bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assuming Responsibility
Authors: Herdt Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This book defends an “ecstatic” or “goodness-prior” eudaimonism found in both ancient pagan and Christian thinkers, distinguishing this from objectionably self-regarding forms of eudaimonism. Ever since Kant, eudaimonism, the doctrine of happiness as highest end, has come under attack as egoistic and as offering the wrong reasons for fulfilling obligations. Today we are witnessing enthusiastic endorsements of eudaimonism, yet it is unclear both whether they can ward off these critiques and whether they succeed in recovering eudaimonism in either its pagan or Christian guise. In this book, Jennifer Herdt examines how happiness, the final end, and obligation are construed by major figures within the Western tradition, arguing that Augustine, Aquinas, Scotus, and Calvin are all best understood as ecstatic eudaimonists, who understand the final end as a good greater than oneself and therefore worthy of one’s commitment and devotion. The book further argues that ecstatic eudaimonism succeeds in accounting for the binding character of obligation, requiring neither a divine command theory nor a notion of sui generis moral obligations. In conversation with a broad array of contemporary moral philosophers, the book characterizes obligation as a feature of accountability relations among agents who track their own and others’ commitments and entitlements. It concludes by exploring the vocation Christians affirm as divine call to a shared life of responsiveness to fragile finite goods and persons, and thereby to a participation in creation’s reditus to God.
Introduction
Authors: Herdt Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This introductory chapter situates the project of this book within the context of contemporary retrievals of eudaimonism and longstanding philosophical and theological critiques of eudaimonism. Eudaimonism (in part due to the outsized influence of Kant) has been regarded as improperly self-regarding, offering the wrong reasons for fulfilling obligations, corrupting worship of God and love of neighbor, and as distracting attention from the advancement of social justice. The chapter discusses the present-day enthusiasm for eudaimonism (particularly in positive psychology and the social sciences more generally), which regards virtue as a necessary and/or sufficient condition for naturalistic flourishing. It also surveys the critique of obligation that has issued from leading philosophical virtue ethicists. The chapter argues that deontic concepts cannot and should not be excised from our vocabularies and practices, but also that contemporary eudaimonism often departs in significant—and problematic—ways from earlier pagan and Christian eudaimonism.
Duty and Obligation from Aquinas to Calvin
Authors: Herdt Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
It is vital to determine how duty and obligation have been conceived within ecstatic eudaimonism, given that influential virtue ethicists have dismissed deontic concepts and both philosophers and theologians have regarded eudaimonism as incapable of properly acknowledging the binding character of obligation. This chapter focuses on duty and obligation in Aquinas as well as in Duns Scotus and John Calvin, two thinkers often taken to be divine command theorists. While Scotus’s embrace of the doctrine of the two affections of the will marks a significant departure from Aquinas, the chapter argues that neither Scotus nor Calvin is engaged in theorizing the ground or nature of obligation; neither, then, develops a divine command theory of obligation. Moreover, both Scotus and Calvin remain within the tradition of ecstatic eudaimonism, thus shoring up the expectation that a fully adequate account of obligation can be given from within ecstatic eudaimonism.
Goodness-Prior Eudaimonism
Authors: Herdt Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines a series of philosophical objections to eudaimonism, concluding that many contemporary accounts of eudaimonism are objectionably self-regarding. They are what Anne Baril terms “welfare-prior,” whereas a defensible eudaimonism must be “goodness-prior.” To say that eudaimonia is moral agents’ final end is to affirm not that moral agents rightly rank the incentive to promote their own welfare above all other incentives, but rather that moral agents cannot rightly respond to the goods they encounter without their agency being perfected, and also that they cannot rightly respond to these goods unless they respond to them precisely as good and not merely as a means to promoting their own welfare. The chapter argues further that goodness-prior eudaimonism is compatible with a pluralist theory of value that affirms the irreducible distinctiveness of finite goods. Ecstatic Christian eudaimonism is a form of goodness-prior eudaimonism, which grasps these manifold goods as the finite created manifestation of God’s goodness.
Obligation and Divine Commands
Authors: Herdt Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Divine command theory contends that the source, constitution, and binding force of moral obligation are properly accounted for by reference to divine will and/or command. This chapter identifies the pragmatic-semantic role of the deontic term obligation, arguing that there is no distinctively moral kind of obligation; to say of something that it is a moral obligation is just to express that it is binding on pain of incurring deserved blame. The chapter examines the divine command theories of Robert Merrihew Adams and John Hare, arguing that Christians can affirm the authority and significance of divine commands without embracing divine command theories of moral obligation or sui generis “moral” reasons. The chapter goes on to suggest that Hare’s approach, by highlighting the necessary truth that God is to be obeyed, invites us to attend to other such necessary truths, and the ways in which norms are constitutive of all concepts.
