bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre‐diabetes among pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients of Bangladesh: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Sheuly Afsana Habib , Arefin S. M. Zahid Hassan , Barua Lingkan , Zaman Muhammed Shahriar , Chowdhury Hasina Akhter 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to determine the prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and pre‐diabetes (pre‐DM) among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in Bangladesh. We also examined the association between type of TB and hyperglycaemia as an adjunct to the primary objective.Materials and MethodsThis cross‐sectional analytical study recruited 350 TB patients (175 PTB and 175 EPTB) from two tertiary care hospitals specialized for TB treatment. Oral glucose tolerance tests and fasting plasma glucose measurements were carried out for unknown glycaemic status and those with previously known diabetes, respectively.ResultsOverall, the prevalence of T2D and pre‐DM was 19.1% (new 85.1%, old 14.9%) and 34.3%, respectively. Although the risk factors were highly prevalent among the patients with EPTB, a higher proportion of T2D (26.3%) and pre‐DM (34.3%) was detected among the patients with PTB. The proportion of impaired fasting glucose was low in both groups, but a high trend of impaired glucose tolerance was observed across the groups, with a higher proportion (35.4%) in the PTB group. Both pre‐DM and T2D showed significantly higher odds (pre‐DM, AOR: 4.488; CI: 2.531–7.958; p < .001 and T2D, AOR: 4.280; CI: 2.305–7.946; p < .001) for having PTB.ConclusionThe prevalence of T2D and pre‐DM was higher among the patients with PTB, and it (PTB) appeared as a predictor of hyperglycaemia. It indicates the primary intervention should target the patients with PTB to get the maximum benefit of screening to reduce the number of risk factors, disease burden and subsequent complications.
Governing toward decarbonization: The legitimacy of national orchestration
Authors: Nasiritousi Naghmeh , Grimm Julia 
Published: March 2022

AbstractToday, the world faces grand challenges that are both daunting and urgent to address. The decarbonization challenge in particular requires states to mobilize a range of actors to achieve structural changes. In this context, there has been a proliferation of orchestration attempts by states, whereby they use soft or indirect forms of steering to coordinate and engage intermediaries to achieve policy objectives. This type of steering raises a number of questions: How can such forms of steering gain legitimacy among the targeted actors and how can this legitimacy be maintained in the face of competing interests? This paper uses the case of the Fossil Free Sweden Initiative to highlight key factors and considerations in establishing and maintaining legitimacy in the orchestration of a varied set of non‐state actors with differing interests. Specifically, the paper makes two core contributions to existing literature. Theoretically, it highlights how institutional legitimacy is obtained through a balancing act of stakeholder demands at different levels. Empirically, it examines how Sweden, considered a climate leader, governs toward decarbonization through national orchestration as an important tool. The paper thereby offers new insights into the legitimacy of orchestration with significant implications for how to understand rule‐making and governance with the use of intermediaries. It particularly highlights how power and agency can create a governance dilemma for the orchestrator that may undermine legitimacy in the long term.
Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction: retrospective study of ejection fraction trajectory risk
Authors: Miller Robert J.H. , Nabipoor Majid , Youngson Erik , Kotrri Gynter , Fine Nowell M. , Howlett Jonathan G. , Paterson Ian D. , Ezekowitz Justin , McAlister Finlay A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAimsHeart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF) is associated with a favourable prognosis compared with heart failure (HF) with reduced ejection fraction (EF). We assessed whether left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) trajectory can be used to identify groups of patients with HFmrEF who have different clinical outcomes in a large retrospective study of patients with serial imaging.Methods and resultsPatients with HF and ≥2 echocardiograms performed ≥6 months apart were included if the LVEF measured 40–49% on the second study. Patients were classified as HFmrEF‐Increasing if LVEF had increased ≥10% (n = 450), HFmrEF‐Decreasing if LVEF had decreased ≥10% (n = 512), or HFmrEF‐Stable if they did not meet other criteria (n = 389). The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality or cardiovascular hospitalization after the second echocardiogram. Associations with time to first event were assessed with multivariable Cox analyses adjusted for age, co‐morbidities, and medications.In total, 1351 patients with HFmrEF (median age 74, 64.2% male) were included with 28.8% exhibiting stable LVEF. During median follow‐up of 15.3 months, the composite outcome occurred in 811 patients. During follow‐up, patients with HFmrEF‐Increasing were less likely to experience the primary outcome [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.60–0.88, P < 0.001] compared with HFmrEF‐Stable. Patients with HFmrEF‐Decreasing were more likely to experience the composite outcome in unadjusted analyses (unadjusted HR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01–1.40, P = 0.040) but not adjusted analyses (adjusted HR 1.16, 95% CI 0.98–1.37, P = 0.092). Associations with death or HF hospitalizations were similar (HFmrEF‐Increasing: adjusted HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.59–0.88, P = 0.005; HFmrEF‐Decreasing: adjusted HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.01–1.44, P = 0.044). Patients with HFmrEF‐Decreasing had a similar risk of the composite outcome as patients with HF with reduced EF (adjusted HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.89–1.20, P = 0.670). Patients with HFmrEF‐Increasing were less likely to experience the composite outcome compared with patients with HF with preserved EF (adjusted HR 0.73, 95% CI 0.62–0.87, P < 0.001).ConclusionsAmongst patients with HFmrEF, those exhibiting positive LVEF trajectory were less likely to experience adverse outcomes after correcting for important confounders including medical therapy. Categorizing HFmrEF patients based on LVEF trajectory provides meaningful clinical information and may assist clinicians with management decisions.
