bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resilient California Water Portfolios Require Infrastructure Investment Partnerships That Are Viable for All Partners
Authors: Hamilton Andrew L. , Zeff Harrison B. , Characklis Gregory W. , Reed Patrick M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWater scarcity is a growing problem around the world, and regions such as California are working to develop diversified, interconnected, flexible, and resilient water supply portfolios. To meet these goals, water utilities, irrigation districts, and other organizations will need to cooperate across scales to finance, build, and operate shared water supply infrastructure. However, planning studies to date have generally focused on partnership‐level outcomes (i.e., highly aggregated cost‐benefit analyses), while ignoring the heterogeneity of benefits, costs, and risks across the individual partners. This study contributes an exploratory modeling analysis that tests thousands of alternative infrastructure partnerships in the Central Valley of California, using a daily scale simulation model (CALFEWS) to evaluate the effects of new infrastructure on individual water providers. The viability of conveyance and groundwater banking investments are as strongly shaped by partnership design choices (i.e., which water providers are participating, and how is the project's debt distributed?) as by extreme hydrologic conditions (i.e., floods and droughts). Importantly, most of the analyzed partnerships yield highly unequal distributions of water supply and financial risks across the partners, so that only 8% of the partnerships explored are capable of providing water to each partner for under $200/ML. Partnership viability is especially rare in the absence of groundwater banking facilities (1%), or under dry hydrologic conditions (1%), even under explicitly optimistic assumptions regarding climate change. Given these results, we outline several major policy implications for institutionally complex regions such as California, which are currently investing heavily in cooperative approaches to resilient water portfolio design.
New Perspectives on the 143Nd/144Nd Palaeoceanographic Tracer on Foraminifera: The State‐of‐the‐Art Frontiers of Analytical Methods
Authors: Scheiner Filip , Ackerman Lukáš , Holcová Katarína , Rejšek Jan , Vollstaedt Hauke , Ďurišová Jana , Santolík Václav 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe 143Nd/144Nd isotopic composition of foraminifera represents one of the most prominent palaeoceanographic proxies enabling tracing of particular water masses due to the short residence time of Nd in seawater and large‐scale provinciality resulting from its lithogenic origin. Despite its wide use, the applicability of foraminiferal Nd isotopic systematics as a palaeoceanographic tracer is largely hampered by the amount of material needed for precise analyses. Here, we analyzed for the first time foraminiferal samples of a combined weight of only ∼300–500 μg (ca. 300 pg to 1 ng Nd loaded). We followed a methodology that utilizes Nd separation from the matrix and provides precise 143Nd/144Nd determinations by thermal ionization mass spectrometry with sensitive 1013 Ω amplifiers. Two different techniques analyzing NdO+ and Nd+ (single/double filament configurations) were employed and tested to assess the limits both in terms of in‐run precision and accuracy concluding that the former method yielded an external reproducibility on the determined 143Nd/144Nd better than ∼90 ppm (2RSD; relative standard deviation) for 100 pg Nd loads. The overall veracity was tested by multiple analyses of Holocene and Miocene foraminifera from the Mediterranean region. Pooled data were obtained in agreement with previous studies attesting that multiple analyses of even very low Nd loads (≤1 ng) can lead to sufficient precision. As revealed by our newly obtained data, individual foraminiferal species show a significant naturally induced 143Nd/144Nd variability that needs to be considered when pursuing Nd isotopic analysis.
