bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic Properties of Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Air at Low Temperatures
Authors: Claitor L. C. , Crawford D. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The proper engineering design of modern low-pressure tonnage oxygen plants requires data on the thermodynamic properties of oxygen, nitrogen, and air that are more accurate than those previously available from charts. In this paper, new temperature-entropy diagrams of suitable scale are presented for these materials over a range of temperatures and pressures adequate for the purpose. These diagrams are calculated from literature data on zero-pressure heat capacity and latent heats of vaporization, and from a reduced equation of state which was obtained from a correlation of literature data on volumes, Joule-Thomson coefficients, and velocity-of-sound measurements.
Zero-Pressure Thermodynamic Properties of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Gratch Serge 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this report are presented tables of the principal thermodynamic properties of carbon dioxide along the zero-pressure isobar in the range 100 to 5000 deg R at the intervals indicated by the numbers in parentheses as follows: 100(5)130(10)240(20)500(50)1000(100)2000(200)5000. The data have been computed by the methods of quantum statistical mechanics from best available information regarding (a) the general physical constants, (b) the spectroscopic constants for carbon dioxide, (c) the isotopic weights of carbon and oxygen, (d) the relevant abundance ratios. The computations were carried out in the University of Pennsylvania Thermodynamics Research Laboratory under Project G-12. Computational accuracy well beyond present physical accuracy has been maintained for practical reasons. It is believed that the tables given herein should supersede all previous ones. Although the estimated uncertainties of the values tabulated are still somewhat larger than those for some of the simpler molecules, they are probably small enough for most engineering applications. The calculated values are in fair agreement with those obtained from calorimetric and acoustic-velocity measurements.
Mechanical Vibration of Piping Induced by Gas-Pressure Pulsations
Authors: Baird R. C. , Bechtold I. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The generation and nature of gas-pressure pulses from reciprocating compressor action are described, together with the propagation of such pulses through pipe lines. The means whereby pulse energy is converted to mechanical vibration is discussed by the aid of analogous mechanical, acoustical, and electrical oscillatory systems. The economic importance of minimizing vibration in compressor and compressor-dependent installations is indicated.
Designing and Developing Ford Engines for Medium and Heavy Tanks
Authors: Ponta Peter H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As the Ford Motor Company’s contribution to the present symposium on development of power plants for tanks, the author outlines the design and construction details of the 60-deg V-type eight-cylinder four-cycle gasoline tank engine of which 25,000 units were built for the Ordnance Department during the war. Solution of problems which developed during the early days of this engine are discussed. Finally, as track-laying combat machines such as gun carriers, became heavier, the demand for units of greater power brought about the design of the 60-deg twelve-cylinder engine, which the author mentions briefly.
Fracture of Some Aluminum Alloys Under Combined Stress
Authors: Thomsen E. G. , Cunningham D. M. , Dorn J. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An analytical determination of the forming limits of metals requires knowledge of plastic flow, buckling characteristics, local plastic behavior, and fracture laws of metals under combined stresses. Although the plastic flow of work-hardenable metals is now a fairly well-developed subject, our information on the remaining topics is incomplete; there is a great need for additional data on the fracture of metals under combined stresses. This need was recognized by the Office of Production Research and Development, which sponsored the following investigation as part of its “Study of the Forming Properties of Aluminum Alloy Sheet.” The data reported herein were selected exclusively from Part 19, OPRD. Report No. W-225, July 27, 1945, which has been released by the OPRD. In order to study the fracture of metals under combined stresses thin-walled tubular specimens of aluminum alloys 24S-T, 24S-T80, and 24S-T81 were subjected to axial loads and internal pressures. The ratios of load to pressure were adjusted to give stress ratios covering the tension-tension and tension-compression fields of biaxial stress. Predictions based upon the “critical normal stress law” and the “critical hydrostatic tension stress law” were in serious disagreement with the experimental facts, while predictions based upon the “critical shear stress law” were in approximate agreement.
Effect of Spacing Between Dies in the Tandem Drawing of Tubular Parts
Authors: Sachs George , Espey George 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the drawing of tubular parts over a mandrel, several dies in tandem are often used to perform greater total reductions. The results of the investigation reported in this paper demonstrate the importance of a sufficiently large spacing when drawing tubular parts with a tandemdie arrangement. The total reductions achievable with a given spacing are a maximum if the first reduction is as close as possible to the maximum reduction obtainable with a single die. A spacing close to 3 times the diameter of the drawpiece will give substantially the same total reduction as two single draws for any tubular part having an initial wall thickness of less than 10 per cent of its diameter. For tubular parts having a very thin wall, the required spacing might even be smaller than 3 times the diameter.