Electrochemical Hydroxylation of Electron‐Rich Arenes in Continuous Flow
Authors: Kooli Anni , Wesenberg Lars , Beslać Marko , Krech Anastasiya , Lopp Margus , Noël Timothy , Ošeka Maksim 
Published: March 2022

AbstractElectrochemical hydroxylation of arenes by trifluoroacetic acid provides a straightforward access to aryl oxygen compounds under the mild and environmental benign reaction conditions. Harmful and pollutant stoichiometric amounts of oxidation reagents and the use of metal‐catalysts can be avoided. Herein, we present a novel method for the synthesis of hydroxylated products from electron‐rich arenes that was achieved by the implementation of a continuous‐flow setup. The continuous nature of the process allowed to fine‐tune the reactions conditions in order to prevent the decomposition of the sensitive products expanding the reaction scope beyond electron‐poor and neutral arenes that were previously reported in the batch processes. Thus, synthetically valuable hydroxylated arenes were obtained in good yields with the residence time just over a minute. In order to demonstrate the reliability and the efficiency of the electrochemical flow setup, a scale up experiment was also performed.
Enantioselective Pictet–Spengler Condensation to Access the Total Synthesis of (+)‐Tabertinggine
Authors: Long Dan , Zhao Gaoyuan , Liu Zhiqiang , Chen Peiqi , Ma Shiqiang , Xie Xingang , She Xuegong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA chiral phosphoric acid (CPA)‐catalyzed enantioselective Pictet–Spengler condensation/lactamization cascade reaction was established, which paved the way of the collective synthesis of iboga‐type indole alkaloids. Herein, we presented the asymmetric total synthesis of iboga‐type indole alkaloid (+)‐tabertinggine.
Antinociceptive effect of garlic, garlic preparations and derivative compounds
Authors: Hernández‐Cruz Estefani Yaquelin , Silva‐Islas Carlos Alfredo , Maldonado Perla D. , Pedraza‐Chaverri José , Carballo‐Villalobos Azucena Ibeth 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackground and objectiveThe antinociceptive effects of garlic have shown promise in treating different chronic diseases in humans, such as knee osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and peripheral arterial occlusive disease stage II. The most common garlic products are garlic powder (dried garlic), steam distilled garlic oils, garlic oil macerate and aged garlic extract. These commercial products contain organosulphur compounds (OSCs) that have been extensively evaluated in preclinical models and some clinical assays to treat different diseases against pain. In this review, we describe the importance of some bioactive compounds found in garlic and their role in treating pain.Materials & MethodsA systematic search of the literature in Dimensions, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed. Terms and preselected keywords relating to garlic, its derivatives and organusulphure compounds in acute, chronic and neuropathic pain, were used to perform a systematic literature search. Two independent reviewers screened the papers for inclusion and assessed the methodological quality.Results & DiscussionThe antinociceptive activity of garlic and its OSC is related to its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, which may be explained by the ability to block the synthesis of PGs, pro‐inflammatory cytokines and interferon‐γ, by the reduction COX‐2 activity and increasing the levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokines. Besides, garlic extract is an activator of TRPA1 and TRPV1, where the principal responsible for this activation are OSC.ConclusionThe relationship between these pathways allows a better understanding how garlic and its derivates could be carrying out its pharmacological action over the management of acute and chronic pain and provide a base by further investigations.SignificanceAntinociceptive effect of garlic and its OSCs has been extensively evaluated in preclinical models and clinical assays to treat different diseases, contributing to the modulation of inflammation as an essential factor in reducing pain. The current review emphasizes the potential therapeutic effect of garlic and its derivatives in treatment of pain and related mechanisms of action. Moreover, it provides information about the potential clinical use in patients with painful conditions.
