bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerging Applications of Synchrotron Radiation X‐Ray Techniques in Single Atomic Catalysts
Authors: Song Zhongxin , Li Junjie , Davis Kieran Doyle , Li Xifei , Zhang Jiujun , Zhang Lei , Sun Xueliang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSingle atom catalysts (SACs) can achieve a maximum atom utilization efficiency of 100%, which provides significantly increased active sites compared with traditional catalysts during catalytic reactions. Synchrotron radiation technology is an important characterization method for identifying single‐atom catalysts. Several types of internal information, such as the coordination number, bond length and electronic structure of metals, can all be analyzed. This review will focus on the introduction of synchrotron radiation techniques and their applications in SACs. First, the fundamentals of synchrotron radiation and the corresponding techniques applied in characterization of SACs will be briefly introduced, such as X‐ray absorption near edge spectroscopy and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy and in situ techniques. The detailed information obtained from synchrotron radiation X‐ray characterization is described through four routes: 1) the local environment of a specific atom; 2) the oxidation state of SACs; 3) electronic structures at different orbitals; and 4) the in situ structure modification during catalytic reaction. In addition, a systematic summary of synchrotron radiation X‐ray characterization on different types of SACs (noble metals and transition metals) will be discussed.
Experimental investigation of a locally prestressed precast concrete wall
Authors: Zhang Yong , Qing Yuan , Wang Chun‐Lin , Zeng Bin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe posttensioned (PT) tendons in a prestressed precast wall (PPW) may suffer yielding or damage under rare earthquake events, increasing the potential demand for their maintenance and renewal. A locally PPW (LPPW) with PT tendons arranged only in the lower stories was developed in this article to facilitate the replacement of the PT tendons. Quasi‐static tests were conducted to investigate the seismic performance of the LPPW with and without additional energy dissipaters. The test results demonstrated that the LPPW featured a stable hysteretic response and an excellent self‐centering capacity. The dissipaters effectively improved the energy dissipation capacity of the LPPW and preserved its self‐centering capacity. Numerical studies were further performed to address the influence of the layout of the PT tendons and dissipaters. The numerical results showed that reducing the height of the upper anchorage points of the PT tendons could increase the bearing capacity and postyielding stiffness of the LPPW. The concrete contact force at the base joint could be reduced by about 40% by moving the dissipaters from center to edge regions of the cross‐section of the wall.
Time‐dependent seismic fragility curves for existing RC core‐wall buildings exposed to corrosion
Authors: Michelini Elena , Belletti Beatrice , Franceschini Lorenzo , Martinelli Enzo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis work aims at investigating the seismic response of existing reinforced concrete core‐wall buildings with corroded bars erected in the marine environments, with the main focus on the dependency of seismic fragility curves on aging and degradation effects caused by environmental actions. The structural capacity is predicted by nonlinear finite‐element analyses, where the effect of chloride corrosion is implemented within the framework of PARC_CL_2.1 crack model. The proposed methodology is applied to a pre‐code six‐story reinforced concrete (RC) building with moment‐resisting (MR) frames and an internal core assumed as a testbed. For a given exposure class, pushover analyses are performed for different ages of the building. Time‐dependent fragility curves are then obtained through a procedure based on incremental static analysis. Different corrosion scenarios are assessed by considering deterioration effects applied either on the sole RC walls or on both walls and columns. The obtained results highlight that time‐dependent fragility curves are strongly affected by corrosion, therefore the date of construction should be considered in seismic risk mapping, not only for evaluating the effect of obsolete standard codes used in the design but also in terms of damage induced by aging and deterioration.
Reliability‐based design of transmission and anchorage lengths in prestressed concrete elements
Authors: Faleschini Flora , Hofer Lorenzo , Belluco Sergio , Pellegrino Carlo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis work proposes new reliability‐based formulations for the design of transmission and anchorage lengths in prestressed reinforced concrete, starting from the equations discussed and proposed by fib TG2.5 “Bond and Material Models.” To this end, an extensive experimental dataset with more than 900 results was collected from the scientific literature. Then, two deterministic models were proposed, one for the transmission and one for the anchorage length. For each, model uncertainty was evaluated, and then a probabilistic calibration of their distributions was carried out, separating the cases when sudden or gradual prestress release was applied. Then, probabilistic models were developed for transmission and anchorage length evaluation, depending on the prestress release method: from them, it was possible to evaluate suitable coefficients to target varying reliability indexes. Particularly, two design situations were considered, for transverse stresses verification at the Serviceability Limit State (SLS) and shear and anchorage verification at the Ultimate Limit State (ULS). Lastly, the reliability of current deterministic models was verified.
Relation between half‐cell and fuel cell activity and stability of FeNC catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Scharf Janik , Kübler Markus , Gridin Vladislav , Wallace William David Zacharias , Ni Lingmei , Paul Stephen Daniel , Kramm Ulrike Ingrid 
Published: October 2022

