bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Particle-associated bacteria differentially influence the aggregation of the marine diatom Minutocellus polymorphus
Authors: Cruz Bianca N , Neuer Susanne 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The aggregation of phytoplankton leads to the settling of particulate organic carbon in the form of marine snow, making it an important process in marine biogeochemical cycles. Diatoms &gt;20 µm in size are considered to contribute appreciably to sinking particle fluxes due to aggregation and the production of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP), the matrix for marine snow aggregates; however, it is not known whether nano-sized (2–20 µm) diatoms are able to aggregate and produce TEP. Here, we tested the aggregation and production of TEP by the nano-diatom Minutocellus polymorphus and investigated if interactions with bacteria influence aggregation by comparing axenic M. polymorphus cultures with co-cultures of the diatom with bacterial taxa known to colonize marine snow particles. We found that M. polymorphus form sinking aggregates and produce TEP comparably to other phytoplankton groups and that aggregation and TEP production were influenced depending on the species of bacteria added. Aggregation was enhanced in the presence of Marinobacter adhaerens HP15, but not in the presence of Pseudoalteromonas carrageenovora or Vibrio thalassae. Cell aggregation mediated by interactions with specific bacterial species are possible mechanisms behind the export of nano-sized diatoms, such as M. polymorphus, especially in oligotrophic open ocean regions where small phytoplankton dominate.
The demographic and socioeconomic correlates of behavior and HIV infection status across sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Patel Chirag J. , Claypool Kajal T. , Chow Eric , Chung Ming-Kei , Mai Don , Chen Jessie , Bendavid Eran 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Background
Predisposition to become HIV positive (HIV + ) is influenced by a wide range of correlated economic, environmental, demographic, social, and behavioral factors. While evidence among a candidate handful have strong evidence, there is lack of a consensus among the vast array of variables measured in large surveys.

Methods
We performed a comprehensive data-driven search for correlates of HIV positivity in >600,000 participants of the Demographic and Health Survey across 29 sub-Saharan African countries from 2003 to 2017. We associated a total of 7251 and of 6,288 unique variables with HIV positivity in females and males respectively in each of the 50 surveys. We performed a meta-analysis within countries to attain 29 country-specific associations.

Results
Here we identify 344 (5.4% out possible) and 373 (5.1%) associations with HIV + in males and females, respectively, with robust statistical support. The associations are consistent in directionality across countries and sexes. The association sizes among individual correlates and their predictive capability were low to modest, but comparable to established factors. Among the identified associations, variables identifying being head of household among females was identified in 17 countries with a mean odds ratio (OR) of 2.5 (OR range: 1.1–3.5, R2 = 0.01). Other common associations were identified, including marital status, education, age, and ownership of land or livestock.

Conclusions
Our continent-wide search for variables has identified under-recognized variables associated with being HIV + that are consistent across the continent and sex. Many of the association sizes are as high as established risk factors for HIV positivity, including male circumcision.
Multi‐scale pedestrian detection with global–local attention and multi‐scale receptive field context
Authors: Xue Pan , Chen Houjin , Li Yanfeng , Li Jupeng 
Published: August 2022

AbstractAs a basic component in the field of computer vision, the pedestrian detection plays an essential role in several real‐world applications such as video surveillance. The promising performance has been achieved in pedestrian detection relying on deep learning, but large‐scale variance and small‐scale pedestrian detection remain inherently hard as before. In order to deal with the aforementioned problems, this paper proposes a multi‐scale pedestrian detection method with global–local attention and multi‐scale receptive field context (MRFC). To make the network focus on small‐scale pedestrians, we add a high‐resolution detection branch on the original detector. To better integrate the incongruous semantic feature, the global–local attention module is embedded to highlight the feature representation of pedestrians so as to implement the feature fusion effectively. In order to adapt the receptive field of the network to achieve scale‐variance detection, the MRFC is applied. Based on integrating the above structures, the proposed method achieves competitive results on Caltech and CityPersons datasets. The source code is released in https://github.com/xiaopan999/yolov5‐pedestrian_detection.
