bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orwell the Humorist
Authors: Seaber Luke 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines how Orwell can be considered a humorist, examining not how he analyses humour (which has been explored before) but rather how he himself deploys humour. It begins by looking at how Orwell uses outrageous statements to generate humour in non-fiction before moving to an in-depth case study of the unexpected humour of Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), making the argument that the novel is at heart a bitter joke about memory. It will explore how, in his final novel, Orwell used the collective nature of shared jokes and in-jokes to make points about how totalitarianism might be resisted.
Orwell the Essayist
Authors: Marks Peter 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines George Orwell’s essays, a body of work many critics see as his greatest literary achievement. While recognized as one of the English language’s finest essayists, Orwell’s reputation is largely posthumous, achieved mostly as the result of collections published after his death. This chapter briefly explores the essay as a long-established literary form, noting the centrality of any individual writer’s personal ‘voice’ to the variety and vitality of essays over the centuries. In Orwell’s case, it foregrounds the importance of literary and political periodicals to the initial publication of his views on topics as diverse as shooting an elephant, boys’ magazines, atom bombs, toads, and Charles Dickens. The chapter argues that Orwell’s essays, in the diversity of their subject matter, and in the clarity, vivacity, and power of their expression, graphically illustrate his enduring and compelling qualities as a writer and as a cultural and political critic.
Conceptualizing Authoritarianism
Authors: Ermakoff Ivan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Authoritarianism evokes phenomenal realities of different kinds: rules, behaviors, institutional settings, representations, dispositions, and attitudes. Given this lack of fixed meaning, the present chapter addresses conceptual issues by considering designs, tools, and argumentative frameworks centered on authoritarian regimes. This practical lens highlights five modes of conceptualization defined as ways of articulating a type of understanding with an approach and a focus. Cast in ethical terms, the a priori mode relates autocracy to the deprivation of collective choice and capacity. Scale-based approaches measure the degree to which features deemed definitional of democracy are absent or depleted. A typological approach sorts out authoritarian polities by categorizing ways of capturing and managing state power. When we shift to dimensional thinking, the focus is on regime attributes mapping a space of variation. A generic understanding conceptualizes the genus of authoritarian power as unconditional, temporally unbounded and unaccountable. Delineating these five modes of conceptualization brings into relief contrasts, challenges, and complementarities.
L’évaluation et les soins des enfants chez qui on présume un trouble d’apprentissage en pratique communautaire
Authors: Cohen-Silver Justine , van den Heuvel Meta , Freeman Sloane , Ogilvie Jacqueline , Chobotuk Tara 
Published: February 2025

