bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Excess Boron on Broccoli, Cauliflower, and Radish
Authors: Francois L.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The boron tolerance of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica Group), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. Botrytis Group), and radish (Raphanus sativus L.) was determined in large, outdoor sand cultures. Boron treatments were imposed by irrigation with culture solutions that contained 1.0, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 16.0, or 20.0 mg B·liter−1 for broccoli and cauliflower, and 1.0, 3.0, 6.0, 10.0, 13.0, or 16.0 mg B·liter−1 for radish. Relative yield was reduced 1.8%, 1.9%, and 1.4% with each unit (mg·liter−1) increase in soil solution B (Bsw) above 1.0, 4.0, and 1.0 mg B·liter−1 for broccoli, cauliflower, and radish, respectively. Increasing Bsw significantly reduced plant size of all 3 vegetables. Over the B range tested, no leaf injury was apparent for these 3 vegetables.
Factors Affecting the Anthocyanin Content of Cranberry
Authors: Sapers Gerald M. , Graff Gavin R. , Phillips John G. , Deubert Karl H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Samples of 16 cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) clones, sorted into subsamples on the basis of berry size and coloration, were analyzed for juice content, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and anthocyanin content. The soluble solids : acidity ratio was greater for more highly colored subsamples but did not vary with berry size. The anthocyanin content of subsamples of different berry size varied in proportion to the surface to volume ratio. Anthocyanin recovery in expressed juice was independent of berry coloration and size. Variability in anthocyanin content within samples reflected differences in environmental factors, such as light exposure, superimposed on ripeness differences. Variability in sample anthocyanin content depended more on berry size differences than on differences in surface coloration.
Characterization of Peach Roots in Fox Sand as Influenced by Sprinkler Irrigation and Tree Density
Authors: Layne R.E.C. , Tan C.S. , Perry R.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The trench profile method was used to map peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Harken/Siberian C] roots in an 11-year-old experimental orchard with 3 levels of irrigation and 3 tree densities. Roots near the drip line, 150 cm from the trunk, were mapped to a depth of 120 cm, while those 30 cm from the trunk were mapped to a depth of 240 cm. Location, number, and diameter of roots near the drip line were greatly affected by irrigation and only moderately affected by tree density. The total number, and number of small-diameter (<2 mm) roots were highest in nonirrigated plots and decreased with increasing levels of irrigation. A similar but much reduced pattern was evident for medium- (2 to 5 mm) and large- (>5 mm) diameter roots. Irrigation promoted shallow rooting near the drip line. Trees receiving the low and high level of irrigation had 35% and 42%, respectively, of their roots in the top 30 cm of soil, compared with only 18% for those in nonirrigated plots. At depths of 30 to 120 cm in nonirrigated plots, 82% of the roots near the drip line were found in these soil layers, compared with 65% for the low and 58% for the high level of irrigation. Tree density had no effect on total root number near the drip line, although there was an increase in root number with an increase in tree density 90 to 120 cm from the trunk on both sides of the tree, and a decrease in root number with an increase in tree density within 60 cm of the trunk. Rooting occurred readily in the Ap, Bm, and Bt soil horizons, but very little rooting occurred in the gray sand comprising the Ck horizon, which had a high pH (7.8) and poor soil water retention characteristics.
Field Performance and Clonal Variability in Sweet Potatoes Propagated in Vitro
Authors: Templeton-Somers Karen M. , Collins Wanda W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Six methods of propagating sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.), including 3 in vitro propagation methods, nodal propagation, and propagation by slips and cuttings from bedded roots of ‘Jewel’, were evaluated for field performance of the resulting plants and for the degree of plant-to-plant variability. The 2-year experiment (1982 and 1983) included a carryover study with plants obtained from the bedded roots of the first year's study. Plants were evaluated individually for yield, skin and flesh color, mutation frequency, dry matter, and protein content. In both years, plants propagated by stem cuttings and by slips from bedded roots produced higher yields than those propagated by tissue culture methods. Plants propagated by regeneration from cultured leaf explants were consistently lower in yield than plants obtained by all other methods. In the 1983 study, plants from stem cuttings from field-bedded roots significantly out-yielded plants from all other treatments. Stem cuttings from roots bedded in pots in a growth chamber out-yielded all tissue culture propagation methods, even though the tissue-culture explants also were obtained from these same roots. The carryover study showed that all differences in yield due to propagation method were dissipated with a single cycle of the normal propagation method for sweet potato. When yield data were analyzed according to the mother root origin of the plant material, there were significant differences among plants originating from different roots. Differences in skin color mutation frequencies due to propagation method existed in the 1982 study; however, the 1983 study demonstrated that these differences were also due to the origin of the plant material.
