bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study intracanal medicaments
Authors: Meire Maarten A. , van der Waal Suzette V. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn order to ensure predictable decontamination of the root canal system, chemo‐mechanical preparation of the root canal space is sometimes supplemented with the use of intracanal medication. As microbial control of the root canal space is fundamental to the resolution of apical periodontitis, root canal disinfection strategies haven been researched intensively. The use of intracanal medication as a supplementary step to the chemo‐mechanical preparation of the root canal space is one of them. Because of the costs and limitations of clinical research it is relevant and common practice to first evaluate alternative or new root canal disinfection modalities in laboratory studies. This involves the simulation of a root canal infection in a laboratory model, on which different disinfection strategies can be tested. When modelling the infected root canal, different levels of infection can be discriminated: suspended bacteria, microbial biofilms and infected dentine. This review describes the experimental models associated with these infection levels and critically appraises their value and methodological details. Suggestions for relevant research methods and experimental models are given, as well as some good practices for laboratory‐based microbiological studies.
Instrumentation kinematics does not affect bacterial reduction, post‐operative pain, and flare‐ups: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Saber Shehabeldin Mohamed , Alfadag Abdulrahman Mohammed Abdu , Nawar Nawar Naguib , Plotino Gianluca , Hassanien Ehab El‐Sayed 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimThis randomized clinical trial aimed to assess the effect of instrumentation kinematics (reciprocation or continuous rotation) on bacterial reduction, post‐operative pain, and incidence of flare‐ups after root canal treatment of single‐rooted mandibular premolars with asymptomatic apical periodontitis.MethodologySixty‐six patients were included in this prospective, parallel, randomized clinical trial. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups (N = 33) according to the kinematics of the shaping instrument: WaveOne Gold (WO) used in reciprocation or One Shape (OS) used in continuous rotation. Under complete asepsis, bacterial samples were taken before (S1) and after (S2) a standard cleaning and shaping protocol. Evaluation of bacterial reduction was done by both culture technique and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis. Post‐operative pain was evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS) after 24, 48, and 72 h following treatment, while flare‐ups were recorded as a binary outcome (Yes/No). Independent and paired t‐tests were used for inter‐ and intra‐group comparisons for bacterial count data, respectively. For post‐operative pain score, inter‐group comparisons were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U‐test while intra‐group comparisons were analyzed using Friedman test followed by pairwise comparisons utilizing the Wilcoxon signed rank test with Bonferroni correction. The significance level was set at p ≤ .05 within all tests.ResultsAll the allocated participants received the intervention and were analysed. The comparison between culture and qPCR methods showed that qPCR analysis demonstrated significantly higher pre‐instrumentation baseline bacterial count (p < .05). The percentage of bacterial reduction, detected by either method, significantly decreased after instrumentation using either rotation or reciprocation kinematics (p < .05). However, the difference between the WOG or OS files was statistically non‐significant (p > .05). The intra‐group comparisons showed a significant reduction in post‐operative pain with time (p < .05) for both groups. However, the inter‐group comparison demonstrated that the difference in post‐operative pain after the use of either WOG or OS was statistically non‐significant (p > .05). The incidence of flare‐ups between both groups was also not‐significant (p = 1).ConclusionsShaping kinematics, either rotation or reciprocation motions, had no impact on bacterial reduction and the incidence of post‐operative pain and flare‐ups after root canal preparation of single‐rooted premolars with asymptomatic apical periodontitis.
Analysis of the thermal stability and optical properties of KBiFe2O5perovskite obtained by a polymeric precursor method
Authors: Verza Jhonata Rafael , Silva Gislayne Rayane Alves da , Morelli Márcio Raymundo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe solar cells are the most prominent devices to generate energy from sunlight, however, one of the main factors limiting the efficiency of photovoltaic conversion is the recombination of charge carriers in their active layer, which is generated by the inhomogeneity of the material that constitutes this layer. KBiFe2O5is a perovskite with a high potential to be applied in the active layer of photovoltaic devices, however, it suffers from poor homogeneity during its synthesis, which is caused by the volatilization of K and Bi of its composition and, consequently, leads to the formation of secondary phases, which can sequester the charge carriers and decrease the efficiency of photovoltaic conversion. Thus, our objective is to evaluate the homogeneity of the powders obtained by the polymeric precursor method, its thermal stability until the formation of secondary phases, and the optical properties. With elemental mapping, it was possible to verify that the powder obtained was highly homogeneous and the band gap of 1.74 eV is within the optimal range for applications involving sunlight. Thus, it was possible to verify that this synthesis method generates highly homogeneous powders and at the temperatures employed does not undergo volatilization of K and Bi.
