bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Menentukan tingkat kerusakan jalan menggunakan metode International Roughness Index (IRI) pada ruas jalan Medan – Tebing Tinggi Provinsi Sumtera Utara
Authors: Ilham Ahmad 
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam rangka untuk menenetukan Tingkat Kerusakan Jalan dengan menggunakan metode IRI (International Roughness Index) dengan menggunakan alat roughness meter NAASRA. Analisis mengunakan data Survey yang dilakukan oleh BP2JN Pemrov Sumatera Utara pada ruas jalan Medan – Tebing Tinggi Km. 75 sepanjang 5 (lima) kilometer, tepatnya di jalan setiabudi, dengan menggunakan metode NAASRA. Indikasi tingkat kerusakan jalan ditentukan melalui nilai IRI. Perolehan nilai IRI (International Roughness Index) dilakukan melalui hasil kalibrasi alat NAASRA selanjutnya dihitung dengan persamaan korelasi R2, melalui persamaan IRI y=a1x+a2. Dari hasil penelitian ini diketahui bahwa ruas Jalan Setiabudi mengalami kerusakan sepanjang 4.000 meter (80%) dengan rata-rata nilai IRI = 11-13. Sedangkan sisanya sepanjang 1.000 meter berada dalam kondisi sedang, dengan nilai IRI=8. Dari jalan yang rusak tersebut diketahui bahwa ada 1.000 meter, berada dalam kondisi rusak berat dan harus segera mendapat penanganan berupa rekonstruksi.
Analisis pengendalian kualitas pada Crude Palm Kernel Oil dengan metode Six Sigma di PT. X
Authors: Septiawan Irsyad , Ningsih Margie Subahagia , Gunawan Indra 
Published: April 2022

Perkembangan industri kelapa sawit sedang meningkat di Indonesia, karena kelapa sawit merupakan tanaman primadona yang menjadi sumber devisa bagi negara. PT. X merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak dibidang pengolahan minyak kelapa sawit dan salah satu produksi perusahaan adalah minyak Crude Palm Kernel Oil (CPKO), agar bisa bersaing di pasaran, perusahaan berusaha terus meningkatkan kualitas dengan menekan angka produk out of spesification (outspec). Pada data produksi tahun 2020-2021, diketahui produk masih banyak mengalami outspec. CPKO yang diproduksi dipengaruhi beberapa faktor yaitu, kadar asam lemak bebas (ALB), \ kadar air, kadar kotoran dan warna. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tindakan yang meminimalisir produk outspec dan mengetahui faktor yang paling mempengaruhi kualitas CPKO dengan menggunakan metode Six Sigma. Six sigma merupakan metode untuk meningkatkan kualitas produk mencapai target 3,4 kegagalan per satu juta kesempatan (DPMO) untuk setiap transaksi produk barang dan jasa. Dalam Six Sigma ada lima fase untuk meningkatkan kualitas yaitu Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control. Menggunakan metode six sigma diketahui kualitas produk minyak CPKO dari PT. X adalah 3.16 dengan outspec sebesar 502.703 kg. Faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas CPKO adalah asam lemak bebas (FFA) dengan jumlah 443.214 kg/60,46 %, kadar air 156.201 kg/21,31 %, kadar kotoran 58.620 kg/8,00 %, dan warna 75.020 kg/10,23%, dimana asam lemak bebas yang menjadi faktor utama dalam penurunan kualitas CPKO
Peran Orang Tua Dalam Mendidik Anak Berdasarkan Kitab Ulangan 6:4-9
Authors: Ligan Lukas 
Published: April 2022

