bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Airy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Law in Berlin, PA, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments plots were 5 × 6 ft arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied 15 Aug by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were mixed with sand top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. Then they were applied with a hand held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 85°F; soil temp at 1 inch depth, 75°F; soil type, silt loam; soil pH 5.4; % organic matter, 3.9; soil condition, dry; % soil moisture, 16.4; amt thatch, 0.25-0.5 inches; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 65; and partly sunny skies. A total of 0.4 inches of rain was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 7 days later (22 Aug). Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch diam open ended stainless steel container into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10 minute period. Three flotation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count. An average of 100.6 hairy chinch bug nymphs and adults per ft2 was recorded 15 Aug before treatment.
Efficacy of Insecticides on Black Cutworm in Bentgrass, Fall, California, 1984
Authors: Robb K. L. , Parrella M. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The putting green test site was divided into three 350-sq-ft sections. Pretreatment counts were taken by randomly choosing 15 square-foot plots in each section. Each plot was then flooded with water to force the cutworm larvae to the surface where they were counted. One material was applied to each section on the day following the pretreatment counts, 9 Oct. Posttreatment counts were assessed 7 days after treatment in the same manner as the pretreatmem counts.
Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Driving Range in Johnstown, PA, 1985
Authors: Heller P. R. , Eisner E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fifteen insecticide treatments were applied 26 Aug for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The driving range consisted of annual bluegrass (25%) and Kentucky bluegrass (75%). Treatment plots were 6 × 9 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 35 psi with a 4 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were mixed with sand top-dressing to facilitate product distribution. Then they were applied with a hand held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 76°F; soil temp at 1-inch depth, 75°F; soil type, loam; soil pH, 4.8; % organic matter, 4.7; soil condition, dry; % soil moisture, 20.7; amt thatch, 0.25-0.75 inches; water pH, slightly acidic; % RH, 55; and clear sunny skies. A total of 0.8 inches of rain was recorded over the posttreatment period.
Effect of Date of Application on Efficacy of Insecticides Against Japanese Beetle Grubs, Massachusetts, 1985
Authors: Vittum P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven insecticides were applied to a golf course fairway, maintained at ca 2.5 inch on 18 Apr or 15 May. Granular formulations were applied by hand shaking from a glass jar with a perforated lid. Liquid formulations were applied with 3 qt of water in a watering can. All applications were made in 2 (perpendicular) directions within each 8-ft by 8-ft plot. All tests were replicated 5 times in a CRB design. The test area received 0.5 inch irrigation (pH 6.8) immediately after application. Plots were sampled 14 Jun. Two 1-sq ft sections of sod, ca 4 inch deep, were removed from the center of each plot, inspected on the spot, and the number of healthy grubs recorded.
Bedding Plant Phytotoxicity Trial, Ft. Collins, Co. 1985
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Meyer Wendy L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Twenty varieties of bedding plants were grown 1.5 to 4 inch tall in a greenhouse. Within a cultivar 24-36 equal in size were selected and divided into 6 groups for treatment. Treatments were applied as sprays to point of run-off during mid-day. Sprays were approximately 4 times recommended rate: Safer’s Insecticidal Soap, 5% dilution; Ivory Dishwashing Liquid, 5% dilution; Talstar 2EC, 50 fl oz/100 gal; Metasystox-R, 3 qt/100 gals.; and Orthene Systemic Insect Control (9.4%), 6 fl oz/gal. Plant injury was rated 96 h after treatment using a 0 (no injury) to 4 (complete death of plant) rating scale.
