bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cholecystopleural fistula treated by laparoscopy: case report
Authors: Gómez-Álvarez Luis Rodrigo , Benavides-Zavala Tomás , Delgado-García Levi Eliezer , Fernández-Treviño José Rafael , Enrique de la O-Escamilla Manuel , Gómez-Orozco Alberto , Muñoz-Maldonado Gerardo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Neimeier, in 1934, proposed a classification for gallbladder perforation. The first type is fistulation between the gallbladder and adjacent viscerae. The second type is a subacute perforation surrounded by an abscess walled off by adhesions from the general peritoneal cavity; and the third type is a peritonitis due to free biliary spillage into the peritoneal cavity without protective adhesions. We will analyze a Neimeier’s type 1 perforation. The patient is a 72-year-old male diagnosed with a cholecystolithiasis and empyema due to a cholecystopleural fistula. Was operated by laparoscopic surgery because its low rate of complications, and lower days at hospital staying. Everything went as planned with no complications. Even though it is not a common presentation, it sets a precedent for it to be furthermore researched, and for it to be used as a literary option in a discussion to know which type of surgery is better for these cases.
Mean medial canthal and differential hemangioma temperatures provide objective infantile facial hemangioma measurements
Authors: Michael Afieharo I 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Infrared thermography is a useful adjunct for the clinical monitoring of infantile hemangioma (IH) activity with or without treatment. There is a dearth or reporting on the ideal tissue for standardizing temperature readings from IH. This case illustrates the use of mean medial canthal temperatures and the differential hemangioma temperatures for monitoring of facial IH.
Diverse perceptions of supply and demand of cultural ecosystem services offered by urban green spaces in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Sultana Rumana , Selim Samiya Ahmed , Alam Md Shafiul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Understanding inhabitants' perceptions of cultural ecosystem services (CES) of urban green space will offer solutions to sustainability challenges. This study aimed to analyse the social perceptions of the supply and demand sides of CES in Dhaka City. A questionnaire-based social preference method was used. Questions in the survey concerned the respondents' satisfaction with green spaces, connected activities, limitations, CES preference and motivation. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to the 405 surveyed questionnaire data to understand variation in respondents' opinions. Respondents were mostly dissatisfied with the quantity of green spaces. Respondents' family status and age influenced their satisfaction with green space quantity. Single and teenage respondents prefer green space for active recreational activities, whereas young and old respondents preferred passive kinds of recreational activities. Both space-related issues and respondents' barriers limited CES provisioning. This contextual factor particularly affected female, single and young respondents. Respondents most preferred CES was recreation. Respondents' gender, family status and age are drivers for differing perceptions of the green space-based CES. To develop sustainable city planning in the face of global environmental change, those divergent perceptions should be taken into consideration through urban development strategies. Moreover, understanding the supply and demand sides of CES help facilitate a more inclusive planning process to address urban sustainability issues.
An efficient LC-MS method for isomer separation and detection of sugars, phosphorylated sugars, and organic acids
Authors: Koley Somnath , Chu Kevin L , Gill Saba S , Allen Doug K 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAssessing central carbon metabolism in plants can be challenging due to the dynamic range in pool sizes, with low levels of important phosphorylated sugars relative to more abundant sugars and organic acids. Here, we report a sensitive liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for analysing central metabolites on a hybrid column, where both anion-exchange and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) ligands are embedded in the stationary phase. The liquid chromatography method was developed for enhanced selectivity of 27 central metabolites in a single run with sensitivity at femtomole levels observed for most phosphorylated sugars. The method resolved phosphorylated hexose, pentose, and triose isomers that are otherwise challenging. Compared with a standard HILIC approach, these metabolites had improved peak areas using our approach due to ion enhancement or low ion suppression in the biological sample matrix. The approach was applied to investigate metabolism in high lipid-producing tobacco leaves that exhibited increased levels of acetyl-CoA, a precursor for oil biosynthesis. The application of the method to isotopologue detection and quantification was considered through evaluating 13C-labeled seeds from Camelina sativa. The method provides a means to analyse intermediates more comprehensively in central metabolism of plant tissues.
