bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Greenbug Control in Grain Sorghum, 1975
Authors: Teetes George L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in 2 tests in Hale Co., Texas. Each plot was 1 row 50 ft long. Plots were separated by 1 to 3 untreated buffer rows. Liquid formulated insecticides were applied by the use of a compressed CO2, back-pack sprayer equipped with a boom fitted with 2 hollow-cone nozzles (3x) which directed the spray to the sides of the plant. Sprays were applied at the rate of 5 gal per acre. Granular treatments were applied by hand-shaking the insecticides from a glass jar with a perforated lid onto the tops of the plants. Relative effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated by counting live greenbugs on each of 5 plants selected at random from each plot prior to treatment and at 3 and 7 days after treatment. Percent control was calculated using Henderson and Tilton’s 1955 formula.
Green Cloverworm Efficacy Trials
Authors: Pedigo Larry P. , Hammond Ron 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
During 1975, 84 soybean plots were located 5 miles southwest of Ames, Iowa. Each plot measured 50 ft by 4 rows (30-in centers) and was bordered by 2 buffer rows. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, 4 blocks each with 21 treatments. Treatments are given in the table. Treatments were applied on August 6, 1975, with a 4 row CO2 charged bicycle sprayer (liquid output at 40 psi = 29.9 ml/sec). Spray nozzles were Delavan BC 10-70° No.-6. Weather conditions were slightly cloudy, breeze ca 5 mph, temperature ca 70°F. Soybean plants were in maturity stage R4 (pods growing in size). Plots were sampled with a 15 inch diam sweepnet (20 sweeps/plot) on 4 dates: August 5 (pretreatment), August 7 (24-hour post-treatment), August 9 (72 hour post-treatment), and August 13 (7-day post-treatment). Samples were examined for green cloverworm larvae in the laboratory. Plots were examined and rated on August 13 for visual signs of phytotoxicity, viz., leaf discoloration. Rainfall during the sampling period was measurable on August 10, 11, and 12 with a total of 1.03 inches of rain.
Potato Leafhopper Efficacy Trials
Authors: Pedigo Larry P. , Hammond Ron 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
During 1975, 16 soybean plots were located 3 miles west of Ames, Iowa. Each plot measured 30 ft by 4 rows (30 inch centers) and was bordered by 2 buffer rows. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, 4 blocks, each with 4 treatments. Treatments are given in the table. Treatments were applied in-furrow at planting on May 20, 1975. Granular insecti-cides were applied with a 2 row Ford 310 unit planter. Plants emerged on June 2 and were cultivared on July 1. Plots were sampled (10 ft2/plot) with a D-Vac (1-ft2 sampling cone) on June 20 (plants in 3 trifoliate-leaf stage) and July 13 (plants in full bloom). Samples were examined for the presence of potato leafhoppers. Stand counts were taken on June 20 by counting the number of plants per 12 row-ft. Plots were examined and rated on June 20 for visual signs of phytotoxicity, viz., leaf discoloration.
Control of European Corn Borer on Sweet Corn, 1984
Authors: Watrin Clifford G. , Radcliffe Edward B. , Krueger Craig 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted 5 Jun, at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, Dakota County, MN. Experimental plots were 1 row, 80 ft long, replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Plants were spaced at 7-8 inch intervals within rows 30 inches apart. First instar ECB, were placed on the silks 3 Aug to 35 randomly selected ears, however natural infestations proved to be high. Untreated border rows separated each treatment. Insecticidal sprays were applied on 6, 13, and 24 Aug, to the silk area of the ears. Treatments were applied using a CO2 powered hand-sprayer delivering 50 gal of water/acre at 20 psi. Evaluations were made 4 Sep by scoring 50 randomly selected ears/plot for ECB tunneling, and presence of live ECB larvae.
European Corn Borer Control in Whorl Stage Sweet Corn, 1984
Authors: Whalen J. , Vanderhoef H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 18 May near Georgetown, DE. Treatments were arranged in 4-row plots, 20 ft long on 40-inch centers, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Foliar treatments were applied on 29 Jun at the mid-whorl stage with a wheelbarrow design, CO2 pressurized sprayer using 1 nozzle per row delivering 21 gal/acre at 40 psi.
