bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion: Toward a Renewed Understanding of Evidence-Based Policy in Education
Authors: Karseth Berit , Sivesind Kirsten 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis final chapter gives an overview of the main purposes and research problems that guided the POLNET-study, and it summarizes key findings and addresses certain topics in more detail. Moreover, the chapter discusses the results in relation to the theoretical approaches presented in the two first chapters of the book as well as in the light of contemporary research about policy knowledge transfer. Finally, the chapter reflects on the insight we gained by conducting an integrated research design in terms of a common Nordic research project, and points to the importance of analyzing the dynamic between state government and network governance in order to capture the meaning of evidence and expertise in a Nordic context.
The Irregular Formation of State Policy Documents in the Icelandic Field of Education 2013–2017
Authors: Magnúsdóttir Berglind Rós , Jónasson Jón Torfi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMagnúsdóttir and Jónasson explore the formation of three documents: the first white paper (WP2014) issued by Icelandic state educational authorities and two background papers (WP2017 and GP2014) co-authored by the OECD and EAIE. These papers are explored through content and bibliographic network analysis and semi-structured interviews with Ministry officials. The main results show minimal use of academic references and unsystematic use of green and white papers when forming policy. A low interconnection is between these three documents in terms of content, bibliography, and ministerial procedure. The WP2014 base their data and values mainly on OECD references. The analysis reveals a scarcity of professional resources in the Ministry, a culture of short time-frames, and loosely defined protocols in the policy making that contribute to ministerial governance and externalization.
Evidence-Based Policymaking in Nordic Countries: Different Settings, Different Practices?
Authors: Baek Chanwoong , Tiplic Dijana , Santos Íris 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the practice of evidence-based policymaking in five Nordic countries. By comparing the references that national policy actors have utilized in their policy documents to evidentiate policy ideas and recommendations, it draws attention to the contextual factors that shape each country’s practice of evidence-based policymaking. The results illustrate that all five Nordic countries actively use evidence to support and legitimate their policy proposals; however, their utilization varies by (1) institutionalized forms of policymaking system, (2) degree of self-referentiality, and (3) type of reform. This comparative study offers timely reflections on how the discourse of evidence-based policymaking is interpreted and adapted differently across countries.
Integrity Verification Through File Container Analysis
Authors: Piva Alessandro , Iuliani Massimo 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn the previous chapters, multimedia forensics techniques based on the analysis of the data stream, i.e., the audio-visual signal, aimed at detecting artifacts and inconsistencies in the (statistics of the) content were presented. Recent research highlighted that useful forensic traces are also left in the file structure, thus offering the opportunity to understand a file’s life-cycle without looking at the content itself. This chapter is then devoted to the description of the main forensic methods for the analysis of image and video file formats.
Computational Imaging
Authors: McCloskey Scott 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSince the advent of smartphones, photography is increasingly being done with small, portable, multi-function devices. Relative to the purpose-built cameras that dominated previous eras, smartphone cameras must overcome challenges related to their small form factor. Smartphone cameras have small apertures that produce a wide depth of field, small sensors with rolling shutters that lead to motion artifacts, and small form factors which lead to more camera shake during exposure. Along with these challenges, smartphone cameras have the advantage of tight integration with additional sensors and the availability of significant computational resources. For these reasons, the field of computational imaging has advanced significantly in recent years, with academic groups and researchers from smartphone manufacturers helping these devices become more capable replacements for purpose-built cameras.
Quality Assurance in Online, Open, and Distance Education
Authors: Jung Insung 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOver the past few decades, online, open, and distance education (ODE) has enjoyed phenomenal growth across different regions, and with the spread of the COVID-19 virus, its use has adopted more quickly and widely at all levels of education in both developed and developing countries. There has also been a surge in trans-institutional online courses and programs. Despite this surge in widespread practice of ODE, an image problem that perceives ODE as a second-rate education, indicated by Daniel (Quality assurance and accreditation in distance education and e-learning: Models, policies, and research. Routledge, New York, 2011) a decade ago, still exists, meaning that there is a need for even stronger measures to ensure that ODE is as good as in-person education and that quality assurance (QA) systems are in place as it enters the mainstream of education.Applying QA to ODE processes and outcomes is a relatively new phenomenon. Drawing upon previous literature on quality and QA in ODE, including institutional case studies, this chapter examines various definitions of quality and QA in ODE practice, difficulties, and challenges presented by QA in ODE and the role of stakeholders in QA in ODE. It then discusses how different ODE institutions judge and assure the quality of their courses, programs, and services and what values and assumptions underpin such QA approaches. It finally draws conclusions about what still needs to be considered and actioned.
The impact of video laryngoscopy on the first-pass success rate of prehospital endotracheal intubation in The Netherlands: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Maissan Iscander , van Lieshout Esther , de Jong Timo , van Vledder Mark , Houmes Robert Jan , Hartog Dennis den , Stolker Robert Jan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose
The first-pass success rate for endotracheal intubation (ETI) depends on provider experience and exposure. We hypothesize that video laryngoscopy (VL) improves first-pass and overall ETI success rates in low and intermediate experienced airway providers and prevents from unrecognized oesophageal intubations in prehospital settings.

