bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Country-specific approaches to latent tuberculosis screening targeting migrants in EU/EEA* countries: A survey of national experts, September 2019 to February 2020
Authors: Margineanu Ioana , Rustage Kieran , Noori Teymur , Zenner Dominik , Greenaway Christina , Pareek Manish , Akkerman Onno , Hayward Sally , Friedland Jon S , Goletti Delia , Stienstra Ymkje , Hargreaves Sally ,   on behalf of the ESGITM/ESGMYC Study Groups
Published: March 2022

Background
Migrants in low tuberculosis (TB) incidence countries in the European Union (EU)/European Economic Area (EEA) are an at-risk group for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) and are increasingly included in LTBI screening programmes.

Aim
To investigate current approaches and implement LTBI screening in recently arrived migrants in the EU/EEA and Switzerland.

Methods
At least one TB expert working at a national level from the EU/EEA and one TB expert from Switzerland completed an electronic questionnaire. We used descriptive analyses to calculate percentages, and framework analysis to synthesise free-text responses.

Results
Experts from 32 countries were invited to participate (30 countries responded): 15 experts reported an LTBI screening programme targeting migrants in their country; five reported plans to implement one in the near future; and 10 reported having no programme. LTBI screening was predominantly for asylum seekers (n = 12) and refugees (n = 11). Twelve countries use ‘country of origin’ as the main eligibility criteria. The countries took similar approaches to diagnosis and treatment but different approaches to follow-up. Six experts reported that drop-out rates in migrants were higher compared with non-migrant groups. Most of the experts (n = 22) called for a renewed focus on expanding efforts to screen for LTBI in migrants arriving in low-incidence countries.

Conclusion
We found a range of approaches to LTBI screening of migrants in the EU/EEA and Switzerland. Findings suggest a renewed focus is needed to expand and strengthen efforts to meaningfully include migrants in these programmes, in order to meet regional and global elimination targets for TB.
Pregnancy and post-partum tuberculosis; a nationwide register-based case–control study, Denmark, 1990 to 2018
Authors: Nordholm Anne Christine , Suppli Camilla Hiul , Norman Anders , Ekstrøm Claus Thorn , Ertberg Pia , Koch Anders , Lillebaek Troels , Andersen Aase Bengaard 
Published: March 2022

Background
Pregnancy increases the risk of tuberculosis (TB), however, data on TB epidemiology in pregnant women are limited.

Aim
To guide possible interventions, we analysed risk factors for TB in pregnant and post-partum women.

Methods
We conducted a nationwide retrospective register-based case–control study from January 1990 to December 2018 in Denmark. Cases were women diagnosed with TB during their pregnancy or in the post-partum period. We selected two control groups: pregnant or post-partum women without TB, and non-pregnant women with TB. Differences were assessed by chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test. Risk factors for TB were identified through logistic regression and estimated by odds ratio (OR).

Results
We identified 392 cases, including 286 pregnant and 106 post-partum women. Most were migrants (n = 366; 93%) with a shorter median time spent in Denmark (2.74 years; interquartile range (IQR): 1.52–4.64) than non-pregnant TB controls (3.98 years; IQR: 1.43–8.51). Cases less likely had a Charlson comorbidity index ≥ 2compared with non-pregnant TB controls (p < 0.0001), and had no increased risk of severe disease (p = 0.847). Migrants from other World Health Organization regions than Europe, especially Africa (OR: 187; 95%CI: 125–281) had persistently higher odds of TB.

Conclusions
In Denmark, the risk of TB in pregnant and post-partum women is increased in migrant women who have stayed in the country a median time of approximately 3 years. We recommend increased focus on TB risk during pregnancy and suggest evaluating targeted TB screening of selected at-risk pregnant women to promote early case finding and prevent TB among mothers and their newborn children.
Perbandingan Efektivitas Berkumur Dengan Chlorhexidine dan Obat Kumur yang Mengandung Daun Sirih (Piper betle) Terhadap Penurunan Indeks Plak Pasien Pengguna Alat Ortodontik Cekat
Authors: Mandalas Henry Yonatan , Aini Nabila , Edinata Ken 
Published: March 2022