The ECOTOXicology Knowledgebase: A Curated Database of Ecologically Relevant Toxicity Tests to Support Environmental Research and Risk Assessment
Authors: Olker Jennifer H. , Elonen Colleen M. , Pilli Anne , Anderson Arne , Kinziger Brian , Erickson Stephen , Skopinski Michael , Pomplun Anita , LaLone Carlie A. , Russom Christine L. , Hoff Dale 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The need for assembled existing and new toxicity data has accelerated as the amount of chemicals introduced into commerce continues to grow and regulatory mandates require safety assessments for a greater number of chemicals. To address this evolving need, the ECOTOXicology Knowledgebase (ECOTOX) was developed starting in the 1980s and is currently the world's largest compilation of curated ecotoxicity data, providing support for assessments of chemical safety and ecological research through systematic and transparent literature review procedures. The recently released version of ECOTOX (Ver 5, www.epa.gov/ecotox) provides single-chemical ecotoxicity data for over 12,000 chemicals and ecological species with over one million test results from over 50,000 references. Presented is an overview of ECOTOX, detailing the literature review and data curation processes within the context of current systematic review practices and discussing how recent updates improve the accessibility and reusability of data to support the assessment, management, and research of environmental chemicals. Relevant and acceptable toxicity results are identified from studies in the scientific literature, with pertinent methodological details and results extracted following well-established controlled vocabularies and newly extracted toxicity data added quarterly to the public website. Release of ECOTOX, Ver 5, included an entirely redesigned user interface with enhanced data queries and retrieval options, visualizations to aid in data exploration, customizable outputs for export and use in external applications, and interoperability with chemical and toxicity databases and tools. This is a reliable source of curated ecological toxicity data for chemical assessments and research and continues to evolve with accessible and transparent state-of-the-art practices in literature data curation and increased interoperability to other relevant resources. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1520–1539. © 2022 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Predicting Primary Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Aquatic Systems: Integrating System and Molecular Structure Parameters using a Novel Machine-Learning Framework
Authors: Davis Craig Warren , Camenzuli Louise , Redman Aaron D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) models for predicting primary biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons have been previously developed. These models use experimental data generated under widely varied conditions, the effects of which are not captured adequately within model formalisms. As a result, they exhibit variable predictive performance and are unable to incorporate the role of study design and test conditions on the assessment of environmental persistence. To address these limitations, a novel machine-learning System-Integrated Model (HC-BioSIM) is presented, which integrates chemical structure and test system variability, leading to improved prediction of primary disappearance time (DT50) values for petroleum hydrocarbons in fresh and marine water. An expanded, highly curated database of 728 experimental DT50 values (181 unique hydrocarbon structures compiled from 13 primary sources) was used to develop and validate a supervised model tree machine-learning model. Using relatively few parameters (6 system and 25 structural parameters), the model demonstrated significant improvement in predictive performance (root mean square error = 0.26, R2 = 0.67) over existing QSPR models. The model also demonstrated improved accuracy of persistence (P) categorization (i.e., “Not P/P/vP”), with an accuracy of 96.8%, and false-positive and -negative categorization rates of 0.4% and 2.7%, respectively. This significant improvement in DT50 prediction, and subsequent persistence categorization, validates the need for models that integrate experimental design and environmental system parameters into biodegradation and persistence assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1359–1369. © 2022 ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Differences between cultured cortical neurons by trypsin and papain digestion
Authors: Hu Chang‐Yan , Du Ruo‐Lan , Xiao Qiu‐Xia , Geng Min‐Jian 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe objective of this study was to compare the efficiency of trypsin and papain in neuronal digestion and determine which enzyme is more efficient. Cortical tissues were obtained from Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. According to the different digestive enzymes, the samples were divided into the trypsin group and the papain group. After being digested by each of the two enzymes, cortical neurons were collected from the samples. Then, the morphology of the cortical neurons was determined. Moreover, the cortical neurons were transfected with the negative control (NC) lentivirus. The transfection efficiency and morphology were determined and compared. Compared with the papain group, cortical neurons in the trypsin group were more in number, had larger cell size, had longer axonal length, and had fewer impurities. The transfection efficiency of the trypsin group (57.77%) was higher than that of the papain group (53.83%). The morphology of neurons that was displayed showed that the cell body of most neurons shrank and became smaller, and the axis mutation became shorter and less in the papain group 6 days after transfection with the NC lentivirus. Trypsin is more efficient in digesting neurons because the neurons digested by this enzyme are more in number, have a larger cell body, longer axons, and greater transfection efficiency.
