bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Woody Plants Facilitate Herbaceous Plants in Dryland New Zealand?
Authors: Camara Amadou S. 
Published: July 2022

Aims: Woody plants are postulated to facilitate understory herbaceous plants in arid and semi-arid environments worldwide, the so-called ‘nurse plant’ effect, but this mechanism. has been little studied in the drylands of New Zealand. Indigenous dryland plants postulated to have grown under woody shrubs in New Zealand before European settlement may benefit from their recovery, or even their replacement by exotic substitutes. The aim of this study was to investigate woody pant facilitation of understory herbaceous plants in dryland New Zealand.
Study Design: In this study I investigated the effects of canopies of four shrub species – Kunzea serotina, Discaria toumatou, Rosa rubiginosa and Coprosma propinqua – on herbaceous plant species richness, in the presence and absence of rabbit grazing (for K. serotina).
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the drylands of Central Otago, New Zealand, from August 2007 to January 2009.
Results: Herbaceous plant species richness was lower under canopies of K. serotina, possibly because the dense canopy shaded the understorey plants. It was higher under C. propinqua, D. toumatou and R. rubiginosa canopies than in their adjacent open grasslands, but for all three species this effect was seen only in winter. Woody plant canopy protection of understorey herbaceous plants against winter frost may explain the effects. Grazing significantly decreased herbaceous plant species richness. Since D. toumatou, R. rubiginosa and C. propinqua showed facilitative effects on herbaceous plant species richness they are possible agents for the restoration of dryland vegetation.
Conclusion: I conclude that control of grazing and the protection of these three woody species could be a good management strategy for the maintenance of a predominantly indigenous dryland mixed herbaceous and woody vegetation in Central Otago.
Adoption and Implementation of E-Learning Framework for Shaikh Zayed University, Khost, Afghanistan
Authors: Taniwall Nasim Jan , Haider Muhammad Sharif , Hassan Samiullah , Salih Salih Khan , Ahmadi Abdul Rahim 
Published: July 2022

Ministry of higher education has recently launched an e-learning tool during the global COVID-19 pandemic in Afghanistan. Many higher learning institutions in Afghanistan have implemented e-learning tool because of its effectiveness as a learning approach. However, fever studies have shown that there are still low adoption rate of e-learning in higher education institutions in Afghanistan. This study explored the rate of adoption and an implementation framework of e-learning in Shaikh Zayed University Khost, Afghanistan. The strategy of inquiry is quantitative and the instrument for determining the perceptions of target group is questionnaire. A total of 120 instructors have participated in the survey in which some of them were IT Administrators. The survey result revealed that 37.08% of contents delivery is traditional on chalk and talk based, 47.91% contents delivered by instructors using projector and 31.66% academic staff use lab sessions at Shaikh Zayed University. As a result, the ministry of higher education in Afghanistan needs to have guidelines to help higher education institutions to implement e-learning successfully and efficiently.
In-vitro Evaluation of the Efficacy of Two Plant Extracts Allium sativum (Garlic) and Azadirachta indica (Neem) in the Control of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces cichoracearum of Abelmoschus esculentus (Okra)
Authors: Sani Modibbo Musa , Shefiu Oyewumi Zainab , Jacob Mekidani Salu , Chiamaka Ekemezie Success , Ada Amienyo Charity 
Published: July 2022

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the efficacy of extracts of some selected plant materials in the control of Powdery Mildew of Okra plant.
Study Design: Completely randomized design.
Place of Study: This study was carried out in the Biology Laboratory of the Department of Plant Science and Biotechnology.
Methodology: Three Okra farms showing symptoms of powdery mildew disease were surveyed, disease occurrence was recorded, and disease incidence was calculated. Leaves of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) showing symptoms of powdery mildew were collected from the farms. The disease incidence was recorded and the samples of infected leaves were collected from the farms and taken to the laboratory for microscopic examination. The fungus associated with the disease was isolated and cultured to obtain a pure culture. Pathogenicity test was carried out on a healthy okra plant. Extraction of the two plants were done using methanol and it was then diluted to different concentrations. The antifungal susceptibility test on Golovinomyces cichoracearum was carried out using the agar diffusion method and recorded at various concentrations of 50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, and 6.25 mg/ml under in-vitro conditions. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and antifungal activity were recorded at these concentrations.
