bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of Colorado Potato Reetle on Potatoes, 1989
Authors: Smilowitz Zane , Cox David L. , Yocum John , Rebarchak Paul 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The insecticide trials were conducted in Lancaster County, Landi.sville, Pa. Certified 'Katahdin' seed potatoes were planted on 30 May with 9 inch spacing between plants and 3 ft between rows. Plots size was 4 rows by 25 ft with 2 border rows arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Temik 15 G (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in furrow at planting for all treatments. The control received the Temik application, however, no specific foliar insecticide was applied. The entire field was sprayed with 0.0375 lb (AI)/ acre esfenvalerate on 20 Jul to reduce the high density Colorado potato beetle (CPB). Experimental treatments were applied on 27 Jun, 11 Jul, and 2, 9, and 18 Aug. A George White boom sprayer delivering 30 gal/acre at 27 psi was used to spray the plants. A hand held CO2 pressurized spray was also used to apply the materials. Thirty gal of spray material was delivered/acre at 27 psi also with the hand sprayer. Sprays were applied by the tractor mounted sprayed at 3 mph; a Ty-18 type nozzle with 50 mesh screens were used. Five or ten stems/plot were sampled before the spray was applied. Counts were recorded 24-72 h after the sprays were applied with all stages being sampled. Two 25 ft rows/plot were harvested on 4 Oct, and graded by size two wk later. Average daily temperatures (degree Fahrenheit) were 72.2° for Jun, 74.6° for Jul, and 72.2° for Aug. Departure from average was 2.8 degrees for this period. Rainfall totals were 4.43 inches in Jun, 6.6 inches in Jul, and 1.58 inches in Aug. Total for the 3 mo was 12.61. Precipitation for Jun was 0.33 inches above normal. Jul precipitation was 2.24 inches above normal. Aug precipitation was 2.03 inches below normal. Rainfall following applications were 0.44 inches on 28 Jun.
Thrips Control in Tomatoes in North Florida, 1990
Authors: Funderburk J. , Olson S. , Brown A. , Snell J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experiment was located in Gadsden County, Fla. Plot size was 1 row by 27 ft. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Spray insecticide treatments were applied on 25 Apr, 8 May, and 22 May with a 1-row, CO2 powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with 5, D4-45 nozzles/row. The chemicals were applied at about 60 psi. The density of thrips in tomato flowers was estimated in each untreated control and insecticide plots 1, 3, 5, and 7 DAT. Ten flowers were randomly collected in each plot on each sample date. Each sample was placed in a prelabeled vial containing 70% ethyl alcohol. The number of thrips in each sample was determined by searching the contents of each vial under a 7 to 15 x dissecting microscope.
Bee Poisoning Hazard, Prosser, 1988-1989
Authors: Mayer D. F. , Miliczky E. R. , Lunden J. D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A series of tests were conducted with insecticides applied to 0.01 acre plots of alfalfa. Applicants were with a R and D C02-pressurized sprayer at a rate of 25 gal/acre using a hand held boom with 4 (LF3) nozzles. Spray water pH was 7,5. Residual test exposures were replicated 4 times by caging 50—60 honey bees, 20 alkali bees, or 20 alfalfa leafcutting bees with each of 4 samples per treatment and time interval. Bees were placed in petri dish cages with screen inserts, fed sugar syrup and held at 75°F. for 24 hr mortality counts. Abbott’s formula was used to correct for the natural mortality
Evaluation of Corn Rootworm Soil Insecticide Efficacy, 1989
Authors: Calvin D. D. , Losey J. E. , McGahen J. , Hoffman L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two separate experiments were run to evaluate soil insecticides for corn rootworm control. In the first study, 7 soil insecticides were evaluated as T-band applications. In the second study, 3 rates of Dyfonate II 20 G were compared to Counter 15 G at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre. Both studies were conducted on a Hagcrstown silt loam soil ne r Rocksprings, Pa., during 1989. A randomized complete block design with 5 replications of 10 and 5 treatments WHS used, respectively, in the 2 studies. All insecticides and rates were applied as a T-band application. Plots were 6.1 m long by 2 rows wide. Treatments were applied using a Max Emerge John)eere 7000R corn planter on 22 May. T-Band applications were applied in 17.8 cm bands over the row, directed into the row in front of the press wheel. 1 ae corn was planted on 22 May in 76.2 cm rows at 60,000 plants/ha. The soil was moist with a temperature of approximately 14.4°C. The number of plants in each plot was determined on 12 Jun. On 19 Jul, 5 corn plants were dug per plot and the roots were rated for damage using the Iowa 6 category rating system (1 = no damage; 6 = all roots on 3 or more nodes cut). Corn was harvested on 20 Nov with yield (grain) measured from both rows of each plot. Grain weight was corrected to 15.5% moisture content for comparison.
