bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wheeler’s delayed-choice experiment based on Rydberg atoms
Authors: Ye Gen-Sheng , Xu Biao , Kuang Feng-Yuan , Liu Hao-Xiang , Shi Shuai , Ma Yiqiu , Li Lin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The delayed choice gedanken-experiment initially proposed by J A Wheeler reveals the nontrivial features of wave–particle duality in quantum world, that is, the choice of whether to observe the particle/wave character of a quantum system at a delayed time can affect its evolution history. In this work, the Wheeler’s delayed-choice experiment is conducted and tested in a new regime based on a Rydberg-ground level atomic Mach–Zehnder interferometer with optical coherent manipulation. Our quantum system exhibits an excellent single-excitation of the collective atomic state due to the Rydberg blockade effect, and the delayed choice of the interferometer configuration is realized by a quantum random number generator based on high-quality Rydberg single-photon source. Our experimental results demonstrate the Wheeler’s nontrivial time order inversion in this quantum system and confirm the Copenhagen interpretation of the physical reality of quantum state, which means the particle/wave character can only be ascribed to a quantum system when it was measured. This work is encouraging toward testing the foundations of quantum mechanics using the Rydberg atoms.
The Associations of Dietary Copper With Cognitive Outcomes
Authors: Wei Jingkai , Gianattasio Kan Z , Bennett Erin E , Stewart James D , Xu Xiaohui , Park Eun Sug , Smith Richard L , Ying Qi , Whitsel Eric A , Power Melinda C 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Dietary copper intake may be associated with cognitive decline and dementia. We used data from 10,269 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risks in Communities Study to study the associations of dietary copper intake with 20-year cognitive decline and incident dementia. Dietary copper intake from food and supplements was quantified using food frequency questionnaires. Cognition was assessed using 3 cognitive tests at study visits; dementia was ascertained at study visits and via surveillance. Multiple imputation by chained equations was applied to account for the missing information of cognitive function during follow-up. Survival analysis with parametric models and mixed-effect models were used to estimate the associations for incident dementia and cognitive decline, respectively. During 20 years of follow-up (1996–1998 to 2016–2017), 1,862 incident cases of dementia occurred. Higher intake of dietary copper from food was associated with higher risk of incident dementia among those with high intake of saturated fat (hazard ratio = 1.49, 95% confidence interval: 1.04, 1.95). Higher intake of dietary copper from food was associated with greater decline in language overall (beta = −0.12, 95% confidence interval: −0.23, −0.02). Therefore, a diet high in copper, particularly when combined with a diet high in saturated fat, may increase the risk of cognitive impairment.
Bimodal frequency distribution as a criterion for dimorphism in male rhinoceros beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)
Authors: Packard Gary C 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBateson & Brindley (1892) reported that males of the rhinoceros beetle Xylotrupes gideon are dimorphic (i.e. occurring in two distinct forms) with respect to size of the prominent cephalic horn. This claim was based on a comparison of frequency distributions for size of the horn (bimodal) and size of the body (unimodal). Bateson and Brindley did not realize, however, that a bivariate plot of horn length against body size follows a steep, S-shaped trajectory, or that steepness of such a curve—and not dimorphism—underlies the bimodal frequency distribution for size of the horn. The bivariate distribution for horn size vs. body size is continuous and without breaks or interruptions, so the beetles merely exhibit a pattern of allometric variation that went unrecognized at the time. Other species of dynastine beetle also display patterns of sigmoid allometry, but only those with the steepest slopes for the allometric curve also have bimodal frequency distributions for size of the horn. The concept of male dimorphism in X. gideon and other dynastine beetles needs to be reconsidered in the light of findings reported here and elsewhere.
Assessment of the triangle test methodology for determining umami discrimination status
