bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-invasive analyses of a multi-stratified archaeological and historical site: the Crypta Balbi case-study
Authors: Fioriti Vincenzo , Roselli Ivan , Forliti Sara , Tatì Angelo , Colucci Alessandro , Baldini Massimiliano , Picca Alessandro , Cataldo Antonino , Marzullo Mauro 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A number of non-invasive techniques were used to study the state of conservation of an important archaeological site in the centre of Rome, the Crypta Balbi (part of the Museo Nazionale Romano), so-called after proconsul Lucio Cornelio Balbo, who in the year 13 BC built here a theatre in the Campus Martius [1]. Excavations are still ongoing, so new relevant archaeological findings could still be discovered. At the same time, this involves that each new finding must be conserved and preserved. To this aim, extensive monitoring campaigns are essential. The reconstructions in Figure 1 and 2 show the structure of the monument during the II century (imperial age) and after, until the 15th century [1]. Figure 3 shows the studied site as it is today. The theatre and the Crypta (a kind of courtyard) are located within the red dotted circles. Today it is close to a tramway in the city centre, that induces air pollution and vibrations potentially putting at risk this unique archaeological site. In order to study its various layers, a number of non-invasive techniques have been used. Among them: infrared cameras for the thermographic analysis, velocimeters to evaluate impact of vibrations, microclimatic parameters acquisition, kinematic analysis, digital video elaboration by motion magnification method. Substantially, this monitoring campaign was based on non-contact investigations in order to eliminate any danger to damage the elements of the monument, which provided useful insights. Thermal images of the monument were captured using a Flir T440 thermal infrared camera. Microclimatic parameters and data of weather stations were collected for correlation to experimental ambient vibration and NDTs data. In particular, air temperature and humidity were monitored by two MSR145 mini data loggers. Seismographs type SL06 SARA Instruments digital recorders equipped with SS02 triaxial velocimeters were used for the vibration monitoring. Each seismograph is independent and provided with battery for the energy supply and with a GPS antenna for synchronization, so that data from different instruments can be compared in the time domain. The instrumentation is very accurate, in fact the sensitivity is 400 V/m/s and the frequency range from 0.2 to 50 Hz, sampling frequency set at 200 Hz. Data were acquired from 10:00 a.m. to 12:00 a.m. Motion Magnification (MM) is a recently developed video processing methodology [2, 6, 5]. MM [2 - 6] acts like a microscope in digital videos, magnifying motions hardly visible with the naked eye, but leaving unchanged the topology of the images.
Evaluation of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for distinguish anthropogenic and geogenic calcite.
Authors: Calandra Sara , Cantisani Emma , Salvadori Barbara , Barone Serena , Liccioli Lucia , Fedi Mariaelena , Garzonio Carlo Alberto 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy allows to reliably distinguish between calcites formed by different processes, e.g. geogenic and anthropogenic calcite. This approach can be used for rapid sample analysis in the radiocarbon dating of mortars. The datable component is represented by anthropogenic calcite, that results from the reaction of calcium hydroxide with the atmospheric CO2 during the hardening of the material. However, different possible sources of contamination can alter the true radiocarbon concentration and can thus make the mortar appearing either older or younger. The preventive identification of the origin of calcite present in the sample allows to measure only anthropogenic calcite, reducing the time and cost of Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) measurements. Many papers are present in the literature discussing the use of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) with the KBr pellet method, to distinguish the origin of calcite. In this paper, the use of attenuated total reflectance mode (ATR-FTIR) is evaluated since it may present valuable advantages such as non-destructivity, in the perspective of sample reuse for dating.
Application of a non-invasive measurement technique to detect anomalies in frescoes at the US Capitol
Authors: Vignola A , Corvaro F , Vignola J , Turo D , Marchetti B , Vitali M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Delamination is one of the most common issue that can affect frescoes and wall painting in general. Non-destructive techniques (NDT) are considered an effective analysis method for frescoes conservation status detection. The objective of this work was to determine the structural integrity of plaster in the United States Capitol Building through structural vibration analysis. The plaster was excited with sound, causing it to vibrate at a miniscule level. The resulting vibrations were measured using a laser vibrometer and then utilized to reveal the location and size of unseen irregularities in the structure. More than 50 individual scans were performed and analyzed using scanning laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV). The analysis identified many anomalies and assessed the status of some areas that were intact. This procedure was performed on each of the frescoes adorning the walls and ceiling of the rooms to discover areas where the painted plaster has lost adherence to the underlying architecture. The frescos were classified into three categories: intact, anomalous, in need of further analysis. A comparison with data recorded in 2004 of the same frescoes has been also performed.
