bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Two Spotted Spider Mite on Delphinium Under Glasshouse Conditions
Authors: Bethke James A. , Garcia Jacinto , Parrella Michael P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 10 plants/row assigned randomly in a 0.5 acre field at a commercial nursery in San Diego Co., CA. A 15 liter back pack sprayer was used to apply the treatments at 45-50 psi. Every other row was treated to create a buffer row eliminating spray drift. Five leaves/plant, 10 plants/treatment were sampled. Total numbers of eggs and motiles were estimated with the use of a mite brushing machine and a grid. A pre-treatment count was taken and followed by 2 post-treatment counts on days 7, and 14.
Control of Crapemyrtle Aphid, 1989
Authors: Booth D. C. , Connor G. M. , Smiley E. T. , Fraedrich B. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mixed varieties of crapemyrtle growing in a commercial nursery near Fort Mill, SC were sprayed on 14 Sep. Application conditions were sunny skies, 29°C, and 72% relative humidity. Treatments were applied with an Echo backpack hydraulic sprayer; 1.25 gal of mixed material was applied/plant. A complete randomized design was used with 4 replicate plants/treatment. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated at 4 DAT by randomly clipping 2 leaves from the upper grown region and 2 leaves from the mid-crown region. Hurricane Hugo (22 Sep) decimated the aphids and prevented further sampling. Adult and immature aphids were counted using a binocular microscope.
Taxus, Black Vine Weevil Larvicide Dip Test, Lake CO., OH, 1986
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Balled and burlaped Taxus media 'Wardi' (30-38 cm) were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides as dips against black vine weevil larvae (1.68 mm mean head capsule width). Insecticidal solutions were mixed in half-sections of 208 liter drums to accommodate submersion of root balls of each of 5 plants/treatment. Plants remained in solution for 30 or 60 sec on 28 Apr. Root balls were removed from solution and placed on the rim of the drum for 10 sec to allow drainage back into the drum. Mean number of larvae/plant prior to treatment was 5.3. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 10 DAT by removing burlap and visually sorting through soil and assessing viability of larvae.
Spruce Spider Mite Control on Christmas Trees in the Mountains of North Carolina, 1987
Authors: Hobbs W. R. , Hain F. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Danitol, developed by the Chevron Chemical Co., was evaluated for efficacy in controlling SSM in Aug on a plantation of 8 yr old fraser firs in Ashe County. Using a hand pump sprayer to the point of run-off, 3 application rates were applied and Orthene was used as a standard. A randomized block design was used with 5 blocks of 25 trees selected for each treatment and the controls. Prespray and 10 d postspray counts were made of all living eggs and motile SSM on 3 randomly selected 10 cm twigs taken from different trees within each block.
Protection of Pines From Wood Borers, 1981
Authors: Robert Chenier J. V. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was done in a red pine plantation at the Petawawa National Forestry Institute, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada. Twenty two red pine were felled on 17 and 18 Jun and cut into 1.5 m bolts. Eleven treatment piles were set up, each consisting of 15 randomly allocated bolts piled as a pyramid with 5 logs as a base, with at least 10 m between piles. Treatments were applied on 18 Jun using a Holder Supra knapsack mist blower, spraying until all exposed bark and cut end surfaces were wet. All piles were left undisturbed until mid Nov, by which time sawyer larvae in attacked logs had left the cambium and bored into the wood. Bark was removed from all 165 bolts, and the no. of Monochamus entrance holes into the wood of each bolt was counted. The diam at both ends of the each bolt were measured to determine the total surface area of each bolt and the density of beetle attack on each bolt. Since few eggs are laid on bolts within log piles, results were analyzed for the 9 outer bolts on each pile. Mean and standard deviation (n = 9) of Monochamus entrance hole density were calculated for each treatment.
Eastern Spruce Gall Adelgid Control, 1989
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Parr Northam 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment took place in a heavily infested spruce Christmas tree plantation in Plymouth, NH. Treatments were applied 16 May to the nymphal stage at budbreak. Plot size consisted of a sample tree, 4-6 ft in height randomly selected. Treatments were replicated 9 times. Treatments were applied with backpack hydraulic sprayer at 40 psi to the point of run off. Conditions at the time of spraying were: air temperature, 60°F; no wind; no precipitation for several days post treatment. Treatments were rated on 10 Oct by counting the number of new galls/tree.
