bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Utilization and Preservation Practices of Jute Mallow (Corchorus olitorius) in Western Kenya
Authors: Muita J. N. , Kaindi D. W. M. 
Published: September 2022

Background: Jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius) is a nutritious African leafy vegetable that is grown and consumed by local communities in Kenya. However, despite its nutritional superiority, its utilization is limited primarily due to its seasonality.
Aim: This study sought to document the utilization and preservation practices of jute mallow in Western Kenya.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study, that involved a household survey (n =139), of jute mallow producers in Kakamega County of Western Kenya, was conducted.
Results: Half (50.4%) of the households sourced their vegetables from their farms, while 37.4% sourced them from roadside vendors during the dry season. Jute mallow was mainly (57.6%) consumed as an accompaniment with other vegetables including African Nightshade and Amaranth. Approximately half (52.51%) of the households, employed a method of preservation. There was a significant association (p = 0.01) between age and preservation practices, where middle-aged people (35-50 years) had a higher likelihood of employing a preservation method. Women were also significantly (p = 0.024) more likely to preserve vegetables than men. Sun drying was practiced by 15.8% of the study population, 18.7% practiced fermentation, while 18% practiced both fermentation and sun-drying. The methods of sun-drying were well developed, where prior blanching, was incorporated by 33.3% of the participants. Sun-drying extended the shelf-life of jute mallow by 4.02 ± 3.151 months, while fermentation was 7 days. The leaves of both forms of preservation had relatively high acceptability ratios to the fresh forms at 40% and 48% for fermented and dried forms, respectively.
Conclusion: There is a huge potential for low-cost preservation methods in ensuring the availability of jute mallow. However, it is necessary to investigate the viability of these methods on the nutritional quality and safety of jute mallow to improve food security.
Effect of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria on Growth and Nutrient Content of Rice
Authors: Khanam Mariam , Solaiman A. R. M. , Rahman G. K. M. Mustafizur , Haque M. Moynul , Alam Mohammad Saiful 
Published: September 2022

Aims: The application of a huge number of chemical fertilizers for crop production alters the sustainability of the environment and creates pollution. This problem can be minimized by the application of Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB). Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) are beneficial bacteria that promote plant growth and development through a variety of mechanisms. Therefore, a pot experiment was conducted at the department of Soil Science, BSMRAU to investigate the effect of different PGPB isolates on growth, nutrient content, and uptake by rice.
Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out following a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicates. Twenty bacterial isolates were used as treatments with a control treatment. Thirty-five days old seedlings of rice were inoculated with different bacterial isolates for thirty minutes and planted in a plastic pot. Broth culture was applied at one-month intervals and crops were harvested 65 days after planting.
Results: Experimental results disclose that application of PGPB isolates resulted in a significant increase in plant height, SPAD value, root length, root volume, straw fresh weight, straw dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, nutrient content and uptake by the rice plant compare to control. The highest values of most of the parameters were recorded from the plant inoculated with the isolate BU Ls 28.
Conclusion: The present study suggests that the use of PGPB isolate BU Ls 28 might be used as a suitable inoculant for rice production due to the ability of this isolate to promote plant growth.
Microbial Inoculation Influencing Physical Properties of Composts Produced from Different Agro-wastes
Authors: Padhan Kshitipati , Patra Ranjan Kumar , Patra Alok Kumar , Senapati Akshaya Kumar , Sahoo Sanjib Kumar , Mohanty Shraddha , Panda Narayan , Sahu Suman G. , Kumar Ketan , Sethi Debadatta 
Published: September 2022

