bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sprout Control of Apple and Pear Trees with NAA1
Authors: Raese J. Thomas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) was applied in the spring to pruned apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and pear (Pyrus communis L.) trees for control of sprouting on trunks and scaffold limbs. After one growing season, sprouting was completely controlled on trunks and scaffold limbs of ‘Delicious’ apple and ‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pear trees. After two growing seasons, about 80 to 90% of the sprouts were inhibited on the scaffold limbs of ‘Delicious’ and ‘Winesap’ apple trees. NAA controlled sprouting at 1% with no added benefit at 2%; 0.5% NAA was least effective.
Predictive Environmental and Phenological Components of Flower Bud Hardiness in Highbush Blueberry1
Authors: Bittenbender H. C. , Howell G. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Environmental and phenological factors considered potential components of flower bud hardiness of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium australe Small) were regressed against hardiness (T50). Three multiple regression equations were derived from 1 year’s hardiness and component data on 7 commercial highbush cultivars. Factors considered in the models were air temperature, photoperiod, bud dry weight, bud moisture content, bark color, date of leaf drop and pollen tetrad formation in the field and time to 50% flowering. The standard deviations of the estimated T50 values from the actual T50’s were 1°C or less.
In Vitro Reproductiveness of Asparagus Stem Segments with Branch-shoots at a Node1
Authors: Yang Hsu-Jen , Clore W. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
More rooted Asparagus officinalis L. plantlets were obtained in vitro from stem segments with 3 or more branch-shoots than from those with 1 or 2 branch-shoots; those without branch-shoots produced the fewest plantlets.
Use of Growth Regulators for Increased Quality of New Zealand Spinach1
Authors: Kays S. J. , Austin M. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Repression of specific growth parameters of Tetragonia tetragonioides (Pall.) Kuntze (syn. Tetragonia expansa Murray) was studied after application of two types of growth regulators. Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) decreased stem height and dry weight progressively with increased concentration. Ratio of leaf dry weight to stem dry weight increased with concentration. Maleic hydrazide (MH) caused substantial reduction of fruit weight, with fruit number decreasing only at higher concentrations. Whole plant fresh weight and leaf area decreased only with a multiple 500 ppm application of MH. Leaf to fruit fresh weight ratio increased with concentration and number of applications. A formulation C6 to C12 fatty alcohols (Off-Shoot T) had little effect on fruit development and leaf area.
Independence of Scab and Bacterial Wilt Resistance and Ten Seedling Markers in Cucumber1
Authors: Abul-Hayja Z. , Williams P. H. , Whelan E. D. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) no linkage was detected between genes for scab resistance, Ccu or bacterial wilt resistance, Bw and the 10 seedling marker genes: nonbitter cotyledon, bi; glabrous, gl; glabrate, gib; light sensitive, Is; revolute cotyledon, rc; stunted cotyledon, sc; crinkled leaf, cr; mottled cotyledon, me; and 2 yellow cotyledon genes, yc-1 and yc-2. All 12 traits were inherited monogenically. Methods were developed for the screening of scab and bacterial wilt resistance in the seedling stage.
A Technique for Measuring the Rate of CO2 and Ethylene Production of Melon Fruits on the Plant1
Authors: Zisman U. , Temkin-Gorodeiski Naomi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A technique for measurement of CO2 and ethylene production by melon (Cucumis melo L. cv. Ogen) while still attached to the plant is described. Metal cans of different dimensions are used, the lid being put on the pedicel while the fruit is very young. Once a week throughout the growing period the melon was hermetically enclosed in the cans and a sample of accumulated atmosphere was withdrawn with a syringe and used for determination of CO2 and ethylene production.
Pollen Collector: An Instrument for Separation of Particles from the Air Stream1
Authors: Izhar S. , Frankel R. , Araq Yona 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The need to collect small samples of small particles exists in many areas, i.e. flower pollen is often collected for artificial fertilization on a commercial scale or by plant breeders for breeding purposes, fungi spores are collected from infected plants or from the air, dust samples in the air and other air-polluting particles are collected and in the laboratory, the scratched thin layer of the TLC is often collected for further tests. For these purposes, a collector of a vacuum cleaner type or of a cyclone type is often used. This paper describes a new collector which has several advantages over the present ones available. It is well suited for small quantities, the collected sample can be easily transferred to another container, and it is very easy and inexpensive to construct.
