bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
134 Ingredients That Modify the Immune System
Authors: Bobeck Elizabeth A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Companion animal diets have moved beyond providing complete nutrition for growth or maintenance and into functional outcomes that maintain and improve health and longevity. Select dietary ingredients have additional effects, intended or not, on animal physiology and immune function. Many immune-altering nutrients are fats or fat-soluble, including omega-3 fatty acids, essential oils, phytogenic compounds, and Vitamins A, E, and D. Examples of other related ingredients to which the immune system is responsive include phytogenic compounds, zinc, and probiotics. Because composition and inclusion rate of these nutrients impact immune function and physiology, a focused and intentional selection of specific ingredients is one method to alter inflammatory cascades in animals consuming the diet. While work in human, livestock, and companion animal models is working to identify therapeutic inclusion rates for these nutrients and ingredients, it should be noted that physiological alterations are nutrient-specific and are seen in both over and under-inclusion. For example, inclusion above currently recommended levels may optimize immune function and reduce inflammation in the case of vitamin D or omega-3 PUFA, while for zinc, additional pharmacological supplementation above requirements may inhibit immune function. Probiotics need to be specifically selected and included continuously for maximal benefit. When choosing to formulate an anti-inflammatory diet for long-lived animals, it must also be considered that important “background” functions of the immune system, including monitoring for and clearing pathogenic microbial populations, may be downregulated due to a general reduction in immune reactivity. Continued work to understand how diet and nutrition impact immunity, and how to balance inflammation through nutrition, is an area of active research and will inform downstream users how to best use data to impact consumers of that feed in desirable ways.
154 Supplementation of Late Gestation Metabolizable Energy in Beef Cows Reduces Mobilization of Body Reserves Prepartum
Authors: Croft Emily , Hare Koryn S , Wood Katharine M , Penner Gregory B , Steele Michael A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated how late gestation metabolizable energy (ME) intake affects performance and metabolism in beef cattle. Primiparous (PP; n = 45) and multiparous (MP; n = 107) Angus-Simmental cows were blocked by calving date and randomly assigned to treatments providing 80 (LME; n = 52), 100 (CME; n = 51), or 120% (HME; n = 49) of ME requirements for 53 d prior to calving. Postpartum, cows were fed the same diet. Rib and rump fat depths were measured by ultrasonography on d -54, -40, -26, -13, 13, 27, and 55 relative to calving. Plasma and serum were collected on d -53, -39, -25, -10, -3, 7, 13, 27, and 55 relative to calving. Serum glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and urea, and plasma insulin were measured. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX with the fixed effects of treatment, parity, and treatment×parity, and random effects of block and cow (block), accounting for repeated measures. Absolute loss of rib and rump fat prepartum was lesser (P ≤ 0.03) for HME. Primiparous heifers lost more (P &lt; 0.01) rib fat prepartum. Prepartum serum urea and NEFA were elevated (P &lt; 0.01) for LME, whereas glucose was elevated (P &lt; 0.01) for HME compared to LME. Multiparous cows had greater (P ≤ 0.02) serum NEFA and plasma insulin prepartum, whereas PP heifers had elevated (P &lt; 0.01) glucose. Treatment did not affect (P ≥ 0.56) the absolute loss of rib nor rump fat postpartum. Serum urea was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in LME than HME postpartum. Multiparous cow serum urea and beta-hydroxybutyrate postpartum was elevated (P ≤ 0.01) postpartum, whereas PP cows had elevated (P &lt; 0.01) plasma insulin. Supplementing excess ME during late gestation reduced mobilization of body reserves before calving but prepartum effects did not continue postpartum.
