bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSV-6 Effects of Boron Supplementation on Apparent Digestibility and Retention of Nutrients in Growing Pigs
Authors: Chevalier Tyler B , Lindemann Merlin D 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of boron (B) supplemented to a corn-soybean meal diet on apparent digestibility and retention of nutrients in growing barrows. A total of 24 barrows (mean initial BW = 61.15 ± 2.45 kg) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments with 8 replicates. Dietary treatments consisted of 0, 5, and 25 mg B/kg diet as sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na2 B4 O7∙10 H2O; 11.34% B) which were fed from weaning onward. Barrows underwent a 5-7 d adaptation period to the meal allowance and metabolism crate which was followed by a 5-d total fecal and urine collection using the marker to marker method. Barrows were fed at 2.7% of their metabolic BW (2.7 x maintenance ME needs [2.7 × 106 Kcal ME/kg BW0.75]) during the adaptation and collection periods in a gruel form (feed:water, 1:1 wt/vol). Data were analyzed using the Proc GLM procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Supplemental B did not affect (P &gt; 0.05) energy, lipid, nitrogen, calcium, or phosphorus apparent digestibility and retention. However, there was a linear increase observed in both magnesium absorption (P = 0.01; 0.24, 0.26, and 0.32 g/d, respectively) and digestibility (P = 0.04; 22.35, 23.56, and 28.49 %, respectively) to increasing B supplementation. Absolute retention of magnesium did not differ (P &gt; 0.05; 0.13, 0.14, and 0.17 g/d, respectively). In conclusion, supplementing B at 5 and 25 mg B/kg diet resulted in an increase in magnesium absorption and digestibility with no adverse effects observed on apparent digestibility and retention of other nutrients.
PSV-16 Recent Mycotoxin Contamination Trends in 2021 United States Corn
Authors: Zheng Lan , Gott Paige N , Ramirez Shelby , Hofstetter -Schähs Ursula , Murugesan G Raj 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites detrimental to animal health even at low levels. The study was conducted to compare mycotoxin contamination of initial samples of the 2021 corn crop with previous year trends. Samples were analyzed utilizing the liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for 6 major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins (Afla), type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A (OTA). The 2021 corn crop year data were compared with the prior harvest years using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with harvest year as fixed effect and sample as the experimental unit. A limited number of samples is available thus far (n = 44) as harvest is still progressing, therefore the risk profile of this crop year is likely to change as the sample pool expands. To date, 100% of the samples evaluated contained at least one mycotoxin, compared with 87% that was observed in 2020. The FUM is the most prevalent mycotoxin group (80% positive in 2021 vs. 49% in 2020) with average contamination level 5,883 ppb, which is significantly (P &lt; 0.05) greater than the 2019 and 2020 harvested corn (3,348 ppb and 2,783 ppb, respectively). Contamination levels in corn for Afla, A-Trich, B-Trich, ZEN, and OTA have remained consistent over the survey period. The percentage of B-Trich and ZEN contaminated samples are numerically decreased in 2021 compared with 2020 (B-Trich: 59% vs. 50%; ZEN: 20% vs. 11%), whereas Alfa contaminated corn has increased numerically (5% vs. 23%). The preliminary results of the 2021 corn crop survey indicate mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels are similar or greater (FUM) to the prior crop year and will continue to challenge animal health and performance as these ingredients are fed out.
