bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconciling the Theory and the Practice of the Rule of Law in the European Union Measuring the Rule of Law
Authors: Beqiraj Julinda , Moxham Lucy 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe Rule of Law has gained global appeal and recognition, and is one of the fundamental values upon which the European Union (EU) is based, as set out in Article 2 of the Treaty on European Union. In Sect. 1, we briefly consider the main elements of the Rule of Law, in particular those definitions used in the context of the EU, the Council of Europe and the United Nations (UN). Whilst acknowledging that there are national differences among EU Member States, there is broad consensus around the core meaning of the Rule of Law. These definitional issues help frame the discussion that follows on measuring the Rule of Law. In Sect. 2, we outline some general considerations regarding the rationale for measuring the Rule of Law, followed by some specific examples of measurement tools in the context of the Council of Europe (e.g., the European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ) tools on evaluating the efficiency and quality of European judicial systems, and the Venice Commission Rule of Law Checklist); the EU (e.g., the EU Justice Scoreboard, the Special Eurobarometer on the Rule of Law, and the Rule of Law Report); and the UN (e.g., the Sustainable Development Goals). In Sect. 3, we consider current Rule of Law trends in light of results from a range of datasets (including the Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) indices, the Democracy Barometer, the Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI), and the World Justice Project’s Rule of Law Index).
Real-time space object tracklet extraction from telescope survey images with machine learning
Authors: De Vittori Andrea , Cipollone Riccardo , Di Lizia Pierluigi , Massari Mauro 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this study, a novel approach based on the U-Net deep neural network for image segmentation is leveraged for real-time extraction of tracklets from optical acquisitions. As in all machine learning (ML) applications, a series of steps is required for a working pipeline: dataset creation, preprocessing, training, testing, and post-processing to refine the trained network output. Online websites usually lack ready-to-use datasets; thus, an in-house application artificially generates 360 labeled images. Particularly, this software tool produces synthetic night-sky shots of transiting objects over a specified location and the corresponding labels: dual-tone pictures with black backgrounds and white tracklets. Second, both images and labels are downscaled in resolution and normalized to accelerate the training phase. To assess the network performance, a set of both synthetic and real images was inputted. After the preprocessing phase, real images were fine-tuned for vignette reduction and background brightness uniformity. Additionally, they are down-converted to eight bits. Once the network outputs labels, post-processing identifies the centroid right ascension and declination of the object. The average processing time per real image is less than 1.2 s; bright tracklets are easily detected with a mean centroid angular error of 0.25 deg in 75% of test cases with a 2 deg field-of-view telescope. These results prove that an ML-based method can be considered a valid choice when dealing with trail reconstruction, leading to acceptable accuracy for a fast image processing pipeline.
Histoires globales de l’Europe contemporaine
Authors: Evans Richard J. 
Published: April 2022

Histoires globales de l’Europe contemporaineLa profession d’historien est apparue en Europe au xixe siècle, en même temps que l’émergence de l’État-nation. Les historiens de la période moderne et contemporaine se sont surtout concentrés sur l’histoire politique des États-nations et l’histoire diplomatique des relations entre eux. Les aspects globaux de l’histoire européenne ont principalement été abordés sous l’angle de l’influence de l’Europe sur d’autres parties du monde, comme dans la « double révolution » d’Eric Hobsbawm (les répercussions mondiales de la Révolution française et de la révolution industrielle) ou l’histoire des possessions coloniales de l’Europe. Pourtant, de nombreux développements clefs dans l’Europe des xixe et xxe siècles, du libéralisme des révolutions latino-américaines des années 1820 aux retombées économiques de la culture du coton adossée à l’esclavage dans le Sud des États-Unis, furent manifestement sensibles aux influences mondiales. Les processus de globalisation de la fin du xxe siècle ont permis de les mettre en lumière et ont alimenté une approche qui place l’histoire de l’Europe dans un contexte global d’interaction mutuelle. Pourtant, l’État-nation n’est pas mort, et les gouvernements nationaux encouragent vigoureusement un retour aux histoires nationales au service d’une éducation patriotique. Si l’histoire globale n’est pas appelée à disparaître, sa place dans le système éducatif, en particulier dans les programmes scolaires, reste fortement contestée.
