bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An overlooked dispersal route of Cardueae (Asteraceae) from the Mediterranean to East Asia revealed by phylogenomic and biogeographical analyses ofAtractylodes
Authors: Xia Maoqin , Cai Minqi , Comes Hans Peter , Zheng Li , Ohi-Toma Tetsuo , Lee Joongku , Qi Zhechen , Konowalik Kamil , Li Pan , Cameron Kenneth M , Fu Chengxin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackground and AimsThe East Asian–Tethyan disjunction pattern and its mechanisms of formation have long been of interest to researchers. Here, we studied the biogeographical history of Asteraceae tribe Cardueae, with a particular focus on the temperate East Asian genus Atractylodes DC., to understand the role of tectonic and climatic events in driving the diversification and disjunctions of the genus.MethodsA total of 76 samples of Atractylodes from 36 locations were collected for RAD-sequencing. Three single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) datasets based on different filtering strategies were used for phylogenetic analyses. Molecular dating and ancestral distribution reconstruction were performed using both chloroplast DNA sequences (127 Cardueae samples) and SNP (36 Atractylodes samples) datasets.Key ResultsSix species of Atractylodes were well resolved as individually monophyletic, although some introgression was identified among accessions of A. chinensis, A. lancea and A. koreana. Dispersal of the subtribe Carlininae from the Mediterranean to East Asia occurred after divergence between Atractylodes and Carlina L. + Atractylis L. + Thevenotia DC. at ~31.57 Ma, resulting in an East Asian–Tethyan disjunction. Diversification of Atractylodes in East Asia mainly occurred from the Late Miocene to the Early Pleistocene.ConclusionsAridification of Asia and the closure of the Turgai Strait in the Late Oligocene promoted the dispersal of Cardueae from the Mediterranean to East China. Subsequent uplift of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau as well as changes in Asian monsoon systems resulted in an East Asian–Tethyan disjunction between Atractylodes and Carlina + Atractylis + Thevenotia. In addition, Late Miocene to Quaternary climates and sea level fluctuations played major roles in the diversification of Atractylodes. Through this study of different taxonomic levels using genomic data, we have revealed an overlooked dispersal route between the Mediterranean and far East Asia (Japan/Korea) via Central Asia and East China.
Striking the Balance? On the Relationship Between Public and Private Security in Western Countries
Authors: Wenzelburger Georg , Staff Helge 
Published: May 2022

AbstractMuch writing in comparative criminology on the punitive turn and developments in Western penal states has focused on how the state provides security to its citizens. However, the number of private guards exceeds those of police officers in many European countries, and private security services carry out numerous law and order tasks. Our paper links the literature on private security with comparative penal policy studies. It explores how the cross-national variance in the relative importance of public and private security—which we term ‘the security balance’ – can be explained by quantitatively analysing data on public and private security in 23 European countries from 2009 to 2018. We contribute to the literature on crime and politics by highlighting the significant role of private security in today’s balance of security provision.
Conceptualizing cross-sectoral partnership building in two small central Appalachian towns
Authors: Moayerian Neda , Nagle Lara , Stephenson Max 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article highlights the efforts of two rural communities located in Central Appalachia to address the conflicts and economic and social challenges that have arisen in each as a result of the decline of coal mining. Documenting and analyzing the processes and narratives gleaned from the authors’ long-term interaction with stakeholders in the two communities through field tours, community meetings, individual conversations, and group workshops revealed specific social and economic forces, including neoliberal ideology and the realities of its assumptions and public policies, as key forces shaping current community challenges. This article assesses the effectiveness of cross-sectoral partnerships constructed in both case communities aimed at addressing resource dependence, social legitimation, exchange needs, and strategic collaboration imperatives. We used Meadows’ systems thinking construct to identify the system elements that informed this analysis and to assess the efficacy of cross-sector partnership building in questioning dominant imaginaries and creating novel ways of being within communities undergoing transition from what have otherwise been economically and socially oppressive conditions. We found that stakeholders within the two communities have often struggled to maintain the cross-sectoral partnerships they have sought to create, let alone understand fully the outcomes of any intervention they might launch, despite their best intentions and plans. A lack of continuing communication among relevant stakeholders, limitations to encouraging citizens’ agential activities, and adopting strategies within the assumptions of the dominant neoliberal paradigm were among the main hindrances to realizing effective partnerships in the communities we analyzed.
