bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zucker Diabetic‐Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rat: Type 2 diabetes translational research model
Authors: Wang Andrea N. , Carlos Joselia , Fraser Graham M. , McGuire John J. 
Published: February 2022

New Findings

What is the topic of this review?
The Zucker Diabetic‐Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rat is in the early adoption phase of use by researchers in the fields of diabetes, including prediabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. It is essential that physiology researchers choose preclinical models that model human type 2 diabetes appropriately and are aware of the limitations on experimental design.

What advances does it highlight?
Our review of the scientific literature finds that although sex, age and diets contribute to variability, the ZDSD phenotype and disease progression model the characteristics of humans who have prediabetes and diabetes, including co‐morbidities.

AbstractType 2 diabetes (T2D) is a prevalent disease and a significant concern for global population health. For persons with T2D, clinical treatments target not only the characteristics of hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance, but also co‐morbidities, such as obesity, cardiovascular and renal disease, neuropathies and skeletal bone conditions. The Zucker Diabetic‐Sprague Dawley (ZDSD) rat is a rodent model developed for experimental studies of T2D. We reviewed the scientific literature to highlight the characteristics of T2D development and the associated phenotypes, such as metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular complications and bone and skeletal pathologies in ZDSD rats. We found that ZDSD phenotype characteristics are independent of leptin receptor signalling. The ZDSD rat develops prediabetes, then progresses to overt diabetes that is accelerated by introduction of a timed high‐fat diet. In male ZDSD rats, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) increases at a constant rate from 7 to >30 weeks of age. Diabetic ZDSD rats are moderately hypertensive compared with other rat strains. Diabetes in ZDSD rats leads to endothelial dysfunction in specific vasculatures, impaired wound healing, decreased systolic and diastolic cardiac function, neuropathy and nephropathy. Changes to bone composition and the skeleton increase the risk of bone fractures. Zucker Diabetic‐Sprague Dawley rats have not yet achieved widespread use by researchers. We highlight sex‐related differences in the ZDSD phenotype and gaps in knowledge for future studies. Overall, scientific data support the premise that the phenotype and disease progression in ZDSD rats models the characteristics in humans. We conclude that ZDSD rats are an advantageous model to advance understanding and discovery of treatments for T2D through preclinical research.
Discharge Measurements at Low Reynolds Numbers—Special Devices
Authors: Jorissen A. L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Numerous investigators have attempted to develop a new type of differential fluid meter in which, by compensation of the effects of contraction and friction, a constant value of the coefficient of discharge can be maintained at low Reynolds numbers. As a result of the author’s study of this problem, it is concluded that a number of devices offer distinct possibilities of maintaining a constant coefficient of discharge down to low values of Reynolds number. Particularly noteworthy, in the author’s opinion, are the quadrant-edge orifice and the cylindrical nozzle with or without conical diffuser. For both, experimental evidence is available as proof of their satisfactory operation.
Laminar Free Convection from a Vertical Plate With Uniform Surface Heat Flux
Authors: Sparrow E. M. , Gregg J. L. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
An exact solution of the laminar boundary-layer equations for free convection from a vertical plate having uniform surface heat flux has been obtained. Heat-transfer parameters have been calculated for Prandtl numbers in the range 0.1 to 100. The results have been extrapolated to a Prandtl number of 0.01.
Experimental results are compared with the theory and the agreement is found to be good. Heat-transfer results obtained from the von Kárm n-Pohlhausen method also are shown to be in good agreement with those from the exact solution. It is demonstrated that when average Nusselt numbers are calculated for a plate with uniform surface heat flux using the temperature difference halfway along the height, the results are very close to those for a uniform temperature plate.
Determination of Mach Number From Pressure Measurements
Authors: Barry F. W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper contains a discussion of the errors introduced by using various combinations of measured pressures to compute Mach number, especially in supersonic flow. Pressures measured with total, static, conical, and two-dimensional wedge probes are considered. A procedure is developed for estimating the effect on computed Mach number of errors in the measured pressures, or in the assumed values of the ratio of specific heats and of probe-deflection angle. The results of the error analysis for 10 pressure-ratio combinations from total, static, and wedge probes are presented analytically and in graphical form. In general, a Mach number computed from a pressure ratio involving the isentropic stagnation pressure is least sensitive to errors, and one computed from the ratio of static pressure on the wedge surface to free-stream static pressure is most sensitive. A brief review of some other considerations in choosing pressure instrumentation is included.
The Combustion of Liquid-Fuel Spray
Authors: Bolt J. A. , Boyle T. A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the evaporation and combustion of liquid-fuel spray in the range of sizes predominantly used in aircraft gas-turbine combustors. Spray of uniform-size fuel drops of 70 to 130 microns diameter was produced by means of a spinning disk. Photographic techniques were developed to obtain an indication of the rate of change of diameter and the velocity of the burning drops, while moving freely in air. Rates of burning for several pure hydrocarbon fuels were determined. The experimental work emphasizes the complexity of the combustion of a fuel spray and the need for much additional work.
Selective Silica Carry-Over in Steam
Authors: Coulter E. E. , Pirsh E. A. , Wagner E. J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The distribution ratios of the concentrations of silica in steam to those in boiler water were determined over a range of pressures from 300 to 3140 psi, of silica concentrations in the water from 12 to 1000 ppm, and of pH values of the water from 7.8 to 12.1. Mechanical carry-over, determined by using a radioactive tracer, was insufficient to necessitate corrections to the vaporous silica carry-over data at pressures above 500 psi.
An Electrolytic Analog Applied to Heat Conduction Within a Transistor
