bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antitranspirant Effects on Water Relations and Fruit Growth of Rabbiteye Blueberry1
Authors: Andersen P. C. , Buchanan D. W. , Albrigo L. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Vapor Gard (VG), a polymer of β-pinene applied at concentrations of 1.5 or 2.5% (by volume to rabbit-eye blueberries (Vaccinium ashei Reade) influenced leaf temperatures, water balances, berry weight, and time of fruit harvest of plants with and without drip irrigation. A 2.5% VG spray uniformly covered entire leaves and increased midday xylem pressure potentials (Ψ×) by 50% and leaf resistances (r1) by 400%, decreased transpiration (T) by 80%, raised average leaf temperature by 2.2°C and resulted in phytotoxicity and leaf drop. A 1.5% spray did not significantly increase Ψx but doubled r1 and decreased Τ by 60% with no toxicity symptoms. When all cultivars are combined, the 1.5% spray applied to plants with and without irrigation increased berry weight by 31 and 17% but delayed berry maturation and decreased percentage total soluble solids of mature berries by 26 and 24%, respectively. Vapor Gard did not significantly change yields when used alone.
Sexual and Nucellar Embryony in F1 Hybrids and Advanced Crosses of Citrus with Poncirus1
Authors: Cameron J. W. , Soost R. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fourteen hybrid citrus progenies having polyembryonic Poncirus as a parent or grandparent were classified for their type of embryony, by seed dissection. Seedling populations from some of the hybrids were also studied. The ratio of polyembryonic (P) to monoembryonic (M) individuals was nearly 1:1 among 52 F1 hybrids from P Citrus × P Poncirus. The ratio was about 1 P to 6 M among 121 F1's from 5 crosses of M Citrus with P Poncirus. Among 15 individuals from a backcross of Citrus × (Citrus × Poncirus) which was M × P, only 2 were clearly P. From backcrosses of M × M(?) parents, 28 individuals were M, 3 were probably M, and only 1 (a possible outcross?) was P. Results from the P × P and P × M crosses are in contrast to those from similar types of crosses within Citrus, where much higher proportions of P hybrids have usually been found. Results from the M × M(?) crosses probably support the concept that crosses between monoembryonic strictly sexual taxa produce only monoembryonic sexual progeny. A genetic basis for the inheritance patterns is discussed.
Physical Factors Affecting Carrot Root Growth: Water Saturation of Soil1
Authors: White J. M. , Strandberg J. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Effects of water saturation of the soil on early root growth of carrot (Daucus carota L.) were studied using specially designed pots containing organic soil. Water saturated soil conditions were created by raising the water table to envelop actively growing carrot root tips on the 6th day after planting pre-germinated seed. Water saturation was maintained for intervals of 12 hours to 7 days. Sixteen days after seeding (DAS), taproots subjected to as little as a 12 hour period of water saturated soil at 6 DAS were significantly shorter and exhibited more discolored root tips and forked roots than roots growing under normal moisture conditions. After 78 days of growth, the roots subjected to water saturated soil at 6 DAS were significantly shorter, weighed less, and were smaller in diameter than controls. The height of the carrot tops was not affected by treatments.
Heritability Estimates for Resistances in Sweet Potato to Soil Insects1
Authors: Jones Alfred , Schalk J. M. , Dukes P. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Twenty-two sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) breeding lines and 19 open-pollinated offspring from each were used to estimate the heritabilities of 7 measures of soil insect injury. Four measures of injury by the wireworm, Diabrotica spp., and Systena spp. (WDS) complex and h2 (± SE) were: percentage of roots injured, 0.45 ± 0.12; holes per root, 0.32 ± 0.09; severity index, 0.37 ±0.11; and damage score, 0.39 ± 0.17. Two measures of injury by the sweetpotato flea beetle, Chaetocnema confinis Crotch, and h2 were: percentage of roots injured, 0.40 ± 0.07, and tunnels per root, 0.25 ± 0.08. The h2 of percentage of roots injured by all insects was 0.51 ± 0.12. The percentage measures were more easily obtained and were as effective as the other measures under the conditions of natural infestation that occurred in this test. Further advances in selection for high levels of resistance to soil insects are possible within the breeding materials tested.