Results: Results of phytochemical analysis showed that Alkaloids, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, Flavanoids, Tannins and Resins were present in both Allium sativum (garlic) and Azadirachta indica (neem). These phytochemicals present are suspected to be responsible for the antifungal activity of the plants. Out of the two plants, neem leaf extract was found to be best in the inhibition of the fungus at 50 mg/ml with a significantly high inhibition of 26.77±0.50 after the treatment. At P<= 0.05 there was a significant difference in the antifungal activity of the extract of A. indica on Golovinomyces cichoracearum.
Conclusion: The extracts of both Allium sativum (garlic) and Azadirachta indic (neem) possess antifungal properties, and may have the potential for the production of biopesticides, that can be used for the control of fungi.
Standardization of Amla Candy (Emblica officinalis L.) Cv. Kanchan
Authors: Sohshangrit Sacreacy , Prasad V. M. , Nura Cherish Sheeba 
Published: July 2022

An experiment was carried out at the Post Harvest Technology, Department of Horticulture, SHUATS, Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh) during the year 2021 - 2022. Amla is an indigenous fruit to the Indian subcontinent. It is a fruit that is now underutilized but has huge potential in the global market. It has got great potential in processed forms, such as candy. Attempts are being made to produce products that are not only nutritionally delicious but also acceptable among consumers. The medicinal, nutritional, and organoleptic quality of amla candy can be improved by the addition of different syrups in the amla candy like rose syrup, tulsi syrup, and ginger syrup. The experiment consisted of 6 different treatments comprising the different syrups (sugar syrup, rose syrup, tulsi syrup, ginger syrup) with the addition of the standard recommended dosage of citric acid and sodium benzoate. This investigation was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. After preparation, the amla candy samples were evaluated for Physico-chemical alterations, and sensory evaluation was done using a 9-point hedonic scale that was tested on a panel of 7 experts. These candies were stored for about 90 days at ambient temperature. From storage studies, it was revealed that total soluble solids and acidity increase gradually till the end of the experiment while pH and ascorbic acid are in decreasing order. On the basis of the organoleptic test concluded that the candy was prepared from cv. Kanchan and treatment with T2 (Amla + 68% Sugar syrup + 10% Spices) are found to be the best amla candy.
Screening for Export Potential Potato Varieties in Bangladesh
Authors: Islam Md Mazadul , Uddin Md Nasir , Naznin Sauda , Amin Md. Nurul , Mondol Md. Raziul Hassan , Naznin Afroz , Ferdous Md. Zannatul , Salim Md. , Karim Md. Rezaul , Kundu Bimal Chandra 
Published: July 2022

Aims: The main aim of this study was to find out the suitable variety having the export potentiality.
Study Design: The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block (RCB) design with the two replications in each location.
Place of the Study: The study was conducted in ten different agroecological environments across the country, namely Bogura, Jashore, Munshiganj, Gazipur, Patuakhali, Faridpur, Debiganj, Madaripur, Thakurgaon and Rangpur district of Bangladesh during November 2020 to March 2021.
Methodology: Sixty-two released potato varieties and exotic materials were used as planting materials for the experiment. Whole seed tubers of 28–40 mm were planted in the last week of November with a spacing of 60 cm between the rows and 20 cm between the plants. The crops were harvested at full maturity during March. Tuber yield was determined by adding the weights of marketable and unmarketable tubers from the net plot area and converting them to tons per hectare. After that, the tubers were graded in different grades and the dry matter of the potato was analyzed.
Results: Considering the results, the location Rangpur, Thakurgaon, Debiganj and Bogura are the most suitable place for export variety cultivation in Bangladesh. The potato variety and genotypes 13.7, BARI Alu-12, BARI Alu-61, BARI Alu-68, BARI Alu-73 and Innovator were found promising for export for their yield, tuber size and dry matter content.
Conclusion: The variety having good yield, bigger size and high dry matter could be selected for export from Bangladesh and the better-performed regions can be utilized for export quality potato production in Bangladesh.
