bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laser-induced photodetachment of negative oxygen ions in the spatial afterglow of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet
Authors: Staps T J A , Donders T J M , Platier B , Beckers J 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Negative ions are an important constituent of the spatial afterglow of atmospheric pressure plasmas, where the fundamental plasma-substrate interactions take place that are vital for applications such as biomedicine, material synthesis, and ambient air treatment. In this work, we use laser-induced photodetachment to liberate electrons from negative ions in the afterglow region of an atmospheric pressure plasma jet interacting with an argon-oxygen mixture, and microwave cavity resonance spectroscopy to detect the photodetached electrons. This diagnostic technique allows for the determination of the electron density and the effective collision frequency before, during and after the laser pulse was shot through the measurement volume with nanosecond time resolution. From a laser saturation study, it is concluded that O− is the dominant negative ion in the afterglow. Moreover, the decay of the photodetached electron density is found to be dominantly driven by the (re)formation of O− by dissociative attachment of electrons with O2. As a consequence, we identified the species and process responsible for the formation of negative ions in the spatial afterglow in our experiment.
Shape memory polymer foam: active deformation, simulation and validation of space environment
Authors: Luo Lan , Zhang Fenghua , Pan Wei , Yao Yongtao , Liu Yanju , Leng Jinsong 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Shape memory polymer foam (SMPF) is being studied extensively as potential aerospace materials as they have high compression ratio, high specific strength and high specific modulus compared to other shape memory polymers. In this paper, a composite foam with shape memory epoxy as matrix and polyurethane as functional phase was prepared. The SMPF has been characterized by different analytical and testing methods, and its chemical crosslinking reaction and material properties have been studied. The SMPF was installed in the shape memory polymer composite (SMPC) flexible solar array system (SMPC-FSAS), and ground environment tests and orbital validation were performed. Considering the particularity of space environment, the thermal performance test of ground space environment can effectively test the reliability of shape memory performance. Finally, the SMPC-FSAS carried on SJ-20 satellite successfully deployed on geosynchronous orbit for the first time in the world. Moving forward, SMPF assesses the feasibility of applications in the space field and provides more valuable information.
Evolution of the upper critical field and superconducting vortex phase with thickness in PLD-grown Ta films
Authors: Liu Yixin , Zhang Han , Han Xiaowen , Wang Teng , Wang Lingling , Niu Zhengqi , Pan Jie , Lin Zhirong , Peng Wei , Li Zhuojun , Mu Gang , Di Zengfeng , Huang Fuqiang , Xie Xiaoming 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
High quality superconducting thin films are the basis for the application of superconducting devices. Here, we report on the film growth and superconducting properties of Ta films. The films were grown by the pulsed laser deposition technique on the α-Al2O3 substrates. It is found that, with the increase of the film thickness from 20 nm to 61 nm, both the superconducting transition temperature

T

c

and residual resistance ratio (RRR) display an upward trend, while the upper critical field decreases monotonously in a wide temperature region. A clear anisotropic behavior is revealed by comparing the upper critical fields with two different orientations (

H
⊥

film

and

H
∥

film

). The anisotropy parameter Γ is found to be as high as 20 for the sample with the thickness of 20 nm. The systematical evolution from two- to three-dimensional features for the superconductivity with increasing the film thickness is observed in the temperature dependent upper critical field data. Moreover, the vortex liquid region tends to expand with the increase in the film thickness.
Strange quark matter and proto-strange stars in a baryon density-dependent quark mass model *
Authors: Chen Huai-Min , Xia Cheng-Jun , Peng Guang-Xiong 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The properties of strange quark matter and the structures of (proto-)strange stars are studied within the framework of a baryon density-dependent quark mass model, where a novel quark mass scaling and self-consistent thermodynamic treatment are adopted. Our results indicate that the perturbative interaction has a significant impact on the properties of strange quark matter. It is determined that the energy per baryon increases with temperature, while the free energy decreases and eventually becomes negative. At fixed temperatures, the pressure at the minimum free energy per baryon is zero, suggesting that the thermodynamic self-consistency is preserved. Furthermore, the sound velocity v in quark matter approaches the extreme relativistic limit (

) as the density increases. By increasing the strengths of the confinement parameter D and perturbation parameter C, the tendency for v to approach the extreme relativistic limit at high density is slightly weakened. For (proto-)strange stars, the novel quark mass scaling can accommodate massive proto-strange stars with their maximum mass surpassing twice the solar mass by considering the isentropic stages along the star evolution line, where the entropy per baryon of the star matter is set to be 0.5 and 1 with the lepton fraction

