bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation and Evaluation of a Variable Effective Focal Length of Refractive Binocular Telescope
Authors: K. Shwayyea Alaa , Hasan Alaa badr 
Published: July 2022

The telescope works to magnify images of distant objects in general, but it needs special optical elements to complete the task to the fullest. The telescope needs optimal balance values of the optical parameters used to produce the best image, such as the effective focal length and the diameter of the pupil aperture, which are combined in a single concept called the focal number. The ground-based binary telescope relies on special lenses and an exceptional prism to achieve a hybrid design that produces clear images of relatively distant terrestrial objects. The pupil diameter of the telescope is relatively large to ensure that the largest possible amount of light is received, and as a result, a good image is obtained.
In this work, an achromatic objective lens and a Porro prism has been used to reduce the length of the telescope and change the path of the rays to the eyepiece, in addition to the presence of a flat convex lens behind the prism to collect the rays coming from it to reach the eyepiece. The effective focal length of the optical system was changed to illustrate the effect of this factor on the performance of a telescope and as a result of its effect on the image quality.
EDUKASI PEMBUATAN BIO HAND SANITIZER NANOPOLIMER INFUSA BERBAHAN PIPER BETLE UNTUK MENCEGAH PENYEBARAN COVID-19
Authors: Muliaman Agus , Zahara Syarifah Rita , Fitriani Henni 
Published: July 2022

Kesehatan adalah salah satu faktor yang sangat berharga didalam hidup. Mulai tahun 2019 dunia dikejutkan dengan suatu permasahan dalam bidang kesehatan yaitu virus COVID-19. Pada pertengahan tahun 2020 pemerintah menerapkan kebijakan New Normal dengan tetap menerapkan protokol kesehatan. Berdasarkan hasil survei dan wawancara dengan Perwakilan Dayah Terpadu Al-Madinatuddiniyah Syamsuddhuha, kami mendapatkan informasi bahwa dayah ini telah menerapkan kebijakan new normal sehingga kegiatan pembelajaran dilakukan di dayah. Melalui analisis kebutuhan didapat beberapa masalah yaitu : 1) Kurangnya sumber daya dalam hal penyediaan hand sanitizer di Dayah Terpadu Al-Madinatuddiniyah Syamsuddhuha, 2)Minimnya pengetahuan mengenai konsep virus covid 19 dan cara penyegahan yang tepat, 3) Minimnya keterampilan dalam pembuatan hand sanitizer yang murah, praktis dan ramah lingkungan. Berdasarkan analisis sebelumnya maka tujuan pengabdian ini ialah : 1) Membuat hand sanitizer alami berbahan Piper Betle yang aman, praktis, ekonomis dan ramah lingkungan 2) Meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan siswa dalam membuat hand sanitizer alami. Untuk mengatasi masalah ini dibutuhkan solusi dengan memberikan pelatihan berupa edukasi pembuatan Bio Hands Sanitizer Nanopolimer Infusa Berbahan Piper Betle Untuk Mencegah penyebaran Covid-19. Bio Hands Sanitizer berbahan Piper Betle ini dibuat ramah lingkungan serta aman digunakan dalam jangka panjang tanpa menimbulkan iritasi atau kekeringan kulit karena berbahan alami. Kegiatan ini telah terlaksana dengan baik, maka didapat hasil antara lain ; (1) Pengetahuan santri (santri) mengenai corona dan bio handsanitizer nanopolimer dari Piper Betle meningkat (2) Santri (santri) termotivasi dan antusias untuk mempraktikkan di rumah masing-masing.. Berdasarkan hasil angket santri pelatihan pada aspek kepuasan mendapatkan rata-rata nilai sebesar 92,3 (sangat tinggi), aspek ketertarikan rata-rata nilai yang didapat sebesar 88,5 (tinggi), aspek motivasi mendapatkan rata-rata nilai sebesar 95,6 (sangat tinggi), aspek pengembangan diri rata-rata nilai yang didapat sebesar 85,8 (tinggi).
Politik Hukum Putusan MK No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 Tentang Status Anak di Luar Nikah: Upaya Membongkar Positivisme Hukum Menuju Perlindungan HAM
Authors: Asnawi Habib Shulton 
Published: July 2022

