bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal opioid exposure reprograms the behavioural response to future alcohol reward
Authors: Grecco Gregory G. , Haggerty David L. , Reeves Kaitlin C. , Gao Yong , Maulucci Danielle , Atwood Brady K. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAs the opioid crisis has continued to grow, so has the number of infants exposed to opioids during the prenatal period. A growing concern is that prenatal exposure to opioids may induce persistent neurological changes that increase the propensity for future addictions. Although alcohol represents the most likely addictive substance that the growing population of prenatal opioid exposed will encounter as they mature, no studies to date have examined the effect of prenatal opioid exposure on future sensitivity to alcohol reward. Using a recently developed mouse model of prenatal methadone exposure (PME), we investigated the rewarding properties of alcohol and alcohol consumption in male and female adolescent PME and prenatal saline exposed (PSE) control animals. Conditioned place preference to alcohol was disrupted in PME offspring in a sex‐dependent manner with PME males exhibiting resistance to the rewarding properties of alcohol. Repeated injections of alcohol revealed enhanced sensitivity to the locomotor‐stimulating effects of alcohol specific to PME females. PME males consumed significantly more alcohol over 4 weeks of alcohol access relative to PSE males and exhibited increased resistance to quinine‐adulterated alcohol. Further, a novel machine learning model was developed to employ measured differences in alcohol consumption and drinking microstructure to reliably predict prenatal exposure. These findings indicate that PME alters the sensitivity to alcohol reward in adolescent mice in a sex‐specific manner and suggests prenatal opioid exposure may induce persistent effects on reward neurocircuitry that can reprogram offspring behavioural response to alcohol later in life.
Analgesia for major laparoscopic abdominal surgery: a randomised feasibility trial using intrathecal morphine
Authors: Pirie K. , Doane M. A. , Riedel B. , Myles P. S. 
Published: January 2022

SummaryEffective pain control enhances patient recovery after surgery. Laparoscopic techniques for major abdominal surgery are increasingly utilised to reduce surgical trauma. Intrathecal morphine is an attractive analgesic option that is gaining popularity. However, limited evidence guides its use in the setting of laparoscopic surgery. In addition, enhanced recovery after surgery pathways advocate opioid‐sparing techniques. We conducted a feasibility trial to compare intrathecal morphine with non‐neuraxial analgesia in laparoscopic or laparoscopic‐assisted major abdominal surgery to inform the design of a future large clinical trial. This multicentre, double‐blind, randomised controlled trial was conducted at two tertiary hospitals in Australia. Fifty‐one patients were randomly allocated to receive either intrathecal morphine (intervention group) or a sham subcutaneous injection of normal saline in the lumbar area (control group) immediately before the induction of general anaesthesia. Co‐primary outcomes were patient recruitment and successful adherence to treatment allocation as per the study protocol. The primary endpoints of feasibility and protocol adherence were met with a 46% recruitment rate (51 of 110 eligible patients) and 96% protocol adherence. There was only one patient with failed access to the intrathecal space. For secondary endpoints, fewer patients in the intrathecal morphine group required opioids in the post‐anaesthesia care unit, their postoperative pain scores at rest were lower across the four time‐points measured (p = 0.007), but not dynamic pain scores (p = 0.061), and pruritus was more common following intrathecal morphine (p = 0.007). Total oral morphine equivalents until postoperative day 3 were less in the intrathecal morphine group (median (95%CI) difference 82 (−13 to 168) mg), but this reduction was not statistically significant (p = 0.10). These findings support conducting a definitive clinical trial.
