bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transgender Girls Grow Tall: Adult Height Is Unaffected by GnRH Analogue and Estradiol Treatment
Authors: Boogers Lidewij Sophia , Wiepjes Chantal Maria , Klink Daniel Tatting , Hellinga Ilse , van Trotsenburg Adrianus Sarinus Paulus , den Heijer Martin , Hannema Sabine Elisabeth 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Context
Transgender adolescents can receive gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues (GnRH) and gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT), but little is known about effects on growth and adult height. This is of interest since height differs between sexes and some transgender girls wish to limit their growth.

Objective
This work aims to investigate the effects of GnRHa and GAHT on growth, and the efficacy of growth-reductive treatment.

Methods
This retrospective cohort study took place at a specialized tertiary gender clinic. A total of 161 transgender girls were treated with GnRHa and estradiol at a regular dose (2 mg) or high growth-reductive doses of estradiol (6 mg) or ethinyl estradiol (EE, 100-200 µg). Main outcome measures included growth, adult height, and the difference from predicted adult height (PAH) and target height.

Results
Growth velocity and bone maturation decreased during GnRHa, but increased during GAHT. Adult height after regular-dose treatment was 180.4 ± 5.6 cm, which was 1.5 cm below PAH at the start GnRHa (95% CI, 0.2 cm to 2.7 cm), and close to target height (–1.1 cm; 95% CI, –2.5 cm to 0.3 cm). Compared to regular-dose treatment, high-dose estradiol and EE reduced adult height by 0.9 cm (95% CI, –0.9 cm to 2.8 cm) and 3.0 cm (95% CI, 0.2 cm to 5.8 cm), respectively.

