bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Fluid Drilling with Conventional Planting Methods for Stand Establishment and Yield of Spring and Fall Broccoli Crops
Authors: Kahn Brian A. , Motes James E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fluid drilling was compared with dry seeding and transplanting for stand establishment and effects on crop yields in spring and fall crops of broccoli [Brassica oleracea L. (Italica Group)]. Two cultivars, at least two seeding dates, and one transplanting date were used in each experiment. Fluid drilling and dry seeding produced the desired post-thinning stand with March seeding dates. Yields were variable for spring crops due to interactions with planting date. Fluid drilling usually was inferior to dry seeding for stand establishment with August seeding dates. Thus, fluid drilling was not superior to dry seeding or transplanting for earliness and uniformity of harvest and total marketable yields in fall broccoli crops. With timely planting, dry seeding or transplanting could be used for successful stand establishment and satisfactory yields of spring and fall broccoli crops. Fluid drilling did not seem advantageous, especially for fall crops. Cultivar and planting date effects often were more important than effects of stand establishment methods in these studies.
Stand Deficiencies and Replanting Effects on Tomato Fruit Yields and Size
Authors: Stoffella Peter J. , Maynard Donald N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of replanting stand-deficient plots on marketable tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit size and yields were investigated at Bradenton, Fla. during the 1986 spring and fall seasons. Treatments consisted of a control (10-plant plot) and plots with 9, 8, and 7 (10%, 20%, and 30%) missing plants. Other plots with the same stand deficiency were replanted to attain a complete stand 2 or 3 weeks and 1, 2, or 3 weeks after initial transplanting in the spring and fall experiments, respectively. Plots with 30% stand reduction produced a lower weight and number of marketable fruit per hectare than control plots in both seasons. In spring, replanting stand-deficient plots did not increase marketable fruit yields relative to plots not replanted, regardless of the time of replanting or percentage of stand reduction. In fall, under an unfavorable environment due to a late infestation of bacterial spot, replanting plots with 30% stand reduction increased marketable fruit yields over similar plots that were not replanted, when the replanting occurred 1 or 2 weeks after initial transplanting, but not when replanting was delayed 3 weeks. Small, medium, or extra-large marketable fruit weight per hectare were similar in both seasons for plots with 30% stand reduction, whether replanted or not. Mean fruit size (g/fruit) did not differ significantly among treatments in either experiment. These results suggest that replanting improved marketable tomato yields only when the level of stand deficiency reached 30% and only in a stressed environment.
Final Irrigation Timing for Spring Pea Seed Production
Authors: Raymond Michael A. , Stark Jeffrey C. , Murray Glen A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field studies were conducted in 1985 and 1986 to evaluate the effects of final irrigation timing on spring pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Mars) seed yield, percent germination, and distribution of yield within the canopy. Final irrigations were applied on 10 dates during the period from 10% bloom to early senescence. Total seed yield did not increase with irrigations applied past 237 degree-days (base 4.5°C) after bloom (DDAB) in 1985 or 366 DDAB in 1986. However, the highest germination percentages and viable seed yields in 1985 and 1986 were obtained when final irrigations were applied at 487 and 450 DDAB, respectively. In 1986, total seed yield, percent germination, and viable seed yield throughout the canopy increased when the final irrigation was applied at 366 or 588 DDAB compared to earlier final irrigations. Viable seed yield reductions for the early irrigation cut-off dates resulted primarily from reduced numbers of pods per plant, and seeds per pod in the upper canopy (nodes 14 to 17) and decreased germination of seed produced throughout the canopy. We conclude that application of the final irrigation at ≈450 to 500 DDAB (usually 2 weeks after final pod set) should produce viable seed yields similar to those obtained with continued irrigation through early senescence.
