bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Re-Use of Offshore Facilities to Facilitate Marginal Field Development
Authors: Zainol Abidin Zainol Fahmi , Mustapha Munira , M. Shaipulah Ahmad Adzwan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In recent marginal field developments with challenging reservoir characteristics and economics, PETRONAS has embarked into a new concept of field development utilizing relocatable Wellhead Platform (WHP), Export Pipeline and Floating, Production, Storage & Offloading (FPSO) facilities. One of the notable unique technical aspects of this concept is the use of Suction Pile Foundation to anchor the fixed WHP on the seabed instead of the conventional pile method. Retreval of the foundation is possible without damaging the jacket, thus allowing relocation of the WHP to other potential field without major structure modification.
The first WHP that utilized this concept was Field A Development. In 2017 Field A encountered early cessation of production. Hence, PETRONAS had the opportunity to explore re-locating Field A facilities to another marginal field development. This relocation has safeguarded PETRONAS’ financial exposure for early termination of FPSO leasing contract, and re-use of the WHP and flexible flowline.
The Development team was tasked to conduct an asset portfolio screening (based on selection criteria) to identify a suitable marginal field that could benefit from these assets. Working together with the execution team and technology vendor, several platform relocation methods were assessed. The recommendation for field relocation was made based on the most feasible and economically attractive option.
Integration and collaboration of multiple parties from the development, abandonment and execution teams were crucial in ensuring success of the project. Taking into account technical requirements and challenges that were anticipated in facilities relocation has enabled relocation of the WHP to be completed in less than 30 days with a 40% cost saving in comparison to conventional development plan.
This project has demonstrated PETRONAS’ agility to identify a feasible solution to turn setback into opportunity, further demonstrating proof of concept for the ‘hummingbird’ development to unlock multiple marginal fields and at the same time minimizing abandonment liability and exposure due to early cessation of field production.
This paper explains the processes that have taken place and the technical consideratiosn in implementing a hummingbird' facilities relocation project for marginal field development.
Geothermal Energy Basics / Education for a Sustainable Future
Authors: Nash Susan , Dietl Carlo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a road map for providing training to experienced geoscientists, engineers, and data scientists who seek to participate in geothermal energy exploration, development, and integration. The road map starts by identifying the foundational skills and knowledge base of experienced geoscientists and engineers, and then specifically discusses which elements are of direct value in geothermal energy development. The paper then discusses the best strategies for upscaling skills and closing knowledge gaps, as well as pathways for immediate implementation of the knowledge in the form of planning documents and projects. The final stage of the road map includes assessment and designing collaborative challenges so that teams learn how best to work together and achieve their goals. The final section of the paper includes brief case studies of two examples of retooled geothermal education offered by the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG).
Reducing Carbon Footprint Through Swarf-Less Milling Technology
Authors: Alexander David Aaron , Dalhberg Knut Inge 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
With the changing nature of our world and the drive for environmentally friendly action, the Oil and Gas Industry is moving forward in addressing the carbon emissions challenge. The new concept of a Circular Carbon Economy calls first to reduce emissions. Every Oil and Gas well drilled will, at some point, have to be plugged and abandoned (P&A), including wells being prepared for carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS). The integrity of these permanent barriers in CCUS applications is extremely critical. Improving the reliability and efficiency in such P&A operations, such as the use of Swarf-less Milling Technologies, can have a direct impact on reducing the CO2 emissions over the life of a well. Swarf-less Milling is the process of section milling a wellbore while leaving all cuttings downhole, rather than returning them to surface. This technology requires less equipment, chemicals, and time than conventional milling operations. Novel swarf-less section milling turns conventional section milling upside down, milling the window from the bottom up. Milling in this manner allows for the use of a mechanical pump to drive all cuttings downhole. The cuttings can then be disposed of in the abandoned well below the caprock barrier, and forgo the need to dispose of this material at surface. In addition to significant cost reductions, these efficiencies have resulted in the reduction of emissions by up to 70%. It also eliminates the need to handle, clean, and dispose of contaminated cuttings at surface, reducing the negative impacts to the environment. Results of emissions reduction by utilizing swarf-less milling will be presented and strategies for furthering the carbon reduction initiatives will be discussed.
