bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of illicit opioid use on markers of monocyte activation and systemic inflammation in people living with HIV
Authors: Kholodnaia Anastasia , So-Armah Kaku , Cheng Debbie , Gnatienko Natalia , Patts Gregory , Samet Jeffrey H. , Freiberg Matthew , Lioznov Dmitry 
Published: May 2022

Introduction
We hypothesize that illicit opioid use increases bacterial translocation from the gut, which intensifies systemic inflammation.

Objective
To investigate the association between opioid use and plasma soluble CD14 [sCD14], interleukin-6 [IL-6] and D-dimer in people living with HIV (PLWH).

Methods
We analyzed data from the Russia ARCH study–an observational cohort of 351 ART-naive PLWH in St. Petersburg, Russia. Plasma levels of sCD14 (primary outcome), IL-6 and D-dimer (secondary outcomes) were evaluated at baseline, 12, and 24 months. Participants were categorized into three groups based on illicit opioid use: current, prior, and never opioid use. Linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate associations.

Results
Compared to never opioid use, sCD14 levels were significantly higher for participants with current opioid use (AMD = 197.8 ng/ml [11.4, 384.2], p = 0.04). IL-6 levels were also higher for participants with current vs. never opioid use (ARM = 2.10 [1.56, 2.83], p <0.001). D-dimer levels were higher for current (ARM = 1.95 [1.43, 2.64], p <0.001) and prior (ARM = 1.57 [1.17, 2.09], p = 0.004) compared to never opioid use.

Conclusions
Among PLWH, current opioid use compared to never use is associated with increased monocyte activation and systemic inflammation.
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention and diagnosis in COVID-19: Practice patterns and outcomes at 33 hospitals
Authors: Parks Anna L. , Auerbach Andrew D. , Schnipper Jeffrey L. , Bertram Amanda , Jeon Sun Y. , Boyle Bridget , Fang Margaret C. , Gadrey Shrirang M. , Siddiqui Zishan K. , Brotman Daniel J. ,   the Hospital Medicine Reengineering Network (HOMERuN)
Published: May 2022

Background
Early reports of increased thrombosis risk with SARS-CoV-2 infection led to changes in venous thromboembolism (VTE) management. Real-world data on the prevalence, efficacy and harms of these changes informs best practices.

Objective
Define practice patterns and clinical outcomes related to VTE diagnosis, prevention, and management in hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) using a multi-hospital US sample.

Methods
In this retrospective cross-sectional study of 1121 patients admitted to 33 hospitals, exposure was dose of anticoagulant prescribed for VTE prophylaxis (standard, intensified, therapeutic), and primary outcome was VTE (pulmonary embolism [PE] and deep vein thrombosis [DVT]); secondary outcomes were PE, DVT, arterial thromboembolism (ATE), and bleeding events. Multivariable logistic regression models accounting for clustering by site and adjusted for risk factors were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs). Inverse probability weighting was used to account for confounding by indication.

Results
1121 patients (mean age 60 ± 18, 47% female) admitted with COVID-19 between February 2, 2020 and December 31, 2020 to 33 US hospitals were included. Pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis was prescribed in 86%. Forty-seven patients (4.2%) had PE, 51 (4.6%) had DVT, and 23 (2.1%) had ATE. Forty-six patients (4.1%) had major bleeding and 46 (4.1%) had clinically relevant non-major bleeding. Compared to standard prophylaxis, adjusted odds of VTE were 0.67 (95% CI 0.21–2.1) with no prophylaxis, 1.0 (95% CI 0.06–17) with intensified, and 3.0 (95% CI 0.89–10) with therapeutic. Adjusted odds of bleeding with no prophylaxis were 5.6 (95% CI 3.0–11) and 5.3 (95% CI 3.0–10) with therapeutic (no events on intensified dosing).