La fabrique économique de l’Europe: Les origines extra-européennes de l’Ancien Monde
Authors: Beckert Sven 
Published: April 2022

La fabrique économique de l’Europe Les origines extra-européennes de l’Ancien MondeCet article s’intéresse à la manière dont les historiens et les économistes ont pensé l’histoire économique de l’Europe. Il remarque que les explications internes qui accordent peu d’attention au monde non européen ont dominé pendant plus d’un siècle, et passe en revue certaines des raisons de cet eurocentrisme. Cependant, un tel nombrilisme a également été de plus en plus contesté depuis un certain temps, d’abord principalement par des universitaires et des militants non européens. L’article explore enfin les débats actuels au sein de la discipline et sa reconnaissance croissante des interactions entre les économies européennes et non européennes. Deux sujets de discussion ayant joué un rôle crucial dans cette évolution sont particulièrement détaillés : la question du rôle de l’esclavage dans le développement économique européen et les riches débats qui ont lieu dans le domaine relativement nouveau de l’histoire globale du travail. Finalement, si les efforts visant à écrire l’histoire économique de l’Europe en la confinant à ses propres frontières mal définies peuvent répondre à des besoins politiques particuliers, ils sont, dans les faits, historiquement trompeurs.
Polycera norvegica is a valid species, and a plea for good taxonomic practices – a reply to Korshunova et al., 2021
Authors: Malaquias Manuel António E. , Sørensen Cecilie Gotaas , Rauch Cessa , Pola Marta 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this letter we highlight the inconsistencies and dismantle the arguments used by Korshunova et al. (2021) where the authors have treated the nudibranch species Polycera norvegica as a junior synonym of Polycera capitata (original designation: Thecacera capitata). We show that in accordance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, Thecacera capitata should be considered a nomen dubium, and we reinstate Polycera norvegica as the valid name of this species.
The psychosocial antecedents of the adherence to the Mediterranean diet
Authors: Carfora Valentina , Morandi Maria , Jelić Anđela , Catellani Patrizia 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjective:Most previous research on the antecedents of healthy food choice has not investigated the links between these antecedents and has focused on specific food choice rather than on an overall diet. In the present study, we tested the plausibility of an integrated theoretical model aiming to explain the role of different psychosocial factors in increasing the intention to adhere to the Mediterranean Diet (MeDiet).Design:An online survey measured participants’ attitude and perceived behavioural control (i.e. rational antecedents), subjective norm (i.e. social antecedent), positive and negative anticipated emotions (i.e. emotional antecedents), food choice health and mood motives (i.e. motivational antecedents), past adherence to the MeDiet (i.e. behavioural antecedent), and intention to adhere to the MeDiet.Setting:Italy.Participants:1940 adults: 1086 females; 854 males; mean age = 35·65; sd = 14·75; age range = 18–84.Results:Structural Equation Modelling (sem) analyses confirmed the plausibility of the proposed model. Perceived behavioural control was the strongest rational antecedent of intention, followed by the emotional (i.e. anticipated emotions) and the social (i.e. subjective norm) antecedents. Mediation analysis showed that motivational antecedents had only an indirect impact on intention via emotional antecedents. Finally, multigroup sem analysis highlighted that past adherence to the MeDiet moderated the hypothesised paths among all the study variables.Conclusions:The above findings advance our comprehension of which antecedents public communication might leverage to promote an increase in the adherence to the MeDiet.
