bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Kazan School
Authors: Radwańska-Williams Joanna 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe Kazan School was born out of a conjunction in the lives of Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (1845‒1929) and his student Mikołaj Kruszewski (1851‒87), during the period of the Kazan Linguistic Circle (1878‒83). Drawing upon and systematizing Baudouin’s teaching, Kruszewski’s brief monograph On Sound Alternation (1881) was a statement of a synchronic approach to phonology, introducing the terms ‘divergents’ and ‘correlatives’, and proposing a structural definition of the phoneme. Kruszewski extended his theory in An Outline of Linguistic Science (1883), which represented his quest for the laws of language. In An attempt at a Theory of Phonetic Alternations (1895), Baudouin further developed the classification of alternations, and redefined the phoneme as ‘the psychological equivalent of a speech sound’. Baudouin and Kruszewski’s endeavour of theorizing about the relationship between synchrony and diachrony, and between phonetics, phonology, and morphology was the Kazan School’s enduring inspiration for the subsequent worldwide development of phonology.
John R. Firth and the London School
Authors: Moro Elena Battaner , Ogden Richard 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBritish linguist John R. Firth (1890–1960) developed a unique functionalist approach to language and linguistics at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), London, from 1937 to his death. ‘London School’ refers to the group of Firth’s colleagues and disciples at SOAS who developed, on the basis of Firth’s thinking, the so-called Firthian Prosodic Analysis (FPA). These include several people who were prominent in the development of linguistics in the UK. FPA bears some similarities to later non-linear phonological theories. This chapter presents FPA from historical and theoretical perspectives, with the following sections: 1. Introduction; 2. Fundamentals of the technique of FPA; 3. John R. Firth and the London School; and 4. FPA’s legacy in today’s phonology.
Phonology in Glossematics in Northern and Western Europe
Authors: Basbøll Hans 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the phonological implications of a general theory of language forged by the Danish linguists Louis Hjelmslev (1899–1965) and Hans Jørgen Uldall (1907–57) called Glossematics. Its point of departure is the dual nature of all things linguistic, with the parallel structure of the expression plane and the content plane. Central here is an analysis of Hjelmslev’s two treatments of an expression system, viz. of Danish (1948/1951) and French (1948/1970). The elements of Hjelmslev’s analyses are not traditional phonemes but morphophonological abstract entities. The chapter further describes the impact of Glossematics on the strong Danish tradition of structuralist dialect descriptions and looks at the influence on phonological descriptions of French where André Martinet (1908–1999) plays a key role. Glossematics put much more emphasis on paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations than on a phonetic analysis, and scholars from the glossematic milieu contributed important phonotactic and prosodic studies.
The Sound Pattern of Englishand early generative phonology
Authors: Kenstowicz Michael J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses the novel approach to phonology developed in Chomsky & Halle’s The Sound Pattern of English. The key innovation in this landmark study was to treat phonology as the realizational component of a generative grammar that aimed to characterize the tacit knowledge of idealized native speaker in terms of a system of ordered rules defined over sound sequences represented as distinctive feature matrixes. The chapter reviews SPE’s analysis of English word stress and its morphophonological vowel alternations as well as the general feature system and the treatment of markedness. The concluding section considers the special climate that nurtured the development of the generative approach and the contributions of Chomsky & Halle’s first generation of students.
The interaction between phonology and morphosyntax in generative grammar
Authors: Scheer Tobias 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter is about how generative theories have conceived and implemented the impact of morpho-syntactic information on phonology. The major division is along the two channels that may be used by morpho-syntactic information to reach phonology: derivational (the phonological cycle in its successive incarnations) and representational. The latter inserts representational objects into the linear string that is submitted to phonological computation: juncture phonemes when the basic units were phonemes, SPE-type diacritics such as # when segments were relevant, and autosegmental domains (prosodic constituency) in the early 1980s. Since that time, the two channels have been associated with specific theories: Lexical Phonology on the derivational, Prosodic Phonology on the representational side. This division of labour is examined over time (phase theory being a relevant player in this context) and correlated with modularity: while generative theory is modular in kind, there have been repeated modularity-violating implementations of the interface. Alignment in OT is an especially noteworthy recent case in point.
