bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing the Performance of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Algorithm Using Multiple Substitution Boxes
Authors: Wenceslao, Jr. Felicisimo Villarico 
Published: July 2022

This paper proposes for a modified version of the AES algorithm using multiple substitution boxes (S-Boxes). While many studies have been conducted specifically on modifying the S-Box, these studies were made to replace the Rijndael S-boxes in the AES cipher. We propose to implement two substitution boxes, where the first S-Box is the Rijndael S-box and will be used as is. The second S-Box was constructed through an XOR operation and affine transformation and will replace the MixColumns operation within the internal rounds in the cipher. Based on simulation testing conducted, it was found out that there is a significant difference in the speed performance between the two versions favouring the proposed AES algorithm using multiple S-Box. The findings also revealed that in both encryption and decryption processes, the AES-2SBox performed more efficiently at 27.638% and 108.369% respectively as compared to the original AES algorithm. However, when tested using the avalanche effect, the changes in the output bits were below the minimum expected rate.
State of the Art Intrusion Detection System for Cloud Computing
Authors: Ahmad Azuan , Zainudin Wan Shafiuddin , Kama Mohd Nazri , Idris Norbik Bashah , Mohd Saudi Madihah , Zakaria Nur Hafiza 
Published: July 2022

The term Cloud computing is not new anymore in computing technology. This form of computing technology previously considered only as marketing term, but today Cloud computing not only provides innovative improvements in resource utilisation but it also creates a new opportunities in data protection mechanisms where the advancement of intrusion detection technologies are blooming rapidly. From the perspective of security, Cloud computing also introduces concerns about data protection and intrusion detection mechanism. This paper surveys, explores and informs researchers about the latest developed Cloud Intrusion Detection Systems by providing a comprehensive taxonomy and investigating possible solutions to detect intrusions in cloud computing systems. As a result, we provide a comprehensive review of Cloud Intrusion Detection System research, while highlighting the specific properties of Cloud Intrusion Detection System. We also present taxonomy on the key issues in Cloud Intrusion Detection System area and discuss the different approaches taken to solve the issues. We conclude the paper with a critical analysis of challenges that have not fully solved.
Node Activities Learning(NAL)Approach to Build Secure and Privacy-Preserving Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Karanam Ramesh Rao 
Published: July 2022

Wireless networks are becoming the most popular in today communication systems, where users prefer to have wireless connectivity regardless of its geographic location. But the open environment of wireless communication increasing threat on the wireless networks under diverse network circumstances. The random and dynamic activity increases the vulnerability due to the complete dependency on the intermediate nodes which frequently join and leave the network. It is extremely significant to have a secure routing in such a dynamic network to preserve the data privacy. In this paper, we propose a secure and privacy routing based on Node Activities Learning (NAL) approach. This approach knows the runtime activities of the node to predict the probability of activity transformation for the intentional and unintentional activities which interrupt the data communication and affects the privacy. The mean of privacy is decided based on the node individual trust factor. It also suggests a method for the node which loses their trust due to the unintentional activities. A simulation-based evaluation study shows positive improvisation in secure routing in different malicious node environment.
Artificial Neural Networks, Support Vector Machine And Energy Detection For Spectrum Sensing Based On Real Signals
Authors: SABER Mohammed , EL RHARRAS Abdessamad , SAADANE Rachid , KHARRAZ AROUSSI Hatim , WAHBI Mohammed 
Published: July 2022

A Cognitive Radio (CR) is an intelligent wireless communication system, which is able to improve the utilization of the spectral environment. Spectrum sensing (SS) is one of the most important phases in the cognitive radio cycle, this operation consists in detecting signals presence in a particular frequency band. In order to detect primary user (PU) existence, this paper proposes a low cost and low power consumption spectrum sensing implementation. Our proposed platform is tested based on real world signals. Those signals are generated by a Raspberry Pi card and a 433 MHz Wireless transmitter (ASK (Amplitude-Shift Keying) and FSK (Frequency-Shift Keying) modulation type). RTL-SDR dongle is used as a reception interface. In this work, we compare the performance of three methods for SS operation: The energy detection technique, the Artificial neural network (ANN) and the support vector machine (SVM). So, the received data could be classified as a PU or not (noise) by the ED method, and by training and testing on a proposed ANN and SVM classification model. The proposed algorithms are implemented under MATLAB software. In order to determine the best architecture, in the case of ANN, two different training algorithms are compared. Furthermore, we have investigated the effect of several SVM functions. The main objective is to find out the best method for signal detection between the three methods. The performance evaluation of our proposed system are the probability of detection and the false alarm probability . This Comparative work has shown that the SS operation by SVM can be more accurate than ANN and ED.