Emergent craniotomy in rural and regional settings – recommendations from a tertiary neurosurgery unit: surgical technique and future prospects
Authors: Raman Vignesh , Jiwrajka Manasi , Pollard Cliff , Grieve David A , Alexander Hamish , Redmond Michael 
Published: January 2022

AbstractKenneth G Jamieson described the emergent craniotomy for traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in the rural and regional setting back in 1965 in his book ‘A First Notebook Of Head Injury’. Since then, there has been successful use of the technique in peripheral hospitals prior to the safe transfer of patients to metropolitan trauma centres. Although the procedure can be daunting in inexperienced hands, our institution supports ongoing education to continue implementation of trauma craniotomies by non‐neurosurgeons if it means another life is potentially saved. Here we describe the surgical technique for an emergent craniotomy and craniectomy. Although the surgical technique has been described elsewhere, we have done so in a simplified 10‐step approach with consideration of available resources in the peripheral hospital setting and the added pearls from the experience of a metropolitan neurosurgical unit. We also discuss future prospects for undertaking neurosurgical operations in peripheral hospitals but with intra‐operative tele‐surgery monitoring and supervision.
Pharmacokinetic changes for newer antiepileptic drugs and seizure control during pregnancy
Authors: Yin Xiaotong , Liu Yan , Guo Yang , Zhao Limei , Li Guofei , Tan Xiaoping 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate pharmacokinetic changes in newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and assess seizure frequencies and risk factors of increased seizures during pregnancy in women with epilepsy (WWE).MethodsA total of 56 pregnancies in 53 WWE who received newer antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) were enrolled. Data on seizure activity and types, daily dose, and AEDs blood levels were derived from routine clinical follow‐up. Changes in AEDs clearance were compared between each trimester and nonpregnant baseline. The ratio of AED levels of each trimester to their targets (nonpregnant baseline) concentrations (RTC) was compared between patients with and without an increased seizure. A binary logistic regression was used to investigate the risk factors contributing to seizure worsening during pregnancy.ResultsIncreased clearances of LTG, LEV, and OXC were observed in all trimesters versus nonpregnant baseline. The peak changes in the clearance of LTG (3.42‐fold baseline clearance) (p < 0.001) and LEV (2.78‐fold) (p < 0.001) occurred in the second trimester during pregnancy, followed by oxcarbazepine (2.11‐fold) in the third trimester (p < 0.03). Plasma concentrations of LTG and LEV during pregnancy were significantly decreased compared to baseline levels, except for OXC. However, no significant differences in RTC values were observed between patients with and without seizure worsening. Some risk factors as seizures for the prior nine months could significantly affect seizure frequency during pregnancy.ConclusionWe found substantial changes in the pharmacokinetics of multiple newer AEDs in WWE, reinforcing the need for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) during pregnancy. We would encourage at least one monitoring every trimester and probably more frequently for women with poorly seizure control before pregnancy, and AEDs dose adjustment should keep up with clearance changes. In addition, a well‐controlled seizure nine months before pregnancy could lower the risks of seizure during pregnancy, highlighting the importance of pre‐pregnancy counseling and seizure management before pregnancy.
How to perform an anastomosis following a low anterior resection by transanal total mesorectal excision surgery: from top to bottom techniques
Authors: Tejedor Patricia , Jimenez Luis Miguel , Simó Vicente , Arredondo Jorge , Zorrilla Jaime , Pastor Carlos 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimThe aim was to describe the range of possibilities and our group's clinical outcomes when performing different types of anastomosis during transanal total mesorectal excision (taTME).MethodA retrospective analysis was performed based on four taTME series from 2016 to 2021. Inclusion criteria were patients with rectal cancer in whom a sphincter‐saving low anterior resection by taTME was performed. Four different techniques were employed for the anastomosis construction: (A) abdominal view, (B) transanal view, (C) hand‐sewn coloanal anastomosis and (D) pull‐through. Intra‐operative and postoperative data were collected and compared.ResultsA total of 161 patients were included. Tumour height was lower in groups C and D (4 [3–5] vs. 7 [6–8] group A vs. 6 [5–7] group B, P = 0.000), requiring a hand‐sewn anastomosis. A transanal extraction of the specimen was more commonly performed in groups C and D (over 60% vs. 30% in groups A and B, P = 0.000). The rate of temporary stoma was similar between groups A, B and C (ranging from 84% to 98%) but was significantly lower in group D (P = 0.000). The overall rate of complications was similar between groups; however, group D had longer length of stay (15 days vs. 5–6 in groups A, B and C, P = 0.026).ConclusionEvery type of anastomosis construction after a taTME procedure seems to be safe and feasible and should be chosen based on surgeon's experience, tumour height and the length of the rectal cuff after the rectal transection. Colorectal surgeons should be familiar with these techniques in order to choose the one that benefits each patient the most.
