bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct measurements of magnetostrictive process in amorphous wires using a scanning tunneling microscope (abstract)
Authors: Costa J. L. , Nogués J. , Rao K. V. 
Published: July 2002

We demonstrate a new and versatile method to measure, on a nanometric scale directly, the magnetostrictive properties during the magnetization process to saturation, using a modified scanning tunneling microscope (STM). Both positive and negative magnetostrictive amorphous as-quenched wires have been studied. The studied samples are single pieces of amorphous wires typically 125 μm in diameter and 10–15 mm long. The magnetostriction data are then correlated with the longitudinal magnetization process, measured by a conventional induction technique and by SQUID magnetometry. The longitudinal magnetization process measurements have been performed in the same wires used in the STM studies. The field dependence of the magnetostriction helps to discern the operative magnetization process in the wires. In a 12-mm-long Co-based amorphous wire we observe a continuous rotation of the magnetization from zero field to saturation. The field dependence of the magnetization is a linear process reaching a value of about 5100 G at 8 Oe applied field. The magnetostrictive process for the same wire measured with a STM shows a continuous shrinking of the samples as a function of the applied field, reaching a value of −280 Å for 8 Oe applied field. The obtained δl/l‖sat, −2.3×10−6, agrees well with reported values of the saturation magnetostriction constant for this wire. In a 15-mm-long Fe-based amorphous wire we observe a more complicated field dependence of both the magnetization and the magnetostriction processes from zero-field to saturation.
The longitudinal magnetization saturates at about 14000 G for 60 Oe applied field. The magnetostrictive process for the same wire measured with STM shows an elongation onset at about 1 Oe, pointing unambiguously to a 180° domain wall movement as the operative magnetization process below this field value. The field dependence of the magnetostriction saturates at about +5000 Å for 60 Oe applied field. The obtained δl/l‖sat, about +3.3×10−5, is again consistent with reported values of the saturation magnetostriction constant. Thus the STM approach to determine λ, on an Å length scale, gives us a distinct great advantage in studying the magnetization process towards saturation.
Superconductivity and magnetic properties of Fe/Nb multilayers (abstract)
Authors: Mühge Th. , Zoller I. , Westerholt K. , Zabel H. , Goryunov Yu. V. , Garif’yanov N. N. , Khaliullin G. G. , Garifullin I. A. , Tagirov L. R. 
Published: July 2002

The interplay between superconductivity (SC) and ferromagnetism (FM) in dilute magnetic alloys and intermetallic compounds attracted considerable attention during the last 30 years. Usually the ferromagnetic state is more stable and therefore tends to suppress SC. On the other hand, the magnetic state can be changed due to a modification of the RKKY interaction in the SC state. Mutual influence of SC and FM may acquire new peculiarities in such artificial systems as FM/SC multilayers. This work is focused on the study of Fe/Nb multilayered system, prepared on Al2O3(112̄0) substrates by rf-sputtering and by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) techniques. The Nb thickness tNb was varied from 150 to 500 Å and the Fe thickness tFe was changed from 5 to 100 Å. The sputtered samples were highly layered with sharp interfaces as revealed by x-ray reflectivity and were textured in the [110] direction. The epitaxial MBE samples showed (110) growth of Nb and Fe with a coherence lengths comprising the total film thickness. Surface and interface roughnesses were very small. The dependence of the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectra parameters on the direction of the dc magnetic field rotating in the plane of the samples show sixfold anisotropic behavior indicating the well known three-domain in-plane structure of Fe layers on sapphire substrates.
FMR and SQUID measurements showed that FM of Fe layers survived down to tFe=10 Å. The out-of-plane FMR measurements also showed that the easy axis of magnetization lies in the plane of the samples down to this thickness. The superconducting transition temperature Tc was determined by measurements of the electrical resistivity and by SQUID measurements. It was established that there is a critical thickness of the Fe layer tFecrit above which SC was not detected for temperatures down to 1.5 K. This value was dependent on tNb. Thus, for example, it was found that for tNb=300 Å the value of tFecrit=30 Å and for tNb=350 Å—tFecrit=50 Å. For constant tFe with increasing tNb up to a certain thickness, SC was not detected; then Tc started to increase, and, finally, it approached the constant value of the order of 6 K above a certain tNb which depended on tFe. The critical magnetic field HC2 obtained from the resistivity measurements, strongly decreased with increasing tFe or decreasing tNb. The temperature dependences of HC2 were typical for two-dimensional superconductors. For the interpretation of the data obtained, various theories were employed.
