bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Demand of COVID-19 medicines without prescription among community pharmacies in Jodhpur, India: Findings and implications
Authors: Dutta Siddhartha , Kaur Rimple J. , Bhardwaj Pankaj , Ambwani Sneha , Godman Brian , Jha Pallavi A. , Sukhija Sanchi , Venkatesh Suman S. , Lugova Halyna , Islam Salequl , Charan Jaykaran , Haque Mainul 
Published: February 2022

Background:
COVID-19 pandemic led to increased self-medication of antimicrobials, vitamins, and immune boosters among the common people and consuming without prescription can lead to adverse consequences including antimicrobial resistance.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted on community pharmacies in Jodhpur, India. They were inquired regarding the prescription and increased sales (<25%, 25—50%, 50--75%, or 75--100%) of various medicines (Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, Ivermectin, and Vitamin C) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the relationship between requests for certain COVID-19 medications and an increase in their sale.

Results:
A total of 204 pharmacies took part, and 88.23% reported patients to approach them without prescriptions. Most of the pharmacies revealed that <25% of patients came without prescription. The majority came for azithromycin (68%) and vitamin C (92%). Increased sales of the four targeted medications were seen by 85.92% of pharmacies compared to last year. A majority (51.5%) reported <25% increased sales of azithromycin, but no change in the sale of hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin. However, 39.6% reported >75% increase in vitamin C sales.

Conclusion:
There was an increase in the demand for COVID-19 medications without prescription. This study was unable to detect a significant increase in sales of antimicrobials, which is encouraging.
Practice in child restraint system use among attendees of Well-baby clinics in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Albishi Alyaa M. , Alshaikh Roaa A. , Alsulami Aisha A. , Bardisi Wedad M. , Alqurashi Dhai A. 
Published: February 2022

Background:
The systematic use of child restraint system (CRS) while driving has been promoted by the WHO to improve road safety.

Objectives:
To assess the levels of practice in CRS use for children aged ≤5 years among mothers attending the Well-baby clinics and to explore the associated factors and attitudes.

Methods and Material:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among mothers visiting the Well-baby clinics at five primary health care centers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, using a multistage stratified-cluster sampling. Practice in CRS was assessed by interviewing the participants regarding the availability of a CRS in their car, usage frequency for a child <5 years, and alternative child-sitting methods. Sociodemographic data, further road safety parameters, and attitudes were analyzed as independent factors of adequate practice using multivariate logistic regression.

Results:
Of the 192 included mothers, eight (4.2%) had a history of accident while driving with a child. Majority of the participants (62.5%) declared not having their cars equipped with a CRS and used inappropriate car-sitting methods. Of the 37.5% who had CRS in their cars, 27.1% declared using it always or frequently. Adequate practice in CRS was independently associated with mother’s age (OR = 0.91, P = 0.09), low (OR = 0.10, P = 0.001) and moderate family income (OR = 0.23, P = 0.012), and the belief that CRS is not essential while driving with children (0.32, P = 0.023).

Conclusions:
There is inadequate practice in child road safety among families attending the Well-baby clinics in Western Saudi Arabia, which is associated with several misconceptions and negative attitudes towards the utility of CRS.
Study on morbidity pattern among elderly in urban area of Barpeta, Assam, India
Authors: Pathak Giridhar , Kalita Debadeep , Deka Bipul 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Degenerative diseases most commonly affect the elderly. The management of these chronic diseases is also very expensive, thereby making it out-of-pocket expenditure for elderly persons. As the elderly population is likely to increase in the future, the concept of active and healthy aging needs to be promoted among the elderly.

Objectives:
To estimate the morbidity pattern of the elderly in an urban population of Barpeta, and to evaluate the different morbidity patterns of the young old and old old.

Methods:
The study was conducted in eight urban wards of Barpeta town using multistage sampling. From the urban wards, 150 elderly persons were selected according to proportionate to the size of the urban wards. Pretested and predesigned proforma was used to assess the morbidity pattern of the elderly.

