bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Panic or peace – prioritising infant welfare when medicating feverish infants: a grounded theory study of adherence in a paediatric clinical trial
Authors: Tan Eunicia , Hoare Karen , Riley Judith , Fernando Kathryn , Haskell Libby , McKinlay Christopher JD , Dalziel Stuart R , Braithwaite Irene 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Literature on factors influencing medication adherence within paediatric clinical trials is sparse. The Paracetamol and Ibuprofen in the Primary Prevention of Asthma in Tamariki (PIPPA Tamariki) trial is an open-label, randomised controlled trial aiming to determine whether paracetamol treatment, compared with ibuprofen treatment, as required for fever and pain in the first year of life, increases the risk of asthma at age six years. To inform strategies for reducing trial medication crossovers, understanding factors influencing the observed ibuprofen-to-paracetamol crossovers (non-protocol adherence) is vital. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing the decision-making process when administering or prescribing ibuprofen to infants that may contribute to the crossover events in the PIPPA Tamariki trial.

Methods
Constructivist grounded theory methods were employed. We conducted semi-structured interviews of caregivers of enrolled PIPPA Tamariki infants and healthcare professionals in various healthcare settings. Increasing theoretical sensitivity of the interviewers led to theoretical sampling of participants who could expand on the teams’ early constructed codes. Transcribed interviews were coded and analysed using the constant comparative method of concurrent data collection and analysis.

Results
Between September and December 2020, 20 participants (12 caregivers; 8 healthcare professionals) were interviewed. We constructed a grounded theory of prioritising infant welfare that represents a basic social process when caregivers and healthcare professionals medicate feverish infants. This process comprises three categories: historical, trusting relationships and being discerning; and is modified by one condition: being conflicted. Participants bring with them historical ideas. Trusting relationships with researchers, treating clinicians and family play a central role in enabling participants to challenge historical ideas and be discerning. Trial medication crossovers occur when participants become conflicted, and they revert to historical practices that feel familiar and safer.

Conclusions
We identified factors and a basic social process influencing ibuprofen use in infants and trial medication crossover events, which can inform strategies for promoting adherence in the PIPPA Tamariki trial. Future studies should explore the role of trusting relationships between researchers and treating clinicians when conducting research.
Feasibility of establishing acute respiratory infection treatment units (ATU) for improvement of care of children with acute respiratory infection
Authors: Mukherjee Aparna , Jat K. R. , Lodha Rakesh , Goyal Jagdish Prasad , Bhatt Javeed Iqbal , Das Rashmi Ranjan , Ratageri Vinod , Vyas Bhadresh , Kabra S. K. ,   ATU Group, Mukherjee Aparna , Jat K. R. , Lodha Rakesh , Goyal Jagdish Prasad , Bhatt Javeed Iqbal , Das Rashmi Ranjan , Ratageri Vinod , Vyas Bhadresh , Kabra S. K. , Charoo Bashir Ahmad , Khera Daisy , Singhal Deepak , Singh Kuldeep , Ray Partha Sarathi , Mahapatro Samarendra , Kumar Prawin 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children below 5 years of age.

Methods
This multisite prospective observational study was carried out in the Pediatrics’ out-patient departments of 5 medical colleges across India with an objective to assess the feasibility of establishing Acute Respiratory Infection Treatment Unit (ATU) in urban medical college hospitals.
ATU (staffed with a nurse and a medical officer) was established in the out-patient areas at study sites. Children, aged 2–59 months, with cough and/ breathing difficulty for < 14 days were screened by study nurse in the ATU for pneumonia, severe pneumonia or no pneumonia. Diagnosis was verified by study doctor. Children were managed as per the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines.
The key outcomes were successful establishment of ATUs, antibiotic usage, treatment outcomes.

Results
ATUs were successfully established at the 5 study sites. Of 18,159 under-five children screened, 7026 (39%) children were assessed to have ARI. Using the WHO criteria, 938 were diagnosed as pneumonia (13.4%) and of these, 347 (36.9%) had severe pneumonia. Ambulatory home-based management was done in 6341 (90%) children with ARI; of these, 16 (0.25%) required admission because of non-response or deterioration on follow-up. Case-fatality rate in severe pneumonia was 2%. Nearly 12% of children with ‘no pneumonia’ received antibiotics.

