bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nidogen-2 is a Novel Endogenous Ligand of LGR4 to Inhibit Vascular Calcification
Authors: Chen Yufei , Mao Chenfeng , Gu Rui , Zhao Rujia , Li Weihao , Ma Zihan , Jia Yiting , Yu Fang , Luo Jian , Fu Yi , Sun Jinpeng , Kong Wei 
Published: November 2022

Background:
Vascular calcification is closely related to the all-cause mortality of cardiovascular events. Basement membrane protein nidogen-2 is a key component of the vascular extracellular matrix microenvironment and we recently found it is pivotal for the maintenance of contractile phenotype in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, whether nidogen-2 is involved in VSMCs osteochondrogenic transition and vascular calcification remains unclear.

Methods:

VSMCs was treated with high-phosphate to study VSMC calcification in vitro. Three different mice models (5/6 nephrectomy-induced chronic renal failure, cholecalciferol-overload, and periadventitially administered with CaCl
2
) were used to study vascular calcification in vivo. Membrane protein interactome, coimmunoprecipitation, flow cytometric binding assay, surface plasmon resonance, G protein signaling, VSMCs calcium assays were performed to clarify the phenotype and elucidate the molecular mechanisms.

Results:

Nidogen-2 protein levels were significantly reduced in calcified VSMCs and aortas from mice in different vascular calcification model. Nidogen-2 deficiency exacerbated high-phosphate-induced VSMC calcification, whereas the addition of purified nidogen-2 protein markedly alleviated VSMC calcification in vitro.
Nidogen-2
-/-
mice exhibited aggravated aorta calcification compared to wild-type (WT) mice in response to 5/6 nephrectomy, cholecalciferol-overload, and CaCl
2
administration. Further unbiased coimmunoprecipitation and interactome analysis of purified nidogen-2 and membrane protein in VSMCs revealed that nidogen-2 directly binds to LGR4 (leucine-rich repeat G-protein-coupled receptor 4) with
K
D
value 26.77 nM. LGR4 deficiency in VSMCs in vitro or in vivo abolished the protective effect of nidogen-2 on vascular calcification. Of interest, nidogen-2 biased activated LGR4-Gαq-PKCα (protein kinase Cα)-AMPKα1 (AMP-activated protein kinase α1) signaling to counteract VSMCs osteogenic transition and mineralization.

Conclusions:
Nidogen-2 is a novel endogenous ligand of LGR4 that biased activated Gαq- PKCα-AMPKα1 signaling and inhibited vascular calcification.
Effect of Immediate Antihypertensive Treatment on Clinical Outcomes in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients With Different Renal Function Status
Authors: Zhai Yujia , Che Bizhong , Liu Yang , Peng Hao , Wang Aili , Peng Yanbo , Chen Jing , Zhang Yonghong , Xu Tan , Zhong Chongke , He Jiang 
Published: November 2022

Background:
It remains unclear whether different blood pressure management strategies should be administered for acute stroke patients with or without impaired renal function. We conducted a secondary analysis of the CATIS trial (China Antihypertensive Trial in Acute Ischemic Stroke) to investigate the effect of early antihypertensive treatment among patients with acute ischemic stroke according to the baseline renal function assessed by estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR).

Methods:

The CATIS trial randomly assigned 4071 acute ischemic stroke patients with systolic blood pressure between 140 and 220 mm Hg to receive antihypertensive treatment or to discontinue all antihypertensive medications during hospitalization. A primary outcome (composite outcome of death and major disability) and secondary outcomes were compared between antihypertensive treatment and control groups by baseline renal function levels of eGFR values of <60, 60 to 89, and ≥90 mL/min per 1.73 m
2
.

