bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equipping Young People for Transition to Adulthood from Care
Authors: García-Alba Laura , del Valle Jorge F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides information about PLANEA, a flexible online life skills training program for youth in residential care. The PLANEA program gradually supports the development of autonomy and life skills in residential settings according to each young person’s unique needs and characteristics. The initial version was piloted in Spain at local request, but the program has clear cross-national roots as it built upon and extends an earlier transition program in Finland and several other European countries. PLANEA follows in a longstanding line of applied research projects in Spanish residential care originating from the Child and Family Research Group (GIFI) at the University of Oviedo in Spain. This project, in particular, as well as its predecessor studies provides a model of partnership between youth and family practice and universities that we believe has much to commend it.
Australian Residential Care
Authors: McNamara Patricia , Wall Shelley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of Australian efforts to reform the residential care sector. Concerns are the forced removal of Indigenous children and others from disadvantaged families as well as abuse and neglect in residential settings and lack of documentation of efficacy. Current goals include preventing behavioral contagion in some residential settings and building a trauma-informed approach into residential care. Promising program initiatives are identified, as is lack of national leadership for improving residential care. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the book, which provides information on the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
Residential Child and Youth Care in Israel
Authors: Zeira Anat , Grupper Emmanuel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the dual streams of residential care in Israel originating from the Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs, and Social Services and the Ministry of Education. The authors describe aspects of the unique arrangements for residential care in Israel, including youth villages. The point out the need for a more complete national database on children in care, as well as the need for more research on efficacy. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the book, which provides information on the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
Residential Care for Children and Youth in Argentina
Authors: Incarnato Mariana , Borzese Dana 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers residential care for children and youth in Argentina. The authors highlight the issues that can arise when residential care is often the first and only care option, the heterogeneity of alternative services, and the lack of opportunities for children and youth to participate in decisions about their care. They also discuss the recent positive development of national legislation focused on transitions from care. The chapter concludes with the matrix used throughout the book, which provides information on the current policy context, key trends and initiatives, characteristics of children and youth served, preparation of residential care personnel, promising programmatic innovations, and present strengths and challenges.
Therapeutic Residential Care in Australia
Authors: Ainsworth Frank , Bath Howard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this chapter on therapeutic residential care in Australia, the authors identify what is perhaps an overemphasis on “downsizing”—for example, reducing to units of four or fewer—without comparable efforts at “specialization” of programs and attention to their critical elements as inadequate to meet the complex needs of differing at-risk youth. More generally, they also question inadequate emphasis on group processes and structure, which they argue is central to the therapeutic milieu; inadequate emphasis on evidence-based practices, including model programs; inadequate national data gathering; and continuing disproportionality of Aboriginal children in out-of-home care as areas of continuing concern. They conclude that the idea of a “revitalized” residential care sector in Australia seems a long way off.
Progress in International Relations
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 focuses on the meaning of scientific progress for the discipline of IR. An inductive and sociological approach is used to identify characteristics and results that would be desirable for research. Examples of such characteristics and results, respectively, are identification of causal mechanisms and range of explanation. A deductive and rationalist assessment produces a verdict in favor of scientific realism as the most promising overall frame of reference in the quest for knowledge. Comparative analysis produces the conclusion that scientific realism is the pragmatic choice both on its own merits and when reviewed in the context of preferred traits for characteristics and outcomes of research. Scientific realism, in short, believes in an objective world while also reserving a place for unobservables in the process of explanation.
Knowledge
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on the three elements of knowledge—scientific realism, analytic eclecticism, and a model of cognition—in greater depth. First, scientific realism is adopted as a foundation in the philosophy of science. Scientific realism incorporates both observables and unobservables into research. A theory is evaluated in terms of its performance in accounting for what is observed. If explanations accumulate and become convincing, unobservables gain empirical meaning and obtain credibility. Second, the epistemology also includes analytic eclecticism, which calls for combined efforts in research beyond paradigms. In IR today, analytic eclecticism could mean hybrid theorizing that involves ideas from varieties of realism, neoliberal institutionalism, the English school, and other designated approaches. Third, and perhaps most far-reaching beyond the boundaries of IR, a model of cognition is developed. The model, which emphasizes challenges to comprehension resulting from the vastness of IR, advocates graphic representation of theorizing to enhance communication.
