bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field Testing of Weak Acids for Facilitating Citrus Fruit Harvest under Florida Conditions1
Authors: Wilson W. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Various weak acids produce citrus fruit abscission in Florida. Erythorbic (ascorbic) acid (1-2%) or hexamic acid (1-2%), alone or combined with citric acid (total concn 1-2%), produced acceptable abscission but only of early and midseason oranges for cannery use. Phosphoric acid (1/2%) and ferric chloride (0.5-2.5%) produced erratic loosening, phytotoxicity, severe peel injury, and sometimes damaged spray equipment. The type of peel injury resulting from weak acid sprays may cause extensive rotting (40% or more) if extended periods of wet weather occur prior to picking. As weather forecasting is not sufficiently accurate to predict conditions more than 48 hr in advance, and fruit abscission normally occurs from 3-7 days following spraying, the periodic economic losses that could be expected under these conditions preclude their use in Florida.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Denisen Ervin L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The broad interest of the American public in the planting, growing, and maintenance of ornamental plants has increased the demands on Horticulture teaching throughout the nation. This clamor for more education and training in Horticulture prompted the Education Committee to develop a Symposium on Non-baccalaureate and Baccalaureate Programs in Horticultural Education. A balanced, well-rounded Symposium resulted and is based on the increased emphasis, not only on undergraduate education for the BS degree, but also on non-baccalaureate training in community colleges, vocational institutes, high schools, and short-courses.
Improving the Image of Horticulture Via the Non-Baccalaureate Program
Authors: Zutter Hans A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Over a period of many years horticultural scientists, educators, and others have expressed a certain annoyance and dissatisfaction with a lack of status of horticulturists as compared with members of other professions. Such feelings are by no means limited to horticulture. Similar sentiments have been expressed by other professional people, such as engineers and dentists
Curriculum Materials For High School Ornamental Horticulture Programs
Authors: Stinson Richard F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ornamental horticulture has been recognized as an important phase of agriculture by vocational agriculture educators only in the last few years. In 1965, Hoover, et al. (1), concluded from a study that 1 in every 7 persons employed in agriculture in Pennsylvania was working in ornamental horticulture. The actual number employed was estimated at 21,391 persons. The annual need for new employees was estimated as 800 full-time and 1200 part-time persons. Although similar studies have not been reported for other states, general observation of educational activity in the northeastern, southeastern and far-western states would lead to the conclusion that the need for people trained in ornamental horticulture is being recognized in these areas as well.
Teaching Horticulture to Non-Majors in Elementary Education and Home Economics
Authors: Taylor J. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
“Indoor Plants and Flowers”, a laboratory course for non-majors, was first offered in the spring term of 1966. The description listed in the catalog is:
“...identification, culture, propagation, and use of plants for homes, schools, offices and public buildings; principles of flower arrangement; construction of dish gardens, hanging baskets, terrariums; and the forcing of bulbs.”
Increasing Tuberous Root Production in Dahlia pinnata Cav. with SADH and Chlormequat1
Authors: Read Paul E. , Dunham C. W. , Fieldhouse D. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Foliar sprays of succinic acid-2,2 dtmethylhydrazide (SADH) at 2500 ppm and (2-chlorethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat) at 1500 ppm increased no. and size of tuberous roots of dahlias under short-day conditions. Root wt were frequently tripled, both in cultivars which normally form tuberous roots readily, and those which generally form slender, poor-quality roots. Plants grown from roots of treated plants were of excellent size, color, and quality. Similar treatments under long-day conditions caused formation of tuberous roots where untreated cuttings produced only fibrous roots.
The Effect of Pesticides on Thatch Accumulation and Earthworm Populations in ‘Kentucky’ Bluegrass Turf1
Authors: Randell Roscoe , Butler J. D. , Hughes T. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Use of certain pesticides over a 3-year period caused a marked build-up of plant debris (thatch) of ‘Kentucky’ bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) turf above the soil surface. Applications of the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, dieldrin and chlordane, resulted in a thatch layer of 20 mm or more. The use of the carbamate insecticide, carbaryl, caused an average match thickness of 1.3 mm. The plots that received no insecticides or the mercuric fungicide, phenyl mercuric acetate (PMA), had no measurable thatch. The match depths were closely associated with plant debris wt.
