bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization and Reliability Analysis of Direct-Write Additively Printed Flexible Humidity Sensor With Super Capacitive Material for Wearable Astronaut Sensor in Harsh Environments
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Jang Hyesoo , Hill Curtis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Using additive technologies to fabricate printed circuit boards eliminates the need for expensive manufacturing - software-based design and production permit production flexibility, as well as quicker tool modifications and design evolution. In addition, additive printing techniques can be applied to various surfaces and shapes. This adaptability to a wide range of applications enables the construction of novel applications, such as biosensors, by designers. Several previous studies have focused on developing additively printed humidity sensors because of their potential for flexibility and integration. Flexure in the operating environment has been known to cause performance degradation in prior generations of temperature and humidity sensor technologies. This study uses the direct write printing method with a nScrypt printer to print the humidity sensor. Characterization of the sensor has been done by studying the process-performance interactions of temperature coefficient to resistance and sensitivity to humidity. Sensor accuracy, hysteresis, repeatability, linearity, and stability have been quantified concerning printing recipe and encapsulation. A folding reliability test has been conducted to assess the viability of the sensor in operation to mimic real-life use conditions. The cyclic folding motions are administered every 13 seconds with the same folding diameter and travel distance on every three samples, with single trace and multi-trace sensing materials and trace with polyimide encapsulation. Furthermore, chemo-electrical measurement with cyclic voltammetry method has been conducted to assess water possession under high humidity conditions. It is found that encapsulation might help improve the humid and mechanical reliability of the additively printed humidity sensor.
A Control Strategy for Minimizing Temperature Fluctuations in High Power Liquid to Liquid CDUs Operated at Very Low Heat Loads
Authors: Heydari Ali , Shahi Pardeep , Radmard Vahideh , Eslami Bahareh , Chowdhury Uschas , Hinge Chandraprakash , Reddy Cinthaparthy Lochan Sai , Miyamura Harold , Modi Himanshu , Agonafer Dereje , Rodriguez Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The rising demand for high-performance central and graphical processing units has resulted in the need for more efficient thermal management techniques like direct-to-chip liquid cooling. Direct Liquid Cooling using cold plates is one of the most efficient and investigated cooling technologies since the 1980s. Major data and cloud providers are actively deploying liquid-cooled data center infrastructure due to rising computational demands. Liquid to liquid heat exchangers used in liquid-cooled data centers is also referred to as coolant distribution units (CDUs). Most of these CDUs selected by the data center operator is based on the heat load of the data center and the available head with that CDU. In this study, three 52U racks with six high-power TTV-based servers (Thermal Test Vehicles) in each rack were designed and deployed. Each server consists of eight GPU TTVs and six NV switch heaters. A 450-kW liquid-cooled CDU is used, and propylene glycol 25% is used as a coolant. Typical CDUs are designed to operate at 20 to 30% of the rated heat load to achieve a stable secondary coolant supply temperature. The present study will investigate the operations of CDU at very low heat loads, like 1% to 10% of the CDU’s rated capacity. At these low loads, large fluctuations in secondary side supply temperature were observed. This large fluctuation can lead to the failure of the 3-way valve used in CDUs at the primary side. In this paper, a control strategy is developed to stabilize the secondary supply temperature within ± 0.5 °C at very low loads using the combination of a flow control valve on the primary side and PID control settings within the CDU.
Transient CFD Analysis of Dynamic Liquid-Cooling Implementation at Rack Level
Authors: Modi Himanshu , Shahi Pardeep , Sivakumar Akiilessh , Saini Satyam , Bansode Pratik , Shalom Vibin , Rachakonda Amrutha Valli , Gupta Gautam , Agonafer Dereje 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Direct to chip liquid-cooling technique has been widely implemented for the cooling of processors with high thermal design power. To further enhance the efficiency of liquid cooling, ongoing research focuses on the optimizations at the cold plate level or by changing the flow configurations. But in all cases, the coolant which is pumped across the rack is pumped at a constant flow rate irrespective of the workload utilization at the individual server, resulting in excess pumping of coolant. A practical approach is to dynamically vary the flow rate to each server as per server workload utilization. In this study, transient analysis is performed by varying the flow rate across individual servers at rack level using CFD. A CFD model mimicking four servers placed at different heights on a standard 42U rack is developed. The flow variation through each of the servers is done using a damper arrangement representing a flow control device. A controller is integrated to automate the process of opening and closing of FCD to vary the flow based on the average outlet temperature from each server. A baseline simulation with all servers running at maximum power dissipation with a constant coolant flow rate is compared with cases where the coolant flow rate is controlled dynamically for varying thermal design power (TDP). The results shown analyze the impact of the dynamic response of the flow control device on transient thermal and hydraulic characteristics across the rack is done.
