bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
سياسة السلطان العثماني عبد العزيز الإصلاحية (1861-1876 م ) (دراسة تأريخية)
Authors: الألي الرافع , حسين محمود ساهرة 
Published: April 2022

الحمد لله رب العالمين سابغُ النعمُ ، والشكر لله تعالى ذي الجود والكرم ، والصلاة والسلام على أشرف الأنبياء والمرسلين النبي الأكرم الخاتم الأمين محمد بن عبد االله " صلى اللهُ عليهِ وآله وسلم " ، الطيبين الطاهرين والأئمة الأخيار، واللعن الدائم على أعدائهم أجمعين إلى قيام يوم الدين .
وصلت الدولة العثمانية إلى أوج سطوتها وتوسعها في عهد السلطان سليمان القانوني ( 1520 – 1566م) ، في أواخر القرن السادس عشر الميلادي ، لكن بعدها أخذت تسير نحو الانحلال والانحطاط ، وبدأ الضعف واضحا ً بفساد نظام الجيش الإنكشاري ( Janissary ) ، الذي أصبح آلة فساد وفوضى بعد أن تضاءل ارتباط الإنكشاريين بثكناتهم العسكرية . وأمسى الكثير منهم لا يذهبون إليها إلا لاستلام المرتبات ، وباع الكثير منهم تذاكر " علوفاتهم " أي مرتباتهم ، كما تباع الأسهم والسندات لمن يرغب فيها من الناس ، وصار الكثير منهم يعملون بمهن مختلفة ، وكانوا لا يجتمعون إلا لعزل وزير وتنصيب آخر ؛ أو لرفع صوت العصيان للمطالبة بزيادة العطايا والعلوفات . وقد أدى فساد هذا النظام إلى سوء أحوال الدولة الإدارية . فمنذ أواخر القرن السادس عشر الميلادي ، تنبه رجال الإصلاح العثمانيون إلى ضرورة إدخال الإصلاح إلى هيكلية الدولة ، فكان الجانب العسكري من أهم الجوانب التي تناولها الإصلاح ؛ في دولة ذات طابع عسكري منذ تكوينها .
إستمرت الدول الأوربية في الضغط على الدولة العثمانية للقيام بعملية إصلاح على النهج الأوربي وفكره ومبادئه العلمانية، في حين أكد السلطان عبد العزيز عزمه على مواصلة مسيرة والده السلطان محمود الثاني (1808-1839 م) ، وأخيه السلطان عبد المجيد الأول(1839-1861 م) ؛ فأبقى على كل المكلفين بتنفيذ الإصلاحيات في مناصبهم .
سلوك التجار تجاه نشأة وتطور المناطق التجارية الحديثة في الفرع البلدي مصراتة المركز (شارع إقزير أنموذجًا)
Authors: الألي الرافع , علي المجيعي ابتسام , حاتم افكيرين انتصار 
Published: April 2022

يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة سلوك التجار تجاه نشأه وتطور المناطق التجارية من خلال تحليل فكر" ديموغرافية الشركات", الذي يقوم على أساس دراسة حركة المنشآت الاقتصادية, والتعامل مع المناطق التجارية كأفراد العائلة من حيث الولادة والنمو والتطوروالهجرة والموت, واستخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي لتحليل البيانات والمنهج التحليلي لتحليل البيانات, وكذلك المقابلات الشخصية والعمل الميداني الذي تجسد في أسلوب الاستبانة وتم تحليلها باستخدام برنامج التحليل الإحصائي, ولتحقق الدراسة أهدافها تم اختيار شارع إقزير أنموذجًا لدراسة المناطق التجارية الحديثة في مصراتة المركز, وتم اختيار عينة عشوائية طبقية بلغت (97) من المحال التجارية بنسبة (57%), وأظهرت الدراسة العديد من النتائج أبرزها أن ارتفاع الكثافة السكانية من أهم العوامل تأثيرًا على نجاح المناطق التجارية , يليها وجود منافسة شديدة بين المحال التجارية وارتفاع القوة الشرائية لدى الزبائن.
The Impact of the Reserves of Conventional and Islamic Banks Operating in Jordan on the Book Value and Market Value of Shares: A Comparative Analytical Study
Authors: Ahmad Abu Musa Rasmiyah , Munir Malham Maysa 
Published: April 2022

