bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anomaly flow by an Aharonov–Bohm phase
Authors: Funatsu Shuichiro , Hatanaka Hisaki , Hosotani Yutaka , Orikasa Yuta , Yamatsu Naoki 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In gauge-Higgs unification (GHU), gauge symmetry is dynamically broken by an Aharonov–Bohm (AB) phase, θH, in the fifth dimension. We analyze SU(2) GHU with an SU(2) doublet fermion in the flat M4 × (S1/Z2) spacetime and in the Randall–Sundrum (RS) warped space. With orbifold boundary conditions the U(1) part of gauge symmetry remains unbroken at θH = 0 and π. The fermion multiplet has chiral zero modes at θH = 0, which become massive at θH = π. In other words, chiral fermions are transformed to vector-like fermions by the AB phase θH. The chiral anomaly at θH = 0 continuously varies as θH, and vanishes at θH = π. We demonstrate this intriguing phenomenon in the RS space in which no level crossing occurs in the mass spectrum and everything varies smoothly. The flat spacetime limit is singular as the anti-de Sitter curvature of the RS space diminishes, and reproduces the result in the flat spacetime. Anomalies appear for various combinations of Kaluza–Klein excitation modes of gauge fields as well. Although the magnitude of the anomalies depends on θH and the warp factor of the RS space, it does not depend on the bulk mass parameter of the fermion field controlling its mass and wave function at general θH.
The Time is Ripe for a Consensus Definition of Clinical Recovery in First-episode Psychosis: Suggestions Based on a 10-Year Follow-up Study
Authors: Åsbø Gina , Ueland Torill , Haatveit Beathe , Bjella Thomas , Flaaten Camilla Bärthel , Wold Kristin Fjelnseth , Widing Line , Engen Magnus Johan , Lyngstad Siv Hege , Gardsjord Erlend , Romm Kristin Lie , Melle Ingrid , Simonsen Carmen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objectives
A consensus definition of clinical recovery in first-episode psychosis (FEP) is required to improve knowledge about recovery rates in this population. To propose criteria for a future consensus definition, this study aims to investigate rates of clinical recovery when using a standard definition (full psychotic symptom remission and adequate functioning for minimum one year) across both affective and nonaffective FEP groups (bipolar spectrum and schizophrenia spectrum disorders). Second, we aim to explore changes in rates when altering the standard definition criteria. Third, to examine the extent to which healthy controls meet the functioning criteria.

Study design
In total, 142 FEP participants and 117 healthy controls preselected with strict criteria, were re-assessed with structured clinical interviews at 10-year follow-up.

Study results
A total of 31.7% were in clinical recovery according to the standard definition, with significantly higher recovery rates in bipolar (50.0%) than in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (22.9%). Both groups’ recovery rates decreased equally when extending duration and adding affective symptom remission criteria and increased with looser functioning criteria. In healthy controls, 18.8% did not meet the standard criteria for adequate functioning, decreasing to 4.3% with looser criteria.

Conclusions
Findings suggest that clinical recovery is common in FEP, although more in bipolar than in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, also when altering the recovery criteria. We call for a future consensus definition of clinical recovery for FEP, and suggest it should include affective symptom remission and more reasonable criteria for functioning that are more in line with the general population.
The illusion of transparency: the political double standard in city credit ratings
Authors: Norris Davon 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ratings proliferate in social life though underlying biases in how ratings are constructed are obscured. Rating criteria—formal a priori standards about the relevant factors for an evaluation—hold promise for creating transparency, eliminating biases and generating meritocratic evaluations through standardization and uncertainty reduction. Yet, little is known about whether criteria in fact eliminate biases or introduce new complexities. Using original data on credit ratings for 109 US city governments from 2002 to 2009, I test whether a rating agency’s rating criteria is applied evenly across cities. Results provide evidence of a political double standard where liberal-leaning cities are evaluated according to a more strict application of rating criteria requiring these cities to have higher performance for similar ratings compared to their conservative counterparts. These findings highlight a mechanism producing inequality between cities and demonstrate how generating meritocratic and unbiased evaluations requires more than the existence and transparency of rating criteria.
Deep-Rooted Plant Species Recruit Distinct Bacterial Communities in the Subsoil
Authors: Bak Frederik , Lyhne-Kjærbye Annemette , Tardif Stacie , Dresbøll Dorte Bodin , Nybroe Ole , Nicolaisen Mette H. 
Published: March 2022