Résumé
Les difficultés d’apprentissage sont courantes chez les enfants d’âge scolaire, puisque de 5 % à 10 % répondent aux critères de trouble spécifique des apprentissages (qu’on appelait auparavant simplement « trouble d’apprentissage »). En pratique communautaire, elles peuvent se manifester par des problèmes de comportement, l’évitement scolaire ou des symptômes de problème de santé mentale. Les problèmes connexes peuvent inclure un trouble de santé mentale, une affection génétique, métabolique ou neurologique ou un retard de développement. Le présent point de pratique fournit des conseils aux professionnels de la santé auprès des enfants eu égard aux manifestations et aux diagnostics de trouble spécifique des apprentissages, y compris de l’information sur les évaluations psychoéducatives, le bilan médical des enfants qui ont des difficultés d’apprentissage, les possibles problèmes comorbides ainsi que les points à améliorer et les prises de position en appui aux familles et aux enfants qui présentent une série de problèmes d’apprentissage.
Spherulites as Recorders of Multi-Batch Felsic Magma Transport and Time Scales: A Case Study from Southeast of China
Authors: Zhu Yulin , Chen Suyu , Bai Changhua 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Granite, formed by the consolidation of felsic magma, is widely exposed on the surface of the Earth’s continents. However, the physical processes behind the transport of felsic magma from the deep crust to the surface remain poorly understood. Recently, the fracture-dike transfer model has gained widespread acceptance as a comprehensive theory explaining the ascent, transport, and emplacement of felsic magma in the crustal magma plumbing. Observing the magma migration process has been challenging due to the hidden geological evidence. Currently, no geological feature accurately tracks the transport path, composition evolution, and time scale of magma during its ascent. In this paper, we report the discovery of numerous spherulites that developed in two spherulitic rhyolite porphyry dikes. Based on the petrographic and geochemical characteristics of spherulites, we established that the ascent and emplacement processes of the magma were caused by continuous supply from deep magma sources and repeated episodes of ascent. Finally, magma source depletion halted its ascent and stabilization of its location at a depth of about 3 km below the ancient surface. According to the growth rate of the spherulites when the magma resided in the magma chamber, we quantitatively calculated that the magma resided in the three magma chambers for a total residence time of about 90 days. These findings provide valuable insights into the accumulation, ascent, and emplacement of multiple batches of magma into large rock bodies. These insights advance the understanding of the felsic magma plumbing system and provide constrained quantitative data on the dynamics of magma migration in the subsurface magma plumbing systems of volcanoes. Natural spherulites usually occur in rhyolite and obsidian around volcanic institutions. The magma migration path recorded by spherulites in this case study and the established spherulite geochronological method should have general applicability to a larger range of volcanic rock areas with similar geological backgrounds.
S-RNase Evolution in Self-Incompatibility: Phylogenomic Insights into Synteny with Class I T2 RNase Genes
Authors: Liu Yunxiao , Zhang Yangxin , Han Songxue , Guo Bocheng , Liang Jiakai , Yu Ze , Yang Fan , Sun Yaqiang , Xue Jiayu , Lin Zongcheng , Schranz M Eric , Guan Changfei , Ma Fengwang , Zhao Tao 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
S-RNases are essential in the gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system of many flowering plants, where they act as stylar-S determinants. Despite their prominence, the syntenic genomic origin and evolutionary trajectory of S-RNase genes in eudicots have remained largely unclear. Here, we performed large-scale phylogenetic and microsynteny network analyses of T2 RNase genes across 130 angiosperm genomes, encompassing 35 orders and 56 families. S-like RNase genes in Cucurbitaceae species phylogenetically grouped with functionally characterized S-RNases in various species. Additionally, Cucurbitaceae S-like RNase genes showed conserved synteny with Class I T2 RNase genes. From this, we inferred that the well-characterized S-RNase genes (belonging to Class III-A genes) and Class I T2 RNase genes (located on duplicated genomic blocks) likely derived from the gamma triplication event shared by core eudicots. Additionally, we identified frequent lineage-specific gene transpositions of S-RNases and S-like RNases across diverse angiosperm lineages, including Rosaceae, Solanaceae, and Rutaceae families, accompanied by a significant increase in transposable element (TE) activity near these genes. Our findings delineate the genomic origin and evolutionary path of eudicot S-RNase genes, enhancing our understanding of the evolution of the S-RNase-based GSI system.
The transcription factors AdNAC3 and AdMYB19 regulate kiwifruit ripening through brassinosteroid and ethylene signaling networks
Authors: Yang Yaming , Chen Ming , Zhu Qinggang , Lv Yanrong , Liu Cuihua , Wei Yun , Cha Guili , Shi Xiaoyan , Ren Xiaolin , Ding Yuduan 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The pivotal role of ethylene (ETH) in fruit ripening has been extensively studied; however, the function of brassinosteroids (BRs) in regulating fruit ripening remains poorly understood. Specifically, the mechanism by which BRs interact with ETH to affect kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) ripening is unclear. Our research showed that two genes encoding transcription factors, AdNAC3 and AdMYB19, and the fruit softening gene AdEXP3 (encoding a cell wall expansion protein, expansin 3) were upregulated by ETH and downregulated by BRs. Furthermore, AdNAC3 and AdMYB19 positively regulated the activity of the AdEXP3 promoter, and AdNAC3 positively regulated the promoter activity of AdMYB19. The physical interaction between AdNAC3 and the B-box-type zinc finger protein AdBBX32 affected fruit ripening. Transient overexpression and silencing experiments revealed that ETH upregulated and BRs downregulated the expression of AdNAC3 and AdMYB19, thereby regulating the expression level of AdEXP3 and participating in pectin degradation. Stable transformation of AdNAC3 in tomato fruits accelerated fruit color change and promoted fruit ripening. These results indicate that AdNAC3 and AdMYB19 are involved in the hormone interaction between BRs and ETH in regulating kiwifruit ripening, providing insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between BRs and ETH.
Mind the Breath: Feasibility of Capnography-Assisted Learned Monitored (CALM) Breathing for Dyspnea Treatment
Authors: Norweg Anna , Oh Cheongeun , DiMango Angela , Hofferber Brittany , Spinner Michael , Stavrolakes Kimberly , Pavol Marykay , Lindenauer Peter , Murphy Charles G. , Simon Naomi M. 
Published: February 2025

