bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Growth Regulators on Gerbera Daisy
Authors: Armitage A. M. , Hamilton B. M. , Cosgrove D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of 3 growth regulators on the growth and flowering of Gerber jamesonii Hook. f. were evaluated. Two applications of daminozide and ancymidol restricted the height of gerbera, but no response occurred with chlormequat. Ancymidol was more effective than daminozide, especially when applied 6 or 7 weeks after transplanting. Times to visible bud and leaf number were not affected by growth regulator treatments. Plants were more responsive to daminozide when applied 8 weeks after transplanting compared with 5, 6, or 7 weeks.
Growth and Phosphorus Uptake by Tomato Cultivars as Influenced by Phosphorus Concentrations in Soil and Nutrient Solution
Authors: Fontes Paulo C. R. , Wilcox Gerald E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dry weight and P accumulation by tomato cultivars growing in soil and solution were determined. Tomato seedlings, ‘Campbell-37’, ‘Campbell-27’, ‘Jet-Star’, ‘Knox’, and ‘Rutgers’ were grown in a soil solution concentration of 0.62, 3.25, 6.50, 9.75 and 19.38 μm P. Significant growth response for all cultivars was in the concentration range of 0.62 to 6.50 μm P. P uptake increased over the entire P concentration range in soil solution. The plants utilized P more efficiently with a higher dry weight accumulation per mg P absorbed at low P than at high P concentration in soil solution with no differences among the cultivars.
Location of Three Fruit-related Abscission Zones in Peach
Authors: Nelson John B. , Arnold Calvin E. , Aldrich James H. , Anderson Loran C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Anatomical and morphological similarities in flower and fruit development exist among cultivars of peach and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch ‘June Gold’, ‘Harvester’, and ‘ArmKing’] and some other members of Rosaceae. The abscission of peach and nectarine fruit involves events at 3 recognizable zones between the fruit and the stem. Of these 3 zones, the most distal is the most complex and does not form a discrete separation layer. The basal zone is predominant in samples treated with the ethylene releasing compound, CGA-15281 [(2-chloroethyl) methyl-bis (phenlymethoxy) silane]. Mature fruit from untreated plants generally abscise at the most distal zone.
Ripening Behavior of the Green Ripe Tomato Mutant
Authors: Jarret R. L. , Tigchelaar E. C. , Handa A. K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The fruit ripening behavior of the green ripe mutant (Gr) of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was examined. Green ripe fruit are climacteric and evolve increasing amounts of ethylene after harvest; however, the time course for these events is dramatically altered in comparison with ‘Rutgers’. Maximal rates of C2H4 evolution from Gr fruit were achieved 20 days after the initial increase, and 7 to 10 days prior to maximal respiratory rates. Fruit age at harvest did not affect either the rate or the magnitude of these processes. Wavelength scans of pigment extracts from 60 day postharvest Gr fruit indicated low levels of carotenoids. Mutant fruit also remain firm a long time after harvest. Polygalacturonase activity in Gr fruit increases with fruit age, but reaches only 3% to 5% of the total activity in ‘Rutgers’. PG activity was only slightly reduced when extracts were heated to 65°C for 5 min, suggesting that a heat stable isoenzyme of PG is predominant in mature mutant fruit in contrast to ‘Rutgers’ in which 90% to 95% of PG activity in ripe fruit is heat labile under these conditions. When heterozygous, the Gr mutation is dominant in its effects on total PG activity and on the time course from the initiation of C2H4 and respiratory increases to their maximal rates of evolution. The magnitude of other changes in heterozygous mutant fruit was intermediate between normal and homozygous Gr.
Inheritance and Characterization of the Fruit Ripening Mutation in ‘Alcobaca’ Tomato
Authors: Lobo M. , Bassett M. J. , Hannah L. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A single recessive gene was found to be responsible for the abnormal fruit ripening of ‘Alcobaca’ tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). This gene causes a ripening syndrome characterized by attenuated respiratory activity and ethylene production, delayed softening of the fruit, low polygalacturonase (PG) activity, and extended shelf life. Allelism tests showed that the mutant gene of ‘Alcobaca’ is allelic to nor. It is proposed that the symbol norA be used to refer to this mutant. The norA allele is dominant to the nor allele.
