bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Law in Arab States
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Environmental Law in Arab States offers a comprehensive and authoritative account of the guiding principles and rules relating to environmental protection in the Arab region. The book introduces readers to the latest developments of environmental law across the Arab region, including the applicable legislation, governance structures, and legal innovations in each of the major areas of environmental regulation, including air pollution, water pollution, biodiversity, conservation of nature and cultural heritage, chemicals and waste management, construction and infrastructure development, and Islamic ecology. Yet this book is not simply a stock-taking exercise. It also outlines participatory and bottom-up legal strategies—focusing on transparency, accountability, gender justice, human rights safeguards, and regional cooperation—needed to achieve greater coherence and coordination in the implementation and enforcement of environmental regulation across the region. The book also provides legal assessments and reflections on how Arab countries can advance existing national strategies and visions on trade and investment, green growth, Islamic green finance, circular economy, blue economy, and low carbon future among others, through clear and comprehensive legislation. Taking an international and comparative approach, this text is an essential reference and textbook for students, academics, and practitioners who work in the areas of environmental law and policy, human rights, sustainable development, political ecology, environmental diplomacy, and environmental studies, particularly area studies on the Middle East, Africa, and West Asia.
Construction and Town Planning
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a survey of legal requirements and procedures for the planning, design, and implementation of construction and town planning projects in Arab states. It discusses environment, health, and safety (EHS) obligations that must be considered when planning, designing, and implementing construction activities, and the associated legal liability and risks relating to non-compliance. The chapter then unpacks the strengths and weaknesses of town and construction planning laws and systems in Arab states. It discusses how inadequate guidance on climate proofing, gaps in disaster risk management and response frameworks, insufficient training and capacity development in the construction industry, and limited opportunities for private participation through robust public–private partnership laws may weaken the coherent integration of environmental objectives into town and country planning laws in Arab states. The chapter discusses legal innovations that should be adopted by stakeholders in the significant construction industry to sustainably anticipate and manage EHS risks.
Law on Chemicals and Hazardous Wastes
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Managing the production and disposal of waste is one of the most significant sustainability challenges facing the Arab region. Due to a rise in industrialization, urbanization, population growth, conflicts, and displacements, the Arab region has witnessed a steady annual increase in waste generation and accumulation which places increased pressure on the abilities of Arab countries to sustainably manage wastes. This chapter examines the law and governance framework for the safe, orderly, and environmentally responsible management of municipal and hazardous wastes in the Arab region. First it examines the meaning, nature, and scope of municipal and hazardous wastes, and the nature of legal problems associated with managing the illegal dumping and disposal of hazardous waste in Arab countries. Second, it examines the legal frameworks for waste management at international, regional, and national levels. It also evaluates the effectiveness and appropriateness of legal responses to modern waste management in the Arab region.
Low Carbon Energy Transition, Green Growth, and the Future of Environmental Law in Arab States
Authors: Olawuyi Damilola S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the future of environmental law in Arab states, specifically in the light of the increasing transition to low carbon economy and renewable energy systems across the world. The world is at the early stages of a global energy transition that may result in radical transformations of energy industries and required environmental regulation in the Arab region. In response, several Arab states have established legislation, guidelines, and strategies aimed at promoting low carbon transition, renewable energy technologies, and the green economy. Despite these efforts however, Arab countries rank comparably low in green growth performance measurements. One key reason is the absence of corresponding law, governance, and information-gathering systems that can support the ambitious energy transition visions. This chapter discusses the need for a rapid reimagination of environmental law across the Arab region in order to advance the tenets of green growth and low carbon transition. It examines the scope, drivers, and contours of the low carbon energy transition in the Arab region, current legislative trends across the region, as well as lessons learned for the future development of environmental law in Arab states.
The Kaiser and the Colonies
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Many have viewed Kaiser Wilhelm II as having personally ruled Germany, dominating its politics and choreographing its ambitious leap to global power. But how accurate is this picture? As this book shows, Wilhelm II was a constitutional monarch like many other crowned heads of Europe. Rather than an expression of Wilhelm II’s personal rule, Germany’s global empire and its Weltpolitik had their origins in the political and economic changes undergone by the nation as German commerce and industry strained to globalize alongside other European nations. More central to Germany’s imperial processes than an emperor who reigned but did not rule were the numerous monarchs around the world with whom the German Empire came into contact. In Africa, Asia and the Pacific, kings, sultans, and other paramount leaders both resisted and accommodated Germany’s ambitions as they charted their own course through the era of European imperialism. The result was often violent suppression, but also complex diplomatic negotiation, attempts at manipulation, and even mutual cooperation. In vivid detail drawn from archival holdings, this book examines the surprisingly muted role played by Wilhelm II in the German Empire and contrasts it with the lively, varied, and innovative responses to German imperialism from monarchs around the world.
