bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
330 Developing a Leaky gut Model in Growing Holstein Heifers Using Feed Restriction Followed by Alimentation to a High Concentrate Diet
Authors: Carter Jeffrey N , Linneen Sara K , Baxter Nielson , Shields Jacob , Augspurger Nathan , Baumgard Lance H 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if feed restriction (FR) followed by feeding a high concentrate (HC) diet would induce leaky gut syndrome (LGS) in cattle. Changes in circulatory and fecal biomarkers were utilized to assess LGS. Individually penned Holstein heifers (n=16; BW=343.2 ± 3.2 kg) were used in a completely randomized design with animal as the experimental unit. Cattle were fed a forage-based diet (71.0% hay, 12.0% cracked corn, 17.0% DDGS) twice daily ad libitum from day 0-14; from day 15-17, the daily ration was restricted by 60%. One of two HC diets (n=8 each) were fed ad libitum from day 18-30: HC75=17.0% hay, 70.0% cracked corn, 13.0% DDGS; HC65=26.5% hay, 60.0% cracked corn, 13.5% DDGS. Blood and fecal samples were collected prior to a.m. feed delivery (d -1, 0, 14, 15, 18, 20, 24, 30) and analyzed for serum amyloid-A (SAA), haptoglobin (Hp), lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), fecal lactoferrin, and fecal pH. Variables were analyzed using a mixed model with repeated measures; study day, treatment and the interaction were fixed effects. Following FR, SAA was significantly increased from day 14 to 24 (27,406.20 ± 8,917.00 ng/mL; P = 0.046). Similarly, LBP was significantly increased from day 14 to 20 (353.71 ± 44.40 ng/mL; P &lt; 0.0001). Fecal lactoferrin increased significantly from day 18 to 20 (293.9 ± 57.54 ng/g; P = 0.0001). Fecal pH decreased significantly (1.48 ± 0.09; P &lt; 0.0001) from day 14 to 30 and from day 18 to 30 (1.57 ± 0.08; P &lt; 0.0001) reaching its nadir on day 30 (5.35). No meaningful changes were observed for Hp. Based on these data, FR followed by feeding a HC diet effectively experimentally induced LGS as indicated by observed changes in SAA, LBP, fecal lactoferrin and fecal pH.
352 Awardee Talk: Opportunities for Antioxidants and Plant-Derived Polyphenols to Improve Ruminant Health and Productivity
Authors: Dunshea Frank R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plants have been used throughout history for their medicinal properties. This use has often focused on human health but plants have also been applied in animal health management and methane mitigation. Recent interest has focused on the extraction and concentration of plant bioactives for use as dietary additives, in particular as essential oils, polyphenols or antioxidants. Recent research has demonstrated that dietary antioxidants can reduce the impact of heat stress (HS) and other stressors on oxidative stress (OS). However, delivery of antioxidant supplements in extensive grazing systems is problematic and so efforts have been directed at providing antioxidant activity using forage crops high in antioxidants and polyphenols. Polyphenols are a group of compounds with antioxidant properties that can be found in various parts of plants including seeds, roots, leaves and flowers. Polyphenols have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties that prevent OS by reducing production of reactive oxygen species. For example, sugar cane-derived polyphenols reduce OS and improve growth performance in chickens. Also, polyphenols can act as hormones and growth regulators and enzyme modulators. The aim of this review is to discuss the effects of dietary antioxidants on HS in ruminants and the potential of plant-derived polyphenols to deliver similar benefits.
