bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low 13C-13C abundances in abiotic ethane
Authors: Taguchi Koudai , Gilbert Alexis , Sherwood Lollar Barbara , Giunta Thomas , Boreham Christopher J. , Liu Qi , Horita Juske , Ueno Yuichiro 
Published: October 2022

AbstractDistinguishing biotic compounds from abiotic ones is important in resource geology, biogeochemistry, and the search for life in the universe. Stable isotopes have traditionally been used to discriminate the origins of organic materials, with particular focus on hydrocarbons. However, despite extensive efforts, unequivocal distinction of abiotic hydrocarbons remains challenging. Recent development of clumped-isotope analysis provides more robust information because it is independent of the stable isotopic composition of the starting material. Here, we report data from a 13C-13C clumped-isotope analysis of ethane and demonstrate that the abiotically-synthesized ethane shows distinctively low 13C-13C abundances compared to thermogenic ethane. A collision frequency model predicts the observed low 13C-13C abundances (anti-clumping) in ethane produced from methyl radical recombination. In contrast, thermogenic ethane presumably exhibits near stochastic 13C-13C distribution inherited from the biological precursor, which undergoes C-C bond cleavage/recombination during metabolism. Further, we find an exceptionally high 13C-13C signature in ethane remaining after microbial oxidation. In summary, the approach distinguishes between thermogenic, microbially altered, and abiotic hydrocarbons. The 13C-13C signature can provide an important step forward for discrimination of the origin of organic molecules on Earth and in extra-terrestrial environments.
Spike-antibody responses to COVID-19 vaccination by demographic and clinical factors in a prospective community cohort study
Authors: Shrotri Madhumita , Fragaszy Ellen , Nguyen Vincent , Navaratnam Annalan M. D. , Geismar Cyril , Beale Sarah , Kovar Jana , Byrne Thomas E. , Fong Wing Lam Erica , Patel Parth , Aryee Anna , Braithwaite Isobel , Johnson Anne M. , Rodger Alison , Hayward Andrew C. , Aldridge Robert W. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractVaccination constitutes the best long-term solution against Coronavirus Disease-2019; however, vaccine-derived immunity may not protect all groups equally, and the durability of protective antibodies may be short. We evaluate Spike-antibody responses following BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1-S vaccination amongst SARS-CoV2-naive adults across England and Wales enrolled in a prospective cohort study (Virus Watch). Here we show BNT162b2 recipients achieved higher peak antibody levels after two doses; however, both groups experience substantial antibody waning over time. In 8356 individuals submitting a sample ≥28 days after Dose 2, we observe significantly reduced Spike-antibody levels following two doses amongst individuals reporting conditions and therapies that cause immunosuppression. After adjusting for these, several common chronic conditions also appear to attenuate the antibody response. These findings suggest the need to continue prioritising vulnerable groups, who have been vaccinated earliest and have the most attenuated antibody responses, for future boosters.
Rapid complete reconfiguration induced actual active species for industrial hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Wang Luqi , Hao Yixin , Deng Liming , Hu Feng , Zhao Sheng , Li Linlin , Peng Shengjie 
Published: October 2022

AbstractRational regulation of electrochemical reconfiguration and exploration of activity origin are important foundations for realizing the optimization of electrocatalyst activity, but rather challenging. Herein, we potentially develop a rapid complete reconfiguration strategy for the heterostructures of CoC2O4coated by MXene nanosheets (CoC2O4@MXene) during the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) process. The self-assembled CoC2O4@MXene nanotubular structure has high electronic accessibility and abundant electrolyte diffusion channels, which favor the rapid complete reconfiguration. Such rapid reconfiguration creates new actual catalytic active species of Co(OH)2transformed from CoC2O4, which is coupled with MXene to facilitate charge transfer and decrease the free energy of the Volmer step toward fast HER kinetics. The reconfigured components require low overpotentials of 28 and 216 mV at 10 and 1000 mA cm−2in alkaline conditions and decent activity and stability in natural seawater. This work gives new insights for understanding the actual active species formation during HER and opens up a new way toward high-performance electrocatalysts.
Chemotherapy-induced complement signaling modulates immunosuppression and metastatic relapse in breast cancer
Authors: Monteran Lea , Ershaid Nour , Doron Hila , Zait Yael , Scharff Ye’ela , Ben-Yosef Shahar , Avivi Camila , Barshack Iris , Sonnenblick Amir , Erez Neta 
Published: October 2022

