bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changing the Perspective, Adapting the Scale: Macro- and Microlithic Technologies of the Early Mesolithic in the SW Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Araújo Ana Cristina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
What determines the choice of a particular lithic solution from among the set of knowledge and skills that are part of the cultural background of a group? The Early Mesolithic of the SW Iberian Peninsula shows a high diversity of lithic solutions considering the various aspects of the manufacturing process. At each site, the group selects the most adequate solution to respond efficiently to the needs. Contemporary sites may document quite different lithic components; there are no recurring patterns. Macrolithic and microlithic technologies were adopted, depending on the site, but the selection of one rather than another seems to be independent of the function of the site. Then, what does dictate the choice? A number of factors come to mind such as environmental contingencies, purpose, ability, and ethnicity. This Early Mesolithic defining trait diverges from the pattern observed for the final Upper Palaeolithic, where the same constellation of tools is systematically represented in the archaeological record, as well as flint, even in regions where flint as a natural resource is absent. Macrolithic technologies directed towards the massive production of cutting edges and heavy-duty tools produced from medium coarse-grained rocks co-exist, in SW Iberian Early Mesolithic, with microlithic technologies focused on the production of small bladelets made from good quality chert types and transformed into tiny armatures. Although contemporaneous, each lithic solution has its own geographical identity. How should we study these distinctive productions while at the same time respecting their diversity? No analytical template is sufficiently comprehensible to enable us to understand the multitude of “memories” that lithics carry. However, some approaches can help us to overcome the impasse by letting us read the hidden histories that lie behind lithic artefacts.
Public Support for UN Missions and Attacks on Peacekeepers: Evidence From the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Giray Burak 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
UN peacekeepers are often targeted by rebel groups. The violence they experience hinders the functionality of peacekeeping operations, constituting a major problem for the UN. What conditions make these attacks more likely? How does the local support for UN peacekeeping operations affect the violence against peacekeepers? Using an original data set that includes local trust sentiments towards MONUSCO’s peacekeepers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo from October 2014 to December 2020, this study finds that peacekeepers are attacked more often when they lack local support. In the absence of local support, peacekeepers become vulnerable as they can no longer gather intelligence about rebel activities from the locals and the increased distrust for peacekeepers gives propagandist benefits to rebel groups. This study suggests to the UN that it needs to employ strategies in peacekeeping operations that would legitimize the presence of peacekeepers and cultivate more strengthened civil-military relations.
Heterogeneous religion: imperfect or braided?
Authors: Bálint Emese 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This essay describes the intertwined syncretism of Italian Anabaptism. It uses the term composite religion to describe a religious heterogeneity in which Antitrinitarianism and Anabaptism are regarded as constituent elements. The circulation of Italian Anabaptists in the Transalpine region facilitated the accumulation and braiding of radical intellectual influences; thus, passing from one creed to the other was fairly unproblematic and those who relocated fostered the circulation of the ideas that soon became the backbone of a movement. In Transylvania and Poland, local variants of Antitrinitarian Anabaptism developed simultaneously – at times cooperating, but also contradicting each other on various occasions, and eventually taking different paths towards the development of mature religious churches.
La religione sociniana
Authors: Imbruglia Girolamo 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The argument of this article is twofold: first, it defines Socinianism as neither a kind of Deism nor a Christian heresy but as a new modern religion of the Renaissance; second, and consequently, treating Socinianism as a religion, this article inquires into the nature of Socinian cult and community. This latter point has been largely neglected by the scholarship. In the century between Faustus Socinus’s „De Christo Servatore“ (1584) and Wissowatius’ catechism (1684), the Socinians changed some of the major tenets of their theory of religio, in particular Socinus’s refutation of the idea of religious sacrifice. This article shows that this theoretical shift, caused by the disputes between Grotius and Crell, was reflected in the different editions of the Socinian catechism. The catechism of 1609, still faithful to Socinus’s ideas, in the 1659 and 1684 editions saw radical changes, accepting the Grotian theory of satisfactio though Faustus Socinus himself had defended the need for a form of cultus, Socinianism was unable to define it and thus did not become a sect, as the Socinians aimed to do but failed to achieve.
