bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alfalfa Weevil Control on Alfalfa, North Carolina, 1990
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 6-yr-old stand of Cimmaron alfalfa located 15 miles south of Raleigh was used as a test site. Soil type was a sandy loam with 0.7% humic matter and a pH of 5.7. Plots were 20 × 20 and arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates for each treatment. Treatments were applied on 6 Mar using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using 8002 nozzles mounted on a hand-held boom delivering 30 gal/acre at 40 psi. Conditions at time of application were sunny and 70°F. Pretreatment counts were taken on 6 Mar and averaged 6.67 larvae/stem. Treatments were evaluated on 9, 12, 16, 23, 26 Mar; 1, and 5 Apr by taking 30 stems/plot and processing them through modified Tulgren funnels. Yield and quality samples were taken on 6 Apr after cutting alfalfa on 5 Apr. Quality samples were conducted by the state forage laboratory. All data were transformed X + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are presented in the table. Dry matter sample results are presented as percentages.
Corn Rootworm Insecticide Rates and Application Technique, 1990
Authors: Boetel M. A. , Fuller B. W. , Chambers W. W. , Jenson J. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Seven studies were conducted in dryland corn in Nunda, S. Dak., using standard recommended and reduced rates of commonly used granular insecticides. The experimental design for all studies was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Individual treatment plots consisted of single rows, 15 m long, with 96.5 cm row spacing. Granular formulations of insecticides were applied with modified Noble metering units mounted on a specially adapted Kinze, 4-row corn planter. The metering units were grounddriven, and all units were calibrated on the planter. Insecticide granules were applied in a 7-inch band in front of the furrow-closing wheels and incorporated by the wheels and drag chains. Furrow applications were directed immediately between the double disk furrow openers. Pioneer 3615 corn was seeded at a rate of 23,000 kernels/acre at all study locations. Five roots/replication were dug from each treatment. Roots were washed, examined for rootworm feeding damage, and rated in accordance to the Iowa 1-6 scale.
European Corn Borer Insecticide Efficacy Trials, 1989
Authors: Calvin D. D. , Losey J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five European corn borer insecticides were evaluated on a Hagerstown silt loam soil near Rock Spring, Pa., during 1989. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications of 9 treatments was used. Granular insecticides were applied into the whorl and liquid formulations were directed toward the whorl. During 1989, the European corn borer moth flight was continuous from May-Sep, with the heaviest flight period occurring during late Jul. Insecticide applications were timed to coincide with the heaviest period of egg deposition in the field.
Apple, Evaluation of Foliar-Applied Insect Growth Regulators for Leafroller Control, 1990
Authors: Hull L. A. , Rajotte E. G. , Biddiinger D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to 4-tree plots arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each plot contained the following cultivars: Delicious, Golden Delicious, Stayman, and Rome Beauty. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Each plot was surrounded by an adjacent 4-tree plot that was treated twice during each brood with a combination of Lannate 1.8 L plus Asana XL to prevent TABM larvae from dispersing onto treated trees. The trees were planted to a spacing of 12 × 35 ft. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 4.6 gal of spray was applied per replicate tree (ca. 475 GPA). Dates of application were Insegar treatment (1 Jun, 9 and 23 Jul); RH-5992 and Penncap M plus Lannate treatments (12 and 25 Jun, and 8 and 24 Aug). During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of Rubigan, captan, and Thiram and calcium chloride, as well as one alternate-row application (18 Jun) and one complete application (29 Jun) of Swat 8 E (0.375 and 0.56 lb (AI)/acre, respectively for aphid control) were applied to all plots. One complete application of Kelthane 35 WP (2.1 lbs (AI)/acre) was made on 21 May to 3 replicates of the Insegar treatment, 4 replicates of the RH-5992 treatment and one replicate of the Penncap M plus Lannate treatment to balance the mite populations across plots. The effect of treatments on mites was evaluated by counts taken several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree (cv Delicious only), 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of treatments on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults, larvae, and pupae around the periphery of test trees (cv Delicious and Stayman). TABM leaf shelters and STLM mines were counted by making a 5-min examination of the cvs Golden Delicious and Stayman. Effectiveness of treatments on leafrollers was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and 1 picked sample of approximately 200 apples/tree on the cvs Rome Beauty, Stayman, and Golden Delicious in late Sep and early Oct. Pest pressure was heavy.
