bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free Amino Acids of Dormant Rhubarb Crowns
Authors: Tompkins D. R. , Kimura Y. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Dormant rhubarb crowns do not force well until their rest period or physiodormancy (7) has been broken by sufficient chilling in the field during late fall. There are many reports that during exposure of dormant plants to cold, the free amino acids contents change. Asen and Stuart (1) found that dormant leaves and buds of Hydrangea macrophylla showed an increase of some free amino acids after 6 weeks of storage at 4 to 5°C. Another worker (8) reported that in one alfalfa variety there was a 20% increase of acids from August to December. Schneider (4) found that the levels of some free amino acids in leaves of Ilex crenata nigra rooted cuttings changed during storage at cool temperatures. In this study buds and roots of dormant rhubarb crowns were analyzed to determine the free amino acids present and also possible changes in acids levels that might indicate the end of the rest period.
Sex Ratio in Ilex opaca Ait.12
Authors: Clark Robert B. , Orton Elwin R. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A population of 1945 seedlings of Ilex opaca Ait. was observed for a period of seven years after field planting. Sex determinations were obtained for 1930 of the seedlings. In general, the staminate plants flowered at an earlier age than did the pistillate plants. However, staminate and pistillate plants were found to occur with equal frequency (1.03/1.00).
Response of ‘Jerseyland’ Peach Trees to Three Consecutive Yearly Herbicide Applications of Simazine and Dalapon Alone and in Combination1
Authors: Lord W. J. , Vlach E. F. , Damon R. A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Response of ‘Jerseyland’ peach trees to 3 consecutive yearly herbicide applications of 2-chloro-4,6 bis (ethylamino)-s-triazine (simazine) and sodium salt of 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon) alone and in combination was determined. The data included weed control, tree growth, fruit size, yield and leaf N, K, Ca and Mg content. The herbicide combination of dalapon at 4.25 lb ai/acre and simazine at 3.2 lb ai/acre gave the best weed control. The partial reduction in weed population was of no benefit to tree growth, fruit size, yield and nutrition. Simazine did not alter the chemical composition of the leaf or affect growth, fruit size and yield, as compared with either dalapon or the mowed control.
Comparison of Some Biochemical Constituents of EM IX and XVI Bark
Authors: Martin George C. , Williams Max W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
One of the more effective means of developing a smaller than standard apple tree is to graft the desired variety onto East Mailing (EM) IX rootstock. This combination results in a tree from 1/3 to 1/2 standard size. A decisive explanation for the mechanism of dwarfing by EM IX has not appeared in the literature. Of the suggested factors which might result in dwarfing by EM IX rootstock, those which involve organic constituents appear to be most plausible. It has been shown that EM IX is not deficient in fat, starch, reducing sugars, and disaccharides (3, 10). Also there is evidence to indicate that neither the root system (11) nor water (4) is limiting the growth of a dwarfing rootstock.
The Effects of Maleic Hydrazide on Caffeine, Tannin, DNA, and RNA Content in Tea, Camellia sinensis1
Authors: Biswas P. K. , Hall Oscar , Mayberry B. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Maleic hydrazide (MH) is known to affect physiological and morphological responses in various plant species including tea. The role of caffeine, tannin, DNA, and RNA in various species of plants has been the subject of scientific investigation for many years. To date, this subject still has need of continued research in order to draw conclusions as to the relationship of caffeine and tannin to the taste, quality, and flavor of beverages (tea).
Anatomical Studies of Ammonium-Induced Stem Lesions in Tomato1
Authors: Barker A. V. , Lachman W. H. , Maynard D. N. , Puritch G. S. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Tomato plants develop dark, pitted stem lesions when grown on ammonium nutrition in soil culture with insufficient potassium, (1,4,5). Ammonium utilization by plants requires a higher potassium level than nitrate utilization (10). Furthermore, when ammonium salt solutions are applied to soils, potassium may be fixed in the clay lattices by ammonium ions (2). Hence, the potassium supplying power of the soil is lowered, and plants are unable to obtain enough potassium to meet their needs. In sand culture, stem lesions occur only when potassium salts are excluded from the nutrient solution with ammonium as the sole nitrogen source (1). Lesions do not develop during potassium deficiency with nitrate sources of nitrogen.
