bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
mOWL: Python library for machine learning with biomedical ontologies
Authors: Zhapa-Camacho Fernando , Kulmanov Maxat , Hoehndorf Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Motivation
Ontologies contain formal and structured information about a domain and are widely used in bioinformatics for annotation and integration of data. Several methods use ontologies to provide background knowledge in machine learning tasks, which is of particular importance in bioinformatics. These methods rely on a set of common primitives that are not readily available in a software library; a library providing these primitives would facilitate the use of current machine learning methods with ontologies and the development of novel methods for other ontology-based biomedical applications.

Results
We developed mOWL, a Python library for machine learning with ontologies formalized in the Web Ontology Language (OWL). mOWL implements ontology embedding methods that map information contained in formal knowledge bases and ontologies into vector spaces while preserving some of the properties and relations in ontologies, as well as methods to use these embeddings for similarity computation, deductive inference and zero-shot learning. We demonstrate mOWL on the knowledge-based prediction of protein–protein interactions using the gene ontology and gene–disease associations using phenotype ontologies.

Availability and implementation
mOWL is freely available on https://github.com/bio-ontology-research-group/mowl and as a Python package in PyPi.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Representation matters: a call for inclusivity and equity in heart failure clinical trials
Authors: Reza Nosheen , Nayak Aditi , Lewsey Sabra C , DeFilippis Ersilia M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The burden of heart failure remains substantial worldwide, and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) affects approximately half of this population. Despite this global prevalence of HFrEF, the majority of contemporary clinical trials in HFrEF have underenrolled individuals from minoritized sex, gender, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic groups. Moreover, significant disparities in access to HFrEF treatment and outcomes exist across these same strata. We provide a call to action for the inclusion of diverse populations in HFrEF clinical trials; catalogue several barriers to adequate representation in HFrEF clinical trials; and propose strategies to broaden inclusivity in future HFrEF trials.
Creativity in continuity: legal treatises (al-rasāʾil al-fiqhiyya) in Islamic law
Authors: Ayoub Samy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This article explores how legal treatises (rasāʾil) were essential sites for the development and expansion of Islamic legal schools’ (madhāhib) positions. The rasāʾil, along with legal dicta (fatāwā)—besides legal commentaries (shurūḥ) and manuals (mutūn)—were among the prime loci where jurists contended with rapid social, political, and economic changes. Although these legal treatises were written to address specific sociolegal issues, I argue that the treatise—as a separate genre—provided a creative space for jurists to reaffirm, restate, or advance a new opinion in the school. These legal treatises were carefully considered and extensively referenced in the authoritative works of the school for their updated legal positions, practical utility for judges in courts, and relevance for official policy purposes. To demonstrate this dynamic, I present a close reading of two legal treatises by Maḥmūd Efendī al-Ḥamzāwī (d. 1887), a key Ḥanafī authority and judge, and the muftī of Damascus (1867–1887). The first covers the issue of criminal law procedures in Islamic/Ottoman courts and the second addresses the topic of hunting with rifles. Both treatises expanded the legal positions of the Ḥanafī school by incorporating new justifications, qualifications, and information. They offer an essential perspective on the status of this genre of legal writing through an exposition of a range of emerging issues in the late nineteenth century.
Pembrolizumab or pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus standard of care chemotherapy in patients with advanced gastric or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma: Asian subgroup analysis of KEYNOTE-062
Authors: Satake Hironaga , Lee Keun-Wook , Chung Hyun Cheol , Lee Jeeyun , Yamaguchi Kensei , Chen Jen-Shi , Yoshikawa Takaki , Amagai Kenji , Yeh Kun-Huei , Goto Masahiro , Chao Yee , Lam Ka-On , Han Shi Rong , Shiratori Shinichi , Shah Sukrut , Shitara Kohei 
Published: December 2022

