bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhomogeneity in the Local ISM and Its Relation to the Heliosphere
Authors: Linsky Jeffrey , Redfield Seth , Ryder Diana , Moebius Eberhard 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis paper reviews past research and new studies underway of the local interstellar environment and its changing influence on the heliosphere. The size, shape, and physical properties of the heliosphere outside of the heliopause are determined by the surrounding environment – now the outer region of the Local Interstellar Cloud (LIC). The temperature, turbulence, and velocity vector of neutral atoms and ions in the LIC and other partially ionized interstellar clouds are measured from high-resolution spectra of interstellar absorption lines observed with the STIS instrument on theHST. Analysis of such spectra led to a kinematic model with many interstellar clouds defined by velocity vectors derived from radial velocity measurements. This analysis identified fifteen clouds located within about 10 pc of the Sun and their mean temperatures, turbulence, and velocity vectors. With the increasing number of sight lines now being analyzed, we find that temperatures and turbulent velocities have spatial variations within the LIC and other nearby clouds much larger than measurement uncertainties, and that these spatial variations appear to be randomly distributed and can be fit by Gaussians. The inhomogeneous length scale is less than 4,000 AU, a distance that the heliosphere will traverse in less than 600 years. The temperatures and turbulent velocities do not show significant trends with stellar distance or angle from the LIC center. If/when the Sun enters an inter-cloud medium, the physical properties of the future heliosphere will be very different from the present. For the heliosheath and the very local interstellar medium (VLISM) just outside of the heliopause, the total pressures are approximately equal to the gravitational pressure of overlying material in the Galaxy. The internal pressure in the LIC is far below that in the VLISM, but there is an uncertain ram pressure term produced by the flow of the LIC with respect to its environment.
A new solution to the safety dilemma
Authors: Mortini Dario 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDespite the substantial appeal of the safety condition, Kelp (J Philos Res 34:21–31, 2009; Am Philos Q 53:27–37; Good Thinking. A Knowledge First Virtue Epistemology, Routledge, London, 2018) has raised a difficult challenge for safety-theoretic accounts of knowledge. By combining Gettier-style fake barn cases with epistemic Frankfurt cases, he concludes that no formulation of safety can be strong enough to predict ignorance in the former and weak enough to accommodate knowledge in the latter. In this note, my contribution is two-fold. Firstly, I take up Kelp’s challenge and I show that, once properly understood, safety successfully rises to it. Secondly, I draw a more general lesson on the safety condition: a satisfactory solution to Kelp’s challenge calls for a revision of the standard formulation of safety, which must be indexed tobothmethods and environments. My conclusion will be that an environment-relative version of safety not only meets Kelp’s challenge, but it also advances our understanding of the safety condition on knowledge.
On the indispensability of theoretical terms and entities
Authors: Johannesson Eric 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSome realists claim that theoretical entities like numbers and electrons are indispensable for describing the empirical world. Motivated by the meta-ontology of Quine, I take this claim to imply that, for some first-order theory T and formula $$\delta (x)$$

δ
(
x
)

such that $$T \vdash \exists x \delta \wedge \exists x \lnot \delta $$

T
⊢
∃
x
δ
∧
∃
x
¬
δ

, where $$\delta (x)$$

δ
(
x
)

is intended to apply to all and only empirical entities, there is no first-order theory $$T'$$

T
′

such that (a) T and $$T'$$

T
′

describe the $$\delta $$
δ
:s in the same way, (b) $$T' \vdash \forall x \delta $$

T
′

⊢
∀
x
δ

, and (c) $$T'$$

T
′

is at least as attractive as T in terms of other theoretical virtues. In an attempt to refute the realist claim, I try to solve the general problem of nominalizingT (with respect to $$\delta $$
δ
), namely to find a theory $$T'$$

