bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Analytical Studies for the Size Effect on the Axial Strength of High-Strength Concrete Walls with Various Fire-Damaged Areas
Authors: Chun Yeonju , Ryu Eunmi , Lee Yeokyeong , Kim Heesun , Shin Yeongsoo 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of fire-damaged areas associated with wall width on the axial strength of fire-damaged reinforced concrete (RC) walls. Toward that goal, Finite Element (FE) models of RC walls in real scale are generated with various wall widths of (600, 1500, and 3000) mm and number of heated surfaces such as half-surface, single-surface and double-surfaces. For the analyses, experiments are used to obtain temperature distributions inside the walls depending on the fire-damaged areas, and to validate the FE models. The analytical results show that the axial strength of the fire-damaged wall increases linearly with the wall width, except that the ratios of axial force to wall width showed slightly off from the average for the case of walls heated on half of the surface. Using the axial strength data of fire-damaged concrete walls obtained from the current and previous studies, regression analysis is conducted to estimate axial strength reduction ratios of fire-damaged concrete walls, considering various influencing parameters, such as concrete strength, fire-damaged areas, wall width and height. As a conclusion, multiple linear regression formulations from the regressions analyses are able to estimate axial strength reduction ratios of the fire-damaged concrete walls considering various influencing parameters of the wall size, concrete strength and fire-damaged area and the estimations showed good agreements with the data collected from experiments and FE analyses.
Gut microbiome of century-old snail specimens stable across time in preservation
Authors: Chalifour Bridget N. , Elder Leanne E. , Li Jingchun 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Museum biological specimens provide a unique means of gathering ecological information that spans wide temporal ranges. Museum specimens can also provide information on the microbial communities that persist within the host specimen. Together, these provide researchers valuable opportunities to study long-term trends and mechanisms of microbial community change. The effects of decades-long museum preservation on host-microbial communities have not been systematically assessed. The University of Colorado’s Museum of Natural History has densely sampled Oreohelix strigosa (Rocky Mountainsnail) for the past century; many are preserved in ethanol, which provides an excellent opportunity to explore how the microbiome changes across time in preservation.

Results
We used 16S rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) gene amplicon sequencing to examine Oreohelix strigosa gut microbiomes from museum specimens across a 98-year range, as well as within short-term preservation treatments collected in 2018. Treatment groups included samples extracted fresh, without preservation; samples starved prior to extraction; and samples preserved for 1 month, 6 months, and 9 months. General microbiome composition was similar across all years. Sample groups belonging to specific years, or specific short-term treatments, showed unique associations with select bacterial taxa. Collection year was not a significant predictor of microbial richness, though unpreserved short-term treatments showed significantly higher richness than preserved treatments. While the year was a significant factor in microbiome composition, it did not explain much of the variation across samples. The location was a significant driver of community composition and explained more of the variability.

Conclusions
This study is the first to examine animal host-associated microbiome change across a period of nearly one century. Generally, geographic location was a greater factor in shaping gut microbiome composition, rather than a year collected. Consistent patterns across this temporal range indicate that historic specimens can answer many ecological questions surrounding the host-associated microbiome.
Refractory postoperative Staphylococcus hominis bacteremia in a patient with an ACTH-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm: a case report
Authors: Muraki Ryuta , Morita Yoshifumi , Tatsuta Kyota , Ida Shinya , Kitajima Ryo , Hirotsu Amane , Takeda Makoto , Kikuchi Hirotoshi , Hiramatsu Yoshihiro , Fukazawa Atsuko , Kuroda Go , Kakizawa Keisuke , Takeuchi Hiroya 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Staphylococcus hominis (S. hominis) is an opportunistic pathogen that is often highly resistant to antibiotics and is difficult to treat. In patients diagnosed with an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-producing tumor that compromises the immune system due to hypercortisolemia, cancer treatment and infection control should be considered simultaneously. This report presents a case of refractory postoperative S. hominis bacteremia requiring the prolonged administration of several antibiotics in a patient with an ACTH-producing pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (pNEN).