A Metatheory of Progress
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 7 combines elements from the components covered in Chapters 4–6—knowledge (scientific realism, analytic eclecticism, and a model of cognition), units (rational choice and systems of explanation), and methods (identification of an axiomatic basis for research enterprise and systemism)—into a metatheory of scientific progress. While Chapter 3 introduced the individual elements of the metatheory in graphic form, this chapter shows how those seven elements are connected to each other via a systemist diagram. The metatheory, which includes a visual turn, is regarded as optimal for growth of knowledge creation given the characteristics of IR as a discipline. The metatheory for IR is depicted as a systemist graphic with a connection to scientific progress.
The Nature of Realism
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Realism at a gestalt level appears in Chapter 8, along with critiques of its viability. This chapter also uses the process described in Chapter 6, which includes both (a) inductive and sociological and (b) deductive and rationalist criteria, to designate the axiomatic basis of realism as a research enterprise. Assumptions are gleaned from the vast literature of realism and assembled in a manner that emphasizes completeness and eschews contradiction. When the process is completed, four axioms are identified for realism as a research enterprise: anarchy, state-centrism, pursuit of power, and rationality. These assumptions are used to distinguish realism from other schools of thought that depart from at least one item on the preceding list. Thus realism emerges from Chapter 8 with a logically consistent axiomatic basis that also establishes it as a unique presence within IR.
Classifying Realist Theories of War
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9 develops a scheme of organization for existing realist theories, which facilitates their evaluation and comparison to each other. This chapter begins by defining typologies and taxonomies that, respectively, are deductive and inductive means of classification. A combined approach, both typological and taxonomic, is applied to the realist theories of war; in chronological order, these are identified as classical, power cycle, structural, balance of threat, balance of interests, defensive, dynamic differentials, offensive, and predation. In some instances, more than one variant exists. Types of theory are identified on the basis of two dimensions: (i) dynamic or static specification and (ii) system- or state-level emphasis. With each type of realist theory, a taxonomy is developed through identification of a characteristic that is anticipated to be most relevant to the process of evaluation. The trait that stands out is the capability-based metric that is emphasized by a given theory.
Classical Realism
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10 focuses on classical realism. It is intriguing to reflect on classical realist ideas about why wars occur because adherents explored international relations more from the standpoint of philosophy or history than social science. Exponents of classical realism reflected upon human nature and prospects for a more peaceful world. Their expositions on power politics influenced both realist thought and IR as a discipline in a central way for decades. These accounts from classical realism for why wars occur are more challenging, but not impossible, to reproduce in graphic form. Visualizations of classical realism identify it as the foundation for social scientific theories of war to come.
Power Cycles
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 11 focuses on power cycle theory. The theory of power cycles puts forward the idea that great powers in the system pass through waves of increase and decrease in their standing relative to each other. These cycles of capability feature turning points, where either the direction or pace of movement shifts and creates high uncertainty. A great power’s sense of its foreign policy role will lag behind these objective conditions with regard to change in relative capabilities. As a result, either a surplus or deficit of capacity to act will pose a challenge to the leadership in coping with the international system. At such times, according to power cycle theory, the likelihood of great power war reaches its maximum. This is true especially when more than one great power is in proximity to a critical point along its power cycle.
Balance of Threat
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Balance of threat is the subject of Chapter 13. The leadership of a given state is anticipated to identify the most serious threat it faces and pursue appropriate policies in response. Perception of threat is a function of aggregate power, geographic proximity, offensive power, and aggressive intentions. While balancing is the anticipated norm, bandwagoning also can be expected to occur under certain circumstances. As opposed to balancing against a threatening state, bandwagoning refers to joining in with the would-be aggressor in the hope of either benefiting directly from conquest or at least averting losses. Balance-of-threat theory also contributes to the diversity of realism by integrating perceptions, as opposed to more purely material considerations, into theorizing about what states can be expected to do. Two theories are identified within balance of threat: a generic version and one that focuses on effects from revolution.
