bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Stability Improvement of Aspergillus fumigatus α-Amylase by Immobilization onto Chitin-Bentonite Hybrid
Authors: Tiarsa Ezra Rheinsky , Yandri Yandri , Suhartati Tati , Satria Heri , Irawan Bambang , Hadi Sutopo 
Published: March 2022

Enzyme immobilization is a powerful method to improve the stability, reuse, and enzymatic properties of enzymes. The immobilization of the α-amylase enzyme from Aspergillus fumigatus on a chitin-bentonite (CB) hybrid has been studied to improve its stability. Therefore, this study aims to obtain the higher stability of α-amylase enzyme to reduce industrial costs. The procedures were performed as follows: production, isolation, partial purification, immobilization, and characterization of the free and immobilized enzymes. The CB hybrid was synthesized by bentonite, chitin, and glutaraldehyde as a cross-linker. The free enzyme was immobilized onto CB hybrid using 0.1 M phosphate buffer pH 7.5. The free and immobilized enzymes were characterized by optimum temperature, Michaelis constant (KM), maximum velocity

V

max

, thermal inactivation rate constant (ki), half-life (t1/2), and transformation of free energy because of denaturation (ΔGi). The free enzyme has optimum temperature of 55°C, KM = 3.04 mg mL−1 substrate,

V

max

=
10.90

μ
molemL

−
1

min

−
1

, ki = 0.0171 min−1, t1/2 = 40.53 min, and ΔGi = 104.47 kJ mole−1. Meanwhile, the immobilized enzyme has optimum temperature of 60°C, KM = 11.57 mg mL−1 substrate,

V

max

=
3.37

μ
molemL

−
1

min

−
1

, ki = 0.0045 min−1, t1/2 = 154.00 min, and ΔGi = 108.17 kJ mole−1. After sixth cycle of reuse, the residual activity of the immobilized enzyme was 38%. The improvement in the stability of α-amylase immobilized on the CB hybrid based on the increase in half-life was four times of the free enzyme.
Discovery of a Conditionally Activated IL-2 that Promotes Antitumor Immunity and Induces Tumor Regression
Authors: Nirschl Christopher J. , Brodkin Heather R. , Hicklin Daniel J. , Ismail Nesreen , Morris Kristin , Seidel-Dugan Cynthia , Steiner Philipp , Steuert Zoe , Sullivan Jenna M. , Tyagi Ethika , Winston William M. , Salmeron Andres 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

IL-2 is a cytokine clinically approved for the treatment of melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. Unfortunately, its clinical utility is hindered by serious side effects driven by the systemic activity of the cytokine. Here, we describe the design and characterization of a conditionally activated IL-2 prodrug, WTX-124, that takes advantage of the dysregulated protease milieu of tumors. WTX-124 was engineered as a single molecule containing an inactivation domain and a half-life extension domain that are tethered to a fully active IL-2 by protease-cleavable linkers. We show that the inactivation domain prevented IL-2 from binding to its receptors in nontumor tissues, thereby minimizing the toxicity associated with systemic exposure to IL-2. The half-life extension element improves the pharmacokinetic profile of WTX-124 over free IL-2, allowing for greater exposure. WTX-124 was preferentially activated in tumor tissue by tumor-associated proteases, releasing active IL-2 in the tumor microenvironment. In vitro assays confirmed that the activity of WTX-124 was dependent on proteolytic activation, and in vivo WTX-124 treatment resulted in complete rejection of established tumors in a cleavage-dependent manner. Mechanistically, WTX-124 treatment triggered the activation of T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, and markedly shifted the immune activation profile of the tumor microenvironment, resulting in significant inhibition of tumor growth in syngeneic tumor models. Collectively, these data demonstrate that WTX-124 minimizes the toxicity of IL-2 treatment in the periphery while retaining the full pharmacology of IL-2 in the tumor microenvironment, supporting its further development as a cancer immunotherapy treatment.
See related Spotlight by Silva, p. 544.
A sensorless approach for tracking control problem of tubular linear synchronous motor
Authors: Hong Quang Nguyen , Quang Nguyen Phung , Lanh Nguyen Van 
Published: March 2022

<p>As well-known, linear motors are widely applied to various industrial applications<br />due to their abilities in providing directly straight movement without auxiliary mechanical transmissions. This paper addresses the sensorless control problem of tubular linear synchronous motors, which belong to a family of permanent magnet linear motor. To be specific, a novel velocity observer is proposed to deal with an unmeasurable velocity problem, and asymptotic convergence of the observer error is ensured. Unlike other studies on sensorless control methods for linear motors, our proposed observer is designed by regrading unknown disturbance load in the tracking control problem whereas considering theoretical demonstrations. By adjusting controller parameters properly, the position and velocity tracking error converge in arbitrary small values. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified in two illustrative examples.</p>
Threshold adaptation and XOR accumulation algorithm for objects detection
Authors: Rashid Kurmasha Hasan Thabit , Hadi Ali Israa 
Published: March 2022