Conclusion
Growth decelerated during GnRHa and accelerated during GAHT. After regular-dose treatment, adult height was slightly lower than predicted at start of GnRHa, likely due to systematic overestimation of PAH as described in boys from the general population, but not significantly different from target height. High-dose EE resulted in greater reduction of adult height than high-dose estradiol, but this needs to be weighed against possible adverse effects.
The cellular function of ROP GTPase prenylation is important for multicellularity in the moss Physcomitrium patens
Authors: Bao Liang , Ren Junling , Nguyen Mary , Slusarczyk Arkadiusz Slawomir , Thole Julie M. , Martinez Susana Perez , Huang Jinling , Fujita Tomomichi , Running Mark P. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
A complete picture of how signaling pathways lead to multicellularity is largely unknown. Previously, we generated mutations in a protein prenylation enzyme, GGB, and showed that it is essential for maintaining multicellularity in the moss Physcomitrium patens. Here, we show that ROP GTPases act as downstream factors that are prenylated by GGB and themselves play an important role in the multicellularity of P. patens. We also show that the loss of multicellularity caused by the suppression of GGB or ROP GTPases is due to uncoordinated cell expansion, defects in cell wall integrity and the disturbance of the directional control of cell plate orientation. Expressing prenylatable ROP in the ggb mutant not only rescues multicellularity in protonemata but also results in development of gametophores. Although the prenylation of ROP is important for multicellularity, a higher threshold of active ROP is required for gametophore development. Thus, our results suggest that ROP activation via prenylation by GGB is a key process at both cell and tissue levels, facilitating the developmental transition from one dimension to two dimensions and to three dimensions in P. patens.
Orb-dependent polyadenylation contributes to PLP expression and centrosome scaffold assembly
Authors: Fang Junnan , Lerit Dorothy A. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
As the microtubule-organizing centers of most cells, centrosomes engineer the bipolar mitotic spindle required for error-free mitosis. Drosophila Pericentrin-like protein (PLP) directs formation of a pericentriolar material (PCM) scaffold required for PCM organization and microtubule-organizing center function. Here, we investigate the post-transcriptional regulation of Plp mRNA. We identify conserved binding sites for cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding (CPEB) proteins within the Plp 3′-untranslated region and examine the role of the CPEB ortholog Oo18 RNA-binding protein (Orb) in Plp mRNA regulation. Our data show that Orb interacts biochemically with Plp mRNA to promote polyadenylation and PLP protein expression. Loss of orb, but not orb2, diminishes PLP levels in embryonic extracts. Consequently, PLP localization to centrosomes and its function in PCM scaffolding are compromised in orb mutant embryos, resulting in genomic instability and embryonic lethality. Moreover, we find that PLP overexpression restores centrosome scaffolding and rescues the cell division defects caused by orb depletion. Our data suggest that Orb modulates PLP expression at the level of Plp mRNA polyadenylation and demonstrates that the post-transcriptional regulation of core, conserved centrosomal mRNAs is crucial for centrosome function.
Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna) physiological response to novel thermal and hypoxic conditions at high elevations
Authors: Spence Austin R. , LeWinter Hannah , Tingley Morgan W. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACTMany species have not tracked their thermal niches upslope as predicted by climate change, potentially because higher elevations are associated with abiotic challenges beyond temperature. To better predict whether organisms can continue to move upslope with rising temperatures, we need to understand their physiological performance when subjected to novel high-elevation conditions. Here, we captured Anna's hummingbirds – a species expanding their elevational distribution in concordance with rising temperatures – from across their current elevational distribution and tested their physiological response to novel abiotic conditions. First, at a central aviary within their current elevational range, we measured hovering metabolic rate to assess their response to oxygen conditions and torpor use to assess their response to thermal conditions. Second, we transported the hummingbirds to a location 1200 m above their current elevational range limit to test for an acute response to novel oxygen and thermal conditions. Hummingbirds exhibited lower hovering metabolic rates above their current elevational range limit, suggesting lower oxygen availability may reduce performance after an acute exposure. Alternatively, hummingbirds showed a facultative response to thermal conditions by using torpor more frequently and for longer. Finally, post-experimental dissection found that hummingbirds originating from higher elevations within their range had larger hearts, a potential plastic response to hypoxic environments. Overall, our results suggest lower oxygen availability and low air pressure may be difficult challenges to overcome for hummingbirds shifting upslope as a consequence of rising temperatures, especially if there is little to no long-term acclimatization. Future studies should investigate how chronic exposure and acclimatization to novel conditions, as opposed to acute experiments, may result in alternative outcomes that help organisms better respond to abiotic challenges associated with climate-induced range shifts.
