bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between Trypsin-inhibitor Activity and Water-soluble Protein and Cumulative Rainfall in Sweet Potatoes
Authors: Lin Yaw-Huei 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Variance analysis and variance components showed that total, heat-stable (HS) and heat-labile (HL) trypsin-inhibitor activity (TIA) of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. 2n = 6x = 90] roots, expressed as units or specific units, were significantly different for monthly planting dates and cultivars. There were also significant differences among planting dates and cultivars for water-soluble (ws) protein content. Patterns of variation of total, HS, and HL TLA over 12 planting dates were similar and also similar to those of water-soluble protein content for four cultivars when TLA was expressed as units instead of specific units. When 12 values of TIA (units; total HS and HL) were plotted against water-soluble protein content, a positive correlation was found for all four cultivars. However, the positive correlation disappeared or weakened when TIA was evaluated as specific units. Stepwise removal of variables in multiple linear regression of cumulative rainfall, cumulative temperature, and TIA showed that there was a large negative correlation of the natural logarithm of TIA (units; total, HS and HL) on cumulative rainfall, suggesting that TIA may vary in response to drought of sweet potatoes.
Comparison of Hydathode Structure in Micropropagated Plantlets and Greenhouse-grown ‘Queen Elizabeth’ Rose Plants
Authors: Donnelly D. J. , Skelton F. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Foliar anatomical comparisons were made between in vitro-grown plantlets and greenhouse-grown plants of ‘Queen Elizabeth’ rose (Rosa sp.) using scanning and light microscopy. Each acuminate leaf apex and marginal serration had a terminal hydathode region composed of a glandular tip and a subterminal, adaxial group of sunken water pores. Leaf apices of greenhouse-grown plants had up to 35 water pores per hydathode, while cultured plantlets had < 20. Hydathodes of leaf serrations had up to 10 water pores in both sample groups. Water pores and stomata of plantlet leaves were open, while those of greenhouse-grown plants had smaller apertures or were completely closed. Internally, hydathodes were delimited by a bundle sheath extending below the vascular tissues and approaching the adaxial epidermis on each side of the water pore zone. Files of tracheary elements extended various distances into the leaf teeth. Small, irregularly shaped parenchyma cells (epithem) abutted on the xylem parenchyma cells, filling the space between the files of tracheary elements and the adaxial epidermis. The hydathodes of plantlet leaves were smaller with fewer water pores and reduced epithem than those of greenhouse-grown plants. Ex vitro guttation probably occurs as a result of increased water potential and high relative humidity when plantlets are transferred from culture to soil.
Use of FDR 2n Pollen to Transfer Resistance to Root-knot Nematodes into Cultivated 4 × Potatoes
Authors: Iwanaga M. , Jatala P. , Ortiz R. , Guevara E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Resistance to root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne spp.) found in wild potato species (Solanum sparsipilum and S. chacoense) was transferred into an advanced 2x breeding population. Resistant genotypes were crossed with cultivated 2x clones and simultaneous selection applied for resistance, horticultural traits, and production of first-division restitution 2n pollen. Experiments were conducted to determine if resistant 2x clones with 2n pollen production would efficiently transmit their resistance to 4x progenies by means of 4x × 2x crosses. More than 2000 seedlings from 40 families derived from 2x × 2x, 4x × 2x, and 4x × 4x crosses were evaluated for resistance. It was found that: 1) 18% of the progeny derived from 4x (susceptible) × 2x (resistant) crosses were resistant to RKN. Thus, the 2n pollen producing 2x clones are valuable genetic material for the production of RKN-resistant 4x progenies; 2) The existence of resistant 4x progenies with either S. tuberosum spp. tuberosum or S. demissum cytoplasm indicated that S. sparsipilum cytoplasm was not essential for the expression of the resistance genes.
