bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural network guided adjoint computations in dual weighted residual error estimation
Authors: Roth Julian , Schröder Max , Wick Thomas 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
In this work, we are concerned with neural network guided goal-oriented a posteriori error estimation and adaptivity using the dual weighted residual method. The primal problem is solved using classical Galerkin finite elements. The adjoint problem is solved in strong form with a feedforward neural network using two or three hidden layers. The main objective of our approach is to explore alternatives for solving the adjoint problem with greater potential of a numerical cost reduction. The proposed algorithm is based on the general goal-oriented error estimation theorem including both linear and nonlinear stationary partial differential equations and goal functionals. Our developments are substantiated with some numerical experiments that include comparisons of neural network computed adjoints and classical finite element solutions of the adjoints. In the programming software, the open-source library deal.II is successfully coupled with LibTorch, the PyTorch C++ application programming interface.

Article Highlights

Adjoint approximation with feedforward neural network in dual-weighted residual error estimation.

Side-by-side comparisons for accuracy and computational cost with classical finite element computations.

Numerical experiments for linear and nonlinear problems yielding excellent effectivity indices.
On the asymptotic behavior of the Diaconis–Freedman chain in a multi-dimensional simplex
Authors: Peigné Marc , Tran Tat Dat 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe give a setting of the Diaconis–Freedman chain in a multi-dimensional simplex and consider its asymptotic behavior. By using techniques from random iterated function theory and quasi-compact operator theory, we first give some sufficient conditions which ensure the existence and uniqueness of an invariant probability measure and, in particular cases, explicit formulas for the invariant probability density. Moreover, we completely classify all behaviors of this chain in dimension two. Some other settings of the chain are also discussed.
Gleasonian structure in the helminth metacommunity of the opossumDidelphis albiventrisin two extremes of the Atlantic Forest
Authors: Cirino B.S. , Costa-Neto S.F. , Cardoso T.S. , Estrela P.C. , Maldonado A. , Gentile R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDidelphis albiventrisis the opossum with the largest geographic distribution in Brazil and has a wide spectrum of helminth parasites. This study aimed to describe the species composition and analyse the structure of helminth communities ofD.albiventrisin two extremes of the Atlantic Forest in Brazil. The influence of host sex, body mass, age, helminth species richness and locality on the abundance and prevalence of the most prevalent helminth species was investigated. Ninety-five per cent of the animals were infected with at least one species. Nine helminth species were found: the nematodesAspidodera raillieti,Cruzia tentaculata,Trichuris didelphisandTrichuris minutain the large intestine;Turgida turgidain the stomach;Travassostrongylus orloffiandViannaia hamata; and the trematodesBrachylaima advenaandRhopalias coronatusin the small intestine. Three helminth morphospecies were also recovered: the nematodesHoineffiasp. andViannaiasp. and a cestode in the small intestine.Cruzia tentaculataandV.hamatawere the species with the highest mean abundances and intensities, while the most prevalent species wereA.raillieti,C.tentaculata,T.turgidaandV.hamata, forming the central nucleus of the helminth component community. The analysis of the helminth metacommunity structure indicated a Gleasonian pattern for the total set of infracommunities, corroborating the beta diversity indices, which indicated more species replacement than loss between localities and infracommunities, although at a low level. The results indicated a stronger influence of host attributes than geographical distance on the community structure.
