bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Overcoming Challenges for Quantitative Risk Modeling Using Machine Learned Data Correlations and Predictive Modeling
Authors: Biagiotti Stephen F. , Williams Dan , Kondratyuk Sergiy , Johnson Brett 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
After 20 years of learnings and successful risk reduction, the pipeline industry is striving to achieve the next step change in risk performance by migrating from relative index-based risk models toward probabilistic approaches across all threats and all pipeline segments for system-wide risk assessment. While the quantification of pipeline risk can be readily supported by in-line inspection (ILI) results coupled with probabilistic limit state modeling for certain threats and pipeline segments where this information is available, where such data is lacking for other pipeline segments or threats, it is necessary to apply a meaningful methodology to establish the probability of failure for all dynamic segments used to quantify risk.
The process for establishing probability-based threat assessments for these other segments involves several stages: (1) identify correlations based on ILI historical results (i.e., create the “training” dataset); (2) leverage classification trees to identify statistically relevant data observations of key variables; (3) apply machine learning techniques to develop probabilistic and/or causal models that predict target outcomes from the combinations of key variables; and, (4) apply the relationships established in stages 1, 2 and 3 to all assets lacking ILI results. Although seemingly straightforward, several challenges exist for achieving seamless implementation.
This paper will review each process step and provide guidance on preparing and tackling common data intelligence challenges. The paper will also propose strategies for classifying assets, other than indexing, for application in those situations where machine learning does not indicate statistically significant variable correlations or yield strong predictions of target outcomes. Although still early in the understanding of migrating from relative index-based to probabilistic risk algorithms, the value provided in this paper is the sharing of lessons learned regarding “how” to gather the “evidence” necessary to identify statistical dependencies, how to apply data confidence metrics within the decision process, the challenges in data preparation/QC and interpretation techniques, and suggestions for determining the necessary limitations that should be applied to the outcomes toward the objective of quantifying the risk.
Dynamic Stress Analysis of Multi-Section Curved Pipes Subjected to a Moving ILI Tool
Authors: Mostaghimi Hamid , Rezvani Sina , Chune Ronald , Hugo Ron , Park Simon S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Pipelines are susceptible to degradation over time due to different types of defects caused by environmental and loading conditions. In-line inspection (ILI) is an assessment method widely used for pipeline degradation monitoring. The passage of an ILI tool through a section of a pipeline can generate significant dynamic stress within the pipe. Pipelines can pass through water, muskeg, excavated, or free-span sections, which provide less support. These partially-supported pipe segments are more prone to dynamic stress with the passage of an ILI tool. This research aims to study the effects of passing an ILI tool through multiple pipe bends in series constituted of both straight and curved segments. The passage of an ILI tool can excite a pipeline close to its natural frequencies where the amplitude of vibrations and consequently the dynamic stress increase rapidly. A 3D finite element (FE) model based on the Timoshenko beam theory is developed to model curved pipes subject to the passage of an ILI tool. Lab-scale experiments are performed to verify the results of the developed FE model. The developed model is further verified using finite element analysis (FEA) performed in ABAQUS™ Implicit. A comparison of the simulation and experimental results shows that the proposed model predicts the dynamic stress and displacements of multi-section pipe segments during the passage of an ILI tool effectively and accurately.
Reliability Model to Predict Likelihood of Failure of Facility Auxiliary Piping Assets
Authors: Haider Syed , Sen Millan , Lawrence Doug 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There is demonstrated potential for failures to occur on station piping assets in facilities, therefore it is prudent to take measures to manage preventable releases. In 2018, Enbridge developed a reliability model that uses readily available asset information to quantify the likelihood of failure of station piping assets. With successful implementation of the station piping model, and a follow-on flange reliability model, Enbridge realized opportunity to develop a much-needed auxiliary piping reliability model.
Auxiliary piping assets may be defined as piping systems connected to the main process flow piping which provide specific operational functionality (instrumentation, drains, pressure relief pathways, etc.) but are not part of the normal process flow path. These assets may contain components such as flanges, valves, fittings, threaded or welded connections, fittings, small diameter piping/tubing, or flex hoses.
Historical leak data indicates that auxiliary piping assets experience a higher leak frequency than other assets in a facility.
While there are industry guidelines that provide description of the individual components of auxiliary piping assets, there are few that discuss integrity management of auxiliary connections as a unit once they are operational. Previously published auxiliary piping models require inputs which are not readily available, e.g., condition of threads, welds, internal corrosion, etc. which often require on-site inspection. For pipeline operators, field data gathering is costly and challenging given stations are spread out over numerous km’s.
