bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lorenz Curve and Its Variants
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Son Hyun H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe measurement of inequality goes back more than 115 years. In 1905, the US statistician M. O. Lorenz developed a simple two-dimensional curve, used extensively until the present day to represent and analyze income distributions. This chapter presents many statistical and mathematical properties of the curve, with many economic applications. The chapter shows that the Lorenz curve is not merely a graphical device to describe distribution but also a valuable tool for critically analyzing many economic situations. It introduces the Lorenz curve in formal and rigorous terms, deriving many analytical results, which open up opportunities for many applications in economics relating to measuring and analyzing inequality in income.
Applications of Concentration Curves to Economic Analysis
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Son Hyun H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides many economic applications of the theorems and corollaries developed in Chapter 9. These applications relate to analyzing the relationships among individuals’ or families’ distribution of economic variables. These relationships play a crucial role in understanding many economic phenomena. The applications discussed in the chapter are supplemented by empirical analysis using the actual household surveys. The applications include distribution of income and wealth among individuals, employment-growth elasticity, Income inequality by factor income, and inequity in opportunity. This chapter provides the framework for quantifying the distributional relations among economic variables. This framework will help readers discover new applications, leading to the advancement of evidence-based economic policies.
Social Price Indices and Inequality
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Son Hyun H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter devotes itself to measuring the effect of prices on inequality. It develops new methodologies to compute social price indices. These indices indicate whether the price changes have a favorable (or unfavorable) impact on the welfare of the poor; in other words, whether the price changes have decreased (increased) inequality. Applying this methodology to Thai and South Korean data shows that the price changes have affected the poor more than the rich in both countries. But the impact of prices on inequality had been more pronounced in Thailand. This chapter’s main objective is to measure the effects of changes in relative prices on inequality. The impact of price changes on income inequality can only be calculated if the price index uses a social welfare function defined for many individuals in society. Such an index is called a social cost of living index. It takes into account specific value judgments of the society. This chapter also derives the explicit relationship between social price indices and aggregate inequality measures. This relationship shows that in a society with high inequality, the usual computing method of the inflation rate (based on a single consumer) is likely to give highly biased results.
Pro-Poor Growth
Authors: Kakwani Nanak , Son Hyun H. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter defines pro-poor growth using three alternative definitions: (i) relative pro-poor growth, (ii) absolute pro-poor growth, and (iii) poverty-reducing growth. There is no consensus in the literature on which definition is the most appropriate. This chapter views all three definitions as essential in understanding the pattern of growth that explains the inter-relationship between economic growth, income inequality, and their impact on poverty. It develops a unifying conceptual framework encompassing the three alternative definitions of pro-poor growth. This chapter develops the idea of the poverty equivalent growth rate, which determines the growth pattern, whether growth is pro-poor or anti-poor. Its development objective is to achieve rapid poverty reduction, and it can be an invaluable tool for policymakers to analyze poverty reduction strategies. The chapter presents the case studies of four Asian countries during their financial crisis in the late 1990s.
Armenian morphosyntactic alignment in diachrony
Authors: Meyer Robin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter outlines the development of morphosyntactic alignment in Armenian from its pre-attested stage to modern forms of the language. For the most part, Armenian follows a nominative–accusative alignment pattern; the only exception occurs in the periphrastic perfect in Classical Armenian. This tense shows tripartite alignment: subjects are marked as nominative, agents as genitive, and objects as accusative. This alignment split prevails until the end of the Classical Armenian period. The origin of this alignment pattern lies in the contact with the West Middle Iranian language Parthian from which Armenian has borrowed heavily in several linguistic domains. The Armenian perfect and its alignment are the grammaticalised result of pattern replication, by which the Parthian ergative–absolutive past tense is borrowed into Armenian and there realised by means of the participle. The change from ergative–absolutive to tripartite alignment is based on morphosyntactic reanalysis of the object case.
