bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative order and spectrum in free and related groups
Authors: Delgado Jordi , Ventura Enric , Zakharov Alexander 
Published: September 2022

We consider a natural generalization of the concept of order of an element in a group [Formula: see text]: an element [Formula: see text] is said to have order [Formula: see text] in a subgroup [Formula: see text] (respectively, in a coset [Formula: see text]) of [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text] is the first strictly positive integer such that [Formula: see text] (respectively, [Formula: see text]). We study this notion and its algorithmic properties in the realm of free groups and some related families. Both positive and negative (algorithmic) results emerge in this setting. On the positive side, among other results, we prove that the order of elements, the set of orders (called spectrum), and the set of preorders (i.e. the set of elements of a given order) with respect to finitely generated subgroups are always computable in free and free times free-abelian groups. On the negative side, we provide examples of groups and subgroups having essentially any subset of natural numbers as relative spectrum; in particular, non-recursive and even not computably enumerable sets of natural numbers. Also, we take advantage of Mikhailova’s construction to see that the spectrum membership problem is unsolvable for direct products of nonabelian free groups.
Modeling the Cost and Health Impacts of Diagnostic Strategies in Patients with Suspected Transthyretin Cardiac Amyloidosis
Authors: Ge Yin , Pandya Ankur , Cuddy Sarah A. M. , Singh Amitoj , Singh Avinainder , Dorbala Sharmila 
Published: September 2022

Background
Transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR‐CMP) is an increasingly recognized and treatable cause of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Multimodality cardiac imaging is recommended for ATTR‐CMP diagnosis, but its cost‐effectiveness in current clinical practice has not been well studied.

Methods and Results

Using a microsimulation model, we compared the cost‐effectiveness of a combination of strategies involving
99m
technetium pyrophosphate (PYP), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, and endomyocardial biopsy for the diagnosis of ATTR‐CMP. We developed a decision analytic model to project health care costs and lifetime quality‐adjusted life years for symptomatic, older patients who present with congestive heart failure, with an increased left ventricular wall thickness and a 13% prevalence of ATTR‐CMP. Rates of clinical events, costs, and quality‐of‐life values were estimated from published literature. The analysis was conducted from a US health care system perspective with health and cost outcomes discounted annually at 3%.

In the base‐case scenario, using a fixed tafamidis price of $16 000 annually (previously identified cost‐effective price), total health care costs per person were lowest for the PYP‐only strategy ($209 415) and highest for endomyocardial biopsy strategy ($215 881). Of the 7 strategies examined, the PYP‐only strategy had the highest net monetary benefit using a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of $100 000/quality‐adjusted life year. Results were sensitive to variations in model inputs for PYP and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging specificity, cost of tafamidis, and willingness‐to‐pay thresholds.

Conclusions
Our model‐based analyses showed that a PYP‐only strategy to diagnose ATTR‐CMP is the most cost‐effective strategy, at willingness‐to‐pay threshold of $100 000/quality‐adjusted life year. At higher threshold ($150 000/quality‐adjusted life year), sequential tests involving PYP and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging may be considered cost effective.
Morphometric changes of the pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner & Buhrer) Nickle, under different environmental conditions
Authors: Wei Pengfei , Li Yongxia , Wang Xuan , Feng Yuqian , Zhang Xingyao 
Published: September 2022

Summary
The pathogen of pine wilt disease, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, has caused serious damage to forest ecology and the forestry economy. As an invasive species, the reproduction ability of B. xylophilus is a significant factor that influences its pathogenicity. There are few reports on the morphometric changes to B. xylophilus in different environments. This paper describes our study of the effects of fungal species, B. xylophilus population density, and nutrition on the growth and development of B. xylophilus and the comparative fitness of different-sized eggs in this species. The results showed that B. xylophilus could feed on different fungal species, but there were differences in the sizes of adult females and eggs and the number of offspring. Adult female size, egg size and number of offspring of B. xylophilus decreased as the population densities increased or mycelium weight decreased. The results also showed that larger eggs had a fitness advantage over smaller eggs under the experimental treatment conditions.
Ultrastructural detection of intracellular bacterial symbionts in the wood-inhabiting nematode Bursaphelenchus mucronatus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae)
Authors: Yushin Vladimir V. , Gliznutsa Lyubov A. , Ryss Alexander 
Published: September 2022

