bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attention mechanisms underlying dual‐color digital visual search based on Schulte grid: An event‐related potential study
Authors: Lu Aiqiang , Wang Dongmei , He Shengxi , Zhongcheng Qiuyi , Zhang Wei , Li Zezhi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundAttention selection is considered to be determined by the perceptual load of cognitive tasks and attention resources that are assigned to processing‐independent stimuli.MethodsUsing visual search paradigm and Schulte grid, the behavioral responses and event‐related potential (ERP) of 27 pupils aged 8–11 (12 girls and 15 boys) were recorded. The subjects were asked to search for the numbers 1, 2, and 3 sequentially and locate the number 5 in the case of monochromatic (black) and bicolor (black‐red) numbers.ResultsWe found that the sequential search task took longer than the location search task (p < .05). Furthermore, both search tasks took longer in two‐color conditions than in monochromatic conditions. However, as for sequential search and location search tasks, no significant intra‐group difference was found. ERP data showed that there was significant difference between monochromatic and bichromatic conditions in locating search tasks (P2–P4: p < .05; T7: p < .05, T8: p < .05), but there was no significant difference in sequential search tasks.ConclusionsOur results indicates that red will be interfered when searching for one number, but will not be interfered when searching for three numbers, which is related to the higher perceptual load of sequential search tasks and less attention resources than those used to interfere with stimulus processing.
Engineering a switchable single‐chain TEV protease to control protein maturation in living neurons
Authors: Renna Pietro , Ripoli Cristian , Dagliyan Onur , Pastore Francesco , Rinaudo Marco , Re Agnese , Paciello Fabiola , Grassi Claudio 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEngineered proteases are promising tools to address physiological and pathophysiological questions as well as to develop new therapeutic approaches. Here we introduce a new genetically encoded engineered single‐chain tobacco etch virus protease, allowing to control proprotein cleavage in different compartments of living mammalian cells. We demonstrated a set of controllable proteolytic effects, including cytosolic protein cleavage, inducible gene expression, and maturation of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the secretory pathway thus showing the versatility of this technique. Of note, the secretory pathway exhibits different characteristics from the cytosol and it is difficult to target because inaccessible to some small molecules. We were able to induce ligand‐mediated BDNF maturation and monitor its effects on dendritic spines in hippocampal pyramidal cells and in the mouse brain. This strategy paves the way to dissect proteolytic cleavage product signaling in various processes as well as for future therapeutic applications.
Offline identification and output prediction for a class of SISO Wiener process
Authors: Wang Zhu , Chen Haichao , Zhao Likai , Luo Xionglin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this paper, a simplified Wiener structure (SWS) for single‐input‐single‐output (SISO) Wiener processes and an identification method based on Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and expectation maximization (EM) algorithm are proposed. The vast majority of industrial processes can be regarded as approximately monotonic non‐linear processes. Approximately, a monotonic characteristic is introduced into the non‐linear module and a rich dynamic characteristic is added into the linear module of the Wiener model. Thus, SWS is exploited and has strong generalization ability. Because GMM can describe the arbitrary distribution of sample data in theory, it is used to accurately describe the output data, including the system error term of SWS. Hence, a statistical model (Equation (17)) is obtained. Then, the EM algorithm is introduced to identify the parameters of the statistical model that contains the parameters of SWS. In the end, two numerical examples demonstrate the effectiveness of both the SWS and the GMM‐EM‐based iterative offline identification algorithm.
Polymorph Structures, Rich Physical Properties and Potential Applications of Two‐Dimensional MoTe2, WTe2 and Their Alloys†
Authors: Zhou Rui , Wu Juanxia , Chen Yuansha , Xie Liming 
Published: January 2022

Comprehensive Summary2D MoTe2, WTe2 and their alloys have received intensive research interest because of their unique properties arising from the polymorph structures, chiral anomaly, strong spin‐orbit coupling, and so on. In this review, we have summarized recent advances of 2D MoTe2, WTe2 and their alloys from the materials perspective with special focus on the synthesis, electrical and magnetic properties. The polymorph structures of MoTe2, WTe2 and their alloys are presented first and then the preparation methods have been discussed, including mechanical exfoliation, metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and solution‐phase method. After that, fascinating physical properties arising from the large spin–orbit coupling and non‐trivial band structures have been summarized, including phase transition, optoelectrical properties, Weyl semimetal state, superconducting and ferromagnetism. At last, potential device applications of MoTe2, WTe2 and their alloys are reviewed, including field‐effect transistors (FETs), memory devices, spin‐to‐charge conversion, solar cells, and so on.