An Alu insertion map of the Indian population: identification and analysis in 1021 genomes of the IndiGen project
Authors: Prakrithi P , Singhal Khushboo , Sharma Disha , Jain Abhinav , Bhoyar Rahul C , Imran Mohamed , Senthilvel Vigneshwar , Divakar Mohit Kumar , Mishra Anushree , Scaria Vinod , Sivasubbu Sridhar , Mukerji Mitali 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Actively retrotransposing primate-specific Alu repeats display insertion-deletion (InDel) polymorphism through their insertion at new loci. In the global datasets, Indian populations remain under-represented and so do their Alu InDels. Here, we report the genomic landscape of Alu InDels from the recently released 1021 Indian Genomes (IndiGen) (available at https://clingen.igib.res.in/indigen). We identified 9239 polymorphic Alu insertions that include private (3831), rare (3974) and common (1434) insertions with an average of 770 insertions per individual. We achieved an 89% PCR validation of the predicted genotypes in 94 samples tested. About 60% of identified InDels are unique to IndiGen when compared to other global datasets; 23% of sites were shared with both SGDP and HGSVC; among these, 58% (1289 sites) were common polymorphisms in IndiGen. The insertions not only show a bias for genic regions, with a preference for introns but also for the associated genes showing enrichment for processes like cell morphogenesis and neurogenesis (P-value &lt; 0.05). Approximately, 60% of InDels mapped to genes present in the OMIM database. Finally, we show that 558 InDels can serve as ancestry informative markers to segregate global populations. This study provides a valuable resource for baseline Alu InDels that would be useful in population genomics.
The Presence, Performance, and Publics of Online Interactions
Authors: Li Qian , Tian Xiaoli 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Symbolic interactionists have long focused on how context and settings influence interaction dynamics. While developments in digital media have transformed mediated interaction, the key components of social interaction persist, and symbolic interactionism continues to have implications. This chapter discusses how symbolic interactionism elucidates three main aspects of mediated interaction: 1) perception of the presence of others, 2) online presentations of the self, and 3) the ambiguous public and subsequent unique intersubjectivities of online interactions. The growing multimodality of digital media increases cues in mediated interaction and varies the degree of presence online, thus changing how interactants perceive others and themselves. Consequently, new strategies of online self-presentation are used to balance self-idealization and anticipated authenticity. Meanwhile, the invisible audience, context collapse, and blurred boundaries between public and private domains present new challenges.
Disability and Social Participation
Authors: Shandra Carrie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Participation is considered a key component of many disability frameworks, yet the concept of social participation remains amorphous and contested. This chapter reviews how common disability frameworks conceptualize activities, roles, and environments in relation to participation. It then discusses challenges to measuring (social) participation through the elements of activities, roles, and environments and describes how time diary data can be used to understand daily life with disability. Finally, it analyzes the nationally representative American Time Use Survey to compare how individuals with and without disabilities spend time in 15 activity categories, across six physical locations and eight types of social interactions. Results indicate that people with disabilities spend more time at home, less time in public places, and less time in transportation than people without disabilities. They also spend more time alone and have less contact with others. However, these results depend upon activity type, illustrating the importance of integrating social and environmental contexts in empirical and theoretical models of participation differences by disability status.
The Able Body and the Pursuit of Power
Authors: Hughes Bill 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that able power is and has been embodied in what Plato called “those of the best,” men who claim to ennoble the world with their eugenic superiority. Able power, legitimated by this view of congenital superiority, represented the disabled body in a pejorative language of humiliating tropes, the most common of which, in the terminology of antiquity, were deformity, defectiveness, and monstrosity. In modernity, able power absorbs scientific and pseudoscientific ideology into its agenda of legitimation by superimposing on top of the ancient and debilitating ideological categories medical terms that pathologize disabled people and ethnic others who are caught in the civilizing web of White European colonialism. The colonizing predilection of Western able power and its racist representations of non-Western ethnicities as inferior and defectively embodied is explored in a “historical sociology” of disability. Antique and modern imperialisms are examined. In these two moments, able power deploys economic and military might to subdue inferior persons abroad while simultaneously oppressing “dysgenic” bodies at home. The focus is on these two sociological moments because they, it is argued, represent the policies and practices of able power and the “ideology of able-bodiedness” at its most aggressive and violent.
Moral Responsibility in the Context of Addiction
Authors: McConnell Doug 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the extent to which addicted people are morally responsible for harming others. It outlines three, semi-independent causes of addiction—dopamine dysregulation, detrimental environments, and detrimental self-conceptual content—and explores the extent to which these factors (alone or in combination) might mitigate addicted people’s responsibility. Dopamine dysregulation mitigates responsibility by causing abnormally large judgment shift and akratic motivation. Detrimental environments mitigate responsibility because they increase the costs of attempting to recover. Self-concepts of being an “addict” mitigate responsibility by making recovery directed actions feel alien and implausible. Interactions between these three factors increase the extent to which responsibility is mitigated. The chapter also considers and largely rejects arguments that addicted people should be held responsible for becoming addicted in the first place or for failing to recover.
