bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shoot the Arrow, Then Paint the Target: CEO Compensation and Institutional Shareholder Services Benchmarking
Authors: Iyer Subramanian R. , Palmon Oded , Sankaran Harikumar 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe document that firms that expect their CEOs’ compensation to exceed the median CEO compensation of their Institutional Shareholder Services (ISS) peers influence ISS to revise these peer sets. Controlling for changes in firm characteristics that ISS uses to select peers, we find that ISS applies an abnormally high turnover rate in the members of these peer sets and increases the representation of focal firms’ chosen peers. This turnover results in increases in the medians of the ISS peers’ CEO compensation and size. We find that these firms underperform and conclude that they attempt to camouflage high CEO pay to mitigate outrage costs.
Cross-Subsidization in Conglomerate Firms: Evidence from Government Spending Shocks
Authors: Kisgen Darren J. , Kong Lei 
Published: September 2022

AbstractExploiting demand shocks from changes in federal government spending, we examine how the organizational structure of a firm affects its investment behavior. Government spending shocks affect the investment of government-dependent conglomerate segments less than matched stand-alone firms. Investment also increases in lower government-dependent segments when other segments within the same firm experience positive demand shocks, indicating cross-subsidization between segments. We further show that this cross-subsidization leads to worse operating performance and increases the diversification discount. Our findings are robust after addressing the endogeneity of government spending.
Trophoniella cucullata, a new flabelligerid species from Mediterranean Posidonia oceanica meadows (Annelida, Flabelligeridae)
Authors: Mancini Emanuele , Bonifazi Andrea , Tiralongo Francesco , Lezzi Marco 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA new species belonging to the genus Trophoniella Hartman, 1959 (Polychaeta: Flabelligeridae) was described from the coastal area of Civitavecchia (Northern Tyrrhenian Sea). The species was collected in gravelly coarse sands from Posidonia oceanica beds at around 7 m depth. Trophoniella cucullata sp. nov. clearly differs from all other congeners species primarily by the distribution of the sediment grains on the body and by the starting point of the anchylosed neurohooks. Diagnostic morphological traits for the identification of the species are discussed. The description of Trophoniella cucullata sp. nov. in the same P. oceanica biocenosis where other species have been recently reported in the Northern Tyrrhenian Sea, testifies to the role of this marine phanerogam as a biodiversity hotspot.
The Prestorm Environment and Prediction for Local‐ and Nonlocal‐Scale Precipitation: Insights Gained From High‐Resolution Radiosonde Measurements Across China
Authors: Zhang Jian , Guo Jianping , Li Jian , Shao Jia , Tong Bing , Zhang Shaodong 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDifferentiating local‐scale precipitation (LP) and nonlocal‐scale precipitation (NLP) and understanding their corresponding prestorm environment are of importance for accurate severe weather analysis and forecasting. However, the difference in the transient prestorm environments of LP and NLP is largely undetermined, thereby fundamentally limiting the predictability of convective storms. The present study focuses on the precursor signals of LP and their differences from those of NLP based on explicit observational analyses using high‐resolution radiosonde measurements from the China radiosonde network with a vertical resolution of 5‐m, combined with 1‐min rain gauge data from the China rain gauge network during 2013–2020. LP and NLP can be recognized by most proximity sounding parameters. For example, the upcoming LP is characterized by larger most‐unstable convective available potential energy (MUCAPE), K index, and total precipitable water (TPW), and a lower lifting condensation level (LCL), compared to the NLP scenario. By taking proximity sounding parameters as inputs and precipitation types as learning targets, a nu‐support vector machine algorithm can effectively predict LP or NLP events, achieving an overall precision of 97%. However, the precision significantly drops by approximately 20% after removing the variable of low‐level wind shear, indicating the crucial role of wind observation when predicting the LP event. Furthermore, more intensive LPs are characterized by larger MUCAPE, K index, TPW, and moist static energy, and lower LCL. Among others, MUCAPE is the most important feature, according to the gradient boosting machine algorithm.
