bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
China’s Asymmetric Warfare in Indonesia: The Case of Turnkey Project Management
Authors: Fitria Fitria 
Published: August 2022

This article aims to shed light on China’s asymmetric warfare in Indonesia through the Turnkey Project Management (TPM) scheme. TPM is an employment contract to carry out Chinese investment with a one-package system starting from funding with the preferential buyer’s credit system, materials and machines, experts, and workers, are emanated from China. This study employed qualitative research and used a research library to collect data. It found that TPM is an integral part of China’s foreign policy to pursue its national interests. China also relies more on its state-owned enterprises and private companies (non-state actors), thereby minimizing the state’s role. Indonesia suffered from losses more than it gains from the win, implying this scenario is more of a zero-sum game. The foreign workers from China have also caused social problems in Indonesia, such as cybercrime and the smuggling of methamphetamine. The results of this study include recommendations for enabling Indonesian workers to adapt to foreign technology regarding a transfer of knowledge; strengthening regulations that meet environmental standards, human rights, and good corporate governance in terms of foreign investment; and not to make the regulation easier for allowing Chinese workers.

KEYWORDS
Asymmetric Warfare; China; Indonesia; Turnkey
Pengaruh Presiden Joko Widodo pada Penguatan Peran Diplomasi Ekonomi di Indonesia
Authors: Pattinussa Jhon Maxwell Yosua 
Published: August 2022

The interactions between countries today are almost based on the interests of capital accumulation, particularly with the increase in new regionalism worldwide as if forcing the world’s nations to join or be left behind. Indonesia also encounters such circumstances and should respond to new challenges in global politics by taking a free and active stance using economic diplomacy as one of its main instruments. This article, using individual-level analysis, attempts to explain how President Joko Widodo strongly influences the increasing role of economic diplomacy. It also provides an overview of the relationship between political personality and the perception of President Widodo with economic diplomacy by adopting the rational actor model-foreign policy decision-making process. This article identified four critical things in strengthening the role of economic diplomacy for Indonesia: 1) changing interests in the reality of modern state interactions; 2) the possibility of taking policy alternatives; 3) individual analysis (leader) in seeing the risks and opportunities; 4) decision-making by the President. KEYWORDSDiplomacy; Indonesia; International Politics; Joko Widodo
Assessing efforts of the Government of India and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in Tackling Bride Trafficking
Authors: Deda Violinda , Buiney Mariana E. , Suryanti Made Selly D. 
Published: August 2022

Bride trafficking is a form of human trafficking that severely affects women and girls. Although some literature has described the causes and impacts, there have been relatively few studies to shed light on the efforts to overcome the problem. By using a theoretical framework, this study limits the research scope and defines the specific viewpoint to analyse the topic. This article aims to examine the efforts of the government of India and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in combating bride trafficking. It pinpoints the causes of bride trafficking in India, such as economic demands, the poverty level, high demand for dowry, the practice of foeticide, and social marginalization leading victims to re-trafficking, as well as the impacts: physical and mental health problems, social exclusion, infectious diseases, and the damage to India’s reputation. This article found that the government of India and UNODC has been relatively effective in handling bride trafficking. The number of trafficked women (victims) cases in India declined significantly between 2016 and 2020. The UNODC also plays a pivotal role in strengthening the law enforcement capacity of the government of India. KEYWORDSBride Trafficking; Government of India; UNODC
Restrictions on Freedom of Expression Under Chinese President Xi Jinping in the Globalization Era
Authors: Rusnandi Rusnandi 
Published: August 2022