A fast calculation method of transient hot spot temperature for the design of dry‐type on‐board transformers
Authors: Guo Lei , Cai Fenglin , Zhu Qiuyue , Yuan Shuai , Wang Dongyang , Zhou Lijun 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe design of the dry‐type on‐board traction transformer (OBTT), a new lightweight method in the traction system of electric multiple units, needs to consider the transient hot spot temperature (HST) under different railroad line operating conditions. In order to quickly calculate the transient HST of dry‐type OBTT when operating under different railroad line conditions, a calculation method (hereinafter referred to as GP‐HST method) by combining an enhanced genetic programming algorithm (GP) with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is presented. First, intercept a section from the railroad line to be calculated and use the CFD method to calculate the transient HST of the section railroad line. Then, the enhanced GP modelling is driven by this section of railroad line measured and simulated data. Next, a calculation model with an implicit mathematical correlation between railroad line operating conditions and the dry‐type OBTT transient HST is established. Finally, the calculation model quickly calculates the transient HST of the remaining railroad line in operation. To validate the presented method, the calculation model obtained using the presented method is used to calculate the transient HST for another railroad line with significantly different operating conditions, and it is compared with the direct use of the CFD method. The calculation results show that the GP‐HST method reduces the simulation time of the CFD method from 950 to 0.25 min with a maximum error, mean absolute error, and mean relative error of 1.856 K, 0.778 K, and 0.22%, respectively, for a railroad line with a running time of about half an hour. This shows that the GP‐HST method can effectively help to improve the design efficiency of dry‐type OBTT.
Modulators Influencing Medication Alert Acceptance: An Explorative Review
Authors: Bittmann Janina A. , Haefeli Walter E. , Seidling Hanna M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objectives Clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) use alerts to enhance medication safety and reduce medication error rates. A major challenge of medication alerts is their low acceptance rate, limiting their potential benefit. A structured overview about modulators influencing alert acceptance is lacking. Therefore, we aimed to review and compile qualitative and quantitative modulators of alert acceptance and organize them in a comprehensive model.
Methods In accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guideline, a literature search in PubMed was started in February 2018 and continued until October 2021. From all included articles, qualitative and quantitative parameters and their impact on alert acceptance were extracted. Related parameters were then grouped into factors, allocated to superordinate determinants, and subsequently further allocated into five categories that were already known to influence alert acceptance.
Results Out of 539 articles, 60 were included. A total of 391 single parameters were extracted (e.g., patients' comorbidity) and grouped into 75 factors (e.g., comorbidity), and 25 determinants (e.g., complexity) were consequently assigned to the predefined five categories, i.e., CDSS, care provider, patient, setting, and involved drug. More than half of all factors were qualitatively assessed (n = 21) or quantitatively inconclusive (n = 19). Furthermore, 33 quantitative factors clearly influenced alert acceptance (positive correlation: e.g., alert type, patients' comorbidity; negative correlation: e.g., number of alerts per care provider, moment of alert display in the workflow). Two factors (alert frequency, laboratory value) showed contradictory effects, meaning that acceptance was significantly influenced both positively and negatively by these factors, depending on the study. Interventional studies have been performed for only 12 factors while all other factors were evaluated descriptively.
Conclusion This review compiles modulators of alert acceptance distinguished by being studied quantitatively or qualitatively and indicates their effect magnitude whenever possible. Additionally, it describes how further research should be designed to comprehensively quantify the effect of alert modulators.
