bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating passive strategies in a cold climate – teaching EDDA in architectural education
Authors: Gottkehaskamp B , Willmann A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This paper describes the results of an architectural teaching module investigating passive building strategies in cold climatic conditions on the case study of Iceland. Focusing on thermal comfort in buildings, usual case study tasks are located in cooling-dominated climates - as vernacular design for hot climate zones offers more passive strategies than for cold climates. As part of the architectural education programme at Jade University of Applied Sciences, students investigated the impact of passive strategies in a building design concept for a hotel in Iceland by applying numerical simulation within the initial design phase. The aim was to develop a holistic energy efficiency strategy and to optimize their initial design propositions exploiting its full potential for high thermal comfort in the guest rooms. Although each student started with an individual research question for a specific passive strategy, i.e., investigating varying construction materials, buffer zones, window-wall-ratio, Trombe walls, etc., all design concepts finally included multi-storey glazed buffer zones contributing to comfortable room temperatures by high solar gains from April to September resulting in a significantly reduced heating load. Furthermore, the study identified several design metrics for passive solar buffer zones to ensure the positive impact throughout the months with varying solar intensity. The teaching module called EDDA (Environmental Digital Design Analysis) is based on simplified 3D models in McNeels Rhinoceros 3D undergoing thermal simulation with a Grasshopper–Ladybug-Honeybee workflow. This allowed the students to iterate their building designs for maximum thermal comfort before adding HVAC systems. Ultimately, EDDA fostered to design climate-sensitive buildings by identifying a suitable set of passive strategies for the predominant climatic conditions as a first – but essential - step towards climate-neutral buildings. At the same time, prospective architects are empowered leading the building sectors towards a carbon-neutral future.
On Reflection: Learning, Meaning and Identity in the Design Studio
Authors: Crabbe M , Pawlicki N , Jansen S , Roswag-Klinge E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Successfully transitioning to a more sustainable building sector will require schools of architecture to explore new methods, approaches and formats for learning. Challenging some of the outdated values and assumptions at the core of the architecture profession starts in the design studio, where early professional identities, relationships and understandings of collaboration are forged. While there is an increasing focus on inter- and transdisciplinary learning in today’s higher education landscape, investigations into the pedagogy of the design studio are both relatively limited and disproportionately dominated by theory based on Donald Schön’s ideas on the “reflective practitioner”. In reality, the lack of any kind of coherent training for teaching staff means that most often approaches tend to reproduce that which the teachers themselves experienced during their own studies. The paper uses a series of autoethnographic vignettes to describe design studio teaching at Natural Building Lab from the perspective of a university educator based on the example of a masters design studio in winter 2021-22. Etienne Wenger’s Communities of Practice model, and specifically the four dimensions of design for learning, are used to unpack and discuss some of the dialogies at work in studio learning. The study should be seen as a form of practice-based research, using teaching formats as a way to actively gain new insights into new forms of practice with a focus on sustainability and student-empowerment. The paper provides an intimate and personal insight into some of the questions and challenges facing educators, students and project partners as participants in emergent and collective learning processes.
Steered Erosion – A differentiated approach on weather protection for exposed rammed earth walls
Authors: Hoppe P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
For environmental as well as aesthetic reasons, the use of rammed earth has become increasingly popular in the last years. However, there is still a lot of insecurity among clients, planners and contractors concerning the material’s weather resistance, which impedes its wider application. Starting from here, the paper investigates different construction-related strategies of weather protection that build upon the idea of Calculated Erosion described by rammed earth pioneer Martin Rauch. Through the development of a typology of techniques as well as application studies, the paper shows how on one hand, increased protection can ensure the durability of a wall even under heavy rain impact, while on the other hand – in case of little exposure – erosion can explicitly be permitted, allowing for a strong aesthetic expression of the natural process. Introducing the concept of Steered Erosion as an extension of Calculated Erosion, weather protection techniques are conceived as both functional and design-related interventions in the erosion process, which together are able to significantly promote the use of rammed earth as a sustainable building material.
