bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hunger Strikes
Authors: Savage Robert J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter addresses how the infamous hunger strikes of 1980/1 were explained to national and international audiences. It considers the propaganda war waged between Irish republicans and the British government as each struggled to control how these events would be portrayed in the regional, national, but especially international arena. The chapter focuses on how the broadcast media tried to address the crisis unfolding at the Maze Prison in the face of withering criticism from the Thatcher government and its allies. The hostile reaction of the British public to news coverage of the hunger strikes is addressed as is the reaction of broadcasters who remained determined to provide accurate information about these events. The inability of the Thatcher government to successfully challenge the compelling republican narrative of an elected Member of Parliament starving himself to death in an effort to be recognized as a legitimate political prisoner is addressed. The chapter also explores how the hunger strikes were understood and presented in the international media. The sympathy the prison protest gained in much of the world is addressed as is the consternation this caused for the Thatcher government and its allies.
Noraid and the Brighton Bomb
Authors: Savage Robert J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers a number of episodes that defined the unrest in the early 1980s, events that tested the ability of the broadcast media to report objectively and accurately about politics, violence, and the state. The overriding question in these years revolved around what could and could not, or what should and should not, be shown on television. The threat of direct government intervention to suppress programmes about the conflict lurked in the background throughout this period, encouraging a subtle but pervasive form of self-censorship that worked its way into the culture of British broadcasting. The chapter also explores American involvement in the conflict by addressing the visits of the militant Irish Northern Aid Committee or Noraid to Ireland in 1984. When addressing television coverage leading up to the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement the chapter considers the infamous 1984 IRA bombing in Brighton that nearly killed Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. In exploring controversial programming the chapter addresses investigative reporting that uncovered miscarriages of justice in Britain, the thorny issue of the media’s relationship with the police, interviews with paramilitaries, and the defiant spectacle of paramilitary funerals.
Conclusion
Authors: Savage Robert J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Throughout the twentieth century broadcasts from or about Northern Ireland were defined by both subtle and overt forms of censorship. From the early days of broadcasting the regional station worked closely with the unionist establishment to ensure that controversial topics were simply ignored. Troublesome issues including partition, gerrymandering, discrimination, and the alienation of a Catholic community were assiduously avoided. The regional service ignored the culture and traditions of the minority community and worked with the unionist establishment to present an image of Northern Ireland as British. The BBC in London was complicit in enabling the regional service to discriminate against the minority community, quickly accepting criticism and demands from unionists about programming they defined as objectionable. This changed with the outbreak of violence in 1969. The ‘Troubles’ provoked innovative news and current affairs programming that helped destabilize a local government that had long governed without consensus. Throughout the 1980s the Thatcher government employed a variety of tactics in an effort to control the broadcast media. When criticism and political pressure failed to influence broadcasters, formal censorship was imposed in 1988. However, threatening, bullying, denouncing, and finally censoring the broadcast media did not enable London to control the contested narrative of ‘the Troubles’. Margaret Thatcher’s successors learned that the voices her government silenced were critical in resolving a long, bitter, and deadly conflict. The broadcast media, especially television, played a critical role in the history of Northern Ireland by constantly reminding a bored and frustrated public of its awful persistence and the need to find a solution to the Irish ‘Troubles’.
‘Always Under Law?’
Authors: Michelman Frank I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter assembles materials from Michelman’s publications of the period 1995–2000 addressing what he called there the ‘judgment view’ of democratic constitutional lawmaking—his proposition that whenever political actors in a democracy purport to lay down higher law for the country, they must be understood as doing so in a spirit of answering to some prior established, popularly generated conception of rightness in politics. The chapter explains the grounding of the judgment view in the basic democratic idea of government by the people; it raises and addresses an enduring tension in liberalism’s dual pursuits of government by the people and government by consent in pluralist social conditions; and it probes critically into hopes for relief of that tension in ideas of deliberative democracy.
