bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The existential trilemma of EMU in a model of fiscal target zone
Authors: Della Posta Pompeo , Tamborini Roberto 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Is the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) truly ‘irreversible’ as stated in the treaties? (i) From the sovereign debt crises of the 2010s, and the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, we draw the lesson that when exposed to large, systemic shocks the EMU faces a trilemma among preserving its irreversibility, monetary orthodoxy and fiscal orthodoxy: irreversibility can only be saved by relaxing one of the twin orthodoxies or both. (ii) We show how central monetary/fiscal backstops to irreversibility can be designed in a consistent manner that minimises their amplitude and mitigates the moral hazard concerns.

Methods
We present a novel fiscal target zone model of the EMU, where public debt is hit by stochastic shocks and member governments under monetary and fiscal orthodoxy are willing to abide by their commitment to debt stability only up to an upper bound of their feasible fiscal effort. Shocks large enough push the stabilisation fiscal effort beyond the feasibility constraint, in which case a government would opt for default on debt service and breakup of EMU membership—similarly to the abandonment of an exchange-rate agreement.

Results
For the EMU to be truly irreversible, ramparts for extraordinary times are necessary beside regulations for ordinary times. The alternative to these devices is reformulating the treaties with explicit and regulated exit procedures.
TaBln1, a member of the Blufensin family, negatively regulates wheat resistance to stripe rust by reducing Ca2+ influx
Authors: Guo Shuangyuan , Zhang Yanqin , Li Min , Zeng Peng , Zhang Qiong , Li Xing , Xu Quanle , Li Tao , Wang Xiaojie , Kang Zhensheng , Zhang Xinmei 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Blufensin1 (Bln1) has been identified as a susceptibility factor of basal defense mechanisms which is unique to the cereal grain crops barley (Hordeum vulgare), wheat (Triticum aestivum), rice (Oryza sativa), and rye (Secale cereale). However, the molecular mechanisms through which Bln1 regulates the wheat immune response are poorly understood. In this study, we found that TaBln1 was significantly induced by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) virulent race CYR31 infection. Knockdown of TaBln1 expression by virus-induced gene silencing reduced Pst growth and development, and enhanced the host defense response. In addition, TaBln1 was found to physically interact with a calmodulin, TaCaM3, on the plasma membrane. Silencing TaCaM3 with virus-induced gene silencing increased fungal infection areas and sporulation and reduced wheat resistance to the Pst avirulent race CYR23 (incompatible interaction) and virulent race CYR31 (compatible interaction). Moreover, we found that the accumulation of TaCaM3 transcripts could be induced by treatment with chitin but not flg22. Silencing TaCaM3 decreased the calcium (Ca2+) influx induced by chitin, but silencing TaBln1 increased the Ca2+ influx in vivo using a noninvasive micro-test technique. Taken together, we identified the wheat susceptibility factor TaBln1, which interacts with TaCaM3 to impair Ca2+ influx and inhibit plant defenses.
Gene co-expression reveals the modularity and integration of C4 and CAM inPortulaca
Authors: Gilman Ian S , Moreno-Villena Jose J , Lewis Zachary R , Goolsby Eric W , Edwards Erika J 
Published: March 2022

