bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Somatostatin interneurons inhibit excitatory transmission mediated by astrocytic GABAB and presynaptic GABAB and adenosine A1 receptors in the hippocampus
Authors: Shen Weida , Li Zijing , Tang Yejiao , Han Pufan , Zhu Feng , Dong Jingyin , Ma Tianyu , Zhao Kai , Zhang Xin , Xie Yicheng , Zeng Ling‐Hui 
Published: July 2022

AbstractGABAergic network activity has been established to be involved in numerous physiological processes and pathological conditions. Extensive studies have corroborated that GABAergic network activity regulates excitatory synaptic networks by activating presynaptic GABAB receptors (GABABRs). It is well documented that astrocytes express GABABRs and respond to GABAergic network activity. However, little is known about whether astrocytic GABABRs regulate excitatory synaptic transmission mediated by GABAergic network activity. To address this issue, we combined whole‐cell recordings, optogenetics, calcium imaging, and pharmacological approaches to specifically activate hippocampal somatostatin‐expressing interneurons (SOM‐INs), a type of interneuron that targets pyramidal cell dendrites, while monitoring excitatory synaptic transmission in CA1 pyramidal cells. We found that optogenetic stimulation of SOM‐INs increases astrocyte Ca2+ signaling via the activation of astrocytic GABABRs and GAT‐3. SOM‐INs depress excitatory neurotransmission by activating presynaptic GABABRs and astrocytic GABABRs, the latter inducing the release of ATP/adenosine. In turn, adenosine inhibits excitatory synaptic transmission by activating presynaptic adenosine A1 receptors (A1Rs). Overall, our results reveal a novel mechanism that SOM‐INs activation‐induced synaptic depression is partially mediated by the activation of astrocytic GABABRs.image
Crisis of capitalism and cycles of right‐wing populism in contemporary Turkey: The making and unmaking of Erdoğanist hegemony
Authors: Karataşlı Şahan Savaş , Kumral Şefika 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis paper analyses the right‐wing populist rule of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan'sAdalet ve Kalkınma Partisi(AKP) in Turkey, focusing on the crisis of capitalism, emerging discontent in the rural populations, and opportunities for and obstacles to a successful left‐wing populist mobilisation. We put forward three arguments. First, through an examination of the historical evolution, class‐based and social‐demographic foundations of the ruling right‐wing populist alliance between the AKP and theMilliyetçi Hareket Partisi(MHP), we argue that the MHP is a more classical case of far‐right populism, whereas the AKP is a “heterodox” case that borrows several elements from the left. These “heterodox” features of the AKP, together with the interlinked crisis of the 1990s, played a significant part in the support the AKP received from the subordinate majority. Second, we argue that the success of the AKP's hegemonic right‐wing populism from 2002 to 2013 was linked to an unusually favourable macro‐political‐economic climate that helped the AKP counterbalance its neoliberal policies with pragmatic social assistance programmes. However, together with the disappearance of this macro‐political‐economic climate in the second decade of its rule (2013‐present), the disastrous consequences of the AKP's neoliberal policies became more explicit, and the AKP's populism moved from a hegemonic to an authoritarian right‐wing populist type. Third, we claim that today, due to the deepening of the current economic crisis (further exacerbated by the Covid19 pandemic), the AKP's cross‐class alliance began to break down, and the rural movements in the Turkish countryside have been playing a major role in unmaking the AKP's hegemony. However, in the absence of a strong left‐wing populist movement with a stronghold in the Turkish countryside, emergent possibilities for a radical progressive transformation are not utilised. Instead, the groundwork is being laid for another wave of right‐wing populism.
