bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction of a Relativistic Magnetized Collisionless Shock with a Dense Clump
Authors: Tomita Sara , Ohira Yutaka , Kimura Shigeo S. , Tomida Kengo , Toma Kenji 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The interactions between a relativistic magnetized collisionless shock and dense clumps have been expected to play a crucial role in magnetic field amplification and cosmic-ray acceleration. We investigate this process using two-dimensional Particle-In-Cell (PIC) simulations, for the first time, where the clump size is much larger than the gyroradius of the downstream particles. We also perform relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations for the same condition, to see the kinetic effects. We find that particles escape from the shocked clump along magnetic field lines in the PIC simulations, so that the vorticity is lower than that in the MHD simulations. Moreover, in both the PIC and MHD simulations, the shocked clump quickly decelerates because of relativistic effects. Owing to the escape and the deceleration, the shocked clump cannot amplify the downstream magnetic field in relativistic collisionless shocks. This large-scale PIC simulation opens a new window to understanding large-scale behaviors in collisionless plasma systems.
Ectasia After SMILE Lacking Perceivable Risk Factors
Authors: Morales Flores Norma , Pérez-Solórzano Sofía , Kahuam-López Nicolás , Ramirez-Miranda Arturo , Graue-Hernández Enrique O. , Navas Alejandro 
Published: August 2022

PURPOSE:
To describe 3 eyes from 2 patients who had corneal ectasia after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) without tangible risk factors.

METHODS:
A 27-year-old woman and a 24-year-old man with compound myopic astigmatism and normal corneal topographies underwent uneventful SMILE in both eyes.

RESULTS:
The first patient complained of decreased visual acuity 6 months after SMILE. She presented with uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) of 20/60 and 20/200 in the right and left eyes, respectively. Topography revealed decreased thickness and inferior steepening in both eyes. The second patient presented at 5 years after SMILE with UDVA of 20/400 and 20/100 in his right and left eyes, respectively. Tomography revealed an inferior steepening in the right eye. These findings were compatible with post-refractive surgery ectasia.

CONCLUSIONS:
Even though SMILE is considered a safe procedure, it is not exempt from developing corneal ectasia even without evident risk factors, which implies the need for a strict preoperative evaluation.

[
Journal of Refractive Surgery Case Reports.
2022;2(3):e63–e67.]
A dynamic statistical cardiac atlas with adjustable shape and motion features
Authors: Zhao Peng , Alghalban Hussein Y. Y. , Zhu Yufei , Chong Yinbao , Wang Hongkai 
Published: August 2022

Background and Objectives:
Digital heart atlases play important roles in computational cardiac simulation and medical image analysis. During the past decades, various heart anatomy models were developed, but they mostly focused on the ventricular part. Recently, a number of whole-heart atlases were developed but they rarely modelled the motion features. This study constructed a whole-heart atlas incorporating dynamic cardiac motion.

Materials and Methods:
The shape and motion features of the atlas were learnt from a training set of 57 dynamic computed tomographic angiography images including 20 cardiac phases. Inter-subject variations of the heart anatomy and motion were incorporated into the atlas using the statistical shape modelling approach. Clinically relevant physiological parameters (e.g., chamber volumes, ejection fraction, and percentage of systolic phase) were correlated with the shape and motion variations using the linear regression approach. The shape and motion pattern of the atlas can be adapted by adjusting the physiological parameters.

Results:
Quantitative experiments were conducted to measure the anatomical accuracy of the atlas for whole-heart shape reconstruction of different subjects, a mean Dice score of 0.89-0.93 and a mean surface distance of 1.02-1.91 mm were achieved for the four heart chambers, respectively.

Conclusions:
This atlas provides a novel computational tool with adjustable shape and motion parameters for cardiac simulation research.
#Ophthalmology: Popular ophthalmology hashtags as an educational source for ophthalmologists, an Instagram study
Authors: Tıskaoğlu Nesime Setge , Seyyar Sevim Ayça 
Published: August 2022

Purpose:
This study aims to determine the content and intent of posts published under popular ophthalmology hashtags and to determine whether these posts were educational for ophthalmologists.