Documenting Cultural Heritage in very hostile fruition contexts: the synoptic visualization of Giottesque frescoes by Multispectral and 3D Close-range Imaging
Authors: Grifoni E , Gargano M , Melada J , Interlenghi M , Castiglioni I , Romano Gosetti di Sturmeck S , Ludwig N 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The paper reports the results obtained from the digital survey of Giottesque frescoes in the Archiepiscopal Palace of Milan. Multispectral Imaging and Image Based Modelling techniques have allowed the study, the high-resolution documentation and the virtual reassembly of the fragmented frescoes: the integration of spectral data with RGB ortho-images and 3D models has supported the interpretation of the pictorial cycle by virtually relocating the fresco fragments and evaluating their consistency from a technical, iconographic and art-historical point of view. The experimental results show that the proposed approach has great potential for the documentation of wall paintings preserved in highly hostile contexts of fruition. Due to its versatility and portability in the field, its sub-millimetric accuracy, and the different outputs that can be generated, Close-Range Digital Photogrammetry has proven to be the ideal tool in case of scattered and difficult-to-access data.
A procedure to monitor the critical aspects of the sampling in the authenticity tests by TL
Authors: Gueli A M , Stella G , Pasquale S , Politi G , Trigona C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This work addresses a contribution to specific objectives of a wide research project aimed at making operator-independent and at having an automatic system during the collection phase in authenticity test by Thermoluminescence. Here we dealt with critical aspects of the sampling regard the temperature monitoring during the drilling. A homemade system is built up to carry out the experiments and allow assessing correlation between the temperatures evaluated by elaboration of thermal images and the values of force measured from 5N to 30N in correspondence of hole generated in the brick and of the drill bit.
From Point Cloud To Video Projection Mapping: Knowing Modern Architecture By Using Light Projection
Authors: Martino A , Balletti C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The ClusterLab HeModern of the Università Iuav di Venezia has been working in recent years on the study, knowledge and conservation of 20th century architecture. This interdisciplinary research group (History of Architecture, Geomatics, Building Technology, Restoration Project) intends to investigate how to analyse and evaluate the state of conservation of the materials of which the modern architectural cultural heritage is composed by identifying specific application protocols for intervention, preservation and valorisation. In 2018, the collaboration between the above-mentioned ClusterLab, the LéaV of the Ecole nationale supérieure d’architecture in Versailles and the Archivio del Moderno of the Accademia di architettura in Mendrisio - Università della Svizzera italiana, culminated in the identification of the works and career of André Bloc as a case study. In the context of this study, the Tour, the Engineer’s posthumous work, was selected to serve as a sample for research on the methods of communication of the contents of the architecture, the survey procedures used and the elaborations obtained. So, after the survey campaign, which took place via topographic, laser scanning and photogrammetric methods, two different levels of restitution were conceived: the first, made according to the canonical graphic paper methods, represents the procedural and surveying information, the material characterisation and the state of decay; the second elevates the same contents by applying them to physical reality. In this phase, the research focused on the possibility of making the different projects collaborate through the technique of rapid prototyping and video projection mapping. This particular form of augmented reality was used to enrich, through the mediation of light projections, the sensory perception of the observers by adding more information and emphasising those of greatest interest, proposing an alternative way of storytelling. In fact, unlike other forms of augmented reality, in the case of video projection mapping, the observer has the possibility to interact continuously with the physical reality, whose character is static, while the transmission of data is dynamic and can range in heterogeneity. The elaborations produced were presented in form of a museum exhibit at the international conference “Arti e architettura. Il contributo di André Bloc 1950-1970”, which took place in the exhibition rooms of the Università Iuav di Venezia.
Identification of natural dyes in historical tapestries, a LC-MS/MS approach.
Authors: Baroni Anna , Comite Valeria , Guglielmi Vittoria , Casanova Mattia , Redegalli Paolo , Fermo Paola 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The present study concerns the identification of the colouring matter in ancient tapestries of different historical periods. The investigation was performed using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and the results were compared with a previously created reference database. Furthermore, the characteristic fragmentation pathway provided additional information for the identification of the dyes employed.
Glass-gems from the National Archaeological Museum in Aquileia: a PIXE/PIGE compositional study
Authors: Di Martino D , Gagetti E , Marcuccci G , Lemasson Q , Riccardi MP 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 100 investigated coloured/colourless opaque and transparent glass-gems of the National Archaeological Museum of Aquileia (Italy) have been analyzed with a non-invasive approach, at the AGLAE facility (Centre de Recherche et Restauration des Musées de France - C2RMF), located at the Palais du Louvre in Paris (France).
The collection represents a “unicum” in terms of number of finds and richness of typologies. Almost all the glass-gems were discovered in the Roman site of Aquileia, known as an important center of glass working, and are dated between the 2nd century BCE to the 2nd century CE. Their safe provenance from the city and cemeteries of Roman Aquileia, and their number, offer an unparalleled statistical sample.