Authors: Hartley Isabella , Orellana Liliana , Liem Djin Gie , Keast Russell 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The prototypical stimuli for umami taste is monosodium glutamate (MSG), which is the sodium salt form of glutamic acid. A proportion of the population has a reduced or complete inability to taste l-glutamate independent to the sodium ion. To determine individuals’ umami discrimination status, many studies use a series of triangle tests containing isomolar (29 mM) sodium chloride (NaCl) and MSG, requiring participants to correctly identify the odd sample. Across studies, inconsistent categorization criteria have been applied. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal classification criterion based on the number of tests assessed to ascertain an individual’s ability to discriminate between MSG and NaCl. Thirty-eight participants attended 3 taste assessment sessions, each involving 24 triangle tests (2 blocks of 12 tests) containing 29 mM NaCl and 29 mM MSG, detection and recognition threshold were measured for MSG, monopotassium glutamate (MPG), and sweet (sucrose) tastes. There was no learning, or fatigue trend over n = 24 (P = 0.228), and n = 12 (P = 0.940) triangle tests across each testing session. Twenty-four triangle tests produced the most consistent categorization of tasters across sessions (68.4%). The test–retest correlation across each testing session was highest for n = 24 triangle tests (ICC = 0.50), in comparison to 12 (ICC = 0.37). Overall, conducting n = 24 compared with n = 12 triangle tests provided the optimal classification to determine an individual’s ability to discriminate l-glutamate from NaCl and thus their umami discrimination status, based on the number of tests assessed in this study.
Efficacy and Safety of Switching to the 2-Drug Regimen Dolutegravir/Lamivudine Versus Continuing a 3- or 4-Drug Regimen for Maintaining Virologic Suppression in Adults Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1): Week 48 Results From the Phase 3, Noninferiority SALSA Randomized Trial
Authors: Llibre Josep M , Brites Carlos , Cheng Chien-Yu , Osiyemi Olayemi , Galera Carlos , Hocqueloux Laurent , Maggiolo Franco , Degen Olaf , Taylor Stephen , Blair Elizabeth , Man Choy , Wynne Brian , Oyee James , Underwood Mark , Curtis Lloyd , Bontempo Gilda , van Wyk Jean 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundIn TANGO, switching to dolutegravir/lamivudine (DTG/3TC) demonstrated long-term noninferior efficacy vs continuing tenofovir alafenamide–based regimens in treatment-experienced adults with HIV-1. The phase 3 SALSA study evaluated efficacy and safety of switching to DTG/3TC compared with continuing various 3-/4-drug current antiretroviral regimens (CARs).MethodsAdults with HIV-1 RNA &lt;50 copies/mL and no previous virologic failure were randomized (1:1, stratified by baseline third agent class) to switch to once-daily fixed-dose combination DTG/3TC or continue CAR (primary endpoint: proportion of participants with HIV-1 RNA ≥50 copies/mL at week 48; Snapshot, intention-to-treat–exposed population, 5% noninferiority margin).ResultsOverall, 493 adults (39% women; 39% aged ≥50 years; 19% African American/African heritage; 14% Asian) were randomized to switch to DTG/3TC (n = 246) or continue CAR (n = 247). At week 48, 1 (0.4%) participant in the DTG/3TC group and 3 (1.2%) in the CAR group had HIV-1 RNA ≥50 copies/mL (Snapshot), demonstrating noninferiority (adjusted difference, −0.8%; 95% CI, −2.4%, .8%). Zero participants met confirmed virologic withdrawal criteria; therefore, no resistance testing was performed. Drug-related adverse events were more frequent with DTG/3TC (20%) than CAR (6%) through week 48 but comparable post–week 24 (5% vs 2%, respectively). Proximal tubular renal function and bone turnover biomarkers improved with DTG/3TC. Both groups had generally minimal changes in lipids and inflammatory biomarkers.ConclusionsSwitching to DTG/3TC was noninferior to continuing CAR for maintaining virologic suppression at week 48 with no observed resistance, supporting the efficacy, good safety, and high barrier to resistance of DTG/3TC.Clinical Trials Registrationwww.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04021290.
Global Epidemiology of Human Infections With Variant Influenza Viruses, 1959–2021: A Descriptive Study
Authors: Chen Xinghui , Wang Wei , Qin Ying , Zou Junyi , Yu Hongjie 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Although human case numbers of variant influenza viruses have increased worldwide, the epidemiology of human cases and human-to-human transmissibility of different variant viruses remain uncertain.

