bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N-bearing complex organics toward high-mass protostars
Authors: Nazari P. , Meijerhof J. D. , van Gelder M. L. , Ahmadi A. , van Dishoeck E. F. , Tabone B. , Langeroodi D. , Ligterink N. F. W. , Jaspers J. , Beltrán M. T. , Fuller G. A. , Sánchez-Monge Á. , Schilke P. 
Published: September 2022

Context.Complex organic species are known to be abundant toward low- and high-mass protostars. No statistical study of these species toward a large sample of high-mass protostars with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) has been carried out so far.Aims.We aim to study six N-bearing species: methyl cyanide (CH3CN), isocyanic acid (HNCO), formamide (NH2CHO), ethyl cyanide (C2H5CN), vinyl cyanide (C2H3CN) and methylamine (CH3NH2) in a large sample of line-rich high-mass protostars.Methods.From the ALMA Evolutionary study of High Mass Protocluster Formation in the Galaxy survey, 37 of the most line-rich hot molecular cores with ~1" angular resolution are selected. Next, we fit their spectra and find column densities and excitation temperatures of the N-bearing species mentioned above, in addition to methanol (CH3OH) to be used as a reference species. Finally, we compare our column densities with those in other low- and high-mass protostars.Results.CH3OH, CH3CN and HNCO are detected in all sources in our sample, whereas C2H3CN and CH3NH2are (tentatively) detected in ~78 and ~32% of the sources. We find three groups of species when comparing their excitation temperatures: hot (NH2CHO;Tex≳ 250 K), warm (C2H3CN, HN13CO and CH313CN; 100 K ≲Tex≲ 250 K) and cold species (CH3OH and CH3NH2;Tex≲ 100 K). This temperature segregation reflects the trend seen in the sublimation temperature of these molecules and validates the idea that complex organic emission shows an onion-like structure around protostars. Moreover, the molecules studied here show constant column density ratios across low- and high-mass protostars with scatter less than a factor ~3 around the mean.Conclusions.The constant column density ratios point to a common formation environment of complex organics or their precursors, most likely in the pre-stellar ices. The scatter around the mean of the ratios, although small, varies depending on the species considered. This spread can either have a physical origin (source structure, line or dust optical depth) or a chemical one. Formamide is most prone to the physical effects as it is tracing the closest regions to the protostars, whereas such effects are small for other species. Assuming that all molecules form in the pre-stellar ices, the scatter variations could be explained by differences in lifetimes or physical conditions of the pre-stellar clouds. If the pre-stellar lifetimes are the main factor, they should be similar for low- and high-mass protostars (within factors ~2–3).
Roboterassistierte Thoraxchirurgie: Ökonomie und Lernkurve an einem High-Volume-Zentrum
Authors: Eichhorn Martin , Rotärmel André , Haag Johannes , Baum Philip , Winter Hauke 
Published: September 2022

ZusammenfassungDie roboterassistierte Thoraxchirurgie (RATS) gewinnt in Europa zunehmend an Bedeutung. Ziel der Studie war es, die Lernkurve und Sicherheit während der Etablierung eines RATS-Programms an
einem High-Volume-Zentrum zu analysieren und die Kosten des Operationsverfahrens darzustellen. In einem Zeitraum von 33 Monaten wurden 255 Patienten prospektiv in die Studie eingeschlossen
und alle perioperativen Prozesszeiten sowie Komplikationen erfasst. In 46% erfolgten Mediastinaleingriffe, in 38% anatomische Lungenresektionen, in 7% Keilresektionen und 6%
Zwerchfellraffungen. Die mittlere OP-Zeit betrug 130 min, die Gesamtverweildauer 7 Tage. Die Konversionsrate lag bei 3,2%, die 30-Tage-Mortalität bei 1,2%. Die durchschnittlichen
OP-Materialkosten pro Eingriff betrugen 2039 €, der mittlere DRG-Erlös 9568 €. Zusammengefasst kann ein RATS-Programm sehr sicher bei geringer Komplikationsrate und akzeptablen
Materialkosten etabliert werden.