Much literature has highlighted the current Chinese government’s restriction on freedom of expression on the internet and religious freedom. However, very little research has examined the nexus between freedom of expression in China and globalization. This article aims to offer a view on President Xi Jinping’s increasing autocracy over the freedom of expression and its implications on China’s performance in this globalizing world. A qualitative approach was utilized in this study and data were collected via library research. It was found that China’s increasing autocracy under Xi Jinping, as shown in its tightening controls on online freedom of expression and rules on religious freedom, has created a setback for China’s participation in globalization. This argument lies in two basic assumptions. Firstly, the spirit of globalization enables people to interact around the globe more freely in any way, while China’s government restricts such interaction. Secondly, as a significant global player, China shows little respect for the freedom of religion. Accordingly, it violates the globalization of religious liberty, which is considered a universal human right in the 21st century. KEYWORDSChina; freedom of expression; globalization; religious freedom
The effects of surface inclination on gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis anterior muscle activation during gait
Authors: Malik Reem Javed , Waris Asim , Gilani Syed Omer , Iqbal Javaid , Kashif Amer Sohail , Kamboh Hamid M. , Ghafoor Muhammad Fazeel 
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND: Inclined walking is associated with multiple musculoskeletal benefits and is considered a therapeutic exercise. Various patterns of increased and decreased muscle activation with inclined surfaces have been observed in normal muscles, with more focus on the proximal lower limb musculature. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the differences in electromyographic activation of gastrocnemius, soleus, and tibialis anterior at various inclined surfaces during gait. METHODS: Fourteen healthy male participants aged between 17–30 years walked at a self-selected speed at motor driven treadmill on 0, 2 and 4 degrees of inclination. EMG activity of the muscles was recorded using the Delsys Trigno surface EMG system. RESULTS: Results showed that muscular activation of tibialis anterior significantly decreased with increase in the level of inclination (p< 0.05). However, soleus, gastrocnemius medialis and gastrocnemius lateralis showed no significant differences (p> 0.05) in their muscular activation, and no noticeable trends were found. Furthermore, no significant difference was found between all the muscles at ground level and inclined level 2 and 4. CONCLUSION: These differences in activation patterns found in distal extremity can be useful for designing rehabilitation protocols in sports training and for patients with neurological and musculoskeletal pathologies.
Comparison of the effectiveness of high-intensity laser and ultrasound therapies in adhesive capsulitis: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Uysal Bilal , Özkuk Kağan , Şahin Nilay , Ökmen Burcu M. , Sezer Refia , Ateş Zeynep 
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND: Adhesive capsulitis (AC) is a common musculoskeletal disease characterized with shoulder pain, limitation of range of motion (ROM) and disability. Although physical therapy is used in the treatment of AC, studies on its effectiveness are continuing. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of ultrasound (US) and high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) in the treatment of AC. METHODS: Sixty patients were randomized into two groups. Group I received US (15 sessions) and Group II received HILT (9 sessions) for 3 weeks. In addition, all patients received physical therapy program (hot pack, TENS and exercises). Assessments were made using VAS-pain, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI), range of motion (ROM) at baseline and in post-treatment 3rd, 8th and 24th weeks. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of all pre-treatment values. In intragroup assessment, statistically significant difference was identified in all the values of Groups 1 and 2 in all assessment periods compared with the pre-treatment values (p< 0.05). There was no significant difference between groups in all assessment periods. CONCLUSION: According to results, US therapy and HILT were effective on the improvement of pain, ROM and functional conditions of patients in the treatment of AC.
Joint torques estimation in human gait based on Gaussian process
Authors: Yang Jiantao , Wang Zekai , Sun Tairen 
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND: Human gait involves activities in nervous and musculoskeletal dynamics to modulate joint torques with time continuously for adapting to varieties of walking conditions. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this paper is to estimate the joint torques of lower limbs in human gait based on Gaussian process. METHOD: The potential uses of this study include optimization of exoskeleton assistance, control of the active prostheses, and modulating the joint torque for human-like robots. To achieve this, Gaussian process (GP) based data fusion algorithm is established with joint angles as the inputs. RESULTS: The statistic nature of the proposed model can explore the correlations between joint angles and joint torques, and enable accurate joint-torque estimations. Experiments were conducted for 5 subjects at three walking speed (0.8 m/s, 1.2 m/s, 1.6 m/s). CONCLUSION: The results show that it is possible to estimate the joint torques at different scenarios.
SINKRONISASI PERATURAN MENTERI KEUANGAN NOMOR 228 TAHUN 2017 DENGAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 6 TAHUN 1983 TERKAIT KEWAJIBAN PEMBERIAN DATA DAN INFORMASI YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN PERPAJAKAN
Authors: Susilo Joko 
Published: August 2022

