bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computational Thinking in the Primary Mathematics Classroom: a Systematic Review
Authors: Nordby Siri Krogh , Bjerke Annette Hessen , Mifsud Louise 
Published: February 2022

AbstractComputational thinking (CT) has acquired the status of a necessary 21st-century skill and is currently being introduced in school curricula around the world, despite a lack of consensus about what it entails. The aims of this review are to provide an overview of the existing literature on CT activities in primary mathematics education, and to articulate how it is integrated into the teaching and learning of primary mathematics. This systematic review presents and analyses the findings of 10 empirical studies, revealing a recent increased focus on the inclusion of CT in primary mathematics classrooms, as most studies are published around 2020. Our findings indicate two categories of such activities, one focusing on skills (such as mainly sequencing, looping, conditionals, debugging, decomposition, and abstraction) and one on process-oriented activities (communication, creativity, exploration, and engagement). Furthermore, we found that, while there are studies reporting on mathematics being taught directly through CT activities (full integration), in most studies, the mathematics content was emphasised, with CT built in as a way for students to demonstrate their understanding of mathematics concepts (partial integration). This review identifies current gaps in the field and the need to investigate further such process-oriented activities, the use of these activities in accelerated mathematics, and the need for different methodological approaches in primary mathematics.
Ridership and Human Mobility of Metro System Under the Typhoon Weather Event: A Case Study in Fuzhou, China
Authors: Jiang Shixiong , Lin Yuchen 
Published: February 2022

AbstractExtreme weather events, such as typhoon and hurricane, have characteristics of high uncertainty, large destructiveness, and extensiveness, which threat the daily life and cause apparent perturbations to human mobility. In order to investigate the perturbation on human mobility, this study collects the metro transaction data before and during a typhoon weather event in Fuzhou, China, to conduct analyses. The ridership before and during the typhoon weather event is innovatively compared at system, station and origin-destination level. Besides, it is of novelty to examine the travel time distribution of metro trips in the normal and perturbed state by comparing three candidate models with the Akaike information criterion method. Results validate that the typhoon weather event severely influences the ridership at system, station, and origin-destination level, with various degrees. There is also significant impact on the relative total traveled stations from the typhoon weather event, especially for leisure trips. Moreover, the travel time of metro trips follows the gamma distribution in both the normal state and the perturbed state with different magnitudes. It is found that both the number of traveled stations and travel time are lower in the typhoon state when compared to those in the normal state. In general, this study can provide some helps to assist the metro management under extreme weather events.
Large-scale dark matter simulations
Authors: Angulo Raul E. , Hahn Oliver 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe review the field of collisionless numerical simulations for the large-scale structure of the Universe. We start by providing the main set of equations solved by these simulations and their connection with General Relativity. We then recap the relevant numerical approaches: discretization of the phase-space distribution (focusing on N-body but including alternatives, e.g., Lagrangian submanifold and Schrödinger–Poisson) and the respective techniques for their time evolution and force calculation (direct summation, mesh techniques, and hierarchical tree methods). We pay attention to the creation of initial conditions and the connection with Lagrangian Perturbation Theory. We then discuss the possible alternatives in terms of the micro-physical properties of dark matter (e.g., neutralinos, warm dark matter, QCD axions, Bose–Einstein condensates, and primordial black holes), and extensions to account for multiple fluids (baryons and neutrinos), primordial non-Gaussianity and modified gravity. We continue by discussing challenges involved in achieving highly accurate predictions. A key aspect of cosmological simulations is the connection to cosmological observables, we discuss various techniques in this regard: structure finding, galaxy formation and baryonic modelling, the creation of emulators and light-cones, and the role of machine learning. We finalise with a recount of state-of-the-art large-scale simulations and conclude with an outlook for the next decade.
