bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Safety and Efficacy of Anesthesia using Sevoflurane with Supraglottic Airway Device In Pediatric Patients Undergoing Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Tiwana Azmat Riaz , Hafiz Amran , Gulrez Amna , Majeed Kaukab , Adnan Ahmed , Maqsood Shahid 
Published: December 2022

Objectives: To determine the safety and efficacy of Sevoflurane anaesthesia with a supraglottic airway device for MRI.
Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Anaesthesiology, of Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan from Jul to Dec 2019.
Methodology: A sample size of 152 patients were calculated, including both genders from birth to 12 years. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, patients were chosen to undergo inhalational anaesthesia with Sevoflurane, including supraglottic airway device (SAD) insertion. After MRI, SAD was removed upon awakening and patients were shifted to the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU) for further monitoring.
Results: The mean age of patients was 4.07±2.312 years. Out of 152 patients, ninety (60%) were males, and sixty patients (40%) were females. Hypoxemia was seen in 1.3% cases, laryngospasm in 1.3%, and apnoea in 8% and coughing in 5% patients. There were no any other complications.
Conclusion: The study concluded that Sevoflurane anaesthesia with SAD is a safe and reliable technique for artefact-free MRI of paediatric patients.
Frequency of Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfection among Intravenous Drug Abusers; Experience from A Single Rehabilitation Center
Authors: Saeed Khawar , Khan Asadullah , Khanam Afshan , Lashari Naveed Aslam , Khan Hajra , Khan Ahsan 
Published: December 2022

Objectives: To determine the frequency of Hepatitis C virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Coinfection among Intravenous drug abusers in a rehabilitation Centre.
Study Design: Cross-sectional analytical study.
Place and Duration of Study: Medical and Rehabilitation Centre of District Jail, Lahore Pakistan, from Jul to Dec 2019.
Methodology: A total of 220 participants with a history of intravenous drug abuse were screened for Human immunodeficiency virus, Hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus, with positive cases confirmed by polymerase chain reaction tests.
Results: The median was age 27(8.0) years. Only 12 (5.5) had above higher secondary education. Injectable heroin and metamphetamine used by the respondents were 182 (82.7) and 41 (22.5), respectively. Human immunodeficiency virus infection was present in 163 (74.1), Hepatitis C infection in 149 (67.7), Hepatitis B infection in 9 (4.09), and co-infection of human immunodeficiency and hepatitis C virus infections in 118 (53.6) respectively. Human immunodeficiency virus infection showed a significant association with education level (p<0.01) and drug use (p=0.01). Hepatitis C infection showed association with marital status (p=0.04), religion (p<0.01) and drugs used, while Co-infection showed association with religion and drug used (p=0.01 and p=0.004 respectively).
Conclusion: Intravenous drug users have a significantly higher prevalence of Human immunodeficiency and hepatitis C infection and their co-infection, occurring in more than half of injectable users. In addition, these infections show significant association with education status, marital status and type of injectable drug used.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Prostatic Specific Antigen Densityin Different Prostatic Disorders
Authors: Bashir Qamar , Haroon Zujaja Hina , Asif Naveed , Haroon Azka , Asif Muhammad , Jaffar Syed Raza 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of PSA density in Prostate Cancer, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and Prostatitis, taking biopsy as the gold standard.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Chemical Pathology and Endocrinology Department, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) in collaboration with Histopathology department, AFIP, Armed Forces Institute of Urology (AFIU) and Institute of Radiology (AFIRI) Rawalpindi Pakistan from Mar 2019 to Mar 2020.
Methodology: Prostate-specific antigen was analyzed on a fully automated random-access immunoassay-ADVIA® Centaur XP. Prostate volume was measured through transrectal imaging technique, and prostate density was obtained by dividing total Prostate-specific antigen by prostate volume. Specificity and sensitivity, along with the positive predictive and negative predictive value of both Prostate-specific antigen and Prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD), were calculated. In addition, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted for total Prostate-specific antigen and Prostate-specific antigen density PSA separately.
