bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biogeochemical Timescales of Climate Change Onset and Recovery in the North Atlantic Interior Under Rapid Atmospheric CO2 Forcing
Authors: Bertini Leonardo , Tjiputra Jerry 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAnthropogenic climate change footprints in the ocean go beyond the mixed layer depth, with considerable impacts throughout mesopelagic and deep‐ocean ecosystems. Yet, little is known about the timing of these environmental changes, their spatial extent, and the associated timescales of recovery in the ocean interior when strong mitigation strategies are involved. Here, we simulate idealized rapid climate change and mitigation scenarios using the Norwegian Earth System Model to investigate timescales of climate change onset and recovery and the extent of change in the North Atlantic (NAtl) interior relative to Pre‐industrial (PI) variability across a suite of environmental drivers (Temperature—Temp; pH; Dissolved Oxygen—DO; Apparent Oxygen Utilization—AOU; Export Production—EP; and Calcite saturation state—Ωc). We show that, below the subsurface domains, responses of these drivers are asymmetric and detached from the anthropogenic forcing with large spatial variations. Vast regions of the interior NAtl experience detectable anthropogenic signals significantly earlier and over a longer period than those projected for the near‐surface. In contrast to surface domains, the NAtl interior remains largely warmer relative to PI (up to +50%) following the mitigation scenario, with anomalously lower EP, pH, and Ωc (up to −20%) south of 30°N. Oxygen overshoot in the upper mesopelagic of up to +20% is simulated, mainly driven by a decrease in consumption during remineralization. Our study highlights the need for long‐term commitment focused on pelagic and deep‐water ecosystem monitoring to fully understand the impact of anthropogenic climate change on the North Atlantic biogeochemistry.
Adiabatic Processes Contribute to the Rapid Warming of Subpolar North Atlantic During 1993–2010
Authors: Wang Hanshi , Li Ziguang , Lin Xiaopei , Zhao Jian , Wu Dexing 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe Subpolar North Atlantic (SPNA) is a region with complex dynamics, and governs the global heat transport by regulating the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. During 1993–2010, the upper ocean of SPNA has rapidly warmed. Most studies to date focused on the diabatic processes and meridional heat transport leading to this rapid warming, neglecting the role of adiabatic processes and associated heat redistribution. Here, we investigate the ability of adiabatic Rossby wave adjustment to produce this warming event by designed numerical experiments with a set of simple models, including one‐layer model, reduced‐gravity model and two‐layer model. The comparison between these numerical simulations with observations demonstrates that this rapid warming in the western SPNA is partly generated by the wind stress anomalies. The wind stress curl anomalies in the central and eastern of SPNA trigger the topographic and planetary Rossby waves, propagating the downwelling signals along their waveguides to redistribute heat in the upper ocean and warm the Labrador Sea and Irminger Sea with a 4‐ or 7‐year time lag. Hence, the baroclinic mode dominates the magnitude of the adiabatic warming in the SPNA and the topography shapes its spatial pattern. In addition, local and remote wind forcing jointly contributes to this warming.
Global Mapping of the Nonstationary Semidiurnal Internal Tide Using Argo Data
Authors: Geoffroy Gaspard , Nycander Jonas 
Published: March 2022

AbstractData from Argo floats equipped with Iridium communications are used to obtain a global map of the total amplitude (or variance) of the semidiurnal internal tide at 1,000 dbar. The results are confirmed by a comparison with data from an historical collection of moored instruments. The obtained amplitude is in turn compared with the High‐Resolution Empirical Tide (HRET) model, based on satellite altimetry. While HRET only contains the stationary component, with a fixed phase difference to the astronomical tide, the present results capture the total amplitude, including the nonstationary component. We estimate the global average ratio of total (Argo) to stationary (HRET) semidiurnal internal tide variance to be 6.5, and the amplitude ratio to be 3.6. Our estimate of the stationary fraction of the semidiurnal internal tide is subject to significant uncertainties. In particular, HRET is thought to mainly represent baroclinic mode‐1 waves, while Argo data contain contributions from all modes.