Cultivar Differences in Trypsin Inhibitors of Sweet Potato Roots
Authors: Dickey L. F. , Collins Wanda W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cultivar differences in the heat deactivation temperature of trypsin inhibitors in an extract of chopped tissue were examined. In addition, the distribution of trypsin inhibitor activity in the root and existence of different trypsin inhibitor proteins within and among 4 cultivars were investigated. There was a significant cultivar-by-temperature interaction during the heat deactivation test. Activity in ‘Jewel’ was decreased by 50% at a significantly lower temperature (65°C) than the other cultivars (75°) indicating that ‘Jewel’ contains more heat labile trypsin inhibitors. The longitudinal distribution of trypsin inhibitor activity was dependent on the cultivar. All cultivars had increased levels of trypsin inhibitor activity in the proximal or stem end. Sectioning of roots, in order to eliminate high trypsin inhibitor activity, would not be reliable since there is a cultivar-by-section interaction, and the gradients are not large enough to eliminate the majority of trypsin inhibitor activity by removal of one section. The cross-sectional gradient of trypsin inhibitor activity in the roots also depended on the cultivar. There was a high level of trypsin inhibitor activity in the cortical region of all cultivars. The concentration (over 50%) of trypsin inhibitor activity in the cortical area of the root in ‘Jewel’ and ‘Caromex’ could be important when heat deactivating the whole root. Disc-gel electrophoresis revealed that the trypsin inhibitor fraction isolated via affinity chromatography was heterogenous. There were 7 different trypsin inhibitor bands after electrophoresis at pH 8.9 in 7.5% acrylamide gels. The quantitative distribution of these seven trypsin inhibitor proteins differed among cultivars. These different distributions may be responsible for the cultivar differences previously observed.
Litchi Growth and Compositional Changes during Fruit Development
Authors: Pauli Robert E. , Chen Nancy Jung , Deputy Jay , Huang Huibai , Cheng Guiwen , Gao Feifei 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The changes in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) growth and composition were studied in 4 cultivars; ‘Groff’ in Hawaii, and ‘Shui Dong’, ‘Gui Wei’, and ‘Mei selection’ in Guangdong, China. Fruit and aril growth showed a sigmoidal pattern while skin growth was slower and more linear. Aborted seeds in Groff and Gui Wei ceased growth early in the log growth phase. Normal seeded cultivars showed seed growth paralleling skin growth. Skin chlorophyll began to decrease logarithmically soon after the start of fruit growth increase, with anthocyanin production beginning about halfway through the growth period. During the rapid growth period, due principally to an increase in aril tissue, there was an increase in total sugars from 3% to 16%. The cultivars showed slightly different ratios of the 3 sugars identified: sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Titratable acidity was due mainly to succinic and malic acid. This acidity decreased over 2 weeks in the middle of the fruit growth period from 65 meq/100 g to 15 meq/100 g. Succinic acid decreased in the same period from about 350 meq/100 g to 0.4 meq/100 g and remained low for the remaining 40 days of development. Malic acid declined from 75 meq/100 g to 12 meq/100 g, and citric acid remained constant at around 3 meq/100 g. A major portion of the decline in succinic acid was due to dilution. Total phenols were low throughout the growth of the fruit. Mineral uptake into the fruit paralleled fruit growth, with potassium being the major cation.
Calcium and Magnesium Requirements of Ilex crenata ‘Helleri’
Authors: Starr Kevin D. , Wright Robert D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rooted cuttings of Ilex crenata Thunb. ‘Helleri’ were grown in sand culture with varied Ca and Mg levels in a factorial experiment. No increase in total dry weight was achieved by increasing Ca or Mg rates above 5–10 ppm. Necrosis of shoot apices occurred at 0 ppm Ca. The tissue level of Ca required for optimal growth (0.23–0.38%) was lower than has been reported for broadleaf evergreens. In a 2nd experiment with pine bark, Ca was supplied at 0 and 120 ppm and Mg at 0 and 60 ppm. No differences in dry weight due to added Ca and Mg were observed. In a 3rd experiment, the influence of dolomitic limestone (0, 2, 4, and 8 kg m−3) and gypsum (1 and 2 kg m−3), added to pine bark, on Ca and Mg availability over time was determined. The addition of dolomitic limestone increased Ca and Mg in the growing medium solution, but unamended bark supplied both elements in quantities sufficient for growth of I. crenata ‘Helleri’ The addition of gypsum caused a large initial increase in Ca in the growing medium solution, but levels dropped precipitously thereafter.
