bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initial Development and Psychometric Evidence of Physical Education Grit Scale (PE-Grit)
Authors: Guelmami Noomen , Chalghaf Nasr , Tannoubi Amayra , Puce Luca , Azaiez Fairouz , Bragazzi Nicola Luigi 
Published: March 2022

BackgroundGrit is a key concept in positive psychology and educational science. The construct measures two related constructs that are interest and effort. Several instruments have been developed to measure this construct in professional and educational contexts, but no tools have been developed considering specific contexts such as physical education and sport.ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to develop and test a measurement scale to assess Grit in the context of physical education and sport.MethodsTwo exploratory (Phase 1) and confirmatory (Phase 2) samples were administered the 16-item PE-Grit scale in Arabic. In addition, the confirmatory sample also was administered the R-SPQ-2F two-factor learning approaches scale. The factor structure was examined first by exploratory factor analysis on the first sample and then by confirmatory factor analysis on the second sample. Reliability testing was performed by checking internal consistency simultaneously by the three indices: McDonald's ω, Cronbach's α and Gutmann's λ6. Concurrent validity was checked by Pearson's correlation between the PE-Grit and the two dimensions of the SPQ-2F.ResultsAfter the exploratory factor analysis, which identified the factors and gave a preliminary validation of the designed instrument, confirmatory factor analysis was performed on three hierarchical models to be able to identify the best fitting model. A third-order hierarchical model with two physical and academic components each formed by interest and effort presented the best fit indices: chi X2 = 192.95 (p &lt; 0.01), and the X2/DF = 1.36; GFI = 0.99; AGFI = 0.99; CFI and TLI close to 1; RMSEA = 0.025. In addition, McDonald's ω, internal consistency, and Gutmann's λ6 ranged from 0.78 to 0.86 for all four scale dimensions.ConclusionThe PE-Grit scale displays adequate factor structure, good reliability, and acceptable concurrent validity and can be administered to assess Grit in physical education and sport students.
Power Amplification for Jumping Soft Robots Actuated by Artificial Muscles
Authors: Fernandes Minori Adriane , Jadhav Saurabh , Chen Haojin , Fong Samantha , Tolley Michael T. 
Published: March 2022

Robots composed of soft materials can passively adapt to constrained environments and mitigate damage due to impact. Given these features, jumping has been explored as a mode of locomotion for soft robots. However, for mesoscale jumping robots, lightweight and compact actuation are required. Previous work focused on systems powered by fluids, combustion, smart materials, electromagnetic, or electrostatic motors, which require one or more of the following: large rigid components, external power supplies, components of specific, pre-defined sizes, or fast actuation. In this work, we propose an approach to design and fabricate an electrically powered soft amplification mechanism to enable untethered mesoscale systems with continuously tunable performance. We used the tunable geometry of a liquid crystal elastomer actuator, an elastic hemispherical shell, and a pouch motor for active latching to achieve rapid motions for jumping despite the slow contraction rate of the actuator. Our system amplified the power output of the LCE actuator by a factor of 8.12 × 103 with a specific power of 26.4 W/kg and jumped to a height of 55.6 mm (with a 20 g payload). This work enables future explorations for electrically untethered soft systems capable of rapid motions (e.g., jumping).
Accuracy of the Horizontal Calibrator in Correcting Leg Length and Restoring Femoral Offset in Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Chen Xing , Xing Shuxing , Zhu Zhiyong , Wang Huisheng , Yu Zhongshen , Bai Xizhuang , Li Xi 
Published: March 2022