Yield Response and Efficacy of Penncap-M on Chinese Mustard, 1984
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael , Lasota Joan A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental plot was a randomized block design, where each of 3 vegetable crops (Chinese cabbage, Chinese broccoli, and Chinese mustard) were replicated 4 times. Plot size for each commodity per replicate was 7.5 ft by 3 It and consisted of 10 plants. Rows were 3 ft apart, plants 1.5 ft apart, and there was a 3-ft alley spacing between replicates. Three lb 10-10-10 fertilizer/100 sq ft and 10 lb lime/100 sq ft were incorporated into the tilled plot prior to planting. Seedlings were transplanted on 31 Jul following soil fumigation with bromomethane (1 lb/100 sq ft on 27 Jul. Insecticide applications were made on 8, 15 Aug, and 5 Sep to seedling, post-seedling and mature plants, respectively. Teejet 8003 Fan type nozzles (1 for the first application and 2, with a 30-inch boom spacing, for the second and third applications) were used on a compressed air sprayer to deliver a foliar broadcast spray over the rows. Due to an extensive flea beetle infestation which would have resulted in heavy seedling mortality if left untreated, an application of Lannate was made to all plants on 2 Aug. (Penncap-M had not yet been secured for use). Flea beetle adults and their damage was assessed on 15 Aug. Flea beetle feeding damage was rated by counting the number of feeding scars in a 1 cm2 area at the center of 1 randomly chosen leaf per plant. The quantity of (lea beetles per plant was determined using the following rating index: 0 = 0 beetles, 1 = 1-10 beetles, 2 = 11-20 beetles, 3 = 21-30 beetles, 4 = 31-40 beetles, 5 = 41-50 beetles, 6 = 50+ beetles. Yield data were collected on 20 Sep by weighing whole plants.
Onion Thrips Control, 1984
Authors: May A. W. , Grafius E. , Hayden N. , Warner F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Onions were seeded 4 May at the M.S.U. Muck Crops Experimental Farm, Bath, MI (Clinton Co.). Plots were planted in 32 inch rows with a tractor-mounted Planter Junior seeder and soil insecticide treatments applied with a Gandy granular applicator. Plots were 3 rows x 20 ft long and treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications of foliar treatments within each soil treatment. The soil treatments were not replicated. Foliar treatments were applied on 29 Jim, 10, 16, 23, 30 Jul, 6, 14 Aug, with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer (30 gpa). Two treatments (Vydate and Diazinon) were applied on an “as needed” basis only. The purpose for the “as needed” sprays was to ascertain if adequate control could be achieved by implementing a short, intensive spray program once thrip populations reached threshold level (30 + thrips/plant). The “as needed” sprays were applied on 23, 27, and 30 Jul. Weekly samples of thrips/10 plants were taken from the center row of each plot.
Control of Onion Thrips on Onions, 1984
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory studies were conducted to determine any differences in initial and residual effectiveness of registered insecticides. A stock solution of each insecticide (Lorsban 4EC; Parathion 8EC; Diazinon 4EC; Phosdrin 4EC) was diluted to 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 and 1/16 of the recommended field rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre. Leaves on potted onion plants were dipped into the solutions and allowed to air dry. At periods of 1, 4, 6, and 8 days posttreatment, 5 thrips larvae/leaf were placed within small test-tube cages which covered the treated portion of the leaf. The entire experiment entailed 4 insecticides tested at 4 time intervals (16 treatments) replicated 3 times, plus controls. All plants were treated on the same day and when thrips were placed on the plants they were always put on previously non-infested plants. Plants were kept at 70°F during the test and mortality was assessed at 48 h posttreatment.