This study aimed at identifying the impact of the reserves of Islamic and conventional banks whose shares are listed on the Amman Stock Exchange on the book and market value of these shares for the period (2010-2018). The study included thirteen conventional banks and two Islamic banks. The study found that there is a statistically significant effect of reserves held by Islamic and conventional banks on the market price, an effect of 73.6% for Islamic banks and 16.5% for conventional banks. Also, the study found that a statistically significant effect appeared between the reserves of Islamic banks and their stocks’ book value; this effect did not appear with conventional banks. The study also found that there was no statistically significant effect between the change in the reserves of conventional and Islamic banks and the change in the market price, and there was no statistically significant effect between the change in the reserves and the change in the book value of both conventional and Islamic banks.
ETHANOL EXTRACT OF Basella alba Linn MODULATES ACRYLAMIDE-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS IN WISTAR RATS
Authors: Adewale Omowumi Oyeronke , Samuel Ekundayo , Gbadegesin Michael , Owumi Solomon , Odunola Oyeronke 
Published: April 2022

Acrylamide (AA), a common toxicant in processed foods is associated with cancer development via induction of oxidative stress. Therefore, the need for a potent antioxidant substance or compound that could ameliorate this toxic effect. Basella alba has been reported to have medicinal properties, and in this study, the anti-oxidative potentials of ethanol leaf extract of Basella alba (ELEBa) were assessed against oxidative stress induced by acrylamide in male Wistar rats (120-150g). Twenty (20) animals were grouped into four. Group 1: 1 ml/kg body weight (bwt.) distilled water (control), Group 2: 17.5 mg/kg bwt AA, Group 3: 17.5 mg/kg bwt AA+100 mg/kg bwt ELEBa, Group 4: 17.5 mg/kg bwt AA + 250 mg/kg bwt ELEBa. Treatment of animals was done orally and once daily for 14 days before sacrifice. The liver and kidney tissues were processed for the analyses of antioxidant activities. Serum was analyzed for hepatic and renal function bio markers in the treated animals. The plant’s bio active constituents were characterized by GC-MS. Acrylamide caused a significant (p < 0.05) ameliorated these values. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of pentadecanoic acid, n‐hexadecanoic acid, cis‐13-octadecenoic acid, cis-vaccenic acid, oleic acid and octadecanoic acid. Our findings suggest that, ELEBa is a potential chemopreventive agent against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress in wistar rats.
INFLUENCE OF UNRIPE BANANA FLOUR INCORPORATION ON THE PHYSICAL, ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES AND CONSUMER ACCEPTABILITY OF BISCUITS
Authors: Mashau Mpho Edward , Rambau Fhulufhelo Desiree , Kgatla Tsietsie Ephraim 
Published: April 2022

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the influence of incorporating unripe banana flour (UBF) in biscuit in order to determine its physical, antioxidant and sensory properties. Two unripe non-commercial banana cultivars (Luvhele and Mabonde) were used. Wheat flour was replaced by 10, 15, 20 and 30% of UBF. Functional properties of UBF, physical properties, polyphenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and consumer acceptability of baked biscuits were determined. Functional properties of UBF revealed decrease in water and oil absorption capacity, foaming capacity and increase in bulk density at p < 0.05. Weight, thickness, fracturability and hardness of composite biscuits significantly increased at p < 0.05. The diameter and spread ratio decreased with the inclusion of UBF. The colour of the biscuits (L*, b* and hue values) also decreased. However, the addition of UBF increased the a* value, colour differences and total phenolic content of biscuits. The total flavonoid content of Luvhele biscuits increased while that of Mabonde biscuits decreased. The antioxidant properties of biscuits were enhanced with UBF addition. Consumer acceptability results revealed that biscuits with 10% UBF level were more acceptable by panellists with regards to taste, crispness and overall acceptability. Results show that UBF can be utilised as functional ingredient in bakery products such as biscuits.
NOVEL ASSOCIATION BETWEEN GnRHR GENE AND GROWTH TRAITS IN AWASSI AND KARAKUL SHEEP
Authors: Al-Jubouri Thamer , Hassan Amad , Al-Shuhaib Mohammed Baqur 
Published: April 2022