Authors: McNall P. E. , Janssen J. E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A description of an electrolytic-tray analog used in the determination of the temperature field within a transistor is presented. Special features which made possible the simulation of heat flow through several different materials connected at nonisothermal interfaces, controlled distribution of heat generation at a boundary, and interface thermal resistance are discussed. A treatment of the inherent errors is also presented.
High-Speed Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus for Thermal Conductivity of Thermal Insulation
Authors: Somers E. V. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A thermal-conductivity apparatus has been developed which can determine accurately the k-factors of thermal insulation in approximately 10 to 15 min. This apparatus combines the use of a heater plate of very low thermal capacity with separate automatic control of the power to the central and guard-ring heaters, obtainable with commercially available power-control apparatus.
Surge-Wave Velocity—Concrete Pressure Pipe
Authors: Kennison H. F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The velocity of the surge wave is fundamental in the solution of water-hammer problems. To date little, if any, information has been published on this subject relating to reinforced and prestressed concrete pressure pipe. Unlike steel and cast-iron pipe, the surge-wave velocity for concrete pressure pipe is not a constant but varies with the maximum water-hammer pressure. This relationship is outlined together with test results from several existing concrete pressure-pipelines.
Factors Influencing the Dynamic Behavior of Tall Stacks Under the Action of Wind
Authors: Ozker M. S. , Smith J. O. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper sets forth what is believed to be a new concept of the dynamic response of tall stacks to wind action, in that the wind-induced vibrations of a stack are classified as “self-excited” rather than “forced.” Information presented is pertinent to the design of structurally sound steel stacks, and includes experimentally determined structural damping characteristics of welded, gunite-lined and riveted, brick-lined steel stacks. Also presented is a realistic value of the often disputed “lateral force coefficient CL,” as determined from observations on actual stacks.
Design of a Large Coal-Fired Steam Generator for 200 F Exit-Gas Temperature and Operating Experience With Pilot Plant
Authors: Wingert W. L. , Stanley R. J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this paper, studies leading to the decision to design River Rouge No. 3 steam generator for an exit-gas temperature approaching 200 F are discussed. The design features of the unit are described and predicted performance is presented. Preliminary results of a pilot plant which has been in service since late in February, 1955, with operating conditions in the range of the predicted No. 3 unit performance, also are discussed.
An Analysis of the Orthogonal Boring Operation
Authors: Shaffer Bernard W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The shear line, during the orthogonal boring operation, was found to be a circular are extending from the tip of the tool and separating the uncut workpiece from the newly formed chip. Its orientation with respect to the cutting tool was prescribed in this paper, by the condition that the element within the chip, at the base of the tool, did not exceed the yield point of the material as the cutting force was transferred from the tool to the shear line. Under these conditions, a shear-angle relationship, an expression for machining force, and an expression for the chip-thickness ratio were derived for orthogonal boring. It was found, by examining these equations, that as the internal radius of the workpiece increases, the shear angle increases and the machining force decreases, whenever a given depth of cut is taken under identical machining conditions. At the same time, the chip-thickness ratio increases for small friction angles, and decreases for large friction angles. As the internal radius of the workpiece increases, the analytical expressions approach the corresponding equations found for the orthogonal planing operation.
Turbulence and Boundary-Layer Effects on Cavitation Inception From Gas Nuclei
Authors: Daily J. W. , Johnson V. E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The inception of cavitation in a liquid medium is dependent on a variety of hydrodynamic and nonhydrodynamic effects which complicate the problem of scaling. Cavitation occurs in zones of low pressure hydrodynamically produced by flow relative to the boundaries. It is well known that changes in flow rate and size will modify the local hydrodynamic conditions, although the exact role of boundary-layer growth and associated turbulence on local pressures is not understood completely. In addition, it has been observed that cavitation inception is not always reproduced at the same hydrodynamic conditions, but seems to depend in some way on the physical properties and states of the liquid, the solid boundaries, and the entrained solid and gaseous matter. The investigation in progress at the M.I.T. Hydrodynamics Laboratory is directed at the general problem of scale effects in cavitation inception. The initial experiments have been concerned with the influence of boundary layers and turbulence on the pressure of cavitation inception and the location of inception relative to the solid boundary. The study necessarily has involved the role of gas bubbles as nuclei for cavitation and the interrelation of the stability of small gas bubbles, their size and space distribution, and the velocity and pressure variations in the turbulent boundary layer. This paper is a discussion of this combination of factors.
Evaluation of Factors Affecting Heat Transfer in Furnaces
Authors: Greyson Murray , Mazie G. P. , Myers J. W. , Corey R. C. , Graf E. G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The problem of correlating the heat-absorption efficiencies of coal-burning equipment has been studied for many years with little more than a modicum of success. It has been consistently pointed out that one of the major problems of correlating data such as these has been the lack of precise furnace data. This paper describes the attempt at using statistics to correlate more reliable furnace data by means of the Broido, Hudson-Orrok, a modified Hudson-Orrok, Wohlenberg, and Hurvich correlations. Results suggest that information about flame temperatures, flame volumes, and emissivities and temperatures of flames and slag-ash-covered boiler-tube walls are necessary before precise correlations can be made.
Differences in wood anatomy and chemistry of a Eucalyptus urophylla clone explained by site climate conditions
Authors: Almeida Maria Naruna Felix , Vidaurre Graziela Baptista , Louzada José Luis Penetra Cerveira , Pezzopane José Eduardo Macedo , Oliveira Jean Carlos Lopes , Câmara Ana Paula , Silva Maria Emilia Calvão Moreira , Barros Ana Isabel Ramos Novo Amorim , Matos Carlos da Costa , Alves Ana Maria Martins , Campoe Otávio Camargo , Alvares Clayton Alcarde 
Published: February 2022