Methods
In this study 3632 patients were included. In all cases, an ambulance nurse, HEMS nurse, or HEMS physician performed prehospital ETI using direct Laryngoscopy (DL) or VL.

Results
First-pass ETI success rates for ambulance nurses with DL were 45.5% (391/859) and with VL 64.8% (125/193). For HEMS nurses first-pass success rates were 57.6% (34/59) and 77.2% (125/162) respectively. For HEMS physicians these successes were 85.9% (790/920) and 86.9% (1251/1439). The overall success rate for ambulance nurses with DL was 58.4% (502/859) and 77.2% (149/193) with VL. HEMS nurses successes were 72.9% (43/59) and 87.0% (141/162), respectively. HEMS physician successes were 98.7% (908/920) and 99.0% (1425/1439), respectively. The incidence of unrecognized intubations in the oesophagus before HEMS arrival in traumatic circulatory arrest (TCA) was 30.6% with DL and 37.5% with VL. In medical cardiac arrest cases the incidence was 20% with DL and 0% with VL.

Conclusion
First-pass and overall ETI success rates for ambulance and HEMS nurses are better with VL. The used device does not affect success rates of HEMS physicians. VL resulted in less unrecognized oesophageal intubations in medical cardiac arrests. In TCA cases VL resulted in more oesophageal intubations when performed by ambulance nurses before HEMS arrival.
Finding solutions with distinct variables to systems of linear equations over $$\mathbb {F}_p$$
Authors: Sauermann Lisa 
Published: April 2022

AbstractLet us fix a prime p and a homogeneous system of m linear equations $$a_{j,1}x_1+\dots +a_{j,k}x_k=0$$

a

j
,
1

x
1

+
⋯
+

a

j
,
k

x
k

=
0

for $$j=1,\dots ,m$$

j
=
1
,
⋯
,
m

with coefficients $$a_{j,i}\in \mathbb {F}_p$$

a

j
,
i

∈

F
p

. Suppose that $$k\ge 3m$$

k
≥
3
m

, that $$a_{j,1}+\dots +a_{j,k}=0$$

a

j
,
1

+
⋯
+

a

j
,
k

=
0

for $$j=1,\dots ,m$$

j
=
1
,
⋯
,
m

and that every $$m\times m$$

m
×
m

minor of the $$m\times k$$

m
×
k

matrix $$(a_{j,i})_{j,i}$$

(

a

j
,
i

)

j
,
i

is non-singular. Then we prove that for any (large) n, any subset $$A\subseteq \mathbb {F}_p^n$$

A
⊆

F
p
n

of size $$|A|> C\cdot \Gamma ^n$$

|
A
|
>
C

·

Γ
n

contains a solution $$(x_1,\dots ,x_k)\in A^k$$

(

x
1

,
⋯
,

x
k

)

