bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Cultivation and Nitrogen Levels on Storage Quality, Yield and Color Grade of Starking ‘Red Delicious’ Apple Grown Under Grass Sod1
Authors: Mason J. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Starking Red Delicious’ trees 15 years old on seedling rootstocks were fertilized with 5 levels of N as ammonium nitrate from 0.165 to 3.0 lb. per tree applied in a narrow band from 1961 to 1966 and cultivated at a shallow depth with a rotavator each year in March and May, March alone, or not at all.
Evaluation of fruit quality at harvest time showed that there was no significant effect of N level or cultivation treatments on fruit color. Pressure test was reduced by the higher N treatments but soluble solids concentration was highest at the medium N applications. Titratable acidity was reduced by the higher N treatments but cultivation treatments had no effect. Flesh color of the fruit was the most sensitive of several tests made, higher N and more cultivation causing greener flesh. In tests at the end of storage life, pressure test and titratable acidity were still reduced by the higher N treatments. There was little effect on soluble solids, per cent rots or storage scald. Again, cultivation treatments had no effect.
There was very little difference in yield among the N treatments except at the lowest levels of 0.5 and 0.165 lb. This effect was most marked with no cultivation. The N content of the leaves was increased by the N treatments from approximately 2.1% at the lowest level to approximately 2.4% at the highest level. There was no effect on terminal length or trunk circumference.
It was shown that grass sod with or without moderate cultivation could largely override the effect of a very wide range of N levels. There was a deleterious effect only at very low N levels combined with no cultivation.
Effect of Cycocel and Abscisic Acid on Bud Growth of Redblush Grapefruit1
Authors: Young Roger , Cooper W. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Redblush’ grapefruit seedlings, with and without leaves, were sprayed 1 to 5 times with 100 to 1000 ppm abscisic acid or 500 to 3000 ppm cycocel. Plants were subsequently exposed to several day/night temperature regimes which included 70°/50°, 90°/70°, and 95°/95°F. Both abscisic acid and cycocel delayed bud growth of leafy and defoliated seedlings. Abscisic acid was more effective than cycocel, and both compounds were most effective in delaying bud growth at lower temperatures, higher concentrations, and with more than one application. Abscisic acid was more toxic than cycocel, and both compounds were more toxic to defoliated plants than to leafy plants. Gibberellic acid overcame a correlative bud inhibition by the leaves, and abscisic acid decreased the effect of gibberellic acid.
Pericarp Anatomy of Crack-Resistant and Susceptible Tomato Fruits1
Authors: Cotner S. D. , Burns E. E. , Leeper P. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The pericarp anatomy and vascular system of crack-resistant and susceptible tomato fruits was studied. Concentric crack resistance is possibly due to the configuration of the epidermal cells and the arrangement of the vascular system. Fruits showing resistance to concentric cracking possessed flattened epidermal cells. No consistent anatomical differences occurred to account for radial crack resistance. Fruits resistant to both types of cracking have a more extensive vascular system. Results indicate that the distribution of water absorbed by the fruit may be a factor in crack susceptibility or resistance.
A Comparison of Maturation and Composition of ‘Valencia’ Oranges in Some Major Subtropical Zones of the United States1
Authors: Reuther Walter , Rasmussen G. K. , Hilgeman R. H. , Cahoon G. A. , Cooper W. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Comparisons were made of the composition of ‘Valencia’ oranges, Citrus sinensis Osbeck, from orchards in 6 major climatic zones used for citrus culture in the U. S. Six orchards, selected in a compact area in each location, were measured and sampled at intervals during 2 crop seasons. The locations were: Orlando, Fla.; Weslaco, Tex.; Tempe, Ariz.; Indio, Calif.; Riverside, Calif.; Santa Paula, Calif. Statistical evaluations showed that the seasonal trends for most measurements differed significantly among locations.
