bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of orifice-meter shape on discharge coefficient and head loss through it
Authors: Assran Mohamed H. , shenouda Bakhiet , Mohamed Hassan I. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Flow measurements through pipes and open channels are very important for the management of water resources effectively. Orifice meter is a very common and widely used flow measuring device in pipes as it is very cheap and simple compared with other devices, however, there are many parameters that affect its performance. Also, orifice is used as energy dissipation method in water hammer protection devices and hydroelectric power tunnels. So, experimental research is carried out in the Hydraulic Laboratory of Assuit University to study the effect of orifice geometry on the energy loss through it. Due to head losses occurring at the orifice, a coefficient of discharge (Cd) is used to calculate actual discharge from theoretical discharge. The experimental tests are carried out using four different types of orifice plates: circular, square, triangular, and hexagonal. For each one, the cross-sectional area is changed four times. The orifice is installed on a 10 cm diameter transparent pipe. The flow rate is changed ten times for each orifice. A general correlation equation is developed for the coefficient of discharge based on dimensional analysis. The research concludes that the triangular shape achieves high performance with a lower head loss and a higher coefficient of discharge when compared to the other orifice shapes.
Complexity vs linearity: relationships between functional traits in a protist
Authors: Svendsen Nils Alain , Radchuk Viktoriia , Morel-Journel Thibaut , Thuillier Virginie , Schtickzelle Nicolas 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
The mechanisms underlying the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are still poorly understood. Although species richness is commonly used as a biodiversity measure, recent studies showed that functional diversity, i.e. the diversity of functional traits, might be a better proxy. Functional traits are defined as phenotypic traits that affect an organism's performance and shape ecosystem-level processes. The main challenge when using those traits to quantify biodiversity is to choose which ones to measure, since effort and money are limited. As one way of dealing with this, Hodgson et al. (1999) introduced the idea of two types of traits, with soft traits that are easy and quick to quantify, and hard traits that are directly linked to ecosystem functioning but difficult to measure. If a link exists between the two types of traits, then one could use soft traits as a proxy for hard traits for a quick but meaningful assessment of biodiversity. However, this framework is based on two assumptions: (1) hard and soft traits must be tightly connected to allow reliable prediction of one using the other; (2) the relationship between traits must be monotone and linear to be detected by the most common statistical techniques (e.g. GLM, PCA).
Results
Here we addressed those two assumptions by focusing on six functional traits of the protist species Tetrahymena thermophila, which vary both in their measurement difficulty and functional meaningfulness. They were classified as: easy traits (morphological traits), intermediate traits (movement traits) and hard traits (oxygen consumption and population growth rate). We were able to detect a high number (> 60%) of non-linear relationships between the traits, which can explain the low number of significant relationships found using PCA and GLM analysis. In the end, these analyses did not detect any relationship strong enough to predict one trait using another, but that does not imply there are none.
Conclusions
Our results highlighted the need for more complex statistical analyzes than the ones commonly used by the scientific community, to account for all the factors that might blur the relationships between traits (e.g. plasticity, non-linearity), and state about the soft/hard framework.
Reproductive traits and feeding activity of the commercially exploited common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis L. (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the western Mediterranean Sea.
Authors: Barciela Alberto Javier Rico , Fernández-Arcaya Ulla , Quetglas Toni , Valls María 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This paper investigates basic reproductive parameters, ecology and population structure of the common cuttlefish. A total of 1217 individuals were sampled monthly from both the offshore bottom trawl and the inshore trammel net fishery off the Mallorca Island (western Mediterranean) during 2017–2019. Mean size of individuals and sex-ratio differed between depths, with males and females being more abundant inshore and offshore waters respectively. The estimated size at first maturity (L50) was 87 mm for females and 78 mm for males. S. officinalis has a continuous reproduction throughout the year with a spawning peak between March and June, and the temporal distribution of maturity stages by sex reflected the precocious maturation of males. Ovary development analysis showed an asynchronous oocyte development and a mean total fecundity of 158 ± 14 eggs/female. The stomach fullness was found to decrease during reproductive development while the vacuity index followed the opposite trend, indicating a lessening of the feeding activity during gonadal growth for both sexes. The feeding activity was higher in females compared to males, which was probably related to the higher energetic cost associated with reproduction. While the digestive gland index (DGI) in females did not decrease during the course of sexual maturation, depleted values of DGI were observed in spawning males reflecting sexual differences in allocation strategy at this stage. Those results suggested that common cuttlefish fulfil the cost of reproduction through both current food intake and accumulated somatic reserves.