‘Hawaiian Super-sweet #6’ Corn1
Authors: Brewbaker James L. , Banafunzi Nuren 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Hawaiian Super-sweet #6’ is a high-sucrose, high-protein vegetable corn cultivar based on the gene, brittle-2. It is harvestable over a much longer period than sweet (sugary-1) corns, and has exceptional quality retention following harvest. When rehydrated following air- or freeze-drying, ‘Hawaiian Super-sweet #6’ makes a highly acceptable vegetable.
Commercial and Small Scale Cultivation of the Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Sing.
Authors: San Antonio James P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The world’s total production of cultivated fleshy fungi is estimated to be about 6 × 108 kg/year. Approximately 75% of this production is of one species, the so-called cultivated mushroom or champignon, Agaricus bisporus. Shiitake, Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing., is second in importance with about 20% or 1.2 × 108 kg. Included in the remaining production of 2.5 × 107 kg are species of Volvariella (Paddy straw mushroom), Pleurotus (oyster mushroom), Tuber, (truffles), Auricularia (ear fungus), and Tremella (jelly fungus) (16, 40, 46). Flammulina velutipes (Fr.) Sing. (winter mushroom) also is cultivated commercially. About 1/4 of the world’s production of Agaricus bisporus, 1.3 × 108 kg, was produced in the U.S. in 19742. Present farm value of the U.S. mushroom crop is about $123 million. Today, especially in Europe and Asia there is considerable interest in commercial production of cultivated mushrooms other than A. bisporus.
Reducing Energy Consumption in Cold Protection1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
An accurate frost alert system is the first step in planning for frost protection. Forecasting methods are being updated by statistical studies from historical records at the fruit frost forecast stations. It is planned to put information in a computer at Yakima, Washington, which will permit retrieval of data for all past days with meteorological characteristics similar to the day of the forecast (7). Florida uses a regression-based model to relate forecast temp of 300 stations to actual forecasts for 15 key stations. Forecasts are updated at 10 pm based on new weather data and reports from growers on current conditions including extrapolations made with inexpensive net radiometer measurements (14, 23).
Correlation of Temperature and Rainfall with Thiocyanate Ion Content in Roots of Radishes Grown on Two Soil Types1
Authors: Bible B. , Chong Calvin 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Thiocyanate ion (SCN-) content was greater in roots of radishes (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Burpee White) grown on organic soil than on loam soil. Root SCN- content increased under cooler conditions and was positively correlated with accumulated cold units (degree day accumulation below 18°C) on both soil types, but was negatively correlated with mean daily air temperature only on organic soil and positively correlated with rainfall accumulation only on loam soil. Cold unit accumulation appears to be a reliable index of root SCN- yield despite variable effects of soil and climate.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Sanderson Kenneth C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The importance of monitoring air pollutants has been dramatically emphasized by the occurrence of killer smogs in major cities throughout the world. However, many other valid reasons exist for monitoring air pollutants. Nearly 40 years ago the United States and Canada were entangled in an air pollution controversy which emphasized that air pollutants ignore national boundaries. There is nothing to stop the estimated 264 million tons of air pollutants discharged annually in the United States from wandering over neighboring borders. Such a trip is even facilitated by the fact that almost 90% of this air pollution is invisible. As horticulturists, we are most concerned about air pollution effects on plants. Crop losses in the United States due to air pollution amount to approximately 500 million dollars annually. Some of this damage may come from pollutants generated outside the United States. However, air pollutants generated in the United States have been responsible on several occasions for crop damage in Canada. Scandinavian and other countries sharing common borders often share their air pollutants just as North Americans do. Fifteen years ago a World Health Organization publication indicated that sampling, analysis, and instrumentation in the field of air pollution monitoring was in a state of chaos. This symposium will show that out of the chaos has come order and that the science of monitoring air pollutants has become quite sophisticated and most complex, though many problems still remain to be solved. As an example, during the past year a disagreement on how to measure air pollution in California was reported on prime time television in the United States. Problems such as this are discouraging and most unfortunate. Nonetheless, they illustrate the heart of the air pollutant monitoring problem, which is that man has become biologically obsolete in sensing pollution hazards and we must develop new and more accurate methods and sensitive instruments to detect these hazards for ourselves, our animals, and our plants if life is to survive.