∈

A
k

to the given system of equations such that the vectors $$x_1,\dots ,x_k\in A$$

x
1

,
⋯
,

x
k

∈
A

are all distinct. Here, C and $$\Gamma $$
Γ
are constants only depending on p, m and k such that $$\Gamma <p$$

Γ
<
p

. The crucial point here is the condition for the vectors $$x_1,\dots ,x_k$$

x
1

,
⋯
,

x
k

in the solution $$(x_1,\dots ,x_k)\in A^k$$

(

x
1

,
⋯
,

x
k

)

∈

A
k

to be distinct. If we relax this condition and only demand that $$x_1,\dots ,x_k$$

x
1

,
⋯
,

x
k

are not all equal, then the statement would follow easily from Tao’s slice rank polynomial method. However, handling the distinctness condition is much harder, and requires a new approach. While all previous combinatorial applications of the slice rank polynomial method have relied on the slice rank of diagonal tensors, we use a slice rank argument for a non-diagonal tensor in combination with combinatorial and probabilistic arguments.
Facilitating standardized COVID-19 suspicion prediction based on computed tomography radiomics in a multi-demographic setting
Authors: Nagaraj Yeshaswini , de Jonge Gonda , Andreychenko Anna , Presti Gabriele , Fink Matthias A. , Pavlov Nikolay , Quattrocchi Carlo C. , Morozov Sergey , Veldhuis Raymond , Oudkerk Matthijs , van Ooijen Peter M. A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Objective
To develop an automatic COVID-19 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS)–based classification in a multi-demographic setting.

Methods
This multi-institutional review boards–approved retrospective study included 2720 chest CT scans (mean age, 58 years [range 18–100 years]) from Italian and Russian patients. Three board-certified radiologists from three countries assessed randomly selected subcohorts from each population and provided CO-RADS–based annotations. CT radiomic features were extracted from the selected subcohorts after preprocessing steps like lung lobe segmentation and automatic noise reduction. We compared three machine learning models, logistic regression (LR), multilayer perceptron (MLP), and random forest (RF) for the automated CO-RADS classification. Model evaluation was carried out in two scenarios, first, training on a mixed multi-demographic subcohort and testing on an independent hold-out dataset. In the second scenario, training was done on a single demography and externally validated on the other demography.

Results
The overall inter-observer agreement for the CO-RADS scoring between the radiologists was substantial (k = 0.80). Irrespective of the type of validation test scenario, suspected COVID-19 CT scans were identified with an accuracy of 84%. SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) interpretation showed that the “wavelet_(LH)_GLCM_Imc1” feature had a positive impact on COVID prediction both with and without noise reduction. The application of noise reduction improved the overall performance between the classifiers for all types.

Conclusion
Using an automated model based on the COVID-19 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS), we achieved clinically acceptable performance in a multi-demographic setting. This approach can serve as a standardized tool for automated COVID-19 assessment.

Keypoints
• Automatic CO-RADS scoring of large-scale multi-demographic chest CTs with mean AUC of 0.93 ± 0.04.
• Validation procedure resembles TRIPOD 2b and 3 categories, enhancing the quality of experimental design to test the cross-dataset domain shift between institutions aiding clinical integration.
• Identification of COVID-19 pneumonia in the presence of community-acquired pneumonia and other comorbidities with an AUC of 0.92.
Cartilaginous bending spring tympanoplasty: a temporal bone study and first clinical results
Authors: Rupp Robin , Schelhorn Tony , Kniesburges Stefan , Balk Matthias , Allner Moritz , Mantsopoulos Konstantinos , Iro Heinrich , Hornung Joachim , Gostian Antoniu-Oreste 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Objective
Anchoring grafts for tympanic membrane (TM) reconstruction in anterior and subtotal TM defects is essential to prevent medialisation and can be facilitated by cartilaginous bending spring tympanoplasty (CBST). The purpose of this study was to analyse the impact of spring cartilages on middle ear transfer functions and patient hearing levels.