Borderline personality disorder symptom networks across adolescent and adult clinical samples: examining symptom centrality and replicability
Authors: Peters Jessica R. , Crowe Michael L. , Morgan Theresa , Zimmerman Mark , Sharp Carla , Grilo Carlos M. , Sanislow Charles A. , Shea M. Tracie , Zanarini Mary C. , McGlashan Thomas H. , Morey Leslie C. , Skodol Andrew E. , Yen Shirley 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundNumerous theories posit different core features to borderline personality disorder (BPD). Recent advances in network analysis provide a method of examining the relative centrality of BPD symptoms, as well as examine the replicability of findings across samples. Additionally, despite the increase in research supporting the validity of BPD in adolescents, clinicians are reluctant to diagnose BPD in adolescents. Establishing the replicability of the syndrome across adolescents and adults informs clinical practice and research. This study examined the stability of BPD symptom networks and centrality of symptoms across samples varying in age and clinical characteristics.MethodsCross-sectional analyses of BPD symptoms from semi-structured diagnostic interviews from the Collaborative Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders (CLPS), the Methods to Improve Diagnostic Assessment and Service (MIDAS) study, and an adolescent clinical sample. Network attributes, including edge (partial association) strength and node (symptom) expected influence, were compared.ResultsThe three networks were largely similar and strongly correlated. Affective instability and identity disturbance emerged as relatively central symptoms across the three samples, and relationship difficulties across adult networks. Differences in network attributes were more evident between networks varying both in age and in BPD symptom severity level.ConclusionsFindings highlight the relative importance of affective, identity, and relationship symptoms, consistent with several leading theories of BPD. The network structure of BPD symptoms appears generally replicable across multiple large samples including adolescents and adults, providing further support for the validity of the diagnosis across these developmental phases.
Design and development of optically transparent rectenna for RF energy harvesting applications
Authors: Devisowjanya Potti , Gulam Nabi Alsath Mohammed , Kirubaveni Savarimuthu , Sudhilaya G. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
An optically transparent ultra-wideband (UWB) Vivaldi antenna with a rectifier circuit is proposed in this paper. The proposed antenna is designed and fabricated on a soda-lime glass substrate with fluorine doped conductive oxide (FTO) as the conductive layer. A radial stub is used for better impedance matching and enhancing the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. It operates over a frequency range of 2–6 GHz with a bandwidth of 4 GHz. It has a directional radiation pattern with a realized peak gain of 2.5 dBi at 4 GHz and simulated radiation efficiency greater than 28%. The transparent antenna is integrated with a rectifier and a matching circuit for radio frequency energy harvesting applications. The rectifier and matching circuit is designed on an FR4 substrate. The fabricated rectenna provided a dc voltage of 140 mV from the ambient environment. The proposed rectenna can be installed in handheld devices that increase the scope of applications in automobiles and mobile communications.
Interpretation of Subsurface Salinity EOFs on Southern ECS Shelf Using SODA Reanalysis: Large‐Scale Patterns and Seasonal to Interannual Variations
Authors: Qi Peng , Guo Yun‐xia 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn the southern East China Sea (ECS), low‐salinity shelf water is distinguished from high‐salinity Kuroshio water. Neutral density solution of subsurface salinity in southern ECS with Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) reanalysis data (1958‐2008) is presented. This study focuses on seasonal to interannual variations of large‐scale patterns. We choose isopycnal 24.5 as the representative of subsurface layers, which is the deepest of the Kuroshio subsurface that can outcrop to sea surface during winter and early spring. We conducted EOF both including and excluding the seasonal signal. The results show that annual cycles dominate the first two leading EOF modes, EOF‐1 representing inner‐shelf oscillation, and EOF‐2 outer‐shelf oscillation. However, EOF‐2 also shows significant interannual variability. To this end, we removed the seasonal signal from the dataset and recalculated EOF. We found that the interannual EOF‐1 is of cross‐shelf in spatial pattern and shows significant interannual variability. This suggests that seaward penetration of the shelf water and shelfward intrusion of the Kuroshio that mainly occur in winter and early spring are a pair of contradictions in the two‐way intrusions, which are modulated by significant interannual variability. We also found that the isopycnal extending abnormally northward and outcropping in early spring corresponds to significant non‐intrusions of the Kuroshio. In the underlying dynamics, oceanic stratification, besides topography uplifting, plays an important role in the subsurface intrusion of Kuroshio off northeast Taiwan.