The Dynamics of Unlikely Slip: 3D Modeling of Low‐Angle Normal Fault Rupture at the Mai'iu Fault, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Biemiller J. , Gabriel A.‐A. , Ulrich T. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDespite decades‐long debate over the mechanics of low‐angle normal faults (LANFs) dipping less than 30°, many questions about their strength, stress, and slip remain unresolved. Recent geologic and geophysical observations have confirmed that gently dipping detachment faults can slip at such shallow dips and host moderate‐to‐large earthquakes. Here, we analyze the first 3D dynamic rupture models to assess how different stress and strength conditions affect rupture characteristics of LANF earthquakes. We model observationally constrained spontaneous rupture under different loading conditions on the active Mai'iu fault in Papua New Guinea, which dips 16°–24° at the surface and accommodates ∼8 mm/yr of horizontal extension. We analyze four distinct fault‐local stress scenarios: (1) Andersonian extension, as inferred in the hanging wall; (2) back‐rotated principal stresses inferred paleopiezometrically from the exhumed footwall; (3) favorably rotated principal stresses well‐aligned for low‐angle normal‐sense slip; and (4) Andersonian extension derived from depth‐variable static fault friction decreasing toward the surface. Our modeling suggests that subcritically stressed detachment faults can host moderate earthquakes within purely Andersonian stress fields. Near‐surface rupture is impeded by free‐surface stress interactions and dynamic effects of the gently dipping geometry and frictionally stable gouges of the shallowest portion of the fault. Although favorably inclined principal stresses have been proposed for some detachments, these conditions are not necessary for seismic slip on these faults. Our results demonstrate how integrated geophysical and geologic observations can constrain dynamic rupture model parameters to develop realistic rupture scenarios of active faults that may pose significant seismic and tsunami hazards to nearby communities.
Nickel and Chromium Stable Isotopic Composition of Ureilites: Implications for the Earth's Core Formation and Differentiation of the Ureilite Parent Body
Authors: Zhu Ke , Barrat Jean‐Alix , Yamaguchi Akira , Rouxel Olivier , Germain Yoan , Langlade Jessica , Moynier Frederic 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe report the first Ni and Cr stable isotope data for ureilite meteorites that are the mantle residue of a carbon‐rich differentiated planet. Ureilites have similar Ni stable isotope compositions as chondrites, suggesting that the core‐mantle differentiation of ureilite parent body (UPB) did not fractionate Ni isotopes. Since the size of Earth is potentially larger than that of UPB; with diameter >690 km), resulting in higher temperatures at the core‐mantle boundary of Earth, it can be predicted that the terrestrial core formation may not directly cause Ni stable isotope fractionation. On the other hand, we also report high‐precision Cr stable isotope composition of ureilites, including one ureilitic trachyandesite (ALM‐A) that is enriched in lighter Cr stable isotopes relative to the main‐group ureilites, which suggests that the partial melting occurred on UPB. The globally heavy Cr in the UPB compared to chondrites can be caused by sulfur‐rich core formation processes.
Cutoff Latitudes of Solar Proton Events Measured by GPS Satellites
Authors: van Hazendonk C. M. , Heino E. , Jiggens P. T. A. , Taylor M. G. G. T. , Partamies N. , Mulders H. C. J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSolar energetic particles (SEPs), one of the main causes of particle radiation in interplanetary space, can disrupt radio communication, induce spacecraft failures and change the heating and cooling rates in the atmosphere among others. To investigate the impact of SEPs and more specifically solar proton events (SPEs), we established a cutoff latitude database based on energetic particle data from Combined X‐ray Dosimeters (CXDs) on board the Global Positioning System (GPS) spacecraft. Introducing a novel normalization method involving proton fluxes from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites enabled us to include the CXD data from its introduction (2001) onwards. The database contains 5714 cutoff latitudes divided over six energies between 18 and 115 MeV which occur during 58 SPEs from 2001 to 2015. Based on the database, a cutoff latitude parameterization as a function of solar wind dynamic pressure and geomagnetic indices Kp and Dst is created for each energy. Moreover, comparisons to previous studies on energetic particle data from the Polar Orbiting Environmental Satellites have been performed to put the GPS data into perspective. A 1–2° poleward offset is found for the GPS based cutoff latitude models, for which several causes are discussed. Furthermore, the limitation of GPS data to geomagnetic latitudes above 60° should be considered. All in all, the usage of the long time span of GPS data in this study combined with its recent release (2016) opens up a new range of studies involving GPS energetic particle data such as investigating long‐term trends with respect to our solar cycle or magnetospheric trends.
