bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Social Media on Young Bank Employees during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Prabhu Saloni , Maldar Arif , Dhagavkar Pooja S. , Narasannavar Ashwini , Angolkar Mubashir 
Published: April 2022

Background:
During the COVID-19 pandemic, social media (SM) use saw a sharp raise, especially for obtaining information regarding COVID-19 during the lockdown. SM platforms also led to misinformation about the disease which caused negative psychological effects on individuals. Bank employees (BE) are special workgroups who experience various levels of mental stress at their workplace due to workload. During lockdown and till date many of the BE work from home which enabled them to use SM accordingly.

Objective:
The study was conducted to assess the stress levels and anxiety levels due to usage of SM in young BE during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Materials and Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, an online Google form questionnaire was distributed to the participants using convenient and snowball sampling method. The final sample consisted of 126 Goan young BE. Statistical analysis was performed using descriptive analysis.

Results:
The results of the study revealed that SM use had significant impact on the BE, with a potential negative effect on developing stress and anxiety. 10.3% (13) of the participants experienced low stress and 89.7% (113) experienced moderate stress. 51.6% (65) of the participants had mild anxiety, 10.3% (13) had moderate anxiety, and 38.1% (48) had severe anxiety.

Conclusion:
The present study concludes that increased SM use among the BE was associated with negative psychological outcomes. Anxiety and stress were associated with the time spent on using SM sites.
A Comparative Study to Assess Mental Health Literacy, Impact of Event, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Levels of Medical and Other Students during the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Chaudhuri Arunima , Paul Suhrita , Saha Enakshi 
Published: April 2022

Background:
COVID-19 pandemic is negatively affecting the mental health of medical professionals as well as medical students, as they stand in the frontline. Medical education is recognized as stressful across the globe and in the hour of present crisis, students have to stay back home and continue their studies online.

Aims:
The aim of the study is to compare the emerging evidence of the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on mental health and assess mental health awareness of medical students and other students studying in a Medical College of Eastern India.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in a period of 3 months after taking Institutional ethical clearance and informed consent of the subjects. 212 medical students and 101 students of other courses studying in the college participated in the study. The present survey was conducted online using Google Forms. In the first section of the form, purpose of the study was explained and informed consent was taken from the participants. In the second part of the form, participants were asked to fill up demographic details and relevant history; in the third part, participants had to fill up three scales: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21, Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IRE-R), Mental Health Literacy Scale.

Results:
There was no significant difference in depression scores between the two groups. Anxiety scores and stress scores were significantly higher among medical students as compared to the other group with P = 0.0017 and 0.008, respectively. Group A: Anxiety scores 12.34 ± 8.5; Stress scores - 13.07 ± 8.01. Group B: Anxiety scores 9.34 ± 7.34; Stress scores - 10.55 ± 7.62. There was no significant difference in mental health literacy scores between the two groups. Mental Health literacy scores of Group A: 96.84 ± 17.29; Mental health literacy score of Group B: 99.86 ± 13.39; P = 0.09. No difference in IRE-R scores between the two groups was observed. Group A: Total score - 21.81 ± 14.34; Avoidance scale - 9.43 ± 6.1; intrusion scale 8.58 ± 5.12; Hyperarousal scale - 3.79 ± 2.94. Group B: Total score - 20.39 ± 14.34; Avoidance scale - 9.06 ± 6.5; Intrusion scale - 7.84 ± 5.95; Hyperarousal scale - 3.49 ± 3.21.