Conclusions
Therapeutic anticoagulation was associated with a 3-fold increased odds of VTE and 5-fold increased odds of bleeding. While higher bleeding rates with high-intensity prophylaxis were likely due to full-dose anticoagulation, we conclude that high thrombosis rates were due to clinical concern for thrombosis before formal diagnosis.
Appetite loss at discharge from acute decompensated heart failure: Observation from KCHF registry
Authors: Yamamoto Erika , Kato Takao , Yaku Hidenori , Morimoto Takeshi , Inuzuka Yasutaka , Tamaki Yodo , Ozasa Neiko , Yoshikawa Yusuke , Kitai Takeshi , Taniguchi Ryoji , Iguchi Moritake , Kato Masashi , Takahashi Mamoru , Jinnai Toshikazu , Ikeda Tomoyuki , Nagao Kazuya , Kawai Takafumi , Komasa Akihiro , Nishikawa Ryusuke , Kawase Yuichi , Morinaga Takashi , Kawato Mitsunori , Seko Yuta , Shiba Masayuki , Toyofuku Mamoru , Furukawa Yutaka , Nakagawa Yoshihisa , Ando Kenji , Kadota Kazushige , Shizuta Satoshi , Ono Koh , Sato Yukihito , Kuwahara Koichiro , Kimura Takeshi 
Published: May 2022

Objective
The complex link between nutritional status, protein and lipid synthesis, and immunity plays an important prognostic role in patients with heart failure. However, the association between appetite loss at discharge and long-term outcome remains unclear.

Methods
The Kyoto Congestive Heart Failure registry is a prospective cohort study that enrolled consecutive patients hospitalized for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) in Japan. We assessed 3528 patients alive at discharge, and for whom appetite and follow-up data were available. We compared one-year clinical outcomes in patients with and without appetite loss at discharge.

Results
In the multivariable logistic regression analysis using 19 clinical and laboratory factors with P value < 0.1 by univariate analysis, BMI < 22 kg/m2 (odds ratio (OR): 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–2.24, P = 0.01), CRP >1.0mg/dL (OR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.04–2.14, P = 0.03), and presence of edema at discharge (OR: 4.30, 95%CI: 2.99–6.22, P<0.001) were associated with an increased risk of appetite loss at discharge, whereas ambulatory status (OR: 0.57, 95%CI: 0.39–0.83, P = 0.004) and the use of ACE-I/ARB (OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.50–0.98, P = 0.04) were related to a decreased risk in the presence of appetite loss. The cumulative 1-year incidence of all-cause death (primary outcome measure) was significantly higher in patients with appetite loss than in those without appetite loss (31.0% vs. 15.0%, P<0.001). The excess adjusted risk of appetite loss relative to no appetite loss remained significant for all-cause death (hazard ratio (HR): 1.63, 95%CI: 1.29–2.07, P<0.001).

Conclusions
Loss of appetite at discharge was associated with worse 1-year mortality in patients with ADHF. Appetite is a simple, reliable, and useful subjective marker for risk stratification of patients with ADHF.
Effects of Korean red ginseng on three-dimensional trabecular bone microarchitecture and strength in growing rats: Comparison with changes due to jump exercise
Authors: Ju Yong-In , Choi Hak-Jin , Sone Teruki 
Published: May 2022

Objectives
The preventive effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on bone loss and microarchitectural deterioration have been extensively studied in animal models. However, few results have been reported for the effects of KRG on the trabecular microarchitecture as compared to changes resulting from physiological stimuli such as exercise load. We compared the effects of KRG and jump exercise on improvements in trabecular microarchitecture and strength of the distal femoral metaphysis in rats.

Methods and materials
Eleven-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into sedentary (CON), KRG-administered (KRG), and jump-exercised (JUM) groups. Rats were orally administered KRG extract (200 mg/kg body weight/day) once a day for 6 weeks. The jump exercise protocol comprised 10 jumps/day, 5 days/week at a jump height of 40 cm. We used microcomputed tomography to assess the microarchitecture, volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and fracture load as predicted by finite element analysis at the right distal femoral metaphysis. The left femur was used for the quantitative bone histomorphometry measurements.

Results
Although KRG produced significantly higher trabecular bone volume (BV/TV) than CON, BV/TV was even higher in JUM than in KRG, and differences in vBMD and fracture load were only significant between JUM and CON. In terms of trabecular microarchitecture, KRG increased trabecular number and connectivity, whereas the JUM group showed increased trabecular thickness. Bone resorption showed significant decrease by JUM and KRG group. In contrast, bone formation showed significant increase by JUM group.