Summary
Ultrastructural observations of the wood-inhabiting fungal- and plant-feeding nematode, Bursaphelenchus mucronatus, revealed intracellular bacteria in the male and female gonads. In males, bacteria were present inside the testis epithelial cells, spermatocytes, spermatids and immature spermatozoa. Spermatheca of females contained amoeboid pseudopod-bearing mature spermatozoa with bacteria closely associated with the sperm nucleus. Tissues of the females studied were free from bacteria. The gram-negative bacteria in their localisation, size, ultrastructure, and especially characteristic internal bundle of parallel filaments, were identified preliminary as related to the genus Cardinium (Bacteroidetes), which includes obligate endosymbionts of diverse arthropods and is known to be associated with several species of plant-parasitic nematodes.
Some Considerations Regarding the Attribution to Masʿūd III of the Royal Palace at Ghazni
Authors: Giunta Roberta 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Recent studies have established that construction work on the Ghaznavid palace discovered in Ghazni by the Italian Archaeological Mission in Afghanistan began before Masʿūd III (r. 1099–1115) came to power. This sultan, on the other hand, could be credited with the reorganisation of the rooms overlooking the building’s central courtyard and, above all, with the construction (or reconstruction) of the palatine mosque.
Does Inclusivist Theology Undermine Evangelism?
Authors: Barrett John K. 
Published: September 2022

In recent years certain evangelical scholars have questioned the belief that those who die not having heard of Jesus Christ are excluded from the blessings of eternity. Clark Pinnock and John Sanders especially have shown a dissatisfaction with the traditional rationale. They argue that there is a greater salvific wideness in God’s mercy and generosity with respect to the unevangelized. This wideness, it is claimed, has been largely ignored in the past due to many evangelicals being influenced by an Augustinian pessimism or ‘restrictivism’ concerning the numbers of those saved.
In order to support their thesis, Pinnock and Sanders posit that salvation is universally accessible by way of the ‘faith principle’, whereby people might respond to the light they have received from God through the way of general revelation. A primary conviction in the universal accessibility of salvation is that while Christ’s death is ontologically necessary for all who are saved, it is not epistemologically necessary that all hear of the Saviour. In other words, an explicit hearing of the gospel, through the agency of a human messenger, is not necessary in order that a person might be saved.
If the inclusivistic understanding of salvation is accepted, the crucial missiological question is, ‘will the Church’s commitment to evangelism be lessened as a consequence’? This paper concludes that an unqualified inclusivism as advocated by Pinnock and Sanders would find it very difficult to maintain the same traditional urgency in sending messengers of the gospel to the unevangelized.
Storms and Precipitation Across the continental Divide Experiment (SPADE)
Authors: Thériault Julie M. , Leroux Nicolas R. , Stewart Ronald E. , Bertoncini André , Déry Stephen J. , Pomeroy John W. , Thompson Hadleigh D. , Smith Hilary , Mariani Zen , Desroches-Lapointe Aurélie , Mitchell Selina , Almonte Juris 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The Canadian Rockies are a triple-continental divide, whose high mountains are drained by major snow-fed and rain-fed rivers flowing to the Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic Oceans. The objective of the April–June 2019 Storms and Precipitation Across the continental Divide Experiment (SPADE) was to determine the atmospheric processes producing precipitation on the eastern and western sides of the Canadian Rockies during springtime, a period when upslope events of variable phase dominate precipitation on the eastern slopes. To do so, three observing sites across the divide were instrumented with advanced meteorological sensors. During the 13 observed events, the western side recorded only 25% of the eastern side’s precipitation accumulation, rainfall occurred rather than snowfall, and skies were mainly clear. Moisture sources and amounts varied markedly between events. An atmospheric river landfall in California led to moisture flowing persistently northward and producing the longest duration of precipitation on both sides of the divide. Moisture from the continental interior always produced precipitation on the eastern side but only in specific conditions on the western side. Mainly slow-falling ice crystals, sometimes rimed, formed at higher elevations on the eastern side (>3 km MSL), were lifted, and subsequently drifted westward over the divide during nonconvective storms to produce rain at the surface on the western side. Overall, precipitation generally crossed the divide in the Canadian Rockies during specific spring-storm atmospheric conditions although amounts at the surface varied with elevation, condensate type, and local and large-scale flow fields.
A Simple Mechanistic Model of Wave–Mean Flow Feedbacks, Poleward Jet Shifts, and the Annular Mode
Authors: Lorenz David J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Changes in the latitude of the zonal-mean midlatitude jet play an important role for both natural variability and the response of the atmospheric circulation to greenhouse gases and other external forcing. Nevertheless, the jet response to external forcing exhibits perplexing and nonintuitive behavior. For example, external forcing that acts to strengthen the jet will also shift the jet poleward. In addition, for internal jet variability, zonal wind anomalies slowly propagate poleward over most latitudes; however, this propagation stalls somewhat at latitudes on the flanks of the mean jet. At these latitudes zonal wind anomalies are more stationary, and therefore, anomaly persistence is maximized. These same persistent latitudes are collocated with the zonal wind anomalies associated with the annular mode. Feedbacks between the zonal-mean zonal wind and the eddy momentum fluxes are responsible for the above behaviors. Here a simple mechanistic model of the effect of the zonal-mean zonal wind on the eddy momentum fluxes is developed. The model reproduces the wave–mean flow feedbacks that maintain the annular mode, cause stronger jets to shift poleward (and vice versa), and cause the poleward propagation of zonal wind anomalies. In the model, the effect of the mean flow on the eddy momentum fluxes is determined solely by the critical level and the reflecting level. The model is used to distill the essential dynamics of annular variability and change such as why stronger jets shift poleward, why high-frequency eddies are responsible for the positive feedback and why the intricate structure of propagating versus stationary zonal wind anomalies exists.
The Combined Influence of the Madden–Julian Oscillation and El Niño–Southern Oscillation on Australian Rainfall
Authors: Cowan Tim , Wheeler Matthew C. , Marshall Andrew G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study first re-examines the impact of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) on weekly rainfall probabilities and wind anomalies across Australia, motivated by the need for a contemporary understanding of the MJO’s influence on Australian rainfall, whether this has changed from a previous assessment published in 2009. With an extra 15 years of observations, we show that the strong impact of MJO phases 5 and 6 on northern Australia’s austral summer rainfall has weakened by around 5% over Australia’s Top End. In addition, austral spring has seen a weakening of the suppressed rainfall teleconnection with MJO phases 2 and 3 over southeast Australia. The weakened relationships make it a little harder to use the MJO to explain rainfall variations over northern Australia in summer and southeast Australia in spring in the current climate. The study’s second motivation is to further document the combined influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the MJO on rainfall. In summer during El Niño, as compared with La Niña or neutral ENSO conditions, there are stronger reductions in rainfall probabilities over northern Australia associated with the dry MJO phases 8, 1, and 2, but the significantly increased rainfall probabilities in MJO phases 5 and 6 remain much the same. Indeed, the MJO dominates over ENSO in its influence on weekly rainfall probabilities in the north in summer. In contrast, ENSO tends to dominate across subtropical and southern Australia in spring. The updated probability maps are an important resource for estimating the intraseasonal influence of the MJO and ENSO on Australian rainfall.

