bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrospun nanofibers of poly (lactic acid)/poly (ε‐caprolactone) blend for the controlled release of levetiracetam
Authors: Ghafouri Seyede Elaheh , Mousavi Seyed Rasoul , Khakestani Maliheh , Mozaffari Shahla , Ajami Narges , Khonakdar Hossein Ali 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis study deals with poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(‐caprolactone) (PCL), and their blend electrospun nanofibers (ESNF) as novel systems for the release of levetiracetam (LEV). Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that the morphology of all samples is smooth and beads‐free. In addition, with increasing LEV content, the average diameters of PLA, PCL, and PCL/PLA ESNF enhanced by almost 69%, 41%, and 14%, respectively. FTIR spectroscopy was utilized to confirm the structure of polymer and drug, polymer‐drug interaction, and the observation of functional groups. The pore percentage was also diminished by adding LEV. The results of x‐ray diffraction revealed that the crystallinity decreased from 18.2%, 40.1%, and 21.5% for PLA, PCL, and PLA/PCL ESNF, respectively, to 15%, 31.2%, and 13.6% for the samples containing 18 wt% LEV. In addition, PLA ESNF containing 10 and 18 wt% LEV demonstrated a steady uptrend for drug release, while PCL and PLA/PCL ESNF containing 10 and 18 wt% LEV initially indicated an abrupt increase in drug release and then became steady. Moreover, drug release kinetics were evaluated using different models such as zero order, first order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer‐Peppas models and the best model for predicting the drug release behavior was selected.
Synthesis of 2D fluorescent polyaniline derivatives as multifunctional fluorescent chemosensor
Authors: Lu Qingyi , Qian Junning , Xu Feng , He Guohang , Liu Yuwen , Xia Jiangbin 
Published: October 2022

AbstractPolyaniline (PANI) has been widely studied and applied due to its easy‐to‐obtain raw materials, excellent electrochemical performance and high environmental stability. Here, we present a general synthetic strategy for preparing two‐dimensional (2D) fluorescent PANI derivatives. The double bonds are used as a conjugated spacer between benzene rings in PPED and PPBA. The work breaks through the limitation of PANI derivatives are non‐emissive in solutions. The fluorescence quantum yields (Фf) of PPED and PPBA are 2.5% and 1.5%, respectively. PPED and PPBA show highly selective and sensitive detection of iron ion (Fe3+), copper ion (Cu2+) and hydrochloric acid (HCl). It is worth noting that the detection limit of PPED for Fe3+ is 35 nM. In addition, the theoretical study indicates that the introduction of double bonds in PPED and PPBA greatly enhances their conjugation extent. The results demonstrate that we provide a powerful method for the preparation of highly sensitive fluorescent chemosensors based on 2D PANI derivatives.
Characterization of irrigator emitter to be used as solid set canopy delivery system: which is best for which role in the vineyard?
Authors: Mozzanini Eric , Grella Marco , Marucco Paolo , Balsari Paolo , Gioelli Fabrizio 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe timely and flexible treatment of solid set canopy delivery systems (SSCDS) is expanding. Laboratory and field trials were conducted to evaluate the performance of three different irrigators (Pulsar™ system and nozzle combination), typically used in anti‐frost and irrigation in vineyards/apple orchards, for plant protection product (PPP) delivery in a Guyot‐trained trellised vineyard.ResultsResults showed that irrigator setups perform best when matched to the task—flat fan emitters for horizontal spray application (canopy top) and circular emitters for middle and low canopy application. A combination configuration of a double‐sided flat fan and circular emitter system was indicated as the best option for homogenous coverage and minimal ground losses.ConclusionThe tested emitters hold promise for SSCDS delivery of PPPs in vineyards. Further validation of the alternative use of this technology is warranted. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Effects of soil redistribution by tillage on subsequent transport of pesticide to subsurface drains
Authors: Summerton Lily , Greener Mark , Patterson David , Brown Colin D 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDTillage operations will change the distribution in soil for any pesticide residues still present from earlier applications. This redistributive effect of tillage has been neglected in the study of pesticide leaching behavior. This study reviews the literature to characterize this redistributive effect for different tillage operations and uses a pesticide leaching model to investigate the impact of redistribution on pesticide transport to subsurface drains which is a significant input route to surface water bodies.RESULTSInversion ploughing moves the majority of any residues of pesticide present at or near the soil surface into the bottom two‐thirds of the plough layer, whereas non‐inversion ploughing has only a limited redistributive effect. Incorporating this redistributive effect into model simulations resulted in large changes (typically 5–10‐fold difference) in both the maximum concentration and total mass of pesticide transported to drains over the winter following cultivation. More intense cultivation decreased subsequent leaching for relatively mobile compounds (Koc ≤1000 mL g−1), but increased it for strongly sorbed pesticides (Koc ≥2000 mL g−1).CONCLUSIONThe redistributive effect of soil tillage on pesticide residues can have a large effect on subsequent transport to subsurface drains. This effect has been neglected in the literature. Field research is required to validate the model simulations presented here, and consideration should be given as to whether the effect needs to be included within risk assessment procedures. © 2022 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Output‐feedback robust control of systems with uncertain dynamics via data‐driven policy learning
