bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Role Theory: Stereotyped Expectations of Gendered Toys and its Implications in a Society
Authors: Rafat Misbah 
Published: December 2022

Purpose: This research examined the toy’s role in the development of children’s gender and sexuality perception. In this regard, the study investigated what kind of messages toys usually present to the kids regarding their normative behavior and practices in the society.
Methodology: Purposive sampling of six entertaining videos from three YouTube channels were qualitatively analyzed and the study is carried out to prove the stance that toys are highly gendered and deliver the sexual and gendered message to the young children. Theoretical framework of social role theory was used for drawing the results that the society associate the particular behavior with the inherent ability of man or woman.
Findings: Girls are being trained to have domestic skills through the kitchen set toys. Doll set toys are used to provoke the nurturing duties. While action-oriented toys of the young boys are always thrilling and exciting because the boys are naturally strong and their toys such as war gun is indicator of violence which is primarily associated with the men and it shows the passive nature of girl. Wheeled vehicles and gun war toys are associated with the man because they have inherently strong muscles and are supposed to be involved in action-oriented work.
Conclusion: Girls have inherent childbearing abilities, caring nature and high patience level that is why they are considered submissive, caretaker and beauty conscious which is shown in toys such as dolls, makeup kits and kitchen set.
Recommendation: Future studies can be conducted to scrutinize the impact of gendered toys particularly on the brain development in young boys and girls.
Cultural Politics and Youth Peer Interaction in Nigeria
Authors: Agboola Alade , Adaobi Abisoye 
Published: December 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of cultural political orientations and the formation of such political orientations in Lagos City.
Methodology: The study employed the qualitative method in collecting and analyzing data. Purposive sampling and snowballing were used in the study. The study used oral interviews in the collection of primary data. Qualitative Data was arranged in a thematic way, and then analyzed.
Results: The study revealed that the family and media socialize the youth in cultural politics while the peer, the school, and its environment does not but creates awareness of the diverse communities in the society.
Conclusion: The study concluded that there are several points of cultural peer interaction among the youth.
Recommendation: The study recommends to resolve areas of contradiction in politics of the young people by entrenching good values in the constitution to prevent the family, the peer, the school and its environment. This can avoid manipulating the youth along cultural lines during political peer interaction.
Exploration of International Law and Regulations of Child Trafficking in Togo
Authors: Komla Emmanuel , Koffi Lawson 
Published: December 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the International Law and regulations on child trafficking in Togo.
Methodology: The research used exploratory research design. This enabled the collecting of data on several variables which were then examined for recurring patterns using thematic analysis later presented as themes. The study used purposive and snowballing sampling techniques.
Findings: The findings revealed that Togo is amongst the friendliest nations in child protection laws and has been instrumental in promoting regional collaboration in the fight against child trafficking. However, child trafficking cases are still on the rise, and there is a lot to be done to implement laws.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the Togo’s implementation of anti-child trafficking laws was lax. Togo is a child friendly nation; however, a lot needs to be done to implement child protection laws and awareness creation.
Recommendation: The study recommends the department of children services should liaise with the media, religious institutions, and the ministry of education to create awareness of child trafficking among children and parents.
Advancement of the Internet in Egypt and its Effect in Tourism Firms
Authors: Akila Mary , Bahiti Angela 
Published: December 2022

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the implications of internet advances and the competitive strategies adopted by travel agencies in Cairo City.
Methodology: The study used a conceptual framework and Diffusion of Innovation Theory in order to relate theory to practice. A mixed approach was used, which incorporated survey design, analytical design and concurrent transformative strategy. The research used census to include all the Egyptian Travel Agents Association (ETTA) in Cairo and purposive approach to select the respondents.
Findings: The results of the study established that travel agencies in Cairo are mainly family and independent businesses.
Conclusion: The study concluded that there exists a relationship between the internet advances and the strategies adopted by the Travel Agencies, the perceived internet benefits and the strategies adopted.
Recommendation: The study recommends the government of Egypt to provide the necessary enabling environment to enhance travel agencies adopt the dynamic ICT advances and the best strategies in the global value chain.
Why do Farmers in Nyaruguru District Adopt Organic Coffee Production Methods?
Authors: Uwimana Emmanuel , Nsengiyumvan Eric , Mugisha Innocent 
Published: December 2022