Environmental conditions can change both the quantity and quality of wood formation. This study aimed to evaluate anatomical and chemical changes in the wood of a Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake clone cultivated in four sites of wide climatic conditions in Brazil. Radial samples were used to evaluate xylem anatomy along the growth cycles. Samples with a quarter of a disk were used to perform chemical analyses of extractives, total lignin (LG), syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G), holocellulose, and elemental analysis of wood. The elements Na, K, Ca, Mg, P, Mn, Fe, Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd, F, and Cl were also quantified. Correlations using the mean values of the variables per site were higher than those using values per tree growth cycle (years). Mean annual air temperature showed the highest correlations with wood density (r = −0.89) and the anatomical characteristics (vessel area: r = −0.68; fiber wall thickness: r = −0.70; vessel frequency: r = 0.74; and fiber lumen diameter: r = 0.90). Only LG and S/G showed significant correlations with the meteorological variables, with drier sites presenting a higher S/G. The anatomical characteristics change with regionwide climate features, while wood chemical characteristics showed weaker relations with climatic variations.
An Evaluation of Graph Databases and Object-Graph Mappers in CIDOC CRM-Compliant Digital Archives
Authors: Costa Lázaro , Freitas Nuno , da Silva João Rocha 
Published: February 2022

The Portuguese General Directorate for Book, Archives and Libraries (DGLAB) has selected CIDOC CRM as the basis for its next-generation digital archive management software. Given the ontological foundations of the Conceptual Reference Model (CRM), a graph database or a triplestore was seen as the best candidate to represent a CRM-based data model for the new software. We thus decided to compare several of these databases, based on their maturity, features, performance in standard tasks and, most importantly, the Object-Graph Mappers (OGM) available to interact with each database in an object-oriented way. Our conclusions are drawn not only from a systematic review of related works but from an experimental scenario. For our experiment, we designed a simple CRM-compliant graph designed to test the ability of each OGM/database combination to tackle the so-called “diamond-problem” in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) to ensure that property instances follow domain and range constraints.
Our results show that (1) ontological consistency enforcement in graph databases and triplestores is much harder to achieve than in a relational database, making them more suited to an analytical rather than a transactional role; (2) OGMs are still rather immature solutions; and (3) neomodel, an OGM for the Neo4j graph database, is the most mature solution in the study as it satisfies all requirements, although it is also the least performing.
САМОСТІЙНА РОБОТА СТУДЕНТА ЯК ОСНОВА ВИХОВАННЯ МАЙБУТНЬОГО ЛІКАРЯ-СТОМАТОЛОГА
Authors: Посоленик Л. Я. 
Published: February 2022

