bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Testing the Relations between Political Settlements, Conflict, and Development
Authors: Kelsall Tim , Schulz Nicolai , Ferguson William D. , vom Hau Matthias , Hickey Sam , Levy Brian 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter bolsters the external validity of the authors’ findings by subjecting them to large-N analysis, using the 2,718 country-years in their forty-two-country dataset, helping to address some of the challenges to PSA outlined in Chapter 1, and placing political settlements analysis more squarely within the social scientific mainstream. After looking at some initial descriptive statistics linking the authors’ concepts to major political economy outcomes including conflict onset and coup propensity, a regression analysis is run of political settlement variables against economic growth and infant mortality reduction, proxies for economic and social development. In support of their theory, the authors find a strong statistical relationship between power concentration and economic development, as well as between the social foundation and social development. Further, power concentration and breadth of social foundation reinforce each other when it comes to driving economic and social development. Also some support is found for the authors’ typological categorical variables. To wit, narrow-concentrated settlements tend to grow the fastest, followed by broad-concentrated, then broad-dispersed and narrow-dispersed political settlements, while for social development, broad-concentrated settlements perform best, closely followed by broad-dispersed and narrow-concentrated settlements, with narrow-dispersed settlements trailing the pack.
Probability and Distribution Theorems and Their Applications in Risk Management
Authors: Bandyopadhyay Arindam 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Probability concepts and distribution theorems provide the risk managers with effective tools to gain insights into the nature of uncertainty. This chapter explains the basic probability and distribution concepts and demonstrates how they can be useful in measurement and management of various risks. Various probability measures and their application rules have been demonstrated using numerous examples. In this chapter, we have illustrated how to interpret and use discrete as well as continuous distributions to predict loss ranges with the use of confidence interval. Understanding of nature and pattern of loss distributions is essential to estimate risk capital. The idea of distributions is also helpful to perform various useful statistical hypothesis tests to get more insights.
Epilogue
Authors: Xinyue Bobby 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Epilogue summarizes the core arguments of the book and explores how the main points of this study could be extended by offering a succinct reading of Horace’s Odes 4. Horace’s final book of lyric poetry is underpinned by tensions between the unstoppable passage of time and the desire for timelessness, between absence and presence, finality and perpetuity. It will be argued that the poet’s depiction of Augustus’ divinity in Odes 4.5 encapsulates these tensions, through which Horace subtly raises the issue that the aetas of Augustus—both his biological age and the political concept of ‘the age of Augustus’ (tua, Caesar, aetas, 4.15.4)—will have to come to an end at some point. As Horace frames the divinization of Augustus as the symbolic culmination of a glorious historical process on the one hand, and the transitional point to a future without Augustus on the other, Odes 4 renders apparent the problem of identifying the peace and stability of Rome with the life of Augustus—the problem of putting the hopes and fears of the state in one mortal man.
Managing Arts in Times of Pandemics and Beyond
Authors: Damodaran A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The work seeks to provide a management perspective about museums, theatres, and related organizations (like auction houses) from the angles of philosophy, policy, organizational design, economics, and technology. The work seeks to examine the unprecedented crisis engendered by the COVID-19 pandemic on arts organizations across the world and the management strategies adopted to handle the pandemic. The work delves into the immense significance of digital technologies such as streaming technologies, algorithm-driven sales, and information storing digital ledgers like blockchains in guiding the fortunes of the arts organization both during and beyond the phase of pandemics. The key message of the book is that art organizations will not be the same even after the COVID-19 pandemic. Arts organizations that have for long relied on the real world of exhibitions and performances will be tempted to straddle in both the real and virtual models. Their revenue earnings models will also be more diversified than at present, so would their reach to their customers. Further the advent of Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) based on blockchain platform Ethereum, it is argued, will turn democratize the world of creation, collection, and consumption thus nudging extant institutions to change their prevalent methods of doing business in arts works.
Design of Arts Organizations
Authors: Damodaran A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the design of arts organizations in terms of their operational processes. Based on a closer look at the organizational features and dynamics of three museums, and four theatres drawn from India, Russia, Japan, USA, and Canada, the chapter explains how arts organizations can be classified into ‘closed-loop’, ‘open-loop’, and ‘linear’ organizations. The chapter proceeds to categorize the seven arts organizations in terms of their distinct governance and business models. It is observed that arts organisations that rely on their own creative resources for running their activities tend to adopt a ‘closed-loop’ approach, while those which are adept at borrowing creative resources from external sources tend to be ‘open loop’ in structure. It is arged that organizational design influences the patterns of control that managers of exercise over their personnel. Further, it is contended that performance evaluation systems which are not sensitive to design of arts organizations will fail to assess the true worth of these organizations to its stakeholders.
