bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in the Utilization of Medicines Sold in the Private Sector Post- Registration in South Africa and the Implications for Similar Countries
Authors: Mpanza Ntobeko , Godman Brian , Keele Godfrey , Matlala Moliehi 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background: Regulatory authorities register medicines for patients to access within a reasonable time. There is a paucity of available data regarding the extent to which registered medicines reach the public after market authorisation by the South African Health Products Regulatory Authority (SAHPRA). This is important since time spent by SAHPRA assessing medicines that are subsequently not launched onto the South African market means time wasted, which could be spent on assessing new medicines that address an unmet need in the country. Consequently, we initially analysed the time taken for registered medicines to reach patients and the relationship between medicines registered at SAHPRA and those subsequently dispensed in private pharmacies. The extent of registration of multiple sourced versus new patented medicines was also explored.
Methods: A retrospective, descriptive and quantitative investigation was conducted for medicines registered between 2014 -2019. Registered and dispensed medicines were compared to establish accessibility post registration. Data sources included SAHPRA and IQVIA datasets. Microsoft Excel and SAS (SAS Institute Inc, Carey, NC, USA), Release 9.4.was used for data storage, analysis, and computation of descriptive statistical analysis.
Results: Of (N=2175) registered medicines, only 358 (16.5%; 95% CI 15.0% - 18.1%)were dispensed to patients, andout of 1735 medicines registered during 2015 – 2019 only 57 (3.3%; 95% CI 2.5% - 4.2%) were dispensed during the study period. Medicines acting on the central nervous system were registered and dispensed the most at 21.0% and 18.0%, respectively, whereas antineoplastic, and immunomodulation agents were registered and dispensed at only 11% and 5%, respectively. A concern was that only 13.0% of registered medicines were originators, with most either as generics, including branded generics, or pseudo-generics.
Conclusion: Regulatory measures should be implemented to ensure increased medicine access post-registration for new originators, especially for priority disease areas that benefit patients. Mental health diseases and improved access to oncology medicines require special attention and further investigation in South Africa.
Risk map of human intake of methylmercury through fish consumption in Latin America and the Caribbeans
Authors: Vergara Elvira , Pancetti Floria , Zuñiga Liliana , Bahamonde Paulina 
Published: October 2022

Abstract

Methylmercury is a high bioaccumulated pollutant persistent in the aquatic environment, that biomagnifies in the food web reaching concerning levels in predator fish. Mining is one of the most important economic activities of Latin America and the Caribbean, and a relevant global anthropogenic mercury emission. Studies have correlated high fish consumption with higher levels of MeHg in humans along with neurotoxic effects. Latin America occupies one of the top 3 regions with the highest fishery exploitation and aquaculture production, and simultaneously, it has been reported in several Latin American and the Caribbean country’s high levels of mercury in marine and freshwater fishes, and in human hair associated with fish consumption. Therefore, this review seeks to assess the risk of mercury exposure and consequently health hazard due to fish consumption in Latin America and the Caribbean. The data of mercury levels in fish and fish consumption rates was searched from all countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. A large data set was created evidencing a concerning presence of methylmercury in fish that are widely consumed. The 6.1% of the total fish species studied were found to have concentrations of MeHg ≥ 1.5 µg g− 1 dw, independently of the water habitat these were mainly carnivore species, which is recommended to not consume. Furthermore, high risk values (HQ ≥ 1) were estimated in Peru and Venezuela, and even higher-risk values (HQ ≥ 10) were estimated in some fish species inhabiting watersheds in Trinidad. The recommendation is to lower the consumption of this kind of fish species or to avoid mercury pollution.
Moral distress in psychiatric nurses in Covid-19 crisis
Authors: tavakol nahid , molazem zahra , rakhshan mahnaz , asemani omid , bagheri shahpar 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background:
The COVID-19 epidemic has put heavy pressure on nurses. Psychiatric nurses are also exposed to moral distress due to the special conditions of psychiatric patients and patient’s lack of cooperation in observing health protocols.
