bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Aphids on Cottonwood with Foliar Sprays, 1980
Authors: Newsome L. , Solomon J. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were tested for ability to control aphids in a cottonwood nursery at Stonevllie, Miss. Two rates of Orthene, Sevln, and Dursban, and one rate of Diazinon were evaluated. Trees were in their first growing season and 0.7 to 1.2 m (2-4 ft) tall. Ten aphid-infested trees were selected at random for each treatment and untreated check. Foliar applications were made using a 7.6 litre (2 gal) hand sprayer calibrated at 1.4 kg pressure/cm2 (20 lb/in2) to deliver 102.9 litre finished spray per hectare (11 gal/acre). Prespray counts were made of all living aphids on three randomly selected leaves in the upper half of each of the 10 trees in each treatment.
Western Spruce Budworm Aerial Application with Sir 8514, 1979-1980
Authors: Johnson David R. , Markin George P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
SIR 8514 0.25 WP was applied to a Douglas-fir stand by helicopter, at a dosage rate of 2 oz ai/acre, against 5th and 6th stage larvae of the western spruce budworm, in central Montana, July 2, 1979. The same insecticide was applied by helicopter to grand-fir against 4th and 5th stage larvae of western spruce budworm near Donnelly, Idaho, Jun 22, 1980, but at a dosage rate of 4 oz ai/acre. For both applications, SIR 8514 was mixed with water for a total volume of 1 gal/acre and applied with 8002 flat fan nozzle tips, at 45 mph, 50 ft above tree tops. Each year, tests were limited to a single dosage rate applied to three plots with 5 additional plots (1979), and 3 additional plots (1980), serving as checks. Spray plots were 50 acres in size and at 5500-6000 ft elevation in Montana and 5500-6200 ft elevation in Idaho. Each plot contained 15 sample trees. Populations were expressed as mean number of larvae/100 buds; population estimates were determined 24 hr prespray, and at 3 intervals postspray in Montana and 4 intervals postspray in Idaho.
Apple, Summer Mite Control, 1980
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were applied to 30-year-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays with a hand gun from a hydraulic sprayer operating at 200 psi and at a rate of 300 gal/A. Spray dates were Aug 14 and 21; each material was applied on both dates. The pesticide program (rates are per 100 gal) during the course of this test consisted of captan 80W (I lb) and Sevin 80W (.75 lb) on Aug 13. There were no tank-mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 2 “Golden Delicious” and 2 “Red Delicious” cultivars per treatment. From each free 25 leaves were collected mostly at chest-height around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20-alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. Mite population pressure was not severe until late Aug when the weather was both hot and dry. On the pre-spray date egg populations ranged from 15 to 27 eggs/leaf.
Japanese Euonymus, Euonymus Scale Control, 1979
Authors: Williams Michael L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirty-nine, 3 ft tall, field grown Japanese euonymus heavily infested with euonymus scale, were selected for treatment. Test plants were growing in a single row spaced at 3 ft intervals. Test materials were applied Jun 26, Jul 10 and 24. The-foliage of all plants was sprayed to runoff using compressed air sprayers. Treatments were replicated 3 times, 1 plant constituting a replication. Efficacy of the treatments was determined Aug 21 by examining 50 adult female euonymus scales per plant. Mortality counts were made with the use of a stereomicroscope by examining each scale insect and scoring it as living if normally colored and fullbodied or dead if discolored and shriveled or dried.
Fall Control of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid on Douglas-Fir, Centre Co., Pa, 1980
Authors: Shetlar David J. , Al-Azawi Elham , Heller Paul R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A stand of 1.5-2.5 m Douglas-fir was used for insecticide evaluation. Trees were inspected for overwintering nymphs prior to spraying. Effectiveness was determined by removing 10 needles per tree, each needle having an attached nymph. The 10 numphs were inspected under a microscope and recorded as being live or dead. A completely randomized block design was used with 15 blocks. Sprays were applied on Oct 22 using one-gallon compressed sprayers. Material was applied until run off. The temperature was 11°C with a 10 mph wind. Post-treatment counts were taken on Oct 29.