Quantification of the Impact of Environment on the Susceptibility of Rosa hybrida Flowers to Botrytis cinerea
Authors: Marois James J. , Redmond Judith C. , MacDonald James D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The relationship between Botrytis cinerea inoculum concentration and Botrytis blight on Rosa hybrida flowers from production greenhouses was monitored in the fall of 1985 and 1986 and winter of 1986 and 1987 under laboratory conditions. ‘Golden Wave’ rose flowers were inoculated with 0 to 104 conidia per milliliter and stored in incubation chambers at ≥95% RH and 21°C. Disease severity was quantified by the number of lesions per flower 48 hr after inoculation. The relationship between inoculum concentration and disease severity was linear; the coefficient of determination ranged from 0.87 to 0.99. The slope of the inoculum concentration–disease severity relationship was used to quantify susceptibility, which ranged from 0.006 to 0.035. Slopes were significantly greater with roses produced in December, January, and February (0.018 to 0.035) than those produced in October or November (0.006 to 0.013). Susceptibility of the flowers to B. cinerea was correlated linearly (r = 0.98) and inversely to the overall mean vapor pressure deficit from 0800 to 1900 hr for the 5-week growth period before harvest.
Inheritance of Resistance to Foliar Bacterial Spot of Tomato Incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria
Authors: Scott J.W. , Jones J.B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hawaii 7998 (foliage resistant to bacterial spot) was crossed with ‘Walter’ (susceptible) and F1, backcross, and F2 generations were derived. These genotypes were grown in the field at Bradenton, Fla. in the summers of 1984 and 1985 and inoculated with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, the incitant of bacterial spot. Disease severity for respective genotypes was similar both years, although somewhat greater in 1985. Disease severity in the F1 was intermediate to the parents, but slightly skewed toward resistance both years. The percentage of F2 plants with resistance comparable to Hawaii 7988 was 9.6% in 1984 and 4.6% in 1985. There was no evidence of cytoplasmic inheritance from three sets of reciprocal crosses tested in 1985. The data fit an additive-dominance genetic model, but dominance variance was negative both years, which indicates a small or negligible dominance effect. The negative dominance variance resulted in biased estimates of additive variance, narrow-sense heritability, and the number of effective factors. Nevertheless, narrow-sense heritability was moderate to high. When incorporating this resistance into new genetic backgrounds, we suggest that a modified backcrossing scheme with rigorous disease screening be used to obtain plants from homozygous resistant BCF3 lines before crossing.
Olive Organ Abscission: Fruit and Leaf Response to Applied Ethylene
Authors: Lang Gregory A. , Martin George C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit-bearing olive (Olea europaea L.) shoots were exposed to more than 100 ethylene (C2H4) treatments to determine if C2H4-induced abscission varied between leaves and fruits in response to manipulation of treatment concentration, duration, and total amount of exogenous C2H4. Nearly three-quarters of the treatments induced greater fruit abscission than leaf abscission on a percentage basis. The potential for optimization of C2H4-induced fruit abscission relative to leaf abscission was examined by calculating the fruit-to-Ieaf (F:L) abscission ratio. Of the treatments inducing at least 75% fruit abscission, the dose range of 150 to 370 μmol C2H4 gave ratios up to 13.3; however, results were highly variable and closely dependent on the interaction of concentration and duration. Response surfaces were created to depict this interaction. Desirable levels of fruit abscission occurred at durations > 30 hr and concentrations > 2 to 3 μl·liter−1. However, excessive leaf abscission occurred at durations of 24 to 48 hr, depending on concentration. Acceptable F:L ratios were found for about 30% of the surface, with the highest ratios occurring for treatments of 3 to 5 μl·liter−1 for 28 to 34 hr.
Evaluation of Benzyladenine as a Chemical Thinner on ‘McIntosh’ Apples
Authors: Greene Duane W. , Autio Wesley R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Five chemical thinning trials, conducted over 4 years, indicated that BA is an effective thinner for ‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.). Although it can thin at concentrations as low as 25 mg·liter−1, in most years a higher concentration was required to thin adequately. It appeared that 14 to 18 days after full bloom, when fruit size was about 10 mm, may be the period when maximum thinning was achieved. Greater thinning occurred when BA and carbaryl were combined than when they were used individually. BA increased fruit weight, flesh firmness, and soluble solids content at harvest relative to no thinning. The storage life of fruit treated with BA was less than that of fruit from nonthinned trees, but this effect may have been an indirect response related to the larger fruit size rather than a direct response to the chemical. BA caused thinning and induced lateral branching simultaneously on young ‘Macspur McIntosh’ trees. Therefore, crop load on trees just coming into production may be significantly reduced when BA is used to induce lateral branching. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-IH-purine-6-amine [benzyladenine (BA)], 1-napthaleneacetic acid [NAA], 1-naphthalenyl methylcarbamate [carbaryl].
