bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some further results of investigations on Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting over selected area in north India
Authors: BANERJI S , RAO VLN , JULKA ML , ANAND OM 
Published: May 2022

The present paper gives results on Quantitative Precipitation Forecasting involving application Lat. 30°N would of the forecasting model to each of the days of two monsoon months, viz., July and September 1962, Further, in order ions, In this to simplify these computations and reduce the computational time, partial divergence tables have been prepared for the triangular grid comprising of Allahabad, Calcutta and Gauhati, which covers the area under investigation. In addition a nomogram has been prepared to facilitate further reduction in computational time in estimating precipitation rates from a knowledge of vertical velocities and moisture content in the vertical. The computation of rainfall made at intervals of twelve-hour period for the two months has then been compared with the actuals which have been evaluated as the arithmetic mean of rainfall recorded by a. representative number of raingauges within this grid.

The results of this comparison show that the computed amounts are in general, an over estimate over the observed amounts, Although it has not been possible to assess the reasons for such variation, to be of any theoretical importance, the computed values have shown that they account for almost all the actual heavy rainfall situations, this in itself forming an interesting result of the investigations.
Rainfall around monsoon depressions over India
Authors: PISHAROTY P.R. , ASNANI G.A. 
Published: May 2022

Rainfall that occurrs for 2 to 3 days within a radius of 350 miles from the centre of a depression along its track has been combined using the data of all raingauge stations within that area. Such 'composite' charts of rainfall were prepared for a sample of three mid-monsoon depressions in the year 1944. Falls of heavy rain of 3 and above in 24 hours are confined to an area lying to the left hand side of the track. On any particular morning, the heavy rainfall area extends to about 300 miles ahead and to about 300 miles behind the centre of the depression on that morning, measured respectively along the expected and past track of the depression. The width of the area is about 250 miles and extends to the left of the track. It is further noticed that out of this belt, about 30 per cent of the area is almost the maximum over which there may be rainfall of 3" or more in 24 hour's. The results are discussed from a forecaster's point of view.
Intensity Variation of the Night Airglow in the Tropics
Authors: CHIPLONKAR M.W. , KULKARNI P. V. 
Published: May 2022

In this paper the nocturnal variations in intensity of the airglow at the zenith sky at Poona obtained with a photoelectric method during the period 1954-56 have been reported, The measurements include those obtained without an optical filter and also those obtained with the monochromatic interference filters transmitting the oxygen emission line at, 5577 and the nitrogen band at), 4278 A. The measurements without the filter and with the), 5577 filter show a maximum of intensity before midnight while the blue emission does not show such a maximum but only shows a steady fall in intensity from the beginning to the end of the night. These results are wholly contradictory to those obtained by Karandikar in 1933 using photographic method. The results for, 5577 A emission are given in absolute units and are discussed in relation to those obtained by workers at other places in higher latitudes.
Cucullae melania, sp. novum. A new Clam fossil from Carboniferous Strata.
Authors: Amjad Hassan , Amjad Anye , Garton E. Ray 
Published: May 2022

Clams are a diverse class of bivalves (Pelecypoda). They are filter-feeding animals with two identical shell halves. Known since Ordovician through recent rocks. They are commonly well preserved in species that lived in brackish or fresh waters. Diagnosis: First description from West Virginia, it differs in configuration from other known typed species. Etymology: Melania (G.) dark, black, Naiad or Nymph of springs. Material ,Holotype JRF 14-16 Location: Pennsylvanian Coal beds, Logan County, West Virginia. Description: Specimen consists of inner cast mold (called Steinkern) the outer mold of Calcium carbonate leached out completely. It is Cordate (heart shaped ) in outline . Anterior and posterior margins, gently curved. Steep incline on the ventral aspect , color slate gray to dark green with heavy deposits of small carbon granules, strong radial striations, length of specimen 65mm, width 52mm. Deep cleft, median raphe prominent, beak distinct and inward curved at the tips. These casts are also known as turtleheads or deer heart. Conclusions: Findings of a new clam fossil species in Pennsylvanian rocks, its primary importance is for stratigraphy, paleoecology, phylogeny and systemic classification, this contributes to further the knowledge of such marine fauna.
Wyominge gracilis ayne: G.novum, Sp.novum. A new trilobite from Carboniferous of Appalachia
Authors: Amjad Hassan , Amjad Anye , Garton E. Ray 
Published: May 2022

