bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Handle with Care: The WHO Report on Human Genome Editing
Authors: Cohen I. Glenn , Sherkow Jacob S. , Adashi Eli Y. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe World Health Organization’s recent Report on Human Genome Editing departs from similar reports from other institutions in that it recognizes that ethical assessments of the technology are deeply complex, surprisingly fragile, and subject to practical and political considerations. The WHO report largely recommends that human genome editing, rather than being accepted in some circumstances and banned in others, should be handled with care. The report recommends some oversight mechanisms—such as intellectual property licensing—previously undiscussed or underexplored in sister reports, and it recognizes that others—like international law—may be impractical. This essay explores how the report has shifted global considerations of governing human genome editing to more pragmatic ends.
Frequency‐specific coactivation patterns in resting‐state and their alterations in schizophrenia: An fMRI study
Authors: Yang Hang , Zhang Hong , Meng Chun , Wohlschläger Afra , Brandl Felix , Di Xin , Wang Shuai , Tian Lin , Biswal Bharat 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe resting‐state human brain is a dynamic system that shows frequency‐dependent characteristics. Recent studies demonstrate that coactivation pattern (CAP) analysis can identify recurring brain states with similar coactivation configurations. However, it is unclear whether and how CAPs depend on the frequency bands. The current study investigated the spatial and temporal characteristics of CAPs in the four frequency sub‐bands from slow‐5 (0.01–0.027 Hz), slow‐4 (0.027–0.073 Hz), slow‐3 (0.073–0.198 Hz), to slow‐2 (0.198–0.25 Hz), in addition to the typical low‐frequency range (0.01–0.08 Hz). In the healthy subjects, six CAP states were obtained at each frequency band in line with our prior study. Similar spatial patterns with the typical range were observed in slow‐5, 4, and 3, but not in slow‐2. While the frequency increased, all CAP states displayed shorter persistence, which caused more between‐state transitions. Specifically, from slow‐5 to slow‐4, the coactivation not only changed significantly in distributed cortical networks, but also increased in the basal ganglia as well as the amygdala. Schizophrenia patients showed significant alteration in the persistence of CAPs of slow‐5. Using leave‐one‐pair‐out, hold‐out and resampling validations, the highest classification accuracy (84%) was achieved by slow‐4 among different frequency bands. In conclusion, our findings provide novel information about spatial and temporal characteristics of CAP states at different frequency bands, which contributes to a better understanding of the frequency aspect of biomarkers for schizophrenia and other disorders.
Petrol prices and obesity
Authors: Prakash Kushneel , Awaworyi Churchill Sefa , Smyth Russell 
Published: April 2022

AbstractUsing 13 waves of longitudinal data from Australia, we examine the relationship between petrol prices and obesity. Applying panel data models that control for individual fixed effects and the endogeneity of petrol prices, our results suggest that petrol prices have a negative effect on obesity. Specifically, our preferred instrumental variable estimates, which instrument for petrol prices using the Arca Oil Stock price and control for individual and time fixed effects, suggest that a standard deviation increase in petrol prices generates a 0.006 standard deviation decline in body mass index, while a unit increase in petrol prices results in a 2 percentage point decrease in the probability that a survey participant is obese. These results are robust to several sensitivity checks. Back of the envelope calculations suggest that our results imply that a permanent $1 per liter increase in petrol prices would reduce the number of people who were obese by 672,000 and save $1.4 billion dollars in medical expenditure related to obesity every year. We also find that frequency of participation in physical activity and expenditure on meals eaten out are channels through which petrol prices affect obesity.