The medieval inheritance
Authors: Considine John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 describes the medieval dictionaries which were available in the British Isles at the beginning of the sixteenth century, starting with a snapshot of those which were in the fine library at Syon Abbey, and then giving a more general picture of the availability of older Latin dictionaries such as the Catholicon of Giovanni Balbi as manuscripts and printed books; of the first dictionary traditions with English glosses, notably the Medulla grammatice; of the first English–Latin dictionaries, namely the Catholicon Anglicum and the Promptorium parvulorum, with remarks on the identity of their makers and of their circulation in manuscript; and of the native Irish and Welsh lexicographical traditions.
The Dictionary of Sir Thomas Elyot
Authors: Considine John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 gives an account of the most influential of all English dictionaries, the Latin–English Dictionary of Sir Thomas Elyot. This was a translation, with additions, of an Italian Renaissance dictionary, the Dictionarium of Ambrogio Calepino, which brought the humanist lexicography of Latin into the English lexicographical tradition. The making of Elyot’s Dictionary is discussed, as is the series of revised editions published as Bibliotheca Eliotae by Elyot and, after his death, by Thomas Cooper. These draw on the Latin lexicography of the French humanist Robert Estienne. Annotations in surviving copies of the Dictionary and the Bibliotheca are likewise discussed: these are documents in the history of lexicography and the history of reading alike.
Specialized wordlists of English after the 1530s
Authors: Considine John 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 14 turns to the specialized lexicography of early modern English, in other words to monolingual glossaries, which formed part of, or were appended to, books on particular subjects, rather than being stand-alone publications. The earliest and most copious of these were of medical terms. Others, in chronological order of the earliest known wordlist in each category, surveyed legal language; the technical vocabularies of rhetoric, geometry, and cosmography (including some wordlists with illustrations); proper names; the cryptolectal language variety of thieves and vagabonds called cant (some wordlists of which were fanciful); the technical vocabularies of logic, herb-lore, hunting, and war; and English words pertaining to the study of the ancient world.
Introduction
Authors: van der Wal Jenneke 
Published: May 2022

AbstractChapter 1 introduces the conceptual questions as well as the area in which these questions are explored. The questions concern the tension between our shared human language capacity on the one hand, and the great crosslinguistic language variation on the other hand: Which plausible parameters can account for both? Which features are involved in these parameters? The book explores these questions by examining variation in subject and object marking in the Bantu languages. The introduction presents the Bantu languages and the variation observed in their agreement marking: pronoun vs agreement, symmetric vs asymmetric ditransitives, single vs multiple object markers, and various forms of subject inversion. These pose challenges for the Minimalist approach to ϕ agreement and nominal licensing, which is also introduced in this chapter, together with a sketch of the proposals for featural parameters to be discussed in detail in the rest of the book. The solution lies in taking salience seriously and incorporating [Person] and [Topic] into a featural account of differential object marking and flexible licensing in ditransitives as well as inversion constructions.
Object marking defective goals
Authors: van der Wal Jenneke 
Published: May 2022

AbstractChapter 2 presents the defective goal approach to object clitics in more detail and extends the approach in order to capture the variation between object markers as incorporated pronouns (non-doubling) or grammatical agreement (doubling). Whether languages have object marking at all depends on having a ϕ probe on v. The parametric variation between doubling and non-doubling is due to the structure of the DP: if [Person] forms its own projection on top of the DP, object marking will be doubling, if it does not and [Person] is a feature on D, object marking is non-doubling. Both can be derived using the same mechanism of Agree and defective goals. The feature [Person] also explains the patterns of differential object marking in Bantu languages, as [Person] is associated not just with first and second person, but also with animacy, definiteness, and givenness (141).
Conceptualizing AU Law within the Constitutional Framework of the AU
Authors: Olivier Michèle 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
AU law is a recent term. As yet, its content remains largely unmapped and open to discourse by scholars and legal practitioners. AU law points to a legal discipline that needs to be identified and developed serving post-colonial Africa as a continent. Within the broader context of regional integration law and politics, AU law refers to the continent’s need to self-regulate. By engaging with the conceptual nature of AU law this chapter explores the link between the need for supranational rule-making capacity within the African Union and achieving closer political and economic integration. It is suggested that such powers will form the backbone of a corpus of binding AU law and the foundation for a Pan-African rule of law. The establishment of AU law depends on the capacity of the AU institutions to take decisions that will bind its Member States as a matter of law. To identify potential sources of AU law-making powers requires a careful reading of the AU’s various constitutional treaties establishing the African Union and its institutions. This chapter suggests that a constitutional framework should therefore be the starting point in the discussion on the conceptualizing of AU law.