Hydrologic Connectivity and Residence Time Affect the Sediment Trapping Efficiency and Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations of the Atchafalaya River Basin
Authors: Kroes Daniel E. , Day Richard H. , Kaller Michael D. , Demas Charles R. , Kelso William E. , Pasco Tiffany , Harlan Raynie , Roberts Steven 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLittle is known about water movement, volume, or residence time (RT), and how those characteristics affect sediment trapping efficiency (TE) and dissolved oxygen concentrations (DO) in the United States' largest remaining bottomland hardwood swamp, the Atchafalaya River Basin. To better understand these dynamics, this study used bathymetry, lidar, and stage records to determine volumes in the Basin's hydrologically distinct water management units (WMUs). Discharge measurements determined flow distribution and RT. Residence time was compared with DO to identify conditions that coincided with DO increases or decreases. Suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) were used to determine TE relative to calculated and measured discharge and RT. Discharge through units (85–2,200 m3/s) and RT (0.37–231 d) depended on connectivity and river stage. At high stages, with water temperatures >20°C, DO in the largest WMU declined by −0.21 mg/l/day. DO trends indicated less well‐connected areas of the WMU contributed hypoxic waters as the flood wave lengthened and stages fell. In the two WMUs examined for TE, TE (−266% to 99% and up to 38 Gg/day) correlated with hydrologic connectivity, SSC, RT, water volume, and, in one WMU, discharge losses. Long RT and high TE indicated a high potential to process nutrients. These relationships varied among WMUs. Large volumes of sediment‐laden water moving over the floodplain combined with long RT, high TE, and hypoxia indicate that this ecosystem has continental‐scale importance in reducing nutrient loads to the northern Gulf of Mexico. Reports from other systems suggest similar processes may be operating on other large river floodplains globally.
Shear‐Velocity Structure and Dynamics Beneath the Sicily Channel and Surrounding Regions of the Central Mediterranean Inferred From Seismic Surface Waves
Authors: Agius M. R. , Magrini F. , Diaferia G. , Kästle E. D. , Cammarano F. , Faccenna C. , Funiciello F. , van der Meijde M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe evolution of the Sicily Channel Rift Zone (SCRZ) is thought to accommodate the regional tectonic stresses of the Calabrian subduction system. Much of the observations we have today are either limited to the surface or to the upper crust or deeper from regional seismic tomography, missing important details about the lithospheric structure and dynamics. It is unclear whether the rifting is passive from far‐field extensional stresses or active from mantle upwelling beneath. We measure Rayleigh‐and Love‐wave phase velocities from ambient seismic noise and invert for 3‐D shear‐velocity and radial anisotropic models. Variations in crustal S‐velocities coincide with topographic and tectonic features. The Tyrrhenian Sea has a ∼10 km thin crust, followed by the SCRZ (∼20 km). The thickest crust is beneath the Apennine‐Maghrebian Mountains (∼55 km). Areas experiencing extension and intraplate volcanism have positive crustal radial anisotropy (VSH > VSV); areas experiencing compression and subduction‐related volcanism have negative anisotropy. The crustal anisotropy across the Channel shows the extent of the extension. Beneath the Tyrrhenian Sea, we find very low sub‐Moho S‐velocities. In contrast, the SCRZ has a thin mantle lithosphere underlain by a low‐velocity zone. The lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary rises from 60 km depth beneath Tunisia to ∼33 km beneath the SCRZ. Negative radial anisotropy in the upper mantle beneath the SCRZ is consistent with vertical mantle flow. We hypothesize a more active mantle upwelling beneath the rift than previously thought from an interplay between poloidal and toroidal fluxes related to the Calabrian slab, which in turn produces uplift at the surface and induces volcanism.