The Epidemiology of Primary Headache Disorders
Authors: Kopel David , Gottschalk Christopher 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDefining the epidemiology of headache disorders is challenging given the prevalence of stigma and other harmful misconceptions about these diseases. Understanding the widespread impact of these disorders is essential when considering social and policy interventions to mitigate that impact. Tension-type headache is still widely considered the most common primary headache disorder, but population-based estimates of its prevalence vary widely. Migraine remains the most common headache disorder in patients who present for clinical care. Prevalence estimates have remained fairly stable over the last two decades (1-year period prevalence, United States: 18% of women and 6% of men). Recent studies indicate that people who identify as American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) have the highest migraine prevalence of any ethnic group surveyed, particularly among AI/AN men (15% vs. <10%). Studies in the United States also show an inverse relationship between income level and migraine incidence and prevalence, particularly for chronic migraine; factors mediating this relationship are difficult to define. There are many diseases comorbid with migraine, more so with migraine with aura. The burden of migraine is enormous: the Global Burden of Disease study indicates migraine is the number 1 cause of disability in women younger than 50 years and the number 2 or 3 cause of disability worldwide. Further study is needed into underdiagnosis, undertreatment, and persistent stigma associated with headache disorders, especially in underserved communities. Stakeholders including patients, providers, and governing bodies are affected by the results of epidemiologic studies and should all have a role in crafting and evaluating thoughtful and relevant questions and hypotheses in this field.
Na2CO3-Mediated [3+3] Annulation Reaction of Substituted Benzamidines with 2-Benzylidenemalononitriles: Access to Substituted Pyrimidine-4,6-diamines
Authors: Wang Cunde , Wu Chengjun , Bian Xiaoqin , Wang Lizhong , Zhang Yue 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAn efficient protocol for the synthesis of 2-aryl-5-benzyl­pyrimidine-4,6-diamines from readily available substituted 2-benzyl­idenemalononitriles and substituted benzamidines was developed. This practical protocol provides high value pyrimidine-4,6-diamines in moderate to good yields under simple reaction conditions. This approach also enables some modifications of structurally complex bioactive molecules and exhibits potential applications in medicinal chemistry.
Recent Developments in the Electroreductive Functionalization of Carbon–Halogen Bonds
Authors: Mahanty Kingshuk , Halder Atreyee , Maiti Debabrata , De Sarkar Suman 
Published: September 2022

AbstractElectrochemical organic transformations have witnessed significant progress over the past decades owing to their idiosyncratic redox nature. Electrochemistry is globally acknowledged for its sustainability and environmental friendliness, whilst several well-known redox processes are available that do not generate chemical waste or toxic by-products. Apart from this, electrochemistry has adequate potential to steer numerous non-spontaneous reactions, such as cross-coupling, C–C bond cleavage, radical generation, directed C–H functionalization, etc., in a straightforward manner. Beyond electrochemical oxidation reactions, electrochemical reductive transformations have also been enriched in the last few years. Electrochemical reduction can be facilitated by using different strategies, for example, by using a sacrificial electrode or a sacrificial reagent, or can be accomplished in a divided cell. In this short review, different methods for the functionalization of C–halogen bonds, including detailed mechanistic approaches, are discussed.1	Introduction2	Different Strategies for Electrochemical Reduction3	Functionalization of Carbon–Halogen Bonds through Electrochemical Reduction3.1 E	lectroreductive Hydrodehalogenation3.2	Electroreductive C–C Coupling of Organohalides3.2.1	Aryl–Aryl C–C Coupling3.2.2	Aryl–Alkenyl C–C Coupling3.2.3	Aryl–Alkyl C–C Coupling3.2.4	Alkyl–Alkenyl C–C Coupling3.2.5	Alkyl–Alkyl C–C Coupling3.3	Electroreductive Coupling of Organohalides with Carbonyls (C=O)3.4	Electroreductive Coupling of Organohalides with Organoboranes4	Conclusion
Systematic Review of Definitions and Outcome Measures for Postoperative Ileus and Return of Bowel Function after Abdominal Surgery in Children
Authors: Eeftinck Schattenkerk Laurens D. , Shirinskiy Igor J. , Musters Gijsbert D. , de Jonge Wouter J. , de Vries Ralph , van Heurn L.W. Ernest , Derikx Joep P.M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis review aims to objectify which definitions and outcome measures are used for the return of bowel function and postoperative ileus in children. PubMed and Embase were systematically searched from inception to December 17, 2020. Prospective studies conducted in children (aged 0–18 years) undergoing gastrointestinal surgery which reported on definitions and/or outcome measures for post-operative ileus or return of bowel function were evaluated. Definitions and outcome measures were extracted. From 4,027 references, 71 articles were included. From the 17 articles mentioning postoperative ileus, 8 (47%) provided a definition. In total, 34 outcome measures were used and 12 were unique. “Abdominal distension” was the most reported (41%) measure. In 41%, the outcome measures only described the return of gastric motility, while 18% described the return of intestinal motility. The return of bowel function was mentioned in 67 articles, none provided a definition. In total, 133 outcome measures were used and 37 were unique. Time to oral intake was the most reported (14%) measure. In 49%, the outcome measures only described the return of gastric motility, while 10% described the return of intestinal motility. High variation in definitions and outcome measures has limited the generalizability of research into postoperative bowel function in children. Without standardization, it will be impossible to compare research results and evaluate treatments. In children, the return of gastric motility seemingly should get more focus compared to adults. Therefore, we believe that a definition of postoperative ileus with an accompanying core outcome set, developed by a multidisciplinary team, specifically for children is required.