Globalizing Fortune on The Early Modern Stage
Authors: Degenhardt Jane Hwang 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Offering in-depth discussions of plays by Shakespeare, Marlowe, Heywood, Dekker, and others, this study considers how England’s economic expansion through global commerce and nascent colonial exploration produced new understandings of the role of fortune in the world, both as a philosophy of chance and luck and a means by which to accumulate wealth. While largely derided as a sinful, earthly distraction in the Boethian tradition of the Middle Ages, fortune made a comeback on the Renaissance stage as a force associated with virtuous opportunities, valiant risks, and ennobling adventures. Fortune’s Empire shows how a pagan goddess who blindly spins the wheel of our lives becomes an avatar for new understandings of risk and investment that underwrite capitalist systems of value in a period of globalization. The book also demonstrates how fortune helped to foster a philosophy of action in a Protestant culture where divine providence remained largely incomprehensible and inaccessible to human consciousness. Like the history of English seaborne expansion, the history of English theater was also a history of fortune. For theater itself depended on novel commercial structures that were vulnerable to speculation and risk, and the success of its live performances required careful management of accident, contingency, and unpredictable audience responses. Drawing attention to an archive of plays dramatizing maritime travel, trade, and adventure, Fortune’s Empire shows how the popular stage shaped evolving understandings of fortune by cultivating new viewing practices and mechanisms of theatrical wonder, as well as proper ethical responses to new forms of economic investment.
Prevention, Coercion, and Two Concepts of Negative Liberty
Authors: Garnett Michael 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that there are two, irreducibly distinct negative concepts of liberty: freedom as non-prevention and freedom as non-coercion. Contemporary proponents of the negative view, such as Matthew Kramer and Ian Carter, have sought to develop the Hobbesian idea that freedom is essentially a matter of physical non-prevention. Accordingly, they have sought to reduce the freedom-diminishing effect of coercion to that of prevention by arguing that coercive threats function to diminish freedom by preventing people from performing certain combinations of actions. Against this, the chapter argues that coercion diminishes people’s freedom in ways that cannot be fully captured in terms of prevention. Focusing on two types of case, those involving coercive threats and those involving coercive preference manipulation, it argues that non-coercion and physical non-prevention are importantly different goods. It concludes that a complete negative account of liberty must draw not only on the (Hobbesian) “non-prevention” strand of the negative tradition but also on its (Benthamite and Hayekian) “non-coercion” strands.
Freedom Without Trimmings
Authors: Carter Ian , Steiner Hillel 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
According to Matthew Kramer, a person is free to do something if she is able to do it, whereas she is unfree to do something if someone else is preventing her from doing it. Thus, on Kramer’s conception of freedom, it is possible to be neither free nor unfree to do something. This chapter highlights some counterintuitive implications of this trivalent conception, and criticizes Kramer’s attempt to avoid such implications by means of a remedial tweaking of the formula for measuring freedom. It then defends bivalent conceptions against Kramer’s claim that they imply infinite degrees of freedom (or unfreedom). Finally, it critically examines Kramer’s claim that the extent of a person’s overall freedom is partly a function of the value of her particular freedoms. Although the value of a particular freedom is itself trivalent (valuable, disvaluable, or neither valuable nor disvaluable), Kramer here rejects trivalence in favor of bivalence, considering each freedom to be either valuable or not valuable. He thereby avoids a paradox that is generated by the trivalent evaluative approach to measuring freedom. However, his attempt to formulate an artificially bivalent evaluative approach generates conceptual problems of its own. The perils of trivalence outlined in this chapter can be avoided by adopting a more austere, bivalent, non-evaluative conception of freedom.
Looking Back and Looking Ahead
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Matthew Kramer here replies to the seventeen chapters in this festschrift volume. In so doing, he ranges over all the main areas of philosophy covered by those chapters: rights and right-holding; legal positivism and the nature of law; the nature of ethics and of ethical theorizing; freedom; the nature of liberalism; and matters of applied philosophy (in particular, capital punishment and freedom of expression). As is suggested by the title of his replies, Kramer is here looking ahead to his future work as much as he is looking back upon his work to date. He generally defends and clarifies and amplifies the ideas propounded in his previous writings, but he also occasionally notes where he has gone astray in those writings, and he outlines some of the directions in which his future work will proceed. Though he engages carefully with every one of the seventeen essays by the other contributors to this volume, he most sustainedly grapples with the essays with which he most vigorously disagrees.
Introduction
Authors: Kumlin Staffan , Goerres Achim 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe chapter notes how modern welfare states are exposed to fiscal ‘reform pressures’ and are changing in complex ways. It then briefly states the key questions dealt with by the book concerning how political leaders and the public respond to these reform pressures during election campaigns. It also briefly introduces the various data sources. In a next step, the reader learns about democratic linkage and democratic leadership. These concepts structure the various empirical questions and answers. Linkage and leadership are two ‘visions’ for what good political representation is and how it can be achieved. In this book, they function as models for how political parties and citizens could and should communicate. Specifically, democratic linkage is about how electoral democracy provides citizens with opportunities to make a choice over future policy. Democratic leadership is about daring—rather than ‘blame-avoiding’—politicians who publicly argue that big challenges necessitate unpopular policies. Leadership also requires citizens who on occasion readjust their perceptions and preferences. The chapter goes on to discuss implications of country coverage, time periods, and analysed political parties. It then tours the empirical chapters, with a focus on the types of questions and data that are addressed in each. The final section foreshadows the main overall conclusions about linkage and leadership that will eventually emerge in the concluding chapter.
