bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A ‘World Out of Gear’
Authors: Ferris Natalie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
According to the poet Edwin Morgan, antipathy towards abstraction persisted well into the second half of the twentieth century, but those misgivings had shifted from art to literature: ‘Abstract painting can often satisfy, but “abstract poetry” can only exist in inverted commas’. Where abstract art may have come to fulfil or fortify an impression of post-war taste, abstraction in literature continued to be treated with suspicion. The twentieth century was witness to a mounting fascination with the ways abstract art might be thought to constitute more than the progressive development of recognizable image to abstract structure, adopting an eloquence of its own. The perception of art was increasingly likened to the interpretation of a literary text, and vice versa, but on what terms, if at all, does the abstract work communicate? This book takes this question as its object, charting the course of abstraction in British visual culture from 1945 to 1980 to observe the ways in which certain aesthetic advancements initiated new forms of literary expression and readerly agency. It argues for recognition of the work conducted at a local level by individuals, groups, and institutions in Britain, and for an expansion of the critical parameters beyond the dichotomy of poetry and painting to include discussions of the novel, film, prose, screenplays, sculpture, installation, and kinetic literature. How did abstraction become a provocation for these writers?
The Beginnings of the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Foss Clive 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This book illuminates the founding of the Ottoman Empire by drawing on Turkish, Greek, Arabic, and Latin sources, including coins, buildings, and topographic evidence. It describes the rugged homeland of the founder of the Ottomans, particularly his achievement in the context of the once mighty Byzantine Empire and its terminal stages. It also charts the progress of Osman's son Orhan, until the fateful moment in 1354 when his forces crossed into Europe and began their spectacular conquests. The chapter reviews the obscure origins of the Ottoman Empire, which ruled the Near East, dominated the Mediterranean, and terrorized Europe for centuries. It references scholarly monographs and editions on the history, literature, thought, and material culture of the Byzantine world.
Caribbean Women’s Use of Susu, Partner, Sol, and Boxhand as Quiet Resistance
Authors: Hossein Caroline Shenaz 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Mutual aid and coming together has been a way of life for the African diaspora since enslavement and the legacy of it that continues in everyday life. The Black diaspora, and especially Black women, contend with vile forms of racism and exclusion in business and society, but this is not what defines Blacks in the Americas. This chapter focuses on Caribbean women who organize rotating savings and credit associations (ROSCAs), which are cooperative banking systems embedded in social relationships. This work draws on J. K. Gibson-Graham’s community economies theory, as well as Caribbean and Black liberation theories, to understand the business exclusion of Black women. The empirical interviews with hundreds of Black Caribbean women in Jamaica, Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Haiti show the purposeful way in which they organize ROSCAs to be considerate of people’s social lives in relation to their business needs. These women, in choosing cooperation, are quietly resisting commercial and individualized forms of banking. In this chapter, the author argues that Caribbean women organize Susu, Sol, Partner, and Boxhand, all names for ROSCAs, use banking cooperatives alongside conventional banks as a way to quietly push against commercial and elitist financial institutions.
A Quiet Resistance
Authors: Rado Istvan , Thongmak Seri 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the impact of a local saving group on an ethnic-minority Karen community in the Thailand–Myanmar border area. The savings group is locally referred to as Klum Omsap. It was established in 2007, with the assistance of a non-governmental organization (NGO), the Pattanarak Foundation, in order for the Karen people to overcome their economic and political marginalization in a predominantly Thai context. With time it has opened up further opportunities by facilitating the creation of new economic ventures, such as community stores, grassroots welfare schemes, and, more recently, a waste-management system. The authors are applying a diverse economies (DE) perspective in tracing the evolution of these community-driven economic ventures. The saving group has not only helped the local Karen people to overcome their exclusion from the formal economy, but it has also proved to be a driving force in the socioeconomic empowerment of local women, who now manage their own community enterprises.
