bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Noisy Masculinity
Authors: Decker Todd 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This part details how Astaire used foot sounds to secure an aggressively masculine on-screen dancing presence. His position as a dancing man always put Astaire’s masculinity in question. His strategies for appearing straight and manly draw directly on the Black dance style of jazz tap. Astaire’s regular use of nondance dance steps (kicks to the pants, stomps to the toes) is quantified beside his idiosyncratic use of familiar tap steps (time step, double flaps). All these steps work to strengthen Astaire’s masculine figure by way of a confrontational attitude toward others and himself. Astaire’s only yellowface number—“Limehouse Blues” (Ziegfeld Follies)—presents a highly contrasting, thoroughly feminized and queered Astaire who makes no noise.
Introduction to the Roman Fasces
Authors: Brennan T. Corey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The ancient Romans in both the Republic (as far back as one can trace) and Empire made a familiar and highly effective spectacle out of bundling wooden rods and a single-bladed axe with leather straps into a “fasces.” They presented this instrument as a mobile kit for punishment, one intended to induce feelings of respect for the relevant authority, as well as fear. So ubiquitous is the device in ancient sources that we frequently find the word “fasces” denoting high office in general. Renaissance humanists and artists readily comprehended the emblem’s basic appearance, use, and official symbolism. However, what demonstrably made less of an impression on thinkers of this and indeed later ages (until Mussolini) was the psychological terror generated by the original Roman fasces. For that development, one can blame a learned conflation in the Renaissance era of an antiquarian understanding of the fasces with a famous ancient moralizing tale of Greek origin attached to Aesop’s collection of Fables, in which an aged father uses a bundle of sticks to instruct his sons on the dangers of division and the strength that comes from unity. Paradoxically, Mussolini, who made the fasces his actual symbol of state, ran roughshod over the original Roman tradition he supposedly wanted to revive. The structure of the book is outlined, as well as its overarching argument: that today’s understanding of the fasces necessarily is mediated by layers of significance accrued over the centuries, and in assessing individual appearances of the symbol, context is key.
Images of the Roman Fasces
Authors: Brennan T. Corey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
When the institution of the fasces first confronts us in the visual medium, it appears quite evolved—and terrifying. That emerges from a second-century bce mural painting from the Esquiline in Rome which depicts lictors in distinctive dress, menacingly parading in triumph, and a coin (late second century bce) which represents a lictor about to dole out punishment. Moneyers of the Republic only sporadically include the fasces in their designs minted in Rome, and just once as an abstract symbol of state power. Rome’s emperors from Augustus through Nerva (i.e., 27 bce–98 ce) essentially avoid depicting the fasces on their coins, at Rome or in the provinces. The reason must be that the insignia primarily transmitted terror. In the second century ce, minters for Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius revisited the fasces as a design motif, but with an emphasis on the lictors who carried them, sometimes acting as instruments of imperial philanthropy. By the early third century ce, the fasces had received a makeover, now as long curved rods with nonfunctional axe heads. This is the form that persists through late antiquity, certainly well into the sixth century ce in both West and East. Though the fasces proper does not play a major part in Byzantine ceremonial practices, lictor-like attendants with axes, twelve in number, show up in Constantinople at the coronation of the emperor Manuel II Palaeologus in the year 1391. All of this is powerful evidence for the tenacity of the basic institution.
Early Modern and Neoclassical Fasces
Authors: Brennan T. Corey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
What propelled the fusion of Roman fasces with Aesop’s moralizing tale of sticks was the Nova Iconologia of Cesare Ripa (1555–1622), a compilation of emblems first published in an illustrated edition in 1603. There both Justice and Concord suggestively receive as their attributes a fascio di verghe (“bundle of sticks”). Later editors of Ripa completed the conflation. In France, the powerful cardinal and statesman Jules Mazarin (1602–1661, chief minister to the crown from 1642) shamelessly exploited the fasces, ostensibly as a family heraldic emblem but with the effect of creating a personal brand. Mazarin attracted many encomiasts, who did much to promote the emphatically non-Roman idea that the fasces represented unity, and good government in general. This whole understanding of the fasces culminates in a bronze full-length portrait statue of Louis XIV (reigned 1643–1715), dedicated in 1689 at Musée Carnavalet in Paris. Here the sculptor Antoine Coysevox (1640–1720) portrayed the king in a Roman cuirass, resting his left arm on an axe-less fasces topped by a helmet. In its context, the fasces conveys a balanced message of strength, dominion, moderation, and unity through reconciliation, while also rekindling memories of Mazarin’s own policies as advisor to the king. Yet in this period no nation shows much interest in putting the fasces on civic coats of arms, flags, coins, and the like. Even in the 1760s, when the antiquarian obsessions of the Neoclassical movement were at their peak, the fasces seemed fated to find itself just one derivative antique decorative element among many.