В умовах зростаючої конкуренції на ринку освітніх послуг провідним фактором, який впливає на розвиток вищої медичної освіти в Україні, є вдосконалення якості підготовки лікарів. Основним його завданням є підготовка фахівців, спроможних успішно конкурувати на вітчизняному та європейському ринку послуг. Інтеграція до європейського науково-освітнього простору спонукає до впровадження новітніх норм і стандартів в освітній процес України та орієнтує заклади вищої освіти на високо мотивовану особу, що прагне саморозвитку, здатну самостійно поповнювати й оновлювати знання, вести самостійний пошук додаткового матеріалу, творчо ставитися до виконання навчальних завдань.
Збільшення частки самостійної роботи студентів стало основним елементом розвитку та вдосконалення якості сучасної вищої медичної освіти і свідчить про відхід від пасивної ідеології навчання («нехай мене навчать»). Для реалізації більш досконалих стандартів освітньої діяльності саме така реорганізація дозволяє підготувати майбутнього лікаря, який здатний до професійного зростання, має відчуття соціальної та корпоративної відповідальності, вміє приймати рішення у складних життєвих та виробничих випадках і є конкурентоспроможним на вітчизняному та європейському ринку послуг.
Для забезпечення якісного виконання студентами поставлених завдань: позааудиторної, аудиторної, творчої самостійної роботи та максимального покращення їх вмотивованості на кафедрі дитячої стоматології Тернопільського національного медичного університету імені І. Я. Горбачевського МОЗ України було імплементовано й активно практикується один з інтерактивних методів навчання – кейс-метод. Даний метод аналізу реального клінічного випадку розкриває та формує у майбутнього лікаря аналітичні здібності, накопичення практичного досвіду, самостійність у прийнятті рішення, комунікативність, навички роботи з достатньо великим об’ємом інформації. Формування клінічного мислення у студентів-стоматологів проходить у процесі безпосередньої самостійної спроби розв’язування конкретної клінічної ситуації. Таким чином, розгляд й обговорення ситуаційних задач стимулює індивідуальну активність студентів, формує розвиток працьовитості та креативності, готовність взяти на себе відповідальність за результати власного навчання, дає можливість студентам скооперувати теоретичну підготовку та трансформувати її у практичні вміння, необхідні для майбутньої професійної діяльності.
PRIORITIES IN THE CHOICE OF PHYSICAL AND RECREATION ACTIVITIES OF THE 2ND YEAR STUDENTS OF THE SPECIALTY “PHYSICAL THERAPY, ERGOTHERAPY”
Authors: Nazaruk V. L. , Khvalyboha T. I. 
Published: February 2022

Recent research shows that the state of students’ health worsens and their physical activity is insufficient. The reasons for this phenomenon are various: constant increase in academic workload, insufficient number of Physical Education classes included in the curriculum, high cost of modern fitness services, etc. In addition, the traditional form of Physical Education lessons does not contribute to the students’ growth of interest in the process of physical culture and health activities, which involves the acquisition of an appropriate set of knowledge, skills and abilities. The lack of scientific papers dedicated to the comparison of students’ priorities in the choice of physical and recreation activities, in particular, those of medical students, stipulated the choice of the theme and aim of the given research – to determine the priorities of 4th year students majoring in “Physical Therapy, Ergotherapy” in their choice of physical and health recreation activities and popular sports.
The survey was conducted in the form of a questionnaire. Students were supposed to give a single answer to a question. The survey was conducted in October in 2020–2021 academic year at I. Horbachevsky Ternopil National Medical University. The survey encompassed 46 4th year Ukrainian students of medical faculty, specialty “Physical Therapy, Ergotherapy”.
In the course of our research we used the following methods: analysis of scientific and methodological literature, pedagogical observation, interviews, questionnaires, methods of mathematical statistics.
The analysis of students’ answers allowed to single out certain tendencies and characteristic features of their sports interests. The study concluded that to improve the process of students’ physical education their interests should be taken into account, in particular through the introduction of the course “Health and Rehabilitation Swimming” for the 3rd year students of the specialty “Physical Therapy, Ergotherapy”.
Embalsamamentos no século XIX: segredos, técnicas e polêmicas
Authors: Leonzo Nanci , Pires de Almeida Maria José Saenz Surita 
Published: February 2022

No limiar entre ciência e arte, os embalsamamentos durante o século XIX, antes da utilização do formol, envolveram médicos do Brasil e da França em uma série de controvérsias que revelam muito sobre a cultura fúnebre do Oitocentos. Neste estudo de caso, acompanhamos a trajetória de José Tavano, português que chegou ao Brasil em meados de 1858 disposto a trabalhar como médico, cirurgião e, principalmente, embalsamador, utilizando o sistema desenvolvido por um conhecido químico francês do qual era cessionário. Suas prováveis relações com pessoas influentes no Império e a troca de artigos com um desafeto são elementos que ajudam a compor o cenário da chamada medicina científica da época.