AbstractMortality from breast cancer is almost exclusively a result of tumor metastasis and resistance to therapy and therefore understanding the underlying mechanisms is an urgent challenge. Chemotherapy, routinely used to treat breast cancer, induces extensive tissue damage, eliciting an inflammatory response that may hinder efficacy and promote metastatic relapse. Here we show that systemic treatment with doxorubicin, but not cisplatin, following resection of a triple-negative breast tumor induces the expression of complement factors in lung fibroblasts and modulates an immunosuppressive metastatic niche that supports lung metastasis. Complement signaling derived from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) mediates the recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) to the metastatic niche, thus promoting T cell dysfunction. Pharmacological targeting of complement signaling in combination with chemotherapy alleviates immune dysregulation and attenuates lung metastasis. Our findings suggest that combining cytotoxic treatment with blockade of complement signaling in triple-negative breast cancer patients may attenuate the adverse effects of chemotherapy, thus offering a promising approach for clinical use.
Invisible ship tracks show large cloud sensitivity to aerosol
Authors: Manshausen Peter , Watson-Parris Duncan , Christensen Matthew W. , Jalkanen Jukka-Pekka , Stier Philip 
Published: October 2022

AbstractCloud reflectivity is sensitive to atmospheric aerosol concentrations because aerosols provide the condensation nuclei on which water condenses1. Increased aerosol concentrations due to human activity affect droplet number concentration, liquid water and cloud fraction2, but these changes are subject to large uncertainties3. Ship tracks, long lines of polluted clouds that are visible in satellite images, are one of the main tools for quantifying aerosol–cloud interactions4. However, only a small fraction of the clouds polluted by shipping show ship tracks5,6. Here we show that even when no ship tracks are visible in satellite images, aerosol emissions change cloud properties substantially. We develop a new method to quantify the effect of shipping on all clouds, showing a cloud droplet number increase and a more positive liquid water response when there are no visible tracks. We directly detect shipping-induced cloud property changes in the trade cumulus regions of the Atlantic, which are known to display almost no visible tracks. Our results indicate that previous studies of ship tracks were suffering from selection biases by focusing only on visible tracks from satellite imagery. The strong liquid water path response we find translates to a larger aerosol cooling effect on the climate, potentially masking a higher climate sensitivity than observed temperature trends would otherwise suggest.
Discovering faster matrix multiplication algorithms with reinforcement learning
Authors: Fawzi Alhussein , Balog Matej , Huang Aja , Hubert Thomas , Romera-Paredes Bernardino , Barekatain Mohammadamin , Novikov Alexander , R. Ruiz Francisco J. , Schrittwieser Julian , Swirszcz Grzegorz , Silver David , Hassabis Demis , Kohli Pushmeet 
Published: October 2022