Moral Authority in Seamus Heaney and Geoffrey Hill
Authors: Vincent Bridget 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
How do poems communicate moral ideas? Can they express concepts in ways that are unique and impossible to replicate in other forms of writing? This book explores these questions by turning to two of the late twentieth century’s most important poets: Seamus Heaney and Geoffrey Hill. Their work shows that a poem can act as an example of a moral concept, rather than simply a description or discussion of it. Exploring these two poets via their shared preoccupation with poetry’s moral exemplarity opens up new perspectives on their work. The concept of exemplarity plays an important role in these poets’ key preoccupations, from moral complicity to the nature of lyric speech to influence to memorialization, responsibility, and aesthetic autonomy. Through this analysis of critical prose, drama, and archival materials as well as poetry, this book offers a groundbreaking study of ethics in the later writings of these two poets, including recent and underexplored posthumous works. In turn, the book also makes an important intervention in larger debates about literature and morality, and about the field of ethical criticism itself: this is the first book-length study to expand ethical criticism beyond its customary narrative focus. So far, the ethical criticism of fiction has largely been an exercise in methodological advocacy, urging the use of more literary examples in moral philosophy. As this book shows, including poetry among these examples introduces new, lyric-inflected caveats about the use of literature as a form of moral example: caveats which remain invisible in narrative-centred ethical criticism.
Introduction
Authors: Vincent Bridget 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The introduction gives essential background on critical and philosophical debates about the moral exemplarity of literature. It shows how debates about the use of literary works as examples in moral philosophy have focused on narrative writing while, in the main, ignoring poetry. The chapter introduces the value of bringing lyric poetry into these debates, proposing that reading Seamus Heaney and Geoffrey Hill from the perspective of their preoccupation with moral exemplarity can offer transformative new critical perspectives. Most importantly, it argues for the importance of the concept of exemplarity in the moral thought of both poets.
The Exemplary Seamus Heaney
Authors: Vincent Bridget 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 assesses the longstanding critical controversies surrounding Heaney’s negotiation of the concepts of public and private, political and aesthetic, community and autonomy. A new way into these ongoing controversies can be found, the chapter argues, by reading Heaney’s poetry through the lens of his interest in literary exemplarity. The chapter’s close readings show that Heaney had an ongoing preoccupation with exemplars, paradigms, and ideals. Through these readings I argue that the concept of the example was a key mode through which he negotiated the tension between political engagement and aesthetic autonomy which was present throughout his life.
Exemplary Readership in Heaney’s Prose
Authors: Vincent Bridget 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the importance that ideas of exemplarity hold in Heaney’s prose. Heaney’s prose helps reveal the significance of exemplarity as a category in his poetics, and in his beliefs about writerly influence—influence exerted both on other poets and on the larger social world. As was the case for his poetry, examining Heaney’s prose through the lens of his interest in exemplarity offers new angles on some of the features of his writing which have prompted significant critical debate. In particular, this chapter shows how ideas of exemplarity permeate not only the content but the form and style of his prose writings. The chapter shows how the category of ‘exemplary readership’ plays an important role in Heaney’s critical and theoretical prose.