Alat ortodontik cekat mempunyai bentuk yang rumit sehingga mempermuhan terbentuknya akumulasi plak pada permukaan gigi dan di sekitar bracket. Kontrol plak pada pasien pengguna alat ortodontik cekat dapat dilakukan dengan dua cara yaitu secara mekanis dengan meyikat gigi dan kimia dengan obat kumur dan pasta gigi. Obat kumur memiliki beberapa jenis berdasarkan bahan dasar yang digunakannya. Chlorhexidine merukapan obat kumur berbahan dasar kimia yang sudah teruji sebagai gold standar dalam penggunaan dan efektivitasnya. Namun, chlorhexidine memiliki efek samping apabila digunakan terus menerus seperti pewarnaan gigi dan perubahan persepsi rasa. Maka dari itu, diperlukan alternatif obat kumur berbahan dasar herbal seperti daun sirih (Piper betle) yang lebih alami dan efektif dalam kontrol plak dan baik dalam kesehatan gigi dan mulut.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbandingan efektivitas berkumur dengan obat kumur chlorhexidine dan obat kumur daun sirih (Piper betle) terhadap indeks plak pasien pengguna alat ortodontik cekat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental klinis dengan single blind experiment disertai pre-test and post- test design dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 30 orang.
Keefektivitasan obat kumur diuji melalui independent t-test dengan hasil efektivitas obat kumut daun sirih (Piper betle) terhadap penurunan indeks plak sebesar 29,74 dan efektivitas obat kumur chlorhexidine terhadap penurunanindeks plak sebesar 56,37 (p = 0,014). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan efektivitas yang signifikan antara penggunaan obat kumur daun sirih (Piper betle) dan obat kumur chlorhexidine.
Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa obat kumur chlorhexidine lebih efektif dibandingkan dengan daun sirih (Piper betle) dalam menurunkan indeks plak pada pasien pengguna ortodontik cekat.
Pelatihan Asesmen Hasil Belajar Digital Terintegrasi Quizizz Dan Google Form Sebagai Solusi Pembelajaran Di Masa New Normal
Authors: Muliani Muliani 
Published: March 2022

Tujuan pelaksanaan kegiatan ini yaitu untuk memberikan pelatihan kepada guru terhadap asesemen hasil belajar digital terintegrasi quizizz dan google form sebagai solusi pembelajaran di masa new normal. Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan melalui 3 tahapan yaitu persiapan, pelaksanaan dan evaluasi. Pelaksanaan kegiatan berlangsung selama 2 kali pertemuan dengan materi yaitu pelatihan penggunaan google form dan aplikasi quiziz sebagai asesmen hasil belajar. Peserta kegiatan yaitu guru-guru di SMP N 2 Dewantara. Hasil kegiatan diperoleh bahwa peserta yang memahami asesmen digital sebesar 82%, peserta yang dapat mengenal aplikasi asesmen berbasis digital sebesar 62%, peserta yang pernah menggunakan aplikasi asesmen berbasis digital sebesar 29%, peserta yang memanfaatkan aplikasi digital sebagai asesmen sebsar 23%, peserta yang tertarik menggunakan media digital dalam menyusun instrumen asesmen sebesar 88%. Hasil tingkat kepuasan peserta terhadap pelaksanaan kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat adalah 91% berada pada tingkatan sangat puas terhadap keterlaksanaan kegiatan. Sehinga dapat disimpulkan bahwa kegiatan pelatihan ini bermanfaat bagi guru sebagai solusi pembelajaran di era new normal.
Sixteenth-Century Bulge on the Coast of Chile
Authors: Bahill A. Terry 
Published: March 2022

This paper traces the sixteenth-century addition and removal on maps of a bulge on the southern coast of Chile. Abraham Ortelius was primarily responsible for these changes and many cartographers followed his lead.Then, Ortelius rotated the coastline of Chile from northwest to north. Later, he dropped the latitude of the islands of San Pablo and Isla de los Tiburones down six degrees. He named the Amazon River “Río de las amazons.” Finally, he removed the cities with fake Native-American-sounding names along the Pacific coast of North America. The research underlying this paper examined over seven-hundred sixteenth-century maps made by sixdozen cartographers. This paper cites five-dozen maps by four-dozen cartographers. In the traceability section of this paper, this information was condensed into a traceability diagram, which shows the chronological flow of information among a score of cartographers. Using this information, this paper traced the influence of one cartographer on another: it showed who influenced whom. It showed the spread of knowledge. Ortelius was at the center of most of this knowledge explosion.
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Sole (Self Organized Learning Environments) Terhadap Prestasi Belajar Berbasis HOTs (High Order Thinking Skills)
Authors: Setyorini Harnanik , Sari Nurratri Kurnia , Sutrisno Tri 
Published: March 2022

Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Model Pembelajaran SOLE (Self Organized Learning Environments) terhadap prestasi belajar HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills) kelas 5 Sekolah Dasar Sekelurahan Jatisrono. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian yang digunakan yaitu eksperimen semu (quasi eksperimental). Adapun sampel pada penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas 5 SDN 3 Jatisrono dari keseluruhan siswa kelas 5 Sekolah Dasar Sekelurahan. Variabel bebas pada penelitian ini adalah Model Pembelajaran SOLE sedangkan variabel terikat nya adalah prestasi belajar. Teknik Pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah tes, dokumentasi, dan observasi. Uji Instrumen penelitian ini adalah uji validitas, daya beda, tingkat kesukaran, dan realibilitas. Teknik analisis data dilakukan melalui 3 tahap yaitu uji pendahuluan, uji prasyarat data, dan uji hipotesis. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa ada pengaruh model pembelajran SOLE terhadap prestasi belajar HOTS siswa kelas 5 Sekolah Dasar Sekelurahan Jatisrono Kabupaten Wonogiri Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021. Dasar pengambilan keputusan berdasarkan hasil analisis menggunakan uji T Independen, apabila thitung lebih besar daripada t tabel, maka h0 ditolak dan ha diterima. Dasar penelitian ttabel pada penelitian ini adalah pada jumlah sampel ( N ) yakni 33 siswa, maka drajat bebas (df) = N – 2 = 33 – 2 = 31, MAKA TTabel dengan df 31 dan taraf signifikan 5% adalah 2,03951, sedangkan nilai thitung 5,450. Sehingga thitung lebih besar daripada ttabel yang menunjukkan bahwa h0 ditolak dan ha diterima. Model pembelajaran SOLE melatih siswa belajar mandiri serta berpikir kritis sehingga dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap prestasi belajar siswa. Terbukti dari nilai rata – rata kelas kontrol 55,71 terjadi peningkatan pada kelas eksperimen dengan nilai rata – rata 82,11. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruh yang signifikan dalam penggunaan Model Pembelajaran SOLE (Self Organized Learning Environments) terhadap prestasi belajar HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills).
Socio-cultural Beliefs of the Deuki Tradition in Nepal
Authors: K.C. Dipendra Bahadur 
Published: March 2022

In the course of Human history and civilizations, several social and cultural practices have developed which have their roots in the fulfillment of their wishes or protection from unknown forces. One of the manifestations of such practices is slavery and attempts to appease Gods and Goddesses by making expensive offerings, sometimes even Human beings. Deuki tradition that started in the far western parts of Nepal is believed to have been started by the King Naga Malla in 14th century. In the course of time, the practice started to be followed by the people in the region.
The Deuki tradition started to give rise to some social and family problems in the region where the tradition was in practice. There have been attempts to abolish the system by the government by making law and making provision for their resettlement. Even though the practice is a dying tradition, the impact that it created in the society is still in existence. There is a need to fully understand the various consequences and impacts of these socio-cultural phenomena. This study will explore various facets of Deuki tradition, its influence in the society and various measures taken to address the issue and recommend future course of action to mitigate the effects of the tradition in the society and the ways how best issues of Deuki can be managed. Hence, the practice has become like a rigid tradition that the society is not easily able to break away from. A critical and academic look and in-depth study and informed analysis is required to the issue of Deuki tradition.
Design and Synthesis of New Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents with Expected Selectivity toward Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibition
Authors: A. Abdul Razzak Nadeem , F.Hussan Samera , J. Qaseer Ahlam 
Published: March 2022