Direct Shoot Regeneration from Strawberry Leaf Disks
Authors: Nehra Narender S. , Stushnoff Cecil , Kartha K.K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An efficient and reproducible method of direct shoot regeneration from leaf disks in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa cv. Redcoat) has been developed. The influence of hormone concentration, light intensity, orientation of leaf disk, and age of explant source on shoot regeneration was examined. Regeneration of leaf disks reached 94%, with an average of 13 shoots per leaf disk, within 8 weeks when MS salts and B-5 vitamins medium supplemented with 10 μm each of BA and IAA were used. The adventitious shoot meristems initially arose from epidermal or sub-epidermal cells at the periphery of the leaf disks and later from surface cells of the newly regenerated meristems. Shoot regeneration did not depend on light, but low light intensity (12.5 μmol·s−1 m−2) greatly enhanced regeneration. The leaf disks obtained from 30-day-old greenhouse plants and from young runner plants produced shoots at higher frequency than those obtained from 1-year-old plants. Regeneration frequency was higher when the adaxial surface of leaf disks was kept in contact with the medium surface. Shoot regeneration also occurred in nine other genotypes at varying frequencies, but with an intervening short callus phase, except in ‘Veestar’. The technique has potential application for rapid propagation and genetic manipulation of strawberries.
Plant Regeneration from Callus-derived Protoplasts of Asparagus
Authors: Elmer Wade H. , Ball Terry , Volokita Michal , Stephens Christine T. , Sink Kenneth C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Donor callus cells for protoplasts were initiated from mature plants of four selected crowns of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) by placing spear slices on solidified Murashige and Skoog salts and vitamins medium (MS) with 3% sucrose + (in mg·liter−1): 1.0 NAA + 1.2 2,4-D + 0.9 BA or 1.0 kinetin + 2.5 2,4-D. Callus derived from these explants was further subcultured on the same medium. Optimum protoplast yields were enzymatically obtained from such calluses 10 to 20 days after subculture. Of the isolated protoplasts 65% to 75% were viable, and when plated in modified Kao and Michayluk medium at 5 × 104 or 105/ml densities, had 6.5% and 7.3% plating efficiencies, respectively. Protoplast isolations had 0.81% to 1.4% cells present that were not observed subsequently to undergo division. Only the cells of protoplasts of ‘Jersey Giant crown No. 8’ divided during 8 weeks to form microcalluses. After transfer and culture for an additional 4 to 5 weeks on solidified MS + (in mg·liter−1): 0.1 NAA + 1.0 kinetin, shoots regenerated at 28% efficiency. Shoots were rooted at 50% efficiency on solidified MS + (in mg·liter−1): 0.3 NAA + 0.7 kinetin + 2.1 ancymidol + 4% sucrose. The rooted plants were readily transferred to the greenhouse. Chemical names used: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (BA), N-(2-furanylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin), α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-5-pyrimidine methanol (ancymidol).
Analyzing Competition Between a Living Mulch and a Vegetable Crop in an Interplanting System
Authors: Wiles L.J. , William R.D. , Crabtree G.D. , Radosevich S.R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Development of interplanting systems for vegetables has been impeded due to concerns about yield reductions and use of systematic experimental designs that limit analysis of fundamental competitive processes. This study employed an addition series and growth analysis combined with management strategies aimed at minimizing competition between the crop and the interplant. Pak choi [Brassica rapa L. (Chinensis Group)] was interplanted with strips of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) that covered 67% of the soil. Pak Choi was a weak competitor compared to perennial ryegrass. Mulch suppression using a sublethal rate of fluazifop provided the most promising management strategy to reduce competition from the ryegrass interplant. Timing of suppression and reduction of mulch root growth were critical elements of successful management. Chemical names used: (±)-2-[4-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-pyrindinyI]oxy]phenoxy]propanoic acid (fluazifop).
Sod Proximity Influences the Growth and Yield of Young Peach Trees
Authors: Welker W.V. , Glenn D.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees were grown for four growing seasons within a tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) sod in vegetation-free squares ranging in size from 0.36 to 13.0 m2. Tree growth, leaf nitrogen, and fruit yield increased as the size of the vegetation-free area increased. A growth and field response plateau was reached at 9.0 m2. Tree growth was proportional to the size of the vegetation-free area throughout the length of the study. The magnitude of leaf nitrogen response declined with years. The fescue sod apparently restricted the effective root zone of the trees, thus controlling growth by limiting the volume of soil the tree could use.