Magnetism and structure of ultrathin fcc FexCo1−x films on Cu(001) (abstract)
Authors: Dittschar A. , Zharnikov M. , Kuch W. , Schneider C. M. , Kirschner J. 
Published: July 2002

Ultrathin films of 3d-transition metal alloys, and in particular FeCo alloys, currently receive considerable interest because of their potential technological application and the possibility to adjust magnetic properties via the variation of composition and structure. To study magnetic and structural properties of the otherwise unstable fcc phase of FeCo, this structural phase was stabilized by epitaxial growth on Cu(001). Ultrathin FexCo1−x films were deposited at room temperature by coevaporation from two separate Knudsen cells, operated under stabilized conditions. The film thickness was varied between 2 and 9 monolayers (ML) and the Fe concentration between x=0.2 and x=0.95. The growth process was monitored by medium energy electron diffraction (MEED). Auger electron spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) were employed to analyze the composition and structure of the films. A nearly perfect layer-by-layer growth up to at least 9 ML, as seen by MEED, is encountered for x≤0.7. For higher Fe concentrations and thicknesses greater than 4 ML, deviations from the layer-by-layer growth are observed, indicating a structural rearrangement. LEED-I(V) curves reveal the coexistence of two structural phases with different interlayer spacings, the relative amount of which depends on the composition. Magnetic properties were characterized by the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). The remanent magnetization was found to lie within the film plane over the whole range of thicknesses and concentrations investigated.
A linear increase of the Kerr signal at saturation magnetization with increasing thickness indicates that practically the whole film is magnetic. As a function of composition, the saturation Kerr signal develops continuously with increasing Fe content. This suggests that in fcc FeCo alloys the contribution of Fe and Co to the total magnetic moment is nearly constant over the whole compositional range.
Numerical simulation of laser–target interaction and blast wave formation
Authors: Giuliani John L. , Mulbrandon Margaret , Hyman Ellis 
Published: July 2002

A numerical hydrodynamics chemistry model to simulate the laser–target interaction experiment at the Naval Research Laboratory’s PHAROS [Laser Interaction and Related Plasma Phenomena (Plenum, New York, 1986), Vol. 7, p. 857] is presented. Both laser–target and debris–background interactions are modeled, solving mass continuity, total momentum, and separate ion and electron internal energy equations. The model is appropriate for background densities≥1 Torr. To accurately treat both the early-time planar ablation and the later spherical expansion of the blast wave, as well as the rear-side shock front, an oblate spheroidal coordinate system was adopted. The aluminum target ablates into and interacts with an ambient nitrogen gas, filling the facility chamber. The simulation models the target continuously from the solid state to the state of a highly ionized nonequilibrium plasma, including all charge states of aluminum and all charge states of the nitrogen background. The laser beam has a wavelength of 1 μ, a ∼5 nsec full width at half-maximum (FWHM), an intensity at the target surface ∼1013 W/cm2, and total energy varying from 20–100 J. The model accurately reproduces the measured time-of-flight profile and the mass of ablated aluminum. Expansion of the blast wave in the model follows the ideal Sedov relation until radiation losses force a deviation due to a failure in the constant energy assumption. In the shock wave region the simulations show electron density of a few times 1018 cm−3, temperatures ranging from 10–20 eV, and dominant nitrogen species of N+3 and N+4, all in agreement with experimental measurement. A calculated profile of electron density both in the shock and in the cavity region agree closely with experiment and imply an average aluminum charge state of 11 times ionized in the cavity out to late times, as predicted by the simulation described in this paper.
