bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Réforme et épiscopat en Provence. Étude comparée des cas de Gap et de Sisteron au milieu du XIe siècle
Authors: Foulon Jean-Hervé , Varano Mariacristina 
Published: December 2022

Reform and Episcopacy in Provence : A comparative study of the cases of Gap and Sisteron in the middle of the XIth century.
The episcopacies of Gerald Chabrier in Sisteron (1060-1080) and of Arnoux in Gap (after 1063 and before 1079) traditionally represent the early stages of the Gregorian Reform in Haute-Provence. To understand their particular originality, it is important to place them in relation to their family networks in the early XIth century in order that the repercussions of their episcopal accession may be evaluated and the extent of their reforming work discerned. Neither the admitted motives of their predecessors’ deposition, nor their personal pastoral action show any real breach with the post-Carolingian reforming spirit. On the other hand, the pontifical choice of calling upon foreigners from the Vendôme or Piedmont hurt the family interests of the local potentes, obliging the new prelates to use compromise, and thus to appeal to the Count’s arbitration and for support from the Apostolic See. In fact, the reshuffle of the politico-religious chess board mostly benefited Rome, to whom the provençal elites turned more often henceforth, without really promoting any new lineage. The local lords were let down by their family strategies. This thereby created a source of tension which worsened as a consequence of the development of the Investiture Controversy.
Chanoines et réformes canoniales dans les pays rhodaniens
Authors: Veyrenche Yannick 
Published: December 2022

La diversité du « monde des chanoines » est l’effet de la progression différenciée des réformes canoniales. A partir du milieu du Xe siècle, des aristocrates et des évêques réformateurs encouragent la vie commune du clergé. Dans la seconde moitié du XIe siècle, des chanoines renoncent à toute propriété personnelle, se heurtant à leurs chapitres, dans le contexte conflictuel de la légation de l’évêque de Die Hugues. L’essor des chanoines réguliers résulte davantage de la création de nouvelles communautés de clercs. L’abbaye de Saint-Ruf constitue ainsi, avec l’appui des évêques « grégoriens » et de certains grands laïcs, un réseau dont la vallée du Rhône constitue l’axe principal. Elle entretient des liens importants avec le siège pontifical et le pôle canonial de Lucques.
Parallèlement à l’épanouissement de ce foyer majeur de la réforme canoniale, le déploiement de micro-congrégations canoniales régulières dans les territoires des évêchés est l’occasion pour les évêques d’affirmer leur contrôle sur les paroisses. L’autonomie économique des chapitres cathédraux y stimule certaines activités intellectuelles, notamment la science juridique.
Les histoires ecclésiastiques de Provence (XVIIe-XVIIIe siècles)
Authors: Coulet Noël 
Published: December 2022

Ecclesiastical Histories of Provence (XVIIth and XVIIIth centuries)
Seven histories of the diocese were published in Provence between 1629 and 1725. Their authors were all clerics and mostly canons of the Church. The majority of the histories were dedicated to the prelate who was occupying the see at the time they were produced. The books were in response to expectations, and were part of the intellectual ferment of an erudite milieu. These books do not totally distinguish between Church history and political history, but are mainly devoted to study of the prelates, their main objective being to demonstrate, in the face of protes-tantism, the continuity of episcopal succession. If they defended the apostolic origin of their earliest bishops, the advance of the spirit of criticism led them to concede that there were big gaps during the high Middle Ages. Their documentary base grew stronger and stronger and more diverse. We cite three brief examples of their manner of writing history, about the Saracens of Freinet, the thirteenth century heresies, and the Great Schism.
Antoine Bonal et l’histoire des évêques de Rodez
Authors: Lemaître Nicole 
Published: December 2022

Antoine Bonal and the history of the bishops of Rodez
Antoine Bonal (1548-1627) was the first historian of the Rouergue. Descended from a long line of county, and later royal, officials in Rodez, he wrote a History of the county, the archives of which he was familiar with, and also a History of the diocese. In his History of the Bishops, written before 1619, he tried to establish, on the basis of historical docu¬ ments, a list of the bishops of Rodez since Saint Amans, in order to defend the apostolic succession, and consequently Catholicism itself, against the Protestants. His erudite work deployed the critical methods of humanism, transmitted through the court of Cardinal d’ Armagnac, but its main aim was to defend the Catholic identity of the town of Rodez, a “double” consulate which managed to conceal its divisions at the time of the Catholic League. This History, written by a layman with connections to both the merchants of the borough and to the cathedral canons of the city, was only published at the beginning of the twentieth century, but it has not been fundamentally modified by recent research.
Entre hagiographie et histoire. L'Histoire sainte de Dominique de Jésus
Authors: Fray Sébastien 
Published: December 2022