Responsibility and Religion
Authors: Speak Daniel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Philosophical theorizing about moral responsibility has clearly been influenced by religious thought. The primary purpose of this chapter is to explore some central elements of this influence, particularly as this influence has emerged from theistic sources. It identifies and explains five common features of theistic religious commitment that can be seen to have imposed philosophical pressures on contemporary accounts of moral responsibility. These features are (1) an emphasis on human likeness to God (Imago Dei), (2) a disposition to see human agency as having divine purposes, (3) an assumption of eternal expectations (Heaven and Hell) for human agents, (4) the need to respond to internal philosophical tensions like the problem of divine foreknowledge, and (5) the need to respond to external philosophical challenges like the problem of evil and the problem of divine hiddenness. Special but not exclusive attention is paid to the implications of these pressures for the debate among skeptics, compatibilists, and libertarians in the literature on moral responsiblity.
Moral Responsibility and Neuroscience
Authors: Mele Alfred R. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the most prominent neuroscientific source of skepticism about the existence of moral responsibility. This source is a collection of studies that purport to show that various decisions are made unconsciously—that is, that they are made at times at which we are not conscious of making them. The author has argued elsewhere that the data produced by these studies do not warrant the judgment that participants in these studies made decisions unconsciously. In this chapter, it is explained why, even if they did unconsciously make decisions, that poses no significant challenge to the proposition that moral responsibility exists—nor even to the proposition that moral responsibility is widespread. This chapter argues for two main points. First, given the special nature of any decisions identified in the prominent studies discussed, even if the participants did unconsciously make decisions, we cannot properly generalize from that to the claim that all decisions are made unconsciously. Second, even if all decisions are made unconsciously because any consciousness we have of decisions we make routinely lags a bit behind the making of them, this leaves the existence of widespread moral responsibility wide open. The claim that the author operates with a low bar for the existence of moral responsibility that is out of line with lay thinking about free will and moral responsibility is rebutted on the basis of directly relevant studies in experimental philosophy.
Listening Beyond Sound and Life
Authors: Daughtry J. Martin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter is an exploration of the embodied experience of “involuntary musical imagery” (a.k.a. “earworms”) and of the dynamics of the auditory imagination more broadly. It argues that imagined sounds regularly exhibit strange behaviors that audible vibrations cannot achieve and draws upon Husserl’s description of the living present and Sartre’s writing on intuition to construct a theory for why this might be the case. The second half of the chapter comprises a sustained attempt at a phenomenological description of a discrete experience of musical imagery. A brief epilogue muses on the similarities between imagined music and the memory of the dead, casting both as a kind of “haunting.” Throughout, the auditory imagination is presented as an ethnographic field site: a palimpsestic ecosystem of interconnection and difference within which the discrete experiences of individuals and groups matter.
Berkeley on God
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Berkeley’s a posteriori arguments for the existence of God focus on how God causes things in the world, sustains those things when we are not perceiving them, and orders them in intelligible and even communicative patterns. To do this for the things we perceive would require Berkeley’s God to be vastly wise and powerful but not infinite. So, Berkeley also provides an a priori argument for God’s existence, one in which the very possibility of the existence of the world is enough to guarantee the existence of an infinite God. In this latter argument, we do not think of God as the creator of all individual things but as the creator of the total unity of all there is (not just all that we perceive).
Berkeley and Locke
Authors: Connolly Patrick J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter revisits three key disagreements between Locke and Berkeley. The disagreements relate to abstraction, the idea of substance, and the status of the primary/secondary quality distinction. The goal of the chapter is to show that these disagreements are rooted in a more fundamental disagreement over the nature of ideas. For Berkeley, ideas are tied very closely to perceptual content. Locke adopts a less restrictive account of the nature of ideas. On his view, ideas are responsible for both perceptual content and non-perceptual mental content. Recognizing this allows for the following analysis of their disputes. Berkeley often appeals to introspection to suggest that we do not have some particular idea. But Locke’s arguments that we have a particular idea often appeal to the functional role the idea has in our cognitive economy rather than to facts about our immediate phenomenology.
Berkeley and Leibniz
Authors: Puryear Stephen 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between the views of Leibniz and Berkeley on the fundamental nature of the created universe. It argues that Leibniz concurs with Berkeley on three key points: that in the final analysis there are only perceivers and their contents (subjective idealism), that there are strictly speaking no material or corporeal substances, and that bodies or sensible things reduce to the contents of perceivers (phenomenalism). It then reconstructs Leibniz’s central argument for phenomenalism, which rests on his belief in the infinite division of matter, his doctrine of the ideality of relations, and the traditional principle that being and unity convert. Finally, it explores Leibniz’s belief that a body having its being in one perceiver can be “founded” on other perceivers, and considers Berkeley’s reasons for opposing such a view.