Popular and Revolutionary Fasces
Authors: Brennan T. Corey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, theater and pageants played an especially powerful role in communicating the basic nature and functions of the fasces. In France, the emblem was familiar enough that after the storming of the Bastille in July 1789, the revolutionaries almost immediately chose the fasces as a symbol of their movement’s strength, power, commitment to justice, unity, and—with a conscientious nod to the tradition on the insignia in Rome’s Republic—dependence on the assent of the people. When combined with a Roman freedman’s cap, they meant for the fasces to connote liberty, too. In 1792, in a first for any nation, the fasces figured in the semi-official seal of the new revolutionary state. The spirit of revolutionary coin types with fasces had a certain influence in the Americas even beyond France’s colonies in the New World, finding a place on the money of Mexico (1823–1863), then Ecuador and Chile (after 1830). In North America, it was the distinctly non-Roman theme of the fasces representing unity that prevailed, facilitated by the Second Continental Congress’s decision in August 1776 to adopt e pluribus unum (Latin for “out of many, one”) as a national motto. Though the new nation’s official seal (adopted 1782) did not include the fasces, it soon featured prominently in the repertoire of patriotic images, including an official place in American political life when the House of Representatives in 1789 adopted a fasces-like mace to serve as the badge of its sergeant-at-arms.
Constructing Fasces in Mussolini’s Italy
Authors: Brennan T. Corey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
None of the many activist Italian political groups of the late nineteenth and earlier twentieth centuries that called themselves “fasci” (“bundles”) exploited the Roman device in their public messaging until 1919. In that year, the newspaper editor Benito Mussolini (1883–1945), as founder and leader of the “Italian Fasci of Combat,” embraced the (previously pejorative) tag “fascisti” for his supporters, and used a threatening representation of the fasces to identify his favored political candidates. Use of the historical Roman emblem served as branding for his rapidly growing party, and to a stunning degree also helped valorize its violent methods, which intensified especially from the spring of 1920. Soon after his movement’s largely bloodless “March on Rome” (October 28–30, 1922) that felled the elected government, Mussolini—now as prime minister—successfully forced the fasces into every crevice of Italian daily life, from coinage and postage stamps to cigarette packaging. What followed was a twenty-year program to make the fasces ubiquitous in Italy and the territories it colonized in Africa. Mussolini’s regime’s relentless focus on the fasces, and propagation of the image on a massive scale, had no close parallel in world history. And Mussolini seems to have been the first statesperson ever to interpret the fasces as an instrument for imposing political unity by means of authority. (Everyone else had it the other way around.) It also was a special innovation of Mussolini to idealize the humble lictor who lugged the fasces, and raise him to prominence.
Eradication of Fasces and Epilogue
Authors: Brennan T. Corey 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The defeat of the Axis powers in 1945 occasioned a comprehensive purge of the Nazi swastika emblem, and sent the image of the fasces sharply in retreat—even in the United States, where soon after war’s end it was dropped from the long-established (since 1916) 10-cent piece. However, Italy developed no master plan to address its now-ubiquitous Fascist symbols. Indeed, by 1953, its national Olympic committee was touting Rome’s former Foro Mussolini as an ideal site for the 1960 Summer Games. And once it won its bid, it made only a belated and feeble effort (quickly abandoned) to mitigate the effect of the hundreds of fasces embedded in the mosaic walkway that led to the principal stadium, which are still intact today. That said, in the post–World War II era—with the exception of a provocative twinned public sculpture (2001) on university campuses in Paisley (Scotland) and Princeton (New Jersey)—no one has been putting up new fasces in public art. However, the fasces’ long history, with all its twists and turns from antiquity through Fascist reimagining and then into present-day unfamiliarity, has given an opening to contemporary right-wing extremists searching for a symbol that is potent, but not widely provocative at first glance.
The Roman Empire
Authors: Fettweis Christopher J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The first case examines the grand strategy of the Roman Empire. Its approach to dominance evolved over the years, largely in response to changing external conditions and some things they did worked better than others. Augustus, the founding father of Roman grand strategy, charted a course for the empire that differed drastically from the alternative inspiration for his many successors: Alexander the Great. Roman emperors would generally pattern themselves on one of those two precedents, with widely varied results. They ran history’s most successful grand strategy, though the enterprise eventually declined and fell. Even the most dominant of powers could not last forever.
The British Empire
Authors: Fettweis Christopher J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The book’s final case study examines the most consequential of the great European empires. The dominance of the British did not last as long as that of some of the others in this volume, but it had greater long-term implications for the rest of the world. British leaders were able to adapt their strategic thinking in important ways, as they grappled with the apparent contradiction of being simultaneously liberal and imperial, and as governing and economic philosophies underwent substantial evolution. In the end, unlike the Spanish emperors, British leaders managed decline with aplomb and wisdom. Like Spain, however, the loss of empire did not prove catastrophic for the British people. Retrenchment, if sensibly handled, need not result in social or geopolitical disaster.