Can food parenting practices explain the association between parental education and children’s food intake? The Feel4Diabetes-study
Authors: Flores-Barrantes Paloma , Mavrogianni Christina , Iglesia Iris , Mahmood Lubna , Willems Ruben , Cardon Greet , De Vylder Flore , Liatis Stavros , Makrilakis Konstantinos , Martinez Remberto , Schwarz Peter , Rurik Imre , Antal Emese , Iotova Violeta , Tsochev Kaloyan , Chakarova Nevena , Kivelä Jemina , Wikström Katja , Manios Yannis , Moreno Luis A 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of food parenting practices (FPP), including home availability of different types of foods and drinks, parental modelling of fruit intake, permissiveness and the use of food as a reward in the relationship between parental education and dietary intake in European children.Design:Single mediation analyses were conducted to explore whether FPP explain associations between parents’ educational level and children’s dietary intake measured by a parent-reported FFQ.Setting:Six European countries.Participants:Parent–child dyads (n 6705, 50·7 % girls, 88·8 % mothers) from the Feel4Diabetes-study.Results:Children aged 8·15 ± 0·96 years were included. Parental education was associated with children’s higher intake of water, fruits and vegetables and lower intake of sugar-rich foods and savoury snacks. All FPP explained the associations between parental education and dietary intake to a greater or lesser extent. Specifically, home availability of soft drinks explained 59·3 % of the association between parental education and sugar-rich food intake. Home availability of fruits and vegetables was the strongest mediators in the association between parental education and fruit and vegetable consumption (77·3 % and 51·5 %, respectively). Regarding savoury snacks, home availability of salty snacks and soft drinks was the strongest mediators (27·6 % and 20·8 %, respectively).Conclusions:FPP mediate the associations between parental education and children’s dietary intake. This study highlights the importance of addressing FPP in future interventions targeting low-educated populations.
Characterizing Changes in Eastern U.S. Pollution Events in a Warming World
Authors: Fiore Arlene M. , Milly George P. , Hancock Sarah E. , Quiñones Laurel , Bowden Jared H. , Helstrom Erik , Lamarque Jean‐François , Schnell Jordan , West J. Jason , Xu Yangyang 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRisk assessments of air pollution impacts on human health and ecosystems would ideally consider a broad set of climate and emission scenarios, as well as natural internal climate variability. We analyze initial condition chemistry‐climate ensembles to gauge the significance of greenhouse‐gas‐induced air pollution changes relative to internal climate variability, and consider response differences in two models. To quantify the effects of climate change on the frequency and duration of summertime regional‐scale pollution episodes over the Eastern United States (EUS), we apply an Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis to a 3‐member GFDL‐CM3 ensemble with prognostic ozone and aerosols and a 12‐member NCAR‐CESM1 ensemble with prognostic aerosols under a 21st century RCP8.5 scenario with air pollutant emissions frozen in 2005. Correlations between GFDL‐CM3 principal components for ozone, PM2.5 and temperature represent spatiotemporal relationships discerned previously from observational analysis. Over the Northeast region, both models simulate summertime surface temperature increases of over 4°C from 2006–2025 to 2081–2100 and PM2.5 of up to 1–4 μg m−3. The ensemble average decadal incidence of upper quartile Northeast PM2.5 events lasting at least three days doubles in GFDL‐CM3 and increases by ∼50% in CESM1. In other EUS regions, inter‐model differences in PM2.5 responses to climate change cannot be explained solely by internal climate variability. Our EOF‐based approach anticipates future opportunities to data‐mine initial condition chemistry‐climate model ensembles for probabilistic assessments of changing regional‐scale pollution and heat event frequency and duration, while obviating the need to bias‐correct concentration‐based thresholds separately in individual models.
Linking Water Quality to Drinking Water Treatment Costs Using Time Series Analysis: Examining the Effect of a Treatment Plant Upgrade in Ohio
Authors: Heberling Matthew T. , Price James I. , Nietch Christopher T. , Elovitz Michael , Smucker Nathan J. , Schupp Donald A. , Safwat Amr , Neyer Tim 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe estimate a cost function for a water treatment plant in Ohio to assess the avoided‐treatment costs resulting from improved source water quality. Regulations and source water concerns motivated the treatment plant to upgrade its treatment process by adding a granular activated carbon building in 2012. The cost function uses daily observations from 2013 to 2016; this allows us to compare the results to a cost function estimated for 2007–2011 for the same plant. Both models focus on understanding the relationship between treatment costs per 1,000 gallons (per 3.79 m3) of produced drinking water and predictor variables such as turbidity, pH, total organic carbon, deviations from target pool elevation, final production, and seasonal variables. Different from the 2007–2011 model, the 2013–2016 model includes a harmful algal bloom toxin variable. We find that the new treatment process leads to a different cost model than the one that covers 2007–2011. Both total organic carbon and algal toxin are important drivers for the 2013–2016 treatment costs. This reflects a significant increase in cyanobacteria cell densities capable of producing toxins in the source water between time periods. The 2013–2016 model also reveals that positive and negative shocks to treatment costs affect volatility, the changes in the variance of costs through time, differently. Positive shocks, or increased costs, lead to higher volatility compared to negative shocks, or decreased costs, of similar magnitude. After quantifying the changes in treatment costs due to changes in source water quality, we discuss how the study results inform policy‐relevant decisions.