Field Evaluations of Four Insecticides Against the Pandora Moth, 1982
Authors: Ragenovich I. R. , Schmid J. M. , Bennett D. D. , Barry J. W. , Richmond C. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were aerially applied by helicopter to blocks, 8 hectares in size, along 2 roads east of Jacob Lake, Arizona in Oct 1982. Two 60-cm branch samples were removed from each of 24 trees systematically distributed wtihin each block to estimate larval numbers. Samples were taken just prior to treatment and 12 and 213 days after treatment.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to a complete randomized block. Each treatment consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied in 158 gal of finished spray per acre by a Bean orchard sprayer. Sprays were applied 11 May at petal fall (PF), 25 May, 6 Jun, 19 Jun, 1 Jul, 14 Jul, 27 Jul, 8 Aug, 20 Aug and 5 Sep 85. Evaluations were made by examining 100 apples per replication for injury and categorizing injuries by their respective pest. A single mite count was made in midseason by collecting 50 leaves from each replication and brushing them in a mite brushing machine. Resulting plates were examined using a stereo binocular microscope recording numbers of ERM and predaceous mites on each plate.
Control of Black Vine Weevil Larvae (BVW) with Soil Insecticides in Connecticut, 1984
Authors: Moore Robert E. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two methods of application were used to test the efficacy of soil insecticides in 2 growing media common to local nurseries. The tests were carried out on a Merrimac fine, sandy loam field at the Valley Laboratory (pH 5.4) and a 1:1:1 peat, composted hardwood bark, and sand “shrub mix” (pH 5.6) in 2-gaI plastic containers. The 2 test media were planted to Taxus in 1982. Both areas were maintained using standard cultural practices with the containers being kept under overhead irrigation. From 6 Jun, when the insecticides were applied, through 6 Aug container grown plants received 1-2 h of water per day while the sandy loam plots which were not irrigated received a total of 13.5 cm of rain occurring on 14 different days. In the “shrub mix” test each treatment was a single container and in the sandy loam each treatment was a single container, and in the sandy loam each treatment consisted of 4 plants in a 0.6-m by 1.35-m plot. Both tests were randomized and replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied 2 ways: spread over the soil surface or incorporated into the upper 2 cm of soil by hand cultivation. Liquids were poured into containers in 100 ml of water and to field plots in 312 ml (400 gal/acre), with a small watering can. Granules were mixed with 230 g of sand and were applied with a shaker bottle to each field plot, and in the container test the granules were spread undiluted on the soil. Both tests areas received 1.5 cm of irrigation 1 h after treatment. Approximately 400 ml of soil was collected on 7 Jun and 6 Aug from each container and field plot and immediately placed in plastic bags and frozen.
Apple, Insect Growth Regulator Full Season Test, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to a completely randomized block. Each treatment consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied in 55 gal (Guthion applied in 123 gal and dilute Dimilin applied in 297 gal) of finished spray per acre by a Bean orchard sprayer. Evaluations were made by examining 100 apples per replication for injury and categorizing injuries by their respective pest. A single mite count was made by collecting 50 leaves from each replication and brushing them in a mite brushing machine. Resulting plates were examined using a stereo binocular microscope recording numbers of ERM and predaceous mites on each plate. Materials. Sprays were applied as follows: The standard (Guthion) was applied on 13 May at petal fall (PF), 27 May, 10 Jun, 24 Jun, 8 Jul, 22 Jul, 8 Aug, 22 Aug, 6 Sep. Insect growth regulators (remaining materials) were applied on 27 Apr at pink (P), 13 May, 4 Jun, 25 Jun, 16 Jul, 8 Aug, 29 Aug.
Apple, Insect Growth Regulator Test Partial Season, 1985
Authors: Howitt Angus J. , Hays Alan R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to a completely randomized block. Each treatment consisted of single trees replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied in 55 gal of finished spray per acre by a Bean orchard sprayer. Evaluations were made by examining 100 apples per replication for injury and categorizing injuries by their respective pest. A single mite count was made by collecting 50 leaves from each replication and brushing them in a mite brushing machine. Resulting plates were examined using a stereo binocular microscope recording numbers of ERM and predaceous mites on each plate. Material shortages prevented full season applications. Sprays were applied as follows: UC 76963 on 27 Apr at pink (P), 13 May at petal fall (PF), 25 May, 4 Jun, 16 Jul; CME 13411 on 13 Jun, 25 Jun, 16 Jul.
