bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Pediatric Critical Care Admissions in 43 United States Children’s Hospitals, 2014–2019*
Authors: Heneghan Julia A. , Rogerson Colin , Goodman Denise M. , Hall Matt , Kohne Joseph G. , Kane Jason M. 
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES:
To identify trends in the population of patients in PICUs over time.

DESIGN:
Cross-sectional, retrospective cohort study using the Pediatric Health Information System database.

SETTING:
Forty-three U.S. children’s hospitals.

PATIENTS:
All patients admitted to Pediatric Health Information System-participating hospitals from January 2014 to December 2019. Individuals greater than 65 years old and normal newborns were excluded.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
PICU care occurred in 13.8% of all pediatric hospital encounters and increased over the study period from 13.3% to 14.3%. Resource intensity, based on average Hospitalization Resource Intensity Scores for Kids score, increased significantly across epochs (6.5 in 2014–2015 vs 6.9 in 2018–2019; p < 0.001), although this was not consistently manifested as additional procedural exposure. Geometric mean PICU cost per patient encounter was stable. The two most common disease categories in PICU patients were respiratory failure and cardiac and circulatory congenital anomalies. Of all PICU encounters, 35.5% involved mechanical ventilation, and 25.9% involved vasoactive infusions. Hospital-level variation in the percentage of days spent in the PICU ranged from 15.1% to 63.5% across the participating sites. Of the total hospital costs for patients admitted to the PICU, 41.7% of costs were accrued during the patients’ PICU stay.

CONCLUSIONS:
The proportional use of PICU beds is increasing over time, although was variable across centers. Case-based resource use and complexity of pediatric patients are also increasing. Despite the higher use of PICU resources, the standardized costs of PICU care per patient encounter have remained stable. These data may help to inform current PICU resource allocation and future PICU capacity planning.
Apportioning archaic variants among modern populations
Authors: Witt Kelsey E. , Villanea Fernando , Loughran Elle , Zhang Xinjun , Huerta-Sanchez Emilia 
Published: April 2022

The apportionment of human genetic diversity within and between populations has been measured to understand human relatedness and demographic history. Likewise, the distribution of archaic ancestry in modern populations can be leveraged to better understand the interaction between our species and its archaic relatives. Resolving the interactions between modern and archaic human populations can be difficult, as archaic variants in modern populations have been shaped by genetic drift, bottlenecks and gene flow. Here, we investigate the distribution of archaic variation in Eurasian populations. We find that archaic ancestry coverage at the individual- and population-level present distinct patterns in modern human populations: South Asians have nearly twice the number of population-unique archaic alleles compared with Europeans or East Asians, indicating that these populations experienced differing demographic and archaic admixture events. We confirm previous observations that East Asian individuals have more Neanderthal ancestry than European individuals, but surprisingly, when we compare the number of single nucleotide polymorphisms with archaic alleles found across a population, Europeans have more Neanderthal ancestry than East Asians. We compare these results to simulated models and conclude that these patterns are consistent with multiple admixture events between modern humans and Neanderthals.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Celebrating 50 years since Lewontin's apportionment of human diversity’.
Animals in higher education settings: Do animal-assisted interventions improve mental and cognitive health outcomes of students? A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Huber Annalena , Klug Stefanie J. , Abraham Annette , Westenberg Erica , Schmidt Veronika , Winkler Andrea S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundDue to the high burden of mental health issues among students at higher education institutions world-wide, animal-assisted interventions (AAIs) are being increasingly used to relieve student stress. The objective of this study was to systematically review of the effects of AAIs on the mental and cognitive health outcomes of higher education students.MethodsRandomized controlled trials using any unfamiliar animal as the sole intervention tool were included in the systematic review. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool. Where possible, effect sizes (Hedges’ g) were pooled for individual outcomes using random-effects meta-analyses. Albatross plots were used to supplement the data synthesis.ResultsOf 2.401 identified studies, 35 were included. Almost all studies used dogs as the intervention animal. The quality of most included studies was rated as moderate. Studies showed an overall reduction of acute anxiety (g= -0.57 (95%CI -1.45;0.31)) and stress. For other mental outcomes, studies showed an overall small reduction of negative affect (g= -0.47 (95%CI -1.46;0.52)), chronic stress (g= -0.23 (95%CI -0.57;0.11)) and depression, as well as small increases in arousal, happiness and positive affect (g= 0.06 (95%CI -0.78;0.90)). Studies showed no effect on heart rate and heart rate variability, a small reduction in salivary cortisol and mixed effects on blood pressure. No effect on cognitive outcomes was found.ConclusionOverall, evidence suggests that AAIs are effective at improving mental, but not physiological or cognitive outcomes of students. Strong methodological heterogeneity between studies limited the ability to draw clear conclusions.
