bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Insurers’ hidden risk from reinsurance recaptures
Authors: Ugono Mudi , Ashton Brad , Brauch Nora , Drew Adél , Funnell Jamie , Healey Martin , Notani Raj 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There is a lack of publicly available information covering the practices insurers employ to manage their exposure to reinsurance recapture risk. A working party was set-up to shed light on the different approaches insurers use to mitigate this complicated to manage risk. This report is intended to form part of a publicly available information repository that market practitioners can refer to and reflect on as best practice evolves and develops.
A FIB-SEM Based Correlative Methodology for X-Ray Nanotomography and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: An Application Example in Lithium Batteries Research
Authors: Cressa Luca , Fell Jonas , Pauly Christoph , Hoang Quang Hung , Mücklich Frank , Herrmann Hans-Georg , Wirtz Tom , Eswara Santhana 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Correlative microscopy approaches are attracting considerable interest in several research fields such as materials and battery research. Recent developments regarding X-ray computer tomography have made this technique available in a compact module for scanning electron microscopes (SEMs). Nano-computed tomography (nanoCT) allows morphological analysis of samples in a nondestructive way and to generate 2D and 3D overviews. However, morphological analysis alone is not sufficient for advanced studies, and to draw conclusions beyond morphology, chemical analysis is needed. While conventional SEM-based chemical analysis techniques such as energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) are adequate in many cases, they are not well suited for the analysis of trace elements and low-Z elements such as hydrogen or lithium. Furthermore, the large information depth in typical SEM-EDS imaging conditions limits the lateral resolution to micrometer length scales. In contrast, secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can perform elemental mapping with good surface sensitivity, nanoscale lateral resolution, and the possibility to analyze even low-Z elements and isotopes. In this study, we demonstrate the feasibility and compatibility of a novel FIB-SEM-based correlative nanoCT-SIMS imaging approach to correlate morphological and chemical data of the exact same sample volume, using a cathode material of a commercial lithium battery as an example.
TheChangingMeaning ofCooperation:Rural Electrification in Cold War Peru, 1964–1976
Authors: Romero Sommer Gonzalo 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis article deals with the politics of Peruvian rural electrification during the Cold War years. In 1964, the inhabitants of the Mantaro Valley established the Cooperativa Eléctrica Comunal del Centro Ltda. 127, with the help of the central government and American aid agencies in the context of the Alliance for Progress. At first, this rural electric cooperative was seen as a legitimate way to channel traditional communal practices through an institution that was seen as modern, capitalist, and Western. However, in the fluid context of Peru's Cold War, electric cooperative development quickly became a heated political battleground. After a “revolutionary” military regime took power in 1968, the armed forces eventually defined the cooperative as an obsolete institution and quickly adopted their own cooperative model, free from any capitalist “vices,” as they sought to implement their own “revolution from above.” While the Cooperativa Eléctrica Comunal del Centro represented a successful combination of local discourse, foreign aid, and modern technology, its history also shines a light on the volatile politics of infrastructural development: as its political and economic meaning changed wildly as different political regimes oversaw its expansion and eventual downfall.
Emergent Climate Change Impacts on the Soil C and N Cycles in the Mojave Desert
Authors: Mills Jennifer V. , Maurer Gregory E. , Lammers Laura N. , Amundson Ronald 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe Mojave Desert has warmed >2°C, and aridified, in the past 50 years, making it a strategic location to investigate climate change impacts on arid soil processes. We resampled a climosequence of soils in the Mojave first sampled in 1973 and compared current soil properties to those 45+ years earlier. Radiocarbon changes revealed that C is cycling rapidly through the soils, particularly near the surface, with a temperature‐sensitive decomposition rate (Arrhenius Ea = 66 kJ/mol). Significant decreases in soil C/N ratios and increases in δ15N values occurred, suggestive of enhanced rates of soil C and N cycling and their losses. Covariation between changes in soil radiocarbon, δ13C, δ15N, and C/N point toward emerging chemical impacts on the coupled C and N cycles in response to climate change.
