bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simplified Formulas for External Pressure Design
Authors: Kirkland William M. , Bett Christopher R. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Design of vessels for external pressure currently requires a chart-based solution or analytical approaches which are not necessarily intuitive. In this paper, we propose simple formulas for the external pressure evaluation of pipes and other cylindrical pressure vessels. We present a conceptual comparison between the elastic and elastic-plastic stability of structural columns and that of cylindrical vessels of long, intermediate, and short length. Their common features allow an accurate and straightforward approach for external pressure design. The approach is also extended to spherical caps, conical vessels, and formed heads.
We compare the method presented to the current acceptance criteria from various design codes, including the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Code Case 2286, and EN 13445-3, as well as codes for steel and aluminum structures. In further discussion, the simplified method is compared against the results of more than 500 experiments on the buckling of cylindrical and spherical vessels published over the past two centuries.
This simple but accurate approximation is conceptually intuitive, analytically straightforward, and shows potential utility in pressure vessel design codes, as well as piping design codes such as B31 that currently reference ASME VIII for external pressure design.1
Estimation of Bolt Creep Characteristics and Sealing Performance of Flanged Joints
Authors: Yamanaka Hiroshi 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the published standards, selection criteria for bolt materials for high temperature and high pressure environments (exceeding 540°C (1000°F) and 300 lb) has not been specified. In addition, it seems that there are few studies that summarize how the initial bolt load and the flange nominal diameter affect the change over time of the bolt load under a high temperature environment. This paper proposed formulas to calculate the changes over time in bolt stress and gasket stress easily due to bolt creep by applying the mechanical relationship of bolted flange joint. The changes over time in the bolt stress and the gasket stress calculated by the proposed formulas were fairly good agreement with the FEM and the experiments. By utilizing proposed formulas, it is possible to predict when retightening should be carried out for bolted flange joints operated continuously for a long period of time. Furthermore, in the present paper, the effects of initial bolt load, internal pressure, bolt materials, and flange nominal diameters on the sealing performance under high temperature environments are clarified by utilizing proposed formulas and FEM. As a result, this paper shows that the increasing initial bolt load against bolt creep under a high temperature environment can not be expected to be effective, and that the size of internal pressure and flange nominal diameter has small effects on the change over time of bolt load.
Mesh Morphing Based on Standard FEA Software Features and Application to Crack Propagation
Authors: Feulvarch Eric , Wasylyk Andrew , Benrabia Abdelhak , Jolly Divjot , Duranton Pascal 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the field of numerical simulation, mesh-morphing is a technique that can be used to modify an existing Finite Element Mesh by the means of applying a specific distortion. Most of mesh-morphing methods simply change the positions of the nodes, hence the initial mesh connectivity, as well as the material properties are retained, and the boundary conditions, loadings, contact settings, etc. can be applied without any change in the input file. In this way, a simulation model can be quickly adapted with regards to any changes in the geometry or a new geometry can be created without using a CAD model.
This article introduces the concept of mesh morphing using only standard Finite Element Analysis software features. The presented morphing method is used to modify a complicated mesh given a sample of displacements at known locations. Like standard morphing techniques based on the Radial Basis Functions, a weight function is calculated for each node by using steady state thermal calculation. Then, displacements at known locations are imposed to some nodes and a standard mechanical equation system is solved to calculate the displacements of all the nodes of the structure.
The presented method was applied to solve some industrial applications for Class 1 Nuclear components which are showed here in order to illustrate the method.
Evaluation of Pipe Flange Connection Assembly Efficiencies Using Common Tools and Patterns
Authors: Szemanek Shane , Hamilton Scott 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
ASME PCC-1 (2010) introduced 5 different alternative bolting patterns in contrast to the Legacy Pattern that is commonly known as the “Star Pattern”. For the past 15 years, research has shown that these Alternative Patterns issued by PCC-1 are more efficient than the Star Pattern.
