bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Alliance for Healthier Communities as a Learning Health System for primary care: A qualitative analysis in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Nash Danielle M. , Brown Judith Belle , Thorpe Cathy , Rayner Jennifer , Zwarenstein Merrick 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRationale, Aims and ObjectivesA learning health system model can be used to efficiently evaluate and incorporate evidence‐based care into practice. However, there is a paucity of evidence describing key organizational attributes needed to ensure a successful learning health system within primary care. We interviewed stakeholders for a primary care learning health system in Ontario, Canada (the Alliance for Healthier Communities) to identify strengths and areas for improvement.MethodWe conducted a qualitative descriptive study using individual semistructured interviews with Alliance stakeholders between December 2019 and March 2020. The Alliance delivers community‐governed primary healthcare through 109 organizations including Community Health Centres (CHCs). All CHC staff within the Alliance were invited to participate. Interviews were audio‐recorded and transcribed verbatim. We performed a thematic analysis using a team approach.ResultsWe interviewed 29 participants across six CHCs, including Executive Directors, managers, healthcare providers and data support staff. We observed three foundational elements necessary for a successful learning health system within primary care: shared organizational goals and culture, data quality and resources. Building on this foundation, people are needed to drive the learning health system, and this is conditional on their level of engagement. The main factors motivating staff member's engagement with the learning health system included their drive to help improve patient care, focusing on initiatives of personal interest and understanding the purpose of different initiatives. Areas for improvement were identified such as the ability to extract and use data to inform changes in real‐time, better engagement and protected time for providers to do improvement work, and more staff dedicated to data extraction and analysis.ConclusionsWe identified key components needed to establish a learning health system in primary care. Similar primary care organizations in Canada and elsewhere can use these insights to guide their development as learning health systems.
Actions Speak Louder than Words, Particularly in the East: How Taiwanese Followers Perceive Leaders’ Promotion of Ethical Actions Differently from Followers in the States
Authors: Wang An‐Chih , Chen Yanyu , Wang Sheng‐Bin , Lin Yi‐Chieh , Tseng Chuan‐Yu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAlthough Western theories suggest that ethical leaders should incorporate role modelling with ethical guidance to effectively promote ethical actions, we argue that, in Taiwan, a non‐Western setting influenced by Taoism, ‘say less, do more’ may be more appropriate. Mean comparisons, based on a latent profile analysis, indicate that, in our Taiwanese sample, leaders high in role modelling and low in ethical guidance receive at least as high a moral evaluation as that of those high in both. Findings from the United States sample, in contrast, suggest that the latter receive the highest. In a follow‐up scenario experiment, we find that, for Taiwanese respondents, leaders’ ethical guidance is negatively associated with perceived leader humility but positively associated with follower depletion and that the ‘say less, do more’ condition obtains the highest perceived leader humility and lowest expected depletion. In contrast, for US respondents, ethical guidance is unrelated to the two outcomes. Accordingly, not only the ideal content but also the ‘best’ enactment of ethical leadership varies across cultures.
Relationship between histological tumor margins and magnetic resonance imaging signal intensities in brain neoplasia of dogs
Authors: Johnson Philippa J. , Rivard Benjamin C. , Wood Jonathan H. , DiRubio Mattisen L. , Henry Joshua G. , Miller Andrew D. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundIntracranial neoplasia is relatively common in dogs and stereotactic radiotherapy, surgical debulking, or both, are the most successful treatment approaches. A key component of treatment planning involves delineating tumor margin on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations. How MRI signal intensity alterations relate to histological tumor margins is unknown.ObjectivesDirectly compare histological brain sections to MRI sequence images and determine which sequence alteration best correlates with tumor margins.AnimalsFive dogs with glioma, 4 dogs with histiocytic sarcoma, and 3 dogs with meningioma.MethodsRetrospective cohort study. Histological brain sections were registered to in vivo MRI scan images obtained within 7 days of necropsy. Margins of signal intensity alterations (T2‐weighted, fluid‐attenuating inversion recovery [FLAIR], T1‐weighted and contrast enhancement) were compared directly to solid tumor and surgical margins identified on histology. Jacquard similarity metrics (JSM) and cross‐sectional areas were calculated.ResultsIn glioma cases, margins drawn around T2‐weighted hyperintensity were most similar to surgical margins (JSM, 0.66 ± 0.17) when compared to other sequences. In both meningioma (JSM, 0.57 ± 0.21) and histiocytic sarcoma (JSM, 0.75 ± 0.11) margins of contrast enhancement were most similar to surgical margins.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceSignal intensities correspond to tumor margins for different tumor types and facilitate surgical and radiation therapy planning using MRI images.
Child stunting starts in utero: Growth trajectories and determinants in Ugandan infants
Authors: Namirembe Grace , Ghosh Shibani , Ausman Lynne M. , Shrestha Robin , Zaharia Sonia , Bashaasha Bernard , Kabunga Nassul , Agaba Edgar , Mezzano Julieta , Webb Patrick 
Published: April 2022

