bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ideology as a cover up: Community policing in Norway
Authors: Larsson Paul 
Published: August 2022

Ideology as a cover up: Community policing in Norway
The article will analyse the concept of community policing in Norway. The analyses will mainly be based on three important publications, the white-paper “The Role of the Police in Society” from 1981, “The Police reform 2000. A Safer Society” from 2000 and “The Role and Tasks of the Police” published in 2005. The concept community policing, which to a high degree is American, is not easily translatable to Nordic languages. In Norway in the 80s and early 90s the term near police “nærpoliti” or local police was popular, and primarily used to describe organisational reforms in eastern parts of Oslo and certain other towns of Norway. The term is to a certain degree still in use at least in official publications, but it has in many ways changed in content and meaning. Holmberg (2004) has described the rise and fall of community policing in Scandinavia. His general description of a loss of momentum and recession in the development of community policing is supported here. This paper starts out with the hypotheses that the idea of community policing gradually lost its importance in Norway for two reasons. The first explanation has to do with the still rather strong and popular local police, the Lensmann (sheriff). Norway, which is a largely rural society, is divided into 374 sheriff districts. This means that the sheriff is a well known person and institution for many Norwegians. This type of community policing has a tradition that stretches back more than a thousand years. The other reason is that the general ideals and goals stated in official publications and papers for the Norwegian police harmonise to a very high degree with the ideals of community policing. This means that the idea of community policing already is deeply rooted as a central value concerning the police.
Professional disobedience
Authors: Böing Bas 
Published: August 2022

Professional disobedience: The impact of technology and multilevel dispatching on police practice
This article draws on a field experiment that took place in Amsterdam in 2012 to examine the impact of technology on police practice. The experiment consisted of four simulated robberies in which the use of the global positioning system (GPS) and short data service (SDS) were systematically varied (in a 2x2 between-subjects design) with different levels of operational command. The experiment resulted in faster coordination and less radio traffic. But this experiment also showed something else: almost all operational units displayed more or less disobedient behaviour. They deliberately deviated from orders to go to particular locations in the city to search for the suspects. In this article it is argued that this behaviour can be explained through officers’ situational awareness and the use of SDS. Additional interviews and group discussions further indicate that the lack of trust and hierarchical control may also have contributed to this behaviour. It is the question whether the findings of this study covers the current state of police practice in the Netherlands and perhaps beyond. This remains a subject for further study. The results from this experiment can be valuable for analysis in social behaviour studies among police units.
Burnout as predictor of aggressivity among police officers
Authors: Queirós Cristina , Kaiseler Mariana , Leitão da Silva António 
Published: August 2022

Burnout as predictor of aggressivity among police officers
This paper aims to understand the relationship between aggressivity and burnout among police officers, more precisely, it investigates whether burnout is a predictor of aggressivity among police officers. The study focuses on the relationship between burnout and aggressivity, using regression analysis to identify aggressivity predictors. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to measure burnout, while the Aggression Questionnaire was used to measure aggressivity. A cross-sectional study collected data from 274 male police officers (from PSP – Portuguese Police of Public Security) exercising urban patrol tasks in Porto or Lisbon. Low burnout and moderate aggressivity levels were found, with positive significant correlations. Regression analysis reveals that burnout, more than socio-demographic characteristics, predicts 13% to 22% of aggressivity. In particular, feelings of high depersonalisation and low personal accomplishment are the burnout dimensions that most strongly explain anger and aggressivity, whereas emotional exhaustion only explains 4% of verbal aggression. The study highlights the need to develop prevention strategies of stress, aiming to avoid the development of burnout as occupational chronic stress, and decreasing the risk of developing aggressivity among police officers. Despite the wide literature in the area of police officers’ burnout and individual characteristics (e.g. aggressivity proneness as a personality trait), there is limited research on the relationship between burnout and aggressivity. Within democratic societies where excessive use of force by police officers is criticised, aggressivity predicted by burnout reinforces the need to prevent occupational stress that leads to burnout.
Capacity building and the Afghan National Police
Authors: Boyd Gavin , Marnoch Gordon 
Published: August 2022