Magmatic Activity and Dynamics of Melt Supply of Volcanic Centers of Ultraslow Spreading Ridges: Hints From Local Earthquake Tomography at the Knipovich Ridge
Authors: Meier M. , Schlindwein V. , Schmid F. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAlong ultraslow spreading ridges melt is distributed unequally, but melt focusing guides melt away from amagmatic segments toward volcanic centers. An interplay of tectonism and magmatism is thought to control melt ascent, but the detailed process of melt extraction is not yet understood. We present a detailed image of the seismic velocity structure of the Logachev volcanic center and adjacent region along the Knipovich Ridge. With travel times of P‐ and S‐waves of 3,959 earthquakes we performed a local earthquake tomography. We simultaneously inverted for source locations, velocity structure and the Vp/Vs‐ratio. An extensive low velocity anomaly coincident with high Vp/Vs‐ratios >1.9 lies underneath the volcanic center at depths of 10 km below sea level in an aseismic area. More shallow, tightly clustered earthquake swarms connect the anomaly to a shallow anomaly with high Vp/Vs‐ratio beneath the basaltic seafloor. We consider the deep low‐velocity anomaly to represent an area of partial melt from which melts ascent vertically to the surface and northwards into the adjacent segment. By comparing tomographic studies of the Logachev and Southwest Indian Ridge Segment‐8 volcano we conclude that volcanic centers of ultraslow spreading ridges host spatially confined, circular partial melt areas below 10 km depth, in contrast to the shallow extended melt lenses along fast spreading ridges. Lateral feeding over distances of 35 km is possible at orthogonal spreading segments, but limited at the obliquely spreading Knipovich Ridge.
Hydrologic Sensitivities and ENSO Variability Across Hydrological Regimes in Central Chile (28°–41°S)
Authors: Hernandez Diego , Mendoza Pablo A. , Boisier Juan Pablo , Ricchetti Franco 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThere is strong evidence of El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections in the South Pacific and related impacts on the precipitation regime in Chile; nonetheless, many aspects of the hydrological propagation and temperature responses to ENSO remain unclear in this region. We examine fluctuations across 59 near‐natural catchments in central Chile (28°–41°S) under contrasting ENSO phases during the period 1981–2019. Our results show statistically significant ENSO‐related hydroclimatic anomalies in almost all watersheds analyzed, which confirms the major influence of ENSO within this domain. By comparing El Niño phases against La Niña, we observe generally wetter conditions, warmer winters, cooler late springs, lower (higher) runoff ratios in snowmelt‐driven (rainfall‐driven) basins, and longer storm durations while storm frequencies (i.e., number of events of consecutive days with precipitation) are preserved. Additionally, low (high) elevation catchments are related to positive (negative) streamflow sensitivities to winter temperature, which increase in magnitude with the evaporative index; besides, catchments with sharp warm‐and‐dry conditions yield largely negative sensitivities to late spring temperature. Further, positive streamflow anomalies in rainfall‐driven catchments are explained by temperature and precipitation ENSO‐related amplitudes (El Niño minus La Niña) that separately favor streamflow; however, in mixed regimes and snowmelt‐driven basins these results are spatially scattered. Hence, this study supports that meteorological, hydrological, and physiographic attributes modulate the translation of climate variability into river hydrology. The results presented here unravel the joint effects of precipitation and seasonal temperature fluctuations through different hydrological regimes, across a region that encloses populated cities and water‐intensive activities.
Ion‐Ion Cross‐Field Instability of Lower Hybrid Waves in the Inner Coma of Comet 67P
Authors: Odelstad Elias , Karlsson Tomas , Eriksson Anders , Bergman Sofia , Stenberg Wieser Gabriella 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWe show that an ion‐ion cross‐field streaming instability between cold newborn cometary ions and heated heavy ions that were picked up upstream is likely a contributing source of observed lower hybrid (LH) waves in the inner coma of comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko. Electric field oscillations in the LH frequency range are common here, and have previously been attributed mainly to the lower‐hybrid drift instability, driven by gradients associated with observed local density fluctuations. However, the observed wave activity is not confined to such gradients, nor is it always strongest there. Thus, other instabilities are likely needed as well to explain the observed wave activity. Several previous works have shown the existence of multiple populations of cometary ions in the inner coma of 67P, distinguished by differences in mass, energy and/or flow direction. We here examine two selected time intervals in October and November 2015, with substantial wave activity in the LH frequency range, where we identify two distinct cometary ion populations: a bulk population of locally produced, predominantly radially outflowing ions, and a more tenuous population picked up further upstream and accelerated back toward the comet by the solar wind electric field. These two populations exhibit strong relative drifts (∼20 km/s, or about five times the pickup ion thermal velocity), and we perform an electrostatic dispersion analysis showing that conditions should be favorable for LH wave generation through the ion‐ion cross‐field instability.
