bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXV-15 Effect of Supplemental Garlic on the Incidence of Heinz Body Anemia in non-Working Horses
Authors: Gunter Phillip A , Willis Victoria , Cook Emily 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) has been historically used as a fly and pest control for horses, a practice that continues today. Recent research has shown garlic supplementation may cause Heinz body anemia in horses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the incidence of Heinz body anemia in horses supplemented with incremental amounts of powdered garlic. The study included 12 horses divided into 4 groups (n=3), with horse serving as the experimental unit. Supplementation groups included: Control (0.0 g garlic/kg BW and 14.3 g molasses) and 3 supplementation rates: Low (0.0625 g garlic/kg BW and 14.3 g molasses), Medium (0.125 g garlic/kg BW and 14.3 g molasses), and High (0.1875 g garlic/kg BW and 14.3 g molasses) that were fed daily for 74 days. Horses were maintained on dormant tall fescue pasture and had ad libitum access to medium quality tall fescue hay throughout the study. Blood samples (jugular venipuncture) and weights were taken on day 0, 25, 50, and 74. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed (SAS 9.4) for a completely randomized design, α = 0.05. Garlic supplementation reduced red blood cell count (P = 0.028) compared with Control and lymphocyte count (P = 0.046) showed a quadratic response to supplementation rate, with Low having the greatest lymphocyte count. A trend was noted for white blood cell count (P = 0.090) and hemoglobin count (P = 0.074) with garlic supplementation. Heinz body count (P = 0.406) was not affected by garlic supplementation. Results are interpreted to mean that garlic supplementation did not induce Heinz body anemia in horses; however, other blood constituents, including red blood cell and lymphocyte counts, were affected. Horses in the study were non-working, further research would be needed to evaluate any potential health impacts these variations in blood constituent concentrations would have in working horses.
PSIII-A-15 Pregnancy Associated Glycoproteins Effects on Placenta Function, Uterine Remodeling and Attachment of Bovine Conceptuses
Authors: de Melo Gabriela Dalmaso , Franco Gessica , Ortega M Sofia , Oliveira Filho Ramiro V , Bega Amanda , Vasconcelos Jose Luiz Moraes , Cerri Ronaldo , Pohler Ky G 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate transcriptomic differences in reproductive tissues of beef heifers with high vs. low PAG concentrations carrying viable pregnancies during the attachment and early placentation periods. Bos indicus beef heifers (n=25) were subjected to embryo transfer on day 7 with IVP embryos, and pregnancies were confirmed at slaughter. Heifers were harvested on days 25 (n=8) and 36 (n=8), and samples from endometrium (END) and trophectoderm (TE) were collected for RNA isolation using a commercial extraction kit (QIAGEN; Hilden, Germany). Plasma concentrations of PAGs were determined via validated ELISA and the females were classified in groups of high and low PAG (6.8±0.7 (n=4) vs. 0.8±0.7 (n=4) ng/mL on D25 and 15±2.1 (n=5) vs. 4±1.2 (n=3) ng/mL on D36; P&lt; 0.05). An Illumina platform was utilized for RNA sequencing. Differentially expressed genes between groups and by tissue were determined using edge-R package from R. Gene ontology analyses revealed a down regulation of processes associated with embryonic and placenta development on D36 in both TE and END for the low PAG group. On D25 and D36, markers of attachment, ECM remodeling and invasion were significantly upregulated in the TE, but not in the END of the low PAG pregnancies. PAG genes were not differentially expressed between groups. In conclusion, heifers with low PAG in peripheral circulation have significantly different gene expression profiles in the developing conceptus and endometrium. The results suggested abnormal maternal-conceptus interactions initiated on D25, which may have resulted in poor embryonic and placenta development on D36. Disturbances at the maternal-conceptus interface could be impairing PAGs from reaching the maternal peripheral circulation, since no differences in PAG genes were found between PAG groups. This project was supported by Agriculture and Food Research Initiative Competitive Grant no. 2017-67015-26457 from the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
PSIII-A-20 Validation of a Portable, Self-Contained Individual Feeding Unit for Monitoring Supplement Intake of Grazing Cattle
Authors: Llarena Juan F Cordero , Harvey Kelsey M , Durst Libby S , Rahmel Logan W , Russell Jason R , Cooke Reinaldo F 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This experiment aimed to validate feed intake and bunk attendance data collected from a portable, self-contained feeding unit (SmartFeed; C-Lock Inc., Rapid City, SD) by comparing estimates collected electronically (electronic observations; EO) with direct observations and video recording (direct observations; DO). To validate individual animal intake, 30 cows were allowed access to 3 portable units (2 feeding bins/unit) for 6 hours. Feed in each bin was removed and weighed in an external scale at the end of each cow visit. To validate total feed disappearance, 75 cows were assigned to 1 of 3 pastures equipped with a portable unit. Feed disappearance over 24 h was assessed manually over 21 consecutive