Temperature Charts for Induction and Constant-Temperature Heating
Authors: Heisler M. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Charts are presented for determining complete temperature histories in spheres, cylinders, and plates. It is shown that for values of the dimensionless time ratio X greater than 0.2 the heating equations reduce to such a simple form that for each shape two charts which give temperatures at any position within the heated or cooled bodies can be plotted. It is also shown that the usual simple heating and cooling charts can also be used for the determination of temperatures and heating times in bodies heated by a constant rate of heat generation at the surface (induction heating). Finally, a two-dimensional chart is given for finding heating times in short cylinders, thereby eliminating the trial-and-error solution that is necessary when heating times are found from the present one-dimensional charts.
Investigation of Flow in Liquids by Use of Birefringent Colloidal Solutions of Vanadium Pentoxide
Authors: Ullyott Philip 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The author, engaged on hydrological research on the Bosphorus (1) and interested in diffusion and turbulence as biological environmental factors, was first induced to try a flow-birefringence method on a macroscopic scale, as a result of reading a paper on the shape of protein molecules (2). The use of vanadium-pentoxide sols as a birefringent medium for the demonstration of fluid flow was so successful that Prof. J. C. Bliss, Dean of the Engineering School at Robert College, encouraged the author to write a preliminary publication emphasizing the possibility of engineering application. On account of the pressure of other work, the manuscript was not ready until the beginning of September, 1945. It appears that, unknown to the author, the method of flow birefringence has been in use for some time. In a recent article by Walter Leaf (3) the following statement is made: “This process was developed in the chemical-engineering department of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology by D. R. Dewey, 2nd, under the direction of Dr. E. A. Hauser about 4 years ago.” The process involves the use of the birefringent properties of bentonite clays (named from Fort Benton, Wyoming). Jerome Alexander (4), writing in 1925, quotes a report of Edgar T. Wherry to the effect that “under the microscope, between crossed nicols, the grains (of bentonite) show distinct double refraction.…. the grains being of visible dimensions in two dimensions,…. yet of colloidal dimensions in the third.” The isolation of Istanbul during the war period perhaps accounts for the fact that the M.I.T. work was overlooked. On account of this, the title and a number of sections in the original manuscript of this paper have been modified or omitted, because their inclusion after the appearance of Leaf’s publication would have been redundant. More particularly, sections on the use of polarized light, see Taylor (5), and on the construction of experimental apparatus have either been omitted entirely or reduced to a minimum. However, it seemed in place to leave a little of the theory upon which the method is based, and to emphasize the suitability of vanadium-pentoxide sols as a birefringent medium, particularly where photographic recording is desirable.
The Hardened and Tempered Microstructure of High-Speed Tool Steel as a Factor in Tool Performance
Authors: Wooding W. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The hardened and tempered metallurgical characteristics of a large number of tools representing various types of high-speed steels were studied to determine the probable cause for variation in tool life during conduct of continuous roughing-cut performance tests. The studies included the austenitic grain size, hardened and tempered microstructure, the Rockwell hardness of the finished tools, and the Shepherd hardened fracture grain size, as well as comparison of these properties with tool performance. The results of these studies indicated that, for various lots of a type of high-speed tool steel subjected to the same heat-treatment, variations do occur in tool performance, austenitic grain size, hardened and tempered microstructure, Rockwell hardness, and hardened fracture grain size. Of the variables observed, the hardened and tempered microstructure showed direct correlation with variation in tool performance. Within normal limits there appears to be no relationship between the hardened and tempered microstructure and the austenitic grain size, Rockwell hardness, or hardened fracture grain size. For lots of the same type of high-speed tool steel, subjected to the same heat-treatment, the characteristics of the hardened and tempered microstructure are directly associated with the speed of response, i.e., solution of carbide in the material at the austenitizing temperature. Red hardness being a function of the quantity of carbide dissolved during heat-treatment, the characteristics of the hardened and tempered microstructure are associated with red hardness and therefore are of considerable influence in the performance of tools.
X-Ray Diffraction as a Gage for Measuring Cold Work Produced in Milling
Authors: Zankl F. , Barkow A. G. , Schmidt A. O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An x-ray diffraction analysis established the fact that the cold work produced in the workpiece was effected by the radial-rake angle of the milling cutter. A milling cutter with a negative radial-rake angle required more power than a cutter with a positive radial-rake angle. This study also revealed the fact that the negative radial-rake-angle cutter produced a more intense and deeper cold work in the workpiece, both in the case of two magnesium alloys and in S.A.E. 1020 steel.