As the no. of earthworm burrows increased, the amount of thatch decreased. Where earthworms were present to any extent, thatch was virtually non-existent.
Cabbage Response to Fluorodifen and Nitrofen under Field Conditions1
Authors: Pereira J. F. , Hopen H. J. , Splittstoesser W. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
2,4 Dichlorophenyl-p nitrophenyl ether (nitrofen) was more injurious to field transplanted cabbage at the 3 leaf than at the 6 or 9 leaf stages; ‘Hybelle’ was more tolerant than ‘Rio Verde’. 2,4 Dinitro-p-trifluoromethyl phenyl ether (fluorodifen) caused greater injury than nitrofen when applied as a preemergence treatment on direct-seeded cabbage or as a postemergence treatment on transplanted cabbage.
Effects of Ethephon and Daylength on Sex Expression of Muskmelon and Watermelon1
Authors: Shimotsuma Minoru , Jones C. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) increased the proportions of perfect and completely pistillate flowers, especially on lower nodes of the main vine where normally only staminate flowers are formed, on several muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars in growth chambers and in the field. Lower concn were needed for female conversion under short days than long days. Early-maturing cultivars appeared more responsive to ethephon than late cultivars. No daylength-ethephon combination was effective in changing sex expression of watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad).
Effects of Ethephon and CPTA on Color Development of Tomato Fruits at High Temperatures1
Authors: Rabinowitch H. D. , Rudich J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Green tomato fruits were treated with 2-(4-chlorophenylthio) triethylamino hydrochloride (CPTA) and/or (2-choroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and were stored for 10 days at a temperature of 32°C. CPTA-treated fruits developed red color mostly in the exocarp, while ethephon and no n-treated fruits showed yellow coloring. The combined effect of CPTA and ethephon on red color development was stronger than that of CPTA alone. As lycopene normally does not develop at high temperature it seems likely mat CPTA acts in a pathway different from the normal.
Repercussions from Water Stress
Authors: Hanan Joe J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In 1963, we were not certain what constituted an adequate water supply for growth (53). A revolution of terminology and methods has occurred since, but I have the impression that horticulturists have been slow to accept the changes and the challenges these new approaches offer. As a result, the expertise peculiar to practicing horticulturists has, in turn, often been ignored.
Effect of Pruning Old ‘Marsh’ Grapefruit Trees on Yield, Size and Grade of Fruit1
Authors: Hilgeman R. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) trees 32 years old, 5.1 m tall and 6.6 m wide were pruned with 5 methods: 1) light −4.5 m tall and 5.4 m wide; 2) moderate −3.6 m tall and 4.5 m wide; 3) severe −2.1 m tall and 2.4 m wide to main scaffolds (buckhorned); 4) Low-High – severe pruning of lower 1.8 m followed by severe pruning of upper part 3 and 5 years later; 5) control – deadwood removed. Yields, fruit size and grade and trunk growth were obtained for 6 years after pruning.
In the 1st year, yields and US No. 1 grade decreased, fruit size and trunk growth increased as the amount of fruiting wood removed became greater. No fruit was set on severely pruned trees. In the 2nd year yields on the lightly pruned trees were similar to the control. Moderately and severely pruned trees had normal yields in the 4th year. Thereafter, severely pruned trees produced more US No. 1 grade fruit which was slightly larger than fruit on the control trees. 6 years after pruning the severely pruned trees were 4.6m high and 5.2 m wide whereas the unpruned trees were 5.7 m and 7.3 m.
Endogenous Nitrogen Status on Rhizome Bud Activity in Lowbush Blueberry1
Authors: Kocher Federico 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Bud activity for rhizomes of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) with low levels of soluble and total N followed a marked seasonal activity curve. With higher levels of endogenous N, practically no seasonal activity curve was found in the rhizome buds. Bud development along the rhizome axis also reflected the endogenous N status; buds at the lowest level emerged only on 1/3 of the rhizome axis and with higher N levels on at least 2/3 of the axis.