Endoscopic resection of a duodenal duplication cyst: A case report
Authors: Kurita Sayumi , Kitagawa Kazuo , Toya Naoki , Kawamura Masahiko , Kawamura Muneo , Eto Ken 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA duodenal duplication cyst (DDC) is a rare congenital anomaly. Gastrointestinal duplication cysts are traditionally treated by complete surgical resection due to the potential precancerous conditions. Here, we describe an asymptomatic DDC that was successfully treated using endoscopic resection. A submucosal tumor in the descending portion of the duodenum was detected in a 71‐year‐old female during a regular checkup at our hospital. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a 10‐mm pedunculated submucosal tumor. Endoscopic ultrasonography revealed a 10‐mm cystic tumor of low echogenicity that included nodules and debris. Endoscopic resection with hot snare polypectomy was performed for diagnosis and treatment. The postoperative course was uneventful. Histologic examination revealed that the cystic tumor was a DDC. Endoscopic resection is a safe, effective, and minimally invasive alternative to surgical resection for small DDCs with malignant potential.
Measuring fetal heart rate and variability: Fetal cardiotocography versus electrocardiography
Authors: DiPietro Janet A. , Watson Heather , Raghunathan Radhika S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFetal heart rate variability is a key indicator of fetal neurodevelopment and well‐being. Most studies have relied on Doppler‐based fetal cardiotocography (fCTG) but recent technologies have made fetal electrocardiography (fECG) more widely available. We compared simultaneous recordings of fCTG and fECG in 131 fetuses twice during gestation (28 and 36 weeks) using a commercially available device (Monica AN24). Within‐individual correlations for fetal heart rate values, based on averaged data during 50‐min recordings, neared 1.0. Continuous and episodic measures of variability were also correlated, particularly at 36 weeks. Data collected during maternal polysomnography at 36 weeks were used to evaluate reliability of variability measures collected during the 50‐min recording. Both fCTG‐ and fECG‐derived measures of variability exhibited correspondence with variability during maternal presleep wakefulness and most sleep states. Results did not appreciably differ by data source or method used to calculate variability. fECG monitoring presented challenges, particularly at 28 weeks, when recordings with signal loss of ≤30% were available from only 27% of participants. Success rates improved to 84% at 36 weeks. fCTG was successful in over 90% of participants at each gestational age. Considerations in the selection of fECG versus fCTG in developmental research are discussed.
Mixed‐severity wildfire and salvage logging affect the populations of a forest‐dependent carnivoran and a competitor
Authors: Green David S. , Martin Marie E. , Powell Roger A. , McGregor Eric L. , Gabriel Mourad W. , Pilgrim Kristine L. , Schwartz Michael K. , Matthews Sean M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEffects of historical fire suppression in forested ecosystems, combined with increasingly frequent and prolonged periods of drought due to a changing climate, are predicted to drive increases in the extent and intensity of wildfires in western North America and elsewhere. Understanding the effects of wildfires on forest‐dependent species and interactions among species is important for conservation and management decisions. We used data collected from a long‐term carnivore monitoring program in northern California and southern Oregon, USA to investigate the effects of three mixed‐severity wildfires and salvage logging on a population of fishers (Pekania pennanti), forest‐dependent carnivoran of conservation concern, and a co‐occurring population of gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), a competitor of similar body size. We developed a spatial capture‐recapture population model to estimate the short‐term effects of the wildfires and salvage logging on fisher and gray fox abundances, distributions, apparent survival and recruitment, and species interactions using non‐invasive genetic data collected three years prior to and three years following wildfires. Fisher abundance decreased significantly in areas of low‐, medium‐, and high‐severity wildfire. Gray fox abundance decreased in the years before the wildfires, but rebounded in subsequent years. Medium‐severity wildfire had a negative effect on gray fox density, but high‐severity wildfire and fisher density had positive effects on gray fox density. Salvage logging had negative effects on both fisher and gray fox density. Our results suggest that increased severity, extent, and frequency of wildfires in the western USA will affect fisher populations negatively and alter the composition of mesocarnivoran communities.