Mapping out the Trajectory of Islamic Perspectives on Neuroethics
Authors: Noorfuad Noorina 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe advancements of medical technology incited multi-disciplinary discussions with regard to its ethical implications. Within the neuroscientific domain, the term ‘neuroethics’ has gained prominence over recent years. However, the contributions of religious perspectives in the nascent field of neuroethics are particularly few. The scarce literature on Islamic perspectives on neuroethics merely questioned its importance and introduced a sharia-based framework that can be implemented. Building upon this, the possible trajectories of Islamic perspectives on neuroethics can be mapped out by tapping into several issues within Islamic bioethics, such as cloning and genomics. Topics such as these are deliberated through the collective discussions by contemporary Muslim scholars and biomedical scientists, thus producing well-informed dialogues and decisions. Building upon these may assist in developing further the Islamic perspectives on issues within neuroethics. This lays the groundwork for all the stakeholders involved in advance, in order to predict and prevent potential harms and challenges.
How did women’s education and differential family planning policies shape transition to second and third births in historical China? New evidence from micro data
Authors: Qin Min , Padmadas Sabu S. , Falkingham Jane 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe influence of China’s family planning policies on fertility transition is widely acknowledged in research studies. However, little is known about how improvements in women’s education have shaped reproductive decisions of Chinese women across different family planning regimes, particularly at micro level. This study uses retrospective pooled birth history data from five consecutive population and family planning surveys collected over the period 1982–2006 to systematically examine the interrelationship between family planning policies and women’s education, and their interactive effect on the second and third birth transitions. We hypothesize that family planning policies had a differential influence on educational groups in reducing the transition to second and third births. The results from discrete time complementary log–log survival models provide strong evidence of differential reproductive behavior of education groups across time in China, and the simultaneous influence of women’s education and family planning policies in lowering risks to higher parities. The rates of progression to second and third births tend to be lower after the introduction of rigid family planning policies, and more importantly, the policy impact persisted even after adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic factors. The increase in women’s education overall had a depressing effect on transition to higher parities, and family planning policies implemented overtime have had differential effects on women from different educational groups. The findings show that both family planning policies and women’s education have been instrumental in shaping fertility behavior in China.
Maternal Blood-Based Protein Biomarkers in Relation to Abdominal Fat Distribution Measured by Ultrasound in Early Mid-Pregnancy
Authors: Lindberger Emelie , Wikström Anna-Karin , Sundström Poromaa Inger , Ahlsson Fredrik 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe objective of this study was to examine the associations of early mid-pregnancy ultrasound measured visceral and subcutaneous fat depths with blood-based protein biomarkers. This was a cross-sectional study including 201 pregnant women at Uppsala University Hospital, Sweden. The mean age of the women was 31.0 years, and 57.7% were nulliparous. Maternal visceral and subcutaneous fat depths were measured by ultrasound at the early second-trimester anomaly scan. A non-fasting blood sample was collected in conjunction with the second-trimester anomaly scan, and the Olink cardiovascular II panel was used to measure 92 blood-based protein biomarkers in the sample. Cross-sectional associations of visceral and subcutaneous fat depths with blood-based protein biomarkers were examined using Mann–WhitneyUtests with false discovery rate adjustments. In addition, linear regression analyses adjusting for maternal age, parity, and early pregnancy body mass index were performed. The results showed differences in one biomarker between women with elevated (≥ 52 mm) versus normal (< 52 mm) visceral fat depth, and in three biomarkers between women with elevated (≥ 22 mm) versus normal (< 22 mm) subcutaneous fat depth. Hence, levels of blood-based protein biomarkers differ between pregnant women with dissimilar body fat distributions, which might reflect disparities in biological pathways.
