bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
392 Young Scholar Award Talk: Strategies to Maintain Nutrient Intake, Reduce Weight Loss, and Improve Livability in Newly Weaned Pigs
Authors: Wensley Madie R , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Gebhardt Jordan T , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Low feed consumption immediately after weaning disrupts nutrient intake and results in what is commonly known as a post-weaning growth check. While most pigs recover from this initial reduction in feed intake (FI), some pigs fail to successfully transition, leading to morbidity and mortality. Several pre- and post-weaning strategies have been suggested to improve post-weaning FI; however, as nursery pig mortality continues to increase across the industry there is need to optimize current intervention and management practices. Hence, we conducted 10 different experiments using 17,290 pigs. The first series of experiments evaluated the effect of mat, gruel, or creep feeding on nursery pig growth performance, morbidity, and mortality. Different sensory attractants offered pre- and post-weaning on the FI and body weight loss of nursery pigs after weaning were also assessed. Lastly, research evaluating the metabolic status of pigs when removed from general population pens was conducted which then expanded to research comparing sire lines with different growth curves to better understand the stress response of pigs post-weaning and the impacts on intestinal permeability, FI, and lifetime performance. Implementation of these strategies had limited effects on nursery pig growth performance; however, did show we can successfully reduce the percentage of pigs that lose weight after weaning, which may influence lifetime growth and removal rates. Specifically, creep and mat feeding can be used to reduce morbidity and mortality in the nursery. Nonetheless, attempts to maintain FI has minimal effects compared to genetic selection. Late maturing lines significantly reduced early nursery FI and growth compared with early maturing genotypes. In summary, nursery pig research needs to look beyond growth performance and focus on the behavior and health by nutrition interaction of pigs after weaning in order to continue identifying strategies to maintain continuity of nutrient intake and improve livability.
PSXIII-9 Is There any Relationship between Water Intake and THI in a Brazilian Experimental Feedlot Under Tropical Conditions?
Authors: Garcia Matheus , Mendonca Filipe , Carlis Matheus , Afonso Rafael , Nuñez Amoracyr , Junior Paulo Bortoleto , Viana Vitor , Lanna Dante 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Temperature-humidity Index (THI) is an important stress marker. Furthermore, in tropical areas such as Brazil, even zebu cattle might suffer some heat stress. Therefore, for 50 days (summer and fall seasons) in a research feedlot center in southeast of Brazil data were collected regarding THI as well as water intake by INTERGADO water drinker system, that can measure water intake through a wireless technology. This equipment has a scale which measure the water intake. The methods of this trial were by collecting data from 40 Nelore cattle for 50 days. Thereafter, each day was measured the average intake among those animals. The THI was measured following the model purposed by Steadman (1979). Thus, a model was carried out by SAS using GLM as well as ANOVA to predict the best model between these 2 parameters. However, there was not any significance between those 2 parameters. The best slope was a cubic model. The R2 of this slope was only 0.016. The equation had been, Water Intake= 368.77xTHI+5.27*THI2- 0.025xTHI3 + 8618.53 (n=50). Although, there are evidence that THI may impact animal stress and performance. THI seems not to be a good predictor related to Water Intake. One of the reasons for this must be the THI average throughout this experiment =70.3 ± 5.36 and water intake average = 27.92 ±5.66. Whereas some authors, recommend only alert and several heat stress with THI outcomes greater than 75 (Hahn et al., 2009; Herbut et al; 2018). Hence, in that the environment was not warm enough. In other words, it did not lead the animals to a real heat stress condition. Therefore, more data with greater THI in tropical conditions with beef cattle water intake measurements must be evaluated. We concluded that THI and water intake were not related, and more data should be provided to enhance this prediction.
