bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of whitening toothpaste on surface roughness and microhardness of human teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Jamwal Navodita , Rao Ashwini , Shenoy Ramya , Pai Mithun , KS Aparna , BR Avinash 
Published: February 2022

Background: Whitening toothpastes exert a whitening effect on teeth through higher surface cleaning effectiveness resulting from the abrasive properties of the paste or specific chemical components. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conceptualized to examine the relationship between whitening toothpastes and surface roughness as well as microhardness of human teeth and to clarify the evidence base available around this relationship by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies in this topic area, looking at in vitro randomized control trials. Methods: Criteria for including studies in the review were done based on population, intervention, comparison, outcomes and study and studies were identified from electronic databases. Covidence® was used for data screening and data extraction. The CONSORT tool was used for checking relevant content and methodology used in each of the papers reviewed. Systematic review was done followed by meta-analysis, using Review Manager. Results: A total of 125 articles were obtained on key word search. After duplicate removal and title screening, 17 articles were eligible for full text review. Finally, 7 studies were included for systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted on 4 studies. The forest plot for surface roughness showed that that the meta-analytic effect was statistically significant with surface roughness value being higher in the intervention group. The forest plot for microhardness showed that the meta-analytic effect was statistically significant with the microhardness value being lesser in the intervention group. Conclusions: Although whitening toothpastes typically can lighten tooth color by about one or two shades, there is some evidence to show that these toothpastes also affect the mineral content of teeth by increasing surface roughness and reducing microhardness. More evidence and further research are needed to identify the type of whitening agent which will whiten the tooth effectively while maintaining the integrity of the tooth structure.
Polygenic Risk Score in African populations: progress and challenges
Authors: Adam Yagoub , Sadeeq Suraju , Kumuthini Judit , Ajayi Olabode , Wells Gordon , Solomon Rotimi , Ogunlana Olubanke , Adetiba Emmanuel , Iweala Emeka , Brors Benedikt , Adebiyi Ezekiel 
Published: February 2022

Polygenic Risk Score (PRS) analysis is a method that predicts the genetic risk of an individual towards targeted traits. Even when there are no significant markers, it gives evidence of a genetic effect beyond the results of Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS). Moreover, it selects single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that contribute to the disease with low effect size making it more precise at individual level risk prediction. PRS analysis addresses the shortfall of GWAS by taking into account the SNPs/alleles with low effect size but play an indispensable role to the observed phenotypic/trait variance. PRS analysis has applications that investigate the genetic basis of several traits, which includes rare diseases. However, the accuracy of PRS analysis depends on the genomic data of the underlying population. For instance, several studies show that obtaining higher prediction power of PRS analysis is challenging for non-Europeans. In this manuscript, we review the conventional PRS methods and their application to sub-Saharan African communities. We conclude that lack of sufficient GWAS data and tools is the limiting factor of applying PRS analysis to sub-Saharan populations. We recommend developing Africa-specific PRS methods and tools for estimating and analyzing African population data for clinical evaluation of PRSs of interest and predicting rare diseases.
Setting up child health and mortality prevention surveillance in Ethiopia
Authors: Seale Anna C. , Assefa Nega , Madrid Lola , Wittmann Stefanie , Abdurahman Hanan , Teferi Nardos , Gedefa Letta , Mohamed Alexander , Debela Natnael , Tesfaye Tseyon , Samuel Tigistu , Dubale Mehret , Yigzaw Hiwot , Taye Eyoel , Bekele Workalemahu , Ackley Caroline , Keno Gutema Imana , Zegeye Yosef , Girma Zerihun , Degefa Ketema , Damisse Berhanu , Tadesse Adugna , Aliyi Mohammed , Feyissa Gurmu , Tilahun Yenenesh , Wakwaya Getahun , Sintayehu Bizunesh , Abayneh Getamesay , Alemu Addisu , Azore Emmanuel , Oundo Joe , Mariam Zelalem T , Marami Dadi , Berihun Mulu , Berhanu Mussie , Mekonnen Mahlet , Alemayehu Andualem , Sarkodie-Mensah Nana , Voller Shirine , Jibendi Boniface , Aseffa Abraham , Balcha Taye , F. Breiman Robert , Dowell Scott F , Worku Asnake , Kifle Tsigereda , Abate Ebba , Dessie Yadeta , Scott J. Anthony G. 
Published: February 2022

