bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic was associated with higher levels of everyday altruism
Authors: Vieira Joana B. , Pierzchajlo Stephen , Jangard Simon , Marsh Abigail A. , Olsson Andreas 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPrior laboratory research has suggested that humans may become more prosocial in stressful or threatening situations, but it is unknown whether the link between prosociality and defense generalizes to real-life. Here, we examined the association between defensive responses to a real-world threat (the COVID-19 pandemic) and everyday altruism. Four independent samples of 150 (N = 600) US residents were recruited online at 4 different timepoints, and self-report measures of perceived COVID-19 threat, defensive emotions (e.g., stress and anxiety), and everyday altruism were collected. Our operationalization of defensive emotions was inspired by the threat imminence framework, an ecological model of how humans and animals respond to varying levels of threat. We found that perceived COVID-19 threat was associated with higher levels of everyday altruism (assessed by the Self-report Altruism scale). Importantly, there was a robust association between experiencing acute anxiety and high physiological arousal during the pandemic (responses typically characteristic of higher perceived threat imminence), and propensity to engage in everyday altruism. Non-significant or negative associations were found with less acute defensive responses like stress. These findings support a real-life relation between defensive and altruistic motivation in humans, which may be modulated by perceived threat imminence.
Phosphorylation in liquid sulfur dioxide under prebiotically plausible conditions
Authors: Sydow Constanze , Seiband Christiane , Siegle Alexander F. , Trapp Oliver 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn nature, organophosphates provide key functions such as information storage and transport, structural tasks, and energy transfer. Since condensations are unfavourable in water and nucleophilic attack at phosphate is kinetically inhibited, various abiogenesis hypotheses for the formation of organophosphate are discussed. Recently, the application of phosphites as phosphorylation agent showed promising results. However, elevated temperatures and additional reaction steps are required to obtain organophosphates. Here we show that in liquid sulfur dioxide, which acts as solvent and oxidant, efficient organophosphate formation is enabled. Phosphorous acid yields up to 32.6% 5′ nucleoside monophosphate, 3.6% 5′ nucleoside diphosphate, and the formation of nucleoside triphosphates and dinucleotides in a single reaction step at room temperature. In addition to the phosphorylation of organic compounds, we observed diserine formation. Thus, we suggest volcanic environments as reaction sites for biopolymer formation on Early Earth. Because of the simple recyclability of sulfur dioxide, the reaction is also interesting for synthesis chemistry.
In-situ loading experiments reveal how the subsurface affects coastal marsh survival
Authors: Zoccarato Claudia , Minderhoud Philip S. J. , Zorzan Paolo , Tosi Luigi , Bergamasco Alessandro , Girardi Veronica , Simonini Paolo , Cavallina Chiara , Cosma Marta , Da Lio Cristina , Donnici Sandra , Teatini Pietro 
Published: November 2022

AbstractOver the past decades coastal marshes around the world have declined dramatically. Their deterioration is controlled by scarcity of sediments, erosion and accelerated rise of relative sea-level. The feedbacks between these processes control marsh evolution and determine their long-term survivability. Aggradation of a marsh to keep pace with relative sea-level rise mainly depends on the interplay between sedimentation and autocompaction, but their interactions are severely understudied. Here we present an in-situ loading experiment applied in the Venice Lagoon, Italy, to assess long-term autocompaction, with subsurface displacements and pressure monitored during loading cycles, up to ∼40 kN applied on a ∼4 m2 surface. Two identical experiments carried out in inorganic and organic soil-dominated marshes provided unique insights on the spatio-temporal subsurface dynamics. The large differences in behavior and maximum compaction (6 vs 32 mm) underscore the crucial role of autocompaction and soil heterogeneity when predicting the fate of coastal marshes worldwide.
Diné Bizaad at a Glance
Authors: Henderson Davis E. 
Published: November 2022

Purpose:
The American Speech-Language-Hearing Association requires speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to be aware of language disorders versus language differences. SLPs are likely to provide clinical services to Navajo and other Native American children with communication disorders. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to educate SLPs who work with Navajo children about Navajo speech and language (phonology, morphology, and syntax).
