bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dry Eye
Authors: de Paiva Cintia S. , Dana Reza , Foulks Gary N. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Dry eye is one of the most common and bothersome complaints reported by patients with Sjögren’s disease. Dry eye represents the failure of tears to protect the eye and to provide a smooth corneal surface. It is a consequence of aberrant interactions between the proteins and the lipids in the aqueous layer of the tear film. Dry eye is diagnosed with the use of clinical examination, tear function testing, and laboratory analysis of tears. Before the diagnosis is made, other common conditions such as allergies or blepharitis must be ruled out, along with the use of any medications that have drying as a side effect.
Laboratory Tests
Authors: Baer Alan N. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Although symptoms, signs, and physical findings are important in evaluating a patient with Sjögren’s disease, clinical laboratory testing is a key ingredient that aids in the diagnosis and ability to follow disease activity. Laboratory testing helps the clinician establish the correct diagnosis of Sjögren’s, determine involvement of internal organs, estimate the risk of lymphoma development, and monitor the disease and its treatments periodically. The testing is typically done as part of a broader evaluation to achieve these goals, including an interview with the physician, physical examination, imaging studies, biopsy, and occasionally more specialized testing. Examinations of the eyes and mouth by eye care and oral medicine specialists may also be requested. This chapter reviews the more common laboratory tests used in Sjögren’s patients, with an emphasis on how the clinician uses these tests.
The Difficult-to-Diagnose Sjögren’s Patient
Authors: Rasmussen Astrid 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Sjögren’s is a complex disease that can manifest in a great variety of ways. Some patients may have dryness as the most prominent feature, while others can have life-threatening disease or considerable disability and involvement of multiple organs. The chameleonic nature of the disorder and the lack of a single diagnostic test often result in significant difficulty and delay in achieving a correct diagnosis. Even though Sjögren’s is present in many patients with autoimmune rheumatic disorders, the prominent manifestations of the disease are not always recognized. The resulting delay in diagnosis often is due to misinterpretation of clinical findings of synovitis, imaging abnormalities, and serology results, such as antinuclear antibodies and rheumatoid factor. This chapter discusses how practitioners can make a correct and reliable diagnosis that will result in optimal management for patients.
Diseases Associated with Sjögren’s
Authors: Lewis Janet , Vivino Frederick B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Sjögren’s may occur in isolation or it may be found in association with another autoimmune disease. About half of those with Sjögren’s have Sjögren’s alone and about half have another major rheumatic, autoimmune disease with their Sjögren’s. Examples of autoimmune disorders associated with Sjögren’s include rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Symptoms and signs caused by these associated autoimmune disorders can have an impact on treatment and potential complications in people with more than one related disease. Early and accurate diagnosis of associated autoimmune conditions is key to the successful management and long-term outcomes of Sjögren’s. The signs, symptoms, and relationship of these disorders to Sjögren’s are discussed in this chapter.
Childhood Sjögren’s
Authors: Lieberman Scott M. , Stern Sara M. , Mehta Jay 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
While often considered a disease of adulthood, Sjögren’s can and does occur in children. Part of the challenge of diagnosing these children is the frequent lack of classic Sjögren’s symptoms of profound eye and mouth dryness. Because Sjögren’s often presents differently in children than in adults, the criteria developed and often used to diagnose Sjögren’s in adults are not adequate to diagnose Sjögren’s in children. This may be due to the difficulty in performing some of the testing procedures in young or anxious children. Also, children likely represent an earlier stage of disease and lack the degree of damage that develops after decades of dryness and inflammation, so even when tests are performed, the results may not be abnormal to the same degree as in adults. Usually seen in girls, the presentation is usually subtle and mostly glandular. Myofascial pain and constitutional symptoms of fatigue and aching are prominent features, along with dry eyes and mouth. There is no specific treatment for childhood-onset Sjögren’s and the prognosis is variable.
Management of Vaginal Dryness in Sjögren’s
Authors: van Nimwegen Jolien F. , Melkonian Rita 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Vaginal dryness is a common yet under-recognized symptom in women with Sjögren’s disease. It is not currently known whether inflammation in the vaginal and endocervical mucosa causes this localized dryness. Vaginal dryness is associated with increased rates of discomfort during daily living as well as an increased risk for pain that occurs during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia). The overall composition of the vaginal microbiome of Sjögren’s patients is similar to that of patients without Sjögren’s. Vaginal dryness can be managed with the use of currently available treatments, including water-soluble lubricating products, probiotic and hyaluronic acid moisturizers, estrogen creams, and estradiol-based vaginal inserts.
