bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated modular design and analysis of liquid propellant rocket engine working on liquid methane-oxygen expander cycle
Authors: Desai Rajkumar P , Kuzhiveli Biju T 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Liquid Propellant Rocket Engine is still the most widely used propellant system since it provides higher thrust and specific impulse due to its higher chemical energy stored. As this technology is maturing, present developments in rocket engines demand overall design flexibility, simplicity, and reliability while preserving higher performance. Modular design is such a concept that divides a system into small modules which can individually be created and modified. This work aims to use such a concept for designing a high-performance rocket engine working on a liquid oxygen-methane expander cycle and check its feasibility. Chamber Pressure and Desired Vacuum Thrust value were taken as 3.5 MPa and 60 kN respectively. Methane is used as fuel due to its ease of availability, low manufacturing cost, and high energy density. All major components for the engine including the combustion chamber assembly, nozzle, turbopump assembly, regenerative cooling jacket, and injector were modeled. More attention was given to critical components like an injector, cooling channels with regenerative cooling analysis, and turbopump assembly. MATLAB code was developed to perform heat transfer analysis in cooling channels. The code was validated by comparing previous experiment data available from literature to check its accuracy.
A geared-shaft, axial turbine, centrifugal impeller turbopump was designed to deliver high pressure. Geometry was tested with different aspect ratio cooling channels as well as constant aspect ratio cooling channels. Cooling from variable aspect ratio channel was found superior compared to constant aspect ratio channels with less than 15% to 30% pressure drop compared to Constant aspect ratio cooling channels. Based on analysis ideal aspect ratio for maximum cooling was determined. Parametric calculations and detailed design are presented in this paper by using modular concepts and with the most favorable engine design.
Performance testing and temperature fluctuations of a 4.5 K@150 mW Joule-Thomson closed cycle cryocooler for space applications
Authors: Chen Zhichao , Liu Shaoshuai , Wu Yinong , Jiang Zhenhua , Ding Lei 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
To meet future space applications, the Shanghai Institute of Technology Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SITP, CAS) has developed a closed cycle Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocooler with a prospect of providing more than hundred milliwatts at liquid helium temperatures. The JT cryocooler is driven by staged efficient valved linear compressors with a pressure rate of 18 (low pressure of 0.1 MPa and high pressure of about 1.8 MPa). The designed mass flow is more than 14.8 mg/s. The preliminary experiment is carried out. A two-stage precooler capable of providing a pre-cooling capacity of about 15 K is used to verify the developed JT cryocooler. The test results show that the cryocooler successfully reached 4.5 K with a cooling power of more than 150 mW. A temperature fluctuation test is carried out. A long-term temperature fluctuation of more than 12 h has been tested. There exists a strong reaction among the temperatures of 4.5 K cold head, the precooling stages, and the ambient environment. The temperature fluctuation at 4.5 K cold head is within 5 mK/10 mins because of the large temperature fluctuation of the selected pre-cooler. The quantitative analysis of the temperature fluctuation of each temperature is discussed. By substituting the pre-cooler to a two-stage pulse tube cryocooler developed in our lab, the expected temperature fluctuation can be restrained to 1 mK@10 min and 5 mK@12 h, which can meet the requirement of future applications.
Random vibration, exported vibration, and passive isolation testing of the Ricor K508N cryocooler
Authors: Anderson L , Mork J , Swenson C , Zwolinski B , Mastropietro A J , Sauder J , McKinley I , Mok M 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Ricor K508N is a rotary Stirling Cryocooler whose predecessor, the K508, has extensive flight heritage. The K508N has significant potential as a low-cost option for CubeSat infrared electro-optical payload applications. This paper will explore the work done by the ATA project on the exported vibration characterization of a set of standard K508N cryocoolers (35 atm) and the implementation and performance comparison of several passive vibration isolation and damping technologies to help mitigate the jitter effect of COTS cryocoolers. Kistler Force dynamometers and accelerometers were used to measure the K508N’s body and cold tip Multicomponent Exported Forces and Torques (EFT). Wire rope and Pyrolytic Graphite Sheet thermal straps are used as vibration isolation technologies. The K508N also underwent sine sweep resonant and peak profile testing as well as random vibration testing to GEVS launch loads in a NanoRacks soft stow configuration.