Capacity Strengthening: Development and Evaluation of the Training Course “Research Methods for Mental Health in War and Conflict”
Authors: Tamimi Nancy , Kienzler Hanna , Hammoudeh Weeam , Giacaman Rita 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTo address the gap in locally driven mental health capacity strengthening initiatives in the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt), researchers from Birzeit University (BZU) and King's College London (KCL) developed a unique short course focusing on the intersection between methods, mental health, and conflict. The course was delivered in the West Bank at BZU, aiming to strengthen mental health research capacity among local researchers, health professionals and administrators. Twenty‐eight participants from the West Bank and East Jerusalem completed the course. Participants accepted on the course from the Gaza Strip did not receive permission by the Israeli authorities to travel to the West Bank and were thus unable to attend. A pre‐training assessment was completed before the start of the course and identified a gap in participants’ key qualitative and quantitative research skills. The post‐evaluation showed that all participants agreed that their qualitative research skills improved, and the majority agreed that their quantitative research skills improved. Several participants considered the quantitative part too intensive, requiring more training time. The majority of participants were highly satisfied with the course. Our initiative offers a model for strengthening the local research capacity required to tackle the burden of mental illness in conflict‐affected areas. This annual course can be scaled up to other conflict settings.
Predictors of language regression and its association with subsequent communication development in children with autism
Authors: Pickles Andrew , Wright Nicola , Bedford Rachael , Steiman Mandy , Duku Eric , Bennett Teresa , Georgiades Stelios , Kerns Connor M. , Mirenda Pat , Smith Isabel M. , Ungar Wendy J. , Vaillancourt Tracy , Waddell Charlotte , Zaidman‐Zait Anat , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Szatmari Peter , Elsabbagh Mayada ,   Pathways in ASD Study Team
Published: January 2022

BackgroundLanguage regression, broadly defined as the loss of acquired language skills in early childhood, is a distinctive feature of autism. Little is known about the factors underlying regression or the prognosis of children who exhibit regression. We examine potential predictors of language regression and test its association with language development in a prospective longitudinal sample of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from diagnosis to age 10 years.MethodsWe analysed data from Pathways in ASD, a prospective longitudinal study of 421 children enrolled around the time of an autism diagnosis between 2 and 5 years. Autism Diagnostic Interview‐Revised data were available for 408 children, of whom 90 (22%) were classified as having language regression.ResultsDemographic and other health factors including caregiver education, family income, child sex, reported seizures, and age of enrolment did not differ between children with and without language regression. Children with language regression walked earlier and attained first words sooner than those without regression. However, both groups attained phrase speech at comparable ages. Those with regression exhibited greater delays in expressive and receptive communication over the follow‐up period, although this effect was attenuated when accounting for baseline differences in motor and cognitive ability. Overall, those with language regression continued to exhibit expressive but not receptive communication delay compared to those without regression. Communication trajectories were heterogeneous to age 10 years, irrespective of regression status.ConclusionsAlthough language regression can be alarming, our findings confirm that its occurrence does not necessarily foreshadow worse developmental outcomes relative to those without regression. Although a discrepancy in age‐equivalent communication skills may persist, this can be expected to be of less practical importance with rising average levels of skills. Future studies need to account for the significant variability in language trajectories by considering factors beyond developmental regression.
Practitioner Review: Dyadic teacher–child relationships: comparing theories, empirical evidence and implications for practice
Authors: Spilt Jantine L. , Verschueren Karine , Van Minderhout Mirella B. W. M. , Koomen Helma M.Y. 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundResearch on dyadic teacher–child relationships has grown rapidly. However, a review of relevant theories and its implications for assessment and intervention has been lacking so far.MethodsA selective review of theories, empirical evidence and interventions was conducted.Results and ConclusionsDifferent theories highlight distinct aspects of teacher–child relationships and have different implications for assessment and intervention. The attachment perspective on dyadic teacher–child relationships is most widely applied in psychological research. Also relatively well‐known is self‐determination theory. However, the interpersonal theory, though widely applied in educational research to teacher–class interactions, has been largely overlooked in research on dyadic teacher–child relationships. The overarching dyadic systems perspective, providing insight in the dynamic interplay between different aspects of teacher–child relationships, also deserves more attention. Recommendations to improve teacher–child relationships address the need for teacher sensitivity, relationship‐based communication and flexibility in interpersonal behaviour in everyday teaching.