156 Effect of Increasing Levels of Ergot Alkaloids in the Diet of Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Sarich Jenna M , Stanford Kim , Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen S , McAllister Tim A , Blakley Barry R , Penner Gregory B , Ribeiro Gabriel O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of feeding ergot alkaloids (EA) at increasing levels (0, 0.75, 1.5, and 3.0 ppm) to feedlot beef cattle over backgrounding (BG) and finishing (FS) phases on growth performance and carcass quality. Steers (n=240; 280±32 kg) were blocked by weight and randomly allocated to 16 pens (4 pens/treatment; 15 steers/pen). Treatments included: no added EA (CTL); or EA added at 0.75 (EA075); 1.50 (EA150); and 3.0 ppm (EA300). Steers were fed barley-based BG diets containing 40% concentrate:60% silage (DM basis) for 84 d, then stepped up over 28 d to a 90% concentrate:10% silage (DM basis) FS diet for 119 d. Steers fed EA300 received CTL in FS after 77 days on feed (DOF). In the BG phase, a quadratic decrease (P=0.05) in ADG and a linear decrease in final BW (P=0.03) and total BW gain (P=0.02) were observed with increasing EA. In the FS phase, up to 77 DOF, there was a linear decrease in steers DMI (P=0.04), ADG (P=0.01), and total BW gain (P=0.01) with increasing levels of EA. Over the full FS phase (119 DOF), a quadratic response was observed for ADG (P=0.05), final BW (P=0.05), total BW gain (P=0.02) and carcass weight (P=0.05) with steers fed EA150 showing the lowest performance. Gain:feed was not affected (P&gt;0.20) by EA in the BG or FS phase. Dressing percentage (P=0.02) showed a quadratic effect with EA300 being the lowest. Additionally, a linear increase in lean meat yield (P&lt; 0.001) was observed with increasing EA. Including EA in the diet promoted a linear increase in rectal temperature (P&lt; 0.01). In conclusion, increasing levels of EA in the diet reduced growth performance, but when EA was removed, steers showed compensatory weight gain.
159 Effect of dry or Temper Rolling of High or low Protein Wheat and its Impact on Rumen Parameters, Liver Abscesses, and Growth Performance of Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Meadows Amanda C , Terry Stephanie , Penner Gregory B , McAllister Tim A , Ribeiro Gabriel O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the impact of low (13%, LP) or high protein (18%, HP) wheat grain subjected to dry (DR) vs temper rolling (TR) on growth performance, rumen parameters, and liver abscesses of feedlot steers. A backgrounding (BG) to finishing (FN) feedlot trial was performed using 160 302 ± 34 kg; 24 ruminally cannulated) Angus steers blocked by weight and randomly assigned to 16 pens. Cannulated steers (3 per pen) were housed within 8 pens equipped with a feed intake monitoring system. BG diets contained 35% wheat grain, 60% barley silage, and 5% supplement on a DM basis. Transition (TN) diets included sequential increases to the proportion of wheat grain in the total mixed ration to achieve a FN diet comprised of 85% wheat grain, 10% barley silage, and 5% supplement. Rumen pHs were measured with an indwelling logger and rumen samples were collected in each phase. Steers fed the HP-DR and LP-TR diets had lower (P≤0.03) ruminal pH than HP-TR during the TN phase. Tempering HP wheat reduced (P&lt;0.001) the generation of fine particles during rolling. During BG and TN, steers fed diets containing HP wheat had higher (P&lt;0.001) ruminal NH3 concentrations than the LP treatments. NH3 measurements during the FN phase were higher (P=0.01) for the LP-DR treatment compared to the LP-TR treatment. Greater (P≤0.01) C2:C3 ratios were noted for HP wheat diets during the BG and FN phases whereas the C2:C3 ratio was reduced (P&lt;0.001) with TR wheat during the FN phase. Greater (P= 0.01) NEgs were assessed for FN steers fed LP wheat. Steers fed HP wheat had more severe (P&lt;0.001) abscesses. Results suggest that HP wheat may limit the growth performance of FN cattle and increase the severity of liver abscesses.