Observations on flowering showed that full-bloom occurred from 1 to 2 months later in the Far-Western locations than in Texas and Florida. The extremes of the interval between an thesis and the beginning of ripening (a 9 to 1 ratio of total soluble solids to acid in juice) varied from 71/2 to 81/2 months in Weslaco, to 14 to 15 months in Santa Paula, but earliness or lateness of maturity could not be relatd in any simple, obvious manner to the characteristic of the seasonal temperature regimes in the 6 locations. In general, rinds were thinner, smoother and slower to color, and fruits larger, and juicier in Orlando and Weslaco than in the Far-Western locations. Total soluble solids and ascorbic acid in juice at comparable stages of maturity were not influenced in a predictable manner by location, although significant differences occurred in a given season. Of the juice constituents, the acids appear to be the most consistently influenced by climatic conditions during the rapid growth and maturation periods of fruit development. The warmer the climate, the more rapid was the rate of decrease of total acid concentration. Seediness of fruit was influenced by both location and season. Measurements of comparable samples of fruit obtained from widely divergent climatic parameters suggest that the numerous growth and metabolic processes involved in ripening of citrus fruits have independent internal controlling mechanisms. Apparently these processes interact in different ways with external environmental factors, and are not dominated by a pervasive, common internal maturity factor.
Seasonal Fluctuations of Amino Acids, Organic Acids, and Simple Sugars in ‘Elberta’ Peach and ‘Chinese’ Apricot Flower Buds During and After Rest1
Authors: El-Mansy Hussein I. , Walker David R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fifteen amino acids, 5 organic acids, and 3 sugars were identified and measured quantitatively during and after the rest period of ‘Elberta’ peach and ‘Chinese’ apricot flower buds. Total amino acids increased just prior to the completion of rest in peach buds. Proline and alanine were the predominant amino acids in peach buds. Glutamic acid and proline were predominant during rest. Aspartic acid, serine, and phenylalanine increased considerably after rest was completed. Total organic acids increased slightly in peach buds after rest, while malic and citric acids showed considerable increases. In apricot buds, total organic acids increased 8-fold after the rest period was completed in mid-winter. Much of the increase which occurred, mainly in the last sampling before bloom, was attributed to fumaric, citric, pyruvic, succinic, and malic acids. After completion of rest, the sugars increased from 3- to 9-fold in peach and more than 2-fold in apricot buds.
Chromosome Numbers of Ten Species and Clones in the Genus Psidium1
Authors: Hirano R. T. , Nakasone H. Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Polyploidy within Psidium guajava appears to be uncommon but the genus Psidium is represented by di-, tetra-, hexa- and octoploid species. The species and their respective chromosome numbers are: P. guajava and P. polycarpum, 2n = 22; P. guineense and P. cujavillus, 2n = 44; P. friedrichsthalianum (El Salvador), 2n = 44; P. friedrichsthalianum (Costa Rica), 2n = 66; P. cattleianum f. lucidum, 2n = 66. Two plants of P. cattleianum were found to be 2n = 77, a heptaploid number, but whether these plants represent horticultural variants has not been established.
Close resemblance in vegetative characters of the species and gross appearance of the chromosomes of P. guajava and P. polycarpum on the one hand and those of P. guineense and P. cujavillus on the other casts some doubt as to their identities.
Feasibility of Using the Meadow Vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus to Bioassay the Nutritive Value and Culinary Quality of Some Carrot Inbred Lines and Hybrids1
Authors: Lane R. P. , Peterson C. E. , Elliott F. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A consistent preference by the meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus, for the roots of certain inbred carrot lines and hybrids observed in field plantings suggested the possibility of using these animals to evaluate carrot breeding material for nutritive value and culinary quality. In a preliminary field test, 50 carrot lines representing the full range of feeding damage were planted in a confined feeding experiment. Lines showing no damage and severe damage were selected for controlled feeding trials and further evaluation.
In laboratory ad libitum feeding tests, all carrot diets were inferior to control diets. There was no relationship between vole preference and the nutritive value of the carrots as measured by the growth response of weanling voles. However, vole preference showed a significant positive correlation with the sucrose content of the roots while a significant negative correlation was found between preference and total reducing sugars. Neither growth response nor vole preference was correlated with crude fiber, protein, or total carbohydrates. No correlation was found between taste panel scores for overall rating of carrot samples and ad lib. feeding indexes by the voles.
