bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MGNREGA and Women Empowerment: Some Emerging Questions
Authors: Sharma Rachna 
Published: April 2022

Empowerment means higher level of development. The word empowerment is becoming common nowadays. Each person interprets the meaning of empowerment differently in their individual context. Empowerment can be defined as an improvement in the economic, political, social, educational, sexual or spiritual power of an individual, community or organization. Empowerment is a multidimensional process as it can be seen in political, psychological, sociological, economic and other dimensions also. Just as empowerment is a multidimensional process, similarly the process of women empowerment is also a multidimensional process.

Abstract in Hindi Language:
सशक्तिकरण से तात्पर्य विकास का उच्च सोपान हैं। सशक्तिकरण शब्द वर्तमान में सामान्य सा होता जा रहा हैं। प्रत्येक व्यक्ति सशक्तिकरण का अर्थ अपने वैयक्तिक संदर्भ में पृथक- पृथक निकालता हैं। किसी व्यक्ति समुदाय या संगठन की आर्थिक, राजनीतिक, सामाजिक, शैक्षिक, लैंगिक या आध्यात्मिक शक्ति में सुधार को सशक्तिकरण के रूप में परिभाषित किया जा सकता हैं। सशक्तिकरण एक बहुआयामी प्रक्रिया है क्योंकि इसे राजनीतिशास्त्रीय, मनोविज्ञानशास्त्रीय, समाजशास्त्रीय, आर्थिक एवं अन्य आयामों में भी देखा जा सकता हैं। जिस प्रकार सशक्तिकरण एक बहुआयामी प्रक्रिया है उसी प्रकार महिला सशक्तिकरण की प्रक्रिया भी एक बहुआयामी प्रक्रिया है।
Keywords: सशक्तिकरण, नरेगा, मनरेगा, पितृसत्तात्मक, आत्मसम्मान, आत्मनिर्भरता ।
Women's Liberty Consciousness in the Stories of Mehrunissa Parvez
Authors: Mehra Nageena , Singh Anup 
Published: April 2022

The life of every living being in the world is full of diversities in which man is entitled to live the best life of all. He is also different and superior to others because of his consciousness of sensation. The nature of man became his nature, which in time got fame by becoming an identity. Freedom emerged not only as a human nature but as a right, which today has become the cause of struggle and synonymous with necessity. There have been many struggles for independence since ancient times. It would not be wrong to call the twenty-first century the century of discussions. In which many discussions are present in front of us like Dalit discourse, women discourse, tribal discourse, minority discourse etc. With the passage of time, the echoes of women's discourse also started to be heard. Even though India is included in the category of prosperous developing country, but women are still seen cut off from the mainstream of the society. Even today the woman is situated on the margins of her own house. The creators have tried to bring these marginalized tribals at the center of their creations. In which he has expressed the exploitation done by the society in the name of superstition, the poverty and helplessness of the women society, their ironic life etc. The stories of writer Mehrunnisa Parvez have the material to prepare the background of women's rights and her freedom life.

Abstract in Hindi Language: स्वातंत्र्य चेतना, अल्पसंख्यक, विमर्श, कुरीतियाँ, त्रासदी।
Contemplation of 'Jiva' of Saint DaduDayal
Authors: Chhipa Sunil Kumar 
Published: April 2022

The basic concept of Indian philosophy 'Jiva' is also known as soul and soul. It is inherent behind every action of man, just as there is 'Brahm' behind the activities of the universe. It is a part of 'Brahm' itself, therefore it is endowed with its nature-characteristics. It is eternal, conscious and happy, and like its part, it is freer, pure, niranjan and niramay.

Abstract in Hindi Language:
भारतीय दर्शन की आधारभूत अवधारणा ‘जीव‘ को जीवात्मा1 व आत्मा2 के नाम से भी जाना जाता है। यह मनुष्य के प्रत्येक कर्म के पीछे वैसे ही निहित है जैसे ब्रह्माण्ड की गतिविधियों के पीछे ‘ब्रह्म‘ है। यह ‘ब्रह्म‘ का ही अंश है इसलिए उसके स्वरूप-लक्षण से संपंन है। यह नित्य, चेतन एवं सुखराशि है और अपने अंशी की भाँति निर्विकार, निर्मल, निरंजन और निरामय भी है।
Keywords: ‘जीव‘, जीवात्मा, आत्मा, ब्रह्म, अद्वैत, निराकार, अज्ञान।
Predictors of happiness in middle-aged adults: a secondary data analysis of the 8th Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES VIII-1) 2019
Authors: Kang Sook 
Published: April 2022