AbstractChildhood stunting remains a public health burden worldwide. Although many studies have examined early life and in‐utero risk factors; most have been observational and have used analytic techniques that make inferences limited to population means, thereby obscuring important within‐group variations. This study addressed that important gap. Using data from a birth cohort of Ugandan infants (n = 4528), we applied group‐based trajectory modelling to assess diverse patterns of growth among children from birth to 1‐year old. A multinomial regression model was conducted to understand the relationship between risk factors and observed patterns across groups. We found that the onset of stunting occurred before birth and followed four distinct growth patterns: chronically stunted (Group 1), recovery (Group 2), borderline stunted (Group 3) and normal (Group 4). The average length‐for‐age z‐score (LAZ) at birth was −2.6, −3.9, −0.6 and 0.5 for Groups 1–4, respectively. Although both Groups 1 and 2 were stunted at birth, stunting persisted in Group 1 while children in Group 2 recovered by the fourth month. Group 3 exhibited mild stunting while Group 4 was normal. Wasting and underweight were observed in all groups, with the highest prevalence of underweight in Group 1. Wasting gradually increased among children born already stunted (Groups 1 and 2). This showed the importance of distinguishing children by their growth patterns rather than aggregating them and only comparing population averages against global growth standards. The design of nutrition interventions should consider the differential factors and potential for growth gains relative to different risks within each group.
Social determinants related toCOVID‐19 infection
Authors: Kim Seol Bin , Jeong Ihn Sook 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study was aimed at identifying the social determinants related to COVID‐19 infection in South Korea. This secondary analysis used data from the 2020 Community Health Survey, a nationwide sample taken to understand the health status of Korean residents. The participants were 220 970 adults 19 years of age or older. COVID‐19‐related social determinants were age, education level, marital status, household income, hypertension, eating habits, social support, and regional income. The risk of COVID‐19 infection increased in those who were under 40 years, were high school graduates or higher, were single, had a household income over US$ 4166.7, ate breakfast 5–7 times a week, had three or more helpers during COVID‐19, and lived in a region with above‐average income. Hypertension reduced the risk of COVID‐19 infection. In conclusion, adults with high socioeconomic activity showed a high risk for COVID‐19 infection, which was assumed to include only adults living in residential housing in the community. Further studies are required to include adults living in long‐term care or communal living facilities, known to be frequently infected with the corona virus.
Overexpression of NDR1 leads to pathogen resistance at elevated temperatures
Authors: Samaradivakara Saroopa P. , Chen Huan , Lu Yi‐Ju , Li Pai , Kim Yongsig , Tsuda Kenichi , Mine Akira , Day Brad 
Published: April 2022

Summary

Abiotic and biotic environments influence a myriad of plant‐related processes, including growth, development, and the establishment and maintenance of interaction(s) with microbes. In the case of the latter, elevated temperature has been shown to be a key factor that underpins host resistance and pathogen virulence.

In this study, we elucidate a role for Arabidopsis NON‐RACE‐SPECIFIC DISEASE RESISTANCE1 (NDR1) by exploiting effector‐triggered immunity to define the regulation of plant host immunity in response to both pathogen infection and elevated temperature.

We generated time‐series RNA sequencing data of WT Col‐0, an NDR1 overexpression line, and ndr1 and ics1‐2 mutant plants under elevated temperature. Not surprisingly, the NDR1‐overexpression line showed genotype‐specific gene expression changes related to defense response and immune system function.