This study has been conducted to explore and describe factors that caused moral distress in psychiatric nurses during the COVID-19 epidemic.
Method:
This qualitative study with a conventional content analysis approach involved 12 nurses at Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in Iran. This study was conducted in the winter of 2021. Data collection was performed by unstructured interviews, data analysis was performed based on the five steps of Graneheim and Lundman.
Results:
From the data analysis, 252 initial codes were extracted, which were obtained by continuous comparison and integration of subcategories of 4 main categories including emotional responses, relational factors, Institutional factors, and management factors caused by Moral Distress in psychiatric nurses.
Conclusion: new dimensions of the causes of moral distress associated with the COVID-19 pandemic are discovered. Managers and planners should equip psychiatric hospitals with isolation facilities and Personal Protection Equipment for patients and nurses. Strengthening the ethical climate by improving communication skills and individual nursing empowerment to prevent moral distress is recommended.
Development and Evaluation of an Acceptance and Commitment Therapy based on Religious Content to Control Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Dysfunctional Beliefs, Feeling Guilty, Scrupulosity, and Thought Control among Muslims in Iran
Authors: Dehaghi Ashraf Akbari , Dolatshahi Behrooz , Taremian Farhad , Pourshahbaz Abbas , Ansari Hasan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Religious or moral obsessions, also known as scrupulosity has not been adequately investigated in studies of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). The present study aimed to develop an integrated protocol by combining religious content and ACT and evaluate its effectiveness in controlling obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), dysfunctional beliefs, feeling guilty, scrupulosity, and thought control among Muslims in Iran.
Methods
An exploratory mixed-method research design was applied in this study. In the qualitative stage, the document analysis method was used to extract components related to ACT with religious content. Also, the content and face validity of the intervention were confirmed by experts. Subsequently, a semi-experimental, pretest-posttest, control-group design was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the adapted protocol with a three-month follow-up. In the quantitative stage, a total of 35 participants were randomly assigned into two groups using the convenience sampling method based on the inclusion criteria. The experimental and control groups participated in 25 individual treatment sessions based on the adapted protocol and eight conventional ACT sessions, respectively. The research instrument included the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale, the Guilt Inventory, the Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity, the Questionnaire of Religious Beliefs about Purification Rituals, and the Thought Control Questionnaire.
Results
The present findings indicated the interactive effects of time and group on the severity of purity/impurity obsessions (F = 9.455, P < .001) and dysfunctional religious beliefs (F = 7.963, P = .001) in patients with OCD. The Bonferroni correction results showed no significant difference between the intervention and control groups in the severity of obsession (P = .448), dysfunctional religious beliefs (P = .176), feeling guilty (P = .787), scrupulosity (P = .891), and thought control (P = .554) in the follow-up. According to the results, the effectiveness of the religion-adapted ACT intervention on the severity of obsession and dysfunctional religious beliefs was higher in patients with OCD compared to the control group in the posttest. Although the intervention influenced scrupulosity, the difference was not significant with the control group. Besides, the findings showed that group and time failed to significantly affect feeling guilty and thought control.
Conclusion
The present study showed that adding religious components to the ACT protocol can increase its effectiveness in reducing the severity of purity/impurity obsessions compared to the conventional ACT in the Muslim Iranian population.