An Atypical Shallow Mw 5.3, 2021 Earthquake in the Western Corinth Rift (Greece)
Authors: Zahradník Jiří , Aissaoui El Madani , Bernard Pascal , Briole Pierre , Bufféral Simon , De Barros Louis , Deschamps Anne , Elias Panagiotis , Evangelidis Christos P. , Fountoulakis Ioannis , Gallovič František , Kapetanidis Vasilis , Kaviris George , Ktenidou Olga‐Joan , Lambotte Sophie , Lengliné Olivier , Lyon‐Caen Helene , Noble Mark , Plicka Vladimír , Rigo Alexis , Roumelioti Zafeiria , Serpetsidaki Anna , Sokos Efthimios , Voulgaris Nicholas 
Published: September 2022

AbstractModerate‐to‐large earthquakes in rifts may occur on leading boundary faults or inner antithetic faults. Here we show a rare case of the 2020–2021 seismic sequence in the Corinth rift, that culminated in the shallow rupture of the antithetic fault, neither preceded nor followed by the leading fault rupture. The hypocenter of the largest shock (Mw 5.3 of 17 February 2021) was located at ∼8 km depth. However, seismic waveform data, supported by satellite‐geodetic and tide gauge measurements, pointed to rupture at shallow depth (∼3 km), where no earthquakes were previously observed. We show that the earthquake most probably ruptured two orthogonal, conjugate fault segments: a weak nucleation phase occurred in the microseismically highly active sub‐horizontal detachment layer, followed – a few seconds later – by a larger, shallow moment release on a high‐angle, south‐dipping normal fault. The latter is the Mornos offshore fault, antithetic to the leading, north‐dipping Psathopyrgos fault. Our study presents the first instrumental/observational evidence of a very shallow Mw 5+ event in this rift – and one of the few reported worldwide. The depth limit of the main shallow slip patch coincides with the expected crossing of the Mornos fault with the Psathopyrgos fault, stressing the importance of fault segmentation and rooting inherited from the rift history. This unusual shallow slip in a depth range with little background seismicity and few aftershocks needs to be further investigated by dynamic modeling as a possible prototype of hazardous events in rift environments.
Influences of Antarctic Ozone Depletion on Southern Ocean Aerosols
Authors: Bhatti Yusuf. A. , Revell Laura. E. , McDonald Adrian. J. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Southern Ocean is often identified as a pristine aerosol environment, being distant from anthropogenic sources. We investigate anomalies in aerosol loading over the Southern Ocean due to stratospheric ozone depletion in historical simulations performed for the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. We explore direct influences of ozone depletion on aerosols via enhanced ultraviolet‐induced production of oceanic dimethyl sulfide (DMS), and indirect influences via changes in the Southern Hemisphere westerly jet, which impacts wind‐driven aerosol fluxes. We identify wind as the key driver of change for austral summertime aerosol, leading to increases in aerosol optical depth of up to 24% compared with the pre–ozone hole era. In contrast to previous studies, direct impacts on aerosol from ozone depletion and enhanced ultraviolet fluxes are less obvious. Our results show that the Southern Ocean summertime aerosol environment cannot be considered to be representative of pre–ozone hole conditions because stratospheric ozone depletion has indirectly increased marine aerosol fluxes.
Post COVID-19 mental health symptoms and quality of life among COVID-19 frontline clinicians: a comparative study using propensity score matching approach
Authors: Zhao Yan-Jie , Xing Xiaomeng , Tian Tengfei , Wang Qian , Liang Sixiang , Wang Zhe , Cheung Teris , Su Zhaohui , Tang Yi-Lang , Ng Chee H. , Sha Sha , Xiang Yu-Tao 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Background
The extent and severity of post-COVID-19 mental health symptoms among frontline clinicians are not clear. This study compared mental health symptoms (i.e., depression, anxiety, and insomnia symptoms) and global quality of life (QOL) after the first COVID-19 outbreak between the COVID-19 treating and non-COVID-19 treating frontline clinicians.

Methods
This cross-sectional, comparative, convenient-sampling study was conducted between October 13 and 22, 2020, which was five months after the first COVID-19 outbreak in China was brought under control. The severity of depression, anxiety, insomnia symptoms, and global QOL of the clinicians were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale—7 items (GAD-7), Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire—brief version (WHOQOL-BREF), respectively. The propensity score matching (PSM) method was used to identify comparable COVID-19 treating and non-COVID-19 treating frontline clinicians. A generalized linear model (GLM) was used to assess the differences in PHQ-9, GAD-7, ISI, and QOL scores between the COVID-19 treating and non-COVID-19 treating frontline clinicians.

