bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Not) Counting Civilians
Authors: Gregory Thomas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines what prompted coalition officials to start counting civilian casualties, what data the coalition collected and how officials tried to use this data, and what these measures reveal about their attitudes towards civilian harm. Whereas some commentators have celebrated these changes, reading them as an attempt to document the harms inflicted upon civilians, hold coalition forces more accountable for their errors, and ensure that the victims are recognized as victims, this chapter argues that coalition officials tried to weaponize this statistical information to ensure that civilian casualties did not allow tactical victories to become strategic setbacks. In doing so, the chapter makes an important contribution to debates about counting civilian harm because it challenges the idea that these figures merely document the harm inflicted upon the civilian population, showing instead that these figures are complicit in the violence they claim to enumerate.
The Victorian Mind's Eye
Authors: 9780198914617  , Thomas Julia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This book conceptualizes the material and mental mechanics of reading that emerged with the Victorian age of illustration. This period witnessed the growth of illustrated material on an unprecedented scale, with words and pictures printed alongside each other in works of fiction and non-fiction. Victorian illustrated literature was extraordinarily diverse in terms of its style, subject matter, and audience, but its common feature was its bi-mediality, a conjunction of text and image that instigated and demanded new processes and experiences of reading. This book identifies and analyses these modes of reading as they are articulated across an array of Victorian sources, from the first-hand accounts of Victorian readers, reviewers, authors, and artists to the corpus of work by Victorian psychologists that explores multiple aspects of reading, including mental visualization or the ‘mind’s eye’. The book also turns to the content and form of illustrated texts, which indicate how readers handled and interacted with them and how the activity of reading was facilitated or frustrated by their materiality. By uncovering the cognitive and cultural mechanisms of the Victorian engagement with illustrated literature, the book reveals a mode of reading in which illustrations were conceived as both material and mental entities, where they were experienced as part of iconographic networks and clusters, where they elicited their own specific pleasures and displeasures, and where they were seen before the words and remembered long after the words were forgotten. These ways of reading redefine the relation between texts, images, and historical meanings, situating illustration as central to how the Victorians read, and to how we read the Victorians.
Introduction
Authors: Thomas Julia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Introduction describes the Victorian period as an age of illustration, which was characterized by the development of printing methods and the exponential growth of illustrated material. The revolution in illustration necessitated and generated a mode of reading that moved between pictures and the words. This reading process is outlined in an analysis of a Victorian illustrated edition of Washington Irving’s story ‘Rip Van Winkle’. The analysis suggests that the mechanics of reading an illustrated text, the mental processes and experiences that it involved, were inherently different from the mechanics of reading an unillustrated text. The Introduction locates this difference in the concept of the ‘mind’s eye’. Reading Victorian illustrated texts was said to appeal to the physical eye, but this sensuous attraction existed alongside a psychological aspect of reading that involved the mind’s eye and its generation of mental ‘pictures’. The Introduction concludes by suggesting the ways in which illustrations were themselves conceived as material embodiments of mental images that were produced when the illustrators read the text.
Reading for (dis)pleasure
Authors: Thomas Julia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Framed by Grant Allen’s treatise on aesthetic experiences, Physiological Aesthetics (1877), and an illustrated short story that Allen wrote for the first issue of the Strand Magazine in 1891, this chapter points to the ways in which illustrations created a pleasurable experience for Victorian readers by adding to the plot-interest of literary texts, appealing directly to the eye, and producing an immersive effect that we have come to associate with more recent forms of media. But illustrations could also be distinctly unpleasurable, especially for readers who were strong mental visualizers. The chapter argues that the reading of illustrated texts elicited specific pleasures and displeasures that were bound up in the juxtaposition of word and image and in the relation between material and mental images. Pleasure was said to ensue from an apparent congruence or ‘match’ between the illustration and the reader’s mental image of the text, while displeasure was rooted in a ‘mismatch’ between the image on the page and the image in the reader’s mind’s eye.
Reading and memory
Authors: Thomas Julia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The final chapter picks up on the ways in which illustrations were retained and recalled in the memories of Victorian readers. Memory was intrinsic to the process of reading illustrated texts, illustrations existing not only as material entities but also as mental images that were remembered, or, indeed, misremembered. The experience of Victorian readers indicates how illustrations were retained in the memory even when the words they illustrated were long forgotten. This experience was intensified for the first generation of readers brought up on illustrated texts, who looked back nostalgically on the images that formed part of their childhood reading. Illustrations were etched in the memory of Victorian readers, and they also came to play a key role in the memorialization of texts and authors. The chapter re-views Robert William Buss’s famous memorial painting of Charles Dickens, Dickens’s Dream, as an image that engages with the issue of how illustrations are remembered. The chapter suggests that the prominent place of illustrations in the memory of readers has implications for how we understand Victorian literary culture, raising the possibility that this culture was defined and characterized by remembrances of illustrative images.
