bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lithium Bonds Enable Small Biomass Molecule‐Based Ionoelastomers with Multiple Functions for Soft Intelligent Electronics
Authors: Dang Chao , Zhang Fei , Li Yuehu , Jin Zixian , Cheng Yabin , Feng Yufan , Wang Xijun , Zhang Cunzhi , Chen Yian , Shao Changyou , Zheng Qingbin , Qi Haisong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLipoic acid (LA), which originates from animals and plants, is a small biomass molecule and has recently shown great application value in soft conductors. However, the severe depolymerization of LA places a significant limitation on its utilization. A strategy of using Li‐bonds as both depolymerization quenchers and dynamic mediators to melt transform LA into high‐performance ionoelastomers (IEs) is proposed. They feature dry networks while simultaneously combining transparency, stretchability, conductivity, self‐healing ability, non‐corrosive property, re‐mouldability, strain‐sensitivity, recyclability, and degradability. Most of the existing soft conductors’ drawbacks, such as the tedious synthesis, non‐renewable polymer networks, limited functions, and single‐use only, are successfully solved. In addition, the multi‐functions allow IEs to be used as soft sensors in human–computer interactive games and wireless remote sports assistants. Notably, the recycled IE also provides an efficient conductive filler for transparent ionic papers, which can be used to design soft transparent triboelectric nanogenerators for energy harvesting and multidirectional motion sensing. This work creates a new direction for future research involving intelligent soft electronics.
Dual Biosignal‐Functional Injectable Microspheres for Remodeling Osteogenic Microenvironment
Authors: Sun Yang , Zhou Qianrong , Du Yawei , Sun Jian , Bi Wei , Liu Wenjuan , Li Ruixue , Wu Xingwen , Yang Fei , Song Liang , Li Ni , Cui Wenguo , Yu Youcheng 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBone defect regeneration depends on the population and lifespan of M2 macrophages, which are regulated by dual signals generated by the “physical” spatial configuration of biological tissues and “molecular” chemokines. Herein, inspired by the reprogramming of macrophages, immunoengineered porous microspheres are constructed to accelerate bone repair through the regulation of both “physical” and “molecular” signals. The porous structure of injectable poly (l‐lactic acid) (PLLA) microspheres prepared by the microfluidic technique provides a “physical signal” for osteogenic differentiation. Additionally, interleukin (IL)‐4‐loaded liposomes (Ls) are modified on PLLA microspheres through amide bonds to produce IL‐4/Ls/PLLA microspheres, providing a “molecular signal” in stimulating the differentiation of macrophages to M2 type. It is confirmed that IL‐4/Ls/PLLA microspheres could induce M2‐macrophages polarization and potentiate osteoblast proliferation and differentiation while coculturing with macrophages and osteoblasts in vitro. Besides, IL‐4/Ls/PLLA microspheres are proved to promote bone defect regeneration by inducing the conversion of M1 macrophages to M2 through dual biosignal‐functional regulation in both the calvaria defect and maxillary sinus defect models. Overall, the immuno‐reprogrammed IL‐4/Ls/PLLA microspheres achieve the precise immuno‐reprogramming of macrophages by dual biosignal‐functional regulation. This immune reengineering strategy paves a way for clinical bone defect treatment.
Recent Progress in Carbonaceous and Redox‐Active Nanoarchitectures for Hybrid Supercapacitors: Performance Evaluation, Challenges, and Future Prospects
Authors: Shah Syed Shaheen , Aziz Md. Abdul , Yamani Zain H. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDue to advancements in technology, the energy demand is becoming more intense with time. The rapid fossil fuels consumption and environmental concerns triggered intensive research for alternative renewable energy resources, including sunlight and wind. Yet, due to their time‐dependent operations, significant electric energy storage systems are required to store substantial energy. In this regard, electrochemical energy storage devices, like batteries and supercapacitors (SCs), have recently attracted much research attention. Recent developments in SCs demonstrated that hybrid SCs (HSCs), which combine the excellent properties of batteries and SCs, increase the specific energy, specific power, specific capacitance, and life span. Carbonaceous and redox‐active materials have been explored as efficient electrode materials for applications in HSCs, ultimately enhancing