bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Symbolic Constitutionalization as Allopoiesis of the Legal System
Authors: Neves Marcelo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 deals with symbolic constitutionalization as a form of allopoiesis of law. This entails questioning the notion of law as an autopoietic system of modern (overcomplex) society, pointing to the allopoiesis of law in various contexts of world society. The issue is related to the superimposition of the political system on the legal system and to the lack or limits of the consistent self-reference and adequate external reference of law. In this regard, the semiotic implications of this state of affairs are taken into consideration. After addressing these theoretical aspects, symbolic constitutionalization is characterized as a typical problem of peripheral modernity: the coexistence of social overcomplexity with the legal system’s lack of operational autonomy is linked specifically to hypertrophy of the politico-symbolic function of the constitutional text at the expense of its normative legal efficacy. The chapter ends with a brief example of symbolic constitutionalization in the Brazilian experience.
Quantum Measurements
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Measurements of quantum states are a key feature of QIS and QC. Polarized light, optical polarization devices, and light detectors illustrate how we describe quantum measurements and how the results of measurements are related to the properties of the quantum states describing the photon qubits. The key distinction between quantum physics and classical physics is that the results of individual quantum measurements cannot be predicted; quantum mechanics gives us only the probabilities of observing each of the possible measurement outcomes. The famous Born rule expresses the probability interpretation of quantum states. Those states carry all the information about the probabilities of all possible measurements on the corresponding qubit. In particular, the probabilities are proportional to the squares of the amplitudes of the basis states appearing in the overall quantum state. Bob points out that state preparation and state measurement are two sides of the same coin.
Putting a Spin on Spin
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to the terminology and basic concepts of quantum spin systems, which are widely used in QIS and QC. The quantum spin of an elementary particle is an example of a qubit and can be visually represented as a spinning top. The vector direction of spin in state space, however, is different from the direction in physical space. Quantum spin-1/2 systems have two orthogonal states: spin-up and spin-down. The distinction between state space angles and physical space angles is emphasized. Because spin is a qubit, the quantum gates from Chapter 6 can be applied to spin-1/2 quantum states with predictable results.
Your Basis, My Basis
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces important symbolic manipulations of quantum states—in particular, changing the basis states used to describe a quantum state. The inner product between state vectors plays a crucial role in those manipulations. That process is critical in extracting information from quantum states and appears in almost every quantum algorithm. Alice and Bob use a simple do-it-at-home experiment with polarized light and polarizing materials to illustrate how changing basis states explains what otherwise seems like a mysterious effect. To illustrate how these basic quantum principles can be applied to important information science situations, they introduce quantum encryption methods and how quantum physics principles allow them to detect if someone is eavesdropping on their communications channel. The methods Bob and Alice introduce, though relatively simple mathematically, enable them to estimate the probability that they will be able to detect the presence of an eavesdropper, a critical issue in cryptography.
RSA Encryption and the Shor Factoring Algorithm
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter is the most formidable in the book, but it provides a deep and complete understanding of the classic Shor factoring algorithm. Alice and Bob set the context for the algorithm by explaining how the difficulty of factoring large numbers plays a critical role in securing encrypted communications channels, using RSA encryption as an example. The Shor algorithm, if implemented on a sufficiently large quantum computer, could defeat those encryption schemes by finding those factors relatively quickly, a task that would take years or more on even the fastest classical supercomputers. Alice and Bob lead us through some number theory to establish the connection between factoring and finding the period of a periodic function. They then show how the clever use of quantum algorithms—this is Shor’s main contribution—leads to a fast way to find the required period using quantum Fourier transforms.
Fundamental Quantum Issues
Authors: Flarend Alice , Hilborn Bob 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter steps back and examines several fundamental quantum issues. Although not strictly needed for QIS and QC, these issues help the reader understand why quantum computing provides capabilities that go far beyond those of classical computers. Alice and Bob lead look at a specific instantiation of Bell’s theorem and why, nearly 60 years after its publication, it continues to roil discussions about the foundations of quantum mechanics and the implications for what we can say about the physical nature of the world. Equally controversial, at the foundational level, is the problem of describing quantum measurements and their probabilistic results. Alice and Bob show that entanglement issues lie at the core of many of the debates about measurement and that correlations among measurement outcomes can reveal entanglement. They also explain why Planck’s constant, a critical parameter in quantum mechanics, plays only a limited role in quantum information science.