Conclusions:
Mental health literacy scores and impact of event score were similar in medical and other students studying in the same medical institution. Medical students had significantly higher levels of anxiety and stress as compared to the other group, though depression scores of both groups were comparable. Hence, it may be concluded that medical students perceived higher levels of anxiety and stress during the second wave of the present COVID-19 pandemic.
Evaluation of biological wastewater treatment in stabilization lagoons from Punta Carnero, Salinas – Ecuador
Authors: Cabrera Juan José Humanante , Alcivar Lucrecia Cristina Moreno , Navarrete Carlos Alberto Deza , Endara Ana Mercedes Grijalva , Moreno Juan Humanante , Tomalá Joan Alberto Suárez 
Published: April 2022

This research evaluated the wastewater treatment system of the Punta Carnero sector, in relation to pollutant efficiency load removal, final effluent quality and impact on the ecosystem, and finally to determine if the final discharge can be reused for agricultural irrigation. The research was based on the affluent and effluent characterization of the system, carried out in three phases: i) Taking of simple samples, analyzed in an accredited water laboratory and analysis of the contaminant loads efficiency; ii) Review of results compared to the Table of “Discharge limits to a freshwater receiving body”; iii) Examination of results based on the “Water Quality Criteria for Agricultural Irrigation” Table of the Ecuadorian regulation TULSMA (2015). BOD (62.42%), COD (62.41%) and FC (53.58%) removal efficiencies did not comply with current Ecuadorian regulations. The quality of the effluent with respect to the parameters evaluated for discharges to a freshwater receiving body denoted a non-optimal quality of final discharge, negatively impacting the ecosystem. Finally, the evaluation determined parameters that exceed the water quality criteria for agricultural irrigation allowed: Oils-Fats (5.65 mg/l), FC (62,900 NMP/100ml), Hg (0.00141 mg/l), OD (8.86 mg/l). After evaluating the wastewater treatment system, it was determined that the pollutant load removal efficiency and effluent quality is not optimal for discharge into a receiving water body, so it’s not suitable for reuse in agricultural irrigation.
Keywords: affluent, effluent, water quality.
Carbon sequestration potential of street tree plantings in Helsinki
Authors: Havu Minttu , Kulmala Liisa , Kolari Pasi , Vesala Timo , Riikonen Anu , Järvi Leena 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. Cities have become increasingly interested in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions and increasing carbon sequestration and storage in urban vegetation and soil as part of their climate mitigation actions. However, most of our knowledge of the biogenic carbon cycle is based on data and models from forested ecosystems, despite urban nature and microclimates differing greatly from those in natural or forested ecosystems. There is a need for modelling tools that can correctly consider temporal variations in the urban carbon cycle and take specific urban conditions into account. The main aims of our study were to (1) examine the carbon sequestration potential of two commonly used street tree species (Tilia × vulgaris and Alnus glutinosa) growing in three different growing media by taking into account the complexity of urban conditions and (2) evaluate the urban land surface model SUEWS (Surface Urban Energy and Water Balance Scheme) and the soil carbon model Yasso15 in simulating the carbon sequestration of these street tree plantings at temporal scales (diurnal, monthly, and annual). SUEWS provides data on the urban microclimate and on street tree photosynthesis and respiration, whereas soil carbon storage is estimated with Yasso. These models were used to study the urban carbon cycle throughout the expected lifespan of street trees (2002–2031). Within this period, model performances were evaluated against transpiration estimated from sap flow, soil carbon content, and soil moisture measurements from two street tree sites located in Helsinki, Finland. The models were able to capture the variability in the urban carbon cycle and transpiration due to changes in environmental conditions, soil type, and tree species. Carbon sequestration potential was estimated for an average street tree and for the average of the diverse soils present in the study area. Over the study period, soil respiration dominated carbon exchange