Robots for Normally Unattended Facilities
Authors: Kumar Narayanan , Thimmaiah Swetha , Sintive Christophe 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Based on economic reasons and safety considerations, Normally Unattended Facilities (NUF) have been proven as a viable option in offshore oil and gas Industry for developing marginal fields. Developments in digitalization and communication are fundamental reasons for this paradigm shift. Digital technologies and robotics have helped operators to considerably lower Person on Board (POB) count on existing attended facilities. This reduced operating expenses (OPEX). Due to minimal operators presence, these facilities require smaller hotel facilities and safety escape devices. These facilities are also designed with walk-to-work as basic maintenance philosophy with supply vessels providing major utilities. This reduces capital expenditures (CAPEX).
The associated advantage of these facilities is the reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Due to lower power requirements, most of these new facilities are powered by solar or wind energy. This negates burning fuel gas for power generation. The facilities are designed with one visit per year as basis of operation. Limited supply vessel visits and offshore operators’ trips contributes to GHG reduction.
Apart from oil and gas facilities, offshore wind turbines are designed as unattended installations due to limited space availability. Operation and inspection of these installations are carried out remotely.
Most of the unattended installations are designed with control from remote locations. Availability of reliable and current data is of paramount importance for remote control. Collecting data from source of truth is a critical activity. Current developments in transducers and smart instrumentation have achieved proven means for operational data collection. However, for maintenance data like deck corrosion, paint condition etc., operators primarily depend upon manual methods. Collection of data required for periodic inspections, like pressure vessel wall thickness or piping erosion, are predominantly manual. Robots can be successfully deployed as data collectors. At present robots are used as aids for operators to carry out risky and dangerous operations. These robots can be either teleported or autonomous robots and require continuous supervision and command. To a limited extent, customized robots are used for data collection in some facilities.
This paper highlights some of commercially available robotics applications for offshore installations, discusses cost savings and proposes an integrated approach for robots as data collectors in normally unattended facilities. This paper will also cover some of the aspects to be taken care while designing offshore facility to suit robots’ deployment.
Multilateral Re-Entry Technology Compounding Benefits and Extending Production Life Past Two Decades
Authors: Kelsey Matthew , Fanchin Thomas , Van Der Veen Steffen , Nesheim Marie Houge 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
For over two decades multilateral technology has extended the production life of fields in the North Sea by continuing to evolve to meet the demands of increasingly complex deepwater applications. The use of multilateral technology delivers a higher recovery factor supported by the cumulative production of the multiple laterals. Over this history, multilateral applications have evolved from dual-laterals with standalone screens and commingled flow to the subject well of this paper whose slot has been kept active for over two decades through the use of re-entry multilateral systems. The well was originally completed as a dual-lateral and has since been recompleted twice to produce reserves previously left behind.
As investment and availability of new fields decline, operators face challenges to extend the production life of mature fields while also working to reduce overall development cost, cycle times, and carbon footprint. Further challenges include delivery of wells and facility systems using less in-field construction hours at a lower baseline cost. The expectation is that the projects will also reduce typical greenhouse gas emissions compared with traditional pads.
This paper will focus on the evolution of a mature field in a region that has been installing multilateral wells for over two decades. Wells originally drilled as dual-laterals have several years later been re-drilled as tri-lateral installations. As the wells once again reached the end of their expected production life, the use of re-entry multilateral technology has been utilized to extend field life for further economic production.
This paper discusses three multilateral installations on the same subsea well over a 20-year period. It highlights the technology used to keep this well slot active for over two decades and the benefits of expanding the use of this technology as fields become slot restricted. It also highlights the benefits this technology delivers in enhancing reservoir exposure and the time savings brought by drilling new lateral legs in existing subsea wells without spending significant time having to first retrieve the xmas tree or tieback liner. The case study will include discussion of workover operations, completions, isolation methods, and lateral creation systems.
Through three separate multilateral installations in one subsea slot, the production life has been extended beyond 20 years.
The paper focuses on a particular multilateral well and the technology used to extend its production life past two decades. The paper also provides insight as to methodology for continually improving reliability of multilateral installations to maximize efficiencies.
Multivariate Data Quality Relationships of Geothermal Facilities for Increased Efficiency in Digital Operations
Authors: Sanchez Gustavo , Reitmeier Jessica 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The scope of this paper is to show multivariate relationships created by measuring and validating multiple sensor data streams. Studies show that 70% to 84% of digital transformations fail (Bendor-Samuel, P, 2019). While there are many causes, they are all attributed to one main concern. Companies and organizations often fail at thinking of the necessary digital infrastructure needed to succeed in digital endeavors. It is common knowledge that if you feed digital models bad data, the output will also be poor. Bad output data translates into unreliable digital processes. This paper demonstrates how fully validated signal data from geothermal facility sensors optimize the algorithms dependent on this data. Individual validations of signals are shown and compared to other data streams related to this process. We hypothesize that while some unqualified data may indicate future unwanted events, other unqualified data are intrinsically bad and will fool future algorithms designed to automate or maintain the geothermal process.
