bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of smoother grain boundaries in 2D materials using high deposition rates during the last stages of growth
Authors: Aarão Reis Fabio D A , Marguet Bastien , Pierre-Louis Olivier 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Grain boundary (GB) roughness can affect electronic and mechanical properties of two-dimensional materials. This roughness depends crucially on the growth process by which the two-dimensional material is formed. To investigate the key mechanisms that govern the GB roughening, we have performed kinetic Monte Carlo simulations of a simple model that includes particle attachment, detachment, and diffusion. We have studied the closure of the gap between two flakes during growth, and the subsequent formation of the GB for a broad range of model parameters. The well-known near-equilibrium (attachment-limited) and unstable (diffusion-limited) growth regimes are identified, but we also observe a third regime when the precursor flux is sufficiently high to saturate the gap between the edges with diffusing species. This high deposition rate regime forms GBs with spatially uncorrelated roughness, which quickly relax to smoother configurations. Extrapolating the numerical results (with support from a theoretical approach) to edge lengths and gap widths of some micrometres, we confirm the advantage of this regime to produce GBs with minimal roughness faster than near-equilibrium conditions. This suggests an unexpected route towards efficient growth of two-dimensional materials with smooth GBs.
Zr alloying effects on the microstructure, compression performance and oxidation resistance of refractory high entropy alloys
Authors: Zhang Song , Li Rui , Xu Yonggang 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three refractory high entropy alloys (RHEAs) with nominal compositions of Mo0.5NbHf0.25CrZrxTiAl (x = 0, 0.5, 1, mole ratio) were prepared by vacuum non-consumable arc melting technology. The influences of Zr addition on the microstructure, compressive performance and oxidation resistance at 1473 K of RHEAs were investigated and evaluated integrally. The results show that the three RHEAs are all composed of BCC1, BCC2 and Laves phases. With increasing the Zr content, the microstructure of RHEA has gradually become BCC1 + BCC2 eutectics, and also the area fraction of BCC2 phase exhibits a rising trend. Both peak stresses are displayed at the strains of near 0.03 and 0.08 respectively in the compressive stress-strain curves of the three RHEAs. On the whole, the compressive yield strength of RHEA shows an increasing trend with Zr addition. The oxide scales of the three RHEAs all possess good adhesion and obviously layered structures. The different oxidation products are distributed in their oxide scales and internal oxidation zones. The oxidation resistance of RHEA is dramatically degraded due to the decreased compactness of the oxide scale with Zr addition.
Direct determination of arbitrary dimensional entanglement monotones using statistical correlators and minimal complementary measurements
Authors: Ghosh Debadrita , Jennewein Thomas , Sinha Urbasi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Higher dimensional quantum systems (qudits) present a potentially more efficient means, compared to qubits, for implementing various information theoretic tasks. One of the ubiquitous resources in such explorations is entanglement. Entanglement monotones (EMs) are of key importance, particularly for assessing the efficacy of a given entangled state as a resource for information theoretic tasks. Till date, investigations towards determination of EMs have focused on providing their tighter lower bounds. There is yet no general scheme available for direct determination of the EMs. Consequently, an empirical determination of any EM has not yet been achieved for entangled qudit states. The present paper fills this gap, both theoretically as well as experimentally. First, we derive analytical relations between statistical correlation measures i.e. mutual predictability (MP), mutual information (MI) and Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) and standard EMs i.e. negativity (N) and entanglement of formation (EOF) in arbitrary dimensions. As a proof of concept, we then experimentally measure MP, MI and PCC of two-qutrit pure states and determine their N and EOF using these derived relations. This is a useful addition to the experimenter’s toolkit wherein by using a limited number of measurements (in this case 1 set of measurements), one can directly measure the EMs in a bipartite arbitrary dimensional system. We obtain the value of N for our bipartite qutrit to be 0.907 ± 0.013 and the EOF to be 1.323 ± 0.022. Since the present scheme enables determination of more than one EM by the same limited number of measurements, we argue that it can serve as a unique experimental platform for quantitatively comparing and contrasting the operational implications of EMs as well as showing their non-monotonicity for a given bipartite pure qudit state.