Temperature and Photoperiod Influence Reproductive Development of Reduced-photoperiod-sensitive Mungbean Genotypes
Authors: Fernandez George C. J. , Chen H. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Using the 9th and 10th International Mungbean Nursery (IMN) data, quadratic response surface models were developed to predict days to flowering (DF) of mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] genotypes grown at 11-hr and 30 min and 13-hr and 30-min preflowering mean photoperiod (P) and 22 to 30C mean diurnal temperature (T) regimes. Both linear and quadratic effects were significant on DF and on the rate of progress towards flowering (1/DF); however, only the linear effect was significant in days to maturity (DM). The effect of T was more pronounced than that of P on DF of reduced-photoperiod-sensitive (RPS) genotypes. The earliest DF (flowering tendency) was estimated at 34 days after planting at the optimum mean diurnal temperature (T0) of 28C and the optimum mean photoperiod (P0) of 12 hr. At the suboptimal temperature (T < T0), the estimates of the base temperature Tb and the thermal time θr were 10C and 555 degree-days, respectively. Thus, flowering dates of these RPS mungbean lines can be predicted, which in turn will assist in the selection of proper planting dates.
Photoperiodic Inhibition of Stem Elongation and Flowering in Rudbeckia hirta ‘Marmalade’
Authors: Orvos Andrea R. , Lyons Robert E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rudbeckia hirta ‘Marmalade’, a long-day (LD) plant, required a minimum of 4 LD for flower initiation. Continuation of LD photoperiods beyond the minimum cycle number was essential for normal growth and development. Plants that received only enough LD for floral initiation were half as tall and flowered significantly later than plants held in LD for the entire experiment. Limited periods of LD were much more effective than soil applications of up to 50 ppm ancymidol for height control, and 50 ppm ancymidol delayed flowering. Chemical name used: α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol).
Salvia splendens Seed Pregermination and Priming for Rapid and Uniform Plant Emergence
Authors: Carpenter William J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Salvia (Salvia spendens, F. Sellow ex Roem & Schult.) seeds imbibed in distilled water at 6C for 6 days germinated earlier and with fewer days to 50% of total germination (T50) than non-imbibed seeds. Drying imbibed seeds for 1 to 5 days at 5C and 45% RH before sowing signficiantly reduced seed viability. Priming seeds in a hypertonic osmotic solution of aerated polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG) at —0.8 MPa for 10 days at 15C improved germination of the three cultivars tested. In laboratory and plant growth chamber trials, seeds primed with PEG 8000 and nonprimed seeds had similar total germination at 20 and 25C, but primed seeds had significantly higher germination at 10, 15, and 30C. At 35C, PEG-primed seeds had 44% to 65% germination, while nonprimed seeds failed to germinate. Alternating 10 and 20C or 20 and 30C diurnally at 12-hr cycles did not increase total germination regardless of seed treatment. Seeds primed with PEG had lower T50 than nonprimed seeds at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30C, with the largest difference at the most unfavorable temperatures for germination. Primed seeds stored at 5C for 1 to 16 weeks reduced total germination and the potential capacity for rapid germination.
Allocation of Nutrients in Huckleberries
Authors: Stark Nellie , Baker Stephen , Essig Don 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plant nutrient content and major organic components were determined in 35 clones of huckleberry (Vaccinium globulare Rydb.) growing in seven major berry-producing areas of western Montana. Roots were sinks for Al, Cu, and Fe, while leaves concentrated B, Mg, and Si. Flowers were high in K, P, Zn, and total N. Berries had a high Na content. Leaves of young plants contained different nutrient concentrations than those of older plants without berries. Mature plants that produced berries differed in nutrient concentrations from those that did not. Productivity of wild plants under moderate climatic stress can be predicted using the concentrations of Ca and Mg in the old stems, Cu and calories in the rhizomes, Fe in the new stems, and from the total plant ash content. Large high-producing plants had significantly greater concentrations of nearly all nutrients than large low-producing plants. Plant size and age appear to be related to berry production, which was highest in soils with high organic content and high available elemental content.