Drip Irrigation of Vegetables with Saline Water1
Authors: Shmueli M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effect of drip irrigation with water of varying salinity levels (desalinated water, water containing about 500 mg Cl/liter - normal water of the region, and water prepared so as to contain about 1000 and 1500 mg Cl/liter) was tested on four vegetable crops in the Arava desert of Israel. With all crops there was a reduction in fruit size with increasing salinity of the irrigation water. There were also treatment effects on emergence, growth, yield components, and soil salinity. The use of water containing about 1500 mg Cl/liter to irrigate tomatoes and transplanted peppers under the conditions prevailing in the experiment seems practical. However, crops sensitive to salinity, such as peas, will be seriously injured by water containing about 500 mg Cl/liter even under the conditions of the present experiment. Successful vegetable crop culture under Arava desert conditions requires leaching of the soil before the start of each growing season.
Softening of ‘McIntosh’ Apples Reduced by a Post-harvest Dip in Calcium Chloride Solution plus Thickener1
Authors: Mason J. L. , Jasmin J. J. , Granger R. L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Softening of ‘McIntosh’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) during storage was reduced by dipping fruit 2 days after harvest in 4% CaCl2 solution (40 g of commercial CaCl2 in 1 liter of water). The addition of Keltrol, a commercial food thickener, at 3 g/liter to retain more Ca solution on the fruit increased the effectiveness of the treatment. After 4 months storage at 0°C, fruit treated with CaCl2 and with CaCl2 plus Keltrol was 0.30 and 0.56 kg firmer by the pressure test than untreated fruit.
‘Harko’ Nectarine1
Authors: Layne R. E. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
‘Harko’ is an attractive, freestone, yellow-fleshed, midseason nectarine [Prunus pérsica var. nectarina (Ait.) Maxim.] that ripens about 5 days after ‘Nectared 2’ and about 6 days before ‘Nectared 4’. It has shown greater cold hardiness and disease tolerance as well as superior fruit quality to ‘Nectared 2’, ‘3’, and ‘4’, respectively. It was introduced in 1974 to meet the need for a better adapted midseason nectarine for the Ontario fresh market.
W-13 and W-178 Sweet Potato Germplasm1
Authors: Jones Alfred , Dukes P. D. , Cuthbert F. P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Two breeding lines of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] were released in 1975. They possess unusual combinations of disease and insect resistances with other useful characteristics. Both lines originated from mass selection for multiple disease and soil insect resistances in a sweet potato population incorporating a wide gene base. Both lines flower and set seed without any special treatment; traits of particular value in breeding
G1117A, G1102A, and G1106A Cytosterile Broccoli Inbreds1
Authors: Dickson M. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Commercial F1 hybrids of Brassica oleracea L. are currently produced by using self incompatibility. This system has some disadvantages due to the nature and variation of incompatibility and because much hand pollination work is required to produce selfed seed on the self incompatible parents.
High Density “Tree Walls”1
Authors: Emerson F. H. , Hayden R. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The general trend to higher tree density in apple orchards has been almost totally dependent on the use of the size-controlling rootstocks with more dwarfing rootstocks required as the tree density increased. With the use of such rootstocks becoming common in commercial orchards and the continued evaluation by researchers, a number of problems have become apparent including poor anchorage; greater susceptibility to winter injury, drought or “wet feet”, root rot, crown rot and fireblight; and graft incompatibility. In the case of peaches, nectarines, and other stone fruits, the lack of satisfactory size controlling rootstocks has dampened the trend to high density as observed in apple plantings. Several peach rootstocks have been evaluated and may show promise for increased hardiness or other beneficial effects but none have more than a minimal effect on size control.
Influence of Controlled-atmospheres on the Quality and Condition of Stored Nectarines1
Authors: Olsen Kenneth L. , Schomer Harold A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The most favorable atmospheres for storage of nectarines (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Stark’s Red Gold) at −0.5°C contained about 5% CO2 which was about equally effective when combined with air or with 2.5% O2. Dessert quality of the fruit was good after 6 weeks in controlled atmosphere storage with either 5 or 2.5% CO2, but maximum storage possible may vary from year to year. Breakdown and decay was excessive in all lots after 10 to 11 weeks’ storage.