Transonic small disturbance unsteady potential flow over very high aspect ratio wings
Authors: Kwon J. R. , Vepa R. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this paper, the prediction of the unsteady flow field over typical high aspect ratio (AR) wings in the transonic flow regime but below the sonic Mach number is of interest. The methodology adopted is a computational approach based on the transonic small disturbance unsteady potential equation. It is shown that the higher AR wings generally have a higher lift coefficient as well as a higher lift-to-drag ratio. With NASA’s common research model (CRM) wing, there is an increase in maximum lift with increasing AR while the induced drag is almost the same. There is also an optimum sweep angle, which is different for each angle-of-attack so that variable sweep lifting surfaces may be designed to provide optimum solutions. The computed flutter speeds indicate an expected reduction with increasing AR.
The Usambara Knowledge Project: Place as Archive in a Tanzanian Mountain Range
Authors: Conte Chris 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe essay chronicles the early phases of a digital history project on landscape change in the mountains of eastern Tanzania. In collecting sources for a land and culture narrative, the project aims ultimately to create an archive that is locally produced in Tanzania and maintained by Utah State University Library’s Special Collections and Archives division. The project draws on more than thirty early twentieth-century landscape photographs from the Usambara Mountains in northeastern Tanzania by Walther Dobbertin, a professional photographer living in German East Africa. In the fall of 2015, team members scouted the sites for repeat photographs. The following summer, the project team began repeat photography and expanded the range of local collaborators to develop an oral history collection tied to the region’s landscape history. The essay lays out the problems, pitfalls, and successes of the preliminary collaborative work among academics, university students, archival specialists, and elders’ groups intent on collecting and preserving knowledge.
Postscript to Richard Jeffrey’s “Conditioning, Kinematics, and Exchangeability”
Authors: Wagner Carl G. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRichard Jeffrey’s “Conditioning, Kinematics, and Exchangeability” is one of the foundational documents of probability kinematics. However, the section entitled “Successive Updating” contains a subtle error regarding the applicability of updating by so-called relevance quotients in order to ensure the commutativity of successive probability kinematical revisions. Upon becoming aware of this error, Jeffrey formulated the appropriate remedy, but he never discussed the issue in print. To head off any confusion, it seems worthwhile to alert readers of Jeffrey’s “Conditioning, Kinematics, and Exchangeability” to the aforementioned error and to document his remedy, placing it in the context of both earlier and subsequent work on commuting probability kinematical revisions.1
Battling the Hydra: the disparate impact of voter ID requirements in North Dakota
Authors: Barreto Matt A. , Sanchez Gabriel R. , Walker Hannah L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractMinority voters have experienced a renewed effort to curtail their access to the ballot box in recent years. Although a host of research has examined the impact of election changes on Black and Latino voters, scholars have dedicated much less attention to the rights of Native Americans, even as they face challenges to voting in states where they comprise a significant portion of the population. Many of these states are likewise increasingly important to national elections. Such laws may impact Native Americans when they intersect with the political geography of living on a reservation, and voting rights advocates have challenged them in places like Montana, Nevada and North Dakota. This paper empirically evaluates how such laws might uniquely impact Native American voters. We draw on North Dakota's voter identification law as a case study, but our analysis has wider implications, since residency is the primary means by which election administration uniquely impacts this group. Drawing on two rich survey datasets collected in 2015 and 2017, we offer descriptive evidence of the barriers individuals may encounter while trying to obtain an ID under North Dakota's law, and find that Native Americans are statistically less likely to have access to an ID than are whites. This gap is largely due to the requirement that an ID has a physical address and attendant difficulties in obtaining such an ID, given the remote nature of reservations. We bring needed attention to the impact of carefully crafted electoral rules on this often-overlooked group.
Location, Location, Location: How Electoral Opportunities Shape Women's Emergence as Candidates
Authors: Ondercin Heather L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDespite evidence that women win when they run for office, the number of women in the US House of Representatives has not increased substantially. I argue that women win when they run because women engage in strategic behavior by emerging in locations where they are most likely to win. While strategic behavior is a necessary condition for increasing women's representation in office, it is not a sufficient condition. Analyzing regularly scheduled elections between 1992 and 2014, I demonstrate that women engage in strategic behavior by emerging in elections where they are most likely to win. However, the electoral opportunities for women are far from “gender neutral” and are shaped by the parties. Democratic and Republican women are most likely to emerge as candidates in districts where they are likely to win the primary and general elections; however, Republican women face even more constrained electoral opportunities.
