bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fate of 14C(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid in Summer Squash, Cucumber, and Tomato1,2
Authors: Yamaguchi M. , Chu Celia Wang , Yang S. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Radioactive (2–chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) was applied to leaves and fruits of ‘Tiny Tim’ tomato and ‘Pioneer’ cucumber and to seedlings of ‘Yellow Crookneck’ summer squash. During the first day, slightly over 21% of the applied 14C-ethephon was converted to 14C-ethylene by the squash plants, and 10 to 15% was converted by the tomato plants. A week after treatment the rate of 14C-ethylene production decreased rapidly to less than 1% per day. Increases in rates of production of total ethylene following treatment were attributed to the decomposition of ethephon. Radioactive CO2 production was small, amounting to about 0.1% of the 14C applied.
Seven days following treatment of tomato leaves, about 15% of the 14C was translocated to developing fruits and lesser amounts to other parts of the plant. In the squash seedling, from 3 to 9% was translocated after 2 days from the site of application to other tissues. Twenty–five days after application to cucumber leaves, the fruits containted only 0.3% of the applied 14C–ethephon. In the tomato tissue the radioactivity was present as 14C–ethephon, but in the squash seedling tissue much of the radioactivity was present in a new compound.
Effects of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid and Succinic Acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide on Sex Expression in Muskmelon1
Authors: Loy J. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) and succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) on sex expression in muskmelon were tested through a series of greenhouse and field experiments employing 2 experimental monoecious hybrids and 1 andromonoecious cultivar. Plants treated with 4,000 to 5,000 ppm SADH were severely dwarfed and produced fewer male, and in monoecious hybrids, fewer female flowers than untreated controls. Ethephon treatments at 240 or 480 ppm in the greenhouse and 500 ppm in the field completely inhibited male flowering and promoted female flower initiation for an extended period. The combination of SADH and ethephon affected flowering in a manner similar to ethephon alone. Ethephon induction of a temporary gynoecious condition in monoecious muskmelons has potential for development of hybrid muskmelons. The results do not support the contention that ethylene, the active product of ethephon, acts as a gibberellin antagonist in regulating sex expression. It is suggested that natural endogenous levels of ethylene might be involved in sex expression in cucurbits, and that applied ethephon would augment that involvement.
The Distribution of Roots, Water and Minerals as a Result of Trickle Irrigation1
Authors: Goldberg D. , Gornat B. , Bar Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of trickle irrigation on the distribution of roots, water and minerals was studied in a 3-dimensional soil profile. Root exploration was shallow, mainly to a depth of 10 cm and coned close to the nozzles. The content of soluble salts, including those added as fertilizer, was high in the upper 3 cm, especially midway between adjacent nozzles. When P and N were added with the irrigation water, P tended to accumulate beside and below the nozzles, while the N was leached below the nozzles and also accumulated in the area between them.
The Influence of Increased Ionic Concentrations on Carnation Growth1
Authors: Schekel Kurt A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.), grown in an inert medium, were irrigated with solutions containing various concentrations of Ca++, Na+, NH4+, Cl−, HCO3−, and SO4=. Ion absorption patterns and interactions were determined and correlated with carnation growth and yield. Results indicated that increasing concentrations of all ions studied except NH4+ had little effect on yield, provided total concentration was minimal. Contrary to previous research, increasing NH4+ concentrations to 4 meq liter−1 produced significantly higher carnation yields. Ion uptake interactions between K+ and Na+, Ca++ and K+ or Na+, and NH4+ and Cl− were observed. However, no decreased yields, due to the interactions, were observed over the range of concentrations studied.
Seed Germination of Six Kalmia Species1
Authors: Jaynes Richard A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
There are differences among Kalmia species in their requirements for germination: pregermination treatments are effective with 3 of the species. Kalmia hirsuta seeds require a heat-humidity treatment, whereas those of K. latifolia and K. cuneata respond to stratification. Gibberellin (GA) can substitute for stratification. Soaking seed for 24 hr in 100 ppm of GA is sufficient for K. latifolia, where dormancy is partial, but for K. cuneata 1,000 ppm GA is required. The dormancy of fresh K. latifolia seed disappeared following storage for a year or more; seeds remained viable for 9 years. Seed of K. angustifolia, K. polifolia, and K, microphylla germinated well in three weeks at 22°C without pretreatment. Germination of K. angustifolia, K. polifolia, and K. cuneata was good between 18 and 30°C, but K. latifolia was sensitive to temperatures above 26°. Light was required for germination of K. hirsuta, K. angustifolia, K. polifolia, and K. latifolia and is probably a requirement of the other species. This information about germination should facilitate the growing and testing of Kalmia seedlings for ornamental and other purposes.