PSXIII-4 Effects of Keel Bone Fracture on Behavioral Fear Responses of Laying Hens in the Late Laying Period
Authors: Zhang Runxiang , Yang Kaiqi , Yu Hanlin , Bao Jun 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Keel bone fracture (KBF) of laying hens has become one of the important welfare problems for health and production performance. The present study aimed to assess the fear responses in native breed of Lindian chickens and commercial Hyline Brown laying hens with and without KBF at the late laying period. At their 56-week-age, a total of 76 Hyline Brown hens and 80 Lindian hens selected from furnished cages were housed individually in battery cages. The laying hens were divided into normal group and keel fracture group. The fear tests, including tonic immobility tests (TI), open field tests (OFT), and startle reflex tests (SRT) were measured sequentially. The fractured laying hens from two breed had significant elevated duration time in the TI test than that of normal laying hens (P &lt; 0.05). In OFT test, the number of grids, steps, and time spent in the outer ring of fractured Lindian hens were significantly less than those of normal hens (P &lt; 0.05), and the time spent in the inner ring was significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05). The movement latency and the time spent in the inner circle of fractured Hyline Brown hens were significantly greater than those of normal hens (P &lt; 0.05), but the number of grids and steps passed and the time spent in the outer ring were significantly less than those of normal hens (P &lt; 0.05). There was no significant difference in call latency and total call between fractured and normal hens of Lindian and Hyline Brown strain (P &gt; 0.05). The total score of startle reflex of Lindian hens with keel fracture was significantly less than that of normal laying hens (P &lt; 0.05). Therefore, keel fracture reduced the welfare of laying hens in the later stage of laying by affecting their behavioral fear responses.
PSXII-8 Gaussian Kernel Based on Geographic Information to Model Farm Effects in Genetic Evaluation of Pasture-Raised Beef Cattle
Authors: Santana Talita E Zunino , Veroneze Renata , Carvalho Alves Anderson A , Menezes Gilberto R O , Rosa Guilherme J J M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The notion of contemporary groups (CG) is routinely used in beef cattle breeding programs for adjusting phenotypic observations for environmental effects. Although CG include the effect of farms, they do not allow information borrowing across farms as the CG are generally modeled either as fixed effects or as statistically independent random effects. Nonetheless, farms that are located closer to each other may share similarities in terms of climate as well as soil and forage quality. We proposed a Gaussian kernel approach to model farm effects based on their geographical position. The data consisted of 487,905 yearling weight observations of Nellore cattle from 394 farms located throughout Brazil and a pedigree file with 868,003 animals from the Embrapa-Geneplus Breeding Program. The benchmark model (M0) included the fixed effects of sex, age (linear covariate), and season at measurement, as well as direct genetic and residual effects as random, independently distributed with variance Aσ a2 and Iσ e2, respectively, where A is the numerator relationship matrix. From the M0, three models were analyzed using REML/BLUP method. M1, M2, and M3 included, respectively, the farm effect as fixed, as independent-random, and correlated-random using a Gaussian kernel with different bandwidths (h; ranging from 0.05 to 10). The AIC was used to compare the models’ goodness-of-fit. The incorporation of farm as a random effect had a negative impact on the overall fit and, consequently, the M2 and M3 presented the largest AIC (5,159,839, and 5,159,838, respectively). The M3 presented the best fit using h equal to 0.05. For this model, when the h value was increased (values close to one off-diagonal), the model fit was proportionally penalized. No gain was achieved with the correlated farm effect because a more informative kernel may have resulted in multi-collinearity issues. In the best model (M1, AIC= 2,555,877) the estimated genetic and residual variance were equal to 391.5, and 1,586 kg2, respectively.