Measurement and Classification of Genetic Variability in Horseradish1
Authors: Rhodes A. M. , Carmer S. G. , Courter J. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The genetic variability of 20 cultivars of horseradish, Armoracia rusticana Gaertn., Mey., & Scherb., was measured and classified. These cultivars were chosen from a gene pool containing over 400 cultivars, and collectively they appeared to represent the extreme and intermediate forms of variability found in horseradish. Two methods of classification were compared. One classification was based on 2 highly diagnostic characters that showed the extreme and intermediate limits of the germplasm in the form of a scatter diagram. The other classification was based on 40 characters. For this classification methods of numerical taxonomy were used to show the germplasm complex by scatter diagrams and phenograms. The two classifications appeared to be equal in defining the extreme limits of the genetic variability. The main area of disagreement was found among the relative positions of the intermediate forms or genotypes. The use of scatter diagrams as an aid to the selection and conservation of genetic variability for future use is discussed.
Effects of Cyclic Anaerobiosis on Pome Fruits1
Authors: MacLean D. C. , Dedolph R. R. , Dilley D. R. , Dewey D. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The production of CO2 by apple and pear fruit was measured during and after alternating 12-hr exposures to air and N2 atmospheres. Typical stimulation of CO2 evolution in the absence of O2 was observed. Five or more anaerobic cycles imparted a permanent reduction on the subsequent aerobic respiration rate. The differences between control respiration and aerobic CO2 evolution by fruit exposed to cyclic anaerobiosis indicated that the capacity for aerobic respiration was reduced by the early anaerobic cycles. Suppression of the anaerobic stimulation of CO2 production was observed after several cycles suggesting that the capacity for fermentation was accumulatively impaired. Subsequent measurements of physical characteristics showed that flesh softening and chlorophyll degradation, processes which generally coincide during ripening, were differentially affected by cyclic anaerobiosis. Apple scald was induced by anaerobiosis. Pear fruits subjected to anaerobic cycles or continuous anaerobiosis did not ripen during the 14-day poststorage period at 21°C.
A Histological Study of Abscission Layer Formation in Cherry Fruits During Maturation1
Authors: Stösser R. , Rasmussen H. P. , Bukovac M. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Abscission layer formation during fruit maturation of sour cherry, Prunus cerasus L., occurred between the fruit and the pedicel. No abscission layer was formed between the pedicel and the spur. The abscission layer was first evident 12-15 days before fruit maturity. This layer was composed of 5-8 rows of cells in the transition zone between the fruit and pedicel and was first identified by its low affinity for haematoxylin. Cell separation occurred without rupturing of cell walls. Later cell wall collapse was apparent. Cells immediately distal and proximal to the line of separation were thin walled and prone to separate easily. No abscission layer was formed through the vascular bundles and no cell division was noted during layer formation. Abscission layer formation was observed in detached sour cherry fruit which was histologically similar to that observed in vivo. There was a close relationship between abscission layer formation and force required to separate the fruit from its pedicel. No abscission layer was observed, in the transition zone between the fruit and pedicel in the sweet cherry, Prunus avium L.
Cold Hardening in ‘Redblush’ Grapefruit as Related to Sugars and Water Soluble Proteins1
Authors: Young Roger 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Redblush’ grapefruit seedlings were exposed to hardening temperatures in the presence and absence of light. Both reducing and non-reducing sugars increased in leaves and wood of hardened plants and non-reducing sugars increased in roots of hardened plants. The primary sugars involved were glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Plants exposed to hardening temperatures in the dark did not harden, and water soluble proteins did not materially change in the leaves during hardening in the light.
Lower temperatures were required to kill leaves without ice on the surface than with ice, and lower temperatures were required to kill hardened leaves. Hardened leaves developed a small capacity to recover from cell dehydration due to ice nucleation indicating changes in protoplasm stability and membranes during hardening
The Effect of Fertilization on Yield, Growth and Mineral Composition of Southern Peas1
Authors: Stewart F. B. , Reed M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a basic fertility study with the ‘Princess Anne’ a black-eye variety of southern peas, utilizing a Woodstown sandy loam soil in terra cotta tiles under outside field conditions, an application of 30 lb. N/A increased the yield of pods at green shell maturity in 1 out of 2 years. Yields increased both years with increasing rate of P application up to and including 200 lb. P/A. Applied K did not increase yields when the soil tested medium or high in available K.