BackgroundLimb length discrepancy (LLD) is one of the most common postoperative complications and can cause serious consequences. Poor recovery of femoral offset (OD) will result in weakness of the patient's external rotator muscles and affect the patient's postoperative function. The study is aimed to present a simple approach that compensates for the shortcomings of previous measuring devices and combines the advantages of different measuring devices to provide more accurate limb length and femoral offset restoration in total hip arthroplasty (THA).MethodsThis study was a prospective controlled trial involving 89 patients with THA. Group I (n = 44) was used for intraoperative measurement of THA with our self-designed horizontal calibrator. Group II (n = 45) was measured by a traditional freehand technique. The main outcome indicators were measured on the Neusoft PACS, including LLD, femoral offset deviation, and operative time. IBM SPSS 23.0 was used for data analysis.ResultsThe independent sample t-test was performed for all the data. The operative time, preoperative radiographic LLD, and OD of Group I and Group II had no statistical significance. Postoperative LLD of Group I and Group II were 2.5 ± 2.1 mm (range −5.7 to 8.3 mm) and 6.2 ± 4.3 mm (range −18.0 to 15.2 mm), and the independent sample t-test data of both (P &lt; 0.001; 95% CI = −5.1, −2.2) showed statistical significance. In Group I, there were 38 THAs with LLD &lt;5 mm, accounting for 86% and there were 44 THAs with LLD &lt;10 mm, accounting for 100%. In Group II, there were 20 THAs with LLD &lt;5 mm, accounting for 44%. There were 36 THAs with LLD &lt;10 mm, covering for 80%. There was no significant difference in postoperative femoral offset and OD.ConclusionThe horizontal calibrator can provide more accurate limb length and femoral offset recovery in THA. It is a simple surgical technique that does not add additionally surgical costs and does not significantly increase operative time, providing a new solution for surgeons to resolve postoperative LLD and restore femoral offset.
Le travail hors de l'usine. Bricolage et double activité
Authors: Weber Florence 
Published: March 2022

Work outside of the factory : tinkering or multiple job holding ?.
The purpose of this paper is to show that the notion of "pluriactivity" is irrelevant to describe the actuel diversity of the professional insertion of farm families. First we have to look at the non exclusively farming families as one kind of multiple job holding household ; secondly we have to locate the statuses of a single person's different activities : do we deal here with two jobs at the same level, or one job combined with tinkering or with hobbies ? As openings, I have chosen to study all of the outside-of-work activities in the factory- working population of N*, a township in Burgundy where a big metallurgist factory is settled since 1895. The ethnographic fieldwork, done between 1983 and 1984, has shown a large range ofworkers' activities, from gardening to farming from festivities organizing to tinkering and black work. By emphasizing how this "work-beside-of-the-factory" is a working class pattern, we are led towards a double reversal of our perspectives : front farm to factory and from residence to work. Indeed, the sociological object becomes, instead of being the farm household with a factory worker, the workers' outside-of-work activities as a whole. At the same time, we have thrown a doubt on the classical oppositions work/leisure and making a living/passing the time.
Du labeur paysan au métier d'agriculteur : l'élaboration statistique en agriculture
Authors: Barthez Alice 
Published: March 2022

Front peasant work to former profession : the building-up ofstatistics in agriculture.
Defïning agriculture in terms of occupation does not seem easy. The family structure of agricultural production puts an unstable limit between household and professional universes and makes difftcult a distinction between occupation and inactivity.
The statistical definitions of former profession are evolving. Analysing them shows that abridgements were necessary but temporary. Referring to employment standards would imply that farmer's work has already been classified. Defining this activity in terms of time requires an arbitration on the tasks to consider. "Multiactivity" and "part-time" work categories emerge. While an approach to the activity is coming hard, the impossibility to consider farmers as a profession in its full sense is standing out. Further than the way of producing, the choice of reference standards is here in question.
La crise de la succession dans une famille paysanne bretonne
Authors: Rouvrais Alain 
Published: March 2022

Succession crisis in a Britton peasant family.
Studying a Britton peasant family in its historical development front the end of the 19th century to 1985 gives an opportunity to apprehend front inside the various causes of rural emigration phenomenon.
Before the Second World War almost all departures were forced. In order to palliate their small economical and cultural capital, migrants appealed to their family which provided them with material and psychological help.
Afterwards, voluntary departures are increasing as a result ofa speeding up "defarmerizing" process and more generally of the developing French economy and the emergence of non agricultural jobs. Requirements to become a farmer being harder to meet, the educational institution occurs more and more to be an alternative for the families.
Le remblaiement des carrières abandonnées peut-il être intéressant ?
Authors: Bonnieux François , Rainelli Pierre 
Published: March 2022

