bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of the Concept of Collective Dominance in the ECMR. From its Inception to its Current Status
Authors: Kokkoris Ioannis 
Published: April 2022

This article analyses how the concept of collective dominance is applied in the case law of the European Control Merger Regulation and how the assessment criteria have been developed through this case law precedence. In spite of the extensive development of the notion of collective dominance accompanied by the improvement of the checklist of the criteria on which the European Commission founds its assessment of collective dominance, legal uncertainty still remains.
The CFI judgment in the Airtours case constitutes a clear indication that legal uncertainty is not likely to fade. In the aftermath of Airtours, reforms were adopted that included the adoption of the SIEC test as a more efficient tool in assessing collective mergers. The Airtours judgment outlined three criteria for the assessment of collective dominance, namely transparency, retaliation and countervailing power by customers and competitors. The IMPALA judgment, the first annulment of a clearance decision, implies a lower threshold for collective dominance than the Airtours judgment set.
This article will present an extensive account of the development of the concept of collective dominance under the ECMR. It will assess the factors that make a market conducive to collective dominance and determine the criteria that need to be applied by authorities in the assessment of mergers leading to collective dominance.
Taking Care of Modernisation After the Startup: A View from a Member State
Authors: Bruzzone Ginevra , Boccaccio Marco 
Published: April 2022

A complex architecture, based on multi-channel and multi-level enforcement of Articles 81 and 82 requires special care to ensure the internal consistency of the regime. This article, based on the Italian experience, identifies some challenges that must be met to ensure an effective operation of the modernisation system after its start-up.
As for private antitrust enforcement, the authors suggest national rules of jurisdiction limiting the number of competent courts, as well as keeping a strict conceptual distinction between the roles of fines and damages.
Modernisation was accompanied by emphasis on priority-setting, with an increasing focus on consumer protection. An accurate jurisdictional review of competition authorities’ decisions may help to avoid the risk of a goal-oriented competition policy going beyond the boundaries and changing antitrust law into something different, with a more regulatory flavour.
Finally, since the system does not provide for national decisions in application of Articles 81 and 82 to be challenged before Community courts, the effectiveness of the internal mechanisms for ensuring legal certainty and consistency is of the utmost importance. The arrangements provided in the modernisation package may require some refinement.
The Use of Settlements in Public Antitrust Enforcement: Objectives and Principles
Authors: Wils Wouter P. J. 
Published: April 2022

This article discusses two general questions concerning the use of settlements in public antitrust enforcement,namely under which conditions the use of settlements contributes to optimal antitrust enforcement, and under which conditions self–incrimination and waivers of procedural rights by settlement candidates are compatible with fundamental rights of defence. The discussion of these general questions will be illustrated with the specific example of the two settlement procedures for the enforcement by the European Commission of the antitrust prohibitions contained in Articles 81 and 82 EC, namely the commitment procedure under Article 9 of Regulation 1/2003, and the new settlement procedure in cartel cases.
This online article has updated information in the printed version.
Can Big Wireline Broadband Internet Networks be Considered an Essential Facility?
Authors: Meisel John B. 
Published: April 2022

The structure of 'big' wireline broadband Internet access markets is transforming in many geographic areas from a duopoly (broadband Internet access provided by telecommunications carriers and cable operators) to a monopoly. Incumbent operators of 'big' wireline broadband Internet access markets reserve a portion of the broadband capacity within their last-mile networks to provide favourable treatment to their own broadband applications and content. In particular, providers of emerging online video distribution services are relegated to accessing their customers by means of a less efficient path. This paper considers the question as to whether reserved broadband capacity can be deemed an essential facility and access opened up to stand-alone Internet applications and content through application of the antitrust laws. The arguments for and against treating reserved broadband capacity as an essential facility are presented and evaluated. The paper finds that reserved broadband capacity can be treated legally as an essential facility and that mandating access to the facility promises to provide significant efficiency benefits to consumers who purchase online video distribution services. 'Net neutrality maintains that I have paid for an Internet connection at a certain quality, say, 300 Mbps, and you have paid for that quality, then our communications should take place at that quality. Protecting this concept would prevent a big ISP from sending you video from a media company it may own at 300 Mbps but sending video from a competing media company at a slower rate. That amounts to commercial discrimination' (Tim Berners-Lee, Scientific American Magazine, December 2010).
The Paradox of Australian Competition Policy: Contextualizing the Coexistence of Economic Efficiency and Public Benefit
Authors: Nagarajan Vijaya 
Published: April 2022

