bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved Method of Estimating Steam Hammer Loads
Authors: Walters Trey W. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Recent research has shown that a commonly used method to estimate transient pipe forces does not reliably yield conservative predictions. As the topic of transient compressible flow is quite complex, engineers should be very cautious in applying simple algebraic formulas to estimate loads for design use. With that caution in mind, some engineers would still like to have a simple method available. This paper develops a new method that offers an improved way of estimating transient pipe loads. Comparisons are made against numerical simulations for a realistic power station piping example using real gas models for the steam properties and pipe friction. The comparisons are surprisingly good for this example. The improved method provides better estimates than methods commonly used today and is recommended as a replacement for such methods. Engineers should consider using the new, improved method as a preliminary design tool and for screening purposes. Engineers should take extra care in using the new method for detailed design purposes.
Inelastic Response Evaluation Method of Equipment Considering Peak Broadening of Response Spectrum
Authors: Tamura Ichiro , Iwamoto Takuma , Minakawa Yusuke , Maruyama Naotomo , Tsuruki Masaki 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In order to evaluate seismic responses considering the elasto-plastic properties of equipment and piping systems, nonlinear time history analyses are utilized. When the analyses are used for seismic evaluation of equipment and piping systems in nuclear power plants, it is required to consider the uncertainty in the frequencies owing to uncertainties in the material properties of the structure and soil. The Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code of ASME indicates that the analysis using floor motions with different time intervals, where the time intervals are modified corresponding to the response spectrum broadening, is applicable. However, nonlinear time history analysis of inelastic models is relatively time-consuming compared to linear analysis, and conducting several analysis cases indicated in the Code might increase the burden of analytical work. Therefore, simplified method is desirable to consider the uncertainty in time history analysis.
In this paper, a simplified method using inelastic response spectrum is developed to consider the uncertainty in time history analysis. The applicability of the developed method is investigated by comparing the results of parametric survey with those of the developed method.
Effects of Strain Rate on Strain-Based Failure Assessment of Cask 1m-Puncture Drop for 304 Stainless Steel
Authors: Kim Hune-Tae , Seo Jun-Min , Kim Ji-Hye , Kim Yun-Jae 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this paper, a strain-based failure assessment is performed on a canister made of stainless steel when a spent nuclear fuel dry storage system goes through a drop accident, to investigate the effects of strain rate on strain-based failure assessment results. The KORAD-21 multi-purpose dry storage container system developed for interim storage and transportation at the Korea Radioactive Waste Agency (KORAD) is considered. A finite element (FE) analysis is performed on a 1m puncture drop of the KORAD-21 model. Based on the FE results, the canister under a 1m puncture drop is evaluated by two different criteria: (1) strain-based acceptance criteria suggested in ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessels Code Section III, Appendix FF, “Strain-based acceptance criteria for energy-limited events” and (2) the Johnson-Cook fracture strain model based on experimental data. The difference between the two criteria is that the Johnson-Cook fracture strain model expresses the true fracture strain as a function of stress triaxiality and strain rate, whereas the formula in App. FF establishes strain limit (combination of uniform strain and true fracture strain) as a function of stress triaxiality only. In this study, the safety margins of Appendix FF are analyzed by comparing the failure assessment results for canister drop simulation with those applying the Johnson-Cook fracture strain model.
Thick-Walled Cylindrical Specimens Under PTS Loading: Crack Propagation Analysis With XFEM-IGA
Authors: Mora Mendez Diego Fernando , Niffenegger Markus , Mao Gaojun 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The integrity assessment of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) often considers only the crack initiation to evaluate the safety margin and excludes the crack propagation analysis. In this contribution, the combined eXtended Finite Element (XFEM) method with the Initiation-Growth-Arrest (IGA) algorithm, shortly written as XFEM-IGA, is applied to a thick-walled cylindrical specimen with a circumferential crack under Pressurized Thermal Shock (PTS). The results of the crack propagation analysis are compared with the experimental ones to validate the approach, which were taken from large-scale experiments on thick-walled cylinders under PTS performed in the FALSIRE project. In order to simulate the cylinder with the XFEM-IGA approach, a reduced three dimensional finite element (FE) model of a small sector (a slice of the cylinder) is used by applying cyclic symmetry boundary conditions. Thus, the model profits from the cyclic symmetry not only of the cylinder geometry but also the circumferential crack. The closed-form for the stress intensity factor for an internal circumferential crack in a thick-walled cylinder is combined with the IGA algorithm and is presented to verify the quality of the results. The results are shown in terms of the SIF evolution and crack depth during the PTS transient. The crack depth shows several initiation-arrest-reinitiation cycles and final arrest. However, some differences in the number of these cycles and final crack depth are observed between the simulation and the experimental results.
