bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OsBSK2, a putative brassinosteroid-signalling kinase, positively controls grain size in rice
Authors: Yuan Hua , Xu Zhengyan , Chen Weilan , Deng Chaoyang , Liu Yi , Yuan Min , Gao Peng , Shi Hui , Tu Bin , Li Ting , Kang Liangzhu , Ma Bingtian , Wang Yuping , Wang Jing , Chen Xuewei , Li Shigui , Qin Peng 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Grain size is an important trait that directly affects grain yield in rice; however, the genetic and molecular mechanisms regulating grain size remain unclear. In this study, we identified a mutant, grain length and grain weight 10 (glw10), which exhibited significantly reduced grain length and grain weight. Histological analysis demonstrated that GLW10 affects cell expansion, which regulates grain size. MutMap-based gene mapping and transgenic experiments demonstrated that GLW10 encodes a putative brassinosteroid (BR) signalling kinase, OsBSK2. OsBSK2 is a plasma membrane protein, and an N-myristoylation site is needed for both membrane localization and function. OsBSK2 directly interacts with the BR receptor kinase OsBRI1; however, genetic experiments have demonstrated that OsBSK2 may regulate grain size independent of the BR signalling pathway. OsBSK2 can form a homodimer or heterodimer with OsBSK3 and OsBSK4, and silencing OsBSK2, OsBSK3, and OsBSK4 reduce grain size. This indicates that OsBSKs seem to function as homodimers or heterodimers to positively regulate grain size in rice. OsBSK2/3/4 are all highly expressed in young panicles and spikelet hulls, suggesting that they control grain size. In summary, our results provide novel insights into the function of BSKs in rice, and identify novel targets for improving grain size during crop breeding.
In vitro functional characterization predicts the impact of bacterial root endophytes on plant growth
Authors: Tran Tri , French Elizabeth , Iyer-Pascuzzi Anjali S 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Utilizing beneficial microbes for crop improvement is one strategy to achieve sustainable agriculture. However, identifying microbial isolates that promote crop growth is challenging, in part because using bacterial taxonomy to predict an isolate’s effect on plant growth may not be reliable. The overall aim of this work was to determine whether in vitro functional traits of bacteria were predictive of their in planta impact. We isolated 183 bacterial endophytes from field-grown roots of two tomato species, Solanum lycopersicum and S. pimpinellifolium. Sixty isolates were screened for six in vitro functional traits: auxin production, siderophore production, phosphate solubilization, antagonism to a soilborne pathogen, and the presence of two antimicrobial metabolite synthesis genes. Hierarchical clustering of the isolates based on the in vitro functional traits identified several groups of isolates sharing similar traits. We called these groups ‘functional groups’. To understand how in vitro functional traits of bacteria relate to their impact on plants, we inoculated three isolates from each of the functional groups on tomato seedlings. Isolates within the same functional group promoted plant growth at similar levels, regardless of their host origin or taxonomy. Together, our results demonstrate the importance of examining root endophyte functions for improving crop production.
Ascertaining the Readiness of Military Orthopedic Surgeons: A Revision to the Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities Methodology
Authors: Osborn Patrick M , Tansey Kimberly A 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Decay of military surgeons’ critical wartime skills is a persistent and growing concern among leaders in the military health system (MHS). The Knowledge, Skills and Abilities (KSA) Clinical Readiness Program was developed to quantify the readiness of clinicians in the MHS; however, the utility of the data is questionable due to a lack of focus on the operative expeditionary skillset in the original methodology. A revised methodology emphasizing the most relevant to expeditionary orthopedic surgery procedures is described.

Materials and Methods
All Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes included in the original KSA methodology were reviewed and, if appropriate, removed, or reassigned to more suitable categories. Category scores were weighted to better align with the most performed procedures in the deployed environment. All surgical cases and procedures performed from 2017-2019 in military treatment facilities by orthopedic surgeons were recorded in total and by MHS market. Cases were recorded for all military orthopedic surgeons who performed at least one KSA credit procedure during the study period. The 10 MHS markets with the greatest number of procedures were included in the analysis. The change in creditable KSA procedure codes and procedures performed from the original to revised methodology was determined for each KSA category and MHS market.

