bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interaction between two vaporizing droplets in an intermediate Reynolds number flow
Authors: Raju M. S. , Sirignano W. A. 
Published: July 2002

The dynamic properties of two vaporizing droplets moving in tandem and interacting through hydrodynamic forces are presented for the intermediate Reynolds number range of droplet motion [Re=O(100)]. The problem is relevant for dense spray applications. Depending upon certain initial parameters, the droplets can collide or separate. The behaviors of the droplets are influenced by the mass and heat transport associated with the evaporation of droplets in air. Droplet-drag coefficient, Nusselt number, droplet mass, droplet Reynolds number, and droplet spacing histories are reported for a limited number of cases following the introduction of two droplets of different radii, a′1,0 and a′2,0, at a given initial spacing, a′0, into a hot, convective fluid, which is characterized by uniform free-stream conditions. A finite-difference solution of the coupled two-phase, unsteady Navier–Stokes equations in cylindrical coordinates on a body-fitted coordinate system is adjusted continually to accommodate the changing boundary shapes resulting from the droplet movement and evaporation.
The interactions are significant for initial Reynolds number range of 50 to 200 and for initial droplet spacings of 2 to 15 droplet diameters. Drag coefficients and Nusselt numbers can differ significantly from the values for isolated droplets. Droplet collision is likely for the initially equal-sized droplets. Droplets moving in tandem collide for larger values of the ratio of the aft initial droplet diameter to the lead initial droplet diameter. A bifurcation value of this parameter is found above which increased separation of the droplets occurs. The bifurcation value increases as initial droplet spacing increases. This value depends only very weakly on the initial Reynolds number. For spacings above two diameters, the lead droplet behaves like an isolated droplet while drag coefficients for the aft droplet are significantly lower. Vaporization rate significantly affects the drag coefficients. For droplets within a few diameters of each other, the Nusselt number for the downstream droplet exhibits an entirely different character as the hot side on the droplet moves aft. Correlations of drag coefficients are reported for droplets of identical initial size. A general understanding is obtained about the modifications of droplet heating, vaporization, and drag due to the proximity of the two droplets.
Reforming Motivation: How the structure of instruction affects students’ learning experiences
Authors: Yair Gad 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTOver the past decade, several US school and instructional reforms have sought ways to counter trends of mediocrity in education. These reforms are grounded in structural motivation theories which postulate that students' learning experiences are optimised when instruction is authentic, challenging, demands skills, and allows for student autonomy. This study set out to investigate empirically the effects of these four structural characteristics of instruction on students' learning experiences. Using a unique methodological design, the current investigation measures students' learning experiences with a confirmatory factor analysis. The four factors which emerged are next predicted with a series of structural variables. The results show that high quality learning experiences are indeed authentic, allow choice, and demand student skills. Boring and alienated experiences are produced when these instructional characteristics are absent. The findings suggest that the structures of instruction that disaffect students are overwhelmingly represented in students' daily school life; those that spark their hearts are not frequent enough to motivate students. They also imply that students do not have a general tendency to be emotionally depressed in school; rather, they perceive their experiences to be highly influenced by specific structural characteristics of instruction.
