bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Constraints on Clumped Isotope Fractionation During BaCO3 Precipitation
Authors: Guo Yangrui , Deng Wenfeng , Wei Gangjian 
Published: March 2022

AbstractReliable temperature reconstruction by carbonate clumped isotope (Δ47) thermometry requires isotopic equilibrium during carbonate growth. However, many carbonate minerals grow at high rates and exhibit disequilibrium isotopic states. Carbonate Δ47 disequilibrium arising from kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) specific to carbonate growth still remains unclear, and requires experimental constraints. Here we present a series of rapid witherite (BaCO3) precipitation experiments intended to constrain bulk carbon, oxygen and clumped isotopic fractionation during unidirectional precipitation of BaCO3 from dissolved inorganic carbon solutions under various pH and temperature conditions. We found that rapid BaCO3 growth can lead to lower δ13C, δ18O, and Δ47 values in HCO3−‐dominated solutions, especially at low temperatures. Our experiments provide constraints on kinetic fractionation factors (KFFs) associated with the rapid carbonate growth and their temperature dependence. KFFs for δ13C and δ18O are broadly consistent with previous experimental estimates, although the Δ47 KFF for BaCO3 precipitation from HCO3−‐dominated solution is not consistent with an earlier theoretical estimate, necessitating a re‐evaluation of the current model of the KIE associated with carbonate growth. Our results clearly verify a preference for the CO32− pathway during carbonate precipitation, with important implications for new isotope fractionation models for natural carbonates. The fractionation relationship between Δ47 and δ18O found in this study allows more precise identification of KIEs associated with rapid carbonate growth.
Effects of Hotspot‐Induced Long‐Wavelength Mantle Melting Variations on Magmatic Segmentation at the Reykjanes Ridge: Insights From 3D Geodynamic Modeling
Authors: Zha Caicai , Lin Jian , Zhou Zhiyuan , Xu Min , Zhang Xubo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractSpatial variations in mantle melting induced by the Iceland hotspot have strong effects on meso‐scale mantle upwelling and crustal production along the slow‐spreading Reykjanes Ridge. The ridge‐hotspot interaction has been recorded by diachronous V‐shaped ridges and troughs extending away from Iceland, as well as by changes in ridge segmentation since 37 Ma. The origins of V‐shaped structures are widely debated, while the causes of the gradual erasion of ridge segments bounded by transform faults are rarely investigated. Through 3D time‐dependent geodynamic modeling, this study investigates how the hotspot‐induced regional mantle melting variations affect ridge segmentation. Periodic temperature perturbations were initially imposed beneath the melting zone to trigger buoyant upwelling cells, which corresponded to the offset ridge segments at the Reykjanes Ridge. Iceland hotspot‐induced long‐wavelength mantle melting variations were generated by applying a regional linear temperature gradient at the bottom of the model domain. Modeling reveals a two‐stage evolution of the buoyant upwelling cells that characterizes the segmentation transition at the Reykjanes Ridge. In Stage 1, the regional mantle melting variations trigger along‐axis pressure‐driven mantle flow, which alters the segment‐scale mantle upwelling and promotes the propagation of segment boundaries away from the region with relatively higher mantle temperature. In Stage 2, buoyant upwelling cells are destroyed progressively as along‐axis mantle flow dominants, leaving V‐shaped diachronous boundaries between the segmented and unsegmented crust. These results advance our understanding of the effects of long‐wavelength mantle melting variations induced by regional mantle heterogeneities on ridge segment evolution at slow‐spreading ridges.
