bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Damage Initiation and Progression in Multidirectional Laminates With a Hole
Authors: Schaff J. R. , Kim R. Y. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Holes are pervasive in load-bearing composite structures within the aerospace industry, as a result of the use of mechanical fasteners in assembly and cutouts to accommodate wiring and hydraulic lines. In this work, static loading experiments were conducted on composite laminates to document the initiation and growth of damage and to record changes in the strain field. The main objective of this work was the development of an experimental database for comparison with the results from a three-dimensional stress analysis based on spline variational theory. Two multidirectional laminates considered in this study were [0/90]2s and [±30/90]s of IM7/5250-4 (graphite fiber/toughened BMI). For each loading increment strains were recorded at a number of locations in close proximity to the hole as well as far field, and the specimen was subjected to x-radiography. Acoustic emission was also monitored during loading and compared to strains and radiographic images to identify damage initiation and progression. Experimental strains were well with the analytical strains at low loadings, prior to extensive damage development. The details of damage progression in these laminates discussed.
Composite Technology Insights That Will Enable the Next Generation Space Telescope
Authors: Kedward Keith T. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Opportunities for polymer matrix composites (PMC’s) in lightweight spacecraft structures and systems are already extensive and will further expand as sophisticated space communications systems applications are introduced. One specific area where the unique properties provided by carbon and graphite fiber-reinforced polymeric matrix composites are particularly attractive is in the next generation, ultra-lightweight, high precision optical instruments. In this paper the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) application will be used to illustrate the enabling features of PMC’s.
Areal density is one parameter used to indicate weight trends for primary mirror structures. The State-of-the-Art (SOA) value for difraction-limited visible systems is 25–30 kg/m2. Technology developments will be described to demonstrate that areal density of less than 50% of the SOA, i.e., 10–15 kg/m2, are now feasible. One design approach that combines the most recently developed fiber and matrix systems in the form of a hybrid sandwich structure supporting an isogrid-stiffened Zerodur surface is illustrated in Figure 1.
Constituents for the core structure comprise ultra-high modulus graphite fiber and cyanate ester resin matrix selected for its combination of high specific stiffness, near-zero thermal expansion properties, as well as manufacturing flexibility. Designated specific systems are M55J/954-3 and K1352U/954-3. This high specific stiffness has resulted in a preliminary design concept that provides a fundamental resonance frequency (predicted) of an acceptable 150 Hz depending on the precise arrangement of flexures as well as the projected weight saving goal.
The paper will emphasize the importance of thorough technical insights in the engineering of such complex, high precision structures that are based on highly anisotropic heterogeneous systems. This precision demands very careful consideration of cyclical environmental/ temperature dependent distortional behavior and “timing” of the coefficient of thermal expansion. It will be explained that stress vs. strain, and load vs. displacement, relationships of the specific adhesive system used for bonding the Zerodur facesheet to the composite core structure, must be properly characterized over the temperature range from processing conditions to operational limits.
The effects of the reflective coating applied to the mirror surface is also addressed in assessing its influence on optical performance by use of interferometric measurements at ambient and cryogenic temperatures before and after application of the coating.
Fracture Behavior of Kaolin-Reinforced High Density Polyethylene
Authors: Wetherhold Robert C. , Mouzakis Dionysios E. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The addition of the low-cost mineral filler kaolin to high-density polyethylene (HDPE) creates a composite with both improved stiffness and toughness properties. This study focuses on two aspects of the toughness of these composites: the fracture toughness increment produced by work at the fracture surface and the directionality induced by the injection molding fabrication process. The Essential Work of Fracture (EWF) method gives results which show that a higher volume fraction of kaolin produces more surface work, consistent with earlier work using Compact Tension (CT) tests. The EWF method also demonstrates that a lower volume fraction can produce a higher overall plastic work and apparent toughness. A heat treatment which removes the orientation of the matrix but not that of the particles was applied to study the effect of matrix crystallinity. The results indicate that the matrix supramolecular structure (crystallinity and skin-core effect) is responsible for the directionality of toughness, and that a heat treatment can be used to produce high toughness behavior in both major directions.
