bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ethics of Transitional Justice
Authors: Murithi Tim 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter maps ethical dilemmas surrounding transitional justice. Transitional justice itself might be best thought of as a wicked problem, since it involves thinking about how societies moving away from authoritarianism or armed conflict to peace and democratic rule reckon with legacies of violence and impunity. The author’s work in South Africa provides a vantage point to examine profound problems in a number of contexts. These include questions of how to balance possibly divisive demands for accountability and economic redistribution with calls for societal reconciliation, which may happen at the expense of victims and historically marginalized groups. These dilemmas become especially acute when incoming political leaders are constrained in their ability to address the past. A failure to look back may limit the use of institutions like truth and reconciliation commissions to engage with issues of justice, reconciliation, and trauma.
Consent, Inclusivity, and Local Voices
Authors: Paczyńska Agnieszka , Hirsch Susan F. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter reflects on the ethical dilemmas surrounding teaching about violence and peace in conflict zones, whether in surrounding communities or in faraway locales. Drawing on the increasingly common use of experiential learning and field-based courses, it discusses how students with strong normative commitments but limited understandings of the world find their assumptions challenged and questioned in the field, where problems and possible solutions are much more complex than they may have expected. The chapter then highlights a host of wicked problems and provides concrete suggestions on how to make field courses more ethically reflective, noting the importance of consent, inclusivity, and listening to local voices. The result is an approach that underscores the value of field experience while also encouraging humility and awareness of the claims and agency of local actors. These dilemmas and responses are relevant well beyond the academy, as they apply to any field-based efforts, whether undertaken by researchers or activists.
Settling on Dangerous Ground
Authors: Poling Gregory B. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of early PRC, ROC, French, South Vietnamese, and Philippine jockeying for position in the Paracel and Spratly Islands. It relates the exploits of Morton Meads and Tomás Cloma, who in 1955 and 1956 escalated tensions between U.S. allies the ROC, Philippines, and South Vietnam with their schemes to get rich by exploiting the Spratlys. The chapter tracks the U.S. response to these and subsequent developments in the Dangerous Ground. It concludes with the 1974 Battle of the Paracels, during which PRC forces seized the western half of the Paracels from South Vietnam, catching the United States flat-footed.
Problems with Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Fabian Mark 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
While subjective well-being scholarship has its merits, it is not without its weaknesses, and these are the subject of this chapter. While the definition and approach of the field were appropriate in its historical context, they are inappropriate and indeed problematic for applications in public policy. In particular, this chapter demonstrates that the field is naive about the normative implications of “wellbeing” theories and that its measurement instruments lack precision. Both of these faults find their origins in the field’s atheoretic inclinations and operationalist epistemology. It is time to replace this with a more realist epistemology. That requires a thorough theory of subjective wellbeing that engages extensively with normativity, which this book provides.
The Analytical Philosophy of Wellbeing
Authors: Fabian Mark 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The study of subjective wellbeing is dominated by two traditions: the psychological and philosophical. If the psychological is deficient, it makes sense to look for solutions in the philosophical. As such, this chapter begins with a thorough but not exhaustive review of the principal philosophical theories of wellbeing: mental state, objective list, preference satisfaction, eudaimonic, and subjectivist. As philosophers are predominantly concerned with the evaluative character of wellbeing, a key benefit of this exercise is that it sensitizes us to the complex value judgments that must be made when defining wellbeing. However, the philosophical tradition has its own problems. In particular, its tendency to delineate and classify has led it to overlook complementarities and overlaps between supposedly competing theories. And its disinterest in “applied” questions has left the practical issue of how you get wellbeing largely investigated, despite the insights it provides regarding what wellbeing is.
Measuring Subjective Wellbeing
Authors: Fabian Mark 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
How do you measure a construct as complex as subjective wellbeing? The first part of this chapter reviews the many tools available for measuring each dimension of the construct, as well as the well-being profile—a new measure that holds some promise for capturing subjective wellbeing holistically in only fifteen questions. The second part of the chapter then explains why even fifteen questions is likely too long for many applications in policy and social science. Life satisfaction scales hold a great deal of promise as a unidimensional and sufficiently cardinal measure of subjective wellbeing for these applications. However, there are several concerns about these scales, notably inconsistent scale use across respondents or within respondents over time, that need to be investigated more thoroughly. The chapter provides a conceptual analysis of these concerns and uses them to differentiate adaptation, scale-norming, and reference point shifts.