Effects of 2-Aminobutane Carbonated on the Shelf-Life and Quality of Redskin Peaches1
Authors: Sims E. T. , Ridley J. D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
With more emphasis upon increasing the proportion of high quality diseasefree peaches available to consumers, new chemicals and chemical combinations are constantly being sought which will retain the high quality of the peach throughout its maximum storage life.
Use of Liquid Foam to Prevent Freeze Injury tO Strawberry Blossoms
Authors: Eggert Dean A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Freezing air temperatures occurring during strawberry blossom time frequently result in complete or partial crop failure. In Indiana there is nearly a 50% probability that such temperatures will occur during the strawberry bloom period. The current practices of using a straw mulch or sprinkler irrigation to prevent blossom freezing are limited by unavailability of material or labor, excessive expense, and frequent failure to provide adequate crop protection.
Yuzuhada, a Physiological Disorder of Oriental Pear, and Its Possible Relation to Black-End and Hard-End of Bartlett
Authors: Ryugo Kay , Davis Luther D. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Yuzuhada is a Japanese term given to a fruit disorder which often occurs when certain cultivars of the oriental pear, Pyrus serotina are grafted onto seedlings of that species or of P. betulaefolia. A literal translation of the name, yuzuhada, is pomelo (citrus) skin disease because in severe cases, fruits of some varieties develop surface depressions similar to thick citrus rind. The disorder was described in 1928 by Mizuno (3), but it is practically unknown to American horticulturists. According to Hayashi (1), and Hayashi and Wakisaka (2), the symptoms of yuzuhada are similar to those of hard-end and black-end of Bartlett pear in that the fruits fail to soften normally and often manifest some darkening of the distal end near the calyx lobes. That these two disorders occur on the same rootstock species and that some of their manifestations appear to be similar suggest that a relationship might exist between the two disorders. This investigation dealing with stock influence on the scion variety was, therefore, undertaken to ascertain if there were any correlations between the potential of a rootstock to produce black- or hard-end of Bartlett and yuzuhada symptoms in varieties of P. serotina and two interspecific hybrids.
Changes in Titratable Acidity of Tomato Fruits Subjected to Low Temperatures12
Authors: Hall C. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The titratable acidity of the locular and pericap portions of tomato fruits (incipient color stage) was determined before and after storage at 38°, 45°, or 50°F for 4 or 8 days. Acidity measurements were also made on similar fruits held at the above temperatures for 0, 4, or 8 days followed by 6 days at 70°.
The pericap and locular portions of fruits stored for 4 and 8 days at low temperatures had a higher titratable acidity after ripening than control fruits ripened without prior chilling. The per cent decrease in acidity during ripening was greatest for the unchilled fruit and least for the fruits chilled for 8 days. The pattern was the same for the 3 temperatures. There was an increase in acidity of fruits after 4 days of storage.
Differential Response of Stylar Elongation in Tomatoes to Soil Moisture Levels1
Authors: Coyne Dermot P. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Abnormal elongation of styles of tomato flowers in hot dry weather has been observed by some workers (5, 6, 7). This has been found to cause poor pollination and reduction in fruit set. The exposed stigmas may also dry up in hot dry weather resulting in failure of fertilization and blossom drop (57). Tomato styles were also observed to elongate abnormally under conditions of low soil moisture (5). A differential response of style elongation to length of photoperiod for 2 greenhouse tomato varieties was observed by Burk (1). Howlett (2) reported that the maximum length of pistil in relation to the stamens was obtained when the plants were growing during a period of relativelv short day, under light of low intensity, and with an abundance of readily available nitrogen. The author has found no reports on the differential response of style elongation of tomato varieties grown under different soil moisture levels.
