bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hidden Figures: The Holy Roman Empire as a “Realm of Ladies”
Authors: Keller Katrin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe aim of this article is to make clear that, although men largely dominated the institutions of the Holy Roman Empire, beyond these constitutional institutions we can find many examples of women's agency. In particular, women of noble and princely families assumed political roles, both in relation to territories and to the empire as a whole. While it would not be correct to reinterpret the Holy Roman Empire as a “realm of ladies,” it seems clear that the empire, as a communicative context and dynastic network, was constituted with the participation of elite women, and that women were important for the ritual perpetuation of the constitution of the empire. In short, it was not only law and the constitution and the actions of men that held the empire together, but also the actions of women, who helped shape networks and politics just as they influenced the transfer of knowledge and culture.
The Illusion of Abstraction
Authors: Lampland Martha 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis article constitutes a critique of abstraction as an analytic tool. The argument advances the idea that formalizing practices are indexical; that is, the way abstractions are realized necessarily incorporates features of the context in which they are produced. The expression formalizing practices refers to a series of actions or operations that make quantification, rationalization, and standardization possible. Entailed in all these procedures is an attempt to select and isolate features that exemplify a specific phenomenon or social process, or in the case of standardization, that stipulate its contours and dimensions. These features are presumed to be immanent from the start, but in fact, formal representations are carefully crafted, finely tuned instruments. In order to clarify these practices, I delineate three phases of their construction: the conceptual phrase, the choice of analytic strategy, and the specification of its formal representation. In other words, this approach suggests the value of examining formalizing projects as crucibles where cultural assumptions and practical reasoning are condensed into formulae. These ideas are explored in relation to the use of time and motion studies employed in early socialist Hungary to determine the new socialist wage system. While a decidedly local story, the implications of the analysis are much broader. The possibility of adopting this approach to the study of other formalizing practices, such as algorithmic systems and digital databases, is suggested. The analysis also raises questions about the commensurability of long-held concepts in social theory.
Global Territorialization and Mining Frontiers in Nineteenth-Century Brazil: Capitalist Anxieties and the Circulation of Knowledge between British and Habsburgian Imperial Spaces, ca. 1820–1850
Authors: Bartoletti Tomás 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe rumors of Brazil’s mineral riches reaching London and Vienna in the first half of the nineteenth century, started by enslaved Africans mining clandestinely in unexplored regions and later through geological surveys by mining engineers from the Habsburg Empire, prompted aspirations to wealth which circulated fluidly in the transatlantic context. This article examines the distinct but convergent agencies of garimpeiros, enslaved miners and prospectors, and of Habsburgian mining engineers in the territorialization process of Minas Gerais during the nineteenth-century expansion of global capitalism. It analyses the degree of connectivity and cooperation across British and Habsburgian imperial spaces in Brazilian mining ventures, focusing on the case of the mining engineer Virgil von Helmreichen, who arrived in Minas Gerais in 1836, under contract to the British-financed Imperial Brazilian Mining Association. The Habsburgian expert elite of which Helmreichen was a part played a crucial role in the expansion of the commodity frontier in this region, providing proficient knowledge in mining and geology. This expert community collaborated with the logistics networks of British free-trade imperialism and the Brazilian slave system inherited from the colonial period. The territorialization of Minas Gerais shows the global dynamics at play between British interests in the discovery of new mines, the need to produce expert knowledge at the local level, and the Brazilian government’s desire to control the hinterland region and profit from its mineral wealth.
