bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Guyer Benjamin M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The book concludes by outlining four new avenues for historical research. First, it calls for abandoning the pietist mythologies surrounding the import of Martin Luther. It then proposes embedding future studies of religious reformation within the framework of a long fifteenth century. The third section notes the international dissemination of Gilbert Burnet’s scholarship and its influence upon the development of Veit Ludwig von Seckendorff’s Lutheran historiography. The book ends by dispensing with the idea of “Laudian” opposition to the English Reformation. Ambivalent analyses of Tudor religious history actually began in the early Stuart period, and due to their popularity, their influenced extended well into the eighteenth century.
Conclusion
Authors: Millward Gareth 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The conclusion brings together the arguments presented in the book, showing how medical certification (and Britons’ attitudes towards it) has evolved since 1948. To give these findings more context, this chapter reflects on the peculiar circumstances of writing a volume such as this during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic laid bare the problems with sickness-related benefits when the status quo of low rates of sickness, spread evenly among workers with stable, formal employment was disrupted. While unable to offer a concrete plan for future reforms, this chapter shows how Britain’s sickness system got to this point and how many of the problems contained within were far from new—even if the virus made them much more acute. Still, when this crisis has passed, precarious employment, self-employment, remote working, automation, presenteeism, and the gig economy are unlikely to disappear. In that case, what does the evolution of British medical certification—and, indeed, the evolution of the British welfare state—have to say about the present crisis?
Interplanetary Liberty
Authors: Cockell Charles S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractOn the Moon, Mars, or any location beyond Earth, where even the oxygen you breathe is made in a manufacturing process controlled by someone else, can you be free? Interplanetary Liberty: Building Free Societies in the Cosmos explores the conditions for freedom beyond Earth, proposing that space is especially prone to tyrannous coercive government. Rather than just accept this outcome, the book explores how political and economic arrangements, as well as facets of the legal system, science, engineering, art, and education in extraterrestrial settlements can be developed to encourage the emergence and persistence of free government in the cosmos. These efforts will maximise the chances of liberty taking hold beyond Earth, but they may be essential in the longer-term survival and development of human freedom anywhere in the cosmos, including Earth.
LIBERTY ON THE SPACE FRONTIER
Authors: Cockell Charles S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractConditions in space are extreme. All vital resources, and most particularly the oxygen one needs to breathe, are subject to potential control through the technologies needed to produce them. These realities create completely new challenges to liberty. We can explore the physical realities of space and how they shape the conditions for freedom, comparing them to what we know about freedom on Earth. Although conditions on many planetary bodies, such as the Moon, Mars, asteroids, and interplanetary space, are different to each other, they all converge on a tendency to encourage autocratic modes of human organisation. As well as shaping extraterrestrial society, this impulse may influence liberty on Earth, making freedom in space a matter of importance to Earthbound people as well as those inhabiting space settlements.
Visual subsystem of moral metaphors
Authors: Yu Ning 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a descriptive and analytical study of the visual subsystem of the moral metaphor system. This subsystem, consisting of moral-visual metaphors, can be summarized by a generic conceptual metaphor morality is visuality. The chapter starts with an initial analysis of the source concepts, i.e., light and dark, clear and murky, clean and dirty, pure and impure, with respect to their relations with one another and a general source frame that applies to all of them for their metaphorical mappings onto the target concepts moral and immoral within the subsystem. The four conceptual metaphors are morality is brightness, morality is clarity, morality is cleanness, and morality is purity. Then studies of their linguistic manifestations are conducted separately in English and Chinese.
Spatial subsystem of moral metaphors
Authors: Yu Ning 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a descriptive and analytical study of the spatial subsystem of the moral metaphor system. This subsystem, consisting of moral-spatial metaphors, can be summarized by a generic conceptual metaphor morality is spatiality. The chapter starts with an initial analysis of the source concepts, i.e. high and low, upright and slanted, level and unlevel, straight and crooked, big and small, with respect to their relations with one another and a general source frame that applies to all of them for their metaphorical mappings onto the target concepts moral and immoral within the subsystem. The five conceptual metaphors are morality is height, morality is uprightness, morality is levelness, morality is straightness, and morality is size. Then studies of their linguistic manifestations are conducted separately in English and Chinese.