Using hybrid consistent fuzzy preference relations–importance‐performance analysis model to improve shared decision‐making quality based on orthopaedic nurses' perceptions
Authors: Chuang Yen‐Ching , Zhu Zhong , Jin Yanjun , Chien Ching‐Wen , Tung Tao‐Hsin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPurposeTo understand key factors for shared decision‐making (SDM) and the quality improvement of nursing decisions in the orthopaedic clinical environment.MethodThis study applied the consistent consistent fuzzy preference relations (CFPRs) and importance‐performance analysis (IPA) methods to explore the attribute weights and SDM performance, respectively. The dataset was collected from 16 orthopaedic clinical nurses' experiences in a third‐grade and first‐level general hospital in Taizhou, China. This study was performed according to the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines.ResultsThe results showed that “I made clear to my patient or patient's family that a nursing care decision needs to be made”, “I explained the advantages and disadvantages of the nursing care options to my patient or patient's family” and “I told my patient or patient's family that there are different nursing care options for caring his/her medical condition” were key factors for affecting SDM. The statistical significance confidence and difference error of weight results were 98.321% and 1.679%, respectively. In addition, “I asked my patient or patient's family which nursing care option he/she prefers” was the key factor for improving orthopaedic clinical nursing in the case hospital.ConclusionThe hybrid CFPRs‐IPA model can help hospital managers effectively understand the key factors of SDM quality and improve the orthopaedic clinical nursing performance from nurses' perspectives.Relevance to Clinical PracticeA quantitative decision‐making model can help nurses understand the key factors affecting the quality of SDM in nursing decision‐making and promote nursing decision‐making and patient‐centred nursing service quality. A series of corresponding SDM training courses (i.e. concepts, knowledge and skills) can be provided for hospital and nursing department managers to maximise the potentially available resources.Patient or Public ContributionThe clinical care process should be committed to involving patients in their care decisions and also provide an opportunity for patients to gain a comprehensive understanding of the care decision‐making process in order to inform future patient contributions to care decisions.
Treatment of intracranial neoplasia in dogs using higher doses: A randomized controlled trial comparing a boosted to a conventional radiation protocol
Authors: Staudinger Chris , Meier Valeria , Beckmann Katrin , Körner Maximilian , Rohrer Bley Carla 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundLocal progression of intracranial tumors can be the consequence of insufficient radiation dose delivered. Dose increases in the brain must be made carefully so as not to risk debilitating adverse effects such as radiation necrosis.HypothesisA new protocol with 10 × 4 Gy + 11% physical dose increase limited to the macroscopic tumor volume results in a clinically better outcome compared to a 10 × 4 Gy protocol.AnimalsFifty‐seven client‐owned dogs with primary intracranial neoplasia.MethodsRandomized controlled trial. Twenty‐eight dogs were assigned to the control protocol (10 × 4 Gy) and 29 to the simultaneous integrated boost (SIB) protocol with 4.45 Gy dose increase. Treatment groups were compared for outcome and signs of toxicity.ResultsMild, transient acute or early‐delayed adverse radiation effects were observed in 5 dogs. Severe late adverse effects were not seen. Between the protocols, no significant differences were found for outcome (intention‐to‐treat analysis): overall time to progression (TTP) was 708 days (95% confidence interval (95% CI) [545,872]), in the control group it was 828 days (95% CI [401,1256]), and in the SIB group 627 days (95% CI [282,973]; P = .07). Median overall survival (OS) was 684 days (95% CI [516,853]), in the control group it was 724 days (95% CI [623,826]), and in the SIB group 557 days (95% CI [95,1020]; P = .47). None of the tested variables was prognostic in terms of outcome.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceThe dose escalation used with an 11% physical dose increase did not result in better outcome.
