bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvement of IMRT QA prediction using imaging‐based neural architecture search
Authors: Hao Yao , Zhang Xizhe , Wang Jie , Zhao Tianyu , Sun Baozhou 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPurposeMachine learning (ML) has been used to predict the gamma passing rate (GPR) of intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) QA results. In this work, we applied a novel neural architecture search to automatically tune and search for the best deep neural networks instead of using hand‐designed deep learning architectures.Method and materialsOne hundred and eighty‐two IMRT plans were created and delivered with portal dosimetry. A total of 1497 fields for multiple treatment sites were delivered and measured by portal imagers. Gamma criteria of 2%/2 mm with a 5% threshold were used. Fluence maps calculated for each plan were used as inputs to a convolution neural network (CNN). Auto‐Keras was implemented to search for the best CNN architecture for fluence image regression. The network morphism was adopted in the searching process, in which the base models were ResNet and DenseNet. The performance of this CNN approach was compared with tree‐based ML models previously developed for this application, using the same dataset.ResultsThe deep‐learning‐based approach had 98.3% of predictions within 3% of the measured 2%/2‐mm GPRs with a maximum error of 3.1% and a mean absolute error of less than 1%. Our results show that this novel architecture search approach achieves comparable performance to the machine‐learning‐based approaches with handcrafted features.ConclusionsWe implemented a novel CNN model using imaging‐based neural architecture for IMRT QA prediction. The imaging‐based deep‐learning method does not require a manual extraction of relevant features and is able to automatically select the best network architecture.
Nurses’ attitudes towards hospitalized older adults in a tertiary care setting in Ghana
Authors: Yakubu Yakubu H. , Fuseini Abdul‐Ganiyu , Holroyd Eleanor 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe increasing population of older adults and rapid increases in co‐morbidities globally has necessitated the need for a healthcare delivery system that meets the multifaceted needs of the growing population of older adults. Concurrent with these rising complex health needs is the importance of positive, non‐judgmental attitudes of health services providers towards older adults. Moreover, this is particularly important in the nursing profession, given nurses' significant and crucial roles in healthcare settings.AimThe study aimed to evaluate nurses’ attitudes towards older adults in a tertiary hospital in Ghana.DesignIt employed a descriptive cross‐sectional quantitative design.MethodData were collected from 160 registered adult medical and surgical ward nurses using the Ageism Attitude Scale (AAS).ResultsFindings indicated that more than half of the participants had a diploma in general nursing. None of the nurses surveyed specialized in the care of older adults, and the mean age of participants was 30.14 (3.75) (minimum 24 and maximum 42 years). Female nurses had more positive attitudes than their male counterparts. Although the surveyed nurses reported a somewhat positive attitude towards older adults, there was no correlation between nurses' education levels and positive attitudes.
Synthesis of d‐glucitolbased Gemini amphiphilic nanotransporters
Authors: Verma Diksha , Rashmi  , Achazi Katharina , Kumar Singh Abhishek , Schade Boris , Haag Rainer , Sharma Sunil K. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA newer class of Gemini amphiphiles was prepared using d‐glucitol as a template. C18 alkyl chains are incorporated on the template to confer hydrophobicity while monomethoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) moiety of varied size imparts hydrophilicity. An acetonide group mounted on glucitol moiety is used to maintain rigidity in the amphiphilic architecture and to study its impact on aggregation and transport ability. The aggregation behavior of the synthesized amphiphiles was studied through fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and cryo‐transmission electron microscopy (cryo‐TEM). Their nanotransport potential was demonstrated using hydrophobic model guests like the fluorescent dye Nile red and the pharmacologically active agent curcumin. Cytotoxicity and cellular uptake studies were carried out over HeLa cancer cells to evaluate their biological applicability. The ester functionalities in the amphiphiles enable them to exhibit sensitivity towards hydrolases. Candida antarctica lipase (Novozym‐435) has been successfully utilized to facilitate the enzyme‐assisted release of the encapsulated dye.
