bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An introduction to cosmology
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Having formulated a theory of gravity, we are now going to use it on the largest conceivable problem: the origin and fate of our Universe. In Chapter 15, we introduce the ideas behind the field of cosmology and in particular the cosmological principle, which says that the Universe is spatially homogeneous and isotropic. We also investigate two model universes (i) an empty universe (Universe 0) has flat spacetime described by a Minkowski metric field; (ii) the de Sitter model (Universe 1) is spatially flat, but has a spacetime with a constant curvature.
Robertson–Walker spaces
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In Chapter 16 we investigate the possible geometries describing homogeneous, isotopic spacetimes with constant curvature. These Robertson-Walker spacetimes are all isotropic and homogeneous and are classified as closed (k = 1), flat (k = 0) and open (k=−1). They evolve as a function of time and we examine the effect they have on the measured redshift.
Newtonian orbits
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In Chapter 20 we review the machinery of Newtonian gravity and the methods for determining the possible motions in a Newtonian gravitating potential. Orbits in a Newtonian potential are elliptical and do not precess. They can be understood by identifying an effective potential. The variable u = 1/r allows us to rewrite the problem and solve the equations of motion. In our analysis, we can also make use of conserved quantities: energy and angular momentum.
Black-hole singularities
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Black holes likely contain a singularity in spacetime, which are understood using tools described in this chapter. The Schwarzschild black hole has a coordinate singularity located at r = 0, whose presence gives rise to closed trapped surfaces. It has a coordinate singularity at the Schwarzschild radius that can be removed by a change in coordinates. Eddington-Finkelstein coordinates remove the singularity for either incoming or outgoing rays, but not for both.
Charged and rotating black holes
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In Chapter 29 we discuss the rich structures that result if we allow our black holes to carry charge or to rotate in space. Charged black holes are unlikely to be realized in Nature. They are described by the Reissner-Nordstöm coordinates and have three regions of interesting spacetime. The singularity at the centre of a charged black hole is repulsive. A traveller can use the wormhole created by the charge to tunnel into a new Universe. Rotating black holes are described by the Kerr geometry given in Boyer-Lindquist coordinates.
Classical curvature
Authors: Lancaster Tom , Blundell Stephen J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In Part V of the book we take a closer look at the mathematics of differential geometry and curvature. These ideas will be put to work in the final part of the book. In Chapter 30, we look at how curved lines and surfaces can be described mathematically using classical differential calculus. Gaussian curvature allows the measurement of the intrinsic curvature of a two-dimensional surface, using measurements made entirely within that surface.
Observing ICC Legal Culture on the Arms Trade
Authors: Hamilton Tomas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 6 considers how judges and lawyers of the International Criminal Court (ICC) view the arms trade, using interviews, participant observation, and empirical research to explore their perceptions. It argues that the absence of ICC arms trade cases is consistent with attitudes, beliefs, and commitments expressed by the Court’s judges and lawyers. The chapter finds two common framings of the possibility of an ICC arms trade case. In Frame 1, the arms trade is perceived from the perspective of Arms Trade Law, rather than criminal accountability. In Frame 2, pragmatic constraints are believed to make ICC investigations impossible. The chapter advocates for a shift in legal culture towards greater awareness of the arms trade, proposing changes in prosecutorial strategies and case selection. By analysing institutional biases and operational challenges, it reveals pathways for integrating arms trade issues into the ICC’s prosecutorial agenda, enhancing its effectiveness in combating impunity.
Investigating the Arms Trade in the Second Congo War
Authors: Hamilton Tomas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 8 presents a detailed case study of the Second Congo War from August 1998 to May 2003, characterized by atrocious crimes that were fuelled by the supply of small arms and light weapons. At the time, UN investigations identified responsible individuals and companies, yet no accountability measures ensued. The chapter therefore analyses the ineffectiveness of Arms Trade Law during this war, highlighting the failures of UN Security Council embargoes and national export controls to prevent arms flows. It details the pivotal role of arms brokers and transporters in supplying weapons to Non-State Armed Groups, directly impacting the dynamics of the conflict. The chapter raises the question whether the International Criminal Court (ICC)’s lack of action against arms brokers was a missed opportunity to use International Criminal Law to address the more structural, economic causes of the war.