Das italienische Notariat und das „Hlotharii capitulare Papiense“ von 832
Authors: Breternitz Patrick , Mischke Britta 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In 832, the Frankish emperor Lothar I promulgated a capitulary in the royal palace of Pavia („Hlotharii capitulare Papiense“) confirming selected chapters of the capitularies of his predecessors Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. These chapters are mostly cited verbatim, but some (chs. 3, 12, 13) seem to have no equivalent in earlier capitularies and are therefore usually considered to be new provisions by Lothar himself. The article focuses particularly on ch. 13 containing provisions for the office of notary. It includes a clause that has been interpreted as a prohibition against notaries in the service of counts writing charters outside their own county. This article argues for an alternative interpretation: that the chapter aims only to ensure that transfers of property certified by notaries are always certified in the region in which the property is located. Moreover, the chapter very likely refers to a decree by Louis the Pious of 818/819 („Capitula legibus addenda“, ch. 6). It thus emerges that ch. 13 of the „Capitulare Papiense“ does in fact take up a provision by Lothar’s predecessors, and the same can be suggested for ch. 12. According to the latter chapter, unfree people are ineligible to attain their freedom based on the 30-year term of Roman law if one of their parents was unfree. This coincides largely with a known provision ascribed to Louis the Pious in the „Liber Papiensis“, which has not hitherto been connected with Lothar’s capitulary. It can thus be considered the model, adopted and slightly modified by Lothar, for ch. 12. These new findings make it highly probable that ch. 3, for which no source has yet been identified, also repeats an older provision of Charlemagne or Louis the Pious, now lost.
I giudici al servizio della corte imperiale nell’Italia delle città (secolo XII)
Authors: Spataro Alberto 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The article summarizes the research undertaken for my PhD thesis, currently being prepared for publication. More specifically, it attempts to show how the resulting findings can offer a valid contribution to international historiographical debate, with a particular focus on the Italian and German contexts. The research covers various issues: firstly, the participation of Italian iudices in the „Konsensuale Herrschaft“ at the Hohenstaufen court and – from a broader perspective – their contribution to the „Staatlichkeit“ of the medieval Empire. Secondly, their role within the political space of the Italian cities during the phase in which communal institutions originated and developed. Finally, it tackles aspects related to the evolution of legal culture in the context of the European development of Ius commune. Taking into consideration the currently most debated scholarly achievements in the respective fields, it is shown that the presence of Italian iudices at the service of the Hohenstaufen Empire is a transversal historiographical phenomenon that offers multiple avenues of investigation.
Verfehlungen und Strafen
Authors: Kamenzin Manuel 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This article compares the accounts of Pope Innocent IV’s death in Salimbene de Adam’s „Cronica“ and Matthew Paris’ „Chronica Majora“, focusing on the narrative strategies employed to ascribe a good or a bad death to the deceased through the depiction of his final hours. Each chronicler attributed different misdeeds to the pope, for which he was punished by his death. The results of this comparison suggest conclusions about the chroniclers and their works, the contemporary assessment of Pope Innocent IV, and descriptions of papal deaths in historiography.
Il caso delle prelature personali dei Genovesi nella Roma tardo-barocca
Authors: Ceccarelli Alessia 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This essay publishes the preliminary findings of a study of the personal prelatures established in Rome between the seventeenth and eighteenth century by some cardinals belonging to the Genoese aristocracy. Of particular importance in this context are the Pallavicino and Spinola prelatures, respectively founded by cardinals Lazzaro Pallavicino (in 1679) and Gio. Battista Spinola ‚il giovane‘ (in 1707). These ecclesiastical positions were established by means of a bequest assigning a significant annual income (alongside the use of a prestigious residence, fully furnished and endowed with a library, in the case of the Spinola prelature) to the kinsman who in each generation showed most promise among those who had entered the clergy. Above all, Lazzaro and Gio. Battista desired the beneficiaries of the bequest to take up permanent residence at the Papal court, thereby establishing a firm connection between the family and the Curia. Personal prelatures thus appear to be a further part of the larger social, political, and cultural picture of the nationes in Rome. The Spinola prelature, in particular, responded to the more specific aim of establishing a Cardinal’s court as a site of diplomacy, with spaces suitable for socializing and political negotiation.
Strategie di divulgazione scientifica e nation building nel primo Ottocento
Authors: Re Federica 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The history of popular science in early nineteenth-century Italy constitutes a broad but little investigated research field. This article aims to explore the topic from the viewpoint of the pre-unitarian authors who contributed to the growth of this publishing sector. To shed light on the relationship between their narrative strategies and the nation-building process, it focuses on a major case study: the analysis of the role played by unexpected events in several travel memoirs written by Francesco Cusani Confalonieri, a historian, publisher and Lombard patriot (1802–1879). To capture the attention of the reader, and determined to both delight and instruct, the author resorted in two instances to the device of self-narration, based on his travel journals. In 1838, he published „Remembrances of a Trip in Bavaria, Saxony and Prussia“ in a periodical that he had established for young people entitled „Historical and Picturesque Museum for the Youth“. Later, between 1846 and 1847, he printed his first original work, addressed to an adult audience: „Historical and Statistical Memoirs“ of Dalmatia, the Ionian Islands and Greece, countries that he had visited in 1840. By examining the ways in which order and disorder were integrated into these two texts, the study underlines the connection between Cusani’s narrative choices and his cultural objectives, also thanks to research on his personal letters, hitherto untouched. It thus shows that, through the writing process, the unexpected events encountered by the narrator during his trips underwent a transformation: from constitutive aspects of the scientific experience to romantic elements that the writer deemed crucial to earn the favour of his readers and convey to them new historic-geographical knowledge as well as a vision of the world in line with his liberal ideals.