Results
Overall, 403 CPT codes were recategorized and 79 were deleted from the original KSA methodology. The deletions represented less than 4% of the original creditable CPT codes, with most being supply or injection codes. Three of the five most common expeditionary KSA categories increased in the number of creditable procedure codes. The impact of the revision on the MHS markets was mixed, but the overall volume of credited procedures decreased. The weighted scoring did not disproportionately affect the analyzed markets.

Conclusions
The revised methodology is better aligned with the most common procedures in the most recent large-scale military engagements. The improved applicability of the KSA scoring to necessary CWS will allow military medical leaders to better determine the readiness opportunities available in the MHS.
Transitioning from Stage-III to Stage-IV: cosmology from galaxy×CMB lensing and shear×CMB lensing
Authors: Zhang Zhuoqi (Jackie) , Chang Chihway , Larsen Patricia , Secco Lucas F , Zuntz Joe ,   The LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
We examine the cosmological constraining power from two cross-correlation probes between galaxy and cosmic microwave background (CMB) surveys: the cross-correlation of lens galaxy density with CMB lensing convergence 〈δgκCMB〉, and source galaxy weak lensing shear with CMB lensing convergence 〈γκCMB〉. These two cross-correlation probes provide an independent cross-check of other large-scale structure constraints and are insensitive to galaxy-only or CMB-only systematic effects. In addition, when combined with other large-scale structure probes, the cross-correlations can break degeneracies in cosmological and nuisance parameters, improving both the precision and robustness of the analysis. In this work, we study how the constraining power of 〈δgκCMB〉 + 〈γκCMB〉 changes from Stage-III (ongoing) to Stage-IV (future) surveys. Given the flexibility in selecting the lens galaxy sample, we also explore systematically the impact on cosmological constraints when we vary the redshift range and magnitude limit of the lens galaxies using mock galaxy catalogs. We find that in our setup, the contribution to cosmological constraints from 〈δgκCMB〉 and 〈γκCMB〉 are comparable in the Stage-III data sets; but in Stage-IV surveys, the noise in 〈δgκCMB〉 becomes subdominant to cosmic variance, preventing 〈δgκCMB〉 to further improve the constraints. This implies that to maximize the cosmological constraints from future 〈δgκCMB〉 + 〈γκCMB〉 analyses, we should focus more on the requirements on 〈γκCMB〉 instead of 〈δgκCMB〉. Furthermore, the selection of the lens sample should be optimized in terms of our ability to characterize its redshift or galaxy bias instead of its number density.
Forecasts for WEAVE-QSO: 3D clustering and connectivity of critical points with Lyman-α tomography
Authors: Kraljic K , Laigle C , Pichon C , Peirani S , Codis S , Shim J , Cadiou C , Pogosyan D , Arnouts S , Pieri M , Iršič V , Morrison S S , Oñorbe J , Pérez-Ràfols I , Dalton G 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
The upcoming WEAVE-QSO survey will target a high density of quasars over a large area, enabling the reconstruction of the 3D density field through Lyman-α (Ly-α) tomography over unprecedented volumes smoothed on intermediate cosmological scales (≈ 16 Mpc h−1). We produce mocks of the Ly-α forest using Ly-α Mass Association Scheme, and reconstruct the 3D density field between sightlines through Wiener filtering in a configuration compatible with the future WEAVE-QSO observations. The fidelity of the reconstruction is assessed by measuring one- and two-point statistics from the distribution of critical points in the cosmic web. In addition, initial Lagrangian statistics are predicted from the first principles, and measurements of the connectivity of the cosmic web are performed. The reconstruction captures well the expected features in the auto- and cross-correlations of the critical points. This remains true after a realistic noise is added to the synthetic spectra, even though sparsity of sightlines introduces systematics, especially in the cross-correlations of points with mixed signature. Specifically, the most striking clustering features involving filaments and walls could be measured with up to 4σ of significance with a WEAVE-QSO-like survey. Moreover, the connectivity of each peak identified in the reconstructed field is globally consistent with its counterpart in the original field, indicating that the reconstruction preserves the geometry of the density field not only statistically, but also locally. Hence, the critical points’ relative positions within the tomographic reconstruction could be used as standard rulers for dark energy by WEAVE-QSO and similar surveys.