Facilitators and barriers to pediatric clinical trial recruitment and retention in rural and community settings: A scoping review of the literature
Authors: Watson Sara E. , Smith Paul , Snowden Jessica , Vaughn Vida , Cottrell Lesley , Madden Christi A. , Kong Alberta S. , McCulloh Russell , Stack Lim Crystal , Bledsoe Megan , Kowal Karen , McNally Mary , Knight Lisa , Cowan Kelly , Yakes Jimenez Elizabeth 
Published: January 2022

AbstractChildren in rural settings are under‐represented in clinical trials, potentially contributing to rural health disparities. We performed a scoping review describing available literature on barriers and facilitators impacting participation in pediatric clinical trials in rural and community‐based (nonclinical) settings. Articles identified via PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and Web of Science were independently double‐screened at title/abstract and full‐text levels to identify articles meeting eligibility criteria. Included articles reported on recruitment or retention activities for US‐based pediatric clinical studies conducted in rural or community‐based settings and were published in English through January 2021. Twenty‐seven articles describing 31 studies met inclusion criteria. Most articles reported on at least one study conducted in an urban or suburban or unspecified community setting (n = 23 articles; 85%); fewer (n = 10; 37%) reported on studies that spanned urban and rural settings or were set in rural areas. More studies discussed recruitment facilitators (n = 25 studies; 81%) and barriers (n = 19; 61%) versus retention facilitators (n = 15; 48%) and barriers (n = 8; 26%). Descriptions of recruitment and retention barriers and facilitators were primarily experiential or subjective. Recruitment and retention facilitators were similar across settings and included contacts/reminders, community engagement, and relationship‐building, consideration of participant logistics, and incentives. Inadequate staff and resources were commonly cited recruitment and retention barriers. Few studies have rigorously examined optimal ways to recruit and retain rural participants in pediatric clinical trials. To expand the evidence base, future studies examining recruitment and retention strategies should systematically assess and report rurality and objectively compare relative impact of different strategies.
A qualitative meta‐synthesis of pregnant women's experiences of accessing and receiving treatment for opioid use disorder
Authors: Tsuda‐McCaie Freya , Kotera Yasuhiro 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIssuesAddressing opioid use disorder (OUD) among pregnant women is of growing importance, and substance use treatment positively impacts outcomes for mother and baby. Understanding substance use treatment experiences is important to improve access, and retention, and no review or synthesis of research addressing the treatment experiences of pregnant women exists.ApproachThus, a qualitative meta‐synthesis was conducted, which investigated the psychological motivators and barriers of pregnant women with OUD trying to access treatment and their perceptions of treatment.Key FindingsA total of 3844 articles were retrieved from the literature search. Nine articles met eligibility criteria, were appraised, then synthesised using a comparative thematic approach. Four themes: (i) Embodied Experiences; (ii) Institutional Pressures; (iii) Social Context; and (iv) Reconstructing Selves; indicate that women with OUD are motivated to engage in treatment to pursue the safety and custody of the unborn baby and to pursue and enact the changes necessary to claim ‘normal’ parenthood status. Pregnant women describe psychological and relational barriers to engaging in treatment, including anxieties about the baby's health, fears of authorities' involvement, stigma and experiencing relationships with treatment providers as constrictive or invalidating.ImplicationsIdentity theory's concepts of identity verification, closed environments and master status identities illuminate the findings. Implications include recognising the salience of bodily experiences, providing medication‐assisted treatment support groups and promoting validating relationships in treatment using strengths‐based approaches.ConclusionsPregnant women face unique psychological challenges in accessing and engaging in substance use treatment for OUD.