Efficacy of Soil Insecticides for Controlling Black Cutworms, 1990
Authors: Oloumi-Sadeghi Hassa. , Levine El. , Steffey Kevin L. , Gray Michael E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Corn was planted in rows 30 inches wide on 31 May. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 5 times. Each plot was 4 rows wide × 50 ft long. Insecticides applied at planting-time and as rescue treatments (13 Jun) were evaluated for the control of BCW in artificial infestations (12 Jun) of corn plants within barrier arenas 36 ft2 Granular insecticides were metered through Noble units mounted on each of the planter units and applied in-furrow or in a 7-inch band ahead of the firming wheels on the planter. They were then incorporated into the soil. Planting-time liquid insecticides (42.4 gal/acre) were applied in a 10-inch band at 40 psi and a speed of 5 mph with 8004 nozzles. Rescue treatments (13 Jun) were broadcast using a 10-foot boom with XR8004 flat fan nozzles. A compressedair system was calibrated to deliver 23.4 gal/acre at a pressure of 40 psi and a speed of 3 mph. The cumulative number of cut plants in each barrier was determined 2, 8, and 13 DAT. The condition of the plants cut by BCW larvae was also determined at 13 DAT; i.e., cut plants were classified as either “dead” or “recovered” from earlier cutting. Data were transferred by arcsine [square root (percent cut plants/100)] before ANOVA. Untransformed data are presented.
Treatment Timing for Control of Southern Corn Rootworm Injury in Peanut, 1990
Authors: Herbert D. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Selected insecticides applied at different times were evaluated for control of SCR pod injury in cv. NC 7 virginia-type peanut in Suffolk, Va. Peanuts were planted on 3 May using a 36- inch row spacing. Treatments were applied at planting time, either in furrow or banded, at flowering time (18 Jun), at pegging time (17 Jul), or at late pegging time (6 Aug). In-furrow treatments were applied with seed into the furrow. All banded treatments were applied in a 14-inch band using an electrically driven, tractor-mounted Noble metering unit. At-planting bands were directed in front of the planters, then soil incorporated 3-4 inches deep with rolling cultivator gangs. Flowering, pegging, and late-pegging bands were applied over rows. Flowering and pegging treatments were lightly soil incorporated with cultivator sweeps in row middles. Late-pegging bands were not soil incorporated. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates; plots were 4 rows by 40 ft. Pod injury was determined on 17 Sep from 100 randomly selected pods per plot, taken from 5 plants per plot (20 pods/plant). Yield was based on digging, combining (28 Sep), drying and weighing peanuts from the 2 center rows of each plot. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and LSD statistical procedures.
Chinch Bug Control in Sorghum with Liquid and Granular Soil Insecticides, 1989
Authors: David Blair C. , Riley Thomas J. , Smith Mark S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Funks G522 DR' grain sorghum was planted 21 Aug in loessial silt loam (Gigger-Gilbert complex) at the Macon Ridge branch of the LSU Northeast Research Station, adjacent to a recently harvested corn field to take advantage of chinch bugs seeking fresh vegetation on which to feed and produce the final fall generation. Granular insecticides were applied at planting using a 2-row John Deere Model 71 Flexi-Planter, modified to carry 1-pt jars of insecticide. Jars were inverted above funnels connected by flexible delivery tubes to either a 7-inch band or an in-furrow applicator. The diameter of a single central hole in the lid of each jar, in combination with tractor speed, determined the rate of insecticide flow. Banded insecticides were applied in front of the press wheel and further incorporated by a drag chain attached to the rear of the planter. Liquid insecticides were applied using a carbon dioxide pressurized planter-mounted sprayer dispensing insecticide from 2-liter plastic bottles. Application pressure was 50 psi using a Tee Jet #11004 nozzle. Banded sprays were applied as 8-inch bands across the open seed furrow ahead of the press wheel. For in-furrow spray applications, nozzles were rotated 90 degrees and spray directed into the open seed furrow. A drag chain behind the press wheel provided slight additional incorporation after closure of the seed furrow. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used, and each treatment consisted of two 40-ft rows spaced 36 inches apart. Efficacy of insecticide treatments against chinch bugs in sorghum were determined by counting the number of chinch bugs/10 randomly selected plants in each insecticide plot (5 plants/row × 2 rows/plot × 4 replications). The number of plants/40 ft of row was also counted in each insecticide plot (2 rows/plot × 4 replications). Data are reported as mean number of chinch bugs/10 plants and mean number of plants/40 ft of row.
