bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction of sodium chloride: a review
Authors: Shen Dongyu , Song Huanlu , Zou Tingting , Raza Ali , Li Pei , Li Ku , Xiong Jian 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSodium chloride (NaCl) is an enjoyable condiment. However, evidence is accumulating to indicate that an excessive intake of Na+ in food may lead to an increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Previous systematic reviews have focused on replacing NaCl with other metal salts (e.g. KCl). However, new salty flavor enhancers (yeast extract, taste peptides, and odor compounds) have yet to be reviewed. This systematic review evaluates the methods for, and feasibility, of NaCl reduction. It defines NaCl reduction and considers the methods used for this purpose, especially the use of flavor enhancers (yeast extract, taste peptides, and odor compounds). © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
A one‐time pneumatic jet‐injection of 5‐fluorouracil and triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of hypertrophic scars—A blinded randomized controlled trial
Authors: Erlendsson Andrés M. , Rosenberg Lukas K. , Lerche Catharina M. , Togsverd‐Bo Katrine , Wiegell Stine R. , Karmisholt Katrine , Philipsen Peter A. , Hansen Anders C. N. , Janfelt Christian , Holmes Jon , Rossi Anthony , Haedersdal Merete 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundPatients with hypertrophic scars (HTS) risk reduced quality of life due to itching, pain, poor cosmesis, and restriction of movement. Despite good clinical efficacy, patients are often reluctant to undergo repeated needle injections due to pain or needle phobia.ObjectivesTo evaluate the applicability of needle‐free pneumatic jet injection (PJI) and assess changes in hypertrophic scars following a single PJI treatment with 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and triamcinolone acetonide (TAC).MethodsTwenty patients completed this blinded, randomized, controlled, split‐scar trial. The intervention side of the HTS received a one‐time treatment with PJIs containing a mixture of TAC + 5‐FU injected at 5 mm intervals (mean 7 PJI per HTS); the control side received no treatment. Assessments were made at baseline and 4 weeks posttreatment. Outcome measures included change in (1) Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) total score and subscores, (2) scar volume and surface area assessed by three‐dimensional imaging, (3) skin microarchitecture measured by optical‐coherence tomography (OCT), (4) photo‐assessed scar cosmesis (0–100), (5) patient‐reported pain and satisfaction (0–10), and (6) depiction of drug biodistribution after PJI.ResultsPJI with TAC + 5‐FU significantly decreased both HTS height (−1 VSS; p = 0.01) and pliability (−1 VSS; p < 0.01) with a nonstatistically significant reduction of −1 in total VSS score (0 in control; p = 0.09). On 3D imaging, a 33% decrease in scar volume (p = 0.016) and a 37% decrease in surface area (p = 0.008) was observed. OCT indicated trends towards smoother scar surface (Ra 11.1–10.3; p = 0.61), normalized dermal microarchitecture (attenuation coefficient: 1.52–1.68; p = 0.44), and a reduction in blood flow between 9% and 17% (p = 0.50–0.79). Despite advances in VSS subscores and OCT, no improved photo‐assessed cosmesis was found (−3.2 treatment vs. −1.4 control; p = 0.265). Patient‐reported pain was low (2/10) and 90% of the patients that had previously received needle injections preferred PJI to needle injection. Depositions of TAC + FU were imaged reaching deep into the scar at levels corresponding to the reticular dermis.ConclusionA single PJI injection containing 5‐FU and TAC can significantly improve the height and pliability of HTS. PJI is favored by the patients and may serve as a complement to conventional needle injections, especially for patients with needle phobia.