This is a secondary analysis study using raw data from the 8th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2019), which identified the factors affecting the happiness of middle-aged adults. The data of the 1,862 subjects from the said survey were analyzed. Complex sample cross-analysis and complex sample logistic regression were performed on middle-aged adults. Studies have shown statistically significant differences in education level, marital status, household income quintile, economic activity, smoking, sleep time, subjective health awareness, and stress awareness. Education level, smoking, subjective health awareness, and stress awareness were found to be factors affecting the happiness of middle-aged adults. Compared to the poor health groups, happiness was 3.41 and 3.20 times higher in the good and usual health groups, respectively. The group that felt less stress was 6.15 times happier than the group that felt more stress. The happiness of elementary, middle school, and high school graduates was 0.16, 0.72, and 0.47 times lower, in this order, than that of college graduates and above. Smokers’ level of happiness was 0.29 times lower than non-smokers.
Peer Teaching dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah Kebudayaan Islam Masa Pandemi Covid 19 di MA Al-Urwatul Wutsqo Diwek Jombang
Authors: Mustofa Ali 
Published: April 2022

Thelearning method peer teaching during a pandemic is very effective, it is an alternative that can be used by teachers because it has high dynamics of motivation so that it is expected to increase student learning motivation. Students do not meet the teacher but meet their peers at home. The results of the study stated, 1). SKI learning planning, namely the teacher designs the material that is conveyed, determines peer tutors, trains peer tutors, 2). Implementation of peer teaching at MA Al-Urwatul Wutsqo, teachers form groups, peer tutors explain the material, teachers supervise the learning process. 3). Evaluation of peer teaching at MA Al-Urwatul Wutsqo was carried out in a way, the teacher gave questions, a written evaluation, the teacher assigned to explain the material briefly according to each group. The conclusion of the research onmethods peer teaching in learning SKI at MA Al-Urwatul Wutsqo states 1). Planning is designing the material that is delivered, determining peer tutors, training peer tutors. 2). Implementation is, the teacher forms groups, peer tutors explain the material and the teacher supervises the learning process. 3). Evaluation is carried out orally, namely the teacher gives questions to students, in writing, namely students summarize or write the material that has been conveyed, students from each group briefly explain the material that has been conveyed, after that the teacher gives homework.
Los caminos diacrónicos de la lateral palatal en la historia del castellano: evidencia cronológica, comparativa y dialectal para una nueva propuesta
Authors: Zampaulo André 
Published: April 2022

Este artículo se centra en los caminos diacrónicos de la consonante lateral palatal /ʎ/ en la historia del castellano, sobre todo la que evolucionó de las fuentes latinas /-lj-, -k’l-, -g’l-/. Específicamente, se explora la justificación teórica que han planteado muchos historiadores de la lengua y se presentan argumentos en contra de la evolución directa de /ʎ/ a una fricativa sibilante /ʒ/ en el castellano antiguo, la cual se propone en la gran mayoría de los manuales de lingüística histórica y los libros de texto de historia de la lengua. Con evidencia de carácter cronológico, comparativo y dialectal, se argumenta que la lateral palatal resultante de /-lj-, -k’l-, -g’l-/ siguió una evolución muy similar a la /ʎ/ resultante de las fuentes latinas /pl-, kl-, fl-, l:-/, con la pérdida de la lateralidad y el desarrollo de un segmento palatal central que crucialmente debió anteceder el cambio hacia la fricativa sibilante /ʒ/ en el castellano antiguo, mientras todavía mantuvo un contraste fonológico con la obstruyente palatal coetánea /ɟ/.
Cirugía Preservadora de Nefronas en Tumor de Wilms Bilateral.
Authors: Alston Celeste , Marín C. , Ortega T. , Boyd J. , Policart R. , Dobras B. 
Published: April 2022