Nodules, Navigation, Robotic Bronchoscopy, and Real-Time Imaging
Authors: Manley Christopher J. , Pritchett Michael A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe process of detection, diagnosis, and management of lung nodules is complex due to the heterogeneity of lung pathology and a relatively low malignancy rate. Technological advances in bronchoscopy have led to less-invasive diagnostic procedures and advances in imaging technology have helped to improve nodule localization and biopsy confirmation. Future research is required to determine which modality or combination of complimentary modalities is best suited for safe, accurate, and cost-effective management of lung nodules.
Internal Spermatic Vein to Superficial Epigastric Vein Microsurgical Bypass in Varicocele Treatment
Authors: Papes Dino , Cavar Stanko , Sabolic Ivana , Pasini Miram , Jurca Ivana , Antabak Anko , Luetic Tomislav 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Introduction Identification and preservation of testicular artery and lymphatic vessels during microsurgical varicocelectomy can be tedious if adhered encompassing venous network is encountered. A venous bypass from internal spermatic to saphenous or inferior epigastric vein, that have been described for varicocele treatment, may be used in such situations. This paper describes a simplified modification of the venous bypass technique that reroutes the testicular blood to the superficial epigastric vein, which can easily be found in the incisional wound. Surgical technique and anastomotic patency test are described, and indications and results are discussed.
Materials and Methods During 2020 and 2021, 32 adolescent patients underwent microsurgical varicocelectomy. In eight patients additional microsurgical testicular vein-superficial epigastric vein microvascular bypass was done. The indication for bypass was difficult identification of testicular artery and/or lymphatic vessels due to adhered venous plexus.
Results Varicocele resolution was noted in all eight patients with clinical and/or semen analysis improvement. There were no complications or recurrences. Average length of procedure was 65 minutes. All patients were discharged within 24 hours and no antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy was used.
Conclusion Testicular vein to superficial epigastric vein anastomosis is a useful and simplified venous bypass technique that reroutes the blood from the pampiniform plexus to the femoral vein. It can be done as an adjunct to microsurgical varicocelectomy in selected patients through a standard incision.
Application of Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System in Evaluation of Urinary Bladder Cancer Using Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Hospital-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Gupta Rahul , Mahajan Manik , Sharma Poonam , Bhardwaj Subhash , Gupta Vikrant , Mahajan Arti 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mp-MRI) of urinary bladder (UB) is a novel imaging to predict detrusor muscle invasion in Bladder cancer (BC). The Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS) was introduced in 2018 to standardize the reporting of BC with mp-MRI and to diagnose muscle invasion. This study was performed to evaluate the role of mp-MRI using VI-RADS to predict muscle invasive BC.
Methods This prospective study was carried from June 2020 to May 2021 in a tertiary care institute. Thirty-six patients with untreated BC underwent mp-MRI followed by transuretheral resection of the tumor (TURBT). Mp-MRI findings were evaluated by two radiologists and BC was categorized according to VI-RADS scoring system. Resected tumors along with separate biopsy from the base were reported by two pathologists. Histopathological findings were compared with VI-RADS score and the performance of VI-RADS for determining detrusor muscle invasion was analyzed.
Results VI-RADS scores of 4 and 5 were assigned to 9 (25%) and 15 (41.7%) cases, respectively, while 4 (13.3%) cases had VI-RADS score 3 on mp-MRI. VI-RADS 1 and 2 lesions were observed in six (16.7%) and two (5.5%) cases, respectively. On histopathology, 23 cases (63.9%) had muscle-invasive cancer and 13 cases (36.1%) had non–muscle-invasive cancer. The sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of mp-MRI in predicting muscle invasive BC was 95.6 and 80.6%, respectively.