Bivalves maintain repair when faced with chronically repeated mechanical stress
Authors: Crane R. L. , Denny M. W. 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Even though mollusks' capacity to repair shell damage is usually studied in response to a single event, their shells have to defend them against predatory and environmental threats throughout their potentially multi-decadal life. We measured whether and how mollusks respond to chronic mechanical stress. Once a week for 7 months, we compressed whole live California mussels (Mytilus californianus) for 15 cycles at ∼55% of their predicted one-time breaking force, a treatment known to cause fatigue damage in shells. We found mussels repaired their shells. Shells of experimentally stressed mussels were just as strong at the end of the experiment as those of control mussels that had not been experimentally loaded, and they were more heavily patched internally. Additionally, stressed shells differed in morphology; they were heavier and thicker at the end of the experiment than control shells but they had increased less in width, resulting in a flatter, less domed shape. Finally, the chronic mechanical stress and repair came at a cost, with stressed mussels having higher mortality and less soft tissue than the control group. Although associated with significant cost, mussels' ability to maintain repair in response to ongoing mechanical stress may be vital to their survival in harsh and predator-filled environments.
Mild hypoxia exposure impacts peripheral serotonin uptake and degradation in Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta)
Authors: Sebastiani John , Sabatelli Allyson , McDonald M. Danielle 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACTPlasma serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) homeostasis is maintained through the combined processes of uptake (via the 5-HT transporter SERT, and others), degradation (via monoamine oxidase, MAO) and excretion. Previous studies have shown that inhibiting SERT, which would inhibit 5-HT uptake and degradation, attenuates parts of the cardiovascular hypoxia reflex in gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta), suggesting that these 5-HT clearance processes may be important during hypoxia exposure. Therefore, the goal of this experiment was to determine the effects of mild hypoxia on 5-HT uptake and degradation in the peripheral tissues of toadfish. We hypothesized that 5-HT uptake and degradation would be upregulated during hypoxia, resulting in lower plasma 5-HT, with uptake occurring in the gill, heart, liver and kidney. Fish were exposed to normoxia (97.6% O2 saturation, 155.6 Torr) or 2 min, 40 min or 24 h mild hypoxia (50% O2 saturation, ∼80 Torr), then injected with radiolabeled [3H]5-HT before blood, urine, bile and tissues were sampled. Plasma 5-HT levels were reduced by 40% after 40 min of hypoxia exposure and persisted through 24 h. 5-HT uptake by the gill was upregulated following 2 min of hypoxia exposure, and degradation in the gill was upregulated at 40 min and 24 h. Interestingly, there was no change in 5-HT uptake by the heart and degradation in the heart decreased by 58% within 2 min of hypoxia exposure and by 85% at 24 h. These results suggest that 5-HT clearance is upregulated during hypoxia and is likely driven, in part, by mechanisms within the gill and not the heart.
Investigation of Seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in Horses and Donkeys in Muş Province of Turkey
Authors: Kirbas Akin 
Published: June 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in equidae in the province of Muş, Turkey. The study material consisted of 210 equidae including 159 horses and 51 donkeys in Mus province. In serum samples, anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and titers were detected using Sabin Feldman Dye Test (SFDT). Seropositivity was found in 115 (54.76 %) of the 210 equidae tested in the study. The rate of seropositivity in donkeys (92.16%) was higher than the rate in horses (42.77%), and statistical significance was observed (P<0.001). T. gondii antibody was detected in 68 (42.77%) of the horse sera examined by SFDT. When T. gondii seropositivity was evaluated according to gender, it was found to be 47.92% in females and 32.92% in males. No statistical difference was observed between the gender groups (P> 0.05). When T. gondii seropositivity was evaluated according to age, seropositivity rate in the equidae older than 10 years was found to be higher as 46.67%, but no statistical significance was observed among the age groups. T. gondii antibody was detected in 47 (92.16%) of donkey sera examined by SFDT. When T. gondii seropositivity was evaluated according to gender, the rate of seropositivity was found to be 89.47% in females and 93.75% in males. No statistical significance was observed between the gender groups (P>0.05). When T. gondii seropositivity was evaluated according to age, the seropositivity rate in those older than 10 years was found to be higher as 96.30%, but no statistical significance was observed among the age groups (P>0.05). As a result of scanning the equidea in Muş province by SFDT, seropositivity rate was found as 42.77% in horses and 92.16% in donkeys.Keywords: Donkey, Horse, SFDT, Toxoplasma gondii, Toxoplasmosis
Epidemiology and clinical features of Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome: A nationwide population-based study in South Korea
Authors: Park Hyung Jun , Kim Ye-Jee , Kim Min-Ju , Kim Ho Cheol 
Published: June 2022

