bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Internal Powder Feed Plasma Spray and Formation of the Ceramic Coating
Authors: Gao Y. , Xu X. , Kang Y. , Xin G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Aluminum oxide ceramic coatings are widely used to extend the life of machine components. These protective layers are usually applied via atmospheric plasma spraying. In this study, alumina coatings are produced using a low-power plasma spraying method and assessed based on hardness, porosity, and microstructure. Test results show that alumina coatings applied using low-power plasma spraying with internal injection are harder than those produced using traditional APS techniques. The effect of process parameters, including current, voltage, powder feed rate, and plasma energy, is also investigated. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
High-Enthalpy Plasma Spraying
Authors: George L.C. , Pollard L. , Snyder D. , Young K. , Delcea L.B. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Arc instability in conventional plasmas causes variations in particle properties that can lead to poor coating quality and low deposit efficiencies. In this paper, the authors explain how the use of molecular gases with higher enthalpy mitigates the effects of arc instability, resulting in higher spray rates, better coating quality, and lower cost per kilogram of material deposited. They also describe the design and operation of a commercial high-enthalpy plasma spraying system and present and analyze coatings of different materials thereby produced. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
Equipment Engineering and Process Control for Cold Spraying
Authors: Richter P. , Krömmer W. , Heinrich P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the equipment used in cold gas spraying. It discusses the general design and operation of key components, including the nozzle, the control system, the gas heater, and powder feeder. It also describes a typical gas supply system, the recycling of helium, and the provisions for health and safety that are necessary in a spray booth. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
A Study of the Influence of Mounting Media on Quantitative Measurements of Thermal Spray Coatings
Authors: Didier P.A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This study investigates the effect of mounting materials on microstructure and property measurements obtained from thermal spray coatings. Various epoxies and embedding techniques are used and a wide range of layers are examined, including HVOF sprayed WC-Co, Cr3C2-NiCr, and Al2O3-TiO2; plasma sprayed Cr2O3, YSZ, WC-Co, and Ni-Al; and arc sprayed copper and silicon bronze. Image analysis measurements of area percent porosity, thickness, lamellar spacing, and unmelted particles and the results of hardness tests show substantial variation relative to the method used to encapsulate soft and porous coatings. Results indicate that the ideal mounting system for thermal spray coatings would consist of a low viscosity epoxy, to maximize penetration depth, and a high cured hardness, for adequate protection of surfaces and open porosity of hard coating materials. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
Determination of the Integrity of Thermally Sprayed Coatings with a New Laterally Resolving Electrochemical Technique
Authors: Büchler M. , Margadant N. , Siegmann S. , Ilavsky J. , Barbezat G. , Pisacka J. , Enzl R. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper evaluates an electrochemical mapping method for determining the corrosion resistance and structural integrity of thermally sprayed coatings. In the test setup, a potentiostat is suspended over the test sample, forming an electrochemical cell. The circuit is completed through an electrolyte-containing porous tip. Capillary forces keep the electrolyte on the surface of the tip, preventing transfer to the substrate surface. In the investigation, electrochemical, spatially resolved measurements are carried out on flame and vacuum plasma sprayed nickel-base coatings and compared with the results of salt spray testing. It is observed that the new method offers many advantages being faster, nondestructive, and quantitative in nature. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
Tribological and Corrosion Behaviour of Thermal-Sprayed Polymer-Ceramic Composite Coatings
Authors: Guilemany J.M. , Fernández D. , Lorenzana C. , Delgado J. , Miguel J.M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this study, polyamide 11 and polyamide-alumina layers are produced by flame spraying and assessed based on microstructure and corrosion and wear resistance. Among the more notable findings: During the spraying process, there is a loss of crystallinity and polymorphism in the polymer due to high heating and cooling rates. Although some particle degradation occurs in flight, it is does not significantly alter the properties of the polymer. Insufficient substrate temperature impedes the melting of the polymer matrix and embedding of the ceramic filler particles, which has a negative effect on the abrasive wear resistance of the resulting composite layer. Overall, the coatings exhibit good corrosion resistance. During electrochemical testing in a saline solution, there was no electrolyte penetration. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
Analysis of the Wire Melting Behavior Depending on Wire Design and Process Characteristics
