bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in type 2 diabetes mellitus: from pathophysiology to therapeutics
Authors: Abudureyimu Miyesaier , Luo Xuanming , Wang Xiang , Sowers James R , Wang Wenshuo , Ge Junbo , Ren Jun , Zhang Yingmei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM or T2D) is a devastating metabolic abnormality featured by insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. T2D provokes unique metabolic changes and compromises cardiovascular geometry and function. Meanwhile, T2D increases the overall risk for heart failure (HF) and acts independent of classical risk factors including coronary artery disease, hypertension, and valvular heart diseases. The incidence of HF is extremely high in patients with T2D and is manifested as HF with preserved, reduced, and midrange ejection fraction (HFpEF, HFrEF, and HFmrEF, respectively), all of which significantly worsen the prognosis for T2D. HFpEF is seen in approximately half of the HF cases and is defined as a heterogenous syndrome with discrete phenotypes, particularly in close association with metabolic syndrome. Nonetheless, management of HFpEF in T2D remains unclear, largely due to the poorly defined pathophysiology behind HFpEF. Here, in this review, we will summarize findings from multiple preclinical and clinical studies as well as recent clinical trials, mainly focusing on the pathophysiology, potential mechanisms, and therapies of HFpEF in T2D.
Study of shear locking effect on 3D solder joint reliability analysis
Authors: Huang Y W , Chiang K N 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The fabrication process of WLP (wafer-level packaging) has become more mature, and using the finite element method (FEM) to predict the reliability life of electronic packaging can shorten the WLP design cycles. This study adopted the NSMD (non-solder mask defined) solder joint structure in WLP and used an energy method to predict the solder joint geometry. A fixed mesh size will be determined for the critical region of the solder joint to evaluate the inelastic strain due to the thermal loading in finite element analysis. However, under the influence of the solder geometry of some tested vehicles, especially when the solder contact angle of the lower pad is less than 20 degrees, a shear locking phenomenon will occur at the solder joint. This phenomenon causes abnormal energy transfer. The excessive strain is concentrated on the upper part of the solder joint, resulting in an incorrect estimation of reliability life. Reduced integration can prevent shear locking and has improved strain results compared to full integration. The results of this research demonstrate that the FEM using proper mesh size control and the reduced integration point element in critical regions can deliver accurate reliability life prediction for WLP.
National survey on World Health Organization/International Network of Rational Use of Drugs core drug use indicators in the outpatient setting and availability of medicines in a developing South Asian country
Authors: Ranasinghe P , Liyanage C K , Meegoda J , Jayakody R L , Galappatthy P 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To describe the availability of medicines and World Health Organization (WHO)/International Network of Rational Use of Drugs (INRUD) core drug use indicators in a nationally representative sample of outpatient department (OPD) pharmacies in government hospitals of Sri Lanka.

Methods
This descriptive-cross-sectional national survey was conducted in OPD pharmacies in government hospitals, representing all 25 districts of Sri Lanka. WHO/INRUD core prescribing indicators were evaluated, together with the identification of the most commonly prescribed medications. To measure the availability of medicines, a list of 103 medicines from the WHO Global Core List (GCL), WHO/South East Asia Regional Office (SEARO) Regional Core List (RCL) and a national ‘Supplementary List’ were surveyed.

Key findings
A total of 3055 prescriptions were evaluated. There were 88 different medications prescribed with the commonest being paracetamol (n = 578; 18.9%). The average number of medicines per encounter was 3.3 ± 1.4 (range 1–10). Overall, the percentage of encounters with an antibiotic was 43.4% (n = 1327). There were 178 prescriptions where more than one antibiotic (5.8%) has been prescribed. Overall, the percentage of encounters with an injection was only 0.5% (n = 14). The percentage of medicines prescribed by generic name and from the essential medicine list (EML) was 84.3% and 98.9%, respectively. The average availability of medicines overall was 71.8% (range 0–100%). On average, medicines from the WHO/Health Action International GCL, WHO-SEARO RCL and national supplementary list were available in 69.8%, 75.8% and 71.3% of hospital OPD pharmacies, respectively.