Clonal Propagation of Coffea arabica L. from Callus Culture1
Authors: Herman E. B. , Haas G. J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Large numbers of coffee organoids were produced from callus cultures derived from leaf blade segments. Organoids developed from callus grown on a modified Linsmaier-Skoog medium, containing 0.1 mg per liter kinetin and 0.1 mg per liter 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), typically consisted of rudimentary stems and leaves only. Roots were formed and the organoids developed into coffee plants upon transfer of the organoids to a Gresshoff-Doy medium containing 0.1 mg per liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) but no kinetin. The plants continued to grow after being transferred to soil.
An Unusual Flowering and Fruiting Habit of Grapefruit in the Khuzestan Area of Iran1
Authors: Samadi M. , Cochran L. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) initiates flowers and sets fruits only in the center of the trees under the canopy of leaves in the hot area of the Khuzestan plain of Iran. This is a virtue since the fruit is protected from sunburn and heat injury. This unusual habit of fruiting appears to be the result of temperatures high enough at the critical time to prevent flower induction on the outer portion of trees.
Carnation Propagation from Shoot Tips Cultured in Liquid Medium1
Authors: Earle E. D. , Langhans R. W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Shoot tips of carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L. cv. CSU White Pikes Peak) formed multiple shoots on agar nutrient medium containing 0.5 mg/liter kinetin and 0.1 mg/liter α-napthaleneacetic acid. Tissue with shoots was transferred to liquid medium on a culture wheel rotating 1 rpm. Many axillary shoots formed and eventually separated from the parent shoot. Tissue could be subcultured into fresh medium, stored at 4.5°, or rooted, potted and grown to flowering. All 175 plants flowered had normal white flowers with characteristic red flecks, indicating that the chimeral arrangement of the petal tissues had not been disturbed by the culture procedure.
Effects of Plant Growth Regulators on Lilium longiflorum Thunb. cv. Georgia1
Authors: Sanderson Kenneth C. , Martin Willis C. , Marcus Karen A. , Goslin William E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Drenches and sprays of α-cyclopropyl-α (p-methoxyphenyl)-5 pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol) were comparable to 2,4-dichlorobenzyl-tributylphosphonium chloride (CBBP, Phosfon) in inhibiting stem growth of the ‘Georgia’ Easter lily. Both materials produced plants with enlarged, thin-walled sclerenchymatous stem cells. Some of the higher rates of ancymidol delayed flowering and reduced the number of flowers per plant. Drenches of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and sprays of ethyl hydrogen 1-propylphosphonate (EHPP) showed some promise as deflowering agents in commercial lily bulb production.
Phytotoxicity of Copper Treated Burlap on Balled and Burlapped Cotoneaster divaricata Rehd. & Wils.1
Authors: Kuhns Larry J. , Sydnor T. Davis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Phytotoxicity of burlap treated with 6 concentrations of CuSO4 or copper naphthenate (Cu Nap) was determined by enclosing the root balls of Cotoneaster divaricata in the treated burlaps, observing their growth for 40 weeks, and analyzing root, stem and leaf tissue for Cu, Fe, and Mn. Burlap treated with up to 4.0% Cu Nap or levels of CuSO4 less than 0.2% was not phytotoxic. Burlap treated with solutions of CuSO4 ≥0.2% was phytotoxic. Tissue analyses indicate that the injury from CuSO4 treated burlap was the result of high Cu concentrations in the roots of enclosed plants.
Critical Level of Airborne Sea Salt Inducing Foliar Injury to Bean1
Authors: Williams David J. , Moser Bruno C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Contender (green bean) treated with sea salt aerosols, similar to ambient seashore conditions displayed foliar injury from exposures of 8, 168, and 480 hr at sedimentation rates of 27, 5.7 and 1.5 μg/m2/sec, respectively. Sodium and chloride uptake was linear with time. Toxicity symptoms corresponded with a critical leaf tissue level of 2.6% Cl regardless of exposure time or sedimentation rate.
