bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinct glycoconjugate cell surface structures make the pelagic diatom Thalassiosira rotula an attractive habitat for bacteria
Authors: Tran Quoc Den , Neu Thomas R. , Sultana Sabiha , Giebel Helge‐A. , Simon Meinhard , Billerbeck Sara 
Published: December 2022

AbstractInteractions between marine diatoms and bacteria have been studied for decades. However, the visualization of physical interactions between these diatoms and their colonizers is still limited. To enhance our understanding of these specific interactions, a new Thalassiosira rotula isolate from the North Sea (strain 8673) was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) after staining with fluorescently labeled lectins targeting specific glycoconjugates. To investigate defined interactions of this strain with bacteria the new strain was made axenic and co‐cultivated with a natural bacterial community and in two‐ or three‐partner consortia with different bacteria of the Roseobacter group, Gammaproteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. The CLSM analysis of the consortia identified six out of 78 different lectins as very suitable to characterize glycoconjugates of T. rotula. The resulting images show that fucose‐containing threads were the dominant glycoconjugates secreted by the T. rotula cells but chitin and to a lesser extent other glycoconjugates were also identified. Bacteria attached predominantly to the fucose glycoconjugates. The colonizing bacteria showed various attachment patterns such as adhering to the diatom threads in aggregates only or attaching to both the surfaces and the threads of the diatom. Interestingly the colonization patterns of single bacteria differed strikingly from those of bacterial co‐cultures, indicating that interactions between two bacterial species impacted the colonization of the diatom. Our observations help to better understand physical interactions and specific colonization patterns of distinct bacterial mono‐ and co‐cultures with an abundant diatom of costal seas.
Jet Mixing of Two Liquids
Authors: Folsom R. G. , Ferguson C. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The problem of mixing or blending in a tank of two or more liquids of low viscosity and the same density has been investigated in terms of available information on turbulent fluid jets discharging into a very large volume. Under the assumption that all fluid inducted into the jet is mixed completely, the effectiveness of any arrangement has been expressed in terms of a performance parameter which is defined as the gallons per minute of fluid inducted per horsepower supplied. The calculated results for a large gasoline-blending tank demonstrate the superiority of performance of the propeller-type mixer over typical jets produced with transfer-pump and pipe-line equipment. The economics of the installation and operation of equipment were not included.
Mechanics of Formation of the Discontinuous Chip in Metal Cutting
Authors: Field Michael , Merchant M. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The geometry, mechanics of formation, and plasticity conditions for the “continuous” type of chip have been analyzed in detail as a result of previous research. The present paper formulates a similar analysis of the “discontinuous” type of chip. In this type of chip formation, segments are formed by rupture which occurs intermittently on the shear plane as the cutting tool progresses. As the tool advances into the cut immediately following rupture of a segment, the metal is first deformed plastically and the angle of shear is large. Rupture is prevented during this stage by the fact that the compressive stress on the shear plane is high enough to permit the metal to undergo considerable shearing strain without fracture. As the tool progresses, the shear angle falls until the compressive stress becomes sufficiently low (or the shearing strain becomes sufficiently high) to permit fracture. The cycle then repeats.
Cyclic Heating Test of Main Steam Piping Joints Between Ferritic and Austenitic Steels—Sewaren Generating Station
Authors: Weisberg H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A cyclic heating test of several full-size heavy-wall pipe joints between austenitic and ferritic steels is described. It is concluded that sound welded joints can be made between these dissimilar materials and that such joints will withstand the effects of temperature changes which may be expected to occur in modern power-plant service.