Although competition law is viewed as being focussed on fostering competition, there is more depth to it. Australian competition policy has been designed to provide space for public benefits, whereby prima facie anticompetitive conducts that eventually result in a public benefit can continue. This is a unique feature which reveals the importance of having flexibility in legislative design and the benefits of case by case approach. The objective of this article is to identify the types of public benefits that have been recognized through the authorization process in Australian competition law. The article uses an innovative methodology to study 244 authorization determinations made between 1976 and 2010 and analyses them in their economic and social context. This study demonstrates that the authorization process has been a valuable one which has allowed competition policy to operate effectively while accommodating many wider concerns. Conducts that promote competition or encourage cost savings have been recognized alongside those which enhance product safety or encourages environmental protection, demonstrating the complexity and breadth of competition law in practice. This type of decision making can be explained as a triumph of practice.
The Optimal Assessment Rule for EU State Aid Procedure
Authors: Nowak-Salles Anna 
Published: April 2022

This article fills the gap in the State aid literature by discussing the optimal rule for State aid assessment, which shall increase the reliability and accuracy of State aid enforcement by the European Commission. Moreover, it contributes to decision theory more broadly, by putting emphasis on the error in application of law, which hampers an effective distinction between desirable and undesirable measures.
The argument developed in this article is that the informational asymmetries, which the Commission faces when assessing measures, may be overcome to a different extent at each procedural stage. Hence, and due to the interrelation between complexity of rules and the probability of error in their application, State aid assessment requires two assessment rules, one for the preliminary examination and one for the formal investigation. However, it seems that such optimal assessment rules have not been identified, and no concern about accuracy in application of complex rules is reflected in the literature or in the legal framework. Consequently, the Commission shall structure and make known the rules which guide its assessment, especially in the preliminary examination. This would benefit the quality and transparency of the decision-making and might be particularly valuable in the context of the on-going revision of State aid guidelines.
EU State aid law, Article 107 TFEU, Decisional Errors, Decision Theory, State Aid Procedure, Compatibility Assessment, Notion of Aid, State Aid Modernisation, Revision of State Aid Guidelines, Optimal Assessment Rule
Cartel Effects and Component Makers’ Right to Damages
Authors: Franck Jens-Uwe , Peitz Martin 
Published: April 2022

The focus of the law on competition damages is on the recovery of overcharges appropriated by the cartels. Parties other than purchasers are often neglected, not only as a matter of judicial practice but also due to legal restrictions. We argue that a narrow concept of standing – which excludes parties that supply either the cartels or the firms that purchase from them with complementary product components – falls short of the normative objectives associated with actions for competition damages: effective deterrence of competition infringements and pursuit of corrective justice. We propose a simple economic framework with two complementary products and show that under neither competition nor cartelization do the allocation and distribution of surpluses depend on whether producers of complements purchase from a cartel or supply a cartel or its customers. This indicates that producers of complements should be treated alike, regardless of their position in the supply chain. Based on various factors that determine the enforcement effect of actions oncompetition damages and their role as an instrument to restore corrective justice, we conclude that a broad concept of standing is preferable.
competition damages, pass-on, suppliers, complementary goods, causality, antitrust standing, cartel overcharge, effective deterrence, corrective justice, Directive 2014/104/EU, principle of effectiveness
Competition and Trade: The Rise of Competition Law in Trade Agreements and Its Implications for the World Trading System
Authors: Choi Yo Sop , Heinemann Andreas 
Published: April 2022