T
′

satisfying conditions (a)–(c) under various precisifications thereof. In particular, I note that condition (a) can be understood either in terms of syntactic or semantic equivalence, where the latter is strictly stronger than the former. The results are somewhat mixed. On the positive side, even under the stronger precisification of (a), I establish that (1) if the vocabulary of T is finite, a nominalizing theory can always be found that is recursive if T is, and (2) if T postulates infinitely many $$\delta $$
δ
:s, a nominalizing theory can always be found that is no more computationally complex than T. On the negative side, even under the weaker precisification of (a), I establish that (3) certain finite theories cannot be nominalized by a finite theory.
Simultaneous determination of diquat and its two primary metabolites in rat plasma by ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and its application to the toxicokinetic study
Authors: Mao Zhengsheng , Yu Youjia , Sun Hao , Wu Chao , Jiang Qiaoyan , Chu Chunyan , Zhao Chongwen , Zhou Yujie , Zhang Jinsong , Cao Yue , Chen Feng 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to develop and validate an ultraperformance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry to simultaneously determine diquat (DQ) and its two primary metabolites in rat plasma and its application to the toxicokinetic study.

Method
The chromatographic separation of DQ and its two primary metabolites was performed with hydrophilic interaction chromatography column by adding formic acid and ammonium acetate in mobile phase in stepwise elution mode. DQ and its two primary metabolites were detected by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in positive mode.

Results
The lower limit of quantification ranging from 0.3 to 3.0 ng/mL for DQ and its two primary metabolites was achieved by using only 50 μL of rat plasma. The maximum concentration (Cmax) was 977 ng/mL, half-life (t1/2) was 13.1 h, and area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC0–t) was 2770 h*ng/mL for DQ, Cmax was 47.1 ng/mL, t1/2 was 25.1 h, and AUC0–t was 180 h·ng/mL for diquat monopyridone (DQ-M) and Cmax was 246 ng/mL, t1/2 was 8.2 h, and AUC0–t was 2430 h·ng/mL for diquat dipyridone (DQ-D), respectively.

Conclusions
The validated method was shown to be suitable for simultaneous determination of diquat and its two primary metabolites in rat plasma. This study is the first to study the toxicokinetics of DQ and its two primary metabolites.
Das Ansehen von Hausfrauen in Deutschland – Eine quantitativ-empirische Analyse differenzieller Wahrnehmungen
Authors: Stache Katrin , Ebner Christian , Rohrbach-Schmidt Daniela 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungDie Erwerbstätigenquote von Frauen ist in den letzten Jahrzehnten international wie auch in Deutschland merklich angestiegen, wohingegen das klassischeMale Breadwinner Modelzunehmend erodiert. Vor diesem Hintergrund hat die Studie zum Ziel, das gesellschaftliche Ansehen der zahlenmäßig geringer werdenden Gruppe von Hausfrauen, deren Haupttätigkeit in der Haus- und Familienarbeit liegt, mit aktuellen Befragungsdaten zu untersuchen. Die Analysen gehen zum einen der Frage nach, wie hoch das Ansehen generell von der Bevölkerung in Deutschland eingestuft wird und zum anderen, ob sich die Wahrnehmungen anhand von ausgewählten soziodemografischen Merkmalen systematisch unterscheiden. Die empirischen Befunde zeigen, dass das Ansehen von Hausfrauen in Deutschland im Allgemeinen höher eingeschätzt wird als das von Arbeitslosen sowie von Helfertätigkeiten, aber auch geringer als das Ansehen von beruflichen Tätigkeiten auf Fachkräfteniveau. Darüber hinaus variieren die Beurteilungen zum Hausfrauenprestige signifikant danach, welcher sozialen Gruppe (Geburtskohorte, Ausbildungsniveau, Erwerbsbeteiligung, Geschlecht) die Befragten angehören. Weiterführende Analysen von Interaktionseffekten verdeutlichen ferner ein differenziertes Zusammenspiel der Variable Geschlecht mit anderen Gruppenmerkmalen. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer ausführlichen Diskussion der Ergebnisse sowie einem Ausblick auf zukünftige Forschung.
Is Sleeve Gastrectomy as Effective in Older Patients as in Younger Patients? A Comparative Analysis of Weight Loss, Related Comorbidities, and Medication Requirements
Authors: Fernández-Ananín Sonia , Ballester Eulalia , Gonzalo Berta , Codina Claudia , Miñambres Inka , Pérez Antonio , Gich Ignasi J. , González Sandra , Serrano Cristina , Balagué Carmen 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
Bariatric surgery in the older population has been the subject of ongoing debate but several studies have recently demonstrated its short-term advantages in this age group. It is not yet clear, however, whether these benefits are long-lasting.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed patients with morbid obesity who underwent laparoscopy sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). These patients were divided into two groups: those above 60 years of age (older group) and those of 60 years or under (younger group). Variables evaluated included demographics and anthropometrics data, comorbidities, and daily medication requirements.

