bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unraveling the mechanism of resistance in a glufosinate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) accession
Authors: Carvalho-Moore Pamela , Norsworthy Jason K. , González-Torralva Fidel , Hwang Jeong-In , Patel Jinesh D. , Barber L. Tom , Butts Thomas R. , McElroy J. Scott 
Published: June 2022

AbstractGlufosinate resistance in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) was recently detected in three accessions from Arkansas, USA. Amaranthus palmeri is the first and only broadleaf weed species resistant to this herbicide, and the resistance mechanism is still unclear. A previous study characterized the glufosinate resistance level in the accessions from Arkansas. A highly glufosinate-resistant accession was further used to investigate the mechanism conferring glufosinate resistance in A. palmeri. Experiments were designed to sequence the herbicide target enzyme cytosolic and chloroplastic glutamine synthetase isoforms (GS1 and GS2, respectively) and quantify copy number and expression. Absorption, translocation, and metabolism of glufosinate using the 14C-labeled herbicide were also evaluated in the resistant and susceptible accessions. The glufosinate-resistant accession had an increase in copy number and expression of GS2 compared with susceptible plants. All accessions showed only one GS1 copy and no differences in expression. No mutations were identified in GS1 or GS2. Absorption (54% to 60%) and metabolism (13% to 21%) were not different between the glufosinate-resistant and glufosinate-susceptible accessions. Most residues of glufosinate (94% to 98%) were present in the treated leaf. Glufosinate translocation to tissues above the treated leaf and in the roots was not different among accessions. However, glufosinate translocation to tissues below the treated leaf (not including roots) was greater in the resistant A. palmeri (2%) compared with the susceptible (less than 1%) accessions. The findings of this paper strongly indicate that gene amplification and increased expression of the chloroplastic glutamine synthetase enzyme are the mechanisms conferring glufosinate resistance in the A. palmeri accession investigated. Thus far, no additional resistance mechanism was observed, but further investigations are ongoing.
The Response of Saturn's Dawn Field‐Aligned Currents to Magnetospheric and Ring Current Conditions During Cassini's Proximal Orbits: Evidence for a Region 2 Response at Saturn
Authors: Hunt G. J. , Provan G. , Bradley T. J. , Cowley S. W. H. , Dougherty M. K. , Roussos E. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCassini's 2017 proximal orbits provided the opportunity to examine the auroral field‐aligned currents in the northern hemisphere dawn sector in relation to wider magnetospheric conditions. We combine three recent studies to examine the response of the dawn region auroral field‐aligned currents and the azimuthal ring currents to compressions and expansions of the Saturnian magnetosphere. For compressions of Saturn's magnetosphere resulting in tail reconnection, the currents within the downward current sheet, located equatorward of the main auroral oval, increases in strength with increasing total ring current and location of the peak downwards current moves inwards toward Saturn. While the inverse relation occurs during intervals of quiet or expanded magnetospheric conditions. During compression events there is an increase in the energetic particle intensities, in particular in the protons (35–506 keV), within the downward current region. This current system is akin to an Earth‐like “region 2” field aligned current within Saturn's magnetosphere, with tail reconnection occurring when the magnetosphere is compressed resulting in a partial nightside ring current closed by a downward current near to dawn. Within the upward current sheet, mapping to Saturn's main auroral oval, both non‐rotating subcorotating current and the rotating Planetary Period Oscillations (PPOs) currents flow. The upward current is strongly modulated by the PPOs but also increases in strength, with enhanced high‐energy protons, during intervals of magnetospheric compressions and tail reconnection. We conclude that the enhanced plasma injected into the midnight‐dawn sector during tail reconnection events results in an enhanced subcorotation current system.
Global System for Atmospheric Modeling: Model Description and Preliminary Results
Authors: Khairoutdinov Marat F. , Blossey Peter N. , Bretherton Christopher S. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe extension of a cloud‐resolving model, the System for Atmospheric Modeling (SAM), to global domains is described. The resulting global model, gSAM, is formulated on a latitude‐longitude grid. It uses an anelastic dynamical core with a single reference profile (as in SAM), but its governing equations differ somewhat from other anelastic models. For quasihydrostatic flows, they are isomorphic to the primitive equations (PE) in pressure coordinates but with the globally uniform reference pressure playing the role of actual pressure. As a result, gSAM can exactly maintain steady zonally symmetric baroclinic flows that have been specified in pressure coordinates, produces accurate simulations when initialized or nudged with global reanalyses, and has a natural energy conservation equation despite the drawbacks of using the anelastic system to model global scales. gSAM employs a novel treatment of topography using a type of immersed boundary method, the Quasi‐Solid Body Method, where the instantaneous flow velocity is forced to stagnate in grid cells inside a prescribed terrain. The results of several standard tests designed to evaluate the accuracy of global models with and without topography as well as results from real Earth simulations are presented.
Asymmetries in Circulation Anomalies Related to the Phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation on Synoptic Time Scales
Authors: Schmith T. , Olsen S. M. , Yang S. , Christensen J. H. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index is often characterized by independent positive and negative NAO events with a characteristic spatial pattern and a typical lifetime of around 1 week. These events are separated by periods of near‐neutral NAO conditions. Here, we challenge this view by showing in reanalysis and observed data that the strength and spatial shape of NAO events depends on the NAO index prior to the window of 1 week and this dependency is most pronounced for negative NAO events. The influence is seen in the mean sea level pressure, and in other important features, including blocking frequency and jet stream characteristics, and also in air surface temperature and precipitation in parts of Europe. This new appreciation is important for efforts to improve methods for subseasonal‐to‐seasonal predictions of NAO.
A Semi‐Empirical Approach for Tsunami Inundation: An Application to the Coasts of South Italy
Authors: Melito Lorenzo , Lalli Francesco , Postacchini Matteo , Brocchini Maurizio 
Published: June 2022