Long‐Range Lateral Transport of Dissolved Manganese and Iron in the Subarctic Pacific
Authors: Wong Kuo Hong , Nishioka Jun , Kim Taejin , Obata Hajime 
Published: January 2022

AbstractDissolved manganese (dMn) and iron (dFe) are important micronutrients for marine microorganisms. In this study, we presented comprehensive distributions of dMn in the subarctic Pacific and compared our Mn data with those of dFe in the same region. dMn and dFe exhibited a scavenged‐type and nutrient‐type vertical profile, respectively. We also determined the size fractionation of Mn at two stations and found that most of dMn was in the soluble fraction, in contrast to dFe, which included colloidal organic particles. In the coastal surface waters of the Gulf of Alaska, Mn was supplied from a riverine source. Drawdowns of dFe, dMn, and macronutrient were observed along the salinity gradient. Both dMn and dFe were transported eastward, with log‐scale transport distances of 3,600 and 3,300 km, respectively in the upper intermediate water, and 4,700 and 3,400 km, respectively in the lower intermediate water. In the upper intermediate water, dMn showed a positive relationship with apparent oxygen utilization, suggesting that regeneration processes could supply dMn to these waters. However, mixing with water masses from the subtropical North Pacific reduced dMn concentration. High dissolved oxygen concentrations in these waters also increased the rate of dMn loss relative to the lower intermediate water. The transport distances of dMn found in this study were the highest in the Pacific region. This long‐range transport of dMn and dFe could eventually fuel phytoplankton growth at the surface via upwelling processes.
Non‐Local Energy Dissipation of Lee Waves and Turbulence in the South China Sea
Authors: Zheng Kaiwen , Nikurashin Maxim , Tian Jiwei 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBreaking of internal lee waves has been shown to drive enhanced turbulence and mixing in regions where strong bottom flows interact with rough topography. However, theoretical predictions for the energy conversion from the bottom flows into lee waves differ from the corresponding turbulent energy dissipation rates observed locally at the wave generation sites. Recent idealized numerical simulations suggest that the discrepancy may be attributed to non‐local wave breaking and dissipation effects: when a mean flow impinges on rough topography and generates lee waves and turbulence, a significant fraction of the generated energy gets advected downstream of the generation site and dissipates remotely. Here, we present a case study for the non‐local lee wave energy dissipation in the South China Sea by using a combination of in situ mooring observations of the bottom flow interacting with two topographic features and corresponding numerical simulations. The results show that most of the near‐inertial and high‐frequency response observed at the mooring site is not locally generated, but rather is produced by the interaction of the subinertial flow with the topographic feature upstream. The wave and turbulent energy detected at the mooring site can be enhanced by an order of magnitude compared to the energy of the locally generated motions. The simulations confirm that up to 70% of the enhanced energy is advected into the region by the subinertial flow, while the rest is radiated into the region as waves. Implication of our results for mixing observations and ocean model parameterizations are discussed.
On the Correspondence Between Atmosphere‐Only and Coupled Simulations for Radiative Feedbacks and Forcing From CO2
Authors: Qin Yi , Zelinka Mark D. , Klein Stephen A. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAtmosphere‐only experiments are widely used to investigate climate feedbacks simulated in more computationally expensive fully coupled global climate model simulations. We confirm that this remains a valid approach by comparing the radiative feedbacks and forcing between coupled and atmosphere‐only simulations for the latest models taking part in the 6th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). For global‐mean cloud feedbacks, we find a better than previously known correspondence between these experiments, which applies even to the response of individual cloud properties (amount, altitude, and optical depth) and holds even when considering atmosphere‐only simulations of only 1 yr duration. For regional cloud feedbacks, the correspondence between the two experiments is generally present at every geographic location except for the tropical Pacific but takes longer experiments to reveal. For the lapse rate and surface albedo feedbacks, the correspondence between the two experiments is weaker due to the non‐uniform warming pattern and loss of sea ice in the coupled experiment. For the across‐model relationship between 4xCO2 effective radiative forcing and feedback, we find a different behavior across experiments in CMIP6 than in CMIP5, casting doubt on the physical significance of previous results that highlighted an anti‐correlation between the two quantities. Overall, these results confirm the utility of atmosphere‐only experiments particularly to study cloud feedbacks, which are the dominant source of inter‐model spread in climate sensitivity.