338 The Impact of an Aspergillus Oryzae Prebiotic on Mineral Bioavailability in Multiparous Beef Cows Supplemented with Vitaferm Concept-aid
Authors: Podversich Federico , Schulmeister Tessa M , Tarnonsky Federico , Alfaro Gastón , da Silva Gleise Medeiros , de Martinez Juan Jesus Vargas , Maderal Araceli , Gonella Angela M , Ipharraguerre Ignacio R , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with an Aspergillus oryzae prebiotic (AOP) fed from ~30 d pre-partum until 30 d post-partum, on mineral concentrations in blood, liver, colostrum, and milk of multiparous beef cows. Thirty pregnant Angus crossbred cows were offered ad libitum Bermuda grass hay (Cynodon dactylon) plus a Vitaferm Concept-Aid (Biozyme Inc., St Joseph, MO) supplement at a rate of 112 g, containing (AOP; n = 15) or not (CTL; n = 15) an AOP. The treatments were delivered individually with a dried distillers grains-based premix at 454 g/d using an automated feeder (C-lock Inc, Rapid City, SD). For a minimum of 60 days prior to the expected calving date, the cows did not receive any mineral supplementation. Approximately 30 days prior to calving, right before supplementation began, blood and liver samples were collected, and mineral concentrations were used as a baseline. At calving (d 0) colostrum and blood samples were collected. Blood sampling, liver biopsies and milk collections were performed within one week after calving (d 7), and 30 days post-partum (d 30). All samples were analyzed to determine mineral concentration of P, Ca, Mg, Co, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mo, Mn, and Se. Concentrations of most micro minerals ranged from marginally adequate to deficient, with small improvement over time. Cows fed AOP had 11 and 14% lesser P and Se concentrations in serum, respectively (P &lt; 0.05). Conversely, cows fed AOP had greater concentrations of Mn concentration in milk by 34% (P ≤ 0.05), and greater Cu in milk by 74% on day 7 (P &lt; 0.05). Feeding AOP did not affect (P &gt; 0.10) the mineral concentrations in liver nor in colostrum. In conclusion, feeding AOP may affect mineral bioavailability in beef cows as evidenced by changes in milk mineral concentrations.
349 Dietary Zinc and Ractopamine Elicit Changes in Gene Expression of Zinc Transporters in the Muscle of Finishing Beef Steers
Authors: Deters Erin L , Rients Emma L , Carmichael Remy , Genther-Schroeder Olivia N , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Twenty-four Angus cross steers (467 ± 13 kg) were used to assess the effects of supplemental Zn and ractopamine (RAC; Actogain, Zoetis) on muscle gene expression. Steers were housed in pens (6 steers/pen) with GrowSafe bunks and randomly assigned to treatments (6 steers/treatment) which included 0 (CON), 60 (LO), 120 (MED), or 180 (HI) mg supplemental Zn (Availa-Zn, Zinpro)/kg dry matter. Dietary Zn treatments were initiated on d 0 and RAC supplementation (300 mg/steer/d) began on d 53. Blood and muscle (longissimus thoracis) samples were collected from all steers on d -4, 48, and 67. Plasma Zn concentrations were determined via inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and muscle gene expression was determined via the Fluidigm Biomark HD system. Data were analyzed using ProcMixed of SAS (fixed effect = treatment; experimental unit = steer); treatments were compared using orthogonal linear and quadratic contrast statements. The LO treatment was removed from gene expression analyses due to poor reads. There was a tendency for a quadratic effect on d 48 and 67 plasma Zn (P = 0.10) where plasma was greater in Zn-supplemented animals than CON. Minimal effects of Zn supplementation were observed on muscle gene expression prior to the start of RAC. However, 14 d after the start of RAC, the expression of several genes involved in Zn storage and transport (MT1A, SLC39A7, SLC39A8, SLC39A9, SLC39A10, SLC39A13) linearly decreased with increasing Zn supplementation (P ≤ 0.08). These effects were mainly driven by an increase in gene expression for CON steers, suggesting RAC influences intracellular Zn trafficking or demand. Several of these transporters are located on organelles responsible for Zn-dependent processes like protein synthesis and metalation of enzymes. Therefore, increasing Zn supplementation prior to RAC feeding may support beta-agonist induced muscle growth in beef steers.