Methods
We used descriptive statistics to summarize the epidemiologic characteristics of variant virus infections. The hospitalization rate, case-fatality, and hospitalization-fatality risks were used to assess disease severity. Transmissibility of variant viruses between humans was determined by the effective reproductive number (Re) and probability of infection following exposure to human cases.

Results
We identified 707 naturally infected cases of variant viruses from 1959 to 2021, and their spatiotemporal/demographic characteristics changed across subtypes. The clinical severity of cases of variant viruses was generally mild; patients older than 18 years with underlying conditions were associated with hospitalization. Of 69 clusters of human infections with variant viruses (median cluster size: 2), the upper limit of Re was 0.09 (H1N1v, H1N2v, and H3N2v: 0.20 vs 0.18 vs 0.05), whereas it was not significantly different from the pooled estimates for avian influenza A(H7N9) and A(H5N1) viruses (0.10). Moreover, contacts of H5N1 cases (15.7%) had a significantly higher probability of infection than contacts of individuals with H7N9 (4.2%) and variant virus infections (4.2%–7.2%).

Conclusions
The epidemiology of cases of variant viruses varied across time periods, geographical regions, and subtypes during 1959–2021. The transmissibility of different variant viruses between humans remains limited. However, given the continuous evolution of viruses and the rapidly evolving epidemiology of cases of variant viruses, improving the surveillance systems for human variant virus infections is needed worldwide.
Probable Animal-to-Human Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta Variant AY.127 Causing a Pet Shop-Related Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Jasper Fuk Woo , Siu Gilman Kit Hang , Yuan Shuofeng , Ip Jonathan Daniel , Cai Jian Piao , Chu Allen Wing Ho , Chan Wan Mui , Abdullah Syed Muhammad Umer , Luo Cuiting , Chan Brian Pui Chun , Yuen Terrence Tsz Tai , Chen Lin Lei , Chik Kenn Ka Heng , Liang Ronghui , Cao Hehe , Poon Vincent Kwok Man , Chan Chris Chung Sing , Leung Kit Hang , Tam Anthony Raymond , Tsang Owen Tak Yin , Chan Jacky Man Chun , To Wing Kin , Lam Bosco Hoi Shiu , Lee Lam Kwong , Lo Hazel Wing Hei , Wong Ivan Tak Fai , Leung Jake Siu Lun , Wong Evelyn Yin Kwan , Chu Hin , Yip Cyril Chik Yan , Cheng Vincent Chi Chung , Chan Kwok Hung , Tse Herman , Lung David Christopher , Ng Kenneth Ho Leung , Au Albert Ka Wing , Hung Ivan Fan Ngai , Yuen Kwok Yung , To Kelvin Kai Wang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can infect human and other mammals, including hamsters. Syrian (Mesocricetus auratus) and dwarf (Phodopus sp.) hamsters are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the laboratory setting. However, pet shop-related Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreaks have not been reported.

Methods
We conducted an investigation of a pet shop-related COVID-19 outbreak due to Delta variant AY.127 involving at least 3 patients in Hong Kong. We tested samples collected from the patients, environment, and hamsters linked to this outbreak and performed whole genome sequencing analysis of the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)-positive samples.

Results
The patients included a pet shop keeper (Patient 1), a female customer of the pet shop (Patient 2), and the husband of Patient 2 (Patient 3). Investigation showed that 17.2% (5/29) and 25.5% (13/51) environmental specimens collected from the pet shop and its related warehouse, respectively, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-PCR. Among euthanized hamsters randomly collected from the storehouse, 3% (3/100) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-PCR and seropositive for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody by enzyme immunoassay. Whole genome analysis showed that although all genomes from the outbreak belonged to the Delta variant AY.127, there were at least 3 nucleotide differences among the genomes from different patients and the hamster cages. Genomic analysis suggests that multiple strains have emerged within the hamster population, and these different strains have likely transmitted to human either via direct contact or via the environment.