Conclusions
Setting up of ATUs dedicated to management of ARI in children was feasible in urban medical colleges. The observed case fatality, and rate of unnecessary use of antibiotics were lower than that reported in literature.
Beyond research: improved perinatal care through scale-up of a Moyo fetal heart rate monitor coupled with simulation training in northern Tanzania for helping babies breathe
Authors: Munyaw Yuda , Gidabayda Joshua , Yeconia Anita , Guga Godfrey , Mduma Esto , Mdoe Paschal 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this project was to improve perinatal survival by introducing Moyo Fetal Heart Rate (FHR) Monitor coupled with neonatal resuscitation simulation training.MethodsThe implementation was done at three district hospitals. We assessed health care workers’ (HCW’s) skills and perinatal death trends during implementation. Baseline data were collected from the hospitals before implementation. Newborn resuscitation (NR) skills were assessed before and after simulation training. Assessment of perinatal outcomes was done over 2 years of implementation. We used descriptive analysis; a t-test (paired and independent two-sample) and a one-way Anova test to report the findings.ResultsA total of 107 HCW’s were trained on FHR monitoring using Moyo and NR knowledge and skills using NeoNatalie simulators. The knowledge increased post-training by 13.6% (p <  0.001). Skills score was increased by 25.5 and 38.2% for OSCE A and B respectively (p <  0.001). The overall fresh stillbirths rate dropped from 9 to 5 deaths per 1000 total births and early neonatal deaths at 7 days from 5 to 3 (p <  0.05) deaths per 1000 live births over 2 years of implementation.ConclusionThere was a significant improvement of newborn resuscitation skills among HCW’s and neonatal survival at 2 years. Newborn resuscitation training coupling with Moyo FHR monitor has shown potential for improving perinatal survival. However, further evaluation is needed to explore the full potential of the package.
Relationship between TIA minus C0-7 angle and C2-7 SVA: analysis of 113 symptomatic patients
Authors: Yang Kai , Li Xiang-Yu , Wang Yu , Kong Chao , Lu Shi-Bao 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Measurement of T1 slope (T1S) can be difficult due to the anatomical positioning of the shoulders. And thoracic inlet angle (TIA) was a morphological parameter and not changed by the position. We proposed a new parameter, TIA minus C0-7 angle (TIA-C07), to evaluate C2-7 SVA in order to overcome the T1S imperfection.

Methods
This was a retrospective radiological analysis of symptomatic subjects. The following cervical parameters were measured: Cervical lordosis angle (CL), C0-7 angle (C0-7), occiput-C2 lordosis angle (O-C2), C2-7 sagittal vertical axis (C2–7 SVA), TIA and TIA-C07. The Pearson correlation test was calculated, and the stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the best predictor for C2-7 SVA. A paired sample t test was used to compare the predicted and measured C2-7 SVA.

Results
The mean age of 113 patients was 60.02 ± 9.67. The average O-C2, CL, C0-7, TIA, TIA-C07 and C2-C7 SVA was 29.24 ± 8.48°, 13.67 ± 11.22°, 42.91 ± 11.44°, 76.07 ± 9.54°, 33.16 ± 13.18° and 21.34 ± 11.42 mm. The predictive formula was founded: C2-7 SVA = 2.80 + 0.56 * (TIA—C07) (R = 0.645, R2 = 0.416). There was no statistical difference between the predicted and the measured C2-7 SVA (t = 0.085, P = 0.933).