Association between nurses’ experiences of workplace incivility and the culture of safety of hospitals: A cross‐sectional Study
Authors: Alquwez Nahed 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAim and ObjectivesThis article examined the association between workplace incivility experiences of nurses and patient safety (PS) culture in hospitals.BackgroundWorkplace incivility, which is characterised by low‐intensity behaviours with unclear intention to harm and disruption of workplace ambiance of mutual respect, may threaten the work environment, resulting in an unhealthy and unsafe workplace.DesignCross‐sectional study.MethodThis study surveyed 261 nurses in Saudi Arabia from June 2019 to August 2019 using the ‘Hospital Survey of Patients’ Safety Culture’ and the ‘Nurse Incivility Scale’. A multiple linear regression was performed with unit‐ and hospital‐level PS culture as the dependent variables.Results‘Organizational learning–continuous improvement’ and ‘Teamwork within units’ were recognised as PS culture strengths. The nurses reported workplace incivility from patient/visitor as the most frequently experienced (mean = 2.27, standard deviation = 0.88). Working in Hospital B (ß = 0.24, p < .001, 95%CI = 0.15, 0.33) and having a baccalaureate degree in nursing (ß = 0.13, p = .014, 95%CI = 0.03, 0.23) were associated with better perceptions of unit‐level PS, whereas working in medical‐surgical wards (ß = −0.16, p = .002, 95%CI = −0.26, −0.06) and in intensive care units (ß = −0.19, p = .002, 95%CI = −0.32, −0.07) and experiencing patient/visitor incivility (ß = −0.09, p = .004, 95%CI = −0.15, −0.03) were associated with poor unit‐level PS culture perceptions. Experiences of general incivility (ß = −0.24, p < .001, 95%CI = −0.35, −0.13) and supervisor incivility (ß = −0.26, p = .011, 95%CI = −0.46, −0.06) were associated with poor hospital‐level PS culture perceptions.ConclusionsWorkplace incivility from patients/visitors had a negative association with unit‐level PS culture perceptions, whereas experiences on general and supervisor incivilities had an adverse relationship with hospital‐level PS culture perceptions.Relevance to Clinical PracticeThe study emphasises the call to eradicate any form of incivility in healthcare settings to guarantee a PS culture. Hospital and nursing managers should prioritise the creation and implementation of policies aimed at eliminating uncivil behaviours in clinical settings to ensure that unit‐ and hospital‐level PS culture are above standards.
Stable coalition structures and power indices for majority voting
Authors: Abe Takaaki 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAn (n,k)‐game is a voting game in which each player has exactly one vote, and decisions are made by at least k affirmative votes of the n players. A power index shows the a priori power of the n voters. The purpose of this paper is to show what axioms of power indices generate stable coalition structures for each (n,k)‐game. Using the stability notion of the core, we show that a coalition structure containing a minimal winning coalition is stable for a wide range of general power indices satisfying a set of axioms, such as the Shapley–Shubik, Banzhaf, normalized Banzhaf, and Deegan–Packel power indices. Moreover, we also show that a coalition structure that represents a two‐party system can be stable if the two large parties are close enough in size. Some unstable coalition structures are also analyzed.
Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of oclacitinib maleate as a top dress in adult horses
Authors: Hunyadi Laszlo , Datta Palika , Rewers‐Felkins Kathleen , Sundman Emily , Hale Thomas , Fajt Virginia , Wagner Sarah 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of oclacitinib maleate as a top dress given to adult horses. Six adult horses with a mean weight of 528 kg were administered a single dose of 0.5 mg/kg oclacitinib maleate. Blood was collected prior to drug administration and at 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after treatment. Oclacitinib maleate plasma concentrations were measured by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Pharmacokinetic parameters were found best to fit a one‐compartment model. Mean Cmax was 486 ng/ml (range 423–549 ng/ml), and Tmax was estimated to be 1.7 h (range 0.3–3.1 h). The estimated T1/2 was 7.5–8 h.
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated genome‐editing toolkit to enhance salt stress tolerance in rice and wheat
Authors: Nazir Romaan , Mandal Sayanti , Mitra Sicon , Ghorai Mimosa , Das Neela , Jha Niraj Kumar , Majumder Madhumita , Pandey Devendra Kumar , Dey Abhijit 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe rice and wheat agricultural system is the primary source of food for billions across the world. However, the productivity and long‐term sustainability of rice and wheat are threatened by a large number of abiotic stresses, especially salinity stress. Salinity has a significant impact on plant development and productivity and is one of the leading causes of crop yield losses in agricultural soils worldwide. Over the last few decades, several attempts have been undertaken to enhance salinity stress tolerance, most of which have relied on traditional or molecular breeding approaches. These approaches have so far been insufficient in addressing the issues of abiotic stress. However, due to the availability of genome sequences for cereal crops like rice and wheat and the development of genome editing techniques like clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein9 (Cas9), it is now possible to “edit” genes and influence key traits. Here, we review the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system in both rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to develop salinity tolerant cultivars. The CRISPR/Cas genome editing toolkit holds great promise of producing cereal crops tolerant to salt stress to increase agriculture resilience with a strong impact on the environment and public health.