Educating children is a must for parents, because parents are responsible to God. Parents cannot make busy work an excuse for not educating their children in God, and regard it as the duty and responsibility of the school and church. Being a parent means taking on a great responsibility, namely educating children in all aspects. This responsibility is not something that is easily delegated to other parties, such as schools or churches, but is something that is integral to the life of every parent. The growth and development of children's knowledge will depend on the role of parents. This article tries to provide an understanding regarding the main role of parents in educating children based on the book of Deuteronomy 6:4-9. First, parents introduce God to their children through teaching, secondly teach God's commands repeatedly and thirdly, become an example in loving God. This article uses descriptive qualitative research with a literature and biblical text approach and focuses on discussing the role of parents in educating children based on Deuteronomy 6:4-9.
Mendidik anak adalah sebuah keharusan bagi para orang tua, karena orang tua bertanggung jawab kepada Tuhan Allah. Orang tua tidak bisa menjadikan kesibukan bekerja menjadi alasan untuk tidak mendidik anak-anak di dalam Tuhan, dan mengangap hal itu sebagai tugas dan tanggungjawab pihak sekolah maupun gereja. Menjadi orang tua berarti mengemban Tanggung jawab yang besar yaitu mendidik anak dalam segala aspek. Tanggungjawab ini bukanlah merupakan sesuatu yang dengan mudah saja dilimpahkan ke pada pihak lain, seperti sekolah maupun gereja, melainkan merupakan sesuatu yang terintegral dalam kehidupan setiap orang tua. Tumbuh kembang dan pengetahuan anak akan sangat bergantung pada peran orang tua. Artikel ini mencoba memberi pemahaman terkait Peran utama orang tua dalam mendidik anak berdasarkan kitab Ulangan 6:4-9. Pertama orang tua memperkenalkan Tuhan kepada anak melalui pengajaran, kedua mengajarkan perintah Tuhan secara berulang-ulang dan yang ketiga menjadi Teladan dalam mengasihi Tuhan. Artikel ini mengunakan penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan pustaka dan teks Alkitab dan berfokus pada pembahasan mengenai Peran orang tua dalam mendidik anak berdasarkan Ulangan 6:4-9.
The relation of raindrop size to intensity of rainfall in different types of tropical rain using a simple raindrop recorder
Authors: SIYARAMAKRISHNAN MY , MARYSELYAM M 
Published: April 2022

The paper give3 the results of studies of raindrop size characteristics in three other different types of tropical rain to what Sivaramakrishnan had earlier studied {1961), using the simple raindrop recorder. The study of raindropsize characteristics refers to analysis of raindrop samples taken at Poona in (1) typical shower types of rain without thunder (cumuliform clouds), (2) continuous type of rain with occasional thunder (cumuliform and stratiform clouds mixed) and (3) non freezing rain during typical monsoon from stratiform clouds. Regression equations connecting the intensity of rainfall with the various rainfall parameters such as median drop size Dn, liquid water content W, radar reflectivity Z have been developed and compared with findings of other investigators all over the world. Best's formula is found to represent the size distribution of raindrops in the tropics also but with suitable changes in the constants. It is also shown in agreement with results obtained earlier by Sivaramakrishnan (1961),Blanchard (1953), Best (1951), Atlas and Chmela (1957) and Spilhaus (1948) that the median drop diameter is the most suitable parameter for describing the average size of the drop size distribution in preference to other average size parameters such as mean diameter Dm, mode diameter Dd , mean volume diameter Dv and predominant diameter Dp.
An estimate of Thermal Comfort at some stations in India
Authors: VENKITESHWARAN SP , SWAMINATHAN MS 
Published: April 2022

The paper describes briefly how the thermal aspect influences comfort. Since comfort depends not only on the temperature of the air, but also on the relative humidity and air movement, no simple formula to obtain an index involving all the factors is available. In this paper Thorn's simple empirical formula for a Discomfort Index =0.4(td +tw )+15, where td is air temperature and tw is the wet bulb temperature, is used and the mean hourly values of discomfort index are calculated for different months for the 5 stations, New Delhi, Calcutta, Poona, Madras and Trivandrum. According to Thom, people in the U.S.A., feel discomfort as the index rises above 70 and everyone is uncomfortable by the time the index reaches 79. When the index becomes 86 or higher, in Washington metropolitan area, mass dismissal of employees are permitted. The analysis of Indian data shows that in general, the prevailing DI for India is in the range 76-80 or less, except in the summer months, April-May to September, when it exceeds this value. Poona has the largest number of hour days with DI = or <75. In the range Dl= 76-80, Poona and Trivandrum have the largest and almost similar values, viz., 8224 and 8343 hour days respectively but a possible total of 8760 during the year. Dl = 86-90 is experienced in the pre-monsoon months only in New Delhi (368 hour-days), Calcutta (183) and Madras (239). It is generally observed that the indices can be adopted for the tropical Indian conditions also. They will, therefore, be of value to visitors from abroad and to the Indians. They will also be useful to plan, air conditioning units for Indian use.
On the Polarization Characteristics of middle latitude Geomagnetic Micropulsations
Authors: ZYBIN KYu 
Published: April 2022

Geomagnetic micropulsations of different types are observed on the Soviet stations in the middle latitudes of the Northern hemisphere, Behaviour of the 'horizontal disturbed vector is analysed.