Utilization of Pediatric Standing Orders by Triage Nurses in a Free-Standing Emergency Department
Authors: Hamm Randy 
Published: July 2022

BackgroundPediatric pain-related complaints continue to be a common presenting factor of most emergency departments (EDs). Studies have shown that several barriers in assessing and treating pediatric pain exist, including nursing knowledge regarding appropriate pain level assessment.ObjectiveThis quality improvement study aimed to provide and evaluate specific education regarding pediatric pain management for free-standing ED triage nurses to expedite medication administration during the triage phase of an ED visit.MethodThis pre/post-test intervention study was used to measure whether the education provided to nurses working in a primarily adult patient free-standing ED increased the utilization of triage standing orders related to pediatric pain management.ResultsPaired sample t-tests results indicated a statistically significant increase (p = .000) in the percentage of patients that received pain medication during the triage phase of an ED visit after specific education was provided to triage nurses.ConclusionFree-standing ED triage nurses are more likely to follow and implement triage standing orders if education explicitly related to pain management in pediatric patients has been provided.Implications for PracticePediatric pain management education should be revisited annually to re-educate nurses on the importance of early interventions.
From the Public Space to the Prison Space: Regulation Polemic and the Implementation of Caning Law in Aceh
Authors: Iskandar Mizaj , Azhari Yahya  , Abdul Jalil Salam  , Junaidi  
Published: July 2022

The implementation of caning law in Aceh Province is still sporadic due to a lack of coordination among the government institutions involved in caning law. Then, the prison infrastructure to impose the canning law is also not ade-quate, and socialization has also not been fully carried out. Besides, in deter-mining the location of the caning, Islamic law requires the fulfillment of two principles namely “open space” and “visible” to the public. Furthermore, the law that guides the implementation of sharia in Aceh does not regulate detail of where the caning can be executed. Hence, the issues that need to be scruti-nized in this study are about shifting the norm from “open space" to “prison space” and why there is a disparity in determining the place of caning sentenc-es. This study uses a normative legal method by relying on secondary data. All collected data were analyzed by using qualitative analysis. The results show that there has been a shifting norm from "open space" to “prison space” in the application of the caning sentences in Aceh. This shift starts from the open area in the courtyard of the mosque to the prison area as a place to execute a caning sentence. This shifting also allows the people who meet certain criteria to wit-ness the execution of a caning sentence. In addition, there is also a disparity among the sharia courts due to the lack of facilities available in certain the sha-ria courts in Aceh. Hence, the Aceh government needs to improve the facilities of the sharia courts to be able to execute caning sentences.
كفاءة النظام الاقتصادي – مراجعة وتقييم للمعايير والقواعد
Authors: Al-Afandi Mohammed A. 
Published: July 2022

إن القضية الرئيسية لهذه الدراسة هي مراجعة معايير وقواعد قياس كفاءة النظام الاقتصادي وتقييمها، وبصورة جوهرية فك الالتباس في طبيعة قراءة هذه المعايير، وما إذا كان الأهم هو القراءة التقييمية للمعايير – أي قياس الأثر والنتائج على أفراد المجتمع - أم القراءة التقليدية التي تركز على المخرجات والأنشطة والبرامج فحسب، حيث تشغل هذه القضية حيزاً كبيراً في اهتمامات النظرية الاقتصادية المعاصرة. ومن أجل ذلك تناقش الدراسة أبرز معايير كفاءة النظام الاقتصادي مع إعطاء أهمية خاصة لمعياري: العدالة والتماسك الاجتماعي. وقد انتهت الدراسة إلى ترجيح تفوق القراءة التقييمية لمعايير قياس كفاءة النظام الاقتصادي على القراءة التقليدية للمعايير، التي تركز على مجرد تحليل المؤشرات الاقتصادية الكلية بطريقة لا تمكن من استخلاص النتائج والدلالات على كفاءة النظام في تحقيق الأهداف الاقتصادية والاجتماعية.