This study was conducted to investigate the association of the Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Receptor (GnRHR) gene with growth traits in Awassi (n= 123) and Karakul (n= 78) sheep. Starting from the birth-day to 12 months of age, several growth traits were investigated, namely body weight and length, wither and rump height, chest, and abdominal circumferences. Four fragments were designed to amplify three exons of GnRHR gene, P1 and P2 for exon 1, P3 for exon 2, and P4 for exon 3. The polymorphisms in these amplicons were analyzed by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) method. Genotypic and allele frequency of GnRHR gene were computed after sequence alignment. The results detected two different SSCP banding patterns GG and GA for both P2 and P3 amplicons, and two novel mutations were observed in GA genotype of P2 and P3 amplicons respectively, p.N87= and p.L242F. The identified p.N87= exhibited no relationship with all measured growth traits, while p.L242F showed significant association with the body weight, length, and abdominal circumference in month-6 and month-9. This association was increasingly observed in month-12 with all growth traits, in which individuals with GA genotype exhibited higher growth traits measurements than individuals with GG genotype (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the detected polymorphism of GnRHR gene exon-2 may be useful in marker-assisted selection for growth traits in Awassi and Karakul breeds. This study is the first one to describe the effect of GnRHR polymorphisms on growth traits, which confirm the potential usefulness of this gene in marker-assisted selection in sheep.
EVALUATION OF RECOMBINANT GLUCOAMYLASE EXPRESSION BY A NATIVE AND α-MATING FACTOR SECRETION SIGNAL IN PICHIA PASTORIS
Authors: Karim Kazi Muhammad Rezaul , Tasnim Tasmia 
Published: April 2022

Raw starch degrading enzyme specially glucoamylase with starch binding domain (SBD) has great values in the starch processing industry because it digests the starch particles below the gelatinization temperature by releasing glucose from the non-reducing ends sequentially. The purpose of the study was to measure the secretion levels of recombinant glucoamylase from Pichia pastoris, by using the α-mating factor secretion signal peptide (α-MF) and the native signal peptide of glucoamylase from Aspergillus flavus NSH9. The Aspergillus flavus NSH9 gene (with and without native signal sequences), encoding a pH and thermostable glucoamylase with an SBD, was successfully cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris to produce recombinant glucoamylases. The constructed recombinant plasmids pPICZB_GA2 (having a native signal peptides) and pPICZαC_GA2 (having the α-MF) were 5144 and 5356 bp in length respectively. Recombinant pichia having α-MF signal sequence (plasmid, pPICZαC_GA2) gave the highest level of secretions of recombinant glucoamylase after 6 days of incubation period with 0.5% methanol. In conclusion, yeast expression vector signal peptide is more efficient for heterologous expression/secretions of recombinant glucoamylase compared to its native signal sequences.
The ‘Scope of Entrusted Duties’ as a Problem of the Church’s Vicarious Liability for Damages Done by Sexual Crimes of the Priests
Authors: Wilk Anna 
Published: April 2022

The ‘Scope of Entrusted Duties’ as a Problem of the Church’s Vicarious Liability for Damages Done by Sexual Crimes of the Priests. A Comparative Study
This article refers to the problem of the Roman Catholic Church’s liability for the damages caused by sexual abuse of children by priests. The author points to the base of liability – the respondeat superior principle and analyses the problem of the ‘scope of entrusted duties’. The major problem arises from the fact that sexual abuse can never be the subject of any legally effective contract or the activities entrusted by the superior, but it happens only ‘when the opportunity arises’ – during the performance of actual activities covered by scope of the contract, for example, caring for minors, their education, treatment or spiritual formation. However, the problem is wider because sexual crimes can also occur in non-Catholic churches and other religious institutions, as well as all those places and institutions whose employees enter into special trust relationships with minors or adult people with special needs (for sick or disabled). This article refers to the experiences from various countries and presents two methods of its possible interpretation of the concept of the ‘scope of entrusted duties’ – strict and liberal, as well as the ‘enhanced risk theory’. The author also proposes her own method of solving the problem.
Sustainability in Global Supply Chains Under the CISG
Authors: Schwenzer Ingeborg , Muñoz Edgardo 
Published: April 2022