Level of Endogenous Cytokinins and Auxin in Roots of Nematode Resistant and Susceptible Peach Rootstocks1
Authors: Kochba J. , Samish R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cytokinin and auxin levels were examined in the roots of peach cultivars, resistant (‘Nemaguard’ and ‘Okinawa’) and susceptible (‘Baladi’ and ‘L 198-12’) to the root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. This approach was taken in the light of our earlier finding that this nematode developed and completed its life cycle in seedlings of a resistant cultivar when they were wick-fed with kinetin and 1-naphthylacetic acid (NAA). The cytokinin activity in roots of resistant rootstocks was significantly lower when compared with susceptible rootstocks. Wick-feeding with kinetin and NAA increased cytokinin-like activity in the roots of a resistant rootstock. Significant differences were found in the activity of several basic-ether soluble auxin-like growth promoters.
Transpiration of Antirrhinum majus L. ‘Panama’ as Influenced by Soil Temperature1
Authors: Rutland Rufus B. , Pallas James E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The rate of transpiration of Antirrhinum majus L. ‘Panama’ increased as the daytime temp was increased in the range 20°C to 35°C while vapor pressure deficit (v.p.d.) and night temp were held constant in a controlled environment chamber. Transpiration rates declined when day temp was 20 or 25°C after nights of 15°C, but remained steady during days of 30 or 35°C following 15°C nights. The slower rates of soil warming with 20 and 25°C days after 15°C nights influenced the rate of transpiration by causing early morning wilting and by increasing stomatal resistance (Rs). The decline in transpiration at 20 and 25°C was similar to that observed when soil water suction was increasing and slowing water flow. Total daily transpiration was one-third less when rhizosphere temp was controlled at 10°C in contrast with 25°C when plants were grown in either a gravel-peat-vermiculite medium or nutrient solution. Plants in 25°C soil responded to increasing evaporative demand by increasing transpiration, but those in 10°C soil wilted under even low v.p.d. and transpired at a low rate under any condition tested. The declining rate of transpiration at 20 and 25°C during the day when soil temp was not controlled was due to cold soil.
This work suggests that under glass culture, where wilting can be identified as a result of cold soil, soil heating may be necessary as a preventative treatment.
The Effect of Growth Regulators on Changes in Fruits of ‘Thompson Seedless’ Grapes During Cold Storage1
Authors: Pool R. M. , Weaver R. J. , Kliewer W. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Thompson Seedless’ fruits from vines that received gibberellin or auxin treatment were separated into different maturity classes and stored at 0° for 98 days. Samples were withdrawn at about monthly intervals and soluble solids, total acidity, malic acid, arginine and proline were measured. Fruits with differing soluble solids concn had the same soluble solids content per berry. After 30 days of storage, the soluble solids concn and total acidity of non-GA3 treated fruits began to increase, probably as a result of water loss. Malic acid concn and content increased for 30 days in storage, remained stable for the next 28 days, and then decreased during the remainder of the storage period. The amino acids, arginine and proline, remained relatively constant during the 1st 58 days of storage and then increased greatly both in concn and content.
Quantitative Changes in Ribonucleic Acids of Potato Plants in Response to Photoperiod and Temperature1,2
Authors: Oslund Clayton R. , Li P. H. , Weiser C. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Quantitative changes in 4S, ribosomal and tenaciously bound RNA occurred in response to various combinations of temp and photoperiod. Short days accompanied by low temp (SD/LT) elicited an increase in ribosomal RNA, whereas RNA decreased with time in a long day, high temp (LD/HT) regime. Plants exposed to a LD/HT regime had reduced levels of RNA even after 5 or 9 days of pretreatment in a SD/LT environment. It appears that the quantitative variations of RNA in the SD/LT and LD/HT regimes are due primarily to RNA synthesis rates rather than to changes in ribonuclease activity. Temperature had a marked influence on ribosomal RNA level in potato plants while the response to photoperiod was not as great.
Market Quality of Radishes Stored in Low O2-Atmospheres1
Authors: Lipton Werner J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Oxygen at 1% was optimal for topped red radishes stored at 5 or 10°C because it retarded softening and new root and top growth. At 2.5°, the radishes kept well in air. Roots were injured by 1/2% O2 during 15 days at 10° and by 1/4% O2 during 8 days at 10° or 15 days at 5°. Bacterial decay, surface mold, a purplish discoloration, and off-flavors were symptoms of low-O2 injury. Slowing of deterioration due to low O2 generally persisted during 3 subsequent days in air at 10°, but injuries induced by low O2 intensified in air. Pithiness was independent of O2 concn, but increased during storage at 5 and 10°. The relation between pithiness and translucence is discussed.