Earthen construction materials as enabler for circular construction
Authors: Klinge A , Roswag-Klinge E , Neumann E , Bojic D , Radeljić L 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The construction sector in Germany is one of the largest contributor to climate change. The majority of waste generation, resource consumption as well as CO2 emissions relate to the construction and operation of buildings [1][2][3]. In order to tackle such negative impacts, the construction industry has to undergo a major transformation. Circular construction is the most promising answer to close effectively material cycles and to reduce CO2 emissions related to the manufacturing of construction materials. Stakeholders involved in construction have to review the entire life cycle of building products and buildings and develop new approaches that address such shortcomings to turn the linear way of construction into a circular one. Nowadays the strong focus on economic considerations, lacking knowledge as well as unresolved warranty issues amongst others impede this transformation process. To demonstrate the benefits of earthen materials with regards to circular construction, this study analyses the potential of two different internal partition wall systems, based on earthen as well as conventional building materials in a holistic way. Several aspects have been taken into consideration, evaluated through the physical dismantling of both wall systems as well as a LCA assessment. Construction cost as well as other material benefits, such as the hygroscopic performance of construction materials have been investigated as well. The results demonstrate that earthen materials reduce both, construction and demolition waste as well as CO2 emissions and demonstrate a much higher water vapour sorption capacity, a material parameter relevant for the reduction of mechanical ventilations systems. Although the economical assessment shows expectable lower construction cost for the wall system based on conventional materials such figures have to be placed in relation with the other results. In fact, the analysis demonstrates clearly that a holistic approach is needed in order to achieve the necessary shift.
HOME: Wood-Mycelium Composites for CO2-Neutral, Circular Interior Construction and Fittings
Authors: Rossi A , Javadian A , Acosta I , Özdemir E , Nolte N , Saeidi N , Dwan A , Ren S , Vries L , Hebel D , Wurm J , Eversmann P 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Office and retail interior fittings have a relatively short service life of 5-7 years. In this context, composite materials are often used, hindering possibilities of reuse or recycling. This research explores novel bio-composite materials and subsequently a construction method for CO2-neutral, circular interior fittings for office spaces. Based on the potential of fungal mycelium as a rapidly renewable, regenerative, affordable, low-carbon building material, bio-composite construction methods are explored in conjunction with timber-based additive manufacturing using continuous fibres. As mycelium has potentially excellent sound-absorbing properties but low load-bearing capacity, composite construction of timber veneer and mycelium allows to increase the structural capabilities of resulting components, while relying entirely on bio-based value chains. We describe the production process as well as the material development, including robotically aided processes for additive manufacturing of veneer reinforcement grids and compatibility studies of different mycelial species and substrates, and their bonding capabilities with veneer. We further present initial results on the mechanical characterization of the composite material, and its comparison to conventional mycelium composites. Minimal structural, acoustic, and functional requirements for different interior fitting elements are studied and compared to the characteristics of the proposed composite, highlighting the range of applications of the presented wood-mycelium composites.
Hygrothermal characterization of bio-based thermal insulation made of fibres from invasive alien lake plants bounded with mycelium
Authors: Pittau F , Carcassi O G , Servalli M , Pellegrini S , Claude S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The European program ‘Renovation Wave’ aims to fasten the energy retrofit of the building stock by increasing by a factor 4 the current renovation rate. Mycelium-based materials gained momentum as insulation solutions in recent years due to their 100% biological composition. However, their durability issues, particularly the risk of fast decay due to high moisture content, need to be investigated to promote a safe use in construction. Two bio-composites were set up at a lab scale, a combination of hemp shives and mycelium and a novel mixture based on the combination of mycelium binder and fibres from a lake plant, Lagarosiphon major, an alien invasive species locally available in many EU internal waters. Samples with different dimensions were used to characterize through experimental tests the thermal conductivity, water absorption (capillarity) and vapor permeability. The results show that these mycelium-based composites present both hydric and thermal properties similar to other bio-based material used in construction. The capillarity tests highlighted that hemp composites absorb more water than lake plant ones. The thermal conductivity is similar for both biocomposites, i.e., around 0.05 W/m.K, while the moisture buffer position both analysed biocomposites in “WS 3” according to the German classification DIN 18947 for water regulators.
MY-CO SPACE: An artistic-scientific vision on how to build with fungi
Authors: Meyer V , Schmidt B , Freidank-Pohl C , Schmidts C , Pfeiffer S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
MY-CO SPACE is a collaborative work of the interdisciplinary SciArt collective MY-CO-X, that enables an artistic-scientific discussion about a future social significance of fungi for the creation of places and spaces. MY-CO SPACE is a wooden fungal sculpture that was built from biological materials and is biodegradable. The living space of approx. 20 sqm can be divided by the guests themselves into sleeping, reading, and working areas. It is not a completely enclosed space but a retreat and study space that lives from and deals with the contact with the outside world. This architectural artwork strives for a different point of view and a process of interaction in which humans are involved in a conscious as well as unconscious conversation with their environment, a point of view that tacitly implies a flattening of hierarchies between the different agents and authors - human as well as non-human. MY-CO SPACE is therefore a built reflection on a cooperation with biological systems that store, transform, and recycle organic matter and energy, and an exploration of fungi as a future lightweight building material resistant to fire, shock and water, and whose modification through biotechnology is possible. It is the urgency of the planetary situation and the issues we now face that require a holistic approach and close collaboration between art and science.