AbstractObjectiveFirst-line pembrolizumab with/without chemotherapy versus chemotherapy was evaluated in programmed death ligand 1 combined positive score ≥1, locally advanced/unresectable or metastatic gastric cancer/gastrooesophageal junction cancer in the KEYNOTE-062 study. We present results for patients enrolled in Asia.MethodsEligible patients were randomly assigned 1:1:1 to pembrolizumab 200 mg, pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy (cisplatin + 5-fluorouracil or capecitabine) or placebo plus chemotherapy Q3W. End points included overall survival (primary) in combined positive score ≥1 and combined positive score ≥10 populations and safety and tolerability (secondary).ResultsA total of 187 patients were enrolled in Asia (pembrolizumab, n = 62; pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy, n = 64; chemotherapy, n = 61). Compared with the global population, higher proportions of patients had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0 and a diagnosis of stomach cancer. In the programmed death ligand 1 combined positive score ≥1 population, median overall survival was numerically longer with pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy (22.7 vs 13.8 months; hazard ratio, 0.54; 95% confidence interval, 0.35–0.82) and pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy (16.5 vs 13.8 months; hazard ratio, 0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.53–1.16). In the programmed death ligand 1 combined positive score ≥10 population, median overall survival was also numerically longer with pembrolizumab versus chemotherapy (28.5 vs 14.8 months; hazard ratio, 0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.21–0.89) and pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy (17.5 vs 14.8 months; hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% confidence interval, 0.45–1.64). The grade 3–5 treatment-related adverse event rate was 19.4%, 75.8% and 64.9% for patients receiving pembrolizumab, pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy and chemotherapy, respectively.ConclusionsThis post hoc analysis showed pembrolizumab monotherapy was associated with numerically improved overall survival and a favourable tolerability profile versus chemotherapy in Asians with programmed death ligand 1–positive advanced gastric cancer/gastrooesophageal junction cancer.This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02494583.
Sikh Digital Media
Authors: Singh Jasjit 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the emergence and impact of Sikh digital media through an exploration of the Sikh tradition online. Defining “Sikh digital media” as “digital media established by Sikhs that focuses on ideologies, meanings, issues, and practices relating to Sikhs,” it explores the development of Sikh digital media in the context of the social and political environments in which Sikhs find themselves. Furthermore, the chapter examines how and why Sikhs interact with digital media and how these interactions shape contemporary Sikh belief and practice. By examining how the status of Sikhs as a distinct visible minority with a widespread diaspora influences their engagement with digital media, this chapter contributes to scholarship on digital religion by exploring how digital media is being used to curate culture, to facilitate activism and to challenge media representations of the Sikh tradition.
Religion and Online Community in African Contexts
Authors: Musa Bala A. , Lando Agnes Lucy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spirituality and religion define the African worldview and lifeworld. From time immemorial, community and religion have been the driving forces that have shaped African culture. This chapter looks at how new media communications interface with religion and community. The chapter examines how cybermedia both strengthens and threatens these critical foundations of Africa’s communal religions and religious communalism. It critiques technological and cultural determinism and indeterminism in relation to religion and online community in Africa. The questions that emerge include who sets the agenda and ethos for the online faith community or communities, when interactions, leadership structures and focal points are diffused and decentered? Others include what elements of religion in the online environment are liberating, empowering, helpful, or detrimental to the mission of faith communities. The chapter proposes ways to balance enduring core values of community with the instrumentality and novelty of worshipping under the “glocal” electronic tent.
Defensive Social Rights
Authors: Dixon Rosalind , Landau David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of social rights defensively: as shields to protect existing entitlements rather than as swords to create new ones. Social rights are commonly used as shields by individuals, to protect against evictions or to stop a wide range of cuts to social programs and benefits such as water, social security, and even taxes. Social rights are also used as shields by the state, both explicitly to defend social programs against attacks based on other rights such as property, and implicitly to ward off international pressure for austerity measures during economic crisis. Defensive protection of social rights and interests is more varied than offensive enforcement, involving a wide range of doctrines including not only non-retrogression but also due process, the minimum core, proportionality, equality, and acquired rights. Defensive protection responds to important values of individual dignity and state sovereignty, but raises risks of overenforcement, especially to the fiscal health of the state and its relationship to external actors. The chapter argues that improvements to a fragmented doctrinal landscape are needed to mediate the tension between the burdens on those impacted by cuts or alterations, and the justifications prompting those actions.