Saccades and presaccadic stimulus repetition alter cortical network topology and dynamics: evidence from EEG and graph theoretical analysis
Authors: Ghaderi Amirhossein , Niemeier Matthias , Crawford John Douglas 
Published: May 2022

AbstractParietal and frontal cortex are involved in saccade generation, and their output signals modify visual signals throughout cortex. Local signals associated with these interactions are well described, but their large-scale progression and network dynamics are unknown. Here, we combined source localized electroencephalography (EEG) and graph theory analysis (GTA) to understand how saccades and presaccadic visual stimuli interactively alter cortical network dynamics in humans. Twenty-one participants viewed 1–3 vertical/horizontal grids, followed by grid with the opposite orientation just before a horizontal saccade or continued fixation. EEG signals from the presaccadic interval (or equivalent fixation period) were used for analysis. Source localization-through-time revealed a rapid frontoparietal progression of presaccadic motor signals and stimulus-motor interactions, with additional band-specific modulations in several frontoparietal regions. GTA analysis revealed a saccade-specific functional network with major hubs in inferior parietal cortex (alpha) and the frontal eye fields (beta), and major saccade-repetition interactions in left prefrontal (theta) and supramarginal gyrus (gamma). This network showed enhanced segregation, integration, synchronization, and complexity (compared with fixation), whereas stimulus repetition interactions reduced synchronization and complexity. These cortical results demonstrate a widespread influence of saccades on both regional and network dynamics, likely responsible for both the motor and perceptual aspects of saccades.
Competing Responses to Global Inequalities in Access to COVID Vaccines: Vaccine Diplomacy and Vaccine Charity Versus Vaccine Liberty
Authors: Sparke Matthew , Levy Orly 
Published: May 2022

AbstractGlobal access to coronavirus vaccines has been extraordinarily unequal and remains an ongoing source of global health insecurities from the evolution of viral variants in the bodies of the unvaccinated. There have nevertheless been at least 3 significant alternatives developed to this disastrous bioethical failure. These alternatives are reviewed in this article in the terms of “vaccine diplomacy,” “vaccine charity,” and “vaccine liberty.” Vaccine diplomacy includes the diverse bilateral deliveries of vaccines organized by the geopolitical considerations of countries strategically seeking various kinds of global and regional advantages in international relations. Vaccine charity centrally involves the humanitarian work of the global health agencies and donor governments that have organized the COVAX program as an antidote to unequal access. Despite their many promises, however, both vaccine diplomacy and vaccine charity have failed to deliver the doses needed to overcome the global vaccination gap. Instead, they have unfortunately served to immunize the global vaccine supply system from more radical demands for a “people’s vaccine,” technological transfer, and compulsory licensing of vaccine intellectual property (IP). These more radical demands represent the third alternative to vaccine access inequalities. As a mix of nongovernmental organization-led and politician-led social justice demands, they are diverse and multifaceted, but together they have been articulated as calls for vaccine liberty. After first describing the realities of vaccine access inequalities, this article compares and contrasts the effectiveness thus far of the 3 alternatives. In doing so, it also provides a critical bioethical framework for reflecting on how the alternatives have come to compete with one another in the context of the vaccine property norms and market structures entrenched in global IP law. The uneven and limited successes of vaccine diplomacy and vaccine charity in delivering vaccines in underserved countries can be reconsidered in this way as compromised successes that not only compete with one another, but that have also worked together to undermine the promise of universal access through vaccine liberty.