Results: Overall, 129 subjects were registered in the study. Out of these 129 individuals, 59 (45.7%) had prostate cancer, 52 (40.3 %) were benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), and 14% of subjects had other prostatic disorders. Total Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) had a sensitivity of 75.61% with a specificity of 76% while Prostate-specific antigen density showed 88% sensitivity and 86% specificity. The area under the curve (AUC) for total Prostate-specific antigen was 0.66, while that for total Prostate-specific antigen density (PSAD) was 0.87.
Conclusion: Prostate-specific antigen density is a better predictive and non-invasive diagnostic marker for different prostatic disorders than total Prostate-specific antigen. It has.......
Perceived Stress, The Sources, Severity and Coping Mechanisms Among Undergraduate Medical Students in a Pakistani Medical School
Authors: Rahman Dania Khawar , Nadeem Amina , Riaz Bushra 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To assess the perceived stress, its sources, and severity and evaluated the relationship between causes of perceived stress and their coping mechanisms.
Study Design: Cross-Sectional Survey.
Place and Duration of Study: Army Medical College Rawalpindi and Fuji Foundation University Medical College, Islamabad Pakistan from Jun 2018 to Jun 2019.
Methodology: Four hundred undergraduate medical students of the first and second-year MBBS were included in this study. Voluntary consenting students filled the questionnaires regarding perceived stress, its sources, and severity, along with the coping mechanisms.
Results: Among 400 participants, the male and female students were 55.3% and 44.8%, respectively. Three hundred and forty (85%) students were stressed. Perceived stress was not statistically associated with academic stress (p-value=0.77). The coping mechanisms that were found significant were the 'use of tranquillizer' and 'positive reframing' with p-value of 0.018 and 0.025.
Conclusion: A higher level of perceived stress was found in the medical students. Mostly the stressors were associated with the academic domain and not related to health and psychosocial domains. The coping mechanism used by the medical students were tranquillizers and positive reframing.
Trends of Different Gynaecological Cancers at Combined Military Hospital Lahore; An Overview of Last Five Years
Authors: Baqai Shehla M , Ashraf Viqar , Sajjad Rabia , Qayyum Aqsa 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To observe trends of gynaecological malignancies at Combined Military Hospital Lahore.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital Lahore Pakistan, from Jan 2015 to Dec 2019.
Methodology: Data was retrieved from patient admission and discharge notes and their records at the pathology department. Variables like trends of gynaecological malignancies, mean age, common presenting complaint, and common malignancy with histopathology type were collected.
Results: A total of 107 patients were selected from 2015-2019. Commonest malignancy observed was carcinoma endometrium 51 (47.6%) followed by carcinoma ovary 32 (29.9%), and gestational trophoblastic disease 17 (15.8%), carcinoma cervix 6(5.6%) with one case of carcinoma vulva (0.9%). The common presentation was postmenopausal bleeding 27 (25.2%). Among endometrial carcinoma, adenocarcinoma was the common histopathological type (92.1%). The mean age observed with carcinoma endometrium was 46.9 ± 9 years, ranging from 45-65 years.
Conclusion: Endometrial malignancy was the commonest malignancy observed in our study. Most patients presented with postmenopausal bleeding. Trends of different gynaecological malignancies were reviewed.
Impact of a 20-Minute Counselling Session on Smoking Cessation in an Outpatient Clinic; A Cohort Study
Authors: Naseer Umer , Nisar Shazia , Saleem Taimoor , Qamar Mahnoor , Naseer Fatima , Ashraf Taimoor 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To assess the smoking abstinence rate after a twenty-minutes structured counselling session.
Study Design: Prospective Cohort Study.
Place and Duration of Study: Respiratory Clinic, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan from Jun to Dec 2020.
Methodology: A total of 400 active smokers visiting respiratory clinics were inducted into counselling sessions of twenty-minute duration for a structured smoking cessation counselling advice during which additional information regarding age, motivation status, duration of smoking, previous cessation attempts etc., was also recorded. All candidates were followed by telephone for six months for subject-reported abstinence status.
