bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Culture Keepers
Authors: Mustonen Tero 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The boreal taiga is a home to several rooted societies, which have preserved oral histories, endemic cosmologies, and a close proximity to natural ecosystem up until recent times. For twenty-two years, the author worked for the Snowchange Cooperative, based in Finland. Snowchange is a nongovernmental organization and community-led network across the Eurasian North whose goal is to preserve and renew taiga- and tundra-based traditional livelihoods, cultures, oral histories, and ways of life. The Snowchange Oral History Archive preserves much of the work of our initiative, serving as a repository of traditional knowledge materials from the member and partner communities.
Who Speaks for the Trees?
Authors: Oosthoek K. Jan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Anyone who travels through the Scottish Highlands is struck by its bleak beauty, empty moors, and rugged mountains, but also by the large blocks of conifer plantations. The creation of these forest plantations is probably the biggest change in land use since the so-called Clearances of the eighteenth century. The British Forestry Commission created most of these plantations from its inception in 1919. In recent decades, environmentalists have decried the blocks of monotonous conifer plantations on the Scottish hillsides and criticized the foresters that created them for not having regard for landscape aesthetics and nature conservation. In 1998 and 1999, the author interviewed some of the men who created these forestry plantations. The aim of the interviews was to find out how these foresters had created the new forests and what they thought of the criticism leveled at them by environmentalists.
Epilogue: The Fall and Rise of Oral Testimony in Environmental History
Authors: Sellers Christopher 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Although there were elements of oral history work among environmental historians in the twentieth century, several factors have contributed to the increasing place the methodology holds in emerging studies of the environment in the twenty-first century. Oral history is being increasingly valued for the ways it can contribute questions and substance and bring added complexity to environmental history as an intellectual enterprise. This growth has also been influenced by the extension of environmental history beyond North America and Europe to the Global South. Oral history now is much more than a supplementary source, as suggested by earlier environmental historian; it increasingly serves an intellectually programmatic and enriching function for the field. It can expand environmental history in several ways, adding new dimensions of time, place, race, class, gender, power, and social conflict. It should be more seriously embraced by environmental historians for its great potential.
Understanding coercive control
Authors: Katz Emma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Children and coercive control—how far have we come in understanding its dynamics and impacts? Defining coercive control as a particularly severe form of domestic violence, based on a perpetrator’s drive to take away family members’ liberty and take command over their lives, this chapter provides a state-of-the-art exploration of this form of abuse. It focuses on perpetrators’ strategies and tactics and how they affect victims/survivors. In particular, the chapter challenges the problematic assumption held by many that the amount of physical violence that a perpetrator uses is proportionate to the amount of harm that they cause. Finally, discussing the nature of coercive control as a gendered form of abuse, the chapter suggests how gender norms give “cultural authorization” for male perpetrators’ actions and also provide a veil of “invisibility” that explains how they often, unjustly, escape accountability for the harms they cause to children.
Interviewing children and mothers about coercive control
Authors: Katz Emma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores in depth how the study was designed and conducted. Qualitative interviews were carried out with fifteen mothers and fifteen of their children who had experienced coercive control. A blend of feminist and child-centered approaches to ethics were drawn on, with the aim of making participants feel comfortable and respected while being interviewed. Mothers and children were accessed through community-based organizations that work with domestic violence survivors. Interviews took place mostly in participants’ homes and covered the period where they had been entrapped by coercive control, their experiences of breaking free, and the months and years of their recoveries. The interviews were analyzed thematically and mothers’ and children’s perspectives compared, to provide a rich picture of how their lives had been affected by coercive control.
Mother–child relationships under coercive control
Authors: Katz Emma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores why some mother–child relationships become strained and distant in contexts of coercive control, while others remain closer and more supportive. To examine these different impacts, this chapter introduces a “Five Factor Framework.” The five factors are: (1) the perpetrators’/fathers’ behavior toward the children, (2) the types of domestic violence that perpetrators/fathers used, (3) the intensity of perpetrators’/fathers’ undermining of the mother–child relationship, (4) mothers’ ability to emotionally connect with the children, and (5) children’s views of the mother and perpetrator/father. Depending on how each factor was experienced in a family, mother–child relationships could remain close and supportive or become more distant and strained. This chapter, focusing on mother–child relationships in contexts of coercive control, provides unique insights into issues that are of great importance to survivors themselves but are rarely researched.
