bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Path planning in unmanned aerial vehicles: An optimistic overview
Authors: Shahid Noor , Abrar Muhammad , Ajmal Ushna , Masroor Roha , Amjad Shehzad , Jeelani Mubashir 
Published: January 2022

SummaryWith the development in the technology, a rapid increase in the use of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) is observed. UAVs are executing tasks that were previously performed by humans or manned aircraft, thus reducing the man workload and saving time. Path planning of UAVs is one of the most researched topics these days. Researchers are investigating more about UAVs and path planning to make it more feasible and economical. The major issue faced while planning a feasible path is to detect and avoid the obstacles encountered during a mission. This paper presents a detailed analysis of path planning in UAVs. Important aspects of path planning, that is, environment, dimensions, obstacles, and type and number of UAVs used in path planning, are also being discussed. Obstacle scenarios which UAV may come across during a mission and constraints which UAV has to follow for successful mission are briefly mentioned. Optimization techniques used to optimize the UAV path are also presented. In addition, future challenges and issues are also discussed.
A thermal‐optimal design of lithium‐ion battery for the container storage system
Authors: Shi Hong , Xu Wenbing , Zhu Xinlong , Wang Junyi , Yang Kaijie , Zou Yitao , Chen Zhaolin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this paper, the permitted temperature value of the battery cell and DC‐DC converter is proposed. The flow and temperature field of the lithium‐ion batteries is obtained by the computational fluid dynamic method. Thus, the package structure of the battery pack is optimized based on four influencing factors. The results indicate that (1) setting a new inlet on the wall, I can improve ventilation and the inlet is better located below the waist of the battery pack. (2) Air inlet location close to the fan is easy to generate short air circuit, which leads to DC‐DC converter in poor condition of heat dissipation. (3) Adjusting the size of the air inlet mainly affects the temperature distribution of the cells but has little effect on the temperature of the DC‐DC converter. (4) Regulating the gap size can enhance the cell temperature uniformity. (5) The optimized battery pack structure is obtained, where the maximum cell surface temperature is 297.51 K, and the maximum surface temperature of the DC‐DC converter is 339.93 K. The above results provide an approach to exploring the optimal design method of lithium‐ion batteries for the container storage system with better thermal performance.
Astrocyte immunosenescence and deficits in interleukin 10 signaling in the aged brain disrupt the regulation of microglia following innate immune activation
Authors: O'Neil Shane M. , Hans Emma E. , Jiang Starr , Wangler Lynde M. , Godbout Jonathan P. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMicroglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, develops a pro‐inflammatory, “primed” profile with age. Using single‐cell RNA‐sequencing, we confirmed hippocampal microglia of aged mice (18 m.o.) had an amplified (4 h) and prolonged (24 h) neuroinflammatory response to peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge compared to adults (2 m.o.). Overall, there were several unique cell‐, age‐, and time‐dependent differences in the clusters of microglia identified. Analysis of upstream regulators and canonical pathways revealed impaired regulation of an activated, neuroinflammatory state within microglia. Moreover, microglia in the aged hippocampus failed to turn over during the resolving phase of neuroinflammation. Concomitantly, astrocytes in the aged hippocampus were “immunosenescent” both 4 and 24 h after LPS challenge. For example, aged astrocytes had reduced anti‐inflammatory signaling and cholesterol biosynthesis, two pathways by which astrocytes regulate the inflammatory profile of microglia. One of the pathways reduced in the aged hippocampus was interleukin (IL)‐10 signaling. This pathway increases astrocytic expression of transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β, an anti‐inflammatory cytokine with abundant receptor expression on microglia. Therefore, transgenic astrocytic Il10raKO mice were generated to determine if impaired IL‐10R/TGFβ signaling within astrocytes caused an amplified microglial neuroinflammatory response. Astrocytic Il10raKO caused exaggerated sickness behavior and a prolonged neuroinflammatory response to peripheral LPS, including increased social avoidance with amplified microglial Il1b and Tnf mRNA expression. In summary, astrocytes had an immunosenescent profile with age and, in response to peripheral LPS, had IL‐10R signaling deficits and a lack of cholesterol biosynthesis, both leading to the inability to resolve microglial activation.
