bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Femtosecond multidimensional spectroscopy with multiple repetition-frequency-stabilized lasers: tutorial
Authors: Kim JunWoo , Jeon Jonggu , Yoon Tai Hyun , Cho Minhaeng 
Published: February 2022

Time-resolved multidimensional spectroscopy is an advanced spectroscopic technique that can be used to study the molecular structure and dynamics of chromophores in condensed phases by probing multiple resonances of chemical and biophysical systems. To achieve such a multidimensional measurement, the nonlinear optical response of materials should be measured for varying time delays between multiple optical pulses. Inevitably, the data acquisition time dramatically increases with the number of dimensions and the length of each time-delay scan. Therefore, technical breakthroughs toward improved data acquisition rates and time resolutions have long been sought for more versatile and extensive use of coherent multidimensional spectroscopy. Here, we present a tutorial description of the concepts and methods of coherent multidimensional spectroscopy with multiple repetition-frequency-stabilized lasers. Pulse trains from two lasers with slightly different repetition frequencies enable an asynchronous optical sampling (ASOPS), i.e., an automatic scan of the time delay between the pulses. By combining mechanical delay lines for interferometric pulse-pair generation and signal field detection with an incoherent ASOPS scheme for probing slow population dynamics of chromophores in condensed phases, we show that the dynamic range of time-delay scan and data acquisition speed for coherent multidimensional spectroscopy could be dramatically enhanced. In this tutorial paper, we summarize the current developments in this and related research areas, and provide perspectives on all optically controlled multidimensional spectroscopy with multiple synchronized lasers.
Selective neurodegeneration of the hippocampus caused by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion: F-18 FDG PET study in rats
Authors: Lee Jung-In , Lim Ji Sun , Hong Jeong-Ho , Kim Shin , Lee Sang-Woo , Ji Hyun Dong , Won Kyoung Sook , Song Bong-Il , Kim Hae Won 
Published: February 2022

Background
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is known to induce Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology, but its mechanism remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify the cerebral regions that are affected by CCH, and to evaluate the development of AD pathology in a rat model of CCH.

Methods
A rat model of CCH was established by bilaterally ligating the common carotid arteries in adult male rats (CCH group). The identical operations were performed on sham rats without arteries ligation (control group). Regional cerebral glucose metabolism was evaluated at 1 and 3 months after bilateral CCA ligation using positron emission tomography with F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose. The expression levels of amyloid β40 (Aβ40), amyloid β42 (Aβ42), and hyperphosphorylated tau were evaluated using western blots at 3 months after the ligation. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Y-maze test at 3 months after the ligation.

Results
At 1 month after the ligation, cerebral glucose metabolism in the entorhinal, frontal association, motor, and somatosensory cortices were significantly decreased in the CCH group compared with those in the control group. At 3 months after the ligation, cerebral glucose metabolism was normalized in all regions except for the anterodorsal hippocampus, which was significantly decreased compared with that of the control group. The expression of Aβ42 and the Aβ42/40 ratio were significantly higher in the CCH group than those in the control group. The phosphorylated-tau levels of the hippocampus in the CCH group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Cognitive function was more impaired in the CCH group than that in the control group.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that CCH causes selective neurodegeneration of the anterodorsal hippocampus, which may be a trigger point for the development of AD pathology.
Socioeconomic status and ADL disability of the older adults: Cumulative health effects, social outcomes and impact mechanisms
Authors: Liu Huan , Wang Meng 
Published: February 2022

Introduction
Socioeconomic status (SES) is one of the important indicators affecting individual’s social participation and resource allocation, and it also plays an important role in the health shock of individuals. Faced by the trend of aging society, more and more nations across the world began to pay attention to prevent the risk of health shock of old adults.

Methods
Based on the data of China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) in 2013, 2015 and 2018, this study uses path analysis and ologit model to empirically estimate the effects of SES and health shock on the activities of daily living (ADL) disability of old adults.

Results
As a result, first, it was found that SES has significant impact on the disability of old adults. Specifically, economic conditions (income) plays dominant role. Economic status affects the risk of individual disability mainly through life security and health behavior. Secondly, SES significantly affecting health shock, with education and economic status showing remarkable impact, and there is an apparent group inequality. Furthermore, taking high education group as reference, the probability of good sight or hearing ability of the low education group was only 49.76% and 63.29% of the high education group, respectively, while the rates of no pain and severe illness were 155.50% and 54.69% of the high education group. At last, the estimation of path effect of SES on ADL disability indicates evident group inequality, with health shock plays critical mediating role.