AbstractTsunamis in the Mediterranean Sea have been increasingly investigated recently due to past destructive events. We present a novel operational approach for evaluating tsunami‐induced inundation, based on a generalization of Green's law and a chain of intermediate and small‐scale simulations. At the intermediate level, simulations with a linear solver are made to identify the distribution of a novel parameter, namely α, condensing all nearshore wave transformations other than shoaling. α represents a proxy for coastal susceptibility to the tsunami impact. Small‐scale modeling of coastal flooding performed at locations for which a DTM is freely available, at the Esaro river estuary (Calabria) and in Bari (Apulia), yields inundation levels that compare well with those obtained via intermediate‐scale modeling, with a saving in computational time of about 41%. This demonstrates the value of α to “scale” the offshore wave input and reduce computational effort to evaluate flooding at regional scale.
A Dynamical Linkage Between Western North Pacific Tropical Cyclones and Indian Monsoon Low‐Pressure Systems
Authors: Srujan K. S. S. Sai , Sandeep S. , Suhas E. , Kodamana Hariprasad 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe relatively weak tropical storms, known as low‐pressure systems (LPSs), contribute as much as 60% of the seasonal precipitation over the hugely populated central India. More than a third of LPSs are formed by the downstream amplification of the westward propagating disturbances from the Pacific. Here, we show that the downstream LPS genesis is associated with the tropical cyclones (TCs) in the Western North Pacific (WNP). Four major clusters of landfalling TCs that have a relatively lesser degree of recurvature account for about 83% of the downstream LPS genesis. Causality in the fluctuations of the sea level pressure over the Bay of Bengal (BoB) prior to the initiation of LPSs is attributed to the Rossby wave activity over WNP through transfer entropy analysis. Our results suggest a potential for the prediction of the downstream synoptic activity over the BoB at least seven days ahead.
Constraints on the Role of Laplace Pressure in Multiphase Reactions and Viscosity of Organic Aerosols
Authors: Petters Sarah S. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAerosol chemistry has broad relevance for climate and global public health. The role of interfacial phenomena in condensed‐phase aerosol reactions remains poorly understood. In this work, liquid drop formalisms are coupled with high‐pressure transition state theory to formulate an expression for predicting the size‐dependence of aerosol reaction rates and viscosity. Insights from high‐pressure synthesis studies suggest that accretion and cyclization reactions are accelerated in 3–10‐nm particles smaller than 10 nm. Reactions of peroxide, epoxide, furanoid, aldol, and carbonyl functional groups are accelerated by up to tenfold. Effective rate enhancements are ranked as: cycloadditions >> aldol reactions > epoxide reactions > Baeyer‐Villiger oxidation >> imidazole formation (which is inhibited). Some reactions are enabled by the elevated pressure in particles. Viscosity increases for organic liquids but decreases for viscous or solid particles. Results suggest that internal pressure is an important consideration in studies of the physics and chemical evolution of nanoparticles.
Transient Retention of Floating Particles Captured by Emergent Vegetation Through Capillarity
Authors: Shi Wei , Peruzzo Paolo , Defina Andrea 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis work presents and discusses a series of experiments focusing on the transport of floating particles, mimicking seeds and propagules, within an array of randomly arranged cylinders mimicking emergent vegetation stems. The focus is on the temporary capture process by which particles colliding with a cylinder are trapped by surface tension for finite but relatively long retention times, thus promoting a large mechanical dispersion. Video analysis of the particle paths within the array shows that the probability of particles being captured, either temporarily or permanently, as well as the mean retention time, vary with flow velocity while being weakly affected by stem density. On the contrary, stem density plays a significant role in determining the frequency of the temporary captures; in particular, the probability of having temporary, rather than permanent, captures increases with vegetation density. We also propose some relationships to predict the probability of having temporary capture events and their mean duration based on experimental results.
Incidence of primary congenital hypothyroidism over 24 years in Finland
Authors: Danner Emmi , Niuro Laura , Huopio Hanna , Niinikoski Harri , Viikari Liisa , Kero Jukka , Jääskeläinen Jarmo 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
A rise in the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism (CH) has been reported worldwide. This nationwide study aimed to describe the secular trends and current incidence of CH in Finland.

