bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance modeling of Licklider transmission protocol (LTP) via proactive transmission of signaling segments in deep‐space network
Authors: Varol Hacer 
Published: July 2022

SummaryDelay‐tolerant networking (DTN) bundle protocol is considered one of the best transmission protocols to be used in space communications by NASA. There are studies that evaluated the performance, measuring the total transfer time of a complete file from sender to receiver, of the DTN protocol via simulation or emulated experiments beyond the real space‐based experiences. In addition, there is a very few additional research works available for the modeling of the Licklider transmission protocol (LTP). However, these past studies on LTP modeling are implemented as a Logarithmic approach that is based on the calculation of loss segments in file delivery. In this work, the approach is investigated in a different manner. Specifically, the performance model was created based on the probability of the segment's successful delivery on the LTP. Moreover, the original model is enhanced via introducing a burst of transfer and equal interval distribution of signaling segments, specifically check point (CP), along with the retransmission time out (RTO). The results from the developed model for the original DTN protocol and enhanced versions align with the results obtained by PC‐based testbeds.
Multi‐Point Nanoindentation Method to Determine Mechanical Anisotropy in Nanofibrillar Thin Films
Authors: Perera Dinidu , Wang Qijue , Schniepp Hannes C. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBiomaterials with outstanding mechanical properties, including spider silk, wood, and cartilage, often feature an oriented nanofibrillar structure. The orientation of nanofibrils gives rise to a significant mechanical anisotropy, which is extremely challenging to characterize, especially for microscopically small or inhomogeneous samples. Here, a technique utilizing atomic force microscope indentation at multiple points combined with finite element analysis to sample the mechanical anisotropy of a thin film in a microscopically small area is reported. The system studied here is the tape‐like silk of the Chilean recluse spider, which entirely consists of strictly oriented nanofibrils giving rise to a large mechanical anisotropy. The most detailed directional nanoscale structure–property characterization of spider silk to date is presented, revealing the tensile and transverse elastic moduli as 9 and 1 GPa, respectively, and the binding strength between silk nanofibrils as 159 ± 13 MPa. Furthermore, based on this binding strength, the nanofibrils’ surface energy is derived as 37 mJ m−2, and concludes that van der Waals forces play a decisive role in interfibrillar binding. Due to its versatility, this technique has many potential applications, including early disease diagnostics, as underlying pathological conditions can alter the local mechanical properties of tissues.
Wettability Controlled Surface for Energy Conversion
Authors: Zhao Weiwei , Jiang Ye , Yu Wenjie , Yu Zeqi , Liu Xiaoqing 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTo achieve clean and high‐efficiency utilization of renewable energy, functional surfaces with controllable and patternable wettability are becoming a fast‐growing research focus. In this work, a laser scribing strategy to fabricate patterned graphene surfaces that are capable of energy conversion in different forms is demonstrated. Using the laser raster‐scanning and vector‐scanning modes, two distinct surface structures are constructed on polybenzoxazine substrate, yielding a superhydrophilic (LSHL) surface and superhydrophobic (LSHB) surface, respectively. Of particular note is that the unique hierarchical structure of LSHB surface has endowed it with quite a robust superwetting behaviors. Further profiting from the flexibility of the processing method, wettability patterns with spatially resolved LSHL and LSHB regions are designed, achieving the conversion of surface energy to liquid kinetic energy. This also offers a tractable approach to fabricate wettability‐engineered devices that enable the directional, pumpless transport of water by capillary pressure gradient and the selective surface cooling via jet impingement. In addition, the LSHB surface demonstrates the high conversion of electric‐to‐thermal energy (222 °C cm2 W−1) and light‐to‐thermal energy (88%). Overall, the material system and processing method present a promising step forward to developing easy‐fabricated graphene surfaces with spatially controlled wettability for efficient energy utilization and conversion.
Tailoring Nitrogen Species in Disk‐Like Carbon Anode Towards Superior Potassium Ion Storage
Authors: Wang Gongrui , Wang Wentao , He Xiaoyue , Li Jie , Yu Lai , Peng Bo , Liu Rong , Zeng Suyuan , Zhang Genqiang 
Published: July 2022