Heat Transfer to Liquid Metals Flowing in Asymmetrically Heated Channels
Authors: Harrison W. B. , Menke J. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper is a brief extension utilizing basic ideas presented in an earlier paper by R. C. Martinelli (1). Heat transfer to a fluid in turbulent flow between two plane parallel walls is discussed for the case of an asymmetrically heated system in which the entire heat flux is transferred at one of the walls and no heat passes through the other. An annulus for which the ratio of diameters approaches unity may approximate this case in the limit. A few remarks are made regarding experiments which might yield information on the variation of eddy diffusivity near the center line of a channel, and a method is presented for predicting heat-transfer coefficients for asymmetrical heat-transfer systems. Since the same assumptions used by Martinelli are applied in this paper, and since the treatment is similar, this work is considered as an extension only, and it is expected that the reader should have a working knowledge of Martinelli’s paper in order to follow the ideas presented here.
A Ventilated Thermal-Insulation Structure for High-Temperature Marine Power Plants
Authors: London A. L. , Garbett C. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper presents a method of design for a ventilated thermal-insulation structure suitable for high-temperature marine power plants. Such a structure is of substantially smaller thickness than the conventional type when designed for the same heat leak to the machinery space. This reduction, however, is obtained at the expense of increased heat leak from the thermodynamic working substance. Nevertheless, the cost in terms of plant fuel consumption may not be excessive. The ventilating air, which carries away the greater portion of the energy, is shown to have moderate requirements of flow rate, number of ducts, and blower power. The conclusions of the analysis are supported by some preliminary test results.
External Corrosion of Furnace-Wall Tubes—III Further Data on Sulphate Deposits and the Significance of Iron Sulphide Deposits
Authors: Corey R. C. , Grabowski H. A. , Cross B. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Extended studies of the mechanism of external corrosion of furnace-wall tubes of high-capacity slag-tap furnaces, which were begun in 1942 by the Bureau of Mines in co-operation with the Combustion Engineering Company, have shown that liquid alkali-metal pyrosulphates can be formed under operating conditions from deposits of alkali-metal sulphates on the tubes. The rate of attack will be considerably higher than when the alkali-metal sulphates, or “enamel” deposits, do not form a liquid phase, which was described in a previous paper of this series. The phase boundaries for three compositions of alkali-metal sulphates in the system M2SO4–SO3 have been established. The conditions for the thermal decomposition of coal ash, leading to the formation of the SO3 necessary for the corrosion process, have been determined. Alkali-metal sulphate deposits on furnace tubes are believed to result from volatilization of alkalies in the coal, which condense as corresponding oxides on the tubes and then convert to sulphates by reaction with SO3 in the furnace atmosphere. Furnace-wall-tube attack, associated with deposits consisting mainly of FeS, is believed to be related to the deposition of pyrites on the tubes. The pyrites, originating from coarse coal, or coal that is poorly distributed in the burners, with respect to size, adheres to previously formed deposits of alkali-metal sulphates, oxidizes relatively slowly to FeS and Fe3O4, and thereby produces sufficient SO3 to react with the alkali-metal sulphates and the oxide on the metal. The net effect is to cause corrosion by the same processes that have been ascribed to corrosion by the alkali-metal-sulphate type of deposit. The relationship between the results obtained in the laboratory, and observations of furnaces before and after preventive measures have been applied, is described.
Airplane Quieting II—Specification of Acceptable Noise Levels
Authors: Beranek L. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A procedure for determining the effect of aircraft noise on the ability of passengers to converse during flight is presented. Account is taken of the distance apart of the talker and listener, of the voice intensity (i.e. loud talking, shouting, etc.), and of the character of the noise in the cabin. Experimental data are given to confirm the validity of the method. A “speech-interference level” is defined as the arithmetic average of the levels in the three octave bands between 600 and 4800 cycles per sec. Maximum values of speech-interference levels for which satisfactory speech intelligibility is obtained are given.
IV—Vapor Pressure, Specific Volume, p-v-T Data for H2, N2, O2, CO, CO2, Air, He, A, Hg
Authors: Gratch Serge 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Accurate p-v-T data are available for the pure gases H2, N2, He, and A, from very low temperatures to about 400 C; for O2 from −152 to 100 C; for CO from −70 to 200 C; for CO2 from 0 to 150 C; for air from −145 to 200 C. For Hg, p-v-T data are practically nonexistent. With the exception of the systems N2-H2 and N2-CH4, p-v-T data for mixtures of the gases here considered are quite incomplete and certainly inadequate for accurate practical applications. Adequate vapor-pressure data are available for all the pure gases here considered, but not for their mixtures. The theory of gas properties has been developed sufficiently to be useful for formulation and reasonable extrapolation of existing data; however, present theory is inadequate for reliable a priori calculation of gas properties, except for the simplest molecules.