Obligation and Reason-Giving Relationships
Authors: Herdt Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Obligation is a feature of accountability relations among moral agents, who track their own and one another’s commitments and entitlements. When we have grasped the semantic-pragmatic shape of obligation as marked out by the blameworthy, we have understood its binding character and do not need a theory of its nature or essence beyond what it is as manifest kind. Efforts to distinguish worth-regarding from moral obligations (Wolterstorff) or state-of-the-world-regarding from second-personal obligations (Darwall) are shown by the chapter to be unsuccessful. Further, first-personal and second-personal authority stand and fall together; one awakens to the task of unifying one’s own agency only as one is addressed by others as an agent. Being perfected as a moral agent takes place only insofar as one’s participation in these accountability relations, too, is perfected. Yet it is because perfecting these accountability relations is itself good that one has reason to perfect them. Hence, the chapter argues, ecstatic eudaimonism fits hand in glove with this account of obligation.
EU Rulemaking in the Internal Market after the Financial Crisis
Authors: Bergström Carl Fredrik 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter is intended to delimit the field of study of the book and establish the central concepts. It provides a legal empirical assessment of rulemaking in the internal market and addresses some significant patters of change: most notably a principal shift of legal instrument from directives to regulations and a coherent use of modern model for regulatory frameworks. Focus is set on the financial market. The chapter examines the process for integration in the financial market and the reasoning underlying the rulemaking reform resulting from the financial crisis. Against that background an account is given for the two legislative acts that are most central to the book: Directive 2014/65 on markets in financial instruments (MiFID II) and Regulation 2014/600 on markets in financial instruments (MiFIR). Finally the chapter formulates the thematic questions that the book sets out to answer and explains its structure.
The Joint Board of Appeal as an Accountability Mechanism for the ESAs
Authors: Chamon Merijn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the degree to which the Joint Board of Appeal fulfils its potential as a mechanism allowing parties such as investment firms to hold to account the European Supervisory Authorities (ESAs), and notably the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA), when they are governed by MiFID II or MiFIR. Before focusing on the potential of the Board of Appeal as an accountability mechanism open to investment firms, the discussion will be contextualized by examining the problematic accountability regime in relation to the EU decentralized agencies in general. This is relevant because the ESAs are part of this larger group of bodies, and because the specific mechanism of the Board of Appeal is not unique to the ESAs, but is, instead, shared with several other decentralized agencies. This more general analysis shows that the emphasis of the EU decentralized agencies' (and the ESAs') accountability regimes are placed on a form of professional accountability, but that, specifically for the ESAs, this only results in a partial accountability, since no accountability relationship is defined for the ESAs’ Boards of Supervisors. This finding underlines the importance of being able to hold the Board of Supervisors accountable before the Joint Board of Appeal, even if the latter is not formally qualified as an accountability forum, in terms of the ESAs regulations.
Supervisory Arbitrage
Authors: Klevhill Malou Larsson , Persson Annina H 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses the application of the administrative sanctions in the MiFID regime by the Financial Services Authority (FSA) in Sweden. It begins by describing some of the specified penalties, and exemplifies how these are used in practice in Sweden. The FSA has a number of different sanctions that it can resort to in order to rectify investment firms' infringements of the financial regulations. Although the FSA has these powers, and the MiFID regime presupposes their application, it is not mandatory to use them. Instead of fully applying the MiFID sanctions regime, the FSA has developed a communicative dialogue with market actors, which culminates in a ‘Final Letter’ with future recommendations rather than a formal decision imposing a penalty for wrongful actions. This behaviour can result in what may be called ‘supervisory arbitrage’, which (as opposed to regulatory arbitrage) does not refer to the design of the rules, but to the relative rigour or remission of supervisory practices.
Not Suitable to Lead an Investment Firm
Authors: Jonsson Britta Behrendt 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores fit and proper assessments as an instrument of accountability. MiFID II and other pieces of EU legislation require members of administrative, management, or supervisory bodies of regulated undertakings in the financial sector to be suitable for their positions, or ‘fit and proper’. The objective of the fit and proper assessment is to ensure that investment firms are managed by competent persons, in order to protect investors and market stability. Fit and proper assessments of members of management bodies of investment firms may serve as instruments of accountability, alongside administrative sanctions and criminal or civil liability, since regulatory breaches or other instances of misconduct of the firm or the person will have a negative impact on the assessment of fitness and propriety. The risk of being assessed negatively, and being removed from management bodies, or being denied a new position may, therefore, have a deterrent effect on managers, and foster sound (risk) management.