Given the high number of auxiliary piping assets and their potentially wide variation in parameters, there is benefit in developing a reliability-based model to support the planning phase of a risk-based integrity management program. A reliability model that works in two stages has been developed for this purpose. The pre-inspection assessment (first) stage is designed to prioritize groups of auxiliary piping assets on a station piping segment for inspection, and the post-inspection assessment (second) stage is then applied to select the specific assets that require maintenance action.
The model development considered industry guidelines, historical failure data, and subject matter experts’ inputs. This paper will discuss the design concepts, model architectures, the contributing factors, and their sensitivities to the likelihood of failure results. Through this paper, the auxiliary piping model may be applied by any operator managing such assets.
Self-Shielded Flux-Cored Arc Welding - Practical Approaches for Improved Performance of Girth Welds in High-Strength Steel Pipelines
Authors: Phillips Sam , Quintana Marie , Jia Dan , Wang Jiawei , Wang Yong-Yi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Self-shielded flux-cored arc welding (FCAW-S) has been widely used in some parts of the world for mainline and tie-in welding of large diameter pipelines for many years. FCAW-S offers high deposition rates and requires less equipment than gas-shielded wire processes. Consequently, FCAW-S is an attractive option for girth welding under difficult field conditions (e.g., windy, remote and/or challenging terrain) and is under consideration as an alternative to shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) with cellulosic electrodes due to several well-documented girth weld failures of predominantly newly constructed X70 pipelines in North America. While FCAW-S is not likely to produce weld properties as robust as is possible with mechanized gas metal arc welding (GMAW, GMAW-P) or gas-shielded flux-cored arc welding (FCAW-G), it is evident that FCAW-S offers higher performance and productivity than SMAW with cellulosic electrodes.
This paper provides a comprehensive update of key considerations and drivers that influence FCAW-S weld toughness, specifically the causes of seemingly large variation in CVN energy through the transition region. CVN transition curves were developed for seven E81T8 FCAW-S welds fabricated under a range of welding conditions represented by heat inputs ranging from 0.6 to 1.7 kJ/mm. Toughness performance, measured as mid-transition temperature was considered in the context of fracture morphology below the CVN notches and metallographic examination of notch locations in transverse and longitudinal weld sections. Analysis indicates that toughness improves when welding practices are employed that maximize the amount of reheated weld metal at the Charpy notch location. Comparison of CVN performance with E8010 cellulosic SMAW under welding conditions typical for pipeline girth welds, the FCAW-S exhibits higher upper shelf energies and lower mid-transition temperatures.
The FCAW-S and cellulosic SMAW were also compared relative to HAZ softening and weld strength overmatching using the data from microhardness maps. HAZ results indicate the FCAW-S will produce a narrower softened zone than the SMAW for a given steel at a comparable heat input. Weld metal results indicate greater potential for overmatching an X70 specified strength range with FCAW-S.
The outcome indicates that FCAW-S can be a viable option for girth welding of high strength pipelines provided certain process controls and welding practices are implemented. Recommendations for improving performance are provided for consideration.
Methodologies for Conversion of New Natural Gas Pipelines to Hydrogen Service in North America
Authors: Olsen Kristian , Shulhan Guy , Di Zanno Pietro 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There is an increased interest in the production and use of hydrogen by various industries (utilities, refining, petrochemical, transportation) over the last three years. Applications run from monetizing the molecule for its chemical as well as for its heating and combustion properties, in boilers and fuel cells.
As hydrogen projects begin to scale-up across the world, the best distribution solution is via pipelines, even within present natural gas distribution and transmission pipeline systems. A project’s upper hydrogen blending limit will be dictated by the natural gas pipeline owner’s excess driver, compression, and pipeline flow capacities. In this paper we consider a project whereby a greenfield 100% natural gas pipeline would be designed for future conversion to blended natural gas - hydrogen operation and possibly even to 100% hydrogen use. Material selection would have to meet stringent guidelines, including dual certification to ASME B31.8 Gas Transmission and Piping Systems / ASME B31.12 Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines in the US and CSA Z662 Oil and Gas Pipelines / ASME B31.12 in Canada. In addition, the integrity management strategy should be tailored to provide sufficient information for an engineering assessment that maximizes the chances of regulatory acceptance with minimal effort. In this paper, we outline anticipated advisory services for regulatory, engineering, construction support, and integrity management to increase the validity of the service conversion application. Cost differences between natural gas only and hydrogen-ready infrastructure are summarized, including strategies for low-stress design, selection of pipe material grade and wall thickness, and metallurgical considerations for welding, fracture toughness, hydrogen embrittlement and fatigue life management. Finally, additional cost considerations are explored regarding integrity management program development costs, environment and engineering permitting, and consultation.