days using an external scale. Ten cows per pasture were randomly selected and identified to facilitate collection of video observational data. Two trained observers recorded animal identification and start and end times for a visit (n = 480 minutes/day; 3 days). When regressing the EO and DO results within individual cow visit, a linear fit was detected (P &lt; 0.01; r2 = 0.95). Methods were very strongly correlated (r = 0.91) when all visits were analyzed but decreased to strong (r = 0.78) when DO intake was ≤ 0.1 kg. When regressing the EO and DO results for total feed disappearance, a linear fit was detected (P &lt; 0.01; r2 = 0.97) as DO total feed disappearance increased the EO output linearly increased. For observational data, Cohen’s kappa coefficient for agreement between DO and EO was considered strong (0.96). The sensitivity of EO in yielding true positive results was 97%, whereas specificity in yielding true negative results was 99%. These results indicate the portable, self-contained feeding units utilized herein are sufficiently effective for detecting cow presence at a bunk and measurement of feed consumption.
PSIV-B-20 Genome-Wide Association Analyses Revealed Potential Molecular Mechanisms Affecting Milk Fever in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Lunn Morgan A , Gillette Sydney , Campos Fernando , Peterson Daniel , Sprayberry Kim , Sargolzaei Mehdi , McArthur Gary , Anderson Paul , La Frano Michael , Pokharel Siroj , Abo-Ismail Mohammed 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Milk fever, or hypocalcemia, has a significant economic impact on the dairy industry and increases the risk of other costly disorders including ketosis and displaced abomasum. The objective of this study was to identify genetic variants, genes and molecular mechanisms causing genetic variation in the development of milk fever. A genomic based mixed linear animal model was fitted to include single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), breed, and pen as fixed effects and implemented in GCTA software. A total of 436 Jersey and Holstein cows with varying milk fever history were genotyped for high density SNP chip (782,139 SNP). A total of 401 animals with 617,527 SNPs passed the quality control and were included in the association analyses. Two SNPs located on chromosome 1 were found significant at 5% genome-wide false discovery rate. The 100 most significant SNPs were mapped to corresponding genes using the Ensemble database. A total of 24 genes were found to overlap with the significant SNPs and analyzed using the in-silico functional analyses implemented in DAVID software. The genomic heritability estimated in this population was 0.11. The study identified potential biological pathways associated with milk fever including regulation of Ras and GTPase signal transduction, mammary gland development and ossification. The identified genomic regions and genes will be validated in a larger population. These results could enable us to develop genomic testing tools based on the identified genes to select for cows with low incidence of milk fever and provide insights on which animals within the herd will likely require dietary or management adjustments to prevent and treat milk fever.
PSVIII-B-17 Supplemental Organic Trace Minerals and a Yeast Culture Product in Newly Weaned Steer Calves: Effects of Use and Delivery Method on Growth Performance, Efficiency, and Hepatic Trace Minerals
Authors: Ribeiro Thiago Maia , Smith Zachary K , Rusche Warren C , Francis Forest L , Gubbels Erin R 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective was to determine if delivery method of organic trace minerals and Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast culture product influence growth performance, feed efficiency, and hepatic trace mineral measures in newly-weaned steers. Crossbred steers (n = 192; 256 ± 14 kg) were used in a 49-d receiving experiment. Within 36h of weaning, steers were weighed, allotted to 24 pens (n = 8 steers/pen; 8 pens/treatment) and randomly assigned to treatments: traditional receiving diet (Con); traditional receiving diet plus the “stress-pack” directly in the diet (Force); traditional receiving diet plus a low-moisture, cooked molasses block fortified with the “stress-pack” (Tub). “Stress-pack” was offered the first 28 d of the 49-d. Biopsy samples were collected from a subsample of steers (n = 14 steers) on the day of weaning and subsequent samples were collected from the same steer (n = 1 steer/pen) on d 14, 28 and 49 for hepatic trace mineral concentration determination. A treatment × day interaction (P≤0.01) for hepatic Cu concentration was noted. Force had greater hepatic Cu (P≤0.05) compared to Tub and Con for the entire period. Tub had greater hepatic Cu compared to Con on d 14 and 28 (P &lt; 0.05), but was similar to Con on d 49 (P&gt;0.10). Force tended (P=0.08) to have greater DMI compared to Tub from d 1 to 14. From d 15 to 28, steers offered “stress-pack” had greater DMI (P=0.01) and tended (P=0.07) to have greater ADG compared to Con by 12.5%. From d 29 to 49, “stress-pack” steers had greater DMI (P=0.01) and Force consumed 6.9% more DM compared to Tub (P=0.01). Cumulative DMI (P=0.01) and ADG (P=0.05) was greater for Force compared to Tub by 5.4% and 9.4%, respectively. Application of “stress-pack” in diets offered to newly-weaned cattle enhanced production responses, but delivery method influences DMI and daily gain.