Efficacy of Saber Ear Tags Against Pyrethroid Resistant Horn Flies, West Central Research Center, North Platte, Nebraska, 1989
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Saber (10% Lamdacyhalothrin) ear tags were applied to 180 crossbred replacement heifers which grazed a native range pasture. A similar group of 15 heifers were without fly control and considered the control. Horn fly counts were made weekly by counting the total number of horn flies/animal with a minimum of 15 animals included during each counting session.
Evaluation of Ear Force Ranger, Optimizer, and Saber Ear Tags on Pyrethroid-Resistant Horn Flies, Gud-Mundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, Nebraska, 1989
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
On 16 May, Ear Force Ranger (10% permethrin, 6.8% chlorpyrifos and 4.2% PBO) ear tags were applied to 90 yearling steers (one/steer). On 31 May, Optimizer (20% Diazinon) ear tags were applied to 50 cow/calf pairs (one/cow). On 1 Jun, Saber (10% Lambdacyhalothrin) ear tags were applied to 75 yearling steers (one per steer). Fifty cow/calf pairs were used as a comparison. Fly counts were initiated 8 Jun and continued on a weekly basis. Fly counts were recorded by counting the total number of horn flies on an animal, with a minimum of 15 animals included in each fly counting session.
Effects of Sugar on Efficacy of Three Residual Fly Control Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Meyer Jeffery A. , Cry Tracy , McKeen William D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plywood panels (61 cm × 91 cm) were treated with Alfacron 50 WP (1.25%), Ectiban WP (1.25%), and Fly Killer D (0.25%), with and without sugar (120 g/1 of finished spray) added to the spray mixture. Untreated panels (no treatment and sugar plus water) were also included in the group of treatments. A section of rain gutter was placed along the bottom of each panel to collect the dead flies. Four replicates of each treatment were arranged in a randomized complete block design, with panels situated along the edge of a poultry house. The test was initiated on 15 Apr with flies being collected weekly for 8 wk.
Evaluation of Cynoff and Talstar on Surfaces, 1989
Authors: Appel A. G. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Laboratory tests evaluated the residual toxicity of 0.1% finished sprays of Cynoff 40 WP and Talstar 10 WP on wood and cement surfaces. Both insecticides were applied with an insecticide-saturated natural bristle brush to unpainted plywood panels and cement at 1 gal per 400 ft2 and 1 gal per 200 ft2. Deposits of both insecticides were aged 1, 7, 14, and 28 d under laboratory conditions at 70°F, 40-60% RH. Young adult crickets (7-10 d-old) were confined on the treated surfaces with 9 cm-diam by 10 cm-high clear plastic rings. The rings were covered with glass petri dish covers. There were 6 crickets/ring and 5 replicate rings/treatment variable: insecticide, deposit age, and surface. Mortality was recorded every 15 min for the first h and at 1 h intervals thereafter until all crickets died. Water was provided by a small cotton wick. Mortality data were analyzed by probit analysis. Mean LTso values in h were calculated for each variable.
Evaluation of the Residual Activity of Demon Ec, Dursban Lo and Tralomethrin Ec on Various Surfaces Against German Cockroaches and Brown Dog Ticks, 1988
Authors: Cilek J. E. , Knapp F. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Unpainted and varnished birch wood panels, vinyl floor tiles and glazed ceramic tiles, measuring 232 cm2, were treated with either 0.015, 0.03 or 0.06% tralomethrin EC (3.75% AI); 0.1% Demon EC (25.3% AI); or 0.5% Dursban LO (41.5% AI). Each insecticide was applied at the rate of 3.8 liters/92.9 m2 using a pressurized 3.8 liter stainless steel hand sprayer calibrated to deliver 7 ml/ s at 20 psi with a 12 × teejet brass cone nozzle. After treatment, each panel was allowed to dry for ca. 30 min. At which time 10 adult brown dog ticks (sex ratio 1:1) were placed onto the treated surface and covered with a screened Fonda° paper can lid (8.9 cm diam). In a second test 15 adult German cockroaches (sex ratio 1:1) were similarly confined onto a separate series of glazed ceramic and plain birch wood panels which had been treated in a similar fashion with the same insecticides as above. While the same insecticides were used, only the 0.015 and 0.03% concentrations of tralomethrin EC were tested. In both tests, panels of each surface treated with water only served as controls. Treatments and controls were replicated 4 times/test interval. All insecticides were evaluated on the d of treatment (wk 0) and at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 wk post-treatment. The percentage of knocked-down and dead individuals was separately recorded 24 h after exposure. Those individuals which were unable to remain upright but were still able to move an appendage when probed with a teasing needle were recorded as knocked-down. No knockdown or mortality occurred on control panels for both species. All data were subjected to ANOVA, following arcsine transformation of the data. Original means are presented.
