bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of Cardiovascular Trial Outcome Ascertainment and Treatment Effect Estimates from Routine Health Data: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Rodrigues Craig , Odutayo Ayodele , Patel Sagar , Agarwal Arnav , da Costa Bruno Roza , Lin Ethan , Yeh Robert W. , Jüni Peter , Goodman Shaun G. , Farkouh Michael E. , Udell Jacob A. 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Registry-based randomized controlled trials allow for outcome ascertainment using routine health data (RHD). While this method provides a potential solution to the rising cost and complexity of clinical trials, comparative analyses of outcome ascertainment by clinical end point committee (CEC) adjudication compared with RHD sources are sparse. Among cardiovascular trials, we set out to systematically compare the incidence of cardiovascular events and estimated randomized treatment effects ascertained from RHD versus traditional clinical evaluation and adjudication.

Methods:
We searched MEDLINE (1976 to August 2020) for studies where outcome ascertainment was performed by both RHD and CEC adjudication to compare the incidence of cardiovascular events and treatment effects. We derived ratios of hazard ratios to compare treatment effects from RHD and CEC adjudication. We pooled ratios of hazard ratios using an inverse variance random-effects meta-analysis.

Results:
Nine studies (1988–2020; 32 156 patients) involving 10 randomized control trials compared outcome ascertainment with RHD and CEC in patients with or at risk of cardiovascular disease. There was a high degree of agreement and interrater reliability between CEC and RHD outcome determination for all-cause mortality (agreement percentage: 98.4%–100% and κ: 0.95–1.0) and cardiovascular mortality (agreement percentage: 97.8%–99.9% and κ: 0.66–0.99). For myocardial infarction, the κ values ranged from 0.67–0.98, and for stroke the values ranged from 0.52–0.89. In contrast, the κ value for peripheral artery disease was low (κ: 0.27). There was little difference in the randomized treatment effect derived from CEC and RHD ascertainment of events based on the ratios of hazard ratio, with pooled ratios of hazard ratios ranging from 0.93 (95% CI, 0.63–1.39) for cardiovascular mortality to 1.27 (95% CI, 0.67–2.41) for stroke.