From Brāhmi to Early Kannada
Authors: Settar S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The scripts of the languages of India, including Kannada, have their origin in Aśōkan Brāhmi. This chapter draws on inscriptions of the period from the third century bce to around the fifth century ce found in Karnataka (Minor and Major Rock Edicts, and copper plates) to illuminate the world of the scribes and their contribution to literacy, and the gradual coopting of the Brāhmi script by local languages other than Prākr̥t after an initial phase of Prākr̥t-Brāhmi dominance. The Early Kannada script unseats the Brāhmi even as Prākr̥t makes way for Sanskrit and Early Old Kannada, the precursor to Old Kannada.
Beyond Land as Property
Authors: Ojeda Diana 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Land and its relation to power remain central issues when we are seeking to better understand—and face—current social and environmental crises. This chapter takes a close look at particular formations of land as property, examining their relations to processes of state-making and revealing the inequality and violence that these engender. Using examples from the contemporary agrarian history of Montes de María, a region in the north of Colombia, the chapter argues that such inequality and violence are profoundly shaped by gender even as they result in long-lasting gendered exclusions. Moreover, it suggests the need to further study the relation between land and power, beyond what property relations make legible.
Land in the Anarchist Tradition
Authors: Grubačić Andrej , Gerber Julien-François , Rilović Andro 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter proposes an anarchist lens to look at the land question. The slogan “Land and Liberty” has been used by many anarchistic movements throughout history to convey the basic message that democratic control over land is a necessary condition for the construction of a free society. Injustice creeps in whenever resource ownership and human needs do not match. In response, anarchistic movements have promoted a variety of institutional arrangements based on usufruct and democratic self-management, two notions that are key anarchist contributions to the land question. In the anarchist sense, usufruct implies reunifying ownership and political deliberation, and therefore abolishing “the economy” as an independent domain of existence. The chapter is divided into three parts. It first briefly explores what some of the main anarchist theorists have said about land and ownership. It then presents three examples, historical and contemporary, of anarchistic organizing around land: the agrarian communes of Makhnovshchina, the Spanish revolution, and the agrarian economy of Zapatismo. Finally, the chapter discusses land in eco-anarchism, with special reference to Murray Bookchin’s work, and in the contemporary degrowth movement.
Stratification Trees for Adaptive Randomisation in Randomised Controlled Trials
Authors: Tabord-Meehan Max 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper proposes an adaptive randomisation procedure for two-stage randomised controlled trials. The method uses data from a first-wave experiment in order to determine how to stratify in a second wave of the experiment, where the objective is to minimise the variance of an estimator for the average treatment effect. We consider selection from a class of stratified randomisation procedures which we call stratification trees: these are procedures whose strata can be represented as decision trees, with differing treatment assignment probabilities across strata. By using the first wave to estimate a stratification tree, we simultaneously select which covariates to use for stratification, how to stratify over these covariates, and the assignment probabilities within these strata. Our main result shows that using this randomisation procedure with an appropriate estimator results in an asymptotic variance which is minimal in the class of stratification trees. Moreover, our results are able to accommodate a large class of assignment mechanisms within strata, including stratified block randomisation. In a simulation study, we find that our method, paired with an appropriate cross-validation procedure, can improve on ad-hoc choices of stratification. We conclude by applying our method to the study in Karlan and Wood (2017, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, vol. 66, 1–8), where we estimate stratification trees using the first wave of their experiment.
The paternalist politics of punitive and enabling workfare: evidence from a new dataset on workfare reforms in 16 countries, 1980–2015
Authors: Horn Alexander , Kevins Anthony , van Kersbergen Kees 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Does neoliberalism lie behind the increased use of social policy to control and incentivize labour market behaviour? We argue that this assumed connection is theoretically weak and empirically inaccurate, and we point to an alternative explanation centred on government paternalism. Using a new comparative dataset on workfare reforms, we first describe how the overall balance of punitive and enabling demands placed on the unemployed has changed across 16 countries between 1980 and 2015. We observe a growing number of workfare reforms, modestly tilted towards the punitive side—but without a broad shift towards punitive workfare. We then assess the drivers of policy intervention, finding that government paternalism, rather than neoliberalism, helps us to understand which governments enact enabling and punitive measures. In line with our broader argument, we suggest that this reflects the moral (rather than economic) foundations of social policy.
Bony Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: Akhavan Arya Andre , Catterall Lauren Christina , Deune Eagen Gene 
Published: December 2022

