bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
603-P: Qualitative Results from an African-American Church–Based Diabetes Self-Management Support Program
Authors: HAWKINS JACLYNN M. , PROVENZANO ANTHONY M. , NWANKWO ROBIN , FUNNELL MARTHA M. , KLOSS KATHERINE A. , HALL DIANA , PIATT GRETCHEN 
Published: May 2022

Diabetes-related health disparities, especially for African Americans (AA) , underscore the need for effective, culturally tailored approaches to promote and sustain diabetes self-management support (DSMS) over time. The Praise study, a cluster randomized hybrid type II implementation trial recruited 21 AA churches, 28 peer leaders, 21 parish nurses, and 371 participants (100% AA, 73.8% female, 64±11.3 years of age) to determine the effectiveness of three DSMS approaches [Parish Nurse (PN) + Peer Leader (PL) DSMS vs. PN DSMS vs. PL DSMS], in comparison to enhanced usual care in improving and sustaining A1c and diabetes distress. Monthly DSMS groups were independently planned and facilitated by 28 trained PLs (100% African American, 18% male) and 14 trained PNs. A post-trial qualitative process evaluation was conducted to evaluate DSMS and ongoing support. Five focus groups were held (n=30) . Individual semi-structured interviews were completed with PLs and PNs (N=7) . Data were analyzed using the Rapid Analysis Process to generate themes from transcripts. Most participants were motivated to enroll in the Praise study to learn more about how to manage their diabetes. Others stated that poor health status (such as high A1C) and a need for accountability motivated them to join. PN and PL were driven to serve in these roles by a desire to educate and support other members of their community with diabetes in a structured format. Few concerns about the study were reported; however, the amount of time commitment was a common topic. Some participants encountered significant technology difficulties with attending remote sessions and a host of other issues related to the pandemic. Suggested improvements included: 1) clear study expectations from the start; 2) integrating exercise, and meal prep; and 3) using of social media for recruitment. AAs with T2D are motivated to engage in ongoing DSMS facilitated by PLs and PNs in church-settings. Improvements in training and support of PLs is needed.

Disclosure
J.M.Hawkins: None. A.M.Provenzano: None. R.Nwankwo: Advisory Panel; WW (Weight Watchers) . M.M.Funnell: n/a. K.A.Kloss: None. D.Hall: None. G.Piatt: None.
61-OR: Machine Learning Framework Predicts Metabolic Subphenotypes Using Glucose Dynamics during Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
Authors: METWALLY AHMED A. , PERELMAN DALIA , PARK HEYJUN , GLOYN ANNA L. , MCLAUGHLIN TRACEY , SNYDER MICHAEL 
Published: May 2022

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is classically defined by measures of glycemia which do not take into account its physiologic basis, which differs between individuals. Defining the relative contribution of fundamental physiologic processes to glucose dysregulation would facilitate targeted treatment approaches for diabetes prevention and treatment. We propose that muscle insulin resistance, beta cell dysfunction, incretin defect, and hepatic insulin resistance are present to varying degrees in individuals predisposed to T2D, who can be thus classified according to their metabolic subphenotype. While this transformative approach to T2D is appealing, traditional metabolic tests are invasive and unavailable outside research units. We tested the ability of the shape of the glucose response curve during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to identify metabolic subphenotypes. 32 participants underwent gold-standard metabolic tests including frequently-sampled 3-hour OGTT, isoglycemic intravenous glucose infusion for quantification of incretin effect, steady-state plasma glucose measurement of insulin resistance, and calculated hepatic insulin resistance. We developed a machine learning framework to predict metabolic subphenotypes of an individual using dynamic features of the glucose time series during the OGTT. Metabolic testing revealed extensive inter-individual heterogeneity and the existence of four major metabolic subphenotypes. The features of the glucose time series identified insulin resistance, beta cell deficiency, and incretin deficiency with auROCs of 94%, 76%, and 75%, respectively. These were superior to standard clinical and laboratory measures of metabolic phenotypes. We suggest that identification of distinct metabolic subphenotypes using features of the glucose time series during OGTT may both enhance early identification of at-risk individuals as well as inform targeted therapeutic approaches to prevent and treat T2D.