Growth and Development of the Pistillate Flower and Nut in ‘Barcelona’ Filbert1
Authors: Thompson Maxine M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth and development of the pistillate flower and fruit in Corylus avellana L. cv. Barcelona, was studied from anthesis (January) to maturity (September). Ovary growth is very slow for about 4.5 months, proceeds very rapidly for about 6 weeks, during which time 90% of the increase in diameter occurs, and then abruptly ceases. Ovule development, megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis, and fertilization are described. At the time of pollination (January) the pistillate flower consists of a pair of stigmatic styles joined at their bases by a minute ovarian meristem. Pollen tubes reach the base of the style in 4 to 7 days. The sperm nucleus remains in the pollen tube tip in a resting stage until mid-June (about 5 months). During this period the basal meristematic cells develop into a mature ovary. Multiple megasporocytes, derived directly from archesporial cells, give rise to several megaspores, partly developed embryo sacs, and one normal embryo sac. When the sac is mature a secondary pollen tube, bearing the sperm, grows basipetally from the resting site in the upper tip of the ovary. It proceeds through the funiculus of the anatropous ovule, along the single integument, enters the nucellus through the chalazal end, and penetrates the micropylar end of the embryo sac where the sperm is ejected. While pollination is necessary to initiate ovary development, only a small percentage of the pollinated pistils develop into a full size nut. Fertilization is necessary for the formation of normal nuts with embryos. Full size nuts which are empty at maturity result from pollination without fertilization or from embryo abortion.
Diphenyl Residues in Florida Grapefruit and Oranges Following Actual and Simulated Long Export Shipments1
Authors: Wardowski W. F. , Ting S. V. , Smoot John J. , Davis Paul L. , Craig John O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The long voyage of Florida grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) to Japan and extended marketing periods on arrival were associated with a problem with excess diphenyl (biphenyl) residues. Japanese food additive regulations have necessitated reliance on the vapor-phase fungistat diphenyl, for which residues in the fruit increase with time after packing. Residues in some shipments unexpectedly exceeded the Japanese tolerance of 70 ppm. Experiments designed to identify the effect of various factors on diphenyl residues are reported. The amount of diphenyl, temperature before refrigerated transit and exposure time, especially before refrigeration, affected diphenyl residues. Air filtration had little effect. Very early season grapefruit (harvest started before legal maturity) in August and September 1978 absorbed excessive diphenyl residues. Excessive absorption of diphenyl by grapefruit is apparently characteristic of very early fruit.
Effect of Density, Plant Type, and Season on Growth and Yield of Cowpea1
Authors: Nangju D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted at Ibadan, Nigeria, to evaluate the effects of spacing, number of plants/hill and season on growth and yield of cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) differing in growth habit. Optimum densities of cowpea were affected by moisture availability, spacing, number of plants/hill, and plant type. The optimum densities are generally lower in the long than in the short rainy season under Ibadan conditions, and decreased as the size of plant and angle of branching increased. Higher yield was best achieved by manipulating spacing rather than number of plants/hill, since yield increase due to higher number of plants/hill at wide spacing was limited by the competition of plants within the hills.
Aftereffects of Light and Chilling Temperatures on Photosynthesis in Excised Cucumber Cotyledons1
Authors: Lasley Steven E. , Garber Melvin P. , Hodges Clinton F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Photosynthesis was measured in excised cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Marketer) cotyledons subjected to chilling temperatures in the presence or absence of photo synthetically active radiation (PAR), under conditions that precluded water stress. Cotyledon CO2 exchange rates (CER) were reduced after chilling in the light, but not after chilling in the dark. In the light, reduction occurred more rapidly at lower than at higher chilling temperatures. The level of PAR had little or no effect on CER reductions at lower temperatures within the chilling range, but at higher chilling temperatures, reduction occurred more rapidly at higher PAR levels. Recovery of photosynthesis following chilling in the light occurred more rapidly in the dark than in the light, and this difference in recovery rate was greater with longer exposure to light and chilling conditions. The removal of light during the recovery phase accelerated the rate of recovery to a level comparable to the dark control.