A numerical study of heat and mass transport by double‐diffusive magnetoconvection in an electrically conducting fluid under sinusoidal/non‐sinusoidal rotational modulation
Authors: Rudziva Munyaradzi , Sibanda Precious , Noreldin Osman A. I. , Goqo Sicelo P. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we study the effects of rotational modulation on heat and mass transport due to double‐diffusive magnetoconvection in an electrically conducting fluid. In the study, different modes of rotational modulation are considered. Using a perturbation method, a Ginzburg–Landau equation which is nonautonomous is obtained for the modulation amplitude. The effect of rotational modulation on the heat and mass transfer is studied. For the investigation of the effect of buoyancy ratio on the onset of convection, the system of Lorenz type equations is solved using the recent multistage spectral relaxation method. Furthermore, the influence of other fluid parameters on thermal convection and heat and mass transport is analyzed and presented graphically. We find among other results that the effect of increasing the Taylor number is to reduce the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. A comparison between the sinusoidal and non‐sinusoidal modes of rotational modulation on their influence on heat and mass transport in a magneto‐diffusive fluid layer is made. We show that the square wave rotational modulation is the most destabilizing type of modulation in the sense that it leads to the early onset of thermal instabilities while the triangular modulation is the most stabilizing type of modulation. The effect of the buoyancy ratio on the nature of the flow pattern has been determined using streamlines, isotherms, and isoconcentrations.
Individual heart rate assessment and bout analysis of vigorous physical activity in children
Authors: Van Camp Carole M. , Batchelder Sydney R. , Irwin Helvey Casey 
Published: April 2022

Children should engage in 1 hr/day of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) that results in increased heart rates (HRs) (CDC, 2022). However, precise individualized HR criteria for MVPA are not provided, and it is unclear whether observed behaviors classified as MVPA are associated with elevated HRs indicative of MVPA. The current study replicated an individualized heart rate assessment (IHRA) for identifying MVPA HR zones in children (Van Camp et al., 2021). We then evaluated whether engaging in vigorous PA (VPA) for half of the session resulted in HRs indicative of VPA for at least half of the session when children engaged in running for 30, 60, 90, and 120 s bouts. Individual differences were observed during the IHRA. During the bout analysis, HRs were not within VPA zones for 50% of the session. However, HRs were within moderate PA (MPA) zones, with 30 s bouts producing the highest percentages of MPA.
Construction of an algorithm based on oncosis‐related LncRNAs comprising the molecular subtypes and a risk assessment model in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Chen Hang , Zhou Chongchang , Hu Zeyang , Sang Menglu , Ni Saiqi , Wu Jiacheng , Pan Qiaoling , Tong Jingtao , Liu Kaitai , Li Ni , Zhu Linwen , Xu Guodong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundAs an important non‐apoptotic cell death method, oncosis has been reported to be closely associated with tumors in recent years. However, few research reported the relationship between oncosis and lung cancer.MethodsIn this study, we established an oncosis‐based algorithm comprised of cluster grouping and a risk assessment model to predict the survival outcomes and related tumor immunity of patients with lung adenocarcinomas (LUAD). We selected 11 oncosis‐related lncRNAs associated with the prognosis (CARD8‐AS1, LINC00941, LINC01137, LINC01116, AC010980.2, LINC00324, AL365203.2, AL606489.1, AC004687.1, HLA‐DQB1‐AS1, and AL590226.1) to divide the LUAD patients into different clusters and different risk groups. Compared with patients in clsuter1, patients in cluster2 had a survival advantage and had a relatively more active tumor immunity. Subsequently, we constructed a risk assessment model to distinguish between patients into different risk groups, in which low‐risk patients tend to have a better prognosis. GO enrichment analysis revealed that the risk assessment model was closely related to immune activities. In addition, low‐risk patients tended to have a higher content of immune cells and stromal cells in tumor microenvironment, higher expression of PD‐1, CTLA‐4, HAVCR2, and were more sensitive to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including PD‐1/CTLA‐4 inhibitors. The risk score had a significantly positive correlation with tumor mutation burden (TMB). The survival curve of the novel oncosis‐based algorithm suggested that low‐risk patients in cluster2 have the most obvious survival advantage.ConclusionThe novel oncosis‐based algorithm investigated the prognosis and the related tumor immunity of patients with LUAD, which could provide theoretical support for customized individual treatment for LUAD patients.
Ultrasound‐assisted ocular drug delivery: A review of current evidence
Authors: Yang Christopher D. , Jessen Jordan , Lin Ken Y. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEfficient ocular drug delivery is a challenging clinical problem with various therapeutic options but no clearly preferred methodology. Given the ubiquity of ultrasound as a diagnostic technique, the safety profile of ultrasound in an ocular context, and the prospect of custom‐made ultrasound‐sensitive contrast agents, ultrasound presents an attractive ocular drug delivery modality. In this review, we evaluate our present understanding of ultrasound as it relates to ocular drug delivery and significant knowledge gaps in the field. In doing so, we hope to call attention to a potentially novel drug delivery pathway that could be manipulated to treat or cure ocular diseases.