Conclusions
TIA and C0-7 mismatch may significantly impact cervical alignment, and a greater T1A-C07 was related to a greater degree of C2-7 SVA. TIA-C07 may be a more important predictor for C2-7 SVA.
The blood–brain barrier and the neurovascular unit in subarachnoid hemorrhage: molecular events and potential treatments
Authors: Solár Peter , Zamani Alemeh , Lakatosová Klaudia , Joukal Marek 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe response of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) following a stroke, including subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), has been studied extensively. The main components of this reaction are endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes that affect microglia, neurons, and vascular smooth muscle cells. SAH induces alterations in individual BBB cells, leading to brain homeostasis disruption. Recent experiments have uncovered many pathophysiological cascades affecting the BBB following SAH. Targeting some of these pathways is important for restoring brain function following SAH. BBB injury occurs immediately after SAH and has long-lasting consequences, but most changes in the pathophysiological cascades occur in the first few days following SAH. These changes determine the development of early brain injury as well as delayed cerebral ischemia. SAH-induced neuroprotection also plays an important role and weakens the negative impact of SAH. Supporting some of these beneficial cascades while attenuating the major pathophysiological pathways might be decisive in inhibiting the negative impact of bleeding in the subarachnoid space. In this review, we attempt a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the molecular and cellular changes in the BBB following SAH and their possible modulation by various drugs and substances.
Keeping our children safe: piloting a hospital-based home-visitation program in Israel
Authors: Shalev Ligat , Luder Anthony , Spitzer Sivan , Krupik Danna , Essa-Hadad Jumanah , Rudolf Mary C. J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Unintentional childhood injuries are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Attempts to prevent child home injuries have rarely been implemented in hospital settings which present an important opportunity for intervention. The SHABI (‘Keeping our Children Safe; SHomrim Al BetIchut Yeladenu’) program recruits at-risk families presenting with child injury to the Emergency Department. Medical/nursing students conduct two home visits and provide safety equipment and guidance. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of SHABI on participating families’ home-safety.

Methods
The pilot was conducted between May 2019 and March 2020 in northern Israel, an area with high child injury rates. Eligibility included families with preschool children who incurred a home injury. Home-safety was assessed by observation through the ‘Beterem’ checklist. Parents' views, knowledge, awareness of dangers and report of home injuries were assessed at the start of each visit.

Results
352 of 773 eligible families agreed to be contacted. 135 participated, 98 completed both home visits. Significant improvement in home-safety items was observed 4 months after the first visit (14 [IQR12-16]) vs. (17 [IQR15-19]; p < 0.001), accompanied by an overall increase in home safety (Mean ± SD 71.9% ± 9.5% vs. 87.1% ± 8.6%; p < 0.001). 64% reported greater awareness of dangers, 60% affirmed home was safer, and 70% valued the equipment. No difference was found in the prevalence of injuries (14 of 98 families prior and 8 after the visit; p = 0.17). Home visitors reported benefiting from the experience of working with disadvantaged families.

Conclusion
The program, which included recruitment in a hospital emergency setting and use of healthcare students as home visitors, was successfully implemented and accompanied by significant improvement in home safety with a non-significant trend of child injury decrease.
Sertoli cell and spermatogonial development in pigs
Authors: Zheng Yi , Gao Qiang , Li Tianjiao , Liu Ruifang , Cheng Zechao , Guo Ming , Xiao Jinhong , Wu De , Zeng Wenxian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundSpermatogenesis is an intricate developmental process during which undifferentiated spermatogonia, containing spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs), undergo self-renewal and differentiation to generate eventually mature spermatozoa. Spermatogenesis occurs in seminiferous tubules within the testis, and the seminiferous tubules harbor Sertoli and germ cells. Sertoli cells are an essential somatic cell type within the microenvironment that support and steer male germ cell development, whereas spermatogonia are the primitive male germ cells at the onset of spermatogenesis. While the developmental progression of Sertoli cells and spermatogonia has been well established in mice, much less is known in other mammalian species including pigs.ResultsTo acquire knowledge of Sertoli cell and spermatogonial development in pigs, here we collected as many as nine ages of Duroc porcine testes from the neonate to sexual maturity, i.e., testes from 7-, 30-, 50-, 70-, 90-, 110-, 130-, 150- and 210-day-old boars, and performed histological and immunohistochemical analyses on testis sections. We first examined the development of spermatogenic cells and seminiferous tubules in porcine testes. Then, by immunofluorescence staining for marker proteins (AMH, SOX9, DBA, UCHL1, VASA, KIT, Ki67 and/or PCNA), we delved into the proliferative activity and development of Sertoli cells and of spermatogonial subtypes (pro-, undifferentiated and differentiating spermatogonia). Besides, by immunostaining for β-catenin and ZO-1, we studied the establishment of the blood-testis barrier in porcine testes.ConclusionsIn this longitudinal study, we have systematically investigated the elaborate Sertoli cell and spermatogonial developmental patterns in pigs from the neonate to sexual maturity that have so far remained largely unknown. The findings not only extend the knowledge about spermatogenesis and testicular development in pigs, but also lay the theoretical groundwork for porcine breeding and rearing.
Eye movements and eating disorders: protocol for an exploratory experimental study examining the relationship in young-adult women with subclinical symptomatology
Authors: Navas-León Sergio , Sánchez-Martín Milagrosa , Tajadura-Jiménez Ana , De Coster Lize , Borda-Más Mercedes , Morales Luis 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Recent research indicates that patients with anorexia (AN) show specific eye movement abnormalities such as shorter prosaccade latencies, more saccade inhibition errors, and increased rate of saccadic intrusions compared to participants without AN. However, it remains unknown whether these abnormal eye movement patterns, which may serve as potential biomarkers and endophenotypes for an early diagnosis and preventive clinical treatments, start to manifest also in people with subclinical eating disorders (ED) symptomatology. Therefore, we propose a protocol for an exploratory experimental study to investigate whether participants with subclinical ED symptomatology and control participants differ in their performance on several eye movement tasks.

