bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A quantitative depositional model of a large distributive fluvial system (Megafan) with terminal aeolian interaction: The Upper Jurassic Guará DFS in southwestern Gondwana
Authors: dos Reis Adriano Domingos , dos Santos Scherer Claiton Marlon , Owen Amanda , do Amarante Francyne Bochi , Formolo Ferronatto João Pedro , Pantopoulos George , de Souza Ezequiel Galvão , Bállico Manoela Bettarel , Goso Aguilar César Alejandro 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
Recent studies have shown that distributive fluvial systems are the dominant fluvial forms in modern continental sedimentary basins, thus composing a large part of the stratigraphic record. This study provides a basin-scale architectural analysis of the Guará Formation, from the Upper Jurassic record of southwestern Gondwana, and attempts to compare the formation's depositional model to those developed for distributive fluvial system (DFS) successions. This time interval is significant because it was a period of intense tectonic activity related to the Paraná–Etendeka plume and the Gondwana breakup. Quantitative analyses were performed on stratigraphic sections at 17 locations (exposing a total of 720 m of stratigraphy) located in southern Brazil and northern Uruguay, from a larger dataset of 64 locations (comprising a total of 1070 m of stratigraphy). Four facies associations were identified: perennial fluvial channel fills, ephemeral fluvial channel fills, floodplain deposits, and aeolian deposits, indicating a dryland climate. Spatial trends were analyzed along a downstream-oriented transect (NNE–SSW) across the system. Grain size, channel-body thickness, number of stories, and bar thickness decrease downstream, indicating a reduction in channel depth, flow capacity, and channelization of the fluvial system, interpreted to be associated with downstream-increasing bifurcation, infiltration, and evapotranspiration. Based on spatial trends and distribution of facies associations, the deposits are interpreted to have been accumulated from a large DFS which can be divided into four zones, from proximal to distal: Zone 1, dominated by perennial fluvial channels; Zone 2, a mixture of perennial and ephemeral channels; Zones 3 and 4, deposits situated externally of the fluvial channel belts dominated by aeolian and floodplain deposits prevailing in each zone, respectively. The Guará Formation likely records the stratigraphic signature of the largest distributive fluvial systems reconstructed from both modern and ancient datasets, and one of the first where fluvio–aeolian interaction is quantified. The Guará Formation DFS model presented herein is key to understanding paleoenvironmental, paleoclimatic, and geotectonic changes related to Gondwanan fragmentation.
Experimental Study of the Effect of Magnetic Field Associated with Inhibitor in Calcium Carbonate Scale Formation.
Authors: Aldeia Wagner , França Gabriela Papoulias , Miliotti Millena Araújo , Martins André Leibsohn , Schluter Helga Elisabeth P. , Castro Bruno Barbosa , Pereira Alexandre Zacarias I. , Freitas Tiago Cavalcante 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This article summarizes initial efforts on the evaluation of the joint action of chemical inhibition and magnetic field to maximize the potential of scale mitigation in downhole conditions. This strategy is seen as a promising way to enhance flow assurance reliability in high cost deepwater wells where workover jobs are very expensive. This strategy is being considered as a good option for downhole applications where portions of the wellbore are not assisted by chemical injection or even as a redundancy which can attenuate effects of chemical injection failure. The calcium carbonate scale in the oilfield is typically controlled by chemical inhibitors, in several types and concentrations, depending on the saturation index related to the application. A magnetic field has the potential of retarding scaling of inorganic salts in oil production/water treatment systems. A preliminary assessment of the association of magnetic field and inhibitors to postpone carbonate scaling has been evaluated, based on tube blocking test method and two saturation indexes levels (2.8 and 3.03 – SSP Norm Scale). The reactor, with nominal diameter of 1/8", was operated under the total flow rate of 52 mL/min. (Re ≈ 800), the pressure of 50 kgf/cm2, temperatures of 40, 60, and 80 °C, using hydroxymethyl amino-di(methylene phosphonic acid) inhibitor type at different concentrations. The magnetic field employed was 1,6 Tesla. Results indicate that at given conditions, expressive delay can be achieved with the combination of the two techniques, while in other situations the system may need redesign. This study reveals an interesting potential of coupling two different mitigation strategies aiming different applications, such as spacing the necessity of squeeze treatments and optimizing surface treatment.