Toxicity of RU-25474 Pyrethroid and Orthene to the German Cockroach, 1981
Authors: Ross D. C. , Brady U. E. , Bledsoe M. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Residual tests were carried out in 15 × 100-mm glass petri dishes. Tops and sides of the dishes were coated with Teflon to maintain insects on treated surfaces. One ml of each test concentration listed in Table 1 was pipetted onto the bottom of each dish or onto a 100-mm diameter filter paper and allowed to air day (1-3 hr) before testing in closed dishes. Five adult males were placed into each of 5 treated dishes for each test material and combination. Appropriate controls were included in each experiment. Knockdown (KD) was determined at selected intervals and data are presented as KD50 and KD90 times. Combinations of 10% Orthene with 0.005%, 0.002%, or 0.001% RU-25474 were synergistic on both paper and glass. Based on KD50 values.
Methoprene Mineral Cattle Feed-Through Test for Pyrethroid Resistant Horn Fly Control, 1985
Authors: Cilek Jim , Knapp F. W. , Herald Freddie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A test was initiated by feeding Morrman’s IGR Minerals (0.02% Methoprene) to 74 Angus cattle on 1 Jun. Straight mineral was placed in 2 sheltered mineral feeders which were situated near water and shade for the cattle. Prior to starting the IGR feeding test, all cattle were individually sprayed with 0.5% Vapona to knock down the existing horn fly population, which avg ca. 75 flies per cow. On 14 Jun the IGR consumption by the cattle was calculated to be 6 times more than required (according to label). Therefore, the mineral was diluted with salt to give a 67:33 mineral-salt mixture which provided the cattle with the correct amount of the IGR.
Evaluation of Phosmet Flowable as High Pressure Spray and Dursban 44 Pour-On For Lice Control on Beef Cattle, 1985
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Watson D. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental steer and heifer calves were of mixed breeds and originated in eastern WY. They were housed in separate pens in groups of 7 animals each at Torrington, WY. The cattle were naturally infested with the cattle biting louse, Bovicola bovis, and the longnosed cattle louse, Linognathus vituli. Lice density was estimated by observing and recording the number of each species at sample sites in the area of the poll, head, shoulder, and topline. One, 15-cm sample site was located across the occipital area directly behind the poll. The equivalent of 3, 15-cm sample sites were located on each of the remaining body areas. Sample sites on the head were 1, 15-cm hairpart on either side of the face from the corner of the mouth toward the base of the ear and 2, 7.5-cm hairparts on either side of the muzzle. The sample sites on the shoulder were 3, 15-cm vertical parts on the right side of the body. These followed the natural parts of the hair. The sample sites on the topline were located on the right side of the animal ca. 25 cm posterior to the withers and 25 cm anterior to the hip bone. The sites consisted of 3 vertical 15-cm hairparts ca, 15 cm apart.
Apple, Airblast Acaricide Evaluation Test, 1985
Authors: Hull L. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An experimental acaricide in various combinations with adulticidal acaricides was applied to single 0.15-acre plots in a randomized block design consisting of 4 replicates of York Imperial and Golden Delicious trees (7 yr old). All treatments were applied as complete sprays with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated at 50 gpa, 2 mph, 300 psi. Date of application was 25 Jul. During the season, general maintenance sprays of fungicides (Bayleton, Benlate, Captan, Dithane, and Zineb), insecticides (Lorsban, Guthion, Methomyl, Penncap M) as well as calcium chloride were applied with a Friend Airmaster calibrated at 50 gpa and driven 2.3 mph. The effect of treatments on ERM and TSSM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree (100 leaves/treatment, York Imperial only). The predator S. punctum was observed by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees (York Imperial only). Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Diflubenzuron Boluses, Guardian Eartags, and Rabon Mineral Blocks for Dairy Cattle Fly Control, 1985
Authors: Miller R. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Holstein heifers ranging from 6 to 24 mo of age were divided into 6 groups and treated as follows: pasture controls (CP), dry lot controls (CL), offered 0.463% Rabon Sweetlix mineral blocks ad libitum (RB), treated with 50 g, 10% diflubenzuron boluses at rate of 1 bolus/250 kg body wt (B), tagged with 7.5% Guardian ear tags at rate of 2 tags/hd (ET), and treated with both boluses and ear tags (ET + B). Boluses were administered and ear tags attached on 5 Jun. Total no. of face flies, stable flies, house flies, and horn flies on one side of the animals were counted at weekly intervals. Manure samples from the RB, B, and CL groups were collected biweekly and bioassayed for toxicity against house fly larvae.