On the Paradox of Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In order to meet the challenges presented by Michelman’s ‘paradox of deliberative democracy’, this chapter discusses his ‘judgment view’ by combining a distinction between ideas of a people qua ‘ethnos’ and qua ‘demos’ with a philosophical-constructivist account of the ‘singular laws’ that orient judgements of aesthetic validity. The chapter aims thereby both to chart an avenue of relief of deliberative democracy from the regress baggage with which Michelman has saddled it, and also to explain how a democratic regime could possibly claim justification for its laws, among free and equal citizens in conditions of reasonable pluralism, without appeal to some ‘modern universalist’ or foundationalist postulation of the basics of political right and wrong
On Reconciling the Two Understandings of Judicial Review
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter engages Michelman’s argument on the difficulty of reconciling two ways of understanding the mandate of a constitutional court: i.e. either the court is entrusted with couching its pronouncements as reflections of what the democratic holder of sovereignty has actually willed at the times of the enactment and subsequent amending of the constitution, or alternatively a constitutional court is entrusted with couching its pronouncements as sound philosophical reasons concerning what ‘the people’ should will in relation to some matter up for adjudication. Reconciliation of the two versions of the mandate is argued by Ferrara to be possible by distinguishing (a) normative commitments inscribed in the constitution and (b) cognitive assumptions underlying them, and considering the court as bound to the former but not to the latter
Judicial Constitutional Application: A Rejoinder
Authors: Michelman Frank I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Work of Alessandro Ferrara relies on the idea of a ‘dualist’ constitutional democracy—where a body of ‘higher’ constitutional law, emanating from the people, regulates and limits the production of day-to-day regulatory law—both (i) to explain how a country’s people can be self-governing in conditions of subjection to day-to-day regulation by distant authorities and (ii) to explain how the rule of political majorities over minorities can be justified in conditions of deep but reasonable political and moral disagreement. Here Michelman develops further (from Chapter 5) his claim that the two purposes require differing modes of constitutional interpretation—‘originalist’ for the first and ‘philosophical’ for the second—between which there stands an unbridgeable gap of principle. Michelman also here goes on to maintain that the same tension already inheres in the second, Rawlsian use of the dualist-democratic idea even without any reference to the first. He suggests how this perception brings closer together his views and Ferrara’s regarding issues of constitutional interpretation.
Backgrounding the Debate: Judicial Occlusion and Remedial Strategies
Authors: Ferrara Alessandro 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter acknowledges Michelman’s alternative path for reconciling the two rival versions of a constitutional court’s mandate, and casts it as not incompatible with the strategy (propounded in Chapter 6) of decoupling of constitutional commitments and cognitive assumptions. Underlying the shared sense of the urgency to address the exact nature of a constitutional court’s mandate is also a shared perception of an ongoing modification of the relation of the judicial and the legislative separated powers in favour of judicial pre-eminence over the past few decades. The rest of the chapter critically reconstructs and compares three distinct proposals for rebalancing such relation, as they are articulated by Michelman, Waldron, and Ackerman
Hyperpluralized Constituencies: The Challenge for Political Liberalism
Authors: Michelman Frank I. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
John Rawls’s principle of legitimacy rests the possibility of liberally justified political coercion on the idea of a constitutional framework for politics—a set of ‘constitutional essentials’—that could be acceptable to political ideals shared across a country’s population despite their experience of division over ground-level legislative policies. This chapter develops and reflects on two questions crucial to any consideration of the possible transposition of this conception from the nation-state case to that of a global-scale political order. The first is that of basic commitments of a liberal order to which any constitution for a coercive transnational regime acceptable to ‘us’ would have to conform. The second is that of available axes of adjustment of the terms of acceptance of a constitution for a transnational order: will only acceptance on ideal principle suffice for legitimacy, or can something more crassly prudential sometimes suffice? Can acceptability to a clear preponderance of constituents suffice, leaving an unreconciled remainder? Do the answers depend at all on a differentiation of degrees of coerciveness of the powers of the regime? In the light of these questions, the chapter takes up for consideration proposals from Ferrara for a ‘multivariate polity’ and from Rawls’s for a ‘society of peoples’.
Introduction
Authors: Keating Jennifer 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A basic premise of this volume is that the history of empire is, one way or another, fundamentally environmental. The introduction outlines the relationship between environment and empire, using the frame of political ecology to underscore that environmental change was never the by-product of unrelated political decisions but an active constituent of what facilitated imperial expansion and subsequently sustained imperial governance. It goes on to discuss the importance of more-than-human relations, of discursive as well as physical practices, and of scale, connection, and synchronicity to this study. The second half of the introduction discusses the arid landscapes of Turkestan in historical and imperial context, outlining how Central Asian communities adapted to local climate and environment, and how imperial outsiders thought about the connections between rule and resource. It emphasizes the importance of ‘thinking in the multiple’: considering multiple species and multiple relations in understanding how empire worked in Central Asia, and sets out the ways in which the volume adopts an expansive horizon in thinking beyond cotton and water to recover not just the depth of ecological entanglements that supported (and undercut) empire, but also to expose the varied flows of labour, capital, ideas, and power on local, imperial, and global scales.