Results:

At day 14 or hospital discharge, the primary outcome was not significantly different between the antihypertensive treatment and control groups in each subgroup stratified by renal function status (
P
=0.98 for homogeneity), and the odds ratios (95% CIs) were 1.23 (0.76–2.02) in patients with eGFR <60 mL/min per 1.73 m
2
, 0.94 (0.75–1.19) in patients with eGFR values of 60–89 mL/min per 1.73 m
2
, and 1.04 (0.88–1.24) in patients with eGFR ≥90 mL/min per 1.73 m
2
, respectively. In addition, early antihypertensive treatment was not associated with secondary clinical outcomes by baseline renal function (
P
>0.05 for all homogeneity).

Conclusions:
Early antihypertensive treatment had a neutral effect on clinical outcomes in ischemic stroke patients with different renal function status.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique Identifier: NCT01840072.
Improvements of the Double-Moment Bulk Cloud Microphysics Scheme in the Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM)
Authors: Seiki Tatsuya , Ohno Tomoki 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This study revises the collisional growth, heterogeneous ice nucleation, and homogeneous ice nucleation processes in a double-moment bulk cloud microphysics scheme implemented in the Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM). The revised cloud microphysical processes are tested by 10-day global simulations with a horizontal resolution of 14 km. It is found that both the aggregation of cloud ice with smaller diameters and the graupel production by riming are overestimated in the current schemes. A new method that numerically integrates the collection kernel solves this issue, and consequently, the lifetime of cloud ice is reasonably extended in reference to satellite observations. In addition, the results indicate that a reduction in graupel modulates the convective intensity, particularly in intense rainfall systems. The revision of both heterogeneous and homogeneous ice nucleation significantly increases the production rate of cloud ice number concentration. With these revisions, the new version of the cloud microphysics scheme successfully improves outgoing longwave radiation, particularly over the intertropical convergence zone, in reference to satellite observations. Therefore, the revisions are beneficial for both long-term climate simulations and representing the structure of severe storms.

Significance Statement
Very high-resolution global atmospheric models have been developed to simultaneously address global climate and regional weather. In general, cloud microphysics schemes used in such global models are introduced from regional weather forecasting models to realistically represent mesoscale cloud systems. However, a cloud microphysics scheme that was originally developed with the aim of weather forecasting can cause unexpected errors in global climate simulations because such a cloud microphysics scheme is not designed for interdisciplinary usage across spatiotemporal scales. This study focuses on systematic model biases in evaluating the terminal velocity of ice cloud particles and proposes a method to accurately calculate the growth rate of ice cloud particles. Improvements in ice cloud modeling successfully reduce model biases in the global energy budget. In addition, the internal structure of intense rainfall systems is modified using the new cloud model. Therefore, improvements in ice cloud modeling could further increase the reliability of weather forecasting, seasonal prediction, and climate projection.
Disentangling the Influences of Storm-Relative Flow and Horizontal Streamwise Vorticity on Low-Level Mesocyclones in Supercells
Authors: Peters John M. , Coffer Brice E. , Parker Matthew D. , Nowotarski Christopher J. , Mulholland Jake P. , Nixon Cameron J. , Allen John T. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Sufficient low-level storm-relative flow is a necessary ingredient for sustained supercell thunderstorms and is connected to supercell updraft width. Assuming a supercell exists, the role of low-level storm-relative flow in regulating supercells’ low-level mesocyclone intensity is less clear. One possibility considered in this article is that storm-relative flow controls mesocyclone and tornado width via its modulation of overall updraft extent. This hypothesis relies on a previously postulated positive correspondence between updraft width, mesocyclone width, and tornado width. An alternative hypothesis is that mesocyclone characteristics are primarily regulated by horizontal streamwise vorticity irrespective of storm-relative flow. A matrix of supercell simulations was analyzed to address the aforementioned hypotheses, wherein horizontal streamwise vorticity and storm-relative flow were independently varied. Among these simulations, mesocyclone width and intensity were strongly correlated with horizontal streamwise vorticity, and comparatively weakly correlated with storm-relative flow, supporting the second hypothesis. Accompanying theory and trajectory analysis offers the physical explanation that, when storm-relative flow is large and updrafts are wide, vertically tilted streamwise vorticity is projected over a wider area but with a lesser average magnitude than when these parameters are small. These factors partially offset one another, degrading the correspondence of storm-relative flow with updraft circulation and rotational velocity, which are the mesocyclone attributes most closely tied to tornadoes. These results refute the previously purported connections between updraft width, mesocyclone width, and tornado width, and emphasize horizontal streamwise vorticity as the primary control on low-level mesocyclones in sustained supercells.