Conclusions
SES is an important factor influencing residents’ health shock, and health shocks like cerebral thrombosis and cerebral hemorrhage will indirectly lead to the risk of individual ADL disability. Furthermore, among the multi-dimensional indicators of SES, individual income and education are predominant factors affecting health shock and ADL disability, while occupation of pre-retirement have little impact.
Microdialysis and CO2 sensors detect pancreatic ischemia in a porcine model
Authors: Rydenfelt Kristina , Strand-Amundsen Runar , Horneland Rune , Hødnebø Stina , Kjøsen Gisle , Pischke Søren Erik , Tønnessen Tor Inge , Haugaa Håkon 
Published: February 2022

Background
Pancreatic transplantation is associated with a high rate of early postoperative graft thrombosis. If a thrombosis is detected in time, a potentially graft-saving intervention can be initiated. Current postoperative monitoring lacks tools for early detection of ischemia. The aim of this study was to investigate if microdialysis and tissue pCO2 sensors detect pancreatic ischemia and whether intraparenchymal and organ surface measurements are comparable.

Methods
In 8 anaesthetized pigs, pairs of lactate monitoring microdialysis catheters and tissue pCO2 sensors were simultaneously inserted into the parenchyma and attached to the surface of the pancreas. Ischemia was induced by sequential arterial and venous occlusions of 45-minute duration, with two-hour reperfusion after each occlusion. Microdialysate was analyzed every 15 minutes. Tissue pCO2 was measured continuously. We investigated how surface and parenchymal measurements correlated and the capability of lactate and pCO2 to discriminate ischemic from non-ischemic periods.

Results
Ischemia was successfully induced by arterial occlusion in 8 animals and by venous occlusion in 5. During all ischemic episodes, lactate increased with a fold change of 3.2–9.5 (range) in the parenchyma and 1.7–7.6 on the surface. Tissue pCO2 increased with a fold change of 1.6–3.5 in the parenchyma and 1.3–3.0 on the surface. Systemic lactate and pCO2 remained unchanged.
The area under curve (AUC) for lactate was 0.97 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93–1.00) for parenchymal and 0.90 (0.83–0.97) for surface (p<0.001 for both). For pCO2 the AUC was 0.93 (0.89–0.96) for parenchymal and 0.85 (0.81–0.90) for surface (p<0.001 for both). The median correlation coefficients between parenchyma and surface were 0.90 (interquartile range (IQR) 0.77–0.95) for lactate and 0.93 (0.89–0.97) for pCO2.

Conclusions
Local organ monitoring with microdialysis and tissue pCO2 sensors detect pancreatic ischemia with adequate correlation between surface and parenchymal measurements. Both techniques and locations seem feasible for further development of clinical pancreas monitoring.
Sex-related differences on the risks of in-hospital and late outcomes after acute aortic dissection: A nationwide population-based cohort study
Authors: Chen Fang-Ting , Chou An-Hsun , Chan Yi‐Hsin , Wu Victor Chien-Chia , Lin Chia-Pin , Hung Kuo-Chun , Chu Pao-Hsien , Cheng Yu-Ting , Chen Shao-Wei 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveThe aim of this study is to evaluate the sex-related differences on the risks of perioperative and late outcomes for adult acute aortic dissection (AAD) patients following surgical management.Methods and resultsBy using Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, totally 1,410 female and 3,432 male patients were identified to first-ever receive type A AAD open surgery or type B AAD stenting treatment from 2004 to 2013. We assessed the sex-related difference on outcomes, including in-hospital mortality, all-cause mortality, aortic death, redo aortic surgery, ischemic stroke, and depression during the follow-up period. The analysis was done separately for type A and type B surgeries.ResultsOn average, female patients diagnosed with AAD were older than males. There was no significant sex difference of in-hospital mortality or all-cause mortality for both type A open and type B stent surgeries. The risk of redo aortic surgery was significantly greater in males than females (7.8% vs. 4%; unadjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] 0.51, 95% CI 0.38–0.69) for type A open surgery, but not for type B stent surgery. Noticeably, the risk of newly-diagnosed depression was significantly greater in females than males (8% vs. 5.1%; unadjusted SHR 1.6, 95% CI 1.24–2.06) for type A open surgery, but not for type B stent surgery.ConclusionsNo significant sex-related difference was found for the in-hospital mortality or accumulative all-cause mortality. However, there were more redo aortic surgeries for males and more postoperative depression for females in type A AAD population.
Individual and contextual factors affect the implementation fidelity of youth-friendly services, northwest Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis
Authors: Habitu Yohannes Ayanaw , Biks Gashaw Andargie , Worku Abebaw Gebeyehu , Gelaye Kassahun Alemu 
Published: February 2022

