bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applying machine learning to study fluid mechanics
Authors: Brunton Steven L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper provides a short overview of how to use machine learning to build data-driven models in fluid mechanics. The process of machine learning is broken down into five stages: (1) formulating a problem to model, (2) collecting and curating training data to inform the model, (3) choosing an architecture with which to represent the model, (4) designing a loss function to assess the performance of the model, and (5) selecting and implementing an optimization algorithm to train the model. At each stage, we discuss how prior physical knowledge may be embedding into the process, with specific examples from the field of fluid mechanics.Graphic abstract
Toward ‘seeing’ critically: a Bayesian analysis of the impacts of a critical pedagogy
Authors: Ng Stella L. , Crukley Jeff , Brydges Ryan , Boyd Victoria , Gavarkovs Adam , Kangasjarvi Emilia , Wright Sarah , Kulasegaram Kulamakan , Friesen Farah , Woods Nicole N. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCritical reflection supports enactment of the social roles of care, like collaboration and advocacy. We require evidence that links critical teaching approaches to future critically reflective practice. We thus asked: does a theory-informed approach to teaching critical reflection influence what learners talk about (i.e. topics of discussion) and how they talk (i.e. whether they talk in critically reflective ways) during subsequent learning experiences? Pre-clinical students (n = 75) were randomized into control and intervention conditions (8 groups each, of up to 5 interprofessional students). Participants completed an online Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) module, followed by either: a SDoH discussion (control) or critically reflective dialogue (intervention). Participants then experienced a common learning session (homecare curriculum and debrief) as outcome assessment, and another similar session one-week later. Blinded coders coded transcripts for what (topics) was said and how (critically reflective or not). We constructed Bayesian regression models for the probability of meaning units (unique utterances) being coded as particular what codes and as critically reflective or not (how). Groups exposed to the intervention were more likely, in a subsequent learning experience, to talk in a critically reflective manner (how) (0.096 [0.04, 0.15]) about similar content (no meaningful differences in what was said). This difference waned at one-week follow up. We showed experimentally that a particular critical pedagogical approach can make learners’ subsequent talk, ways of seeing, more critically reflective even when talking about similar topics. This study offers the field important new options for studying historically challenging-to-evaluate impacts and supports theoretical assertions about the potential of critical pedagogies.
Multiple weak supervision for short text classification
Authors: Chen Li-Ming , Xiu Bao-Xin , Ding Zhao-Yun 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFor short text classification, insufficient labeled data, data sparsity, and imbalanced classification have become three major challenges. For this, we proposed multiple weak supervision, which can label unlabeled data automatically. Different from prior work, the proposed method can generate probabilistic labels through conditional independent model. What’s more, experiments were conducted to verify the effectiveness of multiple weak supervision. According to experimental results on public dadasets, real datasets and synthetic datasets, unlabeled imbalanced short text classification problem can be solved effectively by multiple weak supervision. Notably, without reducingprecision,recall, andF1-scorecan be improved by adding distant supervision clustering, which can be used to meet different application needs.
Low-Cost Strategies to Improve Municipal Solid Waste Management in Developing Countries: Experimental Evidence from Nepal
Authors: Nepal Mani , Karki Nepal Apsara , Khadayat Madan S. , Rai Rajesh K. , Shyamsundar Priya , Somanathan E. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMany cities in developing countries lack adequate drainage and waste management infrastructure. Consequently, city residents face economic and health impacts from flooding and waterlogging, which are aggravated by solid waste infiltrating and blocking drains. City governments have recourse to two strategies to address these problems: a) ‘hard’ infrastructure-related interventions through investment in the expansion of drainage and waste transportation networks; and/or, b) ‘soft’, low-cost behavioural interventions that encourage city residents to change waste disposal practices. This research examines whether behavioural interventions, such as information and awareness raising alongside provision of inexpensive street waste bins, can improve waste management in the city. We undertook a cluster randomized controlled trial study in Bharatpur, Nepal, where one group of households was treated with a soft, low-cost intervention (information and street waste bins) while the control group of households did not receive the intervention. We econometrically compared baseline indicators – perceived neighbourhood cleanliness, household waste disposal methods, and at-source waste segregation – from a pre-intervention survey with data from two rounds of post-intervention surveys. Results from analysing household panel data indicate that the intervention increased neighbourhood cleanliness and motivated the treated households to dispose their waste properly through waste collectors. The intervention, however, did not increase household waste segregation at source, which is possibly because of municipal waste collectors mixing segregated and non-segregated waste during collection. At-source segregation, a pre-requisite for efficiently managing municipal solid waste, may improve if municipalities arrange to collect and manage degradable and non-degradable waste separately.