Woody perennial polycultures in the U.S. Midwest enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions
Authors: Kreitzman Maayan , Eyster Harold , Mitchell Matthew , Czajewska Aldona , Keeley Keefe , Smukler Sean , Sullivan Noah , Verster Adrian , Chan Kai M. A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGiven the massive and growing environmental impacts of conventional agriculture, humanity needs new methods for growing food that not only meet dietary needs but also provide for multiple ecosystem functions with potential benefits to people and biodiversity. Concepts from ecology and complex adaptive systems suggest that persistent structural heterogeneity and functional diversity are key for supporting biodiversity, ecosystem services, and resilience, but these concepts have not been extensively applied in agriculture, which is still dominated by annual monocropping systems. Perennial agriculture seems to embody these ecological concepts—particularly perennial polycultures that combine a variety of long‐lived woody perennial food crops with continuous ground cover. However, our understanding of the benefits and trade‐offs of such systems compared to conventional agriculture is limited, especially in temperate climates. Here, we provide a systematic and comprehensive study of the ecological attributes of 14 woody perennial polyculture farm fields to conventional annual and hay fields in the U.S. Midwest, one of the most industrialized food‐producing regions in the world. We found that perennial fields had (1) more diverse soil fungal, invertebrate, plant, and bird communities but found no difference in soil bacterial communities; (2) less compacted soil; (3) denser ground cover; (4) more active carbon, organic carbon, and nitrogen and the same available phosphorus in the top layer of soil; and (5) more species of predatory, detritivorous, and herbivorous insects, and approximately fourfold higher abundance of herbivorous insects. Food production from the oldest half of perennial fields was only 14.7% of a regional corn/soy rotation by weight, but increased with the age of the perennial field and had high nutritional diversity. Together, these findings indicate that woody perennial polyculture fields in the U.S. Midwest are characterized by higher biodiversity and ecosystem functions than adjacent conventional fields. Woody perennial polycultures in the temperate north might play a role in the transition of agricultural landscapes toward sustaining both people and nature over the long term.
Angler Choices That Help Catch Lots of Big Fish
Authors: Bade Andrew P , Dippold David A , Schmidt Brian A , DuFour Mark R , Hartman Travis J , Ludsin Stuart A 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A primary goal of fisheries management is to maximize angler satisfaction (e.g., by catching more and bigger fish), while maintaining sustainable populations. In addition to environmental and ecological factors, angler choices may influence recreational catches. Using interviews (92,838) from Walleye Sander vitreus anglers in Lake Erie during 1989–2017, we identified how angler behavior influences catch outcomes. Angler behaviors were associated with changes in catch rate and the length of harvested fish. For example, trolling resulted in a 50% increase in median catch and a 24-mm increase in length, relative to casting. Other behaviors led to tradeoffs between catch rate and size, such as the time of year anglers fished. We identified behaviors that maximize fishing success with respect to anglers’ desired catch outcomes. Our results can help increase angler satisfaction by providing realistic catch expectations, given the environmental and fishery conditions, while improving recreational catch outcomes through more informed angler decision making.