Translational drug–interaction corpus
Authors: Zhang Shijun , Wu Hengyi , Wang Lei , Zhang Gongbo , Rocha Luis M , Shatkay Hagit , Li Lang 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The discovery of drug–drug interactions (DDIs) that have a translational impact among in vitro pharmacokinetics (PK), in vivo PK and clinical outcomes depends largely on the quality of the annotated corpus available for text mining. We have developed a new DDI corpus based on an annotation scheme that builds upon and extends previous ones, where an abstract is fragmented and each fragment is then annotated along eight dimensions, namely, focus, polarity, certainty, evidence, directionality, study type, interaction type and mechanism. The guideline for defining these dimensions has undergone refinement during the annotation process. Our DDI corpus comprises 900 positive DDI abstracts and 750 that are not directly relevant to DDI. The abstracts in corpus are separated into eight categories of DDI or non-DDI evidence: DDI with pharmacokinetic (PK) mechanism, in vivo DDI PK, DDI clinical, drug–nutrition interaction, single drug, not drug related, in vitro pharmacodynamic (PD) and case report. Seven annotators, three annotators with drug–interaction research experience and four annotators with less drug–interaction research experience independently annotated the DDI corpus, where two researchers independently annotated each abstract. After two rounds of annotations with additional training in between, agreement improved from (0.79, 0.96, 0.86, 0.70, 0.91, 0.65, 0.78, 0.90) to (0.93, 0.99, 0.96, 0.94, 0.95, 0.93, 0.96, 0.97) for focus, certainty, evidence, study type, interaction type, mechanisms, polarity and direction, respectively. The novice-level annotators improved from 0.83 to 0.96, while the expert-level annotators stayed in high performance with some improvement, from 0.90 to 0.96. In summary, we achieved 96% agreement among each pair of annotators with regard to the eight dimensions. The annotated corpus is now available to the community for inclusion in their text-mining pipelines.
Database URL https://github.com/zha204/DDI-Corpus-Database/tree/master/DDI%20corpus
The impact of left atrial mechanics on adverse events and clinical outcome after cardiac surgery
Authors: Dalos Daniel , Haaser Sophie Selina , Hofer Felix , Kazem Niema , Koller Lorenz , Hammer Andreas , Steinlechner Barbara , Laufer Günther , Hengstenberg Christian , Niessner Alexander , Sulzgruber Patrick 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOBJECTIVESPostoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) represents a common complication after cardiac surgery that is associated with unfavourable clinical outcome. Identifying patients at risk for POAF is crucial but challenging. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic potential of speckle-tracking echocardiography on POAF and fatal adverse events from a long-term perspective.METHODSA total of 124 patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery were prospectively enrolled and underwent preoperative speckle-tracking echocardiography. Patients were followed prospectively for the occurrence of POAF within the entire hospitalization and reaching the secondary end points cardiovascular and all-cause mortality.RESULTSWithin the study population 43.5% (n = 53) of enrolled individuals developed POAF. After a median follow-up of 3.9 years, 25 (20.2%) patients died. We observed that patients presenting with POAF had lower global peak atrial longitudinal strain (PALS) values compared to the non-POAF arm {POAF: 14.8% [95% confidence interval (CI): 10.9–17.8] vs non-POAF: 19.4% [95% CI: 14.8–23.5], P &lt; 0.001}. Moreover, global PALS was a strong and independent predictor for POAF [adjusted odds ratio per 1 standard deviation: 0.37 (95% CI: 0.22–0.65), P &lt; 0.001] and independently associated with mortality [adjusted hazard ratio per 1 standard deviation: 0.63 (95% CI: 0.40–0.99), P = 0.048]. Classification and Regression Tree analysis revealed a cut-off value of &lt;17% global PALS as high risk for both POAF and mortality.CONCLUSIONSGlobal PALS is associated with the development of POAF following surgery in an unselected patient population undergoing CABG and/or valve surgery. Since patients with global PALS &lt;17% face a poor long-term prognosis, routine assessment of global PALS needs to be considered in terms of proper secondary prevention in the era of personalized medicine.