Management of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in Sjögren’s
Authors: Chen Lan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chronic musculoskeletal pain occurs frequently in Sjögren’s patients and is usually of an inflammatory nature. The causes for pain include neuropathic, arthritic, para-articular (e.g., tendinitis, bursitis), and/or diffuse muscle pain such as fibromyalgia, which is one of the most common comorbidities in Sjögren’s. The first step for management of chronic pain in Sjögren’s patients is to identify the cause. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, corticosteroids, and immune suppressants can relieve discomfort. Non-inflammatory pain may or may not be due to Sjögren’s or other comorbidities or conditions. Some patients respond to nonsteroidals, non-narcotic analgesics such as tramadol, topical preparations, medical marijuana, migraine medications, muscle relaxants, or anticonvulsants such as gabapentin. Opiates should be avoided if possible as they are habit-forming and worsen fibromyalgia.
Management of Pulmonary Complications in Sjögren’s
Authors: Lee Augustine S. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Twenty percent to 30% of all Sjögren’s patients have some form of pulmonary symptoms. The most common ones involve dry trachea, pleuritic discomfort, cough, and shortness of breath (dyspnea). Over time, approximately 10% of patients develop interstitial changes that may progress to scarring, increased pulmonary pressure, and bronchiectasis. A variety of interstitial lung disease (ILD) have been identified in the context of Sjögren’s. Infrequently, some Sjögren’s patients present with vasculitis or thromboembolic or lymphoproliferative changes. Evaluating the lungs in Sjögren’s includes pulmonary function testing, high-resolution CT scanning, 2-D echocardiography, and sleep studies. Supportive measures such as humidification are useful. If there is evidence for systemic inflammation, disease-modifying agents such as cyclophosphamide, mycophenolate mofetil, antifibrotic agents, or azathioprine are prescribed.
Management of Central Nervous System Complications in Sjögren’s
Authors: Pavlakis Pantelis P. , Ford Theresa Lawrence , Lewis Janet , Mahajan Shalini , Mandel Steven , Wallace Daniel J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The frequency of central nervous system involvement in patients with Sjögren’s disease varies widely, but it is less common than involvement of the peripheral nervous system. Even though it is less common, patients and medical professionals should be aware of potential central nervous system manifestations. There can be considerable overlap between autoimmune disorders; therefore, central nervous system involvement can include neuromyelitis optica or multiple sclerosis as part of a patient’s Sjögren’s disease or may be considered separate comorbidities. Cognitive dysfunction and mood disorders, including anxiety and depression, also can be rooted in Sjögren’s that impacts the central nervous system, or they may appear as comorbidities.
Management of Fatigue in Sjögren’s
Authors: Carteron Nancy L. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Fatigue is one of the most common complaints in Sjögren’s patients. The first step is to rule out non-disease-related sources of being tired such as diabetes, hypertension, lung disorders, deconditioning, depression, or side effects of medication. The practitioner should not view fatigue as a single entity but a complex compilation of symptoms, signs, and abnormal laboratory findings. Sjögren’s fatigue can represent an added heavy burden to an already high-maintenance autoimmune illness. Understanding the components contributing to the fatigue, treating underlying causes, and exploring a range of management options can lessen fatigue. Education about Sjögren’s in general allows patients some control and the ability to build more flexibility and balance into their life. A variety of clinicians and patient support groups can assist the individual on the journey to improved health.
Sleep Disorders
Authors: Kenneth Fisher H. , Wallace Daniel J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Sleep problems are common in patients with Sjögren’s disease, with the most frequent complaint being nonrestorative sleep. Sleep efficiency and the amount of time spent in deep sleep appear to be reduced in many Sjögren’s patients. The causes of sleep problems in Sjögren’s are unknown, but autonomic nervous system involvement is suspected of playing a role. Major factors associated with Sjögren’s and sleep disturbances were dry eye, sleep apnea, and nocturnal pain. While few studies have been done, medications under investigation for use in Sjögren’s and other autoimmune disorders or already on the market for sleep problems might prove useful.
Sex and Sjögren’s
Authors: Burke Anne E. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Sjögren’s can affect women’s sexual function. Physical symptoms that can occur with Sjögren’s include vaginal dryness and pelvic pain. The age at which people are diagnosed with Sjögren’s may also coincide with perimenopause or menopause, with accompanying hormonal changes. Other factors, such as mood, fatigue, and general challenges of living with a chronic illness, can in turn affect sexual function and sexual satisfaction for women with Sjögren’s. Dry glandular tissue leads Sjögren’s patients to experience symptoms associated with sexual dysfunction. These include pelvic dryness (with painful intercourse), oral dryness (that can affect kissing), and bronchial changes making it difficult to bring up mucus. Inflammation also correlates with a reduction in libido and fatigue. The management of sexual dysfunction in Sjögren’s includes local moisturizing measures, secretogogues, anti-inflammatory drugs, anxiety reduction measures, hormonal interventions, and relaxation techniques. A multidisciplinary, supportive approach is important.
