bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the distribution of Bayesian evidence
Authors: Keeley Ryan E , Shafieloo Arman 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
We look at the distribution of the Bayesian evidence for mock realizations of supernova and baryon acoustic oscillation data. The ratios of Bayesian evidence of different models are often used to perform model selection. The significance of these Bayes factors is then interpreted using scales such as the Jeffreys or Kass & Raftery scale. First, we demonstrate how to use the evidence itself to validate the model, that is to say how well a model fits the data, regardless of how well other models perform. The basic idea is that if, for some real data set, a model’s evidence lies outside the distribution of evidence that result when the same fiducial model that generates the data sets is used for the analysis, then the model in question is robustly ruled out. Further, we show how to assess the significance of a hypothetically computed Bayes factor. We show that the range of the distribution of Bayes factors can greatly depend on the models in question and also the number of data points in the data set. Thus, we have demonstrated that the significance of Bayes factors needs to be calculated for each unique data set.
Skylight: a new code for general-relativistic ray-tracing and radiative transfer in arbitrary space–times
Authors: Pelle Joaquin , Reula Oscar , Carrasco Federico , Bederian Carlos 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACT
To reproduce the observed spectra and light curves originated in the neighbourhood of compact objects requires accurate relativistic ray-tracing codes. In this work, we present Skylight, a new numerical code for general-relativistic ray-tracing and radiative transfer in arbitrary space–time geometries and coordinate systems. The code is capable of producing images, spectra, and light curves from astrophysical models of compact objects as seen by distant observers. We incorporate two different schemes, namely Monte Carlo radiative transfer integrating geodesics from the astrophysical region to distant observers, and camera techniques with backwards integration from the observer to the emission region. The code is validated by successfully passing several test cases, among them: thin accretion discs and neutron stars hotspot emission.
CKD-MBD biomarkers and CKD progression: an analysis by the joint model
Authors: D'Arrigo Graziella , Mallamaci Francesca , Pizzini Patrizia , Leonardis Daniela , Tripepi Giovanni , Zoccali Carmine 
Published: July 2022

ABSTRACTBackgroundBiomarkers of chronic kidney disease–mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) have been implicated in CKD progression in follow-up studies focusing on single measurements of individual biomarkers made at baseline only. The simultaneous relationship between the time trend of these biomarkers over the course of CKD and renal outcomes has never been tested.MethodsWe applied the joint model (JM) to investigate the longitudinal relationship between repeated measurements of CKD-MBD biomarkers and a combined renal endpoint (estimated glomerular filtration rate reduction &gt;30%, dialysis or transplantation) in 729 stage 2–5 CKD patients over a 36-month follow-up.ResultsIn the survival submodel of the JM, the longitudinal series of parathyroid hormone (PTH) values was directly and independently related to the risk of renal events [hazard ratio (HR) (1 ln increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) 2.0 (range 1.5–2.8), P &lt; .001)] and this was also true for repeated measurements of serum phosphate [HR (1 mg/dl) 1.3924 (range 1.1459–1.6918), P = .001], serum calcium [HR (1 mg/dl) 0.7487 (range 0.5843–0.9593), P = .022], baseline fibroblast growth factor 23 [HR (1 pg/ml) 1.001 (range 1.00–1.002), P = .045] and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [HR (1 pg/ml) 0.9796 (range 0.9652–0.9942), P = .006].ConclusionRepeated measurements of serum PTH, calcium and phosphate as well as baseline FGF23 and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D are independently related with the progression to kidney failure in a cohort of stage 2–5 CKD patients. This longitudinal study generates the hypothesis that interventions at multiple levels on MBD biomarkers can mitigate renal function loss in this population.
Varenicline Treatment for Waterpipe Smoking Cessation
Authors: Chami Hassan A , Zaouk Nour , Makki Maha , Tamim Hani , Shaya Monique , Talih Farid 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Background
Waterpipe smoking is increasing worldwide with no proven interventions for cessation. We compared abstinence rates with 12-week varenicline therapy versus placebo among habitual waterpipe smokers willing to quit.

