bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study Explores Cost-Effective, Ecologically Sound Fluid-Disposal Methods
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: March 2022

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 202917, “Cost-Effective and Ecologically Sound Fluid Disposal During Well Cleanup and Post-Fracturing Flowback Operations,” by Yakov Shumakov, Florian Hollaender, SPE, and Bertrand Theuveny, SPE, Schlumberger. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
The complete paper summarizes the results and lessons learned from the application of different methods used for fluid disposal in a wide range of well-testing operations around the globe. These were used to determine that economical and environmentally responsible solutions exist for fluid disposal during these operations. The complete paper also details a field-proven and cost-effective fluid-storage solution using a shuttle tanker during well-test and flowback operations offshore.

Fluid-Disposal System
Ecologically sound and safe fluid disposal during well testing and cleanup is one of the primary objectives, from an operational standpoint, of any temporary surface well-test package. Each fluid-disposal system is designed and sized for each operation according to the expected operating conditions. Typical fluid-disposal systems include the following.
Water-Filtration System. In this system, produced water is first separated from hydrocarbons at the surface by using the well-test separator included in the temporary surface package; then, it is treated to remove as much oil as possible before discharge overboard. Even after effective treatment, however, produced water still contains traces of oil at parts-per-million levels. Overboard discharge of any kind is controlled strictly by environmental regulators and legislation.
The primary pollutants of concern are hydrocarbons and grease; therefore, most treatment technology for water produced offshore is geared toward removing these contaminants.
Mobile water-treatment systems are ideal for fast-response or urgent situations, as well as supplemental or temporary operations such as completions, workovers, or well testing. They are often used to assist during plant startup and maintenance outages when the water-treatment system is unavailable or cannot meet water-production requirements.
Temporary Fluid Storage. Provisional storage of produced hydrocarbons has been used successfully in the past and is still considered an optimal solution for operations with a relatively small volume of liquid hydrocarbons produced. In offshore operations, one important factor beyond the space on the deck of offshore rigs is the limit on the volume of live crude that can be stored permanently on the rig. The limitation in recoverable liquid volume applies a significant constraint on the duration of the test; thus, this disposal technique is applicable mainly on gas wells and in environmentally sensitive areas.
Technology Focus: Formation Evaluation (February 2022)
Authors: Dastidar Rahul 
Published: March 2022

This marks the first of two Formation Evaluation features for 2022. The COVID-19 pandemic naturally has affected SPE meetings, causing many to be rescheduled or postponed indefinitely, but SPE papers continue to be a crucial source of technical knowledge. The selected papers explore simple and complex innovative approaches toward reservoir characterization to work around the absence of certain data.
Paper SPE 203903 addresses issues related to safe and optimal operation of geoenergy applications related to induced seismicity as a result of pore-pressure fluctuations. The authors developed a finite-volume method with a multipoint approximation of fluxes for geomechanics and poromechanics that will cope with discontinuities in displacements, as occur in faults, on the level of discretization.
The next paper demonstrates local calibration of a simple rock physics model that can provide valuable insights into the elastic properties, which then can be combined with seismic data for quantitative reservoir characterization away from the wellbore. The key, according to the author of paper OTC 30359, is the use of the Hashin-Shtrikman effective medium model with absolute upper and lower bounds for compressional and shear velocities of media that are composed of multiple constituents.
The third paper explores the challenges of identifying and quantifying hydrocarbon sections because of little resistivity contrast between reservoirs and water zones in the absence of radioactive tools. The authors of paper SPE 202420 develop a work flow that integrates nuclear magnetic resonance with azimuthal resistivity to overcome the uncertainty of fluid typing and optimal wellbore placement.
Despite the challenges our industry continues to face, authors of SPE conference papers continue to provide an important source of knowledge and experience. I hope you enjoy these papers and encourage you to visit OnePetro to find similar works that may deepen your interests and enhance your skills.