À l’époque moderne, le chapitre Saint-Géraud d’Aurillac entretient un rapport essentiellement utilitaire avec les archives médiévales héritées de l’abbaye bénédictine à laquelle il a succédé au XVIe siècle. La valeur historique du contenu de ces archives est toutefois reconnue de l’extérieur, par le biais des érudits de la première moitié du XVIIe siècle. Parmi eux, on rencontre la figure peu connue de Géraud Vigier, entré chez les carmes déchaux sous le nom de Dominique de Jésus. Ce théologien admiré de Louis XIII a en effet rédigé deux ouvrages qui peuvent intéresser la façon dont P historiographie de l’époque moderne percevait le Moyen Âge : il s’agit de l'Histoire paraenétique des trois saincts protecteurs du Haut Auvergne, Flour, Mary et Géraud, avec quelques remarques sur l’histoire ecclésiastique de la Province, Paris : Sonnius, 1635, et de La monarchie sainte, historique, chronologique et généalogique de France ou les vies des saints et des bienheureux qui sont sortis de la tyge royale de France. Composée en latin par le RP Dominique de Jésus religieux Carme Déchaussé. Traduites et enrichies par le RP Modeste de Saint-Amable, religieux du même ordre, Clermont : N. Jacquard, 1670, 2 volumes.
Si elles paraissent relever d’abord et avant tout de l’hagiographie, ces deux œuvres s’inscrivent dans l’horizon épistémologique de l’historiographie du premier XVIIe siècle par leur souci de vérité, leur engouement pour l’histoire provinciale, tout comme par les méthodes déployées (références marginales aux sources, copie d’actes anciens, références croisées aux autres érudits, philologie). De sorte que leur analyse met en évidence combien hagiographie et histoire avaient alors encore partie liée. Et ce d’autant plus que le travail de Dominique de Jésus se déploie également dans un contexte de polémique confessionnelle qui conduit à ce que sa conception de l’histoire se situe entre visée édifiante et action de grâce.
L’Inquisition médiévale chez les historiographes méridionaux de la Renaissance
Authors: Daydé Cyril 
Published: December 2022

The medieval Inquisition according to the southern historiographers of the Renaissance .
Accounts by southern French historiographers of the modem period, in respect of the medieval Inquisition, demonstrate a good example of volte face. Praised during the Renaissance as a unique institution dedicated to a noble mission, the Inquisition is vilified in the Enlightenment as the worst creation of a cruel and obscurantist Church, regimented by popes puffed up with ambition. The historiographical corpus of the Renaissance is characterised firstly by a significant medieval legacy, then by a quasi¬ exclusive monopoly of authors from Toulouse in the service of urban magistrates, and finally by a clear moral dimension in the writing of history. The Inquisition practically never appears, but leaving aside the gaps and errors related to the sources used, it finds itself at the heart of complex historiographical issues. Indeed, the Inquisition highlights both the portrait of religious dissension and the delicate relations between the French monarchy and the Holy See, at a period when Christendom was weakened by the memory of the Great Schism, the taking of Constantinople by the Turks, and the appearance of Marranism and then Protestantism.
Innocent III et les Guilhem de Montpellier
Authors: Durand-Dol Françoise 
Published: December 2022

Françoise Durand-Dol, Innocent III et les Guilhem de Montpellier.
Innocent III a hérité de relations particulières, encore récemment renouvelées, entre le Siège apostolique et les Guilhem. Les seigneurs de Montpellier étaient de fidèles alliés de la papauté mais aussi des rivaux de la puissance temporelle des évêques de Maguelone et ils jouaient un délicat jeu de balance entre les maisons de Toulouse et de Barcelone-Aragon. Dès son élection, Innocent III a été confronté à la fois à la nécessité de gérer les imprudences de son prédécesseur Célestin III, dommageables pour la réputation de l’Église, et à celle de résoudre les problèmes politiques posés par la bigamie de Guilhem VIII, dont la seule héritière légitime était une fille. Dans cette épineuse question de la succession de Montpellier, son soutien sans faille à la valorisation du sacrement de mariage a entraîné le passage de la seigneurie à la couronne d’Aragon. Innocent III, à la recherche de sûrs champions de la papauté et de soutiens de la réforme de l’Église, s’est fondé, parfois explicitement, sur la notion d’avantages réciproques et il a durablement utilisé les compétences des divers Guilhem et celles de leurs successeurs immédiats en matière de lutte contre « l’hérésie ».
Innocent III et les juifs du Midi, entre tradition et rénovation
Authors: Soussen Max Claire 
Published: December 2022