Trilobites are a highly diverse group of extinct arthropods persisting for 300 MYA in the marine ecosystem of the Earth. Though uncommon elements of Pennsylvanian rocks. A new species and genus rank is proposed. The specimen consists of a well-preserved cast mold of exoskeleton. Horizon Late Carboniferous. Etymology, of name, type locality and named after prominent naturalist, gracilis L. for graceful. Holotype JRF, 13-16. Description Exoskeleton specimen is roughly oval to semi-elliptical in outline. A well preserved pygidium and near complete thorax, cranidium is missing. Thorax 9-10 segments, axial furrow deep and curved. X-ray study helped to appreciate sutures, furrows and angulation. Pleural furrows are distinct and convex anteriorly. Thorax axis with gentle slope to pygidium. Length of thorax (sag) exoskeleton is 65mm,width 32mm. Width of pygidium across the anterior margin 15 mm, length 29 mm. Pygidium, semi-elliptical 9-10 axial rings of terminal pad like structure and the lateral area. Furrows well marked and deep. Small posterior axial ridge. Conclusion: The characteristic of the specimen size and configuration of pygidium differed from typed species and needs to be placed in a separate and specific genus. X-ray study helped in delineating fine structures. It can be a useful research tool for study of unusual specimens. These findings add to Paleoecology and stratigraphic knowledge of marine fauna.
Diquat dibromide-induced developmental abnormalities in the pond snail Lymnaea palustris: investigations into cellular targets and the role of calcium regulation
Authors: Jalil Amaris , Plautz Carol Zygar 
Published: May 2022

We have established that the herbicide Roundup and its constituents are capable of causing developmental abnormalities and death in the pond snail Lymnaea palustris. Diquat dibromide (DD) has been identified as the Roundup constituent most consistently associated with developmental delays, embryonic abnormalities and lethality. However, the mechanism of DD action on live embryos remains to be discovered. DD-treated embryos experience delayed development, loss of cell-cell adhesion, and irregular spinning patterns, possibly resulting from calcium dysregulation in ciliary motility. Notably, adult snails treated with DD exhibit weakening of their shell, also a calcium-dependent structure. Concurrent treatments of varying concentrations of calcium together with DD were conducted in order to determine how altered levels of calcium availability in the medium influence embryonic progression. It was found that DD-treated embryos in low-calcium media experienced less phenotypic abnormalities compared to high-calcium and calcium ionophore treated embryos. Additionally, embryos in calcium-free medium containing DD exhibited more normal development overall compared to embryos in calcium-free medium without DD. These results strongly suggest that calcium dysregulation plays a role in the developmental abnormalities and death observed in embryos treated with DD. Experiments are being conducted to determine if DD exerts an increase in intracellular calcium through influx, inhibition of calcium release, or upregulation of calcium release from intracellular stores. Alternatively, there may be a different role of DD in modulating calcium regulation. This work was funded in part by the Research Challenge Fund through a Summer Undergraduate Research Experience Grant from the West Virginia HEPC Division of Science and Research
Using Environmental DNA to Assess Hellbender Populations in the West Fork Greenbrier River, West Virginia
Authors: Halley Yvette , Merriam Eric , Welsh Amy , Petty J. Todd , Anderson James 
Published: May 2022