Conclusion
Authors: Hamilton Tomas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 10 concludes that the question of whether arms traders have a place in the future of international criminal justice depends as much on who is imagined to be responsible for international crimes as it does on legal considerations. In recent times, international tribunals have paid limited attention to the structural causes of violence—the predilection for pursuing senior military and political leaders is pervasive. This suggests that the legal and institutional cultures of international criminal justice tend to view weapon supplies as ‘already regulated’ by Arms Trade Law, obscuring the potential for accountability through the rules on accomplice liability. In restricting the scope of prosecutions to certain perpetrator types, the practice of International Criminal Law obscures viable cases, fostering impunity for arms traders, notably the small-scale brokers who are often pivotal to the commission of atrocities. Ultimately, this impacts the doctrinal development of International Criminal Law, by narrowing the scope of application of its modes of liability. The book concludes with a call for broader engagement with the Rome Statute’s mandate; to take seriously its enforcement against the full range of actors who are responsible for international crime.
Prisoners of War and Military Honour, 1789–1918
Authors: 9780192698933  , Heinzen Jasper 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Customs adapted from experience have always informed the conduct of armies towards each other and towards enemy populations. By the seventeenth century parole had become one such mainstay of the laws of war. The pawning of their personal honour enabled officers to purchase freedom of movement and other privileges when they were taken captive. Increasingly, other ranks and civilians claimed a right to parole, too. Based on material from close to thirty British, Dutch, French, German, and Swiss archives the book investigates how captives, statesmen, and humanitarians understood honour in the ‘long nineteenth century’, how they negotiated national differences, and why parole d’honneur continued to matter as a humanitarian resource into the First World War despite recurring infringements. It is argued that the dichotomy created by a substantial amount of scholarship between the ‘good’ codes of conduct prevalent in the eighteenth century and modern warfare calls for a re-assessment. In explaining the longevity of parole, this study sheds new light on a question which loomed large during the centenary of the First World War: why did international agreements like the Geneva and Hague Conventions that provided for the humane treatment of captives fail to stem the tide of total war?
Honour in a World of Camps
Authors: Heinzen Jasper 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The colonial ‘small wars’ of the late nineteenth century saw experimentation with new forms of incarceration which confined hostile populations to discrete locales to cut insurgents off from their bases of support. Counter-intuitively, ‘concentration camps’ did not put an end to conditional releases on parole. During the Second Anglo-Boer War (1899–1902) captured Boer commandos held in the far reaches of the British empire continued to enjoy the privilege while their families died by the thousands in South African camps. The scrupulous adherence of the two belligerents to international law in the Russo-Japanese War (1904–1905) restored European observers’ faith that parole could alleviate the need for mass incarceration. Despite the systemic violence prisoners of war and civilian internees experienced in the First World War (1914–1918), honour-based pledges that granted captives varying degrees of relief therefore continued to take place in different theatres of the conflagration. In fact, agreements from 1915 onwards for the transfer of long-suffering prisoners to the custody of neutral Switzerland and later the Netherlands generated a late flowering of the humanitarian ideals of parole. With the introduction of official guarantees to return escapees to neutral internment, the nationalization of military honour reached a natural point of culmination.
Epilogue
Authors: Heinzen Jasper 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The First World War marked the terminus of parole’s humanitarian utility. The foregrounding of race and ideology in the military conflicts of the twentieth irrevocably altered the terms of enmity. All attempts since 1918 to resurrect the internment of prisoners of war in neutral countries have failed, as have mass paroles more generally. The Epilogue asks why that is on the basis of two case studies. The first concerns the conditional release of Dutch officers after the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands in 1940, the second the Japanese authorities’ extraction of a forced promise on their honour from Allied captives at Hong Kong and Singapore in 1942 that they would not try to escape. In reviewing the peculiarities of these cases, the Epilogue pulls together the main analytical threads of the book.
The Death Penalty from Ancient to Modern Times
Authors: Costanzo Mark 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Killing those convicted of crimes is an ancient and enduring form of punishment. This chapter provides a brief historical recounting of the various crimes that were considered punishable by death and the ways in which executions were carried out. Torture and humiliation were often part of the process of capital punishment. Crimes that today would be considered misdemeanors, such as theft, were often punishable by death. Executions were often public affairs, spectacles attended by crowds of onlookers. Modern sensibilities require that the process of state-sponsored executions be as humane as possible and removed from public view. Thus sanitized, capital punishment becomes an abstract consideration in the eyes of the public.
Does the Death Penalty Deter Potential Murderers?