Results
Two hundred fifty-two patients underwent LSG, 57 in the older group and 195 in the younger group. Outcomes related to weight loss in the older subjects were modest compared to those in the younger population (older group %EWL 41.6 vs younger group %EWL 51.1, p < 0.05, older group %TWL 24.9% vs younger group %TWL 25.2%, p < 0.05). During follow-up, both older and younger patients showed an improvement in all the comorbidities: hypertension (older 82.5% vs 38.1%, younger 52.6% vs 29.2%, p < 0.05), type 2 diabetes mellitus (older 38.6% vs 27.3%, 34.9% vs 23.9%, p < 0.05), hyperlipidemia (older 75.4% vs 42.9%, younger 35.9% vs 21.1%, p < 0.05), and OSAHS (older 57.9% vs 30%, younger 40.4% vs 7.1%, p < 0.05). The average number of daily medications used to manage comorbidities decreased in both groups.

Conclusion
LSG in older patients is effective in terms of weight loss, improvement of comorbidities, and lower daily medication requirements up to 5 years of follow-up.

Graphical abstract
Phenobarbital use in benzodiazepine and z-drug detoxification: a single-centre 15-year observational retrospective study in clinical practice
Authors: Sartori Simone , Crescioli Giada , Brilli Valentina , Traversoni Sara , Lanzi Cecilia , Vannacci Alfredo , Mannaioni Guido , Lombardi Niccolò 
Published: April 2022

AbstractGiven the increase in benzodiazepine (BZD) and Z-drug (ZD) use disorder, this study described the use of phenobarbital (PHB) as detoxification in clinical practice. A 15-year observational retrospective study was performed on medical records of BZD-ZD use disorder patients detoxified with PHB at the Toxicology Unit and Poison Centre, Careggi University Hospital, Florence (Italy). A multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate odd ratios (ORs) and related 95% confidence intervals (CI) of “treatment failure” considering demographic and pharmacological characteristics. “Hospitalisation length”, “PHB discharge dose”, and “BZD-ZD free status” at discharge were also calculated. During detoxification, out of 355 patients (57% of men), with a mean age of 42.92 years, only 20 (5.6%) treatment failures were recorded: 19 were discharged against medical advice or due to misbehaviour, and only one for PHB-related non-serious skin rash. Analysis showed a higher probability to be BZD-ZD free at discharge for subjects who reported to be employed (OR 2.29; CI 95% 1.00–5.24), for those who abused oral drops of BZD-ZD (OR 2.16, CI 1.30–3.59), and for those treated with trazodone (OR 2.86, CI 1.14–7.17) during hospital stay. A hospitalisation length of > 7 days was observed for patients with opioid maintenance therapy (OR 2.07, CI 1.20–3.58) for substance use disorder, and for those treated with more than 300 mg/day of PHB equivalents at hospital admission (OR 1.68, CI 1.03–2.72). Our results suggested that PHB can be considered a valuable detoxification option for different types of BZD and ZD use disorder patients.
Computational methods for leakage localisation in a vacuum bag using volumetric flow rate measurements
Authors: Haschenburger A. I. , Onorato L. , Sujahudeen M. S. , Taraczky D. S. , Osis A. , Bracke A. R. S. , Byelov M. D. , Vermeulen F. I. , Oosthoek E. H. Q. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe localisation of leakages during the vacuum bagging process of a composite is currently time intensive and reliant on human labour. The purpose of this article is to explore four computational methods for leakage localisation using volumetric flow rate (VFR) data to increase the automation of the process. The data used in this article is based on experiments on a square vacuum bag with four vacuum ports. The first method is based on potential flow theory to simulate the flow. In the second method, numerical regression was applied to find a relation between the VFRs and port-leakage distances. The third method consisted of calculating the fractional VFRs for every point on a grid and finding the grid point whose values most closely correspond to the observed fractional VFRs. The last method involved training a machine learning algorithm with experimental data. After the development of the methods, their performance was tested over the entire single-leakage dataset and compared. The results were in the same order of magnitude for all methods, with an area of $$10^5$$