Claire Soussen, Innocent III et les juifs du Midi, entre tradition et rénovation.
L’article se propose d’examiner l’attitude d’innocent III à l’égard des juifs, en particulier dans le Midi, afin de voir si l’image négative qui lui est attachée dans les « études juives » se justifie. La correspondance du pape ainsi que les dispositions conciliaires qu’il inspire mettent l’accent sur le thème de l’usure et du juste positionnement des juifs dans la société majoritaire, comme autant de questions sur lesquelles il convient d’être vigilant. La distinction des juifs par le port d’un habit spécifique, plus que la manifestation d’une volonté de discrimination, est en fait un outil qui sert à marquer les « frontières » indépassables entre minorité et majorité.
Les cisterciens et la lutte contre les hérésies méridionales sous Innocent III : mobilisation d’un ordre ou activation de réseaux ?
Authors: Grélois Alexis 
Published: December 2022

Alexis Grélois, Les cisterciens et la lutte contre les hérésies méridionales sous Innocent III : mobilisation d’un ordre ou activation de réseaux ?
Prenant acte de la manière trop réductrice dont les milieux qui ont lutté contre les hérésies dans le Midi ont été étudiés jusqu’ici, cet article se propose d’envisager l’un de ces groupes, celui des moines cisterciens, qui furent les plus impliqués dans ce combat, depuis Bernard de Clairvaux jusqu’à l’arrivée des ordres Mendiants, en posant à son sujet plusieurs questions : pourquoi le choix des cisterciens par Innocent III ? L’ordre de Cîteaux a-t-il agi dans cette affaire comme un organisme centralisé homogène ? Le combat n’a-t-il pas plutôt été mené par quelques-uns de ses membres, bien insérés dans des réseaux personnels ? Ce qui amènerait à admettre qu’ils ont agi en transcendant les limites de leur institution et à mettre en relief la «porosité » entre les ordres religieux et les autres entités sociales.
La Catalogne, le Midi et la libertas Ecclesiae à l'époque d’Innocent III
Authors: Smith Damian J. 
Published: December 2022

Damian J. Smith, Catalonia, the South of France and the libertas Ecclesiae at the time of Innocent III
This paper examines the context of the grant of freedom of ecclesiastical elections by Pedro II of Aragon and confirmed by Pope Innocent III. It argues that affairs in the south of France, particularly the king’s attack on the church of Elne and his marriage to Marie de Montpellier, played a significant part in the king’s decision, which was especially valuable to Innocent III in his long-term battle for libertas Ecclesiae.
Images du pouvoir pontifical dans les livres de Clément VII et Benoît XIII
Authors: Payan Paul 
Published: December 2022

Images of pontifical power in the books of Clement VII and Benedict XIII.
If the vitality of the illuminated manuscript collection at the court of Avignon during the Great Schism is well known, one can nonetheless ask questions about the influence of political issues at the time on their iconographic content. An examination of some of the large manuscripts ordered by Clement VII and Benedict XIII indicates the identity of the pontiff being demonstrated most frequently by the heraldic system. On the other hand, the protective figure of Saint Peter is scarcely used, and the ambivalent image of God the Father as pope only appears very late in the manuscripts of Benedict XIII. A volume of the Historia ecclesiastica nova of Ptolemy of Lucca, ordered by the last Avignon pope and completed in 1401, nevertheless includes a remarkable iconographic series of the entire line of popes, from Peter to Boniface VIII. The artist Sancho Gontier created a homogeneous gallery while nonetheless emphasising the personality of each pope, thereby underlining better the continuity of the apostolic See. Such a programme is exceptional. It is rather in the manuscripts of the great prelates that one can find representations demonstrating pontifical power. It appears that this picture largely escaped the control of the Avignon curia, but contributed perhaps to its fight to defend its legitimacy.
L’illustration du livre du chapitre de Solignac, c. 1151-1157, un exemple unique dans la France méridionale
Authors: Lemaitre Jean-Loup 
Published: December 2022