Anisotropic thermal behavior of extrusion‐based large scale additively manufactured carbon‐fiber reinforced thermoplastic structures
Authors: Hassen Ahmed Arabi , Dinwiddie Ralph B. , Kim Seokpum , Tekinalp Halil Levent , Kumar Vipin , Lindahl John , Yeole Pritesh , Duty Chad , Vaidya Uday , Wang Hsin , Kunc Vlastimil 
Published: May 2022

AbstractLarge format additive manufacturing (AM) enables rapid manufacturing of large parts and structures with minimum waste in material and energy. Extrusion‐based AM deposition processes provide parts with highly anisotropic thermal properties, which are not typically reflected in textbook values for these materials. In order to develop accurate models that describe the directionally dependent thermal behavior of these materials in processing and service, accurate measurements of specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity are required. This work characterizes, documents, and analyzes the effect of the anisotropic nature of the extrusion‐based deposition process on the specific heat capacity and thermal conductivity of the resulting AM products. All measurements were made over a temperature range of 20–180°C using the transient plane source technique, also referred to as the hot disk technique. Three of the most commonly used large format AM feedstock materials that utilize carbon fiber reinforcement were examined in this work: acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyphenylene sulfide and polyphenylsulfone. These findings can serve as a thermal design/process guideline for future large format AM applications.
Curing, mechanical, and tribological properties of hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber reinforced with Al2O3 nanoparticles
Authors: Yang Weizhan , Wang Chao , Liu Zenghui , Tan Jinzhu 
Published: May 2022

AbstractA novel hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber (HNBR) composite filled with organically modified Al2O3 nanoparticle was fabricated. The effects of nanoparticle Al2O3 (nano‐Al2O3) with different particle sizes on the curing, mechanical, and tribological properties of the HNBR composites were studied. Nano‐Al2O3 with different particle sizes (i.e. 10, 50, 100, and 200 nm) was filled into the HNBR in this work. Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy was used to investigate the degree of grafting between modified nano‐Al2O3 and rubber matrix. Universal material testing machine was used to study the mechanical properties of the HNBR composites. The tribological properties of the HNBR composites were tested by a ballon‐on‐disk tribometer. The wear morphology of the HNBR composite surface was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The test results reveal that the nano‐Al2O3 as filler of HNBR composite promoted the vulcanization process, improved tensile and compressive strength, and increased hysteresis energy density and the damping coefficient. And the mechanical properties of the HNBR composite improved gradually with the decrease of nano‐Al2O3 particle size. The friction and wear test results show that the addition of nano‐Al2O3 greatly reduced the dry friction coefficient and specific wear rate of HNBR composites, and the friction coefficient and wear rate decreased gradually with the decrease of nano‐Al2O3 size. The HNBR composite filled with 10 nm nano‐Al2O3 had the better mechanical properties and anti‐wear performance due to that the 10 nm nano‐Al2O3 could form denser cross‐linked network.
Design and fabrication of polymer micro/nano composites with two‐level mechanical reinforcing procedure
Authors: Kandemir Ayse Cagil , Donmez Fatma , Davut Kemal , Can Hatice Kaplan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBiocompatible composite production was accomplished by utilizing two‐level hierarchical approach for mechanical reinforcement. A well‐known commodity polymer; low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), which has high‐fracture toughness, yet low strength and modulus was used as the main matrix material. As the first step of hierarchy, ductile LDPE was blended with brittle polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), which is an eco‐friendly, nontoxic and biocompatible polymer. This resulted in slight decrease of strength and drastic reduction of toughness (%70), yet modulus was increased by 78%. As the second level of hierarchy, PVP composites were introduced in LDPE. Nano‐scaled Halloysite clay and micro‐scaled spherical Silica particles were utilized as additives in the aforementioned PVP composites. The reason for the choice of these particles is that they are nontoxic, low‐cost and in the case of Halloysite; abundant in nature. Owing to the implementation of the second level; modulus improvement was further enhanced to 150%, with additional benefits of strength increase up to 17% and less reduction in fracture toughness (minimum 51% reduction). Dynamic mechanical analysis also supported these outcomes that storage modulus of composites are higher than both LDPE and LDPE‐PVP blend. The proposed biocompatible composites in the end of this study would be utilized in biomedical applications necessitating mechanical improvements.