Evaluation of the Efficiency of traditional chitosan, Nano chitosan and chitosan nanocomposites for strengthening aged papyrus paper
Authors: Salim Eman , Mohamed W.S. , Sadek Rasha 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Cellulose based materials, such as papyrus sheets and paper, which are the most common types of writing supports for works of art in many museums and archive. They are subjected to different types of deterioration factors that may lead to many conservation problems. Consolidation treatment one of the most common conservation treatments, which should have perform after much testing to select the appropriate consolidants This research aims to evaluate the resistance of traditional chitosan, nanochitosan, and chitosan /zinc oxide nanocomposite as an eco-friendly papyrus strengthening. Untreated and treated papyrus was thermally aged and characterized via Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Antimicrobial activity of the papyrus specimens was also determined against four tested pathogenic bacteria by disc diffusion method. MRSA, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. The results revealed that chitosan nanocomposite showed a remarkable enhancement of papyrus tensile properties and presence of ZnO prevents the effects of biodeterioration.
Influence of the Electrolyte concentration and amount on the Performance of Textile Electrodes in Electrostimulation: a systematic study
Authors: Euler Luisa , Guo Li , Persson Nils-Krister 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background: Textile-based stimulation electrodes are a fast-growing research area. With their advantages including reusability and the possibility for integration into garments, textile electrodes open up new possibilities that are not yet feasible today, e.g. various self-administrated treatments and rehabilitation based on neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). So far, most research has shown that textile-based stimulation electrodes perform more reliable when wetted with an electrolyte. However, there is no systematic investigation about which type and amount of electrolyte to use. Methods: In this study, double-layered textile electrodes have been produced by machine knitting with a size of 3x3 cm2. The electrodes were wetted step-wise with a liquid amount from 5 µL up to 320 µL; four levels of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentrations, i.e. 0.9 %, 1.5 %, 5 % and 35 %, plus pure deionized water as a reference liquid were chosen. The study analyzed the behavior of the skin-electrode impedance when changing the moisture content and NaCl concentration. In addition, equivalent circuits were modelled for deeper insights into the mechanisms causing an impedance change.Results: Results showed that the impedance was greatly influenced by the liquid amount with amounts of 5 µL already significantly reducing the impedance compared to dry electrodes, caused by a substantial reduction in resistance. The reactance, on the other hand, was only partly influenced by the liquid amount showing a reduction upon higher liquid amounts only within a range of 5 – 40 µL. Further, a significant influence on the impedance by the presence of ions was found where the skin-electrode system wetted with saline NaCl solution were showing generally lower impedances than systems wetted with deionized water. However, within this, no remarkable influence of the NaCl concentration could be observed. Conclusion: Impedance was found to be very sensitive to the moisture content in the system, it is recommended to introduce standardizations for impedance testing of wet textile electrodes with precisely controlled electrolyte volumes and liquid migration properties to make independent studies of textile electrodes more comparable.
Seismic fragility curves for the Italian RC residential buildings based on non-linear dynamic analyses
Authors: Manfredi Vincenzo , Masi Angelo , Nicodemo Giuseppe , Digrisolo Andrea 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
In the present paper, Fragility Curves (FCs) of Reinforced Concrete (RC) structural types representative of the existing Italian building stock have been derived through an analytical approach. The proposed methodology is based on Non-Linear Dynamic Analyses (NLDAs) encompassing all the steps required to bring about reliable as well realistic fragility results. First, prototype building types have been selected by considering the main attributes affecting the seismic vulnerability of existing RC buildings, that is: age of construction (i.e. ‘50s, ‘70s and ‘90s), number of storeys (i.e. 2, 4 and 6 storeys), arrangement in elevation of infills (i.e. Bare-, Infilled-, Pilotis-frame) and design level (i.e. seismic or gravity loads). A simulated design has been used for detailing the building types at hand, whose non-linear dynamic response has been computed by using a large set of signals. The signals have been purposely selected in order to approach the elastic design spectra provided in the Italian seismic code for different return periods, being able to take into account also record-to-record variability and soil-amplification effects. A specific relationship between the considered engineering demand parameter (i.e. inter-storey drift ratio) and all damage levels proposed in the EMS-98 scale have been defined on the basis of empirical data and expert judgement. A set of FCs in terms of peak ground acceleration are finally derived and compared to point out the role of the considered vulnerability attributes.