Safety of a 1064‐nm robotic laser system for noninvasive lipolysis of the flanks
Authors: Fiala Thomas , Lavin Philip 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectivesThe primary objective of this pilot study was to confirm the safety of a 1064‐nm laser device with a novel robotic arm for noninvasive subcutaneous fat reduction in the flank area. Secondary objectives included: assessing the extent of subject discomfort during treatment, overall subject satisfaction with the results of the procedure, and a determination of subcutaneous fat reduction in the treated area, in preparation for larger upcoming trials.Materials and MethodsA 110‐cm2 area on both flanks of enrolled subjects (N = 11; 22 flanks) was treated for 20 minutes with a Food and Drug Administration‐cleared robotic noncontact 1064‐nm laser system (EON®; Dominion Aesthetic Technologies, Inc.). Patients were followed for 12 weeks, and examined routinely at 2 weeks, 12 weeks, and additionally as needed, posttreatment. Ad hoc surveys were administered to assess patient satisfaction. A 2‐week posttreatment ultrasound scan was used to check for changes in the treated area. Ultrasound measurements were also used to determine the subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness at a center of each treatment zone before treatment and at 12 weeks posttreatment for efficacy determination, with mean thicknesses calculated per subject.ResultsThe treatment had a low incidence of adverse effects, with only one subject developing a palpable thickening in the subcutaneous tissue following treatment. This was noted at the 2‐week time period and had resolved by the 12‐week posttreatment exam. No other predefined adverse effects were noted. On a scale of 0–10, the mean pain score during the procedure was 1.95, decreasing to 0.9 at 30 minutes postprocedure. Subject satisfaction was “Excellent” for all subjects (100%). At Week 12 after one treatment, the mean reduction in subcutaneous adipose thickness on the treated flanks was 6.1 mm per patient (−15%; p < 0.01).ConclusionSimilar to a prior abdominal study with the same robotic laser device, this pilot study confirms the safety of this 1064‐nm noncontact laser device for treating subcutaneous fat on the flanks. The procedure is well tolerated with a high degree of subject satisfaction. The amount of subcutaneous fat reduction in the flank area appears similar to that seen in the abdomen, but larger studies are required for confirmation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04797988.
Tough Mechanically Interlocked Transparent Interface of Hydrogels and Elastomers for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Terutsuki Daigo , Suwabe Ryota , Abe Hiroya , Nishizawa Matsuhiko 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHydrogel‐based soft, wet devices receive a great deal of attention in advanced medical engineering, which will require integration of hydrogels and elastomers through a transparent and tightly bound interface. Here, the strength of the mechanical interlock of the hydrogel–elastomer interface is studied using microstructured poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) sheets embedded in a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel. The PDMS sheet, which exhibits micro‐protrusions (cuboid and frustum‐shape), has a tensile strength of 10 kPa, which can be sufficient for gentle handling of the PVA/PDMS assembly. The PDMS protrusions (even the frustum‐shape) are found to drag out from the deformed PVA hydrogel without any destruction. The tensile strength of the embedded PDMS is further increased by attaching a thin roof film to bridge the protrusions. These microbridge structures are more than ten times stronger than those with only protrusions, and extraction of the PDMS microbridges caused the destruction of PVA hydrogel. It is also confirmed by a 90°‐peeling test that the microbridge structure is effective for tough lamination of the PVA on PDMS. The PVA/PDMS assembly with the microbridged interface exhibits transparency and deformability that will be sufficient for biomedical applications.
Synthesis and Biodegradation Studies of Low‐Dispersity Poly(acrylic acid)
Authors: Barbon Stephanie M. , Carter Matthew C. D. , Yin Ligeng , Whaley C. Matthew , Albright Vurtice C. , Tecklenburg Ron E. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPoly(acrylic acid) (PAA) is produced on an industrial scale and widely‐used in applications such as personal care products and cleaning formulations that end up “down‐the‐drain.” Relatively high molecular weight PAA is considered poorly biodegradable, but little is known about the biodegradability of low molecular weight PAA at the wastewater treatment plant according to current regulatory and industrial Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) standards. The synthesis, separation, and characterization of a series of ultralow dispersity PAA oligomers (i.e.,Đ< 1.10) in the molecular weight rangeMn≈ 350–1200 Da and the results of biodegradability testing are reported. Miniaturized, high‐throughput screening studies in a parallel respirometer reveals a strong trend toward lower biodegradation at higher molecular weight; these results are confirmed and expanded using standardized method OECD 301F. Biodegradability reaches ≈40% atMn= 380 Da, ≈26% atMn= 770 Da, and ≈17% atMn= 1190 Da for discrete polyacid oligomers. These data not only shed light on potential biodegradation mechanisms for linear PAA, but also may inspire the future design of biodegradable PAA‐containing macromolecules.
