bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Only the Clothes on Her Back
Authors: Edwards Laura F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Only the Clothes on Her Back tells the history of law and commerce in the United States between the Revolution and the Civil War through textiles and the legal principles associated with them. Those principles existed not in statutes or treatises, but in social and cultural practices, commonly known then, but now long forgotten, which made textiles—clothing, cloth, bedding, and accessories, such as shoes and hats—a unique form of property that people without rights could own and exchange. Textiles' value depended on law, which was what made them a secure form of property for marginalized people, who not only used these goods as currency, credit, and capital, but also as entre into the new republic's economy and governing institutions. Using original archival research, the first part of the book reconstructs the governing order in which textiles' legal principles flourished and follows the implications, recasting our understanding of production and exchange. The second part pieces together the rules that governed trade: trunks established ownership; witness testimony served instead of receipts; accounts were kept in diaries, if they were recorded at all. These practices might seem outside law, but they were not. The third part follows the legal downfall of textiles, showing how the practices associated with them became suspect as the federalism system elevated the possession of rights over other means of making property claims. By the mid—nineteenth century, textiles no longer had the legal power they once had, but most Americans had nothing to replace them.
Polly’s Yarn
Authors: Edwards Laura F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Americans conducted their lives with the presumption that everyone could make legal claims to textiles. This chapter explains that situation, exploring the customary practices that, by the time of the American Revolution, had cohered into legal principles, which allowed people without rights—even enslaved people and married women—to make claims to textiles in law, something they could not do with other forms of property. Those principles persisted in the new republic, adding value to textiles by turning them into a secure form of property for those whose legal status made such claims tenuous. Claims to textiles did not involve rights or confer rights. Yet, when draped in textiles, even those without rights assumed distinct legal forms that officials found impossible to ignore: textiles conferred legal power.
Mr. Robinson’s Fabrics
Authors: Edwards Laura F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The legal principles associated with textiles blurred the lines between merchants and their customers, placing more power in the hands of customers. Those principles allowed customers to act as merchants, buying and selling textiles themselves. The white male merchants also depended on those principles, which allowed a wider range of people to purchase textiles. When it came to textiles, “the market” had two meanings. There was the global market configured as an abstract set of dynamics, in which rights were a prerequisite for participation. Then there were local markets, where customers bought specific items, based on individual preferences, with the assumption that those qualities created attachments with legal meanings. These two aspects comingled when it came to textiles, which meant that white male merchants were never completely in control. Their fortunes were bound to the legal principles associated with textiles and the people who used them.
Rebecca Coles’s Factory
Authors: Edwards Laura F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Before mechanization, the work of textile production was done by hand, within households, regardless of whether women or men did it or whether the goods were intended for commercial dissemination or household use. The value of textiles was determined by skill, which was a matter of dexterity, experience, and aesthetics, not gender or the location of production. Good cloth was worth more than bad cloth; well-made garments were worth more than shoddy ones. As this chapter shows, the importance of skill and hand labor in the textile trades persisted in the new republic, even after the onset of mechanization, creating economic spaces for those on the margins. The legal principles associated with textiles also shaped the economics of the textile trades, enabling people without rights to control what they produced and making them more like the white men now identified as manufacturers
Jane Cooley’s Loom
Authors: Edwards Laura F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The full value of the goods made by women and other marginalized textile producers has been hidden amid presumptions that wives, daughters, the enslaved, and even wage workers could not legally control the goods they produced. The legal principles associated with textiles not only allowed these people to claim such goods but also gave these items value beyond what they fetched at the store. Textile producers were making goods that they could leverage in a variety of ways. As this chapter shows, cloth and clothing could be turned into capital that people without strong claims to rights could control and use to support themselves and their loved ones. These people amassed capital in the same way that they spun, wove, tailored, sewed, mended, and laundered: through the creative application of their labor in circumstances not of their own choosing.
Sarah Allingham’s Sheet
Authors: Edwards Laura F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores enforcement of the legal principles associated with textiles, which was essential if these goods were to fulfill all their various economic uses. Local officials up and down the Eastern Seaboard found themselves in the presence of angry, opinionated people, demanding recognition of claims to textiles. They responded using public law, treating property claims as an element of the public order, not a matter of individual rights, and acknowledging the legal resonance of practices attached to textiles at odds with rights-based law. To retain the limited power that they had, however, the legal principles of textiles had to be asserted openly and repeatedly. That is exactly what people did, perpetuating longstanding conceptions of ownership and exchange based in relationships that predated the republic’s founding. It was never ideal. But for many it was their only recourse.