Rootstock Does Not Affect Net Photosynthesis, Dark Respiration, Specific Leaf Weight, and Transpiration of Apple Leaves1
Authors: Barden John A. , Ferree David C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
There was no effect of rootstock on the net photosynthesis (Pn) of 1-year-old vegetative, containergrown ‘Delicious’ trees in 2 experiments. Rootstock effects on specific leaf weight (SLW) were slight in one experiment, and absent in another. There was no influence of rootstock on shoot growth, leaf number, transpiration rate (Tr) or dark respiration (Rd), each of which was determined in one experiment. These data fail to support reports of differences in Pn within a given cultivar on various rootstocks.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of the Surface of Pickling Cucumber Fruit1
Authors: Smith K. R. , Fleming H. P. , Van Dyke C. G. , Lower R. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of stomata, trichomes, scars left by detached trichomes, and epidermal cells on the surface of fresh, pickling cucumbers. Size, frequency and distribution of stomata were determined. Stomata, recessed several qm, were the only apparent, natural openings in the epidermis for gas exchange. Stomata were most numerous in the middle (20.2/mm2), less in the blossom end (10.4/mm2) and essentially absent in the stem end section of large (3.8–5.1 cm diameter), ‘GY14’ fruit. Stomatal frequency on large fruit was only about one-third that on small (1.9–2.7 cm diameter) fruit, but the stomatal index for the middle section of each size was similar (0.17–0.18). Large ‘GY14’ fruit were estimated to contain 130,000 stomata, with potential stomatal pore area (assuming open guard cells) representing 0.062% of the fruit surface
Comparison of Various Nitrogen Sources for the Fertilization of Winter-grown Head Lettuce1
Authors: Gardner B. R. , Pew W. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effectiveness of ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, calcium nitrate and urea for winter grown head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) was evaluated. N source did not affect yield, quality factors, head size or total N accumulation. Applications of fertilizers containing NO3-N resulted in slightly higher NO3-N concentrations in the midribs. Plant growth and N accumulation were similar with all N sources at low temperatures. Air temperature below 13°C for a week or more sharply reduced N uptake and plant growth with all sources. About 80% of the total N is taken up by the plants in the 4 weeks before harvest. N source did not affect quality.
Influence of Carbon Dioxide on Postharvest Ripening and Deterioration of Tomatoes1
Authors: Buescher R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Turning tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were held at 20°C and exposed to ambient, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60% CO2 with 21 ± 1% O2. C2H4 evolution was rapidly reduced when fruits were exposed to CO2. In 5, 10 and 20% CO2, C2H4 evolution continued to decline with increasing duration of exposure but after 4 days in 40 and 60% CO2, C2H4 evolution increased probably because of injury. Maximum retardation of color development occurred while exposed to between 10 and 20% CO2. After removal of CO2, color development advanced rapidly and after 4 days in air, color of fruits that had been exposed to 5 and 10% CO2 was indistinguishable from that of fruit held continually in air. Color of fruits exposed to 20, 40, and 60% CO2 never reached color of fruits held only in air, in addition, exposure to these concentrations reduced subsequent salability due to enhanced mold growth, uneven ripening, and watersoaking. Intermittent exposures to 20% CO2 and air caused rapid fluctuation of C2H4 evolution and retarded color development. CO2 was not effective in inhibiting wound induced C2H4 evolution.
Penetration of Photosynthetically Active Radiation as a Measurement of Canopy Density of Citrus Trees1
Authors: Jahn Otto L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Citrus trees were defoliated to obtain measurements of radiation penetration at various canopy densities. Tree size measurements were used to calculate the leaf-area index (LAI) and leaf-area to canopy-area ratio (LAC) of trees. Penetration of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increased curvilinearly as defoliation increased and LAC decreased. Observed relationships between PAR penetration and LAC were used to estimate LAC values from PAR penetration measurements. Correlations between PAR penetration and LAC were slightly higher than with LAI. LAI and LAC appeared to vary independently from tree size as measured by tree diameter or leaf area.
Effect of Preharvest Antitranspirant Sprays on the Size and Quality of ‘Delicious’ Applesat Harvest
Authors: Miller Stephen S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the paper, Effect of Preharvest Antitranspirant Sprays on the Size and Quality of ‘Delicious’ Apples at Harvest by Stephen S. Miller (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 104(2):204-207.1979), lines 2 and 3 in the third paragraph of the introduction should read: “A 1.0% wax emulsion applied to ‘Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ apples had no effect on fruit size(13);…”
Histological and Physical Behavior of Tomato Skins Susceptible to Cracking1
Authors: Hankinson B. , Rao V. N. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cracking behavior of tomato skins (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was investigated using failure and relaxation tests. Skin specimens were taken in 2 directions to represent concentric and radial cracks. Normal tissue and tissue subjected to mechanical forces were examined to determine the resulting histological distortions. The relaxation test gave more information than the failure test. No difference was observed for longitudinal or transverse skin strength for failure or the relaxation test indicating isotropic behavior. The shape of the cells and deposition of cuting appeared to affect cracking behavior. Generally, cells elongated and flattened during the failure test and failed between cells walls.