their electrochemical performances. The HSCs performance significantly depends on the porosity, specific surface area, and conductivity of the electrode materials. This review article gives an overview of recent advances in developing HSCs with high specific power, specific energy, and long cyclic‐life. The fabrication of various HSCs materials using carbonaceous and redox‐active nanoarchitectures and their characterization are explored in‐depth, including electrode development, basic principles, and device engineering. A proper investigation has been conducted regarding state‐of‐the‐art materials as HSC electrodes. This review focuses on the most up‐to‐date, cutting‐edge, electrode materials for HSCs and their performance. The possibilities for novel electrode materials and their impact on the HSCs performance for future energy storage are also discussed.
Treatment of cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency and medial patellar luxation in a small‐breed dog with a true spherical osteotomy
Authors: Polajnar Petar , Szanto Zsigmond , Willmitzer Florian , Medl Nikola 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA 9‐year‐old, neutered, male, Cairn Terrier dog presented with a 3‐year history of progressive pain and lameness of the right hindlimb. After an acute episode of severe pain and non‐weight‐bearing lameness, the dog was referred to our clinic for evaluation. The physical examination was unremarkable; the orthopaedic examination revealed a positive cranial drawer sign and medial patellar luxation grade 3/4. Orthogonal radiographs were taken. Chronic degenerative changes consistent with cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency and medial patellar luxation were noted. Preoperative planning was performed using veterinary preoperative planning software. A spherical osteotomy was performed to level the tibial plateau, correct the medial patellar luxation and improve a valgus deformity. The osteotomy was stabilised using a polyaxial 2.0 tibial plateau levelling osteotomy plate. At the 8‐week postoperative follow‐up examination, the dog had normal weight‐bearing ability without evidence of lameness or pain.
Late‐onset seizures in a domestic shorthaired cat with global brain ischaemia and cortical laminar necrosis
Authors: Phillipps Stephanie , Schiborra Frederike , Nagendran Aran 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe most common cause of global brain ischaemia in veterinary species is anaesthesia‐related cardiovascular dysfunction. Both early‐ and late‐onset seizures secondary to ischaemia are well recognised in human medicine, but late‐onset seizures have not been reported in veterinary species. A 2‐year‐old, female, neutered, domestic shorthaired cat with a history of blindness since ovariohysterectomy 10 months previously was presented for investigation of suspected seizure activity over the previous month. Neurological examination localised to generalised diffuse forebrain pathology. Magnetic resonance imaging was consistent with global brain ischaemia and suggestive of cortical laminar necrosis. The clinical history and imaging findings were consistent with historical perioperative cerebral hypoxia. Treatment with phenobarbitone resulted in excellent control of seizures. Anaesthesia accidents can occur during short, ‘routine’ procedures in apparently clinically healthy animals and may have severe long‐term effects for patients. This report suggests that late‐onset seizures can occur as a result of global brain ischaemia in veterinary species.
In situ measurement of 3D contact angle in sand based on X‐ray computed tomography
Authors: Schlüter Steffen , Blaser Sebastian R. G. A. , Benard Pascal , Carminati Andrea 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSoil water repellency is traditionally expressed as contact angle (CA) and measured destructively on exposed surfaces or derived from flow behavior or measured forces. These approaches cannot map local heterogeneities in CA, which typically exist in intact soil. Here, we explore the potential and limitations of in situ measurements of three‐dimensional CAs with simplified benchmark tests and in intact sand. The method is based on a protocol for the freely available OpenFOAM software and applied to segmented X‐ray computed tomography (X‐ray CT) data. This study scrutinizes its suitability under typical vadose zone conditions, as it was originally developed for rock studies in petroleum engineering. The assets of the method are that it allows for accurate measurement of locally varying, equilibrium contact angles and that they can be linked to pore