bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Energy States
Authors: Dawson Ashley , Gómez-Barris Macarena 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
This article works with a comparative, hemispheric approach to address potential sites, propositions, and sources for postextractive energy transitions. Specifically, the focus is on case studies from within the United States and Latin America to consider energy paradigms and their future in relation to the “energy state,” or the centralized governance apparatus that has historically organized power infrastructures. Like the physics term that references any discrete value of total energy that remains fixed, but that is potentially mutable because of its transitive properties, the modern energy state is addressed as an entity that has the capacity to undergo massive reconfiguration and transition. The energy state is not discrete, however, and is embedded within a global infrastructure of capitalist dominance, power inequalities, and commodity contingencies. Despite its current imbrication with the colonial/modern infrastructures of petrol extraction, the energy state, it is argued here, has the capacity to be reimagined and remade. By focusing on popular movements within the western hemisphere, and by learning from the lessons of energy pasts, presents, and futures, the article proposes the move to radical interdependency, which could be legislated by a substantially altered state apparatus during the implementation of a new energy paradigm. Unsurprisingly, land rights, social and multispecies justice, and antiracist social movements are central to enlivening the new energy state.
‘Comparison and correlation of the maxillary sinus dimensions in various craniofacial patterns: A CBCT Study’
Authors: Atul Kumar Harshit , Nayak U S Krishna , Kuttappa M N 
Published: June 2022

Background: To compare and correlate the maxillary sinus dimensions and basal bone height among various facial patterns using CBCT for advanced diagnosis and treatment planning in Orthodontics. Methods: 66 CBCT images within age group of 18-30 years were divided into horizontal (Group 1), average (Group 2) and vertical (Group 3) facial growth patterns. Maxillary sinus dimensions were compared and correlated in all three groups. The sinus height and basal bone height were recorded at 3 locations-between 1st premolar and 2nd premolar (PM1-PM2), between 2nd premolar and 1st Molar (PM2-M1) and between 1st and 2nd molar (M1-M2). Results: Overall reduction in sinus height and significantly reduced sinus volume was seen in Group-1. Longest maxillary sinus height in M1-M2 region and shortest in PM1-PM2 region was seen in Group-3. The basal bone height in PM1-PM2 region was significantly longer in Group-3 than in Group-1(p<.05).Shortest basal bone height in M1-M2 region was seen in Group-3. A significant negative correlation was seen between the maxillary sinus height and the basal bone height in Group-1 and Group-3(p<.05). Conclusion: There is a correlation between the maxillary sinus height and basal bone height with that of facial pattern which needs to be considered during orthodontic treatment planning and while carrying out facial growth modification procedures in younger patients.
The experiences of homecare workers in navigating the COVID-19 pandemic: a protocol for a qualitative study
Authors: Moynan Eva , Lavelle Caitriona , Robinson Katie , Boland Pauline , Meskell Pauline , Galvin Rose , Fitzgerald Christine 
Published: June 2022

Background: Globally, there have been over 400 million confirmed cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID–19), including over 6 million deaths, reported to the World Health Organization. Older adults have been disproportionally affected by COVID-19 in terms of morbidity and mortality. Homecare workers continue to play a key role in supporting vulnerable people to live in their own homes. Unlike other health professionals, whose interactions with patients are relatively brief, homecare workers sometimes spend hours with clients assisting with caregiving and functional tasks. In addition, these workers frequently provide companionship and emotional support. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in many challenges to this caregiving role given the risk of virus transmission to both clients and homecare workers in the community. Despite the vital role homecare workers have played, qualitative research exploring perspectives of homecare workers experiences’ of providing help and care to older adults during the pandemic is sparse. This study aims to explore the experiences of homecare workers in navigating the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A qualitative interpretative approach will be applied in this study through the facilitation of focus groups with homecare workers. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies (COREQ) guidelines will be used to standardise the conduct and reporting of the research. Homecare workers will be recruited from a provider of homecare services in the Mid-West of Ireland (Clarecare) by a gatekeeper. Focus groups will be transcribed and analysed using a reflexive thematic approach supported by the use of NVIVO software package (Version 12). Conclusion: This study represents a necessary first step in the development of an evidence base for clinical, education, and support needs of homecare workers.
Stochastic RWA and Lightpath Rerouting in WDM Networks
Authors: Daryalal Maryam , Bodur Merve 
Published: June 2022