El WT bilateral generalmente se ha tratado con nefrectomía radical (RN) del riñón más afectado y cirugía preservadora de nefrona en el riñón contralateral menos afectado después de la quimioterapia neoadyuvante. Sin embargo, se ha observado que los pacientes con WT bilateral tienen un riesgo significativo de ERC (Enfermedad renal crónica) debido a los insultos renales perioperatorios, recurrencia del tumor y la nefrectomía subsecuente. Presentamos un caso de TWB, de 12 meses de edad, manejado con quimioterapia neoadyuvante seguido de CPN (cirugía preservadora de nefrona) bilateral y quimioterapia adyuvante, de tallamos su evolución. En nuestra institución realizamos rutinariamente cualquier tratamiento quirúrgico de TW bilateral de forma multidisciplinaria, con un urólogo pediátrico y un cirujano pediátrico como co-cirujanos. También compartimos activamente todos los cuidados del paciente y las decisiones de manejo junto con oncología pediátrica.
Manajemen Tahfidzh AL-Qur’an dengan Metode Ceria di Pondok Tahfidzh Putri Rooihatul Jannah Hidayatullah Sukoharjo
Authors: Wahyono Sigit , Muthoifin Muthoifin , Ali Mohamad 
Published: April 2022

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif, Penelitian kualitatif pada dasarnya adalah mengamati individu-individu dalam lingkungan pergaulannya dengan mereka, berusaha untuk mendapatkan dialek dan terjemahan mereka dari dunia di sekitar mereka, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui manajemen Tahfidzh AL-Qur’an dengan Metode Ceria di Pondok Tahfidzh Putri Rooihatul Jannah Hidayatullah Sukoharjo, Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pembaha-san penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa: Manajemen tahfidz al-Qur’an di pondok tahfidz putri Rooihatul Jannah melalui beberapa langkah yaitu: Perencanaan, Pengorganisasian, Pengarahan, dan Evaluasi. Sedangkan untuk Penerapan metode tahfidz al-Qur’an dipondok tahfidz putri Rooihatul Jannah mengunakan dua metode dan tiga tahap yaitu: Metode tahsin, metode wahdah, dan menghafal.
PHÂN LẬP VÀ TUYỂN CHỌN MỘT SỐ VI SINH VẬT TỪ PHÂN VOI ỨNG DỤNG TRONG XỬ LÍ VỎ CÂY NHA ĐAM TẠO THÀNH PHÂN COMPOST
Authors: Anh Lê Hùng , Hiền Phạm Thị Thanh , Trang Phan Thị Phượng 
Published: April 2022

Tại Việt Nam, voi thường được tìm thấy ở khu vực Tây Nguyên, đặc biệt là Đắk Lắk. Voi tiều thụ lên đến 300 kg thức ăn giàu chất xơ, cellulose và giải phóng 100 đến 130 kg phân mỗi ngày. Trong bài báo này, chúng tôi tiến hành tuyển chọn các chủng vi sinh từ phân voi có tiềm năng phân giải phế phẩm nông nghiệp giàu cellulose nhằm tận dụng triệt để phân voi vào quá trình xử lí chất thải. Kết quả phân lập, làm thuần vi sinh từ mẫu phân voi tươi thu được 11 chủng vi khuẩn và 3 chủng nấm mốc. Các chủng này được kiểm tra hoạt tính phân giải cellulose và định danh theo phương pháp MALDI TOF và theo khóa phân loại của Bergey. Kết quả định danh cho thấy có 2 chủng là Staphyloccoccus aureus, 5 chủng là Bacillus subtilis và 2 chủng nấm mốc lần lượt là Aspergillus fumigatus và Aspergillus niger. Sau khi định danh, các chủng được tăng sinh và phối trộn với chất mang gồm cám gạo, bột bắp với tỉ lệ 5:3 để tạo chế phẩm có mật độ 1x1010 CFU/g. Đánh giá khả năng phân giải của chế phẩm thu được trên đối tượng vỏ cây nha đam với quy mô phòng thí nghiệm đem lại kết quả khả quan. Đây chính là tiền đề trong việc ứng dụng chế phẩm có nguồn gốc từ phân voi vào thực tế giúp cải thiện tình trạng môi trường.
Sur le bon usage des sentences d’accord parties
Authors: Bertrand Edouard 
Published: April 2022

