bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Deployable Tensegrity Microrobot for Minimally Invasive Interventions
Authors: Yuan Sichen , Jing Wuming , Jiang Hao 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Micro-, and milli-scale robots have emerged as next generation of intelligent technology for minimally invasive diagnosis and treatment. Recent minimally invasive interventions call for robots that work as tiny “surgeons” or drug delivery “vehicles” to achieve inner body diagnostic, surgical, and therapeutic practices, without any trauma or discomfort. Most traditional medical robots are large, and lack effective locomotion design, which prevent them from entering small entrances and moving smoothly in small working areas, such as long and narrow passages. Presented in this paper is a design of an innovative milli-scale deployable tensegrity microrobot for minimally invasive interventions. The robot is made of a deployable tensegrity structure integrated by self-stress. A folded size of the robot is small for easily entering a desired working area with a small entrance. When deployed, the tensegrity body of the robot displays lightweight and high stiffness to sustain loads and prevent damages when burrowing through tightly packed tissues or high-pressure environments. Locomotion of the tensegrity microrobot is designed to mimic a crawling motion of an earthworm, which grants the robot an ability to move well through small working areas. The robot is also an untethered agent. Morphing for deployment and locomotion of the robot is actuated by magnetic forces generated by its active members that serve as electromagnetic coils.
Design and Prototype of an Electric Pollen Extractor
Authors: Alnouser Ali , Andergeri Turki , Duan Shawn 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This paper presents design, analysis, manufacturing, and prototyping of an electric pollen extractor. The design project is based on a request from the Washington State Department of Natural Resources (DNR) to build a machine for extracting pollen from tree catkins. The machine designed at a low cost can shake off pollen from catkins cleaner and faster than other devices. The extractor can shake the pollen and clean the seeds faster by assembling a 6-volt DC gearbox motor, a drive wheel to stabilize the rotation of the extractor, and a vibrator to help shaking the pollen during the filtration process. The design idea is modeled in Autodesk Inventor and safety-factor-based design calculations are carried out, mechatronic circuits are designed and further CFD and FEA simulations are performed in Ansys to verify the validity of the design. The rotational speed of the extractor is selected based on the required motion for particles. After completion of the preliminary analysis, the design changes are passed through another round of testing. The first round of testing produced a positive change, eliminating some material, and lowering cost. Second round showed promising results with speeding up extraction time. Final design, prototype and successful testing results of the extractor is presented in the paper with concluding remarks and future work.
An Adaptive Control Framework for Unknown Input Estimation
Authors: Griffith Tristan D. , Balas Mark J. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Many dynamical systems experience inputs that are difficult to measure. Knowledge of these unknown inputs, from estimation techniques, may improve the performance of a system. However, there may be uncertainty in both the linear model of the plant and the unknown input. An architecture for the estimation of an unknown input simultaneously with the plant internal states is presented. The architecture allows for error in the realization of the dynamical model, which is corrected using an adaptive feedback term. This allows the estimator to recover the correct physical structure of the plant dynamics. Crucial to the approach is an internal model of the unknown input which is generated by an ordinary differential equation. Discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of the input generator follow, along with general considerations for the selection of basis functions for an unknown function space. Convergence proofs are presented along with illustrative examples to demonstrate the theoretical results. This novel scheme will allow for the reliable online estimates of an unknown input with known waveform while also recovering the physical structure of the internal dynamics.
Influence of Geometric Parameters on the Performance of Savonius Wind Turbine Using the Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Torres Sebastian , Marulanda Agustín , Montoya Miguel , Hernández Camilo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Rising concerns about climate change and the growth of energy consumption have led to the need to use technologies based on renewable sources. Wind energy is one of the most promising renewable technologies with an increasingly important role. Particularly Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (SVAWT) have several advantages for certain geographical conditions attracting designers to research them. The present study introduces the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) as a tool for evaluating multiple SVAWT configurations and estimating the influence of rotor geometric parameters on SVAWT performance. For this purpose, CFD simulations are developed for different SVAWT configurations modeled parametrically through the rotor geometric parameters. The numerical solutions obtained are used to generate a Response Surface (RS). The RS is evaluated by finding satisfactory quality metrics. The influence of the geometric parameters is estimated using the selected RS. As a result, an experimental space is proposed where it is more likely to find the values in the geometric parameters that maximize the SVAWT performance. This research provides tools for large-scale evaluation of SVAWTs. Therefore, influence analysis of the parameters is carried out with fewer experiments. RSM and proposed experimental space serve as a base for future studies that optimize the SVAWT configuration.