Life-Changing Coping Mechanisms and Resilience Strategies of Post-Natal Unmarried Teenage Mothers in the Central Region, Ghana
Authors: Nkansah Jacob Oppong , Ababio Mark Opoku , Awuviry-Newton Kofi 
Published: July 2022

Aim: The paper aimed at exploring the life-changing coping and interventional strategies adopted by unmarried teenage mothers in Enyan Denkyira in the Central Region of Ghana.
Methods: The paper adopted the phenomenological design and through Snowballing and Purposive techniques, sampled 15 unmarried teenage mothers, 10 church leaders, and 2 District Assembly officials who accounted for their daily coping mechanisms and interventional strategies existing for teenage mothers in the Enyan Denkyira District.
Results: The study revealed that teenage mothers in Enyan Denkyira continued to engage in labor-intensive occupations such as fetching water for construction works and washing other people's clothes to make ends meet. It was evident that when the support they got from sympathizers did not come and their other sources of income also failed, they were pushed into relying on men which made them become perpetual victims of unprepared pregnancy and premature motherhood.
Conclusion: It was therefore recommended that the Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) money should be expanded to benefit more teenage mothers. Also, religious bodies, institutions, and the family must be encouraged and supported by the government to continue to play their roles as sources of social protection for teenage mothers instead of neglecting them.
Mathematical Programming Assisted Drug Design for Nonclassical Antifolates
Authors: Garg Sanjeev , Achenie Luke E. K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA concept from optimization theory, specifically, mathematical programming, is proposed for designing drugs with desired properties. The mathematical programming formulation is solved to obtain the optimal descriptor values, which are employed in the Cerius2modeling environment to infer the optimal lead candidates, in the sense that they exhibit both high selectivity and activity while ensuring low toxicity. It has been observed that unique substituent groups and their molecular conformations are responsible for attaining the goal of simultaneous high selectivity and activity. Both linear and nonlinear quantitative structure activity relationships (QSARs) have been developed for use in the proposed approach. A comparative study of these models is done, and it is shown that the QSARs are well represented by nonlinear models. The proposed mathematical programming strategy has been demonstrated for a class of nonclassical antifolates forPneumocistiscariniiandToxoplasma gondiidihydofolate reductase. Some of the potential leads found in this study have biological properties similar to those in the open literature. We believe the technique proposed is general and can be applied to other structure based drug design.
A Column Design for Reducing Viscous Fingering in Size Exclusion Chromatography
Authors: Fernandez Erik J. , Norton T. Tucker , Jung William C. , Tsavalas John G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractUnder high concentration overload conditions, resolution during size exclusion chromatography of proteins can be compromised due to nonuniform flow caused by the viscous fingering flow instability. In this work, the nonuniform flow under these chromatographic conditions is analyzed by numerical simulation and magnetic resonance imaging. On the basis of an improved understanding of the flow phenomena, a new column design is proposed. The effectiveness of the design is evaluated by chromatography, magnetic resonance imaging, and numerical simulation.
Substrate Controlled Fed‐Batch Production of l‐Lysine with Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Weuster‐Botz D. , Kelle R. , Frantzen M. , Wandrey C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA fed‐batch process for the production of l‐lysine with Corynebacterium glutamicum in a stirred tank reactor was developed up to a 150‐L scale applying the general approach of reaction engineering: Experimental optimization of medium composition (13 components: mineral salts and biotin) in parallel shake‐flask experiments using a Genetic Algorithm and the study of l‐leucine, ammonia, and phosphate supply in glucose controlled fed‐batch fermentations resulted in a volumetric l‐lysine productivity of 8.3 mol/(m3·h), a l‐lysine yield of 32% (mol/mol), and a l‐lysine concentration of 500 mM. The glucose concentration was controlled to 50 mM using on‐line HPLC and semicontinuous extended Kalman‐filter with a minimum variance controller. Nitrogen accumulation of the C. glutamicum cells in the early process phase for subsequent l‐lysine formation was identified by means of a reaction engineering analysis. Glucose limitation in the inoculum (1–2 h) results in growth linked l‐lysine production with a differential l‐lysine selectivity of 38% (mol/mol) and a maximum cell specific l‐lysine production rate of 1.1 mmol/(g·h) . l‐Lysine was not growth linked produced, if the inoculum was transferred at the exponential state.