PSV-4 Dietary Supplementation of Botanical Extracts on Intestinal Health and Serum Inflammatory Biomarkers of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Infected with a Pathogenic Escherichia Coli
Authors: Park Sangwoo , Kovanda Lauren L , Wong Braden , Wall Emma , Liu Yanhong 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of dietary supplementation of 2 blends of botanical extracts (GRAS) comprised of capsicum oleoresin and garlic varieties on intestinal health and serum inflammatory biomarkers of weanling pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). Sixty weaned pigs (body weight = 7.17 ± 0.97 kg) were individually housed and allotted to 1 of 5 treatments: negative control (NC), positive control (PC), control+GRAS1 (100 ppm), control+GRAS2 (50 ppm), and control+GRAS2 (100 ppm). The experiment lasted 28 d: from d -7 to 21 post-inoculation (PI). All piglets except the pigs in NC were orally inoculated with E. coli F18 (1010 CFU/3 mL). Serum samples were collected throughout the experiment to analyze TNF-α and haptoglobin. Jejunal and ileal mucosa were collected from 30 pigs (6 pigs/treatment) on d 5 and 21 PI to measure mRNA expression of genes related to gut barrier function and immune responses. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using PROC MIXED of SAS with randomized complete block design. Pigs supplemented with GRAS1 and 100 ppm of GRAS2 had less (P &lt; 0.05) serum TNF-α concentrations on d 4 PI than pigs in PC. On d 21 PI, pigs supplemented with GRAS1 and GRAS2 (100 ppm) had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) expression of MUC2 or ZO1 in jejunal mucosa than pigs in PC. Pigs in PC expressed more (P &lt; 0.05) PTGS2 in ileal mucosa than pigs in NC on d 21 PI. Supplementation of GRAS reduced (P &lt; 0.05) mRNA expression of PTGS2 in ileal mucosa of weaned pigs, regardless of dose and garlic variety. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of botanical blends modulated intestinal health and systemic immunity of weaned pigs infected with E. coli F18.
PSV-20 Effects of Enterid™ in Lactating Sow Diets on Sow and Litter Performance
Authors: Tran Huyen , Mercado Aileen Joy L , Rao Murali Raghavendra , de Rodas Brenda 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 196 sows (parity = 2±1.1; farrowed in 5 groups) were used in this study to evaluate the effects of feeding Enterid™ feed additive (a mixture of prebiotics, probiotics, and flavoring compounds, PMI Additives) on sow and litter performance. On day 109 of gestation, sows were moved to farrowing rooms and assigned to one of two dietary treatments, including: control and control + 0.05% Enterid™. Respective diets were fed to the sows from day 109 of gestation to weaning (weaning age: 19±0.13 day). Sow body weight (BW) and backfat thickness were measured at d 109 of gestation, within 24h after-farrow, and at weaning. Sow feed consumption was recorded daily. Individual pig BW was recorded at birth and weaning. A completely randomized design was used to test the effect of diets and ANOVA was performed with mixed models using MIXED procedure in SAS (SAS 9.4, SAS Inc.). Sows fed Enterid™ numerically had greater weaning body weight (BW; 222 kg vs. 217 kg; P = 0.11) and lost less BW (-1.14 vs. -5.38 kg; P = 0.01) and backfat (+0.5 vs. -1.5 mm, P = 0.02) from farrow to weaning compared to the control. In addition, sows fed Enterid™ numerically had greater total lactation feed intake (127 vs 123 kg; P = 0.13) and ADFI (6.64 vs 6.42 kg; P = 0.17). Enterid™ numerically reduced piglet preweaning mortality by 1% (9.15 vs 10.16%). Data of this study suggests that Enterid™ can provide benefits toward improving performance of sows and reducing mortality of preweaning piglets.
PSVI-9 Effects of Phytogenic Feed Additives on Growth Performance in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Zheng Lan , Ramirez Shelby , Tacconi Antonia , Kerr Brian J , Murugesan G Raj 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effects of adding a phytogenic feed additive (PFA; Digestarom Sow, BIOMIN America Inc.) on growth performance of nursery pigs compared with a carbadox feeding program. Newly weaned pigs were randomly allotted into a control (added carbadox) or PFA treatment. A total of 144 (6.10 ± 0.20 kg of BW, Exp. 1) and 600 pigs (6.18 ± 0.03 kg of BW, Exp. 2) were randomly allotted to 2 treatments. Pigs were fed three nursery diets over 42 d (Exp. 1) or 40 d (Exp. 2). Pigs were fed diets containing carbadox (CON, 25 g/ton in Exp. 1 and 50 g/ton in Exp. 2) from phase 1 to 2 and fed diets containing 0.015% PFA from phase 1 to 3 in both experiments. Body weight and feed disappearance were recorded at the end of each phase. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS. Pigs fed carbadox had a greater (P &lt; 0.05) Gain:Feed in phase 1 (Exp. 1) and in phase 2 (Exp. 2), respectively. However, Gain:Feed of pigs fed PFA was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than feeding carbadox in phase 3 in Exp. 2. No differences were found between the 2 treatments in either of the experiments in overall period. In conclusion, PFA (Digestarom Sow) supplementation resulted in similar growth performance when compared with a carbadox feeding program during the post-weaning period.