However, the research has shown tool movement around the flange to show efficiency, but not actual assembly time and/or assembly time savings from each one of these alternative bolting patterns.
While all of these alternative bolting patterns are not appropriate for every gasket type and might not add efficiency for smaller diameter flanges, there are many mid-stream and downstream petrochemical applications that could benefit from further knowledge of these efficiencies.
The goal of this paper is to not only determine which one of these alternative patterns is the most efficient but to also compare different types of assembly tools with each pattern.
This analysis does not address the accuracy and repeatability of each method and tool type, but its function is to determine the optimum combination of tool and pattern selection to decrease downtime and Lost Profit Opportunity (LPO).
This paper will use both bolting patterns and assembly tools on an 18” 600 Class flange, that has (24) 1-1/4” studs to develop a method for determining further testing of bolting pattern and bolting tools.
Pseudo-Ratcheting and Shakedown in Impulsively Loaded Vessels
Authors: Duffey Thomas A. , Fehlmann Kevin R. , Gibson Joshem C. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Ratcheting and shakedown anomalies are investigated for impulsively loaded vessels. Calculated results for explosive containment vessels subjected to repeated dynamic loading are used to illustrate behaviors that differ markedly from classical ratcheting/shakedown (i.e., the phenomenon associated with purely static loading and elastic-perfectly plastic material) and from the shakedown assessment procedure in API 579-1/ASME FFS-1. Results are similar to ‘pseudo-shakedown’ reported for other dynamically loaded structures. In addition, a simplified analytical model subjected to repeated impulsive loading is shown to demonstrate related characteristics. Experimental data presented elsewhere for explosive containment vessels subjected to repeated loading are used to further demonstrate the differences between conventional ratcheting and that observed for repeated loading of impulsively loaded vessels. These differences are believed to be associated with energy-based response as opposed to load-based response of statically loaded vessels.
Frequency of Torque Tool Calibrations and Field Torque Verifications
Authors: Hamilton Scott 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The past calibration papers have discussed the importance of accuracy, repeatability, and verification of calibration methods. Through these papers it has been seen that the method of calibration is critical to achieving the proper bolt load as there is no current standard followed for calibrating “powered equipment.”
The frequency of calibration and the practice of field torque verification has not been previously addressed in either research or by the tool manufacturers. The only timeframe that is currently followed is based off ISO 6789-2 “Assembly tools for screws and nuts — Hand torque tools” [1] which states that manual torque wrenches shall be calibrated once every 12 months. There are also no manufacturers that have stated the frequency of calibration since there is no current information of how many times a wrench is used or correlation of the setting of the tool with the amount of use it has seen.
This paper will address the process of calibration & field verification of torque tools during an oil refinery turnaround. During this turnaround, the tools used were calibrated prior to first use and after they were used for the day. Through over 2700 data points, this paper will show three different types of tools, and their suggested rate of field verification. They include manual torque wrenches, hydraulic torque wrenches (both low profile and square drive), and pistol grip torque wrenches (both battery and pneumatic).
The Follow Up Development and on the Usage of the Profiled Wire Gasket
Authors: Sullivan Erik , Currie Anthony 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The paper discusses the development of sealing technology within the organization with particular emphasis on the gasket manufactured by profiled winding wire. This will be referred to as a PWG.
The paper is a continuation of the paper presented in Paris PVP2013-97050 and follow up papers in PVP2014-28948 and in PVP2018-84067. It discusses further laboratory testing and briefly describes two related field service case studies.
The paper details tests which include: oxidation testing of graphite, compression and recovery testing, chemical resistance testing of fillers in Sulphuric Acid service. The two related studies are based around the use in a Western Canadian refinery on a hot vapour exchanger and on a Fluidised Catalytic Cracker problematic flange.