Humanism Goes to Hell
Authors: Copenhaver Brian P. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The ‘Harrowing of Hell’ was an article of the Christian creed, and when Jesus went down to Hell, his body was still buried. But Christians thought of Hell as a place—or a place containing many places. How could Christ, without a body, be in a place, any place at all? The person who took this trip to the underworld was God—a pure spirit, eternal, and changeless. But God had taken on a human body, as Jesus, in order to save other embodied humans. Yet Pico knew that human bodies were material and imperfect—changing, suffering, and dying. Then how could a changeless God be both perfect and embodied? To understand the dogma of incarnation—the embodiment of God—in a philosophical way, the inquiring prince needed a theory of divine embodiment. But the version that he proposed offended the authorities, and they ruled that his ideas were heretical.
What’s In a Word?
Authors: Copenhaver Brian P. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
To express his theories and defend them in his Apology, Pico used techniques and terminology of scholastic theology as taught by three dozen medieval authorities—both obscure and eminent. Their philosophical vocabulary was specialized, even arcane, but Pico had to master it, and he did. What he learned about logic, metaphysics, and semantics is impressive in complexity and depth but not at all the usual story about his thinking. An indispensable part of the scholastic language that Pico acquired—with life or death consequences for him—was the medieval terminology of ‘suppo- words.’ He inherited these technical terms from a tradition ten centuries old, and venerable age was part of their value for him. These suppo- words were Pico’s tools throughout the Apology: the intricate terminology is a portal to his way of doing philosophy and utterly unlike the language of humanism.
Is Heresy Willful? Pico’s Q8
Authors: Copenhaver Brian P. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Pico’s defense required him to move from the metaphysics of divine embodiment and the semantics of suppo- words to the ethics of belief—to the moral environment of his views about articles of faith, like the eucharist and incarnation, and of denunciations of his views by opponents. The papal agents who condemned the prince thought that some beliefs, as articles of faith, were necessary for salvation. Pico agreed—in principle. But as a practical matter, he had to defend himself in a heresy trial. By the standards of his time and place—Italy in the late fifteenth century—who made the better case about faith and belief: Pico or his assailants? To construct his defense, Pico relied on Robert Holcot, a well-known philosopher who had taken radical positions on these issues of belief and freedom.
Are You There, God? It’s Me, the Theist
Authors: Griffioen Amber L. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The idea of “nonbelieving prayer” might sound odd, maybe even paradoxical, a closer examination of the functions of prayer and how religious participants actually engage in it tells a different story. After developing a working definition of prayer, this chapter examines a few types and functions of prayer and argues that they can be performed non-doxastically. In fact, such a stance might even be more epistemically and theologically virtuous than that which would accompany full belief in the kind of God who could be the recipient of such manifestations of human prayer.
Prayer as Complaint
Authors: Crisp Oliver D. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Recent philosophical-theological discussion of prayer has focused mainly on analyses of intercessory prayer or impetration, understood in terms of a two-way contingency: (Very roughly) a person asks God to bring about something he otherwise would bring about. However, this is not the only form of prayer. This chapter focuses on prayer as complaint, arguing for two claims. The first is that prayer as complaint is not antithetical to impetration: The two sorts of prayer sit side by side within the biblical tradition without embarrassment. This second, related, claim is that the reason for this lack of embarrassment on the part of biblical authors is that they understand intercessory prayer rather differently from how many recent philosophical theologians do, as alignment with the divine will, rather than a putative attempt to change God’s will.
Hyphenated Citizenship
Authors: Roy Anupama 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter traces the institutional, juridical, and documentary practices associated with the preparation of the NRC in Assam. It maps the debates on the NRC in the political domain, the arduous contests over legal delineation of categories such as ‘original inhabitants’ and ‘married migrated women’ in the Gauhati High Court and the Supreme Court of India, and the specific cases in which these contests played out. The citizenship amendment act of 2003 and the rules framed under it gave the Central government the responsibility to establish and maintain a National Register of Indian Citizens and issue national identity cards. This required the government to carry out ‘house-to-house enumeration’ and collect particulars of individuals and families, including their citizenship status. Making an exception to this procedure, the NRC in Assam was prepared by inviting applications from all residents with particulars relating to each family and individual, including their citizenship status, which was based on NRC 1951, and the electoral rolls up to the midnight of 24 March 1971. By tracing the pedigree of Indian citizenship to an Assamese legacy, the citizenship act opened up the possibility of a hyphenated citizenship for Assam, hitherto alien to the legal vocabulary of citizenship in India. In an inversion of the relationship between documents and citizenship, the evidentiary paradigm invoked in the preparation of the NRC in Assam listed legacy documents that would under specified conditions become proof of citizenship.