Methods
In six fresh-frozen human temporal bones a cartilage graft (measuring 6 × 2 mm with a thickness of 0.1–0.2 mm) was formed into a ‘U’-shaped bending spring, to be placed between the medial tympanic wall and the tympanic underlay grafts. The stapes velocity for excitation by exponential sweeps from 400 to 10,000 Hz was measured with a laser Doppler vibrometer. The resulting middle ear transfer functions were compared with the reconstructed middle ear. For clinical evaluation, 23 ears in 21 patients with chronic otitis media and an intact ossicular chain were operated using CBST. At each follow-up visit, the patients underwent pure-tone audiometry and the Freiburg monosyllabic speech test at a presentation level of 65 dB SPL for the word recognition score (WRS).

Results
The measured stapes velocities at one-third octave midband frequencies averaged 3.56 × 10–2 ± 9.46 × 10–3 (mm/s/Pa) compared to 3.06 × 10–2 ± 6.86 × 10–3 (mm/s/Pa) with the bending and underlay cartilage in place (p = 0.319; r = 0.32). The bending spring tympanoplasty reduced the transfer function by 1.41 ± 0.98 dB on average. In the clinical part of the study, the graft success rate was 96% (22 out of 23 patients) after a mean follow-up of 5.8 ± 2.4 months (min. 3.5 months, max. 12.0 months). The air–bone gap improved significantly by 6.2 dB (± 6.6 dB; p < 0.001; r = 0.69), as well as the WRS from 61.8 ± 33.3% preoperatively to 80.0 ± 20.9% postoperatively (p = 0.031; r = 0.35).

Conclusion
Experimental data as well as initial clinical results suggest that CBST is an effective method for reconstructing anterior or subtotal defects of the tympanic membrane with satisfactory audiologic results and graft success rates comparable to previously described methods. It can, therefore, be added to the arsenal of tympanoplasty techniques for anterior and subtotal TM perforations.
Movement markers of schizophrenia: a detailed analysis of patients’ gait patterns
Authors: Martin Lily , Stein Kevin , Kubera Katharina , Troje Nikolaus F. , Fuchs Thomas 
Published: April 2022

AbstractMotor abnormalities occur in the majority of persons with schizophrenia but are generally neglected in clinical care. Psychiatric diagnostics fail to include quantifiable motor variables and few assessment tools examine full-body movement. We assessed full-body movement during gait of 20 patients and 20 controls with motion capture technology, symptom load (PANSS, BPRS) and Neurological Soft Signs (NSS). In a data-driven analysis, participants’ motion patterns were quantified and compared between groups. Resulting movement markers (MM) were correlated with the clinical assessment. We identified 16 quantifiable MM of schizophrenia. While walking, patients and controls display significant differences in movement patterns related to posture, velocity, regularity of gait as well as sway, flexibility and integration of body parts. Specifically, the adjustment of body sides, limbs and movement direction were affected. The MM remain significant when controlling for medication load. They are systematically related to NSS. Results add assessment tools, analysis methods as well as theory-independent MM to the growing body of research on motor abnormalities in schizophrenia.
Assessing initial MRI reports for suspected CJD patients
Authors: Jesuthasan Aaron , Sequeira Danielle , Hyare Harpreet , Odd Hans , Rudge Peter , Mok Tze How , Nihat Akin , Collinge John , Mead Simon 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background
MRI is invaluable for the pre-mortem diagnosis of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), demonstrating characteristic diffusion abnormalities. Previous work showed these changes were often not reported (low sensitivity), leading to eventual diagnosis at a more advanced state. Here, we reviewed the situation a decade later, on the presumption of improved access and awareness over time.

Methods
We reviewed initial MRI scans of 102 consecutive suspected sCJD patients recruited to the National Prion Monitoring Cohort study between 2015 and 2019, assessing for characteristic signal changes in the striatum, thalamus and cortical ribbon. We compared our findings to formal reports from referring centres. Requesting indications were studied to assess if they were suggestive of CJD. Patients were examined and their MRC Prion Disease Rating Scale scores recorded.

