bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significance of Pollutant Concentration Distribution in the Response of ‘Red Kidney’ Beans to Ozone1
Authors: Musselman R. C. , Oshima R. J. , Gallavan R. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Red Kidney) exposed to ozone with a simulated ambient concentration distribution showed significantly more injury, less growth, and lower yield than those exposed to an equivalent dose of ozone with a uniform concentration distribution. The concentration distribution did not alter the type of biological response of ‘Red Kidney’ beans to ozone, an indication that uniform concentration distribution fumigations are appropriate for investigations of mode of action of pollutants on plants. However, this study suggests that research using a uniform concentration distribution of pollutants may underestimate the magnitude of growth and yield responses to ambient pollutants.
Temperature and Gibberellin-induced Respiratory Changes in Capsicum annuum during Germination at Varying Oxygen Concentrations
Authors: Watkins J.T. , Cantliffe D.J. , Sachs M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Concentrations of O2 greater than 21% stimulated germination rate of Capsicum annuum L. (sweet pepper) at 25°C but inhibited germination rate at 15°. At a 10% O2 concentration, germination rates were reduced at both temperatures. Gibberellins A4A7 (GA4+7) increased germination rates at 15° and 25° in air. At 25° in 100% O2, germination rates of GA-treated and nontreated seeds were the same. At 15° and 100% O2, germination rates were increased slightly by GA4+7 application; however, the rates were slower than in air. Total respiratory activity at 25° was higher in 100% O2 than in air. High O2 concentrations did not affect the proportion of respiration which was in the cyanide-sensitive and -resistant pathways. Cyanide-resistant respiration comprised only a small percentage of total respiratory activity. At 15°, total respiration and the cyanide-sensitive and -resistant components were similar regardless of O2 treatment. The addition of GA increased respiratory activity only after radicle emergence occurred. Thus, germination rate of pepper seed can be increased by increasing temperature, higher O2 concentrations at the higher temperature, and GA4+7 at normal and low temperatures. GA appears to affect germination through metabolic events which occur before radicle emergence and which do not include alteration of respiratory activity.
Alternate Bearing in Citrus: Long-term Effects of a Single Girdling Treatment on Individual ‘Michal’ Tangerine Branches
Authors: Monselise S.P. , Goldschmidt E.E. , Golomb A. , Rolf R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Scaffold branches of ‘Michal’ tangerine (a Citrus reticulata hybrid) trees were fall-girdled once. Individual branches were driven into opposite phases of alternate bearing which continued for at least 3 successive years, without an additional stimulus. Bearing and nonbearing branches behaved like whole on- and off-trees, with regard to macronutrient and starch concentration in leaves and twigs, respectively. Off/on ratios for individual factors, however, were closer to unity than those previously found for whole alternating ‘Wilking’ trees, possibly due to the moderating effect of the common root system.
Maturity Studies of Avocado Fruit Based on Picking Dates and Dry Weight
Authors: Lee S.K. , Young R.E. , Schiffman P.M. , Coggins C.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit from various locations in California were analyzed for oil and subjected to taste tests every 2 weeks throughout the fruiting season over a period of 5 years. Oil content at acceptable taste differed among cultivars, and the 8% requirement was too low to serve as a good maturity standard for many cultivars. While the date of acceptable taste of fruit grown at the same location was not significantly different from year to year, it varied significantly among and within the widespread avocado production areas. Dry weight, which was highly correlated with increasing oil content, was evaluated as a maturity index. The dry-weight analysis with a microwave oven was much easier than determining oil content. The average dry weight at 8% oil (the existing legal standard in California) was 19.4% for ‘Bacon’, 19.1% for ‘Fuerte’, 19.8% for ‘Hass’, 18.9% for ‘Pinkerton’, and 18.4% for ‘Zutano’ fruit. Dry weight at acceptable taste was 20.0% for ‘Bacon’, 21.0% for ‘Fuerte’, 22.8% for ‘Hass’, 20.0% for ‘Pinkerton’, and 20.2% for ‘Zutano’.
Postharvest Decay of Blueberries as Influenced by Water Dips and Captafol
Authors: Ballinger W.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Blueberries can be handled in water if 10 mg/liter of captafol is added to the water and the berries are immersed for at least 30 minutes. Addition of 100 mg/liter and immersion for 3 or 10 minutes produced similar control of decay. Captafol controlled decay due to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [the imperfect stage of Glomerella cingulata (Ston.) Spauld. & Shrenk] better than it did decay due to Alternaria and Botrytis spp.