Micropulsations of Pc2-4 and Pi2 types are shown to have statistically dominant counter-clockwise sense of rotation in the morning hours but clockwise sense of rotation in the evening hours. Both the rotational character of polarization and the diurnal variation of the sense of rotation suggest the Alfven (transverse) hydromagnetic thanks to mode is an important part of the micropulsation mechanism, although it is difficult to explain the micopulsation occurrence in middle and low latitudes Ignoring the magneto-acoustic (longitudinal) mode of propagation.

All the micropulsation types appear to have the preferred directions characteristic of the observational point Diurnal variation of the hourly mean directions are similar at different sites and appear to have the largest departure progress of from the mean around the morning and the evening hours. Directional properties of micropulsations can be explained by the lateral in-homogeneities in the sub-surface geo-electrical structure.
Cold Waves over northwest India and neighbourhood
Authors: BEDI HS , PARTHASARATHY B 
Published: April 2022

Based on 50 years (1915-16 to 1964-65) daily minimum temperature anomalies of meterological stations in Indo-Pakistan sub-continent north of 22 1/20N and west of 82 1/20E a statistical study of duration, intensity and movement of cold waves in this region has been made. Duration of cold wave occasionally exceeds 10 days in Baluchistan, Kashmir and northwest Rajasthan whereas in east Uttar Pradesh, it last only for about 2-4 days. Maximum intensity of cold wave is also in Baluchistan, Kashmir and northwest Rajasthan. In the plains, Gujarat also experiences comparatively intense cold waves. The cold waves are comparatively mild in east Uttar Pradesh.
Probable duration of cold waves likely to be exceeded once in 5,10,25,50 and 100 years has also been calculated and duration distribution charts prepared.
Characterization of portal vein and other abdominal organs in portal hypertension patients using ultrasound
Authors: Iqbal Sehrish , John Akash , Ali Abid , Nasir Urwa , Kiran Warda 
Published: April 2022

Portal hypertension occurs when the venous pressure increases in the portal vein due to some pathological changes such as liver cirrhosis, which results in an increased diameter of the portal and splenic vein. Objective: To assess and characterize the portal vein and other abdominal organs in portal hypertension patients using ultrasound to minimize the incidence of serious and life-threatening consequences of portal hypertension. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a sample size of 108 patients was carried out in five months, in a private hospital in Gujranwala. The subjects of age > 30 years were included with other considered variables such as gender, portal and splenic vein diameter, size, and characteristics pattern of the liver & spleen size with other abdominal complications. After taking informed written consent, patients were examined in a supine position using Mindray DC-3 Ultrasound Machine with a convex probe of 3.5 MHz’s frequency. After collecting data, it was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The study revealed that 73.1% of patients were predominantly male with a male-to-female ratio and the patients in age between 50 – 59 years were more afflicted with this condition. 51.9% of patients were diagnosed with moderate dilatation of the portal vein and severe splenic vein dilatation was seen in 36.1% of the patients. The liver size was reduced in 75% of patients. 35.2% of patients were diagnosed with grossly enlarged spleen while the other 65% of patients were with mild and moderate splenomegaly. In 87% of patients, normal liver echotexture was changed into a heterogenous texture. Only 12% of patients were diagnosed with ascites and 27.8% with increased GB walls thickness. Conclusions: There was a notable link of portal hypertension with gender and age, as males of age between 50 – 59 years were commonly affected with this condition. Increased diameter of the portal and splenic vein, reduced liver size, splenomegaly, heterogeneous liver echotexture, ascites, and increased GB wall thickness were the common ultrasound findings in patients with portal hypertension.
Incidence of infertility in females and Evaluation of its Causes Using Ultrasonography
Authors: Shahzad Hamna , John Akash , Ali Abid , Ashraf Attia , Ahmad Naeem Muhammad 
Published: April 2022