The Function of Quinones in Biological Systems
Authors: Dilley Richard A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Quinones are naturally occurring lipid-soluble compounds some of which have the structures shown in Fig. 1. The isoprenoid side chain bestows considerable lipophilic properties on these compound and it is not surprising that they are nearly always found in the membrane fraction of cells. This review will deal with various aspects of just 4 quinones; ubiquinone, (UQ); plastoquinone, (PQ); Vit. K or phylloquinone, (K); and Vit E, or tocopherol, (T). The aspects of horticultural interest to be dealt with here are: the biochemical function of quinones in plants and animals; the biosynthesis of quinones; and the nutritional aspects of quinones.
Caloric Needs for World Nutrition
Authors: Johnson Ogden C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In discussing the nutrient components of foods there is often a tendency to discuss those that receive the most positive emphasis by nutritionists. Proteins, vitamins, and even minerals far too often receive the major emphasis. However, the availability of calories, closely related to the availability of food, is often ignored, particularly in discussions of world malnutrition. The presentations delineate the massive population increase, and then suggest the solution to be a technical advance that will increase the amount of protein available. But the basic problem is food, and in order to establish some priority it must be recognized that the availability of calories is one of the first limiting problems in world nutrition. This does not suggest that the distribution of protein to various segments of a population is not important.
Social Problems of the Introduction of New Technology in Latin American Agriculture: Some Implications for Horticulture
Authors: Thiesenhusen William C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The two most perplexing problems that confront most Latin American countries today are unemployment and a highly inequitable income distribution. In the 1970’s, as new technology–like high yielding cultivars, fertilizers, mechanical equipment–is adopted in the agricultural sector at an increasing rate, more joblessness and increased income flows to the already privileged are likely. At the end of the decade the distribution of income will undoubtedly be even more unequal than it is today–probably unacceptably so from nearly everyone’s point of view–unless governments soon act to redress these increasing imbalances (26).
Ethylene Produced by Plastics in Sunlight1
Authors: Scott K. J. , Wills R. B. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The use of plastics in horticulture is increasing for such purposes as temporary protection of plants in the field, mulching of crops, and greenhouse construction. During studies using polyethylene covers on banana bunches, we found that ethylene accumulated to physiologically high levels within the covers. We examined this further by preparing sealed bags from films of clear and pigmented polyethylene and also from clear polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and nylon.
Ash, SiO2, CaO, Fe2O3, and Al2O3 in Helianthus1
Authors: Lanning F. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ash, SiO2, CaO, Fe3O3 and Al2O3 contents of various parts of sunflower plants (Helianthus annum Linn, and H maximiliani Schrad.) were determined at seed maturing stage. Hispid hairs were highest in mineral content, leaves next, and achenes lowest. In hispid hairs from leaves of H. annuus and H. maximiliani, ash content averaged 44.10 and 42.50%, and silica content averaged 5.98 and 11.43%, respectively. Silica content of H. maximiliani plants were about double those in H. annuus. Al is absorbed by sunflowers. CaO ranged from 21.2% in H. annuus hispid hairs to less than 0.4% in achenes. Fe2O3 and Al2O3 were determined together and ranged from 1.38% in hispid hairs to 0.04% in stems without epidermis. X-ray diffraction showed that silica was present in the forms of opal and quartz and that Ca was deposited in the calcite form of CaCO3.
Ohio’s Re-Emerging Grape-Wine Industry
Authors: Cahoon Garth A. , Gallander James F. , Rife Carolyn F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The grape industry in Ohio is nearly 150 years old. The state’s first commercial vineyards, established in and near Cincinnati during the early 1820’s, were the beginning of a flourishing viticultural industry that soon made the Ohio Valley famous as a center of grape and wine production.
A Recording Evaporation Gauge Lysimeter for Plants in Small Containers1
Authors: White John W. , Vasilcik Edward M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A simple to use, accurate, inexpensive, recording evaporation gauge for lysimetric studies with plants in small containers is described. Water losses as large as 264g/day, and as small as lg/hr, were recorded in seedling geraniums grown in a peat-lite medium in 10-cm plastic pots from Jan. 31 to May 23, 1970.