Background
The evaluation of all potential determinants of implementation fidelity of Youth-Friendly Services (YFS) is crucial for Ethiopia. Previous studies overlooked investigating the determinants at different levels. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the determinants of implementation fidelity of YFS considering individual and contextual levels.

Methods
This study was conducted among 1,029 youths, from 11 health centers that are implementing the YFS in Central Gondar Zone. Data were collected by face to face interview and facility observation using a semi-structured questionnaire. A Bivariable multi-level mixed effect modelling was employed to assess the main determinants. Four separate models were fitted to reach the full model. The fitness of the model was assessed using Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and level of significance was declared at p-values < 0.05. The results of fixed effects were presented as adjusted odds ratio (AOR) at their 95% CI.

Results
Four hundred one (39.0%) of the respondents got the YFS with high level of fidelity. Had high level of involvement in the YFS provision (AOR = 1.35, 95% CI: 1.15, 1.57), knew any peer educator trained in YFS (AOR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.36, 1.86), and involved as a peer educator (AOR = 1.46, 95% CI: 1.24, 1.71), were the individual level determinants. Whereas, got capacity building training; (AOR = 1.93, 95% CI (1.12, 3.48), got supportive supervision, (AOR 2.85, 95% CI (1.99, 6.37), had a separate waiting room (AOR = 9.84, 95%CI: 2.14, 17.79), and system in place to provide continuous support to staff (AOR = 2.81, 95%CI: 1.25, 6.34) were the contextual level determinants.

Conclusions
The level of implementation fidelity remains low. Both individual and contextual level determinants affect the implementation fidelity of YFS. Therefore, policy makers, planners, managers and YFS providers could consider both individual and contextual factors to improve the implementation fidelity.
Rural-Urban differentials in prevalence, spectrum and determinants of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in North Indian population
Authors: Asadullah Md , Shivashankar Roopa , Shalimar  , Kandasamy Devasenathipathy , Kondal Dimple , Rautela Garima , Peerzada Ariba , Grover Bhanvi , Amarchand Ritvik , Nayak Baibaswata , Sharma Raju , Ramakrishnan Lakshmy , Prabhakaran Dorairaj , Krishnan Anand , Tandon Nikhil 
Published: February 2022

BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a spectrum of disease ranging from simple steatosis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), through to advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. We assessed the prevalence, spectrum, and determinants of NAFLD among adults in urban and rural North India.MethodsA representative sample of adults aged 30–60 years were recruited from urban Delhi and rural Ballabhgarh during 2017–2019. Participants underwent abdominal ultrasonography (USG) and vibration controlled transient elastography (VCTE) with FibroScan to assess fatty liver and fibrosis, respectively. We estimated the age- and sex-standardised prevalence of NAFLD and its spectrum. The factors associated with ‘ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD’ were identified using multivariate logistic regression.ResultsA total of 828 urban (mean ± SD age: 45.5 ± 8.0 years; women: 52.7%) and 832 rural (mean ± SD age: 45.1 ± 7.9 years; women: 62.4%) participants were recruited. The age- and sex-standardized prevalence of ultrasound-diagnosed NAFLD was 65.7% (95%CI: 60.3–71.2) in the urban and 61.1% (55.8–66.5) in the rural areas, respectively. The prevalence of NAFLD with elevated alanine transaminase (≥40IU/L) was 23.2% (19.8–26.6), and 22.5% (19.0–26.0) and any fibrosis by liver stiffness measurement on transient elastography (≥6.9 kPa) was 16.5% (13.8–19.8) and 5.2% (3.8–6.7) in urban and rural participants, respectively. In both urban and rural areas, diabetes, central obesity and insulin resistance were significantly associated with NAFLD.ConclusionNAFLD prevalence was high among rural and urban North Indian adults, including fibrosis or raised hepatic enzymes. The strong association of metabolic determinants confirms its linkage with metabolic syndrome.
Hirigune historikoen babesa klima-aldaketaren aurrean: arriskua neurtzeko metodologiak
Authors: Quesada Ganuza Laura , Garmendia Leire , Álvarez Irantzu , Briz Estibaliz , Villaverde Ane 
Published: February 2022