Mealybug Control on Fuschia, Georgia, 1980
Authors: Oetting Ronald D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Five formulations of insecticides were applied to fuschia plants infested with citrus mealybugs. Test plants were grown in Metro mix 300, 50% peat moss, 50% potting media in 115 mm pots on raised greenhouse benches. Each treatment block consisted of 1 plant, treatments were randomized, and were replicated 4 times. Foliar sprays were applied to the point of run-off at 80 psi and using an 8003 nozzle on Sept 19. Greenhouse temperatures at application time were 27 C and ranged from 18 to 33 C during the evaluation period. Treatments were evaluated before application and 3, 7, 14, and 21 days following application by marking 4 leaves on each plant and counting the number of mealybugs on the lower surface of the marked leaves with the aid of 3X magnification.
Scots Pine, Pales Weevil and Northern Pine Weevil Control, Atwood, PA, 1980
Authors: Shetlar David J. , Heller Paul R. , Bennett Lillie W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A stand of 1.5-2.5m Scots pine Christmas trees was used for insecticide evaluation. The plantation had been partially harvested since 1976. Pretreatment weevil populations were noted prior to spraying by inspecting for adults attracted to trap logs made from end pieces of tree trunks left from the previous seasons harvest. Weevils were mating and feeding. A tree row with at least 6 new stumps (cut the previous fall) was treated as one replicate/treatment. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each stump received 4-6 oz spray consisting of insecticide in kerosene applied with a compression sprayer on April 25. Temperature was 10°C with wind 5 mph and overcast. The stumps were inspected (5 stumps per rep) on Sept 6 for chip cocoons following removal of bark to the first lateral root. Weevil cocoons were not identified to species.
Pine, Pine Spittlebug Control, 1980
Authors: Schultz P. B. , Parnell L. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A nursery block of pines were treated on May 30 in Painter, Virginia. A 1-gal B & G compressed air sprayer was used at 30 psi. Plants were sprayed until runoff. Treatments were randomized and replicated 4 times, including check (water treated) and untreated trees. Temperature at the time of application was 80°F. Results were determined by counting the number of spittle masses pretreatment and 96 hours posttreatment.
Control of Hawthorn Lacebugs on Pyracantha, 1980
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Young Jerry , Ree Bill , Peden Martha 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Hawthorn lacebug control was evaluated on a pyracantha hedge in two separate tests between May 22 and July 2. In Test 1, 480 feet of hedge were utilized and treatments were randomized and replicated four times. Each treatment consisted of a 20 ft section, 4 to 5 ft high. In test 2, 240 feet of hedge were utilized and treatments were randomized and replicated three times. Each treatment consisted of a 10 ft section, 4 to 5 ft high. Treatments were made with a John Bean 55 sprayer and a Spraying Systems Gun, Jet No 43, which delivered 2.4 gal/min at 200 psi. Sprays were applied until runoff. Temperature and wind velocity at the time of treatment were 65°F, 0-5 mph and 85°F, 0-5 mph respectively for Test 1 and 2. Infestations were determined by counting adults and nymphs on leaves on 6 inches of terminal branch at 10 locations in each treatment.
Apple, Evaluation of Several Sythetic Pyrethroid Insecticides for Control of Apple Pests, 1980
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Ponton L. F. , McCaffrey J. P. , David P. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four apple trees (one of each of the four cultivars, Triple Red Delicious, Yellow Delicious, Double Red Stayman and Commander Red York) were sprayed to the drip point for each treatment and the water control. All treatment trees were bordered on all sides by unsprayed buffer trees. Application was with an adjustable hand gun at 200 psi (14 kg/cm2). The pH of spray water was 7.4 in all cases. Treatments were applied on Apr 18, 24, May I, 12, 22, 28; Jun 4, II, 18, 25, Jul 2, 9, 16, 24; Aug 6 and 13. Pounce 3.2EC, 4 oz/100 gal (.31ml/litre) was applied up to and including Jun 4 on one treatment (4 trees). Commencing on Jun II at the manufacturer’s request, F.M.C. 45806 2.5ECat 2 oz/100 gal (l.56ml/litre) was substituted for Pounce. In determining the percent fruit injured by codling moth and plum curculio injuries per 50 fruit, from each of the four replicates, for each treatment were recorded if there were 50 apples present. Where there were less than 50 fruit, all were counted and the percentage injured recorded.