Methods:
A web-based, cross-sectional study design was used to evaluate the top public posts of five popular hashtags on three consecutive days by two ophthalmology specialists. The first 100 relevant English posts of each hashtag were studied. Selected hashtags were #Ophthalmology, #ophthalmosurgery, #ophthalmologyresident, #ophthalmologist, and #ophthalmicphotography. Posts were classified according to the type of post, post author, post intent, and whether the post was educational. Posts deemed educational were then categorized separately using the same classification system as above to determine whether there were defining characteristics of educational posts.

Results:
One thousand posts were recorded and analyzed and a total of 500 posts were included in the study. The majority of posts 79.8% (n = 399), were by medical doctors with 95% (n = 379) being ophthalmology specialists. Sixty-three percent of posts (n = 315) were deemed educational, 25% promotional (n = 127), and 12% (n = 58) were entertainment posts. Medical retina (n = 119) and anterior segment (n = 90) were the most common subspecialties explored. #ophthalmicphotography (P = 0.001) was the hashtag with the highest number of educational posts (n = 91). The least educational hashtag was #ophthalmologist with only 44% of posts (n = 44) that were deemed to be educational. One hundred percent of glaucoma posts (n = 19), 98% of cornea posts (n = 41), and 99% of medical retina posts (n = 118) were found to be educational which was significantly more educational than the other topics posted (P ≤ 0.001).

Conclusion:
Ophthalmologists are the main authors of posts in popular ophthalmology hashtags. The majority of posts were educational posts with promotional posts being the second most common intent. The authors conclude that while Instagram is a possible source of ancillary education for the visual specialty of ophthalmology, careful selection of hashtags and post authors are needed for maximum benefit.
Ten commandments for biometry in tricky situations
Authors: Israni Neeraj , Kochar Shruti 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Recently, the number of litigations on cataract surgeons has increased. Because of the increasing ambitions of surgeons and demands for a spectacle-free life, the incidence of unhappy patients is at an all-time high. To an ophthalmologist, the fruits of a good surgery are dependent largely on their skills. However, more importantly, the roots of good results of a surgery are laid by a perfect IOL (intraocular lens) power calculation. Inaccurate biometry is one of the major reasons for unhappy patients, especially in some challenging scenarios.

Purpose:
To hit the bull’s eye, as far as target refraction is concerned, it is necessary to understand the benefits and limitations of currently available cutting-edge technology and formulae and apply them to the cataract surgery practice. The aim of the video is to familiarize modern-day ophthalmologists to these situations to achieve a perfect IOL power calculation.

Synopsis:
Using a step-by-step approach, we decoded biometry in special scenarios like poor cornea, ocular surface disorders, dry eyes, toric IOL calculation, cases with posterior corneal astigmatism, irregular corneas like keratoconus, pellucid marginal degeneration, post Lasik ectasia and penetrating keratoplasty. In this video we tried to address the solution to these special conditions and how to attain target refraction in such cases. A few more issues are addressed like biometry post retina surgery, very dense cataract where it is difficult to obtain axial length, and cases with extreme axial lengths.

Highlights:
In this case-based approach, with relevant example, we tried to provide solutions for biometry in tricky scenarios like poor cornea, biometry post refractive surgery, dense cataracts, and cataract post retinal surgery. On following these commandments, not only will the litigations stop but our patients will be happier as well.

Online Video Link:

https://youtu.be/dNXP2nDYUZo

Key words: Case based approach, IOL power calculation, tricky situations
Deciphering the enigma of astigmatism in cataract surgery
Authors: NeerajIsrani  , Kochar Shruti , Paryani Mukesh , Shah Shreya , Bhatnagar Sanket 
Published: August 2022

Background:
With about 87% of patients with cataracts having astigmatism, management of astigmatism in cataract surgery not only yields an improved unaided visual acuity and image quality but also higher patient satisfaction. The video will give a step-wise guide to cataract surgeons to manage astigmatism with cataracts.

Purpose:
To hit the bull’s eye as far as target refraction is concerned, it is necessary to understand the benefits and limitations of currently available cutting-edge technology and formulae and apply them to the cataract surgery practice. The purpose of the video is to make sure that we have no surprises in our Toric intraocular lens (IOL) planning.

Synopsis:
After a brief introduction to available modalities for the treatment of astigmatism, a step-wise approach to diagnostics is discussed, which will include the role of corneal topography and aberrometers and their application to planning Toric IOLs. Appropriate planning, implementation, and execution in form of preoperative and intraoperative pearls of using Toric IOLs are shown in the video. This will be followed by troubleshooting and case-based discussions and future perspectives including the possible role of corneal biomechanics.

