bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Digital Presentation) Multimodal Encapsulation of p-SnOx to Engineer the Carrier Density for Thin Film Transistor Applications
Authors: Lee Dong Hun , Zhang Yuxuan , No Kwangsoo , Song Han Wook , Lee Sunghwan 
Published: November 2022

It has been challenging to synthesize p-type SnOx (1≤x<2) and engineer the electrical properties such as carrier density and mobility due to the narrow processing window and the localized oxygen 2p orbitals near the valence band.
We recently reported on the processing of p-type SnOx and an oxide-based p-n heterostructures, demonstrating high on/off rectification ratio (>103), small turn-on voltage (<0.5 V), and low saturation current (~1×10-10 A)1. In order to further understand the p-type oxide and engineer the properties for various electronic device applications, it is important to identify (or establish) the dominating doping and transport mechanisms. The low dopability in p-type SnOx, of which the causation is also closely related to the narrow processing window, needs to be mitigated so that the electrical properties of the material are to be adequately engineered 2, 3.
Herein, we report on the multifunctional encapsulation of p-SnOx to limit the surface adsorption of oxygen and selectively permeate hydrogen into the p-SnOx channel for thin film transistor (TFT) applications. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry measurements identified that ultra-thin SiO2 as a multifunctional encapsulation layer effectively suppressed the oxygen adsorption on the back channel surface of p-SnOx and augmented hydrogen density across the entire thickness of the channel. Encapsulated p-SnOx-based TFTs demonstrated much-enhanced channel conductance modulation in response to the gate bias applied, featuring higher on-state current and lower off-state current. The relevance between the TFT performance and the effects of oxygen suppression and hydrogen permeation is discussed in regard to the intrinsic and extrinsic doping mechanisms. These results are supported by density-functional-theory calculations.

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Award No. ECCS-1931088. S.L. and H.W.S. acknowledge the support from the Improvement of Measurement Standards and Technology for Mechanical Metrology (Grant No. 20011028) by KRISS. K.N. was supported by Basic Science Research Program (NRF-2021R11A1A01051246) through the NRF Korea funded by the Ministry of Education.

References

Lee, D. H.; Park, H.; Clevenger, M.; Kim, H.; Kim, C. S.; Liu, M.; Kim, G.; Song, H. W.; No, K.; Kim, S. Y.; Ko, D.-K.; Lucietto, A.; Park, H.; Lee, S., High-Performance Oxide-Based p–n Heterojunctions Integrating p-SnOx and n-InGaZnO. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
2021,
13 (46), 55676-55686.

Hautier, G.; Miglio, A.; Ceder, G.; Rignanese, G.-M.; Gonze, X., Identification and design principles of low hole effective mass p-type transparent conducting oxides. Nat Commun
2013,
4.

Yim, K.; Youn, Y.; Lee, M.; Yoo, D.; Lee, J.; Cho, S. H.; Han, S., Computational discovery of p-type transparent oxide semiconductors using hydrogen descriptor. npj Computational Materials
2018,
4 (1), 17.

Figure 1
Threshold Switching in CdTe Photovoltaics
Authors: Devkota Suman , Nyako Kwame Asiedu Owusu , Kuzior Brendan , Karpov Victor , . Georgiev Daniel G , Li Frank , Cortes Pedro , Borra Vamsi 
Published: November 2022

With the ubiquitous acceptance of PVs, the number of devices manufactured annually is following an exponential trend. Yet, the manufacturing process of important brands of thin-film solar cells involves a tedious and expensive step of laser scribing. The time-consuming and technologically involved laser scribing method remains widely used to contact the device electrodes.
This work examines an alternative method (threshold switching phenomenon) to create an enduring conductive path in cadmium telluride (CdTe) PV, which eliminates the pitfalls in conventional scribing technology. The samples undergone threshold switching show a promising sign of the conductive path compared to the control samples. This method could potentially lead to the manufacturing technology, which would save time, money, and raw materials in addition to the added reliability and efficiency.
(Digital Presentation) The Electrode’s Inhomogeneous Microstructure Effect on Battery Performance
Authors: Odetallah Mariam , Singh Vikram , Kuss Sabine , Kuss Christian 
Published: November 2022

