bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond ‘ása ok álfa’
Authors: Nygaard Simon 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT: In the Poetic Edda, a multitude of understandings and ideas exist concerning the Otherworldly collective known as the álfar (Old Norse pl., sg. álfr). While the understandings are indeed many, they are not arbitrary. There seems to exist what Jens Peter Schjødt has termed a “semantic centre” for a number of “discourses” on the álfar. In this article, I will suggest various discourses of and construct a semantic centre for the álfar though an analysis of the stanzas of the Poetic Edda in which the álfar feature, supported when it is relevant by other Old Norse textual sources. I propose that constructing a semantic centre focusing on death and fertility, and thus viewing the álfar as chthonic beings, will help us make sense of the diversity in the discourses of the álfar in the eddic poems.
RESUME: Der findes en mængde forestillinger i eddadigtningen om den gruppe andenverdensvæsner, der kendes under navnet álfar (norrønt pl., sg. álfr). Forestillingerne er mange, men de er ikke arbitrære. Der synes at eksistere hvad Jens Peter Schjødt kalder et “semantisk centrum” fra hvilket forskellige “diskurser” kan siges at udgå. I denne artikel vil jeg foreslå forskellige diskurser om og konstruere et semantisk centrum for álfar gennem en analyse af de eddastrofer, hvori álfar optræder. Jeg foreslår, at ved at konstruere et semantisk centrum forbundet med død og frugtbarhed og således forbinde álfar med det chthoniske, vil de forskelligartede diskurser om álfar i eddadigtningen give bedre mening.
Association of toll-like receptors single nucleotide polymorphisms with HBV and HCV infection: research status
Authors: Xu Yaxin , Xue Wentao , Gao Hongwei , Cui Jiabo , Zhao Lingzhi , You Chongge 
Published: April 2022

BackgroundHepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections have become increasingly severe worldwide and are a threat to public health. There have been a number of studies conducted recently on the relationship of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to innate immune receptor genes such as toll-like receptors (TLRs). Some literature suggests that SNPs of TLRs are associated with HBV and HCV infection. We summarized the role ofTLRsgene polymorphisms associated with HBV and HCV infections and explored their possible mechanisms of action.MethodologyPubMed and Web of Science were used to perform the literature review. Related articles and references were identified and used to analyze the role ofTLRsgene polymorphism in HBV and HCV infection.ResultsTLRsgene polymorphisms may have beneficial or detrimental effects in HBV and HCV infection, and some SNPs can affect disease progression or prognosis. They affect the disease state by altering gene expression or protein synthesis; however, the mechanism of action is not clearly understood.ConclusionsSingle nucleotide polymorphisms of TLRs play a role in HBV and HCV infection, but the mechanism of action still needs to be explored in future studies.
Baseline Health and Nutritional Parameters of Wild Sand Tigers Sampled in Delaware Bay
Authors: Hoopes Lisa A. , Clauss Tonya , Wetherbee Bradley M. , Fox Dewayne A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Species-specific hematological reference values are essential for diagnosis and treatment of disease and maintaining overall health of animals. This information is lacking for many species of elasmobranchs maintained in zoos and aquaria, thus reducing the effectiveness of care for these animals. Descriptive statistics and reference intervals were calculated for hematocrit and complete blood cell counts, biochemistry and protein electrophoresis parameters, trace minerals, vitamins, heavy metals, reproductive hormones, and fatty acids in the blood of 153 wild Sand Tigers Carcharias taurus of both sexes and a range of sizes caught in Delaware Bay (Delaware, USA). Mean hematocrit, total white blood cell counts, lymphocyte differentials, glucose, phosphorus, amylase, and aspartate aminotransferase levels were significantly higher in juveniles than in adults. Levels of estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, and differences in selenium and eicosapentaenoic acid (a polyunsaturated fatty acid) between males and females suggest that they are important parameters for improving Sand Tiger breeding success in managed care. Finally, blood metal levels for arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury suggest low levels of contaminant exposure for Sand Tigers during their summer residence in Delaware Bay. The results of this study provide baseline health parameters for wild Sand Tigers that will aid in effective maintenance of aquarium animals and contribute to a greater understanding of the biology of these sharks and efforts to accomplish sustainable management of their populations.
