bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emily Dickinson and the “High Prerogative” of Pain
Authors: Constantinesco Thomas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates Emily Dickinson’s response to the problem of pain and connects philosophical and historicist readings of her work, which usually approach the question of pain from antithetical perspectives. In one instance, pain is viewed as intimate and atemporal because it disrupts the very conditions of experience itself. In the other, Dickinson is considered a poet of her time because her poems engage with the generalization of grief occasioned by the Civil War. Building on Agamben’s notion of contemporariness as irrelevance, the chapter argues that it is precisely the sense of untimeliness of Dickinson’s poems of pain that renders them legible as timely interventions into the nation’s culture of pain. It makes the claim that their resistance to time, and to the inscription of pain in time, enables a critique of the chronopolitics of pain and its underlying structure of sacrifice, which informed Northern war propaganda as well as the politics of Reconstruction. At the same time, however, the question of reconstruction and the possibility of community through shared pain deeply preoccupied Dickinson. As her poems try to imagine the suffering of others and confront the limits of sympathy, the chapter concludes, they sketch fleetingly forms of attachment which emerge from the recognition of the very incommensurability of pain.
Anti-Dogmatism and ‘Orthodoxy’
Authors: Lewis Simon 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores anti-dogmatist attacks on Methodism. To Latitudinarians and heterodox ‘Rational Dissenters’, Methodists stifled the progress of the Reformation by defending ‘human’ dogmas, such as the Augustinian doctrine of original sin, infant baptism, and Trinitarianism. Ironically, these orthodox doctrines were also defended vociferously by anti-Methodist High Churchmen, who associated the controversial practices of evangelical leaders with the ‘enthusiastic’ excesses of the Reformation. To some, the Reformation had ended long ago, meaning that the Methodists’ endeavours were, at best, redundant, and, at worst, damaging. To others, the Reformation was a work in progress, which was being stifled by the Methodists’ dogmatic zeal for ‘orthodoxy’. The term ‘Methodism’, therefore, conjured up different images for different people. These images were, however, always rooted firmly in the past.
Fair Insurance
Authors: Parr Tom , Williams Andrew 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
What level and kind of protection against relative misfortune should our community provide, and how should it distribute the costs of provision amongst its members? According to the answer this chapter explores, the willingness of fairly situated individuals to pay for protection against the risk of misfortune plays an essential, though limited, role in answering these questions. The authors call this approach fair insurance. The chapter’s aim is to identify the appeal of this position compared to its rivals and to outline an amended variant of the most familiar version of the view. It then explains how that variant survives several influential objections that some have thought decisive. It concludes by showing that the fair insurance approach can contribute to recent debates about how best to develop a contractualist account of distributive decision-making in the face of risk.
Incentives, Inequality, and Community Revisited
Authors: Frye Harrison 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Many accept some inequality as a price for efficiency—by paying some more than others, we incentivize socially productive behavior. G. A. Cohen famously criticized this argument for being overly uncritical of the motives of those who receive such incentives. Cohen’s argument and the debate it has generated implicitly rely on a class-based analysis of how inequality-creating incentives arise: there are the “least advantaged” and the “more advantaged,” and inequality is the result of the more advantaged holding out for more. In contrast, this chapter argues that inequality can be a solution to a problem of cooperation that faces equal sharing schemes: shirking. The temptation to shirk does not just plague the more advantaged, but everyone in an equal sharing scheme. If this is true, inequality is not some tribute we pay to the more advantaged. Instead, it is a solution to a problem of cooperation generated by all of us.
Labour Markets in Low-Income Countries
Authors: Lam David , Elsayed Ahmed 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Employment and job creation are key components in achieving economic growth and sustainable development, particularly in low-income countries. The growing size of the working-age population in many developing regions underscores the need to further strengthen labour market structures in the world’s poorest countries. Despite the importance of studying emerging labour markets, and investigating which policies are more successful, the evidence is rather limited. Against this backdrop, the joint IZA/FCDO Growth and Labour Markets in Low Income Countries (GLM|LIC) programme was established and has taken important steps to close this gap. Covering topics such as poverty, informality and rural labour, skills training and behaviour, gender inequality, youth and child labour, and migration, this volume presents key takeaways from most recent research in the field. Which development policies will work, which strategies will fail? The authors provide an in-depth discussion of current development programmes, based on the results of new evaluation studies, and derive important policy lessons.