Dose-dependent Induction of Glandular Stomach Preneoplastic and Neoplastic Lesions in Male F344 Rats Treated with Catechol Chronically
Authors: Hagiwara Akihiro , Takesada Yasuko , Tanaka Hikaru , Tamano Seiko , Hirose Masao , Ito Nobuyuki , Shirai Tomoyuki 
Published: July 2002

The dose-dependence of catechol glandular stomach carcinogenesis was investigated in male F344 rats. Groups of 30 male animals were fed catechol at dietary levels of 0 (control), 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8% for up to 104 weeks. Five rats of each group were killed at 34 weeks and the remaining animals were sacrificed at the termination, all undergoing histopathological examination. Moderate retardation of body weight increase was observed in the 0.8% group, but no adverse effects were found in terms of survival. Submucosal hyperplasias and adenomas of the pyloric glands developed in the 0.4 and 0.8% groups, only very minor changes being noted in the 0.1 and 0.2% groups at week 34. Incidences of adenocarcinom a development in the pylorus were 4% and 8% in 0.4% and 0.8% groups, respectively, and 0 in the 0.1% and 0.2% groups, at the termination. Adenomas and submucosal hyperplasias were found in nearly all animals fed 0.2% catechol or more, the incidences of those in 0.1% group being 0% and 56%, respectively. Serum gastrin levels were significantly increased in the 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8% groups at 34 weeks, and in all treated groups at the termination, at extents comparable with the induction of proliferative lesions in the pylorus. The results thus demonstrated that dietary levels of 0.4% and 0.8% catechol long-term induce adenocarcinoma s in the pyloric glands, while 0.1 and 0.2% cause benign proliferative lesions, all accompanied by increase in serum gastrin levels. As a no-effect level could not be decided in the present study, further investigation of lower doses is needed to determine whether a threshold exists.
Cell adhesion molecules and hyaluronic acid as markers of inflammation, fibrosis and response to antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients
Authors: Granot Esther , Shouval Daniel , Ashur Yaffa 
Published: July 2002

Objective: Cell adhesion molecules (intracellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1)) and hyaluronic acid, markers of inflammation and fibrosis were monitored in hepatitis C patients to determine whether changes in plasma levels, during antiviral treatment, can predict long‐term response to therapy.Methods: In 55 patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV), 33 treated with interferon (IFN) and 22 treated with IFN + ribavirin, sera was collected prior to treatment, at 3 + 6 months of therapy and 6 months post‐treatment. Levels of ICAM‐1, VCAM‐1 and hyaluronic acid were correlated with alanine aminotransferase levels, HCV‐RNA‐polymerase chain reaction status and histological fibrosis scoring.Results: A decrease in ICAM‐1 levels at 3 and 6 months of therapy, compared with pretreatment levels, was observed in responders to IFN + ribavirin therapy but this decrease in ICAM‐1 levels was not evident following cessation of treatment. Hyaluronic acid levels, in both treatment groups, did not differ significantly between responders and non‐responders. Hyaluronic acid levels did correlate, significantly, with degree of fibrosis whereas VCAM‐1 levels were marginally increased only in patients with moderate (grade III) fibrosis.Conclusions: Monitoring of VCAM‐1 and hyaluronic acid, during antiviral therapy, does not differentiate between responders and non‐responders. A decrease in ICAM‐1 levels during IFN + ribavirin treatmment is associated with response to therapy, and its efficacy in predicting long‐term response should be further substantiated.
Preferred communication modes: prelinguistic and linguistic communication in non‐speaking preschool children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Falkman Kerstin W. , Sandberg Annika Dahlgren , Hjelmquist Erland 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSeven non‐speaking preschool children with severe cerebral palsy, 5‐7 years of age, were studied with respect to the amount of prelinguistic versus linguistic modes of communication used in communicative interaction with a previously unknown adult. An attempt was also made to analyse this in relation to the childrens' physical, cognitive and linguistic capacities. No significant correlations were found, however. Given that all participants had reached preschool age and were of normal intelligence, the amount of linguistic communication used (12%) was much less than could be expected. Explanations for the results were suggested, including limited interaction possibilities with the environment due to motor dysfunction, which in turn might prevent development of linguistic skills necessary to take part in more complex communicative interaction later in life.
Unraveling the Role of Mitochondria During Oxidative Stress in Plants
Authors: Millar Harvey , Considine Michael J. , Day David A. , Whelan James 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe sedentary habit of plants means that they must stand and fight environmental stresses that their mobile animal cousins can avoid. A range of these abiotic stresses initiate the production in plant cells of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that ultimately lead to oxidative damage affecting the yield and quality of plant products. A complex network of enzyme systems, producing and quenching these reactive species operate in different organelles. It is the integration of these compartmented defense systems that coordinates an effective response to the various stresses. Future attempts to improve plant growth or yield must consider the complexity of inter‐organelle signaling and protein targeting if they are to be successful in producing plants with resistance to a broad range of stresses. Here we highlight the role of pre‐oxidant, anti‐oxidant, and post‐oxidant defense systems in plant mitochondria and the potential role of proteins targeted to both mitochondria and chloroplasts, in an integrated defense against oxidative damage in plants.