Domes and Semi-Capsulesas Model Systems for Infrared Microspectroscopy of Biological Cells
Authors: Solheim Johanne Heitmann , Brandsrud Maren Anna , Kong Beibei , Banyasz Akos , Borondics Ferenc , Micouin Guillaume , Lossius Stine , Sulé-Suso Josep , Blumel Reinhold , Kohler Achim 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
It is well known that infrared microscopy of micrometer sized samples suffers from strong scattering distortions, attributed to Mie scattering. The state-of-the-art preprocessing technique for modelling and removing Mie scattering features from infrared absorbance spectra of biological samples is built on a meta model for perfect spheres. However, non-spherical cell shapes are the norm rather than the exception, and it is therefore highly relevant to evaluate the validity of this preprocessing technique for deformed spherical systems. Addressing these cases, we investigate both numerically and experimentally the absorbance spectra of 3D-printed individual domes, rows of up to five domes, two domes with varying distance, and semi-capsules of varying lengths as model systems of deformed individual cells and small cell clusters. We find that coupling effects between individual domes are small, corroborating previous related literature results for spheres. Further, we point out and illustrate with examples that, while optical reciprocity guarantees the same extinction efficiency for top vs. bottom illumination, a scatterer's internal field may be vastly different in these two situations. Finally, we demonstrate that the ME-EMSC model for preprocessing infrared spectra from spherical biological systems is valid also for deformed spherical systems.
TYPHOIDYNE : Microspot Multi-Antigen Arrays Enzyme Immunoassay - The synergistic effects of species-specific and genus conserved antigens towards an improved definitive and differential diagnosis of typhoid fever
Authors: Khan Khairunnisa Abdul Lateef , Kader Zainoodin Sheik Abdul 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Typhoid fever is a neglected re-emerging and potentially fatal infectious disease caused by S.Typhi. The disease is characterized by illness of multi-organ system and acquired through faecal-oral route by consumption of contaminated food and water. The disease is endemic in developing countries but alarming number of cases linked to domestic sources have been reported in industrialised countries. The clinical presentations of typhoid fever is highly variable and often overlap with other acute undifferentiated febrile illness (AUFI). Culture isolation is the gold standard for the diagnosis of typhoid. However, culture isolation is time-consuming, laborious with variable sensitivity and often limited to secondary or tertiary laboratory facilities. On the other hand, serological interference has been recognized as a major drawback in the reported diagnostic kits for typhoid fever. Hence, accurate, rapid and cost-effective diagnostic test are required for early life saving treatment and effective epidemiological intervention. This present study report the development of TYPHOIDYNE EIA using arrays of multi-antigen for definitive and differential diagnosis of typhoid fever. Multiple antigens were comprised of whole cell protein (WCP), cell surface protein(CSP) and surface depleted-whole cell protein(sdWCP) derived from differentially extracted whole cell bacterial proteins of S.Typhi and S.spp . Sensitivity and specificity of TYPHOIDYNE EIA were evaluated using panel of sera consisting of typhoid patient, typhoid vaccinated subject, healthy subject and subject with other diseases. The performance of the test was encouraging with sensitivity of 97.3% and specificity of 100%. The positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of the assay were 100% and 97%, respectively. Multi-antigens derived from species-specific and genus conserved play an important role in profiling heterogenicity in typhoid immune response that lead to excellent synergistic effect in differential and definitive diagnosis of typhoid fever. This preliminary report showed that TYPHOIDYNE EIA successfully detected and differentiated typhoid cases, typhoid vaccinated individuals, typhoid carriers and healthy individuals. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the successful use of multi-antigens based microspot arrays enzyme immunoassay to characterize the heterogenicity of immune response and their application in diagnosis of typhoid fever.
Establishing pertinence between Sorting Algorithms prevailing in n log (n) time
Authors: Choudhury Manan Roy , Dutta Anurag 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Data is the new fuel. With the expansion of global technology, the increasing living standards, and modernization, data values have caught a great height. Nowadays, nearly all top MNCs feed on data. Now, storing all this data is a prime concern for all of them, which is relieved by the Data Structures, the systematic way of storing data. Now, once these data are stored and charged in secure vaults, it’s time to utilize them most efficiently. Now, many operations need to be performed on these massive chunks of data, like searching, sorting, inserting, deleting, merging, and so more. In this paper, we would be comparing all the major sorting algorithms, that have prevailed to date. Further, work has been done and inequality in the dimension of time between the three Sorting algorithms, operational in \(n{log}\left(n\right)\) time, Merge, Quick, and Heap, that have been discussed in the paper have been proposed.
