bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Internationalisation of Universities
Authors: Chankseliani Maia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A consensus exists in the region that internationalisation is a key driver in the development of higher education. Former Soviet countries have seen an intensification of cross-border activities since the 1990s. The international flows of policies and practices, students and academics, knowledge and financing have impacted former Soviet universities and the systems in which they operate. This chapter examines various domains of internationalisation, such as the Bologna Process, international student mobility, global academic publications, global university rankings, use of the English medium of instruction, and international institutional partnerships to illustrate how former Soviet universities have transformed into internationally connected institutions in the last three decades. While Western higher education systems appear to be idealised, cross-border links with Russia remain strong across many former Soviet countries, and Central Asia in particular. The chapter also reflects on the global dimension of former Soviet universities and explains how global reputation has become an important aspiration with which international education and research activities are shaped.
Academic Liberation
Authors: Chankseliani Maia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The state authority model of governance, inherited from the Soviet Union, went through various transformations. The majority of former Soviet universities frame their identity as ‘classical’, which is often identified with the Humboldtian model. Yet, Humboldtian academic self-governance has been dormant in most contexts and the central tenets of the Humboldtian model—academic freedom and institutional autonomy—have acquired peculiar interpretations. Academic freedom is often seen as the freedom of universities to design courses in response to labour market needs, or the freedom of academics to choose between face-to-face and online modes of teaching during the Covid-19 pandemic; it is rarely understood to be the broader freedom of enquiry and expression within academia. The one-man management principle is the most widespread approach to university governance across former Soviet universities, the majority of which remain largely state-centred, sometimes government-run institutions. At the top of most university governance structures is a heavy-handed, powerful rector who is often intimately connected with the ruling party. Marketisation and internationalisation processes have led to the adoption of market models of university governance which curiously co-exist with the state-centred model. Degrees of academic freedom and university autonomy vary considerably in the region, with universities in the Baltics offering the practices closest to the academic self-rule model. At the other end of the spectrum are Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Belarus—countries where universities and academics continue to dance in shackles.
Conclusion
Authors: Chankseliani Maia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Soviet universities, similar to all other Soviet institutions, experienced considerable turmoil in the period following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. This was a time of revolutionary change across the region and brought about a radical break from the traditional Soviet university model in a number of countries. State withdrawal was used as an opportunity by universities to open up to market forces by introducing student fees, increasing student numbers, and engaging in commercial activities. Yet, in most contexts, the liberalisation was temporary, and newly formed states soon imposed various controls on their universities. Since the late 1990s, most of the changes at former Soviet universities have been evolutionary. This concluding chapter brings different thematic threads together and consolidates some of the key ideas pertaining to change and continuity as well as different types of change. It looks at the aspects of the Soviet university that experienced more prominent change and those that have changed less. All in all, these universities have remained flagship institutions in many contexts and demonstrated a remarkable capacity to regain equilibrium while undergoing incremental adaptations. The transformations have influenced the purposes and functions of universities, and shaped them as national institutions. While the Soviet university did not quite succeed in perpetuating the Soviet order for longer than 70 years, some of its characteristics remained resilient in the decades that followed the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Introduction
Authors: Whidden Seth 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPresenting the tensions present to the very notion of prose poetry as a crucial element of Baudelairean modernity, this Introduction broaches the much-used representational devices of the visual, the spoken, and formal subversion to create fertile ground from which to analyze Baudelaire’s prose poems. The deconstruction and analysis of these different elements allows for a better understanding of the representational limitations of poetic expression which are primary factors of poetic modernity in the Baudelairean imaginary, both formally and thematically. In presenting prose poetry as a means of pushing beyond tradition in order to access and create modernity, this introductory chapter deconstructs traditional poetic tools and Baudelaire’s use of them.
Inebriations and Irritations
Authors: Whidden Seth 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe relationship between the complexities of modern life and poetic modernity is shown to be characteristic of the construction of the prose poem, and a factor in the continuing subversion of Baudelaire’s prose poems. In this way, poetic discovery, by surpassing the present, requires a metamorphic transcendence that in turn contributes to a deeper, fuller level of understanding of the reality which the poet seeks to go beyond representing. Exceeding the limitations of human experience is seen as a crucial catalyst for poetic invention, represented as a drug akin to alcohol or hashish. A comparative analysis of Charles Cros’s poem “Distrayeuse” reinforces the role played by poetry in escapism and in exceeding the limits of human experience.