Methods
Two independent study cohorts, a national and a regional, were collected from national registers and patient records. The national cohort represents all CH cases born in Finland between 1994 and 2017. Birth data, results of the screening test, and the incidence of CH were reviewed.

Results
Between 1994 and 2017, 1,400,028 children were born in Finland. Of these children, 503 were diagnosed with primary CH (incidence 1:2783). Male-to-female sex ratio was 1:2.0. The nationwide incidence was 33 cases per 100,000 live births between 1994 and 1999, 38 cases per 100,000 live births between 2000 and 2005, 40 cases per 100,000 live births between 2006 and 2011, and 33 cases per 100,000 live births between 2012 and 2017. In the regional cohort (n = 139), the incidence of transient CH was 3.6%. The incidence of mild, moderate, and severe CH remained constant.

Conclusions
In Finland, the incidence of CH has not changed during the 24-year study period.

Impact

As opposed to recent reports worldwide, the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism has not changed between 1994 and 2017 in Finland.

The proportions of mild, moderate, and severe congenital hypothyroidism did not change significantly over the study period.

Lowering the TSH cut-off limit or increasing immigration did not affect the incidence rate of primary congenital hypothyroidism in Finland.
Clinical, gut microbial and neural effects of a probiotic add-on therapy in depressed patients: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Schaub Anna-Chiara , Schneider Else , Vazquez-Castellanos Jorge F. , Schweinfurth Nina , Kettelhack Cedric , Doll Jessica P. K. , Yamanbaeva Gulnara , Mählmann Laura , Brand Serge , Beglinger Christoph , Borgwardt Stefan , Raes Jeroen , Schmidt André , Lang Undine E. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA promising new treatment approach for major depressive disorder (MDD) targets the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis, which is linked to physiological and behavioral functions affected in MDD. This is the first randomized controlled trial to determine whether short-term, high-dose probiotic supplementation reduces depressive symptoms along with gut microbial and neural changes in depressed patients. Patients with current depressive episodes took either a multi-strain probiotic supplement or placebo over 31 days additionally to treatment-as-usual. Assessments took place before, immediately after and again four weeks after the intervention. The Hamilton Depression Rating Sale (HAM-D) was assessed as primary outcome. Quantitative microbiome profiling and neuroimaging was used to detect changes along the MGB axis. In the sample that completed the intervention (probiotics N = 21, placebo N = 26), HAM-D scores decreased over time and interactions between time and group indicated a stronger decrease in the probiotics relative to the placebo group. Probiotics maintained microbial diversity and increased the abundance of the genus Lactobacillus, indicating the effectivity of the probiotics to increase specific taxa. The increase of the Lactobacillus was associated with decreased depressive symptoms in the probiotics group. Finally, putamen activation in response to neutral faces was significantly decreased after the probiotic intervention. Our data imply that an add-on probiotic treatment ameliorates depressive symptoms (HAM-D) along with changes in the gut microbiota and brain, which highlights the role of the MGB axis in MDD and emphasizes the potential of microbiota-related treatment approaches as accessible, pragmatic, and non-stigmatizing therapies in MDD. Trial Registration: www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT02957591.
Decoy receptor 2 mediates the apoptosis-resistant phenotype of senescent renal tubular cells and accelerates renal fibrosis in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Chen Jia , Chen Ke-hong , Wang Li-ming , Luo Jia , Zheng Quan-you , He Ya-ni 
Published: June 2022