The use of consent forms in a “call from class” model of dental care for Australian Indigenous children
Authors: Stormon Nicole 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIssues addressedDental caries is one of the most prevalent non‐communicable diseases in children. Indigenous children reported a disproportionately higher prevalence of dental disease compared to their age‐matched counterparts. To improve access to dental care a community‐controlled service provides culturally appropriate dental services on the site of an Indigenous primary and secondary school. The dental clinic utilises a “call from class” model of care. Consent forms seeking permission to undertake a dental examination without a parent/guardian present during school hours are sent home. When the forms are returned, the student is located in class and a dental examination is undertaken.MethodsA retrospective audit of dental records from 2019 and 2020 were undertaken. The number of consent forms sent and returned were recorded.ResultsIn 2019, 87% (n = 220) of the school population were sent consent forms. Of the forms issued, 70% (n = 154) were returned. Almost all students required further treatment (90%, n = 137) and were sent a treatment consent form. Of the total student population, 67% (n = 171) were not seen or had outstanding treatment from unreturned forms. Proportions of incomplete treatment and unseen students were similar in 2020 (64%, n = 173). In this model, barriers are lessened by providing a free dental service on the school site.ConclusionsConsent is an ethical and legal necessity to undertake dental examination and treatment. Using physical forms were effective for gaining consent for most children. However, less than half of the school population's dental treatment was completed. Future studies should be conducted to explore the acceptability of using consent forms by parents/guardians and different models to gain consent for children from complex social circumstances.
Investigating electronic word‐of‐mouth on social media: An eye‐tracking approach
Authors: Yu Kang Yang Trevor , Goh Kim Huat , Kawasaki Shota 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe investigate how individuals process electronic word‐of‐mouth (eWOM) about jobs and employers on social media. Employing eye‐tracking methodology, our study investigated: (1) the cognitive processing of positive and negative eWOM hosted on social media; (2) the factors influencing job seekers' cognitive processing of eWOM; and (3) the factors influencing perceptions of the credibility of eWOM as a source of employer information. Our results suggest the following. First, job seekers devote more attention to negative compared with positive eWOM. Second, existing employer knowledge in terms of familiarity and reputation influences how positive and negative eWOM are processed. Lastly, employer reputation and job search effort enhance one's perceptions of the credibility of eWOM. Overall, this research provides insights into the cognitive processing of online employer information and its implications for job search, recruitment, and employer branding.
Primary Cilia Direct Murine Articular Cartilage Tidemark Patterning Through Hedgehog Signaling and Ambulatory Load
Authors: Rux Danielle , Helbig Kimberly , Han Biao , Cortese Courtney , Koyama Eiki , Han Lin , Pacifici Maurizio 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Articular cartilage (AC) is essential for body movement but is highly susceptible to degenerative diseases and has poor self-repair capacity. To improve current subpar regenerative treatments, developmental mechanisms of AC should be clarified and, specifically, how its postnatal multizone organization is acquired. Primary cilia are cell surface organelles crucial for mammalian tissue morphogenesis. Although their importance for chondrocyte function is appreciated, their specific roles in postnatal AC morphogenesis remain unclear. To explore these mechanisms, we used a murine conditional loss-of-function approach (Ift88-flox) targeting joint-lineage progenitors (Gdf5Cre) and monitored postnatal knee AC development. Joint formation and growth up to juvenile stages were largely unaffected. However, mature AC (aged 2 months) exhibited disorganized extracellular matrix, decreased aggrecan and collagen II due to reduced gene expression (not increased catabolism), and marked reduction of AC modulus by 30%–50%. In addition, and unexpectedly, we discovered that tidemark patterning was severely disrupted, as was hedgehog signaling, and exhibited specificity based on regional load-bearing functions of AC. Interestingly, Prg4 expression was markedly increased in highly loaded sites in mutants. Together, our data provide evidence that primary cilia orchestrate postnatal AC morphogenesis including tidemark topography, zonal matrix composition, and ambulation load responses. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Quantum dots against SARS‐CoV‐2: diagnostic and therapeutic potentials