Charles Lohman’s Dresses
Authors: Edwards Laura F. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the growing barriers to the enforcement of textiles’ legal principles. By the 1850s, a large cadre of lawyers had embraced a highly professionalized view of law that ignored those principles. Its logic shifted adjudication in civil suits from questions about the relationships that shaped property conflicts to questions about the rights of individuals regardless of the circumstances. From there, it moved into the area of public law, where professionally trained lawyers elevated procedural rights over the principles associated with textiles. Not only did a process based in rights push the legal principles of textiles aside, but it also silenced people without rights. Without the institutional backing necessary for enforcement, the legal principles and practices associated with textiles drifted out from the realm of law.
The Straitened Gate
Authors: Harris Paul William 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 presents the events that propelled a growing radicalization among leading northern Methodists. Northern Methodists strongly supported the Union cause and the Emancipation Proclamation, and they seized on the opportunity that the Civil War provided to re-enter the South and lay claim to church properties previously held by the Methodist Episcopal Church, South. They found success among both whites and Blacks, despite stiff competition from the African Methodist denominations. In their attempts to appeal to African Americans, the Methodist Episcopal Church decided to create separate annual conferences for their Black membership rather than integrating them into white conferences, which became a long-standing source of controversy. The establishment of the Freedmen’s Aid Society to offer schooling to the freed slaves added greatly to the attraction of the M.E.C., notwithstanding its paternalism. Violent opposition in the South undercut northern Methodist hopes for political Reconstruction but did not prevent the first steps toward reconciling with the M.E.C., South.
China's Foreign Policy Contradictions
Authors: Rühlig Tim Nicholas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
China’s Foreign Policy Contradictions explains the fundamental contradiction in China’s foreign policy: contrary to its claims, China does not consistently uphold the principle of state control in its international affairs. This inconsistency is shaping China’s impact on the international order. This anthropological study of the foreign policymaking of the opaque Chinese party-state examines three case comparisons: the Responsibility to Protect, Hong Kong, and the World Trade Organization. Based on in-depth interviews with party-state officials and an analysis of official documents, the book reveals the internal discussions, diverse set of interests, and dynamics and processes of a party-state in a state of constant transformation. The book demonstrates how competing sources of the Chinese Communist Party’s domestic legitimacy combine with the complex and dynamic structure of the Chinese party-state, resulting in contradictory foreign policies. It demonstrates how both legitimization and the party-state structure constitute vulnerabilities of the party-state. Even though China struggles with these domestic vulnerabilities, this does not prevent it from projecting its power internationally or shaping the global order. The book argues that two sets of domestic vulnerabilities explain China’s contradictory foreign policy and undermine its ability to project and promote a “China Model” as an alternative to the existing international order. China’s contradictory foreign policy is likely to lead to a more particularistic, plural, and fragmented international order.
Unpacking the Chinese Party-State
Authors: Rühlig Tim Nicholas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter closely examines the core subject of the book: the Chinese party-state. First, it discusses how images of the state shape foreign policy practices and become “regulative ideas” manifest in the international order. Next, the chapter turns to the Chinese party-state and reflects on how the images, practices, and structures of the party-state have undergone a substantial transformation. The chapter summarizes the historical emergence of the specific duality of a hierarchical party structure coupled with a trend for fragmentation and decentralization, and for empowering subnational institutions and major corporations. This demonstrates that rather than intentionally crafted, the structures and legitimacy of the party-state are the result of China’s integration into the globalizing economy, contested political visions, and competition within the party-state. Finally, the chapter discusses how the specific institutional structure and its underlying political economy shape China’s foreign policy.
Chinese Approaches to Rule
Authors: Rühlig Tim Nicholas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter situates the implementation of “One Country, Two Systems” in Hong Kong as a matter of international affairs and international law. It outlines in what respects and to what extent the PRC has accepted restrictions on its control over Hong Kong. China’s waiver on implementation of national security legislation for twenty-three years is contrasted with enforcement of a National Security Law in 2020, as well as the PRC’s rejection of any compromise on electoral reform The chapter demonstrates that implementation of One Country, Two Systems has been highly contradictory. The analysis of China’s Hong Kong policy sheds light on how the trade-offs inherent in economic and nationalist party-state legitimization in China and the structures of the party-state explain these contradictions. Finally, China’s instrumental approach to law and the undermining of core vocabulary definitions have structural implications that go far beyond Hong Kong to the future of the international order.
