bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short Course of Antifungal Therapy in Patients With Uncomplicated Candida Bloodstream Infection: Another Case of Less Is More in the Clinical Setting?
Authors: Vena Antonio , Bovis Francesca , Tutino Stefania , Santagostino Barbone Alessandro , Mezzogori Laura , Ponzano Marta , Taramasso Lucia , Baldi Federico , Dettori Silvia , Labate Laura , Russo Chiara , Giacobbe Daniele Roberto , Mikulska Malgorzata , Dentone Chiara , Magnasco Laura , Marchese Anna , Robba Chiara , Ball Lorenzo , Battaglini Denise , Pelosi Paolo , Crea Francesca , Di Pilato Vincenzo , Di Biagio Antonio , Bouza Emilio , Muñoz Patricia , Bassetti Matteo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
The objective of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes of patients receiving a short course (SC) vs a prolonged course (PC) of antifungal therapy for uncomplicated Candida bloodstream infections (BSIs).

Methods
All episodes of uncomplicated Candida BSI from September 1, 2018, to August 31, 2020, were reviewed. We compared the primary (all-cause 90-day mortality) and secondary study end points (1-year recurrent Candida BSI and all-cause 1-year mortality) among patients who underwent SC (5–11 days) or PC (12–24 days) therapy using propensity score analysis with the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) method.

Results
A total of 114 patients with uncomplicated Candida BSI were included: 35 (30.7%) were classified into the SC group (median [interquartile range {IQR}], 9 [7–11] days) and 79 (69.3%) into the PC group (median [IQR], 14 [14–16] days). Patients in the SC group compared with the PC group had a higher rate of hospitalization in the surgical ward (40.0% vs 19.0%; P = .02) or septic shock at the time of Candida BSI onset (11.4% vs 1.3%; P = .03). The risk of 90-day mortality was not different between the SC and PC groups (n = 8 [22.9%] vs 17 [21.5%], respectively; IPTW-adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio [sHR], 0.67; 95% CI, 0.31–1.47; P = .20). The risk for recurrent Candida BSI within 1 year of completing therapy (IPTW-adjusted sHR, 1.07; 95% CI, 0.20–5.80; P = .94) or for all-cause 1-year mortality (IPTW-adjusted HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.35–1.50; P = .38) did not differ between groups.