Coverage of Onion Foliage as a Requirement for Control of Onion Thrips on Onions, 1984
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , North R. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four ground and 1 aerial application were evaluated for coverage of onion plants. Potted onion plants, with 6 leaves each, were used as indicators of the coverage by the various pieces of application equipment. These plants were placed within the rows of commerieal fields and replaced onion plants which were removed. Five potted onion plants per field were placed in a diagonal pattern encompassing 5 adjacent double-rows approximately 50 ft in length. Placing the onion plants along this diagonal helped to reduce any variation along the spray boom, as well as any variation which might have occurred as the boom traveled through the sprayed area. The area within the field which contained the potted plants was marked with flags for the benefit of the applicator and the application was observed to be certain that it was made over the test area. Fluorescent dye, at the rate of 300 g/acre, was added to the water of each piece of application equipment. All applications were made on 9 Aug, and the plants were returned to the laboratory the same day. All leaves were then examined under an ultraviolet light and rated for fluorescent dye deposition (coverage) according to a scale of 1 (sparse) to 10 (nearly solid). Separate ratings were made for the top half and bottom half of each leaf as well as the base of the plant, i.e. where the foliage leaves join the bulb. The entire leaf rating which is also listed is simply the average of the bottom and top halves.
Reduction of Onion Thrips in Transplanted Onion
Authors: Straub Richard W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Transplants were set in the field 8 May, in organic muck soil in Pine Island, NY. Treatments were arranged in 1-row plots 40 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Foliar insecticide sprays were applied over the tops of plants with a CO2 pressurized back-pack sprayer dispensing 33 gal/acre @ 37 psi, @ 2 mph. A single application was made 17 Jul after a pre-treatment thrips infestation count, and evaluated at 2 day and 6 day posttreatnient intervals. Evaluations consisted of harvesting 5 random plants/treatment-replicate, dissecting plants, and the 5 youngest leaves were examined under binocular microscope for the number of live adult and nymphal thrips. Thrips reduction was determined by the formula provided in table. At the 2 day posttreatnient count, a number of thrips (ca. 60%) had drowned due to heavy rainfall the day after application, necessitating correction of the data for check mortality—which was done for both sampling intervals by a formula given in table.
European Corn Borer Control in Bell Peppers, 1984
Authors: Kauffman W. C. , Kennedy G. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pepper plants were transplanted 8 Jun at the NCSU Central Crops Research Station at Clayton, NC. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 4 replications (= blocks) and 4 treatments. Each plot consisted of 20 plants in a 20-ft row with 10 ft between plots within rows and 7 ft between rows and was artificially infested with 25 ECB egg masses on 1 Aug. Insecticides were applied on 4, 11, and 17 Aug with a 3-nozzle (D-3, 25 core) back-pack sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 50 psi. ECB damage was assessed by splitting and examining each fruit in a plot for the presence of an ECB larva.
Thrips Control on Sweet Peppers, 1984
Authors: Muruvanda Devaiah A. , Beardsley John W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were replicated 4 times, in 3 rows, 6.10-m long by 4.57-m wide plots in a randomized complete block design. Seedlings were transplanted 0.30 m apart within rows, on 13 Jim ’84. Sprays were applied by hand using a ‘Maruyama Power Sprayer, with a single nozzle which was operated at 100 psi to deliver 100 gal/acre. Sprays were applied 31 Jul, 7, 14, 20 and 28 Aug. Thrips counts were made 24 Jul, 2, 10, 16 and 22 Aug. Populations of thrips were recorded by examining 15 randomly-selected leaves (third fully expanded leaf from tip) per plot. Prior to counting, thrips were fixed in place by application of an aerosol hairspray over both surfaces of sampled leaves. Population counts of thrips were transformed Y + 0.5 before analysis. Data were presented in the original scale.