Strain-Life Performance in Hydrogen of a Dot Pressure Vessel Steel
Authors: Martin May L. , Bradley Peter E. , Lauria Damian , Amaro Robert L. , Connolly Matthew , Slifka Andrew J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Strain-life testing of a 4130 pressure vessel steel was conducted in air and in a high-pressure gaseous-hydrogen environment. Hydrogen causes an order of magnitude decrease in lifetime compared to in-air performance at the same strain-amplitudes. This decrease in lifetime in hydrogen is accompanied by various effects, such as a shift in the cyclic stress-strain curve, different influences on the elastic and plastic components of the strain-life data, and a distinct difference in the evolution of the microstructural texture prior to failure. For comparison, preliminary data from testing of a higher strength pressure vessel steel is presented, showing a difference in elastic/plastic partitioning may be accompanied by a difference in reduction in lifetime due to hydrogen.
ASME Sec. III NB-3200-Based Environmental Fatigue Analysis of Safety Injection Piping for Determining Postulated Rupture Locations
Authors: Lee Bonghee , Nam Ilkwun , Yang Wooseok , Lee Chankyo , Lee Dongjae 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Branch Technical Position (BTP) 3-4 provides a guideline to determine postulated rupture locations for ASME Class 1 piping. This guideline contains criteria related to the maximum cyclic stress ranges and cumulative usage factor (CUF) by using only NB-3600-based procedure which may have conservative analysis results for determining postulated rupture locations.
Recently issued BTP 3-4 Rev.3 provides two different CUF limits of 0.1 for air environments and 0.4 for Light Water Reactor (LWR) environments, respectively, for determining postulated rupture locations. To calculate CUFen considering the effects of the LWR environments, the fatigue usage factor determined in the air environments based on NB-3200 or NB-3600 of ASME B&PV Sec. III is multiplied by the environmental fatigue correction factor (Fen) based on Regulatory Guide 1.207 (RG 1.207). The Fen values may vary depending on the LWR environment conditions and the maximum Fen can be determined as a factor of approximately 14 for stainless steels. Also, RG 1.207 requires to use the new design fatigue curves (DFC), which have been developed recently by Argonne National Laboratory, to perform the environmental fatigue analysis. Since the new DFC predicts much shorter fatigue lives than the current DFC given in ASME B&PV Sec. III for stainless steels, the CUFen in the LWR environments could be significantly increased.
For these reasons, many points in piping systems could be determined to be postulated rupture locations due to exceeding the CUFen limit of 0.4 in the LWR environments.
In this paper, NB-3200- and NB-3600-based stress analyses and fatigue analyses considering both the air environments and the LWR environments for the safety injection (SI) piping have been performed to evaluate the conservatism of NB-3600-based stress analysis results and to review the effects of the LWR environments for determining postulated rupture locations.
Fluid-Structure Simulations of Vortex Shedding Induced Vibrations on Two In-Line Cylinders in Water Cross-Flow
Authors: Vivaldi Daniele 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Experimental tests accessing both fluid and structure behaviors are mandatory for a consistent assessment of fluid-structure interaction (FSI) numerical simulations. In this paper, published results of an experimental configuration of two in-line cantilever cylinders subjected to water cross-flow were considered: instantaneous fluid velocities and pressure are available on several positions inside the test section, together with the cylinder vibrations. FSI simulations were performed by coupling Ansys Fluent (for the fluid domain) with Ansys Mechanical (for the solid domain). URANS simulations and Scale-Adaptive Simulations (SAS) were employed as CFD simulation approach. The structure displacements were taken into account through an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian approach. The fluid-structure coupling was 2-way explicit. Simulations were performed for two different water mass flow rates. For the highest one, vortex-induced resonance is observed experimentally. The numerical results show consistent agreement in terms of shedding frequency and velocity spectra behind the cylinders. The calculated vibration response is overall consistent for the cylinders not featuring vortex-induced resonance; nevertheless, the experimentally observed vortex-induced resonance could not be reproduced by the numerical simulations. The inability to calculate the resonance is explained by the fact that it is found to be caused by the 4th shedding harmonic being in resonance with the cylinder natural frequency: this high harmonic peak could not be numerically reproduced, even by SAS.