Dictatorship, Democracy, and the Bomb in South Asia
Authors: Clary Christopher 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The new military dictatorship of Mohammad Zia ul-Haq ousted Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, but India-Pakistan relations did not revert to overt hostility. Crises in 1984, 1986–1987, and 1990 were successfully de-escalated, but the 1986–1987 Brasstacks crisis and the 1990 crisis showed signs of unnecessary escalation as a result of dysfunctional decision-making in India and Pakistan, respectively. Toward the end of the 1980s, the Punjab and later Kashmir insurgencies contributed to a substantial worsening of India-Pakistan relations in the 1990s. Civil-military discord in Pakistan contributed to the catastrophic failure of the Lahore process undertaken by Atal Behari Vajpayee and Nawaz Sharif, producing instead the 1999 Kargil War. Despite theories of nuclear peace, mutual possession of nuclear weapons did not produce rapprochement or conflict resolution in Asia.
The Society of Jesus as the Ideal Expression of Unity and Catholicity
Authors: DeMeuse Eric J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that it is in the charism of the Society of Jesus that Suárez sees the dynamic between Christic unity and missional catholicity most fully lived out in the practice of the Church. Though Suárez considers the Society only a specific determination of the ecclesial way of life, he also considers it not just any determination, but the most excellent determination. This chapter thus looks particularly at how Suárez understands the unity and universality of the Society of Jesus in the light of his ecclesiology, and how the unity and universality of the Society is expressive of the unity and catholicity of the Church.
Conclusion
Authors: DeMeuse Eric J. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter reassesses Suárez’s legacy and the contribution he makes to the current ecclesiological conversation. It begins by tracing the legacy of Suárez’s ecclesiology on the question of the ecclesial status of the baptized children of heretics through the papacy of Benedict XIV and into the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This question is highlighted because it is (1) crucial for ecumenism and (2) often seen as a point of rupture between Tridentine Catholicism and the ecclesiology of Vatican II. It is argued that the delineation of this legacy significantly narrows the supposed chasm between early modernity and Vatican II. In addition, this chapter also suggests ways that Suárez can contribute to our current ecclesiological conversation on at least two fronts: the definition of the Church and the relationship between unity and missional catholicity.
Clashing Kingdoms
Authors: Saiya Nilay 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter contrasts worldly kingdoms with the “kingdom of the cross.” It makes the case that both kingdoms are based on contradictory virtues: human kingdoms on power, violence, and distinctiveness between nations; the kingdom of the cross on humility, nonviolence, and inclusivity. Both kingdoms also pursue incongruous goals—survival and security in the case of the kingdom of the world and redemption through self-sacrifice in the case of the kingdom of the cross. That these kingdoms espouse conflicting virtues in service to contradictory goals strongly suggests an inherent and constant tension between church and state and that sustained cooperation between them will be incredibly difficult if the church is to remain true to its vocation.
Sowing in Shalom
Authors: Saiya Nilay 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Christian communities around the world, drawing on their texts, traditions, and practices, have actively worked toward the healing of their societies in the aftermath of atrocity, playing constructive roles in peacemaking, peacebuilding, and reconciliation in the wake of civil war, genocide, and terrorism. This chapter examines some of the most important of these endeavors in the post–Cold War world. It argues that Christians have been instrumental in peace and reconciliation efforts when they have retained their distance from the state, thus preserving their good standing in society and their ability to contribute positively to such efforts. On the other hand, when Christianity has partnered with repressive regimes, the church itself has been complicit in the abuses of the state. Churches in this position compromise their spiritual authority and find it difficult to help their societies heal from mass injustice.
Introduction
Authors: MA Xiao 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The chapter begins by presenting the main puzzles of the book: What are the workings of political processes and logics that govern the planning and construction of China’s high-speed railway? What accounts for the significant geographical and temporal variations in the allocation of investments in high-speed rail infrastructure? The chapter analyzes the two prominent strands of theories in distributive politics, namely loyalty purchasing and technocratic solutions, and points out their limitations in explaining the high-speed railway project. It then proposes localized bargaining as an alternative explanation and details the data and methods employed to test the argument. The chapter ends with the argument’s theoretical contributions and a chapter plan.
Between Two Uprisings
Authors: Allam Nermin , Berman Chantal , Clarke Killian , Schwedler Jillian 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
While much of the MENA scholarship through the 2000s focused on authoritarianism, a significant and growing literature explores the dynamics of popular protest. Many of the early analyses of the uprisings drew heavily on classical literatures on social movement theory and contentious politics, but within a few years MENA scholars were pushing forward newer and more creative debates that questioned how political scientists studied how ordinary people mobilized. This chapter surveys that literature and then examines three areas in which studies of MENA protests and opposition have advanced broader theoretical knowledge: the political role of routine protests and seeming non-events, the affective (e.g., emotional) dimensions of protests, and the outcomes of protest beyond questions of immediate success and failure. These new approaches helped scholars make better make sense of the 2018–19 uprisings in the region and highlight the contributions of MENA specialists to the wider scholarship on protests.