= 0.4.
Experimental study on liquid metal free surface flow under magnetic and electric field for nuclear fusion
Authors: Meng Xu , Wang Zenghui , Zhang Dengke 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In the future application of nuclear fusion, the liquid metal flows are considered to be an attractive option of the first wall of the tokamak which can effectively remove impurities and improve the confinement of plasma. Moreover, the flowing liquid metal can solve the problem of the corrosion of the solid first wall due to high thermal load and particle discharge. In the magnetic confinement fusion reactor, the liquid metal flow experiences strong magnetic and electric, fields from plasma. In the present paper, an experiment has been conducted to explore the influence of electric and magnetic fields on liquid metal flow. The direction of electric current is perpendicular to that of the magnetic field direction, and thus the Lorentz force is upward or downward. A laser profilometer based on the laser triangulation technique is used to measure the thickness of the liquid film of Galinstan. The phenomenon of the liquid column from the free surface is observed by the high-speed camera under various flow rates, intensities of magnetic field and electric field. Under a constant external magnetic field, the liquid column appears at the position of the incident current once the external current exceeds a critical value, which is inversely proportional to the magnetic field. The thickness of the flowing liquid film increases with the intensities of magnetic field, electric field, and Reynolds number. The thickness of the liquid film at the incident current position reaches a maximum value when the force is upward. The distribution of liquid metal in the channel presents a parabolic shape with high central and low marginal. Additionally, the splashing, i.e. the detachment of liquid metal is not observed in the present experiment, which suggests a higher critical current for splashing to occur.
A portable muon telescope for multidisciplinary applications
Authors: Gamage R.M.I.D. , Basnet S. , Cortina Gil E. , Demin P. , Giammanco A. , Karnam R. , Moussawi M. , Tytgat M. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMuon tomography or “muography” is an emerging imaging technique that uses cosmogenic muons as the radiation source. Due to its diverse range of applications and the use of natural radiation, muography is being applied across many fields such as geology, archaeology, civil engineering, nuclear reactor monitoring, nuclear waste characterization, underground surveys, etc. Muons can be detected using various detector technologies, among which, resistive plate chambers (RPC) are a very cost effective choice. RPCs are planar detectors which use ionization in a thin gas gap to detect cosmic muons, already used since years in major particle accelerator experiments.We have developed a muon telescope (or “muoscope”) composed of small scale RPCs. The design goal for our muoscope is to be portable and autonomous, in order to take data in places that are not easily accessible. The whole setup is light and compact, such to be easily packed in a car trunk. Individual RPCs are hosted in gas-tight aluminium cases. There is no need for gas bottles, once the chambers are filled. The muoscope can be controlled from a reasonable distance using wireless connection. In this paper we summarize the guiding principles of our project and present some recent developments and future prospects, including a long-term stability study of the resistivity of the semiconductive coating obtained with serigraphy.
Solution of the random field XY magnet on a fully connected graph
Authors: Sumedha  , Barma Mustansir 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We use large deviation theory to obtain the free energy of the XY model on a fully connected graph on each site of which there is a randomly oriented field of magnitude h. The phase diagram is obtained for two symmetric distributions of the random orientations: (a) a uniform distribution and (b) a distribution with cubic symmetry. In both cases, the disorder–averaged ordered state reflects the symmetry of the underlying distribution. The phase boundary has a multicritical point (MCP) which separates a locus of continuous transitions (for small values of h) from a locus of first order transitions (for large h). The free energy is a function of a single variable in case (a) and a function of two variables in case (b), leading to different characters of the MCPs in the two cases. We find that the locus of continuous transitions is given by the same equation for a family of quadriperiodic distributions, which includes the distributions (a) and (b). However, the location of the MCP and the nature of ordered state depend on the form of the distribution. The disorder-averaged ground state energy is found exactly, and the specific heat is shown to approach a constant as temperature approaches zero.
Simple method for making MWCNTs/Au-NPs-based biosensor electrodes
Authors: Subagio Agus , Taufiq Heydar Ruffa , Khumaeni Ali , Umiati Ngurah Ayu Ketut , Adi Kusworo 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes have great potential when applied as biosensors. Their properties, especially as electrodes with electrochemical characteristics, offer strong benefits for developing biosensors. This research has been able to integrate multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with Au nanoparticles (Au-NPs) to obtain several new superior properties. Cysteaminium chloride is used to link MWCNTs and Au-NPs while binding to specific antibodies to make them more sensitive to some diseases or viruses. The data on the success of the bonding of MWCNTs/Au-NPs were tested using three characterizations, namely FTIR, SEM, and XRD. Based on the results of testing electrochemical properties using the CV and EIS tests, the capacitance value of 6,363 Fg−1 and the Rct value of 717,9 Ω, respectively. This demonstrates good adhesion and electron transfer properties from the electrolyte to the probe and electrode.
Sawtooth-like oscillations and steady states caused by the m/n = 2/1 double tearing mode
Authors: ZHANG Wei , MA Zhiwei , ZHANG Haowei , WANG Xin 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
The sawtooth-like oscillations resulting from the

