bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid evolution of ecological sexual dimorphism driven by resource competition
Authors: De Lisle Stephen P. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractSex differences in ecologically important traits are common in animals and plants, and prompted Darwin to first propose an ecological cause of sexual dimorphism. Despite theoretical plausibility and Darwin's original notion, a role for ecological resource competition in the evolution of sexual dimorphism has never been directly demonstrated and remains controversial. I used experimental evolution inDrosophila melanogasterto test the hypothesis that resource competition can drive the evolution of sex differences in diet. Following just three generations of adaptation, offspring from flies evolved in low‐resource, high‐competition environments show elevated sexual dimorphism in diet preference compared to both the ancestor and populations evolved on high‐resource availability. This increased sexual dimorphism was the result of divergence in male sucrose intake and female yeast intake consistent with the differential nutritional requirements of the sexes. These results provide the first real‐time direct evidence for evolution of sexual dimorphism driven by resource competition.
Ecosystem‐level effects of re‐oligotrophication and N:P imbalances in rivers and estuaries on a global scale
Authors: Ibáñez Carles , Caiola Nuno , Barquín José , Belmar Oscar , Benito‐Granell Xavier , Casals Frederic , Fennessy Siobhan , Hughes Jocelyne , Palmer Margaret , Peñuelas Josep , Romero Estela , Sardans Jordi , Williams Michael 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTrends and ecological consequences of phosphorus (P) decline and increasing nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (N:P) ratios in rivers and estuaries are reviewed and discussed. Results suggest that re‐oligotrophication is a dominant trend in rivers and estuaries of high‐income countries in the last two–three decades, while in low‐income countries widespread eutrophication occurs. The decline in P is well documented in hundreds of rivers of United States and the European Union, but the biotic response of rivers and estuaries besides phytoplankton decline such as trends in phytoplankton composition, changes in primary production, ecosystem shifts, cascading effects, changes in ecosystem metabolism, etc., have not been sufficiently monitored and investigated, neither the effects of N:P imbalance. N:P imbalance has significant ecological effects that need to be further investigated. There is a growing number of cases in which phytoplankton biomass have been shown to decrease due to re‐oligotrophication, but the potential regime shift from phytoplankton to macrophyte dominance described in shallow lakes has been documented only in a few rivers and estuaries yet. The main reasons why regime shifts are rarely described in rivers and estuaries are, from one hand the scarcity of data on macrophyte cover trends, and from the other hand physical factors such as peak flows or high turbidity that could prevent a general spread of submerged macrophytes as observed in shallow lakes. Moreover, re‐oligotrophication effects on rivers may be different compared to lakes (e.g., lower dominance of macrophytes) or estuaries (e.g., limitation of primary production by N instead of P) or may be dependent on river/estuary type. We conclude that river and estuary re‐oligotrophication effects are complex, diverse and still little known, and in some cases are equivalent to those described in shallow lakes, but the regime shift is more likely to occur in mid to high‐order rivers and shallow estuaries.
Saturation response of enhanced vegetation productivity attributes to intricate interactions
Authors: Lian Xihong , Jiao Limin , Liu Zejin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEvidence for the multifaceted responses of terrestrial ecosystems has been shown by the weakening of CO2 fertilization‐induced and warming‐controlled productivity gains. The intricate relationship between vegetation productivity and various environmental controls still remains elusive spatially. Here several inherent preponderances make China a natural experimental setting to investigate the interaction and relative contributions of five drivers to gross primary productivity for the period from 1982 to 2018 (i.e., elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations, climate change, nutrient availability, anthropogenic land use change, and soil moisture) by coupling multiple long‐term datasets. Despite a strikingly prominent enhancement of vegetation productivity in China, it exhibits similar saturation responses to the aforementioned environmental drivers (elevated CO2, climatic factors, and soil moisture). The CO2 fertilization‐dominated network explains the long‐term variations in vegetation productivity in humid regions, but its effect is clearly attenuated or even absent in arid and alpine environments controlled by climate and soil moisture. Divergence in interactions also provides distinct evidence that water availability plays an essential role in limiting the potential effects of climate change and elevated CO2 concentrations on vegetation productivity. Unprecedented industrialization and dramatic surface changes may have breached critical thresholds of terrestrial ecosystems under the diverse natural environment and thus forced a shift from a period dominated by CO2 fertilization to a period with nonlinear interactions. These findings suggest that future benefits in terrestrial ecosystems are likely to be counteracted by uncertainties in the complicated network, implying an increasing reliance on human societies to combat potential risks. Our results therefore highlight the need to account for the intricate interactions globally and thus incorporate them into mitigation and adaptation policies.