scale features that cause them. This is demonstrated with rehydrated mucilage structures in sand and the associated change in local CAs, where they touch sand grains. In general, the image acquisition time of polychromatic X‐ray CT (minutes) precludes the assessments of dynamic CAs that may equilibrate within seconds. Another limitation is that acute CAs are overestimated due to the voxel discretization of interfaces and contact lines in combination with image smoothing. The divergence arises around 60° and is most severe in the limit of vanishing water repellency. In summary, the method enables the mapping of local heterogeneities of equilibrium CAs, though the absolute values should be critically assessed.
A Rindler road to Carrollian worldsheets
Authors: Bagchi Arjun , Banerjee Aritra , Chakrabortty Shankhadeep , Chatterjee Ritankar 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The tensionless limit of string theory has recently been formulated in terms of worldsheet Rindler physics. In this paper, by considering closed strings moving in background Rindler spacetimes, we provide a concrete exemplification of this phenomenon. We first show that strings probing the near-horizon region of a generic non-extremal blackhole become tensionless thereby linking a spacetime Carroll limit to a worldsheet Carroll limit. Then, considering strings in d-dimensional Rindler spacetime we find a Rindler structure induced on the worldsheet. Novelties, including folds, appear on the closed string worldsheet pertaining to the formation of the worldsheet horizon. The closed string becomes segmented at these folding points and different segments go into the formation of closed strings in the different Rindler wedges. The Bondi-Metzner-Sachs (BMS) or the Conformal Carroll algebra emerges from the closed string Virasoro algebra as the horizon is hit. Quantum states on these accelerated worldsheets are discussed and we show the formation of boundary states from gluing conditions of the different segments of the accelerated closed string.
Infraparticle quantum fields and the formation of photon clouds
Authors: Mund Jens , Rehren Karl-Henning , Schroer Bert 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A non-perturbative and exactly solvable quantum field theoretical model for a “dressed Dirac field” is presented, that exhibits all the kinematical features of QED: an appropriate delocalization of the charged field as a prerequisite for the global Gauss Law, superselected photon clouds (asymptotic expectation values of the Maxwell field), infraparticle nature of charged particles that cannot be separated from their photon clouds, broken Lorentz symmetry. The model serves as an intermediate leg on a new roadmap towards full QED, formulated as an off-shell theory, i.e., including a perturbative construction of its interacting charged fields. It also fills a gap in recent discussions of the “Infrared Triangle”, and points the way towards a new scattering theory for theories with massless particles of helicity ≥ 1, in which infraparticles can be described at the level of charged fields, rather than just states.
A novel bee host cannot detect a microbial parasite, in contrast to its original host
Authors: Choppin M. , Lach L. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOrganisms that can detect parasites may have a greater likelihood of avoiding exposure to them. We would expect hosts that share an evolutionary history with a parasite to be more likely to detect and avoid it compared to novel hosts. Nosema ceranae is a gut parasite of the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana, that has relatively recently been detected in the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. Using a Proboscis Extension Response assay, we found that A. cerana was significantly more likely than A. mellifera to avoid sucrose solutions with concentrations above 1 × 106 N. ceranae spores per mL. However, neither species avoided the sucrose solutions with lower N. ceranae concentrations, similar to those detected on flowers.
A European cross-sectional survey to investigate how involved doctors training in clinical pharmacology are in drug concentration monitoring
Authors: Green Thomas J. , Walker Lauren E. , Turner Richard M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is widely recognised as a key attribute of clinical pharmacologists; yet, the extent to which physicians undertaking postgraduate training in clinical pharmacology (hereafter trainees) are involved in TDM is poorly characterised. Our own experience suggests wide variation in trainee exposure to TDM.