Construction of a prediction model for drug removal rate in hemodialysis based on chemical structures
Authors: Nishikiori Kousuke , Tanaka Kentaro , Uesawa Yoshihiro 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn designing drug dosing for hemodialysis patients, the removal rate (RR) of the drug by hemodialysis is important. However, acquiring the RR is difficult, and there is a need for an estimation method that can be used in clinical settings. In this study, the RR predictive model was constructed using the RR of known drugs by quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) analysis. Drugs were divided into a model construction drug set (75%) and a model validation drug set (25%). The RR was collected from 143 medicines. The objective variable (RR) and chemical structural characteristics (descriptors) of the drug (explanatory variable) were used to construct a prediction model using partial least squares (PLS) regression and artificial neural network (ANN) analyses. The determination coefficients in the PLS and ANN methods were 0.586 and 0.721 for the model validation drug set, respectively. QSAR analysis successfully constructed dialysis RR prediction models that were comparable or superior to those using pharmacokinetic parameters. Considering that the RR dataset contains potential errors, we believe that this study has achieved the most reliable RR prediction accuracy currently available. These predictive RR models can be achieved using only the chemical structure of the drug. This model is expected to be applied at the time of hemodialysis.Graphic Abstract
Large-scale comparative transcriptomic analysis of temperature-responsive genes in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Sriden Napaporn , Charoensawan Varodom 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Key message
Comparative transcriptomic analysis provides broad and detailed understandings of transcriptional responses to a wide range of temperatures in different plant tissues, and unique regulatory functions of temperature-mediating transcription factors.

Abstract
Climate change poses a great threat to plant diversity and food security. It is thus of necessity to understand the molecular mechanisms for perceiving and responding to adverse temperature changes, to develop the cultivars that are resilient to these environmental stresses. Making use of publicly available datasets, we gathered and re-analyzed 259 individual transcriptomic profiles from 139 unique experiments of Arabidopsis thaliana’s shoot, root, and seedling tissues, subjected to a wide variety of temperature conditions, ranging from freezing, cold, low and high ambient temperatures, to heat shock. Despite the underlying differences in the overall transcriptomic profiles between the plant tissues, we were able to identify distinct sets of genes whose transcription patterns were highly responsive to different types of temperature conditions, some were common among the tissues and some were tissue-specific. Interestingly, we observed that the known temperature-responsive genes such as the heat-shock factor (HSF) family, were up-regulated not only in response to high temperatures, but some of its members were also likely involved in the cold response. By integrating the DNA-binding specificity information of the key temperature transcription factor (TF) HSFA1a, PIF4, and CBFs, we elucidated their distinct DNA-binding patterns to the target genes that showed different transcriptional responses. Taken together, we have comprehensively characterized the transcription patterns of temperature-responsive genes and provided directly testable hypotheses on the regulatory roles of key temperature TFs on the expression dynamics of their target genes.
When Is an Interview an Inter View? The Historical and Recent Development of Methodologies Used to Investigate Children’s Astronomy Knowledge
Authors: Blown Eric J. , Bryce Tom G. K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis paper provides a historical review of the interview research that has been used by science educators to investigate children’s basic astronomy knowledge. A wide range of strategies have been developed over the last 120 years or so as successive teams of researchers have endeavoured to overcome the methodological difficulties that have arisen. Hence, it looks critically at the techniques that have been developed to tackle the problems associated with interviews, questionnaires and tests used to research cognitive development and knowledge acquisition. We examine those methodologies which seem to yield surer indications of how young people (at different ages) understand everyday astronomical phenomena—the field often referred to aschildren’s cosmologies. Theoretical ideas from cognitive psychology, educational instruction and neuroscience are examined in depth and utilised to critique matters such as the importance of subject mastery and pedagogical content knowledge on the part of interviewers; the merits of multi-media techniques; the roles of open-ended vs. structured methods of interviewing; and the need always to recognise the dynamism of memory in interviewees. With illustrations and protocol excerpts drawn from recent studies, the paper points to what researchers might usefully tackle in the years ahead and the pitfalls to be avoided.
