bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fall Ethephon Delays Bloom in ‘Redhaven’ Peach by Delaying Flower Differentiation and Development during Dormancy
Authors: Crisosto C.H. , Lombard P.B. , Fuchigami L.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethephon at 120 mg·liter−1 applied to hand-defoliated or nondefoliated trees in late Oct. 1984 delayed ‘Redhaven’ [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] full bloom by ≈5 days in 1985. The same treatment applied on 1 Nov. 1985 delayed full bloom by 9 days in 1986. Hand-defoliation alone was ineffective in delaying bloom in either season. Ethephon treatments increased abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene levels in dormant buds collected throughout the 1985–86 dormant season. Starch and reducing sugar contents and total chilling requirement were not affected by the ethephon and hand-defoliation. Flower primordia were delayed in differentiation and growth during late fall following a 1986 spray of ethephon. A delay in flower development and growth may be caused by increased levels of ethylene and ABA. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon); aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG).
Pinching Technique Influences Lateral Shoot Development in Poinsettia
Authors: Berghage Robert D. , Heins Royal D. , Karlsson Meriam , Erwin John , Carlson William 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Lateral shoot growth and plant morphology of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) were influenced by the pinching technique used for apical meristem removal. Plants were pinched in one of four ways: 1) soft (removal of the apical meristem plus stem and leaf tissue associated with leaves ≤2 cm long); 2) medium (removal of the apical meristem plus stem and leaf tissue associated with leaves up to 7 cm long); 3) hard (removal of the apical meristem plus stem and leaf tissue associated with all immature leaves); and 4) leaf removal (LR; soft pinch as defined above plus removal of all immature leaves but not the associated stem tissue). Initial growth of lateral shoots on soft and some medium-pinched plants was less than initial growth of lateral shoots on hard- or LR-pinched plants. Shorter lateral shoots and longer primary stems at anthesis on soft-pinched plants resulted in vertical plant architecture. Hard- and LR-pinched plants had a more horizontal plant architecture. The average height : width ratio of soft-, hard-, and LR-pinched plants at anthesis was 0.77, 0.68, and 0.63, respectively. Of 10 commercial cultivars tested in 1987, 48% of the inflorescences of soft-pinched plants developed below the bract canopy, compared with 27% and 31% for hard- and LR-pinched plants, respectively. These results show that the use of a soft pinch to increase inflorescence number in the bract canopy is not productive if immature leaves are left on the plant when pinching.
Implications of Year × Season × Genotype Interactions in Mungbean Yield Trials
Authors: Fernandez George C.J. , Chen H.K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Knowledge of the type and extent of the genotype × environment (G × E) interaction on a particular crop can be applied to improve the efficiency of resource allocation in long-term yield trials. Estimates of the relative magnitude of G × E, for seed yield and related traits, were obtained from mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] field trials conducted at the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) in Taiwan. Ten diverse genotypes were evaluated in spring, summer, and fall during 2 years. Photoperiod, temperature, and distribution of pest and diseases vary distinctly during these seasons. The was greater than the for plant height, seeds per pod, 100-seed weight, and days to flowering; however, seed yield, first harvest percentage, pods per plant, and mean maturity were greatly influenced by was significant for all variables, except seed weight, while was significant for plant height, pods per plant, seeds per pod, and days to flowering. The second-order interactions, G × Y × S, were large and greater than the first-order interactions (G × Y, G × S) for seed yield, pods per plant, and seeds per pod. Estimates of expected error variance for genotypic mean from varying years, replications, and three seasons suggest that 3 years and three replications would be effective in selecting promising lines from three-season yield trials conducted at AVRDC.
Effect of Gypsum and Dolomite on Pythium Diseases of Seedlings1
Authors: Gill D. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The addition of gypsum (10, 5 or 2½ lb./yd3) or gypsum plus dolomite (each 5 lb./yd3) to soils before planting with 7 kinds of ornamental and vegetable seeds did not result in more useful seedlings in uninfested soil, but in most instances, significantly increased percent of good seedlings in soil infested with Pythium myriotylum or P. aphanidermatum over the control. In uninfested soils the addition of 5 lb./yd3 dolomite did not increase the number of useable seedlings compared with unamended, uninfested soil. The dolomite resulted in significantly more useful, healthy seedlings than the control only with tomato and calendula in P. myriotylum-infested soil and in stock with P. aphanidermatum-infested soil.