Artikulu honetan hirigune historikoetarako klima–aldaketarekin erlazionatutako arriskuen ebaluaziorako metodologiei buruzko egungo literaturaren berrikuspen sistematiko eta kritikoa egiten da. Horretarako, gaur egungo literaturaren azterketa sakona egin da Web of Science eta Scopus datu-baseetan, klima-aldaketaren eta ondoriozko muturretako gertaeren eraginpean dagoen kultura-ondarearen kalteberatasun eta arrisku ebaluazio metodologiak identifikatu eta ezaugarritzeko. Etorkizunean zuzendu beharreko metodologien ezaugarriak eta ezagutza-hutsune nagusiak identifikatu dira, hirigune historikoetan bero-boladak izateko arriskua ebaluatzeko metodologia holistikorik eza barne. Berrikuspenaren emaitzak aztertu dira, ondoren arriskuak ebaluatzeko etorkizuneko metodologietarako adierazleak identifikatu eta garatzeko. Metodologia horiek, hirigune historikoetako elementuak sistema bakar gisa landuko dituzte, eta bero-bolada luzeek izan dezaketen inpaktu potentziala landuko dute, muturreko gertaera klimatiko horien probabilitate handiagoa kontsideratuz.
Optimal decay rate for higher–order derivatives of solution to the 3D compressible quantum magnetohydrodynamic model
Authors: Wang Juan , Zhang Yinghui 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We investigate optimal decay rates for higher–order spatial derivatives of strong solutions to the 3D Cauchy problem of the compressible viscous quantum magnetohydrodynamic model in the H
5 × H
4 × H
4 framework, and the main novelty of this work is three–fold: First, we show that fourth order spatial derivative of the solution converges to zero at the

L
2

-
rate

(
1
+
t
)

-

11

4

{L^2} - {\rm{rate}}\,{(1 + t)^{- {{11} \over 4}}}

, which is same as one of the heat equation, and particularly faster than the

L
2

-
rate

(
1
+
t
)

-

5
4

{L^2} - {\rm{rate}}\,{(1 + t)^{- {5 \over 4}}}

in Pu–Xu [Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 68:1, 2017] and the

L
2

-
rate

(
1
+
t
)

-

9
4

{L^2} - {\rm{rate}}\,{(1 + t)^{- {9 \over 4}}}

, in Xi–Pu–Guo [Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 70:1, 2019]. Second, we prove that fifth–order spatial derivative of density ρ converges to zero at the

L
2

-
rate

(
1
+
t
)

-

13

4

{L^2} - {\rm{rate}}\,{(1 + t)^{- {{13} \over 4}}}

, which is same as that of the heat equation, and particularly faster than ones of Pu–Xu [Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 68:1, 2017] and Xi–Pu–Guo [Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 70:1, 2019]. Third, we show that the high-frequency part of the fourth order spatial derivatives of the velocity u and magnetic B converge to zero at the

L
2

-
rate

(
1
+
t
)

