bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternatives to Adjudication in International Law: A Case Study of the Ombudsperson to the ISIL and Al-Qaida Sanctions Regime of the UN Security Council
Authors: Lang Andrej 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe “temporary golden age” of international courts is likely over. States seeking to provide oversight mechanisms and individual remedies at the international level are likely to opt for less intrusive and more flexible alternatives to adjudication. This Article analyzes the phenomenon of international complaint mechanisms through a detailed case study of the Ombudsperson to the ISIL and Al-Qaida sanctions regime. The analysis reveals an in-built tension between principle and pragmatism: the Ombudsperson's institutional design falls short of the requirements that are essential for adjudication, but it nevertheless proves to be a surprisingly effective remedy for persons wrongfully listed. The Article makes the case for the establishment of such bodies, despite some of their inherent shortcomings.
Looking beyond challenging student behaviour: Utilising the teacher relationship interview
Authors: Spilt Jantine L. , Koomen Helma M. Y. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntervention is considered the ultimate goal of the diagnostic process. However, when diagnostic assessment is largely focused on student (mal)adjustment and when the role and perspective of the teacher is not systematically evaluated, the assessment may fail to generate useful recommendations for intervention or teacher consultation. Based on a descriptive case report, the potential contribution of the Teacher Relationship Interview in making the assessment phase more relevant to intervention is outlined and illustrated.
Coexistence and correlates of forms of malnutrition among mothers and under-five child pairs in Tanzania
Authors: Faustini Fina T. , Mniachi Ali R. , Msengwa Amina S. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Improving the health and well-being of mothers and children is a priority worldwide. The present study aimed to examine the coexistence and correlates of malnutrition among mothers and under-five child pairs using Tanzania Demographic Health Survey 2015–16 data. Height-for-age, height-for-weight and weight-for-age Z-scores were used to assess the nutritional status of children, while body mass index was used to assess the nutritional status of mothers. Correlates of forms of malnutrition were assessed using multinomial logistic regression. Among 8083 pairs, 40⋅9 % were normal, 30⋅3 % were underweight, 17⋅5 % overweight and 11⋅3 % had double burden of malnutrition. The risk of being underweight is highest among the pairs with; children aged 13–59 months (relative risk ratio (RRR) = 2⋅33) and children with small birth weight (RRR = 2⋅67). Overweight is highest among pairs with; mothers aged 35–49 (RRR = 3⋅36), mothers with secondary education and above (RRR = 1⋅85), fathers aged 35+ (RRR = 1⋅38), professional fathers (RRR = 4⋅10) and richer households (RRR = 2⋅06). The double burden of malnutrition is highest among pairs with; children with small birth weight (RRR = 2⋅76), from rural households (RRR = 1⋅24) and from richer households (RRR = 1⋅41). There is a coexistence of forms of malnutrition among mothers and under-five child pairs in Tanzania. The study recommends using multidimensional approaches such as double-duty action for nutrition to eradicate all forms of malnutrition.
Risk and demand for social protection in an era of populism
Authors: Baldwin Kate , Mares Isabela 
Published: November 2022

AbstractEconomic and health crises have profound political consequences for public support for social policy, historically setting in motion a massive expansion of governmental programs. Is demand for social protection likely to increase among citizens exposed to risk in an era in which populist messages are prominent? We show that this depends critically on the precise targets that populists evoke as enemies of the people. We distinguish between two types of political rhetoric deployed by populist politicians in their claims to represent the authentic people—one opposing the authority of domestic elites, including technocrats, and one attacking foreigners. We examine the extent to which each rhetorical strategy reduces or enhances popular demand for social policies by randomly exposing Americans to these frames as part of a public opinion survey conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic. Our results show that the two messages have different consequences for support for redistribution among respondents exposed to risk: populist anti-foreign rhetoric that blames foreign countries for the onset of the pandemic increases demand for expansion of social protection compared to populist anti-elite rhetoric.
