bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXIV-1 Effect of Ambient Temperature on Respiration Rate and Ruminal Temperature for Growing-Finishing Calf-fed Holstein Steers in the Feedlot During Summer in Southern California
Authors: Latack Brooke C , Carvalho Pedro V , Zinn Richard A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Objectives were to evaluate the relationships between ambient temperature (AT) and respiration rate (RR) and ruminal temperature (RT) of calf-fed Holstein steers during the extreme heat characteristic of the months of August and September in the Southern California desert region. Holstein steers (n = 21; one steer per pen; initial BW = 422 ±15 kg) were utilized in 28-d experiment (August 17 – September 14, 2021). Steers were blocked by initial shrunk weight (220 d before the initiation of the experiment) and randomly assigned to 21 pens (5 steers per pen). Pens were 62 m2 with 25 m2 overhead shade, automatic waterers and 2.4 m fence-line feed bunks. All steers were fed a steam-flaked corn-based growing-finishing diet. A bolus measuring temperature activity (smaXtec Basic, Smaxtec Animal Care GmbH, Austria) was placed in the rumen of each steer 55 d before the initiation of the experiment (June 22, 2021). During the experimental period, the respiration rate of one calf per pen was collected weekly. Respiration rate was obtained at 1100 h by counting the number of flank movements per minute. Ambient temperature at 1100 h averaged 37.6 ± 2.3° C for the experimental period. Temperature-humidity-index (THI) at 1100 h averaged 83.5 ± 1.7 (steers experienced “danger” or “emergency” THI categories through the entire 28 d trial). As AT increased from the minimum of 22.9° C to a maximum of 39.8° C, RR increased from 58.6 ± 12.9 breaths/min to 103.9 ± 16.9 breaths/min (RR = -54.9 + 4.13 AT, P &lt; 0.01, r2 = 0.65). Likewise, RR increased with increasing RT (RR = -1259 + 33.7 RT, P &lt; 0.01, r2 = 0.92) as RT increased. As ambient temperature increased, ruminal temperature increased (RT = 35.9 + 0.117 AT, P&lt; 0.01, r2 = 0.65), though never exceeding 40.6° C.
PSXVI-5 Rumen Parameters and Microbial Population Changes in Fattening Holstein Heifers fed with Nitrate-Contaminated Water
Authors: Guivernau Miriam , Llonch Lourdes , Marti Sonia , Viñas Marc , Devant Maria 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of drinking water nitrate concentration on rumen parameters and its microbial population that may affect greenhouse gases in fattening cattle. Holstein heifers (n = 24; 161 ± 19.9 kg of initial BW, and 183 ± 25.3 d of age) were housed individually and fed ad libitum. Animals were assigned to 4 treatments according to nitrate concentration in drinking water: 1) Control (n=6), without NO3-; 2) Low (n=6), with 44 mg/L of NO3-; 3) Moderate (n=6), with 110 mg/L of NO3-, and 4) High (n=6), with 220 mg/L of NO3-. After 14 and 168 days the ruminal content was sampled to determine pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), nitrate and nitrite concentration, and rumen microbiota (except for Moderate). To assess the rumen microbiota, DNA-based qPCR of total bacterial population (16S rRNA), dissimilatory sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (aprA), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea (amoA-AOB and amoA-AOA), typical complete denitrifiers (nosZ-clade I linked to the transformation of N2O to N2), and anammox bacteria (hzo) was determined. Rumen pH, VFA, nitrate and nitrite were analyzed with a mixed effects model. Rumen microbial populations were statistically treated by analysis of variance applying pairwise comparisons (Fisher's least). Rumen pH, VFA, nitrate and nitrite were not affected by nitrate concentration in drinking water; however, rumen nitrite concentrations were greater (P &lt; 0.01) in d 14 than in d 168 (32.1 vs. 6.3 ± 4.20 mg/L, respectively). Nitrate drinking water concentration did not affect rumen microbial populations, except for complete-denitrifying population (nosZ-clade I) which were slightly greater (P=0.01) in High than in Control in d 168. In conclusion, nitrate-contaminated water did not show a significant impact on rumen parameters and microbial populations but increased the bacterial denitrifying potential after a long term, which could decrease ruminal N2O emissions and nitrite ruminal accumulation in fattening heifers.