Control of the Leafminer, Liriomyza Trifolii, on Chrysanthemum Under Greenhouse Conditions, 1989
Authors: Bethke James A. , Parrella Michael P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chrysanthemums were obtained as rooted cuttings ('Florida marble') and potted in 10 cm pots in a greenhouse at UCR and allowed 4 wk growth before use. Plants were exposed to leafminers in cages (~2000 flies/cage) for a period of 1 h. Four d later the number of immatures within the leaves were counted by transmitted light and plants were separated into treatments. Plants were dipped in treatments prepared in a 2 gal bucket for 10 s and allowed to dry. Treated plants were tipped over trays on a shelf in the greenhouse at 26.7°C for 7 d to ensure collection of all pupae. Percent mortality of larvae was calculated 14 DAT and percent total mortality of larvae and pupae was calculated 30 DAT when adults were sure to have emerged.
Timing Applaud Applications for Control of California Red Scale, 1990
Authors: Grout T. G. , Richards G. I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The efficacy of Applaud 50 W (30 g/100 liters) plus Citrex (0.5% narrow range oil with 50% distillation temperature of 22°C) applied at different times relative to crawler emergence was evaluated at two sites in 1988 and 1989/90. Trials were conducted in the eastern Cape Province of South Africa during winter and spring. California red scale population densities were higher in the first season than the second season and had dual and triple cohort population structures respectively. A completely randomized block design was used for each experiment with 17 and 20 single-tree replicates per treatment in 1988 and 1989 respectively. Treatments were applied with handguns at 35.7 kg/cm2 with thorough coverage. The two phenological times used for application were the onset of crawler emergence and mid-way between two peaks of crawler emergence (inter-emergence). Timing of applications was based on pheromone trap counts of males and the use of DD accumulated between 11.7 and 37.8°C. Long term average weather data was used to predict crawler emergence from male flight peaks using an interval of 241 DD. The percentage fruit infested (25 fruit/tree) was recorded.
Control of Yellow Scale on Oranges, 1988
Authors: O'Connell N. V. , Walker G. P. , Flaherty D. L. , Pehrson J. E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A randomized complete block experiment with 11 single-tree replicates and 8 treatments was conducted in a commercial field of mature Valencia orange trees near Porterville, Calif. The experiment was focused on yellow scale, but California red scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell), is also very common in the Porterville area and is very difficult to distinguish from yellow scale in the field. TJierefore, all sampling refers to “scale insects,” which probably includes both species. However, several criteria indicated that yellow scale was the predominant species: 1) pheromone traps, 2) the relative lack of scale on twigs (yellow scale infests only leaves and fruit while red scale infests twigs, leaves, and fruit), 3) a preliminary sample from this field in 1987 of scale that were slide mounted for positive identification, and 4) the general appearance of the scale when sampling was conducted in this study (although individual scales are difficult to positively identify as yellow or red scale in the field because their range of body color overlaps between the two species, the “average color” differs between the two species so that populations of scale can be judged to be predominantly red or yellow scale). The 88 trees in the experiment were assigned to 11 blocks based on pretreatment infestation levels of scale insects so that the 8 trees within each block had similar pretreatment infestations of scale. Each of the 8 trees in each block then was assigned randomly to a treatment so that each treatment was represented once in every block. Pretreatment infestation of scale was estimated by sampling 50 leaves/tree and recording the number of leaves that had any scale that appeared to be alive. Posttreatment infestation of scale was estimated by recording the presence or absence of scale on 20 fruit/ tree. In the first posttreatment evaluation, an attempt was made to include only live scale. Because of the difficulty in distinguishing live from dead scale and because infested fruit are downgraded in the packinghouse regardless of whether scale are live or dead, both live and dead scale were included in determining whether a fruit was infested in the second posttreatment evaluation, which was only a few d before harvest.
