bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economics of Harvest Timing for Once-over Harvesting of Cucumbers1
Authors: Colwell H. T. M. , O’Sullivan John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An economic model involving simulation methodology was used, in conjunction with data from field experiments, to examine the economic effects of delayed or premature harvest of pickling cucumbers (Cucumis sativa L.) on yield and several measures of size grade distribution. It was shown that, for once-over harvesting of cucumbers, profitability of cucumber production was extremely sensitive to untimely harvesting. Profitability/ha was reduced on average by $1091 and $722 respectively for harvesting 3 days earlier or later than optimum. Harvest criteria which maximized profit were identified for both conventional cucumber production and production based on gynoecious cultivars and treatment with chlorflurenol. Substantial differences in the effect of harvest timing on profitability/ha and in optimum harvest criteria occurred between these production systems. Maximum margins occurred in production methods involving gynoecious cultivars and chlorflurenol when 54.6% of the fruit were classified as grade 1. The comparable value for conventional production methods was 27.3%.
Origin, Expression, and Significance of Gene B in Cucurbita pepo L.1
Authors: Shifriss Oved 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two systems of fruit pigmentation exist in Cucurbita pepo. In the standard B+-system, the onset of color differentiation (orange, yellow, cream, or white) occurs after the “bud phase.” In the precocious B-system, the onset of color occurs during the bud phase. The source of the precocious system is a group of bicolor-fruited cultivars of the ornamental gourds. The yellow portion of a bicolor fruit is precociously pigmented, but the extent of precocious pigmentation may vary greatly even among fruits borne on the same plant. Starting with a single bicolor-fruited plant of the ‘Pear’ gourd, a program of self-reproduction and selection was initiated in an attempt to establish true-breeding lines which differ in extent of precocious fruit pigmentation. Many plants of successive inbred generations proved to be unstable genetically or phenotypically or both. But 2 genetically stable plants of known breeding history were identified as BB and BwBw (Bw for a “weak” allele). Inbred BB produces completely yellow fruits in one environment and somewhat variable fruits in another environment. Inbred BwBw produces fruits which exhibit a wide range of variation in extent of precocious pigmentation in different environments. Substitution of B for B+ in several edible cultivars has revealed the following facts: 1) BB lines of some backgrounds produce completely yellow fruits in diverse environments. 2) BB+ heterozygotes of different backgrounds differ from one another in extent of precocious fruit pigmentation and in the range of fruit variation on the same plant. 3) B is stable in some backgrounds and unstable in other backgrounds. 4) B can exert “secondary” effects on plant growth, sexuality, and fruit quality, some of which are detrimental and others, beneficial. 5) The secondary effects are separable in breeding experiments. It is suggested that the initial source of B and its precocious alleles is genetic instability which occurs spontaneously in some stocks during gametogenesis; that the extent of precocious fruit pigmentation depends on time at which B (or its allele) blocks chlorophyll synthesis during the bud phase; that the determination of this time is affected by the “strength” of the B alleles present, their dosage, modifier genes, and non-genetic factors; that the secondary effects of B result from different interactions between B and other genes; and that superior precocious cultivars could be developed in which the beneficical effects of B are enhanced and its detrimental effects are suppressed through selection of new gene recombinations.
Performance of Bearing Cherry and Prune Trees under Very Low Irrigation Rates1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Middleton J. E. , Mahan M. O. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cherry (Prunus avium L.) and prune (P. domestica L.) trees were trickle irrigated daily or weekly at 100%, 50%, and 15% of evaporation from a standard Class “A” pan, adjusted to the area of the tree canopy (Ec), for one full growing season. Soil moisture remained above the wilting point throughout the soil profile with 100% Ec but reached the wilting point except for a wetted zone near the emitters for 50% Ec and 15% Ec. Leaf water potential of shaded cherry leaves at midday averaged near -14 bars for 100% Ec, near -20 bars for 15% Ec, reaching as low as -28 bars for prunes in late July and August. Growth of fruit and vegetative parts was reduced by severe stress but the trees survived on 15% Ec. Prunes recovered to normal yield and growth by the second year after treatment. Peripheral branches of cherries died back during the year of treatment and in the following year. Cherries grew and fruited normally by the third year after treatment except for reduced bearing surface.