“The Party Makes Mistakes, the NKVD—Never”
Authors: Savin Andrei , Tepliakov Aleksei , Belokowsky Simon 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In Chapter 2, Savin and Tepliakov investigate the importance of the role of released communists and other elites in the NKVD purge. Based on materials from Odessa Oblast, they argue that “the main share of convicted NKVD workers found themselves under prosecution as a result of complaints from victims who survived and were freed after the 17 November 1938 directive.” These freed victims were largely members of the Party with connections and status. The authors also note that the NKVD victims of the Beria purge tended to be precisely from among those NKVD operatives who worked specifically in the repression of Communist Party members. According to Savin and Tepliakov, the Great Terror had resulted in an imbalance “below” among mid- and lower-level NKVD workers who came to perceive themselves as above the Party.
“Enemies Within”
Authors: Zolotar’ov Vadym , Belokowsky Simon 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In Chapter 4, Zolotar’ov details the career of D. A. Pertsov who, like many of the UNKVD leaders in Ukraine at this time, was a client of Uspenskii. Pertsov was an expert in interrogating detained NKVD operatives both in NKVD Ukraine and in the Kharkov Oblast UNKVD. He led by example, frequently walking in on interrogations to threaten and torture those who hesitated to confess. He also worked in the Polish operations. He was arrested in November 1938. He was sentenced to fifteen years and died in a logging camp in 1948, having been charged anew with counterrevolutionary crimes, an unusual sentence during this NKVD purge, following an earlier more lenient sentence of four years for “violations of socialist legality.” The chapter, like many others, demonstrates the importance of personal connections among different groups of NKVD workers.
The Value Added of Holding the Space
Authors: Cadge Wendy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines how chaplains see themselves most contributing to the organizations and individuals with whom they work. Some might expect to hear them helping people wrestle with existential questions of theodicy—why bad things happen, and what role, if any, God or the sacred plays—such talk was relatively rare. More often, they spoke about the spaces they help people create and hold in the midst of difficult moments rather than any content they contribute to those spaces. The ways chaplains work around life transitions and the multiple ways they see themselves being present are central in this chapter, as are how they code switch, or move between traditional religious languages and more broadly accessible emotional languages in this work.
Historical Roots of Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda
Authors: Abdelnour Mohammed Gamal 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Given al-Ghazālī’s centrality to this monograph, this chapter divides into pre-Ghazālian preliminary discussions of Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda, followed by an illustrative interpretation of Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda in al-Ghazālī’s genre, then a discussion of the state of the field in the post-Ghazālian period up until Muḥammad ʿAbduh’s time. The chapter then argues that, despite the existence of such roots of Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda in the Islamic tradition, those roots were not nurtured efficiently to produce a systematic subject of Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda. Hence, the second section of this chapter attempts to explain the reasons that may have led to the underdevelopment of Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda as a discipline on its own terms.
“Integrating” the “Tools” of  Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa into Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda
Authors: Abdelnour Mohammed Gamal 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Despite the critiques of the classical “theory” of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa offered in the previous chapter, this chapter avers that scholars of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa have managed to produce some innovative exegetical tools that may well be of significant use to the emerging Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda. One of those tools is the threefold taxonomy of al-ḍarūriyyāt (the primaries), al-ḥājiyyāt (the complementaries), and al-taḥsīniyyāt (supplementaries). That said, this chapter has two aims. First, under the title of “definition and transmission,” it defines this taxonomy in its original use in Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa and then illustrates how it can be transmitted to the genre of Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda. Second, testing the useability of this taxonomy in Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda, it attempts to examine the theological weight of three theological concepts: al-firqa al-nājiya (the saved group), deeds vis-à-vis faith, and the role of Prophet Muḥammad in Islamic theology.
Conclusions
Authors: Abdelnour Mohammed Gamal 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Previous scholarship on the Islamic tradition has paid significant attention to Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa (Higher Objectives of Islamic Law) but paid little to no attention to Maqāṣid al-ʿAqīda (Higher Objectives of Islamic Theology). Therefore, this conclusion shows that the primary motive behind this monograph is to address this epistemic gap, while interrogating and integrating the tools and methods of the classical theory of Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿa, most notably the threefold taxonomy of al-ḍarūriyyāt (primaries), al-ḥājiyyāt (complementaries), and al-taḥsīniyyāt (supplementaries). In doing so, the monograph has argued that the pursuit, preservation, and promotion of Truth (al-Ḥaqq) is the higher objective of Islamic theology.