Background
Birt–Hogg–Dubé (BHD) syndrome is an ultrarare lung disease with unclear prevalence and incidence. Our study aimed to identify the epidemiological and clinical features of BHD syndrome by using nationwide claims data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment service.

Methods
Patients with BHD syndrome who had the following criteria were included: 1) tested for folliculin gene mutation, and 2) had at least one of the conditions: other specified malformation syndromes, fibrofolliculoma, acrochordon, lung cyst, cancer, and pneumothorax based on International Classification of Disease–10 code.

Results
We found 26 patients with BHD syndrome from 2017 to 2019. The prevalence of BHD syndrome was 5.67 per 107 population, with no peak age. Among incidence cases, the median age of diagnosis was 51 years, with slightly more females than males (n = 15, 57.7%). Over half of the patients (n = 14, 53.8%) experienced pneumothorax, and 10 (38.5%) developed malignant neoplasm within the clinical course.

Conclusions
The prevalence of BHD syndrome in Korea is extremely low. However, affected patients manifest several comorbidities, including malignant neoplasm and repetitive pneumothorax.
Clinicoepidemiological Features of Childhood and Adult Vitiligo - A Cross- Sectional Observational Study
Authors: A. Archana Devi  , P. V. Krishnam Raju  , B. Gayatri Devi  , K. V. T. Gopal  , T. Narayana Rao  
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND
Vitiligo is an acquired primary, usually progressive, melanocytopenia of unknown aetiology clinically manifested by circumscribed achromic macules and histologically by degeneration and disappearance of melanocytes in involved skin. Childhood vitiligo deserves special attention as it has unique epidemiological features. We wanted to determine, compare and analyze the clinical and epidemiological features and autoimmune disease associations in childhood vitiligo and adult vitiligo.
METHODS
It was a prospective cross-sectional observational hospital-based clinical study conducted in a suburban medical college hospital over 20 months which involved 120 patients with vitiligo who were assessed using detailed history and clinical examination for demographic and clinical data. Relevant history and family history were noted. Investigations including complete hemogram, serum biochemistry profile, thyroid profile and fasting plasma glucose examination were performed in all patients. Data were collected, tabulated, and all statistical analysis was done by using SPSS trial version 25 and in MS Excel 2007.
RESULTS
The majority of patients were in the age group of 16-30 years. Among 60 patients, female preponderance was noted in the study with a percentage of 53.3 % followed by 46 % males in the childhood group. The prevalence of segmental vitiligo was more in children (30 %) than in adults (5 %) which was statistically significant (P= 0.000). In adults, there was a statistically significant higher prevalence (P=0.000) of mucosal vitiligo (30 %) than in children (3.35 %). On performing statistical analysis, thyroid dysfunction (P=0.00) and diabetes mellitus (P=0.01) were found to be significantly more prevalent in adults than in children.
CONCLUSIONS
This study provides clinical evidence that vitiligo at different ages has different characteristics mainly regarding an increased incidence of segmental vitiligo and a more common positive family history among children than adults. A higher prevalence of thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus in adult vitiligo patients compared to children warrants prompt treatment in all detected cases to prevent long-term morbidity and complications.
Posterior Fixation with Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion for Single Level Isthmic and Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis in Adults Causes Less Complication
Authors: Atanu Chatterjee  , Ujjwal Kanti Debnath  , Rajesh Kar  , Kanai Lal Jana  
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND
Lumbar interbody fusion has long been considered the "gold standard" technique for surgical treatment of adult spondylolisthesis. Superior results have subsequently been reported with interbody fusion with cages and posterior instrumentation. The objectives of the study were to determine the functional outcome after one year following surgery and evaluate the fusion rate.
METHODS
In this prospective, non-randomised study, 26 patients (average age 37.1 yrs) with isthmic spondylolisthesis (IS), who suffered for an average of 12.08 months and 14 patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis (DS) (average age 58.6 yrs), who suffered for 13.2 months on average were collected in out-patient department basis. They underwent an interbody fusion with cages with posterior instrumentation (TLIF or PLIF). Clinical outcome was measured using VAS and Oswestry Disability Index. Foraminal dimensions and disc heights were measured in standard digital radiographs. Radiographic fusion was confirmed with CT scans at 1 year.
RESULTS
In the IS group, a mean spondylolisthesis slip of 33.3 % was reduced to 6.7 % at 1 year. Vertical foraminal distance(C) was improved from 11.2 mm to 12.0 mm. The fusion rate was 78.2 % with TLIF and 66.7 % with PLIF. In the DS group, a mean spondylolisthesis slip of 32.7 % was reduced to 7.4 % at 1 year. C distance was improved from 11.8 mm to 13.2 mm. The fusion rate was 66.7 % with TLIF and 100 % with PLIF. The mean ODI scores at baseline and 1 year, were improved from 48 to 9.8 and from 49.5 to 18.4 in the IS and DS groups respectively. VAS score was improved from 6.4 to 0.8 and from 6.6 to 2.5 in IS and DS groups respectively.
CONCLUSIONS
Interbody fusion for low-grade spondylolisthesis requiring reduction results in excellent to good functional outcomes in 90 % of patients with a good fusion rate. TLIF procedure of spinal fusion requires less time, causes less bleeding, and has less chance of damage to the neural structures than PLIF.
The efficient thermal processing of cylindrical multiphase meat: a study on the selection of microwave heating strategy
Authors: Kumari Sushma , Samanta Sujoy Kumar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The two-dimensional cylindrically shaped multiphase meat sample was modelled for microwave processing for two different interaction techniques i.e., lateral and radial during mono-mode operation of waveguide. The study was aimed to analyze the effect of volume fraction and sample size along with the duration of the procedure on the heat distribution corresponding to specified frequency and intensity of microwave. Procedure exhibiting higher heating rate and lower thermal non-homogeneity was set as the deciding factor for an optimal heating scheme. In order to achieve optimal processing at both 915 and 2450 MHz frequency, rotation of smaller samples and non-rotation of larger samples were recommended in most of the case studies; however, few exceptions were also observed and reported. In addition, reciprocity between volume fraction, intensity of the microwave radiation and procedure duration was also discussed. Overall, the present study would guide the studies on the microwave processing of two-dimensional multiphase meat.
PERAN PENDIDIKAN INKLUSIF DALAM MEMBANGUN KARAKTER GRIT DAN KEISLAMAN PADA ANAK BERKEBUTUHAN KHUSUS (Studi Kasus PAUD Al Hikmah Sempor)
Authors: Yuliana Yuliana 
Published: June 2022

