bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon Dioxide Injury and Market Quality of Lettuce Held in Controlled Atmospheres1
Authors: Stewart Joseph K. , Uota M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Storage atmospheres with 2-1/2, 5 or 10% CO2 caused a physiological injury to lettuce almost identical to the brown stain observed in lettuce from rail cars and trailers in which CO2 concentrations exceeded 2% at destination. Carbon dioxide injury, or brown stain, was not always evident when lettuce was removed from the controlled atmosphere, after 7 days at 38°F, but became more evident during a subsequent 4 days at 50° in air. About 16% of the heads held at 2–1/2% CO2 developed brown stain while 38% and 86% of the heads developed the disorder in lots held at 5% and 10% CO2, respectively.
Significantly more heads developed brown stain when the CO2 was combined with 3% oxygen than when combined with 21% Ο2 Decay, pink rib, and tipburn were not significantly influenced by the O2 or CO2 level.
Increased levels of CO2 reduced the severity of butt discoloration in lettuce examined immediately after storage in the controlled atmosphere, but after an additional 4 days at 50°F in air, the differences were not evident. The danger of physiological injury from 2-1/2 to 10% CO2 during storage or shipping outweighs the small improvement in butt color and general appearance.
Translocation of Glutamate-14c and Aspartate-14c by Intact Apple Trees1
Authors: Spencer Patricia , Titus John S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Glutamate-14C and aspartate-14C were supplied to the roots of 1-year-old MM 106 rooted apple cuttings. Both compounds were readily absorbed and translocated to the aerial parts of the plants. Glutamate, and its metabolic products, tended to accumulate in phloem tissues to approximately the same levels as were detected in the xylem. This was in contrast to aspartate, and its products, which were concentrated in the xylem.
Extensive metabolism occurred during uptake and translocation with detectable level in respiratory CO2 and in protein. However, emphasis is given to the recovery of labeled amino acids in aerial tissues. This supports previous findings indicating the significance of amino acids as N carriers in the apple.
Nature of Hard-Seededness in Lima Beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.)1
Authors: Stienswat W. , Pollar L. H. , Campbell W. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We investigated the areas of water penetration and the anatomical structures of hilar regions of permeable and impermeable seed coats of lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.). Results indicate that water can enter permeable seeds through the hilum, raphe, and micropyle. In impermeable seeds water cannot pass through any of these areas. Anatomical data confirm that there were no structural differences in the testae of permeable and impermeable seeds, but a noticeable difference was apparent in the hilar region. In permeable seeds the palisade layer did not connect evenly in the hilar canal. By contrast, the hilar canals of impermeable seeds had connected palisade layers that were uniformly coated with a cuticular layer. Micropylar openings were clearly visible in permeable seeds, but these openings were occluded and well covered with cuticle in impermeable seeds. Visible differences were evident in the raphe.
The Morphogenesis of Double Flowering in Petunia hybrida Hort.1
Authors: Natarella Nicholas J. , Sink Kenneth C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The shoot apical meristem of the seedling and mature vegetative petunia exhibit no morphological differences in relation to double versus single floral genotypes. The vegetative meristem possesses a biseriate tunica and a radially patterned corpus.
The flower of the petunia develops directly from the apical meristem. The succession of flowers is accomplished by the lateral development of another meristem from the flank of the central meristem.
All floral appendages in the single flowered genotype dd are initiated acropetally. The petal and stamen primordia arise from a circular initial centripetal and adjacent to the sepal primordia. The floral initiation of the double flowering genotype D– differs from the single with an intense and random initiation of additional primordia over the surface of the receptacle. Differentiation of these primordia into petals or stamens appears to be determined by their position on the receptacle. The proliferation of petals and anthers caused by D results in a restriction of carpel and placental development, and hence, a malformed, nonfunctional pistil is usually produced. With the presence of the D allele, double flowers are always produced but the degree of doubleness appears to be a factor of gene dosage.
Chemical Regulation of Fruit Ripening of Field-Grown Tomatoes with (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid1
Authors: Dostal H. C. , Wilcox G. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Total yield and percentage of ripe tomato fruit were significantly increased following single foliar applications of 0.84 lb. per acre (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon). Maximum responses were noted at 14 days after treatment. Three tomato cultivars seeded on 3 dates responded similarly. Seventeen days after ethephon application at the 15 percent ripe fruit stage, useable ripe fruit yield was increased to more than 90 percent of the total fruit yield, compared to 59 percent useable ripe fruit for the control. The application of ethephon advanced harvest by 12 to 14 days, with an increase in useable ripe fruit yield of 5 to 10 tons per acre over the optimum potential of the normal ripening rate for single-harvest culture.
