bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical Microwave Scintillometer Evaporation Measurements over a Saline Lake in a Heterogeneous Setting in the Atacama Desert
Authors: Lobos-Roco Felipe , Hartogensis Oscar , Arellano Jordi Vilà-Guerau de , Aguirre Francisca , Fuente Alberto de la , Suárez Francisco 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Estimating lake evaporation is a challenge due to both practical considerations and theoretical assumptions embedded in indirect methods. For the first time, we evaluated measurements from an optical microwave scintillometer (OMS) system over an open-water body under arid conditions. The OMS is a line-of-sight remote sensing technique that can be used to measure the sensible and latent heat fluxes over horizontal areas with pathlengths ranging from 0.5 to 10 km. We installed an OMS at a saline lake surrounded by a wet-salt crust in the Salar del Huasco, a heterogeneous desert landscape in the Atacama Desert. As a reference, we used eddy covariance systems installed over the two main surfaces in the OMS footprint. We performed a footprint analysis to reconstruct the surface contribution to the OMS measured fluxes (80% water and 20% wet salt). Furthermore, we investigated the applicability of the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST), which was needed to infer fluxes from the OMS-derived structure parameters to the fluxes. The OMS structure parameters and MOST were compromised, which we mitigated by fitting MOST coefficients to the site conditions. We argue that the MOST deviation from values found in the literature is due to the effects of the surface heterogeneity and the nonlocal processes induced by regional circulation. With the available dataset we were not able to rule out instrument issues, such as additional fluctuations to the scintillation signal due to absorption or the effect of vibration in high-wind conditions. The adjusted MOST coefficients lowered by a factor of 1.64 compared to using standard MOST coefficients. For H and LυE, we obtained zero-intercept linear regressions with correlations, R2, of 0.92 and 0.96, respectively. We conclude that advances in MOST are needed to successfully apply the OMS method in landscapes characterized by complex heterogeneity such as the Salar del Huasco.
Urbanization Effects on Rainfall Processes Induced by Landfalling Typhoon Lekima (2019) over the Shanghai Metropolitan Area
Authors: Ao Xiangyu , Yue Caijun , Yang Xuchao , Deng Lin , Huang Wei 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Urbanization effects on rainfall induced by landfalling tropical cyclones have rarely been studied. Here high-resolution numerical simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting/Noah/Single-layer urban canopy model system (WRF/SLUCM) are conducted to investigate impacts of urban land cover and building heights on heavy rainfall induced by landfalling Typhoon Lekima (2019) over the Megacity Shanghai. The default single urban category in WRF was updated to a new land cover data with three urban categories. Results indicate that WRF/SLUCM captures the typhoon intensity, track and total rainfall amount quite well. Urbanization has a small positive effect on rainfall amount for this event. However, urbanization has a significant impact on the spatial distribution of the accumulated rainfall with enhancement not confined over the urban area but mainly to the southwest of Shanghai possibly due to the changes of the typhoon tracks. With the impact of typhoon Lekima, the urban heat island disappears, indicating that the thermal effect of urbanization has limited influence on the rainfall processes. The model performance is very sensitive to the building height. More realistic building height values can noticeably improve simulations of the diurnal patterns of rainfall, urban heat island and the urban wind speed stilling effect. With the rising of building heights, the surface frictional dynamic effect and vertical uplift is enhanced, but seems not enough to evidently intensify the rainfall. The simulated lower level large moisture flux convergence corresponds well to rainfall peaks. This study has important scientific significance for the accuracy of rainfall forecast of landfalling typhoons and disaster mitigation in cities.
Improving station-based ensemble surface meteorological analyses using numerical weather prediction: A case study of the Oroville Dam crisis precipitation event
Authors: Bunn Patrick T.W. , Wood Andrew W. , Newman Andrew J. , Chang Hsin-I , Castro Christopher L. , Clark Martyn P. , Arnold Jeffrey R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Surface meteorological analyses serve a wide range of research and applications, including forcing inputs for hydrological and ecological models, climate analysis, and resource and emergency management. Quantifying uncertainty in such analyses would extend their utility for probabilistic hydrologic prediction and climate risk applications. With this motivation, we enhance and evaluate an approach for generating ensemble analyses of precipitation and temperature through the fusion of station observations, terrain information, and numerical weather prediction simulations of surface climate fields. In particular, we expand a spatial regression in which static terrain attributes serve as predictors for spatially distributed 1/16th degree daily surface precipitation and temperature by including forecast outputs from the High-Resolution Rapid Refresh (HRRR) numerical weather prediction model as additional predictors. We demonstrate the approach for a case study domain of California, focusing on the meteorological conditions leading to the 2017 flood and spillway failure event at Lake Oroville. The approach extends the spatial regression capability of the Gridded Meteorological Ensemble Tool (GMET) and also adds cross-validation to the uncertainty estimation component, enabling the use of predictive rather than calibration uncertainty. In evaluation against out-of-sample station observations, the HRRR-based predictors alone are found to be skillful for the study setting, leading to overall improvements in the enhanced GMET meteorological analyses. The methodology and associated tool represent a promising method for generating meteorological surface analyses for both research-oriented and operational applications, as well as a general strategy for merging in situ and gridded observations.
Selection Optimal Method of Evaporation Duct Model Based on Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Qiu Zhijin , Hu Tong , Wang Bo , Zou Jing , Li Zhiqian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The evaporation duct is an abnormal refractive phenomenon with wide distribution and frequency occurrence at the boundary between the atmosphere and the ocean, which directly affects electromagnetic wave propagation. In recent years, the use of meteorological and hydrological data to predict the evaporation duct height has become an emerging and promising approach. There are some evaporation duct models that have been proposed based on the Monin–Obukhov similarity theory. However, each model adopts different stability functions and roughness length parameterization methods, so the prediction accuracies are different under different environmental conditions. To improve the prediction accuracy of the evaporation duct under different environmental conditions, a model selection optimization method (MSOM) of the evaporation duct model is proposed based on sensitivity analysis. According to the sensitivity of each model to input parameters analyzed by the sensor observation accuracy, curve graph, and Sobol sensitivity, the model input parameters are divided into several intervals. Then the optimization model is selected in different intervals. The model was established using numerical simulation data from local areas in the South China Sea, and its accuracy was verified by the observational data from the offshore observation platform located in the South China Sea. The results show that the MSOM can effectively improve the prediction accuracy of the evaporation duct height. Under unstable conditions, the maximum relative error is reduced by 7.1%, and under stable conditions, the relative error is reduced by 10.7%.