Purpose: Nyaruguru is the most southerly district in Rwanda, lying between the cities of Butare and Cyangugu and along the Burundian border. It is mountainous, containing part of the montane forest of Nyungwe, one of Rwanda's most popular tourist destinations. Innovation and adoption of new technologies in agriculture is one of the keys that should reduce poverty in that area. The aim of this study is to analyse the factors influencing farmer’s adoption of organic coffee production practices in Rwanda.
Methodology: This study employed a cross-sectional survey design and a multi-stage sampling technique to select a sample for this study. However, a total sample size of 150 respondents was used. The functional form of the stochastic frontier production (or cost) model employed for this study is the Cobb-Douglas (C-D) functional form. In the analysis, descriptive statistics and a Tobit model were used with the help of STATA.
Findings: The study found out that appropriate seeds and planting material is one of the most important factors in production. The findings of logit regression analysis also indicated that four factors such as education level, land size, farming experience, gender and enhanced soil fertility had positive and significant influence on adoption of organic coffee production practices. The demand for organic products creates new export opportunities. The market returns from organic agriculture can potentially contribute to local food security by increasing family incomes.
Conclusion: The study conclude that the most common constraints to adoption of organic coffee production practices were lack stable and reliable market, high cost of inputs, lack of extension services, and inadequate capital.
Recommendations: The study recommended that efforts aiming at promoting organic coffee production practices among smallholder’s farmers should focus on enhancement of farmer-awareness, provision of training and technical advice on organic farming practices. This can be achieved through agricultural extension services and developing information networks among farmers. Also, the government should strive to improve extension services through field visit and strive to stabilize coffee markets.
Challenges of One Acre Fund and Strategies for Enhanced Adoption of Agriculture Innovation Programs
Authors: Fwamba Protas , Sifuna Maxwell , Dudi Mercy 
Published: December 2022

Purpose: The adoption of One Acre Fund (OAF) agricultural practices has helped small-scale land holders to address food insecurity in Kenya. Efforts have been made by both the central and county governments to address food insecurity through low levels of technological acquisition to small-farm holdings. This study is prompted by declining production especially in stable foods in Bungoma South Sub-County. The paper examines challenges and strategies of adoption of One Acre Fund (OAF) agriculture innovation program adoption among smallholder maize farmers, Bungoma County. Specifically, the paper examines challenges and strategies of improving One Acre Fund agricultural innovation program in Bungoma South Sub-County.
Methodology: The paper employed descriptive survey design to accommodate qualitative and qualitative data-. Data collection was done using questionnaires, interview schedules, focus group discussions, and direct observation of 204 OAF households. The secondary data was collected from published materials. Data were analyzed using simple descriptive statistics while quantitative data was filtered, coded, and analyzed using the Social Sciences Statistical Package (SPSS). The regression analysis was used to determine the correlation between dependent and independent variables. Quantitative data was analyzed using chi-square and pairwise ranking.
Findings: Various challenges affecting the adoption of OAF program were identified such as small farm size, infertile and leached soil, climate variability, high cost of inputs and high interest on repaying of loans. Pairwise ranking was run to determine strategies for enhanced adoption. Reduced loan repayment interest, crop insurance, reduced cost of farm inputs, awareness on existing OAF innovations and increased use of fertilizers were identified as strategies for enhancing adoption. Pearson moments correlation results showed a positive relationship between OAF income generation and income improvement with correlation coefficient of rs = 0.5.
Conclusion: The study concludes that adoption of OAF innovation is low among smallholder farmers. This is because of the high cost of repayment of loans on inputs. The main strategy to enhance increased adoption was reduction of loan repayment interest.
Recommendation: The study recommends the need to increase the participation of youths in the OAF Programs through mentorship and education. OAF management should scale up its program to accommodate even farmers with large farms. It should also introduce a program that tailors towards crop diversification to offer a variety to farmers to make choices on which crops to adopt.
Innovative Approaches' Influence on Customers’ Loyalty between Many Retail Businesses in Gabes Town, Tunisia
Authors: Mariam Cyrine Eya , Muhammed Ibrahim Ahmed 
Published: December 2022

