bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poly(arylene sulfide)s via nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions of halogenated pyromellitic diimides
Authors: Besse Jason R. , Chasen Samuel L. , Claborn Tristan R. , Collins April N. , Darpel Abigail E. , Fatta Anna , Ghanim Ramy W. , Kanaan Ghady E. , Lukyanchuk Alexandr , Nelson Taylor L. , Ray Jessica L. , Smith Alexis L. , Spagnola James D. , Veazey Sarah A. , Womack Logan H. , Wells Michael D. , Panth Nabin , Parkin Sean , Watson Mark D. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractNucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) reactions are exploited to prepare poly(arylene sulfide)s (PAS's) via the reaction of bis‐thiolates and dibrominated pyromellitic diimide (PMDI) derivatives. Small‐molecule model studies reveal the reaction is well‐defined and proceeds in quantitative yield in practical times at room temperature. Variation in comonomer feed ratios allowed some control over target polymer molecular weights in the step polymerization, but control was likely limited by the relatively poor polymer solubility in the dipolar aprotic solvents typically employed to promote SNAr reactions. One substitution pattern produces a steric “pocket” around the PMDI units, inducing a peculiar solubility trend in halogenated solvents; that is, greatly reduced solubility in CHCl3 relative to CH2Cl2 and C2H2Cl4. One example small‐molecule readily dissolves in CHCl3 at room temperature, then rapidly grows poorly soluble crystals revealed by single‐crystal XRD to contain CHCl3 molecules in the steric pockets. Finally, the recently demonstrated depolymerization of phthalonitrile‐based PAS's via ipso substitution with monothiolates as chain scission agents yields quantitative molecular weight reduction to monomeric species from the polymers reported here.
Atmospheric Pressure Plasma in Industrial Applications: Surface treatment of thermally sensitive polymers
Authors: Förster Frank 
Published: May 2022

AbstractFor several years now, atmospheric pressure plasma has been discussed as a future technology. It is a key technology with a long and successful past. For many decades, corona treatment has been an atmospheric pressure plasma application, well established within the extrusion and converting industry. Corona technology has been applied in industrial use since the 1950s, mostly within converting polymer films and to some degree paper, board, and metal foil. Corona treatment is used to improve the adhesion of printing inks, lacquers, adhesives, and coatings. From this strong base, atmospheric pressure plasma is growing into new applications. This paper introduces atmospheric pressure plasma basics and compares modern atmospheric pressure plasma technologies for grafting chemical functional groups on polymer surfaces.
Prediction of height using ulna length in African‐Caribbean children
Authors: Beydon Nicole , Leye Fallou , Bokov Plamen , Delclaux Christophe 
Published: May 2022

AbstractStanding height is an essential anthropometric measurement in pediatrics. In children unable to stand upright, measurement of ulna to predict standing height is recommended, but height prediction equations based on the ulna have not been established in children of African ancestry. We hypothesized that such equations would result in lower predicted height compared to using equations derived from non‐African children. We measured prospectively standing height and both ulna in 358 African‐Caribbean children without bone deformity or muscle disease, referred to two pulmonary function test laboratories. Interobserver variability was low for standing height (n = 54) and ulna measurement (n = 51) (mean biases [95%CI]: −0.02 [−0.99; 0.95] and 0.05 [−0.91; 1.01] cm, respectively), as well as inter‐ulna variability (n = 352; mean bias 0.03 95%CI [−0.66; 0.73] cm). We used the mean value of 247 bilateral ulna measurements to calculate prediction equations using a generalized linear model including age, sex, ulna length, and geographic origin group, the latter showing no influence on the model. In the validation population of 107 children, the median difference [inter‐quartile range] between standing height and ulna‐predicted height was −0.4 [−2.7; 1.0] cm. Of 260 reliable baseline spirometry, there was a strong concordance between bronchial obstruction diagnosis established using standing height or ulna‐predicted height (kappa coefficient: 0.85 [0.77; 0.94]) with only 11 (4.3%) children misclassified. The ulna predicted height calculated from African‐Caribbean prediction equations resulted in a smaller height than the height calculated using equations derived from non‐African children.