PSXIII-B-7 Effect of Replacing soy Protein Concentrate with Corn Fermented Protein on Growth Performance and gut Integrity of Weaned Pigs
Authors: Zuniga Juan Castillo , Herrick Kevin J , Jolly-Breithaupt Melissa L , Samuel Ryan S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
NexPRO™, a corn fermented protein (CFP) derived from the dry-mill bioethanol production process, has demonstrated potential as a high-quality protein ingredient in weaned pig diets. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of increasing dietary inclusion of CFP to replace soy protein concentrate (SPC) in the diet on weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency and gut integrity of weaned pigs in a large-scale system. A total of 1144 pigs were distributed evenly into 44 pens (13 barrows and 13 gilts/pen; initial BW 6.0±0.1 kg) with 286 pigs assigned per treatment and 11 replications. The four treatments were designed as a titration of CFP inclusion at 0%, 4%, 8% and 12% in Phase 1 (3.6 kg/hd budget) and 0%, 2%, 4% and 6% in Phase 2 (5.5 kg/hd budget) replacing SPC. Pigs were fed a common diet through Phase 3. To determine gut integrity, a differential sugar absorption test (DSAT) administered a 5% lactulose and 5% mannitol solution on the tenth day to representative pigs consuming the 0% and 12% CFP diets. Urine was collected to measure differences in sugar ratios to access gut permeability. Average daily gain responded similarly for the 0%, 4% and 8% CFP diets during Phase 1, however greater than 12% (P&lt; 0.01; 0.15 vs. 0.11 kg/d). Pigs fed diets with 4% and 8% CFP in Phase 1 had a greater ADFI than pigs fed 12% CFP (0.19 vs. 0.17 kg/d; P˂0.01); 0% diets were intermediate. At the end of Phase 2, pigs fed 0%, 2%, and 4% CFP diets had greater (P˂0.01) ADFI than pigs fed diets with 6% CFP (0.60 vs. 0.44 kg/d), but lower (P&lt; 0.01) G:F (0.62 vs. 0.78). No observed differences were measured between treatments for gut permeability. Due to similar responses in performance, CFP can replace soy protein concentrate in nursery diets.
PSXIII-B-18 Temporal Expression of Interleukin 6: Myokine Protein Abundance in Primary Bovine Satellite Cells from 11-Month-old Beef Steers
Authors: Shira Katie A , Murdoch Brenda M , Thornton Kara J , Reichhardt Caleb C , Becker Gabrielle M , Chibisa Gwinyai E , Murdoch Gordon K 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Myokine abundance and function have not been thoroughly evaluated in beef cattle. Many myokines have been shown to have a substantial impact on the health and well-being of mammals. While interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a known immune cytokine, it is also classified as a myokine and in mice is produced from muscle contraction post-exercise. IL-6 is linked to muscle hypertrophy through the action of increasing glucose uptake and stimulating satellite cell proliferation. The objective of this study is to characterize temporal IL-6 production by cultured primary bovine satellite cells (BSCs) in 11-month-old beef steers. IL-6 abundance was quantified in in vitro cultured undifferentiated primary BSCs isolated from 11-month-old steers. This experiment had 3 experimental replicates where cells were plated in triplicate with 10% Fetal Bovine Serum in DMEM. At 70% confluency the growth media was changed, and this was classified as time zero. The media then remained unchanged and was collected temporally at 0, 12, 24, and 48 hours. Media was assayed using Bovine IL-6 ELISA’s to quantify myokine abundance. Cells were also harvested for mRNA extraction and analyses at a future time. We are in the initial stages of the analyses, though preliminary data indicate no difference in IL-6 abundance between the BSC pools isolated from different steers. Temporally, we report that at hour 0 there is undetectable IL-6 concentration, but at 12, 24, and 48 hours there is a steady concentration of IL-6 released into the growth media by the BSCs. This confirms that IL-6 is being produced by BSCs from post-weaned, beef steers. We conclude that myokine; IL-6 is involved in post-natal skeletal muscle growth of beef cattle.