Significance Statement
The evaporation duct height has a significant effect on marine radar or wireless apparatus applications. To obtain the evaporation duct height, there are some evaporation duct models that have been proposed. However, different evaporation duct models are applicable to different meteorological and hydrological environments. A single model cannot achieve accurate evaporation duct height predictions in all environments. We propose a model selection optimization method of the evaporation duct model based on sensitivity analysis. This method can dynamically select the optimal model according to different meteorological and hydrological environment, and improve the prediction accuracy of the evaporation duct height. Under unstable conditions, the maximum relative error is reduced by 7.1%, and under stable conditions, the relative error is reduced by 10.7%.
Turbulent Fluxes and Surface Meteorology during the Landfall of Four Typhoons in the South China Sea
Authors: Huang Huijun , Huang Jian , Liao Fei , Mao Weikang , Liu Chunxia , Wen Guanhuan , Huang Ling , Zhou Mingsen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
We examine landfall of four typhoons in the South China Sea to better understand their air–land and air–sea energy exchanges at both an inland site and a nearby oversea observational site, comparing the exchanges to those during the monsoon period. We found the following: 1) Counter-gradient sensible heat fluxes could occur for all wind directions. For the latent heat, counter-gradient flux occurred at the inland site mainly with onshore winds. At the oversea site, such flux regularly occurred during the typhoons as well as during rainy periods in the monsoon. 2) Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) fits the inland and oversea cases well for only the vertical and horizontal wind speeds. Also, the nondimensional vertical gradient of wind speed had larger MOST parameter values over sea than inland. 3) Inland, when the wind speed increased, the downward heat flux from air to ground increased. 4) When the typhoon center was distant, the oversea latent heat flux was larger than that during the monsoon period. However, when the typhoon center was nearby, the latent heat flux was smaller. We suggest that the observed heat flux behavior over sea may arise from boundary layer rolls and sea spray during a typhoon with rainfall, but significant gaps exist in the latent heat flux data from the two stronger typhoons. 5) Detailed measurements of Typhoons Vicente and Kai-tak suggest two mechanisms for their SST decrease: Vicente had a wind-driven upwelling and mixing of the sea’s upper layer, whereas Kai-tak had a much stronger wind-driven vertical turbulent mixing, resulting in whole-layer mixing and less cooling than Vicente.