Null, recursively starlike-equivalent decompositions shrink
Authors: Meier Jeffrey , Orson Patrick , Ray Arunima 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA subset E of a metric space X is said to be starlike-equivalent if it has a neighbourhood which is mapped homeomorphically into
$\mathbb{R}^n$
for some n, sending E to a starlike set. A subset
$E\subset X$
is said to be recursively starlike-equivalent if it can be expressed as a finite nested union of closed subsets
$\{E_i\}_{i=0}^{N+1}$
such that
$E_{i}/E_{i+1}\subset X/E_{i+1}$
is starlike-equivalent for each i and
$E_{N+1}$
is a point. A decomposition
$\mathcal{D}$
of a metric space X is said to be recursively starlike-equivalent, if there exists
$N\geq 0$
such that each element of
$\mathcal{D}$
is recursively starlike-equivalent of filtration length N. We prove that any null, recursively starlike-equivalent decomposition
$\mathcal{D}$
of a compact metric space X shrinks, that is, the quotient map
$X\to X/\mathcal{D}$
is the limit of a sequence of homeomorphisms. This is a strong generalisation of results of Denman–Starbird and Freedman and is applicable to the proof of Freedman’s celebrated disc embedding theorem. The latter leads to a multitude of foundational results for topological 4-manifolds, including the four-dimensional Poincaré conjecture.
French-speaking teenagers’ mastery of connectives: the role of vocabulary size and exposure to print
Authors: Tskhovrebova Ekaterina , Zufferey Sandrine , Tribushinina Elena 
Published: October 2022

AbstractConnectives such as however and since play an important role for marking coherence relations in discourse and therefore are crucial for reading comprehension, which in turn is a strong predictor of academic success. Most research on the acquisition of connectives targeted younger children. Yet there is evidence that connective development extends well into adolescence and even adult speakers have difficulties with some coherence relations when they are conveyed by infrequent connectives bound to the written mode. In this paper, we tested the use of connectives encoding different coherence relations and bound to either the oral or the written modes. We studied the performance of native French-speaking teenagers (N = 154, Mage = 14.43, range: 12–19) in a cloze task and also assessed whether teenagers’ vocabulary level and degree of exposure to print predicted the accuracy of connective use. Our findings show that the ability to use connectives appropriately increases with age. However, age played a lesser role compared to vocabulary knowledge and degree of exposure to print, thus indicating that lexicon size and reading habits are important factors explaining individual differences in the acquisition of connectives.
The use of the indefinite pronoun keegi ‘someone’ in Estonian dialects
Authors: Pook Hanna , Lindström Liina 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe Estonian indefinite pronouns keegi ‘someone’ and miski ‘something’ are distinguished by being able to refer to animate or inanimate entities, respectively. However, in certain Estonian dialects, keegi is used to refer to inanimate entities as well. The aim of this paper is to describe the functions and use of keegi based on the data in the Corpus of Estonian Dialects. We used statistical analyses to determine which dialects typically use keegi to refer to inanimate entities and which variables (polarity, function, position in the clause, case marking) contribute most to this variation. The results show that there are significant differences between the dialects: keegi is mostly used to refer to inanimate entities in the northern dialects (most frequently in the Western, Mid, and Eastern dialects), but this phenomenon is rare or non-existent in the southern dialects. All of the variables studied contribute to this variation: keegi is most likely to refer to an inanimate being when it is in the partitive case, functions as an object, a partitive subject, or a negative polarity item, and is positioned at the end of a negative clause.
The Financial Accelerator in the Euro Area: New Evidence Using a Mixture VAR Model
Authors: Bennani Hamza , Burgard Jan Pablo , Neuenkirch Matthias 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe estimate a logit mixture vector autoregressive model describing monetary policy transmission in the euro area with a special emphasis on credit conditions. With the help of this model, monetary policy transmission can be described as mixture of two states, using an underlying logit model determining the relative state weights over time. We show that a widening of the credit spread and a tightening of credit standards directly lead to a reduction of real GDP growth, whereas shocks to the quantity of credit are less important in explaining growth fluctuations. The credit spread and—to some extent—credit standards are also the key determinants of the underlying state of the economy; the prevalence of the crisis state is more pronounced in times of adverse credit conditions. Together with a stronger shock transmission in the crisis state, this provides further evidence for a financial accelerator in the euro area.