Protection of human rights (human rights) in the Constitution applies in Indonesia ever prove that one of the requirements for a state law is the guarantee of human rights. Indonesia assertion of law set forth in the 1945 amendment of Article 1 paragraph (3) “State of Indonesia is the Rule of Law”. The form states have laws on the protection of human rights in implementation by the Constitutional Court (MK) in Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 on the Status of Child Marriages outside. Political decisions of law sought to protect the rights of the child, in addition to trying to dismantle the positivistic-legalistic law, which for year’s had been shackled for justice and human rights. However, in Indonesia the law of the Constitutional Court reap the political pros and cons. Therefore, it is necessary socialization broadly relevant decision of the Court, the Court of law that political action are on the correct constitution, embodying the rule of law and democratic ideals for the sake of our nationhood and nation’s dignity. Constitutional Court’s decision is a wise choice and a step forward in the field of law for the defense of children’s rights that have long shackled Article 43 of the Act. N0. 1 of 1974 on Marriage. To be effective this decision the government should immediately respond with a set of supporting regulations that can be implemented by the Ministry of Religious Affairs and Ministry of Interior.
Problematika Penyelesaian Sengketa Hasil Pemilukada oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi
Authors: Zoelva Hamdan 
Published: July 2022

When local election is stated as a part of the regime of general election law based on Article 236C of Law No. 12 Year 2008 on Local Government, the authority to settle the dispute on it was transferred from the Supreme Court to Constitutional Court. In the course of its development, the authority of the Court to decide local election dispute does not lie on textual interpretation only which merely rules on the dispute concerning the result of the election but also on the violations which happened during the election process. It is the constitutional obligation of the Court which basically has the purpose to ensure that fair and just election can be held. In practice, lots of problems arose in the organization of the election either concerning regulation, organization or law enforcement. From the Court side, lots of challenges and obstacles are also faced in settling election dispute. However, that situation does not deter the Court from making legal breakthrough to mend and improve local election system. The steps taken by the Constitutional Court precisely become inevitable and show to a greater extent its character as a court for constitutional matters with the authority to enforce law and justice as stipulated by the Constitution.
Karakteristik Sengketa Pemilukada Di Indonesia Evaluasi 5 Tahun Kewenangan MK Memutus Sengketa Pemilukada
Authors: Rudy Rudy , Purba Charlyna 
Published: July 2022

This study purports to ascertain the characteristic of the local election disputes in Indonesia by way case study through judgment reviews from 2008 to 2013. The research shows that the characteristic of the local election disputes in Indonesia can be classified as structured, systematic, masive, administrative, and substantive. The disputes of local election has been contributed by both the candidates and organizingelectionsof local eletion.
“Nalar Fenomenologi”; Mahkamah Konstitusi dalam Pusaran Kekuasaan dan Bahaya Krisis Weltanschauung
Authors: Polamolo Susanto 
Published: July 2022

Constitutional Court who was born as one of the reforms agenda in the continued process of judicial power itself into an independent institution that is at the forefront in guarding the constitution. As an agency that handles matters constitutional, posisiny is clearly confronted with the vortex power of the oligarchs who seemed never be separated from the Indonesian constitutional journey. Struggle not only with critics but also systemic critique of scientific laws, which the agency is expected to not thick with legalistic positivism absolutizing the workings of the law and the constitution. Besides, what is the most feared and to be consequences if the judges are in crisis Weltanschauung. This is where the need to check the perspective that not only cast a normative critique, but also reflective criticism, as an affirmation of the political and dismantle structural hegemony explore perspectives on the human being as the central value of justice.
Korelasi Pemilu Serentak dengan Multi Partai Sederhana Sebagai Penguatan Sistem Presidensial
Authors: Hayat Hayat 
Published: July 2022

