bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What does the state do in China’s state-led infrastructure financialisation?
Authors: Liu Imogen T , Dixon Adam D 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
China’s state-led financialisation of infrastructure is an alternative narrative to prevailing accounts of neoliberal financialisation in the advanced capitalist core, where the expansion of private market-based finance-led growth is theorised to transform traditional forms of public infrastructure development and production-based growth. Drawing on the case of Chinese state capital investment in Europe, we demonstrate empirically how the imperative to financialise infrastructure development is emergent from and contingent upon a productivist mode of capitalist development. We articulate two key transformations in which Chinese state capital is being used to leverage financial best practice and its network properties in service of the real economy.
Regulation of Cyber Risk in the Banking System: A Canadian Case Study
Authors: Peihani Maziar 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Cyber risk is one of the greatest threats facing any modern financial system; a result of increasing dependence on technology and the appeal of troves of personal data to well-equipped hackers. This article examines the governance of cyber risk in the Canadian banking system in the context of the Covid-19 crisis, which has led to a surge in cyber-attacks. It argues that the existing Canadian regime, which draws heavily on the Basel operational risk framework, is unfit to handle the unique challenges posed by cyber risk. Cyber incidents are unlike traditional operational disruptions in both their dynamism and impact, and are not adequately captured by backward-looking proxies, such as historical losses. There is also a mismatch between the traditional risk-based supervision, which relies on annual risk rating of banks, and the quickly changing cyber profile of regulated entities. Furthermore, the bilateral and institution-specific nature of such supervision leaves out the crucial systemic perspective on cyber risk. This article calls for the current quantitative paradigm, which underlies capital adequacy regulation, to be complemented with a resilience-centric approach aimed at better accommodating and learning from unpredictable cyber incidents. This shift requires revisiting traditional supervisory practices, such as extensive reliance on centralized decision-making and planning—which may prove ineffective in the face of a firm-wide cyber incident—and a dynamic approach that keeps regulation in line with emergent knowledge. The article outlines a number of strategies which can help banks and regulators navigate and adapt to the ever-changing cyber landscape.
Prince Albert’s donations to the library of the South Kensington Museum
Authors: Willis Frances 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Prince Albert’s drive to encourage the United Kingdom to forge ahead in the applied arts and industry has been well documented. The masterminding of the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations of 1851, and its legacy in the form of the South Kensington quarter, are testament to his endeavours. Albert’s imprint left behind through his interaction with libraries, and the reasoning behind his choice of manuscript and printed book donations to these institutions are areas that provide a subtler avenue of exploration. Taking as a case-study the donations he made to the South Kensington Museum library, now in the National Art Library at the Victoria and Albert Museum, while also looking further afield, I explore here Albert’s contribution of texts made available for researchers. The donations demonstrate, particularly, his promotion of the capacity for progress through research in science and the arts, and the potential for these fields to be connected and utilized through industry.
The European Court of Human Rights—Can there be too much Success?
Authors: Lemmens Paul 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDuring its more than 60 years of operation, the European Court of Human Rights has proven to be a real beacon for many individuals. Through its case law, it has contributed to the development of human rights law as well as to the development of the principles of the rule of law and of democracy in Europe. However, the Court faces two central problems: the caseload it has to deal with and challenges to its authority and legitimacy. The present contribution will study the history and the achievements of the Court, and address the challenges and the Court’s response to them. The latter has particularly included measures aimed at making its working methods more effective and attempts to increase awareness of its subsidiary role within the Convention protection system, especially regarding its approach to the review of decisions of national authorities. In this context, the development of the principle of process-based review in the Court’s jurisprudence is examined. What will characterize the Convention system in the future is closer cooperation between the Court and national courts. Whether this will effectively lead to an increased protection of human rights on the ground remains to be seen. It is not only for the Court to earn such confidence through its work, but also for others to maintain a climate in which that confidence can continue to be enjoyed.
The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights—The Power of Subjective Rights: Comment with Special Focus on the Case Law of the Inter-American and the European Courts of Human Rights
Authors: Binder Christina 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This comment approaches the subjectivity and justiciability of economic and social rights by analysing the recent jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights. In line with Dzidek Kędzia’s contribution ‘The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights—The Power of Subjective Rights’ in this special issue, it argues that the development towards the recognition of economic and social rights as subjective rights is ongoing. The comment finds that notwithstanding certain constraints, both courts increasingly recognize economic and social rights in their jurisprudence. In doing so, they employ similar concepts and argumentative techniques as the Committee on ESCR, partly with explicit reference to the findings of the Committee, and also refer to each other. This process of mutual cross-referencing is understood to be the form of judicial dialogue that strengthens and reinforces the justiciability of economic and social rights. It is key to move one step further in the process towards the full recognition of economic and social rights as subjective and enforceable rights.