Results: All the study participants were males between 39 to 64 years of age (mean age: 52.27 ± 4.78 years), of which 23 lost to follow-up, 102 (25.5%) remained quitters successfully, while the remaining 305 candidates relapsed at the end of 6 months. The highest relapse was observed at the end of 3 months, while the lowest relapse rate was observed in the fifth and sixth months since the quit date. Younger age had more odds of successful cessation rate than others (OR=6.13 CI 95%, p<0.001). Those with a motivation score of 8 or more had more probability of abstaining (OR=5.38, CI 95%, p-value=0.001)
Conclusions: The smoking abstinence rate in these counselling sessions was as significant as in other smoking cessation programs. The probability of quitting was more in younger adults and highly motivated ones.
Frequency of Cervical Ribs in Healthy Asymptomatic Adolescents and Adults, Detected on Chest Radiograph for Medical Fitness Examination at CMH Lahore
Authors: Ahmed Nisar , Hasnain Muhammad Ali Zul , Riaz Hassan , Arshad Zimar , Kubra Khadijah Tul , Fatima Khushboo 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To determine the frequency of cervical ribs on chest radiographs of asymptomatic candidates undergoing medical fitness.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Radiology Department Combined Military Hospital Lahore Pakistan from Feb 2020 to Mar 2021.
Methodology: The study was conducted on 4247 chest radiographs of candidates who reported to CMH Lahore for medical examination. The latest chest radiographs of candidates reporting for medical examinations in the CMH Lahore were included. Technically poor radiographs were excluded.
Results: The frequency of cervical ribs was 136 (3.2%) with 14 (5.6%) females and 122 (3.1%) male cases. Among cervical ribs cases, 85 (62.5%) were bilateral, and 51 (38%) were unilateral. Among unilateral cervical ribs, 28 (55%) were right-sided, and 23 (45%) were on the left side.
Conclusion: The frequency of cervical ribs is comparatively higher than in most international studies. The frequency of bilateral cervical ribs and type 4 cervical ribs are higher in females than males.
Relationship of Superstitious Beliefs and Self Efficacy with the Role of Education and SocioEconomic Status; A study at Garrison University Lahore Pakistan
Authors: Sehar Hifza , Razaq Noshaba , Kanwal Shamsa , Ashraf Muhammad Tanveer , Mumtaz Shahana , Tehzeeb Muhammad 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To determine the relationship between superstitious beliefs and self-efficacy among participants and explore selfefficacy, age, education, gender and socioeconomic status as the significant predictors of superstitious beliefs among participants.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Garrison University, Lahore Pakistan, from May to Nov 2020.
Methodology: Total number of 200 study participants, age ranged of 18 to 50 years, were selected. The questionnaires; (1) a measure to superstitions scale and (2) general self-efficacy scale, were used to analyze the relationship between superstitious beliefs and self-efficacy with the role of ageing, education and socioeconomic status among participants.
Result: Out of 200 male and female participants, study results reveal that superstitions belief and self-efficacy were correlated positively in a very small to moderate direction. Moreover, the study result showed that age (β=0.10), gender (β=0.05), socioeconomic status (β=0.91), and self-efficacy (β=0.24) were positively predicting superstitious beliefs while education (β=- 0.09) was negatively predicting the superstitious beliefs among participants.
Conclusion: The results of the study showed the positive correlation between superstitious beliefs and self-efficacy among participants. Furthermore, the study concluded that participants' age, gender, socioeconomic status and self-efficacy were positive predictors of superstitious belief.
Hearing Loss Due to Occupational Exposure: An Analysis of Cases at Lahore
Authors: Khan Muhammad Khalid Azam , Ahmed Atique , Azam Khan Muhammad Khalid , Akhtar Sunarays , Najam Atif , Mushtaq Saadiya 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To study the severity of noise-induced hearing loss and noise levels in the environment in occupationally exposed individuals at Pakistan air force base Lahore.
Study Design: Prospective longitiginal study.
Place and Duration of Study: Pakistan Air Force base Lahore Pakistan, from Dec 2019 to Jun 2020.
Methodology: The noise levels and duration of exposure to loud noise were measured at various exposure points to define ways and means for future prevention.
Results: Out of 3000 patients reporting to the ENT outpatient department for various problems, 33.3% had ear problems. Out of 1000, 750 had hearing loss with normal tympanic membranes. Among 750, 200 (26.6%) had conductive hearing loss, while 550 (73.3%) had sensorineural hearing loss. Out of 550, 70 (12.72%) were related to occupational exposure in service and 480 (87.2%) were due to various causes. Most patients reported from the security wing (40, 57.14%) being exposed to the loud noise of gunfire as a pulsed exposure, followed by patients in the telecommunication field (20, 28.57%) being exposed to persistent noise.