Authors: Zhao Jun , Lv Yongfeng 
Published: October 2022

AbstractIn this article, we develop two online learning techniques to address the output‐feedback robust control problem of systems with uncertain dynamics. For this purpose, an equivalence is first constructed between the robust control problem of the uncertain systems and the optimal control problem of the nominal systems. Then, an output algebraic Riccati equation (OARE) is constructed using its state‐feedback control counterpart, which can be adopted to realize the online learning. To obtain the online solution of the OARE, an online policy learning (PL) algorithm based on the state reconstruction (SR) is first presented, where the unknown system internal states can be reconstructed via using the input–output information. To further relax the requirement on the system internal states, a novel online PL method is designed, where only the system output information is required, thus the observer or SR is removed in this online PL algorithm. Simulations are provided to test the developed online learning methods.
Perceptions of the impact of the RCVS Certificate in Advanced Veterinary Practice on the careers of its graduates
Authors: Holdsworth Evan , Tulloch John S. P. , McGowan Catherine M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the perceived effect of the RCVS Certificate in Advanced Veterinary Practice (CertAVP) on its graduates, with respect to career advancement, professional practice and contentment with work in the veterinary industry.MethodsA cross‐sectional online survey of CertAVP graduates was performed, utilising descriptive analysis of Likert scales, logistic regression of demographic variable associations with key outcomes and free‐text analysis.ResultsThe majority (89%) of the 103 respondents felt that the CertAVP led to improvements in professional practice, 56% felt it had helped advance their career and 55% stated it had improved their contentment with work in the veterinary industry. The CertAVP was perceived to improve evidence‐based practice, clinical governance, intellectual satisfaction and encourage lifelong learning, but was not perceived to improve work–life balance.LimitationDue to potential response bias, this study may not represent the wider population.ConclusionDespite respondents reporting career advancement, this was only reflected in mentorship and managing more complex cases; respondents neither felt that the CertAVP resulted in promotion, a pay rise or new leadership roles, nor did it afford greater flexibility in their working schedule.
Women in limnology: From a historical perspective to a present‐day evaluation
Authors: Catalán Núria , Anton‐Pardo Maria , Freixa Anna , Rodríguez‐Lozano Pablo , Bartrons Mireia , Bernal Susana , Genua‐Olmedo Ana , Mendoza‐Lera Clara , Onandía Gabriela , Benito Xavier , Sánchez‐Montoya María Mar , Cañedo‐Argüelles Iglesias Miguel , Pastor Ada , Lupon Anna 
Published: October 2022

AbstractResearch in limnology is nurtured by the work of many fascinating and passionate women, who have contributed enormously to our understanding of inland waters. Female limnologists have promoted and established the bases of our knowledge about inland waters and fostered the need of protecting the values of those ecosystems. However, on numerous occasions, their contribution to the advancement of limnology has not been duly recognized. Here, we review the presence of women in limnology through the history of the discipline: from the pioneers who contributed to the origins to present day' developments. We aim at visibilizing those scientists and establish them as role models. We also analyze in a simple and illustrative way the current situation of women in limnology, the scientific barriers they must deal with, and their future prospects. Multiple aspects fostering the visibility of a scientist, such as their presence in conferences, awards, or representation in societal or editorial boards show a significant gap, with none of those aspects showing a similar visibility of women and men in limnology. This article raises awareness of the obstacles that women in limnology faced and still face, and encourages to embrace models of leadership, scientific management, and assessment of research performance far from those commonly established.This article is categorized under:
Science of Water > Methods
Water and Life > Methods
Countering the Narratives of Destruction: Textual Evidence and the Tradition of Heritage Preservation in Islam
Authors: Olaniyan Azeez , Bello Akeem O. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe relationship between Islam and cultural heritage preservation continually comes under scrutiny. This is because of vicious attacks on heritage and artefacts by groups laying claim to Islamic tenets and texts to justify their action. Thus, under this pretext, heritage sites and cultural actors and icons, are eliminated. Why is this so? What is the position of Islam on heritage preservation? How can the narratives of destruction be countered? This chapter interrogates these questions. It argues that the narratives of destruction derive from poor interpretations of the texts and traditions of Islam in respect of cultural heritage. Several monuments in the Islamic world also predate the establishment of Islam. The study brings out textual facts and traditions to counter the narratives of violent elements such as Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), Al-Qaida, Boko Haram, Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP) and Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM).