Variations in hazard during earthquake sequences between 1995 and 2018 in western Greece as evaluated by a Bayesian ETAS model
Authors: Azarbakht Alireza , Ebrahimian Hossein , Jalayer Fatemeh , Douglas John 
Published: May 2022

SUMMARY
Forecasting the spatio-temporal occurrence of events is at the core of Operational Earthquake Forecasting, which is of great interest for risk management, particularly during ongoing seismic sequences. Epidemic type aftershock sequence (ETAS) models are powerful tools to estimate the occurrence of events during earthquake sequences. In this context, a robust seismicity forecasting framework based on Bayesian-inference has been adapted to the Patras and Aegio region in western Greece (one of the most seismically active parts of Mediterranean), and an incremental adaptive algorithm is introduced to train the priors for ETAS model parameters. The seismicity forecasting is capable of accounting for uncertainty in the model parameters as well as variations in the sequence of events that may happen during the forecasting interval. Six seismic sequences between 1995 and 2018 were selected with main shock moment magnitudes Mw ≥ 6.0. The ETAS model was adapted for each seismic sequence. The number of forecasted events with Mw ≥ 4.5 and their spatial distribution was retrospectively compared with the as-recorded earthquake catalogue, confirming a good agreement between the forecasts and observations. The results show that the adapted model can be used immediately after a severe main shock to statistically predict potentially damaging earthquakes during the ongoing seismic sequence. The seismicity forecasts were translated to short-term daily exceedance rates for different thresholds of peak ground acceleration. The results reveal that the seismic hazard increased by up to 33 times in the case of the damaging 1995 Mw 6.5 earthquake in the city of Aegio. However, the results confirmed that in all six studied sequences, the increased seismic hazard decayed rapidly during the 2 d after the main shock, and remained relatively high in the following days (roughly ten times the long-term time-independent hazard).
Case fatality risk of diarrhoeal pathogens: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Asare Ernest O , Hergott Dianna , Seiler Jessica , Morgan Brooks , Archer Helena , Wiyeh Alison B , Guo Boya , Driver Matt , Giersing Birgitte , Hasso-Agopsowicz Mateusz , Lingappa Jairam , Lopman Benjamin A , Pitzer Virginia E 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Estimates of the relative contribution of different pathogens to all-cause diarrhoea mortality are needed to inform global diarrhoea burden models and prioritize interventions. We aimed to investigate and estimate heterogeneity in the case fatality risk (CFR) of different diarrhoeal pathogens.

Methods
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies that reported cases and deaths for 15 enteric pathogens published between 1990 and 2019. The primary outcome was the pathogen-specific CFR stratified by age group, country-specific under-5 mortality rate, setting, study year and rotavirus vaccine introduction status. We developed fixed-effects and multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression models to estimate the pooled CFR overall and for each pathogen, controlling for potential predictors of heterogeneity.

Results
A total of 416 studies met review criteria and were included in the analysis. The overall crude CFR for all pathogens was 0.65%, but there was considerable heterogeneity between and within studies. The overall CFR estimated from a random-effects model was 0.04% (95% CI: 0.026%–0.062%), whereas the pathogen-specific CFR estimates ranged from 0% to 2.7%. When pathogens were included as predictors of the CFR in the overall model, the highest and lowest odds ratios were found for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) [odds ratio (OR) = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.28–7.07] and rotavirus (OR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.13–0.39), respectively.

Conclusion
We provide comprehensive estimates of the CFR across different diarrhoeal pathogens and highlight pathogens for which more studies are needed. The results motivate the need for diarrhoeal interventions and could help prioritize pathogens for vaccine development.