The Exemplary Prose of Geoffrey Hill
Authors: Vincent Bridget 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how ideas of exemplarity provide a key to understanding some of the ongoing critical questions surrounding Hill’s prose. The lack of linearity of Hill’s prose has prompted considerable critical attention and scepticism. I propose that treating exemplarity as a structuring principle of his prose style—as well as the focus for some of its content—provides a way into some of these interpretative difficulties. The chapter offers a close analysis of ‘Civil Polity and the Confessing State’ and other essays in order to show how the associative structure of Hill’s writing proceeds through the presentation of exemplary instances. An analysis of reviews in Style and Faith shows how adherence (or lack thereof) to the example set by earlier writers emerges as one of Hill’s key critical desiderata: a guiding principle in his assessment of other writers.
Exemplary Qualifications
Authors: Vincent Bridget 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Having explored the various dimensions of exemplarity in the poetry and prose of both writers, the book returns in the sixth chapter to the framing philosophical questions. This chapter begins by showing how the close readings of both poets might ultimately be used in service of a more categorial argument for poetic examples. Then, drawing on semiotic and theatrical theories of exemplification and ostension, the chapter suggests that poetic examples (especially Heaney’s) present a unique vantage point for the consideration of questions surrounding literary specificity and inherent exemplarity. Most importantly, it suggests that the unease expressed by both poets about their moral authority in general and the exemplary dimensions of it in particular presents a lyric-specific set of anxieties which narrative-centred debates, with their different inflections of writerly self-doubt, cannot capture in quite the same way. Without this study, these ultimately productive anxieties would remain hidden from critical view.
Theory of disordered superconductors with applications to nonlinear current response
Authors: Sauls J A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
I present a review of the theory and basic equations for charge transport in superconducting alloys starting from the Keldysh formulation of the quasiclassical transport equations developed by Eilenberger, Larkin and Ovchinnikov, and Eliashberg. This formulation is the natural extension of Landau’s theory of normal Fermi liquids to the superconducting state of strongly correlated metals. For dirty metals the transport equations reduce to equations for charge diffusion, with the current response given by the Drude conductivity at low temperatures. The extension of the diffusion equation for the charge and current response of a strongly disordered normal metal to the superconducting state yields Usadel’s equations for the nonequilibrium quasiclassical Keldysh propagator. The conditions for the applicability of the Usadel equations are discussed, the pair-breaking effect of disorder on the current response, including the nonlinear current response to an electromagnetic field in the dirty limit, τ ≪ ℏ/Δ, are reported. The same nonlinearity is shown to lead to source currents for photon generation and nonlinear Kerr rotation driven by the nonlinear response to excitation of the superconductor by a multi-mode electromagnetic field. The potential relevance of the nonlinear source currents to superconducting radio-frequency cavities as detectors of axion-like dark matter candidates is briefly discussed.
Branched chain amino acids in the treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis: a phase II/III, multi-centre, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kimura Naoki , Kawahara Takuya , Uemura Yukari , Atsumi Tatsuya , Sumida Takayuki , Mimura Toshihde , Kawaguchi Yasushi , Amano Hirofumi , Iwasaki Yukiko , Kaneko Yuko , Matsui Toshihiro , Muro Yoshinao , Imura Yoshitaka , Kanda Takashi , Tanaka Yoshiya , Kawakami Atsushi , Jinnin Masatoshi , Ishii Tomonori , Hiromura Keiju , Miwa Yusuke , Nakajima Hiroshi , Kuwana Masataka , Nishioka Yasuhiko , Morinobu Akio , Kameda Hideto , Kohsaka Hitoshi 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To assess the efficacy and safety of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) in the treatment of PM/DM prior to official approval of their use in Japan.