Lakshadweep High Propagation and Impacts on the Somali Current and Eddies During the Southwest Monsoon
Authors: Ernst Paul A. , Subrahmanyam Bulusu , Trott Corinne B. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractClimatological eddies in the Arabian Sea (AS), including the Lakshadweep High (LH) and the Great Whirl (GW), play major roles in the regional fluxes of upper ocean properties. For the first time, we apply an eddy tracking algorithm to the LH using altimetric sea surface height observations from 1993 through 2019. We additionally analyze the LH's water mass composition throughout its life cycle using the 1/12° Global eddy resolving physical ocean and sea ice reanalysis (GLORYS12). We observe that the second annual downwelling coastal Kelvin wave's (CKW) arrival during the winter monsoon is primarily responsible for generating the LH. In March, Rossby waves propagate along 8°N at the same speed of that of the LH. In 17 of 27 years, the LH maintains coherence across the AS. The LH sustains a shallow lens of lower salinity Bay of Bengal water up to 68°E in these years. In the remaining 10 years, the LH dissipates between 60°E and 70°E or fails to propagate beyond the southwest Indian coast. We attribute the differences between propagation types to fluctuations in the CKW strength, differences in wind stress between the southern tip of India and Sri Lanka, and the variable distribution of wind stress curl around the LH. We also find that longer propagating LH types negatively correlate with the eddy kinetic energy of the Somali Current region during the summer monsoon. We conclude that, upon its arrival in late July, the LH either merges with or replaces the GW, disrupting the cyclone that normally orbits the GW.
Direct Radiative Effect (DRE) of Dust Aerosols on West African and East Asian Monsoon: The Role of Ocean‐Atmosphere Interactions
Authors: Wang Anqi , Xie Xiaoning , Liu Xiaodong , Yin Zhi‐Yong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe direct radiative effect (DRE) of dust aerosols on the West African and East Asian monsoons is analyzed using the Community Atmosphere Model version 4 containing the dust aerosol parameterization module with and without the coupling of ocean‐atmosphere processes, respectively. The atmospheric model (AM) and the ocean‐atmosphere coupled model (CM) can both capture the major spatial characteristics of dust aerosols and summer monsoons over West Africa and East Asia. Our results show that the DREs on the West African (WASM) and East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) are more significant in the CM simulations compared to the AM simulations, causing the strengthening of the WASM and weakening of the EASM. The DRE of dust aerosols induces a negative radiative forcing leading to a surface cooling of the downstream ocean of the dust source region when the coupled ocean feedback is added. The distinct DRE of dust aerosols on the WASM and EASM are resulted from the relative locations of the ocean cooling regions to the respective monsoon regions. This study shows the importance of the coupled ocean‐atmosphere processes in the DRE and its influences on the WASM and EASM systems.
Jupiter's Enigmatic Ionosphere: Electron Density Profiles From the Pioneer, Voyager, and Galileo Radio Occultation Experiments
Authors: Mendillo Michael , Narvaez Clara , Moore Luke , Withers Paul 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRadio occultation experiments on the Pioneer and Voyager missions obtained the first seven electron density profiles Ne(h) of Jupiter's ionosphere. We use the five complete Ne(h) observations to assess patterns and processes linked to photo‐chemical‐equilibrium (PCE) theory, modeled previously to be the domain below ∼1,000 km. We find that the Ne(h) profiles are highly structured and identification of the maximum electron density and its height do not follow PCE expectations for layers produced by the Sun's soft X‐rays and extreme ultraviolet. Pre‐dawn profiles often show larger electron densities than dusk‐side profiles, inconsistent with simple chemical decay throughout nighttime. We examined total electron content (TEC) values, defined as Ne(h) integrated up to a 3,500 km height, and found statistically significant TEC correlations (correlation coefficient ∼0.85) with solar fluxes over solar cycle time scales. The subsequent set of 25 Ne(h) profiles obtained during the Galileo mission confirmed all of the variability patterns found by Pioneer and Voyager. Most notable was a weaker solar cycle pattern for TEC. Yet, different solar cycle characteristics during the three missions cannot explain their different values for TEC. Average Ne(h) profiles from the early missions (P10‐11; V1‐2) revealed a three‐layer system that was confirmed by average Galileo results. Models using faster electron‐ion recombination caused by vibrationally excited H2 converting atomic ions to molecular ions could lead to enhanced removal of plasma near ∼1,000 km, and thus the topside layer formation that often appears at ∼1,500 km, while XUV radiation likely produces the two lower layers in the PCE domain.