Evaluation of isotype specific salivary antibody assays for detecting previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults
Authors: Thomas Amy C , Oliver Elizabeth , Baum Holly E , Gupta Kapil , Shelley Kathryn L , Long Anna E , Jones Hayley E , Smith Joyce , Hitchings Benjamin , Bartolo Natalie di , Vasileiou Kate , Rabi Fruzsina , Alamir Hanin , Eghleilib Malak , Francis Ore , Oliver Jennifer , Morales-Aza Begonia , Obst Ulrike , Shattock Debbie , Barr Rachael , Collingwood Lucy , Duale Kaltun , Grace Niall , Livera Guillaume Gonnage , Bishop Lindsay , Downing Harriet , Rodrigues Fernanda , Timpson Nicholas , Relton Caroline L , Toye Ashley , Woolfson Derek N , Berger Imre , Goenka Anu , Davidson Andrew D , Gillespie Kathleen M , Williams Alistair JK , Bailey Mick , Brooks-Pollock Ellen , Finn Adam , Halliday Alice ,   the CoMMinS Study Team
Published: April 2022

AbstractSaliva is easily obtainable non-invasively and potentially suitable for detecting both current and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. We established 6 standardised enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) capable of detecting IgA and IgG antibodies to whole SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, to its receptor binding domain region and to nucleocapsid protein in saliva. In test accuracy (n=320), we found that spike IgG performed best (ROC AUC: 95.0%, 92.8-97.3%), followed by spike IgA (ROC AUC: 89.9%, 86.5-93.2%) for discriminating between pre-pandemic and post COVID-19 saliva samples. Using machine learning, diagnostic performance was improved when a combination of tests was used. As expected, salivary IgA was poorly correlated with serum, indicating an oral mucosal response whereas salivary IgG responses were predictive of those in serum. When deployed to 20 household outbreaks undergoing Delta and Omicron infection, antibody responses were heterogeneous but remained a reliable indicator of recent infection. Intriguingly, unvaccinated children showed evidence of exposure almost exclusively through specific IgA responses in the absence of evidence of viral infection. We have provided robust standardisation, evaluation, and field-testing of salivary antibody assays as tools for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 immune responses. Future work should focus on investigating salivary antibody responses following infection and vaccination to understand patterns of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and inform ongoing vaccination strategies.
Efficacy of premarital genotype screening and counselling on knowledge toward Sickle Cell disease among university students in Dodoma Tanzania: uncotrolled quasi-experimental study
Authors: Lumbe Arnold Gideon , Kibusi Stephen M 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundTanzania is experiencing the increase burden of Sickle cell disease, with an estimate of 20.6% prevalence Sickle Cell carriers. However, there is no preventive measure has been put in this area by the government; a great focus has been directed in the diagnosis and management and national guideline emphasis on the care of people affected by Sickle Cell Disease.MethodsA non-controlled quasi-experimental study was conducted from June to September 2020 among 697 randomly recruited first-years university students from the University of Dodoma. Pre and post-test knowledge information were collected through structured self-administered questionnaires. Data was analyzed using SPSS v20. Simple and multiple linear analysis model was used to test for significant association of variables at 95% CI, at p<0.05. The results were presented using tables and figures.ResultsThe mean knowledge score at pretest was 0.009±1.014 which improved to 0.365±0.901 on the posttest, with a statistically significant difference (t=6.965, p<0.01). The results of linear regression showed that knowledge change was not statistically associated with other predictors (p>0.05)ConclusionHealth education demonstrated to be effective towards change in knowledge on sickle cell disease among University students.