Ready to recover?
Authors: Katz Emma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the challenges that mothers and children face when attempting to recover from coercive control and move forward with their lives. It shows the conditions required for recovery: Mothers and children needed to feel largely safe from perpetrators/fathers, children needed to be much less exposed to perpetrators’/fathers’ abusive parenting, and mothers and children needed to have a place to live where they felt secure and settled and had enough money to live on. The chapter also shows what was involved in mothers and children psychologically breaking free: With help from professional interventions, mothers needed to gradually strengthen their mental health and confidence in their parenting skills, children needed to receive support to address emotional and behavioral difficulties and to “see through” perpetrators’/fathers’ distorted versions of reality, and children and mothers both needed support to strengthen their mother–child relationships and begin communicating with each other more openly.
Helping each other to recover
Authors: Katz Emma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter outlines the different strategies used by many mothers and children to help one another to recover from coercive control. The chapter emphasizes that recovery is not just about receiving supportive formal interventions. Rather, mothers and children were supporting one another to recover as part of their daily lives at home in ways that were interwoven with their normal everyday interactions with each other. For example, children and mothers could talk about the past and support each other to let go of self-blame; and, while mothers helped their children to overcome emotional and behavioral impacts of coercive control, children could lift their mother’s mood by making encouraging remarks or engaging in an enjoyable activity with her. By these means, and by increasing each other’s confidence and “being there” for one another in times of need, many mothers and children contributed significantly to each other’s recoveries.
And they lived happily ever after?
Authors: Katz Emma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter identifies what happened to mother–child relationships in the months and years after separation from perpetrators/fathers. Four patterns are identified. Pattern 1, “positive supportiveness, positive recoveries,” represented the best outcome; these mother–child relationships had become close and happy with few conflicts. In pattern 2, “high-stakes support, limited recoveries,” mothers and children were attempting to support each other but were being negatively affected by the impacts of coercive control on mothers’ mental health. In pattern 3, “struggling relationships, struggling recoveries,” children and mothers were suffering from the strains and distance that coercive control had caused in their mother–child relationships. Finally, pattern 4, “broken relationships, blocked recoveries,” described situations where mother–child relationships had been shattered by coercive control. The key difference between pattern 1 and patterns 2, 3, and 4 was that pattern 1 mothers and children had been able to access the supports that they needed to recover and rebuild after coercive control.
A new way of life
Authors: Katz Emma 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the positive outcomes which several (though not all) mothers and children in the study had been able to achieve post-separation. For these mothers and children, family life now was very different from what it had been like under coercive control. Their current mother–child relationships were rich in togetherness, with quality time spent together, a shared trust, and ease in each other’s company. Family members’ feelings, needs, and independence were all respected. The chapter provides us with rare and unusual insights into what mothers and children themselves wanted from their post-separation mother–child relationships: their views, feelings, and perspectives. Interestingly, a mutually supportive, reciprocal, respectful, and warm mother–child relationship was almost universally aspired-to by mothers and children. Across the study, this was the ideal mother–child relationship that these survivor families had either achieved, or wanted to achieve.
A Brief History of Black Holes
Authors: Mee Nicholas 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes how we arrived at our current understanding of the compact objects that result from stellar collapse: white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes. The text tells the story of Jocelyn Bell, the discovery of pulsars, and their identification as neutron stars. The roles of Roger Penrose and Stephen Hawking in elucidating the properties of black holes are described. The text considers what a black hole would look like and describes Cygnus X-1, the first compelling candidate for a physical black hole. There is a discussion of thermodynamics and its relevance to black holes. The chapter closes by considering the connection between quantum mechanics and the thermodynamics of black holes.
Two Suggestive Berkeleian Arguments
Authors: Robinson Howard 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The present chapter looks at two suggestive intuitions that can be found in Berkeley’s writings, one that appeals to empiricists, the other has had rather more take up from objective idealists in the Hegelian tradition. Both lines of argument are suggestive rather than demonstrative. The one with empiricist appeal is expressed in Berkeley’s claim that ‘an idea can be like nothing but an idea’ (Principles, Pt I, $8), which might be interpreted, in context, as ‘qualities are essentially features or modes of experience’, so that attributing monadic properties of a qualitative sort to mind-independent objects is a kind of category mistake, rather like saying they are thoughtful or bored or intelligent. The more rationalist one is what has been called ‘Berkeley’s Master Argument’. Berkeley’s statement of it is that we ‘cannot conceive of the unperceived’ (Pr. I, $22ff.), but this can be given a more sophisticated interpretation, namely that we cannot form a conception of the world that does not involve attributing to it features that are essentially projections of our modes of thought.