Sistem perpajakan Indonesia mengalami perubahan pada tahun 1983 dari Official Assessment System menjadi Self Assessment System. Self Assessment System merupakan sistem pemungutan pajak yang membebankan penentuan besaran pajak yang perlu dibayarkan oleh wajib pajak yang bersangkutan. Pemerintah dalam hal ini Direktorat Jenderal Pajak (fiskus), sesuai dengan fungsinya berkewajiban melaksanakan pembinaan, pelayanan, pengawasan, dan penerapan sanksi perpajakan terhadap pelaksanaan kewajiban perpajakan wajib pajak berdasarkan ketentuan yang digariskan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan perpajakan. Untuk melaksakan fungsi tersebut tentunya harus didukung dengan adanya Data dan Informasi yang cukup. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengkaji tentang bagaimana Pengaturan Kewajiban Pemberian Data dan Informasi yang berkaitan dengan perpajakan kepada Direktorat Jenderal Pajak dan apakah Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 228 Tahun 2017 tentang Rincian Jenis Data dan Informasi serta Tata Cara Penyampaian Data dan Informasi yang Berkaitan dengan Perpajakan telah sinkron dengan Undang-undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1983 . Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif yaitu lebih mengacu pada ketentuan UU tentang Ketentuan Umum dan Tata Cara Perpajakan, UU tentang PPN, UU tentang PPh, dan undang-undang terkait lainnya. Hasil penelitian, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa : pertama, Pengaturan Kewajiban Pemberian Data dan Informasi Perpajakan kepada Direktorat Jenderal Pajak telah diatur dalam Pasal 35 Undang-undang nomor 6 Tahun 1983. Kedua,Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 228 Tahun 2017 belum sinkron dengan Undang-undang Nomor 6 Tahun 1983.
PRAKTIK MBANGUN NIKAH DENGAN HITUNGAN ABAJADUN DI PONDOK PESANTREN KEDUNG BENGKAH SUKOMORO NGANJUK PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM
Authors: Sukandar Sukandar , Ubaidillah M. Burhanuddin , Rofiah Ayu Fadhilatur , Arifin M. A. 
Published: August 2022

Pernikahan merupakan hal yang sakral yang dilaksanakan oleh laki-laki dan perempuan untuk mendapatkan penetapan hubungan keluarga dalam maksud menjalin kehidupan bersama. Setelah pengucapan akad yang suci, maka kedua belah pihak harus sama-sama untuk menjaga mīṣāqan ghalīẓan dalam pernikahan mereka. Diantaranya adalah berjanji untuk menjaga kepercayaan satu sama lain, menjaga kehormatan, menjaga kesehatan dan harta benda, merawat buah hati dan melindungi privasi satu sama lain. Namun tidak bisa dipungkiri bahwa berbagai permasalahan bisa saja masuk dalam kehidupan rumah tangga dan menyebabkan goyahnya mīṣāqan ghalīẓan yang sudah dijaga oleh suami dan istri. Untuk mengatasi itu Islam memiliki solusi untuk mempertahankan mīṣāqan ghalīẓan tersebut salah satunya dengan melaksanakan mbangun nikah yakni memperbaharui pernikahan.
Yang menjadi rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana praktik dan analisa hukum Islam terhadap pelaksanaan mbangun nikah dengan hitungan abajadun di Pondok Pesantren Kedung Bengkah.
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lapangan (field research) yang mana dilakukan dengan terjun langsung ke lapangan yakni di Pondok Pesantren Kedung Bengkah Sukomoro Nganjuk untuk mengadakan penelitian pada objek yang dibahas tentang praktik mbangun nikah dengan hitungan abajadun di Pondok Pesantren Kedung Bengkah.
Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terjadinya praktik mbangun nikah dengan hitungan abajadun di Pondok Pesantren Kedung Bengkah adalah karena dorongan pribadi dari masyarakat mendatangi kiai untuk mendapatkan solusi mengenai permasalahan dalam rumah tangga mereka. Permasalahan tersebut bisa karena banyak faktor termasuk faktor ekonomi maupun kesehatan. Tentang perubahan nama saat akad nikah, hal tersebut bukan termasuk sesuatu yang dapat merusak rukun dan syarat ijab qabul, karena acuan hukum yang digunakan adalah kesengajaan dalam hati wali dalam menikahkan. Maka mengumumkan nama baru yang digunakan dalam akad mbangun nikah dimaksudkan agar lebih jelas bahwa pengantin tersebut yang memiliki nama itu karena termasuk dalam syarat pernikahan adalah jelas siapa orangnya. Kemudian praktik mbangun nikah dengan abajadun di Pondok pesantren Kedung Bengkah tersebut sudah sesuai dengan hukum yang terlaku menurut jumhur ulama karena praktik tersebut dilakukan sebagai obat dan ikhtiyar dari pasangan suami istri untuk kehidupan pernikahan yang lebih bahagia, dengan kata lain sudah sesuai dengan konsep tajammul (memperindah atau pura-pura) dan ihtiyat (berhati-hati).
Pengaruh Kompetensi, Pengembangan Karir dan Motivasi Kerja Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Pegawai Perumda Air Minum Tirta Ayu Kabaupaten Tegal
Authors: Nurmalaya Abhie Zeni , Endratno Hermin 
Published: August 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh kompetensi, pengembangan karir, dan motivasi kerja terhadap kepuasan kerja pegawai Perumda Air Minum Tirta Ayu Kabupaten Tegal. Variabel independen dalam penelitian ini adalah kompetansi,pengembangan karir dan motivasi kerja. Sedangkan variable dependen adalah kepuasan kerja pegawai. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah Pegawai tetap Perumda Air Minum Tirta Ayu Kabupaten Tegal sejumlah 133 pegawi. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah sampling jenuh . Teknik analisis data dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis regresi linier berganda. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kompetensi dan motivasi kerja berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja pegawi. Sedangkan pengembangan karir berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap kepuasan kerja pegawai
Assessment of Trace Element (Mg, Al, K and Mo) in 14 Types of Raw Herbs and Spices using SEM-EDX Analysis
Authors: Nor Hashim Nor Zakiah , Embong Zaidi 
Published: August 2022