PSXV-1 Genetic Variants of the Ghrelin, Ghsr1a, Mboat4 and NPY Genes Related to Feed Efficiency Traits and Ghrelin Plasma Concentration in Hampshire Lambs
Authors: Pérez-Álvarez José G , Jahuey-Martínez Francisco J , Martínez-Quintana José A , Sifuentes-Rincón Ana M , Aguilar-Palma Guadalupe N , Paredes Sánchez Francisco A A , Domínguez-Viveros Joel , Rodríguez-Almeida Felipe A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Reports in the literature suggest that a transient surge of ghrelin secretion (TSGS) just before a scheduled meal may be triggered by an appetite mechanism. Also, it is known that circulating ghrelin concentrations fluctuate relative to nutritional status and influence feeding behavior. The aim of the present study was to search for genetic variants in five selected genes (GHRL, GHSR1a, MBOAT4, NPY and AgRP) within the ghrelin gene (GHRL) interaction network. gDNA was extracted from the six highest- and six lowest-RFI Hampshire non-castrated male lambs, out of a total of 25 lambs in a 56-d GrowSafe SystemsÒ feeding trial and the complete genes were amplified by PCR. Libraries were prepared and sequenced in the ILLUMINA platform MiniSeq Sequencing System. Variations were identified using the genomic variant call format (GVCF) workflow with HaplotypeCaller using the reference genome oviAri 4 - Oar_v4 (GCA_000298732.2). One hundred and ninety-two SNPs were found in the five analyzed genes. Most of them had been reported in the SNPs data base. Linear models including each SNP genotype at a time as fixed effects, in addition to ADG and mid test metabolic body weight as covariates for some variables, were adjusted. Forty-three of these SNPs had different genotype frequencies in the two RFI groups, and appear to be associated (p &lt; 0.05) with traits such as RFI, feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FC) and ghrelin hormone concentration in plasma (GHRL) at the TSGS; especially SNPs rs399405301, rs421869734, rs604106535, rs417836509, rs600356564, rs590893697 at the MBOAT4 gene which resulted highly significant (p &lt; 0.01) for RFI and GHRL. The SNP rs423156356 at the GHSR1a gene was highly significant (p &lt; 0.01) for FI and FC. These SNPs (Table 1) have the potential to be used as genetic markers for improvement of feed efficiency in Hampshire sheep, but validation on a larger sample deserves further research efforts.
PSXV-2 Genome-Wide Association and Gene Network Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition in Beef from Brangus Cattle
Authors: Rodriguez Eduardo E , Mateescu Raluca 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Beef is high in key nutrients; however, it is often perceived as unhealthy because of its high fat content, particularly its saturated fat. The fat content of beef is controlled by multiple genetic factors and impacts meat quality traits. The objectives of this study were to 1) characterize the natural variation in fatty acid (FA) composition of Bos taurus indicus influenced beef cattle, 2) estimate phenotypic and genetic correlations of FA composition with carcass and meat quality traits, 3) use genome-wide association (GWAS) to identify genes with the greatest effect on FA composition, and 4) use gene network analysis to identify genes with small effects on FA content. The following traits were recorded on 1,066 Brangus steer: carcass weight (kg; 373 ± 36.3); marbling (436 ± 84.2); quality grade; back fat (cm; 1.6 ± 0.6); ribeye area (cm2; 83.3 ± 9.5); yield grade (3.2 ± 0.9); Warner-Bratzler shear force (kg; 5.1 ± 1.0); and 27 FA [saturated (%; 47.6 ± 3.1), monounsaturated (%; 46.3 ± 3.5), and polyunsaturated (%; 6.1 ± 2.0)]. Carcass traits had weak beneficial correlations to FA composition suggesting the possibility to manage or select for beef with less saturated fat without negatively impacting meat quality. GWAS identified four QTL and gene network analysis identified 177 genes related to lipid storage, transportation, and modification.
PSXV-21 Transcriptome Analysis of Chicken Reveals the Impact of Herpesvirus of Turkeys on Bursa RNA Expression in Marek’s Disease Virus Infections
Authors: Wang Junjian , Hicks Julie , Jiang Jicai , Liu Hsiao-Ching 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Marek’s disease virus (MDV) is an oncogenic herpesvirus that causes various clinical syndromes in chicken. MDV early infection induces a transient immunosuppression and harbored in B cells of the bursa during the cytolysis phase of its replication cycle. One of the most commonly used commercial vaccines is Herpesvirus of Turkeys (HVT), which is a nonpathogenic virus of domestic turkey and may influence the expression of RNA. The aim of this study is to characterize the regulation of bursa gene in MDV infections and the impact of HVT vaccination on RNA expression in MDV-infected chickens. We used RNA-seq on the bursa samples to compare the transcriptome differences among MDV-infected chickens, HVT-infected chickens, co-infected chickens and uninfected control groups at 4, 7, 14 and 21 days post infection. Meanwhile, we also compared the expression at three different time points to examine alterations in the expression pattern. The result of differential gene expression showed that 14 days post infection might be the point in time when HVT worked. At false discovery (FDR) &lt; 0.05 and fold change (FC) ≥2, we found 745, 218 and 76 genes in MDV-infected chickens, HVT-infected chickens and co-infected chickens respectively as differentially expressed compared with control group and 713 genes between MDV-infected chickens and co-infected chickens at 14 dpi. KEGG and GO enrichment analysis showed that these genes were highly enriched for Lysosome, immune response, inflammatory response, plasma membrane and so on. Overall, these findings help to better understand host-pathogen interaction in the bursa and elucidate the mechanism how HVT contribute to resist MDV. Further investigation of the roles of these candidate genes and signaling pathways in the regulation of MDV-HVT interaction may lead new directions for the development of drugs or cultivation of highly MDV resistant chickens.