Phytotoxicity Following Drench Applications of Insecticides, Ornamentals, Georgia, 1980
Authors: Oetting Ronald D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three insecticides were applied to selected ornamental plants to evaluate potential phytotoxicity following drench treatments for Insect control. Experiments were conducted between May and Sep at the GA Exper Sta, Experiment on raised benches in the greenhouse. A treatment block consisted of 1 plant grown in a 1:1 mixture of Metro-Mix 300 and peat moss. There were 5 replications in each experiment. The treatments and rates (lb ai/100 gal) were: Vydate 2L (0.25, 0.5, 1.0); Resmethrin 2E (0.25, 0.5, 1.0); and Dlazinon AG 500 (0.5, 1.2, 2.0). The diluted insecticide was poured into each pot from a graduated cylinder. The volume applied to each pot was based on pot size: 75 mm pot received 70 ml, 100 mm pot received 100 ml, 115 mm pot received 125 ml, and 125 mm pot received 150 ml. Each treatment was applied to the soil and evaluated for 4 weeks, then 2 applications were made 7 days apart and evaluated for 4 weeks. The plants were observed weekly and evaluated for phytotoxicity on a scale of: 0 = no damage, 1 = slight damage, 2 = moderate (affects marketability), and 3 = severe (unmarketable). Un-treated checks of each species were maintained to aid in evaluating phytotoxicity.
Phytotoxicity on Poinsettia, California, 1978-79
Authors: Parrella M. P. , Morishita F.S. , Robb K. R. , Nolan P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted at the Paul Ecke Poinsettia Ranch, Encinitas, from Oct 17 - Nov 16’78. The following materials and rates were evaluated: Resmethrin 2E (SPB-1382), Fenvalerate 2.4E (SD-43775), Permethrin 2E (SPB-1513) {all at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 lb ai/100 gal) and Oxamyl 2E (Vydate) (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 lb ai/100 gal). A spreader-sticker, X-77, was added at a rate of 1 ml/gal. Materials were applied until run-off to both sides of bracts and leaves using a 10 gal hydro-piston pump delivering 2.5 gpm (9.5 litres per min) at 100 psi. The C-l red (in 5 inch pots) and Annette Hess variety (in 4 inch pots) were used with 3 replicates/variety/treatment and 10 plants/replicate. Applications were made on 3 dates: l)when plants were well-rooted (ca 3-4 weeks after sticking), 2)when bracts began to show color and flower buds were evident and 3)when 0.5-0.75 in bloom. A commercial application of Temik 10G was applied on C ct 20 at 0.0416g ai/sq ft. Observations on phytotoxicity were made 2,4, and 7 days after each spray application and compared to an untreated control.
The Efficacy of Single Applications of Selected Insecticides Upon German Cockroach Populations, 1980
Authors: Gold R. E. , Ballard J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study sites were residences under the management of the Omaha Tribal Housing Authority, Macy, Nebraska. Pretreatment German cockroach population levels were assessed by placing sticky traps (distributed by Mitsuboshi Boeki, Inc.) In the homes for 1 night. A trap was placed under the kitchen sink, behind the stove, and behind the toilet of each residence. Traps were removed, cockroaches counted, and a cockroaches/trap/night value calculated. All insecticide treatments were applied using a 3.81 B&G hand sprayer operated at 1.4 kg/cm2 utilizing a multi-tip nozzle set for fan spray. All treatments were applied in accordance with experimental label guidelines. In order to evaluate the efficacy of the treatments, traps were placed in the original locations in the residences for 1 night at 1,2,3 and 6 months posttreatment. A cockroaches/trap/night value was calculated and compared to the pretreatment values to determine percent reduction data.