Balance of Interests
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 14 conveys balance-of-interests theory. This theory, which emphasizes variation among goals pursued by states, emerged from a critique directed toward balance of threat. In order for threats to exist in the international system, at least some aggressive states must exist. Interests pursued by states in foreign policy are explained, at least in part, through processes unfolding at the domestic level. Balance-of-interests theory elaborates on power politics through identification of different kinds of states. While power as a resource is the goal at a strategic level, the tactics observed in the international system are not simply one variety of balancing or another. Thus balance-of-interests theory claims to be more realistic in its expectation of diverse foreign policies among states and pathways to war. Balance-of-interests theory exists in three variants: additive, extremely incoherent states, and polarized democratic.
Dynamic Differentials
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Dynamic differentials, a theory that emphasizes the impact of change in the distribution of capabilities, is covered in Chapter 16. Major war becomes more likely when a great power experiences significant decline. While at any given time some states will have aggressive leadership at the helm, escalation to high levels of violence will not necessarily ensue. A key development in bringing about major war is noteworthy decline for a great power. Once its leadership becomes aware of this trend, hard-line policies are likely to follow soon after. This shift threatens the stability of the international system as a whole. Dynamic differentials takes the form of a deductive argument about the probability of major war in relation to shifting capabilities among states and how these changes feed into their interplay at the apex of the international system (Copeland 2000). Multiple pathways to war are identified along the way.
Offensive Realism
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Offensive realism is the subject of Chapter 17. This theory envisions great powers as disposed toward expansion. Under conditions of anarchy, intentions do not matter because the existence of capabilities, in and of itself, creates a threatening situation between and among states. Thus a rational response for a great power to this predicament is to go on the offensive. The more power that can be accumulated, all other things being equal, the higher the level of security that results. Security, however, proves elusive because all of the great powers are thinking the same way. The result is that great power war can be expected to recur within the international system. This feature accounts for the title of the book that puts forward the theory, namely, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics.
Dialogue for Realist Theories of War
Authors: James Patrick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 19 engages realist theories about wars with each other. Graphic portrayal of respective theories following on from classical realism, described already in Chapters 11 to 18, facilitates moving forward with this agenda. Realist theories are identified as either complementary or competitive with each other. Opportunities are explored for combination and, when appropriate, more effective competition. Within the context of SIR, this activity is a form of systematic synthesis. Also in line with SIR, the chapter includes bricolagic bridging—engagement of realist theories with ideas from a major work of scholarship beyond this school of thought. This contact takes place in the spirit of analytic eclecticism, but with an eye on logical consistency and coherence as the work is carried out.
Dialogical Reading
Authors: Bachrach Emilia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter attends to the centrality of reading in the process by which people become Pushtimargi. It argues that vārtā texts contribute to a shared grammar of devotional experience and praxis that animates devotees’ everyday lives. Although this study more broadly emphasizes how Pushtimargis engage with devotional literature in ways that are unique to their own social positions and historical circumstances, this chapter emphasizes that devotees also participate in an ever-emergent but shared “grammar of tradition” as readers. This grammar emerges from the style and content of the written hagiographies themselves (e.g., their distinct dialogical features, such as direct speech) and is formed and reformed each time devotees gather together to read, analyze, and discuss the narratives in community settings. In this way, practices of reading and textual exegesis become primary modes through which devotees—as individuals and in community—continuously make their traditions relevant to the contemporary world.
Community Reading
Authors: Bachrach Emilia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers how devotees use the context of satsaṅgs (gatherings of the faithful) to cultivate Pushtimarg-specific, though highly personalized, modes of affective piety. Devotees also use satsaṅg as a place of learning: learning about Pushtimargi doctrine, and also learning how to navigate better between being Krishna’s caretakers and fulfilling various social, but specifically familial, roles. Drawing on observations of several distinct satsaṅgs in Ahmedabad city, the chapter analyzes the features of these ritualized gatherings, which include active affirmations and challenges to sectarian authority and long-standing theological, ritual, and social ideals. Readers’ personal circumstances come to the fore as they make sense of the 17th-cenutry hagiographies in terms of their own 21st-century lives. Ultimately, the chapter argues, community readings provide a forum in which “worldly” and “spiritual” narratives can be allowed to coexist for contemporary devotees whose practices of reading in turn sustain the vārtās as canonical.