50 Years World Heritage Convention: Founding Idea(s) and Implementation – Reflections on Important Developments Over Time
Authors: Ringbeck Birgitta 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe World Heritage Convention has the highest ratification rate in the world. Not only quantitatively, but also conceptually and politically, the World Heritage programme can be regarded as a great success. Based on the principle of equality of all cultures and societies, it combines the protection of the world’s cultural and natural heritage; regardless of state borders, the preservation of these unique properties should be secured by international cooperation and assistance. This programme is not static, but rather evolves with what we continually redefine as heritage from different technical and political perspectives. Even if the members of the World Heritage Committee do not always advocate for the conservation principles of the Convention, the annual Committee meeting has become the heritage forum for the global community and has proven to be a viable platform for the safeguarding of heritage.
Historic Gardens as a Cultural Task: Climate Adaptation Strategies and Understanding of Nature
Authors: Rohde Michael 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe cultivation and preservation of gardens, parks and cultural landscapes as fine art have been expressions of culture for millennia and are becoming essential tasks of cultural property protection in times of climate change. This is because the visible effects of climate change are increasingly threatening the historical aesthetics and current uses of historic gardens. Strategies for climate adaptation require not only thorough and networked experiential knowledge in the field of conservation and restoration sciences but also specific and interdisciplinary research expertise. Gardens as cultural assets must become scientific model laboratories to understand cultivation and conservation as essential cultural tasks of our societies. These challenges must lead to a new understanding of nature that initiates and perpetuates a responsible, humane sense of life through the gardens.
The Highest Mountain in the Shadow of Climate Change: Managing Tourism and Conservation in a World Heritage Site: Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal
Authors: Bhatta Sushma , Boustead Robin , Luger Kurt 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe unique diversity of the world’s highest flora and fauna is a sacred landscape for the resident Sherpa communities, but climate change has been casting a threatening shadow over World Heritage Sagarmatha (Mt Everest) National Park (SNP) for years, causing rapid and pronounced impacts. Tourism is a key driver to the local economy but is exacerbating the impacts of climate change. Through extensive community and individual surveys in major villages, combined with a wealth of data from other studies, we focus on how the impacts of climate change and tourism development can be countered by measures at the local level. We identified two sources of conflict that need to be addressed: (1) conflict between tourism businesses and park management and (2) a lack of awareness of the need for an overarching conservation strategy among residents and stakeholders. To solve these issues, site management needs considerable enforcement and support from the State Party.
Technological Change – Risk or Opportunity for UNESCO World Heritage?
Authors: Siegmund Alexander , Prodan Anca Claudia 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides reflections on the consequences of technological change in relation to World Heritage properties. While technological change is a core means of human adaptation and survival, it becomes a risk if the pace is too fast. This has increasingly affected societies worldwide since the industrial revolution, resulting in many negative consequences for people and the environment. Technological change is also associated with positive developments, such as those brought about by digital technology. Insights into both risks and opportunities are given in this chapter, and they are illustrated with examples, such as mining and digital geomedia. Technological change appears as a double-edged sword, but there is currently no methodology for assessing its consequences for World Heritage properties. Therefore, the chapter turns to lessons learnt from the Historic Urban Landscape approach, the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme, and from impact assessment methods. While these provide useful inspiration and a basis for further reflection, the chapter concludes by emphasizing the necessity of a methodology for assessing the impacts of technological change on World Heritage properties against the background of the Sustainable Development Goals.
Geoheritage to Support Heritage Authorities: Research Case Studies on Maya Archaeological Sites
Authors: Hernández Mario , De Maeyer Philippe , Zwartjes Luc , Castillo Antonio Benavides 
Published: October 2022

AbstractSince the adoption of the World Heritage Convention (1972), modern technologies have significantly changed the way our society behaves and operates, with an increased demand for energy, fast and reliable communications, etc. Some modern technologies might contribute to negative impacts on heritage sites, e.g. through climate change and/or excessive tourism; however, modern digital technologies can also be extremely beneficial for heritage activities. In this paper, we focus on how modern digital geo-science and geo-technology can support heritage authorities’ daily work. We introduce herein the concept of digital Geoheritage, which can help heritage authorities to discover and understand the enormous benefits that geomatics can provide for their daily heritage activities. This research case, implemented through an interdisciplinary scientific approach, originally aimed to support the preservation, restoration and management of a cultural heritage site; however, it was later expanded to also support archaeological research, stability risk assessment, planning, design, education, dissemination and promotion. The use of digital geo-sciences for the benefit of the local Maya communities living around a heritage site is also illustrated. Our objective, within the current book, was to present a paper that is oriented toward heritage authorities, and, therefore, technical language has been avoided.
