bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wiring the senses: Factors that regulate peripheral axon pathfinding in sensory systems
Authors: Nomdedeu‐Sancho Gemma , Alsina Berta 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSensory neurons of the head are the ones that transmit the information about the external world to our brain for its processing. Axons from cranial sensory neurons sense different chemoattractant and chemorepulsive molecules during the journey and in the target tissue to establish the precise innervation with brain neurons and/or receptor cells. Here, we aim to unify and summarize the available information regarding molecular mechanisms guiding the different afferent sensory axons of the head. By putting the information together, we find the use of similar guidance cues in different sensory systems but in distinct combinations. In vertebrates, the number of genes in each family of guidance cues has suffered a great expansion in the genome, providing redundancy, and robustness. We also discuss recently published data involving the role of glia and mechanical forces in shaping the axon paths. Finally, we highlight the remaining questions to be addressed in the field.
Rapid isolation and quantification of extracellular vesicles from suspension‐adapted human embryonic kidney cells using capillary‐channeled polymer fiber spin‐down tips
Authors: Jackson Kaylan K. , Marcus R. Kenneth 
Published: August 2022

AbstractExosomes, a subset of extracellular vesicles (EVs, 30–200‐nm diameter), serve as biomolecular snapshots of their cell of origin and vehicles for intercellular communication, playing roles in biological processes, including homeostasis maintenance and immune modulation. The large‐scale processing of exosomes for use as therapeutic vectors has been proposed, but these applications are limited by impure, low‐yield recoveries from cell culture milieu (CCM). Current isolation methods are also limited by tedious and laborious workflows, especially toward an isolation of EVs from CCM for therapeutic applications. Employed is a rapid (<10 min) EV isolation method on a capillary‐channeled polymer fiber spin‐down tip format. EVs are isolated from the CCM of suspension‐adapted human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293), one of the candidate cell lines for commercial EV production. This batch solid‐phase extraction technique allows 1012 EVs to be obtained from only 100‐µl aliquots of milieu, processed using a benchtop centrifuge. The tip‐isolated EVs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, multi‐angle light scattering, absorbance quantification, an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay to tetraspanin marker proteins, and a protein purity assay. It is believed that the demonstrated approach has immediate relevance in research and analytical laboratories, with opportunities for production‐level scale‐up projected.
Recent advancement in the application of metal based nanoadditive in diesel/biodiesel fueled compression ignition engine: A comprehensive review on nanofluid preparation and stability, fuel property, combustion, performance, and emission characteristics
Authors: Hassan Tafsirul , Rahman Md. Mizanur , Rabbi Md. Sanaul , Rahman Md. Arafat , Meraz Redoy Masum 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBiodiesel has emerged as a promising renewable fuel, which can help reduce dependency on fossil fuel and has potentiality to replace petrodiesel partially. Usage of biodiesel results in decreased carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon, and particulate matter emission. However, it has some drawbacks such as increased nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission, lower calorific value, and poor engine performance, which restrict wide usage of biodiesel as a potential substitute in compression ignition engine. There is a scope to overcome these problems by applying metal based nanoparticles (NPs) as fuel additive. This article reviews the preparation and stability of nanofluid and the effect of metal based NPs on fuel properties, combustion, performance, and emission characteristics. It has been concluded that inclusion of nanoadditives increases cetane number and calorific value of blended fuel. According to the most authors, metal based NP doped biodiesel blend enhances ignition characteristics, improves engine performance, and reduces emissions including NOx compared to biodiesel blend without additive. However, some concerns and challenges identified in this article need to be addressed to make this technology feasible for commercial application in near future.