Applications of molecular barcode sequencing for the detection of low‐frequency variants in circulating tumour DNA from hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lee Hye Won , Kim Esl , Cho Kyung Joo , Park Hye Jung , Seo Jieun , Lee Hyeonah , Baek Eunha , Choi Jong Rak , Han Kwang‐Hyub , Lee Seung‐Tae , Park Jun Yong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractPurposeLiquid biopsy has emerged as a promising tool for minimally invasive and accurate detection of various malignancies. We aimed to apply molecular barcode sequencing to circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) from liquid biopsies of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Study DesignPatients with HCC or benign liver disease were enrolled between 2017 and 2018. Matched tissue and serum samples were obtained from these patients. Plasma cell‐free DNA was extracted and subjected to targeted sequencing with ultra‐high coverage and molecular barcoding.ResultsThe study included 143 patients: 102 with HCC, 7 with benign liver tumours and 34 with chronic liver disease. No tier 1/2 or oncogenic mutations were detected in patients with benign liver disease. Among the HCC patients, 49 (48%) had tier 1/2 mutations in at least one gene; detection rates were higher in advanced stages (75%) than in early stages (26%–33%). TERT was the most frequently mutated gene (30%), followed by TP53 (16%), CTNNB1 (14%), ARID2 (5%), ARID1A (4%), NFE2L2 (4%), AXIN1 (3%) and KRAS (1%). Survival among patients with TP53 mutations was significantly worse (p = 0.007) than among patients without these mutations, whereas CTNNB1 and TERT mutations did not affect survival. ctDNA testing combined with α‐fetoprotein and prothrombin induced by vitamin K absence‐II analyses improved HCC detection, even in early stages.ConclusionsctDNA detection using molecular barcoding technology offers dynamic and personalized information concerning tumour biology, such information can guide clinical diagnosis and management. This detection also has the potential as a minimally invasive approach for prognostic stratification and post‐therapeutic monitoring.
Threshold concepts in medical education: A scoping review
Authors: Jones Helen , Hammond Lucy 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe threshold concept framework (TCF) was first described nearly 20 years ago, but its application in the field of medical education has recently seen a significant growth of interest with a diverse range of literature published on the subject. The transformative nature of threshold concepts (TCs) offers potential for the design of learning experiences and curricula across the medical education continuum. A scoping review was conducted to map the extent of the current literature regarding TCs in medical education—to describe the types of available evidence and its focus—and identify research gaps.MethodsThe review followed the JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis approach for scoping reviews. Four databases and two additional websites were searched for articles exploring TCs in medical education. Data were analysed using quantitative and qualitative thematic approaches. A framework of conceptual change was used to synthesise the TCs identified.ResultsThirty‐six papers, spanning undergraduate, postgraduate and continuing medical education, were included in the final analysis. The most frequent application of the TCF was in the identification of TCs, which related to basic scientific knowledge, ways of thinking and ways of practising in medicine. Uncertainty, patient care, clinical reasoning and professional identify formation were themes that emerged at multiple stages of training. Several papers evaluated the use of the TCF in teaching.ConclusionThe understanding and embodiment of TCs increases in complexity across the medical education continuum, with TCs recurring with changes in clinical environment and responsibilities. This lends support to a holistic approach to curriculum design spanning all stages of training. Further research is needed to develop a consistent approach for describing and applying the TCF in medical education and to address how the TCF can be used in teaching and how threshold crossing can be measured.
A trilemma for naturalized metaphysics
Authors: Jaksland Rasmus 
Published: July 2022

AbstractRadical naturalized metaphysics wants to argue (1) that metaphysics without sufficient epistemic warrant should not be pursued, (2) that the traditional methods of metaphysics cannot provide epistemic warrant, (3) that metaphysics using these methods must therefore be discontinued, and (4) that naturalized metaphysics should be pursued instead since (5) such science‐based metaphysics succeeds in establishing justified conclusions about ultimate reality. This paper argues that to defend (5), naturalized metaphysics must rely on methods similar to those criticized in (2). If naturalized metaphysics instead opts for the weaker claim that science‐based metaphysics is only superior to other metaphysics, then this is insufficient to establish (4). In this case, (4) might therefore be defeated by (1). An alternative is to replace (1) with the view that we should just approach metaphysical questions with the best means available. While this would recommend a science‐based approach whenever possible, it would also allow for the continuation of science‐independent metaphysics in domains that science has no bearing on and thus reject (3). The paper concludes that none of these alternatives is entirely satisfactory for naturalized metaphysics.