The Future of Arts Organizations
Authors: Damodaran A. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The final chapter surveys the impact of COVID-19 on arts organizations. It is observed that the advent of COVID-19 in early 2020 had pushed many arts organizations to transition to digital streaming media to relay their live shows. The transition resulted in a phenomenal expansion in their customer base. To a large extent, the switch-over enabled these organizations to tide over the losses brought about by the cancellation of live shows during the lockdown phase. Indeed many large museums had shifted to virtual visits during the lockdown phase of COVID-19. Many of them were able to amplify their virtual experience, thanks to digital imaging technologies. Though these Museums reverted to the pre-pandemic routines during the latter half of 2020, they did not completely abandon their forays into the virtual world. Another development during the pandemic years was the sale of art works through blockchain platforms that minted non-fungible crypto tokens. Although, it is conceded that large arts organizations are in a better position to take advantage of digital platforms and technologies, it is also argued that with better business models, it is possible for small arts organizations to avail these technologies.
Civil Service Effectiveness
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides an analytical framework for assessing the effectiveness of civil services. It defines four criteria in this regard—preservation of constitutional order, impartial implementation of rule of law, realization of the will of elected governments, and promotion of economic development. It then makes an assessment of the Indian civil service in terms of the four criteria and examines the causes for the shortfalls in performance. It identifies behaviours which are encouraged and discouraged and provides a framework for the associated incentive structure within the civil service. Finally, it explores recent trends affecting the civil service, including institutional factors as well as the dramatic changes in the role and expectations of governments.
Addressing Policymaking Challenges—I
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The chapter makes suggestions on addressing policymaking challenges. It identifies three categories of policymaking challenges—structural, competence and management, and process related—and makes suggestions on each. On the structural side, it proposes reduction in fragmentation, separation of policymaking from implementation, and decentralisation and delegation of authority. It also discussed two of the commonly suggested reforms on new public management approaches and performance-based pay. It proposes some specific reforms on personnel management and postings, especially among and of the IAS officers. It discusses the issue of lateral entry into the IAS and makes some suggestions on an incentive-compatible mechanism.
Becoming Better Policymakers—Behavioural Change
Authors: Somanathan T. V. , Natarajan Gulzar 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This chapter is concerned about specific behavioural traits and conceptual frameworks that can enhance the quality of program design as well as certain others found in implementers, which can be detrimental in policymaking. Certain commonly observed biases that detract from objectivity and professionalism are also discussed. The chapter also discusses certain conceptual frameworks which enhance our ability to understand complex issues, diagnose problems, and figure out effective solutions. The discussion covers illustrative examples of how these traits and frameworks can help officers implement programs more effectively. While written with IAS officers primarily in mind, given their idiosyncratic career progression, these attributes are relevant as much to all civil servants occupying policymaking roles.
Pico della Mirandola on Trial
Authors: Copenhaver Brian P. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–94) has been a beacon of progress in modern times, and the celebrated Oration on the Dignity of Man has been the engine of his fame. But he never wrote a speech about the dignity of man. The prince’s speech announced quite different projects: persuading Christians to become Kabbalists in order to annihilate themselves in God; and convincing philosophers that their path to saving wisdom was concord rather than disputation. This book about Heresy, Freedom, and Philosophy shows that Pico’s work, before and after he wrote the Oration, was in no way progressive—or ‘humanist’—in its ideas, and that his main authorities were medieval clerics and theologians, not secular Renaissance intellectuals. The evidence is Pico’s Apology, his self-defense against heresy charges: this public polemic reveals more about him than the famous speech that he never gave and that deliberately kept its message secret. The orator’s method in the Oration was esoteric, but the defendant in the Apology made his case openly in a voice that was academic and belligerent, not prophetic or poetic. Perhaps because of its size and presentation, the Apology has been read less than Pico’s other writings: as far as I know, the last book devoted entirely to it appeared more than five centuries ago.
Prayer and the Meaning of Life
Authors: McMartin Jason 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The thesis of this chapter is that prayer is one mode of free and self-conscious appropriation of the divinely revealed nature and purpose of human life. It is subjective adoption of an objectively given meaning. First, the chapter identifies a few parameters of the analytic philosophical discussion of meaningfulness, including potential threats to meaning, the nature of the question of meaning, and the unity or disunity among candidates for meaning-conferring properties. The assumption that Christian theism provides a satisfactory objective meaning framework will not be defended, but in the second section, the chapter sketches some of the facets of that framework using a Thomas Aquinas-inspired approach, and then explores the manner in which prayer may provide personally significant appropriation of the objective meaning framework, using Karl Barth’s theology of prayer as an interlocutor. The fourth section considers how prayer addresses threats to human meaning, focusing on death and suffering as examples. The final section draws out implications of this discussion for theological education and discipleship.