Conclusions
These data show that KRG has weak but significant positive effects on bone mass and suggest that the effects on trabecular microarchitecture differ from those of jump exercise. The effects of combined KRG and jump exercise on trabecular bone mass and strength should be investigated.
Access to maternal health services during COVID-19 pandemic, re-examining the three delays among pregnant women in Ilubabor zone, southwest Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Abdisa Diriba Kumara , Jaleta Debela Dereje , Feyisa Jira Wakoya , Kitila Keno Melkamu , Berhanu Robera Demissie 
Published: May 2022

Background
All women require access to high-quality care during pregnancy, labor, and after childbirth. The occurrence of delay at any stage is one of the major causes of maternal mortality. There is, however, a scarcity of data on women’s access to maternal health services during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the goal of this study was to assess the magnitude of delays in maternal health service utilization and its associated factors among pregnant women in the Ilubabor zone during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 402 pregnant women selected by systematic random sampling. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26. Descriptive and summary statistics were used to describe the study population. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with the outcome variables. Adjusted odds ratio with respective 95% CI was used to report significant covariates.

Results
A total of 402 pregnant women participated in this study. The median age of the respondents was 25 years (IQR = 8). On average, a woman stays 1.76 hours (SD = 1.2) to make a decision to seek care. The prevalence of first, second and third delay were 51%, 48%, and 33.3%, respectively. Being unmarried [AOR (95% CI)], [0.145 (0.046–0.452)], being unemployed [AOR (95% CI)], [4.824 (1.685–13.814)], age [AOR (95% CI)], [0.227 (0.089–0.0579)], fear of COVID-19 [AOR (95% CI)], [1.112 (1.036–1.193)], urban residence [AOR (95% CI)], [0.517 (0.295–0.909)], and lack of birth preparedness [AOR (95% CI)], [6.526 (1.954–21.789)] were significantly associated with first delay. Being unmarried [AOR (95% CI)], [5.984 (2.930–12.223)], being unemployed [AOR (95% CI)], [26.978 (3.477–209.308)], and age [AOR (95% CI)], [0.438 (0.226–0.848)] were significantly associated with second delay. Having lengthy admission [AOR (95% CI)], [7.5 (4.053–13.878)] and non-spontaneous vaginal delivery [AOR (95% CI)], [1.471 (1.018–1.999)] were significantly associated with third delay.

Conclusion
This study identified a significant proportion of mothers experiencing delays, although there were no data to suggest exacerbated delays in utilizing maternal health services due to fear of the COVID-19 pandemic. The proportion of maternal delay varies with different factors. Improving the decision-making capacity of women is, therefore, essential.
Chronic glucocorticoid exposure causes brown adipose tissue whitening, alters whole‐body glucose metabolism and increases tissue uncoupling protein‐1
Authors: Bel Jocelyn S. , Tai T. C. , Khaper Neelam , Lees Simon J. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAdipose tissue (AT) has been found to exist in two predominant forms, white and brown. White adipose tissue (WAT) is the body's conventional storage organ, and brown adipose tissue (BAT) is responsible for non‐shivering thermogenesis which allows mammals to produce heat and regulate body temperature. Studies examining BAT and its role in whole‐body metabolism have found that active BAT utilizes glucose and circulating fatty acids and is associated with improved metabolic outcomes. While the beiging of WAT is a growing area of interest, the possibility of the BAT depot to “whiten” and store more triglycerides also has metabolic and health implications. Currently, there are limited studies that examine the effects of chronic stress and its ability to induce a white‐like phenotype in the BAT depot. This research examined how chronic exposure to the murine stress hormone, corticosterone, for 4 weeks can affect the whitening process of BAT in C57BL/6 male mice. Separate treatments with mirabegron, a known β3‐adrenergic receptor agonist, were used to directly compare the effects of corticosterone with a beiging phenotype. Corticosterone‐treated mice had significantly higher body weight (p ≤ 0.05) and BAT mass (p ≤ 0.05), increased adipocyte area (p ≤ 0.05), were insulin resistant (p ≤ 0.05), and significantly elevated expressions of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP‐1) in BAT (p ≤ 0.05) while mitochondrial content remained unchanged. This whitened phenotype has not been previously associated with increased uncoupling proteins under chronic stress and may represent a compensatory mechanism being initiated under these conditions. These findings have implications for the study of BAT in response to chronic glucocorticoid exposure potentially leading to BAT dysfunction and negative impacts on whole‐body glucose metabolism.
Management status and policy direction of submerged marine debris for improvement of port environment in Korea
Authors: Song Jong-Seok , Lee Yong-Woo , Han Young-Sik , Park Young-Kwon 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
As the issue of marine waste is emerging around the world, it is urgent to come up with measures to manage marine waste. This study examined the status of the collection project of submerged marine debris (SMD) undertaken to improve the environment of major ports by the central and local governments of Korea. Approximately, 7,174 and 2,817 tons of SMD have been collected at major trade ports and coastal ports, respectively, over the last 7 years (2014–2020). The projects to collect SMD have achieved effectiveness, reducing marine accidents in the port. For example, entanglement accidents caused by floating debris also decreased by 11% in 2018 compared to the previous year. The results of the sediment environment investigation before and after the collection of SMD also showed that the species of benthos and their population density increased, and the concentration of acid volatile sulfides (AVSs) decreased. To reduce marine accidents in ports and improve the benthic environment, it will be necessary to provide policy support, such as investigating the distribution status of SMD regularly, improving the effectiveness of the collection method, identifying the way to recycle collected debris, maintaining the public–private cooperative system, and establishing a specialized agency for the systematic management of marine debris.
Individual differences in simultaneous perceptual compensation for coarticulatory and lexical cues
Authors: Lai Wei , Wade Lacey , Tamminga Meredith 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Idiosyncratic perceptual compensation behaviors are considered to have a bearing on the perceptual foundation of sound change. We investigate how compensation processes driven by lexical and coarticulatory contexts simultaneously affect listeners’ perception of a single segment and the individual differences in the compensation patterns. Sibilants on an /s-ʃ/ continuum were embedded into four lexical frames that differed in whether the lexical context favored /s/ or /ʃ/ perceptually and whether the vocalic context favored /s/ or not. Forty-two participants took a lexical decision task to decide whether each stimulus was a word or not. They also completed the autism-spectrum quotient questionnaire. The aggregate results of the lexical decision task show coexistence of lexically induced and coarticulatorily induced perceptual shifts in parallel. A negative correlation was found between the two kinds of perceptual shifts for individual listeners in lexical decisions, lending support to a potential trade-off between compensation magnitudes on different levels of cue integration.
Gewalt und die Verknappung von Herrschaft, Raum und Zeit
Authors: Ackermann Felix 
Published: May 2022