Middle English Medical Recipes and Literary Play, 1375-1500
Authors: Bower Hannah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This volume is the first detailed, book-length study of Middle English medical recipes in their literary, imaginative, social, and codicological contexts. Analysing recipe collections in over seventy late medieval manuscripts, this book explores how the words and structures of recipes could contribute to those texts’ healing purpose, but could also confuse, impede, exceed, and redefine that purpose. The study therefore presents a challenge to recipes’ traditional reputation as mundane, unartful texts written and read solely for the sake of directing practical action. Crucially, it also relocates these neglected texts and overlooked manuscripts within the complex networks forming medieval textual culture, demonstrating that—though marginalized in modern scholarship—medical recipes were actually linguistically, formally, materially, and imaginatively interconnected with many other late medieval discourses, including devotional writings, romances, fabliaux, and Chaucerian poetry. The monograph thus models for readers modes of analysis and close reading that might be deployed in relation to recipes in order to understand better their allusive, fragmentary, and playful qualities as well as their wide-ranging influence on medieval imaginations.
The Idea of the Remedy Collection
Authors: Bower Hannah 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
After considering literary fragments within recipes, this chapter moves on to consider recipes as fragments, which were copied, accumulated, and combined in large numbers in manuscript compilations. The chapter argues that, as cumulative texts, recipe collections are more opaque and polysemous than scholars have appreciated: the material form, visual layout, and unpredictable or inconsistent navigability of remedy books frequently suggest that the needs, motivations, and emotions driving the emergence of such large collections were multiple, mixed, contradictory, and changing. Close reading material and paratextual features such as finding aids, reader annotations, and manuscript size or shape can illuminate these motivations whilst situating recipes within broader discussions about medieval conceptions of order, textual integrity, and aesthetic experience. Within this chapter, recipe collections are shown—like literary texts and manuscripts—to be capable of generating interpretative challenges, debates, and re-readings.
Value in Modernity
Authors: Poellner Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This book identifies a historical paradigm in ethics that has been largely ignored in more recent philosophy. The author calls this paradigm existential modernism and discusses its central claims through detailed examination of the thought of four of its main exponents: Friedrich Nietzsche, Max Scheler, Jean-Paul Sartre, and Robert Musil. In the case of Nietzsche and Sartre, he offers novel interpretations, reconstructing lines of thought in their work that have usually been neglected. Scheler’s subtle phenomenological version of affective value intuitionism is a crucial influence on Sartre’s existentialism, but has so far enjoyed virtually no reception in an anglophone context at all. In the case of Musil, while his thought on emotions and moods in The Man without Qualities has begun to receive some philosophical recognition in recent years, the significance of the philosophical core of this seminal work has so far also not been fully appreciated. In this new interpretation, what we find in the existential modernists is an approach in ethical philosophy that combines a qualified form of affective value intuitionism and a kind of ethical perfectionism. A version of this approach that has much to recommend it is reconstructed.
How to Redeem Nature
Authors: Poellner Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a novel interpretation of Nietzsche’s main early writings, The Birth of Tragedy and Untimely Meditations, as founding texts of existential modernism in philosophy. The chapter is largely interpretative, aiming to uncover central questions, commitments, and problems animating those texts and taken up in various ways by later existential modernists (including later Nietzsche). It is argued that the seemingly anti-rational thrust of The Birth of Tragedy—the demand for a new kind of tragic culture and myth-making—needs to be understood in the light of the ethical vision of Untimely Meditations. The latter involves the idea of legitimate human aspiration being unsatisfiable by ‘nature’, which in Nietzsche’s understanding includes rationality and ordinary conceptions of morality. What would satisfy that aspiration would be an ideal of perfection which is, however, unreal and unrealizable. The chapter ends by highlighting tensions and problems in this early Nietzschean vision.