Identification of distinct genomic features reveals frequent somatic AHNAK and PTEN mutations predominantly in primary malignant melanoma presenting in the ureter
Authors: Huang Yan , Wei Lai , Huang Yuanbin , Wen Shuang , Liu Tianqing , Duan Xu , Wang Yutong , Zhang Hongshuo , Fan Bo , Hu Bin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundPrimary malignant melanoma of the ureter is extremely rare. Genetic variants to the increased risk of developing the disease have not yet been investigated.MethodsTumour mutation profiling for primary malignant melanoma of the ureter was performed by whole-exome sequencing. Immunohistochemistry was performed to verify histopathological features and the variants of predisposing genes and driver mutation genes. Furthermore, we conducted a literature review and Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Result-based study by searching public databases.ResultsWe identified 38 somatic single nucleotide variants and 9 somatic insertions and deletions (INDELs) in tumour specimens. After filtering with the Cancer Gene Census database, seven predisposing genes and two driver mutation genes were identified. Moreover, the immunohistochemical profile showed that tumour cells were positive for Melan-A, melanoma gp100 human melanoma black 45 (HMB45), S100 beta and P53. The expression levels of two driver mutation genes (phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and desmoyokin (AHNAK) and five predisposing genes (AT-rich interaction domain 1B (ARID1B), catalase, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4 gamma 3 (EIF4G3), ANK3 and collagen type I) were significantly downregulated in tumour tissues compared to paracancerous tissues. In the literature review and Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results-based study, patients with primary malignant melanoma of the urinary tract had worse clinical outcomes than patients with primary urothelial carcinoma after 1:2 propensity score matching (P = 0.010). Additionally, Cox multivariate analysis for patients with primary malignant melanoma of the urinary tract indicated that distant metastasis (hazard ratio = 1.185; P = 0.044) was an independent predictor for overall survival, and tumour focality (hazard ratio = 0.602; P = 0.017) and non-surgery (hazard ratio = 0.434; P = 0.003) were independent factors for tumour progression.ConclusionsOur study is the first to provide evidence that the distinct phenotypes of primary malignant melanoma of the ureter may be due to different genetic variations. The prognosis of primary malignant melanoma of the urinary tract was poorer than that of primary urothelial carcinoma of the urinary tract.
Tumor mutational burden measurement using comprehensive genomic profiling assay
Authors: Kage Hidenori , Kohsaka Shinji , Tatsuno Kenji , Ueno Toshihide , Ikegami Masachika , Zokumasu Koichi , Shinozaki-Ushiku Aya , Nagai Sumimasa , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Mano Hiroyuki , Oda Katsutoshi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Tumors with a high number of mutations in the genome, or tumor mutational burden, are presumed to be more likely to respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, the optimal method to calculate tumor mutational burden using comprehensive genomic profiling assays is unknown.

Methods
Todai OncoPanel is a dual panel of a deoxyribonucleic acid panel and a ribonucleic acid panel. Todai OncoPanel deoxyribonucleic acid panel version 6 is an improvement over version 3 with increased number of targeted genes and limited targeting of intronic regions. We calculated tumor mutational burden measured by Todai OncoPanel deoxyribonucleic acid panel versions 3 and 6 using three different calculation methods: all mutations within the targeted region (target tumor mutational burden), all mutations within the coding region (all coding tumor mutational burden) and non-synonymous mutations (non-synonymous coding tumor mutational burden). We then compared them with whole exosome sequencing tumor mutational burden. In addition, 16 lung cancer patients whose samples were analyzed using Todai OncoPanel deoxyribonucleic acid version 3 were treated with anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody monotherapy.

Results
When compared with whole exosome sequencing tumor mutational burden as the standard, tumor mutational burden measured by Todai OncoPanel deoxyribonucleic acid version 3 resulted in accuracy of 71% for all three calculation methods. In version 6, accuracy was 96% for target tumor mutational burden and all coding tumor mutational burden and 91% for non-synonymous coding tumor mutational burden. Patients with either partial response or stable disease had higher non-synonymous coding tumor mutational burden (6.7/Mb vs. 1.6/Mb, P = 0.02) and higher PD-L1 expression (40% vs. 3%, P = 0.01) and a trend toward higher target tumor mutational burden (9.2/Mb vs. 2.4/Mb, P = 0.09) compared with patients with progressive disease.

Conclusions
Increase in targeted gene number and limiting intronic regions improved tumor mutational burden measurement by Todai OncoPanel when compared with whole exosome sequencing tumor mutational burden. Target tumor mutational burden may be the method of choice to measure tumor mutational burden.