Grass Living Mulch for Strawberries
Authors: Newenhouse Astrid C. , Dana Malcolm N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Sparkle’ and ‘Honeoye’ strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) were planted into plots of newly seeded perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), or no grass. After a 1985 windstorm during the green fruit stage, yield was higher in living mulch plots than in control plots and fruit from control plots were small and dark relative to those from the ryegrass plots. In 1986, all plots had similar yields. All plants grew at similar rates during the establishment year. Later, strawberry plants in living mulch plots had smaller leaves than plants in control plots. Plants in all treatments contained above the critical concentrations of leaf N on most sampling dates. Soil under grass was less compacted and was cooler than cultivated soil. Living mulch prevented annual weed establishment after the first and improved winter survival of flower buds. A tillering type of ryegrass was the best living mulch of the three species tested. It quickly covered the ground but did not spread into the crop rows, and grew tall enough to afford wind protection.
Influence of Orchard Management Systems on Spur Quality, Light, and Fruit within the Canopy of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Trees
Authors: Ferree David C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trees of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were established in 1973 in the following orchard management systems: slender spindle (SS), trellis (TR), interstem hedgerow (IH), and pyramid hedgerow (PH). Spur quality and percent photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) transmission declined from the top to the bottom of the canopy of all systems. The three conical central leader type trees (SS, IH, PH) produced a quarter of their fruit on or close to the central leader, while the palmette-shaped TR produced 60% in the center sections along the wire trellis. There was no difference between vertical fruit distribution in trees in the more intensive systems (SS, TR), but the larger trees (IH, PH) produced twice as much fruit in the top half of the canopy as in the bottom half. Trees in the SS had a lower percentage of PPF transmission values within the canopy than trees in the TR systems. Trees in IH generally had higher PPF transmission values within the canopy than the larger PH trees. The number of leaves per spur and specific leaf weight of spur leaves generally followed the light distribution pattern, and trees in the TR and IH systems had higher-quality spurs than the SS and PH systems. The SS and TR systems appeared more responsive to the orientation of the sun, having higher light transmission values on the east side of the canopy in the morning and west side in the afternoon, than the IH or PH systems.
Growth and Yield of Crisphead Lettuce under Various Shade Conditions
Authors: Sanchez Charles A. , Allen Robert J. , Schaffer Bruce 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Studies were conducted during five winter cropping periods in the Everglades, near Belle Glade, Fla., to determine effects of shade applied at various times throughout the growing period on the growth and yield of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Ancillary studies also were conducted in a greenhouse to determine effects of shade on the light response of lettuce with respect to net CO2 assimilation. The maximum net CO2 assimilation rate (Pn) for lettuce decreased as the irradiance at which the plants were grown decreased. Continuous shading from thinning to harvest reduced crop growth approximately in direct proportion to the reduction in irradiance. Lettuce was most sensitive to reductions in radiation when growth and development were most rapid. These data suggest that lettuce growth from planting through the eight-leaf stage is not affected by small reductions in radiation that might occur in nature, but appears to be largely influenced by temperature. This observation is consistent with data collected during greenhouse experiments that showed that Pn at this early growth stage was low regardless of the shade treatment. Lettuce growth from the eight-leaf through the preheading stage was reduced by low shade levels (75% of prevailing solar radiation). Lettuce yield, however, generally was not affected by low shade levels through the preheading stage. Shading, regardless of the degree, reduced growth and yield during the heading stage of development. Results from greenhouse experiments indicated that the light saturation point of lettuce for photosynthesis during this latter growth stage could reach 800 μmol·s−1·m−2. This light level is higher than prevailing light that often exists during fall and winter growing seasons in southern Florida.
