bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Power势力
Authors: Gill Bates 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on China’s pursuit of hard power and how it exercises that power through economic leverage and military coercion. This chapter details numerous specific examples to show how China employs its growing economic and military strength to shape the choices of others in directions that are more aligned with the People’s Republic of China’s interests and ambitions. These examples include embargoes and other punitive economic measures, economic inducements and assistance, muscle-flexing and shows of force by the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), and an expanding PLA presence around China’s periphery and farther afield. The chapter also argues that, under Xi Jinping, Chinese leaders have increasingly embraced economic and military coercion as valuable instruments in pursuit of foreign policy interests and will likely use these tools even more actively in the years ahead.
Ideas思想
Authors: Gill Bates 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 focuses on how, under Xi Jinping, the use of ideas, influence, and images to persuade others to favor the People’s Republic of China’s interests has become an essential and increasingly well-resourced element of China’s foreign relations. The chapter details how Beijing seeks to build up its “international narrative [or discourse] power,” with a particular focus on three Party organizations—the Central United Front Work Department, the Central Propaganda Department, and the Central International Liaison Department—which have the dissemination of officially approved ideas and information to overseas audiences as a crucial part of their mission. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the “big ideas” that Xi Jinping seeks to promote on the world stage and argues that, because of China’s greater power and presence, its ideas have greater potential to transform the norms and practices of the international system in ways that are more conducive to PRC interests.
Perspectival modelling as modelling possibilities
Authors: Massimi Michela 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers a positive view of perspectival modelling and its role in delivering important modal knowledge about the target system. It makes a ground-clearing distinction between non-perspectival and perspectival varieties of model pluralism, to avoid ambiguities and confusion about where exactly to locate perspectivism in the debate about model pluralism. It argues that perspectivism captures a subset of model pluralism where models are best characterized as exploratory. But in what sense are perspectival models exploratory? The main line is that perspectival models are fruitful when we want to explore what is possible (instead of representing-as-mapping what is actual). To illustrate this simple point with plenty of details, this chapter paves the way to three subsequent chapters that delve into three case studies in nuclear physics (chapter 4.a), climate science (chapter 4.b), and developmental psychology (chapter 4.c). These three case studies illustrate a number of aspects about perspectival modelling, to which I return in Chapter 5: their acting as inferential blueprints; their inviting us to physically conceive some scenario so as to make modal claims; and the semantic nature of the inferences at play behind those modal claims. The upshot of this chapter 4 is to argue that perspectival modelling is an important exploratory variety of model pluralism that proves effective to model possibilities.
From data to phenomena
Authors: Massimi Michela 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis chapter takes the first step in clarifying the ontology of nature that perspectival realism licenses. It begins by identifying main insights from three philosophical traditions: the empirical roots of scientific knowledge; its modal nature; and its pertaining to us as epistemic agents. A perspectival realist is committed to all three. It then goes back to Bogen and Woodward’s distinction between data and phenomena, and presents the ‘evidential inference problem’: under what distinctively epistemic grounds do data provide evidence that a particular phenomenon is real? It shows how by understanding phenomena along new lines here proposed, the evidential inference problem gets dissolved. It argues that a satisfactory answer to the evidential inference problem is not within easy reach of either stringent empiricism or metaphysically rich dispositional versions of realism. And it explains the perspectival realist answer to the evidential inference problem. Such an answer is articulated first via a brief survey of recent trends in philosophy of science and philosophy of physics that go in a kindred direction to the one that is advocated here. The chapter proposes a phenomena-first approach to ontology that is spelled out in terms of stable events, modally robust phenomena, and perspectival data-to-phenomena inferences.
Introduction
Authors: Waksman Steve 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Live music matters because of the depth and intensity of experience that it projects to its audiences; because of the ways in which it instantiates deeply held values shared by a wide swathe of the listening public—or deeply held values that become the basis for conflict between one constituency and another; because it has served as one of the primary means according to which people have come together in collective enjoyment. It also matters because it has served as one of the driving engines in the business of music and the industrialization of music production. Live Music in America places all of these factors in the foreground at different times, viewing performers, audiences, media commentators, and a variety of live music producers (promoters, agents, sound and stage technicians) as central players who have shaped what live music means and how it has evolved. This introduction explores the historical character of the term “live music” and the qualities of “liveness” that constitute musical performance as a distinct sort of cultural practice, emphasizing the central place of live music in the public life of the US.