Significance Statement
The energy exchanges of air–land and air–sea during a typhoon landfall remain unclear. To investigate these exchanges, we studied four typhoons using two coastal observational sites (inland and over sea). When the site has no rainfall and is far away from the typhoon center, the latent heat flux is much larger than that in the monsoon period. However, when a typhoon is closer and has high winds and rainfall, a greater variation in heat fluxes occurs with larger negative and positive values. The variation results in a small average sensible heat flux and more uncertainty in the latent heat flux. Such complex heat flux transfer over sea may be due to boundary layer rolls and sea spray during a typhoon with rainfall.
Real-Time Simulated Storm Surge Predictions during Hurricane Michael (2018)
Authors: Bilskie M. V. , Asher T. G. , Miller P. W. , Fleming J. G. , Hagen S. C. , Luettich Jr. R. A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Storm surge caused by tropical cyclones can cause overland flooding and lead to loss of life while damaging homes, businesses, and critical infrastructure. In 2018, Hurricane Michael made landfall near Mexico Beach, Florida, on 10 October with peak wind speeds near 71.9 m s−1 (161 mph) and storm surge over 4.5 m NAVD88. During Hurricane Michael, water levels and waves were predicted near–real time using a deterministic, depth-averaged, high-resolution ADCIRC+SWAN model of the northern Gulf of Mexico. The model was forced with an asymmetrical parametric vortex model [generalized asymmetric Holland model (GAHM)] based on Michael’s National Hurricane Center (NHC) forecast track and strength. The authors report errors between simulated and observed water level time series, peak water level, and timing of peak for NHC advisories. Forecasts of water levels were within 0.5 m of observations, and the timing of peak water levels was within 1 h as early as 48 h before Michael’s eventual landfall. We also examined the effect of adding far-field meteorology in our TC vortex model for use in real-time forecasts. In general, we found that including far-field meteorology by blending the TC vortex with a basin-scale NWP product improved water level forecasts. However, we note that divergence between the NHC forecast track and the forecast track of the meteorological model supplying the far-field winds represents a potential limitation to operationalizing a blended wind field surge product. The approaches and data reported herein provide a transparent assessment of water level forecasts during Hurricane Michael and highlight potential future improvements for more accurate predictions.
Risk of vaso-occlusive episode after exposure to corticosteroids in patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: Walter Ondine , Cougoul Pierre , Maquet Julien , Bartolucci Pablo , Lapeyre-Mestre Maryse , Lafaurie Margaux , Moulis Guillaume 
Published: April 2022

