bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ballad and the Family
Authors: Daub Adrian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
During the nineteenth century, the ballad was—both in England and in the German-speaking world—frequently understood in hereditary terms: it was a tradition passed down as an heirloom from generation to generation, its authority rested on its supposedly oral ancestry, and it, like the fairy tale, tended to tell of family lines in disarray whose proper transmitting function had to be brought into line. This association of poetic form and family politics made sisterhood a useful, but ambiguous, topic for ballads that wanted to interrogate the ideology of the ballad. This chapter traces family structures in Christina Rosetti’s Goblin Market, Annette von Droste-Hülshoff’s balladry, and Friedrich Hebbel’s family ballads. The chapter traces how sisterhood allowed for a kind of anti-balladry—poems that looked and sounded like ballads, but that undercut the ballad’s claim to represent popular knowledge, oral culture, and the ancestry of the Volk.
Giving Now
Authors: Illingworth Patricia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Despite the abundance of great wealth and an ever-growing number of billionaires, deep poverty and inequality persist worldwide. Nonetheless, donors often favor religion and education in their giving. Social injustice is exacerbated by the mismatch between need and giving. This book looks at the human rights responsibilities of non-state actors. This book argues that philanthropists and the nonprofit sector should be guided by their human rights responsibilities. Grounding philanthropy on human rights has explanatory power with respect to the social consensus about tainted donations, tainted donors, the pornography of poverty, donor-advised funds, and manipulative fundraising. By practicing human rights due diligence, this book maintains that philanthropy can promote social justice, protect human rights, and mitigate philanthropy’s complicity in the violation of human rights. Ultimately philanthropy stands to regain social trust.
Introduction
Authors: Illingworth Patricia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic brought with it unanticipated suffering and death throughout the world. It exacerbated existing poverty, racism and injustice. It also highlighted philanthropy’s strengths and weaknesses. The author describes some of the moral and social problems raised by philanthropy and argues that a human rights framework can address these problems. To develop this argument the author applies The United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights to the nonprofit sector. After identifying philanthropy’s vulnerabilities, and using case studies, the author demonstrates in a chapter by chapter outline how a human rights framework can address the moral and social problems raised by philanthropy and improve the practice of philanthropy.
Blood Money
Authors: Illingworth Patricia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Most people believe that philanthropy is good. In this chapter, the author discusses bad philanthropy. Using Sackler philanthropy as a case study, the author considers whether nonprofits should accept tainted donations. A human rights approach to this question can explain why we believe it is morally wrong to accept tainted donations. The Sacklers are major donors who made much of their money through the sale of OxyContin, the drug many people regard as responsible for the global opioid epidemic, a mammoth violation of the right to health. When nonprofits accept tainted donations, they are complicit in the violation of human rights. The author concludes that, given their human rights responsibilities, nonprofits should refuse tainted donations.
Rome
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rome: Strategy of Empire is the first book in nearly five decades to explore Roman strategic thinking and execution. Combining both thematic chapters with a narrative history of the Roman Empire, this work explores how the Empire survived for over five hundred years despite being challenged by ruthless and determined enemies on every front. Rome: Strategy of Empire dispels many of the myths and errors that have crept up in Roman studies since the 1970s, including the most widespread and pernicious of them all: that the Romans were incapable of executing on a strategic level or even of thinking in strategic terms. The Roman Empire was a military autocracy built and maintained on the backs of the legions and this work explores Rome’s military power and its use in detail. In addition, it explains how Rome sustained its power through diplomacy, superior administration, and most crucially, never (until the end of the Empire) losing sight of the crucial role economics plays as a foundation for military power. Rome: Strategy of Empire not only tells the reader what happened; it explains why it happened.
Introduction
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The introduction explains how this book came to be written and why it is important. It establishes the foundational idea of the book, which is that no one has yet written an adequate history of Roman strategic thinking and execution, or one that tells the story of the Empire from its beginning to its collapse. This introduction also spells out the author’s debt to the many great Roman historians who have provided the foundational work for this book.
Paying for a Strategy
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The face of Roman power was always the legions, but these legions had to be paid and maintained. Doing so at the unprecedented levels the Empire sustained for five hundred years could be accomplished only through the creation and maintenance of a powerful economy from which resources could be drawn (taxes) in huge amounts without breaking the economic engine. During the great expansion of the Roman Republic, war was made to pay for itself, as Rome exploited its conquests to fund further conquests. But most of that expansion ended with the birth of the Empire, forcing the Romans to integrate their conquests into a unified economic system. As a consequence of the Pax Romana, this integrated economic system was able to grow at historically unprecedented rates and maintain this growth for almost two hundred years. The resultant economy was the foundation of Roman power throughout the five hundred years of the Empire. Only after Rome lost sight of the crucial importance of securing its economic core was the Empire doomed.
