bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Co-producing better land management? An ethnographic study of partnership working in the context of agricultural diffuse pollution
Authors: Vetter Thomas 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPartnership working has become a normative principle within agri-environmental governance. With more and more benefits becoming attributed to closer multi-stakeholder collaboration, more public monies are being directed towards this cause. These benefits have been studied widely and are usually presented in terms of their contributions to environmental, economic and/or social objectives. However, in contrast to these reported outcomes of partnership working, the practical ways towards them have received little attention. What does it mean to work together on a day-to-day basis? More specifically, how do stakeholders become trusted partners, bridge interests and coordinate their actions? What collaborative working culture becomes established within partnerships and how does this in turn affect wider governance outcomes, expectations and aspirations? Answers to these questions are not only important to better understand the factors that contribute to successful ways of partnership working, but also to account for its limitations. This paper responds to this research need by drawing on the example of Farm Herefordshire. This cross-organizational partnership promotes profitable farming, healthy soils and clean water to address the problem of diffuse pollution from agricultural practices within the Wye catchment in the UK. The insights from this case study contribute to the literature in two major ways: firstly, the paper follows prompts to study such modes of collective action holistically and bottom-up to capture all their contributions and implications. It does so by employing an ethnographic research approach to investigate the social interactions and struggles that characterize joint working. This commands attention to the backstories, the actual work meetings, the discussions, the processes of consensus building, and the joint actions undertaken; secondly, the paper connects with wider social science concerns around the underlying processes and practices of governmentality that are essential for establishing social and ecological orders. Thus, the paper explores how everyday practices of partnership working contribute to the co-production of institutions, discourses, identities, and representations—which in this case become strategically deployed to nudge—rather than revolutionise—better land management practices.
Detecting and Assessing the Spatio-Temporal Land Use Land Cover Changes of Bahrain Island During 1986–2020 Using Remote Sensing and GIS
Authors: Aljenaid Sabah S. , Kadhem Ghadeer R. , AlKhuzaei Manaf F. , Alam Jobair B. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe Kingdom of Bahrain has experienced accelerated development growth since the 1980s. These rapid land demands increased the pressure on the country area to rebuild urban centers and cities surrounding the coast. The purpose of this research is to detect and investigate changes in land use and land cover (LULC), which is one of the most critical aspects of planning and managing the use of land as a natural resource. The massive growth in land demand, particularly in small-area countries like Bahrain, forces decision-makers to re-plan the main island areas (Bahrain, Muharraq, Sitra, and Nabih Saleh). The study focuses on mapping the LULC changes detection over 1986–2020. It employs an integrated approach of remote sensing and GIS (Geographic Information System) to analyze and evaluate the changes in the LULC area in the main islands using multi-temporal and multispectral Landsat satellite imagery acquired in 1986, 1994, 2000, 2005, 2013, and 2020. In addition, high-resolution satellite images of different dates IKONOS 2000, GeoEye1 2011, 2013, Worldview3 2019, ASTER 2012, 2013, and multiresolution seamless image database-MrSID 1994, 1998 were used to enhance the LULC classification. Furthermore, different ancillary data were utilized to adjust the decision of LULC classes. The images were supervised using Maximum Likelihood Classifier (MLC) algorithms to generate the seven LULC maps. The seven-raster classification maps revealed overall accuracies exceeding 85%, and overall Kappa statistics range between 87 and 95%. The results indicate that the increment in the built-up area was dominant over the last 3 decades.
White matter microstructural integrity and BOLD fluctuation alterations mediated the effects of insulin resistance on cognitive function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Wang Xin , Bi Yan , Zhang Zhou , Lu Jiaming , Qing Zhao , Zhang Xin , Zhang Wen , Zhang Bing 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Aims
To explore the neural mechanism of white matter related cognitive dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods
This prospective study between 2016 and 2018 included 55 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 40 participants without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Detailed neuropsychological assessment, clinical and biochemical information, diffusion tensor imaging and resting-state functional MRI were collected. The fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD) and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in white matter were compared between the two groups and then extracted for correlation and mediation analysis with clinical parameters and cognitive assessments.

Results
The current research showed that three parameters changed in several white matter areas of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Meanwhile, FA in the corpus callosum mediated the effect of insulin resistance on executive function in both two groups. In the group without type 2 diabetes mellitus, ALFF moderated the effect of FA on executive function.