Multimode Electron Tomography Sheds Light on Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Complex Metal‐Based Nanoparticles
Authors: Jenkinson Kellie , Liz‐Marzán Luis M. , Bals Sara 
Published: April 2022

AbstractElectron tomography has become a cornerstone technique for the visualization of nanoparticle morphology in three dimensions. However, to obtain in‐depth information about a nanoparticle beyond surface faceting and morphology, different electron microscopy signals must be combined. The most notable examples of these combined signals include annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy (ADF‐STEM) with different collection angles and the combination of ADF‐STEM with energy‐dispersive X‐ray or electron energy loss spectroscopies. Here, the experimental and computational development of various multimode tomography techniques in connection to the fundamental materials science challenges that multimode tomography has been instrumental to overcoming are summarized. Although the techniques can be applied to a wide variety of compositions, the study is restricted to metal and metal oxide nanoparticles for the sake of simplicity. Current challenges and future directions of multimode tomography are additionally discussed.
Flower‐Like Au@CeO2 Core‐Shell Nanospheres as Efficient Photocatalyst for Multicomponent Reaction of Alcohols and Amidines
Authors: Tang Lin , Huang Fei , Xu Dongping , Zhang Xinming , Wang Zhenghua , Zhang Wu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractFlower‐like core‐shell nanospheres (Au@CeO2) were prepared and used as photocatalyst to synthesize 2,4,6‐trisubstituted pyrimidines through the three‐component reaction of primary alcohols, secondary alcohols and benzamidine hydrochlorides with low catalyst loading. A synergistic effect of ceria and gold on the photocatalytic transformation was found, which strongly enhanced the yield of pyrimidines from 58% on Au NPs (6 mg, 3 mol%) up to 97% on Au@CeO2 (6 mg, 0.4 mol%). The catalyst has also been successfully applied to photocatalytic multicomponent reaction for the synthesis of triazine. The Au@CeO2 catalyst shows high photocatalytic activity, good recyclability and wide applicability to diverse substrates.
Success rate of anterior shoulder dislocation reduction by emergency physicians: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Hayashi Minoru , Tanizaki Shinsuke , Nishida Naru , Shigemi Ryo , Nishiyama Chihiro , Tanaka Jyunya , Kano Kenichi , Azuma Hiroyuki , Sera Makoto , Nagai Hideya , Maeda Shigenobu , Ishida Hiroshi 
Published: April 2022

AimEmergency physicians (EPs) often treat anterior shoulder dislocation, but epidemiology of anterior shoulder dislocation in the emergency department of Japan remains unclear. In this study, we clarified the success rate of anterior shoulder reduction performed by EPs.MethodsThis single‐center cohort study included patients with anterior shoulder dislocation for whom the EP performed initial reduction. The period was from January 2006 to March 2021 and we used the electronic medical record data of the tertiary care hospital. Our primary outcome was the success rate of the shoulder reduction performed by EP. The secondary outcome was to compare the success of reduction with the failure of the reduction.ResultsIn total, 293 eligible patients were identified. Of these patients, 244 were included in this study. The success rate of the shoulder reduction performed by EP was 92.2% (225/244). EPs failed in successfully performing reduction in 19 (7.8%) cases of anterior shoulder dislocations. The failure group was older (P = 0.017), had a higher frequency of fall down in the mechanism of dislocation (P = 0.019), used intravenous analgesics more frequently (P = 0.004), used peripheral nerve blocks more frequently (P = 0.006), and had fewer patients who did not use drugs (P = 0.002). We could not perform statical adjustment because the sample size was small.ConclusionThe success rate of the shoulder reduction performed by EPs was 92.2%. Older age might be associated with failure of shoulder reduction.
Cell‐Active, Reversible, and Irreversible Covalent Inhibitors That Selectively Target the Catalytic Lysine of BCR‐ABL Kinase
Authors: Chen Peng , Sun Jie , Zhu Chengjun , Tang Guanghui , Wang Wei , Xu Manyi , Xiang Menghua , Zhang Chong‐Jing , Zhang Zhi‐Min , Gao Liqian , Yao Shao Q. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDespite recent interests in developing lysine‐targeting covalent inhibitors, no general approach is available to create such compounds. We report herein a general approach to develop cell‐active covalent inhibitors of protein kinases by targeting the conserved catalytic lysine residue using key SuFEx and salicylaldehyde‐based imine chemistries. We validated the strategy by successfully developing (irreversible and reversible) covalent inhibitors against BCR‐ABL kinase. Our lead compounds showed high levels of selectivity in biochemical assays, exhibited nanomolar potency against endogenous ABL kinase in cellular assays, and were active against most drug‐resistant ABL mutations. Among them, the salicylaldehyde‐containing A5 is the first‐ever reversible covalent ABL inhibitor that possessed time‐dependent ABL inhibition with prolonged residence time and few cellular off‐targets in K562 cells. Bioinformatics further suggested the generality of our strategy against the human kinome.