The Sleep Behaviors of Elite Australian Rules Footballers Before and After Games During an Entire Season
Authors: Sargent Charli , Rogalski Brent , Montero Ashley , Roach Gregory D. 
Published: January 2022

Purpose: Most athletes sleep poorly around competition. The aim of this study was to examine sleep before/after games during an entire season in elite Australian Rules footballers (N = 37) from the same team. Methods: Sleep was monitored using activity monitors for 4 consecutive nights (beginning 2 nights before games) during 19 rounds of a season. Differences in sleep on the nights before/after games, and differences in sleep before/after games as a function of game time (day vs evening), location (local vs interstate), and outcome (win vs loss), were examined using linear mixed effects models. Results: Players fell asleep earlier (+1.9 h; P < .001), and woke up later (+1 h; P < .001) on the night before games compared with the night of games. Players obtained less sleep on the night of games than on the night before games (5.2 h vs 7.7 h; P < .001), and this reduction was exacerbated when games were played in the evening—after evening games, players obtained approximately 40 minutes less sleep than after day games (P < .001). Sleep duration on the nights before and after games was not affected by game location or game outcome, but players had later sleep onset (P < .001) and offset times (P < .001) on most nights when sleeping away from home. Conclusions: Elite footballers obtain good sleep on the night before games but obtain approximately 30% less sleep on the night of games. Given the role of sleep in recovery, it will be important to determine whether a reduction in sleep duration of this magnitude impairs recovery on the days following games.
Model-Based Meta-Analysis of Relapsing Mouse Model Studies from the Critical Path to Tuberculosis Drug Regimens Initiative Database
Authors: Berg Alexander , Clary James , Hanna Debra , Nuermberger Eric , Lenaerts Anne , Ammerman Nicole , Ramey Michelle , Hartley Dan , Hermann David 
Published: January 2022

Tuberculosis (TB), the disease caused by
Mycobacterium tuberculosis

(Mtb), remains a leading infectious disease-related cause of death worldwide, necessitating the development of new and improved treatment regimens. Nonclinical evaluation of candidate drug combinations via the relapsing mouse model (RMM) is an important step in regimen development, through which candidate regimens that provide the greatest decrease in the probability of relapse following treatment in mice may be identified for further development.
Treatment strategies and long-term outcomes in patients with congenital microphthalmia–anophthalmia with cyst
Authors: Gore Sri , Grimaldi Gabriela , Mazzone Giacomilde , Collin Richard , Savino Gustavo , Pagnoni Mario , Modugno Alessandra 
Published: January 2022

Background/AimsMicrophthalmia and anophthalmia are rare conditions, which represent ocular maldevelopment; both may be associated with orbital cysts. Current literature recommends retention to stimulate orbital growth during socket rehabilitation but does not illustrate their potential to deform the periocular tissues. This study aims to illustrate the long-term outcomes when other elements, such as forniceal and lid development, are also considered when formulating bespoke treatment plans for patients.MethodsRetrospective case series of 78 patients attending a single prosthetics clinic between 1988 and 2020. Clinical and surgical notes, radiological imaging, clinical photographs and patient/doctor satisfaction questionnaires were used to report patient outcomes and natural history data.Results89 sockets of 78 patients (11 bilateral) were included; average age of presentation being 2.8 years (9 days to 29.5 years). Cysts were clinically detected (48%) or were incidental findings (52%). The mean follow-up time was 7.2 years (6 months to 28 years). Cysts in 46% of sockets underwent surgical excision while the remainder were retained. Satisfaction surveys were obtained for 75 patients, with cosmetic outcomes rated as ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ in 90% of cases by physicians and 97% of cases by patients or guardians.ConclusionThe favourable long-term outcomes in this study have resulted from bespoke plans which considered periocular tissue development, regional orbital growth and orbital volume replacement. The authors contemplate cyst excision if the prosthetic fitting or retention is impeded by the cyst as this often heralds the increased risk of long-term periocular distortion.