Later Nietzsche
Authors: Poellner Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents a reconstruction of one dominant line of thinking in the later Nietzsche on meta-ethics and more broadly on meta-evaluative questions. It sets out the framework that will be developed, modified, and enriched by later existential modernists. Key claims discussed include the following: the fundamental concept in practical philosophy is the concept of value and this refers to a generic property whose instantiations are encountered in experience; the relevant experiences are affective, including prominently emotions; some conscious emotions should be construed as perceptual experiences presenting values in empirical objects. According to this prominent strand of thought in Nietzsche, values are moreover dependent on actual or really possible experiences of them—so he proposes a type of affective value experientialism. The chapter discusses the prospects of such a view, partly by confronting it with versions of natural or normative reductionism about value. The final section assesses Nietzsche’s metaphysical indifferentism.
Distorted Value Experience and Intentional Self-Deception
Authors: Poellner Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines distorted value experience where the cognitive deficiency results partly from the subject’s distorting intentions. The claim is that we can be intentionally self-deceived about values, or about our own evaluative commitments. A prominent instance of this claim is Nietzsche’s account of ressentiment. In ressentiment morality is ‘weaponized’ in a subject’s project of achieving a kind of superiority (moral superiority) over an other resented on prior and independent grounds. While the subject does not internalize the values professed to, she sincerely ascribes to herself a commitment to these values for their own sake. The self-deception involved here is something the subject herself actively brings about and maintains. Self-deception as Nietzsche conceives it has seemed paradoxical to many. The alleged paradoxes can be dissolved by using the phenomenological distinction between implicit or non-conceptualized conscious attitudes and their reflective conceptualization. Intentional self-deception involves a pre-reflective project of avoidance of self-knowledge.
Freedom, Ethics, and Absolute Value
Authors: Poellner Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter offers an interpretation of Sartre’s early philosophy, beyond the limited aspects of it addressed previously. Sartre conceives of human intentional actions as motivated by apparent values, including object-values. For him, all human actions are autonomous because he takes the most important, ‘ultimate’ putative value at least implicitly aimed at by them to be provided, or supplied, by intentional consciousness itself. With respect to the question of whether specifications of this apparent ultimate value are ever genuine values, and can thus potentially justify actions, Sartre’s position is ambivalent. I reconstruct a line of argument according to which a ‘purified’ ideal of what he calls self-coincidence is indeed an ultimate, non-surpassable value, and that authentic and adequately reasons-sensitive consciousness is necessarily oriented towards this value. This provides the missing premise for Sartre’s elliptical argument in Existentialism and Humanism, according to which human freedom is itself an absolute value.
Modernity, Cultural Discontent, and the Experience of Wholeness
Authors: Poellner Peter 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines central philosophical ideas in Robert Musil’s modernist novel The Man without Qualities. Musil’s work centres on the question of what a human experience as of the presence of absolute value, or perfection, would be. Contrary to Sartre, Musil thinks that such an experience—which he labels the (undistorted) Other Condition—is possible and sometimes actual. He also takes it to be of fundamental importance for ethics. Musil’s complex phenomenological analysis leads to the conclusion that a human experience as of absolute value is necessarily affective, person-centred, and has an all-comprehensive horizonal content (in Husserl’s sense) that has a certain indeterminacy—its evaluative content is necessarily not determinately conceptualizable. For Musil, the Other Condition is of central importance for an adequate, particularist, ethics, and this partly explains its special value. The final section gives sympathetic consideration to this view.
Introduction
Authors: Savage Robert J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Before the outbreak of violence in 1969 radio and television broadcasts that addressed Northern Ireland were subject to an extraordinary, though quiet, form of censorship in an effort to conceal a society riven by division and plagued by discrimination. From the early days of radio, the BBC in Northern Ireland proved incredibly deferential to a unionist establishment that had little time for the nationalist community. Once ‘the Troubles’ arrived, this passive deference ended and with more critical, often times aggressive, reporting the spectre of draconian government intervention took root. In London Labour and Conservative governments alike denounced programmes that delved into grievances of the minority community or questioned the policies, tactics, and priorities of the army and police. The incessant wrangling resulted in informal self-censorship and finally the infamous broadcasting ban. The imposition of state censorship in 1988 undermined the freedom of the press and compromised free speech in one of the world’s foremost democracies. In the end the self-censorship developed by nervous broadcasting officials and the more direct version imposed by the Thatcher government did nothing to resolve the conflict. Threatening, bullying, denouncing, and finally censoring the broadcast media did not enable London to control the contested narrative of ‘the Troubles’. This book explores how the broadcast media struggled to explain to regional, national, and international audiences the complexities of the conflict. It argues that news and current affairs programming played a critical role in reminding people of the persistence of a long and bloody conflict forcing a realization that the voices the Thatcher government silenced were critical in bringing an end to Northern Ireland’s ‘Troubles’.