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE 203130 - Managing Sanding Risk in Sandstone Reservoir Through a New Constitutive Model by Surej Kumar Subbiah, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and Schlumberger, et al.
SPE 201672 - Estimating Reservoir and Fracture Properties From Stage-by-Stage Pressure-Decline Analysis in Horizontal Wells by HanYi Wang, The University of Texas at Austin, et al.
SPE 202248 A Digital Core Laboratory Characterizing Oil/Water Transition Zones by Graeme Morrison, Woodside Energy
Rheological Properties of the Water-Based Muds Composed of Silica Nanoparticle Under High Pressure and High Temperature
Authors: Martin C. , Babaie M. , Nourian A. , Nasr G. G. 
Published: March 2022

Summary
Research currently has shown two contradicting conclusions about silica nanoparticle (SNP) application in mud fluid. While different studies have concluded that adding SNPs reduces the rheological properties, others have found that this is not the case. Therefore, this work was carried out to add to the literature and research that has already been done by different scholars on the performance of SNPs in water-based muds (WBMs). The synthesis of SNPs was performed by the sol-gel process based on the Stöber method in a mixture of a catalyst ammonium hydroxide containing tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), ethanol, and water. The distribution of particle dispersion, size, and zeta potential of SNP analysis was obtained using the dynamic light scattering analysis. Rheological analysis indicated good rheology at different temperatures with 0.5 wt% and 1.0 wt% silica concentration. Furthermore, viscosity and yield point (YP) were stabilized with nanoparticles (NPs at elevated temperatures (up to 176°C) as well as the reference mud maintained rheology (up to 121°C) and above that temperature, there was a drastic change indicating failure. Aging at temperatures above 121°C for 16 hours showed that NP WBMs remained stable with minor changes in rheology. Using bigger sized SNPs than previously used resulted to enhancement in the rheology of WBMs. Previous studies had used SNPs in sizes of 20–40 nm which negatively affected mud rheology. In this study, SNP of a bigger size resulted in rheological property enhancement. It is believed that particle size with other dynamics and mechanisms that still need to be investigated, for example, zeta potential, repulsive and attractive forces are some of the factors in play that affect nanoparticle performance in mud fluids. The obtained rheological data for different NP muds were matched to the traditional drilling mud rheological models to ascertain the best fit model that would be applied to an efficient design and the data fitted the Herschel-Bulkley model. Filtration tests at high pressure and high temperature (HPHT) conditions also indicated that synthesized SNPs used in the mud fluid resulted in a slightly low permeable thin mudcake and a low API gravity filtration loss which have great advantages when drilling through highly permeable formations. Filtrate loss was reduced by 7.5, 9.1, 15.4, and 6.7% when temperature increased to 100, 121, 149, and 176 °C at 1 wt% silica concentration, respectively. The mudcake was also improved and thickness reduced by 30 and 25% at 0.5 wt% silica concentration when temperatures increased from 149 and 176°C, respectively, compared to the reference mud (R) under HPHT conditions.
The research results provide a comprehensive evaluation of an enhanced WBM using SNPs for HPHT applications. The investigated NP has the potential to improve drilling mud properties which may led to less formation damage and efficient drilling operations.
Improving Decision-Making Process in Oil and Gas Development by a Context-Based Capital Value Process
Authors: Yananto H. , Putro U. S. , Sunitiyoso Y. 
Published: March 2022

Summary
This paper demonstrates the application of a combination of action research-based soft system methodologies (SSM) and system dynamics (SD) to improve the decision-making process for oilfield development in state-owned enterprises (SOEs). The long dynamic investment phases often result in the delay of long-term oil and gas development projects, leading to loss of early production opportunities and increased capital investment. The existing decision-making process may not adequately value the initiative of an oilfield development, which results in uncertainty and leads to the rejection of investment decisions. Hence, it was assessed whether the decision-making process was differentiated based on the criteria and complexity of the proposed development project as compared to the existing project. A new context-based and scalable stage-gate model was developed for the oil and gas industry based on the stage-gate theory of new product development. The results indicate that the number of review cycles in the decision-making process reduced significantly based on the project’s complexity, ensuring the allocation of essential and scarce resources to the project, and reducing the total time for completion. In contrast, some bottlenecks still exist at the middle and higher levels of the decision-making process. A significant implication of this finding is that management decision-making will be better off if they consider delegating authorities for decision-making at every stage.
