bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Inconel 625 Welds After Corrosion at Supercritical Water Conditions
Authors: Cota-Sanchez German , Xiao Lin , Rousseau Stephane 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Inconel 625 is considered one of the candidate materials for fuel cladding in the Canadian supercritical water reactor. Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is being evaluated as a joining technique for SCWR fuel cladding since this method is widely used to join components in the power and nuclear industry. The thermal cycle, during the GTAW process, produces different types of microstructures that affect the material's mechanical properties. The objective of this work was to study the effect of corrosion testing at supercritical water conditions on mechanical properties of Inconel 625 base material (BM) and weldments. Tubular Inconel 625 specimens were welded using a GTAW orbital process. Corrosion testing was conducted in an autoclave at 575 °C (848.15 K) and 23.5 MPa for 500 h (1.8 × 106 s). Weld characterization included mechanical tests, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The composition of second phase precipitates observed during microstructural characterization was elucidated using equilibrium phase diagrams. Tensile tests showed that both BM and welds displayed an increase in strength and a decrease in ductility after corrosion testing. The ultimate tensile strength increased about 2% and 9% for the BM and the weldment, respectively. The maximum specimen elongation decreased around 35% for the BM and 45% for the weldment. The microstructure showed indications of second phase precipitation and grain morphology changes produced by both welding and corrosion processes. Results show that ductility of Inconel 625 GTAW welds is significantly reduced after exposure to supercritical water for 500 h (1.8 × 106 s).
The Impact of Sleep Inertia on Physical, Cognitive, and Subjective Performance Following a 1- or 2-Hour Afternoon Nap in Semiprofessional Athletes
Authors: Romyn Georgia , Roach Gregory D. , Lastella Michele , Miller Dean J. , Versey Nathan G. , Sargent Charli 
Published: May 2022

Purpose: This study examined the impact of sleep inertia on physical, cognitive, and subjective performance immediately after a 1- or 2-hour afternoon nap opportunity. Methods: Twelve well-trained male athletes completed 3 conditions in a randomized, counterbalanced order—9 hours in bed overnight without a nap opportunity the next day (9 + 0), 8 hours in bed overnight with a 1-hour nap opportunity the next day (8 + 1), and 7 hours in bed overnight with a 2-hour nap opportunity the next day (7 + 2). Nap opportunities ended at 4:00 PM. Sleep was assessed using polysomnography. Following each condition, participants completed four 30-minute test batteries beginning at 4:15, 4:45, 5:15, and 5:45 PM. Test batteries included a warm-up, self-ratings of readiness to perform, motivation to perform and expected performance, two 10-m sprints, 2 agility tests, a 90-second response-time task, and 5 minutes of seated rest. Results: Total sleep time was not different between conditions (P = .920). There was an effect of condition on readiness (P < .001), motivation (P = .001), and expected performance (P = .004)—all 3 were lower in the 8 + 1 and 7 + 2 conditions compared with the 9 + 0 condition. There was no effect of condition on response time (P = .958), sprint time (P = .204), or agility (P = .240), but a large effect size was observed for agility. Conclusions: After waking from a nap opportunity, agility may be reduced, and athletes may feel sleepy and not ready or motivated to perform. Athletes should schedule sufficient time (∼1 h) after waking from a nap opportunity to avoid the effects of sleep inertia on performance.
Global Positioning System Watches and Electronic Journals: Are Training-Load Measures Similar in High School Cross-Country Runners?
Authors: Garcia Micah C. , Bazett-Jones David M. 
Published: May 2022