Background
Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a rare but known complication of brain and nerve trauma, orthopedic trauma, and burns. Nerve compression due to HO is extremely rare; “bony cubital tunnel syndrome,” or compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow due to HO, is an unusual presentation that requires special considerations for treatment.

Case Presentation
We present a 50-year-old man who presented to our hospital after vehicular polytrauma with associated car fire and prolonged extrication. He experienced extensive trauma, with all classically described risks for HO. He developed bony cubital tunnel syndrome, with ulnar neuropathy confirmed on electrodiagnostic studies, and underwent surgical decompression. Surgical decompression revealed circumferential encasement of the ulnar nerve in heterotopic bone, all of which was removed. He demonstrates appropriate recovery of nerve function.

Literature Review
All perineural HO should be excised early to prevent nerve injury, because excision within 4 months of development is linked to improved functional outcomes. Measures to prevent nerve compression by HO are all associated with delayed wound or bone healing and should be considered on an individual basis.
Proceedings from the 2022 Consensus Conference to Implement Optimal Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis in Trauma
Authors: Haut Elliott R. , Byrne James P. , Price Michelle A. , Bixby Pamela , Bulger Eileen M. , Lake Leslie , Costantini Todd 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT
On May 4 and 5, 2022, a meeting of multidisciplinary stakeholders in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) after trauma was convened by the Coalition for National Trauma Research, funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute of the National Institutes of Health, and hosted by the American College of Surgeons in Chicago, Illinois. This consensus conference gathered more than 40 in-person and 80 virtual attendees, including trauma surgeons, other physicians, thrombosis experts, nurses, pharmacists, researchers, and patient advocates. The objectives of the meeting were twofold: (1) to review and summarize the present state of the scientific evidence regarding VTE prevention strategies in injured patients and (2) to develop consensus on future priorities in VTE prevention implementation and research gaps.
To achieve these objectives, the first part of the conference consisted of talks from physician leaders, researchers, clinical champions, and patient advocates to summarize the current state of knowledge of VTE pathogenesis and prevention in patients with major injury. Video recordings of all talks and accompanying slides are freely available on the conference website (https://www.nattrauma.org/research/research-policies-templates-guidelines/vte-conference/). Following this curriculum, the second part of the conference consisted of a series of small-group breakout sessions on topics potentially requiring future study. Through this process, research priorities were identified, and plans of action to develop and undertake future studies were defined.
The 2022 Consensus Conference to Implement Optimal VTE Prophylaxis in Trauma answered the National Trauma Research Action Plan call to define a course for future research into preventing thromboembolism after trauma. A multidisciplinary group of clinical champions, physicians, scientists, and patients delineated clear objectives for future investigation to address important, persistent key knowledge gaps. The series of papers from the conference outlines the consensus based on the current literature and a roadmap for research to answer these unanswered questions.
Epidemiological impact of the paediatric live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) programme on group AStreptococcus(GAS) infections in England
Authors: Sinnathamby Mary A , Warburton Fiona , Guy Rebecca , Andrews Nick , Lamagni Theresa , Watson Conall , Bernal Jamie Lopez 
Published: December 2022

AbstractInfluenza is known to predispose to secondary bacterial infections including group A streptococcal infection (GAS) and invasive (iGAS) disease.The universal paediatric live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) programme was introduced in England during the 2013/14 influenza season to directly protect children as well as indirectly protect the wider population through reduction in transmission. Nationally, the programme was implemented incrementally introducing cohorts of children from pre-school age to school age children year on year towards 2 to 16 year old coverage. In addition, a series of discrete geographical areas (pilot areas) offered LAIV vaccination to all primary school age children, allowing for a unique assessment and comparison of infection rates between pilot and non-pilot areas during roll-out.Overall reductions in incidence rates of GAS and scarlet fever were observed within most of post-LAIV programme seasons when assessing the impact of the LAIV programme among the targeted (2 to 4 years and 5 to 10 years) and non-targeted groups using incidence rate ratios (IRRs) from Poisson regressions.We assessed the overall effect of the pilot programme between the pre-introduction (2010/11-2012/13 influenza seasons) and post-introduction (2013/14-2016/17 influenza) periods using negative binomial regression by comparing the pre-to -post programme changes in incidence between the pilot and non-pilot areas (rIRR = ratio of incidence rate ratios). This showed significant reductions among the 5 to 10 years (rIRR of 0.57 (95% CI: 0.45 to 0.71; p-value: <0.001)); the 2 to 4 years (rIRR of 0.62 (95% CI:0.43 to 0.90; p-value: 0.011)) and the 11 to 16 years (rIRR of 0.63 (95% CI: 0.43 to 0.90; p-value: 0.018)) for GAS infections. A non-significant reduction was also seen for iGAS in 2-4 year olds (rIRR of 0.58 (95% CI: 0.21 to 1.65; p-value=0.31)). No difference was seen for iGAS 5 to 10 year olds, or for scarlet fever in both age groups (rIRRs (95% CI) of 1.1 (0.34-3.6), 0.96 (0.66-1.39), 1.16 (0.75-1.81) for iGAS age 5 to 10, scarlet fever age 2 to 4 and 5 to 10, respectively).Our findings are compatible with the paediatric LAIV programme reducing the incidence of GAS and iGAS infections among children and support attaining high uptake of childhood influenza vaccination.