Significance Statement
Accompanying forecasts of multiweek rainfall, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology provide average condition maps showing the long-term relationship between the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and Australian weekly rainfall. Motivated by discussions with northern Australian beef producers, we updated the maps using high-resolution data and found that in the austral summer, the association between the MJO and northern rainfall has weakened in the past 15 years. Despite this, the MJO still dominates over El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) as a driver of changes in week-to-week rainfall over northern Australia in summer, although ENSO dominates farther south in spring. This study gives users an improved understanding of what to expect in terms of upcoming weekly weather when interpreting rainfall and MJO predictions.
Bubble-Turbulence Dynamics and Dissipation Beneath Laboratory Breaking Waves
Authors: Smith Andrew W. , Haus Brian K. , Stanley Rachel H. R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Bubbles directly link sea surface structure to the dissipation rate of turbulence in the ocean surface layer through wave breaking, and they are an important vehicle for air–sea transfer of heat and gases and important for understanding both hurricanes and global climate. Adequate parameterization of bubble dynamics, especially in high winds, requires simultaneous measurements of surface waves and breaking-induced turbulence; collection of such data would be hazardous in the field, and they are largely absent from laboratory studies to date. We therefore present data from a series of laboratory wind-wave tank experiments designed to observe bubble size distributions in natural seawater beneath hurricane conditions and connect them to surface wave statistics and subsurface turbulence. A shadowgraph imager was used to observe bubbles in three different water temperature conditions. We used these controlled conditions to examine the role of stability, surface tension, and water temperature on bubble distributions. Turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rates were determined from subsurface ADCP data using a robust inertial-subrange identification algorithm and related to wind input via wave-dependent scaling. Bubble distributions shift from narrow to broadbanded and toward smaller radius with increased wind input and wave steepness. TKE dissipation rate and shear were shown to increase with wave steepness; this behavior is associated with a larger number of small bubbles in the distributions, suggesting shear is dominant in forcing bubbles in hurricane wind-wave conditions. These results have important implications for bubble-facilitated air–sea exchanges, near-surface ocean mixing, and the distribution of turbulence beneath the air–sea interface in hurricanes.