Tracer-Point Sharpness as Affecting Roughness Measurements
Authors: Williamson D. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tracer points are commonly made in conical form with a spherical tip for contacting the surface. Through measurement of surfaces with diamond points of various tip radius, it is shown that even relatively large radii may be used. The 0.0005-in-radius point commonly used in averaging instruments is wholly adequate for surfaces tested.
Master Charts for the Design of Vessels Under External Pressure
Authors: Windenburg D. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the theoretical equations underlying nondimensional charts suitable for the design of circular cylindrical steel vessels under external pressure. The method used in constructing the charts is shown and their advantages and limitations are discussed. It is shown also how the charts can be used for the design of pressure vessels constructed of nonferrous and other materials which have nonlinear compressive stress-strain curves.
Computing Strength of Vessels Subjected to External Pressure
Authors: Sturm R. G. , O’Brien H. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This is a brief discussion of variables and considerations that must be treated when designing a pressure vessel for the collapsing load. A description is given of collapsing-pressure diagrams and the formula used in determining values. A method is presented which eliminates trial-and-error solutions by use of appropriate charts based upon instantaneous moduli of elasticity. Calculations and charts are shown for “A” nickel and stainless steel 17-7; (SA264, Type 301).
Investigation of Acid Attack on Boilers and the Effect of Repeated Acid Cleaning on the Metal
Authors: Farmer H. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The results of this investigation have served to clarify some of the controlling factors of acid attack which were not generally recognized. The investigation shows that stressed metal is more readily attacked by inhibited acid than stress-relieved metal. With a knowledge of the controlling factors, such as temperature, acid strength, and contact time, the operator can acid-clean boilers with a reasonable assurance that corrosion or metal attack will be reduced to a minimum.
Heavy-Duty Chain Drives for Marine Propulsion Service
Authors: Bremer N. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During the war, because of the shortage of helical-gear and electric drives for smaller Diesel-powered ships, transmission chain which had had a long record of successful applications in industry, was adopted for marine service. In 1942, after the Navy Department, Bureau of Ships, had conducted a series of tests on chain drive, it was fitted on 65-ft and 110-ft harbor tugs, and the Army Transportation Corps FP cargo vessels. This paper points out the advantages as well as the limitations of chain transmission applied to ship propulsion and mentions factors which contribute to efficiency, long life, quietness, and low maintenance costs.
The Horizontal Cyclone Burner
Authors: Grunert A. E. , Skog L. , Wilcoxson L. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to determine the practicability of burning crushed coal in the horizontal cyclone burner, tests were conducted some years ago on a 3-ft-diam model. Subsequently, a 5-ft-diam burner together with a secondary chamber and boiler were constructed and operated as a pilot plant, proving the feasibility of the burner and achieving many advantages in economy of construction and operation. As a result of successful pilot-plant operation, a developmental installation was made at the Calumet Station of the Commonwealth Edison Company of Chicago. This was an installation involving a steam-generating unit of 150,000 to 180,000 lb steam capacity per hr. The unit has been operating since September, 1944, during which time much experimental work has been done to improve the operating characteristics. The performance of this horizontal cyclone burner has definitely proved the principles involved to be sound, providing a simple, reliable, and efficient means of burning coals, particularly of the poorer grades having a high percentage of ash with low burning temperature.
Specific Studies Pertaining to Tool Wear, Chip Characteristics, and Surface Finish of Free-Cutting Steels
Authors: Witteman G. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Variables affecting cutting performances are estimated by several investigators to run into millions. These figures are raised to astronomical proportions and are therefore of no practicable value if we take into account variations in the analysis of the steel being cut, and the effect of the various phases in steelmaking, i.e., rolling, heat-treatment, cold-working, etc. Naturally, metallurgical control is essential if satisfactory machinability is to be attained. Specific cases are given, illustrating how increases in hardening elements will affect machinability. Studies of chip sizes and characteristics, supplemented by color photographs, give interesting information on machining properties and tool wear. Microhardness tests are used to study metallurgical differences and the effect of elements such as nitrogen and boron on the various constituents of the steel.
Effect of Microstructure on Machinability of Cast Irons—II
Authors: Field Michael , Stansbury E. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The general investigation of the effect of microstructure on the machinability of cast iron reported in Part I was continued on structures of varying pearlite and graphite size but with the addition of about five per cent of free steadite, the iron - iron phosphide eutectic. Finally, straight malleable iron and one type of pearlitic malleable iron were studied. The straight malleable iron had a structure consisting of ferrite and nodular graphite while the pearlitic malleable structure consisted of recombined carbon, ferrite, and nodular graphite. The tool life, power requirements, and surface finish were determined for these structures, and comparisons are shown with the structures of Part I. By means of these data the expected machinability of a cast iron can be determined by comparing its microstructure with those presented in this and the previous paper.