Removing user fees and providing knowledge can improve utilization of FANC services, findings from a cross-sectional study in rural Kenya
Authors: Wambui Elizabeth , Echoka Elizabeth , Wekesa Frederick Murunga , Langat Nelson , Makokha Anselimo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
BackgroundFocused antenatal care was recommended by the World Health Organization to mitigate negative pregnancy and birth outcomes. It requires that a woman seeks medical care at least four times in the course of her pregnancy if there are no complications. However, in the low income settings, women are not able to attend ANC early and for all the schedules because of the costs involved including medical fees. In 2017, Kenya included antenatal care in the package of free maternal services provided by the government. We aimed to examine the uptake of free antenatal care (FANC) services by women in a rural community.MethodsA cross-sectional design employing mixed methods was conducted among 400 pregnant women who attended antenatal services in eight health facilities in Siaya sub-county following the introduction of FANC in these facilities. The women were interviewed on services received the timing of these antenatal visits, the number of visits in the course of the pregnancy and the challenges to attending antenatal services. Participants’ characteristics were described using means and proportions. Uptake of FANC defined by the number of women who sought FANC, the timing of the visits and how frequently they attended was described using percentages/frequencies. Log-binomial regression model was used to identify socio-demographic factors associated with uptake of FANC among the women. In this analysis, attendance to ANC four times or more was the outcome variable.ResultsOur findings showed an increase in the uptake of FANC compared to published rates of uptake. Overall, 76.4% (n=400) of the women reported attending ANC four times or more. Over half (61.7%), of the women had their first ANC visit in the second and third trimester. Women who were not married were 1.5 times (PR=1.50; CI=1.16-1.93) more likely to complete 4+ FANC visits when compared to women who were married. Women who attended ANC for the first time in their second and third trimester were 41% (PR=0.59; CI=0.49-0.72) and 90% (PR=0.10; CI=0.03-0.37) respectively, less likely to complete the 4+ FANC visits, when compared to those who started ANC in the first trimester.Conclusion The findings indicate that when women do not have to pay for antenatal services, their attendance and compliance to the scheduled visits improves. Therefore, strategies aimed at optimizing maternal pregnancy outcomes should also invest in providing free maternal services. Other implications of the study are discussed.
Evaluation of a web-based resource to improve menstrual health literacy and self-management in young women
Authors: Armour Mike , Parry Kelly , Curry Christina , Ferfolja Tania , Parker Melissa , Farooqi Toobah , MacMillan Freya , Smith Caroline A , Holmes Kathryn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Objective: Menstrual cycle-related conditions, such as dysmenorrhea and heavy bleeding, are common amongst those under 25 years. Despite having significant impact on work, education, and social activities, most do not seek medical advice, preferring to self-manage their symptoms. We aimed to determine if access to a web-based resource could improve health literacy, reduce menstrual symptoms, and encourage health-seeking behavior in those at risk of conditions, such as endometriosis. Methods: People were eligible to participate if they were currently living in Australia, aged 14-25 years, and had menstruated for at least 12 months. Access to the resource, comprising evidence-based information on the menstrual cycle, the Period ImPact and Pain Assessment (PIPPA) tool, and guidance on self-care options, was provided for three menstrual cycles. Results: Seventy-five participants with a mean age of 20.4 years enrolled to use the web-based resource. Forty-three percent visited their doctor regarding their menstrual symptoms during the study period, with 84% indicating that they made the appointment due to the resource; over half (56%) who visited their doctor received a referral to a gynecologist. There were clinically relevant improvements in health literacy reflecting improved confidence of participants regarding having both adequate information and skills to manage their symptoms. Almost half (48.8%) said the resource had changed what they thought was a ‘normal’ period, and 94% could now identify symptoms of endometriosis. Conclusion: A low-cost, web-based resource can improve health literacy, provide effective options for self-management of menstrual cycle-related conditions, and motivate young people to seek medical advice.
