bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlates of Self‐Directed Behaviour in Wild White‐Faced Capuchins
Authors: Manson Joseph H. , Perry Susan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractElevated rates of self‐directed behaviour (SDB) such as self‐scratching and autogrooming have been widely used in recent years as an indicator of anxiety in catarrhine primates. This study presents the first examination of correlates of SDB rates in a platyrrhine primate. Subjects were 8 wild female white‐faced capuchins at Lomas Barbudal, Costa Rica, who were observed for 119 h of focal individual follows. The subjects performed significantly more self‐scratching and autogrooming while in close proximity to conspecifics than while alone, irrespective of whether the neighbour was dominant or subordinate to them. This result was attributable to elevated SDB rates during the 30 s preceding and following allogrooming bouts. Furthermore, subjects engaged in more SDB while in proximity to females (a) that were closer to them in dominance rank and (b) with whom they spent a larger proportion of their time in proximity. Self‐directed behaviour rates after conflicts did not differ from non‐postconflict rates. Nor were SDB rates above baseline levels during the 30 s before subjects descended to the ground. These results may provide support for the view that SDB rates index anxiety in this species, if grooming decisions signal individuals' current allegiances and are therefore a source of anxiety, even if being groomed is, itself, relaxing. Postconflict preparation for further aggression may mitigate against scratching and autogrooming in a fast‐moving arboreal species.
The incidence of lower‐pole nephrolithiasis — increasing or not?
Authors: Cass  , Grine  , Jenkins J.McK. , Jordan  , Mobley  , Myers  
Published: July 2002

Objective To determine if the incidence of lower‐pole nephrolithiasis is increasing.Methods A previously published meta‐analysis of trends in the location of stones in the kidney, using data from 1984 to 1992, determined the percentage of lower pole stones in 26 722 kidney stones treated by extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL). We performed prospective studies on all patients treated by ESWL for a single renal stone (not manipulated from the ureter) in two organizations; at Lithotripters Inc., 47 303 stones were treated with ESWL by 1000 urologists in private practice from 1989 to 1995. At the Midwest Urologic Stone Unit, 9357 stones were treated with ESWL by 200 urologists in private practice from 1987 to 1995. The distribution of stones in both samples was compared with that reported earlier.Results The meta‐analysis for stone location trends from the previously published article suggested that the percentage of kidney stones in the lower pole at ESWL increased erratically from 1984 to 1989 but was then stable for 3 years. The Lithotripters Inc. sample showed an essentially constant incidence from 28% in 1990 to 30% in 1995, and the Midwest Urologic Stone Unit sample showed an essentially constant incidence from 35% in 1988 to 36% in 1995.Conclusion The incidence of lower pole nephrolithiasis has remained stable from 1990.
Long‐term treatment with desmopressin in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis: an open multicentre study
Authors: HJÄlmÅS  , Hanson  , HellstrÖM  , Kruse  , SillÉN on behalf of the Swedish Enuresis Trial (Sweet) Group  
Published: July 2002

Objective To study the long‐term efficacy and safety of desmopressin treatment in children with primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.Patients and methods Children (aged 6–12 years) with nocturnal enuresis were recruited into an open multicentre trial. All children underwent an observation period of 4 weeks before starting a 6‐week dose‐titration period with desmopressin. If the number of wet nights decreased by more than half during medication, they began long‐term treatment on 20–40 μg desmopressin. To test for cure and avoid overtreatment, the medication was interrupted for one week every third month.Results Of the 399 children forming the intention‐to‐treat cohort, 245 halved their number of wet nights and started long‐term treatment. During the periods off medication, 77 children were dry and at the end of the study another 73 (still on medication) reduced the number of wet nights to ≤10% of that during the observation period. A further 51 children halved the number of wet nights compared with the observation period. No serious adverse events occurred.Conclusion Long‐term treatment with nasal desmopressin at a main dose of 40 μg is an effective and safe treatment for monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis.