Background: Mortality rates for children under five years of age, and stillbirth risks, remain high in parts of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. The Child Health and Mortality Prevention Surveillance (CHAMPS) network aims to ascertain causes of child death in high child mortality settings (>50 deaths/1000 live-births). We aimed to develop a “greenfield” site for CHAMPS, based in Harar and Kersa, in Eastern Ethiopia. This very high mortality setting (>100 deaths/1000 live-births in Kersa) had limited previous surveillance capacity, weak infrastructure and political instability. Here we describe site development, from conception in 2015 to the end of the first year of recruitment. Methods: We formed a collaboration between Haramaya University and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine and engaged community, national and international partners to support a new CHAMPS programme. We developed laboratory infrastructure and recruited and trained staff. We established project specific procedures to implement CHAMPS network protocols including; death notifications, clinical and demographic data collection, post-mortem minimally invasive tissue sampling, microbiology and pathology testing, and verbal autopsy. We convened an expert local panel to determine cause-of-death. In partnership with the Ethiopian Public Health Institute we developed strategies to improve child and maternal health. Results: Despite considerable challenge, with financial support, personal commitment, and effective partnership, we successfully initiated CHAMPS. One year into recruitment (February 2020), we had received 1173 unique death notifications, investigated 59/99 MITS-eligible cases within the demographic surveillance site, and assigned an underlying and immediate cause of death to 53 children. Conclusions: The most valuable data for global health policy are from high-mortality settings, but initiating CHAMPS has required considerable resource. To further leverage this investment, we need strong, sustained, local research leadership, and to broaden the scientific remit. To support this, we have set up a new collaboration, the “Hararghe Health Research Partnership”.
Protocol for ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) mutagenesis application in rice
Authors: Unan Rasim , Deligoz Ilyas , Al-Khatib Kassim , Mennan Husrev 
Published: February 2022

Background: Non-transgenic chemical mutagen application, particularly ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS), is an important tool to create mutations and gain a new genetic makeup for plants. It is useful to obtain a sufficient number of mutant plants instead of working with a severe mutation in a few plants. EMS dose and exposure period have been previously studied in several crops; however, EMS used to create point mutations in presoaked rice seeds has not been sufficiently studied and there is no standard protocol for such treatment. The aim of this study is to establish a standard protocol for EMS mutagenesis application in rice. Methods: Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of four durations of rice seed presoaking (0, 6, 12, and 24 hours), four EMS concentration doses (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 2.0%), and four EMS exposure periods (6, 12, 24, and 48 hours). Germination rate, plumula and radicle length, seedling survival, LD50 (Lethal Dose) determination, shoot length, root length and fresh seedling weight were evaluated. Results: Results showed that a 12-hour presoaking duration, 0.5% EMS dose, and six hours of EMS exposure were the best practices for the optimum number of mutant plants. Conclusions: In light of both this study and the literature, a standard application protocol was established. This application protocol, detailed in this article, contains the following guidelines: (1) Presoaking: 12 hours, (2) EMS application: 0.5% dose EMS and six hours, (3) Final washing: six hours, (4) Drying: 72 hours at 38°C. A user-friendly protocol has been presented for utilization by researchers.
Leveraging capabilities for the creation of a smart, healthy and personalized breakfast: a case study of collaborative innovation in the EU
Authors: Talens Clara , Rios Yolanda , Santa Cruz Elena 
Published: February 2022