Evaluation of Drench Treatments for Control of Red Imported Fire Ants in Nursery Media, 1989
Authors: McAnally Lee R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The residual activity of several insecticidal drenches against imported fire ant (IFA) alates was evaluated in 2 trials at the Imported Fire Ant Laboratory in Gulfport, Mississippi. Drenches containing insecticide at the levels shown in the table were applied on 7 Apr, (Trial I) and 29 Jun, (Trial II) to 18 3.8-liter pots for each treatment group. Each pot, filled with Strong-Lite potting media (Strong-Lite Products, Pine Bluff, AR) received 0.768 liters of drench solution. All pots were weathered outdoors and received a minimum of 5 cm of water/wk, either by rainfall or irrigation. At monthly intervals, the media in 3 pots from each group was composited and a 80-100 cc sub-sample was bioassayed with alate queens using a slight modification of the procedure of Banks et al. 1964 [J. Econ. Entomol. 57:298-299].
Black Cutworm Control on Golf Course Greens, 1991
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three insecticides were evaluated for control of black cutworm. Experimental plots were arranged in a completely random design and replicated 4 times on a single green. Plot size was 10 × 10 ft. Granules were applied with a hand held glass jar shaker and liquids were applied in 2 liters of water per plot with a sprinkler can. Treatments were irrigated with about 1/4 inch of water about 4 h after application. Environmental conditions at treatment time (13 Aug) were: air temperature, 32.5°C; RH, 47%; partly cloudy and calm; soil temperature, 32°C (1 inch), 31°C (surface). Treatments were evaluated at 7 DAT by treating the entire green with Baythroid 2 E at 0.04 lb (AI)/acre and the number of larvae in each plot flushed to the surface was recorded. Larvae were mostly small ranging in size from 6 to 15 mm in length with 75% less than 14 mm long.
Chinch Bug Control, Ingham Co., Michigan, 1991
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Papp C. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A grid of 3 ft × 3ft plots separated by 2 ft wide buffer strips was set up in a home lawn with an infestation of chinch bugs in Okemos. Chinch bugs were counted in each plot on 10 Jul before insecticides were applied. Counts were made by observing each plot for a timed one min period. The treatments were blocked out based on these counts. Afterwards, six replications of each treatment were applied on 10 Jul between 10:00 am and 3:30 pm. The temperature when treatments were made was 85o-90°F with a 0 -5 mph wind. Granular products were evenly applied over the plot with hand-held shakers. Liquid products were applied with a single nozzle, hand-held C02 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. The application was made at 50 psi through an 8003 flat fan nozzle. Liquid insecticides were mixed with water and applied at a rate of 136.8 ml/9 ft2 (4 gal/ 1000 ft2). Chinch bugs were counted again in all plots on 17 Jul except for NTN 33893 plots which were counted on 2 Aug. Each plot was observed for 3 min to determine the number of chinch bugs present. The lawn was mostly Kentucky bluegrass with a Vi inch thatch layer and a sandy loam soil. The area was irrigated every other day before the test but no irrigation was applied after 10 Jul.
Ant Control in Turfgrass, Michigan, 1991
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Papp C. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
12 × 12 ft plots (144 ft2) separated by 3 ft buffer strips in a fairway infested with ants at the Ionia Golf Club in Ionia, MI, were used for this test. Treatments were applied 25 Jul. Each treatment was replicated six times. Plots were sprayed with a R&D hand-held boom sprayer with four 8006 nozzles at 50 psi for 24 s (to give 4 gal/1000 ft2). Granular products, which had been pre-weighed, were applied evenly throughout the plots with custom-made hand shakers. The fairway was irrigated 3-5 times per wk depending on rainfall. Active ant mounds were counted just prior to insecticide treatment and once per wk for 5 wks afterwards. Ant mounds were counted from a standing position.