A Siamese Charm Offensive
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Via a close study of the royal visit of King Chulalongkorn of Siam to Germany, this chapter illustrates but also questions the efficacy of royal summitry in imperial conditions. It outlines the international context of the Franco-British contest for Siam and the use of royal diplomacy by the Siamese king. This chapter shows that while King Chulalongkorn was received with pomp, ceremony, and warmth by the crowned heads of Europe, including Kaiser Wilhelm II, this willingness to fete a brother monarch from Asia did not stretch so far as to impede the mechanics of German Weltpolitik. This is demonstrated by the plans to annex the Siamese island of Langkawi that were made immediately after his visit. The global bonds of royal cosmopolitanism, this chapter shows, always remained subordinate to the geostrategic and economic demands of the nation state.
A Pilgrim to the Holy Land
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Kaiser Wilhelm II’s plans to visit the Ottoman Empire in 1898 sparked heated speculation in Britain, France, and Russia that the German emperor would use the royal visit to establish a German colony on Ottoman territory, thereby causing a scramble for Ottoman colonial possessions. The diplomatic order of Europe was further ruffled when Wilhelm II announced his intention to visit British-occupied Egypt. While the visit to Egypt was abandoned, the growing momentum for the Baghdad Railway and the emperor’s discussions with both German Templer colonists and the Zionist leader Theodor Herzl exacerbated the rumours of a colonial announcement. The reality of the visit and the Kaiser’s summit diplomacy, however, was far more modest, amounting to a pilgrimage to open a new German church in Jerusalem on land that had been donated to his father, Kaiser Friedrich III.
Defending a Sovereign Sultan
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the aftermath of the signing of the Entente Cordiale, Germany faced the clear prospect of being shut out of North African trade by the combined forces of Britain and France. The Sultan of Morocco too could see that Britain was no longer willing to defend his independence or sovereign rights and that his sultanate was on the verge of being incorporated into the French Empire. These two realities meant that when the Sultan of Morocco approached the Germans for support against the encroachments of the French, Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow instructed the German Foreign Office to support the sovereign rights of the sultan. This diplomatic initiative culminated in the chancellor instructing an extremely unwilling Kaiser Wilhelm II to land in Tangier in a show of royal solidarity to proclaim the importance of the principle of the open door for trade.
Company Rule and the Sultan of Zanzibar
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
When Sultan Barghash bin Said of Zanzibar, died, the German state, including the German Kaiser, exerted diplomatic pressure on the new Sultan Khalifa to grant the German East African Company a long-term lease over an extensive territory that was in reality ruled by the sultan’s vassals. Outraged at not having been consulted, these local rulers launched a fierce uprising that brought into focus the clear inability of the German company to control the territory they had leased. The result of the rebellion was not to reconsider the territorial claims of the German company, but rather to suspect that Sultan Khalifa had betrayed the Germans and was abetting the rebelling local rulers. In Germany, the military campaign was disingenuously presented to the German Reichstag not as a question of contested sovereignty or economic overreach but rather as a principled campaign against slavery.
Swapping a Sultanate for an Island
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In an attempt to consolidate their trading and strategic position in East Africa, German companies, supported by the German state, sought an alliance with Sultan Ahmed of Wituland and his successor, Sultan Fumo Bakari. Dogged by the omnipresent threat of the neighbouring Sultanate of Zanzibar, which had been urged to absorb Wituland by the British, the rulers of Wituland readily agreed to place themselves under German protection. The territorial integrity of Wituland and the sovereign rights of its sultan seemed to have been secured, as had the economic position of Germans interests in the region. This situation was radically altered, however by the signing of the Heligoland-Zanzibar treaty between Britain and Germany, which traded German pre-eminence in Wituland for the North Sea island. The destructive results of this treaty were rapidly felt. Within a year, Germans in Wituland had been massacred and Sultan Fumo Bakari had lost his life during the subsequent British-led military reprisals against him.