Conclusions
The major contributors to irrational prescribing and inappropriate use of medicines in this setting were polypharmacy and prescription of antibiotics. Prescribing by generic name, use of injectable preparations and use of medicines from the EML conformed to the WHO-recommended optimal levels to a great extent.
Mental health literacy and stigma towards patients with mental health disorders among pharmacists in the MENA region
Authors: Batarseh Yazan , Abukhalaf Mariam , Fakhoury Rula , Alfalah Laith , Wazaify Mayyada 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objective
The objective of this study is to evaluate the mental health literacy of pharmacists in the Middle East and North Africa region.

Methods
An online survey was delivered via social media platforms to a sample of pharmacists. The survey assessed mental health literacy in terms of knowledge, attitude and stigma in providing care to mental health patients.

Key findings
A total of 372 pharmacists filled in the questionnaire, the majority of which were female (71%) and under 29 years of age (78.7%). Half were community pharmacists. The majority of respondents recognized depression (93.3%), anxiety (63.7%) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (68%). Almost 35% of pharmacists were unable to classify psychiatric medications properly. Analysis of pharmacists’ attitudes towards different interventions showed the following order of help-seeking preference; psychiatrists (83.3%), spiritual activity (59.9%), family support (55.6%), friends support (53%), pharmacists support (40.6%) and social workers (39%).

Conclusion
Although baseline knowledge of responding pharmacists regarding mental disorders was adequate, their advanced knowledge on multiple use of interventions was shallow. Stigma was noted in perceived dangerousness and recovery of mental health patients, social responsibility and social distance.
Non-operative management of pneumoperitoneum following cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Authors: Johnson Christopher L , Gomes Camilla , Cheng Justin , Lebares Carter C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum in a patient with a tracheostomy tube following cardiopulmonary resuscitation is exceedingly rare, with little experimental nor observational data to guide evidence-based management. We present the case of a 75-year-old woman with a tracheostomy tube who developed pneumoperitoneum following CPR. The patient experienced pulseless electrical activity arrest requiring nine rounds of chest compressions to return to spontaneous circulation. Computerized tomography demonstrated pneumothoraces, subcutaneous emphysema and extensive intraperitoneal, extraperitoneal and retroperitoneal free air without evidence of visceral perforation. The patient’s abdomen was distended without tenderness, guarding or rebound. She had a white blood cell count mildly elevated from her baseline levels. The management plan of serial abdominal exams without operative intervention was chosen given the absence of clinical and laboratory signs of peritonitis. This case highlights the importance of developing a standardized management algorithm for patients with pneumoperitoneum in the setting of tracheostomy tubes without evidence of perforation.
Cationic lipid-based formulations for encapsulation and delivery of anti-EFG1 2′
OMethylRNA oligomer
Authors: Araújo Daniela , Gaspar Ricardo , Mil-Homens Dalila , Henriques Mariana , Silva Bruno F B , Silva Sónia 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The effective protection and delivery of antisense oligomers to its site of action is a challenge without an optimal strategy. Some of the most promising approaches encompass the complexation of nucleic acids, which are anionic, with liposomes of fixed or ionizable cationic charge. Thus, the main purpose of this work was to study the complexation of cationic liposomes with anti-EFG1 2′OMe oligomers and evaluate the complex efficacy to control Candida albicans filamentation in vitro and in vivo using a Galleria mellonella model.
To accomplish this, cationic dioleoyl-trimethylammoniumpropane (DOTAP) was mixed with three different neutral lipids dioleoyl-phosphocholine (DOPC), dioleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) and monoolein (MO) and used as delivery vectors. Fluorescence Cross Correlation Spectroscopy measurements revealed a high association between antisense oligomers (ASO) and cationic liposomes confirming the formation of lipoplexes. In vitro, all cationic liposome-ASO complexes were able to release the anti-EFG1 2′OMe oligomers and consequently inhibit C. albicans filamentation up to 60% after 72 h. In vivo, from all formulations the DOTAP/DOPC 80/20 ρchg = 3 formulation proved to be the most effective, enhancing the G. mellonella survival by 40% within 48 h and by 25% after 72 h of infection.
In this sense, our findings show that DOTAP-based lipoplexes are very good candidates for nano-carriers of anti-EFG1 2′OMe oligomers.