AbstractCarbon materials, as promising anode candidates for K+ storage due to their low cost, abundant sources, and high physicochemical stability, however, encounter limited specific capacity and unfavorable cycling stability that seriously hinder their practical applications. Herein, a feasible strategy to tailor and stabilize the nitrogen species in unique P/N co‐doped disk‐like carbon through the Sn incorporation (P/NSn–CD) is presented, which can largely enhance the specific capacity and cycling capability for K+ storage. Specifically, it delivers a high specific capacity of 439.3 mAh g‐1 at 0.1 A g‐1 and ultra‐stable cycling capability with a capacity retention of 93.5% at 5000 mA g‐1 over 5000 cycles for K+ storage. The underlying mechanism for the superior K+ storage performance is investigated by systematical experimental data combined with theoretical simulation results, which can be derived from the increased edge‐nitrogen species, improved content and stability of P/N heteroatoms, and enhanced ionic/electronic kinetics. After coupling P/NSn–CD anode with activated carbon cathode, the KIHCs can deliver a high energy density of 171.7 Wh kg‐1 at 106.8 W kg‐1, a superior power density (14027.0 W kg‐1 with 31.2 Wh kg‐1 retained), and ultra‐stable lifespan (89.7% retention after 30 K cycles with cycled at 2 A g‐1).
The skeletal taphonomy of anurans from the Eocene Geiseltal Konservat‐Lagerstätte, Germany: insights into the controls on fossil anuran preservation
Authors: Falk Daniel , Wings Oliver , McNamara Maria E. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe Geiseltal biota is an Eocene lacustrine Konservat‐Lagerstätte in central Germany. Despite its rich fauna and flora (over 50 000 fossil vertebrates, insects and other invertebrates, plants and trace fossils) the taphonomy of the biota, and of the anurans in particular, is poorly understood. We analysed the skeletal taphonomy of 168 anurans, scoring each specimen for orientation, completeness and articulation. Most are partial skeletons, truncated during preparation. This process introduces measurable artefacts into the taphonomic data, which requires further study. We identified recurring taphonomic states, including disarticulation or loss of abdominal bones, loss of one or more limbs, extensive disarticulation, and extensive loss of elements across the body. Relatively rare states include: loss of distal limb elements only, scattered bones, and isolated, articulated limbs. These data inform a new taphonomic model for the Geiseltal anurans. Comparative analysis of patterns in completeness and articulation in these specimens and anurans from other Cenozoic Lagerstätten reveals repeated patterns in preservation in lacustrine‐hosted settings, such as proximal to distal trends in completeness, preferential loss of small peripheral bones, disarticulation of abdominal bones, and reorientation of major body regions. Taphonomic controls in lacustrine systems are surface water temperature, lake depth, vegetation, exposure to bottom currents, transport mechanisms, scavenging, decay regime, bone size and location in the skeleton; all ultimately controlled by palaeoclimate, lake physiography and hydrology, and anuran anatomy. A universal approach to quantitative analysis of skeletal taphonomy metrics will enable comparative testing of the relationship between preservation and palaeoenvironment for diverse fossil vertebrates.
Enhancement of Antimicrobial Response against Human Pathogens by a Novel Cationic Starch Derivative
Authors: Salama Ahmed , Saleh Ahmed K. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractNew cationic derivatives of starch are attractive targets for biomedical applications due to their propensity for electrostatically binding with anionic biomolecules, such as nucleic acids and certain proteins. In the first step, 1‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride [BMIM]Cl is used as a solvent to prepare tosyl starch from starch and tosyl chloride. The reaction between 1‐methylimidazole and tosyl starch produced cationic starch salt. Starch derivatives are characterized using elemental analysis, FT‐IR spectroscopy, 13C NMR, 1H NMR, and SEM analysis. The cationic starch derivative has an antimicrobial effect on all organisms tested and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) recorded different values depending on what species is tested. The prepared cationic starch bearing substantial permanent positive charge exhibited high water solubility and can bind strongly with anionic surface, supporting their potential for a variety of applications such as antimicrobial surfaces. The cationic starch derivatives may be promising candidates for biomedical applications.
Teacher Identity (re)Construction in Collaborative Bilingual Education: The Emergence of Dyadic Identity
Authors: Dikilitaş Kenan , Bahrami Vahid 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTeacher identity construction has long been investigated within the field of English language teaching. However, little is known about how particularities and demands of co‐teaching language and content in bilingual education (BE) settings may lead to teacher identity (re)construction, especially in preschool contexts. Therefore, we explored, through narrative inquiry, the identity (re)construction of one pair of English language and homeroom teachers in a preschool in Turkey. We gathered data through oral narratives, follow‐up written accounts, and an online pair interview, which collectively provided insights into their induction into BE, collaborative teaching practices, and interactions with contextual factors. Findings show that external support (e.g., training, and sustained feedback by the trainers) alongside teachers' own experiences and reflections regarding BE and changing beliefs about their prior practice were among the factors which led to their transition into the role of BE co‐teacher. Parallel to this transitioning process, a relationally mediated positional identity we label dyadic identity emerged between the teachers. We discuss the process of the teachers' transition to a BE co‐teacher role and the emergence of dyadic identity, elaborating on the factors that facilitated this development. Implications for teacher identity research as well as bilingual program development are discussed.
Polystyrene microplastics induce apoptosis and necroptosis in swine testis cells via ROS/MAPK/HIF1α pathway
Authors: Wang Xu , Zhang Xinyu , Sun Kexin , Wang Shengchen , Gong Duqiang 
Published: July 2022