How Fantasy Means
Authors: Attebery Brian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Abstract and hidden realities are best revealed through the mechanisms of fantasy, which invites us to throw out common-sense assumptions and to look to the mysteries of riddles, metaphors, and myths. Despite its disavowal of direct representation, fantasy can reveal and convey truths about experience in three main ways: by reference to traditional myths and supernatural legends from various cultures, by literalizing metaphors, and by setting up parallels to the underlying structures, rather than the surface details, of reality. These structures include the components of the self, the shape of change (in an individual or a culture), and cognitive mappings of the categories through which we understand the world. Such mappings take concrete form in images such as doppelgangers, enchanted forests, and haunted mansions.
Citizens, Elites, and the Legitimacy of Global Governance
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa , Scholte Jan Aart , Tallberg Jonas , Verhaegen Soetkin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractContemporary society has witnessed major growth in global governance, yet the legitimacy of global governance remains deeply in question. This book offers the first full comparative investigation of citizen and elite legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. Empirically, it provides a comprehensive analysis of public and elite opinion toward global governance, building on two uniquely coordinated surveys covering multiple countries and international organizations. Theoretically, it develops an individual-level approach, exploring how a person’s characteristics in respect of socioeconomic status, political values, geographical identification, and domestic institutional trust shape legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. The book’s central findings are threefold. First, there is a notable and general elite–citizen gap in legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. While elites on average hold moderately high levels of legitimacy toward international organizations, the general public is decidedly more skeptical. Second, individual-level differences in interests, values, identities, and trust dispositions provide significant drivers of citizen and elite legitimacy beliefs toward global governance, as well as the gap between the two groups. Most important on the whole are differences in the extent to which citizens and elites trust domestic political institutions, which shape how these groups assess the legitimacy of international organizations. Third, both patterns and sources of citizen and elite legitimacy beliefs vary across organizations and countries. These variations suggest that institutional and societal contexts condition attitudes toward global governance. The book’s findings shed light on future opportunities and constraints in international cooperation, suggesting that current levels of legitimacy point neither to a general crisis of global governance nor to a general readiness for its expansion.
Mapping Elite Legitimacy Beliefs
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa , Scholte Jan Aart , Tallberg Jonas , Verhaegen Soetkin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines levels and patterns of elite legitimacy beliefs. It draws upon data from the LegGov Elite Survey. This survey covers 14 global governance institutions of various types (intergovernmental, transgovernmental, and private), six diverse countries (Brazil, Germany, the Philippines, Russia, South Africa, and the US), and six elite sectors (business, civil society, government bureaucracy, media political parties, and research). The discussion first examines elite legitimacy beliefs toward global governance in the aggregate and then disaggregates the data by organization, by country, by organization within each country, and by elite sector. Overall, the survey results suggest that contemporary elites hold moderately high levels of legitimacy beliefs toward global governance institutions. Regarding specific institutions, elites tend to give higher approval to human security international organizations as compared to economic international organizations, and to older intergovernmental agencies as compared to newer institutional designs. Elites in Brazil, Germany, the Philippines, and the US generally ascribe more legitimacy to international organizations than elites in Russia and South Africa. In general, bureaucratic, research, and business elites show higher legitimacy beliefs toward international organizations than media, party-political, and civil society elites.
Mapping the Elite–Citizen Gap
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa , Scholte Jan Aart , Tallberg Jonas , Verhaegen Soetkin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the size and patterns of a gap between elite and citizen legitimacy beliefs toward international organizations. It compares citizen and elite data regarding six international organizations in five countries. Public opinion data is taken from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey, and elite data is taken from the simultaneously fielded LegGov Elite Survey. The discussion first examines the elite–citizen legitimacy gap in the aggregate, combining all international organizations and countries. Then the data are disaggregated to identify variation in the size of the gap by international organization, by country, by organization within country, by elite sector, and by international organization within the elite sector. A notable difference does indeed exist between average elite confidence and average citizen confidence vis-à-vis global governance. The gap arises in the aggregate data, as well as separately in respect of each of the six international organizations, four of the five countries, and each of the six elite sectors. That said, the elite–citizen gap is generally larger in respect of international organizations working on human security than those working on economic issues. Regarding countries, the gap is largest in Brazil and negative in the Philippines, where the average citizen score is higher than the average elite score. Regarding sectors, the gap with citizen legitimacy beliefs is larger for bureaucratic, research, and business elites than for media, partisan-political, and civil society elites.
