bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A critical review of disproportionality in loss and damage from climate change
Authors: Dorkenoo Kelly , Scown Murray , Boyd Emily 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe notion of disproportionate impacts of climate change on certain groups and regions has long been a part of policy debates and scientific inquiry, and was instrumental to the emergence of the “Loss and Damage” (L&D) policy agenda in international negotiations on climate change. Yet, ‘disproportionality’ remains relatively undefined and implicit in science on loss and damage from climate change. A coherent theoretical basis of disproportionality is needed for advancing science and policy on loss and damage. It is necessary to ask: What is disproportionate, to whom, and in relation to what? We critically examine the uses of disproportionality in loss and damage scholarship by analyzing how disproportionality is treated in the literature conceptually, methodologically, and empirically. We review publications against a set of criteria derived from seminal work on disproportionality in other fields, mainly environmental justice and disaster studies that have analyzed environment–society interactions. We find disproportionality to be dynamic and multidimensional, spanning the themes of risks, impacts, and burdens. Our results show that while the concept is often used in loss and damage scholarship, its use relies on unarticulated notions of justice and often lacks conceptual, methodological and empirical grounding. Disproportionality also appears as a boundary concept, enabling critical and multiscalar explorations of historical processes that shape the uneven impacts of climate change, alongside social justice and normative claims for desired futures. This emerging area of science offers an opportunity to critically re‐evaluate the conceptualization of the relationship between climate‐change‐related impacts, development, and inequality.This article is categorized under:
Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Climate Change and Global Justice
Climate and Development > Social Justice and the Politics of Development
What makes carbon nanoparticle a potent material for biological application?
Authors: Chatterjee Niranjan , Kumar Piyush , Kumar Krishan , Misra Santosh K. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCarbon materials are generally utilized in the form of carbon allotropes and their characteristics are exploited as such or for improving the thermal, electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of other biomaterials. This has now found a broader share in conventional biomaterial space with the generation of nanodiamond, carbon dot, carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), and so forth. With properties of better biocompatibility, intrinsic optical emission, aqueous suspendability, and easier surface conjugation possibilities made CNPs as one of the fore most choice for biological applications especially for use in intracellular spaces. There are various reports available presenting methods of preparing, characterizing, and using CNPs for various biological applications but a collection of information on what makes CNP a suitable biomaterial to achieve those biological activities is yet to be provided in a significant way. Herein, a series of correlations among synthesis, characterization, and mode of utilization of CNP have been incorporated along with the variations in its use as agent for sensing, imaging, and therapy of different diseases or conditions. It is ensembled that how simplified and optimized methods of synthesis is correlated with specific characteristics of CNPs which were found to be suitable in the specific biological applications. These comparisons and correlations among various CNPs, will surely provide a platform to generate new edition of this nanomaterial with improvised applications and newer methods of evaluating structural, physical, and functional properties. This may ensure the eventual use of CNPs for human being for specific need in near future.This article is categorized under:
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing
Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle‐Based Sensing
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies
Silicon‐carbon hybrid [2]‐ladderanes
Authors: Lambert Marcel , Poitiers Nadine E. , Huch Volker , Goforth Andrea , Scheschkewitz David 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe first silicon‐carbon hybrid ladderanes consisting of trisila and tricarba ladder rails were obtained by the reactions of lithium disilenide R2Si=SiRLi (R=2,4,6‐triisopropylphenyl) with allylchlorosilanes. The steric strain in the 1,2,6‐trisilabicyclo[2.2.0]hexanes imposed by the bulky substituents leads to highly distorted ring systems with extreme puckering and long silicon‐carbon bridgehead bonds. All 1,2,6‐trisilabicyclo[2.2.0]hexanes show strong absorptions in the UV/vis and the rigidity of the [2]‐ladderane framework gives rise to turquoise fluorescence.
Proton lifetime in minimal SUSY SU(5) in light of LHC results
Authors: Babu K. S. , Gogoladze Ilia , Ün Cem Salih 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We examine proton decay mediated by color-triplet Higgsinos in minimal supersymmetric SU(5) grand unified theory in light of the discovery of the Higgs boson and the absence of SUSY signals at the LHC. We pay special attention to various threshold effects arising from Planck-suppressed operators that affect the color-triplet Higgsino mass and also allow for correcting the wrong mass relations for the light fermions. Our analysis allows for a non-universal SUSY spectrum with the third family sfermions having a separate mass compared to the first two families. We identify the allowed parameter space of the model and show that the SUSY scalar masses are constrained by current limits from proton lifetime to be above 5 TeV, while the glunio, Wino and the Higgsinos may be within reach of the LHC. When the SUSY scalar masses are required to be ≤ 30 TeV, so that they are within reach of next generation collider experiments, we find that proton lifetime for the decay p → $$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