Field observations of surface ruptures accompanying a tsunami and supershear earthquake along a plate boundary strike-slip fault
Authors: Li Chuanyou , Liu Jinrui , Ma Jun , Su Gang , Lan Jian , Li Xinnan , Ren Zhikun , Ran Hongliu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractStrike-slip earthquakes near major subduction zones have received less attention than thrust or reverse earthquakes in subduction zone areas. The occurrence of the 2018 Palu Mw 7.5 earthquake in eastern Indonesia provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the characteristics of one of these events. The Palu earthquake occurred on the left-lateral, north–south-striking Palu–Koro fault, which is the main plate boundary structure accommodating the convergence between blocks in a triple junction area. It excited a significant tsunami, which unusually is associated with strike-slip earthquakes, and also ruptured at a supershear speed, which is mostly observed on strike-slip faults in continents. Based on our fieldwork, we speculate that the normal slip component of the offshore rupture section in Palu bay on the middle segment probably favours tsunami genesis. Our field investigation has revealed evidence of a simple geometry as well as slip partitioning of dip-slip and strike-slip motion on two subparallel strands on the main segment, both of which may have contributed to the supershear of the rupture propagation. Instead of only a transtensive behaviour of the middle segment, our results also illustrate the transpressional property of the northern and southern rupture segments, which shows more complex behaviour than that of a common continental strike-slip fault.
Effectiveness and optimal duration of early intervention treatment in adult-onset psychosis: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Hui Christy Lai Ming , Wong Andreas Kar Hin , Ho Elise Chun Ning , Lam Bertha Sze Ting , Hui Priscilla Wing Man , Tao Tiffany Junchen , Chang Wing Chung , Chan Sherry Kit Wa , Lee Edwin Ho Ming , Suen Yi Nam , Lam May Mei Ling , Chiu Cindy Pui Yu , Li Frendi Wing Sai , Leung Kwok Fai , McGhee Sarah M. , Law Chi Wing , Chung Dicky Wai Sau , Yeung Wai Song , Yiu Michael Gar Chung , Pang Edwin Pui Fai , Tso Steve , Lui Simon Sai Yu , Hung Se Fong , Lee Wing King , Yip Ka Chee , Kwan Ka Lik , Ng Roger Man Kin , Sham Pak Chung , Honer William G. , Chen Eric Yu Hai 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundContrasting the well-described effects of early intervention (EI) services for youth-onset psychosis, the potential benefits of the intervention for adult-onset psychosis are uncertain. This paper aims to examine the effectiveness of EI on functioning and symptomatic improvement in adult-onset psychosis, and the optimal duration of the intervention.Methods360 psychosis patients aged 26–55 years were randomized to receive either standard care (SC, n = 120), or case management for two (2-year EI, n = 120) or 4 years (4-year EI, n = 120) in a 4-year rater-masked, parallel-group, superiority, randomized controlled trial of treatment effectiveness (Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00919620). Primary (i.e. social and occupational functioning) and secondary outcomes (i.e. positive and negative symptoms, and quality of life) were assessed at baseline, 6-month, and yearly for 4 years.ResultsCompared with SC, patients with 4-year EI had better Role Functioning Scale (RFS) immediate [interaction estimate = 0.008, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.001–0.014, p = 0.02] and extended social network (interaction estimate = 0.011, 95% CI = 0.004–0.018, p = 0.003) scores. Specifically, these improvements were observed in the first 2 years. Compared with the 2-year EI group, the 4-year EI group had better RFS total (p = 0.01), immediate (p = 0.01), and extended social network (p = 0.05) scores at the fourth year. Meanwhile, the 4-year (p = 0.02) and 2-year EI (p = 0.004) group had less severe symptoms than the SC group at the first year.ConclusionsSpecialized EI treatment for psychosis patients aged 26–55 should be provided for at least the initial 2 years of illness. Further treatment up to 4 years confers little benefits in this age range over the course of the study.