160 Effects of Bacillus Licheniformis PF9 on Growth, Nutrient Absorption, gut Barrier Integrity, Immunity, and Intestinal Microbiota of Weaned Piglets Challenged with Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli F4
Authors: Xu Haoxiang , Lu Peng , Gong Joshua , Yu Hai , Azevedo Paula , Gong Joshua , Yang Chengbo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Bacillus licheniformis PF9 on growth performance and gut health of weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) F4. Thirty-two weaned piglets susceptible of ETEC F4 were randomly allocated to 4 treatments 1) NNC, basal diet and non-challenged; 2) NC, basal diet; 3) PC, basal diet + 80 mg·kg-1 of Avilamycin; and 4) PF9, basal diet + 109 cfu/kg of Bacillus licheniformis PF9. ETEC F4 decreased average daily gain and increased feed conversion ratio of the NC group. An increase was found in FCR of the PC group during the post-challenge period (P &lt; 0.05). ETEC F4 induced the severity of diarrhea at 3-, 36- and 40-hours post-inoculum (hpi) in the NC group (P &lt; 0.05). Bacillus licheniformis relieved diarrhea severity at 3 hpi (P &lt; 0.05). ETEC F4 reduced the duodenal, jejunal and ileal villus height of the NC group. A decrease in duodenal villus height in the PC group (P &lt; 0.05). ETEC F4 reduced the relative mRNA level of Na+-glucose cotransporter 1 in the NC group (P &lt; 0.05). Compared to the NC and NNC groups, Bacillus licheniformis increased relative mRNA levels of Aminopeptidase N, Occludin, Zonula occludens-1, and SGLT1 (P &lt; 0.05). Bacillus licheniformis increased the relative mRNA level of excitatory amino acid transporter 1 (P &lt; 0.05). Bacillus licheniformis showed a lower relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in the colon than piglets from the NNC group (P &lt; 0.05). The non-challenged group had a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes in the ileum than the challenged piglets, meanwhile, a lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the ileum and colon in the NC group (P &lt; 0.05). This study provides evidence that Bacillus licheniformis can be a potential antibiotics alternative to improve the gut health of piglets.
161 Effect of High- and low-Fiber Diets on Growth Performance in Growing-Finishing Pigs Selected for low or High Feed Efficiency
Authors: Jin Shunshun , Yu Changning , Xu Haoxiang , Azevedo Paula , Lei Huaigang , Rodas Argenis , Nyachoti Martin , O Karmin , Yang Chengbo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Understanding the effects of high- and low-fiber diets on the growth performance of pigs with different feed efficiencies will help the livestock industry develop new strategies to reduce the costs of pig production. In this study, 18 Landrace × Large White sows with high and low estimated breeding value on feed conversion ratio (EBV-FCR) were inseminated with semen from Large White with known EBV-FCR to produce 9 litters of low feed efficiency pigs and 9 litters of high feed efficiency pigs. A total of 94 growing pigs with low or high feed efficiency were fed a low-fiber (3% crude fiber) or high-fiber (6% crude fiber) content diet in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement for 70 days. Pigs fed a high-fiber diet presented higher body weight (BW) on day 70 (P &lt; 0.05). High feed efficiency pigs presented lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than low feed efficiency pigs from day 0 to 70 (P&lt; 0.05). There was an interaction between fiber and feed efficiency group on average daily gain (ADG;P &lt; 0.05) and FCR (P &lt; 0.05) from day 0 to 35. High feed efficiency pigs fed a high-fiber diet presented lower FCR than low feed efficiency pigs fed a low-fiber diet (P&lt; 0.05). Low feed efficiency pigs fed a low-fiber diet showed the lowest ADG (P&lt; 0.05). Regardless of efficiency groups, pigs fed a high-fiber diet presented higher ADG and lower FCR than pigs fed a low-fiber diet from day 42 to 70 (P&lt; 0.05). These results suggest that high feed efficiency pigs can present lower FCR and ADFI without reducing final BW and ADG. Feeding a high-fiber diet can increase ADG and reduce FCR in the later stages of the experiment.
171 Sex-Sorted Sperm Used for Fixed-Time Artificial Insemination and in Vitro Fertilization in Wood Bison
Authors: Zwiefelhofer Eric M , Adams Gregg P , Zwiefelhofer Miranda L , Mackie Paula , Mastromonaco Gabriela F 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Wood bison (Bison bison athabascae) are a threatened species native to Canada. In a conservation setting such as zoos, females are preferred over males and sex-sorted sperm may help skew the proportion of females born. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of sex-sorted sperm in fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI, Experiment 1) and in vitro fertilization (IVF, Experiment 2). In Experiment 1, females in bison herds at the University of Saskatchewan and Toronto Zoo were synchronized with 3.3 mg estradiol-17ß + 50 mg progesterone and given a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device for 8 days. At device removal, bison were given 500 µg of cloprostenol, and 72 h later were given 2500 IU human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and inseminated with either sex-sorted or conventional sperm. A second insemination occurred 24 h after hCG. Pregnancy diagnosis and fetal sexing was done by transrectal ultrasonography at 30- and 70-days post-AI, respectively. In Experiment 2, cumulus oocyte complexes collected transvaginally from live bison were fertilized in vitro with either sex-sorted or conventional sperm. Cleavage and embryo rates were determined at 3- and 7-days post fertilization, respectively. Proportional data were compared by chi-square. In Experiment 1, there was no effect of herd (P=0.17) or sperm (P=0.68) on pregnancy per AI (P/AI) at 30 days (total=25/51 [49%]). The proportion of female calves was greater in the sex-sorted than conventional group (9/10 [90%] vs 3/11 [27%]; P&lt; 0.01). In Experiment 2, the cleavage (122/222 [55%] vs 62/94 [66%];P=0.07) and embryo rate (18/222 [8%] vs 14/94 [15%]; P=0.07) tended to be lower in the sex-sorted than the conventional group. In summary, sex-sorted sperm increased the proportion of female bison calves born following FTAI. Future efforts will include improving embryo production rates following IVF with sex-sorted sperm. Funding provided by Toronto Zoo, Mitacs, and STGenetics.