The simulation suggests, also, that observed rear-side structuring is a result of a deceleration Rayleigh–Taylor instability. The model is capable of providing detailed predictions, which are presented, as to profiles of charge states, densities, and temperatures as a function of time; these predictions are not yet tested by experimental measurement.
Paget′s Osteosarcoma — no Cure in Sight
Authors: Shaylor Phillip J. , Peake David , Grimer Robert J. , Carter Simon R. , Tillman Roger M. , Spooner David 
Published: July 2002

Purpose Paget′ s osteosarcoma has a fearful reputation with a quoted
survival of at best 5% at 5 years.We therefore reviewed our experience of 26 patients treated
over the last 25 years using modern staging and limb salvage techniques to see if there had
been any improvement in survival.Subjects: We identified 26 patients on the Royal Orthopaedic Hospital Oncological
database with a diagnosis of sarcoma secondary to Paget′s disease.Results: The survival rate was 53% at 1 year, 25% at 2 years and no
patient survived for 5 years.The median survival was 21 months for those treated with
curative intent and 7 months for those treated palliatively. Four of the five patients treated
with limb‐sparing surgery developed local recurrence between 5 and 12 months, the fifth
died at 14 months.There was no difference in survival between amputation and limb
salvage.Discussion: The development of sarcomatous change in Paget′s
disease is well recognised. It represents an important segment of primary bone tumours in
patients over 40 years of age.The prognosis is appalling. Indeed only 15 of 368 cases (4%)
from a number of historical series have survived more than 5 years. Our results are similarly
disappointing with no survivors at 5 years despite modern methods of management of bone
tumours.While there is no difference in local recurrence rates or survival between limb
reconstruction and limb ablation the poor prognosis for both means that neither can be
recommended at present. Sarcomatous change in Pagetoid bone should therefore be
regarded as a different disease to primary osteosarcoma. It remains an incurable disease
with a poor prognosis.
Age‐Related Changes of Liver Antioxidant Enzymes and 8‐Hydroxy‐2‐Deoxyguanosine During Fetal?Neonate Transition and Early Rat Development
Authors: MuÑiz Pilar , JosÉ Maria , Barchino Garcia , Iradi Antonio , Mahiques Eduardo , Marco Vicente 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe have studied the pro‐antioxidant status of the rat liver on the last day of gestation and at 1, 15, and 30 days of extrauterine life. Representative variables, such as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase and concentrations of reduced glutathione and 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine, were determined in liver to assess the degree of birth‐associated oxidative stress during the fetal‐neonatal transition and early development of the rat. Percentages by which liver Cu/ZnSOD activity increased over the basal value of the fetal liver were 54%, 95%, and 127% at neonatal days 1, 15, and 30, respectively. There was a lack of induction in the development profile of MnSOD. Catalase activity was clearly and progressively induced with time from the fetal state up to the neonatal age of 1 month. Glutathione peroxidase activity and glutathione content showed a tendency to decline during the first day after birth, though they increased to significantly higher values on days 15 and 30. However, the amount of rat liver 8‐hydroxy‐2‐deoxyguanosine did not increase. These results suggest that the induced antioxidant activities may be responsible for maintaining DNA stability during the perinatal development of the rat liver.
GeneRAGE: a robust algorithm for sequence clustering and domain
detection
Authors: Enright Anton J. , Ouzounis Christos A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Motivation: Efficient, accurate and automatic clustering of large protein sequence datasets, such as complete proteomes, into families, according to sequence similarity. Detection and correction of false positive and negative relationships with subsequent detection and resolution of multi-domain proteins.
Results: A new algorithm for the automatic clustering of protein sequence datasets has been developed. This algorithm represents all similarity relationships within the dataset in a binary matrix. Removal of false positives is achieved through subsequent symmetrification of the matrix using a Smith–Waterman dynamic programming alignment algorithm. Detection of multi-domain protein families and further false positive relationships within the symmetrical matrix is achieved through iterative processing of matrix elements with successive rounds of Smith–Waterman dynamic programming alignments. Recursive single-linkage clustering of the corrected matrix allows efficient and accurate family representation for each protein in the dataset. Initial clusters containing multi-domain families, are split into their constituent clusters using the information obtained by the multi-domain detection step. This algorithm can hence quickly and accurately cluster large protein datasets into families. Problems due to the presence of multi-domain proteins are minimized, allowing more precise clustering information to be obtained automatically.