Corn Borer Insecticide Efficacy Trial, 1990
Authors: Dick G. L. , Sloderbeck P. E. , Posler S. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a furrow-irrigated corn field at the Southwest Research- Extension Center. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were 4 rows wide (10 ft), 50 ft long with a 10 ft border of untreated corn on each side and a 10 ft alley between plots. The simulated chemigation applications were made using 3 Delavan 100/140, .75- inch rain drop nozzles mounted on a high clearance sprayer at tassel height between rows. This sytem was calibrated to deliver the equivalent of a 0.2 inch irrigation on the 2 center rows (5227 gal/acre). The standard treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer using a 10 ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (1 nozzle directly over the row and 1 on each side of the row on 18 inch drop hoses). This system was calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre using a ground speed of 2.4 mph and 30 psi. Treatments were applied on 27 Jul except for the simulated chemigation application of Dipel which was applied on 30 and 31 Jul. Treatments were interrupted on 27 Jul by 0.88 inch of rain immediately following the application of the simulated chemigation application of MVP. Another 0.44 inch of rain fell on the morning of 28 Jul. Comite was applied on 6 Aug to one set of plots to produce a mite free check. The purpose of a mite-free check is to reduce mite pressure in order to help evaluate the effect of mites on the corn border populations and corn yields. Corn borer counts were made between 29 Aug and 10 Sep by dissecting 15 corn plants from the center two rows in each plot. The number of larvae, the number of tunnels, and length of tunneling was recorded for each plant and the results were analyzed using SAS Proc ANOVA. Results are reported as the amount per 15 plants.
Apple, Airblast Insect Experiment, 1990
Authors: Hull L. A. , Felland C. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to 2 tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 2 replicates of 'Yorking', 2 replicates of 'Golden Delicious', and 1 replicate of 'Stayman'. Trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 30 ft and were 15 yr old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster '309' at 25 gal/acre per alternate side spray (50 gal/acre both sides) driven at 2.3 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts/acre/both sides spray. A routine schedule of fungicides (Nova 40 WP and Dithane M-45) was maintained throughout the experiment. Effectiveness of treatments on the aphid complex was evaluated by counting aphid-infested leaves/10 terminals and aphids on the most infested leaf/terminal. The effect of treatments on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs/25 injured leaves/tree. STLM was sampled by a 5-min count of mines around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of treatments on ERM and Z. mali was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 125 leaves/treatment. The effect of treatments on S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of treatments on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and 2 picked samples on 16 Aug and 20 Sep. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 60/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (&gt;51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to &gt;51% russeted surface).
Caterpillar Control on Peanuts, North Carolina, 1990
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar applications of insecticides were evaluated for CEW control near Edenton in Chowan County. Relatively heavy populations of FAW were also present. Plots were established in peanuts grown under standard production practices in a light sandy soil (pH of 5.8; 0.7% humic matter). Each plot was 20 ft × 4 rows (36 inch centers) and the plots were arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates. Plot ends were separated by a 5 ft barren strip. Treatments were applied on 15 Aug using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer delivering approximately 30 gal/acre, operating at 40 psi and using 8002 flat fan nozzles. Conditions at time of application were overcast and 82°F. Caterpillars were sampled on 20 Aug (5 DAT) by taking 2 standard 3 ft beat cloth counts/plot. Pretreatment counts determined the caterpillar population to be 50% CEW and all instars were present. Only live caterpillars were counted for analysis. All data were transformed × + 0.5 prior to analysis. Actual means are presented.