Holistic analytical characterization and risk assessment of residual host cell protein impurities in an active pharmaceutical ingredient synthesized by biocatalysts
Authors: Wang Fengqiang , Li Xuanwen , Swanson Michael , Guetschow Erik , Winston Matthew , Smith Joseph P. , Hoyt Erik , Liu Zhijian , Richardson Douglas , Bu Xiaodong , Jawa Vibha , Variankaval Narayan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHost cell proteins (HCPs) are a significant class of process‐related impurities commonly associated with the manufacturing of biopharmaceuticals. However, due to the increased use of crude enzymes as biocatalysts for modern organic synthesis, HCPs can also be introduced as a new class of impurities in chemical drugs. In both cases, residual HCPs need to be adequately controlled to ensure product purity, quality, and patient safety. Although a lot of attentions have been focused on defining a universally acceptable limit for such impurities, the risks associated with residual HCPs on product quality, safety, and efficacy often need to be determined on a case‐by‐case basis taking into consideration the residual HCP profile in the product, the dose, dosage form, administration route, and so forth. Here we describe the unique challenges for residual HCP control presented by the biocatalytic synthesis of an investigational stimulator of interferon genes protein agonist, MK‐1454, which is a cyclic dinucleotide synthesized using Escherichia coli cell lysate overexpressing cyclic GMP–AMP synthase as a biocatalyst. In this study, a holistic characterization of residual protein impurities using a variety of analytical tools including nanoscale liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, together with in silico immunogenicity prediction of identified proteins, facilitated risk assessment and guided process development to achieve adequate removal of residual protein impurities in MK‐1454 active pharmaceutical ingredient.
Ibrutinib as monotherapy versus combination therapy in Chinese patients with relapsed/refractory mantle cell lymphoma: A multicenter study
Authors: Zhang Yuchen , Liu Panpan , Cai Jun , Jing Hongmei , Zou Liqun , Huang Huiqiang , Wu Yuanbin , Li Wenyu , Zhong Liye , Jin Xueli , Ye Xu , Feng Ru , Zhang Huilai , Zhang Liling , Lin Lie , Sun Xiuhua , Tian Yuyang , Xia Zhongjun , Li Zhiming , Huang He , Xia Yi , Cai Qingqing 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundIbrutinib has revolutionized the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL). Both ibrutinib monotherapy and ibrutinib‐based combination therapy are important salvage options for patients with relapsed/refractory (R/R) MCL. The real‐world efficacy and safety profile of the two strategies in Chinese patients with R/R MCL remain unclarified.MethodsIn the present study, data of 121 R/R MCL patients who received either ibrutinib monotherapy (N =68) or ibrutinib combination therapy (N =53) in 13 medical centers in China were retrospectively reviewed.ResultsWith a median follow‐up of 20.5 months, the overall response rate was 60.3% versus 84.9% (p= 0.003), complete remission rate was 16.2% versus 43.4% (p< 0.001), and median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 18.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.1–21.8) vs. 30.8 months (95% CI, 23.5‐NR) (hazard ratio, 0.53 [95% CI, 0.30–0.93];p= 0.025), with ibrutinib monotherapy and ibrutinib‐based combination therapy, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed that patients with male gender, no refractory disease, Ki67 <30%, previous line of therapy = 1, non‐blastoid subtype, and the number of extranodal sites involved <2 might benefits more from the combination therapy. Treatment‐emergent adverse events were similar, except for a higher incidence of all grade neutropenia in the ibrutinib combination group (12.7% vs. 32.0%,p= 0.017).ConclusionsIbrutinib combination therapy demonstrated potentially superior efficacy and comparable tolerability to ibrutinib monotherapy. Ibrutinib‐based combination therapy could be one of the prominent treatment options for R/R MCL patients.