10
5

mm$$^2$$

2

for the 95% confidence interval and a distance of $$10^2$$

10
2

mm for the average error. Further research is required for application to different vacuum bag shapes and multiple leakages cases. The method with the highest adaptability and performance is the method based on potential-flow theory. Machine learning and the potential-flow method is further applicable to multiple leakage localisation.
Work from Home Success: Agile work characteristics and the Mediating Effect of supportive HRM
Authors: Heidt Lukas , Gauger Felix , Pfnür Andreas 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWork from home or teleworking, continues to expand not least due to the COVID-19-crisis and poses challenges for employees and companies. In uncertain and dynamic times, organisations wonder what skills make employees successful when working from home and which measures support employees. By performing in-depth research that addresses employee agility as skills and capabilities, a research framework is proposed. Based on an international survey of employees working from home during the COVID-19-crisis (N = 1,016), the impact of agile work characteristics on work from home success and the mediating effect (accounting for 48% of the total effect) of tailored support measures by HRM were investigated. The results of the mediation analysis show that agile work characteristics have a direct, positive and significant effect on the success of working from home. Part of the effect is explained by HRM measures as a mediator. The findings contribute to the research stream of dynamic capabilities by applying the theory to working from home. The comparatively simple research model provides companies with information on how they can best support employees in the dynamics of a crisis and the expansion of work from home and, therefore, has high relevance for practitioners.
Decomposing the Temporal Signature of Nitrogen Dioxide Declines during the COVID-19 Pandemic in UK Urban Areas
Authors: Calafiore Alessia , Macdonald Jacob L. , Singleton Alex 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOn March 23, 2020, a national lockdown was imposed in the UK to limit interpersonal contact and the spread of COVID-19. Human mobility patterns were drastically adjusted as individuals complied with stay-at-home orders, changed their working patterns, and moved increasingly in the proximity of their home. Such behavioural changes brought about many spillover impacts, among which the sharp and immediate reduction in the concentration of nitrogen-based pollutants throughout the country. This work explores the extent to which urban Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) concentration responds to changes in human behaviour, in particular human mobility patterns and commuting. We model the dynamic and responsive change in NO2 concentration in the period directly following national lockdown and respective opening orders. Using the national urban air quality monitoring network we generate a synthetic NO2 concentration series built from a time series of historic data to compare expected modelled trends to the actual observed patterns in 2020. A series of pre- and post-estimators are modelled to understand the scale of concentration responsiveness to human activity and varying ability of areas across the UK to comply with the lockdown closing and response to openings. Specifically, these are linked to workday commuting times and observed patterns of human mobility change obtained from Google mobility reports. We find a strong and robust co-movement of air pollution concentration and work-related mobility – concentrations of NO2 during typical weekday commuting hours saw a higher relative drop, moving in tandem with patterns of human mobility around workplaces over the course of lockdowns and openings. While NO2 concentrations remained relatively low around the time of reopening, particularly during commuting hours, there is a relatively fast responsiveness rate to concentrations increasing quickly in line with human activity. With one of the key Government advice for workers to take staggered transportation into work and lessen the burden of rush hours and adopting more flexible work-home arrangements, our results would suggest that reductions in NO2 in urban areas are particularly responsive to broader human patterns and dynamics over time as we transitioned towards new working routines.
A discussion on the implementation of the Polar Code and the STCW Convention’s training requirements for ice navigation in polar waters
Authors: Engtrø Espen 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn 2017, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) implemented theInternational Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters(Polar Code), with mandatory requirements covering the Arctic and Antarctic Oceans. In this conjunction, theInternational Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping(STCW) were amended in 2018. New training requirements were made applicable for dedicated personnel in charge of a navigational watch on ships with a Polar Ship Certificate (PSC) operating in polar waters. In association with the new training requirements amending the STCW Convention, the IMO, and Transport Canada (flag state authority) signed a Memorandum of Understanding in 2017, for Canada to develop and deliver four regional capacity-building “train-the-trainer” workshops. The objectives of these events were to assist maritime education and training (MET) institutes in enhancing the skills and competence of instructors, to develop competence-based STCW training programs, for dedicated personnel on ships operating in polar waters. This paper examines the first workshop conducted in Canada (2019), to understand the mechanisms in the interaction taking place between the IMO and the Canadian workshop developers and instructors, using the System Theoretic Accident Model and Processes (STAMP). Individual expert interviews are performed, with the main contributors directly involved in developing and conducting the workshop, to evaluate the event’s contribution to improving and specifying the STCW Convention’s training requirements, as referenced in the Polar Code, for seafarers operating in polar waters.
Thermo-optic phase shifters based on silicon-on-insulator platform: state-of-the-art and a review
Authors: Liu Shengping , Feng Junbo , Tian Ye , Zhao Heng , Jin Li , Ouyang Boling , Zhu Jiguang , Guo Jin 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSilicon photonic platforms offer relevance to large markets in many applications, such as optical phased arrays, photonic neural networks, programmable photonic integrated circuits, and quantum computation devices. As one of the basic tuning devices, the thermo-optic phase shifter (TOPS) plays an important role in all these applications. A TOPS with the merits of easy fabrication, low power consumption, small thermal time constant, low insertion loss, small footprint, and low crosstalk, is needed to improve the performance and lower the cost of the above applications. To meet these demands, various TOPS have been proposed and experimentally demonstrated on different foundry platforms In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art of TOPS, including metal heater, doped silicon, silicide, with silicon substrate undercut for heat insulation, folded waveguide structure, and multi-pass waveguide structure. We further compare these TOPSs and propose the directions of the future developments on TOPS.
Graphical abstract
Hydrothermal synthesized delafossite CuGaO2 as an electrocatalyst for water oxidation
Authors: Gao Han , Yang Miao , Liu Xing , Dai Xianglong , Bao Xiao-Qing , Xiong Dehua 
Published: April 2022