Liminal Citizenship
Authors: Roy Anupama 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
On 6 June 2015 the governments of India and Bangladesh entered into an agreement (Land Border Agreement Treaty 2015) to resolve long-standing disputes pertaining to demarcation of boundary and the exchange of enclaves and land in adverse possession of the two countries along the border states of West Bengal, Assam, and Tripura. This chapter is based on fieldwork conducted in five sites in Cooch Behar district in West Bengal—three transit camps for Indian ‘returnees’ in Dinhata, Mekhliganj, and Haldibari and two chhits with ‘new citizens’, Balipukhuri and Dhabalsati Mirgipur. This exchange did not entail an amendment in the Citizenship Act of India but offered the possibility of citizenship to Bangladeshi enclave dwellers to become Indian citizens under section 7 of the Citizenship Act of 1955. This meant that ‘aliens’, who otherwise ran the risk of being labelled illegal migrants and infiltrators, could be absorbed as Indian citizens along with territory. While the extension of citizenship in this context was largely seen as an effective resolution of a long-standing border problem, actual experiences of exchange—for those who continued to reside in India and became Indian citizens and those Indian citizens who were ‘displaced’ from what now became Bangladeshi territory—were replete with ambivalence of belonging and fragmentation of their lifeworld as citizens. This chapter seeks insights from the field to argue that the exchange of enclaves generated split-citizenship among both the returnees and the new citizens, which was expressed through idioms of loss and betrayal.
‘Trust is the foundation of things hoped for’
Authors: Morgan Teresa 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that trust between God and humanity is a neglected theme in Christian theology, especially in comparison with the more complex concept ‘faith’, of which trust is part, and other aspects of faith, notably belief, knowledge, hope, or fideism. Following Morgan’s previous study Roman Faith and Christian Faith, it argues that relational trust, trustworthiness, faithfulness, and entrustedness form the core of very early Christian pistis and fides. Trust, though little theologized, has continued to be important throughout the tradition, and trust in God is important to many practising Christians today. Trust therefore deserves more exploration. This volume does not aim to create a ‘New Testament theology’ of trust in any comprehensive or systematic sense, but to draw out the theological implications of trust between God, Christ, and humanity as it is sketched in various New Testament writings. To help us to think about trust, it explores some of the wealth of recent work on trust in philosophy and psychology, using it to formulate a working definition and a series of questions about divine–human trust. It considers the relationship between the historical and theological study of the New Testament, arguing that neither can be based on the other. They are better seen as working in parallel and in dialogue, each offering the other questions and ideas and challenging each other’s models and metaphysical assumptions.
‘Because you have seen me, you have trusted’
Authors: Morgan Teresa 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that, for all four canonical evangelists, signs, miracles, prophecy, and teaching, though reliable indicators of Jesus’ identity, cannot prove his identity and do not create trust, or lasting trust. Those who seek signs, moreover, or try to assess Jesus’ identity rather than responding to him with trust, are fundamentally untrusting. Even the appeal to scripture cannot prove Jesus’ trustworthiness, though it affirms that Jesus cares for creation as does Godself. Trust arises from personal encounter with Jesus, who is present or near, sees and is seen, calls and is heard. Jesus’ trust in God is also a model for his followers, and the trust that responds to him brings new life. For the final redactor of John, only those who have been pre-elected can trust in Jesus. The synoptic gospels and Acts, however, suggest that, in Jesus’ lifetime, no new or special revelation should have been needed for people to trust in him. He should have been recognizable, to both Jews and gentiles, as a man of God through whom God acted, and this should have been enough for the beginnings of trust. This, it is suggested, makes better sense of the theme, especially in Mark, that Jesus went unacknowledged by many people, than the now widely shared but, in the world of the first century, counterintuitive idea that a divine revelation went unrecognized. Finally, this chapter considers whether the gospels’ portrait of Jesus in his earthly life also acts as an image of the exalted Christ.
‘I trusted, therefore I spoke’
Authors: Morgan Teresa 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter draws together the main threads of the discussion and considers the pros and cons of offering a single, coherent account of trust in New Testament writings. It reflects on the much discussed ‘crisis of trust’ in the early twenty-first century, and compares the foundations, nature, and aims of trust in secular culture with those of Christian trust. In that light, it sums up the vision(s) of New Testament writers for a mode of human existence, and a divine‒human relationship, to which human beings might find it worth entrusting themselves and the future.