AbstractImproving the efficiency of algorithms for fundamental computations can have a widespread impact, as it can affect the overall speed of a large amount of computations. Matrix multiplication is one such primitive task, occurring in many systems—from neural networks to scientific computing routines. The automatic discovery of algorithms using machine learning offers the prospect of reaching beyond human intuition and outperforming the current best human-designed algorithms. However, automating the algorithm discovery procedure is intricate, as the space of possible algorithms is enormous. Here we report a deep reinforcement learning approach based on AlphaZero1 for discovering efficient and provably correct algorithms for the multiplication of arbitrary matrices. Our agent, AlphaTensor, is trained to play a single-player game where the objective is finding tensor decompositions within a finite factor space. AlphaTensor discovered algorithms that outperform the state-of-the-art complexity for many matrix sizes. Particularly relevant is the case of 4 × 4 matrices in a finite field, where AlphaTensor’s algorithm improves on Strassen’s two-level algorithm for the first time, to our knowledge, since its discovery 50 years ago2. We further showcase the flexibility of AlphaTensor through different use-cases: algorithms with state-of-the-art complexity for structured matrix multiplication and improved practical efficiency by optimizing matrix multiplication for runtime on specific hardware. Our results highlight AlphaTensor’s ability to accelerate the process of algorithmic discovery on a range of problems, and to optimize for different criteria.
Hall current and morphological effects on MHD micropolar non-Newtonian tri-hybrid nanofluid flow between two parallel surfaces
Authors: Rauf Abdul , Faisal  , Shah Nehad Ali , Botmart Thongchai 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn the present work, the magnetohydrodynamic flow and heat transfer of a micropolar tri-hybrid nanofluid between two porous surfaces inside a rotating system has been examined. A tri-hybrid nanofluid is a new idea in the research area, which gives a better heat transfer rate as compared to hybrid nanofluid and nanofluid. We also incorporated the thermal radiation effects and Hall current in this article. The similarity techniques are used to reduce the governing nonlinear PDEs to a set of ODEs. For the numerical solution of the considered problem, we have used the MATLAB-based Bvp4c method. The results are presented for tri-hybrid Fe3O4-Al2O3-TiO2/H2O nanofluid. The main focus of this study is to examine the magnetohydrodynamic heat transfer and tri-hybrid nanofluid flow in a rotating system between two orthogonal permeable plates by taking into account the Hall current and thermal radiation effects. The obtained results have been explained with the help of graphical illustrations and tables. It is observed that the heat transfer rate of tri-hybrid nanofluid is greater than as compared to hybrid nanofluid and nanofluid. The increasing behavior is also noticed in micro rotational velocity for augmented values of$${R}_{0}$$R0,$$Ha,$$Ha,and$$\beta$$β. The larger values of$${\phi }_{1}$$ϕ1,$${\phi }_{2}$$ϕ2, and$${\phi }_{3}$$ϕ3result in the decrement of SFC and increment in Nusselt number in both (suction and injection) cases.
Numerical analysis of permeate flux in reverse osmosis by varying strand geometry
Authors: Shoukat Gohar , Idrees Hassaan , Sajid Muhammad , Ali Sara , Ayaz Yasar , Nawaz Raheel , Ansari A. R. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn regions with limited potable water availability, membrane desalination is being employed to filter water using a pressure-driven approach. Because of the high energy consumption required to produce the pressure differential needed for this method, researchers have been trying different geometric designs of spacer filaments to enhance the amount of permeate flux in terms of energy utilization. The purpose of spacer filaments is to support membranes structurally and induce turbulent mixing in spiral wound membrane desalination. In this paper, the improvement of mass transfer in desalination driven by reverse osmosis has been studied using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) with the introduction of spiral wound membranes that are lined with spacer filaments in a zig-zag formation having alternating diameters for strands. The fluid flow characteristics for a 2-dimensional geometric model were resolved using the open-source program OpenFOAM by changing the Reynolds number to just before the inception of instabilities. Ratios of alternate strand diameters were also varied between one and two. Based on a detailed analysis of velocity contours, pressure distribution, wall shear stresses, and steady-state vortex systems, the research findings offer guidance for employing alternating strand design in zig-zag formation for optimum mass transfer and minimal pressure drop when accounting for concentration polarization.
Analysis of the top coal stability of the large section open-off cut under the gob in thick seams slicing mining
Authors: Chai Jing , Liu Yongliang , Gao Shigang , Yang Jianfeng , Zhang Dingding , Du Wengang , Ma Chenyang , Han Zhicheng 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe reserved thickness of top coal has an important influence on the stability of a large section open-off cut under gob in the thick seams slicing mining. The destabilization extremum conditions of the open-off cut top coal were derived from by elastic–plastic theory, and the optical fibre sensing technology was utilized to monitor the top coal deformation law with different thicknesses (3, 3.5, and 4 m) in the physical similar simulation experiment in the paper. The results show that the top coal thickness is greater than 3.4 m without tension cracks. In the vertical direction, the top coal of the large open-off cut is divided into mining and excavation disturbance zones under the influence of the upper slice coal mining and the excavation disturbance. In the direction of the span of the top coal can be divided into the roof fall risk zone and the warning zone. The deformation changes from exponential to linear to logarithmic in the roof fall risk zone, and it changes from linear to logarithmic in the roof fall warning zone as the number of excavations increases. The sinking amount in the two zones is smaller as the thickness of the top coal becomes larger. It is comprehensively determined that the thickness of the top coal of open-off cut is set as 3.5 m, the stability is moderate, and the field application shows that the integrity of the top coal is good after support, and the maximum off-layer value is 6 mm, which can satisfy the production requirements.
Magnetic resonance imaging-based lower limb muscle evaluation in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A patients and its correlation with clinical data
Authors: Kim Yeo Jin , Kim Hyun Su , Lee Ji Hyun , Yoon Young Cheol , Choi Byung-Ok 
Published: October 2022