In a telecommunication network, routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) is the problem of finding lightpaths for incoming connection requests. When facing a dynamic traffic, greedy assignment of lightpaths to incoming requests based on predefined deterministic policies leads to a fragmented network that cannot make use of its full capacity because of stranded bandwidth. At this point, service providers try to recover the capacity via a defragmentation process. We study this setting from two perspectives: (i) while granting the connection requests via the RWA problem and (ii) during the defragmentation process by lightpath rerouting. For both problems, we present the first two-stage stochastic integer programming model incorporating incoming request uncertainty to maximize the expected grade of service. We develop a decomposition-based solution approach, which uses various relaxations of the problem and a newly developed problem-specific cut family. Simulation of two-stage policies for a variety of instances in a rolling-horizon framework of 52 stages shows that our stochastic models provide high-quality solutions when compared with traditionally used deterministic ones. Specifically, the proposed provisioning policies yield improvements of up to 19% in overall grade of service and 20% in spectrum saving, while the stochastic lightpath rerouting policies grant up to 36% more requests, using up to just 4% more bandwidth spectrum.Summary of Contribution: For handling the intrinsic uncertainty of demand in the telecommunications industry, this paper proposes novel stochastic models and solution methodology for two fundamental problems in telecommunications at operational level: (i) routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) and (ii) lightpath rerouting problem. Despite the vast literature on the RWA problem, stochastic optimization has not been considered as a viable solution for resource allocation in optical networks. We propose two-stage stochastic programming models for both problems and design efficient decomposition-based solution methods that use various relaxations of the models and a new family of cutting planes. Our extensive and rigorous numerical experiments show the significant merit of incorporating uncertainty into decision making, as well as the effectiveness of the decomposition framework and our newly designed family of cuts in enhancing the solvability of both models. This work opens new avenues to explore where the powerful stochastic programming literature can be leveraged to make operational decisions in telecommunications problems, a field that currently relies mostly on deterministic and heuristic solution methods.
Collective Attention and Collective Intelligence: The Role of Hierarchy and Team Gender Composition
Authors: Woolley Anita Williams , Chow Rosalind M. , Mayo Anna T. , Riedl Christoph , Chang Jin Wook 
Published: June 2022

Collective intelligence (CI) captures a team’s ability to work together across a wide range of tasks and can vary significantly between teams. Extant work demonstrates that the level of collective attention a team develops has an important influence on its level of CI. An important question, then, is what enhances collective attention? Prior work demonstrates an association with team composition; here, we additionally examine the influence of team hierarchy and its interaction with team gender composition. To do so, we conduct an experiment with 584 individuals working in 146 teams in which we randomly assign each team to work in a stable, unstable, or unspecified hierarchical team structure and vary team gender composition. We examine how team structure leads to different behavioral manifestations of collective attention as evidenced in team speaking patterns. We find that a stable hierarchical structure increases more cooperative, synchronous speaking patterns but that unstable hierarchical structure and a lack of specified hierarchical structure both increase competitive, interruptive speaking patterns. Moreover, the effect of cooperative versus competitive speaking patterns on collective intelligence is moderated by the teams’ gender composition; majority female teams exhibit higher CI when their speaking patterns are more cooperative and synchronous, whereas all male teams exhibit higher CI when their speaking involves more competitive interruptions. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings for enhancing collective intelligence in organizational teams.Funding: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation [Grant VOSS-1322254], Division of Information and Intelligent Systems [Grant 1322241], Army Research Office [Grant W911NF-20-1-0006], Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency [Grant W911NF-20-1-0006], and Army Research Laboratory [Grant W911NF-19-2-0135].Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2022.1602 .
Understanding pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence in women
Authors: Dwyer Lucy 
Published: June 2022

Pelvic organ prolapse and urinary incontinence are common but under-treated conditions in women. Lucy Dwyer explains how to assess and manage the conditions in primary care Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and urinary incontinence (UI) are extremely common yet under-reported and, therefore, under-treated conditions. Women may disclose symptoms of POP or UI to practice nurses and other healthcare professionals working in primary care. Therefore, this article aims to provide a background to both conditions and explain how to assess and manage POP and UI in primary care, utilising NICE guidelines to ensure practice nurses feel confident in their provision of evidence-based care.
Improving outcomes for people living with breathlessness
Authors: Tymon Lucy , Best Catherine 
Published: June 2022