Conclusion: Religious Reading and Everyday Lives
Authors: Bachrach Emilia 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion reviews how reading in the Pushtimargi community takes place in multiple environments. These contexts include ritualized in-person and technologically mediated meetings and public forums, during which devotional literature may be read aloud, quoted, casually referred to, formally commented on, actively questioned, and interpreted in ways that both validate and challenge long-standing exegetical paradigms and doctrines. The Conclusion also returns to the question of how this study of Pushtimargi Hinduism sheds light on religious reading as a distinct set of practices—analytical, affective, and embodied—by which individuals navigate changing traditions and mediate relationships with one another and the divine. In this way, texts and readers’ interpretations of texts are inherently embedded in people’s everyday lives and the ways in which they make and remake their moral, social, and devotional worlds. Finally, I invite other scholars to study written texts as part of performative canons.
Dictatorship and Information
Authors: Dimitrov Martin K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This study offers a systematic theory of the institutional solutions to the dictator’s dilemma, which arises from the incapacity to calibrate repression and concessions due to the lack of information about elite and popular discontent. Empirically, the book presents a detailed discussion of the types of information-gathering institutions created in autocracies, paying particular attention to the difference between standard mechanisms for the retrospective assessment of overt dissatisfaction and the more sophisticated channels for anticipatory evaluations of latent discontent. The book argues that the creation of institutions for the involuntary collection of information is straightforward, but that only certain regimes successfully promote the voluntary provision of information, which is essential for anticipatory governance. In ethnically heterogeneous countries, compactly settled ethnic minorities present a further obstacle for establishing a panoptical authoritarian vision. These problems notwithstanding, communist regimes are especially adept at developing sophisticated systems that mobilize the party, State Security, and internal journalism to assess levels of discontent. Methodologically, the book demonstrates that documents prepared for regime insiders are more likely to shed light on a secret activity like information collection than officially released materials. Theoretically, the book argues that although the dictator’s dilemma can be solved and abundant information does extend authoritarian lifespans, information cannot ensure the indefinite survival of dictatorships. The book is based on detailed analysis of the origins and evolution of information-gathering systems in communist Bulgaria (1944–1991) and in China (1949–present), supplemented by eight case studies of information collection in the complete range of authoritarian regimes.
Indirectly Evaluative Legal Philosophy
Authors: Dickson Julie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter continues the project of developing and defending the author’s distinctive approach to the methodology of legal philosophy: indirectly evaluative legal philosophy (IELP). It explores a key feature of this approach which is responsible for its name, and argues that legal philosophers must make evaluative judgements in constructing and defending their accounts of law, but that in the earlier stages of their inquiries, the evaluative judgements concerned can and should be ‘indirectly evaluative’ in character. This approach both allows for and facilitates a certain kind of ‘staged inquiry’ wherein important aspects of law’s nature can be identified and understood in a way which leaves open until an appropriate point in the investigation questions of their moral value or justification. The chapter argues that IELP thus enables legal philosophers to proceed in appropriate stages in understanding what law is, what law ought to be, and what is relevant to assessing law according to the standards by which it should be judged.
Continuity and Complementarity in Legal Philosophy
Authors: Dickson Julie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This final, concluding chapter of the book argues that indirectly evaluative legal philosophy (IELP) stands in relations of continuity and complementarity to the vital enterprise of subjecting law to appropriate moral evaluation and moral scrutiny. According to IELP, legal philosophers must make evaluative judgements in constructing and defending their accounts of law, but in the earlier stages of their inquiries, these judgements can and should be ‘indirectly evaluative’ in character, and legal philosophers should postpone subjecting law to moral evaluation and moral justification until a later stage. The chapter considers how we should understand the relations between IELP, and the later stage project of subjecting law to appropriate moral evaluation and moral scrutiny. It argues that the IELP approach picks out those features of law, and aspects of those features, which are important, significant, and relevant to law being held to, and being judged in terms of, appropriate moral standards. The chapter emphasizes that IELP does not stand in isolation from inquiries concerning the moral evaluation and criticism of law. Rather, IELP’s staged inquiry approach serves to focus and facilitate those latter enterprises as regards some of the important questions they should address.