The Implications of AU Law: Conceptual Analysis with Emphasis on the Institutional Consequences
Authors: Magliveras Konstantinοs 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Notwithstanding the fact that the African Union (AU) has not been given a mandate to legislate, a certain AU law can be said to exist. While AU law does not resemble the law of the European Union (EU), this chapter argues that it shares characteristics with the legal systems established in the context of two other regional organizations, the Council of Europe (CoE) and the Organization of American States (OAS). After offering an overview of EU law, the paradigm of a regional organization’s legal system, the legal orders of the CoE and the OAS are surveyed. Based on the common characteristics of these orders, the chapter moves to examine AU law as a corpus of common norms and rules deriving from various treaties negotiated and concluded under the auspices of the AU, and before it, the Organization of African Unity. The chapter concludes that the development of AU law will necessitate a revision of the AU Constitutive Act, especially in view of the Member States promoting a Continental Free Trade Area and the rejuvenation of the African Economic Community.
The AU and Global Financial Standard-Setting
Authors: Iglesias-Rodríguez Pablo 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyses the role of African Financial Supervision Authorities (FSAs) in International Networks of Financial Supervision Authorities (INFSAs) with a view to assessing whether and to what extent (a) the model of economic and financial integration embraced by African Union (AU) law relates to the power and influence of Africa in the global financial architecture; and (b) whether and how AU law, institutions, and policies may contribute to enhance such influence. The chapter proceeds as follows. First, it examines the role of African FSAs in INFSAs, focusing on the barriers the former face for accessing, being effectively represented, and participating in the latter. The selected INFSAs are the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS), the International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO), and the International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS), which are the main global financial standard-setters. Secondly, it assesses how AU law and institutions may contribute to enhance the position of Africa in global financial standard-setting.
Contextual Centrality of Institutional Arbitration Framework for AU Legal Order
Authors: Osuji Onyeka K , Taiwo Oluwafikunayo D 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter proposes an institutional framework for arbitration within the AU legal order to facilitate its Constitutive Act’s objectives of deepening regional integration and promoting intra-Africa trade and development and pursued via the African Continental Free Trade Agreement (AfCFTA), Pan-African Investment Code (PAIC), and other regional integration projects. The success of Africa’s regional integration initiatives will depend, to a large extent, on tackling costly and problematic transnational disputes and provision of effective arbitration and other alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mechanisms. The institutional framework developed in the chapter encompasses both investment and commercial arbitration, a departure from the exclusive focus on investment arbitration in existing initiatives. An African model of transborder arbitration is viable and more likely to gain widespread legitimacy and acceptability, and lead to robust and efficient resolution of horizontal and vertical disputes.
Combating Terrorism and Managing Asylum Seekers and Refugees under AU Law
Authors: d’Orsi Cristiano 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the interrelation between terrorism in Africa and ongoing efforts of the African Union (AU) to protect vulnerable individuals such as asylum seekers and refugees from this phenomenon. Despite notable legislative efforts and strategic initiatives to prevent or curb the spreading of terrorism on the continent, not enough has been done. This chapter provides an analytical assessment of the legal and policy situation on the continent. Recommendations are then made on how to reduce the escalating terrorist activity and corresponding fatalities in Africa within an AU law framework. The need for urgent action is underlined by the fact that in the first nine months of 2019, African terrorist attacks resulted in 335 fatalities in the Mopti region (Mali), 240 fatalities in Ituri province (Democratic Republic of Congo), 150 fatalities in Borno State (Nigeria), 136 fatalities in Mogadishu (Somalia), and 128 fatalities in Khartoum (Sudan).
Development of AU Law: Tax Harmonization and Regional Integration towards Achieving Social Structures in Africa
Authors: Onyejekwe Chisa 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Economic and structural development has been at the forefront of African Union (AU) policy. The establishment of sustainable social structures is an integral part of the development agenda for AU Member States. Certain factors including poverty, corruption, capital flight, and tax avoidance have affected the ability of Member States to create sustainable social structures for their populations. This chapter examines whether social structures can be improved through continental integration and harmonization of taxation laws to provide a sustainable revenue source to develop and maintain social structures as well as fund the AU. The chapter argues that tax harmonization through the development of an AU Model Law on taxation administered through the Regional Economic Communities (RECs) can address social problems and achieve the aims of Agenda 2063 for economic and sustainable development. This is illustrated by using the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) as an exemplar, drawing from the experiences and possible success of the West African Monetary and Economic Union (WAEMU) in the field of tax harmonization.