AbstractC4 photosynthesis and Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) have been considered as largely independent adaptations despite sharing key biochemical modules. Portulaca is a geographically widespread clade of over 100 annual and perennial angiosperm species that primarily use C4 but facultatively exhibit CAM when drought stressed, a photosynthetic system known as C4 + CAM. It has been hypothesized that C4 + CAM is rare because of pleiotropic constraints, but these have not been deeply explored. We generated a chromosome-level genome assembly of Portulaca amilis and sampled mRNA from P. amilis and Portulaca oleracea during CAM induction. Gene co-expression network analyses identified C4 and CAM gene modules shared and unique to both Portulaca species. A conserved CAM module linked phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase to starch turnover during the day–night transition and was enriched in circadian clock regulatory motifs in the P. amilis genome. Preservation of this co-expression module regardless of water status suggests that Portulaca constitutively operate a weak CAM cycle that is transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally upregulated during drought. C4 and CAM mostly used mutually exclusive genes for primary carbon fixation, and it is likely that nocturnal CAM malate stores are shuttled into diurnal C4 decarboxylation pathways, but we found evidence that metabolite cycling may occur at low levels. C4 likely evolved in Portulaca through co-option of redundant genes and integration of the diurnal portion of CAM. Thus, the ancestral CAM system did not strongly constrain C4 evolution because photosynthetic gene networks are not co-regulated for both daytime and nighttime functions.
Magnetic moments of the octet, decuplet, low-lying charm, and low-lying bottom baryons in a nuclear medium
Authors: Tsushima K 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
We study the magnetic moments of the octet, decuplet, low-lying charm, and low-lying bottom baryons with nonzero light quarks in symmetric nuclear matter using the quark–meson coupling (QMC) model, which satisfies the constraint for the allowed maximum change (swelling) of the in-medium nucleon size derived from the y-scaling data for 3He(e, e′) and 56Fe(e, e′). This is the first study to estimate the in-medium magnetic moments of the low-lying charm and bottom baryons with nonzero light quarks. The present QMC model also satisfies the expected allowed maximum enhancement of the nucleon magnetic moments in nuclear matter. Moreover, it has been proven that the calculated in-medium to free proton electromagnetic form factor (EMFF) ratios calculated within the QMC model reproduce well the proton EMFF super ratio extracted from $^4{\rm He}(\vec{e},e^{\prime }\vec{p})^3{\rm H}$ at Jefferson Laboratory. The medium modifications of the magnetic moments are estimated by evaluating the in-medium to free space baryon magnetic moment ratios to compensate the MIT bag deficiency to describe the free space octet baryon magnetic moments, where ratios are often measured directly in experiments even without knowing the absolute values, such as the free and bound proton electromagnetic form factors, as well as the European Muon Collaboration effect to extract the structure function F2 ratio of the bound to free nucleons by the corresponding cross section ratio. We also present the results calculated with the different current quark mass values for the strange and bottom quarks to see the possible impact. Furthermore, for practical use we give the explicit density-dependent parametrizations for the vector potentials of the baryons and light-(u, d) quarks, as well as for the effective masses of the baryons treated in this study, and of the mesons ω, ρ, K, K*, η, $\eta^{\prime}$, D, D*, B, and B*.
DSM-5 insomnia disorder in pregnancy: associations with depression, suicidal ideation, and cognitive and somatic arousal, and identifying clinical cutoffs for detection
Authors: Kalmbach David A , Cheng Philip , Roth Andrea , Roth Thomas , Swanson Leslie M , O’Brien Louise M , Fresco David M , Harb Nicholas C , Cuamatzi-Castelan Andrea S , Reffi Anthony N , Drake Christopher L 
Published: March 2022

AbstractStudy ObjectivesThe study had three primary goals. First, we estimated survey-assessed DSM-5 insomnia disorder rates in pregnancy, and described associated sociodemographics, and sleep-wake and mental health symptoms. Second, we derived cutoffs for detecting DSM-5 insomnia disorder using common self-report measures of sleep symptoms. Third, we identified clinically relevant cut-points on measures of nocturnal cognitive and somatic arousal.MethodsNinety-nine women (85.9% in the 2nd trimester) completed online surveys including DSM-5 insomnia disorder criteria, the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Presleep Arousal Scale’s Cognitive (PSASC) and Somatic (PSASS) factors, and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale.ResultsDSM-5 insomnia disorder rate was 19.2%. Insomnia was associated with depression, suicidality, nocturnal cognitive and somatic arousal, and daytime sleepiness. An ISI scoring method that aligns with DSM-5 criteria yielded excellent metrics for detecting insomnia disorder and good sleep. Regarding quantitative cutoffs, ISI ≥ 10 and ISI ≥ 11 (but not ISI ≥ 15) were supported for detecting DSM-5 insomnia, whereas ISI ≤ 7 and ISI ≤ 9 performed well for detecting good sleep. PSQI cutoff of 5 was supported for detecting insomnia and good sleep. The optimal cutoff for nocturnal cognitive arousal was PSASC ≥ 18, whereas the optimal cutoff for somatic arousal was PSASS ≥ 13.ConclusionsInsomnia disorder affects a large segment of pregnant women. Empirically derived cutoffs for insomnia, good sleep, cognitive arousal, and somatic arousal may inform case identification and future perinatal sleep research methodology.
Molecular epidemiology ofAscarisspecies recovered from humans and pigs in Cameroon
Authors: Nkouayep Vanessa R , McManus Donald P , Mbida Mpoame , Gordon Catherine A , Nejsum Peter 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundIn Cameroon, considerable research has been conducted on human ascariasis, but no studies have been undertaken to determine whether pigs contribute to the persistence of the infection in children or to unravel the evolutionary relationship between human-derived and pig-derived Ascaris.MethodsDNA was extracted from adult Ascaris worms collected from humans and pigs. Segments of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes were sequenced and analysed for 83 worms to dissect the local transmission dynamics of Ascaris in Cameroon.ResultsThe data showed high genetic diversity and revealed demographically expanding populations in the human and pig Ascaris samples. A restricted gene flow between Ascaris lumbricoides and Ascaris suum populations correlating with the preference for humans and pigs, respectively, as hosts was evident. Phylogenetic analyses and haplotype networks split the haplotypes into two major clusters, A and B. However, support for cross-transmission between hosts and hybridization were revealed through shared haplotypes among worms from both hosts.ConclusionsThis study provides useful baseline information for future studies of the genetics of Ascaris in Cameroon and suggests that effective and sustainable control of human ascariasis should target both human and pig hosts.
Current insights: a systemic review of therapeutic options for peanut allergy
Authors: O’Rourke Eimear , Tang Hilary , Chin Andrew , Long Andrew , Sindher Sayantani , Chinthrajah R. Sharon 
Published: March 2022