Purpose: This study aimed at analyzing the effect of innovative approaches and customer loyalty among retail business in Gabes Town.
Methodology: The study used descriptive research design in the collection of data. The target population was drawn from four hundred and fifty retail business in Gabes town. Through Stratified proportionate random Sampling technique a total of one hundred and thirty five respondents was obtained.
Results: Differentiation is a viable strategy for earning above average returns in a specific business because the resulting brand loyalty lowers customers’ sensitivity to price. Differentiation creates a better entry barrier. Retail business in Gabes town use focus strategy on a particular buyer group, product segment, or geographical market.
Conclusion: This study concluded that cost leadership strategy, requires a continuous search for cost reductions in all aspects of the business.
Recommendation: The study recommended that retail business in Gabes town should ensure continued capital investment to maintain cost advantage through economies of scale and market share. The study also recommended that the businesses should develop cheaper ways to produce existing products.
Analyzing Causes of Rickets in Children under Five Years and Solutions Available in India
Authors: Akram Ahmed , Hasan Nauman Hadi , Ikram Ali Ayesha , Khan Tayyab Mohammad 
Published: December 2022

Purpose: Rickets is a common disorder among children under five years mostly in the developing countries. It negatively affect normal growth and development of children thereby reducing their genetic potential. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cause of rickets in children under five years and solutions available.
Methodology: This study employed a descriptive cross-sectional approach and was conducted in the pediatric outpatients department of the Guru Tegh Bahadur (GTB) Hospital & University College of Medical Sciences (UCMS) Delhi. The study period was one year from September 2021 to September 2022 on 130 diagnosed cases of the rickets. Patients were enrolled via non- probability convenient sampling technique and a set developed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data was collected through self-structured questionnaire after taking informed consent. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 26.
Findings: Nutritional rickets was prevalent among children aged between one and three years with males being 61.74% and females being 38.26%. Children from lower socioeconomic background comprised 59% while children under exclusive breastfeeding comprised about 62%. Additionally, children supplemented cow’s milk but had rickets were 38% while children exposed to less sunlight comprised 57%. The study also found out that children that were exposed to sunlight when fully clothed had incidence of rickets at rate of 48% while children who were not oil-massaged during sunlight exposure comprised 31%. Finally, children who were subjected to unbalanced nutrition comprised about 78.34% while children whose mothers were under poor nutritional status comprised about 67%.
Conclusion: The study conclude that children aged between one and three years are more susceptible to rickets than children between four and five years. The study also conclude that lower socioeconomic background, male gender, exclusive breastfeeding, unbalanced nutrition and mother’s poor nutritional status all contribute to high incidences of rickets in children under five years. Vitamin D is necessary for calcium absorption in your body. This plays a key role in maintaining bone strength and skeletal integrity.
Recommendations: Supplements should be added in the diet of children during breastfeeding. Also, there should be adequate sunlight exposure of children. Finally, malnutrition of both children and mothers should be treated.
Rethinking Workplace Ecosystem during Crisis Recovery Period: Lessons from COVID-19
Authors: Osei James Adekorafo , Yooku Emmanuel 
Published: December 2022

Purpose: The aim of the study was to rethink how workplace ecosystem should be modelled during crisis recovery period with lessons from COVID-19 pandemic.
Methodology: The study adopted a desktop review of literature on publications, interviews and surveys by major global consultancy firms. This method established an extensive data research using online data sources. Only resources relating to the topic under study were considered for inclusion.
Results: The analysis of the data resulted in a process that led to a core category that showed how the workplace can be re-imagined, re-improved and re-invented, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, where five different strategic categories to achieve that target were identified within this process. These strategic categories are; opportunity to break with the past, workplace redesign, technology, digital strategy, and remote working and new sense of workplace.
Conclusion: COVID-19 exposed many weaknesses and issues that have been present in business for a long time, in particular how to carry out daily activities from physical to virtual interactions perspective. In the new way of operating, companies are able to identify which roles need to be carried out face to face or which of them do not, and to what extent.
Recommendations: The study recommend human resources managers to position themselves as HR who are designed for speed, new ways of working, digital first, teams, adaptable organizational strategies, and changing business requirements. As organizations rethink work, it is important they communicate how and why they are redeploying workers and identify how this supports new business priorities. This includes providing context and rationale for changes and clear communication on new workforce policies. The study also recommend HR leaders to reassess and explain compensation and promotion plans for the short term while managing expectations through the recovery process and toward sustainable operations.
Gender and the Legal Profession in Bangladesh: Achievements and Challenges
Authors: Hoque Ridwanul 
Published: December 2022