PSXVI-2 Impacts of Improvest on Primal Yields in Gilt Carcasses
Authors: Vonnahme Kimberly A , Amodie Debbie , Mellencamp Marnie , Galina-Pantoja Lucina 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Improvest administration in gilts during the finishing phase results in heavier hot carcasses weights. The objective of this study was to determine primal cutout yields from Improvest-treated gilts compared with controls. This was a pen-fed design with 20 pens/treatment (27 gilts/pen; study d0 = 7 wk of age). The first Improvest dose was administered on d7 and the second dose administered on d67. The heaviest 8 gilts/pen were marketed 22 days post second dose (dPSD), heaviest 8 gilts/pen at 37 dPSD, and all remaining gilts marketed at 50 dPSD. All hot carcasses were weighed (HCW), and within a day and treatment, the heaviest 50 carcasses were selected for dissection. The natural fall (NF) weight was recorded, and after trimming, the finished good (FG) weight, so that primal yield could be calculated. The HCW were similar 22 dPSD, but Improvest gilts had greater HCW at 37 and 50 dPSD. Bellies (NF and FG) were increased in Improvest-treated vs. control gilts at 37 and 50 dPSD. Overall, belly yield was increased in Improvest-treated gilts. Rib weights (NF and FG) were increased in Improvest-treated gilts at 50 dPSD, but there was a decreased rib yield compared with control. There was an increased rib yield at 22 dPSD in Improvest-treated vs. control gilts. Picnic weights were greater in Improvest-treated vs control gilts, regardless of day. Loin NF and FG, butt NF, and ham NF weights were greater at 50 dPSD compared with control. When intramuscular fat was determined, the greatest (P = 0.03) amount was at 37 dPSD in Improvest-treated gilts compared with all other gilts. Even when the heaviest carcasses were selected, belly yields remain increased in Improvest-treated compared with control gilts. There were no detrimental impacts of Improvest use on any of the primal cutout yields that were observed.
PSII-B-12 Association of Glucose Metabolism with Feed Intake, Growth, and Efficiency of Beef Steers
Authors: Foote Andrew P , Salisbury Carlee , Beck Matthew R , Montgomery Dagan , Rathert-Williams Abigail R , King Mindy E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to determine the association of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity with dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency (G:F) of steers fed a finishing diet. Steers (n = 55; initial body weight 518 ± 26.7 kg) were subjected to an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) where glucose was dosed through a jugular catheter and serial blood samples were collected. Three days after the final IVGTT, steers began a 63-d DMI and ADG test. Body weight was measured on d 0, 1, 21, 42, 62, and 63, and DMI was measured using an Insentec Roughage Intake Control system (Insentec, Markenesse, The Netherlands). Peak insulin concentration in response to the IVGTT tended to be correlated with ADG (r = 0.25; P = 0.07) and DMI (r = 0.23; P = 0.09), indicating cattle with greater ADG and DMI tend to require a greater insulin release in response to glucose. Glucose nadir concentrations were correlated with ADG (r = 0.27; P = 0.044) and G:F (r = 0.37; P = 0.005). Additionally, when steers within 0.5 standard deviations of the mean for DMI are classed as displaying high- or low-ADG, glucose nadir was greater in high-ADG steers (P = 0.042). The association of greater glucose nadir with high-ADG could indicate that high-ADG steers do not clear glucose as efficiently as low-ADG steers, potentially indicating reduced insulin sensitivity. Carcass marbling score was negatively correlated with area under the glucose curve (r = -0.38; P = 0.006), glucose clearance rate (r = -0.33; P = 0.016), and glucose nadir concentration (r = -0.40; P = 0.004). These results indicate that glucose metabolism and insulin signaling are associated with growth, efficiency, and carcass quality, but the molecular mechanisms that drive these effects need to be elucidated.