Conclusions
Receiving a short vs prolonged course of antifungal therapy did not affect mortality or BSI recurrence in patients with uncomplicated candidemia.
Transparent communication of evidence does not undermine public trust in evidence
Authors: Kerr John R , Schneider Claudia R , Freeman Alexandra L J , Marteau Theresa , van der Linden Sander 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Does clear and transparent communication of risks, benefits, and uncertainties increase or undermine public trust in scientific information that people use to guide their decision-making? We examined the impact of reframing messages written in traditional persuasive style to align instead with recent “evidence communication” principles, aiming to inform decision-making: communicating a balance of risks and benefits, disclosing uncertainties and evidence quality, and prebunking misperceptions. In two pre-registered experiments, UK participants read either a persuasive message or a balanced and informative message adhering to evidence communication recommendations about COVID-19 vaccines (Study 1) or nuclear power plants (Study 2). We find that balanced messages are either perceived as trustworthy as persuasive messages (Study 1), or more so (Study 2). However, we note a moderating role of prior beliefs such that balanced messages were consistently perceived as more trustworthy among those with negative or neutral prior beliefs about the message content. We furthermore note that participants who had read the persuasive message on nuclear power plants voiced significantly stronger support for nuclear power than those who had read the balanced message, despite rating the information as less trustworthy. There was no difference in vaccination intentions between groups reading the different vaccine messages.
Moralized language predicts hate speech on social media
Authors: Solovev Kirill , Pröllochs Nicolas 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hate speech on social media threatens the mental health of its victims and poses severe safety risks to modern societies. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its proliferation, though critical, have remained largely unresolved. In this work, we hypothesize that moralized language predicts the proliferation of hate speech on social media. To test this hypothesis, we collected three datasets consisting of N = 691,234 social media posts and ∼35.5 million corresponding replies from Twitter that have been authored by societal leaders across three domains (politics, news media, and activism). Subsequently, we used textual analysis and machine learning to analyze whether moralized language carried in source tweets is linked to differences in the prevalence of hate speech in the corresponding replies. Across all three datasets, we consistently observed that higher frequencies of moral and moral-emotional words predict a higher likelihood of receiving hate speech. On average, each additional moral word was associated with between 10.76% and 16.48% higher odds of receiving hate speech. Likewise, each additional moral-emotional word increased the odds of receiving hate speech by between 9.35 and 20.63%. Furthermore, moralized language was a robust out-of-sample predictor of hate speech. These results shed new light on the antecedents of hate speech and may help to inform measures to curb its spread on social media.
Theory of transformation-mediated twinning
Authors: Lu Song , Sun Xun , Tian Yanzhong , An Xianghai , Li Wei , Chen Yujie , Zhang Hualei , Vitos Levente 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
High-density and nanosized deformation twins in face-centered cubic (fcc) materials can effectively improve the combination of strength and ductility. However, the microscopic dislocation mechanisms enabling a high twinnability remain elusive. Twinning usually occurs via continuous nucleation and gliding of twinning partial dislocations on consecutive close-packed atomic planes. Here we unveil a completely different twinning mechanism being active in metastable fcc materials. The transformation-mediated twinning (TMT) is featured by a preceding displacive transformation from the fcc phase to the hexagonal close-packed (hcp) one, followed by a second-step transformation from the hcp phase to the fcc twin. The nucleation of the intermediate hcp phase is driven by the thermodynamic instability and the negative stacking fault energy of the metastable fcc phase. The intermediate hcp structure is characterized by the easy slips of Shockley partial dislocations on the basal planes, which leads to both fcc and fcc twin platelets during deformation, creating more twin boundaries and further enhancing the prosperity of twins. The disclosed fundamental understanding of the complex dislocation mechanism of deformation twinning in metastable alloys paves the road to design novel materials with outstanding mechanical properties.
On the interplay of hierarchies, conflicts, and cooperation: An experimental approach
Authors: Lozano Pablo , Antonioni Alberto , Sánchez Angel 
Published: December 2022

AbstractPrevious research suggests that it is difficult to maintain cooperation in a large society when there is a strong hierarchical structure. In this study, we implement online human experiments to study the effects of exogenous variation in a particular notion of hierarchy on cooperation and conflict within groups. We demonstrate how cooperation can be maintained when collective action is accompanied by dyadic conflicts whose outcome feeds back on the hierarchical rank of the contestants. We find that the majority of individuals take part in conflicts and that highly ranked individuals mostly cooperate and engage in conflicts as a way to punish noncooperators. As a consequence, stable hierarchical groups can arise and maintain high levels of cooperation. Our results are in agreement with the prediction of earlier theoretical models on hierarchical societies and are relevant to understanding the interplay of hierarchy, cooperation, and conflict.
Continuum level density calculated under the absorbing boundary condition
Authors: Maeda T , Taniguchi Y , Fumimoto T , Nakamoto R , Ito M 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWe have applied an absorbing boundary condition (ABC) method to calculations of the level density (LD) and the continuum level density (CLD). The results of LD and CLD in the ABC calculation are compared with those calculated by the complex scaling method (CSM). The energy dependences of LD in ABC show similar behavior to those in CSM around the resonance energy but they are prominently different, especially at the lower-energy region, due to the different sequence of the energy eigenvalues in the complex plane. The phase shift for two-body scattering problems is also derived from CLD. The phase shift obtained by ABC is almost the same as that calculated from CSM although the ABC method seems to be slightly inferior to the CSM calculation in the numerical precision. The improvement of the numerical precision in ABC is also discussed.
Development of ultra-pure gadolinium sulfate for the Super-Kamiokande gadolinium project
Authors: Hosokawa K , Ikeda M , Okada T , Sekiya H , Fernández P , Labarga L , Bandac I , Perez J , Ito S , Harada M , Koshio Y , Thiesse M D , Thompson L F , Scovell P R , Meehan E , Ichimura K , Kishimoto Y , Nakajima Y , Vagins M R , Ito H , Takaku Y , Tanaka Y , Yamaguchi Y 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper reports the development and detailed properties of about 13 metric tons of gadolinium sulfate octahydrate, $\rm Gd_2(\rm SO_4)_3\cdot \rm 8H_2O$, which has been dissolved into Super-Kamiokande (SK) in the summer of 2020. We evaluate the impact of radioactive impurities in $\rm Gd_2(\rm SO_4)_3\cdot \rm 8H_2O$ on diffuse supernova neutrino background searches and solar neutrino observation and confirm the need to reduce radioactive and fluorescent impurities by about three orders of magnitude from commercially available high-purity $\rm Gd_2(\rm SO_4)_3\cdot \rm 8H_2O$. In order to produce ultra-high-purity $\rm Gd_2(\rm SO_4)_3\cdot \rm 8H_2O$, we have developed a method to remove impurities from gadolinium oxide, Gd2O3, consisting of acid dissolution, solvent extraction, and pH control processes, followed by a high-purity sulfation process. All of the produced ultra-high-purity $\rm Gd_2(\rm SO_4)_3\cdot \rm 8H_2O$ is assayed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and high-purity germanium detectors to evaluate its quality. Because of the long measurement time of high-purity germanium detectors, we have employed several underground laboratories for making parallel measurements including the Laboratorio Subterráneo de Canfranc in Spain, Boulby in the UK, and Kamioka in Japan. In the first half of production, the measured batch purities were found to be consistent with the specifications. However, in the latter half, the $\rm Gd_2(\rm SO_4)_3\cdot \rm 8H_2O$ contained one order of magnitude more 228Ra than the budgeted mean contamination. This was correlated with the corresponding characteristics of the raw material Gd2O3, in which an intrinsically large contamination was present. Based on their modest impact on SK physics, they were nevertheless introduced into the detector. To reduce 228Ra for the next stage of gadolinium loading to SK, a new process has been successfully established.
Inhalable microparticles as drug delivery systems to the lungs in a dry powder formulations
Authors: Knap Karolina , Kwiecień Konrad , Reczyńska-Kolman Katarzyna , Pamuła Elżbieta 
Published: December 2022