Challenges in Rural Labour Markets
Authors: Lam David , Elsayed Ahmed 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 discusses challenges in rural labour markets in LICs, a fundamental issue given that small-scale farming remains the primary source of income for a majority of the population in low-income countries. GLM|LIC projects spanning a number of African countries show that labour markets in rural areas often do not work efficiently, leaving many distortions in the supply of labour and in productivity. The chapter discusses topics related to credit constraints, the seasonality cycles of lean and harvest season, and the challenge of smoothing consumption over time. It also addresses the important question of whether Public Works Programmes (PWPs) are effective. PWPs are very important in many LICs, receiving large amounts of money from governments and international agencies. These programmes are designed with a number of goals in mind, including employment creation, poverty reduction, and infrastructure development.
Introduction
Authors: Peacey Jason 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The introduction sets up the mysteries which the book seeks to solve, in terms of why litigation over Warrens Court last for so long and why it fascinated contemporaries. It does so by introducing the key protagonists (John Smyth of Nibley and Benjamin Crokey), by outlining the nature (and fortuitous survival) of the relevant archival sources, and by highlighting both the potential and the pitfalls of different microhistorical approaches. This involves introducing the conceptual and methodological issues involved in studying litigation, not least in terms of the insights provided by legal anthropologists and scholars of dispute resolution. Finally, the introduction sets the scene in terms of the historiography on conflict and consensus in early modern Britain.
‘A Lawyer by Practice’
Authors: Peacey Jason 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the behaviour of, and claims about, John Smyth as a litigant. It examines his aims, expectations, and ‘practice’, utilising his invaluable private papers as well as the allegations made against him by Benjamin Crokey. This involves reconstructing the mechanics of litigation, in terms of the time, money, and energy spent in preparing and reacting to specific episodes; reflecting upon his willingness to micro-manage disputation; and assessing his tactical awareness. However, it also involves recovering claims about, and contestation over, the difference between legal skill and sharp practice, and reflecting upon historiographical debates over the nature and rhetoric of early modern litigation.
‘Country malice’, the ‘inferior sort’, and the Church of England
Authors: Peacey Jason 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter reassesses the ideological identity of John Smyth of Nibley, who has sometimes been depicted as a Puritan who inclined towards the ‘opposition’ to Charles I in the 1620s. The aim is to suggest that this characterisation rests on shaky foundations, involving claims about his reading habits, his involvement with the Virginia Company and his brief parliamentary career, and to provide an alternative methodology for recovering the views of such gentry figures. This involves concentrating upon his social attitudes and cultural preferences, and his responses to political and religious change, as well as his clerical and electoral patronage. Taken together, such evidence suggests that Smyth approached the Warrens Court dispute—and Wotton school—as a loyal supporter of the Stuart regime and the Church of England.
‘For God’s cause and the public good’
Authors: Peacey Jason 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter grapples with evidence which suggests that Benjamin Crokey, who left behind much less overt evidence of ideological engagement than his adversaries, can nevertheless be described as some kind of Puritan and parliamentarian. As with previous chapters, this partly involves studying a network of associates and family members, not least the daughter upon whom he proved increasingly reliant in old age, as well as those upon whom he hoped to rely for support. However, it also involves allusive comments and specific political decisions, as well as issues regarding ‘memory’, both in terms of how contemporaries reflected upon the history of Wotton school, and how Crokey related to his ancestors.
The road not taken
Authors: Ganghof Steffen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces the book’s main thesis. In a democracy, a constitutional separation of powers between the executive and the assembly may be a good thing, but executive personalism—the constitutional concentration of executive power in a single human being—is not. Semi-parliamentary government is a way to decouple these two aspects of democratic constitutions. The chapter elaborates on four of the book’s main themes. First, semi-parliamentarism is superior to presidentialism; it can balance different visions of democracy while avoiding executive personalism. Second, to compare semi-parliamentarism to pure parliamentarism, we have to revise our understanding of what the competing visions of democracy are. These visions agree that majorities ought to rule but disagree on how these majorities ought to form. Third, semi-parliamentary government achieves an effective and stable form of horizontal political control and accountability that is not necessarily supermajoritarian. Fourth, there is no meaningful sense in which presidentialism or parliamentarism is inherently more democratic than semi-parliamentarism.
Designing semi-parliamentary democracy
Authors: Ganghof Steffen 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses new and improved ways of designing semi-parliamentary government. This constitutional format provides a flexible framework that can be adapted to different contexts and fine-tuned as an alternative to presidentialism. While the tension between different visions of democracy resurfaces in the design of inter-branch relations, semi-parliamentarism allows for ways of resolving legislative deadlock that would be more problematic under presidentialism and other forms of bicameralism. Because the executive is not personalized, it becomes less risky to allow this branch to dissolve the assembly or to initiate a referendum on a deadlocked bill. And because the second chamber’s democratic legitimacy is at least equal to that of the first chamber, deadlock can be avoided by weakening the veto power of the latter, rather than the former. The chapter also shows that semi-parliamentary government does not require a separate second chamber. The confidence chamber may be turned into a two-party confidence committee embedded in a proportionally elected assembly. The size of this committee may even be determined endogenously, depending on the behavior of parties and voters.