Disclosure
A.A.Metwally: None. D.Perelman: None. H.Park: None. A.L.Gloyn: Other Relationship; Genentech, Inc., Roche Pharmaceuticals. T.Mclaughlin: Board Member; January, Inc., Research Support; Merck & Co., Inc., Novo Nordisk, Stock/Shareholder; Eiger BioPharmaceuticals. M.Snyder: Stock/Shareholder; January, Inc.

Funding
National Institutes of Health (R01DK110186-01) National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (U01-DK105535; U01-DK085545, UM1DK126185)
614-P: Fear of Hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemia Confidence, and Time in Range in Adolescents and Young Adults with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D)
Authors: MENON SRUTHI , DESALVO DANIEL , ERRAGUNTLA MADHAV , PAMIDIMUKKALA KALYAN , MCKAY SIRIPOOM , VILLEGAS CAROLINA , HILLIARD MARISA E. 
Published: May 2022

Fear of hypoglycemia (FOH) and low hypoglycemia confidence (HC) can lead to hypoglycemia avoidance behaviors which may influence glycemia in people with T1D. Despite links with A1c, there are limited data on the correlation of FOH or HC with time in range (TIR) , which represents a more complete picture of glycemia. We explored FOH and HC in relation to CGM-derived glycemic metrics.
Methods: Participants (n=20, M age 16.3 ± 2.5y, 45% female, M A1c 7.3 ± 1.3%, 100% CGM use; 70% pump use) completed questionnaires assessing FOH and HC, and CGM data were collected over the next 12 weeks. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlations.
Results: Table 1 presents correlations between FOH, HC and glycemic metrics. FOH in young adults, specifically Worry, was associated with less time below range (&lt;70 mg/dl; r = -0.75, p =.05) . No other statistically significant correlations between FOH, HC and TIR were detected.
Conclusion: Young adults’ worries related to FOH correlate with less level 1 hypoglycemia (&lt;70 mg/dL) due to reasons other than hypoglycemia avoidance behaviors, which merits further study. The small sample size limited the power to detect additional significant associations of FOH/HC with TIR, though patterns suggest several possible links. Advanced technology such as closed-loop systems coupled with psychosocial interventions aimed at reducing FOH and improving HC may help optimize TIR.

Disclosure
S.Menon: None. D.Desalvo: Consultant; Dexcom, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Research Support; Insulet Corporation. M.Erraguntla: None. K.Pamidimukkala: None. S.Mckay: None. C.Villegas: None. M.E.Hilliard: None.

Funding
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
618-P: Real-World Patient Perceptions of GLP-1 RAs and SGLT-2is with Cardiorenal Benefits
Authors: LAMBERT NATALIE , CLARK CALLAHAN , MCCOY ROZALINA G. , WONG ALYSSA , COOK DAVID J. 
Published: May 2022

Patient perceptions and experiences may explain discrepancies between guideline recommendations and real-world utilization and adherence to cardiorenal protective GLP-1 RAs and SGLT-2is for type 2 diabetes (T2D) .
We identified 60,912 posts from public T2D Facebook groups (N=15 from 20to 2021 and extracted all narratives mentioning cardioprotective GLP-1 RAs and SGLT-2is by name (N=250) . We used open coding to categorize all mentions of risks/harms and benefits of these drugs as defined by the 2021 ADA Standards of Care (SOC) vs. described by individuals but not mentioned in the SOC.
Individuals reported 41 risks and 6 benefits not in the SOC. Posts rarely (&lt;2.5%) mentioned cardiorenal benefits. Most (62.8%) were information-seeking and posed a question. Numbers of posts mentioning the potential treatment benefits/harms are in Figure 1. Overall, 43.6% of posts mention treatment aspects not discussed in the SOC.
People with T2D have a range of concerns and perceptions of the benefits/harms of to GLP-1RAs and SGLT2is. Cardiorenal protection appears to be of lower priority than other tangible benefits/harms. While these data are not representative of all people with T2D (i.e., those underrepresented in social media groups) , they underscore the importance of proactively engaging patients in conversation, eliciting and addressing questions/concerns, and providing evidence-based information on T2D treatment options.