International Relations and Regional (In)security
Authors: Darwich May , Gause F. Gregory , Hazbun Waleed , Ryan Curtis , Valbjørn Morten 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Since the Arab uprisings, new dynamics of insecurity have cleaved the MENA, tugging at the conceptual premise in how this regional subsystem of interstate relations—that is, Middle East international relations (IR)—operates in an era of globalization. Interfacing with conventional IR theories, the chapter shows the retreat of American hegemony as a historical rupture from a unipolar world order. It stresses that new alliances and rivalries, from the Syrian-Iranian coalition to the Saudi-Qatari split, do not comport with existing assumptions for how states should behave when attempting to balance power and project their interests. Emergent conflicts such as proxy wars and sectarianized disputes force us to rethink the origins and duration of violence. All of this makes the study of security itself, long the organizing theme of classical IR, a loaded task. Events in the MENA are teaching theorists to move beyond Western-centric views about what makes states fundamentally secure or insecure.
The Politics of Identity and Sectarianism
Authors: Haddad Fanar , Hintz Lisel , Majed Rima , Matthiesen Toby , Salloukh Bassel F. , Siegel Alexandra A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Arab uprisings left an indelible mark on the politics of identity in the Middle East. However, the ways that identities have formed, morphed, and translated into action rebuff many theoretical expectations drawn from political science. Sectarian sentiments have seemed to dominate the regional public sphere, but they do not engender predictable patterns of mobilization, conflict, or congregation among social movements and political governments. This chapter hence provides a deep, reflective, and comparatively informed dive into sectarian identity and the notion of sectarianism. It illustrates the different approaches taken by political scientists in defining these terms and accentuates the importance of moving beyond existing concepts to deconstruct how political understandings of identity arise in historical context. It suggests that creative research among political science should aim as much to explore not just sectarianization but also de-sectarianization as the next trend that could reshape social and political forces in the region.
Toward a Relational Approach to Local Politics
Authors: Clark Janine A. , El-Kazaz Sarah , Harb Mona , Salman Lana 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Arab uprisings of 2011–12 brought into stark relief the fact that neither states nor societies in the Middle East were monolithic units. Instead, the region shows remarkable variation in terms of administration, governance, and development at the local level. Hence, the study of local politics—often termed “subnational politics” in mainstream political science—in its own right has gained greater urgency. This chapter argues that this new field of research ought to be conceptualized in relation to localities and the study of politics at multiple scales. This builds on methodological and disciplinary transformations, namely the growing recognition of the importance of localized processes as well as the adoption of interdisciplinary analytical frames, including the spatial turn in conceptualizing political processes. The chapter therefore breaks the encumbering label of “subnational politics” in favor of “local politics,” thereby embracing the productivity of localities and the dynamism of “scalar politics.”
The Orders of Economic Harmony
Authors: Ali Saleem H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter starts with a consideration of how social sciences fit within the complexity-uncertainty domain. Economic and social order is high in complexity and high in uncertainty, which necessitates a more deliberative process in its understanding. Urban systems offer a compelling microcosm by which to study and understand social and economic order and its relationship with natural systems. Going through various historical stages in environmental design and planning, this chapter moves on to consider the linkages between environmental degradation and income. Various forms of resource and environmental decoupling are also considered alongside the classic limits-to-growth models.
Elusive Orders of Economic Equilibrium
Authors: Ali Saleem H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Going through the fundamentals of economic theory, this chapter moves on to a discussion of the Five Capitals Framework and its implications for applying value to ecosystems. The ideas of “weak” and “strong” sustainability are developed with examples from the natural resource and service sectors. Thomas Schelling’s seminal work in understanding the disconnect between economic and natural equilibrium, as well as Herbert Simon’s foundational contributions to studies of “bounded rationality,” are considered in detail. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how markets function under conditions of incomplete information and the need for human interventions in such cases to maintain functional order in sync with natural systems.