Background: Rapid population growth, increasing urbanization, and an expanding global middle class has profound impacts on food and nutrition. In the long run the smart appliance industry will reflect the social, technological, and demographic forces around food without losing the authenticity of food traditionally prepared in the kitchen. This paper investigates the capability of collaborative innovation to co-create a new consumer-driven breakfast concept. Methods: Three smart cooking technology providers (3D food printing, digital sous-vide cooking and instant dough baking), one ingredient supplier, and a top-tier food research and innovation centre shared resources to carry out common tasks such as market research, product development, and consumer taste tests. Consumers were segmented into four types of households (single, young families, consolidated families, and senior). An online community (40 participants), nine focus groups, two interviews with eight experts, and one quantitative study with 2055 participants were carried out in Spain, UK, and Germany. The findings provided both theoretical and practical insights into the perception of the three smart cooking devices per type of household and per country. A combination of technologies was used to develop the new breakfast concept for the target group and country with the most positive perception. Results: A customized, fresh, tasty, nutritious, and healthy 3D printed breakfast bar was developed for senior consumers in Spain. Sensory analysis and acceptability were tested with 80 senior consumers aged between 45 and 75 years and divided in two groups: 46-60 years (mature), and 61-75 (senior). Around 56% of consumers increased their acceptance of the new breakfast bar after being informed about the technological, nutritional, and convenient benefits of the new breakfast concept. Conclusions: A strategic collaborative innovation method was implemented to show how sharing resources can encourage productive entrepreneurship, and help start-ups define and identify their target customer segments.
Modelling charge profiles of electric vehicles based on charges data
Authors: Andrenacci Natascia , Karagulian Federico , Genovese Antonino 
Published: February 2022

Background: The correct design of electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructures is of fundamental importance to maximize the benefits for users and infrastructure managers. In addition, the analysis and management of recharges can help evaluate integration with auxiliary systems, such as renewable energy resources and storage systems. EV charging data analysis can highlight informative behaviours and patterns for charging infrastructure planning and management. Methods: We present the analysis of two datasets about the recorded energy and duration required to charge EVs in the cities of Barcelona (Spain) and Turku (Finland). In particular, we investigated hourly, daily and seasonal patterns in charge duration and energy delivered. Simulated scenarios for the power request at charging stations (CSs) were obtained using statistical parameters of the Barcelona dataset and non-parametric distributions of the arrivals. Monte Carlo simulations were used to test different scenarios of users’ influx at the CSs, and determine the optimal size of an integrated renewable energy system (RES). Results: This study highlighted the difference between fast and slow charging users’ habits by analysing the occupancy at the charging stations. Aside from the charge duration, which was shorter for fast charges, distinct features emerged in the hourly distribution of the requests depending on whether slow or fast charges are considered. The distributions were different in the two analysed datasets. The investigation of CS power fluxes showed that results for the investment on a RES could substantially vary when considering synthetic input load profiles obtained with different approaches. The influence of incentives on the initial RES cost were investigated. Conclusions: The novelty of this work lies in testing the impact of different approach to design synthetic profiles in the determination of the optimal size of a photovoltaic (PV) system installed at a charging infrastructure, using the economic criterion of the net present value (NPV).
Knowledge and skill needs and challenges of innovation ecosystems in the Central-Eastern and South-Eastern European space sector
Authors: Chisiridis Konstantinos , Malliopoulos Georgios , Giagtzoglou Kostas , Tsolakis Apostolos C. 
Published: February 2022