Conclusions:
Clinical outcome ascertainment using retrospectively acquired RHD displayed high levels of agreement with CEC adjudication for identifying all-cause mortality and cardiovascular outcomes. Importantly, cardiovascular treatment effects in randomized control trials determined from RHD and CEC resulted in similar point estimates. Overall, our review supports the use of RHD as a potential alternative source for clinical outcome ascertainment in cardiovascular trials. Validation studies with prospectively planned linkage are warranted.
The Inhibition Effect of Affordances in Action Picture Naming: An Event-related Potential Study
Authors: Xin Xin , Zhang Qingfang 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
How quickly are different kinds of conceptual knowledge activated in action picture naming? Using a masked priming paradigm, we manipulated the prime category type (artificial vs. natural), prime action type (precision, power, vs. neutral grip), and target action type (precision vs. power grip) in action picture naming, while electrophysiological signals were measured concurrently. Naming latencies showed an inhibition effect in the congruent action type condition compared with the neutral condition. ERP results showed that artificial and natural category primes induced smaller waveforms in precision or power action primes than neutral primes in the time window of 100–200 msec. Time–frequency results consistently presented a power desynchronization of the mu rhythm in the time window of 0–210 msec with precision action type artificial objects compared with neutral primes, which localized at the supplementary motor, precentral and postcentral areas in the left hemisphere. These findings suggest an inhibitory effect of affordances arising at conceptual preparation in action picture naming and provide evidence for embodied cognition.
Common Neural Functions during Children's Learning from Naturalistic and Controlled Mathematics Paradigms
Authors: Amalric Marie , Cantlon Jessica F. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTwo major goals of human neuroscience are to understand how the brain functions in the real world and to measure neural processes under conditions that are ecologically valid. A critical step toward these goals is understanding how brain activity during naturalistic tasks that mimic the real world relates to brain activity in more traditional laboratory tasks. In this study, we used intersubject correlations to locate reliable stimulus-driven cerebral processes among children and adults in a naturalistic video lesson and a laboratory forced-choice task that shared the same arithmetic concept. We show that relative to a control condition with grammatical content, naturalistic and laboratory arithmetic tasks evoked overlapping activation within brain regions previously associated with math semantics. The regions of specific functional overlap between the naturalistic mathematics lesson and laboratory mathematics task included bilateral intraparietal cortex, which confirms that this region processes mathematical content independently of differences in task mode. These findings suggest that regions of the intraparietal cortex process mathematical content when children are learning about mathematics in a naturalistic setting.
“Practical Kabbalah” and the Jewish Tradition of Magic
Authors: Harari Yuval 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This article deals with the Jewish tradition of magic and its relationship with Kabbalah.1 It begins by clarifying internal and external views of magic in Judaism, the place of “Kabbalah” and “kabbalists” in the traditional Jewish discourse of ritual power, and the role of “practical Kabbalah” in Israel’s market of New Age spiritual therapies. The focus is on the mutual relationships between the conceptual and performative foundations of Jewish magic practice and Kabbalah, as well as on Kabbalah’s actual influence on the Jewish tradition of magic.
How to?: A Methodological Guide to Identify a Treaty’s Object and Purpose
Authors: De Vriese Kit 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
None of the principles of treaty interpretation is so often invoked and at the same time so shrouded in mystery as the treaty’s object and purpose. Following the International Court of Justice, several scholars have tried to determine common (interpretive) principles to identify the object and purpose of a particular treaty. However, even the most “demystifying” accounts of treaty interpretation have not been able to clarify the concept. The few accounts that did try to identify such principles arrived back at the start of their journey, replacing veils rather than removing them. The result is the now widely accepted and proclaimed yet circular proposition that “the object and purpose of a treaty (provision) is determined in light of all its provisions as a whole”. This article identifies some clear(er) principles, which can be used by academics and practitioners. It argues that the concept is less open-ended than commonly assumed.
Readmission Rates Following Major Head and Neck Surgery With Concurrent Tracheostomy
Authors: Brauer Philip R. , Bryson Paul C. , Tierney William S. , Wu Shannon S. , Jia Xuefei , Lamarre Eric D. 
Published: March 2022

Objectives: To determine the influence of major head and neck procedures on readmission and complication rates following tracheostomy. Methods: A retrospective cohort study using the 2005 to 2017 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database. Current Procedural Terminology codes were used to identify tracheostomy patients and to define the underlying head and neck procedure. Patients under the age of 18 and with unknown pre-operative variables were excluded. Univariate and multivariable analyses were performed. Results: A total of 3240 tracheostomy patients undergoing major head and neck surgery were identified in NSQIP. The 30-day mortality rate was 104 (3.2%) and 258 (9.0%) patients were readmitted. 637 (19.7%) patients had an unplanned return to the operating room. There were 1606 (49.6%) non-tracheostomy specific complications, which included 850 (26.2%) medical and 1142 (35.2%) surgical complications. On multivariable analysis, we found that the underlying procedures did not impact the risk of readmission ( P > .05 for all). The underlying procedure was also not associated with unplanned return to the operating room except for thyroidectomies, which had a lower risk than free tissue graft reconstruction (OR = 0.53 (95%CI 0.31, 0.88), P = .018). Conclusion: While almost 1 in every 2 patients had a complication following major head and neck surgery that included creation of a tracheostomy, the rate of readmission is comparatively low and is not associated with the underlying procedure. These findings should reassure head and neck surgeons that properly managed tracheostomies do not constitute a disproportionate risk of readmission.
How did the Covid-19 pandemic affect individuals with schizophrenia from Turkey?
Authors: Karanci Ayse Nuray , Ikizer Gözde , Aldemir İlknur Dilekler , Bilgehan Ayça , Karagöz Cansu 
Published: March 2022