Evaluation of Conventional and Experimental Formulations for Preventive Control of Northern Masked Chafer Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Snyder Co., Pennsylvania, 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (20%), perennial ryegrass (20%), and weeds (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with blank granules to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (25 Jul), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 77°F; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inch; soil type, silt-loam; soil particle size analysis: 28.8% sand, 58.0% silt, 13.2% clay; soil moisture, 20.5%; organic matter, 3.6%; and water pH, 6.0; clear skies, and soil pH, 6.2. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were made 64 DAT. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of chafer grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Residual Acnvmr of Two Insecticides for Control of Annual White Grubs, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE, on a Kentucky bluegrass golf course rough. The predominant grass species was Kentucky bluegrass (95%) with a thatch accumulation (finger compressed) of 0.25 to 0.5 inch. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type: silty clay loam; soil organic matter: 3-5%; soil pH: 6.7; water pH: 7.0. Soil moisture was maintained near field capacity throughout the study. There was no prior history of Oftanol or Triumph use in the treatment area. Plots were 5 × 5 ft, and the experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Insecticide treatments were applied 28 May and 29 Jul. Liquids were applied with a COj sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and 5 gal/1000 ft2 spray volume. Granulars were applied with a pre-calibrated Gandy 30H12 spreader. Immediately following applications the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inch of water. A total of 8.74 inches of rain fell during the study period (28 May to 19 Aug). Product efficacy was evaluated 19 Aug by removing from each plot six, 8-inch diameter turf-soil cores (2.1 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Influence of Application Timing of Triumph 4 E and Oftanol 2 L on White Grub Control, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Horst G. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study was conducted in Lincoln, NE, on a Kentucky bluegrass golf course rough. The predominant grass species was Kentucky bluegrass (95%) with a thatch accumulation (finger compressed) of 0.25 to 0.5 inch. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture was maintained near field capacity throughout the study. Plots were 5 X 5 ft, and the experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Liquid formulations were applied 17 Jun, 1, 15, 29 Jul, and 12 Aug, corresponding to 30 and 15 d before, at, and 15 and 30 d after the anticipated date of 99% completion of the SMC beetle flight period (15 Jul, based on light trapping records from the last four years). Subsequent light trap collections indicated that 99% beetle flight at the study site actually occurred on 11 Jul. Insecticides were applied with a C02 sprayer using an LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and 5 gal/1000 ft2 spray volume. Immediately following applications the test area was irrigated with approximately 0.5 inch of water. A total of 6.75 inches of rain fell during the study period (6 Jun to 6 Sep). Product efficacy was evaluated 6 Sep by removing from each plot three, 8-inch diam turfsoil cores (1.0 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving grubs.
Black Turfgrass Ataenius Control, 1991
Authors: Power K. T. , Niemczyk H. D. , Klein M. G. , Belcher M. G. , Shetlar D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was located on a golf course fairway at Jeromesville, OH. Insecticides and entomopathogenic nematodes were applied 13 Jun to plots 3.5 X 3.5 m arranged in a complete randomized block replicated 4 times. Granular insecticides were applied using a drop spreader and liquids using a C02 sprayer with Teejet 8003 lp nozzles at 1.05 kg/cm2 pressure that delivered a vol of 466 liter/ha. Nematodes were applied with a C02 sprayer using Teejet 8015 nozzles at 2.92 kg/cm2 pressure that delivered a spray vol of 1600 liter/ha. The experimental area was irrigated approximately 1.25 cm after all treatments were applied but before sprays had dried on the grass blades. Environmental conditions at time of treatment were: BTA: ca. 80/0.093 m2, 5% 1st, 10% 2nd, 80% 3rd instars, and 5% pupae. Turf: level, dry, 3.2 cm height, 50% Kentucky bluegrass, 40% perennial ryegrass, 10% annual bluegrass. Thatch: moist, 1.2 cm. Soil: moist, 64°F at 2.54 cm and 68°F at 7.62 cm. Weather: sunny, 70°F, 0-8 km/h. Water: pH 7.22. Efficacy data taken 24 Jun (11 DAT) were based on the number of live BTA larvae and pupae in 8, 10.8 cm in diam samples from each plot. At the time of treatment evaluation, soil samples were collected from the check and nematode treated plots and tested for’ presence of entomopathogenic nematodes. Five Galleria larvae were placed in each of two subsamples of soil from each plot.
