bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Sociodemographic Determinants of Risky Sexual Behavior Among Unmarried Adolescents in Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Eze Irene I. , Mbachu Chinyere O. , Ndubuisi Mildred N. , Agu Ifunanya C. , Ezumah Nkoli , Onwujekwe Obinna 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Adolescent risky sexual behavior is of a public health concern as most outcomes have long-term negative consequences on adolescents’ health and development.

Objectives:
This study was undertaken to assess the prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of risky sexual behavior among unmarried adolescents in Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:
A quantitative cross-sectional study was undertaken in Ebonyi state, Nigeria, using a pre-tested structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Data were collected from 1045 adolescent boys and girls. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analysis were performed using STATA software.

Results:
A total of 372 (35.6%) adolescents in the survey ever had a boyfriend or girlfriend. About, 369 (36.0%) had been pressurized by others to have sex, 73 (7.0%) had engaged in multiple sexual partnering, 3.0% had engaged in age-disparate sex, 27 (2.6%) had a one-night stand, and 37 (2.4%) reported they had engaged in nonconsensual sex. Lifestyle risky behaviors that were reported include partying/night clubbing 399 (38.1%), the use of mood-enhancing drugs 319 (30.5%), and alcohol consumption 316 (30.2%). Some sociodemographic factors were significantly associated with multiple sexual partnering, age-disparate sex, nonconsensual sex, and other lifestyle risky behaviors. In logistic regression analysis, gender was a predictor of multiple sexual partnering, age-disparate sex, and nonconsensual sex (odds ratio [OR] = 0.43, confidence interval [CI] = 1.40–3.71; OR = 10.0, CI = 0.03–0.29; OR = 3.0, CI = 0.01–0.14, respectively), while type of place of residence (OR = 1.75, CI = 0.35–0.92) and schooling status (OR = 3.70, CI = 0.13–0.41) were predictors of multiple sexual partnering.

Conclusion:
Risky sexual behaviors were prevalent among adolescents highlighting the need for strategic SRH interventions that pay close attention to identified drivers that predispose adolescents to unhealthy sexual behaviors.
Maternal and Perinatal Outcomes of Preeclampsia at a Tertiary Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Ugwu Aloy O. , Owie Emmanuel , Oluwole Ayodeji A. , Soibi-Harry Adaiah P. , Garba Sunusi R. , Okunade Kehinde S. , Makwe Christian C. , Omisakin Sunday I. , Ani-Ugwu Nneoma K. , Ojiefoh Lulu G. , Okafor Ifunanya T. , Egba Augustine , Olatunji Rasheed A. , Yusuf-Awesu Salimat A. 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific condition, with a serious impact on the health and quality of life of both mother and child. PE is a multisystem progressive disorder that occurs following placental and maternal vascular dysfunction and resolves postpartum over a variable period of time.

Objectives:
The study was aimed to determine the incidence as well as the perinatal and maternal outcomes of PE at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Nigeria.

Materials and Methods:
This was a retrospective review of patients managed in the labor and postnatal wards of the LUTH, Idi-Araba, Nigeria, over a 5-year period. A study proforma was used to collect relevant data which were entered and analyzed using the IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Statistics) Version 23.

Results:
A total of 426 pregnancies were complicated with PE giving an incidence of 10.2% of all deliveries during the study period. Several maternal complications recorded included: acute kidney injury (1.9%), abruptio placentae (2.1%), postpartum hemorrhage (2.4%), maternal mortality (3.8%). The perinatal mortality rate was 16.7%, and 35.4% of the live births required neonatal intensive care unit admission.

Conclusion:
PE contributed a sizeable proportion of deliveries in LUTH, Nigeria during the study period. It also played a significant role in maternal and perinatal complications.
Chinese South African Navigations of the (Post-)Apartheid City in Ufrieda Ho’s Paper Sons and Daughters
Authors: Neville Daniella 
Published: March 2022

Drawing on Michel de Certeau’s conceptualisation of the city space in The Practice of Everyday Life, in conversation with AbdouMaliq Simone’s approach to the African city, this article explores the problem of belonging in Ufrieda Ho’s Paper Sons and Daughters: Growing Up Chinese in South Africa (2011). The text’s navigation of the manifold ascribed and asserted identities of the autobiographical self is made prominent through Ho’s tracing of the traversals of both her father and herself across Johannesburg. In particular, the illegal gambling game of fahfee and its operation become emblematic of the imbrication of Chinese immigrants within the urban space, positioning the figures in the text within the broader historical and literary archive of Johannesburg and thereby asserting a rootedness within the (post-)apartheid city. It highlights the complexity of the relationship between the self and the (post-)apartheid city and the formulations of belonging that arise as a result.
Keywords: Ufrieda Ho, Paper Sons and Daughters, East Asian South African literature
Working through the Past: The Victory of Adwa Revisited
Authors: Kebadu Mekonnen Gebremariam  
Published: March 2022

