bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antiracism without Races: How Activists Produce Knowledge about Race and Policing in France
Authors: Boutros Magda 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Scholars have argued that anti-racialist ideologies – which deem racial categorization dangerous and racist – are an obstacle to antiracism, because they make race and its effects invisible, and obscure institutional and structural racism. This paper reexamines this argument empirically, by analyzing how activists resist “racial ignorance” and produce knowledge about race in anti-racialist contexts. Drawing on race scholarship, social movement theory, and sociology of knowledge, I ask: How do social movements produce knowledge about the role of race in policing in France? What are the implications of different epistemic practices for activists’ racial conceptualizations and political practice? The article is based on an ethnography of three mobilizations contesting policing in France. The comparative methodology reveals that epistemic practices play a role in shaping how mobilizations reach a shared understanding of race and racism. Specifically, how knowledge projects determine racial difference, the methodologies used to capture racial inequality/oppression, and the level of analysis, all matter for the understanding of racism that activists are able to substantiate. Mobilization’s epistemic approaches provide some activists with additional resources to promote their preferred racial conceptualizations and can produce the evidence needed to change the mobilization’s dominant discourse, from individualistic to structural and systemic conceptualizations of racism.
Mechanically Induced Nuclear Shuttling of β-Catenin Requires Co-transfer of Actin
Authors: Sen Buer , Xie Zhihui , Howard Sean , Styner Maya , van Wijnen Andre J , Uzer Gunes , Rubin Janet 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) respond to environmental forces with both cytoskeletal re-structuring and activation of protein chaperones of mechanical information, β-catenin, and yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1). To function, MSCs must differentiate between dynamic forces such as cyclic strains of extracellular matrix due to physical activity and static strains due to ECM stiffening. To delineate how MSCs recognize and respond differently to both force types, we compared effects of dynamic (200 cycles × 2%) and static (1 × 2% hold) strain on nuclear translocation of β-catenin and YAP1 at 3 hours after force application. Dynamic strain induced nuclear accumulation of β-catenin, and increased cytoskeletal actin structure and cell stiffness, but had no effect on nuclear YAP1 levels. Critically, both nuclear actin and nuclear stiffness increased along with dynamic strain-induced β-catenin transport. Augmentation of cytoskeletal structure using either static strain or lysophosphatidic acid did not increase nuclear content of β-catenin or actin, but induced robust nuclear increase in YAP1. As actin binds β-catenin, we considered whether β-catenin, which lacks a nuclear localization signal, was dependent on actin to gain entry to the nucleus. Knockdown of cofilin-1 (Cfl1) or importin-9 (Ipo9), which co-mediate nuclear transfer of G-actin, prevented dynamic strain-mediated nuclear transfer of both β-catenin and actin. In sum, dynamic strain induction of actin re-structuring promotes nuclear transport of G-actin, concurrently supporting nuclear access of β-catenin via mechanisms used for actin transport. Thus, dynamic and static strain activate alternative mechanoresponses reflected by differences in the cellular distributions of actin, β-catenin, and YAP1.
Being at EASE: Student Perceptions of Interprofessional Practice Following an Experiential Interprofessional Application for Sensitive Patient Encounters
Authors: Osborne Victoria A. , Rosenbloom Sylvie , Glenn Constance H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Learning to interact and collaborate with other professions is key to optimal patient care and is best achieved when started during one’s education. This study implemented an interprofessional education simulation with family nurse practitioner and social work students utilizing standardized patients who presented with sensitive issues. The Student Perceptions of Interprofessional Clinical Education-Revised and Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale questionnaires were given before and after the activity. Significant changes were noted in both student groups regarding attitudes and perceptions of interprofessional collaboration. Interprofessional collaboration is crucial. Introducing interprofessional education in the education curriculum of health professionals can help future providers achieve essential competencies.
Evaluating a patient safety learning laboratory to create an interdisciplinary ecosystem for health care innovation
Authors: Atkinson Mariam Krikorian , Benneyan James C. , Bambury Elizabeth A. , Schiff Gordon D. , Phillips Russell S. , Hunt Lindsay S. , Belleny Deanna , Singer Sara J. 
Published: February 2022

Background
In response to the complexity, challenges, and slow pace of innovation, health care organizations are adopting interdisciplinary team approaches. Systems engineering, which is oriented to creating new, scalable processes that perform with higher reliability and lower costs, holds promise for driving innovation in the face of challenges to team performance. A patient safety learning laboratory (lab) can be an essential aspect of fostering interdisciplinary team innovation across multiple projects and organizations by creating an ecosystem focused on deploying systems engineering methods to accomplish process redesign.