Food industry donations to patient advocacy organisations focussed on non-communicable diseases
Authors: Del Giudice Inés M , Tsai Krystle A , Arshonsky Josh , Bond Sara , Bragg Marie A 
Published: October 2022

AbstractObjective:This study used publicly available Form 990 tax documents to quantify food industry donations to patient advocacy organisations (PAO) dedicated to supporting patients with non-communicable diseases.Design:Observational, cross-sectional assessment of significant national and international food industry donations to US-based non-communicable disease-focussed PAO between 2000 and 2018. Researchers recorded and categorised the: (1) frequency and value of donations; (2) reason for donation; (3) name and type of PAO recipient and (4) non-communicable disease focus of the PAO.Setting:Form 990 tax documents.Participants:Nine food and beverage companies that donated to non-communicable disease-focussed PAO.Results:Adjusting for inflation, nine food and beverage companies collectively donated $10 672 093 (n 2709) to the PAO between 2001 and 2018. The largest category of donations was ‘matching gifts’ (67·9 %, median amount = $115·16), followed by ‘general operations support’ (25·8 %, median amount = $107·79). Organisations focussing on cancer received the largest number and amount of donations ($6 265 861, n 1968). Eight of the nine companies made their largest monetary value of donation to PAO focussed on cancer.Conclusions:Publicly available tax data provide robust information on food industry donation practices. Our findings document the food industry’s role in supporting patient advocacy organisations and raise questions regarding conflicts of interest. Increased awareness of food industry donation practices involving PAO may generate pressure for policies mandating transparency or encourage donors and recipients to voluntarily disclose donations. If public disclosure becomes widespread, constituents, advocates, researchers and policymakers can better supervise and address potential conflicts of interest.
Redistricting and Incarceration: Examining the Electoral Consequences of New York’s Prohibition on Prison Gerrymandering
Authors: Williamson Ryan D. , King Bridgett A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDuring the most recent round of redistricting, many states have enacted a number of reforms to their mapmaking practices. One reform that has received increased attention in recent years is a ban on prison gerrymandering—the practice of counting incarcerated individuals in prisons instead of their home addresses. Eleven states drew districts while counting incarcerated persons in their homes after the 2020 Census. Though substantial research has investigated redistricting practices, far less attention has been paid to empirically examining the effect of prison gerrymandering on elections. We seek to fill this void by evaluating the effect of New York’s ban on prison gerrymandering on state legislative elections between 2002 and 2020. We find that altering how the prison population is counted, indeed, altered the electoral dynamics across the state.
The Influence of Magnetic Topology on Ionospheric Structure at Mars: Observations of Localized ‘Magnetic Depletions’
Authors: Fowler C. M. , Ortiz J. Z. , Xu S. , Mitchell D. , Hanley K. G. , Espley J. , Andersson L. , McFadden J. , Luhmann J. , Curry S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe interaction between Mars' crustal magnetic fields and the solar wind produces a variety of magnetic topologies whose characteristics depend upon the plasma regions that the magnetic field is embedded in. We utilize in‐situ Mars Atmosphere And Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) measurements to identify localized ionospheric structures, observed as the spacecraft flies through this patchwork of different magnetic topologies. Events are characterized by sharp ‘drop outs’ in magnetic field strength that we term ‘magnetic depletions’. The plasma pressure dominates within magnetic depletions, while the magnetic pressure typically dominates outside of them. Abrupt changes in magnetic topology are coincident with the depletion boundaries. A preliminary statistical study spanning 3 months shows that events occur on ∼4% of MAVEN orbits, between altitudes of 170–360 km. Ionospheric electrons are collisionless and thus magnetized at these altitudes, and combined with the fact that magnetic diffusion timescales range from minutes to an hour, these characteristics suggest that such structures can be observed sporadically by MAVEN on its ∼4.5 hr orbit before being smeared out by magnetic diffusion. At lower altitudes high collision rates lead to diffusion timescales of seconds, while at higher altitudes electromagnetic waves, instabilities and other transport processes driven by the Mars‐solar wind interaction can distort the magnetic field, making magnetic depletion events difficult to identify. Magnetic depletions highlight the ability of magnetic topology to drive localized ionospheric structure at Mars, a result that stems from the unique interaction between the solar wind, Mars' crustal magnetic fields, and it's ionosphere.