Polyploid Carnations: Five Quantitative Character Estimates for Nine Hybrid Populations1
Authors: Howard Gene S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Mean height of the ‘Sims’ carnation was exceeded significantly in 1 and equalled in 2 of 7 tetraploid carnation seedling populations. Parental lines used in the crosses were shorter than ‘Sims’ (the control), a tall, diploid, commercial, carnation cultivar. Mean flower diam significantly exceeded that of ‘Sims’ in 2 and equalled it in 4 of 7 seedling populations. The commercially desirable features, heavy fragrance, adequate numbers of lateral shoots, and genotypes for large or bract-supported calyces were found in some of the seedlings. These results indicate that further breeding and selection among these tetraploid lines may be desirable and productive.
Analytical Procedures for Detecting Carotenoids of Carrot (Daucus carota L.) Roots and Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) Fruits1
Authors: Umiel Nakdimon , Gabelman W. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A procedure for carotenoid analysis which has practical application to genetic and breeding research is outlined. It includes extraction, separation of total carotenoids by partition on a silica column into carotene and xanthophylls, and the separation of the carotene fraction into specific pigments using thin-layer chromatography. The relative concn of specific pigments in the carotene fraction was measured using a semi-quantitative technique: Four genetic lines of carrot and four tomato cultivars were analyzed. Wide differences between carrot lines were detected in total carotenoids and the relative concn of the various pigments. The tomato cultivars differed considerably in total carotenoids. The ratios of pigments (pigment pattern) of red tomato were almost identical to that of the red carrot cultivar, Kintoki.
Effect of Growth Regulators on Citrus Seedling Cold Hardiness1
Authors: Young Roger 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Citrus seedlings sprayed with chemicals which influence the cold hardiness of other plants were hardened in controlled conditions. Maleic hydrazide (MH-30) increased cold hardiness; however, growth retardants (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammoniumchloride (chlormequat) and succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH), and growth inhibitor abscisic acid (ABA) did not. ABA at high concns decreased cold hardiness as did gibberellic acid (GA3). Benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (KN), decenylsuccinic acid (DSA), and (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) had little or no effect on cold hardiness. These results are consistent with tests on citrus conducted under field conditions.
Induction of Root-Promoting Substances in Euonymus alatus ‘Compactas’ by Intermittent Mist1
Authors: Lee Choong Il , Tukey H. B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
When Euonymus alatus Sieb. ‘Compactus’ plants were grown under intermittent water mist during September, leaf senescence and onset of dormancy were delayed and natural root-inducing phenolic and flavonoid compounds accumulated in the leaf tissues. Consequently, stem cuttings taken from Euonymus grown under intermittent water mist rooted easily, whereas cuttings from non-misted Euonymus rooted with greater difficulty. In addition, cuttings from misted stock plants rooted better in October than did cuttings from non-misted plants in early summer. When rutin, a flavonol similar to those which accumulated in misted leaves, was supplied exogenously with IBA to stem cuttings taken from non-misted Euonymus, the cuttings rooted as well as cuttings from misted plants. The results provide an additional explanation for the great success of modern mist propagation techniques and emphasize that many substances in addition to auxins and rooting cofactors may play a significant role in root initiation.