Depuis 1971, la remise en état des carrières est une obligation. Toutefois rien n'est prévu pour les carrières dont l'exploitation a commencé avant cette date. Dans ce papier, on a tenté d'évaluer l'intérêt économique de cette remise en état. Pour cela on a envisagé diverses destinations et plusieurs hypothèses économiques.
Dans une perspective de retour à l'agriculture et notamment pour des exploitations laitières, la rentabilité est très faible. Cette opération est envisageable uniquement si on peut à terme avoir un terrain constructible. Dans une perspective récréative (étang de pêche), la remise en état est intéressante. Dans une optique de rentabilité sociale, la remise en état à des fins agricoles est justifiée compte tenu des externalités positives ainsi créées.
Les difficultés financières récentes dans l'agriculture irlandaise
Authors: Matthews Alan 
Published: March 2022

Certains secteurs de l'agriculture irlandaise ont connu de graves problèmes financiers ces dernières années. Cet article décrit les origines de la crise et l'ampleur des difficultés : en 1981, près de 10000 agriculteurs (sur 120000 exploitations de plus de deux unités de taille européenne) ne pouvaient rembourser leurs emprunts. Les remèdes employés sont ensuite présentés : plans de bonification des taux d'intérêt, plan d'incitation à l'emprunt en devises communautaires — l'Etat garantissant contre les variations de taux de change.
Pour conclure, l'auteur donne une estimation des éventuelles conséquences sur la structure des exploitations, les perspectives de croissance de la production dans l'avenir et l'attitude des agriculteurs vis-à-vis du crédit.
Problèmes financiers dans l'agriculture des Etats-Unis
Authors: Drabenstott M. 
Published: March 2022

L'agriculture des Etats-Unis connaît une grave crise qui se traduit par la dégradation de la situation financière d'un pourcentage élevé d'exploitations. On a estimé qu'en 1985, 20 % des exploitations commerciales avaient de grosses difficultés (cash-flow négatifs et taux d'endettement supérieur à 40 %). Cela se répercute sur les diverses composantes du système de financement de l'agriculture.
L'origine des difficultés réside dans les évolutions des années 70. Le contexte économique poussait alors à accroître fortement la production. A rencontre des anticipations, la demande n'a connu qu'une faible progression. La période actuelle correspond donc à une phase d'ajustement particulièrement sévère : baisse des revenus et des valeurs d'actifs, alourdissement des charges d'emprunt. Son issue ne paraît pas prochaine compte tenu de la complexité et de l'importance des mécanismes en cause.
Peut-on se passer d'un marché des quotas ?
Authors: Gouin Daniel-Mercier 
Published: March 2022

L'objet de cet article est d'analyser les forces économiques qui poussent à un marché des quotas notamment en France. Il souligne la demande potentielle de quotas qui résulte de la croissance passée des exploitations laitières, des tendances du progrès technique et même de la politique explicite de restructuration du secteur. Après des succès initiaux, le système actuel de primes à l'abandon de production laitière perd de son efficacité : les structures de la production nationale tendent à se figer peu à peu.
Des essais similaires d'interdiction des échanges monétaires de quotas ont eu lieu au Canada, notamment au Manitoba : la régulation administrative du transfert des quotas n'a pas pu empêcher le développement d'un marché, d'abord occulte, entériné ensuite par la réglementation.
L'article conclut que, en tant que "droit à produire" le quota a une valeur : la nier ne peut conduire qu'à des formes clandestines et anarchiques de marché. Une position très réticente dans ce domaine, comme celle de la France, pourrait devenir de plus en plus difficile à tenir.
Les déterminants de l'innovation en agriculture à travers la littérature sur le machinisme et les engrais
Authors: Byé Pascal , Chanaron Jean-Jacques , Perrin Jacques 
Published: March 2022