Attitudes to climate change risk: classification of and transitions in the UK population between 2012 and 2020
Authors: Liu Ting , Shryane Nick , Elliot Mark 
Published: August 2022

AbstractStrategies for achieving carbon emissions goals presuppose changes in individual behaviour, which can be indirectly nudged by interventions or tailored information but ultimately depend upon individual attitudes. Specifically, the perception that climate change is low risk has been identified as a barrier to participation in climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts. Therefore, understanding public attitudes towards climate change risk is an important element of reducing emissions. We applied k-means cluster analysis to explore attitudes to climate change risk in the UK population using data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study, a national survey running from 2009 to present. We identified three distinct attitude clusters: “Sceptical”, “Concerned”, and “Paradoxical” in both waves 4 (from 2012 to 2014) and 10 (from 2018 to 2020) of this survey. The Sceptical cluster tended to deny the seriousness of climate change and the urgency or even the necessity of dealing with it. The Concerned cluster displayed anxiety about climate change risks and supported action to reduce them. The Paradoxical cluster acknowledged the reality of climate change impacts but did not support actions to mitigate them. We further observed statistical associations between cluster membership and the social characteristics of the participants, including sex, age, income, education, and political affiliation. We also found a temporal stability of cluster structure between the two waves. However, the transition matrices indicated a general transition away from the Sceptical and Paradoxical clusters, and toward the Concerned cluster between wave 4 to wave 10. The findings suggest that more tailored public information campaigns regarding climate change risk may be necessary.
Quantum coherence in a superconducting circuit coupled with a dissipative cavity field
Authors: Chen Shixian , Li Xiaojie , Wu Kaixuan , Shi Jiadong 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Quantum coherence represents a basic feature of a quantum system that is not present in the classical world. Here, we explore the dynamic behaviors of quantum coherence in two charge qubits who are strongly coupled with a single-mode dissipative cavity field. The results show that quantum coherence is sensitive to the coupled system parameters including qubit dissipation rate, initial qubit distribution angle, and coherent state intensity of the cavity field. Additionally, during the dynamic evolution, quantum coherence behaves periodically in the case of the qubit distribution angle, and this periodicity depends on the qubit dissipation rate. Also, the increasing coherent state intensity of cavity field can enhance the magnitude of quantum coherence, meaning that coherence resource in dissipative solid state quantum system can be controlled to some extent. This controllable coherence resource in engineering applications may quantify the advantage enabled in the superconducting circuit for processing the remarkable quantum information tasks.
P43 for manufacturing of large area scintillating screens
Authors: Balakin V. , Meshkov O. , Ulianitsky V. , Rogovsky Yu. , Semenov A. , Ageeva N. , Ivanova S. , Skaballanovich T. , Smirnov A. , Medvedeva K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper describes investigation of scintillator P43
coating for large area screens intended for preliminary beam
diagnostics in the Collector Ring (Facility for Antiproton and Ion
Research in Europe). We used two appropriate coating techniques:
detonation spraying and electrophoresis. The article contains short
descriptions of the Collector Ring, screen coating techniques, light
output (with application of electron welding), and vacuum tests. We
also applied SEM to check the structure and chemical composition of
pure P43 powder and scintillation screen samples, prepared by
detonation spraying and electrophoresis coating techniques. As a
result, we observed poor P43 light output after detonation spraying
(the reason is a change in the chemical composition of P43) and poor
ruby and alumina light output in comparison with P43 in the case of
the electrophoresis technique. Improving of the electrophoresis
technique enabled us to reach good adhesion and vacuum properties
without decrease in the light yield.
