bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
217 Assessment of Ultrasound Carcass Composition Equations to Predict Empty Body Gain
Authors: Lancaster Phillip A , Tedeschi Luis O , Baker Michael , Carstens Gordon 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of equations used to estimate ultrasound carcass composition for prediction of empty body gain (EBG). The dataset consisted of 8 trials with Angus and Brangus bulls or Brangus heifers (N = 897) fed moderate energy diets for 70 d. Initial and final ultrasound carcass measurements were obtained by trained technicians. Initial and final empty body fat percentage (EBF) was computed using 5 equations: 1) carcass trait equation from Guiroy et al. (2001; 10.2527/2001.7981983x), 2) carcass trait equation 1 from Tedeschi et al. (2004; 10.1016/S0308-521X(03)00070-2), 3) carcass trait equation 6 from Baker et al. (2006; 10.2527/jas.2006-006), 4) ultrasound trait equation 8 from Baker et al. (2006; 10.2527/jas.2006-006), and 5) pEBF = 27.1902 + 47.6268 × uBF – 0.5687 × uLMA – 0.1178 × uBF × pHCW + 0.0014 × uLMA × pHCW; R2 = 0.64, RMSE = 2.46% developed from the training dataset of Baker et al. (2006). Empty body gain was predicted using NASEM (2016) equations. Eq. 5 had slightly improved R2 (0.64 vs. 0.62) and RMSE (2.46 vs. 2.49%) compared with Eq. 4 in the training dataset. When comparing observed and predicted EBG, Eq. 4 had intercept and linear coefficients nearest to 0 and 1, respectively, the greatest CCC (0.799), and mean bias closest to 0 (0.025 kg/d) compared with the other equations. ADG, ultrasound traits, and sex were significant (P &lt; 0.05) variables accounting for variation in differences between observed and predicted EBG, suggesting that these equations are somewhat lacking in their ability to capture the relationships between ultrasound carcass composition traits and retained energy. ADG was less important and gain in LMA was more important in explaining differences between observed and predicted EBG for Eq. 5 than the other equations. These results indicate that use of live animal ultrasound measurements can predict retained energy with reasonably accuracy.
219 Economic Cost Analysis of Grazing Strategies for Beef Production in Kansas
Authors: Tang Minfeng , Lancaster Phillip A , Pendell Dustin , Presley DeAnn , Fick Walt , Ahlers Adam , Ricketts Andrew 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Limited research has examined economic cost analyses for rotational-stocking versus continuous-stocking at different stocking rates in a particular region, which makes it difficult to provide guidance to cattle producers in evaluating different grazing strategies. The objective is to evaluate and compare economic costs for rotational and continuous grazing at medium, low, and high stocking rates under stocker grazing in Kansas. This study uses field experiment data collected from a 726-acre rangeland in Hays, Kansas and economic data from the Land Use Survey Center at Kansas State University in 2019. The field experiment from Hays kept detailed records of costs and input such as labor/time, which provides a good basis for number extrapolations to model the other grazing scenarios. We determine fencing, water infrastructure, and time/labor costs for 6 grazing management scenarios, i.e., rotational grazing versus continuous grazing at a low, medium, and high stocking rate. Low, medium, and high stocking rates are 5, 3, 2 acres/animal, respectively. Labor is divided into 6 general categories pertinent to stocker grazing in Kansas. On a per-animal basis, total labor time increases with stocking rates and is greater under rotational grazing relative to continuous grazing. Rotational grazing requires greater total costs, including labor/time on per animal basis than continuous grazing at similar stocking rates. Compared with continuous grazing at the low, medium, and high stocking rates, rotational grazing would require an additional amount of $13.19, $16.67, and $6.04 per animal respectively, to cover the estimated infrastructure and labor costs. Across all scenarios, labor costs account for the largest expense, accounting for more than 60% of total costs. Annualized costs range from $3,205 to $9,277. Fence and water infrastructure costs account for 8.4% to 31% and 3.5% to 7.3% of total costs.