Purpose:
To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of Capnography-Assisted Learned Monitored (CALM) Breathing, a carbon dioxide (CO2) biofeedback, and motivational interviewing intervention, to treat dyspnea and anxiety together.

Methods:
We randomized adults (n = 42) with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) to a 4-week, 8-session intervention (CALM Breathing, n = 20) or usual care (n = 22). The CALM Breathing intervention consisted of tailored, slow nasal breathing exercises, capnography biofeedback, motivational interviewing, and a home breathing exercise program. The intervention targeted unlearning dysfunctional breathing behaviors. All participants were offered outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) in the second phase of the study. The primary outcomes were feasibility and acceptability of CALM Breathing. Exploratory secondary outcomes included respiratory and mood symptoms, physiological and exercise tolerance measures, quality of life, and PR uptake.

Results:
Attendance at CALM Breathing sessions was 84%, dropout was 5%, and home exercise completion was 90% and 73% based on paper and device logs, respectively. Satisfaction with CALM Breathing therapy was rated as “good” to “excellent” by 92% of participants. Significantly greater between-group improvements in secondary outcomes—respiratory symptoms, activity avoidance, oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal CO2, and breathing self-regulation (interoception)—were found post-intervention at 6 weeks in support of CALM Breathing compared with usual care. At 3 months (after PR initiation), statistically significant between-group differences in Borg dyspnea and SpO2 post-6-minute walk test were identified also supporting CALM Breathing.

Conclusions:
Patient-centered CALM Breathing was feasible and acceptable in adults with COPD and dyspnea anxiety. A CALM Breathing intervention may optimize dyspnea treatment and complement PR.
A curious case of endogenous Ramularia endophthalmitis presenting as acute angle closure
Authors: Jeremy P Williamson , Richard Y Sarafian , David Pham , Joseph J Park 
Published: February 2025

Purpose:
To report on an interesting case of fungal endogenous endophthalmitis in a patient that was referred in for acute angle closure. A unique presentation with a novel pathogen, Ramularia, identified on vitreous sampling.

Methods:
Case report

Results:
This report describes a patient referred for presumed angle closure with a painful red left eye, an intraocular pressure of 39mmHg and perception to light vision. Ramularia species DNA – a novel fungus, was identified on PCR from sterile vitreous sampling during subsequent vitrectomy, performed due to worsening vision. Following vitrectomy, the patient improved with topical voriconazole and oral posaconazole which was second line therapy after oral voriconazole caused hepatoxicity. The patient had a good visual outcome with a final visual acuity of 20/50, 18 months post presentation.