Herbs and spices are multi-purposes ingredients and essential in daily life such as in cooking as well as in traditional medicines. There was a lack of information on heavy metal composition of herbs and spices in Malaysia. Therefore, this study reveals the major and trace elements of elemental compounds in 14 types of herbs and spices using the Scanning Electron Microscopy Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) method. The pH of most herbs and spices values are found to be in the ranges of pH 5.70 until 7.60 for herbs, while pH for spices is found to be within pH 5.26 until 7.23. A statistically eloquent relationship (r=0.91, P<0.05) was found for Mg and its pH level in herbs by employing Pearson correlation. The SEM-EDX reveals the elements of carbon (C), aluminium (Al), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K) and molybdenum (Mo) are detected for the entire herbs and spices samples. C is the dominant element found at high concentration (>85%) in both herbs and spices. Basil and cardamom have the most elevated amount of K with atomic percentage of 1.82% and 2.14%. Basil and ginger samples consist of more than 1.00% atomic percentage. The values of Al found in the samples of oregano (0.11%) and black pepper (0.37%). Higher amount of Mo concentration was found in ginger with an atomic percentage of 0.99%. The values obtained in the assessment are within the safe level for both herbs and spices, according to WHO.
Populismo y política antigénero en Perú: De la sociedad civil al escenario electoral
Authors: Rousseau Stéphanie 
Published: August 2022

Populism and antigender politics in Peru: From civil society to electoral spherePopular support to antigender politics that emerged in the last years in several countries of Latin America has been explained mostly in terms of the entry of religious actors in the political system. Based on an analysis of antigender activists’ and politicians’ discourse in Peru, it is argued that building political representation vehicles around the rejection of the concept of gender constitutes a new expression of populism in Latin America. The new populisms use gender as a central concept in their discursive strategy. In Peru, the trajectory of antigender politics shows its origins in civil organizations and a rapid entry into the electoral sphere. The construction of populisms centred on value conflicts shows the need to widen the analytical framework on antigender politics beyond the relationship between religion and politics. El apoyo popular que la política antigénero ha conseguido en los últimos años en varios países de América Latina ha sido explicado sobre todo en referencia al ingreso de actores religiosos en el sistema político. En base a un análisis del discurso de activistas y políticos antigénero en Perú, se argumenta que la construcción de canales de representación política articulados alrededor del rechazo al concepto de género constituye una nueva expresión del populismo en Latinoamérica. Estos populismos utilizan el género de forma central en su estrategia discursiva de movilización. En Perú, la trayectoria de la política antigénero muestra su origen en organizaciones civiles y su ingreso rápido a la esfera electoral. La construcción de populismos centrados en conflictos de valores evidencia la necesidad de ampliar el marco de análisis de la política antigénero más allá de la relación entre religión y política.
Digital media and the empowerment of Cuban musicians in tumultuous times: ¿Un nuevo amanecer?
Authors: Weener Marlinde , Van Noorloos Femke 
Published: August 2022