<span>Object detection, tracking and video analysis are vital and energetic tasks for intelligent video surveillance systems and computer vision applications. Object detection based on background modelling is a major technique used in dynamically objects extraction over video streams. This paper presents the threshold adaptation and XOR accumulation (TAXA) algorithm in three systematic stages throughout video sequences. First, the continuous calculation, updating and elimination of noisy background details with hybrid statistical techniques. Second, thresholds are calculated with an effective mean and gaussian for the detection of the pixels of the objects. The third is a novel step in making decisions by using XOR-accumulation to extract pixels of the objects from the thresholds accurately. Each stage was presented with practical representations and theoretical explanations. On high resolution video which has difficult scenes and lighting conditions, the proposed algorithm was used and tested. As a result, with a precision average of 0.90% memory uses of 6.56% and the use of CPU 20% as well as time performance, the result excellent overall superior to all the major used foreground object extraction algorithms. As a conclusion, in comparison to other popular OpenCV methods the proposed TAXA algorithm has excellent detection ability.</span>
Pulmonary Hypertension in Adult Congenital Heart Disease in Asia: A Distinctive Feature of Complex Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Chiu Shuenn‐Nan , Lu Chun‐Wei , Lin Ming‐Tai , Chen Chun‐An , Wu Mei‐Hwan , Wang Jou‐Kou 
Published: March 2022

Background
The epidemiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH) in patients with adult congenital heart disease in Western countries is already known. We investigate clinical characteristics of PH in adult congenital heart disease with emphasis on complex congenital heart disease (CHD) from an Asian cohort in Taiwan.

Methods and Results
All adult patients (aged >18 years) diagnosed with CHD between January 2007 and July 2018 qualified for the study. PH was determined by cardiac catheterization data or echocardiography reports. In accord with the World Symposia on Pulmonary Hypertension, CHD was further categorized as simple, severe, or complex CHD (including pulmonary atresia‐ventricular septal defect and single‐ventricle anomalies).
There were 4301 patients (55.6% women), 15.7% with severe and 3.9% with complex CHD. The cumulative incidence of PH was 4.4% (95% CI, 3.8–5.0). Our multivariable regression model indicated 4.2‐fold mortality increase (95% CI, 3.0–5.9) in the presence of PH, with age, female sex, and severe or complex CHD linked to higher incidence of PH. Only 49% of patients received PH‐specific therapy. Five‐ and 10‐year survival rates of patients with PH (n=190) were 72.3% (95% CI, 65.1%–78.4%) and 58.8% (95% CI, 50.1%–66.5%), respectively. Survival rates in those with Eisenmenger syndrome, PH after defect correction, and complex CHD were similar. Low oxygen saturation and high uric acid levels were associated with increased mortality.