Appearance and Persistence of Pinolene Antitranspirant Sprayed on ‘Valencia’ Orange Leaves1
Authors: Albrigo L. Gene 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A polyterpene antitranspirant spray applied to mature ‘Valencia’ orange trees in March. 1971 showed little weathering over the next 6 months. Scanning electron photomicrographs of lower surfaces of leaves sampled 1 month after a 3% Pinolene spray revealed the material was deposited as droplets on the young expanding leaves but formed a more continuous film on mature leaves. Many of the stomatal openings were covered on mature leaves. Leaves from 1 and 3% Pinolene treatments had 68% and 187% more epicuticular coating, respectively, than control leaves when compared 2 months after application. At 6 months, there was 40% and 134% more surface coating on leaves of the treated trees than on the control leaves.
Thinning Short-Cycle Florida Peaches with N-1-Naphthylphthalamic Acid1
Authors: Aitken J. B. , Buchanan D. W. , Sauls J. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Maygold’ and ‘Q310-7’ peaches were thinned adequately with 300 to 400 ppm N-l-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) applied at full bloom; ‘Armgold’ was not satisfactorily thinned. ‘Early Amber’ was thinned when NPA was applied 5 days after full bloom. Optimum time of chemical thinning was affected by the length of the bloom period.
Screening Red Raspberry Cultivars and Selections for Immunity to Amphorophora agathonica Hottes1
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nineteen red raspberry cultivars were screened for immunity to Amphorophora agathonica, the aphid vector of red raspberry mosaic virus; ‘Reveille’ and ‘Pyne’s Royal’ were immune. The immunity of ‘Reville’ was derived from the ‘Lloyd George’ cultivar. ‘Pyne’s Royal’ appears to be a distinct source of immunity. Immunity of various selections appeared to be derived from one or more cultivars: ‘Lloyd George’, ‘Burnetholm’ and possibly ‘Pyne‘s Royal’ as well as the tetraploid ‘La France’. It is suggested that all cultivars developed in North America be screened for their reaction to A. agathonica prior to release.
Effects of Seed Number, Size, and Development on Fruit Size of Cultivated Blueberries1
Authors: Moore J. N. , Reynolds B. D. , Brown G. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Pooled data from several cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and rabbiteye blueberry (V. ashei Reade) showed a highly significant correlation between fruit size and developed seed content although there were exceptions of individual cultivars means. Fruit size and seed no. decreased with progressively later harvests in all cultivars. Seed size differed among the various cultivars but was not related to fruit size. The % of total seeds that developed varied among cultivars and was correlated with fruit size.
Floral Development in Normal and Frost-Injured Cranberries1
Authors: Hall L. V. , Newbery R. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Development of flower primordia in a native selection was similar to that reported for the cultivated cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) in Wisconsin and Massachusetts. Plants injured by frost had fewer later developing primordia than the normal. The flower primordia in Stevens’ developed earlier and were more vigorous than those in the native selection.
The Effect of Deblossoming on Fruit Size, Yield, and Earliness in Tomato1
Authors: Veliath J. A. , Ferguson A. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Deblossoming of ‘Summit’, a determinate cultivar of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) after the 4, 5 and 6 cluster stages significantly increased mean fruit wt and yield. Removal of late formed flowers tended to delay maturation of fruits.
Chemical Induction of Perfect Flowers on a Gynoecious Line of Muskmelon, Cucumis melo L.1
Authors: Byers R. E. , Baker L. R. , Dilley D. R. , Sell H. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Perfect flowers were induced on a gynoecious line of muskmelon with foliar applications of 5-methyl-7-chloro-4-ethoxycarbonylmethoxy-2, 1, 3-benzothiadiazole (MCEB) at the 4th leaf stage. Following hand-pollination, fruit was set, and seed developed. This method permits maintenance of gynoecious lines for the production of Fj hybrid muskmelon seed.