Staging the Spiritual
Authors: Waksman Steve 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Fisk Jubilee Singers played an integral role in making the black spiritual into a publicly recognized genre of song. They were also the first African American singing group to become widely recognized outside the context of blackface minstrelsy. With the emergence of the Jubilee Singers, and their extensive concert tours throughout the US and Europe during the decade of the 1870s, black music became dramatically repositioned as an element of American public life. This is not to say that the Fisk Singers escaped the legacy of minstrelsy in one fell swoop. Blackface performance remained very much a part of the cultural environment in which the Jubilee Singers dwelled. Nonetheless, the Fisk Jubilee Singers in their performances and their wider touring endeavors demonstrated and typified a new mobility among African Americans that was both literal and figurative. Furthermore, the Singers exemplify the status accorded to music in the years after the Civil War as a potential source of reconciliation and a voice of conscience against the continued specter of violence and racial reaction, most evident in their performances at the massive 1872 World Peace Jubilee organized by bandmaster Patrick Gilmore.
Culture High and Low
Authors: Waksman Steve 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The move of jazz into the concert hall was more than an effort to provoke a shift in the music’s standing from “low” to “high.” Observed over the long term, the period from the mid-1920s to the mid-1940s, from the time of Paul Whiteman’s “Experiment” to the further consolidation of the jazz concert with the advent of Norman Granz’s Jazz at the Philharmonic, saw substantial reconfiguration of the “highbrow”/“lowbrow” divide in American musical culture. To fully grasp the nature of this historical moment requires a wide-angle lens of the sort that has largely been lacking in scholarship on jazz and American classical music alike, to comprehend how changes in the one area laid the groundwork for changes in the other. During these same years American classical music underwent major transformations of its own directed toward the goal of building the largest possible audience for American concert music. When classical music of the time is viewed not through the efforts of major composers and their works but through the efforts of concert promoters, booking agencies, and media outlets seeking to sell the music to the public at large, the separation between art and commerce that “highbrow” musical values have long sought to uphold withers away. For jazz to make its move into the world of concert music then begins to appear as a move toward, not away from, a mass audience.
Other Approaches
Authors: Miller Scott A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses three topics. Most theory-of-mind research has focused on mental states, and thus understanding of beliefs, desires, emotions, and so forth. Mental states, however, are not the only mental content of interest; rather such states both follow from and lead to mental actions (thinking, guessing, inferring, etc.). The first section of the chapter discusses knowledge of mental actions. The second section addresses beliefs about the targets for mental state attributions, with a focus on both general status variables (e.g., age, gender, culture) and specific familiarity as possible determinants of response. Also considered is work on so-called extraordinary minds—specifically, beliefs about God and beliefs about robots. Finally, the concluding section of the chapter discusses what children believe about mind and brain and the relation between the two concepts.
Social (Investment) Partners?
Authors: Durazzi Niccolo , Geyer Leonard 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The chapter develops a framework to study trade unions’ preferences toward social investment policies and their likely impact on social investment policymaking. The framework suggests that unions’ preferences for and impact on social investment policies depend on a set of micro-level features (i.e., the composition of union membership), meso-level characteristics (i.e., unions’ organizational characteristics), and macro-level relationships between unions and governments. Combining these three analytical levels, the chapter proposes four ideal-typical “contexts” characterized by different expected preferences for and impact on social investment policy. Case studies of Austria, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom are employed to illustrate the framework. Altogether the chapter shows that where unions are centralized and encompassing and enjoy institutionalized involvement in policymaking, they are protagonists in the development of social investment policies. Where, on the other hand, these conditions are partly or entirely missing, unions tend to take a more skeptical—or even antagonistic—position.
“In the Tub of Diogenes”
Authors: Smith Eric C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Because of his controversial, contrarian individualism, John Leland spent his final decades marginalized from Baptist and evangelical life in America. The antebellum period was a golden age of evangelical expansion and organization in America, a day of unprecedented numerical growth, institution-building, and cultural influence. But Leland aggressively opposed the evangelical alliance of moral crusader Lyman Beecher. He saw in Beecher’s “moral societies” yet another attempt by New England elites to gain social control, wed the church and the state, and suppress individual consciences. He was particularly vocal in his opposition to Sunday mail legislation. Leland also criticized the denomination-building Baptists of the era, especially their efforts at missions fundraising and the establishment of educational institutions. Leland was one of the most prominent voices in a dissident grassroots movement against organized, denominational Christianity in antebellum America, and became a guiding spirit for the Primitive Baptists.