Fatigue Properties of 3D Printed Carbon Fiber
Authors: Schmitz Anne 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Three-dimensional printing with carbon fiber has been used to create lower limb prosthetics. However, the fatigue resistance of carbon fiber is understudied. The goal of this work was to quantify the fatigue properties of three-dimensionally printed carbon fiber. Moore bending fatigue specimens were created using a commercially available printer (Markforged, Watertown, MA). Specimens were printed using (1) a chopped carbon fiber matrix or (2) chopped carbon fiber matrix with embedded continuous carbon fiber. Cycles to failure was measured for three bending stress levels: 11.8, 8.8, and 7.4 kpsi. Ultimately, adding continuous carbon fiber to the chopped matrix increased the short cycle fatigue life (i.e. 103) from 17 to 274 MPa and had no effect on the endurance limit. During a single stance phase of the gait cycle, the heel and toe portions of a prosthetic foot experience up to 262 MPa of von Mises stress. This means the carbon fiber produced from three-dimensional printing would last two gait cycles. Hence, lower limb prosthetics cannot yet be made completely from three-dimensionally printed carbon fiber.
Development of Algorithms for Improving Fiber-Optical Rail Circuit on Railway Spans
Authors: Mgebrishvili Nikoloz , Iavich Maksim , Tabidze Tengiz , Nodia Amiran 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
For the safety of train traffic, the most important step is the introduction of a new type of rail circuits — fiber-optic rail circuits.
The high sensitivity of the fiber optic cable to external influences (deformation, vibration) is an important property both for fixing mechanical damage to rails and for monitoring railway rolling stock.
The branches (fragments) of the optical fiber through mechanical amplifiers perform both the functions of the information perception element — the sensor and the conducting channel of the transmitted information.
Using reflectometer OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer), based on the analysis of the backscattered light signal, the form of the effect that caused the bending is determined. Knowing the exact distance between the OTDR and the sensors, when analyzing the received signals, it is possible to determine different parameters of the passing rolling stock.
The article shows the schematic diagram and the algorithm of the proposed system developed by the authors.
Nonlinear Wake-Induced Vibration of Downstream Cylinder in Staggered Arrangements
Authors: Soares Bruno , Srinil Narakorn 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The fluid-structure interaction mechanism of flow past multiple structures in proximity is complex. Depending on the initial spacing between a pair of circular cylinders and the reduced flow velocity parameter, the downstream cylinder may undergo wake-induced vibration (WIV) and/or vortex-induced vibration (VIV). This study presents an advanced numerical time-domain simulation model to predict a two-degree-of-freedom WIV, combined with VIV response, of an elastically mounted rigid circular cylinder behind a stationary cylinder in staggered arrangements. The wake deficit flow is modelled based on the boundary layer theory, whereas the unsteady drag and lift hydrodynamic forces due to the vortex shedding of the downstream cylinder are modelled by using the nonlinear van der Pol wake oscillators. The proposed numerical prediction model is calibrated and compared versus experimental data in the literature. For the initial longitudinal centre-to-centre spacing of 4 diameters and the initial transverse spacing of less than 2 diameters, the downstream cylinder first behaves as an isolated cylinder undergoing VIV at a low deficit flow velocity. With increasing flow velocity and Reynolds number, the downstream cylinder exhibits WIV response with progressively increasing oscillation amplitudes in both cross-flow and in-line directions. For staggered cylinders, the time-varying feature of the mean lift force, directed towards the wake centreline and acting on the downstream cylinder, becomes locally asymmetric through the course of the cylinder motion trajectories. This feature modifies WIV response frequencies and leads to an asymmetric trajectory of the cylinder’s two-directional displacements.
Study of Carbody Structure Design Under Different Standards
Authors: Wang Jianran , Liu Xiaofang , Zhang Haifeng , Luo Qi , Jiang Shihong , Hong Haifeng 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Under the background of economic globalization, more and more car-builders not only supply railway vehicles to domestic market, but also actively bidding international projects and deliver products all over the world. The railway vehicle design standards are significantly different throughout the world. Using carbody system as example, the popular standards include European standard system (EN), British standard GM/RT 2100, International Union of Railways (UIC) standard system, US standard system (AAR/APTA/ASME) and Japanese standard system (JIS). In addition, some country’s standard might have special requirement based on local conditions and culture. These various standards will inevitably present different carbody design requirements. Among the above standards, EN and US standards are applicable to Europe, China, and America, which are largest railway vehicle markets in the world. This paper will introduce the history and characteristics of the mainstream rail vehicle standards worldwide and analyze the relationship between standard and vehicle design. Light Rail Vehicle (LRV), subway and commuter rail vehicle (multi-level vehicle) are selected as typical examples for the interpretation and application of US standard and EN standard separately. The 3 major requirements of carbody design, including static strength, fatigue strength and crashworthiness, are compared between US and EN standards to specify the general difference as well as the influence on the carbody design, such as material distribution, structure development, which could provide valuable reference for researchers and engineers in the rail vehicle industry to define and design new products more efficiently across different country’s rail standards.