Introduction
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sekhar , Chaudhury Anasua Basu Ray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Caste as an analytical category is seldom introduced into the discussion of the Partition of India in 1947. In conventional narratives of Partition, the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress are presented as the two main players, and the Partition-related violence is assumed to be primarily between the Hindus and the Sikhs on one side and the Muslims on the other. All internal differentiations within these groups, based on gender, caste, or region, are collapsed to present the two contending groups as homogenous subcontinental categories representing two distinct social and political identities. If the gender imbalance in this historiography has now been rectified to some extent, many other voices remain silent. The role of the Scheduled Castes—or Dalit, as many of them would prefer to call themselves today—and their organisation, the All India Scheduled Castes Federation is either completely ignored or mentioned only in passing in this extant literature. Bengal witnessed powerful Dalit movements during the colonial period, resisting caste-based discriminatory practices, but we do not know why they almost completely disappeared after Partition. Was it because of Partition politics? Then after the Partition, we witnessed endless streams of refugees coming into West Bengal, and among them were many Dalit peasants. Their different experiences of migration and resettlement remain largely unrecognised. This book seeks to address this discursive absence of the caste question and the Dalit from the long history of Partition in Bengal.
Caste and Partition
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sekhar , Chaudhury Anasua Basu Ray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The chapter begins with a brief description of how the autonomous Scheduled Caste (SC) movement developed in colonial Bengal, spearheaded by two communities—the Rajbansis in the north and the Namasudras in the eastern districts. It looks critically at how space was important for their social mobilisation in the early twentieth century. When that cultural habitat was threatened by the Partition, they could hardly remain unaffected. It looks at how Partition politics affected and disrupted the organised SC movement in Bengal, taking the narrative through the election of 1946, the riots in Calcutta, Noakhali, and other parts of east Bengal, the Hindu mobilisation of the Dalit, and the Communist intervention through the Tebhaga movement. It looks critically at the question of Dalit identity on the eve of Partition and the division of Dalit leadership into two rival groups on the issue of Partition and alliance with the Muslim League. It concludes that we need to understand their participation in Partition politics within the context of a complex relationship between subalternity, religion, identity, space, and political mobilisation.
Epilogue: Riot, Massacre, and the Recovery of Self
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Sekhar , Chaudhury Anasua Basu Ray 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The period of study for this book ends in 1961, when the first phase of the Dandakaranya Project was completed and the refugee movement against the dispersal policy was withdrawn. But the struggle of the Bengali Dalit refugees did not end there; nor could their leaders again curve out spaces for themselves in provincial politics in West Bengal. In the post-1961 period, they faced two crises that profoundly affected their lives and identity—the Hazratbal riot of 1964 and the Marichjhanpi massacre of 1978–79. This short epilogue examines these two episodes and their aftermath to provide further evidence of injustice. This epilogue also briefly comments on the subsequent recovery of Dalit selfhood by these displaced people through the spectacular rise of the Matua Mahasangha, a heterodox religious sect through which the Namasudra caste movement had originally emerged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Through the efforts of its hereditary guru P.R. Thakur, in the 1980s, the Mahasangha offered a spiritual and social space where a geographically dispersed community could again relate to each other to recover a sense of home and identity. The other vehicle through which Dalit identity has again been able to redefine itself in contemporary West Bengal is an emergent literary movement, mostly contributed by Dalit refugee writers. They have emphatically asserted the centrality of Dalithood in the experiences of the East Bengali peasant refugees. The epilogue chapter briefly alludes to these recent developments in the story of the recovery of Dalit selfhood by the Bengali refugees.
Arjuna and Krishna: Friends Discuss the Family
Authors: Vanita Ruth 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the Bhagavad-Gita.Responding to Arjuna’s anxieties about family, lineage and the protection of vulnerable bodies, especially women’s bodies, Krishna radically unsettles conventional ideas of gender, varṇa, and family. Krishna’s analysis of the self and of action logically proves that protecting and possessing family members is ultimately impossible and that one must oppose adharma within the family or what today would be termed abusive family relationships. Krishna elevates freely chosen and courageous friendship above biological kinship. Friendship between the human and the divine involves becoming the friend of all living beings, not just one’s own family.
Gender, Masculinity, and the Dharma of Parenting
Authors: Vanita Ruth 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter continues the discussion of masculinity, focusing on the context of parenting in the epics, with references to the Upanishads. This chapter also highlights discrimination against disabled people and young people. Issues of fathers teaching sons, adoption, and fatherlessness arise in several stories, including that of Ashtavakra’s complicated family structure. Overcoming the discrimination he faces on account of the physical disability inflicted by his father, Ashtavakra comments on how parents’ harsh words can scar a child. The stories of Somada, Kanva, and Kushabha highlight single parenting, while Dasharatha’s contemplation of his relationship with his son and wife illuminates the shared dharma of parenting.