Influence of fat-free mass and resting metabolic rate on increased food reinforcement after exercise training
Authors: Pankey Christopher L. , Flack Kyle , Ufholz Kelsey , Johnson LuAnn , Roemmich James N. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPurposeModels of appetite control have been largely based on negative feedback from gut and adipose signaling to central appetite centers. However, contemporary models posit that fat-free mass (FFM) or the energy demand of FFM [i.e., resting metabolic rate (RMR)] may play a primary role in the motivational drive for food intake (i.e., food reinforcement). The relative reinforcing value of food (RRVfood) is associated with energy intake (EI) and increases with an acute energy deficit. Chronic exercise-induced energy deficits lead to alterations in fat mass (FM), FFM, and RMR and provide an opportunity to test whether change in (∆) FM, ∆FFM, ∆usual EI, or ∆RMR are associated with ∆RRVfood.MethodsParticipants (n = 29, BMI = 25–35 kg/m2) engaged in aerobic exercise expending 300 or 600 kcal, 5 days/weeks for 12 weeks. The reinforcing value of food (PMaxfood) was measured via a computer-based operant responding task and RRVfoodwas calculated as the reinforcing value of food relative to non-eating sedentary behaviors. RMR was determined by indirect calorimetry and body composition by DXA.ResultsPost-training FFM correlated with usual post-training EI (rs = 0.41,p < 0.05), PMaxfood(rs=0.52,p < 0.01), and RMR (rs = 0.85,p < 0.0001). ∆RMR negatively correlated with ∆PMaxfood(rs = − 0.38,p < 0.05) and with ∆RRVfood(rs = − 0.37,p < 0.05). ∆PMaxfoodand ∆RRVfoodwere not associated with ∆FFM (p = 0.71,p = 0.57, respectively).ConclusionsReductions in RMR with weight loss may increase food reinforcement as means of restoring FFM and RMR to pre-weight loss amounts. Limiting reductions in RMR during weight loss may benefit weight maintenance by restricting increases in food reinforcement after weight loss.
The Unequal Effects of Social Distancing Policy on Subway Ridership during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Seoul, South Korea
Authors: Ha Jaeyoung , Jo Suyoung , Nam Hee-kyoung , Cho Sung-il 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn the Republic of Korea, social distancing policies relied on voluntary participation by citizens and exhibited short-term changes. In this situation, the effects of such policies varied depending on each community’s capacity to comply. Here, we collected subway ridership data for 294 stations on nine Seoul Metro lines and aggregated the data for each station to the 184 smallest administrative areas. We found that the mean percent change in subway ridership was fitted by an additive model of the log-transformed percent ratio of the restaurant industry (estimated degrees of freedom (EDF) = 3.24, P < 0.001), the Deprivation Index (DI) (EDF = 3.66, P = 0.015), and the proportion of essential workers (β =  − 0.10 (95% confidence interval − 0.15 to − 0.05, P < 0.001). We found a distinct decrease in subway ridership only in the least deprived areas, suggesting that social distancing is costly.
Radiotherapy for HPV-related cancers: prediction of therapeutic effects based on the mechanism of tumor immunity and the application of immunoradiotherapy
Authors: Someya Masanori , Fukushima Yuki , Hasegawa Tomokazu , Tsuchiya Takaaki , Kitagawa Mio , Gocho Toshio , Mafune Shoh , Ikeuchi Yutaro , Kozuka Yoh , Hirohashi Yoshihiko , Torigoe Toshihiko , Iwasaki Masahiro , Matsuura Motoki , Saito Tsuyoshi , Sakata Koh-ichi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHuman papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancer is one of the diseases entities for which the applications of radiotherapy have been increasing. Recently, the process of carcinogenesis from HPV infection and the mechanism of tumor immunity that develops during disease progression have been elucidated. In this review, we will describe the mechanism of tumor immunity and how chemoradiotherapy may overcome and improve the efficacy of tumor immunity. We will also discuss the usefulness of proteins involved with tumor immunity as a predictive marker of radiotherapy response, and present an overview of ongoing clinical trials of combinations of immune checkpoint inhibitors and radiotherapy to demonstrate the promising combination therapy that has been currently emerging.
The missing intangibles: nature’s contributions to human wellbeing through place attachment and social capital
Authors: Yoshida Yuki , Matsuda Hirotaka , Fukushi Kensuke , Takeuchi Kazuhiko , Watanabe Ryugo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCommunities in socio-ecological production landscapes and seascapes are aging and depopulating. While longstanding interdependence of humans and nature in such areas holds crucial hints for sustainable development, they continue to be undervalued by existing economic frameworks. We suspect omission of non-material nature’s contributions to people (NCPs) as a possible reason for this undervaluation and focus on the intangible aspects of human–nature relationships: people’s direct and emotional attachment to their land and interrelationships between close-knit human communities and a thriving natural environment. Field observations on Sado Island, Japan, and literature reviews informed our hypothesis that perceived nature, conceptual human–nature relationships, place attachment, and social relationships contribute to subjective wellbeing. Structural equation modeling of island-wide questionnaire responses confirmed our hypothesis. Nature contributes to wellbeing by enhancing place attachment and social relationships; ecocentrism contributes to greater values of perceived nature. Free-response comments elucidated how local foods and close interpersonal relationships enhance residents’ happiness and good quality of life, as well as how aging and depopulation impact their sense of loneliness. These results lend empirical support to the understanding of human–nature interdependency in socio-ecological production landscapes and seascapes. In assessing their value to local residents and society at large, greater consideration should be given to intangible aspects of human–nature relationships and quality of life.