Power Usage Effectiveness Analysis of a High-Density Air-Liquid Hybrid Cooled Data Center
Authors: Heydari Ali , Eslami Bahareh , Radmard Vahideh , Rebarber Fred , Buell Tyler , Gray Kevin , Sather Sam , Rodriguez Jeremy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Environmental impacts of ever-growing computational requirements have raised worldwide concerns and significant efforts have been dedicated to reducing power consumption, water usage, and eventually the carbon footprint. Cloud architecture and services have undergone substantial development to become more sustainable and reliable with implementing advanced cooling solutions. In this research, a bottom-up approach has been presented to investigate the energy optimization opportunities of an air-liquid hybrid cooling method compared to the pure air cooling for a 1.7 MW data center. A gradual transition from 100% air cooling to 25%–75% air and liquid cooling has been studied to capture the changes in IT, fan, facility, and the total data center power consumption. Various system design optimizations such as supply air temperature (SAT), facility chiller water temperature, economization and secondary fluid temperature are embedded in this work to highlight the importance of proper setpoint conditions on both primary and secondary sides. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and flow network modeling (FNM) are utilized to precisely assess the performance of air and liquid cooling by evaluating the required flow rate, pressure drop, and critical case temperature of computing components as well as temperature change of cooling medium. Energy consumption of the selected cooling equipment is measured based on the BIN data for CRAH and CDU’s performance models. Power usage effectiveness (PUE) measured and compared with Total Usage Effectiveness (TUE) which appears to be a more suitable metric to weigh a data center’s design efficiency by not limiting the fan power to the IT boundary. For the most optimized case, we obtained up to 27% lower consumption in the facility power and 15.5% lower usage in the whole data center site. Increasing the percentage of liquid cooling contribution significantly diminishes the power intake which addresses concerns about natural resources limit as one of the most critical requirements of a sustainable design.
SOH Degradation Estimation of Thin Flexible Li-Ion Power Sources Subjected to Accelerated Life Cycling With Randomized Charge-Discharge and C-Rates
Authors: Lall Pradeep , Soni Ved 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The growing need for wearable devices, fitness accessories, and biomedical equipment has led to the upsurge in research and development of thin, flexible battery research and development. Studying degradation of such power sources used in consumer electronics devices is essential from multiple perspectives, as it allows the manufacturer to determine device warranty, affects the user purchasing decision, and can also be used to inform the user of their device’s battery health and remaining useful life in real-time. In order to achieve these goals via empirical methods, batteries are generally subjected to accelerated life cycling tests with various operating conditions, and their degradation data gathered is then used to model their SOH degradation. However, in the real world, the charge-discharge depth and charge-discharge rates for every cycle are hardly constant and vary greatly for the same user over time and for different users who use their devices differently. The real task for such developed battery models is to estimate the SOH of batteries being used in real-world scenarios with such random variations of charge-discharge depth and C-rates. To this end, the current work conducts accelerated life cycling tests of batteries with random variation in these two parameters, individually and simultaneously. Finally, multiple iterations of the SOH estimation models have been presented with different predictor variables to minimize the model validation error.
Experimental Probing of the Bias Dependent Self-Heating in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs With a Transparent Indium Tin Oxide Gate
Authors: Karim Anwarul , Kim Tae Kyoung , Shoemaker Daniel , Song Yiwen , Kwak Joon Seop , Choi Sukwon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The demand for high power and high-frequency radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers makes AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) an attractive option due to their large critical field, high saturation velocity, and reduced device footprint as compared to Si-based counterparts. However, due to the high operating power densities, intense device self-heating occurs, which degrades the electrical performance and compromises the device’s reliability. The self-heating behavior of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs is known to be not solely a function of the dissipated power but is highly bias-dependent. As the operation of RF power amplifiers involves alteration of the device operation from fully-open to pinched-off channel conditions, it is critical to experimentally map the full channel temperature profile as a function of bias conditions. However, such measurement is difficult using optical thermography techniques due to the lack of optical access underneath the gate electrode, where the peak temperature is expected to occur.
To address this challenge, an AlGaN/GaN HEMT employing a transparent gate made of indium tin oxide (ITO) was fabricated, which enables full channel temperature mapping using Raman spectroscopy. It was found that the maximum channel temperature rise under a partially pinched-off condition is more than ∼93% higher than that for an open channel condition, although both conditions would lead to an identical power dissipation level. The channel peak temperature probed in an ITO-gated device (underneath the gate) is ∼33% higher than the highest channel temperature that can be measured for a standard metal-gated AlGaN/GaN HEMT (i.e., next to the metal gate structure) operating under an identical bias condition. This indicates that one may significantly underestimate the device’s thermal resistance when solely relying on performing thermal characterization on the optically accessible region of a standard AlGaN/GaN HEMT. The outcomes of this study are important in terms of conducting a more accurate lifetime prediction of the device lifetime and designing thermal management solutions.