Constitutional Court Decision No. 14/PUU-XI/2013 mandated national elections simultaneously between elections executive (President and Vice-President) and legislative (House of Representatives, Provincial and District/City). After the 1945 amendment to experience a variety of complications in the Indonesian political system nationally. Democratization deliver the Indonesian people switching system of government, ie from a presidential system to the parliamentary system. Elections as a democratic process to the leadership of the government elected by the people as a sovereign State. The system of government by consensus of the people, by the people and for the people has implications for improving the effectiveness and stability of the country. The Problem is the electoral system with the current political party system is less effective in the election which is actually held separately between the presidential election, and the election pileg. Giving rise to various problems of the complexity of government (central and local governments). In the hierarchy, the presidential system is less relevant to the separate electoral system between national elections (pileg and presidential) election and the multi-party system. Political reality with the current system adopted, lead to conflicts among constituents, a very high political costs for the government and the candidates (candidates), strengthening of money politics is difficult to avoid the impact of a majority vote, a negative effect on the psychology of candidates when lost or won in battle politics, coalitions are not “healthy” in the implementation of the government, due to various political ideologies and individual interests, as well as the problems of the strategic policies of government. The correlation between electoral systems simultaneously with a multi-party system is a simplified alternative solution in presidential systems strengthening to improve the welfare of the whole people of Indonesia.
Menggagas Penerapan Judicial Restraint Di Mahkamah Konstitusi
Authors: Dramanda Wicaksana 
Published: July 2022

Many controversial decision made by Constitutional Court resulted in the emergence of the idea to limit the judicial power. One of the ideas that surfaced to limit the judicial power without disturbing the idea of judicial independence is judicial restraint. The idea of judicial restraint puts limitation on certain forms. The forms of limitation under judicial restraint could be limitation based on constitutional norms, limitation based on policies for restraint (self-restraint), and the limitation imposed by certain doctrines. Judicial restraint requires the judicial power to refrain from tendencies to act like a mini parliament that can lead to the juristocracy. Judicial restraint also requires judicial power not interfere the other branches of power.
Constitutional Question (Antara Realitas Politik dan Implementasi Hukumnya)
Authors: Hamidi Jazim , Lutfi Mustafa 
Published: July 2022

The emergence of political and constitutional law discourses, side by side with the growth of democracy in Indonesia, is developing progressively and dynamically. In reality, this nation is under great tests which determine whether the state is still holding its constitutional commitment on upholding the rule of law. In the other side, the face of law enforcement in this state is under an immense storm of urgent issues that need immediate solution which is: can this state provide “justice” unto all of its citizens? This issue is a huge homework for all the nation’s elements in the future.The establishment of the Constitutional Court which regulated in the 1945 Constitution surely related to the constitutional reformation which deemed as a necessity and an important agenda that should be applied fundamentally. The existence of the Constitutional Court in the constitutional system of the Republic of Indonesia simultaneously casting new hopes for any justice-seekers. The surfacing question now is will the Constitutional Court capable in faithfully guarding the democracy and fair constitutionality in the verge of society that has already loose confidence towards justice institution? This simple and short writing attempts to study and discuss on constitutional question, including on how its political reality and its legal implementation in Indonesia, and also a slight hope of this writing in enriching the references for any justice-lovers in this nation.
Penyelesaian Sengketa Kewenangan Lembaga Negara oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi
Authors: Eddyono Luthfi Widagdo 
Published: July 2022

This article is about settlement disputes of authorities of state institutions by the Constitutional Court of Indonesia. Pursuant to Article 24C Paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution in conjunction with Article 10 Paragraph (1) of the Constitutional Court Law, the Constitutional Court of Indonesia has the authority to hear at the first and final level, the decision of which shall be final, among others in deciding disputes of authorities of state institutions, the authorities of which are granted by the Constitution. But, the 1945 Constitution and the Constitutional Court Law not provide enough rules for the Constitutional Court to decide the case, especially about objectum litis and subjectum litis.In the Decision Number 004/SKLNIV/2006 dated July 12, 2006 the Constitutional Court using gramatical interpretation (grammatische interpretatie) and declare that to decide upon disputes on authority granted by 1945 Constitution, the first thing to consider is the existence of certain authorities in the Constitution and then to which institutions those authorities are given. Constitutional authority not just textually specified in the 1945 Constitution, but also implicit authority derived from the principal authority, and necessary and proper authority to exercise the principal authority.Related to that, classification of state institutions can be based on the form of power/authority given to the state institution.
Menanti Pelaksanaan Penahanan dan Pidana Penjara Yang Lebih Humanis Di Indonesia
Authors: Simarmata Berlian 
Published: July 2022

