bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review of whole‐blood donors' willingness, motives, barriers and interventions related to donating another substance of human origin
Authors: Hyde Melissa K. , Masser Barbara M. , Coundouris Sarah P. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDiversification of blood collection agencies' (BCAs) core business requires donors to donate substances of human origin (SoHO) beyond whole‐blood. Whole‐blood donors are assumed to be willing to convert to donate other SoHO as well as whole‐blood. However, no reviews consider the evidence on conversion (i.e., willingness/intention, behaviour, retention, attrition). This rapid review provides a narrative synthesis of whole‐blood donors' conversion to another SoHO, characteristics contributing to conversion, motives and deterrents, and interventions encouraging conversion. Sixty‐five studies were reviewed. Most were cross‐sectional and examined whole‐blood donor conversion to organ (willingness/pledge for deceased donation), plasma or stem cell donation. Most examined conversion rather than characteristics contributing to conversion, motives, deterrents or interventions. Whole‐blood donors appear willing to donate another SoHO, yet conversion rates are unclear. Besides self‐efficacy, there is little consistency in reported characteristics of donors converting, and few theories applied to understand characteristics encouraging conversion. Intrinsic (altruism, self‐esteem, curiosity) and extrinsic (perceived need, service experience, direct requests) motives and barriers (lifestyle, fearing reduced health) appear important and require further research. Interventions encouraging conversion need replication and may include in‐person, in‐centre approaches, raising awareness of the functional benefits of other SoHO (high need, usefulness), and developing promotional materials that pique donors' curiosity, invite questions, and encourage donor‐initiated conversations about conversion. Centralising BCAs as a single business or partnering with other organisations appears mutually beneficial to encourage conversion and sustainable panels/resources. Research is needed to understand the impact of encouraging conversion on donors and organisations, and identify optimal management strategies for multi‐SoHO donors.
Intersectional subjectivities and climate change adaptation: An attentive analytical approach for examining power, emancipatory processes, and transformation
Authors: Garcia Alicea , Tschakert Petra 
Published: January 2022

AbstractHuman geographers and other critical scholars have long emphasised the disproportionate effects of climate change on individuals and populations already socially and economically marginalised. Yet, scholarship and practice continue to work with inadequate conceptualisations of how these inequalities are perpetuated. In this critical examination, we illustrate that the feminist literature on intersectional subjectivities provides pertinent insights into transformational, emancipatory futures for disenfranchised individuals and groups who bear the brunt of the climate crisis. By focusing on how power dynamics produce and sustain multidimensional inequalities, across cultural and geographic contexts, and linking this with understandings of subject making, we draw attention to the many ways pervasive inequalities are challenged and (re)negotiated in the everyday of human–environment relations. As part of this line of inquiry, we further demonstrate how a focus on intersectional subjectivities helps to expose and overcome lingering ethical dilemmas and injustices within transformation efforts, with emphasis on the roles researchers and practitioners can play in nourishing emancipatory spaces. Progress in this space is crucial to critically examine and establish more transformative adaptation trajectories that foreground dignified lives in an increasingly unequal world.
Lower transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide in women with a patent foramen ovale
Authors: Schallerer Annalisa E. , Duke Joseph W. , Speros Julia P. , Mangum Tyler S. , Norris H. Cameron , Beasley Kara M. , Laurie Steven S. , Elliott Jonathan E. , Davis James T. , Lovering Andrew T. 
Published: January 2022

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Do individuals with a patent foramen ovale (PFO+) have a lower lung transfer factor for carbon monoxide than those without (PFO−)?

What is the main finding and its importance?
We found a lower rate constant for carbon monoxide uptake in PFO+ compared with PFO− women, which was physiologically relevant (≥0.5 z‐score difference), but not for PFO+ versus PFO− men. This suggests that factors independent of the PFO are responsible for our findings, possibly inherent structural differences in the lung.