Purpose of review
With increasing prevalence of peanut allergy (PA) globally and the greater risk of potential reactions occurring due to the leading role of nuts in food products, PA has become a significant public health concern over the past decade, affecting up to 5 million of the US adult population. This review details updates and advances in prevalence, diagnosis, and immunotherapies that have occurred over the past year.

Recent findings
Therapeutic and diagnostic advances remain at the forefront of research and have continued to push the food allergy (FA) field forward to provide a promising role in the detection and treatment of PA. The FA field has researched significant advances in peanut immunotherapy, biomarker diagnosis, and quality of life (QoL) improvement.

Summary
Given the burden and consequences for individuals with PA, these advances delivered in clinical practice can significantly improve the QoL of individuals with PA and their caregivers. Ongoing studies will continue to investigate long-term outcome measures of desensitisation and effective management plans tailored to the families’ needs.
What is New in Pediatric Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle
Authors: Tileston Kali , Baskar Danika , Frick Steven L. 
Published: March 2022

Background:
This paper aims to report on the last 5 years of relevant research on pediatric foot and ankle pathology with specific focus on clubfoot, congenital vertical talus, toe walking, tarsal coalitions, pes planovalgus with or without accessory navicular, foot and ankle trauma, and talar dome osteochondritis dessicans.

Methods:
The Browzine platform was used to review the table of contents for all papers published in the following target journals related to the treatment of pediatric foot and ankle conditions. Search results were further refined to include clinical trials and randomized controlled trials published from March 1, 2015 to November 15, 2021.

Results:
A total of 73 papers were selected for review based on new findings and significant contributions in treatment of clubfoot, congenital vertical talus, toe walking, tarsal coalitions, pes planovalgus with or without accessory navicular, foot and ankle trauma, and talar dome osteochondritis dessicans. Also included were several papers that did not fit into any of these categories but provided new insight into specific foot and ankle pathologies.

Conclusions:
Treatment strategies for children with foot and ankle pathology are continually evolving. We review many of the most recent publications with the goal of improving understanding of these pathologies and highlighting current best practices.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Modified Velpeau Sling Application for the Treatment of Fractures Around Shoulder in Infants
Authors: Shah Maulin M. , Shah Shalin , Sangole Chinmay , Rabbi Qaisur , Gupta Gaurav , Bohra Vikas 
Published: March 2022