This study includes design and synthesis of new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) with expected cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) selective inhibition to achieve better activity and low gastric side effects. Two series of compounds have been designed and synthesized as potential NSAIDs,these are: Salicylamide derivatives (compounds 3,4,5 ) and Diflunisal derivatives (compounds 10&11). In vivo acute anti-inflammatory effect of one of the synthesized agents (compound 3) was evaluated in the rat using egg-white induced paw edema model of inflammation. Preliminary pharmacological study revealed that compound 3 exhibited less anti-inflammatory effect compared to that of aspirin after 120 and 210 minutes, which encourage the continuation of the search to demonstrate or identify the preliminary pharmacological activity for the synthesized compounds and to identify their selectivity toward COX-2 isoenzymes.
Keywords:nonsteriodal anti-inflammatory drugs(NSAID),aspirin derivatives ,diflunisal, Cyclooxygenase -1(cox-1),cyclooxygenase-2(cox-2)
The development of ultra–high field MRI guidance technology for neuronavigation
Authors: Rusheen Aaron E. , Goyal Abhinav , Owen Robert L. , Berning Elise M. , Bothun Dane T. , Giblon Rachel E. , Blaha Charles D. , Welker Kirk M. , Huston John , Bennet Kevin E. , Oh Yoonbae , Fagan Andrew J. , Lee Kendall H. 
Published: March 2022

OBJECTIVE
Magnetic resonance imaging at 7T offers improved image spatial and contrast resolution for visualization of small brain nuclei targeted in neuromodulation. However, greater image geometric distortion and a lack of compatible instrumentation preclude implementation. In this report, the authors detail the development of a stereotactic image localizer and accompanying imaging sequences designed to mitigate geometric distortion, enabling accurate image registration and surgical planning of basal ganglia nuclei.

METHODS
Magnetization-prepared rapid acquisition with gradient echo (MPRAGE), fast gray matter acquisition T1 inversion recovery (FGATIR), T2-weighted, and T2*-weighted sequences were optimized for 7T in 9 human subjects to visualize basal ganglia nuclei, minimize image distortion, and maximize target contrast-to-noise and signal-to-noise ratios. Extracranial spatial distortions were mapped to develop a skull-contoured image localizer embedded with spherical silicone fiducials for improved MR image registration and target guidance. Surgical plan accuracy testing was initially performed in a custom-developed MRI phantom (n = 5 phantom studies) and finally in a human trial.

RESULTS
MPRAGE and T2*-weighted sequences had the best measures among global measures of image quality (3.8/4, p < 0.0001; and 3.7/4, p = 0.0002, respectively). Among basal ganglia nuclei, FGATIR outperformed MPRAGE for globus pallidus externus (GPe) visualization (2.67/4 vs 1.78/4, p = 0.008), and FGATIR, T2-weighted imaging, and T2*-weighted imaging outperformed MPRAGE for substantia nigra visualization (1.44/4 vs 2.56/4, p = 0.04; vs 2.56/4, p = 0.04; vs 2.67/4, p = 0.003). Extracranial distortion was lower in the head’s midregion compared with the base and apex ( 1.17–1.33 mm; MPRAGE and FGATIR, p < 0.0001; T2-weighted imaging, p > 0.05; and T2*-weighted imaging, p = 0.013). Fiducial placement on the localizer in low distortion areas improved image registration (fiducial registration error, 0.79–1.19 mm; p < 0.0001) and targeting accuracy (target registration error, 0.60–1.09 mm; p = 0.04). Custom surgical software and the refined image localizer enabled successful surgical planning in a human trial (fiducial registration error = 1.0 mm).

CONCLUSIONS
A skull-contoured image localizer that accounts for image distortion is necessary to enable high-accuracy 7T imaging–guided targeting for surgical neuromodulation. These results may enable improved clinical efficacy for the treatment of neurological disease.
A taxonomy for brainstem cavernous malformations: subtypes of pontine lesions. Part 1: basilar, peritrigeminal, and middle peduncular
Authors: Catapano Joshua S. , Rumalla Kavelin , Srinivasan Visish M. , Lawrence Peter M. , Larson Keil Kristen , Lawton Michael T. 
Published: March 2022

OBJECTIVE
Brainstem cavernous malformations (BSCMs) are complex, difficult to access, and highly variable in size, shape, and position. The authors have proposed a novel taxonomy for pontine cavernous malformations (CMs) based upon clinical presentation (syndromes) and anatomical location (findings on MRI).

METHODS
The proposed taxonomy was applied to a 30-year (1990–2019), 2-surgeon experience. Of 601 patients who underwent microsurgical resection of BSCMs, 551 with appropriate data were classified on the basis of BSCM location: midbrain (151 [27%]), pons (323 [59%]), and medulla (77 [14%]). Pontine lesions were then subtyped on the basis of their predominant surface presentation identified on preoperative MRI. Neurological outcomes were assessed according to the modified Rankin Scale, with a score ≤ 2 defined as favorable.