External validation of the Candiolo nomogram for high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with carbon ion radiotherapy plus androgen deprivation therapy: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Utsumi Takanobu , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Ishikawa Hitoshi , Hiroshima Yuichi , Wakatsuki Masaru , Harada Masaoki , Ichikawa Tomohiko , Akakura Koichiro , Tsuji Hiroshi 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The aim of this study was to reclassify high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with carbon-ion radiotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy using the Candiolo nomogram and evaluate usefulness to predict the following 10-year biochemical recurrence. Six hundred seventy-two high-risk prostate cancer patients were reclassified according to the Candiolo nomogram. The cumulative incidence curves for biochemical recurrence were compared by Gray’s test. Furthermore, five predictors of the Candiolo nomogram in our patients were evaluated by Fine and Gray regression hazards model. The higher the Candiolo risk, the worse the biochemical recurrence, especially in high- and very high-risk patients. Out of five predictors, age ≥70 years, cT3 stage, biopsy Gleason score ≥9 or the percentage of positive biopsy cores ≥50% had significant impacts on 10-year biochemical recurrence in our patients. The Candiolo nomogram can reclassify our high-risk prostate cancer patients treated with carbon-ion radiotherapy and androgen deprivation therapy and evaluate the biochemical recurrence preciously.
Management of elderly patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer
Authors: Hamamoto Yasuo , Murakami Kentaro , Kato Ken , Kitagawa Yuko 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis review focuses on the treatment about elderly esophageal cancer to clarify the current situation regarding our clinical question. Although there are several reviews about elderly esophageal cancer treatment, there are fundamental differences between Japan and the rest of the world. Two main differences are raised: histological differences and treatment strategies for resectable patients. We overview each status according to following clinical questions. First, there are no established evaluation criteria for frail. Second, selection criteria for surgery or non-surgery are not established. Third, few specific treatments for elderly patients (EPs) are investigated. In conclusion, there are many reports about treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma for EPs, although treatment strategy is still controversial. We have to consider well-designed prospective trial to confirm specific treatment strategy according to each stage.
Risk of radiculopathy caused by second course of spine stereotactic body radiotherapy
Authors: Ito Kei , Nakajima Yujiro , Ogawa Hiroaki , Taguchi Kentaro , Sugita Shurei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objective
Stereotactic body radiotherapy is used to treat spinal metastases; however, 10% of patients experience local failure. We aimed to clarify the outcomes of the second course of stereotactic body radiotherapy for spinal metastases with a uniform fractionation schedule at our institution.

Methods
Data of patients treated with a second salvage stereotactic body radiotherapy course at the same spinal level or adjacent level from July 2018 to December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The initial prescribed dose was 24 Gy in two fractions, and the second dose 30 or 35 Gy in five fractions. The spinal cord dose constraint at the second course was 15.5 Gy at the maximum point dose. The endpoints were local failure and adverse effects. Local failure was defined as tumor progression using imaging.

Results
We assessed 19 lesions in 17 patients, with radioresistant lesions in 14 (74%) cases, the second stereotactic body radiotherapy to the same/adjacent spinal level in 13/6 cases, the median interval between stereotactic body radiotherapy of 23 (range, 6–52) months, and lesions compressing the cord in 5 (26%) cases. The median follow-up period was 19 months. The 12- and 18-month local failure rates were 0% and 8%, respectively. Radiation-induced myelopathy, radiculopathy and vertebral compression fractures were observed in 0 (0%), 4 (21%) and 2 (11%) lesions, respectively. Three patients with radiculopathy experienced almost complete upper or lower limb paralysis.

Conclusions
The second course of salvage stereotactic body radiotherapy for spinal metastases achieved good local control with a reduced risk of myelopathy. However, a high occurrence rate of radiation-induced radiculopathy has been confirmed.
Co-Skewness across Return Horizons
Authors: Jin Chenglu , Conlon Thomas , Cotter John 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this article, the impact of investment horizon on asset co-skewness is examined both empirically and theoretically. We first detail a strong horizon-based estimation bias for co-skewness. An asset that has positive co-skewness at one horizon may have negative co-skewness for others. This phenomenon is particularly evident for small-capitalization stocks. We then propose a theoretical model to estimate long-horizon co-skewness using data observed at the shortest horizon, which emphasizes the role of adjustment delays in the pricing of market-wide information among securities. Co-skewness is only found to be priced in the cross-section of stock returns for a small range of short horizons, calling into question the universal validity of the three-moment model.