Highly significant increases in plant growth resulted from increasing rates of P application, but plant growth was not appreciably affected by applied N and K. The plant content of P and K increased with the application of each respective element; however, the application of P resulted in a reduction in the level of K in the plants. Applied N did not materially influence the level of N in the plants but did increase the plant content of Ca and Mg; whereas applied K reduced the level of Ca and Mg in the plant.
Pollen Germination and Compatibility Studies of some Psidium Species1
Authors: Hirano R. T. , Nakasone H. Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pollen of Psidium guajava L. germinated at pH levels of 4.5-7.0 up to 33 hr after anthesis. Germination of fresh pollen was depressed at pH 7.0 but germination of older pollen was enhanced. Pollen 1-2 days old which failed to germinate in vitro still induced fruit set when used in pollination, indicating that it was still functional.
Pollen germination in vitro of the species studied varied considerably. Generally, pollen of species with high chromosome numbers germinated poorly.
Pollination studies indicated partial self incompatibility in all species studied. Reciprocal interspecific crosses showed pronounced differences in compatibility.
Mode of Action of Ascorbic Acid in Inducing Selective Abscission of Citrus Fruit, Citrus sinensis, Osbeck1
Authors: Yehoshua S. Ben , Eaks I. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) application at relatively high concentration, 1-5% w/v, accelerated abscission of fruit more than of leaves and increased the ethylene production of both organs by about 10 fold. This selective abscission may be related to the following factors: a) the internal ethylene concentration rises in treated fruit up to levels above 1 ppm whereas its concentration in treated leaves is estimated to be lower; b) leaves incorporate less ascorbic acid than fruit; c) A A induces a marked injury to the fruit’s rind and little to no visible injury to leaves.
Ascorbic acid treatment increased the sensitivity of both leaves and fruit to external ethylene and increased the respiratory activity of both. This rise in fruit respiration might be related to the increase in internal ethylene and injury.
Relationship of Nutrition and Fruit Quality of Wolcott Blueberries Grown in Sand Culture1
Authors: Ballinger W. E. , Kushman L. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
One hundred 2-year old ‘Wolcott’ blueberry plants were grown in sand culture with 5 levels each of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg and fruited in 1962 and 1963 in the greenhouse. The content of each of the 5 nutrient-elements in the leaves varied widely. Level of N affected the number of leaves and fruit per plant (+, −), fruit size (−), acidity (−), and ripening date (+), and the fruit-to-leaf ratio (F/L) of the bush (+). Foliar levels of P greater than 0.40% were associated with foliar interveinal chlorosis and abscission; low levels of P were associated with few leaves, a high F/L, and low berry weight. Leaves containing between 0.28 and 0.36% K showed foliar deficiency symptoms of K. High K was associated with high fruit acidity. No effects of nutrition upon the keeping quality of fruit were noted. High F/L had a greater effect than treatments upon fruit and was related to late ripening, low soluble-solids, and small size of the berries. With bushes having a high F/L, fruit weight and soluble solids decreased as the harvest season progressed until the ratio was between 1 and 2; thereafter, soluble solids content increased. Content of soluble solids varied inversely with per cent of crop ripening at a given time until a F/L between 1 to 2 was reached.
Interaction of Temperature and Light Intensity On Flowering of Capsicum frutescens var grossum cv. ‘California Wonder’1
Authors: Deli J. , Tiessen H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pepper seedlings, cv. ‘California Wonder’, were exposed for 25 days to a 17 hr photoperiod at a light intensity of 800 to 1600 ft-c and a night temperature of 12 or 18°C. The treatments were initiated when the third, fourth, of fifth true leaf was 1 cm long.
More flowers were produced, as a result of increased branching, on plants exposed to the low temperature (12°) or low light intensity (800 ft-c). The response to the temperature and light treatments was greater if the treatment was initiated when the third true leaf was 1 cm long. The low temperature increased the number of days to first anthesis and decreased the number of nodes to the first flower, while light intensity had no influence on either the time of flowering or number of nodes to the first flower.