Revision of the Annex Z V Concerning the Calculation of Bolted Joints in the French Nuclear Code RCC-M®
Authors: Lejeune Hubert , Rohart Philippe , Triay Manuela , Di Rienzo Aurélien 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
AFCEN is the publisher of the French Nuclear code RCC-M® (Design and Construction Rules for Mechanical Components of PWR Nuclear Islands) [1]. It has launched an action for the revision of the Annex Z V and F 7000, respectively concerning the design and the installation of the bolted flange connections. It should be published as probationary phase rules (Section VI of RCC-M®), in the next version of the code, in 2022. The proposed modifications for F 7000 have already been described in [2], and this paper focuses on the proposed modification for the calculation method detailed in the Annex Z V.
First, the general philosophy and structure of the Annex, including both Taylor-Forge based (Z V 2000) and NF EN 1591-1 [3] based (Z V 3000) calculation methods, is introduced. Then the major proposed improvements introduced in Z V 2000 (Taylor-Forge based), compared to current edition, are detailed. This includes the management of the metal-to-metal contact (MMC) in the connection (between flanges or between flanges and the gasket limiter ring) that can be required in both assembly and operation. Moreover, the use of specific gasket types involved in these connections (Expanded Graphite Ring or Metal Energized C-Ring...) is covered in this paper. Finally, a focus is also performed on other introductions, like the management of standard connections (including standard flanges, gasket, and bolts), the account for the tightening scatter, the effective gasket width determination in regard with the flange rigidity, and the internal force variation in the connections due to thermal expansion.
A Reduced Order Modeling in Finite Element for Rapid Qualification of Creep-Resistant Alloys
Authors: Hossain Md Abir , Stewart Calvin M. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This study outlines the application of a Reduced Order Modeling (ROM) approach for the probabilistic creep response of components subject to creep conditions. Time-dependent creep damage is unavoidably inflicted in elevated temperature. Typical operating condition fluctuations experienced during service can greatly limit creep life when compared to the ideal design conditions. To mimic the uncertainty in component, probabilistic Finite Element Analysis (FEA) can be employed; however, numerous full-field FEA simulations (103−105 trials) for probabilistic assessments are time-intensive and computationally prohibitive. To address this challenge, the computationally efficient ROM approach is introduced for probabilistic creep deformation, damage, and rupture predictions in FEA. In this approach, full-scale probabilistic simulation using a 1D model are performed, the extremum conditions retrieved, and applied in 2D/3D model simulations to capture the scatter bands of component response. The Wilshire-Cano-Stewart (WCS) model is calibrated to quintuplicate 304 Stainless steel data. Test condition, initial damage, and material property uncertainty are incorporated into the WCS model via appropriate probability distribution function (pdfs). A USERCREEP.F material model is developed for the WCS model and compiled for ANSYS FEA simulations. Deterministic simulations of the WCS model are carried out in FEA for validation. The goodness-of-fit between the prediction and experiment are observed to be satisfactory. Probabilistic predictions are executed in the 1D model to generate the creep deformation, damage, and rupture prediction. The extremum cases of ductility, rupture, and area under creep (AUC) curves are established. The extremum cases alone are simulated using a 2D model to capture the component level uncertainty. A %Error statistical analysis is performed to verify the accuracy of ROM approach and further validate the approach for proposed simulation of a complex geometry (e.g., turbine blade) at a significantly reduced computational time and memory. Future investigations will introduce stochasticity, temporal, and spatial uncertainty for component-level simulation and improved prediction.
Study on the Predictive Evaluation Method of Load Acting on Roof in Nonlinear Sloshing of Cylindrical Tank
Authors: Ikesue Shunichi , Morita Hideyuki , Ishii Hidekazu , Sago Hiromi , Yokoi Shinobu , Yamamoto Tomohiko 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Sloshing is a motion of free liquid surface in a tank, which is caused by strong seismic waves with long period components. Sloshing with large amplitude causes damage to the tank roof.