Union, OK
Authors: Kirp David , Wechsler Marjorie , Gardner Madelyn , Tinubu Ali Titilayo 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Over the past two decades, the demographics of the Union, Oklahoma, School District changed dramatically—a school system that had served a predominantly White, well-off student population was charged with educating a racially diverse mix of students body, with many of them hailing from families in poverty. Conventional wisdom would have it that such a change would result in lower graduation rates; in fact, the graduation rate has substantially increased. The district’s success can be attributed to its culture of inclusion—a system designed to deliver tailored support to each student. Union has made science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) a key feature of its curriculum, from kindergarten through high school. It operates community schools in every elementary school, which offer activities ranging from sports to writing, as well as providing healthcare. The district embraces an “everyone participates” philosophy in both the arts and athletics. And it eases the transition to higher education by offering college classes at the high school.
Union City, NJ
Authors: Kirp David , Wechsler Marjorie , Gardner Madelyn , Tinubu Ali Titilayo 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Thirty years ago, students in Union City, New Jersey, scored second to last in the state on standardized tests. Today, nearly all students graduate high school and most enroll in college—not what you might expect in a district that’s 99 percent Latino, with three-quarters of the students coming from Spanish-speaking families, and many of them living in poverty. The district’s transformation can be attributed to its “kids come first” philosophy that drives all decisions. The district built a model early education program that enrolls almost all three- and four-year-olds. It has adopted a word-soaked curriculum in elementary school to bolster the English learners and it tailors its bilingual instruction to match students’ individual progress. The school system offers students a panoply of choices within a coherent curriculum.
Roanoke, VA
Authors: Kirp David , Wechsler Marjorie , Gardner Madelyn , Tinubu Ali Titilayo 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Not so long ago, almost everyone in Roanoke, Virginia, was White or African-American. No longer—the city and its schools have become a melting pot, with more than fifty home languages. Even as this transformation was taking place, the district went from being a dropout factory to beating the national graduation rate, and all students—native English speakers and newcomers, White students and students of color—are exceeding expectations. Roanoke couples a stress on academics with a focus on the health and well-being of its students. Of particular note, the district has kept potential dropouts engaged, with a state-of-the-art continuation high school, incorporated trauma-informed education throughout the curriculum, and taken steps to reduce homelessness.
Adulthood Harm and Its Shadow
Authors: Wolff Nancy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAdulthood harm experienced in the community and inside prison as reported by incarcerated men and women is the focus of Chapter 4. The chapter begins with the personal accounts of adulthood harm experienced by justice-involved adults. The qualitative evidence is validated, where possible, with empirical evidence on the prevalence of adulthood harm before and during incarceration. Harm of all types is prevalent in incarcerated settings even though there are legal protections that should keep people safe while incarcerated. Legal protections associated with international treaties on human rights, the U.S. Constitution, and federal and state laws are reviewed in the context of ethical principles regarding the treatment of people while they are deprived of their liberty.
Victimization Inside Prison
Authors: Wolff Nancy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractChapter 5 uses the personal accounts of incarcerated people to explore the production of harm inside prison. The chapter offers a unified model, called the triadic (resident-officer-environment) dynamic interactive (TDI) model, that draws from importation and deprivation theories, strain/stress theory, and a life-course perspective, to identify explanatory factors that might hinder or foster prison-based victimization. The empirical evidence on the impact of individual and prison factors on prison-based victimization is reviewed using the TDI model to organize the evidence. Research findings from national and international studies are reviewed. Similarities and differences in findings are discussed in the context of theoretical and methodological differences. Recommendations for the next generation of empirical studies are discussed in the last section.
Demand for Behavioral Health Treatment
Authors: Wolff Nancy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn Chapter 6, elements of the medieval story, along with personal accounts from resident experts and research evidence, are used to focus on two extremes: the immoderate need for treatment (evidenced by the high-reaching prevalence of behavioral health problems among detained and incarcerated persons: clinical need) and the equally immoderate unmet behavioral health needs (chasm between need and treatment use) among incarcerated people. Why is it that so few people with behavioral health needs are receiving behavioral health treatment while incarcerated? This need–service misalignment is explored by examining why residents may rationally not seek services for behavioral health problems even when services are available free of charge. This chapter stresses the importance of the therapeutic union and environment and their attributes.
Supply of Behavioral Health Treatment
Authors: Wolff Nancy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe supply of behavioral health treatment is explored in Chapter 7. The constitutional obligation to provide behavioral health services to incarcerated persons is juxtaposed to the under provision of mental health and substance abuse services in correctional settings. This leads to the question: If these services are currently underprovided, should more tax dollars be spent to increase their provision in correctional settings? The answer is: it depends. A value proposition framework is used to explain. A value proposition statement for behavioral health services delivered by correctional agencies is developed and then critically examined, exploring how services are delivered and what services are delivered. The evidence on affordable harm-recovery interventions based on correctional populations is reviewed in the last section.