Belief, Credibility, and Credulity across Time and Space
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the effects that credibility had on the history and geography of the early modern Catholic Church, as its leaders tried to balance their increasingly global missionary ambitions with their increasingly pronounced attention to historical and documentary authenticity. This chapter focuses on the story and afterlife of two seventeenth-century Jesuit missionaries, Marcello Mastrilli and Giulio Mancinelli. Both of them at one point were the object of so much devotion that the Jesuit superiors thought of them as plausible candidates for canonization (and, in the case of Mancinelli, a formal canonization process was actually initiated); by the end of the seventeenth century, the Roman Curia regarded them with suspicion, if not outright hostility. This chapter argues that the reasons for this shift lie in the newfound centrality of credibility.
Conclusion
Authors: Tutino Stefania 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides some reflections on the significance of this book both for the study of early modern Catholicism and for our current moral and epistemological situation. The previous chapters have shown the difficulties that the intellectual and institutional leaders of the Roman Church faced when trying to assess the role of credibility in the process of embracing faith. This was a difficult task, because relying too much on credibility would have meant denying any space for the supernatural intervention of God’s grace and opening oneself up to all sorts of doubts; relying too little on credibility would have meant indulging in and encouraging credulity and thus becoming vulnerable to superstition. This difficulty was not due to early modern dogmatism; it is part and parcel of the human condition, in which knowing always exists alongside with, and never takes the place of, believing.
Recoding Power
Authors: Rothstein Sidney A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This book outlines tactics that workers can use to build power in the current episode of economic transition. As rich capitalist democracies increasingly embrace digital transformation as a strategy to drive economic growth, policymakers have dismantled labor’s traditional power-resources—especially institutions for social protection and the unions that support and enforce them—leaving workers on their own to defend against rising economic inequality and spreading precarity. Moreover, with the ascendance of financialization, managers have adopted the discourse of market fundamentalism, which is particularly effective at persuading workers that building power is impossible. Recoding Power draws on four in-depth case studies of mass layoffs at tech firms in the United States and Germany to show how workers can develop creative tactics to “recode” management’s discursive techniques for control, transforming them from obstacles into resources for collective action. When workers put workplace discourse at the center of their tactics for mobilizing, they can develop the strategic capacity and economic leverage necessary to defend against the threat of job loss. Foregrounding workers’ lived experiences in the workplace, Recoding Power develops an account of actually existing digital transformation that illustrates how the path of capitalist development is shaped not by economic necessity, but by political creativity.
Counterhegemonic Tactics
Authors: Rothstein Sidney A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 6 traces how workers at Siemens saved thousands of jobs by mobilizing against layoffs. Similar to the other cases, management established market fundamentalism as hegemonic in the workplace, framing employment conditions as determined by markets. In contrast to the other cases, however, organizers at Siemens developed counterhegemonic tactics to recode management’s discourse, which allowed them to attribute employment conditions to factors within workers’ control and to do so in a discourse that workers found credible. Workers at Siemens mobilized because they believed that collective action could be effective in protecting their jobs. In the end, they were right. In addition to making mobilization possible, workers at Siemens made it effective by enforcing national institutions in order to make job cuts prohibitively expensive, thereby forcing management to rescind layoffs.
In the Shadow of the French Revolution, 1788–1815
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The European wars following the French Revolution drew a reluctant United States into conflicts with Great Britain and France. While the Federalist Party, whose presidents were George Washington and John Adams, generally sought to conciliate the European powers, the republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, took a more confrontational approach. Jefferson imposed an embargo on American exports and Madison presided over the War of 1812 with Great Britain. The war ended in 1815, after the British had invaded the United States, with no significant changes to the pre-war status quo. During this period the United States also expanded the territory under its control through the Louisiana Purchase.
The Contest of Systems, 1945–1953
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The United States and the Soviet Union, allies during World War II, became rivals in the half decade following that war’s end. The Soviet imposition of communist rule on the countries of Eastern Europe played a major part in beginning what came to be known as the Cold War. That conflict pitted against each other two countries with radically different political and economic systems, both armed with nuclear weapons, that opposed each other around the world. The outbreak of the Korean War in 1950 made the conflict a military as well as a political and economic one for the United States and spread it to East Asia. It involved the United States in almost four years of fighting.