Deep-rooted plants can obtain water and nutrients from the subsoil, making them resilient to climatic changes. Plant growth and health may depend on interactions with root-associated bacteria but the composition and assembly dynamics of deep-root-associated bacterial communities are unknown, as is their ability to supply plants with nitrogen (N). Here, we investigated the root-associated communities of the three deep-rooted perennial crops—lucerne ( Medicago sativa), intermediate wheatgrass ( Thinopyrum intermedium), and rosinweed ( Silphium integrifolium)—grown in 4-m-tall Root Towers under seminatural conditions. Across the plant species, higher bacterial abundance and lower diversity were found in the root-associated communities compared with the bulk soil communities. The deep-root-associated communities were enriched in the genera Pseudarthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium, and Streptomyces, genera found to harbor a wide variety of bacterial species expressing plant beneficial traits . The composition of the deep-root-associated bacterial communities were plant species specific, and clearly distinct from the shallow communities. Additionally, the deep-root-associated communities comprised primarily amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) that were omnipresent in the bulk soil and, to a limited extent, ASVs that could have been transported from the topsoil or potentially from the seed. Abundances of genes involved in N-cycling ( amoA, nifH, nirK, nirS, and nosZ) showed plant-species-specific patterns, and indicated that intermediate wheatgrass and lucerne recruit N-fixing bacteria even at 3 m of depth for N supply. This work provides the first steps toward understanding plant–microbe interactions of deep-rooted crops, which are important for evaluating these crops for use in future sustainable cropping systems. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Referral Indications for Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptibility Diagnostics in Patients without Adverse Anesthetic Events in the Era of Next-generation Sequencing
Authors: van den Bersselaar Luuk R. , Hellblom Anna , Gashi Mejdan , Kamsteeg Erik-Jan , Voermans Nicol C. , Jungbluth Heinz , de Puydt Joris , Heytens Luc , Riazi Sheila , Snoeck Marc M. J. 
Published: March 2022

Background
The introduction of next-generation sequencing into the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders has resulted in an increased number of newly identified RYR1 variants. The hypothesis was that there is an increased referral of patients to malignant hyperthermia units without a personal/family history of adverse anesthetic events suspected to be malignant hyperthermia. This retrospective multicenter cohort study evaluates patient referral indications and outcomes for those without a history of an adverse anesthetic event.

Methods
Patients referred between 2010 and 2019 to the malignant hyperthermia units in Antwerp, Belgium; Lund, Sweden; Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Toronto, Ontario, Canada were included. Previously tested patients and relatives of previously tested patients were excluded. Data collection included demographics, referral details, muscle contracture, and genetic testing results including Rare Exome Variant Ensemble Learner scores. Referral indications were categorized into those with a personal/family history of adverse anesthetic event and other indications including exertional and/or recurrent rhabdomyolysis, RYR1 variant(s) detected in diagnostic testing in the neuromuscular clinic without a specific diagnosis (in a family member), diagnosed RYR1-related myopathy (in a family member), idiopathically elevated resting creatine kinase values, exertional heat stroke, and other.

Results
A total of 520 medical records were included, with the three most frequent referral indications as follows: personal history of an adverse anesthetic event (211 of 520; 40.6%), family history of an adverse anesthetic event (115 of 520; 22.1%), and exertional and/or recurrent rhabdomyolysis (46 of 520; 8.8%). The proportion of patients referred without a personal/family history of an adverse anesthetic event increased to 43.6% (133 of 305) between 2015 and 2019 compared to 28.4% (61 of 215) in 2010 to 2014 (P < 0.001). Patients with a personal/family history of an adverse anesthetic event were more frequently diagnosed as malignant hyperthermia–susceptible (133 of 220; 60.5%) than those without (47 of 120; 39.2%; P < 0.001). Due to missing data, 180 medical records were excluded.