Reframing PSMS in the Context of Operational Risk Management and ESG Sustainability
Authors: Marshall Michael , Fingerhut Martin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Current Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) and Asset Integrity/Performance Management (AIM/APM) platforms fail to properly aggregate data from multiple Pipeline Safety Management System (PSMS) workflows into a single database which can be queried to inform real-time, risk-based analyses and decision-making relative to profitability impacts.
With predictive analytics at the core of an asset integrity and PSMS framework intent upon achieving holistic, enterprise-wide visibility and accountability for Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) program effectiveness and sustainability, this paper proposes an ideal solution designed around the following core functions:
• Reframing EHS and AIM/APM in the context of Operational Risk Management (ORM) by normalizing data relative to performance and process-related parameters
• Categorizing, prioritizing, and risk ranking incidents by economic impact (specifically lost production), enabling problem solving teams to resolve high value deep-dive systemic problems
• Satisfying the need for a one-stop system that has the highly interlinked EHS, compliance and enterprise risk management systems all in one framework
• Linking to data historians like OSIsoft PI to “give voice to equipment” for predictive analytics as necessitated by today’s digital transformation movement
• Featuring incident investigation, reporting and failure modes decision support functionality based on industry best practice standards including API 754 Process Safety Performance Indicators for Refining and Petrochemical Industries, which is also directly applicable to petroleum pipeline industry operating systems and processes where loss of containment may occur
• Offering a highly configurable user interface for key performance indicator (KPI) trending, reporting, alerts/notifications, action planning and follow-up
An Evaluation of Participant Perspectives and Wear-Time Compliance for a Wrist-Worn Versus Thigh-Worn Accelerometer in Cancer Survivors
Authors: Hidde Mary C. , Crisafio Mary E. , Gomes Emma , Lyden Kate , Leach Heather J. 
Published: December 2022

Background: Accelerometers are frequently used to measure free-living physical activity and sleep in cancer survivors. To obtain valid data, participants must adhere to wear-time guidelines; therefore, understanding survivor’s preference may be critical when selecting an accelerometer. This study compared cancer survivors’ reported discomfort and interference, and wear-time compliance between a wrist-worn accelerometer and a thigh-worn accelerometer. Methods: This was a secondary data analysis. Cancer survivors (N = 52, mean age = 51.8 [13.0], 82.3% female) wore the Actiwatch-2 (wrist) and the activPAL (thigh) for 7 days, 24 hours per day. On day 7, participants completed a questionnaire to evaluate each accelerometer using a 1 to 5 Likert scale and open-ended questions. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test evaluated differences in discomfort and interference. Paired samples t test evaluated differences in wear-time compliance. Open-ended responses were analyzed using thematic analysis methods. Results: No differences were observed in discomfort, interference, or wear-time compliance (P = .08). Qualitative analysis resulted in 2 themes: discomfort and ease of use and interference and adverse reaction. Interferences were primarily reported with the Actiwatch-2, whereas discomfort and ease were primarily reported with the activPAL. Conclusion: No significant differences were observed regarding discomfort, interference, and compliance. Results of this study can prepare researchers for common issues regarding accelerometer compliance, allowing researchers to offer resources to alleviate discomforts or interferences that may affect wear-time compliance.
Intraocular pressure increases the rate of macular vessel density loss in glaucoma
Authors: Mahmoudinezhad Golnoush , Moghimi Sasan , Nishida Takashi , Micheletti Eleonora , Du Kelvin H , Mohammadzadeh Vahid , Wu Jo-Hsuan , Kamalipour Alireza , Weinreb Robert N 
Published: December 2022

Background/aimsTo evaluate the relationship over time between intraocular pressure (IOP) and the rate of macula whole image vessel density (wiVD) loss and whole image ganglion cell complex (wiGCC) thinning in glaucomaMethodsFrom 62 patients in the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study, 59 Primary open-angle glaucoma and 27 glaucoma suspect eyes with mean follow-up of 3.2 years were followed. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A)-based vessel density and OCT-based structural thickness of the same 6×6 mm GCC scan slab were evaluated. Univariable and multivariable linear mixed models were performed for all eyes and also a subset of them in which peak IOP <18 mm Hg to investigate the effect of IOP parameters on the rate of wiVD and wiGCC change.ResultsThe mean baseline visual field mean deviation (95% CI) was −3.3 dB (−4.4 to –2.1). Higher mean IOP (−0.07%/year per 1 mm Hg (−0.14 to –0.01), p=0.033), peak IOP (−0.07%/year per 1 mm Hg (−0.13 to –0.02), p=0.004) and IOP fluctuation (IOP SD) (−0.17%/year per 1 mm Hg (−0.32 to 0.02), p=0.026) were associated with faster macular vessel density loss. Faster wiGCC thinning was associated with higher mean IOP (−0.05 µm/year per 1 mm Hg (−0.10 to –0.01), p=0.015), peak IOP (−0.05 µm/year per 1 mm Hg (−0.08 to –0.02), p=0.003) and IOP fluctuation (−0.12 µm/year per 1 mm Hg (−0.22 to –0.01), p=0.032). In eyes with peak <18 mm Hg, faster wiVD progression was associated with higher mean IOP (p=0.042). Faster wiGCC progression was associated with higher mean IOP in these eyes (p=0.025).ConclusionIOP metrics were associated with faster rates of overall macular microvascular loss and also in the eyes with peak IOP <18 mm Hg. Future studies are needed to examine whether additional IOP lowering reduces the rate of microvascular loss in patients with glaucoma.Trial registration numberNCT00221897.