Systemic Insecticides to Control the Colorado Potato Beetle in Potatoes, 1984
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potato seed pieces were planted in a Sassafras sandy loam field on 10 Apr, ’84. Plots were 20 ft long and 3 ft wide arranged in a randomized complete block experimental design with 4 replications. Granular treatments were applied in a 6-inch band with a hand shaker; liquid treatments were applied with a sprinkler can in a 6-inch band as a drench application (300 gal/acre). In-furrow (IF) treatments were applied just prior to seeding and topdress (TD) treatments were appled on 10 May (cracking) as a 4-inch band over the top of the row and lightly incorporated. Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larvae were counted on 19 Jun and 5 Jul; % plant defoliation was recorded on 26 Jun, 5 and 9 Jul. Plots were harvested on 1 Aug and tubers were examined for cutworm and wireworm damage. Plots were irrigated when moisture was below normal.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control Soil Insecticide Trial, 1984
Authors: Graustein Mark R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots were established on the grounds of the University of Delaware Experiment Station near Georgetown DE on 2 May. Each plot consisted of 1 row 7.62m long separated by a check row 0.9m apart. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design in which treatments were replicated 4 times. The check rows served as a reservoir for the CPB. The seed furrows were opened with a commercial planter, and the seed pieces were placed in the furrow by hand. Oxamyl and Furadan were applied in furrow using a single row Noble applicator and the furrows were then closed. At plant emergence (25 May) Temik was applied as a sidedress in the cultivation furrow and covered using a hoe. Weed control, fertilization, and other cutural practices were the same as those normally used in commercial production.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Alabama, 1984
Authors: Harper J. D. , Kouskolekas C. A. , Hollingsworth M. H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted in 44-inch rows 14 Apr, ’84 at the North Alabama Horticulture Substation, Cullman. Plots of 3 rows by 20 ft were established on 24 May. All applications were made with a CO2 pressurized hand pump sprayer fitted with 1 hollow-cone nozzle and operating at 60 psi. A total of 33 gal of finished spray/acre was applied by spraying each row 3 times—once over the top and once into each side. All plots receiving the fungus Beauveria hassiana (ABG 6112) were treated at dusk on 24, 31 May, and 7 Jun. All chemical treatments were applied early the following morning, or ca. 12 h later. Pre-spray counts of CPB adults and larvae were made by shaking 3.3 row-ft of plants over a shake cloth and counting the dislodged insects. Ten samples taken randomly from over the entire experimental field yielded a mean population of 13.2 +/- 6.1 larvae per row-ft of potato foliage. The majority of larvae were in the 2nd and 3rd instars at this date and few adults were present. Population estimates were made weekly for 3 wk by counting the larvae visible on the plants while walking along 20 ft of the center row. Only larvae were counted on 31 May and 7 Jun, but adults and larvae were present and were counted on 14 Jun. Potatoes were dug on 16 Jul. Yield from 20 ft of the center row of each plot was recorded as weight of sound potatoes. All population data were transformed with a log transformation and subjected to analysis of variance.
Control of Leafminer on Tomato, 1984
Authors: Muruvanda Devaiah A. , Beardsley John W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Field plots were located at the University of Hawaii Experiment Station, Waimanalo, HI. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Three-row plots, 1.21 m apart and 6.09 m long were planted at 0.6-m spacing between plants on 18 Nov ’83. Treatments were applied by hand using a Mariiyama Power Sprayer’, with a single nozzle, which was operated at 100 psi to deliver 100 gal/acre. Treatments were applied 10 Feb, 6 Mar and 2 Apr ’84. The number of active mines were counted on the first trifoliate (terminal 3 leaflets) from the third fully expanded leaf. Twenty-five trifoliates randomly selected per plot were used. Counts were made 8 Feb, 23 Feb, 14 Mar and 12 Apr ’84. Twenty-one days after collecting, the emerged adult leafminers and parasites were counted.
Alfalfa Weevil Control in First Cutting, 1984
Authors: Klostermeyer Lyle E. , Evans Reid 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental insecticides were evaluated in a second-year alfalfa field at the Middle Tennessee Experiment Station, Spring Hill, TN. Furadan and Imidan were included as standards. Treatments, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, were applied on 6 Apr to plots 18 X 20 ft at the rate of 25 gal/acre at 30 psi with a CO2-powered boom sprayer mounted on bicycle wheels. Five pendulum sweeps were taken with a 15-inch diam insect net in each plot prior to treatment on 13, 17 and 24 Apr and 1 and 10 May. Pretreatment means were 38.8 alfalfa weevil larvae (AWL) per 5 sweeps. Weather conditions for the 7-day period after treatment were: Avg maximum (65.9°F) and minimum (46°F) with 0.30 inches of rain. Total rainfall from treatment to harvest was 15.7 inches. A 5-ft strip was harvested from the middle of each plot on 11 May. Subsamples were dried tor dry weight determination.