The effect of transfer line length and heat rejection temperature distribution on the Thales linear pulse tube (LPT) cryocoolers
Authors: McKinley I M , Hummel C D , Rodriguez J I 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Four Thales LPT9310 and four Thales LPT9510 commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) cryocoolers were parametrically performance tested. The LPT9310 coolers had transfer lines of various lengths while the LPT9510 coolers all had the same transfer line geometry. The LPT9510 test results revealed unit-to-unit thermodynamic performance variation, quantified the effect of compressor temperature on thermodynamic performance and quantified the heat flow distribution between the compressor and expander as a function of their temperature distribution. The LPT9310 test results revealed the optimal drive frequency as a function of transfer line length, quantified the effect of heat rejection temperature distribution on thermodynamic performance and enabled the development and verification of a thermodynamic performance prediction tool that accounted for cold tip temperature, heat lift, heat rejection temperature and transfer line length.
Theoretical comparison of the thermo-mechanical fatigue characteristics of a tension rod and coil used as dewar supports
Authors: Nitin B , Singh Virdi Parmit , Sandilya Pavitra , Chakraborty Goutam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Support systems for dewars serve the dual purpose of holding the vessels together and providing a thermal insulation between the inner and the outer vessels. To decrease the heat inleak, the thermal length of the supports may be increased. The length of the support should be increased such that the support fits in the annular space between the vessels and gives the required mechanical strength. Coiled supports satisfy both the criterion. The supports experience thermal and mechanical fatigue due to the repeated filling and utilization of the cargo. This cyclic loading condition can cause mechanical fatigue failure and ductile to brittle transition of the material. While designing cryogenic dewars for long life, it is pertinent to ensure the longevity of the individual components. The life of a support depends on the number of cycles needed to cause the failure of the support. A model has been developed to predict the fatigue behaviour of support systems. Repeated loading condition was imposed to determine the life. The present work compares the fatigue characteristics of a coiled support with that of a tension rod under the same operating conditions.
Analysis of the factors influencing the precooling process of cryogenic compressed hydrogen storage tank
Authors: He M , Jia Q M , Lv C , Wu J H , Zhang Y , Zhu W P , Zhang M M , Gong L H 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Cryogenic compressed hydrogen has attracted much attention recently. Its volume and weight hydrogen storage density are relatively high, which can meet the long-distance driving demand of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles. It is considered as a very promising physical storage method. In the process of transportation, the precooling process of cryogenic compressed hydrogen storage tank is very important. It is necessary to establish a reasonable mathematical model, analyse the precooling process of the storage tank theoretically, and use the hydrodynamics software for numerical simulation to analyse the influencing factors of the precooling process. On the basis of theoretical analysis, this paper uses ANSYS FLUENT software to simulate the precooling process of intake pipe length, intake pipe diameter, length diameter ratio of storage tank, insulation performance of high vacuum multilayer insulation material, lining material, initial temperature of storage tank and hydrogen filling rate. By comparing the distribution of internal temperature field and enclosure temperature field as well as precooling time, the design suggestions of Cryogenic compressed hydrogen storage tank and hydrogenation suggestions are given.
Dynamic modeling and analysis of bunkering and pressurization for marine LNG fuel tank
Authors: Wang Cheng , Ju Yonglin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is becoming an ideal alternative fuel for vessels because of its environmental and economic advantages. As LNG is a cryogenic fuel stored around -163 °C, the LNG fuel tank is a highly non-equilibrium thermodynamic system especially during bunkering and pressurization processes. The accurate prediction of the thermodynamic behaviors inside the LNG fuel tank is critical for the system design and operation. In this study, a fast and effective analytical model of bunkering and pressurization for marine LNG fuel tank was developed. The Norwegian car ferry MF Korsfjord was chosen as a benchmark case to confirm the validity of the model. The top spray filling process, the pressurization process, and the fuel gas supply process of the MF Korsfjord were simulated. The model prediction showed good agreement with the measured data. Besides, cryogenic liquid sloshing inside the fuel tank was investigated as well. The results showed that the sloshing had a severe impact on the tank pressure, especially when the resonance condition of the tank was met, resulting in the shutdown of gas engines in extreme situations.
