bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
607 A Career in Neurosurgery: Perceptions and the Impact of a National SBNS/NANSIG Neurosurgery Careers Day
Authors: Solomou G , Venkantesh A , Patel W , Chari A , Mohan M , Bandyopadhyay S , Gillespie C , Mendoza N , Watts C , Jenkins A 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Entrance to neurosurgical training is highly competitive. Without advice and opportunities, talented individuals may be dissuaded from applying. The Neurology and Neurosurgery Interest Group organised the 9th Annual Careers Day in Neurosurgery every year. Our objective was to assess the overall utility of a neurosurgery careers day and the perceived factors that attract and detract from the speciality.
18-item pre-conference post-conference questionnaires were disseminated electronically to conference attendees. Questions aimed to capture: i) baseline demographics; ii) previous experience and exposure in neurosurgery; iii) interest in neurosurgery; iv) understanding training and a career in neurosurgery; v) perceived factors of attraction and dissuasion of neurosurgery; and vi) perceived value, quality and educational purpose of the conference.
In total, 77 delegates attended. 19/77 did not have a formal neurosurgical rotation during medical school, but almost half had gained neurosurgical experience. The careers day increased knowledge of the neurosurgical application process (median Likert score 3/5 to 4/5), duration of training (72.7% to 88.3%), and desire to pursue a career in neurosurgery (75.3% to 81.8%). The most common factors attracting delegates to neurosurgery were interest in neuroanatomy (80.5%, n=62) and practical skills (64.9%, n=50). Dissuasive factors were competition to entry (64.9%, n=50) and long working hours (40.3%, n=31). Almost all would recommend the event to a colleague (94.9%, n=73).
Undergraduate exposure to neurosurgery is limited. Neurosurgery careers days increase awareness and understanding of the application process and improve interest in a selected cohort. The factors attracting applicants to neurosurgery remain practical links to anatomy and direct impact on patients.
873 Outcomes of the Gastrocnemius Flap Performed by Orthopaedic Surgeons in Salvage Revision Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: McCulloch R , Adlan A , Evans S , Parry M , Stevenson J , Jeys L 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Aim
The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of gastrocnemius flaps performed by appropriately trained orthopaedic surgeons for soft-tissue coverage in the context of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) and, secondly, to evaluate the infection-free survival of this patient group.

Method
We retrospectively reviewed 30 patients who underwent gastrocnemius flap reconstruction during staged revision total knee arthroplasty for prosthetic joint infection (PJI). All flaps were performed by an orthopaedic surgeon with orthoplastics training. Patients had a mean age of 68.9 years (range 50–84) and were followed up for a mean of 50.4 months (range 2–128 months). A total of 29 patients (97%) were categorized into Musculoskeletal Infection Society (MSIS) local extremity grade 3 (greater than two compromising factors), and 52% of PJIs were polymicrobial.

Results
Flap survival was 100% with no failures or early returns to theatre for flap problems such as necrosis or haematoma. Overall infection-free survival during the study period was 48% (13 of 27 infected cases). Infection recurrence occurred in 48% (10 patients) in the type B3 cohort and 67% (4 patients) in the type C3 cohort (p = 0.65).

Conclusions
The surgical technique for a gastrocnemius myofascial flap is reliable and reproducible when performed by appropriately trained orthopaedic surgeons, even in high-risk groups. However, the risks of recurrent infection and amputation remain high within our series due to poor host and extremity factors.
Smartphone and wearable detected atrial arrhythmias in Older Adults: Results of a fully digital European Case finding study
Authors: Fabritz L , Connolly D L , Czarnecki E , Dudek D , Guasch E , Haase D , Huebner T , Zlahoda-Huzior A , Jolly K , Kirchhof P , Obergassel J , Schotten U , Vettorazzi E , Winkelmann S J , Zapf A , Schnabel R B ,   Smart in OAC—AFNET 9 investigators
Published: November 2022