PSXIII-11 Avemix XG 10 Improves Piglet Performance When Dietary net Energy Content is Decreased
Authors: Montagnon Aurélie , Bussières Dan , Edwards Joan , Kuterna Leni 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Plant-based dietary ingredients contain non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) fibers. Both soluble and insoluble NSP fibers are anti-nutritional factors for monogastrics that limit intestinal absorption and digestion of dietary nutrients. Increased digesta viscosity also occurs, which results in satiety and potential health issues. AveMix XG 10, containing high endo-1,4-β-xylanase and endo-1,3(4)-β-glucanase activity, hydrolyzes NSP fibers resulting in increased nutrient availability and digestibility. Therefore, it was hypothesized that AveMix XG 10 enables gain of some extra net energy (NE) content from piglet diets, optimizing the cost of live-weight growth. A 47-day trial was conducted with 3-week old weaned piglets (6.0 kg) allocated to three groups: control (CON), low energy (-56 kcal/kg feed; LE), and low energy + enzyme (LE+E). All groups had 13 pens of 28 pigs (n=364) and received wheat and corn mix based diets that had a similar NSP fiber content (11.4 %). Overall, CON diets had greater NE (2,456 kcal/kg feed) relative to the LE and LE+E groups (2,400 kcal/kg feed). The diet of the LE+E group was supplemented with AveMix XG 10 (Palital Feed Additives B.V.) at 100 g/T. For each pen the daily feed intake, weekly weight, diarrhea index and mortality were recorded. Compared with both CON and LE, LE+E significantly increased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) during weeks 4-7 and overall, and also significantly increased final weight (Table 1). During weeks 1-3, ADG and ADFI did not differ between CON and LE+E groups, and the LE+E group was significantly greater than LE. Overall, LE detrimentally increased the feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with CON; however, during weeks 4-7 the LE+E had similar FCR compared with CON. No significant effects were observed on mortality or diarrhea index. In conclusion, AveMix XG 10 improved piglet performance when dietary NE content is decreased.
PSV-B-15 Comparison of the 7-day Cosynch and 8-day Estradiol-Based Protocols for Synchronization of Ovulation and Timed Artificial Insemination in Suckled Bos Taurus Cows
Authors: Rodriguez Alejandro M , Maresca Sebastian , López-Valiente Sebastian O , Bilbao Maria G , Moran Karen D , Bartolome Julián A , Pratt Scott L , Long Nathan M 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The objective was to compare pregnancy rates (PR) on day 30 and pregnancy loss between days 30 and 60 (PL) after timed artificial insemination (TAI; day 0) using 2 synchronization protocols, and plasma progesterone on day 18 in suckled beef cows. Angus cows were randomly assigned to either 7-d progesterone CoSynch (7-d P + GnRH) or 8-d progesterone + estradiol (8-d P + ES) synchronization protocols for TAI. On day -10, cows in the 7-d P + GnRH treatment group (n=574) received a progesterone-releasing intravaginal device (PIVD) and GnRH, on day -3 the PIVD was removed and cows received cloprostenol. On day 0 (64 h after PIVD removal), cows received GnRH and were subjected to TAI. On Day -10, cows in the 8-d P + ES treatment group (n=574) received a PIVD and estradiol benzoate, on Day -2 the PIVD was removed, and cows received cloprostenol and estradiol cypionate. On day 0 (48 h after PIVD removal), cows were subjected to TAI. The TAI pregnancy rates for each treatment were determined on day 30 and day 60. In a subset of cows [n=81, (7-d P + GnRH, n=41; 8-d P + ES, n=40)], serum progesterone concentration was evaluated on day 18. The PR (7-d P + GnRH=48.9%; 8-d P + ES=45.6%) and PL (7-d P + GnRH=3.6%; 8-d P + ES=4.6%) did not differ (P≥0.28) between treatment groups. In a subset of cows, serum progesterone concentration on day 18 did not differ (P=0.67) between treatment groups but tended to be less (P=0.07) in cows that had PL compared with cows that had no PL. In conclusion, there was no difference in PR and PL between suckled beef cows using 7-d CoSynch or 8-d estradiol-based protocols for synchronization of ovulation and TAI.