Environmental impact assessment to support the development of new Photonic Meta-Concrete
Authors: Adams N , Allacker K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The cooling demand in buildings has increased over the past decades due to global warming, the heat-island-effect in cities and the increased airtightness and thermal resistance of the building envelope. This led to an increased use of conventional air-conditioners, which now account for 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions and 10% of the total energy consumption. In this context, the MIRACLE project aims at developing a new Photonic Meta-Concrete (PMC) with remarkable photonic properties to reduce the CO2 footprint of buildings, mitigate the heat-island-effect and global warming. Besides the positive effect that this innovative material can have on the environment during the use phase of buildings, also the environmental impact of the production needs to be minimized. Environmental impact assessment (EIA) is used along the development process of this innovative material to guarantee a low material environmental impact. This paper discusses how EIA is used along the development process and presents the preliminary results in the early stages of the development of the PMC. To investigate the impact of this new material, a cradle-to-gate analysis of the resources, energy and machinery needed to create the concrete mixture is performed. The broad set of environmental indicators of the EC PEF (Product Environmental Footprint) method, such as climate change, acidification, eutrophication, particulate matter, ecotoxicity, water depletion and human toxicity are being considered. Considering such a large set of indications ensures that burden shifting is avoided. The environmental impact of the PMC is moreover compared to the impact of conventional concrete to understand how both perform.
Functionally Gradient Concrete // Resource- and emission-reduced concrete building construction system for NZ - The development of a seismically resistant joint for a functionally graded concrete wall-to-floor connection
Authors: Oswald F , Haase W , Blandini L , Sobek W , Henry R , Nikolic D 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Concrete is known to have a large carbon footprint; however, its versatility and durability are unparalleled. These qualities pertain to the usefulness of concrete in an ever-increasing population, and therefore demand our attention. By optimizing and improving the performance of concrete through innovative technologies, such as functionally graded concrete, the carbon footprint can be reduced. In construction, the weight of a conventional concrete structure accounts for approximately 70 % of a building’s total mass. In comparison, functionally graded concrete (FGC) is 50-60 % lighter, accounts for reduced emissions (45-60 %), and has improved insulative properties. These factors are achieved by its increased porosity and efficiency of material. Additionally, in comparison to a conventional concrete system, less raw material would be needed to achieve the same structural requirements and therefore less resources would be required. By varying its density, FGC creates a purely mineral, multifunctional, mono-material element that is fully recyclable. Investigations into implementing FGC as a building component in seismic areas have not yet been carried out. The development of a seismically resistant joint for a FGC wall-to-floor connection is necessary due to seismic requirements present around the world. The project presents a review of existing seismic resilient connection technologies, their classification to small scale and largescale building typologies, and the development of concepts for FGC seismically resilient wall-to-floor connections.
Comparison of different post-demolition autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) recycling options
Authors: Volk R , Steins J J , Stemmermann P , Schultmann F 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) is used as masonry blocks and prefabricated reinforced elements preferably in residential buildings. Due to its porous structure and mineral composition, it combines low thermal conductivity and fire resistance properties. Consequently, the popularity of AAC increases. However, due to significant AAC production volumes in many European countries since the 1960s and 1970s and given building lifetimes, strongly increasing post-demolition AAC waste volumes can be expected in the following decades. Recycling these post-demolition AAC wastes could protect primary resources and landfill capacities and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. But, recycling of post-demolition AAC is not yet established. The majority of the waste is landfilled even though landfill capacities have decreased and the legal framework conditions in Europe regarding a circular economy are becoming stricter. Therefore, new recycling options are needed. Current research approaches propose different open-loop recycling routes for post-demolition AAC, e.g. lightweight aggregate concrete, lightweight mortar, no-fines concrete, floor screed, animal bedding, oil- and chemical binders, and insulating fills for voids and interstitial spaces. Additionally, closed-loop recycling is possible and under research. Finely ground post-demolition AAC powder can be directly used in AAC production or can be chemically converted to belite (C2S) clinker to substitute primary cement in AAC production. These promising recycling options are compared regarding environmental and economic aspects. We find that the resource consumption is lower in all recycling options since post-demolition AAC helps to save primary resources. Furthermore, greenhouse gas emissions associated with the substituted primary resources are saved - especially when substituting primary cement in closed-loop recycling. In economic terms, increasing landfill costs could be avoided, which leaves a considerable margin for the cost of pre-processing, transport and recycling. The results can help decision-makers to implement circular management for AAC by fostering post-demolition AAC recycling and reducing its landfilling.