PSVI-15 Impact of Solubility of Dietary Fiber Fed During the Pre-Farrow Period on Sow and Litter Performance in Lactation
Authors: Martinez Gabriela E , Rosero David , Wilcock Pete , van Heugten Eric 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of level and solubility of dietary fiber on sow and litter performance when fed during the pre-farrowing period. Sows (n = 82) were assigned by BW to a 2×2 factorial arrangement plus a control treatment (regular lactation diet; 11.30% TDF) with the following factors: 1) High soluble dietary fiber (SDF; 6.0%) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF; 31.10%); low soluble dietary fiber levels (SDF; 4.2%) and insoluble dietary fiber levels (IDF 28.30%) and 2) supplementation level of a fiber top-dress added to the lactation feed (0.45 vs 0.90 kg). The top-dress supplements were formulated to meet target fiber levels using sugar beet pulp and wheat middlings. Sows were transferred into the farrowing house at approximately 113 (±1d) d of gestation and experimental treatments were implemented from placement until parturition. Fiber solubility and top-dress level had no effects on sow BW during the pre-farrowing period and lactation (P &gt; 0.05). Lactation length was unaffected by treatments (P = 0.57). Piglet birth weight (P = 0.35), stillborn pigs (P = 0.76), and number of pigs born below 0.90 kg (P=0.89) did not differ between treatments. Wean weight of piglets was not different between treatments (P = 0.84) but, insoluble fiber increased (P = 0.04) the number of small weaned pigs (less than 3.6 kg BW) irrespective of supplementation level (2.23 vs 1.10, and 0.37, for insoluble fiber, control, and soluble fiber, respectively). Results suggests that short-term supplementation of fiber immediately prior to farrowing and fiber solubility was not an effective strategy to improve sow performance during lactation.
PSVI-13 Identifying Probiotic Bacteria to Reduce Pathogen Colonization in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Connell Katherine R , Miller Phillip S , Burkey Thomas E , Loy J Dustin , Fernando Samodha C 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Weaning stress and the negative health effects that occur with it cause serious concerns for pork producers. The abrupt environmental and dietary transitions that occur at weaning often take place before the gut microbiome is stabilized in the piglet. This leaves weanling piglets vulnerable to gut dysbiosis and increases susceptibility to enteric pathogens. The infections by opportunistic pathogens can be prevented with antibiotics, but due to growing concerns surrounding antimicrobial resistance in bacterial populations, direct-fed microbial (DFM) formulations have emerged as an alternative prevention method. In the current study, we isolated Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. from fecal samples collected from neonatal pigs and sows that are capable of inhibiting colonization of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli isolated from sick pigs. Diluted fecal samples were plated on Bifidus selective medium (BSM) and deMan, Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) medium to isolate Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, respectively. Bacterial isolates were screened against Salmonella and E. coli isolates of porcine origin using a medium consisting of 50% MRS and 50% brain, heart, lung infusion (BHI) using disk diffusion assays. The resulting isolates that demonstrated the greaest degree of pathogen inhibition were characterized using 16s rRNA sequencing. Sequence analysis identified the top isolates as L. mucosae, L. reuteri, and B. thermacidophilum subsp. porcinum. Currently, genome sequencing of the selected isolates is underway to identify the mechanisms of inhibition.
PSVI-5 Effects of Added Vitamin Levels on Growth Performance of Finishing Pigs
Authors: Cordoba Hilario M , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A total of 1,080 mixed sex growing-finishing pigs (337 × 1050, PIC; initially 28.7 ±0.39 kg) were used in a 123-d growth trial to determine the effects of vitamin concentrations on finishing pig growth performance and carcass characteristics. Pens of pigs were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments in a completely randomized design. There were 20 replicate pens/treatment and 27 pigs/pen. The experimental diets were corn-soybean meal-based and were fed in 4 phases from 28 to 50, 50 to 73, 73 to 100 and 100 to 133 kg. Pigs were fed 1 of 2 levels of a vitamin premix (control and high) that contained: 1,653,468 IU vitamin A acetate; 661,387 IU vitamin D, vitamin E (17,637 mg dl-α-tocopheryl acetate), 1,323 mg vitamin K (menadione), 13.2 mg vitamin B₁₂, 19,842 mg niacin, 11,023 mg pantothenic acid, and 3,307 mg riboflavin per kg. The amount per phase was 1.36, 1.13, 0.91 and 0.07%, respectively, for the control with the added amount doubled for the high vitamin fortification. Overall, (day 0 to 123), there was no evidence for difference (P &gt; 0.10) in ADG, ADFI and G:F. Also, no statistical difference was found (P &gt; 0.10) for final BW, HCW or any carcass characteristic. In conclusion, the level of vitamins used in this study did not influence growth and carcass traits in finishing pigs.