Authors: Rabiee Navid , Ahmadi Sepideh , Soufi Ghazaleh Jamalipour , Hekmatnia Ali , Khatami Mehrdad , Fatahi Yousef , Iravani Siavash , Varma Rajender S 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe application of quantum dots (QDs) for detecting and treating various types of coronaviruses is very promising, as their low toxicity and high surface performance make them superior among other nanomaterials; in conjugation with fluorescent probes they are promising semiconductor nanomaterials for the detection of various cellular processes and viral infections. In view of the successful results for inhibiting SARS‐CoV‐2, functional QDs could serve eminent role in the growth of safe nanotherapy for the cure of viral infections in the near future; their large surface areas help bind numerous molecules post‐synthetically. Functionalized QDs with high functionality, targeted selectivity, stability and less cytotoxicity can be employed for highly sensitive co‐delivery and imaging/diagnosis. Besides, due to the importance of safety and toxicity issues, QDs prepared from plant sources (e.g. curcumin) are much more attractive, as they provide good biocompatibility and low toxicity. In this review, the recent developments pertaining to the diagnostic and inhibitory potentials of QDs against SARS‐CoV‐2 are deliberated including important challenges and future outlooks. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
The role of naturally acquired antimalarial antibodies in subclinicalPlasmodiumspp. infection
Authors: O'Flaherty Katherine , Roe Merryn , Fowkes Freya JI 
Published: January 2022

AbstractUndetected subclinical Plasmodium spp. infections are a significant barrier to eliminating malaria. In malaria-endemic areas, naturally acquired antimalarial antibodies develop with repeated infection. These antibodies can confer protection against the clinical manifestations of Plasmodium spp. infection in highly exposed populations, and several distinct functional antibody mechanisms have been defined in the clearance of Plasmodium parasites. However, the role of antimalarial antibodies during subclinical infection is less well defined. In this review, we examine the development and maintenance of antibody responses and the functional mechanisms associated with clinical protection, highlighted by epidemiological studies investigating the association between human immunity and detection of subclinical infection across various malaria transmission intensities. Understanding the development and role of the antimalarial antibody response during subclinical Plasmodium spp. infection will be essential to furthering novel interventions including vaccines and immunological biomarkers that can be utilized for malaria surveillance and ultimately progress malaria elimination.
Assessment of Achilles Tendon Changes After Long‐Distance Running Using Ultrashort Echo Time Magnetization Transfer MR Imaging
Authors: Fang Yijie , Zhu Dantian , Wu Wenhao , Yu Wenjun , Li Shaolin , Ma Ya‐Jun 
Published: January 2022

BackgroundLong‐distance running is a common cause of Achilles tendinopathy. A reliable magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique to track early changes in the tendon caused by running could facilitate more effective interventions to combat progression.PurposeTo evaluate an ultrashort echo time sequence with magnetization transfer preparation (UTE‐MT) in the detection of changes in Achilles tendons of amateur marathon runners before and after long‐distance running.Study TypeProspective.PopulationThirty‐two runners (19 enrolled for full marathons and 13 enrolled for half‐marathons) and 5 healthy non‐runners.Field Strength/Sequence3.0 T; UTE‐MT and dual‐echo UTE for T2* assessment (UTE‐T2*).AssessmentMRI was performed 1‐week pre‐race, 2‐days post‐race, and 4‐weeks post‐race. UTE‐MT ratio (UTE‐MTR) and UTE‐T2* of tendon were measured by two independent radiologists who were blinded to the scan time point and participant data. The Achilles tendon was divided into six regions of interest (ROIs) for data analysis, namely the insertion part (INS), middle part (MID), muscle‐tendon junction (MTJ), tendon‐bone insertion (TBI), tendon‐muscle insertion (TMI), and whole tendon (bulk).Statistical TestsAnalysis of variance and Friedman's rank tests were used to evaluate changes in UTE‐MTR and UTE‐T2* between time points. Tukey test and