Diverse facets of MDSC in different phases of chronic HBV infection: Impact on HBV‐specific T‐cell response and homing
Authors: Pal Sourina , Dey Debangana , Chakraborty Bidhan Chandra , Nandi Madhuparna , Khatun Mousumi , Banerjee Soma , Santra Amal , Ghosh Ranajoy , Ahammed SK Mahiuddin , Chowdhury Abhijit , Datta Simanti 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Background and Aims
Chronic HBV infection (CHI) is associated with a diverse natural history that includes immune‐tolerant (IT), HBeAg‐positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) (EP‐CHB), inactive carrier, and HBeAg‐negative CHB (EN‐CHB) phases. A hallmark of CHI is impairment of HBV‐specific T‐cell response. Recently, myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have emerged as key regulator of T cells, and their properties are sculpted by their microenvironment. Here, we investigated the distinctive features of MDSCs during CHI, identified factors responsible for their functional discrepancies, and studied their impact on HBV‐specific T‐cell response and homing. Influence of antiviral therapy on MDSC profile and T‐cell response was also assessed.

Approach and Results
Flow cytometric analysis indicated that MDSCs in EP‐CHB/EN‐CHB patients had profound suppressive ability, expressing arginase 1 (Arg1)/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1)/cytotoxic T lymphocyte–associated protein 4 (CTLA‐4)/CD40 at significantly greater levels relative to healthy controls (HC). However, in IT, only Arg1+ MDSCs and in inactive carrier, iNOS+ and PD‐L1+ MDSCs were higher than HC. In vitro assays demonstrated that high HBsAg titer in IT/CHB induced Arg1+ MDSC. Furthermore, elevated serum TNF‐α and IL‐4 in CHB potentiated Arg1/PD‐L1/CD40/CTLA‐4 expression, whereas increased IL‐1β in CHB/IC triggered the expansion of PD‐L1+ MDSCs and iNOS+ MDSCs. MDSCs, sorted from CHB/IC, greatly attenuated IL‐2/interferon gamma (IFN‐γ) production by HBV‐specific CD8+/CD4+ T cells, the effect being more pronounced in CHB. However, MDSCs of IT minimally affected the cytokine production by T cells. Adding Arg1‐/iNOS‐inhibitor restored only IFN‐γ production, while neutralizing PD‐L1 recovered both IL‐2 and IFN‐γ secretion by T cells. Moreover, MDSCs from IT/CHB disrupted virus‐specific T‐cell trafficking by down‐regulating chemokine receptor type 5 on them via TGF‐β signaling. One year of tenofovir therapy failed to normalize MDSC phenotype and HBV‐specific T‐cell response.

Conclusions
Diversity of MDSCs during CHI affects HBV‐specific T‐cell response and homing. Hence, therapeutic targeting of MDSCs could boost anti‐HBV immunity.
A comparison of National Water Model retrospective analysis snow outputs at snow telemetry sites across the Western United States
Authors: Garousi‐Nejad Irene , Tarboton David G. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study compares the US National Water Model (NWM) reanalysis snow outputs to observed snow water equivalent (SWE) and snow‐covered area fraction (SCAF) at snow telemetry (SNOTEL) sites across the Western United States. SWE was obtained from SNOTEL sites, while SCAF was obtained from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) observations at a nominal 500 m grid scale. Retrospective NWM results were at a 1000 m grid scale. We compared results for SNOTEL sites to gridded NWM and MODIS outputs for the grid cells encompassing each SNOTEL site. Differences between modelled and observed SWE were attributed to both model errors, as well as errors in inputs, notably precipitation and temperature. The NWM generally under‐predicted SWE, partly due to precipitation input differences. There was also a slight general bias for model input temperature to be cooler than observed, counter to the direction expected to lead to under‐modelling of SWE. There was also under‐modelling of SWE for a subset of sites where precipitation inputs were good. Furthermore, the NWM generally tends to melt snow early. There was considerable variability between modelled and observed SCAF as well as the binary comparison of snow cover presence that hampered useful interpretation of SCAF comparisons. This is in part due to the shortcomings associated with both model SCAF parameterization and MODIS observations, particularly in vegetated regions. However, when SCAF was aggregated across all sites and years, modelled SCAF tended to be more than observed using MODIS. These differences are regional with generally better SWE and SCAF results in the Central Basin and Range and differences tending to become larger the further away regions are from this region. These findings identify areas where predictions from the NWM involving snow may be better or worse, and suggest opportunities for research directed towards model improvements.