Purpose: Running programs are designed to progress training loads by manipulating the duration, frequency, and/or intensity of running sessions. While some studies use journals to monitor training load, others have used wearable technology. The purpose of this study was to compare the validity of self-reported and global positioning system (GPS)–watch-derived measures of external and internal loads in high school cross-country runners. Methods: Twenty-two high school cross-country runners participated in the study during fall 2020. Participants recorded running sessions using a GPS watch and self-reported the running session using an electronic journal. External (distance and duration) and internal loads (session rating of perceived exertion [sRPE], average, and maximum heart rate) were retrieved from the GPS watch and electronic journal. Correlations compared relationships, and Bland–Altman plots compared agreements between GPS-watch-derived and self-reported measures of training loads. Results: We found moderate relationships between self-reported and GPS-watch-derived measures of external loads (distance: r = .76, moving duration: r = .74, and elapsed duration: r = .70) and poor relationships between internal loads (sRPE vs average heart rate: ρ = .11, sRPE vs maximal heart rate: ρ = .13). We found mean differences of −0.8 km (95% = –6.3 to +4.8 km) for distance, −4.5 minutes (95% = −27.8 to +33.2 min) for moving duration, and 2.7 minutes (95% = –27.8 min to +33.2 min) for elapsed duration. Conclusions: High school runners overreported running distance and duration using self-reports, and self-reported and GPS-watch-derived measures of internal loads demonstrated poor agreement. Coaches and clinicians should use caution when comparing results from studies using different methods of monitoring training loads.
Population-based incidence of intraocular tumours in Olmsted County, Minnesota
Authors: Oyemade Kafayat A , Xu Timothy T , Lopez Dominguez Johanny , Dumbrava Mihai G , Hodge David O , White Launia J , Dalvin Lauren A 
Published: May 2022

Background/aimsTo determine population-based incidence of intraocular tumours in Olmsted County, Minnesota.MethodsRecord review of the Rochester Epidemiology Project medical record linkage system from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2015 for patient demographics, tumour type by clinical diagnosis and presence or absence of confirmation by histopathology. The incidence rate of any intraocular tumour and of each tumour type was calculated per million person-years. Poisson regression analysis was used to analyse changes in incidence over time.ResultsThere were 948 patients diagnosed with intraocular tumours resulting in an age-adjusted and sex-adjusted incidence rate of 727.5 per million (95% CI: 680.8 to 774.2, p<0.05). Most tumours were benign (953, 98%). Of the benign lesions, melanocytic lesions were the majority (942, 97%), with adjusted incidence rates of 646.9 (95% CI: 602.8 to 691.1) for choroidal nevus and 55.8 (95% CI: 43.2 to 64.8) for iris nevus. Malignant lesions were rare (16, 2%) with 13 cases of choroidal melanoma and 1 case each of iris melanoma, retinal leukaemic infiltration and metastasis. The adjusted incidence rate for choroidal melanoma was 7.1 (95% CI: 2.5 to 11.8).ConclusionIn a population-based setting, most intraocular tumours are benign and melanocytic. Although malignant lesions are less common, it is important to remain vigilant with appropriate monitoring given the potential for vision loss and life-threatening malignancy.
Association between statin use and rates of structural and functional loss in glaucoma
Authors: Kang Jessica Minjy , Jammal Alessandro Adad , Medeiros Felipe A 
Published: May 2022

Background/aimsTo evaluate the association between statin use and rates of standard automated perimetry (SAP) and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) change in patients with glaucoma and glaucoma suspects.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study included subjects from the Duke Glaucoma Registry with primary open-angle glaucoma and glaucoma suspects. Subjects were assigned to groups according to history of statin use. Rates of change in SAP mean deviation (MD) and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) RNFL thickness over time were estimated using linear mixed models and compared in the statin versus control groups. The effect of duration of statin use was also assessed. Patients with glaucoma versus suspects were analysed separately. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounding factors of age, gender, race, intraocular pressure and follow-up time.ResultsThe study included 10 049 SAP tests and 14 198 SD OCT tests from 3007 eyes (1978 patients) followed for an average of 4.7±2.0 years. Of these, 775 subjects (1179 eyes) had a history of statin use. No difference in rates of change was seen between the statin versus control groups for MD (−0.07±0.16 dB/year vs −0.07±0.15 dB/year; p=0.873, respectively) or RNFL thickness (−0.70±0.60 µm/year vs −0.70±0.61 µm/year; p=0.923, respectively). Multivariable models controlling for potential confounders showed no significant association between duration of statin use and rates of MD or RNFL thickness change.ConclusionsWe did not find a statistically significant association between statin use or duration of statin use and rates of structural and functional change in those with glaucoma or glaucoma suspects.
Incidence and clinical characteristics of paediatric keratitis
Authors: Tanke Laurel B , Kim Eric J , Butterfield Samantha D , Ashby Grayson B , Bothun Erick D , Hodge David O , Mohney Brian G 
Published: May 2022