Driving Factors on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Permafrost Region of Daxing'an Mountains, Northeast China
Authors: Gao Weifeng , Gao Dawen , Cai Tijiu , Liang Hong 
Published: March 2022

AbstractPermafrost regions are an important source of greenhouse gases. However, the effects of different permafrost wetland types on greenhouse gas emissions and the driving factors are still unclear in the permafrost region. Here, we selected three typical permafrost wetlands from the Daxing'an Mountains to investigate the effects of permafrost wetland types on greenhouse gas emissions. The cumulative N2O, CO2, and CH4 emissions were 84–122, 657,942–1,446,121, and 173–16,924 kg km−2, respectively. The linear mixed effects model indicated that N2O emissions were significantly affected by the NO3−‐N content, whereas CO2 emissions were mainly driven by soil temperature, water table level, and NO3−‐N content. CH4 emissions were affected by soil temperature and water table level. Permafrost wetland types significantly affected the average and cumulative N2O, CO2, and CH4 emissions. The cumulative N2O emissions were highest in the Larix gmelinii ‐ Carex appendiculata (LC) wetland and lowest in the Betula fruticosa Pall. (B) wetland, driven by NO3−‐N content. The cumulative CO2 emissions were highest in the B wetland and lowest in the L. gmelinii ‐ Ledum palustre var. dilatatum (LL) wetland. The cumulative CH4 emissions from B wetland were significantly higher than those from LL and LC wetlands. The differences in cumulative CO2 and CH4 emissions were driven by the water table level. Our findings indicate that NO3−‐N content affect the spatial‐temporal variation of N2O emissions, whereas water table level influence the spatial‐temporal variation of CO2 and CH4 emissions in the permafrost region of the Daxing'an Mountains.
Extreme Enhancements of Electron Temperature in Low Latitude Topside Ionosphere During the October 2016 Storm
Authors: Zhang Ruilong , Liu Libo , Ma Han , Chen Yiding , Le Huijun , Yoshikawa Akimasa 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWe use the in‐situ observations of DMSP and SWARM satellites to report the changes of the topside ionospheric electron temperature during the October 2016 storm. Electron temperature in the afternoon sector dramatically increases in low latitudes in the recovery phase of the storm. Furthermore, the temperature enhancements have an obvious dependence on longitude and are mainly centralized around 100°–150°E in different satellite observations. The temperature enhancements attain more than 2,000 K at 840 km and 1,500 K at 450 km around the magnetic equator. The decrease in the electron‐ion collision cooling rate, resulting from the lessened topside electron density, could not fully explain the temperature enhancement. At the same time, the electron densities in crests of the equatorial ionization anomaly are suppressed drastically at 100°–150°E, which cause a less heat conduction effect from the equatorial topside ionosphere to low altitudes via magnetic field lines and heat the topside ionospheric electron temperature. Further analysis indicates that dayside westward disturbance dynamo electric field presents a significant longitude structure and is a primary driver for the topside ionospheric temperature enhancement during the storm.
Toll-like receptor 3 activation promotes joint degeneration in osteoarthritis
Authors: Stolberg-Stolberg Josef , Boettcher Annika , Sambale Meike , Stuecker Sina , Sherwood Joanna , Raschke Michael , Pap Thomas , Bertrand Jessica 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by cartilage degradation that is induced by inflammation. Sterile inflammation can be caused by damage-associated molecular patterns that are released by chondrocytes and activate pattern recognition receptors. We evaluate the role of toll-like receptor-3-activating RNA in the pathogenesis of OA. Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) was detected by semiquantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, western blotting and microscopy. Rhodamine-labelled poly(I:C) was used to image uptake in chondrocytes and full-thickness cartilage. The production of IFNβ in chondrocytes after stimulation with poly(I:C) as well as in the synovial fluid of OA patients was measured using ELISA. Chondrocyte apoptosis was chemically induced using staurosporine. Immunohistochemistry was performed to examine TLR3 expression and apoptosis in human and murine OA cartilage. RNA in synovial fluid was quantified by RiboGreen assay. Destabilisation of the medial meniscus was performed in TLR3−/− and wildtype mice. OA was assessed after eight weeks using OARSI score. TLR3 expression was confirmed by western blot and RT-PCR. Poly(I:C) was internalised by chondrocytes as well as cartilage and caused an increase of IFNβ production in murine (11.46 ± 11.63 (wo) to 108.7 ± 25.53 pg/ml; N = 6) and human chondrocytes (1.88 ± 0.32 (wo) to 737.6 ± 130.5 pg/ml; N = 3; p < 0.001). OA cartilage showed significantly more TLR3-positive (KL0 = 0.22 ± 0.24; KL4 = 6.02 ± 6.75; N ≥ 15) and apoptotic chondrocytes (KL0 = 0.6 ± 1.02; KL4 = 9.78 ± 7.79; N ≥ 12) than healthy cartilage (p < 0.001). Staurosporine-induced chondrocyte apoptosis causes a dose-dependent RNA release (0 ng/ml = 1090 ± 39.1 ng/ml; 1000 ng/ml=2014 ± 160 ng/ml; N = 4; p < 0.001). Human OA synovial fluid contained increased concentrations of RNA (KL0-2 = 3408 ± 1129 ng/ml; KL4 = 4870 ± 1612ng/ml; N ≥ 7; p < 0.05) and IFNβ (KL0-2 = 41.95 ± 92.94 ng/ml; KL3 = 1181 ± 1865ng/ml; N ≥ 8; p < 0.05). TLR3−/− mice showed reduced cartilage degradation eight weeks after OA induction (OARSI WT = 5.5 ± 0.04; TLR3−/− = 3.75 ± 1.04; N ≥ 6) which was accompanied by gradually decreasing levels of TUNEL-positive cells (WT = 34.87 ± 24.10; TLR3−/ = 19.64 ± 7.89) resulting in decreased IFNβ expression (WT = 12.57 ± 5.43; TLR3−/− = 6.09 ± 2.07) in cartilage (p < 0.05). The release of RNA by apoptotic chondrocytes thus activating TLR3 signalling is one possible way of perpetuating inflammatory cartilage changes. The inhibition of TLR3 could be a possible therapeutic target for OA treatment.
Diffusion interface layer controlling the acceptor phase of bilayer near-infrared polymer phototransistors with ultrahigh photosensitivity
Authors: Han Tao , Wang Zejiang , Shen Ning , Zhou Zewen , Hou Xuehua , Ding Shufang , Jiang Chunzhi , Huang Xiaoyi , Zhang Xiaofeng , Liu Linlin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe narrow bandgap of near-infrared (NIR) polymers is a major barrier to improving the performance of NIR phototransistors. The existing technique for overcoming this barrier is to construct a bilayer device (channel layer/bulk heterojunction (BHJ) layer). However, acceptor phases of the BHJ dissolve into the channel layer and are randomly distributed by the spin-coating method, resulting in turn-on voltages (Vo) and off-state dark currents remaining at a high level. In this work, a diffusion interface layer is formed between the channel layer and BHJ layer after treating the film transfer method (FTM)-based NIR phototransistors with solvent vapor annealing (SVA). The newly formed diffusion interface layer makes it possible to control the acceptor phase distribution. The performance of the FTM-based device improves after SVA.Vodecreases from 26 V to zero, and the dark currents decrease by one order of magnitude. The photosensitivity (Iph/Idark) increases from 22 to 1.7 × 107.
CrkII/Abl phosphorylation cascade is critical for NLRC4 inflammasome activity and is blocked by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT
Authors: Mohamed Mohamed F. , Gupta Kajal , Goldufsky Josef W. , Roy Ruchi , Callaghan Lauren T. , Wetzel Dawn M. , Kuzel Timothy M. , Reiser Jochen , Shafikhani Sasha H. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractType 3 Secretion System (T3SS) is a highly conserved virulence structure that plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of many Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, includingPseudomonas aeruginosa. Exotoxin T (ExoT) is the only T3SS effector protein that is expressed in all T3SS-expressingP. aeruginosastrains. Here we show that T3SS recognition leads to a rapid phosphorylation cascade involving Abl / PKCδ / NLRC4, which results in NLRC4 inflammasome activation, culminating in inflammatory responses that limitP. aeruginosainfection in wounds. We further show that ExoT functions as the main anti-inflammatory agent forP. aeruginosain that it blocks the phosphorylation cascade through Abl / PKCδ / NLRC4 by targeting CrkII, which we further demonstrate to be important for Abl transactivation and NLRC4 inflammasome activation in response to T3SS andP. aeruginosainfection.