PD-L1 and ICOSL discriminate human Secretory and Helper dendritic cells in cancer, allergy and autoimmunity
Authors: Hoffmann Caroline , Noel Floriane , Grandclaudon Maximilien , Massenet-Regad Lucile , Michea Paula , Sirven Philemon , Faucheux Lilith , Surun Aurore , Lantz Olivier , Bohec Mylene , Ye Jian , Guo Weihua , Rochefort Juliette , Klijanienko Jerzy , Baulande Sylvain , Lecerf Charlotte , Kamal Maud , Le Tourneau Christophe , Guillot-Delost Maude , Soumelis Vassili 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDendritic cells (DC) are traditionally classified according to their ontogeny and their ability to induce T cell response to antigens, however, the phenotypic and functional state of these cells in cancer does not necessarily align to the conventional categories. Here we show, by using 16 different stimuli in vitro that activated DCs in human blood are phenotypically and functionally dichotomous, and pure cultures of type 2 conventional dendritic cells acquire these states (termed Secretory and Helper) upon appropriate stimuli. PD-L1highICOSLlow Secretory DCs produce large amounts of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines but induce very low levels of T helper (Th) cytokines following co-culturing with T cells. Conversely, PD-L1lowICOSLhigh Helper DCs produce low levels of secreted factors but induce high levels and a broad range of Th cytokines. Secretory DCs bear a single-cell transcriptomic signature indicative of mature migratory LAMP3+ DCs associated with cancer and inflammation. Secretory DCs are linked to good prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and to response to checkpoint blockade in Melanoma. Hence, the functional dichotomy of DCs we describe has both fundamental and translational implications in inflammation and immunotherapy.
Using deep learning to predict abdominal age from liver and pancreas magnetic resonance images
Authors: Le Goallec Alan , Diai Samuel , Collin Sasha , Prost Jean-Baptiste , Vincent Théo , Patel Chirag J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWith age, the prevalence of diseases such as fatty liver disease, cirrhosis, and type two diabetes increases. Approaches to both predict abdominal age and identify risk factors for accelerated abdominal age may ultimately lead to advances that will delay the onset of these diseases. We build an abdominal age predictor by training convolutional neural networks to predict abdominal age (or “AbdAge”) from 45,552 liver magnetic resonance images [MRIs] and 36,784 pancreas MRIs (R-Squared = 73.3 ± 0.6; mean absolute error = 2.94 ± 0.03 years). Attention maps show that the prediction is driven by both liver and pancreas anatomical features, and surrounding organs and tissue. Abdominal aging is a complex trait, partially heritable (h_g2 = 26.3 ± 1.9%), and associated with 16 genetic loci (e.g. in PLEKHA1 and EFEMP1), biomarkers (e.g body impedance), clinical phenotypes (e.g, chest pain), diseases (e.g. hypertension), environmental (e.g smoking), and socioeconomic (e.g education, income) factors.
Modeling the disruption of respiratory disease clinical trials by non-pharmaceutical COVID-19 interventions
Authors: Arsène Simon , Couty Claire , Faddeenkov Igor , Go Natacha , Granjeon-Noriot Solène , Šmít Daniel , Kahoul Riad , Illigens Ben , Boissel Jean-Pierre , Chevalier Aude , Lehr Lorenz , Pasquali Christian , Kulesza Alexander 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRespiratory disease trials are profoundly affected by non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against COVID-19 because they perturb existing regular patterns of all seasonal viral epidemics. To address trial design with such uncertainty, we developed an epidemiological model of respiratory tract infection (RTI) coupled to a mechanistic description of viral RTI episodes. We explored the impact of reduced viral transmission (mimicking NPIs) using a virtual population and in silico trials for the bacterial lysate OM-85 as prophylaxis for RTI. Ratio-based efficacy metrics are only impacted under strict lockdown whereas absolute benefit already is with intermediate NPIs (eg. mask-wearing). Consequently, despite NPI, trials may meet their relative efficacy endpoints (provided recruitment hurdles can be overcome) but are difficult to assess with respect to clinical relevance. These results advocate to report a variety of metrics for benefit assessment, to use adaptive trial design and adapted statistical analyses. They also question eligibility criteria misaligned with the actual disease burden.
