bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diverse heliorhodopsins detected via functional metagenomics in freshwater Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Archaea
Authors: Chazan Ariel , Rozenberg Andrey , Mannen Kentaro , Nagata Takashi , Tahan Ran , Yaish Shir , Larom Shirley , Inoue Keiichi , Béjà Oded , Pushkarev Alina 
Published: January 2022

SummaryThe recently discovered rhodopsin family of heliorhodopsins (HeRs) is abundant in diverse microbial environments. So far, the functional and biological roles of HeRs remain unknown. To tackle this issue, we combined experimental and computational screens to gain some novel insights. Here, 10 readily expressed HeR genes were found using functional metagenomics on samples from two freshwater environments. These HeRs originated from diverse prokaryotic groups: Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Archaea. Heterologously expressed HeRs absorbed light in the green and yellow wavelengths (543–562 nm) and their photocycles exhibited diverse kinetic characteristics. To approach the physiological function of the HeRs, we used our environmental clones along with thousands of microbial genomes to analyze genes neighbouring HeRs. The strongest association was found with the DegV family involved in activation of fatty acids, which allowed us to hypothesize that HeRs might be involved in light‐induced membrane lipid modifications.
COVID‐19 and involuntary detention: An emergency medicine or emergency management responsibility?
Authors: Wilson Joel , Dean Jessica , Cunningham Nicola 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has thrown up innumerable challenges throughout the world, especially evident in the healthcare system. In emergency medicine, there is a new urgency around the clinical and ethical dilemmas clinicians face as they make decisions that impact upon the lives of their patients. Emergency clinicians are accustomed to upholding duty of care and acting in the best interests of patients. Clinical judgements are made every day about a patient's capacity to make their own decisions and act with free will. It is foreseeable that a duty of care owed to a patient may be in conflict with the responsibility to the health and safety of a community. What is particularly fraught for clinicians is the lack of clarity around this potential duty of care to the community, and navigating the potential conflict with duty of care to the patient. How much danger does the community need to be in, and how definable, imminent and specific does that risk need to be? An attempt to protect the community may well constitute either a breach of confidentiality or a breach of duty of care. This paper will explore the complex issues of respect for autonomy and the principle of non‐maleficence, in the setting of COVID‐19 and public health orders and illustrate the uncomfortable uncertainty that exists surrounding care of some of the most vulnerable patients in the community when their actions are contrary to public health recommendations.
CRISPR‐mediated mutagenesis of the odorant receptor co‐receptor (Orco) gene disrupts olfaction‐mediated behaviors in Bactrocera dorsalis
Authors: Xu Li , Jiang Hong‐Bo , Tang Kai‐Yue , Yan Ying , Schetelig Marc F. , Wang Jin‐Jun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractOlfaction plays an essential role in insect behavior such as host location, foraging, mating, and oviposition. The odorant receptor co‐receptor (Orco) is an obligatory odorant receptor and indispensable in odor perception. Here, we characterized the Orco gene from the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), a notorious agriculture pest. The olfactory deficiency mutants were generated by editing the BdorOrco gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Electroantennograms (EAG) and olfactory preference assays confirmed that BdorOrco−/− mutant flies had reduced perception of methyl eugenol, β‐caryophyllene, and ethyl acetate. Oviposition bioassays showed that the eggs laid by BdorOrco−/− females mediated by benzothiazole and 1‐octen‐3‐ol were significantly decreased. In addition, BdorOrco−/− mutant flies took a significantly longer time to locate the food source compared with wild type (WT) flies. Altogether, our data indicated that Orco is essential for multiple physiological processes in B. dorsalis, and it expands our understanding of the function of insect Orco.
Scientism as illusio in HR algorithms: Towards a framework for algorithmic hygiene for bias proofing
Authors: Vassilopoulou Joana , Kyriakidou Olivia , Özbilgin Mustafa F. , Groutsis Dimitria 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHuman Resource (HR) algorithms are now widely used for decision making in the field of HR. In this paper, we examine how biases may become entrenched in HR algorithms, which are often designed without consultation with HR specialists, assumed to operate with scientific objectivity and often viewed as instruments beyond scrutiny. Using three orienting concepts such as scientism, illusio and rationales, we demonstrate why and how biases of HR algorithms go unchecked and in turn may perpetuate the biases in HR systems and consequent HR decisions. Based on a narrative review, we examine bias in HR algorithms; provide a methodology for algorithmic hygiene for HR professionals.