Significance Statement
Bubbles are a vehicle for the flux of heat, momentum, and gases between the atmosphere and ocean. These fluxes contribute to the energy budgets of hurricanes, climate, and upper-ocean biology. Few to no simultaneous measurements of surface waves, bubbles, and turbulence have been made in hurricane conditions. To improve numerical model representation of bubbles, we performed laboratory experiments to parameterize bubble size distributions using physical variables including wind and waves. Bubble distributions were found to become broadbanded and shift toward smaller radius with increased wind stress and wave steepness. Turbulence dissipation rate and shear were shown to increase with wave steepness. Our results give the first physically based bubble distribution parameterization from naturally breaking waves in hurricane-force conditions.
The Juice is Worth the Squeeze: Psychiatry Residents’ Experience of Balint Group
Authors: Nalan Prathiksha , Manning Alexandra 
Published: September 2022

Introduction Balint Groups provide physicians with a forum to develop their capacity to empathically engage with patients, through exploring patient-provider relationships. The Dalhousie University Department of Psychiatry implemented a mandatory Balint Group as part of the junior resident curriculum. The purpose of this study is to explore how residents describe their experience of participating in this Balint Group. Methods Psychiatry residents in their first year of training participated in a focus group to discuss their experiences of the Balint Group. Data was analyzed using content analysis. Results Three main categories were identified: the purpose of, the process of, and participation in the Balint Group. Process was subdivided into Balint Frame and Institutional Factors. Participation was further subdivided into vulnerability, reflection, fellowship, and validation. Conclusion Residents attributed fellowship with their peers, self-efficacy and hope in their work to their participation in the Balint Group. While there was an adjustment period, residents grew to accept, and even appreciate the group. Lack of problem-solving became accepted as part of the purpose of the group and this acceptance was attributed to having other avenues within the program to address problems raised in the discussion. Feeling disconnected when the session ended was described and was related to the abrupt termination of the virtual session or having to exit the group early to return to clinical duties. While the virtual nature of the group was not explicitly identified as a challenge, having to leave early was. While these institutional factors can be mitigated through programmatic implementation, they are not a deal breaker to implementing a Balint Group in a residency training program. Even in a lunch hour or virtual environment our data suggests that the juice is worth the squeeze.
Burnout phenomenon: neurophysiological factors, clinical features, and aspects of management
Authors: Khammissa Razia A.G. , Nemutandani Simon , Feller Gal , Lemmer Johan , Feller Liviu 
Published: September 2022

Burnout syndrome is a distinct “occupational phenomenon” rather than a medical condition, comprising emotional exhaustion, physical fatigue, and cognitive weariness. Both exogenous work-related and endogenous personal factors determine the extent and the severity of symptoms in burnout syndrome. Persistent burnout is a cause of reduced quality of life and is associated with increased risk of sleep impairment and with several medical disorders including mild cognitive impairment, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Active coping strategies promoting mental resilience and adaptive behavior, stress-reducing activities, improving work conditions, and reducing exposure to work stressors together may alleviate the distress of burnout and should be introduced early in the clinical course of burnout syndrome. The purpose of this review was to explain this complex and puzzling phenomenon and to describe burnout management.
Clinical presentation and outcomes of syphilitic meningitis among hospitalized adults in lusaka, Zambia
Authors: Chomba Mashina , Siddiqi Omar K , Fwoloshi Sombo , Mubanga Eugene , Koralnik Igor J , Marra Christina , Saylor Deanna 
Published: September 2022

Background Few studies exist to describe the characteristics of symptomatic syphilitic meningitis, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, despite a global resurgence. Methods We conducted a retrospective analysis of a cohort of adults with meningitis presenting to Zambia’s largest referral hospital between April 2014 and December 2017. Individuals with pyogenic bacterial and cryptococcal meningitis were excluded from this cohort. We calculated the prevalence of syphilitic meningitis in the cohort and described the demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics and outcomes. Results Of 512 participants, 273 were male, mean age was 37 ± 11 years and 84% were people living with HIV. The prevalence of syphilitic meningitis was 5% with in-hospital and 1-year mortality of 17% and 53%, respectively. Participants with syphilitic meningitis had lower Glasgow Coma Scores than those with other forms of meningitis. Among people living with HIV, those with syphilitic meningitis were less likely to have meningismus and had higher CSF white cell counts. Conclusions Syphilitic meningitis was found in 5% of Zambian adults presenting with non-pyogenic bacterial meningitis and non-cryptococcal meningitis, and one-year mortality was high. A high degree of clinical suspicion for syphilitic meningitis in all individuals with meningitis in Zambia is recommended, especially in people living with HIV.