THE LANGUAGE OF ROADS AND TRAVEL IN HOMER: HODOS AND KELEUTHOS
Authors: Folit-Weinberg Benjamin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe aim of this article is to map the relationship between the main words that comprise the Homeric lexicon of roads, journeys, paths and travel. The central task is to explore the relationship between the words hodos and keleuthos; along the way, the article will also address other terms that appear less frequently, such as atarp(it)os and poros. The article first teases out a difference in sense between keleuthos in the singular and in the plural. The discussion of keleuthos provides a key distinction, namely between ‘object-concepts’ and ‘activity-concepts’, that proves valuable in discussing different senses of the word hodos. Rather than differentiating the words keleuthos and hodos as others have suggested, however, this distinction should be used to differentiate domains of meaning within each word. The result will be what might be conceived of as a four-part grid, with the two words hodos and keleuthos split into two distinct parts along the ‘activity-concept’/‘object-concept’ axis. Finally, concepts drawn from discussions of verbal aspect and philosophy of action are deployed heuristically to develop further the analysis of this semantic field.
Dirichlet vs Neumann
Authors: Marušić-Paloka Eduard 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWe study the asymptotic behaviour of the periodically mixed Zaremba problem. We cover the part of the boundary by a chess board with a small period (square size) $\varepsilon$ and impose the Dirichlet condition on black and the Neumann condition on white squares. As $\varepsilon \to 0$, we get the effective boundary condition which is always of the Dirichlet type. The Dirichlet data on the boundary, however, depend on the ratio between the magnitudes of the two boundary values.
Famines in the manorial economy of eighteenth-century Poland
Authors: Miodunka Piotr 
Published: November 2022

AbstractOn the basis of eight available terriers of a large royal estate of Niepołomice in southern Poland and of the vital records of two parishes located on its area, all dating from the early eighteenth century, this article examines the effect of famines on the economic situation of both feudal lords and their peasant tenants. The restrictive framework of the second serfdom in Poland did not prevent two severe mortality crises at the time triggered by crop failures. The key hazards caused by the famines for demesne economy were shortages of corvée labour and peasant-owned draught animals. While the famine mortality that affected the peasants reported as farmers in the terriers was not high, the famines were conducive to peasant impoverishment and reshuffled groups of various financial statuses.
EMT Response in COVID-19 Pandemic: Best Practices from Deployment of UK-MED and PCPM’s EMTs
Authors: Vadi Ramnath , Wilk Wojtek 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:As part of EU (Horizon 2020) HERoS program, UK-MED and PCPM compiled main operational difficulties faced by the two EMTs in 25 and seven COVID-19 deployments, respectively. In particular, the paper discusses the changing role of EMTs, as well as challenges faced in meeting high expectations of the respective Ministries of Health (MOH).Objectives:Documenting challenges faced by EMTs in COVID-19 response, lessons learned, and best practices.Method/Description:Review of mission reports; interviews with mission members; input from other EMTs (TBC).Results/Outcomes:The paper lists best practices of the two EMTs and recommendations to donors and EMT Secretariat, particularly linked to mission duration and collaboration with MOH.Conclusion:The paper lists best practices of the two EMTs and recommendations to donors and EMT Secretariat, particularly linked to mission duration and collaboration with MOH.
Violence Against Health Care in Nigeria and South Sudan: Frontline Health Worker Perspectives on Threats and Solutions
Authors: Adams Ali , Ojemu Francis , Ogueji Okechi , Tax Leonie 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:Health staff in South Sudan and Nigeria face extreme risks while providing services: in 2021, at least 18 health care workers were killed in South Sudan and Nigeria, while 32 were kidnapped. Reporting of such incidents takes place via the WHO coordinated SS. However, such event reporting is not designed to capture “lower scale” security incidents, nor does it capture possible solutions. As such, the IRC in coordination with the Health Cluster and national organizations are conducting a survey to complement the existing analysis with insights of frontline health care workers, to support program design, funding requests, and advocacy activities. Research questions include:
What are the most common incidents of violence against health care workers?What has been the impact of these incidents on staff well-being, on the health system/sector, and on access to health care for the wider community?What are the priorities in preventing such incidents and reducing their impact?Objectives:To identify incidents of violence against health care as experienced by health care staff in 2022.To identify health workers perspective on causes, impact, and what works in terms of prevention and response.Method/Description:A self-administered, online survey targeting all health staff working for the humanitarian community in South Sudan and Northeastern Nigeria.Results/Outcomes:This study is on-going with results expected by early September.Conclusion:This study is on-going with results expected by early September.