Purpose
We sought to identify the role and activities of a learning ecosystem that support interdisciplinary team innovation through evaluation of a patient safety learning lab.

Methods
Our study included three participating learning lab project teams. We applied a mixed-methods approach using a convergent design that combined data from qualitative interviews of team members conducted as teams neared the completion of their redesign projects, as well as evaluation questionnaires administered throughout the 4-year learning lab.

Results
Our results build on learning theories by showing that successful learning ecosystems continually create alignment between interdisciplinary teams’ activities, organizational context, and innovation project objectives. The study identified four types of alignment, interpersonal/interprofessional, informational, structural, and processual, and supporting activities for alignment to occur.

Conclusion
Interdisciplinary learning ecosystems have the potential to foster health care improvement and innovation through alignment of team activities, project goals, and organizational contexts.

Practice Implications
This study applies to interdisciplinary teams tackling multilevel system challenges in their health care organization and suggests that the work of such teams benefits from the four types of alignment. Alignment on all four dimensions may yield best results.
Protean Clinical Features and Diagnostic Dilemmas of Pancreatic Tuberculosis
Authors: Shera Irfan Ali , Khan Mosin Saleem , Gupta Rubal 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a systemic disease with protean manifestations and an important health problem. Approximately 15% of cases involve extrapulmonary sites with pancreatic TB (PTB) being rare. Clinically and radiologically, it may mimic a pancreatic malignancy, thus posing a clinical dilemma. The vague symptomatology and lack of clinical findings make it trickier to diagnose. We present a case series of patients with PTB and their tricky diagnosis and management. Endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine needle aspiration cytology along with various ancillary tests were used for the correct diagnosis. Endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine needle aspiration cytology provided the diagnosis, especially with the help of an expert cytologist experienced in the diagnosis of TB, thereby avoiding unnecessary laparotomy. Response to antituberculous therapy for 6 to 12 months is predictable and complete in these patients. Endoscopic ultrasound–guided fine needle aspiration cytology is the modality of choice for diagnosing PTB. However, patients still need to be followed up carefully for subjective and objective response to therapy to rule out the rare possibility of TB coexisting with malignancy, especially in endemic areas.
Faculty, Preceptor, and Students' Perceptions of the Need for Trauma-Informed Education
Authors: Kuzma Elizabeth K. , Cannon Lindsay M. , Coolidge Elizabeth M. , Harris Megan , Buckley Courtney , Chapin Emily , Coley Katrina , Arbogast-Wilson Harbor Mariel 
Published: February 2022

Background:
The widespread physical, mental, and emotional health impacts of trauma are well established. Trauma-informed care (TIC) is an approach that uses knowledge about trauma and its effects to create safe care environments.

Purpose:
Using a concurrent mixed-methods design, this study assessed faculty, preceptor, and students' perceptions about the need for TIC content in nursing education.

Methods:
Semistructured interviews were conducted with 15 faculty, and cross-sectional survey data were collected from a nonprobability sample of 99 nursing students at a large Midwestern university to evaluate the need for education on TIC.

Results:
Faculty and preceptors stressed the importance of education on TIC and discussed barriers and facilitators to implementation. Nursing students reported that it is important to learn about TIC, yet do not feel prepared to provide TIC.

