bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observed Drag Coefficient Asymmetry in a Tropical Cyclone
Authors: Chen Sheng , Qiao Fangli , Zhang Jun A. , Xue Yuhuan , Ma Hongyu , Chen Siyu 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe behavior of drag coefficient () in two different motion‐relative quadrants of Typhoon Mujigae (2015) is investigated through the flux observations conducted on a fixed platform over the coastal region in the northern South China Sea. Observations reveal that the variation of is closely related to the location relative to the tropical cyclone (TC) center. The presents an enhancement when the typhoon is away from the observational site. The spatial distribution of on the periphery of a TC is asymmetric, and the in the right rear quadrant is much larger than that in the right front quadrant for the same wind speed range. This asymmetric distribution of can be explained by the differences in wave properties between the two quadrants. is smaller in cross‐swell conditions than that in the along‐wind wave conditions. Observations also confirm that tends to level off and even attenuate with the increase of wind speed, and the critical wind speed for saturation over the coastal region (∼20 m/s) is much lower than that over the open ocean (∼30 m/s). The observational spatial distribution of in TC quadrants not only improves our understanding on the air‐sea momentum flux but also provides a potential solution for the long‐standing scientific bottleneck on TC intensity forecasting.
Systematic Ionospheric Residual Errors in GNSS Radio Occultation: Theory for Spherically Stratified Media
Authors: Syndergaard Stig , Kirchengast Gottfried 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe standard ionospheric correction of bending angles in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio occultation (RO) measurements removes most of the influence from the ionosphere, but leaves small systematic residual errors in the corrected data. The main reasons for residual errors at stratospheric and mesospheric altitudes are the neglect of higher‐order terms in the expansion of the ionospheric refractive index, and the fact that the two GNSS signals follow slightly different paths through the ionosphere. Another reason is the neglect of the local electron density at the receiver in orbit. These residual errors depend on the geomagnetic field and the spatial distribution of the ionospheric electron density and its gradients. In this work we derive this dependency to high accuracy for a spherically stratified ionosphere, including the “bi‐local” situation where the ionosphere is different (though still spherically stratified) on the inbound and outbound side of the RO event tangent points. As part of the derivations, we find a small residual error term not previously noted, which can become appreciable for elliptical satellite orbits. The results are verified by ray tracing through simple ionospheric and geomagnetic field models. The accuracy of a higher‐order bi‐local ionospheric residual error correction based on these results would be limited by the uncertainty in knowledge of the electron density and by horizontal electron density gradients along the ray paths.
Snowmelt Leads to Seasonal Nitrous Acid Formation Across Northwestern China
Authors: Wang Xinke , Zhou Yue , Li Kangwei , Pu Wei , Wang Xin , George Christian 
Published: September 2022

Abstract28 snowpack samples were collected across northern Xinjiang, northwestern China in January 2018. 16 of these liquid snowmelt samples, 15 with pH < 6.8 and one with the highest nitrate anion (NO3−) concentration, were selected to investigate the photochemical gaseous nitrous acid (HONO) production rate (P(HONO)(g)), which was observed to range from 4.0 to 180.9 ppt min−1 at room temperature. Surprisingly, the ratio of HONO production rate and NO3− concentration (P(HONO)(g)/[NO3ˉ]) was significantly higher than those obtained from the photolysis of aqueous NO3− solutions with similar pH, due to the complex organic compounds present in the snowmelt samples, enhancing HONO formation or the coexistence of other photochemical HONO sources. We also found that P(HONO)(g) was highly correlated with the pH of snowmelt samples, which were significantly lower in rural/remote areas than those from urban/industrial sites, suggesting a significant influence of anthropogenic activities on pH and P(HONO)(g) of snowmelt.