Significance Statement
The intensity of a supercell thunderstorm’s low-level rotation, known as the “mesocyclone,” is thought to influence tornado likelihood. Mesocyclone intensity depends on many environmental attributes that are often correlated with one another and difficult to disentangle. This study used a large body of numerical simulations to investigate the influence of the speed of low-level air entering a supercell (storm-relative flow), the horizontal spin of the ambient air entering the thunderstorm (streamwise vorticity), and the width of the storm’s updraft. Our results suggest that the rotation of the mesocyclone in supercells is primarily influenced by streamwise vorticity, with comparatively weaker connections to storm-relative flow and updraft width. These findings provide important clarification in our scientific understanding of how a storm’s environment influences the rate of rotation of its mesocyclone, and the associated tornado threat.
Precipitation Growth Processes in the Comma-Head Region of the 7 February 2020 Northeast Snowstorm: Results from IMPACTS
Authors: Varcie Megan M. , Zaremba Troy J. , Rauber Robert M. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Finlon Joseph A. , McMurdie Lynn A. , Ryzhkov Alexander , Schnaiter Martin , Järvinen Emma , Waitz Fritz , Delene David J. , Poellot Michael R. , McLinden Matthew L. Walker , Janiszeski Andrew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
On 7 February 2020, precipitation within the comma-head region of an extratropical cyclone was sampled remotely and in situ by two research aircraft, providing a vertical cross section of microphysical observations and fine-scale radar measurements. The sampled region was stratified vertically by distinct temperature layers and horizontally into a stratiform region on the west side, and a region of elevated convection on the east side. In the stratiform region, precipitation formed near cloud top as side-plane, polycrystalline, and platelike particles. These habits occurred through cloud depth, implying that the cloud-top region was the primary source of particles. Almost no supercooled water was present. The ice water content within the stratiform region showed an overall increase with depth between the aircraft flight levels, while the total number concentration slightly decreased, consistent with growth by vapor deposition and aggregation. In the convective region, new particle habits were observed within each temperature-defined layer along with detectable amounts of supercooled water, implying that ice particle formation occurred in several layers. Total number concentration decreased from cloud top to the −8°C level, consistent with particle aggregation. At temperatures > −8°C, ice particle concentrations in some regions increased to >100 L−1, suggesting secondary ice production occurred at lower altitudes. WSR-88D reflectivity composites during the sampling period showed a weak, loosely organized banded feature. The band, evident on earlier flight legs, was consistent with enhanced vertical motion associated with frontogenesis, and at least partial melting of ice particles near the surface. A conceptual model of precipitation growth processes within the comma head is presented.