Administration of Estates in Spain
Authors: Cámara Lapuente Sergio 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The Spanish Civil Code of 1889 does not provide a complete and structured regime for the administration of estates. Rather, its peculiarities are scattered in many controversial institutions. In the absence of an executor, the heirs are typically responsible for administering the estate and paying the deceased’s debts. Although heirs may accept with benefit of inventory, by default they are liable for the estate debts with their own assets, and this is the usual practice, which has proved effective for over a century. However, the rise in the disclaiming of estates, the risk of hidden debts, the need to clarify the order of preference among creditors, and the uncertainties surrounding hereditas iacens, among other issues, have led the General Codification Commission to present a proposal for reform on the topic that is more in line with social reality and doctrinal coherence.
Administration of Estates in Historical and Comparative Perspective
Authors: Zimmermann Reinhard , Schmidt Jan Peter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter undertakes a comparative mapping exercise on estate administration. While the common law jurisdictions are characterized by a remarkable uniformity of approaches, the civilian legal systems of the European Continent, and beyond, display an equally remarkable diversity. This is due mainly to differences in the respective legal histories. It was the law of the Church that predominated in England and Scotland, leading to a system where the estate is always administered as a separate patrimony by a ‘personal representative’. The general structure of the rules on estate administration in the civilian systems, in turn, was largely shaped by Roman law: the ‘heir’ is the universal successor of the deceased, and the deceased’s estate is fused with estate of the heir. That entails a system of ‘integrated’ administration. All civilian systems, however, also recognize the ‘separation’ mode of administration; but they do so in very different ways.
The Concept of Respect
Authors: Wolf Reinhard 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Social respect is a considerate attitude expressed through the appropriate acknowledgement of someone’s status. It derives its distinct meaning from the fact that the demand for respect brings together status concerns, ethical expectations, and moral emotions. Everyone feels entitled to enjoy respect. Everybody owes it. Accordingly, it should be distinguished from related terms, such as deference, honour, or dignity. While respect bears some resemblance to the recognition of an actor’s identity, it does not fully overlap with it. As an attitude towards somebody’s (current) rank, respect is fundamentally a relational concept. Therefore, it is to be distinguished from the (positional) concept of status that refers to a given party’s place in a social hierarchy.
Status Dimensions and the Experience of Respect
Authors: Wolf Reinhard 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter investigates how actors and observers discern whether a party has been respected or not. Based on findings in social psychology and related disciplines, the chapter explains why an actor’s rank has two fundamental elements: socially esteemed qualities or achievements (status markers) and the hierarchical roles the actor occupies. Accordingly, proper respect for an actor also involves both dimensions: visibly appreciating their position in the hierarchy of public esteem (i.e. their relative prestige) and—even more importantly—deferring to them to the extent that both parties’ role-scripts mandate such behaviour (e.g. following one’s leader, consulting one’s partner). On this basis, the chapter develops a typology of dis/respect experiences, discusses their expected importance, and describes their empirical manifestations.
Defying Disrespectful Rescuers: Debt-Ridden Greece and Its Creditors
Authors: Wolf Reinhard 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Focusing on the climax of the Greek debt crisis in 2015, the chapter investigates how the government in Athens responded to the indignity of highly intrusive bailout ‘diktats’. Its analytical value derives mostly from the fact that an intense experience of disrespect was pitted against an extremely weak bargaining position and quite substantial material risks. Considering these adverse odds, the case study proves that respect concerns can prevail even against strong economic incentives. Although the Greek government ultimately came to prioritize fresh bailout money when it finally capitulated to creditors’ demands, its defiant stance first brought the country to the brink of default. For a while, therefore, leaders and citizens displayed a remarkable inclination to put respect for national dignity above standard imperatives of expected utility—with substantial consequences for the country’s economic trajectory.
Gettysburg
Authors: 9780191651014  , Smith Adam I. P. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Why is Gettysburg the Civil War battle that everyone knows? How did it come to be regarded as the “turning point” of the war, and—more than that—one of the most potent symbols of what America stands for. The author describes how, almost as soon as it was over, Gettysburg was hailed as the decisive clash of arms, and how Abraham Lincoln’s address helped imbue the battle with transcendental political significance. The book explores how different groups of people over the generations have sought in Gettysburg an explanation for the outcome of the Civil War and thus the key to the meaning of America.