Bonferroni method were used for further comparisons. P < 0.05 was considered significant.ResultsThe UTE‐MTR values of most tendon ROIs changed significantly between the measured time points, except for the INS region (P = 0.1977). Conversely, the UTE‐T2* values only showed significant changes in the MID and TBI regions. Paired comparisons showed that the UTE‐MTR decreases in the MTJ, MID, TMI, and bulk regions at 2‐days post‐race were significant compared to measures taken pre‐race and 4‐weeks post‐race. For UTE‐T2* measurements, significant differences were observed only for the MID region between pre‐race and 2‐days post‐race (P = 0.0408, 95% CI: 0.0061, 0.1973), and for the TBI region between pre‐race and 4‐weeks post‐race (P = 0.0473, 95% CI: 0.0013, 0.1766).Data ConclusionThe UTE‐MT sequence is able to detect biochemical changes in the Achilles tendon after long‐distance running.Level of Evidence2Technical EfficacyStage 1
Unconnected to global network: Infrastructural deficit in Africa
Authors: Ifere Simeon E. , Nyuur Richard B. , Amankwah‐Amoah Joseph , Ochie Chinedu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSmall‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) are constrained and hindered from connecting to the global value chain. Specifically, we examine how domestic firms mobilize their innovative capabilities to respond to firm‐level and market constraints. Drawing on a sample of 29 managers and owners of manufacturing SMEs in Nigeria, we uncovered that frequent power outages impose difficult additional cost and operational challenges, impeding their operational competitiveness for regional and global competition. We shed light on how resource‐deficits and infrastructural impediments impact SMEs' operational activities and curtail their market competitiveness on the global stage. Further theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Foam‐based cleaning of surfaces contaminated with mixtures of oil and soot
Authors: Schad Tamara , Preisig Natalie , Drenckhan Wiebke , Stubenrauch Cosima 
Published: January 2022

AbstractLiquid foams of intermediate stability have been shown to be very efficient in the cleaning of sensitive surfaces because of the synergy between imbibition and foam decay. While we quantified these mechanisms for contaminations with liquid oils in our previous work, we show here their extension to oils containing soot particles in an effort to simulate increasingly realistic contaminations. Using foams with a wide range of liquid fractions and with different stabilities, we show that the main cleaning mechanisms remain very similar, with the oil entraining the soot particles. However, we find much less efficient soot removal when the liquid channels of the foams are small enough to hinder efficient transport of the soot particles.
Clinical Diagnostic Application of Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound in Focal Lesions of the Salivary Glands
Authors: Wang Yanqing , Nie Fang , Wang Peihua 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesTo evaluate the clinical diagnostic value of contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for focal benign and malignant lesions of the salivary glands, as well as for common benign lesions.MethodsA total of 91 patients with focal lesions of the salivary glands were included in this study. In this study, CEUS was used to study the differential diagnosis of focal benign and malignant lesions of the salivary gland and the most common benign tumors, that is, pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and adenolymphoma.ResultsThe differences between focal benign and malignant lesions in the salivary glands were statistically significant (P < .05) in terms of qualitative CEUS indicators, enhancement pattern, enhancement homogeneity, enhancement margin, and enhanced lesion size, whereas the differences were not statistically significant (P > .05) in terms of wash‐in and wash‐out pattern, enhancement degree. Blurred margins and increased size of the lesion after enhancement are two CEUS features independently associated with focal malignant lesions of the salivary gland. The differences between salivary gland PA and adenolymphoma were statistically significant (P < .05) in terms of wash‐in pattern, enhancement degree, enhancement homogeneity, and enhancement pattern, but not in terms of wash‐out pattern, enhancement margin, and enhanced lesion size (P > .05).ConclusionsAs an economical, convenient, and safe imaging method, CEUS has important clinical value in distinguishing benign and malignant salivary glands.
Etiology of Small Echogenic Renal Masses
Authors: Kwong Austin , Mitchell Ana , Wang Danielle , McGahan John P. 