345 Evaluation of the Effects of Hempseed Cake on Ruminal Fermentation Parameters, Nutrient Digestibility, Nutrient Flow, and Nitrogen Balance in Finishing Steers
Authors: Winders Thomas , Neville Bryan W , Swanson Kendall C 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There is interest in feeding industrial hemp production byproducts to livestock, but little is known about the digestibility and ruminal fermentation parameters associated with this feedstuff. A nutrient balance experiment using crossbred steers (n = 5; initial BW = 542 kg, SD = 40 kg) in a Youden square design was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding hempseed cake (HEMP) or dried corn distillers grains plus solubles [DDGS; each included at 20% of diet dry matter (DM) in respective treatments] in comparison with a dry-rolled corn-based negative control treatment (CON) on ruminal fermentation parameters, nutrient digestibility, nutrient flow and nitrogen (N) balance. Organic matter (OM) tended (P = 0.07) to increase and OM total tract apparent digestibility decreased (P = 0.03) in steers fed the HEMP diet compared with steers fed the DDGS and CON diets. Total tract apparent N digestibility was greatest (P &lt; 0.01) in steers fed the HEMP diet, while total tract apparent digestibility in all other nutrients was not influenced (P ≥ 0.13) by treatment. Furthermore, apparent ruminal digestibility of OM was greatest (P &lt; 0.01) in steers fed the HEMP or CON diets, and neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber (ADF), and true ruminal digestibility of N was greatest (P ≤ 0.04) in steers fed the HEMP diet. Ruminal total amino acid degradation and total ruminal VFA concentration was greatest (P &lt; 0.01) in steers fed the HEMP diet. A treatment by hour interaction (P = 0.01) was observed for ruminal ammonia concentration. Nitrogen retention was greatest (P &lt; 0.01) in steers fed the HEMP diet, suggesting that feeding hempseed cake improved utilization of N. These results suggest that although ruminal digestibility of all nutrients is greater in steers fed the HEMP diet, greater ADF concentration in hempseed cake negatively influences total tract apparent OM digestibility when fed to finishing steers.
368 Effects of Rumen Fermentation Parameters and Microbiota of Sanhe Heifers from Different Altitude Regions
Authors: Xinyu Zhang , Li Shengli 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The rumen microbiome has an important role in providing nutrition to ruminants, which is linked to feed efficiency and environmental adaptability of ruminants. However, there is no report about the influence of different altitude regions on rumen fermentation parameters and microbiota of Sanhe cattles. In this study, 20 ruminal fluid samples of Sanhe heifers were collected from Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (119°57 'E, 47°17' N; about 700 m altitude, LAL) and Lhasa City, Tibet Autonomous Region (91°06'E, 29°36'N; about 3 750 m altitude, HAL), and were analyzed by gas chromatography and high-throughput sequencing to determine the rumen fermentation parameters and 16SrRNA gene. The results showed that the acetic acid/propionic acid of the high-altitude group was significantly reduced (P &lt; 0.01), but there were no significant differences in other volatile fatty acids, rumen pH, and ammonia nitrogen (P &gt; 0.05). The composition of the rumen bacteria of the Sanhe heifers in the high-altitude group at the phylum level, high altitude significantly reduced the relative abundance of Actinomycetes (P &lt; 0.05), and significantly increased the relative abundance of Spirillum (P &lt; 0.05), but had no significant effect on the relative abundance of Bacteroides, Firmicutes and Firmicutes (P &gt; 0.05). At the genus level, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010 increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05); Ruminococcus_1 (P &lt; 0.05), Olsenella (P &lt; 0.05), and Pseudobutyrivibrio (P &lt; 0.05) decreased significantly. Ruminococcaceae_NK4A214 and Ruminococcus_2 have a downward trend (0.05 ≤ P &lt; 0.10). The results of this study revealed that different altitude regions influenced the microbiota composition and fermentation function of the Sanhe heifers rumen, which can provide some new insights in the mechanism of Sanhe heifers adapting to high altitude and provide a theoretical basis for the nutritional regulation of Sanhe cattle in high-altitude areas.
371 Influence of Breeding Season Lameness on Reproductive Performance in Meat Goat Does
Authors: Browning Richard , Alghamdi Ahmad , Leite-Browning Maria L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Over four years, 564 performance records from 235 does were processed to determine if lameness during the breeding season affected reproductive outcomes in meat goats. Lameness cases were recorded during routine daily herd wellness checks and treated within a short time after diagnosis. Does were bred between September and January. Kids were weaned at 3 mo of age. Fall (September-November) and winter (December-February) records were used to classify does each year as having experienced lameness (LAME) or no recorded lameness case (NOLC) by season. In the fall (F) there were 396 NOLC does and 168 LAME does. Spring kidding rates were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for NOLC-F than for LAME-F (77.1 ± 4.5% vs. 67.9 ± 6.1%). Whole-herd litter size at kidding was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for NOLC-F than for LAME-F (1.18 vs. 1.02 ± 0.1 kids/doe). Summer weaning rates tended to differ (P = 0.08) between the fall lameness groups (NOLC = 68 ± 3.3%; LAME = 59.5 ± 4.6%). Whole-herd litter size at weaning was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for NOLC-F than for LAME-F (0.97 ± 0.05 vs. 0.78 ± 0.06 kids). In the winter (W) there were 473 NOLC does and 87 LAME does. Spring kidding rates were greater (P &lt; 0.01) for NOLC-W than for LAME-W (77.6 ± 4.1% vs. 58.6 ± 7.5%). Whole-herd litter size at kidding was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for NOLC-W than for LAME-W (1.17 vs. 0.9 ± 0.09 kids). Summer weaning rates was higher (P &lt; 0.01) for NOLC-W than for LAME-W (68.5 ± 3.2% vs. 53.0 ± 5.9%). Whole-herd litter size at weaning was higher (P = 0.01) for NOLC-W than for LAME-W (0.95 ± 0.05 vs. 0.73 ± 0.08 kids). Results suggest that lameness in does during the breeding season may negatively impact reproductive outcomes.