Strategies used by the soft drink industry to grow and sustain sales: a case-study of The Coca-Cola Company in East Asia
Authors: Huse Oliver , Reeve Erica , Bell Colin , Sacks Gary , Baker Phillip , Wood Benjamin , Backholer Kathryn 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundThe market and non-market activities of the food and beverage industry contribute to unhealthy and unsustainable dietary patterns, increasingly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aimed to describe how The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC), as the world market leader in the sugar-sweetened beverage sector, operationalises their activities in LMICs in East Asia, among the world’s most highly populated yet under-researched countries, to illustrate the ways in which these activities may negatively influence health outcomes.MethodsWe adopted a theoretically-guided qualitative research design and documentary analysis method. Data sources included: industry documents and web pages, marketing case studies obtained from the World Advertising Research Centre, media reports, global trade summaries and websites of industry associations. To guide data analysis, we synthesised a conceptual framework from existing commercial determinants of health literature, to describe ways in which the market and non-market activities of TCCC influence health.ResultsTCCC leverages subsidiary companies and investments in international networks to expand its supply chains. The company engages in frequent political activities to minimise the implementation of nutrition policies that may impact profits. The company markets products, particularly on digital and mobile devices, often targeting children, adolescents and mothers, and undertakes public relations activities related to human rights, environmental sustainability and community and economic supports, and these public relations activities are often integrated into marketing campaigns. The identified activities of TCCC are frequently in direct contrast to efforts to improve the healthfulness of population diets in East Asia LMICs.ConclusionsA public health analysis of the market and non-market activities of corporations active in unhealthy commodity industries needs to be broad in scope to cover the diverse set of strategies used to increase their market power and influence. Governments should consider a suite of policy options to attenuate these commercial determinants of unhealthy diets.
International variation in evidence-based emergency department management of bronchiolitis: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Lirette Marie-Pier , Kuppermann Nathan , Finkelstein Yaron , Zemek Roger , Plint Amy C , Florin Todd Adam , Babl Franz E , Dalziel Stuart , Freedman Stephen , Roland Damian , Lyttle Mark David , Schnadower David , Steele Dale , Fernandes Ricardo M , Stephens Derek , Kharbanda Anupam , Johnson David W , Macias Charles , Benito Javier , Schuh Suzanne 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate the international variation in the use of evidence-based management (EBM) in bronchiolitis. We hypothesised that management consistent with full-EBM practices is associated with the research network of care, adjusted for patient-level characteristics. Secondary objectives were to determine the association between full-EBM and (1) hospitalisation and (2) emergency department (ED) revisits resulting in hospitalisation within 21 days.DesignA secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort study.Setting38 paediatric EDs belonging to the Paediatric Emergency Research Network in Canada, USA, Australia/New Zealand UK/Ireland and Spain/Portugal.PatientsOtherwise healthy infants 2–11 months old diagnosed with bronchiolitis between 1 January 2013 and 31 December, 2013.Outcome measuresPrimary outcome was management consistent with full-EBM, that is, no bronchodilators/corticosteroids/antibiotics, no chest radiography or laboratory testing. Secondary outcomes included hospitalisations during the index and subsequent ED visits.Results1137/2356 (48.3%) infants received full-EBM (ranging from 13.2% in Spain/Portugal to 72.3% in UK/Ireland). Compared with the UK/Ireland, the adjusted ORs (aOR) of full-EBM receipt were lower in Spain/Portugal (aOR 0.08, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.29), Canada (aOR 0.13 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.31) and USA (aOR 0.16 (95% CI 0.07 to 0.35). EBM was less likely in infants with dehydration (aOR 0.49 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.71)), chest retractions (aOR 0.69 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.91)) and nasal flaring (aOR 0.69 (95% CI 0.52 to 0.92)). EBM was associated with reduced odds of hospitalisation at the index visit (aOR 0.77 (95% CI 0.60 to 0.98)) but not at revisits (aOR 1.17 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.85)).ConclusionsInfants with bronchiolitis frequently do not receive full-EBM ED management, particularly those outside of the UK/Ireland. Furthermore, there is marked variation in full-EBM between paediatric emergency networks, and full-EBM delivery is associated with lower likelihood of hospitalisation. Given the global bronchiolitis burden, international ED-focused deimplementation of non-indicated interventions to enhance EBM is needed.