Highlights:
What this video adds new is the importance of topography, interpretation of Belin‒Ambrosio display map and the equivalent keratometry reading (EKR) map, aberrometry, and higher order aberration (HOA) analysis and role of biomechanics in Toric IOL planning. Video also highlights the importance of posterior corneal astigmatism and accurate axis marking. With a case-based approach and relevant examples, we are trying to decipher the enigma of astigmatism by giving a step-wise approach for the same.

Online Video Link:

https://youtu.be/5VuEY_6NdQA

Key words: astigmatism, cataract, aberrometry, toric, intraocular lens
Comparison of two protocols of subthreshold micropulse yellow laser treatment for non-resolving central serous chorioretinopathy
Authors: Beniwal Abhijeet , Shaikh Nawazish , Chawla Rohan , Azad Shorya Vardhan , Kumar Vinod , Vohra Rajpal 
Published: August 2022

Purpose:
To study the effect of subthreshold micropulse yellow laser treatment on central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) and to compare two laser protocols. As per our knowledge, there are no studies comparing the two protocols of subthreshold laser.

Methods:
Twenty-three patients with non-resolving CSC of at least three months duration were treated with subthreshold laser (577 nm). Ten patients were treated with 5% duty cycle (group A) and 13 patients with 10% duty cycle (group B). At one month, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), subretinal fluid (SRF), choroidal thickness (CT) and choroidal vascularity index (CVI) were evaluated.

Results:
In group A, BCVA improved from 0.508 ± 504 to 0.174 ± 0.171 (P = 0.0058), CMT improved from 349.8 ± 168.9 micrometers (µm) to 183.3 ± 70.312 µm (P = 0.0093) and SRF reduced from 202.4 ± 158.024 to 43.8 ± 46.599 µm (P = 0.0069). In group B, BCVA improved from 0.437 ± 0.426 to 0.289 ± 0.470 (P = 0.0026), CMT improved from 280.846 ± 72.668 to 196.769 ± 72.62 µm (P = 0.0002) and SRF reduced from 110.385 ± 57.687 µm to 52.538 ± 52.111 µm (P = 0.0064). No significant difference was found in BCVA and CMT between the groups (P = 0.8716 and P = 0.8523, respectively). CSC completely resolved in 50% of cases in group A and in 69.2% of cases in group B. This difference was not statistically significant (0.423); however, the odds ratio of resolution was 2.25 times more with 10% duty cycle. No change was observed on fundus autofluorescence (FAF) following laser.

Conclusion:
Subthreshold micropulse laser can lead to resolution of SRF in 60.87% of cases (groups A and B combined). Ten per cent duty cycle had higher odds of resolution without causing any RPE damage.
Effect of atropine 0.01% on progression of myopia
Authors: Sen Snigdha , Yadav Himanshu , Jain Anu , Verma Sadhna , Gupta Preeti 
Published: August 2022

Purpose:
Myopia is the most common type of refractive error and the leading cause of functional visual loss. Increased risk of myopic maculopathy, retinal detachment, glaucoma and cataract has been seen with a myopia of as low as −1D. This study was done to determine the effect of atropine 0.01% eye drops on the progression of myopia in children >5 years.

Methods:
This was a single-blind, prospective, randomized case–control study which included children of 5–15 years with myopia of >2D and were divided into treatment group (group 1) and placebo group (group 2). Children under treatment group were treated with application of 0.01% atropine at night. Children with history of any ocular surgery, chronic ophthalmic illness, squint and amblyopia were excluded from the study. The follow-up for myopia progression was done for two years.

Results:
This study showed a significant difference in increase of spherical equivalent and axial length among treatment and placebo groups after a duration of two years. Total duration of follow up was twenty-four months. Mean increase in axial length of group 1 and 2 was 0.115 mm and 0.32 mm, respectively. Mean increase in refraction of groups 1 and 2 was −0.30 D and −0.88 D, respectively, showing significant change in axial length and refraction (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion:
This study supports the use of atropine 0.01% eye drops in reducing the progression of myopia.
Independent risk factors of type III acute acquired concomitant esotropia: A matched case–control study
Authors: Zhang Jingjin , Chen Jinguo , Lin Hong , Huang Longxiang , Ma Shaoqing , Zheng Weidong 
Published: August 2022

Purpose:
To investigate the risk factors and surgical design for type III acute acquired concomitant esotropia (AACE).