Comparison of Controlled-release Nitrogen Fertilizers, Urea, and Ammonium Nitrate on Yield and Nitrogen Uptake by Fall-grown Head Lettuce
Authors: Pew W.D. , Gardner B.R. , Bessey P.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Urea, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3), and several controlled-release N (CRN) fertilizers were compared as sources of N for head lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). CRN fertilizers varied widely in their effectiveness. Materials with the fastest N-release characteristics gave the poorest results when applied preplant. Effectiveness of some slow-release materials depended on time of application. Neither NH4NO3 nor urea were good sources when applied preplant but were effective in 3 equal 56 kg N/ha applications throughout the season. Methylene urea (MU), F2950, was most effective when applied 30 days after planting. Sulfur-coated urea (SCU), F9999, produced the most vigorous seedlings and plants with the greatest uniformity and harvestable heads with earliest maturity, best head size, and color.
Citrus Blight Effects on Carbon Dioxide Assimilation
Authors: Sinclair T.R. , Allen L.H. , Cohen M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaf chambers were placed on 6 leaves each of 3 trees of orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck cv. Valencia] budded on rough lemon [Citrus limon (Lush) Burm. f.] rootstock, of which one tree was healthy and one in an early stage and one in an advanced stage of citrus blight, a decline disease of unknown etiology. Carbon dioxide exchange rates (CER) and leaf transpiration were measured every 7.5 minutes, continuously over a 2-week period. No difference in average leaf CER was observed among the 3 trees, but the decrease in leaf area associated with blight was confirmed. Leaf area index appeared not to have decreased sufficiently, even in the advanced-blight tree, to reduce light interception and thereby to reduce overall tree CER significantly.
Crop Productivity Efficiency of Petunias in the Greenhouse
Authors: Merritt Richard H. , Kohl Harry C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Crop productivity efficiencies (CPE) of around 8% (the ratio of the dry weight gain of the crop to the potential to produce dry weight), were realized with petunias (Petunia hybrida Villm.), provided that the crop canopy was essentially closed at the beginning of the 9- to 12-day experimental periods and that there were many branches (sinks). This was found at either long or short photoperiods or at either a normal (15.6°C) or reduced (7.2°) temperature for the 16-hour night periods. Long photoperiods resulted in significantly increased CPE through increased size of the leaves before the crop canopy was closed. Elevated root temperature increased CPE after a sizeable number of lateral branches had formed.
The Growth and Development of Chrysanthemum X morifolium ‘Bright Golden Anne’ in Low-Oxygen Environments
Authors: Konjoian Peter S. , Staby George L. , Tayama Harry K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cuttings of Chrysanthemum X morifolium Ramat. cv. Bright Golden Anne were rooted for 2 weeks in chambers designed to maintain shoot environments of 4-5% O2 and 300-500 ppm CO2 with ambient root environments, after which fliey were grown on to flower using chambers containing either 2.0-5.1% or 20.5-21.5% O2 and 200-500 or 700-1500 ppm CO2, again maintaining ambient root environments. Plants grown in low O2 flowered 10-12 days later than plants grown in air, but had more inflorescences, more flowers/inflorescence, and greater dry-weight accumulation of vegetative tissues. Plants grown in 20.5-21.5% O2 and 700-1500 CO2 were generally of highest quality. Using similar treatments, stock plants grown in low O2 produced twice as many cuttings through 3 flushes of growth as plants grown in ambient O2. Cutting production was also accelerated as plants grown in any of the 3 modified atmospheres produced cuttings one week earlier at each flush than plants grown in air.
Pollen Tube Growth in Cross- and Self-pollinated ‘Nonpareil’ Almond
Authors: Pimienta E. , Polito V.S. , Kester D.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Investigation of pollen grain germination and retention on the stigma, and pollen tube frequency in the style following compatible (cross) and incompatible (self) pollinations in ‘Nonpareil’ almond [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb Syn. Prunus amygdalus Batsch.J revealed that rejection of incompatible male gametophytes occurs on the stigma as well as in the style. Self-pollinations are characterized by lower pollen grain retention on the stigma, reduced and delayed pollen germination, and, where pollen germination had occurred, a low frequency of pollen tubes growing through the style. Pollen tube growth slowed greatly after the tubes entered the ovarian locule before they reached the ovule.