Branchiura
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Originally perceived as siphonostome copepods, the branchiurans, or fish lice, separate phylogenetic status finds strong support from molecular sequences. Only 159 species are known, but this is likely an underestimate; the genus Argulus alone has 129 species. Branchiurans are distinctly flattened and not very large (4–15 mm), possess only a rudimentary abdomen at best, and the thinness of cuticles. Some species begin their development as metanauplii (with seven to nine stages), others as juveniles. They lack a fossil record, and the persistent myth that they are related to the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Cyclida is quite false. Molecular phylogeny based on 16S, 18S, and 28S rRNA links them to another parasitic group, Pentastomida.
Pentastomida
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Pentastomids, or tongue worms, bear close relationships to Branchiura, although their body plan more resembles that of a worm. Sperm morphology as well as molecular sequences firmly ally them to the fish lice. Tongue worms are endoparasites in the respiratory systems of tetrapod vertebrates. Tongue worms lack special circulatory, respiratory, or excretory organs, but they do have a muscular suctorial pharynx. The brain appears restricted to a circumesophageal ring. The reproductive potential of pentastomidans is enormous. They are purported to have a Cambrian fossil record. Several such species are placed in Archaeopentastomida. However, alternative hypotheses for these fossils occur; they do resemble certain cyclopoid and/or siphonostome copepods.
Rhizocephala
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Rhizocephalans are parasites that as adults lack any appendages, traces of segmentation, and all internal organs except for gonads and degenerated remnants of the nervous system—in fact, they bear no similarities to any arthropods. The taxonomy of the monophyletic Rhizocephala has long been recognized as artificial, taxa being diagnosed as they were largely on the basis of the gross form of the external manifestation of the parasite—that is, the female gonad bag or externa. They do have cirripede nauplii (zero to four stages) and cypris larvae. Sex is determined by size: Larger larvae become males, and smaller ones become females. As in all cirripedes, there is a lack of a functioning abdomen associated with the loss of expression of the Hox gene abdominal A.
Thoracica
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Thoracica, barnacles, present the most successful, most biodiverse radiation of Cirripedia, linked with a body plan wherein the carapace of the sessile adult stage develops protective calcified plates (except in the plateless species). Thoracicans also have no abdomen, lacking as they do expression of the Hox gene abdominal A. Most phylogenetic studies of barnacles have employed patterns of plate anatomy and arrangements. Recently, molecule sequences and new insights into the fossil record and deep sea fauna have resulted in a major revolution in the understanding of their evolution. All thoracicans are either stalked (pedunculated) or unstalked (sessile). They undergo a major metamorphosis from the cyprid to the adult stage. Their fossil record extends from the Cambrian to Recent time, but most fossils are separated plates, whereas articulated capitular plates are rare.
Facetotecta
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Facetotecta is a strange, poorly understood group—one of the last true mysteries among the living crustaceomorphs. There are 12 known species of facetotectans, all of which are placed within the genus Hansenocaris. The recognition of Facetotecta, or Y-forms, is based completely on larval types—y-nauplii and y-cyprids. Molecule sequences confirm that the order resides somewhere within the Thecostraca, which has been suspected for some time. The discovery of the ypsigon stage indicates an endoparasitic adult stage. Currently, however, it is not known where that adult is located, what the adult phase might look like, or inside which animal (or plant?) it completes the life cycle.
Mysida and Stygiomysida
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Mysida, ubiquitous in the fresh, brackish, and marine waters of the world, is an order with approximately 1,152 species, whereas Stygiomysida, cave-dwelling and geographically restricted, contains only 16 species. Five genes have proven useful to sort relationships within some genera and subfamilies. Strides have taken place in elucidating the relationships within the possum shrimp, but it has been a long, and still ongoing, analysis. Stygiomysida, however, appear more closely related to mictaceans than they are to the rest of the mysidans. Mysida and Stygiomysida exhibit the classic “caridoid” features. The caridoid facies, however, constitute for the most part primitive, or plesiomorphic, characters—not unique apomorphies.
Mictacea
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Mictacea demonstrates the confusion that occurs when animals share so many primitive features. Modest Guţu in fact erected a number of orders to accommodate them, but these do not seem entirely justified. Although the two orders erected by Guţu currently do not have much support, in fairness it must be recognized that molecules, or information from yet-to-be-recognized mictacean taxa, could change the situation. In this case, Guţu’s Bochusacea and Cosinzeneacea might yet prove useful. They inhabit anchialine caves and the deep sea. The animals are small, slender, and subcylindrical in outline. The diagnosis of Guţu to the contrary, none of these animals appear particularly “flattened” in cross-section.