AbstractAimsSimplified detection of atrial arrhythmias via consumer-electronics would enable earlier therapy in at-risk populations. Whether this is feasible and effective in older populations is not known.Methods and resultsThe fully remote, investigator-initiated Smartphone and wearable detected atrial arrhythmia in Older Adults Case finding study (Smart in OAC—AFNET 9) digitally enrolled participants ≥65 years without known atrial fibrillation, not receiving oral anticoagulation in Germany, Poland, and Spain for 8 weeks. Participants were invited by media communications and direct contacts. Study procedures adhered to European data protection. Consenting participants received a wristband with a photoplethysmography sensor to be coupled to their smartphone. The primary outcome was the detection of atrial arrhythmias lasting 6 min or longer in the first 4 weeks of monitoring. Eight hundred and eighty-two older persons (age 71 ± 5 years, range 65–90, 500 (57%) women, 414 (47%) hypertension, and 97 (11%) diabetes) recorded signals. Most participants (72%) responded to adverts or word of mouth, leaflets (11%) or general practitioners (9%). Participation was completely remote in 469/882 persons (53%). During the first 4 weeks, participants transmitted PPG signals for 533/696 h (77% of the maximum possible time). Atrial arrhythmias were detected in 44 participants (5%) within 28 days, and in 53 (6%) within 8 weeks. Detection was highest in the first monitoring week [incidence rates: 1st week: 3.4% (95% confidence interval 2.4–4.9); 2nd–4th week: 0.55% (0.33–0.93)].ConclusionRemote, digitally supported consumer-electronics-based screening is feasible in older European adults and identifies atrial arrhythmias in 5% of participants within 4 weeks of monitoring (NCT04579159).
A calibrated choice experiment method
Authors: Chenarides Lauren , Grebitus Carola , Lusk Jayson L , Printezis Iryna 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Although choice experiments (CEs) have emerged as the most popular stated preference method in applied economics, the method is not free from biases related to order and presentation effects. This paper introduces a new preference elicitation method referred to as a calibrated CE (CCE), and we explore the ability of the new method to alleviate starting-point bias. The new approach utilises the distribution of preferences from a prior CE to provide real-time feedback to respondents about our best guess of their willingness-to-pay (WTP) for food attributes and allows respondents to adjust and calibrate their values. The analysis utilises data collected in 2017 in two US cities, Phoenix and Detroit, on consumer preferences for local and organic tomatoes sold through supermarkets, urban farms and farmers’ markets to establish a prior preference distribution. We re-conducted the survey in May 2020 and implemented the CCE. Conventional analysis of the 2020 CE data shows that WTP is strongly influenced by a starting point: the higher the initial price respondents encountered, the higher the absolute value of their WTP. Despite this bias, we show that when respondents have the opportunity to update their WTP when presented with the best guess, the resulting calibrated WTP is much less influenced by the random starting point.
How socioeconomic status affects weight status through health-related lifestyles: a latent class analysis
Authors: García-Mayor Jesús , Moreno-Llamas Antonio , De la Cruz-Sánchez Ernesto 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Aims
Obesity levels have increased worldwide with serious public health concerns. However, weight status is related to socioeconomic status (SES), which may also influence health-related lifestyles. Here, we study the association between SES and obesity mediated by diet and physical activity.

Methods and results
Using cross-sectional data from 2006, 2011, 2014, and 2017 Spanish health surveys (the final sample consisted of 61 768 adults aged between 18 and 64 years), we conducted a latent class analysis to estimate health-related lifestyle clusters (based on dietary patterns and physical activity) and mediation analyses to evaluate the association of SES and obesity through the clustering of health-related lifestyles. In both men and women, SES was inversely related to obesity (P &lt; 0.001) and positively related to healthier lifestyle classes (P &lt; 0.001). Obesity was inversely related to healthier lifestyle classes (P &lt; 0.001). A small—although significant—proportion mediated by the clustering of lifestyles was found as follows: 4.9%, 95% CI (6.6%, 3.2%) in men and 2.3%, 95% CI (3.4%, 1.3%) in women for educational attainment, 5.3%, 95% CI (7.2%, 3.6%) in men and 2.0%, 95% CI (2.9%, 1.1%) in women for occupational social class, and 4.9%, 95% CI (6.5%, 3.1%) and 1.9%, 95% CI (2.9%, 1.1%) combining the above two SES indicators.