Ligation of Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) Class I Molecules on Human T Cells Induces Cell Death through PI-3 Kinase–induced c-Jun NH2-terminal Kinase Activity: A Novel Apoptotic Pathway Distinct from Fas-induced Apoptosis
Authors: Skov Søren , Klausen Pia , Claesson Mogens H. 
Published: July 2002

Ligation of major histocompatability complex class I (MHC-I) molecules expressed on T cells leads to both growth arrest and apoptosis. The aim of the current study was to investigate the intracellular signal pathways that mediate these effects.
MHC-I ligation of human Jurkat T cells induced a morphologically distinct form of apoptosis within 6 h. A specific caspase inhibitor, which inhibited Fas-induced apoptosis, did not affect apoptosis induced by MHC-I ligation. Furthermore, MHC-I–induced apoptosis did not involve cleavage and activation of the poly(ADP- ribose) polymerase (PARP) endonuclease or degradation of genomic DNA into the typical fragmentation ladder, both prominent events of Fas-induced apoptosis. These results suggest that MHC-I ligation of Jurkat T cells induce apoptosis through a signal pathway distinct from the Fas molecule.
In our search for other signal pathways leading to apoptosis, we found that the regulatory 85-kD subunit of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3) kinase was tyrosine phosphorylated after ligation of MHC-I and the PI-3 kinase inhibitor wortmannin selectively blocked MHC-I–, but not Fas-induced, apoptosis. As the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) can be activated by PI-3 kinase activity, and has been shown to be involved in apoptosis of lymphocytes, we examined JNK activation after MHC-I ligation. Strong JNK activity was observed after MHC-I ligation and the activity was completely blocked by wortmannin. Inhibition of JNK activity, by transfecting cells with a dominant-negative JNKK– MKK4 construct, led to a strong reduction of apoptosis after MHC-I ligation. These results suggest a critical engagement of PI-3 kinase–induced JNK activity in apoptosis induced by MHC-I ligation.
An iterative method for faster sum-of-pairs multiple sequence

alignment
Authors: Reinert Knut , Stoye Jens , Will Torsten 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: Multiple sequence alignment is an important tool in computational biology. In order to solve the task of computing multiple alignments in affordable time, the most commonly used multiple alignment methods have to use heuristics. Nevertheless, the computation of optimal multiple alignments is important in its own right, and it provides a means of evaluating heuristic approaches or serves as a subprocedure of heuristic alignment methods.
Results: We present an algorithm that uses the divide-and-conquer alignment approach together with recent results on search space reduction to speed up the computation of multiple sequence alignments. The method is adaptive in that depending on the time one wants to spend on the alignment, a better, up to optimal alignment can be obtained. To speed up the computation in the optimal alignment step, we apply the \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(\mathcal{A}^{*}\) \end{document}algorithm which leads to a procedure provably more efficient than previous exact algorithms. We also describe our implementation of the algorithm and present results showing the effectiveness and limitations of the procedure.
Availability: http://bibiserv.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/oma/
Contact: j.stoye@dkfz.de
To whom correspondence should be addressed.
**** Present address: mediaWays GmbH, Hülshorstweg 30, 33415 Verl, Germany.
MAPS: a microarray project system for gene expression

experiment information and data validation
Authors: Bushel Pierre R. , Hamadeh Hisham , Bennett Lee , Sieber Stella , Martin Karla , Nuwaysir Emile F. , Johnson Kate , Reynolds Kelli , Paules Richard S. , Afshari Cynthia A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: MAPS is a MicroArray Project System for management and interpretation of microarray gene expression experiment information and data. Microarray project information is organized to track experiments and results that are: (1) validated by performing analysis on stored replicate gene expression data; and (2) queried according to the biological classifications of genes deposited on microarray chips.