The Role of Pore‐Shape and Pore‐Space Heterogeneity in Non‐Archie Behavior of Resistivity Index Curves
Authors: Sun Zhonghao , Torres‐Verdín Carlos 
Published: September 2022

AbstractResistivity index curves describe the relationship between electrical resistivity and water saturation of porous media and are critical in formation evaluation and for the geophysical monitoring of subsurface processes. Archie's second equation enforces a linear relationship between resistivity index and water saturation in log‐log plots which has been widely used for the assessment of in situ hydrocarbon saturation. However, resistivity index curves that deviate from Archie's equation are ubiquitous in subsurface reservoirs, especially complex carbonates exhibiting bimodal pore‐size distributions, where the effects of pore‐scale controlling factors on rock resistivity remain unclear. We implement pore‐network models built under controlled conditions of pore shapes, bimodal pore‐size distributions, pore connectivity, micropore fractions, and anisotropy to investigate the effects of pore shapes and pore‐space heterogeneity on resistivity index curves. Results indicate that percolating wetting films associated with pore shapes decrease the resistivity index at low values of water saturation and cause a decrease in saturation exponent. In cases of bimodal pore‐size distributions, micropore fractions control the connectivity between macropores, thus affecting water drainage and resistivity index curves. At low fractions of micropores, the resistivity index curve is governed by the connected macropore system at high values of water saturation and is then determined by micropores, thereby resulting in non‐Archie behavior. Pore‐size distributions and spatial anisotropy also affect the resistivity index curves. We summarize the observed pore‐space heterogeneity effects on resistivity index curves and compare model predictions to numerical simulations; both the geometric mean model and effective medium theory provide acceptable estimates of the electrical properties of bimodal porous media.
In vivo restoration of dystrophin expression in mdx mice using intra-muscular and intra-arterial injections of hydrogel microsphere carriers of exon skipping antisense oligonucleotides
Authors: Cohen Shani Attias , Bar-Am Orit , Fuoco Claudia , Saar Galit , Gargioli Cesare , Seliktar Dror 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disease caused by a mutation in the X-linked Dytrophin gene preventing the expression of the functional protein. Exon skipping therapy using antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) is a promising therapeutic strategy for DMD. While benefits of AON therapy have been demonstrated, some challenges remain before this strategy can be applied more comprehensively to DMD patients. These include instability of AONs due to low nuclease resistance and poor tissue uptake. Delivery systems have been examined to improve the availability and stability of oligonucleotide drugs, including polymeric carriers. Previously, we showed the potential of a hydrogel-based polymeric carrier in the form of injectable PEG-fibrinogen (PF) microspheres for delivery of chemically modified 2′-O-methyl phosphorothioate (2OMePs) AONs. The PF microspheres proved to be cytocompatible and provided sustained release of the AONs for several weeks, causing increased cellular uptake in mdx dystrophic mouse cells. Here, we further investigated this delivery strategy by examining in vivo efficacy of this approach. The 2OMePS/PEI polyplexes loaded in PF microspheres were delivered by intramuscular (IM) or intra-femoral (IF) injections. We examined the carrier biodegradation profiles, AON uptake efficiency, dystrophin restoration, and muscle histopathology. Both administration routes enhanced dystrophin restoration and improved the histopathology of the mdx mice muscles. The IF administration of the microspheres improved the efficacy of the 2OMePS AONs over the IM administration. This was demonstrated by a higher exon skipping percentage and a smaller percentage of centered nucleus fibers (CNF) found in H&E-stained muscles. The restoration of dystrophin expression found for both IM and IF treatments revealed a reduced dystrophic phenotype of the treated muscles. The study concludes that injectable PF microspheres can be used as a carrier system to improve the overall therapeutic outcomes of exon skipping-based therapy for treating DMD.