Real-world weight change, adherence, and discontinuation among patients with type 2 diabetes initiating glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in the UK
Authors: Weiss Tracey , Yang Lingfeng , Carr Richard D , Pal Sampriti , Sawhney Baanie , Boggs Robert , Rajpathak Swapnil , Iglay Kristy 
Published: January 2022

IntroductionGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment with demonstrated weight loss benefits in clinical trials. However, the extent to which real-world patients with T2DM achieve clinically meaningful weight loss (≥5%) has not been well characterized. Analysis of real-world data suggests adherence to injectable GLP-1 RAs is suboptimal and discontinuation following the first year of therapy is poorly characterized.Research design and methodsA retrospective cohort study among patients with T2DM initiating injectable GLP-1 RA therapy was conducted using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink that includes primary care medical records for 13 million patients in the UK. This study assessed weight change, adherence (proportion of days covered (PDC) ≥80%), and discontinuation (≥90-day gap between prescriptions) at 12 and 24 months during the study period spanning January 2009–December 2017.ResultsAmong 589 patients initiating a GLP-1 RA, 56.4% were female and the median age was 54 years (IQR (46, 61)). The median body mass index was 41.2 kg/m2(IQR (35.8, 46.4)). Among patients with weight measures available (n=341 at 12 months; n=232 at 24 months), 33.4% and 43.5% achieved weight loss ≥5% of baseline weight at 12 and 24 months, respectively. At 12 and 24 months, 64.5% and 59.2% were adherent, and 45.2% and 64.7% discontinued, respectively.ConclusionsA minority of patients initiating GLP-1 RAs achieved ≥5% weight loss, suggesting the real-world benefit of these agents on weight loss may be lower than that observed in clinical trials. Patients on GLP-1 RAs may benefit from additional support to improve long-term adherence.
Impact of community education on heat-related health outcomes and heat literacy among low-income communities in Karachi, Pakistan: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Razzak Junaid Abdul , Agrawal Priyanka , Chand Zaheer , Quraishy Saadia , Ghaffar Abdul , Hyder Adnan A 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundExtreme heat exposure is a growing public health concern. In this trial, we tested the impact of a community health worker (CHW) led heat education programme on all-cause mortality, unplanned hospital visits and changes in knowledge and practices in Karachi, Pakistan.MethodsThe Heat Emergency Awareness and Treatment trial was a community-based, open-label, two-group, unblinded cluster-randomised controlled trial that implemented a CHW-led educational intervention between March and May 2018 in Karachi, Pakistan. We randomly assigned (1:1) 16 clusters, each with ~185 households or 1000 population, to the intervention or usual care (control group). We collected data on all-cause mortality, unplanned hospital visits, evidence of heat illness through surveillance and a knowledge and practice survey during the summer months of 2017 (preintervention) and 2018 (postintervention).FindingsWe recruited 18 554 participants from 2991 households (9877 individuals (1593 households) in the control group and 8668 individuals (1398 households) in the intervention group). After controlling for temporal trends, there was a 38% (adjusted OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.49 to 0.77) reduction in hospital visits for any cause in the intervention group compared with the control group. In addition, there was an improvement in many areas of knowledge and practices, but there was no significant difference in all-cause mortality.InterpretationA CHW-led community intervention was associated with decreased unscheduled hospital visits, improved heat literacy and practices but did not impact all-cause mortality. CHWs could play an essential role in preparing communities for extreme heat events.Trial registration numberNCT03513315.