PSXIV-2 Effect of Drinking Water Disinfection Treatments on Water Quality, Water and Feed Consumption, Apparent Total Tract Digestibility and Health in Holstein Bulls fed High-Concentrate Diets
Authors: Llonch Lourdes , Verdú Marçal , Marti Sonia , Riera Joan , Medinya Carles , Cucurull Jordi , Devant Maria 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different drinking water disinfection treatments on water quality, water and feed consumption, apparent total tract digestibility, and animal health in fattening Holstein bulls. Bulls (n=24; 176 ± 16.3 kg BW, and 149 ± 5.8 d age) were housed individually and fed ad libitum. Animals were assigned to 1 of 4 drinking water disinfection treatments: 1) CTR (n=6), no treatment; 2) ACCHL (n=6), acidification (0.65 mL/L phosphoric acid) and chlorination (0.15 mL/L sodium hypochlorite); 3) PER (n=6), 0.15 mL/L peroxide, and 4) DIO (n=6), 2.50 mL/L chlorine dioxide. Water consumption and animal health status was recorded daily. Water disinfectant capacity were analyzed weekly. Feed consumption was recorded every 2 wk. Water quality was analyzed every 4 wk. At d 0, 42, 112 and 210 blood samples were collected. At d 35 and 140 apparent total tract digestibility was estimated. Data were analyzed with a mixed effects model. Means water disinfectant capacity were pH 6.60 and 0.75 mg/L free residual chlorine in ACCHL, 10.6 mg/L peroxide in PER, and 0.52 mg/L chlorine dioxide in DIO. Water treatments did not affect physicochemical water quality; however, they reduced (P&lt; 0.01) water total coliforms count compared with CTR, and ACCHL and DIO were lesser than PER (199, 0, 35, and 0 ± 0.2 UFC/100mL for CTR, ACCHL, PER, and DIO, respectively). Dry matter intake tended (P=0.06) to increase in DIO compared with CTR (8.24 vs. 7.49 ± 0.266 kg/d, respectively). Water treatments did not affect nutrient digestibility nor blood parameters. In conclusion, drinking water disinfection treatments tested had a good disinfectant efficacy without detrimental effect on health and nutrient digestibility in bulls fed high-concentrate diets. Further commercial studies with more animals are needed to evaluate the potential effect of chlorine dioxide on intake and efficiency.
PSXVI-6 Ruminal dry Matter Disappearance, Methane Production and Fermentation Parameters as Affected by fat and Protein Concentration in by-Product Supplemented Grass hay-Based Diets
Authors: Tamayao Paul , Ominski Kim , Robinson Sidonie P , Wittenberg Karin , Crow Gary , McGeough Emma J 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This batch culture study evaluated the effects of crude protein (CP) and fat concentration on ruminal dry matter disappearance (DMD), methane (CH4) production, and ruminal fermentation in grass hay-based diets supplemented with by-product feeds. Eight treatments provided low or high CP (8 or 12% DM, respectively), with a range of fat concentrations (1.8 to 6.0% DM) and included the following: Control (grass hay only); corn distillers grains with solubles at 8.0% (CDDGS8) and 12% CP (CDDGS12); flax at 8% (FS8) and 12% CP (FS12); canola meal at 8% (Can8); sunflower screenings from Winkler (SFW8) or Deloraine (SFD8) at 8%. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design, with fixed effect of treatment and random effects of block and treatment × block. Comparisons were performed between a) Control and mean of by-product treatments b) low and high CP treatments c) CDDGS treatments, d) FS treatments and e) SF treatments. Comparisons between low and high fat treatments at both CP concentrations, as well as CDDGS and FS treatments differing in fat concentrations were also conducted. Overall, DMD did not differ between the Control and by-product treatments; however, comparisons indicated decreased (P &lt; 0.001) DMD in treatments with 8% compared with 12% CP. The DMD was also greater (P≤0.009) with low fat compared with high fat, regardless of CP. Methane production did not differ between any of the low and high CP treatments but was greater (P≤0.003) in the low fat compared with high fat treatments, regardless of CP, as well as in FS vs CDDGS and SFD vs SFW. No effects of treatment on fermentation parameters were observed. In conclusion, greater CP increased DMD in vitro but did not affect CH4 or fermentation. Additionally, greater dietary fat can mitigate enteric CH4 production, but can negatively impact DMD in grass hay-based diets.