Relationship Between Natural Period, Strength, and Response Of Piping Systems Subjected to Seismic Motion
Authors: Tamura Ichiro , Tamura Shinji 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The relationship between the natural period, strength, and the response of piping systems subjected to seismic motion was investigated for straight piping systems and piping systems with elbows. The strength of each mode of a piping system subjected to seismic motion, or seismic inertia force, is represented by the modal yield acceleration, that is, the modal yield strength normalized by the modal mass. The response of that is represented by the modal ductility factor, that is, the ductility factor of the first yielding part of the piping system in its mode. The relationship between the natural period and modal yield acceleration is represented by the proposed piping yield diagram. The relationship between the natural period, modal yield acceleration, and the response is represented by the well-known inelastic response spectrum, or constant-ductility response spectrum. Using these diagrams and spectra, the responses of piping systems to various seismic motions could be estimated without performing individual dynamic analyses of them.
Mechanical Performance of Aged Long Fibers: Direct Water Exposure and Temperature Effect
Authors: Nazaripoor Hadi , Sunny John , Hammami Ahmed , Mertiny Pierre 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Long fiber-reinforced composite materials consist of continuous fibers with high strength and modulus embedded in either a thermoset or thermoplastic matrix. The resulting composite material provides a combination of properties that cannot be achieved with either of the constituents acting alone. In composite structures, fibers are the primary load-carrying element, whereas the matrix transfers stress to and between the fibers while protecting them from adverse environmental conditions and mechanical damages. While thermosetting matrices provide a high level of protection against water permeation, exposure to moisture may still be significant in certain thermoplastics. Therefore, the effect of moisture on the reinforcing elements and the degradation rate may be considerable. The presented study investigated the effects of environmental aging conditions on different commercially available continuous fibers, i.e., glass fiber, carbon fiber, and basalt fiber. The fibers were soaked in water at room and elevated temperature to investigate the degradation mechanisms and, ultimately, the mechanical performance of the fibers. Mechanical testing was performed with wet fibers and dried fibers after aging. In addition, scanning electron microscopy was employed to explore the responsible mechanism for fiber degradation by environmental aging.
Modelling the Effects of Hydrogen Pressure on Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior in SA372 Pressure Vessel Steels
Authors: Saxena Ashok , Findley Kip O. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Low alloy ferritic steels used in fabricating cost-effective cylinders for hydrogen storage are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. A model first proposed by Amaro et al. (ARFiDS model) for predicting the effects of hydrogen pressure on the kinetics of hydrogen assisted fatigue crack growth (HA-FCG) in X-100 pipeline steels for pressure between 1 and 20 MPa is adapted in this study and used for predicting the HA-FCG behavior of SA372 Grade J Class 70 pressure vessel steels for pressures ranging between 10 and 102 MPa. The crack growth kinetics in these steels exhibit a typical two-region behavior labelled as the transient and steady-state regions, characterized by distinct power-law exponents in the relationship between fatigue crack growth rate, da/dN, and the cyclic stress intensity parameter, ΔK. The predicted HA-FCG behavior from the model is compared with experimental data for SA 372 steel for hydrogen pressures ranging from 10 to 102 MPa and is shown to perform well for load ratios, R, of 0.2 and 0.5 over a wide range of crack growth rates. The phenomenological basis for the model is discussed.
Best Practices for Tightening Bolted Flange Connections Utilizing a Torque Wrench With an Extension
Authors: Benet Steve , Dupre Ross , Wilson Jeffery 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Bolted flange connections are widely used in the transportation, power generation, and chemical production industries. The goal of these connections is to contain the media within the bolted flange connections with minimal leaks. While there is increased focus in the industry on general flange assembly best practices, there is little to no focus on flange assembly best practices involving extension tools. In the circumstances, extension tools could be required to reach the fasteners to apply a predetermined torque. Yet, how do we know the torque set on the torque wrench is the same torque transmitted through the torque wrench and the extension to the fastener? Does the length of the extension and torque wrench matter, or does the orientation or angle of the extension in relation to the torque wrench affect the resultant torque?
This paper will explore the variables which affect the applied torque when using an extension tool and detail the best practices to utilize when using this system to tighten bolted flange connections. With the data collected for this testing, end-users will gain a better understanding of the variables affecting the applied torque when using an extension and methods of ensuring the proper torque is applied to each fastener.