Berkeley and Mandeville
Authors: Tolonen Mikko 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the intellectual differences between Berkeley and Mandeville. Berkeley’s lifelong antagonism toward skeptics and free-thinkers culminated in his reaction to Mandeville’s Fable of the Bees in the second dialogue of Alciphron. The analysis covers Mandeville’s arguments in the Fable, Berkeley’s reasons for opposing it, and also Mandeville’s later response to Berkeley in Letter to Dion. Mandeville and Berkeley were writing at the time when the relevance of trade changed the landscape of political philosophy. They both understood the importance of commerce, although their perspectives clashed on the questions of virtue and luxury. An interesting feature of the intellectual antagonism between them is the practical component, which is addressed in a discussion on Berkeley’s ideas of education and his attempt to establish a college of theology in the New World. An analysis of Mandeville’s possible influence on the development of Berkeley’s philosophy concludes the chapter.
Berkeley on Abstract Ideas and Idealism
Authors: Bolton Martha Brandt 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
According to Berkeley, philosophers maintain that a general name must stand for a single general idea that represents all members of a kind. To do that, they say, an idea needs to abstract the qualities that are shared by all members of a kind and exclude all those in which they differ. This chapter discusses three aspects of Berkeley’s opposition to such abstract ideas: his argument against the possibility of abstract ideas, his account of how a particular idea and name can come to stand for all things in the same kind, and how the attack on abstraction anticipates the design of establishing the idealist theory that sensible things cannot exist unperceived.
Berkeley and Shepherd
Authors: Rickless Samuel C. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes and evaluates criticisms of Berkeley’s arguments for idealism and theism offered by Shepherd. In the Principles, Berkeley argues that sensible objects (such as tables and chairs) are perceived by sense, that the things we perceive by sense are ideas, and hence that sensible objects are ideas. He also argues that God is the only possible cause of our ideas of sense. Shepherd criticizes both of these arguments. Although most of her criticisms (particularly in the case of Berkeley’s reasons for believing in the existence of God) are unsuccessful, her main strategy in finding fault with Berkeley’s argument for idealism, which involves identifying various ways in which he is guilty of equivocation, is sound.
Berkeley and Irish Philosophy
Authors: Storrie Stefan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Irish philosophy is typically characterized in terms of the engagement with a small subset of issues connected to Locke’s view of language. This chapter has two aims. First is to show that the concerns and approaches taken by those included in the category of Irish philosophy is broader and more diverse that is commonly thought. Three issues were at the heart of Irish philosophy: cognitivism, knowledge of spiritual substance, and the validity of a concept of self-determination in moral philosophy. The second aim is to present how Berkeley developed his views on these issues, how it relates to his compatriots’ views, and what his settled approach to these topics amounted to.
Berkeley on Materialism and Immaterialism
Authors: Frankel Melissa 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Berkeley argues that matter does not exist. His target is what he takes to be a philosophical (rather than common-sense) doctrine, on which there exist corporeal, non-mental substances that play the role either of supporting qualities or of causing sensory ideas. Berkeley’s materialist opponents are diverse, including not only Locke, but also Descartes and his followers. Because the proponents of matter formulate their commitment to that doctrine in differing ways, or offer differing reasons in support of it, Berkeley appeals to a wide range of differing tactics in his attempt to undermine materialism, arguing among other things that it is incoherent, that it is empty, or that it is explanatorily superfluous. This chapter attempts to give a Berkeleyan reconstruction of various materialist theses, as well as to give a sense of the structure of his arguments against those theses, in order to see why Berkeley ultimately thinks we should abandon philosophical materialism.
Berkeley on Qualities
Authors: Glauser Richard 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The first section of this chapter deals with the so-called primary/secondary quality distinction in Berkeley’s seventeenth-century context, focusing on Locke. The next section discusses Berkeley’s interpretation of the “materialists’ ” conception of secondary qualities. Following that is an examination of the aspects common to Berkeleyan sensible qualities and to Cartesian and Lockean ideas of sense. The fourth section details the aspects that Berkeleyan sensible ideas share with Cartesian and Lockean primary qualities. The next section studies the heterogeneity thesis concerning visible and tangible ideas (qualities) and its role in supporting Berkeley’s metaphysics of immaterialism and idealism. The final two sections discuss Berkeley’s objections to the primary/secondary quality distinction and the complex relation between (a) perceptual relativity and (b) the epistemic and metaphysical status of primary qualities and proper sensibles. Although the primary/secondary quality distinction cannot survive in Berkeley’s philosophy, it is argued that some of its functions are preserved in his distinction between tangible qualities and those of the other senses. Finally, the chapter addresses the question of whether there are other vestiges of the primary/secondary quality distinction in Berkeley’s philosophy.