The Magical Iron Band
Authors: Keating Jennifer 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Railway building was arguably the first and most profound large-scale environmental intervention of Russian rule in Turkestan. This chapter considers the environmental imprint of railway construction, discussing the Transcaspian railway, the Murgab branch line, the Tashkent–Orenburg line and plans surrounding the extension of the local railway network into Semirech’e. In doing so, it explores the varied interlinkages between the ecological and the political in infrastructure development, looking firstly at rail’s direct and indirect ecological impacts and dependencies, which included the stabilization of wind-drift sands in Transcaspia and the impetus given to a range of extractive industries including fishing on the Aral Sea. It then moves to consider a wider set of relationships connected to shifting geographical and environmental imaginaries, political lobbying, and the marketization of resources. The growing axes of west–east and north–south routes in Central Asia bound camels, fish, termites, sand, and humans together in increasingly complex relations, amplifying resource-mindedness and serving to both strengthen and weaken centre–periphery ties. Throughout, the chapter begins to address themes that are developed in later chapters, in particular the commodification of nature, the growth of rural migrant settlement, and imperial ideas about abundance.
Rural Settlement and the Question of Surplus
Authors: Keating Jennifer 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Slavic peasant migrants arrived in Turkestan with increasing speed and quantity by the turn of the twentieth century, lured by the prospect of fertile valleys and irrigated land, and brought to the region aboard railway carriages on newly laid tracks. This chapter explores this wave of rural settlement, examining the discursive value of greening and its links to identity, alongside the ecological impact of migrant agriculture and its sociopolitical consequences. Chief was the state’s co-option of migration to champion a political project that foresaw the establishment of a new agrarian settler colony. Kazakh and Kyrgyz pastoralists bore the brunt of land confiscation in the valleys of Syr-Dar’ia and Semirech’e: their petitions to the state attest to the slow violence of displacement as tensions increased between rural communities over access to pasture, water, and transhumance routes. In tracing the environmental roots of pastoralist marginalization, the chapter explores the dual processes of planting and settling, and at the same time investigates ideas of ‘surplus’ and ‘abundance’ that underpinned physical mobility, agricultural labour, and ecological dispossession.
Thick Brown Muck
Authors: Hall Kersten T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Canadian scientist Frederick Banting believed that he could succeed where all other researchers had failed in isolating the anti-diabetic hormone made by the pancreas. During the summer of 1921, he and student Charles Best worked at the University of Toronto in the laboratory of Prof. J. J. R. Macleod. Together they prepared pancreatic extracts by a variety of methods and tested them on diabetic dogs. Using archival sources, this chapter shows that traditional accounts that portray Banting and Best as having made a miraculous discovery are heavily romanticized. Their first test of their extract on a human patient was not considered success; it was only thanks to their colleague James Collip that an extract was prepared that could be used clinically. This chapter also traces Banting’s deteriorating relationship with Macleod and shows why, when Banting finally received the 1923 Nobel Prize for his work, he was furious.
The Vision of Ezekiel
Authors: Hall Kersten T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Boston clinician Elliott Joslin likened the power of insulin with the vision of Ezekiel, the Old Testament prophet who saw a valley of dry bones rise up and be restored to life. Banting faced claims by John Murlin and Ernest Scott of their prior discovery of insulin. Furthermore, while insulin saved patients’ lives, further research showed it could also cause hypoglycaemic shock. This discovery led the University of Toronto to take the controversial step of filing a patent on insulin to ensure regulation of its production. This chapter explores the many important social and political issues that arose in the wake of the new drug’s success, including questions of who should pay for insulin and who should be responsible for its administration.
The Wasp’s Nest
Authors: Hall Kersten T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sir Henry Dale of the UK Medical Research Council regretted involving himself in the debate surrounding the question of who had discovered insulin, specifically in relation to accounts given by Charles Best that omitted he crucial contribution of Best’s colleague James Collip. This chapter describes how, in the wake of Banting’s death in 1941, Best took measures to portray himself as having been the pivotal figure in the discovery and development of insulin. Crucially this involved the exclusion of others such as Collip. Additionally, it exposes Best’s claiming credit for innovations such as the use of alcohol for the purification of pancreatic extracts, as well as co-authorship of an undergraduate textbook, numerous addresses at scientific meetings, and involvement with a proposed film project by means of which he sought to assert his claim.