Effect of Cold Storage on Changes in the Contents of Total and Individual Free Amino Acids in Corollas from Cut ‘Sonia’ Roses
Authors: Lukaszewska A. J. , Dreise G. R. , Pérez-Zúniga F. J. , Gorin N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
There was an accumulation of total free amino acids (calculated as the sum of the individual amino acids) in corollas from cut ‘Sonia’ roses (Rosa hybrida) stored at 2C (cold-stored flowers) but not in those kept at 20C (control flowers). In cold-stored flowers, senescence was retarded, as indicated by only a slight opening of the corolla and no subsequent petal abscission. Hence, there appeared to be no direct correlation between senescence of cut roses and accumulation of total amino acids in corollas; neither was there a relationship between individual or total free amino acids and protease activity in the corollas from either cold-stored or control flowers. Changes in the contents of all free amino acids, except alanine and lysine, were affected by cold storage. The effect on aspartic acid was statistically significant, but not spectacular. Cold storage delayed the decrease in contents of glutamic acid, asparagine, tyrosine, glycine, leucine, isoleucine and valine, and prevented accumulation of phenylalanine, proline, and histidine. We detected only one theoretically expected interconversion between two amino acids; i.e., glutamic acid to proline, that occurred in corollas from control flowers during the first 6 days of storage. We suggest that the patterns of changes in the contents of tyrosine, valine, isoleucine (or isoleucine plus leucine), and phenylalanine are not restricted to the cultivar Sonia.
Manganese and Rates of Growth and Mineral Accumulation in Cucumber
Authors: Crawford T. W. , Stroehlein J. L. , Kuehl R. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Sumter’ cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants were grown in the vegetative state with nutritionally sufficient solution followed by a 2-week period with Mn deficiency (no Mn), sufficiency (0.1 mg Mn/liter), or toxicity (10 mg Mn/liter). Beginning 34 days after germination, or about 2 weeks before imposition of Mn deficiency and toxicity treatments, plants were harvested every 3 days. With Mn deficiency and toxicity, rates of accumulation of dry weight (DW), fresh weight (FW), N, P, and K were lower than with Mn sufficiency. In contrast, rates of accumulation for Cu, Fe, and Zn were generally higher with Mn deficiency, compared to these fluxes in Mn-sufficient plants. Anomalously high accumulation rates for DW, FW, Cu, and Mn were estimated for the 3-day period following the beginning of the toxic Mn treatment.
Chilling Requirement of Post-rest Heat Accumulation as Related to Difference in Time of Bloom Between Peach and Western Sand Cherry
Authors: Werner Dennis J. , Mowrey Bruce D. , Young Eric 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Chilling Requirement of Post-rest Heat Accumulation as Related to Difference in Time of Bloom Between Peach and Western Sand Cherry,” by Dennis J. Werner, Bruce D. Mowrey, and Eric Young [J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 113(5):775-778, September 1988], in the legend of Fig. 2, second line, “14 hr” should read “1400 hr”.
Nitrate and Ammonium Uptake by Nitrogen-deficient Perennial Ryegrass and Kentucky Bluegrass Turf
Authors: Bowman D. C. , Paul J. L. , Davis W. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nitrogen uptake by two N-deficient turfgrass species was characterized by measuring N depletion from a complete nutrient solution. The uptake rate of both and was enhanced up to 6-fold in N-deficient perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) compared to N-sufficient controls, reaching a maximum of about 0.3 and 0.4 g N/m2 per hr for and , respectively. Deficiency-enhanced uptake exceeded uptake by controls for about 72 hr following resupply of N. Nitrogen uptake was enhanced to a similar degree by N deprivation in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Mowing had no effect on uptake by N-deficient perennial ryegrass turf, whereas mowing inhibited uptake by N-sufficient turf by ≈60%. Deficiency-enhanced uptake was found to be the result of an increased capacity for N absorption (Imax) rather than an increased affinity for N (Km). Imax values increased from 0.24 and 0.73 mg N/g dry weight per hr for N-sufficient ryegrass turf for and , respectively, to 1.44 and 2.68 mg N/g dry weight per hr for N-deficient turf. Km values increased slightly, from 14 μm for both N forms for N-sufficient turf to 24 and 39 μm for and , respectively, for N-deficient turf.