AbstractApoptotic resistance leads to persistent accumulation of senescent cells and sustained expression of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype, playing an essential role in the progression of tissue fibrosis. However, whether senescent renal tubular epithelial cells (RTECs) exhibit an apoptosis-resistant phenotype, and the role of this phenotype in diabetic nephropathy (DN) remain unclear. Our previous study was the first to demonstrate that decoy receptor 2 (DcR2) is associated with apoptotic resistance in senescent RTECs and renal fibrosis. In this study, we aimed to further explore the mechanism of DcR2 in apoptosis-resistant RTECs and renal fibrosis in DN. DcR2 was co-localized with fibrotic markers (α-SMA, collagen IV, fibronectin), senescent marker p16, and antiapoptotic proteins FLIP and Bcl2 but rarely co-localized with caspase 3 or TUNEL. DcR2 overexpression promoted renal fibrosis in mice with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN, as evidenced by augmented Masson staining and upregulated expression of fibrotic markers. DcR2 overexpression also enhanced FLIP expression while reducing the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins (caspases 8 and 3) in senescent RTECs, resulting in apoptotic resistance. In contrast, DcR2 knockdown produced the opposite effects in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, quantitative proteomics and co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that DcR2 interacted with glucose-related protein 78 kDa (GRP78), which has been shown to promote apoptotic resistance in cancer. GRP78 exhibited co-localization with senescent and antiapoptotic markers but was rarely co-expressed with caspase 3 or TUNEL. Additionally, GRP78 knockdown decreased the apoptosis resistance of HG-induced senescent RTECs with upregulated cleaved caspase 3 and increased the percentage of apoptotic RTECs. Mechanistically, DcR2 mediated apoptotic resistance in senescent RTECs by enhancing GRP78–caspase 7 interactions and promoting Akt phosphorylation. Thus, DcR2 mediated the apoptotic resistance of senescent RTECs and renal fibrosis by interacting with GRP78, indicating that targeting the DcR2–GRP78 axis represents a promising therapeutic strategy for DN.
Adaptive liquid interfaces induce neuronal differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells through lipid raft assembly
Authors: Jia Xiaofang , Song Jingwen , Lv Wenyan , Hill Jonathan P. , Nakanishi Jun , Ariga Katsuhiko 
Published: June 2022