Result:
Most of the system disorders were almost equally distributed among elderly males and females. Most common disorders were diseases of the eye and adnexa (46%) followed endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic (37.3%) diseases, and disease of the circulatory system (34.7%). Diseases of the respiratory system (10.1%) and genitourinary system (10.1%) were more common in males, whereas cataract (29.6%) and hearing impairment (9.9%) were more common in females.

Conclusion:
The prevalence of morbidity increases with increasing age. Early detection of morbidities among elderly and timely referral to secondary or tertiary care facilities by enhancing the capacity of primary health care providers are required to promote active and healthy aging.
Contribution of community health care volunteers in facilitating mobilization for diabetes and hypertension screening among the general population residing in urban puducherry – An operational research study
Authors: Rajaa Sathish , Sahu Swaroop Kumar , Thulasingam Mahalakshmi 
Published: February 2022

Introduction:
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) have contributed to almost half of the global disease burden. Many countries have experimented with Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) to provide necessary care for NCDs. We aimed at evaluating the contribution of CHVs in mobilizing adults for the Diabetes and Hypertension screening in a selected Primary Health Centre (PHC) of Puducherry, India.

Methodology:
A community-based operational research study was conducted, where five volunteers from each of the 13 anganwadis functioning under the PHC were chosen as study participants. They were interviewed before enrolment for willingness. Four batches of sensitization and training sessions were conducted to provide the necessary training. CHVs were then given 3 months to mobilize the individuals for NCD screening. This model was evaluated using the Theoretical underpinning technique.

Results:
Of the total 85 CHVs suggested, around 65 (76.5%) showed willingness for rendering services. Approximately 32 (49.2%) discontinued during the initial weeks of the intervention due to various reasons. The remaining CHVs could reach 363/1470 (24.7%), eligible individuals, among them, 303 (83.5) were convinced to visit the health centre for screening. From the total members who were screened, approximately 52 (17%) and 31 (10%) were diagnosed to have diabetes and hypertension respectively and were initiated on treatment as per national guidelines.

Conclusion:
About half of the CHVs who volunteered, remained till the end and effectively contributed to a screening of NCDs. The involved volunteers aided in improvising the NCD coverage under the PHC.
Epidemic in pandemic: Fungal sinusitis in COVID-19
Authors: Arora Ripu Daman , Nagarkar Nitin M. , Sasanka K. S. B. S. Krishna , Thangaraju Pugazhenthan , Mehta Rupa , Satpute Satish S. , Chakravarty Sharmistha , Keche Archana , Aggarwal Aakash , TY Sree Sudha 
Published: February 2022

Objective:
To describe the clinical pattern of invasive fungal sinusitis in COVID-19 and post-COVID-19 cases.

Methods:
All patients affected by COVID-19 or having a history of COVID-19 infection with an invasive fungal lesion (mucormycosis/aspergillosis) of the paranasal sinuses, orbit, palate, brain, lung, skin/cheek, and dental has been evaluated for possible description in tertiary care hospital in May 2021.

Results:
Twenty-four patients presented with clinical signs and symptoms of fungal infection with a history of COVID-19. Paranasal sinuses were involved in all patients. Palatal involvement was seen in seven cases. Intraorbital extension was seen in 13 cases. Intracerebral involvement was seen in three cases. Comorbid type 2 diabetes was seen in 20 patients. The use of steroids was noticed in 16 cases. Our observation revealed that uncontrolled diabetes, overuse of steroids, increased ferritin levels, and low hemoglobin percentage are the main factors aggravating mucormycosis.
Knowledge and attitude of young population toward CPR training, results from largest training session in an official attempt to enter Guinness Book of Records: A cross-sectional study from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Gaafar Rehab M. , Khan Abdulmajeed S. , Elmorsy Soha 
Published: February 2022

Objective:
It has been proved that bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) saves lives and it is important to rise the willingness of the general population to help cardiac arrest victims. The primary objective of the present study is to assess the levels of the knowledge and attitude toward CPR among the young population who underwent the largest CPR training session in an official attempt to enter the Guinness Book of Records.