Currently, rechargeable batteries are used in everyday life applications, such as in mobiles, cameras, laptops, and cars. Accordingly, the demand for rechargeable batteries, in particular Lithium-ion batteries, is increasing. Their electrodes consist of at least four different materials: active material, a conductive additive, polymer binder, and current collector. The battery performance in terms of cycling performance, energy density, mechanical integrity, and ionic and electronic mobility depends on these materials.1

The casting procedure, the multiscale packing during the evaporation process after casting, the accumulation of the conductive additive, the adhesive failure during the charging and discharging process, and the natural irregular shape of the electrode materials produce an inhomogeneous electrode microstructure. 2 This inhomogeneity causes current density variation and a non-uniform Lithium ion concentration leading to damage to the battery structure, reducing the capacity, and degrading the battery. 2

The electrode microstructure and its effect on the battery performance have great importance. As such, several techniques have been developed to investigate electrode microstructure. Each technique gives specific information. Here, we will combine scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), and battery cycling to study the effect of microstructure on the battery performance.
SECM is a high resolution probe technique that scans the electrode surface using an ultra-microelectrode. Thus it can measure the electrode`s local conductivity.3
,
4 Therefore, we can quantify the inhomogeneous microstructure distribution. Thus, by combining these results with SEM and cycling test results we will be able to find the correlation between the battery performance and the distribution of the microstructure.
References:

Stein M, Chen CF, Robles DJ, Rhodes C, Mukherjee PP. Non-aqueous electrode processing and construction of lithium-ion coin cells. J Vis Exp. 2016;2016(108):1-10. doi:10.3791/53490

Xiong R, Zhang T, Huang T, Li M, Zhang Y, Zhou H. Improvement of electrochemical homogeneity for lithium-ion batteries enabled by a conjoined-electrode structure. Appl Energy. 2020;270(May):115109. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115109

Ventosa E, Schuhmann W. Scanning electrochemical microscopy of Li-ion batteries. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2015;17(43):28441-28450. doi:10.1039/c5cp02268a

Polcari D, Dauphin-Ducharme P, Mauzeroll J. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental Parameters from 1989 to 2015. Chem Rev. 2016;116(22):13234-13278. doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00067
(Invited) How the Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) Is Expanding Robust Advanced Packaging with the US and like-Minded Allies
Authors: Oakley John Richard 
Published: November 2022

As investments in technology are made it will be important to consider what technologies are invested in. Advanced Packaging will be the key enabler of the next microelectronic revolution, as it allows increasing device density and functionality per footprint while realizing a broad spectrum of new products through heterogeneous integration. In fact, advanced packaging is becoming equivalent of the transistor of the Moore’s Law and ITRS era. However, the US lacks the necessary advanced packaging ecosystem: the US has not been a cost-effective location to develop a robust advanced packaging sector. The Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC) is leading efforts in expanding robust advanced packaging with the US and like-minded allies.
SRC has also served as a beacon for the community and has been relied on to bring similar but different interests together to achieve consensus on direction setting for the industry. Through a series of five workshops, 50+ presentations, and hundreds of international experts from industry, government, and academia SRC published the 2030 Decadal Plan For Semiconductors in January 2021. By soliciting participation from experts in all parts of the semiconductor ecosystem, the Decadal Plan serves to define the technical needs to achieve strategic goals by 2030, informing the community of ‘what’ needs to be done and not the ‘how’.

Figure 1
Low Temperature Semiconductor Device Processing
Authors: Lill Thorsten , Fischer Andreas , Berry Ivan , Shen Meihua 
Published: November 2022

In the manufacturing of integrated circuits, etching and deposition processes with and without plasma are widely used. Except for physical processes such as Physical Vapor Deposition and Ion Beam Etching, these processes leverage the adsorption of reactive neutrals to enable chemical reactions at the wafer surface.
In this paper, we will investigate the fundamentals and applicability of low temperatures to stimulate physisorption of neutrals. Among the points of interest for this approach are the use of less reactive gases, higher fluxes to the surface, new transport mechanisms into high aspect ratio features, and 3D effects thanks to condensation in small features.
We will discuss temperature and pressure ranges for relevant material and pre-cursor gas combinations and means to initiate the deposition and etching reactions. An overview of experimental results from our research and the literature will be presented.
(Keynote) N-Heterocyclic Carbene-coated Gold Nanoparticles and Luminescent Quantum Dots
Authors: Mattoussi Hedi , Du Liang , Nosratabad Neda Arabzadeh , Jin Zhicheng 
Published: November 2022