Conclusion
Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus showed alterations in structural integrity and activation of white matter, which played a mediating and regulating role in the cognitive impairment caused by insulin resistance.
Statistics in the Service of Science: Don’t Let the Tail Wag the Dog
Authors: Singmann Henrik , Kellen David , Cox Gregory E. , Chandramouli Suyog H. , Davis-Stober Clintin P. , Dunn John C. , Gronau Quentin F. , Kalish Michael L. , McMullin Sara D. , Navarro Danielle J. , Shiffrin Richard M. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractStatistical modeling is generally meant to describe patterns in data in service of the broader scientific goal of developing theories to explain those patterns. Statistical models support meaningful inferences when models are built so as to align parameters of the model with potential causal mechanisms and how they manifest in data. When statistical models are instead based on assumptions chosen by default, attempts to draw inferences can be uninformative or even paradoxical—in essence, the tail is trying to wag the dog. These issues are illustrated by van Doorn et al. (this issue) in the context of using Bayes Factors to identify effects and interactions in linear mixed models. We show that the problems identified in their applications (along with other problems identified here) can be circumvented by using priors over inherently meaningful units instead of default priors on standardized scales. This case study illustrates how researchers must directly engage with a number of substantive issues in order to support meaningful inferences, of which we highlight two: The first is the problem of coordination, which requires a researcher to specify how the theoretical constructs postulated by a model are functionally related to observable variables. The second is the problem of generalization, which requires a researcher to consider how a model may represent theoretical constructs shared across similar but non-identical situations, along with the fact that model comparison metrics like Bayes Factors do not directly address this form of generalization. For statistical modeling to serve the goals of science, models cannot be based on default assumptions, but should instead be based on an understanding of their coordination function and on how they represent causal mechanisms that may be expected to generalize to other related scenarios.
Dimensional crossovers in the Gaussian critical fluctuations above Tc of two-layer and three-layer superconductors
Authors: Viz A. S. , Botana M. M. , Verde J. C. , Ramallo M. V. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBy using a Ginzburg–Landau functional in the Gaussian approximation, we calculate the energy of superconducting fluctuations above the transition, at zero external magnetic field, of a system composed by a small number N of parallel two-dimensional superconducting planes, each of them Josephson coupled to its first neighbour, with special focus in the N = 2 and 3 cases. This allows us to obtain expressions for the critical contributions to various observables (fluctuation specific heat and magnetic susceptibility and Aslamazov–Larkin paraconductivity). Our results suggest that these systems may display deviations from pure 2D behaviour and interesting crossover effects, with both similitudes and differences to those known to occur in infinite-layers superconductors. Some challenges for future related research are also outlined.
Investigation and control strategy for canine distemper disease on endangered wild dog species: a model-based approach
Authors: Reja Selim , Ghosh Sinchan , Ghosh Indrajit , Paul Ayan , Bhattacharya Sabyasachi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe canine distemper virus (CDV) is a major threat to the already endangered wild dogs. We propose an evidence-based mathematical model of canine distemper in the wild to predict the rate and possibility of disease spread in wild dogs under a different scenario. We find the endemic and disease-free equilibrium points and the condition for their stability from the model. The bifurcation analysis of the model shows how the endemic equilibrium can be transformed into the disease-free equilibrium through parameters that represent fundamental ecological properties. The sensitivity of these parameters to the secondary disease spread points out the specific interaction rates and a birth rate that should be targeted to reduce the CDV outbreak. We suggest target parameters for controlling the disease outbreak considering the plausibility of manipulating them in terms of implications besides the sensitivity of the parameters. Finally, this article proposes two specific control strategies based on this modeling framework: isolation and birth-control-reintroduction. Since the isolation strategy may be cost-intensive, we modify our model to quantify the isolation rate necessary to reduce the disease outbreak. We suggest that the birth-control-reintroduction strategy based on the proposed model is cost-effective for a small contaminated area. Overall, the models in this study is applied in the field of conservation biology.