PSIX-2 Residual Effect of Narasin on Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics in Steers
Authors: Soares Letícia Carolina Bortolanza , Polizel Daniel M M , Baggio Marcelo , Dias Paulo Cesar G , de Junior Joel G Oliveira , Mendonça Gustavo , Jeronymo Mariana , Ferreira Evandro Maia M , Santos Isabela Jorge , Petrenko Natasha B , Pires Alexandre Vaz 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of narasin withdrawal on steers ruminal fermentation characteristics. Nellore steers [n = 30; initial body weight (BW) = 281 ± 21 kg] cannulated at the rumen were assigned to individual pens in a randomized complete block design according to their initial shrunk BW. The trial lasted 156 days, divided into 2 periods. The first period lasted 140 days and consisted of the daily supply of narasin. In the second period (last 16 days) the animals were not supplemented with narasin, when the residual effect of the additive was evaluated. The diet was composed by 99% haylage Tifton-85, and 1% concentrate used as a delivery vehicle for narasin. The experimental diets were: 1) no feed additives (CON); 2) 13 mg of narasin/kg of DM (N13); 3) 20 mg of narasin/kg of DM (N20). The dry matter intake (DMI) was evaluated daily and the ruminal fluid was obtained on day 0, 1, 3, 5, 8 and 16 after narasin withdrawal. The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure, and the effect was considered significant when P ≤ 0.05. The DMI was not affected after narasin withdrawal (P ≥ 0.27). There was a treatment and day interaction after narasin removal for the molar ratio of acetate (P &lt; 0.01), propionate (P &lt; 0.01), ac:prop ratio (P &lt; 0.01) and ammonia nitrogen (P = 0.03). The inclusion of narasin linearly reduced acetate (P &lt; 0.01), increased propionate (P ≤ 0.04), and linearly decreased the ac:prop ratio (P &lt; 0.01) up to 5 days after narasin withdrawal. Narasin linearly decreased ammonia nitrogen up to 1 day after withdrawal (P &lt; 0.01). It is concluded that use of narasin results in a residual effect on the rumen fermentation process after removal of the additive from the diets.
PSIX-5 Ruminal Papillae Morphology and Volatile Fatty Acid Profile of Beef Steers Consuming Finishing Diets with an Added Nutritional Packet in a Calf-fed System
Authors: Peters Sarah , Sarturi Jhones O , Rush Camron J , Felizari Luana , Henry Darren D , Huerta-Leidenz Nelson O , Woerner Dale R , Rodrigues Barbara , Lopez Alejandra M , Silva Kaliu G Scaranto , Nardi Kaue Tonelli , Wilkes Katherine 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The effects of a nutritional packet containing a direct-fed microbial combined with vitamins/electrolytes offered to beef steers in a calf-fed system on ruminal papillae morphology and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile were evaluated. Angus crossbred steer-calves (n = 60; BW = 234 ± 4 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete block design (block = body weight; steer = experimental unit) and stratified into two treatments: a) control (no packet, finely-ground corn carrier only); and b) 30 g of DM/animal-daily of a nutritional packet [live-yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 8.7 Log CFU/g), Vitamin C (5.4 g/kg of Ascorbic acid), Vitamin B1 (13.33 g/kg of Thiamine hydrochloride), and electrolytes of NaCl (80 g/kg) and KCl (80 g/kg)]. Animals were individually offered [electronic feed-bunks (Smart-Feed/C-Lock Inc.)] a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet ad libitum once daily for 233 d, while treatments were offered during the first and last 60 days on feed only. Upon harvest (federally inspected facility), individual samples of ruminal cranial sac epithelium and rumen content (quickly frozen) were collected. Preserved (70% alcohol at 5oC) ruminal tissue fragments were trimmed (1 cm2), in which papillae were counted, followed by a random removal of 12 individual papillae for further area measurement using electronic scanning (ImageJ). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Steers offered to nutritional packet had a 30% increased (P = 0.02) average papillae area, which induced a tendency (P = 0.14) to improve ruminal absorptive surface area (89 vs. 93%), while not affecting ruminal papillae number (P = 0.39). Molar proportions of acetate, butyrate, and propionate were not affected (P ≥ 0.51) by treatments, while total VFA (mM) tended (P = 0.09) to increase by 8% for animals consuming the nutritional packet. The nutritional packet seemed to improve ruminal fermentation products while positively affecting ruminal papillae morphology.