ISO 19008 Standard Cost Coding System - The Benefit of Standardized Cost Data Structure in a Life Cycle Perspective
Authors: Landerud Frode Kristoffer , Zöllner Ferry 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The International Standard ISO 19008 provides the specifications for a standard cost coding system (SCCS) to be used for classification of cost, quantities and schedule data associated with the development and operation of oil and gas processing facilities. The ISO 19008 is valid for the petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries, where all upstream, midstream, downstream and petrochemical business categories are included. The coding structure also provides a defined structure for offshore wind facilities and can be useful for other low carbon/ carbon capture facilities, and thereby should support the ongoing energy transition towards decarbonization and renewable energy systems.
This international standard is designed to provide a uniform coding basis for cost and quantities in a life cycle perspective – from estimate preparation to cost management and collecting/collating related historical data in order to facilitate benchmarking and analysis. The standard is also intended to provide the basis for exchange of cost and quantity data between parties, e.g. between companies or contractors or across projects. ISO 19008 provides a coding structure suitable for digitalization, enabling data systems to meet these data exchange requirements.
The purpose of ISO 19008 is to enable cost data to be collected, organized and reported allowing for analysis and consistent comparison across projects and assets. In the vast and dynamic area of digitalization and digital transformation in the energy industry, the ISO 19008 provides a standard which acts as a foundational element for high quality and interoperable data. In the capital-intensive energy industry having good quality cost, quantity and schedule data is fundamental for business sustainability and competitiveness.
This paper focuses on the ISO 19008 Standard Cost Coding System, providing requirements and information on standard methodology and value potential of improved cost management by use of a standardized cost coding structure seen in a life cycle perspective.
Accelerating the Rate of Safety Innovation - A New Model
Authors: Orlean Robert H. , Patterson Robert W. , Currie-Gregg Nancy J. , Justiz Charles R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a different and more proactive approach to safety innovation based on work done in support of General Aviation (GA) safety improvement. The approach is highly transferable to other industries and environments and delivers systematic means to proactively evaluate and manage both safety innovations and the rate of creation of safety innovations to improve safety performance.
Theoretical root cause models of two of the leading causes of general aviation fatalities were developed by a team of highly experienced aviation and industry experts. This approach was novel in that the selection of these two "classes of accidents" was proactive, based on historical data for the major causes of fatalities. The models therefore represent a complete and theoretical picture of fatalities causes, rather than being based on specific investigations that address individual incidents as is the norm in our industry.
This approach led to several surprising and valuable findings.
First, development of the models created a deep and complete picture of potential fatality causes across a class of accidents and thus created a shared and common understanding of hazards as well as common causal language transferable across the GA community and beyond.
Second, the breadth and complexity of the models revealed the need to apply weighting factors to identify hazard causes to focus innovation attention and optimize innovation investments. However, since there are no shared causal models, accident investigations and data are not gathered or structured to align with these. In turn, this makes the understanding of accident causes less consistent, and probabilistic analysis of causes difficult at best.
Third, with shared causal models and aligned data, systematic innovation is enabled. This "active learning cycle" creates a systematic yet open-source process that can be managed and measured proactively, focusing on the most valuable improvements to emphasize. Accountability for improvement can then be established to further drive innovation and progress.
Ultimately, an active learning cycle transforms traditional, reactive accident investigations and mitigations into a systematic, purposeful, and measurable process for proactive safety performance improvement. Also, with common language, data and processes, cross industry safety challenges can be addressed cooperatively, and innovations can be leveraged.
Automation Lifecycle Management – A Key for Sustained Value
Authors: Ronquillo Nahum , Myers Nate , Tangstad Kristian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The paper details the automation lifecycle management (ALM) methodology used in the implementation and continuous execution of drilling and pipe handling automation. The paper also presents a case study of drilling and pipe handling automation implemented in two drilling rigs operating in the North Sea that utilize the detailed ALM methodology to achieve and sustain performance.