Conclusion: Occupational exposure to loud noise in the workplace poses significant health issues, including an economic burden on an individual. NIHL related to occupational exposure to loud sounds is frequently reported worldwide. Education and prevention are two vital steps which can reduce the number of such cases significantly, thus preventing this lifelong disability, ensuring health and reducing the economic burden.
A Study on the Clinical Profile, Blood Profile and Culture Sensitivity Pattern of Salmonella Typhi in Paediatric Patients
Authors: Ullah Hakeem , Razzaq Asma , Ahmad Asad Maqbool , Rehman Romisa , Ateeq Saad , Aziz Atif 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To study clinical profile, blood profile and culture sensitivity patterns of Salmonella typhi in paediatric patients and factors associated with multi-drug resistant pattern.
Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Paediatrics and Microbiology Department, Combined Military Hospital Peshawar from Jan 2021 to Jan 2022.
Methodology: A total of 97 paediatric patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Salmonella typhi were included in the study. A detailed clinical proforma was designed to document all the symptoms this patient had since admission. In addition, all baseline blood investigations and culture sensitivity analysis were requested during clinical evaluation. Basic demographic factors were associated with the presence of multi-drug resistant disease patterns in study participants.
Results: Out of 97 children in the study, 65 (67.1%) were males, while 32 (22.9%) were females The mean age of the children in our study was 9.82±3.26 years. 61 (62.8%) patients had Salmonella typhi, which was not multi-drug resistant, while 36 (37.2%) had multi-drug resistant disease. Fever was the commonest symptom reported by our study participants. No organism was found resistant to Meropenem. Statistical analysis revealed that raised C-reactive protein levels at the time of assessment had a statistically significant relationship with the presence of multi-drug resistant disease (p-value=0.001).
Conclusion: A considerable number of pediatric patients with typhoid had multi-drug resistant illnesses in our study participants. Therefore, special attention should be paid to children who had raised C-reactive protein levels at the time of initial assessment.
Frequency of Histological Patterns of Renal Allograft Biopsies– One Year of Renal Allograft Experience
Authors: Ahsan Farah , Asif Muhammad , Chauhan Ishaque , Khan Ahmed Ahson , Aslam Maria 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To ascertain the frequency and spectrum of histopathological findings in renal allograft rejection cases received in one year.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Histopathology Department of Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi Pakistan from Jun 2020 to May 2021.
Methodology: Renal allograft rejection biopsy cases of 62 male and female patients between the ages of 15-60 years having undergone renal transplant with prior end-stage renal disease over one year were collected. Frequency and histopathological findings were studied after classifying them according to the Banff Classification.
Results: Cellular (T-cell mediated) rejection accounted for more than half of the cases under study, making it the most common cause of transplant rejection in our demographical area. It accounted for 28 (45.2%) slides of all the biopsies studied. Antibody-mediated rejection followed next with 17 (27.4%) slides, with seven slides (11.3%) of the cases borderline for changes accounting for a T-Cell mediated rejection. About 10 (16.2%) were non-specific changes negative for transplant rejection criteria.
Conclusion: Our study was instrumental in establishing rejection patterns and major rejection sub-types while classified under the Banff Classification in our demographical area. The cataloguing of the cases and the major underlying cause would help minimize rejection rates resulting in better clinical outcomes and increased patient survival.
Histopathological Outcome of Oral Lesions in Pakistani Population with Special Emphasis on Oral Cancer
Authors: Waheed Amna , Sarfraz Tariq , Kaleem Fatima , Riaz Rubina 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To evaluate varying histopathological outcomes of oral lesions in different age groups and locations of the lesions, with special emphasis on oral cancer.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Histopathology Department, Foundation University Medical College Islamabad Pakistan, from May 2019 to May 2021.
Methodology: A total of 99 cases of oral lesions which were biopsied and were adequate in size were included in the study. Biopsies were evaluated histologically for non-neoplastic, neoplastic and premalignant lesions about age, nature and location of the lesions. Data collection was through Medix Online Histopathology Reporting System (MOHRS).