Resolving Away Stratocumulus Biases in Modern Global Climate Models
Authors: Lee Hsiang‐He , Bogenschutz Peter , Yamaguchi Takanobu 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIncreased horizontal and vertical resolution in global atmospheric models can reduce a significant amount of the biases associated with subtropical marine stratocumulus. The sensitivity of offshore and coastal marine stratocumulus to different horizontal and vertical resolutions has been investigated by using Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) coupled with the novel Framework for Improvement by Vertical Enhancement which has been demonstrated as a viable tool to improve the representation of marine stratocumulus while saving computational cost. Our study shows that high vertical resolution is the key to improve marine stratocumulus simulations in E3SM. Concurrent horizontal and vertical resolution increases are needed for substantial overall reduction of stubborn marine stratocumulus biases over the coastal region but not necessarily in the offshore area.
Present‐Day Upper‐Mantle Architecture of the Alps: Insights From Data‐Driven Dynamic Modeling
Authors: Kumar Ajay , Cacace Mauro , Scheck‐Wenderoth Magdalena , Götze Hans‐Jürgen , Kaus Boris J. P. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe dynamics of the Alps and surrounding regions is still not completely understood, partly because of a non‐unique interpretation of its upper‐mantle architecture. In particular, it is unclear if interpreted slabs are consistent with the observed surface deformation and topography. We derive three end‐member scenarios of lithospheric thickness and slab geometries by clustering available shear‐wave tomography models into a statistical ensemble. We use these scenarios as input for geodynamic simulations and compare modeled topography, surface velocities and mantle flow to observations. We found that a slab detached beneath the Alps, but attached beneath the Northern Apennines captures first‐order patterns in topography and vertical surface velocities and can provide a causative explanation for the observed seismicity.
Winter North Atlantic SST as a Precursor of Spring Eurasian Wildfire
Authors: Meng Meng , Gong Daoyi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBoreal fires considerably influence carbon release and air quality, but its occurrence mechanisms need to be explored. This study investigated the influence of winter North Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) on spring Eurasian wildfire using single value decomposition method. Two possible pathways link such time‐lag phenomena. The anomalous SST pattern in winter can persist to spring, resulting in a significant high air‐pressure anomaly over southeastern Siberia, which corresponds to less‐than‐normal precipitation and enhanced aridity conditions and the increasing wildfire risk. Meanwhile, there are simultaneously negative snow cover anomalies over southeastern Siberia during winter which is closely related to the winter SSTs. Such snow anomalies persist from winter to spring, leading to negatively anomalous soil moisture. Both pathways provide a favorable environment for wildfire activities. This study implies that the winter North Atlantic SST could be a robust driver and potential precursor for spring wildfire prediction over southeastern Siberia.
Characteristic Form and Distance in High‐Level Hierarchical Structure of Self‐Aggregated Clouds in Radiative‐Convective Equilibrium
Authors: Yanase Tomoro , Nishizawa Seiya , Miura Hiroaki , Tomita Hirofumi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe nature of convective organization remains elusive, despite its importance in understanding the role of clouds in climate systems. This study reports a new type of large‐scale structure formed by the self‐organization of deep moist atmospheric convection in radiative‐convective equilibrium. To understand the natural behavior of convection unaffected by the computational domain, we conducted cloud‐resolving simulations by systematically increasing the horizontal domain size to approximately 25,000 km. We found that if the domain side length exceeded 5,000 km, the domain‐averaged thermodynamic fields and the horizontal characteristic length converged in quasi‐equilibrium, and the cloud aggregation area exhibited a mesh‐like pattern, analogous to the shallow convective organizations despite their different scales. Its characteristic length was estimated to be approximately 3,000–4,000 km. Further work is needed to understand how convective self‐aggregation simulated without the artificial domain constraint is related to the large‐scale organization of tropical convection in the real world.
Nonlinear Electron Phase‐Space Dynamics in Spontaneous Excitation of Falling‐Tone Chorus
Authors: Wu Yifan , Tao Xin , Zonca Fulvio , Chen Liu 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWhistler mode chorus, characterized by frequency chirping, is an important type of waves in planetary magnetospheres. To investigate the role of nonlinear wave particle interactions in excitation of chorus, analysis of electron phase space dynamics is required. While electron phase hole associated with rising tone chorus has been well studied, the phase space structure corresponding to falling tone chorus is less understood. Here, we investigate in detail the electron phase space dynamics in a spontaneously generated falling tone chorus with a parabolic type magnetic field, where field strength decreases away from the equator. We demonstrate the formation and evolution of electron phase space clump from downstream to upstream regions, and show that the variation of frequency chirping rate is caused by the movement of the source region. The results are consistent with the recently proposed Trap‐Release‐Amplify model, and should be useful to understand the mechanism of chorus frequency chirping.