PSX-B-15 Effects of Different Combinations of Selenium-Enrich Total Mixed Ration on Growth Performance, Slaughter Performance and Antioxidant Performance of Weaned Lambs
Authors: Chen Xiaofei , Zhu Yunfen , Qu Yong , Xiang Jiqian , Xie Junhui , Wang Guogui , Li Rong , Tan Dejun , Ma Jin , Lei Xingen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Objective: The experiment was conducted to study the effects of different combinations of cottonseed meal and soybean meal on growth performance, slaughter performance and antioxidant performance of Enshi weaned lamb under selenium enriched background, which was to provide reference for lamb production. Method: A total of 72 weaned lambs of 75-day-old were randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates per group and 6 lambs per replicate. These four groups were soybean meal group (SM), cottonseed meal group (CM), soybean meal & cottonseed meal group (SCM, SM/CM=1:1) and fermented cottonseed meal group (FCM). The total mixed ration was made according to concentrate: forage ratio (7:3). The experiment lasted for 90 d. At the end of the experiment, 4 lambs were randomly selected for slaughter and the samples were collected for determination. Results: The ADG (average daily gain) of CM was the least (P&lt; 0.05). The ADFI (average daily feed intake) of FCM was less than that of SM (P&lt; 0.05). The F/G (ratio of feed to gain) of FCM was less than that of SM (P=0.06) and CM (P&lt; 0.05). There was no significant difference in slaughter rate among all groups. The SOD content in serum of FCM was higher than that of other groups (P&lt; 0.01) while the content of MAD was the least (P&lt; 0.01). Conclusion: It was concluded that feeding with selenium-enrich total mixed ration made by fermented cottonseed meal could improve the growth performance and antioxidant performance of lambs. It also reduced the cost of lamb production.
PSX-B-10 Characterization and Comparison of the Bovine Nasal Microbiome to Exposure of Persistently Infected Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Usdrowski Hunter M , Powell J G , Chai Jianmin , Zuo Bin , Reyonolds Jana L , Shoulders Benjamin P , Kegley Beth B , Zhao Jiangchao 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a critical disease negatively impacting many facets of the cattle production system. Cattle infected with the persistent (PI) form of BVDV are the primary reservoirs and source of transmission and may be implicated with an increased risk of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) to exposed calves in feedlots. To date, little to no data exists regarding characterization of the effects PI-BVDV has on the bovine nasal microbiome, an important feature for bovine health. To investigate these effects, Angus-crossbred beef calves were selected and randomly assigned to either continuous exposure (E, n = 3) or non-exposure (NE, n = 3) to an auction market sourced PI-BVDV positive (PI, n = 1) calf from weaning to 112 days post-weaning. Nasal swab samples were collected upon weaning, 56 days post-weaning, and 112 days post-weaning. Next generation sequencing was used to measure the effects of PI-BVDV on the nasal microbiome. Alpha diversity, including Shannon Index and Observed OTUs, and beta diversity, including Bray-Curtis and Jaccard distances, were not different (P &gt; 0.05) between treatments. Next, community structure was assessed at the amplicon sequence variant (ASV) level and LEfSe was used to identify the bacterial biomarkers for each treatment. Results indicated that ASV5-Mycoplasma could be a biomarker for the PI and E treatments due to its high relative abundance in each when compared with the NE treatment. Overall, ASV5-Mycoplasma was identified as a potential biomarker for the prediction and diagnosis of persistently infected bovine viral diarrhea virus among both calves infected with and exposed to the virus and may be an additional biomarker for the increased risk of bovine respiratory disease in exposed feedlot cattle.