Impacts of Western Disturbances on Wintertime Precipitation Over the Southeastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Qiu Tianpei , Huang Wenyu , Wright Jonathon S. , Yang Zifan , Wang Bin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this work, we examine the impacts of wintertime western disturbances (WDs) on precipitation over the southeastern Tibetan Plateau (SETP) during 1979–2017. Most WDs initially formed within the central Himalayas and dissipated over southeastern China and its neighboring seas. All extreme precipitation days over the SETP region during this period were linked to WDs, often when a WD center entered the region about 10° west of the SETP. Significant warm temperature anomalies over the SETP region preceding WD arrival favored moisture accumulation there. During the passage of WDs, both strong updrafts along the eastern edge of the WD and rapid decreases in temperature over the SETP (linked to WD‐associated cold anomalies below 300 hPa) favored the occurrence of wintertime precipitation over the SETP region. WD strength and moist static energy variations over the SETP region were key factors affecting the intensity of WD‐induced precipitation, while the size and latitudinal position of the WD played minor roles. The relatively strong WDs that produced extreme precipitation days over the SETP mainly originated above the eastern Mediterranean Sea, northern Arabian Peninsula, and Iranian Plateau. A distinct transition of the circumglobal teleconnection pattern modulated the generation of strong‐intensity WDs within these major genesis regions, as well as their eastward propagation and the generation of extreme precipitation over the SETP region.
Retracted: Memory Effects in Salinity Profiles From Black Sea Sediments
Authors: Boudreau Bernard P. , Calvert Stephen , Kienast Markus 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe current saline state of the Black Sea is only the latest of a series of freshening‐salinization episodes that have affected that body of water during past glacial–interglacial cycles. Here, we model the salinity history of the basin and its sedimentary porewaters since the end of the penultimate saline period, variously thought to have occurred in the period between ∼128 and ∼65 Kyr BP. Our model results argue that the down‐core salinity profiles of Black Sea Holocene sediments have been affected by the diffusion of salt from the penultimate saline episode. Retrodiction of these porewater profiles also requires that the Black Sea bottom waters be either fresh, or very weakly brackish (S ≤ 1), between ∼50 and ∼10 Kyr BP. In addition, we find that the timing of the first deposition of the well‐known Holocene sapropel corresponds to the time when salty bottom waters first reached the surface waters, and we speculate that increased organic matter production could have been caused by the release of nutrients stored in the saline bottom water. Finally, using current salinity proxy data, we find that the porewater salinity profiles generated from these proxies do not match the observed interstitial profiles.
Remote Sensing of Visible Dye Concentrations During a Tracer Experiment on a Large, Turbid River
Authors: Legleiter Carl J. , Sansom Brandon J. , Jacobson Robert B. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractUnderstanding dispersion in rivers is critical for numerous applications, such as characterizing larval drift for endangered fish species and responding to spills of hazardous materials. Injecting a visible dye into the river can yield insight on dispersion processes, but conventional field instrumentation yields limited data on variations in dye concentration over time at a few, fixed points. Remote sensing can provide more detailed, spatially distributed information on the dye's motion, but this approach has only been tested in clear‐flowing streams. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential of remote sensing to facilitate tracer studies in more turbid rivers. To pursue this objective, we injected Rhodamine WT dye into the Missouri River and collected field spectra from a boat, videos from a small unoccupied aircraft system (sUAS), and orthophotos from an airplane. Applying an optimal band ratio analysis (OBRA) algorithm to the field spectra revealed strong correlations (R2 = 0.936) between a spectrally based quantity and in situ concentration measurements. OBRA also performed well for broadband RGB (red, green, blue) images extracted from the sUAS‐based videos; the resulting concentration maps were used to produce animations that captured movement of the dye pulse. Spectral mixture analysis of repeat orthophoto coverage yielded relative concentration estimates that provided a synoptic perspective on dispersion of the dye throughout the entire 13.8 km reach over the full 2.5‐hr duration of the experiment. The results of this study demonstrate the potential to remotely sense tracer dye concentrations in large, highly turbid rivers.
Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development
Authors: Fang Enyue , Liu Xiaohui , Li Miao , Zhang Zelun , Song Lifang , Zhu Baiyu , Wu Xiaohong , Liu Jingjing , Zhao Danhua , Li Yuhua 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTo date, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has determined 399,600,607 cases and 5,757,562 deaths worldwide. COVID-19 is a serious threat to human health globally. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared COVID-19 pandemic a major public health emergency. Vaccination is the most effective and economical intervention for controlling the spread of epidemics, and consequently saving lives and protecting the health of the population. Various techniques have been employed in the development of COVID-19 vaccines. Among these, the COVID-19 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine has been drawing increasing attention owing to its great application prospects and advantages, which include short development cycle, easy industrialization, simple production process, flexibility to respond to new variants, and the capacity to induce better immune response. This review summarizes current knowledge on the structural characteristics, antigen design strategies, delivery systems, industrialization potential, quality control, latest clinical trials and real-world data of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines as well as mRNA technology. Current challenges and future directions in the development of preventive mRNA vaccines for major infectious diseases are also discussed.
YTHDF1 upregulation mediates hypoxia-dependent breast cancer growth and metastasis through regulating PKM2 to affect glycolysis
Authors: Yao Xuemei , Li Wei , Li Liqi , Li Menghuan , Zhao Youbo , Fang De , Zeng Xiaohua , Luo Zhong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractN6-methyladenosine modification is the most common RNA modification mechanism in mammals. YTHDF1, a m6A reader, can recognize the m6A of mRNAs to facilitate the interaction with the mRNA ribosome assembly and recruitment of translation initiators to promote translation. From a clinical perspective, YTHDF1 upregulation is frequently observed in breast cancer, but its involvement in those cancer-related events is still unclear. Here we report that YTHDF1 is a cancer driver capable of facilitating the proliferation and invasion of breast cancer cells as well as enhancing tumorigenicity and metastasis through promoting glycolysis. We found that tumor hypoxia can transcriptionally induce HIF1α and post-transcriptionally inhibit the expression of miR-16-5p to promote YTHDF1 expression, which could sequentially enhance tumor glycolysis by upregulating PKM2 and eventually increase the tumorigenesis and metastasis potential of breast cancer cells. Inhibiting YTHDF1 via gene knockdown or miR-16-5p would significantly abolish YTHDF1-dependent tumor growth and metastasis. In summary, we identified the role of the YTHDF1-PKM2 signal axis in the occurrence and development of breast cancer, which can be used as a potential target for breast cancer treatment.
Epitaxial growth of an atom-thin layer on a LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode for stable Li-ion battery cycling
Authors: Zhu Xiaobo , Schülli Tobias U. , Yang Xiaowei , Lin Tongen , Hu Yuxiang , Cheng Ningyan , Fujii Hiroki , Ozawa Kiyoshi , Cowie Bruce , Gu Qinfen , Zhou Si , Cheng Zhenxiang , Du Yi , Wang Lianzhou 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTransition metal dissolution in cathode active material for Li-based batteries is a critical aspect that limits the cycle life of these devices. Although several approaches have been proposed to tackle this issue, this detrimental process is not yet overcome. Here, benefitting from the knowledge developed in the semiconductor research field, we apply an epitaxial method to construct an atomic wetting layer of LaTMO3 (TM = Ni, Mn) on a LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode material. Experimental measurements and theoretical analyses confirm a Stranski–Krastanov growth, where the strained wetting layer forms under thermodynamic equilibrium, and it is self-limited to monoatomic thickness due to the competition between the surface energy and the elastic energy. Being atomically thin and crystallographically connected to the spinel host lattices, the LaTMO3 wetting layer offers long-term suppression of the transition metal dissolution from the cathode without impacting its dynamics. As a result, the epitaxially-engineered cathode material enables improved cycling stability (a capacity retention of about 77% after 1000 cycles at 290 mA g−1) when tested in combination with a graphitic carbon anode and a LiPF6-based non-aqueous electrolyte solution.