Since the failure of the Havana Charter in 1950, it has not been possible to agree upon a binding competition law at the global level. However, following the fiasco of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Ministerial Conference in Cancún in 2003, the number of bilateral and regional trade agreements containing competition law chapters, or at least competition-related rules, has increased noteworthy. This reflects that trade and competition are closely intertwined. In an ever more integrated, globalized, and digitized economy, the competition law framework needs to be internationalized. If a binding competition law is not possible at the global level, it is only logical that bilateral and regional trade agreements fill the gap. This article questions the extent to which these agreements contribute to the convergence of competition law. In this context, the development in Northeast Asia seems promising and may provide a guidepost for establishing international standards of competition law cooperation and enforcement. Presented here is the idea of localized harmonization, which takes advantage of closer affinity between bilateral and regional partners. With a sufficient degree of convergence, it is not excluded that efforts towards a multilateral competition agreement could be relaunched one day.
competition law, world trade law, WTO, free trade agreement, regional trade agreement, bilateral cooperation, convergence, localized harmonization, Asian competition law, digital economy
Online Advertising and the Competition for Data: What Abuse are We Looking For?
Authors: Köhler Alexandre 
Published: April 2022

Competition law has to adapt to the challenges of the digital era, not by changing its objectives but by changing its analytical tools. At a time where the Commission contemplates going back to using exploitative abuses under Article 102 (a) TFEU, an enquiry into the use of these quite unexplored abuses for prohibiting excessive data gathering seems necessary. Considering that online advertising is the financial lungs of the zero-price economy in which platforms operate, we will address the competitive problems of third-party data processing from the standpoint of online advertising. Thus, we will analyse the functioning of advertising markets, how they interact with the consumer-facing markets as regards data extraction and what competitive problems may arise out of this interaction. The framework being set, we will give a detailed analysis of the Facebook decision from the German Competition Authority (GCA) by which it sanctioned Facebook for abuse of dominant position for its extensive data collection policy. Considering the successes and pitfalls of this attempt, we will suggest an analytical framework for approaching third-party data gathering under European competition law and Article 102 (a) TFEU in particular, taking into account exclusionary effects on the advertising side of platforms.
advertising market, Facebook case, abuse of dominance (exploitative), abuse of dominance (exclusionary), third-party data gathering, unfair trading conditions, GDPR, causal link, theory of harm, DMA
Generasjon 2.0
Authors: Bråten Ingvard , Spord Borgen Jorunn 
Published: April 2022

Menn er i mindretall som lærere i grunnskolen, denne tendensen blir forsterket i kunst- og håndverksfaget. Vi har intervjuet mannlige lærere som underviser i faget i grunnskolen, samt mannlige studenter som utdanner seg til å bli lærere i faget. Vi har gjort dette for å få mer kunnskap om forhold som kan ha hatt betydning for utdanningsvalg og yrkesutøvelse.
I lys av livsløpsteori ser vi på informantenes liv med kunst og håndverk i forhold til historisk tid og sted, tidspunkt for livshendelser, sammenhengende liv og menneskelig handlefrihet (agentskap). Informantene forteller om positive møter med faget i egen oppvekst og at muligheten for å dele egen glede og kunnskap med elever er en drivkraft for å arbeide med kunst og håndverk i skolen. Som nåværende og kommende lærere i kunst og håndverk er informantene rollemodeller for barn og kan ha betydning for rekrutteringen av kommende lærere i faget. Informantene forteller selv om mennesker som har påvirket dem, og i disse historiene er det andre menn som er mest framtredende. Faget informantene beskriver i skolen er preget av kjønnsstereotype materialvalg, for eksempel tre fremfor tekstiler, og det ser ut som om forskjeller mellom kjønnene slik vi kjenner dem fra tidligere, vedlikeholdes. Dette skjer på grunn av individuelle valg, men også gjennom kontekstuelle rammer en møter i skole og utdanning.
Primary Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma of Bone: A Rare Occurrence in 8 Patients, Posing a Diagnostic Challenge
Authors: Kaur Ramandeep , Ramadwar Mukta , Gulia Ashish , Pruthi Manish , Rekhi Bharat , Panjwani Poonam K , Puri Ajay , Nayak Prakash , Bajpai Jyoti , Janu Amit 
Published: April 2022