Authors: Costanzo Mark 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
One argument in support of the death penalty holds that this form of punishment deters others from committing heinous crimes. The idea of deterrence is explored in this chapter. Although deterrence is seemingly self-evident—if the potential punishment for a particular behavior is great, people are likely to avoid that behavior—research shows that capital punishment does not deter people from committing murder. As early as the 1840s, research showed the deterrence effect to be not only illusory, but actually counterproductive. Rates of crime often surge in the period surrounding an execution. More modern research that compares US states with and without the death penalty confirms the finding that the death penalty does not have a deterrent effect on crime.
Does the American Public Support the Death Penalty?
Authors: Costanzo Mark 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Media reports on capital punishment still declare that the penalty of death enjoys the support of the American public. But although about 54% of Americans declare their support for capital punishment, this may not reflect the actual beliefs of the general public. This reliance by politicians and policymakers on solid public support for capital punishment has consequences. Those who are entrusted to make decisions about the value of the death penalty justify their decisions by proclaiming that they are carrying out the will of the people. Public opinion on the death penalty not only affects the actions of political candidates and office holders: It also affects the Supreme Court’s judgments concerning what does and does not constitute cruel and unusual punishment. Thus, it is vital to understand the dynamics of public opinion on capital punishment.
Is the Death Penalty Cheaper Than Life Imprisonment?
Authors: Costanzo Mark 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Disagreements about the death penalty usually turn on issues of fairness, morality, and effectiveness. Although a purely economic analysis might be considered vulgar or irrelevant to discussion of a life-or-death issue, assertions about financial cost often emerge in debates about the value of the death penalty. Proponents of capital punishment sometimes claim that killing murderers saves money. Some Americans support capital punishment because they believe it is cheaper to execute a condemned prisoner than to imprison that person for the remainder of his or her natural life. However, the US system of capital punishment is shaped by concerns about fairness, consistency, morality, and the possibility of wrongful conviction. The appeals process is a long and costly one, and as a result, the death penalty is no longer swift or cheap.
Ethical Realism
Authors: Copp David 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Ethical naturalism is a kind of ethical realism, as is nonnaturalism. The fundamental idea of ethical realism is captured by the “Parity Thesis” according to which ethical properties are simply one kind of property along with many others, including physical, psychological, mathematical, logical, and temporal properties, and, in that they are properties, they have the same basic metaphysical status as properties of these other kinds, whatever that is. The Parity Thesis makes corresponding claims about ethical facts, judgments, beliefs, and truths. Of course, on objectualist views, ethical properties are unlike other properties in that they are normative, but this is compatible with the Parity Thesis. The availability of minimalist views, including minimalism about truth, complicates matters. Also, some doctrines that are often thought to be entailed by ethical realism are not obvious implications of the Parity Thesis. The chapter discusses these issues. It aims to explicate ethical realism.
Naturalism I: Natural Properties
Authors: Copp David 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter proposes a criterion for identifying the natural properties, the “empirical criterion.” (It does not claim to provide an analysis of the property of being natural.) G. E. Moore made a similar proposal. Think of the natural world as the world around us, the world we learn about through experience. This chapter proposes that, to a first approximation, a property N is natural if and only if any synthetic proposition of the form N(α) that can be known could only be known empirically. A more technical formulation says that a property N is natural if and only if, roughly, there are propositions of the form N(α) that are both synthetic and possibly true, and no such proposition is strongly a priori. The chapter responds to four major objections. It considers and argues against several alternative characterizations of the natural, including Rosen’s “full grounding” characterization.
The Problem of Normativity
Authors: Copp David 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The central challenge for metaethics is to explain the nature of robust normativity. This is the problem of normativity. Ethical naturalism faces the objection that it cannot explain the nature of normativity. (Ethical nonnaturalism also faces this objection.) This chapter explains how ethical naturalism can answer the objection. Earlier chapters argued that a satisfying answer would have to be a reductive metaphysical analysis of the property of being robustly normative. Among the theories discussed in Chapter 8, only Neo-Humean Subjectivism, Neo-Aristotelian Naturalism, and Pluralist-Teleology promise such analyses. This chapter makes these analyses explicit. Each proposes a proposition of the form, [for a property to be robustly normative is for it to have an analysans, one element of which is the property (or condition) of being (X, Y, Z)]. For the analysis to be reductive; the proper elements of the condition (X, Y, Z) must not be themselves (individually, essentially) normative.