Background:Fractures around the shoulder region in infants are treated by arm-chest bandaging, adhesive strapping, or sling application. These conventional treatment methods are associated with issues like skin irritation, excoriation, movement of bone fragments causing muscle spasm, and difficulty in nursing care. We describe the technique of modified Velpeau sling application and reviewed its efficacy at a long-term follow-up.Methods:A retrospective study was conducted with 19 infants who presented between 2009 and 2018 to a tertiary care center in western India with either clavicle or humerus fracture. Inclusion criteria was any infant with humerus or clavicle fracture that underwent modified Velpeau sling application and had a minimum follow-up of 2 years. Patients were followed at weekly intervals until sling discontinuation based on the fracture healing. At further follow-up, children were assessed for the presence of angular or rotational malalignment and limb length discrepancy. Functional outcome was measured by the Paediatric Adolescent Shoulder Survey at the final follow-up.Results:Seven clavicle and 12 humerus fractures were treated with this technique. The mean age at presentation was 50 days (range, 1 d to 7 mo). The average follow-up was 6 years (range, 2 to 10 y). Two infants had underlying osteogenesis imperfecta. Infants without underlying pathology had no angular/rotational malalignment or limb length discrepancy, while both infants with underlying osteogenesis imperfecta had a varus alignment and shortening of the humerus. Infants without underlying pathology demonstrated good functional outcomes measured by the Paediatric Adolescent Shoulder Survey questionnaire, while those with pathology had functional limitations.Conclusions:The modified Velpeau method is an effective way of treating fractures around the shoulder region in infants without underlying pathology. Several advantages such as accessibility of sling material, easy application, inexpensive material, and absence of skin-related complications make this an effective treatment.Level of Evidence:Level IV—therapeutic study.
The Impact of Computer-Assisted Navigation on Charges and Readmission in Lumbar Spinal Fusion
Authors: Dominy Calista L. , Tang Justin E. , Arvind Varun , Cho Brian H. , White Christopher , Pasik Sara D. , Shah Kush C. , Cho Samuel K. , Kim Jun S. 
Published: March 2022

Study Design:
Retrospective National Database Study.

Objectives:
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the cost and patient outcomes associated with the utilization of computer-assisted navigation (CAN) utilization on patients undergoing lumbar spinal fusion.

Background:
CAN systems have demonstrated comparable outcomes with instrumentation and procedural speed when compared with traditional techniques. In recent years, CAN systems have seen increased adoption in spinal surgery as they allow for better contextualization of anatomical structures with the goal of improving surgical accuracy and reproducibility.

Methods:
The 2016 National Readmission Database was queried for patients with lumbar spinal fusion ICD-10 codes, with 2 subgroups created based on computer-aided navigation ICD-10 codes. Nonelective cases and patients below 18 years of age were excluded. Univariate analysis on demographics, surgical data, and total charges was performed. Postoperative complication rates were calculated based on diagnosis. Lastly, multivariate analysis was performed to assess navigation’s impact on cost and postoperative outcomes.

Results:
A total of 88,445 lumbar fusion surgery patients were identified. Of the total, 2478 (2.8%) patients underwent lumbar fusion with navigation utilization, while 85,967 (97.2%) patients underwent surgery without navigation. The average total charges were $150,947 ($150,058, $151,836) and $161,018 ($155,747, $166,289) for the non-CAN and CAN groups, respectively (P<0.001). The 30-day readmission rates were 5.3% for the non-CAN cohort and 3.1% for the CAN cohort (P<0.05). The 90-day readmission rates were 8.8% for the non-CAN cohort and 5.2% for the CAN cohort (P<0.001).

Conclusions:
CAN use was found to be significantly associated with increased cost and decreased 30-day and 90-day readmissions. Although patients operated on with CAN had increased routine discharge and decreased readmission risk, future studies must continue to evaluate the cost-benefit of CAN. Limitations include ICD-10 codes for CAN utilization being specific to region of surgery, not to exact type.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
The Utility of Flexion-Extension Radiographs in Degenerative Cervical Spondylolisthesis
Authors: Alvarez Andrew P. , Anderson Amanda , Farhan Saifal-Deen , Lu Young , Lee Yu-Po , Oh Michael , Rosen Charles , Kiester Douglas , Bhatia Nitin 
Published: March 2022

Study Design:
Retrospective radiologic analysis.

Objective:
The aim was to investigate if lateral flexion-extension radiographs identify additional cases of degenerative cervical spondylolisthesis (DCS) that would be missed by obtaining solely neutral upright radiographs, and determine the reliability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosis.