Conclusion:
This case highlights the unique presentation, treatment, and good outcome of a patient with endogenous endophthalmitis from a novel fungus, Ramularia.
Navigating Copyright Law and Fair Use in the Age of Digital Education
Authors: Noller Diana T. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Intellectual property laws were not originally designed to address digital classrooms and shared online learning environments, but these concerns are now relevant to many educational institutions. The recent expansion of technology utilization in health professions education presents educators with the challenges to accurately interpret copyright law and implement best practices under the tenets of fair use. Discerning legal and ethical parameters relevant to copyright law will encourage the implementation of best practices in disseminating information and creating appropriate learning activities in the age of digital education.
Cost-effectiveness Analysis of the Technology-Enhanced Community Health Nursing Program for Adolescent Girls and Young Adult Women with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Authors: Ballreich Jeromie , Frick K. Davina , Huettner Steve , Perin Jamie , Gaydos Charlotte , Anders Jennifer , Rothman Richard , Trent Maria 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACT

Background
Pelvic inflammatory Disease (PID) disproportionately impacts adolescents and young adult women. The Technology-Enhanced Community Health Nursing (TECH-N) trial demonstrated the potential benefit of a novel community health intervention for adolescents with PID. We assess the cost-effectiveness of TECH-N compared to standard care.

Methods
We constructed a cohort Markov model to assess the cost-effectiveness of TECH-N for adolescents with PID in an urban setting. The model used nine health states: PID, two states for STIs, four states for PID sequelae, recovery and deceased states. The cohort consisted of 18-year-old female adolescents with mild to moderate PID. Transition probabilities were derived from the TECH-N clinical trial and published literature. Health state utilities were derived from published literature. Intervention costs were estimated using TECH-N data, and health state costs were derived from published literature and public databases. The model took a health system perspective over a 10-year time horizon. Sensitivity analyses were used to assess uncertainty. Cost-effectiveness was estimated using the discounted incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) with effects measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs).

Results
Over ten years, the TECH-N cohort generated 8.16 QALYs per individual at a cost of $20,419 compared to standard care with 8.14 QALYs costing $20,492. The resulting ICER was negative since the intervention produced more QALYs at a lower cost; suggesting TECH-N is cost-saving.

Conclusions
Our model suggests the TECH-N intervention yields better outcomes at lower overall costs. Additionally, the nature of TECH-N lends itself to being coupled with other home-health/community strategies, which could further improve its value proposition.
Flecainide Intoxication
Authors: Fan Shumin , Norton Keith Norman 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Flecainide is among the most prescribed antiarrhythmic medications and is used to effectively treat recurrent arrhythmia and maintain normal sinus rhythm by acting as a sodium channel blocker. However, its potent effects and narrow therapeutic window pose increasing risks of flecainide intoxication and ensuing morbidity and mortality. Here we report an unusual case of suicide by intentional flecainide overdose. This case demonstrates the importance of early recognition and treatment in avoiding the adverse consequences of flecainide intoxication, and it also demonstrates the importance of appropriate use and safe storage of flecainide.
Extubation Practices and Outcomes During Pediatric Respiratory Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: Analysis of the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization Registry, 2018–2022
Authors: Rufener Christina R. , Boulil Zaineb , Suttner Denise M. , Werho David K. , Harvey Helen A. , Bak Erica I. , O’Brien Nicole , Kudchadkar Sapna R. , Coufal Nicole G. 
Published: February 2025

Objectives:
To evaluate the outcomes associated with extubation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in pediatric patients.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study using the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO) registry, 2018–2022.

Setting:
Multicenter and international database of all ECMO centers in the ELSO registry.