Conclusions
Authors: Rühlig Tim Nicholas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The concluding chapter begins with a comparative summary explaining China’s foreign policy contradictions found in the three case comparisons. It demonstrates how the institutionalization of trade-offs between different economic and nationalist legitimization needs within the party-state are decisive. The chapter then discusses the implications for the future international order. Even without developing into an alternative “model,” China’s contradictory approach will facilitate the development of a more particularistic, plural, and fragmented international order. The chapter relates the results of this empirical analysis to the existing literature and develops the theoretical argument: a combination of a constructivist focus on norms and narratives on legitimacy are complementary with the theoretical assumptions in works that emphasize the importance of China’s political economy. The chapter ends with six foundational considerations for policymakers in third countries who seek to preserve a rules-based international order at a time of China’s rise.
Mind Is Buddha
Authors: Davis Bret W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of what “Buddha” means for Zen Buddhists. It begins with Zen master Hakuin’s claim that “unenlightened beings are originally Buddhas,” and with his analogy of this being like the relation between ice and water. Linji’s shocking teaching “If you encounter the Buddha, kill him!” is explained as an exhortation to smash all idols of the Buddha. This means to let go of all objectifications of Buddha as something outside oneself. We must realize that “Mind is Buddha.” And yet, it is explained, the philosophy of Zen is a nondualism rather than either an idealism or a materialism. In the end, Zen enlightenment cannot be reduced to an intellectual grasp of a philosophical formula. Hence, the chapter concludes with a commentary on some famous thought-provoking (and practice-provoking) kōans on the question “What is Buddha?”
Zen as Trans-Mysticism
Authors: Davis Bret W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains why Zen cannot be sufficiently understood in terms of “mysticism,” if one means by mystical experience a transcendent or otherworldly experience that transports one beyond the mundane world. The path of Zen leads, rather, to a wholehearted and fully mindful engagement in the ordinary activities of everyday life. Zen master Zhaozhou says that “Everyday Even Mind is the Way,” and Zen master Linji tells us to “just be ordinary.” Nevertheless, the path to this enlightened everydayness requires passing through both a negation of unenlightened everydayness and a shedding of any extraordinary mystical experience of union with God (unio mystica) or oneness with the One. Drawing on Ueda Shizuteru’s comparisons of Zen with Meister Eckhart, the path of Zen is explained as that of a “trans-mysticism.”
Zen and Art
Authors: Davis Bret W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the intimate relation between Zen and the Japanese arts. Zen paradoxically teaches that we need to cultivate naturalness. The Japanese “Ways” of art and the martial arts are designed to allow us to do this. Zen gardens enable us to experience the relationship between human art and the natural world in a nondualistic manner, and the Japanese aesthetic of “cut-continuance” reveals how borderlines between things both connect as well as separate them. The aesthetic of wabi-sabi enables us to discover spiritual lessons as well as a poignant beauty in the rustic simplicity of imperfect and impermanent things. And the art of ikebana or flower arrangement reveals to us the intimate relations between life and death and between time and eternity. The chapter ends by suggesting how Zen-inspired art and music allow us to experience formlessness and silence as creative sources of form and sound.
Reviewing the Path of Zen
Authors: Davis Bret W. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains the path of Zen by way of explicating The Ten Oxherding Pictures. This classic text, which consists of ten pictures together with a poem and preface appended to each one, shows the stages of Zen practice and enlightenment. Depicting both dramatic breakthroughs and plodding practice, it reconciles “sudden enlightenment” with the gradual ripening of the fruit of spiritual practice. The ox represents the true self or the mind, which the oxherder seeks to find and tame. Yet the ox disappears in the seventh picture, and the oxherder too disappears in the eighth picture. The penultimate picture is a scene of nature, and the last picture shows an old sage entering a town; in the end the oxherder has become a Bodhisattva who passes on the torch of the awakened mind. The final three pictures are interpreted as the “tricycle trilogy” of the true self.