AbstractVaso-occlusive episodes (VOEs) are a major concern in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD). Exposure to systemic corticosteroids has been suspected to increase the occurrence of VOEs in case reports or series. No comparative study has been conducted to investigate this risk, which is still debated. Several clinical trials demonstrated the effectiveness of corticosteroids for the treatment of VOEs, but with increased rates of readmission. The aim of the study was to assess the risk of hospitalization for VOE associated with exposure to systemic corticosteroids in patients with SCD. We used a case-case-time-control design in a nationwide population-based cohort built in the French national health insurance database between 2010 and 2018. The population included all patients with SCD with at least 1 hospitalization for VOE. Corticosteroids were identified using out-of-hospital dispensing data. The outcome was the first hospitalization for VOE. The case-case-time-control design induces self-adjustment for time-invariant confounders, including genotype. Analyses were adjusted for time-dependent confounders (infections, red blood transfusions) and stratified by exposure to hydroxyurea. Overall, 5151 patients were included in the main analysis. Corticosteroid exposure was significantly associated with the occurrence of hospitalizations for VOEs: adjusted odds ratio, 3.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4-5.6). In patients exposed to hydroxyurea, the adjusted odds ratio was 2.6 (95% CI, 1.1-6.4); it was 4.0 (95% CI, 2.5-6.3) in unexposed patients. These results were consistent in children and adults. In conclusion, systemic corticosteroids were associated to an increased risk of hospitalization for VOEs and should be limited in patients with SCD.
Cardiopulmonary ultrasound correlates of pleural effusions in patients with congestive heart failure
Authors: Li Hong , Chen Jian , Hu Ping-xiang 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundPleural effusions are common in patients with congestive heart failure. However, there is a need to assess systematically the correlation between effusion volume, extravascular lung water and echocardiographic parameters. We used combined cardiopulmonary ultrasound to evaluate the relationship between effusion volume, extravascular lung water, and echocardiographic parameters in patients with congestive heart failure.MethodsPatients who were hospitalized for congestive heart failure underwent combined cardiopulmonary ultrasound. A semiquantitative score of pleural effusions was derived by pulmonary ultrasound and extravascular lung water was estimated by ultrasound lung comets. The measurements were compared with echocardiographic and clinical results.ResultsAmong 168 patients (median age 66 years, 69.6% men), 102 (60.7%) had pleural effusions, 84.3% bilateral, 10.8% right-sided, and 4.9% left-sided. High pleural effusion scores were associated with high ultrasound lung comet scores (P < 0.0001). Compared with patients without pleural effusions, patients with pleural effusions were significantly older and had higher systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP), NT-proBNP, New York Heart Association scale, larger left atrium, larger right ventricle, more severe mitral regurgitation, and worse left and right heart function. Adjusted for age, multiple logistic regression analysis showed that SPAP (OR 5.688,P = 0.006) and E/A (OR 3.941,P = 0.043) were the significant variables and risk factors associated with pleural effusions in heart failure.ConclusionFor patients with left heart failure, the degree of pleural effusions was associated with pulmonary congestion. Elevated SPAP and E/A were the main risk factors for the formation of pleural effusions in patients with congestive heart failure.
Association of physical activity with the incidence of atrial fibrillation in persons > 65 years old: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study
Authors: Fletcher Grace , Alam Aniqa B. , Li Linzi , Norby Faye L. , Chen Lin Y. , Soliman Elsayed Z. , Alonso Alvaro 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Aims
To evaluate the association of physical activity (PA) with atrial fibrillation (AF) incidence in an elderly population.

Methods
We studied 5166 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities cohort examined in 2011–2013 free of AF. Self-reported PA was evaluated with a validated questionnaire. Weekly minutes of leisure-time moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were calculated and categorized using the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans (no activity [0 min/week], low [> 0– < 150 min/week], adequate [150– < 300 min/week], high [≥ 300 min/week]). Incident AF through 2019 was ascertained from hospital discharges and death certificates. Cox models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for AF by levels of physical activity adjusting for potential confounders.

Results
The mean (SD) age for the sample was 75 (5) years (59% female, 22% Black). During a mean (SD) follow-up time of 6.3 (2.0) years, 703 AF events were identified. The association of MVPA with AF incidence showed a U-shaped relationship. Compared to those not engaging in MVPA, individuals with low MVPA had a 23% lower hazard of AF (HR = 0.77; 95% CI 0.61, 0.96), while those with adequate MVPA had a 14% lower hazard (HR 0.86; 95% CI 0.69, 1.06). High levels of MVPA were not associated with AF risk (HR 0.97; 95% CI 0.78, 1.20).