Finite Element Analysis of Outer Pressure Containment Vessel and Proton Beam Pipe for Proton Radiography Under Operational Loads
Authors: Holguin Ryan , Hill Dallas , Reichert Heidi , Deines Kyle , Bustos Gerald 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the results of ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) Section VIII Division 2 analyses on a containment pressure vessel system designed to host small-scale shock physics experiments containing hazardous materials. These shock physics experiments are imaged using proton radiography at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE). The pressure vessel system examined is separated into two subsystems, the Outer Pressure Containment Vessel (OPCV) and the Beam Pipe and Auxiliary Hardware (BPAH). The OPCV mates with the BPAH to transport the proton beam and form the outer containment pressure boundary. An Inner Pressure Confinement Vessel (IPCV) is mounted inside the containment pressure boundary. The IPCV can be used to host a variety of physics experiments, which can include high explosive and hazardous materials. The IPCV is an impulsively loaded pressure vessel, while the OPCV and beam pipes are statically loaded. The OPCV and BPAH are designed to satisfy ASME BPVC Section VIII Division 2 Alternative Rules, Part 5 Design by Analysis Requirements for all load conditions expected during service. The BPAH is a series of stainless-steel tubes with low-profile flange assemblies, bellows, and aluminum windows to allow for proton imaging. The low-profile flanges are required for clearance of magnet bores located periodically along the length of the BPAH. The bellows are included along the beamline for ease of installation. The OPCV is a pressure vessel designed to interface with the BPAH, IPCV, and proton imaging alignment system. The OPCV and BPAH are both designed to support full vacuum loads. Major considerations for the BPAH are thermal elongation, collapse of bellows, and stresses due to clamp supports. Lifting loads and static equivalent loads transmitted from the IPCV are additional considerations for the OPCV. Under ASME BPVC Section VIII Division 2 Part 5.2.4, Elastic-Plastic Stress Analysis Method, Paragraph 5.2.4.3(a), Global Criteria, the requirements for analysis and acceptance are defined for the load cases described. A finite element analysis (FEA) model, performed in ANSYS 2020 R1, evaluates the design of the OPCV and BPAH under the aforementioned ASME guidance and criteria.
Review on Non-Metallic Pressure Vessels for Cryogenic Applications
Authors: Yuan Yutong , Ge Zhoutian , Bai Jiangkun , Wang Guoying , Shi Jianfeng 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
On-board cryogenic storage of liquid hydrogen (LH) and liquid natural gas (LNG) plays an important role in the alternative gaseous fuel to reduce greenhouse gaseous emissions in transportation. Metallic pressure vessels are the common choice for liquid gases storage; however metallic materials are usually denser and corrosion-prone. Non-metallic pressure vessels have a better prospect of liquid gases storage due to some unique advantages, e.g., light weight, good corrosion resistance, and low thermal conductivity. This paper made a summarization about non-metallic pressure vessels for cryogenic application for further reference. Several cryogenic pressure vessels were introduced, including the application scenario and service conditions. The failure of non-metallic cryogenic pressure vessels was reviewed, and the corresponding causes and efforts for preventing the failure were introduced.
EPR Piping Material Study: Basic Characterization and Low Cycle Fatigue at Room Temperature
Authors: Seppänen Tommi , Alhainen Jouni , Arilahti Esko , Solin Jussi , Vanninen Rami , Pulkkinen Erkki 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The 1963 ASME Section III design fatigue curve was generically applicable to a range of stainless steels in low cycle fatigue. In high cycle fatigue the behavior is sensitive to factors such as material strength, which raises questions about the applicability of the post-2009 ASME III stainless steel design fatigue curve as the generic and mandatory requirement up to 1011 cycles. In response, international codes and standards are investigating and incorporating opportunities for alternative design curves. Long-term Finnish research supports and application of risk-informed inspection and long-term operation strategies benefit from addressing material-specific behavior in fatigue management. In the ongoing study, stainless steel material batches representative of the EPR reactor in Olkiluoto have been selected for experimental fatigue research. This paper presents the first results on a 12″ schedule 140 Z2CND1812 N2 Class 1 pipe, including tensile properties and low cycle fatigue at room temperature.
Algorithm and Application of Pipeline In-Line Inspection Data Alignment
Authors: Cui Kaiyan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
With the publication of GB 32167, pipeline in-line inspection has been executed comprehensively in China, which causes many problems such as mismatching, missing and misreporting of pipeline features, commanding inspection level of different providers to improve the inspection quality, data mining of multiple rounds of inspections and so on. In-line inspection data alignment can solve these problems efficiently. In this paper, a series of in-line inspection data automatic alignment experiences and rules are put forward, which can find out the error of in-line inspection data initially, realize the alignment of above-ground and underground features of pipeline, search and locate the combined defects of one inspection data, and match defects of different rounds of inspections. Thus problems such as locating pipeline defects and segments above ground, judging and analysis of different kinds of combined defects, quality verification of inspection data from different service providers, knowing the evolution of defects for pipeline, etc. can be solved. The methodology is applied to one certain product oil pipeline in China and the following results are obtained. Two ILIs data alignment rates of bends, girth wields and defects are 100%, 99.05% and 28.6%. The result shows that 2 dents intersecting the metal loss in 2016 ILI and 4 metal losses in the heat affected zone of girth weld in 2021 ILI are unreported. Reasons for low defects alignment rate are proposed. The results demonstrate problems such as misreporting and missing of combined defects, bends, girth welds and other features, as well as quality problems and logical errors existed in two rounds of ILIs data. The relevant advices were given to the pipeline enterprise finally.