Methods:
Through a cross-sectional design, the study had 2,528 subjects, who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria during the largest CPR training session at the King Abdul-Aziz Sports City Stadium, Makkah city, Saudi Arabia.

Results:
Descriptive statistics showed that two-thirds (72%) of the subjects were in the age category of less than 20 years. At least 50% of the subjects had a Bachelor’s degree. Overall, the findings of this study suggested a good level of knowledge and attitude against CPR and this is might be attributed to certain factors which are mainly the high level of education, age, and gender factors (P value < 0.05).

Conclusion:
Our findings support the need for proper and high-quality training for each member in the community about CPR as well as using social media and online training to highlight the importance of CPR among the young population.
Study of immediate neurological and autonomic changes during kapalbhati pranayama in yoga practitioners
Authors: Malhotra Varun , Javed Danish , Wakode Santosh , Bharshankar Rajay , Soni Neha , Porter Patrick K. 
Published: February 2022

Background:

Kapalbhati is a fast pace respiratory exercise or pranayam, which is supposed to be practiced by yogis to clean their brain. Pranayamas are well known to improve heart rate variability (HRV) ultimately leading to better autonomic functions. Other studies have observed the immediate effect of kapalbhati on various neurological (brain and spine) and autonomic functions, but their results are varied and inconclusive.

Objective:
The aim of this study is to find out the changes in HRV and brain waves during and after practice of kapalbhati as compared with the baseline values of different parameters.

Methods:
Various parameters were measured at baseline, during and after kapalbhati pranayam with the help of Dinamika HRV-Advanced HRV Test System, Moscow, Russia. Statistical analysis was accomplished employing repeated measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni post-hoc analysis and Holm’s multiple comparisons using the Version 28.0.0.0 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows (190) SPSS Inc., Chicago.

Results:
We found that during and after kapalbhati, changes in HRV were significant in time and frequency domain showing parasympathetic withdrawal and insignificant changes in brain waves as compared with reference point values.

Conclusion:

Kapalbhati is initially energizing, cleansing, and heating. There occurs parasympathetic withdrawal and sympathetic activation during pranayama. There is an increase gamma wave activation post pranayama showing control of the default mode network.
Comparative analysis of big five personality traits in obese and normal weight type 2 diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: Mukherjee Anurup , Yadav Bhupendra S. , Sarvottam Kumar 
Published: February 2022

Background and Objectives:
Type 2 diabetes has multifactorial causation, with obesity and metabolic dysregulation being two of them. Personality traits are also known to influence many metabolic processes and have been associated with the pathogenesis of diabetes as well as obesity. The objective of the study was to analyze the differences in the big five personality traits of normal-weight type 2 diabetes mellitus, obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients, and healthy controls.

Methods:
A total of 70 subjects were included in the study after outpatient-based screening, of which 40 were type 2 diabetes patients (20 obese and 20 normal weight) and 30 were healthy controls. After the anthropometric screening, the personality assessment of the subjects was done using the Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). The differences in the scores of each trait for every group were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Tukey’s honest significant difference (HSD) post hoc corrections. The difference in the scores between controls and diabetes patients was also compared by independent samples t-test.

Results:
The neuroticism score was significantly higher in both the normal-weight diabetes group (P = 0.01) and obese diabetes group (P = 0.02) as compared to the control group. All diabetes patients when compared with healthy controls had a significantly higher neuroticism score (P = 0.00) while their score of openness was significantly lower (P = 0.035) than healthy controls.