Disability
Authors: Sutton Thomas D. , Hammitt Katherine M. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Sjögren’s can result in a high financial cost to patients and their families. Due to the effects of this potentially disabling disease, some Sjögren’s patients are unable to work and face the loss of their income. At the same time, these patients face higher costs to manage and treat their disease and to hire help for household chores and other tasks that they can no longer do. Now that Sjögren’s is included in the Social Security Administration’s listing of disabilities (following recent efforts by the Sjögren’s Foundation), the process for obtaining social security disability is more straightforward than in the past. This chapter walks patients through the steps of this process.
Participatory Action Research
Authors: Lenette Caroline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Participatory Action Research (PAR) models are increasingly used in disciplines such as social sciences and health to actively engage people with lived experiences as co-researchers and act on findings to improve their lives. In recent years, the potential of PAR to yield meaningful benefits via collaborative research activities with people who are multiply marginalized and excluded from dominant forms of knowledge production has gained more recognition. This rise in popularity calls for in-depth discussions about contemporary methodological issues and taken-for-granted principles that can yield tokenistic outcomes and ethical dilemmas. What do genuine participation and research co-production look like when co-researchers are actively involved in data collection, analysis, and sharing? How do we address ethical issues when projects and relationships become problematic and messy? In addition to answering these questions, this book repositions PAR as an intersectional decolonial methodology and an effective tool to disrupt harmful western or Eurocentric research frameworks in favor of approaches such as Indigenous PAR. It outlines how intersectional feminist principles enrich PAR and honor diverse gender expressions to address enduring inequalities rather than reinforce colonial, elitist, and transphobic notions of feminism. The discussion on influencing policymaking using PAR findings points to the importance of effective knowledge translation plans and intersectional feminist policy analysis frameworks. Using reflexive vignettes from diverse participatory researchers, this book provides practical and conceptual insights into the politics of PAR and its potential to yield new possibilities for individual, community, and policy change when participatory approaches are used in collaborative and ethical ways.
What Is Participatory Action Research?
Authors: Lenette Caroline 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 outlines the key characteristics of Participatory Action Research (PAR), a methodology or approach that privileges active involvement of people with lived experiences, or co-researchers, to generate findings and strategies to effect change. The author explains how participatory research models can lead to social justice outcomes and the significance of co-research and co-production of new knowledge. The chapter focuses on eight underpinning principles of PAR: It involves disruption of traditional research approaches; reciprocal benefits; trust; deep engagement; social change; intersectionality; co-researchers’ agendas; and a challenge to power differentials. The author outlines how academic researchers’ commitment to reciprocity, or shared understanding of mutually beneficial outcomes, is at the core of PAR. She explains the concept of vulnerability as an ethical research practice, where academic researchers are open to the impact others have on their sense of self. The final part of the chapter outlines the book structure and provides background information on the five vignette contributors.
The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order
Authors: Gerstle Gary 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order analyses the history of a political order that emerged in the United States in the 1970s and 1980s, dominated American politics in the 1990s and 2000s, and fractured during the 2010s when Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders rose to prominence. Its power was built on an array of donors, policy entrepreneurs, and politicians that coalesced under Reagan. That coalition overturned the regulatory regime and ideological hegemony of New Deal order that had dominated American politics for forty years and made neoliberalism America’s dominant creed of political economy. The book argues that neoliberalism is a better term than conservatism for understanding the politics of this era. At the same time, it reworks the meaning and significance of neoliberalism. First, it insists that neoliberalism was much closer in character to the ideology of 19th century classical liberalism than is commonly acknowledged. Second, it argues that an elite-driven model for understanding neoliberalism is not sufficient to understand this ideology’s broad appeal; one must also reckon with how its promise of individual freedom drew both working-class Americans and erstwhile New Leftists to its banner. Third, the book identifies the collapse of the Soviet Union and of its legitimating ideology—communism—as critical factors in the neoliberal order’s triumph and restores the centrality of the Cold War to an understanding of our time. The book concludes with an analysis about how the problems left unsolved by the neoliberal order paved the way for Donald Trump’s rise and triumph.