N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have generated much interest for use as versatile metal-coordinating groups, since they were first synthesized by Arduengo and coworkers in 1991. NHC molecules can be considered as L-type ligands, because they share their non-bonding electron pairs with the σ-accepting orbital of transition metals, and this endows them with strong coordination interactions. NHC-appended molecules have recently been actively exploited as potentially effective ligands for the surface passivation of various colloidal nanomaterials.
We investigate the coordination interactions between a few representative colloidal nanocrystals, including gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and luminescent quantum dots (QDs), and a NHC-based polymer ligand. The latter presents multiple NHC groups and several short poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) chains as solubilizing blocks. We find that our NHC-decorated ligands rapidly coordinate onto both sets of nanocrystals, which we attribute to their soft Lewis base nature. These ideally match the soft Lewis acid character of transition metal colloid surfaces, promoting strong coordination bonding through soft‐soft interaction. We combine NMR spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy supplemented with dynamic light scattering to characterize the nature of the binding interactions. Furthermore, the long-term stability of the NHC-stabilized nanocolloids have been tested after phase transfer to water, a highly challenging chemical venue for such groups, due to the moisture sensitive nature of NHC molecules. Data show that our NHC-polymer-stabilized AuNPs and QDs exhibit long-term colloidal stability in buffer media while preserving their optical and fluorescing properties, with no sign of degradation or aggregation build up for at least one year of storage. We will discuss the ligand design and synthesis, characterization of the polymer-stabilized nanocrystals under various conditions, with a particular focus on the beneficial effects of ligand multi-coordination interactions onto the nanocolloid surfaces.
(Invited, Digital Presentation) Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Inorganic Perovskite Nanocrystals and Their Assemblies: Uncovering the Multiple Exciton Generation Rate and Band-Formation
Authors: Timmerman Dolf , Tang Ying Ying , Schall Peter , Fujiwara Yasufumi 
Published: November 2022

Inorganic perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) display attractive structural and optical properties, and have perspective in a wide range of optoelectronic applications. One interesting feature is their relatively slow hot carrier cooling rate, which allows to follow carrier dynamics in great detail with ultrafast spectroscopic techniques.
In this talk, we present studies of the ultrafast carrier dynamics of perovskite NCs and assembled structures. Typically, when the excitation photon energy is increased, and thus the excess energy of the created carriers, the cooling time of the carriers towards the bandedge increases along. However, for CsPbI3 NCs, when the photon energy exceeds a certain threshold energy the cooling time starts to decrease, indicating that a competing relaxation pathway opens up which funnels carriers towards the bandedge. This threshold energy indicates the onset of a carrier multiplication process, in which absorption of a single photon leads to the creation of multiple electron-hole pairs. This process can also be inferred by following the carrier concentration, which shows a delayed build-up following the excitation pulse. The carrier dynamics in this system can be modeled within a framework of two competing cooling mechanisms. With the experimentally determined carrier cooling rate and threshold energy it is possible to extract the time-constant associated with the carrier multiplication process.
Experiments on highly ordered CsPbBr3 NCs, so-called supercrystals, revealed how the photophysics are altered due to the inter-NC coupling as compared to the individual NCs. Next to a red-shift of the absorption and photoluminescence peak, the supercrystals show signatures of band-like states. The observation of a reduced Stokes-shift, decreased biexciton binding energy and increased carrier cooling rates, support the formation of delocalized states resulting from the coupling between individual NCs. These results open perspectives for assembled NCs for application in optoelectronic devices, with design opportunities exceeding the level of nanocrystal and bulk material.
(Invited) In Situ TEM Studies of Colloidal Inorganic Nanocrystals for Energy Applications
Authors: Reifsnyder Hickey Danielle 
Published: November 2022