Machine-learning approaches to identify determining factors of happiness during the COVID-19 pandemic: retrospective cohort study
Authors: Osawa Itsuki , Goto Tadahiro , Tabuchi Takahiro , Koga Hayami K , Tsugawa Yusuke 
Published: December 2022

ObjectiveTo investigate determining factors of happiness during the COVID-19 pandemic.DesignObservational study.SettingLarge online surveys in Japan before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.ParticipantsA random sample of 25 482 individuals who are representatives of the Japanese population.Main outcome measureSelf-reported happiness measured using a 10-point Likert scale, where higher scores indicated higher levels of happiness. We defined participants with ≥8 on the scale as having high levels of happiness.ResultsAmong the 25 482 respondents, the median score of self-reported happiness was 7 (IQR 6–8), with 11 418 (45%) reporting high levels of happiness during the pandemic. The multivariable logistic regression model showed that meaning in life, having a spouse, trust in neighbours and female gender were positively associated with happiness (eg, adjusted OR (aOR) for meaning in life 4.17; 95% CI 3.92 to 4.43; p<0.001). Conversely, self-reported poor health, anxiety about future household income, psychiatric diseases except depression and feeling isolated were negatively associated with happiness (eg, aOR for self-reported poor health 0.44; 95% CI 0.39 to 0.48; p<0.001). Using machine-learning methods, we found that meaning in life and social capital (eg, having a spouse and trust in communities) were the strongest positive determinants of happiness, whereas poor health, anxiety about future household income and feeling isolated were important negative determinants of happiness. Among 6965 subjects who responded to questionnaires both before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, there was no systemic difference in the patterns as to determinants of declined happiness during the pandemic.ConclusionUsing machine-learning methods on data from large online surveys in Japan, we found that interventions that have a positive impact on social capital as well as successful pandemic control and economic stimuli may effectively improve the population-level psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Changing trends in ethnicity and academic performance: observational cohort data from a UK medical school
Authors: Mukherji Prokriti , Adas Maryam A , Clarke Benjamin , Galloway James B , Mulvey Thomas , Norton Sam , Turner Jonathan , Russell Mark D , Lempp Heidi , Li Shuangyu 
Published: December 2022

ObjectiveQuantify differential attainment by ethnicity in undergraduate medical assessments and evaluate whether institutional efforts to reduce the attainment gap have had impact.DesignObservational cohort study.SettingA single UK MBBS medical programme.ParticipantsPseudonymised data of adults aged ≥18 years enrolled in one of the UK MBBS medical programmes between 2012 and 2018. Ethnicity was self-declared during enrolment as White, Asian, Black, mixed and other.Main outcome measureModule mark (distinction, merit, pass, fail) graded according to a variety of assessments, including single best answer examinations, objective structured clinical examinations and coursework submissions. All modular assessments are graded as a percentage. Logistic regression models were used to calculate relative risk ratio to study the association between ethnicity and attainment gap over a calendar and scholastic year. Models were adjusted for age, gender, social deprivation and scholastic year of study.Results3714 student records were included. In the sample, 2134 students (57%) were non-white. The proportion of non-white students increased from 2007 (49%) to 2018 (70%). Mean age was 18 (IQR 18–21) and 56.6% were females. Higher proportion of non-white students 218 (24.8%) were from more deprived backgrounds versus white 76 (14.8%). Compared with non-white, there were no significant differences in the proportion of students failing assessments. However, white students were more likely to achieve merit (relative risk ratio 1.29 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.45)) or distinction (1.69 (95% CI 1.37 to 2.08)). Differences in attainment gap have remained unchanged over time, and for black students, attainment gap grew between their first and final year of study.ConclusionA similar proportion (97%) of non-white and white students had a passing score, but attainment gap for higher grades persists over years despite widespread efforts in medical schools to diminish the attainment gap linked to ethnicity. Our findings are from a single institution, thus affecting generalisability.