Methods
Treatment naïve adults with PM/DM were enrolled in a randomized, double-blind trial to receive either TK-98 (drug name of BCAAs) or placebo in addition to conventional treatment. After 12 weeks, patients with an average manual muscle test (MMT) score &lt;9.5 were enrolled in an open label extension study for a further 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change of the MMT score at 12 weeks. The secondary endpoints were the clinical response and the change of functional index (FI).

Results
Forty-seven patients were randomized either to the TK-98 (n = 24) or placebo (n = 23) group. The changes of MMT scores at 12 weeks were 0.70 (0.19) [mean (s.e.m.)] and 0.69 (0.18), respectively (P = 0.98). Thirteen patients from the TK-98 group and 12 from the placebo group were enrolled in the extension study. The MMT scores in both groups improved similarly. The increase of the FI scores of the shoulder flexion at 12 weeks was significantly greater in the TK-98 group [27.9 (5.67) vs 12.8 (5.67) for the right shoulder flexion, and 27.0 (5.44) vs 13.4 (5.95) for the left shoulder; P &lt; 0.05]. Frequencies of adverse events up to 12 weeks were similar.

Conclusion
BCAAs showed no effect on the improvement of the muscle strength evaluated by MMT and the clinical response. However, they were partly effective for improving dynamic repetitive muscle functions.

Trial registration
UMIN-CTR Clinical Trial, https://center6.umin.ac.jp/, UMIN000016233
The Medical Community’s Evolving Focus on Physician and Surgeon Pregnancy: Thematic Trends From a Scoping Review
Authors: Hanchuk Stephanie , Casilla-Lennon Marianne , Zheng Sijin , Kim David D. , Press Benjamin , Nguyen Justin V. , Grimshaw Alyssa , Leapman Michael S. , Rickey Leslie M. , Cavallo Jaime A. 
Published: February 2022

Purpose
The authors aimed to chronicle the evolution of the medical community’s study of physician and surgeon pregnancy by investigating thematic trends in the literature in the context of pertinent sociopolitical events.

Method
A scoping review was conducted in Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection from inception through August 11, 2020, using vocabulary and terms for physicians (including surgeons), pregnancy, and family leave. Study populations were categorized by all physician specialties or exclusively surgical specialties as well as by all career levels or exclusively trainees. Subthemes and themes were based on a priori assumptions of physician pregnancy and extrapolated from previously published reviews, respectively. Thematic trends were analyzed by plotting the total number of publications and the frequency of themes and subthemes by publication year.

Results
After title and abstract and full-text reviews, 407 manuscripts met inclusion criteria. Publications on physician pregnancy first emerged in the 1960s and surged from 1988 to 1996 and again from 2010 to 2019. The first known manuscript exclusively on surgeon pregnancy was published in 1991; subsequent publication frequency trends for surgeon pregnancy generally paralleled those for all physician pregnancy publications albeit in reduced quantities. Four major themes were found: impact of pregnancy on the physician and her colleagues, pregnant physician work productivity, physician maternity leave policies, and physician maternal–fetal health outcomes.

Conclusions
As the number of women physicians increased and the sociopolitical environment progressed, the thematic focus of the literature on physician pregnancy evolved. Multi-institutional prospective observational studies are needed to develop definitive evidence-based recommendations that will positively impact physician pregnancy.
The DoCTRINE Guidelines: Defined Criteria To Report INnovations in Education
Authors: Blanco Maria , Prunuske Jacob , DiCorcia Mark , Learman Lee A. , Mutcheson Brock , Huang Grace C. 
Published: February 2022

Purpose
Reporting guidelines assist authors in conducting and describing their research in alignment with evidence-based and expert-determined standards. However, published research-oriented guidelines do not capture all of the components that must be present in descriptions of educational innovations in health professions education. The authors aimed to create guidelines for educational innovations in curriculum development that would be easy for early-career educators to use, support reporting necessary details, and promote educational scholarship.

Method
Beginning in 2017, the authors systematically developed a reporting checklist for educational innovations in curriculum development, called Defined Criteria To Report INnovations in Education (DoCTRINE), and collected validity evidence for its use according to the 4 inferences of Kane’s framework. They derived the items using a modified Delphi method, followed by pilot testing, cognitive interviewing, and interrater reliability testing. In May–November 2019, they implemented DoCTRINE for authors submitting to MedEdPORTAL, half of whom were randomized to receive the checklist (intervention group). The authors scored manuscripts using DoCTRINE while blinded to group assignment, and they collected data on final editorial decisions.

Results
The final DoCTRINE checklist consists of 19 items, categorized into 5 components: introduction, curriculum development, curriculum implementation, results, and discussion. The overall interrater agreement was 0.91. Among the 108 manuscripts submitted to MedEdPORTAL during the study period, the mean (SD) total score was higher for accepted than rejected submissions (16.9 [1.73] vs 15.7 [2.24], P = .006). There were no significant differences in DoCTRINE scores between the intervention group, who received the checklist, and the control group, who did not.