Introduction
Authors: Salazar Greg A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The introduction lays out a basic outline of the major facets of Featley’s theology and career, the historiography germane to this study, and the significance of this study for that developing historiography. It explains the work’s overall contribution and then expounds the basic themes and arguments of each individual chapter. In short, the introduction explains that while Featley is a central focus of the work, this work is more than a biography. Therefore, it ends by outlining the relevance of this work to the broader themes in the developing historiography. In short, the work uses Featley’s career to trace the fortunes of Calvinist conformists and demonstrates how Featley’s convictions were representative of the ideals and career of conformist Calvinism.
English Reformed Soteriology
Authors: Salazar Greg A. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 analyzes the publications resulting from Featley’s debates with prominent anti-Calvinist leaders. This chapter examines Featley’s use of patristic tradition in these disputes, the pastoral motivations that underpinned his polemical exchanges, and how Featley strategically issued these polemical publications to counter anti-Calvinism and to promulgate his own alternative version of orthodoxy at several crucial political moments during the 1620s and 1630s. It explores how Featley depicted Montague’s anti-Calvinism as a threefold threat to the established church: he viewed Montague’s response as a republication of the ancient Pelagian heresy, a transmission of Dutch Arminianism to the English Church, and as a slightly adapted version of Catholicism.
Data Acquisition and Management
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Data plays a key role testing scientific theories and hypotheses and forms the backbone of scientific inference. The different steps of research should be planned, monitored, reviewed, and documented carefully, and research design should include built-in safeguards to ensure the quality, objectivity, reproducibility, and integrity of research data. Scientific records include data as well as other important records, such as protocols, standard operating procedures, regulatory approvals, software used in data analysis, and drafts of manuscripts. All research records should be kept accurately, stored securely, and backed-up. This chapter addresses ethical issues pertaining to data acquisition and management, including hypothesis formation and testing, biases, research design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, data storage, and data sharing.
Collaboration within Academia and with Industry
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Collaboration is essential to scientific research. Collaboration may occur among researchers working in different institutions, scientific disciplines, or countries. Collaboration raises many different ethical, legal, and practical issues that researchers should address including authorship, publication, conflict of interest, data management, roles and responsibilities, regulation, oversight, and deadlines. International collaborations can lead to a variety of ethical problems and concerns because different members of the research team may have different understandings of research norms, procedures, and traditions, and have different cultural, educational, legal, and political backgrounds. Collaborations between academia and industry can create various ethical problems and concerns because academic values may conflict with corporate values and interests.
Authorship
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Authorship is a prized commodity in science because most of the tangible rewards of academic research are based on a person’s publication record. Since the mid-twentieth century, the number of authors per scientific paper has been steadily increasing, driven, in part, by the desire to receive authorship credit and the increasing complexity and mult-disciplinarity of research. Authorship disputes are also becoming much more common. This chapter explores some of ethical issues and problems involving authorship, including authorship attribution and order, honorary authorship, ghost authorship, and equal authorship contributions. This chapter also discuss some ethical norms that apply to authorship, including accountability, honesty, and fairness and describes some criteria and guidelines for authorship.
Publication and Peer Review
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Publication is important for sharing data, methods, and results with the scientific community and disseminating knowledge that can benefit the public. This chapter provides a historical overview of scientific publication and peer review and describes the current practices of scientific journals and granting agencies. It also examines a number of different ethical issues and concerns that arise in publication and peer review, such as quality control, confidentiality, fairness, bias, electronic publication, wasteful publication, duplicate publication, publishing controversial research, publication on pre-print servers, and editorial independence. The chapter also addresses the ethical responsibilities of reviewers and concludes with a discussion of the relationship between researchers and the media.
Conflicts of Interest and Scientific Objectivity
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
An individual has a conflict of interest when the individual has financial, professional, personal, political, or other interests that are likely to undermine the individual’s ability to fulfill the individual’s primary professional, ethical, or legal obligations. Researchers and research institutions have a variety of financial, personal, and political interests that sometimes conflict with their professional, ethical, or legal obligations. These situations can create conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest. This chapter discusses how conflicts of interest can negatively impact research, how they are defined, and how they should be managed. It also describes how government agencies, journals, and research institutions have responded to conflicts of interest in research and discusses some cases from science.
Science and Social Responsibility
Authors: Shamoo Adil E. , Resnik David B. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Scientists have ethical obligations to benefit society and avoid causing harm. Scientists can benefit society by conducting research that advances human knowledge or produces useful applications (or both); educating the public about their research through lectures, media interviews, web postings, and popular books; providing expert opinion and testimony in legal proceedings or for government agencies; or contributing informed opinions to public policy debates. Though social responsibility is an important principle for scientific research, it can lead to some ethical dilemmas because it may conflict with other principles, such as openness and freedom. Conflicts may also arise within the principle itself when scientists consider how best to balance benefits and risks to society.