Superconductivity of high-entropy-alloy-type transition-metal zirconide (Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Ga)Zr2
Authors: Kasem Md Riad , Arima Hiroto , Ikeda Yoichi , Yamashita Aichi , Mizuguchi Yoshikazu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We synthesized a new high-entropy-alloy-type (HEA-type) superconductor (Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Ga)Zr2 with a T
c of 2.9 K. The EDX analyses revealed that the actual composition of the transition-metal site (Tr-site) is Tr = Fe0.17(1)Co0.18(2)Ni0.21(2)Cu0.25(1)Ga0.19(1), which gives the configurational entropy of mixing ΔS
mix = 1.60 R for the Tr site. Neutron powder diffraction revealed that the sample has a tetragonal CuAl2-type (space group: #140). The lattice constant of a monotonically decreases with decreasing temperature, but the lattice constant of c does not exhibit a clear shrinkage. Isotropic displacement parameter for both the Tr and Zr sites are large, which is probably caused by the HEA-type Tr site. The small temperature dependences of U
iso for both sites also indicate the presence of the local structural disorder in (Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Ga)Zr2. From electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, and specific heat measurements, bulk superconductivity was confirmed.
Roadmap on Li-ion battery manufacturing research
Authors: Grant Patrick S , Greenwood David , Pardikar Kunal , Smith Rachel , Entwistle Thomas , Middlemiss Laurence A , Murray Glen , Cussen Serena A , Lain M J , Capener M J , Copley M , Reynolds Carl D , Hare Sam D , Simmons Mark J H , Kendrick Emma , Zankowski Stanislaw P , Wheeler Samuel , Zhu Pengcheng , Slater Peter R , Zhang Ye Shui , Morrison Andrew R T , Dawson Will , Li Juntao , Shearing Paul R , Brett Dan J L , Matthews Guillaume , Ge Ruihuan , Drummond Ross , Tredenick Eloise C , Cheng Chuan , Duncan Stephen R , Boyce Adam M , Faraji-Niri Mona , Marco James , Roman-Ramirez Luis A , Harper Charlotte , Blackmore Paul , Shelley Tim , Mohsseni Ahmad , Cumming Denis J 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth in the Li-ion battery market continues to accelerate, driven primarily by the increasing need for economic energy storage for electric vehicles. Electrode manufacture by slurry casting is the first main step in cell production but much of the manufacturing optimisation is based on trial and error, know-how and individual expertise. Advancing manufacturing science that underpins Li-ion battery electrode production is critical to adding to the electrode manufacturing value chain. Overcoming the current barriers in electrode manufacturing requires advances in materials, manufacturing technology, in-line process metrology and data analytics, and can enable improvements in cell performance, quality, safety and process sustainability. In this roadmap we explore the research opportunities to improve each stage of the electrode manufacturing process, from materials synthesis through to electrode calendering. We highlight the role of new process technology, such as dry processing, and advanced electrode design supported through electrode level, physics-based modelling. Progress in data driven models of electrode manufacturing processes is also considered. We conclude there is a growing need for innovations in process metrology to aid fundamental understanding and to enable feedback control, an opportunity for electrode design to reduce trial and error, and an urgent imperative to improve the sustainability of manufacture.
Simple mechanism rules the dynamics of volleyball
Authors: Chacoma Andrés , Billoni Orlando V 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In volleyball games, we define a rally as the succession of events observed since the ball is served until one of the two teams on the court scores the point. In this process, athletes evolve in response to physical and information constraints, spanning several spatiotemporal scales and interplaying co-adaptively with the environment. Aiming to study the emergence of complexity in this system, we carried out a study focused on three steps: data collection, data analysis, and modeling. First, we collected data from 20 high-level professional volleyball games. Then we conducted a data-driven analysis from where we identified fundamental insights that we used to define a parsimonious stochastic model for the dynamics of the game. On these bases, we show that it is possible to give a closed-form expression for the probability that the players perform n hits in a rally using only two stochastic variables. Our results fully agree with the empirical observations and represent a new advance in the comprehension of team-sports competition complexity and dynamics.
Determinant of 𝔽_{𝕡}-hypergeometric solutions under ample reduction
Authors: Varchenko Alexander 
Published: August 2022

