergence of the ACC model to the set of equilibria are provided. Moreover, the corresponding macroscopic model is derived, consisting of a conservation equation and a momentum equation that contains a nonlinear relaxation term. It is shown that, if the density is sufficiently small, then the macroscopic model has a solution that approaches exponentially the equilibrium speed (in the sup norm) while the density converges exponentially to a traveling wave. Numerical simulations are also provided, illustrating the properties of the microscopic and macroscopic inviscid ACC models.
Wiles Defect for Modules and Criteria for Freeness
Authors: Brochard Sylvain , Iyengar Srikanth B , Khare Chandrashekhar B 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDiamond proved a numerical criterion for modules over local rings to be free modules over complete intersection rings. We formulate a refinement of these results using the notion of Wiles defect. A key step in the proof is a formula that expresses the Wiles defect of a module in terms of the Wiles defect of the underlying ring.
Bacterial genotypic and patient risk factors for adverse outcomes in Escherichia coli bloodstream infections: a prospective molecular epidemiological study
Authors: Jauneikaite Elita , Honeyford Kate , Blandy Oliver , Mosavie Mia , Pearson Max , Ramzan Farzan A. , Ellington Matthew J. , Parkhill Julian , Costelloe Céire E. , Woodford Neil , Sriskandan Shiranee 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Escherichia coli bloodstream infections have shown a sustained increase in England, for reasons that are unknown. Furthermore, the contribution of MDR lineages such as ST131 to overall E. coli disease burden and outcome is undetermined.

Methods
We genome-sequenced E. coli blood isolates from all patients with E. coli bacteraemia in north-west London from July 2015 to August 2016 and assigned MLST genotypes, virulence factors and AMR genes to all isolates. Isolate STs were then linked to phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility, patient demographics and clinical outcome data to explore relationships between the E. coli STs, patient factors and outcomes.

Results
A total of 551 E. coli genomes were analysed. Four STs (ST131, 21.2%; ST73, 14.5%; ST69, 9.3%; and ST95, 8.2%) accounted for over half of cases. E. coli genotype ST131-C2 was associated with phenotypic non-susceptibility to quinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, gentamicin and trimethoprim. Among 300 patients from whom outcome was known, an association between the ST131-C2 lineage and longer length of stay was detected, although multivariable regression modelling did not demonstrate an association between E. coli ST and mortality. Several unexpected associations were identified between gentamicin non-susceptibility, ethnicity, sex and adverse outcomes, requiring further research.

