bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward Bio‐Sourced Elastomers with Reactive/Polar Groups. Myrcene – Glycidyl Methacrylate Copolymerization: Reactivity Ratios, Properties, and Preliminary RAFT Emulsion Polymerization
Authors: Pablo‐Morales Ángel , Treviño, María Esther , Saldívar‐Guerra Enrique 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThere is a pronounced need of replacing fossil‐origin materials with sustainable ones. Myrcene (Myr) is a biobased terpene‐type monomer derived from diverse plants that is a potential substitute for diene monomers (e.g., butadiene), in the manufacture of elastomers. Here, the copolymerization of Myr with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) is studied as a candidate route for producing functional/polar elastomers. Reactivity ratios (RR) for this system are estimated using the error‐in‐variables method resulting in rMyr =  0.519 ± 0.062 and rGMA =  0.301 ± 0.014, indicating an alternating tendency. The copolymers obtained exhibit number‐average molecular weights (Mn) in the range 42–674 kDa that markedly increase with the GMA content and dispersities in the range 1.49–1.90. The addition of Myr units predominantly results (1H‐NMR) in the 1,4 cis microstructure (94–97%) that increases with the GMA content. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis is performed in some of the copolymer samples. Additionally, preliminary emulsion copolymerizations of Myr‐GMA are carried out at 70 °C, 15% solids, with potassium persulfate as initiator and 4‐cyano‐4‐[(dodecyl sulfanylthiocarbonyl)sulfanyl] pentanoic acid as RAFT agent, yielding conversions of 74–85% in 24 h and gel contents of 17–78% that increase with increasing GMA (0–21%) fed. The GMA presence in the copolymer is demonstrated by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis.
The prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema among school‐aged children in Qatar: A Global Asthma Network Study
Authors: Hammoudeh Samer , Hani Yahya , Alfaki Mohamed , Omar Nadia , El Dimassi Darine , Nowir Khansae , Gadelhaq Wessam , AlNaimi Amal , Elizabeth Cynthia , Khashfeh Sawsan , Chandra Prem , Janahi Ibrahim A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis cross‐sectional study aims to utilize the Global Asthma Network (GAN) questionnaires to estimate the prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema among children in Qatar. The study population was comprised of children ages 6–7 and 13–14 years, along with their parents or guardians. The English and Arabic versions of the GAN questionnaires were used to collect data for this study. A total of 2646 participants were recruited (1210 in the 6–7 years age group and 1436 in the 13–14 years age group), in addition to a total of 3831 parents or guardians. The overall prevalence of diagnosed asthma, lifetime allergic rhinitis, and diagnosed eczema in our study sample were as follows: 34.6%, 30.9%, and 37.4%, respectively. The current study showed an increased prevalence rate of asthma and eczema comparing to previous local estimates. These rates were higher in some cases or comparable in other cases to those found elsewhere. It is recommended that future research focus on studying the various factors contributing to the cases of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema in Qatar. The reporting of this study conforms with the STROBE statement.
Point of care diaphragm ultrasound in mechanically ventilated children: A predictive tool to detect extubation failure
Authors: Arslan Gazi , Besci Tolga , Duman Murat 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundChildren should be weaned from the ventilator once their clinical condition improves. Extubation failure is associated with poorer clinical outcomes in children. Predictive indicators of successful extubation are needed. This study aims to evaluate the predictive value of ultrasonographic diaphragm imaging could help predict weaning success.MethodsIn this prospective, observational study conducted between March and December 2021, children between 1 month and 10 years of age who were mechanically ventilated for more than 48 h were included. Diaphragm ultrasound (DUS) examinations were performed at the end of 2‐h extubation readiness test (ERT). The end‐inspiratory thickness (DTi), end‐expiratory thickness (DTe), diaphragmatic thickening fraction (DTF), diaphragmatic excursion (DE), inspiratory slope (IS), and expiratory slope (ES) were evaluated.ResultsTwenty‐four (60%) patients were successfully extubated, while 16 (40%) required invasive or noninvasive mechanical ventilation support which were classified as failed extubation group. Three of the sixteen patients in the failed extubation group required reintubation. DTF was significantly greater in the successful weaning group (55.05 ± 23.75% vs. 30.9 ± 10.38%) (p < 0.001). DE was significantly greater in the successful weaning group (14 ± 4.4 mm vs. 11.05 ± 3.25 mm) (p < 0.001). DTF and DE were found to have a sensitivity and specificity of 91.67%, 87.50%, 83.33%, and 81.25%, respectively.ConclusionDiaphragm ultrasound is a feasible and promising tool to guide physicians during weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation. Among all DUS measurements, the DE and DTF indexes showed better performance in extubation failure than other diaphragmatic parameters.