Introduction
Authors: Roy Anupama 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The law of citizenship in India may be seen as located within a realm of contestation over the ideas of who belongs and how. The history of these contestations shows that their resolution followed distinct logics that determined the terms of belonging characterizing successive citizenship regimes. The enactment of the Citizenship Act of 1955 constituted a regime held together by the logic of ‘transformative’ that characterized the transition to constitutional democracy and republican citizenship; the amendment in the Citizenship Act in 1985 inserted the logic of ‘exception’ in the citizenship law for the state of Assam, to install a regime of ‘differentiated-universal’, and a system of graded citizenship; the amendment in 2003 put in place a provision empowering the Central government to prepare a National Register of Indian Citizens (NRIC) to establish a regime of ‘documentary citizenship’. The protests against the NRC and the CAA 2019 have opened up complex questions about the pedigree of law and its relationship with coercion and obligation. The violence of law or conversely, its founding in notions of justice, configure, and produce fields of contest around citizenship.
The New Testament and the Theology of Trust
Authors: Morgan Teresa 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This study argues for the recovery of trust as a central theme in Christian theology, and offers the first theology of trust in the New Testament. ‘Trust’ is the root meaning of Christian ‘faith’ (pistis, fides), and trusting in God is fundamental to Christians. But unlike faith, and other aspects of faith such as belief or hope, trust is little studied. Building on her ground-breaking study Roman Faith and Christian Faith, Teresa Morgan explores the significance of trust, trustworthiness, faithfulness, and entrustedness in New Testament writings. Trust between God, Christ, and humanity emerges as a risky, dynamic, forward-looking, life-changing partnership. God entrusts Christ with winning the trust of humanity and bringing humanity to trust in God. God and Christ trust humanity to respond to God’s initiative through trust in Christ, and entrust the faithful with diverse forms of work for humanity and for creation. Human understandings of God and Christ are limited, and trust and faithfulness often fail, but, before the end time, imperfect trust is never a deal-breaker. Morgan develops a new model of atonement, showing how trust enables humanity’s release from the power of sin and the suffering caused by sin. She examines the neglected concept of propositional trust, and argues that it plays a key part in faith. This book offers a vision of Christian trust as soteriological, ethical, and community-forming. Trust is both the means of salvation and an end in itself, because where we trust is where we most fully live.
‘So we preach and so you believed’
Authors: Morgan Teresa 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The call to trust in the exalted Christ may be the earliest form of the call to trust in Jesus Christ. It is, though, striking (and, in its time, unusual) how strongly New Testament writings insist on the continuity of Christ’s identity and work in his earthly life, death, resurrection, exalted life, and sometimes pre-existence. One key basis for trust in the exalted Christ is belief in the resurrection, but resurrection belief is complex, involving resurrection experiences, preaching, the interpretation of scripture, and the coherence of all these with people’s existing commitment to the God of Israel or willingness to trust in God. Though Christ-confessors undoubtedly believed that the resurrection had occurred, therefore, their affirmation also has aspects of propositional trust. Among exalted persons of the early principate, Christ is unusually active on behalf of the faithful, doing battle with hostile powers, mediating between the faithful and God, laying the foundations of communities, and directing the activities of apostles. The faithful are often said to be ‘in Christ’s hands’, emphasizing both Christ’s authority over them and his care for them. The faithful, for their part, seek to remain faithful, to become more faithful, and to imitate the exalted Christ in living for God until the end time. The ongoing relationship between the faithful and the exalted Christ in the present turbulent and uncertain time is another aspect of divine‒human trust that mitigates its risk.