The Kaiser’s Birthday Present
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
During the period of German treaty-harvesting in the Pacific, one prominent leader in the Marshall Islands, Kabua, was treated by the Germans as the King of the Marshall Islands, despite the fact that he held no such rank among the Marshallese. Kabua’s paramountcy remained uncontested among the Germans until a legal case to determine the ownership of a parcel of land brought him into conflict with the German authorities. After initially threatening a violent rebellion against the Germans, the arrival of the German navy saw Kabua change his approach and seek to establish a personal relationship with Kaiser Wilhelm II through the mutual exchange of gifts. While Wilhelm II expressed an openness towards this gesture, the German Colonial Office ensured that no personal bond could be established with the Marshallese paramount leader, whose loyalty they questioned.
Empire on the Seine
Authors: Prakash Amit 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The origins of contemporary tensions between police and minorities in France lie in the history of race and empire. The metropole and the colony dynamically co-developed a policing regime over the course of the nineteenth and through the late twentieth century to manage colonial and racial difference. With the North African community emerging as a sizable and durable presence in Paris after World War I, this policing became a key state practice in imagining and administering the immigrant population. Despite the French state’s current reluctance to use race as an official category, racial thought and racial targets animated police services, social services, and urban planning schemes from the 1920s until the 1970s. Police archival records, reports from colonial officials, urban planning and housing studies, and the records of French social workers and immigrant associations reveal that colonial racism was integrated into the policing of Paris and that architecture, urbanism, and social housing assumed police functions for colonial and postcolonial migrants. In light of this history, contemporary social and racial segregation, periodic protests and rioting against police violence, and the aggressive posture of the Parisian police emerge as the material traces of French colonialism in the metropole.
Imperial Sentinels
Authors: Prakash Amit 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In 1958, the new Prefect of Police, Maurice Papon, grew and coordinated the constellation of police services dedicated to Algerians but often swept up Tunisians, Moroccans, and, in some cases, nationals from South American countries. The flagrant, often violent, racialized surveillance of Paris was conceived by police officials as necessary to preserve the empire. In effect, the Paris police acted as sentinels on the imperial ramparts, their activity characterized by growing militarization and the introduction counterinsurgency techniques borne of the wars in Indo-China and Algeria. In addition to police pressures upon the North African community in Paris were the effects of the “fraternal” war between competing Algerian nationalist organizations, chiefly the MNA and the FLN. These groups had their own surveillance and disciplinary mechanisms, which meant that the North African community was a target of social and political control from various directions. This chapter provides a history of this dangerous period for the North African community through an analysis of police records and materials emanating from the FLN and MNA.
Droit de Cité(s)
Authors: Prakash Amit 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a social history of the construction and living conditions of the North African bidonvilles in the mid-twentieth century, their policing, and the creation of state housing schemes to eradicate slums. Based on official reports from the police, the Ministry of Urbanism and Construction, civil society organizations, memoirs of bidonville inhabitants, and the personal papers of the French social worker Monique Hervo, this chapter traces how the French civilizing mission lingered in the post-imperial era. This entailed an attempt to impose French modern life as modern life itself on the colonies and colonial subjects at home. As the bidonvilles came to be perceived as a blight on the landscape of Paris, three major housing schemes were inaugurated by the French state to facilitate the “adaptation” of North Africans to modernity: transit cities, SONACOTRA, and HLMs. In different ways, slum clearance and rehousing took on a police function to deter a drift toward radical politics among migrants from the colonies.
The Robots Are Coming
Authors: Bear Julia B. , Pittinsky Todd L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The authors examine a caregiving “solution” that is rising up all around, though many are still hardly aware of it—artificial intelligence (AI)–powered caregiving robots. As in so many areas of our lives, AI is taking over. Robot caregivers are currently widely used in Asian countries and on the verge of rolling out in the United States. Ostensibly, the rise of caregiving robots is a classic case of supply meeting the tremendous demands of caring for older and younger populations. The problem that emerges is not so much that robot caregiving will take over but that it will take over with many serious social, emotional, political, and ethical issues left unaddressed. The authors examine where caregiving robots currently are and where this technology might be headed. They offer principles for wisely managing the mass rollout of robots into one of the most intimate actions humans perform, caregiving.