Location of Fruit on Grapevines in Relation to Cluster Size and Chemical Composition1
Authors: Fisher D. V. , Trussell F. M. , Meheriuk M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper reports an extensive study on fruiting habit of 15 grape cultivars representing different species and interspecific hybrids. Blossom records of 4 cultivars showed highly significant differences of up to 3.5 days between full bloom dates of the 1st and 4th flower clusters on a node. Significantly more crop was produced on the 9th node than on the 1st node and also on the 5th node than on the 1st node for 13 out of 14 cultivars. Only slight and generally nonsignificant differences in acid and solids content were found between fruit on the 1st, 5th and 9th nodes. With most cultivars there were significantly fewer fruit clusters on the 1st and 2nd than on the 4th to 8th nodes on a 10-node cane; numbers of fruit clusters tended to be constant from the 4th to the 9th node on a cane. Characteristic numbers of flower clusters per node are reported for different cultivars. With 8 out of 14 cultivars, wt of fruit on an individual node decreased significantly from proximal to distal cluster, in some cases the 1st cluster was more than twice the wt of the 4th. Significant decreases in solids and increases in acid content were found between proximal and distal clusters only in 4 cultivars.
Relation of Petiole Nitrogen Levels to Nitrogen Fertilization and Yield of Papaya1
Authors: Awada M. , Long C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nitrogen fertilizers as urea and ammonium-nitrate-sulphate were supplied at 2 rates to fruiting papaya trees. Control trees were untreated. Concentrations of petiole N and fruit yield increased with N applications. Petiole N and petiole water affected fruit yield in June. In December tree size and petiole N affected yield. Although N application rate was the dominant variable which affected the concn of petiole N in both June and December, petiole K also affected petiole N in June. The December data were used to determine the petiole N level (1.45% N) which gave max yield. This N level can be used as a basis for applying N fertilizers to fruiting papaya trees in Hawaii.
Influence of Potassium on Carotenoid Content of Tomato Fruit1,2
Authors: Trudel M. J. , Ozbun J. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato plants were grown in sand culture at 8 levels of K ranging from 0 to 10 meq per liter of nutrient solution. Fully ripened fruit were picked and rated internally and externally for abnormal pigmentation. Total carotenoids were analyzed and the extract fractionated into 3 groups: hydrocarbon, monohydroxy and polyhydroxy. The hydrocarbon fraction was further separated chromatographically into 6 individual pigments. Most of the carotenoids, lycopene in particular, generally increased with increasing K concn. A notable exception to this pattern was β-carotene which decreased with increasing K concn. Possible modes of action of K are discussed.
Effect of pH and Concentration of the Anthocyanin-Flavonol Co-Pigment Complex on the Color of ‘Better Times’ Roses1
Authors: Asen S. , Norris K. H. , Stewart R. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Flavonoids isolated from ‘Better Times’ rose petals were cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside, the 3-rhamnoside, 3-glucoside, 3-arabinoside, 3-glucuronide of quercetin and the 3-glucoside, and 3-xyloside of kaempferol. The rose pigment, a co-pigment complex of cyanindin 3,5-diglucoside (2.0-2.8 × 10-2M) and quercetin or kaempferol glycosides, (0.8-1.4 × 10-1M, expressed as quercitrin) was present only in epidermal cells. At the pH of freshly harvested tissue (3.70 to 4.15) this pigment was red with a λmax of 539 nm. As the tissue aged the pH increased (4.40 to 4.50) and the pigment became more blue with a λmax of 543 nm. Cornell preservative prevented the increase in pH of commercial cut roses and maintained their original color. The high pigment concn and the phenomenon of co-pigmentation explain the intense color of ‘Better Times’ roses in a pH range where anthocyanins alone are virtually colorless.
Effect of Environmental Factors on Response of Vegetative Buds of Rhododendron to Chemical Pinching1
Authors: Brabson William E. , Lindstrom Richard S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Off-Shoot-O (emulsified methyl esters of fatty acids) applied to azalea plants (Rhododendron indicum Sweet and R. obtusum Plauch cvs. Coral Bells, Red Wing, and Gloria) induced a chemical pinch to replace the hand pinching operation. There was no evidence which directly related air movement to a positive pinch, although there were trends which indicated differences from one season of the year to another. There were no differences in pinching action due to light intensity regimes.
Temperature was the major factor determining a positive chemical pinch. Plants pre-conditioned at low temp were more sensitive to the chemical pinching agent than were plants pre-conditioned at high temp.