Instrumentation for Flight Testing of Thermal Anti-Icing Systems
Authors: Droege W. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
At present there are only meager design data available to the aeronautical industry on the amount of heat necessary to keep an airfoil anti-iced in various icing conditions. Data obtained at the Aeronautical Ice Research Laboratory at Minneapolis from flight tests of thermal anti-icing systems of several U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft were limited by the instrumentation installed by the individual manufacturers. The specifications presented to guide the aeronautical industry in the instrumentation of such systems thus far have not been adequate. This has resulted in varied instrumentation of similar systems, giving a variety of results that were difficult to analyze and co-ordinate. It is desirable to draw upon the past experience of the Aeronautical Ice Research Laboratory to present what are felt to be the minimum instrumentation requirements for thermal anti-icing systems. The requirements presented herein should not be considered final, as additional instrumentation for more complex systems may be required in the future.
Abrupt Energy Transformation in Flowing Gases
Authors: Bailey N. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
After setting up the basic equations of energy, flow, and acceleration, this paper compares theoretical and actual plane compression shocks in tubes. By making the single-plane-angle shock a special case of a plane shock, curves for solving numerical cases are presented. Even though most angle shocks encountered in engineering are three-dimensional, it is felt that the simple theory of single-plane shocks is helpful in understanding such phenomena without the complications of three-dimensional theory. Traverses of three-dimensional angle shocks in nozzle and orifice discharges are presented and discussed, and temperature traverses through shock diamonds in high-temperature streams are shown. Although no complete explanation exists for thermocouple readings in excess of the total gas temperature in such high-temperature shocks, their existence is established. As a last case of abrupt energy transformation in gas streams, tests of combustion with flow in a constant-area tube are given. Experiment and analysis agree that the assumptions of constant-area flow and steady or continuous flow do not appear to be simultaneously tenable when combustion is present.
Orifice Discharge Coefficients in the Viscous-Flow Range
Authors: Peterson G. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper covers the results obtained from calibrating two orifice assembly units for use in measuring lubricating-oil flow rates in aviation engines during flight. A brief summary of available published data on orifice coefficients in the viscous-flow range is included. In view of the limited amount of available published data of this type, it is suggested that the Fluid Meters Committee consider the need for publishing orifice-coefficient data in the viscous-flow range in the A.S.M.E. Fluid Meters Report.
Thermal Anti-Icing Survey on Mt. Washington
Authors: Guibert A. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Data on the performance of a few electrically heated cylinders of varying diameter and of an electrically heated airfoil in icing conditions are presented. The rate of catch of the supercooled drops (pounds of water per hour for 1-ft span) and the heat rate per unit area are given, together with a comment on the surface conditions, so that some indication of the severity of icing may be obtained. In general, it can be said that a heat requirement greater than that given in A.A.F. specifications for thermal antiicing seems indicated. The partial wettedness of the heated surfaces which was observed on the test equipment on Mt. Washington requires revision of the basic equations presented in a report by Tribus, Tessman, et al. (1). Computations of the ratio of the mass-transfer (evaporation) area to the heat-transfer area, on the basis of the revised equation similar to one suggested by Tribus were made for a number of runs and the results are presented in tabular form. The effects of various surface treatments with respect to surface wettedness and with respect to the heat-transfer data are discussed briefly.
Development and Testing of a Gas-Turbine Combustor
Authors: Hershey A. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper treats of the development work on a combustor for a 2200-hp gas turbine, and its subsequent performance under tests. The design involved a simple and compact unit operating on the open cycle without regenerator, reheater, or intercooler. Because of the necessity of using No. 6 or bunker C fuel, with inherent burning difficulties under the limitations imposed by the specifications, many problems had to be overcome before an efficient combustor could be assured.
Centrifugal Governor in Elevator Service
Authors: Hymans F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the performance of the governor during the period of free fall of the car upon a failure of the hoisting ropes. In two examples, one in connection with a medium-speed and the other with a slow-speed elevator, the performance of the governor is determined together with the inertia forces necessary for a rational design. For purposes of comparison, the same governor is used in both examples, adapted to the different car speeds by suitable gearing to the driving sheave.
Internal-Shoe Clutches and Brakes
Authors: Von Mehren O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Too often the design of internal-shoe clutches is treated inadequately, in some cases even, dependence being placed upon empirical formulas which fail to provide complete utilization of the potential capacities of this type of unit. The author discusses these shortcomings of current practice and presents the problems in connection with this type of clutch or brake which require classification. An exact method with relative formulas is provided for the necessary design calculations. The text is supplemented by appendixes in which the derivation of the formulas is given, as well as a mathematical analysis of the entire design problem.