Background: Serious mental illness, including schizophrenia, have been shown to be associated with psychosocial vulnerabilities in the face of adverse events. While individuals with schizophrenia might undergo many psychosocial difficulties during the COVID-19 pandemic, they might also not be affected, or report increased subjective well-being. This suggests that it is important to understand diverse impacts and further understand the unique experiences. Methods: To capture how the pandemic affected them and how they handled the challenges if there were any in the initial and more recent phases of the pandemic, 18 individuals with schizophrenia living in Turkey were interviewed. Results: Thematic analysis of interviews resulted in four superordinate themes for both time points. Three themes related to the impact of the pandemic (i.e. burdens of COVID-19, positive impacts of COVID-19, no impact of COVID-19) indicated that they shared a number of challenges with the general population. Themes about the positive impacts and no impact also replicated the previous findings in this clinical population. One last theme named as facilitators of coping implied that the participants tried to deal with the burdens by using available resources, adapt to the changes in their daily living, and benefit from social interaction and support. Conclusions: To conclude, people with schizophrenia seem to be coping with challenges posed by the pandemic with diverse strategies and they seem to even experience psychological growth alongside with negative impacts. The individualized needs and potential for growth have pivotal implications for the management of the illness during the pandemic.
Dreams of a Globalized University in Ecuador: The Reforms of the Rafael Correa Government
Authors: Espinosa Betty , María Goetschel Ana , Carrasco Fernando 
Published: March 2022

The reform of Ecuadorian universities implemented since 2007 has followed the trend toward internationalization and a globalized university system. It is inconsistent not only with national needs but with historical traditions regarding university autonomy, cogovernance, and social commitment in Latin America. These changes are part of long-term processes that began in the 1970s with neoliberal reforms in Chile. Neoliberalism is not limited to privatization but, nourished by the neoclassical school of economics, emphasizes the individual subject, financing according to results and measured by the number of students or by the production of scientific research articles with international reference, competitiveness among actors and institutions, and the control and disciplining of institutions that contribute to the commodification of the relations within and between institutions of higher education. These reforms have produced elements such as quasi-markets in the public and social sectors. La reforma de las universidades ecuatorianas implementada desde 2007 ha seguido una tendencia hacia la internacionalización y un sistema universitario globalizado. Resulta inconsistente no solo con las necesidades nacionales sino también las tradiciones históricas en torno a la autonomía universitaria, el cogobierno y el compromiso social en América Latina. Estos cambios son parte de procesos de largo plazo que comenzaron en la década de 1970 con las reformas neoliberales en Chile. El neoliberalismo no se limita a la privatización sino que, a partir de la escuela económica neoclásica, enfatiza el sujeto individual, el financiamiento acorde a los resultados y medidas como el número de estudiantes, la producción de artículos de investigación científica con referencia internacional, la competitividad entre actores e instituciones, y el control y disciplina de las instituciones que contribuyen a la mercantilización de las relaciones dentro y entre las instituciones de educación superior. Estas reformas han producido elementos que podrían describirse como cuasi-mercados en los sectores público y social.
Examining English Language Arts Teachers: Evidence from National Data
Authors: Nguyen Tuan D. , Northrop Laura 
Published: March 2022