Awards by consent are a common feature of international arbitration. Yet there are no commonly accepted rules defining precisely the elaboration, the effect and the recognition of awards by consent. One of the reasons for this situation is that an award by consent has a dual nature: it is an award but has a contractual origin.
The purpose of this article is to look at some of the practical consequences flowing from this dual nature. First, it compares the relative merits, in relation to enforcement, of awards by consent and of the underlying settlement agreements and concludes that although awards by consent are on the whole easier to enforce there are situations where that is not necessarily the case. In particular, awards by consent can pose serious problems if as a result of unclear or incomplete drafting they raise questions of interpretation. A key concept proposed by this article is that an award by consent serves no purpose as an award if it does not have a jurisdictional effect (‘effet juridictionnel’) and thus that there is no point in issuing an award by consent if the underlying settlement agreement has been fully complied with by the parties when the issuance of the award is requested from the arbitral tribunal.
Secondly, this article explores the extent to which the annulment of the underlying settlement agreement must cause the award by consent embodying this agreement, or the exequatur judgments declaring that award enforceable, to lapse. The article finds that there are possibly two approaches to this issue, depending on whether the award by consent is seen as a mere instrument created in order to facilitate the settlement agreement or whether it stands as an award on its own. This article considers several factual situations in which the question could arise and concludes that there can be no clear and predictable solution, irrespective of which approach is taken by the various courts or tribunals which may have to rule on the issue.
In its conclusion, the article suggests that the problems which occur in relation to the enforcement of awards by consent are best avoided if both the agreement and the award are valid and functional. The arbitrator must therefore take a proactive role in ensuring that the underlying settlement agreement is as free as possible from defects and that it is reflected in the award in a manner which leaves no room for further disputes. The article pleads for the right of the arbitrator to refuse to issue an award by consent if the parties are unable or unwilling to correct perceived deficiencies in the settlement agreement which could later cause the agreement or the award to fall apart.
Les récents progrès de la jurisprudence brésilienne en matière d’arbitrage commercial international
Authors: Wald Arnoldo 
Published: April 2022

Brazilian arbitration practice was influenced by three landmark events: the enactment, in 1996, of the Brazilian Arbitration Act (Federal Law No. 9.307), the adhesion, in 2002, to the New York Convention and the enactment of Constitutional Amendment No. 45, on 31 December 2004, which transferred to the Superior Court (?Superior Tribunal de Justiça?) the competence for the recognition of foreign arbitral awards previously held by the Supreme Court (?Supremo Tribunal Federal?). The Brazilian Arbitration Act gave great impulse to the use of arbitration domestically, whilst the ratification of the New York Convention introduced Brazil in the group of receptive countries and in the list of recommended places of arbitration. Nonetheless, the transfer of competence to the Superior Court triggered a new trend in local courts more favorable to arbitration and more in line with international practice. For instance, the validity of arbitration clauses signed by state-owned companies and of arbitration clauses included in contracts that were not signed by all the parties have been finally recognized.
These cases clearly illustrate this important movement towards a more comprehensive approach from Brazilian judges with respect to arbitration and their concern to provide a more stable legal environment for the development of local economy.
De l’arbitrabilité des litiges successoraux
Authors: Perrin Julien 
Published: April 2022

When somebody dies, his assets must be divided among his heirs; this process is sometimes complex. A cause for litigation may thus arise. The aim of the present article is to examine the possibilities offered by arbitration in the resolution of such problems when Swiss law applies to the succession.
Once the succession process has started (after the estate owner?s (de cujus?) trespass), scholars generally acknowlege the possibility for the heirs to submit their disputes to arbitration, be it under the Intercantonal Concordate on Arbitration or the Swiss Private International Law Act. However, this possibility can be limited in some cases, mainly in the event of an official liquidation process (?liquidation officielle?).
In the same way, it also seems possible to have an arbitration clause in a ?pacte successoral?, whereby the estate owner and the heirs ? during the lifetime of the testator ? find solutions in advance relating to the liquidation of the estate.
The most debated issue is whether the testator can provide for arbitration in his or her will unilaterally, in a way that binds their heirs. The testator is usually in a position to make arbitration a condition of the legacy. The person entitled to receive a legacy under the will should not be entitled to receive anything if he does not submit himself to arbitration in case of dispute.
However, the heirs? compulsory share (?réserve?) can be an obstacle to arbitration. When the testator includes an arbitration clause in his will, the heir entitled to a compulsory share could avoid it. To prevent this, the testator could indirectly oblige his heirs to accept arbitration by providing for them to receive more than their reserved share in case they comply with the arbitration clause and, to the opposite, to a reduction of the compulsory share in case they do not comply with the arbitration clause.
To sum up, even if arbitration is not always possible in succession matters, it can be an appropriate solution in many cases, especially in order to avoid the parcelling of estates (?morcellement des successions?) which often occurs when the estate owner has assets in different countries.
Class Action Arbitration: A New Challenge?
Authors: Nater-Bass Gabrielle 
Published: April 2022