The Morality of Contested Descriptions in Everyday and Institutional Settings
Authors: Robles Jessica S. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines how contested descriptions in conversation accomplish moral positioning. Data include interactions in a range of face-to-face, mediated, private and public settings. The contested descriptions examined herein do a number of actions, such as complaining, explaining, proposing, expressing, asserting, defining, and informing. Their formulation as not anticipating contestation, but nevertheless being subsequently contested, is the basis for their comparison. The analysis shows how these forms of descriptions and their contestation produce moral judgments and array copresent and nonpresent parties with regard to good or bad evaluation. The argument is that descriptions designed to preclude examination can cause their own trouble where that description is not shared and may therefore become operable.
Moral Stance in Mothers’ Stories in Online Peer Advice-Giving
Authors: Lindholm Loukia 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the moral landscapes that mothers construct and negotiate by telling personal and vicarious experience stories in peer-to-peer advice exchanges on an American online support forum for mothers. Using Ochs and Capps’s narrative approach as an analytical lens, this chapter examines how mothers use stories to make moral judgments and claims about themselves and others with respect to motherhood and mothering practices; explores the moral positions mothers as advice-givers take with their stories; and maps out the moral stance types that stories display on the moral stance continuum. It is found that mothers use stories as vehicles for moral arguments, essentially using them as guides to moral action when they give advice to peers. These stories also bring into relief specific themes of responsibility and accountability that emerge from attributions of praise and blame in the stories, constructing moral versions of the “good” or “bad” mother.
The Discursive Construction of Morality in Political Blame Games
Authors: Hansson Sten 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Blame games—symbolic struggles over the blameworthiness or otherwise of some individual or collective actor—are ubiquitous in modern political life. When people talk or write about blame issues in political contexts, they may seek to construct competing representations of character traits of actors, the rights and obligations of actors, and the consequences of their actions. In this chapter, examples from conflict talk surrounding the highly controversial Brexit policy in the British press are analyzed to illustrate how to interpret both offensive and defensive rhetorical moves of political actors from the perspective of morality. It is demonstrated how struggles over blameworthiness can be analyzed in terms of these competing representations to reveal certain (often unexpressed) understandings of morality that opposing sides may be appealing to. The chapter concludes by outlining a set of normative underpinnings for further analysis of discursive blame games.
Morality, Metapragmatics, and Race
Authors: Bridges Judith , Vásquez Camilla 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter considers the discursive construction of morality in online discussions and debates over race-centered metapragmatic language. Focusing on three social media platforms associated with distinctive user demographics—Twitter, Reddit, and Tumblr—the authors examine instances of the neologism “whitesplain,” which provokes moral discussions about language, race, and racism in the United States. Our qualitative analysis of several situated interactions shows how, by exploiting and exploring semantic and pragmatic meanings of whitesplain, social media users negotiate and make sense of the communicative dynamics between speakers of varying races, experiences, and viewpoints. Furthermore, the chapter highlights how metapragmatic disputes provide insights into the complex relationships between language and morality.
Introduction
Authors: Gidal Marc 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The introductory chapter, titled “Introduction: ‘New York Brazilian Jazz,’ ” argues that Brazilian jazz in New York City has different cultural meanings than the music has in Brazil, comparing the author’s fieldwork in New York to studies based in Brazil. Brazilian musicians in the United States try to assimilate musically and culturally in order to build careers in the jazz industry; whereas scholars of jazz and Brazilian jazz in Brazil, where the latter is called “instrumental music,” have emphasized Brazilian nationalist responses to historical tensions in US-Brazil relations and Brazilian anxieties about US cultural imperialism. The introduction defines Brazilian jazz, situates its place in New York’s jazz industry, and summarizes the goals and work of the internationally diverse, professional musicians who played the music between 2000 and 2020. After summarizing the book chapters, it concludes with the author’s research methods, positionality, and subjectivity.
“Paying Dues” and “Carrying Flags”
Authors: Gidal Marc 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Chapter 1, “ ‘Paying Dues’ and ‘Carrying Flags’: Demographic Diversity and Inequities among Musicians,” explains that systemic racism, sexism, and classism caused imbalanced demographic diversity among professional musicians who played Brazilian jazz in New York City between 2000 and 2020. An original dataset of 173 musicians, their instruments, and social categories (nationality, race, and gender) is compared to published data about Brazilian immigrants in the United States and jazz musicians in New York. Approximately 70 percent are male and 70 percent are white; half are Brazilians, a quarter are US-born Americans, and the rest immigrated from Japan, Israel, Canada, Europe, and elsewhere in South America. It compares racial categories, ideologies, and inequities in Brazil and the United States, and their impact on transnational migrants. It relates these social categories to social dynamics among musicians and potential critiques of exploitative cultural appropriation.