VII—A Summary of Experimental Determinations of Joule-Thomson Effects in Gases
Authors: Johnston H. L. , White David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A record is given of work on temperature effects which accompany the free expansion of gases from the classic experiments of Joule and Thomson in 1852-1862, down to present time. For purposes of summarizing present knowledge of Joule-Thomson data, more detailed information, which has been published since 1920, is included. Reliable methods are now available for the derivation of data of this character, which are of practical value in the thermodynamic treatment of gases under pressure. These are described briefly.
Condensation on Six Finned Tubes in a Vertical Row
Authors: Katz D. L. , Geist J. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Condensing heat-transfer coefficients for Freon-12, n-butane, acetone, and water were obtained for six horizontal finned tubes in a vertical row. The over-all heat-transfer coefficients were measured for each tube at a series of water velocities and were plotted by the method of Wilson to obtain the condensing coefficients. The differences between experimental and predicted coefficients for the top tube were less than 14 per cent, and the average condensing coefficient for the six tubes was less than 10 per cent below that for the top tube. The finned surface was entirely effective for condensation even for organic liquids having a tendency to be retained by the fins under static conditions.
Limitations and Mathematical Basis for Predicting Aircraft Icing Characteristics From Scale-Model Studies
Authors: Tribus Myron , Young G. B. W. , Boelter L. M. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The equations governing the motions of a water droplet impinging on an aerodynamic shape are discussed in detail and lead to two dimensionless moduli, one the Reynolds modulus of the droplet and the other a scale modulus. The data of Langmuir and Blodgett are shown replotted according to these parameters. The application of these equations to the problem of model studies atop Mount Washington indicates that scale models should be 3 to 4 times larger than the prototype if dimensional similarity is to be retained. The application to wind-tunnel studies indicates the importance of having the spray apparatus sufficiently far upstream and also of having the model well back in the throat of the tunnel, downstream from the venturi inlet.
Anisotropic Mechanical Response of Bovine Pericardium Membrane Through Bulge Test and In-Situ Confocal-Laser Scanning
Authors: D'Andrea Luca , Cardamone Maddalena , Bogoni Francesca , Forzinetti Elisa , Enei Viviana , Valle Francesco , Giordano Giovanni , Gastaldi Dario , Vena Pasquale 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this work, we present a new experimental setup for the assessment of the anisotropic properties of Bovine Pericardium (BP) membranes. The chemically fixed BP samples have been subjected to a bulge test with in situ confocal laser scanning at increasing applied pressure. The high resolution topography provided by the confocal laser scanning has allowed to obtain a quantitative measure of the bulge displacement; after polynomial fitting, principal curvatures have been obtained and a degree of anisotropy (DA) has been defined as the normalized difference between the maximum and minimum principal curvatures. The experiments performed on the BP membranes have allowed us to obtain pressure-displacement data which clearly exhibit distinct principal curvatures indicating an anisotropic response. A comparison with curvatures data obtained on isotropic Nitrile Buthadiene Rubber (NBR) samples has confirmed the effectiveness of the experimental setup for this specific purpose. Numerical simulations of the bulge tests have been performed with the purpose of identifying a range of constitutive parameters which well describes the obtained range of DA on the BP membranes. The DA values have been partially validated with biaxial tests available in literature and with suitably performed uni-axial tensile tests.