Yield and Quality of Processing Tomatoes in Response to Irrigation Rate and Schedule
Authors: Sanders D.C. , Howell T.A. , Hile M.M.S. , Hodges L. , Meek D. , Phene C.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field studies were conducted on a Typic Xerorthents Entiosols soil (Hanford sandy loam) to determine the response of two cultivars of processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to trickle irrigation applied at three percentages of evapotranspiration (ET) to either the top of the plant row or between the beds using a traveling irrigation system. Irrigation was terminated when fruits were either 30% or 70% red (14 or 7 days before harvest). Yields of red tomatoes and total tomatoes increased with increasing trickle irrigation water. The concentrations of soluble solids (SSC) and total solids (TS) and pH decreased with increasing trickle irrigation rates, while color, fruit size, and acidity increased, as did the yield of SSC and TS per hectare. Placement of trickle irrigation on the plant row was more favorable than placement in the furrow between the beds for yield and quality characteristics. Trickle irrigation to 70% ET terminated 7 days before harvest produced responses similar to conventional furrow irrigation. Although statistically these treatments could not be compared directly to conventional furrow, all traveling trickle irrigation rates were superior in water use efficiency to that of the conventional furrow irrigation. Trickle irrigation rates of 35% ET, 70% ET, and 105% ET did not differ in water use efficiency. Chemical names used: 2(a-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethyl propionamide (napropamide); S-propyl butylethiocarbamate (pebulate).
Uniconazole Affects Vegetative Growth, Flowering, and Stem Anatomy of Hibiscus
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung , Gregg Lori L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eight-month-old ‘Jane Cowl’ hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) in 2.8-liter pots received 0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg of uniconazole/pot as a soil drench. Plants were pruned 35 days after treatment and then grown for an additional 65 days. Plant height, number of leaves and flower buds per shoot, shoot length, stem diameter, and leaf size decreased with increasing rates of uniconazole. Flower number was greater at the two low rates; however, days to first bloom and leaf dark respiration rate were unaffected. Leaf chlorophyll concentration increased with increasing rates of uniconazole. Development of secondary xylem tissue, transverse diameter of vessels, and number and size of phloem fibers were suppressed by uniconazole, resulting in a cascading growth habit. Plants grown from cuttings taken from plants 35 days after treatment were shorter, with fewer lateral shoots and total leaves than cuttings from untreated plants. Uniconazole had no effect on growth of shoot tip cuttings taken from the new lateral shoots of treated plants 110 days after pruning. Soil drenches of uniconazole at 0.025 to 0.2 mg/pot to young plants in 1.5-liter pots resulted in shorter plants, delayed flowering, and fewer flowers with smaller diameter and shorter pedicels. Results from foliar application of uniconazole at 0.05 to 0.2 mg/plant (10 to 40 mg·liter−1) were similar to the soil drench, except that the reduction in shoot growth was less at low rates than with drench application. Chemical name used: (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazole).
Waxing and Plastic Wraps Influence Water Loss from Papaya Fruit during Storage and Ripening
Authors: Paull Robert E. , Chen Nancy J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of waxes and plastic shrink wraps on weight loss from papaya (Carica papaya L.) fruit during ripening was determined. Loss of ≈8% of initial weight from mature-green papaya produced “rubbery”, low-gloss, unsalable fruit. The rate of weight loss from ripening papaya was ≈0.1% initial weight/day per mbar. The highest rate of weight loss occurred via the stem scar (nearly 3500 mg·cm−2·day−1) while 4.4 mg·cm−2·day−1 was lost through the skin. The major mode of weight loss was the skin because of its larger surface area. The stomata did not appear to function in ripening fruit. The skin's resistance to water movement increased at the start of ripening, then declined with no apparent change in the rate of total water loss. Part of the decline in resistance was associated with the disruption of the cuticle with latex, especially after the 50% ripe stage. These results suggest that the major site of resistance to weight loss changed late in ripening. Fruit waxing reduced weight loss by 14% to 40%, while plastic shrink wraps reduced loss by ≈90%. The loss of water was the major component of weight loss. Some waxes and one wrap delayed ripening by 1 to 2 days at ambient temperatures, after storage for up to 2 weeks at 10C. Occasionally, off-flavors occurred in waxed and wrapped fruit when the fruit cavity CO2 level exceeded ≈7% at the full-ripe stage.