Cet article passe en revue des travaux traitant de l'innovation dans les industries de l'agro-fourniture. Il porte sur la genèse de cette innovation, sur la diffusion des techniques correspondantes dans l'agriculture et, en dernier ressort, à travers cette dynamique, sur l'innovation en agriculture. Il se limite à la littérature relative à deux industries (machinisme agricole et engrais) car l'une et l'autre ont fortement marqué les techniques de production en agriculture. Les travaux analysés relèvent des disciplines historiques, économiques ou sociologiques ; ils ont été retenus en fonction de l'importance qu'ils accordent à l'analyse des innovations de rupture en France, en Angleterre et aux Etats-Unis à des moments précis de leur croissance économique : la Révolution industrielle, les périodes d'après-guerre, la crise des années 70.
L'apport de la littérature examinée est regroupé autour des thèmes suivants : les déterminants de la genèse et de la diffusion des techniques ; les transferts des techniques dans l'agriculture ; les dynamiques industrielles et l'environnement technico-économique.
Une modélisation de l'offre et de la demande de bois bruts
Authors: Lönnstedt Lars , Peyron Jean-Luc 
Published: March 2022

Les auteurs proposent un ensemble de méthodes, fondées sur la simulation, permettant de modéliser l'évolution du marché des bois ronds ainsi que celle de l'offre et de la demande correspondantes.
Sur le marché des bois ronds, l'équilibre de l'offre et de la demande est supposé être perpétuellement recherché mais jamais exactement atteint en raison notamment des modalités et délais de communication de l'information.
L'offre de bois ronds est assimilée à la ressource forestière disponible et donc considérée comme inélastique. La ressource disponible peut être calculée pour des domaines homogènes du point de vue de la croissance, du type de propriété, de l'essence prépondérante et de la structure des peuplements. La croissance est modélisée de deux façons différentes suivant que les peuplements sont équiennes ou inéquiennes.
La demande de bois ronds est dérivée de la demande de produits à partir d'un modèle industriel. L'originalité de cette approche, mais aussi ses limites sont mises en évidence.
Les perspectives des exploitations céréalières. Le cas de Beauce-Gâtinais
Authors: Carles Roland , Pelletier T. 
Published: March 2022

Future prospects in cereal farms. The case of Beauce-Gâtinais.

Récent changes in EC agricultural policy for cereal and large crops ask questions to researchers on the future of cereal farms. Through the resuit s of a farming observatory in Beauce and Gâtinais, régions of the Parisean Basin, the récent évolution of farmers' incarne, new balance between productions and farm inputs during the period 1981-1987, are examined in a first part.
Then, in a second part, several adaptations of cereal Systems are studied with modelling of a normative cereal farm : réduction of cereals or oil seeds prices, premium for set aside land, increasing of farms surface are analysed. This allows to appreciate the sensibility in choice between productions and the repercussion on farmers' income.
Formation et répartition des gains de productivité dans les agricultures européennes entre 1967 et 1987
Authors: Bureau Jean-Christophe , Butault Jean-Pierre , Hassan Daniel , Lerouvillois Philippe , Rousselle Jean-Marc 
Published: March 2022

Le revenu agricole européen connaît depuis une quinzaine d'années une évolution peu favorable. L'objet de cette étude est d'identifier les facteurs qui expliquent ce phénomène, en remontant pour cela à la fin des années I960. La méthode est celle des comptes de surplus, qui permet de séparer les effets dus à la productivité de ceux qui sont liés à la variation des prix, tant des produits que moyens de production.
Il ressort que l'Europe agricole n'a pas subi, au cours des vingt dernières années, de véritable rupture concernant le mode de formation de ses gains de productivité. Investissement, croissance de la production, amélioration de la productivité du travail sans forte dégradation de celle du capital constituent les principales caractéristiques d'un modèle qui, bien que de façon inégale, domine dans tous les pays. Cela indique que la baisse des prix agricoles, liée au caractère excédentaire de la production, a un rôle essentiel dans la dégradation du revenu.
Dans le courant des années 1980, s'est toutefois amorcée une évolution vers un mode de formation des gains de productivité reposant davantage sur une économie de charges : désinvestissement et restauration de la productivité des consommations intermédiaires. La principale limite à cet ajustement reste cependant la quasi-fixité de la main-d'oeuvre familiale.
Différenciation des produits sur le marché des édulcorants : un modèle d'analyse
Authors: Réquillart Vincent , Giraud-Héraud Eric 
Published: March 2022

Product differentiation on sweeteners market : an analysis model.