First molecular approach to diagnose paediatric pulmonary lophomoniasis: A case series
Authors: Taheri Amirmasoud , Fakhar Mahdi , Nakhaei Maryam , Banimostafavi Elham Sadat , Masiha Farzad , Ghaffari Javad , Sheydai Soroush , Rezaei Mohammad Sadegh , Sharifpour Ali 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA prospective study was conducted from 2017 to 2021 at Bouali Hospital in Mazandaran province, Sari, Iran. Out of 58 patients who were enrolled in our study, lophomoniasis was diagnosed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of nine patients, for the first time, using an in‐house polymerase chain reaction technique. All patients were treated with metronidazole at 7.5 mg/kg/day every 12 h for 14 days. After 6 months of follow‐up, symptoms were fully resolved.
The Role of 3D Printing Technology in Microengineering of Microneedles
Authors: Detamornrat Usanee , McAlister Emma , Hutton Aaron R. J. , Larrañeta Eneko , Donnelly Ryan F. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMicroneedles (MNs) are minimally invasive devices, which have gained extensive interest over the past decades in various fields including drug delivery, disease diagnosis, monitoring, and cosmetics. MN geometry and shape are key parameters that dictate performance and therapeutic efficacy, however, traditional fabrication methods, such as molding, may not be able to offer rapid design modifications. In this regard, the fabrication of MNs using 3D printing technology enables the rapid creation of complex MN prototypes with high accuracy and offers customizable MN devices with a desired shape and dimension. Moreover, 3D printing shows great potential in producing advanced transdermal drug delivery systems and medical devices by integrating MNs with a variety of technologies. This review aims to demonstrate the advantages of exploiting 3D printing technology as a new tool to microengineer MNs. Various 3D printing methods are introduced, and representative MNs manufactured by such approaches are highlighted in detail. The development of advanced MN devices is also included. Finally, clinical translation and future perspectives for the development of MNs using 3D printing are discussed.
Engineering the Local Coordination Environment and Density of FeN4 Sites by Mn Cooperation for Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Cai Huizhu , Zhang Guanghui , Zhang Xiao , Chen Bingbing , Lu Zheng , Xu Huajian , Gao Rui , Shi Chuan 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSingle atom sites (SAS) of FeN4 are clarified as one of the most active components for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Effective strategies by engineering the local coordination environment and site density of FeN4 sites are crucial to further enhance the electrocatalytic ORR performance. Herein, the integration of a second metal of Mn with Fe to construct Fe&Mn/N‐C catalysts with enhanced density of FeN4 active sites and modulated electronic structure is reported. The formation of MnN4 centers modulates the local environment of FeN4 sites and reserves more FeN4 embedded in carbon substrate by forming the possible FeN4‐O‐MnN4 configurations. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the overall energy barrier of ORR is decreased over the FeN4‐O‐MnN4 moieties. Therefore, the Fe&Mn/N‐C catalyst exhibits enhanced ORR performance both in alkaline and acidic solution (half‐wave potentials are 0.904 and 0.781 V). This work provides an effective strategy by modulating the local electronic structure and density of FeN4 active sites to improve the ORR activity and stability through Mn cooperation.