Availability: MAPS is accessible at http://www.dir.niehs.nih.gov/microarray/software/maps/
Contact: bushel@niehs.nih.gov
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
3 Present address: NimbleGen Systems, LLC, University Research Park, 505 South Rosa Road, Madison, WI 53719, USA.
Inference of a genetic network by a combined approach of
cluster analysis and graphical Gaussian modeling
Authors: Toh Hiroyuki , Horimoto Katsuhisa 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: Recent advances in DNA microarray technologies have made it possible to measure the expression levels of thousands of genes simultaneously under different conditions. The data obtained by microarray analyses are called expression profile data. One type of important information underlying the expression profile data is the ‘genetic network,’ that is, the regulatory network among genes. Graphical Gaussian Modeling (GGM) is a widely utilized method to infer or test relationships among a plural of variables.
Results: In this study, we developed a method combining the cluster analysis with GGM for the inference of the genetic network from the expression profile data. The expression profile data of 2467 Saccharomyces cerevisiae genes measured under 79 different conditions (Eisen et al. , Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , 95, 14683–14868, 1998) were used for this study. At first, the 2467 genes were classified into 34 clusters by a cluster analysis, as a preprocessing for GGM. Then, the expression levels of the genes in each cluster were averaged for each condition. The averaged expression profile data of 34 clusters were subjected to GGM, and a partial correlation coefficient matrix was obtained as a model of the genetic network of S. cerevisiae. The accuracy of the inferred network was examined by the agreement of our results with the cumulative results of experimental studies.
Availability: A set of programs will be electronically sent upon request.
Contact: toh@beri.co.jp; horimoto@ged.saga-med.ac.jp
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
† Both authors contributed equally to this work.
Costs of treating infections caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci
Authors: Carbon Claude 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREF) increases the risk of mortality and results in prolonged hospitalization and high utilization of costly treatment modalities. Measures to prevent the spread of MRSA (and possibly VREF) include patient isolation and decontamination, hygiene measures, ward closure, and screening of patients and staff for carriage. In seriously ill patients, the increased use of vancomycin for the treatment of MRSA can lead to the emergence of VREF colonization/infection. Quinupristin/dalfopristin is effective in the treatment of MRSA infections, including nosocomial pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infection, and septicaemia. In the treatment of nosocomial pneumonia, clinical success rates were equivalent between quinupristin/dalfopristin and vancomycin. In the context of a hospital policy which emphasizes effective hygiene measures and the prudent use of antibacterials, quinupristin/dalfopristin is an effective antimicrobial that can help to control the high costs associated with multiresistant MRSA and VREF infections.
Direct proton magnetic resonance determination of the pKa of the active center histidine in thiolsubtilisin
Authors: Kahyaoglu Ara , Jordan Frank 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe serine proteases constitute a group of endopeptidases whose members owe their catalytic activity to the presence of a catalytic triad of amino acids consisting of a serine, a histidine and an aspartate. The pKa values for this histidine have been determined for several cases in which there is a negative charge installed at the serine to mimic the oxyanionic intermediate and related transition state for the catalytic pathway. Instances from this laboratory include (1) replacement of the serine by a cysteine in subtilisin to create a thiolate; (2) formation of monoisopropylphosphoryl‐Ser 195 monoanionic phosphodiesters (in trypsin and chymotrypsin, Ser 221 in subtilisins); and (3) tetrahedral boronates formed with peptide boronic acids. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals pertinent to this histidine, or signals indirectly reflecting the state of ionization of this histidine, have been used effectively to monitor changes in the active center ionization state. In every case studied, there is elevation of the pKa at the histidine when the negative charge is installed at the serine position. Herein is reported the first NMR measurement of the active center His 63 pKa in thiolsubtilisin Carlsberg; it is elevated by 3 units compared with the parent enzyme. Using a numerical solution (finite difference) of the Poisson‐Boltzmann equation, a protein dielectric constant of 4 provides a good estimate of the experimentally observed pKa elevations. Very significantly, a very low protein dielectric constant (εp = 3–5) is required in all of the comparisons, and for all three enzymes used (chymotrypsin, trypsin, and subtilisin). Finally, we discuss why the electrostatic perturbation sensed at His of the active center is more amplified by a negative charge on the Ser side than the same charge on the Asp side. A plausible explanation is that the positive charge on the imidazolium ring of the His is localized, with the Nδ1 carrying a smaller fraction, the Nε2 carrying the bulk of the positive charge.