Context.—Alveolar soft part sarcoma is a rare soft tissue tumor involving mainly deep soft tissue of the lower extremities. Primary bone involvement is extremely rare.Objective.—To discuss histopathologic and immunohistochemical features of alveolar soft part sarcoma along with challenges in diagnosis and management in the context of primary bone origin.Design.—Our study constituted 8 patients. Data were collected from the Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India, during a 10-year period.Results.—Five patients in our study were female and 3 were male. Their ages ranged from 13 to 56 years. Primary bone involvement was seen in the humerus, tibia, fibula, radius, calcaneus, and rib. Radiologic impression was that of a primary malignant bone tumor in all patients. Conventional histopathologic features were seen in 7 of 8 patients. Positive immunohistochemical expression for TFE3 was demonstrated in 6 patients. All patients had distant metastasis either at presentation or later in the course of the disease. Surgical excision of the primary tumor and adjuvant chemotherapy formed the basis of treatment. Four patients succumbed to disease and 2 were alive with disease.Conclusions.—Rare occurrences of primary bone alveolar soft part sarcoma posed a diagnostic challenge in the form of differential diagnoses of metastatic tumors resembling it either morphologically or immunohistochemically. The combined application of clinical and radiologic features along with characteristic histomorphology and immunohistochemistry helps to arrive at a definite diagnosis of alveolar soft part sarcoma. Aggressive behavior of this tumor and its refractoriness to conventional chemotherapy were evident from our series.
On history, business, and management: a review of the literature and research agenda
Authors: Da Silva Ítalo , Santos Elisabeth Cavalcante dos 
Published: April 2022

Purpose – The purpose of this article is to conduct a systematic review of the literature on business history and management history in specialized journals in the area.
Design/methodology/approach – We conducted a systematic review of the literature in the journals: Business History, Business History Review, Journal of Management History, and Management & Organizational History, between 2011 and 2020. In all, we analyzed 231 articles using the open, axial coding technique, and selective.
Findings – We answered two central analytical questions about the researchers' theoretical-methodological choices and summarized the results in six research lines. Historiographic approaches are presented from the epistemologies, theories, methods, contributions, limitations, and research problems chosen by the researchers in their articles.
Originality/value (mandatory) – The article is contributory when it assumes the central premise that the understanding of the researchers' theoretical-methodological decisions results in the historiographic approaches adopted in business and management research. Also, we offer a research agenda concerned with problems about (1) marginal empirical contexts, (2) the comparative approach to history; and (3) the perception of the past as a historical narrative.
Design de vestuário: estudo de caso das camisetas utilizadas em manifestações políticas no Brasil e na Colômbia entre 2012 e 2016
Authors: Souto Virginia Tiradentes , Oliveira Ana Mansur de , Vega Alejandra Albarán 
Published: April 2022

As camisetas tornaram-se parte de momentos importantes da moda, revelando-se como uma “bandeira” de conceitos e formas de pensar sobre determinados temas na sociedade. Nas manifestações políticas, elas ocuparam um lugar relevante como forma de divulgar o apoio ou o rechaço a uma temática significativa que teria potencial para afetar uma comunidade, alguns grupos específicos ou um país. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar o design das camisetas como veículo de mensagens em manifestações políticas. Para tanto, foi feito um estudo de caso das camisetas em manifestações políticas na Colômbia e no Brasil no período de 2012 a 2016. Uma proposta de análise no uso das camisetas é apresentada, com quatro aspectos principais: tipográficos, uso da cor, simbologia e discurso. Os resultados demonstram a importância do design para influenciar a tomada de decisão, além das semelhanças e diferenças dos dois casos analisados e como o elã no discurso ajuda a fortalecer e transformar uma mensagem gerando novas formas de abordagem, dessa forma impactando o cenário a sua volta.
Studerendes skabelse af personlig teori om børneperspektiver i pædagoguddannelsens praktik
Authors: Krab Jimmy , Rigbolt Kirsten , Andersen Randi 
Published: April 2022