over carbon sequestration due to the high initial carbon loss from the soil after street construction. However, the street tree plantings turned into a modest sink of carbon from the atmosphere on an annual scale, as tree and soil respiration approximately balanced the photosynthesis. The compensation point when street tree plantings turned from an annual source into a sink was reached more rapidly – after 12 years – by Alnus trees, while this point was reached by Tilia trees after 14 years. However, these moments naturally vary from site to site depending on the growing media, planting density, tree species, and climate. Overall, the results indicate the importance of soil in urban carbon sequestration estimations.
On the impact of dropsondes on the ECMWF Integrated Forecasting System model (CY47R1) analysis of convection during the OTREC (Organization of Tropical East Pacific Convection) field campaign
Authors: Sentić Stipo , Bechtold Peter , Fuchs-Stone Željka , Rodwell Mark , Raymond David J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract. The Organization of Tropical East Pacific Convection (OTREC) field campaign, conducted August through October 2019, focuses on studying convection in the eastern Pacific and the Caribbean. An unprecedented number of dropsondes were deployed (648) during 22 missions to study the region of strong sea surface temperature (SST) gradients in the eastern Pacific region, the region just off the coast of Columbia, and in the uniform SST region in the southwestern Caribbean. The dropsondes were assimilated in the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) model. This study quantifies departures, observed minus the model value of a variable, in dropsonde denial experiments and studies time series of convective variables, saturation fraction which measures moisture and instability index and deep convective inhibition which quantify atmospheric stability and boundary layer stability to convection, respectively.
Departures are small whether dropsondes are assimilated or not, except in a special case of developing convection and organization prior to Tropical Storm Ivo where wind departures are significantly larger when dropsondes are not assimilated. Departures are larger in cloudy regions compared to cloud-free regions when comparing a vertically integrated departure with a cloudiness estimation. Abovementioned variables are all well represented by the model when compared to observations, with some systematic deviations in and above the boundary layer. Time series of these variables show artificial convective activity in the model, in the eastern Pacific region off the coast of Costa Rica, which we hypothesize occurs due to the overestimation of moisture content in that region.
Determination of deferasirox (anti-thalassemia drug) in serum and urine: cyclic voltammetry study
Authors: Baker Fatima Hamza M. , Numan Hiba Ali , Mashkour Muthana Saleh 
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this project is to examine cyclic voltammetry (CV) analytical technique for anti_thalassemia drug of deferasirox by modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on glassy carbon electrod (GCE) was described. The electrochemical performance of deferasirox was studied by cyclic voltammetry technique. The ability of the electrode for the determination of deferasirox under Optimize condition in pH 13.8~14, scan rate 100mv/s, temperature 30 0C and interference that have been studied. Where found the results that calibration curve of deferasirox was linear in the concentrations 13.4×10-4-2.6×10-2 M, its detection limit was 8.46×10-11 M and LOQ was 2.82×10-10 M. The enthalpy ∆H was calculated to be (6.736 kJ. mol-1), and the entropy can be calculated to be (213.8 J. K‐1 mol‐1). The area of electrode was calculated to be 0.314 cm2 and also the diffusion coefficient was 3.154×10-4 cm2sec-1. RSD% for bulk and form was less than 0.3% while serum and urine less than 2.5% and recovery in all close to 100.1%. The voltammogram for deferasirox give irreversible process with diffusion– controlled process. Finally, this technique has been applied for deferasirox on pharmaceutical formulations and biological samples (serum and urine).
Changes in clinical features of food-related anaphylaxis in children during 5 years
Authors: Motomura Chikako , Okabe Koki , Matsuzaki Hiroshi , Kawano Toshiaki , Akamine Yuko , Yasunari Daisuke , Wakatsuki Masatoshi , Taba Naohiko , Honjo Satoshi , Odajima Hiroshi 
Published: April 2022