Results
In total, 260 COVID-19 treating frontline clinicians and 260 matched non- COVID-19 treating frontline clinicians were included. Non-COVID-19 treating frontline clinicians experienced more frequent workplace violence (WPV) than the COVID-19 treating frontline clinicians (χ2 = 7.6, p = 0.006). COVID-19 treating frontline clinicians reported higher QOL compared to their non-COVID-19 treating frontline counterparts (b = 0.3, p = 0.042), after adjusting for WPV experience. COVID-19 treating and non- COVID-19 treating frontline clinicians reported similar PHQ-9, GAD-7, and ISI total scores (all p values > 0.05).

Conclusion
This study did not reveal more severe post-COVID-19 mental health symptoms in COVID-19 treating frontline clinicians compared to non-COVID-19 treating frontline clinicians. It is possible that the implementation of timely and appropriate mental health, social and financial supports could have prevented the worsening of mental health symptoms among the COVID-19 treating frontline clinicians after the first COVID-19 outbreak in China.
ADHD and its neurocognitive substrates: A two sample Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Ahn Kwangmi , Norman Luke J. , Justice Cristina M. , Shaw Philip 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAttention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a wide array of neural and cognitive features, and other psychiatric disorders, identified mainly through cross-sectional associations studies. However, it is unclear if the disorder is causally associated with these neurocognitive features. Here, we applied a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study to summary GWAS data to explore the presence and direction of a causal effect between ADHD and a range of neurocognitive features and other psychiatric disorders. The inverse variance weighted method was used in the main analysis, and two MR methods (MR-Egger, weighted median) were used for robustness checks. We found that genetic risk for ADHD was causally associated with a decreased area of lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Conversely, we found that brain volume and some features of intrinsic functional connectivity had causal effects on ADHD risk. Bidirectional causal links were found between ADHD and adult general intelligence, as well as depression and autistic spectrum disorders. Such work highlights the important ties between ADHD and general cognitive ability, and suggest some neural features, previously merely associated with the disorder, may play a causal role in its pathogenesis.
Enhanced detection of threat materials by dark-field x-ray imaging combined with deep neural networks
Authors: Partridge T. , Astolfo A. , Shankar S. S. , Vittoria F. A. , Endrizzi M. , Arridge S. , Riley-Smith T. , Haig I. G. , Bate D. , Olivo A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractX-ray imaging has been boosted by the introduction of phase-based methods. Detail visibility is enhanced in phase contrast images, and dark-field images are sensitive to inhomogeneities on a length scale below the system’s spatial resolution. Here we show that dark-field creates a texture which is characteristic of the imaged material, and that its combination with conventional attenuation leads to an improved discrimination of threat materials. We show that remaining ambiguities can be resolved by exploiting the different energy dependence of the dark-field and attenuation signals. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the dark-field texture is well-suited for identification through machine learning approaches through two proof-of-concept studies. In both cases, application of the same approaches to datasets from which the dark-field images were removed led to a clear degradation in performance. While the small scale of these studies means further research is required, results indicate potential for a combined use of dark-field and deep neural networks in security applications and beyond.
Structure and function of H+/K+ pump mutants reveal Na+/K+ pump mechanisms
Authors: Young Victoria C. , Nakanishi Hanayo , Meyer Dylan J. , Nishizawa Tomohiro , Oshima Atsunori , Artigas Pablo , Abe Kazuhiro 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIon-transport mechanisms evolve by changing ion-selectivity, such as switching from Na+ to H+ selectivity in secondary-active transporters or P-type-ATPases. Here we study primary-active transport via P-type ATPases using functional and structural analyses to demonstrate that four simultaneous residue substitutions transform the non-gastric H+/K+ pump, a strict H+-dependent electroneutral P-type ATPase, into a bona fide Na+-dependent electrogenic Na+/K+ pump. Conversion of a H+-dependent primary-active transporter into a Na+-dependent one provides a prototype for similar studies of ion-transport proteins. Moreover, we solve the structures of the wild-type non-gastric H+/K+ pump, a suitable drug target to treat cystic fibrosis, and of its Na+/K+ pump-mimicking mutant in two major conformations, providing insight on how Na+ binding drives a concerted mechanism leading to Na+/K+ pump phosphorylation.