Conclusions:
The results illustrate the need for nursing content on TIC and provide recommendations for trauma-informed educational practices.
Hypogonadism: a neglected comorbidity in young and middle-aged HIV-positive men on effective combination antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Lachâtre Marie , Pasquet Armelle , Ajana Faïza , Soudan Benoit , Quertainmont Yann , Lion Georges , Durand Emmanuel , Bocket Laurence , Mole Martine , Cornavin Pauline , Catalan Pilartxo , Senneville Éric , Goujard Cécile , Boufassa Faroudy , Cheret Antoine 
Published: February 2022

Objective:
Male hypogonadism is poorly characterized in young-to-middle-aged people with HIV (PWH). We used a reliable free testosterone assay to assess the prevalence and predictive factors for male hypogonadism in PWH on effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART).

Design:
A French cross-sectional study from January 2013 to June 2016.

Methods:
We included HIV-1-infected men aged between 18 and 50years with HIV loads of 50 RNA copies/ml or less, on effective cART for at least 6 months. Hypogonadism was defined, according to guidelines, as a mean calculated serum free testosterone concentration less than 70pg/ml (Vermeulen equation). Sociodemographic, anthropo-metric, bone-densitometry, hormonal, immunovirological, metabolic, and therapeutic parameters were collected. The IIEF-5, HAM-D, and AMS scales, respectively, assessed erectile function, depression, and quality of life.

Results:
Overall, 240 patients were enrolled, 231 were analyzed. Low free testosterone concentrations (<70pg/ml) were recorded in 20 patients (8.7%), and were exclusively of secondary origin. In multivariable analysis, the risk factors predictive of male hypogonadism were age more than 43 years [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 3.17, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.02–9.86;P = 0.04], total fat percentage more than 19% (aOR3.5, 95% CI 1.18–10.37; P = 0.02), and treatment including efavirenz (aOR3.77, 95% CI 1.29–10.98;P = 0.02). A nadir CD4+ T-cell count more than 200 cells/μl (aOR 0.22, 95% CI 0.07–0.65;P < 0.01) were protective.

Conclusion:
Male hypogonadism remains common in young-to-middle-aged PWH with stably suppressed viral replication. Treatment including efavirenz, being over 43 years old, and having a total body fat percentage greater than 19% could be used as criteria for identifying PWH at risk. Early screening for male hypogonadism might improve care by identifying patients requiring testosterone replacement.
Decreased hepatitis B virus vaccine response among HIV-positive infants compared with HIV-negative infants in Botswana
Authors: Shaver Zachary M. , Anderson Motswedi , Bhebhe Lynnette , Baruti Kabo , Choga Wonderful T. , Ngidi Julia , Mbangiwa Tshepiso , Tau Modiri , Setlhare Ditiro R. , Melamu Pinkie , Phinius Bonolo B. , Musonda Rosemary , Mine Madisa , Moyo Sikhulile , Gaseitsiwe Simani 
Published: February 2022

Objectives:
We sought to determine vaccine antibody titres and the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative infants born to HIV-positive mothers in Botswana.

Design:
This was a retrospective cross-sectional study using 449 archived dried blood spot samples from both HIV-positive and HIV-negative infants collected between 2016 and 2018.

Methods:
We screened dried blood spot samples for HBsAg and determined hepatitis B surface antibody titres. We determined hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes by amplifying 415 base-pairs of the surface region.

Results:
HIV-positive infants mounted a significantly lower immune response to the HBV vaccine (P
< 0.001). Furthermore, a lower proportion of HIV-positive infants had protective hepatitis B surface antibody titres (74.5%) than HIV-negative infants (89.2%) (P < 0.001). HIV-positive infants were older and 50.9% of them had completed vaccination (P = 0.018). Of the 449 infant samples tested, three (0.67%) were positive for HBsAg. Of the three HBsAg-positive infants, two had protective titres (>10 mIU/ml). Two of the three HBV-positive infants were infected with genotype D3 and had no drug-resistance or escape mutations.