AbstractFeNC catalysts are promising substitutes of platinum‐type catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). While previous research disclosed that high pyrolysis temperatures are required to achieve good stability, it was identified that a trade‐off needs to be made regarding the active site density. The central question is, if a good stability can also be reached at milder pyrolysis conditions but longer duration retaining more active sites, while enabling the defect‐rich carbon to heal during a long residence time? To address this, a variation of pyrolysis temperatures and durations is used in FeNC fabrication. Carbon morphology and iron species are characterized by Raman spectroscopy and Mössbauer spectroscopy, respectively. Fuel cell (FC) activity and stability data are acquired. The results are compared to ORR activity and selectivity data from rotating ring disc electrode experiments and resulting durability in accelerated stress tests mimicking the load cycle and start‐up and shut‐down cycle conditions. It is discussed how pyrolysis temperature and duration affect FC activity and stability. But, more important, the results connect the pyrolysis conditions to the required accelerated stress test protocol combination to enable a prediction of the catalyst stability in fuel cells.
Artificial intelligence‐enhanced skin‐like sensors based on flexible nanogenerators
Authors: Wang Yiqian , Tan Puchuan , Wu Yuxiang , Luo Dan , Li Zhou 
Published: October 2022

AbstractArtificial intelligence‐enhanced skin‐like sensors based on flexible nanogenerators have been widely used in physiological signal acquisition, artificial organ, sensory simulation, human movement status recognition, and other biomedical related fields due to their excellent biocompatibility, comfortable wearing experience, high sensing accuracy, and low power consumption. In this paper, the working principle, evolution process, and several established general strategies of artificial intelligence‐enhanced skin‐like sensors are summarized in detail. More importantly, this paper further reviews several recent important advances on artificial intelligence enhanced skin‐like sensor, and systematically analyzes and compares these works according to their principles and application directions. In the discussion section, we also list the current concerns of stress adaptation, stretchability–conductivity, algorithm optimization, function integration, and propose potential solutions to these problems. We hope that the deep integration of artificial intelligence and flexible nanogenerators can bring more enlightenment to the progress of biomedical engineering in the future.
Introduction: Trends, Puzzles, and Hopes for the Future of Healthcare
Authors: Ehsani Sepehr , Glauner Patrick , Plugmann Philipp , Thieringer Florian M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis book is being published at a time when the collective attention of the world has been focused, for more than 2 years, on the coronavirus pandemic. The interrelatedness of various facets of biomedicine (whether scientific, societal, political, legal, or cultural) has been vividly illustrated to health practitioners, researchers, and the public at large—often on a very personal level. It is now manifestly obvious to many that planning for the future of clinical and experimental medicine is a must. Although the task of predicting the exact trajectory of any profession might be in vain, it is essential that one at least looks at past and current trends in order to envision future scenarios and plan for them. We can thus shape our expectations about how the various threads of biomedicine could develop; these could then inform our preparedness.
New Horizons in Studying the Cellular Mechanisms of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Ehsani Sepehr 
Published: October 2022