Conclusions
The authors developed DoCTRINE, using systematic approaches, for the scholarly reporting of educational innovations in curriculum development. This checklist may be a useful tool for supporting the publishing efforts of early-career faculty.
Management of Metastatic Disease in Long Bones
Authors: Auran Richard L. , Martin John R. , Duran Michael D. , de Comas Amalia M. , Jacofsky David J. 
Published: February 2022

Summary:
Patients commonly present to orthopaedic surgeons with suspicious and low-energy mechanisms of injury for long-bone fractures. Most tumor-related pathologic fractures in patients older than 40 years are due to metastatic disease. Although rare, the treating surgeon should always consider the possibility of a primary bone tumor. Obtaining a tissue sample is a required early step in the surgical process following the principles of biopsy tract selection. An adequate tissue biopsy is also necessary for the diagnosis of a primary source of metastatic disease if otherwise unknown. These patients often require adjuncts to surgery, including bisphosphonate treatment, anticoagulation, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and follow-up with multiple medical specialists for continuing care. The surgical treatment plan is based on the location of the fracture, and various options are available depending on whether the metastatic disease is present in the diaphysis, metaphysis, or epiphysis of long bones. The orthopaedic surgeon should have a working knowledge of proper identification and treatment principles of metastatic disease in long bones to properly assist in patient care delivery.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level V. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Racial and Social Determinants of Health Disparities in Spine Surgery Affect Preoperative Morbidity and Postoperative Patient Reported Outcomes
Authors: Mohanty Sarthak , Harowitz Jenna , Lad Meeki K. , Rouhi Armaun D. , Casper David , Saifi Comron 
Published: February 2022

Study Design.
Retrospective observational study.

Objective.
To elucidate racial and socioeconomic factors driving preoperative disparities in spine surgery patients.

Summary of Background Data.
There are racial and socioeconomic disparities in preoperative health among spine surgery patients, which may influence outcomes for minority and low socioeconomic status (SES) populations.

Methods.
Presenting, postoperative day 90 (POD90), and 12-month (12M) outcome scores (PROMIS global physical and mental [GPH, GMH] and visual analog scale pain [VAS]) were collected for patients undergoing deformity arthrodesis or cervical, thoracic, or lumbar laminotomy or decompression/fusion; these procedures were the most common in our cohort. Social determinants of health for a patient's neighborhood (county, zip code, or census tract) were extracted from public databases. Multivariable linear regression with stepwise selection was used to quantify the association between a patient's preoperative GPH score and sociodemographic variables.

Results.
Black patients presented with 1 to 3 point higher VAS pain scores (7–8 vs. 5–6) and lower (worse) GPH scores (6.5–10 vs. 11–12) than White patients (P < 0.05 for all comparisons); similarly, lower SES patients presented with 1.5 points greater pain (P < 0.0001) and 3.5 points lower GPH (P < 0.0001) than high SES patients. Patients with lowest-quartile presenting GPH scores reported 36.8% and 37.5% lower (worse) POD-90 GMH and GPH scores than the highest quartile, respectively (GMH: 12 vs. 19, P < 0.0001; GPH: 15 vs. 24, P < 0.0001); this trend extended to 12 months (GMH: 19.5 vs. 29.5, P < 0.0001; GPH: 22 vs. 30, P < 0.0001). Reduced access to primary care (B = −1.616, P < 0.0001) and low SES (B = –1.504, P = 0.001), proxied by median household value, were independent predictors of worse presenting GPH scores.

Conclusion.
Racial and socioeconomic disparities in patients’ preoperative physical and mental health at presentation for spine surgery are associated adversely with postoperative outcomes. Renewed focus on structural factors influencing preoperative presentation, including timeliness of care, is essential.

Level of Evidence: 3.