الكلمات المفتاحية: كفاءة النظام الاقتصادي، العدالة، التماسك الاجتماعي، القراءة التقييمية، القراءة التقليدية.
Research on the temperature control strategy of thin-wall parts fabricated by laser direct metal deposition
Authors: Yu Tianbiao , Chen Liaoyuan , Liu Zhe , Xu Pengfei 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
To solve the problem that the macro-size, microhardness, and mechanical properties of the laser direct metal deposition (DMD) of thin-walled parts are inconsistent due to the heat accumulation, an improved three-dimensional finite element heat propagation model was developed to simulate the temperature evolution of the single-pass multi-layer thin-walled parts. The results show that the heat accumulation is contributed to the transformation of the heat dissipation mechanism from three-dimensional to two-dimensional, while the residual heat of the former layer has no significant effect on the heat accumulation of the current layer. The optimized strategy of decreasing laser power gradually is more effective than the optimized strategy of increasing the time interval between layers in maintaining the stability of the molten pool. The integrated optimized strategy of parabolic-shape laser power decreasing and time interval of 5 s is the most effective method to reduce the heat accumulation in the DMD of thin-walled parts. The thin-walled parts with an optimized deposition process have a more uniform width, finer microstructure, and higher microhardness. This work provides theoretical guidance for reducing the heat accumulation during DMD thin-walled parts and is beneficial to improving the uniformity of mechanical properties of thin-walled parts.
Cerebellar associative learning is not affected in a mouse model of neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Ottenhoff M. J. , Dijkhuizen S. , Ypelaar A. C. H. , Oude N. L. , Koekkoek S. K. E. , Wang S. S. -H. , Zeeuw C. I. , Elgersma Y. , Boele H. J. 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Individuals with Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) experience a high degree of motor problems. The cerebellum plays a pivotal role in motor functioning and the NF1 gene is highly expressed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. However, it is not well understood to what extent NF1 affects cerebellar functioning and how this relates to NF1 motor functioning. Therefore, we subjected global Nf1+/− mice to a cerebellar-specific associative learning task, called Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning. Additionally, we assessed general motor function and muscle strength in Nf1+/− mice. To our surprise, we found that Nf1+/− mice showed a moderately increased learning rate of conditioned eyeblink responses, as well as improved accuracy in the adaptive timing of the eyeblink responses. Locomotion, balance, general motor function, and muscle strength were not affected in Nf1+/− mice. Together, our results support the view that cerebellar function in Nf1+/− mice is unimpaired.
Musical therapy attenuates neuroma pain by modifying leptin expression
Authors: Lv Yingying , Wu Junzhen , Xu Yongming , Pu Shaofeng , Li Chen , Du Dongping 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background:Accumulating evidence reveals that music therapy appears to help patients with pain. However, there is a limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Several studies indicate that leptin level has a crucial relationship with acute and chronic pain. Herein, we evaluated the effects of music stimulation and the potential roles of adipokines (leptin) in pain behaviors. Methods: We used a tibial neuroma transposition (TNT) rat model to mimic neuroma pain.Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of the three groups (n=6 for each group):group 1 (GC), TNT with white noise(n = 6); group 2(GM), TNT with music (n = 6); and group 3(GH), TNT (n = 6).White noise and music stimulation was given once a day following surgery until the end of the study (42nd day). Pain behavioral tests were carried out before surgery and on the 3rd, 10th, 14th, 21st, 28th, 35th, and 42nd days after surgery.At the end of the observation period, we analyzed the histological samples of blood, spinal cord, and prefrontal cortex to investigate the role of leptin in pain behaviors modulated by white noise and sound stimulation.Result: Music therapy might improve the pain of TNT rats. Music stimulation ameliorated PWLT from the 3rd day after the surgery while the mechanical pain was improved 21 days after the operation.Music stimulation also increase leptin expression in the spinal cord，prefrontal cortex.White noise had no obvious effect.Conclusion: Music therapy might improve the pain of TNT rats. Besides, music stimulation ameliorated TNT-induced pain behaviors and affected leptin expression.