With the increasing use of arbitration clauses in standardized mass contracts, questions have arisen regarding the admissibility and applicability of the class action to the field of arbitration. The US appears to have now given «class action arbitrations» the green light. Class actions, therefore, are no longer limited to state court litigations in the US, but are now regularly seen in arbitration proceedings as well. Since the beginning of 2000, many European countries have also started to adopt new legislation regarding class, mass and group action litigation. Thus, Europe can no longer be perceived to be entirely opposed to class or mass action litigation in principle. It could therefore be only a matter of time, before first class action arbitrations are also initiated in Europe.
The article seeks to shed some light on various questions arising from the combination of class actions and arbitration. In particular, after analyzing the background of class action litigation in the US, the challenges associated with class action arbitrations are described and the main obstacles to European class action arbitrations discussed. Finally, some thoughts regarding how Europe can prepare itself for class action arbitration are provided.
Sind in Zukunft Patentstreitigkeiten in der Schweiz de lege lata nicht mehr schiedsfähig?
Authors: Legler Thomas 
Published: April 2022

In March 2009, Swiss Parliament passed a new law establishing a Federal Patent Court. This new Court is expected to start operating in 2011, simultaneously with the coming into effect of the new unified Swiss Civil Procedure Law. The Federal Patent Court will serve as the court of first instance in patent matters (infringement and validity claims) for the whole territory of Switzerland thereby replacing to an essential extent the Cantonal courts which were so far competent in patent matters.
Surprisingly, the Swiss legislator has not specifically addressed the Federal Patent Court’s jurisdiction in relation to arbitral tribunals sitting in Switzerland. However, the new law speaks of the Court’s “exclusive jurisdiction” in patent matters. The issue therefore arises as to whether, in the future, patent claims could still be decided by arbitral tribunals seated in Switzerland.
Switzerland has always been considered as being one of the most liberal countries in the world with regard to the arbitrability of intellectual property claims. Already in 1975, the Swiss Office for Intellectual Property confirmed this approach in a published legal opinion referring to domestic arbitration. This opinion is still valid and can also be extended to international arbitration. What matters is whether an intellectual property claim can be subject to arbitration in accordance with Art. 177 para. 1 of the Private International Law Act (PIL) (i.e. any claim presenting a financial interest). This is usually the case, with some exceptions such as copyright matters relating to moral rights.
Accordingly, in the author’s view, the terms “exclusive jurisdiction” used in the new law, only refer to the position of the Federal Patent Court within the (state) judicial system. Absent any specific statement in the new law or related materials, these terms do not refer to the new Court’s jurisdiction in relation and compared to arbitration. A different interpretation would in addition lead to the strange result that patent disputes would fall under a different jurisdiction than trademark and design disputes. Hence, the position remains in Switzerland that all aspects of intellectual property rights, including patents, continue to be arbitrable to the extent that the claims fall under the ambit of Article 177 PIL.
De l’opportunité de modifier l’art. 7 LDIP
Authors: Tschanz Pierre-Yves 
Published: April 2022

The Swiss Private International Law Act (the “PIL Act”) directs Swiss courts to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction any case where an arbitral tribunal assumes jurisdiction (Art. 7).
A motion is pending before the Swiss Parliament to add a Subsection 2 to PIL Act Article 7 to provide that Swiss courts must defer their jurisdictional decision until the arbitral tribunal has decided on its own jurisdiction or, it should be added, if it cannot be appointed within a reasonable time.
This amendment is justified because the jurisdiction of the courts is displaced if, and only if, an arbitral tribunal assumes jurisdiction over the case. Therefore, the court’s jurisdictional decision, which has res judicata effect, may not be based on a prima facie review of the alleged arbitration agreement, or even on an in abstracto review of the jurisdiction of a hypothetical arbitral tribunal by the court.
Reasonable Opportunity to Present One’s Case – Recent English Case Law
Authors: Maidment Katerina , Bamforth Richard 
Published: April 2022

It is a guiding principle of arbitration that each party must have a reasonable opportunity to put its case to the tribunal. Under English law, this principle is enshrined in section 33(1)(a) of the Arbitration Act 1996 and is expressed as a duty of the tribunal which must “act fairly and impartially as between the parties, giving each party a reasonable opportunity of putting his case and dealing with that of his opponent”.
This article discusses recent English case law in order to identify the extent of the onus on the tribunal to afford the parties a reasonable opportunity to present their case, and, as a corollary, to identify the onus on the parties themselves and their counsel to ensure that their case is comprehensively set out and that their opponent?s case is comprehensively answered.