AbstractWe aimed to derive comprehensive MRI parameters that reflect intramuscular fat infiltration severity for designated lower extremity levels, based on semiquantitative analyses in Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) patients. We reviewed lower extremity MRIs of 116 CMT1A patients. Intramuscular fat infiltration grading using the Mercuri scale was performed for the non-dominant lower extremity at three levels (proximal, mid, and distal) for the thigh and at two levels (proximal and distal) for the lower leg. Based on MRI results, the following parameters were calculated for each level and for entire muscles: fat infiltration proportion (FIP), significant fat infiltration proportion (SigFIP), and severe fat infiltration proportion (SevFIP). The relationships between the MRI parameters and clinical data were evaluated using Spearman’s correlation analysis. FIP, SigFIP, and SevFIP measured for entire muscles significantly correlated with Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy Score (p < 0.001), functional disability scale (p < 0.001), 10-m walk test time (p = 0.0003, 0.0010, and 0.0011), and disease duration (p < 0.001). Similar correlations were demonstrated for FIP, SigFIP, and SevFIP acquired from the lower leg. Our MRI parameters obtained through semiquantitative analyses of muscles significantly correlated with clinical parameters in CMT1A patients, suggesting their potential applicability as imaging markers for clinical severity.
A transition phase in late mouse oogenesis impacts DNA methylation of the early embryo
Authors: Eleftheriou Kristeli , Peter Antonia , Fedorenko Ivanna , Schmidt Katy , Wossidlo Mark , Arand Julia 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA well-orchestrated program of oocyte growth and differentiation results in a developmentally competent oocyte. In late oogenesis, germinal vesicle oocytes (GVOs) undergo chromatin remodeling accompanied by transcriptional silencing from an NSN (non-surrounded nucleolus) to an SN (surrounded nucleolus) chromatin state. By analyzing different cytoplasmic and nuclear characteristics, our results indicate that murine NSN-GVOs transition via an intermediate stage into SN-GVOs in vivo. Interestingly, this transition can also be observed ex vivo, including most characteristics seen in vivo, which allows to analyze this transition process in more detail. The nuclear rearrangements during the transition are accompanied by changes in DNA methylation and Tet enzyme-catalyzed DNA modifications. Early parthenogenetic embryos, derived from NSN-GVOs, show lower DNA methylation levels than SN-derived embryos. Together, our data suggest that a successful NSN-SN transition in oogenesis including proper DNA methylation remodeling is important for the establishment of a developmentally competent oocyte for the beginning of life.
Clean air policies are key for successfully mitigating Arctic warming
Authors: von Salzen Knut , Whaley Cynthia H. , Anenberg Susan C. , Van Dingenen Rita , Klimont Zbigniew , Flanner Mark G. , Mahmood Rashed , Arnold Stephen R. , Beagley Stephen , Chien Rong-You , Christensen Jesper H. , Eckhardt Sabine , Ekman Annica M. L. , Evangeliou Nikolaos , Faluvegi Greg , Fu Joshua S. , Gauss Michael , Gong Wanmin , Hjorth Jens L. , Im Ulas , Krishnan Srinath , Kupiainen Kaarle , Kühn Thomas , Langner Joakim , Law Kathy S. , Marelle Louis , Olivié Dirk , Onishi Tatsuo , Oshima Naga , Paunu Ville-Veikko , Peng Yiran , Plummer David , Pozzoli Luca , Rao Shilpa , Raut Jean-Christophe , Sand Maria , Schmale Julia , Sigmond Michael , Thomas Manu A. , Tsigaridis Kostas , Tsyro Svetlana , Turnock Steven T. , Wang Minqi , Winter Barbara 
Published: October 2022