Factors Affecting the Recovery of Juice and Anthocyanin from Cranberries
Authors: Sapers G.M. , Jones S.B. , Maher G.T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the paper “Factors Affecting the Recovery of Juice and Anthocyanin from Cranberries” by G.M. Sapers, S.B. Jones, and G.T. Maher [J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 108(2):246–249, 1983], there is an error in the magnification in the Fig. 1 legend. The correct version of the legend is as follows:
Changes in Seed Structure and Composition during Development and Their Effects on Leakage in Two Endosperm Mutants of Sweet Corn
Authors: Styer Roger C. , Cantliffe Daniel J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field- and greenhouse-grown seeds of 2 sweet corn (Zea mays L.) endosperm mutants—shrunken-2 (sh2) and sugary (su)—were harvested 18 to 46 days postpollination (dpp). Mature sh2 seeds had a greater imbibition and leakage rate than did su. Leachate conductivity was greater from field-grown sh2 seeds than greenhouse-grown sh2 at maturity. No difference in carbohydrate leakage was observed between genotypes at maturity. Leakage generally decreased in all seed types with increasing maturity. Cracking of the pericarp was not noticeable in either sh2 or su during development. In mature seeds of both genotypes, the pericarp appeared to be thicker and adhered more tightly to the aleurone layer than in immature seeds. Dry seeds of sh2 contained considerably less total carbohydrates and starch than su 18 to 46 dpp. Field-grown su seeds accumulated more total carbohydrates during development than greenhouse-grown su or sh2. The lowest amounts of sugars in dry seeds occurred at maturity with no difference noted between field- and greenhouse-grown sh2 and field-grown su. Immature fresh kernels (freeze-dried) of su and sh2 contained 2 to 3 times, respectively, more sugars than immature dry kernels. At maturity, fresh and dry kernels of either genotype had equal amounts of sugars, but fresh kernels contained more starch.
Effects of Ambient Nitrate Concentration and Prior Exposure to Nitrate on Net Nitrate Uptake by Chrysanthemum
Authors: Elliott George G. , Nelson Paul V. , Jackson William A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rooted cuttings of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum X morifolium Ramat cv. Fiesta) were transplanted to flowing nutrient solutions with sustained NO-3 concentrations of 75, 125, and 210 µm. On days one and 8 following transplanting, plants were transferred to static, nonreplaced solutions at the same concentrations at 0900 hr and solutions were sampled at 30 minute intervals for 8 hours (drawdown series). On day 8, an additional experiment was conducted in which plants were transferred to static solutions sampled and replaced hourly (replacement series). At the end of each series, plants were harvested and roots and shoots were analyzed for total- and NO-3-N. In the drawdown series, on both days, uptake rates initially increased but then decreased. The concentration of NO-3 at which net NO-3 uptake ceased (C0) was unaffected by the initial concentration of NO-3 (Ci) but increased from day one to day 8. Maximum uptake rates decreased, but C0 increased, from day one to day 8. In the replacement series, uptake rates initially increased but did not subsequently decrease, and were significantly less when Ci was 210 µm than when Ci was 75 or 125 µm. Concentrations of total-N and NO-3-N in roots and shoots were significantly affected by Ci treatment, and prior exposure to NO-3. Results support the hypothesis that ambient NO-3 supply, plant NO-3 status, and metabolism interact in determining rates of net NO-3 uptake. These interactions may seriously complicate the interpretation of uptake-concentration relationships derived from drawdown experiments.
Sampling for Field Evaluation of Peach and Nectarine Flower Bud Survival
Authors: Scorza R. , Ashworth E.N. , Bell R.L. , Lightner G.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sample sizes for detection of differences of flower bud survival in peach and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were chosen on the basis of theoretical confidence intervals (Cl) and least detectable differences (LDD) for the binomial distribution. Theoretical Cl and LDD for 1000-bud samples were comparable to Cl and Duncan's multiple range test separation computed from an analysis of variance for 1000 buds, based upon 10 replicates of 100 buds. Variability in survival was a function of eultivar, height of bud in canopy, and bud type. Variability may be minimized by sampling a given bud type (single, double, distal) at >1.5 m above ground level.