Sensitization of colonic nociceptors by TNFα is dependent on TNFR1 expression and p38 MAPK activity
Authors: Barker Katie H. , Higham James P. , Pattison Luke A. , Taylor Toni S. , Chessell Iain P. , Welsh Fraser , Smith Ewan St. J. , Bulmer David C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractVisceral pain is a leading cause of morbidity in gastrointestinal diseases, which is exacerbated by the gut‐related side‐effects of many analgesics. New treatments are needed and further understanding of the mediators and mechanisms underpinning visceral nociception in disease states is required to facilitate this. The pro‐inflammatory cytokine TNFα is linked to pain in both patients with inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome, and has been shown to sensitize colonic sensory neurons. Somatic, TNFα‐triggered thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity is mediated by TRPV1 signalling and p38 MAPK activity respectively, downstream of TNFR1 receptor activation. We therefore hypothesized that TNFR1‐evoked p38 MAPK activity may also be responsible for TNFα sensitization of colonic afferent responses to the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin, and noxious distension of the bowel. Using Ca2+ imaging of dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons, we observed TNFα‐mediated increases in intracellular [Ca2+] and sensitization of capsaicin responses. The sensitizing effects of TNFα were dependent on TNFR1 expression and attenuated by p38 MAPK inhibition. Consistent with these findings, ex vivo colonic afferent fibre recordings demonstrated an enhanced response to noxious ramp distention of the bowel and bath application of capsaicin following TNFα pre‐treatment. Responses were reversed by p38 MAPK inhibition and absent in tissue from TNFR1 knockout mice. Our findings demonstrate a contribution of TNFR1, p38 MAPK and TRPV1 to TNFα‐induced sensitization of colonic afferents, highlighting the potential utility of these drug targets for the treatment of visceral pain in gastrointestinal disease.
imageKey points
The pro‐inflammatory cytokine TNFα is elevated in gastrointestinal disease and sensitizes colonic afferents via modulation of TRPA1 and NaV1.8 activity. We further develop this understanding by demonstrating a role for p38 MAPK and TRPV1 in TNFα‐mediated colonic afferent sensitization. Specifically, we show that:
TNFα sensitizes sensory neurons and colonic afferents to the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin.
TNFα‐mediated sensitization of sensory neurons and colonic nociceptors is dependent on TNFR1 expression.
TNFα sensitization of sensory neurons and colonic afferents to capsaicin and noxious ramp distension is abolished by inhibition of p38 MAPK.
Collectively these data support the utility of targeting TNFα, TNFR1 and their downstream signalling via p38 MAPK for the treatment of visceral pain in gastrointestinal disease.
Heat Transfer From Spheres to a Rarefied Gas in Subsonic Flow
Authors: Kavanau L. L. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Experimental over-all average heat-transfer coefficients for spheres in a subsonic air stream are presented for the slip-flow region in the range of Mach number M, and Reynolds number Re (based on diameter), 0.1 ⩽ M1 ⩽ 0.69 and 1.75 ⩽ Re1 ⩽ 124. A simplified analysis is presented which yields the convective heat-transfer coefficient for a rarefied gas by means of a correction to the continuum coefficient at the same Reynolds number. Comparison of this analysis is made with an existing theory for cylinders. An expression for the nondimensional over-all average heat-transfer coefficient for spheres in a rarefied subsonic flow is given as Nuavg=Nu°avg1+3.42M1Re1PrNu°avg
The Determination of Residual Stresses in Hardened, Ground Steel
Authors: Colwell L. V. , Sinnott M. J. , Tobin J. C. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The residual surface stresses induced by grinding a hardened SAE 4340 steel have been investigated by means of x-ray diffraction and by optical interferometric methods. The depth of penetration of the residual stresses increases as the severity of grinding is increased. The higher the hardness level of the steel, the greater is the absolute value of the residual stress. The magnitude of the residual stresses varies from 100,000 psi in tension to 135,000 psi in compression depending on the hardness level of the steel and the severity of grinding. Light grinding produces residual compressive stresses while heavy grinding produces tensile stresses.