Rapid Multiplication of Chrysanthemum Plants by Stem-Tip Proliferation1
Authors: Ben-Jaacov Jaacov , Langhans R. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A procedure for rapid multiplication of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat by tissue culture techniques is described. Excised stem-tips are placed on semi-solid Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with growth regulators to form callus and then rotated in the liquid form of the same medium to increase proliferation. The callus pieces are transferred to the same semi-solid medium but kept stationary to induce shoot elongation. The shoots when 2 cm long are transferred to Hoagland’s solution and in a few weeks plantlets are of sufficient size to be planted in soil in the greenhouse. We estimate that 1 chrysanthemum tip could produce 100,000 plantlets in less than 1 year.
Improved Geranium Branching with Growth Regulator Sprays
Authors: Carpenter W. J. , Carlson W. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Foliar sprays of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon), 6-benzylamino purine (BA), and 6-(benzylamino)-9-(2-tetrahydropyran-yl)-9H-purine (PBA) significantly increased me branching of pinched ‘Dark Red Irene’ geranium (Pelargonium hortorum Bailey). Spraying pinched plants with 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) frequently increased the branch no. over pinched but untreated plants. Maximum stimulation of branching of pinched plants occurred from growth regulator sprays at the time of pinching. Ethephon and BA sprays significantly delayed flowering.
Agricultural Plastics in California1
Authors: Hall Bernarr J. , Besemer Seward T. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plastics in agriculture and horticulture, which had its origins nearly 4 decades ago, have grown to over a 300 million lb. industry in the United States. The inexpensive plastics excited not only researchers but farmers seeking a cheaper method of producing and preserving food and fiber. E. M. Emmert (1), of the University of Kentucky, the father of plastics in the U. S., developed many principles of plastic technology with his research on greenhouses, mulches and row covers. Early row cover experiments on cantaloupe production by C. A. Shadbolt and O. D. McCoy (11, 12), and by B. J. Hall (2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7) on cucumbers, tomatoes, and peppers, established the practical and commercial uses of the row covers for these crops. More sophisticated row covers, where heat, was used to grow early crops in the more northern latitudes, were reported in 1964 and 1965 by Merle H. Jensen and Raymond Sheldrake (9, 10).
Gibberellic Acid, Seed Number and Rate of Maturation as Related to Uneven-Ripening ‘Concord’ Grapes1
Authors: Skirvin R. M. , Hull J. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Uneven-ripening ‘Concord’ grapes were treated with 250 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) about 2 weeks prior to harvest. “Green” berries responded with increased rate of ripening over untreated “green” berries as measured by soluble solids and anthocyanin content. GA3-treated berries also developed a callus-like layer between the pedicel and the skin which delayed drop also resulting in more evenly ripened clusters. In uneven-ripening clusters, “green” in contrast to “colored” berries had significantly fewer seeds and many of these seeds had aborted.
The Effects of Light Intensity and Growth Regulators on Gloxinia1
Authors: Davis Sydnor T. , Kent Kimmins R. , Larson Roy A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Low light intensity caused an increase in size and a delay in flowering of gloxinias (Sinningia speciosa Benth and Hooke cv. Dwarf Delight and Royal Frosted Red). The growth regulators succinic acid-2,2-dimethyl hydrazine (SADH) and (αcyclopropyl-α-(4 methoxyphenyl)-5-prymidinemethanol (ancymidol) decreased plant size and delayed flowering. ‘Dwarf Delight’ showed damage in response to ancymidol at 250 mg/liter and higher but ‘Royal Frosted Red’ showed no damage. SADH caused a noticeable increase in anthocyanin content of the inflorescence and chlorophyll content of the leaves.
The Challenge of Communications1
Authors: Larsen R. Paul 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
If we expect to receive support for our various endeavors we must convince those from whom that support must come that it is merited. This convincing can come only through understandable communications to the various segments of our support base which I divide into 5 categories: Ourselves - that is, our professional colleagues; Our administrators - university, federal or corporate; Government officials - elected and appointed, state and federal, also administrators within the political system (heads of budget bureaus and program administrators); Our constituents - the limited public segment who supposedly directly benefit from our endeavors, such as fruit growers, vegetable producers, florists, canners, etc; and The general public - those not directly connected with our profession but who benefit from it, including all consumers.