Synthesis of acrylamide-copper oxide hybrid structure via radiation-induced polymerization as innovative photocatalyst for visible-light driven desulfurization of petroleum diesel fuel
Authors: elnagar ahmed , metwally Usama , elmoshedy Asmaa , soliman Emad , Hashem ahmed , El-Sattar Nour E. A. Abd 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The removal or extreme reduction of sulfur compounds in diesel fuels is a crucial stage, during their production, in terms of protecting the environment from harmful emissions. Additionally, the use of a cost-effective process, for such a purpose, is strongly favorable from economic perspectives. Thus, this research paper aims to produce low-sulfur diesel fuel through a photocatalytic route under the effect of visible light. Hybrid structures made of combining organic and inorganic compounds are presented as novel photocatalysts during this study. Such combination was meant to enhance the overall photocatalytic performances of these structures as well as to increase their capability toward the adsorption of sulfur compounds. It had been noticed that the usage of aliphatic chains, attached to function groups, and increment of electron donor atoms, in the organic part of photocatalyst, could increase the desulfurization percentage. Moreover, the introduction of this structure in its polymerized state had significantly enhanced the desulfurization percentage. Particularly, a diesel fuel of a reduced sulfur content exactly: 2500 ppm, which is corresponding to 20 Wt. % of the original feedstock: 12500 ppm, could be obtained. This content of sulfur compounds was further reduced to 440 ppm referring to a total sulfur removal of 96.5 % via applying three successive photocatalytic stages.
Concurrent intrathecal and intravenous nivolumab for metastatic melanoma patients with leptomeningeal disease.
Authors: Oliva Isabella Glitza , Ferguson Sherise , Bassett Roland , Foster Alexandra , John Ida , Hennegan Tarin , Rohlfs Michelle , Richard Jessie , Iqbal Masood , Dett Tina , Lacey Carol , Jackson Natalie , Rodgers Theresa , Phillips Suzanne , Duncan Sheila , Haydu Lauren , Amaria Rodabe , Wong Michael , Diab Adi , Yee Cassian , Patel Sapna , McQuade Jennifer , Fischer Grant , McCutcheon Ian , O'Brien Barbara , Tummala Sudhakar , Debnam Matthew , Guha-Thakurta Nandita , Wargo Jennifer , Burton Elizabeth , Tawbi Hussein , Davies Michael 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
There is a critical need for effective treatments for leptomeningeal disease (LMD). We conducted a single-arm, first-in-human phase I/Ib study of concurrent intrathecal (IT) and intravenous (IV) nivolumab in melanoma patients with LMD. The primary endpoints were determination of safety and the recommended IT nivolumab dose. The secondary objective was overall survival (OS). Patients were treated with IT nivolumab alone in cycle 1; IV nivolumab 240 mg was included in subsequent cycles, which were administered every two weeks. The dose escalation portion evaluated 5, 10, 20, and 50 mg of IT nivolumab. Twenty-five patients were enrolled and treated (twenty-one previously treated with anti-PD1): 2 with 5 mg, 3 with 10 mg, 14 with 20 mg, and 6 with 50 mg of IT nivolumab. There were no dose-limiting toxicities at any dose level; 10 patients experienced grade 1 or 2 toxicities, possibly related to IT nivolumab. The recommended IT dose of nivolumab was 50 mg (with IV nivolumab 240 mg) every 2 weeks. The median OS was 4.9 months, with 44% and 26% OS rates at 26 and 52 weeks, respectively. Concurrent IT and IV nivolumab is safe, feasible and appears to have a preliminary efficacy signal in patients with melanoma LMD, including in patients with previous anti-PD1 therapy.