We consider the KZ differential equations over

C

\mathbb {C}

in the case, when the hypergeometric solutions are one-dimensional integrals. We also consider the same differential equations over a finite field

F

p

\mathbb {F}_p

. We study the polynomial solutions of these differential equations over

F

p

\mathbb {F}_p

, constructed in a previous work joint with V. Schechtman and called the

F

p

\mathbb {F}_p

-hypergeometric solutions.

The dimension of the space of

F

p

\mathbb {F}_p

-hypergeometric solutions depends on the prime number

p
p

. We say that the KZ equations have ample reduction for a prime

p
p

, if the dimension of the space of

F

p

\mathbb {F}_p

-hypergeometric solutions is maximal possible, that is, equal to the dimension of the space of solutions of the corresponding KZ equations over

C

\mathbb {C}

. Under the assumption of ample reduction, we prove a determinant formula for the matrix of coordinates of basis

F

p

\mathbb {F}_p

-hypergeometric solutions. The formula is analogous to the corresponding formula for the determinant of the matrix of coordinates of basis complex hypergeometric solutions, in which binomials

(

z
i

−

z
j

)

M
i

+

M
j

(z_i-z_j)^{M_i+M_j}

are replaced with

(

z
i

−

z
j

)

M
i

+

M
j

−
p

(z_i-z_j)^{M_i+M_j-p}

and the Euler gamma function

Γ
(
x
)

\Gamma (x)

is replaced with a suitable

F

p

\mathbb {F}_p

-analog

Γ

F

p

(
x
)

\Gamma _{\mathbb {F}_p}(x)

defined on

F

p

\mathbb {F}_p

.
Vicious Cycle: Violations of Foreign Nationals’ Rights among CAT Countries
Authors: Kahn-Nisser Sara 
Published: August 2022

ABSTRACTThis article explains abuse of foreigners’ rights by identifying an unexplored by-product of human rights shaming—reciprocation. By identifying this phenomenon, the article explains countries’ noncompliance with treaty obligations, focusing in particular on noncompliance with the Convention against Torture's (CAT) provisions on foreign nationals’ rights. States who learn about violations of their citizens’ rights in other ratifying countries violate foreigners’ rights at home. The article hypothesizes that the likelihood of violations of foreign nationals’ rights in a country is positively associated with mentions of violations of that country's citizens’ rights in other treaty countries. To test these propositions, the article presents new data on countries’ violations of foreign nationals’ human rights as documented in the CAT Treaty Body's reports. The results of rare events logistic regression analysis support the hypothesis. Conceptualizing this dynamic among CAT countries as negative diffuse reciprocity, the article draws theoretical conclusions and policy implications.
Correlation between Bacterial Wound Colonization and Skin-Graft Loss in Burn Patients
Authors: Wellkamp Lukas , Obed Doha , Enechukwu Anieto Onochie Matthias , Bingoel Alperen Sabri , Dastagir Khaled , Vogt Peter Maria 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Loss of skin grafts can be a dangerous complication during the early postoperative course of patients with extensive burns. A major risk factor for impaired healing of grafts is local wound infection due to bacterial colonization. Burn wounds are particularly prone to bacterial colonization. In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed correlations between bacteria isolates from burn wounds and loss of skin grafts after surgical treatment. A cohort of patients with burn wounds who received split-skin grafts for wound coverage was divided into groups with and without loss of skin grafts. Demographics, comorbidities, trauma characteristics and bacterial isolates from wound cultures were reviewed and compared. Bacterial colonization isolated from burn wounds upon hospital admission was found to be a significant predictor of skin-graft loss. Additionally, an Abbreviated Burn Severity Index greater 6 predicted graft loss. When comparing bacterial swab results from admission with isolates from revision surgery after graft loss, causative pathogens were found to have changed.
Incidence of in Situ vs Invasive Melanoma: Testing the “Obligate Precursor” Hypothesis
Authors: Olsen Catherine M , Pandeya Nirmala , Rosenberg Philip S , Whiteman David C 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Melanoma incidence has been rising in populations with predominantly European ancestry (White), speculated to be partly driven by heightened detection of indolent tumors. If in situ melanomas are destined to evolve to invasive cancers, detecting and removing them should deplete the pool of invasive lesions, and people with in situ melanoma should, on average, be younger than those with invasive melanoma.