Mentalist Alternatives to Berkeleian Theism, and Their Failure
Authors: Robinson Howard 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Problems so far raised concerning normal forms of physical realism merit a look at the non-realist options. But that does not simply leave us with Berkeleian idealism. There are two other options. One is the Humean sceptical option, taken up by Mill and some positivists (though maybe neither Mill nor the positivists would have owned up to the sceptical label). Then there is the currently almost fashionable option of panpsychism. We need reasons for rejecting the Humean and panpsychist options if the field is to be taken by Berkeleian theism. Arguments are presented against these rivals, and Foster’s argument that science requires laws and laws require a law-maker is defended.
People
Authors: Taverner Charlie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores who London street sellers were and how and where they lived. First, it shows how elite and popular culture developed stereotypes such as fishwives, milkmaids, and costermongers. It challenges these stereotypes using collated archival evidence from the early modern city along with surveys and journalism from the Victorian capital, breaking down street sellers’ gender, age, marital status, and background, and discussing the waves of Irish, Jewish, and Italian immigrants who worked as hawkers. It shows how street sellers were broadly poor, but were typical of the increasingly heterogeneous London working class. Lastly, it considers the neighbourhoods where they lived and the awful housing conditions many suffered.
Markets
Authors: Taverner Charlie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the position of street sellers within London’s economy. It traces the development of food marketing within England’s capital, describing how hawkers had an awkward status within the traditional system of markets, but were gradually accepted as important retailers as that system adapted to cope with London’s expansion. Quantifying street sellers’ economic significance is difficult, a classic problem of studying the informal economy. But in serving a broad range of London customers, they carved out specific and essential functions, specializing in perishable foods, carrying food to districts underserved with shops and markets, and offering snacks and meals for both sustenance and pleasure.
Traffic
Authors: Taverner Charlie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that, despite the narratives of improvement and modernization, walking in London’s streets remained difficult and dangerous until the start of the twentieth century, as the experience of street sellers proves. It considers the impact on hawkers’ work of the physical conditions, including the weather, dirt, and paving. Next, it examines how street sellers with different produce took to the streets throughout the day and night, and how much of London remained dark, even with the proliferation of street lighting. Lastly, it explores the risks hawkers faced as they went about their work, from rushing vehicles to theft, harassment, and assault. Women street sellers especially were never able to move through the city entirely at ease.
Nuisances
Authors: Taverner Charlie 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The book having established street sellers’ importance to London’s economy and culture, this chapter offers a new perspective on their relationship to the city’s government and police. It examines hawkers’ relationship to the different layers of metropolitan authority, arguing that they were generally allowed to carry on trading, as long as they were not causing specific or localized problems. To begin, it recounts two famous episodes of street seller regulation, which help explain why the number of prosecutions against hawkers remained low and why police and magistrates tended to be lenient. Then it discusses hawkers’ association with various forms of wrongdoing, such as prostitution, gambling, selling poor quality food, and Sunday trading. Finally, it considers how street sellers could always be charged with obstructing the streets, particularly when they were accused of causing a nuisance, but even then police and officeholders were reluctant to intervene.
Qualifying Disclosures of Information
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The chapter begins by setting out section 43B(1) ERA, which defines what a qualifying disclosure of information is: essentially a disclosure of information that the worker, at the time of making the disclosure, reasonably believes tends to show a relevant failure, a criminal offence, a breach of a legal obligation, a miscarriage of justice, an endangering of the health or safety of an individual, damage to the environment, or a deliberate concealment of one of those things. Key propositions are summarized. Provided that the disclosure has sufficient factual content and specificity it will not matter that it is framed as an allegation or statement of position. The importance of the context to the worker’s statement is discussed. The case law is analysed as to when statements made by a worker on separate occasions or in separate communications can be aggregated so as to form a disclosure of information. The reasonableness of the worker’s belief that there is a relevant failure has to be seen from the worker’s perspective and that includes any ‘expert’ or ‘insider’ status. The circumstances in which a statement that would otherwise qualify for protection will be disqualified are also explained.