PSX-B-14 Effects of Adding Protected Benzoic Acid on Growth Performance, Diarrhea, and Inflammation in Weaned Pigs Challenged with Escherichia Coli F18
Authors: Acosta Jesus A , Hancock Deana , Chen Juxing , Vásquez-Añón Mercedes 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This experiment quantified the impact of an E. coli challenge and evaluated protected benzoic acid (PBA) as the alternative to recover growth performance, diarrhea, and inflammation of weaned pigs. A total of 72 pigs (BW=6.07±0.66kg) were housed in pens (2 pigs/pen) and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (12 pens/treatment). Treatments included a non-challenged control (NC), a challenged-control experimentally infected with F18 E. coli (PC), and PC plus 0.25% PBA (Novus international St. Charles, MO). The experiment lasted 18 days, with 7 days of acclimation and 11 days post-infection (dpi). Blood samples were collected at 0, 4, and 11 dpi. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. At the end of the experiment (11 dpi), pigs on NC were heavier than those in the PC, whereas pigs fed PBA were intermediate (9.43, 8.22, and 8.75kg, respectively; P = 0.026). For the entire experimental period (-7 to 11 dpi) pigs on the NC had increased ADG compared with PC and PBA (0.196, 0.105, and 0.127kg, respectively; P=0.019). Pigs on the NC had increased ADFI compared with PC, whereas PBA was intermediate (0.244, 0.167, and 0.204kg, respectively; P=0.011). G:F tended to differ among treatments (P=0.070): the NC had the greatest G:F followed by PBA and NC (0.800, 0.565, 0507, respectively). Diarrhea incidence was decreased in the NC compared with PC and PBA (22.9, 44.2, and 52.1%, respectively; P=0.01). Serum acute-phase C reactive protein (CRP), a marker of systemic inflammation, tended to differ among treatments (P=0.076): the PC had the greatest CRP concentration followed by PBA and NC (3,841, 2,243, and 2,106 ng/mL, respectively). In conclusion, the E. coli infection impacted the growth and health of weaned pigs; however, the addition of PBA partially alleviated the negative effects by stimulating feed intake, growth, and decreasing systemic inflammation.
PSX-B-11 Classification Performance of Multinomial Logistic Regression for Identifying Resistance, Resilience, and Susceptibility to Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Sheep
Authors: Freitas Luara , Savegnago Rodrigo , Alves Anderson A Carvalho , Costa Ricardo , Rosa Guilherme J J M , Paz Claudia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective was to investigate the feasibility of using easy-to-measure phenotypic traits to predict resistant, resilient and susceptible sheep to gastrointestinal nematodes via multinomial logistic regression (MLR). The database comprised 3,654 records on 1,250 Santa Ines sheep from six farms. The animals were classified into three responses to infection classes (resistant, resilient and susceptible) according to fecal egg count and packed cell volume. The MLR was used to predict such classes using the information of age, month of record, sex, Famacha degree, weight and body condition score as predictors, and a leave-one-farm-out cross-validation technique was used to assess prediction quality across farms. The MLR was able to predict with satisfactory performance the resistant and susceptible animals in two of the farms, with resistant precision equal to 79 and 77%, and susceptible recall equal to 68 and 83%, respectively. In addition, at least one of the classes was well predicted in four farms, with susceptible recall equal to 71 and 89% in two of these farms, and resistant precision equal to 86 and 100% in the other two farms. The model was not able to satisfactorily classify resilient class. The proposed approach could help attenuate the negative impacts related to infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes, contributing to design deworming strategies that take into account the risk of an animal being contaminated, consequently reducing the costs with anthelmintic administration and laboratory analyses based on blood or fecal samples. The results suggest that the use of easily measurable traits may provide useful information for supporting management decisions on the farm level that could potentially contribute to reducing parasitic contamination and production costs. In addition, the animals identified as resistant can also be incorporated as selection candidates into breeding programs for genetic improvement of flocks.Supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) grants #2020/03575-8, #2018/01540-2 and #2016/14522-7, SP, Brazil.