Novel light field imaging device with enhanced light collection for cold atom clouds
Authors: Cheong S. , Frisch J.C. , Gasiorowski S. , Hogan J.M. , Kagan M. , Safdari M. , Schwartzman A. , Vandegar M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We present a light field imaging system that captures multiple views of an object with a single shot. The system is designed to maximize the total light collection by accepting a larger solid angle of light than a conventional lens with equivalent depth of field. This is achieved by populating a plane of virtual objects using mirrors and fully utilizing the available field of view and depth of field. Simulation results demonstrate that this design is capable of single-shot tomography of objects of size 𝒪(1 mm3), reconstructing the 3-dimensional (3D) distribution and features not accessible from any single view angle in isolation. In particular, for atom clouds used in atom interferometry experiments, the system can reconstruct 3D fringe patterns with size 𝒪(100 μm). We also demonstrate this system with a 3D-printed prototype. The prototype is used to take images of 𝒪(1 mm3) sized objects, and 3D reconstruction algorithms running on a single-shot image successfully reconstruct 𝒪(100 μm) internal features. The prototype also shows that the system can be built with 3D printing technology and hence can be deployed quickly and cost-effectively in experiments with needs for enhanced light collection or 3D reconstruction. Imaging of cold atom clouds in atom interferometry is a key application of this new type of imaging device where enhanced light collection, high depth of field, and 3D tomographic reconstruction can provide new handles to characterize the atom clouds.
Achieving sustainable water and land use systems in highly developed tropical landscapes
Authors: Piffer Pedro Ribeiro , Tambosi Leandro Reverberi , Uriarte María 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Water quality degradation from human related activities has become a pressing global issue, putting water security at risk around the world. Land use decisions can severely degrade stream water quality, compromising water supply and increasing water treatment costs. Here we examine changes in water quality over 20 years and their association with land use, urbanization, and sewage treatment in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We also consider how a severe drought in 2014–2015 affected water quality, uncovering the potential impacts of a changing climate on water treatment costs. We analyzed water quality data between 2000 and 2019 from 230 monitoring stations focusing on seven metrics: dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, turbidity, total dissolved solids, and fecal coliforms. We first calculated the number of times that metrics exceeded the legal thresholds and then assessed if metrics were improving or deteriorating over time. Across all stations, a large proportion of stream water samples failed to comply to the legal standards for human consumption for at least one water quality metric. This proportion was highest for total dissolved solids (30.7%) and total phosphorus (42.8%), with fewer samples exceeding the threshold for turbidity and dissolved oxygen. Deteriorating water quality trends over time were prevalent for dissolved solids (33.33%) and total nitrogen (52.45%), while dissolved oxygen exhibited the highest percentage of improving trends across watersheds (43.63%). Moreover, we observed that four of the seven metrics analyzed deteriorated during the 2014–2015 drought. Urbanization and agricultural activity led to deterioration of water quality, while improvement in sewage treatment infrastructure improved water quality across watersheds. The decline in water quality observed in the region, especially during the recent drought, highlights the need to develop land use management strategies to protect water quality and reduce growing costs of water treatment in the state.
Effect of reinforcement and sintering on dry sliding wear and hardness of titanium – (AlSi)0.5CoFeNi based composite
Authors: Kumar J Sharath , Raju CH V Satyanarayana , Naik A Balaram , Kumar Rakesh , Verma Rajeev 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Owing to its weight-to-strength ratio, titanium is a widely used material, especially in gas turbine engines. It possesses a high melting point and corrosion resistance, however, exhibits poor wear resistance. An improvement in its tribological properties can be accomplished by the addition of a suitable reinforcement in metal matrix composite (MMC). In this research, titanium MMCs were fabricated through mechanical alloying (MA) followed by vacuum arc melting of 95% titanium reinforced with 5% of (AlSi)0.5CoFeNi high entropy alloy (HEA). Compaction was later done at 1000 MPa, while specimens were heat-treated at sintering temperatures of 900 °C and 1000 °C, with varying sintering times of 1 h and 2 h at 10–4 millibar vacuum. Microhardness and sliding wear rate of reinforced HEA specimens exuded improvement when compared to the Ti 900 °C 2 h specimen. Owing to the reinforcement, a reduction in wear rate and more than 5% improvement in microhardness had been observed, at higher sintering temperatures. The improvement was attributed to the synergistic effect of sintering time and temperature during the density and wettability analysis which was supported by the morphological analysis.