The eastern hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis) is a fully aquatic giant salamander whose habitats are commonly defined as swift running, fairly shallow, highly oxygenated waters. Hellbenders have been previously established as a sentinel species for water quality and aquatic ecosystem health. Unfortunately, populations have undergone a century long decline due to various anthropogenic influences. Measuring hellbender populations can be challenging and extremely invasive, which can be injurious for the individuals being sampled. Recent advances in non-invasive genetic sampling allows for the processing and analysis of environmental DNA (eDNA) from water samples; which has proven effective for detecting low population density aquatic macroorganisms. In this study, we sought to identify hellbender populations along the West Fork Greenbrier River in West Virginia. We utilized an aqueous filtering approach in conjunction with chloroform-isoamyl extractions to isolate eDNA. To positively identify sites with hellbender presence we utilized PCR to test for two hellbender specific regions of the mitochondrial gene, cytochrome-b; final results were compared to a traditional hellbender survey which had been conducted simultaneously with the eDNA sample collection.
Identification of Mosquitos Potentially Carrying Zika Virus in Marion County West Virginia
Authors: Bolinger Emily Rachelle , Moore Jamie , Yeager Phillip , Flood Mark 
Published: May 2022

EMILY BOLINGER, Department of Biology, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV 26554, JAMIE MOORE, Marion County Health Department, Fairmont, WV 26554, PHILLIP YEAGER, Department of Biology, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV 26554, and MARK FLOOD, Department of Biology, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV 26554. Identification of Mosquitos Potentially Carrying Zika Virus in Marion County West Virginia. This study was targeted at identifying different types of mosquitos found in Marion County, West Virginia and testing Ae. albopictus for Zika virus. This study used a wide variety of sampling locations within Marion County, using traps such as: larvae catch, gravid traps, and CDC traps. There were several different types of mosquitos found in Marion County, however Zika virus testing on Ae. albopictus came up negative on every group tested. Groups that were gathered by a trap, at a given sampling location, that had less than ten Ae. Albopictus were not tested for Zika virus; these groups were thrown out of testing. Zika virus was not found in Marion County, West Virginia. Funding for this study was provided by the Marion County Health Department.
Synthesis of chiral and achiral cobalt complexes for hydrogenation studies.
Authors: Queen Darren , Webb Joanna 
Published: May 2022

Catalytic hydrogenation reactions have diverse applications in the petrochemical, food, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries for the efficient synthesis of useful molecules. Specifically, asymmetric hydrogenation of olefins is a key method in the synthesis of single-enantiomer products necessary for the pharmaceutical industry, in particular. However, precious metals such as ruthenium, rhodium, and iridium are the basis for many of the current catalysts. It would be advantageous to replace these more expensive and toxic metals with first-row transition metals that are abundant and environmentally compatible. In addition, most catalytic systems for asymmetric hydrogenation are supported by phosphine ligands. Thus, chiral nitrogen-based ligands provide an opportunity to investigate a relatively underexplored area of hydrogenation chemistry. To this end, we are pursuing cobalt complexes supported by chiral nitrogen-based ligands. The synthesis of a previously reported chiral nitrogen ligand, (R,R)-2,6-bis[1-(N-piperidinyl)ethyl]pyridine, is underway with characterization by NMR spectroscopy. Upon successful synthesis of the ligand, cobalt complexes will be targeted in order to investigate asymmetric hydrogenation reactivity. In addition, synthesis of cobalt complexes bearing the achiral congener ligand, pip2NNN [pip2NNN = 2,6-bis(piperidylmethyl)pyridine], is underway in order to compare reactivity of chiral versus achiral complexes.
Computational generation of assemblages of the incomplete graph of K and maximizing the assemblage pairing rounds.
Authors: Nelson Brandon Scott 
Published: May 2022

The objective of this research is to investigate both complete and incomplete graphs of K and work towards deriving an algorithm to generate A(G) where A is an assemblage of non-repeated rounds of the handshaking algorithm such that the assemblage has the greatest possible number of rounds. We hope to achieve this algorithm by both deriving it mathematically and computationally through an exhaustive search. So far we have achieved the formulas for the theoretical maximum, or A(G), where G is a complete graph with K vertices. We have also achieve an algorithm that generates A(G) for a graph with K vertices such that K is less than 14. Further testing must be conducted for graphs with K vertices such that K is greater than 14. It can be proven there exists some algorithm that generates A(G) for an incomplete graph of K vertices, and we are continuing to work toward deriving said algorithm. This research has been supported by Professor Paul Peck, and the Glenville State College research meetings.
Differential Gene Expression of Prdm14 That Could Contribute to Sexual Dimorphisms
Authors: Shajimon Shelby , Huhn Jackie , Werner Rachel , Warburton Robert , Engel Nora 
Published: May 2022