Repurposing open‐source data from weather radars to reduce the costs of aerial waterbird surveys
Authors: Rogers Rebecca M. , Buler Jeffrey , Clancy Timothy , Campbell Hamish 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Aerial counts are the primary means of monitoring waterbird populations. A valid population assessment requires a significant proportion of the population to be surveyed. For broad‐ranging species, this requires costly reconnaissance flights and surveys over large areas of potential habitat.
Here, we assess whether free, autonomously collected weather radar reflectivity data can identify waterbird aggregations over broad areas of potential habitat, thereby providing a low‐cost means of directing the timing and location of aerial survey counts.
Our study was undertaken over a large flood plain known to be a key seasonal nesting area of the Magpie Goose (Anseranas semipalmata). A standardized aerial survey technique was employed, firstly using reconnaissance flights to determine when the birds were nesting and then 400‐m wide transects 3 km apart over approximately 1100 km, visually counting the geese. Radar reflectivity data from an operational weather radar in Darwin, Australia, 2 weeks prior to and during the aerial survey, were processed to link averaged radar reflectivity to terrestrial habitat at a spatial polar resolution of 250 m × 0.5°. A binary classification approach evaluated the accuracy, precision, sensitivity and specificity of reflectivity data in identifying areas where the aerial surveys recorded geese.
Aerial surveys of Magpie Geese are most effective when the geese are nesting, which is usually identified by reconnaissance flights. Here, we show nesting correlated with a decline in radar reflectivity and a concentration of hotspots. By achieving reasonable accuracy and precision (77% and 67%, respectively), the weather radar reflectivity identified high aggregations of Magpie Geese and demonstrated high efficacy when identifying areas where Magpie Geese did not occur (specificity, 94%).
We conclude that using weather radar data to guide aerial survey timing would reduce reconnaissance flight needs, and enable aerial surveys to focus on areas with a large proportion of the target waterbird population.
Tissue Engineering Cartilage with Deep Zone Cytoarchitecture by High‐Resolution Acoustic Cell Patterning
Authors: Armstrong James P. K. , Pchelintseva Ekaterina , Treumuth Sirli , Campanella Cristiana , Meinert Christoph , Klein Travis J. , Hutmacher Dietmar W. , Drinkwater Bruce W. , Stevens Molly M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe ultimate objective of tissue engineering is to fabricate artificial living constructs with a structural organization and function that faithfully resembles their native tissue counterparts. For example, the deep zone of articular cartilage possesses a distinctive anisotropic architecture with chondrocytes organized in aligned arrays ≈1–2 cells wide, features that are oriented parallel to surrounding extracellular matrix fibers and orthogonal to the underlying subchondral bone. Although there are major advances in fabricating custom tissue architectures, it remains a significant technical challenge to precisely recreate such fine cellular features in vitro. Here, it is shown that ultrasound standing waves can be used to remotely organize living chondrocytes into high‐resolution anisotropic arrays, distributed throughout the full volume of agarose hydrogels. It is demonstrated that this cytoarchitecture is maintained throughout a five‐week course of in vitro tissue engineering, producing hyaline cartilage with cellular and extracellular matrix organization analogous to the deep zone of native articular cartilage. It is anticipated that this acoustic cell patterning method will provide unprecedented opportunities to interrogate in vitro the contribution of chondrocyte organization to the development of aligned extracellular matrix fibers, and ultimately, the design of new mechanically anisotropic tissue grafts for articular cartilage regeneration.