Conclusions
SES is related to obesity through clustering health-related lifestyles, with greater emphasis on men. However, the complex relationship between SES and weight status also suggests other indicators that contribute to the social gradient of obesity.
Perspective of smokers and healthcare professionals toward real-time video counseling smoking cessation program in general out-patient clinics in Hong Kong: a qualitative study
Authors: Yung Hiu Ting , Wong Man Kin , Lai Shiu Kee , Liang Jun 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Objective
This study aimed to explore the perceptions and experiences of individuals that currently smoke and healthcare professionals on using real-time video counseling in the Smoking Cessation and Counselling Program in General Out-patient Clinics in Hong Kong.

Design
This was a qualitative study using face-to-face semi-structured interviews based on the extended technology acceptance model. All interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Two investigators coded the transcripts independently. Thematic analysis was adopted.

Participants
Individuals that currently smoke and healthcare professionals who had experience using real-time video counseling in the Smoking Cessation and Counselling Program in General Out-patient Clinics in Hong Kong were recruited. Purposive sampling was adopted. 18 participants were interviewed to reach data saturation.

Main Outcome Measures
Themes that emerged from thematic analysis of data were the main outcome measures. The emerged themes were refined and verified via inductive and then deductive processes until data saturation was reached.

Results
Two core themes, which were in coherence with the extended technology acceptance model, namely (i) perceived ease of use and (ii) perceived usefulness, were identified. Under perceived ease of use, we identified 2 subthemes: (i) convenience and (ii) measures to facilitate the use of real-time video counseling. Three subthemes were identified under perceived usefulness: (i) empathy and rapport, (ii) measures for pandemics, and (iii) service outcome.

Conclusion
Our study provided a culture-specific perspective of users towards real-time video counseling. It identified users’ opinions on the easiness and usefulness of the service. Those could provide clues for future improvement and development of using real-time video counseling in healthcare services.
Integrated seismic source model of the 2021M7.1 Fukushima earthquake
Authors: Zhang Yijun , Bao Han , Aoki Yosuke , Hashima Akinori 
Published: November 2022

SUMMARYWe constructed an integrated rupture model of the 2021 Mw 7.1 Fukushima earthquake, an intraplate earthquake, by resolving both its spatiotemporal distribution of slip-rate and high-frequency (∼1 Hz) radiations. We analysed near-field seismic observations using a novel finite-fault inversion method that allows automatic parametrization and teleseismic data from multiple arrays using the MUSIC backprojection (BP) method that enhances imaging resolution. The inverted slip distribution obtained from waveforms filtered in the frequency band of 0.02–0.2 Hz showed that the kinematic rupture propagated along both the strike (∼35 km) and dip directions (∼85 km), and that the large-slip area was located southwest to the hypocentre with a maximum slip of ∼1.03 m. Overall, no obvious frequency-dependent rupture behaviours occurred during the rupture process due to the deep nucleation of the Fukushima earthquake on a heterogeneous fault where sizes of asperities do not monotonically increase with depth, which sheds light on understanding the rupture dynamics of intraplate earthquakes in subduction zones. Both the slip inversion and BP revealed the general rupture feature of this earthquake with southwestward and updip directivity. A comparison of BPs between multiple arrays indicates that the source–receiver geometry and the directivity effect of an earthquake may cause critical discrepancies in BPs of different arrays. From the temporal change of stress around the hypocentre of the 2021 Fukushima earthquake due to the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Mw 9.1 earthquake, the long-term dominance of viscoelastic relaxation increased the Coulomb failure function (CFF) by 0.3–0.7 MPa, indicating that the occurrence of the Fukushima earthquake has been likely promoted by the post-seismic deformation due to the Tohoku-Oki earthquake.
Exploring the roles of players in strategic purchasing for healthcare in Africa—a scoping review
Authors: Kachapila Mwayi , Kigozi Jesse , Oppong Raymond 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFollowing the World Health Organization (WHO) guidance on strategic purchasing in 2000, low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are trying to shift from passive purchasing (using fixed budgets) to strategic purchasing of healthcare which ties reimbursement to outcomes. However, there is limited evidence on strategic purchasing in Africa. We conducted a scoping literature review aimed at summarizing the roles played by governments, purchasers and providers in relation to citizens/population in strategic purchasing in Africa. The review searched for scientific journal articles that contained data on strategic purchasing collected from Africa. The literature search identified 957 articles of which 80 matched the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The study revealed that in some countries strategic purchasing has been used as a tool for healthcare reforms or for strengthening systems that were not functional under fixed budgets. However, there was some evidence of a lack of government commitment in taking leading roles and funding strategic purchasing. Further, in some countries the laws need to be revised to accommodate new arrangements that were not part of fixed budgets. The review also established that there were some obstacles within the public health systems that deterred purchasers from promoting efficiency among providers and that prevented providers from having full autonomy in decision making. As African countries strive to shift from passive to strategic purchasing of healthcare, there is need for full government commitment on strategic purchasing. There is need to further revise appropriate legal frameworks to support strategic purchasing, conduct assessments of the healthcare systems before designing strategic purchasing schemes and to sensitize the providers and citizens on their roles and entitlements respectively.
Predictors of survival to immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis
Authors: Di Federico Alessandro , De Giglio Andrea , Gelsomino Francesco , Sperandi Francesca , Melotti Barbara , Ardizzoni Andrea 
Published: November 2022