Zur Geschichte der italienisch-faschistischen Division Monterosa im deutsch besetzten Italien 1944–1945
Authors: Gentile Carlo , Corniani Francesco 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This paper develops out of a specific event. In 2020, the town of Münsingen in the Swabian Alps commissioned its authors to write a historical report on the Italian Fascist Monterosa Division, focusing on its function and role in the German occupation of Italy from 1944 to 1945. The issue to be clarified was the extent to which the division was involved in war crimes during this period. The background to the request was a monument erected in 1986 in the Ehrenhain, Münsingen’s „grove of honour“, by the division’s veterans’ association (Associazione degli appartenenti alla divisione Monterosa). This monument has since led to repeated controversy and heated debate over its Fascist symbolism and the division’s involvement in anti-partisan warfare in Italy. Our paper focuses on the experience of officers in the Fascist regime, the division’s operations against partisans and at the front, its crimes, and the attempts of the veterans’ association in the post-war period to gain official recognition in both Germany and Italy. The Monterosa Mountain Division was created in 1943/1944 by Benito Mussolini’s Repubblica sociale italiana (RSI) as one of four military divisions to join front-line combat with the German Army in Italy. Largely composed of young conscripts from Northern Italy, its older non-commissioned officers had extensive war experience from the Italian occupation of Greece and the Balkans, and from the Eastern Front. Its commander, General Mario Carloni, was a hardliner, an energetic, ruthless, and politicised Fascist officer who after the collapse of the Italian state in 1943 chose to continue fighting for Mussolini’s side and to support the German occupation of Italy. German instructors trained the Monterosa Division in Münsingen. In late August 1944, it was sent to Italy and assigned to coastal defense duties on the east coast of Liguria, an area almost completely controlled by partisans. The division thus became involved in anti-partisan actions and began to take hostages, shoot civilians and prisoners of war, and destroy village houses. In 1951, a division association was founded, with former General Carloni as its honorary president. Until 2001, it tried in vain to gain recognition from the Associazione Nazionale Alpini (ANA), the most important veterans’ and reservists’ association of Italian mountain troops. In Germany, on the other hand, the former Monterosa soldiers found faster access to veterans’ associations. The first visit by former division members to Münsingen took place as early as 1952. In the 1970s, these visits became increasingly regular and were given official sanction. During the 1980s, the division association’s connections further expanded and ultimately resulted in the erection of a memorial to the fallen. In Germany, of all places, the RSI veterans received the recognition that was so difficult for them to obtain in their home country.
Globale Musikgeschichte – der lange Weg
Authors: Strohm Reinhard 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The paper is an overview of the musicological research project „Towards a global history of music“, which was carried out between 2013 and 2017 on the basis of a Balzan Prize for Musicology (2012), with the assistance of international music research institutes and their specialists. A main outcome of the project are three collective volumes of papers, published in 2018, 2019 and 2021, respectively. The project has viewed the variety of musical experiences around the world as a historical unfolding, to be explored via a „long path“ through both geography and history. It has queried the enlightenment idea of a fundamental unity of all music (universalism), and the often fragile status of musical-cultural identities on the regional or national levels. It has sought to join methodologies of ethnomusicology and historical research, and has observed that the concepts of music and historiography themselves are less than universal. To the discourses of globalisation and modernisation, the project has added the alternative of transculturality, allowing for more neutral or participatory interpretations of cultural encounter. Summarising this research, tensions between nation and migration, regionalism and adaptation, ‚radial‘ and ‚imposed‘ globality are shown. The paper proposes to expand such studies into non-scientific practice and to find new institutional bases, which would benefit further global understanding and sharing.
On ω
*-open sets and decomposition of continuity
Authors: Roy Bishwambhar , Sen Ritu 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
In this paper our main interest is to introduce a new topology on an ideal topological space.We have studied some properties of this newly defined topology. It is shown that X is Lindelöf with respect to this new topology if and only if it is Lindelöf with respect to the old one.We have introduced and studied ω
*-continuity and some related notions. Finally we have given decomposition theorem for continuity and ω
*-continuity.