WHO Emergency Medical Teams Minimal Data Set in Conflict-Stricken Ukraine: Comparative Analysis of a New Primary Health Care Coding Tool
Authors: Armitage Richard , Afonso Ana Teresa 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:The WHO EMT Minimum Data Set (EMT-MDS) was designed for data collection in sudden-onset disasters. Using EMT-MDS in the context of primary health care (PHC) generated large quantities of low granularity data that threatened the successful delivery of UK-Med’s clinical programs in Ukraine. Accordingly, UK-Med developed, piloted, and implemented a new coding tool (PHC-CT) tailored to PHC presentations prevalent in humanitarian settings.Objectives:To assess the performance of EMT-MDS and PHC-CT in the generation of programmatically-useful diagnostic codes from data collected in mobile PHC clinics in Ukraine during active conflict.To compare the performance of EMT-MDS and PHC-CT in this setting and to suggest recommendations for data collection tool improvements.Method/Description:After multiple iterations, the final version of PHC-CT was used to collect clinical data from all UK-Med clinical encounters in Ukraine from March 28, 2022-May 13, 2022. Clinical data using EMT-MDS were collected simultaneously. The prevalence of each diagnostic code was calculated using both EMT-MDS and PHC-CT, expressed as a proportion of the total diagnoses, and compared between the two coding tools.Results/Outcomes:1,390 clinical encounters took place during the study. Data coded using EMT-MDS generated 1,756 diagnoses (86.8% of total diagnoses) categorized as “Other Diagnosis” while the same data coded using PHC-CT generated 37 diagnoses (1.8% of total diagnoses) categorized as “Other Diagnosis.” Only seven of the available 25 diagnostic codes in EMT-MDS were used, while 48 of the 67 available diagnostic codes in PHC-CT were used.Conclusion:PHC-CT offers substantial benefits beyond those provided by EMT-MDS when utilized in mobile PHC clinics in humanitarian settings.Tables and Figures (optional)Table 1.Number of Clinical Encounters, Unique Diagnoses, and Frequency of Selected Diagnostic Codes for EMT-MDS and PHC-CT. (Note: % refers to proportion of diagnoses made)
Sharing of Best Practices from an Emergency Medical Team Deployment in Papua New Guinea: Piloting a Health Promotion Program Targeting COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake
Authors: Vadi Ramnath , Maddah Diana , Marmont Lizzi 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:COVID-19 tremendously affected Papua New Guinea in late 2021, which accompanied by a low vaccination rate (<4%), lead to an International EMT Request for Assistance.Objectives:Study’s aim is to share how UK-Med, a part of the UK EMT, developed best practices related to risk communication and community engagement integration within a COVID-19 emergency response.Method/Description:A participatory health promotion program was piloted in Western Highland Province among 71 health care workers. Training of trainers approach was adopted to build the capacity of health workers in advocating for vaccines uptake. Perception survey was used at the baseline and at the end of the program to assess the knowledge, skills, and attitude of the participants towards COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. A descriptive analysis and paired t-test were used.Results/Outcomes:Health care professionals are not well-equipped with accurate, scientific, and up-to-date information related to COVID-19 vaccines; which leads to increase in concern and fear among them. Health care workers affect community members’ decision to take the COVID-19 vaccine, being viewed as referents within their communities. The paired t-test showed a significant increase in the knowledge, skills, and attitude (P value <.001) of the participants toward COVID-19 vaccines. Participants described being ready to engage community influencers and cascade training to further reach out to community groups.Conclusion:Integrating RCCE within EMT deployments plays a crucial role in leveraging health care capabilities to influence community members and advocate for COVID-19 vaccines uptake; which will ultimately decrease morbidity and mortality. Further research is required to strengthen the role of health promotion in emergencies.