Antioxidant Nanoparticles Based on Starch and the Phenolic Compounds from Propolis Extract: Production and Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Jaízia dos Santos Alves Maria , Rodrigues Monteiro Alcilene , Ayala Valencia Germán 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPropolis has health beneficial properties attributed to its phenol composition. Although, it has low water solubility, strong taste, and aroma, limiting its application in the food industry. This study explores the stabilization of phenolic compounds from propolis extract (PE) during the production of potato and cassava starch nanoparticles (NPs) by antisolvent precipitation. Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH) of acidified PE obtained with different ethanol concentrations are determined. Starch NPs based on cassava and potato starch are characterized in terms of physicochemical properties, including loading efficiency, particle size distribution and surface charge, moisture content, water activity, chemical bonds, crystalline structure, thermal stability, color, and solubility in water. Fourier‐transform infrared spectra and X‐ray diffractograms reveal that the phenolic compounds of PE are stabilized with the starch NPs, in this way, at least 54.91% of phenolic compounds from PE are stabilized by the starch NPs. Starch NPs stabilizing the phenolic compounds display brown color and high solubility in hot water (90 °C). This research reports for the first‐time information regarding the stabilization of phenolic compounds from PE using starch NPs. These starch NPs have a great potential to be used in food formulations or to manufacture active food packaging.
Kenichi Fukui, Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory, and the Woodward‐Hoffmann Rules. Part II. A Sleeping Beauty in Chemistry†**
Authors: Seeman Jeffrey I. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn 1964, Kenichi Fukui published a chapter in a book honoring the career of Robert S. Mulliken. While most of that chapter is a review of Fukui's previously published research dealing with frontier molecular orbital theory and organic reactions, one section provided a frontier molecular orbital explanation of the mechanism of the Diels‐Alder reaction. Fukui concluded that the “symmetry relation of wave functions of both dienes and dienophiles” control the course of this reaction. Thus, Fukui's paper was a precursor to Woodward and Hoffmann's 1965 papers that proposed orbital symmetry control of what would later be termed “pericyclic reactions.” Fukui published numerous papers in the 1950s and 1960s, many of which were expositions of his research in theoretical chemistry. Eight of those Fukui papers were direct precursors to his breakthrough 1964 publication. This paper presents the intellectual and scientific path that Fukui took from the early 1950s to 1964 to his award‐winning publication.
Kenichi Fukui, Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory, and the Woodward‐Hoffmann Rules. Part III. Fukui's Science and Technology, 1918–1965†**
Authors: Seeman Jeffrey I. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn 1981, Kenichi Fukui shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Roald Hoffmann “for their theories, developed independently, concerning the course of chemical reactions.” In 1964, Fukui used his frontier molecular orbital theory to reveal the mechanism of the Diels‐Alder reaction, a prototypical pericyclic cycloaddition reaction. Fukui revealed this molecular orbital symmetry explanation a year before Woodward and Hoffmann's first publication on “the conservation of orbital symmetry.” As detailed in this paper, during the 1960s and early 1960s, Fukui was involved in several major programs in synthesis and polymer chemistry as well as aspects of theoretical chemistry quite distant from his contributions to the orbital symmetry research that preceded Woodward and Hoffmann. In this paper, a detailed examination of Fukui's pre‐1965 research is discussed. This is Paper 4 – Part III of a trilogy that deals with Fukui's Nobel Prize research and is part of a 27‐paper series on the history of the development of the Woodward‐Hoffmann rules.