Conclusions
The proportion of patients referred to malignant hyperthermia units without a personal/family history of an adverse anesthetic event has increased, with 39.2% (47 of 120) diagnosed as malignant hyperthermia–susceptible.

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Two Successful Livebirths from Both Hemiuteruses After Laparoscopic Cervical Cerclage in a Uterus Didelphys Patient with Cervical Insufficiency
Authors: Zhang Limei , Zhong Xue , Chen Yuqing , Peng Tianyu , Yu Liyun , Cai Jian , Yao Shuzhong , Wang Zilian 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Uterus didelphys occurs in ∼0.4% of females and is found in ∼11%–20% of all uterus defects. It is a risk factor for cervical insufficiency, consequently contributing to late miscarriage or preterm birth. Thus far, only two prior cases of uterus didelphys accompanied by cervical insufficiency treated through laparoscopic cervical cerclage have been reported; however, livebirth only occurred in one hemiuterus. Herein, we report a case of uterus didelphys in a patient diagnosed with cervical insufficiency. Following the placement of a modified laparoscopic cervical cerclage, the patient had two successful livebirths through both hemiuteruses, respectively, with longer gestation age (ie, >36 weeks). The aim of this case report was to provide useful information for clinical practitioners to make better decisions on the management of cervical insufficiency in patients with uterus didelphys, and identify obstetric complications that clinicians should pay attention to during pregnancy.
Safety of Internal Electronic Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring During Labor
Authors: Liang Yiheng , Li Yun , Huang Chunhua , Li Xiaohong , Cai Qiaoqing , Peng Jiying , Fan Shangrong 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective:
To investigate the safety and efficacy of internal electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring during labor.

Methods:
This was a retrospective case-control study, which was an analysis of monitoring FHR with a fetal scalp electrode or a Doppler probe (94 pregnant women per group). In the internal monitoring group, when the opening of the uterine orifice was ≥3 cm, the fetal scalp electrode was placed after natural or artificial rupture of the membrane. FHR was simultaneously monitored using a Doppler probe. In the external monitoring group, continuous FHR monitoring was performed using an ultrasound Doppler transducer fixed on the maternal abdomen. The toco transducer was used to record uterine contractions. Pathological examination of the placenta was performed prospectively in 49 and 48 cases in the internal electronic FHR monitoring group and control group, respectively. Maternal-infant outcomes (e.g. fever, puerperal infection, puerperal morbidity, delivery mode, Apgar score, and scalp injury) were recorded. Umbilical artery blood was extracted for blood gas analysis. Differences between the two groups were compared using the paired t-test, χ
2 test, Yates corrected χ
2 test or Fisher exact test.

Results:
Non-statistically significant differences between the internal and external monitoring groups were observed in the incidence of neonatal acidosis (1/94 (1.06%) vs. 3/94 (3.19%), respectively; χ
2 = 0.255, P = 0.613), cesarean section/operative vaginal delivery (8/94 (8.51%) vs. 15/94 (15.96%), respectively; χ
2 = 2.427, P = 0.181), fever during labor (18/94 (19.15%) vs. 15/94 (15.96%), respectively; χ
2 = 0.331, P = 0.565), puerperal morbidity (2/94 (2.13%) vs. 3/94 (3.19%), respectively; χ
2 = 0.000, P
= 1.000), chorioamnionitis (9/49 (18.37%) vs. 7/48 (14.58%), respectively; χ
2 = 0.252, P
= 0.616), and neonatal asphyxia (0/94 (0.00%) vs. 1/94 (1.06%), respectively; χ
2 = 0.000, P
= 1.000). There were no puerperal infections, neonatal scalp injuries, or scalp abscesses found in either group. Using the internal monitoring value as reference, the incidence of FHR false deceleration in external FHR monitoring was 20.21% (19/94 women).