Carbon Balance of Peperomia obtusifolia Plants during Acclimatization to Low PPFD
Authors: Mbah B.N. , McWilliams E.L. , McCree K.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The CO2 exchange rates of Peperomia obtusifolia A. Dietr. plants (tops and roots) were measured for 12-hour light and 12-hour dark cycles during 5 weeks of acclimatization at 30 µEs-1m-2. A carbon balance analysis of the data indicated that the growth conversion efficiency (Yg) remained constant (0.73 ± 0.1 and 0.77 ± 0.04 before and after acclimatization, respectively). The daily rate of substrate production from photosynthesis (ΔS/Δt) remained constant at 18 ± 2 mg C plant-1 24 hr-1, at the acclimatization photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), but the daily rate of synthesis of carbon into new material (ΔW/Δt) increased by 55% within the first week. The maintenance coefficient (m) decreased from 13.0 ± 0.9 to 7.4 ± 0.4 mg g-1 24 hr-1, and change in m may be a criterion for selection of plants that can be adapted for use at low PPFD. The light compensation point (LCP) was reduced during acclimatization, but its use underestimated the PPFD required for 24-hour plant maintenance because of failure to account for night-time respiratory losses. It is suggested that the PPFD at which ΔW/Δt is zero or slightly above is more reliable than the light compensation point for determining PPFD required for plant maintenance.
Dynamic Growth Characteristics in Seedling Asparagus
Authors: Dufault Robert J. , Greig James K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Growth studies of field-seeded hybrid and open-pollinated asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) were conducted to determine the differences in shoot, bud, and crown growth during the first season after seeding and to determine growth relationships between shoot and crown variables that indicate critical periods of bud and crown production. F1 hybrid (UC 157) and UC800 open-pollinated (OP) asparagus seedlings emerged 4 to 6 weeks after seeding. A lag phase of shoot and root growth lasted 4 to 5 weeks after emergence in both cultivars. UC157 initiated more roots and accumulated more fern and crown fresh weight than UC800 early in the season, but by harvest crowns were not different in root and bud number, fresh weight, or fructose content (crown quality). Root/shoot ratios increased from a 2:1 ratio 6 weeks after emergence to 8:1 (UC157) and 6:1 (UC800) 23 weeks after emergence. Shoot/bud ratios stabilized from an approximate 2:1 ratio initially to an approximate 1:2 ratio 18 weeks after emergence. Bud production in the F1 and OP cultivars increased 6 and 10 weeks after emergence, respectively, and continued unabated up to crown harvest 23 weeks after emergence. Shoot number and fresh weight were not correlated highly with bud number. The number of roots vs. buds and the crown vs. fern fresh weights were correlated highly and were the best indicators of quality crown production. Vigorous fern development throughout the growing season increased the potential to produce higher-quality large crowns.
Preharvest AVG Treatment of ‘Bartlett’ Pear Fruits: Effects on Ripening, Color Change, and Volatiles
Authors: Romani Roger , Labavitch John , Yamashita Tom , Hess Betty , Rae Henry 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Preharvest treatment with 400 ppm aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) delayed the ripening of ‘Bartlett’ pears kept at 20°C. The effect was not uniform, with the delay in ripening ranging from a few to 112 days. Prolonged storage at 20° was accompanied by a relatively steady, low level of respiration, gradual degreening, and partial suppression of the eventual climacteric. The combined effect of AVG treatment and prolonged ‘nonripening’ storage at 20° led to a marked attentuation of the production of 4 readily measurable volatiles including methyl-, ethyl-, and hexylacetate as identified by cochromatography and combined gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Surprisingly, prolonged storage resulted in a much increased production of 2 other volatile fractions when AVG inhibition was reversed by C2H4 treatment. The emanation of all measured volatiles was closely coincident with the climacteric peak. These observations confirm prior reports of disuniform effects of preharvest AVG treatment and reveal that metabolic transitions during prolonged, nonripening storage may have adverse effects on fruit quality.