Relation of Post-Bloom Temperatures to ‘Bartlett’ Pear Maturation1
Authors: Lombard P. B. , Cordy C. B. , Hansen E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Temperatures for several post-bloom periods were correlated with days from full bloom to ‘Bartlett’ pear maturity. Date of maturity based on pressure test showed a high negative correlation (r = -.88) with mean temp above 40°F for the 36 days following bloom. The peak thermal period occurred 26-30 days after bloom, with the highest correlation on the 28th day. Days to maturity had a higher correlation with accumulated mean temp above 45°F than with degree hr above 45°F for the same periods. Base temp of 38.5°F to 50°F gave r values greater than -.85 in this prediction method. Mean temp between 41.5°F and 68.5°F on the 28th day had a linear correlation r of -.71 with days to maturity. Equal temp increments were more effective at min levels than at max levels for accelerating maturity. The post-bloom thermal period affecting maturation coincides with the stage of cell division and most effective time for application of chemical thinning sprays.
Ethylene and the Appearance of an Albedo Macerating Factor in Citrus1
Authors: Rogers B. J. , Hurley C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Stem and fruit tissues of ‘Valencia’ and navel oranges were treated with ethylene via the decomposition of applied (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon). Ethephon applications were sufficient to cause uniform loosening of the fruit from the tree. The tissues then were extracted and the extracts assayed by a citrus albedo tissue maceration test for enzyme activity. Maceration activity increased with time after ethylene treatment.
Effect of Night Temperature on Shape and Size of Sweet Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)1
Authors: Rylski Irena 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The correlation of fruit size with seed no. was high (r = 0.96 to 0.99) in fruit growing at high or low night temperatures.
The proportionate wt of fruit per seed decreased with increasing seed no., and was higher in fruit growing under low temp than under high temp. The night temp prevailing before anthesis was not significant for parthenocarpic fruit development, but low temp after anthesis did enable such fruit to develop. High (18-20°C) temp during flower development is a prerequisite for the formation of good-shaped, elongated fruit. The highest length/diam ratio in both fertilized and non-fertilized fruit was obtained with high night temp up to anthesis and low (8-10°C) thereafter.
Effect of pH, Anthocyanin, and Flavonoid Co-pigments on the Color of Statice Flowers
Authors: Asen S. , Norris K. H. , Stewart R. N. , Semeniuk P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The anthocyanin isolated from flowers of Limonium cvs. Twilight Lavender and Midnight Blue was delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside, and that from ‘Blue Bonneť and ‘American Beauty’ was delphinidin 3-glucoside. The major flavonoid co-pigments in all 4 cvs. were luteolin and its 6-C-glucoside (iso-orientin). These co-pigments were also present in white ‘Iceberg’ and yellow ‘Gold Coast’. The range of colors from reddish-purple to blue for the various cvs. was directly related to the pH of the tissue.
Temperature, Fruit Set, and Embryo Sac Development in ‘Italian’ Prune1
Authors: Thompson M. M. , Liu L. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Initial fruit set in 6 ‘Italian’ prune orchards for 2 years was markedly influenced by post-bloom temperature. In the warm year initial sets ranged from 36 to 64%; in the cool year initial sets were 1 to 13%. Visible frost damage occurred in only 1 orchard and was not responsible for the general failure in the cool year.
Embryo sacs were studied in pistils from the same orchards in the 2 years. The cause of erratic fruit setting in ‘Italian’ prune is attributed to its genetically determined sensitivity to cool weather in the post-bloom period. Cool temperature delays pollen tube growth, fertilization, and early embryo and endosperm development so long that the ovule begins to degenerate. Ovule breakdown begins in the nucellus at the chalazal end, so that even if fertilization is finally accomplished, fruit set is not stimulated.
Effect of Rootstocks and Interstocks on Nutrient Levels in ‘Bartletť Pear Leaves, on Tree Growth, and on Fruit1
Authors: Woodbridge C. G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Leaves of ‘Bartlett’ pear trees on seedling roots generally had higher levels of N, P, K, and Cu but lower Mg than leaves from trees on quince roots. Differences in Ca, S, B, Fe, Mn, and Zn levels were variable. The trunk cross-sectional areas of interstocks on seedling roots were larger than those of ‘Bartlett’ scions on seedling roots. No differences in bloom dates or fruit quality and characteristics were associated with rootstocks.