Aquatic Insect Bioconstructions Modify Fine‐Sediment Entrainment and Mobility
Authors: Mason R. J. , Rice S. P. , Johnson M. F. , Wood P. J. , Vettori D. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe importance of two‐way interactions between animals and the physical hydraulic and sedimentological environment are increasingly recognized (e.g., zoogeomorphology). Caddisflies (Trichoptera) are a group of aquatic insects known for their bioconstructions, particularly cases built from fine sediment and silk. Caddisfly cases differ in size, shape and density from the incorporated sediment, and case construction may therefore affect the mobility of these sediments in rivers. However, although communities of caddisfly often use substantial quantities of sediment in case construction, the effect of these bioconstructions on sediment transport in rivers is unknown. We use a flume experiment to compare the bed shear stress required to transport (a) empty caddisfly cases and (b) individual sediment particles, following disaggregation from the case. The cases of three species were considered; two that construct different styles of tubular case (Potamophlax latipennis and Sericostoma personatum) and one that builds a domed case (Agapetus fuscipes). P. latipennis and S. personatum cases were easier to entrain than the sediment grains incorporated into them, whilst A. fuscipes cases were not. Despite their low mass, A. fuscipes cases required the most shear stress to transport them because their domed shape impeded rolling. These findings are important to understand how differences in case design between species, reflect different adaptation strategies to the turbulent hydraulic river habitat. Furthermore, the results suggest that un‐attached tubular caddisfly cases may be preferentially transported over other particles on the river bed and thus, where caddisfly occur in high abundance, they may increase fluvial entrainment of sand.
Genomic characterization of functional high-risk multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Soekojo Cinnie Yentia , Chung Tae-Hoon , Furqan Muhammad Shaheryar , Chng Wee Joo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) patients with suboptimal response to induction therapy or early relapse, classified as the functional high-risk (FHR) patients, have been shown to have poor outcomes. We evaluated newly-diagnosed MM patients in the CoMMpass dataset and divided them into three groups: genomic high-risk (GHR) group for patients with t(4;14) or t(14;16) or complete loss of functional TP53 (bi-allelic deletion of TP53 or mono-allelic deletion of 17p13 (del17p13) and TP53 mutation) or 1q21 gain and International Staging System (ISS) stage 3; FHR group for patients who had no markers of GHR group but were refractory to induction therapy or had early relapse within 12 months; and standard-risk (SR) group for patients who did not fulfill any of the criteria for GHR or FHR. FHR patients had the worst survival. FHR patients are characterized by increased mutations affecting the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway, and a gene expression profile associated with aberrant mitosis and DNA damage response. This is also corroborated by the association with the mutational signature associated with abnormal DNA damage response. We have also developed a machine learning based classifier that can identify most of these patients at diagnosis.
An investigation into the management of the deep carious lesion by general dental practitioners in the UK
Authors: Patel Sheena , Fine Peter , Shukla Mandeep , Blizard Robert , Leung Albert 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectives As techniques and dental materials have evolved, the management of deep carious lesions has also changed. This study investigated how UK-based general dental practitioners (GDPs) managed deep carious lesions in permanent, vital teeth and factors that influence their choices.Methods This mixed-method study employed an online questionnaire as its primary source of quantitative data collection. The questionnaire enquired about GDPs': a) demographics; b) working environment; and c) whether they had postgraduate training that covered caries management/minimally invasive dentistry (MID). Respondents were presented with a clinical case to elicit qualitative data. Relevant questions were asked in order to examine current practice and explore treatment among the respondents.Results In total, 239 responses were received. Overall, 168 (70% [95% CI 64%, 76%]) of the respondents chose a partial caries removal technique, 155 (69.3% [95% CI 60%, 72%]) used an adhesive restorative material and 205 (85.8% [95% CI 81%, 89%]) advised fluoride adjuncts. However, rubber dam (75; 31.4% [95% CI 26%, 38%]) and saliva testing (17; 7.1% [95% CI 4%, 11%]) were not routinely used. A significant relationship between those who had postgraduate training and those who chose partial caries removal as their treatment choice (χ2 = 6.27; p = 0.01) was noted. Respondents working in an NHS-based practice were significantly (χ2 = 34.98; p <0.001) more likely to restore teeth with amalgam.Conclusions There is an inconsistent management protocol when presented with a deep carious lesion, but partial caries removal is more widely adopted than previously reported. Rubber dam isolation was not routinely used when choosing to restore a deep carious lesion. Those who have had postgraduate training felt more confident in offering MID, so there is a clear need for further education to ensure its engagement.