Most of the objects belong to the natron-glass group. The families of HIMT glass and glass made from plant ashes are also represented. This compositional variety of glass supports the hypothesis that Aquileia was an important glass working center in the Roman age.
Mapping large surfaces of cultural heritage buildings by infrared thermography
Authors: Cadelano G , Ferrarini G , Bortolin A , Bison P 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Thermographic mapping of cultural heritage buildings is nowadays a key technique to evaluate the status of a building, thanks to its non-destructive and non-invasive nature. Infrared thermography allows both to study the structure of the building itself, looking for hidden elements and defining the stratigraphy, and to assess the building status, checking for damages such as detachments or degradation due to ageing or humidity. The need for a fast thermographic scanning procedure, useful for investigating large surfaces, led to the creation and refinement of the IRpano device, that allows a rapid and complete thermal scanning of building surfaces and the visualization of results in a 360° panoramic environment. This work presents the conceptual framework of the IRpano device and the results of thermal scanning on cultural heritage buildings.
Historical proteinaceous-based pictorial binders’ analysis: a novel proteomic minimally invasive approach
Authors: Rigante Elena C L , Calvano Cosima D , Sabbatini Luigia , Cataldi Tommaso R I 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Operating micro-invasive sampling when dealing with the chemical investigation of precious historical works of art is, without doubts, mandatory. Recently, scientific research in the field of Cultural Heritage has been often devoted to the development of innovative strategies for quasi non-invasive sampling on works of art to extract, for example, proteins and/or lipids composing the pictorial binders gaining extensive awareness about the materials employed by the artist. In this work, we propose a novel minimally invasive method for the sampling and characterization of protein-based painting binders. We apply a hydrophilic gel, previously functionalized with trypsin and chymotrypsin, on the artwork surface to perform an in-situ digestion of proteinaceous binders. Peptides are identified by means of a proteomic bottom-up approach combined with a high resolution/accuracy mass spectrometry technique. A wooden polychrome statue belonging to the XV century was chosen as a sample to assess the proposed protocol on a historical painting layer, as illustrated herein.
A computer-based method for the accurate analysis of the trilobate spouts found in the cathedral of Amiternum
Authors: Di Angelo L , Di Stefano P , Forgione A , Guardiani E. , Pane C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The traditional manual method of analysis of ceramic finds involves expert operators in long and routine activities whose results depend on their subjectivity, specialization, and professional experience. This implies that the analysis of sherds is carried out using few data affected by high uncertainty. These limitations are even more clear with fragments with small axially symmetric portions whose elements of the investigation are not axially symmetric, such as handles, spouts, decorations. In this way both the axis of symmetry of the original object and the reference planes and/or axes of the characteristic dimensions of the elements are identified with such approximations as to compromise subsequent analyses and comparisons. To overcome these limitations, in this paper a new computer-based procedure is proposed. As a case study, the analysis fragments of jugs/bowls with trilobed spouts found in the site of Amiternum, coming from 12th-13th century contexts are considered; their analysis is fundamental to analyze the site where they were found since there is no archival documentation about their use.
Chemical Analysis of prehistoric pottery complex of Valcorrente - Sicily (Italy)
Authors: Gueli Anna Maria , Palio Orazio , Turco Maria , Pasquale Stefania , Stella Giuseppe , Lemasson Quentin , Pacheco Claire , Pichon Laurent , Moignard Brice , Politi Giuseppe 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This paper is aimed at studying different pottery sherds excavated in the site of Valcorrente, located in Sicily, occupied in three main periods, dating respectively to the end of the Neolithic period, to the end of the Chalcolithic period, and to the Early Bronze Age. The chemical composition of the pottery sherds has been analysed with Ion Beam techniques at AGLAE facility at Centre de Recherche et Restauration des Musées de France and the results have been treated with principal component analysis in order to extract indications about the ceramic production technology in the area and the evolution in time.
Integrated Geophysical And Geomatics Study At Xrobb L-Ghagin Archaeological Site: Preliminary Results
Authors: Colica E. , D’Amico S. , Luciano G. , Cardona D. , Caruana J. , Straud K. , Leucci G. , Farrugia D. , Galea P. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study reports the results obtained by combining geophysical methods and geomatis techniques to study the Xrobb l-Ghagin archaeological site. We use unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with different sensors in order to reconstruct the 3D digital model of the area with the main goal of obtaining quantitative information. In particular, we used optical and Lidar sensors mounted on our drone and we perform also ground-based topographic survey in order to properly georeferenced the obtained 3D digital model. Geophysics data (e.g. ambient noise vibration, electrical resistivity tomography and ground penetrating radar) have been collected to study potential buried features present at the site. The 3D model and geophysical investigations helped in identifying potential buried archeological structures as well as the mapping of shallow geological features as fractures, faults and caves.