Coupling Phenomenon Between Fugitive Dust and High-Temperature Tail Gas: A Thermal Infrared Signature Study
Authors: Xu Zhendao , Han Yuge , Ren Dengfeng 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fugitive dust, a physical factor commonly encountered in battle, would interact with the tail gas of armored vehicles during the diffusion process to affect infrared characteristics of tail gas and infrared detection probability of vehicles. However, limited information exists regarding the impacts of fugitive dust on infrared signature of tail gas. The gas-solid two-phase coupled flow and thermal infrared transport model was developed to comprehensively study the infrared characteristics of coupling phenomenon between dynamic dust and high-temperature tail gas, which considers the gas-solid coupled flow and heat transfer as well as the particle emission and scattering. The characteristics of coupled infrared caused by vehicle-induced dust were studied, along with the effects of particle physical parameters (i.e., particle size and concentration) on coupled infrared and the intrinsic mechanisms. Additionally, validation experiment was performed to validate the findings in the simulation results. The results show that (1) the coupling phenomenon can significantly enhance the infrared brightness and detection area of tail gas, especially in the 8–14 μm waveband; (2) the coupling phenomenon has different effects on the infrared signature of exhaust gas in different wavebands owing to the different proportions of particle radiation and gas radiation in the total radiation in different wavebands; and (3) the sensitivity of coupled infrared to particle size parameters and concentration parameters is also different, which is related to the spectral radiative physical parameters of dust particle components.
Wear and Friction Mechanism of Stainless Steel 420 Under Various Lubrication Conditions: A Tribological Assessment With Ball on Flat Test
Authors: Gupta Munish Kumar , Demirsöz Recep , Korkmaz Mehmet Erdi , Ross Nimel Sworna 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The application of stainless steel 420 is noted in various industrial sectors such as aerospace, automobile etc. However, the wear mechanism of stainless steel 420 is greatly affected by the use of 100Cr6 balls due to the adhesion and abrasion mechanism generated between the contact surfaces. In this work, the ball-on-flat experiments were performed on stainless steel-420 versus 100cr6 friction pairs under dry, minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) and pool conditions. Then, the wear studies in terms of volume loss, profile tracks, micrographs, coefficient of friction, etc. were performed. The results demonstrated that the MQL and pool conditions help to improve the tribological properties of stainless steel 420 alloy against 100Cr6 ball.
Oxford consensus on primary cam morphology and femoroacetabular impingement syndrome: part 1—definitions, terminology, taxonomy and imaging outcomes
Authors: Dijkstra H Paul , Mc Auliffe Sean , Ardern Clare L , Kemp Joanne L , Mosler Andrea Britt , Price Amy , Blazey Paul , Richards Dawn , Farooq Abdulaziz , Serner Andreas , McNally Eugene , Mascarenhas Vasco , Willy Richard W , Oke Jason L , Khan Karim M , Glyn-Jones Sion , Clarke Mike , Greenhalgh Trisha 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionPrimary cam morphology is a mostly benign bony prominence that develops at the femoral head-neck junction of the hip, but it is highly prevalent in many athlete populations. In the small proportion of athletes for whom it is not benign, the resulting hip osteoarthritis can be debilitating. Clinicians, athletes, patients and researchers do not yet agree on important primary cam morphology elements. We aimed to ascertain and improve the level of agreement on primary cam morphology definitions, terminology, taxonomy and imaging outcome measures.MethodsTo collect and aggregate informed opinions, an expert panel—the Young Athlete’s Hip Research Collaborative—rated primary cam morphology definition, terminology, taxonomy and imaging outcome statements through an online Delphi exercise followed by an online meeting to explore areas of tension and dissent. Reporting followed Conducting and REporting DElphi Studies.ResultsA diverse and inclusive Delphi panel (n=65 for rounds 1 and 2, representing 18 countries; 6 stakeholder groups; 40% women) agreed on 35 of 47 statements in 4 domains, while surfacing areas of tension and dissent. This Delphi panel agreed on four key issues essential to moving research and clinical care forward around primary cam morphology. They agreed on: (1) definition, confirming its conceptual attributes (tissue type, size, location, shape and ownership); (2) terminology—use ‘morphology’ and not terms with a negative connotation like ‘lesion’, ‘abnormality’ or ‘deformity’; (3) taxonomy, distinguishing between primary and secondary cam morphology, and (4) imaging outcomes, a continuous bone/cartilage alpha angle on radial femoral head-neck MRI for primary cam morphology aetiology research.ConclusionThis consensus provides athletes, patients, clinicians and researchers with a strong foundation to guide more precise communication, better clinical decision-making and higher value research about primary cam morphology and its natural history.