Breathlessness affects many people living in the community. Lucy Tymon and Catherine Best look at how practice nurses can improve outcomes in those living with this distressing symptom The need for a holistic assessment is an essential element in the management of breathlessness in both chronic and advanced disease and requires a multidisciplinary and multifactorial approach to the safe and effective delivery of quality patient care. Although a multitude of potential interventions exist, these should be considered carefully alongside the need to maintain comfort and the patient's wishes. With this in mind, this article explores a number of pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches to patient care in chronic and advanced disease, the emphasis being on patient choice, patient understanding and the need for compassion, often at a time when patients are living through, what could potentially be, their last few months of life.
Effect of IL6 -174 G/C Gene Polymorphism on Response to Interleukin-6 Blocking Therapy in Systemic Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
Authors: Nada Doaa Waseem , Allam Abdallah El Sayed , Aziz Hanout Heba Abdel , Gaber Rasha Ahmed , Alunno Alessia , Salem Mohamed Labib , Al Ashkar Doaa Shawky 
Published: June 2022

Objective: The main objective of this study was to evaluate the association of IL6-174 G/C gene polymorphisms and the response to tocilizumab (TCZ) in patients with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (s-JIA).
Methods: Sixty patients with s-JIA (37 males and 23 females with median age at onset of 5.2 years) who received TCZ were recruited. Basic demographic, laboratory and clinical data were collected alongside the IL-6 haplotype status. The overall response to treatment with TCZ was assessed according to a number of variables including the extent of disease activity reduction, the achievement of clinically inactive disease, the necessity to switch to another biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (bDMARD) and the achievement of a glucocorticoid-free state.
Results: Three IL6 -174 genotypes, including, GG, GC, and CC were found with higher frequencies of GC genotype. These genotypes had non-significant association with the response of s-JIA patients to IL-6 blockade in this cohort study. However, a longer time frame from disease onset to diagnosis was associated with poorer long-term treatment response.
Conclusion: We observed no significant impact of IL6 -174 G/C gene polymorphisms on treatment response to TCZ in s-JIA Egyptian patients. The observation that a shorted timeframe between symptom onset and diagnosis is associated with better long-term response to TCZ provides evidence for a therapeutic “window of opportunity” in patients with s-JIA.
Calibration and comparison of detection efficiency for free-space single-photon avalanche diodes at 850  nm
Authors: Jin Jeongwan , Gerrits Thomas , Gamouras Angela 
Published: June 2022

A detection efficiency measurement system for free-space single-photon detectors has been established at the National Research Council (NRC) Canada. This measurement apparatus incorporates an 850 nm fiber laser source and utilizes a double-attenuation and substitution calibration technique. Detection efficiency calibrations of silicon single-photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs) at incident photon rates in the range of

1.0
×

10
5

photon counts per second (Cts/s) (36 fW) to

2.1
×

10
6

C
t
s

/

s

(734 fW) are SI-traceable through the substitution configuration with a silicon transfer standard detector, calibrated directly using the NRC absolute cryogenic radiometer. The measurement approach taken by the NRC was compared with the SPAD calibration technique implemented at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States. The count-rate-dependent detection efficiency of a silicon SPAD was measured at NIST and compared with results from the same SPAD measured at NRC within the range of incident photon rates from

1
×

10
5

C
t
s

/

s

to

5
×

10
5

C
t
s

/

s

. Comparison of the calibration results shows agreement between the two laboratories within the combined measurement uncertainties.
Investigation of number density, temperature, and kinetic energy of nanosecond laser-induced Zr plasma species for self-generated electric and magnetic fields in axial expansion of plume
Authors: Sajid Tayyaba , Bashir Shazia , Akram Mahreen , Razzaq Maira , Javed Mubashir , Mahmood Khaliq 
Published: June 2022

The number density, temperature, and kinetic energy of laser-induced Zr plasma species have been evaluated experimentally under ultra-high vacuum conditions as a function of 1 to 4 cm axial distances of the plume at laser irradiances ranging from 4.5 to

11.7

G
W

c

m

−
2

. Zr plasma parameters have been evaluated using time-of-flight (ToF) measurements by using a Faraday cup (FC) as a diagnostic technique. The amplitudes of the signals as well as the number density and temperature are strongly dependent upon laser irradiance and axial distances. With increasing laser irradiance the laser-induced plasma (LIP) parameters show an increasing trend. The increasing trend of the plasma parameters along with increasing laser irradiance is attributed to an enhanced energy deposition per atom, which is responsible for an enhanced ablation rate, surface temperature, and ablation/shock pressures. However, a decreasing trend is obtained with increasing axial distances, which is explainable based on adiabatic expansion, cooling, and recombination losses. The LIP electron and ion number densities vary from