Authors: Wilden J. , Wielage B. , Schnick T. , Wank A. , Fronteddu P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This study examines the melting characteristics of wire feedstock used in arc and flame spray processes and how they relate to coating quality. A high-speed CCD camera reveals important details in how different types of wire melt away during spraying. Solid and tube cored wires, for example, melt off in a much more continuous manner than grooved wires during high-velocity combustion spraying. During arc spraying, however, no significant differences are observed. The paper also analyzes various coating microstructures and explains how they correlate with the melt off behavior of different wire designs. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
A New Process to Deposit Thin Coatings by Injecting Nanoparticle Suspensions in a dc Plasma Jet
Authors: Wittmann K. , Blein F. , Fazilleau J. , Coudert J.-F. , Fauchais P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a new spraying process that uses a special torch to inject aluminum oxide suspensions into a dc plasma jet. Based on the results obtained, a general mechanism of action is proposed in which factors such as acceleration, impact behavior, and heat transfer phenomena play a role. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
Corrosion Behaviour of High Velocity Combustion Wire Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Schiefler M.F.O. , Voyer J. , Gärtner F. , Qi X. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper investigates the microstructure and corrosion resistance of Hastelloy C-276 and 316L coatings produced by various thermal spray methods, including arc spraying, flame spraying, HVOF spraying, and a recently developed method called high-velocity combustion wire spraying. The microstructures of the coatings were examined before and after corrosion testing in order to gain information on corrosion mechanisms. Several corrosion tests were performed on each sample and various coating properties were measured including thickness, hardness, oxygen content, porosity, and adhesion strength. Test results for sealed coatings and detached layers are also presented in the paper, giving additional insight into corrosion behavior. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
Wear Resistance of Arc-Sprayed Coatings from Powder Wires
Authors: Pokhmurskii V. , Student M. , Dovhunyk V. , Sydorak I. , Pokhmurska H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study on arc-sprayed coatings made from powder-cored wire. The wires used consist of a ferrochromium core with additions of boron, aluminum, and carbon compacted in a steel sheath. The coatings are sprayed using a modified burner operated at 34 V and 140 A with an air jet pressure of 0.6 MPa. During spraying, specimens are rotated at a speed of 60 rpm. XRD analysis is used to examine the initial phase composition of the layers as well as friction-induced changes in the subsurface resulting from block-on-ring wear tests. Cross-sectional examination shows that the coatings have low porosity (∼10%) and small grain size (50 to 150 µm). Based on these findings, it is concluded that the wear resistance of wire arc sprayed coatings is largely determined by powder wire composition, initial coating structure, and the structural stability of the subsurface layer. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
On Line Process Control of Plasma Sprayed Ceramic Coatings with IR Thermographic Imaging
Authors: Gadow R. , Killinger A. , Li C. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses the use of IR thermography in the development and control of thermal spraying processes. In the experiments, Al2O3 layers are plasma sprayed on steel, aluminum, and glass substrates while recording surface temperatures. The measurements are then used to establish a correlation between temperature control and internal stress in the layer composite. The work shows that substrate preheating and torch kinematics have a significant effect on residual stress. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
Eigenschaften von feinkristallinen Al2O3-SiC-Spritzschichten (characteristics of fine-crystalline Al2O3-SiC spray coatings)
Authors: Weiß H. , Kern E. , Sauer H. , Aumüller B. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper examines HVOF-sprayed Al2O3-SiC layer systems of differing compositions. The coatings are characterized based on SEM, EDX, and XRD analysis, fracture toughness measurements, and tribological testing. The influence of SiC on mechanical properties is also assessed and a comparison is made with standard alumina coatings. Paper text in German.
Effect of DC Plasma Fluctuations on In-Flight Particle Parameters – Part II
Authors: Bisson J.F. , Moreau C. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper investigates the influence of plasma variations on the microstructure and application rate of aluminum coatings and compares layers obtained using parameters that result in the same particle properties but different changes in stress. Layers produced in the less stable plasma state were found to be more porous and contained a significantly higher number of unfused particles than those produced under relatively stable conditions. These differences are due to the physical properties of the particle beam as revealed by laser illumination. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
Preparation of Powders and HVOF Sprayed Coatings for Improved Sliding Properties by Addition of Solid Lubricants
Authors: Männikkö U. , Määttä A. , Vuoristo P. , Mäntylä T. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper describes the production of self-lubricating chromium carbide-nickel coatings using the HVOF spraying process. The present work deals with the preparation of Cr3C2-Ni + CaF2 multicomponent powders and to spray them with a minimum loss of the CaF2 solid lubricating phase. The powders are processed by atomization with subsequent sintering and qualification processes. The microstructure of the powder and resulting layers is characterized by SEM. The content of calcium fluoride in the sprayed layer is determined using the EDS method and compared with its content in the spray powder. Wear resistance is measured using a rubber wheel tester. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