Effects of Secondary Flow Caused by a Curved Channel on Plasma Protein Adsorption to Artificial Surfaces
Authors: Pfeiffer Natasha , Mandrusov Evgenia , Vroman Leo , Leonard Edward F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe effects of secondary flow induced by a curved channel on fibrinogen deposition and replacement on a glass surface were studied. Platelet adhesion to surface‐bound fibrinogen was also studied to indicate how secondary flow may affect thrombogenesis on artificial surfaces. A saline pre‐wetted channel with straight and curved sections was exposed to flowing plasma at a Reynolds number of 28.6. Results show that fibrinogen deposited on the surface at a shear rate of 175 s−1 was replaced faster in regions of secondary flow (Dean numbers from 11 to 19) than in adjacent regions of shear flow. Platelets adhered only to those surfaces where fibrinogen had been detected.
Retrospective study: the presence ofMalasseziain feline skin biopsies. A clinicopathological study
Authors: Mauldin Elizabeth A. , Morris Daniel O. , Goldschmidt Michael H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMalasseziaspp. dermatitis, a rare disorder in cats, has previously been associated with immune suppression and internal malignancies. This study evaluates the presence and importance ofMalasseziaspp. in feline biopsy specimens submitted for histopathological examination. Five hundred and fifty haematoxylin and eosin‐stained skin biopsy specimens received for histopathological examination between January 1999 and November 2000 were reviewed. Fifteen (2.7%) submissions containedMalasseziaorganisms in the stratum corneum of the epidermis or follicular infundibulum. Eleven of 15 cats presented with an acute onset of multifocal to generalized skin lesions. All 11 cats were euthanized or died within 2 months of the onset of clinical signs. Seven cats had dermatopathological changes and clinical signs supportive of paraneoplastic alopecia, and three cats had an interface dermatitis suggestive of erythema multiforme or thymoma‐associated dermatosis. Histopathological changes were nonspecific in one cat that was euthanized 2 weeks following onset of severe pruritus and alopecia. In three cats,Malasseziaspp. were found in localized sites (two chin, one footpads) and appeared inconsequential to their overall health status. One cat hadMalasseziaspp. in association with cutaneous demodicosis. These findings suggest thatMalasseziayeast in dermatopathological specimens from multifocal or generalized lesions should prompt a thorough clinical work‐up for internal neoplasia.
Histamine response and local cooling in the human skin: involvement of H1‐ and H2‐receptors
Authors: Grossmann M. , Jamieson M. J. , Kirch W. 
Published: July 2002

Aims
Histamine may contribute locally to cutaneous blood flow control under normal and pathologic conditions. The objective of this study was to observe the influence of skin temperature on histamine vasodilation, and the roles of H1‐and H2‐receptors using novel noninvasive methods.
Methods
Eleven healthy subjects received, double‐blind, single doses of the H1‐receptor antagonist cetirizine (10 mg), cetirizine (10 mg) plus the H2‐receptor antagonist cimetidine (400 mg), or placebo on separate occasions. Histamine was dosed cumulatively by iontophoresis to the forearm skin at 34° C and 14° C. Laser‐Doppler flux (LDF) was measured at the same sites using customised probeholder/iontophoretic chambers with Peltier cooling elements. Finger mean arterial pressure (MAP) was measured and cutaneous vascular conductance calculated as LDF/MAP.
Results
Histamine vasodilation was reduced in cold skin. Cetirizine shifted the histamine dose‐response at both temperatures: statistically significantly at 14° C only. Combined H1‐ and H2‐receptor antagonism shifted the response significantly at both temperatures.
Conclusions
H1‐ and H2‐receptors mediate histamine‐induced skin vasodilation. The sensitivity of these receptors, particularly the H1‐ receptor, is attenuated at low skin temperature. Whether the reduced effect in cold skin represents specific receptor or postreceptor desensitization, or nonspecific attenuation of cutaneous vasodilation remains to be elucidated.