Conclusions
In this sizable Asian adult CHD cohort, the cumulative incidence of PH was aligned with that of Western countries. Mortality proved higher in patients with PH versus without PH. Although complex CHD carried greater risk of PH compared with other adult CHD subsets, survival rate was similar.
One Domain Divided in Twain: Ontological Perspectives of Design Expressed via Classification
Authors: Clarke Rachel Ivy , Stanton Katerina Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Epistemological and ontological perspectives on design have changed dramatically in the past century, and yet library classification systems have not been updated accordingly. This article examines where design is—and is not—classified in the two dominant library classification systems in America, Dewey Decimal Classification and Library of Congress Classification, and what this expresses regarding design as a domain. This article demonstrates how such classification relegates design theory as subordinate to the product and can lead to information siloes, diminish creativity, and interdisciplinary study.
Exclusive Apart, Inclusive as a System: Polycentricity in Climate City Networks
Authors: Cortes Sayel , van der Heijden Jeroen , Boas Ingrid , Bush Simon 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
It is often thought that local governments in the Global South have less influence over climate city networks than those from the Global North. We question this by examining how different climate city networks relate and function as interconnected, yet independent, decision-making centers. We explore the extent to which this polycentric system overcomes the assumed exclusivity and inequality of these networks. We analyze twenty-two climate city networks using qualitative comparative analysis to classify the networks with a majority of members from either the Global North or the Global South based on conditions related to their context, diversity of members, and degree of homogeneity. We find that climate city networks overcome North–South dependencies through targeted support reflecting the local needs and conditions of city members. This diversity of tailored alternatives for cities provides equality and inclusivity at the polycentric system level, despite showing inequality and exclusivity at the network level.
Beyond Neurocinematics: Investigating Biased Social Perception through Collaboration between Neuroscience and Filmmaking
Authors: Afdile Mamdooh 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A growing number of neuroscientific studies use films as experimental stimuli, making filmmakers partners in investigations of the brain. The author provides his perspective as a filmmaker who has been conducting neuroscience experiments in collaboration with a team of neuroscientists at the Brain and Mind Laboratory of Aalto University, Finland, over the last five years. This collaboration led to the development of a novel method of investigating the subconscious brain using films as well as insights on how to create more empathy-evoking films. Finally, the author discusses the relationship between social bias and boundaries of collaboration between filmmaking and neuroscience.
Constructive Friction Creates a Third Space for Art/Science Collaborations
Authors: Ellison Aaron M. , Borden David Buckley 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Successful interdisciplinary collaboration between artists and scientists is not about discovering “common ground,” but about deliberately creating new spaces for collaboration. These spaces include physical, virtual and intellectual elements brought together through constructive friction and creation and honest use of a shared language. Communication shapes the collaboration, leads to the creation of joint work and engenders new ways of working together and new levels of understanding. The authors interrogate their collaborations to identify essential general principles for synergistic communication and productive collaborations between artists and scientists.
Observational Constraint on the Climate Sensitivity to Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations Changes Derived from the 1971–2017 Global Energy Budget
Authors: Chenal Jonathan , Meyssignac Benoît , Ribes Aurélien , Guillaume-Castel Robin 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The estimate of the historical effective climate sensitivity (histeffCS) is revisited with updated historical observations of the global energy budget in order to derive an observational constraint on the effective sensitivity of climate to CO2 (CO2effCS). A regression method based on observations of the energy budget over 1971–2017 is used to estimate the histeffCS (4.34 [2.17; 22.83] K: median and 5%–95% range). Then, climate model simulations are used to evaluate the distance between the histeffCS and the CO2effCS. The observational estimate of the histeffCS and the distance between the histeffCS and the CO2effCS are combined to derive an observational constraint on CO2effCS of 5.46 [2.40; 35.61] K. The main sources of uncertainty in the CO2effCS estimate comes from the uncertainty in aerosol forcing and in the top of the atmosphere energy imbalance. Further uncertainty arises from the pattern effect correction estimated from climate models. There is confidence in the lower end of the 5%–95% range derived from our method because it relies only on reliable recent data and it makes full use of the observational record since 1971. This important result suggests that observations of the global energy budget since 1971 are poorly consistent with climate sensitivity to CO2 below 2.4 K. Unfortunately, the upper end of the 5%–95% range derived from the regression method is above 30 K. This means that the observational constraint derived from observations of the global energy budget since 1971 is too weak (i.e., the uncertainty is too large) to provide any relevant information on the credibility of high CO2effCS.
Objective Methods for Thinning the Frequency of Reforecasts while Meeting Postprocessing and Model Validation Needs
Authors: Kravtsov Sergey , Roebber Paul , Hamill Thomas M. , Brown James 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This paper utilizes statistical and statistical–dynamical methodologies to select, from the full observational record, a minimal subset of dates that would provide representative sampling of local precipitation distributions across the contiguous United States (CONUS). The CONUS region is characterized by a great diversity of precipitation-producing systems, mechanisms, and large-scale meteorological patterns (LSMPs), which can provide favorable environment for local precipitation extremes. This diversity is unlikely to be adequately captured in methodologies that rely on grossly reducing the dimensionality of the data—by representing it in terms of a few patterns evolving in time—and thus requires data thinning techniques based on high-dimensional dynamical or statistical data modeling. We have built a novel high-dimensional empirical model of temperature and precipitation capable of producing statistically accurate surrogate realizations of the observed 1979–99 (training period) evolution of these fields. This model also provides skillful hindcasts of precipitation over the 2000–20 (validation) period. We devised a subsampling strategy based on the relative entropy of the empirical model’s precipitation (ensemble) forecasts over CONUS and demonstrated that it generates a set of dates that captures a majority of high-impact precipitation events, while substantially reducing a heavy-precipitation bias inherent in an alternative methodology based on the direct identification of large precipitation events in the Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS), version 12 reforecasts. The impacts of data thinning on the accuracy of precipitation statistical postprocessing, as well as on the calibration and validation of the Hydrologic Ensemble Forecast Service (HEFS) reforecasts are yet to be established.