Capacity building and the Afghan National Police: Views from the frontline
The article reports on a study of an intelligence management capacity building programme involving former Police Service of Northern Ireland officers mentoring members of the Afghan National Police. The study contributes to the formative evaluation of a policy transfer based on principles and practices developed in Northern Ireland. A short discussion of Afghanistan, policing, intelligence management and policy transfer is provided, before attention is given to the capacity building programme. The study is context rich drawing on qualitative data. Analysis draws on face to face interviews conducted with mentors working with the ANP during 2010-2012. Interview questions were broad in nature encouraging respondents to discuss implementation in their own terms. Respondents generally concluded policy transfer was viable but were in a position to provide a great deal of information on the Afghan context and how specific problems occurred during implementation of the capacity building programme. Cultural issues, corruption and resource constraints presented obstacles to the transfer as did the general absence of a bureaucratic basis for managing the ANP. Violence and physical geography presented rather less of a problem than was anticipated. The need to learn more about appropriate inter-personal skills in capacity building emerged as a significant finding. Such knowledge is currently undervalued in policy transfer within the policing sector.
Two systems, one challenge?
Authors: Hufnagel Saskia 
Published: August 2022

Two systems, one challenge? Comparing legal regulation on police co-operation in Australia and Europe
This article compares of legal harmonisation with a view to facilitating police cooperation in the EU and Australia. It addresses the main processes of harmonisation and the parallel strategies of mutual recognition and the creation broad legal frameworks in relation to both systems. The legal analysis is complemented by interviews with practitioners in the field to assess the impact of legal initiatives on actual police cooperation practice. It is argued that both systems have developed distinctive strategies to promote police cooperation through legal harmonisation, but that Australia, due to its federal political structure, has more potential to achieve harmonised and even uniform legislation within its states. However, the strategies developed in the EU to promote cooperation without legal harmonisation and in particular broad legal frameworks have created a high level of regional practitioner initiative promoting bilateral and multilateral formalisation of cooperation strategies that cannot be observed in Australia. Both entities have hence developed distinct structures that might be relevant to the respective other system. This study is the first to compare the Australian federal system of cooperation with the EU.
Plural Policing of Public Places in France
Authors: Bonnet François , de Maillard Jacques , Roché Sebastian 
Published: August 2022

Plural Policing of Public Places in France: Between Private and Local Policing
This paper analyzes the changing public/private as well as central/local relationships for the provision of public security in public places in France. It describes the emergence and development of a now frequent public-private mix in policing, based on the hot issue of regulating social behaviours in public places. The significance of the French model in terms of the nature of privatization and pluralization is then discussed and compared to international trends. The rise of a local level public-private mix, while not unique in Europe, appears as a major shift in a French environment traditionally characterized by the structural centralization of its public forces.
Minority Police Officers in the French Police
Authors: Gauthier Jérémie , Lévy René 
Published: August 2022

Minority Police Officers in the French Police: The ‘Republican tradition’ and the Workplace Experience of Minority Officers
This article discusses the situation of police officers from visible ethnic minorities within the French National Police Force. Part one deals with the main ideological and institutional factors responsible for the longstanding refusal to consider the issue of ethnicity in the police institution and goes on to describe the more pragmatic attitude prevailing within that institution in recent years, in spite of some resistance. Part two describes the tangible problems encountered by officers from minority groups as uncovered in a field study conducted in the Paris area.
A Divided Fraternity
Authors: Franko Katja , Gundhus Helene O.I. 
Published: August 2022

A Divided Fraternity: Transnational Police Cultures, Proximity, and Loyalty
Based on extensive interviews with officers participating in the operations of the EU external border control agency, Frontex, the article examines the nature of police culture and, in particular, the role of social and cultural proximity in transnational policing and its implications for our understanding of police loyalty and accountability. Precisely the possibility of proximity, of being “where the action is” and developing personal bonds and networks, is what makes this type of work attractive to the officers and is an important motivational driving force behind the agency’s dynamic expansion. The findings therefore support the orthodox accounts of police culture, which stress the importance of physical action, excitement and informal connections, rather than legal regulatory frameworks and formal and technological connections. However, by examining Frontex through the social dimensions of proximity, the article also brings attention to important internal divisions, cultural differences and divided loyalties within what might at first appear as a unitary culture of transnational policing. This is important for understanding the dynamics of closure, insularity and lack of accountability which has been a defining and problematic feature of transnational policing. The article concludes by discussing the implications of the empirical findings for bringing into light previously unexamined potential for greater openness and for improving the democratic ethos within the field.
Policing on Shaky Ground?
Authors: Kremer Jens 
Published: August 2022

