bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Valuing the Global Mortality Consequences of Climate Change Accounting for Adaptation Costs and Benefits
Authors: Carleton Tamma , Jina Amir , Delgado Michael , Greenstone Michael , Houser Trevor , Hsiang Solomon , Hultgren Andrew , Kopp Robert E , McCusker Kelly E , Nath Ishan , Rising James , Rode Ashwin , Seo Hee Kwon , Viaene Arvid , Yuan Jiacan , Zhang Alice Tianbo 
Published: April 2022

AbstractUsing 40 countries’ subnational data, we estimate age-specific mortality-temperature relationships and extrapolate them to countries without data today and into a future with climate change. We uncover a U-shaped relationship where extre6me cold and hot temperatures increase mortality rates, especially for the elderly. Critically, this relationship is flattened by higher incomes and adaptation to local climate. Using a revealed-preference approach to recover unobserved adaptation costs, we estimate that the mean global increase in mortality risk due to climate change, accounting for adaptation benefits and costs, is valued at roughly 3.2% of global GDP in 2100 under a high-emissions scenario. Notably, today’s cold locations are projected to benefit, while today’s poor and hot locations have large projected damages. Finally, our central estimates indicate that the release of an additional ton of CO2 today will cause mortality-related damages of $36.6 under a high-emissions scenario, with an interquartile range accounting for both econometric and climate uncertainty of [−$7.8, $73.0]. These empirically grounded estimates exceed the previous literature’s estimates by an order of magnitude.
Investing in Infants: the Lasting Effects of Cash Transfers to New Families
Authors: Barr Andrew , Eggleston Jonathan , Smith Alexander A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We provide new evidence that cash transfers following the birth of a first child can have large and long-lasting effects on that child’s outcomes. We take advantage of the January 1 birthdate cutoff for U.S. child-related tax benefits, which results in families of otherwise similar children receiving substantially different refunds during the first year of life. For the average low-income single-child family in our sample, this difference amounts to roughly ${\$}$1,300, or 10% of income. Using the universe of administrative federal tax data in selected years, we show that this transfer in infancy increases young adult earnings by at least 1%–2%, with larger effects for males. These effects show up at earlier ages in terms of improved math and reading test scores and a higher likelihood of high-school graduation. The observed effects on shorter-run parental outcomes suggest that additional liquidity during the critical window following the birth of a first child leads to persistent increases in family income that likely contribute to the downstream effects on children’s outcomes. The longer-term effects on child earnings alone are large enough that the transfer pays for itself through subsequent increases in federal income tax revenue.
Zinc-based metal organic framework with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties for promoting wound healing
Authors: Chen Yuting , Cai Jinhong , Liu Dachang , Liu Shuhan , Lei Doudou , Zheng Li , Wei Qingjun , Gao Ming 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The synergistic effect of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory is needed to overcome the problem of wound healing difficulties. Based on the favorable antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect of zinc ions (Zn2+) and the physicochemical properties of metal organic frameworks (MOFs), we prepared nanosized zinc-based MOF: Zn-BTC with the ability to slowly release Zn2+. In cellular levels, Zn-BTC possessed lower toxicity to fibroblasts and enhanced capacity of cell proliferation and migration. It also had good bactericidal effect on multiple drug-resistant bacteria by reducing 41.4% MRSA and 47.2% Escherichia coli. In addition, Zn-BTC also displayed the ability of lowering the expression of antioxidant genes: superoxide dismutase 1, superoxide dismutase 2 and interleukin 6, and enhancing the expression of wound healing genes: transforming growth factors-β and type I collagen. Finally, it also demonstrated that Zn-BTC could effectively improve the skin wound healing of SD rats and had no toxicity on major organs. The favorable biocompatibility, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of Zn-BTC gave a new insight of designing novel MOFs for promoting skin wound healing.
VERTICAL MIXING NEAR THE SEA SURFACE OBSERVED BY SHORT-LIVED NATURAL RADIONUCLIDES ( 214PB AND 214BI)
Authors: Kofuji Hisaki 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
I performed continuous gamma-ray measurements in seawater to observe the temporal variation of radon progenies ( 214Pb and 214Bi) derived from atmospheric precipitation. Underwater gamma-ray measurements using two NaI(Tl) detectors at different installation depths (1 and 4 m) were recorded from July to November 2011 at the marine observation buoy. An increase in the concentration of 214Pb + 214Bi in seawater was observed due to precipitation when the wind velocity was &lt;2 m s−1. However, this increase was only detected at 1 m depth and a downward spread of 214Pb + 214Bi was not observed. In contrast, at a wind velocity of &gt;8 m s−1, the 214Pb + 214Bi concentration ratio at 4 m/1 m was almost constant (0.6–0.7) for most of the measurement irrespective of precipitation intensity. Assuming one-dimensional diffusion in the water column, the apparent vertical diffusion coefficient estimated from the temporal variation of 214Pb + 214Bi concentrations at 4 m/1 m varied from &lt;10 to 500 cm2 s−1 depending on the wind velocity.
Role of Early Enteral Nutrition in Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Haines Krista , Parker Virginia , Ohnuma Tetsu , Krishnamoorthy Vijay , Raghunathan Karthik , Sulo Suela , Kerr Kirk W. , Besecker Beth Y. , Cassady Bridget A. , Wischmeyer Paul E. 
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Current guidance recommends initiation of early enteral nutrition (early EN) within 24–36 hours of ICU admission in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Despite this recommendation, there is quite limited evidence describing the effect of early EN on outcomes in COVID-19 patients. The association between early EN (within 3 d post intubation) and clinical outcomes in adult COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation (within 2 d post ICU admission) was evaluated.