Synthesis of paeonol ester derivatives and their insecticidal, nematicidal, and anti‐oomycete activities
Authors: Che Zhiping , Guo Xiaolong , Li Yuanhao , Zhang Song , Zhu Lina , He Jiaxuan , Sun Di , Guo Yihao , Liu Yibo , Wei Ruxue , Huang Xiaobo , Liu Shengming , Chen Genqiang , Tian Yuee 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundPaeonol is extracted and isolated as a rich and sustainable natural bioresource from the root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa, the derivatives of which exhibit numerous biological activities. It is well known that ester compounds play a very important role in pest control, such as organophosphorus, carbamate and pyrethroid pesticides.ResultsTo discover biorational natural product‐based pesticides, three series of (60) paeonol ester derivatives (7a–t, 8g,p, 9g,p, 10g–j,n–u, 11g,u, 12g,u, 13a–p, 14b,c, and 15b,c) were prepared by structural modification of paeonol, and their structures were well characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR), carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C‐NMR), high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and melting point. Furthermore, we assessed the compounds as insecticidal, nematicidal, and anti‐oomycete agents against three serious agricultural pests, Mythimna separata, Heterodera glycines, and Phytophthora capsici. Among all tested compounds: (i) compound 8p showed more significant insecticidal activity than toosendanin, and the final mortality rates of 8p and toosendanin against M. separata (1 mg mL−1) were 70.4%, and 51.9%, respectively; (ii) compound 7a exhibited more promising nematicidal activity than paeonol, and the median lethal concentration (LC50) values of 7a and 1 against H. glycines were 15.47 and 50.80 mg L−1, respectively; (iii) compounds 7n and 13m displayed more significant anti‐oomycete activity compared to zoxamide against Phytophthora capsici, and the median effective concentration (EC50) values of 7n, 13m, and zoxamide were 23.72, 24.51, and 26.87 mg L−1, respectively; and the protective effect of the compounds against Phytophthora capsici in vivo further confirmed the effectiveness of the agents.ConclusionThis study suggested that the introduction of a nitro at the C5 or C3 position of paeonol could improve its bioactivity against M. separata, H. glycines, and Phytophthora capsici. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
iTRAQ‐based quantitative proteomic analysis in liver of Pomacea canaliculata induced by oleanolic acid stress
Authors: Yu Jiaqi , Cen Xiaofeng , Chen Guifeng , Tang Mingli , Mo Ling , Li Jingjing 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundTriterpene acid is one of the typical active constituents of Eucalyptus bark, which is the main by‐product of the Eucalyptus wood industry. Our studies have demonstrated that triterpene acid stress could inhibit climbing and increase mortality in Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck). However, limited attention has been paid to the proteomic responses of this snail under triterpene acid stress.ResultUsing iTRAQ‐based quantitative proteomics, we elucidated the regulatory mechanism in the livers of P. canaliculata held in chlorine‐free water and exposed to 100 mg L−1 oleanolic acid (OA) for 24 h. A total of 4308 proteins were identified, of which 274 were differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) including 168 (61.31%) differentially upregulated proteins and 106 (38.69%) differentially downregulated proteins. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that P. canaliculata responses to OA stress are mainly involved in glucose metabolism, energy synthesis, immune response, stress response, protein synthesis, and apoptosis. According to KEGG analysis, the 274 DEPs were mapped to 168 KEGG pathways and 10 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched (P < 0.05). Furthermore, qRT‐PCR was performed for histone H4, catalase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, ferritin, lipase, and tropomyosin to validate the iTRAQ results.ConclusionProteomic analysis suggested that OA stress led to the disruption of glucose metabolism, energy synthesis, and protein synthesis, and triggered a series of molecular pathways containing many key proteins involved in the immune process, thereby helping P. canaliculata resist OA stress. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Identification and functional analysis of a chemosensory protein from Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Cui Zhongyi , Liu Yipeng , Wang Guirong , Zhou Qiong 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundOlfaction has an indispensable role in insect behavior, enabling location of suitable host plants and oviposition sites, finding mates and evasion of natural enemies. Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) function to screen external odorants and transport them to olfactory receptor neurons, thereby increasing the sensitivity of the olfactory system. At present, CSP genes have been identified in many insect species, but there are relatively few studies on the function of CSP, especially in Tephritidae.ResultsIn this study, we sequenced and analyzed 12 transcriptomes of Bactrocera minax and identified five CSP genes. The results of polymerase chain reactions with reverse transcription showed that BminCSP3 was highly expressed only in antennae. Results from competitive binding experiments showed that BminCSP3 has good binding ability to citral compared with 23 other volatile organic compounds. The docking model with citral showed hydrogen bond formation with residues (ARG97); however, no hydrogen bonds were formed in the docking of five other ligands (furfuryl alcohol, linalool, cis‐3‐hexenyl acetate, (R)‐(+)‐limonene and (+)‐carvone). Electroantennogram (EAG) analyses revealed that citral was active in B. minax at the antennal level, and the EAG response value of female adults was significantly higher than that of male adults. Furthermore, the results of behavioral bioassays showed that females were significantly attracted to citral.ConclusionOur results suggest that BminCSP3 plays an important role in the recognition of citral by B. minax adults. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Camera trap distance sampling for terrestrial mammal population monitoring: lessons learnt from aUKcase study
Authors: Mason Samantha S. , Hill Russell A. , Whittingham Mark J. , Cokill Jim , Smith Graham C. , Stephens Philip A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAccurate and precise density estimates are crucial for effective species management and conservation. However, efficient monitoring of mammal densities over large spatial and temporal scales is challenging. In the United Kingdom, published density estimates for many mammals, including species considered to be common, are imprecise. Camera trap distance sampling (CTDS) can estimate densities of multiple species at a time and has been used successfully in a small number of studies. However, CTDS has typically been used over relatively homogeneous landscapes, often over large time scales, making monitoring changes (by repeating surveys) difficult. In this study, we deployed camera traps at 109 sites across an area of 2725 km2of varied habitat in North‐East England, United Kingdom. The 4‐month survey generated 51 447 photos of wild mammal species. Data were sufficient for us to use CTDS to estimate the densities of eight mammal species across the whole‐survey area and within four specific habitats. Both survey‐wide and habitat‐specific density estimates largely fell within previously published density ranges and our estimates were amongst the most precise produced for these species to date. Lower precision for some species was typically due to animals being missed by the camera at certain distances, highlighting the need for careful consideration of practical and methodological decisions, such as how high to set cameras and where to left‐truncate data. Although CTDS is a promising methodology for determining densities of multiple species from one survey, species‐specific decisions are still required and these cannot always be generalized across species types and locations. Taking the United Kingdom as a case study, our study highlights the potential for CTDS to be used on a national scale, although the scale of the task suggests that it would need to be integrated with a citizen science approach.
Geomorphological development of aquatic mesohabitats in shore channels along longitudinal training dams
Authors: Flores Natasha Y. , Collas Frank P. L. , Leuven Rob S. E. W. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLongitudinal training dams (LTDs) are novel hydraulic engineering structures in the river Waal intended to facilitate intensive navigation and safe discharges in the main channel while providing sheltered habitats for aquatic biota in shore channels. Monitoring data collected using light detection and ranging, multibeam echosounder and aerial photography for the years during and after the construction of the LTDs were analysed in order to determine patterns of erosion and deposition, the retreat rate of steep eroding banks and shoreline length change through time. The LTD shore channels and two traditional groyne fields (references) were divided into nine mesohabitats based on physical attributes. Net erosion was estimated for eight out of the nine mesohabitats for the 2015–2020 period. Generally, there was a pattern of riverbed aggradation towards the LTDs and degradation or bank erosion towards the littoral zones of the LTD shore channels. This kind of continuous behaviour could be indicative of current or eminent channel and thus habitat stability. The bankline erosion in shore channels had mean retreat rates of 1.4–1.6 m/year. The shorelines were longer in sand‐dominated mesohabitats, which could be key for habitat heterogeneity. The LTD shore channels offered more complex relatively natural continuous littoral zones than the traditional groyne fields while maintaining the multifunctionality of the river. Thus, the development of sandy shorelines in the LTD shore channels should be encouraged through management in order to enhance biodiversity. Geomorphological monitoring of the shore channels should continue in the future in order to detect any long‐term changes in the sedimentary processes and ecological functions.