m
/
n
=
2
/
1

double tearing mode (DTM) are numerically investigated through the three-dimensional, toroidal, nonlinear resistive-MHD code (CLT). We find that the nonlinear evolution of the

m
/
n
=
2
/
1

DTM can lead to sawtooth-like oscillations, which are similar to those driven by the kink mode. The perpendicular thermal conductivity and the external heating rate can significantly alter the behaviors of the DTM driven sawtooth-like oscillations. With a high perpendicular thermal conductivity, the system quickly evolves into a steady state with

m
/
n
=
2
/
1

magnetic islands and helical flow. However, with a low perpendicular thermal conductivity, the system tends to exhibit sawtooth-like oscillations. With a sufficiently high or low heating rate, the system exhibits sawtooth-like oscillations, while with an intermediate heating rate, the system quickly evolves into a steady state. At the steady state, there exist the non-axisymmetric magnetic field and strong radial flow, and both are with helicity of

m
/
n
=
2
/
1
.

Like the steady state with

m
/
n
=
1
/
1

radial flow, which is beneficial for preventing the helium ash accumulation in the core, the steady state with

m
/
n
=
2
/
1

radial flow might also be a good candidate for the advanced steady state operations in future fusion reactors. We also find that the behaviors of the sawtooth-like oscillations are almost independent of tokamak geometry, which implies that the steady state with saturated

m
/
n
=
2
/
1

islands might exist in different tokamaks.
Dynamics of water-energy-food nexus interactions with climate change and policy options
Authors: Wu Lina , Elshorbagy Amin , Alam Md Shahabul 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of water-energy-food (WEF) nexus interactions with climate change and human intervention helps inform policymaking. This study demonstrates the WEF nexus behavior under ensembles of climate change, transboundary inflows, and policy options, and evaluates the overall nexus performance using a previously developed system dynamics-based WEF nexus model—WEF-Sask. The climate scenarios include a baseline (1986–2014) and near-future climate projections (2021–2050). The approach is demonstrated through the case study of Saskatchewan, Canada. Results show that rising temperature with increased rainfall likely maintains reliable food and feed production. The climate scenarios characterized by a combination of moderate temperature increase and slightly less rainfall or higher temperature increase with slightly higher rainfall are easier to adapt to by irrigation expansion. However, such expansion uses a large amount of water resulting in reduced hydropower production. In contrast, higher temperature, combined with less rainfall, such as SSP370 (+2.4 °C, −6 mm), is difficult to adapt to by irrigation expansion. Renewable energy expansion, the most effective climate change mitigation option in Saskatchewan, leads to the best nexus performance during 2021–2050, reducing total water demand, groundwater demand, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and potentially increasing water available for food&feed production. In this study, we recommend and use food&feed and power production targets and provide an approach to assessing the impacts of hydroclimate and policy options on the WEF nexus, along with suggestions for adapting the agriculture and energy sectors to climate change.
Western And Chinese Development Engagements In Uganda’s Roads Sector: An Implicit Division of Labour
Authors: Zhou Hang 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
How has the process of institution and governance building in Africa, a domain traditionally subject to western development interventions, been changed by Chinese-led development? Taking Uganda’s roads sector, and particularly its main implementing agency the Ugandan National Roads Authority as a case study, I argue that traditional donors’ influence on sectorial institution building has not been replaced or dislodged by China’s growing presence. This presence primarily took the form of Chinese construction companies operating as profit-driven contractors interested mainly in quick project turnaround rather than in systematically shaping sectorial governance in the host country. Moreover, not only did traditional donors’ development financing remain dominant vis-à-vis China, but the ways in which their interventions were designed, exercised, and monitored in the post-conditionality regime characteristically differed from their Chinese counterparts, ensuring their embedded and enduring role in the reforming of sectorial state institutions. As such, a tacit division of labour took shape between Chinese and western engagements in Uganda’s roads sector: China focused on ‘hard’ physical road construction whilst traditional donors on the ‘soft’ aspects of sectorial governance and policy. The availability of both forms of development engagements with their distinctive foci enables issue-specific agency for Uganda to develop its roads sector, and yet they together appear to create favourable conditions for the Ugandan leadership’s increasing authoritarianism.
Anatomy of a Cyberattack
Authors: Frisch Nora K , Gibson Pamela C , Stowman Anne M , Goodwin Andrew , Schwartz Michelle , Cortright Valerie , Hong Tania , Kalof Alexandra 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Our institution was the victim of a cyberattack that necessitated use of manual laboratory systems for more than 25 days. These manual processes had to be created not only to enable us to process our case volume without bottlenecks but also to maintain patient safety and allow for billing.