3.13

×

1

0

13

to

6.81

×

1

0

13

c

m

−
3

and

1.84

×

1

0

13

to

4.41

×

1

0

13

c

m

−
3

, respectively. The electron temperature varies from 1.54 to 125 eV, whereas the kinetic energy of the ions varies from 1.2 to 34 keV. The maxima of Zr plasma parameters are achieved away from the target surface. In order to correlate the charge particle distribution and their energies with self-generated electric and magnetic fields (SGEMFs), the measurements have been performed by employing electric and magnetic probes, respectively. The signal profiles of the SGEMFs reveal the quadrupolar distribution, which is attributed to two oppositely generated dipoles whose contribution is strongly dependent upon axial distances and laser irradiances. The strength of both SGEMFs shows an increasing trend with increasing laser irradiance, and a decreasing trend is obtained with increasing probe-target distance. For overall plume axial expansion, the LIP electric and magnetic fields vary from 30 to 3140 V/m and 0.2 to 0.4 T, respectively. Similar trends of the SGEMFs and the axial gradients of the electron-ion number density confirm the quadrupolar structure of plasma, which corresponds to the electron-ion charge separation. This charge separation is due to the spatially evolved number density and temperature gradients in the plasma. Their correlation and optimization will be helpful for using LIP as a powerful source of electric and magnetic fields in ion acceleration and inertial confinement fusion.
Identification of upstream transcription factor binding sites in orthologous genes using mixed Student’s t-test statistics
Authors: Huang Tinghua , Xiao Hong , Tian Qi , He Zhen , Yuan Cheng , Lin Zezhao , Gao Xuejun , Yao Min 
Published: June 2022

BackgroundTranscription factor (TF) regulates the transcription of DNA to messenger RNA by binding to upstream sequence motifs. Identifying the locations of known motifs in whole genomes is computationally intensive.Methodology/Principal findingsThis study presents a computational tool, named “Grit”, for screening TF-binding sites (TFBS) by coordinating transcription factors to their promoter sequences in orthologous genes. This tool employs a newly developed mixed Student’st-test statistical method that detects high-scoring binding sites utilizing conservation information among species. The program performs sequence scanning at a rate of 3.2 Mbp/s on a quad-core Amazon server and has been benchmarked by the well-established ChIP-Seq datasets, putting Grit amongst the top-ranked TFBS predictors. It significantly outperforms the well-known transcription factor motif scanning tools, Pscan (4.8%) and FIMO (17.8%), in analyzing well-documented ChIP-Atlas human genome Chip-Seq datasets.SignificanceGrit is a good alternative to current available motif scanning tools.
Why modern family planning needs of women is not met in South Gondar Zone, Ethiopia?
Authors: Ewunetie Gojjam Eshetie , Alemu Mamo Dereje , Chanie Muluken Genetu 
Published: June 2022

Background
Family planning is critical for the health of women and their families and it can accelerate a country’s progress toward reducing poverty and achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Effective use of family planning methods helps couples achieve the desired number of children, contribute to improving maternal and child health which may help women avoid unwanted pregnancy, and reduce the risk factors for maternal and child deaths. Moreover, contraceptive prevalence and unmet need for family planning are key indicators for determining the level of improvements in access to reproductive health. So, this study aimed to identify the prevalence and associated factors of unmet need of modern family planning among reproductive-age women in the south Gondar zone.

Methods
A community-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in the southern Gondar zone among 528 reproductive-age women. Data were collected with pre-tested, structured, interviewer-administered questionnaires. Data were coded and entered into Epi info version 7 and exported to SPSS version 20. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression models were applied. A P-value0.05 was considered to declare a result as significant at 95% CI.

Result
The overall unmet need in this study area was 22.6%, from whom 15.1% of respondents were wanted children later and 7.5% were wanted no more children. For women who had been visited by health care providers within 12 months before the study, women currently on menstrual status, the desired number of children, and induced abortion were found statistically significant.

Conclusion
The unmet need for FP was found high in the study area as compared to the national and regional prevalence. Women visited by health care providers, currently menstruating, the desired number of children, and history of induced abortion were significantly associated with the unmet need of modern FP. Health care providers and health extension workers need to visit regularly and promote appropriate and active IEC programs that address the provision of accurate information about the availability of the services and various contraceptive options including techniques to reduce and change perceived barriers to service utilization (such as rumors and misconceptions of FP).