Availability: GeneRAGE (version 1.0) executable binaries for most platforms may be obtained from the authors on request. The system is available to academic users free of charge under license.
Contact: ouzounis@ebi.ac.uk
Translation initiation start prediction in human cDNAs with
high accuracy
Authors: Hatzigeorgiou Artemis G. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: Correct identification of the Translation Initiation Start (TIS) in cDNA sequences is an important issue for genome annotation. The aim of this work is to improve upon current methods and provide a performance guaranteed prediction.
Methods: This is achieved by using two modules, one sensitive to the conserved motif and the other sensitive to the coding/non-coding potential around the start codon. Both modules are based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). By applying the simplified method of the ribosome scanning model, the algorithm starts a linear search at the beginning of the coding ORF and stops once the combination of the two modules predicts a positive score.
Results: According to the results of the test group, 94% of the TIS were correctly predicted. A confident decision is obtained through the use of the Las Vegas algorithm idea. The incorporation of this algorithm leads to a highly accurate recognition of the TIS in human cDNAs for 60% of the cases.
Availability: The program is available upon request from the author.
Contact: agh@pcbi.upenn.edu
2 Present address: Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, 1407 Blockley Hall, 418 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6021, USA.
Synergistically Detachable Microneedle Dressing for Programmed Treatment of Chronic Wounds
Authors: Ning Tianqin , Yang Fenghe , Chen Danli , Jia Zhenzhen , Yuan Rongqing , Du Zhenqin , Liu Shuaiyin , Yu Yao , Dai Xiaochuan , Niu Xufeng , Fan Yubo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractChronic wounds such as diabetic feet undergo a lifetime risk of developing into incurable ulcers. Current treatments for chronic wounds remain unsatisfactory due to the lack of ideal wound dressings that integrate facile dressing change, long‐acting treatment, and high therapeutic efficacy into one system. Herein, a synergistically detachable microneedle (MN) dressing with a dual‐layer structure is presented to enable programmed treatment via one‐time dressing application. Such a dual‐layer dressing MN system (DDMNS) is composed of chitosan (CS) hydrogel dressing (CSHD) on top of a detachable MN patch with a CS tip and a polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) backing substrate incorporated with magnesium (Mg). The synergistic detachment is achieved with the backing Mg/PVP substrate dissolving within minutes due to the local moist environment of the CSHD enhancing the reaction between Mg and inflammation microenvironment. The combined treatment of Mg and panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) loaded in DDMNS achieves antibacterial, neovascularization, and activating a benign immune response so that the three overlapping periods of the inflammation, tissue proliferation, and tissue remodeling of wound healing reach a dynamic balance. This advanced DDMNS provides a facile approach for the programmed treatment of chronic wound management indicating potential value in wound healing and other related biomedical fields.
Topological Antiferromagnetic Van der Waals Phase in Topological Insulator/Ferromagnet Heterostructures Synthesized by a CMOS‐Compatible Sputtering Technique
Authors: Bhattacharjee Nirjhar , Mahalingam Krishnamurthy , Fedorko Adrian , Lauter Valeria , Matzelle Matthew , Singh Bahadur , Grutter Alexander , Will‐Cole Alexandria , Page Michael , McConney Michael , Markiewicz Robert , Bansil Arun , Heiman Don , Sun Nian Xiang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBreaking time‐reversal symmetry by introducing magnetic order, thereby opening a gap in the topological surface state bands, is essential for realizing useful topological properties such as the quantum anomalous Hall and axion insulator states. In this work, a novel topological antiferromagnetic (AFM) phase is created at the interface of a sputtered, c‐axis‐oriented, topological insulator/ferromagnet heterostructure—Bi2Te3/Ni80Fe20 because of diffusion of Ni in Bi2Te3 (Ni‐Bi2Te3). The AFM property of the Ni‐Bi2Te3 interfacial layer is established by observation of spontaneous exchange bias in the magnetic hysteresis loop and compensated moments in the depth profile of the magnetization using polarized neutron reflectometry. Analysis of the structural and chemical properties of the Ni‐Bi2Te3 layer is carried out using selected‐area electron diffraction, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These studies, in parallel with first‐principles calculations, indicate a solid‐state chemical reaction that leads to the formation of Ni−Te bonds and the presence of topological antiferromagnetic (AFM) compound NiBi2Te4 in the Ni‐Bi2Te3 interface layer. The Neél temperature of the Ni‐Bi2Te3 layer is ≈63 K, which is higher than that of typical magnetic topological insulators (MTIs). The presented results provide a pathway toward industrial complementary metal−oxide−semiconductor (CMOS)‐process‐compatible sputtered‐MTI heterostructures, leading to novel materials for topological quantum devices.