Background: Much of the previous research in teacher attrition and retention focuses on teachers in general, without regard to specific types of teachers. We focus on English language arts (ELA) and English as a second language (ESL) teachers because the United States has stubbornly low achievement in reading, and reading is critical to the success of learning other subjects, and because these are the two groups of teachers most responsible for teaching both native and non-native English speakers to read. Purpose: Our goal is to understand how the demographics and qualifications of ELA and ESL teachers have changed over time, changes in the student characteristics and school conditions in which they teach, their attrition rate, and the factors that are associated with their attrition behaviors. We also pay close attention to teachers in economically disadvantaged schools. Research Design: We use nationally representative data from seven waves of the Schools and Staffing Survey from 1987–1988 to 2011–2012, as well as the 2015–2016 National Teacher and Principal Survey to examine ELA and ESL teachers and their turnover behaviors. We employ sampling weights to make the results nationally representative. We use both descriptive and regression analyses to examine these teachers. Data Analysis: We first describe how characteristics of ELA and ESL teachers and the schools in which they teach have changed from 1988 to 2016. We then examine how these characteristics vary systematically across high- and low-poverty schools and compare the attrition rate for ELA and ESL teachers relative to other teachers. We also examine the factors that are associated with various forms of turnover and how organizational supports may be leveraged to increase retention. Findings: We find the composition of ELA and ESL teachers has changed substantially over time, with more teachers attending selective schools, being certified to teach, and more likely to teach in high-poverty schools. Relatedly, teacher characteristics in high- and low-poverty schools are consistently different across time, and school working conditions play an enhanced role in high-poverty schools rather than in more affluent schools. Conclusions: Although we find ELA teachers turn over at similar rates compared to non-ELA teachers, we find ESL teachers are more likely to leave both their current school and the profession. This is particularly concerning given that the ESL population is increasing while at the same time there is a shortage of trained-ESL teachers.
Real-world efficacy of galcanezumab for the treatment of migraine in Korean patients
Authors: Kwon Soonwook , Gil Young-Eun , Lee Mi Ji 
Published: March 2022

Background and objective We aimed to provide real-world data on the effectiveness of an anti-calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibody administered for treating migraine in Korean patients. Methods We prospectively recruited patients with migraine who received galcanezumab treatment at a single university hospital from June 2020 to April 2021. The treatment response was assessed after three consecutive monthly injections. A 50% responder rate was evaluated based on ≥50% reduction in the number of moderate/severe headache days. Results Overall, 87 patients were included in the analysis. Most patients were women (83.9%). They had a mean age of 41.7 ± 12.3 years (range 17–72). Sixty-five patients (74.7%) had chronic migraine, 35 patients (40.2%) had a history of medication-overuse headache, and 32 patients (36.8%) were previously unresponsive to or found intolerable five classes of preventive medication. After three months of treatment, mean changes in numbers of monthly headache days, moderate/severe headache days, crystal clear days, and days of acute medication use were −7.2 ± 8.43, −4.3 ± 9.76, 7.3 ± 8.50, and −4.1 ± 7.93, respectively. The 50% responder rates were 58.3%, 44.2%, and 40.6% for patients with unsuccessful previous use of 0–1, 2–4, and 5 preventive medication classes, respectively. Headache Impact Test-6 and Migraine Disability Assessment Test scores also decreased (−4.4 ± 8.09 and −32.9 ± 77.04, respectively). Conclusion In our cohort, the effectiveness and safety of galcanezumab were comparable with those reported in clinical trials, whereas a higher response rate was observed in the difficult-to-treat patient subset than that reported in trials. We provide real-world evidence of galcanezumab treatment benefits in Asian patients with migraine.
The spectrum of indomethacin-responsive headaches in children and adolescents
Authors: Myers Kenneth A , Barmherzig Rebecca , Raj Nichelle R , Berrahmoune Saoussen , Ingelmo Pablo , Saint-Martin Christine , Khan Afsheen Q , Kouri Megan , Morris Cynthia , Hershey Andrew D , Kacperski Joanne , Kabbouche Marielle A , Mohamed Nada , Rao Rashmi R , Lagman-Bartolome Ana Marissa , Gelfand Amy A , Szperka Christina L , Orr Serena L 
Published: March 2022