Urinary Incontinence Treatment Preferences in Long‐Term Care
Authors: Johnson Theodore M. , Ouslander Joseph G. , Uman Gwen C. , Schnelle John F. 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVE: To elicit preferences for different urinary incontinence (UI) treatments in long‐term care (LTC) from groups likely to serve as proxy decision makers for LTC residents.DESIGN: A descriptive, comparative study of preference for UI treatments of frail older adults, family members of nursing home (NH) residents, and LTC nursing staff. Surveys were mailed to families and self‐administered by staff. Older adults were interviewed.SETTING: Four LTC facilities and two residential‐care facilities in Los Angeles.PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred and three family members of incontinent NH residents were mailed surveys. Sixty‐six nursing staff caring for these incontinent residents and 79 older adult residents of care facilities (nine cognitively intact NH respondents and 70 residential care residents) answered surveys.MEASUREMENTS: Preference rankings between seven paired combinations of five different UI treatments were measured on an 11‐point visual analog scale, with the verbal anchors “definitely prefer” this treatment, “probably prefer” this treatment, and “uncertain.” Respondents gave open‐ended comments as well.RESULTS: Forty‐two percent of family members (171/403) returned the mailed survey. Of all respondents, 85%“definitely” or “probably” preferred diapers, and 77%“definitely” or “probably” preferred prompted voiding (PV) to indwelling catheterization. Respondent groups occasionally differed significantly in their preferences. In choosing between treatment pairs using a visual analogue scale, nurses preferred PV to diapers significantly more than did older adults or families (both of whom preferred diapers) (F (2,295) = 13.11, P < .0001). Older adults, compared with family and nurse respondents, showed a significantly stronger preference for medications over diapers (F (2,296) = 41.54, P < .0001). In open‐ended responses, older adults stated that they would choose a UI treatment based in part upon criteria of feeling dry, being natural, not causing embarrassment, being easy, and not resulting in dependence. Nurses said that they would base their choice of UI treatment upon increasing self‐esteem and avoiding infection.CONCLUSIONS: Although there was wide variation within and between groups about preferred UI treatment, most respondents preferred noninvasive strategies (diapers and PV) to invasive strategies (indwelling catheters and electrical stimulation). Older adults preferred to a greater degree medications and electrical stimulation, therapies directed at the underlying cause of UI. Despite data documenting that diapering is a less time intensive way to manage UI and that toileting programs are difficult to maintain in LTC, nurses viewed PV as “natural” and strongly preferred it to diapering. Several family members and older adults viewed PV as “embarrassing” and “fostering dependence.” These data highlight the need to elicit preferences for UI treatment among LTC residents and their families.
The harmonic force field of benzene. A local density functional study
Authors: Bérces Attila , Ziegler Tom 
Published: July 2002

The harmonic force field of benzene has been calculated by a method based on local density functional theory (LDF). The calculations were carried out employing a triple zeta basis set with triple polarization on hydrogen and double polarization on carbon. The LDF force field was compared to the empirical field due to Ozkabak, Goodman, and Thakur [A. G. Ozkabak, L. Goodman, and S. N. Thakur, J. Phys. Chem. 95, 9044 (1991)], which has served as a benchmark for theoretical calculations as well as the theoretical field based on scaled Hartree–Fock ab initio calculation due to Pulay, Fogarasi, and Boggs [P. Pulay, G. Fogarasi, and J. E. Boggs, J. Chem. Phys. 74, 3999 (1981)]. The calculated LDF force field is in excellent qualitative and very good quantitative agreement with the theoretical field proposed by Pulay, Fogarasi, and Boggs as well as the empirical field due to Ozkabak, Goodman, and Thakur. The LDF field is closest to the values of Pulay and co-workers in those cases where the force constants due to Pulay, Fogarasi, and Boggs and to Ozkabak, Goodman, and Thakur differ in sign or magnitude.