Conclusion
This study suggests that being involved in low to moderate levels of MVPA is associated with lower AF risk, with no evidence of increased risk of AF in those with higher levels of MVPA.
The reporting and handling of missing data in longitudinal studies of older adults is suboptimal: a methodological survey of geriatric journals
Authors: Okpara Chinenye , Edokwe Chidozie , Ioannidis George , Papaioannou Alexandra , Adachi Jonathan D. , Thabane Lehana 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Missing data are common in longitudinal studies, and more so, in studies of older adults, who are susceptible to health and functional decline that limit completion of assessments. We assessed the extent, current reporting, and handling of missing data in longitudinal studies of older adults.

Methods
Medline and Embase databases were searched from 2015 to 2019 for publications on longitudinal observational studies conducted among persons ≥55 years old. The search was restricted to 10 general geriatric journals published in English. Reporting and handling of missing data were assessed using questions developed from the recommended standards. Data were summarised descriptively as frequencies and proportions.

Results
A total of 165 studies were included in the review from 7032 identified records. In approximately half of the studies 97 (62.5%), there was either no comment on missing data or unclear descriptions. The percentage of missing data varied from 0.1 to 55%, with a 14% average among the studies that reported having missing data. Complete case analysis was the most common method for handling missing data with nearly 75% of the studies (n = 52) excluding individual observations due to missing data, at the initial phase of study inclusion or at the analysis stage. Of the 10 studies where multiple imputation was used, only 1 (10.0%) study followed the guideline for reporting the procedure fully using online supplementary documents.

Conclusion
The current reporting and handling of missing data in longitudinal observational studies of older adults are inadequate. Journal endorsement and implementation of guidelines may potentially improve the quality of missing data reporting. Further, authors should be encouraged to use online supplementary files to provide additional details on how missing data were addressed, to allow for more transparency and comprehensive appraisal of studies.
Integrating BRAFV600E mutation, ultrasonic and clinicopathologic characteristics for predicting the risk of cervical central lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Zheng , Zhang Xin , Yin Yifei , Zhao Shuangshuang , Wang Keke , Shang Mengyuan , Chen Baoding , Wu Xincai 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
The advantages of prophylactic central lymph node dissection (CLND) for clinically node-negative patients remained a great deal of controversies. Our research was aimed to analyze the relationship between cervical central lymph node metastasis (CLNM) and BRAFV600E mutation, ultrasonic and clinicopathologic characterizes in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC).

Methods and materials
In current study, a total of 112 consecutive PTC patients who experienced thyroidectomy plus cervical central neck dissection were included in our research. All PTC were pre-operatively analyzed by ultrasonic features, including tumor size, multifocality or not, tumor location, internal components, echogenicity, microcalcification, margins, orientation, taller than wide shape, and internal vascularity. The presence of clinicopathologic factors, including age, sex, T stage, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and BRAFV600E mutation was then investigated. Univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted to check into the relationship between predictive factors and cervical CLNM in PTC patients, and then a predictive model was also established.

Results
Pathologically, 58.0% (65/112) of the PTC patients harbored cervical CLNM. Univariate and multivariate analysis were conducted to identify age < 55 years, tumor size > 10 mm, microcalcification, non-concomitant Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and BRAFV600E mutation were predictive factors for cervical CLNM in PTC. The risk score for cervical CLNM in PTC patients was calculated: risk score = 1.284 × (if age < 55 years) + 1.241 × (if tumor size > 10 mm) + 1.143 × (if microcalcification) – 2.097 × (if concomitant Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) + 1.628 × (if BRAFV600E mutation).

Conclusion
Age < 55 years old, PTC > 10 mm, microcalcification, non-concomitant Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and BRAFV600E mutation are predictive factors for cervical CLNM. BRAFV600E mutation by pre-operative US-FNA technology synergized with clinicopathologic and ultrasonic features is expected to guide the appropriate surgical management for PTC patients.