Methods:
In this retrospective, matched, case–control study, 51 patients developed type III AACE between March 2018 and September 2020, and the control group consisted of 60 patients matched by age and refractive power during the same period. A history of the duration of near work per day and the use of glasses were reviewed, and the refractive power of both eyes, deviation angles at both near and far vision, visual function, and treatment options were analyzed. Additionally, the distance from medial rectus insertion to the limbus was measured in surgical patients. The data were analyzed by logistic regression analysis.

Results:
We found that 99.96% of the patients and 91.67% of the controls had myopia. Of these, 60.8% and 20.0%, respectively, did not wear glasses for near work. Twelve patients were treated with a prism and 39 were treated surgically. The average time devoted to near work per day was 7.24 and 3.7 h by the patients and controls, respectively. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that increased hours of near work per day and near work without the use of spectacles were associated with the incidence of type III AACE. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that increased hours of near work per day and near work without the use of glasses were independent risk factors for AACE.

Conclusion:
Increased hours of near work per day and uncorrected myopia in near work are independent risk factors for type III AACE.
Clinical profile and demographic distribution of ophthalmia nodosa: An electronic medical record-driven big data analytics from a multitier eye care network
Authors: Das Anthony V , Venugopal Ragukumar , Reddy Jagadesh C 
Published: August 2022

Purpose:
To describe the demographics and clinical profile of ophthalmia nodosa in patients presenting to a multitier ophthalmology hospital network in India.

Methods:
This cross-sectional, hospital-based study included 3,082,727 new patients presenting between August 2010 and December 2021. Patients with a clinical diagnosis of ophthalmia nodosa in at least one eye were included as cases. The data were collected using an electronic medical record system.

Results:
Overall, 434 (0.014%) patients were diagnosed with ophthalmia nodosa. Most of the patients were male (71.43%) and had unilateral (97.7%) affliction. The most common age group at presentation was during the third decade of life with 116 (26.73%) patients. The overall prevalence was higher in patients from a higher socioeconomic status (0.015%) presenting from the urban geography (0.019%) and in professionals (0.027%). The setae were identified and removed at presentation in 287 (66.13%) patients. The most common location of the setae was conjunctiva (45.72%) followed by cornea (39.64%). Most of the eyes (355; 79.95%) had mild or no visual impairment (<20/70). The most documented ocular signs were eye lid edema (35.81%), conjunctival congestion (73.87%), and corneal abrasion (29.05%). Less than one-tenth of the eyes required a surgical intervention for removal of the setae, corneal foreign body removal was performed in 10 (2.25%) eyes and conjunctival foreign body removal in four (0.90%) eyes.

Conclusion:
Ophthalmia nodosa more commonly affects males presenting during the third decade of life and is predominantly unilateral. The setae are most commonly lodged in the conjunctiva followed by the cornea, and the majority of the eyes have mild or no visual impairment.
Effectiveness and future implications of COVID-19-related risk stratification for managing retinopathy of prematurity: The Indian twin cities retinopathy of prematurity study report number 10
Authors: Belenje Akash , Agarwal Komal , Naveen Nukkala , Sahoo Niroj K , Parmeswarappa Deepika C , Jayanna Sushma , Padhi Tapas R , Nayak Sameera , Panchal Bhavik , Jalali Subhadra 
Published: August 2022

Purpose:
To evaluate the effectiveness and future implications of COVID-related risk stratification for managing retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Methods:
A prospective study was conducted at a tertiary eye care center from the beginning of the lockdown in India from 23 March 2020 till the end of the first phase of lockdown on 29 May 2020. We evaluated 200 prematurely born infants (< 34 weeks of gestational age) using the new safety guideline protocols for low-risk babies developed in conjunction with the Indian ROP Society for care during the COVID-19 pandemic. Low risk included babies born at more than 30 weeks of gestational age, post menstrual age 34 weeks or above at presentation, more than 1000 grams of birth weight, and stable systemically with good weight gain.