If working through the past is going to heal a nation, it has to come from within. This paper explores two senses of historical responsibility: the responsibility we bear for healing the wounds of the past or working-off-the-past, and the responsibility we may have in fulfilling the promises of the defining moments of the past (redeeming or cashing in on the past). By utilizing these two conceptual tools, the paper carves out a normative space Adwa ought to occupy in a just and ethical revitalisation of our collective memories. It argues that the process of coming to terms with divisive historical legacies must pass ‘the Adwa test’ that it ought to be comprehensively liberating, universalizable, and thus has the ability to translate ‘the past as future.’ The victory in Adwa passes on the responsibility to birth our future in the image of its Volksgeist or spirit of the people (in the Hegelian sense indicating dialectical unfolding of the self, and not in the Fichtean sense where the past is defined in puritan terms) and by cultivating a national character commensurate with it. This paper posits that engagement with the positive experience of freedom from colonialism and the attendant sense of individual and collective autonomy that Adwa provides is one part of the equation for what Adorno calls “reconciliation” of the subject with object (history). The other part is a genuine recognition of the collective memory that past harm brought forth in the present, which we often reject as inherently unlike us. While Adwa offers the ground we stand on, embracing historical contradictions will serve as a condition for genuine reconciliation. The responsibility to come to terms with, atone for, and rectify the legacies of our history must be underpinned by an equal responsibility to fulfil Adwa’s promises.
Can Anything Philosophical Come out of Darwinism? Resolving the Conflict between Evolutionary Biology and Philosophy in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Odozor Uche S. , Akintona Emmanuel O. 
Published: March 2022

Is the idea of ‘evolutionary philosophy’ well taken? If it is, how does evolutionary biology bear on philosophy? The incursion of biological science into ethics towards the end of the 19th century elicited a widespread reaction from twentieth century philosophers, who instantly began to question the relevance of Darwin’s work to philosophy. The doctrine of natural selection may not have comprehensively resolved the age-old problems of philosophy, for example, in the area of human morality and ethical thinking; in fact, it may not be able to replace philosophical inquiry in the absolute sense advocated by most evolutionary theorists. But it has made some remarkable contributions towards a better appreciation of philosophical problems. To this end, this paper explored the various areas of mutual interest between evolutionary science and philosophical inquiry. It highlights the tacit affinities between the two, and thus, finds that even from inception evolutionary biology has tended to follow philosophical inquiry rather closely in the different issues that have been of interest to the latter since its early beginnings in ancient Greece. Some of the areas of mutual concern and interest between the two fields of inquiry include the discourse on God, human nature, the universe, life, ethics, and politics. The paper, therefore, concluded with the submission that evolutionary biology and philosophy complement, rather than oppose, each other. Ultimately, such complementation suggests that both disciplines have a future together; among other things, it makes possible the idea of ‘evolutionary philosophy’.
The Khivan Campaign of V.A. Perovsky 1839-1840 in the Context of Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia
Authors: Rodin Denis V. 
Published: March 2022

Traditionally, when studying the campaign of the Orenburg military governor V.A. Perovsky to Khiva in 1839-1840, among the motives that prompted the Russian authorities to sanction this approach, researchers primarily noted economic interests and the desire to end the raids of Khivans on Russian caravans. At the same time, the international context of this campaign which coincided with the first Anglo-Afghan war was pushed into the background. The purpose of this article written within the framework of a systematic approach to the study of international relations is to prove the correlation between the actions of the Russian and British authorities in Central Asia at the turn of the 1830s and 1840s. Studying the logic of the events preceding the Khiva campaign of V.A. Perovsky and referring to documents directly related to the preparation of this campaign allow us to conclude that the concern of a number of Russian political figures (among whom V.A. Perovsky was) with the activation of British agents in Central Asia and the actions of the British army in Afghanistan was one of the main motives for organizing the campaign, the purpose of which was to strengthen Russian positions in the named region. Despite the failure of V.A. Perovsky’s idea, the authorities of British India, frightened by the movement of Russian troops and suffering defeats in Afghanistan, contributed to the settlement of contradictions between Russia and Khiva in order to preserve the regional status quo. The actions of the British side, as well as the insufficient interest of the Russian authorities in the Central Asian direction in comparison with the European and Middle Eastern ones, contributed to a decrease in Russia’s activity in Central Asia after the unsuccessful campaign of V.A. Perovsky.
Gardens of Empire: Imperial Practices and the Construction of a New Imperial Space
Authors: Yakushenkov Serguey N. , Meshcheryakov Alexander Yu. 
Published: March 2022