AbstractMicroplastics (MPs) generally refer to the plastic fragments or particles smaller than 5 mm in diameter, which are closely concerned due to their widespread presence in the environment. Recent studies have shown that MPs have a serious threat on the reproductive health of organisms. Pigs are often selected as the model animals because of their high similarity to human tissues and organs. However, there are no reports on the effects and mechanisms of MPs exposure on swine germ cells. In the present study, we established swine testis (ST) cell models exposed to 250, 500, and 1000 μg/ml polystyrene microplastics (PS‐MPs, 1–10 μm), respectively. The findings revealed that PS‐MPs reduced cell viability dose‐dependently. Acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining and flow cytometry results indicated the occurrence of apoptosis and necrosis in ST cells under PS‐MPs exposure, and the expression changes of relevant marker genes (B‐cell lymphoma‐2, Bcl‐2 Associated X, Caspase‐3, Caspase‐9, Receptor‐interacting protein kinase 1, Receptor‐interacting protein kinase 3, Mixed lineage kinase domain‐like, and Caspase‐8) were clarified via quantitative real‐time PCR and western blot. Further mechanistic studies found that PS‐MPs treatment induced excessive intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which promoted the phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway‐related genes (P38, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, extracellular regulated protein kinases) and activated the downstream gene hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF1α). In conclusion, our study suggests that PS‐MPs treatment causes apoptosis and necroptosis in ST cells via ROS/MAPK/HIF1α signaling pathway.
Sex disparity in oronasal presentations of canine transmissible venereal tumour
Authors: Strakova Andrea , Baez‐Ortega Adrian , Wang Jinhong , Murchison Elizabeth P. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe canine transmissible venereal tumour (CTVT) is a contagious cancer spread by the direct transfer of living cancer cells. CTVT usually spreads during mating, manifesting as genital tumours. However, oronasal CTVT is also occasionally observed, and presumably arises through oronasal contact with genital CTVT tumours during sniffing and licking.MethodsGiven that sniffing and licking transmission behaviours may differ between sexes, we investigated whether oronasal CTVT shows sex disparity.ResultsTwenty‐seven of 32 (84%) primary oronasal tumours in a CTVT tumour database occurred in males. In addition, 53 of 65 (82%) primary oronasal CTVT tumours reported in the published literature involved male hosts. These findings suggest that male dogs are at four to five times greater risk of developing primary oronasal CTVT than females. This disparity may be due to sex differences in licking and sniffing activity, perhaps also influenced by sex differences in CTVT accessibility for these behaviours.ConclusionAlthough oronasal CTVT is rare, it should be considered as a possible diagnosis for oronasal tumours, particularly in male dogs.
About This Book
Authors: García-Álvarez David , Camacho Olmedo María Teresa , Paegelow Martin , Mas Jean-François 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers an introduction to the book and is specifically recommended for all readers intending to do the practical exercises it contains. It also provides readers with all the information they require to make the most of the book’s contents. In this chapter, we explain the aim, structure and intended audience for this book. We also give the readers a few tips and guidelines about how to make best use of it. This is followed by a description of the software and the data used to do the practical exercises. In the last section of this chapter, we offer a detailed explanation about how we conducted the review of the LUC datasets carried out for Chap. “Land Use Cover Datasets: A Review” and Part IV of the book.