DESIGN:
We performed a nationwide observational cohort study using a nationwide administrative-financial database (Premier) in United States.

SETTING:
Information pertaining to all COVID-19 patients admitted to ICU from 75 hospitals between April and December 2020 was analyzed.

PATIENTS:
A total of 861 COVID-19 patients were included.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Clinical outcomes were assessed via regression models to control for patient and hospital characteristics. We identified 513 COVID-19 ICU patients (59.2%) requiring mechanical ventilation who received early EN and had similar baseline characteristics to late EN group. Compared with late EN group, the early EN group had shorter ICU (hazard ratio [HR], 1.39; 95% CI, 1.15–1.68) and hospital length of stays (LOS) (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.23–1.91), fewer mechanical ventilation days (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.01–1.54), and lower cost (–$22,443; 95% CI, –$32,342 to –$12,534). All comparisons were statistically significant (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS:
In patients with COVID-19 requiring mechanical ventilation, early EN is associated with earlier liberation from mechanical ventilation, shorter ICU and hospital LOS, and decreased cost. Our results are among the first to support guideline recommendations for initiation of early EN in COVID-19 ICU patients. Further, our data show nearly 40% of critically ill COVID-19 patients fail to have early EN initiated, even at 3 d post initiation of mechanical ventilation. These results emphasize the need for targeted strategies promoting initiation of early EN, as this may lead to improved clinical and economic outcomes in severe COVID-19 patients.
Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management of Upper Extremity Lymphedema Complications: Altmetric Analysis of Online Media
Authors: Kirloskar Kunal M. , Abu El Hawa Areeg A. , Kim Kevin G. , Dekker Paige K. , Shaposhnik Guy , Fan Kenneth L. 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Traditional citation-based metrics do not capture the dissemination of upper extremity lymphedema (UEL) research that occurs online and in mainstream media. There is limited literature reporting the most impactful UEL articles based on citation rate and/or online mentions. We sought to use the Altmetric Attention Score (AAS) to determine the most impactful UEL articles in online media and to report trends in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of complications.

Methods:
The Altmetric database was queried to identify all published articles regarding the management, diagnosis, and prevention of complications seen in the setting of UEL. Extracted data points included article topic and type, journal, and number of online mentions on several platforms.