Results:
New guidelines were implemented in 106 (53%) infants who were low risk while 94 (47%) infants with high risk were followed up as per the old guidelines. Out of the 106 infants (212 eyes) managed by the new guidelines, good outcome (group 1) was seen in 102 (96.2%) infants. Twenty-seven of the 102 infants had some form of ROP and 5 of these infants needed treatment. None of the low-risk babies with no detachment at presentation managed by new guidelines required surgery later (group 2). Two (1.9%) infants came with retinal detachment at presentation and underwent successful surgery (group 3) and two infants (1.9%) were lost to follow up.

Conclusion:
New risk stratification during the COVID-19 pandemic was an efficient and safe strategy in managing low-risk ROP babies.
Fundus findings in patients admitted with post COVID-19 sepsis in an intensive care unit
Authors: Mehta Salil , Jiandani Prakash , Prabhudesai Prahlad 
Published: August 2022

Purpose:
COVID-19 infection is being increasingly identified as a risk factor for the development of ocular infections, especially endogenous endophthalmitis. Current studies primarily report cases among survivors, and the overall prevalence, especially amongst patients admitted with active sepsis is unknown. We report on the fundus and systemic findings of inpatients who were being treated for post-COVID-19 systemic secondary infections in a tertiary intensive care unit.

Methods:
Retrospective observational study based on chart review.

Results:
A total of 24 patients were identified. These included 21 (87.5%) males and 3 (12.5%) females with ages ranging from 33 to 72 years (mean 54.1 years). Pre-existing risk factors included type 2 diabetes mellitus, systemic hypertension, chronic kidney disease, multiple myeloma, and patients on long-term corticosteroid/immunosuppressive treatment. Nine patients (37.5%) died and 15 (62.5%) survived. Of a total of 48 eyes, observed fundus lesions included endogenous endophthalmitis (4 eyes of 2 patients, 8.3%), preretinal hemorrhages (4 eyes of 2 patients, 8.3%), optic disc pallor (2 eyes of 1 patient, 4.1%), moderate non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (4 eyes of 2 patients, 8.3%), Roth spots (2 eyes of 1 patient, 4.1%), and 2 eyes of 1 patient (4.1%) with evidence of previous pan-retinal photocoagulation.

Conclusion:
Two patients had evidence of endogenous endophthalmitis. These findings suggest that the actual incidence of ocular lesions, especially infections is higher than that reported. Fundus examination should form a part of the management protocol for patients being treated for post-COVID-19 systemic infections.
Short-term surgical outcomes of twin-site combined phaco-emulsification and mitomycin-C augmented trabeculectomy in pseudo-exfoliation glaucoma versus primary open-angle glaucoma
Authors: Senthilkumar Vijayalakshmi A , Kumar MRanjith , Wijesinghe Hiruni Kaushalya , Uduman Mohammed Sithiq , Krishna Shiva M , Odayappan Annamalai , Puthuran George Varghese 
Published: August 2022

Purpose:
To compare the short-term outcomes of combined phaco-emulsification with posterior chamber intra-ocular lens and mitomycin augmented trabeculectomy in patients with pseudo-exfoliation glaucoma (PXFG) versus primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).

Methods:
A total of 144 eyes of 144 patients were enrolled in this prospective interventional comparative study, 72 each of which had PXFG and POAG, respectively. All patients underwent twin-site combined phaco-trabeculectomy at a tertiary eye center in India between December 2017 and December 2018 and were followed up for a period of 12 months. The main outcome measures were intra-ocular pressure (IOP), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), total surgical time, rate of intra-operative and post-operative complications, and the number of ocular hypotensive medications needed. Success rates were determined via Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.

Results:
The mean age was 63.9 ± 7.9 years in the POAG group and 66.4 ± 6.8 years in the PXFG group (P - 0.04). The baseline BCVA, IOP, and cup-disc ratio were comparable between two groups. Intra-operative complications and post-operative outcomes were comparable between the two groups. There was a significant drop in anti-glaucoma medications in both groups. Six patients, three (4.2%) in each group, were lost to follow-up after 6 months. Three patients (4.2%) in PXFG needed additional glaucoma intervention for controlling IOP, one patient needed a non-valved glaucoma drainage device, and two patients required diode cyclo-photocoagulation within the follow-up period.

Conclusion:
Patients with PXFG had a longer surgical time than POAG. Similar success and complication rates were observed following combined twin-site phaco-trabeculectomy in both POAG and PXFG at 1 year. Combined glaucoma surgery resulted in good IOP control, improvement in BCVA, and lower requirement of ocular hypotensives in both the groups.