A Comparative Study Between Two Different Process Models of Atmospheric Plasma Spraying
Authors: Boussagol A. , Nylén P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper evaluates two CFD tools for predicting particle speeds and temperatures during atmospheric plasma spraying. The investigation is based on varying two parameters: plasma current and gas flow rate. Although the tools differ in accuracy, both proved to be sufficient for optimizing industrial plasma spraying processes. A comparison of the results with experimental data showed the more advanced tool to be capable of predicting variations in particle characteristics when operating conditions change. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy of Phosphate Sealed Plasma Sprayed Oxide Coatings
Authors: Vippola M. , Ahmaniemi S. , Vuoristo P. , Lepistö T. , Mäntylä T. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The main focus of this study is sealed zirconia-based thermal barrier coatings produced by plasma spraying. AEM examinations conducted on phosphate-sealed Y2O3-ZrO2 coatings and orthophosphoric acid sealed MgO-ZrO2 coatings provide detailed information on the phases in the sealed coatings and the bonding mechanism of phosphate-based sealants on zirconia. In the case of aluminum phosphate sealed alumina and chromia, the primary objective is to add clarity on the bonding mechanism by means of transmission electron microscopy. Investigations of the sealing-layer interface indicate that the sealing of the layer lamellas is due to chemical reactions. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
Laser Treatment of Flame and Plasma Sprayed Nickel Alloys
Authors: Żórawski W. , Gontarski D. , Radek N. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper assesses the effect of laser remelting on nickel-base coatings produced by thermal spraying. NiAl, NiCr, and NiCrAlMoFe layers are deposited on steel substrates via flame and plasma spraying and treated with a CO2 laser operated at different power levels. The treated layers are evaluated based on microstructure, hardness profile, and wear resistance. Plasma-sprayed NiCrAlMoFe layers treated at a power of 1000 W exhibited the highest wear resistance. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
Thermisch gespritzte Al-Al2O3-Schichten von Fülldrähten mit „self propagating high temperature synthesis” (SHS) (Thermal Sprayed Al-Al2O3-Coatings from Cored Wires with Self Propagating High Temperature Synthesis)
Authors: Bach Fr.-W. , Rothardt T. , Babiak Z. , Formanek B. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this paper, metal matrix composite layers are produced by thermal spraying using cored aluminum wire. Two types of wire were produced, one containing mechanically alloyed Al and Cr2O3 powders, the other, Al and AI2O3. The powders undergo self-propagating high temperature synthesis during the spraying process, which has a positive effect on coating properties such as bonding, cohesion, and wear resistance. Different spraying methods were used in the experiments, but satisfactory results were only achieved via atmospheric plasma spraying. Paper text in German.
Qualifikation einer Spritzschicht aus Alumiumbronze für ein Gleitlager (Qualification of a Thermal Spray Aluminum Bronze Coating for Plain Bearings)
Authors: Harmathy P. , Dreger H. , Kießling K. , Volz A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper compares the corrosion, friction, and wear properties of thermally sprayed aluminum bronze coatings developed for use on plain bearing surfaces. It explains how the coatings were produced, characterized, and optimized for the intended application. Paper text in German.
Thermal Spraying of High Nitrogen Steels
Authors: Zhao L. , Lugscheider E. , Fischer A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Nitrogen-alloyed steels have outstanding properties, but are rarely used in thermal spraying. In this study, high-nitrogen duplex and austenitic steels are sprayed using APS and HVOF techniques and the resulting layers are evaluated based on microstructure, composition, and corrosion and wear properties. HVOF layers outperformed the APS layers in corrosion and wear testing, with austenitic steel having the highest corrosion resistance, and duplex steel the highest wear resistance. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
The Influence of the Microstructure of Thermal Barrier Coating Systems on Sintering and Other Properties
Authors: Vaßen R. , Ahrens M. , Waheed A.F. , Stöver D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper investigates the influence of microstructure on the sintering behavior of thermal barrier coatings. A significant difference is observed between coatings with typical microcracks and those with segmentation cracks. Segmented coatings showed a lower sintering rate and little change in pore size distribution after heat treatment. Conventional coatings, on the other hand, showed an increase in pore diameter and in more porous areas, sintering was more pronounced. All coatings had an elastic modulus in the range of 15-20 GPa, which more than doubled after a 10-h heat treatment at 1200 °C. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
A Comparison of Elevated Temperature Erosion Resistance of Several Carbide Cermet Coatings