Provisional boundaries and alternative solutions to maritime delimitation
Authors: Árnadóttir Snjólaug 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis article is a rejoinder to Dr. Massimo Lando’s ‘Stability of maritime boundaries and the challenge of geographical change’ which proposes that positive international law offers no legal basis for the delimitation of fluctuating boundaries and discusses the many complexities involved in the delimitation and management of such boundaries. This rejoinder delves deeper into the main point of contention: the legal basis for fluctuating boundaries. It argues that coastal states have an inherent entitlement to a territorial sea and that Article 15 of The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) entails a default rule for the establishment of provisional fluctuating boundaries. This limit is not necessarily a strict median line because it may be adjusted by reference to special circumstances. Furthermore, the lack of explicit reference to provisional arrangements in UNCLOS Article 15 should not be read as an indication that there are no provisional boundaries in the absence of boundary agreements.This article further argues that there are judicial precedents for fluctuating boundary-segments. The Nicaragua v. Honduras decision left a segment of the territorial sea un-delimited, resulting in a partially fluctuating boundary, until otherwise agreed. Moreover, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) explicitly established a mobile boundary-segment in Costa Rica v. Nicaragua but as highlighted by Dr. Lando, this was done with the permission of the parties. Much depends on the claims brought by disputing parties and their stance on fluctuating boundaries but this decision demonstrated the ICJ’s willingness to employ fluctuating boundaries in response to coastal instability.
REREADING METAPHYSICS Ε2-3: ARISTOTLE'S ARGUMENT AGAINST DETERMINISM, AND HOW AVERROES TWISTED IT IN HIS LONG COMMENTARY
Authors: Klinger Dustin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn the fresh reading proposed here of the still not satisfactorily interpreted passages in Metaphysics Ε2-3, Aristotle emerges as making a case against determinism based on a robust notion of the accident. Accidental beings are uncaused causes and have their rightful place in Aristotle's ontology. The resulting physical indeterminism is here used as a litmus test for the exegetical practice of the great Commentator, Averroes, whose self-proclaimed, and later proverbial, loyalty to Aristotle's text will be shown to give way to idiosyncratic interpretations at times. His explanations of Metaphysics Ε2-3 are sparse and no less obscure than Aristotle's text. It is only when read together with his commentaries on the Physics, to which he explicitly refers twice in his Long commentary on Metaphysics Ε2-3, that a surprising picture emerges. Averroes recycles the notion of the accident, now reconceptualised in cosmological terms, and – putting it to the opposite use of Aristotle's – weaves it into an original theory of motion that integrates both supra- and sublunar realms into a deterministic framework of uninterrupted causal chains, thus safeguarding the principle of Divine providence.
Non-citizen voting rights and political participation of citizens: evidence from Switzerland
Authors: Kayran Elif Naz , Nadler Anna-Lena 
Published: February 2022

AbstractCan non-citizen enfranchisement policies reduce the turnout gap between citizens with an immigration background and native citizen voters? While increasingly common in practice, there are only a handful of studies on the political consequences of non-citizen enfranchisement on voter mobilisation. Here, we examine the impact of non-citizen voting (NCV) rights on the political participation of citizens with and without an immigration background. Focusing on Switzerland, we use high-quality household panel data (SHP) from 1999 to 2014, leveraging both longitudinal and municipal level variation of enfranchisement laws when identifying their effect on turnout. We show that NCV rights boost political participation overall, and it particularly enhances turnout among citizens with an immigration background. Our analysis adds to existing theoretical explanations and empirical debates on representation and political participation in diverse democratic societies with large immigrant populations.