AbstractA tighter integration of modeling frameworks for climate and air quality is urgently needed to assess the impacts of clean air policies on future Arctic and global climate. We combined a new model emulator and comprehensive emissions scenarios for air pollutants and greenhouse gases to assess climate and human health co-benefits of emissions reductions. Fossil fuel use is projected to rapidly decline in an increasingly sustainable world, resulting in far-reaching air quality benefits. Despite human health benefits, reductions in sulfur emissions in a more sustainable world could enhance Arctic warming by 0.8 °C in 2050 relative to the 1995–2014, thereby offsetting climate benefits of greenhouse gas reductions. Targeted and technically feasible emissions reduction opportunities exist for achieving simultaneous climate and human health co-benefits. It would be particularly beneficial to unlock a newly identified mitigation potential for carbon particulate matter, yielding Arctic climate benefits equivalent to those from carbon dioxide reductions by 2050.
Speech Errors in the Production of Initial Consonant Clusters: The Roles of Frequency and Sonority
Authors: Wulfert Sophia , Auer Peter , Hanulíková Adriana 
Published: October 2022

Purpose:One of the central questions in speech production research is to what degree certain structures have an inherent difficulty and to what degree repeated encounter and practice make them easier to process. The goal of this article was to determine the extent to which frequency and sonority distance of consonant clusters predict production difficulties.Method:We used a tongue twister paradigm to elicit speech errors on syllable-initial German consonant clusters and investigated the relative influences of cluster frequency and sonority distance between the consonants of a cluster on production accuracy. Native speakers of German produced pairs of monosyllabic pseudowords beginning with consonant clusters at a high speech rate.Results:Error rates decreased with increasing frequency of the consonant clusters. A high sonority distance, on the other hand, did not facilitate a cluster's production, but speech errors led to optimized sonority structure for a subgroup of clusters. In addition, the combination of consonant clusters in a stimulus pair has a great impact on production accuracy.Conclusion:These results suggest that both frequency of use and sonority distance codetermine production ease, as well as syntagmatic competition between adjacent sound sequences.
Biased Stackelberg game‐based UAV relay anti‐jamming communications: Exploiting trajectory optimization and transmission mode selection
Authors: Su Zhe , Wu Qihui , Qi Nan , Jia Luliang , Du Zhiyong 
Published: October 2022

AbstractAlthough unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) relay can provide auxiliary communication due to its flexible mobility, it is vulnerable to jamming attacks. This paper considers the UAV relay anti‐jamming communication issue under the threat of a malicious jammer with beam‐forming jamming capability. To prevent the relay link from deteriorating, UAV trajectory adjustment and transmission mode switching between half‐duplex and full‐duplex are two available schemes, while they will incur the additional flying costs and continuous mode switching, respectively. To balance the trade‐off between trajectory optimization and mode selection, this paper investigates the joint trajectory optimization and mode selection anti‐jamming approach. First, an anti‐jamming utility considering the cost‐efficient and end‐to‐end capacity gains is designed. Second, to model the bounded rationality of both the UAV relay and the jammer due to the adversarial context, a biased Stackelberg game to analyse the competitive system interactions is proposed. Moreover, the existence of Stackelberg equilibrium (SE) in the problem is proved. Finally, a joint mode selection and trajectory optimization (JMSTO) algorithm based on the multi‐armed bandit is proposed to obtain the SE. It is further demonstrated that the JMSTO algorithm has a logarithmic regret. The results show that our proposed JMSTO algorithm is superior to non‐joint optimization methods.