Control of Peach Tree Growth and Productivity by Regulated Water Supply, Tree Density, and Summer Pruning1
Authors: Chalmers D. J. , Mitchell P. D. , van Heek L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Root competition (tree density), summer pruning, and regulated irrigation were studied to determine whether they can be used to control tree vigor and productivity in ultra-dense orchards of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. All methods appeared to inhibit tree growth, but regulated irrigation combined with root competition generated from high tree density was most effective. Fruit yields and fruit growth were significantly increased (up to 30%) by high tree density combined with low rate of water application when water stress limited shoot growth but stimulated subsequent fruit growth. Periods of low rate of water application are specified.
Floral and Vegetative Bud Development of ‘Sungold’ and ‘Sunlite’ Nectarine as influenced by Evaporative Cooling by Overhead Sprinkling during Rest1
Authors: Gilreath Phyllis R. , Buchanan D. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Evaporative cooling by overhead sprinkling during rest advanced bloom of ‘Sungold’ nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] about 11 days. The bloom advance was due to water applied to the canopy and not to increased water in the root zone. A rest prediction model for low chilling nectarines which accurately predicted rest completion for all unsprinkled treatments failed to predict the date of rest termination for sprinkled treatments, suggesting other factors are involved in addition to temperature.
Chemical Loosening Agents to Assist Mechanical Harvest of Olive1
Authors: Martin G. C. , Lavee S. , Sibbett G. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied at pH 6.8 to 7.0 resulted in fruit loosening which allowed mechanical harvest of at least 85% of the olive crop but there was excessive leaf loss. Inclusion of calcium salts helps offset leaf loss, but also decreases fruit loosening. 2-chloroethyl-tris-(2-methoxyethoxy)-silane (Alsol) and (2-chloroethyl)-methyl-bis-(phenylmethoxy)-silane (CGA 15281) appeared to be more superior looseners than either ethephon or GAF 7767141 (an ethylene generating material) with less leaf loss following treatment.
Peach Floral Bud Break and Abscisic Acid Content as Affected by Mist, Light, and Temperature Treatments during Rest1
Authors: Freeman Mark W. , Martin George C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mist, low light, and low temperature during dormancy significantly promoted subsequent floral bud growth in peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) while high temperature and high light intensity significantly decreased it. Chilling hours at 10°C bud temperature were half as effective as hours at 6°. No significant changes occurred in abscisic acid (ABA) levels in floral bud scales. ABA content of primordia within misted buds was significantly lower than of primordia in other treatments. The data support the concept that fog influences bud rest through temperature, light, and leaching effects. Results also indicate that ABA content in buds may not be the primary factor that determines termination of rest.
Diurnal Variation in Water Potential Components and Stomatal Resistance of Irrigated Peach Seedlings1
Authors: Young Eric , Hand J. Mark , Wiest Steven C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Peach [Prunus persica, (L.) Batsch] seedling growing in irrigated soil showed strong diurnal variations in totalwater potential, turgor potential, and stomatal resistance. A significant positive correlation existed between turgor potential and total water potential while osmotic potential remained fairly constant. There appeared to be no rapid, diurnal osmotic adjustment to maintain constant turgor, although there may have been some slight, long-term osmotic adjustment over the 2-week experimental period. When turgor approached zero, a depression of osmotic potential due to water loss through transpiration maintained turgor above zero. Stomatal resistance remained low throughout the day, even though total water potential dropped below –16 bars and turgor potential was below 2 bars. Stomatal resistance was negatively correlated with irradiance level but not with turgor potential.
Inheritance of Low Temperature Sprouting Ability in F1 Tomato Crosses1
Authors: De Vos D. A. , Hill R. R. , Hepler R. W. , Garwood D. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Inheritance of the ability of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) to sprout at 10°C was evaluated in a diallel study involving 7 inbred parents. For each parental and F1 progeny family, sprouting indices were used to estimate genetic and environmental components of variation. Significant additive gene effects with partial dominance for inability to sprout at low temperature were found. Epistatic gene effects were not important, but a significant maternal effect was found. The estimate of narrow sense heritability was 69% and that for broad sense heritability was 85%.