246 Awardee Talk: Evaluating the Impact of Essential Fatty Acids in Lactation Diets on Sow and Litter Performance
Authors: Holen Julia P , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T , DeDecker Ashley , Martinez Xochitl 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental fat sources providing low and high essential fatty acids (EFA) in lactation diets on sow reproductive performance, piglet growth and survivability, and colostrum and milk composition. In Exp. 1, mixed parity sows (n = 91) were allotted to 5 experimental treatments arranged in a 2×2 + 1 factorial. Treatments were corn-soybean meal-based diets that contained no added fat or diets with 3% added fat as either beef tallow or soybean oil starting on d 107 or 112 of gestation. Sows were provided low EFA [linoleic acid (LA) and α-linolenic acid (ALA)] in diets without supplemental fat or with beef tallow or high EFA with soybean oil. Results confirmed that providing fat sources with high EFA can increase colostrum and milk LA and ALA content, regardless of pre-farrow time of diet consumption. However, supplemental fat did not influence litter growth performance (P &gt; 0.05). In Exp. 2, mixed parity sows (n = 3,451) were assigned to 4 corn-soybean meal-wheat-based lactation diets with 0.5 (Control) or 3% choice white grease (CWG), 3% soybean oil (SO), or a combination of 3% soybean oil and 2% choice white grease (Combination) at d 112 of gestation to provide diets with low or high EFA. Lactation ADFI increased (P &lt; 0.05) for sows fed the Combination and CWG diets compared with sows fed the Control or SO diet. Sows fed Combination and SO diets had greater (P &lt; 0.05) LA and ALA intake, LA and ALA in colostrum and milk, litter weaning weights, and litter ADG than sows fed 0.5 or 3% CWG. Sow EFA intake did not affect (P &gt; 0.10) piglet survivability or subsequent sow reproductive performance. In conclusion, increased LA and ALA intake provided by SO during lactation increased overall litter growth and weaning weights but did not affect piglet survivability or subsequent performance.
252 Assessment of Modern Gilts and Sows Body Weight Throughout Gestation and How Different Daily Energy Intakes Meet the Energy Requirement for Maintenance at Each Parity
Authors: Vier Carine M , da Silva Gefferson Almedia , Thomas Lori , Lu Ning , Dritz Steve , Navales Ron , Cast Wayne R , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Growth and efficiency of modern maternal lines have improved over the years. Our hypothesis is that modern sows are larger and heavier, and, consequently, have increased energy requirements for maintenance (MEm). Two datasets were used to estimate gilt and sow body weight (BW): 1)1,903 PIC Camborough gilts were weighed at breeding and at d112 of each gestation from parity 0-3; 2)1,150 PIC Camborough gilts and sows (ranging from parity 0-12) were weighed at d4 and d112 of one gestation (Thomas et al., 2018). Average BW between breeding and d 4 of gestation were 154, 185, 213, 232, 225, 231, 236, and 247kg for parities 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7+, respectively. Growth of females throughout each stage of gestation was estimated assuming that 30% of the BW gain occurred until d 60, and 70% from d 61-112. The MEm was calculated according to NRC (2012) model. Different feeding levels were simulated to estimate the percentage of MEm that they would achieve if fed throughout gestation: Level1) 5.17 or 3.85 Mcal of ME or NE/d; Level2) 5.90 or 4.40 Mcal of ME or NE/d; Level3) 6.46 or 4.82 Mcal of ME or NE/d. Feeding Level1 would result in gilts fed below maintenance from d 90-112 (Figure1), parity1 sows fed below maintenance from d 30-112, and parity2+ sows fed below maintenance throughout the entire gestation. Feeding Level2 would result in a few gilts, half parity1, and all parity2+ sows fed below maintenance from d 90-112. Feeding Level3 would result in all gilts and parity1 sows fed above maintenance throughout gestation, and a quarter of parity2+ sows fed below maintenance from d 90-112 of gestation. In summary, due to heavy body weights and high MEm requirement of modern sows, there is a need to re-evaluate the implications and trade-offs between feeding levels and reproductive performance.