Anomalous transverse resistance in the topological superconductor β-Bi2Pd
Authors: Xu Xiaoying , Li Yufan , Chien C. L. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA supercurrent flowing in a superconductor meets no resistance. Yet an electric field may still be established within the superconductor in the presence of dissipative processes, such as vortex motion. Here we report the observation of a transverse voltage drop in superconducting β-Bi2Pd thin films. Unlike the Hall effect in general or in other superconductors, the sign of the observed transverse voltage does not depend on the external magnetic field. Instead, it is dictated by the broken inversion symmetry on the film interfaces. This anomalous transverse voltage, or transverse resistance, is indicative of a chirality that likely resonates with the topological surface states reported in β-Bi2Pd.
CtIP-dependent nascent RNA expression flanking DNA breaks guides the choice of DNA repair pathway
Authors: Gómez-Cabello Daniel , Pappas George , Aguilar-Morante Diana , Dinant Christoffel , Bartek Jiri 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe RNA world is changing our views about sensing and resolution of DNA damage. Here, we develop single-molecule DNA/RNA analysis approaches to visualize how nascent RNA facilitates the repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is crucial for DSB resolution in human cells. DSB-flanking, RNAPII-generated nascent RNA forms RNA:DNA hybrids, guiding the upstream DNA repair steps towards favouring the error-free Homologous Recombination (HR) pathway over Non-Homologous End Joining. Specific RNAPII inhibitor, THZ1, impairs recruitment of essential HR proteins to DSBs, implicating nascent RNA in DNA end resection, initiation and execution of HR repair. We further propose that resection factor CtIP interacts with and helps re-activate RNAPII when paused by the RNA:DNA hybrids, collectively promoting faithful repair of chromosome breaks to maintain genomic integrity.
Biofeedback electrostimulation for bionic and long-lasting neural modulation
Authors: Jin Fei , Li Tong , Wei Zhidong , Xiong Ruiying , Qian Lili , Ma Juan , Yuan Tao , Wu Qi , Lai Chengteng , Ma Xiying , Wang Fuyi , Zhao Ying , Sun Fengyu , Wang Ting , Feng Zhang-Qi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractInvasive electrical stimulation (iES) is prone to cause neural stimulus-inertia owing to its excessive accumulation of exogenous charges, thereby resulting in many side effects and even failure of nerve regeneration and functional recovery. Here, a wearable neural iES system is well designed and built for bionic and long-lasting neural modulation. It can automatically yield biomimetic pulsed electrical signals under the driven of respiratory motion. These electrical signals are full of unique physiological synchronization can give biofeedback to respiratory behaviors, self-adjusting with different physiological states of the living body, and thus realizing a dynamic and biological self-matched modulation of voltage-gated calcium channels on the cell membrane. Abundant cellular and animal experimental evidence confirm an effective elimination of neural stimulus-inertia by these bioelectrical signals. An unprecedented nerve regeneration and motor functional reconstruction are achieved in long-segmental peripheral nerve defects, which is equal to the gold standard of nerve repair -- autograft. The wearable neural iES system provides an advanced platform to overcome the common neural stimulus-inertia and gives a broad avenue for personalized iES therapy of nerve injury and neurodegenerative diseases.
Integrating quantum processor device and control optimization in a gradient-based framework
Authors: Ni Xiaotong , Zhao Hui-Hai , Wang Lei , Wu Feng , Chen Jianxin 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIn a quantum processor, the device design and external controls together contribute to the quality of the target quantum operations. As we continuously seek better alternative qubit platforms, we explore the increasingly large device and control design space. Thus, optimization becomes more and more challenging. In this work, we demonstrate that the figure of merit reflecting a design goal can be made differentiable with respect to the device and control parameters. In addition, we can compute the gradient of the design objective efficiently in a similar manner to the back-propagation algorithm and then utilize the gradient to optimize the device and the control parameters jointly and efficiently. Therefore, our work extends the scope of the quantum optimal control to device design and provides an efficient optimization method. We also demonstrate the viability of gradient-based joint optimization over the device and control parameters through a few examples based on the superconducting qubits.