Resilience of Black Sea Bass Embryos to Increased Levels of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Meseck Shannon L. , Redman Dylan H. , Mercaldo-Allen Renee , Clark Paul , Rose Julie M. , Perry Dean M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
After a decade of research on how embryonic fish will respond to the increased dissolved carbon dioxide (ρCO2) levels predicted for the next century, no uniform response to near future acidification has been observed among marine species. We exposed Black Sea Bass Centropristis striata (BSB) embryos to varied levels of ρCO2 (microatmospheres [μatm]) for 48 h during seasonal experiments conducted in 2013–2015 to compare embryonic response among multiple broodstocks. The relationship between ρCO2 concentration and hatching success was inconsistent among years, with a nonlinear, inverse relationship noted in 2014 only, explaining 13% of observed variance. Conversely, ρCO2 was a good predictor of unhatched BSB embryos after 48 h for all years combined (39%) and for 2013 (38%). The ρCO2 concentration was a good predictor of the frequency of vertebral column anomalies for individual years (2013: 40%; 2014: 12%; 2015: 38%) but not when data were pooled for all years. In 2013 and 2015, vertebral column anomalies were relatively consistent below 1,000 μatm and were elevated above that threshold. Preliminary results suggest that BSB embryos may demonstrate resilience to future ρCO2 levels, but the results also highlight the challenges associated with drawing broad conclusions given observed variability in results obtained from different broodstocks and study years.
Matrices associated to two conservative discretizations of Riesz fractional operators and related multigrid solvers
Authors: Donatelli Marco , Krause Rolf , Mazza Mariarosa , Semplice Matteo , Trotti Ken 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this article, we focus on a two‐dimensional conservative steady‐state Riesz fractional diffusion problem. As is typical for problems in conservative form, we adopt a finite volume (FV)‐based discretization approach. Precisely, we use both classical FVs and the so‐called finite volume elements (FVEs). While FVEs have already been applied in the context of fractional diffusion equations, classical FVs have only been applied in first‐order discretizations. By exploiting the Toeplitz‐like structure of the resulting coefficient matrices, we perform a qualitative study of their spectrum and conditioning through their symbol, leading to the design of a second‐order FV discretization. This same information is leveraged to discuss parameter‐free symbol‐based multigrid methods for both discretizations. Tests on the approximation error and the performances of the considered solvers are given as well.
Two cases of trastuzumab deruxtecan‐induced interstitial lung disease in advanced breast cancer
Authors: Gocho Kyoko , Sato Kenya , Iizuka Noboru , Sunada Kouichi , Nishiya Shin , Hamanaka Nobuyuki 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTrastuzumab deruxtecan (T‐DXd) frequently induces interstitial lung disease (ILD) more than other anti‐human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 therapies. We diagnosed two cases of ILD induced by T‐DXd in patients with advanced breast cancer. The first case is that of a 57‐year‐old Japanese woman who complained of dyspnoea and fever after 4 cycles of T‐DXd. Chest computed tomography (CT) showed diffuse consolidation and a reticular shadow. The second case was that of a 72‐year‐old Japanese woman who complained of dyspnoea after 3 cycles of T‐DXd. Chest CT showed a reticular shadow predominantly in the left lung. Both patients were treated with corticosteroids, including pulse methylprednisolone; however, their general condition weakened due to ILD, long‐term corticosteroid therapy and breast cancer progression. Subsequently, the patients were unable to continue chemotherapy for breast cancer. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in a real‐world clinical setting.