Effects of vitamin D deficiency on blood lipids and bone metabolism: a large cross-sectional study
Authors: Gu Peng , Pu Bin , Chen BaiHang , Zheng XiaoHui , Zeng ZhanPeng , Luo WeiDong 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the relationship between serum HDL-C and spinal bone mineral density (BMD) under different serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25 (OH) D) levels in adults over 40 years old and to explore its mechanism.MethodsParticipants over the age of 40 with data on HDL-C, 25 (OH) D, spinal BMD, and other variables in NHANES 2007–2010 were included in the final analysis. A weighted multiple linear regression model was used to evaluate the association between serum HDL-C and spinal BMD in different gender, ages and serum 25 (OH) D levels.ResultsA total of 3599 subjects aged ≥ 40 years old were included in this study. Univariate analysis of the complete correction model showed a negative correlation between serum HDL-C and spinal BMD. In the two subgroups of serum 25(OH)D, we found that the higher the serum HDL-C in the female with serum 25 (OH) D < 75nmol/L aged 40-59 years old, the lower the total spinal BMD, and a similar relationship was found in the lumbar spine (L1-L4). However, no similar relationship was found in all populations with serum 25 (OH) D ≥ 75nmol/L and males with serum 25 (OH) D < 75nmol/L.ConclusionAmong Americans over the age of 40, the increase of serum HDL-C is related to decreased BMD of spine only in women aged 40-59 years with vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency.Author summaryWe performed a cross-sectional study using the National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey (NHANES) data. We found that increased serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) during vitamin D deficiency is a potential risk factor for osteopenia or osteoporosis in middle-aged and elderly American women.
The acute effects of knee extension exercises with different contraction durations on the subsequent maximal knee extension torque for athletes with different strength levels
Authors: Nakata Kaito , Mishima Takaaki 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIndividuals with high fatigue resistance against a high-intensity conditioning activity (CA) may be able to avoid experiencing significant fatigue and enhance their voluntary performance. We examined whether the optimal contraction duration of dynamic knee extension exercises to maximize subsequent voluntary performance varies depending on the strength level of an individual. The study participants were 22 male American college football players. Initially, all participants performed a 10-s maximal isometric knee extension exercise and were classified as stronger individuals (n = 8) and weaker individuals (n = 8) based on their relative muscle strength. Each group then performed three types of dynamic CA with different contraction durations (6 s [6-CA], 12 s [12-CA], and 18 s [18-CA]) in random order. To observe the time-course changes in post-activation potentiation and performance enhancement, the twitch torques induced by electrical stimulation and isokinetic knee extension torques at 180°/s were recorded before and after each CA. The twitch torque increased at 10 s (29.5% ± 9.3%) and 1 min (18.5% ± 6.8%) after 6-CA for the stronger individuals (p < 0.05). However, no post-activation potentiation was induced in the weaker individuals in either protocol. Voluntary performance increased at 4 (7.0% ± 4.5%) and 7 (8.2% ± 4.3%) min after 18-CA for stronger individuals (p < 0.05). However, there was no post-activation performance enhancement in either protocol for weaker individuals. Thus, CA with a relatively long contraction duration was optimal to maximize the subsequent voluntary performance for stronger individuals. It remains unknown whether CAs performed with relatively short or long contraction durations were optimal for weaker individuals.