AbstractThe transfer factor of the lung for carbon monoxide (TLCO) measure assumes that all cardiac output flows through the pulmonary circuit. However, right‐to‐left blood flow through a shunt can result in a lower transfer factor than predicted. A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a potential source of right‐to‐left shunt that is present in ∼35% of the population, but the effect of PFO on TLCO is unknown. We sought to determine the effect of PFO on the TLCO. We conducted a retrospective analysis of TLCO data from 239 (101 women) participants. Anthropometrics and lung function, including spirometry, plethysmography and TLCO, were compiled from our previously published work. Women, but not men, with a PFO had a significantly lower TLCO and rate constant for carbon monoxide uptake (KCO) (percentage of predicted and z‐score) than women without a PFO. Women and men with a PFO had normal alveolar volumes that did not differ from those without a PFO. Correcting the data for haemoglobin in a subset of subjects did not change the results (n = 58; 25 women). The lower KCO in women with versus without a PFO was physiologically relevant (≥0.5 z‐score difference). There was no effect of PFO in men. This suggests that factors independent of the PFO are responsible for our findings, possibly inherent structural differences in the lung.
Pharmacogenomics and asthma treatment: acceptability to children, families and healthcare professionals
Authors: Parry Christopher Mark , Seddon Gabrielle , Rogers Naomi , Sinha Ian P , Bracken Louise , King Charlotte , Peak Matthew , Hawcutt Daniel B 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundEvidence supporting personalised treatment for asthma based on an individual’s genetics is mounting. The views of children and young people (CYP), parents and healthcare professionals (HCPs) about this evolution of clinical care are not known.MethodsA pilot prospective questionnaire-based study was undertaken of CYP with asthma, their parents and HCPs at a secondary/tertiary children’s hospital in the UK.ResultsFifty-nine questionnaires were distributed and 50 returned (response rate 84.7%), comprising 26 CYP (10 were 5–11 years, 11 were 12–15 years and 5 were 16–18 years old), 13 parents and 11 HCPs. For all types of data, personal information was ranked as the ‘most important’ (n=19, 47.5%) and ‘most private’ (n=16, 40%), but with considerable variation across groups. Within health data, allergies were rated as ‘most important’ (n=12, 30.8%), and mental health records the ‘most private’ (n=21, 53.8%), again with variation across groups. A ‘personalised genetic asthma plan’ was acceptable to the majority overall (n=40, 80.0%). With regard to sharing CYP’s genetic data, 23 (46%) of participants were happy for unconditional sharing between HCPs, and 23 (46%) agreed to sharing solely in relation to the CYP’s asthma management. Forty-two (84.0%) of participants felt CYP should be informed about genetic data being shared, and the majority felt this should commence by 12 years of age.ConclusionThe use of genetic information to guide management of asthma in CYP is largely acceptable to CYP, parents/guardians and HCPs. However, there are key differences between the opinions of CYP, parents and HCPs.
Optimisation of fluconazole therapy for the treatment of invasive candidiasis in preterm infants
Authors: Engbers Aline G J , Flint Robert B , Voeller Swantje , Reiss Irwin , Liem Kian D , Alffenaar Jan-Willem C , Tibboel Dick , Simons Sinno , Knibbe Catherijne A J , Brüggemann Roger J 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionFluconazole is an important antifungal in the prevention and treatment of invasiveCandidainfections in neonates, even though its use in preterm infants is still off-label. Here, we performed a population pharmacokinetic study on fluconazole in preterm neonates in order to optimise dosing through the identified predictive patient characteristics.MethodsFluconazole concentrations obtained from preterm infants from two studies were pooled and analysed using NONMEM V.7.3. The developed model was used to evaluate current dosing practice. A