The Influence of Nitrification on the Medium Solution and Growth of Holly, Azalea, and Juniper in a Pine Bark Medium
Authors: Niemiera Alexander X. , Wright Robert D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three genera of woody plants were container-grown in a pine bark medium. Pine bark was amended or unamended with nitrapyrin (NI) and fertilized with an NH4-N fertilizer. Medium solution NH4-N concentrations of bark without NI decreased rapidly for the first 3 to 5 weeks with a concomitant increase in NO3-N concentrations. Medium solution pH at 0 NI decreased 0.8 unit during periods of rapid NO3-N accumulation. The low medium solution pH of the 0 NI treatment resulted in solution Ca, Mg, and Mn concentrations that were several times greater than at 82 μg of NI. Correspondingly, tissue concentrations of these ions were generally greater at the 0 NI treatment than at the 82 μg NI treatment. In general, there were no differences in shoot dry weight in response to NI treatment. Results indicate that nitrification is important in the nutrition of container-grown plants.
Responses of Daminozide-treated ‘Delicious’ and ‘Idared’ Apples to Simulated Low-ethylene CA Storage
Authors: Liu F.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Daminozide-treated and non treated ‘Delicious’ and ‘Idared’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were stored for 7 to 7.5 months in simulated low-ethylene (<1 μl·liter−1) or normal-ethylene (500 μl·liter1) controlled-atmosphere (CA) storage. The simulated CA storage was a flow-through CA storage in 19-liter jars at 0°C. The storage atmosphere contained 2.5-3% O2, 3% CO2, 94-94.5% N2, and nearly 100% RH. Nontreated ‘Delicious’ and ‘Idared’ apples did not respond to low-ethylene CA, except that low-ethylene CA reduced the incidence of storage scaled on ‘Delicious’ apples. Daminozide-treated ‘Delicious’ apples did not respond to low-ethylene CA; the apples being firm after both low-ethylene and normal-ethylene CA storage. The response to low-ethylene CA by daminozide-treated ‘Idared’ apples was a reduced rate of softening of the apples after storage. The daminozide treatment significantly suppressed the ethylene production of both cultivars of apples in simulated low-ethylene CA storage. Chemical names used: butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide)(daminozide).
Effects of Fruit Detachment on Ethylene Biosynthesis and Loss of Flesh Firmness, Skin Color, and Starch in Ripening ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples
Authors: Lau O.L. , Liu Y. , Yang S.F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Prior to 25 Oct., about 4-6 weeks (1983) or 3-5 weeks (1984) after the normal commercial harvest period, 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid (ACC), ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE), and internal ethylene concentration (IEC) in ‘Golden Delicious’ (Malus domestica Borkh.) apples attached to the tree were low. Thereafter, they began to increase rapidly. The increase in both ACC and IEC was earlier in detached preclimacteric fruit than in fruit attached to the tree. The increase of EFE coincided with that of IEC in detached fruit kept at 20°C. Attached fruit subsequently attained a higher level of ACC but a lower level of IEC as compared to the detached fruit. The results suggest that inhibitor(s) supplied from the tree not only delayed the accumulation of ACC in the fruit but also greatly inhibited its subsequent conversion to ethylene. Once the ripening process is initiated, the development of EFE precedes the development of ACC synthesis in both attached and detached fruit. Since attached fruit showed a steady loss of flesh firmness, green skin color, and starch, these changes did not appear to be related directly to the levels of ACC and internal ethylene. Detached fruit stored at 0° accumulated ACC and increased IEC slightly earlier than those stored at 20°. The magnitudes of these increases during subsequent storage at 0° were, however, smaller than those at 20°.