The effect of biogas ebullition on ammonia emissions from animal manure–processing lagoons
Authors: Weaver Kim H. , Harper Lowry A. , De Visscher Alex , van Cleemput Oswald 
Published: April 2022

AbstractVarious models have been developed to determine ammonia (NH3) emissions from animal manure–processing lagoons to enable relatively simple estimations of emissions. These models allow estimation of actual emissions without intensive field measurements or “one‐size‐fits‐all” emission factors. Two mechanisms for lagoon NH3 emissions exist: (a) diffusive gas exchange from the water surface and (b) mass‐flow (bubble transport) from NH3 contained within the ebullition gas bubble (as it rises to the surface) produced from anaerobic decomposition of organic matter. The purpose of this research is to determine whether gas ebullition appreciably affects NH3 emissions and therefore should be considered in emissions models. Specifically, NH3 mass‐flow emissions were calculated and compared with calculated diffusive NH3 emissions. Mass‐flow NH3 emissions were evaluated based on a two‐film model, in connection with the acid dissociation constant of ammonium, to predict the degree of NH3 gas saturation within the bubbles. Average daily ammoniacal nitrogen concentration, pH, and measured biological gas production (ebullition) in conjunction with literature values for Henry's law constant were used to calculate emissions from NH3 saturation of ebullition gases. Ebullition enhancement of NH3 surface emissions due to increased turbulence was estimated from average lagoon ebullition rates and literature values of turbulence enhancement. Ebullition enhancement of NH3 surface emissions and ebullition mass‐flow NH3 emissions was determined to be <10% and <0.052%, respectively, of total NH3 emissions. Therefore, because ebullition effects are small, they may be neglected when developing process models to estimate NH3 emissions from water surfaces of swine manure processing lagoons.
Two years after lockdown: reviewing the effects of COVID‐19 on health services and support for adolescents living with HIV in South Africa
Authors: van Staden Quintin , Laurenzi Christina A. , Toska Elona 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionSouth Africa's progress towards the 95‐95‐95 goals has been significantly slower among adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV), among whom antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, retention in care and viral suppression remain a concern. After 2 years of living with COVID‐19, it is important to examine the direct and indirect effects of the pandemic on healthcare resources, access to HIV services and availability of support structures, to assess their impact on HIV care for ALHIV.DiscussionThe COVID‐19 response in South Africa has shifted healthcare resources towards combatting COVID‐19, affecting the quality and availability of HIV services—especially for vulnerable populations, such as ALHIV. The healthcare system's response to COVID‐19 has threatened to diminish fragile gains in engaging ALHIV with HIV services, especially as this group relies on overburdened public health facilities for their HIV care. Reallocation of limited health resources utilized by ALHIV disrupted healthcare workers’ capacity to form and maintain therapeutic relationships with ALHIV and monitor ALHIV for ART‐related side effects, treatment difficulties and mental health conditions, affecting their ability to retain ALHIV in HIV care. Prevailing declines in HIV surveillance meant missed opportunities to identify and manage opportunistic infections and HIV disease progression in adolescents. “Lockdown” restrictions have limited access to healthcare facilities and healthcare workers for ALHIV by reducing clinic appointments and limiting individual movement. ALHIV have had restricted access to social, psychological and educational support structures, including national feeding schemes. This limited access, coupled with reduced opportunities for routine maternal and sexual and reproductive health services, may place adolescent girls at greater risk of transactional sex, child marriages, unintended pregnancy and mother‐to‐child HIV transmission.ConclusionsAdolescent HIV care in South Africa is often overlooked; however, ART adherence among ALHIV in South Africa is particularly susceptible to the consequences of a world transformed by COVID‐19. The current structures in place to support HIV testing, ART initiation and adherence have been reshaped by disruptions to health structures, new barriers to access health services and the limited available education and psychosocial support systems. Reflecting on these limitations can drive considerations for minimizing these barriers and retaining ALHIV in HIV care.