Design of a Low temperature cofired ceramic wideband WideScan antenna array for millimetre‐wave applications
Authors: Zhu Fuguo , Wang Yuefei , Zhang Jinping , Sun Lei , Zhou Zhipeng , Gao Steven 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe design, fabrication, and measurement of a 7 × 7 mm‐wave array antenna have been presented for 5G communications. The substrate integrated waveguide (SIW)‐fed antenna element is formed of four parts: a rectangular radiating patch, a coupling slot cut onto the broadwall of the SIW, a transition layer, and a feeding layer at the bottom. The bandwidth and radiation efficiency has been improved by embedding an air cavity below the radiating patch, as the effective dielectric constant of the substrate is reduced. Moreover, a prototype has been fabricated and measured to verify the design principles. The finite array operating over 23–28 GHz has achieved active voltage standing wave ratios of less than 2 and 2.5 in the E‐ and H‐planes while scanning up to 45° respectively. Compared with the theoretical ideal gain, the average gain drop of the measured embedded element gain is 0.73dB.
A high‐precision frequency estimation algorithm based on multi‐segment signal fusion
Authors: Liu Kang , Liu Wei‐Jian , He Ming‐Hao , Yan Kai , Feng Ming‐Yue , Liu Fei , Yu Xin‐Yi 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAs the current multi‐segment signal fusion algorithms cannot meet the requirement of high‐precision frequency estimation at different signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs), an adaptive fusion algorithm is proposed in this paper. At high SNR, an autocorrelation weighted fusion algorithm is utilised, which adopts the real‐time weighted fusion of multi‐segment autocorrelation signals, resulting in denoised sinusoidal signals. Then the frequency is obtained by minimising the error function based on coarse estimation. At low SNR, an improved spectrum fusion algorithm is adopted, which uses the three‐parameter sine‐fitting method to determine the phase difference compensation factor, and the multi‐segment signal spectrum is weighted to obtain a long signal spectrum with continuous phase. As a result, the frequency can be estimated by spectral peak search. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm, compared with existing algorithms, not only improves the estimation accuracy by about 20%–50% but also can perform high‐precision frequency estimation for multi‐segment signals of different lengths, frequencies, and abnormal situations.
Merkel-Zell-Karzinome des Oberlides mit ungewöhnlichem klinischem Erscheinungsbild
Authors: Roschinski Benjamin , Werner Martin , Mittelviefhaus Hans , Auw-Hädrich Claudia 
Published: November 2022

ZusammenfassungDas Merkel-Zell-Karzinom (MZK) ist ein seltener, aggressiver neuroendokriner Hauttumor, der vor allem in der sonnenexponierten Kopf-Hals-Region, jedoch kaum im Lidbereich auftritt. Die frühe lymphogene Ausbreitung führt häufig zu lokoregionalen Metastasen, weswegen eine frühe Diagnosestellung entscheidend ist. Klassischerweise stellt sich ein periokuläres MZK als rötlich-livider Knoten bei älteren Patienten dar, eine Blickdiagnose. In Anbetracht der geringen Inzidenz und des variablen Erscheinungsbildes kann die Diagnose jedoch auch eine Herausforderung darstellen. In den beiden hier vorgestellten Fällen präsentierte sich das MZK als eine hautfarbene Schwellung. Bei Patientin 1 zeigte der Tumor eine teils tiefe subaponeurotische Lokalisation und täuschte histopathologisch ein B-Zell-Lymphom vor, während er bei Patient 2 klinisch ein diffuses Chalazion imitierte. Nach immunhistochemischer Charakterisierung und Ausschluss von Metastasen wurden die initial klinisch benigne erscheinenden Veränderungen beider Patienten als CK20-negatives MZK klassifiziert. Die ausgedehnten Oberliddefekte wurden durch eine Cutler-Beard-Plastik gedeckt, bei Patientin 1 angesichts der Oculus-unicus-Situation eine besondere Herausforderung. Unsere beiden Fälle zeigen, dass Merkel-Zell-Karzinome sich nicht nur als tiefrote kirschförmige Tumoren manifestieren, sondern bei atypischer Lage bzw. Infiltrationsform hautfarben erscheinen und benigne Veränderungen vortäuschen können.