Calcium Carbonate Scale Management Over Life of Field - A Case Study
Authors: Hatscher Stephan Tobias , Tunli Kvinge Rebecca , Thurmaier Antonia 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The paper focuses on a field case of an offshore oil well producing from the Norwegian Brage Brent reservoir. The gas lifted well has a tendency for calcium carbonate scaling in the upper completion. Shortly after start of production, the well experienced a sudden significant increase in scale deposition. This required additional operational efforts for remediation using acid. The investigation into the reasons for the sudden increase in scaling, as well as remediation options employed for its mitigation, are presented within the paper. Both subsurface scale simulation evaluations and operational procedures undertaken to remediate the wellbore scaling are detailed.
A Fast and Accurate Method for Scale Inhibitor Effective Concentration Measurement with Low Detection Limit
Authors: Wang Xin , Dai Zhaoyi Joey , Ko Saebom , Leschied Cianna , Dai Chong , Li Wei , Paudyal Samridhdi , Yao Xuanzhu , Shen Yu-Yi Roy , Pimentel Daniel , Kan Amy , Tomson Mason 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Scale inhibitors have been widely used for scale control in oil and gas production. The accurate measurement of residual scale inhibitor concentration in the produced brine is essential for scale prevention. However, these scale inhibitors are effective at sub-stoichiometric concentration in most production conditions (e.g., 1 mg/L active concentration, or even lower). It is rather difficult to measure such low inhibitor concentration with traditional ICP-OES/MS or IC method, especially for non- or low- phosphorous polymeric scale inhibitors. Furthermore, the combo of scale inhibitors and corrosion inhibitors are used in the most application, which requires the measurement of effective scale inhibitor concentration. Therefore, there is a high demand of a fast, sensitive, universal and cheap method to determine the effective scale inhibitor concentration in complicated field brines. In this study, a new assay method is developed to determine the effective scale inhibitor concentration. This assay method is based upon the linear relationship between the effective inhibitor concentration and the critical time of barite scale formation, which is determined by turbidity measurement using a CSTR apparatus in Brine Chemistry Inhibitor (BCIn) method. This linear relationship has been validated by experimental observation. The recommended procedures for the sample preparations from the real oilfield brine were also developed to help in the quick setup of the measurement. Various types of inhibitors (i.e., SPCA, PPCA, PVS) have been tested with different sample types (i.e., in the synthetic brines, laboratory samples and real oilfield produced brine). The new assay method is quick, robust and accurate with the relative error less than 10% even at 1 mg/L of inhibitor, which indicating a limit of detection (LODs) around 0.1 mg/L for most cases.
Non-Uniqueness of Adsorption Isotherm History Matching in Squeeze Treatments
Authors: Azari Vahid , Vazquez Oscar , Kuncoro Hendra , Mackay Eric 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
After squeezing the well with scale inhibitor, field samples are normally collected from the produced brine to monitor the squeeze treatment lifetime, resulting in a return concentration profile. This profile is typically used to derive a field-representative isotherm by history matching the return concentration data. This field isotherm is then used to predict the lifetime and to optimize the subsequent treatments in the well. However, isotherm history matching is an inverse problem, and its solution might be non-unique. Hence, multiple isotherms may be identified that satisfy the data-match criteria reasonably well, causing prediction uncertainty for the next squeeze treatments. Ignoring this feature and selecting just one single isotherm out of a whole range of the plausible solutions may result in a poor-quality lifetime prediction based on the model. The main objective in this work is to evaluate the non-uniqueness of the isotherm history matching and to illustrate its effect on designing the subsequent treatments.