Results
We identified characteristic MRI abnormalities in 101 cases (99% sensitivity), whilst referring centres reported changes in 70 cases (69% sensitivity), which was a significant improvement in reporting sensitivity from 2012. Reporting sensitivity was associated with signal change in the cerebral cortex, and with the number of regions involved, but not significantly affected by clinical information on request forms, or referring centres being regional neuroscience/non-neuroscience centres. Similar to a previous study, patients with missed abnormalities on initial reporting possessed lower MRC Scale scores when referred to the NPC than those correctly identified.

Conclusions
Whilst local MRI reporting of sCJD has improved with time, characteristic abnormalities remain significantly under detected on initial scans. Sensitivity is better when the cerebral cortex and multiple regions are involved. We re-emphasize the utility of MRI and encourage further efforts to improve awareness and sensitivity in the assessment of patients with rapidly progressive dementia.
28S rRNA sequences for Linguatula spp.
Authors: Shamsi Shokoofeh , Zhu Xiaocheng , Halajian Ali , Barton Diane P. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Identification of specimens belonging to the genus Linguatula (Pentastomida) is relatively easy due to their unique morphology. However, differentiation between species of Linguatula can be challenging for several reasons, including considerable differences between different developmental stages of the parasite within and between species. Currently, 18S rRNA and Cox1 sequences are the only available comparable sequences in GenBank, but recent research has discussed the utility of 28S rRNA for pentastomid phylogenetics. This study presents 28S rRNA gene sequences for two members of the genus Linguatula. Sequences of 28S rRNA were successfully obtained from well-identified samples of L.serrata (collected in Australia) and L.nuttalli (collected in South Africa), with voucher specimens. Phylogenetic analysis of the 28S rRNA region showed 6% difference between L.serrata and L.nuttalli, with low levels of intraspecific variation. In comparison, 18S rRNA and Cox1 sequences from the same specimens showed 0.23% and 13% interspecific differences, respectively. The results of this study show that 28S rRNA has greater genetic diversity to allow for improved differentiation between species of Linguatula than 18S rRNA but is on par with Cox1. Records that do not provide adequate morphological or molecular data to justify independent specific diagnoses must be regarded cautiously, and the need for continued research on species of Linguatula, using a combined morphological and molecular analysis, across a number of different hosts, development stages, geographical regions and molecular markers is highlighted.
On the prediction of landslide occurrences and sizes via Hierarchical Neural Networks
Authors: Aguilera Quinton , Lombardo Luigi , Tanyas Hakan , Lipani Aldo 
Published: April 2022

AbstractFor more than three decades, the part of the geoscientific community studying landslides through data-driven models has focused on estimating where landslides may occur across a given landscape. This concept is widely known as landslide susceptibility. And, it has seen a vast improvement from old bivariate statistical techniques to modern deep learning routines. Despite all these advancements, no spatially-explicit data-driven model is currently capable of also predicting how large landslides may be once they trigger in a specific study area. In this work, we exploit a model architecture that has already found a number of applications in landslide susceptibility. Specifically, we opt for the use of Neural Networks. But, instead of focusing exclusively on where landslides may occur, we extend this paradigm to also spatially predict classes of landslide sizes. As a result, we keep the traditional binary classification paradigm but we make use of it to complement the susceptibility estimates with a crucial information for landslide hazard assessment. We will refer to this model as Hierarchical Neural Network (HNN) throughout the manuscript. To test this analytical protocol, we use the Nepalese area where the Gorkha earthquake induced tens of thousands of landslides on the 25th of April 2015. The results we obtain are quite promising. The component of our HNN that estimates the susceptibility outperforms a binomial Generalized Linear Model (GLM) baseline we used as benchmark. We did this for a GLM represents the most common classifier in the landslide literature. Most importantly, our HNN also suitably performed across the entire procedure. As a result, the landslide-area-class prediction returned not just a single susceptibility map, as per tradition. But, it also produced several informative maps on the expected landslide size classes. Our vision is for administrations to consult these suite of model outputs and maps to better assess the risk to local communities and infrastructure. And, to promote the diffusion of our HNN, we are sharing the data and codes in a githubsec repository in the hope that we would stimulate others to replicate similar analyses.