Manganese Toxicity in Watermelon Plants as Influenced by Nitrogen Form
Authors: Elamin Osman M. , Wilcox Gerald E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)] ‘Sugar Baby’ seedlings were grown in sand culture leached with nutrient solution containing 2, 25, or 50 mg·liter−1 Mn in combination with NH4 or NO3-N to evaluate the effects of N form on growth, composition, and development of Mn toxicity. Nitrogen form treatments consisted of continuous NO3, continuous NH4, and a treatment in which NH4 was replaced by NO3 after Mn toxicity symptoms were first observed on NO3-treated plants. Watermelon plants produced the most growth at all Mn levels with N supplied as NO3, least with NH4, and intermediate with the NH4-to-NO3 shift treatment. Plants grown with NO3-N at 25 and 50 mg·liter−1 Mn had reduced growth and developed Mn toxicity symptoms with Mn concentrations >1700 μg·g−1 in shoot tissues. However, with NH4 the Mn treatments had no effect on growth, no Mn toxicity symptoms developed, and Mn concentrations in shoot tissue were <800 μg·g−1. Shifting plants from NH4-to-NO3 nutrition at 50 mg·liter−1 Mn in solution stimulated rapid Mn absorption and produced Mn toxicity symptoms within 3 days.
The Mechanism of Regulation of ‘Bartlett’ Pear Fruit and Vegetative Growth by Irrigation Withholding and Regulated Deficit Irrigation
Authors: Chalmers D.J. , Burge G. , Jerie P.H. , Mitchell P.D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
After initially withholding irrigation (WI) to dry out the root zone of pear trees, regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) applied to replace 23% and 46% of evaporation over the planting square (Eps) was compared with 69% and 92% Eps applied during the WI and RDI periods, respectively (full irrigation). Irrigation was increased to 120% Eps on all treatments after rapid fruit growth commenced. Leaf water potential (ψ1) measured at dawn and midday became less negative during RDI than during WI but in both periods was more negative than the control (69%/92% Eps). On the other hand, ψ1 of treatments receiving WI and RDI became less negative than the control when all irrigation treatments were increased to 120% Eps. Withholding irrigation followed by RDI reduced vegetative growth by 52%. In contrast, however, WI did not inhibit fruit growth, while, during RDI following WI fruit, growth was stimulated. A similar but greater stimulation of fruit growth (consistent with relatively less negative ψ1) was measured on WI/RDI plants when all treatments received 120% Eps. This stimulation of fruit growth increased yields by about 20%. The results indicate fruit osmoregulate to maintain and/or increase growth at the expense of inhibited vegetative growth when WI and or RDI reduce ψ1 in spring to values approaching −0.5 MPa at dawn.
Dry Matter Distribution and Responses to Pruning Within a Population of Standard, Semidwarf, Compact, and Dwarf Peach Seedlings
Authors: Scorza Ralph , Zailong Li , Lightner G.W. , Gilreath Lenard E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Dry Matter Distribution and Responses to Pruning Within a Population of Standard, Semidwarf, Compact, and Dwarf Peach Seedlings”, by Ralph Scorza, Li Zailong, G.W. Lightner, and Lenard E. Gilreath (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111:541–545, July 1986), Table 2, under the “Variable” column, which reads “Avg length of shoots (cm)”, should read “Avg length of shoots (mm)”.
Auxin Movement in Strawberry Fruit Corresponds to Its Growth-promoting Activity
Authors: Southwick Stephen M. , Poovaiah B.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
NAA at 10–3 m concentration plus 2% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in lanolin paste, applied to apices of unpollinated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch. ‘Ozark Beauty’) flower receptacles, promoted growth and receptacle elongation resulting in full-sized fruit. Movement of [14C]NAA occurred predominantly in a basipetal direction from the treated apex to the receptacle base. Growth occurred only at the site of application when NAA was applied to the receptacle base or longitudinal half. Acropetal or lateral movement of [14C]NAA in receptacles was minimal. Movement of [14C]NAA out of receptacles and into pedicels was basipetal in nature and was slower than that noted within the receptacles. These data demonstrate that polar auxin movement in strawberry receptacles appears to promote uniform growth at some distance from the point of application. Chemical names used: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); and 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA).