The illustration of the Chapter Book of Solignac, c. 1151-1157, an example in southern France
The “Chapter Book”, used in the monasteries and canonical chapters for the celebration of the office of Prime, was widespread throughout the whole western Church. It is nevertheless one of the very rare liturgical books which, with a few exceptions, does not have even a minimum of decoration. For the whole collection of books preserved in France (around 235), only half a dozen offer any element of decoration, and in southern France (in the wider sense of the term, that of the areas of Languedoc), only one manuscript offers any decoration of any importance, that of the abbey of Saint Pierre de Solignac, in the diocese of Limoges (BnF, n.a.l. 214). Two of the four texts which make up this manuscript, the martyrology and Rule of Saint Benedict, written between 1151 and 1157, are highly decorated, while the lectionary and the necrology, the latter redone towards 1273, are very plain. In the martyrology, the first day of the month is accompanied by a vignette featuring for the first part the work of the month, in imitation of calendars, f. 110 is entirely taken up by a Christ in Majesty, while the Rule, on the other hand, only has four vignettes, the initials of chapter I (Saint Benedict), XXXI (the cellarer), LIII (a guest) and LXV (the Provost). We know that this chapter book was given to the abbey by the monk Bozon d’Eschizadour, but we know the names of neither its copyist nor the illuminator. The book was probably produced in a workshop in Limoges.
Manuscrits liturgiques réalisés à Avignon dans la première moitié du XIVe siècle. Nouvelles découvertes dans les collections du Vatican
Authors: Manzari Francesca 
Published: December 2022

Liturgical manuscripts produced in Avignon in the first half of the XIVth century ; new discoveries in Vatican collections.
A search for the manuscripts used in Rome by the canons of St. Peter’s Basilica has resulted in the discovery of a new group of liturgical books produced in Avignon in the XIVth century. An examination of these thereby offers a more detailed vision of the middle decades of the century, thanks to knowledge of the orders placed by the most senior prelates. It shows a close link with St. Peter’s Basilica, and also with new international workshops active in the city of the popes. Two manuscripts can be identified as having been ordered by prelates of the Avignon curia, Annibaldo Caetani da Ceccano and Jean de Cardaillac, while two others seem to have been ordered directly by the Chapter of St. Peter. The illuminations of the latter, a psalter and a breviary, can be attributed to two important Florentine artists, the Master of the Codex of St. George and the Master of the Dominican Effigies. While the Avignon activity of the former has already been demonstrated, this is the first time that a manuscript allows one to envisage an Avignon stage in an examination of the second. In both cases, the Chapter conforms to what one knows of the circulation of the illuminated books in Rome in the XIVth century, while, in the absence of the curia, the orders were placed with illuminators who were working elsewhere. The manuscripts linked to the two prelates similarly share some essential characteristics : the quire containing the Episcopal benedictions, which is earlier than the Missal, was illuminated for Jean de Cardaillac by an Avignon artist known by the name of the Master of the Pontifical of Pierre de Saint Martial. The Gospel Book commissioned by Cardinal Annibaldo Caetani da Ceccano, perhaps for the use of the Chapter of St. Peter of which he became Dean in 1342, witnesses, in addition to an unusual illustrative project, the activity of the two important artists who were unknown until now. The two illuminators, the one a Frenchman of eclectic culture, the other an Italian, perhaps trained in Abruzzi, demonstrate a capacity for mixing their knowledge, a procedure hitherto unknown in the production of illuminated manuscripts at Avignon in the first half of the XIVth century.
Fragments et bibliothèques médiévales à Toulouse : vestiges mineurs, signes de bibliothèques majeures disparues
Authors: Falmagne Thomas 
Published: December 2022

Fragments and medieval libraries in Toulouse : traces and pointers to vanished collections.
For the first time are presented here the fragments preserved in the libraries of Toulouse. At the present time, the list of literary (non-archival) fragments comprises 239 codicological entities, spread across the collections of the Bibliothèque d’Étude et du Patrimoine de Toulouse and those of the Departmental Archives of the Haute-Garonne. The fragments are classified according to former provenance, when the context of their dismemberment can be reconstituted. Lines of exploration of these fragments are proposed, according to either their age or their interest for historians, philologists or art historians. Particular emphasis is placed upon the history of the Toulousan libraries, especially those of the Dominicans, the Franciscans and the Augustinians. Twenty years after the state of the question in the 31st Cahier de Fanjeaux, new information is produced regarding the sources and inventories of the libraries of the ancient régime.
Les reliques de l ’ancienne abbaye cistercienne de Grandselve
Authors: Passerat Georges 
Published: December 2022