Numerical computation of Boil off Rate (BoR) in shipboard LNG tanks
Authors: Eswara A K , Sandilya P 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Natural gas is an environment-friendly fuel and a raw material for many chemicals. Its offshore transport is economical when the gas is transported in liquefied form as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) over distances (exceeding 2000 kilometers) by sea. LNG is stored at near-atmospheric pressure and about 112 K in these tanks. Heat inleak from the ambient into the stored LNG causes considerable boil-off of the LNG due to low latent heat of vaporization of LNG. Boil off Gas (BoG) generation should be reduced to minimize the loss of LNG as well as environmental pollution. Determination of the boil-off rate (BoR) poses a challenge because it involves interplay of multitude of phenomena and considerations, like liquid sloshing that is likely to generate heat and increases the interfacial area between the liquid and the ullage, variation in LNG composition due to BoG generation, and thermal stratification. In this paper we present a numerical analysis of the BoG generation, including some of the effects just mentioned. A model including transport phenomena based-equations and thermodynamic phase relations has been developed for this purpose.The simulation results would help in carrying out more in depth study of BoG generation that is useful in the design and operation of the prismatic membrane tanks.
Experimental investigation of valve driven transient effect in liquid nitrogen pipeline
Authors: Bhuvana R G , Singh Gour Abhay , Ghosh Parthasarathi 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Liquified cryogenic fluids like Liquid oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen have various industrial applications. The cryogenic fluid transfer lines are generally fitted with valves to regulate, and control flow. The sudden operations of these valves lead to transient effects characterized by pressure fluctuations. The severity of pressure oscillations depends on various parameters including the valve parameters and the fluid properties. The fluid properties of cryogenic fluid in turn vary rapidly during such valve transients. In this work, a Cryogenic test facility is developed to investigate the valve-driven transients in a liquid nitrogen pipeline. The effect of the transient in the system is evaluated for two different cases of tank pressure and flow rate. The behavior of the transient is detected with the help of dynamic pressure sensors and RTD sensors. Further, the results are interpreted to understand the effect of the transient in the cryogenic fluid transfer system.
A novel system for measuring effectiveness of magnetic shields in a liquid helium Dewar with a fluxgate magnetometer
Authors: Wei L , Wang G , Hong G , Wang L , Quan J 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A novel system which is specially designed for measuring effectiveness of small-scale magnetic shields in a liquid helium Dewar is introduced in this paper. This system is mainly applied to test the shielding performance of multilayer magnetic shielding structure which is used in the field of single-flux-quantum (SFQ) electronics testing at liquid helium temperature. This system allows using a fluxgate magnetometer to measure the magnetic flux instead of the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) method. The fluxgate magnetometer can be put into the system through a circular channel which is connected with the ambient environment. Thus, both the shielding effectiveness and the absolute magnetic flux can be obtained by this system. In addition, this system is designed with the shielding of the interference of environmental magnetic field, which improves the measurement accuracy. By utilizing this system, the magnetic shield effectiveness of a four-layer magnetic shields manufactured with low-temperature permalloy material and superconducting material was measured. The experimental results shows that the axial shielding effectiveness (SE) is 58.3 dB. The comparison between the experimental and theoretical results verified the effectiveness of this system.