Fluid–solid coupled model for the internal erosion of gap‐graded soil–rock mixtures with different fines contents: Its verification and application
Authors: Cao Zhilin , Sun Weichen , Xie Qiang , Wu Zhihui , Fu Xiang , Fumagalli Alessio , Tian Dalang , Liang Li 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSoil–rock mixtures are widely encountered in geotechnical engineering projects. Gap‐graded soil–rock mixtures are prone to internal erosion because the fine particles are easily removed by seepage flow within the large pores between the coarse particles. Internal erosion has been the focus of geological disaster research. As concluded from different studies, the fines content (FC) of gap‐graded soils is a crucial factor in controlling soil stability. For this reason, a fluid–solid coupled model with the computational fluid dynamics—the discrete element method, with an indoor physical permeability test, was conducted to study the evolution characteristics of internal erosion of gap‐graded soil–rock mixtures of different FCs. After the erosion test, the vertical section of the sample was divided into three areas according to changes in fine particles: top, middle uniform, and bottom loss areas. The study showed that a large number of particles in the bottom loss areas are lost at first and the top loss area will enter the middle uniform loss areas. The fine particles in the middle are affected by the fine particle content, from accumulation to equilibrium to loss. Fine particle loss occurred at different sample heights. The top particle loss is the most serious, followed by the bottom and then the middle, and this is consistent with the changes, from a particle‐size perspective. An FC of 35% may be the critical value of the coarse‐fine particle skeleton structure in the preset working conditions of coarse and fine particle diameters. There are apparent ‘island’ effects in the sample where FC = 40%. This can be analysed through strong force chain analysis, from the particle‐size perspective that ‘island’ effects continue to disappear under the influence of internal erosion.
The protective effects of escitalopram on synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region of chronically stressed and non‐stressed male rats
Authors: Farahbakhsh Zahra , Radahmadi Maryam 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIntroductionStress impairs cognitive processes and escitalopram affects them in various ways. The present study has compared the protective effects of two escitalopram doses on neural excitability and synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region of chronically stressed and non‐stressed male rats.MethodsForty‐nine rats were randomly allocated into seven groups: Control (Co), stress (St), sham (Sh), escitalopram 10 and 20 mg/kg (Esc10 and Esc20), and stress‐escitalopram 10 and 20 mg/kg (St‐Esc10 and St‐Esc20). Induction of restraint stress (6 h/day) and escitalopram injections were performed for 14 days. The fEPSP slope and amplitude were measured according to input–output functions and after the LTP induction in the hippocampal CA1 region. Also, serum corticosterone levels were evaluated in all experimental groups.ResultsThe fEPSP slope and amplitude decreased significantly in the St group and increased significantly in the Esc10 group compared with the Co group. In non‐stressed states, significant increases in slope and amplitude occurred in the Esc10 group compared with the Esc20 group. Notably, these values were also significantly enhanced by both escitalopram doses under stressed conditions. Moreover, serum corticosterone levels significantly elevated in the St group although its levels decreased in both St‐Esc groups compared with the St.ConclusionStress significantly attenuated neural excitability and long‐term plasticity in the CA1 area. Only escitalopram 10 mg/kg improved synaptic excitability, as well as LTP induction and maintenance in non‐stressed subjects even more than normal levels. However, under stress conditions, both escitalopram doses enhanced neural excitability and memory probably due to reduced serum corticosterone levels.
Evaluation of Spatial Attentive Deep Learning for Automatic Placental Segmentation on Longitudinal MRI
Authors: Liu Yongkai , Zabihollahy Fatemeh , Yan Ran , Lee Brian , Janzen Carla , Devaskar Sherin U. , Sung Kyunghyun 
Published: August 2022