The New World Order, 1990–2001
Authors: Mandelbaum Michael 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The United States emerged from the Cold War with no serious rivals, an unprecedented circumstance. It used its unchallenged power to form and lead a coalition that evicted Iraq from neighboring Kuwait, which Iraq had invaded. The American government sent military forces to Somalia, Haiti, Bosnia, and Kosovo in an effort to rescue distressed people and promote American values, a policy that became known as humanitarian intervention. During these years the United States relied on the ongoing process of international economic integration, known as globalization, to foster peace and prosperity around the world. By expanding its European alliance system, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), while excluding Russia from it, the Clinton administration alienated the Russians. It also tried but failed to promote a political settlement between Israel and the Palestinians.
Eco-Warriors
Authors: Caradonna Jeremy L. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter skips ahead to the Post-War period and explores the connections between the environmental movement and sustainability. The argument is that the modern environmental movement fundamentally reshaped and reoriented sustainability, and was much influenced by environmental scientists, from Rachel Carson and Barry Commoner, to Paul Ehrlich and David Suzuki. The chapter also shows how the concerns of sustainability filtered into policy, academia, political parties, and mainstream culture.
Eco-Nomics
Authors: Caradonna Jeremy L. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the formation of ecological economics in the 1960s and 1970s, which became the foundation of the modern economics of sustainability. The chapter focuses on leading thinkers, groups, and works in this period, including the influential writings of Herman Daly and the Club of Rome, which were central to the "limits to growth" debate. The main argument is that modern sustainability is heavily indebted to this new branch of economics, which began with assumptions about biophysical limits and argued that a growth-oriented economy and society would eventually bump up against catastrophe. This chapter is the most comprehensive summary of the early history of ecological economics in press, and explains in detail the problematic assumptions of neoclassical economics regarding growth, technology, and the natural world.
Bank Resistance to Institutionalizing Accountability as Justice
Authors: Park Susan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Once norms were established, bank management engaged in strategies to avoid it. The banks acquiesced in accepting the periodic reviews of the accountability mechanisms but they avoided the norm by designing highly technical mechanisms that were difficult to access. The Banks provided ceremonial information in response to investigations and often failed to enact remedies. All the banks would defy the norm by denying that their operations led to harm. The banks would also circumvent the investigation process. In more extreme cases bank management would undertake manipulation by seeking to influence the criteria on which they were being investigated, control staff, and pressure people not to make claims. Member states oversaw the mechanisms through periodic reviews. The contentiousness of the reviews varied across the banks. The chapter documents US interventions to defend accountability as justice in egregious cases using its power of the purse, vote, and voice.
Challenging the Violence of the State through a Movement to End Poverty
Authors: Theoharis Liz , Sandweiss-Back Noam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses how America's recent history is bloodied with examples of how government positions create unlivable conditions for the poor in the richest country in the world that are nothing less than violence of the highest order. After the Great Recession of 2008, the very speculators and financial institutions that were responsible for the devastating crash were bailed out by the Obama administration, and twelve years later, in March 2020, the Federal Reserve materialized over a trillion dollars to buoy Wall Street in the days immediately following the COVID-19 shutdown. Meanwhile, the U.S. government offered threadbare and temporary support to most citizens and completely locked out millions in undocumented communities, homeless encampments, prisons, and more. Indeed, the poor, minority, and marginalized communities have suffered the most. Notably, the suffering comes in two forms: from the disease and from a shredded social safety net, seemingly designed to bail out only the wealthiest. Nonviolent mass social awakening, the chapter contends, is the only way these systems of violence can be undone.
From Righteous to Responsive
Authors: Neufeldt Reina C. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates how individual unwillingness to examine core values can provide unmerited justification for certain policies and prevent important and thoughtful deliberation with affected parties. It offers several recommendations for promoting ethical reflection and humility in peacebuilding, which in turn can democratize leadership opportunities. In particular, the chapter proposes an “action-reflection” model to help peacebuilding practitioners think clearly and ethically about the implications of their good interventions. Critical self-reflection along these lines is also necessary within peacebuilding organizations, especially if these organizations want to avoid falling into patterns that have been shown to limit individual members' ability to reflect ethically. This includes, for example, groupthink scenarios and a focus on procedures and process over substantive outcomes. Without a mechanism for such action-reflection, it becomes exceedingly difficult for the peacebuilder to avoid co-optation, to balance donor demands with local integrity, or to decide how to formulate, prioritize, and change goals in shifting contexts.