Control of Adult Manure Breeding Muscid Flies in High Rise Poultry Houses with Ectrin, 1980
Authors: Collison Clarence H. , Smith Judith A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three high rise poultry houses located in Lancaster Co., PA were used to evaluate residual wall treatments of Ectrin 13.76% WP (fenvalerate) for controlling adult manure breeding flies. Applications of either 0.1% or 0.25% Ectrin were applied by a hand held compressed air sprayer to the manure pit walls of each house at a rate of 1 gal/750 sq ft. Changes in adult fly populations were monitored by counting the number of flies resting within sq ft areas marked on the walls in both treated and untreated sections of the manure pit. Counting stations were located both on the cinder block and wood or foam sections of the wall. The house at Lititz, PA was 36 by 304 ft and housed 30,000 caged layers which had been in place since Oct’79. Fly control measures consisted of removing the manure in April and spraying with Poultry Spray and Larvicide (Rabon + Vapona). The 8 ft high pit walls had cinder blocks on the lower half and technifbam above. On July 10, at total of 4.5 gal of Ectrin 0.1% spray was applied to 61.5% of the pit wall surface. A second treatment, 6 gal of 0.1% Ectrin spray, was applied to 82% of the pit walls on Aug 14. An additional 375 sq ft was treated with 0.5 gal of 0.1% Ectrin on Sept 2 and 1500 sq ft was treated with 2 gal 0.25% Ectrin on Sept 16. The manure was partially removed on July 21 and Sept 16. House flies comprised 100% of the population. At Elm, PA the house was 64 by 400 ft and housed 48,000 caged layers. The flock had been in place since Feb and no fly control measures had been taken. Manure pit walls were 4 ft of cinder block on the bottom and painted wood paneling on the upper half. On July 10, 60.1% of the pit walls were sprayed with 6 gal of 0.1% Ectrin. The fly population at the time of treatment consisted of 99% Ophyra and 1% Muscadomestica. Manure was removed on Sept 18. The third house at Sporting Hill, PA was 44 by 270 ft and housed 30,000 caged layers. The flock had been in place since Feb and no fly control measures had been taken. The pit walls were similar in construction to those in the Lititz house. Two gal of 0.25% Ectrin spray were applied to 29.6% of the pit wall on July 17. Only Muscadomestica were present.
Apple ,Test of Insecticides, 1980
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Starner Van R. , Kanour William W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of Golden Delicious and 2 replicates of York Imperial. Treated single-trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. Experimental sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying 7 spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees. Approximately 8.0 gallons of spray were applied per replicate tree. Dates of application were as follows: Temik treatments applied only once by hand on May 13; both amitraz treatments (no Guthion) applied on May 22; Jun 5 Guthion only on 1st amitraz treatment, amitraz only on 2nd treatment (Guthion only then applied on remaining spray dates to both treatments); all other treatments. May 23, Jun 10 and 24, Jul 9 and 23, Aug 6 and 21. During the season general sprays involving Cyprex, Polyram, captan, sulfur, zineb and calcium chloride were applied with an airblast sprayer at 50 GPA to the whole experimental block. Average temperatures were: May 61.5° F, Jun 66.5° F, Jul 74.9° F, Aug 76.3° F and Sep 65.5° F. Rainfall in inches averaged: May 4.49, Jun 4.02, Jul 1.48, Aug 1.71 and Sep 1.53. Effectiveness on the apple aphid was evaluated by counting the number of infested terminals/100 top terminals/tree, the number of aphid infested leaves/terminal, and the number of aphlds/most infested leaf/infested terminal. The effect of the sprays on the white apple leafhopper was evaluated by counting the number of nymphs/25 leaves/tree. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the European red mite was evaluated by counting the mites several times during the season on samples of 15 leaves/tree, 60 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the predators S.punctum and H.vitripennis was evaluated by 3-minute counts of adults and larvae and adults and nymphs, respectively, around the periphery of the test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after Jul 17 and 2 picked samples on Aug 19 and Sep 3. Apple samples averaged 240 fruits/replicate and 960/treatment. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 apples/replicate, 60/treatment. No russet (1), light russet (2), moderate russet (3), and severe russet (4). Possible means are: no russet to light russet 30-60, light to moderate russet 60-90, and moderate to severe russet 90-120.
The Effect of BeelureR, A Bee Attractant, on the Behavior of Honey Bees and Fruit Set of Apple, 1980
Authors: Rajotte E. G. , Fell R. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The effects of Beelure (Helena Chemical Co.) on (1) the number of foraging bees, (2) the percent of bees with pollen, (3) the percent of bees foraging on non-floral foliage and, (4) the fruit set of the trees.were measured. All test were done at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Horticulture Research Farm in Blacksburg, Virginia.