BackgroundAutomated segmentation of the placenta by MRI in early pregnancy may help predict normal and aberrant placenta function, which could improve the efficiency of placental assessment and the prediction of pregnancy outcomes. An automated segmentation method that works at one gestational age may not transfer effectively to other gestational ages.PurposeTo evaluate a spatial attentive deep learning method (SADL) for automated placental segmentation on longitudinal placental MRI scans.Study typeProspective, single‐center.SubjectsA total of 154 pregnant women who underwent MRI scans at both 14–18 weeks of gestation and at 19–24 weeks of gestation, divided into training (N = 108), validation (N = 15), and independent testing datasets (N = 31).Field Strength/SequenceA 3 T, T2‐weighted half Fourier single‐shot turbo spin‐echo (T2‐HASTE) sequence.AssessmentThe reference standard of placental segmentation was manual delineation on T2‐HASTE by a third‐year neonatology clinical fellow (B.L.) under the supervision of an experienced maternal‐fetal medicine specialist (C.J. with 20 years of experience) and an MRI scientist (K.S. with 19 years of experience).Statistical TestsThe three‐dimensional Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) was used to measure the automated segmentation performance compared to the manual placental segmentation. A paired t‐test was used to compare the DSCs between SADL and U‐Net methods. A Bland–Altman plot was used to analyze the agreement between manual and automated placental volume measurements. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsIn the testing dataset, SADL achieved average DSCs of 0.83 ± 0.06 and 0.84 ± 0.05 in the first and second MRI, which were significantly higher than those achieved by U‐Net (0.77 ± 0.08 and 0.76 ± 0.10, respectively). A total of 6 out of 62 MRI scans (9.6%) had volume measurement differences between the SADL‐based automated and manual volume measurements that were out of 95% limits of agreement.Data ConclusionsSADL can automatically detect and segment the placenta with high performance in MRI at two different gestational ages.Level of Evidence4Technical Efficacy Stage2
Large‐scale preparation of two minor polar polyphenols from Phyllanthus emblica Linn. by macroporous resin column chromatography and high‐temperature preparative high‐speed counter‐current chromatography
Authors: Song Zhibo , Chen Tao , Wang Shuo , Shen Cheng , Li Hongmei , Li Aijing , Li Peipei , Ma Yumei , Chen Zhi , Li Yulin 
Published: August 2022

In the present study, an efficient strategy for the large‐scale preparation of two minor polar polyphenols from Phyllanthus emblica L. has been established by macroporous resin column chromatography and high‐temperature preparative high‐speed counter‐current chromatography. Macroporous resin column chromatography was used for the enrichment of the target polyphenols. The target polyphenols could be well enriched in the 10% ethanol fraction and the peak area proportion increased from 2.2% in the crude extract to 85.3% in the 10% ethanol fraction. Then, the 10% ethanol fraction was introduced to preparative high‐speed counter‐current chromatography for separation using an n‐butanol‐ethyl acetate‐water (17:3:20, v/v/v) solvent system. In order to improve the retention of the stationary phase, a high‐temperature preparative high‐speed counter‐current chromatography had been developed by using a 316 L stainless steel pipe as a column. A 50°C of column temperature was used and the retention rate of the stationary phase could reach 75%. Finally, 871 mg of compound Ⅰ and 534 mg of compound Ⅱ with purities higher than 98% were obtained from 4 g of the sample. The chemical structures were identified as corilagin and 1, 6‐di‐O‐galloyl‐β‐D‐glucoside by 1H‐NMR and 13C‐NMR.
Effects of secondary soil aggregates on threshold friction velocity and wind erosion
Authors: Pi Huawei , Webb Nicholas P. , Huggins David R. , Li Sisi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractSecondary aggregates (clods) attenuate wind erosion and land degradation by increasing surface roughness and reducing wind friction velocities at the soil surface. However, aggregates with low stability are erodible and may increase dust emissions by particle abrasion under saltation bombardment relative to non‐erodible aggregates. It is still not clear exactly how different secondary aggregate properties reduce, and in the presence of saltators potentially increase, wind erosion and dust emission. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of erodible soil aggregates on the threshold friction velocities (u*t), aerodynamic roughness length (zo), and soil loss of loessial soils in the inland Pacific Northwest (iPNW) of the United States. The impact of erodible secondary aggregates in attenuating wind erosion was evaluated in terms of secondary aggregate lateral cover and density. Secondary aggregates were tested in a wind tunnel using five levels of aggregate densities. Secondary aggregates appeared to restrain wind erosion as z0 and u*t increased with increasing aggregate cover, but may significantly change wind erosion patterns by releasing more fine dust particles by abrasion. We found that, while abrasion losses contributed up to 69.3% of total soil loss for a sandy loam, total soil loss still decreased for all soils. Aggregates with greater stability may reduce soil loss with increasing secondary aggregate densities, and the rate of reduction in soil loss was up to two times higher than that for soil aggregates with lower stability.