The Empire, as one of the political forms of state systems, existed at all times and on all continents. Its main feature has been the unification of numerous ethnic groups with different cultural, political and economic characteristics under a Center. Usually this unification led to the establishment of domination over the subjugated peoples with the help of imperial practices. One of these is the botanical garden.
The imperial garden idea expressed many concepts of Empire: ideological, political, cultural, educational, etc. This institution was primarily intended to underline the Empire greatness through metaphors of center, paradise, prosperity, unity of different parties, etc. This was evident in the Modern history Empires, which arose because of the West's special interest in plant resources or their accompanying commodities: spices, sugar, silk, cotton, and others. The imperial garden in this time was designed to serve the Metropolis interests and at the same time for the colony development, which was carried out in accordance with the Center interests.
The formation of this institution in Russia took place simultaneously in the Center and on the Frontier. The Astrakhan case shows well how this institution was formed in the region in the 18th century according to national trends. While some regions made progress during this period, the Center exhibited the opposite trend. After the breakthrough in the Petrine era, the development of this institution was not in line with the Empire objectives. In the 19th century, a tendency to realize the importance of this institution appeared again.
“Special Advantages” of the State Civil Service in Siberia
Authors: Dameshek Lev M. , Mamkina Inna N. 
Published: March 2022

The Siberia and the Far East accretion and their further incorporation into the Empire were accompanied by the need for the administration and management of the accreted territories. Professional, socially stable managers of various levels, prepared for long-term service in the sparsely populated, economically backward suburbs of the country were required by the authorities. The purpose of this article is to summarize and analyze the legal framework regulating the civil service in Siberia and to identify its features and implementation.
The archived materials of the Russian state historical archive and state archives of the Irkutsk region, as well as the legislation of the Russian Empire made the basis for the study. The analysis of historical sources has made it possible to identify several legal and regulatory acts that enshrine the special advantages of civil service in Siberia. The authors noted the financial rewards, reduced terms of service, and accelerated promotion to have been the particular benefits. Representatives of the city estate were admitted to public service in Siberia, which was contrary to the imperial rules. The authors conclude that despite the special benefits establishment and financial awards for the service in Siberia the staffing problem remained unsolved. The legislation was more concerned with the national and the ruling elite interests than with the welfare of officials. Clerical and lower official ranks could not take advantage of the material advantages of the Siberian service. In general, the government’s policy towards Siberian bureaucracy was based on a desire to attract and retain people in the civil service through various types of privileges and benefits, which did not prove effective in practice.
Imperial Judicial Policy in the Central Asian Suburbs in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries: Main Forms, Directions, and Results
Authors: Anisimova Inna V. 
Published: March 2022

One of the important directions of modernization of the Central Asian outskirts of the Russian Empire was the formation of the region’s judicial system. During the second half of the 19th century, a complex configuration of regional justice was created, which was supposed to act not only as a way of coordinating social interaction but also as a means to express the political interests of the state. The purpose of the work is to identify and analyze the main forms and directions of the judicial policy of the Russian Empire in the Central Asian outskirts in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The judicial reform carried out in the Russian Empire in 1864 led to the implementation in the Steppe Region and Turkestan of a set of measures aimed at the re-organization of the judicial and legal system. This process reflected the orientation of the social policy towards modernization. During the reforms of the 1868, 1886, 1898, imperial judicial institutions and legal norms were imported into the region. However, the traditional court also retained significant positions. The justice system of the Central Asian outskirts did not meet the needs of society. The preservation of the People’s Court did not allow the local population of the region to be fully incorporated into the all-Russian legal space. Those processes demonstrated the incompleteness of the judicial and legal system reforms and the need for systemic modernization.
The article is intended for specialists interested in the national policy of the Russian Empire, and the history of the Central Asian region.
The Impact of Modernizing Transformations on the Development of the Education System of the Steppe Region and Turkestan in the 1880s–1910s
Authors: Rygalova Maria V. 
Published: March 2022

The Central Asian region of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries is of interest from the point of view of modernizing transformations, which had specifics in connection with the geographical location, the composition of the population, the position within the Empire. Traditionally, modernization is considered as a set of indicators, primarily as a transition from an agrarian system to an industrial one. However, researchers highlight the socio-cultural context of modernization, including the education system. It is sometimes attributed to the spiritual aspect of modernization. Education, as a modernization indicator, is secondary, but it is associated with many socio-economic factors. The purpose of the study is to analyze the development of the education system of the Central Asian region of the Russian Empire in the context of modernizing transformations. As a result of the study, it was found out that the Russian authorities sought to systematically modernize the outlying territories. This can be seen in the example of the reorganization of the network of educational institutions. In particular, the formation of the education system for the indigenous population of the Steppe Region and Turkestan was thoughtful, with a focus on trends in changes in traditional society, in the context of socio-economic transformations, including the agricultural and industrial sectors of the economy. The article may be of interest to specialists studying the Central Asian region of the Russian Empire, as well as the development of the Russian education system.
Imperial Frontier in the World Outlook of the Decembrists. A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky: a Romantic Historiosophy and Expansion into the Caucasus
Authors: Smirnov Vladimir N. 
Published: March 2022