Patients:
Patients between 30 days and 18 years old receiving pulmonary ECMO support.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Overall, 2178 patients were included, of which 105 were extubated during ECMO support (4.8%). Analysis of pre-ECMO data failed to identify an association between extubation strategy and severity using the Pediatric Pulmonary Rescue with ECMO Prediction (P-PREP) score. Use of extubation, vs. not, was associated with older age (median, 6.1 vs. 2.5 yr; p = 0.006), and longer ECMO duration (median 12.9 vs. 7.1 d; p < 0.0001). We failed to identify an association between the use of extubation, vs. not, and ECMO complications. In a propensity matching analysis with 3:1 matching of nonextubated to extubated cases, mortality was 34.3% and 43.8%, respectively (p = 0.08). In the matched subset, extubation, vs. not, was associated with shorter median PICU length of stay (LOS) after decannulation (6.6 vs. 12.2 d; p = 0.001) and higher use of mobilization (28.6% vs. 9.8%; p < 0.0001). In a multivariable analysis, we failed to identify an association between using the extubation strategy, vs. not, and greater odds of mortality (odds ratio, 1.74; 95% CI, 0.94–3.27; p = 0.08). However, we cannot exclude the possibility that the use of an extubation strategy is associated with greater odds of mortality.

Conclusions:
In the 2018–2022 ELSO registry data, extubating pediatric patients on ECMO for pulmonary cause was an uncommon practice, associated with improved mobility and decreased ICU LOS after ECMO decannulation. However, given the concerns about mortality, careful consideration of patient candidacy and further studies are needed.
Shape parameters of evolutionary trees in theoretical computer science
Authors: Fuchs Michael 
Published: February 2025

Shape parameters, e.g. balance indices, of evolutionary trees have been extensively studied under the Yule model in phylogenetics. Independently, many of the same parameters have also been studied for random binary search trees in computer science, where they measure the running time of algorithms. In fact, under the Yule and binary search tree models, these parameters have the same distribution, resulting in many identical discoveries. In this survey, we explain these connections and introduce some of the tools that have been used in computer science to derive stochastic results for shape parameters.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘“A mathematical theory of evolution”: phylogenetic models dating back 100 years’.
Reading tree leaves: inferring speciation and extinction processes using phylogenies
Authors: Rannala Bruce , Yang Ziheng 
Published: February 2025

The birth–death process (BDP) is widely used in evolutionary biology as a model for generating phylogenetic trees of species. The generalized birth–death process (GBDP) allows rate variation over time, with speciation and extinction rates to be arbitrary functions of time. Here we review the probability theory underpinning the GBDP as a model of cladogenesis and recent findings concerning its identifiability. The GBDP with arbitrary continuous rate functions has been shown to be non-identifiable from lineage-through-time data: even with species phylogenies of infinite size the parameters cannot be estimated. However, a restricted class of BDPs with piecewise-constant rates has been shown to be identifiable. We review and illustrate these results using simple examples and discuss their implications for biologists interested in inferring the past tempo and mode of evolution using reconstructed phylogenetic trees.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘“A mathematical theory of evolution”: phylogenetic models dating back 100 years’.
Conditional Success of Adaptive Therapy: The Role of Treatment-Holiday Thresholds Revealed by Mathematical Modeling
Authors: Sun Lanfei , Zhang Haifeng , Kang Kai , Wang Xiaoxin , Zhang Leyi , Cai Yanan , Zhuge Changjing , Zhang Lei 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARYAdaptive therapy (AT) improves cancer treatment by controlling the competition between sensitive and resistant cells through treatment holidays. This study highlights the critical role of treatment-holiday thresholds in AT for tumors composed of drug-sensitive and resistant cells. Using a Lotka-Volterra model, the research compares AT with maximum tolerated dose therapy and intermittent therapy, showing that AT’s success largely depends on the threshold at which treatment is paused and resumed, as well as on the competition between sensitive and resistant cells. Three scenarios of comparison between AT and other therapies are identified: uniform-decline, conditional-improve, and uniform-improve, illustrating that optimizing the treatment-holiday threshold is crucial for AT effectiveness. Tumor composition, including initial tumor burden and the proportion of resistant cells, influences outcomes. Adjusting threshold values enables AT to suppress resistant subclones, preserving sensitive cells, ultimately improving progression-free survival. These findings emphasize the importance of personalized treatment strategies potentially enhancing long-term therapeutic outcomes.