bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nano-calcium Powder Properties from Six Commercial Fish Bone Waste in Indonesia
Authors: Kusumawati Pipin , Triwitono Priyanto , Anggrahini Sri , Pranoto Yudi 
Published: May 2022

Low daily calcium intake in Asia, especially in Indonesia, is still a serious problem. The abundant fish bone waste from the fishery fillet industries in Indonesia, can be employed as an alternative source of calcium to meet daily calcium needs. This research aimed to determine which of the six fish species (tilapia, catfish, grouper, snapper, tuna, kingfish mackerel) produces the best quality and the most cost-effective nano-calcium powder for a recommendation to the stakeholders. The calcium was extracted using an alkali treatment. The properties of the produced nano-calcium powders were analyzed for: proximate composition, calcium and phosphorus levels, color brightness level, XRD, FTIR, particle size, and SEM-EDX image analysis. The tilapia bone had the finest particle size of calcium (87.37 nm), while the grouper bone had the biggest particle size (281.4 nm). The brightness of all yields varied from 83.83 (beige-kingfish mackerel) to 90.64 (white-tilapia). The average calcium content from EDX analysis varied from 21.51% (snapper) to 34.37% (grouper). The average phosphorus levels ranged from 10.73% (kingfish mackerel) to 15.99% (grouper). The EDX Ca/P molar ratio was 1.41-1.66 across all samples. The FTIR spectra showed that all samples contained PO, CH, CO, NH, and OH groups. The XRD spectra pattern determined that the two main components of the fish bone nano-calcium powder were 90% hydroxyapatite and halite. All fish bone samples have the potential to be used as raw material for nano-sized calcium. However, grouper bone with the highest calcium content and the highest nano-calcium yield was the best choice for further study.
Evaluación de la calidad del programa de cáncer de mama del Hospital de San Juan de Dios de Cali – Consultorio Rosado
Authors: Reyes Luis Alberto , Diaz Navarro Saul , Pool Gómez Alden 
Published: May 2022

Introducción: En Colombia, el cáncer de mama es considerado un problema de salud pública, es el de mayor frecuencia en las mujeres. La OMS propuso desarrollar programas de promoción y prevención, garantizando detección temprana y tratamiento oportuno. Estos programas requieren evaluación y mejoramiento continuo en sus diferentes etapas de desarrollo, para garantizar la calidad en la atención en salud.
Objetivo: Evaluar la calidad del programa “Consultorio Rosado” del Hospital de San Juan de Dios, en la atención de pacientes con cáncer de mama usando indicadores de procesos y resultados.
Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo en pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de mama. Se calcularon los indicadores definidos por la Cuenta de Alto Costo.
Resultados: Se analizó información de 329 registros clínicos reportados por el Hospital de San Juan de Dios de Cali al Sistema de vigilancia epidemiológica (SIVIGILA) con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama. La evaluación mostró cumplimiento en seis de los doce indicadores de la Cuenta de Alto Costo, contemplados en la evaluación de la calidad, estos fueron: porcentaje de realización de cirugía conservadora (cuadrantectomía) en pacientes con estadio in situ e infiltrante, detección de cáncer en estado in situ, biopsia previa a procedimiento quirúrgico y valoración por cuidado paliativo.
Conclusión: El programa cumple con el 50% de los indicadores. Es necesario mejorar el registro clínico y reducir las barreras de acceso a los servicios de diagnóstico y tratamiento para garantizar una atención oportuna y mejorar el pronóstico de las pacientes con esta patología.
Knowledge and awareness about biomedical waste segregation and disposal among pre-final year medical students at a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Sareef Noor Mohamed Rasik Buhari , Preethi Selvaraj , Logaraj Muthunarayanan , Arumai Mathew 
Published: May 2022