Disclosure
N.Lambert: Consultant; Hugo Health, Research Support; Optum Labs. C.Clark: Employee; UnitedHealth Group, Stock/Shareholder; UnitedHealth Group. R.G.Mccoy: Consultant; Emmi. A.Wong: Employee; UnitedHealth Group. D.J.Cook: None.
620-P: Dietary Patterns in Diverse Adults with Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) : Self-Efficacy and Personal Control
Authors: MENDEZ-RODRIGUEZ HEIDY , JONAS VICTORIA H. , PAPPALARDO LINDSEY D. , FANG RAN , SCHECHTER CLYDE , WALKER ELIZABETH A. , HOOGENDOORN CLAIRE J. , GONZALEZ JEFFREY S. 
Published: May 2022

Objectives: Diabetes self-efficacy (confidence in ability to perform diabetes self-care) and personal control (perceived ability to influence diabetes outcomes) have been associated with better T2D self-care and health outcomes. Social cognitive theory posits that both beliefs are necessary for optimal initiation and maintenance of behavior change. However, their independent effects are unclear in T2D, especially in relation to dietary behaviors. We examined the independent associations of self-efficacy and personal control with junk food dietary patterns (JFDP) among predominantly Latino and disadvantaged adults with T2D and explored potential mediating effects.
Methods: Adults with T2D (N = 812; Age = 59.2 (10.8) ; F = 57%; A1C = 9.3 (1.8) ; Latino = 86%; Spanish-speakers = 78.0%) enrolled in a trial of telephonic self-management support, completed self-report measures of diet (Starting the Conversation-STC) , diabetes self-efficacy, and diabetes personal control at baseline. A 5-item JFDP sub-scale of the 8-item STC was supported by factor analysis.
Results: Unlike personal control (r = 0.10, 95% CI = -0.06, 0.08) , self-efficacy was inversely correlated with JFDP (r = -0.16, 95% CI = -0.23, -0.10) . In multivariable analysis, higher self-efficacy had a small independent association with less JFDP (b = -0.02, SE = 0.003, 95% CI = -0.02, -0.01) but perceived control did not (b = -0.04, SE = 0.15, 95% CI = -0.35, 0.29) . Mediation analyses showed no evidence for personal control as a mediator of the relationship between self-efficacy and JFDP.
Conclusion: Among a predominantly Latino, disadvantaged adults with sub-optimally controlled T2D, diabetes self-efficacy was associated with lower reported consumption of junk foods, whereas no effect was observed for personal control. If these associations reflect causal relationships, interventions aiming to reduce junk food consumption in this vulnerable population may have more of an impact by targeting self-efficacy beliefs.

Disclosure
H.Mendez-rodriguez: None. V.H.Jonas: None. L.D.Pappalardo: None. R.Fang: None. C.Schechter: None. E.A.Walker: None. C.J.Hoogendoorn: None. J.S.Gonzalez: Consultant; Virta Health Corp.

Funding
National Institute of Health's National Institute of Diabetes Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1R18DK098742-01A1)
629-P: Unique Associations between Health Insurance and HbA1c in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: KELLY CAITLIN , NGUYEN HUYEN , LIU JINGWEN , CHAPMAN KATHERINE S.M. , PETER MEGAN , LEON CAROLINA , LAFERRIERE KELSIE , RAVELSON JULIA , WOLF WENDY 
Published: May 2022

Diabetes outcomes are affected by socioeconomic factors including health insurance. While some research has examined the impact of health insurance in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) (e.g., disruptions in health insurance on health outcomes) , it is less clear whether health insurance type (e.g., private versus government-sponsored) shares a unique association with diabetes outcomes. Thus, we examined relationships between demographics, socioeconomic status, and health insurance type with HbA1c in adults in the T1D Exchange Registry - an online longitudinal study of people living with T1D. Participants (N = 7725) were 42.2 years old (SD = 14.6) on average and 75.4% reported their gender as female. Most participants (92.2%) reported their race as White and 5.1% identified as Hispanic. Many participants used insulin pumps (71.3%) and continuous glucose monitors (CGM, 83.0%) . Self-reported HbA1c was 7.3% (SD = 1.58) on average. Health insurance type was categorized into private (79.0%) , Medicaid (9.6%) , Medicare (9.5%) , or no health insurance (1.9%) . Health insurance type, demographic factors (i.e., age, gender, race, ethnicity) , socioeconomic factors (i.e., income, education level) , and diabetes technology use (i.e., insulin pump, CGM) were entered simultaneously into a linear regression with HbA1c as the outcome variable. Private insurance was used as the reference group. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; .05. We found lower HbA1c was associated with identifying race as White (Β = -0.21) , having higher income (Β = -0.10) , having higher education (Β = -0.17) , using an insulin pump (Β = -0.46) and using CGM (Β = -0.72) . Higher HbA1c was associated with identifying as female (Β = 0.14) and having either Medicaid (Β = 0.23) or no health insurance (Β = 0.30) . These results suggest, above and beyond other socioeconomic and demographic factors, health insurance type may contribute to small but meaningful differences in HbA1c.