257 Effect of Drinker Design on Growth and Water Disappearance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Vande Pol Katherine D , Grohmann Nicholas , Weber Tom , Ritter Matthew J , Ellis Michael 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Changes in genetic potential and management practices may have altered the water requirements of nursery and other classes of pigs. However, there are few recent estimates of the water intake of nursery pigs or effects of factors such as drinker design on intake levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of two Drinker Design treatments (Nipple vs. Cup) on the water disappearance of nursery pigs (weaning to 6 wk post-weaning; 6.4 ± 1.07 to 22.0 ± 3.39 kg live body weight). A RCBD was used with a total of 336 pigs, housed in 16 pens of 21 pigs in 2 rooms (8 pens/room). Pens had fully slatted concrete floors; floor space was 0.32 m2/pig; there was 1 feeder and 1 drinker per pen. Pigs were fed corn-soybean based diets (meal form) formulated to meet or exceed nutrient requirements (NRC, 2012). Pigs and feeders were weighed at the start and end of the study. Water disappearance was measured using water-flow meters fitted to the pipeline supplying the drinker in each pen. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS; models accounted for the fixed effect of Drinker Design and random effect of block. Drinker Design did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) growth performance (Table 1). However, average daily water disappearance was 19.1% greater (P ≤ 0.05) for Nipple vs. Cup drinkers. Consequently, water:feed disappearance ratio was 15.8% greater (P ≤ 0.05) for the Nipple than the Cup treatment. In conclusion, these results suggest that water disappearance from nipple drinkers was greater than for cup drinkers. The lack of an effect of Drinker Design on pig growth performance suggests that this treatment difference was most likely due to greater water wastage for nipple drinkers rather than any effect on water intake per se.
35 Development of the National Pork Board’s Pork Scholars Program
Authors: Wheeler Matilyn , Hostetler Chris 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Labor supply is a critical issue for many industries and the industry comprising the pork value chain is no exception. Training and development of thought leaders and decision makers is critical for the long-term sustainability of the industry. Therefore, the National Pork Board (NPB) has targeted funding for professional student education and training in critical areas of study in both traditional and non-traditional disciplines (see table). The intended outcome of this program is highly trained professionals who possess skills and abilities that have direct application to the pork value chain. While results of specific, swine-related research projects are not the desired outcome, the NPB recognizes that research is a critical component of professional student training. The training must go beyond what is typical of a mentor-mentee relationship between a faculty member and graduate student and include leadership, communication, and interpersonal relationship skills in a team environment is an outcome of the program. Additionally, training must include significant opportunity for “in residence” with a cooperating company. Since its inception, the Pork Scholars Program has made 18 awards to 7 institutions for the training of 9 MS and 9 PhD students. Of the 18 awards, 12 are focused on applied swine nutrition and production, 2 in reproductive physiology and one each in animal welfare, veterinary science, genetics, and agriculture economics and mathematics. Through the Pork Scholars Program, the NPB provides continuous support for future industry leaders to consistently add value to the industry.
240 Evaluating the Effect of Hay, Fed Ad-Libitum or Controlled, or Soybean Hulls During Gestation on Body Weight and Dry Matter Intake of the Ewe and Body Weight on the Offspring Until Weaning
Authors: Flaherty Kara , Campbell Branden J , Relling Alejandro E 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of feeding different types and amount of fiber during gestation on ewe body weight (BW) and dry matter intake (DMI), and lamb BW at birth and weaning (60 d of age). Ninety Dorset × Hampshire ewes were blocked by BW and within each block randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (10 ewes/pen; 3 pens/treatment): ad-libitum hay (CONT), limit-fed hay (LH), and soybean hulls (SH). The concentrate roughage ratio for the LH and SH diets was 1:3. From d 0 (28 d post mating) to d 63, LH and SH ewes were fed using slick bunk management. Ewes in the CONT diet were offered an equal amount of concentrate as LH ewes with ad-libitum access to hay. On d 63 ewes were offered the same diet to meet, but not exceed, maintenance requirements for late gestation. Feed offered and refused were collected daily for LH and SH ewes whereas hay refusal was collected weekly for CONT ewes. Ewe BW was collected on d 28, 34, 76, and 2-d after lambing. Lamb BW was collected at birth and weaning. Data, presented in Table 1, were analyzed as a mixed model considering the fixed effect of treatment and random effects of ewe (pen), pen, and block. Dry matter intake was similar the first 28 d (P = 0.13); however, SH ewes consumed more by d 62 (P = 0.02). As DMI increased, BW of SH ewes also increased during gestation (P ≤ 0.01) but was similar 2-d after lambing (P = 0.21). Lambs born of SH ewes were heavier at birth, but lighter at weaning (P ≤ 0.02). Despite each diet having the same forage concentrate ratio, forage source affected ewe BW during gestation and lamb BW at birth and weaning. Feeding hay ad-libitum or in a controlled manner did not change ewe or lamb BW.