Authors: Wang B.Q. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This study examines the high-temperature erosion characteristics of carbide cermet coatings produced by HVOF spraying. The coating materials tested include three Cr3C2 cermets, WC, and WC-Cr3C2. A low carbon steel and an arc-sprayed iron-base coating are also tested for reference. A nozzle-type elevated-temperature erosion tester is used to spray bed ashes collected from several coal-fired boilers. Coating samples are analyzed and compared based on composition, surface morphology, erosion wastage, and hardness relative to that of the bed-ash particles. From the comparisons, a number of conclusions are drawn. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
Relationships between In-Flight Particle Characteristics and Coating Microstructure for the Twin Wire Arc Spray Process
Authors: Jandin G. , Planche M.P. , Liao H. , Coddet C. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Twin wire arc spraying is widely used in industry due to its low cost and high rate of material deposition. Much has been learned about the process over the course of its use, most recently in regard to the correlation between spray parameters and coating microstructure. The aim of this study is to investigate the behavior of steel particles in nitrogen and air jets and show how in-flight particle characteristics affect coating properties. In the experiments, an optical sensing system is used to measure the velocity, temperature, and size of carbon steel particles fired from a wire arc spray gun set at 100 A and 30V for gas flow rates of 94, 110, 122, and 144 m3/h. The particle data obtained is presented and correlated with coating microstructure, hardness, and oxide content. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
Bonding Mechanisms of HVOF Sprayed Coatings
Authors: Li C.-J. , Wang Y.-Y. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper examines the bonding characteristics of HVOF sprayed layers. In order to determine the dominant adhesion mechanism, the coatings are applied to substrates of varying surface roughness with powder particles that are completely melted, in one case, and only partially melted, with solid and liquid phases, in another. The spray materials are NiCrBSi and WC-Co. The results of adhesion tests showed that the adhesion of the NiCrBSi layer on the roughened substrate was approximately 40 MPa, while there was no adhesion on the polished substrate. In contrast, the adhesion strength of the WC-Co layer on the polished substrate was between 20 and 40 MPa, and on the roughened substrate, it exceeded that of the binder materials. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
Investigation of the Adhesion Mechanism between Metal Substrates and Thermally Sprayed Ceramic Coatings
Authors: Wielage B. , Steinhäuser S. , Milewski W. , Pokhmurska H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This paper investigates the adhesion of thermally sprayed ceramic particles on metal substrates. Two aluminum oxide powders are applied to nickel-oxide coated steel substrates by detonation and vacuum plasma spraying. SEM and XRD fracture analysis is used to examine the ceramic-metal interface and the morphology of fracture surfaces. In all test samples, failure occurs in the alumina, not at the interlayer boundary, indicating a high level of adhesion between the ceramic and nickel oxide layers. Paper includes a German-language abstract.
Identifikasi Tingkat Berpikir Geometri Siswa Berdasarkan Teori Van Hiele
Authors: Anwar Azwar 
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this study was to describe and identify students' level of thinking in doing questions based on Van Hiele's theory and to give an idea to teachers to be able to use learning methods in accordance with Van Hiele's level of thinking at IBNU Abbas Tarakan IT Junior High School. The method used in this research is a combination method (qualitative & qualitative) with sequential model. The research instruments used were tests on Van Hiele's geometry levels, and interview guidelines. Based on the results of the study obtained 3 students were in pre visualization or have not reached Van Hiele's thinking level, 6 students are at level 1 (visualization), 9 students are at level 2 (analysis), and 3 students are at level 3 (informal deduction). Based on interviews students still have difficulty in understanding the relationship between wakes as well as elements in geometry such as theorem, axiom, and definition. In conclusion, Van Hiele's geometry thinking level at Ibnu Abbas IT Junior High School is generally at level 2, namely the analysis stage and has not reached level 4 (informal deduction).
Keywords: Geometry, Level of thinking, Van Hiele Theory
Pengembangan Soal Matematika Berbasis Higher Order Thinking Skills (Hots) Integrasi Kebangsaan pada Siswa
Authors: Sari Iin Tri Sasmita , Adisel Adisel , Syafri Fatrima Santri 
Published: October 2022

The purpose of this research is so that the next generation has a balanced knowledge between general knowledge and knowledge of national values. This research uses research and development (R&amp;D). The data used in this study is sourced from validation sheets, validation sheets are used to obtain data about the validation results of experts on HOTS-based math problems. The problem was developed using plomp model consisting of four stages, namely preliminary investigation phase, design phase, realization/construkction phase, test stage, evaluation, and revision phase. In terms of validity, at the validation stage I, HOTS-based math problems are said to be invalid and not yet feasible to use. In phase II all suggestions of validators have been corrected and are said to be very valid and worth using. The material expert's assessment of the question obtained a percentage result of 84%, fall into the category is very valid. In conclusion, math problems based on higher order thinking skills (HOTS) national integration in students in grade VII even semesters are said to be feasible to use after being declared valid by the material expert.
Keywords: HOTS, Character Education, Math Problems