Making plant methane formation visible—Insights from application of 13C‐labeled dimethyl sulfoxide
Authors: Schroll Moritz , Lenhart Katharina , Greiner Steffen , Keppler Frank 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Methane (CH4) formation by vegetation has been studied intensively over the last 15 years. However, reported CH4 emissions vary by several orders of magnitude, thus making global estimates difficult. Moreover, the mechanism(s) for CH4 formation by plants is (are) largely unknown.

Here, we introduce a new approach for making CH4 formation by plants clearly visible. By application of 13C‐labeled dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) onto the leaves of tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum) and Chinese silver grass (Miscanthus sinensis) the effect of light and dark conditions on CH4 formation of this pathway was examined by monitoring stable carbon isotope ratios of headspace CH4 (δ13C‐CH4 values).

Both plant species showed increasing headspace δ13C‐CH4 values while exposed to light. Higher light intensities increased CH4 formation rates in N. tabacum but decreased rates for M. sinensis. In the dark no formation of CH4 could be detected for N. tabacum, while M. sinensis still produced ~50% of CH4 compared to that during light exposure.

Our findings suggest that CH4 formation is clearly dependent on light conditions and plant species and thus indicate that DMSO is a potential precursor of vegetative CH4. The novel isotope approach has great potential to investigate, at high temporal resolution, physiological, and environmental factors that control pathway‐specific CH4 emissions from plants.
Effect of curing temperature on mechanical strength, hydrophobicity, chemical and thermal stability of Cardanol‐derived Resol‐polyurethane films/coatings
Authors: Shaily  , Zafar Fahmina , Jahan Afroz , Parveen Bushra , Sharmin Eram , Alam Manawwer , Nishat Nahid 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe utilization of renewable resources has increased over the last few years in different fields due to environmental and economic concerns. Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) is cheaper, abundantly available, and an eco‐friendly agro‐waste product, which holds the potential to significantly replace petro‐based phenols. Present work focusses on the preparation of (i) Cardanol‐based polyols (resol) in different ratios [Cardanol: formaldehyde 1:1.2(Rol1), 1:1.6 (Rol2), and 1:2.0 (Rol3)], (ii) their polyurethanes, and (iii) freestanding, transparent, flexible and thin films/coatings obtained through “Green” route. The effect of curing temperature on the overall performance of films/coatings has also been investigated. The films/coatings obtained by baking at 80 ± 5°C (BK‐Rol1/2‐PU) exhibited improved physicomechanical performance compared with films/coatings obtained at room temperature (RT‐Rol1/2‐PU). BK‐Rol1/2‐PU and RT‐Rol1/2‐PU demonstrated excellent chemical stability. XRD revealed that both BK‐Rol2‐PU and RT‐Rol1/2‐PU films were amorphous and TGA confirmed that BK‐Rol2‐PU showed higher thermal stability compared with RT‐Rol2‐PU films. The contact angle measurements indicated a higher hydrophobic character of BK‐Rol1/2‐PU (96°) relative to RT‐Rol1/2‐PU (90°). These polyurethane films/coatings can be used for protective and decorative purposes. As BK‐Rol1/2‐PU films/coatings outperformed RT‐Rol1/2‐PU, the overall results confirmed that curing temperature had a remarkable effect on the performance characteristics of coatings/films.