Apple, Test of Acaricides, 1980
Authors: Townsend Howard G. , Micinski Stephen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test materials were evaluated for efficacy against phytophagous and predatory mites. Treatments were applied using an air-blast sprayer at ca 250 GPA. Pretreatment counts were taken and the treatments applied on Aug 26. Treatments consisted of 4, 2-tree replicates in design. Post-treatment counts were taken weekly (Sep 2, 9, 16, 23, and 30) by collecting 25 leaves at random from each replicate. Mites were brushed onto plates and counted. The 1980 growing season was characterized by abnormally high temperatures and low moisture.
Fruitworm Control, 1980
Authors: Brodel Charles F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted on a uniformly vined, 12-yr-old section of State Bog in East Wareham, Massachusetts. The experiment design was a randomized complete block with 10 treatment plots replicated 3 times. Plots of 15 x 7 ft were separated within blocks by 5-ft pathways and between blocks by 20-ft pathways. Two post-bloom applications were made on Jul 18 and Jul 30-31 with a 10-gal, powered ground sprayer delivering ca. 0.6 gal per min at 50 psi. All treatments were diluted to the rate of 400 gal of water per acre. A spray disc (4/64 inch orifice) and long distance nozzle tip allowed the applications to simulate those achieved commercially with over-head sprinkler systems. Difolatan was applied on Jun 24 and Jul 24 to prevent infection by fruit rot organisms. Temperatures were normal and precipitation well below normal throughout the test period. During the last week of August, berries from 5 randomly selected, square-foot areas within each plot were harvested by hand and frozen. These were later inspected for injury by A.vaccinii and S.sulfureana. Data transformed to arcsine were subjected to analysis of variance. Infestation levels were rated as moderate for A.vaccinii and light for S.sulfureana.
Control of Leafhopper on Concord Grapes, 1980
Authors: Jubb Gerald L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experiments were conducted in an established Concord grape vineyard infested with Erythroneuracomes (Say). Plots consisted of 5 vines in a row replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Sprays were applied on Aug 6 using an Ortho garden sprayer operated off a high pressure hose of a Myers 6I256ET2 hydraulic vineyard sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 psi. Sprays were applied to runoff resulting in approximately 200 gal spray per acre. The equivalent of 0.5 pt Triton AG-98 per 100 gal was used with each treatment. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of leafhopper nymphs on each of 10 injured leaves selected randomly per plot. Data were transformed to x + 0.5 and treated by analysis of variance and Duncan’s modified (Bayesian) least significant difference test.
Leafhopper Control with Low and High Volume Sprayers
Authors: Jubb Gerald L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two vineyard sprayers were evaluated for control of leafhoppers using carbaryl at “full” and “one-half” rates (2.0 and 1.0 lb ai/acre, respectively) in a Concord grape vineyard in North East, PA. The high volume (HV) sprayer was a Myers 6I256ET2 sprayer equipped with a covered boom for spraying single trellis rows with minimal drift. This sprayer was calibrated to deliver 100 gal/acre @ 2.5 mph and 500 psi. The low volume (LV) sprayer was a Kinkelder Super 160 electrostatic sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre with alternate middle spraying @ 3.1 mph and 20 psi. Plots were 4 rows wide and 6 vines long with 3 replications per treatment in a randomized block design. Sprays were applied on Jul 18. Triton CS-7 @ [ pt/100 gal was used in the spray with the Kinkelder application and Triton AG-98 @ 0.5 pt/100 gal was used in the spray with the Myers application. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of leafhopper nymphs on each of 25 injured leaves selected randomly per plot. Data were transformed to X + 0.5 and treated by analysis of variance and Duncan’s modified (Bayesian) least significant difference test.
Aphid Control on Alabama Pecans, 1980
Authors: Estes Paul M. , Edelson Jonathan V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Tests were conducted at the Auburn University farm in Union Springs, AL using a modified randomized block design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with ca 9 trees per rep. Application was made with a John Bean Air Blast Sprayer using 10 gal spray per free. Aphid populations were monitored I day before each treatment date by counting all aphids on 10 arbitrarily selected leaves from each of 2 trees located in the middle of each block. Treatments were made on May I, 14, Jun 3, 27, and Jul 16. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and DMRT at the 5% level.