Use of Heat Units to Predict Dates for Once-Over Tomato Harvest
Authors: Austin M. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The use of degree-day accumulations showed little advantage over calendar days when the ease of calculation for calendar days was considered. Calendar day measurements appeared to be more practical and more reliable than degree days. However, when calendar days from transplanting were compared to calendar days from the date that the stem stopped enlarging, it was found that the latter criterion was more reliable for estimating the time when the earliest maximum yield occurred. In fact, it was the most reliable criterion of many that were studied (1). Similar results were reported by Vollbrecht (5), however he stated that a more practical method is still needed to predict optimum harvest periods.
Feasibility of Use of Pariffin Oil for Purification of Storage Atmosphere1
Authors: Dostal H. C. , Hoff J. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Aroma transfer is a problem common to both mixed and unmixed storage of agricultural commodities. The deleterious effect on palatability of certain fatty products by such materials as apples is well documented. Too, certain apple varieties may suffer physiological stress due to emanations by other varieties of apples. A number of methods for removal of objectionable odors in storage have been suggested in past years. Each of these systems has distinct advantages; yet, none is universally effective.
Ecological Aspects of the Cultivated Cucurbita1
Authors: Whitaker Thomas W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This report is concerned with the uses, geographic distribution, and some specific ecological aspects of a group of crops with such common names as squash, pumpkins, gourds, cymlings, marrows, and cushaws. Taxonomically these crops all fall within the genus Cucurbita, and of course are in the family Cucurbitaceae. The Cucurbitaceae is essentially a tropical family. Comparatively few species are endemic to temperate areas and none are frost hardy. Surprisingly, some of the cultivated species of this family appear to be better adapted to temperate areas than to the areas in which they are presumably endemic.
Effect of Ethylene on Production of Volatiles by Lemons
Authors: Norman Shirley , Craft C. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Ethylene is known to accelerate the respiration and to hasten the loss of chlorophyll from lemons (3). In addition, ethylene-treated lemons, are more subject to decay than untreated fruit and, as a consequence, show a shortened storage life (1). Fruits exhibiting a respiratory climacteric typically show a concomitant increase in volatile production, including ethvlene (4). The present paper reports the effect of added ethylene on volatile production by lemons, a non-climacteric fruit (2). Although sound lemons have little or no odor, no previous study has been made of the volatile production of lemons.
Effect of Seeded Fruits and Foliar-Applied Auxin on Seedless Fruit Set of Pear the Following Year
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Lombard P. B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In a test designed to study the effect of cross pollination on pear fruit set Stephen (4) found that seeded fruits result almost entirely from cross pollination rather than selfing. He found also that seedless set was mainly from selfing, although a small proportion was parthenocarpic. When he first caged entire trees against insect pollination during the period of open bloom, an average set of seedless fruits resulted. However, after caging during bloom each year for four years, seedless set was gradually reduced to only a few fruits. Stephen extended this study and found (5) that renewed exposure of the caged trees to cross pollination resulted in a good set of seeded fruit. If only one leader of a previously caged tree was exposed to cross pollination, it alone produced fruit. The following year, however, when the entire tree was again caged to prevent cross pollination, a substantial set of seedless fruit occurred on all leaders.
Mitotic Periodicity in Vanda ‘Miss Joachim’
Authors: Wilfret Gary J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The concept of periodicity in the frequency of dividing cells has previously been reported for certain plants. Lewis (5) found that in roots of onion bulbs (Allium cepa) grown under natural environmental conditions there was a peak in the frequency of dividing cells about midnight, with a slight rise at noon. In 1904 Kellicott (4), using diurnal light and temperature on onion bulbs, found two maxima, 11:00 P.M. and 1:00 P.M.
Field Observations on Effectiveness of Maleic Hydrazide Applied to Onions by Helicopter
Authors: Pendergrass Ann , Isenberg F. M. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Stored samples of onions from commercially grown fields sprayed with maleic hydrazide both by ground spray apparatus and by helicopter showed that acceptable sprout control could be attained with either application method. Comparison of samples within fields, however, indicated that helicopter spray may not always be uniformly effective.