Long-Term Maternal Metabolic and Cardiovascular Phenotypes after a Pregnancy Complicated by Mild Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Obesity
Authors: Battarbee Ashley N. , Mele Lisa , Landon Mark B. , Varner Michael W. , Casey Brian M. , Reddy Uma M. , Wapner Ronald J. , Rouse Dwight J. , Thorp John M. , Chien Edward K. , Saade George , Plunkett Beth A. , Blackwell Sean C. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network
Published: November 2022

Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of mild gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and obesity with metabolic and cardiovascular markers 5 to 10 years after pregnancy.
Study Design This was a secondary analysis of 5- to 10-year follow-up study of a mild GDM treatment trial and concurrent observational cohort of participants ineligible for the trial with abnormal 1-hour glucose challenge test only. Participants with 2-hour glucose tolerance test at follow-up were included. The primary exposures were mild GDM and obesity. The outcomes were insulinogenic index (IGI), 1/homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and cardiovascular markers vascular endothelial growth factor, (VEGF), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), cluster
of differentiation 40 ligand (CD40L), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), and suppression of tumorgenesis 2 (ST-2). Multivariable linear regression estimated the association of GDM and obesity with biomarkers.
Results Of 951 participants in the parent study, 642 (68%) were included. Lower 1/HOMA-IR were observed in treated and untreated GDM groups, compared with non-GDM (mean differences, −0.24 and −0.15; 95% confidence intervals [CIs], −0.36 to −0.12 and −0.28 to −0.03, respectively). Lower VCAM-1 (angiogenesis) was observed in treated GDM group (mean difference, −0.11; 95% CI, −0.19 to −0.03). GDM was not associated with IGI or other biomarkers. Obesity was associated with lower 1/HOMA-IR (mean difference, −0.42; 95% CI, −0.52 to −0.32), but not other biomarkers.
Conclusion Prior GDM and obesity are associated with more insulin resistance but not insulin secretion or consistent cardiovascular dysfunction 5 to 10 years after delivery.
Key Points
Practical One-Pot Synthesis of 4,6-Bis(hetero)aryl- and 4-(Hetero) aryl-6-methyl-substituted 1,3,5-Triazin-2-amines
Authors: Paveglio Guilherme C. , Casagrande Gleison A. , Pizzuti Lucas , Calheiros Laís C. , Moura Sidnei , Back Davi F. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTwo series of 4,6-disubstituted 1,3,5-triazin-2-amines were prepared by cesium carbonate-promoted cotrimerization of aromatic nitriles with guanidine and the reaction of (hetero)aryl nitriles with N-acetylguanidine. The first series of 4,6-bis(hetero)aryl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amines was synthesized in yields of 56–85% by adapting a traditional approach that starts from readily available substrates but requires strong and hard-to-handle bases as well as presents serious scope limitations. In this line, the method developed here used a mild base and overcame the scope limitation for p-substituted benzonitrile with electron-releasing group. The second series of 4-(hetero)aryl-6-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-amines comprises unsymmetrically substituted symmetrical triazines, which were synthesized in yields of 58–75%. In summary, this work highlighted a synthetic method, which tolerates broad range of substrates, including o- and p-substituted benzonitriles as well as heteroaromatic nitriles.
Catalytic Benzannulation Reactions of Enynones for Accessing Heterocycle-Incorporating Diarylmethanes
Authors: Li Guigen , Jiang Bo , Wang Jia-Yin , Hao Wen-Juan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTwo catalytic benzannulation/1,4-addition cascades of available enynones with indoles or tetronic acid-derived enamino lactones as C-nucleophiles are reported, producing 53 examples of heterocycle-incorporating diarylmethanes with moderate to excellent yields. The combination of AgOTf and Sc(OTf)3 permits bimetallic synergistic catalysis of the reaction of enynones with indoles to access 35 triarylmethanes in generally good yields with ortho-naphthoquinone methides, generated in situ, as the key intermediates. Exchanging indoles for tetronic acid-derived enamino lactones resulted in 18 diarylmethanes by the Ag-catalyzed benzannulation/1,4-addition cascade. Both reactions are advantageous for their high atom utilization and mild reaction conditions, providing intriguing complementary approaches for the direct syntheses of new heterocycle-containing diarylmethanes.