The Commodification of World Heritage: A Marxist Introduction
Authors: Schmitt Thomas M. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe commodification of World Heritage potentially takes place in various contexts or “markets”, such as tourism markets, media markets, but also in the sessions of the World Heritage Committee as an inscription market. Loosely following Marxian categories, but based on a broader range of scholars, for example, from philosophical anthropology, several problem areas in the commodification of World Heritage can be distinguished: first, exploitation (e.g. of a World Heritage title, heritage values or of the environment of a site), second, alienation (of residents and visitors towards a site, or between residents of a site and its visitors) and, third, a possible “fetishism” around the title. The article offers a systematic conceptual approach for the analysis of commodification phenomena related to heritage and especially the World Heritage system.
UNESCO’s World Heritage Convention and Global Governance
Authors: Bernecker Roland , Franceschini Nicole 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe World Heritage Convention is increasingly exposed to criticism mainly due to its “infection by politics”. The transforming dynamics of the World Heritage system reflect broader transformations in global governance. As an international organization, UNESCO does not escape the continuous weakening of multilateralism. States parties to the 1972 convention are getting used to dealing with it mainly as a proxy for power and international conflict (Meskell). The global narrative of World Heritage is slowly being corrupted. The authors argue that in order to understand developments in the World Heritage system we need to acquire a broader perception of the transformations in international relations, and to make the best use of the still emerging concept of global governance.
Shared Responsibility – A Guiding Principle of the World Heritage Convention – Perception – Implementation – Future
Authors: Albert Marie-Theres 
Published: October 2022

AbstractResponsibility is a central category required for the protection of human heritage. But what does responsibility mean for the protection of our heritage today? Who was and is responsible for which form of responsibility, and how is it communicated? These central questions are derived from the theoretical basis of Hans Jonas’ approach to our ethical responsibility for the consequences of technological development and Max Weber’s approach to our political responsibility, which arises from the role of the state as a legitimised system of rule. Last but not least, reference is made to Hannah Arendt, who argues for individual human responsibility based on human morality. For the learning of responsibility and its implementation, reference is made to education on the basis of international conventions.
World Heritage and Reconciliation
Authors: Ringbeck Birgitta 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThe series of World Heritage sites that have been attacked demonstrates that the reconstruction of cultural properties after conflicts and crises is more than the rebuilding and restoration of material and substance; ideally, it is a recovery process regaining social cohesion and cultural identity, which leads to reconciliation in post-trauma societies. If this succeeds, reconstruction is a value and an attribute for authenticity. Thus, the World Heritage program contributes to the constitutional mandate of UNESCO and to reconciliation and peace as a central mission.
Coloniality, Natural World Heritage and Indigenous Peoples: A Critical Analysis of World Heritage Cultural Governance
Authors: Fogarty Irene 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis essay analyses synergies and antagonisms of World Heritage cultural governance in respect of Indigenous peoples’ participation and rights. In tandem with recognition of nature-culture interlinkages, the World Heritage Committee has demonstrated a growing concern with rights-based approaches, moving Indigenous peoples’ rights to a more normative position in the Convention’s implementation. However, the Convention follows a Statist approach and adheres to a Eurocentric conceptualisation of nature, reproduced through World Heritage cultural governance. These issues can result in power asymmetries, coloniality of knowledge and the relegation of Indigenous peoples’ worldviews and rights.
Towards Socio-material Research Approaches in Language Education
Authors: Ennser-Kananen Johanna , Saarinen Taina 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis chapter outlines the socio-material framing of the book that it opens. We situate this volume materially not only in the discipline of applied linguistics and language education, but also in the long tradition of applied language studies at the University of Jyväskylä in Finland and the community there. In doing so, the book builds on the authors’ roots in social constructionist thought and explicates why an orientation towards new materialism may be useful for a consideration of equity issues in language education. Socio-materialism fosters a critical, transformative perspective and encourages an ontological ethical grounding of research, thus providing a starting point for research that implicates (but yet decenters) the role of the researchers. Having conducted the work presented in this book in a community of applied linguists has also made us aware of the material role of the community and its scholars in the process; not just as a vessel of knowledge, but as a part of an assemblage.