One-half and 1/4% O2 inhibited the growth of aerial mycelium of Peronospora parasitica Pers. ex Fr. on radishes with typical black downy mildew lesions.
Effect of Storage Temperatures on the Flowering and Growth of Lilium longiflorum (Thunb.) ‘Ace’1
Authors: Weiler T. C. , Langhans R. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Ace’ Easter lily bulbs received combinations of cold (5°C) and warm (21° or 32°C) storage temp and were subsequently grown in a 21° min temp greenhouse. The cold requirement for flowering was greater if the bulbs were stored at 21° or 32°C. The negating effect of warm storage on flowering was greater if some cold was applied before warm storage clearly indicating that devernalization occurred. Twenty-one degrees was less effective for devernalization than 32°C. Improvements in plant quality (larger numbers of leaves and flowers) after warm storage were not well correlated with devernalization and appeared more a result of growth and leaf initiation during the warm storage treatment.
Effect of Growth Inhibitors on Root-Knot Nematodes in Peach Roots1
Authors: Kochba J. , Samish R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of 7 growth inhibitors on the development of the nematode Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood in the roots of the susceptible peach rootstock ‘Baladi’ was examined. Thiourea, maleic hydrazide, triiodobenzoic acid and Actidione most effectively inhibited gall formation, as well as maturation of nematodes in galls. 7-aza-indole, 2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide and 2,6 diaminopurine were effective in preventing gall formation, but once galls had formed, nematode development was affected less.
Split-Pit of ‘Dixon’ Cling Peaches in Relation to Cultural Factors1
Authors: Claypool L. L. , Uriu K. , Lasker P. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Split-pit of ‘Dixon’ cling peaches was correlated with all 3 variables in a multivariable cultural system study involving differential N applications, irrigations, and crop loads. Any factor that enhanced fruit size contributed to increased split-pit. Fruit size at reference date was more important than fruit size at harvest. In different years fruits of the same size at reference date or at harvest did not necessarily have the same amount of split-pit. Fruit set was more important than other factors in determining fruit size at thinning. Crop load after thinning influenced split-pit where fruit set was moderate; however, where fruit set was light split-pit was severe regardless of thinning and where fruit set was heavy split-pit was of minor concern regardless of thinning. Early thinning accomplished about reference date (10 days after beginning of pit hardening in 80% of fruit) increased split-pit over thinning 2 weeks later. Maintenance of high soil moisture (< 40% used) after reference date increased split-pit over that of less frequently irrigated plots. Manipulation of cultural factors cannot satisfactorily control split-pit, but may considerably influence its occurrence.
Response of Peaches to Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide as an Aid in Mechanical Harvesting1,2
Authors: Gambrell C. E. , Sims E. T. , Stembridge G. E. , Rhodes W. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
SADH, applied as postbloom sprays to 9 peach cultivars in a series of experiments from 1964 to 1969, accelerated maturation and reduced the number of pickings required for most cultivars. Although SADH did not affect the number of fruits per tree, yield, or fruit size, it advanced the maturity date of ‘Ranger’ as much as a week; that of ‘Blake’ 4 days. ‘Cardinal’, an early cultivar, was not noticeably affected by SADH applied at different stages of development. SADH caused fruit to abscise more readily from the stem and left less fruit remaining on the trees when harvested mechanically. SADH had no detrimental influence on ‘Redglobe’ peaches stored at 50°F for 3 weeks. These effects support the feasibility of using SADH as an aid in mechanically harvesting freestone peaches intended for fresh market.
Nitrate Reductase Activity in the Leaves of the Highbush Blueberry and Other Plants1
Authors: Dirr Michael A. , Barker Allen V. , Maynard Donald N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A tissue infusion method was used to demonstrate nitrate reductase activity in the leaves of Vaccinium corymbosum L. grown with 3 N sources and in 2 pH regimes. Activity was not detectable by the extraction and assay of homogenized leaves of Kalmia latifolia L., Leucothoe catesbaei Gray, Malus sylvestris Mill., Pieris japonica D. Don., and Rhododendron catawbiense Michx. or in the roots of Leucothoe and Zea mays L., but it was detectable in both leaves and roots by the tissue infusion method.