Significance Statement
Snowstorms over the northeast United States have major impacts on travel, power availability, and commerce. The processes by which snow forms in winter storms over this region are complex and their snowfall totals are hard to forecast accurately because of a poor understanding of the microphysical processes within the clouds composing the storms. This paper presents a case study from the NASA IMPACTS field campaign that involved two aircraft sampling the storm simultaneously with radars, and probes that measure the microphysical properties within the storm. The paper examines how variations in stability and frontal structure influence the microphysical evolution of ice particles as they fall from cloud top to the surface within the storm.
Seasonal Locking of the MJO’s Southward Detour of the Maritime Continent: The Role of the Australian Monsoon
Authors: Kang Daehyun , Kim Daehyun , Rushley Stephanie , Maloney Eric 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This study investigates why the major convective envelope of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) detours to the south of the Maritime Continent (MC) only during boreal winter [December–March (DJFM)]. To examine processes affecting this MJO detour, the MJO-related variance of precipitation and column-integrated moisture anomalies in DJFM are compared with those in the seasons before [October–November (ON)] and after [April–May (AM)]. While MJO precipitation variance is much higher in the southern MC (SMC) during DJFM than in other seasons, the MJO moisture variance is comparable among the seasons, implying that the seasonal locking of the MJO’s southward detour cannot be explained by the magnitude of moisture anomalies alone. The higher precipitation variance in the SMC region is partly explained by the much higher moisture sensitivity of precipitation in DJFM than in other seasons, resulting in a more efficient conversion of anomalous moisture to anomalous precipitation. DJFM is also distinguishable from the other seasons by stronger positive wind–evaporation feedback onto MJO precipitation anomalies due to the background westerly wind in the lower troposphere. It is found that the seasonal cycle of moisture–precipitation coupling and wind–evaporation feedback in the SMC region closely follows that of the Australian monsoon, which is active exclusively in DJFM. Our results suggest that the MJO’s southward detour in the MC is seasonally locked because it occurs preferentially when the Australian monsoon system produces a background state that is favorable for MJO development in the SMC.
Understanding and Reducing Warm and Dry Summer Biases in the Central United States: Analytical Modeling to Identify the Mechanisms for CMIP Ensemble Error Spread
Authors: Sun Chao , Liang Xin-Zhong 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Most climate models in phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) still suffer pronounced warm and dry summer biases in the central United States (CUS), even in high-resolution simulations. We found that the cloud base definition in the cumulus parameterization was the dominant factor determining the spread of the biases among models and those defining cloud base at the lifting condensation level (LCL) performed the best. To identify the underlying mechanisms, we developed a physically based analytical bias model (ABM) to capture the key feedback processes of land–atmosphere coupling. The ABM has significant explanatory power, capturing 80% variance of temperature and precipitation biases among all models. Our ABM analysis via counterfactual experiments indicated that the biases are attributed mostly by surface downwelling longwave radiation errors and second by surface net shortwave radiation errors, with the former 2–5 times larger. The effective radiative forcing from these two errors as weighted by their relative contributions induces runaway temperature and precipitation feedbacks, which collaborate to cause CUS summer warm and dry biases. The LCL cumulus reduces the biases through two key mechanisms: it produces more clouds and less precipitable water, which reduce radiative energy input for both surface heating and evapotranspiration to cause a cooler and wetter soil; it produces more rainfall and wetter soil conditions, which suppress the positive evapotranspiration–precipitation feedback to damp the warm and dry bias coupling. Most models using non-LCL schemes underestimate both precipitation and cloud amounts, which amplify the positive feedback to cause significant biases.
The Warming of the Arabian Sea Induced a Northward Summer Monsoon over the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhang Jie , Hu Rui , Ma Qianrong , Niu Miaomiao 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Summer monsoon precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) has significant impacts on the ecology, economy, and Asian climate, but has exhibited anomalous spatial distribution since the early twenty-first century. To explore its distribution and attribution, this study investigated the northernmost boundary of the summer monsoon over the TP (TPSM) and the related precipitation. The TPSM and related precipitation extended poleward in the post-2000 period in response to the rising Arabian Sea surface temperature (ARB_SST) in the late spring and early summer. A warming Arabian Sea leads to the westward movement of the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) circulation and moisture convergence with a higher moisture layer, which exerts a midlatitude wave train that exhibits a dipole mode (a west cyclone and an east anticyclone) over the TP. Consequently, the west trough and southerly are strengthened, which is conducive to transporting more poleward moisture mass from the moisture layer over the ISM zone through the midwestern TP. Furthermore, it contributes to the poleward TPSM and precipitation in the northern TP by coupling with the dipole mode. These findings help explain the wetting of the Asian dryland and its effects on the Northern Hemispheric climate.
Decomposition of Estuarine Circulation and Residual Stratification under Landfast Sea Ice
Authors: Burchard Hans , Bolding Karsten , Lange Xaver , Osadchiev Alexander 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
For Arctic estuaries that are characterized by landfast sea ice cover during the winter season, processes generating estuarine circulation and residual stratification have not yet been investigated, although some of the largest estuaries in the world belong to this class. Landfast sea ice provides a no-slip surface boundary condition in addition to the bottom boundary, such that frictional effects are expected to be increased. For this study of estuarine circulation and residual stratification under landfast sea ice, first, a simple linear analytical model is used. To include tidally varying scenarios, a water-column model is applied with a second-moment turbulence closure to juxtapose free-surface and ice-covered estuaries. Well-mixed and strongly stratified tidally periodic scenarios are analyzed by means of a decomposition of estuarine circulation into contributions from gravitational circulation, eddy viscosity–shear covariance (ESCO), surface stress, and river runoff. A new method is developed to also decompose tidal residual salinity anomaly profiles. Estuarine circulation intensity and tidally residual potential energy anomaly are studied for a parameter space spanned by the Simpson number and the unsteadiness number. These are the major results of this study that will support future scenario studies in Arctic estuaries under conditions of accelerated warming: (i) residual surface drag under ice opposes estuarine circulation; (ii) residual differential advection under ice destabilizes the near-surface flow; (iii) reversal of ESCO during strong stratification does not occur under landfast sea ice; (iv) tidal pumping (s-ESCO) contributes dominantly to residual stratification also with sea ice cover.