Large‐scale deployment of grass in crop rotations as a multifunctional climate mitigation strategy
Authors: Englund Oskar , Mola‐Yudego Blas , Börjesson Pål , Cederberg Christel , Dimitriou Ioannis , Scarlat Nicolae , Berndes Göran 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe agriculture sector can contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing its own greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, sequestering carbon in vegetation and soils, and providing biomass to substitute for fossil fuels and other GHG‐intensive products. The sector also needs to address water, soil, and biodiversity impacts caused by historic and current practices. Emerging EU policies create incentives for cultivation of perennial plants that provide biomass along with environmental benefits. One such option, common in northern Europe, is to include grass in rotations with annual crops to provide biomass while remediating soil organic carbon (SOC) losses and other environmental impacts. Here, we apply a spatially explicit model on >81,000 sub‐watersheds in EU27 + UK (Europe) to explore the effects of widespread deployment of such systems. Based on current accumulated SOC losses in individual sub‐watersheds, the model identifies and quantifies suitable areas for increased grass cultivation and corresponding biomass‐ and protein supply, SOC sequestration, and reductions in nitrogen emissions to water as well as wind and water erosion. The model also provides information about possible flood mitigation. The results indicate a substantial climate mitigation potential, with combined annual GHG savings from soil‐carbon sequestration and displacement of natural gas with biogas from grass‐based biorefineries, equivalent to 13%–48% of current GHG emissions from agriculture in Europe. The environmental co‐benefits are also notable, in some cases exceeding the estimated mitigation needs. Yield increases for annual crops in modified rotations mitigate the displacement effect of increasing grass cultivation. If the grass is used as feedstock in lieu of annual crops, the displacement effect can even be negative, that is, a reduced need for annual crop production elsewhere. Incentivizing widespread deployment will require supportive policy measures as well as new uses of grass biomass, for example, as feedstock for green biorefineries producing protein concentrate, biofuels, and other bio‐based products.
When artificial intelligence comes to the Chinese calligraphic landscape: The coming transformation
Authors: Jiang Zhijie , Yu Jiayuan , Jin Yingying , Ginn Anthony , Chen Jianjun , Sun Guodong 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe rise of Artificial intelligence (AI) heralds potentially profound impact on the Chinese calligraphic landscape (CCL). Considering AI's increasing agential capacities, the anthropocentric conception of CCL that presupposes the priority of human identities, emotion, and creative work has been challenged. However, geographers remain quiet about AI‐induced transformations up to date. To fill the research gap, this paper seeks to infuse more‐than‐human geographies into CCL. By taking a post‐human approach, cultural geographers would have a novel understanding of human being in the creation of CCL. This paper initially discusses three prominent changes brought by deep learning (DL) in such landscape: a new ontological actor, transitory, and represented space. Responding to these transformations, the paper reconceptualizes the CCL as a post human term and unravels socio‐spatial practices and diverse more‐than‐human geographies beneath such landscapes through three recent foci, namely robotic approaches to the CCL via DL, modeling experience brought about by AI, and human‐AI collaboration for the creation of the CCL. Ultimately, this paper inspires geographers to profoundly comprehend CCLs in an era of AI. Through all these attempts, this paper advances insights into CCLs as more‐than‐humans‐made.
Use of co‐design methodology in the development of cardiovascular disease secondary prevention interventions: A scoping review
Authors: Talevski Jason , Kulnik Stefan T. , Jessup Rebecca L. , Falls Roman , Cvetanovska Natali , Beauchamp Alison 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntroductionThere is growing evidence to support the use of co‐design in developing interventions across many disciplines. This scoping review aims to examine how co‐design methodology has been used in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) secondary prevention interventions within health and community settings.MethodsWe searched four academic databases for studies that used the co‐design approach to develop their intervention. Studies were included if consumers (adults with CVD) and key stakeholders (e.g. clinicians, service providers) were involved in the co‐design process. The review focused on methodology rather than traditional study outcomes; therefore, co‐design processes and activities were extracted and evaluated against a selected co‐design framework.ResultsTwenty‐two studies were included in this review. Studies were implemented across various settings with consumers and stakeholder groups most frequently consisting of patients and healthcare professionals, respectively. Most studies specifically stated that they used a ‘co‐design’ approach (n = 10); others used terms such as participatory action research (n = 3), user‐centred design (n = 3) and community‐based participatory research (n = 2). Although there was variability in terminology, co‐design processes, and participants, all studies adhered to the key principles of consumer engagement. Predominant co‐design activities included semistructured interviews, focus groups, co‐design/development workshops and advisory group meetings. Intervention effectiveness was assessed in eight studies showing mixed results.ConclusionsThis review provides an overview of how the co‐design approach has previously been used in the development of CVD secondary prevention interventions. These findings provide methodological considerations that can guide researchers and healthcare services when implementing co‐design to develop feasible and acceptable interventions that can improve outcomes for CVD populations.Patient or Public ContributionNo patients, service users, caregivers, people with lived experience or members of the public were involved in this scoping review. This review article was written by academics who have undertaken a significant amount of co‐design work with consumers and stakeholders.