Evaluation of American Cyanamid Experimental Levamisole/Famphur Paste Administered Orally to Beef Cattle for Cattle Grub Control, 1985
Authors: Saluta Michael A. , Roberts James E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental paste treatments consisting of famphur plus levamisole were administered orally to yearling beef steers in Montgomery Co, VA. The following treatment groups were established in Sep 1984: A) 11.5% levamisole/0% famphur paste (placebo control): fifteen steers were administered an oral dose of 8 mg levamisole plus 0 mg famphur per kg body weight; B) 11.5% levamisole/14.4% famphur paste: thirteen steers were administered an oral dose of 8 mg levamisole plus 10 mg famphur per kg body weight; C) 11.5% levamisole/28.8% famphur paste: nineteen steers were administered an oral dose of 8 mg levamisole plus 20 mg famphur per kg body weight; D) 5.75% levamisole/21.6% famphur paste; sixteen steers were administered an oral dose of 8 mg levamisole plus 30 mg famphur per kg body weight; E) 11.5% Tramisol gel/13.2% Warbex pour-on: nineteen steers were administered an oral dose of 8 mg levamisole plus 40 mg famphur (topical) per kg body weight. The treatment groups were maintained in the same pasture for the duration of the trial. Originally, each treatment group was established with 20 animals, but several had lost their identification ear tags by the time of evaluation. Treatment efficacy was determined by combining data from early and late evaluation dates: 8 Feb and 15 Mar 1985.
Evaluation of the Attractancy of 3 Fly Baits in Two High-Rise Poultry Houses, 1985
Authors: Stafford K. C. , Collison C. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Alfacron sugarbait (CGA 18809) was compared with Improved Golden Malrin fly bait containing 1.0% methomyl and Hopkins Fly Bait Grits containing 1.0% Bomyl in two high-rise poultry houses utilizing baited jug traps. Each trap was constructed from 3.87-liter translucent white plastic jugs (common “1-gal” milk jugs) with four 5-cm diam access holes cut equidistant around the circumference of the upper third of the jug. Each jug received 25 g of bait scattered on the inside bottom of the jug each week. Flies and old bait were removed from each trap prior to the addition of new bait and returned to the lab for enumeration. A Union Co., PA house received 30 jug traps (10 jugs/bait) hung in groups of 3 (all baits/group, jugs 2.4 m apart) at 10 equidistant points around the periphery of a 10.7 × 137.2-m pit at a height of approximately 1.1m from the floor for 8 wk. Six jug traps (4 jugs/ bait, 12 total) were hung for 9 wk in random order at an approximate height of 1.1 m from the floor at each end of a Montour Co., PA house (11.4 × 96.2 m pit) due to limited pit access. Jug traps were separated 2.6, 2.0 or 0.5 m apart, depending upon their location. Fly populations at the Union Co. house and the Montour Co. house were Musca domestica and Ophyra aenescens, respectively.