Control of Soil Insect Injury by Resistance in Sweet Potato
Authors: Jones Alfred , Schalk J.M. , Dukes P.D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Soil insect root injury to resistant sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] cultivars ‘Regal’ and ‘Southern Delite’ was compared to injury to ‘Jewel’ and ‘Centennial’ in trials with the resistant-standard W-13 and the susceptible-standard SC 1149-19. Injury by three groups of insects was evaluated: the wirewoom-Diabrotica-Systena complex (WDS), which includes the southern potato wireworm (Conoderus falli Lane), the tobacco wireworm (C. vespertinus Fabricius), the banded cucumber beetle (Diabrotica balteata LeConte), the spotted cucumber beetle (D. undecimpunctata howardi Barber), the elongate flea beetle (Systena elongata Fabricius), the pale-striped flea beetle (S. blanda Melsheimer), and S. frontalis Fabricius (a flea beetle); the sweet potato flea beetle (Chaetocnema confinis Crotch.); and a white grub (Plectris aliena Chapin). Relative control estimates were obtained by comparison to the susceptible standard. ‘Regal’ and ‘Southern Delite’ provided good control of all three insect groups with control of all insect injuries of 79.2% and 81.0%, respectively. ‘Jewel’ and ‘Centennial’ were resistant to the sweet potato flea beetle and sustained less damage by WDS than the susceptible standard, but would still be classed as susceptible to WDS. ‘Centennial’ was as susceptible to the white grub as SC 1149-19. The levels of resistance demonstrated for ‘Regal’ and ‘Southern Delite’ would provide growers an alternative to insecticides for the control of these insects.
Growth and Fruiting of Apple and Cherry Trees as Affected by Trunk Looping
Authors: Byers R.E. , Carbaugh D.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Trunk looping of several apple cultivars on seedling roots reduced terminal shoot growth and trunk enlargement below the loop and increased root suckers. Growth was reduced most in the early years of tree growth. In the 5th, 6th, and 7th growing seasons, annual trunk enlargement was not affected, but growth suppression in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th years reduced final trunk diameter measurements after seven seasons. Similarly, terminal shoot length was suppressed greatest in the early years and to a lesser extent in the 5th through the 7th growing seasons. Fruit number was unaffected by looping in the 5th growing season, but looping increased fruit number and fruit/cm2 trunk cross-sectional area in the 6th and 7th seasons in ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Starkrimson Delicious’, and ‘Northwest Greening’, but not ‘Stayman’.
Changes in Water Potential and Dermal Extensibility During Grape Berry Development
Authors: Matthews M. A. , Cheng G. , Weinbaum S. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A comprehensive analysis of fruit water relations and the extensibility of the dermal tissue (skin) of Vitis vinifera cv. Cardinal berries was conducted throughout the period of biphasic growth. The pattern of berry growth was not coordinated with the patterns of berry water potential or turgor. It was anticipated, therefore, that cell wall extensibility and yield threshold varied during berry development. Measurements of uniaxial extensibility of dermal strips removed from berries indicated that total and plastic extensibility were relatively constant during stages I and II of berry growth, but increased significantly in the transition from stage II to stage III. The functional interrelationships between sugar accumulation, skin extensibility, and berry growth, which increases at the onset of stage III, remain to be elucidated.
The Role of Ethylene in Initiating Gum Duct Formation in Almond Fruit
Authors: Morrison Janice C. , Labavitch John M. , Greve L. Carl 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Intact almond fruits [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb.] showed a transient increase in ethylene production at the time of gum duct initiation. Treatment with ethylene promoted gum duct formation if applied 1 week before natural duct initiation, but had no effect when applied earlier. Silver thiosulfate, applied either as a spray or through bark-feeding, was found to delay natural duct initiation. AO A also delayed duct initiation when applied through bark-feeding, but not when applied as a spray. Chemical name used: aminooxyacetic acid (AOA).
Urea Hydrolysis in Potting Media
Authors: Elliott George C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Urea Hydrolysis in Potting Media”, by George C. Elliott (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 111:862–866, November, 1986), Figs. 2 and 3 were reversed. The correct figures and legends are printed below.