Conclusion:
Internal FHR monitoring during labor does not increase the incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes. External monitoring was associated with FHR false decelerations.
Autologous Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy for Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review
Authors: Saldanha Ian J. , Broyles Justin M. , Adam Gaelen P. , Cao Wangnan , Bhuma Monika Reddy , Mehta Shivani , Pusic Andrea L. , Dominici Laura S. , Balk Ethan M. 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Women undergoing autologous reconstruction (AR) after mastectomy for breast cancer and their surgeons must make decisions regarding timing of the AR and choose among various flap types. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate the comparative benefits and harms of (1) timing of AR relative to chemotherapy and radiation therapy, and (2) various flap types for AR.

Methods:
We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials.gov for studies, from inception to March 23, 2021, without language restriction. We assessed risk of bias of individual studies and strength of evidence (SoE) of our findings using standard methods.

Results:
We screened 15,936 citations. Twelve mostly high risk of bias studies, including three randomized controlled trials and nine nonrandomized comparative studies met criteria (total N = 31,833 patients). No studies addressed timing of AR relative to chemotherapy or radiation therapy. Six flap types were compared, but conclusions were feasible for only the comparison between transverse rectus abdominus myocutaneous (TRAM) and deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flaps. The choice of either flap may result in comparable patient satisfaction with breasts and comparable risk of necrosis (low SoE for both outcomes), but TRAM flaps probably pose a greater risk of harm to the area of flap harvest (abdominal bulge/hernia and need for surgical repair) (moderate SoE).

Conclusions:
Evidence regarding details for AR is mostly of low SoE. New high-quality research among diverse populations of women is needed for the issue of timing of AR and for comparisons among flap types.
A Severe Case of Siliconoma-induced Hypercalcemia due to Illicit Gluteal Silicone Injections
Authors: Huff Mallorie L. , Mehta Nitisha , Jacobs Aaron M. , Miles Marshall G. 
Published: March 2022

Summary:
Siliconoma-induced hypercalcemia is a rare complication of siliconoma, occurring secondary to a foreign body granulomatous process induced by the introduction of silicone into soft tissue. This is a case report of a woman presenting with sequelae of illicit silicone injections performed in an unknown woman’s basement in Florida 20 years before presentation. A 39-year-old woman presented with a 2-month history of 20-pound weight loss, malaise, and intractable vomiting with a remote history of unregulated cosmetic injections to the bilateral gluteal and thigh regions. Her laboratory studies were consistent with severe hypercalcemia secondary to a foreign body granulomatous process. Initially, she was medically managed, with mild improvements in her symptomatic hypercalcemia and later underwent palliative debridement with siliconoma removal. Postoperatively, her course was complicated by delayed wound healing and graft failure, but the surgical defect was later closed successfully with split-thickness skin grafting after months of wound care. Although the procedure was not intended to treat her hypercalcemia, there were significant improvements in serum and ionized calcium in the months following her procedure. Severe hypercalcemia in the context of previous unregulated cosmetic injections or possible silicone implant rupture should prompt consideration of siliconoma-induced hypercalcemia as the underlying etiology. In addition to the established utility of IV fluids, bisphosphonates, and glucocorticoids, there may also be a role for surgical intervention in the management of this unique patient population’s hypercalcemia.
Multimodal Studies in Hepatitis B Virus Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Xie Runze , You Maojun , Wang Xin , Du Shunda , Wang Fu-Sheng , Yang Pengyuan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive cancer that ranks the second leading cause of cancer related death. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the most prevalent etiological factor, especially in eastern world. However, the underlying mechanism of HBV infection-initialed carcinogenic progression remains largely unknown, making it difficult to improve therapeutic strategies for HBV-associated HCC (HBV+ HCC). The virus drives multi-omics changes in human liver cells, leading to genomic instability, epigenomic modifications, and proteomic alterations. HBV infection also orchestrates the immunosuppressive microenvironment in HBV+ HCC. This review summarized recent research progress with the multimodal methods covering genome, transcriptome, epigenome, and proteome introduced in the mechanistic studies for HBV+ HCC.
Long-term Intraocular Pressure Fluctuation Is a Risk Factor for Visual Field Progression in Advanced Glaucoma
Authors: Lee Jihei Sara , Park Sungeun , Seong Gong Je , Kim Chan Yun , Lee Sang Yeop , Choi Wungrak , Bae Hyoung Won 
Published: March 2022