Residual Efficacy of Baysir 8514 and Precor Against Adult Cat Flea Emergence, 1985
Authors: Cilek Jim , Knapp F. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Shag nylon carpet discs with a surface area of ca. 32 cm2 were treated with varying concentrations of either Baysir 8514 (25WP) or Precor 5E mixed with water. Each carpet disc was treated by the use of a pressurized hand sprayer calibrated to deliver 4.2 ml/s at 25 psi. Carpet discs sprayed with water only served as controls. Each dose was replicated 3 times. At selected time intervals (see table below), ca. 0.25 g of a mixture of dried blood and ground cat chow (3:20) and 25 cat flea eggs were placed within the fibers of each carpet disc. Infested discs were then placed into a 1 pint fonda container for development. Containers were covered with a fine cloth screen to contain the fleas and were stored at 25°C. When greater than 50% adult flea emergence in the control occurred, treatments were evaluated for % adult mortality. Recovery of dead and live fleas was accomplished by brushing each carpet disc vigorously for ca. 1 min with a hair brush within a white 5 gal plastic bucket. After this procedure, the discs were then submerged in water to recover any fleas that had not yet emerged. Carpet discs were used only once for each test period. Treatment mortality was corrected by Abbott’s formula.
Apple, Concentrate Airblast Insecticide Test, 1985
Authors: Hull L. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 3 replicates of York Imperial and 2 replicates of Golden Delicious. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer at 25 gpa/alternate side spray driven at 2 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts/acre/both sides spray. Spray dates for alternate side treatments were: 7, 20 and 30 May; 7, 14 and 24 Jun; 5, 17 and 25 Jul; 3, 9, 16 and 26 Aug; 3 Sep. Guthion 50 WP (340 g/acre) was substituted for Baythroid on 30 May; 5, 17 and 25 Jul. Kelthane 4F (710 ml/acre) was applied to all treatments on 5 and 17 Jul. During the season, fungicide maintenance sprays of Bayleton, Captan, Cyprex, Polyram, Topsin M, Zineb, and calcium chloride were applied with an airblast sprayer at 50 gpa to the whole experimental block. Effectiveness on apple aphid was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/20 terminals. The effect of sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 20 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and one picked sample on 19 Sep. Apple samples averaged 132 fruits/replicate and 660/treatment. Pest pressure was heavy throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious applies/replicate, 90/treatment. Fruits were rated as 1 (no russeting), 2 (light russeting), 3 (moderate russeting), or 4 (severe russeting). Possible ranges were: 30-60 (none to light), 60-90 (light to moderate), 90-120 (moderate to severe).
Apple, Timing of Second Generation Chemical Controls for Codling Moth, 1985
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Smith L. O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 7-year-old Red Delicious apple orchard was used to evaluate timing of an insect growth regulator (IGR) and an organophosphate insecticide (OP) for control of second generation codling moth. Each material was applied in a dilute spray to the point of drip (approximately 400 gal per acre) using a handgun sprayer operating at 400-500 psi. The IGR was applied at 900 (3 Jul), 1000 (8 Jul), 1100 (11 Jul) and 1200 (15 Jul) degree days after first codling moth catch of first generation. The OP was applied at 1250 (16 Jul), 1400 (22 Jul) and 1600 (29 Jul) degree days after first moth. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment. No chemical treatments were applied to the test orchard , (during the first codling moth generation. Inspection of fruit during thinning in late Jun indicated that a low level uniform infestation had been established throughout the test orchard. Following second generation all fruit were removed from test trees, counted and injured fruit collected and returned to the laboratory. Injured fruit were examined and cut with a knife to determine the number of shallow or deep entries. Live larvae found within fruit were saved and head capsules measured to determine their instar. Codling moth adult activity was monitored using pheromone traps. Traps were examined weekly and the number of moths recorded. Pheromones were changed every 4 wk, and trap bottoms were changed after an accumulation of 30 moths. Mites were sampled from mid-Jun through Mid-Sep. Twelve or 13 leaves were collected from each tree (total 50 leaves per treatment) and returned to the laboratory. Leaves were processed through a mite brushing machine and mites were counted under a dissecting microscope. Mite densities are presented as mean mites per leaf for the growing season.