Performance of Hermaphroditic Pollen Parents in Crosses with Gynoecious Lines for Parthenocarpic Yield in Gynoecious Pickling Cucumber for Onceover Mechanical Harvest1
Authors: El-Shawaf I. I. S. , Baker L. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The top cross method was used to judge the performance of 17 hermaphroditic lines (pollen parents) for parthenocarpic yield and associated characters of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Hybrid yields of 3 to 6 parthenocarpic fruits per plant were observed with 68 to 99.5% gynoecious expression. Four hermaphroditic lines were judged outstanding based on their hybrid performance for the necessary high percent of gynoecious expression combined with high yield. Significant correlations were detected between days-to-flower and nodal position of first-pistillate flower, and between the latter and yield. Heritabilities were 64%, 63%, and 73% for days-to-flower, nodal position of the first-pistillate flower, and gynoecious expression, respectively. The heritability for yield (number of fruit/plant) of parthenocarpic fruits was 20%. Accordingly, plant breeders might enhance selection gains for associated characters, but realize somewhat less success for yield (fruit number).
Combining Ability and Genetic Variances of G × H F1 Hybrids for Parthenocarpic Yield in Gynoecious Pickling Cucumber for Once-over Mechanical Harvest1
Authors: El-Shawaf I. I. S. , Baker L. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The parthenocarpic yield and associated traits of 20 gynoecious hybrids of pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were measured by crossing 4 gynoecious with 5 hermaphroditic lines. The experimental hybrids were grown in the field and harvested for the once-over harvest system. Additive genetic variance was greater than non-additive for yield and associated characters, except gynoecious expression where non-additive was more important. The GCA for harvest-time, gynoecious expression, and yield of the female parents was greater than that of the male parents in this population. The converse was true for flowering-time. The dominance estimates indicated complete dominance for early flowering and over-dominance for gynoecious expression. The remaining characters appeared to be under the control of genes with additive effects and partial dominance. Narrow sense heritabilities of half-sibs (males and females) for fruit no. and fruit wt/plant were 53 to 60% and 32 to 65%, respectively. The genotypic and phenotypic correlations for flowering-time and nodal position of first-pistillate flower were high as was nodal position of first-pistillate flower with parthenocarpic yield.
Inheritance of Non-Wrapper Leaf Number, Efficiency Index, and Non-Wrapper Leaf Size in Cabbage1
Authors: Summers W. L. , Honma S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A comparison of inheritance patterns and heritability estimates from a NCII crossing model which included green and red cabbage, Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group, indicated differences between green × green and red × green crosses. Green × green crosses exhibited dominance for few non-wrapper leaves, greater efficiency index, and smaller leaf size while red × green crosses showed the opposite dominance pattern.
Juvenility and Production of Fast-rooting Cuttings from Blueberry Shoot Cultures1
Authors: Lyrene P. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shoots from tissue culture of 2 rabbiteye blueberry (V. ashei Reade) cultivars had smaller leaves, thinner stems, shorter internodes, and rooted faster than shoots from field-grown plants of the same cultivars. Rooting of cuttings taken directly from tissue culture or from 3-month-old tissue culture-derived plants averaged 95% for ‘Beckyblue’ and 96% for ‘Bluebelle’ after 19 days compared to 7% for ‘Beckyblue’ and 0% for ‘Bluebelle’ for softwood cuttings from field-grown plants. At 41 days, 100% of the cuttings taken from tissue culture or from tissue culture-derived plants had roots as compared to 54% for cuttings from field-grown plants.
Effect of Pear Vein Yellows Virus and a Nonviral Factor on the Performance of Pear Trees1
Authors: Fridlund P. R. , Drake S. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pear Vein Yellows Virus (PVTV) did not significantly reduce growth, yield, or quality of several pear cultivars grown in a hot and arid region except for the cultivar ‘Anjou’ (Pyrus communis L.). Evidence was obtained for the presence of a heat-sensitive nonviral factor associated with the strain of PVYV from ‘Packham's Triumph’ pear. This combination caused reductions in growth and yield and an accumulation of abnormal amounts of phenolic compounds in the fruit.