Expanding biochemical knowledge and illuminating metabolic dark matter with ATLASx
Authors: MohammadiPeyhani Homa , Hafner Jasmin , Sveshnikova Anastasia , Viterbo Victor , Hatzimanikatis Vassily 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMetabolic “dark matter” describes currently unknown metabolic processes, which form a blind spot in our general understanding of metabolism and slow down the development of biosynthetic cell factories and naturally derived pharmaceuticals. Mapping the dark matter of metabolism remains an open challenge that can be addressed globally and systematically by existing computational solutions. In this work, we use 489 generalized enzymatic reaction rules to map both known and unknown metabolic processes around a biochemical database of 1.5 million biological compounds. We predict over 5 million reactions and integrate nearly 2 million naturally and synthetically-derived compounds into the global network of biochemical knowledge, named ATLASx. ATLASx is available to researchers as a powerful online platform that supports the prediction and analysis of biochemical pathways and evaluates the biochemical vicinity of molecule classes (https://lcsb-databases.epfl.ch/Atlas2).
Paternal transmission of migration knowledge in a long-distance bird migrant
Authors: Byholm Patrik , Beal Martin , Isaksson Natalie , Lötberg Ulrik , Åkesson Susanne 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWhile advances in biologging have revealed many spectacular animal migrations, it remains poorly understood how young animals learn to migrate. Even in social species, it is unclear how migratory skills are transmitted from one generation to another and what implications this may have. Here we show that in Caspian terns Hydroprogne caspia family groups, genetic and foster male parents carry the main responsibility for migrating with young. During migration, young birds stayed close to an adult at all times, with the bond dissipating on the wintering grounds. Solo-migrating adults migrated faster than did adults accompanying young. Four young that lost contact with their parent at an early stage of migration all died. During their first solo migration, subadult terns remained faithful to routes they took with their parents as young. Our results provide evidence for cultural inheritance of migration knowledge in a long-distance bird migrant and show that sex-biased (allo)parental care en route shapes migration through social learning.
Actinides and fission products in reactor graphite after loss-of-flow accident
Authors: Pavlyuk Alexander O. , Kotlyarevskii Sergei G. , Kan Roman I. , Volkova Anna G. , Yapaskurt Vasiliy O. , Zakharova Elena V. , Shiryaev Andrei A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSamples of irradiated graphite from a uranium-graphite reactor contaminated with fuel debris from loss-of-flow accidents, are investigated. Peculiarities of spatial distribution, speciation, and kinetics of leaching by aqueous solution of actinides and fission products are studied at scales from the whole reactor stack down to sub-mm graphite fragments. The main fraction of fuel debris is associated with aluminosilicate-based phases decorating cracks and other defects of damaged graphite details. Elemental composition of actinides and fission products depends on both irradiation and leaching conditions. Significant differences are observed between leach kinetics of various radionuclides; integral leached fraction varies between ~5% for 244Сm to ~90% for 134,137Cs. For some radionuclides sudden massive release due to uneven dissolution of the carrier phases is observed. Disposal of irradiated graphite with significant fraction of fuel debris requires dedicated treatment aimed either at decontamination or at conversion of the radionuclides to insoluble well-fixed form.
Activation of lysosomal mediated cell death in the course of autophagy by mTORC1 inhibitor
Authors: Khan Sameer Ullah , Pathania Anup Singh , Wani Abubakar , Fatima Kaneez , Mintoo Mubashir Javed , Hamza Baseerat , Paddar Masroor Ahmad , Bhumika Wadhwa , Anand Loveleena Kour , Maqbool Mir Shahid , Mir Sameer Ahmad , Kour Jaspreet , Venkateswarlu Vunnam , Mondhe Dilip Manikrao , Sawant Sanghapal D. , Malik Fayaz 
Published: March 2022

AbstractLysosomal biogenesis plays a vital role in cell fate. Under certain conditions, excessive lysosomal biogenesis leads to susceptibility for lysosomal membrane permeabilization resulting in various pathological conditions including cell death. In cancer cells apoptosis machinery becomes dysregulated during the course of treatment, thus allows cancer cells to escape apoptosis. So it is therefore imperative to identify cytotoxic agents that exploit non-apoptotic mechanisms of cell death. Our study showed that pancreatic cancer cells treated with SDS-203 triggered an incomplete autophagic response and a nuclear translocation of transcriptional factor TFEB. This resulted in abundant biosynthesis and accumulation of autophagosomes and lysosomes into the cells leading to their death. It was observed that the silencing of autophagy genes didn’t alter the cell fate, whereas siRNA-mediated silencing of TFEB subdued SDS-203 mediated lysosomal biogenesis and associated cell death. Further mouse tumors treated with SDS-203 showed a significant reduction in tumor burden and increased expression of lysosomal markers. Taken together this study demonstrates that SDS-203 treatment triggers non-apoptotic cell death in pancreatic cancer cells through a mechanism of lysosome over accumulation.