Infertility is a condition in which a woman is not able to conceive following 12 months of regular and unprotected intercourse. It is a major health issue that affects 186 million people worldwide. Objective: To determine the incidence and causes of infertility in females using ultrasound. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study conducted in a private diagnostic Centre in Gujrat, Pakistan, over a period of 4 months. A sample size of 75 was calculated using a convenient approach after informed consent. Patients subjected to ultrasonography were married, diagnosed infertile women between 20–45 years. Patients with hysterectomy or congenital ovarian abnormalities were excluded. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 20. Results: The study showed that the incidence of infertility is higher in 20-25 age group and least in 41-45 age group. The majority of females 51(68%) had primary infertility while 24(32%) had secondary infertility. The majority of infertile women were from a moderate socioeconomic background. The common cause of infertility was due to submucosal fibroid 25(33.3%), hormonal imbalance in 16(21.3%) and PCOS in 14(18.17%). Conclusions: The study concluded that the incidence of infertility is highest in 20-25 age groups. Submucosal fibroid, hormonal imbalance, and PCOS are the most common causes of infertility in females.
Measurement of Amniotic Fluid Volume in 2nd and 3rd Trimesters of Normal Pregnancies
Authors: Shaheen Muqadas , John Akash , Ali Abid , . Esha 
Published: April 2022

The important implication of obstetric care is the assessment of amniotic fluid volume. This assessment can prevent anomalies that are associated with oligohydramnios and polyhydramnios. Objective: To evaluate normal amniotic fluid volume in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters with the correlation of gestational age. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study and data were collected from a private health care setup in Gujrat, Pakistan. After informed consent data were collected in four months. A sample size of 75 patients was calculated conveniently using a mean from previous related studies. The women with singleton gestation from 20 to 40 years of age group were included in this research. The data were entered and analyzed on SPSS version 20. Results: This study showed that 47(62.7%) of women were multigravida and 28(37.3%) were primigravida. The most frequent maternal age group was 26-30(38.7%) years and the gestational age group was 31 to 35(42.7%) weeks. At the gestational age of 21-25 weeks, the mean of AFI was 14.38 and the mean of SDP was 5.69, while at the age of 26-30 weeks the estimated mean of AFI was 12.12 and the mean of SDP was 5.11. The mean of AFI and SDP at the age of 31-35 weeks were calculated at 11.48 and 4.26 respectively. At the age of 36-40 weeks, the estimated mean of AFI and SDP were calculated 10.22 and 3.73 correspondingly. Conclusions: This study concluded that amniotic fluid volume measured by amniotic fluid index and the single deep pool was increased in the 2nd trimester from 21-25 weeks of gestation and then progressively reduced in the third trimester as the pregnancy advances.
Assessment of Knowledge Regarding Hepatitis C Transmission, Treatment, and Vaccination among Health Care Providers
Authors: Nasir Urwa , John Akash , Ameen Nasir , Sehrish Miss , Bhatti Amina Sharif 
Published: April 2022

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a disease transmitted through contaminated blood and can also be transferred from mother to child during delivery. This inflammatory disease causes everlasting damage to the liver leading to death. Objective: To assess the knowledge regarding Hepatitis C transmission, treatment, and vaccination among health care providers. Methods: It is a cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in tehsil Wazirabad, district Gujranwala. The study included medical and paramedical staff of 2 health care setups: Iqra Medical Complex and Butt Eye Hospital. The 260 participants were included as per convenience after informed consent. Data were collected from January 2021 to August 2021 using a validated self-administered questionnaire. Data was entered and analyzed on SPSS version 21. The responses of the participants were recorded on 5 points Likert scale and frequencies and percentages were mentioned as a response. Results: The mean age of respondents was 28.3 ± 5.6 years with minimum and maximum ages as 20 and 45years. The participants included males 176 (67.7%) and females 84 (32.3%). The participants had sufficient knowledge about Hepatitis C transmission, symptoms, and effects on the liver. But respondents 30 (11.5%) strongly disagreed and 60 (23%) disagreed that Hepatitis C can be transferred from mother to child. The majority of the respondents 138 (53.1%) strongly disagreed with 50 (19.2%) that hepatitis can survive at room temperature. Moreover, the maximum number of respondents such as 160 (61.5%) strongly disagreed about proper updated knowledge of the treatment. Conclusions: In conclusion, the respondents have sufficient knowledge about Hepatitis C symptoms, transmission, and its long-term effects on the liver. They were unaware of HCV survival at room temperature and its transmission from mother to child at the time of birth. Moreover, the staff members also lack the knowledge of updated treatment plans.
Knowledge And Practices of Oral Hygiene Among Pregnant Women in A Tertiary Care Hospital of Pakistan
Authors: Khan Farzeen , Sabiha Zia Ul Ain , Haider Beenish , Roghani Khumara , Ahmed Junaid , Ajmal Amina , Farid Anila , Ateeq Muhammad , Bangash Sudhair Abbas 
Published: April 2022