Zusammenfassung
Anhand der Polnischen Republik nach dem deutschen Überfall am 1. September 1939 zeigt der Text, dass die Evakuierungsplanungen zum Transport der wichtigsten Gefangenen noch auf die Erfahrungen des Zusammenbruchs staatlicher Herrschaft des Russischen Reichs am Beginn und Ende des Ersten Weltkriegs zurückgingen. Ein Teil der Aufseher der im Süden Polens unweit der deutsch-polnischen Grenze gelegenen Strafvollzugsanstalt Święty Krzyż eskortierte die ihnen unterstellten Gefangenen in Fußmärschen nach Osten. Währendessen ließ der Direktor der Anstalt mehrere Dutzend wegen Hochverrats zu lebenslänglichen Strafen verurteilter polnischer Staatsbürger noch auf dem Gelände des Gefängnisses hinrichten. Die meisten Opfer waren wahrscheinlich Teil eines von der Gestapo bereits vor dem September 1939 aufgebauten Spitzelnetzes in Polen. Das erklärt, warum dieser Gefangenenmord – anders als die als Todesmärsche beschriebene Evakuierung polnischer Staatsbürger deutscher Herkunft sowie die Gefangenenmorde des NKVD im Osten Polens – nicht von der deutschen Propaganda aufgegriffen wurde und damit bis heute weitgehend unbekannt ist. Statt Św. Krzyż in eine direkte Kontinuität mit den im Juni 1941 durchgeführten sowjetischen Massenmorden in polnischen Gefängnissen zu stellen, werden im Beitrag die Kontexte herausgearbeitet, in denen das Handeln des Direktors von Św. Krzyż zu erklären ist. Der Beitrag argumentiert, dass dafür seine früheren und vielfältigen Evakuierungserfahrungen während des Ersten Weltkriegs sowie das hohe Maß an Gewalt innerhalb des Gefängnisses wichtig waren.
Kontrollverlust und unumkehrbare Tatsachen. Die deutschen Rückzüge an der Ostfront des Zweiten Weltkriegs
Authors: Stein Christian 
Published: May 2022

Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag werden die Rückzüge der Wehrmacht während des Deutsch-Sowjetischen Krieges untersucht. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf dem Rückzug der Heeresgruppe Mitte im Sommer 1944. Hier kulminierten zwei Entwicklungen: Erstens war es für die Rückzugskonzepte hochrangiger deutscher Offiziere wesentlich, auch in der potenziell chaotischen Situation des Rückzugs die Kontrolle zu behalten. Sowohl die Zerstörung ländlicher und städtischer Infrastrukturen, die als »Politik der verbrannten Erde« bezeichnet wird, als auch die Evakuierung der sowjetischen Zivilbevölkerung wurden auch in dieser Situation als Mittel eingesetzt, um die Aufrechterhaltung von Kontrolle zu demonstrieren. Im Sommer 1944 war die Wehrmacht angesichts einer weit überlegenen und mobileren Roten Armee zumeist nicht mehr in der Lage, einen kontrollierten Rückzug durchzuführen. Zweitens begingen die deutschen Verbände in dem Wissen, dass sie während der eigentlichen Rückzüge oft nicht mehr in der Lage sein würden, systematische Zerstörungen, Evakuierungen usw. durchzuführen, bereits vorab – oft lange vor einer erwarteten sowjetischen Offensive – irreversible Handlungen. Die Summe dieser Kriegsverbrechen veränderte das Antlitz Osteuropas weit über das Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs hinaus.
Manta ray foraging optimization algorithm and hybrid Taguchi salp swarm-Nelder–Mead algorithm for the structural design of engineering components
Authors: Yildiz Ali Riza , Mehta Pranav 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The adaptability of metaheuristics is proliferating rapidly for optimizing engineering designs and structures. The imperative need for the fuel-efficient design of vehicles with lightweight structures is also a soaring demand raised by the different industries. This research contributes to both areas by using both the hybrid Taguchi salp swarm algorithm-Nelder–Mead (HTSSA-NM) and the manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO) algorithm to optimize the structure and shape of the automobile brake pedal. The results of HTSSA-NM and MRFO are compared with some well-established metaheuristics such as horse herd optimization algorithm, black widow optimization algorithm, squirrel search algorithm, and Harris Hawks optimization algorithm to verify its performance. It is observed that HTSSA-NM is robust and superior in terms of optimizing shape with the least mass of the engineering structures. Also, HTSSA-NM realize the best value for the present problem compared to the rest of the optimizer.
Gradient-based optimizer for economic optimization of engineering problems
Authors: Mehta Pranav , Yıldız Betül Sultan , Sait Sadiq M. , Yıldız Ali Rıza 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Optimization of the heat recovery devices such as heat exchangers (HEs) and cooling towers is a complex task. In this article, the widely used fin and tube HE (FTHE) is optimized in terms of the total costs by the novel gradient-based optimization (GBO) algorithm. The FTHE s have a cylindrical tube with transverse or longitudinal fin enhanced on it. For this study, various constraints and design variables are considered, with the total cost as the objective function. The study reveals that the GBO provides promising results for the present case study with the highest success rate. Also, the comparative results suggest that GBO is the robust optimizer in terms of the best-optimized values of the fitness function vis-à-vis design variables. This study builds the future implications of the GBO in a wide range of engineering optimization fields.
The spontaneity of chemical reactions: challenges with handling the concept and its implications
Authors: Mammino Liliana 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The spontaneity concept plays crucial roles in the description of chemical reactions and entails a variety of implications, including the determination of the difference between galvanic and electrolytic cells. Students experience challenges with handling the concept and its implications within chemistry contexts. Everyday-life examples do not provide immediate evidence of chemistry-related spontaneity, and some features may be misinterpreted. The ΔG < 0 spontaneity criterion does not have an everyday-life correspondence and mostly remains abstract. Tendencies to equate exothermic or fast with spontaneous appear frequently. Using the spontaneity or non-spontaneity concepts in the interpretation of observed simple electrochemical phenomena may pose difficulties. The challenges are greatly enhanced by two diffuse contextual features: tendency to rote learning and inadequate language-mastery, with the latter being a major cause of the former and generally hindering conceptual understanding. The paper highlights the main difficulties diagnosed within an action research approach, documenting them with a sufficiently ample selection of illustrative examples. The ways in which diagnoses are utilised as guidelines for in-class interventions aimed at addressing identified challenges are delineated and discussed. The integration of chemistry-concepts analysis and language-analysis is viewed as the most powerful instrument to address identified difficulties in real time.