Institutionalization of EMT SOP as part of the ASEAN Regional Cooperation Mechanism on Disaster Management
Authors: Wuthisuthimethawee Prasit , Yanasan Alisa , Silapunt Phumin , Ikeda Shuichi , Kita Taro 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:The Standard Operating Procedure for Coordination of Emergency Medical Teams in ASEAN (EMT SOP) was developed to facilitate the swift deployment of I-EMTs by ASEAN Member States (AMS) to disaster-affected countries in the ASEAN region and to effectively provide appropriate medical services to the affected population. It is one of the various products and activities by the ARCH Project, which was implemented in collaboration between ASEAN and Japan from 2016 through 2021. The EMT SOP was developed in line with the WHO EMT Initiative, and various WHO forms have been incorporated as ASEAN official forms for the management and coordination of I-EMT.Objectives:On the other hand, disaster management in ASEAN is conducted by National Disaster Management Organization (NDMO) of each AMS under the coordination of the ASEAN Coordinating Centre for Humanitarian Assistance on disaster management (AHA Centre) in accordance with the Standard Operating Procedure for Regional Standby Arrangements and Coordination of Joint Disaster Relief and Emergency Response Operations (SASOP), the sole official document for ASEAN regional collaboration in disasters, and AMS I-EMTs are required to follow the SASOP for their deployment to the affected AMS.Method/Description:Discussions were held between the NDMOs and MOHs, and a table-top exercise to test the EMT SOP was conducted involving NDMOs and MOHs with the facilitation of the AHA Centre.Results/Outcomes:The EMT SOP has been incorporated as an additional chapter of the SASOP.Conclusion:The institutionalization of the EMT SOP is an important milestone in strengthening the ASEAN regional cooperation mechanism on disaster management.
Establishing an Emergency Medical Team in LMIC Setup; Experience from Ethiopia’s Challenges and Opportunity
Authors: Dessie Nahom Tadelle , Alemu Genet Kifle , Worku Tinsae Abera , Martinez Lazaro Gilberto , Ayalew Leilina Abate , Metselo Maraki Mehari 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:Natural and man-made catastrophes have caused significant destruction and loss of lives throughout human history. Disasters accompany various events with multiple causes and consequences, often leading to a cascade of health-related events. Ethiopia, amongst the developing countries in the horn of Africa, is vulnerable to natural and man-made disasters. Over the last few years, Ethiopia learned the hardest way to transform its disaster management from a mere apparatus of response and recovery to preparedness and mitigation.Objectives:Review the challenges and opportunities for establishing the Ethiopian EMT and its disaster response experience.Method/Description:This was a mixed-methods, cross-sectional Intra-Action Review of activities of country EMT. It included a review of documents and key informant interviews. All data were analyzed thematically.Results/Outcomes:In May 2022, the Ethiopian Federal MOH, in collaboration with WHO, adapted the WHO EMT initiative to tackle the identified challenges. Ethiopia’s EMT implementation plan was created, which included ten steps and 50 detailed activities. This initiative aims to have a classified Type I fixed EMT in the coming six months. Based on the objective evaluation of the last four months’ performance toward plan implementation, activities show that 65% of the overall plan has been completed.Conclusion:Implementing the EMT initiative in Ethiopia has positively impacted the clinical quality of care, enhanced coordination, and improved health outcomes for the population served at times of great need. However, the implementation requires collaboration in support, guidance, and experience sharing from stakeholders and partners, including twinning with other organizations.Tables and Figures (optional)Table 1.Ethiopian EMT Ten Steps Implementation
Deploying the Red Cross Red Crescent Health Information System (RCHIS): A Pilot with the Portuguese Red Cross in a Red Cross Emergency Clinic (RCEC) Equivalent to a Type 1 Fixed Clinic
Authors: Clarke Lauren , Holl Felix , Raffort Thomas , Serres Elvire , Órfão Gonçalo , Simões Joana 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:RCHIS is an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) and Health Information System (HIS) that has been purpose built for use by Red Cross Red Crescent (RCRC) Emergency Response Units (ERUs), which are the equivalent of Type 1 (fixed and mobile) and Type 2 facilities in the Emergency Medical Teams (EMT) classification.Objectives:To share the main lessons learned from the pilot to inform development and implementation of similar systems in other EMTs.Method/Description:A three-day, in-person super user training was held with 13 participants: nine first aid volunteers, two nurses, and two medical doctors; seven delegates had experience using an EMR. These super users served as trainers for staff at the pilot.The pilot occurred with the Portuguese Red Cross (PRC) for the Peregrinação de Fátima, where 200,000 people were in attendance. The PRC was part of a wider coordination cell with the civil defense authority, who required live reporting from the three clinics PRC had set up.Results/Outcomes:77 user accounts and 243 patient files were created during the four-day pilot.The delegates shared feedback directly and through a survey. 88% stated that RCHIS was very easy to use with the majority of delegates requiring less than 30 minutes of training. 95% of delegates stated that they had sufficient training to use RCHIS to its full extent.The civil defense authority was able to utilize the real-time reporting to assist in their operational response.Conclusion:The first RCHIS pilot was very successful from both a technical and organizational perspective.