The results described herein support a role for NDR1 in maintaining cell signaling during simultaneous exposure to elevated temperature and avirulent pathogen stressors.
Trait ecology of startup plants
Authors: Westoby Mark , Schrader Julian , Falster Daniel 
Published: April 2022

SummaryStartup plants include seedlings and basal and epicormic resprouts. It has long been held that startups have different strategies from adult plants, but theory for what trait differences to expect is limited and not yet quantitatively tested. Three applicable concepts are analogous to human startup firms, R‐shift, and trait‐growth theory. All three suggest startups should be built with lower construction costs than established plants. This appears to be almost always true in terms of leaf mass per area (LMA), though many comparisons are complicated by the startups growing in lower light. Trait‐growth theory predicts LMA should increase progressively with height or total leaf area, driven by higher conductive‐pathway costs associated with each unit leaf area, and by greater reward from slowing leaf turnover. Basal resprouts often have somewhat higher LMA than seedlings, but possibly this is simply because they are larger. A number of eminently testable questions are identified. Prospects are good for a theoretically cogent and field‐tested body of knowledge about plant startups.
Inter‐annual and inter‐species tree growth explained by phenology of xylogenesis
Authors: Chen Yizhao , Rademacher Tim , Fonti Patrick , Eckes‐Shephard Annemarie H. , LeMoine James M. , Fonti Marina V. , Richardson Andrew D. , Friend Andrew D. 
Published: April 2022

Summary

Wood formation determines major long‐term carbon (C) accumulation in trees and therefore provides a crucial ecosystem service in mitigating climate change. Nevertheless, we lack understanding of how species with contrasting wood anatomical types differ with respect to phenology and environmental controls on wood formation.

In this study, we investigated the seasonality and rates of radial growth and their relationships with climatic factors, and the seasonal variations of stem nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) in three species with contrasting wood anatomical types (red oak: ring‐porous; red maple: diffuse‐porous; white pine: coniferous) in a temperate mixed forest during 2017–2019.

We found that the high ring width variability observed in both red oak and red maple was caused more by changes in growth duration than growth rate. Seasonal radial growth patterns did not vary following transient environmental factors for all three species. Both angiosperm species showed higher concentrations and lower inter‐annual fluctuations of NSC than the coniferous species.

Inter‐annual variability of ring width varied by species with contrasting wood anatomical types. Due to the high dependence of annual ring width on growth duration, our study highlights the critical importance of xylem formation phenology for understanding and modelling the dynamics of wood formation.
Association between objectively measured physical activity of parents and children: The 2015 Pelotas birth cohort
Authors: Ricardo Luiza Isnardi Cardoso , Hallal Pedro , Domingues Marlos Rodrigues , Oliveira Ricardo Santos , Blumenberg Cauane , Tornquist Debora , Tornquist Luciana , Barros Fernando , Crochemore‐Silva Inácio 
Published: April 2022

ObjectiveThe present study aims to verify the association between objectively measured physical activity (PA) of parents and child in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort, a population‐based Brazilian birth cohort.MethodsThe main exposures were paternal moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA) collected when children were 1‐year of age, and maternal MVPA when children were 2‐years. The outcome was children's overall PA (ENMO in mg) at 4‐years of age. PA was measured using wrist‐worn ActiGraph accelerometers during seven complete days. Potential confounders were maternal age, maternal and paternal education, and household asset index. Crude and adjusted analyses were performed using linear regressions.ResultsOur analytical sample comprised 1326 children with valid accelerometer data and with both parents. Mean child PA was 48.1 mg, being higher among boys compared with girls (Boys: 50 mg, 95% CI: 49.1; 50.9; Girls: 46 mg, 95% CI: 45.2; 46.8). Children's PA at 4 years was positively associated with maternal MVPA at age 2 years (p < 0.001) and paternal MVPA at age 1 year (p < 0.001). A child with both parents in the highest tertile of unbouted MVPA presented higher overall PA (p = 0.001). Similar results were found for boys; however, for girls, paternal unbouted MVPA was not associated with overall PA.ConclusionOverall, our results showed a positive impact of maternal and parental PA over 4‐year‐old children acceleration. These findings could be valuable when planning evidence‐based interventions and policies to promote PA in young children, providing a broader perspective over the role of parents over children's behavior.
Knock‐down of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase 3 negatively impacts growth, productivity, and responses to salt stress in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.)
Authors: de la Osa Clara , Pérez‐López Jesús , Feria Ana‐Belén , Baena Guillermo , Marino Daniel , Coleto Inmaculada , Pérez‐Montaño Francisco , Gandullo Jacinto , Echevarría Cristina , García‐Mauriño Sofía , Monreal José A. 
Published: April 2022

SUMMARYPhosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a carboxylating enzyme with important roles in plant metabolism. Most studies in C4 plants have focused on photosynthetic PEPC, but less is known about non‐photosynthetic PEPC isozymes, especially with respect to their physiological functions. In this work, we analyzed the precise roles of the sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) PPC3 isozyme by the use of knock‐down lines with the SbPPC3 gene silenced (Ppc3 lines). Ppc3 plants showed reduced stomatal conductance and plant size, a delay in flowering time, and reduced seed production. In addition, silenced plants accumulated stress indicators such as Asn, citrate, malate, and sucrose in roots and showed higher citrate synthase activity, even in control conditions. Salinity further affected stomatal conductance and yield and had a deeper impact on central metabolism in silenced plants compared to wild type, more notably in roots, with Ppc3 plants showing higher nitrate reductase and NADH‐glutamate synthase activity in roots and the accumulation of molecules with a higher N/C ratio. Taken together, our results show that although SbPPC3 is predominantly a root protein, its absence causes deep changes in plant physiology and metabolism in roots and leaves, negatively affecting maximal stomatal opening, growth, productivity, and stress responses in sorghum plants. The consequences of SbPPC3 silencing suggest that this protein, and maybe orthologs in other plants, could be an important target to improve plant growth, productivity, and resistance to salt stress and other stresses where non‐photosynthetic PEPCs may be implicated.
Using digital RNA counting to establish flow cytometry diagnostic criteria for subtypes of CD34+ canine acute leukaemia
Authors: Harris R. Adam , Rout Emily D. , Yoshimoto Janna A. , Avery Paul R. , Avery Anne C. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractCanine acute leukaemia is a heterogeneous neoplasm with multiple phenotypes. Criteria to subtype acute leukaemia by flow cytometry have not been validated. The goal of this study was to develop a panel of antibodies and objective antigen expression criteria for the assignment of lymphoid or myeloid lineage by flow cytometry. We isolated mRNA from the blood of 45 CD34+ acute leukaemia cases and measured expression of 43 genes that represent lymphoid and myeloid lineages using NanoString technology. We determined differentially expressed genes between major groups identified by unsupervised hierarchical clustering. We then evaluated the expression of antigens by flow cytometry to determine if cases could be assigned to a lineage. Two groups were identified by gene expression. Group 1/LYMPH overexpressed lymphoid‐associated genes (ex. DNTT) and had a higher percentage of CD5 + CD3‐ cells by flow cytometry. Group 2/MYELO overexpressed myeloid‐associated genes (ex. ANPEP/CD13) and had a higher percentage of class II major histocompatibility complex (MHCII)‐ CD14+ and/or CD18 + CD4‐ cells. We proposed that >12.5% CD5 + CD3‐ cells in the blood was indicative of lymphoid lineage, and > 3.0% CD14 + MHCII‐ cells or > 18% CD18 + MHCII‐CD4‐ cells was indicative of myeloid lineage. 15/15 cases that met the proposed criteria for acute lymphocytic leukaemia were in LYMPH group and 12/15 cases that met the proposed criteria for acute myeloid leukaemia were in MYELO group. The majority of CD34+ cases that did not meet either immunophenotyping lineage criterion (12/13) clustered within the LYMPH group. In conclusion, currently available antibodies can be useful for determining canine acute leukaemia subtypes.
Establishment of biochemical reference values for backyard chickens in Colorado (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Authors: Kaiser Justin C. , Reider Heather , Pabilonia Kristy L. , Moore A Russell 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundPrevious literature pertaining to biochemical RIs of domestic chickens has primarily focused on commercial production flocks and not backyard birds.ObjectiveWe aimed to establish biochemistry RIs for privately‐owned backyard chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) using reference laboratory equipment.MethodsSamples were collected from 123 presumably healthy adult chickens between 2017 and 2019 from 22 different flocks in Colorado. Heparinized blood was obtained, and a biochemistry profile was evaluated, including sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorous, uric acid, AST, CK, glucose, cholesterol, and total protein. Reference values were created according to current American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology recommendations.ResultsDifferences in measurand intervals compared with previous literature were found for sodium, calcium, total protein, potassium, phosphorus, uric acid, and glucose. Hens were found to have higher median calcium (17.9 mg/dL vs 11.2 mg/dL [P = .0001]), total protein (5.2 g/dL vs 4.8 g/dL [P = .0046]), and potassium (3.80 mEq/L vs 3.48 mEq/L [P = .0267]) concentrations, as well as lower sodium (155 mEq/L vs 158 mEq/L [P = .0046]) concentrations, calculated osmolalities (310 mOsm/kg vs 314 mOsm/kg [P = .0249]), and AST (165 U/L vs 194 U/L [P = .0121]) activities, than roosters. Seasonal variation was found between summer and winter samples for median sodium (144 mEq/L vs 148 mEq/L [P = .0008]), chloride (111.8 mEq/L vs 113.5 mEq/L [P = .0033]) concentrations, calculated osmolalities (306 mOsm/kg vs 311 mOsm/kg [P = <.0001]), and AST (185 U/L vs 159 U/L [P = .0053]) and CK (1098 U/L vs 770 U/L [P = .0007]) activities.ConclusionsThis study presents biochemical reference values for backyard chickens in Colorado that can be a basis for evaluations in similar settings.
Participação Social no Licenciamento Ambiental Federal de Usinas Hidrelétricas
Authors: Cirne Mariana Barbosa , Fernandes Isabella Maria Martins , Gama Filipe Cordeiro Pimentel da 
Published: April 2022