Method
We performed a Europe-wide cross-sectional internet-based survey of trainees to determine the nature and extent of trainee involvement in TDM.

Results
There were 43 responses from eight countries analysed. Of the 21 respondents from the UK, all were also training in general internal medicine (GIM), while all of the respondents who were solely training in clinical pharmacology were from outside the UK. Overall, 86.0% of respondents reported access to drug monitoring for clinical care at their affiliated institution, of which 81.0% were personally involved in TDM in some capacity. On average, trainees reported that drug monitoring was available for 16 of the 33 (48%) of the drug/drug classes surveyed. UK-based respondents were involved in requesting drug-level investigations and interpreting the results for patients under their care in 76.2% and 85.7% of cases, respectively, while non-UK respondents supported other healthcare professionals to interpret results in 45.4% of cases. Trainees felt TDM training was generally either insufficient or very inadequate.

Conclusion
While access to TDM is relatively available at institutions where trainees are based, the role of trainees is variable and affected by a variety of factors including country and training programme. Universally, trainees feel they need more education in TDM.
Estimating the average distribution of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba at the northern Antarctic Peninsula during austral summer and winter
Authors: Warwick-Evans V. , Fielding S. , Reiss C. S. , Watters G. M. , Trathan P. N. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study was performed to aid the management of the fishery for Antarctic krillEuphausia superba. Krill are an important component of the Antarctic marine ecosystem, providing a key food source for many marine predators. Additionally, krill are the target of the largest commercial fishery in the Southern Ocean, for which annual catches have been increasing and concentrating in recent years. The krill fishery is managed by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR), which has endorsed a new management framework that requires information about the spatial distribution and biomass of krill. Here, we use krill density estimates from acoustic surveys and a GAMM framework to model habitat properties associated with high krill biomass during summer and winter in the northern Antarctic Peninsula region, an area important to the commercial fishery. Our models show elevated krill density associated with the shelf break, increased sea surface temperature, moderate chlorophyll-a concentration and increased salinity. During winter, our models show associations with shallow waters (< 1500 m) with low sea-ice concentration, medium sea-level anomaly and medium current speed. Our models predict temporal averages of the distribution and density of krill, which can be used to aid CCAMLR’s revised ecosystem approach to fisheries management. Our models have the potential to help in the spatial and temporal design of future acoustic surveys that would preclude the need for modelled extrapolations. We highlight that the ecosystem approach to fisheries management of krill critically depends upon such field observations at relevant spatial and temporal scales.
Estimating rates of coral carbonate production from aerial and archive imagery by applying colony scale conversion metrics
Authors: Husband E. , Perry C. T. , Lange I. D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRecent interest in assessing coral reef functions has raised questions about how carbonate production rates have altered over the past few decades of ecological change. At the same time, there is growing interest in quantifying carbonate production on larger reef-scales. Resolving these issues is challenging because carbonate production estimates require three-dimensional survey data, which are typically collected in-situ over small spatial scales. In contrast, data that can be extracted from archive photograph or video imagery and high-resolution aerial imagery are generally planar. To address this disconnect, we collected data on the relationship between linear planar and3Dcontour lengths of 62 common Indo-Pacific hard coral genera-morphotypes to establish appropriate conversion metrics (i.e. coral class rugosity values, hereafter termedRcoral). These conversion values allow planar colony dimensions to be converted to estimates of 3D colony contour length, which can be employed within existing census budget methodologies like ReefBudget to estimate coral carbonate production (G, in kg CaCO3m−2 yr−1). We tested this approach by comparing in-situ carbonate production data collected using the ReefBudget methodology against estimates derived from converted colony length data from video imagery. The data show a high level of consistency with an error of ~ 10%. We then demonstrate potential applications of the conversion metrics in two examples, the first using time-series (2006 to 2018) photo-quadrat imagery from Moorea, and the second using high-resolution drone imagery across different reef flat habitats from the Maldives. Whilst some degree of error must necessarily be accepted with such conversion techniques, the approach presented here offers exciting potential to calculate coral carbonate production: (1) from historical imagery to constrain past coral carbonate production rates; (2) from high quality aerial imagery for spatial up-scaling exercises; and (3) for use in rapid photograph or video-based assessments along reef systems where detailed surveys are not possible.
Burden of CIN2+ diagnoses and conizations in women aged 18–45 years—a retrospective secondary data analysis of German statutory health insurance claims data
Authors: Reuschenbach Miriam , Stephan Anna-Janina , Saxena Kunal , Prabhu Vimalanand S. , Jacob Christian , Schneider Kim Maren , Greiner Wolfgang , Wölle Regine , Hampl Monika 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose
High grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+) may progress to cervical cancer. They may be detected by screening and are usually treated by conization. This study aimed at assessing annual proportions of screening, prevalent and incident CIN2+ diagnoses, as well as proportions of (re-)conizations during 24 months follow-up after conization in Germany.