The impact of methodological choices when developing predictive models using urinary metabolite data
Authors: Krstic Nikolas , Multani Kevin , Wishart David S. , Blydt‐Hansen Tom , Cohen Freue Gabriela V. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe continuous evolution of metabolomics over the past two decades has stimulated the search for metabolic biomarkers of many diseases. Metabolomic data measured from urinary samples can provide rich information of the biological events triggered by organ rejection in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. With additional validation, metabolic markers can be used to build clinically useful diagnostic tools. However, there are many methodological steps ranging from data processing to modeling that can influence the performance of the resulting metabolomic classifiers. In this study we focus on the comparison of various classification methods that can handle the complex structure of metabolomic data, including regularized classifiers, partial least squares discriminant analysis, and nonlinear classification models. We also examine the effectiveness of a physiological normalization technique widely used in the clinical and biochemical literature but not extensively analyzed and compared in urine metabolomic studies. While the main objective of this work is to interrogate metabolomic data of pediatric kidney transplant recipients to improve the diagnosis of T cell‐mediated rejection (TCMR), we also analyze three independent datasets from other disease conditions to investigate the generalizability of our findings.
Plasmonic Hydrogen Sensors
Authors: Ai Bin , Sun Yujing , Zhao Yiping 
Published: May 2022

AbstractHydrogen is regarded as the ultimate fuel and energy carrier with a high theoretical energy density and universality of sourcing. However, hydrogen is easy to leak and has a wide flammability range in air. For safely handling hydrogen, robust sensors are in high demand. Plasmonic hydrogen sensors (PHS) are attracting growing interest due to the advantages of high sensitivity, fast response speed, miniaturization, and high‐degree of integration, etc. In this review, the mechanism and recent development (mainly after the year 2015) of hydrogen sensors based on plasmonic nanostructures are presented. The working principle of PHS is introduced. The sensing properties and the effects of resonance mode, configuration, material, and structure of the plasmonic nanostructures on the sensing performances are discussed. The merit and demerit of different types of plasmonic nanostructures are summarized and potential development directions are proposed. The aim of this review is not only to clarify the current strategies for PHS, but also to give a comprehensive understanding of the working principle of PHS, which may inspire more ingenious designs and execution of plasmonics for advanced hydrogen sensors.
Ru/Rh Cation Doping and Oxygen‐Vacancy Engineering of FeOOH Nanoarrays@Ti3C2Tx MXene Heterojunction for Highly Efficient and Stable Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Bing , Shan Jiongwei , Wang Xinying , Hu Yanjie , Li Yunyong 
Published: May 2022

AbstractOxyhydroxides hold promise as highly‐efficient non‐noble electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), but their poor conductivity and structural instability greatly impede their progress. Herein, the authors develop a cation‐doping and oxygenvacancy engineering strategy to fabricate Ru/Rh‐doped FeOOH nanoarrays with abundant oxygen‐vacancies in situ grown on Ti3C2Tx MXene (Ru/Rh‐FeOOH@Ti3C2Tx) as highly‐efficient OER electrocatalysts. Benefiting from Ru/Rh‐cation regulation, oxygenvacancy engineering, and heterojunction synergy between MXene and modulated FeOOH, the optimized Rh/Ru‐FeOOH@Ti3C2Tx electrocatalysts exhibit excellent OER activities and remarkable stabilities with 100 h. Particularly, 3%Rh‐FeOOH@Ti3C2Tx electrocatalyst only needs a 223 mV overpotential at 10 mA cm–2 and 306 mV to reach 100 mA cm–2, which is superior to commercial IrO2 catalyst and most reported oxyhydroxide‐based electrocatalysts. Further, systematically theoretical caculation, kinetics, thermodynamics, and microstructural analysis verify that the integration of Ru/Rh‐cation doping and oxygen vacancy obviously enhances the intrinsic conductivity and lattice defects of FeOOH and expose more active sites, thereby decreasing the adsorption/desorption energy barrier and activation energy, and improving the specific activity and catalytic kinetics of electrocatalysts, whereas in situ hybridization with MXene strengthens the structural stability. This work clearly confirms that cationdoping and oxygen‐vacancy engineering offers a joint strategy for the electronic structure modulation and design of highly‐efficient inexpensive OER electrocatalysts.