Relative deprivation, time preference, and economic growth
Authors: Chakrabarty Debajyoti 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe study the growth process among a large group of economies where consumption relative to a reference group determines the discount factor of the household agents. We characterize all possible balanced growth paths and their stability properties. The model can explain why two economies having similar production technologies, preferences, and total factor productivity growth rates can differ in labor supply behavior and have diverging growth paths depending on their initial conditions. Numerical analysis of the model suggests that growth path divergence is plausible based on cross‐country differences in savings rates. History dependence on time preference also generates realistic transitional dynamics.
Exploring the effects of heat processing methods on the characteristic volatile flavour of walnut kernels based on multi‐sensory analysis
Authors: Peng Wu , Ouyang Hui , Xu Feiran , Li Shugang , Zhou Qi , Yu Xiongwei , Jin Long 
Published: November 2022

SummaryHeat processing has a significant effect on the flavour of walnut kernels, while the related analyses on their characteristic flavour changes have not been extensively studied yet. In this study, headspace solid phase micro‐extraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry‐olfactometry (HS‐SPME‐GC–MS‐O), electronic nose (E‐nose) and multivariate analysis methods were used to explore the effects of microwave, baking and drying treatments on the characteristic flavour of walnut kernels. The results showed that the content of aldehydes and heterocyclic compounds increased significantly after heat treatment. A total of eighty‐nine volatile compounds were identified by the above three heat processing methods, mainly aldehydes and alkanes, including twenty‐five aroma active substances and twelve potential markers. It also discovered that the flavour characteristics of walnut kernels changed from green to roasted and burnt odours after heat treatment, in which the microwave treatment group displayed the strongest roasted and burnt flavours among the above processing methods. The comparative analysis of the differences in characteristic flavour on walnut kernels via different heat processing methods could provide a technical support for the development of walnut products and their industrial utilisation.
Development of a method to identify persistent and blanchable redness by skin blotting in mice
Authors: Nakai Ayano , Minematsu Takeo , Nitta Shiori , Hsu Wei‐Jhen , Tobe Hiromi , Sanada Hiromi 
Published: November 2022

AbstractPersistent and blanchable redness (PBR) is not currently included in category I pressure injury (PI), which is defined as non‐blanchable redness (NBR). However, PBR progresses to PI in a clinical setting. Therefore, it should be clinically managed as category I PI, and a method to distinctly identify PBR is needed. This study aimed to examine whether PI‐related biomarkers can distinguish PRB from transient redness (TR) and NBR using skin blotting. TR, PBR, and NBR models were established by the different conditions of dorsal skin compression. Redness observation and skin blotting were performed, and the skin tissue samples were subjected to histological and molecular biological analyses. The vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) b, heat shock protein (Hsp) 90aa1, tumour necrosis factor, interleukin (Il) 1b, and Il6 messenger ribonucleic acid levels were significantly different between the three models. The VEGF‐A, VEGF‐B, IL‐1β, and IL‐6 protein levels were different between the three models. Although the results of skin blot examinations were inconsistent with those of the expression analysis of tissue, HSP90α and IL‐1β are suggested to be potential markers to distinguish PBR from TR and NBR.
Near‐shore island lizard fauna shaped by a combination of human‐mediated and natural dispersal
Authors: Salerno Patricia E. , Chan Lauren M. , Pauly Gregory B. , Funk W. Chris , Robertson Jeanne M. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAimIsland biotas provide opportunities to study colonization and adaptation to novel environments. Islands, especially near‐shore islands, may have a long record of human habitation such that some lineages result from human‐assisted introductions. Here, we combine phylogenetic analyses with fossil data and historical specimen records to reconstruct colonization histories, characterize among‐island divergence and assess the role of humans in shaping the evolutionary history of lizards inhabiting a near‐shore island archipelago.LocationChannel Islands and adjacent mainland of California, United States.TaxaWestern fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis), southern alligator lizard (Elgaria multicarinata), common side‐blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana).MethodsWe sequenced mitochondrial DNA (ND1, cyt‐b) from each of three lizard species, covering their entire island distributions plus the adjacent mainland. For each, we estimated diversity within and among each island, obtained maximum likelihood bootstrapped phylogenies, constructed haplotype networks and tested for population expansion. We used museum specimen records and microfossil evidence to infer colonization scenarios.ResultsSceloporus occidentalis is characterized by a single island‐colonization event, and exhibits the deepest divergences from mainland relatives and the highest among‐island divergence. Elgaria multicarinata and Uta stansburiana each have at least three distinct colonization events, with fossil and historical data indicating that some of these occurred after humans arrived to the islands.Main ConclusionsThe evolution of Channel Island lineages for two lizard taxa has been mediated by ancient and contemporary anthropogenic activity, while the evolution of the third is shaped by natural dispersal and vicariance caused by sea‐level rise. Genetic divergence corroborates the treatment of S. occidentalis as an endemic island species, Sceloporus becki. The unique histories of these three taxa are synthesized with other Channel Island lineages highlighting that taxa inhabiting islands with long histories of human activity should be carefully studied to assess the role of people in facilitating colonization and subsequent gene flow.