Solid Water Melt Dominates the Increase of Total Groundwater Storage in the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zou Yiguang , Kuang Xingxing , Feng Yuqing , Jiao Jiu Jimmy , Liu Junguo , Wang Can , Fan Linfeng , Wang Qingjing , Chen Jianxin , Ji Fang , Yao Yingying , Zheng Chunmiao 
Published: September 2022

AbstractUnderstanding how groundwater storage (GWS) responds to climate change is essential for water resources management and future water availability in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, the dominant factor controlling long‐term GWS changes remains unclear and its responses to climate change are not well understood. Here we combined multi‐source datasets including in‐situ measurements, satellite observations, global models, and reanalysis products to reveal that GWS increased at 5.59 ± 1.44 Gt/yr during 2003–2016 while showing spatial heterogeneities with increasing trends in northern TP and glacial regions and declining trends in central and southern TP. The accelerated transformation from solid water (glaciers, snow, and permafrost; −17.72 ± 1.53 Gt/yr) into liquid water provide more recharge to groundwater, dominating the total GWS increase. This study contributes to a better understanding of the hydrological cycle under climate change and provides key information for projecting water availability under different future scenarios in the TP.
Simple Models Outperform More Complex Big‐Leaf Models of Daily Transpiration in Forested Biomes
Authors: Bright Ryan M. , Miralles Diego G. , Poyatos Rafael , Eisner Stephanie 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTranspiration makes up the bulk of total evaporation in forested environments yet remains challenging to predict at landscape‐to‐global scales. We harnessed independent estimates of daily transpiration derived from co‐located sap flow and eddy‐covariance measurement systems and applied the triple collocation technique to evaluate predictions from big leaf models requiring no calibration. In total, four models in 608 unique configurations were evaluated at 21 forested sites spanning a wide diversity of biophysical attributes and environmental backgrounds. We found that simpler models that neither explicitly represented aerodynamic forcing nor canopy conductance achieved higher accuracy and signal‐to‐noise levels when optimally configured (rRMSE = 20%; R2 = 0.89). Irrespective of model type, optimal configurations were those making use of key plant functional type dependent parameters, daily LAI, and constraints based on atmospheric moisture demand over soil moisture supply. Our findings have implications for more informed water resource management based on hydrological modeling and remote sensing.
A Model of Plate Bending at the Transition Zone From Subduction to Collision in Northernmost Manila Trench
Authors: Zhang Jiangyang , Sun Zhen , Yang Hongfeng , Zhang Fan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIt is not rare to observe subduction zones transferring into collision zones. However, it is poorly understood the lateral variation in flexural deformation. Constrained by newly published seismic reflection data, we investigate the mechanical behavior of lithosphere from oceanic subduction to collision at the northern Manila trench using the 3‐D flexural modeling. Results show that both plate rigidity and the loadings increase from the Manila subduction zone to the Taiwan orogenic belt. In order to fit all observations, an upward loading was required at the transition zone from subduction to collision, which may be related to the variation of buoyancy due to density contrast of plate from south to north. The resultant maximum bending stress is consistent with the concentrated seismic activity at the southwest of Taiwan, suggesting that huge loading from the orogeny and lateral density change of subducting plate play important roles in bending and seismicity.