Explaining Citizen Legitimacy Beliefs
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa , Scholte Jan Aart , Tallberg Jonas , Verhaegen Soetkin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter assesses four individual-level explanations of citizen legitimacy beliefs toward global governance, using data from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey. The four explanations relate respectively to socioeconomic status, political values, geographical identification, and domestic institutional trust. Regression analyses examine the sources of citizen legitimacy beliefs in the aggregate (covering all international organizations and countries), as well as disaggregated by international organization, by country, and by organization within each country. The results show that citizen legitimacy beliefs toward international organizations most consistently relate to domestic institutional trust, while socioeconomic status, political values, and geographical identification also have some explanatory power. The explanatory power of these individual-level logics varies across international organizations and (especially) countries, suggesting that organizational and societal contexts also matter in shaping citizen legitimacy beliefs toward global governance.
Legitimacy and the Future of Global Governance
Authors: Dellmuth Lisa , Scholte Jan Aart , Tallberg Jonas , Verhaegen Soetkin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis concluding chapter recapitulates the overall findings of the book and discusses their broader implications for research and policy. The central findings are threefold. First, the analysis reveals a significant and consistent elite–citizen gap in legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. While elites overall hold moderately high levels of confidence toward the studied international organizations, the general public on the whole has relatively lower assessments. Second, evidence strongly supports the importance of individual-level factors in explaining legitimacy beliefs toward global governance. All of the analyses provide substantial verification of four theorized individual-level drivers of legitimacy beliefs: socioeconomic status, political values, geographical identification, and domestic institutional trust. Third, variation in patterns and sources of legitimacy beliefs across international organizations and countries suggests that organizational and societal contexts condition attitudes toward global governance alongside the individual factors. The final part of the chapter focuses on broader implications of these findings, making four larger points. First, this book shows how the notoriously elusive concept of legitimacy can become empirically tractable through carefully designed survey research. Second, the findings suggest that existing research sets up false debates when presenting explanations of legitimacy beliefs toward global governance as competing, when they tend to be complementary. Third, the book’s results fuel debates on whether global governance confronts a problem of democratic accountability and representation, as the elites who have most influence in global governance accord notably more legitimacy to IOs than the affected public at large. Fourth, the book’s findings shed light on future opportunities and constraints in international cooperation, suggesting that current levels of legitimacy point neither to a general crisis of global governance nor to a general readiness for its expansion.
Truth (and Goodness) in Painting
Authors: Rudd Anthony 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The chapter starts with a brief review of the philosophical tradition which—from Neoplatonism to Hegel—has held that painting can convey philosophically significant truth. This depended on a broader metaphysics of value which has been challenged by the modern ‘disenchantment’ of the world. It defends the claim that painting can convey important truths and that because such truths are not paraphrasable—expressible in any other form—art is not (as Hegel had claimed) ultimately dispensable as a means of conveying truth. But it also argues that the truthfulness of painting can only explain its value, if the truths it makes known to us are worth knowing. Here it looks to Iris Murdoch’s Platonic defence of art against the Platonic critique—her argument that great art is an instance of the truthful, attentive perception of reality that she also sees as fundamental to ethics.
Expression and Form
Authors: Rudd Anthony 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The disclosive theory developed so far is a modified descendant of the classic representational theory of painting in that it is concerned with the relation of a painting to its subject matter. This chapter further develops the theory by drawing on insights from the traditional alternatives to representationalism—expressivism and formalism. In regard to expression—here still drawing on Merleau-Ponty, but also on Jacques Maritain—the chapter argues that disclosure is never a matter of revealing the object absolutely, but, rather, as it resonates with the sensibility of the particular artist. Moreover, this expressive disclosure always takes place through the organization and deployment of formal elements—colour, line, etc. In the context of discussing formalism (and also expression) the chapter argues that this account does apply to non-representational painting, and that, although in non-representational painting formal elements become particularly prominent, it is also always both expressive and disclosive.