AbstractStem cells and their microenvironment interact cooperatively to dictate their fates. Biomaterials are dynamically remodeled by stem cells, and stem cells sense and translate the changes into cell fate decisions. We have previously reported that adaptive biomaterials composed of fibronectin inserted into protein nanosheets at a liquid interface enhance neuronal differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). However, we could not decouple clearly the effect of ligand density from that of fibrillary structure on cellular function and fate. Here we present an adaptive biomaterial based on two-dimensional networks of protein nanofibrils at a liquid–liquid interface. Compared with flat protein nanosheets, this biomaterial enhances neuronal differentiation of hMSCs through a signaling mechanism involving focal adhesion kinase. Lipid raft microdomains in plasma membrane are found to play a central role in which hMSCs rapidly adapt to the dynamic microenvironment at the fluid interface. Our finding has substantial implications for regenerative medicine and tissue engineering.
Towards n-type conductivity in hexagonal boron nitride
Authors: Lu Shiqiang , Shen Peng , Zhang Hongye , Liu Guozhen , Guo Bin , Cai Yehang , Chen Han , Xu Feiya , Zheng Tongchang , Xu Fuchun , Chen Xiaohong , Cai Duanjun , Kang Junyong 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAsymmetric transport characteristic in n- and p-type conductivity has long been a fundamental difficulty in wide bandgap semiconductors. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) can achieve p-type conduction, however, the n-type conductivity still remains unavailable. Here, we demonstrate a concept of orbital split induced level engineering through sacrificial impurity coupling and the realization of efficient n-type transport in 2D h-BN monolayer. We find that the O 2pz orbital has both symmetry and energy matching to the Ge 4pz orbital, which promises a strong coupling. The introduction of side-by-side O to Ge donor can effectively push up the donor level by the formation of another sacrificial deep level. We discover that a Ge-O2 trimer brings the extremely shallow donor level and very low ionization energy. By low-pressure chemical vapor deposition method, we obtain the in-situ Ge-O doping in h-BN monolayer and successfully achieve both through-plane (~100 nA) and in-plane (~20 nA) n-type conduction. We fabricate a vertically-stacked n-hBN/p-GaN heterojunction and show distinct rectification characteristics. The sacrificial impurity coupling method provides a highly viable route to overcome the n-type limitation of h-BN and paves the way for the future 2D optoelectronic devices.
Six-month follow-up of a booster dose of CoronaVac in two single-centre phase 2 clinical trials
Authors: Xin Qianqian , Wu Qianhui , Chen Xinhua , Han Bihua , Chu Kai , Song Yan , Jin Hui , Chen Panpan , Lu Wanying , Yang Tuantuan , Li Minjie , Zhao Yuliang , Pan Hongxing , Yu Hongjie , Wang Lin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDetermining the duration of immunity induced by booster doses of CoronaVac is crucial for informing recommendations for booster regimens and adjusting immunization strategies. In two single-centre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 clinical trials, immunogenicity and safety of four immunization regimens are assessed in adults aged 18 to 59 years and one immunization regimen in adults aged 60 years and older, respectively. Serious adverse events occurring within 6 months after booster doses are recorded as pre-specified secondary endpoints, geometric mean titres (GMTs) of neutralising antibodies one year after the 3-dose schedule immunization and 6 months after the booster doses are assessed as pre-specified exploratory endpoints, GMT fold-decreases in neutralization titres are assessed as post-hoc analyses. Neutralising antibody titres decline approximately 4-fold and 2.5-fold from day 28 to day 180 after third doses in adults aged 18–59 years of age and in adults aged 60 years and older, respectively. No safety concerns are identified during the follow-up period. There are increases in the magnitude and duration of humoral response with homologous booster doses of CoronaVac given 8 months after a primary two-dose immunization series, which could prolong protection and contribute to building our wall of population immunity. Trial number: NCT04352608 and NCT04383574.
AutoPhaseNN: unsupervised physics-aware deep learning of 3D nanoscale Bragg coherent diffraction imaging
Authors: Yao Yudong , Chan Henry , Sankaranarayanan Subramanian , Balaprakash Prasanna , Harder Ross J. , Cherukara Mathew J. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe problem of phase retrieval underlies various imaging methods from astronomy to nanoscale imaging. Traditional phase retrieval methods are iterative and are therefore computationally expensive. Deep learning (DL) models have been developed to either provide learned priors or completely replace phase retrieval. However, such models require vast amounts of labeled data, which can only be obtained through simulation or performing computationally prohibitive phase retrieval on experimental datasets. Using 3D X-ray Bragg coherent diffraction imaging (BCDI) as a representative technique, we demonstrate AutoPhaseNN, a DL-based approach which learns to solve the phase problem without labeled data. By incorporating the imaging physics into the DL model during training, AutoPhaseNN learns to invert 3D BCDI data in a single shot without ever being shown real space images. Once trained, AutoPhaseNN can be effectively used in the 3D BCDI data inversion about 100× faster than iterative phase retrieval methods while providing comparable image quality.