Methods
Our laboratory needed to create a safe reporting process to ensure ongoing patient safety and error reduction during the downtime. Additionally, we needed to ensure the ability to bill for performed tests in some areas of the lab and maintain compliance with regulatory policies.

Results
Amendment rates in our system were higher than before the attack, but no patient harm was observed. Intraoperative assessments declined, but high-acuity cases continued with a discrepancy rate comparable with the normal state. Many hours and resources (human and otherwise) were necessary to reconcile the work done to bill for services, but we were able to capture revenue through careful planning.

Conclusions
This article records the challenges we faced and the successes we achieved in maintaining compliance and a low error rate in the face of manual processes, the steps necessary to bring the cases into the newly restored electronic health record, and how we billed for the services we rendered.
CAP-ACP Workload Model for Advanced Diagnostics in Precision Medicine
Authors: Park Paul C , Kurek Kyle C , DeCoteau John , Howlett Christopher J , Hawkins Cynthia , Izevbaye Iyare , Carter Michael D , Redpath Margaret , Lo Bryan , Alex Deepu , Yousef George , Yip Stephen , Maung Raymond 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objectives
In precision medicine, where oncologic management is tailored to the individual’s clinical and genetic profiles, advanced diagnostic testing provides prognostic information and guides management in a growing number of malignancies. There is a need to capture the work pathologists perform to meet this demand by providing medically relevant, timely, and accurate testing results. This work includes not only direct patient consults (interpretation of results and issuing reports) but the administrative and medical oversight as well as the research needed to provide the necessary quality assurance, quality control, direction, and framework for the laboratory.

Methods
An expert panel of Canadian pathologists involved in advanced diagnostics was convened to establish and beta test a model for workload assessment in advanced diagnostics.

Results
All aspects of the advanced diagnostics workload were detailed and applied to models based on members’ experience, including medical oversight, administration, and the introduction of new testing and platforms. Models for biomarker testing were developed for simple and complex or multiplexed assays, and a detailed model was developed to assess the workload for next-generation sequencing–based assays.

Conclusions
This paper provides the first detailed proposal for capturing an advanced diagnostic workload to enable appropriate pathologist allotment for performing all the steps required to run an advanced diagnostic service.
Tissue Contamination During Transportation of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Blocks
Authors: Carll Timothy , Fuja Christine , Antic Tatjana , Lastra Ricardo , Poon Rachel , McGary Ryan , Pytel Peter 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Tissue carryovers are contaminants of surgical pathology cases in which extraneous tissue is incorporated into tissue blocks. Carryovers occur most frequently at the grossing or embedding stations, but little is published about them. We sought to analyze their transmission during transit to the histology lab.

Methods
Cassettes of friable donor tissue were mixed with cassettes of spongy recipient tissue in formalin-filled containers and agitated by shipment via pneumatic tube. The tissue cassettes were processed, embedded as blocks, and cut as usual. Liquid samples were prepared from the submission containers as well as from workstation submission containers and histology tissue processor waste.

Results
A high rate of contamination (14.9%) was observed under these artificial conditions. Friable donor tissue, including urothelium and colorectal adenocarcinoma, were promiscuous contaminants, as were placental villi. Fluid from submission containers showed viable tumor cells and fragments, which were also present in workstation submission containers and in tissue processor waste fluid.

Conclusions
This study implicates liquid transport media as a possible avenue of contamination during submission and transportation of tissue cassettes for histologic processing. Attention should be given to the friability of submitted tissue and physical agitation of the cassettes in transit. Such contaminants may be present in the fluid in tissue submission bins and in tissue processor fluid.
Changes in Surgical Pathology Case Volume and Amendment Rates During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Harris Cynthia K , Kwong J Y , Cohen M H , Bland Denise K , Fell Geoffrey G , Nosé Vania , Bossuyt Veerle 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Surgical pathology volume decreased during the peak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We looked at the 4 months with the greatest reduction in surgical pathology volume during the COVID-19 pandemic and compared them with those same months in 2019 to determine changes in specimen volume. We compared the amendment rates during those periods and types of amendments issued (identification [ID], report defect [RD], diagnostic information [DI]).

Methods
All pathology reports between March to June 2019 and March to June 2020 were extracted from the pathology information system. All amendments issued were extracted over the same period and then subclassified by two pathologists.

Results
There was a 52.1% reduction in surgical pathology volume between the 4-month periods in 2019 and 2020 (P = .04). The amendment rate was 0.9% in 2019 compared with 1.4% in 2020, representing a 65.5% increase in amendments overall. There was a 53.3% reduction in amendments issued for ID, a 3.8% reduction in RD, and a 23.2% increase in amendments issued for DI. The change in amendments was not statistically significant.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that a reduction in workload would not improve error rates. The circumstances of the pandemic highlight the many factors contributing to error rates in surgical pathology.