Evaluation of a bivalent recombinant vaccine candidate targeting norovirus and rotavirus: Antibodies to rotavirus NSP4 exert antidiarrheal effects without virus neutralization
Authors: Cao Han , Wu Jinyuan , Luan Ning , Wang Yunfei , Lin Kangyang , Liu Cunbao 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe previously found that when tandemly expressed with SR69A‐VP8*, nonstructural protein 4 (NSP4) of the rotavirus Wa strain exerts a minor effect on elevating the antibody responses targeting the rotavirus antigen VP8* of the 60‐valent nanoparticle SR69A‐VP8* but could fully protect mice from diarrhea induced by the rotavirus strain Wa. In this study, we chose comparably less immunogenic norovirus 24‐valent P particles with homogenous (i.e., VP8* from rotavirus) and heterogeneous (i.e., protruding domain of norovirus) antigens and in more challenging rotavirus SA11 strain‐induced diarrhea mouse models to evaluate its main role in recombinant gastroenteritis virus‐specific vaccines. The results showed that although as an adjuvant NSP4 exerted limited effects on the elevation of norovirus‐specific or VP8*‐specific neutralizing antibody production, as an antigen it could confer potent protection, particularly when synergized with VP8*, in rotavirus SA11 strain‐induced diarrhea mouse models, possibly blocking the invasion of the intestinal wall by enterotoxin. NSP4 may be unnecessary for other recombinant vaccines as adjuvants, and its display mode should be evaluated specifically to avoid blocking coexpressed antigens in the norovirus P particles.
Evaluation of a new “all in one” SARS‐CoV‐2 antigen‐detecting rapid diagnostic test and self‐test: Diagnostic performance and usability in child and adult populations
Authors: Prazuck Thierry , Gravier Anne , Pires‐Roteira Daniela , Theillay Aurelie , Pallay Sandra , Colin Mathilda , Serreau Raphael , Hocqueloux Laurent , Cassuto Nino Guy 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe control of the COVID‐19 epidemics has been one global health priorities for the last 2 years. To that end, more reliable and easy‐to‐use, regardless of age, diagnostic tests are necessary. Considering that, we evaluated an innovative two‐step self‐test, the AAZ COVID‐VIRO ALL IN®, switching from the classic nasal swab to a nasal sponge. We performed a multicenter study, on 124 adults and children, in a point‐of‐care setting. Sensitivity, specificity and overall acceptance of the COVID‐VIRO ALL IN® self‐test compared to reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) on nasopharyngeal samples were of 93.0%, 100%, and 97.5%, respectively. We then performed a multicenter, usability study to evaluate the ease of use of COVID‐VIRO ALL IN® on 68 laypersons adults. A vast majority of participants correctly executed and interpreted the test. The usability was then specifically investigated on 40 children and teenagers, comparing COVID‐VIRO® first generation to the new COVID‐VIRO ALL IN®. They all found COVID‐VIRO ALL IN® more comfortable and easier to use. For young children, the new self‐test seems safer (less risk of trauma and no liquid exposure), and faster than saliva‐based RT‐PCR. Moreover, the COVID‐VIRO ALL IN® can easily be adapted as a multiplex self‐test for other respiratory viruses, opening new perspectives of simultaneous, rapid and massive detection of respiratory infections, especially among vulnerable populations like children and elderly people.
Coinfection of leptospirosis and coronavirus disease 2019: A retrospective case series from a coastal region in South India
Authors: Gupta Nitin , Wilson William , Ravindra Prithvishree , Raghu Roshini , Saravu Kavitha 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDuring the monsoon season of 2020, the coastal areas of South India were endemic to both leptospirosis and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). This study aimed to investigate the clinical features and outcomes of patients infected with both infections. A retrospective review of charts of all patients with COVID‐19 who were also diagnosed with leptospirosis by immunoglobulin M enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was undertaken. The clinical features, laboratory report, treatment details, and outcomes of all the included patients were recorded. The collected data were summarized as the frequency with percentage for categorical data and the mean or median for continuous data. Twenty‐four cases of coinfections were admitted between July and November 2020. Most of these patients were categorized as severe COVID‐19 (n = 15, 62.5%). Acute kidney injury was seen in 79.2% (n = 19) patients, while raised bilirubin was present in 79.2% (n = 19) of the patients. All patients had raised C‐reactive protein, while all but one had raised procalcitonin. Thrombocytopenia, leucocytosis, and leukocytopenia were seen in 91.7% (n = 22), 45.8% (n = 11), and 12.5% (n = 3) of the patients. The median duration of hospital stay was 11 (8.25–15) days. A total of 79.2% (n = 19) of the patients improved and were discharged, while 20.8% (n = 5) died during the hospital stay. In conclusion, patients with fever and atypical manifestations such as hepatic dysfunction, renal dysfunction, and thrombocytopenia should be evaluated for leptospirosis even if they are COVID positive.