Conclusion Mp-MRI has high sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy in predicting muscle invasive BC and should be advocated for evaluation of BC prior to surgery.
Cosmetic Outcomes of Supraorbital Keyhole Craniotomy Via Eyebrow Incision: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Robinow Zoe M. , Peterson Catherine , Riestenberg Robert , Waldau Ben , Yu Nina , Shahlaie Kiarash 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackground Supraorbital eyebrow craniotomy is a minimally invasive alternative to a frontotemporal craniotomy and is often used for tumor and vascular pathologies. The purpose of this study was to investigate how patient cosmetic outcomes are affected by technique variations of this approach.Methods PubMed, Embase, and Scopus databases were systematically searched, and results were reported according to PRISMA guidelines. For the meta-analysis portion, the DerSimonian–Laird random effects model was used, and the primary end points were patient satisfaction and percentage of permanent cosmetic complications.Results A total of 2,629 manuscripts were identified. Of those, 124 studies (8,241 surgical cases) met the inclusion criteria. Overall, 93.04 ± 11.93% of patients reported favorable cosmetic outcome following supraorbital craniotomy, and mean number of cases with permanent cosmetic complications was 6.62 ± 12.53%. We found that vascular cases are associated with more favorable cosmetic outcomes than tumor cases (p = 0.0001). Addition of orbital osteotomy or use of a drain is associated with adverse cosmetic outcomes (p = 0.001 and p = 0.0001, respectively). The location of incision, size of craniotomy, utilization of an endoscope, method of cranial reconstruction, skin closure, use of antibiotics, and addition of pressure dressing did not significantly impact cosmetic outcomes (p > 0.05 for all).Conclusions Supraorbital craniotomy is a minimally invasive technique associated with generally high favorable cosmetic outcomes. While certain techniques used in supraorbital keyhole approach do not pose significant cosmetic risks, utilization of an orbital osteotomy and the addition of a drain correlate with unfavorable cosmetic outcomes.
Intracranial Hemorrhages in Neonates: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Treatment
Authors: Andersson Nadine G. , Kenet Gili 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHemostasis is a dynamic process that starts in utero. Neonates, especially those who are born preterm, are at high risk of bleeding. The coagulation system evolves with age, and the decreased levels of coagulation factors along with hypo-reactive platelets are counterbalanced with increased activity of von Willebrand factor, high hematocrit and mean corpuscular volume as well as low levels of coagulation inhibitors that promote hemostasis. Neonates with congenital bleeding disorders such as hemophilia are at even higher risk of bleeding complications. This review will focus upon one of the most devastating complications associated with neonatal bleeding: intracranial hemorrhages (ICH). While etiology may be multifactorial and impacted by maternal as well as fetal risk factors, the mode of delivery certainly plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ICH. We will address prematurity and congenital bleeding disorders such as hemophilia A and B and other rare bleeding disorders as risk factors and present an updated approach for treatment and possible prevention.
Aldosterone-Secreting Large Oncocytic Neoplasm of the Adrenal Gland with Borderline Potential
Authors: Alshaheen Maher , Das Krishanu , Jean Mary , Safadi Mhd Firas 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAdrenal oncocytomas are rare tumors that are mostly benign and non-functional although they may be hormonally active and can exhibit a borderline or malignant potential. We present a case of a 40-year-old female patient with known hypertension who presented with abdominal discomfort. Radiologic investigations showed a large mass on the left adrenal gland. In the hormonal study, an aldosterone-secreting tumor was identified. After laparoscopic resection, the histological assessment of the 12-cm mass showed an oncocytic neoplasm with borderline characteristics. The laboratory results returned to normal and the hypertensive disease improved. The patient was doing well after 14 months of follow-up. This is the seventh documented case of aldosterone-secreting oncocytoma, the first borderline tumor of this type, and the largest reported tumor so far.
Evaluation of Tetrofosmin Cold Kit Fractionation Using Alternative New Method of Quality Control for Testing Radiochemical Purity
Authors: Bhatia Nisha , Vatsa Rakhee , Dhingra Vandana K. , Dhawan Devinder Kumar , Chadha Vijayta Dani 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is to establish a method for the fractionation of tetrofosmin cold kit under different storage conditions and to optimize an alternate chromatography method from the reference method to test radiochemical purity (RCP).