Background
Despite being frequently recommended, adrenaline auto-injectors (AAIs) are insufficiently prescribed and used for the prehospital management of anaphylaxis.

Objective
This study aimed to investigate recent changes in the clinical features and prehospital management of food-related anaphylaxis in children.

Methods
We retrospectively compared the clinical features of children who were hospitalized for food-related anaphylaxis in 2013 and 2018. The patients' medical records were reviewed for causative foods, triggers, location, AAI prescription, and/or use, wheezing on admission, and treatment.

Results
Overall, 62 consecutive patients (43 males; median age, 5.6 years) hospitalized in 2018 were compared with 57 patients (37 males; median age, 4.3 years) hospitalized in 2013. There were no significant differences between the cohorts in age, gender, causative foods, or wheezing on admission. Cow's milk, wheat, and egg represented over half of the causative foods in both groups. Compared with 2013, the incidence of anaphylaxis decreased at home but increased at nurseries and schools in 2018. Exercise was a significantly more common trigger for anaphylaxis in 2018. Furthermore, a significant increase was observed in AAI administration by lay helpers or the patients themselves and in ambulance transportation. After admission, intramuscular adrenaline was administered to 26 patients in 2013 and 12 patients in 2018. Patients receiving prehospital adrenaline were significantly less likely to require in-hospital adrenaline injections.

Conclusion
Food-related anaphylaxis triggered by exercise and AAI use have increased. Hence, raising awareness and educating caregivers, patients, teachers, and medical professionals are essential for the optimal management of this disorder.
Economic Impact of Revision Operations for Adjacent Segment Disease of the Subaxial Cervical Spine
Authors: Bonano John , Cummins Daniel D. , Burch Shane , Berven Sigurd H. , Deviren Vedat , Ames Christopher P. , Tay Bobby , Clark Aaron J. , Theologis Alekos A. 
Published: April 2022

Introduction:
Adjacent segment disease (ASD) of the cervical spine is a common disabling phenomenon that often requires surgical intervention. The goal of this study was to evaluate the economic impact of revision operations for cervical ASD.

Methods:
Consecutive adults who underwent revision cervical spine surgery for ASD at a single institution between 2014 and 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Direct costs were identified from medical billing data and calculated for each revision surgery for ASD. Incomplete cost data for revision operations were used as a criterion for exclusion. Cost data were stratified based on the approach of the index and revision operations.

Results:
Eighty-five patients (average age 57 ± 10 years) underwent revisions for cervical ASD, which summed to $2 million (average $23,702). Revisions consisted of 45 anterior operations (anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion, 34; corpectomy, 10; and cervical disk arthroplasty, 1), 32 posterior operations (posterior cervical fusion, 14; foraminotomy, 14; and laminoplasty, 4), and 8 circumferential operations. Circumferential revisions had notably higher average direct costs ($57,376) than single approaches (anterior, $20,084 and posterior, $20,371). Of posterior revisions, foraminotomies had the lowest average direct costs ($5,389), whereas posterior cervical fusion had the highest average direct costs ($35,950). Of anterior revisions, corpectomies ($30,265) had notably greater average direct costs than anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion ($17,514). Costs were not notably different for revision approaches based on the index operations' approach.

Discussion:
Revision operations for cervical ASD are highly heterogeneous and associated with an average direct cost of $27,702. Over 3 years, revisions for 85 patients with cervical ASD represented a notable economic expense (greater than $2.0 million).

Data availability:
Deidentified data may be provided by request to the corresponding author.
More Difficult than Finding the Way Round Chinatown? The IPPC Directive and its Implementation
Authors: Doppelhammer Martina 
Published: April 2022

The narrow and broad meanings of "integrated pollution and prevention control"; background to the IPPC Directive. The substantial provisions — purpose, scope of application, the integrated approach, the basic operator obligations, the integrated permit system, emission limit values, best available techniques and environmental quality standards, transboundary effects; Community ELVs. Evaluation of the Directive as providing considerable potential for innovation but vague and ambiguous in certain respects, the degree of flexibility afforded to Member States weakening the potential impact.
Implementation of the Directive: the BATs information exchange, the polluting emissions register, the experts group and the reporting committee. The state of implementation in the Member States, varying between those which had already adopted an integrated approach, those which had sectoral approaches and those with less well defined approaches. The consequences of non-implementation.
Implementation in Germany: conflicts between the Directive and German law; the plan to implement the Directive by means of a new Comprehensive Environmental Code and the suspension of this process while constitutional obstacles are resolved; interim solution. Conclusion that it is too early to judge whether the Directive is a success or a failure; much depends on how Member States give effect to it; the high degree of apparent willingness. The experience that, although there may be difficulties, IPPC is achievable.
Strict Environmental Liability and NGO Damages and Enforcement Claims: A Dutch and International Law Perspective
Authors: Betlem Gerrit 
Published: April 2022