Summary of Background Data:
DCS and instability can be a cause of neck pain, radiculopathy, and even myelopathy. Standard anteroposterior and lateral radiographs and MRI of the cervical spine will identify most cervical spine pathology, but spondylolisthesis and instability are dynamic issues. Standard imaging may also miss DCS in some cases.

Methods:
We compared the number of patients who demonstrated cervical spondylolisthesis on lateral neutral and flexion-extension radiographs in addition to MRI. We used established criteria to define instability as ≥2 mm of listhesis on neutral imaging, and ≥1 mm of motion between flexion-extension radiographs.

Results:
A total of 111 patients (555 cervical levels) were analyzed. In all, 41 patients (36.9%) demonstrated cervical spondylolisthesis on neutral and/or flexion-extension radiographs. Of the 77 levels of spondylolisthesis, 17 (22.1%) were missed on neutral radiographs (P,0.05). Twenty levels (26.0%) were missed when flexion-extension radiographs were used alone (P=0.02). Twenty-nine levels (37.7%) of DCS identified on radiograph were missed by MRI (P=0.004).

Conclusions:
Lateral flexion-extension views can be useful in the diagnosis of DCS. These views provide value by identifying a significant cohort of patients that would be undiagnosed based on neutral radiographs alone. Moreover, MRI missed 38% of DCS cases identified by radiographs. Therefore, lateral radiographs can be a useful adjunct to neutral radiographs and MRI when instability is suspected or if these imaging modalities are unable to identify the source of a patient’s neck or arm pain.
The Use and Duration of Preintubation Respiratory Support Is Associated With Increased Mortality in Immunocompromised Children With Acute Respiratory Failure*
Authors: Lindell Robert B. , Fitzgerald Julie C. , Rowan Courtney M. , Flori Heidi R. , Di Nardo Matteo , Napolitano Natalie , Traynor Danielle M. , Lenz Kyle B. , Emeriaud Guillaume , Jeyapalan Asumthia , Nishisaki Akira ,   for the National Emergency Airway Registry for Children (NEAR4KIDS) and Pediatric Acute Lung Injury and Sepsis Investigators (PALISI) Network
Published: March 2022

OBJECTIVES:
To determine the association between preintubation respiratory support and outcomes in patients with acute respiratory failure and to determine the impact of immunocompromised (IC) diagnoses on outcomes after adjustment for illness severity.

DESIGN:
Retrospective multicenter cohort study.

SETTING:
Eighty-two centers in the Virtual Pediatric Systems database.

PATIENTS:
Children 1 month to 17 years old intubated in the PICU who received invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) for greater than or equal to 24 hours.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) or noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NIPPV) or both were used prior to intubation in 1,825 (34%) of 5,348 PICU intubations across 82 centers. When stratified by IC status, 50% of patients had no IC diagnosis, whereas 41% were IC without prior hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) and 9% had prior HCT. Compared with patients intubated without prior support, preintubation exposure to HFNC (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.33; 95% CI, 1.10–1.62) or NIPPV (aOR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.20–1.74) was associated with increased odds of PICU mortality. Within subgroups of IC status, preintubation respiratory support was associated with increased odds of PICU mortality in IC patients (HFNC: aOR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.11–2.03; NIPPV: aOR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.31–2.35) and HCT patients (HFNC: aOR, 1.75; 95% CI, 1.07–2.86; NIPPV: aOR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.12–3.02) compared with IC/HCT patients intubated without prior respiratory support. Preintubation exposure to HFNC/NIPPV was not associated with mortality in patients without an IC diagnosis. Duration of HFNC/NIPPV greater than 6 hours was associated with increased mortality in IC HCT patients (HFNC: aOR, 2.41; 95% CI, 1.05–5.55; NIPPV: aOR, 2.53; 95% CI, 1.04–6.15) and patients compared HCT patients with less than 6-hour HFNC/NIPPV exposure. After adjustment for patient and center characteristics, both preintubation HFNC/NIPPV use (median, 15%; range, 0–63%) and PICU mortality varied by center.

CONCLUSIONS:
In IC pediatric patients, preintubation exposure to HFNC and/or NIPPV is associated with increased odds of PICU mortality, independent of illness severity. Longer duration of exposure to HFNC/NIPPV prior to IMV is associated with increased mortality in HCT patients.