Study of a Method for Determining the Fracture Toughness of Pipe Steel Based on Instrumented Charpy Impact Testing
Authors: Yatong Zhao , Jian Shuai , Lei Shi , Zijian Huang , Zhanfeng Chen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
With the development of oil and gas transmission pipelines towards large diameter, and high strength, high steel grade pipeline steel materials represented by X80 have become the primary choice for oil and gas transmission pipelines. In order to achieve a low-cost and rapid acquisition of fracture toughness of pipeline steel in engineering, the feasibility of Charpy impact testing is investigated. In this paper, the test method of pipe fracture toughness based on instrumented Charpy impact test is investigated in detail, taking X80 pipeline steel as an example, and its fracture mode and expansion law are studied in combination with fracture morphology analysis. The dynamic J-integral of the material was obtained by the rate of change curve method of flexibility, and then the equation for solving the quasi-static J-integral based on the dynamic test method of CVN specimens was established. An innovative empirical equation for solving the J-integral based on the load-displacement curve was established based on the method of dimensional analysis. The results show that the method is suitable for rapid engineering solutions with good results, offering new possibilities for the assessment and study of weld fracture toughness.
Hydrogen Permeability of Self-Healing Copolymers for Use in Hydrogen Delivery Applications
Authors: Hitchcock Dale , Krentz Timothy , Mullins Anastasia , James Charles , Liu Qianhui , Wang Siyang , Gaikwad Samruddhi , Urban Marek W. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Safe and reliable fueling components are essential for large scale deployment of H2 fuel. Field data has shown that existing materials used in dispensing hoses do not meet current standards for component reliability. Currently modern copolymerization methods are under investigation to create a new platform for inner hose technologies using self-healable copolymers. Ideally these inexpensive self-healable copolymer inner layers will reduce the cost of H2 delivery hoses and extend their service life beyond 25,000 refills.
In this work gas driven hydrogen permeability measurements were performed on a variety of self-healing copolymer membranes all of which have exhibited excellent self-healing properties in previous studies. Copolymers were prepared with Poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate/n-butyl acrylate) [p(TFEMA/nBA)] and Poly(methyl methacrylate/nbutyl acrylate) [p(MMA/nBA)]. Measurements were performed through a range of temperatures and source pressures. Additionally, the effects of composition, copolymer ratio, and molecular weight on the hydrogen permeability, solubility, and diffusivity were all studied. As expected, hydrogen permeation through the samples is proportional to the source pressure and inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the polymer. In general, the self-healing copolymers exhibit hydrogen permeabilities consistent with literature data for similar elastomers. These results suggest this class of self-healable copolymers may be promising candidates for use as inexpensive inner layers in hydrogen dispensing hoses with extended service life.
Evaluating and Mitigating Fatigue Risk of Choked Flow
Authors: Liu Yuqing , Diwakar Philip , El Jaouhari Ismat , Lin Dan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Uncontrolled manual operation of high energy vent lines could cause immediate fatigue failure at branch connections. Past failures have been attributed to high kinetic energy created due to choked flow at unprotected small-bore branch connections. In this paper, a risk-assessment method has been developed for choked flow in high energy systems. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools were used to simulate formation and propagation of shock wave. A state-of-art method Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI) was used to investigate the dynamic pressure fluctuation in the piping system. Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was used to evaluate stresses and vibration responses at the toe of welds.
This study found the fatigue risk of choked flow is caused by high-frequency shell-mode vibration. However, unlike the other high-frequency shell-mode vibration phenomenon (the acoustic-induced-vibration) which propagates in the piping system, the risks of choked flow are found to be only in the immediate vicinity of the choking point and decays exponentially with distance. A vibration velocity index defined in recent publications is used and modified to predict the vibration stress in various pipe sizes and branch fittings. Mitigation options are also discussed in this paper.
Expertise in Materials Application Prevents Failures in Pressurized Components
Authors: Benz Ana , Bell Matthew 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Pressure components are designed to prevent failures; their fabrication has detailed mechanical and manufacturing requirements. However, unforeseen contaminants, installation conditions, residual stresses, field heat treatments, and other unexpected circumstances often determine service life.
While a corrosion allowance aids when managing uniform corrosion losses, this is not the case for pitting, damage within crevices, stress corrosion, and high temperature-related cracks. To manage these losses, service experience and meticulous inspections, among others, are needed. This paper illustrates failures due to damage in localized areas. Practices needed to prevent these failures are emphasized.