Significance Statement
High-impact weather events are usually associated with extreme precipitation, which is notoriously difficult to predict even using highly resolved state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction models based on first physical principles. The same is true for statistical models that use past data to anticipate the future behavior likely to stem from an observed initial state. Here we use both types of models to identify the occurrences of the states, over the historical climate record, which are likely to lead to extreme precipitation events. We show that the overall statistics of precipitation over the contiguous United States is encapsulated in a greatly reduced set of such states, which could substantially alleviate the computational burden associated with testing of hydrological forecast models used for decision support.
Outcomes After Definitive Surgery for Nonagenarians with Isolated Hip Fractures within 24 hours of Admission
Authors: Seckel Tyler , Mahoney Kyle , Hewitt Cory , Liu Huazhi , Ang Darwin 
Published: March 2022

Background Isolated hip fractures are a common orthopedic injury in the elderly population. Estimates are that there will be over 21 million hip fractures globally by 2050. Current recommendations are early operative fixation within 48 hours. Despite evidence showing that fixation of hip fractures within 24 hours is beneficial in the elderly population, the effect this has on the nonagenarian population has yet to be examined. Methods This is a single institution retrospective cohort study examining isolated hip fractures from 2014 to 2020 from an American College of Surgeons verified trauma center. Patients ≥65 years old with IHF were included. A total number of 1150 isolated hip fracture patients 65 years or older were included in this study. Three cohorts were examined: (1) patients ≥90 years old; (2) patients 65-89 years old; and (3) patients stratified by ≥90 vs 65-75 years old and ≥90 vs 75-89 years old. Patients were then sub stratified by timing of surgery whether it was performed ≤24 hours or >24 hours. The primary outcome was inpatient mortality. Results Nonagenarians who had delayed surgery had higher mortality rates compared to nonagenarians with early surgery (15.2% vs 4.2%; P = .02). Patients aged 65-75 had higher complication rates with delayed surgery (12.9% vs 4.1%; P = .01) as did those aged 76-89 (9.0% vs 3.2%, P = .004). Discussion Early surgical intervention of isolated hip fractures in the nonagenarian population within 24 hours is associated with good clinical outcomes as well as a lower inpatient mortality that approaches significance.
Effectiveness of Parent-to-Parent Support Group in Reduction of Anxiety and Stress Among Parents of Children With Autism and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Sharma Sugandha , Govindan Radhakrishnan , Kommu J. V. S. 
Published: March 2022

Background: Parental interventions are efficacious and robust in managing children’s behavioral problems. Yet, research addressing their role in parental stress and anxiety is sparse. Our first aim was to assess the extent of anxiety and stress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The second was to assess the effectiveness of a parent-to-parent support group for addressing the stress and anxiety among those parents. Methods: We selected a single group pretest posttest design. We recruited 24 parents from the two in-patient facilities of child and adolescent psychiatry. The intervention consisted of a parent-to-parent support group. We assessed parental stress and anxiety before and after the intervention. Results: The differences in anxiety and stress scores prior to and after the intervention were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Before the intervention, low level of parents’ education and lower family income had a statistically significant relationship with higher parental stress. Also, parents who were employed had lesser anxiety. Conclusion: The parent-to-parent support group effectively reduced stress and anxiety among parents of children with ASD and ADHD. These are preliminary findings. The lack of a control group is a major limitation.
A comparison of continuous blood gas monitors during cardiopulmonary bypass LivaNova B-Capta, Terumo CDI 500, spectrum medical M4
Authors: van Hoeven Marloes , Overdevest Eddy , Curvers Joyce , van Heugten Henri 
Published: March 2022

Introduction Accurate and precise management of blood gas parameters during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is crucial to patient care and outcome. This study compares the data provided by Livanova B-Capta, Terumo CDI500, and Spectrum Medical M4 with the results from a gold standard blood gas analyzer to test accuracy. Methods All three continuous blood gas monitoring (CBGM) devices were used simultaneously during CPB on one dedicated HLM. Arterial and venous blood samples of 40 adult patients who underwent elective cardiac surgery with CPB were taken from the CPB circuit. Results Pre- and post-alignment deviation in percentages are compared with CLIA guidelines. B-Capta data reveals that the deviation pre-alignment is small and within the CLIA threshold for all parameters. Pre-alignment data for CDI 500 is within CLIA threshold for SvO2 and PaO2. The pre-alignment data for the M4 exceeds the CLIA thresholds for all parameters. Post-alignment data for B-Capta and CDI 500 reveals an accurate agreement for Hb and Hct and strong agreement for PaO2. All values for B-Capta and CDI 500 are within CLIA threshold values except for SvO2. Post-alignment the M4 exceeded the CLIA threshold value only for PaO2. Conclusion B-Capta is the only CBGM device that operates within the CLIA guidelines and is in agreement with laboratory values prior to alignment.