therapeutic dosing strategy aiming to reach a minimum target exposure of 400 and 200 mg×hour/L per 24 hours for fluconazole-susceptibleC. albicansmeningitis and other systemic infections, respectively, was developed.ResultsIn 41 preterm neonates with median (range) gestational age 25.3 (24.0–35.1) weeks and median postnatal age (PNA) at treatment initiation 1.4 (0.2–32.5) days, 146 plasma samples were collected. A one-compartment model described the data best, with an estimated clearance of 0.0147 L/hour for a typical infant of 0.87 kg with a serum creatinine concentration of 60 µmol/L and volume of distribution of 0.844 L. Clearance was found to increase with 16% per 100 g increase in actual body weight, and to decrease with 12% per 10 µmol/L increase in creatinine concentration once PNA was above 1 week. Dose adjustments based on serum creatinine and daily dosing are required for therapeutic target attainment.ConclusionIn preterm neonates, fluconazole clearance is best predicted by actual body weight and serum creatinine concentration. Therefore, fluconazole dosing should not only be based on body weight but also on creatinine concentration to achieve optimal exposure in all infants.Ethics statementThe Erasmus MC ethics review board approved the protocol of the DINO Study (MEC-2014-067) and the Radboud UMC ethics review board waived the need for informed consent for cohort 2 (CMO-2021-8302). Written informed consent from parents/legal guardians was obtained prior to study initiation.
Determinants of lifejacket use among boaters on Lake Albert, Uganda: a qualitative study
Authors: Oporia Frederick , Kibira Simon P S , Jagnoor Jagnoor , Nuwaha Fred , Makumbi Fredrick Edward , Muwonge Tonny , Ninsiima Lesley Rose , Torén Kjell , Isunju John Bosco , Kobusingye Olive 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundDrowning is a major cause of unintentional injury death worldwide. The toll is greatest in low and middle-income countries. Over 95% of people who drowned while boating in Uganda were not wearing a lifejacket. We explored the determinants of lifejacket use among boaters on Lake Albert, Uganda.MethodsWe conducted a qualitative enquiry with a hermeneutic phenomenological undertone leaning on relativism ontology and emic subjectivism epistemology. Focus group discussions (FGDs) and in-depth interviews (IDIs) were held with boaters in 10 landing sites. We explored experiences and perspectives on lifejacket use. We used thematic analysis technique to analyse data and report results according to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research.ResultsWe recruited 88 boaters in 10 FGDs and 11 to take part in the IDIs. We identified three themes: motivators and opportunities for lifejacket use, barriers and threats to lifejacket use, and strategies to improve lifejacket use. Many boaters attributed their lifejacket use to prior experience or witness of a drowning. Perceived high costs of lifejackets, limited knowledge, reluctance to use lifejackets because of distrust in their effectiveness, and the belief that it is women who should wear lifejackets were among the barriers and threats. Participants mentioned the need for mandatory enforcement together with community sensitisations as strategies to improve lifejacket use.ConclusionDeterminants of lifejacket use among boaters include experience or witness of drowning, limited knowledge about lifejackets and distrust in the effectiveness of the available lifejackets. Mandatory lifejacket wearing alongside educational interventions might improve lifejacket use.
Comparisons of HATCH, HAVOC and CHA2DS2-VASc scores for all-cause mortality prediction in atrial fibrillation: a real-world evidence study
Authors: Hu Wei Syun , Lin Cheng Li 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objective
This study focused on the predictive ability of the 3 scores for all-cause mortality in 6444 patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods
To assess the predictive accuracy of risk of death modelled by HATCH, HAVOC and CHA2DS2-VASc scores, the area under the curve of receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) was applied.