AbstractHydrogen production from water splitting provides an effective method to alleviate the ever-growing global energy crisis. In this work, delafossite CuGaO2 (CGO) crystal was synthesized through hydrothermal routes with Cu(NO3)2·3H2O and Ga(NO3)3·xH2O used as reactants. The addition of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) was found to play an important role in modifying the morphology of CuGaO2 (CGO-CTAB). With the addition of CTAB, the morphology of CGO-CTAB samples changed from irregular flake to typical hexagonal sheet microstructure, with an average size of 1–2 μm and a thickness of around 100 nm. Furthermore, the electrocatalytic activity of CGO-CTAB crystals for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was also studied and compared with that of CGO crystals. CGO-CTAB samples exhibited better activity than CGO. An overpotential of 391.5 mV was shown to be able to generate a current density of 10 mA/cm2. The as-prepared samples also demonstrate good stability for water oxidation and relatively fast OER kinetics with a Tafel slope of 56.4 mV/dec. This work highlights the significant role of modification of CTAB surfactants in preparing CGO related crystals, and the introduction of CTAB was found to help to improve their electrocatalytic activity for OER.
Graphical abstract
Urteile und Entscheidungen im Kinderschutz
Authors: Bastian Pascal , Freres Katharina , Schrödter Mark 
Published: April 2022

ZusammenfassungIm DFG-geförderten Projekt „Fallkonstitutive Urteilsbildung am Beispiel von Kindeswohlgefährdungseinschätzungen – das Zusammenwirken von Jugendämtern und Familiengerichten“ führen wir unsere Forschungen zur Urteils- und Entscheidungspraxis im Kinderschutz weiter. Es handelt sich um ein ethnographisches Projekt, in dem wir das von uns bereits erschlossene Urteilsnetzwerk innerhalb der Jugendämter durch weitere Akteur*innen ergänzen und dabei vor allem den Blick auf den zentralen Stellenwert der Familiengerichte in der Urteilspraxis lenken. Ziel ist es, zu einem breiteren Verständnis der Praktiken im Kinderschutz zu gelangen, jenseits einfacher Defizitzuschreibungen hinsichtlich der Professionalität von Fachkräften.