Design of a cryogenic two-phase flow visualization system for cryogenic pulsating heat pipe
Authors: Lyu Bingkun , Xu Dong , Nishimura Arata , Li Laifeng 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A cryogenic pulsating heat pipe (PHP), as a novel two-phase heat transfer device, has been studied for cooling superconducting magnets because of its high transfer coefficient, simple configuration, and flexible arrangement. From the results of the room temperature PHP experiments, it was noticed that the flow characteristics and the flow pattern of the PHP are complex, which affect the heat transfer performance of the PHP. In this work, a cryogenic two-phase flow visualization system for cryogenic PHP by using a GM cryocooler is developed to get a better understanding of the oscillating behavior, the distribution of vapor slug and liquid plug, and the flow pattern of the cryogenic working fluid. The details of the design of this system are presented. The performance of the GM cryocooler is verified and the temperature distribution of the cooling system is discussed. The liquid slugs and vapor bubbles were observed during the cool-down period. The visualization experiment will be carried out with the cryogenic PHP prototype installed and operated in a vertical position using nitrogen as a working fluid.
Simulation and experimental research on the thermal resistance of Cernox sensors in different bonding ways based on a high-precision cryogenic temperature measuring system
Authors: Qin H L , Zhou G , Li Q 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The model for measuring thermal resistance according to self-characteristic between the Cernox thin-film sensors and the test sample is established by the precise cryogenic thermostat, and the simulation is as well accomplished by COMSOL solid heat transfer module. Furthermore, thermal resistance comparison experiments using three different mounting mediums, namely GE Varnish 7031, TRA Bond 2115, Apiezon N grease, and one no glue or grease are researched in various cryogenic temperatures and exciting currents. The measuring data and uncertainty are analyzed and corrected by the multi-current method. Depending on the experimental results, the proposal of the sensor installation medium is presented for different cryogenic environments and requirements.
Small scale time projection chamber setup to test the purity of liquid krypton from the NA62 experiment at CERN
Authors: Liberadzka-Porret J , Koettig T , Santandrea D , Kriboo R , Velghe B , Bryman D , Falaleev V , Danielsson H , Bremer J 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A high liquid krypton purity level is essential for the NA62 calorimeter at CERN to ensure long lifetimes of the ionization electrons in the detector. A small time projection chamber (TPC) system was developed to enable the measurement of liquid krypton purity at the oxygen equivalent ppb level. This paper describes the dedicated cryogenic setup and the procedures required to operate the purity monitor system, while guaranteeing the condensation of krypton at 119 K without freezing it at 115.8 K on the cryocooler-based heat exchanger. The focus is on the materials used, and the instrumentation and pressure safety equipment that allowed the bake-out and purging procedures to reach ppb levels of impurities in the two litre vessel containing the TPC. The setup was integrated in the NA62 experimental area and successfully tested with purified commercially obtained krypton.
A research on silver powder sinters for dilution refrigerator heat exchangers
Authors: Pan Z J , Wei L J , Zheng M W , Liang J T , Zhao M G , Liu Y J 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Due to the Kapitza resistivity, a sharp deterioration of heat transfer occurs between solid and liquid in the heat exchanger of the dilution refrigerator at extremely low temperature. It is necessary to use silver powder sintered heat exchangers to optimize the interface heat transfer. A theoretical calculation of heat exchangers at extremely low temperature was carried out to analyze the influence of the Kapitza resistivity on heat transfer performance. Silver powder with different particle sizes of 80 nm, 200 nm and 500 nm were selected for the preparation of sinters. Their micro-scale sintering conditions, pore volumes and specific surface area were carefully presented. It can be concluded from the theoretical calculations and the experimental results that the 200 nm silver powder sinters can optimize the performance of dilution refrigerator heat exchanger with a large heat exchange area.
Dynamic simulation of the target moderator cryoplant and cryogenic transfer line at the European Spallation Source
Authors: Chao Y , Weisend J G , Arnold P , Gan Z 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Large scale helium cryoplant is an important sub-system in large science facilities. Dynamic simulation by computer is proved to be an effective method to design and optimize large scale helium cryoplant. This study builds a dynamic simulation model for the Target Moderator Cryoplant and the cryogenic transfer line in European Spallation Source using Dymola and Modelon library. This cryoplant can provide 30.3 kW cooling power at 15 K. The main parts of the system including the screw compressor, turbine, heat exchanger, warm gas buffer and gas management panel are simulated. The model is verified by the acceptance data. Dynamic simulation is carried out to study the cooling down process and transient heat load scenarios. The influence of the cryogenic transfer line to the cryoplant is analysed according to simulation results. This simulation could predict the response of the cryoplant to transient heat load and benefit the steady operation of the cryoplant.