Promotive Effects of Auxin, Ethephon, and Daminozide on the Rooting of Protea neriifolia Cuttings1
Authors: Criley Richard A. , Parvin Philip E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Terminal cuttings of Protea neriifolia R. Br. gave earlier rooting and superior rooting index values when they received basal pretreatments of combinations of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 300 ppm and indoleacetic acid (IAA) at 4000 ppm followed by a commercial rooting preparation composed of 1.0% indolebutyric acid (IBA) plus 0.5% NAA diluted 1:9 and combinations of 2500 or 4000 ppm butanedioic acid mono-(2, 2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) with 4000 ppm of IBA or IAA. Treatment effects were evident after 3 and 4 months while the control required 5 to 6 months for similar rooting results.
Deicing Salt Spray Injury in Selected Pinus spp.1
Authors: Barrick W. E. , Flore J. A. , Davidson Harold 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Needle surface characteristics and NaCl penetration rates were compared and related to deicing salt spray injury for resistant Austrian pine, Pinus nigra Arnold, and susceptible Eastern white pine, Pinus strobus L. Stomata in longitudinal rows separated by parallel ridges characterized needle surfaces of both species; surface fine structure was free of trichomes or other recognizable structures. Pinus nigra in comparison to P. strobus had greater surface area (3.64 cm2/needle vs. 1.87 cm2/needle) and larger quantities of epicuticular wax 183 μg/cm2 vs. 75 μg/cm2). Thin-layer chromatography indicated no distinct differences in epicuticular wax chemistry. Surface wettability, measured by contact angle, was similar. Retention of an aqueous solution was similar when needles were attached to fascicles. Penetration of 36C1 was significantly greater in needles of P. nigra on a surface area basis (P. nigra = 9,839 dpm/cm2, P. strobus = 3,503 dpm/cm2). No differences in penetration occurred when expressed on a fresh weight basis. Electron microprobe analysis substantiated a greater penetration of Na+ and Cl- in needles of P. nigra. Levels of Na+ were higher than Cl− in both species. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride studies indicated greater sensitivity to increasing concentrations of NaCl in needles of P. strobus and in P. nigra. Differences in species sensitivity appears to be related to protoplasmic sensitivity rather than to differences in penetration of Na+ and Cl− ions.
A Nondestructive Method for Measuring Ripeness and Detecting Core Breakdown in ‘Bartlett’ Pears1
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Worthington J. T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Difference in optical density (∆OD) of intact ‘Bartlett’ pears (Pyrus communis L.) between wavelengths 690 and 740 nm was measured at harvest and during ripening with a single-beam multiwavelength spectrophotometer. The ∆OD indicated the status of ripeness and detected core breakdown of ‘Bartlett’ pears nondestructively. The ∆OD decreased consistently with ripening and was associated with softening, climacteric rise in respiration, and ethylene production. The ∆OD increased in pears with core breakdown even before external symptoms were visible.
Respiration and Ethylene Production in Fruits of Species and Cultivars of Psidium and Species of Eugenia1
Authors: Akamine Ernest K. , Goo Theodore 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruits of 4 species and cultivars of guava (Psidium guaiava L. cv. Beaumont, P. cattleianum Sabine, P. cattleianum f. lucidum Degener, and P. guajava L. cv. Allahabed Safeda) were found to be climacteric in their respiratory behavior with C2H4 triggering the respiratory rise. Fruits of 4 species of Eugenia (Eugenia malaccensis L., E. cumini (L.) Druce, E. uniflora L., and E. jambos L.) exhibited typical respiratory behavior of nonclimacteric fruits including the response to exogenous C2H4 treatments. The possibility of using respiratory data as a physiological tool for taxonomic differentiation of plants is discussed.