Background: Biomedical waste is any waste that is created during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunisation of human beings or animals, or in research activities pertaining thereto or in the manufacturing or testing of biologicals. India produces 500 tonnes of biomedical waste every day through numerous activities. It is projected that 10-25% of the total waste is produced by the health care sector, which leads to severe health problems. If an appropriate measure is not incorporated into the current system, the negative effects of medical waste on the public and the environment will be hilarious. With this backdrop, a research study was carried out among medical students perusing under graduating in medicine, aiming to optimise their level of knowledge of biomedical waste segregation and disposal. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive design was espoused to study among the 3rd year medical students. A random sampling method was chosen to select 150 students. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information from them. Descriptive analysis was employed and the finding was presented in tabular and pictorial forms.Results: Half of the students had good knowledge over BMW. Awareness of segregation wastes and colour coding among them was very poor.Conclusions: The study has unearthed the fact that half of the medical students haven’t had adequate knowledge of BMW management. Hands-on training at regular intervals with the updated information would enhance the students' knowledge and skills, and fill the lacuna in this area of research.
Puffing topography and mouth level exposure of two closed-system Vype e-cigarettes
Authors: Prasad Krishna , Gray Adam , Edward Lauren 
Published: May 2022

<p>E-cigarettes have the potential to reduce the harm caused by cigarette smoking; however, product likeability and product satisfaction are important in encouraging smokers to switch to less harmful products. Actual use studies play a key part in evaluating the reduced risk potential of tobacco and nicotine products. User’s puffing behaviour, including puff duration and sensory effects were evaluated for two types of e-cigarette device: a coil-and-wick ‘pen-type’ device (Vype ePen3), and a ceramic block-and-plate ‘pod-type’ device (Vype ePod) with 18 mg/ml nicotine e-liquid. Puffing topography was recorded for these devices with two groups (n=52 each) of adult regular vapers (age 21-64 years) following a fixed 10 puffs protocol where subjects vaped through a special holder attached to a puffing analyser. The sensory characteristics of the aerosol were evaluated using a questionnaire. Mean puff volume was significantly greater (p≤0.0001) for ePen3 than for ePod (79.8 vs 49.4 ml), while puff duration and puff interval were similar (2.13 vs 2.29 s and 8.9 vs 10.3 s, respectively). Notably, MLE to aerosol and nicotine from ePen3 and ePod were similar (3.89 vs 4.80 mg and 0.06 vs 0.07 mg respectively) despite of very different designs of the devices. Participants reported similar overall likeability and other sensory scores for ePen3 and ePod. In summary, the puffing topography attributes support the CORESTA recommended method no. 81, (CRM81) puffing regime, used for <em>in vitro</em> and chemical analysis. The MLE to nicotine per session from both the products were lower than a typical 6 mg cigarette.</p>
An overview of the underlying legal and psychological issues of surrogacy in Islam
Authors: Mehfooz Musferah , Imran Asma , Azhar Sarah 
Published: May 2022

Purpose of the study: This paper attempted to deal with the issue of Surrogacy from various angles by considering the very essence of Islamic law, i.e., of Shariah. Procreation has considered sacred in Islam; no doubt, it is one of the five fundamental objectives of Shariah (Islamic law), notwithstanding the protection of self, religion, honor, and property. In Muslim societies, religion strongly influences behavior, culture, practices, and policy-making; therefore, according to the Islamic viewpoint, just legitimate pregnancy would result from intermingling sperm and ovum of a legitimately wedded couple.
Research methods: The methodology applied in the discussion is a critical analysis based on inductive and deductive approaches to the collected data. The data for this study has been collected from various secondary sources like Academic Research Papers, Research Journals, and other Electronic Sources.
Main findings: the conclusion arrived at in the article is that Surrogacy is of various categories, some of which may be Islamically valid and some others invalid. In light of the discussion, it is also concluded that Surrogacy also leads to psychological confusion over the question of motherhood, which Islam considers the highest form of human love and compassion.
Application of the study: This study would leave significant implications for legal and social dimensions. The only way to minimize the differences of opinions over any issue in Islamic jurisprudence is deliberation over the issue concerned from the angle of the objectives of Sharīᶜah (Maqāsid al-Sharīᶜah). The issue of Surrogacy as to its validity or invalidity from the Islamic perspective may be resolved in this way. Therefore, the study would doubtlessly help reduce social, physiological, and legal issues based on surrogate practice.
Originality and novelty of the study: The least attention has been given to legal and psychological issues in the existing literature. The present study aims to deal with the legal, psychological, and even social issues caused by the practice of Surrogacy. Therefore, this is the first study that has investigated the practice of Surrogacy from multiple perspectives, particularly analyzing them in the framework of the objectives of Sharīᶜah.
Decentralizacja fiskalna jako ograniczenie zjawiska Lewiatana
Authors: Guziejewska Beata 
Published: May 2022