Chemical deposition of Cu2O films with ultra-low resistivity: correlation with the defect landscape
Authors: Sekkat Abderrahime , Liedke Maciej Oskar , Nguyen Viet Huong , Butterling Maik , Baiutti Federico , Sirvent Veru Juan de Dios , Weber Matthieu , Rapenne Laetitia , Bellet Daniel , Chichignoud Guy , Kaminski-Cachopo Anne , Hirschmann Eric , Wagner Andreas , Muñoz-Rojas David 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCuprous oxide (Cu2O) is a promising p-type semiconductor material for many applications. So far, the lowest resistivity values are obtained for films deposited by physical methods and/or at high temperatures (~1000 °C), limiting their mass integration. Here, Cu2O thin films with ultra-low resistivity values of 0.4 Ω.cm were deposited at only 260 °C by atmospheric pressure spatial atomic layer deposition, a scalable chemical approach. The carrier concentration (7.1014−2.1018 cm−3), mobility (1–86 cm2/V.s), and optical bandgap (2.2–2.48 eV) are easily tuned by adjusting the fraction of oxygen used during deposition. The properties of the films are correlated to the defect landscape, as revealed by a combination of techniques (positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS), Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence). Our results reveal the existence of large complex defects and the decrease of the overall defect concentration in the films with increasing oxygen fraction used during deposition.
Spanning Fermi arcs in a two-dimensional magnet
Authors: Chen Ying-Jiun , Hanke Jan-Philipp , Hoffmann Markus , Bihlmayer Gustav , Mokrousov Yuriy , Blügel Stefan , Schneider Claus M. , Tusche Christian 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe discovery of topological states of matter has led to a revolution in materials research. When external or intrinsic parameters break symmetries, global properties of topological materials change drastically. A paramount example is the emergence of Weyl nodes under broken inversion symmetry. While a rich variety of non-trivial quantum phases could in principle also originate from broken time-reversal symmetry, realizing systems that combine magnetism with complex topological properties is remarkably elusive. Here, we demonstrate that giant open Fermi arcs are created at the surface of ultrathin hybrid magnets where the Fermi-surface topology is substantially modified by hybridization with a heavy-metal substrate. The interplay between magnetism and topology allows us to control the shape and the location of the Fermi arcs by tuning the magnetization direction. The hybridization points in the Fermi surface can be attributed to a non-trivial mixed topology and induce hot-spots in the Berry curvature, dominating spin and charge transport as well as magneto-electric coupling effects.
Traject3d allows label-free identification of distinct co-occurring phenotypes within 3D culture by live imaging
Authors: Freckmann Eva C. , Sandilands Emma , Cumming Erin , Neilson Matthew , Román-Fernández Alvaro , Nikolatou Konstantina , Nacke Marisa , Lannagan Tamsin R. M. , Hedley Ann , Strachan David , Salji Mark , Morton Jennifer P. , McGarry Lynn , Leung Hing Y. , Sansom Owen J. , Miller Crispin J. , Bryant David M. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractSingle cell profiling by genetic, proteomic and imaging methods has expanded the ability to identify programmes regulating distinct cell states. The 3-dimensional (3D) culture of cells or tissue fragments provides a system to study how such states contribute to multicellular morphogenesis. Whether cells plated into 3D cultures give rise to a singular phenotype or whether multiple biologically distinct phenotypes arise in parallel is largely unknown due to a lack of tools to detect such heterogeneity. Here we develop Traject3d (Trajectory identification in 3D), a method for identifying heterogeneous states in 3D culture and how these give rise to distinct phenotypes over time, from label-free multi-day time-lapse imaging. We use this to characterise the temporal landscape of morphological states of cancer cell lines, varying in metastatic potential and drug resistance, and use this information to identify drug combinations that inhibit such heterogeneity. Traject3d is therefore an important companion to other single-cell technologies by facilitating real-time identification via live imaging of how distinct states can lead to alternate phenotypes that occur in parallel in 3D culture.