Enhanced arthrocentesis of the effusive knee with pneumatic compression
Authors: Brahmbhatt Sumir , Iqbal Ahsan , Jafari Farshami Fatemeh , Muruganandam Maheswari , Trost Jaren R. , Cisneros David R. , Kiani Adnan N. , McElwee Matthew K. , Hayward William A. , Haseler Luke J. , Band Philip A. , Sibbitt Wilmer L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimComplete arthrocentesis of the effusive knee ameliorates patient pain, reduces intra‐articular and intraosseous pressure, removes inflammatory cytokines, and has been shown to substantially improve the therapeutic outcomes of intra‐articular injections. However, conventional arthrocentesis incompletely decompresses the knee, leaving considerable residual synovial fluid in the intra‐articular space. The present study determined whether external pneumatic circumferential compression of the effusive knee permitted more successful arthrocentesis and complete joint decompression.MethodsUsing a paired sample design, 50 consecutive effusive knees underwent conventional arthrocentesis and then arthrocentesis with pneumatic compression. Pneumatic compression was applied to the superior knee using a conventional thigh blood pressure cuff inflated to 100 mm Hg which compressed the suprapatellar bursa and patellofemoral joint, forcing fluid from the superior knee to the anterolateral portal where the fluid could be accessed. Arthrocentesis success and fluid yield in mL before and after pneumatic compression were determined.ResultsSuccessful diagnostic arthrocentesis (≥3 mL) of the effusive knee was 82% (41/50) with conventional arthrocentesis and increased to 100% (50/50) with pneumatic compression (P = .001). Synovial fluid yields increased by 144% (19.8 ± 17.1 mL) with pneumatic compression (conventional arthrocentesis; 13.7 ± 16.4 mL, pneumatic compression: 33.4 ± 26.5 mL; 95% CI: 10.9 < 19.7 < 28.9 mL, P < .0001).ConclusionsConventional arthrocentesis routinely does not fully decompress the effusive knee. External circumferential pneumatic compression markedly improves arthrocentesis success and fluid yield, and permits complete decompression of the effusive knee. Pneumatic compression of the effusive knee with a thigh blood pressure cuff is an inexpensive and widely available technique to improve arthrocentesis outcomes.
Behavioural programmes for cigarette smoking cessation: investigating interactions between behavioural, motivational and delivery components in a systematic review and component network meta‐analysis
Authors: Hartmann‐Boyce Jamie , Ordóñez‐Mena José M. , Livingstone‐Banks Jonathan , Fanshawe Thomas R. , Lindson Nicola , Freeman Suzanne C. , Sutton Alex J. , Theodoulou Annika , Aveyard Paul 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimsTo investigate the comparative and combined effectiveness of four types of components of behavioural interventions for cigarette smoking cessation: behavioural (e.g. counselling), motivational (e.g. focus on reasons to quit), delivery mode (e.g. phone) and provider (e.g. nurse).DesignSystematic review and component network meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials identified from Cochrane reviews. Interventions included behavioural interventions for smoking cessation (including all non‐pharmacological interventions, e.g. counselling, exercise, hypnotherapy, self‐help materials), compared with another behavioural intervention or no support. Building on a 2021 review (CD013229), we conducted three analyses, investigating: comparative effectiveness of the components, whether models that allowed interactions between components gave different results to models assuming additivity, and predicted effect estimates for combined effects of components that had showed promise but where there were few trials.SettingCommunity and health‐care settings.ParticipantsAdults who smoke tobacco.MeasurementsSmoking cessation at ≥6 months, preferring sustained, biochemically validated outcomes where available.FindingsThree hundred and twelve trials (250 563 participants) were included. Fifty were at high risk of bias using Cochrane risk of bias tool, V1 (ROB1); excluding these studies did not change findings. Head‐to‐head comparisons of components suggested that support via text message (SMS) compared with telephone (OR 1.48, 95% CrI 1.13–1.94) or print materials (OR 1.44, 95% CrI 1.14–1.83) was more effective, and individual delivery was less effective than delivery as part of a group (OR 0.78, 95% CrI 0.64–0.95). There was no conclusive evidence of synergistic or antagonistic interactions when combining components that were commonly used together. Adding multiple components that are commonly used in behavioural counselling suggested clinically relevant and statistically conclusive evidence of benefit. Components with the largest effects that could be combined, but rarely have been, were estimated to increase the odds of quitting between two and threefold. For example, financial incentives delivered via SMS, with tailoring and a focus on how to quit, had an estimated OR of 2.94 (95% CrI 1.91–4.52).ConclusionsAmong the components of behavioural support for smoking cessation, behavioural counselling and guaranteed financial incentives are associated with the greatest success. Incorporating additional components associated with effectiveness may further increase benefit, with delivery via text message showing particular promise.