During pregnancy, women are more susceptible to certain oral disorders, which may have a negative impact on either mother or child health. Oral hygiene and related negative prenatal outcomes are often neglected issues, particularly in underdeveloped countries such as Pakistan. Objective: To assess the knowledge and practices of oral hygiene among pregnant women at tertiary care hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study based on questionnaire was carried out at the Dental unit of Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar for a period of one year from July, 2020 to December, 2021. A total of 400 pregnant women were included in this study. Their knowledge level and practices about oral health were determined by using proper designed questionnaire. All the data analysis was performed by using SPSS version 22. Results: In our study, 308 (77%) subjects consider sugar as the cause of dental carries while 92 (23%) subjects does not consider sugar as the cause of dental carries. Among 400 subjects, 140 (35%) subjects consider sugar as the cause of gum disease. Concerning oral hygiene practices, 360 (90%) subjects use tooth brush. The number of subjects using tooth brush daily, twice or more than twice were 280 (70%), 112 (28%) and 8 (2%) subjects respectively. Conclusion: Our study concludes that most of the pregnant women in our study were knowledgeable and have good practices but there is still a gap in their level of knowledge and practices. It is essential to provide oral health education for management of good oral health during pregnancy.
Frequency of Coronary Artery Disease Pathologies Detected on Computed Tomography Angiography in Patients with Acute Chest Pain
Authors: Ahmed Lyba , Qasim Javeria , Naveed Moeeza , Latif Aruj , Rashid Sabrina , Zulfiqar Aqsa , Qayyum Saad 
Published: April 2022

Coronary artery disease is the buildup of plaque in the arteries that supply oxygen-rich blood to your heart. Plaque causes a narrowing or blockage that could result in a heart attack. Objective: To detect frequency of pathologies (coronary artery disease) on CTA in patients with chest pain. Methods: It was a descriptive study and 258 patients with symptom of chest pain were selected from department of radiology, this study conducts from 16 March, 2021 to January 25, 2022, at Punjab institute of cardiology Lahore and Al-Razi Hospital Lahore. The data was analyzed using SPSS V-21. Results: This thorough study depicts a large number of patients belonging from middle age group ranging from 43-62 years old have the highest frequency of involvement of triple vessel disease. LV dysfunction was found out be present in severe in these middle-aged patients. Our study also helped ruling out that male gender had a higher frequency in prevalence of coronary heart disease and involvement of the triple vessel disease with severe lv dysfunction and that of female patients was far less in numbers and severity respectively. Conclusion: Triple vessel disease is more common in males than females and especially belonging to middle aged group and simultaneously more affected left ventricular function.
Histology of Placenta in Normotensive and Hypertensive Cases in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: A Comparative Study
Authors: Sarfaraz Khan Zahid , Khan Farooq , Amir Asma , Daud Fatima , Ataullah Muhammad , Ateeq Muhammad , Ullah Irfan 
Published: April 2022

One of the most common pregnancy complications is Hypertension. It has a major effect on maternal and neonatal morbidities and fatalities. The placenta is an important organ for the maintenance of pregnancy and the nourishment of the fetus. Objective: To compare the morbid variations in the placenta of hypertensive and normotensive mothers. Methods: From the obstetrics and gynecology department, a hundred placentae of hypertension and normotensive females were collected. The placentae were preserved in formalin and sectioned. Blocks prepared were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Results: The placentae from 50 normotensive mothers with 26±3.1 years (mean age) and 50 hypertensive mothers with 26± 2 years (mean age). In normotensive patients 12% Infarction was seen and 70% of severe hypertensive patients while syncytial knots were found in 70% of cases of severe hypertension, while calcification was observed in 90%. In severe hypertension, stroma fibrosis and hypervascularity increase in proportion to the degree of hypertension, with 50% and 30% cases seen in severe hypertension, respectively. Conclusions: In pregnancy hypertension causes, Stromal fibrosis syncytial knots, calcified, hypervascularity, all of which impair the uteroplacental flow of blood and lower newborn weight.