Doing What You Really Want
Authors: Perkins Franklin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This book is a coherent, systematic, and plausible explanation of the philosophy of Mengzi (Mencius), a fourth-century bce Confucian. It covers the full range of Mengzi’s philosophy, from the place of human beings in nature, to human psychology and philosophy of emotions, to the various ways in which we can deliberately change and cultivate ourselves. Since Mengzi was concerned not just with theory but also with effective action, the book includes a chapter gathering practical advice and a Confucian analysis of how individuals can make a difference in the world, offering a new approach to understanding the contemporary relevance of Confucianism. These topics are integrated around Mengzi’s philosophy as a way of life directed toward striving to make the world a better place. Mengzi offers theoretical and practical resources valuable for anyone concerned with integrating efforts to improve the world with personal fulfillment and a sense of belonging. Mengzi’s philosophy is explained in a clear and engaging way that is suitable for students and general readers with no background in philosophy or Chinese studies. The core philosophical system is drawn from Mengzi, but the book regularly includes other Confucian materials.
Harmony with Nature
Authors: Perkins Franklin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The first chapter begins with the question of what it means to follow or harmonize with nature, given that nature appears to be morally indifferent. It lays out two perspectives on harmony with nature. The first looks at the patterns and cycles of nature as a whole, emphasizing the insignificance of human concerns. The second looks at nature in terms of the inherent motivations or natural dispositions of living things. The first is found in Daoist texts aimed toward peace of mind (as in the Zhuangzi). What is distinctive about Mengzi’s view is that he admits the first perspective but takes the second perspective as what should guide our actions. This chapter also introduces early Chinese views of nature and cosmology.
Power, Politics, and Action
Authors: Perkins Franklin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Most discussions of Confucian politics focus on how Confucian ideas relate to theories of government, particularly democracy and human rights. This chapter begins with a criticism of that focus, arguing that all of Confucian philosophy is ultimately political. The contemporary political relevance of Confucianism is in its analysis of how individuals can exert influence on the world through a process of self-cultivation. The chapter is structured around a commentary on the “Greatest Learning” (Daxue), which describes a progression from learning and cultivating emotions to leadership within one’s community and ultimately toward realizing world peace. This chapter serves as a conclusion, showing how the various themes previously discussed are integrated into a life dedicated toward making the world a better place.
Nothing Less Than Glorious
Authors: Lee John W.I. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Gilbert’s first two years (1888–1890) as Paine Institute’s new professor of Greek, Latin, and English and explains the development of Paine’s new collegiate curriculum, one based largely on the courses Gilbert had taken at Brown. It also tells the story of Gilbert’s wife Osceola (Ola) Pleasant and her family. From there, the chapter explores the early development of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, with special attention to the role of Gilbert’s Brown professor Albert Harkness, then it turns to investigating when and how Gilbert made his decision to go to Greece and attend the American School. Using evidence from surviving fragments of his letters, the final portion of the chapter traces Gilbert’s route from Augusta across the Atlantic, through London, Paris, and across Italy, by ferry to Patras in Greece, and finally by train from Patras to Athens.
Persuasion About/Without International LawThe Case of Cybersecurity Norms
Authors: Ratner Steven 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
International law on cybersecurity is characterized by at best a thin consensus on the existence of rules, their meaning, and the desirability and content of new rules. This legal landscape results in a unique pattern of argumentation and persuasion by states and non-state actors both in advocating for a regulatory scheme for cyber activity and in reacting to malicious cyber acts. By examining argumentation in the absence of a generally agreed legal framework, this chapter seeks to provide new insights into the motivations for and effects of international legal argumentation in shaping debates and behavior. After describing the legal landscape on cybersecurity, it analyzes the process of persuasion used by states in proposing legal rules and responding to cyberattacks. It endorses a multilevel framework that addresses states’ choices to invoke law, how they do so, and the results in the normative universe of cybersecurity. This framework is then applied to key non-state actors arguing about current or future international law. It concludes by drawing out the larger implications of the cybersecurity example for understanding the role of legal rules in international discourse.
Mass Atrocity Crimes and Human Rights Discourse at the UN Security Council
Authors: Stagno-Ugarte Bruno 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the use, abuse, or nonuse of legal discourse by key actors within the UN Security Council. Focusing on the crimes enshrined in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the chapter looks at how legal discourse is used within the Council to argue whether such crimes are happening, whether such discourse successfully advances—or not—specific action by the Council to address these crimes, and how political considerations can generate the uneven invocation and application of legal terms and norms. Its three country-specific case studies (Myanmar, Syria, Yemen) point to self-serving double standards that, in addition to weakening overall coherence and adherence to international norms, are self-defeating for the Council in raising questions about its impartiality, accuracy, and efficacy in addressing atrocity crimes.