Case presentation
A 35-year-old man visited a neighboring hospital for a thorough examination after experiencing weight gain and lower limb weakness for several months. Enhanced computed tomography revealed a pancreatic tail tumor and bilateral adrenal enlargement. Elevated plasma ACTH and serum cortisol were noted. Biopsy under endoscopic ultrasonography revealed the tumor as an ACTH-producing pNEN. The patient was transferred to our hospital for further treatment. Pneumocystis pneumonia was noted and treated with sulfamethoxazole and adjunctive glucocorticoids. Hypercortisolism was controlled with metyrapone and trilostane. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy and ethoxybenzyl magnetic resonance imaging detected other lesions in the pancreatic head. A total pancreatectomy was performed given that the lesions were found in both the pancreatic head and tail. Plasma ACTH and serum cortisol levels decreased immediately after the resection. Pathological examination revealed that the pancreatic tail tumor was NEN G2 and T3N1aM0 Stage IIB and the pancreatic head lesions were SSTR-positive hyperplasia of the islet of Langerhans cells. On postoperative day 11, catheter-associated bacteremia occurred. Initially, meropenem hydrate and vancomycin hydrochloride were administered empirically. S. hominis was identified and appeared sensitive to these antibiotics according to susceptibility testing. However, S. hominis was repeatedly positive in blood cultures for more than one month, despite treatment with several antibiotics. Eventually, with the combined use of three antibiotics (meropenem hydrate, vancomycin hydrochloride, and clindamycin phosphate) for more than 3 weeks, the S. hominis-associated bacteremia improved. He was discharged 79 days after surgery.

Conclusions
Our patient with an ACTH-producing pNEN was immunocompromised and needed meticulous attention for infectious complications even after successful tumor removal. Specifically, S. hominis bacteremia in such patients demands intensive treatments, such as with combinational antibiotics.
Correlation between body mass index and motor proficiency in Egyptian children: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Awad Ahmed S. , Aneis Yasser M. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Obesity in children is a frequent and serious problem that can impede motor ability performance, necessitating extra attention and early intervention efforts. The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between body mass index (BMI) and motor proficiency in Egyptian children. Two-hundred normal healthy children from both sexes (6 to 8 years old) were enrolled. BMI was defined by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared (kg/m2), and motor proficiency was evaluated by Bruininks-Oseretsky Test 2 of Motor Proficiency Short Form (BOT-2 SF). Participants were classified into four categories based on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cutoff points including underweight, normal, overweight, and obese.

Results
Between-group analysis demonstrated a significant difference between groups where (χ2 (3) = 131.50, P = 0.0001), with the obese group showing the worst motor ability, with mean differences at 95% confidence intervals of 7.44 for underweight, 81.14 for overweight, and 108.92 for obese children. The correlation coefficients of BOT-2 SF and BMI show a significant negative correlation (R = −0.723, P = 0.0001). Regression analysis revealed that BMI can significantly predict the BOT-2 SF (F = 216.94, P = 0.0001).

Conclusion
Excess body weight in the period of early childhood in Egyptians has a deleterious effect on motor skill performance; also, children who were normal weight or underweight had higher motor skills than those who were overweight or obese.
What, who, and when? How social networking achieves online digital engagement in an architectural design studio
Authors: Bakir Ramy , Alsaadani Sara 
Published: June 2022

AbstractEngagement is integral to design education; thus, the purpose of this work is to examine how engagement can be maintained digitally, using prevalent social networking tools, to support architectural education in the post-pandemic narrative. This study utilizes a quantitative methodology using inferential statistics to analyze observable online digital engagement on a social networking platform, used as part of a hybrid architectural design studio. The platform’s purpose was to overcome time and distance limitations impinged onto traditional studio set-ups. This research aimed at deciphering the intricacies of “how” digital engagement manifested on the platform, by analyzing engagement from the “what,” “who,” and “when” dimensions, throughout a 16-week semester. Digital engagement manifested in two forms: pro-active and re-active. Pro-actively creating posts evoking emotions or soliciting responses was likely to garner re-active engagement. Attachment inclusion was likely to yield engagement in the form of likes, particularly when the attachment was an image. Increased instructor involvement was associated with greater digital engagement. Findings also illustrate how the platform extended the studio’s temporal boundaries, while aligning with its design activities. Results underline best practices to be adopted in design studio teaching as architecture school transition to online and/or hybrid design education, while acclimatizing to realities of the post-pandemic era. The proposition of a 12-point classification for analyses of interactions occurring on social networking platforms in architectural contexts also adds value, as it may be adopted in future research.
Recombinant human endostatin combined with intensity-modulated radiotherapy in low-risk locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A phase II, randomized, multicenter clinical trial.
Authors: Kang Min , Lin Shaomin , Zhu Haisheng , Liao Sihui , Huang Haixin , Yu Bin , Wang Hongqian , Liu Meilian , Zhu Jinxian , Huang Guang , Wang Fen , Zhang Tingting , Yang Zhendong , Zhou Pingting , Zhou Ziyan , Qin Yating , Qin Yutao , Wei Zhuxin , Zhao Changhong , Wang Rensheng 
Published: June 2022