Surveillance of pine wilt disease by high resolution satellite
Authors: Zhou Hongwei , Yuan Xinpei , Zhou Huanyu , Shen Hengyu , Ma Lin , Sun Liping , Fang Guofei , Sun Hong 
Published: January 2022

AbstractPine wilt disease caused by the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus has led to the death of a large number of pine trees in China. This destructive disease has the characteristics of bring wide-spread, fast onset, and long incubation time. Most importantly, in China, the fatality rate in pines is as high as 100%. The key to reducing this mortality is how to quickly find the infected trees. We proposed a method of automatically identifying infected trees by a convolution neural network and bounding box tool. This method rapidly locates the infected area by classifying and recognizing remote sensing images obtained by high resolution earth observation Satellite. The recognition accuracy of the test data set was 99.4%, and the remote sensing image combined with convolution neural network algorithm can identify and determine the distribution of the infected trees. It can provide strong technical support for the prevention and control of pine wilt disease.
Cholinergic relevant functional reactivity is associated with dopamine responsiveness of tremor in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Wu Jingjing , Zhou Cheng , Guo Tao , Guan Xiaojun , Gao Ting , Bai Xueqin , Wu Haoting , Chen Jingwen , Wen Jiaqi , Liu Xiaocao , Gu Luyan , Song Zhe , Xuan Min , Gu Quanquan , Huang Peiyu , Pu Jiali , Zhang Baorong , Xu Xiaojun , Zhang Minming 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTremor in Parkinson’s disease (PD) has distinct responsiveness to dopamine, which is supposed not be exclusively related to dopamine deficiency but has a close relationship with cholinergic system. This phenomenon indicates that cholinergic system may be an important regulatory for distinct dopamine responsiveness of parkinsonian tremor. Through investigating the alterations of cholinergic and dopaminergic network during levodopa administration, we aimed at exploring the mechanisms of differed dopamine responsiveness of parkinsonian tremor. Fifty-two PD patients with tremor were enrolled. MRI scanning, UPDRS III and its sub-symptom scores were collected in OFF and ON status (dopaminergic challenge test). Then, patients were divided into two groups (dopamine-resistant tremor and dopamine-responsive tremor) according to the tremor change rate median score. Dopaminergic and cholinergic network were obtained. LASSO regression was conducted to identify functional connectivity with distinct reactivity during levodopa administration between groups. Afterwards, detailed group comparisons, interaction and correlation analyses were performed. The reactivity of cholinergic connectivity showed the highest possibility to distinguish two groups, especially connectivity of right basal forebrain 123 to right parietal operculum cortex (R.BF123-R.PO). After levodopa administration, connectivity of R.BF123-R.PO was decreased for dopamine-responsive tremor while which remained unchanged for dopamine-resistant tremor. The reactivity of R.BF123-R.PO was negatively correlated with tremor change rate. Reduced cholinergic connectivity to parietal operculum may be an underlying mechanism for the responsive tremor in PD and the distinct cholinergic reactivity of parietal operculum to levodopa may be a core pathophysiology for the differed DA responsiveness of tremor in PD.
Health risks of adults in Hong Kong related to inhalation of particle-bound heavy metal(loid)s
Authors: Chen Xiaocui , Ward Tony J. , Sarkar Chinmoy , Ho Kin-Fai , Webster Chris 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHeterogeneity between ambient and personal exposure to heavy metals has been documented. However, few studies have investigated potential health risks posed by inhalational exposure to airborne heavy metal(loid)s at the individual level. A total of 404 personal fine particles (PM2.5) samples were collected from 61 adult residents (aged 18–63 years) in Hong Kong during 2014–2015. Heavy metal(loid)s were analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence. Among the analyzed heavy metal(loid)s, zinc (Zn) was the most abundant component in personal PM2.5, followed by lead (Pb), copper (Cu), and vanadium (V); cobalt (Co) and cadmium (Cd) were not detectable. Health risks of personal exposure to heavy metal(loid)s via inhalation were assessed for adults, including non-cancer risks that were characterized by hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI). The results indicated that non-cancer risks of heavy metal(loid)s were attributable to Cu, with a 95th HQ value > 1. Arsenic (As) and hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] were also significant contributors to inhalation cancer risks (> 1 × 10−6) for the adult participants. Finally, we employed a Monte Carlo simulation to evaluate the uncertainty associated with health risk assessment. The mean and median upper-bound lifetime cancer risk associated with inhalation exposure to carcinogenic heavy metal(loid)s exceeded the acceptable level (1 × 10−6) for adults. Traffic emission (including non-tailpipe exhaust), shipping emission, and regional pollution were significant sources of heavy metals. These findings suggest that emission controls targeting local vehicles and vessels should be given priority in Hong Kong.