The Right to Education in AU Law
Authors: Garrido Rui , Baldé Aua 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Education is considered fundamental for the realization of other rights. Although not expressly mentioned, it underpins the entire African Union Agenda 2063. This chapter analyses and assesses how education is enshrined as a fundamental right in the AU’s legal framework as well as its broader role within the AU legal system, while bearing in mind the relevance of education to achieve the goals set by Agenda 2063. It discusses the right of Africans to education, but also how AU law fosters education as a right, and how the Union is developing policies and a holistic strategy actively to guarantee this right to African citizens. By looking at the role of education in AU law, this chapter aims to shed light on existing gaps and offer a perspective on the way forward for AU law.
The Several Sanctioning Regimes in the AU: Analysis and Synthesis
Authors: Magliveras Konstantinos D 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
While the OAU Charter did not envisage any sanctions, certain sanctions had to be introduced during its life to deal with pressing matters arising from Member States not observing their duties. On the contrary, the AU Constitutive Act contained various provisions on sanctions from the very beginning, catering for different infractions, effectively leading to several sanctioning regimes. Subsequent legal instruments have expanded their content. The existence of a system for ordering punitive measures against recalcitrant parties is invariably a characteristic of the legal systems created by international organizations. While its absence does not necessarily cancel the validity of such legal systems, its presence no doubt reinforces them. The chapter examines the sanctions which AU organs may inflict in the following three instances: when Member States have defaulted in the payment of assessed budget contributions (Article 23(1) of the Constitutive Act); when they have failed to comply with AU decisions and policies (Article 23(2)); and when a government in a Member State has come to power through unconstitutional means (Article 30, Article 7 of the Peace and Security Council Protocol, and Articles 23 and 24 of the African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance). The chapter also offers insights on how these provisions have been applied in practice. Finally, problems and difficulties associated with the implementation of these provisions are presented and linked up to the operation of AU law as a legal system.
The (Domestic) Enforcement of AU International Economic Law Instruments: Exploring the Desirability of Direct Effect
Authors: Yann Simo Regis 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This chapter deals with the principle of direct effect as applied in European Union (EU) law and explores its suitability in the enforcement of African Union (AU) legal instruments, notably those setting up the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). What motivates the issue of direct effect is the noted reticence of African countries to litigate trade matters between themselves despite the existence of provisions of regional trade treaties creating courts of justice which give standing to Member States. Therefore, it surveys the avenues through which natural and legal persons can uphold their rights stemming from AfCFTA treaties, thus contributing to treaty interpretation and increasing security and predictability. Currently, the AfCFTA Dispute Settlement Protocol, modelled after the World Trade Organization (WTO), does not allow such a possibility, contrary to rights acquired by natural and legal persons before some African Regional Economic Communities (RECs) courts. Nevertheless, this chapter finds that carving out access of natural and legal persons to AfCFTA proceedings may not always work as intended since there are other ways to bypass these obstacles. These loopholes could be the gateway through which direct effect will develop and become a principle of AU law, broadly speaking. These gaps further complement this chapter’s suggestions to explore amending the AfCFTA legal instruments, even though its dispute settlement system is yet to be tested, in order to match the standing that natural and legal persons have acquired under the RECs, which, in fine, are building blocks towards achieving the AfCFTA and, eventually, the African Economic Community.
Do Security Analysts Discipline Credit Rating Agencies?
Authors: Fong Kingsley , Hong Harrison , Kacperczyk Marcin , Kubik Jeffrey D 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Credit ratings of corporations are biased, but the forces driving this bias are unclear. We argue it would be difficult for rating agencies to issue high grades for a firm’s debt when there are a lot of objective equity analyst reports about the firm’s earnings that are informative about its default. We find that an exogenous drop in analyst coverage leads to greater optimism-bias in ratings, especially for firms with little bond analyst coverage and those that are close to default. This coverage-induced shock leads to less informative ratings about future defaults and downgrades and more subsequent bond security mispricings.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.