A New Approach to Design Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing
Authors: Sun Wangping , Gao Yanqing 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing (GD&T) is an essential component in mechanical design, manufacturing, quality inspection and cost control. A datum-based GD&T model and a computer algorithm have been built to standardize and computerize the GD&T procedure. A VBA (Visual Basic Application) tool has also been developed to implement the algorithm and semi-automated the GD&T design. As part of the research, the model and its tool have been applied in GD&T design to verify their usefulness and capability. The result is promising. The quality of the GD&T designs by the junior engineering personnel has been much improved. The application of the model (and its software tool) has also formed a new design process. In this paper, the authors will introduce how the transition is made in the GD&T design by adopting the datum-based model and showcase some exemplary designs achieved through it. It will also disclose an important finding in the implementation of the new GD&T design process.
Characterization of Lateral Friction Surfaced AA6063 Coatings
Authors: Seidi Ebrahim , Miller Scott F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Friction surfacing is a solid-state metal deposition technique suitable for a wide range of metallic materials. This technique results in coatings on surfaces for joining purposes or surface modification applications such as wear and corrosion performance improvements. In this study, a novel approach in friction surfacing is utilized in which the consumable tool deposits material from its side instead of the end of the tool, which has been employed in conventional friction surfacing. Frictional heat enables plastic deformation, which results in the depositing of the consumable material on the substrate surface. The process is carried out at temperatures below the melting point of the consumable material, resulting in a solid-state deposition process. In the current study, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy have been employed for the characterization of the interfaces and coatings. The results of this study exhibited that there is no elemental diffusion between the tool and substrate materials at the interface, showing that the process temperature was low enough to prevent plasticizing of the substrate surface.
Corrosion Mitigation for Mechanically-Fastened Fiber-Reinforced-Polymer Composites
Authors: Callahan Moira , Romsland Ruby , McDonald Kenneth J. , McCoy Brad C. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Mechanically-Fastened Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites (MF-FRPs) are currently being used to extend the useful service life of deteriorated bridges. However, the A325 Steel fastener assemblies used to attach the MF-FRP system to the bridges are experiencing noticeable corrosion. Through electrochemical polarization measurements and Tafel analysis, the expected lifetime of the A325 fastener assembly was determined and compared to other similar materials, Military Specification Grade 5 Steel (MTD-STD) and PH 17-4 Stainless Steel (PH 17-4). ASTM B117 salt fog testing was performed on each material fastener assembly to simulate the corrosion that should be experienced by each material. The electrochemical analysis and the ASTM B117 salt fog test confirmed the MIL-STD assembly corroded at a much slower rate compared to either A325 or PH 17-4. It was determined that the useful life of the fastener assembly could be extended from 6.5 year using A325 to 372 years using MIL-STD. Implementation of this engineering materials solution will extend the useful life of the MF-FRP fastener assembly however, a cost benefit analysis determined that continuing to use A325 is still the best option given the desired useful life of the MF-FRP retrofit system is 3 to 5 years.
Biogas Upgrading System for the Generation of Electricity From Methane Combustion
Authors: Duan Lee , Newcomer Lawrence , Thompson Alice , Duan Shawn 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The search for new and improved energy renewal systems has been widespread for years at a global level. One of the techniques that are increasingly being employed involves the utilization of biowaste, both human and animal, to generate electrical energy [1]. This is done through a process called upgrading, which separates CO2 and H2S from the biogas produced in the digestion of the organic matter. Under request of the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT), the purpose of this project is to convert biogas from organic waste to usable energy at highway rest areas in Washington State, decreasing raw waste accumulation at sewage lagoons and providing means to electrical-grid independence for these sites. This project aims at creating a small-scale system that employs this principle, eventually providing rest areas on the highway with net-zero energy buildings. With the application of improvements and new features on a preexisting prototype, the team produced a suitable design to undergo a validation process. The system obtained from this process will therefore constitute a significant improvement both from an environmental and financial standpoint, eventually producing net zero energy buildings.
Laser Metal Deposition of Functionally Graded Ti-6Al-4V + Mo Samples and Characterization Studies
Authors: Kumpaty Subha , Coen Brietta , Coen Liam , Tlotleng Monnamme , Arthur Nana , Pityana Sisa 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Ti-6Al-4V is a common alloy known for its use in aerospace and/or biomedical applications. In this study, Mo has been employed to increase the biocompatibility of Ti-6Al-4V. Two samples of Ti-6Al-4V with layers of differing percentages of Mo were produced using laser metal deposition at the National Laser Center of the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa. One sample was manufactured with layers containing 15-10-5-0-5-10-15 wt% Mo at 1500W laser power and another sample was prepared with 0-5-10-15-10-5-0 wt% Mo at 1700W.