Extremely‐Fine Color Printing by 2D Materials with the Synergetic Effects of Fabry–Pérot Cavity and Exciton Absorption
Authors: Li Zhonglin , Yang Yutian , Fan Xiaoxuan , Guo Shuai , Li Zian , Liang Yao , Jiang Jie , Sun Xiaoyuan , Zhong Bo , Wang Yingying , Ni Zhenhua 
Published: August 2022

AbstractStructural colors based on plasmonic and dielectric nanostructures have become attractive alternatives over adsorbed dyes or pigments in high resolution color printing. The color resolution is determined by the fine‐tuning in optical resonance peak of the nanoresonators, and is strongly restricted by the limited geometrical dimensions. Here, 2D materials including MoS2 and GaSe are demonstrated as unique materials which generate full color gamut, vivid, and extremely‐fine tuning colors. Attributed to the atomic thickness change in Fabry–Pérot cavity length and exciton‐induced additional absorption, the optical resonance peak could be tuned in the subnanometer level. As a result, the converted xy values from the reflection spectra on the CIE 1931 diagram show an average step of 0.0019 (0.0052) along x‐axis (y‐axis), with a resolution an order of magnitude higher than current plasmonic and dielectric nanoresonators. The suitability of 2D materials on submicrometer color printing is further demonstrated by fabricating color patterns using GaSe flakes and the printed image has resolutions of 50 800 lines‐per‐inch (LPI) and 25 400 dots‐per‐inch (DPI) without color mixing. The color patterns are selectively recognized by different visible light with a wavelength resolution of 20 nm. 2D materials provide new platforms for high‐resolution printing, anticounterfeiting, and high‐density spectrally encoded storage.
Electrode Material of PVA/PANI/GO‐PANI Hybrid Hydrogels through Secondary Induced Assembly In Situ Polymerization Method for Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhao Hailan , Zhang Weiying , Sun Pengju , Ying Xiaoguang , Huang Jianying , Li Xiao 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAs the core component of wearable electronic devices, flexible energy storage materials play an irreplaceable role. At present, it is still a challenge to prepare flexible electrode materials with high energy density. In this paper, a polyaniline‐based composite flexible conductive hydrogel (PPG‐P) with a two‐level conductive network is successfully prepared by a secondary induced assembly in situ polymerization method. The special conductive structure greatly promotes the efficiency of charge transfer and the utilization of electroactive substances, so that PPG‐P exhibits excellent electrochemical performance. In a three‐electrode system, PPG‐P has a mass‐specific capacitance as high as 989 F g−1 (0.5 A g−1). After 1000 charge and discharge cycles, the capacitance retention is 87%. Symmetrical flexible supercapacitors based on PPG‐P have high specific capacitance (176 F g−1/0.5 A g−1) and high energy density (15.6 Wh kg−1). After 1000 cycles of constant current charge and discharge, the capacitance maintains 78.1%. The preparation of PPG‐P with a hierarchical structure demonstrates the possibility of achieving high energy density in flexible electrode materials, which has great application potential in the development of energy storage elements in wearable devices.
Normalization, square roots, and the exponential and logarithmic maps in geometric algebras of less than 6D
Authors: De Keninck Steven , Roelfs Martin 
Published: August 2022

Geometric algebras of dimension
are becoming increasingly popular for the modeling of 3D and 3 + 1D geometry. With this increased popularity comes the need for efficient algorithms for common operations such as normalization, square roots, and exponential and logarithmic maps. The current work presents a signature‐agnostic analysis of these common operations in all geometric algebras of dimension
and gives efficient numerical implementations in the most popular algebras
, and
, in the hopes of lowering the threshold for adoption of geometric algebra solutions by code maintainers.