Role of Transpiration and Phloem Transport in Accumulation of 45Calcium in Leaves of Young Apple Trees1
Authors: Stebbins R. L. , Dewey D. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Apple (Pyrus malus L.) seedlings or rooted layers growing in nutrient solution in the greenhouse were used to determine the role of xylem and phloem in the accumulation of Ca in the leaves. 45calcium accumulation increased with increasing rates of transpiration as measured by water losses. Girdling experiments demonstrated that the phloem was the primary route of translocation. Young leaves accumulated more 45ca than old leaves even though the water losses for plants bearing only young leaves or only old leaves were similar. 45calcium accumulation in mature leaves was decreased when the shoot tips were removed. Apparently, in young apple trees Ca moves primarily in the phloem, but leaks into the xylem at increasing reates in the younger stem and near the growing apex.
Spacing of Container-Grown Trees in the Nursery1
Authors: Harris Richard W. , Leiser Andrew T. , Neel P. Lanny , Dwight Long , Stice Norman W. , Maire Richard G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The spacing of container-grown Betula verrucosa Ehrh., Eucalyptus sideroxylon A. Cunn., Dodonaea viscosa ‘Purpurea’ Jacq., and Liquidambar styraciflua L. was studied at 2 California locations in 1967 and 1968. As area per plant increased from can-to-can spacing, trunk caliper and taper increased, as did wt of roots and branches plus leaves, but increases in height and wt of trunk were less. At the closest spacings, the lower foliage was sparse, giving the trees a leggy appearance. Adequate spacing, about twice the can-to-can area, the first season gave benefits of increased trunk caliper and fuller foliage with a minimum sacrifice in height.
Exogenous Growth-Regulator Effect on Tomato Fruit Cracking and Pericarp Morphology1
Authors: Batal K. M. , Weigle J. L. , Lersten N. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth-regulating chemicals, individually or in combinations, sprayed on tomato fruits growing in the greenhouse, significantly reduced fruit cracking in ‘Marglobe’. The amount of cracking in treated ‘Marglobe’ fruit was similar to that in crack-resistant ‘Heinz 1350’. Differences in pericarp morphology between untreated ‘Marglobe’ and ‘Heinz 1350’ were found in the shape of the epidermal cells and cell sizes in the subepidermal and mesocarp layers. Pericarp morphology of the treated ‘Marglobe’ fruits was more like that of ‘Heinz 1350’ than that of the untreated ‘Marglobe’.
Induction Period and Threshold Temperatures for Premature Ripening in ‘Bartlett’ Pears1,2
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Mellenthin W. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Continuous exposure of pears to 7.2°C (night) - 21.1°C (day) for 2 days or 10°C - 21.1°C for 9 days or 7.2°C - 26.7°C for 21 days induced the physiological disorder, premature ripening, during the month immediately preceding normal harvest. During the same period, premature ripening did not develop with temp exposures of 12.8°C - 21.1°C or with 7.2°C - 32.2°C. Cool temp 6 to 9 weeks prior to harvest may also cause premature ripening to occur but the fruit will recover to normal behavior if subsequent temp are above the threshold level.
Diurnal and Seasonal Effects of Environment on Plant Water Relations and Fruit Diameter of Citrus1
Authors: Elfving D. C. , Kaufmann M. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf water potential of ‘Valencia’ orange trees was influenced by soil water availability, soil temp, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) of the atmosphere. Low soil water availability prevented full nighttime recovery from water stress. Soil temp below 15°C decreased root permeability for water absorption and contributed to low daytime water potentials (high water stress), but at night when transpiration was minimal, complete recovery occurred. VPD effects on leaf water potential were also most noticeable during the day. Stage II fruits exhibited a recurring diurnal size change during daylight hr. This reversible shrinkage was correlated with simultaneous changes in fruit and leaf water potential and fruit diffusion resistance. However, the irreversible nighttime growth rate could not be correlated with day or night water potentials or air temp, or with night VPD. While differences between fruit and leaf water potentials occurred, no evidence presented here or elsewhere permits an unequivocal statement that transpiring fruits can behave as a midday reservoir of water for leaves.