The historiography of Russian expansion into the Caucasus is very extensive and continues to be replenished with new research, since this topic will hardly ever be exhausted and interest in it is unlikely to dwindle. The same can be said about the Decembrist uprising and the subsequent fate of those rebels who were sent into exile to various parts of the Russian Empire. The frontier theory makes it possible to link these two topics both by taking a fresh look at some of the most well-known subjects in Russian history and opening up new lines of research in traditional frontier studies. The purpose of this study was to conduct a historical and philosophical analysis of the literary heritage of the Decembrist A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky in order to reconstruct his worldview through the lense of frontierism. A. A. Bestuzhev-Marlinsky’s literary pieces, philosophical theses, military notes and personal letters were analyzed in connection with his existential experience of the Caucasian War and historical events to which he bore witness. Conclusions are drawn, regarding various aspects of his worldviews, some of which remained unshakable, whereas others were transformed under the influence of the frontier. Due to its interdisciplinary nature, this article may be of interest to the historians who study both Russian development of the Caucasus and Russian social thought of the 19th century.
Recent advances in the management of thyroid associated orbitopathy: A promising roadmap
Authors: Deepthi Elizabeth Kurian  , Sanjay Kalra  , Nitin Kapoor  
Published: March 2022

the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease; an auto-immune entity that has precarious visual consequences as well as psychological morbidity even in its milder stages. The treatment is largely based on the ‘activity’ and ‘severity’ of the disease; however, outcome can vary between patients depending on certain known and unknown risk factors. While there are certain guidelines on managing the orbitopathy, there are multiple lacunae in our knowledge of its pathophysiology. The current era is one where our mainstay of treatment of the active disease is still glucocorticoids, albeit a few good immunomodulatory drugs that have shown promising outcomes are in our armamentarium. In this article we present a compendium of the current consensus in the management of Graves’ orbitopathy, its evidence based rationale and crucial constraints along with the details of emerging biological agents.
Keywords: Graves, thyroid associated orbitopathy, immunomodulation
Hydrogen Trapping States and Apparent Hydrogen Diffusion in Laser Additively Manufactured Ultra-High Strength AerMet100 Steel as a Function of Secondary Hardening
Authors: Ran Xian-zhe , Liu Dong , Tang Hai-bo , Wang Hua-ming , Scully John R. 
Published: March 2022

Microstructures, reversible hydrogen trapping states, and effective hydrogen diffusion coefficients (DH,eff) of laser additively manufactured (LAM) ultra-high-strength AerMet100 steel in tempered conditions were studied by several material characterization methods, to determine diffusible, trapped, and total hydrogen content. With secondary hardening temperatures in the range of 454°C to 566°C, increasing temperature mainly promotes M2C carbide coarsening and film-like reverted austenite thickening in the steel. Reversible hydrogen traps of tempered LAM AerMet100 steel are closely related to the precipitation behavior of highly coherent M2C carbides. The desorption activation energy of the reversible hydrogen traps in the steel is seen to increase from 17.9±0.3 kJ/mol to 21.8±1.3 kJ/mol with temperature increasing from 454°C to 566°C. This correlates with the composition and size change of M2C carbides at a higher tempering temperature. Hydrogen trapping capability of the steel has a peak value at a tempering temperature of 482°C corresponding to the combination of both high amount and medium trapping intensity of these reversible hydrogen traps. This results in the lowest diffusible and highest total hydrogen concentration for precharged H specimens of the steel. In addition, the DH,eff of LAM AerMet100 steel in the overaged condition is not only influenced by the increased thickness of film-like reverted austenite but also simultaneously affected by the altered density of M2C carbides. In comparison with the lowest DH,eff (approximately 2.4 × 10−9 cm2/s) of LAM AerMet100 steel tempered at 482°C, a slightly higher DH,eff of the steel tempered at a higher temperature is achieved by the apparent decrease of reversible hydrogen traps due to a decrease in density of the highly coherent M2C carbides. These findings are important when considering achieving improved hydrogen embrittlement resistance for LAM high Co-Ni secondary hardening ultra-high-strength steel in an over-aged condition at the strength level of interest.