AbstractFollowing an analysis of the state of investigations and clinical outcomes in the Alzheimer’s research field, I argue that the widely accepted ‘amyloid cascade’ mechanistic explanation of Alzheimer’s disease appears to be fundamentally incomplete. In this context, I propose that a framework termed ‘principled mechanism’ (PM) can help remedy this problem. First, using a series of five ‘tests’, PM systematically compares different components of a given mechanistic explanation against a paradigmatic set of criteria and hints at various ways of making the mechanistic explanation more ‘complete’. I will demonstrate these steps using the amyloid explanation, highlighting its missing or problematic mechanistic elements. Second, PM makes an appeal for the discovery and application of ‘biological principles’ that approximate ceteris paribus generalisations or laws and are operative at the level of a biological cell. Although thermodynamic, evolutionary, ecological and other laws or principles from chemistry and the broader life sciences could inform them, biological principles should be considered ontologically unique. These principles could augment different facets of the mechanistic explanation but also allow furtherindependentnomological explanation of the phenomenon. Whilst this overall strategy can be complementary to certain ‘new mechanist’ approaches, an important distinction of the PM framework is its equal attention to the explanatory utility of biological principles. Lastly, I detail two hypothetical biological principles and show how they could each inform and improve the potentially incomplete mechanistic aspects of the amyloid explanation and how they could provide independent explanations for the cellular features associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
Once More with Feeling: Emotions in Multimodal Learning Analytics
Authors: Kubsch Marcus , Caballero Daniela , Uribe Pablo 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe emotions that students experience when engaging in tasks critically influence their performance and many models of learning and competence include assumptions about affective variables and respective emotions. However, while researchers agree about the importance of emotions for learning, it remains challenging to connect momentary affect, i.e., emotions, to learning processes. Advances in automated speech recognition and natural language processing (NLP) allow real time detection of emotions in recorded language. We use NLP and machine learning techniques to automatically extract information about students’ motivational states while engaging in the construction of explanations and investigate how this information can help more accurately predict students’ learning over the course of a 10-week energy unit. Our results show how NLP and ML techniques allow the use of different modalities of the same data in order to better understand individual differences in students’ performances. However, in realistic settings, this task remains far from trivial and requires extensive preprocessing of the data and the results need to be interpreted with care and caution. Thus, future research is needed before these methods can be deployed at scale.
On the positivity of Coon amplitude in D = 4
Authors: Chakravarty Joydeep , Maity Pronobesh , Mishra Amiya 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Coon amplitude is the unique solution to duality constraints with logarithmic Regge trajectories. A striking feature of this solution is that it interpolates between the Veneziano amplitude and a scalar particle amplitude. However, an analytic proof of unitarity of the amplitude is not yet known. In this short note, we explicitly compute the partial wave coefficients on the leading Regge trajectory in D = 4. We find that these coefficients always remain positive, even though their magnitude decreases with spin. Since the coefficients on the subleading trajectories are observed to be larger than those on the leading ones, our result indicates the positivity of the full Coon amplitude in D = 4.
Perturbative calculations of gravitational form factors at large momentum transfer
Authors: Tong Xuan-Bo , Ma Jian-Ping , Yuan Feng 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
We perform a perturbative QCD analysis of the gravitational form factors (GFFs) of nucleon at large momentum transfer. We derive the explicit factorization formula of the GFFs in terms of twist-3 and twist-4 light-cone distribution amplitudes of nucleon. Power behaviors for these GFFs are obtained from the leading order calculations. Numeric results of the quark and gluon contributions to various GFFs are presented with model assumptions for the distribution amplitudes in the literature. We also present the perturbative calculations of the scalar form factor 〈P′| F2| P〉 for pion and proton at large momentum transfer.
Effect of spacetime dimensions on quantum entanglement between two uniformly accelerated atoms
Authors: Yan Jiatong , Zhang Baocheng 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
We investigate the entanglement dynamics for a quantum system composed of two uniformly accelerated Unruh-DeWitt detectors in different spacetime dimensions. It is found that the range of parameters in which entanglement can be generated is shrunk and the amount of generated entanglement is also decreased with the increasing spacetime dimension, by calculating the evolution of two-atom states using the method for open quantum systems. We study the entanglement evolution between two accelerated atoms for different initial two-atom states, and the influence of corresponding spacetime dimensions for every initial state is discussed. When the spacetime dimensions increase, the change of entanglement becomes slower with time. The influence of spacetime dimensions on the change of entanglement also expands to the case of the massive field. The time delay for entanglement generation is shown in different spacetime dimensions. In particular, entanglement decreases more quickly with the increasing spacetime dimensions compared with that in the case of the massless field. The recently found anti-Unruh effect is discussed, and a novel and interesting phenomenon is found that the Unruh effect in small spacetime dimensions can become the anti-Unruh effect in large spacetime dimensions with the same parameters.
Quantum phases of 4d SU(N) $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 SYM
Authors: Cabo-Bizet Alejandro 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
It is argued that 4d SU(N) $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM has an accumulation line of zero-temperature topologically ordered phases. Each of these phases corresponds to N bound states charged under electromagnetic $$ {\mathbb{Z}}_N^{(1)} $$

ℤ
N

1

one-form symmetries. Each of the N bound states is made of two Dyonic flux components each of them extended over a two dimensional surface. They are localized at the fixed loci of a rotational action, and are argued to correspond to conformal blocks (or primaries) of an SU(N)1 WZNW model on a two-torus.
Can neural networks predict steady annual cycles of marine ecosystems?
Authors: Slawig Thomas , Pfeil Markus 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe used artificial neural networks to replace the complete spin-up procedure that computes a steady annual cycle of a marine ecosystem driven by ocean transport. The networks took only the few biogeochemical model parameters and attempted to predict the spatially distributed concentrations of the ecosystem, in this case only nutrients, for one time point of the annual cycle. The ocean circulation was fixed for all parameters. Different network topologies, sparse networks, and hyperparameter optimization using a genetic algorithm were used. This showed that all studied networks can produce a distribution that is point-wise close to the original spin-up result. However, these predictions were far from being annually periodic, such that a subsequent spin-up was necessary. In this way, the overall runtime of the spin-up could be reduced by 13% on average. It is debatable whether this procedure is useful for the generation of initial values, or whether simpler methods can achieve faster convergence.
Randomized comparison of 4.5/6 Fr versus 6/7.5 Fr ureteroscopes for laser lithotripsy of lower/middle ureteral calculi: towards optimization of efficacy and safety of semirigid ureteroscopy
Authors: Omar Mohamed , Dorrah Mohammed , Khalifa Ahmed , El Sherif Eid , Sayedahmed Khalid , Ghazwani Yahya , Noureldin Yasser A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Background and purpose
To compare 4.5/6 Fr versus 6/7.5 Fr semirigid ureteroscopes in terms of safety and efficacy in adult non-obese patients with middle or lower ureteric stones.