Sympathetic axonal sprouting induces changes in macrophage populations and protects against pancreatic cancer
Authors: Guillot Jérémy , Dominici Chloé , Lucchesi Adrien , Nguyen Huyen Thi Trang , Puget Angélique , Hocine Mélanie , Rangel-Sosa Martha M. , Simic Milesa , Nigri Jérémy , Guillaumond Fabienne , Bigonnet Martin , Dusetti Nelson , Perrot Jimmy , Lopez Jonathan , Etzerodt Anders , Lawrence Toby , Pudlo Pierre , Hubert Florence , Scoazec Jean-Yves , van de Pavert Serge A. , Tomasini Richard , Chauvet Sophie , Mann Fanny 
Published: April 2022

AbstractNeuronal nerve processes in the tumor microenvironment were highlighted recently. However, the origin of intra-tumoral nerves remains poorly known, in part because of technical difficulties in tracing nerve fibers via conventional histological preparations. Here, we employ three-dimensional (3D) imaging of cleared tissues for a comprehensive analysis of sympathetic innervation in a murine model of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Our results support two independent, but coexisting, mechanisms: passive engulfment of pre-existing sympathetic nerves within tumors plus an active, localized sprouting of axon terminals into non-neoplastic lesions and tumor periphery. Ablation of the innervating sympathetic nerves increases tumor growth and spread. This effect is explained by the observation that sympathectomy increases intratumoral CD163+ macrophage numbers, which contribute to the worse outcome. Altogether, our findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which the sympathetic nervous system exerts cancer-protective properties in a mouse model of PDAC.
A meteorological dataset of the West African monsoon during the 2016 DACCIWA campaign
Authors: Kohler Martin , Bessardon Geoffrey , Brooks Barbara , Kalthoff Norbert , Lohou Fabienne , Adler Bianca , Olawale Jegede Oluwagbemiga , Altstädter Barbara , Amekudzi Leonard Kofitse , Aryee Jeffrey Nii Armah , Atiah Winifred Ayinpogbilla , Ayoola Muritala , Babić Karmen , Bärfuss Konrad , Bezombes Yannick , Bret Guillaume , Brilouet Pierre-Etienne , Cayle-Aethelhard Fred , Danuor Sylvester , Delon Claire , Derrien Solene , Dione Cheikh , Durand Pierre , Fosu-Amankwah Kwabena , Gabella Omar , Groves James , Handwerker Jan , Jambert Corinne , Kunka Norbert , Lampert Astrid , Leclercq Jérémy , Lothon Marie , Medina Patrice , Miere Arnaud , Pätzold Falk , Pedruzo-Bagazgoitia Xabier , Reinares Martínez Irene , Sharpe Steven , Smith Victoria , Wieser Andreas 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAs part of the Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) project, extensive in-situ measurements of the southern West African atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) have been performed at three supersites Kumasi (Ghana), Savè (Benin) and Ile-Ife (Nigeria) during the 2016 monsoon period (June and July). The measurements were designed to provide data for advancing our understanding of the relevant processes governing the formation, persistence and dissolution of nocturnal low-level stratus clouds and their influence on the daytime ABL in southern West Africa. An extensive low-level cloud deck often forms during the night and persists long into the following day strongly influencing the ABL diurnal cycle. Although the clouds are of a high significance for the regional climate, the dearth of observations in this region has hindered process understanding. Here, an overview of the measurements ranging from near-surface observations, cloud characteristics, aerosol and precipitation to the dynamics and thermodynamics in the ABL and above, and data processing is given. So-far achieved scientific findings, based on the dataset analyses, are briefly overviewed.