Electrolyte disturbances after bowel preparation for colonoscopy: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Reumkens Ankie , van der Zander Quirine , Winkens Bjorn , Bogie Roel , Bakker Christine Minke , Sanduleanu Silvia , Masclee Ad A. M. 
Published: January 2022

Background and study aimsWe conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of population‐based studies to explore pooled prevalence and magnitude of electrolyte changes after bowel preparation for colonoscopy based on the most recent guidelines.Patients and methodsPubMed and Cochrane were queried for population‐based studies examining changes in electrolyte values after bowel preparation, published by July 1, 2021. We report prevalences of serum hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia after bowel preparation and changes in mean electrolyte values after vs. before bowel preparation using sodium phosphate (NaP) and polyethylene glycol (PEG).ResultsThirteen studies met the inclusion criteria; 2386 unique patients were included. Overall, hypokalemia was found in 17.2% (95% CI 6.7, 30.9) in the NaP group vs. 4.8% (95% CI 0.27, 13.02) in the PEG group. The magnitude of potassium decrease after NaP bowel preparation was significantly increased compared to PEG (mean difference −0.38; 95% CI −0.49 to −0.27, P < 0.001). No study reported on major complications.ConclusionsHypokalemia was found in 17.2% of patients after bowel preparation with NaP and in 4.8% of patients with PEG, a finding that is clinically relevant with respect to choosing the type of bowel preparation. The magnitude of the potassium decrease after NaP was significantly higher compared to PEG. These data provide the evidence that supports the recommendation of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy against routine use of NaP for bowel preparation.
Giant coronary aneurysm in a 6‐week‐old infant, an unusual finding?
Authors: Palacios Argueta Jorge Roberto , Sanchez‐Manubens Judith , Flavio Zuccarino , Teodoro Marin Silvia , Prada Martinez Freddy H. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractKawasaki disease (KD) is a self‐limited vasculitis with significant morbidity and even mortality if not treated early. The diagnosis and timely treatment in children younger than 3 months is challenging as most of them have an incomplete or atypical presentation. Coronary artery abnormalities are frequent in this type of patients. We present a 6‐week‐old female infant with KD who developed a giant coronary aneurysm. An early diagnosis and promptly treatment, as well as the echocardiographic and multimodality follow‐up allowed us to improve our clinical approach and management.
Peripheral blood natural killer cells in sarcoidosis are associated with early cardiac involvement
Authors: Vakrakou Aigli G. , Kolilekas Lykourgos , Lama Niki , Katsanos Spiros , Stratakos Grigorios , Tsougos Ilias , Manali Effrosyni , Grigoriou Eirini , Psarra Katherina , Kilidireas Constantinos , Papiris Spiros , Kelekis Nikolaos L. , Gialafos Elias J. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractAimTo evaluate the distribution of circulating immune cell subsets in peripheral blood of patients with sarcoidosis and investigate if there is an association with an underlying cardiac involvement.Methods and resultsEighty‐five newly diagnosed treatment‐naïve patients with sarcoidosis (50 women) were included in the study. All patients underwent a thorough cardiac investigation, including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Of all patients, 19 (23.53%) had myocardial involvement, and the NK subpopulation in these patients in peripheral blood was significantly decreased compared to patients without (n = 63, p = 0.001 and p = 0.003 respectively). The absolute number of NKT cells (CD3+CD16/56+) in patients with cardiac involvement was highly correlated with T2 map increased values in MRI (r = −686, p = 0.041) showing that low NKT cell count correlates with the inflammatory process of the heart. No difference in CD19, CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD3−NK cell counts was found between groups. Lung severity was not found to correlate with the number of NK cells.ConclusionWe found that low NK cell count in peripheral blood of patients with sarcoidosis is associated with cardiac involvement, and the number of NK‐T cells correlates with CMR findings indicative of myocardial inflammation. This finding might have a potential clinical application in detecting clinically silent cardiac involvement in sarcoidosis and may also suggest potential targets for therapeutic interventions.