‘Almost everything else goes to the wayside’: Experiences of caseworkers, middle managers and leaders responding to child fatality and near fatality cases
Authors: Garcia Antonio R. , Ibekwe‐Okafor Nneka , Wasch Sarah 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWhile child welfare scholars and caseworkers have acquired a better understanding of risk factors associated with occurrences of child fatalities due to maltreatment over the past 20 years, little is known about the organisational and system‐level characteristics that impact efforts to prevent or intervene in these cases. As part of a collaborative agreement between a university‐affiliated centre and a state child welfare agency, we conducted interviews by phone with 19 case managers, middle managers and regional leaders who were assigned to manage or oversee a near fatality or fatality case. They illuminated five major themes: 1) their perceived stressors and sources of support; 2) client and perpetrator risk factors; 3) system‐level risk and protective factors; 4) case descriptions; and 5) lessons learned. Relying upon their lived experiences, we offer practice and policy recommendations to Child Abuse Review to support their efforts to prevent and respond to child fatality cases. Efforts should be devoted to evaluating strategies to reduce risk for all families before the child welfare system is involved, supporting workers when they are assigned to fatality cases by reducing caseloads and preparing them for the fatality review process, and embracing a culture of collaboration across and within child‐serving systems.Key Practitioner Messages

To respond effectively to child fatality and near fatality cases, child welfare caseworkers and leaders should be assigned fewer cases in the interim, and receive guidance, consultation, and time to prepare for the fatality review process.
Embracing a culture of collaboration across and within child‐serving systems may also prevent fatalities and facilitate an efficient investigative process if/when they do occur.
Constructing High‐Performance Quasi‐Solid‐State Sulfur Cathodes via the Cooperation of Solid Electrolyte Interface and Selenium Doping
Authors: Wang Xumin , Li Shuping , Wu Qiang , Sun Mengjun , Yu Chuang , Xie Jia 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSulfur cathodes with quasi‐solid‐state conversion can prevent the dissolution and diffusion of polysulfides, effectively avoiding the “shuttle effect”. However, sulfur cathodes under quasi‐solid‐state conversion suffer from inferior electrochemical performance, due to unstable solid electrolyte interface (SEI) and intrinsically sluggish reaction kinetics. Herein, the cooperation of a robust SEI and eutectic accelerator Se is employed to improve the performance of quasi‐solid‐state sulfur cathodes. SEI is formed through the nucleophilic reaction in diluted concentrated electrolyte between limited soluble polysulfides/polyselenides and vinylene carbonate, which is robust and displays low SEI resistance. Se doping leads to smaller overpotential, lower charge transport resistance, and superior rate capability and cyclability. The Se doped sulfur cathode delivers a discharge capacity of 3.7 times than the pure sulfur cathode at 1 A g−1 and maintains a capacity retention of 99.4 % after 100 cycles. This work demonstrates an effective strategy to construct quasi‐solid‐state sulfur cathodes for high‐performance metal‐sulfur batteries.
Indole Editing Enabled by HFIP‐Mediated Ring‐Switch Reactions of 3‐Amino‐2‐Hydroxyindolines
Authors: Abe Takumi , Yamashiro Toshiki , Shimizu Kaho , Sawada Daisuke 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis work reports the novel reactivity of hemiaminal as a precursor for indole editing at the multi‐site. The HFIP‐promoted indole editing of indoline hemiaminals affords 2‐arylindoles through a ring‐switch sequence. The key to success of this transformation is to use a cyclic hemiaminal as an α‐amino aldehyde surrogate under transient tautomeric control. This transformation features mild reaction conditions and good yields with broad functional group tolerance. The utility of this transformation is presented through the one‐pot protocol and the synthesis of isocryptolepine.
Lebenszyklusanalyse für Einsteiger
Authors: Sommer Katrin , Krupp Ute , Kath Jan , Toschka Christina , Feesche Jörg , Sauerbrei Johanna , Vahidi Behsad , Walter Aylena , Wilming Hanna 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Lebenszyklusanalyse betrachtet die Umweltauswirkungen von den Rohstoffen über die Herstellung bis zur Entsorgung eines Produktes. Es zeigt sich, dass die Verbraucher bei der Nutzung einen Einfluss auf die Datengrundlage haben. Mit dem vorgestellten didaktischen Konzept sollen Schülerinnen und Schüler am Beispiel eines Flüssigwaschmittels die Lebensphasen einschließlich dem notwendigen fachlichen und fachmethodischen Wissens kennen und ihren Umwelteinfluss beurteilen lernen. Als roter Faden fungiert der ökologische Rucksack, so dass am Ende eine Beurteilung der Umweltauswirkungen durch das Produkt möglich sind. Auf diese Weise wird ein Beitrag zum Erwerb von Bewertungskompetenz im Chemieunterricht geleistet.