Leaf age effects of elevated CO2‐grown white oak leaves on spring‐feeding lepidopterans
Authors: Williams RaY. S. , Lincoln David E. , Norby Richard J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFolivorous insect responses to elevated CO2‐grown tree species may be complicated by phytochemical changes as leaves age. For example, young expanding leaves in tree species may be less affected by enriched CO2‐alterations in leaf phytochemistry than older mature leaves due to shorter exposure times to elevated CO2atmospheres. This, in turn, could result in different effects on early vs. late instar larvae of herbivorous insects. To address this, seedlings of white oak (Quercus albaL.), grown in open‐top chambers under ambient and elevated CO2, were fed to two important early spring feeding herbivores; gypsy moth (Lymantria disparL.), and forest tent caterpillar (Malacosoma disstriaHübner). Young, expanding leaves were presented to early instar larvae, and older fully expanded or mature leaves to late instar larvae. Young leaves had significantly lower leaf nitrogen content and significantly higher total nonstructural carbohydrate:nitrogen ratio as plant CO2concentration rose, while nonstructural carbohydrates and total carbon‐based phenolics were unaffected by plant CO2treatment. These phytochemical changes contributed to a significant reduction in the growth rate of early instar gypsy moth larvae, while growth rates of forest tent caterpillar were unaffected. The differences in insect responses were attributed to an increase in the nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) of early instar forest tent caterpillar larvae feeding on elevated CO2‐grown leaves, while early instar gypsy moth larval NUE remained unchanged among the treatments. Later instar larvae of both insect species experienced larger reductions in foliage quality on elevated CO2‐grown leaves than earlier instars, as the carbohydrate:nitrogen ratio of leaves substantially increased. Despite this, neither insect species exhibited changes in growth or consumption rates between CO2treatments in the later instar. An increase in NUE was apparently responsible for offsetting reduced foliar nitrogen for the late instar larvae of both species.
The structure of an aphid–parasitoid community
Authors: MU­Ller C. B. , Adriaanse I. C. T. , Belshaw R. , Godfray H. C. J. 
Published: July 2002

1.A quantitative parasitoid web was constructed describing the trophic relationships between the community of aphids, parasitoids and secondary parasitoids in an abandoned field in southern England. Root aphids were omitted and secondary parasitoids were associated with aphids rather than primary parasitoids. All aphids, parasitoids and trophic links were expressed in the same units (m−2). Over a 2‐year period, separate webs were constructed for every month that aphids and parasitoids were active in the field.2.Twenty‐six species of plants were attacked by 25 species of aphid which were parasitized by 18 species of primary parasitoids. The primary parasitoids were attacked by 28 species of secondary parasitoids, of which 18 directly attacked the still living aphid (hyperparasitoids) and 10 attacked the aphid after mummification (mummy parasitoids). The aphids were attended by three species of ants.3.Eleven webs were constructed for the months May to September 1994 and May to October 1995. Aphids and primary parasitoids were most abundant and diverse in June, and secondary parasitoids one month later.4.The ratios of the number of aphid species to the number of species of primary parasitoid and hyperparasitoid were relatively constant across webs, as was the ratio of the number of links involving hyperparasitoids and mummy parasitoids. The ratio of the total number of links to the total number of species increased with web size.5.The relative abundance of the species in the different webs was well described by a Dirichlet distribution with a common parameter. This implies a gamma distribution of aphid abundances in the field with few common and many rare species.6.Predator (i.e. parasitoid) overlap graphs were constructed to assess the potential for indirect interactions between aphids. Mummy parasitoids were the most important group linking different aphids. A quantitative overlap diagram was developed to illustrate the potential strengths of indirect linkages. Common aphid species shared few strong, indirect links via primary parasitoids or hyperparasitoids, but could be strongly linked by mummy parasitoids. Symmetrical links were uncommon, and rare species were potentially strongly influenced by the presence of common aphids with which they shared parasitoids.7.Ant‐attended aphids were attacked by fewer species of primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids than those species not attended by ants. Species of mummy parasitoids attack, on average, approximately twice the number of host species than species of either primary parasitoids or hyperparasitoids.