Evaluation of Granular Formulations of Insecticides for Control of Japanese Beetle and Northern Masked Chafer Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Franklin County, Ohio, 1991
Authors: Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Power K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots consisting of approximately 80% Kentucky bluegrass and 20% perennial ryegrass were established and treated on 29 Jul. Treatment plots were 3.05 m squares, separated by 0.9 m alleys, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. Liquid treatments were applied using a C02 sprayer (40 psi with four 8015 Teejet nozzles) calibrated to deliver 0.16 liter/m2, and granular products were applied using a 0.61 m Gandy Turf Tender drop spreader. The entire experimental area was irrigated with 6.35 mm water (7.96 pH) immediately after treatments were applied. At treatment time, conditions were: sky cloudy, air temperature 24.4°C, wind 0-19 km/h, soil temperature at 2.5 cm = 26.7°C and at 7.6 cm = 25.0°C, and the turf had a dense thatch 6.35-12.7 mm thick, with mowing height 4.4 cm. Posttreatment counts were made 58 d later (25 Sep) by taking six 17.8 × 17.8 cm (= 0.03 m2) samples randomly from each treatment plot and recording the number and species of grubs.
Control of Cicada Killer with Area Sprays on a Golf Course, 1990
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Four insecticides were evaluated as spray treatments over areas ranging in size from 46 to 130 m2. Treatments were not replicated. Sampling consisted of counting active burrows within the confines of a 1/3 m2 wire hoop randomly tossed into the treated area; counts were made in 3 areas/treatment each date. Sprays were applied 26 Jul with a 1.5 gal compressor sprayer at the rate of 2 liters/9.3 m2. Treated areas were not irrigated but about 0.4 inches of rain fell on the plot site about 1/2 h after treatment. Treated areas were only sparcely covered with grass and there was no thatch layer. Soil type is sand consisting of 90.0% sand, 6.4% silt, and 3.6% clay. Cumulative precipitation during the trial at 6, 8, 13, and 20 DAT was 0.40, 0.40, 0.65, and 0.75 inches, respectively.
Evaluation of Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Chinch Bugs in Buffalograss, 1991
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Wright R. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was conducted on a buffalograss lawn in Lincoln, NE. Insecticides were applied on 5 Sep to 4 × 4 ft plots arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Buffalograss was maintained at a mowing height of 4.0 inches and mowed to 2.0 inches prior to insecticide applications. Thatch accumulation ranged from 0 to 0.25 inch. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature 88°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 86°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0-7.0; water pH, 7.0; soil moisture 12%. Liquid insecticides were applied with a COj sprayer using an LF- 4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal spray/1000 ft2. Immediately following application, plots were irrigated with 0.125 inch water and 0.83 inch of rain fell during the post-treatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 5 and 14 DAT by removing from each plot three turf-soil cores to a depth of 2 inches with a 4.25-inch diam cup cutter (0.3 ft2 total area per plot). Cores were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. Extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 h.
Control of Apple Aphid on Crabapple
Authors: Miller Fredric 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Aphid control was evaluated by selecting 32 infested crabapple trees, 1.8 m tall, with similar infestation levels growing in 5 gal pots under standard nursery production conditions. Treatments were randomly applied with four single plant replicates per treatment. Tempo 2 E served as the standard. Plants were sprayed until drip using a one qt capacity hand-held Polysprayer. Temperature at time of application was 21°C and wind velocity was less than 5 mph. Prior to spraying (0 DAT) and at 2, 4, and 8 DAT, one, 5 cm long growing tip was randomly selected from each plant and the total no. of live aphids recorded. Aphids that were shriveled, distorted, and lacked movement were considered dead.