Introduction
Authors: Duttlinger Carolin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the etymologies of attention and distraction in both English and German to map out the field of this study, which ranges from visual to aural engagement, from voluntary to involuntary forms of attention. It emphasizes that the two concepts must be understood as umbrella terms for the much wider, multi-shaded field of human experience, which ranges from dispersed alertness to inward-looking contemplation. While existing studies have tended to focus on either attention or distraction, this book treats them as inextricably intertwined. Although debates about (in)attention often highlight historical, cultural, or ideological differences, these mental states cannot be confined to one particular period or context but cut across any such divides. The Introduction ends with a survey of the ensuing chapters, where author-based case studies alternate with explorations of wider cultural fields and social practices.
Psychotechnics
Authors: Duttlinger Carolin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the early twentieth century, the methods of experimental psychology filtered through into everyday life. One response to the cognitive strains of modern life was ‘psychotechnics’, a system of aptitude testing and behavioural training devised by William Stern and Hugo Münsterberg. First used during the First World War, psychotechnics was rolled out across Germany civilian society to increase the productivity of a depleted workforce. Though relatively short-lived, the movement was vast in its scope and ambition, and its methods, which were also used in advertising, education, and mass entertainment, met with almost universal acclaim. One lone voice of dissent was Siegfried Kracauer, whose pioneering study The Salaried Masses (1930) uncovers the corrosive impact of psychotechnics on Weimar society, where it was used to select and exclude, to reshape behaviour and stifle critical dissent.
The Art of Concentration
Authors: Duttlinger Carolin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The social imperative to improve one’s attention was not limited to the workplace but also invaded people’s private lives. Complementing the roll-out of psychotechnics, self-help guides promising their readers enhanced powers of concentration boomed in the interwar years. This chapter looks at three very different examples of this genre. While Reinhard Gerling offers a ten-week course of exercises designed to control body and mind, Karl Otto Schmidt recommends a programme of meditation inspired by autosuggestion and the spiritualist New Thought movement. Finally, Philipp Müh’s guide advocates a piece of innovative hardware, the ‘Konzentrator’, as the ultimate, cybernetic tool of cognitive self-enhancement. As the chapter concludes, Weimar self-help literature continues the tradition of Enlightenment hygiene literature with a modern, secular inflection. The ultimate goal is no longer moral self-improvement but heightened mental capacity as the ultimate tool in the modern struggle of all against all.
Introduction
Authors: Sommerer Thomas , Agné Hans , Zelli Fariborz , Bes Bart 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter of this volume begins by laying out the rationale of the book and its main research questions: what is required for something to count as a global legitimacy crisis, and which are the different forms that such crises can take? When and how do global legitimacy crises affect multilateral governance? As multilateralism has come under severe political stress in recent years, these questions have deep implications for the viability of international organizations (IOs) in the future. According to the conventional wisdom in research on legitimacy, legitimacy crises will drain organizations of their resources, reduce willingness of their actors to participate in collective decision-making, and dismantle their authority in the first place. This chapter presents illustrations of empirical anomalies for the conventional view and spells out how and why the authors reconsider conceptualizations, theories, and research designs that have been prevalent in earlier research on legitimacy. It presents the empirical research strategy that is based on a comparative mixed-methods design and highlights the theoretical argument and empirical contributions of this book.
Explaining the Consequences of Legitimacy Crises in Multilateral Governance
Authors: Sommerer Thomas , Agné Hans , Zelli Fariborz , Bes Bart 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents a theoretical framework to explain the effects of legitimacy crises of international organizations (IOs). It posits that legitimacy crises imply the activation of specific audiences of an IO and that this activation entails behaviors by these and other audiences that will eventually have various consequences, either supportive or detrimental to the IO experiencing a crisis. This activation primarily depends on the type of protesting audience (for example, governments or civil society actors, formal members or nonmembers of the organization) but also on some features of the IO that is targeted by the protests, such as its formal power and the domestic regimes of its members. This chapter argues that these arguments for expecting either positive or negative effects of legitimacy crises apply to different dimensions of an IO’s capacity to rule: the quantity of resources, the volume of decisions, and the range of authority held by the organizations. Significantly, this chapter shows that the consequences of legitimacy crises will not only materialize in measurable properties of the IO itself, but also through the establishment, support, or obstruction of other institutions that operate in the same global governance field.