Results
Over follow-up time, the cumulative incidence of death was clearly associated with the three scores (log-rank test, p&lt;0.001). The AUROC for the HATCH (0.6618) was significantly higher than HAVOC Score (0.5733) and CHA2DS2-VAScs Score (0.6423).

Conclusions
HATCH score has better ability in predicting mortality in comparison to other two scores in patients with AF.
Tobacco industry in Mexico: a general equilibrium analysis
Authors: Huesca Luis , Llamas Linda , Sobarzo Horacio 
Published: January 2022

ObjectiveEffects of tobacco taxation on employment in Mexico are measured by using an applied general equilibrium model.MethodsThe study describes the modelling methodology based on a 2013 social accounting matrix for Mexico, built for analysing the impact of tobacco taxation on employment. Unemployment is treated as an endogenous variable.ResultsSetting the specific component of the Excise Tax on Production and Services (IEPS) at 1.50 pesos per cigarette would lead to the loss of tobacco-related jobs constituting just 0.1% of all jobs nationally. Revenue from IEPS on tobacco would increase by 49%, while consumption would fall by 26%. This minimal loss of employment can be compensated for if the government invests revenue from IEPS on tobacco in some specific sectors. We show this for the case of the health sector. Far from just reducing cigarette consumption, this tax reform would also create 33 781 jobs with a net gain of 32 285 across different sectors of the economy while only reducing 727 jobs in the tobacco industry in the whole country.ConclusionResults suggest the existence of a good margin for increasing tobacco tax beyond the 2020 update of 0.49 pesos per stick. In addition, from a public health point of view, if tobacco tax revenue were allocated as a direct healthcare subsidy this would deliver a double dividend by further discouraging consumption and increasing tobacco tax revenue by almost 50%, with little impact on key macroeconomic variables in Mexico, which could be offset in more dynamic sectors while promoting health, employment and development.
Follow the money: a closer look at US tobacco industry marketing expenditures
Authors: Levy David T , Liber Alex C , Cadham Christopher , Sanchez-Romero Luz Maria , Hyland Andrew , Cummings Michael , Douglas Cliff , Meza Rafael , Henriksen Lisa 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionWhile much of the concern with tobacco industry marketing has focused on direct media advertising, a less explored form of marketing strategy is to discount prices. Price discounting is important because it keeps the purchase price low and can undermine the impact of tax increases.MethodsWe examine annual US marketing expenditures from 1975 to 2019 by the largest cigarette and smokeless tobacco companies as reported to the Federal Trade Commission. We consider three categories: direct advertising, promotional allowances and price discounting. In addition to considering trends in these expenditures, we examine how price discounting expenditures relate to changes in product prices and excise taxes.ResultsUS direct advertising expenditures for cigarettes fell from 80% of total industry marketing expenditures in 1975 to less than 3% in 2019, while falling from 39% in 1985 to 6% in 2019 for smokeless tobacco. Price discounting expenditures for cigarettes became prominent after the Master Settlement Agreement and related tax increases in 2002. By 2019, 87% of cigarette marketing expenditures were for price discounts and 7% for promotional allowances. Smokeless marketing expenditures were similar: 72% for price promotions and 13% for promotional allowances. Price discounting increased with prices and taxes until reaching their currently high levels.ConclusionsBetween 1975 and 2019, direct advertising dramatically fell while price discounting and promotional expenditures increased. Local, state and federal policies are needed that apply non-tax mechanisms to increase tobacco prices and restrict industry contracts to offset industry marketing strategies. Further study is needed to better understand industry decisions about marketing expenditures.
The probability when a finite commutative ring is weakly nil-clean
Authors: Danchev Peter , Samiei Mahdi 
Published: January 2022