Indian cotton textiles and British industrialization: Evidence of comparative learning in the British cotton industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Authors: Raman Alka 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article contributes to a topic central to interpretations of British industrialization and the role of Indian cotton textiles in shaping notions of cloth quality and, eventually, innovations. Textual evidence indicates that manufacturers in the early British cotton industry compared the quality of their products to that of Indian cottons. These texts suggest the hypothesis that there was a shift towards finer cotton textiles in Britain, via attempts to make the cotton warp yarn match Indian quality. Using a novel dataset of surviving British and Indian textiles of the period, the article puts this hypothesis to the test, and concludes that between 1746 and 1820 there was an increase in the quality of British cottons, leading to a convergence with the quality of handmade Indian cottons.
Bolzano's externalist semantics of natural kind terms
Authors: Tayebi Sajed 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThrough a detailed explication of Bernard Bolzano's semantics of natural kind terms, I elucidate why and to what extent he should be recognized as a remarkable anticipator of semantic externalism. Bolzano deals with kind terms in a brief sub‐section of the first volume of his Theory of Science. He divides such terms into two sub‐categories, roughly corresponding to organic and inorganic kinds. It is Bolzano's account of inorganic kind terms, such as ‘gold’, that confers on him the status of an anticipator of semantic externalism. He argues that ‘gold’ may be used in a way such that the superficial attributes that language users associate with it merely serve to enable them to recognize its instances. They do not, however, constitute the idea designated by the term nor do they determine its extension. Instead, the term designates an idea representing gold's unknown inner attributes, which are causally responsible for its superficial attributes.
Brivaracetam prevents the development of epileptiform activity when administered early after cortical neurotrauma in rats
Authors: Ling Douglas S. F. , Yang Lie , Goodman Jeffrey H. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectivesThere is no effective therapy to prevent the development of posttraumatic epilepsy (PTE). Recently, we reported that administration of the antiseizure medication (ASM) levetiracetam (LEV) shortly after trauma prevented the development of epileptiform activity in two experimental models of neurotrauma. However, the time window for effective intervention with LEV may be too narrow for most clinical settings. Using the controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury model, the current study tested whether early administration of brivaracetam (BRV), an ASM with 20 times the affinity of LEV for the SV2A synaptic vesicle protein, could improve upon the antiepileptogenic action observed with LEV.MethodsRats (postnatal day [P] 24–32) subjected to CCI injury were given a single dose of BRV (21 or 100 mg/kg, i.p.) at one of three post‐injury time points: immediately (0–2 minutes), 30 minutes, or 60 minutes. Control animals received only vehicle (0.9% saline). Posttraumatic electrographic epileptiform activity was assayed ex vivo from coronal neocortical slices collected proximal to the injury (four per rat) 3–4 weeks after injury. In this model, ictal‐like burst discharges occur spontaneously or can be evoked in an “all or none” manner with applied electrical stimulation within the first 2 weeks after injury.ResultsA single dose of BRV administered to rats up to 60 minutes after traumatic brain injury (TBI) significantly reduced the development of posttraumatic epileptiform activity by (1) inhibiting the development of both evoked and spontaneous epileptiform activity, (2) raising the threshold for stimulus‐evoked epileptiform discharges, and (3) reducing the intensity of epileptiform bursts that arise after cortical neurotrauma.SignificanceClinically there has been little success preventing the development of posttraumatic epilepsy. The results of this study support the hypothesis that early intervention with BRV has the potential to prevent or reduce posttraumatic epileptogenesis, and that there may be a limited time window for successful prophylactic intervention.
The Banking Union and evidence on bail‐ins and bailouts
Authors: Cabral Ricardo 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis article analyzes the euro area's banking sector regulatory framework, known as the Banking Union. It shows how distressed banks' noncompliance with supervisory, state aid, or central bank lending policies can trigger the application of resolution or liquidation measures. Further, it provides new evidence on large banks distress episodes in the European Union and the United States, suggesting that recapitalization is a more cost‐effective policy instrument than resolution or liquidation. Finally, it argues that the Banking Union lacks an appropriate recapitalization instrument for borderline distressed banks and that a more nuanced and structured stance on regulatory forbearance is probably warranted.