Going Global
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter documents the growth of Chinese outward direct foreign investment (OFDI) and overseas projects carried out by Chinese contractors. It discusses some of the problems in measuring Chinese OFDI. It shows the continuing importance of SOEs in China’s Go Global policy and discusses whether the international expansion of Chinese firms is primarily state-driven or market-driven. It shows that although political objectives played a role in the early expansion of Chinese firms, it is strategic economic factors and commercial objectives that have played the major role in recent years. Resources and markets have been major drivers of the internationalization of Chinese firms. Chinese firms have also been involved in strategic-asset-seeking investment in developed countries.
China’s Economic Impacts on Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter considers three key aspects of China’s economic impact on Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). It looks first at the direct and indirect effects of increased Chinese demand for commodities which benefitted a number of SSA economies in the short and medium-term. China’s major contribution to development in the region has been through financing and building infrastructure. Finally the impact on SSA manufacturing is analysed. Despite concerns about the negative impact on domestic industry, this only appears to be a major problem in South Africa. However, optimistic views of the potential for Chinese firms to contribute to industrialization in the region appear over-optimistic. The chapter also includes case studies of the impact of China’s economic involvement in Angola, Ethiopia, and South Africa, which represent three different types of Sino-African relations.
Does language change how children think?
Authors: Harris Paul L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Whereas Piaget argued that young children often produce egocentric speech, ill-suited to being understood by listeners, Vygotsky argued that such speech reflected children’s growing tendency to deploy language for their own private and eventually silent thought. Language is also used by children not just for private and silent thought but for gathering information via appropriate questions. From around 30 months, children can ask several questions each minute—some questions are simple, factual questions about where things are and what they are called, but other questions are more demanding how and why questions. Having internalized language for private thought, does the particular language that gets internalized impact how children think? Whorf hypothesized such effects of language on thought. Supportive evidence has emerged from the study of number. Children who acquire a language with an open-ended and generative lexicon for number words conceive of number differently from children exposed to a restricted set of three or four number words.
Illegitimacy, Family, and Stigma in England, 1660-1834
Authors: Gibson Kate 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Illegitimacy, Family, and Stigma is the first full-length exploration of what it was like to be illegitimate in eighteenth-century England. In a major reframing of assumptions that illegitimacy was experienced only among the poor, this book tells the stories of individuals from across the socio-economic scale, including children of royalty, middling physicians and lawyers, alongside servants and agricultural labourers. Using the words of illegitimate individuals and their families preserved in letters, diaries, and poor relief and court documents, this book reveals the impact of illegitimacy across the life cycle. How did illegitimacy affect children’s early years, and their relationships with parents, siblings, and wider family as they grew up? Did illegitimacy limit education, occupation, or marriage chances? What were individuals’ experiences of shame and stigma, and how did being illegitimate affect their sense of identity? This book investigates the circumstances that governed families’ responses, from love and pragmatic acceptance to secrecy and exclusion.
Households, Surrogate Parents, and Care
Authors: Gibson Kate 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the inclusion of illegitimate children in concepts of the household-family, including those headed by grandparents, step-parents, and unrelated foster parents. It argues that illegitimate children were included within concepts of provision and responsibility from a household head towards dependants, and expectations of affective bonds. Growing sympathy towards illegitimate children in eighteenth-century culture provided a potent motive for surrogate parents to care for children as proof of charitable virtue. The exact position of illegitimate children within the household, though, depended on a range of circumstances, including material resources, the presence of competing legitimate children, and a desire for a mutually fulfilling affective bond. Poverty was important—poorer families faced more difficult choices about how resources were distributed—but illegitimacy had some similar effects across the social scale. All illegitimate children had a shared experience of liminality and insecurity, suggesting that the lack of a legal or cultural template for their role in their household had a negative impact on their upbringing.
Theology and Religion in Georgian Oxford
Authors: Darwall-Smith Robin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Theology was pervasive throughout Georgian Oxford: its members had to attend services in College chapels, and most Fellows of Colleges had to take holy orders and study theology. Yet Georgian theology suffers from Victorian disdain for its perceived dry dogmatism. This chapter therefore aims to provide some reappraisal. What to a Victorian seem dry and unemotional would to many Georgians appear seemly and restrained; to them moderation was a virtue, and enthusiasm something to fear. The importance of preaching has been underrated in Georgian Oxford: clerics were expected to preach regularly, and a good preacher could hope to win a reputation and even preferment. Sermons were regularly printed, exchanged and used—and occasionally sent up. The University Press, often written off during this period as a time of torpor, in fact published many sermons during this time, mainly on commission. On a larger scale, much of Georgian Oxford’s greatest scholarly work, such as that by Lowth, Kennicott and Routh, was done in theology rather than classics. As regards varieties of belief, Oxford’s most famous religious ‘export’, Methodism, in fact set down few roots there, and arguably the less well known Hutchinsonians proved more influential. Earlier in the century there had been some dangerously unorthodox thinkers in Oxford, most notably the Deist Matthew Tindal, but they proved less influential in the long run. It is therefore important not to forget the orthodoxy of most Oxford clerics, and the training which they received, especially in the later part of the century. Edward Bentham’s inaugural lecture as Regius Professor of Divinity is discussed as an example of this training.