Methods
We analyzed long-term incidence trends (1982-2018) for in situ and invasive melanomas in 3 predominantly White populations with high, medium, and low melanoma rates: Queensland (Australia), United States White, and Scotland. We calculated the incidence rate ratio (IRR) of in situ to invasive melanomas and estimated the contributions of age, period, and cohort effects. We compared age at diagnosis of in situ vs invasive melanomas overall and stratified by sex and anatomic site.

Results
In all 3 populations, the in situ to invasive incidence rate ratio increased statistically significantly from less than 0.3 in 1982 to 1.95 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.88 to 2.02) in Queensland, 0.93 (95% CI = 0.90 to 0.96) in the US White population, and 0.58 (95% CI = 0.54 to 0.63) in Scotland in 2018. The mean age at diagnosis of in situ melanomas was the same or higher than invasive melanomas for almost all time periods among men and women and on all body sites except the lower limbs.

Conclusions
The increasing ratio of in situ to invasive melanoma incidence over time, together with the high (and increasing) mean age at diagnosis of in situ melanomas, is consistent with more indolent lesions coming to clinical attention than in previous eras.
Primary and Secondary Attack Rates by Vaccination Status after a SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) Variant Outbreak at a Youth Summer Camp—Texas, June 2021
Authors: Baker Julia M , Shah Melisa M , O’Hegarty Michelle , Pomeroy Mary , Keiser Philip , Ren Ping , Weaver Scott C , Maknojia Sara , Machado Rafael R G , Mitchell Brooke M , McConnell Allan , Tate Jacqueline E , Kirking Hannah L 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Children are capable of initiating COVID-19 transmission into households, but many questions remain about the impact of vaccination on transmission. Data from a COVID-19 Delta variant outbreak at an overnight camp in Texas during June 23–27, 2021, were analyzed. The camp had 451 attendees, including 364 youths aged  &lt; 18 years and 87 adults. Detailed interviews were conducted with 92 (20.4%) of consenting attendees and 117 household members of interviewed attendees with COVID-19. Among 450 attendees with known case status, the attack rate was 41%, including 42% among youths; attack rates were lower among vaccinated (13%) than among unvaccinated youths (48%). The secondary attack rate was 51% among 115 household contacts of 55 interviewed index patients. Secondary infections occurred in 67% of unvaccinated household members and 33% of fully or partially vaccinated household members. Analyses suggested that household member vaccination and camp attendee masking at home protected against household transmission.
Single-incision laparoscopic ileocolectomy for solitary cecal colon diverticulitis with calcified fecalith: a case report
Authors: Shimizu Akito , Yoshimitsu Masanori , Yano Takuya , Chogahara Ichiya , Fukuhara Sotaro , Nakano Kanyu , Idani Hitoshi , Okajima Masazumi , Ishida Michihiro , Satoh Daisuke , Choda Yasuhiro , Shirakawa Yasuhiro , Matsukawa Hiroyoshi , Shiozaki Shigehiro 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The prevalence of colonic diverticular disease has been on the increase in Japan due to an increase in westernized diet and a rapidly aging population. However, solitary cecal diverticulum is rare and considered congenital in etiology. Solitary cecal diverticulitis with calcified fecaliths is even rarer. Herein, we report a case of cecal colon diverticulitis caused by a calcified fecalith in a 38-year-old woman treated with single-incision laparoscopic surgery. To the best of our knowledge, this report describes the first case of cecal colon diverticulitis caused by a calcified fecalith that was successfully treated with single-incision laparoscopic ileocolectomy.
Superior mesenteric artery syndrome secondary to thyrotoxicosis
Authors: Jacobs Abigail , Brasileiro Silva Pacheco Tulio , Sohail Amir , Goparaju Anirudha 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome is defined as a narrowed space and decreased angle between the SMA and aorta leading to partial or complete obstruction of the third portion of the duodenum. SMA syndrome patients may have comorbid conditions associated with extreme weight loss, hypermetabolism or malnutrition. We present the case of a 55-year-old male with SMA syndrome due to acute weight loss secondary to thyrotoxicosis. The patient was nutritionally optimized and euthyroid prior to undergoing a robotic-assisted duodenojejunostomy. In this patient, the thyrotoxicosis was controlled medically, and he remained euthyroid postoperatively. His duodenal obstruction was relieved by the operation and he continued to gain weight appropriately.