Citrus Thrips Control and Impact on California Red Scale, 1988
Authors: Walker G. P. , Morse J. G. , Aitken D. C. G. , Brawner O. L. , Smith D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticides for the control of citrus thrips populations were evaluated during spring, 1988 in Field 93 (5-yr old Washington Navel oranges) located at the University of California Lindcove Field Station near Exeter, Calif. The effect of these pesticides on California red scale was also evaluated. Pesticides were applied one d after petal fall (on 26 Apr) with a Bean hand sprayer set at 500 psi, outside coverage, and 200 gal/acre. Seventy-seven single tree plots were assigned to 11 blocks (7 trees per block) based on California red scale pretreatment levels so that the 7 trees within each block had similar pretreatment infestations of California red scale. One tree in each block then was assigned randomly to each treatment. Thus, the experimental design for California red scale data was a randomized complete block which was analyzed by 2-way ANOVA. However, the criterion for blocking was irrelevant to thrips populations, therefore the thrips data was analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and included 4 additional untreated control trees that were not included in the randomized complete block design for red scale. California red scale levels on twigs were monitored prior to treatment (in early Apr, 1988) and two mo after treatment by recording the number of twigs (9 inches long, twigs approximately 1-yr-old) infested with live adult female California red scale (n = 75 twigs per plot). Citrus thrips fruit scarring counts were taken prior to harvest (25 Nov) on all fruit on the exterior of the tree from knee to eye level. Scarring was rated as: (a) none, (b) slight (any citrus thrips scarring), or (c) severe (complete ring scar or extensive surface scarring at a level that would cause downgrading of fruit in a commercial operation). Economic scarring levels in a normal yr are approximately 5% severe scars.
Acaricide Evaluation Experiment I, 1990
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Cheves Robert 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a 1/3 acre block of 5-yr-old 'Redchief trees on M26, which measured 10.5 ft in height and 6.5 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 10 × 15 ft. The experimental design consisted of 4 single-tree plots in a randomized block design, with each replicate surrounded by at least one unsprayed tree on each side. Acaricides were applied to runoff on 3 Jul with a handgun attached to a Durand-Wayland 100 LTS sprayer operated at 100 psi. Each tree received approximately 0.5 gal of spray (ca. 145 gal/acre). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Agristrep, Asana, Benlate, Captan, Dimethoate, Guthion, Lannate, Manzate 200, Nova, Oil, Penncap-M, Polyram, Rubigan, Sevin, Solubor, Topsin-M, and Zineb. ERM control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mitebrushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. The effect of treatments on S. punctum was determined by counting adults and larvae observed in 3 min counts around the periphery of test trees.
Control of Diamondback Moth on Spring. Planted Cabbage I, 1990
Authors: Leonard B. R. , Mulkey B. , Talbot Tim 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was direct seeded in double rows into prepared seedbeds on 2 Apr at the Sweet Potato Research Station near Chase, La. The plots consisted of 3 seedbeds (6 rows) on 40-inch centers by 30-ft long, with only 2 seedbeds being treated. Treatments were arranged in a completely random design with 4 replicates. Test materials were applied using a hand-held boom with a CO2 charged delivery system calibrated to deliver 30 gal total spray/acre through Teejet 8002 flat-fan nozzles (2/seedbed) at 48 psi. Applications were made on 3, 11, 17, 24 May and on 1, 6 Jun. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by sampling 5 plants/plot on 7 and 14 May. Plots were harvested (15 heads/plot) on 18 Jun to determine quality and damage ratings. Foliage injury was rated using a scale from 1-6 (1 = no apparent feeding, 6 = severe damage to head and wrapper leaves). Plants with a damage rating of 3 or below were considered to be marketable. Overhead irrigation was provided on an as needed basis to the test plots, but not within 72 h posttreatment.