CAR-T cell therapy-related cytokine release syndrome and therapeutic response is modulated by the gut microbiome in hematologic malignancies
Authors: Hu Yongxian , Li Jingjing , Ni Fang , Yang Zhongli , Gui Xiaohua , Bao Zhiwei , Zhao Houli , Wei Guoqing , Wang Yiyun , Zhang Mingming , Hong Ruimin , Wang Linqin , Wu Wenjun , Mohty Mohamad , Nagler Arnon , Chang Alex H. , van den Brink Marcel R. M. , Li Ming D. , Huang He 
Published: September 2022

AbstractImmunotherapy utilizing chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy holds promise for hematologic malignancies, however, response rates and associated immune-related adverse effects widely vary among patients. Here we show, by comparing diversity and composition of the gut microbiome during different CAR-T therapeutic phases in the clinical trial ChiCTR1800017404, that the gut flora characteristically differs among patients and according to treatment stages, and might also reflect patient response to therapy in relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM; n = 43), acute lympholastic leukemia (ALL; n = 23) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL; n = 12). We observe significant temporal differences in diversity and abundance of Bifidobacterium, Prevotella, Sutterella, and Collinsella between MM patients in complete remission (n = 24) and those in partial remission (n = 11). Furthermore, we find that patients with severe cytokine release syndrome present with higher abundance of Bifidobacterium, Leuconostoc, Stenotrophomonas, and Staphylococcus, which is reproducible in an independent cohort of 38 MM patients. This study has important implications for understanding the biological role of the microbiome in CAR-T treatment responsiveness of hematologic malignancy patients, and may guide therapeutic intervention to increase efficacy. The success rate of CAR-T cell therapy is high in blood cancers, yet individual patient characteristics might reduce therapeutic benefit. Here we show that therapeutic response in MM, ALL and NHL, and occurrence of severe cytokine release syndrome in multiple myeloma are associated with specific gut microbiome alterations.
Grave-to-cradle upcycling of Ni from electroplating wastewater to photothermal CO2 catalysis
Authors: Wang Shenghua , Zhang Dake , Wang Wu , Zhong Jun , Feng Kai , Wu Zhiyi , Du Boyu , He Jiaqing , Li Zhengwen , He Le , Sun Wei , Yang Deren , Ozin Geoffrey A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractTreating hazardous waste Ni from the electroplating industry is mandated world-wide, is exceptionally expensive, and carries a very high CO2 footprint. Rather than regarding Ni as a disposable waste, the chemicals and petrochemicals industries could instead consider it a huge resource. In the work described herein, we present a strategy for upcycling waste Ni from electroplating wastewater into a photothermal catalyst for converting CO2 to CO. Specifically, magnetic nanoparticles encapsulated in amine functionalized porous SiO2, is demonstrated to efficiently scavenge Ni from electroplating wastewater for utilization in photothermal CO2 catalysis. The core-shell catalyst architecture produces CO at a rate of 1.9 mol·gNi−1·h−1 (44.1 mmol·gcat−1·h−1), a selectivity close to 100%, and notable long-term stability. This strategy of upcycling metal waste into functional, catalytic materials offers a multi-pronged approach for clean and renewable energy technologies.
Global energy spectrum of the general oceanic circulation
Authors: Storer Benjamin A. , Buzzicotti Michele , Khatri Hemant , Griffies Stephen M. , Aluie Hussein 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAdvent of satellite altimetry brought into focus the pervasiveness of mesoscale eddies $${{{{{{{\bf{{{{{{{{\mathcal{O}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}({100})$$
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km in size, which are the ocean’s analogue of weather systems and are often regarded as the spectral peak of kinetic energy (KE). Yet, understanding of the ocean’s spatial scales has been derived mostly from Fourier analysis in small "representative” regions that cannot capture the vast dynamic range at planetary scales. Here, we use a coarse-graining method to analyze scales much larger than what had been possible before. Spectra spanning over three decades of length-scales reveal the Antarctic Circumpolar Current as the spectral peak of the global extra-tropical circulation, at ≈ 104 km, and a previously unobserved power-law scaling over scales larger than 103 km. A smaller spectral peak exists at ≈ 300 km associated with mesoscales, which, due to their wider spread in wavenumber space, account for more than 50% of resolved surface KE globally. Seasonal cycles of length-scales exhibit a characteristic lag-time of ≈ 40 days per octave of length-scales such that in both hemispheres, KE at 102 km peaks in spring while KE at 103 km peaks in late summer. These results provide a new window for understanding the multiscale oceanic circulation within Earth’s climate system, including the largest planetary scales.