A laboratory experiment was carried out on composting of three organic substrates viz; paddy straw, vegetable waste and maize stover by using three isolated cellulose degrading bacteria viz; CBG2, CBD4 and CBC9. The physical properties after final products were examined. Irrespective of the strains inoculation the bulk density (BD) of paddy straw was highest (0.82 Mg m-3) followed by maize stover compost (0.74 Mg m-3) and vegetable waste compost (0.73 Mg m-3). Irrespective of the substrates, the PD of the composts, was highest (1.55 Mg m-3) in uninoculated control followed by CBC9 (1.02 Mg m-3), CBD4 (0.97 Mg m-3) and CBG2 (0.91 Mg m-3). The porosity of the compost was highest (39 %) where CBG2 was inoculated followed by CBD4 (36%), CBC9 (35%) and uninoculated control (23%). The highest angle of repose (420) was in CBG2 treated compost followed by CBD4 (390), CBC9 (360), and lowest (340) was in uninoculated control. The tab density of compost from control was highest (1.15 Mg m-3) followed by CBC9 (0.63 Mg m-3), CBD4 (0.59 Mg m-3) and lowest was in CBG2 (0.52 Mg m-3). The highest (0.96) Husners ratio (HR) was estimated in the uninoculated- control followed by CBC9 and CBD4 (0.95). The lowest (0.94) HR was in CBG2 inoculated compost.
Investigation into the Understanding of Traffic Signs, Symbols and Safety Rules among Drivers in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Anene W. C. 
Published: September 2022

Aims: This study examines the understanding of traffic signs and symbols as a safety measure towards accident reduction among drivers in Southern Nigeria. It investigated the understanding of traffic signs and symbols by drivers in Nigeria with regards to their personal characteristics such as age, educational background, and driving experience and also determined the major factors influencing the high rate of road traffic accidents in Nigeria.
Study Design: Investigation into the level of knowledge of drivers in understanding traffic signs and symbols in Southern Nigeria.
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in Southern Nigeria, from September, 2017 to December, 2017.
Methodology: 600 questionnaires were administered within the various city parks in Anambra, Enugu, Delta, and Lagos states but 476 of the respondents participated. A total of 27 symbols, which includes ten regulatory signs, nine warning signs, three traffic signals lights, and five road pavement markings were investigated. Miscellaneous questions for driving under special conditions, mechanical factors, and general guides were also assessed among the drivers. The use of Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS), as a tool was employed to analyze the data obtained from the respondents.
Results: The analysis showed that there is a low understanding of traffic signs and symbols by drivers in Southern Nigeria. The overall average percentage of drivers who correctly understood the regulatory signs was 59%, warning signs was 64.2%, and pavement markings was 31.8%. The average knowledge percentage of drivers for driving under special conditions, speed/mechanical factor, and general guides are 43%, 53.66%, and 46.4% respectively. From the statistical -analysis of the findings, there is significance prove that age, driving experience, and educational background play an important role in drivers’ understanding of traffic signs and symbols.
Conclusion: It is recommended that drivers are properly trained and sensitized on the correct meaning of traffic signs and symbols. The body concerned for issuing a driver’s license should carefully test the drivers’ knowledge before issuing a driver’s license and also traffic law court should be established for the prosecution of defaulters.
Formulation and Evaluation of Aripiprazole Oral Disintegrating Tablets
Authors: Navya V. , Damagundam Srilakshmi , Jupally Pooja , Kumar Bandaru Hemanth , Ahmed Shaik Farooq , Prasanthi D. 
Published: September 2022