Peanut Plants from Single De-Embryonated Cotyledons1
Authors: Illingworth John E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Twenty-three peanut plants have been grown to maturity from single peanut cotyledons from which the embryos had been removed. Fifteen of these plants produced peanuts.
The experimental seeds were first immersed in liquid nitrogen (-320.4° F, -195.8° C) for various periods of time ranging from 24 hours to 108 hours and the cotyledons were separated while still frozen. If the embryos did not break free while still frozen, they were removed later at room temperature.
Horticultural Germ Plasm: Its Exploration and Preservation
Authors: Barton Donald W. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The heart of horticultural crop production is the germ plasm to which the mass of modern technology is being applied. When the seed technologist speaks of germinability, trueness-to-type, or vitality, he is talking about a response of germ plasm. Likewise, the response to fertility, heat, drought, light, or the myriad of other environmental factors is conditioned by germ plasm.
Selection and Stability of Phenotype in Plant Breeding
Authors: Peirce L. C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
H. L. de Vilmorin, in 1900, wrote “selection is the surest and most powerful instrument that man possesses for the modification of living organisms”. This early estimate of selection’s importance would probably be accurate today. While many techniques have since been developed as effective tools for the plant breeder-irradiation, colchicine, tissue cluture-his reward more frequently comes from selection pressure applied to population variation, natural or created.
Unstable Gene Systems in Vegetable Crops and Implications for Selection1
Authors: Pearson O. H. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The mutation rate in higher plants depends on the gene considered; some change more easily than others. Stadler, as summarized by Srb (34), reported in corn a range from 492 per million gametes to less than one, according to the gene involved; most of them averaged about two per million (2 × 10-6). In man (34) the rate is about 2 × 10-5. This speaks well for the stability of the gene replicating system. With present understanding of the replicating mechanism involved -- DNA serving as a template for the RNA synthesis, or collection of the required bases and their arrangement in proper order - DNA serving as a template for the RNA sequence or other chromosome aberrations, often associated with reduced fertility. In any case the result is most commonly a block in the complex metabolic pathway leading to the phenotypic expression of the character.
Effect of Gibberellin A3 on Concentration of DNA, RNA, and Protein in Pea Plant (Pisum sativum L.)
Authors: Soleimani Abbas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The relation between the action of gibberellin A3 (GA3) and the synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins in plant cells, is known in several plant species (2,4,6). However, previous investigations have not shown the effect of GA3 on each of these syntheses in tissue from the same plant. This communication shows the influence of GA3 on each of these substances.
A Number-Color-Coding Technique for Sand Culture Studies
Authors: Ballinger W. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Sand culture experiments with many treatments offer opportunities to apply a solution to the wrong container or plant. Such errors may destroy the treatment differences and, therefore, the experiment. Often it is necessary to depend on untrained personnel for the routine day-after-day application of solutions; this increases chance for error. Therefore, a system of number-color-coding has proven of great value.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Rappaport Lawrence 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Because of new developments and sustained interest in chemical regulation of plant processes, it was considered appropriate to make this field the subject of a major symposium for the 1968 annual meetings of the Society. The primary purpose of the symposium was to present an up-to-date understanding of chemical regulation of plant processes. The choice of topics and speakers was made with the help of a number of active investigators in the field.
The Role of Hormones in Fruit Set and Development
Authors: Crane Julian C. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This subject has been reviewed periodically by Nitsch (60) in 1953, Luckwill (53) in 1959, Leopold (47) in 1962, and lastly by Crane (19) in 1964. It has been pointed out repeatedly that the seeds in fruits are rich sources particularly of auxins, but also of gibberellins and cytokinins as well. Various types of evidence would indicate that these hormones emanating from the seeds stimulate growth of the fruit tissues surrounding them and also control fruit abscission. For example, in many fruits marked correlations exist between seed number and ultimate fruit size and also between seed distribution and fruit shape. Fruits that absciss prematurely are usually multi-seeded ones with a lower seed content than normal, or are single or multi-seeded fruits in which the seeds abort.