Prevalence of oral manifestations in COVID‐19: A systematic review
Authors: Sharma Preeti , Malik Sangeeta , Wadhwan Vijay , Gotur Palakshappa Suhasini , Singh Roli 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a novel disease caused by a newly identified virus Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) causing diverse systemic manifestations. The oral cavity too is not spared and the symptoms appear either independently, concurrently, or sequentially. In view of the rising documented cases of oral lesions of COVID‐19, this systematic review aims to assess the prevalence of oral manifestations in COVID‐19 confirmed individuals. An extensive literature search was conducted in databases like Scopus, Pubmed/Medline, Livivo, Lilacs and Google Scholar and varied oral signs and symptoms were reported as per the PRISMA guidelines. Studies published in English language literature only were included and were subjected to the risk of bias using the Joana Briggs Institute Appraisal tools for prevalence studies, case series and case reports. In a two‐phase selection, 34 studies were included: 21 observational, 3 case‐series and 10 case reports. These observational studies included approximately 14,003 patients from 10 countries. In this review, we explored the most commonly encountered oral and dental manifestations in COVID‐19 and identified that loss of taste acuity, xerostomia and anosmia were frequently reported. Elevated incidence of opportunistic infections like mucormycosis and aspergillosis were reported during the treatment due to prolonged intake of steroids. Immunosuppression and poor oral hygiene led to secondary manifestations like enanthematous lesions. However, it is not clear that oral signs and symptoms are due to COVID‐19 infection itself or are the result of extensive treatment regimen followed [PROSPERO CRD42021258264].
Event‐triggered adaptive decentralized control of stochastic nonlinear systems with strong interconnections and time‐varying full‐state constraints
Authors: Su Wei , Niu Ben , Zhang Yu , Zhang Jiaming , Li Yuanxin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis article is dedicated to the problem of event‐triggered adaptive decentralized control for a class of stochastic strong interconnected nonlinear systems subject to unknown gains and time‐varying full‐state constraints. To surmount the effect of the unknown control gains, a novel gain suppressing inequality approach is used. The time‐varying barrier Lyapunov functions (TVBLFs) are taken into account to deal with the design difficulties of time‐varying full‐state constraints, and the event‐triggered control strategy is applied such that the desired controller is constructed to reduce the communication burden. One remarkable feature of the constructed controller is that it is capable of controlling the stochastic systems with strong interconnected nonlinearities arising from the drift terms and diffusion terms. It is shown that all the closed‐loop signals are bounded in probability without the violation of full‐state constraints, and the asymptotic tracking control is achieved. The performance of the suggested control approach is illustrated through the simulation results.
Spatiotemporally Correlated Imaging of Interfacial Defects and Photocurrents in High Efficiency Triple‐Cation Mixed‐Halide Perovskites
Authors: Yu Junxi , Huang Boyuan , Zheng Xue , Wang Huan , Chen Fang , Xie Shuhong , Wang Qingyuan , Li Jiangyu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTriple‐cation mixed‐halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention due to their excellent photovoltaic properties and enhanced stability, though the power conversion efficiency (PCE) is still far below the theoretical expectation. In order to understand the microscopic mechanisms responsible for the gap, a Cs0.05(FA0.85MA0.15)0.95Pb(I0.85Br0.15)3 (CsFAMA)‐based solar cell with respectful efficiency over 20% is examined, and distinct high‐ and low‐current regions are observed in photoconductive atomic force microscopy (pc‐AFM) mapping. Simulations attribute the difference in local photocurrents to interfacial donor defect densities at the NiO/CsFAMA interface, which is supported by electrochemical strain microscopy (ESM) mapping, revealing a negative correlation between ionic defects and photocurrents. The interfacial defects can be further manipulated by external bias upon relaxation study, resulting in reduced photocurrents accompanied by topography change when positive ions are driven toward the NiO/CsFAMA interface. It is also observed that both structure variation and photocurrent degradation upon accelerated aging test initiate at grain boundaries, which gradually expand at the expense of grain interior, suggesting that ionic defects are most active at grain boundaries. These findings render a direct correlation between interfacial defects and photocurrents while revealing degradation evolution, and if such interfacial defects heterogeneity can be mitigated, PCE toward the theoretical limit with enhanced stability can be envisioned.