Tobacco use during pregnancy
Authors: Havard Alys , Chandran Jonathan James , Oei Ju Lee 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe use of tobacco during pregnancy is the leading preventable cause of pregnancy complications and adverse birth outcomes. In high‐income countries, around one in 10 pregnant women smokes tobacco, while smokeless tobacco is the primary form of tobacco used in many low‐ and middle‐income countries. Although the risk of tobacco‐related harms can be reduced substantially if mothers cease smoking in the first trimester of pregnancy, the proportion of women who successfully quit smoking during pregnancy remains modest. Psychosocial interventions are first‐line treatment, with some high‐quality evidence showing that counselling is effective in promoting smoking cessation among pregnant women. There is insufficient evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of smoking cessation pharmacotherapies when used during pregnancy, although in some countries nicotine replacement therapy is recommended for pregnant women who have been unable to quit without pharmacological assistance. E‐cigarettes are increasingly being used as a smoking cessation aid in the general population of smokers, but more research is needed to determine if e‐cigarettes are a safe and effective treatment option for pregnant women.
Dietary K+ acts as a genuine diuretic
Authors: Svendsen Samuel L. , Kornvig Simon , Berg Peder , Jensen Iben S. , de Araujo Isabela B. B. A. , Larsen Casper K. , Leipziger Jens , Sørensen Mads V. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractK+ balance in mammals relies on regulated renal K+ excretion matching unregulated fluctuating K+ intake. Upon a K+ rich meal, rapid and powerful K+ excretion is needed. Renal K+ secretion is stimulated by the increased tubular flow. We speculated that high K+ intake acutely increases urinary flow to stimulate K+ excretion.MethodsMice were K+ challenged through diets or gavage. Post K+ loading urinary output, osmolarity, [K+]u, [Na+]u, plasma osmolarity, [copeptin]p, [K+]p, and [Na+]p were measured. To locate the mechanism of K+‐induced diuresis in the glomerular/tubular system we measured creatinine excretion and assessed functional transport in isolated perfused TALs and CDs during an acute [K+]bl switch from 3.6 to 6.5 mM. Molecular adaptations of transport proteins involved in water reabsorption were investigated by immunoblotting.Results(1) Mice switched from a 1% to 2% K+ diet increased diuresis within 12 hours and reciprocally reduced diuresis when switched from 1% to 0.01% K+ diet. (2) A single K+ gavage load, corresponding to 25%‐50% of daily K+ intake, induced 100% increase in diuresis within 30 minutes. This occurred despite augmented plasma osmolarity and AVP synthesis. (3) K+ gavage did not change GFR. (4) In isolated perfused TALs, shifting [K+]bl from 3.6 to 6.5 mM did not affect AVP‐induced NaCl transport. (5) In sharp contrast, in isolated perfused CDs, shifting [K+]bl from 3.6 to 6.5 mM markedly reduced CD AVP sensitivity, ie inhibited water absorption.ConclusionDietary K+ loading induces a rapidly on‐setting diuresis. The mechanism of K+‐induced diuresis involves desensitization of the CD to AVP.