RESULTS
The 323 pontine BSCMs were classified into 6 distinct subtypes: basilar (6 [1.9%]), peritrigeminal (53 [16.4%]), middle peduncular (MP) (100 [31.0%]), inferior peduncular (47 [14.6%]), rhomboid (80 [24.8%]), and supraolivary (37 [11.5%]). Part 1 of this 2-part series describes the taxonomic basis for the first 3 of these 6 subtypes of pontine CM. Basilar lesions are located in the anteromedial pons and associated with contralateral hemiparesis. Peritrigeminal lesions are located in the anterolateral pons and are associated with hemiparesis and sensory changes. Patients with MP lesions presented with mild anterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome with contralateral hemisensory loss, ipsilateral ataxia, and ipsilateral facial numbness without cranial neuropathies. A single surgical approach and strategy were preferred for each subtype: for basilar lesions, the pterional craniotomy and anterior transpetrous approach was preferred; for peritrigeminal lesions, extended retrosigmoid craniotomy and transcerebellopontine angle approach; and for MP lesions, extended retrosigmoid craniotomy and trans–middle cerebellar peduncle approach. Favorable outcomes were observed in 123 of 143 (86%) patients with follow-up data. There were no significant differences in outcomes between the 3 subtypes or any other subtypes.

CONCLUSIONS
The neurological symptoms and key localizing signs associated with a hemorrhagic pontine subtype can help to define that subtype clinically. The proposed taxonomy for pontine CMs meaningfully guides surgical strategy and may improve patient outcomes.
Evaluating frailty, mortality, and complications associated with metastatic spine tumor surgery using machine learning–derived body composition analysis
Authors: Massaad Elie , Bridge Christopher P. , Kiapour Ali , Fourman Mitchell S. , Duvall Julia B. , Connolly Ian D. , Hadzipasic Muhamed , Shankar Ganesh M. , Andriole Katherine P. , Rosenthal Michael , Schoenfeld Andrew J. , Bilsky Mark H. , Shin John H. 
Published: March 2022

OBJECTIVE
Cancer patients with spinal metastases may undergo surgery without clear assessments of prognosis, thereby impacting the optimal palliative strategy. Because the morbidity of surgery may adversely impact recovery and initiation of adjuvant therapies, evaluation of risk factors associated with mortality risk and complications is critical. Evaluation of body composition of cancer patients as a surrogate for frailty is an emerging area of study for improving preoperative risk stratification.

METHODS
To examine the associations of muscle characteristics and adiposity with postoperative complications, length of stay, and mortality in patients with spinal metastases, the authors designed an observational study of 484 cancer patients who received surgical treatment for spinal metastases between 2010 and 2019. Sarcopenia, muscle radiodensity, visceral adiposity, and subcutaneous adiposity were assessed on routinely available 3-month preoperative CT images by using a validated deep learning methodology. The authors used k-means clustering analysis to identify patients with similar body composition characteristics. Regression models were used to examine the associations of sarcopenia, frailty, and clusters with the outcomes of interest.

RESULTS
Of 484 patients enrolled, 303 had evaluable CT data on muscle and adiposity (mean age 62.00 ± 11.91 years; 57.8% male). The authors identified 2 clusters with significantly different body composition characteristics and mortality risks after spine metastases surgery. Patients in cluster 2 (high-risk cluster) had lower muscle mass index (mean ± SD 41.16 ± 7.99 vs 50.13 ± 10.45 cm2/m2), lower subcutaneous fat area (147.62 ± 57.80 vs 289.83 ± 109.31 cm2), lower visceral fat area (82.28 ± 48.96 vs 239.26 ± 98.40 cm2), higher muscle radiodensity (35.67 ± 9.94 vs 31.13 ± 9.07 Hounsfield units [HU]), and significantly higher risk of 1-year mortality (adjusted HR 1.45, 95% CI 1.05–2.01, p = 0.02) than individuals in cluster 1 (low-risk cluster). Decreased muscle mass, muscle radiodensity, and adiposity were not associated with a higher rate of complications after surgery. Prolonged length of stay (> 7 days) was associated with low muscle radiodensity (mean 30.87 vs 35.23 HU, 95% CI 1.98–6.73, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Body composition analysis shows promise for better risk stratification of patients with spinal metastases under consideration for surgery. Those with lower muscle mass and subcutaneous and visceral adiposity are at greater risk for inferior outcomes.