Empires and Edens
Authors: Ali Saleem H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This first chapter in this section on political order starts off with a discussion of Francis Fukuyama’s work on how nation states organize themselves. The role of democratic institutions in developing functional order is considered through a deep-dive comparison of India and China. The role of special interest groups in potentially subverting democratic order is considered within electoral cycles and economic theory going back to the work of Mancur Olson. Next, the concept of “resource nationalism” is discussed using the J curve concept developed by Ian Bremmer. Economic assemblages of countries such as the G20, as well as political and regional assemblages of political order, provide a backdrop for a final discussion of global indices such as the World Happiness Index, which attempt to link political order to social indicators.
Borders and Functional Political Order
Authors: Ali Saleem H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
How do political borders arise, and what should be their role in an increasingly globalized world? While there is clearly a concern about the role of country borders in dissecting ecosystems, borders can also provide resilience in times of crisis by containing flows of harmful products, or indeed pathogens, as has been the case with the COVID-19 pandemic. The principle of subsidiarity is discussed in the context of the European Union’s attempt at balancing individual agency with integration of the bloc. This chapter includes a section on environmental peacebuilding as an emerging mechanism of using natural systems to better define the governance mechanisms around political borders. Finally, the chapter considers the relationship between identities and borders using South Asia as a case study, with special reference to the situation in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
From International to Global Order in the “Anthropocene”
Authors: Ali Saleem H. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the role of institutions that are aimed at planetary problem-solving and yet are still bound by a highly restrictive nation-based order. Decisions on international standards such as the international dateline are still dependent on individual states deciding in which time zone they fall. Some of the most acrimonious conflicts in the world cannot be resolved by these international institutions. The case example of the Arab–Israeli conflict is considered in the context of ecological order and the various proposals from powers such as the United States, but also in the light of novel grassroots ideas for redefining political order, such as a Confederation. The chapter concludes with a discussion of “earth systems governance” through the highlighting of networks and feedback loops.
Investment Arbitration and State-Driven Reform
Authors: Alschner Wolfgang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This book reviews the first set of investment arbitration awards rendered under a new generation of investment treaties that actively balances investment protection and host state flexibility and finds that state-driven reform is being rolled back through an arbitral backlash as new investment agreements reproduce old interpretive outcomes. Combining robust empirical and computational analysis, new comprehensive datasets on investment treaties and awards, and a range of theories from law and economics to complexity science, this book proceeds in three steps. First, it traces state-driven reforms of investment treaty design over seven decades. Second, it demonstrates that these reforms are undermined in practice as tribunals rely on most-favored-nation treatment clauses, customary international law, and precedent to interpret new treaties like old ones. Third, the book suggests how states can preserve and amplify the impact of state-driven reforms by leveraging forward-looking interpretation, data-driven renegotiation, and tax-style multilateralization to modernize old treaties in light of new ones.
Forward-Looking Interpretation
Authors: Alschner Wolfgang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores how states can use interpretation to read old treaties in light of new ones. It first argues that contract theory should structure interpretive discretion of arbitral tribunals. When it comes to interpretation, tribunals are the agents of the contracting parties. Tribunals that confront highly complete treaties should interpret these agreements formalistically, since gaps have been filled by the contracting states ex ante. When they confront incomplete treaties, tribunals should fill gaps in light of more complete treaties, which provides the best guess of how the contracting parties would have wanted gaps in their earlier treaties filled. The remainder of the chapter shows how the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT) constrains and enables the gap-filling of incomplete treaties in light of more complete ones. Aside from direct subsequent interpretive interventions by the contracting states, the VCLT recognizes that third treaties can shed light on the treaty being interpreted by clarifying ordinary meaning, as a rule applicable between the same parties, or as a subsequent means of interpretation.
Data-Driven Renegotiation
Authors: Alschner Wolfgang 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses how empirics and technology can turn renegotiation into an efficient tool to reform incomplete treaties in light of more complete ones. The chapter starts by showing that investment treaty renegotiations are a missed opportunity. They are rarely used, employed for the wrong reasons, and concentrated in a few states. While legitimate concerns hold renegotiations back, at least some of these concerns can be addressed by leveraging data and technology. The chapter then shows how a data-driven approach can help identify candidates for renegotiations either by identifying outliers that pose heightened risks of investor-state dispute settlement claims or by revealing treaties whose renegotiation would indirectly modernize many other treaties. A renegotiation of the Energy Charter, for example, could update more than six hundred parallel investment treaties. Technology can also prepare and structure renegotiations. For example, an automated comparison of the past treaty practice of two states can quickly enable negotiators to identify points of normative convergence and anticipate areas of disagreement that would facilitate renegotiation. The final part of the chapter discusses plurilateral investment treaties that are often layered on top of outdated bilaterals rather than used to replace or modernize incomplete treaties in bulk.