Incidence and Malignancy Rates in Thyroid Nodules in North-East Indian Population by Bethesda System: A Single Institutional Experience of 3 Years
Authors: Chakraborty Suvamoy , Balakrishnan Manu C. , Raphael Vandana , Tamuli Prachurya , Deka Anuradha 
Published: November 2022

Introduction Goiter is one of the most common conditions encountered clinically (up to 60% of population) with thyroid malignancy being one of the most common endocrine malignancies. The American Thyroid Association has advocated the need for validation of the Bethesda system of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in each center. The risk of malignancy (ROM) for Bethesda categories in the Indian population is limited.
Objective As there are variations in the effectiveness of FNAC, this study aims to study the role of FNAC in evaluating thyroid nodules, estimating the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules in the North-East Indian population, and correlating the FNAC findings with HPE (histopathological examination).
Materials and Methods A total of 110 patients with thyroid nodules had visited the Department of Otorhinolaryngology during 2017–2020. Case records were retrieved, out of which only 66 patients had both FNAC and HPE reports. The FNAC of 66 patients were studied.
Statistical Analysis Data were analyzed using STATA V14. Fischer's exact test was used to determine the association of Bethesda system in diagnosing thyroid malignancy. The percentage agreement between the FNAC and HPE was calculated using the Kappa statistics. The diagnostic validity of FNAC in the diagnosis of malignant thyroid nodule was reported.
Results The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of FNAC in diagnosing thyroid malignancy were 52%, 94.3%, 89%, and 69% respectively. The risk of malignancy (ROM) for Bethesda I to VI categories in our study was 20%, 25%, 67%, 40%, 78%, and 100% respectively (p-value < 0.001, Fischer's exact test).
Conclusion A specificity of 94.3% and PPV of 89% of FNAC makes it a good reliable tool in ruling in malignancy in our population. The higher ROM in indeterminate categories necessitates the need to consider thyroidectomy with or without intraoperative frozen section analysis in our population. Similar higher ROM has been reported in a few other Indian studies. These findings may suggest an increased ROM for Bethesda categories III and IV in the Indian population; however, the statement needs further validation from large multicentric studies with research to find the reason for the increased risk.
Portable diagnostic package for Thomson scattering and optical emission spectroscopy on Princeton field-reversed configuration 2 (PFRC 2)
Authors: Kafle N. , Elliott D. , Berlinger B. , He Z. , Cohen S. , Zhang Z. , Biewer T. M. 
Published: November 2022

An Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy funded diagnostic system has been deployed to the Princeton field-reversed configuration 2 (PFRC-2) device, located at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. The Portable Diagnostic Package (PDP), designed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, allows for the measurement of Thomson Scattering (TS) for electron density and temperature and Optical Emission Spectroscopy (OES) for ion temperature, impurity density, and ion velocity. A tunable spectrometer on the PDP with three gratings provides the flexibility to measure low (1 eV) and high (1000 eV) electron temperature ranges from TS. Additionally, using a second spectrometer, the OES diagnostic can survey light emission from various ion excitation levels for wide wavelength ranges. The electron density (&lt;2 × 1019 m−3) of plasmas generated in PFRC-2 has been below the PDP TS discrimination threshold, which has made TS signal detection challenging against a high-background of laser stray light. The laser stray light was iteratively reduced by making modifications to the entrance and exit geometry on PFRC-2. Rayleigh scattering experiments on PFRC have yielded the TS discrimination sensitivity to be &gt;1 × 1020 m−3 for the PDP. A recently implemented narrow-band notch spectral filter that masks the second harmonic 532 nm Nd:YAG laser wavelength has increased the system’s TS light discrimination sensitivity 65 times compared to the instance when the notch filter was not implemented. The hardware implementation including design changes to the flight tubes and Brewster windows will be discussed, along with results from Rayleigh and rotational Raman scattering sensitivity analyses, which were used to establish a quantitative figure of merit on the system performance. The Raman scattering calibration with the notch filter has improved the PDP electron density threshold to 1 ± 0.5 × 1018 m−3.
