bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Aeroplane and the Making of Modern India
Authors: Iqbal Aashique Ahmed 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The aeroplane played a small but significant role in India’s transformation from colony to republic. Through the prism of aviation, both civil and military, this book traces the story of India’s journey from the Second World War to the emergence of India as a sovereign state. Drawing on archives in India and the United Kingdom, untapped personal collections, and newspaper reports it points to the critical impact of aviation on the shaping of modern South Asia. Control of aviation enabled the Indian state to survive the twin crises of partition and the war in Kashmir. The aeroplane also served as a potent symbol of modernity. The strategic and ideological importance of aircraft was not lost on other contenders for power in South Asia. The Indian princes and Pakistan both also invested substantially in aviation with a view to entrenching their sovereignty. The book makes two key arguments. First, a study of the state’s relationship with aviation reveals that independent India conceptualized sovereignty in ways that diverged radically from its colonial predecessor, stressing the importance of ruptures over continuities in explaining decolonization. Second, that aviation was critical to securing and legitimating independent India. Indeed, the indispensability of aircraft would be confirmed by the independent Indian government’s decision in 1953 to nationalize aviation, heralding an era of near-total state control of aviation. This book is the first comprehensive history of aviation in India and makes important interventions in a number of fields including histories of technology, warfare, politics, transport, and law.
Towards Sovereign Skies: Aviation in Independent India 1948–1953
Authors: Iqbal Aashique Ahmed 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of aviation policy in the first five years of independence, leading up to the nationalization of airline companies in 1953. The 1950 Bengal crisis foregrounded the importance of air power resulting in plans to rapidly expand the Indian Air Force. Civil aviation meanwhile was internationalized as a result of a series of bilateral negotiations between India and other major states. While India was able to claim formal equality with several rich western states, its material inferiority had resulted in decidedly lopsided outcomes in bilateral negotiations. Aviation’s success in protecting and projecting state power resulted in its nationalization in 1953, which heralded a new era of state control of air transport.
Kant's Deontological Eudaemonism
Authors: Grenberg Jeanine M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This book defends the idea that Kant’s virtue theory is best understood as a system of eudaemonism, indeed, as a distinctive form of eudaemonism that makes it preferable to other forms of it: a system of what this book calls Deontological Eudaemonism. In Deontological Eudaemonism, one achieves happiness both rationally conceived (as non-felt pleasure in the virtually unimpeded harmonious activity of one’s will and choice) and empirically conceived (as pleasurable fulfillment of one’s desires) only via authentic commitment to and fulfillment of what is demanded of all rational beings: making persons as such one’s end in all things. To tell this story of Deontological Eudaemonism, this book first, in Part I, defends the notion that Kant’s deontological approach to ethics is simultaneously (and, indeed, foundationally and most basically) teleological. Then, in Part II, it shows that the realization of an aptitude for the virtuous fulfillment of one’s obligatory ends provides the solid basis for simultaneous realization of happiness, both rationally and empirically conceived. Along the way, the book argues both that Kant’s notion of happiness rationally conceived is essentially identical to Aristotle’s conception of happiness as unimpeded activity, and that his notion of happiness empirically conceived is best realized via an unwavering commitment to the fulfillment of one’s obligatory ends.
Resurgent India
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
With the onslaught of the pandemic, countries worldwide were grappling with a humanitarian and economic crisis and India was no exception. In an effort to minimize its adverse impact, fiscal and monetary authorities stepped forward with conventional and unconventional measures to address supply and demand-side issues. Keeping in mind the macroeconomic scenario existing in India in June 2020, the authors decided to examine the important measures/policies announced by the Government and Reserve Bank of India and evaluate its impact on the country. Part 1 of the book looks at the preceding economic growth trends from 2010 onwards, examines the impact of the virus on India’s economic growth, provides inputs for Budget 2021–22 and analyses the impact on the country’s GDP, taking into consideration Q1FY22 numbers. Part 2 critically analyses policy initiatives, short-term and long-term structural reforms undertaken by the Government and RBI. Part 3 sketches out a roadmap of policy inputs and suggestions which need Government focus to build the country into an Atmanirbhar Bharat and make India, a self-reliant nation.