High Tide and Retreat, July 3 and Afterward
Authors: Smith Adam I. P. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The chapter describes the climactic assault by Confederate forces on July 3 known as Pickett’s Charge, its failure, and immediate aftermath, including the Army of Northern Virginia’s largely successful retreat back into Virginia. It argues that the Gettysburg campaign demonstrated both Lee’s weaknesses and his strengths. His fixation on the need for a decisive victory over the Army of the Potomac led to the sacrifice of the lives of thousands of men in assaults on July 2 and 3 that were unlikely to succeed.
The Islamic State as Social Movement Organization and the Concept of Protest in Its Anashid
Authors: Pieslak Jonathan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This article conceptualizes the Islamic State (IS) as a social movement organization and explores the concept of protest in its anashid (“Islamic songs” or “Islamic chant/recitation,” sg: nashid; pl: anashid). It first presents an agenda of social-movement paradigms specific to the study of media within terrorist organizations, focusing on framing and emotion. Next, the article examines how distinct elements of Salafism, which forms the basis for IS ideology, intersect with dimensions of protest. Finally, a short case study is offered for how we might engage IS anashid through a social movement studies-informed agenda, presenting an analysis of framing and emotion in several IS anashid.
The Political Legacy of Woodstock: Rock Music Festivals and Protest
Authors: Bennett Andy 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The original Woodstock Music and Arts Fair, held in August 1969, is typically represented as a watershed moment in the political significance of the rock festival. During a time when rock music had become increasingly political, Woodstock was regarded as a standard-bearer for countercultural ideology, including a back-to-the-land, neo-Greenist philosophy and the anti-Vietnam War movement. The mythology that has grown up around Woodstock’s political importance is bound up with the romanticized connections made during the late 1960s between rock music and notions of community. With reference to a series of post-Woodstock festivals, including the Goose Lake International Music Festival (USA, 1970), Festival Buenos Aires Rock (Argentina, 1971), Sunbury Pop Festival (Australia, 1972–1975), and the infamous Stonehenge Festival (UK, 1974–1984) this chapter considers how rock festivals from the late 1960s onward became centrally important as sites of youth cultural resistance and political subversiveness.
Varieties of Irish Song Collected by James Cody
Authors: Uí Bhaoill Máire 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
James Cody (Séamus Mhac Óda) was the only scribe working for Edward Bunting, the famous music collector, who could document both Irish lyrics and music notation, and his involvement in Bunting’s project of field-collecting was thus unrivaled at the time. A number of important manuscripts by Cody have survived in the collections of the Bunting archive (Queen’s University Library), in the Bryson and MacAdam Collection (Belfast Public library), and in the National Library of Ireland. This chapter focuses on the texts and airs taken from poets and singers, by James Cody, for Bunting, which date from the period 1803–1809. It offers authoritative texts in modern Irish and with English translations of a number of these, and considers the generic range of this important, relatively unknown, collection of songs.
Cultural Heritage Rights and Indigenous Peoples
Authors: Alves Ayla 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Cultural heritage often plays many important roles for Indigenous peoples, reflecting holistic understandings that connect culture to identity, spirituality, ancestral lands, natural resources, self-determination, and survival. Despite this significance, international law has historically marginalized and often neglected the protection of Indigenous peoples’ cultural heritage rights, leading to a current inadequate or insufficient level of protection that often leaves threats to Indigenous heritage unaddressed and violations unpunished. This chapter examines three international regimes (international cultural heritage law, human rights law, and intellectual property law) offering some protection to Indigenous heritage, as well as ongoing international efforts to develop new instruments on the topic. These regimes and continuing debates are assessed against key themes of importance in Indigenous mobilization to identify how each regime responds to common claims and concerns advanced by Indigenous groups internationally. By identifying the regimes’ strengths and shortcomings in relation to those themes, this chapter considers avenues to make the international framework on Indigenous heritage safeguarding more culturally adequate and effective in responding to Indigenous peoples’ needs. In pursuing such goals, the usual state-centric and state sovereignty-based core of international law needs to be reappraised to make room for Indigenous voices and control to lead the way.
Methods of Soil Science and Microbiology in Studying Archaeological Sites in the Mountainous Zone
Authors: Borisov Alexander V. , Chernysheva Elena , Korobov Dmitry S. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The archaeological heritage of mountainous regions has peculiarities, which are fundamentally different from those of lowlands. This chapter discusses a series of microbiological methods and approaches to studying the biological memory of soils in mountainous regions, which is able to transmit information about organic substances accumulated in soils over thousands of years. It shows the results of soil microbiological and enzymatic analysis for three types of archaeological sites in mountains—settlements, animal enclosures, and ancient agricultural fields. The archaeological sites of the case study are located in the Kislovodsk Basin, Russia. We used a variety of methods from soil science, soil microbiology, and enzymology including measuring soil water content, soil pH, soil organic carbon, inorganic forms of nitrogen, and the content of phosphorus in soil samples. Microbial soil analyses included determination of microbial biomass carbon, abundance of thermophilic microorganisms, and activity of enzymes involved in the carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles in the soil. It is possible to demonstrate that the soil microbiological community and the level of enzymatic activity can store information about various organic substrates in the soil of archaeological sites particular in the cold and moist conditions of mountain climates. Microbiological methods make it possible to identify places of livestock within the settlements, to determine the function of structures, and to recognize ancient manuring. The use of pedological and microbiological methods in the study of archaeological sites in mountains can significantly expand our understanding of the various activities of ancient populations.