Interpretation and Conclusion:
This study identifies the association of personality with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The diabetes patients have higher neuroticism and lesser openness to experience as traits of personality. Importantly, this association is present irrespective of the obesity status of the patients.
A study on the clinical, epidemiological profile and the outcome of the snake bite victims in kashmir valley
Authors: Yaqoob Arjimand , Ali Mufti Showkat 
Published: February 2022

Background:
India is estimated to have the highest snakebite mortality in the world. In India, around 250,000 incidents of snake bite are reported annually with 50,000 deaths. There are about 236 species of snakes in India, most of which are nonpoisonous. Most snakes found in Kashmir valley are nonvenomous of colubridae family (ptyas mucosus or grass snake).

Materials and Methods:
This Hospital-based retrospective and prospective study was conducted at Sher-i-kashmir Institute Of Medical Sciences Srinagar, a multispeciality teaching hospital having clinics for various medical and surgical specialities. All snake bite patients admitted in department of Emergency Medicine, other specialities, and critical care medicine were taken in this study over a period of 3 years.

Results:
Among a total of 108 cases of snake bite, majority were males (57.40%) and mostly 20 to 50 years of age (68.51%).Majority of victims were from rural areas (93.5%) and most of the bites occurred during day time (87.96%) mainly on the lower limbs (63.88%). Highest number of cases occurred from May to October (98.14%). Most of the victims were farmers. Bleeding was present in 13.88% patients and coagulopathy ( International normalized ratio (INR)>1.2) in 63.88% of patients. Neuroparalytic features were present in 8.33% patients. Mortality in our study was 2.8%.

Conclusion:
Snake bite in our valley is an occupational hazard affecting working class engaged in farming in fields, fruit orchards, and forests in rural areas. There is seasonal variation with most envenomations occurring in peak months of agricultural activities. Non recommended first aid measures like tourniquet and incision are commonly encountered. Regular public health programmes regarding prevention, prehospital management (first aid), and immediate transfer to hospital should be emphasized.
Factors affects the performance of red crescent paramedics, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alsaeed Sultan A. , Alkarani Ahmed S. 
Published: February 2022

Context:
Saving lives is the ultimate purpose of the Red Crescent paramedics. It is crucial to enable safe, effective, and efficient performance of paramedics globally. In Saudi Arabia, the Red Crescent faces at least over 280,000 cases every year.

Aims:
Therefore, this study aims to address the factors affecting the performance of the Red Crescent paramedics.

Methods and Material:
Descriptive qualitative study and all data processed were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Settings and Design:
In total, 31 paramedic staff in Bisha city were invited to participate in this descriptive qualitative study. Among them, 11 paramedics agreed to participate in an in-depth semi-structured interview.

Results:
The findings of the research indicated three themes. The first theme was a lack of awareness in society, with three sub-themes: types of emergency calls, the crowd that gathers at the incident location, and people interruptions. Theme 2 was the long distance and road obstacles, and other factors that affect the paramedics were the third theme.

Conclusions:
Policymakers and the community should obtain a clear understanding of the Red Crescent paramedic interventions to help to create policies, legislation, and guidelines suitable for the needs of paramedics.
Are women with more of ‘social capital’ more empowered? A cross-sectional analysis from rural Wardha, Central India
Authors: Ikhar Madhuri R. , Banerjee Sitikantha , Bandhopadhyaya Kajari , Tiwari Mithilesh Kumar , Deshmukh Pradeep 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Despite international commitment and government policies and programmes, a vast majority of women of rural India are socially and economically deprived in the patriarchal sociocultural framework. Strategies to improve women empowerment need context-specific field-based evidence. Objectives: This study was undertaken to address the research question: “Are women with a higher level of social capital more empowered than their counterparts?”

Methods:
A community-based cross-sectional analytical study was carried out in the Wardha district of Maharashtra, where a two-stage cluster random sampling technique was used to select the 300 study subjects. The outcome variable, women empowerment was assessed using four domains: mobility, inter-spouse communication, household decision-making and asset ownership. The independent variables included social capital along with potential sociodemographic confounders. Multivariate linear regression was applied using the backward stepwise method.