Recent advances in bio-medical implants; mechanical properties, surface modifications and applications
Authors: Zwawi Mohammed 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The demand for bio-medical implants has significantly increased to treat different medical conditions and complications. The latest research in medical and material science is paving the path for the new generation of biomedical implants that mimic the natural bone and tissues for enhanced biocompatibility. A bio-medical implant must be bio-compatible, non-toxic and bioactive. The main reasons for implantation are ageing, overweight, accidents and genetic diseases such as arthritis or joint pain. Diseases such as osteoporosis and osteoarthritis can severely damage the mechanical properties of bones over time. Different materials including polymers, ceramics and metals are used for biomedical implants. Metallic implants have high strength and high resistance to corrosion and wear. Biocompatible metallic materials include Ti, Ta, Zr, Mo, Nb, W and Au while materials such as Ni, V, Al and Cr are considered toxic and hazardous to the body. Bioresorbable and degradable materials dissolve in the body after the healing process. Mg-based metallic alloys are highly degradable in the biological environment. Similarly, different polymers such as Poly-lactic acid (PLA) are used as bio-degradable implants and in tissue engineering. Biodegradable stents are used for the slow release of drugs to avoid blood clotting and other complications. Shape memory alloys are employed for bio-implants due to their unique set of properties. Different surface physical and chemical modification methods are used to improve the interfacial properties and interaction of implant materials with the biological environment. This review explains the properties, materials, modifications and shortcomings of bio-implants.
P2-type layered high-entropy oxides as sodium-ion cathode materials
Authors: Wang Junbo , Dreyer Sören L , Wang Kai , Ding Ziming , Diemant Thomas , Karkera Guruprakash , Ma Yanjiao , Sarkar Abhishek , Zhou Bei , Gorbunov Mikhail V , Omar Ahmad , Mikhailova Daria , Presser Volker , Fichtner Maximilian , Hahn Horst , Brezesinski Torsten , Breitung Ben , Wang Qingsong 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
P2-type layered oxides with the general Na-deficient composition Na
x
TMO2 (x < 1, TM: transition metal) are a promising class of cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries. The open Na+ transport pathways present in the structure lead to low diffusion barriers and enable high charge/discharge rates. However, a phase transition from P2 to O2 structure occurring above 4.2 V and metal dissolution at low potentials upon discharge results in rapid capacity degradation. In this work, we demonstrate the positive effect of configurational entropy on the stability of the crystal structure during battery operation. Three different compositions of layered P2-type oxides were synthesized by solid-state chemistry, Na0.67(Mn0.55Ni0.21Co0.24)O2, Na0.67(Mn0.45Ni0.18Co0.24Ti0.1Mg0.03)O2 and Na0.67(Mn0.45Ni0.18Co0.18Ti0.1Mg0.03Al0.04Fe0.02)O2 with low, medium and high configurational entropy, respectively. The high-entropy cathode material shows lower structural transformation and Mn dissolution upon cycling in a wide voltage range from 1.5 to 4.6 V. Advanced operando techniques and post-mortem analysis were used to probe the underlying reaction mechanism thoroughly. Overall, the high-entropy strategy is a promising route for improving the electrochemical performance of P2 layered oxide cathodes for advanced sodium-ion battery applications.
Advanced atomic force microscopies and their applications in two-dimensional materials: a review
Authors: Xu Rui , Guo Jianfeng , Mi Shuo , Wen Huanfei , Pang Fei , Ji Wei , Cheng Zhihai 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) allows the spatial imaging, measurement, and manipulation of nano and atomic scale surfaces in real space. In the last two decades, numerous advanced and functional SPM methods, particularly atomic force microscopy (AFM), have been developed and applied in various research fields, from mapping sample morphology to measuring physical properties. Herein, we review the recent progress in functional AFM methods and their applications in studies of two-dimensional (2D) materials, particularly their interfacial physical properties on the substrates. This review can inspire more exciting application works using advanced AFM modes in the 2D and functional materials fields.