Flowering Characteristics of Weigela and Their Relationship to Progeny Age at First Bloom1
Authors: Weigle J. L. , Beck A. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A range in flowering pattern from spring flowering only to continuous flowering was found among Weigela cultivars and seedlings. They also varied in flowering intensity from none to complete coverage of the bush. A positive relationship was found between the floriferousness of a parent and the percentage of its progeny that flowered during the first growing season.
Post-Harvest Changes in Southern Peas1
Authors: Worthington J. W. , Burns E. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Southern peas are difficult to shell when harvested as a fresh vegetable. To overcome this, processors resort to a severe high temp - short time storage process. In this study, changes associated with elevated temperatures were determined with 4 cultivars at 4 stages of maturity. Texture studies revealed that firmness increased with maturity. The texture of the cultivars was similar. Seed moisture declined with maturity and at temperatures of 100°F and 110° but increased at 120°. Reducing sugar content was not related to maturity. There was a marked increase in reducing sugar content of peas held at 120° except for the Brown Crowder cv. Maturity and storage significantly interacted with total sugars.
Influence of Growth Regulating Substances on Absorption and Translocation of Calcium in Pea and Bean1
Authors: Wieneke J. , Biddulph O. , Woodbridge C. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of some growth hormones and regulators on the pattern of 45Ca absorption and translocation was determined on young pea and bean plants. GA3 (20 ppm) and TIBA (30 ppm) depressed 45Ca absorption in both species. IAA (20 ppm) and SADH (1500 ppm) increased 45Ca translocation to bean shoots, but depressed translocation to pea shoots. None of the substances materially altered retention of 45Ca in the roots of either species. When differences in translocation to the shoots were observed, they were not correlated with growth responses evoked by the growth regulators.
Effects of Vernalization and Forcing Photoperiod on Growth and Flowering of Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘Harson’)1
Authors: Pertuit Alton J. , Link Conrad B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two methods of vernalizing potted Easter lilies (Lilium longiflorum, Thunb. ‘Harson’) were tested. Although each group received approximately 1000 hr of cooling at 47°F, the group receiving natural cooling out-of-doors bloomed earlier but with fewer flowers than the group receiving controlled storage cooling. Both methods of cooling, therefore, saturated the cold requirement of the bulbs even though the group naturally cooled was subjected to temp considered devernalizing. Plants grown under long photoperiods were taller and flowered earlier.
Distribution of Calcium, Potassium and Magnesium in Interclonal Grafts of Juniperus L.1
Authors: Evans G. E. , Rasmussen H. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Calcium, K and Mg content of interclonal juniper grafts were determined using electron microprobe x-ray analysis of tissue in the immediate vicinity of the graft union. Considering xylen concn as a measure of mobile elements, Ca accumulated in the rootstock while K and Mg moved readily through the graft union. In phloem tissue, distribution was generally equal between rootstock and scion for all elements; Mg being slightly greater in the stock. In cortical cells, Ca accumulated in the scion. Microprobe data indicated a decreasing order of rootstock accumulation to be Ca, K, and Mg.
Degreening Response of ‘Hamlin’ Oranges in Relation to Temperature, Ethylene Concentration, and Fruit Maturity1
Authors: Jahn Otto L. , Chace William G. , Cubbedge Randall H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Hamlin’ oranges were degreened for 1, 2, or 4 days in ethylene concn of 0 to 50 ppm and at 21, 24, 27, and 30°C. The initial rate of chlorophyll loss was more rapid at 30°C than at 21°C. Subsequent changes at 21°C were such that the fruit reached an acceptable color almost as rapidly as at 30°C. After 4 days’ degreening, fruit at both temp showed the same response pattern to the range of ethylene concn used, with the optimum response attained with ethylene concn between 5 and 10 ppm. After short degreening periods, changes continued after removal from the ethylene atmosphere. Responses at 24 and 27°C were similar to those at 21 and 30°C, respectively. No evidence of a seasonal change in the response to ethylene was shown. Stem-end decay generally was greater with increasing ethylene concn, temp, and length of the degreening period. Interactions among these variables were such that increasing the temp or length of degreening period resulted in greater increases in decay at high rather than at low ethylene levels.
Effects of Freezing on Mature Apple Fruit Tissue1
Authors: Bir R. E. , Bramlage W. J. , Havis J. R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Richared Delicious’ apple (Malus pumila, Mill.) fruit tissues exhibited 2 distinct freezing points (exotherms) during freezing. Exotherm 1 occurred at −1.5° to −2.2°C and Exotherm 2 occurred between −4.2° and −7.7°C. The inception temperature of Exotherm 2 varied considerably both within a fruit and among different fruits. During fruit maturation from August to October, no significant change in freezing pattern occurred, although soluble solids increased 55% during the period tested. Inception of Exotherm 1 caused no distinct change in physical properties of cortex tissue. Inception of Exotherm 2 was associated with significant softening and increased ion leakage from the tissue. Just beyond termination of Exotherm 2, the tissue lost its capacity to exhibit multiple exotherms on thawing and refreezing, and underwent massive changes in firmness, ion leakage, and respiration; it was concluded that freezing to this point was lethal to the tissue. The concept that tissue injury is related to specific points on the freezing curve of apples is presented.