K+ is bounded by τ(p → $$ \overline{\nu} $$

ν
¯

K+) ≤ 1.1 × 1035 yrs.
Disentangling jet modification in jet simulations and in Z+jet data
Authors: Brewer Jasmine , Brodsky Quinn , Rajagopal Krishna 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe selection of jets in heavy-ion collisions based on theirpTafter jet quenching is known to bias towards jets that lost little energy in the quark-gluon plasma. In this work, we study and quantify the impact of this selection bias on jet substructure observables so as to isolate effects caused by the modification of the substructure of jets by quenching. We do so at first in a simplified Monte Carlo study in which it is possible to identify the same jet before and after quenching. We show explicitly that jets selected based on their quenched (i.e. observable)pThave substantially smaller fractional energy loss than those selected based on thepTthat they would have had in the absence of any quenching. This selection bias has a large impact on jet structure and substructure observables. As an example, we consider the angular separation ∆Rof the hardest splitting in each jet, and find that the ∆Rdistribution of the (biased) sample of jets selected based upon their quenchedpTis almost unmodified by quenching. In contrast, quenching causes dramatic modifications to the ∆Rdistribution of a sample of jets selected based upon their unquenchedpT, with a significant enhancement at larger ∆Rcoming from the soft particles originating from the wake of the jet in the quark-gluon plasma. The jets which contribute to this enhancement are those which have lost the most energy and which were, therefore, left out of the sample selected after quenching. In a more realistic study, we then show that the same qualitative effects can all be observed inZ+jet events. Selecting jets in such events based on either the jetpTor theZ-bosonpTprovides an experimentally accessible way to quantify the effects of selection biases in jet observables and separate them from the modification of jet substructure caused by quenching. SelectingZ+jet events based upon the jetpTyields a ∆Rdistribution that appears almost unmodified whereas selectingZ+jet events based upon theZ-bosonpTreveals a significant modification to the ∆R-distribution caused by quenching, once again arising from the wakes of those jets that lose more energy.
Quantum bit threads and holographic entanglement
Authors: Agón Cesar A. , Pedraza Juan F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Quantum corrections to holographic entanglement entropy require knowledge of the bulk quantum state. In this paper, we derive a novel dual prescription for the generalized entropy that allows us to interpret the leading quantum corrections in a geometric way with minimal input from the bulk state. The equivalence is proven using tools borrowed from convex optimization. The new prescription does not involve bulk surfaces but instead uses a generalized notion of a flow, which allows for possible sources or sinks in the bulk geometry. In its discrete version, our prescription can alternatively be interpreted in terms of a set of Planck-thickness bit threads, which can be either classical or quantum. This interpretation uncovers an aspect of the generalized entropy that admits a neat information-theoretic description, namely, the fact that the quantum corrections can be cast in terms of entanglement distillation of the bulk state. We also prove some general properties of our prescription, including nesting and a quantum version of the max multiflow theorem. These properties are used to verify that our proposal respects known inequalities that a von Neumann entropy must satisfy, including subadditivity and strong subadditivity, as well as to investigate the fate of the holographic monogamy. Finally, using the Iyer-Wald formalism we show that for cases with a local modular Hamiltonian there is always a canonical solution to the program that exploits the property of bulk locality. Combining with previous results by Swingle and Van Raamsdonk, we show that the con- sistency of this special solution requires the semi-classical Einstein’s equations to hold for any consistent perturbative bulk quantum state.
Late-stage rescue of visually guided behavior in the context of a significantly remodeled retinitis pigmentosa mouse model
Authors: Kajtna Jacqueline , Tsang Stephen H. , Koch Susanne F. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPatients with progressive neurodegenerative disorder retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are diagnosed in the midst of ongoing retinal degeneration and remodeling. Here, we used a Pde6b-deficient RP gene therapy mouse model to test whether treatment at late disease stages can halt photoreceptor degeneration and degradative remodeling, while sustaining constructive remodeling and restoring function. We demonstrated that when fewer than 13% of rods remain, our genetic rescue halts photoreceptor degeneration, electroretinography (ERG) functional decline and inner retinal remodeling. In addition, in a water maze test, the performance of mice treated at 16 weeks of age or earlier was indistinguishable from wild type. In contrast, no efficacy was apparent in mice treated at 24 weeks of age, suggesting the photoreceptors had reached a point of no return. Further, remodeling in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and retinal vasculature was not halted at 16 or 24 weeks of age, although there appeared to be some slowing of blood vessel degradation. These data suggest a novel working model in which restoration of clinically significant visual function requires only modest threshold numbers of resilient photoreceptors, halting of destructive remodeling and sustained constructive remodeling. These novel findings define the potential and limitations of RP treatment and suggest possible nonphotoreceptor targets for gene therapy optimization.
Sterbefälle mit unbekannter oder ungenau bezeichneter Todesursache – attestierte Todesarten und durchgeführte Obduktionen
Authors: Krause Maike , Graw M. , Gleich S. 
Published: February 2022