Significance Statement
Our work gives a first qualitative and quantitative understanding of how landfast sea ice cover on tidal estuaries impacts on the generation of estuarine circulation and residual stratification. Along the Arctic coasts, where some of the world’s largest estuaries are located, these processes play a significant role for the economy and ecology by means of transports of sediments, nutrients and pollutants. Due to Arctic amplification, the conditions for ice-covered estuaries are strongly changing in a way that the ice-covered periods may be shorter in the future. Our results intend to motivate field observations and realistic model studies to allow for better predicting the consequences of these changes.
Tidally Forced Turbulent Dissipation on a Three-Dimensional Fan in Luzon Strait
Authors: Alford Matthew H. , Nash Jonathan D. , Buijsman Maarten 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Moored observations and a realistic, tidally forced 3D model are presented of flow and internal-tide-driven turbulence over a supercritical 3D fan in southeastern Luzon Strait. Two stacked moored profilers, an acoustic Doppler current profiler, and a thermistor string measured horizontal velocity, density, and salinity over nearly the entire water column every 1.5 h for 50 days. Observed dissipation rate computed from Thorpe scales decays away from the bottom and shows a strong spring–neap cycle; observed depth-integrated dissipation rate scales as where UBT is the barotropic velocity. Vertical velocities are strong enough to be comparable at times to the vertical profiling speed of the moored profilers, requiring careful treatment to quantify bias in dissipation rate estimates. Observations and the model are in reasonable agreement for velocity, internal wave displacement and depth-integrated dissipation rate, allowing the model to be used to understand the 3D flow. Turbulence is maximum following the transition from up-fan to down-fan flow, consistent with breaking lee waves advected past the mooring as seen previously at the Hawaiian Ridge, but asymmetric flow arises because of the 3D topography. Observed turbulence varies by a factor of 2 over the four observed spring tides as low-frequency near-bottom flow changes, but the exact means for inclusion of such low-frequency effects is not clear. Our results suggest that for the extremely energetic turbulence associated with breaking lee waves, dissipation rates may be quantitatively predicted to within a factor of 2 or so using numerical models and simple scalings.

Significance Statement
This paper describes deep ocean turbulence caused by strong tidal and low-frequency meandering flows over and around a three-dimensional bump, using moored observations and a computer simulation. Such information is important for accurately including these effects in climate simulations. The observations and model agree well enough to be able to use both to synthesize a coherent picture. The observed and modeled turbulence scale as the cube of the tidal speed as expected from theory, but low-frequency flows complicate the picture. We also demonstrate the underestimation of the turbulence that can result when vertical profiling rates are comparable to the internal wave velocities.