The Public Interest Test
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 is described as an ‘Act to protect individuals who make certain disclosures of information in the public interest …’ The explicit requirement for a reasonable belief that the disclosure was made in the public interest was however only introduced in 2013. This chapter considers the scope of the public interest test, building on the leading guidance set out in the Chesterton case. It considers the approach to the subjective and objective elements of the test, the scope for after the event justification, and considerations relating to motive, the numbers affected by the disclosure, the manner and circumstances of the disclosure, and the limits implicit from the legislative history.
The Three Tiers of Protection
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The chapter starts with the summary of the three tiers of protection and describes each tier. The core of the first tier is a disclosure to the worker’s employer or someone who is reasonably believed by the worker to be the person responsible or accountable for the relevant failure. The chapter explains how, by setting a low threshold, the statutory provisions seek to encourage the making of such ‘internal’ disclosures, that is to say to the person who can most readily investigate the matter of concern and deal with it, thus promoting accountability. The chapter then discusses disclosures under section 43D ERA, being disclosures made by the worker in the course of obtaining legal advice. The chapter moves on to deal with disclosures to a prescribed person (such as relevant regulator) and explains the different and more rigorous standards which the worker’s belief as to the relevant failure has to meet for such disclosures. There is then consideration of the law relating to wider disclosures as set out in sections 43G and 43H ERA, being disclosures to someone who is not covered by any of the first or second tiers where the threshold for protection is set still higher. The various factors to be considered by the tribunal are addressed including the ‘gateways’ in section 43G(2), one of which must be satisfied in relation to a disclosure under section 43G.
Who Is Protected under PIDA?
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers who may bring a claim under the public interest disclosure legislation. These are primarily employees and workers but there is also a specially extended definition of worker for these purposes. An important question is whether there is a requirement for a contractual relationship with the employer for purposes of the extended definition worker in section 43K(1)(a) ERA. The chapter also considers the special cases of the NHS, trainees, judges, applicants, police, Crown servants and members of the armed forces, those involved in national security, Parliamentary staff, partners and members of limited liability partnerships, non-executive directors, and volunteers. There is consideration of the impact of arguments by reference to the European Convention on Human Rights to expand the boundaries of protection, and of the shape of possible further reform.
The Right Not to Suffer Detriment
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers protection against detriment on grounds of a protected disclosure, including the ability to claim against co-workers which was introduced in 2013. It includes consideration of the meaning of detriment, including scope for post-termination of employment detriment and case law developments on limitation of claims to the ‘employment field’. The second half of the chapter is principally focused on the approach to whether the act or deliberate failure to act was ‘done on the ground that’ the worker made the protected disclosure or disclosures. This includes the important issue of the scope for ‘separability’ between a protected disclosure and matters closely related but distinct from it. There is also consideration of the borderline between detriment and dismissal, the burden of proof, and time limits in detriment claims.
Remedies in Dismissal and Detriment Claims
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the range of remedies which are available in whistleblowing cases. It first deals with remedies in unfair dismissal claims including reinstatement and re-engagement, compensation, and interim relief, concentrating on the aspects which are most relevant in whistleblowing cases. It then deals with detriment claims including injury to feelings and aggravated damages awards. It concludes with a detailed consideration of the good faith provisions, which are now a matter for the remedy stage, although they used to be relevant to liability. This section of the chapter includes discussions on the meaning of good faith, the burden of proof, and unfair dismissal remedies.
Protection of Workers Beyond the Statutory Scheme: Contract, Tort, and Judicial Review
Authors: Lewis Jeremy , Bowers John , Fodder Martin , Mitchell Jack 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The focus of this chapter is the possibility of supplementing the legislative scheme or filling gaps in the scope of protection through claims in contract, tort, or by way of applications for judicial review. We consider first the scope to frame a contractual claim in reliance on well-established implied terms of the contract of employment. We then discuss the potential for injunctive relief to restrain whistleblowing-related detrimental treatment, whether by restraining conduct in breach of contract or through an application for judicial review. The chapter concludes with a consideration of claims founded on a contractual duty of care, in the light of the significant decision in Rihan v Ernst & Young, and the possibility of applying this beyond the boundaries suggested in that decision.