Digital technology has profoundly reconfigured state-society relations and Cuba’s recent broadening of internet access makes for a fascinating case in this regard. However, what this means for the country’s music sector is poorly researched. We explore the role digital media plays in the empowerment of Cuban musicians. While digital media allows musicians to work more independently from government institutions, the ability to benefit from the opportunity depends on unequally distributed resources. Nonetheless, the government’s broadening of internet access goes hand in hand with increasing control over musicians’ autonomy and expression, leading to a cycle of protest and repression. Digital media provides a highly self-reinforcing tool for collective action. Resumen: Medios digitales y el empoderamiento de los músicos cubanos en tiempos tumultuosos: ¿Un nuevo amanecer? La tecnología digital ha cambiado profundamente las relaciones entre estado y sociedad, como lo muestra el caso de Cuba, donde el acceso a internet se ha extendido recientemente. Sin embargo, existen pocos estudios que demuestren qué significan estos desarrollos para el sector musical en Cuba. En este artículo exploramos el papel que juegan los medios digitales en el empoderamiento de los músicos cubanos. Los medios digitales ayudan a los músicos a trabajar más independientemente de las instituciones gubernamentales. Sin embargo, las posibilidades de beneficiarse de estas oportunidades no están distribuidas de manera equita-tiva. La ampliación del acceso a internet por parte del gobierno va de la mano con el control sobre la expresión musical, causando un ciclo de protestas y represión. Los medios digitales ofrecen una herramienta autorreforzante para la acción colectiva.
Heritage from below in Latin America: Urban protests and the struggle for Human Rights
Authors: Badilla Manuela , Clark J. Renée , Mason Robert 
Published: August 2022

After the end of Latin American dictatorships, scholars closely analyzed the relationship between violence, memory and democracy. But these societies have continued to grapple not only with the legacy of authoritarian governments but with centuries of colonial power, with the result that many of the assumptions of earlier scholars are now being revisited. Intersectional questions of race, indigeneity and gender continue to refashion our understanding of memory and injustice. These questions frame this introductory article, in which we argue that Latin American contemporary social mobilisation that has denounced recent and long-term violence is constituted through intervention and creation of heritage from below. We propose that the interdisciplinary field of Critical Heritage Studies, that has burgeoned recently in the region, offers a means to understand how space, scale, and society interact to create meanings and work through violent pasts. The works of this Special Collection extend traditional conceptions of urban heritage as the mere conservation of cities’ landscape, towards the study of the relation between cultural geographies and the production of social mobilizations in Latin America. These geographies enable unique formulations of protest for activists, creating new capacities to contest recent and long-term human rights abuse. Resumen: Herencia desde abajo en Latinoamérica: Protestas urbanas y la lucha por los Derechos HumanosTras el fin de las dictaduras latinoamericanas, las/os académicos de la región analizaron de cerca la relación entre violencia, memoria y democracia. Pero estas sociedades han seguido lidiando con el legado de los gobiernos autorita-rios y con siglos de abuso colonial, por lo que muchos de los supuestos de estos primeros estudios ahora están siendo examinados. Preguntas sobre la interseccionalidad racial, indígena y de género continúan reformulando nuestra comprensión sobre la relación entre la memoria y la injusticia. Estas preguntas guían este artículo introductorio, en el que sostenemos que la movilización social contemporánea en Latinoamérica que ha denunciado las violencias recientes y de larga data se constituyen a través de la intervención y la creación de patrimonio desde abajo. Proponemos que el campo interdisciplinario de Estudios Críticos del Patrimonio, que ha florecido recientemente en la región, ofrece un medio para comprender cómo el espacio, sus diferentes escalas y la sociedad interactúan para crear significados y elaborar sus pasados de violencia y opresión. Los trabajos de este número especial amplían las concepciones tradicionales del patrimonio urbano como la mera conservación del paisaje de las ciudades, hacia el estudio de la relación entre geografías culturales y la producción y performance de movilizaciones sociales en la región. Estas geografías constituyen de forma única las protestas y sus significados, creando nuevas capacidades para luchar en contra de las violencias recientes y coloniales.