Disclosure
C.Kelly: None. H.Nguyen: None. J.Liu: None. K.S.M.Chapman: None. M.Peter: None. C.Leon: None. K.Laferriere: None. J.Ravelson: None. W.Wolf: None.
644-P: Effect of PharmacologIC (EPIC) Therapy on Insulin Sensitivity and Beta-Cell Function in Prediabetes (PreDM)
Authors: VELAZQUEZ ALBERTO O. CHAVEZ , ALI EMAD , MEROVCI AURORA , AGYIN CHRISTINA , TERASAWA TOMOKO , ABDUL-GHANI MUHAMMAD , TRIPLITT CURTIS L. , CERSOSIMO EUGENIO , DEFRONZO RALPH A. 
Published: May 2022

Treating PreDM with medications that target specific pathophysiologic defects can slow/prevent the progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) . While the preventive effects of Pioglitazone (PIO) and Metformin (MET) previously have been described in PreDM, the benefit of newer antidiabetic agents in preventing PreDM progression to T2DM is less well established. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of one year of pharmacologic therapy on insulin sensitivity (Matsuda Index) , beta cell function (Disposition Index) , and adipose tissue insulin resistance (fasting FFA x FPI; Adipo IR) . METHODS: EPIC recruited 175 prediabetes subjects (FPG = 100-125 and/or 2-h PG = 140-199 mg/dl; OGTT) of whom 34 have completed 1-year of follow-up. Pre-DM subjects (21F/13M) received OGTT at baseline (BL) and were randomized to treatment with metformin (MET) (n= 7, age = 52 ± 4, BMI= 33 ± 3, A1c= 5.7 ± 0.01) ; PIO (n= 8, age= 49±3, BMI= 30 ± 2, A1c= 5.7 ± 0.08) ; saxagliptin (SAXA) (n= 8 Age= 48 ± 4 BMI= 31 ± 2, A1c= 5.8 ±0.1) ; or dapagliflozin (DAPA) (n= 11, Age= 55 ± 3 BMI= 31 ± 1, A1c=) for 12 months. RESULTS: FPG (p&lt;0.for MET) and 2h-PG (p&lt;0.for MET and PIO) decreased in all groups; A1c did not significantly change in any group. Weight decreased with MET (-4.4kg) and DAPA (-3.4kg) , increased with PIO (+2.1 kg) and remained unchanged with saxagliptin (-0.2 kg) . A nonsignificant increase in Matsuda Index was observed in all 4 groups. Disposition Index increased significantly for MET (3.0 to 5.6, p&lt;0.05) and PIO (3.1 to 5.1, p&lt;0.05) . %FFA suppression during OGTT improved only with PIO (54±8 to 71±5 %, p&lt;0.01) . Adipo IR decreased in all groups (MET: 7.4 to 6.5; PIO: 7.2 to 4.5; DAPA: 8.5 to 6.8; SAXA: 9.2 to 6.9, all p&lt;0.05) . CONCLUSION: Early pharmacological treatment of prediabetes improves whole body insulin sensitivity, beta cell function and Adipo IR. The superiority of one drug over another and their mechanism of action in preventing progression of prediabetes to T2DM will be determined by EPIC.