Apple, Midseason Mite Control, 1990
Authors: Lachance M. W. , Pfeiffer D. G. , Ponton L. F. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Several acaricides were compared with an untreated control in a 'Delicious' apple block at Steele's Tavern, Va. Four single-tree replicates were used in a completely randomized design. Applications were made using a truck-mounted Swanson sprayer with a handgun attachment. Treatment applications were applied when the ERM population exceeded an average of 7 mites/leaf, which occurred in the last week of Jul. Trees were sprayed on 30 Jul to the drip point (200 gal/acre). Control trees were sprayed with water. Mites were evaluated using a mite brushing machine and a single 20-leaf sample/tree. Mites were counted under a binocular microscope. The data on 30 Jul are pretreatment counts.
Mole Cricket Control on Golf Courses in South Mississippi, 1990
Authors: Harris Joseph P. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted on 2 golf course fairways in Hancock and Jackson Counties with sandy loam soil on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 replications. Each replication was 1,000 ft2. Treatments were made on 18 Jul in Jackson County and on 19 Jul in Hancock County. Granular formulation was applied with a ferti-lome hand pushed spreader. Liquids were applied with a Solo knapsack sprayer using a fan nozzle at 25 psi, and a spray volume of 2 gal/1000 ft2. Immediately after application, treatments were watered in with 0.2 inch of water. Mole cricket density was determined by applying 2 gal of soapy water (2 fl oz liquid soap/gal water) to 4 ft2 of turf/plot. Pretreatment counts were made on 18 Jul and posttreatment counts were made on 27 Jul and 2 Aug.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Conventional Formulations and Beneficial Nematodes on a Golf Course Fairway in Mifflin County, PA., 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid, WP, and SP formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi at a spray rate of 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (30 Aug), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 88°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 78°F; RH, 40%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 36.8% sand, 44.0% silt, 19.2% sand; soil moisture (oven baked), 20.5%; organic matter, 5.0%; water pH, 7.0; and soil pH, 5.2. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were mad recorded.
Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Marigolds, 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Stevens C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Fifteen marigold plants were grown from seed in a research greenhouse at MSU. Plants were watered by a drip irrigation system for 2 min, 4 d per wk (Sun, Mon, Wed, and Fri). Each treatment was replicated 5 times. On 21 Aug precounts were made by sampling 3 leaves from the 4 inch tall plants for all immature life stages. Insecticide applications were made on 21 Aug, 30 Aug, and 4 Sep. Insecticides were applied with a R&D COa Sprayer at 50 psi with an 8003 nozzle. Plants were sprayed to runoff. Final whitefly larval and pupal counts (5 leaves/plant)were made on 13 Sep. Eggs were counted in the raw data to confirm that a new population of whiteflies was continuously growing.
Laboratory Tests with Insect Growth Regulators on Pear Psylla, 1990
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Winter form adult pear psylla collected from a commercial pear orchard were treated with topical sprays in a Potter Spray Tower. After sprays dried lots of 25 treated adults were caged on seedling pear trees until they deposited 100-300 eggs/seedling. Seedlings with PP eggs were held in a growth room at 22°C, 16L:8D until most eggs on controls had hatched. Seedlings were then examined under magnification and remaining eggs, dead and live nymphs were counted. Percent survival was calculated as (100 × live nymphs/total eggs). There were 5 replications of each treatment on each test date.
Insegar Rate Study, 1990
Authors: Burts Everett 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mature bearing 'Anjou' trees were sprayed with aircarrier equipment applying 400 gal/acre for control of pear pests. Three rates of Insegar were compared to a standard program including a 15 May application of Guthion 35% WP 3 lb, Agri-Mek . 15 E 20 oz and oil 1 gal/ acre followed by a 19 Jun application of Guthion 35% WP 3 lb/acre. Insegar was applied 4 times during the season beginning at first egg lay of codling moth as determined by DD accumulation and again 21 d later for first generation then 2 second brood sprays timed the same way. Application dates and corresponding DD post biofix were as follows: 23 Apr, 74; 15 May, 231; 19 Jun, 586 and 9 Jul, 993. Plots consisted of 3 replicates of 30-40 trees in rectangles. Treatments were evaluated for control of PP and phytophagous mite species by counts made at 2-wk intervals. Adults PP were counted from a 25-beating-tray sample per replication. PP nymphs and phytophagous mites were counted from a 50-leaf sample per replicate. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf and 3 leaves from the middle of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined under magnification. Pest damage was rated according to U.S. grade standards for fresh market pears on 2 samples of 25 mature fruits per replication. Factors of fruit quality including firmness, soluble solids and size were evaluated from 2 10-fruit samples per replicate at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray.