Birds as indicators of early Holocene biodiversity and the seasonal nature of human activity at WF16, an early Neolithic site in Faynan, Southern Jordan
Authors: Mithen Steven , White Judith , Finlayson Bill , Greet Ben , Khoury Fares 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBirds are useful indicators of biodiversity. Their bones have been used for reconstructing the local environments and seasonality of human activity at Epipalaeolithic and early Neolithic sites in south‐west Asia. We consider the bird bones from WF16, an early Neolithic settlement in southern Jordan, currently located in an arid environment. The settlement has elaborate pisé‐built architecture and material culture. The species represented in the WF16 avian assemblage suggest the environment was considerably wetter and more wooded than today, supporting the idea that early Holocene communities targeted locations with abundant and diverse resources. However, while the range of species at WF16 is equivalent to that found at other Epipalaeolithic and early Neolithic sites in the region, the diversity of the assemblage is strikingly limited, with a heavy dominance of raptors, notably buzzards. We suggest an annual pattern of seasonally based activities, with a relatively small resident population drawing on supplies of water during the winter months for constructing and maintaining site architecture and spring/autumn gatherings of people from across the region to hunt migratory raptors and undertake performance and ceremony at the settlement.
Utilizing low oxygen to mitigate resistance of stored product insects to phosphine
Authors: Agrafioti Paraskevi , Kaloudis Efstathios , Athanassiou Christos G 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDData are provided on the utilization of modified atmospheres, at a commercial scale, against stored product insect populations that are resistant to phosphine. The method is evaluated on different populations of two major stored‐product beetle species, Rhyzopertha dominica and Oryzaephilus surinamensis. The trials were carried out in commercial facilities, in which nitrogen was introduced through an embedded nitrogen generator. Each chamber contained three or four pallets of either currants or herbs. A computational model was developed to evaluate the nitrogen concentration.RESULTSIn most trials, 100% mortality was recorded for both beetle species and all populations, regardless of the temperature and exposure intervals tested. Control progeny production ranged between 20 and 45 adults per vial for R. dominica, and 29 and 27 adults per vial for O. surinamensis. Simulation results reveal that nitrogen can easily penetrate the currants, and its concentration is uniform (differences are below 1.5%) across the pallet. Additionally, the simulation model revealed that lower temperatures do not have an impact on the nitrogen concentration profiles.CONCLUSIONSThe modified atmosphere applications evaluated here were proved to be effective for all populations, regardless of the level of resistance to phosphine, and any survival could be attributed to the short exposure intervals. Modified atmosphere applications can be effective at a considerably short exposure interval, even at 2.5 days, which is an incontestable advantage for the use of this method against insects, at exposures comparable with those of commercial fumigations. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Realization of ultra‐high‐efficient fluorescent blue OLED
Authors: Tasaki Satomi , Nishimura Kazuki , Toyoshima Hiroaki , Masuda Tetsuya , Nakamura Masato , Nakano Yuki , Itoi Hiroaki , Kambe Emiko , Kawamura Yuichiro , Kuma Hitoshi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe bilayer structure for an emitting layer (EML) was developed to improve performances of a fluorescence blue organic light emitting diode. By functionally separating the EML into the charge recombination and the triplet–triplet fusion (TTF) zone, we successfully suppressed the quenching of triplet excitons by excess carriers to make more TTF efficient and the local degradation within the EML to make the lifetime longer. In the bottom emission device with the bilayer EML, 12% of external quantum efficiency (EQE) and 450 h of LT95 were achieved. Furthermore, we achieved over 14% of EQE by optimizing the material combinations.