In vitro Fecal Fermentation of Indigestible Residues from Heat‐Moisture Treated Maize Meal and Maize Starch with Stearic Acid
Authors: Asare Isaac Kwabena , Palaniappan Ayyappan , Jungles Thaisa Moro Cantu , Hamaker Bruce R. , Emmambux Mohammad Naushad 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe effect of resistant starch type 5 (amylose‐lipid complex, ALC) from maize starch and maize meal on short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production by in‐vitro human faecal fermentation are determined. The maize starch and meal are modified using heat‐moisture treatment (HMT), stearic acid (SA), and combination treatment (SA+HMT) and digested to obtain indigestible residues. The results showed the production of SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) from indigestible residues containing amylose‐lipid complexes during the process of in vitro faecal fermentation. The concentrations of three SCFAs are lower than fructooligosaccharides (control) in most cases. In regard to the indigestible residues, the combination treatment has a significantly higher concentration of the total SCFAs than the individual SCFAs produced by different treatments and the control. Reduction in pH with increased gas production is observed. Acetate and butyrate levels are higher than propionate values of RS 5 from maize starch and meal. A positive correlation between the gas produced and SCFAs (acetate, propionate, and butyrate) is noticed, however it resulted in negative correlation with pH. In conclusion, indigestible residues containing ALC (or RS 5) produced SCFAs during in vitro faecal fermentation, suggesting that ALC are suitable substrates for fermentation in the lower gut.
Fabrication and Evaluation of Indoxacarb Nano‐Formulation Based on Corn Starch Esters with Systemic Translocation
Authors: Huang Yanmin , Chen Yong , Xiong Qipeng , Hu Yanhong , Li Xiangying , Gan Chunfang , Zhang Yuanfei , Cui Jianguo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this study, through high‐speed emulsification and ultrasonic dispersion technology, indoxacarb‐fatty acid starch ester nano‐formulations (IN‐SE) are prepared using fatty acid corn starch esters as a matrix to encapsulate nonsystemic pesticide indoxacarb (IN). The structure and morphology of the nano‐formulations are characterized by IR, UV, particle size, transmission electron microscopy, and leaf contact angle. The nano‐formulation's sustained release, antiphotolysis capabilities, and systemic translocation are further investigated, and the results show that IN‐SE formulations have better release‐controlled and UV‐shielding capabilities. At the same time, the IN‐SE nano‐formulation is endowed with systemic translocation in plants due to the mediating of starch ester. Finally, using Spodoptera litura as the test target, the toxicity and insecticidal duration of the nano‐formulation are evaluated in greenhouse. The results showed that after 7 days of application, the lethality rate of IN‐SE to S. litura is 9.2% higher than that of ordinary suspension concentrate (IN‐SC).
Shear behavior of steel keyed joints in precast concrete segmental bridges under direct shear loading
Authors: Zou Yu , Xu Dong 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEight groups of “Z” joint specimens were designed for conducting direct shear tests on steel keyed joints. The shape, size, number and joint type of steel keys were taken as experimental parameters, and the cracking load, ultimate load, residual load, and the relationship between vertical loading force and vertical relative displacement of specimens were investigated. The results reveal that the joints relied on the mechanical occlusion between the steel keys and concrete to transmit the shear forces, the load–displacement curve of the joints had a long development course, and the joints could bear large relative displacement. The bearing capacity of steel shear keyed joints increased with the increase in diameter and material strength of the tenon. The ultimate bearing capacity of the epoxied joints with 1 and 2 steel keys were respectively 151.39%, and 69.68% higher than dry joints. Meanwhile, the epoxied joints were found to become brittle and fail in more sudden manner. After direct shear failure, the shear resistance of epoxied joints was completely provided by the steel shear key. The elastic stiffness and bearing capacity of the epoxied joints was not controlled by the number of the steel shear keys, while the dry joints were sensitive with the number of keys. By adding 1 or 2 steel shear keys to a flat joint, the ultimate bearing capacity could be increased by 3.81 and 6.06 times for dry joints, and 43% and 33% for epoxied joints, respectively.