Conditions for Opening Cut Chrysanthemum Flower Buds1
Authors: Kofranek Anton M. , Halevy Abraham H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cut flower buds of chrysanthemums were opened in sucrose solutions from 0 to 40%. Concentrations of 2% for ‘Albatross ’, 5% for ‘Fred Shoesmith’, 20% for ‘Streamer’ and 30% for ‘Bright Golden Anne’ were optimal under room conditions of 100 ft-c fluorescent light (24 hr); relative humidity, 40 to 70%; temp 19 to 21°C. Sucrose was better than glucose; manitol was toxic. Silver nitrate (25 ppm) and citric acid (75 ppm) resulted in best quality flowers without leaf injury; 200 ppm 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate caused leaf damage. Buds larger than 5.0 cm diam and 10 g fr wt were best for opening in sucrose solutions. Flowers opened in solution in 7-9 days and were better quality and had greater longevity than those opened on the plant in the greenhouse.
Effects of Water Stress, Gibberellic Acid and 2-Chloroethyltrimethylammoniumchloride (CCC) on Flower Differentiation in ‘Eureka’ Lemon Trees1,2
Authors: Nir I. , Goren R. , Leshem B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Attempts were made to identify the stage of flower differentiation of subterminal buds under water stress conditions. Anatomical and morphological studies established that flower differentiation occurs during the stress period and that the generative bud formed does not undergo flower development until water is supplied. Gibberellic acid applied under normal irrigation conditions inhibited summer flower formation even when supplied after the first stages of flower bud differentiation, and stimulated vegetative growth of either 1 or 2 dormant axillary meristems. In contrast, 2-chloroethyltrimethylammoniumchloride induced flower formation when applied by the end of August to irrigated trees. Treatments with gibberellic acid under water stress conditions prevented flower formation but were inactive when applied after the renewal of irrigation and beginning of anthesis.
Effect of Fungicides on Nut Quality and Control of Pecan Scab ‘Premature Defoliation’
Authors: Worley R. E. , Littrell R. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fungicides, dodine, fentin hydroxide, captafol, and benomyl, gave adequate control of pecan scab caused by Fusicladium effusum Wint., using a 3-week spray schedule beginning April 22 and concluding August 5. Massive applications of dodine and captafol at bud break to replace the first 3 scheduled applications failed to give equivalent control of scab.
Leaf scorch symptoms are described. Control was excellent using any of the fungicides tested. Leaves of checks were severely damaged by scorch. It is suggested that 1 or more fungi are associated with the cause(s) of this malady. Fungicides increased quality by increasing percentage of edible kernel, reducing shuck damage, and increasing wt of nuts.
Medium Temperatures Effect on Geranium and Poinsettia Root Initiation and Elongation1
Authors: Carpenter W. J. , Hansen E. N. , Carlson W. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Root promotion and root inhibition were measured for geranium and poinsettia cuttings during and after treatment at medium temp of 5 to 35°C at 5°C increments for 1 to 5 days. Optimum root initiation and elongation temp from 1 day of treatment were 15 to 30°C with reduced root initiation after 5 and 35°C and inhibition of root elongation after 5, 10 and 35°C treatments. Medium treatments for 3 or 5 days at 25 and 30°C increased root initiation and elongation which continued at accelerated rates during a 5 day period following treatment. Medium temp 5, 10, 15, and 35°C for 3 or 5 days reduced root initiation and elongation during treatment, and inhibition continued after treatments of 5, 10, and 35°C. Roots became brown for both species during 35°C treatment, while roots at 25°C and below remained white. After treatment root tip vascular and cortical cells varied in size but were anatomically similar. Distances from the root tips to the 1st xylem element were largest at 25°C allowing more cortical cells in the meristematic region.
Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilization Effects on Yield, Fruit Quality, and Leaf Composition of ‘Stanley’ Prunes
Authors: Kwong S. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The increase of the N level in leaves and fruits of 10-yr-old ‘Stanley’ prunes was found significant after soil application of 793.8 g N alone or combined with 1020.6 g K. Potassium levels of leaf and fruit began to show significant increases the third year after K fertilization. Ammonium nitrate favors accumulation of Mn in leaves. Higher rates of N alone or combined with K significantly increased yields. Increasing leaf K did not affect fruit yield unless leaf N was also increased. Nitrogen had no effect on titratable acids and soluble solids of the fruit. High K increased the titratable acids in fruits in light crop years. The results of the present study suggest that leaf K should be above 2.0% and leaf N should be above 2.1% for optimum production of ‘Stanley’ prunes.
Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Composition of the Seeds of Three Cultivars of the Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum L.1
Authors: Rymal K. S. , Smit C. J. B. , Nakayama T. O. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fatty acids of the seed oils of ‘Chico Grande’, ‘Rutgers’, and ‘Golden Jubilee’ tomatoes, determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC), showed no significant quantitative or qualitative differences among cultivars. The major fatty acids were linoleic, 58.0%; oleic, 19.9%; palmitic, 15.6% and stearic, 4.5%. Seven minor acids included linolenic, 1.8%; and trace amounts of myristic, myristoleic, palmitoleic, margaric, arachidic, and a 17 C acid not identified.
Sixteen amino acids of the solvent extracted seed meals, determined by ion exchange chromatography, showed significant quantitative differences among the 3 cultivars in glutamic acid, glycine, tyrosine, arginine, and lysine. ‘Golden Jubilee’ seed meal protein contained 10.22% lysine compared to 9.23% for ‘Rutgers’, 9.04% for ‘Chico Grande’ and 7.63% for commercial soybean meal. The tomato seed meals were significantly different from the soybean meal in 10 of 16 amino acids. Soybean meal was higher in threonine, serine, and histidine than any of the tomato seed meals and higher than one of them in leucine and isoleucine. All the tomato seed meals and soybean meal were low in methionine.
Environmental Factors Affecting Flowering in Pelargonium domesticum Cultivars1
Authors: Hackett Wesley P. , Kister John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Low temperature is the most important environmental factor promoting flower initiation in Pelargonium domesticum Bailey, but 1 of 3 cultivars tested had little or no requirement for low temperature and flowered even when grown at greenhouse night temperatures of 21°C (70°F). High light flux can partially substitute for the low temperature requirement for flowering. At a constant temperature of 15.5°C, long days increased the total number of inflorescences and their rate of development as compared to short day control plants.
Effect of Succinic Acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide on Mushroom o-Diphenol Oxidase1
Authors: Murr Dennis P. , Morris Leonard L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Postharvest discoloration of cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus.bisporus [Lange] Sing., ‘tan strain’) was significantly retarded by treatment with succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH). The optimum SADH concn was 100 ppm. The effect, however, lasted no longer than 3 days after which time all SADH treatments discolored at rates equal to or greater than controls. The decrease in discoloration was correlated with a decrease in o-diphenol oxidase (o-DPO) activity. Protease activity was higher in SADH treated mushrooms suggesting that reduction in browning was due to degradation of o-DPO rather than direct inhibition of o-DPO by SADH. In vitro SADH competes with proline for quinones produced by enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of diphenols. It is proposed that in vivo SADH exerts a dual effect in reducing mushroom discoloration: first SADH induces degradation of o-DPO through an increase in proteolytic activity, and second it binds to quinones thereby removing intermediates which lead to pigment formation.
Influence of Shearing Height at Flowering on Gladiolus Corm and Cormel Production1,2
Authors: Wilfret G. J. , Raulston J. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf area required for development of flowering-size corms following simulated mowing of gladiolus spikes was determined and mowing height was compared to leaf area retained. Plants were sheared from 12 to 40 cm above the top of the beds in 4 cm increments. Shearing plants 12, 24, or 36 cm above the soil level left 5, 18, and 38% of the leaf area, respectively, compared to intact plants. Mowing at these heights reduced corm weight 76, 65, and 39%, total cormel weight 92, 62, and 22%, and number of corms ≥3.8 cm in diameter 96, 76, and 33%, respectively. Minimum shearing height for development of usable daughter corms for subsequent flower production was 28 cm.
Interaction of Low Temperature Storage and Maturity on Quality of ‘Early Italian’ Prunes1
Authors: Proebsting E. L. , Carter G. H. , Mills H. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ripening of ‘Early Italian’ prunes, harvested at maturity suitable for fresh shipment, was enhanced by several days exposure to low temperature (1°C). Cold treated prunes developed more color, less acidity and were softer than prunes ripened immediately at 21°. No changes in these characteristics occurred during the cold period. Canned whole fruit and juice reflected these changes and were readily detected by a taste panel.