Aim: This work aims to develop oral disintegrating tablets from solid dispersion of aripiprazole that are capable of enhancing solubility.
Methodology: Aripiprazole an antipsychotic is a BCS class IV drug with Oral bioavailability of 87%. To enhance the solubility of this drug the solid dispersions were prepared by using a combination of β-Cyclodextrin and PVP K30 in 1:1, 1:2 by using a physical mixture and solvent evaporation method. The prepared solid dispersions were analyzed for all the physical parameters and drug excipient interactions. The solid dispersion was optimized for the preparation of oral disintegrating tablets by direct compression technique using different concentrations of various natural super disintegrants namely Tapioca starch, Amorphophallus campanulactus, and synthetic super disintegrants namely Sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone.
Results: FTIR showed that the drug and excipients are compatible with each other. Among all the solid dispersion formulations SCD6 (Drug: β-cyclodextrin) shows a high percentage of drug release i.e., 98.58±0.28% for 45 min, and solubility was found to be 0.954±0.32mg/ml. Percentage practical yield was found to be 98.36±0.14% and drug content was found to be 97.31±0.04%. SCD6 formulation was optimized for the preparation of oral disintegrating tablets. The post-compression parameters of all the prepared tablets were within the limits. Among all, F3 formulations containing tapioca starch, 7.5% were found to possess a better disintegration time (28±1.52sec) and in-vitro dissolution (98.64±0.29% for 45min).
Conclusion: It can be concluded that solid dispersions of Aripiprazole incorporated in oral disintegrating tablets are a very useful approach for better release of Aripiprazole in an efficient manner.
Insights into the In-vivo Antiplasmodial Activity of Trisdimethylamino Pyrimidine Derivative in Plasmodium berghei: Infected Mouse Model
Authors: Ikwuka Chibuike Ernest , Asogwa Chukwuebuka Moses , Ikwuka Ozioma Jennifer , Ogbonna Jude Ebuka , Onah Chinwe Mercy , Ohama Christian Chukwuagozie , Nnadi Charles Okeke 
Published: September 2022

Aims: To evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of a trisdimethylamino pyrimidine derivative synthesized by indirect methylation of p-nitrophenylacetic acid via a substituted amine or amide derivative against Plasmodium berghei NK65 strain in an in vivo Plasmodium berghei-Infected mouse model.
Methodology: Plasmodium berghei-parasitized suppressive model in Albino mice was adopted for the antiplasmodial activity evaluation. The schizontocidal activity of the compound was evaluated by a 4-day suppressive test. All the treatments (test sample, standard control and blank) were administered intraperitoneally to the mice. Parameters such as rectal temperature, packed cell volume, survival time and parasitemia were measured.
Results: The 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg doses of 2, 4, 6-trisdimethylamino-5-(4´-nitrophenyl) pyrimidine elicited a statistically significant reduction (p < 0.01) in parasitemia level in treated mice. The 40 mg/kg dose caused 97.19% suppression of parasitemia and a mean survival time of 22 days compared with 97.64% and 24 days respectively in the standard control group (artemether-lumefantrine combination, 5 mg/kg). All the treatments restored the packed cell volume to the baseline (~39.8%). A dose-dependent decrease in the rectal temperature was observed in all the treatment groups. However, only the 10 and 20 mg/kg doses of 2, 4, 6-trisdimethylamino-5-(4´-nitrophenyl) pyrimidine caused a significant decrease (p < 0.01) compared with the control.
Conclusion: The strong suppression of Plasmodium berghei in the mice treated with 2, 4, 6-trisdimethylamino-5-(4´-nitrophenyl) pyrimidine has further provided insights into the potential of the compound as a lead in the discovery of antimalarial agents.
A Pilot Study of the Use of Picrorhiza kurroa in Patients with Malaria
Authors: Nargus Shumaila , Sandeel Faisal Aziz , Rana Saleem 
Published: September 2022

Background and Purpose: Malaria is potentially a severe disease caused by infection of red blood cells with protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium. Malaria is an important cause of death, illness in children and pregnant women, especially in Africa The present study aimed to develop an alternative treatment that at may be effective and safe against falciparum & vivax malaria and easily available locally and culturally acceptable. To confirms the claims of traditional herbal medicinal plants Picrorhiza kurroa was analyzed by using water and alcoholic extracts.
Methods: The present study was conducted on 45 subjects, 24 with aqueous extract and 21 with alcohol extract to assess the clinical efficacy of the medicinal plant Picrorhiza kurroa against malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax in Dera Ismail Khan. The roots of P. kurroa were extracted by a Soxhlet extractor using triple distilled water and ethanol as a solvent to obtain both aqueous and alcoholic extracts of P. kurroa. Both extracts are formulated in a capsule of 500 mg.
Results: The efficacy was determined clinically and pathologically in patients from 14 to 50 years of both sexes, two capsules of 500 mg stat followed by one capsule twice daily for three days consecutively were given. After the treatment 44.44% of patients recovered, among them 85% (17/45) were male and 15% (3/45) were female. 44.44% efficacy of the drug is considered for further research on the same plant.
Conclusion: The study concluded that P. kurroa qualified as an active compound to undergo further investigation for its antimalarial activity and its active constituents should be investigated for better outcomes in the field of traditional medicines.
Association of Amyloid Reduction After Donanemab Treatment With Tau Pathology and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Shcherbinin Sergey , Evans Cynthia D. , Lu Ming , Andersen Scott W. , Pontecorvo Michael J. , Willis Brian A. , Gueorguieva Ivelina , Hauck Paula M. , Brooks Dawn A. , Mintun Mark A. , Sims John R. 
Published: September 2022