Synergistic toughening of poly(lactic acid) by poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) and poly(methyl methacrylate)–poly(butyl acrylate)–poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymer
Authors: Zhang Haifeng , Dong Chungang , Han Xiangyan , Han Yuanyuan , Zhao Fengyang , Yan Nan , Hu Yuexin , Zhao Guiyan 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPoly(butyleneadipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) was used to toughen poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with the addition of poly(methyl methacrylate)–poly(butyl acrylate)–poly(methyl methacrylate) (MAM) through melt blending. The impact toughness and tensile toughness of the PLA/PBAT/MAM ternary blends were greatly enhanced when the MAM content was higher than 5%. For PLA/PBAT/MAM (80/15/5) blend, the notched impact strength was as high as 42.4 kJ/m2, and the elongation at break reached 194.7%. The structure–property relationship of the PLA/PBAT/MAM ternary blends were studied through scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, and contact angle measurements. It is found MAM and PBAT have a synergistic toughening effect on PLA, the MAM acts as not only a compatibilizer but also a toughening agent, which can improve the compatibility and enhance the interfacial adhesion between PLA and PBAT. As a result, the overall mechanical properties of PLA blends were improved significantly. This result provides a simple to operate and more efficient method for PLA toughening.
Doubly‐robust methods for differences in restricted mean lifetimes using pseudo‐observations
Authors: Choi Sangbum , Choi Taehwa , Lee Hye‐Young , Han Sung Won , Bandyopadhyay Dipankar 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn clinical studies or trials comparing survival times between two treatment groups, the restricted mean lifetime (RML), defined as the expectation of the survival from time 0 to a prespecified time‐point, is often the quantity of interest that is readily interpretable to clinicians without any modeling restrictions. It is well known that if the treatments are not randomized (as in observational studies), covariate adjustment is necessary to account for treatment imbalances due to confounding factors. In this article, we propose a simple doubly‐robust pseudo‐value approach to effectively estimate the difference in the RML between two groups (akin to a metric for estimating average causal effects), while accounting for confounders. The proposed method combines two general approaches: (a) group‐specific regression models for the time‐to‐event and covariate information, and (b) inverse probability of treatment assignment weights, where the RMLs are replaced by the corresponding pseudo‐observations for survival outcomes, thereby mitigating the estimation complexities in presence of censoring. The proposed estimator is double‐robust, in the sense that it is consistent if at least one of the two working models remains correct. In addition, we explore the potential of available machine learning algorithms in causal inference to reduce possible bias of the causal estimates in presence of a complex association between the survival outcome and covariates. We conduct extensive simulation studies to assess the finite‐sample performance of the pseudo‐value causal effect estimators. Furthermore, we illustrate our methodology via application to a dataset from a breast cancer cohort study. The proposed method is implementable using the R package drRML, available in GitHub.
State observers for the time discretization of a class of impulsive mechanical systems
Authors: Preiswerk Pascal V. , Leine Remco I. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this work, we investigate the state observer problem for linear mechanical systems with a single unilateral constraint, for which neither the impact time instants nor the contact distance is explicitly measured. We propose to attack the observer problem by transforming and approximating the original continuous‐time system by a discrete linear complementarity system (LCS) through the use of the Schatzman–Paoli scheme. From there, we derive a deadbeat observer in the form of a linear complementarity problem. Sufficient conditions guaranteeing the uniqueness of its solution then serve as observability conditions. In addition, the discrete adaptation of an existing passivity‐based observer design for LCSs can be applied. A key point in using a time discretization is that the discretization acts as a regularization, that is, the impacts take place over multiple time steps (here two time steps). This makes it possible to render the estimation error dynamics asymptotically stable. Furthermore, the so‐called peaking phenomenon appears as singularity within the time discretization approach, posing a challenge for robust observer design.