The rise of phase-out as a critical decarbonisation approach: a systematic review
Authors: Trencher Gregory , Rinscheid Adrian , Rosenbloom Daniel , Truong Nhi 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
‘Phase-out’ is increasingly mobilised in research and policymaking as an approach to catalyse the gradual decline of technologies, substances and practices that compromise environmental sustainability objectives. This trend is particularly pronounced in the context of climate change, demonstrated by the accumulation of a vast body of scholarship over multiple decades. Our work provides the first systematic review of the state of this knowledge, mapping out how phase-out is studied and employed as a policy tool for mitigating climate change. We systematically review over 400 publications, spanning three decades (1990–2021) and diverse scientific fields. Our review asks: how has scholarly work discussed phase-out as an approach to mitigate climate change, and how has this changed over time? We tackle this question from five perspectives: (a) elements targeted by phase-outs, (b) policy instruments, (c) affected industries, (d) geographic context, and (e) benefits besides climate change mitigation. Results reveal that phase-out has widely proliferated as a decarbonisation approach, developing into a bridging concept that links diverse communities of contemporary science and practice. This is reflected by engagement with manifold phase-out targets—stretching well beyond the usual suspects related to fossil fuels and end-use technologies—as well as discussion of a growing diversity of industries, policy instruments and geographies in the literature. This global proliferation of phase-outs is propelled by expectations of diverse co-benefits. Aside from gains for the environment, economy, society and health, we find widespread acknowledgment that phase-out can drive innovation and systemic change beyond the mere substitution of problematic technologies and materials. Our study also identifies several underdeveloped and underrepresented directions meriting further study. These notably include phase-out activity beyond Europe, North America and China, hard-to-abate industry sectors and non-fossil fuel targets. We conclude by carving out broader implications for scholars and practitioners to inform future research directions and climate mitigation efforts.
Abundance of second order topology in C3 symmetric two-dimensional insulators
Authors: Sødequist Joachim , Petralanda Urko , Olsen Thomas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
We have screened 71 two-dimensional (2D) materials with C
3 symmetry for non-trivial second order topological order and find that 28 compounds exhibit an obstructed atomic limit (OAL). In the case of C
3 symmetry, the second order topology can be calculated from bulk symmetry indicator invariants, which predict the value of fractional corner charges in symmetry conserving nanoflakes. The procedure is exemplified by MoS2 in the H-phase, which constitutes a generic example of a 2D OAL material and the predicted fractional corner charges is verified by direct calculations of nanoflakes with armchair edges. We also determine the bulk topological polarization, which always lead to gapless states at zigzag edges and thus deteriorates the concept of fractional corner charges in nanoflakes with zigzag edges that are typically more stable that armchair flakes. We then consider the case of TiCl2, which has vanishing polarization as well as an OAL and we verify that the edge states of nanoflakes with zigzag edges may indeed by passivated such that the edges remain insulating and the corner charges are well defined. For the 28 OAL materials we find that 16 have vanishing polarization and these materials thus constitute a promising starting point for experimental verification of second order topology in a 2D material.
Shuffle-ResNet: Deep learning for predicting LGG IDH1 mutation from multicenter anatomical MRI sequences
Authors: Safari Mojtaba , Beiki Manjieh , Ameri Ahmad , Toudeshki Saeed Hosseini , Fatemi Ali , Archambault Louis 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackground and Purpose.The world health organization recommended to incorporate gene information such as isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutation status to improve prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of the central nervous system tumors. We proposed our Shuffle Residual Network (Shuffle-ResNet) to predict IDH1 gene mutation status of the low grade glioma (LGG) tumors from multicenter anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences including T2-w, T2-FLAIR, T1-w, and T1-Gd.Methods and Materials.We used 105 patient's dataset available in The Cancer Genome Atlas LGG project where we split them into training and testing datasets. We implemented a random image patch extractor to leverage tumor heterogeneity where about half a million image patches were extracted. RGB dataset were created from image concatenation. We used random channel-shuffle layer in the ResNet architecture to improve the generalization, and, also, a 3-fold cross validation to generalize the network's performance. The early stopping algorithm and learning rate scheduler were employed to automatically halt the training.Results.The early stopping algorithm terminated the training after 131, 106, and 96 epochs in fold 1, 2, and 3. The accuracy and area under the curve (AUC) of the validation dataset were 81.29% (95% CI (79.87, 82.72)) and 0.96 (95% CI (0.92, 0.98)) when we concatenated T2-FLAIR, T1-Gd, and T2-w to produce an RGB dataset. The accuracy and AUC values of the test dataset were 85.7% and 0.943.Conclusions.Our Shuffle-ResNet could predict IDH1 gene mutation status using multicenter MRI. However, its clinical application requires more investigation.