Background/aimsTo report the incidence and clinical characteristics of paediatric keratitis diagnosed over a 10-year period in a well-defined population.DesignRetrospective, population-based study.MethodsSetting: multicentre. Population: patients (<19 years) diagnosed with keratitis as residents of Olmsted County from 1 January 2000, through 31 December 2009. Main outcome measures: calculated annual age-specific and gender-specific incidence rates, demographic information and initial and final visual acuity.ResultsA total of 294 diagnoses of keratitis occurred in 285 children during the 10-year period, yielding an incidence of 78.0 per 100 000 younger than 19 years (95% CI 69.0 to 87.1) or approximately 1 in 1282 children. The incidence increased throughout the 10-year study period (p<0.001). The mean age at diagnosis was 15.3 years (range, 0.2–18.9) and 172 (60.4%) were women. The observed forms included keratitis due to contact lens wear in 134 (45.6%), infectious keratitis in 72 (24.5%), keratitis not otherwise specified in 65 (22.1%) and keratitis sicca in 23 (7.8%). The visual acuity was reduced to ≤20/40 in 61 (21.4) of the 285 patients at the initial examination and in 24 (8.4%) at the final examination. Children with infectious keratitis had the poorest presenting vision and the best final vision, whereas the reverse was true for those with keratitis sicca.ConclusionsKeratitis, regardless of aetiology, was observed in approximately 1 in 1300 children by 19 years of age in this population-based cohort. Nearly half were related to contact lens wear and a decrease in vision to ≤ 20/40 occurred in 1 in 12 patients.
Changes in glaucoma management following visual field testing and optical coherence tomography
Authors: Sun Michelle T. , Singh Kuldev , Wang Sophia Y. 
Published: May 2022

BackgroundOptimal utilisation of investigations in glaucoma management remains unclear. We aimed to assess whether a temporal association exists between such testing and management changes.MethodsRetrospective observational study using nationwide healthcare insurance claims database. Glaucoma outpatient encounters from patients aged ≥40 years with/without Humphrey visual field (HVF) and/or optical coherence tomography (OCT) were identified. An encounter was considered associated with an intervention if surgery occurred within 90 days, or if medication change or laser trabeculoplasty (LT) occurred within 30 days.Results12 669 324 outpatient encounters of 1 863 748 individuals from 2003 to 2020 were included. HVF and OCT was performed during 32.8% and 22.2% of encounters respectively. Of the 36 763 (0.3%) encounters preceding surgery, 28.1% included HVF, 11.9% had OCT and 8.5% both. 79 181 (0.6%) visits preceded LT, of which 28.2% had HVF, 13.2% OCT and 9.3% both. Of the 515 899 (4.5%) encounters preceding medication changes, 29.1% had HVF, 16.7% OCT and 12.2% both. Compared with encounters with no investigations, those with HVF and/or OCT were associated with a 49% increased odds of a management change (p<0.001). In multivariate analyses, compared with encounters without investigations, visits with HVF alone had higher odds of subsequent surgery and LT, while HVF and/or OCT were associated with higher odds of medication change (p<0.001 for all).ConclusionGlaucoma therapeutic changes occurred following approximately 5% of outpatient encounters. Surgery and LT were more likely to occur following a visit with a HVF rather than an OCT, while either investigation was associated with a higher odds of medication change.
Prevalence of long-term complications in inpatients with diabetes mellitus in China: a nationwide tertiary hospital-based study
Authors: Liu Yihao , Ning Xin , Zhang Luyao , Long Jianyan , Liang Ruiming , Peng Sui , Wang Haibo , Li Yanbing , Chen Wei , Xiao Haipeng 
Published: May 2022