Commissioning and cryogenic performance of the UKRI STFC Daresbury Vertical Test Facility for jacketed SRF cavities
Authors: May A J , Pattalwar S , Mason D , Middleman K , Pendleton M D , Smith P A , Wilde S , Akintola A , Bainbridge A , Buckley R , Collier G , Corlett P , Dumbell K , Ellis M , Hancock M , Hathaway J , Hitchen S , Hodgkinson C , Hornickel P , Hughes G , Jenkins C , Jones G , Lowe M , McIntosh P , Miller G , Mutch J , Moss A , Oates A , Pattalwar N , Sollars P , Wheelhouse A E , White A A J , Wilson J 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
A novel vertical test facility has been developed at the STFC Daresbury Laboratory. The cryostat is designed to test 3 jacketed superconducting RF cavities in a horizontal configuration in a single cool-down run at 2 K. The cavities are cooled with superfluid helium filled into their individual helium jackets. This reduces the liquid helium consumption by more than 70% in comparison with the conventional facilities operational elsewhere. The facility has now completed commissioning successfully and moved into a 2-year program to qualify 84 high-beta SRF cavities for the ESS (European Spallation Source) as part of the UK’s in-kind contribution. This paper reports on the commissioning program, along with a detailed discussion of the cryogenic operations and performance of the facility, including that of the cryoplant.
Cryogenic Accelerated Fatigue Tester for additive manufactured polymer composite mechanical property measurement
Authors: Adams R , Hunt M , Leachman J 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) of polymer matrix composite (PMC) materials maintains the potential to significantly reduce part count, weight, and costs for future aerospace development. However, a lack of maturity in loading systems has inhibited the characterization of these materials for the cryogenic environment of space. These PMCs demand lifespan endurance when faced with cryogenic thermal cycling in series with high-frequency mechanical loading. Few mechanical testers have been capable of achieving the cryogenic temperatures and actuating frequency to simulate the environment that a PMC endures in a cryogenic application. Also, these testers have yet to define the tensile and fatigue PMC mechanical behavior at these temperatures. To curate a cryogenic, fatigue profile on PMCs, the Cryogenic Accelerated Fatigue Tester (CRAFT) was developed. CRAFT utilizes a 12-kN load frame in unison with a cryocooler to perform tension-tension and tension-compression fatigue tests up to 100 Hz in a liquid hydrogen environment. This publication reviews the CRAFT design and capabilities. Determining the cryogenic fatigue life of 3D-printed PMCs through testing in CRAFT allows for the validation of proper material implementation and the future optimization of these materials in cryogenic environments.
Cryogenic system upgrade of Fermilab’s IB1 test facility - phase I
Authors: Hansen B J , Al Atassi O , Wang R , Dong J , Soyars B , Richardson D , Theilacker J 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The IB-1 cryogenic test facility is used for testing and qualifying superconducting components in support of various DOE projects and programs. The facility was identified as the highest priority need for a cryogenic system upgrade, as it currently relies on a 1977 era coldbox that requires increasingly more resources and maintenance downtime to remain operational. The first phase of the facility upgrade includes purchasing a Cryogenic Liquefier (Coldbox) from industry and integrating it into the IB1 facility infrastructure. The integration scope includes the addition of a second Mycom compressor skid, warm interconnecting piping between the Coldbox and compressor system, a cryogenic distribution system to connect the new Coldbox to the existing cryogenic system, and various electrical, controls and support utility upgrades. This paper describes the integrated design of the new IB1 cryoplant, modes of operation and status.