The structure of cluster merger shocks: turbulent width and the electron heating time-scale
Authors: Russell H R , Nulsen P E J , Caprioli D , Chadayammuri U , Fabian A C , Kunz M W , McNamara B R , Sanders J S , Richard-Laferrière A , Beleznay M , Canning R E A , Hlavacek-Larrondo J , King L J 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
We present a new $2\rm \, Ms$Chandra observation of the cluster merger Abell 2146, which hosts two huge M ∼ 2 shock fronts each ${\sim }500\rm \, kpc$ across. For the first time, we resolve and measure the width of cluster merger shocks. The best-fitting width for the bow shock is $17\pm 1\rm \, kpc$ and for the upstream shock is $10.7\pm 0.3\rm \, kpc$. A narrow collisionless shock will appear broader in projection if its smooth shape is warped by local gas motions. We show that both shock widths are consistent with collisionless shocks blurred by local gas motions of $290\pm 30{\rm \, km\rm \, s^{-1}}$. The upstream shock forms later on in the merger than the bow shock and is therefore expected to be significantly narrower. From the electron temperature profile behind the bow shock, we measure the time-scale for the electrons and ions to come back into thermal equilibrium. We rule out rapid thermal equilibration of the electrons with the shock-heated ions at the 6σ level. The observed temperature profile instead favours collisional equilibration. For these cluster merger shocks, which have low sonic Mach numbers and propagate through a high β plasma, we find no evidence for electron heating over that produced by adiabatic compression. Our findings are expected to be valid for collisionless shocks with similar parameters in other environments and support the existing picture from the solar wind and supernova remnants. The upstream shock is consistent with this result but has a more complex structure, including a ${\sim}2\rm \, keV$ increase in temperature ${\sim }50\rm \, kpc$ ahead of the shock.
Shocking interactions of supernova remnants with atomic and molecular clouds – the interplay between shocks, thermal instability, and gravity in the large cloud regime
Authors: Kupilas M M , Pittard J M , Wareing C J , Falle S A E G 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
Using the adaptive mesh refinement code mg, we perform 3D hydrodynamic simulations of a supernova–cloud interaction in the ‘large cloud regime’. The cloud is initially atomic and evolving due to the thermal instability (TI) and gravity. We study interactions in a ‘pre-TI’ and ‘post-TI’ stage when cold and dense clumps are present, and compare these results to idealized shock–cloud scenarios in the ‘small cloud regime’, and a scenario without shocks. On aggregate, the supernova disruption is significantly weaker than that from an idealized shock due to the supernova impact being instantaneous, and not continuous. In both supernova–cloud interactions, we observe two shocks impact the cloud, followed by the development of a weak 10 km s−1 upstream flow on the cloud interface, and a global ambient pressure drop. When the cloud is still atomic, it expands due to this drop. Additionally, the TI is triggered at the front of the cloud, causing the formation of a cap-like structure with clumps embedded inside. The upstream flow converges in this region, resulting in a lobe-like cloud morphology. When the cloud is molecular, the transmitted shock disrupts the inter-clump material and causes the clumps’ outer envelopes to expand slightly and form tail-like morphologies. These effects are less pronounced than those in our shock–cloud scenarios, and more pronounced that those in our un-shocked scenario. After ∼ 3.5 Myr, the effects from the supernova decay and the cloud returns to an almost indistinguishable state from an un-shocked cloud, in spite of the global ambient pressure drop. In neither supernova–cloud scenario do we see any local gravitational collapse.