Importance of urban green areas connectivity for the conservation of pollinators
Authors: Graffigna Sofia , González-Vaquero Rocío A. , Torretta Juan P. , Marrero Hugo J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Urbanization is one of the main processes generating most of changes on the earth's surface. The remaining green spaces within cities can be of utmost importance for pollinator conservation. Through a meta-analytical study, we evaluate how the position, connectivity and abundance of urban green areas (parks, gardens, squares, among others) in different cities can affect the richness and abundance of pollinators. We developed a connectivity metric using satellite images corresponding to 241 urban green areas obtained from 20 published works. The green areas were classified in Urban, Peri-urban and Non-urban according to their percentage of impervious surface estimated in each image. The metric relates the connectivity of green areas contained within images with a radius of 500 meters immersed within a city. Our study show the richness and abundance of pollinators is positively related to the connectivity of green areas in sites with different degrees of urbanization. Our results emphasize the importance of green spaces to maintain the ecosystem service of pollination in cities.
Transcriptional Regulation of Proanthocyanidin Biosynthesis Pathway Genes and Transcription factors in Indigofera stachyodes Lindl. Roots.
Authors: Wang Chongmin , Li Jun , Zhou Tao , Zhang Yongping , Jin Haijun , Liu Xiaoqing 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Background
Proanthocyanidins (PAs) have always been considered as important medicinal value component. In order to gain insights into the proanthocyanidin biosynthesis regulatory network in I. stachyodes roots, we analyzed the transcriptome of the I. stachyodes in leaf, stem and root at two sequential developmental stages.
Results
In this study, a total of 110,779 non-redundant unigenes were obtained, of which 63,863 could be functionally annotated. Simultaneously, 75 structural genes that regulate PA biosynthesis were identified, of these 9 pathway genes (IsF3′H1, IsANR2, IsLAR2, IsUGT72L1-2, IsUGT72L1-3, IsUGT72L1-4, IsUGT72L1-8, IsMATE2, IsMATE3) play an extremely important role in the synthesis of PAs in I. stachyodes roots. Furthermore, co-expression network analysis revealed 34 IsMYBs, 18 IsbHLHs, 15 IsWRKYs, 9 IsMADSs, 3 IsWIPs hub TFs potential regulators for PA accumulation. Among them, IsMYB24 and IsMYB79 may be closely involved in the PA biosynthesis in I. stachyodes roots.
Conclusions
The biosynthesis of PAs in I. stachyodes roots is initiated from the precursor, phenylalanine, and mainly produced by the subsequent pathway of cyanidin. Our work provides new insights into the molecular pathways underlying PA accumulation and enhances our global understanding of transcriptome dynamics throughout different tissues and root development.
Optimal target blood pressure in critically ill adult patients with vasodilatory shock: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yoshimoto Hidero , Fukui Satoshi , Higashio Koki , Endo Akira , Takasu Akira , Yamakawa Kazuma 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
While the Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines recommend an initial target value of 65 mmHg of mean arterial pressure (MAP) in patients with septic shock, the optimal MAP target for improving outcomes remains controversial. A meta-analysis to evaluate the optimal MAP for patients with vasodilatory shock, which included 3 randomized controlled trials and recruited 3,357 patients. Between the lower (60-70 mmHg) and the higher (over 70 mmHg) MAP target groups, there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.16) also similar in patients with chronic hypertension (RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.24) and patients aged ≥ 65 years (RR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.21). No significant difference in adverse events was observed between the different groups (RR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.87 1.24), but supraventricular arrhythmia was significantly higher in the higher MAP group (RR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.15 to 2.60). Renal replacement therapy was reduced in the higher MAP group of patients with chronic hypertension (RR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.71 0.98). Though the higher MAP control did not improve the mortality rate, it may be beneficial in reducing renal replacement therapy for patients with chronic hypertension.Systematic review registration: UMIN Clinical Trials Registry, UMIN000042624