Insect Pollination of Strawberries1
Authors: Moore J. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The exclusion of pollinating insects by covering strawberry plots with screen cages during bloom resulted in significant yield reductions and delayed fruit maturity in each of 4 years of tests. Fruit size of the cultivars ‘Tennessee Beauty’ and ‘Earlibelle’ was reduced as a result of caging but no significant size reduction occurred in caged plots of the cultivar ‘Blakemore’. A much higher per cent of fruit from caged plots was malformed and misshapen than fruit from uncaged plots or plots caged with honeybees.
Comparisons of data from plots in which insects were excluded with plots caged with honeybees and plots covered with open cages indicate that the results obtained from caging are primarily due to incomplete pollination as a result of insect exclusion. The data obtained support the conclusion that insect pollination is beneficial in strawberry production and that native bee conservation should be practiced in the vicinity of strawberry plantations.
Observations on Sterility of Induced Autotetraploid Watermelons1
Authors: Lower R. L. , Johnson K. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Autotetraploid watermelons were produced by treating the growing points of diploid seedlings with aqueous colchicine solution or by soaking diploid seeds in colchicine solution. The soaking method was more effective.
Diploid pollen was apparently more viable than tetra-ploid pollen. Examination of germinating tetraploid pollen revealed that while over two-thirds germinated normally a small percentage sent forth 2, 3 or 4 normalsized pollen tubes or a single bifurcated tube. Germinating diploid pollen always put forth only one unbranched pollen tube. Tetraploid plants did not set fruit when pollinated with pollen from tetraploids; however, they did set fruit when pollinated with pollen from diploids.
Cytological observations were made of pollen mother cells of both diploid and tetraploid plants. Meiosis in diploids was regular; however, irregularities were observed in tetraploids. Examination of some pollen mother cells of tetraploids at the quartette stage revealed micro sporocytes in addition to the 4 microspores. The abnormal quartette formations and lower pollen viability of tetraploids were believed associated with irregularities observed at meiosis. Preliminary investigations of megaspore formation revealed no apparent differences between the diploid and tetraploid megaspores. Although meiotic irregularities were found, a sufficient amount of apparently viable pollen was observed. A physiological basis for the self-sterility is suggested.
Relationship of Turnip Mosaic Virus Susceptibility and Downy Mildew (Bremia lactucae) Resistance in Lettuce1
Authors: Zink F. W. , Duffus James E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A mosaic disease of Lactuca sativa L. is described and the causal agent identified as turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). Extensive infection reduces the yield appreciably or may destroy entirely the value of the crop. A survey of L. sativa cultivars indicated that TuMV susceptibility is restricted to mildew resistant: crisphead types: ‘Calmar’, ‘E-4’, ‘Imperial 410’, ‘Imperial Triumph’, ‘Valrio’, ‘Valtemp’, and ‘Valverde’. Circumstantial evidence indicates that TuMV susceptibility in cv. ‘Calmar’, ‘Imperial 410’, ‘Valrio’, ‘Valtemp’, and ‘Valverde’ stems from the mildew resistant L. serriola L. (P.I. 91532). TuMV and mildew resistant cultivars are: butterhead type ‘May King’, ‘Meikoningin’, ‘Proeftuin’s Blackpool’, ‘Ventura’; leaf type ‘Red Salad Bowl’, ‘Salad Trim’; cos type ‘Valmaine’. Seed collections of L. serriola from the Santa Clara and Salinas Valleys of California produced plants that fell into 3 classifications: a) TuMV-resistant, mildew-resistant; b) TuMV-resistant, mildew-susceptible, and c) TuMV-susceptible, mildew-resistant. No plants in L. sativa or L. serriola were susceptible to both TuMV and mildew. Extreme resistance to TuMV was demontrated in L. sativa and L. serriola. TuMV-susceptible L. sativa cultivars showed differences in tolerance to symptom expression and resistance to infection. In L. serriola a resistance connected with a hypersensitivity reaction was observed. All isolates of TuMV collected were capable of infecting susceptible L. sativa cultivars. L. sativa cv. ‘Calmar’ and ‘Valverde’ systemically infected with TuMV did not transmit the virus through the seed. L. serriola systemically infected with TuMV failed to produce seed.