Foliar Emergence from Bulblets of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. as Related to in Vitro Generation Temperatures1
Authors: Stimart Dennis P. , Ascher Peter D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bulblets of Lilium longiflorum generated in vitro in the dark at 30°C produced leaves more rapidly and more completely after transplanting to vermiculite than those generated in vitro at 25°. The product of temperature × time (days) was equalized by varying the number of days at the 2 temperatures to make treatments comparable. Therefore, the effect of temperature in vitro was not due to a linear relationship between bulblet development and the product of temperature × time. Bulblets formed at 30°C for half of the temperature × time product of the tissue culture period produced leaves after transplanting at rates similar to those of bulblets generated at a constant 30°C. Exposure of bulblets generated in vitro at 25°C to 4° for 2 weeks before planting in vermiculite resulted in leaf production not significantly different from that of chilled or non-chilled bulblets generated in vitro at 30°C. However, chilling significantly increased fresh weight of bulblets produced in vitro at either temperature. The data suggest that temperature during in vitro development affects Easter lily bulblet dormancy as measured by leaf production.
Developmental Responses of Lilium longiflorum Bulblets to Constant or Alternating Temperatures in Vitro1
Authors: Stimart Dennis P. , Ascher Peter D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bulblets from bulb-scale explants of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cvs. Ace and Nellie White cultured in darkness on a semisolid Linsmaier-Skoog medium supplemented with 0.03 mg/liter α-naphthalene-acetic acid (NAA) bore no leaves when produced in vitro at constant 30°C but often did when produced at constant 25°. In vitro temperature regimes involving both 25 and 30° resulted in the largest number of leaves per explant. Time in vitro in each temperature regime was calculated to provide equal heat units so that differences could not be explained by a linear relationship between development and temperature × time. Physiological state of explants, measured by time lily bulbs were stored at 4° before tissue culture, interacted with in vitro temperature. Explants from bulbs stored 110 days or less produced significantly fewer but significantly larger bulblets at constant 25° as compared to constant 30°. This difference was not apparent when explants were taken from bulbs stored at 4° more than 110 days. In an experiment with explants from bulbs stored 80 days, there was no significant difference between ‘Ace’ and ‘Nellie White’ in number of scales per bulblet at either 25 or 30° but bulblets of both cultivars contained significantly fewer scales if generated at 30°. Mean width of meristems in ‘Ace’ bulblets was significantly greater when produced in vitro at 30°. Neither initiation of bulblets nor bulblet development appeared controlled by apical dominance.
Localization of Endogenous Growth Substances in Freesia hybrida ‘Moya’ Corms Before and After a Heat Treatment1
Authors: Gilbertson-Ferriss T. L. , Brenner M. L. , Wilkins H. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Freesia hybrida Bailey ‘Moya’ corms were analyzed for extractable indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA) and conjugated ABA (conj.-ABA) before and after 13 weeks of storage at 30°C. After 13 weeks of 30° storage, which is required for emergence, IAA levels did not change in the apical node + bud; however, there was a decrease in ABA and no statistically significant change in the conj.-ABA levels. IAA level increased (0.5 to 14 ng/g fresh weight) in the lateral buds after 13 weeks of heat while the ABA and conj.-ABA did not statistically change. Over the same period, IAA increased slightly (3 to 7 ng/g fresh weight) in the remaining corm tissue while ABA and conj.-ABA levels remained statistically constant.
Corm and Shoot Development of Freesia hybrida ‘Super Emerald Mixture’ as Related to Endogenous Abscisic Acid and Indoleacetic Acid Levels in the Developing Corm1
Authors: Gilbertson-Ferriss T. L. , Brenner M. L. , Wilkins H. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Corm, shoot, and flower development in seed grown Freesia hybrida Bailey cv. Super Emerald Mixture were compared with levels of endogenous indoleacetic acid (IAA), abscisic acid (ABA) and conjugated ABA (conj-ABA) in the developing corm tissue. Lowering the forcing temperature to below 15°C stimulated floral initiation and corm filling. IAA levels decreased midway through corm filling in 1977 whereas in 1978 the decrease was not statistically significant. During the period of rapid corm filling, ABA levels increased as the temperature decreased below 15° suggesting an association between temperature, corm filling, and ABA.