Farm Crisis
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Often, the country has been witness to agitations by farmers demanding remunerative prices for their produces. There is nothing wrong with a producer of a product or service demanding a just price. But the fundamental issue is why cannot they command a price, especially now that the country has adopted a market economy in the same way as suppliers of non-agricultural produces? This chapter seeks to address this fundamental question. No doubt, political leadership devised an easy tool called MSP and rather no government has failed in its duty of revising MSP upwards. However, it is important to understand that despite the continuous rise in MSP by practically every successive government the issue still persists. The chapter discusses the issue from a long-term perspective without going into the political aspect of the agitation. Basically two policy-related related issues are involved in the context of enabling farmers commanding just prices. First, providing appropriate and adequate infrastructure facilities to farm produces. Second, more importantly, facilitating farmers’ direct access to markets.
Economic Impact of the Second Wave
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
With the second wave of the Coronavirus pushing India into a humanitarian and economic crisis, analysts and rating agencies were forced to revise the forecasted GDP growth numbers downwards for FY 2021– 22. The unprecedented rise in COVID- 19 cases had led to the country facing a severe shortage of medical oxygen, life-saving medicines and drugs. With urban India’s healthcare facilities collapsing under the sheer weight of increasing virus numbers, rural India’s threadbare healthcare system stood stressed. High-frequency indicators such as the Google mobility report, decreasing auto sales, and rising unemployment levels were seen to be in red. The chapter analyses the economic impact of the second wave. Interestingly, the second wave was more in terms of a demand shock rather than supply. Weak consumer sentiments amongst the affluent class and the spread of infection in rural India were some of the economic costs of the second wave of the virus.
Five Trillion Economy
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
With India striving towards being a USD5 trillion economy and emerging as an economic powerhouse by 2024– 25, the moot point now being: Has the pandemic been a spoiler in achieving this aspirational goal? The chapter discusses various measures and policies adopted by the Government (such as Make in India programme, measures undertaken to improve Ease of Doing Business rankings, PLI scheme etc.) in its endeavour to achieve this goal. It gives recommendations on key aspects such as land and labour reforms, cooperative federalism etc. in which the Government still has considerable work to do to be able to achieve this momentous goal set by the Prime Minister.
Steps to Empower Farmers
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
With the three agricultural Farm Acts promising to be a game- changer by the Government, these Acts meant empowering the farmer community by enabling them to come out of the shackles of the middlemen, and predatory moneylenders. Providing the required legal framework to facilitate contract farming in agriculture and allied activities was the main objective of The Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act 2020. The chapter discusses how the Act aimed to liberalize agricultural trade and to accord considerable benefit to both parties, i.e. farmers would have a guaranteed purchaser while uncertainty regarding prices would be minimized. The Act provided a national framework and attempted to bring uniformity in the provisions of contract farming. This Act had sought to bring an attractive solution for both the farmers and buyers, i.e. a farmer could finalize the buyer and the price of his agricultural produce even prior to the harvest while the buyer was assured of the produce and price at the time of harvest itself. Long- term structural agricultural reforms such as the Farmers (Empowerment and Protection) Agreement on Price Assurance and Farm Services Act 2020 would have gone a long way in transforming the Indian agricultural ecosystem.
Power Sector Reforms
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
With the Indian economy having set its eyes on and aspiring to be a USD5 trillion economy by 2024– 25, there are short- term and long- term structural reforms that the Government has been initiating and working towards. One such key reform on which there is still work pending is that related to electricity and power. Statistics for FY2019– 20 was indicative of the fact that India still suffers from a power supply deficit. Though the deficit has considerably narrowed in the past decade, the country still has some way to achieve the status of an economy with ‘power for all’. The chapter explores the fact that the regulator is required to maintain a balance between the service provider and consumers and the balance certainly cannot be titled towards the consumer alone and provides a solution for the same.
Inflation Targeting
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In the backdrop of rising inflationary numbers and a grim economic perspective, the RBI, in its MPC meeting on 4– 6 August 2020, had decided to leave the repo rate and reverse repo rate unchanged at 4% and 3.35%, respectively. The RBI maintained that its stance on the monetary policy was ‘accommodative’ as had been the case even prior to the pandemic. The decision to keep repo and reverse repo rates unchanged had been in light of retail inflation showing an upward trajectory and touching a high of 6.93% in July 2020. On the flip side, with experts predicting a contraction for the Indian economy of anywhere between 14% and 21% in Q1 of 2020, the chapter discusses if the RBI should have focussed on inflation or economic growth? It analyses if RBI should have taken monetary policy decisions based on WPI numbers also as against CPI numbers alone and rightly have aimed for economic recovery at the earliest.