A audiência pública dos licenciamentos ambientais propicia o debate sobre os seus impactos, podendo contribuir com uma decisão política mais legítima e transparente. Corroborando com este objetivo, esta pesquisa avaliou o impacto das audiências públicas realizadas pelo Ibama nos licenciamentos ambientais federais de usinas hidrelétricas com licenças prévias concedidas no período de 2000 a 2018. As perguntas desta pesquisa foram: Quem participa destas audiências? Qual dimensão do desenvolvimento sustentável predominou nas perguntas destas audiências? Essa participação foi acolhida pelo Ibama nas condicionantes estabelecidas nos licenciamentos? Caso exista um déficit democrático, como seria possível incrementar a efetividade dessa participação social? Para respondê-las, foi desenvolvida pesquisa por meio de revisão bibliográfica, conjugada com pesquisa qualitativa e quantitativa dos processos administrativos de licenciamento. Foi realizada uma revisão normativa e bibliográfica sobre o licenciamento ambiental e a participação social, seguida da análise das audiências públicas de 14 processos de licenciamento ambientais de hidrelétricas. A análise das 3260 perguntas identificou um papel equivalente entre pessoas físicas e jurídicas. A dimensão de desenvolvimento sustentável predominante foi a institucional, revelando ser a audiência pública um espaço predominantemente de informação da população, muito mais do que de consideração das contribuições populares. Em quatro processos a participação foi efetiva; ensejou mudanças nas condicionantes. Conhecer tais experiências pode contribuir para incrementar a efetividade dessa participação (mais de uma audiência no local, estimula a participação das universidades). Os resultados endossam a importância das audiências públicas nos licenciamentos para a concretização do direito ao meio ambiente ecologicamente equilibrado.
Perspectiva de Ensino:
Authors: L. Daut Marlene 
Published: April 2022

RESUMO: Este artigo, pensado sobretudo enquanto contribuição pedagógica, volta-se especificamente para o diálogo com professores de história. O texto não apenas apresenta algumas possibilidades de abordagem da Revolução Haitiana em sala de aula, como busca pôr em questão as abordagens tradicionais da temática, discutindo seus erros e limitações. Nesse sentido, é uma contribuição pedagógica relevante para a história, mas também para outras áreas (como o direito) em que a temática da Revolução Haitiana possa ser abordada. Destaque-se, ainda, que, embora seu público imediato sejam os professores, há possibilidades interessantes de apropriação de suas observações por estudantes e pesquisadores em geral.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Ensino; Revolução Haitiana; Silêncios