Plasma Parameters From Quasi‐Thermal Noise Observed by Parker Solar Probe: A New Model for the Antenna Response
Authors: Martinović Mihailo M. , Ðorđević Antonije R. , Klein Kristopher G. , Maksimović Milan , Issautier Karine , Liu Mingzhe , Pulupa Marc , Bale Stuart D. , Halekas Jasper S. , McManus Michael D. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractQuasi‐Thermal Noise (QTN) spectroscopy is a reliable diagnostic routinely used for measuring electron density and temperature in space plasmas. The observed spectrum depends on both antenna geometry and plasma kinetic properties. Parker solar probe (PSP), launched in 2018, is equipped with an antenna system consisting of two linear dipoles with a significant gap between the antenna arms. Such a configuration, not utilized on previous missions, cannot be completely described by current models of the antenna response function. In this work, we calculate the current distribution and the corresponding response function for the PSP antenna geometry, and use these results to generate synthetic QTN spectra. Applying this model to the Encounter 7 observations from PSP provides accurate estimations of electron density and temperature, which are in very good agreement with particle analyzer measurements.
The State of Pore Fluid Pressure and 3‐D Megathrust Earthquake Dynamics
Authors: Madden Elizabeth H. , Ulrich Thomas , Gabriel Alice‐Agnes 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe study the effects of pore fluid pressure (Pf) on the pre‐earthquake, near‐fault stress state, and 3‐D earthquake rupture dynamics through six scenarios utilizing a structural model based on the 2004 Mw 9.1 Sumatra‐Andaman earthquake. As pre‐earthquake Pf magnitude increases, effective normal stress and fault shear strength decrease. As a result, magnitude, slip, peak slip rate, stress drop, and rupture velocity of the scenario earthquakes decrease. Comparison of results with observations of the 2004 earthquake support that pre‐earthquake Pf averages near 97% of lithostatic pressure, leading to pre‐earthquake average shear and effective normal tractions of 4–5 and 22 MPa. The megathrust in these scenarios is weak, in terms of low mean shear traction at static failure and low dynamic friction coefficient during rupture. Apparent co‐seismic principal stress rotations and absolute post‐seismic stresses in these scenarios are consistent with the variety of observed aftershock focal mechanisms. In all scenarios, the mean apparent stress rotations are larger above than below the megathrust. Scenarios with larger Pf magnitudes exhibit lower mean apparent principal stress rotations. We further evaluate pre‐earthquake Pf depth distribution. If Pf follows a sublithostatic gradient, pre‐earthquake effective normal stress increases with depth. If Pf follows the lithostatic gradient exactly, then this normal stress is constant, shifting peak slip and peak slip rate updip. This renders constraints on near‐trench strength and constitutive behavior crucial for mitigating hazard. These scenarios provide opportunity for future calibration with site‐specific measurements to constrain dynamically plausible megathrust strength and Pf gradients.
Radiocarbon in the Atmosphere and Seawater in the South China Sea: Flux, Inventory and Air‐Sea CO2 Exchange Rate Tracing
Authors: Niu Zhenchuan , Zhou Weijian , Zhao Huiyizhe , Feng Xue , Lyu Mengni 
Published: March 2022

AbstractΔ14C values of the atmosphere and seawater dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were measured during a cruise in the South China Sea (SCS) in September 2015, in order to determine the 14C flux and bomb 14C‐based air‐sea CO2 exchange rates for this region. The background atmospheric Δ14C value (13.8 ± 5.0‰) for the SCS during that period was lower than that (35.4 ± 3.4‰) of surface seawater (5 m) DIC, and a net transfer of 14C from the sea to the atmosphere (7.4 ± 5.0 × 1011 atoms m−2 yr−1) was determined at the wind speed of 5.2 ± 1.7 m s−1. Seawater DIC Δ14C profiles showed the highest value (37.9 ± 3.7‰) at a depth of 100 m, a rapid decrease below that depth to −220.3 ± 3.2‰ at 1,500 m, and nearly constant values below 1,500 m. The average mean penetration depth of bomb 14C was 585.5 ± 99.2 m, and a value of 8.2 ± 1.0 × 109 atoms cm−2 was obtained for the bomb 14C inventory in this region. Based on this inventory, a long‐term (1954–2015) average air‐sea CO2 exchange rate of 20.2 ± 2.8 mol m−2 yr−1 was traced for the SCS. Combined with the pCO2 measurements in this region, a net CO2 flux rate of 0.54 ± 0.08 mol m−2 yr−1 was yielded for the SCS, which is comparable to the cruise measured flux (0.44 ± 0.62 mol m−2 yr−1) obtained from a synthesis study (Li et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102272). Our study highlights the importance of continued atmospheric and seawater 14C observations on determining the air‐sea flux in this region.