Control of Manzanita Leafgall Aphid on Greenleaf Manzanita, 1990
Authors: Valenti Michael A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This study took place in a greenleaf manzanita brushfield, on land managed by the US DA Forest Service, 1.6 km west of Logan Lake in Shasta Co., Calif. The site was mechanically cleared in 1976 and planted with ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Douglas) seedlings. Greenleaf manzanita sprouts readily from burls in the soil after being cut to ground level. In Aug 1990 the new sprouts averaged 1.4-1.6 m in height. Six 8 × 8 m plots were set up for 2 replications of each of 3 treatments: fall fertilization, insecticide, and control. The fertilization treatment consisted of spreading 1287 kg/ha of 16-20-0 fertilizer throughout the 2 plots on 27 Oct 1989. Manzanita plants on 2 plots were sprayed with Orthene 15.6 EC at a label rate of 12 ml/liter on 20 Jun and again on 27 Jun. Sprays were first applied approximately 7 d after budbreak. All manzanita plants in the 2 plots were sprayed until runoff with an 11 liter hand-held sprayer. Approximately 4.7 liters were used on each plot to attain complete coverage. The control plots received no treatment. Earlier in the season, prior to budbreak, 100, 30 cm branches were tagged and numbered in each of the 6 plots. Between 31 Jul and 5 Aug 1990 each branch was observed and the number of aphid galls tallied.
Preharvest Control of European Red Mite, 1990
Authors: Fouche C. F. , Van Steenwyk R. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Mature commercial pear trees in the Sacramento River delta were treated with aearicides using a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 200 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre of finished spray. Trees were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 7 treatments replicated 4 times. Buffer trees were utilized between each experimental unit (tree) in the row. All materials were applied on 29 Jun. Twenty-five leaves were removed weekly from 28 Jun through 25 Jul. The leaves were brushed and active mite stages counted under magnification.
Greenhouse Bioassays with Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Eastman C. E. , Oloumi-Sadeghi H. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Market Prize' cabbage sown 31 Aug to 7 Sep was transplanted singly into 5-inch pots and grown in a greenhouse. Plants in the precupping stage (first evaluation, 15 Oct) or cupping stage (second evaluation, 16 Nov) were arranged in single 4-row plots on a grass alleyway near the Natural Resources Studies Annex, Champaign, 111. Each row (5 plants) was a replicate, with 3-4 replicates/treatment. Insecticides were applied with 3 hollow cone nozzles (TXSS-8)/row from a r-row sprayer delivering 27 gal/acre at 50 psi. Triton CS-7 was added to treatments as indicated in the following table at the rate of 6.6 ml/liter. For greenhouse bioassays, each plant was then caged by placing it inside a Fibe-Aire plant sleeve and infested with 10 midsized DBM or CL larvae from laboratory colonies (50 larvae per replicate) within 24 h after spray application. Untreated plants were caged and infested with larvae as controls. Caged plants were held in the greenhouse and examined for number of surviving larvae per plant after 5 d.