LATAR BELAKANG MASALAHPara pendiri negara Republik Indonesia telah mencantumkan tujuan nasional di dalam Alinea IV Pembukaan UUD 1945, yakni melindungi segenap bangsa Indonesia dan seluruh tumpah darah Indonesia, mencerdaskan kehidupan bangsa, memajukan kesejahteraan umum, dan ikut serta dalam perdamaian abadi. Tujuan nasional tersebut akan dicapai melalui negara hukum Indonesia. Salah satu sistem pemerintahan Indonesia dalam penjelasan UUD 1945 adalah bahwa negara Indonesia adalah negara yang berdasar atas hukum (rechtstaat) bukan berdasarkan kekuasaan (machtstaat). Dalam amandemen UUD 1945, penjelasan telah dihapus, namun sistem pemerintahan tersebut dimasukkan ke dalam Batang Tubuh, yakni Pasal 1 ayat (3) : Negara Indonesia adalah negara hukum. ...
Uji Konstitusionalitas Peraturan Perundang-Undangan Negara Kita: Masalah dan Tantangan
Authors: Siahaan Maruarar 
Published: July 2022

PendahuluanPerubahan Ketiga UUD 1945 menghasilkan pergeseran ke arah susunan kekuasaan yang bersifat horizontal fungsional, dimana kedudukan lembaga-lembaga negara menjadi setara. Masing-masing lembaga negara sebagai penyelenggara kekuasaan negara melakukan pengawasan secara fungsional terhadap lembaga negara lainnya. Perubahan yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk menyempurnakan aturan dasar penyelenggaraan negara secara demokratis dan modern, antara lain melalui pemisahan dan/atau pembagian kekuasaan yang lebih tegas, sistem checks and balances yang lebih ketat dan transparan, serta pembentukan lembaga-lembaga negara yang baru untuk mengakomodasi perkembangan kebutuhan bangsa dan tantangan zaman.1 Kedaulatan rakyat yang sebelumnya dilaksanakan sepenuhnya oleh MPR sebagai perwujudan seluruh rakyat maka setelah Perubahan Ketiga UUD 1945, dilaksanakan menurut Undang-Undang Dasar.2 Hal itu berarti MPR tidak lagi menjadi lembaga negara tertinggi yang dalam kedudukannya sebagai penjelmaan seluruh rakyat, bertugas memberi mandat kepada penyelenggara negara lainnya, yang wajib memberikan pertanggungjawaban pelaksanaan mandat yang diberikan. Dengan demikian, MPR hanya menjadi salah satu lembaga negara di antara lembaga negara lainnya yang memiliki kedudukan setara, namun dengan tugas, kewenangan, dan fungsi yang berbeda. Pernyataan bahwa Indonesia ialah negara yang berdasarkan hukum (rechtsstaat) dan tidak berdasarkan kekuasaan belaka (machtsstaat), sebagaimana termuat dalam Penjelasan UUD 1945 sebelum perubahan, telah dimuat menjadi materi norma dalam batang tubuh Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 hasil perubahan.3 Dengan demikian terjadi pergeseran dari sistem supremasi parlemen (MPR merupakan lembaga tertinggi negara) menjadi sistem supremasi konstitusi dimana konstitusi ditempatkan sebagai hukum yang tertinggi. Konstitusi menjadi sumber legitimasi dari peraturan perundang-undangan yang dibentuk dan berlaku. Pernyataan bahwa kedaulatan di tangan rakyat yang dilaksanakan berdasarkan Undang-Undang Dasar serta pernyataan bahwa Negara Indonesia adalah negara hukum, dapat dilihat sebagai pendirian yang tegas bahwa prinsip penyelenggaraan negara secara demokratis didasarkan pada konstitusi (constitutional democracy). Demikian pula negara hukum yang dianut adalah bersifat demokratis (democratische rechtstaat), yang diartikan bahwa proses pembentukan hukum berlangsung dengan partisipasi warga negara. ...
Mekanisme Pemakzulan Presiden dan/atau Wakil Presiden Menurut UUd 1945 (Antara Realitas Politik dan Penegakan Konstitusi)
Authors: Ulum Muhammad Bahrul 
Published: July 2022