Importanceβ-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tau deposits biologically define Alzheimer disease.ObjectiveTo perform post hoc analyses of amyloid reduction after donanemab treatment and assess its association with tau pathology and clinical measures.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThe Study of LY3002813 in Participants With Early Symptomatic Alzheimer’s Disease (TRAILBLAZER-ALZ) was a phase 2, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial conducted from December 18, 2017, to December 4, 2020, with a double-blind period of up to 76 weeks and a 48-week follow-up period. The study was conducted at 56 centers in the US and Canada. Enrolled were participants from 60 to 85 years of age with gradual and progressive change in memory function for 6 months or more, early symptomatic Alzheimer disease, elevated amyloid, and intermediate tau levels.InterventionsDonanemab (an antibody specific for the N-terminal pyroglutamate β-amyloid epitope) dosing was every 4 weeks: 700 mg for the first 3 doses, then 1400 mg for up to 72 weeks. Blinded dose-reduction evaluations occurred at 24 and 52 weeks based on amyloid clearance.Main Outcomes and MeasuresChange in amyloid, tau, and clinical decline after donanemab treatment.ResultsThe primary study randomized 272 participants (mean [SD] age, 75.2 [5.5] years; 145 female participants [53.3%]). The trial excluded 1683 of 1955 individuals screened. The rate of donanemab-induced amyloid reduction at 24 weeks was moderately correlated with the amount of baseline amyloid (Spearman correlation coefficient r, −0.54; 95% CI, −0.66 to −0.39; P &amp;lt; .001). Modeling provides a hypothesis that amyloid would not reaccumulate to the 24.1-centiloid threshold for 3.9 years (95% prediction interval, 1.9-8.3 years) after discontinuing donanemab treatment. Donanemab slowed tau accumulation in a region-dependent manner as measured using neocortical and regional standardized uptake value ratios with cerebellar gray reference region. A disease-progression model found a significant association between percentage amyloid reduction and change on the integrated Alzheimer Disease Rating Scale only in apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 carriers (95% CI, 24%-59%; P &amp;lt; .001).Conclusions and RelevanceResults of post hoc analyses for donanemab-treated participants suggest that baseline amyloid levels were directly associated with the magnitude of amyloid reduction and inversely associated with the probability of achieving complete amyloid clearance. The donanemab-induced slowing of tau was more pronounced in those with complete amyloid clearance and in brain regions identified later in the pathologic sequence. Data from other trials will be important to confirm aforementioned observations, particularly treatment response by APOE ε4 status.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03367403
Intra‐site sources of restoration variability in severely invaded rangeland: Strong temporal effects of herbicide–weather interactions; weak spatial effects of plant community patch type and litter
Authors: Donaldson Rebecca , Germino Matthew J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Invasions by exotic annual grasses (EAGs) are replacing native perennials in semiarid areas globally, including the vast sagebrush‐steppe rangelands of western North America. Efforts to eradicate EAGs and restore perennials have had mixed success, especially in relatively warm and dry areas where EAGs had high dominance prior to intervention. Greater consideration of the ecological sources of variability in EAG treatment outcomes may improve success.
We hypothesized that herbicide and restoration outcomes would be influenced by restoration strategy (type of herbicide, seeding or planting, timing of treatment) and underlying spatial variability associated with plant community patch type and litter, all applied in a landscape‐scale experiment in a severely invaded area in Southern Idaho, USA.
EAGs, specifically medusahead (Taeniatherum caput‐medusae [L.] Nevski), were strongly reduced for up to 3 years (maximum observation period) by the pre‐emergent herbicide indaziflam, whereas the pre/post‐emergent imazapic reduced EAGs only when applied twice. Indaziflam effects were greater when post‐spray moisture was greater, and also when co‐applied with imazapic, but reapplying indaziflam did not lead to additional reduction of EAGs.
Imazapic and indaziflam each stimulated species‐specific, secondary invasion by exotic and/or invasive tall forbs. Application of the broadleaf herbicide aminopyralid provided only a fleeting 1 year of control of a dominant, highly noxious forb skeletonweed (Chondrilla juncea L.).
Underlying heterogeneity in plant community patch type (dominant herb species) explained only ∼5% of variation in the herbicide effects, and manipulation of litter prior to spraying had no effect. Several years of seedings and planting resulted in no establishment of native perennials.
Herbicides, especially indaziflam, appear to be an effective tool for reducing EAGs for multiple years in the challenging restoration conditions we evaluated, particularly if their application coincides with suitable moisture. However, restoring the perennials required for longer term resistance to reinvasion is a serious challenge that could be avoided with preservation of perennials.
Boron: Polyhedral Metallaboranes
Authors: Pathak Kriti , Mishra Shivankan , Ghosh Sundargopal 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMetallaborane clusters and their related chemistry were initially developed as a variant of metal–ligand coordination chemistry much along the lines of organometallic chemistry. However, owing to the insight imparted by the electron counting rules and isolobal analogy principle, the interconnections between apparently distinct molecules like polyhedral boranes and transition metal clusters were established. This certainly defined the scope of the area and notable advances toward the improvement of synthetic routes were witnessed. The advent of improved routes for synthesis widened the purview further by extending the limits of attainable sizes and geometries of polyhedral metallaboranes from diborane analogs to polyhedral cages of up to 12‐vertices to supraicosahedral and condensed cage macro‐polyhedral clusters. Wade–Mingos rules and Jemmismnorule helped at gaining perspective about the unique structure and bonding present in this class of compounds. This article provides a brief overview of the syntheses and structural aspects in the context of electron counting rules of the most noted structural motifs assumed by polyhedral metallaboranes.
TtuA and TudS, Two [4Fe‐4S]‐Dependent Enzymes Catalyzing Nonredox Sulfuration or Desulfuration Reactions
Authors: Zhou Jingjing , Bimai Ornella , Arragain Simon , Pecqueur Ludovic , Golinelli‐Pimpaneau Béatrice 
Published: September 2022