Watercore Development in Apple Fruits as Related to Sorbitol Levels in the Tree Sap and to Minimum Temperatures1
Authors: Williams M. W. , Billingsley H. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In 3 different seasons watercore began to develop in ‘Delicious’ fruit as the minimum temperatures dropped to near 4°C. In 1970 and 1971 watercore started to appear just before a sharp rise in sorbitol level occurred in the limb sap. In 1972 considerable watercore developed in the fruit before a significant increase in sorbitol was observed in the sap.
Effect of Water Table Depth on Yield of Cabbage, Squash, and Tendergreen
Authors: Williamson R. E. , Gray T. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cabbage, Brassica oleracea, var. Capitata L.; squash, Cucurbita pepo Alef.; and tendergreen, Brassica perviridis Bailey were grown at various water table depths in sheltered soil tanks on a fine sandy loam and a loam soil to evaluate the effects of high water table and soil type on growth and yield of these vegetable crops. Yields of the 3 species increased with water table depth to a depth of 76 to 102 cm. On both soil types the 15-cm water table depth caused considerable yield reduction and chlorosis for the 3 species. For maximum yields deeper water table depths were needed with loam than with sandy loam soil. Yield of cabbage was not significantly increased at water table depths greater than 30 cm in either soil. Squash yield was highest at water table depths of 61 to 76 cm in the fine sandy loam and 91 to 102 cm in the loam soil. Tendergreen yield was not significantly increased by water table depths greater than 61 cm in either soil.
Stimulation of Lettuce Seed Germination at High Temperatures by Ethephon and Kinetin1
Authors: Sharpies G. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘GL 659’ and ‘Vanguard’ lettuce seed lots germinated almost completely at 30°C when treated with ethephon (100 mg/liter). Similar treatment at 35°C failed to release seeds from dormancy. Kinetin treatment (10 mg/liter) at 35°C was only moderately effective in breaking heat dormancy, but when ethephon and kinetin were combined at this temperature, the interaction was synergistic and germination was almost complete. The preincubation time requirement at 25°C before maximum germination could occur after transferring to 35°C was nearly eliminated by treating seeds with the ethephon-kinetin mixture. ‘Calmar’ seeds, which had a lower heat tolerance, could not be induced to germinate completely at high temperature by any treatment.
Degreening Citrus Fruit with Postharvest Applications of (2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic Acid (Ethephon)1
Authors: Jahn Otto L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethephon2 was applied as a postharvest fruit dip to ‘Bearss’ lemons, ‘Robinson’ and ‘Dancy’ tangerines, ‘Hamlin’ oranges, and ‘Marsh’ grapefruit. Concentration as high as 8,000 ppm were used, and samples were held at 16, 21, and 27°C. Responses differed among cultivars, but were greater and more rapid as the temperature increased. Untreated fruit degreened more completely at 16° than at higher temperatures. At 21 and 27°, degreening usually was maximum with concentrations of 500 to 1,000 ppm. ‘Robinson’ tangerines responded to lower concentrations and showed increasing inhibition at levels from 2,000 to 8,000 ppm ethephon. In tangerines and grapefruit, degreening with ethephon approached that obtained with ethylene. Stem-end rot was increased by ethephon applications. These losses were greatest at the higher concentrations and temperatures, but they were lower and later than from ethylene degreening.
The Effect of Hydrogen Fluoride on Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth in Prunus avium L. cv. ‘Royal Ann’1,2
Authors: Facteau T. J. , Wang S. Y. , Rowe K. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Increased flouride (F) fumigation levels resulted in decrease in percent ‘Royal Ann’ pollen germination and pollen tube growth. As dose (hour x concentration in μgF/m3) increased, ‘Van’ pollen tube growth in vivo decreased. A linear relationship between increased dose and flouride residue in the flowers was shown.
Isolation and Identification of a Growth Inhibitor in Tung Bud Scales1
Authors: Spiers J. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Authentic abscisic acid (ABA) and dormant tung (Aleurites fordii Hemsl.) bud-scale extract had similar Rf values in the 4 solvents tested. Corresponding inhibition of lettuce-seed germination and equal retention times of methylated derivatives on gas-liquid chromatograms also indicated the similarity of the isolated inhibitor to ABA.