Shoot Growth of Young Apple Trees as Influenced by (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid1
Authors: Dozier W. A. , Barden J. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sprays of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon)3 were applied to young apple trees in 2 greenhouse experiments. Ethephon suppressed terminal growth, internode length, and elongation of the pre-treatment stem. Ethephon applied at 4,000 ppm, 64 days after bud break resulted in abscission of some shoot apices. Lateral branching was induced by ethephon, but it was not dependent on abscission of the shoot apex. Whereas dry weight of the lateral branches was increased at 4,000 ppm, total stem dry weight was decreased by ethephon.
Flowering of Azaleas with Controlled Photoperiods and Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: Brown William L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of 4 azalea cultivars which remained in a greenhouse with 18°C minimum temperature from last pinch through flowering and received 18-hour photoperiods (LD) following 6, 8, or 10 weeks of 9-hour photoperiods (SD) flowered 2 to 7 weeks earlier than plants cold-stored at 3°C for 5 weeks following 12 weeks of SD. Flowering of cvs. Red Wing, Alaska, and Gloria was hastened more by LD treatment than by 5 weekly applications of 1000 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3), whereas flowering of ‘Chimes’ was affected about equally by these 2 factors. Flowering was most uniform with cold-storage, but plants of all cultivars except ‘Chimes’ were well covered with flowers following all treatments. Percentage of flowers open at one time increased as SD exposure increased from 6 to 10 weeks and that of ‘Chimes’ was increased by GA3 treatment. Vegetative bypassing varied more among cultivars than among treatments. Pedicels of ‘Alaska’ and ‘Chimes’ flowers on plants with LD treatment without GA3 were shorter than those on cold-treated plants, whereas those with LD plus GA3 were longer. Succinic acid-2, 2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) at 3000 ppm delayed flowering of non-cold-treated plants of ‘Red Wing’, ‘Alaska’, and ‘Gloria’.
Response of Young Lemon Trees to Potassium and Zinc Application — Yield and Fruit Quality1
Authors: Jones W. W. , Embleton T. W. , Foott J. H. , Platt R. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Yield of young lemon trees increased with either soil application of K2SO4 or foliage application of KNO3 in an orchard where leaf K was low. Leaf Zn was low but one annual foliage spray of ZnSO4 (control in this study) supplied adequate Zn and there was no response to additional Zn sprays. Peel thickness decreased, and percent juice and percent acid in the juice increased with added K.
Red Raspberry Yield Components and Their Relation to Mechanical Harvesting1
Authors: Fejer S. O. , Spangelo L. P. S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Using a “shake and catch” method of mechanical harvesting with canes attached to a trellis, up to 70% of handpicked yield was collected from a clonal raspberry plantation in 1967 at Ottawa. Characters related to berry quality and to mechanical harvesting such as shape of receptacle, ease of picking, and fruit removal force were related to characters indicating susceptibility to winter damage. Thus, selection for winterhardiness is an important first step in further improving this material. Leaf retention in the fall was not a reliable indicator of winterhardiness. Efficiency was slightly reduced in 1970 with a method using untrellised plants and less dependence on winterhardiness. ‘Trent’ was the most suitable cultivar under both methods.
Response of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Trees to Annual Applications of 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile (Dichlobenil)1
Authors: Lord W. J. , Damon R. A. , Greene D. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Annual applications of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil) for 6 consecutive years at recommended rates caused yellowing of apple leaf margins (LMY). LMY appeared in mid-June or later and increased in severity as the season progressed. Severity of LMY was positively associated with individual trees throughout the study. Comparisons between control and dichlobenil-treated trees showed no differences in tree growth and yield, although they were sometimes negatively correlated with LMY severity.
The Effect of the Internet on Inflation: A Research on ASEAN-5 Countries
Authors: Çoban Mustafa Necati 
Published: August 2022

Information and communication technologies have become widespread with the onset of globalization, affecting almost every facet of human life. Increasing internet usage has made accessing information swift and easy. The internet has also had a significant economic impact and provided financial benefits to nations all around the world to increase productivity and efficiency and reduce costs. Customers had been able to access products at lower prices as a result of the reduction in market entry barriers and search costs, which led to an increase in competition in the markets. The research aimed to investigate the effect of the internet on inflation in ASEAN-5 countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand). Consumer prices (annual %) were used as an indicator of inflation, and individuals using the internet (% of population) were used as an indicator of internet usage. Control variables such as unemployment rate, real interest rate, energy use and money growth were also included in the research. Panel data analysis was performed using the data of ASEAN-5 countries covering the period of 1994-2014. Pooled least squares method (Pooled OLS) was applied to obtain an estimation of the model. As a result, it is found that as internet usage increases, inflation rates decrease in ASEAN-5 countries.