Results:
Our index search yielded 638 studies published between 2000 and 2021. Fifty articles with the highest AAS scores were included for analysis. The median AAS was 27.5, but the top four articles had AAS scores that were substantially higher (AAS ≥ 334) than all other studies. Of the top 50 articles, 68% (34/50) were original research. Of those, 23.5% (8/34) were randomized control trials. The most common article topic was the treatment of UEL (36%; 18/50) followed by diagnostic methods of UEL (30%; 15/50). There were a total of 1156 Twitter mentions (median:14) for the top 50 articles. Of all media platforms, news mentions correlated most strongly with AAS (R2 = 0.99, P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that alternative metrics measure distinct components of article impact and add an important dimension to understanding the overall impact of published research on UEL.
Incidence of Testicular Cancer in Transfeminine Patients following Vaginoplasty with Orchidectomy
Authors: Bonapace-Potvin Michelle , Bijou-Coulon Sabrina , Medor Maria Cassandre , Brassard Pierre , Bélanger Maud 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Little is known about the prevalence of testicular cancer in the transfeminine population. Only six cases have been reported in the literature. This case series reports six additional cases of various testicular cancers found in transfeminine patients who underwent vaginoplasty with orchidectomy in our institution.

Methods:
In our institution, all specimens are routinely sent to pathology following vaginoplasty with orchidectomy. This permitted the identification of all positive cases of testicular cancer. A chart review was conducted to retrieve patient demographics, duration of hormonotherapy, type of neoplasm, the context of its discovery, and cancer follow-up.

Results:
A total of 2555 patients underwent vaginoplasty with orchidectomy between January 2016 and January 2021. All specimens were sent to pathology for analysis. A total of six (0.23% of patients) specimens revealed malignant lesions.

Conclusions:
Increased societal awareness toward the transgender population encourages recourse to gender-affirming procedures. Little is known about the incidence of testicular cancer in the transfeminine population. In total, 0.23% of patients in our cohort presented with positive pathology findings indicative of testicular cancer. All cancers were found to be only locally invasive, and all patients were successfully treated. We therefore encourage routine pathology examination for all specimens following vaginoplasty with orchidectomy.
Nonsurgical Treatment of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome: A Survey of Hand Surgeons
Authors: Billig Jessica I. , Sears Erika D. 
Published: April 2022

Background:
The nonsurgical treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) consists of multiple modalities: splinting, corticosteroid injections, hand therapy, and oral medications. However, data supporting the effectiveness of these different modalities are varied, thus creating controversy regarding the optimal nonsurgical treatment. It is unknown how current hand surgeons utilize nonsurgical treatments for CTS.

Methods:
An anonymous web-based survey was sent to 3289 members of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand to assess nonsurgical treatment patterns for CTS. We pretested the survey using expert survey and content review and cognitively tested the survey for readability and understandability.

Results:
We analyzed surveys from 770 hand surgeons. Of the respondents, 41.2% of respondents recommend steroid injections for the treatment of CTS, 81.3% of respondents do not believe that oral steroids are beneficial for the treatment of CTS, and 3.6% of respondents typically prescribe gabapentinoids for the treatment of CTS. In total, 561 (72.9%) respondents always, usually, or sometimes encounter patients with more than two steroid injections for CTS before hand surgeon evaluation.

Conclusions:
There is variation in the use of nonsurgical modalities for the treatment of CTS among American Society for Surgery of the Hand members. However, patients do not obtain long-term benefit from multiple steroid injections and gabapentinoids for the treatment of CTS, highlighting the importance of dissemination of evidence-based nonsurgical management of CTS. Collectively, these findings underscore the importance of providing clear guidelines as to which patients benefit most from nonsurgical treatments.
Frontal Sinus Fractures: Evidence and Clinical Reflections
Authors: Lopez Christopher D. , Rodriguez Colon Ricardo , Lopez Joseph , Manson Paul N. , Rodriguez Eduardo D. 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Despite significant advances in the management of frontal sinus fractures, there is still a paucity of large-cohort data, and a comprehensive synthesis of the current literature is warranted. The purpose of this study was to present an evidence-based overview of frontal sinus fracture management and outcomes.

Methods:
A comprehensive literature search of PubMed and MEDLINE was conducted for studies published between 1992 and 2020 investigating frontal sinus fractures. Data on fracture type, intervention, and outcome measurements were reported.

Results:
In total, 456 articles were identified, of which 53 met our criteria and were included in our analysis. No statistically significant difference in mechanism of injury, fracture pattern, form of management, or total complication rate was identified. We found a statistically significant increase in complication rates in patients with nasofrontal outflow tract injury compared with those without.