-

13

4

{L^2} - {\rm{rate}}\,{(1 + t)^{- {{13} \over 4}}}

, which are faster than ones of themselves, and totally new as compared to Pu–Xu [Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 68:1, 2017] and Xi–Pu–Guo [Z. Angew. Math. Phys., 70:1, 2019].
Automated detection of clinical depression based on convolution neural network model
Authors: Yan Dan-Dan , Zhao Lu-Lu , Song Xin-Wang , Zang Xiao-Han , Yang Li-Cai 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
As a common mental disorder, depression is placing an increasing burden on families and society. However, the current methods of depression detection have some limitations, and it is essential to find an objective and efficient method. With the development of automation and artificial intelligence, computer-aided diagnosis has attracted more and more attention. Therefore, exploring the use of deep learning (DL) to detect depression has valuable potential. In this paper, convolutional neural network (CNN) is applied to build a diagnostic model for depression based on electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG recordings are analyzed by three different CNN structures, namely EEGNet, DeepConvNet and ShallowConvNet, to dichotomize depression patients and healthy controls. EEG data were collected in the resting state from three electrodes (Fp1, Fz, Fp2) among 80 subjects (40 depressive patients and 40 normal subjects). After the preprocessing step, the DL structures are employed to classify the data, and their recognition performance is evaluated by comparing the classification results. The classification performance shows that depression was effectively detected using EEGNet with 93.74% accuracy, 94.85% sensitivity and 92.61% specificity. In the process of optimizing the parameters of EEGNet structure, the highest accuracy can reach 94.27%. Compared with traditional diagnostic methods, EEGNet is highly worthy for the future depression detection and valuable in terms of accuracy and speed.
Preparation and electroactuation of water-based polyurethane-based polyaniline conductive composites
Authors: Pan Wenxin , Chen Quan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Ionic polymer-based conductive composite is a new type of ionic electroactive polymer smart material, which is composed of two electrodes, the ion-exchange polymer matrix film and the polymer surface and is a three-layer sandwich structure. The conductive composite material has the advantages of flexibility, portability, and biocompatibility, which has attracted a large number of researchers to study it in the fields of biomimetic flexible actuators and biomedical materials, but the conventional matrix film has the disadvantage of high preparation cost. In this study, using sulfonated waterborne polyurethane membrane as matrix membrane and aniline as monomer, polyaniline (PANI) was synthesized by in situ oxidation polymerization reaction, and the conductive composites with PANI as electrode were prepared. After applying alternating current electric field, a new brake with PANI as electrode is obtained. A low-frequency signal generator was used to study the electromechanical properties of the prepared materials. The results show that the waterborne polyurethane/PANI composite film produces a continuous and stable driving performance at 0.2 Hz and 20 V, and the maximum output displacement of the terminal is 40 mm. When the driving voltage and frequency are changed, the displacement output also changes, showing a good controllable performance. Its structure and morphology were characterized.
A compact high-gain key-shaped monopole antenna for RF sensitive environment, and X-Ku-band applications
Authors: Prasad Pratyancha , Singh Shiva Nand , Kumar Akhilesh 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a new design for a coplanar waveguide (CPW) fed high gain key-shaped resonator based microstrip monopole antenna for ultra-wideband (UWB), X-band to Ku-band applications. An ellipse and circular combinational patch with three stepped transitions of appropriate dimensions at the lower edge and a circular parasitic patch at the back end is used in this proposed antenna. The antenna was simulated, constructed, and tested in order to show how the analysis worked. A modest profile of 0.30λ
0 × 0.16λ
0 is recommended for the proposed prototype. The designed antenna has a gain of 7.3 (dBi). It attained a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 146% with an impedance bandwidth of 2.95–19.15 GHz. The bandwidth of the Full Width Half Maxima (FWHM) is more than 17.38 GHz and ranges from 2.62 GHz to greater than 20 GHz. For validation, the proposed antenna’s equivalent lumped circuit model and the time domain to evaluate the transient behaviour of the antenna are presented. The findings of the experiment and simulation are found to be in concurrence. In comparison to previously reported structures, the developed antenna has a wider bandwidth, a higher gain, and a lower profile.
Microstructural and thermodynamic study of γ-Ga2O3
Authors: Zinkevich Matvei , Miguel Morales Francisco , Nitsche Heiko , Ahrens Martin , Rühle Manfred , Aldinger Fritz 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The metastable nanocrystalline γ form of gallium oxide has been prepared and its microstructure and thermochemistry have been studied for the first time by employing X-ray and electron diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, adiabatic and differential scanning calorimetry. The randomly oriented crystallites of maximum 5 nm in size have been observed. The sponge-like morphology of γ-Ga2O3 particles may explain the high specific surface area, previously reported for this material. The defect spinel-type structure of γ-Ga2O3 is similar to that of γ and η-Al2O3. Up to 5.7 wt.% of water can be stored in γ-Ga2O3 and subsequently released at elevated temperatures. Dry γ-Ga2O3 specifically absorbs atmospheric water at room temperature. The transformation of γ-Ga2O3 into stable β-Ga2O3 occurs in two steps. In the range 650–800 K, γ'-Ga2O3 is formed in the course of a reversible higher-order phase transition. The latter irreversibly transforms into β-form above 873 K. The enthalpy of this exothermic transformation is determined as –19.3 ± 0.4 kJ · mol–1. The coefficients of the Gibbs energy equation for γ and γ'-Ga2O3 have been assessed.