Alfalfa Insect Contbol, Minnesota, 1984
Authors: Stucker D. S. , Radcliffe E. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment station on the third regrowth of third year ‘Agate’ alfalfa. Plots were 52 ft x 52 ft in size replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Spray treatments were applied with a tractor-drawn boom sprayer on 9 Aug in 33 gal/acre at 300 psi. Samples were taken 1 day posttreatment, 3 days posttreatment, 7 days posttreatment, 14 days posttreatment, and 20 days posttreatment using a 15-inch diam sweep-net and taking 20 pendulum sweeps per plot.
Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper Control on Alfalfa in Louisiana, 1984
Authors: Wilson Howard K. , Quisenberry Sharron S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted on a 1-year-old stand of alfalfa near Bunkie, LA. Treatments were applied during the vegetative growth stage when alfalfa was ca. 33.3 cm tall. Plots were 4.6 by 9.1 m and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were made on 13 Sep between 3:30 and 7:30 PM. Sprays were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer calibrated to 19.7 gpa and 38 psi, using 8002 flat-fan nozzles on a 2-m boom. Air and spray water temperatures during treatment were ca. 36°C and 26°C, respectively. Approximately 13.8 cm of rain fell on days 9 and 10 post-treatment. Samples were obtained by taking 10 pendulum-sweeps with a 38-cm diam sweep net on each sampling date. Sample dates were pretreatment, and 3, 7 and 14 days posttreatment. Each sample was bagged and frozen for later counting.
Chemigation for Corn Borer Control, 1984
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Dick G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test was conducted at the Garden City Experiment Station in Finney County, Kansas, in a 130-acre circle of corn. Most of the sprinklers on the 1275-ft system were shut off so that only the sprinklers between 2 towers were operating during the test. Four concentric areas under the outside 5 towers were utilized, each ring served as a replication. The treatments were applied to the outside ring (Rep A) and the third ring (Rep C) with Sennerger, model 4006 #10-14, impact sprinklers operating at 52 psi and to the second and fourth rings (Reps B and D) with Wilson Irrigation Corp, Spray I #7090, low pressure sprinklers operating at 20 psi below a Senninger model 32811 pressure regulators. Plots covered 0.82, 0.73, 0.65, and 0.56 acre in reps A, B, C, and D, respectively. The sprinkler system was calibrated to move 9.6 ft/min and delivered 0.25, 0.34, 0.30, and 0.41 inches of water in reps A through D, respectively. Seven corn borer treatments and a check were assigned in a RCB design. Chemicals were injected at the pivot with a Pulsafeeder Hydracone R 1 diaphram metering pump. The chemicals were diluted with water and/or oil to a constant volume so that the injection rate was constant within each replication. The timing of the treatments was based on the Kansas State University corn borer model and the presence of corn borer eggs in the field. Egg counts were low, averaging about one egg mass per 10 plants, and about 50% of them were hatched. Analysis of black light-trap catches at the Experiment Station indicated that the European corn borer flight peaked on 7 Aug with the major flight occurring between 1 and 14 Aug. Spider mites (mostly Banks grass mites) were counted on the leaves on one side of three or four plants in each plot. Corn borer evaluations were made by dissecting 20 corn plants in each plot (5 consecutive plants in 4 areas near the center of each plot).
Foliar Insecticides for Stalk Borer, 1984
Authors: Foster David E. , Wintersteen Wendy K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of selected foliar insecticides for the control of stalk borer Papaipema nebris (Guenee) were tested near Hale, Jones Co, Iowa. Plots were planted to no-till corn on 7 May. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Plots were H rows (on 76-cm centers) by 20 m. Treatments were applied using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer equipped with 11004 Tee Jet nozzles, delivering 20 gal/acre. A preemergence herbicide program (Dual-2.0, Atrazine-3.0 lb (AI)/acre) was applied to the entire study area on 16 May, after planting but before the crop emerged. On the same date, all stalk borer treatments involving an insecticide-paraquat tank-mix were applied. Remaining stalk borer treatments with the exception of UCSF 40, were applied on 21 May, when corn was in the late spike to early first leaf stage. UCSF 40 was applied on 22 May. Stand counts were made on 25 May and plots were evaluated on 7 Jun. Evaluations were made by determining the number of stalk borer infested plants per 17.4 ft from the center of each of the 2 middle rows in each plot. Missing plants along with those exhibiting stalk borer damage (e.g., foliar feeding, dead heart or wilting) were deemed to be infested.