Evaluation of Paranasal Sinus Volumes in Pediatric Headache
Authors: Demir Kubra Irday , Cicek Tugce Kucukoglu , Delibas Vedat , Dilek Okan , Alagoz Sedat , Ozdas Talih , Kuran Gokhan 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Purpose: In our study, it was aimed to research whether there is a relationship between headache and sinus volumes, by measuring sinus volumes from paranasal sinus computed tomography (PNSCT) radiological imaging of patients in the pediatric age group who applied with the complaint of headache and whose etiology could not be determined.Methods: A total of 81 patients, of which 53 pediatric patients who applied to the … Hospital Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic between 1 January 2019 - 31 December 2020 with complaints of headache and underwent PNSCT, and 28 pediatric patients who did not have complaints of headache and had current PNSCT were included in the study. Results: In our study, the mean age of Group I with headache was 13.7 ± 3.4 years and consisted of a total of 53 individuals, of which 35 were women (66%), and 18 were men (34%). The mean age of Group II, which is the control group, was 13.89 ± 3.1 years and consisted of 28 individuals, of which 8 were females (28.6%) and 20 were males (71.4%). The sinus Group 1’s and Group 2’s volumes of were compared, and it was found that the sinus volumes in Group 1 were lower than in Group 2. Conclusion: Our study shows that small paranasal sinus volumes may be involved in the etiology of headache, and no other study has been found in the literature showing this etiology in the pediatric age group.
Ice Sheet Expansion in the Cretaceous Greenhouse World
Authors: Wang Tianyang , He Songlin , Ding Lin , Zhang Qinghai , Cai Fulong , Wang Chao , Xie Jing , Li Guobiao , Sheng Jiani , Li Zhenyu , Ma Xuesong , Yue Yahui 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Globally elevated temperatures during the Cretaceous extreme greenhouse climate interval were punctuated by the Valanginian Weissert event, which was characterised by a positive carbon isotope excursion, global cooling, and a glacial event approximately at 135 Ma. The inability to disentangle ocean temperature and continental ice volume trends hinders our understanding of these climate fluctuations in deep-time. We investigated the ocean temperature–ice sheet dynamics of glaciation events that occurred in the Cretaceous greenhouse world. New clumped isotope and δ18O data from sits in the Tethyan Ocean show that seawater temperatures decreased by 5°C–6°C, consistent with the development of glacial periods, and maximum ice volumes about half the size of present-day Antarctica. This cooling event provides a counter-example to other Mesozoic climate transitions driven by changes in atmospheric greenhouse gas contents. Our results suggest a robust coupling between mid-latitude seawater temperatures and polar ice volume as atmospheric CO2 contents decline.
Effects of different grains on bacterial diversity and enzyme activity associated with digestion of starch in the foal stomach
Authors: Li Xiao Bin , Huang Xin Xin , Li Qian , Li Xuan Yue , Li Jia Hao , Li Chao , He Lin Jiao , Jing Hong Xin , Yang Kai Lun 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
BackgroundAlthough the stomach in horses contributes largely to their health, the microbiota in the stomach of the horse being very complex remain largely unknown. Grains are the main energy source for these animals and energy is derived through enzymatic hydrolysis of grains into glucose or their microbial fermentation into VFA. However, the mechanism through which these ingested grains are chemically digested as well as the effect of these grains on the stomach remains elusive. This study explored the effects of feeding different grains (corn, oats, and barley) on bacterial diversity, structure, and composition in the foal’s stomach content. Furthermore, the effects of different grains on the vitality of starch digestion-related stomach enzymes were investigated.ResultsNo significant differences were observed (P > 0.05) in the bacterial rarefaction curves of OTUs and diversity of the stomach microbiota in all foals. This study also revealed the statistical differences for Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, unidentified_Clostridiales, Prevotellaceae, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, unidentified_Cyanobacteria, unidentified_Clostridiales, Lactococcus, Sphingomonas, Lactobacillus_hayakitensis, Lactobacillus_equigenerosi, and Clostridium_perfringens. The linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis revealed 7 bacteria at each classification level. The functional analysis of species information by using FAPROTAX software was able to predict 35 functions, and the top 5 functions were chemoheterotrophy, fermentation, animal_parasites_or_symbionts, nitrate_reduction, and aerobic_chemoheterotrophy. The study also revealed statistical differences for pH, glucose concentration, β-amylase, maltase, and amylase.ConclusionsThe different grains had no significant effect on the microbial diversity of the gastric fluid of the foal. However, the relative bacterial abundances differed significantly in response to different diets. Particularly, oats fed to the foals significantly increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, and Lactobacillus_hayakitensis. The grain had no significant effect on the pH of the stomach content, glucose concentration, and enzyme viability in the foal.