Results:
The participants had better women empowerment percentage score in the “Household decision-making” domain compared to the other domains. The women empowerment score was found to be significantly higher in the participants with increasing age, higher education, those involved in business/service, above poverty line (ABL), nuclear family, married, and those having at least one living child. In the adjusted analysis, the social capital was found to be a significant determinant of women empowerment, along with age, education, religion, marital status and family type.

Conclusion:
The improvement of social capital in the form of community-based development projects through Self-Help Groups (SHG) and microfinance programmes need to be encouraged by the Government and NGOs, as this strategy has the potential to improve women empowerment through community-driven development.
Effectiveness of lifestyle modification on quality of life among uncontrolled diabetics and hypertensives in India – Community based intervention study
Authors: Kundapur Rashmi , Modi Bhavesh , Ansari Remiza , Deepthi R , Santhosh P , Saxena Deepak 
Published: February 2022

Background:
Diabetes and hypertension contribute to more than half of morbidity, mortality and years lived with disability in developing countries like India. It impacts the quality of life (QoL) of patients and their family. Management of these diseases is in infancy and emphasis is laid on pharmacological interventions. Though nonpharmacological measures are crucial for management, their implementation is questionable. Hence, this study was conducted to measure the effectiveness of lifestyle modifications on QoL among uncontrolled hypertensives and diabetics in rural India.

Methods:
An interventional study was done in 3 villages with 100 participants each, where village one received lifestyle modification as intervention and village two physical activity and village three control receiving standard care. The baseline data included socio-demographic characteristics such as awareness of hypertension, diabetes, lifestyle pattern and physical activity, and WHO QoL. The participants were trained, followed up, and assessed after 12 months following intervention. QoL scores between groups and pre- and post-intervention in the group were compared using Mann–Whitney U and Wilcoxon signed-rank test, respectively.

Results:
In this study, there was a significant improvement in overall QoL and in all the four domains, namely physical, psychological, social relationship, and environmental domains in both the intervention villages. QoL was significantly better in both the intervention groups following intervention than compared to the control group.

Conclusions:
QoL improves with intervention on uncontrolled diabetics and hypertensives. It is time to emphasize on the collaboration among physicians and on the holistic integrative health services delivery for non-communicable diseases.
Liver: Function and dysfunction in COVID-19
Authors: EJ Harisha , Gosavi Siddharth , Rao Amogh A. , Sahana GV , Manjunath Sanath , Meghana TC 
Published: February 2022

Context:
COVID-19 is known to cause extrapulmonary manifestations, including gastrointestinal and abnormal liver functions. Multiple mechanisms have been proposed to explain the pathobiology of liver damage: ACE2 receptor cholangiocytes mediated systemic inflammation, cytokine storm, hyperinflammation, and hypoxic changes. This was a cross-sectional study done in Department of General Medicine,JJM Medical College Davangere between July and September 2020 of patients falling under Category B and Category C.

Materials and Methods:
The aim is to describe the clinical characteristics in patients of COVID-19 and investigate the gender difference with particular regard to liver impairment.Confirmation of COVID-19 positivity was based on RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Laboratory investigations and clinical data was analyzed using SPSS Statistics 27.

Results:
The final study population consisted of 116 patients. On performing the Mann Whitney U test, adjusted P values reveal a significant difference in ALT (P = 0.0348), total bilirubin (P = 0.0012) and direct bilirubin (P = 0.0024). The degree of hypoalbuminemia in males was significantly higher than in females (P = 0.0075). Other biochemical parameters, however, did not show significant difference amongst patients based on gender. Acute kidney injury was the most prevalent condition, present in 67.2% of the patients. Other co-morbidities were diabetes mellites, chronic liver disease, hypertension, hepatitis B and C, and hypothyroidism.

Conclusion:
Ultrasonography of the abdomen is an essential investigation for all patients testing positive for COVID-19. Pre-existing disease may aggravate the viral hepatic injury, thereby worsening the clinical outcome. The profiles of liver toxicity of the drugs used in the treatment of COVID-19 also warrant watchful monitoring of liver function.