The Eighteenth-Century Servants of All Souls College, Oxford
Authors: Aubertin-Potter Norma 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Until the mid-twentieth century the study of domestic servants and their role in social and economic life was not seen as a respectable subject for historians. This changed, however, mainly thanks to the pioneering work of the American J. Jean Hecht in his The Domestic Servants in the Eighteenth Century (1956), work which was continued by Bridget Hill with the publication in 1996 of Servants: English Domestics in the Eighteenth Century. Yet in neither book was the role of servants within university college life examined in any depth. This study of the eighteenth-century servants of All Souls College attempts to begin to remedy the deficiency and give an insight into a tightly-knit male dominated society – into which women servants were making inroads albeit in socially inferior roles such as bedmakers and cleaners. By using contemporary documents of expenditure in the College archives, the chapter examines the various roles of the 87 known servants and shows how they interacted to ensure the smooth running of the institution.
Old-Fashioned Vices in Contemporary Crises; or, It Matters How You Value Yourself
Authors: Dillon Robin S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
During 2020–21, numerous vices of character were on display as people responded in bad, even wicked, ways to the year’s extraordinary health, economic, and political crises. According to the old-fashioned analyses found in the Deadly Sins tradition and Kant, vices are matters of distorted and self-destructive self-valuing, one form of which—namely, arrogance—is held to underlie all vices. This chapter draws on the Deadly Sins and Kantian approaches to sketch an account of vice that centers the perverse self-valuing of arrogance, focusing on greed, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. On this account, greed is a manifestation of two kinds of arrogance, each of which involves both failing to respect other persons and sacrificing the morally justified self-valuing of self-respect in order wrongly to enhance disordered self-esteem or serve perverse self-love.
The Normative Burdens of Trust
Authors: Duncan Emma 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trust is an indispensable condition of successful social functioning which confers benefits on both the truster and the trusted. Interestingly, although it is desirable to be thought worthy of trust, we nevertheless sometimes find the trust of others unwelcome. Trust theorists have recognized and attempted to address this puzzle, and their explanations have shed some light on what it is about trust that leads us to sometimes construe it as burdensome. In trusting an agent to perform some action, we don’t simply believe, desire, or hope that the person does as trusted, but we hold them to certain expectations. This chapter critically examines and builds on the insights of extant explanations of unwelcome trust to motivate a novel account of the central normative expectation internal to trust, namely, that the trusted adopt a particular orientation of care toward the truster.
Moral Worth and Our Ultimate Moral Concerns
Authors: Portmore Douglas W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Some right acts have what philosophers call moral worth. A morally worthy act manifests the agent’s virtuous motives such that they deserve credit for having acted rightly. And, for an agent to deserve credit for having acted rightly, not only must their act be right but their motives must be such that their acting rightly was no mere accident. More precisely, then, a right act has moral worth if and only if it was motivated in a way that makes it non-accidentally right. This chapter argues that a right act was motivated in a way that makes it non-accidentally right if and only if it issued from an appropriate set of concerns, where the appropriateness of these concerns is a function of what her ultimate moral concerns should be. Two important upshots of the resulting account of moral worth are that (1) an act can have moral worth even if it doesn’t manifest a concern for doing what’s right and that (2) an act can lack moral worth even if it is performed for the right reasons.
Laboratory Commonplace Books
Authors: Hess Jillian M. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores how the commonplace book came to be seen as a vital tool for maintaining objectivity in the laboratory. Two figures in particular—Humphry Davy and Michael Faraday—exemplify the changing conceptions of what it meant to study science in the nineteenth century. Nowhere is this more visible than in their commonplace books. This chapter begins with the imaginative, loose-formed collections of Humphry Davy, and ends with the systematic, empirical notes of Michael Faraday. Humphry Davy recorded observations while high on nitrous oxide and interspersed notes with doodles and poetry. By contrast, Michael Faraday advocated for “real-time” entries and ordered his notes with indexes and general topics. While Faraday originally adhered to Locke’s method, as his career advanced, he experimented with new forms of ordering information, including his “cut-and-paste” index.