Inhaled nebulised unfractionated heparin for the treatment of hospitalised patients with COVID‐19: A multicentre case series of 98 patients
Authors: van Haren Frank M. P. , van Loon Lex M. , Steins Anne , Smoot Thomas L. , Sas Caitlin , Staas Sabrina , Vilaseca Alicia B. , Barbera Ruben A. , Vidmar Gustavo , Beccari Hugo , Popilevsky Frida , Daribayeva Eleonora , Venkatesan Bhuvaneshwari , Mozes Susan , Postel Rachel , Popilevski Natalie , Webb Andrew , Nunes Quentin , Laffey John G. , Artigas Antonio , Smith Roger , Dixon Barry , Richardson Alice , Yoon Hwan‐Jin , Page Clive 
Published: January 2022

AimsTo determine the safety and efficacy‐potential of inhaled nebulised unfractionated heparin (UFH) in the treatment of hospitalised patients with COVID‐19.MethodsRetrospective, uncontrolled multicentre single‐arm case series of hospitalised patients with laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19, treated with inhaled nebulised UFH (5000 IU q8h, 10 000 IU q4h, or 25 000 IU q6h) for 6 ± 3 (mean ± standard deviation) days. Outcomes were activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) before treatment (baseline) and highest‐level during treatment (peak), and adverse events including bleeding. Exploratory efficacy outcomes were oxygenation, assessed by ratio of oxygen saturation to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) and FiO2, and the World Health Organisation modified ordinal clinical scale.ResultsThere were 98 patients included. In patients on stable prophylactic or therapeutic systemic anticoagulant therapy but not receiving therapeutic UFH infusion, APTT levels increased from baseline of 34 ± 10 seconds to a peak of 38 ± 11 seconds (P < .0001). In 3 patients on therapeutic UFH infusion, APTT levels did not significantly increase from baseline of 72 ± 20 to a peak of 84 ± 28 seconds (P = .17). Two patients had serious adverse events: bleeding gastric ulcer requiring transfusion and thigh haematoma; both were on therapeutic anticoagulation. Minor bleeding occurred in 16 patients, 13 of whom were on therapeutic anticoagulation. The oxygen saturation/FiO2 ratio and the FiO2 worsened before and improved after commencement of inhaled UFH (change in slope, P < .001).ConclusionInhaled nebulised UFH in hospitalised patients with COVID‐19 was safe. Although statistically significant, inhaled nebulised UFH did not produce a clinically relevant increase in APTT (peak values in the normal range). Urgent randomised evaluation of nebulised UFH in patients with COVID‐19 is warranted and several studies are currently underway.
Surgical volume threshold to improve 3‐year survival in designated cancer care hospitals in 2004‐2012 in Japan
Authors: Okawa Sumiyo , Tabuchi Takahiro , Nakata Kayo , Morishima Toshitaka , Koyama Shihoko , Odani Satomi , Miyashiro Isao 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn Japan, cancer care hospitals designated by the national government have a surgical volume requirement of 400 annually, which is not necessarily defined based on patient outcomes. This study aimed to estimate surgical volume thresholds that ensure optimal 3‐year survival for three periods. In total, 186 965 patients who had undergone surgery for solid cancers in 66 designated cancer care hospitals in Osaka between 2004 and 2012 were examined using data from a population‐based cancer registry. These hospitals were categorized by the annual surgical volume of each 50 surgeries (eg, 0‐49, 50‐99, and so on). Using multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression, we estimated the adjusted 3‐year survival probability per surgical volume category for 2004‐2006, 2007‐2009, and 2010‐2012. Using the joinpoint regression model that computes inflection points in a linear relationship, we estimated the points at which the trend of the association between surgical volume and survival probability changes, defining them as surgical volume thresholds. The adjusted 3‐year survival ranges were 71.7%‐90.0%, 68.2%‐90.0%, and 79.2%‐90.3% in 2004‐2006, 2007‐2009, and 2010‐2012, respectively. The surgical volume thresholds were identified at 100‐149 in 2004‐2006 and 2007‐2009 and 200‐249 in 2010‐2012. The extents of change in the adjusted 3‐year survival probability per increase of 50 surgical volumes were +4.00%, +6.88%, and +1.79% points until the threshold and +0.41%, +0.30%, and +0.11% points after the threshold in 2004‐2006, 2007‐2009, and 2010‐2012, respectively. The existing surgical volume requirements met our estimated thresholds. Surgical volume thresholds based on the association with patient survival may be used as a reference to validate the surgical volume requirement.