Effect of Controlled-Release Nitrogen Fertilizers on Yield and Nitrogen Absorption by Potatoes, Cantaloupes, and Tomatoes1
Authors: Lorenz O. A. , Weir B. L. , Bishop J. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In field studies with potatoes, cantaloupes, and tomatoes, using N sources banded in the soil, highest yields were obtained with (NH4)2SO4. Yields with urea-formaldehyde and sulfur-coated urea were similar to each other, and less than those from urea. Nitrogen absorption, as determined by NO3- concn in the petiolar tissue or total N absorption by the entire plant, was in the same sequence as yields. Controlled-release fertilizers did not increase N absorption during late growth. About 90% of the N from (NH4)2SO4 and urea had nitrified and leached from the fertilizer band within 40 days after application. In contrast, about half of the N from urea-formaldehyde remained in the fertilizer band 120 days after application.
Cytoplasmically Inherited Male Sterility Characters and Flavor Components from the Species Cross Brassica nigra (L) Koch x B. oleracea L.1
Authors: Pearson O. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
F1 plants of Brassica nigra (L) Koch (black mustard) ♀ х B. oleracea L. (broccoli) ♂ were treated with colchicine to produce the amphidiploid (4n) and reduced to the diploid level (2n) by repeated backcrosses with broccoli pollen, thus placing the B. oleracea genome in B. nigra cytoplasm. These progenies after the third backcross were identical with broccoli in appearance but were different in their content of sulfur oils (isothiocyanates) and therefore had a different flavor, cooked or raw. Reciprocal crosses showed maternal inheritance. It is proposed that types developed from this material containing B. nigra cytoplasm be identified by the addition of “n” to the type name, as “broccolin”.
From outcrosses of these early generations by cabbage, two cytoplasmically inherited male sterility systems have been isolated which are expressed only in nigra cytoplasm. A petaloid sterility in which the stamens are transformed to petals or carpels with absence of nectaries is conditioned by a single recessive gene p. Petaloid plants are Npp. Maintainer lines (Opp) for this have been isolated from cabbage and marrow-stem kale.
Vestigial anther sterility (vs) in which the anthers remain rudimentary, does not cause other flower abnormality, including nectary formation, and seed is set freely. Vestigial plants are only tentatively considered as N vs vs because its manner of inheritance is not yet clear. Preliminary evidence suggests that p is epistatic to vs, and that either can be transferred to other stocks.
A highly fertile vigorous B. carinata A. Br. (n=17) amphidiploid was isolated in the second generation.
The Influence of Environmental and Morphological Factors on Chemical Pinching of Greenhouse Azaleas1
Authors: Carr Lawson H. , Lindstrom Richard S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of environmental and morphological factors on chemical pinching of greenhouse azaleas with methyl esters of fatty acids (C6 - C12) was investigated. No air movement around the plants, following treatment, induced more bud necrosis than air movement; but the trends were not consistent within monthly treatments between cultivars or within a cultivar from month-to-month. Plants pre-conditioned at night/day (N/D) temp of 10/15.5°C from 1-7 days were found to have a greater response to the chemical pinching than when pre-conditioned at high temp at 26.6/32.2°C (N/D). The age of the terminal shoot influenced the response to the pinching agent. Plants with shoots 4 to 6 weeks of age were more sensitive to chemical pinching than those with 3,7, and 8 week shoots. Low relative humidity (RH 30%) and low temp (10/15.5°C, N/D) resulted in increased bud necrosis when compared with 60 and 90% RH at high temp (26.6/32.2°C, N/D).
Respiratory Heat Production of Vegetables During Refrigerated Storage1
Authors: van den Berg L. , Lentz C. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Measurements of the respiratory heat production of potatoes, carrots, cabbage, celery, onions, parsnips and rutabagas at 0°C (32°F), 5°C (41°F) and 16°C (61°F) after 1 to 2 and 4 to 6 months of refrigerated storage showed that heat of respiration generally increased with temp (Q10 values generally between 2 and 4), except for some cultivars of potatoes early during storage. Heat of respiration generally decreased with storage time for carrots and parsnips at all temp and for potatoes at 5°C; for the other vegetables it tended to increase with storage time, particularly at 16°C. The rates of heat production were in many instances substantially lower than often used published values for several kinds of vegetables.