Magnetic reconnection and plasmoid formation in three-dimensional accretion flows around black holes
Authors: Nathanail Antonios , Mpisketzis Vasilis , Porth Oliver , Fromm Christian M , Rezzolla Luciano 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
Magnetic reconnection is thought to be one of the main energy-dissipation mechanisms fueling energy to the plasma in the vicinity of a black hole. Indeed, plasmoids formed through magnetic reconnection may play a key role in γ-ray, X-ray and near-infrared flares from the black hole at the centre of our galaxy, SgrA*. We report the results of 3D general-relativistic ideal and resistive magnetohydrodynamics simulations modelling magnetic reconnection in accretion flows around astrophysical black holes. As an important difference with similar works, our accretion discs have an initial dipolar magnetic-field configuration with loops of alternating polarity. We show that current sheets are formed and destroyed rapidly in the turbulent environment of black hole accretion. Plasmoids are formed from current sheets close to the event horizon, in a region of ∼2–15 gravitational radii. We further quantify the magnetic dissipation and the process of energy transfer to the plasmoids, reporting the reconnection rate, the relative current density with respect to the local magnetic field, and the size of the plasmoids. We find that plasmoids gain energy through reconnection and heat up to relativistic temperatures, with the largest ones being sufficiently energetic to leave the black hole near the polar regions. During their evolution, plasmoids are stretched and elongated, becoming disrupted when the shear is sufficiently large, although some plasmoids survive as well-distinguished structures at distances of ∼30–40 gravitational radii from the black hole. Finally, we find that in some cases the plasmoids acquire a super-Keplerian azimuthal velocity, as suggested by recent observations of flares from Sgr A*.
Realistic galaxy images and improved robustness in machine learning tasks from generative modelling
Authors: Holzschuh Benjamin J , O’Riordan Conor M , Vegetti Simona , Rodriguez-Gomez Vicente , Thuerey Nils 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTWe examine the capability of generative models to produce realistic galaxy images. We show that mixing generated data with the original data improves the robustness in downstream machine learning tasks. We focus on three different data sets: analytical Sérsic profiles, real galaxies from the COSMOS survey, and galaxy images produced with the SKIRT code, from the IllustrisTNG simulation. We quantify the performance of each generative model, using the Wasserstein distance between the distributions of morphological properties (e.g. the Gini-coefficient, the asymmetry, and ellipticity), the surface brightness distribution on various scales (as encoded by the power spectrum), the bulge statistic, and the colour for the generated and source data sets. With an average Wasserstein distance (Fréchet Inception Distance) of 7.19 × 10−2 (0.55), 5.98 × 10−2 (1.45), and 5.08 × 10−2 (7.76) for the Sérsic, COSMOS and SKIRT data set, respectively, our best models convincingly reproduce even the most complicated galaxy properties and create images that are visually indistinguishable from the source data. We demonstrate that by supplementing the training data set with generated data, it is possible to significantly improve the robustness against domain-shifts and out-of-distribution data. In particular, we train a convolutional neural network to denoise a data set of mock observations. By mixing generated images into the original training data, we obtain an improvement of 11 and 45 per cent in the model performance regarding domain-shifts in the physical pixel size and background noise level, respectively.
The eclipsing binary systems with δ Scuti component – II. AB Cas
Authors: Miszuda A , Kołaczek-Szymański P A , Szewczuk W , Daszyńska-Daszkiewicz J 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
We present a complex study of the eclipsing binary system, AB Cas. The analysis of the whole TESS light curve, corrected for the binary effects, reveals 112 significant frequency peaks with 17 independent signals. The dominant frequency f1 = 17.1564 d−1 is a radial fundamental mode. The O − C analysis of the times of light minima from over 92 yr leads to a conclusion that due to the ongoing mass transfer the system exhibits a change of the orbital period at a rate of 0.03 s per year. In order to find evolutionary models describing the current stage of AB Cas, we perform binary evolution computations. Our results show the AB Cas system as a product of the rapid non-conservative mass transfer with about 5–26 per cent of transferred mass lost from the system. This process heavily affected the orbital characteristics of this binary and its components in the past. In fact, this system closely resemble the formation scenarios of EL CVn type binaries. For the first time, we demonstrate the effect of binary evolution on radial pulsations and determine the lines of constant frequency on the HR diagram. From the binary and seismic modelling, we obtain constraints on various parameters. In particular, we constrain the overshooting parameter, fov ∈ [0.010, 0.018], the mixing-length parameter, αMLT ∈ [1.2, 1.5] and the age, t ∈ [2.3, 3.4] Gyr.