PSIX-13 The Impact of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Product on in-Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics, gas Production, and Ruminal Microbiome Composition
Authors: Mezzomo Rafael , Burcham Zack , Thorndyke Meghan P , Loh Huey Yi , Tangredi Briana V , Hallmark Harrison D , Gifford Ryan J , Metcalf Jessica , Morgan Brad , Belk Keith , Tuell Trevor , de Guimaraes Bisneto Octavio Almeida , Engle Terry E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae products (NaturSafe) on in-vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial diversity. Three crossbred feedlot steers fitted with rumen cannulae were adjusted to a moderately high-concentrate diet for 28-d. On d-29, 1 L of rumen fluid was collected from each steer and composited. A set of vaccine bottles (n=5/treatment/time + blanks and controls) containing 0.5 g of basal diet plus dietary treatments were filled with 30 ml of rumen fluid-McDougall’s buffer solution (1:1), sealed, and placed in a 39°C water bath. Treatments consisted of 1) Control (no added NaturSafe); 2) NaturSafe-dry (9 g/animal/day equivalent); 3) NaturSafe-dry (12 g/animal/day equivalent); 4) NaturSafe-liquid (14 g/animal/day equivalent); 5) NaturSafe-liquid (21 g/animal/day equivalent); and NaturSafe-liquid (28 g/animal/day equivalent). Samples were collected at 0, 6 and 12 h post-fermentation. No treatment effect on any fermentation parameters was found at 6 h. At 12-h post-incubation, dry matter digestibility (DMD) (P &lt; 0.04) and molar proportions of propionic acid (P &lt; 0.03) were greater for treatments containing NaturSafe compared with control. Molar proportions of acetic acid (P &lt; 0.07), percent CH4 (P &lt; 0.08), and NH3-N (P &lt; 0.06) tended to be lesser and percent CO2 tended (P &lt; 0.07) to be greater for NaturSafe treatments compared with controls. Microbiome 16S rRNA analysis results suggest that microbial communities differed (P &lt; 0.05) between 6 and 12 h post-incubation. Incorporating NaturSafe into fermentation vessels revealed an inverse correlation with NaturSafe concentration and microbial diversity (P = 0.08) and that the overall microbial diversity was altered (P &lt; 0.03) by NaturSafe concentration. The microbial community was not affected by additive type. These data suggest that NaturSafe alters fermentation characteristics and microbial community diversity toward improved rumen efficiency while reducing environmental impact.
PSIX-1 Predicting Beef Cattle dry Matter Intake
Authors: Blake Nathan , Walker Matthew , Holaskova Ida , Hubbart Jason , Jose Mata Padrino Domingo , Ogunade Ibukun M , Sanders Kelsie , Yost Tylor , Wilson Mathew E 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
As increasing climate variability continues to strain agricultural production, priorities must be aligned with methods to maintain or improve current production processes, including advanced, technology-based methods of measuring individual feed and water intakes and increasing water use efficiency in cattle. A total of 745 animals were evaluated in eight test groups from 11/25/19 to 9/2/21 in a dry lot equipped with In-Pen Weighing Positions and Feed and Water-Intake Nodes. Relationships among average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), residual feed intake (RFI), water intake (WI), residual water intake (RWI), animal performance variables, and environmental variables at the individual animal level were investigated on a first test group of Angus bulls (n = 125) and crossbred steers (n = 53). Root mean square error (RMSE) was used as a measure of error between model-predicted and observed DMI. Random Forest (RF) analysis predicted the daily DMI, with RMSE 0.92 kg for bulls and 0.85 kg for steers. When performance measures were averaged across the entire test period, the RMSE using RF were 0.39 and 0.34 kg DMI for bulls and steers, respectively. Repeated measures Analysis of Variance (RM ANOVA) was used with the same set of predictive variables as in RF. DMI was strongly related to body weight, WI, short wave radiation (MJ), and relative humidity (%; all p&lt; 0.0001). RM ANOVA predicted the daily DMI with (RMSE) 1.5 kg for bulls and 1.41 kg for steers and 0.75 and 0.61 kg DMI for bulls and steers across the entire testing period. Study results identify relationships between DMI, WI and other growth metrics in a dry lot, which must be explored in pasture to identify biomarkers of feed and water efficiency in cattle to improve sustainability of beef production in grazing systems.