Conclusions:
Frontal sinus fracture management is a challenging clinical situation, with no widely accepted algorithm to guide appropriate management. Thorough clinical assessment of the fracture pattern and associated injuries can facilitate clinical decision-making.
An Online Calculator for Estimating Breast Implant Volume from Imaging
Authors: Mateja Kirby L. , Long Aaron S. , Hauc Sacha C. , Glahn Joshua Z. , Weber Clara F. , Junn Adam H. , Juan Hui Yu , Bobba Pratheek S. , Persing John A. , Alperovich Michael 
Published: April 2022

Summary:
Breast implant surgery remains one of the most common surgical procedures performed in the United States. Implant exchange can be complicated by unavailability of medical records or implant identification cards. Using chest imaging of 154 breast implants, an algorithm for estimating breast implant volume was generated. Based on four simple measurements and patient body mass index, a free, online calculator was created with a mean error of volume estimate of less than 1 cm3 and a SD of 44 cm3. In instances where a surgeon does not have implant records available but has chest imaging, this online tool can be used to obtain a relatively accurate estimate of implant volume.
Developing Machine Learning Algorithms to Support Patient-centered, Value-based Carpal Tunnel Decompression Surgery
Authors: Harrison Conrad J. , Geoghegan Luke , Sidey-Gibbons Chris J. , Stirling Paul H. C. , McEachan Jane E. , Rodrigues Jeremy N. 
Published: April 2022

Background:
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is extremely common and typically treated with carpal tunnel decompression (CTD). Although generally an effective treatment, up to 25% of patients do not experience meaningful benefit. Given the prevalence, this amounts to considerable morbidity and cost without return. Being able to reliably predict which patients would benefit from CTD preoperatively would support more patient-centered and value-based care.

Methods:
We used registry data from 1916 consecutive patients undergoing CTD for CTS at a regional hand center between 2010 and 2019. Improvement was defined as change exceeding the respective QuickDASH subscale’s minimal important change estimate. Predictors included a range of clinical, demographic and patient-reported variables. Data were split into training (75%) and test (25%) sets. A range of machine learning algorithms was developed using the training data and evaluated with the test data. We also used a machine learning technique called chi-squared automatic interaction detection to develop flowcharts that could help clinicians and patients to understand the chances of a patient improving with surgery.

Results:
The top performing models predicted functional and symptomatic improvement with accuracies of 0.718 (95% confidence interval 0.660, 0.771) and 0.759 (95% confidence interval 0.708, 0.810), respectively. The chi-squared automatic interaction detection flowcharts could provide valuable clinical insights from as little as two preoperative questions.

Conclusions:
Patient-reported outcome measures and machine learning can support patient-centered and value-based healthcare. Our algorithms can be used for expectation management and to rationalize treatment risks and costs associated with CTD.
IMAGING THE VITREOUS WITH A NOVEL BOOSTED OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE
Authors: Spaide Richard F. , Valmaggia Philippe , Maloca Peter M. 
Published: April 2022

Purpose:
To evaluate the anatomic changes in the vitreous associated with evolving posterior vitreous detachment over the macula.

Methods:
A novel scanning method by which four A-scans at each position were averaged before the Fourier transform that boosted the image quality sufficiently such that frame averaging could occur. B-scans and volume rendered images of eyes with evidence of any partial separation of the vitreous in the macular regions were evaluated.

Results:
There were 43 eyes of 23 subjects with particular attention paid to the findings of seven eyes with various stages of posterior vitreous detachment occurring over the macula. In eyes from young subjects with no vitreous degeneration, the outer vitreous showed a diffuse, poorly defined increase in reflectivity in the region where the vitreous cortex was expected to be. In eyes with vitreous degeneration, there was a hyperreflective zone, called the cortical vitreous condensation, that coursed parallel to the curvature of the retina. The posterior vitreous face elevated from the retina with either a well-defined, smooth outer surface, consistent with the posterior vitreous membrane, or a poorly defined flocculent outer border. The cortical vitreous near the fovea was thin and in eyes in the process of posterior vitreous detachment had visible tears. In more advanced eyes, a circular dehiscence of the cortical vitreous in the central macula occurred with herniation of the vitreous gel through the hole.