Five Pillars: A Framework for Transforming the Police Response to Rape and Sexual Assault
Authors: Hohl Katrin , Stanko Elizabeth A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe ‘justice gap’ for cases of rape and sexual assault is well-documented. Despite our rich understanding of the problem, its visibility in the public sphere, and state commitments to increasing charge and conviction rates, the justice gap is getting larger in the Western World. On a practical level, police are gatekeepers of outcome justice—arrests, charges, and convictions. As representatives of the state and society, police also wield significant symbolic power in defining the faultline between behaviour that is deemed ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. In this article we propose a theory-based and practice-oriented framework for transforming the police response to rape and sexual assault that draws on the large body of feminist literature on sexual violence and criminal justice responses, in combination with policing literature. This framework comprises five pillars: (1) suspect-focused investigations; (2) disrupting repeat offenders; (3) a procedural justice approach to victim-survivor engagement; (4) officer learning, wellbeing, and organisational change; and (5) the use of data. We conclude with a discussion of its practical implementation and empirical validation.
Community-Scale Composting Initiatives in South-East Queensland and Beyond: a Review of Successes, Challenges and Lessons for a Pilot Project on Karragarra Island, southern Moreton Bay
Authors: Gillespie Ariel , Halog Anthony 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA systematic literature review was conducted on decentralised, community-scale composting and organics recycling initiatives in South-East Queensland, and other regions in Australia and globally. The results found were compared with the results of a pilot project on Karragarra Island, off the coast of southern Queensland. No relevant literature found in the review was from Australia and projects in south-east Queensland were investigated via personal communication. Overall, the results showed community-scale composting to be viable with the right partnerships, community awareness, project design and financial support. The pilot project implemented on Karragarra Island may be modified and replicated in South-East Queensland and beyond.
Technical pathways of dual carbon control in China’s buildings sector
Authors: Xu Wei , Sun Deyu , Dong Jiankai , Huang Shuai , Yang Shuo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractReducing carbon emissions in the buildings sector is of great significance to the realization of China’s carbon peak and neutrality goals. By analyzing factors influencing buildings carbon emissions at the operational stage, this paper applies the China Building Carbon Emission Model (CBCEM) to make medium and long-term forecasts of China’s building operation carbon emissions, discussing the goals and realization paths of China’s dual carbon goals in the buildings sector. The results show that building operation carbon emissions, according to the current development model in the buildings sector, will peak in 2038–2040 with a peak carbon emission of about 3.15 billion tons of CO2; however, by 2060, carbon emissions will still be 2.72 billion tons of CO2, falling short of China’s dual carbon goals. The carbon saving effects of three scenarios, namely clean grid priority, building photovoltaic priority and energy efficiency enhancement priority, were measured and shown to be significant in all three scenarios, but the building photovoltaic priority and energy efficiency enhancement priority scenarios were superior in comparison.
Implementing Leading antimicrobial stewardship practices in United States hospitals – A qualitative study
Authors: Chitavi Salome , Kohut Mike , Braun Barbara , Adams Meghann , Hyun David 
Published: May 2022

Background: In May 2018, The Joint Commission, The Pew Charitable Trusts, and the CDC cosponsored a meeting of experts who identified 6 evidence-based leading practices that antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) should be doing beyond having basic infrastructure for improving antibiotic prescribing. The Joint Commission Department of Research working with external experts in 2020 conducted a prevalence study to assess what proportion of Joint Commission-accredited hospitals had implemented the 6 leading practices identified (results presented at SHEA Spring 2021). In this qualitative study, we collected information about how hospitals implemented ASP leading practices to identify facilitators and barriers to implementation among diverse hospitals. Methods: We conducted in-depth telephone interviews with a subset of ASP leaders from hospitals that participated in the 2020 prevalence study. We used purposive sampling to select 30 hospitals from 288 hospitals based on leading practices implemented, hospital size, and system membership. An experienced qualitative researcher (M.K.) not previously affiliated with the Joint Commission interviewed all participants using a semistructured interview guide. The framework method of analysis was used to review and organize data. We used the constant comparative approach to ensure that factors were not missed. Each transcript was reviewed by at least 2 researchers who compared coded findings in group discussion sessions. Two researchers independently identified key factors and combined findings following discussion and review. We focused on super factors that are relevant to implementing multiple leading practices. Results: ASP leaders from 30 hospitals were interviewed. Participating hospitals were evenly distributed across hospital size (10 small, 10 medium, 10 large) and membership in a