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Eine unzureichende Qualität von Leichenschau und ausgefertigten Todesbescheinigungen (TB) ist in der Literatur seit langem Gegenstand kontroverser Diskussionen. Häufig zu bemängeln sind fehlerhafte oder unplausible Kausalketten und eine fälschlicherweise attestierte natürliche Todesart.

Ziel der Arbeit
Es soll untersucht werden, welche Todesart bei einer unbekannten oder ungenau bezeichneten Todesursache durch den Leichenschauer attestiert wurde, und wie häufig bei diesen Fällen eine Obduktion am Institut für Rechtsmedizin (IRM) durchgeführt wurde.

Methode
Es wurden vertraulicher und nicht vertraulicher Teil aller TB des 2. Quartals 2013 der Stadt München standardisiert erfasst und statistisch ausgewertet.

Ergebnisse
Im Studienzeitraum wurden insgesamt 3228 TB erfasst. Es wurde bei 900 Fällen (27,9 %) unter Ia bzw. bei 462 Fällen (14,3 %) unter Ic eine unbekannte oder ungenau bezeichnete Todesursache attestiert. Trotz unbekannter Todesursache wurde gleichzeitig bei 4,0 % der Fälle eine natürliche Todesart bescheinigt. Eine Obduktion wurde bei Sterbefällen mit unbekannter Todesursache um ein Vielfaches häufiger (Ia: 52,0 % und Ic: 52,1 %) als bei Fällen mit ungenau bezeichneter Todesursache durchgeführt (Ia: 5,2 % und Ic: 7,5 %).

Diskussion
Bei den meisten Fällen haben die Leichenschauer die korrekte Todesart bei einer unbekannten Todesursache attestiert (96,0 %), jedoch bei 4,0 % auch fälschlicherweise gleichzeitig eine natürliche Todesart. Dies hat weitreichende, insbesondere strafprozessuale Konsequenzen, da bei Angabe einer natürlichen Todesart keine Benachrichtigung der Ermittlungsbehörden mit dem Ziel der Klärung der Todesumstände erfolgt. An dieser Stelle besteht das Risiko einer „Erfassungslücke“ nicht natürlicher Todesfälle.
The integrated nuclear medicine and radiology residency program in the Netherlands: strengths and potential areas for improvement according to nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists
Authors: Velleman Ton , Kwee Thomas C. , Dierckx Rudi A. J. O. , Ongena Yfke P. , Noordzij Walter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the Dutch integrated nuclear medicine and radiology residency program from the perspective of nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists.