AbstractInhalation-administrated drugs remain an interesting possibility of addressing pulmonary diseases. Direct drug delivery to the lungs allows one to obtain high concentration in the site of action with limited systemic distribution, leading to a more effective therapy with reduced required doses and side effects. On the other hand, there are several difficulties in obtaining a formulation that would meet all the criteria related to physicochemical, aerodynamic and biological properties, which is the reason why only very few of the investigated systems can reach the clinical trial phase and proceed to everyday use as a result. Therefore, we focused on powders consisting of polysaccharides, lipids, proteins or natural and synthetic polymers in the form of microparticles that are delivered by inhalation to the lungs as drug carriers. We summarized the most common trends in research today to provide the best dry powders in the right fraction for inhalation that would be able to release the drug before being removed by natural mechanisms. This review article addresses the most common manufacturing methods with novel modifications, pros and cons of different materials, drug loading capacities with release profiles, and biological properties such as cytocompatibility, bactericidal or anticancer properties.
Effect of Enteral Guanfacine on Dexmedetomidine Use in the ICU
Authors: Fetters Megan B. , Diep Calvin , Ran Ran , Kloosterboer Amy 
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Describe the efficacy and safety of guanfacine for dexmedetomidine weaning in critically ill patients.

DESIGN:
Retrospective descriptive analysis.

SETTING:
Six hundred thirteen–bed academic medical center from October 2020 to October 2021.

PATIENT/SUBJECTS:
All Adult patients on IV dexmedetomidine who received at least one dose of guanfacine for sedation or agitation were included.

INTERVENTIONS:
Enteral guanfacine.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
The primary outcome was discontinuation of dexmedetomidine therapy within 48 hours after guanfacine initiation. Secondary outcomes assessed included adjunctive medication use, rate of dexmedetomidine reinitiation, and safety outcomes. One hundred five patients were included in the analysis. Median age was 59 years old, 66% were male, and median daily dose of guanfacine was 1.5 mg. Dexmedetomidine was discontinued within 48 hours in 58% of patients (n = 61) and within 72 hours in 71% of patients (n = 75). Fifty-five percent of patients (n = 58) required rescue medications for poorly controlled agitation, sedation, or pain while on guanfacine. Dexmedetomidine withdrawal occurred in 2% of patients (n = 2) while on guanfacine. Adverse effects attributed to guanfacine occurred in 8% of patients (n = 8), all experiencing hypotension leading to medication discontinuation.