Methods
A descriptive retrospective claims data analysis of the years 2013–2018 was conducted using the InGef Research Database. Women aged 18–45 years with CIN2+ diagnoses were identified by ICD-10-GM codes (N87.1, N87.2, D06.-, and C53.-). Cervical conizations were identified by OPS codes (5–671.0* or 5–671.1*). Screening participation was identified by EBM codes (01730, 01733, 32819 or 32820). Annual proportions were calculated as women with the respective documented codes divided by all women in the respective age group per calendar year.

Results
Overall annual proportions of screened women spanned from 60.01 to 61.33% between 2013 and 2018. The overall annual prevalence of CIN2+ diagnoses (regardless of screening participation) ranged from 0.72 to 0.84% between 2013 and 2018, with highest proportions observed in women aged 27–45 years. Also, CIN2+ incidence was highest in women 27–45 years. Annual proportion of women undergoing conization was 0.24% in 2013 and 0.21% in 2018. During a 24-month follow-up period after conization, 2.91% of women underwent a re-conization 3 months or later after the initial conization.

Conclusion
This analysis demonstrates a considerable burden of CIN2+, conizations and re-conizations in Germany, especially in women aged 27–45 years. This highlights the need for intensified prevention efforts such as expanding human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination.
Knee extensor force production and discomfort during neuromuscular electrical stimulation of quadriceps with and without gluteal muscle co-stimulation
Authors: Flodin J. , Mikkelsen C. , Ackermann P. W. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate whether Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) simultaneously applied on the quadriceps (Q) and gluteal (G) muscles, as compared to single Q-stimulation alters the knee extensor force production and discomfort.

Methods
A total of 11 healthy participants (6 females), with normal weight and age between 19 and 54 years were included. The unilateral, isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was assessed for each participant in an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex, system 3). NMES was, in a randomized order, applied only on the Q-muscle and on the Q- and G-muscles (QG) simultaneously. NMES-intensity was increased stepwise until the maximal tolerable level was reached regarding discomfort, graded according to the visual analogue scale (VAS). VAS and the % of MVC produced by NMES, were registered for each level, expressed as median (inter-quartile range).

Results
The maximum tolerated NMES-intensity applied on Q compared to QG resulted in equally high discomfort, 8.0 (6.0–9.0) vs 8.0 (6.3–9.0), and in equivalent knee extensor force production, 36.7 (29.9–47.5) and 36.2 (28.9–49.3), respectively, in % of MVC. At 20% of MVC, NMES applied on Q compared to QG resulted in equal acceptable discomfort, 3.0 (2.0–4.5) vs 3.0 (3–5.5), and comparable intensity levels, 41.5 (38.0–45.8) vs 43.5 (37.0–48.8), respectively.

Conclusions
Simultaneous QG-NMES, as compared to single Q-NMES, does not seem to affect the knee extensor force production or discomfort. Q-NMES, without voluntary muscle contraction, can with an acceptable level of discomfort result in at least 20% of MVC.