Whistler Waves Associated With Electron Beams in Magnetopause Reconnection Diffusion Regions
Authors: Wang Shan , Bessho Naoki , Graham Daniel B. , Le Contel Olivier , Wilder Frederick D. , Khotyaintsev Yuri V. , Genestreti Kevin J. , Lavraud Benoit , Choi Seung , Burch James L. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWhistler waves are often observed in magnetopause reconnection associated with electron beams. We analyze seven MMS crossings surrounding the electron diffusion region (EDR) to study the role of electron beams in whistler excitation. Waves have two major types: (a) Narrow‐band waves with high ellipticities and (b) broad‐band waves that are more electrostatic with significant variations in ellipticities and wave normal angles. While both types of waves are associated with electron beams, the key difference is the anisotropy of the background population, with perpendicular and parallel anisotropies, respectively. The linear instability analysis suggests that the first type of wave is mainly due to the background anisotropy, with the beam contributing additional cyclotron resonance to enhance the wave growth. The second type of broadband waves are excited via Landau resonance, and as seen in one event, the beam anisotropy induces an additional cyclotron mode. The results are supported by particle‐in‐cell simulations. We infer that the first type occurs downstream of the central EDR, where background electrons experience Betatron acceleration to form the perpendicular anisotropy; the second type occurs in the central EDR of guide field reconnection. A parametric study is conducted with linear instability analysis. A beam anisotropy alone of above ∼3 likely excites the cyclotron mode waves. Large beam drifts cause Doppler shifts and may lead to left‐hand polarizations in the ion frame. Future studies are needed to determine whether the observation covers a broader parameter regime and to understand the competition between whistler and other instabilities.
Seismic Full‐Waveform Inversion of the Crust‐Mantle Structure Beneath China and Adjacent Regions
Authors: Ma Jincheng , Bunge Hans‐Peter , Thrastarson Solvi , Fichtner Andreas , Herwaarden Dirk‐Philip van , Tian You , Chang Sung‐Joon , Liu Tingting 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe present the first‐generation full‐waveform tomographic model (SinoScope 1.0) for the crust‐mantle structure beneath China and adjacent regions. The three‐component seismograms from 410 earthquakes recorded at 2,427 stations are employed in iterative gradient‐based inversions for three successively broadened period bands of 70–120 s, 50–120 s, and 30–120 s. Synthetic seismograms were computed using GPU‐accelerated spectral‐element simulations of seismic wave propagation in 3‐D anelastic models, and Fréchet derivatives were calculated based on an adjoint‐state method facilitated by a checkpointing algorithm. The inversion involved 352 iterations, which required 18,600 wavefield simulations. SinoScope 1.0 is described in terms of isotropic P‐wave (VP), horizontally and vertically polarized S‐wave velocities (VSH and VSV), and mass density (ρ), which are independently constrained with the same data set coupled with a stochastic L‐BFGS quasi‐Newton optimization scheme. It systematically reduced differences between observed and synthetic full‐length seismograms. We performed a detailed resolution analysis by repairing input random parametric perturbations, indicating that resolution lengths can approach the half propagated wavelength within the well‐covered areas. SinoScope 1.0 reveals strong lateral heterogeneities in the lithosphere, and features correlate well with geological observations, such as sedimentary basins, Holocene volcanoes, Tibetan Plateau, Philippine Sea Plate, and various tectonic units. The asthenosphere lies below the lithosphere beneath East and Southeast Asia, bounded by subduction trenches and cratonic blocks. Furthermore, we observe an enhanced image of well‐known slabs along strongly curved subduction zones, which do not exist in the initial model.