PSVI-18 Tonisity Pxw Improves Water Intake and Reduces Pig Mortality and Fall-Behinds Post-Weaning–A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Putrino CallaBria , Buzoianu Stefan G , Steinkamp Chad , Eisenhart Mark , Firth Ava M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effects of Tonisity PxW (Tonisity Inc., St. Joseph, MO, USA) on pig post-weaning water intake, nursery mortality and fall-behinds. Tonisity PxW is a water-soluble supplement containing essential gut-enhancing amino-acids and electrolytes. This meta-analysis included 31,861 pigs from 7 commercial USA wean-finish farms. Piglets were weaned at 16-23 d and traveled to the weaner farm for 3-15 hours. Pigs were randomly allocated to treatment, with each of the treatments receiving either Tonisity PxW or plain water (Control). Separate water meters were installed for each treatment. Tonisity PxW was administered to pigs ad libitum through the waterlines, at a 0.2%-0.1%-0.1%-0.05%-0.05% concentration on d 1-2-3-4-5 post-weaning.5-day water intake data was available for all farms (N = 70 data points). Three-week mortality and fall-behind data was available for 3 (N = 15,286 pigs) and 4 (N=17,070 pigs) of the farms, respectively. Water intake data was analyzed using SAS 9.4 PROC MIXED, as repeated-measures, with treatment as a fixed effect, day as a repeated variable and study as random. Water intake data is presented as LSM±SEM. Mortality and fall-behinds were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test. Differences were considered significant at P ≤ 0.05.The PxW pigs had a 1.7x greater water intake than Controls, on average, over the 5 d post-weaning (0.78±0.10 L/pig vs 0.46±0.10 L/pig; P &lt; 0.001) (Table 1). Compared with Controls, the Tonisity PxW group had 36% less mortality (2.3% vs 3.6%; P &lt; 0.0001), and 18% fewer fall-behinds (10.1% vs 12.3%; P &lt; 0.0001). Pigs given Tonisity PxW had significantly less mortality, fewer fall-behinds, and greater water intake compared with pigs given only water in the first 5 d post-weaning.
PSVI-8 Effects of Phosphorus Level and Increasing Phytase Dose on Basal Endogenous Loss of Calcium and Balance of Phosphorus in Pigs Fed Diets Containing Phytate P at Commercial Levels
Authors: Nelson Megan E , Lee Su A , Dersjant-Li Yueming , Velayudhan Deepak , Remus Janet C , Stein Hans H 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective was to test the hypothesis that dietary P concentration and level of phytase influences basal endogenous loss of Ca in pigs. Seventy barrows (body weight: 17.66 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and allotted to 7 Ca-free diets containing corn, potato protein concentrate, and full-fat rice bran (0.27% phytate P). A positive control (PC) diet contained P at the requirement for digestible P for 11 to 25 kg pigs. Negative control (NC) diets were formulated by reducing concentration of digestible P by 0.15% and adding a novel consensus bacterial 6-phytase variant at 0, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 phytase units/kg diet. Feces and urine samples were collected separately for 4 d after 5 d of adaptation. Dried and ground fecal samples were analyzed for dry matter, Ca, and P and urine was analyzed for P. Data were analyzed using a model that included diet as fixed effect. Positive control and NC were compared using a contrast statement and linear and exponential effects of dietary phytase were tested. Results indicated that apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter was not affected by dietary P or phytase (Table 1). The basal endogenous loss of Ca was not affected by dietary P, but exponentially (P = 0.030) decreased as dietary phytase increased. Phosphorus retention (g/d) was greater (P &lt; 0.001) in pigs fed PC compared with NC without phytase. The standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P exponentially (P &lt; 0.001) increased as phytase increased; however, retention of P as % of absorbed P decreased (linear, P = 0.006) as phytase increased because the extra P absorbed as a result of phytase could not be retained due to the lack of Ca. In conclusion, increasing the phytase dose decreased basal endogenous loss of Ca and increased STTD of P.