The physical origin and the properties of arm spurs/feathers in local simulations of the wiggle instability
Authors: Mandowara Yash , Sormani Mattia C , Sobacchi Emanuele , Klessen Ralf S 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
Gaseous substructures such as feathers and spurs dot the landscape of spiral arms in disc galaxies. One of the candidates to explain their formation is the wiggle instability of galactic spiral shocks. We study the wiggle instability using local 2D hydrodynamical isothermal non-self-gravitating simulations. We find that: (1) simulations agree with analytic linear stability analysis only under stringent conditions. They display surprisingly strong non-linear coupling between the different modes, even for small mode amplitudes (${\sim}1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$). (2) We demonstrate that the wiggle instability originates from a combination of two physically distinct mechanisms: the first is the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, and the second is the amplification of infinitesimal perturbations from repeated shock passages. These two mechanisms can operate simultaneously, and which mechanism dominates depends on the underlying parameters. (3) We explore the parameter space and study the properties of spurs/feathers generated by the wiggle instability. The wiggle instability is highly sensitive to the underlying parameters. The feather separation decreases, and the growth rate increases, with decreasing sound speed, increasing potential strength and decreasing interarm distance. (4) We compare our simulations with a sample of 20 galaxies in the HST Archival Survey of Spiral Arm Substructure of La Vigne et al. and find that the wiggle instability is able to reproduce the typical range of feather separations seen in observations. It remains unclear how the wiggle instability relates to competing mechanisms for spur/feather formation such as the magneto-jeans instability and the stochastic accumulation of gas due to correlated supernova feedback.
Stellar populations in the transition region of nuclear star cluster and nuclear stellar disc
Authors: Feldmeier-Krause A 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
The Milky Way nuclear star cluster (NSC) is located within the nuclear stellar disc (NSD) in the Galactic Centre. It is not fully understood if the formation and evolution of these two components are connected, and how they influence each other. We study the stellar populations in the transition region of NSC and NSD. We observed two ∼4.3 pc2 fields with the integral-field spectrograph KMOS (VLT), located at r ∼ 20 pc (&gt;4 Re) to the Galactic East and West of the NSC. We extract and analyse medium-resolution stellar spectra of &gt;200 stars per field. The data contain in total nine young star candidates. We use stellar photometry to estimate the stellar masses, effective temperatures, and spectral types of the young stars. The stars are consistent with an age of 4–6 Myr, they may have formed inside the Quintuplet cluster, but were dispersed in dynamical interactions. Most stars in the two fields are red giant stars, and we measure their stellar metallicities [M/H] using full spectral fitting. We compare our [M/H] distributions to the NSC and NSD, using data from the literature, and find that the overall metallicity decreases from the central NSC, over the transition region, to the NSD. The steep decrease of [M/H] from the NSC to the region dominated by the NSD indicates that the two components have distinct stellar populations and formation histories.
Premature translation termination mediated non-ER stress induced ATF6 activation by a ligand-dependent ribosomal frameshifting circuit
Authors: Hsu Hsiu-Ting , Murata Asako , Dohno Chikara , Nakatani Kazuhiko , Chang KungYao 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The −1 programmed ribosomal frameshifting (−1 PRF) has been explored as a gene regulatory circuit for synthetic biology applications. The −1 PRF usually uses an RNA pseudoknot structure as the frameshifting stimulator. Finding a ligand-responsive pseudoknot with efficient −1 PRF activity is time consuming and is becoming a bottleneck for its development. Inserting a guanine to guanine (GG)–mismatch pair in the 5′-stem of a small frameshifting pseudoknot could attenuate −1 PRF activity by reducing stem stability. Thus, a ligand-responsive frameshifting pseudoknot can be built using GG-mismatch–targeting small molecules to restore stem stability. Here, a pseudoknot requiring stem–loop tertiary interactions for potent frameshifting activity was used as the engineering template. This considerably amplified the effect of mismatch destabilization, and led to creation of a mammalian −1 PRF riboswitch module capable of mediating premature translation termination as a synthetic regulatory mode. Application of the synthetic circuit allowed ligand-dependent ATF6N mimic formation for the activation of protein folding–related genes involved in the unfolded protein response without an ER-stress inducing agent. With the availability of mismatch-targeting molecules, the tailored module thus paves the way for various mismatch plug-ins to streamline highly efficient orthogonal ligand-dependent −1 PRF stimulator development in the synthetic biology toolbox.