Honey Bee Foraging and Resultant Seed Set among Male-fertile and Cytoplasmically Male-sterile Carrot Inbreds and Hybrid Seed Parents1,2
Authors: Erickson E. H. , Peterson C. E. , Werner Patricia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A study of foraging by honey bees (Apis mellifera L.) among cytoplasmically male-sterile and malefertile seed parents of carrot (Daucus carota L.) revealed that honey bee discrimination between the fidelity to carrot phenotype and genotype were evident and often extreme. Some lines were extensively visited while others were virtually ignored. Wide differences in seed set were evident among male-sterile F1’s and inbreds and malefertile lines. Differences in seed yield were correlated with foraging preferences, but the quality of nectar from the stomachs of bees was not.
Differential Reaction of Leaves and Pods of Phaseolus Germplasm to Strains of Xanthomonas phaseoli and Transgressive Segregation for Tolerance from Crosses of Susceptible Germplasm1
Authors: Valladares-Sanchez Nicolas E. , Coyne Dermot P. , Schuster M. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The leaf and pod reactions of greenhouse-grown plants of reportedly tolerant lines of P. vulgaris L.: Plant Introduction (PI) 169727, PI 197687, PI 163117, PI 207262, PI 325684, PI 325691, ‘Great Northern Nebr. #1 sel. 27’; P. coccineus: PI 165421 and P. acutifolius: Tepary (Nebr. Acc. 10) to Xanthomonas phaseoli (E. F. Smith) Dowson isolates [Xp-S and Xp 816 (Nebr.), Xp-15 (Michigan), Xp-Br (Brazil)], and X.p. fuscans (Burkh.) Starr & Burk. [Xpf-UI (Uganda)], were studied. The multiple needle method was used to inoculate leaves and a dissecting needle was used to inoculate pods of these plants. A differential reaction of lines to isolates was observed for each of the reactions on leaves and pods. All P. vulgaris lines were susceptible or moderately susceptible to the new virulent Xp-Br strain. Leaves and pods of P. acutifolius were highly tolerant to all isolates while P. coccineus PI-165421 showed a differential reaction to all isolates: leaves were highly tolerant and pods highly susceptible. The internal reaction for pods was more severe than the external reaction. P. vulgaris PI 207262 showed a uniform tolerance of leaf and pod to the USA isolates, while ‘GN Nebr. #1 sel. 27’ had a tolerant leaf and susceptible pod. These results suggested differential genetic control of pod and leaf reactions. Transgressive segregation for a high level of leaf tolerance to the virulent Xp-Br strain (water soaking method of inoculation) was observed in field-grown P. vulgaris F2 plants from the crosses ‘GN Nebr. #1 sel. 27’ × PI 163117 and ‘GN Nebr. #1 sel. 27’ × ‘Guali’. Transgressive segregation was confirmed in greenhouse-grown selected F3 families. High leaf tolerance was not associated with pod tolerance. Linkage was detected among the major genes controlling late maturity and indeterminate plant habit, and the polygenes controlling common blight tolerance.
Breeding Strawberries for Fruit Firmness1
Authors: Barriti Bruce H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Heritability estimates for fruit firmness of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) based on the regression of mean offspring performance on average parent performance varied from 0.49 to 0.67 over a 4 year period. Analysis of variance of progeny data showed that general combining ability variance (additive) was much greater than specific combining ability variance. Of 29 parent clones studied ‘Holiday’, ‘Linn’, ‘WSU 1522’ and ‘MD-US 3184’ had the firmest fruit and on the basis of progeny analysis had the highest general combining ability parental values. Low parental values were obtained for ‘Tamella’, ‘Benton’, ‘Puget Beauty’, ‘WSU 1019’, ‘OR-US 3291’ and ‘OR-US 3522’.
Effects of Big Vein Resistance and Temperature on Disease Incidence and Percentage of Plants Harvested of Crisphead Lettuce1
Authors: Ryder Edward J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In 5 spring trials, the percentage of lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.) showing big vein symptoms was consistently low for the resistant line 72-136 and consistently high for the susceptible ‘Great Lakes 65.’ Results were less consistent for the moderately resistant ‘Merit’ and for ‘Calmar.’ During periods of low temperatures a lower percentage of big vein infected plants than healthy plants was harvested. Results were variable at high temperatures but, in general, differences were less.