Usual care in a multicentre randomised controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy: qualitative findings from a mixed-methods process evaluation
Authors: McKell Jennifer , Harris Fiona M , Sinclair Lesley , Bauld Linda , Tappin David Michael , Hoddinott Pat 
Published: December 2022

ObjectivesFinancial incentives are recommended by the UK’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence to aid smoking cessation in pregnancy. However, little is known about how implementation contexts might impact on their effectiveness. Variations in smoking cessation support (usual care) for pregnant women who smoke were examined qualitatively as part of a prospective process evaluation of the Cessation in Pregnancy Incentives Trial (CPIT III).DesignLongitudinal case studies of five CPIT III trial sites informed by realist evaluation.SettingA stop smoking service (SSS) serving a maternity hospital constituted each case study, located in three UK countries.ParticipantsData collection included semistructured interviews with trial participants (n=22), maternity (n=12) and SSS staff (n=17); and site observations and perspectives recorded in fieldnotes (n=85).ResultsCessation support (usual care) for pregnant women varied in amount, location, staff capacity, flexibility and content across sites. SSS staff capacity was important to avoid gaps in support. Colocation and good working relationships between maternity and SSS professionals enabled prioritisation and reinforced the importance of smoking cessation. Sites with limited use of carbon monoxide (CO) monitoring reduced opportunities to identify smokers while inconsistency around automatic referral processes prevented the offer of cessation support. SSS professionals colocated within antenatal clinics were available to women they could not otherwise reach. Flexibility around location, timing and tailoring of approaches for support, facilitated initial and sustained engagement and reduced the burden on women.ConclusionsTrial sites faced varied barriers and facilitators to delivering cessation support, reflecting heterogeneity in usual care. If financial incentives are more effective with concurrent smoking cessation support, sites with fewer barriers and more facilitators regarding this support would be expected to have more promising trial outcomes. Future reporting of trial outcomes will assist in understanding incentives’ generalisability across a wide range of usual care settings.Trial registration numberISRCTN15236311.
Cohort-profile: Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in a low-resource community in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Brasil Patrícia , Damasceno Luana , Fuller Trevon , Bastos Leonardo S , Cruz Oswaldo G , Medeiros Fernando , Calvet Guilherme Amaral , Resende Paola , Whitworth Jimmy , Smith Chris , Siqueira Marilda M , Carvalho Marilia 
Published: December 2022

PurposeTo better understand the household transmission of SARS-COV-2 in a low-resource community in Rio de Janeiro during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022).ParticipantsThis is an open prospective cohort study of children ≤12 years old and their household contacts. During home visits over 24 months, we collected data on sociodemographic characteristics, behavioural data, clinical manifestations of SARS-CoV-2, vaccination status, SARS-CoV-2 (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) RT-PCR and anti-S antibody tests. Among adults, the majority of participants were women (62%).Findings to dateWe enrolled 845 families from May 2020 to May 2022. The median number of residents per household was four. The median household density, defined as the number of persons per room, was 0.95. The risk of SARS-CoV-2 occurrence was higher in households with a high number of persons per room. Children were not the principal source of SARS-CoV-2 infections in their households during the first wave of the pandemic.Future plansFuture studies will investigate cellular and humoral immune responses to locally circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, which is relevant for the design of vaccines, antivirals and monoclonal antibodies. We will also engage in outreach to encourage vaccination as a means of limiting the transmission of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants and other emerging pathogens.
Effect of psychosocial interventions on risky driving behaviours among offender drivers by using simulated and real driving: study protocol for a non-randomised controlled trial
Authors: Aliyari Roqayeh , Mirrezaie Seyed Mohammad , Kazemeini Toktam , Sadeghian Farideh , Fayaz Dastgerdi Mahsa , Azizi Alireza 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundRisky driving behaviour including anger while driving has led to millions of global road traffic crashes, thousands of mortalities and injuries. These losses are much more in middle-income countries, such as Iran. This paper explains methods of data collection in a controlled trial study for evaluating the effect of psychosocial interventions on risky driving by using simulated and real driving.MethodsThis non-randomised controlled trial study will include 180 offender drivers. They will refer to the simulation laboratory by traffic police after their driving licences were suspended. At baseline, all participants will fill five questionnaires including demographic, Driving Anger Scale, Driving Anger Expression Scale, Spielberger’s Anger and Manchester Driving Behavioural, and then they will be tested with a driving simulator. Afterwards, they will be allocated to one of three-intervention training arms (mindfulness, meta-cognition and social marketing) or a control arm without any training. Risky driving behaviours will be assessed in three follow-ups after intervention. The primary outcome of interest will be driving offences, recorded by traffic police in two time points: at 6 months and 1 year after the intervention.DiscussionThis study examines the effect of three interventions in reducing driving offence. The results can end in a new therapeutic training or a new legislation that should be added to current obligatory training for getting driving licence and can lead to long-term safe driving among Iranian drivers. Future research is recommended to study the cost-effectiveness of these interventions in actual driving in Iran.Trial registration numberUMIN000039493.