A brief on tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) functionalized-adsorbents in CO2 capture application
Authors: Tan K. W. , Ruhaimi A.H. , Hitam C.N.C. , Taib M.R. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Among numerous carbon capture technologies, adsorption is considered one of the most effective approaches to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the atmosphere. Various modification approaches of adsorbents have been introduced to enhance the CO2 adsorption ability. Recently, an amine such as tetraethylenepentamine (TEPA) has been extensively used as an adsorbent’s promoter because of its high amine density, low viscosity, low cost, and low toxicity properties. This has added an advantage to the adsorbent in terms of economical and environmentally benign. Therefore, it is important to provide the latest review on TEPA-functionalized adsorbents, specifically on the effects of TEPA functionalization, different TEPA loading, diverse adsorption conditions, as well as the structure of adsorbents towards the CO2 adsorption capacity. Different adsorption conditions over a wide range of adsorption temperatures were thoroughly discussed and several recommendations for future studies were also been proposed.
Fabrication of self-cleaning bio-based plastic with antimicrobial properties via solution casting technique
Authors: Peter John C , Ali R R , Mohamed Isa E D , Salleh M S N , Burhanuddin M F B , Mohd Yunos D D 
Published: April 2022

AbstractPLA/TiO2composite materials were created using solution casting approaches in this investigation. Water absorption and antimicrobial were examined by evaluating the interactions between the essential components of the film-forming materials. The overall performance of nanocomposites with varying TiO2concentration was investigated. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, a water absorption test, and antimicrobial analysis were used to conduct the studies. The water absorption of bioplastics was shown to be reduced when TiO2concentration was increased up to 5.0 wt%, with the lowest water saturation point of 17.93%. This is because the interaction between PLA and TiO2lowers the number of free OH groups in the resultant bioplastics. As a consequence, there was a decrease in water absorption-related deterioration, such tensile property degradation of the bioplastics. Furthermore, antibacterial activity enhanced under UV-A irradiation with a TiO2nanoparticles concentration of 5.0 wt%, and 1.0 wt% of the nanofilms displayed inhibitory zones of 10.49 ± 0.22 and 12.61 ± 0.78 mm and 6.83 ± 0.19 and 6.96 ± 0.62 mm for E. coli and S. aureus, respectively. Overall, the performance of the nanofilm with a higher TiO2concentration outperformed the pure film. Nonetheless, both nanocomposite membranes complied with the requirements of food packaging films.
Synthesis of potassium hydroxide-treated activated carbon via one-step activation method
Authors: Harimisa G E , Jusoh N W C , Tan L S , Shameli K , Ghafar N A , Masudi A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Physicochemical activation has been popular currently due to the incredible surface area of activated carbon produced. In the process, the step of activation has a significant role in influencing the characteristics of activated carbon. Previously, several studies conducted one-step activation in which potassium hydroxide (KOH) was impregnated with the precursors derived from agricultural biomass and wastes. Currently, the materials have been interesting due to their renewable and low-cost properties. This paper reviews the recent studies regarding the variables and the effect of one-step activation towards properties of KOH-impregnated adsorbents which were synthesized from agricultural biomass and wastes. The variables of one-step activation and pore development are compared in this paper. It was found that the increase of pore characteristics follows the increased amount of KOH concentration, ratio, carbonizing temperature and time until reaching the optimum level of variables. One-step activation has been proved by the studies to the successful activation of activated carbon with different excellent surface area, even up to approximately 2800 m2/g. In the future, it will be a great challenge to develop the efficient processes of synthesizing activated carbon with improved optimization to achieve incredible and maximum results of the surface area.
Prediction of CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia using Nonlinear Grey Bernoulli Model NGBM (1,1) compared with GM (1,1) model
Authors: Althobaiti Z F , Shabri A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
One of the most critical solution for tackling the challenges of global warming and climate change is to study and know the accurate prediction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Thus, aid to develop appropriate strategic plans that will reduce future damages caused by these emissions into the atmosphere. This study utilizes annual time series data on CO2 emissions in Saudi Arabia from 1970 to 2016. The goal of this study is to predict CO2 emissions using the Nonlinear Grey Bernoulli model NGBM (1,1), and compared with the GM (1,1) model based on MAPE metrics to achieve a high-accuracy prediction. The NGBM (1,1) is a newly created grey model with wide ranging applications in diverse fields due to its precision in handling small time-series datasets with nonlinear variations. The NGBM (1,1) with power γ is a nonlinear differential equation that can control the predicted result and adjust the solution to fit the 1-AGO of previous raw data. Thus, the findings show that at sample sizes of N=10 and N=5, the Nonlinear Grey Bernoulli Model (NGBM) is more precise than the Grey Model GM (1, 1). The findings could help the government develop future economic policies.