Sustainability in Global Supply Chains Under the CISG
In this article, the authors assert that the United Nations Convention for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) can contribute to tackling gaps in statutory legislation and defective business conduct that have been associated with unsustainable trade in Global Supply Chains (GSCs). The authors provide evidence that the CISG contains rules enabling a general legal framework for establishing uniform sustainable standards for goods concerning suppliers, sellers and buyers located in different countries. For instance, the CISG provisions on contract formation ease the incorporation of joint codes of conduct for sustainable trade in GSCs. In addition, the contracting parties’ circumstances and current trade usages are now more relevant to determine what constitutes conformity of the goods under the contract and the default warranties in Article 35 CISG. On the level of remedies, the authors show that best-efforts provisions, possibly included in a code of conduct or inferred from standards applicable to the goods, may redefine the notion of impediment in Article 79 CISG, which could lead to exoneration of liability for the seller. They also demonstrate why fundamental breach and the calculation of damages are at the centre of the discussion regarding the remedies for breach of an obligation to deliver sustainable goods.
Legal Tradition and Human Rights
Authors: Singh Dhanraj R. 
Published: April 2022

Legal Tradition and Human Rights A Quantitative Comparative Analysis of Developing Countries
This analysis examines the relationship between legal tradition and constitutional human rights. It experiments with a quantitative comparative methodology to compare economic rights, social and family rights, and civil and political rights between countries with common law, civil law and mixed law legal traditions. The results show that developing countries with a civil law legal tradition provide more constitutional human rights than their counterparts with a common law legal tradition. Although preliminary and imperfect, the results challenge the notion of superiority of the common law legal tradition and human rights. The quantitative comparative framework used offers a new methodological frontier for comparative constitutional law researchers to examine relationships between legal traditions.
Standardization of licorice roots: current issues
Authors: Belova Olga A. , Kurkin Vladimir A. , Ryazanova Tatyana K. 
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND: Medicinal plant raw material Licorice roots contains a whole complex of biologically active compounds (triterpene saponins, flavonoids, etc.) and is widely used in medicine as raw materials for the production of anti-inflammatory and expectorant medications. However, despite its widespread use and well-studied chemical composition, the problems in the field of standardization of licorice roots remain urgent. The current pharmacopoeial method for determining the quantitative content of glycyrrhizic acid is multi-stage, it consists in the extraction of nitric acid with the use of 3% acetone solution, the addition of the concentrated ammonia solution to form a precipitate (ammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid), its filtration and dissolution in water, followed by spectrophotometric determination. There are other methods for determining the content of this biologically active compound. They involve high performance liquid chromatography. No results for quantification of glycyrrhizic acid by this method in isocratic elution mode were found in the available scientific literature.
AIM: The aim is to develop the method for determining the quantitative content of glycyrrhizic acid in licorice roots using high performance liquid chromatography in an isocratic elution mode.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The objects of the study were licorice roots harvested in 2018 in the Botanical Garden of Samara University, commercial samples of plant raw materials, state standard samples of monosubstituted ammonium salt of glycyrrhizic acid (glycyram, PM 42-0034-00) and the work glycyrrhizic acid standard. High performance liquid chromatography analysis was carried out by using a Milichrom-6 chromatograph.
RESULTS: As a result of the investigation, the method for determining the quantitative content of glycyrrhizic acid by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (258 nm) was developed. The mobile phase was acetonitrile: 1% acetic acid solution in water in the ratio of 40:60, the elution rate was 100 l/min. The optimal extraction conditions were selected: extractant was 40% ethyl alcohol, extraction for 60 minutes at the ratio of raw material-extractant was equal to 1:30. Validation analysis showed that the developed methods demonstrated satisfactory metrological indicators.
CONCLUSIONS: The obtained results can be used to update the pharmacopoeial monograph Licorice roots.
Tincture of <i>Juglans nigra</i> L. bark: peculiarities of standardization
Authors: Zimenkina Natalya I. , Kurkin Vladimir A. 
Published: April 2022