Use of tramadol for pain management after urologic surgeries
Authors: Astaraki Fatemeh 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Field stady to stady: Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a safe and effective analgesic that is used for relieving mild to moderate pain. Tramadol, a synthetic opioid of aminocyctohexanol group, is an analgesic with central effect and weak opioid agonistic properties. This drug is also effective on noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission.Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the analgesic and side effects of Propacetamol (Prodafalgan™,UPSA, France) and Tramadol (Aburaihan Pharmaceutical, Iran) after urologic open surgeries. A total number of 40 surgical patients were prospectively randomized into two equal groups of 20 and were entered into single blinded clinical trial. Anesthesia protocol was similar for all patients. Pain intensity was measured based on a 4–point verbal rating scale (VRS). VRS was obtained before analgesic administration (T0) and at 0.5, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours. RESULTS: Patients received either Tramadol 100 mg IV or Propacetamol 2 gr IV at T0 and then 50 mg Tramadol or 1.5 gr Propacetamol at 6, 12, 18 and 24 hours if pain was present. Conclusion: Pain relief score was measured after 24 hours based on a 5 point scale. The results of this study showed that Propacetamol could be considered as a safe alternative post-operatively for pain management; however its use for severe pain management leads to insufficient pain control, necessitating supplementary analgesics.
Effect of Downregulated Citrate Synthase on Oxidative Phosphorylation Signaling Pathway in HEI-OC1 Cells
Authors: Xu Xiaowen , Liu Yue , Luan Jun , Liu Rongrong , Wang Yan , Liu Yingying , Xu Ang , Zhou Bingxin , Han Fengchan , Shang Wenjing 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background: Citrate Synthase (Cs) gene mutation (locus ahL4) has been found to play an important role in progressive hearing loss of A/J mice. HEI-OC1 cells have been widely used as an in vitro system to study cellular and molecular mechanisms related to hearing lose. We previously reported the increased apoptosis and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in shRNACs-1429 cells, a Cs low-expressed cell model from HEI-OCI. The details of the mechanism of ROS production and apoptosis mediated by the abnormal expression of Cs needed to research furtherly. Methods: iTRAQ proteomics was utilized to detect the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) caused by low expression of Cs. The GO and KEGG pathways analysis were performed for annotation of DEPs. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed by STRING online database. Immunoblotting was utilized to confirm the protein levels of the DEPs. Results: DEPs were significantly enriched in various signaling pathways mainly related to mitochondrial dysfunction diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, et al. Most noteworthy, the oxidative phosphorylation pathway was most significantly suppressed in the shRNACs-1429 cells, , in which a total of 10 differentially expressed proteins were enriched and were all downregulated by the abnormal expression of Cs. The downregulations of Ndufb5, Ndufv1 and Uqcrb were confirmed by immunoblotting. Meanwhile, the ATP levels of shRNACs-1429 cells were also reduced. Conclusions: These results suggest that low level expression of Cs induces the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation pathway, which is responsible for the high level production of ROS and low level of ATP, leading to the apoptosis of cochlear cells. This study may provide new theories for understanding and therapy of progressive hearing loss.