Far-UVC (222 nm) efficiently inactivates an airborne pathogen in a room-sized chamber
Authors: Eadie Ewan , Hiwar Waseem , Fletcher Louise , Tidswell Emma , O’Mahoney Paul , Buonanno Manuela , Welch David , Adamson Catherine S. , Brenner David J. , Noakes Catherine , Wood Kenneth 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMany infectious diseases, including COVID-19, are transmitted by airborne pathogens. There is a need for effective environmental control measures which, ideally, are not reliant on human behaviour. One potential solution is Krypton Chloride (KrCl) excimer lamps (often referred to as Far-UVC), which can efficiently inactivate pathogens, such as coronaviruses and influenza, in air. Research demonstrates that when KrCl lamps are filtered to remove longer-wavelength ultraviolet emissions they do not induce acute reactions in the skin or eyes, nor delayed effects such as skin cancer. While there is laboratory evidence for Far-UVC efficacy, there is limited evidence in full-sized rooms. For the first time, we show that Far-UVC deployed in a room-sized chamber effectively inactivates aerosolised Staphylococcus aureus. At a room ventilation rate of 3 air-changes-per-hour (ACH), with 5 filtered-sources the steady-state pathogen load was reduced by 98.4% providing an additional 184 equivalent air changes (eACH). This reduction was achieved using Far-UVC irradiances consistent with current American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists threshold limit values for skin for a continuous 8-h exposure. Our data indicate that Far-UVC is likely to be more effective against common airborne viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, than bacteria and should thus be an effective and “hands-off” technology to reduce airborne disease transmission. The findings provide room-scale data to support the design and development of effective Far-UVC systems.
A comparative study of semantic segmentation of omnidirectional images from a motorcycle perspective
Authors: Sekkat Ahmed Rida , Dupuis Yohan , Honeine Paul , Vasseur Pascal 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe semantic segmentation of omnidirectional urban driving images is a research topic that has increasingly attracted the attention of researchers, because the use of such images in driving scenes is highly relevant. However, the case of motorized two-wheelers has not been treated yet. Since the dynamics of these vehicles are very different from those of cars, we focus our study on images acquired using a motorcycle. This paper provides a thorough comparative study to show how different deep learning approaches handle omnidirectional images with different representations, including perspective, equirectangular, spherical, and fisheye, and presents the best solution to segment road scene omnidirectional images. We use in this study real perspective images, and synthetic perspective, fisheye and equirectangular images, simulated fisheye images, as well as a test set of real fisheye images. By analyzing both qualitative and quantitative results, the conclusions of this study are multiple, as it helps understand how the networks learn to deal with omnidirectional distortions. Our main findings are that models with planar convolutions give better results than the ones with spherical convolutions, and that models trained on omnidirectional representations transfer better to standard perspective images than vice versa.
Multicolor labeling of airway neurons and analysis of parasympathetic heterogeneity
Authors: Pincus Alexandra B. , Huang Samuel J. , Lebold Katie M. , De La Torre Ubaldo , Proskocil Becky J. , Drake Matthew G. , Nakai Hiroyuki , Fryer Allison D. , Jacoby David B. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe report subpopulations of airway parasympathetic neurons expressing substance P, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, and tyrosine hydroxylase, highlighting unexplored heterogeneity in this population. These neurotransmitter-specific subpopulations did not form intraganglionic interneurons, but rather, extended outside the ganglia, into the airways, to distant innervation targets. Our experiments demonstrate the utility of multicolor labeling to characterize airway innervation, allowing us to confirm the extensive heterogeneity of postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. These methods will facilitate future investigations of neurophysiology and neural contributions to airway disease.