6061 Background: Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is currently considered to be the standard treatment for locoregionally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma (LA-NPC), accompanied with non-neglectable toxicity and unsatisfactory compliance. Therefore, it is highly warranted to explore an alternative regimen for LA-NPC. This trial aimed to assess and investigate the efficacy and safety of recombinant human endostatin ( Rh-endostatin) with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for low-risk LA-NPC. Methods: Patients with low-risk LA-NPC were randomly assigned into ERT group (n=60, receiving Rh-endostatin plus radiotherapy) and CCRT group (n=60, receiving cisplatin plus radiotherapy). The primary endpoint was the 5-year overall survival (OS). Non-inferiority was shown if the upper limit of the 95% CI for the difference in 5-year OS between the ERT group and CCRT group did not exceed 15%. The secondary endpoint was 3-year progression-free survival (PFS). Results: A total of 120 patients were included in the trial. After a median follow-up of 71 months (IQR 62-75), the 5-year OS rate was 88.1% in the ERT group and 77.6% in the CCRT group, with a difference of 10.5% (95% CI: -0.03 to 0.24; Pnon-inferiority = 0.002). Patients in the ERT group had better 3-year PFS than that in the CCRT group (89.8% vs 70.6%; HR = 0.362; 95% CI: 0.150-0.873; Plog-rank = 0.018). The overall all-grade toxicity burdens were heavier in CCRT group. No patients died of treatment-related causes. Conclusions: Rh-endostatin combined with IMRT had favorable efficacy, fewer toxic effects and more improved quality of life, which might be a promising alternative regimen to CCRT for low-risk LA-NPC in clinic. Clinical trial information: NCT02237924. [Table: see text]
Ultimate optimization of interface thermal resistance by utilizing interfacial nonlinear interaction
Authors: Xu Lei , Wang Tingting , Zhang Kaiyang , Ma Dengke , Zhang Lifa 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Decreasing interface thermal resistance (ITR or Kapitza resistance) is the key to solve the problem of heat dissipation in integrated circuits, which are the core elements for electronics. In this paper, interfacial nonlinear interaction is introduced to optimize ITR. Interestingly, it is found that the optimized ITR by introducing interfacial nonlinear interaction can be greatly decreased compared to the case optimized solely with interfacial linear interaction. A 51.2% reduction in ITR is achieved in a weak anharmonic system. The mechanism behind this is attributed to the expansion of inelastic channels and the decrease of mismatch for nonlinear coefficients which are verified by spectral analysis. The relationship of optimized interfacial nonlinear coefficient

and interfacial linear coefficient k
12 can be approximately predicted by the self-consistent phonon theory. The studies here emphasize the importance of mutual controlling interfacial linear and nonlinear interactions for further decreasing ITR.
Open Reimplementation of the BIS Algorithms for Depth of Anesthesia
Authors: Connor Christopher W. 
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND:
BIS (a brand of processed electroencephalogram [EEG] depth-of-anesthesia monitor) scores have become interwoven into clinical anesthesia care and research. Yet, the algorithms used by such monitors remain proprietary. We do not actually know what we are measuring. If we knew, we could better understand the clinical prognostic significance of deviations in the score and make greater research advances in closed-loop control or avoiding postoperative cognitive dysfunction or juvenile neurological injury. In previous work, an A-2000 BIS monitor was forensically disassembled and its algorithms (the BIS Engine) retrieved as machine code. Development of an emulator allowed BIS scores to be calculated from arbitrary EEG data for the first time. We now address the fundamental questions of how these algorithms function and what they represent physiologically.

METHODS:
EEG data were obtained during induction, maintenance, and emergence from 12 patients receiving customary anesthetic management for orthopedic, general, vascular, and neurosurgical procedures. These data were used to trigger the closely monitored execution of the various parts of the BIS Engine, allowing it to be reimplemented in a high-level language as an algorithm entitled ibis. Ibis was then rewritten for concision and physiological clarity to produce a novel completely clear-box depth-of-anesthesia algorithm titled openibis.

RESULTS:
The output of the ibis algorithm is functionally indistinguishable from the native BIS A-2000, with r = 0.9970 (0.9970–0.9971) and Bland-Altman mean difference between methods of –0.25 ± 2.6 on a unitless 0 to 100 depth-of-anesthesia scale. This precision exceeds the performance of any earlier attempt to reimplement the function of the BIS algorithms. The openibis algorithm also matches the output of the native algorithm very closely (r = 0.9395 [0.9390–0.9400], Bland-Altman 2.62 ± 12.0) in only 64 lines of readable code whose function can be unambiguously related to observable features in the EEG signal. The operation of the openibis algorithm is described in an intuitive, graphical form.