Debating Multiculturalism
Authors: Lenard Patti Tamara , Balint Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Multiculturalism has been subject to backlashes across democratic states. These voices argue that after years of accommodation, minorities have failed to integrate and ought to be encouraged more forcefully to abandon norms and values that are in tension with those of their broader society. In this context, Debating Multiculturalism brings together two prominent scholars of the political theory of multiculturalism. Both agree with the need for minority accommodation in liberal democracies, but disagree on the pathway forward. Patti Tamara Lenard argues that multiculturalism must be robustly defended. Lenard argues that the accommodation of cultural and religious practices is key to achieving substantive political inclusion in democratic states. Rather than generating segregation and separation, the accommodation of such practices ensures that minorities can participate across multiple domains of politics as equal citizens. She examines claims for cultural preservation, too, and argues that an emphasis on political inclusion can explain why preservationist claims should be respected. In contrast, Peter Balint argues against the need for minority rights in multicultural contexts. Balint defends a radical form of neutrality, “active indifference,” which can achieve the accommodation of minority ways of life, without recourse to minority rights. He argues that if the problem arises because of a favoring of majority ways of life, then rather than add minority rights as a solution, majority privilege should simply be removed. This solution is not only fairer, but avoids many of the problems that have plagued minority rights. The book concludes with both authors critiquing each other’s positions.
Introduction
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The introduction to Debating Multiculturalism outlines the main defenses and objections to multicultural accommodation in the political theory literature. It situates these debates in the context of real-world political controversies over whether and when to accommodate the cultural and religious practices of minorities in democratic states. It outlines the two positions defended over the course of the book: Patti Tamara Lenard’s defense of a robust multiculturalism which grants minority rights because of the importance of political inclusion, and Peter Balint’s defense of neutrality among ways of life as the guiding principle for democratic politics in diverse states, and which does not require minority rights.
Cultural Preservation and Multicultural Accommodation
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines cultural preservation claims and explains why they have, previously, been treated as controversial in democratic states. Critics of multiculturalism have argued that cultural preservation rights lead to the separation of cultural groups from the larger society. In response to this claim, the chapter argues in general that claims for cultural preservation ought to be accommodated, because they too serve to enhance political inclusion by enabling members of minority cultures to raise their voices. It makes this case through the in-depth examination of three cases: public support for ethnically exclusive organizations, culturally specific schools, and the revitalization of Indigenous self-determination.
Shared Public Culture in Diverse States
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the worry that acknowledging cultural claims serves to emphasize how citizens differ from each other rather than what they share in common and therefore undermines the solidarity that is meant to bind together members of a diverse democratic community. According to this view, not only does a robust multiculturalist approach undermine solidarity, but any attempt to build solidarity violates the commitments that multiculturalism is to supposed hold. In response to these worries, this chapter argues that communal solidarity is important to a well-functioning democracy and that attempts to build solidarity both can and must be sensitive to the cultural diversity that characterizes democratic states. It offers an account of the content of a shared public culture on which communities can build robust multicultural solidarity.
National Minorities, Indigenous Peoples, and Historical Injustice
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the question of Indigenous peoples and other national minorities. While the argument so far has been against multicultural minority rights, nothing has been said about Indigenous peoples and other national minorities. While there is significant overlap between multicultural minority rights and the rights of Indigenous peoples and other national minorities, these issues are distinct. This is mainly because national minorities usually have additional grounds for claiming rights, commonly in the form of issues of sovereignty, historical injustice, and a desire for political autonomy. Where there is relative institutional disadvantage, active indifference may still play a role, but because there are additional—non-multicultural—grounds for differentiated rights, they may still be granted. But just because they may be granted in some cases for national minorities does not justify their need in the case of multicultural minorities.
Multiculturalism and the Demands on Citizens
Authors: Balint Peter , Lenard Patti Tamara 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter looks at the role of citizens in accommodating minorities. Two different multicultural virtues are examined: respect and appreciation of difference and tolerance of difference. Despite its initial appeal, respect and appreciation of difference is not as accommodating as tolerance of difference. Tolerance, by focusing on behavior and not attitude, accommodates a much broader range of ways of life than respect and appreciation of difference. Tolerance is also much more neutral toward the different ways of life that exist in contemporary diverse societies.