The accuracy of the LDF force field was investigated by evaluating a number of eigenvalue and eigenfunction dependent quantities from the the LDF force constants. The quantities under investigation include vibrational frequencies of seven isotopomers, isotopic shifts, as well as absorption intensities. The calculations were performed at both theoretical optimized and approximate equilibrium reference geometries. The predicted frequencies are usually within 1%–2% compared to the empirical harmonic frequencies. The least accurate frequency deviates by 5% from the experimental value. The average deviations from the empirical harmonic frequencies of C6H6 and C6D6 are 16.7 cm−1 (1.5%) and 15.2 cm−1 (1.7%), respectively, not including CH stretching frequencies, in the case where a theoretical reference geometry was used. The accuracy of the out-of-plane force field is especially remarkable; the average deviations for the C6H6 and C6D6 frequencies, based on the LDF force field, are 9.4 cm−1 (1.2%) and 7.3 cm−1 (1.2%), respectively. The absorption intensities were not predicted as accurately as it was expected based on the size of the basis set applied. An analysis is provided to ensure that the force constants are not significantly affected by numerical errors due to the numerical integration scheme employed.
In search of the wage‐labour/service contract: new evidence on the validity of the Goldthorpe class schema
Authors: Evans Geoffrey , Mills Colin 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTIn this paper we examine new empirical evidence on the coherence and magnitude of the main classes in the Goldthorpe class schema. Particular attention is paid to issues that have recently been a source of academic dispute: the coherence and size of the service class and the distinction between the service class and intermediate classes. Using recently available British data collected by the Office for National Statistics we examine: (i) the extent to which measures of class‐relevant job characteristics are empirically discriminated by the categories of the schema; (ii) the structure of a ‘contract type’ dimension of employment relations conceived of as a categorical latent variable; and (iii) the association between this latent variable and both the Goldthorpe class schema and a related measure–socio‐economic group (SEG). We find that the data are consistent with the existence of a three category latent ‘contract type’ variable largely corresponding to the notions of service, intermediate and wage‐labour contracts explicit in discussions of the theoretical rationale for the Goldthorpe schema. We further find a substantial degree of fit between the latent ‘contract types’ and the schema. However, the service class fault line appears to lie within class I and II of the schema rather than between them and the intermediate classes which suggests a revised, smaller service class would better capture the reality of the contemporary British occupational structure.
Buprenorphine dosing regime in the management of out‐patient heroin withdrawal
Authors: LINTZERIS NICHOLAS 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study aimed to establish a buprenorphine regime suitable for the short‐ter m management of out‐patient heroin withdrawal using an open‐label, single‐group case series. Eighteen dependent injecting heroin users underwent an 8‐day withdrawal episode with supervised dosing of sublingual Subutex tablets. Buprenorphine doses were titrated daily over a 5‐day period. Fifteen subjects (83%) completed the 5‐day regime, and 14 (78%) completed the 8‐day withdrawal episode. The mean doses ((SD) were 6.1 (1.2) mg on day 1; 9.6 (1.7) mg on day 2; 10.1 (1.9) mg on day 3; 8.9 (2.0) mg on day 4; 4.1 (1.5) mg on day 5; and a total regime dose of 38.9 (5.8) mg. Withdrawal severity was mild, with minimal rebound upon the cessation of dosing. Five subjects reported no heroin use, and five subjects reported using on only one occasion during the 8 days. An out‐patient buprenorphine regime is recommended.
Age of Onset as a Discriminator Between Alcoholic Subtypes in a Treatment‐Seeking Outpatient Population
Authors: Johnson Bankole A. , Cloninger C. Robert , Roache John D. , Bordnick Patrick S. , Ruiz Pedro 
Published: July 2002

Subtyping alcoholics may provide a more accurate guide as to the course and character of the disease. Classifications of different ages of onset of problem drinking have so far resulted in categorical inconsistencies. In the past, hospital‐based alcoholics have over‐represented those most severely ill, and comprehensive evaluations of psychopathology for discriminating between alcoholic subtypes have been infrequent. In a heterogeneous treatment‐seeking, outpatient, alcoholic population, we tested the hypothesis that age of onset represents a continuum of disease, and that greater severity of psychopathology is associated with lower ages of onset.Using a standard questionnaire, 253 male and female treatment‐seeking alcoholics were stratified according to specific ages of onset: a) <20 years; b) 20–25 years, and c) >25 years. These age of onset groups were compared on alcohol severity and craving, family history, childhood behavior, personality, hostility, overt aggression, mood, and social functioning.Symptom severity and age of onset were negatively correlated, and the 20–25‐year onset group usually had intermediate scores. The <20 year onset group was characterized by greater severity of alcohol‐related problems, family history, childhood behavioral problems, craving, hostility, antisocial traits, mood disturbance, and poor social functioning.Alcoholics with an earlier age of onset have relatively greater psychopathology than those of later onset. While the preponderance of psychopathology among those in the <20‐year onset group could be conceptualized as a clinical “subtype,” such a characterization would not define an entirely homogenous category. Yet, this clinical characterization would be clinically important if specific age of onset levels were found to be differentially sensitive to pharmacological and/or psychological treatments.
The cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) is not affected in German i.v. drug users
Authors: Heller D. , Schneider U. , Seifert J. , Cimander K. F. , Stuhrmann M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate a possible contribution of the cannabinoid receptor gene (CNR1) to the development of i.v. drug addiction. Allele and genotype frequencies of a previously associated flanking triplet repeat polymorphism were compared between patients and controls, and the whole coding region of the CNR1 gene of all patients were screened for presence of mutations. The study took place at the Addiction Treatment Unit of the Medical School Hannover, and two outpatients departments in Hannover, Germany. Forty German unrelated opioid addicts (27 males and 13 females; mean age 37.9 years; range 16–53 years), took part, all of them satisfying ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV diagnostic criteria for opioid dependence and 81 age‐ and sex‐matched controls (German blood donors). Measurements used were lengths of alleles, genotyping and single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis. Neither the ≥ 5 alleles of the extragenic triplet repeat (AAT) marker nor the alleles of an intragenic biallelic CNR1 polymorphism (1359G/A) were associated with i.v. drug use in our study group. In addition, we did not detect any sequence variation within the CNR1 gene which could confer susceptibility to i.v. drug abuse. In contrast to previous investigations, we found no evidence for an involvement of the CNR1 gene in i.v. drug addiction.
Group Training In Communication Skills For Carers Of Adults With Aphasia
Authors: Booth Susan , Swabey Donna 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study describes a communication skills group programme for four carers of adults with aphasia that ran once a week for 6 consecutive weeks. The content of the group was based on an approach previously not described in the literature in any detail. Conversation analysis (CA) was used to guide individualized advice that was incorporated into the group by the use of written advice sheets. Intervention was motivated by the results of a newly developed assessment tool‐the Conversation Analysis Profile for People with Aphasia (CAPPA)‐and a quantitative and qualitative analysis of collaborative repair. The CAPPA utilizes the methodology of conversation analysis (CA) as a means of both characterizing and comparing the relationship between the carers' perception of the aphasia and what is occurring in natural conversation. During the group, accurate perceptions and strategies that minimized the disruption to the conversation were reinforced, while inaccurate perceptions and strategies that appeared to impede interaction were discouraged. The use of the CAPPA results and a quantitative/qualitative analysis of repair management to measure change pre‐ and post‐group was explored. The post‐intervention analyses examined three questions in particular: (1) did the carers demonstrate more accurate perceptions of their relatives' aphasia?; (2) did the carers report a decrease in the problem severity of the aphasia?; and (3) was there a change in the time taken to repair a trouble source and was this attributable to a change in the management of repair by the carer? The study was essentially an investigation of whether this type of approach was beneficial to the carers involved. The results suggested that focusing on individualized advice and targeting conversation management in the group setting was a useful way of providing advice to carers. Furthermore, the CAPPA and a quantitative/qualitative analysis of repair management seem to have the potential for motivating the individualized advice and measuring the effectiveness of an intervention.