Effects of different injection methods of propofol anesthesia on the behavior and electroencephalography recording in mice
Authors: Luo Dan , Chen Shi‐Yu , Zhang Yu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPropofol is commonly used in mice studies on the mechanism of general anesthesia. The administration routes of propofol include intraperitoneal injection, single tail vein injection, and continuous tail vein pumping. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of the three injection methods on the behavior and electroencephalography (EEG) recording in mice. Mice were divided into an intraperitoneal injection group, a single tail vein injection group, and a continuous tail vein pumping group according to the propofol administration route. The indexes for observation were: time of loss of righting reflex (LORR), time of resumption of righting reflex (RORR), and change in the number of EEG spindle waves during anesthesia. The LORR and RORR were detected again after 1 week to determine the repeatability of the three administration routes. Death and behavioral change after anesthesia recovery in mice were recorded in the three groups. For propofol administration in mice, intraperitoneal injection induced long‐duration anesthesia, but the depth of anesthesia was shallow and there was a risk of anesthesia accidents. A small dose of propofol administered through a single tail vein can induce loss of consciousness but the LORR time was not recorded, hence the metrics during induction of anesthesia were not investigated. Continuous tail vein pumping produced stable behavior and EEG recording during anesthesia induction and recovery in mice, and the individual difference was small. Continuous tail vein pumping is an ideal administration route for studying the mechanism of loss of consciousness of propofol anesthesia in mice, which could provide reference data for future mice experiments using propofol.
Air sensitivity of electrode materials in Li/Na ion batteries: Issues and strategies
Authors: Zhang Ruiwang , Yang Sijie , Li Haobo , Zhai Tianyou , Li Huiqiao 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWith the development of electrode materials in lithium ion batteries—upgrading from LiCoO2 and LiFePO4 to Ni‐rich layered oxides, and the shifting of battery systems from high cost lithium ion to low cost sodium ion technology, the air sensitivity of the electrode materials has become an increasingly important issue in both production and application. Furthermore, the air sensitivity of electrode materials must be carefully considered throughout nearly all stages of their life, including material design, synthesis, production, storage, packaging, transportation, and battery assembly. Therefore, a fundamental understanding of the air degradation mechanism of electrode materials and the exploration of new methods to enhance their air stability are of great significance for the development of batteries with better performance. Herein, we provide a review of the issues related to air exposure of electrode materials in Li/Na ion batteries, including factors related to air sensitivity, degradation mechanisms, and recent progress in improving their air stability. The merits and existing challenges of different strategies are presented, and a rational design perspective as well as general principles for evaluating air stability are proposed.image
Biosafety and differentially expressed genes analysis of melanoma cells treated with cold atmospheric plasma
Authors: Zhao Lihong , Yan Cong , Kong Shuzhen , Jia Tao , Chu Zhaowei , Yang Li , Wu Jian , Geng Songmei , Guo Kun 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCold atmospheric plasma (CAP) has attracted increasing attention due to its anti‐bacterial and anti‐tumor effects. Melanoma is an aggressive malignancy with increasing incidence rate and poor prognosis. Evaluating cell viability, apoptosis rate and reactive species injection efficiency of melanoma cells and human keratinocyte cells (HaCaT) treated with CAP to analyze biological safety of CAP. RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) of A875 cells before and after treatment was performed to further explore the anti‐tumor mechanism of CAP. CAP had a more significant biological effect on melanoma cells than HaCaT cells by inhibiting proliferation and promoting apoptosis. RNA‐sequencing analysis showed that besides MAPK and p53 apoptotic signaling pathways, necroptosis and autophagy also played important roles in CAP‐induced melanoma cells death. CAP can selectively kill melanoma cells and has good biosafety cytologically. Besides apoptosis, CAP can induce cell death via autophagy and necroptosis.
In situ crosslinking temperature‐responsive hydrogels with improved delivery, swelling, and elasticity for endovascular embolization
Authors: Overstreet Derek J. , Lee Elizabeth J. , Pal Amrita , Vernon Brent L. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractEndovascular embolization of cerebral aneurysms is a common approach for reducing the risk of often‐fatal hemorrhage. However, currently available materials used to occlude these aneurysms provide incomplete filling (coils) or require a complicated, time‐consuming delivery procedure (solvent‐exchange precipitating polymers). The objective of this work was to develop an easily deliverable in situ forming hydrogel that can occlude the entire volume of an aneurysm. The hydrogel is formed by mixing a solution of a temperature‐responsive polymer containing pendent thiol groups (poly(NIPAAm‐co‐cysteamine) or poly(NIPAAm‐co‐cysteamine‐co‐JAAm)) with a solution of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). Incorporation of hydrophilic grafts of polyetheramine acrylamide (JAAm) in the temperature‐responsive polymer caused weaker physical crosslinking, facilitated faster and more complete chemical crosslinking, and increased gel swelling. One formulation (30 wt % PNCJ20 + PEGDA) could be delivered for over 220 s after mixing, formed a strong and elastic hydrogel (G' > 6000 Pa) within 30 min and once set, maintained its shape and volume in a model aneurysm under flow. This gel represents a promising candidate water‐based material utilizing both physical and chemical crosslinking that warrants further investigation as an embolic agent for saccular aneurysms.