Monografia zawiera problematykę poświęconą decentralizacji fiskalnej i jej ograniczającej roli w zjawisku rozrastania się sektora publicznego, które określa się Lewiatanem. Nawiązano w niej do tzw. hipotezy Lewiatana sformułowanej przez J.M Buchanana w odniesieniu do zdecentralizowanych struktur finansów publicznych. Przedmiotem rozważań są procesy decentralizacji fiskalnej w szerokim ujęciu: ekonomicznym, politycznym, administracyjnym, socjologicznym i przestrzennym. Analizy oparto w dużym stopniu na dorobku federalizmu fiskalnego.
Celem monografii jest pogłębienie dorobku teoretycznego w zakresie wykorzystania procesów decentralizacji fiskalnej jako mechanizmu ograniczania i hamowania niebezpiecznego zjawiska Lewiatana. Dokonano przeglądu dotychczasowych badań empirycznych oraz zweryfikowano pozytywnie następujące hipotezy badawcze:

Decentralizacja fiskalna oparta na wypracowanych w doktrynie założeniach jakościowych ma pozytywny wpływ na efektywność sektora publicznego oraz ogranicza zjawisko Lewiatana.
W warunkach tendencji centralizujących państwo, będących efektem działań pokryzysowych zawiązanych z konsekwencjami pandemii, decentralizacja i decentralizacja fiskalna mogą być mechanizmami ograniczającymi zjawisko Lewiatana.
Wielowymiarowy charakter decentralizacji fiskalnej powoduje, że jej ograniczający wpływ na zjawisko Lewiatana nie jest potwierdzany empirycznie w każdych warunkach miejsca i czasu.
Decentralizacja fiskalna jest istotnym elementem formułowania nowego paradygmatu finansów zrównoważonych w okresie po pandemii.

W opracowaniu uwzględniono współczesne wyzwania procesów decentralizacji fiskalnej, takie koncepcję ESG (Environmental-Social-Governance) oraz konsekwencje pandemii. Rozważania mają charakter interdyscyplinarny i kończą się propozycją włączenia procesów decentralizacji fiskalnej do nowego paradygmatu finansów zrównoważonych.
Team Approach: Management of Geriatric Acetabular Fractures
Authors: Villacres Mori Benjamin , Young Joseph R. , Lakra Akshay , Chisena Ernest 
Published: May 2022

» Geriatric acetabular fractures are defined as fractures sustained by patients who are ≥60 years old. With the rapidly aging American populace and its increasingly active lifestyle, the prevalence of these injuries will continue to increase.» An interdisciplinary approach is necessary to ensure successful outcomes. This begins in the emergency department with hemodynamic stabilization, diagnosis of the fracture, identification of comorbidities and concomitant injuries, as well as early consultation with the orthopaedic surgery service. This multifaceted approach is continued when patients are admitted, and trauma surgery, geriatrics, and cardiology teams are consulted. These teams are responsible for the optimization of complex medical conditions and risk stratification prior to operative intervention.» Treatment varies depending on a patient’s preinjury functional status, the characteristics of the fracture, and the patient’s ability to withstand surgery. Nonoperative management is recommended for patients with minimally displaced fractures who cannot tolerate the physiologic stress of surgery. Percutaneous fixation is a treatment option most suited for patients with minimally displaced fractures who are at risk for displacing the fracture or are having difficulty mobilizing because of pain. Open reduction and internal fixation is recommended for patients with displaced acetabular fractures who are medically fit for surgery and have a displaced fracture pattern that would do poorly without operative intervention. Fixation in combination with arthroplasty can be done acutely or in delayed fashion. Acute fixation combined with arthroplasty benefits patients who have poorer bone quality and fracture characteristics that make healing unlikely. Delayed arthroplasty is recommended for patients who have had failure of nonoperative management, have a fracture pattern that is not favorable to primary total hip arthroplasty, or have developed posttraumatic arthritis.
An Experimental Study on Stress Relaxation of Yunnan Sandstone
Authors: Li Shuai , Zheng Chao , Li Peng 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This study presents the results from five relaxation tests conducted under uniaxial compression at room temperature. Test specimens were from sandstone formations at a mine, in Yunnan, and exhibited brittle failure. The test apparatus was valid for conducting stress relaxation experiments on sandstones by theoretical model and deformation measurements. Multiple load levels were applied in steps to each specimen, with each displacement level maintained for 12 d or longer. As soon as axial stress was decreased, it stabilized at an almost constant value after 12–24 h. Three distinct relaxation phases were observed to exist at all displacement levels except the specimen 3 in all tests. Based on the LM-NLSF method, model parameters under different strain levels were obtained. Comparison of test curves with theoretical curves showed that the Burgers model, which considers damage, was suitable for describing the stress relaxation properties of sandstones and the obtained parameters had a certain practical value.
Removal of Iron Sulphide/Biomass Via Continual Injection Dissolver/Dispersant, A North Sea Case Study
Authors: Jordan Myles M , Johnston Clare J , Bennett Brian , Cole George 
Published: May 2022