DK resuméVia analyser fra et etnografisk inspireret feltarbejde af pædagogstuderendes arbejde med børneperspektiver i deres praktik i daginstitutioner bidrager artiklen til nuancerede forståelser indenfor forskningsfeltet voksenlæring og praktik. Med afsæt i en kombination af Lave og Wengers antropologisk og sociologisk inspirerede læringsteori og Jarvis’ filosofisk eksistentielt inspirerede læringsteori viser artiklen de studerendes refleksioner over det konfliktuelle og modsætningsfulde i praksis som forudsætning for deres læring. Artiklen sætter dermed fokus på de studerendes modsætningsfulde praksiserfaringer som udgangspunkt for læring på pædagoguddannelsen og bidrager med et kritisk korrektiv til en instrumentel og kompetencemålstyret kvalifikationstænkning.
Abstract – UKHow do students in social education create a personal theory about children’s perspective during an internshipBased on an ethnographic inspired fieldwork of students’ work with children’s perspective in day care institutions this article offers new understandings in the field of adult education and internship. Using Lave and Wenger’s social, anthropological inspired theory of learning in combination with Peter Jarvis’ philosophical, existential theory the article stresses the importance of reflection on conflicts and disjunctures during internship and offers a critical corrective to the current instrumental perspective on learning ruled by competence goals.
Når pædagoger giver stemme til børns stemmer
Authors: Haandbæk Schmidt Christina , Busk Rasmussen Anna 
Published: April 2022

DK resuméMed denne artikel ønsker vi at skrive os ind i, hvad vi forstår som den anden bølge af forskningen i børneperspektiv, hvor forskningsinteressen samler sig om at undersøge hvordan børns muligheder for at blive hørt er afhængig af de voksnes fortolkninger af, hvad der er væsentligt og relevant. Med et agential realistisk perspektiv bliver pædagogers stemmegivning ikke blot et spørgsmål om hvilke børn, der får stemme og hvordan, men inkluderer også spørgsmål om hvad, der indgår i stemmegivningen og de diskursive begrundelser derfor. Med afsæt i vores empiriske materiale viser vi, hvordan pædagoger forholder sig til stemmegivningen og hvilke etiske opmærksomheder de retter, og bør rette, mod sig selv. Vi argumenterer for at begreber som emergent lytning, situeret etik og samtykke, og børn som medundersøgere, kan støtte pædagoger i at omsætte fordringen fra dagtilbudsloven om at tage ”udgangspunkt i et børneperspektiv” til en produktiv og handlende etik i den daginstitutionelle praksis.
Abstract – UKWith this article, it is our aim to write our way into what we understand as the second wave of research into children’s perspective. The focus of this research is gathered around the investigation of how children’s possibilities of being listened to depend on the adults’ interpretation of what is essential and relevant. With an agential realistic perspective, pedagogues’ way of giving children a voice does not only become a question of what children get a voice and how, but will also include questions about what enters into the act of giving a voice and the discursive arguments for doing so. Taking our starting point in our empirical material, we show how pedagogues deal with the act of giving a voice and what ethical attention they turn to, and ought to turn to, themselves. We argue in favour of the fact that concepts like emergent listening, situated ethics and consent, and children as co-investigators, may support pedagogues in converting the requirements of the Day Care Act about children’s perspective. Furthermore, we argue how this can translate into productive and active ethics in the practice of daycare institutions.