179 Today's Beef Quality Assurance Program: Rancher Involvement and the Future of Developing Sustainability Programs
Authors: Klopatek Sarah C , Cantwell Allison , Roche Leslie , Stackhouse-Lawson Kim R , Oltjen James W 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
To date the most successful rancher educational program has been the beef quality assurance (BQA) program. However, it is not understood why ranchers chose to become BQA certified. Without this knowledge it becomes increasingly difficult to build new rancher educational and sustainability focused programs. To gain insight on current BQA program involvement and application of BQA best management practices (BMP) we administered an online multi-state survey to cattle ranchers in collaboration with state Cattlemen’s Associations. In total, the survey consisted of 45 questions and was divided into 3 sections including: 1) rancher demographics, 2) BQA participation and current BQA BMP, and 3) willingness to join new rancher sustainability program. Of the survey participants (n=884) ranchers that were BQA certified at any time were less likely to administer injections in areas other than the neck compared with ranchers who were not certified (p&lt; 0.05), demonstrating the effectiveness of the BQA program. More than 87% (n=542) of survey respondents listed “improving animal health and welfare” as one of their top three reasons for joining BQA, while only 22% (n=137) listed “animals fetching a higher price”. This result highlights that although financial incentive was a factor in program adoption, animal health and welfare was at the forefront of ranchers’ minds. The survey indicated that ranchers who were male, ranched for a greater number of years, grazed more total acres, and received a larger percent of income from ranching were more likely to be BQA certified (p&lt; 0.05). Finally, those who were BQA members were more likely to state that joining a rancher sustainability program would be beneficial to their operation (p&lt; 0.05). Overall, this survey provides insight into BQA program and BMP adoption and demonstrates that the BQA program could be a possible framework for creating a successful rancher sustainability program.
188 Comparison of Nutritive Value Parameters to Normalized Difference Vegetation Index by Means of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
Authors: Montgomery Sarah M , Karisch Brandi B , Czarnecki Joby 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Remote sensing has opened doors for grazing management by allowing producers to monitor forage in a more efficient way. The objective of this study was to observe the relationship between the normalized vegetation index (NDVI) from images taken by an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to nutritive value parameters. This project took place at the H. H. Leveck Animal Research Center located in Starkville, MS where 9, 2-hectare pastures planted in Marshall annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) were utilized. Each 2-hectare pasture was subdivided into 0.20-hectare sections where forage samples were collected from 3, 1/4 of a meter quadrat every 14-days. Images were taken with UAV over a 76-day grazing period every 14-days. Images from the UAV were captured at 121.9 m above ground level using a DJI inspire 2 rotor wing fitted with a MicaSense RedEdge camera (MicaSense; Seattle, WA). Images were processed using Pix4D (Pix4D SA; Prilly, Switzerland) and analyzed in QGIS (QGIS; OSGeo; Finland). Raster calculator in QGIS was utilized to calculate NDVI values. Forage samples were analyzed using NIR for crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), relative forage quality (RFQ), and invitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and correlated to NDVI values. Regression analysis was conducted in R (RStudio, PBC) using the package easynls (easynls-package) procedure within package ggplot2 (ggplot2-package). Regression models were obtained through a backward-elimination technique. Neutral detergent fiber (r2 = 0.27) had the best correlated relationship to NDVI compared with CP (r2 = 0.21), ADF (r2 = 0.25), RFQ (r2 = 0.18), and IVDMD (r2 = 0.22). As NDVI values increased, CP, RFQ, and IVDMD increased while ADF and NDF decreased. There was a weak correlation between all nutritive value parameters and NDVI values. In conclusion, weak relationships indicate that NDVI values may not be the best predictor of nutritive value.