Codling Moth and Pear Psylla Control, 1990
Authors: Fouche C. F. , Van Steenwyk R. A. , Elkins R. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots were established in a commercial pear orchard near Kelseyville, Lake Co., Calif. A randomized complete block design was utilized with 5 single-tree replicates of 7 treatments. Applications were timed using a temperaturedriven CM phenology model of development. The fenoxycarb and Dimilin treatments were applied at the start of egg laying, with repeat applications timed to provide coverage during predicted egg laying activity (2 Apr, 18 Apr, 14 Jun, 2 Jul, 23 Jul). The Guthion treatments were applied at hatch timing with follow-up applications during predicted hatch periods (18 Apr, 10 May, 2 Jul, 23 Jul). CM infestation was evaluated by cutting 100 fruit from each tree on 16 Aug. PP and TSSM were evaluated every other week from 13 Jun through 8 Aug and in a postharvest sample on 5 Sep by brushing and counting under magnification 10 leaves each from the tops and bottoms of trees.
Responses of Susceptible and Resistant Myzus Persicae (Sulzer) to Ntn-33893, 1990
Authors: Herron G. A. , Horwood M. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
An insecticide-susceptible strain of GPA (S) cultured under insecticide-free conditions for several years and a multiresistant strain (M-R) were tested. Strain M-R was field collected from a peach and nectarine orchard sprayed with twice the recommended rate of Pirimor. Prior to testing, both strains were maintained on potted cabbage in a mass culture laboratory under natural light at 25 ± 4°C. Neither strain had been previously exposed to NTN-33893, a nitromethylene. Initial laboratory screening categorized strain M-R with a 4 fold resistance to Monitor 580 (580 g/liter EC), a 17 fold resistance to Pirimor (500 g/kg W) and a 27 fold resistance to Meta- Systox (i) (250 g/liter EC) compared to strain S. Electrophoretic examination showed that 50 M-R individuals consisted totally of the R2 variant. Aphids were exposed to NTN-33893 by spraying directly with a 2 ml aliquot solution through a Potter spray tower producing a deposit of 1.6 mg/cm2. Apterous virginoparous adults from both strains were sprayed with a range of serially diluted concentrations of NTN-33893 (200 g/liter soluable liquid) in groups of 12-15 aphids on a 9 cm filter paper discs. Eight replicates were done at each concentration for strain S except the 8 mg/liter concentration which had 4 replicates. Four replicates were done at each concentration for strain M-R. All replicates included water-only sprayed controls. After being sprayed, aphids were transferred to cabbage leaves and held at 22°C ± 1°C under constant illumination. Knockdown, defined as the inability to walk in a coordinated manner, was assessed after 48 h and log dose probability (ld-p) curves were calculated using probit regressions after correcting for control mortality. Ld-p curves were compared to the KD50 level by relative potency analysis. Residual deviances were calculated and the changes in deviance compared to the relevant 5% value of X2 to determine if the lines were parallel.
Spider Mite Control on 'Hamlin' Orange in Florida, 1990
Authors: Childers C. C. , Keen P. M. , Cowan T. R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three rates of Agri-mek + petroleum oil were compared to the standard miticides, dicofol and Vendex for efficacy against both TCM and CRM. Treatments were assigned to 3 × 3 (9 tree) plots in a randomized complete block design and replicated 5 times in an orange grove with 15 × 25 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 5 Apr using an FMC 4000 CP airblast sprayer with speed, nozzeling and pressure adjusted to deliver a spray volume of 125 gal/acre. Water pH was 7.5. Ten to 25 leaves from the spring flush were picked at random around each sample tree at designated time intervals before and after spraying. Each leaf sample was placed in a separate, labeled paper bag, and returned to the laboratory. A stereomicroscope was used to examine the entire upper and lower leaf surfaces for living motile spider mites on equal numbers of leaves per date. The count by species on each leaf was recorded as one observation.
Aphid Control with Foliar Applied Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Estes P. M. , Kouskolekas C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Foliar applied insecticides were evaluated for control of BMA on pecans at the Gulf Coast Substation, Fairhope, AL. The test orchard consisted of 10 acres of 14-yr-old 'Cheyenne' pecan trees planted 35 ft × 35 ft. The test was arranged as a randomized block with 3 replicates; each plot was 3 rows × 5 trees with the center 2 trees for record. All applications were made with an air blast sprayer using 200 gal of spray/acre. Aphid populations were evaluated by counting all aphids on each of 10 leaves taken from each record tree. ANOVA was conducted on means for each plot. No additives were used in any treatment spray, prime oil was used alone and so was gasoline.