The Inquiry rights was the implementation of the oversight function of House Representative (DPR) to Presiden/and or Vice President. The use of inquiry right as a political strategy in impeachment mechanism to President/and or Vice President depend on reality and political consensus of the DPR, so there are possibilities and tendencies that the rule of law and democracy are not be able to maintained as stipulated in Article 1 the 1945 Constitution. The decree of impeachment of the President and/or Vice President as provide in the 1945 Constitution tend unable to uphold the rule of law when the Constitutional Court decided the President and / or Vice President violated the constitution, namely the dismissal of the President and or the Vice President made by the Assembly through a political decision (politeke beslssing). The efforts to maintains consistency of the concept of law as stipulated in Article 1 paragraph (3), Article 7B paragraph (3) and paragraph (7) of the 1945 Constitution, without opening the chance intervention of political interests and obligations of the Assembly to implement the decision of the Constitutional Court. Therefore, the rule of law must be a cornerstone in the practice of constitutional law in Indonesia.
Pemilu Kepala Daerah dalam Transisi Demokrasi
Authors: Hoesein Zainal Arifin 
Published: July 2022

The election of regional head has a strategic position to building democracy in transition. In order that the election of regional head can creating a dignified democracy, the implementation of its should be based on the principle of the general election i.e: independent, fair, equitable, rule of law; the orderly election, transparency, proportionality; professionalism, accountability, efficiency, and effectiveness.
Keterlibatan Negara dalam Mengawal Kebebasan Beragama/ Berkeyakinan (Komentar Akademik atas Judicial Review UU No.1/PNPS/1965)
Authors: Tobroni Faiq 
Published: July 2022

A theory having been known in the discourse of civil and political rights is a state has to act by omission (by not to do anything that can limit to as well as oppress these rights). It is this theory that was used as argument to petition for judicial review of law No.1/PNPS/Th.1965. This law was regarded having limited freedom of conscience and religion, that are parts of civil and political rights.After the implementation of freedom of conscience and religion have been evaluated, this should not be absolute because it will cause instability of harmony of religious community. The uncontrolled freedom, in fact, will encourage the deviation. The deviation that often happens is the mistaken interpretation.It caused the misuse or desecretion of religion.The state as organizer of people life, therefore, has the responsibility for controling the implementation of religious freedom in the light of harmony, and for preventing it from the misuse or desecretion. It is in this moment that Law No.1/PNPS/Th.1965 has been regulated to control the religious freedom in the light of harmony.
Perkembangan Pengujian Perundang- Undangan di Mahkamah Konstitusi
Authors: FH  Andalas Pusat Studi Konstitusi 
Published: July 2022

The judiciary is a tools to find justice. The Constitutional Court of Republic of Indonesia (MKRI) who attended after the 1945 amendment also established to fulfill the desires of the justice seeker. The Efforts to comply the sense of justice depends on how the constitutional court judges deciding cases. If the judge of the constitutional court failed to parse the meaning of substantive justice, it found the unfair justice. It’s fair according to the judge verdict, but it was unable to fulfill the desires of the justice seeker. The step of judges to find the justice known as the concept of judicial activism. And its consisting in constitutional court authority namely as judicial review. Within seven years since the MKRI have been formed, the court has become an institution recognized by the justice seeker through the decisions. In fact, the court not only courageous in deciding the facts of the existing law, but further than that, the court also made a bold reform in its verdict forms.
Implementasi Putusan No. 27/PhPu.D-VIII/2010 Mengenai Perselisihan hasil Pemilihan umum Kepala Daerah Kabupaten Lamongan
Authors: Siahaan Maruarar 
Published: July 2022

The objection of petitioner on the recount results by the Election Commission of Lamongan on the orders of the interlocutory injunction of the Court ,was not examined further and be heard simultaneously with the Commission report on the implementation of interlocutory injunction in a hearing open to the public, and thereafter immediately the Constitutional Court considered the objection has no juridical value. The final decision then confirmed the Commission’s decision on the result of the recounting. Nonetheless, the function of the interlocutory verdict must be understood as a mechanism to prepare the final verdict. Therefore, the results of the interlocutory verdict must be heard and examined in a session open to the parties and the public, to be used as the basis for a final decision. The hearing process before the final verdict has been decide, does not end with the announcement of the interlocutory verdict. Implementation of the Constitutional Court decision on the district election dispute has been uninhibited, but in one case. Although the number is quantitatively insignificant, it is qualitatively very important as a lesson learned in that the Court is still in need to improve its performance in guarding the consolidation of democracy.