Characterization of Ancymidol Effects on Growth and Pigments of Helianthus annuus Cultivars
Authors: Starman T. W. , Kelly J. W. , Pemberton H. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ancymidol foliar spray at 66 and 132 mg·liter−1 a.i. significantly decreased height, node number, leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight of four sunflower cultivars. Ancymidol resulted in darker green leaves and increased chlorophyll content per unit area, as measured spectrophotometrically, when compared with controls. However, chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll were increased in only two cultivars when measured on a weight basis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ancymidol increased three xanthophyll levels (neoxanthin, vio-laxanthin, and lutein) in the four cultivars, but had no effect on β-carotene when measured on a weight basis by HPLC. Chemical name used: a-cyclopropyl-a-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine methanol (ancymidol).
Recovery of γ-Linolenic Acid from Somatic Embryos of Borage
Authors: Quinn James , Simon James E. , Janick Jules 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Somatic embryos of borage (Borago officinalis L., Boraginaceae) were induced directly from immature zygotic embryos and indirectly from callus. Embryogenic callus maintained on liquid basal medium supplemented with 4.5 μm 2,4-D and 10% (v/v) coconut water (CW) produced globular structures that became rhizogenic upon transfer to 2,4-D-free basal medium. Embryogenic callus maintained on semisolid basal medium supplemented with 4.5 μm 2,4-D and 10% CW continued to produce somatic embryos, but development was abnormal. Globular structures often failed to develop cotyledons, and those that developed were small and fused; hypocotyls tended to be large and elongated. Root meristems appeared normal, but shoot meristems were not formed. Carbon source (sucrose, glucose, or maltose) and ABA did not normalize somatic embryogenesis. A highly embryogenic, non-browning clone produced various tissue types when 2,4-D was withdrawn that varied in total fatty acids: white nodular structures (12.6%), cotyledonary structures (22.5%), white callus (5.0%), green leafy growth (3.1%), and translucent globular growth (5.1%). γ-Linolenic acid, as a percentage of total fatty acids, was highest in cotyledonary structures (19.9%) and lowest in white callus (10.2%). Chemical names used: abscisic acid (ABA); 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D); coconut water (CW).
Salinity Influences Cucumber Growth and Yield
Authors: Jones R. W. , Pike L. M. , Yourman L. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Germination and radicle elongation experiments were performed with six cultivars of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) at seven salinity concentrations (0, 0.8, 4.0, 6.0, 9.0, 12, and 15 dS·m−1). Increasing salinity has no effect on final germination percentage after 5 days, but did decrease radicle elongation. In seedling growth studies with salinity levels ranging from 0.8 to 12 dS·m−1, increasing salt levels decreased shoot length and shoot dry weight. Analysis of shoot tissue from these seedlings indicated that higher salinity levels increased concentrations of Ca and Na, while Mg and K concentrations decreased. Yield and fruit quality were measured in a greenhouse study at two salinity levels (1.6 and 4.0 dS· m−1). Salinity significantly decreased fruit yield in five of six cultivars, but had no effect on fruit quality. Seedling shoot length of a cultivar grown at 9.0 dS· m−1 was correlated with relative yield at 4.0 dS· m−1. A salinity screening technique based on this relationship is proposed.
Calcium Deficiency Reduces Cucumber Fruit and Seed Quality
Authors: Frost David J. , Kretchman Dale W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Sumter’ cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) were grown in an acid-washed sand with a modified Hoagland's solution containing calcium (Ca) at 160 (control), 80, or 40 mg·liter−1. Fruits grown under low Ca levels developed water-soaked and necrotic lesions on the epidermis and pericarp of the distal end of the fruits. Some Ca-stressed fruits also developed a placental disruption near the stem-end forming a cylindrical air pocket. Fruit fresh and dry weights from 40 mg Ca/liter were lower than those of the control between weeks 4 to 7 of development. The Ca content of the fruit pericarp sections decreased with increased Ca stress. Regardless of treatment, the proximal peduncle portion contained the highest level of Ca, while the distal section contained the lowest. Seed quality was also reduced from Ca stress. Almost all dry seeds from the control but only 70% of those from 40 mg Ca/liter germinated with the standard germination test. Drying seed at 25C for 5 days reduced the viability of Ca-stressed seeds, when compared to undried seed (72% vs. 99% germination). The vigor of the control seeds was significantly higher when dried. Seeds from the 40 mg Ca/liter treatment produced a significantly higher proportion of abnormal seedlings than the control seeds (58% vs. 4%).