Roman Naval Power
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Although it has not received much attention from historians, naval power was the glue that bound the Empire together. As long as Rome maintained its naval supremacy, it also retained the resilience to recover from any shock. This was demonstrated during the Crisis of the Third Century, during which, despite some major naval reverses in the Black and Aegean Seas, Roman naval dominance secured the Empire’s hold on the great tax and resource spines of North Africa and Spain. It was only after the Vandals took control of the bulk of Rome’s western naval forces that the final demise of the Western Empire became a certainty. At the end of the Civil War Augustus controlled fleets totaling approximately seven hundred ships, far more than were needed to enforce Rome’s will during a general peace. The surplus ships were laid up or burned, and Agrippa organized the remainder into two large fleets (classis). Over the next several hundred years, these two praetorian fleets—the Classis Misenensis, stationed at Misenum (near Naples), and Classis Revennas, based at Ravenna—provided the foundation of Roman naval power. Other smaller and more specialized fleets were constructed during the course of the Empire to protect vital stretches of the frontiers. To a large degree, the end of the Empire was a consequence of the deterioration of the size and capacity of the fleets.
The Year of the Four Emperors and the Flavians
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter follows Rome’s path in the wake of the bloody end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. It starts in the year 69 CE—the Year of the Four Emperors—and follows the bloody civil war that left Vespasian in charge of the Empire. It details the early construction of the Roman frontier system and the final expansion in Britain, which gave us the famous line “You Romans create a desert and call it peace.” The chapter also details the changes in the Roman economy that were manifested during the first century of empire. It ends with a complete strategic appraisal of the Roman world, which established the conditions for the next century.
The Empire at High Tide
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the Empire at the height of its power and glory. As captured by Edward Gibbon: “In the second century of the Christian Era, the Empire of Rome comprehended the fairest part of the earth, and the most civilized portion of mankind. The frontiers of that extensive monarchy were guarded by ancient renown and disciplined valor. The gentle but powerful influence of laws and manners had gradually cemented the union of the provinces. Their peaceful inhabitants enjoyed and abused the advantages of wealth and luxury.” In this chapter I discuss the reigns of the five “good” emperors: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, and Marcus Aurelius. I cover the last great period of Roman expansion, as Trajan adds Dacia and Mesopotamia to the Empire. I also cover the deteriorating situation toward the end of this period, when the Empire is locked in a multi-decade struggle on the Danube, and a long series of debilitating wars with Parthia. Finally, I discuss the extensive damage done to the fabric of the Empire by the Antonine Plague.
Adrianople’s Aftermath
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The true consequence of the Battle of Adrianople was that it locked in place the separation that had arisen when Constantine’s sons decided to divide the Empire between them and then fought a series of civil wars to bring it back together. In the meantime, they had done little to assist each other against outside threats. It had, of course, been long understood that the Empire was too big to be entirely run by just one man. This realization had been the basis for the tetrarchy, but even the tetrarchy had a single senior emperor to rule the others. There were always centrifugal forces trying to break up the Empire or tear parts of it away. After Adrianople, the Empire was for all practical purposes permanently divided, although not in any manifestly political way, as there remained two Augusti who were communicating with each other. What changed was that only rarely would either half of the Empire be willing to help one another. And even when they were, the help was rarely of meaningful size or long maintained. When Gratian’s army marched to help Valens, it marked the last time an eastern or western Roman field army marched to the assistance of the other. When his army marched back west, it heralded a break that doomed the consolidated Empire, which had existed since the reign of Augustus.
Denouement
Authors: Lacey James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the dizzying events that devastated the Western Empire up to its final collapse in 476. He we see the end of Roman glory as the Goths twice sack Rome. We cover the rise of Attila and the establishment of the Hunnic Empire in Central Europe. From this power base the Huns first strike the Eastern Empire in two devastating raids that almost bring Constantinople to its knees. But Attila changes paths and marches west, where he threatens Rome. He is defeated by a combination of Roman and Gothic arms at the Battle of Chalons, which proves the catalyst for the final destruction of Hunnic power. But in the meantime, in 407, there was a disaster on the Rhine: a large number of barbarian tribal amalgamations crossed into the Empire, stripping away the provinces of Gaul and Spain. Eventually one of the tribes, the Vandals, break into North Africa and seize Carthage. This was the greatest unforced error of the late Empire, for it deprived Rome of its richest province. The Vandal surge in effect broke the Roman tax spine. With its economic foundations gone, there was no longer any hope of a Roman resurgence in the west. In 476 the barbarian king Odoacer put the empire out of its misery and handed over to the eastern emperor the imperial insignia. The message was clear: the Western Empire no longer existed.