health system (16 system, 14 nonsystem). At least 14, (46.7%) interviewees had pharmacist in their title; 11 (36.7%) had pharmacist-antimicrobial stewardship; and 5 (16.6%) had other titles (eg, infection preventionist). Super factors included ASP team capacity, ID expertise, having a physician champion, relationships with clinicians and relevant departments, structure of electronic health records, adequate software, and information technology resources. Small and rural nonsystem hospitals often lacked resources related to ID expertise, dedicated staff, and software tools, whereas hospitals that belong to a system benefit from centralized ID expertise and technical infrastructure provided. Conclusions: Specific factors related to personnel, relationships and IT resources have an outsized impact on implementing multiple leading antimicrobial stewardship practices in hospitals. Hospital ASPs could benefit by targeting resources toward these areas.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None
In veteran outpatients, antibiotics remain significant risk factor for community-acquired Clostridiodes difficile infection
Authors: Akpoji Ukwen , Wilson Brigid , Chengsupanimit Tayoot , Song Sunah , Bej Taissa , Jump Robin , Perez Federico 
Published: May 2022

Background: An estimated 30% of antibiotic prescriptions in outpatient settings may be inappropriate. Antibiotic exposure increases an individual’s risk of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI). To assess the prevalence of community-acquired CDI (CA-CDI) among patients without recent hospitalization and to examine the influence of outpatient antibiotic exposure on the risk of acquiring CA-CDI in this population, we examined a 2-year cohort of patients seen in primary care clinics at VA community-based outpatient clinics (CBOCs) associated with a large VA medical center. Methods: All primary care visits and nonvisit antibiotic prescriptions were identified in calendar years 2018–2019 as encounters of interest. Encounters occurring Results: We identified 84,787 patients with visits meeting our criteria. In this cohort, 3,533 patients were prescribed antibiotics at their encounter of whom 5 (0.14%) developed CA-CDI. Among the 81,254 patients who were not prescribed antibiotics, 15 (0.02%) developed CA-CDI, yielding an unadjusted CA-CDI odds ratio of 7.68 (95% CI, 2.50–19.82). p Conclusions: Although CA-CDI episodes were infrequent among VA outpatients with a CBOC visit in 2018–2019, the odds of CA-CDI were 7-fold greater in outpatients with antibiotic exposure than outpatients without antibiotic exposure. Antibiotic stewardship interventions that emphasize adverse events as a result of care provided in the outpatient setting, rather than as events limited to acute-care settings, may mitigate CDI risk.Funding: This work was supported by the Merck Investigator Studies Program (MISP 59266 to F.P. and R.J.), and funds and facilities were provided by the Cleveland Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC) at the VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System. The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.Disclosures:. All authors report no conflicts of interest relevant to this article. R.J. has received research funding from Pfizer; she has also participated in advisory boards for Pfizer and Merck.
Prospective audit and feedback of Clostridioides difficile PCR at the time of ordering increases appropriateness of testing
Authors: Tassone Daniel , Hitchcock Matthew , Markley John , Stevens Michael 
Published: May 2022

Background: Over-testing for Clostridioides difficile infection outside acute diarrheal illness without a clear alternative cause can lead to inappropriate diagnosis and treatment with antibiotic therapy. Preanalytical interventions such as education, order restriction, and electronic order assistance are common but are limited in effectiveness. As an alternative approach, our antibiotic stewardship program (ASP) implemented prospective audit and feedback (PAF) on C. difficile PCR orders to reduce inappropriate testing.Methods: The study was conducted at a 399-bed, tertiary-care, Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center and included adult inpatients and outpatients for whom C. difficile PCR testing was ordered. In the preintervention period from June through September 2019, the ASP was alerted to C. difficile PCR tests and collected data but did not intervene. From October 2019 to January 2020, the ASP performed real-time PAF at the time of ordering. Appropriateness of testing was determined based on whether there was a negative result in the prior 7 days and a 3-step review of clinical factors (Fig. 1). When possible, a direct conversation took place with the ordering provider. If not possible, a general note delineating appropriate clinical criteria for testing was generated. No PAF was done outside standard hours. The ASP recommended cancelling tests deemed inappropriate. Monthly test rates during the pre- and postintervention periods were compared using the Student t test with α = .05, and test appropriateness was compared using the χ2 test. All analyses were conducted using Microsoft Excel software. Results: During the preintervention period, a total of 418 tests were ordered (104.5 per month). This number decreased to 276 (69 per month) during the intervention period. (p Conclusions: Direct PAF at the time of C. difficile PCR ordering may increase test appropriateness and is associated with a reduction in overall testing, primarily by reducing the number of tests that are considered not appropriate on clinical grounds. PAF is effective but requires significant time investment by ASP staff and may not be a sustainable intervention over time.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None