Sexual dimorphisms are apparent in differences in disease susceptibilities, types, onset and response to therapy. Previous studies in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells as models of early embryogenesis showed that there were many genes that were differentially expressed in male and female cells. One of these genes codes for Prdm14, a gene involved in the pluripotency state of embryonic stem cells. This study explores the regulatory differences that lead to higher expression of Prdm14 in female ES cells with a dual luciferase reporter assay. The enhancer of Prdm14 harbors motifs responsive to Prdm14 itself, thus establishing an auto-regulatory loop. These motifs were studied, either by deletion or scrambling of the sequence using site-directed mutagenesis. Our data shows that there are significant differences in expression of Prdm14 in XX ESC when compared to XY and XO lines. Thus, it can be concluded that the activity of the Prdm14 enhancer is dosage-sensitive. We also report on experiments designed to detect methylation differences in XX, XY, and XO ES cell lines.
Effects of Alcohol on CHK-1 and Phospho-CHK-1 in Neuronal Stem Cell losses in FASD.
Authors: Gum Christopher , Anthony Bruce 
Published: May 2022

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) are associated with changes in proliferation and induced cell losses of neuronal stem cells during development. Alcohol induced oxidative stress has been noted in previous studies to cause chronic genomic instability and DNA damage. This damage results in the halting of S-Phase cell cycle progress and, in many cases, either induces DNA repair or apoptosis of the cell. However, alcohol-induced apoptosis has been show to work in a p53 independent fashion. Typically, proteins CDC25a and c as well as CHK-1 and 2 monitors DNA damage and help to determine cellular fate in p53 independent apoptosis. A study utilizing alcohol treated neuronal stem cells resulted in approximately 40% of the population maintaining DNA damage without inducing p53 dependent apoptotic mechanisms. The goal of this study was to elucidate the role, expression and localization of checkpoint kinase-1 (CHK-1) during the G1-S phase transition and to determine any major difference in phosphorylated, CHK-1 between control and alcohol treated neuronal stem cells. A Western Blot was run to determine quantitative presence of Phosphorylated CHK-1 and Immuno-fluorescent staining was used to quantitatively measure the abundance of Phosphorylated CHK-1 in groups. Image analysis determined that there was a significant difference in Phosphorylated Chk-1 in alcohol-treated cells. The increased level of Phospho-CHK-1 indicates recognition of DNA damage, initiation of signaling G1/S phase transition and possible induction of apoptosis. Understanding the mechanistic changes in alcohol induced proliferation and cell losses may help in defining treatment paradigms effective in treating FASD.
Alterations in cell cycle progression associated with transcription factor E2F1 in FASD.
Authors: Teets Peyton , Kessler Aaron , Anthony Bruce 
Published: May 2022

Phenotypes from alcohol exposure during fetal development, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD), include facial dysmorphology, neurological underdevelopment and cognitive loss. Most of the abnormal development is associated with changes in proliferation and cell losses of neural crest stem cells during development. Alterations in proliferation, in FASD, have been associated with loss of checkpoint control primarily at the G1/S phase transition of the cell cycle. Previous studies demonstrated an increase in E2F1 transcription factor expression and expression changes of the E2F regulatory protein Retinoblastoma (RB). However, there is no evidence that alterations in expression effect overall proliferation. We suggest that his mis-regulation may affect not only proliferative differences, but loss of cell numbers and developmental alterations in FASD. To examine the functional significant effect of E2F1/RB expression changes we performed Electro-Mobility Shift Assays and Super-Shift Assays to determine the DNA consensus binding of E2F1 and the changes in repression of transcription associated with RB interactions. We show that alcohol exposure of embryonic neuronal stem cells alters E2F1/DNA binding as well as repression from RB. Understanding these changes may well help define treatment options for fetuses affected by alcohol and drug exposure.
Implementation of Integrated Electro-mechanical Energy Conversion System at WVU Tech
Authors: Hatipoglu Kenan , Lu Mingyu , Panta Yogendra M , Naz Afrin , Blevins Steven 
Published: May 2022