CONCLUSION:
Dexmedetomidine was successfully weaned within 48 hours of guanfacine initiation in 58% of patients with minimal withdrawal or adverse effects. Guanfacine may be an effective and safe enteral option for dexmedetomidine weaning in critically ill patients.
Academic and Community ICUs Participating in a Critical Care Randomized Trial: A Comparison of Patient Characteristics and Trial Metrics
Authors: Tsang Jennifer L. Y. , Binnie Alexandra , Duan Erick H. , Johnstone Jennie , Heels-Ansdell Diane , Reeve Brenda , Trop Sebastien , Hosek Paul , Dionne Joanna C. , Archambault Patrick , Lysecki Paul , Cirone Robert , Zytaruk Nicole L. , Dechert William , Camargo Mercedes Peñuela , Jesso Rebecca , McMillan Elliot , Panchbhaya Zaynab , Campbell Tracy , Saunders Lois , Copland Mary , Kavikondala Kanthi , Cook Deborah J. ,   for the Probiotics: Prevention of Severe Pneumonia and Endotracheal Colonization Trial (PROSPECT) Investigators and the Canadian Critical Care Trials Group
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Clinical research in Canada is conducted primarily in “academic” hospitals, whereas most clinical care is provided in “community” hospitals. The objective of this nested observational study was to compare patient characteristics, outcomes, process-of-care variables, and trial metrics for patients enrolled in a large randomized controlled trial who were admitted to academic and community hospitals in Canada.

DESIGN:
We conducted a preplanned observational study nested within the Probiotics: Prevention of Severe Pneumonia and Endotracheal Colonization Trial (PROSPECT, a randomized controlled trial comparing probiotics to placebo in mechanically ventilated patients) Research Program.

SETTING:
ICUs.

PATIENTS:
Mechanically ventilated patients.

MEASUREMENTS:
We compared patient characteristics, interventions, outcomes, and trial metrics between patients enrolled in PROSPECT from academic and community hospitals.

MAIN RESULTS:
Participating centers included 34 (82.9%) academic and seven (17.1%) community hospitals, which enrolled 2,203 (86.2%) and 352 (13.8%) patients, respectively. Compared with academic hospitals, patients enrolled in community hospitals were older (mean [sd] 62.7 yr [14.9 yr] vs 59.5 yr [16.4 yr]; p = 0.044), had longer ICU stays (median [interquartile range {IQR}], 13 d [8–23 d] vs 11 d [7–8 d]; p = 0.012) and higher mortality (percentage, [95% CI] in the ICU, 30.4% [25.8–35.4%]vs 20.5% [18.9–11.3%]; p = 0.002) and hospital (40.6% [35.6–45.8%] vs 26.1% [24.3–27.9%]; p < 0.001). Trial metrics, including informed consent rate (85.9% vs 76.3%; p = 0.149), mean (sd) monthly enrolment rate (2.1 [1.4] vs 1.1 [0.7]; p = 0.119), and protocol adherence (90.6% vs 91.6%; p = 0.207), were similar between community and academic ICUs.

CONCLUSIONS:
Community hospitals can conduct high-quality research, with similar trial metrics to academic hospitals. Patient characteristics differed between community and academic hospitals, highlighting the need for broader engagement of community hospitals in clinical research to ensure generalizability of study results.
Early Empiric Antibiotic Treatment Among Neonates With Congenital Heart Defects: A Brief Report of an Integrative Review
Authors: Davis Jessica A. , Ho Rebecca , Pace Elizabeth K. , Kim Audrey , Lin Jiuann-Huey , Morowitz Michael J. 
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVES:
Despite improved rates of survival, neonates with congenital heart defects experience serious comorbidities. Antibiotics are used widely in other critically ill neonates, and exposure in the first 7 days after birth (early empiric antibiotic treatment) has been associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes. The purpose of this brief report is to summarize and evaluate existing evidence pertaining to early empiric antibiotic treatment and associations with adverse outcomes among neonates with congenital heart defects.