Inequitable patterns of US flood risk in the Anthropocene
Authors: Wing Oliver E. J. , Lehman William , Bates Paul D. , Sampson Christopher C. , Quinn Niall , Smith Andrew M. , Neal Jeffrey C. , Porter Jeremy R. , Kousky Carolyn 
Published: January 2022

AbstractCurrent flood risk mapping, relying on historical observations, fails to account for increasing threat under climate change. Incorporating recent developments in inundation modelling, here we show a 26.4% (24.1–29.1%) increase in US flood risk by 2050 due to climate change alone under RCP4.5. Our national depiction of comprehensive and high-resolution flood risk estimates in the United States indicates current average annual losses of US$32.1 billion (US$30.5–33.8 billion) in 2020’s climate, which are borne disproportionately by poorer communities with a proportionally larger White population. The future increase in risk will disproportionately impact Black communities, while remaining concentrated on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. Furthermore, projected population change (SSP2) could cause flood risk increases that outweigh the impact of climate change fourfold. These results make clear the need for adaptation to flood and emergent climate risks in the United States, with mitigation required to prevent the acceleration of these risks.
Periodontal probing on digital images compared to clinical measurements in periodontitis patients
Authors: Chung Hye-Min , Park Jin-Young , Ko Kyung-A. , Kim Chang-Sung , Choi Seong-Ho , Lee Jung-Seok 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe aim of the study was to compare the supra-alveolar gingival dimension (GD) and the clinical pocket probing depth (PD) by combining data from an intraoral scanner (IOS) and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) and identify the clinical features affecting the clinical PD. 1,071 sites from 11 patients were selected for whom CBCT, IOS images, and periodontal charts were recorded at the same visit. CBCT and IOS data were superimposed. GD was measured on cross-sectional images of the probed sites. The level of agreement and correlation between GD and PD were assessed for the entire population and within groups (treated vs untreated, bleeding on probing [BOP] vs no BOP, and PDs of 0–3 mm vs 4–5 mm vs ≥ 6 mm). The mean [± SD] difference between GD and PD was 0.82 [± 0.69] mm, and they were positively correlated (r = 0.790, p < 0.001). The correlations between GD and PD were stronger for untreated sites, sites with BOP, and sites with a larger PD. Within the limitations of this study, the similarity between GD and PD may suggest a possible tendency of overestimation when recording PD.
Influence of state reopening policies in COVID-19 mortality
Authors: Tam Ka-Ming , Walker Nicholas , Moreno Juana 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBy the end of May 2020, all states in the US have eased their COVID-19 mitigation measures. Different states adopted markedly different policies and timing for reopening. An important question remains in how the relaxation of mitigation measures is related to the number of casualties. To address this question, we compare the actual data to a hypothetical case in which the mitigation measures are left intact using a projection of the data from before mitigation measures were eased. We find that different states have shown significant differences between the actual number of deaths and the projected figures within the present model. We relate these differences to the states different policies and reopening schedules. Our study provides a gauge for the effectiveness of the approaches by different state governments and can serve as a guide for implementing best policies in the future. According to the Pearson correlation coefficients we obtained, the face mask mandate has the strongest correlation with the death count than any other policies we considered.