Introduction
Authors: Rouillard Josselin , Babbitt Christina , Challies Edward , Rinaudo Jean-Daniel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book by exploring the role of water allocation policies in the transition from open to regulated access in the use of water resources. Various allocation approaches and frameworks have developed over time, crafted by water users and communities, and by governments and public authorities. It examines the specific challenges of regulating agricultural water use and implementing water allocation policies in agricultural basins. In this context, the chapter then presents the overall aim of the book and the key dimensions that should be considered when characterising and assessing allocation systems in the context of agricultural water use. The chapter concludes with an outline of the content of the book. In particular, the book is structured in two main sections providing (i) an overview of cross-cutting issues related to the establishment of water allocation systems and (ii) a compilation of 13 chapters presenting water allocation systems across the world.
Indigenous water and Mother Earth
Authors: Hurlbert Margot A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews Indigenous water law in Canada and the United States, highlighting the protection of Indigenous rights and their priority in law, even though the historical practice has often excluded or denied them. Through treaties, court cases, and advancing laws respecting Mother Earth, the worldviews and values of Indigenous relations and Buen Vivir inform and mediate water management solutions and competing claims, overexploitation, and water conflict. New legal developments including the rights of nature, protecting them in constitutions, and recognizing river rights in laws in Central and South America, the United States and New Zealand move law, practice and water governance closer to a fairer and more socially just sharing of water resources between Indigenous communities and competing water claims including irrigated agriculture. Addressing water challenges of the 21st century will require innovative solutions and approaches to water management. Including and giving full voice to Indigenous people and their water laws and practices is a necessity both in law and water management practice.
Turkey's water allocation regime under institutional change
Authors: Ak M. Yasir , Demirbilek Burcin , Benson David 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Due to multiple drivers many countries are experiencing significant water-related risks, particularly to agriculture, making sustainable management of water resources critical for national development. One of the most susceptible countries to these risks is Turkey, where over-abstraction of surface and groundwater resources has occurred in agricultural regions, leading to severe environmental, social and economic impacts. In response to such risks, national water governance is currently undergoing a significant transformation through the implementation of river basin planning in the form of the EU Water Framework Directive alongside institutional innovations for water allocation. In this chapter, we therefore illustrate how this institutional change is occurring and then assess the effectiveness of this new, evolving water allocation regime in the agricultural sector in terms of its sustainability. By examining institutional change in two specific river basin case studies, Konya Closed Basin and Küçük Menderes, this chapter shows that it is not resulting in sustainable use of water resources.
Water allocation in Aotearoa New Zealand: societal values and ecological bottom lines
Authors: Challies Edward , Fragaszy Stephen , Rouillard Josselin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Water allocation is an increasingly prominent policy issue in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ), where regulation has largely failed to secure sustainable management of water resources over the past three decades. Although there is abundant water in NZ, the cumulative effects of abstractions and diversions, alongside diffuse pollution from agriculture and other urban and rural land uses, have led to highly degraded and depleted water resources in some locations. This has had significant social and ecological impacts. As a result, governmental planning and decision-making around water allocation (and land-use and development more widely) are increasingly driven by the imperatives to maintain ‘environmental flows’ and safeguard community values. In the NZ context, the Government has special obligations to partner with Māori (Indigenous New Zealanders) in all aspects of environmental management. This task must be informed by principles and values from Te Ao Māori (the Māori world), meaningfully involve Māori in governance and management, and recognise Māori rights and interests in water. Local government (regional councils), which are responsible for defining allocation rules, must ensure rules serve broader freshwater management objectives that are developed through engagement with Māori and wider communities, and which safeguard the health and wellbeing of waterbodies, associated ecosystems, and people.
Groundwater allocation in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Guillaume Joseph H. A. , Closas Alvar , McCallum Andrew 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
New South Wales has more than 100 years of history of water licensing and allocation. This chapter reflects on the approach to water allocation in the current groundwater sharing plans, including general principles and underlying reasoning for application elsewhere. Focus is on groundwater-specific issues for transition from open to regulated access, while embedded within broader water regulations and connections to surface water management. Water allocation is built around water sharing plans that determine extraction limits, with community consultation. Water rights are differentiated in terms of water sources and priority, separated from land ownership, and from time-varying water allocations, subject to available water determinations. Both water entitlements and allocations can be traded, with rules governing impact of trade. Water sharing plans are state-level instruments explicitly connected in applicable regions to the Commonwealth-level Murray-Darling Basin Plan and associated extraction limits. Compliance is based firstly on metering of water extractions. Future prospects are also discussed.