Correlation Between Methods to Determine the Protein Content of Potato Tubers1
Authors: Vigue Jerry , Li P. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tubers of potato (Solarium tuberosum L.) ranging from 6.9 to 18.6% total amino acids, on a dry weight basis, were analyzed by 6 methods which determine protein content: 1) total amino acids minus free amino acids determined by column chromatography, 2) Kjeldahl N × 5.7, 3) Kjeldahl N × 5.7 minus free amino acids determined by column chromatography, 4) Kjeldahl N × 5.7 minus ninhydrin determined free amino acids, 5) ninhydrin total minus ninhydrin free amino acids, and 6) Folin-Lowry analyses. The results of the latter 5 methods were correlated to the data of method 1 (column chromatography). All of the methods, except 4, had correlation coefficients above the 99% level of significance. When compared to the data obtained from column chromatography, methods 6 and 4 gave low, while method 3 gave approximately equal protein values. Method 2 is excellent for determining total tuber amino acids, (r = 0.96**) and is the method of choice for screening large numbers of tubers for protein, (r = 0.92**). Kjeldahl N × 5.7 correlates high with tuber protein, because there is a high correlation between tuber free and protein bound amino acids, (r = 0.74**). However, Kjeldahl N × 5.7 gives high tuber protein values. Based upon their correlation coefficients, methods 2, 5 and 6 are applicable for screening, but their individual shortcomings must be considered when interpreting results from tubers.
Initiation of Lycopene Synthesis in the Tomato Mutant rin as Influenced by Oxygen and Ethylene Interactions1
Authors: Frenkel Chaim , Garrison Stephen A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Detached fruits of the rin mutant in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) synthesized little or no lycopene in the presence of 10, 100, or 1000 ppm ethylene in air. However, lycopene synthesis was initiated in fruits kept in 60% or 100% O2 (elevated tensions of oxygen) in the presence of 10 ppm ethylene.
A Rapid Spot Test for Ascorbic Acid in Tomato Fruit1
Authors: Rymal K. S. , Rice C. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A portable, rapid, and relatively simple spot test is applied to the determination of ascorbic acid in the juice from single fruit of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). For this application reference strips with ranges of 12.5 to 100 mg/ml (± 12.5 mg/ml) and 30 to 46 mg/ml ±2 mg/ml were prepared. Standard titrimetric estimations conducted on the same samples consistently confirmed the spot test results.
Release of Lettuce Seed Thermodormancy by Plant Growth Regulators Applied in Organic Solvent1
Authors: Braun Joseph W. , Rao V. Sivaji , Khan Anwar A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The emergence of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cvs. Grand Rapids and Mesa 659) seeds was enhanced by the pre-sowing permeation via acetone of growth regulators into the dry seeds. Emergence of photosensitive ‘Grand Rapids’ seeds from soil medium at moderate temperatures (20-18°C) was enhanced by permeation with gibberellic acid (GA3) alone. At supraoptimal soil temperatures, emergence of both cultivars was enhanced most effectively by a combination of GA3, kinetin and (2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid) ethephon).
Thinning ‘Washington’ Navel and ‘Late Valencia’ Sweet Orange Fruits with Photosynthetic Inhibitors1
Authors: Moss G. I. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Compounds found to reduce photosynthesis of sweet orange leaves were tested for fruit thinning activity. Two applications of phenylmercuric acetate (PMA) at 7 × 10−4m, or N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-NN-dimethylurea (DCMU) at 0.25% w/v during fruit-setting significantly reduced fruit-set in ‘Washington’ navel sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck). Two applications of a plastic film-forming emulsion (Acropol) reduced fruit-set, but not significantly. Acropol had less effect on photosynthesis than PMA or DCMU. Residue problems would exclude the practical use of these substances so monomethyl n-decenyl succinic acid (MDSA) was screened and tested in the field. MDSA caused stomatal closure at 660 ppm for at least 4 days, and reduced the yield of ‘Late Valencia’ sweet orange the following year when applied at 700 ppm 6 weeks after full bloom. PMA and MDSA stimulated ethylene production from fruitlets up to 4 days after application. DCMU did not stimulate ethylene production but did reduce photosynthesis and thinned fruitlets, although significantly less effectively than PMA. This suggests that fruit setting in sweet orange may be determined by competitive inhibition, and that a reduction in photosynthesis may cause fruit abscission.