Oxford Assess and Progress: Situational Judgement Test
Authors: Metcalfe David , Dev Harveer 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Oxford Assess and Progress: Situational Judgement Test is the definitive guide for students preparing to sit the Situational Judgement Test (SJT) for entry into the UK Foundation Programme. This authoritative book, mapped to the Foundation Programme Curriculum and General Medical Council guidance, includes over 250 practice questions to help you maximize your SJT score. All scenarios are based on real experiences informed by practising doctors and medical students who have sat the SJT to ensure that the questions closely mirror the content of the real exam. Written by junior doctors and overseen by experts in medical assessment, this guide demystifies the SJT, allowing you to achieve the best possible score and take control of the first stage of your medical career.
American Linguistics in Transition
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAmerican Linguistics in Transition is devoted to a major chapter in the history of linguistics in the United States. From the 1930s to the 1960s a form of structural linguistics was dominant in that country. By the end of the 1960s Chomsky’s generative grammar had to a significant extent eclipsed its structuralist antecedents. The book discusses the rise of structuralism in the 1930s, explaining its successes and its limitations. One chapter is devoted to the interplay between American structuralism and European structuralism. Another deals with the early debate between structuralism and generative grammar, pinpointing what the two approaches shared and how they differed. Other chapters focus on the what generativists did to make their new ideas known, on how their theory was accepted (or not) in Europe, and on the resistance to the new theory by leading structuralists, which continued into the 1980s. The final chapter demonstrates that generative grammarians were not organizationally dominant in the field in the US in the 1970s and 1980s, despite what has often been claimed.
The Ontology of Artworlds
Authors: Prum Richard O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In previous work, the author has proposed a post-human, coevolutionary framework which defines art as a form of communication that coevolves with its evaluation. This coevolutionary process occurs within aesthetic communities, or artworlds, that consist of social networks of aesthetic producers and receivers. This chapter presents a formal ontology of artworlds as historical entities, or ontological individuals, that persist through time through ongoing aesthetic coevolution. It discusses how mechanisms of aesthetic change within artworlds contribute to their origin, diversification, and extinction. A fundamental consequence of this coevolutionary framework is that all aesthetic evaluations, criticisms, and influences can be contextualized as occurring within or among independent, overlapping, or non-overlapping artworlds, or as aesthetic evaluations of non-art. Aesthetic canons are further analyzed as persistent, parallel conceptual conservatories for historical aesthetic productions, evaluations, and criticisms. This coevolutionary aesthetic framework provides non-reductive, post-human intellectual tools for empirical analysis in aesthetics and art criticism in both humans and non-human animals.
Can Migrants Be Seen?
Authors: McDonagh Josephine 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the preponderance of treatments of the current “migration crisis” in contemporary Western literature, art, and film. Surveying a wide range of works in different media, it identifies recurrent themes and approaches, and considers the ways in which the saturation of the aesthetic sphere by works of “migration art” has shaped contemporary aesthetic practices. Paradoxically, one of the recurrent themes of these works is to note the relative invisibility of migrants in everyday life, and attempts to redress this sidelining in some cases (e.g., Haneke’s Happy End (2017)) result in a complex interrogation of the limits of contemporary representational practices. This self-reflexivity is evident in a number of works of “migration art.” While these works are examples of what Rancière refers to as the “ethical turn,” occupying an “indistinct sphere where .?.?. the specificity of political and artistic practices [are] dissolved,” nevertheless there are examples of works (e.g., Bouchra Khalili’s installation, The Mapping Journey Project (2008–11)) in which the tension between their ethical intentionality and their actualization as a formal work of art is productively explored. The final section of the chapter situates the contemporary trend of migration art in a longer history of representations of shipwrecks in Western art and literature, and suggests that contemporary artists, writers, and film makers draw on a received aesthetic language of individual risk and danger in the face of the elements (the sublime) in which to cast the fate of present day migrants. A reading of two contrasting works of poetry, Caroline Smith’s The Immigration Handbook (2016) and Caroline Bergvall’s Drift (2014), suggests where we might see both the limits and efficaciousness of these techniques.