190 Effects of Flooding on Grazed Pastures: Forage Quality, GHG Emissions and C Stocks
Authors: Miquilini Marina , Ribeiro Ricardo , Chiavegato Marilia 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Manure creates hot spots of nutrients concentration, and consequently nutrient losses to air and water. In flood-prone areas these losses represent a major concern for environment. However, there is a gap on the understanding of the effects of recurring, short-term flooding on environmental and forage characteristics. This study evaluated the effects flooding on soil carbon (C) stock; and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (methane, CH4; nitrous oxide, N2O; and carbon dioxide, CO2) from soil; and forage dry matter and quality in flooded and non-flooded grazed pastures during four sampling periods (spring, early summer, late summer, and fall) of 2021. Soil samples were collected from 0-100cm, forage samples were cut at stubble height and soil greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions were monitored using the static chamber methodology. Preliminary results show trends of reduced forage digestibility in flooded pastures. No differences were observed on forage dry matter. Overall, there was no differences between CO2 emission from soil in flooded and non-flooded areas. Soil CH4 fluxes were primarily negative, and flooding seems to reduce the sink potential for CH4 from soil, except during early summer. For N2O the effects of season were very pronounced, increased emissions from spring to early summer and throughout fall in both flooded and non-flooded pastures. We did not observe any N2O sinks, and no difference between treatments. Flood-prone pastures had decreased C stock in comparison with non-flood pastures. Preliminary results show that forage production may represent a good option for flooded areas, since no effects were observed on mass and few effects on quality. However, flooding reduced C stock potential and CH4 sinks. A second sampling season will be performed in 2022 to further observe these results and allow for C-equivalent flux calculations. The balance between productivity and environmental impacts of flood-prone pastures will then be assessed.
215 Awardee Talk: Astaxanthin Supplementation During Deconditioning and Reconditioning Periods Reduces Oxidative Stress in Circulation in Polo Ponies
Authors: Kawaida Mia Y , Kwon Oh Sung , Ahn Ahram , Reiter Amanda S , Tillquist Nicole M , Reed Sarah A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Oxidative status is impacted by fitness and dietary nutrients, such as antioxidants. We hypothesized that astaxanthin (ASTX) supplementation would improve oxidative status in the circulation and muscle in response to exercise following deconditioning and reconditioning in horses. Twelve conditioned polo ponies (14.8 ± 1.7 yr) were assigned to control (CON; n = 6) or astaxanthin supplemented (ASTX; n = 6; 75 mg ASTX daily) groups. Horses performed 26 min submaximal exercise tests (SET) followed by 30 min of recovery while in condition (SET1), after 16 wk of deconditioning (SET2), and after 16 wk of reconditioning (SET3). Blood samples were collected 30 min before and 0, 15, 30, and 60 min after each SET. Semitendinosus muscle biopsies were collected 2 wk before and 2 hr after each SET. Using commercially available kits, plasma and muscle superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities and plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were determined. At SET2, ASTX had 116% greater plasma SOD activities than CON (P=0.001). Both treatment groups increased from SET2 to SET3 (P&lt; 0.001), but there were no treatment effects at SET3 (P=0.788). At SET2, plasma GPX activities were 49.3% greater in ASTX than CON (P=0.012), and ASTX tended to be 21.2% greater than CON at SET3 (P=0.096). Plasma MDA concentrations were 22.2% greater in CON than ASTX at SET2 (P=0.034), but not at SET1 or SET3 (P≥0.449). There were no detectable differences in muscle SOD or GPX activities 2 wk before or 2 hr after any SET (P≥0.309). In conclusion, ASTX supplementation maintained circulating antioxidant capacity and minimized oxidant activities during deconditioning, reducing oxidative stress in response to the SET in the circulation but not in the skeletal muscle. This may enable horses to adjust to strenuous exercise more efficiently, improving athletic performance, especially when they are re-introduced to exercise after deconditioning.