Discovery of Small Molecule PARKIN Activator as Therapeutics for PD: An in-silico Repurposing Approach
Authors: Ibrahim Abdulwasiu , Ipinloju Nureni , Muhammad Sulieman Alhaji , Oyeneyin Oluwatoba Emmanuel , Atasie Nkechi Hope 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Although there is presently no cure for Parkinson's disease (PD), the available therapies are only able to lessen symptoms and preserve the quality of life. Around 10 million people globally had PD as of 2020. The widely used standard drug has recently been revealed to have several negative effects. Additionally, there is a dearth of innovative compounds entering the market as a result of subpar ADMET characteristics. Drug repurposing provides a chance to reenergize the sluggish drug discovery process by identifying new applications for already-approved medications. As this strategy offers a practical way to speed up the process of developing alternative medications for PD. This study used a computer-aided technique to select therapeutic agent(s) from FDA-approved neuropsychiatric/psychotic drugs that can be adopted in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
Method
In the current work, a computational approach via molecular docking, density functional theory (DFT), and pharmacokinetics were used to identify possible (anti)neuropsychiatric/psychotic medications for the treatment of PD. By using molecular docking, about eight (anti)neuropsychiatric/psychotic medications were tested against PARKIN, a key protein in PD
Result
Based on the docking score, the best ligand in the trial was determined. The top hits were compared to the reference ligand levodopa (L-DOPA). A large proportion of the drugs displayed binding affinity that was relatively higher than L-DOPA. Also, DFT analysis confirms the ligand-receptor interactions and the molecular charges transfer. All the compounds were found to obey Lipinski's rule with acceptable pharmacokinetic properties.
Conclusion
The current study has revealed the effectiveness of antineuropsychiatric/antipsychotic drugs against PARKIN in the treatment of PD and lumateperone was revealed to be the most promising candidate interacting with PARKIN.
Clinical features and markers to identify pulmonary lesions caused by infection or vasculitis in AAV patients
Authors: Wang Yujuan , Qu Zhuan , Liang Wei , Chen Xinghua , Chen Cheng , Cheng Hui , Hu Haiyun , Wei Zhongpin , Su Ke , Yang Lianhua , Wang Huiming 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Objectives Pulmonary lesion is frequently seen in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) patients primarily due to AAV lung involvement or infection, which are hard to differentiate due to their high similarity in clinical manifestations. We aimed to analyze the clinical features of pulmonary lesions consequent to AAV involvement or infection in AAV patients and further identify the markers for differential diagnosis.
Methods 140 AAV patients who admitted to the Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 2016 to July 2021 were included in this study. According to the nature of lung conditions, these patients were divided into the non-pulmonary lesion group, the lung infection group and the non-pulmonary infection group, and their demographics, clinical symptoms, imaging features, as well as laboratory findings were compared. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drawn, and the diagnostic efficacy of single biomarker and composite biomarkers on pulmonary infection was then evaluated.
Results The patients in the lung infection group were significantly older than those in the no lesion group (63.19±14.55 vs 54.82±15.08, p=0.022). Patients in the lung infection group presented more frequent symptoms and more obvious pulmonary image findings. Compared with patients in the non-pulmonary infection group, patients in the lung infection group showed a higher symptom incidence of fever, chest tightness, cough and expectoration, and hemoptysis (52.94% vs 16.00%, 61.76% vs 40.00%, 72.06% vs 46.00%, 27.94% vs 8.00%, p<0.05, respectively), and more changes in pulmonary CT scanning images in terms of patched/striped compact opacity, alveolar hemorrhage, bronchiectasis, pleural effusion, as well as mediastinal lymphadenopathy (89.71% vs 52.00%, 11.76% vs 2.00%, 22.06% vs 8.00%, 50.00% vs 20.00%, 48.53% vs 24.00%, p<0.05, respectively). In addition, patients in the lung infection group had significantly higher levels of serum pro-calcitonin (PCT), C-reaction protein (CRP), amyloid A (SAA), blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLCR), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), as well as Birmingham vasculitis activity score (BVAS) than patients in the other two groups (p<0.05). Among all biomarkers, PCT exhibited the highest diagnostic efficacy (0.928; 95%CI 0.89-0.97) for pulmonary infected AAV patients at a cut-off score of 0.235 ng/ml with 85.3% sensitivity and 84% specificity. Moreover, the composite biomarker of PCT-CRP-NLCR showed more diagnostic efficacy (0.979; 95% CI 0.95-1.00) in distinguishing the infectious and non-infectious lung injuries in AAV patients.