CONCLUSIONS:
The openibis algorithm finally provides definitive answers about the BIS: the reliance of the most important signal components on the low-gamma waveband and how these components are weighted against each other. Reverse engineering allows these conclusions to be reached with a clarity and precision that cannot be obtained by other means. These results contradict previous review articles that were believed to be authoritative: the BIS score does not appear to depend on a bispectral index at all. These results put clinical anesthesia research using depth-of-anesthesia scores on a firm footing by elucidating their physiological basis and enabling comparison to other animal models for mechanistic research.
Auschwitz
Authors: Richmond Colin 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This contribution to the final installment of the Common Knowledge symposium on contextualism is a reply to another contribution, Peter Burke's “Alternative Modes of Thought.” Or rather, this essay responds to the historians and social scientists whom Burke cites as arguing that only some ways of thinking are possible in any given place and time. Richmond's response is that a human context in which there is but one mode of thought in evidence, and no evident ambivalence regarding it, is a context in which great numbers have died, violently and recently. His essay takes the form of a report on his eleven research visits since 1985 to the death camp at Auschwitz. In Nazi-occupied Europe, he concludes, “ ‘alternative modes of thought’ were by no means impossible. Rather, people who thought differently from the regime were gathered to Auschwitz and other such camps, then murdered and incinerated. The Nazi ‘mental framework,’ if that is what it was, had to be imposed, and the millions incapable of participating in it had to die rapidly. . . . The problem for us, in the Nazis’ wake, is that the their ‘mode of thought’ is so alien that we have yet to find a context that enables us to understand it. . . . The need, then, is not for the context that intellectual, cultural, and social historians might provide, but for the aid of phenomenologists, because what we are hoping to understand is—in the words of Thomas Nagel's essay ‘What Is It Like to Be a Bat?’—a ‘fundamentally alien form of life.’ ”
Jakość życia ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem konfliktów społecznych i przestrzennych w strefie podmiejskiej Bydgoszczy i Torunia
Authors: Sądowska Zuzanna , Biegańska Jadwiga , Wysocka Donata 
Published: June 2022

Przebiegający niezwykle dynamicznie w Polsce proces suburbanizacji, niepołączony z odpowiednim planowaniem przestrzennym, oddziałuje zarówno na jakość życia, jak i na pojawiające się w strefach podmiejskich konflikty społeczno-przestrzenne. Celem opracowania jest analiza elementów składających się na jakość życia ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem konfliktów przestrzennych na przykładzie strefy podmiejskiej Bydgoszczy i Torunia. W warstwie teoretycznej odwołano się do cebulowej teorii szczęścia J. Czapińskiego. Głównym źródłem danych było badanie ankietowe, które przeprowadzono w styczniu 2022 r. na próbie 1121 osób, mieszkańców rozpatrywanego obszaru. W badaniu wykazano, że mieszkańcy strefy podmiejskiej wysoko oceniają subiektywną jakość życia, jednocześnie jednak wskazują szereg sytuacji uznawanych za problematyczne i wpisujących się w potencjalne i realne konflikty społeczno-przestrzenne.
Acute and subacute toxicity studies of a poly herbal formulation used for diabetes
Authors: Ghauri Aymen Owais , Mohiuddin Ejaz , Tayyeba Rehman  , Sheraz Muhammad Siddiqui  
Published: June 2022

Objectives: PHF-dia (Poly Herbal Formulation Diabetes) is a polyhedral formulation possessing antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipdimic effects. This study aims to assess acute and sub-acute toxicity of PHF-dia in rats.
Methods: This is an experimental study conducted in two different phases. Acute toxicity was conducted for 14 days and sub-acute toxicity was conducted for 28 days. Both studies were conducted in animal house of Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Pakistan. Acute toxicity was evaluated in vivo with single time oral administration of 400 mg/kg and 2000 mg/kg doses for two weeks. Sub-acute toxicity was investigated with the application of repeated doses of 150 mg/kg/day, 250 mg/kg/day and 500 mg/kg/day for 28 days.
Results: Acute toxicity study results showed no toxic symptoms, behavioral changes or death in rats up to 2000 mg/kg. Therefore, LD50 of oral toxic dose must be more than 2000 mg/ml. Similarly, sub-acute toxicity studies confirmed the safety of PHF-dia and showed no clinical symptoms nor biochemical or histological variation in rats treated with 150 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg compared to the control group (p <0.05).
Conclusion: This indicates safe nature of PHF-dia for the further clinical trials. However, mechanism of action of PHF-dia is not fully understood.
Abbreviations:ANOVA: Analysis of variance, ALT: Alanine transaminase, AST: Aspartate transaminase,EDTA: Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid, H & E: Haematoxylin and Eosin,HDL: High density lipoprotein, LD50: Median lethal dose, LDL: Low density lipoprotein,PLT: Platelet count, RBC: Red blood cell, SPSS: Statistical package for social science,VLDL: Very low-density lipoprotein, WBC: White blood cell, PHF-dia (Poly Herbal Formulation Diabetes).
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.6.5928
How to cite this:Ghauri AO, Mohiuddin E, Rehman T, Siddiqui HSM. Acute and subacute toxicity studies of a poly herbal formulation used for diabetes. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(6):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.6.5928
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.