Background: The European space sector is on the rise, introducing a rapidly growing market with a lot of expanding opportunities for innovative space products, applications and services, even in non-space sectors. In this article, we investigate the skill levels of innovation intermediaries that provide support to innovators (i.e., start-ups, scale-ups and SMEs) in the Central-Eastern (CE) and South-Eastern (SE) European space sector. Our objective is to identify: (i) the available competences and (ii) the missing skills (potential areas for improvement) of innovation intermediaries in the EU space sector. Methods: Our methodological approach consists of (i) desk research complemented by 15 semi-structured interviews which introduced a baseline framework of innovation intermediaries’ desired knowledge and skill levels, as well as (ii) an online survey, addressing the case of innovation intermediaries and the innovators, respectively. We have synthesized the key inferences that stem from the online survey, building on the outcomes of a quantile analysis, the correlations among various skill areas, and a regression analysis that we have employed. Results: By using statistical methods and regression analysis based on a sample of 104 survey responses, several interesting insights for the future of the European space innovation have been identified and are highlighted in the present manuscript. Conclusion: We conclude that innovation intermediaries in the space sector have the adequate capacity to effectively train and support innovators at improving, primarily, their organisational skills and soft skills. Trainers are also competent at assessing the investment readiness levels of innovators, their pitching skills, and they can provide tailored business support services to innovators. In parallel, a key finding of this study is that space innovators need to receive better training to improve their business modelling skills, better support the management of business’ Intellectual Property, and understand key technologies of the space market.
Singing and music making: physiological responses across early to later stages of dementia
Authors: Walker Nina , Crutch Sebastian J. , West Julian , Jones Fergal W. , Brotherhood Emilie V. , Harding Emma , Camic Paul M. 
Published: February 2022

Background: Music based interventions have been found to improve wellbeing for people with dementia. More recently there has been interest in physiological measures to provide additional information about how music and singing impact this population. Methods: This multiple-case study design explored physiological responses (heart rate-HR, electrodermal activity-EDA, movement, and skin temperature-ST) of nine people with mild-to-moderate using simulation modelling analysis. Results: In study 1, the singing group showed an increase in EDA (p < 0.01 for 8/9 participants) and HR (p < 0.01 for 5/9 participants) as the session began. HR (p < 0.0001 for 5/9 participants) and ST (p < 0.0001 for 6/9 participants) increased during faster tempos. EDA (p < 0.01 all), movement (p < 0.01 for 8/9 participants) and engagement were higher during singing compared to a baseline control. In study 2 EDA (p < 0.0001 for 14/18 data points [3 music conditions across 6 participants]) and ST (p < 0.001 for 10/18 data points) increased and in contrast to the responses during singing, HR decreased as the sessions began (p < 0.002 for 9/18 data points). EDA was higher during slower music (p < 0.0001 for 13/18 data points), however this was less consistent in more interactive sessions than the control. There were no consistent changes in HR and movement responses during different music genre. Conclusions: Physiological measures provide valuable information about the experiences of people with dementia participating in musical activities, particularly for those with verbal communication difficulties. Future research should consider using physiological measures. video-analysis and observational measures to explore further how engagement in specific activities, wellbeing and physiology interact.
The impact of community-based integrated HIV and sexual and reproductive health services for youth on population-level HIV viral load and sexually transmitted infections in Zimbabwe: protocol for the CHIEDZA cluster-randomised trial
Authors: Dziva Chikwari Chido , Dauya Ethel , Bandason Tsitsi , Tembo Mandikudza , Mavodza Constancia , Simms Victoria , Mackworth-Young Constance RS. , Apollo Tsitsi , Grundy Chris , Weiss Helen , Kranzer Katharina , Mavimba Tino , Indravudh Pitchaya , Doyle Aoife , Mugurungi Owen , Machiha Anna , Bernays Sarah , Busza Joanna , Madzima Bernard , Terris-Prestholt Fern , McCarthy Ona , Hayes Richard , Francis Suzanna , Ferrand Rashida A. 
Published: February 2022