Die Unsicherheit verändert alles: Die Zukunft der Globalisierung
Authors: Marin Dalia 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The COVID-pandemic is an unprecedented uncertainty shock. The increased uncertainty made global supply chains more vulnerable and costly. At the same the financing costs of a robot relative to hourly wages declined substantially when central banks reduced interest rates to fight the crisis. The pandemic is expected to lead to de-globalization with supply chains declining by 35 percent. I then discuss whether governments should intervene to help firms navigate the crisis.
Mental Health Among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth Incarcerated in Juvenile Corrections
Authors: Clark Kirsty A. , Harvey Tyler D. , Hughto Jaclyn M.W. , Meyer Ilan H. 
Published: November 2022

OBJECTIVES
This study examined differences by sexual and gender minority (SGM) and incarceration statuses in mental health indicators among youth.

METHODS
Population-based, cross-sectional data are from the 2019 Minnesota Student Survey (N = 72 324) and includes public school students (Mage = 15.49) and youth incarcerated in juvenile correctional facilities (Mage = 15.48). We categorized youth into 4 groups: (1) non-SGM youth in public schools, (2) non-SGM youth in correctional facilities, (3) SGM youth in public schools, and (4) SGM youth in correctional facilities. Multivariable regression models assessed associations among SGM and incarceration statuses and mental health indicators after controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and exposure to adverse childhood experiences.

RESULTS
More youth in juvenile correctional facilities identified as SGM (28.8%) compared with youth in public schools (20.4%, P = .002). SGM youth in correctional facilities reported a higher prevalence of suicidal ideation (42.2%), suicide attempt (37.5%), and self-harm (57.8%) compared with all other groups. Depressive symptom severity was similarly elevated among SGM youth in correctional facilities and SGM youth in public schools. SGM youth in correctional facilities, compared with non-SGM youth in public schools, demonstrated elevated odds of suicide ideation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.2, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.3–3.9), suicide attempt (aOR = 6.3, 95% CI = 3.6–10.9), and self-harm (aOR = 3.6, 95% CI = 2.1–6.3).

CONCLUSIONS
Incarcerated SGM youth disproportionately experience negative mental health indicators. Findings suggest that tailored, intersectional, and responsive mental health interventions are needed to support incarcerated SGM youth.
The possibility of replacing threonine by nitrogen-free analogues in a diet of patients with diabetic nephropathy: a biochemical aspect
Authors: Malinovskiy Andrey V. 
Published: November 2022

There is a well established theory that an essential amino acid of threonine is incapable of transamination. According to this theory, in a diet of patients who suffer from nephropathy, including diabetic threonine, is not replaced by its ketoanalogue. However, transamination of threonine, in the human organism in particular, has been discovered by a number of researchers. This suggests that there is a possibility of replacing threonine by its nitrogen-free analogues in nutrition of patients with nephropathy. At the same time nitrogen-free analogues of all amino acids can be subject to oxidative decomposition subsequently not only up to the finishing products, but they can also form glucose or ketone bodies, or both. Depending on this, amino acids are divided into glucogenic only, ketogenic only or both at the same time.
With reference to diabetes this becomes especially important as introduction of glucogenic amino acids and their nitrogen-free analogues has a positive effect, whereas that of ketogenic amino acids and their nitrogen-free analogues is inadmissible. This is caused by the fact that before being transformed into glucose, glucogenic amino acids are transformed into one or another component of Krebs cycle or into the pyruvic acid which is in balance with the components which stimulates oxydation of acetyl coenzyme A and, therefore, ketone bodies.
Ketose with reference to diabetes can be caused by two reasons. While the main source of energy of a healthy person is carbohydrate, in case with diabetes fats perform the function being oxydized intensively, they form a great number of ketone bodies. The second reason is a decrease in the formation of oxaloacetic acid (Krebs cycle catalyst) from pyruvic acid due to a decrease in the formation of the latter from glucose and an increase in the use of the components of the Krebs cycle for gluconeogenesis.
Ketose causes a sharp shift of pH value to more acidity as a result of accumulation of the acetoacetic acid and the -hydroxybutyric acid in blood and narcotic actions of the third ketonic body acetone. The reason for lethal outcome with reference to diabetes is diabetic coma caused by a sharp shift of pH value to more acidity, which disturbs the work of the ferments. Threonine has a strong glucogenic effect in the complete absence of a ketogenic effect on the human body. In this respect, nitrogen-free analogues of threonine do not differ from it.