Enhanced Rig Safety in Well Construction and Beyond: An Intelligent Digital Controls Solution to Minimize Offshore Operational Hazards
Authors: Mahmood Azfar , Thibodeaux Robert , Angelle Jeremy 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
As the industry leans toward achieving higher efficiency and reliability while accomplishing its operational targets and flawless execution, the operational hazards involving personnel and equipment persist, especially on the rig floor, often referred to as the "red zone." With the implementation of a vigilant surveillance and tracking system, every movement including personnel and various machinery is detected. This intelligent and digitally controlled solution stops any unsafe activity that could prevent human injuries and asset damage.
The hazard monitoring technology tracks equipment as well as personnel movement through a unified real-time system with 10-centimeter accuracy. This solution is portable and customizable to suit any rig environment or configuration. The battery-powered sensors track personnel and equipment with respect to the set boundaries established for safe operations. The location coordinates for each object are monitored live and the ability to interfere and/or stop unsafe operations is executed from a single command and control system. In addition, audible and visual alarms and safety interlocks can be established based on various levels of moving or collision hazards in operations.
The regulatory agency of the U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has stated that one of the topmost hazards in the oil and gas industry is the collision of assets, including personnel and equipment. In addition, three of every five on-site fatalities are the consequence of struck-by/caught-in/caught-between hazards per OSHA IMIS Database.
This innovative surveillance technology was used in the field during the year 2020-21 on an offshore rig in the Asia Pacific region during casing and completions operations, and the results showed a significant added value to the customers that could lead to potential cost savings in the overall rig operational expenditure budget. Another field deployment was performed for an operator in the Gulf of Mexico. During this deployment, the safety and wellbeing of rig personnel were enhanced to avoid any recordable incidents, loss time, or remedial actions resulting from human injuries or equipment damage. This paper will provide comprehensive details on the novelty of this technology and the solution offered to the industry.
Where is the Industry Going with Offshore Carbon Capture, Storage, and Injection?
Authors: Wilson Jessie , Rousseau Joseph , Miller Mimosa , Patel Harish 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
With the Sustainable Development Agenda and Paris Agreement adopted, there are emerging efforts to satisfy the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and climate change. This paper will provide the role of offshore carbon capture, storage, and injection to achieve the goals set by the SDGs. The paper will also address industry activities, technical and operational practices, equipment safety, and status of regulations, and codes and standards.
The paper will begin with an overview of carbon capture technologies, storage options, and injection capabilities. It will provide details on the current regulatory framework and codes and standards for transportation, storage, processing, and injection of CO2 offshore using various types of structures. The paper will address the areas of additional safety and structural requirements which may be needed for this concept. Additional topics will include the use of green energy options offshore, need for associated equipment verification, and associated risks to environment, people, and assets.
This paper will provide a summary of how this application of carbon capture, storage, and injection in offshore may assist in achieving the goals stated by the regulatory drivers, Sustainable Development Agenda and Paris Agreement. CO2 transportation such as by pipeline and vessels will be discussed along with facility processing and injection including fixed platform, floating facility without storage, and floating facility with storage. Current regulations are written for hydrocarbon facilities and these need to be adjusted to address CO2 storage onboard, processing, and injection risks. Green energy options such as wind power may be utilized for offshore carbon capture operations, and these will also be analyzed to reduce the carbon footprint. The conclusion is that as the industry continues to mature, there is a need for continued efforts to develop the regulations, codes and standards, and equipment verification to provide sufficient safety guidance for these operations.
The paper provides the value of implementing carbon capture, transportation, and storage for the marine and offshore industry. This technology combination may also provide insight into offshore options for carbon reduction. The paper will also provide insight on risks associated with this operation, the call for development to the codes and standards, and marine transportation and storage of CO2 onboard.
Driving the Industry Towards Net Zero Through Pooling, Sharing and Collaboration
Authors: Coull Chris 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
As an industry, we have a shared commitment to reach net zero emissions by 2050. The exam question has been set and although we are beginning to see progress, in an industry that has always been good at overprovisioning, a lot of work is still to be done.
Operators have traditionally felt the need to maintain extra capacity to guarantee uninterrupted production. This may seem understandable, but in reality, will only result in more significant costs and emissions further down the line. To achieve our efficiency goals, we need to change this mindset, but how can we adapt our culture and drive the change needed to achieve that?
One way is through a much greater focus on combining what we have, through pooling or sharing, to meet the increasing expectation from the authorities for operators to demonstrate they are truly collaborating with each other. Every operator has efficiency and environmental targets, but many still seem reluctant to follow through on the need to work closely together.
We must question why this is the case and tackle head-on some of the barriers that prevent us from implementing more efficient models.