Demography of botfly (Cuterebra fontinella) parasitism in white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) in Kansas
Authors: Timm Robert M , Ruedebusch Cory R 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Botflies (Diptera: Cuterebra sp.) are widely distributed and seasonally abundant parasites of small mammals in North America. To assess their effect on rodent survival, we studied the demography of botfly parasitism on small mammals in northeastern Kansas during 1995–1999. Additional comparisons on botflies parasitizing small mammals were made to a nearby old-field grid where mark–recapture studies continued from 1975 to 2003. White-footed mice, Peromyscus leucopus, were infected by botfly larvae (Cuterebra fontinella) each year during our study. The period of infection for P. leucopus was June–December, with the highest proportion of mice infected in July and August. A smaller, second peak of infection in October and November indicated that C. fontinella reproduced bimodally at this latitude with distinct summer and autumn population peaks. During the botfly seasons of the 5 years, 140 (23.3%) of 602 P. leucopus captured were infected. The percentages of individuals infected during 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1999 were not significantly different (22.4%, 17.3%, 17.1%, and 22.7%, respectively). However, in 1998, 32.4% individuals were infected with a higher incidence of multiple infections and a greater number of botfly larvae per host. Nearly half (47%) of the infected individuals caught in 1998 had infections in both summer and autumn, compared with 25% during the 1995–1997 seasons. In 1999, 63% of infected mice had at least a 2nd infection during the autumn. For all 5 years, 82%, 14%, and 4% of the infected mice had one, two, or three botflies, respectively. In 1998, 24% of the infected mice carried two or more botflies at one time, compared to 14% from 1995–1997 and 11% in 1999. Overall 94% of the infected mice were adults, with no differences between sexes. The variation seen in the prevalence of botfly parasitism of white-footed mice correlates to yearly weather fluctuations. Other demographic aspects of the infected mice, such as sex ratio, age, and longevity of those infected, did not change year to year. Our data suggest that infection with Cuterebra has little negative or positive impact upon populations of white-footed mice.
Boom and bust cycles of black-tailed prairie dog populations in the Thunder Basin grassland ecosystem
Authors: Davidson Ana D , Augustine David J , Jacobsen Hannah , Pellatz Dave , Porensky Lauren M , McKee Gwyn , Duchardt Courtney 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBlack-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) exhibit boom and bust cycles in landscapes where they are affected by outbreaks of plague caused by the introduced bacterium Yersinia pestis. We examined spatiotemporal dynamics of black-tailed prairie dog colonies in the Thunder Basin National Grassland, Wyoming over a period of 21 years. The colony complex experienced three plague epizootics during that time, and consequently three boom and bust cycles. The entire prairie dog colony complex collapsed over a 1-year period during the first and third epizootics, and over a 3-year period during the second epizootic. The boom and bust cycles were characterized by relatively rapid contractions in total area occupied by prairie dogs during a plague outbreak (e.g., &gt;99% decline from 10,604 ha to 47 ha over 1 year [2017–2018]) followed by much slower recovery times (e.g., an increase from 410 ha to 10,604 ha over 11 years [2006–2017]). Prairie dogs occupied a total of 10,604 ha during at least one survey within the study period, but much of the area was not continuously occupied over time. We found that each of the three plague outbreaks occurred in years with highly connected prairie dog colonies and slightly above-average temperatures and summer precipitation, which were preceded by a dry year. Although plague outbreaks were associated with climatic conditions, we were unable to detect a role of climate in driving colony expansion. Our results illustrate the cyclic and extreme nature of fluctuations in black-tailed prairie dog colony size and distribution in a landscape where plague occurs and illuminate some of the drivers of these cycles. Further, our work shows how introduced diseases can dramatically influence populations of a keystone species, with important consequences for the broader ecological system.
Shape variability in the periotics of odontocetes (Cetacea) distributed along the Pacific coast of northern Mexico
Authors: Esteves-Ponte María Alejandra Rosa , González-Barba Gerardo , García-Rodríguez Francisco Javier 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTwenty-three species and four subspecies of odontocete belonging to five families (Delphinidae, Physeteridae, Kogiidae, Phocoenidae, and Ziphiidae) are distributed along the Pacific coast of northern Mexico. The morphological variability of these species has been studied extensively and a number of taxonomic studies have focused on cranial characteristics. The goal of this study was to describe the periotics of the odontocetes of the Pacific coast of northern Mexico and develop a taxonomic tool using descriptions of each species. We used a geometric morphometric analysis of 186 periotics housed in local and national osteological collections. Our results show the taxonomic value of periotics and a significant phylogenetic signal associated with this structure. Based on these results we present a descriptive catalog that can be used for identification purposes.