Solidity Meets Surprise: Cerebral and Behavioral Effects of Learning from Episodic Prediction Errors
Authors: Siestrup Sophie , Jainta Benjamin , Cheng Sen , Schubotz Ricarda I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
How susceptible a memory is to later modification might depend on how stable the episode has been encoded. This stability was proposed to increase when retrieving information more (vs. less) often and in a spaced (vs. massed) practice. Using fMRI, we examined the effects of these different pre-fMRI retrieval protocols on the subsequent propensity to learn from episodic prediction errors. After encoding a set of different action stories, participants came back for two pre-fMRI retrieval sessions in which they encountered original episodes either two or eight times in either a spaced or a massed retrieval protocol. One week later, we cued episodic retrieval during the fMRI session by using original or modified videos of encoded action stories. Recurrent experience of modified episodes was associated with increasing activity in the episodic memory network including hippocampal and cortical areas, when leading to false memories in a post-fMRI memory test. While this observation clearly demonstrated learning from episodic prediction errors, we found no evidence for a modulatory effect of the different retrieval protocols. As expected, the benefit of retrieving an episode more often was reflected in better memory for originally encoded episodes. In addition, frontal activity increased for episodic prediction errors when episodes had been less frequently retrieved pre-fMRI. A history of spaced versus massed retrieval was associated with increased activation throughout the episodic memory network, with no significant effect on behavioral performance. Our findings show that episodic prediction errors led to false memories. The history of different retrieval protocols was reflected in memory performance and brain responses to episodic prediction errors, but did not interact with the brain's episodic learning response.
Disentangling the Skeins of Brain
Authors: Knutson Brian , Srirangarajan Tara 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Some have argued that the brain is so complex that it cannot be understood using current reductive approaches. Drawing on examples from decision neuroscience, we instead contend that combining new neuroscientific techniques with reductive approaches that consider central brain components in time and space has generated significant progress over the past two decades. This progress has allowed researchers to advance from the scientific goals of description and explanation to prediction and control. Resulting knowledge promises to improve human health and well-being. As an alternative to the extremes of reductive versus emergent approaches, however, we propose a middle way of “expansion.” This expansionist approach promises to leverage the specific spatial localization, temporal precision, and directed connectivity of central neural components to ultimately link levels of analysis.
The Talishis on Opposite Banks of the Araxes River: Identity Issues
Authors: Arakelova Victoria 
Published: December 2022

The Talishis are the fourth largest ethnic group in the South Caucasus and the largest nonstate people in the Caucasian-Iranian region. The problems of their ethnic history, culture, and identity are among the topical issues of Caucaso-Caspica.
The Talishis are a divided people living on opposite banks of the Araxes River, in the current Azerbaijan Republic and the Islamic Republic of Iran. This historical division occurred in the 19th century as a result of the Russian-Persian wars and seriously affected the cultural, linguistic, religious and other markers of the Talishi identity. Up to the 19th c., the whole land inhabited by the Talishis had been part of Iran. Since 1813, northern Talysh has successively been ruled by the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and finally, since 1991, by the former Soviet Republic of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan Republic). These historical peripeteia have resulted in the actualisation of different identity markers on opposite banks of the Araxes River; they are of different relevance in Iran and in Azerbaijan Republic. Accordingly, the idea of Talysh (the Talishis’ ethnic territory) and its status is also approached in different ways among the two groups.
This paper focuses on the Talishi identity, its transformations and peculiarities in Azerbaijan Republic and the Islamic Republic of Iran.