Dynamo Simulations of Jupiter's Magnetic Field: The Role of Stable Stratification and a Dilute Core
Authors: Moore K. M. , Barik A. , Stanley S. , Stevenson D. J. , Nettelmann N. , Helled R. , Guillot T. , Militzer B. , Bolton S. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractUnderstanding Jupiter's present‐day interior structure and dynamics is key to constraining planetary accretion models. In particular, the extent of stable stratification (i.e., non‐convective regions) in the planet strongly influences long‐term cooling processes, and may record primordial heavy element gradients from early in a planet's formation. Because the Galileo entry probe measured a subsolar helium abundance, Jupiter interior models often invoke an outer stably stratified region due to helium rain. Additionally, Juno gravity data suggest a deeper, potentially stratified dilute core extending halfway through the planet. However, fits to Jupiter's gravitational data are non‐unique, and outstanding uncertainty over the equations of state for hydrogen and helium remain. Here, we use high‐resolution numerical magnetohydrodynamic simulations of Jupiter's magnetic field to place constraints on the extent of stable stratification within the planet. We find that compared to traditional interior models, an upper stably stratified layer between 0.9 and 0.95 Jupiter radii (RJ) helps to explain both Jupiter's dipolar magnetic field and zonal winds. In contrast, an extended dilute core that is entirely stably stratified (no convective layers) yields significantly worse fits to both. However, our models with extended deep stratification still generate dipolar magnetic fields if an upper stratified region is also present. Overall, we find that a planet with a dilute core i.e., strongly stably stratified is increasingly challenging to reconcile with Jupiter's magnetic field and winds. Thus if a dilute core is present, alternative modalities such as a fully convective dilute core, a complex multilayered interior structure, or double diffusive convection may be required.
Capillary Water in 2‐D Drying—Cracking Sub‐Grain Scale Soil Models: Dynamics and Instabilities of Haines Jumps
Authors: Hueckel T. , Mielniczuk B. , Guével A. , Veveakis M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractChanges in capillary water morphology in a cluster of three wet long cylindrical grains as reported in Mielniczuk and Hueckel (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022wr031938) affect capillary forces evolving during drying. The paper focuses on a stable motion of menisci (air/liquid interfaces) and their unstable (Haines) jumps. The meniscus instabilities were shown in the past to be a trigger of soil drying‐cracking. The forces considered are Laplace pressure and surface tension resultants deduced from the menisci imaged every 10 s. The Laplace pressure for cylindrical clusters depends on a single curvature of the meniscus. Several known criteria the capillary body instability are examined using the experimental data. An extended Gibbs criterion points to a source of the instability. The instability is lost when the meniscus approaches the throat between the grains and when the balance is lost between the changes of forces of the Laplace pressure and of the surface tension acting at the meniscus. The presence of the surface tension forces in the instability considerations in addition to the Laplace pressure distinguishes Gibbs criterion from other criteria. Gibbs meniscus energy estimate also provides an inertia force arising to maintain the linear momentum balance for the meniscus, and a duration of the jump.
Experimental Evaluation of Fluid Connectivity in Two‐Phase Flow in Porous Media During Drainage
Authors: Vahid Dastjerdi Samaneh , Karadimitriou Nikolaos , Hassanizadeh S. Majid , Steeb Holger 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study aims to experimentally investigate the possibility of combining two extended continuum theories for two‐phase flow. One of these theories considers interfacial area as a separate state variable, and the other explicitly discriminates between connected and disconnected phases. This combination enhances our potential to effectively model the apparent hysteresis, which generally dominates two‐phase flow. Using optical microscopy, we perform microfluidic experiments in quasi‐2D artificial porous media for various cyclic displacement processes and boundary conditions. Specifically for a number of sequential drainage processes, with detailed image (post‐)processing, pore‐scale parameters such as the interfacial area between the phases (wetting, non‐wetting, and solid), and local capillary pressure, as well as macroscopic parameters like saturation, are estimated. We show that discriminating between connected and disconnected clusters and the concept of the interfacial area as a separate state variable can be an appropriate way of modeling hysteresis in a two‐phase flow scheme. The drainage datasets of capillary pressure, saturation, and specific interfacial area, are plotted as a surface, given by f (Pc, sw, awn) = 0. These surfaces accommodate all data points within a reasonable experimental error, irrespective of the boundary conditions, as long as the corresponding liquid is connected to its inlet. However, this concept also shows signs of reduced efficiency as a modeling approach in datasets gathered through combining experiments with higher volumetric fluxes. We attribute this observation to the effect of the porous medium geometry on the phase distribution. This yields further elaboration, in which this speculation is thoroughly studied and analyzed.