Conclusions
Although E. coli ST was associated with defined antimicrobial non-susceptibility patterns and prolonged length of stay, E. coli ST was not associated with increased mortality. ST131 has outcompeted other lineages in north-west London. Where ST131 is prevalent, caution is required when devising empiric regimens for suspected Gram-negative sepsis, in particular the pairing of β-lactam agents with gentamicin.
Oxidation of amino acids, glucose, and fatty acids as metabolic fuels in enterocytes of post-hatching developing chickens
Authors: He Wenliang , Furukawa Kyohei , Bailey Christopher A , Wu Guoyao 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This study determined the oxidation of amino acids, glucose and fatty acid in enterocytes of developing chickens. Jejunal enterocytes were isolated from 0-, 7-, 21-, and 42-d-old broiler chickens, and incubated at 40°C for 30 min in Krebs–Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 5 mM D-glucose and one of the following: 0.5–5 mM L-[U-14C]glutamate, 0.5–5 mM L-[U-14C]glutamine, 0.5–5 mM L-[U-14C]aspartate, 0.5–5 mM L-[U-14C]alanine, 0.5–2 mM [U-14C]palmitate, D-[U-14C]glucose, 0.5–5 mM [U-14C]propionate, and 0.5–5 mM [1-14C]butyrate. 14CO2 produced from each 14C-labeled substrate was collected for determination of radioactivity. Among all the substrates studied, glutamate had the greatest rate of oxidation in enterocytes from 0- to 42-d-old chickens. Glutamate transaminases, rather than glutamate dehydrogenase, may be primarily responsible for initiating glutamate degradation. Rates of amino acid and fatty acid oxidation by cells increased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing their extracellular concentrations from 0.5 to 5 mM. Rates of glutamate and glucose oxidation in enterocytes decreased (P &lt; 0.05) with increasing age, and rates of glutamine, aspartate, propionate, and butyrate oxidation were lower (P &lt; 0.05) in 42-d-old chickens than in 0-d-old chickens. By contrast, oxidation of palmitate at 2 mM increased (P &lt; 0.05) by 118% in cells from 42-d-old chickens, compared with 0-d-old chickens. Compared with glutamate, oxidation of glutamine, aspartate, alanine, propionate, butyrate, and palmitate was limited in cells from all age groups of chickens. Collectively, these results indicate that glutamate is the major metabolic fuel in enterocytes of 0- to 42-d-old chickens.
Does the Kuroshio Current transport planktonic larvae of the hydrothermal-vent crabXenograpsusTakeda & Kurata, 1977 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Grapsoidea)?
Authors: Oda Ayako , Watanabe Hiromi Kayama , Ohtsuka Susumu , Wada Shigeki , Kondo Yusuke , Miyake Hiroshi 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe grapsoid crab XenograpsusTakeda & Kurata, 1977 inhabiting shallow-water hydrothermal vents shows a limited distribution in the western Pacific, thus providing a good opportunity to observe how a species expands its distribution and establishes and maintains a metapopulation. We analyzed four Japanese populations of Xenograpsus (Kueishan-dao, Showa Iwo-jima, Shikine-jima, and Omuro-dashi) distributed along the Kuroshio Current to assess whether population connectivity is affected by the current. The reconstructed phylogenetic tree indicated that the specimens analyzed belong to a single clade, including X. testudinatusNg, Huang & Ho, 2000 in Kueishan-dao. We could not include genetic data of X. novaeinsularisTakeda & Kurata, 1977 and tentatively refer to the specimens analyzed as X. testudinatus. All four populations shared the two major haplotypes. Statistically significant population differentiation was nevertheless recognized between Showa Iwo-jima and Omuro-dashi, about 1,000 km apart. The number of individuals analyzed in Shikine-jima (N = 11) and Kueishan-dao (N = 5) might not be enough to detect differences. The relative age of population expansion seemed to correlate with the direction of the Kuroshio Countercurrent. Together with knowledge on the distribution of the planktonic larvae, larvae of X. testudinatus stay and mostly contribute to its source population. The Kuroshio Current system occasionally transports the larvae and juveniles, or even adult individuals on floating pumice and other materials, to eventually settle into newly formed habitats after volcanic eruptions, thus expanding the distributional range of the species.
Forskolin alleviates cisplatin-induced acute renal toxicity in rats
Authors: El-Naga Reem N 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Context
Renal toxicity correlated with cisplatin administration curbs its clinical application. Accordingly, the identification of novel protective agents is important. Forskolin provides anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant as well as anti-cancer effects.

Objectives
This study aimed to explore the nephroprotective effect of forskolin in a model of cisplatin-induced acute renal toxicity in rats in addition to exploring the possible mechanisms.

Methods
Rats were sorted into four groups: control group, cisplatin group, cisplatin/forskolin group that was given forskolin (10 mg/kg, i.p.) 1 week before cisplatin and forskolin-only group. Nephrotoxicity markers were tested in the blood. Tissues were used to assess histopathology, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.

Key findings
In cisplatin-injected rats, the nephrotoxicity indices were particularly increased. Cisplatin markedly reduced the levels of reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase. Also, malondialdehyde and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase were increased. In addition, the pro-inflammatory cytokines and caspase-3 were elevated. Moreover, the epidermal growth factor expression was significantly reduced. Furthermore, marked histopathological changes were noted in the tissues of cisplatin-injected rats. Forskolin attenuated nephrotoxicity markers, inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptotic insults provoked via cisplatin. Moreover, cisplatin cytotoxic activity was not modulated by forskolin in human cultured cancerous cell lines.