PSVI-19 Yeast-Based High Protein DDGS Has Similar Energy Digestibility in Comparison to Commonly Used Feed Ingredients in Swine Diets
Authors: Garavito Ricardo S , Perez-Palencia Jorge Y , Herrick Kevin , Levesque Crystal L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Alternative ingredients and co-products from the ethanol and biofuel industries represent an opportunity for utilization in swine diets. In this context, understanding nutritional value to practical swine feeding begins with product characterization and determination of nutrient digestibility. The objective of this study was to determine metabolizable energy (ME) of Yeast-based high protein DDGS (HP-GDDY) fed to growing pigs in comparison with common feed ingredients in swine diets. A total of 28 barrows were adapted to individual metabolic crates and fed with 7 diets, a corn-based basal diet and 6 corn–based diets containing spray dried HP-GDDY, ring dried HP-GDDY, conventional DDGS, soybean meal (SBM), enzymatically-treated soybean meal (HP300), and fish meal (FM). Pigs were fed at 4% of BW and assigned to a crossover design with 2 collection periods, which provided 8 observations for each treatment. Fecal and urine samples were collected for 5 d after 7 d of adaptation to determine gross energy content and calculate ME (Table 1). Energy digestibility in spray GDDY and ring GDDY diets was greater than conventional DDGS diet and similar to SBM, HP300, and FM diets. The ME content in ring GDDY (3,926.7 Kcal/Kg) was similar to spray GDDY (4,480.5 Kcal/Kg). The ME in SBM (3824.5 Kcal/Kg), HP300 (3,883.8 Kcal/Kg), and FM (3,823 Kcal/Kg) was similar to spray and ring GDDY. Energy values for spray (4480.48 Kcal/Kg) and ring (3926.70 Kcal/Kg) GDDY are higher when compared with previous reported values for HP DDGS (3732 Kcal/Kg, NRC, 2012). Data from this study support that HP-GDDY products have comparable or greater energy value to commonly used ingredients in swine diets and that drying method had minor influence on energy digestibility. These novel feed ingredients can be used in practical pig diet formulation.
PSVII-8 The Impact of Dietary Essential Fatty Acids Ratios and Unsaturated:Saturated Ratio on Growth Performance of Grow-Finish Pigs
Authors: Becker Spenser , Greiner Laura L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The objective was to investigate the effects of dietary unsaturated:saturated fat ratio (U:S) and the fatty acid ratio of linoleic acid:linolenic acid (n6:n3) on growth performance of grow-finish pigs. A total of 240 pigs with initial body weight (BW) 54.4±5.5kg were randomly assigned to a high (&gt; 1.8; HUS) or low (&lt; 1.0; LUS) U:S ratio with a high (20:1), moderate (12:1) or low (4:1) n6:n3 in a 3×2 factorial design (n = 10). Diets were fed across 3 phases and balanced for energy and linoleic acid. Pigs were housed 4 pigs per pen and separated by sex. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using SAS (9.4) with pen as the experimental unit and U:S ratio, n6:n3 ratio, sex, and their interactions as fixed effects. Initial BW was fit as a covariate. Within each phase, there were no differences in BW, daily gain (ADG), feed intake (ADFI) or feed efficiency (G:F) for U:S, n6:n3, or their interaction (P &gt; 0.10). For the overall period, there was a U:S×n6:n3 interaction for ADG (P &lt; 0.05) with pigs receiving LUS×12:1 (1.19kg/d) having increased ADG compared with pigs receiving HUS×12:1 (1.12kg/d). There was no effect of sex (P &gt; 0.10) for G:F within each phase; however, overall, gilts had improved G:F compared with barrows (P &lt; 0.05). Compared with HUS, gilts receiving LUS had greater ADFI overall (P &lt; 0.05; 2.84 vs. 2.70kg), which translated into improved G:F for HUS gilts (P &lt; 0.05; 0.40 vs 0.39). Overall, gilts receiving the 20:1 diet tended to have improved G:F compared with 12:1 (P &lt; 0.10; 0.40 vs 0.39). The dietary U:S ratio impacted overall ADG of pigs fed the 12:1 ratio when averaged across sex; however, there was no significant sex × U:S × n6:n3 interaction. A low U:S ratio can also increase feed intake of gilts; however, this did not result in improved ADG.