Runx1 is a key regulator of articular cartilage homeostasis by orchestrating YAP, TGFβ, and Wnt signaling in articular cartilage formation and osteoarthritis
Authors: Zhang Yan , Zuo Tao , McVicar Abigail , Yang Hui-Lin , Li Yi-Ping , Chen Wei 
Published: October 2022

AbstractRunt-related transcription factor 1 (Runx1) plays a key role in cartilage formation, but its function in articular cartilage formation is unclear. We generated non-inducible and inducible Runx1-deficient mice (Runx1f/fCol2α1-Cre and Runx1f/fCol2α1-CreER mice) and found that chondrocyte-specific Runx1-deficient mice developed a spontaneous osteoarthritis (OA)-like phenotype and showed exacerbated articular cartilage destruction under OA, characterized by articular cartilage degradation and cartilage ossification, with decreased Col2α1 expression and increased Mmp13 and Adamts5 expression. RNA-sequencing analysis of hip articular cartilage from the Runx1f/fCol2α1-Cre mice compared to that from wild-type mice and subsequent validation analyses demonstrated that Runx1 is a central regulator in multiple signaling pathways, converging signals of the Hippo/Yap, TGFβ/Smad, and Wnt/β-catenin pathways into a complex network to regulate the expression of downstream genes, thereby controlling a series of osteoarthritic pathological processes. RNA-sequencing analysis of mutant knee joints showed that Runx1’s role in signaling pathways in articular cartilage is different from that in whole knee joints, indicating that Runx1 regulation is tissue-specific. Histopathologic analysis confirmed that Runx1 deficiency decreased the levels of YAP and p-Smad2/3 and increased the levels of active β-catenin. Overexpression of Runx1 dramatically increased YAP expression in chondrocytes. Adeno-associated virus-mediated Runx1 overexpression in the knee joints of osteoarthritic mice showed the protective effect of Runx1 on articular cartilage damaged in OA. Our results notably showed that Runx1 is a central regulator of articular cartilage homeostasis by orchestrating the YAP, TGFβ, and Wnt signaling pathways in the formation of articular cartilage and OA, and targeting Runx1 and its downstream genes may facilitate the design of novel therapeutic approaches for OA.
NHS funding for dental undergraduate human disease teaching in the UK: a 20-year review
Authors: Atkin Philip A. , Jones Benjamin A. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIntroduction This study identifies funding of NHS services supporting dental students' teaching over the last 20 years, focusing on human disease (HD) teaching.Aims To identify NHS funding for education in UK dental schools following publication of the 1997 General Dental Council curriculum introducing specific funding for HD teaching and the years 2015/16 to 2019/20.Material and methods Searches of the medical literature, grey literature (government and regulatory authority reports, legislative articles) and freedom of information requests to hospitals helping to deliver teaching.Results There are few publications describing current funding of dental undergraduate teaching. Freedom of information requests gave data for NHS hospital allocations for teaching both clinical dentistry and HD. HD funding has dropped by £2 million in five years.Conclusions NHS Trusts linked to dental schools receive monies to deliver teaching and offset costs of accommodating students. Tracking these funds over 20 years has seen some schools lose up to £1 million of HD funding and some lose it all. Greater transparency regarding funding for HD delivery would help improve teaching. Increasing numbers of older patients, with a greater chronic disease burden who are retaining teeth into later life, need graduating dentists with good medical knowledge to deliver safe care.