Durability analysis of the highly effective mRNA-1273 vaccine against COVID-19
Authors: Puranik Arjun , Lenehan Patrick J , O'Horo John C , Pawlowski Colin , Virk Abinash , Swift Melanie D , Kremers Walter , Venkatakrishnan A J , Challener Doug W , Breeher Laura , Gordon Joel E , Geyer Holly L , Speicher Leigh Lewis , Soundararajan Venky , Badley Andrew D 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines are effective, but breakthrough infections have been increasingly reported. We conducted a test-negative case-control study to assess the durability of protection against symptomatic infection after vaccination with mRNA-1273. We fit conditional logistic regression (CLR) models stratified on residential county and calendar date of SARS-CoV-2 PCR testing to assess the association between the time elapsed since vaccination and the odds of symptomatic infection, adjusted for several covariates. There were 2,364 symptomatic individuals who had a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test after full vaccination with mRNA-1273 (“cases”) and 12,949 symptomatic individuals who contributed 15,087 negative tests after full vaccination (“controls”). The odds of symptomatic infection were significantly higher 250 days after full vaccination compared to the date of full vaccination (Odds Ratio [OR]: 2.47, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19–5.13). The odds of non-COVID-19 associated hospitalization and non-COVID-19 pneumonia (negative control outcomes) remained relatively stable over the same time interval (Day 250 ORNon-COVID Hospitalization: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.47–1.0; Day 250 ORNon-COVID Pneumonia: 1.11, 95% CI: 0.24–5.2). The odds of symptomatic infection remained significantly lower almost 300 days after the first mRNA-1273 dose as compared to 4 days after the first dose, when immune protection approximates the unvaccinated state (OR: 0.26, 95% CI: 0.17–0.39). Low rates of COVID-19 associated hospitalization or death in this cohort precluded analyses of these severe outcomes. In summary, mRNA-1273 robustly protected against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection at least 8 months after full vaccination, but the degree of protection waned over this time period.
Traditional protocols and optimization methods lead to absent expression in a mycoplasma cell-free gene expression platform
Authors: Sakai Andrei , Deich Christopher R , Nelissen Frank H T , Jonker Aafke J , Bittencourt Daniela M de C , Kempes Christopher P , Wise Kim S , Heus Hans A , Huck Wilhelm T S , Adamala Katarzyna P , Glass John I 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Cell-free expression (CFE) systems are one of the main platforms for building synthetic cells. A major drawback is the orthogonality of cell-free systems across species. To generate a CFE system compatible with recently established minimal cell constructs, we attempted to optimize a Mycoplasma bacterium-based CFE system using lysates of the genome-minimized cell JCVI-syn3A (Syn3A) and its close phylogenetic relative Mycoplasma capricolum (Mcap). To produce mycoplasma-derived crude lysates, we systematically tested methods commonly used for bacteria, based on the S30 protocol of Escherichia coli. Unexpectedly, after numerous attempts to optimize lysate production methods or composition of feeding buffer, none of the Mcap or Syn3A lysates supported cell-free gene expression. Only modest levels of in vitro transcription of RNA aptamers were observed. While our experimental systems were intended to perform transcription and translation, our assays focused on RNA. Further investigations identified persistently high ribonuclease (RNase) activity in all lysates, despite removal of recognizable nucleases from the respective genomes and attempts to inhibit nuclease activities in assorted CFE preparations. An alternative method using digitonin to permeabilize the mycoplasma cell membrane produced a lysate with diminished RNase activity yet still was unable to support cell-free gene expression. We found that intact mycoplasma cells poisoned E. coli cell-free extracts by degrading ribosomal RNAs, indicating that the mycoplasma cells, even the minimal cell, have a surface-associated RNase activity. However, it is not clear which gene encodes the RNase. This work summarizes attempts to produce mycoplasma-based CFE and serves as a cautionary tale for researchers entering this field.