Old but Gold: Thermodynamics
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In which we present the basic notions of Thermodynamics, the science of change, with special focus on the concepts of heat and work andhow they fuel he duel/duet between two the cosmic primadonnas, Energy and Entropy that “make the world go around”. Thermodynamics shows that Energy moves from one form to another but does not change in time, while Entropy can only grow until a reaches a steady value where no change can occur anymore. A bleak state of affairs known as thermal death, the basic content of the second principle of thermodynamics.
Water, the Wonderfluid
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Where we discuss the astonishing properties of water, justly called the fluid of life, which prove crucial to life on our planet across scales, from the oceans down inside our cells. Water matters to the point that every other substance can be classified based on its hydropathy, i.e. depending on whether they “like” water (Hydrophilic) or don’t (Hydrophobic), salt and sugar being prime examples of the former while oil a champion of the latter. Hydropathy provides a formidable organising principle for most fundamental biological processes, such as protein folding, as well as for the emergence of supramolecular structures.
Implicit Learning of Motor and Perceptual Skills
Authors: Schorn Julia M. , Knowlton Barbara J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Humans and other animals exhibit an astonishing capacity to learn motor and perceptual skills through practice and experience. Both can occur without awareness and explicit knowledge of what has been learned. They follow similar learning trajectories and involve offline gains in performance. Work with neuropsychological patients has revealed the importance of interactions between cortex and the basal ganglia in both types. One difference that appears to exist is the capacity for transfer to similar learning situations. While skills are relatively less flexible than conscious knowledge, perceptual skills are particularly specific to the training stimuli. However, both types of skill learning may benefit from contextual interference during training, leading to skills that can transfer more readily. Many of the procedures learned during daily life have components of both motor and perceptual learning. Thus understanding how to facilitate these forms of implicit skill learning can improve training in rehabilitation and educational settings.
Sacred Waters
Authors: Barba Lloyd Daniel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how the public performance of the baptisms of and by farmworkers in outdoor settings challenges notions of culturally vacuous Mexican farmworkers. Without access to baptisteries, Apostólicos gathered at grower-controlled rivers, canals, and other kinds of irrigation channels to perform their most sacred rite. This chapter suggests that Apostólicos’ baptisms, moments of collective effervescence, and heterodox praxis assume multiple layers of sacred resistance in the context of Mexican agricultural labor. In conditions of disproportionate power, wealth, and respect, Apostólicos maintained a socio-religious existence by recognizing fellow farmworkers as prospective believers of a well-connected network of churches. Baptism solidified their belonging to a congregation and offered a type of imagined citizenship to individuals denied this status by the nation state.
Conclusion
Authors: Barba Lloyd Daniel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The conclusion briefly shows how the second generation of Mexican American Apostólicos engendered many changes in the 1970s and beyond. Fully bilingual, and less commonly having experienced the profane toils of industrial agriculture, the second generation strategically shifted in the direction of social and denominational respectability. In the absence of these oppositional forces and largely adapted to the anglophone evangelism, Mexican Pentecostals by and large slowly began to enter the regional religious mainstream. With the slow but steady move into the mainstream they left behind the robust material culture and history that women made and the sacred material world that farmworkers proudly produced. The new challenges became most apparent in the incorporation of new arrivals from the sister denomination Iglesia Apostólica in Mexico and Central American co-religionists, both documented and undocumented, as well as competition from rivaling Pentecostal denominations, some founded in the United States and others in Latin America.
1917 through 1929
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We first meet Oscar Hammerstein II as a twenty-two-year-old in 1917 as he’s marrying Myra Finn. A friend reports on doings related to World War I. Hammerstein begins working for his uncle, the producer Arthur Hammerstein, and begins a partnership and mentorship with the lyricist and librettist Otto Harbach. They collaborate on the musical Song of the Flame (with music by George Gershwin). Oscar falls in love with the married Dorothy Blanchard Jacobson. He sends her a series passionate love letters while she’s in Reno, Nevada getting a divorce.
1930 through 1936
Authors: Horowitz Mark Eden 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Oscar Hammerstein discusses collaborations with Sigmund Romberg and Jerome Kern. Hammerstein and Florenz Ziegfeld discuss plans for a Broadway revival of Show Boat and the possibility of a sequel. Hammerstein advises Otto Harbach about working in Hollywood and how early sound films are being made and his experiences at MGM. Preparations are being made for the musical Three Sisters in the West End. Oscar advises and chastises his ex-wife re finances and child-rearing. Detailed discussions re casting and filming Show Boat between Hammerstein, the producer Carl Laemmle, Jr., and the director James Whale.