An operator within the North Sea had historically been using seawater injection for pressure support, with produced water being discharged to sea. Water injection was via subsea injection wells, with a subsea flowline transporting water from the host platform to these wells. For the last 6 years, this strategy has changed – seawater injection has been halted and the objective has been to reinject all produced water. During this period of time, the field had experienced rising H2S levels within the produced water and increasing oil in produced water, due to problems with separation that were controlled by application of flocculants and monthly cleaning of separation equipment. The solids found within the hydrocyclones were determined to be iron sulphide, reservoir silicates, barium sulphate scale, and biomass. Over time it became clear that the subsea water injection pipeline was also facing challenges with increased pressure drop resulting in lower injection capacity.

Injection line fouling
Cleaning the subsea water injection line was evaluated initially via batch application of chemicals such as hydrocarbon solvents, mutual solvents (hydrocarbon removal and water wetting), dilute acid solutions and THPS solutions (sulphide dissolver), chelants (sulphate dissolvers) and oxidising agents (biomass dissolvers). Evaluation of the volumes of chemical required to treat the flowline, in addition to the aggressive nature of these materials and the logistic issues associated with the application of such large chemical volumes resulted in another cleaning program option being investigated. The laboratory testing of a novel dissolver/dispersant not based on THPS (tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulphate) was carried out leading to a field application of the cleaning chemical at treatment rates between 5 and 40 ppm into the produced water for a trial period of 3 months.
The application of the continual injection cleaning chemical program to remove the fouling in the produced water system using the novel dissolver/dispersant and control of additional biofilm formation with the biocide program applied to the produced water resulted in the following changes to the produced water injection system.
Produced water injection rate increased from 729 m3/h to 777 m3/hour (7% increase). Injection pressure reduction from ∼50 bar to 40 bar (a 20% decrease despite injection rate increasing as above). Increased production as the injection line fouling was reducing reservoir voidage replacement.
This paper outlines the development/deployment of this novel non THPS based iron sulphide cleaning chemical package which is suitable for application within the North Sea.
FeS Scale Control and Prevention in Water Injection Systems
Authors: Lu Haiping , Brooks Johnathon , Margan Swamy , Evans Paul , Shi Wei 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Iron Sulfide (FeS) scale is known as a troublesome scale during oil and gas production. The prevention of FeS precipitation in the injection water for a sour carbonate reservoir was required with an injection brine of low Fe2+ concentration (10 mg/L) and high Ca2+ concentration (5,000 mg/L). This work was proposed to identify a chemical which is able to effectively chelate Fe2+ in the presence of high calcium to prevent or reduce the formation of FeS.
Anaerobic bottle tests were conducted at 95°C for 24 hours to compare the performance of selected chemicals, i.e., EDDS (Ethylenediamine-N,N’-disuccinic acid), DTPA (Diethylenetriamine Pentaacetic Acid), EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), THPS (Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate), and citric acid (CA). Several sets of performance test were conducted: a. with other cation ions and without other cation ions to compare the effects of other cations on chelation; b. with the aged and non-aged product, ie. product aging test at 250°F for 7 days, to understand the effects of temperature on chemical stability; c. with 1.0 g/L and 10 g/L pre-existing calcite solids effects on the FeS chelation performance to simulate the carbonate reservoir conditions; d. with various Fe2+ level of 10 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm.