Evoking Highly Immunogenic Ferroptosis Aided by Intramolecular Motion‐Induced Photo‐Hyperthermia for Cancer Therapy
Authors: Chen Chao , Wang Zaiyu , Jia Shaorui , Zhang Yuan , Ji Shenglu , Zhao Zheng , Kwok Ryan T. K. , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Ding Dan , Shi Yang , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: February 2022

AbstractImmunogenic cell death (ICD) through apoptosis or necroptosis is widely adopted to improve the therapeutic effect in cancer treatment by triggering a specific antitumor immunity. However, the tumor resistance to apoptosis/necroptosis seriously impedes the therapeutic effect. Recently, ferroptosis featured with excessive lipid peroxidation is demonstrated capable of bypassing the apoptosis/necroptosis resistance to kill cancer cells. To date, numerous efficient ferroptosis inducers are developed and successfully utilized for sensitizing cancer cells to ferroptosis. Unfortunately, these inducers can hardly generate adequate immunogenicity during induction of ferroptotic cancer cell death, which distinctly attenuates the efficacy of triggering antitumor immune response, therefore leads to unsatisfactory therapeutic effect. Herein, a novel high‐performance photothermal nanoparticle (TPA‐NDTA NP) is designed by exploiting energy via excited‐state intramolecular motion and employed for immensely assisting ferroptosis inducer to evoke highly efficient ICD through ferroptosis pathway. Tumor models with poor immunogenicity are used to demonstrate the tremendously enhanced therapeutic effect endowed by highly enhanced immunogenic ferroptosis in vitro and in vivo by virtue of the NPs. This study sheds new light on a previously unrecognized facet of boosting the immunogenicity of ferroptosis for achieving satisfactory therapeutic effect in cancer therapy.
Water quality concentration trends and loads identify management needs in the Lake Wister watershed
Authors: Lasater Abbie , Haggard Brian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTrend analyses of water quality seek to determine whether concentrations of constituents have increased or decreased over time, which can show the effectiveness of management practices or the need for pollutant reduction. The Poteau River watershed (PRW) is a transboundary watershed across Arkansas and Oklahoma and, in Arkansas, has been listed as a priority watershed within the Arkansas Nonpoint Source Pollution Plan since 1998. The Poteau River, Black Fork, and Fourche Maline within the PRW flow into Lake Wister, which is an important reservoir for recreation, fishing, and waterfowl hunting for residents and tourists around eastern Oklahoma. The purpose of this study was to analyze long‐term concentration trends and loads on the major tributaries entering Lake Wister using the Weighted Regression on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS). The largest magnitude of loads came from the Poteau River, but flow normalized (FN) P and sediments have decreased over time, which is a positive impact of watershed management and must be maintained. However, FN N on the Poteau River has increased over time and should be the focus of future management on the Poteau River. Although the magnitude of constituent loads from the Fourche Maline is less than from the Poteau River, increasing FN P is a concern and should be prioritized for management in Oklahoma. The relatively undisturbed Black Fork watershed contributes the smallest loads to Lake Wister, and FN concentrations are decreasing or not changing over time, suggesting a low priority for the Black Fork watershed.