Early Miocene Intensification of the North African Hydrological Cycle: Multi‐Proxy Evidence From the Shelf Carbonates of Malta
Authors: Zammit R. , Lear C. H. , Samankassou E. , Lourens L. J. , Micallef A. , Pearson P. N. , Bialik O. M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDuring the Miocene (23.0–5.3 Ma) North Africa experienced both humid and arid intervals, but the underlying cause of these transitions is unknown. Earth's climate was characterized by a unipolar icehouse with a dynamic Antarctic ice sheet, which may have influenced regional hydrology through atmospheric teleconnections. However, the Miocene also witnessed the restriction of the Mesopotamian Seaway, which may have had significant climatic impacts. The Maltese il‐Blata section (Central Mediterranean) comprises Late Oligocene to Early Miocene marine deposits previously used to constrain the timing of the Mesopotamian Seaway restriction using the εNd tracer. The location of this section also makes it sensitive to climatic changes in the North African region, and biogeochemical changes in the central Mediterranean. Here, we present lithological and geochemical records of the il‐Blata section. We find a marked shift in lithology and an increase in sedimentation rate coeval with the Early Miocene (∼19–20 Ma) restriction of the Mesopotamian Seaway. Concomitant changes in bulk sediment CaCO3, Sr/Ca, K/Al, Ti/Al, Zr/Al, and Si/Ti support a major humid climate transition and associated intensification of river systems over western North Africa. We propose that these changes in North African hydroclimate reflect either a tipping point effect in a gradually warming global climate, or are the result of the initial restriction of the Mesopotamian Seaway, perhaps through consequent changes in Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and the West African Monsoon. We also suggest the restriction of the Mesopotamian Seaway inhibited phosphorite deposition at low latitudes.
Functions and underlying mechanisms of lncRNA HOTAIR in cancer chemotherapy resistance
Authors: Zhu Chunming , Wang Xia , Wang Yuan , Wang Kefeng 
Published: September 2022

AbstractChemotherapy has been one of the most important treatments for advanced cancer in recent decades. Although the sensitivity rate of initial chemotherapy is high, patients with chemotherapy resistant tumors, experience tumor recurrence. In recent years, many studies have shown that homeobox transcript antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR) is involved in many pathological processes including carcinogenesis. The abnormal regulation of a variety of cell functions by HOTAIR, such as apoptosis, the cell cycle, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, autophagy, self-renewal, and metabolism, is associated with chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the biology and mechanism underlying the role of HOTAIR in tumor behavior and its potential as a biomarker for predicting the effect of chemotherapy. In this manuscript, we review the mechanisms underlying HOTAIR-related drug resistance and discuss the limitations of current knowledge and propose potential future directions.
Prevalence of hereditary tubulointerstitial kidney diseases in the German Chronic Kidney Disease study
Authors: Popp Bernt , Ekici Arif B. , Knaup Karl X. , Schneider Karen , Uebe Steffen , Park Jonghun , Bafna Vineet , Meiselbach Heike , Eckardt Kai-Uwe , Schiffer Mario , Reis André , Kraus Cornelia , Wiesener Michael 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHereditary chronic kidney disease (CKD) appears to be more frequent than the clinical perception. Exome sequencing (ES) studies in CKD cohorts could identify pathogenic variants in ~10% of individuals. Tubulointerstitial kidney diseases, showing no typical clinical/histologic finding but tubulointerstitial fibrosis, are particularly difficult to diagnose. We used a targeted panel (29 genes) and MUC1-SNaPshot to sequence 271 DNAs, selected in defined disease entities and age cutoffs from 5217 individuals in the German Chronic Kidney Disease cohort. We identified 33 pathogenic variants. Of these 27 (81.8%) were in COL4A3/4/5, the largest group being 15 COL4A5 variants with nine unrelated individuals carrying c.1871G>A, p.(Gly624Asp). We found three cysteine variants in UMOD, a novel missense and a novel splice variant in HNF1B and the homoplastic MTTF variant m.616T>C. Copy-number analysis identified a heterozygous COL4A5 deletion, and a HNF1B duplication/deletion, respectively. Overall, pathogenic variants were present in 12.5% (34/271) and variants of unknown significance in 9.6% (26/271) of selected individuals. Bioinformatic predictions paired with gold standard diagnostics for MUC1 (SNaPshot) could not identify the typical cytosine duplication (“c.428dupC”) in any individual, implying that ADTKD-MUC1 is rare. Our study shows that >10% of selected individuals carry disease-causing variants in genes partly associated with tubulointerstitial kidney diseases. COL4A3/4/5 genes constitute the largest fraction, implying they are regularly overlooked using clinical Alport syndrome criteria and displaying the existence of phenocopies. We identified variants easily missed by some ES pipelines. The clinical filtering criteria applied enriched for an underlying genetic disorder.