PSV-9 Effects of Supplemental Methionine Sources in Finishing Pig Diets on Carcass Characteristics, Cutting Yields, and Meat Quality
Authors: Remole Hannah , Caroline González-Vega J , Htoo John K K , Dilger Anna , Harsh Bailey 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
While supplemental methionine (Met) is widely used within the swine industry, data are limited regarding the effect of Met sources on carcass cutability and meat quality. The objective was to determine the effects of DL-methionine (DLM, 99%), L-methionine (LM, 99%), or calcium salt of DL-methionine hydroxyanalogue (MHA-Ca, 84%) in finishing pig diets on carcass characteristics and meat quality. Pigs (n = 240) were allocated to 60 single-sex pens. For the final 7 wk of the finisher phase, pigs (BW= 79.9 ± 0.80 kg) were fed diets containing DLM, LM, or MHA-Ca, with the supplemental methionine source providing 25% of the sulfur amino acid requirement. One pig per pen was slaughtered, and left sides of carcasses were fabricated into subprimal cuts to determine carcass-cutting yields. Loin quality including proximate composition and shear force was measured. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. Hot carcass weight was not different (P= 0.34) between treatments (DLM 103.0 kg; LM 104.5 kg; MHA-Ca 101.5kg), moreover loin eye area was not different (P= 0.98) between treatments (DLM 52.49 cm²; LM 52.65 cm²; MHA-Ca 52.81 cm²). Boneless carcass cutting yield was not different (P = 0.56) between treatments (DLM 54.82 kg; LM 54.97 kg; MHA-Ca 54.52 kg). Loin pH was not different (P = 0.24) between treatments (DLM 5.48; LM 5.45; MHA-Ca 5.45). However, drip loss tended to be reduced (P = 0.11) by the DLM treatment (5.58%) compared with LM (7.03%) and MHA-Ca (6.68%) treatments. Shear force was not different (P = 0.85) between treatments (DLM 3.06 kg; LM 3.03 kg; MHA-Ca 3.10 kg). However, cook loss tended to be reduced (P = 0.06) by the DLM treatment (16.20%) compared with LM (18.18%) and MHA-Ca (18.50%) treatments. These data suggest that only minimal differences in carcass cutability and meat quality can be attributed to methionine sources in finishing pig diets.
PSV-17 The Interaction Between Heat Stress and Zearalenone Toxicity in Porcine Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Rudolph Tori E , Roach Crystal M , Baumgard Lance H , Keating Aileen F , Selsby Joshua T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) and Zearalenone (Zen) exposure negatively impact growth, production efficiency, animal welfare, and both can be lethal. Zearalenone, a mycotoxin, can contaminate a variety of feedstuffs. As both HS and Zen independently can cause oxidative stress, we hypothesized that concomitant exposure to HS and Zen would cause oxidative stress in pig skeletal muscle more than either agent alone. Prepubertal gilts (n = 26) were fed placebo or Zen (40 ug/kg) twice daily and exposed to thermoneutral conditions (TN; 21.0 °C) or a 12 h diurnal HS challenge (simulated night - 32.2 °C; simulated day - 35.0 °C) for 7 d. Immediately following the environmental challenge, pigs were euthanized and the oxidative (STR) portion of the semitendinosus muscle was collected. Heat stress increased rectal temperature following the simulated nighttime (TN: 38.9 ± 0.04 °C; HS: 39.3 ± 0.04; P &lt; 0.0001) and daytime (TN: 39.2 ± 0.09 °C; HS: 39.9 ± 0.08 °C; P &lt; 0.0001) conditions. In STR, malondialdehyde-modified protein abundance (P = 0.1) and concentration (P &lt; 0.1), markers of oxidative stress, tended to increase following Zen exposure, largely driven by the HS-Zen group. Heat stress increased protein expression of antioxidant enzymes catalase (p&lt; 0.05) and superoxide dismutase 1 (P &lt; 0.05), while Zen decreased glutathione peroxidase 1 (P &lt; 0.05) transcript (P &lt; 0.05) and protein (P &lt; 0.05) abundance and enzymatic activity (P &lt; 0.05). Although a mild HS paradigm and low Zen exposure were employed, oxidative stress markers were altered suggesting oxidative skeletal muscle is susceptible to HS- and Zen-mediated changes in redox balance. In total, these data raise the possibility that more severe HS exposures and greater Zen doses, similar to those sometimes encountered in production settings, may compromise muscle health.