Materials and Methods Tetrofosmin cold kit vial was fractionated aseptically in six equal fractions and stored in vials and syringes. To test the stability of the reconstituted solution for a longer duration, the mother vials and syringes were stored at two different temperatures, that is, at 4°C and at −20°C till further used. Radiolabeling of fractionated tetrofosmin was performed as per the standard labeling protocol. Radionuclide purity, radioassay, and pH were tested. Radiolabeling efficiency and RCP were determined by paper chromatography.
Results Radionuclide purity of eluate was greater than 99.9%. The pH of technetium-99m (Tc-99m) eluate and Tc-99m tetrofosmin was between 4.5–7.5 and 7.5–9.5, respectively. The deviation in the radioactivity during all measurements was less than 1%. The kits fractioned in glass vials resulted in higher radiolabeling yield and RCP as compared with kits fractionated in syringes. The RCP of glass vial versus syringe was observed to be greater than 95 versus 90% and 95 versus 80% at −20°C and 4°C, respectively.
Conclusion Tetrofosmin kit can be used in a cost-effective manner by fractionation. One tetrofosmin vial can be used in six fractions for up to 15 days when stored at −20°C and 4°C freezer temperature. The alternative method to check the RCP of Tc-99m tetrofosmin is safer and less time consuming as compared with the reference method.
Bandgap engineering in BP/PtO2 van der Waals (vdW) hetero-bilayer using first-principles study
Authors: Alam Minhazul , Hasan Khan Md. Sakib , Islam Md. Rafiqul , Hasan Md. Tanvir 
Published: September 2022

Based on the motivation of the recent advancement of the van der Waals heterostructure (vdW HBL), we have studied the tunable optoelectronic properties of the two-dimensional (2D) boron phosphide–platinum di-oxide (BP/PtO2) heterostructure using dispersion corrected density functional theory (DFT). Six different stackings are considered to stack the 2D BP upon 2D PtO2 and are tested through DFT. Phonon spectra and binding energy calculation validate the dynamical and chemical stability of the constructed heterostructures. It is found that HBL1, HBL3, and HBL4 have type-II indirect band gaps of 0.001, 0.027, and 0.021 eV, respectively whereas the other HBLs 2, 4, and 5 show a semiconductor–metal transition. The variation in the interlayer distances, cross-plane electric field, and biaxial strain can effectively tune the bandgap, although type-II band alignment remains unaffected in all cases. A large built-in electric field, of ∼15 eV in electrostatic potential between the 2D structures and type-II band alignment of the HBL, suggests efficient separation of charges in all the HBLs. The bandgaps are highly responsive to the interlayer distances, electric field, and biaxial strain in the HBL. It is found that the bandgap increases under the application of compressive strain and an external electric field along the negative z-direction up to −0.4 V/Å. Interestingly, a semiconductor–metal transition occurs for tensile strain and the external electric field along the positive z-direction. All HBLs have efficient optical absorption in the visible and UV portions of the solar spectra, which is highly anticipated for optoelectronics applications. These unrivaled properties of the vdW BP/PtO2 HBL that we have explored make them a promising candidate for nano-electronic devices and infrared detector applications.
Quantum chemical and experimental thermodynamic studies of HfO(g)
Authors: Bauschlicher Charles W. , Kowalski Benjamin A. , Jacobson Nathan S. 
Published: September 2022

Hafnium dioxide vaporizes primarily to HfO(g) in a reducing environment. The thermochemistry of HfO(g) is calculated from quantum methods and measured via Knudsen effusion mass spectrometry. For the computations, all-electron and relativistic effective core potential calculations are used. The calculation of an accurate dissociation energy and an entire potential energy curve is reported. These calculations lead to ΔfH°(298) = 63.19 ± 10 kJ/mol, S°(298) = 235.52 J/mol K, and Cp(298–2500 K) = (2.741 × 10−9)T3 − (9.853 × 10−6)T2 + (1.295 × 10−2)T + 2.761 × 10−1 J/mol K. Experimentally, HfO(g) is generated from the reaction of Hf(s) and HfO2(s) in a specially made Hf Knudsen cell. A third law treatment of the data leads to ΔfH°(298) of 58.4 ± 12.3 kJ/mol, in good agreement with the calculated value.