Methods
This double-blind placebo-controlled single-center trial, randomized waterpipe smokers from Lebanon who did not smoke other tobacco products to receive varenicline or placebo for 12 weeks. All participants also received three structured 30-minute individual behavioral intervention sessions. The primary outcome was repeated point prevalence abstinence assessed by self-report and verified by exhaled carbon monoxide three times during 12 weeks and analyzed with the intention to treat. End of treatment urine cotinine, weight, blood pressure, anxiety, depression, withdrawal, and adverse symptoms were also assessed.

Results
In total, 152 waterpipe smokers (mean age 38 years [SD = 13], 39% females) willing to quit, who smoked waterpipe exclusively (average 2.3 per day [SD = 1.6] for 16.8 years [SD = 10.8]) were randomized. Seventy-nine participants (52%) with any missing abstinence assessment were considered to have relapsed. Repeat point prevalence abstinence rate was numerically higher among the varenicline group compared to placebo, but the difference did not reach statistical significance when assessed by self-report (16.9 vs. 13.6%, respectively, p = .6) and when further verified by exhaled carbon monoxide (14.1% vs. 9.9%, respectively, p = .4). Abstinence rates were similar in both groups when further verified by urine cotinine at end of treatment. No serious adverse events were reported, adverse symptoms and other outcomes were similar in the varenicline and placebo arms.

Conclusions
Varenicline for 12 weeks was not more effective than placebo to achieve abstinence among daily waterpipe smokers.