Conclusion
Forskolin provides significant protection from cisplatin-evoked nephrotoxicity enhancing its therapeutic index.
The ringworm children at the Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris
Authors: Tilles Gérard 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Starting in the 1850s, the treatment of ringworm, also known as tinea capitis, in children became valued as a serious matter for the dermatologists practicing at Saint-Louis Hospital in Paris. In the 1890s Sabouraud’s seminal works in mycology highlighted the interest in tinea capitis. Ringworm’s contagiousness, which justified the isolation of affected children, and their need for education led to the creation of the Ecole de Teigneux inside the Saint-Louis Hospital. It was later transformed into a central hospital for children with ringworm. At the turn of the 19th century, tinea capitis generated a medical anxiety that legitimized the use of x-rays, even though the safety of this treatment was unclear.
Ringworm
Authors: Homei Aya , Worboys Michael 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The chapter frames ringworm as a disease of schools and schoolchildren in United Kingdom. The disease had been reported previously in orphanages and similar institutions, but its incidence and profile increased with the arrival of mass schooling, which provided ideal conditions for its spread, both through increased opportunities for contagion (seeding) and the exposure of poor children (weakened soil). Responses to the problem included special schools for the isolation and treatment of sufferers. These became sites for the use of the new x-ray technologies, not to kill the seeds of infection, but to alter the soil by removing hair, the locus of infection.
The JDC-Joint and OSE campaign for eradication of ringworm in the Jewish communities in Eastern Europe and North Africa
Authors: Shvarts Shifra , Romem Pnina , Romem Itzhak , Shani Mordechai 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
After World War I, ringworm reached epidemic proportions among children in Jewish communities in Eastern Europe and North Africa, blocking the possibility of immigrating to the West and to Israel. To fight this epidemic, between 1921 and 1938 the Jewish communities in Eastern Europe organized a ringworm eradication campaign by establishing irradiation centers and training nurses and doctors to treat the disease. In the course of the campaign 27,000 children were treated for ringworm with irradiation. In a similar campaign in North Africa between the years 1947 and 1960, some 22,000 Jewish children with ringworm were treated. Because most of the ringworm children from Eastern Europe perished in the Holocaust, discovery of the latent health risks of irradiation in childhood were never known; the remaining remnant immigrated to Israel and the United States. Most of the North African children immigrated to Israel.
Healing the children and the nation
Authors: Shvarts Shifra , Bar Oz Aya , Shachar Eli , Levi Sari , Samchi Sigal , Bavli Itai 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the ringworm eradication program in the Jewish community in Israel during the British Mandate period (1917–1948) and discusses the “war on ringworm” in the first decade after independence in the State of Israel (1948–1960). Evidence is presented that the medical protocol that was developed in Israel to treat ringworm was carried out in accordance with the best method currently used in medical practice in the Western medical community at the time. This fact challenges a widespread public opinion in Israel that irradiation against ringworm of immigrant children in the 1950s was carried out by Israeli authorities irresponsibly and singled out Jewish immigrants arriving in Israel from non-Western countries for such treatment. This erroneous outlook drove legislation in 1994 (the Ringworm Victims Compensation Law), a law that was not enacted anywhere else in the world.
The NewHorizon simulation – to bar or not to bar
Authors: Reddish J , Kraljic K , Petersen M S , Tep K , Dubois Y , Pichon C , Peirani S , Bournaud F , Choi H , Devriendt J , Jackson R , Martin G , Park M J , Volonteri M , Yi S K 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
We use the NewHorizon simulation to study the redshift evolution of bar properties and fractions within galaxies in the stellar masses range M⋆ = 107.25–1011.4$\, \rm {M}_\odot$ over the redshift range of z = 0.25–1.3. We select disc galaxies using stellar kinematics as a proxy for galaxy morphology. We employ two different automated bar detection methods, coupled with visual inspection, resulting in observable bar fractions of fbar = 0.070$_{{-0.012}}^{{+0.018}}$ at z ∼ 1.3, decreasing to fbar = 0.011$_{{-0.003}}^{{+0.014}}$ at z ∼ 0.25. Only one galaxy is visually confirmed as strongly barred in our sample. This bar is hosted by the most massive disc and only survives from z = 1.3 down to z = 0.7. Such a low bar fraction, in particular amongst Milky Way-like progenitors, highlights a missing bars problem, shared by literally all cosmological simulations with spatial resolution &lt;100 pc to date. The analysis of linear growth rates, rotation curves, and derived summary statistics of the stellar, gas and dark matter components suggest that galaxies with stellar masses below 109.5−1010$\, \rm {M}_\odot$ in NewHorizon appear to be too dominated by dark matter relative to stellar content to form a bar, while more massive galaxies typically have formed large bulges that prevent bar persistence at low redshift. This investigation confirms that the evolution of the bar fraction puts stringent constraints on the assembly history of baryons and dark matter on to galaxies.