Methods
A survey was distributed among nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists in hospitals that participate in the Dutch integrated nuclear medicine and radiology training program.

Results
A total of 139 completed questionnaires were included. Nuclear medicine physicians (n = 36) assigned a mean score of 5.7 ± 2.0, and radiologists (n = 103) assigned a mean score of 6.5 ± 2.8 (on a 1–10 scale) to the success of the integrated training program in their hospital. On multiple regression, female gender of the survey participant (B = 2.22, P = 0.034), musculoskeletal radiology as subspecialty of the survey participant (B = 3.36, P = 0.032), and the survey participant’s expectancy of resident’s ability to handle workload after completion of residency were significantly associated with perceived success of the integrated training program (B = 1.16, P = 0.023). Perceived strengths of the integrated training program included broadening of expertise, a better preparation of future imaging specialists for hybrid imaging, increased efficiency in training residents, and increased efficiency in multidisciplinary meetings. Perceived weaknesses of the integrated training program included reduced exposure to nuclear medicine, less time for research and innovation, and concerns about its international recognition.

Conclusion
This study provided insights into the experiences of nuclear medicine physicians and radiologists with the Dutch integrated nuclear medicine and radiology residency program, which may be helpful to improve the program and similar residency programs in other countries.
Plasma biomarkers for Alzheimer’s Disease in relation to neuropathology and cognitive change
Authors: Smirnov Denis S. , Ashton Nicholas J. , Blennow Kaj , Zetterberg Henrik , Simrén Joel , Lantero-Rodriguez Juan , Karikari Thomas K. , Hiniker Annie , Rissman Robert A. , Salmon David P. , Galasko Douglas 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPlasma biomarkers related to amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration (ATN) show great promise for identifying these pathological features of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) as shown by recent clinical studies and selected autopsy studies. We have evaluated ATN plasma biomarkers in a series of 312 well-characterized longitudinally followed research subjects with plasma available within 5 years or less before autopsy and examined these biomarkers in relation to a spectrum of AD and related pathologies. Plasma Aβ42, Aβ40, total Tau, P-tau181, P-tau231 and neurofilament light (NfL) were measured using Single molecule array (Simoa) assays. Neuropathological findings were assessed using standard research protocols. Comparing plasma biomarkers with pathology diagnoses and ratings, we found that P-tau181 (AUC = 0.856) and P-tau231 (AUC = 0.773) showed the strongest overall sensitivity and specificity for AD neuropathological change (ADNC). Plasma P-tau231 showed increases at earlier ADNC stages than other biomarkers. Plasma Aβ42/40 was decreased in relation to amyloid and AD pathology, with modest diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.601). NfL was increased in non-AD cases and in a subset of those with ADNC. Plasma biomarkers did not show changes in Lewy body disease (LBD), hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS) or limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) unless ADNC was present. Higher levels of P-tau181, 231 and NfL predicted faster cognitive decline, as early as 10 years prior to autopsy, even among people with normal cognition or mild cognitive impairment. These results support plasma P-tau181 and 231 as diagnostic biomarkers related to ADNC that also can help to predict future cognitive decline, even in predementia stages. Although NfL was not consistently increased in plasma in AD and shows increases in several neurological disorders, it had utility to predict cognitive decline. Plasma Aβ42/40 as measured in this study was a relatively weak predictor of amyloid pathology, and different assay methods may be needed to improve on this. Additional plasma biomarkers are needed to detect the presence and impact of LBD and LATE pathology.
Effects of Anesthesia on Ozone-Induced Lung and Systemic Inflammation
Authors: Wilson Miranda L. , Thysell Jarl A. , Baumann Kristen K. , Quaranta Danny V. , Liang W. Sandy , Erickson Michelle A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Anesthetics are required for procedures that deliver drugs/biologics, infectious/inflammatory agents, and toxicants directly to the lungs. However, the possible confounding effects of anesthesia on lung inflammation and injury are underreported. Here, we evaluated the effects of two commonly used anesthetic regimens on lung inflammatory responses to ozone in mice.