Towards a Climate Neutral Housing Strategy for Egypt – Performance based Living-Action Levels and Responsibilities
Authors: Nadim W 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Egypt’s population has recently exceeded 100 Million inhabitants; a figure that is anticipated to double within the coming 20-30 years. At a current 2% annual growth rate, changing socio economics needs, and anticipated demographic change; more than ever, has housing provision become a challenging proposition. Residential construction in Egypt amounts to 21% of the total construction output by value in 2015 in Egypt (9.548 Billion LE) which is almost equivalent to the construction output by value of powerplants (EGP 9.67Billion LE). In addition, the construction and demolition waste accounts for 44% of the total solid waste of 94 Million tons produced in Egypt. Given the scarcity of resources, the resultant CO2 emissions and pollution, in addition to Egypt’s commitment to the World Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs); this paper, adopts a qualitative approach - literature review, to identify Egypt’s major housing challenges and potential solutions in light of SDG11. In this context, the concept of climate neutral design is investigated, different assessment tools are critically reviewed; and major components for strategy development are concluded in terms of levels and responsibilities. These are then used as a reference to reflect on Egypt housing strategies issued in 2016. This paper is exploratory in nature and is anticipated to furnish the ground for the following phase of the research to devise an action driven climate neutral housing strategy for Egypt.
Development of environmental benchmarks for the Belgian residential building stock
Authors: Mouton L , Trigaux D , Allacker K , Crawford R H 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Over recent years Belgium has made meaningful effort in adopting Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in building practice to improve building environmental performance. Today, architects can compare the environmental performance of different building designs with an online calculation tool that incorporates the national LCA method. However, they are still lacking environmental benchmarks to position themselves within current building practice. Furthermore, such benchmarks play an important role in the development of environmental targets in building regulation. In this research, benchmarks are defined for new residential buildings in Belgium. A bottom-up approach is followed consisting of a statistical analysis of reference buildings to define limit, reference and best practice values. The buildings are based on four representative typologies for Belgium, ranging from detached houses to apartments. Different variants are assessed including various energy performance levels and construction types (solid versus timber). The buildings’ life cycle impacts are calculated including the embodied (material) and operational (energy) impacts. Results are reported both for an aggregated environmental single-score and for Global Warming Potential (GWP). The calculated reference values for life cycle and embodied GWP (20 and 7 kgCO2eq/m2.year) are comparable to existing benchmarks in the literature. The results further highlight that building compactness provides the largest impact reduction, followed by construction type. Finally, limitations are discussed and recommendations are formulated for developing future benchmarks.
Filling the gaps Circular transition of affordable housing in Denmark
Authors: Larsen V G , Tollin N , Antoniucci V , Birkved M , Sattrup P A , Holmboe T , Marella G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The building industry accounts for about 40% of all climate impacts, stemming from construction and renovation processes, use of buildings and demolition, disposal and recycling of buildings and building materials. The Danish Parliament passed a Danish Climate Act in 2020 to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 70% by 2030, and an action plan in 2021 to create a Circular Economy (CE) in DK that can support the achievement of climate neutrality by 2050. About 20% of the Danish housing stock is affordable housing with approx. 560.000 affordable housing homes, inhabited by nearly 1 million out of 5.8 million people. In 2020 the Danish Government decided on the most significant overall housing agreement to set aside EUR 5,5 billion for ‘Green renovations’ and the building of new affordable housing. Building and renovating affordable housing in Denmark can thus become significant drivers for the Danish building industry’s transition to CE. Therefore, developing integrated tools and methodologies for life cycle thinking and CE assessment for the built environment is necessary. We have identified four significant gaps in this endeavour in a previously released literature review: For CE to succeed, it is necessary to take a circular view of the life cycle of buildings, which includes the service life phase, the reuse phase and the recycle phase; To achieve CE, it is necessary to continue research regarding the possibilities of integrating Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and Social Life Cycle Assessment (S-LCA) into Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA); S-LCA needs further maturation and development; It is imperative to focus upon operationalising LCSA for practitioners in all phases of a building’s life cycle. This paper aims to outline a strategy for analysing and discussing these four gaps and their interrelation in-depth and suggest an action research proposal to understand better how to bridge the gaps from a research perspective.