Policing on Shaky Ground?: Fundamental Rights Standards for Employing New Security Technologies for Public Surveillance
This article addresses the use of security and surveillance technologies through police forces. It looks at the growing importance of mass-surveillance technologies for policing and with that, how general information gathering by police forces increasingly blur the borders between targeted and non-targeted surveillance. As a consequence, modern surveillance interferes with established national and international rights frameworks. The questions discussed relate to the legal basis of employing such technologies and in how far such technologies per se create legal problems. This article argues that information on the nature of technologies in the hand of police forces cannot be secret by default and that surveillance and control capabilities need to be transparent and information on the deployment possibilities must be publicly available. Due to the unprecedented capabilities of modern surveillance technologies, lawyers and police officers alike need to rethink the frameworks for employing surveillance technologies and even more: there needs to be the option of a public debate based on publicly available information as part of the creation of adequate legal basis. To illustrate this, this article will employ fundamental rights standards to assess the requirements for police use of surveillance systems in public places with special focus on Europe and the European fundamental rights frameworks.
Exploring Police-Citizen Conflict and Reconciliation Through a Relational Model
Authors: Stronks Sara 
Published: August 2022

Exploring Police-Citizen Conflict and Reconciliation Through a Relational Model
In this paper, the function of reconciliation in five different Dutch cases of media-salient police-citizen group conflict is explored through a Relational Model. Based on 53 interviews with key-actors, the ratio between assessments on the value, security and compatibility of police-citizen relationships and conflict interaction is analysed. The results indicate that respondents actively describe police-citizen relationships in terms of their value, security and compatibility. Assessments on the security and compatibility of a relationship seem directly negatively affected by overt conflict. Individual negative intergroup interaction and relationship assessment can be transformed – reconciled – through critical moments of direct contact and reconciliation appears an important and effective strategy of relationship maintenance in mutually assessed valuable relationships that are challenged by overt conflict. A group reconciliation however, seems only possible when key-actor party representatives commit to the reconciliation process.
Police custody delivery in the twenty-first century in England and Wales
Authors: Skinns Layla , Sprawson Amy , Sorsby Angela , Smith Rivka , Wooff Andrew 
Published: August 2022

Police custody delivery in the twenty-first century in England and Wales: Current arrangements and their implications for patterns of policing
Since the 1980s, police custody in England and Wales has experienced civilianization and privatization of roles once performed by the police. The purposes of this paper are to explore these organisational arrangements and to reflect on what they reveal about patterns of policing in the 21st century. These matters are examined using a unique 2014 survey of custody managers who provided data on 213 suites across 41 police forces in England and Wales, and the Isle of Man. Findings are presented on the extent of civilianization and privatization of custody suites, the conditions of the suites in terms of their busyness and whether they were seen as ‘fit for purpose’ by staff, as well as on the most common types of custody suites and their features. These findings show that whilst civilianization was common-place, privatization was not; over two-thirds of custody suites were owned, managed and staffed by police officers or civilian detention officers employed by the police. As such, the research does not support the idea that there has been a transformation of policing, at least not with respect to who owns, manages and/or staffs custody suites in England and Wales, where the police still have a monopoly.
Interaction practices of patrol and district police officers in contact with the population
Authors: De Man Caroline 
Published: August 2022

Interaction practices of patrol and district police officers in contact with the population
This contribution deals with the police interaction that comes about through contact with the population in public places. We propose to focus this contribution on the interaction methods that make it possible to explore the characteristics of the patrol and district police officers. First we will report on the interactional practices ‘specific’ to one or another of these professional groups. We will then highlight the ones which, on the contrary, seem similar. Supported by the detailed description of encounters between police officers and the population and an analysis inspired by the sociology of Goffman (1973, 1974, 1991), our results highlight the concrete proceedings of the interactions, a dimension rarely investigated in police sociology. And although our results intend to expand knowledge on the practices of police in contact with the public, this interactional ‘entryway’ allows us to analyse autonomy as a police resource that is susceptible to supporting recognition of the population’s legitimate engagement during interactions with the police.
The racialization of ethnic minority police officers and researchers: on positionality and (auto)ethnographic fieldwork
Authors: Çankaya Sinan 
Published: August 2022

The racialization of ethnic minority police officers and researchers: on positionality and (auto)ethnographic fieldwork
This article reflects on the personal, epistemological and methodological dilemmas of conducting (auto)ethnographic fieldwork within the police organisation. The argument is that positionality and ascribed identities complicate existing dilemmas of using participant observation within the police context, such as maintaining a researcher’s role, acceptance, building trust and coping with ostracism. The article also deals with the tension of being a member of the organisation and a researcher at the same time, as well as the pains, but also the gains, of doing auto-ethnographic fieldwork within the police organisation as a frequently racialized (male) member of an ethnic minority.
Perplexing positions: the researcher’s role and ethics in the field
Authors: Claeys Camille , De Kimpe Sofie , Dumortier Els 
Published: August 2022