Fine-Tuning of GST
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Goods and Services Tax (GST) implemented in 2017, one of the biggest tax structure reforms in the country, proved to be a game-changer and aimed at moving India into the next phase of economic growth. In the backdrop of the pandemic, post the lockdown announced in March 2020, October 2020 was the first month that witnessed GST surpassing Rs. 1.05 lakh crore, the highest recorded since February 2020. However, the key point that needs to be addressed now was: Any new reformative measure comes with its bag of teething issues. The chapter discusses that in the case of the revolutionary GST reform has India overcome the initial problems or is fine- tuning still required?
Agenda for Atmanirbhar Bharat
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
‘Make for the World’ was an appeal by the Prime Minister from the ramparts of the Red Fort in his 74th Independence Day speech. In response to the negative impact of the coronavirus on the healthcare of citizens and the economic impact on the Indian economy, the Government, under the leadership of the Prime Minister, Mr. Narendra Modi, gave a clarion call for an ‘Atmanirbhar Bharat’, i.e. a ‘self- reliant’ India. Atmanirbhar Bharat or a self- reliant India is an endeavour towards making the country into an economic powerhouse that is self- generating and self- sustaining. The vision entails making India into a competitive, self- sufficient, resilient, and competitive nation embedded in the World economy as a nation actively engaging with the rest of the World in terms of trade, a manufacturing hub, and a knowledge exchange nation. Self- reliance means strengthening the country’s competitive power in the long run, unlike the import substitution of the seventies. A self- reliant India would be an India that is built on the pillar of ease of doing business (EODB) and better infrastructure facilities available for industrialists to invest in manufacturing. This would help generate jobs and employment, taking advantage of the demographic dividend and leading to more income in the hands of individuals resulting in higher demand for products and services. The chapter discusses various short and long-term measures and structural reforms which could help India move on the path of being an “Atmanirbhar Bharat” or self-reliant nation.
Gramodaya
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Indian economy is constituted of approximately two-thirds of the population and 70% workforce residing in rural areas. India’s per capita GDP in rural regions is known to have grown at a CAGR of 6.2% since 2000. Agriculture and its allied services are the prime sectors of rural economy and rural employment. This sector had outshone the performance of the overall Indian economy, which had a growth figure of 3.1% in Q4, 2020 due to contraction in the core sectors. The chapter discusses how the winds blowing favourably for the agricultural sector could be attributed to a 15% better than normal monsoon, availability of water in reservoirs for irrigation, increase in sowing acreage area of Kharif crop with planting expanding to 80% of the 100 million hectares resulting in an increase by 18.5% higher than last year’s level, aggressive implementation of the MGNREGA scheme by the Government and various other welfare measures targeting the rural sector. Interestingly, rural employment numbers were leading the way with a 6.8% rural unemployment rate (nearing pre- COVID numbers of January 2020) as against the urban unemployment rate of 9.7% as in the first week of August 2020. FMCG manufacturers were confident of robust demand from the interiors and rural areas of the country.
Need for Land Reforms
Authors: Shettigar Jagadish , Misra Pooja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
With the pandemic having adversely impacted the economic growth of countries worldwide and resetting the geopolitical agenda of nations, the central Government has recognized that this is an opportune time for rebooting, re-strategizing, redrawing, and reinventing the growth trajectory and re-positioning India in the World Economic Order. Given India’s demographic dividend and cheap labour cost and more importantly, being a democratic society, the country should poise to be and work towards being the world’s next manufacturing hub. However, one should not forget that in order to attract foreign investment and present the country as a credible alternative manufacturing location, the country needs to work on an important but unfinished agenda of Land Reforms. The Government does have an incomplete task in hand which is warranting its urgent attention in terms of easing the process and time required for property registration and making the business environment conducive for an industrialist for registering property, resolving property disputes, etc. The need of the hour for the Government is to bring about Land Reforms and work towards liberalizing the transfer of agricultural land to non-agricultural use, thereby maximizing land productivity output for the country.
Introduction
Authors: Lesser Rachel H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter explains the desires of the Iliad’s characters and outlines how they generate plot; it also argues that the epic’s plot structure and character psychology engage audiences by arousing and satisfying their own desires. First, it identifies triangles of desire, featuring two parties in conflict over a third, as basic and pervasive structures within the Iliad, encoding sexual passion, longing for a lost love object, yearning for lamentation, and aggressive wishes and impulses, and explains the nature of these triangular desires and their interrelationship using psychoanalytic theories of mourning and studies of desire in literature. Then, drawing on literary theorist Peter Brooks’ ideas about the link between desire and plot, this chapter introduces the book’s central argument that desiring characters, and particularly “queer” characters who transgress norms of gender and sexuality, motivate the Iliad’s main plot of Achilleus’ withdrawal and return and the “superplot” of the Trojan War story. Again building upon Brooks, it is argued that the epic’s plot structure engages the audience by arousing and progressively satisfying our “narrative desire” to comprehend the full content and meaning of the story. Working from cognitive approaches to literature, it is also contended that the epic characters invest the audience in the Iliad by inspiring “sympathetic desire,” that is, hope for good outcomes for sympathetic characters, and “empathetic desire,” that is, urges, longings, and wishes felt in empathy with desiring characters. This chapter ends by theorizing how pain and pleasure attend the desire and satisfaction of both characters and audience.