If This Is a Man: Primo Levi and Holocaust Literature
Authors: Scaffai Niccolò 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Witnessing and writing, memory and invention are parallel dimensions in Primo Levi’s work; his exceptionality does not reside exclusively in the effectiveness of his testimony and the importance of his theme, but also in its narrative power, in the quality of the form with which the writer expresses, organizes, and communicates his content, fixing it in the memory of his readers. This chapter walks through Levi’s oeuvre from this perspective, focusing in particular on his first, and most influential, book: If This Is a Man. Themes and forms of Levi’s writing will also be considered in light of his international reception and in the context of Holocaust literature. Connections between Levi’s books and themes and the closest contemporary issues will also be highlighted: intersections between science, society, and humanistic knowledge; morality and language; remembering and forgetting; responsibility and repression; and the control and domination of others.
Postface: Meetings with Remarkable Italians
Authors: Thomson Ian 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
During the time I lived in Rome in the early 1980s, I interviewed a number of Italian writers for the London Magazine, edited by the poet Alan Ross. The memories I have of meeting Italo Calvino, Natalia Ginzburg, Alberto Moravia, and Leonardo Sciascia are still vivid in my mind; they add color (and, I hope, depth) to the thoughts and reflections I offer here on these four “Remarkable Italians.” Much of the verse Alan himself wrote in the 1950s and 1960s is set in Rome, and my essay on Pier Paolo Pasolini is indebted to Alan’s example. Without Alan’s encouragement to “keep going” with my Italian interests in Rome, I would not have been so bold as to seek out a generation of Italy’s greatest writers—a generation now long since gone. The interlinked essays do not pretend to be academic; rather, they are personal appreciations.
Sem Medo de Lobisomem
Authors: Villegas Lindvall Valeria 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
As Boas Maneiras focuses on Clara, a Black nurse hired as a caretaker by Ana, a white, single pregnant woman estranged from her wealthy family. It is revealed that Ana bears the child of a werewolf. When Ana dies during childbirth, Clara raises the baby, embracing his animality with care until the final moment of reckoning. This chapter explores the ways in which As Boas Maneiras facilitates a critique of the coloniality of gender and labor. The foundational, colonial dichotomy of animal/human has shaped racialization and related it to animalization. This chapter contends that As Boas Maneiras challenges these historically affixed notions. It contests staunch heterosexism, and the voracity of animality is projected onto Ana. Further, it updates a figure derived from Brazilian colonial history, the Black nanny, subverting the historical undermining of the figure by centering Clara as a significant, powerful bastion.
Dreaming of Blackness
Authors: Lowenstein Adam 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter argues that the conceptual frame of “Blackness” helps refigure the achievements of Peter Weir’s Australian horror film The Last Wave (1977). Aboriginal people, as “Blacks” of Australia, have often suffered from the othering lens of monstrousness associated with the horror film. However, The Last Wave resists such a designation. The film’s horror stems from its white Australian protagonist’s need for Aboriginal people to fill the void in himself. By daring to depict horrific dreaming as something that can potentially interweave white and Black experiences across painful histories, The Last Wave invites audiences to acknowledge how much white Australia has to learn about itself and its “others” by dreaming of the Blackness of Aboriginal Australia. Learning what this cinematic dreaming of Blackness might teach us is an urgent task; it invites us to forge a path toward future survival that winds through the horror of the past and present.
Risk, Resilience, and Resistance
Authors: Mälksoo Maria 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The development of ‘resilience thinking’ in NATO’s post-Cold War discourse and practice raises questions about the compatibility between the logics of security and resilience. The increasing emphasis on resilience performatively enacts NATO’s self-identification as a comprehensive security organization, far beyond its standard military alliance repertoire. What deterrence and defence are to NATO’s original identity (now resurrected after Russia’s 2022 full-on aggression against Ukraine) resilience has been to the Alliance’s positive post-Cold War sense of self. The chapter offers a conceptualization and empirical documentation of NATO’s take on resilience, identifying four meanings of the term in NATO’s collective use: political unity, democratic essence, reputation/credibility, and institutional endurance.