Cabbage Maggot Control in Transplanted Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two plots were transplanted for testing of insecticides for cabbage maggot control using a 2-row transplanter dispensing about one cup of dilute fertilizer solution/plant. The directed insecticide sprays were applied to the bases of the plants using a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 255 gal/acre. The diazinon transplant treatment was planted by hand using the same rate (1 cup) of the dilute fertilizer solution but with the addition of diazinon to the solution. Injury ratings were made on 14 Aug and 30 Oct by pulling 10 roots/plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present. The first plot, transplanted on 15 Jun, was established on the Robbins Farm using the variety 'Atria.' These plants were pulled in Maryland during the last week in May and remained in cold storage (38°F) for at least 2 wk prior to planting. Soil conditions at the time of the planting of this plot were extremely poor, the soil being parched and tilth consisting mainly of large, dry clods. Directed sprays were applied on 20 Jun. The second plot, transplanted 22 Jun, was established on the Hansen Farm using the variety Titanic.' These plants were pulled locally on the day prior to planting and spent no time in cold storage. Soil conditions at the time of the planting of this plot were extremely good, the soil possessing both adequate moisture and good tilth. Directed sprays were applied on 28 Jun.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage was transplanted on 7 Sep at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, Va. Each plot consisted of a 25 ft row bordered on each side by an untreated row. Cabbage was transplanted with 17 inch plant and 36 inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow-cone nozzles per row and delivering 70 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made weekly beginning 28 Sep. Triton CS-7 (6 oz form/acre, Rohm and Haas, Philadelphia, Pa.) spreader-sticker was added to each treatment. Weekly counts of all lepidopterous species present were taken on 5 randomly chosen plants/plot. Damage ratings were determined on 20 Nov as in Greene et al. (J. Econ. Entomol. 62(4):798-800) on five randomly chosen plants/plot. Plants with a damage rating of 3 or below were considered marketable.
Use of Labeled and Unlabeled Insecticides for Control of European Corn Borer and Corn Earworm on Sweet Corn in Wisconsin, 1990
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Excellency' sweet corn was planted 19 Jun at 23,000 seeds/acre. Each treatment plot was 6 rows wide, 18 m long, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Sprays were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with D2/23 Teejet disc-core nozzles which delivered 94 liters of finished spray/ha at 40 psi. The spray boom was set just above the tassel. Sprays were applied on 16, 23, 30 Aug and 5 Sep. Plots were evaluated 12 Sep by removing 25 ears/treatment and recording the size of larvae and number of infested ears.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1990
Authors: Boylan-Pett W. , Grafius E. , Bishop B. , Mair R. , Stehr M. , Merritt S. , Potter M. , Korpal K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Insecticide trials were conducted at the MSU Montcalm Potato Research Station, Entrican, Mich. 'Atlantic' seed potatoes were planted on 1 May, 8 inches within the row and 34 inches between rows. Treatment plots consisted of three 45 ft-long rows and were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications/treatment. Plots were separated by either 6 ft of bare ground or 2 rows of potatoes that were treated with Temik 15 G (3 lb [AI]/acre) in furrow at planting. Granular systemic treatments were applied at planting in furrow (Temik sprinkled directly over seed potato) or on 24 May, where Temik was incorporated at hilling. Foliar treatments were applied using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer (30 gal/acre, 40 psi) utilizing 3 nozzles/row. The middle nozzle directed spray down over the top of the plant and the other nozzles directed spray at the sides. Foliar treatments were applied on 24 and 28 Jun, and on 3 Jul. Insecticide effectiveness was determined by counting the total number of insects found on 2 randomly selected plants in each replication on 27 Jun and on 2 and 6 Jul. Pre-spray counts were made on 14 and 21 Jun, two plants per plot in the Temik-treatments, and 40 randomly selected plants from the remaining area were sampled. Plants were visually assessed for defoliation and given a damage rating (1 = no defoliation, 5 = total defoliation) on 11 Jul. On 27 Sep the middle 45 ft row of each treatment was harvested. Tubers were separated by size (As and B's) and weighed.