IntroductionThere is absence of national data to estimate the prevalence of long-term diabetic complications among inpatients with diabetes in tertiary hospitals in China.Research design and methodsUsing the national Hospital Quality Monitoring System database, inpatients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were identified by the International Classification of Diseases-10 code, and the temporal trends of microvascular and macrovascular complications 2013–2017 were calculated, and then the risk factors were analysed by multivariate regression analysis.ResultsA total of 92 413 inpatients with T1DM and 6 094 038 inpatients with T2DM were identified in 2013–2017. The proportions of inpatients with microvascular complications in inpatients with T1DM and T2DM increased from 29.9% and 19.0% in 2013 to 31.6% and 21.0% in 2017, respectively. The proportions of inpatients with macrovascular complications in inpatients with T1DM and T2DM increased from 7.3% and 14.5% in 2013 to 13.2% and 18.4% in 2017, respectively. Hypertension and hyperlipidemia were risk factors for both microvascular and macrovascular complications. Among inpatients with T1DM, the adjusted ORs of microvascular complications increased in 40–49 age group and Northeast region, while older age, male and North region were risks factor for macrovascular complications. Among inpatients with T2DM, the ORs of microvascular complications increased in 40–49 age group, female, urban and North region, while older age, male, urban and Southwest region were risks factor for macrovascular complications.ConclusionsThe proportions of long-term complications of inpatients with diabetes in China increased in 2013–2017. Efforts are needed to improve the management of patients with diabetes in China.
Offloading devices for neuropathic foot ulcers in adult persons with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: a rapid review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Okoli George N , Rabbani Rasheda , Lam Otto L T , Askin Nicole , Horsley Tanya , Bayliss Lorraine , Tiszovszky Ildiko , Embil John M , Abou-Setta Ahmed M 
Published: May 2022

IntroductionHealing time for neuropathic planter foot ulcers (NPFUs) in persons with diabetes may be reduced through use of non-removable fiberglass total contact casting (F-TCC) compared with removable cast walkers (RCWs), although the evidence base is still growing.Research design and methodsWe conducted a rapid review and systematically searched for, and critically assessed, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the efficacy of F-TCC versus RCW, focusing on the time to ulcer healing in adult persons (18+ years) with NPFUs and type 1 or type 2 diabetes. We meta-analysed the mean differences and associated 95% CIs using an inverse variance, random-effects model. We also conducted a trial sequential analysis (TSA) to assess if the available evidence is up to the required information size for a robust conclusion. We assessed and quantified statistical heterogeneity between the included studies using theI2statistic.ResultsOut of 102 retrieved citations, five RCTs met the eligibility criteria. Participants’ inclusion in relation to stage of ulcer was highly variable as was peripheral neuropathy complicating comparisons. F-TCC appeared to present a shorter ulcer healing time (−5.42 days, 95% CI −9.66 days to −1.17 days;I29.9%; 5 RCTs; 169 participants) compared with RCW. This finding was supported by the TSA.ConclusionsThere is limited evidence from RCTs to suggest that F-TCC has a shorter ulcer healing time compared with RCW among adults with diabetic NPFUs. Properly designed and conducted RCTs are still required for a stronger evidence base.
Scent dogs in detection of COVID-19: triple-blinded randomised trial and operational real-life screening in airport setting
Authors: Kantele Anu , Paajanen Juuso , Turunen Soile , Pakkanen Sari H , Patjas Anu , Itkonen Laura , Heiskanen Elina , Lappalainen Maija , Desquilbet Loic , Vapalahti Olli , Hielm-Björkman Anna 
Published: May 2022

ObjectiveTo estimate scent dogs’ diagnostic accuracy in identification of people infected with SARS-CoV-2 in comparison with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). We conducted a randomised triple-blinded validation trial, and a real-life study at the Helsinki-Vantaa International Airport, Finland.MethodsFour dogs were trained to detect COVID-19 using skin swabs from individuals tested for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. Our controlled triple-blinded validation study comprised four identical sets of 420 parallel samples (from 114 individuals tested positive and 306 negative by RT-PCR), randomly presented to each dog over seven trial sessions. In a real-life setting the dogs screened skin swabs from 303 incoming passengers all concomitantly examined by nasal swab SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR. Our main outcomes were variables of diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value) for scent dog identification in comparison with RT-PCR.ResultsOur validation experiments had an overall accuracy of 92% (95% CI 90% to 93%), a sensitivity of 92% (95% CI 89% to 94%) and a specificity of 91% (95% CI 89% to 93%) compared with RT-PCR. For our dogs, trained using the wild-type virus, performance was less accurate for the alpha variant (89% for confirmed wild-type vs 36% for alpha variant, OR 14.0, 95% CI 4.5 to 43.4). In the real-life setting, scent detection and RT-PCR matched 98.7% of the negative swabs. Scant airport prevalence (0.47%) did not allow sensitivity testing; our only SARS-CoV-2 positive swab was not identified (alpha variant). However, ad hoc analysis including predefined positive spike samples showed a total accuracy of 98% (95% CI 97% to 99%).ConclusionsThis large randomised controlled triple-blinded validation study with a precalculated sample size conducted at an international airport showed that trained scent dogs screen airport passenger samples with high accuracy. One of our findings highlights the importance of continuous retraining as new variants emerge. Using scent dogs may present a valuable approach for high-throughput, rapid screening of large numbers of people.
Health insurance coverage in low-income and middle-income countries: progress made to date and related changes in private and public health expenditure
Authors: Hooley Brady , Afriyie Doris Osei , Fink Günther , Tediosi Fabrizio 
Published: May 2022