Results: A total of 99 cases were included in the study, out of which 41 cases (41.4%) were non-neoplastic, 56 cases (56.6%) were neoplastic, and 2 cases (2.0%) were premalignant lesions. Out of 41 non-neoplastic lesions, the majority were inflammatory (14 cases), followed by fibroepithelial polyps (5 cases), pyogenic granulomas (4 cases), and hyperplasia (3 cases). Out of 56 neoplastic lesions, 39 (69.6%) were confirmed as carcinomas, squamous cell carcinoma being the most common malignancy in 29 cases (74.3%), followed by verrucous carcinoma in 5 cases (12.8%). In addition, there were two cases (11.7%) of potentially premalignant lesions. Buccal mucosa and tongue were more predominant sites of oral pathologies than other sites.
Conclusion: In our setup, most of the oral lesions evaluated histologically turn out to be neoplastic and that too malignant, mostly squamous cell carcinomas. Most of the oral lesions occur in the fifth and sixth decade. Buccal mucosa and tongue.........
Assessment of Internal Quality Control of Blood Products; Experience at a Regional Transfusion Centre from Northern Pakistan
Authors: Khan Maria , Tariq Junaid , Rathore Muhammad Ali , Mahmood Asad , Raja Mansoor Ishaq , Bashir Saima 
Published: December 2022

Objective: To analyze internal quality control of blood components, including red cell concentrates, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate and random donor platelets, to measure our blood bank performance.
Study Design: Cross-sectional study.
Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Transfusion (AFIT), Rawalpindi Pakistan from Jul to Dec 2021.
Methodology: Whole blood units were separated into red cell concentrates, fresh frozen plasma and random platelets by the platelet-rich plasma method. Cryoprecipitates were prepared from FFPs. Quality control was done on representative components. For red cell concentrates, hematocrit was measured. For platelet concentrates, pH and platelet yield were measured. For fresh frozen plasma, Factor-VIII assay and for cryoprecipitate, Factor VIII and fibrinogen assays were done. The blood components were also tested for bacterial cultures.
Results: A total of 1130 units were analyzed for quality control, including 360 red cell concentrates, fresh frozen plasma, random donor platelets each and 50 cryoprecipitates. Red cell concentrates had a mean hematocrit of 68.5±3.7%. Random donor platelets had a yield of 10.1±1.4× 1010 / unit and a mean pH of 6.7±0.2. Fresh frozen plasma had a Factor VIII level of 2.2±0.98 IU/ml. Cryoprecipitate had a mean fibrinogen level of 202.8±27.8 mg/unit and Factor VIII132.5±54.1IU/unit. All blood components met internal quality control standards. Blood cultures were negative in 99.2% of random donor platelets tested.
Conclusion: The internal quality control of blood products was in concordance with the national and international standards for quality control in blood banks.
Clinical Spectrum and Drug Sensitivity Pattern in Multi Drug-Resistant Typhoid Fever
Authors: Afzal Warda , Saba Ameena , Zaidi Syed Taqi Hasan , Siddiqui Hamid Jamal , Tahir Muhammad 
Published: December 2022

Objectives: To study the clinical presentation, complications and drug sensitivity patterns of multi drugs- resistant enteric fever.
Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study.
Place and duration of study: Combined Military Hospital, Malir Cantt Karachi Pakistan, from Mar to Oct 2019.
Methodology: A hundred cases of multi-drug resistant enteric fever were enrolled. Their demographic data, clinical and laboratory features and drug sensitivity pattern was recorded.
Results: Out of 100 cases, 67 were within 5 to 11 years of age. Twenty-one patients presented with loose motion and splenomegaly each. Seventy cases had a fever of 1 to 2-weeks duration. Complications were seen in 42 cases, out of which hepatitis was most commonly observed (in 27 cases). Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone sensitivity were found to be only 3% and 9%, respectively. Sensitivity to Azithromycin was 95%, while all cases were sensitive to Meropenem and Imipenem.
Conclusion: Very high frequency of extensively drug-resistant typhoid fever was found. Most cases of enteric fever had a fever as the only presenting feature. Typhidot test has very low sensitivity.