Four synthetic cases were considered, and the SI concentration return profile was produced for each case to demonstrate the non-uniqueness nature of the problem. Moreover, to represent the field conditions more closely, randomly generated synthetic noise was also added to the profiles. In practice, the noise may come from the errors in sampling/analyzing or from the reservoir heterogeneity. A real field case was also considered with the field data available for two subsequent squeeze treatments. A sensitivity study was conducted to show the degree of uncertainty in the lifetime prediction for a variety range of squeeze designs, using several isotherms matching the return profile. The systematic method proposed in this manuscript assists in the isotherm history matching, leading to a more accurate squeeze lifetime prediction.
Harness the Power of Hardware Technologies for Scale Control and Management in Subsea Fields
Authors: Guan Hua , Rice Phillip Adam , Avery Mike 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The global opportunities within the subsea market, in both greenfield and brownfield, have been growing over the years; however, the increasing complexity in subsea fields has brought significant challenges in terms of scale control and management. This is highlighted by the lack of reliable water compositions and resulting uncertainties of scale risk evaluation, the difficulty to control chemical dosage subsea, and well access for intervention which becomes a very costly event. These challenges can greatly impact the operational, contingency, and remediation programs, hence the overall economy of the field.
This paper presents a selection of hardware technologies that have been utilized to resolve the challenges associated with scale control in subsea fields. Subsea sampling systems have enabled the collection of representative fluid samples directly from the point of interest. This advanced sample transport and analysis has ensured the supply of representative fluid data into scale risk assessment; while chemical injection metering valves (CIMV) have allowed the correct chemical dosage into the target wells. The evolution of optimized hydraulic intervention technologies have improved the available options for cost-effective well access, leveraging lower cost vessels and improving overall capital and operational expenditures.
These recent developments in subsea hardware technologies have enabled the subsea scale control problems to be handled more effectively. Upon the review of these associated scale management challenges, the system layouts and working mechanisms of each applicable hardware technology are illustrated in detail. This is further demonstrated by several successful case histories where reliable scale control, reduced intervention frequency, significant cost saving, and increased uptime are achieved. Moreover, equipment flexibility and adaptability to cover a range of environmental conditions, namely water depth, to provide an optimum hydraulic intervention method that offers a commercially attractive alternative to traditional riser-based techniques.
The novel scale remediation solutions discussed in this paper have demonstrated the power of integrating hardware technologies with effective chemicals and suitable intervention methods for successful scale control and management in subsea fields.
Mechanical Characteristics of Cluster Perforation String under Running Process in Horizontal Wells with Unconventional Oil/Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Guo Xiaoqiang , Liu Jun , Du Zhigang , Tang Kai , Cao Dayong , He Zuqing 
Published: May 2022

Summary
To improve the safety of cluster perforating tubing strings in horizontal wells with unconventional oil/gas reservoirs, a passing capability analysis model for cluster perforation string in a wellbore is established, in which the friction between downhole tools and borehole wall, fluid resistance, wellbore geometric constraint, and tool variable cross section were accounted for. The model is solved via geometric analyses and the beam-column theory. Then, the cable pump thrust test is carried out in three shale gas wells in South Sichuan, and comparing the measured data with the theoretical calculation results, the correctness of the theoretical model is verified. Based on that, the influences of the cluster numbers, the perforating gun types, the well section length, and the well types on the mechanical characteristics of the cluster perforation string are systematically analyzed. The results obtained demonstrate that, first, the number of perforating gun clusters should be as small as possible when the azimuth angle or well inclination angle changes greatly. In case of a small change of azimuth or deviation angle, the number of perforation gun clusters can be appropriately increased to improve the operation efficiency. Second, when the deviation angle and azimuth angle change greatly in field operation, it is recommended to use a small perforating gun to ensure the smooth running of the perforating string. When a large perforating gun is needed in the field, it is necessary to optimize the well trajectory (reduce the location of the big dogleg in wellbore) to ensure the safe running of the tubing string. Third, in the field well trajectory optimization design, the position of well inclination angle change and azimuth angle change should be staggered to improve the trafficability of perforating tubing strings on-site. Moreover, when increasing the well sections, the position of the knee point should be optimized to be smoother, and the change rate of the parameter value of the well trajectory should be reduced. The research results provide a theoretically sound guidance for designing and practically sound approach for effectively improving the service life of perforating tubing strings in horizontal wells with unconventional oil/gas reservoirs.