Implications
Varenicline in combination with a behavioral intervention did not significantly enhance the quit rate among exclusive waterpipe smokers compared to behavioral intervention plus placebo. We experienced difficulty enrolling exclusive waterpipe smokers willing to quit and observed high dropout rates among participants demonstrating the difficulties of waterpipe smoking cessation.
Phytoplankton phagotrophy across nutrients and light gradients using different measurement techniques
Authors: Costa Mariana R A , Sarmento Hugo , Becker Vanessa , Bagatini Inessa L , Unrein Fernando 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Mixotrophy is important to ecosystems functioning. Assuming that limiting resources induce phagotrophy in mixotrophs, we used a factorial experimental design to evaluate how nutrient and light affects phagotrophy in two mixotrophic phytoflagellates belonging to different lineages. We estimated cell-specific grazing rates (CSGR) by analyzing prey ingestion using microscopy and flow cytometry (FC). Furthermore, we tested if the acidotropic probe LysoTracker green (LyTG) can be used to differentiate autotrophs from mixotrophs. Cryptomonas marssonii (cryptophyte) had higher CSGR in high-nutrient treatments. Although it seems counterintuitive, phytoflagellates likely uses phagotrophy to obtain organic growth factors instead of inorganic nutrients when photosynthesis is more favorable. In contrast, CSGR in Ochromonas tuberculata (chrysophyte) increased when light decreased, suggesting that it uses phagotrophy to supplement carbon when autotrophic growth conditions are suboptimal. Measurements of CSGR obtained by FC and microscopy were significantly correlated and displayed the same trend among treatments, although FC rates tended to be higher. Fluorescence with LyTG did not differ from the control in the non-phagotrophic chlorophyte. Contrarily, addition of LyTG significantly increased the fluorescence in chrysophytes and cryptophytes, although no differences were observed among treatments. This approach allowed for differentiation between phagotrophic and non-phagotrophic flagellates but failed to quantify mixotrophy.
Rice DWARF AND LOW-TILLERING and the homeodomain protein OSH15 interact to regulate internode elongation via orchestrating brassinosteroid signaling and metabolism
Authors: Niu Mei , Wang Hongru , Yin Wenchao , Meng Wenjing , Xiao Yunhua , Liu Dapu , Zhang Xiaoxing , Dong Nana , Liu Jihong , Yang Yanzhao , Zhang Fan , Chu Chengcai , Tong Hongning 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Brassinosteroid (BR) phytohormones play crucial roles in regulating internode elongation in rice (Oryza sativa). However, the underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. The dwarf and low-tillering (dlt) mutant is a mild BR-signaling-defective mutant. Here, we identify two dlt enhancers that show more severe shortening of the lower internodes compared to the uppermost internode (IN1). Both mutants carry alleles of ORYZA SATIVA HOMEOBOX 15 (OSH15), the founding gene for dwarf6-type mutants, which have shortened lower internodes but not IN1. Consistent with the mutant phenotype, OSH15 expression is much stronger in lower internodes, particularly in IN2, than IN1. The osh15 single mutants have impaired BR sensitivity accompanied by enhanced BR synthesis in seedlings. DLT physically interacts with OSH15 to co-regulate many genes in seedlings and internodes. OSH15 targets and promotes the expression of the BR receptor gene BR INSENSITIVE1 (OsBRI1), and DLT facilitates this regulation in a dosage-dependent manner. In osh15, dlt, and osh15 dlt, BR levels are higher in seedlings and panicles, but unexpectedly lower in internodes compared with the wild-type. Taken together, our results suggest that DLT interacts with OSH15, which functions in the lower internodes, to modulate rice internode elongation via orchestrating BR signaling and metabolism.
Making the House a Home: The Stimulative Effect of Home Purchases on Consumption and Investment
Authors: Benmelech Efraim , Guren Adam , Melzer Brian T 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
We introduce and quantify a new channel through which the housing market affects household spending: the home purchase channel. Households spend on average $8,000 more on home-related durables and home improvements in the 2 years following a home purchase. Expenditures on nondurables and durables unrelated to the home remain unchanged or decrease modestly. The home purchase channel played a substantial role in the Great Recession, accounting for one-third of the decline in spending on home-related durables and home improvements from 2005 to 2010.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online
Immunogenicity 6 months post COVID-19 mRNA vaccination among adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis on treatment with TNF inhibitors
Authors: Dimopoulou Dimitra , Tsolia Maria N , Spyridis Nikos , Maritsi Despoina N 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectivesMass vaccination is the most effective strategy for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate the 6-month immunogenicity after BNT162b2-COVID-19 vaccination in adolescents with JIA on TNFi treatment.MethodsThis single-centre study included adolescents with JIA treated with TNFi for at least 18 months. Patients received two doses of COVID-19 vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech) from 15 April to 15 May 2021. Quantitative measurement of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2-spike-protein-1 was performed at 1, 3 and 6 months post-vaccination.ResultsOverall, 21 adolescents with JIA in clinical remission at the time of vaccinations were enrolled. None of them discontinued TNFi/MTX treatment at the time of vaccine administration or during the follow-up period. All patients developed a sustained humoral response against SARS-CoV-2 at 1 and 3 months after vaccination (P &lt; 0.05). The antibody levels decreased significantly at 6 months post-vaccination (P &lt; 0.01). The type of JIA did not reveal any differences in the humoral response at 3 (P = 0.894) or 6 months post-vaccination (P = 0.72). No difference was detected upon comparison of the immunogenicity between the different treatment arms (adalimumab vs etanercept) at 3 (P = 0.387) and 6 months (P = 0.526), or TNFi monotherapy vs combined therapy (TNFi plus methotrexate) at 3 (P = 0.623) and 6 months (P = 0.885).ConclusionsAlthough mRNA vaccines develop satisfactory immunogenicity at 1 month and 3 months post-vaccination in adolescents with JIA on TNFi, SARS-CoV-2 antibody titres decrease significantly overtime, remaining at lower levels at 6 months. Further collaborative studies are required to determine long-term immunogenicity, real duration of immune protection and the need for a booster vaccine dose.
Long-term cardiovascular outcomes and temporal trends in patients diagnosed with ANCA-associated vasculitis: a Danish nationwide registry study
Authors: Nygaard Louis , Polcwiartek Christoffer , Nelveg-Kristensen Karl Emil , Carlson Nicholas , Kristensen Salome , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Gregersen Jon Waarst 
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To examine long-term cardiovascular outcomes and temporal trends among patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) using Danish nationwide registries.