Methods
The sample will be recruited through convenience sampling. The Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire will be administered as a screening tool to split the sample into participants with subclinical ED symptomatology and control participants. A fixation task, prosaccade/antisaccade task, and memory-guided task will be administered to both groups. Additionally, we will measure anxiety and premorbid intelligence as confounding variables. Means comparison, exploratory Pearson's correlations and discriminant analysis will be performed.

Discussion
This study will be the first to elucidate the presence of specific eye movement abnormalities in participants with subclinical ED symptomatology. The results may open opportunities for developing novel diagnostic tools/therapies being helpful to the EDs research community and allied fields.
Towns and trails drive carnivore movement behaviour, resource selection, and connectivity
Authors: Whittington Jesse , Hebblewhite Mark , Baron Robin W. , Ford Adam T. , Paczkowski John 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Global increases in human activity threaten connectivity of animal habitat and populations. Protection and restoration of wildlife habitat and movement corridors require robust models to forecast the effects of human activity on movement behaviour, resource selection, and connectivity. Recent research suggests that animal resource selection and responses to human activity depend on their behavioural movement state, with increased tolerance for human activity in fast states of movement. Yet, few studies have incorporated state-dependent movement behaviour into analyses of Merriam connectivity, that is individual-based metrics of connectivity that incorporate landscape structure and movement behaviour.

Methods
We assessed the cumulative effects of anthropogenic development on multiple movement processes including movement behaviour, resource selection, and Merriam connectivity. We simulated movement paths using hidden Markov movement models and step selection functions to estimate habitat use and connectivity for three landscape scenarios: reference conditions with no anthropogenic development, current conditions, and future conditions with a simulated expansion of towns and recreational trails. Our analysis used 20 years of grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) and gray wolf (Canis lupus) movement data collected in and around Banff National Park, Canada.

Results
Carnivores increased their speed of travel near towns and areas of high trail and road density, presumably to avoid encounters with people. They exhibited stronger avoidance of anthropogenic development when foraging and resting compared to travelling and during the day compared to night. Wolves exhibited stronger avoidance of anthropogenic development than grizzly bears. Current development reduced the amount of high-quality habitat between two mountain towns by more than 35%. Habitat degradation constrained movement routes around towns and was most pronounced for foraging and resting behaviour. Current anthropogenic development reduced connectivity from reference conditions an average of 85%. Habitat quality and connectivity further declined under a future development scenario.