The European Commission's 2000 White Paper on Environmental Liability identifies two main functions for civil liability in the context of environmental protection. In addition to compensation for damage to the environment, civil liability is perceived as a tool for the enforcement of EC (public) environmental law. Private actors at the national level are considered to carry out watchdog functions in addition to the Commission at Community level.
One way in which non-governmental organisations (NGOs) involved with environmental protection have been recognised by both Dutch and international law is by entitling them to claim the costs of pollution prevention measures. This possibility is included in the definition of compensable loss rather than as a separate remedy explicitly made available to NGOs.
Insofar as enforcement actions are concerned, a Dutch case against the State is examined in order to identify the legal issues relevant to successful enforcement actions at national level. This case is an illustration of the role NGOs can play in using civil liability actions in the context of environmental law. Notable here is what form of injunctive relief is available under Dutch law against the State. The possibilities of ordering the State to comply with a duty to implement a directive are considered.
Mining Waste: The Aznalcóllar Tailings Pond Failure
Authors: Ginige Tilak 
Published: April 2022

The second, and concluding, part of this article is a critical analysis of the Spanish legal system, relevant preventative and sanctioning legislation and the actors who participated in the Spanish environmental policy with reference to the Aznalcóllar case. Analysis of the judgment in the case is followed by a section which concentrates on the main implications flowing from the analysis of the EU and Spanish legislation.
Glossaries are appended.
The Enforcement of EC Directives against Suppliers of Public Senices
Authors: Burnett-Hall Richard 
Published: April 2022

the enforceability of EC directives which have not been implemented in national law; the concept of "Member State" extends to State authorities or "emanations of the State"; the status of former State-owned industries which have been privatised and their liability to give effect to EC directives; the August 1994 UK decision in Griffin and Others a, South West water Services Ltd that a privatised water company is a State authority; the control condition; the effects on a privatised water company of being made directly subject to EC 6iivectives; other industries rendering a public service which may be in the same position; legal remedies against emanations of the State.
The European Parliament's Role in the Elaboration of the European Union's Environmental Policy in the Context of the Intergovernmental Conference
Authors: Motard Sylvie 
Published: April 2022

The European Parliament has traditionally played an important role in the elaboration of European environmental policy and legislation. But environmental issues are becoming more and more complex, which raises the question whether the Parliament has the capacity, professionally, technically and institutionally, to tackle environmental issues in a necessarily much more integrated way. The perspective of the next Intergovernmental Conference in 1996 has led to reflections on how to improve the Treaty itself, so that environmental considerations and sustainable development conditions are taken into account, as well as on how to enhance the role of the Parliament in the decision-making process on the basis of the experience acquired in the last years with the implementation of the Single European Act and the Maastricht Treaty on the European Union.
The Groundwater Daughter Directive: A UK Perspective
Authors: Crowhurst Georgina 
Published: April 2022

This article analyses the new Groundwater Daughter Directive (Directive 2006/118/EC) from a UK perspective; explaining its implications for the UK and the progress to date. The article covers:

? the relationship between the Groundwater Daughter Directive and the Water Framework Directive
? the three pillars of the Groundwater Daughter Directive
? pollution of groundwater
? good groundwater chemical status
? deterioration of groundwater
? the scheme of the Directive
? the Groundwater (Water Framework Directive) Direction 2006
? groundwater quality standards
? threshold values
? the procedure for assessing groundwater chemical status
? identification of significant and sustained upwards trends
? trend reversal
? the UK’s Hydrological Protection Zones, Source Protection Zones, and Nitrate Vulnerable Zones and
? the UK’s latest Regulatory Impact Assessment on groundwater proposals.