Graphical Abstract
Effects of standardized ileal digestible lysine on growth performance and economic return in duroc-sired finishing pigs
Authors: Becker Larissa L , Scholtz Emily E , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , De Jong Jon A , Wu Fangzhou , Berg Kiah M , Ward Joe P , Neill Casey R , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn the United States, emphasis has shifted toward improved pork quality and has resulted in greater use of Duroc-based terminal sires. Duroc sires have differences in ADG, ADFI, G:F, and carcass leanness compared to other sires. Therefore, our objective was to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys estimates for Duroc-based sired finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 2,124 pigs (DNA 600 ×PIC 1050, initially 48.9 kg) were used with 24–27 pigs per pen and 16 pens per treatment. Corn-soybean meal-based diets were fed in three phases (49–59, 59–71, and 71–81 kg). Pens were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments based as a percentage of PIC (2016) SID Lys estimates for gilts (85%, 95%, 103%, 110%, and 120%). Phase 1 diets were formulated to 0.90%, 1.01%, 1.09%, 1.17%, and 1.27%, phase 2 to 0.79%, 0.87%, 0.94%, 1.03%, and 1.10%, and phase 3 to 0.71%, 0.78%, 0.85%, 0.92%, and 0.99% SID Lys. Increasing SID Lys increased (linear, P &lt; 0.001) ADG and Lys intake/kg of gain. A marginally significant improvement (quadratic, P = 0.071) in G:F was observed as SID Lys increased. Feed cost, feed cost/kg of gain, revenue (linear, P &lt; 0.01) and income over feed cost (IOFC) increased (quadratic, P = 0.045) with increasing SID Lys. In Exp. 2, 2,099 pigs (DNA 600 ×PIC 1050, initially 90.1 kg) were used with 24–27 pigs per pen and 20 pens per treatment. Corn-soybean meal-based diets were fed in 2 phases (90–106 and 106–136 kg). Pens were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 treatments based as a percentage of PIC (2016) SID Lys estimates for gilts (85%, 93%, 100%, and 110%). Phase 1 diets were formulated to 0.65%, 0.71%, 0.77%, and 0.84% and phase 2 to 0.60%, 0.66%, 0.71%, and 0.78% SID Lys. Overall, increasing SID Lys increased (linear, P &lt; 0.05) G:F, Lys intake/kg of gain, live weight and HCW, and increased (quadratic, P = 0.020) ADG. Feed cost (linear, P &lt; 0.01), revenue, and IOFC increased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.053) with increasing SID Lys. In conclusion, the SID Lys estimate for growth and IOFC was 1.19% or 4.63 g SID Lys/Mcal of NE, 1.05% or 4.04 g SID Lys/Mcal of NE, and 0.94% or 3.58 g SID Lys/Mcal of NE for pigs weighing 49–59 kg, 59–71 kg, and 71–81 kg, respectively. The SID Lys estimate for late finishing pigs was 0.74%–0.81% or 2.85–3.10 g SID Lys/Mcal of NE, and 0.69%–0.75% or 2.61–2.84 g SID Lys/Mcal of NE, for 90–106 kg and 106–136 kg pigs, respectively. These data provide SID Lys estimates for current Duroc-sired genetic lines raised in a commercial environment.
Analyzing the structure of tourism destination network based on digital footprints: taking Guilin, China as a case
Authors: Yu Caihua , Lian Tonghui , Geng Hongbao , Li Sixin 
Published: May 2022

PurposeThis paper gathers tourism digital footprint from online travel platforms, choosing social network analysis method to learn the structure of destination networks and to probe into the features of tourist flow network structure and flow characteristics in Guilin of China.Design/methodology/approachThe digital footprint of tourists can be applied to study the behaviors and laws of digital footprint. This research contributes to improving the understanding of demand-driven network relationships among tourist attractions in a destination.Findings(1) Yulong River, Yangshuo West Street, Longji Terraced Fields, Silver Rock and Four Lakes are the divergent and agglomerative centers of tourist flow, which are the top tourist attractions for transiting tourists. (2) The core-periphery structure of the network is clearly stratified. More specifically, the core nodes in the network are prominent and the core area of the network has weak interaction with the peripheral area. (3) There are eight cohesive subgroups in the network structure, which contains certain differences in the radiation effects.Originality/valueThis research aims at exploring the spatial network structure characteristics of tourism flows in Guilin by analyzing the online footprints of tourists. It takes a good try to analyze the application of network footprint with the research of tourism flow characteristics, and also provides a theoretical reference for the design of tourist routes and the cooperative marketing among various attractions.