Amphipoda and Ingolfiellida
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Amphipoda, which lacks a manca stage, has had a tangled history in terms of suggested taxonomic affinities, abetted by the diversity of forms and habitats its members occupy. There is probably no greater “snake pit” in crustacean taxonomy than the classification of Amphipoda. Currently, there are approximately 10,160 species, and more are being described constantly. The Senticaudata are marked by incredible subtle diversity, with gammarideans as an example. Recently, the Ingolfiellida have been separated into their own order, and the subordinal organization of Amphipoda sensu stricto has been revamped into a series of hypotheses to be tested by future work. No fossils exist before the Eocene, yet many biogeographic analyses indicate the amphipods are a very ancient assemblage.
Isopoda
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Isopoda, with more than 10,600 species, exhibits the greatest disparity of forms amongst all the Peracarida. Like the amphipods and ingolfiellidans, isopods lack a carapace. Consideration of morphology as well as molecular sequencing has encouraged a striking alteration in their higher taxonomy. Isopoda, a very ancient group, has fossil phreatoicidans known from the Carboniferous. Suborder Phreatoicida have come to be viewed as a most primitive taxon based on morphology and molecules, but the suborder Scutocoxifera has the greatest disparity and diversity, as well as variety of reproductive habits. Isopoda, besides displaying great diversity and occupying habitats from the deep sea to dry terrestrial habitats, also manifest noteworthy parasitic forms.
Euphausiacea
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractEuphausiacea were once united with “mysidaceans” in a more inclusive taxon, Schizopoda, “split legs,” so named for their biramous thoracopods. Both of these schizopods stood as almost perfect caridoids, expressing the “caridoid facies” that Calman utilized to create the ancestral malacostracan. Calman also united Euphausiacea with the Decapoda as Eucarida with carapaces fused to the thorax. The group is configured simply, only 86 species in 11 genera, and the classification of the order is compact. Currently, the “krill” and allies are critical members of the pelagic food chain. A non-feeding nauplius is followed by a series of non-feeding and then feeding larvae.
Stenopodea
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The infraorder Stenopodea has uniramous pereiopods; the first through third are chelate, with the third being by far the largest in the series, which in life is carried and directed anteriad. The fourth and fifth ambulatory pereiopods are often quite long and slender. The pleomere pleura all overlap those of the next most posterior segment, clearly more reptant-like than caridean-like in this regard. The stenopodeans occupy cryptic environments in reefs, rocky areas, inside glass sponges, and in anchialine caves. The living forms are arranged among 72 species in 12 genera. These are clearly and easily divisible into three families. A common name of the stenopodeans is “barber pole shrimp.”
Reptantia
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The extremely biodiverse infraorder Reptantia stands as a monophyletic group, albeit displaying incredible anatomical disparity spanning some nine parvorders. It is a highly disparate infraorder of decapods exhibiting wide variations in body plans—in fact, as widely diverse as any of the malacostracans. Despite years of work by research groups throughout the world, with major research programs funded from a variety of sources and nations, and with conferences and gatherings to monitor progress, there is still a lack of understanding of the phylogeny and evolution of Reptantia, although still “moving towards a consensus.” Progress is definitely being made, and a great deal has been learned. However, with at least some 10,800 species, we still have a long way to go.
Lipostraca
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The unique early Devonian fossil, Lepidocaris rhyniensis, has often been linked with Anostraca in an infraclass Sarsostraca. This may or may not be so. The small size of the species, the fragmentary nature of the specimens, and difficulties of preparation all present challenges. Preserved in silicon nodules, the detail originally described was striking and includes larvae as well as adults. The thorax has 11 or 12 somites; this is followed by a limbless abdomen—a situation not unlike that of anostracans. The tubular caudal rami at the tail end resemble similar rami in cephalocaridans and remipedians (Xenocarida). Hence, there are multiple hypotheses regarding the affinities of order Lipostraca available for testing in future research.
Cephalocarida
Authors: Schram Frederick R. , Koenemann Stefan 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Cephalocarids have stood in the past as a central group in interpretations of the origins of crustaceomorphs, but recently some authorities have offered alternative hypotheses. Molecular data have suggested a connection with Remipedia in a subclass Xenocarida. Furthermore, xenocaridans emerge in some proximity to the origin of Hexapoda. Cephalocarids are small animals, typically approximately 3 mm in length as adults. The order has eight thoracomeres, with a gonopore on the 6th thoracic somite; a legless abdomen of 11 segments terminates in an anal somite bearing a well-developed pair of tubular caudal rami full of tegumental glands and also bearing terminal setae on the caudal rami.