The microstructures of 0% Mo showed Widmanstätten alpha. Adding Mo, the layers indicated lamellar microstructure. The properties of lower and upper layers with the same concentration of Mo were found to vary due to thermal effects occurring in the process of printing and possible intermetallic bonding. This paper discusses underlying factors for the results obtained on graded samples at different laser powers (1500 and 1700 W) in detail. The findings infer that the higher percent of Mo (above 10%) is not advisable for biomedical applications due to cracking and other related issues. The results indicate need for further research to optimize the laser metal deposition process to yield consistent production of functionally graded material.
Lower Limb Joint Reaction Forces and Moments Calculations for a “Dabke Jump”: Application of 3D Inverse Dynamics Technique
Authors: Sammour Perla C. , Hage Ilige S. , Ghnatios Chady , Metni Najib , Hage Re-Mi S. , Hamade Ramsey F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The study involves applying the inverse dynamics to calculate the 3-dimensional (3D) reaction forces and moments at the lower limbs namely: hip, knee, and ankle joints. The study is specific to performing the Lebanese folkloric dance known as the “Dabke jump”. The aim is to compare the impact forces generated at the three joints. Also envisioned is to contrast the forces generated for a male (63 Kg) and a female (50.4 kg) dancer (barefoot and while she wears 8.5 cm high heels).
The experimental part of the study consists of measuring position data of the right lower limb of the participant when performing the jump. All at once, the reaction forces generated at the impact are synchronously measured. The position data are obtained using the OptiTrack™ motion capture system. The ground reaction forces are measured using the AMTI force plate.
Using kinematics analysis in conjunction with inverse dynamics, the filtered and fitted experimental data are then imported into MATLAB® to obtain a table containing all the internal forces and moments at each joint (ankle, knee, and hip joints) as function of time. Next, the results are plotted and compared. Force and moment data are analyzed using R Project for statistical computing software. The boxplot technique is used to identify the presence of outliers. Using both MannWhitney and Krustkal Wallis tests, all joint reaction forces and moments in three dimensions are analyzed, at different time intervals to instantaneously identify the prominent effect on each joint.
It is found that the largest impact force is generated at the ankle joint for both subjects. For the male participant, the impact maximum vertical force measured at the ankle is about 2.2 of body weight (BW). For the female participant, a maximum vertical force of 1.84 BW is recorded both barefoot and with heals. The forces and moments obtained for this male individual are larger than those obtained for this female individual. Moreover, for the female participant the vertical forces obtained for all joints when wearing an 8.5 cm high heel are found to be lower than those obtained when she is barefoot. This is most notably recorded at the hip joint where a maximum decrease of 21.2% is observed. This finding suggests that when a dancer performs the “Dabke jump”, wearing an appropriate heel of suitable height will decrease the vertical impact forces on the lower limb joints and decrease the risk of injuries.
Examination of Resonant Frequencies Generated by Combustion Oscillation in a Combustor Fueled by a Hydrogen-Natural Gas Mixture and an Upstream Pipe
Authors: Uemichi Akane , Lyu Yifan , Kusaka Jin , Kaneko Shigehiko 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A combustion oscillation experiment showed combustion oscillation frequencies of around 350 Hz when only natural gas was used as fuel and approximately 200 and 400 Hz when a hydrogen–natural gas mixture was used. To analyze the resonant frequency, two- and four-region models considering unburned and burned regions of the combustor were developed. The experimental frequencies of the 100% natural gas condition were successfully predicted. Conversely, the experimentally observed frequencies under the hydrogen–natural gas condition were not accurately predicted. A swirler-combustor model was then constructed to get closer to the actual configuration and shape of the experimental setup. However, the model could not reproduce the experimental value under the hydrogen–natural gas condition. A whole piping model was then developed by adding a casing and an air supply pipe to the combustor. The resonant frequencies under both the 100% natural gas and hydrogen–natural gas conditions were successfully calculated. The model reproduced the range and change tendency of the experimentally measured oscillation frequency.
Output-Only Structural System Identification Based on Symplectic Geometry Mode Decomposition
Authors: Pengming Zhan , Xianrong Qin , Qing Zhang , Yuantao Sun 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a novel output-only structural system identification method is proposed based on the decomposition of the response signal by applying newly developed symplectic geometry mode decomposition (SGMD). The SGMD can decompose the output signal into a limited of single component signals which are also called symplectic geometry components (SGCs) adaptively without determining too many parameters. Then the random decrement technique (RDT) is applied to extract the free decay responses from SGCs. Finally, the modal parameters such as modal frequency and damping ratio can be identified using the Hilbert transform (HT) method. To demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed method, a numerical example and a monitored quayside container crane structure are conducted. The modal parameters of those studies can be obtained accurately and effectively by using the proposed method.