IntroductionSeveral low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) have implemented health insurance programmes to foster accessibility to healthcare and reduce catastrophic household health expenditure. However, there is little information regarding the population coverage of health insurance schemes in LMICs and on the relationship between coverage and health expenditure. This study used open-access data to assess the level of health insurance coverage in LMICs and its relationship with health expenditure.MethodsWe searched for health insurance data for all LMICs and combined this with health expenditure data. We used descriptive statistics to explore levels of and trends in health insurance coverage over time. We then used linear regression models to investigate the relationship between health insurance coverage and sources of health expenditure and catastrophic household health expenditure.ResultsWe found health insurance data for 100 LMICs and combined this with overall health expenditure data for 99 countries and household health expenditure data for 89 countries. Mean health insurance coverage was 31.1% (range: 0%–98.7%), with wide variations across country-income groups. Average health insurance coverage was 7.9% in low-income countries, 27.3% in lower middle-income countries and 52.5% in upper middle-income countries. We did not find any association between health insurance coverage and health expenditure overall, though coverage was positively associated with public health spending. Additionally, health insurance coverage was not associated with levels of or reductions in catastrophic household health expenditure or impoverishment due to health expenditure.ConclusionThese findings indicate that LMICs continue to have low levels of health insurance coverage and that health insurance may not necessarily reduce household health expenditure. However, the lack of regular estimates of health insurance coverage in LMICs does not allow us to draw solid conclusions on the relationship between health insurance coverage and health expenditure.
Characterising the chronicity of dupilumab-associated ocular surface disease: an analysis of a retrospective case series
Authors: Hébert Mélanie , Qi Susan Ruyu , You Eunice , Mercier Mathieu , Laughrea Patricia-Ann 
Published: May 2022

Background/aimsTo describe the clinical presentation and treatment response of dupilumab-associated ocular surface disease (DAOSD).MethodsThis is a retrospective case series of atopic dermatitis patients with DAOSD treated with dupilumab. All consecutive patients with atopic dermatitis referred by dermatologists for suspicion of DAOSD between May 2018 and June 2020 were systemically assessed by a single ophthalmologist. Presenting signs of DAOSD, duration of treatment and associated response are described.ResultsTwenty-eight patients had DAOSD during the study period. Average age was 45.6±14.8 years and 13 (46%) were female. Average follow-up was 15±10 months. Most presentations consisted in diffuse, inflammatory conjunctivitis (n=19, 68%). Other signs included peripheral corneal infiltrates (n=7, 25%), limbal nodules (n=7, 25%) and dry eye syndrome (n=6, 21%). To control ocular symptoms, tapering of corticosteroid eyedrops was slow: taper duration of strong and mild corticosteroid eyedrops averaged 10±8 weeks and 49±34 weeks, respectively. Four patients (14%) required an increase of corticosteroid eyedrops during taper due to clinical deterioration. Corticosteroid eyedrops were still required at final follow-up among 10 patients (36%). Dupilumab was temporarily stopped in 3 patients (11%), one of which did not wish to resume dupilumab for unrelated reasons. Symptomatic improvement and/or complete resolution was achieved in 25/26 patients at follow-up (96%) with empirical treatment.ConclusionsDAOSD may follow the course of a chronic illness. Long-term corticosteroid eyedrops were required in many patients and when taper was possible, this was done after a prolonged treatment duration. Most patients’ ocular symptoms could be controlled, allowing dupilumab continuation.