Detection of canine distemper virus in cerebrospinal fluid, whole blood and mucosal specimens of dogs with distemper using RT‐PCR and immunochromatographic assays
Authors: Sarchahi Ali Asghar , Arbabi Mohammad , Mohebalian Hadi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundAccurate diagnosis of canine distemper (CD), a highly contagious and acute viral disease, cannot be made solely based on clinical signs and haematological findings, but serological and molecular methods compatible with clinical signs are also required. The type of sample and method of tissue sampling are also very important. Sometimes in chronic cases, the canine distemper virus (CDV) may not be detected in blood and conjunctival specimens but can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the suitability of CSF samples with whole blood and conjunctival samples in the detection of CDV.MethodsThe CDV was detected in CSF, whole blood and mucosal specimens in 20 dogs with obvious neurological with or without systemic signs congruous with CD by RT‐PCR and rapid immunochromatographic (IC) antigen test kit assays.ResultsRapid kit results were positive for mucosal swabs in 10 cases (50%) and for CSF in 17 cases (85%); RT‐PCR results from whole blood were positive in 11 cases (55%) and from CSF in 16 cases (80%).ConclusionsOur results revealed that dogs with neurological signs showing simultaneous or recent systemic symptoms, whole blood, CSF and mucosal swabs are suitable for the diagnosis of CDV by RT‐PCR and rapid IC antigen test kits, but dogs with neurological symptoms that are systematically asymptomatic or have had systemic signs for a long time, whole blood and mucosal swabs are not good samples while CSF is a good one.
Scrutinizing tree‐ring parameters for Holocene climate reconstructions
Authors: Büntgen Ulf 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIndependent evidence from Europe and Asia shows that tree‐ring stable isotopes can reveal persistent long‐term hydroclimate trends that are generally not captured by more traditional dendroclimatic studies using tree‐ring width or density. Since the recently observed long‐term discrepancy between flatter “growth‐dependent” and more varying “growth‐independent” climate proxy data is unrelated to possible biases of statistical age‐trend removal, I call for a conceptual rethinking of the predictive power of different tree‐ring parameters for reconstructing climate variability on interannual to multimillennial timescales. I describe why traditional “growth‐dependent” tree‐ring width and wood density measurements usually lack abiotic signals on ultra‐long timescales, whereas “growth‐independent” carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios from tree‐ring cellulose can capture environmental variation well beyond the segment length of individual tree‐ring samples. Caution is therefore advised when information from diverse tree‐ring parameters is combined in multiproxy reconstructions of Holocene climate that aim to reflect the full range of interannual to multimillennial variability. This Perspective not only emphasizes the paleoclimatic value that can be obtained from tree‐ring stable isotopes in living and relict wood. It also stresses the need for developing new high‐resolution isotopic datasets from different species and regions in both hemispheres to supplement the existing tree‐ring record.This article is categorized under:
Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Paleoclimate
Growth of Crystallographically Aligned PbSe Films of Controlled Thickness on Amorphous Substrates
Authors: Gannon Renae N. , Choffel Marisa M. , Blackwood Hannah R. , Wolff Niklas , Lotnyk Andriy , Kienle Lorenz , Johnson David C. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLead selenide (PbSe) has extensively been investigated due to its thermoelectric and photoconductive properties. More recently, predictions of emergent properties have focused synthetic efforts on preparing ultra‐smooth layers of crystallographically aligned PbSe layers with a thickness equal to an integer number of monolayers. While rough films are typically formed through Volmer‐Weber growth on heated substrates, the data presented herein indicates that a crystallographically aligned, ultrathin layer with a defined number of PbSe layers forms on mostly amorphous Mo−Se and V−Se coated Si substrates during nominally room temperature deposition. Since the films are uniform in thickness, the number of PbSe bilayers formed depends on the amount of Pb (or Se) deposited. If the amount of Pb deposited is close to that required for an integral number of unit cells and there is sufficient Se, Laue oscillations are present in the as‐deposited samples. The Laue oscillations reflect the quality and uniformity of the crystalline PbSe domains. This study demonstrates that the substrate does not need to be crystalline to form uniform, crystallographically aligned, integer monolayer thick PbSe films. These results suggest that tuning the strength of interactions between substrate and growing film is necessary to form smooth, crystallographically aligned layers. The substrate does not need to be crystalline for these interactions to be strong enough to enable growth of crystallographically aligned films.