An integrated electro-mechanical energy conversion system (IEECS) was developed at West Virginia University Institute of Technology (WVU Tech) for supporting the undergraduate education. As its name indicates, the electro-mechanical energy conversion system can be configured in motor and generator modes. In each mode, the system can be further reconfigured to various motor/generator architectures, such as series, shunt, compound DC motors, AC motors, single-phase and three-phase generators. The system is capable of demonstrating more than 50 realistic motor/generator configurations. The IEECS is comprised a reconfigurable machine, an actuator with built-in sensors, a programmable controller, and a data collector. These four components are coordinated by a personal computer, such that the system performance can be controlled and visualized in real time.As the underlying technology of many vital industries, electro-mechanical energy conversion is an important topic of the undergraduate engineering programs. The system is expected to significantly enrich the curricula of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, and Computer Science Departments at WVU Tech. This project establishes an excellent platform for collaborative efforts among faculties and students from these three departments.Versatility and flexibility of the IEECS enables students to have hands-on experience with various types of electro-mechanical system and control/measure their performance. Thus, access to the system is anticipated to enhance the students’ learning effectiveness enormously. The IEECS was constructed in September 2016 and it is under various tests to ensure proper course implementation.
Synthesis of Rh(III) complexes for the study of C–O bond forming reactions: a key step for the conversion of hydrocarbons to alcohols.
Authors: Messinger Madison , Webb Joanna 
Published: May 2022

The partial oxidation of hydrocarbons into alcohols is an economically attractive reaction for the production of commercial chemicals and fuels, particularly intriguing in an area like West Virginia where more efficient use of natural gas would be desirable. For a catalytic system to facilitate this reaction, a transition metal must be able to break a C–H bond of an alkane and form a new C–O bond to yield the alcohol product. Most catalytic systems that have been reported to mediate the partial oxidation of hydrocarbons are based on platinum. One possible approach to improve catalytic reactivity is to investigate transition metals that are less electrophilic than platinum, such as rhodium. While many rhodium systems have been reported to facilitate C–H bond-breaking, there is a relative dearth of complexes capable of C–O bond formation. The current work is an ongoing project that focuses on the synthesis of novel rhodium complexes. The complex (pip2NNN)RhCl [pip2NNN = 2,6-bis(piperidylmethyl)pyridine] has been synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Oxidation from this Rh(I) complex to Rh(III) using CH3X [X = halide] is currently underway in order to study C–O bond formation reactivity.
Towards a revision of the genus Diastema within Panama
Authors: Wentz Scott , Keene Jeremy 
Published: May 2022

Diastema is a genus of plants within the subtribe Gloxiniinae (Gesneriaceae). Some of the key characteristics of Diastema are a racemose flowering axis consisting of solitary flowers in the axils of bracts on the stems with condensed internodes, nectary consisting of 5 finger-like glands, and a distinctive bi-lobed stigma. I am currently collecting morphological and molecular data and will complete field studies of the genus Diastema. Morphological studies will focus on taxonomically useful vegetative and reproductive characters with special emphasis given to trichome structure and fruit shape. Field work will be carried out in northern Panama. I will be observing the ecology and population structure of the local species. Field studies will provide an opportunity to obtain data that is not easily observed on herbarium specimens. The outcomes of this research will provide a baseline for conservation and governmental agencies to work from to protect the habitat where these species exist. Evolutionary studies will be completed following the field study to ascertain the relationships between the species present. My research will be used toward a more comprehensive study of the subtribe and genus.