Significance of the Grb2 and Son of Sevenless (Sos) Proteins in Human Bladder Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Watanabe Takafumi , Shinohara Nobuo , Moriya Kimihiko , Sazawa Ataru , Kobayashi Yoshiyasu , Ogiso Yoshifumi , Takiguchi Mitsuyoshi , Yasuda Jun , Koyanagi Tomohiko , Kuzumaki Noboru , Hashimoto Akira 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor has been suggested to have an important role in tumor initiation and progression of human bladder cancers. Grb2 protein, which is the downstream effector of the EGF receptor, acts as an adaptor protein between the EGF receptor and the Ras guanine‐nucleotide exchange factor, son of sevenless (Sos) protein. Sos protein regulates the action of Ras protein by promoting the exchange of GDP for GTP . However, the significance of Grb2 and Sos proteins, which is related to EGF‐triggered Ras activation, has not been elucidated in human bladder cancer. The aim of the present study is to clarify the significance of these proteins in human bladder cancer cell lines. In the present study, we used four human bladder cancer cell lines (T24, KU‐7, UMUC‐2, UMUC‐6) and two kinds of cultured normal urothelial cells (HMKU‐1, HMKU‐2) isolated from patients with no malignancy. We examined the expression of EGF receptor, Grb2, and Sos proteins in these cells by Western blot analysis. Furthermore, the bladder cancer cell lines were subjected to sequence analysis to identify a point mutation in the c‐H‐ras gene at codon 12. There was no marked difference in the expression of the EGF receptor between human bladder cancer cell lines and cultured normal urothelial cells. On the other hand, expression of Grb2 and Sos proteins was substantially increased in all human bladder cancer cell lines examined in comparison with cultured normal urothelial cells, whether codon 12 of H‐ras was mutated or not. These results suggest that the amplification of both Grb2 and SOS proteins plays an important role in the carcinogenesis of human bladder cancer.
Replicon Clusters Are Stable Units of Chromosome Structure: Evidence That Nuclear Organization Contributes to the Efficient Activation and Propagation of S Phase in Human Cells
Authors: Jackson Dean A. , Pombo Ana 
Published: July 2002

In proliferating cells, DNA synthesis must be performed with extreme precision. We show that groups of replicons, labeled together as replicon clusters, form stable units of chromosome structure. HeLa cells were labeled with 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) at different times of S phase. At the onset of S phase, clusters of replicons were activated in each of ∼750 replication sites. The majority of these replication “foci” were shown to be individual replicon clusters that remained together, as stable cohorts, throughout the following 15 cell cycles. In individual cells, the same replication foci were labeled with BrdU and 5-iododeoxyuridine at the beginning of different cell cycles. In DNA fibers, 95% of replicons in replicon clusters that were labeled at the beginning of one S phase were also labeled at the beginning of the next. This shows that a subset of origins are activated both reliably and efficiently in different cycles.
The majority of replication forks activated at the onset of S phase terminated 45–60 min later. During this interval, secondary replicon clusters became active. However, while the activation of early replicons is synchronized at the onset of S phase, different secondary clusters were activated at different times. Nevertheless, replication foci pulse labeled during any short interval of S phase were stable for many cell cycles. We propose that the coordinated replication of related groups of replicons, that form stable replicon clusters, contributes to the efficient activation and propagation of S phase in mammalian cells.
Dynein Is a Transient Kinetochore Component Whose Binding Is Regulated by Microtubule Attachment, Not Tension
Authors: King Jennifer M. , Hays Tom S. , Nicklas R. Bruce 
Published: July 2002

Cytoplasmic dynein is the only known kinetochore protein capable of driving chromosome movement toward spindle poles. In grasshopper spermatocytes, dynein immunofluorescence staining is bright at prometaphase kinetochores and dimmer at metaphase kinetochores. We have determined that these differences in staining intensity reflect differences in amounts of dynein associated with the kinetochore. Metaphase kinetochores regain bright dynein staining if they are detached from spindle microtubules by micromanipulation and kept detached for 10 min. We show that this increase in dynein staining is not caused by the retraction or unmasking of dynein upon detachment. Thus, dynein genuinely is a transient component of spermatocyte kinetochores.
We further show that microtubule attachment, not tension, regulates dynein localization at kinetochores. Dynein binding is extremely sensitive to the presence of microtubules: fewer than half the normal number of kinetochore microtubules leads to the loss of most kinetochoric dynein. As a result, the bulk of the dynein leaves the kinetochore very early in mitosis, soon after the kinetochores begin to attach to microtubules. The possible functions of this dynein fraction are therefore limited to the initial attachment and movement of chromosomes and/or to a role in the mitotic checkpoint.