Land Use Cover Mapping, Modelling and Validation. A Background
Authors: García-Álvarez David , Camacho Olmedo María Teresa , Mas Jean-François , Paegelow Martin 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, we offer a brief introduction to the main concepts associated with Land Use Cover (LUC) mapping, Land Use Cover Change (LUCC) modelling and the uncertainty and validation of LUC and LUCC data and model outputs. The chapter summarizes the theoretical fundamentals required to understand the rest of the book. First, we define Land Use and Land Cover concepts that have been extensively discussed and debated in the literature (Sect. 2). Second, we review the history of LUC mapping, from the first manually produced maps to the advent of aerial and satellite imagery and the production of new datasets with much greater detail and accuracy (Sect. 3). Third, we address the usefulness of LUC data and LUCC analysis for society (Sect. 4), contextualizing all these studies and efforts within the framework of Land Change Science (Sect. 5). Fourth, we offer a brief introduction to LUCC modelling, its purpose, uses and the different stages that make up a LUCC modelling exercise (Sect. 6). We also offer a brief introduction to the different types of LUCC models currently available. Finally, we present the concepts of uncertainty and validation and offer a brief introduction to the topic (Sect. 7). The chapter also includes a short list of recommendations for further reading for those who wish to explore the theory presented here in more depth.
Validation of Land Use Cover Maps: A Guideline
Authors: Camacho Olmedo María Teresa , García-Álvarez David , Gallardo Marta , Mas Jean-François , Paegelow Martin , Castillo-Santiago Miguel Ángel , Molinero-Parejo Ramón 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis chapter offers a general overview of the available tools and strategies for validating Land Use Cover (LUC) data—specifically LUC maps—and Land Use Cover Change Modelling (LUCCM) exercises. We give readers some guidelines according to the type of maps they want to validate: single LUC maps (Sect. 3), time series of LUC maps (Sect. 4) or the results of LUCCM exercises (Sect. 5). Despite the fact that some of the available methods are applicable to all these maps, each type of validation exercise has its own particularities which must be taken into account. Each section of this chapter starts with a brief introduction about the specific type of maps (single, time series or modelling exercises) and the reference data needed to validate them. We also present the validation methods/functions and the corresponding exercises developed in Part III of this book. To this end, we address, in this order, the tools for validating Land Use Cover data based on basic and Multiple-Resolution Cross-Tabulation (see chapter “Basic and Multiple-Resolution Cross Tabulation to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”), metrics based on the Cross-Tabulation matrix (see chapter “Metrics Based on a Cross-Tabulation Matrix to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”), Pontius Jr. methods based on the Cross-Tabulation matrix (see chapter “Pontius Jr. Methods Based on a Cross-Tabulation Matrix to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”), validation practices with soft maps produced by Land Use Cover models (see chapter “Validation of Soft Maps Produced by a Land Use Cover Change Model”), spatial metrics (see chapter “Spatial Metrics to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”), advanced pattern analysis (see chapter “Advanced Pattern Analysis to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”) and geographically weighted methods (see chapter “Geographically Weighted Methods to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”).
Introduction
Authors: Marichal Jean-Luc , Zenaïdi Naïm 
Published: July 2022