PSIX-12 The Effects of Feeding Chromium Propionate to Yearling Steers in a Commercial Feedyard on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Health
Authors: Trojan Sara J , Bryant Tony C , Jennings Jenny S , Clark Darryl , LaFleur Doug , Canterbury Landon , Hergenreder Jerilyn 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Crossbred beef steers, n = 5,140; 352 ± 5.45 kg initial body weight (BW) were used to evaluate chromium propionate supplementation to yearling steers in a commercial feedyard. Cattle were blocked by arrival date and initial BW and assigned randomly to pen within block; pens were randomly assigned to treatment within block. Treatments, replicated in 15 pens per treatment with 130 to 250 steers per pen, included: 1) control (CTL), 0 mg supplemental Cr/kg dietary dry matter (DM); 2) chromium (CR) 0.50 mg supplemental Cr/kg dietary DM (4.9 mg/d; chromium propionate; KemTRACE, Chromium 0.4%, Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA). Final BW, average daily gain (ADG) and gain efficiency (G:F) did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.26). Dry matter intake was greater for CR than CTL, 8.61 kg. vs. 8.49 kg, respectively (P = 0.03). Hot carcass weight (HCW), dressing percentage, ribeye area, and 12th-rib-fat were not different for CTL or CR (P ≥ 0.12). The percentage of carcasses camera grading choice or better was greater (P = 0.04) for CR (51.2%) than CTL (48%), and the percentage of select carcasses was less (P = 0.01) for CR (41.5%) than CTL (45.5%). Yield grade distribution did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.26). There was no difference (P ≥ 0.36) in overall morbidity (7.75%), or total mortality (1.43%) between treatments. Steers fed CR had greater quality carcasses, and similar G:F and HCW to CTL.
PSVI-19 Effect of Processing Methods and Inclusion Level of Dried raw Garlic on in Vitro Fermentation Profile and Methane Production in a Corn Silage-Based Diet
Authors: de Martinez Juan Jesus Vargas , Tarnonsky Federico , Maderal Araceli , Fernandez-Marenchino Ignacio , Podversich Federico , Cuervo Wilmer , Gomez Camila , Schulmeister Tessa M , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) contains secondary compounds known to modify rumen fermentation parameters and decrease methane (CH4) emissions; however, results from previous research on the effects of garlic-byproduct supplementation are quite variable. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of increasing inclusion levels and processing methods of dried raw garlic on in vitro ruminal fermentation and CH4 production. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design, where 24 h incubations were conducted on three separate days, with corn silage and gin trash (80:20, respectively) used as basal substrate. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial with garlic inclusion (0, 2.5, and 5% of the diet) and processing method (freeze-dried, oven-dried, and autoclaved) as factors. Three ruminally cannulated steers were fed ad libitum a corn silage and gin trash diet, for at least 35 d prior to collection of ruminal fluid used as inoculum. Final pH, concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), total gas production, and CH4 concentrations were determined at the end of incubation. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS. Final pH and concentration of total VFA were not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by the processing method nor inclusion level of garlic. Increasing garlic inclusion decreased NH3-N concentration (P &lt; 0.05), reduced (P &lt; 0.05) the proportion of acetate, tended to increase (P &lt; 0.10) the proportion of propionate, and tended to decrease (P &lt; 0.10) the acetate:propionate ratio. Neither garlic inclusion level nor processing methods modified IVOMD, total gas production, or CH4 concentration. Modifications in VFA molar proportions and NH3-N concentration may be related to differences in N concentration in the incubated substrates. In conclusion, neither processing method nor garlic level inclusion modified CH4 production or nutrient digestibility.
PSVI-6 Predicting Fecal Composition Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (Nirs): Expanding the Calibration to Include Grazing Beef Samples
Authors: Peters Jenilee F , Swift Mary Lou , Penner Gregory B , Lardner Bart , McAllister Timothy A , Ribeiro Gabriel O 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration was previously developed to predict fecal composition using samples from beef heifers fed high forage diets ( &gt; 95% forage dry matter basis) during total collection digestibility studies. The objective of the current study was to expand the fecal composition calibration with samples from grazing beef cattle. Fecal samples were collected from beef steers grazing two annual and two perennial forage mixtures over 2 growing seasons. Individual samples (n = 12/paddock) were composited by paddock resulting in 30 samples from year 1, and 24 from year two. Fecal samples were oven dried at 55°C for 48 hours and ground through a 1.0 mm screen prior to scanning on a FOSS DS2500 scanning monochromator (FOSS, Eden Prairie, MN). The grazing fecal spectra (n = 54) was added to the existing library and then mathematically treated for scatter correction. Modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression was performed to develop equations to predict fecal composition [organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), undigestible NDF (uNDF), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P)]. The calibrations for fecal OM, N, NDF, ADF, ADL, uNDF, Ca, P resulted in R2CV between 0.86 and 0.96 and SECV of 1.73, 0.07, 1.65, 1.20, 0.63, 1.91, 0.21, and 0.07, respectively. This study confirms the potential of NIRS to predict fecal chemical composition of beef cattle fed high forage or grazing forage diets. Future steps include expansion and further validation of the calibration equations to include digestibility and intake predictions by estimating the internal markers lignin and uNDF.