Time to Recovery from Diabetic Ketoacidosis and its Predictors among Adult Diabetic Ketoacidosis Patients in DEBRE MARKOS Referral Hospital, North West Ethiopia, 2021: Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Temesgen Dessie , Miskir Yihun , Dessie Getenet , Nuru Ahmed , Tesema Berihun Bantie , Azmeraw Molla , Teym Abraham , Dagne Melesew 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionDiabetic ketoacidosis is an acute life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus. With appropriate treatments, diabetic ketoacidosis patients are expected to make a full recovery within 24 hours. Previous studies did not address variables such as duration of diabetic ketoacidosis symptoms, and blood glucose level. In addition, the recovery time and its predictors of diabetic ketoacidosis in adult patients are not well known in Ethiopia.ObjectiveTo assess time to recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis and its predictors among adult diabetic ketoacidosis patients in Debre Markos referral hospital, North West Ethiopia, 2021MethodsA retrospective cohort study was employed among 452 records of adult diabetic ketoacidosis patients who were admitted starting from January 1, 2016 to January 1, 2021 using their medical registration number. Data were entered into Epi-data version 4.6 and analyzed using Stata version 14. A Kaplan Meier survival curve was used to estimate diabetic ketoacidosis-free survival time. In addition, a generalized log-rank test was utilized to compare diabetic ketoacidosis-free survival time between different categorical explanatory variables. Cox proportional hazards model was used to identify predictors of time to diabetic ketoacidosis recovery time. Variables with a P-value < 0.25 in the bivariable analysis were entered into a multivariable Cox proportional hazards model to identify predictors of recovery time at p≤ 0.05.ResultThe median time to recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis for all observations was 24 hours. Severity of diabetic ketoacidosis (AHR=0.24, 95%CI=0.16-0.35), duration of diabetic ketoacidosis (AHR=0.46, 95%CI 0.33-0.64), diabetes duration (AHR=1.74, 95%CI 1.35-2.25), and random blood sugar level (AHR=0.64, 95%CI= (0.51-0.79) were significant predictors of recovery time.Conclusion and recommendationThe median time to recovery from diabetic ketoacidosis was relatively prolonged. The hospital shall give special attention to patients with the identified predictors. Further study using a prospective design by including admission pH and admission serum potassium level is advised.
Prevalence of diabetic macular edema and risk factors among diabetic patients at the University of Gondar Tertiary Eye Care and Training Center, North West Ethiopia
Authors: Kabtu Endale , Tsegaw Asamere 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDDiabetic macular edema (DME) is the most common cause of visual impairment in patients with diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of DME globally is around 6.8 % and in Ethiopia range from 5.7% to 11%.Different factors are associated with DME including poor glycemic control, longer duration, hypertension, dyslipidemiaOBJECTIVETo determine the prevalence and associated factors of diabetic macular edema among diabetic patients attending University of Gondar (UOG) hospital, tertiary eye care and training center, NW EthiopiaMETHODSA hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2021 to October 2021. Socio-demographic, clinical and laboratory data of patients was gathered. The collected data was entered into epi-data 4.6 version, exported to SPSS version 20 and analyzed.RESULTSA total of 165 diabetic patients were enrolled with mean age of 54.71 ±13.66 years, 50.9% male, 85.5% urban dwellers, 79.9% type 2 DM, 49.7% on oral hypoglycemic agents and the mean duration of diabetes was 7.93 years. Cataract was the commonest ocular morbidity and 42% of patients had at least mild vision impairment. The overall prevalence of DME was 17% and 5.5% of patients had clinically significant macular edema (CSME). The presence of proteinuria was 8.04 times more likely to have DME.CONCLUSIONThe prevalence of DME among our patients was high. The presence of proteinuria was significantly associated with DME. Screening of diabetic patients for sight threatening retinopathy early and appropriate treatment is recommended.
Systems Biology Approach of Understanding Insulin Resistance: Linkage between Type 2 Diabetes & Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Villasis Osbert Bryan , Tan Daniel Stanley , Mendoza Eduardo , Lao Angelyn 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTInsulin resistance (IR) is a physiological condition in which cells in the body become resistant to insulin. It is a known risk factor associated to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recently, the idea that IR plays an important role in the progression of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been gaining a lot of attention. Comparing the components of the insulin signalling pathway in relation to T2D and AD, there seems to be a lot of commonality. However, on what role IR plays in linking T2D and AD remains unknown. Through systems biology approach, we extended an existing mathematical model (i.e. ODE based) to study and understand the role IR plays in linking T2D and AD. The simulations, together with the experimental data collected from the literature, show that the common components in T2D and AD express the same dynamical behaviors. This result provides the bases for further modelling of the insulin signaling pathway in determining the link between T2D and AD.