Citric acid and THPS showed better chelation performance on Fe2+ than other tested chemicals. The effects of the presence of pre-existing calcite solids on citric acid and THPS were also investigated to simulate the interaction of chemicals with the carbonate formation. The chelation performance of citric acid was affected by the addition of calcite due to the reaction of citric acid with calcite solids. THPS is not affected by the presence of calcite solid at either 1.0 g/L or 10 g/L. From the above testing results, THPS is recommended for the field applications.
This study systematically investigated FeS control and prevention chemical selection and presents the laboratory results to identify the best performance. It provided an insight into the influence of several potential application conditions, e.g., high levels of calcium and other cation ions, pre-existing solids from carbonate reservoir, and long-time exposure to application temperature (250°F), on the selected chelator performance. This work also established a guideline for chelator dosages during field applications to successfully manage FeS scale.
Should a New Well be Equipped with Downhole Chemical Injection Lines?
Authors: Sandengen Kristian , Ramstad Kari , Høiland Sylvi , Henanger Kjell Eirik Irgens 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The use of downhole continuous chemical injection (DHCI) has become common in Equinor, with around 30-40 % of new wells being equipped with DHCI in the last decade. Scale inhibitor supply accounts for around three quarters of the installations. A rough estimate of present-day situation points to around a third of the installations not being operational, with some form of clogging seemingly the most common cause. Around 1 % of the installations are unavailable due to detrimental fails (leakages likely from corrosion) that either led to, or could have led to, well integrity being compromised.
This underlines that these systems come with a complexity and risk associated with them and should be installed on a per need basis. The purpose of this work is to provide simple guidelines on which wells DHCI should be installed, and which do not need it.
We propose that the base case should be to include downhole scale inhibitor lines for oil wells, but not install in gas/condensate wells unless significant water production is expected. For the former, lower temperature wells (&lt;80 °C) with a low sulphate scale risk are typical cases where lines could potentially be omitted. What expected water rate that should lead to installation of DHCI in gas/condensate wells is system dependent, but generally &lt; 100 m3 water per MSm3 gas should be unproblematic while at magnitude &gt; 1000 m3 water per MSm3 gas, DHCI should be evaluated.
Optimizing the radiation treatment planning of brain tumors by integration of Functional MRI and White Matter Tractography
Authors: Boroun Arman , Montazerabadi Alireza , Molana Seyed Hadi , Gholamhosseinian Hamid , Pashaei Fakhereh 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to assess whether the incorporation of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data into the radiation treatment planning process of brain tumors could spare the neurological parts of the brain from high doses of radiation.
Methods
In this study, the fMRI and DTI data were obtained from eight glioma patients and included in the radiation treatment plan‏. This patient-specific fMRI and DTI data were attained based on tumor location, patient's general conditions, and the importance of the functional and fiber tract areas. The functional regions, fiber tracts, anatomical organs at risk, and the tumor were contoured for radiation treatment planning. Finally, the radiation treatment planning with and without fMRI & DTI information was obtained and compared.
Results
On average, the mean dose to the functional areas was reduced by 25.36%, and the maximum dose was reduced by 18.57% on fMRI & DTI plans compared with the anatomical plans In addition, 15.59% and 20.84% reductions in the mean and maximum doses of the fiber tracts were achieved, respectively.
Conclusion
This study demonstrated the feasibility of using fMRI and DTI data in radiation treatment planning to maximize radiation protection of the functional cortex and fiber tracts. We also observed a significant reduction in the mean and maximum doses to these neurologically relevant brain regions. Dose reduction would reduce the neuro-cognitive complications and improve the patient's quality of life.