Weavers, Scribes, and Kings
Authors: Podany Amanda H. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis sweeping history of the ancient Near East (Mesopotamia, Syria, Anatolia, Iran) takes readers on a journey from the creation of the world’s first cities to the conquests of Alexander the Great. The book is built around the life stories of many ancient men and women, from kings, priestesses, and merchants to bricklayers, musicians, and weavers. Their habits of daily life, beliefs, triumphs, and crises, and the changes that they faced over time are explored through their written words and the archaeological remains of the buildings, cities, and empires in which they lived. Rather than chronicling three thousand years of kingdoms, the book instead creates a tapestry of life stories through which readers come to know specific individuals from many walks of life, and to understand their places within the broad history of events and institutions in the ancient Near East. These life stories are preserved on ancient cuneiform tablets, which allow us, for example, to trace the career of a weaver as she advanced to became a supervisor of a workshop, to listen to a king trying to persuade his generals to prepare for a siege, and to feel the pain of a starving young couple who were driven to sell all four of their young children into slavery during a famine. What might seem at first glance to be a remote and inaccessible ancient culture proves to be a comprehensible world, one that bequeathed to us many of our institutions and beliefs, a truly fascinating place to visit.
Builders and Organizers
Authors: Podany Amanda H. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe chapter begins with an overview of developments in the ancient Near East prior to the growth of cities, such as long-distance trade, beginnings of settlements, farming, and the invention of pottery. Uruk was the first city of the Near East to have monumental architecture and a population of tens of thousands of inhabitants. It seems to have been the biggest city in the world in 3500 bce and it was the site of many innovations that had a lasting impact on the Near East and the world. A remarkable structure called the Stone Cone Temple provides a window into several aspects of the society and economy of the time. Although the temple was built before writing was invented, archaeologists can draw conclusions about its construction based on the material remains that survive. Innovation was prized, as seen in the new building materials, such as a form of concrete and stone cones used to create mosaics. The workforce was organized, as seen in the use of clay tokens, bullae, and cylinder seals for record-keeping and administration, and in the use of beveled-rim bowls, probably for distributing rations. A male figure shown in art on cylinder seals and on the Uruk Vase was probably a priest-king who venerated the goddess Inana and played an important role in the city.
Merchants and Families
Authors: Podany Amanda H. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWhile Isin and Larsa dominated southern Mesopotamia, other states existed to the north, such as Ashur. This chapter examines the kingdom of Ashur during the Old Assyrian period (c. 2000–1600 bce) and its trading relationship with Anatolian kingdoms, especially Kanesh, on the Anatolian plateau. The city of Ashur is described, along with its government. At this point, the rulers there were less powerful than in many other kingdoms, and a City Assembly made many decisions. The years were named for an annual official chosen by lot, known as a limmum. Thousands of Assyrian tablets have been found in ancient Kanesh, providing details of the trade between the two lands. The Assyrian merchants were independent, not representatives of their king. They carried tin and textiles to Kanesh in donkey caravans; the Anatolians paid for the goods in silver and gold. Kanesh was ruled by a royal couple, who resided in a palace on the tell and maintained contracts with the traders. The Assyrian merchants lived and worked in a suburb (called the karum) outside the walls that surrounded the city. The chapter includes a profile of a family of traders headed by the patriarch Ashur-idi. His son Ashur-nada was his chief agent in Anatolia. Ashur-nada had one family in Ashur and another in Anatolia; his children in Ashur chose to leave there in order to join him in Kanesh. The logistics of the donkey caravans and their itineraries are detailed, along with the concerns expressed in letters between traders.