Efficient Radiative Enhancement in Perovskite Light‐Emitting Devices through Involving a Novel Sandwich Localized Surface Plasmon Structure
Authors: Shao He , Wu Xiufeng , Zhou Donglei , Chen Wenda , Li Lifang , Xu Wen , Xu Lin , Dong Biao , Bai Xue , Song Hongwei 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn recent years, CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) perovskite quantum dots (QDs) have been considered as the most promising materials for light‐emitting diodes (LEDs). However, the advances of CsPbX3 quantum dot‐based light emitting diodes (QLEDs) still lagged behind inorganic III–V LEDs and other organic LEDs. Herein, a strategy to improve the performances of perovskite QLEDs is reported by utilizing the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects of Au nanospheres (NSs). It is accomplished by introducing a Au NS layer into the electron transport layer of Ca2+‐CsPbBr3 QLEDs, where the diameter and spacing of Au NSs and the interaction distance between the Ca2+‐CsPbBr3 QD and Au NS layers are modulated, according to the theoretical simulation of Finite‐difference time‐domain. As a result, the photoluminescence quantum yield of Ca2+‐CsPbBr3 QD layer is improved from 31.5% to 73.3%. Finally, the luminance of Ca2+‐CsPbBr3 QLEDs is improved from 16824 to 63931 cd m–2 and external quantum efficiency (EQE) is improved from 4.2% to 10.5%. The radiative transition rate can be remarkably modulated from 0.7 × 107 to 6.6 × 107 s–1. The enhancement in luminance and EQE are the best values in the LSPR modified perovskite QLEDs and the strategy offered in this work fits with other LEDs and optoelectrical devices.
Polydopamine‐derived carbon layer anchoring NiCo‐P nanowire arrays for high‐performance binder‐free supercapacitor and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution
Authors: Zhang Zhenyuan , Song Na , Wang Jian , Liu Yingqi , Dai Zhang , Nie Guangdi 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTransition metal phosphides (TMPs) have been extensively and deeply researched as electrode materials for energy‐related applications. However, the inferior stability is still a bottleneck restricting their substantive development. Herein, a freestanding three‐dimensional hierarchical nanostructure (marked as CC@NC/NiCo‐P) is delicately designed for high‐performance supercapacitors and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution, where the nitrogen‐doped carbon (NC) layer derived from polydopamine serves as an interface coupling bridge for anchoring electroactive nickel cobalt phosphide (NiCo‐P) nanowire arrays on flexible carbon cloth (CC) substrate. Thanks to the robust interaction between the conductive carbon support and NiCo‐P nanowires, the resultant CC@NC/NiCo‐P electrode delivers an ultrahigh capacitance (2175.5 F/g at 1 A/g) and a distinguished rate capability with a capacity retention of 85.8%. The assembled asymmetric supercapacitor can achieve a superior energy density of 28.47 Wh/kg and an ultralong lifespan of 10 000 cycles. In addition, the CC@NC/NiCo‐P electrode shows favorable electrocatalytic activity toward the hydrogen evolution reaction. These results indicate that the strong binding between the NC layer and metal species in TMPs notably improves the stability and electrochemical activity of CC@NC/NiCo‐P. It is expected that this effective strategy to design innovative electrode materials may be promising for the applications in energy‐related fields.
Towards top-down holographic composite Higgs: minimal coset from maximal supergravity
Authors: Elander Daniel , Piai Maurizio 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Within the context of top-down holography, we study a one-parameter family of regular background solutions of maximal gauged supergravity in seven dimensions, dimensionally reduced on a 2-torus. The dual, four-dimensional confining field theory realises the global (spontaneous as well as explicit) symmetry breaking pattern SO(5) → SO(4). We compute the complete mass spectrum for the fluctuations of the 128 bosonic degrees of freedom of the five-dimensional gravity theory, which correspond to scalar, pseudoscalar, vector, axial-vector, and tensor bound states of the dual field theory, and includes particles with exotic SO(4) quantum numbers. We confirm the existence of tachyonic instabilities near the boundaries of the parameter space.We discuss the interplay between explicit and spontaneous symmetry breaking. The SO(5)/SO(4) coset might provide a first step towards the realisation of a calculable framework and ultraviolet completion of minimal composite Higgs models, if the four pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone bosons are identified with the real components of the Higgs doublet in the standard model (SM), and a subgroup of SO(4) with the SU(2) × U(1) SM gauge group. We exhibit an example with an additional localised boundary term that mimics the effect of a weakly-coupled external sector.