Background Headaches with marked, specific response to indomethacin occur in children, but the phenotypic spectrum of this phenomenon has not been well-studied. Methods We reviewed pediatric patients with headache showing ≥80% improvement with indomethacin, from seven academic medical centers. Results We included 32 pediatric patients (16 females). Mean headache onset age was 10.9 y (range 2–16 y). Headache syndromes included hemicrania continua (n = 13), paroxysmal hemicrania (n = 10), primary stabbing headache (n = 2), short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (n = 1), primary exercise headache (n = 1) and primary cough headache (n = 1). Adverse events were reported in 13, most commonly gastrointestinal symptoms, which often improved with co-administration of gastro-protective agents. Conclusion Indomethacin-responsive headaches occur in children and adolescents, and include headache syndromes, such as primary cough headache, previously thought to present only in adulthood. The incidence of adverse events is high, and patients must be co-treated with a gastroprotective agent.
Efficacy and safety of eptinezumab in patients with migraine and self-reported aura: Post hoc analysis of PROMISE-1 and PROMISE-2
Authors: Ashina Messoud , McAllister Peter , Cady Roger , Hirman Joe , Ettrup Anders 
Published: March 2022

Background This post hoc subgroup analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of eptinezumab for migraine prevention in patients with migraine and self-reported aura. Methods PROMISE-1 (NCT02559895; episodic migraine) and PROMISE-2 (NCT02974153; chronic migraine) were randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials that evaluated eptinezumab for migraine prevention. In both studies, the primary outcome was the mean change from baseline in monthly migraine days over Weeks 1–12. Patients in this analysis included those who self-reported migraine with aura at screening. Results Of patients with episodic migraine, ∼75% reported a history of aura at screening; of patients with chronic migraine, ∼35% reported a history of aura. Changes in monthly migraine days over Weeks 1–12 were –4.0 (100 mg) and –4.2 (300 mg) with eptinezumab versus –3.1 with placebo in patients with episodic migraine with aura, and were –7.1 (100 mg) and –7.6 (300 mg) with eptinezumab versus –6.0 with placebo in patients with chronic migraine with aura. Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported by 56.0% (100 mg), 57.4% (300 mg), and 55.4% (placebo) of patients. Conclusions The preventive migraine efficacy of eptinezumab in patients in the PROMISE studies who self-reported aura was comparable to the overall study populations, demonstrating a similarly favorable safety and tolerability profile. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifiers: NCT02559895 and NCT02974153
Unilateral increased visual sensitivity in cluster headache: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Brandt Roemer B , Cnossen Victor M , Doesborg Patty GG , Coo Ilse Frederieke de , Perenboom Matthijs J L. , Carpay Johannes A , Meilof Roy , Terwindt Gisela Marie , Ferrari Michel D , Fronczek Rolf 
Published: March 2022

Background and Objectives Increased sensitivity to light and patterns is typically associated with migraine, but has also been anecdotally reported in cluster headache, leading to diagnostic confusion. We wanted to assess whether visual sensitivity is increased ictally and interictally in cluster headache. Methods We used the validated Leiden Visual Sensitivity Scale (L-VISS) questionnaire (range 0-36 points) to measure visual sensitivity in people with episodic or chronic cluster headache: (i) during attacks; (ii) in-between attacks; and in episodic cluster headache (iii) in-between bouts. The L-VISS scores were compared with the L-VISS scores obtained in a previous study in healthy controls and participants with migraine. Results Mean L-VISS scores were higher for: (i) ictal vs interictal cluster headache (episodic cluster headache: 11.9 ± 8.0 vs. 5.2 ± 5.5, chronic cluster headache: 13.7 ± 8.4 vs 5.6 ± 4.8; p < 0.001); (ii) interictal cluster headache vs controls (5.3 ± 5.2 vs 3.6 ± 2.8, p < 0.001); (iii) interictal chronic cluster headache vs interictal ECH in bout (5.9 ± 0.5 vs 3.8 ± 0.5, p = 0.009), and (iv) interictal episodic cluster headache in bout vs episodic cluster headache out-of-bout (5.2 ± 5.5 vs. 3.7 ± 4.3, p < 0.001). Subjective visual hypersensitivity was reported by 110/121 (91%; 9 missing) participants with cluster headache and was mostly unilateral in 70/110 (64%) and ipsilateral to the ictal pain in 69/70 (99%) participants. Conclusion Cluster headache is associated with increased ictal and interictal visual sensitivity. In contrast to migraine, this is mostly unilateral and ipsilateral on the side of the ictal pain.