Sustainable technologies will be essential for meeting future energy demands. Therefore, it is critical to be exploring the fundamental science of materials for photovoltaics and catalysis. For these applications, nanomaterials hold great promise due to their unique, size-dependent properties, tunability, and solution processability. Additionally, nanomaterials offer an effective testbed to understand structural transformations in bulk materials, and to take advantage of effects related to having a high surface area to volume ratio.
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) allows a unique window into the atomic structures of nanomaterials by enabling high-resolution imaging, electron diffraction, and compositional analysis. Specifically, this work explores local structural and compositional transformations by examining how colloidal nanocrystals transform under in situ conditions during imaging. Focusing on halide perovskite nanocrystals for photovoltaic applications and metal nanocrystals for catalytic applications, the roles of size, shape, and composition will be explored, as well as the impact of atomic defects.
The degradation of halide perovskites is a major issue facing the field and can be mitigated by an in-depth understanding of the structural changes that occur during degradation processes. For instance, the relative stability of different compositions and dissimilar geometries can provide insights into which factors could improve the longevity of photovoltaic devices. Similarly, metallic nanocrystals for heterogeneous catalysis rely on reactive surfaces, which can be identified, examined, and transformed during in situ TEM experiments. This presentation will describe progress toward understanding transformation mechanisms in these two classes of nanocrystals, and it will provide comparative insights across the systems.
(Invited, Digital Presentation) Photovoltaic Applications Using Energy Transfer Characteristics from Quantum Dots
Authors: Fukata Naoki , Jevasuwan Wipakorn 
Published: November 2022

Silicon-related materials are most commonly used in solar cells and become now an invaluable material. However, a reported maximum energy conversion efficiency of Si solar cell is close to reaching its theoretical limits. To further improve the cell performance and create new functions, it will become increasingly important to functionalize Si materials using nanostructures. One- and zero-dimensional Si nanostructures called Si nanowires (SiNWs) and Si quantum dots (Si QDs) are increasingly being used as new solar cell materials. Our group has shown that the conversion efficiency of solar cells can be increased by the non-radiation energy transfer (NRET) from Si QDs [1]. Recently, research has been developed on compound semiconductor QDs and perovskite QDs, and the conversion efficiency has been successfully increased [3-7].
n-type SiNW arrays were fabricated by electroless etching and Bosch & nanoimprint lithography followed by CVD process. The CVD process was performed to form p-type Si layer for pn homojunction. Hybrid heterojunction cells of PEDOT:PSS and n-SiNWs were also fabricated. Passivation by ozone and hydrogen were applied to improve the solar cell properties [2]. After the cell fabrications, the solar cells were coated with Si QDs, CdZnS/ZnS QDs, CdZnSe/ZnS QDs and perovskite QDs. The fabrication methods and conditions of QDs have been reported elsewhere [1-7]
Energy transfer effects such as NRET are new ways of increasing solar cell efficiency. To effectively use the NRET effect, the surface of Si QDs should be fully passivated by ligand molecules. The NRET process is a highly distance-dependent phenomenon, and its dependence on the length of the passivation ligands clearly showed this. NRET efficiency was increased by shortening the ligand length from 1-octadecene to 1-octene, resulting in higher JSC, ultimately providing higher energy conversion efficiency. The efficiency was increased about 1-2 % by adding SiQDs. We also observed the same effect for CdZnS/ZnS QDs, CdZnSe/ZnS QDs and perovskite CsPbCl3 QDs. In these cases, in addition to the NRET effect, the radiative energy transfer (RET) effect also contributes to the increase in conversion efficiency.

References: [1] M. Dutta et al, ACS Nano 2015, 9, 6891 (2015). [2] M. Dutta et al, Nano Energy 2015, 11, 219. [3] N. Fukata et al., Small 2017, 13, 1701713. [4] J. Chen et al., Nano Energy 2019, 56, 604. [5] M. F. Abdelbar et al., Nano Energy 2020, 77, 105163. [6] M. Abdelhameed et al., Nano Energy 2020, 82, 105728. [7] M. F. Abdelbar et al., Nano Energy 2021, 89, 106470.
Navigating the Minefield of Battery Literature
Authors: Xu Kang 
Published: November 2022