Electroacupuncture regulates macrophage, neutrophil, and oral microbiota to alleviate alveolar bone loss and inflammation in experimental ligature‐induced periodontitis
Authors: Liu Kehao , Yang Liangjie , Wang Xu , Huang Qi , Tuerhong Kamoran , Yang Mingcong , Zhang Rong , Li Yuzhou , Yang Sheng 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAimElectroacupuncture (EA) regulates distant body physiology through somatic sensory autonomic reflexes, balances the microbiome, and can promote the release of immune cells into bloodstream, thereby inhibiting severe systemic inflammation. This makes it possible to use EA as an integrated treatment for periodontitis.Materials and MethodsIn this study, EA was applied to the ST36 acupoints in a ligature‐induced periodontitis (LIP) mouse model. Then the effects of EA on periodontal myeloid cells, cytokines, and the microbiome were comprehensively analysed using flow cytometry, quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), and 16 S sequencing.ResultsResults demonstrated that EA could significantly relieve periodontal bone resorption. EA also suppressed the infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, reduced gene expression of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐17 and TNF‐α, and increased expression of the anti‐inflammatory factors IL‐4 and IL‐10 in periodontal tissues. Moreover, composition of the periodontal microbiome was regulated by EA, finding that complex of microbiota, including supragingival Veillonella, subgingival Streptococcus, and subgingival Erysipelatoclostridium, were significantly reduced. Meanwhile, nitrate and nitrate‐related activities of subgingival microbiota were reversed. Network analysis revealed close relationships among Veillonella, Streptococcus, and Bacteroides.ConclusionsOur study indicates that EA can effectively alleviate inflammation and bone resorption in LIP mice, potentially via the regulation of myeloid cells, cytokines, and periodontal microbiome.
100 years of Haldane's rule
Authors: Cowell Finn 
Published: November 2022

AbstractHaldane's rule is one of the ‘two rules of speciation’. It states that if one sex is ‘absent, rare or sterile’ in a hybrid population, then that sex will be heterogametic. Since Haldane first made this observation, 100 years have passed and still questions arise over how many independent examples exist and what the underlying causes of Haldane's rule are. This review aims to examine research that has occurred over the last century. It seeks to do so by discussing possible causes of Haldane's rule, as well as gaps in the research of these causes that could be readily addressed today. After 100 years of research, it can be concluded that Haldane's rule is a complicated one, and much current knowledge has been accrued by studying the model organisms of speciation. This has led to the primacy of dominance theory and faster‐male theory as explanations for Haldane's rule. However, some of the most interesting findings of the 21st century with regard to Haldane's rule have involved investigating a wider range of taxa emphasizing the need to continue using comparative methods, including ever more taxa as new cases are discovered.
Transcriptomic responses of females to consumption of nuptial food gifts as a potential mediator of sexual conflict in decorated crickets
Authors: Foquet Bert , Rapkin James , Sharma Manmohan D. , Sadd Ben M. , Sakaluk Scott K. , Hunt John 
Published: November 2022

AbstractNuptial food gift provisioning by males to females at mating is a strategy in many insects that is thought to be shaped by sexual conflict or sexual selection, as it affords males access to a female's physiology. While males often attempt to use these gifts to influence female behaviour to their own advantage, females can evolve counter mechanisms. In decorated crickets, the male's nuptial gift comprises part of the spermatophore, the spermatophylax, the feeding on which deters the female from prematurely terminating sperm transfer. However, ingested compounds in the spermatophylax and attachment of the sperm‐containing ampulla could further influence female physiology and behaviour. We investigated how mating per se and these two distinct routes of potential male‐mediated manipulation influence the female transcriptomic response. We conducted an RNA sequencing experiment on gut and head tissues from females for whom nuptial food gift consumption and receipt of an ejaculation were independently manipulated. In the gut tissue, we found that females not permitted to feed during mating exhibited decreased overall gene expression, possibly caused by a reduced gut function, but this was countered by feeding on the spermatophylax or a sham gift. In the head tissue, we found only low numbers of differentially expressed genes, but a gene co‐expression network analysis revealed that ampulla attachment and spermatophylax consumption independently induce distinct gene expression patterns. This study provides evidence that spermatophylax feeding alters the female post‐mating transcriptomic response in decorated crickets, highlighting its potential to mediate sexual conflict in this system.