A qualitative analysis of medical students’ attitudes to abortion education in UK medical schools
Authors: Horan Corrina , Zadeh Persia Ghassem , Rennison Catriona , Hoggart Lesley , Kavanagh Jayne 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundDespite abortion being a common part of reproductive healthcare, UK undergraduate medical school abortion education varies widely. We therefore aimed to explore medical students’ views on their undergraduate abortion education, including whether it prepared them to be a competent practitioner.MethodsWe conducted in-depth semi-structured interviews with 19 students from five UK medical schools, all of whom had received abortion teaching. The qualitative research followed a quantitative survey of UK undergraduate abortion education; the five medical schools were purposively sampled to encompass a wide variety of teaching approaches. Interviews were transcribed and data were analysed using an inductive thematic approach.ResultsDedicated abortion teaching was highlighted as necessary and valuable, as abortion care is so commonly accessed. Participants felt that abortion education should prepare students to be competent practitioners, with inclusion of clinical placements and an emphasis on non-stigmatising care. Most interviewees felt that the perceived sensitive nature of abortion should act as an incentive to comprehensive teaching. It was suggested that teaching should be inclusive for all, including those with a conscientious objection to abortion.ConclusionThe medical students interviewed viewed comprehensive abortion education as an important aspect of their undergraduate curriculum. Conversely to the accompanying quantitative survey of educators, participants believed that the perceived sensitivity of abortion increases the importance of effective teaching that prepares them to provide competent respectful care when they qualify. It is incumbent on medical schools to provide the comprehensive education that students need and the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists recommends.
Tumor mutational burden predicts the efficacy of pembrolizumab monotherapy: a pan-tumor retrospective analysis of participants with advanced solid tumors
Authors: Cristescu Razvan , Aurora-Garg Deepti , Albright Andrew , Xu Lei , Liu Xiao Qiao , Loboda Andrey , Lang Lixin , Jin Fan , Rubin Eric H , Snyder Alexandra , Lunceford Jared 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundSeveral studies have evaluated the relationship between tumor mutational burden (TMB) and outcomes of immune checkpoint inhibitors. In the phase II KEYNOTE-158 study of pembrolizumab monotherapy for previously treated recurrent or metastatic cancer, high TMB as assessed by the FoundationOne CDx was associated with an improved objective response rate (ORR).MethodsWe retrospectively assessed the relationship between TMB and efficacy in participants with previously treated advanced solid tumors enrolled in 12 trials that evaluated pembrolizumab monotherapy, including 3 randomized trials that compared pembrolizumab with chemotherapy. TMB was assessed in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pretreatment tumor samples by whole-exome sequencing. High TMB was defined as ≥175 mutations/exome. Microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype was based on whole-exome sequencing results. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The primary end point was ORR assessed per RECIST V.1.1 by independent central review. Other end points included progression-free survival (PFS) assessed per RECIST V.1.1 by independent central review and overall survival (OS).ResultsOf the 2234 participants in the analysis, 1772 received pembrolizumab monotherapy and 462 received chemotherapy. Among the pembrolizumab-treated participants, ORR was 31.4% (95% CI 27.1 to 36.0) in the 433 participants with TMB ≥175 mutations/exome and 9.5% (95% CI 8.0 to 11.2) in the 1339 participants with TMB <175 mutations/exome. The association of TMB with ORR was observed regardless of PD-L1 expression and not driven by specific tumor types or participants with very high TMB or high MSI. In the 3 randomized controlled trials, TMB was associated with ORR (p≤0.016), PFS (p≤0.005), and OS (p≤0.029) of pembrolizumab but not of chemotherapy (p≥0.340, p≥0.643, and p≥0.174, respectively), and pembrolizumab improved efficacy versus chemotherapy in participants with TMB ≥175 mutations/exome.ConclusionsTMB ≥175 mutations/exome is associated with clinically meaningful improvement in the efficacy of pembrolizumab monotherapy and improved outcomes for pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy across a wide range of previously treated advanced solid tumor types. These data suggest TMB has broad clinical utility irrespective of tumor type, PD-L1 expression, or MSI status and support its use as a predictive biomarker for pembrolizumab monotherapy in participants with previously treated advanced solid tumors.