Be Careful What You Wish For
Authors: Hall Kersten T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Charles Best’s efforts to establish himself as the key figure in the story of insulin were largely successful. But towards the end of his life, his account faced a new challenge. This was due to the discovery of the work of Nicolai Paulescu, a Romanian physiologist who had carried out very similar experiments at around the same time as Banting and Best. Professor Ion Pavel’s long-fought campaign to have Paulescu recognized was eventually successful, but a ceremony planned by the International Diabetes Federation to honour Paulescu in 2003 was cancelled by the sudden and shocking revelation that he had been a vocal and active anti-Semite whose extremist political writings had played a role in instigating the Romanian Holocaust. Paulescu, finally achieved the recognition that he craved throughout his life, but it was certainly not for the discovery of insulin.
Wall Street Gold
Authors: Hall Kersten T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
While researchers at Harvard and UCSF raced to be the first to clone and express human insulin, a third horse had entered this race and would ultimately be the first to cross the finish line. This chapter describes how, following a meeting between UCSF scientist Herb Boyer with venture capitalist Bob Swanson, the company Genentech was born. This was the first US biotechnology company, and its success was founded on using an alternative strategy to clone and express human insulin to that used by its academic competitors. This involved the artificial synthesis of DNA, as opposed to isolating the messenger RNA for insulin as both the academic labs at Harvard and UCSF had tried to do. This approach also meant that, unlike the academic labs, the scientists at Genentech were not hamstrung by having to work in restrictive biosafety facilities which gave them a crucial advantage.
Why Modern Manuscripts Matter
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This is a study of the politics, commerce, and aesthetics of heritage culture in the shape of authors’ manuscripts. Draft manuscripts survive in quantity from the eighteenth century when, with the rise of print, readers learnt to value ‘the hand’ as index of individuality and the blotted page, criss-crossed by deletion and revision, as sign of genius. Since then, collectors have fought over manuscripts, libraries have curated them, the rich have stashed them away in investment portfolios, students have squeezed meaning from them, and we have all stared at them behind exhibition glass. Why do we trade, conserve, and covet manuscripts? Most, after all, are just the stuff left over after the novel or volume of poetry goes into print. This study explores manuscript’s expressive agency and its capacity to provoke passion—a capacity ever more to the fore in the twenty-first century when books are assembled via word-processing software and authors no longer leave in quantity paper trails behind them. It considers manuscripts as residues of meaning that print fails to capture, as fragment art, property, waste paper, and artefacts whose aesthetic dimension becomes apparent with time. It asks what it might mean to re-read print in the shadow of manuscript. Studies of Samuel Johnson, James Boswell, Walter Scott, Frances Burney, Jane Austen, writers from the first great period of manuscript survival, are interspersed with discussions of the Cairo genizah, Katie Paterson’s ‘Future Library’ project, Andy Warhol’s and Muriel Spark’s self-archiving, Cornelia Parker’s reclamation art, and more.
Samuel Johnson and the Origins of Writing
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Samuel Johnson reassessed the work of writing in the age of print. He saw that the material conditions for literary production mattered; the writing process fascinated him, opening a line of enquiry between the man, the writer who composes, and the work itself. He attributed value to something previously regarded as ephemeral and disposable—writers’ drafts—now made interesting by the decisive separation mass printing represented. At the same time, his critical philosophy was fascinatingly at odds with his own apparently careless declared writing practice. With James Boswell he helped set the terms of our modern investment in working manuscripts: for Johnson, the processes of composition as clues to the writer’s psychology; for Boswell, a kind of relic veneration.
Nothing Wasted
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Frances Burney’s lifelong hoarding of spent manuscript forms far exceeded any use they might serve. Her paper store was a way to keep her published works tethered to their origins, suggesting the possibility of return at some fundamental level—of writing over and beginning again. But the sheer paper abundance eventually sabotaged any quest for meaning. The manuscript forms surviving in the Berg Collection, New York, document Burney’s reluctance to draw firm lines between finished work and work-in-progress. But they almost never furnish data points for modern scholars. Are Burney’s fiction manuscripts poised on the boundary where precious treasure becomes abject waste? What use are they now?
Whose Property?
Authors: Sutherland Kathryn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
No writer invested more to advance the high status of the modern author’s manuscript than Walter Scott: through imaginative, procedural, and commercial strategies. Samuel Johnson’s heir, he placed authorship on a business footing; late in his career, he fantasized about composition by mechanical means. Yet he also held his identity apart, shrouding the act of writing in habits of secrecy. He worked hard to implant a double origin for what he wrote, at the level of composition and during the production process in the printing house. His fictions were simultaneously his and not his. Casting doubt upon the ownership of his novels served as a fictional device and a quasi-legal mystification of his own interest in his writings as inalienable property. He represents, in extreme form, the paradox of the modern writer, suspended between holograph and print, autonomy and disputed ownership.