Does manager education play a role in the productivity of informal firms in developing economies? Evidence from firm‐level surveys
Authors: Amin Mohammad , Islam Asif M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe informal sector is dominant in developing economies, and the vast majority of the poor rely on it. There is much to learn about informal firms—the “businesses of the poor”—as little is known about the drivers of their performance. The present paper attempts to fill this gap in the literature by analyzing how labor productivity of informal firms in developing countries depends on the level of education of the manager or the main decision‐maker of the firm. Using survey data for 3,854 informal or unregistered firms in 18 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, we find that labor productivity is 28% to 33% higher when the manager has secondary or higher education versus only primary education or no education. The finding is robust to various robustness checks including parametric and semi‐parametric specifications and confirmed using instrumental variables estimation.
Instrumentation of Horizontal Exercise Machine
Authors: Cole Tanya G. , Shackelford Linda , Miller Chris A. , Figueroa J. Fernando 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Bed rest studies provide an opportunity to conduct ground-based studies of the physiological changes which occur on orbit. Astronauts are known to lose muscle and bone mass during space flights, and effective countermeasures are being sought. The muscle loss is extensive, even for short duration missions, but it is fairly easily regained upon return to the earth’s gravity. Bone loss, on the other hand, is a slower process. The effects are long lasting, and significant loss from a long duration mission may cause fracture when the body is subjected to the sometimes rigorous forces of gravitational environments. For this reason, studies are being done at NASA’s Johnson Space Center Bone and Mineral Physiology Laboratory on heavy resistive exercises that decrease or prevent loss of bone mineral density (BMD) in bed rest subjects.
Estimation of Surgically Manipulated Fluid Shear Stresses in the Abdominal Vessels of Swine From Measured Femoral Artery Flows
Authors: Friedman Morton H. , Aukerman Jean A. , Clingan Paul A. , Henderson Joel M. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In support of an in vivo investigation in swine of the influence of changes in fluid dynamic wall shear on arterial macromolecular permeability, a procedure has been developed to alter the flows in the porcine posterior arterial vasculature by opening and closing a reversible arteriovenous shunt placed on one of the femoral arteries. Laparoscopic techniques were used to place appropriately modified ultrasonic flow probes on both external and circumflex iliac arteries, and on the terminal aorta. Flow measurements were made prior to shunt placement, and with the shunt open and closed, to measure the influence of altered external iliac artery flow on the distribution to the infrarenal abdominal vessels. Similar experiments were carried out to relate the flow rates in the external iliac arteries to those in the femoral arteries, which are more accessible. These results permit reasonable estimates to be made of infrarenal hemodynamics in the pig, at baseline and with the shunt opened or closed, from only the flow rates measured at the two femoral arteries. These estimates can then form the basis for global or detailed descriptions of shear stress distributions in the abdominal vessels.
In Vitro Demonstration of Squeeze Flow at the Instant of Mechanical Valve Closure
Authors: Chandran K. B. , Chew Y. T. , Low H. T. , Lim W. L. , Seng K. Y. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
An in vitro experiment has been performed to demonstrate the presence of squeeze flow in mechanical valves with a seat stop interacting with the leaflet near the major orifice at the instant of valve closure. Using high speed video camera and strobe light at 16,000 pulses/sec, radial motion of cavitation bubbles due to the “squeeze flow” effect is observed. However, in valves with no seat stops in the major orifice region, bubbles of duration longer than the cavitation bubbles were observed. These studies further demonstrate the importance of the local flow dynamics with mechanical valves at the instant of valve closure and its importance on the flow induced stresses on the valve structures as well as on the formed elements of blood.
Validation of Blood Flow Computations Using Analytical, In Vitro, and In Vivo Methods
Authors: Taylor Charles A. , Draney Mary T. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Computational investigations of blood flow require validation using analytical solutions and in vitro and in vivo experimental methods. Analytical solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations are possible in only a few select cases with very special geometry and boundary conditions. Fortunately, a canonical solution for pulsatile flow does exist: the Womersley solution for fully developed pulsatile flow in a straight circular cylinder. This analytical solution is essential in assessing the accuracy of numerical methods and examining such important issues as spatial and temporal discretization errors. In vitro experimental investigations can be used to validate computational solutions for blood flow in rigid and deformable models of complex geometries. Detailed information on velocity fields can be obtained using Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Although analytical and in vitro experimental methods are extremely important tools for validating numerical solutions, ultimately in vivo measurements, utilizing ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging, must be utilized for validating predictions made with numerical methods.
Computational solutions for blood flow in a straight cylindrical vessels are validated using Womersley’s analytic solution. Computational solutions for flow in a model of an end-to-side anastomosis are validated by comparing predicted velocity profiles with those obtained by Loth (1993) using LDA. Magnetic resonance imaging of blood flow in the aorta was performed during dynamic exercise conditions to investigate whether numerically predicted changes in infrarenal blood flow are observed in vivo.