Conclusion:
The methodology produced images of unprecedented clarity that highlighted several newly described details concerning the vitreous changes associated with posterior vitreous detachment over the macula.
CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS SCREENING USING MACHINE LEARNING TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Srisuriyajan Pitchapa , Cheewaruangroj Nontawat , Polpinit Pattarawit , Laovirojjanakul Wipada 
Published: April 2022

Propose:
A screening protocol for cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) by fundus photography was generated, and the diagnostic accuracy of machine learning technology for CMVR screening in HIV patients was investigated.

Methods:
One hundred sixty-five eyes of 90 HIV-positive patients were enrolled and evaluated for CMVR with binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. Then, a single central field of the fundus image was recorded from each eye. All images were then interpreted by both machine learning models, generated by using the Keras application, and by a third-year ophthalmology resident. Diagnostic performance of CMVR screening using a machine learning model and the third-year ophthalmology resident were analyzed and compared.

Results:
Machine learning model, Keras application (VGG16), provided 68.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 50%–83.9%) sensitivity and 100% (95% CI = 97.2%–100%) specificity. The program provided accuracy of 93.94%. However, the sensitivity and specificity for the third-year ophthalmology grading were 67.7% (95% CI = 48.6%–83.3%) and 98.4% (95% CI = 94.5%–99.8%). The accuracy for CMVR classification was 89.70%. When considering for sight-threatening retinitis in Zone 1 and excluded Zones 2 and 3, the machine learning model provided high sensitivity of 88.2% (95% CI = 63.6%–98.5%) and high specificity of 100% (95% CI = 97.2%–100%).

Conclusion:
This study demonstrated the benefit of the machine learning model VGG16, which provided high sensitivity and specificity for detecting sight-threatening CMVR in HIV-positive patients. This model is a useful tool for ophthalmologists in clinical practice for preventing blindness from CMVR, especially during the Coronavrus Disease 2019 pandemic.
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children and Acute Kidney Injury: Retrospective Study of Five Italian PICUs
Authors: Ricci Zaccaria , Colosimo Denise , Cumbo Silvia , L’Erario Manuela , Duchini Pierpaolo , Rufini Paolo , Perrotta Daniela , De Sanctis Francesco , Di Nardo Matteo , Amigoni Angela , Pulitanò Silvia ,   MIS-C PICU Italian Study Group
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) manifests with heart dysfunction and respiratory failure some weeks after a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus disease 2 infection. The aim of our study was to explore the prevalence, severity, timing, and duration of acute kidney injury (AKI) in MIS-C patients. Furthermore, we evaluated which clinical variables and outcomes are associated with AKI.

DESIGN:
Multicenter retrospective study.

SETTING:
Five tertiary hospital PICUs in Italy. Data were collected in the first 7 days of PICU admission and renal function was followed throughout the hospital stay.

PATIENTS:
Patients less than 18 years old admitted to the PICU for greater than 24 hours with MIS-C.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
We collected the following data, including: demographic information, inflammatory biomarkers, lactate levels, Pao
2/Fio
2, ejection fraction, N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), renal function (serum creatinine, urinary output, fluid balance, and percentage fluid accumulation), Vasoactive-Inotropic Score (VIS), pediatric Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (pSOFA), and Pediatric Index of Mortality 3. AKI was diagnosed in eight of 38 patients (21%) and severe AKI was present in four of eight patients. In all cases, AKI was present at PICU admission and its median (interquartile range) duration was 3.5 days (1.5–5.7 d). We did not identify differences between AKI and no-AKI patients when not making correction for multiple comparisons, for example, in weight, ejection fraction, pSOFA, Pao
2/Fio
2, and lactates. We failed to identify any difference in these groups in urine output and fluid balance. Exploratory analyses of serial data between no-AKI and AKI patients showed significant differences on lymphocyte count, NT-proBNP value, ejection fraction, pSOFA, Pao
2/Fio
2, and VIS.

CONCLUSIONS:
In this multicenter Italian PICU experience, MIS-C is associated with AKI in one-in-five cases. In general, AKI is characterized by an associated reduction in glomerular filtration rate with a self-limiting time course.