Timing of diagnosis of fetal structural abnormalities after the introduction of universal cell‐free DNA in the absence of first‐trimester anatomical screening
Authors: Bardi Francesca , Beekhuis Anne Marie , Bakker Marian K. , Elvan‐Taşpınar Ayten , Bilardo Caterina Maddalena 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIntroductionSince 2021, first‐trimester anatomical screening (FTAS) is offered in the Netherlands alongside genome‐wide cell‐free DNA (cfDNA). Previously, only second‐trimester anatomical screening (STAS) was offered. This study identifies structural abnormalities amenable to first‐trimester diagnosis detected at/after STAS in the period following cfDNA implementation and preceding FTAS introduction.MethodsThis retrospective cohort includes 547 fetuses referred between 2017 and 2020 because of suspected structural abnormalities before/at/after STAS. Additional prenatal investigations and postnatal follow‐up were searched. Abnormalities were classified into “always”, “sometimes”, and “never” detectable in the first‐trimester based on a previously suggested classification.ResultsOf the 547 pregnancies, 13 (2.6%) received FTAS and 534 (97.6%) received a dating ultrasound and STAS. In 492/534 (92.1%) anomalies were confirmed; 66 (13.4%) belonged to the “always detectable” group in the first trimester, 303 (61.6%) to the “sometimes detectable”, and 123 (25.0%) to the never detectable. Of the “always detectable” anomalies 29/66 (44%) were diagnosed during dating ultrasounds and 37 (56%) during STAS. The rate of termination of pregnancy for anomalies detected during FTAS and at/after STAS was 84.6% (n = 11/13) and 29.3% (n = 144/492) (p < 0.01).ConclusionWhen FTAS is not part of screening paradigms, most fetal anomalies remain undetected until the second trimester or later in pregnancy, including 56% of anomalies “always detectable” in the first trimester.
Fabricating Black‐Phosphorus/Iron‐Tetraphosphide Heterostructure via a Solid‐Phase Solution‐Precipitation Method for High‐Performance Nitrogen Reduction
Authors: Bian Shi , Liu Qian , Zhang Xue , Ma Chao , Zhang Yanli , Cheng Ziqiang , Kang Yihong , Lu Wei , Chu Paul K. , Yu Xue‐Feng , Wang Jiahong 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAlthough constructing heterostructures is considered as one of the most successful strategies to improve the activity of a catalyst, the heterostructures usually suffer from the cumbersome preparation treatments and low‐yield. Inspired by a solid‐phase solution‐precipitation (SPSP) process, an approach for interface intensive heterostructures with high yield is developed. Herein, a black‐phosphorus/iron‐tetraphosphide (BP/FeP4) heterostructure is prepared mechanochemically with high transient pressure by the solid‐phase ball milling approach. The BP/FeP4 heterostructure delivers excellent catalytic performance in the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) as exemplified by an NH3 yield of 77.6 µg h−1 and Faradic efficiency of 62.9% (−0.2 V), which are superior to that of most NRR catalysts recently reported. Experimental investigation and density‐functional theory calculation indicate the importance of excess phosphorus in the heterostructures on the NRR activity, which assists the Fe atom to activate N2 via adsorbing the H atom. The results demonstrate the great potential of this new type of heterostructures prepared by the SPSP approach. Benefiting from the simple preparation process and low cost, the heterostructures offer a new insight into the development of highly efficient catalysts.
Catalase‐Like Nanozymes: Classification, Catalytic Mechanisms, and Their Applications
Authors: Xu Deting , Wu Liyuan , Yao Haodong , Zhao Lina 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe field of nanozymes has developed rapidly over the past decade. Among various oxidoreductases mimics, catalase (CAT)‐like nanozyme, acting as an essential part of the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), has attracted extensive research interest in recent years. However, CAT‐like nanozymes are not as well discussed as other nanozymes such as peroxidase (POD)‐like nanozymes, etc. Compared with natural catalase or artificial CAT enzymes, CAT‐like nanozymes have unique properties of low cost, size‐dependent properties, high catalytic activity and stability, and easy surface modification, etc., which make them widely used in various fields, especially in tumor therapy and disease treatment. Consequently, there is a great requirement to make a systematic discussion on CAT‐like nanozymes. In this review, some key aspects of CAT‐like nanozymes are deeply summarized as: 1) Typical CAT‐like nanozymes classified by different nanomaterials; 2) The catalytic mechanisms proposed by experimental and theoretical studies; 3) Extensive applications in regard to tumor therapy, cytoprotection and sensing. Therefore, it is prospected that this review will contribute to the further design of CAT‐like nanozymes and optimize their applications with much higher efficiency than before.