Methods
Using a cohort design, we examined patients with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (ICD-10: DM31.3) and microscopic polyangiitis (ICD-10: DM3.17) in Denmark from 1996–2018. Hazard ratios (HRs) of cardiovascular outcomes were compared between patients with AAV and age and gender-matched controls. Counterfactual G-estimation of HRs was performed to estimate 5-year absolute risks. Temporal trends were obtained by grouping cohorts into evenly distributed tertiles according to inclusion year.

Results
A total of 2306 patients with AAV (median age: 62.9yrs, 52.6% male) were matched with 6918 controls. Median follow-up was 9.5yrs. Patients with AAV had a higher rate of ischaemic heart disease [HR 1.86 (1.62–2.15)], myocardial infarction [HR 1.62 (1.26–2.09)], coronary angiogram [HR 1.64 (1.37–1.96)], percutaneous coronary intervention [HR 1.56 (1.17–2.07)] and ventricular arrhythmias/implantable-cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)-implantations [HR 2.04 (1.16–3.57)]. Similarly, an increased rate of heart failure [HR 2.12 (1.77–2.54)], deep vein thrombosis [HR 3.13 (2.43–4.05)], pulmonary embolism [HR 4.04 (3.07–5.32)], atrial fibrillation [HR 2.08 (1.82–2.39)], ischaemic stroke [HR 1.58 (1.31–1.90)] and in-hospital cardiac arrest [HR 2.27 (1.49–3.48)] was observed. The 5-year risk of all outcomes were significantly higher (excluding ventricular arrhythmia/ICD-implantations). For temporal trends among patients with AAV, a decreased 3-year risk of cardiovascular mortality was observed over time.

Conclusions
Patients with AAV are at increased risk of heart failure, atrial-/ventricular arrhythmias, venous thrombotic events, ischaemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Furthermore, patients with AAV were more frequently examined with coronary procedures and underwent more coronary revascularizations. No temporal changes in ischaemic cardiovascular outcomes were observed, albeit the cardiovascular mortality has decreased over time.
Leverage and Cash Dynamics
Authors: DeAngelo Harry , Gonçalves Andrei S , Stulz René M 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This article documents new and empirically important interactions between cash-balance and leverage dynamics. Cash ratios typically vary widely over extended horizons, with dynamics remarkably similar to (and complementary with) those of capital structure. Leverage and cash dynamics interact approximately as predicted by the internal-versus-external funding regimes in Myers and Majluf (1984, J. Finan. Econ., 13, 187–221.). Leverage is quite volatile when cash ratios are stable and vice-versa, while net-debt ratios are almost always volatile. Most firms increase leverage sharply as cash balances (internal funds) become scarce. Capital structure models that extend Hennessy and Whited (2005, J. Finan., 60, 1129–1165.) to include cash-balance dynamics explain some, but not all, aspects of the observed relation between cash squeezes and leverage increases.
Anesthetic considerations for endovascular treatment in stroke therapy
Authors: Stolp Jeffrey , Coutinho Jonathan M. , Immink Rogier V. , Preckel Benedikt 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
The introduction of clot removement by endovascular treatment (EVT) in 2015 has improved the clinical outcome of patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to a large vessel occlusion (LVO). Anesthetic strategies during EVT vary widely between hospitals, with some departments employing local anesthesia (LA), others performing conscious sedation (CS) or general anesthesia (GA). The optimal anesthetic strategy remains debated. This review will describe the effects of anesthetic strategy on clinical and radiological outcomes and hemodynamic parameters in patients with AIS undergoing EVT.

Recent findings
Small single-center randomized controlled trails (RCTs) found either no difference or favored GA, while large observational cohort studies favored CS or LA. RCTs using LA as separate comparator arm are still lacking and a meta-analysis of observational studies failed to show differences in functional outcome between LA vs. other anesthetic strategies. Advantages of LA were shorter door-to-groin time in patients and less intraprocedural hypotension, which are both variables that are known to impact functional outcome.