We calculate the probability when a finite commutative ring is weakly nil-clean in terms of invariants associated only with the given whole ring. This continues the study of our recent paper concerned with the nil-clean case [P. Danchev and M. Samiei, The probability when a finite commutative ring is nil-clean, Trans. A. Razmadze Math. Inst. 176 (2022)].
Clam shrimp of the Middle–Late Jurassic Yanliao Biota in China
Authors: Liao Huanyu 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Fossil clam shrimp are widely distributed in the Jurassic terrestrial sediments of China. The Yanliao Biota, consisting of abundant and diverse well-preserved fossil vertebrates and invertebrates, is one of the most famous Mesozoic terrestrial biotas from around the world. The border area between western Liaoning, northern Hebei and southeastern Inner Mongolia is the core area for the biota. Clam shrimp are abundant and widely distributed in different localities in the area. Research on these clam shrimp has been conducted for decades. However, with advances in research instruments and technologies, great changes have taken place in the taxonomy of these clam shrimp and, consequently, our understanding of the biota in recent years. The fossil content of the Yanliao Biota in the core area consists of an early assemblage and a late assemblage, which are characterized by distinctly different clam shrimp. These clam shrimp all belong to one family: Triglyptidae. Members of the family are widely distributed in the Bathonian to Kimmeridgian of northeastern, northwestern and southwestern China.
In Vivo Modeling of Patient Genetic Heterogeneity Identifies New Ways to Target Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Younger Nicholas T. , Wilson Mollie L. , Martinez Lyons Anabel , Jarman Edward J. , Meynert Alison M. , Grimes Graeme R. , Gournopanos Konstantinos , Waddell Scott H. , Tennant Peter A. , Wilson David H. , Guest Rachel V. , Wigmore Stephen J. , Acosta Juan Carlos , Kendall Timothy J. , Taylor Martin S. , Sproul Duncan , Mill Pleasantine , Boulter Luke 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is an aggressive malignancy of the bile ducts within the liver characterized by high levels of genetic heterogeneity. In the context of such genetic variability, determining which oncogenic mutations drive ICC growth has been difficult, and developing modes of patient stratification and targeted therapies remains challenging. Here we model the interactions between rare mutations with more common driver genes and combine in silico analysis of patient data with highly multiplexed in vivo CRISPR-spCas9 screens to perform a functional in vivo study into the role genetic heterogeneity plays in driving ICC. Novel tumor suppressors were uncovered, which, when lost, cooperate with the RAS oncoprotein to drive ICC growth. Focusing on a set of driver mutations that interact with KRAS to initiate aggressive, sarcomatoid-type ICC revealed that tumor growth relies on Wnt and PI3K signaling. Pharmacologic coinhibition of Wnt and PI3K in vivo impeded ICC growth regardless of mutational profile. Therefore, Wnt and PI3K activity should be considered as a signature by which patients can be stratified for treatment independent of tumor genotype, and inhibitors of these pathways should be levied to treat ICC.

Significance:
This work shows that, despite significant genetic heterogeneity, intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma relies on a limited number of signaling pathways to grow, suggesting common therapeutic vulnerabilities across patients.
Development and Evaluation of Global Korean Aviation Turbulence Forecast Systems Based on an Operational Numerical Weather Prediction Model and In Situ Flight Turbulence Observation Data
Authors: Lee Dan-Bi , Chun Hye-Yeong , Kim Soo-Hyun , Sharman Robert D. , Kim Jung-Hoon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
A global Korean deterministic aviation turbulence guidance (G-KTG) system and a global Korean probabilistic turbulence forecast (G-KPT) system are developed using outputs from the operational Global Data Assimilation and Prediction System of the Korea Meteorological Administration, and the performance skill of the systems are evaluated against in situ flight eddy dissipation rates (EDRs) recorded for one year (September 2018–August 2019). G-KTG and G-KPT consider clear-air turbulence (CAT) and mountain wave turbulence diagnostics, while G-KTG additionally considers near-cloud turbulence (NCT) diagnostics. In the G-KTG system, the various combinations of deterministic EDR forecasts are tested by different ensemble means of individual turbulence diagnostics. In the G-KPT system, the probabilistic forecast is established by counting the number of diagnostics that exceed a certain threshold for strong intensity turbulence on the given model grid. The evaluation results of the G-KTG system based on the area under the relative operating characteristic curve (AUC) reveal that G-KTG, which consists of CAT and NCT diagnostics, shows the highest AUC value among the various G-KTG combinations; in addition, the summertime performance is significantly improved when NCT diagnostics are included. In the evaluation results of the G-KTG system over the globe, U.S., and East Asia regions, the recent graphical turbulence guidance system–based G-KTG shows better performance than the regional KTG–based G-KTG for all three regions. For all altitude bands, the G-KPTs with 40% probability as the minimal threshold for alerting forecasters of strong turbulence show higher values of true skill statistic than the G-KTGs.