The European sweetener market is higbly influenced by the regulation. Sucrose market is a reserved one and price and quantifies are guaranted. EC prices are bigher than world prices and the production of the main competitors of sucrose, namely "high fructose corn syrup" (HFCS) produced from cereals, are restricted to about 2% of the market.
In the whole, few European researchers have analysed this competition between sweeteners and its implications for agricultural policy. Smith (1978) analyses the trend of sweeteners markets (sugar from beet and HFCS from cereals) and its implications for economie policy. In particular he shows the differences between the US and EC situations. Even in the EC, the author suggests that a liberalization ofHFCS market allows it to take some market share to sugar in particular in countries like Italy where beet production is still adapted.
The aim of this paper is to characterize the competition between cereal and sugar beet sweeteners. We focus on the imperfect compétition on this market with the help of models where the product differentiation is explieitely taking into account (address model of product differentiation à la Hotelling, 1929). The consumers program imply a vertical differentiation model where the consumers have différent fastes between the offering qualifies (following Mussa and Rosen, 1978 and Champsaur and Rochet, 1989). Nevertheless minimising provision costs could imply to use more than one kind of product when starch sweeteners are not sufficiently substituable with the sucrose.
We show that microeconomic analysis of consumers andfirms behaviours on this specifie market allows us to throw back into question several of generally accepted ideas based on econometric results of demandin the US market (Lopez and Sepulveda, 1983).
In particular, we define a price map characterized by some areas where products benefit in fact of a monopoly power and by others areas where there is effective competition. Simulations on final demand of sweeteners in France and EC are also presented according to différent assumptions on régulation and prices (we distinguish ten sectors of consumption). It appears that within small differences of prices, the cereal sweeteners could take over sugar markets for some particular uses such as soft drinks. When sugar prices are about 20 % higher that HFCS prices, substitution in sweeteners coule represent a quar- ter of the total demande in sugar. In comparison with the US market, where HFCS replace about 50 % of sugar, this market for HFCS is rather small. This is mainly due to the différences in the structure of consumption.
L'estimation du revenu des ménages agricoles : approches microéconomiques
Authors: Brangeon Jean-Louis , Jégouzo Guenhaël 
Published: March 2022

New forms of state income support for f armer's require knowledge of the statistical distribution of farming households according to their total income. However, France has no reliable means of analysing that distribution y et, particularly of low income groups. Realized improvements are very small as we see in revisiting measurement of farmers' Personal incomes. Households here considered are those offarmers working exclusively or principally in agriculture. Four sources of microdata are examined : the Farm Accountancy Data Network (RICA in France), fax data, household surveys with interview, other opérations such as the '"analysis" of Farming Statistics.
RICA is the best tool of agricultural income' s measurement for professional farms. With the pluriannual resuit s it is possible to distinguish transient low incomes and persistent low incomes. So we know that if 35 % of holdings belonging to network from 1982 to 1986 (n = 2207) have a negative or zero net income (after payment of compulsory social insurances contributions) during a year at least, more than half of deficits last only one year. If 66 % of holdings have a small net income, i.e. lower than 40 000 F, during one year at least, only 25 % — but it's still much — have such an income during five years. But the lowest area of distribution is partly excluded, smallest holdings being out of survey field. Another restriction is that RICA in France has not for target to capture family incomes from non agricultural origins.
If surveys on fiscal revenues include incomes of ail origins, underestimation is important and varying among households. Number of low total incomes is overestimated. However it is the less imperfect source on farmer' s non agricultural incomes : wages are better known ; and error margin being less for selected categories of households, these results can be useful to support assumptions on amounts per categories of total fiscal and non fiscal revenues.
Although for few years household interview surveys have several questions on incomes, their results on this point for farmers are disappointing.
"Analysis" of farm statistics is an evaluation of global income (farm income + other gainful activity return + retirement pension) obtained by families living or working in farms, for selected years. Several of family incomes are calculated by standards. So data are potential incomes at level ofeach family ; but groups' means allow to estimate some disparities.
As to implementation of agro-social policy, it refers to Personal incomes which usually are roughly estimated.
This review leads to specify what partial studies of personal distribution are today possible for farm and non agricultural income offarmers working exclusively or principally in agriculture. Suggestions are made to attempt an improvement of present measurement.