Abstract

U54‐tRNA sulfurtransferase TtuA and thiouracil desulfidase (TudS) catalyze two opposite reactions that necessitate a [4Fe‐4S] cluster: nonredox sulfuration or desulfuration reactions. On the one hand, TtuA is an ATP‐dependent sulfurtransferase (thiouridine synthase) that transfers a sulfur atom, originating from free
l
‐cysteine, to uridine at position 54 within the T‐loop of tRNAs in thermophilic organisms. In some cases, thiouridine biosynthesis involves a sulfur transfer between a thiocarboxylate formed at the C‐terminal glycine of a TtuB protein and the [4Fe‐4S] cluster of TtuA, within a TtuA/TtuB complex. On the other hand, TudS catalyzes sulfur abstraction from its 2‐thiouracil or 4‐thiouracil substrate. Interestingly, in both reactions, the [4Fe‐4S] cluster, bound to three cysteines only, is presumably used as a cofactor to bind and activate a sulfur atom, coming from a sulfur donor for TtuA or from the thiouracil substrate for TudS. Therefore, catalysis most probably occurs via the formation of a [4Fe‐4S] cluster‐bound sulfide intermediate, as illustrated by the [4Fe‐5S] cluster state that was trapped by soaking crystals of TudS with the 4‐thiouracil substrate.