Worldwide Signature of the 2022 Tonga Volcanic Tsunami
Authors: Carvajal Matías , Sepúlveda Ignacio , Gubler Alejandra , Garreaud René 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe eruption of the Hunga Tonga‐Hunga Ha'apai Volcano in January 2022 in the southwest Pacific islands of Tonga triggered a tsunami that was detected beyond the Pacific basin. Here we show its spatiotemporal signature as revealed by hundreds of publicly available coastal tide gauge records from around the world. The Tonga tsunami was characterized by a uniformly small leading wave that arrived earlier than theoretically expected for a tsunami wave freely propagating away from the volcano. In contrast, the largest waves, of up to +3 m high, were concentrated in the Pacific and their timing agrees well with tsunami propagation times from the volcano. While the leading waves were caused by a previously reported fast‐moving atmospheric pressure pulse generated in the volcanic explosion, the large waves observed later in the Pacific were likely originated in the vicinity of the volcano although its generation mechanism(s) cannot be identified by the tide gauge data alone.
Effect of Meteoric Ions on Ionospheric Conductance at Jupiter
Authors: Nakamura Yuki , Terada Koichiro , Tao Chihiro , Terada Naoki , Kasaba Yasumasa , Leblanc François , Kita Hajime , Nakamizo Aoi , Yoshikawa Akimasa , Ohtani Shinichi , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Kagitani Masato , Sakanoi Takeshi , Murakami Go , Yoshioka Kazuo , Kimura Tomoki , Yamazaki Atsushi , Yoshikawa Ichiro 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIonospheric Pedersen and Hall conductances play significant roles in electromagnetic coupling between the planetary ionosphere and magnetosphere. Several observations and models have suggested the existence of meteoric ions with interplanetary origins in the lower part of Jupiter’s ionosphere; however, no models have considered the contributions of meteoric ions to ionospheric conductance. This study is designed to evaluate the contribution of meteoric ions to ionospheric conductance by developing an ionospheric model combining a meteoroid ablation model and a photochemical model. We find that the largest contribution to Pedersen and Hall conductivities occurs in the meteoric ion layer at altitudes of 350–600 km due to the large concentration of meteoric ions resulting from their long lifetimes of more than 100 Jovian days. Pedersen and Hall conductances are enhanced by factors of 3 and 10, respectively, in the middle‐ and low‐latitude and auroral regions when meteoric ions are included. The distribution of Pedersen and Hall conductances becomes axisymmetric in the middle‐ and low‐latitude regions. Enhanced axisymmetric ionospheric conductance should impact magnetospheric plasma convection. The contribution of meteoric ions to the ionospheric conductance is expected to be important only on Jupiter in our solar system because of Jupiter’s intense magnetic and gravitational fields.
Sirtuins are crucial regulators of T cell metabolism and functions
Authors: Hamaidi Imene , Kim Sungjune 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIt is well known that metabolism underlies T cell differentiation and functions. The pathways regulating T cell metabolism and function are interconnected, and changes in T cell metabolic activity directly impact the effector functions and fate of T cells. Thus, understanding how metabolic pathways influence immune responses and ultimately affect disease progression is paramount. Epigenetic and posttranslational modification mechanisms have been found to control immune responses and metabolic reprogramming. Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent histone deacetylases that play key roles during cellular responses to a variety of stresses and have recently been reported to have potential roles in immune responses. Therefore, sirtuins are of significant interest as therapeutic targets to treat immune-related diseases and enhance antitumor immunity. This review aims to illustrate the potential roles of sirtuins in different subtypes of T cells during the adaptive immune response.