The Genesis of Lewis’s Counterfactual Analysis of Causation
Authors: Beebee Helen 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
David Lewis first proposed a counterfactual analysis of causation in an essay written for his very first undergraduate philosophy course in 1958. This chapter outlines that proposal and situates it within its mid-century philosophical and legal context, arguing that it was a bold departure from the status quo in its severing of the link between causation and exceptionless regularity. The chapter also discusses Lewis’s nascent view of counterfactuals—and in particular whether his use of ‘comparison cases’ in his various undergraduate attempts to solve the problem of redundant causation commits him to a contrastivist view of causation—and his early views on the transitivity of causation. Finally, it notes some significant differences between his early and later positions on causation.
Paradoxes of Time Travel to the Future
Authors: Bernstein Sara 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter brings two fresh perspectives on Lewis’s theory of time travel. First: many key aspects and theoretical desiderata of Lewis’s theory can be captured in a framework that does not commit to eternalism about time. Second: implementing aspects of Lewisian time travel in a non-eternalist framework provides theoretical resources for a better treatment of time travel to the future. While time travel to the past has been extensively analyzed, time travel to the future has been comparatively underexplored. The chapter makes progress on this topic. Along the way, it discusses Lewis’s lesser-known time travel oeuvre, especially his recently published correspondence and lectures on the topic. Lewis’s body of unpublished work on time travel yields fruitful insights into his broader thinking on the subject.
Lewis on Time Travel
Authors: Bennett Jonathan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter, originally written for a symposium commemorating David Lewis in 2002, considers the possibilities for telling stories concerning time travel to the past that do not involve the time traveller coming to see themselves (whether rightly or wrongly) as unable to perform the kinds of action they are normally able to perform, the doing of which would prevent something that did, in fact, occur from occurring—as in the ‘grandfather paradox’. Various options are considered—for example, the time-travelling somehow either causing selective amnesia concerning what happens at the past time or causing the time traveller not to want to change the past; or a ban on travelling back to a time about which the time traveller has information.
The Comic Body in Ancient Greek Theatre and Art, 440-320 BCE
Authors: Piqueux Alexa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractUsing both textual and iconographic sources, this richly illustrated book examines the representations of the body in Greek Old and Middle Comedy, how it was staged, perceived, and imagined, particularly in Athens, Magna Graecia, and Sicily. The study also aims to refine knowledge of the various connections between Attic comedy and comic vases from Sout Italy and Sicily (the so-called ‘phlyax vases’). After introducing comic texts and comedy-related vase-paintings in the regional contexts, the book considers the generic features of the comic body, characterized as it is by a specific ugliness and a constant motion. It also explores how costumes—masks, padding, phallus, clothing, accessories—and gestures contribute to the characters’ visual identity in relation with speech: it analyzes the cultural, social, aesthetic, and theatrical conventions by which spectators decipher the body. This study thus leads to a re-examination of the modalities of comic mimesis, in particular when addressing sexual codes in cross-dressing scenes which reveal the artifice of the fictional body. It also sheds light on how comic poets make use of the scenic or imaginary representations of the bodies of those who are targets of political, social, or intellectual satire. There is a particular emphasis on body movements, where the book not only deals with body language and the dramatic function of comic gesture, but also with how words confer a kind of poetic and unreal motion to the body.
Social and Moral Characterization through Costume
Authors: Piqueux Alexa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe fourth chapter is devoted to elements of the costume (clothing and masks) which act in support of the social and moral characterization of the personage, as well as visual caricature. It also shows how verbal suggestions play a major role in the audience’s identification of the characters and in visual characterization. In particular, this chapter looks at the way in which the comic poets make use of the scenic or imaginary representation of the body of those who are the target of political, social, intellectual, or moral satire. Masks and faces are considered in greater depth. After discussing the typology of comic masks, particular attention is paid to faces with a distinctive complexion, especially those of hetairai and philosophers, as well as to the way these overly colourful or pallid faces contribute to the creation of ridiculous and spectacular bodies.
The Body in Movement
Authors: Piqueux Alexa 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe fifth chapter focuses on the body in movement. First, by cross-referencing textual data with iconographic testimony, it describes and analyses the general look (schēma) of the comic body, as it relates to the development of the genre. It also examines social and moral characterization through gesture, movement, deportment, and gait, thus helping to shed light upon the evolution of ancient acting. The chapter continues by exploring the articulation of visual and verbal signs in comedy performances by studying various examples of the visual and dramatic efficacy of the comic gesture, in particular in paratragic contexts. To conclude, it shows how incessant motion, whether real or imaginary, performed on stage or suggested by words, characterizes the comic body and the most ludicrous figures until the dawn of New Comedy, as they exhibit frantic activity and seem to be protean.