Inclusive education seeks to instill the value of solidarity and respect for the diversity of children. Such conditions are a good thing to develop grit character, especially for children with special needs. This study discusses the role of inclusive education in building grit and Islamic characters in children with special needs. The research method used is qualitative methods. The subjects of this study were teachers and students at the Al Hikmah Sempor Integrated Islamic Kindergarten. The learning process of children with special needs, learning methods, and learning media are objects. The collection techniques used were interviews, observation, and documentation. The data analysis techniques used were data presentation, data reduction, and verification. The results of this study in the learning of children with special needs in inclusive schools are unique learning methods that are the same and different from normal children. It has a positive impact on children with special needs, both physically, psychologically, and psychomotor. Pendidikan inklusif berupaya untuk menanamkan nilai solidaritas, dan penghargaan atas keberagaman anak. Kondisi seperti itu merupakan hal baik untuk menumbuh-kembangkan karakter grit, utamanya bagi Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus. Penelitian ini membahas tentang peran pendidikan inklusif dalam membangun karakter grit dan keislaman pada anak berkebutuhan khusus. Metode penelitian yang digunakan metode kualitatif. Subjek penelitian ini adalah guru dan siswa di TK Islam Terpadu Al Hikmah Sempor. Objek penelitian ini adalah proses pembelajaran anak berkebutuhan khusus, metode pembelajaran, dan media pembelajaran. Teknik pengumpulan yang digunakan adalah wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah penyajian data, reduksi data, dan verifikasi. Hasil penelitian ini dalam pembelajaran anak berkebutuhan khusus di sekolah inklusi terdapat metode pembelajaran khusus yang sama dan berbeda dengan anak normal. Pembelajaran seperti itu memberikan dampak positif bagi anak berkebutuhan khusus baik secara fisik, psikis, maupun psikomotorik.