Arterial Stiffness in Patients with Sarcoidosis and Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Roeder Maurice , Sievi Noriane , Malesevic Stefan , Gaisl Thomas , Franzen Daniel , Kohler Malcolm 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and Sarcoidosis have both been implied to be risk factors for increased arterial stiffness. However, it is unclear whether an elevated apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in sarcoidosis patients increases arterial stiffness and thus the cardiovascular risk.Methods: We performed non-invasive applanation tonometry in 57 adults with sarcoidosis. Participants underwent SphygmoCor to assess arterial stiffness by aortic augmentation index at a heart rate of 75/min (AIx), and level-3 respiratory polygraphy. AHI of ≥5/h, ≥15/h and ≥30/h defined mild, moderate, and severe OSA, respectively. Multivariate regression analysis was used to investigate the association between AIx and AHI adjusted for prespecified risk factors for AIx.Results: 23 (40%) sarcoidosis patients had at least mild OSA (AHI ≥ 5), while 9 (16%) patients showed AHI ≥ 15/h. AHI was significantly associated with AIx (Coef. (95% CI) of 0.31 (0.09 / 0.52), p=0.006) even after adjustment for known risk factors of arterial stiffness. While severe OSA was positively associated with increased AIx, mild and moderate OSA was not associated with increased AIx after adjusting for known risk factors.Conclusions: Increased AHI is independently associated with increased arterial stiffness in sarcoidosis patients. Further investigations are needed to underline the association between OSA severity and the magnitude of arterial stiffness.Trial registration: www.ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04156789
Screening and identification of potential biomarkers for pancreatic cancer: An integrated bioinformatics analysis
Authors: Jafari Somayeh , Ravan Milad , Karimi-Sani Iman , Aria Hamid , Atapour Amir , Sarab Gholamreza Anani 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Pancreatic cancer is one of the highly invasive and the seventh most common cause of death among cancers worldwide. To identify essential genes and the involved mechanisms in pancreatic cancer, we used bioinformatics analysis to identify potential biomarkers for pancreatic cancer management.
Methods
Gene expression profiles of pancreatic cancer patients and normal tissues were screened and downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) bioinformatics database. The Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among gene expression signatures of normal and pancreatic cancer, using R software. Enrichment analysis of the DEGs, including Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis, was performed by an interactive and collaborative HTML5 gene list enrichment analysis tool. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was also constructed using the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING) database and followed by identifying hub genes of the top 100 DEGs in pancreatic cancer using Cytoscape software.
Results
Over 2000 DEGs with variable log2 fold (LFC) were identified among 34,706 genes. Principal component analysis showed that the top 20 DEGs, including H1-4, H1-5, H4C3, H4C2, RN7SL2, RN7SL3, RN7SL4P, RN7SKP80, SCARNA12, SCARNA10, SCARNA5, SCARNA7, SCARNA6, SCARNA21, SCARNA9, SCARNA13, SNORA73B, SNORA53, SNORA54 might distinguish pancreatic cancer from normal tissue. GO analysis showed that the top DEGs have more enriched in the negative regulation of gene silencing, negative regulation of chromatin organization, negative regulation of chromatin silencing, nucleosome positioning, regulation of chromatin silencing, and nucleosomal DNA binding. KEGG analysis identified an association between pancreatic cancer and systemic lupus erythematosus, alcoholism, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and viral carcinogenesis. In PPI network analysis, we found that the different types of histone-encoding genes are involved as hub genes in the carcinogenesis of pancreatic cancer.
Conclusion
In conclusion, our bioinformatics analysis identified genes that were significantly related to the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. These genes and pathways could serve as new potential prognostic markers and be used to develop treatments for pancreatic cancer patients.
The link between language learning and long-term memory
Authors: Kadia Kavya 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Language acquisition has been shown to impact neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity is the ability of the brain to undergo structural changes in response to stimulus, behavioral experience, or cognitive demands. The link between neuroplasticity and language acquisition has been documented in the literature; evidence suggests that as a product of learning a language and utilizing several languages, changes in brain anatomy are induced. These changes include the pattern of functional neurons and can occur rapidly and at any age. (1) This research suggests how language learning affects human memory; the goal of this research was to find whether learning a new/foreign language could increase memory in human beings. The pre-focus was laid, on how memory remains constant and is not significantly affected, however, the goal of the research was to know the improvement felt by the subjects by increasing learning capacity, or by learning a dialect, the size or the capacity of the Hippocampus [improvement in long-term memory] could increase. [Figure 1] The objective behind the research is to find out the aim and motive of a learner in learning a language, and the methodologies used by them to learn it, which affect their long-term memory, which gets stored in the Hippocampus region. [Figure 2] The conclusion draws on how humans acquire language, in three stages: encoding, retrieval, and storage [Figure 3], and how subjects felt the improvement in their long-term memory, after acquiring a new language.