Use of Mobile Health Units for Primary Health Care in Disasters
Authors: Awad Sarah , Sheerazi Sarika , von Schreeb Johan 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:As disasters disrupt health systems and create additional health needs, Mobile Health Units (MHU) are deployed to help cover primary health care (PHC) needs. However, MHUs have been critiqued for being logistically burdensome and poorly adapted to dominating health needs. Guidelines exist, including WHO Classification for Emergency Medical Teams (EMT) Type 1 mobile, but the usefulness of MHUs in disasters has been poorly studied.Objectives:To explore the use of MHUs for PHC in disasters and identify key characteristics as described in the literature.Method/Description:A scoping review was conducted following framework by Arksey and O’Malley using thematic content analysis. Twenty-six bibliographic databases and websites were screened for white and grey literature on the use of MHUs in disasters published from 2000-2021.Results/Outcomes:The search resulted in 24 reviews and operational reports, highlighting nine themes. While MHUs were reported to improve health service delivery, 16 documents highlighted challenges related to logistics, organization, and coordination. Seven publications described cooperation with local authorities and stakeholders to help improve relevancy of care by adapting service provision to health needs. Several studies highlighted the need for a functioning referral system and inclusion of local and culturally sensitive staff.Conclusion:Findings of this study highlight the added value and areas of improvement of MHUs for PHC in disasters. Recommendations of best practices were proposed based on the literature and may guide future deployments. However, there is a paucity of publications, and further data on EMT Type 1 mobile are needed to evaluate MHUs in disasters and improve guidelines.
Use of Mobile Health Units in Natural Disasters – A Scoping Review
Authors: Sheerazi Sarika , Awad Sarah , von Schreeb Johan 
Published: November 2022

Background/Introduction:As natural disasters continue to cause human suffering and contribute to health inequalities, Mobile Health Units (MHU) provide medical aid to people deprived of health care. However, the service modality has received criticism related to logistical difficulties, irregular service provision, and adaptability. Although MHUs may be of value, there is a significant knowledge gap regarding their usefulness on addressing health needs in natural disasters.Objectives:To elucidate the use of MHUs in natural disasters in adherence to WHO Classification for Emergency Medical Teams.Method/Description:A scoping review was conducted following the framework by Arksey and O’Malley. Twenty-six bibliographic databases and websites were screened for white and grey literature published from 2000-2021 reporting on the use of MHUs in natural disasters.Results/Outcomes:Thirteen publications were included in the final analysis, highlighting seven themes: key characteristics, services, staff, benchmark indicator, operational availability, self-sufficiency, and pre-deployment preparedness. All documents described the mobile approach to increase access to health services in the absence of regular health care. MHUs were mostly reported to provide out-patient care with medical needs primarily related to non-communicable diseases. Basic trauma care was less reported on. The main challenges concerned transportation, coordination, and communication.Conclusion:Data on the use of MHUs in natural disasters are scarce with inconsistent reporting of key aspects. The literature adhered to previous research and WHO guidelines to some extent. Further research is deemed necessary to evaluate the interventions and outcomes of MHUs following natural disasters.