Background: Youth have poorer HIV-related outcomes when compared to other age-groups. We describe the protocol for a cluster randomised trial (CRT) to evaluate the effectiveness of community-based, integrated HIV and sexual and reproductive health services for youth on HIV outcomes. Protocol: The CHIEDZA trial is being conducted in three provinces in Zimbabwe, each with eight geographically demarcated areas (clusters) (total 24 clusters) randomised 1:1 to standard of care (existing health services) or to the intervention. The intervention comprises community-based delivery of HIV services including testing, antiretroviral therapy, treatment monitoring and adherence support as well as family planning, syndromic management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), menstrual health management, condoms and HIV prevention and general health counselling. Youth aged 16-24 years living within intervention clusters are eligible to access CHIEDZA services. A CRT of STI testing (chlamydia, gonorrhoea and trichomoniasis) is nested in two provinces (16 of 24 clusters). The intervention is delivered over a 30-month period by a multidisciplinary team trained and configured to provide high-quality, youth friendly services. Outcomes will be ascertained through a population-based survey of 18–24-year-olds. The primary outcome is HIV viral load <1000 copies/ml in those living with HIV and proportion who test positive for STIs (for the nested trial). A detailed process and cost evaluation of the trial will be conducted. Ethics and Dissemination: The trial protocol was approved by the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe, the Biomedical Research and Training Institute Institutional Review Board and the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine Research Ethics Committee. Results will be submitted to open-access peer-reviewed journals, presented at academic meetings and shared with participating communities and with national and international policy-making bodies. Trial Registration https://clinicaltrials.gov/: NCT03719521
Endometriosis cutánea primaria umbilical: a propósito de un caso
Authors: Lozada Martinez Ivan David , Nuñez Rojas Gian , Bolaño Romero Maria , Salcedo Hurtado Jose , Ospina Perez Christian 
Published: February 2022

Introducción: la endometriosis es una de las patologías ginecológicas más frecuentes, que se entiende como la implantación intrapélvica de tejido endometrial, sensible en, la gran mayoría de casos, al influjo hormonal. Extrauterinamente, se caracteriza por la presencia de glándulas y estroma endometrial en órganos o tejidos no ginecológicos. Sin embargo, la piel corresponde a uno de los sitios con menor frecuencia de implantación, ya sea de norma primaria o secundaria. Se calcula la incidencia de endometriosis cutánea en la zona umbilical en menos del 1% de los casos. Presentación del caso: mujer de 36 años de edad, quien consulta con Cirugía General por un cuadro clínico de dos años de evolución, consistente en lesiones sobrelevantadas de la piel en la región umbilical, de color café oscuro, las cuales describe como dolorosas y sangrantes en el momento del ciclo menstrual. A pesar de haber sido resecadas en dos ocasiones, se encontró persistencia del cuadro. Discusión: la endometriosis cutánea primaria umbilical representa del 5% al 1.0% de todas las pacientes con endometriosis ectópica, y el ombligo es uno de los sitios menos comunes de implantación. Esta condición afecta alrededor del 5% al 15% de mujeres en edad fértil, y del 3% al 5% de mujeres en edad menopaúsica. La presentación clínica más común se basa en una masa palpable, sangrado umbilical y dolor regular o irregular abdominal. Al asociar la endometriosis extrapélvica con la presencia de endometriosis pélvica, solamente alrededor del 20% de las pacientes presentará esta última.
When Success Is Rare and Competitive: Learning from Others’ Success and My Failure at the Speed of Formula One
Authors: Lapré Michael A. , Cravey Candace 
Published: February 2022

Organizations can learn from prior successes and failures to improve organizational performance. Few learning-curve studies have investigated this phenomenon at the individual level. A notable exception found that surgeons learn from their own success and others’ failure. Success in surgery is common and individually independent from other surgeries. We study learning from success and failure in a context where success is rare and competitive: Formula One (F1) racing. Only one driver will win a race, preventing the other competitors from winning. Even severe failures causing drivers to abandon the race are common. We investigate two types of abandonments: car failures and driver failures. Our data set covers F1 from the start of F1 in 1950 through 2017, yielding 21,487 driver-race observations. We find that win probability follows an inverted U-shaped function of racing experience. We also find that drivers learn from their own success, teammates’ success, as well as own car failures. However, drivers do not learn from their own driver failures. A teammate’s win increases the probability of winning the next race by 1.8%. An own car failure increases the probability of winning the next race by 1.9%. We use two characteristics of success, frequency and competitiveness, to define a spectrum of organizational settings. Placement of our F1 findings and the surgery findings on this spectrum reveals when managers can expect benefits from their own versus others’ success and failure. This paper was accepted by Charles Corbett, operations management. Supplemental Material: The online appendix and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4324 .