Abstract

Background
Many patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) derive poor benefit from immunotherapy (IO). For some of them, adding chemotherapy (CT) can improve the outcomes, but the reliability of programmed death–ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression as the only biomarker to distinguish these patients is unsatisfactory. We sought to detect clinicopathological and molecular predictive factors of survival that might be added to PD-L1 expression in the selection of patients who should receive IO alone or chemoimmunotherapy (CIT).

Methods
We conducted a systematic search of randomized controlled clinical trials investigating IO, alone or with CT, vs CT alone in treatment-naïve advanced NSCLC patients. Meta-analyses and meta-regression analyses were performed to investigate IO alone vs CT, CIT vs CT, and IO alone vs CIT.

Results
A total of 14 367 patients with advanced NSCLC across 25 randomized controlled clinical trials were included. Squamous histology, male sex, current and former smoker status, PD-L1 expression of 50% or more, and high tumor mutational burden (TMB) correlated with improved survival with IO alone compared with CT. Conversely, female sex, no smoking history, negative PD-L1 expression, and low TMB correlated with unsatisfactory outcomes with IO alone vs CT but not with CIT vs CT. CIT improved survival vs IO alone in female patients, never smokers, those having a PD-L1 expression of 1% or more (but not with a PD-L1 of  ≥ 50%) or a low TMB and in patients with central nervous system metastasis.