Disclosure
A.O.Chavez velazquez: None. E.Ali: None. A.Merovci: None. C.Agyin: None. T.Terasawa: None. M.Abdul-ghani: None. C.L.Triplitt: Consultant; Bayer AG, Speaker's Bureau; Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk. E.Cersosimo: Research Support; AstraZeneca. R.A.Defronzo: Advisory Panel; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Intarcia Therapeutics, Inc., Novo Nordisk, Research Support; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Merck & Co., Inc., Speaker's Bureau; AstraZeneca.

Funding
NIH R01-DK024092-34Astra-Zeneca ISSDAPA0002
65-OR: A Novel Electronic Medical Record–Based Diabetes Screening Program in the Emergency Department of an Urban Academic Medical Institution
Authors: DANIELSON KIRSTIE K. , RYDZON BRETT , EISENBERG YUVAL , LAYDEN BRIAN T. , LIN JANET 
Published: May 2022

Despite decades of research on strategies to address disparities in diabetes screening, prevention and treatment, disparities particularly by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status persist. An innovative approach to diabetes screening was therefore piloted in the Emergency Department (ED) at the University of Illinois Hospital in Chicago from February to April 2021. A best practices advisory (BPA) was built into the electronic medical records system that flagged ED patients at risk for diabetes for a provider to add a A1c test to an already planned blood specimen. The criteria were: all patients age &gt;= 45 years, or patients age 18-44 years with a BMI &gt;= 25; and, with no history of diabetes in the chart and no A1c performed in the last 3 years. Of the 8441 ED visits during the pilot timeframe, the BPA was triggered in 2691, and 2118 visits had a A1c resulted. Approximately half of the results (52%, n=1098) were abnormal. Of the abnormal results, 70% were in the prediabetes range (A1c 5.7-6.4%) and 30% in the diabetes range (A1c &gt;= 6.5%; with 62 of the A1c results &gt;=10%) . As A1c results were not immediately available in the ED, study staff successfully contacted 352 patients with an abnormal result by phone; the remaining were sent a letter informing them of their abnormal result. Of the 352, the average age was 52.2 years, 55% were female, 65% Non-Hispanic Black, 20% Hispanic, 15% Non-Hispanic White/Other. Half were on either Medicare or Medicaid, and 4% uninsured. The median income of the patients’ zipcodes fell at the 44th percentile of the U.S. income. During this initial phase, our novel screening in the ED identified a significant number of patients with undiagnosed diabetes, particularly minority and poor patients, indicating this approach could be leveraged to further stymie health disparities. Future research will now test the linkage of these new patients to diabetes education and care within the health care system.

Disclosure
K.K.Danielson: None. B.Rydzon: None. Y.Eisenberg: None. B.T.Layden: None. J.Lin: Research Support; Gilead Sciences, Inc., Novo Nordisk.

Funding
Novo Nordisk (G2111)
653-P: Post-Breakfast Glycemic Profiles in Hispanic/Latino Adults with or at Risk of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: PAI AMRUTA , SANTIAGO RONY F. , BEVIER WENDY C. , GLANTZ NAMINO M. , BARUA SOUPTIK , SABHARWAL ASHUTOSH , KERR DAVID 
Published: May 2022

Hispanic/Latinos in the U.S. bear an excess burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D) . In type 1 diabetes and insulin-treated T2D, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is an established technology to guide therapy, yet CGM use and studies are rare in people with/at-risk of non-insulin treated T2D and ethnic minorities. In this study, CGM was used to assess breakfast glycemic response in free-living adults with or at risk of non-insulin treated T2D. For 9-14 days, 35 Hispanic/Latino adults (28 female, median HbA1c 6.0% [IQR 5.5%, 6.8%]) wore blinded Abbott Freestyle Libre CGM and logged food via the MyFitnessPal app. Start and peak time of glycemic responses associated with a glucose rise ≥20 mg/dL between 5-a.m. were manually annotated. Median variation between annotated and logged time was 39 [20, 78] minutes. Participants were stratiﬁed using HbA1c into at risk for T2D, pre-T2D, and T2D. Median starting glucose (SG) ; maximum glucose rise (Max GR) ; time-to-peak (TTP) ; and incremental area under the curve over 2, 3, and 4 hours (iAUC2hr, iAUC3hr, iAUC4hr) were computed (Table 1) . The T2D group had signiﬁcantly higher post-breakfast glycemic measures than the at-risk group for all measures. The T2D group also had higher measures than pre-T2D for all but Max GR. Increases in response from at-risk to pre- to T2D in Hispanic/Latino adults suggest post-breakfast glycemic proﬁles may potentially be used to monitor diabetes progression.