Who Persuades and Who Responds?
Authors: Kumlin Staffan , Goerres Achim 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChapter 7 probes deeper into the notion of pressure framing, drawing on two experiments conducted in Germany and Norway. These experiments introduce three types of realism compared to Chapter 6. First, they increase message complexity. Real-world pressure frames are typically long and involve nuances, vagueness, and semantic complexity. Second, real-world pressure frames quite often provide policy cues about how pressure is to be alleviated. Therefore, most treatments in this chapter combine pressure messages with various types of proposed policy solutions (such as retrenchment or social investment). Finally, a third realistic feature is that the treatments clarify which party (or parties) says that the welfare state is pressured. This allows us to examine which political parties are the most effective proponents of pressure messages (among party sympathizers and as well as other voter groups). Relatedly, Chapter 7 develops and tests the idea that pressure messages with clear party—and policy cues may well trigger ‘resistance’ and ‘counter-arguing’ among groups predisposed against sender and/or content. Resistance implies that effects are weaker or non-existent among those groups. Counter-arguing goes one step further and implies ‘polarization effects’—rather than net negative persuasive effects—such that different groups may react in different directions to the same pressure message.
Archaeologies of Cultural Contact
Authors: Brittain Marcus , Clack Timothy 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the parameters and structure of the book. It offers a brief summary of the relevant literature by describing some of the characteristics of cultural contact and transfer. The chapter notes that across cultural studies more broadly, the dynamics of contact are evidently complex and challenging, and have emerged in consideration to globalization, displacement, cultural legitimization, and identity politics, both in times of relative peace and upon stages of conflict. This chapter also introduces the chapters of the authors of the volume, and examines the combination and modification of both material and behavioural attributes when contact is made between groups, often on unequal terms, with different forms of expressions and culture.
The Domestication of Difference
Authors: Boivin Nicole 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Primarily focused on the intercultural networks linked by the Silk Road and the Indian Ocean, this chapter highlights the active and dynamic nature of the archaeological record with an examination of ways by which societies internalize hybridized forms over time. The chapter looks to a vigorous moulding of exotica into cultural recognition and familiarization through processes of incorporation and domestication, rarely by unstructured assimilation, but more often seen as a power-driven appropriation through specific sectors of society. With a reminder that hybridization is as much conceptual as it is material, Boivin poses a challenge to models that distinguish clear separation of tradition from innovation.
Nodes of Interaction
Authors: Mallen Lara , Pearce David G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the rock art of nineteenth-century Nomansland in the Maloti-Drakensberg region of South Africa. It explores a material and symbolic response to the arrival of European colonialists, particularly their practices of dress and animal husbandry that were frequently the setting for intercultural contact. The authors identify a specific form of rock art as an important ‘coping mechanism’, an attempt to manipulate, reorder, and control particular areas of social articulation. Important points of social continuity are ensured by enmeshing fine-line images that give reference to the ‘old’ ways of livestock raiding, with other stylistic depictions of the ‘new’, thereby serving to align multiple worldviews and language cultures into mutual understanding and collective identity.
Syncretism and Cognition
Authors: Haviser Jay B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on African and European religious and aesthetic syncretism in the Caribbean predominantly from the last two centuries. Covering themes of Obeah African-Caribbean practices and, amongst others, the role of African (and descendent) domestic workers in delivering childcare duties to the households of colonialists, the author explains that personal and intimate sympathies held by those raised as European children by African nannies may be linked to the maintenance and re-emergence of prohibited practices and beliefs. Examples drawn from fieldwork at St Maarten confirm the fragmented and rearticulated nature of religious formulations in the absence of an orthodox priesthood within the context of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, and that the incorporation of elements born from confrontation with alien ideas and practices was not formulated according to any structured religious orthodoxy. One possible outcome is the local rejection of syncretism, supported through a strategic psychological framework of material aesthetics and intimidatory acts.