211 Overcoming the Growth Deficits Programmed by Maternofetal Stress
Authors: Yates Dustin T 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Prolonged maternofetal stress stunts placental development and causes fetal programming that reduces fetal growth and birthweight. Low birthweight due to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) of the fetus increases perinatal mortality. More commonly, however, it results in lifelong impairment of muscle growth capacity and metabolic function. In humans, low birthweight increases risk for obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic disorders by an estimated 18-fold. Similarly, low birthweight livestock exhibit greater early death loss, poor growth efficiency, and lower-quality carcasses at harvest. These animals manifest poor feed-to-gain ratios, less lean mass, and greater fat deposition. Together, these outcomes increase production costs, decrease value, and reduce the amount of meat produced per animal. The fetal programming mechanisms linking stress induced IUGR to impaired postnatal growth and metabolic efficiency are largely unknown. However, recent findings in IUGR fetal and neonatal lambs produced experimentally by maternal heat stress and maternofetal inflammation (and pair-fed controls) indicated skeletal muscle-centric programming of adrenergic and inflammatory pathways. Specifically, studies found reduced β2 adrenergic tone and enriched inflammatory signaling pathways. These changes coincided with intrinsic myoblast dysfunction, reduced muscle fiber hypertrophy, and impaired skeletal muscle glucose metabolism. Additionally, IUGR fetal and neonatal lambs exhibited impaired β cell function that may also be associated with adrenergic and inflammatory programming. Subsequent studies have investigated these mechanisms as potential therapeutic targets for interventions and treatments, which is a fundamental step in developing strategies to improve outcomes in low birthweight humans and livestock.
212 Use of Vitamin A on Developmental Studies in Ruminant Animals
Authors: Ladeira Marcio M , Junior Jose Maria Oliveira 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Adipogenesis of intramuscular fat tissue in ruminant animals occurs from late pregnancy to first months of age. Therefore, the potential of intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition lasts from the fetal phase until weaning. This crucial period is known as the marbling window. Marbling is stablished by both hyperplasia and hypertrophy processes, and this attribute can be modulated by a strategic nutrient plan or bioactive compounds. Some studies showed that the angiogenesis process has a specific relationship, spatially and temporally, associated with adipogenesis. Adipose tissue is vastly vascularized with capillaries surrounding each adipocyte and this fact turns angiogenesis a target for manipulation, due to pericytes in the blood vessel’s cell wall differentiating into pre-adipocytes and adipocytes. Thus, the manipulation of the processes related to IMF deposition have been studied and the active form of vitamin A (retinoic acid) have been demonstrated to be a modulator of the key genes expression. However, there are still some remaining questions concerning adequate vitamin A dosage and its best administration time point. In Korean native cattle, they found that late pregnancy vitamin A supplementation increased, in the progeny, birth weight and upregulated the expression of genes related to preadipocyte and muscle development. When they supplemented vitamin A via oral to newborn calves, they observed an improvement in calf performance and upregulation in the expression of pre-adipogenic and myogenic genes. In research conducted in the United States using Angus cattle, it was found that neonatal vitamin A injections, at birth and at 30 d of age, promoted calf and muscle growth and IMF development in beef cattle. In the studies mentioned above were observed upregulation in myogenic, angiogenic and adipogenic genes, and also an increase in the pre-adipocytes formation. In our recent study in Brazil, using just one vitamin A injection at birth in crossbred beef cattle we found an increase in intramuscular fat deposition and upregulation in genes involved in angiogenesis and lipogenesis. In summary, through oral vitamin A supplementation during the gestational period or its oral supplementation or injection during the neonatal period, it is possible to upregulate expression of key genes of several biological processes (myogenesis, angiogenesis, adipogenesis and lipogenesis) and increase IMF deposition. Further research is needed to confirm if the vitamin A injection in pregnant cows results in similar or better outcomes in the progeny and the best dosages recommendations in injected or oral supplementation in newborn calves.