Précis:
Intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuations increase the risk of visual field progression of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) in the advanced stage even when IOP is maintained low on average.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors associated with the progression of visual field defect in patients with advanced POAG.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective review of medical records was conducted to identify patients who met the Hodapp-Parrish-Anderson criteria for advanced POAG. A total of 122 eyes of 122 patients had undergone IOP measurement with Goldmann applanation tonometer, standard automated perimetry, Cirrus optical coherence tomography, and fundus photography at 6-month intervals. Visual field progression was defined as the deterioration of a minimum of 3 visual field locations more than baseline at 5% levels in 4 consecutive visual fields with 24-2 SITA testing.

Results:
Thirty-six eyes of 122 eyes (29.5%, 51.9±13.9 y old) showed visual field progression during 100.7±44.2 months of follow-up. The progression group showed greater long-term IOP fluctuations (2.6±1.4 mm Hg) than the no progression group (53.5±13.5 y; 2.0±1.0 mm Hg, P=0.008). Disc hemorrhage was detected more frequently in the progression group (40.5% vs. 17.4%, P=0.005). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed long-term IOP fluctuations [hazard ratio (HR)=2.567, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.327–5.370, P=0.012] and disc hemorrhage (HR=2.351, 95% CI: 1.120–4.931, P=0.024) to be independent risk factors of visual field progression. Patients who showed both disc hemorrhage and long-term IOP fluctuations were at greater risks of progression (HR=2.675, 95% CI: 1.072–6.457, P=0.035).

Conclusions:
Long-term IOP fluctuations and disc hemorrhage are independent and additive risk factors of visual field progression in advanced glaucoma even at low IOPs. Patients in whom these risk factors are identified require close monitoring and vigorous treatment.
Readability of Online Patient Education Materials for Glaucoma
Authors: Cheng Brian T. , Kim Anne B. , Tanna Angelo P. 
Published: March 2022

Précis:
We assessed the readability of online glaucoma patient education materials using seven validated instruments. Overall, glaucoma materials were written at a 10th to 11th grade level, above the recommended seventh grade reading level.

Purpose:
Online health information is increasingly used by patients, yet previous studies show online patient education materials are often difficult to understand. As such, the American Medical Association recommends that patient education materials are written at or below a seventh grade reading level. This study aimed to assess the readability of online glaucoma patient education materials.

Methods:
Glaucoma was entered into the Google search engine, and the first 30 search results were assessed for readability using seven validated readability instruments. Scientific articles, forums, and dictionary entries were excluded. Single sample t tests were used to assess whether online glaucoma materials were written above the recommended seventh grade level.

Results:
Overall, glaucoma materials were written at a mean grade level of 10.33 (SD: 2.02). Across 6 grade level readability instruments, these patient education materials were written above the recommended seventh grade reading level (P<0.0001 for all). Glaucoma education materials only on the first page of Google search results were of a similar reading level: mean 10.56 (SD: 2.13). The readability instruments used in this study showed strong consistency.

Conclusions:
Glaucoma patient education materials are written above the recommended reading level to promote accessibility of education materials. This may contribute to lower patient engagement, worse clinical outcomes, and greater racial and ethnic disparities in glaucoma management. There is a need for reliable, simple glaucoma information to improve patient outcomes.