Epigenetic repression of Wnt receptors in AD: a role for Sirtuin2-induced H4K16ac deacetylation of Frizzled1 and Frizzled7 promoters
Authors: Palomer Ernest , Martín-Flores Núria , Jolly Sarah , Pascual-Vargas Patricia , Benvegnù Stefano , Podpolny Marina , Teo Samuel , Vaher Kadi , Saito Takashi , Saido Takaomi C. , Whiting Paul , Salinas Patricia C. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractGrowing evidence supports a role for deficient Wnt signalling in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). First, the Wnt antagonist DKK1 is elevated in AD brains and is required for amyloid-β-induced synapse loss. Second, LRP6 Wnt co-receptor is required for synapse integrity and three variants of this receptor are linked to late-onset AD. However, the expression/role of other Wnt signalling components remain poorly explored in AD. Wnt receptors Frizzled1 (Fzd1), Fzd5, Fzd7 and Fzd9 are of interest due to their role in synapse formation/plasticity. Our analyses showed reducedFZD1andFZD7mRNA levels in the hippocampus of human early AD stages and in the hAPPNLGF/NLGFmouse model. This transcriptional downregulation was accompanied by reduced levels of the pro-transcriptional histone mark H4K16ac and a concomitant increase of its deacetylase Sirt2 atFzd1andFzd7promoters in AD. In vitro and in vivo inhibition of Sirt2 rescuedFzd1andFzd7mRNA expression and H4K16ac levels at their promoters. In addition, we showed that Sirt2 recruitment toFzd1andFzd7promoters is dependent on FoxO1 activity in AD, thus acting as a co-repressor. Finally, we found reduced levels of SIRT2 inhibitory phosphorylation in nuclear samples from human early AD stages with a concomitant increase in the SIRT2 phosphatase PP2C. This results in hyperactive nuclear Sirt2 and favoursFzd1andFzd7repression in AD. Collectively, our findings define a novel role for nuclear hyperactivated SIRT2 in repressingFzd1andFzd7expressionviaH4K16ac deacetylation in AD. We propose SIRT2 as an attractive target to ameliorate AD pathology.
Exploration and functionalization of M1-macrophage extracellular vesicles for effective accumulation in glioblastoma and strong synergistic therapeutic effects
Authors: Wang Xiaojun , Ding Hui , Li Zongyang , Peng Yaonan , Tan Hui , Wang Changlong , Huang Guodong , Li Weiping , Ma Guanghui , Wei Wei 
Published: March 2022

AbstractGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor with an extremely low survival rate. New and effective approaches for treatment are therefore urgently needed. Here, we successfully developed M1-like macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (M1EVs) that overcome multiple challenges via guidance from two macrophage-related observations in clinical specimens from GBM patients: enrichment of M2 macrophages in GBM; and origination of a majority of infiltrating macrophage from peripheral blood. To maximize the synergistic effect, we further functionalized the membranes of M1EVs with two hydrophobic agents (the chemical excitation source CPPO (C) and the photosensitizer Ce6 (C)) and loaded the hydrophilic hypoxia-activated prodrug AQ4N (A) into the inner core of the M1EVs. After intravenous injection, the inherent nature of M1-derived extracellular vesicles CCA-M1EVs allowed for blood-brain barrier penetration, and modulated the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment via M2-to-M1 polarization, which increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels. Furthermore, the reaction between H2O2 and CPPO produced chemical energy, which could be used for Ce6 activation to generate large amounts of reactive oxygen species to achieve chemiexcited photodynamic therapy (CDT). As this reaction consumed oxygen, the aggravation of tumor hypoxia also led to the conversion of non-toxic AQ4N into toxic AQ4 for chemotherapy. Therefore, CCA-M1EVs achieved synergistic immunomodulation, CDT, and hypoxia-activated chemotherapy in GBM to exert a potent therapeutic effect. Finally, we demonstrated the excellent effect of CCA-M1EVs against GBM in cell-derived xenograft and patient-derived xenograft models, underscoring the strong potential of our highly flexible M1EVs system to support multi-modal therapies for difficult-to-treat GBM.