Comparative analysis and epidemiological study of SARS-CoV-2 in first wave among different states of India
Authors: Kaushik Rakesh , Nikita  , Lugani Yogita , Rishabh  , Gururaj K. , Lata Suman , Pandey Ishan , Singh Shoorvir 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has now spread worldwide, and various governments are attempting to control the disease's spread before it becomes a global health crisis. Data from 28 Indian states and 8 Union Territories (UTs) provide a detailed look at the transmission pathways and case fatality rate (CFR) of the SARS-CoV-2. Among the global data, India was found to be the third country with the highest mortality cases of 157K, and Maharashtra was having the most higher number of mortality cases followed by Tamil Nadu and others. The percent distribution of CFR calculated in each geographical zone of India i.e. Central, Eastern, North Eastern and Northern, Southern and Western zone were 17%, 14%, 7%, 22%, 12%, and 28%, respectively. Furthermore, the CFR was calculated at different periods of the month using a standard formula. The CFR was significantly higher (P<0.01) in April to June of 2020. CFR was significantly different (P<0.01) depending on the month. Moreover, CFR was compared in different zones in India, western zone showed the highest CFR as compared to other zones. The effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated in patients of various ages and co-morbidities. Patients >21 years had the highest age-specific positivity rate. The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 patients in acute and chronic disease was 12.87 and 87.13 percent, respectively. Thus, this analytical epidemiological study serves specifically in establishing a relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and other precipitating factors causing morbidity and mortality during the given time frame in the first wave, in the year 2020.
Evaluation of oleaginous yeasts isolated from lignocellulosic waste, sugarcane bagasse as a potential source for single cell oil production and other biochemical metabolites.
Authors: Legodi Lesetja Moraba , Moganedi Kgabo L Maureen 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The microorganisms that possess diverse and improved traits for biotechnological applications provide an opportunity to address some of the current industrial challenges such as sustainability of fuel energy and food. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of yeast isolates from sugarcane bagasse for single oil production.
Methods
Oleaginocity of the yeasts was confirmed through gravimetric analysis of lipids, Nile red, sulfo-phosphovanillin (SPV) and gas chromatography method for fatty acid methyl esters (FAME). Identification of the selected yeasts was carried out through 5.8S of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer, ITS and 26S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences.
Results
The yeast isolates accumulated lipids between 28% and 67% of the dry cell weight, and 22%-33% based on SPV assay, qualifying them as oleaginous yeasts. the isolated yeasts were identified as Candida ethanolica and Pichia manshuriica.
Conclusion
The lipids contained high level of fatty acids in the following order: oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and linoleic acid, which made up 82% of the total lipids. The fatty acids composition of the selected yeast species was found to be suitable for the applications in biofuel, nutraceutical and food industry.