Published: January 2022

ObjectivesThere has been controversy on how frequently small echogenic masses are angiomyolipomas (AMLs) versus renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and how best to manage these echogenic masses. We performed this study to determine the etiologies of echogenic renal masses and compare them with prior publications to reach possible management decisions.MethodsThis is a retrospective chart review of all consecutive renal ultrasound examinations performed at our institution between January 2015 and December 2016, with an ultrasound report finding containing the wording “echogenic” and “mass.” This yielded 6462 total examinations. A total of 107 echogenic lesions met inclusion and exclusion criteria with correlative computed tomography, pathology, or long‐term (>5 years) follow‐up ultrasound. These lesions were stratified into those that were ≤2 cm and those that were >2 cm.ResultsAlmost all masses were benign, with the majority (79/107) being AMLs (73.8%); 64 of the 79 (81%) of the AMLs were in female patients. Two of the 107 masses were RCCs, and 1 mass was an oncocytic neoplasm. There were 77 of the masses that were ≤2 cm and these masses were benign except for one lesion of an oncocytic neoplasm. There were 30 of the 107 masses >2 cm, with 2 of the 30 (6.7%) being RCCs.ConclusionsIncidental echogenic renal masses are most commonly AMLs. However, some masses may be RCCs. In comparing our results with the prior literature, we feel that small echogenic renal masses ≤1 cm usually require no further evaluation, while masses greater than that size require other imaging.
Procedure and results on lower face and neck rejuvenation using a temperature‐controlled bipolar fractional radiofrequency microneedling device
Authors: Benítez‐Roig Virginia , Trelles Mario A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveRadiofrequency (RF) devices which are under ongoing technological development, are being increasingly used for minimally invasive rejuvenation procedures. The objective is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a procedure that uses bipolar RF microneedles for rejuvenation of the lower face and neck.Study Design and MethodsA prospective clinical and histological study, with a blind evaluation of the results by independent evaluators. Twenty‐four women over 40 years of age were evaluated, who were treated with bipolar RF equipment (Profound™; Candela Medical) during a single session. Biopsy samples were taken from 12 patients. Microscopy images related to the immediate effects of RF and the changes observed 4 months after treatment were examined. The clinical results were established through questionnaires and by comparing before and after photographs. Mean (m), range (R), and percentage (%) values were calculated.ResultsImmediate lysis of adipocytes in submental fat was observed, as well as an increase in the density and compaction of elastin and collagen fibers 4 months later. The average percentage of reduction in fine lines, wrinkles, furrows, and folds was around 30%, while the average improvement of the neck silhouette was around 20%. Photographic signs of aging improved significantly, both in the face (p = 0.0007) and the neck (p = 0.002). Patient and therapist satisfaction with the results was 8.3/10 (R = 3–10) and 9.3/10 (R = 8–10), respectively. The adverse effects were mild and temporary and no complications were observed.ConclusionThe procedure is safe, clinically effective, and satisfactory for patients.
Degradation of Incoloy‐800HT in molten FLiNaK salt at high temperatures
Authors: Harinath Yadavalli V. , Chandramohan P. , Anandkumar B. , Mohan T. V. Krishna , Rangarajan S. , Albert Shaju K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMany studies have revealed that Hastelloy‐N is the most suitable material for molten FLiNaK salt application. However, due to the nonavailability and high cost of Hastelloy‐N, Incoloy‐800HT is being considered as an alternate material. Corrosion studies were carried out on Incoloy‐800HT in vacuum‐dried molten FLiNaK salt at 650°C and 750°C for 100, 250, 500 and 1000 h. The exposed specimens were examined for weight loss and subjected to surface analysis using techniques like metallography, confocal laser scanning microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and laser Raman spectroscopy. The results revealed that the weight loss and depth of attack are less in specimens exposed to 650°C than those exposed to 750°C, and there is no evidence of any localised attack at both the temperatures. Chemical analysis of the used salt showed higher Cr and Fe contents than that in fresh salt, indicating dealloying of elements like Cr and Fe from Incoloy‐800HT specimens during exposure to molten FLiNaK salt. Oxides rich in Fe and Cr with spinel‐type crystal structures were identified on the exposed surfaces. From the results, it could be concluded that though there was considerable corrosion of Incoloy‐800HT, the material may be used in static molten FLiNaK salt systems with limited design life restricted to a temperature of 650°C by giving appropriate corrosion allowance.