Conclusion:
Vaccine response was lower among HIV-positive infants compared with HIV-negative infants. HBV infections were observed in both HIV-positive and HIV-negative infants in Botswana. Studies to investigate additional preventive strategies to reduce HBV mother-to-child transmission are recommended.
Changes in Performance of Apical Suspension at the Time of Surgery for Prolapse: Assessment of the Influence of the American Urogynecologic Society and American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Practice Bulletin
Authors: Luchristt Douglas , Zemtsov Gregory , Jelovsek J. Eric 
Published: February 2022

Objectives
To assess the association of publication of the American Urogynecologic Society (AUGS)/American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Practice Bulletin on pelvic organ prolapse and performance of an apical suspension at the time of surgery for pelvic organ prolapse.

Methods
Surgical procedures performed with a primary diagnosis of uterovaginal or female genital prolapse, cystocele, or enterocele were isolated from the 2011 to 2019 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database. An autoregressive interrupted time series regression estimated the overall temporal trend in performance of an apical suspension and assessed for a change in trend associated with publication of the AUGS/ACOG Practice Bulletin in April 2017. A stratified analysis was also performed depending on performance of a concomitant hysterectomy, and sensitivity analysis was performed using only diagnoses of uterovaginal or vaginal vault prolapse.

Results
There were 72,194 individuals identified; 83.4% had a diagnosis of uterovaginal or female genital prolapse, 15.2% cystocele and 1.4% enterocele. Only 36.6% of cases had an apical suspension. Prior to the practice bulletin publication, performance of an apical suspension grew at 0.19% per quarter (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07–0.31), with a trend toward increased utilization (+0.12%; 95% CI, −0.06 to 0.30) after publication. The increase was greater among cases with a concomitant hysterectomy (+0.35%; 95% CI, 0.08–0.62). Sensitivity analyses found similar changes in trend.

Conclusions
Performance of apical suspensions during surgery for prolapse remains low and is increasing at less than 1% per year. The AUGS/ACOG practice guidelines were associated with minimal changes in this pattern. Incentives or other strategies may be needed to further encourage standard of care management of prolapse.
Incidence of Midurethral Sling Revision or Removal by Its Timing With Prolapse Surgery
Authors: Boyd Sarah Samuel , Long Jaime B. , Agbese Edeanya , Leslie Douglas 
Published: February 2022

Objective
The aim of the study was to evaluate incidence of midurethral sling removal/revision based on timing with surgery for pelvic organ prolapse.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study of women who underwent midurethral sling placement in a claims-based database of women 65 years or older. Three groups were identified using the Current Procedural Terminology codes: (1) isolated sling, (2) concomitant sling, and (3) prolapse surgery and staged sling after prolapse surgery. In the staged group, placement of sling was identified within 18 months after index prolapse surgery. Fascial grafts were excluded. Sling removal/revision was identified across 3 years after sling surgery using Current Procedural Terminology code 57287. Rates of sling removal/revision were calculated by group. Comparisons were made using the χ2 test and analysis of variance. Cumulative incidence of removal/revision was evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox proportional hazards was performed to evaluate factors influencing removal/revision.

Results
We identified 39,381 isolated MUSs, 25,389 concomitant, and 886 staged. The rate of sling removal/revision was 3.52%. Rates of removal/revision differed between groups (7% staged vs 3.94% concomitant vs 3.17% isolated sling, P < 0.001). Compared with the staged group, the rate of removal/revision was lower in the isolated sling group (relative risk, 0.4550; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.358–0.568) and the concomitant group (relative risk, 0.5666; 95% CI, 0.4450–0.7287). After adjusting for patient characteristics, sling revision or removal remained significantly less in the isolated MUS (hazard ratio, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.39–0.65) and concomitant (odds ratio, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.43–0.71) groups.