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of the outcome of puborectalis division in the treatment of anismus
Authors: Emile Sameh Hany , Barsom Samer Hani , Khan Sualeh Muslim , Wexner Steven D. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimAnismus is a common cause of obstructed defaecation syndrome (ODS). The aim of the present review is to assess the efficacy and safety of puborectalis muscle (PRM) division in the treatment of anismus.MethodPubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies that assessed the outcome of PRM division in the treatment of anismus. The main outcome measures were subjective improvement in ODS, decrease in the Wexner constipation score and ODS score, and complications, namely faecal incontinence (FI).ResultsTen studies (204 patients, 63.7% male) were included. The weighted mean rate of initial subjective improvement across randomized trials was 97.6% (95% CI 94%–100%) and across nonrandomized studies it was 63.1 (95% CI 39.3%–87%). The weighted mean rate of 12‐month improvement across randomized trials was 64.9% (95% CI 53.3%–76.4%) and across nonrandomized studies it was 55.9% (95% CI 30.8%–81%). The weighted mean rate of FI across randomized trials was 12.1% (95% CI 4.2%–20%) and across nonrandomized studies it was 10.4% (95% CI 1.6%–19.3%). Male sex and unilateral PRM division were significantly associated with recurrence of symptoms after PRM division. Bilateral PRM division, posterior division, complete division and concomitant sphincterotomy were significantly associated with FI after PRM division.ConclusionsThe use of PRM division for treatment of anismus was followed by some initial improvement in ODS symptoms which decreased to <60% 12 months after PRM division. The mean rate of FI after PRM division, namely 10%–12%, is a limitation of the technique. Further well‐designed trials are needed to verify the outcome of PRM division in the treatment of anismus.
More than a feeling: Cognitive beliefs and positive—but not negative—affect predict overall attitudes toward predators
Authors: Perry Laura R. , Moorhouse Tom P. , Jacobsen Kim , Loveridge Andrew J. , Macdonald David W. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAttitudes, which can be thought of as the sum of individuals' thoughts, feelings, and beliefs concerning an attitude object, inform how people interact with the world around them. An understanding of attitudes may play an important role in promoting desirable human behavior, and attitudes studies should be incorporated into any behavior‐change intervention. One framework for understanding attitudes is the ABC, or “tripartite” model, which says that affect (“A,” i.e., emotional response); previous behavior (“B”); and cognition (“C,” i.e., beliefs) are the basis for an individual's attitude. Although this framework is widely used in social psychology, few conservation studies break down the “attitude” monolith into these more usable components. In this study, we sought apply the ABC framework to understand how affect and cognitive beliefs relate to overall attitude toward predators across southern Kenya and north‐west Zimbabwe. We used a factor analysis approach to identify latent affective (n = 3) and cognitive (n = 3) factors relating to human–predator interactions. These factors were then used to construct a regression model, which examined the power of the psychological factors to explain overall attitudes toward predators. We found that the model explained 27% of variation in attitudes, with four independently significant factors: location; perceived harms of living with predators; perceived benefits of killing predators; and positive affect. Although effect sizes were relatively small, these results suggest that cognitive beliefs may substantially influence attitudes, and therefore that interventions which seek to (a) remove the factual basis for negative beliefs and (b) improve perceptions or dispel unfounded beliefs may play a significant role in changing overall attitudes toward predators.
Outcomes among CMV‐mismatched and highly sensitized kidney transplants recipients who develop neutropenia
Authors: Brar Sandeep , Berry Reyoot , Raval Amit D. , Tang Yuexin , Vincenti Flavio , Skartsis Nikolaos 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLimited data exist on the incidence and clinical outcomes of neutropenia among kidney transplant recipients. Our study included 572 adults who received a kidney transplant at the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center between 2012 and 2018, and were CMV‐mismatched or had a PRA ≥ 80%. Recipients with HIV, Hepatitis B and C, and primary non‐function were excluded. Participants were followed for at least 1 year after transplantation. Neutropenia was defined as absolute neutrophil count < 1000 cells/μl. Cox proportional hazards regression models using neutropenia as a time‐varying predictor were used to determine the risk of mycophenolic acid and valganciclovir changes, rejection, hospitalizations and use of granulocyte colony stimulating factor. Models were adjusted for demographics and transplant characteristics. Mean follow‐up was 3.7 (SD, 1.8) years. The mean age of the cohort was 50.4 (13.1) years, and 57.5% were female. A total of 208 (36.3%) participants had neutropenia. Neutropenia was associated with an increased risk of valganciclovir or MPA dose reductions or discontinuations [adjusted hazard ratio, aHR: 7.78, 95% CI: 4.73–12.81], rejection [aHR 2.00, 95% CI: 1.10–3.64] and hospitalizations [aHR 3.32, 95% CI: 2.12–5.19]. Neutropenia occurs frequently after kidney transplantation and leads to more medication changes and adverse clinical outcomes.