AbstractLet
$$\mathbb {R}_+$$

ℝ

+

denote the open half-line (0, ∞) and let Δ denote the forward difference operator on the space of functions from
$$\mathbb {R}_+$$

ℝ

+

to
$$\mathbb {R}$$

ℝ
. In this book, we are interested in the classical difference equation Δf = g on
$$\mathbb {R}_+$$

ℝ

+

, which can be written explicitly as
$$\displaystyle f(x+1)-f(x) ~=~ g(x),\qquad x>0, $$

f
(
x
+
1
)
−
f
(
x
)

=

g
(
x
)
,

x
>
0
,
where
$$g\colon \mathbb {R}_+\to \mathbb {R}$$

g
:

ℝ

+

→
ℝ
is a given function. This equation appears naturally in the theory of the Euler gamma function, with
$$f(x) = \ln \Gamma (x)$$

f
(
x
)

=

ln
Γ
(
x
)
and
$$g(x) = \ln x$$

g
(
x
)

=

ln
x
, but also in the study of many other special functions such as the Barnes G-function and the Hurwitz zeta function (see Examples 1.6 and 1.7 below).
Conclusion
Authors: Marichal Jean-Luc , Zenaïdi Naïm 
Published: July 2022

AbstractKrull-Webster’s theory offered an elegant extension of Bohr-Mollerup’s theorem and has proved to be a very nice and useful contribution to the resolution of the difference equation Δf = g on the real half-line
$$\mathbb {R}_+$$

ℝ

+

. In this book, we have provided a significant generalization of Krull-Webster’s theory by considerably relaxing the asymptotic condition imposed on the function g, and we have demonstrated through various examples how this generalization provides a unified framework to investigate the properties of many functions. This framework has indeed enabled us to derive several general formulas that now constitute a powerful toolbox and even a genuine Swiss Army knife to investigate a large variety of functions.
Derivatives of Multiple $$\log \Gamma $$ -Type Functions
Authors: Marichal Jean-Luc , Zenaïdi Naïm 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIn this chapter, we discuss the higher order differentiability properties of Σg when g lies in
$$\mathcal {C}^r\cap \mathcal {D}^p\cap \mathcal {K}^{\max \{p,r\}}$$

C

r

∩

D

p

∩

K

max
{
p
,
r
}

for any
$$p,r\in \mathbb {N}$$

p
,
r
∈
ℕ
. In particular, we show the fundamental fact that Σg also lies in
$$\mathcal {C}^r$$

C

r

and that the sequence
$$n \mapsto D^rf^p_n[g]$$

n
↦

D

r

f

n

p

[
g
]
converges uniformly on any bounded subinterval of
$$\mathbb {R}_+$$

ℝ

+

to Dr Σg.
Risk Assessment and Decision Making on Mitigation Measures
Authors: van Treeck Ruben , Wolter Christian , Cowx Ian G. , Noble Richard A. A. , King Myron , van Zyll de Jong Michael , Radinger Johannes 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe proliferation of hydropower development to meet obligations under the Renewable Energy Directive has also seen the emergence of conflict between the hydropower developers and the fisheries and conservation sectors. To address this trade-off between hydroelectricity supply and its environmental costs, this chapter introduces a series of tools and guidance to assess environmental hazards of hydropower in particular on fishes, to enhance assessing cumulative effects from several hydropower schemes and to enable informed decisions on planning, development and mitigation of new and refurbished hydropower schemes. The newly developed European Fish Hazard Index is introduced as objective, comparable, and standardized screening tool for assessing the impacts on fishes at existing and planned hydropower schemes, while explicitly considering the ecological status and consecration value of the ambient fish assemblage. In addition, guidance is provided on assessing the environmental impacts of consecutive hydropower schemes in a river system. This guidance separates between cumulative impacts on habitats and species and thus, considers cumulative length of all impoundments in a river system, total fragmentation by barriers (barrier density), but also different migratory life history traits of species and their encounter probability with hydropower schemes and sensitivity to mortality. Finally, a decision support scheme is provided to balance the environmental risk with appropriate, site-specific mitigation planning and implementation at new and existing hydropower schemes.
Fish Guidance Structures with Narrow Bar Spacing: Physical Barriers
Authors: David Laurent , Chatellier Ludovic , Courret Dominique , Albayrak Ismail , Boes Robert M. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractChapter 7 deals with the fish guidance structures (FGS) with narrow bar spacing and focuses on both vertically inclined and horizontal bar racks as well as vertically inclined perforated plate with bypass systems. These FGSs are physical barriers and placed in front of a water intake with either vertical or horizontal angle to the flow direction. They protect fish from entering the water intakes and guide them to the bypass systems and hence into the tailwater. They are suitable for small-to-medium size hydropower plants with design discharge less than 120 m3/s. In the following, different types of FGSs with narrow bar spacing are introduced and their fish guidance performance, head loss prediction and design recommendations presented.