Conclusions
Sling removal/revision is higher when it is staged after prolapse surgery compared with isolated and concomitant placement. Future studies are needed to confirm these findings in a controlled population.
Anterior Segment Parameters on Optical Coherence Tomography in Healthy Children
Authors: Nadeem Sana 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPurposeTo assess the anterior segment parameters in healthy children, using high resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).DesignProspective, observational studyMethods108 eyes of 54 healthy children ≤16 years were included after a thorough eye examination. Significant refractive error (>±5 DS), history of previous glaucoma, ocular pathology, intraocular surgery, trauma or systemic ailments were excluded. The anterior segment analysis was done by Optopol Revo 80® high resolution SD-OCT. Central corneal thickness (CCT), Angle opening distance (AOD), Anterior chamber (AC) angle, Trabecular iris space area (TISA), Trabecular iris angle (TIA), iris thickness at 2 mm, internal AC diameter and lens vault were evaluated.ResultsMean age was 11.38±3.18 years with a female predominance; 29 (53.7%). Mean IOP was 13.63±2.90 mmHg, mean axial length was 22.82±0.89 mm, mean spherical equivalent was -0.14±1.28 D, mean CCT was 532.6±46.09mm and mean CDR was 0.31±0.19. The mean internal AC diameter was 11609.15±2354 µm. The nasal AC angle was 53.54±11.82° and significantly wider than the temporal AC angle; 50.37±10.26° [p=0.008]. The nasal AOD500 was 0.9±0.33 mm and not significantly greater than the temporal AOD500, 0.85±0.28 mm [p=0.09]. The nasal AOD750 was 1.21±0.45 mm, significantly greater than the temporal AOD750, 1.06±0.32 mm [p=0.001]. The nasal TIA was 41.75°; not significantly greater than the temporal TIA, 40.24° [p=0.246]. The nasal TISA500 was 0.33±0.15 mm2; not significantly wider than the temporal TISA500, 0.31±0.10 mm2 [p=0.056]. The nasal TISA750 was 0. 59±0.22 mm2; not significantly wider than the temporal TISA750, 0.56±0.21 mm2 [p=0.14]. The nasal iris thickness at 2 mm from pupil was 483.54±129.56 µm; not significantly different from the temporal iris thickness, 505.8±138.85 µm [p=0.08]. The mean lens vault was - 519.58±359µm.ConclusionsOur study data depicts the normal anterior segment parameters in healthy children. This will be useful in diagnosing and managing ocular pediatric pathology.Key MessagesAnterior segment OCT is still an emerging technique especially in pediatric eye assessmentAnterior segment evaluation via OCT has not been reported in our pediatric populationOur study describes a detailed assessment of anterior segment in pediatric eyesReporting results of normative data helps in diagnosing ocular pathology
Wall teichoic acids facilitate the release of toxins from the surface of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Brignoli Tarcisio , Douglas Edward , Duggan Seána , Fagunloye Olayemi Grace , Adhikari Rajan , Aman M. Javad , Massey Ruth C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractA major feature of the pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus is its ability to secrete cytolytic toxins. This process involves the translocation of the toxins from the cytoplasm, through the bacterial membrane and the cell wall to the external environment. The process of their movement through the membrane is relatively well defined, involving both general and toxin-specific secretory systems. Movement of the toxins through the cell wall was considered to involve the passive diffusion of the proteins through the porous cell wall structures, however, recent work suggests that this is more complex, and here we demonstrate a role for the wall teichoic acids (WTA) in this process. Utilising a genome-wide association approach we identified a polymorphism in the locus encoding the WTA biosynthetic machinery as associated with the cytolytic activity of the bacteria. We verified this association using an isogenic mutant set and found that WTA is required for the release of several cytolytic toxins from the bacterial cells. We show this effect is mediated by a change in the electrostatic charge across the cell envelope that results from the loss of WTA. As a major target for the development of novel therapeutics, it is important that we fully understand the entire process of cytolytic toxin production and release. These findings open up a new aspect to this process that requires in-depth investigation, while also demonstrating that clinical isolates can utilise WTA production to vary their cytotoxicity, thereby altering their pathogenic capabilities.ImportanceThe production and release of cytolytic toxins is a critical aspect to the pathogenicity of many bacterial pathogens. In this study we demonstrate a role for wall teichoic acids, molecules that are anchored to the peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall, in the release of toxins from S. aueus cells into the extracellular environment. Our findings suggest this effect is mediated by a gradient of electrostatic charge the presence of the negatively charged WTA molecules create across the cell envelope. This work brings an entirely new aspect to our understanding of the cytotoxicity of S. aureus and demonstrates a further means by which this major human pathogen can adapt its pathogenic capabilities.