Cranberry Yield Components in Washington and British Columbia1
Authors: Shawa A. , Eaton G. W. , Bowen P. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Analyses of yield components of ‘BenLear’, ‘Bergman’ and ‘McFarlin’ cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) were made in Washington state and British Columbia. Important yield components were fruit set, the proportion of uprights that flowered, and upright numbers. Negative correlations in ‘McFarlin’ between number of uprights and each of proportion flowering, fruit-set, and berry size suggest competition between components in this cultivar.
Calcium, Magnesium, and Potassium Interrelationships Affecting Cabbage Production1
Authors: Harrison H. C. , Bergman E. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three cultivars of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L., Capitata group, cvs. Grandslam, Hybrid H, Resistant Danish) were field-grown during 1977 and 1978 to determine the relationship between the percentage of soil-exchangeable Ca, Mg, and K and yield, black speck disease severity and leaf Ca, Mg, K, N, P, Fe, Mn, B, Cu, Zn, and Al concentrations. Highest yields were obtained in soil with a cation exchange capacity of 5% Mg, 5% K and 75–80% Ca. Magnesium and K soil treatments had little consistent effect on elemental leaf concentrations. Leaf Cu and cultivar were related to severity of black speck. The cultivar showing no disease symptoms also had the lowest leaf Cu concentrations.
Seed Dormancy and Germination of Geranium (Pelargonium hortorum Bailey)1
Authors: Nell T. A. , Marsh P. M. , Cantliffe D. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
No differences were observed in water uptake, respiration rate and seed coat morphology of ‘New Era Bright Red’ and ‘New Era Dark Red’ geranium. Water uptake in some seeds was rapid in the first 12 hours following initiation of imbibition. Radicle emergence and germination occurred 3 days after swelling and respiratory activity began as soon as seeds imbibed water. Nonswollen seeds did not germinate. Seed coat surfaces appeared wax-like in both cultivars and no relationship between occlusion of the hilum fissure and germination was observed. Dipping seed in concentrated H2SO4 or hot water, or removing a portion of the seed, increased germination rate and germination to nearly 100%. Results suggest the seed coat in geraniums can be impervious to water uptake.
Scanning Electron Microscope Examination of Flower Bud Differentiation in Sour Cherry1
Authors: Diaz D. H. , Rasmussen H. P. , Dennis F. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Axillary buds on ‘Montmorency’ sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) shoots were examined by scanning electron microscopy. On June 10, 4 weeks after anthesis, a doming of the apex signified the initial change from the vegetative to the reproductive stage. Flower primordia differentiated acropetally in the axils of bracts between late June and mid-July. Bract and flower primordia formed until all available space on the apex was occupied. Flower primordia changed from ovate to round as development proceeded. Sepal primordia were evident on July 30, 11 weeks after anthesis, and petal primordia had formed by August 15. Concentric rings of stamen primordia then developed followed by carpel differentiation in early September.
Effects of Low Oxygen and Temperature on Quality Retention of ‘Bing’ Cherries during Prolonged Storage1
Authors: Chen P. M. , Mellenthin W. M. , Kelly S. B. , Facteau T. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Bing’ sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) harvested at commercial maturity were commercially packed and stored in 6 low-02 and 1 high-C02 controlled atmospheres (CA) at −1.1°C for 35 days and in a second study were stored in either 1.5% 02 and 0.8% C02 or 12% 02 and 10% C02 at 5.6°, 3.3°, or 1.1°C for 23 days. Fruit stored at 0.5–2.0% 02 with 0.03% C02 maintained a higher percentage of very green stems, brighter fruit color, and higher levels of titratable acids than those stored in air at −1.1°C for 35 days. High C02 atmospheres conserved fruit brightness and TA level but did not prevent stem discoloration. The only effect of lowering temperature from 5.6° to 1.1° was a slight increase in fruit firmness after storage.