Drivers and outcomes of variation in surgical versus transcatheter aortic valve replacement in Ontario, Canada: a population-based study
Authors: Miranda Rafael N , Qiu Feng , Manoragavan Ragavie , Fremes Stephen , Lauck Sandra , Sun Louise , Tarola Christopher , Tam Derrick Y , Mamas Mamas , Wijeysundera Harindra C 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesTo understand the patient and hospital level drivers of the variation in surgical versus trascatheter aortic valve replacement (SAVR vs TAVR) for patients with aortic stenosis (AS) and to explore whether this variation translates into differences in clinical outcomes.BackgroundAdoption of TAVR has grown exponentially worldwide. Notwithstanding, a wide variation in TAVR rates has been seen within and between countries and in some jurisdictions AS is still primarily being managed by SAVR.MethodsWe conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada, including individuals who received TAVR or SAVR between 2016 and 2020. We developed iterative hierarchical logistic regression models for the likelihood of receiving TAVR instead of SAVR examining sequentially patient characteristics, hospital factors and year of procedure, calculating the median ORs and variance partition coefficients for each. Using Cox proportional hazards models, we examined the relationship between TAVR/SAVR ratio on all-cause mortality and readmissions.ResultsAnnual procedures rates per million population increased from 171 to 201, mainly driven by the expansion of TAVR. TAVR/SAVR ratios differed substantially between hospitals, from 0.21 to 3.27. Neither patient nor hospital factors explained the between-hospital variation in AS treatment. The TAVR/SAVR ratio was significantly associated with clinical outcomes with high ratio hospitals having lower mortality and rehospitalisations.ConclusionsDespite the expansion of TAVR, dramatic variation exists that is not explained by patient or hospital factors. This variation was associated with differences in clinical outcomes, suggesting that further work is needed in understanding and addressing inequity of access.
Synthesis and photophysical properties of quinoxaline-based blue aggregation-induced emission molecules
Authors: Mao Xiaoyu , Liu Yiwei , Zeng Jin , Wang Xiaohui , Islam Md Monarul , Chen Ming , Chen Qing , Feng Xing 
Published: January 2022

A series of quinoxaline-based compounds 1–4 have been synthesized by a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction and their photophysical properties have been extensively studied. Compounds 1–4 show deep blue light emission both in solution (λem ≤ 425 nm, Commission Internationale de L’Eclairage y (CIEy) ≤ 0.03) and in the solid state. Moreover, compounds 1–3 show a non-typical aggregation-induced enhanced emission (AIEE), which would be effective deep blue light-emitting materials. The DFT calculation indicated that the HOMO energy levels of compounds 1–3 are distributed throughout the molecule, and the LUMO energy levels are mainly concentrated on the quinoxaline group. However, the HOMO of compound 4 is mainly on the benzene ring at 2,3 position, and the LUMO is distributed both of the quinoxaline and the benzaldehyde group at the 6,7 position.
Evaluation of harvest control rules for a group of interacting commercial stocks using a multispecies MSE framework
Authors: Pérez-Rodríguez Alfonso , Umar Ibrahim , Goto Daisuke , Howell Daniel , Mosqueira Iago , González-Troncoso Diana 
Published: January 2022

In this study, a multispecies gadget model (GadCap) simulating the interactions among the Flemish Cap cod (Gadus morhua), redfish (Sebastes spp.), and shrimp (Pandalus borealis) has been incorporated as the operating model in a management strategy evaluation (MSE) framework (a4a-FLR) to test the performance of multiple combinations of harvest control rules (HCRs) for the three stocks when recruitment uncertainty and assessment error are accounted for. The results indicate that due to the strong trophic interactions, it is not possible to achieve the precautionary exploitation of all the stocks at the same time. Maintaining shrimp biomass above the limit reference point (Blim) would require unsustainable fishing pressure on cod and redfish to reduce predation mortality. In contrast, maintaining cod biomass above Blim would involve high predation on and high risk of collapse of the shrimp and redfish stocks. The implementation of alternative two-stage HCRs would reduce predation, resulting in higher productivity and lower probability of collapse for cod and redfish. The results of this study support the need of accounting for species interactions when designing management strategies for a group of interdependent commercial stocks.