Heavy Metal Analysis in of Indoor and Outdoor Dust Extracts and Cytotoxicity evaluation and inflammation factors on Lung, Gastric and Skin Cell Lines
Authors: Nezhad Mohsen Azimi , Ghasemi Ahmad , Mohtashami Mahnaz , Saeidi Jafar , Mashadrizeh Aliakbar Haddad , naimabadi abolfazl 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background: Urban dust particles are one of the most worrying parts of the urban environment in terms of public health, which is considered the richest carriers of heavy metals and other pollutants in these areas. Heavy metals have aroused widespread attention due to their non-degradability, high toxicity and cumulative carcinogenic effects. Methods: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of indoor and outdoor dust extracts on lung, gastric and skin cell lines in Neyshabur, Iran. Thus, the city of Neyshabur was divided into three areas, high-traffic, medium-traffic and low-traffic (rural), based on the urban traffic map. Sampling of deposited urban dust was performed from inside residential houses (indoor dust) and outside residential houses (outdoor dust), followed by measuring the concentration of heavy metals in all samples. Aqueous extracts of these compounds were prepared to determine their cytotoxicity and gene expression effects on lung carcinoma cell lines (A549), gastric cancer cell lines (AGS) and normal fibroblasts (L929).Results: The results showed that the concentration of heavy metals in indoor dust samples was higher than outdoor dust samples. Independent t-test was performed to measure the difference in toxicity between indoor and outdoor samples. According to the P value of 0.015, there was a significant difference between these two samples. The indoor samples had higher toxicity for the study cell lines. The results revealed a higher concentration of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn) in the indoor samples. One-way ANOVA test found no significant difference between the level of toxicity and the type of cell lines. Based on this test, there was a significant difference between the type of traffic situation and the degree of toxicity. The p-value = 0.005 and Tukey's test indicated a significant difference between high traffic areas and medium traffic areas (p = 0.019) and low-traffic areas (p = 0.008), so that the dust in areas with high traffic had a higher degree of toxicity. Conclusion: Due to the higher concentration of heavy metals in indoor dust and the degree of damage caused by these compounds on cell lines, we need to be more sensitive to the appliances probably exposed to these pollutants, especially when it comes to children living indoors.
PLEKHA4 is a prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrates in glioma
Authors: Xiong Zhongtang , Li Liu , Bian Piaopiao , Luo Qiuping , Jiang Qingping , Xiong Hanzhen , Zhang Wei 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Gliomas are the most common and life-threatening intracranial tumors. Immune-infiltration of the tumor microenvironment significantly affects tumor prognosis in glioma. Recently, PLEKHA4 was reported to be up-regulated in melanoma and closely associated with tumor genesis and development, but its role in glioma is poorly understood.
Methods
The clinical data of glioma patients were downloaded from the TCGA database. Immunohistochemistry was used to verify PLEKHA4 expression in tumor tissues. We assessed the influence of PLEKHA4 on survival of glioma patients by survival module and GEPIA. Then, we downloaded datasets of glioma from TCGA and investigated the correlations between the clinical characteristics and PLEKHA4 expression using logistic regression. Moreover, we use TIMER to explore the collection of PLEKHA4 expression and immune infiltration level in glioma and to analyse cumulative survival in LGG. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed using the TCGA dataset.
Results
The results showed that PLEKHA4 transcript levels were significantly upregulated in multiple cancer types, including gliomas. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis verified that PLEKHA4 was overexpressed in gliomas compare to the corresponding normal tissues. We assessed the influence of PLEKHA4 on survival of glioma patients by survival module and GEPIA. Then, we downloaded datasets of glioma from TCGA and investigated the correlations between the clinical characteristics and PLEKHA4 expression were analyzed using logistic regression. Univariable survival and multivariate cox analysis showed that increased PLEKHA4 expression significantly correlated with age, tumor grade, IDH mutation status,1p/19q codel status and higher PLEKHA4 had shorter OS,DSS,PFI. We also used TIMER to explore the collection of PLEKHA4 expression and immune infiltration level in glioma and to evaluate cumulative survival in glioma. Specifically, PLEKHA4 expression level had significant positive correlations with infiltrating levels of B cell, CD4 + T cells, CD8 + T cells, macrophages, neutrophils and DCs in glioma and upregulation of PLEKHA4 expression was significantly related to immune cell biomarkers, and immune checkpoint expression in glioma.
Conclusions
Our findings proposed that PLEKHA4 was an independent prognostic biomarker and correlated with immune infiltrates in glioma, and targeting PLEKHA4 might improve immunotherapy in glioma.