The Main Themes and Experiences Shared with the Hashtag #BlackintheIvory: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Adewumi Mopileola Tomi , Delgado Paul , Carr Marvin , Sowah Emily , Vassar Matt 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe movement #BlackintheIvory gave Black academics an opportunity to connect through a social media platform allowing them to share common experiences in the pursuit of higher education. Through the analysis of Twitter posts, using the hashtag #BlackintheIvory, this study investigates the main themes identified among Black scholars in academia and their shared experiences with teaching, mentoring, collegiality, identity, service, and racism.MethodsUsing the Twitter API, we isolated all publicly available tweets, which can include text, images, and links to websites, posted with the hashtag #BlackintheIvory on the Twitter website (www.twitter.com) from the inception of the hashtag in June 2020 to the end of December 2020. To evaluate the tweets, we categorized the tweets inductively. Based on the content of the posts, we identified 6 themes: Teaching, Mentoring, Collegiality, Identity, Service, and Racism.ResultsOur search yielded a total of 12,538 original posts, including tweets between inception in June 2020 to December 2020 from profiles made public (excluding modified tweets and duplicate tweets). We selected and analyzed the top retweeted 2500 tweets, which is 20% (2500/12538) of the total number of downloaded tweets. The greatest percentage of posts were about Teaching (881; 35%), followed by Service (441; 18%) and Racism (414; 17%). The remaining tweets were categorized as Collegiality (388; 15%), Identity (210; 8%), and Mentoring (166; 7%) of the total number of tweets from June-December 2020.ConclusionThe experiences, perspectives, and narratives among the Black diaspora within #BlackintheIvory are not uniform. The commonality exists within the structural systemic racism which impacts Black academics within the ivory tower, this study is a resounding wake-up call for action.FundingThis study was not subject to any funding
Genetic admixture history and forensic characteristics of Tibeto-Burman-speaking Qiang people explored via the newly developed Y-STR panel and genome-wide SNP data
Authors: He Guanglin , Adnan Atif , Wang Mengge , Al-Qahtani Wedad Saeed , Safhi Fatmah Ahmed , Yeh Hui-Yuan , Hadi Sibte , Wanag Chuan-Chao , Liu Chao , Yao Jun 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTFine-scale patterns of population genetic structure and diversity of ethnolinguistically diverse populations are important for biogeographical ancestry inference, kinship testing and also for the development and validation of new kits focused on forensic personal identification. Analyses focused on forensic markers and genome-wide SNP data can provide new insights into the origin, admixture processes and forensic characteristics of targeted populations. Qiang people with a large sample size among Tibeto-Burman-speaking populations widely reside in the middle latitude of the Tibetan Plateau. However, their genetic structure and forensic features have remained uncharacterized due to the paucity of comprehensive genetic analyses. Here, we first developed and validated the AGCU-Y30 Y-STR panel, which contains slowly and moderately mutating Y-STRs, and then we conducted comprehensive population genetic analyses based on Y-STRs and genome-wide SNPs to explore the admixture history of Qiang people and their neighbours. The validated results of this panel showed that the new Y-STR kit was sensitive and robust enough for forensic applications. Haplotype diversity (HD) ranging from 0.9932 to 0.9996 and allelic frequencies ranging from 0.001946 to 0.8326 in 514 Qiang people demonstrated that all included markers were highly polymorphic in Tibeto-Burman people. Population genetic analyses based on Y-STRs (RST, FST, MDS, NJ, PCA and MJNs) revealed that the Qiang people harboured a paternally close relationship with lowland Tibetan-Yi corridor populations. Furthermore, we made a comprehensive population admixture analysis among Eurasian modern and ancient populations based on the shared alleles. We determined that the Qiang people were a genetically admixed population and showed the closest relationship with Tibetan and Neolithic Yellow River farmers. Admixture modelling showed that Qiang people shared the primary ancestry with Tibetan and was derived from North China, supporting the hypothesis of common origin between Tibetan and Qiang people.