Regional Policy Spaces, Knowledge Networks, and the “Nordic Other”
Authors: Volmari Saija , Sivesind Kirsten , Jónasson Jón Torfi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the use of regional policy knowledge and the importance of Nordic cooperation in the latest education reforms in Finland, Iceland, and Norway. By drawing on interviews and bibliometric network analysis, the authors demonstrate that policymakers do not consider knowledge sources from other Nordic countries as essentially prominent. The authors offer four explanatory narratives for this finding and coin the concept the “Nordic Other” as various mindsets of experts that vary in different settings of cooperation. In the international policy space, a coalition based on a Nordic consensus is of core importance, while in the regional space, policymakers utilize knowledge to explore national solutions to common problems. Therefore, Nordic cooperation has various functions in terms of evidence-based policymaking that depend on the context in which collaboration takes place.
On Evidence, Impact, and Layers in Education Policy Processes
Authors: Martens Kerstin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis commentary focuses on three substantial issues that according to the author emerge as overarching themes from the chapters in this volume: (1) the conjunction between evidence and politics, (2) the conjunction between referencing and impact, and (3) the conjunction between empirics and theory in global education research. By reflecting on the contents of the chapters in relation to these conjunctions, the author directs the attention to evidence, impact, and layers in education policy processes, especially in the Nordic countries, and identifies possible roadmaps for future research.
What Is in a Reference? Theoretically Understanding the Uses of Evidence in Education Policy
Authors: Steiner-Khamsi Gita 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe chapter deals with the reference—the unit of analysis for our bibliometric analyses—and examines what it stands for in the policy process. We found Paul Cairney’s (The Politics of Evidence-Based Policymaking. Palgrave Pivot, 2015) definition useful: “‘[e]vidence’ is assertion backed by information.” In concert with Cairney’s definition, we treat references as a construct or an aggregate of several pieces of information (authorship, year of publication, topic or theme, etc.) that helps position the author in a larger semantic space. We have used all these constitutive elements as epistemological cues for understanding not only whose texts or whose knowledge the authors have selected to substantiate their points with, but also whose knowledge they cite as sources of expertise in order to reduce uncertainty, enhance credibility, or generate legitimacy about the validity of their own claims or assertions. In an era in which we have a surplus of information as well as a surplus of evidence, this is no small enterprise.
Policy Borrowing and Evidence in Danish Education Policy Preparation: The Case of the Public School Reform of 2013
Authors: Reder Trine Juul , Ydesen Christian 
Published: April 2022

AbstractReder and Ydesen explore the evidence behind the 2013 Danish public school reform using a mixed-methods design as well as the political context surrounding the reform preparations. By combining quantitative bibliometric analysis and qualitative interviews of the key policymakers behind the reform, they identify different types of policy knowledge. Reder and Ydesen focus particularly on the role of international large-scale assessments and international organizations such as the OECD in legitimizing the need of the reform and identifying reference societies, such as the Canadian province of Ontario, which heavily influenced the reform contents. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the findings and presents a very uneven evidence landscape consisting mainly of what-works types of evidence and a distinct absence of broader types of evidence.
Evidence and Expert Power in Finnish Education Policy Making: The National Core Curriculum Reform
Authors: Volmari Saija , Kauko Jaakko , Anturaniemi Juho , Santos Íris 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe extent to which education is nationally or internationally directed is a recurring debate in comparative education. The debate circles around the role of the nation state in the globalizing world. The authors address these questions by focusing on networks of knowledge and expertise in Finland’s national core curriculum reform (2014). The findings of the chapter demonstrate that education policy making is more complex than the simple dichotomy of local and global. “Global” has the power to produce evidence but the “local” possesses the ability to select the evidence and adjust it to meet the national needs. National experts play a central role in this process: it is particularly their ability to explicate international comparative data that was considered as “expertise” in the reform process.
DeepFake Detection
Authors: Lyu Siwei 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOne particular disconcerting form of disinformation are the impersonating audios/videos backed by advanced AI technologies, in particular, deep neural networks (DNNs). These media forgeries are commonly known as the DeepFakes. The AI-based tools are making it easier and faster than ever to create compelling fakes that are challenging to spot. While there are interesting and creative applications of this technology, it can be weaponized to cause negative consequences. In this chapter, we survey the state-of-the-art DeepFake detection methods.