PSIII-17 Effects of Dietary Tributyrin in Young Pigs Experiencing Colitis
Authors: Sommer Kaitlyn , Lee Youngsoo , Donovan Sharon , Dilger Ryan N 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Disruption of intestinal integrity and function due to inflammatory mediators in young pigs has economic implications for swine producers. In this study, we investigated the effects of oral gamma-cyclodextrin-encapsulated tributyrin (TBCD) in young pigs experiencing dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Pigs (n = 32 boars) were weaned at postnatal day (PND) 2, allotted to treatment based on litter of origin and body weight (BW), and reared artificially over a 28-d period. Treatment groups included: 1) control (nutritionally adequate milk replacer, no DSS), 2) DSS (control diet plus oral DSS), and 3) DSS+TBCD (control diet supplemented with 8.3g of TBCD per kg reconstituted milk replacer plus oral DSS). Colitis was induced by orally administering DSS at 1.25 g/kg BW/d from PND 14-18. Milk replacer and water were provided ad libitum throughout the study. At study conclusion, pigs were euthanized for collection of samples to measure intestinal morphology and volatile fatty acids. All data were analyzed by ANOVA using the MIXED procedures of SAS. Control and DSS pigs had similar BW throughout the study, while DSS+TBCD pigs exhibited decreased (P &lt; 0.05) BW starting around PND 15. Additionally, BW gain was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in DSS+TBCD compared with control, and milk disappearance was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) in DSS+TBCD when compared with control and DSS. Relative cecal butyrate was increased (P &lt; 0.05) in DSS+TBCD pigs, compared with the control. DSS and DSS+TBCD treatments had increased (P &lt; 0.05) absolute butyrate in the ascending colon compared with the control. Mucosal width and total lesion scores were responsive to treatment, with DSS+TBCD pigs exhibiting increased (P &lt; 0.05) values in the ascending and descending colon compared with control. Overall, the negative effects of DSS-induced colitis were not mitigated by dietary encapsulated tributyrin in young pigs.
PSIII-16 The Effects of Secondary Iron Injection to Suckling Piglets Injected with Two Levels of Iron at Birth on Growth Performance and Hematocrit Level in Suckling Period
Authors: Albers Sarah , Isensee Paige , Pintens Emily , Lemanski Clara , Jang Young Dal 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of secondary iron injection in suckling piglets injected with 2 levels of iron at birth on growth performance and hematocrit level during the suckling period. Twenty suckling pigs from 5 litters were allotted into 2 treatments within litter (10 pigs per treatment) based on body weight and gender as follows: 1) Iron100b: intramuscular injection of 100 mg iron-dextran at birth (d 1-2 of age), and 2) Iron200b: intramuscular injection of 200 mg iron-dextran at birth. A 200 mg iron-dextran was injected to all piglets intramuscularly at d 14 after the first injection (d 15-16 of age; 11 d before weaning at d 26-27 of age). Body weight and hematocrit level were measured at d 0, 7, 14 (before second injection), 21, and 25 (weaning) after the first injection. No difference was observed in growth performance between the treatments. The Iron200b treatment had greater hematocrit levels than the Iron100b treatment at d 14 (P &lt; 0.05; 32.50 vs. 37.40% for Iron100b and Iron200b, respectively), 21 (P = 0.06), and 25 (P &lt; 0.05; 37.90 vs. 40.75%) after the first injection (d 0, 7, and 11 after second injection, respectively). The changes in hematocrit levels tended to be greater for the Iron200b treatment than the Iron100b treatment in d 7-14 (P = 0.08) and 0-14 (P = 0.06; 5.55 vs. 11.95%) after the first injection. After the second injection, the Iron100b treatment had greater increases (P &lt; 0.05) in hematocrit levels than the Iron200b treatment for d 14-21 and 14-25 (5.40 vs. 3.35%) of the experiment. In conclusion, with the second injection, the 200 mg iron injection at birth had greater hematocrit levels than the 100 mg iron injection until weaning whereas the increase in hematocrit level by the second injection was greater in the 100 mg iron injection at birth than the 200 mg iron.