Correlation of Reduced Softening and Increased Polyamine Levels during Low-oxygen Storage of ‘McIntosh’ Apples
Authors: Kramer George F. , Wang Chien Yi , Conway William S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The rate of postharvest softening of ‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) was reduced by storage in a 1% O2 atmosphere at 1 or 3.5C. Apples stored in controlled atmosphere (CA) also maintained higher levels of the polyamines putrescine (PUT), spermidine (SPD), and spermine (SPN) in both skin and flesh tissues than those stored in air. The levels of putrescine and spermidine increased by 2- to 6-fold in CA-stored apples, while spermine decreased, but remained 2- to 5-fold higher than in air-stored fruit at both temperatures. Polyamines were also found to inhibit the in vitro activity of the cell wall-degrading enzyme polygalacturonase (PG). SPD and SPN were more effective than PUT, with SPN possessing the greatest inhibitory activity. These results are consistent with a hypothesis that increased polyamine levels are involved in the beneficial effects of CA storage and that polyamine activity could include the inhibition of cell wall degradation.
Nonstructural Carbohydrate Partitioning in Perennial Parts of Sweet Cherry
Authors: Keller John D. , Loescher Wayne H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nonstructural carbohydrates of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. ‘Bing’) changed dramatically both qualitatively and quantitatively during the year. In perennial tissues, total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC) were highest at leaf abscission. TNC increased sharply in spurs at budbreak, but, in other perennial tissues, reserves decreased with or before budbreak. TNC in all but spurs were least, e.g., 2% to 4% of fall levels, shortly after full bloom, but then immediately began to increase. Accumulations slowed during the last 4 to 6 weeks of fruit growth and then increased after harvest. Prebloom decreases and postbloom increases occurred earlier in 1- and 2-year-old shoots when compared to trunk or root tissues. Starch was the most common storage material. During winter, interconversion of starch and soluble carbohydrates in wood of the trunk and 1- and 2-year-old shoots was apparent. Sucrose was the predominant soluble carbohydrate during dormancy, but sorbitol dominated during active growth. Raffinose was present only during dormancy, and inositol only when leaves were present. Because sweet cherry flowers and fruits early, carbohydrate reserves could critically affect productivity.
Differential Flood Stress Resistance of Two Tomato Genotypes
Authors: McNamara Steven T. , Mitchell Cary A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato accessions PI 128644 (Lycopersicon peruvianum var. dentatum Mill.) and PI 406966 (L. esculentum Mill.) were identified in preliminary screening trials as being relatively nonresistant and resistant to root-zone flooding, respectively. A comparative study of these accessions was undertaken to examine adaptive responses to inundation. Root and shoot growth of both accessions were inhibited by 120 hr of flooding. Aerobic respiratory capacity of secondary roots of both accessions decreased to a similar extent after 24 hr of inundation. Flooding did not significantly affect anaerobic root respiration rate of either accession. Stomatal conductance decreased after 24 hr of flooding for both accessions, with some recovery by PI 406966 after 168 hr of treatment, coinciding with development of adventitious roots on lower stems. Few adventitious roots formed on flooded PI 128644 plants. Leaf water potential of both accessions initially increased as a result of flooding, but declined to near control level by 120 hr of treatment. Total phenol content of PI 128644 roots decreased with 72 hr of flooding, while that of PI 406966 roots was not significantly affected. Factors underlying the greater resistance of PI 406966 to flooding remain unclear, but may include a lower root respiratory requirement for O2 and greater ability to sequester or eliminate toxic substances during inundation.
Pollen Source Influences Fruiting of ‘Sharpblue’ Blueberry
Authors: Lyrene P.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of cross-pollination, self-pollination, and mixed (self plus cross) pollination of ‘Sharpblue’ blueberry (primarily V. corymbosum) were studied. The pollen for cross-pollination came from V. corymbosum clones ‘O’Neal’ and ‘FL 2-1’. Self-pollination resulted in 37% fruit set, compared to 74% to 91% set for the other pollination treatments. The number of well-developed seeds per matured berry averaged 3.5 for self-pollination, 13.0 for mixed pollination, and 24.4 for cross-pollination. The number of days from pollination to ripe fruit was highly and negatively correlated with berry seed number, regardless of the pollen source. Mixed pollinations delayed ripening an average of 7 days compared to cross-pollination, and self-pollination delayed ripening by an additional 13 days over mixed pollination.