DESIGN:
An integrative review of the literature was performed.

SETTING:
The search was conducted in PubMed and Ovid Medline, and Global Health databases. Medical Subject Headings terms and Boolean phrases were used.

SUBJECTS:
Original research articles were included if the study cohort neonates with congenital heart defects, were published in English, and included a description or evaluation of early empiric antibiotic treatment in the first 28 days of life. Endocarditis and postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis investigations were excluded.

MAIN RESULTS:
Our search generated 249 articles. Search results were listed in an Excel spreadsheet and screened by four authors. Articles that did not pertain to the population of interest were excluded. Fourteen articles were included in the full-text review. Data from these articles were summarized in a table and evaluated by all authors. No articles were found discussing early empiric antibiotic treatment in neonates with congenital heart defects.

LIMITATIONS:
Our search generated no results, impairing our ability to fulfill the purpose of the brief report.

CONCLUSIONS:
There have been no studies regarding early empiric antibiotic treatment among neonates with congenital heart defects. Research is needed to understand the prevalence, indications, and potential consequences of early empiric antibiotic treatment in this population.
Characterization of a Thermoacoustic-based Pulsed High Power Microwave Detector Chain
Authors: Frey James J. , Barnes Ronald A. , McClory John W. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDetection of microwave-induced thermoacoustic (TA) wave generation was evaluated as a potential technique for detection of high power microwave (HPM) directed energy exposure. Even when HPM is employed for counter-materiel effects, incidental but still potentially harmful personnel exposure is possible. Real-time detection of ongoing exposure with potentially unknown time and frequency domain characteristics is a critical first step in preventing acute health effects by alerting and then enabling the timely use of electromagnetic frequency energy shielding, such as structures and vehicles. Leveraging the TA effect as a field interaction mechanism, a lossy dielectric polymer subjected to pulsed HPM was tested using a planar sample geometry with thin film piezoelectric sensors used to capture the resulting TA output. The piezoelectric signal was analyzed in both the time and frequency domain to determine empirical relationships between incident microwave beam properties and signal components. This analysis was coupled with an empirically-based single term Cole-Cole model approximation fit for the complex permittivity. The results were used to identify appropriate signal conditioning and processing techniques needed to convert the TA response into a useful form for personnel exposure applications. These results also served as a comparison point for multi-physics finite element method computational modeling of the electromagnetic response of a simplified three-layer tissue model.
IgA nephropathy pathogenesis and therapy: Review & updates
Authors: Habas Elmukhtar , Ali Elrazi , Farfar Khalifa , Errayes Mahdi , Alfitori Jamal , Habas Eshrak , Ghazouani Hafedh , Akbar Raza , Khan Fahim , Al Dab Aisha , Elzouki Abdel-Naser 
Published: December 2022

Background:
IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most frequent type of primary glomerulonephritis since the first type was described more than four decades ago. It is the prevalent cause of primary glomerular disease that causes end-stage renal disease. In most patients with IgAN, hematuria is the most common reported symptom, particularly in those with a preceding upper respiratory tract infection. Although the pathogenesis of IgAN is usually multifactorial, autoimmune complex formation and inflammatory processes are the most widely recognized pathogenic mechanisms. Multiple approaches have been trialed as a therapy for IgAN, including tonsillectomy, steroids, other immune-suppressive therapy in different regimens, and kidney transplantation.

Aim and method:
PubMed, Google, Google Scholar, Scopus, and EMBASE were searched by the authors using different texts, keywords, and phrases. A non-systemic clinical review is intended to review the available data and clinical updates about the possible mechanism(s) of IgAN pathogenesis and treatments.

Conclusion:
IgAN has a heterogeneous pattern worldwide, making it difficult to understand its pathogenesis and treatment. Proteinuria is the best guide to follow up on the IgAN progression and treatment response. Steroids are the cornerstone of IgAN therapy; however, other immune-suppressive and immune-modulative agents are used with a variable response rate. Kidney transplantation is highly advisable for IgAN patients, although the recurrence rate is high. Finally, IgAN management requires collaborative work between patients and their treating physicians for safe long-term outcomes.