Inheritance of Grit Content in Fruits of Pyrus communis L.1
Authors: Thompson J. M. , van der Zwet T. , Oitto W. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We rated 86 pear cultivars and selections for their grit content on an inverted scale of 9 to 1. Of these, 64% were rated 6, which we consider to be commercially acceptable, or higher. More than 2000 seedlings from 186 crosses with these cultivars and selections as parents were grouped on the basis of their parental mean grit rating. In each case where the parental mean was 5.0 or higher, the progeny mean was lower than the parental mean. Conversely, in each case where the parental mean was 4.5 or lower, the progeny mean was higher than the parental mean. Where the parental mean was 7.5 or higher, 84% of the seedlings had grit ratings of 6 or higher. Conversely, where the parental mean was 4.0 or lower, only 26% of the seedlings had grit ratings of 6 or higher. We can thus predict the percentage of seedlings in a progeny that can be expected to have a commercially acceptable grit rating. Grit cell development appears to be inherited quantitatively at a minimum of 4 loci. The genes appear to be additive in action rather than dominant.
Ethephon [1,2-14C(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid] in Peach Fruits. I. Penetration and Persistance1
Authors: Lavee S. , Martin George C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Penetration of ethephon into peach fruits was determined using l,2-14C(2-chloroethyl)-phosphonic acid (l4C-CEPA). Most of the activity accumulated in the fruit exocarp, with only minute amounts in the mesocarp. No notable lateral translocation was apparent. The results suggest that active degradation of the compound takes place in the young fruit while in the older peach fruits the rate of l4C-CEPA degradation takes place at a slower rate.
Gibberellic Acid Compatibility Studies on Citrus1
Authors: Coggins C. W. , Henning G. L. , Atkin D. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Gibberellic acid (GA3) applied to navel orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] trees in the whitewash spray mixture [15 lb. Ca(OH)2 + 2 lb. CUSO4 · 5H2O + 3 lb. ZnSO4 · H2O/100 gal - pH 12.6], commonly used in the San Joaquin Valley of California, had no effect on rind resistance to puncture or on rind color. Whitewash applied as a separate spray 6 hours prior to, or 1 day after, GA3 yielded full effect of GA3. The full GA3 effect was obtained also when it was applied as a constituent of a neutralized Cu, Mn, Zn mixture. Effectiveness of GA3 was reduced in the laboratory when it was applied in suspensions containing as little as 0.15 g/l (0.125 lb./100 gal) of Ca(OH)2 and no reduction occurred when smaller amounts of Ca(OH)2 were used to produce alkaline water with pH values of 8.0 through 11.0. We propose that the compatibility of GA3 with dry deposits of whitewash was due to conversion of Ca(OH)2 to CaCO3 and that the lack of compatibility with more highly alkaline suspensions of Ca(OH)2 was due to the conversion of GA3 to the 1 → 3-lactone.
Comparison of Three Methods of Measuring Winter Hardiness of Internodal Stem Sections of Forsythia intermedia ‘Lynwood’1
Authors: Blazich Frank A. , Evert Dean R. , Bee David E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The electrolytic, visual, and electrical impedance methods for estimating freezing injury were highly associated. The electrolytic method was more closely associated with the visual method and better separated the effects of freezing temperatures than did the electrical impedance method. The electrical impedance method yielded results in the shortest time. The electrical impedance and visual methods evaluated freezing injury to woody internodal stem sections without the need for unfrozen controls.
Iron-Induced Manganese Deficiency in ‘Sungold’ Peach and its Effects on Fruit Composition and Quality1
Authors: Rogers Ewell , Johnson Gestur , Johnson Duane 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ammonium sulfate at 1620 g plus Na ferric ethylenediamine di-(o-hydroxyphenylacetate) at 56.7, 113.4, and 226.8 g significantly depressed the concentration of Mn in ‘Sungold’ peach leaves. Most of the N treatments increased N content in the leaves. The Mn:Fe ratio was reduced from 1:2.58 in non-fertilized leaves to 1:6.86 in leaves of trees treated with 226.8 g FeNa2-EDDHA. Regression coefficients indicate that there was a closer linear relation of fruit composition with N applied to the soil as (NH4)2SO4 than with Fe induced Mn deficiency. There were no significant linear trends in percent total solids, percent soluble solids, total tannins, flesh color, or flavor of fruit from trees treated with Fe chelate or FeSO4 plus (NH4)2SO4. The treatments had no significant effect on percent total acidity, polyphenolase, rate of browning, firmness, raggedness or stringiness of the fruit. Also, the treatments had no significant effect on P, K, or Zn content of the peach leaves and trunk, or shoot growth or fruit size and yield.