New insights into particle transport in karst conduits using comparative tracer tests with natural sediments and solutes during low‐flow and high‐flow conditions
Authors: Richter Dominik , Goeppert Nadine , Goldscheider Nico 
Published: January 2022

AbstractColloidal particles are an important vector for the transport of contaminants in karst aquifers, characterized by a high degree of hydrologic variability. Understanding this heterogeneity and hydrogeological functioning is of particular importance for water management strategies. Until now, transport parameters for particles were mostly determined by injection of solutes or surrogates for natural sediments. But suspended particles are easier to analyse, less expensive and better represent natural conditions. Therefore, tracer tests with sediments represent natural transport and a conservative solute dye were conducted simultaneously in an active and partly accessible cave system in Vietnam during constant high‐flow and low‐flow conditions. Breakthrough curves (BTCs) for 10 different particle sizes classes ranging from 1 to 15 μm and the solute were recorded in situ at the two main resurgences of the cave stream at high temporal resolution. This study gives new insights into the transport processes of suspended particles and the highly dynamic exchange between mobile and immobile regions. Major findings include: (1) at low‐flow conditions, inflow from the surrounding aquifer matrix and the velocity distribution inside the karst conduits themselves lead to hydrodynamic focusing, mainly affecting particles; (2) this highly advective, preferential transport of particles in the centre of the karst conduits results in narrow BTC. The more dispersive transport of solutes results in a longer tailing; (3) at high‐flow conditions a more homogeneous distribution of the particles indicates a reversal of the conduit‐matrix interaction; (4) by comparing the results at different hydraulic conditions, the activation of additional flow paths with increasing discharge could be identified. This study also presents the first tracer test in the field resulting in pronounced double peaks for the particulate tracer but only a single, right‐skewed BTC for the simultaneously injected solute, including a conceptual model for particle transport.
Three‐year clinical interventions from an outpatient multidisciplinary direct oral anticoagulant monitoring service
Authors: Dietrich Eric , Davis Kyle , Talana Amy , Holland Neal , Akhavan Neeka , Panna Danielle , Wright Ashleigh , Huber Katherine 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIntroductionDirect oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are increasingly utilized for the prevention of thrombotic events. Unlike warfarin they do not require drug‐level monitoring making dedicated DOAC monitoring uncommon. The purpose of this study is to describe the interventions made by a DOAC monitoring service over 3 years.Materials and MethodsThis was a single‐center prospective observational study of patients seen at an outpatient clinic between February 14, 2017 and February 13, 2020. Following referral patients met a pharmacist for a DOAC‐specific visit. Patient demographics and clinical interventions were collected for all patients. Continuous quality improvement status was received from the local Institutional Review Board.ResultsA total of 153 patients completing 336 visits were included. The median age was 75 years (interquartile range [IQR] 69‐81) and 41.2% were male. Apixaban was the most common DOAC (82.4% of visits) and atrial fibrillation (AF) was the most common indication (69.7% of visits). A total of 299 interventions were made over 336 visits with an average of 0.9 interventions per visit; the first visit had an average of 1.1 interventions per visit made. Need for updated laboratory monitoring (101 visits, 30.1% of visits) was the most common intervention. There were 94 interventions related to nonadherence and 24 interventions for incorrect dosing due to renal function, drug‐drug interaction, or indication.ConclusionsA DOAC monitoring service frequently made interventions. Routine DOAC monitoring should be considered for all patients. It remains unclear if routine DOAC monitoring reduces the rate of clinical outcomes.
A facile synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3‐j]phenanthridines via the cascade reaction of indoleanilines and aldehydes
Authors: Huang Wen‐Jun , Chen Zhi‐Peng , Liu Li‐Xia , Zhou Yong‐Gui , Wu Bo , Jiang Guo‐Fang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA facile method for the synthesis of pyrrolo[2,3‐j]phenanthridines from indoleanilines and aldehydes in the presence of Brønsted acid catalyst and benzoquinone oxidant has been established. This approach features excellent yields, high efficiency and a wide range of substrate scope. Mechanism studies exhibited that this reaction was a cascade process including acid‐catalyzed condensation of indoleanilines with aldehydes, cyclization and oxidative aromatization.