Floral Development, Flowering Patterns, and Growth Rate of Monoecious and Gynoecious Buffalo Gourd
Authors: Scheerens J.C. , Yousef Y.M.R. , Ralowicz A.E. , Gathman A.C. , Scheerens H.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of sex expression on floral development, floral distribution, plant form, and growth rate was observed in monoecious and gynoecious buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima HBK.). Monoecious plants exhibited vegetative, male floral, mixed floral, and secondary vegetative phases in progression. During potentially male and potentially mixed floral phases of gynoecious plants, staminate flowers developed normally until male buds reached 2 to 3 mm in length. Thereafter, stamens degenerated and the resulting stamenless buds aborted. Gynoecious phenotypes produced pistillate flowers at earlier nodes than did their monoecious counterparts and, on individuals selected for detailed study, gynoecious plants produced about four times as many pistillate flowers as did monoecious plants. However, sex expression did not affect female bud ontogeny. On monoecious individuals, pistillate buds reached an thesis in about half as many days as was required for development of staminate buds. Growth rates and the patterns of growth were similar in monecious and gynoecious plants.
Changes in Apple Leaf Water Status and Vegetative Growth as Influenced by Crop Load
Authors: Erf Jeff A. , Proctor J.T.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eleven-year-old ‘Golden Delicious’/M. 26 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees were left unthinned (483 fruit/tree), thinned to one fruit/spur (370 fruit/tree), or completely defruited. Leaf water potential, leaf stomatal conductance, and leaf water content were monitored during the growing season. From 3 weeks after thinning and continuing to harvest, trees with an average of 483 or 370 fruit had significantly lower leaf water potentials than defruited trees. Trees thinned to 370 fruit had consistently higher leaf water potentials than unthinned trees with 483 fruit. Leaves on unthinned or one fruit/spur trees had higher stomatal conductances than leaves on completely defruited trees, although these differences were detected later in the season than those for leaf water potentials. No treatment differences in leaf water content were observed. Defruited trees had higher specific leaf weights, longer shoot extension, and greater increases in trunk cross-sectional area than those not defruited. Fruit size was greatest on trees thinned to one fruit/spur.
Isozyme Variation Among California Almond Cultivars: II. Cultivar Characterization and Origins
Authors: Hauagge R. , Kester D.E. , Arulsekar S. , Parfitt D.E. , Liu L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Horizontal starch gel electrophoresis was used to study the variation of aspartate aminotransferase (AAT-1), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI-2), leucine aminopeptidase (LAP-1) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM-1 and PGM-2) isozymes in 76 cultivars and accessions of almond. Cultivars could be separated into 40 classes for identification. Relationships among cultivars, based on historical records and isozyme similarities, show an original pool of seedling selections made before 1900. Most later-introduced cultivars are offspring or descendents of ‘Nonpareil’ and ‘Mission’ (‘Texas Prolific’), the other dominant parent.
Correlative Inhibition of Axillary Buds in Apple Nursery Trees in Relation to Node Position, Defoliation, and Promalin Application
Authors: Theron K.I. , Jacobs G. , Strydom D.K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sprouting of axillary shoots was studied in nursery apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh) following defoliation and Promalin application. Both Promalin and defoliation stimulated lateral bud outgrowth. Promalin was more effective when applied to buds without the inhibition imposed by the subtending leaf. In the absence of the subtending leaves there was a decreased tendency for buds to sprout at lower node positions. Buds most responsive to Promalin were between those subtended by small, partially expanded leaves and those subtended by fully grown leaves.
Root Hypoxia and Storage Breakdown of ‘Jonathan’ Apples
Authors: Gur Arye , Meir Shimon 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Stored ‘Jonathan’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh) fruit from poorly aerated trickle-irrigated plots had a high incidence of “Jonathan breakdown” (starting as flesh browning beneath the peel) and, from sprinkle-irrigated plots, “Senescent breakdown” (starting from the core area). The flesh of such fruit was high in ethanol at picking time and in acetaldehyde after several months of storage. High ethanol levels in the fruit after 4 months of storage were related to a high ethylene production of the fruit. High soluble solid levels were characteristic of fruit prone to Jonathan breakdown but not to senescent breakdown. The acid content of the fruit flesh was directly correlated with the acetaldehyde content after several months of storage. The acetaldehyde content of the flesh of fruit from plots suffering from root hypoxia rose after 3 months of storage at 1°C. In contrast, the ethanol content of healthy fruit decreased gradually during storage. Fruit from plots suffering from root hypoxia, and particularly their peel, were low in Ca, Β, and Fe, but high in K. Low fruit Ca was related to high acid, acetaldehyde, and sorbitol levels. Fruit low in Ca softened rapidly in storage.