Conclusions
These findings suggest some clinicopathological and molecular features that, added to PD-L1 expression, could help in the selection of the most appropriate first-line IO-based treatment for advanced NSCLC patients.
Planning study: prone versus supine position for stereotactic body radiotherapy in prostate by CyberKnife
Authors: Kon Mitsuhiro , Okamoto Hiroyuki , Nakamura Satoshi , Iijima Kotaro , Chiba Takahito , Takemori Mihiro , Nakayama Hiroki , Nakaichi Tetsu , Mikasa Shohei , Fujii Kyohei , Urago Yuka , Ishikawa Masayori , Sofue Toshimitsu , Katsuta Shoichi , Inaba Koji , Igaki Hiroshi , Aso Tomohiko 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the differences in radiotherapy dose characteristics and delivery efficiency between the supine and prone positions in patients with prostate cancer using the CyberKnife. The planning computed tomography (CT) and delineations of the prone position were obtained by rotating the supine CT images with delineations of 180° using image processing software. The optimization parameters for planning target volume (PTV) and organs at risk (OARs) were based on the prone position. The optimization parameters determined for the prone position were applied to the supine position for optimization and dose calculation. The dosimetric characteristics of the PTV and OARs, and delivery efficiency were compared between the two different patient positions. The plans in the prone position resulted in better PTV conformity index (nCI), rectum V90%, V80%, V75%, V50% and bladder V50%. A significant difference was observed in treatment time and depth along the central axis (dCAX) between the two plans. The mean treatment time per fraction and dCAX for the supine and prone positions were 20.9 ± 1.7 min versus 19.8 ± 1.3 min (P = 0.019) and 151.1 ± 33.6 mm versus 233.2 ± 8.8 mm (P &lt; 0.001), respectively. In this study the prone position was found to improve dosimetric characteristics and delivery efficiency compared with the supine position during prostate cancer treatment with the CyberKnife.
STRIDES: automated uniform models for 30 quadruply imaged quasars
Authors: Schmidt T , Treu T , Birrer S , Shajib A J , Lemon C , Millon M , Sluse D , Agnello A , Anguita T , Auger-Williams M W , McMahon R G , Motta V , Schechter P , Spiniello C , Kayo I , Courbin F , Ertl S , Fassnacht C D , Frieman J A , More A , Schuldt S , Suyu S H , Aguena M , Andrade-Oliveira F , Annis J , Bacon D , Bertin E , Brooks D , Burke D L , Carnero Rosell A , Carrasco Kind M , Carretero J , Conselice C , Costanzi M , da Costa L N , Pereira M E S , De Vicente J , Desai S , Doel P , Everett S , Ferrero I , Friedel D , García-Bellido J , Gaztanaga E , Gruen D , Gruendl R A , Gschwend J , Gutierrez G , Hinton S R , Hollowood D L , Honscheid K , James D J , Kuehn K , Lahav O , Menanteau F , Miquel R , Palmese A , Paz-Chinchón F , Pieres A , Plazas Malagón A A , Prat J , Rodriguez-Monroy M , Romer A K , Sanchez E , Scarpine V , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Smith M , Suchyta E , Tarle G , To C , Varga T N ,   (DES Collaboration)
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT
Gravitational time delays provide a powerful one-step measurement of H0, independent of all other probes. One key ingredient in time-delay cosmography are high-accuracy lens models. Those are currently expensive to obtain, both, in terms of computing and investigator time (105–106 CPU hours and ∼0.5–1 yr, respectively). Major improvements in modelling speed are therefore necessary to exploit the large number of lenses that are forecast to be discovered over the current decade. In order to bypass this roadblock, we develop an automated modelling pipeline and apply it to a sample of 31 lens systems, observed by the Hubble Space Telescope in multiple bands. Our automated pipeline can derive models for 30/31 lenses with few hours of human time and &lt;100 CPU hours of computing time for a typical system. For each lens, we provide measurements of key parameters and predictions of magnification as well as time delays for the multiple images. We characterize the cosmography-readiness of our models using the stability of differences in the Fermat potential (proportional to time delay) with respect to modelling choices. We find that for 10/30 lenses, our models are cosmography or nearly cosmography grade (&lt;3 per cent and 3–5 per cent variations). For 6/30 lenses, the models are close to cosmography grade (5–10 per cent). These results utilize informative priors and will need to be confirmed by further analysis. However, they are also likely to improve by extending the pipeline modelling sequence and options. In conclusion, we show that uniform cosmography grade modelling of large strong lens samples is within reach.
Genomic Analyses Reveal Association of ASIP with a Recurrently evolving Adaptive Color Pattern in Frogs
Authors: Goutte Sandra , Hariyani Imtiyaz , Utzinger Kole Deroy , Bourgeois Yann , Boissinot Stéphane 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Traits shared among distantly related lineages are indicators of common evolutionary constraints, at the ecological, physiological, or molecular level. Here, we show that the vertebral stripe, a cryptic color pattern, has evolved hundreds of times in the evolutionary history of anurans (frogs and toads) and is favored in terrestrial habitats. Using a genome-wide association study, we demonstrate that variation near the Agouti signaling protein gene (ASIP) is responsible for the different vertebral stripe phenotypes in the African grass frog Ptychadena robeensis. RNAseq and real-time quantitative PCR revealed that differential expression of the gene and an adjacent long non-coding RNA is linked to patterning in this species. Surprisingly, and although the stripe phenotypes are shared with closely related species, we found that the P. robeensis alleles are private to the species and unlikely to evolve under long-term balancing selection, thus indicating that the vertebral stripe phenotypes result from parallel evolution within the group. Our findings demonstrate that this cryptic color pattern evolved rapidly and recurrently in terrestrial anurans, and therefore constitutes an ideal system to study repeated evolution.