PSXII-1 CNV and Cnvr Detection from High-Density SNP Genotyping in Holstein Cattle
Authors: Ladeira Giovanni C , Pinedo Pablo J , Santos Jose E P , Thatcher William W , Rezende Fernanda M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Copy number variation (CNV) represents an important source of genetic variation complementary to single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and provides valuable insights into the genetic architecture of complex traits in humans and livestock animals. However, many factors affect CNV detection, including sample size. Previous studies in Holstein cattle have only used hundreds of individuals. Therefore, in the present study, CNVs were identified from high-density genotype array data in 3,529 Holstein cows from 16 herds located in 7 U.S. states. CNVs were derived from 546,802 autosomal SNP markers with MAF &gt; 0.05 and call rate &gt; 0.90 using the intensity signals at each SNP position in a hidden Markov model implemented in PennCNV software. The log R ratio (LRR) values were corrected based on the guanine-cytosine content in the genomic regions located 500 kb upstream and downstream of each marker. After detection, CNVs presenting LRR ≤ 0.30, B allele frequency drift &lt; 0.01, waviness factor ≤ 0.05, number of SNPs &gt; 10 and length &gt; 1 kb were merged into CNV regions (CNVR) using CNVRanger. A total of 1,881 non-redundant CNV events spanning the entire genome were identified in 1,771 cows, with a mean of 10 CNVs per individual and ranging from 1 to 27. The highest percentage of CNV calls was located on BTA7 (16%), while only 9 CNVs were identified on BTA9. The CNV calls were grouped into 685 CNVRs covering 3.07% of the bovine autosomal genome. The number of CNVRs with copy loss and gain were 356 and 310, and both types were observed in 19 regions. The chromosomal distribution of CNVR revealed that BTA7 harbors 38 CNVRs, while only 2 were detected on BTA28. These results will support further research on the contribution of CNVs and CNVRs to the genetic architecture of complex traits in Holstein cattle.
PSXII-4 Estrus Synchronization and Artificial Insemination in Korean Black Goats Using Frozen-Thawed Semen
Authors: Kim Kwan-Woo , Lee Eun-Do , Kim Dong-Kyo , Choi Bong-Hwan , Kim Sung woo , Lee Sang-Hoon 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Korean black goat (Capra hircus coreanae) populations are dwindling and facing genetic erosion due to artificial insemination. Here, we introduced an estrus synchronization method for Korean black goats to enable crossbreeding with non-native breeds on small farms and investigated the application of estrus synchronization and artificial insemination in Korean black goats. Semen was obtained using electro-ejaculation and preserved using a conventional and simple freezing method. Pre- and post-freezing semen was analyzed using computer-assisted sperm analysis, as per the Food Standards Agency 2011 guidelines. The percentage of motile sperm in the electro-ejaculated samples declined significantly after freezing and thawing. However, this did not influence the artificial insemination results. In addition, the incubation period was positively correlated with sperm motility decline in the frozen-thawed sperm samples. Blood progesterone (P4) and estrogen (E2) concentrations were also analyzed to determine the optimal artificial insemination time in estrus-synchronized Korean black goats. The blood samples were collected from a jugular vein at approximately 0900 daily for 5 days. Subsequently, the serum was obtained using centrifugation and stored at -70°C until analysis. Although the P4 and E2 concentrations were generally unaffected by the estrous synchronization method, the controlled internal drug release + prostaglandin F2α + pregnant mare serum gonadotropin method yielded a 42.9% parturition rate after artificial insemination. In the present study, an offspring from an estrus-synchronized Korean black goat was successfully produced by artificial insemination using frozen-thawed semen. The successful cryopreservation of semen for artificial insemination was substantiated with sperm motility and pregnancy rates. In the future, additional studies of estrus synchronization for the artificial insemination of Korean black goats are needed. Our results are expected to significantly contribute to the Korean black goat breeding industry.