Summary
The optimal anesthetic approach in patients undergoing EVT for stroke therapy is still unclear, but based on logistics and peri-procedural hemodynamics, LA may be the optimal choice. Multicenter RCTs are warranted comparing LA, CS and GS with strict blood pressure targets and use of the same anesthetic agents to minimize confounding variables.
In Vivo Evidence of Early Instability and Late Stabilization in Motion Segments Immediately Superior to Anterior Cervical Arthrodesis
Authors: Chen Stephen R. , LeVasseur Clarissa M. , Pitcairn Samuel , Munsch Maria A. , Couch Brandon K. , Kanter Adam S. , Okonkwo David O. , Shaw Jeremy D. , Donaldson William F. , Lee Joon Y. , Anderst William J. 
Published: July 2022

Study Design.
Prospective cohort study.

Objective.
The aim was to identify patient factors that affect adjacent segment kinematics after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) as measured by biplane radiography.

Summary of Background Data.
The etiology of adjacent segment disease (ASD) may be multifactorial. Previous studies have investigated associations between patient factors and ASD, although few attempted to link patient factors with mechanical changes in the spine that may explain ASD development. Previous studies manually measured intervertebral motion from static flexion/extension radiographs, however, manual measurements are unreliable, and those studies failed to measure intervertebral motion during rotation.

Methods.
Patients had continuous cervical spine flexion/extension and axial rotation movements captured at 30 images per second in a dynamic biplane radiography system preoperatively and 1 year after ACDF. Digitally reconstructed radiographs generated from subject-specific computed tomography scans were matched to the biplane radiographs using a validated tracking process. Dynamic kinematics and preoperative disc height were calculated from this tracking process. Preoperative magnetic resonance imagings were evaluated for disc bulge. Patient age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, diabetes, psychiatric history, presence of an inciting event, and length of symptoms were collected. Multivariate linear regression was performed to identify patient factors associated with 1-year postoperative changes in adjacent segment kinematics.

Results.
Sixty-three patients completed preoperative and postoperative testing. Superior adjacent segment disc height and disc bulge predicted the change in superior adjacent segment range of motion after surgery. Inferior adjacent segment disc bulge, smoking history, and the use of psychiatric medications predicted the change in inferior adjacent segment flexion/extension range of motion after surgery.

Conclusions.
Preexisting adjacent segment disc degeneration, as indicated by disc height and disc bulge, was associated with reduced adjacent segment motion after ACDF, while lack of preexisting adjacent disc degeneration was associated with increased adjacent segment motion after ACDF. These findings provide in vivo evidence supporting early instability and late stabilization in the pathophysiology of disc degeneration.
Bile acids and sphingolipids in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Jackson Kaitlyn G. , Way Grayson W. , Zhou Huiping 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the fastest-growing diseases, and its global prevalence is estimated to increase >50% by 2030. NAFLD is comorbid with metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and insulin resistance. Despite extensive research efforts, there are no pharmacologic or biological therapeutics for the treatment of NAFLD. Bile acids and sphingolipids are well-characterized signaling molecules. Over the last few decades, researchers have uncovered potential mechanisms by which bile acids and sphingolipids regulate hepatic lipid metabolism. Dysregulation of bile acid and sphingolipid metabolism has been linked to steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. This clinical observation has been recapitulated in animal models, which are well-accepted by experts in the hepatology field. Recent transcriptomic and lipidomic studies also show that sphingolipids are important players in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. Moreover, the identification of bile acids as activators of sphingolipid-mediated signaling pathways established a novel theory for bile acid and sphingolipid biology. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of bile acid and sphingolipid-mediated signaling pathways as potential contributors to NAFLD. A better understanding of the pathologic effects mediated by bile acids and sphingolipids will facilitate the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for NAFLD.