Conclusions
Our study demonstrated probable hamster-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2. As pet trading is common around the world, this can represent a route of international spread of this pandemic virus.
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Placental Infection Is Associated With Massive Perivillous Fibrin Deposition at the Maternal-Fetal Interface: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Kotiloglu-Karaa Esin , Kele Beatrix , Kulasegaran-Shylini Raghavendran , Broad Claire E , Owoyemi Dola , Martin Joanne , MacPhail Graham , Iliodromiti Stamatina , Riddell Anna , Alexander Eliza , Cutino-Moguel Teresa 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We observed an increased frequency of massive perivillous fibrin deposition (MPFD) during the second coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic wave dominated by the Alpha variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). MPFD associated with 100% reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) positivity for SARS-CoV-2 and detection by immunohistochemistry. The Alpha variant was identified in all placentas with MPFD that could be sequenced.
How Generalizable Are Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia? A Description of the Mortality Gap Between RCTs and Observational Studies
Authors: Bai Anthony D , Lo Carson K L , Komorowski Adam S , Suresh Mallika , Guo Kevin , Garg Akhil , Tandon Pranav , Senecal Julien , Del Corpo Olivier , Stefanova Isabella , Fogarty Clare , Butler-Laporte Guillaume , McDonald Emily G , Cheng Matthew P , Morris Andrew M , Loeb Mark , Lee Todd C 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia, mortality rates in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are consistently lower than observational studies. Stringent eligibility criteria and omission of early deaths in RCTs contribute to this mortality gap. Clinicians should acknowledge the possibility of a lower treatment effect when applying RCT results to bedside care.
Physiological acclimation of elk during population restoration in the Missouri Ozarks, USA
Authors: Pero Ellen M , Chitwood M Colter , Hildreth Aaron M , Keller Barbara J , Millspaugh Rami J , Sumners Jason A , Hansen Lonnie P , Isabelle Jason L , Breuner Creagh W , Millspaugh Joshua J 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Conservation translocations—the intentional movement of animals to restore populations—have increased over the past 30 years to halt and reverse species declines and losses. However, there are many challenges translocated animals face that should be considered for restoration programs to be successful. Understanding how long it takes for translocated animals to acclimate to these challenges and their new landscape is a critical component of post-release population management. Physiological measures such as hormone responses are increasingly used to assess animal responses and acclimation to disturbances including translocation. We determined the physiological acclimation period of elk (Cervus canadensis) translocated to the Missouri Ozarks, USA, as part of a restoration effort. From 2011 to 2013, we translocated 108 GPS-radio-collared elk from Kentucky, USA, to Missouri, USA, and collected faecal samples for glucocorticoid metabolite extraction to use as an indicator of physiological acclimation. We modelled the response of population-wide faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCMs) across the initial 9 years of the restoration in response to days following release and additional site-specific covariates. Presence of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) hunts and monthly precipitation levels were positively and negatively associated with fGCM levels, respectively. Concurrent with influences from site-specific conditions on the release landscape, fGCM levels declined following release. We identified a breakpoint in fGCM decline at ~42 days following translocation releases suggesting elk acclimated physiologically relatively quickly compared to other species. The fast physiological acclimation by Missouri elk suggests effective use of temporary post-release management efforts. Determining how quickly animals acclimate following translocations allows researchers to tailor post-release management plans to each species’ needs, thus maximizing the success of future translocation efforts while minimizing costs.
Poverty, Inequality Statistics and Knowledge Politics Under Thatcher
Authors: Römer Felix 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
It is common knowledge that, under the premiership of Margaret Thatcher, economic inequality and poverty in the United Kingdom rose dramatically, but it is often overlooked that during the 1980s knowledge about movements in poverty and inequality was much less certain and was subject to political battles over statistical policies, measurements and figures. This article connects the historiography on Thatcherism to the growing scholarship on the politics of statistics. Based on recently declassified government records and other archival and published sources, it explores government interventions in official statistics and their impact on public discourse on issues of economic inequality. The Thatcher government endeavoured to transform the social-democratic knowledge regime inherited from the 1970s by cutting back existing statistical series on income and wealth distribution and by gearing the low income statistics towards the concept of absolute poverty, as favoured by the New Right. Moreover, the government made extensive use of statistical artefacts for government public relations purposes, including controversial claims about substantial rises in the real incomes of the poorest under Thatcher. The article traces how ministers and civil servants used statistical knowledge to promote narratives about the success of Thatcher’s policies and the trickle-down effect, complementing recent research about government public relations and Thatcherite efforts to recast social discourse. It argues that knowledge politics were employed to marginalise issues of economic inequality and to defuse opposition against market-driven reforms.
Results of emergency salvage lung resection after chemo- and/or radiotherapy among patients with lung cancer
Authors: Hino Haruaki , Utsumi Takahiro , Maru Natsumi , Matsui Hiroshi , Taniguchi Yohei , Saito Tomohito , Tsuta Koji , Murakawa Tomohiro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
This study aimed to elucidate the outcomes of emergency salvage surgery following life-threatening events (serious haemorrhage and/or infections) among patients with lung cancer who had undergone chemo- and/or radiotherapy.