Conclusions AAV patients with lung infection manifested more clinical symptoms and prominent lung image changes. The PCT and composite biomarker PCT-CRP-NLCR showed high diagnostic efficacy for a lung infection in AAV patients.
Bones of contention: a double blind study of experts’ ability to classify sheep and goat astragali from images
Authors: Sipilä Ilkka M. V. , Steele James , Dickens Luke , Martin Louise 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In zooarchaeology, animal bones are normally identified using comparative macro-morphological methods, which involve visual comparison of the bone with reference materials. However, recent work has oppugned the reliability of these methods. Although previous studies applying macro-morphological methods to identify sheep and goat bones have found low error rates, these results are based on small numbers of analysts, large numbers of different bone types and do not properly account for ambiguous "sheep/goat" classifications. We present an extensive blind study of performance and reliability for binary macro-morphological species identification using just the astragalus. Each participant made independent comparative identifications on a random subset, including repeat presentations for consistency analysis. No sheep/goat category was offered. Instead, participants reported confidence scores on each sample. The participants also reported the reference materials used and indicated their regions of attention in each image. Findings indicate that neither the use of reference materials nor experience are good predictors of accuracy, although more experienced analysts are found to be more consistent. Forcing binary classifications leads to a more transparent analysis but indicates lower performance scores than reported elsewhere, while corresponding confidence scores positively correlate with accuracy. Qualitative analysis of reported attention regions indicate that mistakes can occur when there is an overlap in the morphologies of the two species. We conclude that overreliance on reference materials impacts performance when the morphology of reference materials is not representative of the population variance, which is especially evident when the wider bone morphology is not adequately integrated into the classification decision.
Therapeutic potential of FLT4-targeting peptide in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Lee Ji Yoon , Park Soojin , Han A-Reum , Hwang Hee-Sun , Kim Hee-Je 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Fms-related tyrosine kinase-4 (FLT4) is involved in tumor progression. Previously, we found that dysfunctional natural killer (NK) cells with low interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) were restored in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by the FLT4 antagonist MAZ51. In this work, we developed 12 peptides targeting FLT4 for clinical application and ultimately selected 4 of them to examine whether they restored the frequency of lymphocytes, especially T cells and NK cells, and high IFN-γ expression, as MAZ51 treatment did in our previous study. Although clinical data from using intracellular kinase domain–targeting peptides are currently available, peptides targeting FLT4 to modulate immune cells have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we focus on novel peptide 4 (P4) from the intracellular domain of FLT4 because it had dominant negative activity. Similar to MAZ51, high IFN-γ levels were expressed in AML-mononuclear cells (MNCs) exposed to P4. In addition, T and NK cell levels were restored, as were high IFN-γ levels, in a leukemic environment when P4 was co-cultured with cytosine β-D-arabinofuranoside. Interestingly, the frequency of regulatory T cells was significantly decreased by P4, implying that the peptide plays a role in modulating the tumor niche. Overall, we demonstrated the therapeutic value of functionally modulating lymphocytes using a peptide targeting FLT4 and propose the development of advanced therapeutic approaches against AML by using immune cells.
Variational Iteration Method for 2d Hyperbolic Quasi-linear Pde
Authors: Sahu Subrata Kumar , Derke Simon 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we have constructed two dimensional (2D ) hyperbolic quasi-linear partial differential equations (HQLPDE) by considering two cases. The Cauchy data is given in the form of exponential curve in the 1st case. The initial value problems (IVP) are mentioned as sin x in the 2nd case where as all the cases are associated with time. We have obtained the solutions by using variational iteration method (VIM). In the both cases, we found that solution represents flat surface during the initial stage. We have observed the exponential surface in the 1st case and the curved surface in the 2nd case subject to the increasing values of x and y.