Materials and methods
A total of 198 patients with middle/lower ureteric stone and a BMI ≤ 30 kg/m2 were recruited. Patients were randomized according to the size of ureteroscope into two groups: group 1 where a 4.5/6 Fr semi-rigid ureteroscope was used, and group 2 where a 6/7.5 Fr semi-rigid ureteroscope was used. Patient’s demographic, stone characteristics, intraoperative and postoperative outcomes including stone-free rate (SFR) and complications were compared.

Results
Preoperative characteristics in terms of age, sex, BMI, and stone location, side, size, and HU were comparable between both groups (p values > 0.05). The overall SFR was significantly higher in group 1 (0.004). Balloon dilatation was not required in all patients of group-1 compared with 33% of group-2 (p = 0.0001). The JJ stent was required in 10% of group-1 compared with 30% of group-2 (p = 0.0004). Failure to reach the stone due to tight ureter occurred in 8% of group 2 (p = 0.003), respectively. Traxer’s grade 1 ureteral injury occurred in 2% of group-1 versus 14% of group-2 (p = 0.001). Consequently, hematuria was significantly lower in group-1 (1% vs. 8%; p = 0.01), respectively. The hospital stay < 9 h was significantly higher in group 1 (p = 0.0001).

Conclusions
The 4.5/6 Fr semi-rigid Ureteroscope was associated with significantly higher SFR and shorter hospital stay, with lower ureteral injury, fewer double-J stenting, and without the need for intraoperative balloon dilatation for the ureter.
A test for normality and independence based on characteristic function
Authors: Ejsmont Wiktor , Milošević Bojana , Obradović Marko 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this article we prove a generalization of the Ejsmont characterization (Ejsmont in Stat Probab Lett 114:1–5, 2016) of the multivariate normal distribution. Based on it, we propose a new test for independence and normality. The test uses an integral of the squared modulus of the difference between the product of empirical characteristic functions and some constant. Special attention is given to the case of testing for univariate normality in which we derive the test statistic explicitly in terms of Bessel function and explore asymptotic properties. The simulation study also includes the cases of testing for bivariate and trivariate normality and independence, as well as multivariate normality. We show the quality performance of our test in comparison to some popular powerful competitors. The practical application of the proposed normality and independence test is discussed and illustrated using a real dataset.
Evaluation of Bentonite Application for the Abandonment of Deep Geo-energy Wells
Authors: Corina A. N. , Wollenweber J. , Fischer H. , van der Valk K. , Castelein K. , Moghadam A. , Heerens G-J 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHydrated bentonite is considered an alternative subsurface sealing/plugging material for deep geo-energy wells. However, the knowledge related to this application and the corresponding properties of bentonite is still lacking. This includes the mechanical properties at the interface of bentonite plugs with the adjacent materials (surrounding rock or casing steel) and the mechanical stability of plugs under downhole in-situ conditions. In this work, we performed experiments investigating the interface shear properties and shear strength of a bentonite plug under various settings for deep geo-energy applications, such as hydrocarbon and geothermal wells. The interface’s shear properties against various adjacent materials and fluid conditions were characterized. The influence of chemical exposure, the salinity of the curing fluid, fluid pH, pressure, and temperature on bentonite’s mechanical stability was evaluated in a small- and large-scale setting. The latter was performed using realistic casing sizes and placement methods, relevant for the field application. The experimental results show that the averaged shear strength of the bentonite plug interface is 13.3 kPa and 9.1 kPa when cured in freshwater and seawater, respectively. The increase in strength with increasing curing pressure, temperature, and fluid pH was characterized for the first time. The interfacial properties of cohesion and friction angle vary with different surrounding materials. They are also influenced by the saturating condition and salinity of the saturating fluid. Based on the experimental results, a bentonite plug with a minimum length of 15–43 m placed in casings of 7–5/8″ to 13–3/8″ would be sufficient to meet the necessary criteria of the Dutch regulators as an isolating material for well abandonment.