Methods
We tested the effects of brief isoflurane (Iso) or ketamine/xylazine/atipamezole (K/X/A) anesthesia prior to ozone exposure (4 h, 3 ppm) on lung inflammatory responses in mice. Anesthesia regimens modeled those used for non-surgical intratracheal instillations and were administered 1–2 h or 24 h prior to initiating ozone exposure.

Results
We found that Iso given 1–2 h prior to ozone inhibited inflammatory responses in the lung, and this effect was absent when Iso was given 23–24 h prior to ozone. In contrast, K/X/A given 1–2 h prior to ozone increased lung and systemic inflammation.

Conclusion
Our results highlight the need to comprehensively evaluate anesthesia as an experimental variable in the assessment of lung inflammation in response to ozone and other inflammatory stimuli.
Cold for centuries: a brief history of cryotherapies to improve health, injury and post-exercise recovery
Authors: Allan Robert , Malone James , Alexander Jill , Vorajee Salahuddin , Ihsan Mohammed , Gregson Warren , Kwiecien Susan , Mawhinney Chris 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFor centuries, cold temperatures have been used by humans for therapeutic, health and sporting recovery purposes. This application of cold for therapeutic purposes is regularly referred to as cryotherapy. Cryotherapies including ice, cold-water and cold air have been popularised by an ability to remove heat, reduce core and tissue temperatures, and alter blood flow in humans. The resulting downstream effects upon human physiologies providing benefits that include a reduced perception of pain, or analgesia, and an improved sensation of well-being. Ultimately, such benefits have been translated into therapies that may assist in improving post-exercise recovery, with further investigations assessing the role that cryotherapies can play in attenuating the ensuing post-exercise inflammatory response. Whilst considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the mechanistic changes associated with adopting cryotherapies, research focus tends to look towards the future rather than to the past. It has been suggested that this might be due to the notion of progress being defined as change over time from lower to higher states of knowledge. However, a historical perspective, studying a subject in light of its earliest phase and subsequent evolution, could help sharpen one’s vision of the present; helping to generate new research questions as well as look at old questions in new ways. Therefore, the aim of this brief historical perspective is to highlight the origins of the many arms of this popular recovery and treatment technique, whilst further assessing the changing face of cryotherapy. We conclude by discussing what lies ahead in the future for cold-application techniques.
Potassium and the kidney: a reciprocal relationship with clinical relevance
Authors: Wieërs Michiel L. A. J. , Mulder Jaap , Rotmans Joris I. , Hoorn Ewout J. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
By controlling urinary potassium excretion, the kidneys play a key role in maintaining whole-body potassium homeostasis. Conversely, low urinary potassium excretion (as a proxy for insufficient dietary intake) is increasingly recognized as a risk factor for the progression of kidney disease. Thus, there is a reciprocal relationship between potassium and the kidney: the kidney regulates potassium balance but potassium also affects kidney function. This review explores this relationship by discussing new insights into kidney potassium handling derived from recently characterized tubulopathies and studies on sexual dimorphism. These insights reveal a central but non-exclusive role for the distal convoluted tubule in sensing potassium and subsequently modifying the activity of the sodium-chloride cotransporter. This is another example of reciprocity: activation of the sodium-chloride cotransporter not only reduces distal sodium delivery and therefore potassium secretion but also increases salt sensitivity. This mechanism helps explain the well-known relationship between dietary potassium and blood pressure. Remarkably, in children, blood pressure is related to dietary potassium but not sodium intake. To explore how potassium deficiency can cause kidney injury, we review the mechanisms of hypokalemic nephropathy and discuss if these mechanisms may explain the association between low dietary potassium intake and adverse kidney outcomes. We discuss if potassium should be repleted in patients with kidney disease and what role dietary potassium plays in the risk of hyperkalemia. Supported by data and physiology, we reach the conclusion that we should view potassium not only as a potentially dangerous cation but also as a companion in the battle against kidney disease.