Mathematics subject classification: 35Lxx, 35L04
Principles for transformative ocean governance
Authors: Lombard Amanda , Clifford-Holmes Jai , Goodall Victoria , Snow Bernadette , Truter Hannah , Morgera Elisa , Jones Peter JS , Flannery Wesley , Hicks Christina , Gipperth Lena , Cochrane Kevern , Allison Edward , Diz Daniela , Erinosho Bolanle , Peters Kimberley , Levin Phillip , Holthus Paul , Szephegyi María , Awad Adnan , Golo Harrison , Vrancken Patrick 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
With a focus on the ocean, we collaborated across social, ecological and legal disciplines to respond to the United Nations call for transformation in the ‘2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development’ by developing a set of 13 principles for transformative ocean governance. These principles can be used to help chart a course of action that responds to the many calls to reform current ocean-use practices based on economic growth models that have perpetuated inequities and fuelled conflict and environmental decline. We use a rigorous, iterative and transparent consensus building approach to define the principles, which we recommend are applied as a comprehensive set to transform unsustainable ocean governance practices and guide future initiatives. We show that the relationships between the principles can be supporting, neutral or sometimes conflicting, and discuss how best to manage these relationships in the pursuit of meaningful transformation.
Strength modeling of Al-alloy sheet self-piercing riveting considering different failure modes
Authors: Liu Yahui , Zhu Zhiwang , Yu Huipeng , Wang Jun 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Self-piercing riveting (SPR) has been widely utilized to connect metal components in industry, and the mechanical properties of final product depend on the strength of SPR joint which is experimentally measured through cross-tension and lap-shear tests. These tests are destructive and the tested strength of specimen is not directly related to the actual strength of the SPR product. In this study, the SPR process of aluminum alloy sheet was investigated and the general empirical model of SPR strength was established by comprehensively considering the factors including of the geometric dimensions of components and die, the material properties of rivet and sheet, and the load - stroke curve of punch. The calculated strength values of 4 group of SPR specimens were verified by the experimentally measured results. All calculation errors are lower than 8%. An industrial internet of things (IIoT) was developed to automatically realize the data transmission and strength calculation of the SPR process.
Using virtual sites for population size estimates of men who have sex with men in urban Tanzania: a feasibility study
Authors: Nyato Daniel , Saidel Tobi , Kuringe Evodius , Materu Jacqueline , Changalucha John , Shao Amani , Casalini Caterina , Nnko Soori , Komba Albert , Christensen Alice , Wambura Mwita 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background
Globally, men who have sex with other men (MSM) increasingly use virtual platforms for networking and soliciting sexual partners due to unrelenting stigma and discrimination. However, most studies estimating the MSM population for HIV prevention coverage in sub-Saharan Africa focus on physical sites, failing to account for MSM using virtual platforms. This study aimed to examine the feasibility of estimating the MSM population using virtual spaces in Tanzania.
Methods
MSM recruited from civil society organisations collected data on two levels: First, a participatory ranking method involving key informants was used to identify virtual sites, and on each site, they listed all profiles used by MSM in selected towns. Secondly, research assistants logged in to those platforms three times a day (morning, afternoon, and evening) and counted all those who were active online at every time point for seven days. Those online were invited to participate in a voluntary short survey. The number of profiles recorded was generated by aggregating the virtual site profiles for MSM registered daily. Data collected in the short survey were then applied as correction factors to adjust for MSM counted twice or more on different days of the week and for those who may have been missed in the survey.
Results
A total of 4,480 active profiles were observed. Of the 4,480 unadjusted profiles, only 2,429 were unique. 598 male virtual site users aged 18 + years were interviewed to collect data on correction factors. Approximately 91% of participants on virtual sites also visited physical venues. Nearly 90% of participants in the short survey used virtual sites for socialising and sexual networking several times a week.
Conclusion
This study shows that virtual mapping is a feasible strategy to capture estimates of MSM who cannot be counted through venue-based approaches, especially in contexts where MSM face legal and societal stigmatisation and discrimination.