Asymptomatic School-Aged Children Are Important Drivers of Malaria Transmission in a High Endemicity Setting in Uganda
Authors: Rek John , Blanken Sara Lynn , Okoth Joseph , Ayo Daniel , Onyige Ismail , Musasizi Eric , Ramjith Jordache , Andolina Chiara , Lanke Kjerstin , Arinaitwe Emmanuel , Olwoch Peter , Collins Katharine A , Kamya Moses R , Dorsey Grant , Drakeley Chris , Staedke Sarah G , Bousema Teun , Conrad Melissa D 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Achieving malaria elimination requires a better understanding of the transmissibility of human infections in different transmission settings. This study aimed to characterize the human infectious reservoir in a high endemicity setting in eastern Uganda, using gametocyte quantification and mosquito feeding assays. In asymptomatic infections, gametocyte densities were positively associated with the proportion of infected mosquitoes (β = 1.60; 95% CI, 1.32–1.92; P &lt; .0001). Combining transmissibility and abundance in the population, symptomatic and asymptomatic infections were estimated to contribute to 5.3% and 94.7% of the infectious reservoir, respectively. School-aged children (5–15 years old) contributed to 50.4% of transmission events and were important drivers of malaria transmission.
Head-to-Head Comparison of Bi- and Nonavalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine-Induced Antibody Responses
Authors: Arroyo Mühr Laila Sara , Eklund Carina , Lagheden Camilla , Eriksson Tiina , Pimenoff Ville N , Gray Penelope , Lehtinen Matti , Dillner Joakim 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
For head-to-head comparison of human papillomavirus (HPV) antibody levels induced by different vaccines, 25-year-old vaccine-naive women were given either the bivalent (n = 188) or the nonavalent HPV vaccine (n = 184). Six months after vaccination antibodies against pseudovirions from 17 different HPV types (HPV6/11/16/18/31/33/35/39/45/51/52/56/58/59/66/68/73) were measured. Antibodies against HPV16/18 were higher after bivalent HPV vaccination (mean international units [IU] 1140.1 and 170.5 for HPV16 and 18, respectively) than after nonavalent vaccination (265.1 and 22.3 IUs, respectively). The bivalent vaccine commonly induced antibodies against the nonvaccine HPV types 31/33/35/45 or 58. The nonavalent vaccine induced higher antibodies against HPV6/11/31/33/45/52/58 and 35.
Molecular mechanisms of acquired antifungal drug resistance in principal fungal pathogens and EUCAST guidance for their laboratory detection and clinical implications
Authors: Rogers Thomas R , Verweij Paul E , Castanheira Mariana , Dannaoui Eric , White P Lewis , Arendrup Maiken Cavling ,   Subcommittee on Antifungal Susceptibility Testing (AFST) of the ESCMID European Committee for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST), Arendrup M C , Arikan-Akdagli S , Barchiesi F , Buil Jochem , Castanheira M , Chryssanthou E , Friberg N , Guinea J , Hamal P , Hilmarsdottir Ingibjorg , Klimko N , Kurzai O , Lagrou K , Lass-Flörl C , Matos T , Meletiadis J , Moore C , Muehlethaler K , Rogers T R 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The increasing incidence and changing epidemiology of invasive fungal infections continue to present many challenges to their effective management. The repertoire of antifungal drugs available for treatment is still limited although there are new antifungals on the horizon. Successful treatment of invasive mycoses is dependent on a mix of pathogen-, host- and antifungal drug-related factors. Laboratories need to be adept at detection of fungal pathogens in clinical samples in order to effectively guide treatment by identifying isolates with acquired drug resistance. While there are international guidelines on how to conduct in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing, these are not performed as widely as for bacterial pathogens. Furthermore, fungi generally are recovered in cultures more slowly than bacteria, and often cannot be cultured in the laboratory. Therefore, non-culture-based methods, including molecular tests, to detect fungi in clinical specimens are increasingly important in patient management and are becoming more reliable as technology improves. Molecular methods can also be used for detection of target gene mutations or other mechanisms that predict antifungal drug resistance. This review addresses acquired antifungal drug resistance in the principal human fungal pathogens and describes known resistance mechanisms and what in-house and commercial tools are available for their detection. It is emphasized that this approach should be complementary to culture-based susceptibility testing, given the range of mutations, resistance mechanisms and target genes that may be present in clinical isolates, but may not be included in current molecular assays.