BACKGROUND: Juglans nigra L. is a species of trees in the Juglandaceae family. This plant of the genus Juglans L. has not been sufficiently studied in comparison with other species, including Juglans regia L. It is a perspective medicinal plant raw material, its derivatives have an antimicrobial, general tonic effect. The known antimicrobial and general tonic activity of Juglans L preparations presented on the pharmaceutical market is probably due to substances of a flavonoid nature. These data indicate the relevance of studying the flavonoids of the Juglans nigra L. bark.
AIM: The aim of this study is to develop methods for qualitative analysis and quantitative determination of biologically active compounds for tincture of Juglans nigra L. bark with the using of spectrophotometry, thin layer chromatography, microcolumn high performance liquid chromatography.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The object of the study was the tincture of Juglans nigra L. bark, samples of which were prepared in March-April 2020 on the territory of the Botanical Garden of Samara University, standard samples of myricitrin, myricetin. UV spectra were recorded with the use of Specord 40 spectrophotometer (Analytik Jena). Chromatographic analysis was carried out by thin-layer chromatography (qualitative analysis), reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography on a Milikhrom-6 microcolumn liquid chromatograph (quantitative analysis).
RESULTS: As a result of the chromatographic study, myricitrin were revealed, it appeared to be the dominant flavonoid substance. This compound has Rf value of about 0.4 in the solvent system of chloroform-ethanol-water (25:18:2). A method for the quantitative determination of the total flavonoids calculated on myricitrin in tincture of Juglans nigra L. bark was developed by means of differential spectrophotometry. It was determined that the content of the total flavonoids calculated on myricitrin in the tincture of Juglans nigra L. bark was 0.84 0.07%. A method for the quantitative determination of myricitrin in tincture of Juglans nigra L. bark by high performance liquid chromatography was developed. The content of the dominant flavonoid as myricitrin (myricetin-3-O--L-rhamnopyranoside) in the tincture of Juglans nigra L. bark was 0.42 0.06%.
CONCLUSIONS: The methods of qualitative analysis and quantitative determination of flavonoids for tincture of Juglans nigra L. bark with the use of modern instrumental methods of analysis (spectrophotometry, thin layer chromatography, high performance liquid chromatography) has been developed. These results can be used to standardize the tincture of Juglans nigra L. bark.
Ojek Online, Pekerja atau Mitra?
Authors: Halilintarsyah Oka 
Published: April 2022

Keberadaan ojek online masih menimbulkan perdebatan apakah merupakan pekerja atau mitra. Dalam putusan Supreme Court U.K., Pekerja ojek online yang dikenal juga sebagai gig worker telah diputuskan merupakan pekerja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peraturan perundang-undangan Indonesia belum dapat mengakomodir keberadaan ojek online sebagai pekerja. Namun, perlu ada perlindungan bagi mitra ojek online terutama dalam hal keselamatan dan keamanan serta pendapatan. Pemerintah perlu menentukan arah kebijakan ketenagakerjaan untuk melindungi pekerja ojek online.
Kata kunci: Ojek online, mitra, pekerja, gig worker.

Abstract
The existence of online motorcycle taxis still raises debate, whether they are workers or partners. In the decision by the U.K. Supreme Court, online motorcycle taxi workers, also known as gig workers, have been decided as workers. The results of the study indicate that Indonesian laws and regulations have not been able to accommodate the existence of online motorcycle taxis as workers. However, protection needs to be made for online motorcycle taxi partners, especially in terms of safety and security as well as income. The government needs to determine the direction of employment policies to protect online motorcycle taxi workers.
Keywords: online motorcycle taxi, partners, workers, gig workers.
Bisnis dalam Perspektif Iman Kristen
Authors: Tanuwidjaja Sundoro , Darmawan I Putu Ayub 
Published: April 2022

: It is a challenge for Christians today in responding to economic developments that continue to grow and increasingly depress in human life. The author analyzes some literatures by looking at some relevancy that related to the topic. The author believe that the Bible provides a theological base for business practice. God himself is a person who is a model of work. When running a business, the main attention of all effort is to glorify God. In this case, Christians are not controlled by mammon but rather do business as part of God's mandate. Abstrak: Tantangan bagi orang Kristen masa kini adalah menyikapi perkembangan ekonomi yang kemudian terkait dengan isu bisnis. Penulis melakukan analisis pustaka dengan mencermati beberapa literatur relevan yang terkait topik bahasan. Penulis mencermati bahwa Alkitab memberikan landasan teologis untuk berbisnis. Allah sendiri adalah pribadi yang menjadi model dalam bekerja. Hanya dalam menjalankan bisnis, fokus perhatiannya adalah seluruh pekerjaan dilaksanakan sebagai upaya memuliakan Allah. Dalam hal ini, orang Kristen tidak dikuasai oleh mammon melainkan menjalankan bisnis sebagai bagian dalam mandat Allah.