Stakeholder data analysis in the video gaming industry: implications for regional development
Authors: Belyaeva Zhanna , Petrosyan Anait , Shams S.M. Riad 
Published: May 2022

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate the video game ecosystem development in the context of socioeconomic and technological progress while analyzing the role of stakeholders in the video game industry for regional markets' growth.Design/methodology/approachThe paper exploits technological and socioeconomic data in 25 countries grouped into the regions, as a methodological approach that allows identifying and evaluating the determinants of the video game industry's ecosystem development. The authors applied econometric modeling to understand technological, economic and social determinants forming video gaming industry growth in regional markets.FindingsDifferent types of stakeholders are involved in the video game industry performing particular functions. Using econometric modeling for advanced and developing economies countries, we have found that different stakeholder groups and their engagement dynamics in the video gaming industry directly depend on socioeconomic and technological effects in certain regions of the world.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the knowledge within forming creative clusters around video gaming industry in developed and developing economies countries. The findings bridge the gap between quantitative and qualitative research in stakeholder-related characteristics, and key factors affecting the development of the video gaming market. The analyzed database of industry revenues within specific global regions shed the light on the future functionality of the ecosystem development in the new normal world.
Assessing the role of creativity and motivation to measure entrepreneurial education and entrepreneurial intention
Authors: Paliwal Minakshi , Rajak Binod Kumar , Kumar Vimal , Singh Sumanjeet 
Published: May 2022

PurposeThe study aims to investigate the association between Entrepreneurial Education (EE) and Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) and the multiple mediation model of Creativity and Entrepreneurial Motivation (EM).Design/methodology/approachThe study employed a sample of 300 students who have studied entrepreneurial development courses (short-term and vocational courses) from higher educational institutes located in four States of Northern India. The data were analyzed by employing the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique.FindingsThe investigation revealed that EE has a significant association with EM and EI but not with creativity. It is also seen that EM facilitates the affiliation between EE and EI, but creativity does not.Practical implicationsThe investigation results help the Institution, Policymakers, Government, to include entrepreneurial activities in their programs.Originality/valueEE primary objective is to develop skills and knowledge that can propel them into a journey of EI and entrepreneurship. Although EE and EI have studied at large, there is hardly any study that talks about motivation, creativity and practicality in their program.
Assessing the role of international transmission channels of sovereign risk: a multidimensional spatial econometrics approach
Authors: Liu Peipei , Huang Wei-Qiang 
Published: May 2022

PurposeThis study is the first that aims to investigate international transmission channels of sovereign risk among G20 and explore its influential factors by applying the multidimensional SAR model.Design/methodology/approachMultiple spatial weight matrices can capture the contiguity of spatial units from various dimensions, which could be exploited to improve the precision of inference as well as prediction accuracy. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to investigate international transmission channels of sovereign risk among G20 and explore its influential factors by applying the multidimensional SAR model.FindingsWith network structure analysis, this study finds that they contain different information content from the perspective of graphical display, node strength and correlation. Developed and emerging countries all play major roles in trade connection, while only developed countries play major roles in financial linkage. Second, by applying the multidimensional SAR model, only the spatial autocorrelation coefficients for trade and financial linkages are significant during the full sample period, which is in sharp contrast to published studies using the SAR model with a single matrix. Third, the spillover channels that play major roles in various periods are different. Only trade channel plays a role during crisis periods and it is the most important. Fourth, the spatial correlation among countries greatly amplifies the shock’s impacts on one market. And spatial effect for developed countries is larger than those for emerging countries, while the mean spatial effect of a unit shock in the USA on emerging countries is slightly greater than that on developed countries.Originality/valueMultiple spatial weight matrices can capture the contiguity of spatial units from various dimensions, which could be exploited to improve the precision of inference as well as prediction accuracy. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to investigate international transmission channels of sovereign risk among G20 and explore its influential factors by applying the multidimensional SAR model.