Algorithmic Reason
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAre algorithms ruling the world today? Is artificial intelligence making life-and-death decisions? Are social media companies able to manipulate elections? As we are confronted with public and academic anxieties about unprecedented changes, this book offers a different analytical prism to investigate these transformations as more mundane and fraught. Aradau and Blanke develop conceptual and methodological tools to understand how algorithmic operations shape the government of self and other. While disperse and messy, these operations are held together by an ascendant algorithmic reason. Through a global perspective on algorithmic operations, the book helps us understand how algorithmic reason redraws boundaries and reconfigures differences. The book explores the emergence of algorithmic reason through rationalities, materializations, and interventions. It traces how algorithmic rationalities of decomposition, recomposition, and partitioning are materialized in the construction of dangerous others, the power of platforms, and the production of economic value. The book shows how political interventions to make algorithms governable encounter friction, refusal, and resistance. The theoretical perspective on algorithmic reason is developed through qualitative and digital methods to investigate scenes and controversies that range from mass surveillance and the Cambridge Analytica scandal in the UK to predictive policing in the US, and from the use of facial recognition in China and drone targeting in Pakistan to the regulation of hate speech in Germany. Algorithmic Reason offers an alternative to dystopia and despair through a transdisciplinary approach made possible by the authors’ backgrounds, which span the humanities, social sciences, and computer sciences.
Value
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAnalyses of digital capitalism, data capitalism, platform capitalism, and surveillance capitalism are underpinned by controversies over the economic value of data. In this chapter, we investigate different approaches to value and valorization. We take a scene of controversy around Spotify as an inquiry into the conjunction of digital production and surveillance as well as emerging new forms of valorization. Expanding this scene through an analysis of patents, we show how value materializes not just through the global exploitation of human labour and the extraction of data at the multiple frontiers of capitalism, but also by augmenting limited digital products with the expanding datafication of small and very small lived experiences. A different politics of value emerges through this analysis. Rather than regulation for surveillance capitalism or state ownership for platform capitalism, we propose to attend to the politics of subjectivity as a zone of resistance to valorization and ungovernability.
International
Authors: Aradau Claudia , Blanke Tobias 
Published: June 2022

AbstractQuestions about the international have emerged around the power of big tech companies: Google attempting to access the Chinese market, Facebook providing digital infrastructures in Africa. Starting from the problem of drawing borders and boundaries as constitutive of the international, we analyse how states attempt to render algorithms governable by redrawing sovereign boundaries and creating legal regulations for the content that social media companies have and circulate. In response to this reactivation of sovereign borders, social media companies have prioritized a different mode of governing the international that works through thresholds rather than geopolitical borders. This chapter traces how states and companies reshape the contours of the international over the production and circulation of hate speech and other harmful social media content. We argue that these arts of governing reproduce categories of citizens and users, while making work and workers invisible. Drawing on a class action by former Facebook content moderators, the chapter shows how workers resist both commercial discourses of moderation and state claims of rebordering by opening a scene of possible internationalism.
The Dharma of Justice in the Sanskrit Epics
Authors: Vanita Ruth 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This book examines how characters in the Mahabharata and the Ramayana debate questions of justice. The epics depict discrimination based on social categories such as gender, varṇa, species, age, and disability, and important characters often support discrimination. But the epics also criticize oppression in two ways—first, philosophically, through debates, and second, practically, through characters whose actions demonstrate that discrimination is wrong. Many characters in the epics (including men and women from all varṇas and those later considered outside the varṇa system) repeatedly proclaim the principle of sameness (samatva). All bodies are made of the same matter and are vulnerable, all consciousnesses are essentially the same, and all categories constantly change, and are ultimately unreal. This book considers debates about friendship and the family, about the meaning or non-meaning of varna and gender, about male–female interactions and the questions of consent, sex-change, gender-crossing, disability, and masculinities. The dharmas of singleness, marriage, friendship, parenting, and rulership, especially in relation to violence and non-violence, are explored, and Yudhishthira’s idea of complete non-violence is critiqued as impossible and undesirable. The book argues that kindness to animals is at the heart of the epics’ idea of universal dharma. Non-cruelty to animals is a dharma available to all humans, regardless of status. Approaching the epics as bhakti texts, the book concludes with an extended study of how bhakta poets of all persuasions, from Kabir and Raidas to Jnaneshwara, Rahim, and Tulsidas, draw their philosophical frameworks and ideas from the epics.
Introduction
Authors: Vanita Ruth 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
The Introduction outlines the argument and plan of the book, with summaries of each chapter. The argument is that the epics equip characters as well as readers with intellectual tools to dismantle conventional ideas of difference. The epics revolve around the figure of the sarvabhūtahiterataḥ (a person immersed in the welfare of all beings). Shūdras and mixed-varṇa characters, such as Vidura and Vyasa, emerge as the pivot of dharma, while demons are almost always depicted as rich and greedy tyrants who mistreat the powerless, such as old people and the poor. The epics are multivocal philosophical poems based on dialogue and debate; the Introduction contests some commentators’ view of the epics as inherently Brahmanical and patriarchal.