The history of women entering the legal profession in Bangladesh is quite recent. This is not surprising. Even in Western societies, with liberal cultural ideologies as regards gender-equality, women had to fight a lot to create a space for themselves in the legal profession. In the US case of Bradwell v. State of Illinois (1872), for example, the Supreme Court refused to allow a married woman into legal practice, arguing that 'the paramount destiny' of women is to fulfill the noble office of 'wife and mother'. Women in Bangladesh aspiring to enter the legal profession never faced such overt 'official' hurdles from the fellows of the same profession. Rather, a number of social, religious, professional, environmental and ideological factors have often stood, in various degrees, in their way. The Constitution of Bangladesh categorically prohibits discrimination based, among others, on sex. By contrast, it imposes a duty on the state to promote women's participation in every sphere of public life. Nevertheless, it is argued in this paper, Bangladeshi women in various walks of the legal profession continue to face implicit gender discrimination. There are factors that both dissuade women from choosing law as a profession and retard the career of those who are already in the profession. This paper brings into light and examines the factors that are arguably responsible for the hidden discrimination against women in the legal profession. For the purpose of this paper, the term 'legal profession' is used to mean legal practice in courts and elsewhere and the profession in the judiciary.
Guardian or Saboteur? The State and the Right to Choice in Marriage
Authors: Chowdhry Prem 
Published: December 2022

The failure of the judicial system to ensure effective protection of the right to choice in marriage, especially in the face of modern, equitable law, and /or collusion of state agencies in sabotaging this right, is assuming alarming and dangerous proportions. This paper argues that, although the introduction of modern concepts like adulthood and the sanctity of individual rights has legalised the individual settlement of marriage between two consenting heterosexual adults, the emphasis is missing on a dynamic liberal and progressive implementation of legal rights. Instead, their infringement is aided by acceptance of customary norms that empower the family or community to take marriage decisions on behalf of individual members. This paper analyses just two cases as representative of many involving runaway couples – one from the judicial records and the other based upon my field-work in Delhi-Haryana – to argue that legal intervention not only delegitimizes individual attempts to break out of the traditional system of marriage alliances, it also criminalises all such attempts. It highlights the pronounced gender bias against women as her consent is taken cognisance of, without recognising her right to consent or make individual choices. A mutual act is turned unilateral, condemning the woman and holding her responsible to the exclusion of the man, although contradictorily it still punishes him. A man who seeks to divest a guardian of his possession/control of his daughter is termed a rapist and a criminal. The punishment underlines an ideology of guardianship which also means total control of woman and her sexuality, not withstanding her adult status. The judgement delivered in such cases is premised on the view that moral and ethical grounds override questions of the legal and human rights of individuals. In such matters the state acts for and is used by casteist and patriarchal forces, as a primary legitimating institution of popular cultural practices. Standing as an overarching patriarch and acting on behalf of the male guardians of a woman the state criminalises female sexuality, constructing it as essentially transgressive, illegitimate and morally reprehensible. It denies the woman autonomy over her body or the agency to gain control of her life. Instead, it imposes an identity on her that is not her own. This collusion of the family, community and state ends in tragedy.
The Grammar of Honour and Revenge
Authors: Aase Tor H. 
Published: December 2022

There is a rich anthropological literature on honour and revenge, but more often than not, analyses are limited to cultural or historical expressions of the phenomena. As a corollary, the recent re-emergence of honour in Europe is usually explained in terms of non-western immigrants who bring notions of honour as part of their cultural luggage. However, the practice of honour and revenge by Danish Motorcycle Clubs suggests that such an approach is insufficient. The ambition in the article is to go beyond the various cultural expressions and search for a basic ‘grammar’ that can explain why honour becomes a valid theme in some societies and in certain situations. In that endeavour, two questions are vital: What is honour all about? And what is the logic in the perception that lost honour can be restored through revenge? Analysis of a prototypical feuding community in Northern Pakistan concludes that honour is best understood as a family’s publicly recognized capability for self-defence, and that revenge is a means to restore that image if it has been shattered. I contend that honour – in the sense of self-defence – is vital in societies where there is no accessible level of appeal in cases of conflict. Furthermore, the logic of honour that prevails among competing families in Northern Pakistan can also occasionally be recognized at the state level in international politics since there is no reliable supranational level of appeal in cases of perceived injustice.
A Context-Sensitive Approach to Immigrant Pakistani Women’s Rights in Norway
Authors: Taj Farhat 
Published: December 2022

This paper discusses how a Norwegian non-Governmental organization (NGO) uses a context-sensitive approach to protect and promote human rights of immigrant women in the country. Their rights are violated through domestic violence, and as a consequence, some of the them run away to crisis centers. To elaborate the NGO’s work, the paper discusses a Norwegian-Pakistani forced marriage case that was processed by this NGO. The paper thus presents a dynamic interface of law, culture and transnational family relations within which the NGO has to strive for women’s rights.