Perplexing positions: the researcher’s role and ethics in the field
While undertaking qualitative research, researchers often experience issues with an emotional or ethical charge. This backstage reality of the research process is not often discussed in public. In this article, we argue that (ethical) research inheres an important learning process. Research errors – in this article ‘dilemmas’ – should be revealed to the academic world rather than swept under the carpet. Researchers should be encouraged to describe and reflect on these dilemmas as it helps them to become more aware of what they are doing when they are in the thick of their research. Using this (ethical) reflexivity, our article examines real ethical dilemmas encountered in the field by a junior PhD researcher. In doing so, more methodological awareness was created and the research quality was increased. We hope this ethical reflexive exercise will inspire other researchers and contribute as such to the greater body of methodological knowledge.
Police partnership working: Lessons from a co-located group pilot
Authors: Dick Penny 
Published: August 2022

Police partnership working: Lessons from a co-located group pilot
Recent literature on police partnership working has challenged the orthodoxy established during the 1980s and 1990s that this is an unpopular area of police activity. Instead, recent research suggests that partnership working can reinforce and enhance the policing value of pragmatism (O’Neill and McCarthy, 2014), due to its focused and bottom-up approach to problem solving. Using a casestudy approach to investigate a co-located partnership group tasked with reducing demands for policing services, I explore the precise nature of the processes that enable these apparently effective elements of partnership working to emerge. I suggest a core role for “authority work” defined as the process through which particular interpretations of people, events and outcomes are warranted and rendered legitimate. I use the insights generated from the analysis to reflect on why partnership working may sometimes succeed in both producing successful multi-agency collaboration and what such success might mean for those individuals that are the targets of partnership interventions.
Transforming a paramilitaristic police force to a human rights-oriented police service in a violent country: The South African challenge
Authors: Bezuidenhout Christiaan , Kempen Annalise 
Published: August 2022

Transforming a paramilitaristic police force to a human rights-oriented police service in a violent country: The South African challenge
South Africa’s unique history impacted significantly on policing. Prior to democratization in 1994, South Africa was infamous for its apartheid regime. The South African Police (SAP) was a paramilitaristic force, regarded by the majority as a tool of suppression for the white minority government. After the previous political dispensation had been toppled in 1994, South Africa underwent major constitutional changes. The introduction of the South African Police Service Act (Act 68 of 1995), implemented the changes envisaged for a human rights-oriented policing service into a legal framework. This article aims to present an overview of the many service delivery initiatives that were introduced in the new police service. The renaming of the South African Police to the South African Police Service (SAPS) in 1995 is also reflected on in this article. Despite the introduction of community policing principles, revised internal policing policies and demilitarizing, it did not address the underlying violent culture of the South African society. In fact, the question is still whether South Africa will ever be able to introduce and accept a truly human rights-oriented police service?
Sex Analysis of Lipid Profile in Diabetes Patients with and without Over Weight in Tikrit City/Iraq
Authors: Asmaa Sultan Mohammed  , Maan Hasan Salih  , Maksood Adil Mahmoud Al-Doori  
Published: August 2022

Background: The overweight is one of the main reasons for the development of diabetes, so the lipid profile is different between the diabetes and the healthy people. In addition, there is a variation between the lipids profile according to sex difference in the diabetes patients. The main goal of the current study was to assessment the relationship between lipid profiles-based sex difference of diabetes patients (with and without overweight) and control group.
Methodology: In this study, the glucose level and lipid profiles were determined for one hundred and forty volunteers, thirty-nine of them were healthy as a control group (25 females and 16 males), and one hundred and two had diabetes, 50 diabetes with overweight (25 females and 25 males) and 52 diabetes without overweight (27 females and 25 males).
Results: Concerning the results of glucose level, the results of the current study showed significant differences between males and females in HbA1c test of control group (P=0.024) and in PPG test of Diabetes without overweight group (P=0.033). On other hands, our results found variation between men and women in other groups but not reach to significant differences. While the results of lipids profile showed significant differences between males and females in HDL_C test of diabetes without overweight group (P=0.0246) and in LDL_C test of control group (P=0.02). At the same time, our results recorded variation between men and women in other groups but not reach to significant differences.
Conclusions: The research presents important results on the differences between sex and its content of lipid profiles in diabetic patients, although some differences did not reach at significant level, but they showed clear sex differences.