Battery research has been very hot.
With more than 600 publications each week, “breakthroughs” reported each month in high-impact journals, and new journals popping up each year, how can one effectively follow the literature?
To make things more difficult, a substantial fraction of the literatures are not straightforward to comprehend.
The early career scientists and engineers may be struggling with complicated jargon system that is already established, accepted, and taken for granted by the battery research community, or being puzzled by the many seemingly conflicting results from various, or even sometimes the same, sources.
In this context, the battery literature itself may have become a key hurdle to progress in battery research.
This talk will highlight a few recurring misconceptions and inaccuracies often encountered in battery research literature, so that students and junior researchers new to the field could circumvent these traps and better equipped to handle the inundation of battery research papers.
A Reachable Sodium-Oxygen Battery Based on Sodium Superoxide Chemistry
Authors: Kondori Alireza , Esmaeilirad Mohammadreza , mosen Harzandi Ahmad , Asadi Mohammad 
Published: November 2022

Sodium-oxygen (Na-O2) batteries offer a great potential to provide high energy density storage systems needed for small-sized and inexpensive electric vehicles owing to the abundance of sodium compared with lithium. Yet, their development is hindered by the low cycle life and poor energy efficiencies due to (i) the formation of singlet oxygen, resulting in parasitic reactions with the air cathode and the organic electrolyte, (ii) the formation of unstable SEI layers and dendrites associated with the metallic sodium anode, and (iii) lack of an active, stable cathode catalyst to reduce the overpotentials and improve the cycle stability.
Here, we have developed a Na-O2 battery cell composed of a highly active cathode catalyst that works well in synergy with an ether-based ionic-liquid electrolyte with specific redox mediators to act as co-catalysts to reversibly form and decompose sodium superoxide (NaO2) via surface-mediated pathway at a low polarization gap of about 40 mV at a capacity of 1000 mAh/g. Different electrochemical and physicochemical characterization techniques, i.e., Raman spectroscopy, XRD, XPS, DEMS, SEM, and TEM were used to understand the cell chemistry. Moreover, a chemically synthesized Na anode protection layer implemented in this battery cell enabled a long cycle life of 900 with all-time energy efficiencies more than 80%, exceeding state-of-art Na-O2 and Na-air batteries. The outcome of our study reveals the significance of the proper cell components design in Na-O2 battery technologies as a promising venue in energy conversion and storage systems.
Achieving Enhanced Mobility of Ions in Ionic Liquid-Based Gel Polymer Electrolytes By Incorporating Inorganic Nanofibers for Li-Ion Battery
Authors: Garaga Mounesha N , Bhattacharyya Sahana , Greenbaum Steve G 
Published: November 2022

Polymer electrolytes have received much attention in Li-ion battery research because of their unique properties, such as, high ionic conductivity, high mechanical strength including good electrode-electrolyte contact. A major research has been focused on improving the conductivity while retaining the mechanical stability of polymer electrolytes. In this context, ionic liquid-based gel polymer electrolytes are an excellent candidate. A detailed NMR investigation of PMMA-ILs gels electrolytes probing the structure and dynamics of ions was recently reported.[1] The presence of ILs in polymer matrix not only improves the conductivity but also enhances the self-healing capability. In another study, self-healing capability that reduces the dendrite formation at the interface has been discovered, for example, in PVDF-HFP-ILs electrolyte.[2] In this regard, this work reports the possible ways to enhance the ionic conductivity of such polymer electrolyte further by adding Al2O3 nanofibers. A series of PVDF-HFP-ILs with 1M LiTFSI in EMIMTFSI at different ratios of Al2O3nanofibers were prepared through solution cast technique. The dynamics of ions confined within polymer-Al2O3 matrix was explored through Impedence and PFG NMR spectroscopy. The amorphocity and the distribution of Al2O3 nanofibers are studied through XRD and SEM-EDX analyses. Lastly, the local structure of ions and their interaction with polymer and Al2O3 nanofibers were established through a detailed solid-state NMR analyses detecting 1H, 27Al, 13C, 19F, 7Li nuclei including 2D 13C{1H} HETCOR experiments. A reasonable enhancement in terms of ionic conductivity was observed with the addition of Al2O3 nanofibers, which improves the conducting pathways within the polymer network.
[1] M. N. Garaga, N. Jayakody, C. C. Fraenza, B. Itin, and S. Greenbaum, Journal of Molecular Liquids 329, 115454 (2021).
[2] T. Chen, W. Kong, Z. Zhang, L. Wang, Y. Hu, G. Zhu, R. Chen, L. Ma, W. Yan, Y. Wang, J. Liu, and Z. Jin, Nano Energy 54, 17 (2018).