Conclusions
Our results highlight the cumulative effects of anthropogenic development on carnivore movement behaviour, habitat use, and connectivity. Our strong behaviour-specific responses to human activity suggest that conservation initiatives should consider how proposed developments and restoration actions would affect where animals travel and how they use the landscape.
A tumor suppressor role for EZH2 in diffuse midline glioma pathogenesis
Authors: Dhar Swati , Gadd Samantha , Patel Priyam , Vaynshteyn Jake , Raju G. Praveen , Hashizume Rintaro , Brat Daniel J. , Becher Oren J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPediatric high-grade gliomas, specifically diffuse midline gliomas, account for only 20% of clinical cases but are 100% fatal. A majority of the DMG cases are characterized by the signature K27M mutation in histone H3. The H3K27M mutation opposes the function of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), the methyltransferase enzyme of the polycomb repressor complex 2. However, the role of EZH2 in DMG pathogenesis is unclear. In this study, we demonstrate a tumor suppressor function for EZH2 using Ezh2 loss- and gain-of-function studies in H3WT DMG mouse models. Genetic ablation of Ezh2 increased cell proliferation and tumor grade while expression of an Ezh2 gain-of-function mutation significantly reduced tumor incidence and increased tumor latency. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that Ezh2 deletion upregulates an inflammatory response with upregulation of immunoproteasome genes such as Psmb8, Psmb9, and Psmb10. Ezh2 gain-of-function resulted in enrichment of the oxidative phosphorylation/mitochondrial metabolic pathway namely the isocitrate dehydrogenase Idh1/2/3 genes. Pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 augmented neural progenitor cell proliferation, supporting the tumor suppressive role of EZH2. In vivo 7-day treatment of H3K27M DMG tumor bearing mice with an EZH2 inhibitor, Tazemetostat, did not alter proliferation or significantly impact survival. Together our results suggest that EZH2 has a tumor suppressor function in DMG and warrants caution in clinical translation of EZH2 inhibitors to treat patients with DMG.
Trophic niche separation of two non-spinose planktonic foraminifers Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata
Authors: Toue Ryuji , Fujita Kazuhiko , Tsuchiya Masashi , Chikaraishi Yoshito , Sasaki Yoko , Ohkouchi Naohiko 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBased on laboratory observations, planktonic foraminifers are omnivorous, feeding zooplankton and phytoplankton. Spinose species tend toward greater dependence on zooplankton prey than on phytoplankton prey, while non-spinose species are more adapted to herbivorous diets. However, the trophic activity of planktonic foraminifers in the natural environment and their trophic positions in the marine food web have not yet been fully understood. The trophic position (TP) of two non-spinose species, Neogloboquadrina dutertrei and Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, was determined by differences in the nitrogen isotopic composition between two amino acids (glutamic acid and phenylalanine). Results show that TP values of N. dutertrei were ~ 2.4, indicating dependence on omnivorous (mixed herbivorous and carnivorous) diets, while those of P. obliquiloculata were ~ 2.1, indicating dependence on herbivorous diets. Together with previous laboratory observations, these TP values suggest that N. dutertrei is a detritivore or scavenger, while P. obliquiloculata is generally a herbivore. This trophic niche separation likely allows these two planktonic foraminiferal species to live within a similar depth zone in the open water column and provides a clue for understanding causes of spatial and temporal changes in their relative abundances in living and sediment assemblages.
Modulating Tumour Hypoxia in Prostate Cancer Through Exercise: The Impact of Redox Signalling on Radiosensitivity
Authors: Brown Malcolm , Rébillard Amélie , Hart Nicolas H. , O’Connor Dominic , Prue Gillian , O’Sullivan Joe M. , Jain Suneil 
Published: April 2022

AbstractProstate cancer is a complex disease affecting millions of men globally. Radiotherapy (RT) is a common treatment modality although treatment efficacy is dependent upon several features within the tumour microenvironment (TME), especially hypoxia. A hypoxic TME heightens radioresistance and thus disease recurrence and treatment failure continues to pose important challenges. However, the TME evolves under the influence of factors in systemic circulation and cellular crosstalk, underscoring its potential to be acutely and therapeutically modified. Early preclinical evidence suggests exercise may affect tumour growth and some of the benefits drawn, could act to radiosensitise tumours to treatment. Intracellular perturbations in skeletal muscle reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulate the production of numerous factors that can exert autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine effects on the prostate. However, findings supporting this notion are limited and the associated mechanisms are poorly understood. In light of this preclinical evidence, we propose systemic changes in redox signalling with exercise activate redox-sensitive factors within the TME and improve tumour hypoxia and treatment outcomes, when combined with RT. To this end, we suggest a connection between exercise, ROS and tumour growth kinetics, highlighting the potential of exercise to sensitise tumour cells to RT, and improve treatment efficacy.