Numerical Solutions for Laminar-Flow Heat Transfer in Circular Tubes
Authors: Kays W. M. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The existing solutions for laminar-flow heat transfer in a circular tube are generally based on the assumption of a fully established velocity profile at the point in the tube where heating begins. For high Prandtl number fluids, such as the viscous liquids, this idealization does not seriously restrict the usefulness of the solutions because the velocity profile is established much more rapidly than the temperature profile. However, for the Prandtl number range near 1.00, which includes the gas range, the velocity and temperature profiles develop at similar rates along the tube, and the assumption of a fully established velocity profile at the tube entrance can, for many applications, lead to a considerable error in predicted performance. In this paper, numerical solutions are presented for a number of heating conditions for the case of a fluid of NPr = 0.7 with both velocity and temperature uniform at the tube entrance. The solution of Langhaar (1) is employed to provide the velocity profiles which are introduced into the energy equation. Experimental data for laminar air flow in circular tubes are presented for two heating conditions, constant wall temperature and constant heat input per unit of tube length. These data correspond closely to the numerical solutions based on the Langhaar velocity profiles, while differing considerably from solutions based on a parabolic profile throughout the tube. All of the solutions and experimental data are presented in the form of either a local or mean Nusselt number as a function of a modified Graetz number, NRNPr/(x/D).
Analysis of Regulating Systems With Particular Reference to Speed Control
Authors: Macmillan R. H. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
The design of speed-regulating systems is discussed in relation to that of other closed-loop control systems. Frequency-response methods are found to form a common basis suitable for the analysis of all such systems. The derivation of transfer functions for linear and quasi-linear elements, together with their application to the analysis of regulating systems, is described, and a simplified gas-turbine governor is studied in greater detail. A summary of the latest work likely to be of importance to control engineers is given, together with extensive references, but it is argued that they can make the best use of the work of others in the field only when a common approach is adopted universally. It is therefore concluded that an elementary study of these methods should be included in the training of every engineering graduate.
Closure to “Discussion: Selective-Compliance-Based Lagrange Model and Multilevel Noncollocated Feedback Control of a Humanoid Robot” (Spyrakos-Papastavridis, E., Dai, J. S., Childs, P. R. N., and Tsagarakis, N. G., 2018, ASME J. Mech. Rob., 10(3), p. 031009)
Authors: Spyrakos-Papastavridis Emmanouil , Dai Jian S. , Childs Peter R. N. , Tsagarakis Nikos G. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This closure exposes the technical inconsistencies, erroneous comments, and misconceptions contained in the Discussion Article (Medrano-Cerda, 2020, “Discussion: ‘Selective Compliance-Based Lagrange Model and Multilevel Noncollocated Feedback Control of a Humanoid Robot’,” ASME J. Mech. Rob., 10.1115/1.4049005 [1]). The majority of incorrect comments relating to stability are not based on mathematical rigor and equations, but on the reproduction of more generic statements made in some textbooks published in the early 1990s. The comments in the Discussion Article fail to demonstrate how any of these generic statements could be applied to the specific cases presented in the Paper (Spyrakos-Papastavridis et al., 2018, “Selective-Compliance-Based Lagrange Model and Multilevel Noncollocated Feedback Control of a Humanoid Robot,” ASME J. Mech. Rob., 10(3). 10.1115/1.4039394 [2]) criticized by the Discussion Article. Further, the only equation that appears in the Discussion Article is incorrect, as will be demonstrated in this closure. Apart from being expressed incorrectly, the text accompanying this equation reveals the fundamentally incorrect mathematical assumption that a diagonal matrix is not equal to its transpose. Moreover, a significant proportion of the comments in the Discussion Article relies upon misconceptions about flexible-joint robot control and humanoid robotics, in terms of their theory and practice, standing in contrast to results reported in these research fields over the last decades.