Materials and Methods
We analysed the data of patient from 2015 to 2020, retrospectively. The clinical characteristics, including preoperative treatment, perioperative outcomes and survival time, were analysed.

RESULTS
Of the 862 patients who underwent primary lung cancer surgeries, 10 (1.2%) underwent emergency surgeries. The preoperative clinical characteristics were: median age, 63.7 years [interquartile range (IQR) 55–70.5]; sex (male/female), 9/1; clinical staging before initial treatment (I/II/III/IV), 1/1/3/5; initial treatment (chemoradiotherapy/chemotherapy/proton beam therapy), 5/4/1; and indications for emergency surgery (lung abscess/lung abscess with haemoptysis/haemoptysis/empyema), 5/3/1/1. The selected procedures and results were as follows: lobectomy/bilobectomy/pneumonectomy, 8/1/1 (all open thoracotomies); median operation time, 191.0 min (IQR 151–279); median blood loss, 1071.5 ml (IQR 540–1691.5); postoperative severe complications, 3 (30%); hospital mortality, none; median postoperative hospital stay, 37 days (12–125); control of infection and/or haemoptysis, all the cases; final outcome (alive/dead), 3/7 (all the cancer deaths); median postoperative survival, 9.4 months (IQR 4.3–20.4); and median survival from initial treatment, 19.4 months (IQR 8.0–66.9).

CONCLUSIONS
Emergency salvage lung resection is a technically challenging procedure; however, the results were feasible and acceptable when the surgical indication, procedure and optimal timing were considered carefully by a multidisciplinary team. Although the aim was palliation, some patients who received additional chemotherapy afterwards and, thus, had additional survival time.
Exposure to source-specific air pollution and risk for type 2 diabetes: a nationwide study covering Denmark
Authors: Sørensen Mette , Poulsen Aslak H , Hvidtfeldt Ulla A , Frohn Lise M , Ketzel Matthias , Christensen Jesper H , Brandt Jørgen , Geels Camilla , Raaschou-Nielsen Ole 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundOnly few epidemiological studies have investigated whether chronic exposure to air pollution from different sources have different impacts on risk of diabetes. We aimed to investigate associations between air pollution from traffic versus non-traffic sources and risk of type 2 diabetes in the Danish population.MethodsWe estimated long-term exposure to traffic and non-traffic contributions of particulate matter with a diameter &lt;2.5 µg (PM2.5), elemental carbon (EC), ultrafine particles (UFP) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for all persons living in Denmark for the period 2005–17. In total, 2.6 million persons aged &gt;35 years were included, of whom 148 020 developed type 2 diabetes during follow-up. We applied Cox proportional hazards models for analyses, using 5-year time-weighted running means of air pollution and adjustment for individual- and area-level demographic and socioeconomic covariates.ResultsWe found that 5-year exposure to all particle measures (PM2.5, UFP and EC) and NO2 were associated with higher type 2 diabetes risk. We observed that for UFP, EC and potentially PM2.5, the pollution originating from traffic was associated with higher risks than the non-traffic contributions, whereas for NO2 similar hazard ratios (HR) were observed. For example, in two-source models, hazard ratios (HRs) per interquartile change in traffic UFP, EC and PM2.5 were 1.025, 1.045 and 1.036, respectively, whereas for non-traffic UFP, EC and PM2.5, the HRs were 1.013, 1.018 and 1.001, respectively.ConclusionsOur finding of stronger associations with particulate matter from traffic compared with non-traffic sources implies that prevention strategies should focus on limiting traffic-related particulate matter air pollution.