In our previous study, a method was proposed to evaluate vertical load acting on a roof of cylindrical tank due to collision of sloshing liquid surface. The method is a combination of the pressure model based on Wagner’s model and the simplified nonlinear sloshing model that calculates liquid surface shape and velocity. But, the method tends to underestimate the vertical load when roof height is high and overestimate when it is low.
In this study, a new method is proposed to evaluate vertical load acting on a roof of cylindrical tank. This proposed method is constructed by a new pressure model, a new nonlinear sloshing liquid surface model, and a new local liquid surface wave model. Its pressure model is developed by applying the pressure model of two-dimensional flat plate surface to the circumferential wetted region of the roof. Its nonlinear sloshing liquid surface model is developed by adding higher order radial modes of liquid surface shape. Its local liquid surface wave model is developed by considering a nonlinear local liquid surface behavior induced by roof collision.
Investigation Into Degradation of a Pilot Operated Pressure Relief Valve Main Seat During Development Testing
Authors: Kane Martin , Thompson Phil , Stewart David 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Rolls-Royce has many years of experience of satisfactory performance of cobalt based valve seats used in Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) environments.
During design development testing of a pilot operated pressure relief valve for a PWR application, rapid degradation of the main seat was observed. This paper reflects on the issues encountered during testing and the investigation into potential degradation mechanisms and causes of the failure.
Excessive leakage of the valve seat was experienced after a very low number of operating cycles and short test duration. Visual inspection of the valve identified damage to the weld deposited, cobalt-based alloy (Co – 25Cr – 5W – 1C) contact faces of the main seat. A metallurgical examination of the damaged surfaces subsequently concluded the most likely cause to be flow erosion-corrosion. This was supported by a literature review of valve seat failures and laboratory studies on wear and degradation of cobalt-based alloys.
An unrelated failure had occurred earlier in the development test programme, which is believed to have introduced a minor surface defect onto the valve seat face. It is believed that this defect created the conditions required for flow erosion-corrosion to occur.
Furthermore, the investigation concluded that given the right environmental conditions and surface defect, flow erosion-corrosion of cobalt-based alloy (Co – 25Cr – 5W – 1C) can occur rapidly. This can cause extensive surface damage over a very short duration, resulting in excessive valve seat leakage. This highlights the importance of pre-service Non-Destructive Examination (NDE) of Pressure Relief Valve seating faces, specifically the allowable acceptance criteria and method applied.
The results of the metallurgical examination and literature review are presented, along with the investigation into the cause of the observed damage to the valve seating faces.
Forward and Inverse Problems in Transient Responses of Plates Under Impact Loadings
Authors: Ji Ming , Inaba Kazuaki 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
By clarifying the free vibration and transient response of the flat plate in contact with the fluid, it is useful for the design of systems such as piping and plants and the development of innovative equipment. We have been studying free vibration and transient response of thin and thick plates and shells.
In this paper, transient responses of plates under a point impact load are studied. The first-order plate theory is used to derive the equations of motion by Hamilton’s principle. The out of plane dominated vibration and in-plane dominated vibration can be decoupled. The transient displacement and strain histories are obtained using the method of mode superposition. The low density and high compliance of Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) films make them a suitable method to measure the external dynamic force history. The force history is applied to conduct the theoretical analysis. The strain histories obtained from the theoretical analysis are compared with those obtained from experiments. Moreover, the effect of the thickness on the displacement and strain histories is studied.
In addition, the inverse problems of identifying the impact force history are investigated. The transfer function between the impact force and measured responses: displacement and strain histories, are obtained from the theoretical analysis. A deconvolution technique using wavelet approach for reconstructing impact force is used. The reconstructed impact force is in good agreement in with the measured force using PVDF films.