Disclosure
A.Pai: Employee; Apple. R.F.Santiago: Research Support; Abbott. W.C.Bevier: Research Support; Abbott Diabetes. N.M.Glantz: Research Support; Abbott. S.Barua: None. A.Sabharwal: None. D.Kerr: Advisory Panel; Abbott Diabetes, Novo Nordisk A/S, Sanofi, Consultant; Evidation Health, Research Support; Novo Nordisk A/S, Stock/Shareholder; Glooko, Inc., Hi.Health.

Funding
Elsevier Foundation
657-P: Frequency Scanning Correlates Not Only with Glycemic Indices but Also with Fear of Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes Patients Using is-CGMS
Authors: HOHENDORFF JERZY , WITEK PRZEMYSLAW W. , KANIA MICHAL , SUDOL MARIA , HAJDUK KATARZYNA , STEPIEN ADAM , CYGANEK KATARZYNA , KIEC-WILK BEATA , KLUPA TOMASZ , MALECKI MACIEJ 
Published: May 2022

Frequency scanning with intermittently scanned CGMS (is-CGMS) is associated with glycemic indices. No data is available for its correlation with fear of hypoglycemia (FOH) , a well-known factor affecting quality of life and glycemic control in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) . The aim of the study was to analyze the association of scanning frequency with glycemic indices and FOH in T1DM patients using is-CGMS. T1DM patients using is-CGMS were eligible. Clinical data, Ambulatory Glucose Profile (AGP) reports were obtained from medical records. FOH was assessed using Hypoglycemia Fear Survey II (HFS-II) . We included 77 consecutive patients (58 females) , 38 were treated with insulin pump, 39 with multiple daily injections. Their mean age was 34.1+/-10.2 years and T1DM duration 14.7 +/-12.0 years. Mean glycemic indices were as follows: mean glucose - 155.8+/-29.8 mg/dl; GMI - 53.3+/-7.5 mmol/mol; TIR - 66.4+/-17.8%; TB70 - 4.5+/-4.1%; TB54 - 0.6+/-1.2%; TA180 - 29.2 +/-17.9%; TA250 - 9.6+/-10.4%; %CV - 36.7+/-8.3. The average scanning frequency was 13.8+/-7.8 scans/d. Mean HFS II scores were 16.1+/-7.2 and 18.7+/-12.2 in behavior and worry subscale, respectively. Correlation was found between scanning frequency and mean glucose, GMI, TIR, TB70, TA180, TA250, %CV and HFS-B (p&lt;0.for all statistics) .
In summary, for the first time, we report that higher scanning frequency is associated not only with better glycemic indices but also with less FOH in T1DM patients using is-CGMS. This constitutes a new argument for advising T1DM patients frequent scanning when using is-CGMS.

Disclosure
J.Hohendorff: Advisory Panel; Abbott. M.Malecki: Consultant; Abbott Diabetes, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Lilly Diabetes, Novo Nordisk, Speaker's Bureau; Ascensia Diabetes Care, AstraZeneca, Bayer AG, Merck & Co., Inc., Mundipharma, Servier Laboratories. P.W.Witek: Other Relationship; Abbott, Berlin-Chemie AG, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Medtronic, Merck & Co., Inc., Novo Nordisk, Roche Diabetes Care, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH. M.Kania: None. M.Sudol: None. K.Hajduk: None. A.Stepien: None. K.Cyganek: Speaker's Bureau; Abbott Diabetes, Ascensia Diabetes Care, Bausch Health, Canada, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Lilly Diabetes, Medtronic, Novo Nordisk, Roche Diabetes Care. B.Kiec-wilk: n/a. T.Klupa: Advisory Panel; Abbott, BIOTON S.A., Sanofi, Research Support; Medtronic, Speaker's Bureau; Ascensia Diabetes Care, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Eli Lilly and Company, Novo Nordisk.