A perspective on The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering commemorating its 100th volume: 1929–2021
Authors: Mehrotra Anil K. , Soares João B. P. , Nandakumar Krishnaswamy , Carreau Pierre J. , Epstein Norman , Patience Gregory S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTo celebrate the 100th volume of The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering (CJCE) in 2022, we briefly narrate its history and accomplishments. The CJCE's journey began in 1929 with the launch of the Canadian Journal of Research (CJR), which transformed to the Canadian Journal of Technology (CJT) in 1951, and finally to its present name in 1957 as the flagship publication of the Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering (CSChE). Using statistical data and keywords mined from Clarivate's Web of Science (WoS) together with manual searches of the articles published in the CJR and CJT, we describe how the scope of chemical engineering has continued to evolve, over the past 90+ years, in becoming ever more multifaceted. Chemical engineering encompasses traditional areas, such as polymers, thermodynamics, transport phenomena, transfer and separation processes, reactor design, energy conversion, process simulation and control, and environmental science; however, it has been expanding to include biotechnology, biomedical, food processing, novel composite materials, nanotechnology, renewable/green energy, CO2 capture and transformation, and numerical techniques like neural networks, artificial intelligence, discrete element methods, etc. Like all scientific journals, the growth and success of the CJCE are attributed to the commitment of its contributing authors. We recognize and celebrate the contributions of several prominent Canadian and international researchers, who published their articles in the CJCE. With a number of new initiatives launched in the last decade, we foresee continued improvements in the stature of the CJCE as a top‐ranked journal for publishing impactful research, leading to advancements in chemical sciences and engineering.
On the Durability of Protective Titania Coatings on High‐Voltage Spinel Cathodes
Authors: Østli Elise R. , Ebadi Mahsa , Tesfamhret Yonas , Mahmoodinia Mehdi , Lacey Matthew J. , Brandell Daniel , Svensson Ann Mari , Selbach Sverre M. , Wagner Nils P. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTiO2‐coating of LiNi0.5‐xMn1.5+xO4 (LNMO) by atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been studied as a strategy to stabilize the cathode/electrolyte interface and mitigate transition metal (TM) ion dissolution. The TiO2 coatings were found to be uniform, with thicknesses estimated to 0.2, 0.3, and 0.6 nm for the LNMO powders exposed to 5, 10, and 20 ALD cycles, respectively. While electrochemical characterization in half‐cells revealed little to no improvement in the capacity retention neither at 20 nor at 50 °C, improved capacity retention and coulombic efficiencies were demonstrated for the TiO2‐coated LNMO in LNMO||graphite full‐cells at 20 °C. This improvement in cycling stability could partly be attributed to thinner cathode electrolyte interphase on the TiO2‐coated samples. Additionally, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy revealed a thinner solid electrolyte interphase on the graphite electrode cycled against TiO2‐coated LNMO, indicating retardation of TM dissolution by the TiO2‐coating.
Current Advances in the Sustainable Conversion of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural into 2,5‐Furandicarboxylic Acid
Authors: Totaro Grazia , Sisti Laura , Marchese Paola , Colonna Martino , Romano Angela , Gioia Claudio , Vannini Micaela , Celli Annamaria 
Published: April 2022

Abstract2,5‐Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is currently considered one of the most relevant bio‐sourced building blocks, representing a fully sustainable competitor for terephthalic acid as well as the main component in green polymers such as poly(ethylene 2,5‐furandicarboxylate) (PEF). The oxidation of biobased 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) represents the most straightforward approach to obtain FDCA, thus attracting the attention of both academia and industries, as testified by Avantium with the creation of a new plant expected to produce 5000 tons per year. Several approaches allow the oxidation of HMF to FDCA. Metal‐mediated homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, metal‐free catalysis, electrochemical approaches, light‐mediated procedures, as well as biocatalytic processes share the target to achieve FDCA in high yield and mild conditions. This Review aims to give an up‐to‐date overview of the current developments in the main synthetic pathways to obtain FDCA from HMF, with a specific focus on process sustainability.