S-acylated and nucleus-localized SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE3/CALCINEURIN B-LIKE4 stabilizes GIGANTEA to regulate Arabidopsis flowering time under salt stress
Authors: Park Hee Jin , Gámez-Arjona Francisco M , Lindahl Marika , Aman Rashid , Villalta Irene , Cha Joon-Yung , Carranco Raul , Lim Chae Jin , García Elena , Bressan Ray A , Lee Sang Yeol , Valverde Federico , Sánchez-Rodríguez Clara , Pardo Jose M , Kim Woe-Yeon , Quintero Francisco J , Yun Dae-Jin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The precise timing of flowering in adverse environments is critical for plants to secure reproductive success. We report a mechanism in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) controlling the time of flowering by which the S-acylation-dependent nuclear import of the protein SALT OVERLY SENSITIVE3/CALCINEURIN B-LIKE4 (SOS3/CBL4), a Ca2+-signaling intermediary in the plant response to salinity, results in the selective stabilization of the flowering time regulator GIGANTEA inside the nucleus under salt stress, while degradation of GIGANTEA in the cytosol releases the protein kinase SOS2 to achieve salt tolerance. S-acylation of SOS3 was critical for its nuclear localization and the promotion of flowering, but partly dispensable for salt tolerance. SOS3 interacted with the photoperiodic flowering components GIGANTEA and FLAVIN-BINDING, KELCH REPEAT, F-BOX1 and participated in the transcriptional complex that regulates CONSTANS to sustain the transcription of CO and FLOWERING LOCUS T under salinity. Thus, the SOS3 protein acts as a Ca2+- and S-acylation-dependent versatile regulator that fine-tunes flowering time in a saline environment through the shared spatial separation and selective stabilization of GIGANTEA, thereby connecting two signaling networks to co-regulate the stress response and the time of flowering.
Structural measures of personal networks predict migrants’ cultural backgrounds: an explanation from Grid/Group theory
Authors: Molina José Luis , Ozaita Juan , Tamarit Ignacio , Sánchez Angel , McCarty Christopher , Bernard H Russell 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Culture and social structure are not separated analytical domains but intertwined phenomena observable in personal networks. Drawing on a personal networks dataset of migrants in the United States and Spain, we show that the country of origin, a proxy for diverse languages and cultural institutions, and religion may be predicted by specific combinations of personal network structural measures (closeness, clustering, betweenness, average degree, etc). We obtain similar results applying three different methods (a multinomial logistic regression, a Random Forest algorithm, and an artificial neural network). This finding is explained within the framework of the Grid/Group theory that has long posed the interdependence of social structural and cultural features of human groups.
Syneresis rate, water distribution, and microstructure of wheat starch gel during freeze‐thaw process: Role of a high molecular weight dextran produced by Weissella confusa QS813 from traditional sourdough
Authors: Tang Xiaojuan , Liu Na , Huang Weining , Cheng Xiaoyan , Wang Feng , Zhang Binle , Chen Jiafang , Jiang Hui , Omedi Jacob O. , Li Zhibin 
Published: September 2022

Background and objectivesMicrobial exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can enhance technological properties of frozen goods. In this study, 120 LAB strains isolated from Chinese traditional sourdough were screened for EPS production ability. The effect of the produced EPS on the syneresis rate, water distribution, and microstructure of a wheat starch gel during freeze‐thaw cycle (FTC) was investigated using centrifuge methods, low field‐nuclear magnetic resonance (LF‐NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and a frozen section‐optical microscope technique.FindingsOf all screened isolates, Weissella confusa QS813 was identified and found to produce large amounts (up to 18.9 g/L) of high molecular mass, low‐branched dextran with 97% α‐(1,6) linkages in the presence of 5% sucrose at 30°C after 24 h of incubation. When added in wheat starch (WS) at different concentrations, the dextran at 1% significantly (p < .05) reduced the syneresis rate among all samples, thus the highest stability during free‐thaw cycles. The LF‐NMR results showed that the addition of EPS at high concentration to WS appeared to alter the distribution and mobility of water in the starch gel. The microstructure of the wheat starch gel with 1% dextran was denser and more uniform compared to that of the wheat starch without dextran.ConclusionThe dextran produced by W. confusa QS813 significantly improved the freeze‐thaw stability of wheat starch gel.Significance and noveltyA novel dextran from W. confusa fermentation was appropriately used as a stabilizer in wheat starch based on frozen dough, thus adding new knowledge and its application potential in the frozen dough and food industry trending with consumers' demand for clean label products.