Two Arguments for PII
Authors: Rodriguez-Pereyra Gonzalo 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents two arguments for the Principle of Identity of Indiscernibles, the principle that necessarily, no two concrete objects share all their non-trivializing properties, whether purely qualitative ones or impurely qualitative ones. The first argument appeals to broadly Humean considerations that rule out a certain type of necessary connection between distinct objects. The second argument is based on ideas about what grounds the having of certain properties by objects. The two arguments are explained and various objections against them are discussed and met. Although the conclusion of the two arguments is the thesis that necessarily, no two concrete objects share all their non-trivializing properties, the chapter shows how the second argument can be extended to apply to abstract objects too, so that what is established is the general thesis that necessarily, no two objects, whether abstract or concrete, share all their non-trivializing properties.
Modelling Gestural Virtues in Dante’sPurgatorio
Authors: Webb Heather 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn Purgatory, penance is often enacted through gestural and postural practices that Dante briefly takes part in along with the shades he encounters. Reading and fully engaging with these penitential practices is challenging work and, as this chapter seeks to show, kinesic visualization and gestural elaboration may offer the most direct ways in to what the text presents. The chapter focuses on the examples of mildness on the terrace of wrath and the penitential reaching actions of the gluttons, in the text and as read through illustrations, particularly those of Sandro Botticelli. The gesture of reaching is contextualized within medieval prayer practices and the depiction of the virtues in the Scrovegni Chapel in Padova.
Ragnarök Illustrated
Authors: Hultgård Anders 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The problem of Ragnarök in pictures is discussed at length. Previous interpretations suggesting the presence of Ragnarök motifs in Scandinavian iconography from Viking Age and early medieval times are critically reconsidered. The material includes picture stones, runic memorials, stone crosses from the British Isles, church sculpture, Viking Age textiles, and the gold amulets known as bracteates. The motif of the ‘great gaping beast’ occurs on several stones and other objects. Its proposed identification with the wolf Fenrir remains uncertain, however. Particular attention is devoted to the Gosforth cross, the Överhogdal tapestries, and the bracteates from the Germanic Iron Age. It is suggested that the idea of the final battle at Ragnarök, especially the role of the Einheriar, is alluded to in some of the iconographic material.
Destruction and Renewal
Authors: Hultgård Anders 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In Ragnarök the world is destroyed but is also restored. The idea of a cosmic conflagration has parallels elsewhere. In Jewish and Christian traditions it is gradually developing and is connected with the Judgement Day. The early Old Norse edifying literature puts the world fire into the foreground. In the Graeco-Roman world conceptions of a cosmic conflagration alternate with myths of a destruction through a huge flood. Iranian tradition emphasizes above all the purifying function of the cosmic fire. Scandinavian mythology includes different pictures of the world’s renewal. The earth will rise out of the sea greening as before. The old gods who have fallen will be replaced by a younger generation of gods, Baldr will return from Hel. Curiously, Thor’s hammer did not disappear with the god but is transferred into the new world. A human couple having survived the conflagration in a protected place will give rise to new generations. Christianity displays less interest in a cosmic renewal, and in Judaism the focus is on the restoration of land and people. Again, Iranian tradition shows the closest similarity with the Ragnarök myth in emphasizing the renewal of nature and humankind.
British Members of the Institut de Droit International
Authors: North Peter 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the makeup of the British membership of the Institut de Droit International. There have been 67 British citizens elected to the Institut in the 147 years of its existence. By far the greater number of British members have been predominantly interested in public international law, with only 13 or so out of 67 being members whose main interest has been private international law. For many decades, consideration of private international law in Britain was essentially limited to the study of the subject within the common law world. In more recent times, the work in this field of the Hague Conference on Private International Law and of the European Union has had a profound impact on the international study of this area of law and appears to have led to an increase in the number of British private international lawyers elected to the Institut. The chapter then provides short biographical accounts of the 67 British members of the Institut.