Vulnerability-oriented directed fuzzing for binary programs
Authors: Yu Lu , Lu Yuliang , Shen Yi , Li Yuwei , Pan Zulie 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDirected greybox fuzzing (DGF) is an effective method to detect vulnerabilities of the specified target code. Nevertheless, there are three main issues in the existing DGFs. First, the target vulnerable code of the DGFs needs to be manually selected, which is tedious. Second, DGFs mainly leverage distance information as feedback, which neglects the unequal roles of different code snippets in reaching the targets. Third, most of the existing DGFs need the source code of the test programs, which is not available for binary programs. In this paper, we propose a vulnerability-oriented directed binary fuzzing framework named VDFuzz, which automatically identifies the targets and leverages dynamic information to guide the fuzzing. In specific, VDFuzz consists of two components, a target identifier and a directed fuzzer. The target identifier is designed based on a neural-network, which can automatically locate the target code areas that are similar to the known vulnerabilities. Considering the inequality of code snippets in reaching the given target, the directed fuzzer assigns different weights to basic blocks and takes the weights as feedback to generate test cases to reach the target code. Experimental results demonstrate that VDFuzz outperformed the state-of-the-art fuzzers and was effective in vulnerability detection of real-world programs.
A study on sex estimation by using machine learning algorithms with parameters obtained from computerized tomography images of the cranium
Authors: Toy Seyma , Secgin Yusuf , Oner Zulal , Turan Muhammed Kamil , Oner Serkan , Senol Deniz 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe aim of this study is to test whether sex prediction can be made by using machine learning algorithms (ML) with parameters taken from computerized tomography (CT) images of cranium and mandible skeleton which are known to be dimorphic. CT images of the cranium skeletons of 150 men and 150 women were included in the study. 25 parameters determined were tested with different ML algorithms. Accuracy (Acc), Specificity (Spe), Sensitivity (Sen), F1 score (F1), Matthews correlation coefficient (Mcc) values were included as performance criteria and Minitab 17 package program was used in descriptive statistical analyses. p ≤ 0.05 value was considered as statistically significant. In ML algorithms, the highest prediction was found with 0.90 Acc, 0.80 Mcc, 0.90 Spe, 0.90 Sen, 0.90 F1 values as a result of LR algorithms. As a result of confusion matrix, it was found that 27 of 30 males and 27 of 30 females were predicted correctly. Acc ratios of other MLs were found to be between 0.81 and 0.88. It has been concluded that the LR algorithm to be applied to the parameters obtained from CT images of the cranium skeleton will predict sex with high accuracy.
Large scale validation of an early-age eye-tracking biomarker of an autism spectrum disorder subtype
Authors: Wen Teresa H. , Cheng Amanda , Andreason Charlene , Zahiri Javad , Xiao Yaqiong , Xu Ronghui , Bao Bokan , Courchesne Eric , Barnes Cynthia Carter , Arias Steven J. , Pierce Karen 
Published: March 2022

AbstractFew clinically validated biomarkers of ASD exist which can rapidly, accurately, and objectively identify autism during the first years of life and be used to support optimized treatment outcomes and advances in precision medicine. As such, the goal of the present study was to leverage both simple and computationally-advanced approaches to validate an eye-tracking measure of social attention preference, the GeoPref Test, among 1,863 ASD, delayed, or typical toddlers (12–48 months) referred from the community or general population via a primary care universal screening program. Toddlers participated in diagnostic and psychometric evaluations and the GeoPref Test: a 1-min movie containing side-by-side dynamic social and geometric images. Following testing, diagnosis was denoted as ASD, ASD features, LD, GDD, Other, typical sibling of ASD proband, or typical. Relative to other diagnostic groups, ASD toddlers exhibited the highest levels of visual attention towards geometric images and those with especially high fixation levels exhibited poor clinical profiles. Using the 69% fixation threshold, the GeoPref Test had 98% specificity, 17% sensitivity, 81% PPV, and 65% NPV. Sensitivity increased to 33% when saccades were included, with comparable validity across sex, ethnicity, or race. The GeoPref Test was also highly reliable up to 24 months following the initial test. Finally, fixation levels among twins concordant for ASD were significantly correlated, indicating that GeoPref Test performance may be genetically driven. As the GeoPref Test yields few false positives (~ 2%) and is equally valid across demographic categories, the current findings highlight the ability of the GeoPref Test to rapidly and accurately detect autism before the 2nd birthday in a subset of children and serve as a biomarker for a unique ASD subtype in clinical trials.