Developmental Responses of Zinnia to Photoperiod
Authors: Boyle Thomas H. , Stimart Dennis P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Zinnia elegans Jacq. ‘Carved Ivory’, ‘Cherry Ruffles’, and ‘Rosy Future’ were grown under short days (SD) or long days (LD) to determine the effect of photoperiod on flower initiation and morphological development. Plants grown under LD (14, 16, 18, or 24 hours) were greater in height, leaf size, flower diameter, and node number and flowered later compared to plants grown under SD (8, 10, or 12 hours). The greatest increases in plant responses occurred between 12- and 14-hour treatments. Supplemental irradiation (day continuation, night break, and predawn lighting) resulted in LD responses but did not equally affect days to flowering, stem diameter, or node number. Height and ray petal number were greatest for all cultivars under day continuation and flower diameter was largest under day continuation and predawn lighting. More LD before SD resulted in increases in height, stem and flower diameter, node number, ray petal number, and days to flowering, indicating a cumulative effect of LD on morphological development. Results demonstrate that Z. elegans is a facultative SD plant for floral initiation and development and that photoperiodic responses vary between genotypes.
Root Regeneration of Liriodendron tulipifera in Response to Auxin, Stem Pruning, and Environmental Conditions
Authors: Kelly R.J. , Moser B.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Root regeneration of tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) was greater when seedlings were transplanted in the spring than in the fall. Indolebutyric acid–potassium salt (IBA) applied to the roots increased root regeneration with the greatest response at 1000 to 3000 mg liter−1 in the spring and 3000 mg liter−1 in the fall. Root regeneration and shoot growth increased as time of chilling at 2°C prior to transplanting increased from 0 to 1680 hours; 1008 hours satisfied the chilling requirement. Photoperiod did not directly influence root regeneration during either season. Root regeneration and shoot growth of shoot-pruned plants interacted with season, IBA treatment, and level of stem pruning. Decreasing sunlight intensity by 20%, 47%, or 74% reduced root regeneration and shoot growth. IBA improved root initiation over untreated plants at all light intensities tested, but subsequent growth of these roots decreased with decreased light.
Structure and Composition of Normal Skin (Periderm) and Wound Tissue from Cured Sweet Potatoes
Authors: Walter W.M. , Schadel W.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The initial response of the sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] to wounding involves deposition of a polymeric material on the inside of several layers of parenchyma cells at the site where the root’s protective periderm has been removed. Analysis of normal periderm and wound tissue indicate that the wound tissue is similar to the normal periderm with respect to aromatic components, but contains only 14% as much suberin.
Effects of Storage Procedures and Low Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Atmospheres on Storage Quality of ‘Spartan’ Apples
Authors: Lau O.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Spartan’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) kept in 1.0% O2 + 2.0% CO2 at 0°C for 6–9 months were firmer and had more acids than apples kept at standard commercial atmospheres of 2.5% O2 + 2.0% CO2. The high firmness and juice acidity associated with low O2 atmospheres persisted for 7 days in 20° air. Reduction of storage CO2 from 2.0% to 0.5% appreciably decreased firmness and increased incidence of core browning and scald in fruit stored at 2.5% O2 but not in those stored at 1.0% O2. No fruit injury or increased alcohol or off-flavor production resulted from the low O2 treatments; reduction of storage O2 from 2.5% to 1.0% decreased core browning in the fruit. Fruit stored in 1.0% to 2.5% O2 with a “rapid CA” procedure were firmer than those with a “slow CA” procedure immediately after removal from the storage, but this benefit disappeared in fruit from the 1.0% and 1.5% O2 atmospheres after an additional storage period of 28 days in 0° air and 7 days in 20° air.
Antitranspirant and Root and Canopy Pruning Effects on Mechanically Transplanted Eight-year-old ‘Murcott’ Citrus Trees
Authors: Castle William S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two groups of 8-year-old ‘Murcott’ [Citrus reticulata Blanco × C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck hybrid?] trees on rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) rootstock were transplanted with a Vermeer tree digger in March and July, respectively. Root and shoot pruning and a 2% (v/v) spray of a pinolene-based antitranspirant (Vapor Gard) formed the treatments either individually or in combination. Canopy size at transplanting had the greatest effect on tree water-stress and subsequent tree growth and yield. The antitranspirant and root pruning tended to reduce leaf water-stress, but the effects generally were small and nonsignificant. Root pruning also seemed to stimulate new root growth. After transplanting, roots grew 2 to 3 m beyond the soil ball in one year. Four years after transplanting there were virtually no differences in tree height or canopy volume. Cumulative yield was less for trees with 30% and 85% of their foliage removed as compared to those with 50% removed. Trees pruned 50% bore fruit the year after transplanting and consistently yielded more throughout the study.