The relics of the ancient Cistercian abbey of Grandselve.
On the site of the ancient Cistercian abbey of Grandselve (Grandissilva) one no longer finds any archaeological remains as a result of the destruction of the monastic buildings, (abbey church, cloisters...). Only seven gilded reliquaries, dating from the 1250s, have been preserved, and this goldsmith’s treasure has been protected for two centuries in the parish church of Bouillac (canton of Verdun-sur-Garonne, Tam-et-Garonne). On the basis of inventories drawn up in the XIXth century, one can get an idea of the contents of the four reliquary chests in the form of churches. Three reliquaries, called “phylacteries”, in the form of a tower (reliquary of the Holy Thom), the tables of the Law (the True Cross) and in discoidal form are ornamented with metal plaques (silver, copper). One of these is engraved, in beautiful, uncial writing, with the list of relics that it contains. Inside the wooden caskets covered with enamelled copper, are also found papyri allowing one to identify wrapped fragments of precious material. In addition to the bones are vegetable matter (sacred trees), minerals (stones, earth containing liquid (water, blood, oil) and numerous textiles (liturgical vestments). From this heteroclite collection is released the impression that the abbey wanted to assert its spiritual authority, by developing the cult of Cistercian saints (St. Bernard and other celebrated abbots). The shrine of St. Livrade offers a trace of a popular cult linked to the religious history of Gascony.
Quand la mémoire accuse. Reliques embarrassantes et saints culpabilisants dans la société gasconne des XIe-XIIIe siècles
Authors: Baillet Christophe 
Published: December 2022

When memory accuses. Embarrassing relies and guilt-ma-king saints in Gascon society in the XIth-XIIIth centuries
Across the territories of medieval Gascony, a collection of Latin sources from the XIth-XIIIth centuries demonstrates that the discourses held by the ecclesiastical institutions on relics and bodies of saints in their possession are far from having had as their sole object the stimulation of a flood of pilgrims. The relics there are in effect presented in a trial perspective, as the arm of the churches against lay society. Acting as instruments of constraint, of accusation, of
Célibat, mariage et réforme : le problème dans le Midi
Authors: Moore Robert Ian 
Published: December 2022

Celibacy, Marriage and Reform : the problem in the Midi.
Hermits and holy men and women were present and influential everywhere in eleventh-and twelfth-century Europe, but treated as heretics only rarely, and in exceptional circumstances. Yet comparison between (for example) those of Anglo-Norman England in the 1130s and ‘40s and the «good men » and «good women » of the Midi in the later twelfth and early thirteenth centuries suggests that their spirituality and social demeanour were in essence very similar, though very differently perceived and recorded. It is argued here that the difference in their fates is to be accounted for not by the religiosity of the ‘Cathars’ but by the diverging social and governmental trajectories of the midi and northern Europe in the twelfth century, and especially in the failure of the church to forge an alliance with the nobility of the region through the new structures of marriage and sexuality on which the success of the Gregorian reforms elsewhere were founded.
Des Borgia en Armagnac ? Le comte, sa sœur, l’Église et le roi. Réflexions sur l’inceste de Jean V (1420-1473)
Authors: Collard Franck 
Published: December 2022

Borgias in Armagnac ? The count, his sister, the Church and the King. Reflections on the incest of John V (1420-1473).
The incestuous union of John V of Armagnac and his sister Isabella in the middle of the XVth century puts into focus a southern French baron, guilty of an unheard of and shocking excess of the flesh, correctly described as sinful, and the powers interested in this kind of fault, starting with the Church. The article aims to show how, from the very start, the matrimonial logic of the count, in his geographical, cultural and social context, can explain the very comprehensive attitude of the aristocratic milieu at the time. It goes on to examine the ecclesiastical responses to the unspeakable sin committed by the prince, in order to understand the reaction of the monarchy, which, far from being one of pure political calculation, employs all the rhetoric of his very Christian majesty, in order to handle, through the law and through the sword, a very fascinating case.