Induction of Parthenocarpy in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Using Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: Chacko E. K. , Singh R. N. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The fact that Gustafson (2) and many other workers after him obtained fruit set without pollination by application of auxins, gibberellins or kinins, and the reports of their natural occurrence in a number of fruits suggests that these substances play a crucial role in the fruit setting and development (5, 3, 4). Attempts to induce parthenocarpy in fruits like plum with auxins, gibberellins or kinetin either alone or in combination have given negative results. Similarly, efforts to induce parthenocarpic fruit growth in mango has not been successful (6).
Differential Orchard Fireblight Susceptibility of Young Apple Stions1
Authors: Mowry James B. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Marked variations in the number of fireblight infections were observed on 3-year old ‘Double Red Jonathan’ stions grafted on 8 size-controlling clonal rootstocks. The average number of fireblight infections per tree ranged from 33 with the MM 109 rootstock to 0 with the Alnarp 2 rootstock. The number of fireblight infections was correlated with the number of flower clusters on the stions (r= .70**) but was not correlated with stion vigor as expressed by trunk circumference (r=-.18). The number of fireblight infections on non-flowering shoots also was correlated with the number of flower clusters on the stion (r= .60**) but was not correlated with trunk circumference (r= -.20). The susceptibility of non-flowering shoots to fireblight was influenced by the number of flower clusters on the stion, but flowers were not an essential avenue of bacterial infection, even when present. Within the Merton-Mailing rootstock series, the number of flower clusters was not correlated with the size of the stion.
Yield Performance of (Juglans regia) ‘Payne’ on Seedlings of Northern California Black Walnut (Juglans hindsii) Rootstock at Three Planting Distances1
Authors: Martin George C. , Forde Harold I. , Serr Eugene F. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Walnut trees planted at 50’ × 30’ grew more slowly than xtrees at 50’ × 40’ or 50’ × 50’. Yields per tree were similar at all spacings early in the orchard’s life, but unit area yields later increased proportionately to the number of trees per acre. Long-term monetary returns above fixed costs were far greater as the number of trees per acre increased.
Phytotoxicity Studies with Tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (Termil*) on 12 Cultivars of Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)
Authors: Sheldrake R. , Rodebaugh J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the past two years a new concept of thermal dusting with Tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (Termil) for the control of Botytris cinerea on greenhouse crops of geranium (Pelorgonium hortorum) has proven to be very successful and practical. This fungus frequently causes leaf and bract injury to crops of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) in greenhouses in late November and December. This study was initiated to determine the phototoxicity of the commercial product Termil used with the special alcohol burner and applied as a thermal dust.
Legal Maturity of ‘Temple’ Oranges as Influenced by Lead Arsenate Sprays1,2
Authors: Reese R. L. , Eldon Brown G. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Applications of lead arsenate to ‘Temple’ oranges lowered the titratable acid content but not the soluble solids or percentage juice. The percentage total decay, peel injury, and creasing were not appreciably influenced by the lead arsenate sprays. Fruit from trees sprayed with lead arsenate passed legal maturity standards 15 to 20 days earlier than fruit from non-sprayed trees.
Determination of Cessation of Tomato Stem Enlargement
Authors: Alls C. R. , Austin M. E. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Prior to 1964 work relating morphological changes of the tomato plant to the occurrence of the earliest once-over maximum yield of ripe fruit had not been reported. In studies of growth and fruiting characteristics of several tomato cultivars to develop an objective method to predict the harvest date, Austin1 determined that the cessation of stem enlargement was the best index. Measuring stems, however, with calipers at 3-and 4-day intervals is laborious.
Germinating Response of the Tomato at High Temperature1
Authors: Berry S. Z. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Differences in germination response at 35°C were found in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Varieties with tolerance to germination at high temperature were characteristically cold-germinating types with the notable exception of the variety, Fireball. The ability to respond at high temperature was not found to be associated with earliness.