Pipes, prisms, and patent sales: How personal wealth expands and contracts the gender gap in entrepreneurship
Authors: McGrath Patia J. , Chen Tian , Nerkar Atul 
Published: May 2022

AbstractResearch SummaryThis study investigates whether there is a gender gap in the sale of patents by entrepreneurs and examines whether the personal wealth of female entrepreneurs can compensate for it. Using a sample of 107,697 independent inventors, we overcome the empirical challenge of measuring wealth through a novel approach that leverages Zillow data. We find strong evidence of a gender gap in patent sales, and find it poses a cruel irony for female entrepreneurs. While greater wealth of female entrepreneurs improves their likelihood of patent sale, increasing wealth simultaneously expands the gender gap, making female entrepreneurs increasingly worse off relative to male entrepreneurs except at high affluence. These results underscore the complexity of the challenges facing female entrepreneurs seeking to commercialize using patent sales.Managerial SummaryAre female entrepreneurs disadvantaged in monetizing their inventions, relative to male entrepreneurs? Our study, which examines invention commercialization through selling patents, suggests the answer is yes. We begin by evidencing the gender gap in patent sales, showing that female inventors are 41.7% less likely to sell a patent than male inventors. We then investigate whether an entrepreneur′s personal wealth—a financial asset that also represents valuable intangible resources like network connections and competency signals—can help to close it. We find that wealth is a double‐edged sword. Although greater wealth of female entrepreneurs improves their likelihood of patent sale, it can concurrently widen the gap, making them increasingly worse off versus male entrepreneurs. We offer concrete recommendations for closing the gender gap in patent sales.
Radiolabeled Nanocarriers as Theranostics—Advancement from Peptides to Nanocarriers
Authors: Desai Prachi , Rimal Rahul , Sahnoun Sabri E. M. , Mottaghy Felix. M. , Möller Martin , Morgenroth Agnieszka , Singh Smriti 
Published: May 2022

AbstractEndogenous targeted radiotherapy is emerging as an integral modality to treat a variety of cancer entities. Nevertheless, despite the positive clinical outcome of the treatment using radiolabeled peptides, small molecules, antibodies, and nanobodies, a high degree of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity still persist. This limits the amount of dose that can be injected. In an attempt to mitigate these side effects, the use of nanocarriers such as nanoparticles (NPs), dendrimers, micelles, liposomes, and nanogels (NGs) is currently being explored. Nanocarriers can prolong circulation time and tumor retention, maximize radiation dosage, and offer multifunctionality for different targeting strategies. In this review, the authors first provide a summary of radiation therapy and imaging and discuss the new radiotracers that are used preclinically and clinically. They then highlight and identify the advantages of radio‐nanomedicine and its potential in overcoming the limitations of endogenous radiotherapy. Finally, the review points to the ongoing efforts to maximize the use of radio‐nanomedicine for efficient clinical translation.
Main‐Group Metal Single‐Atomic Regulators in Dual‐Metal Catalysts for Enhanced Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
Authors: Hu Chenghong , Wang Yajing , Chen Jianmin , Wang Hao‐Fan , Shen Kui , Tang Kewen , Chen Liyu , Li Yingwei 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSingle‐atom sites can not only act as active centers, but also serve as promising catalyst regulators and/or promoters. However, in many complex reaction systems such as electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR), the introduction of single‐atom regulators may inevitably induce the competitive hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and thus reduce the selectivity. Here, the authors demonstrate that introducing HER‐inert main‐group metal single atoms adjacent to transition‐metal single atoms can modify their electronic structure to enhance the CO2RR to CO without inducing the HER side reaction. Dual‐metal Cu and In single‐site atoms anchored on mesoporous nitrogen‐doped carbon (denoted as Cu‐In‐NC) are prepared by the pyrolysis of a multimetallic metal–organic framework. Cu‐In‐NC shows a high faradic efficiency of 96% toward CO formation at −0.7 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, superior to that of its monometallic single‐atom counterparts. Density functional theory studies reveal that the HER‐inert In sites can activate the adjacent Cu sites through electronic modifications, strengthening the binding of *COOH intermediate and thus boosting the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO.
Cathaya vanderburghii, a misnomer for European Neogene fossil cones
Authors: Xu Xiaohui , Zhang Xin , Yang Liuyin 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSome fossil seed cones from the European Neogene identified to the genus Cathaya and published as a fossil‐species, Cathaya vanderburghii, are shown not to belong to Cathaya. In this paper, fossil C. vanderburghii is transferred to Nothotsuga and recombined as Nothotsuga vanderburghii comb. nov. An amended diagnosis and detailed description of N. vanderburghii are given. The fossil cones are characterised by ovoid to conical shape, rhombic to suborbicular and auriculate scales, and slightly exserted ligulate‐spathulate bracts with dentate margin and acute apex.