bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public-Private Partnerships in Britain
Authors: Foreman-Peck James 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Britain was in the forefront of utilizing Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) and contracting out from the 1980s, but recently has become increasingly disenchanted with the effectiveness of private finance and outsourcing in government procurement. Private contractors have not always proved better at managing government services than direct government supply. Nearly complete measurement of the government service is essential if the supply is to be successfully contracted out or provided by a PPP. Bundling different stages of supply, a typical feature of PPP, though potentially beneficial for controlling project whole life costs, boosts the size of the contract, reducing the number of potential competitors and the intensity of competition. Credible risk transfer from government to the private contractor continued to be challenging. Yet HM Treasury project appraisal was nevertheless biased in favor of private finance projects and yardstick competition between procurement routes remained underutilized. Private finance has been an expensive way of massaging the national debt-GDP ratio, with less than 10% of government investment at stake. On the other hand, considerable experience has been obtained in controlling whole life project costs with other, simpler, procurement routes.
Corporate Political Ties and State Capitalism
Authors: Gao Renfei , Sun Pei , Grosman Anna , Okhmatovskiy Ilya 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Corporate political ties serve as a significant channel for business-government interactions and represent a prominent feature of state capitalism. Given the burgeoning scholarly interests in this topic over the last few decades, we identify the latest insights that emerge from this literature, with an emphasis on the strategy and performance implications of corporate political ties. We first define the scope of our overview of corporate political ties, noting the relevance of other forms of corporate political activity and state capitalism. We next review several important theoretical perspectives that have been used to study corporate political ties. This is followed by a detailed review of the recent research on the strategy and performance implications of corporate political ties and the emergent insights into the benefits and costs of corporate political ties. We conclude this chapter by proposing several directions and suggestions for future research.
State Capitalism in the United States
Authors: D’Amico Daniel J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper describes the unique incentives at play within state produced and managed military and prison industries under democratic political arrangements. Unlike competitive market economies wherein competition guides productive and allocative efficiency, centrally managed state industries deviate from social efficiency in so far as discretion holders perceive value from growth, and or voting electorates exhibit bias. Thus, the proclivity for deviating from socially efficient equilibria is present in both authoritarian and democratic regimes lacking effective checks and balances in military and criminal justice arenas.
State Capitalism in Poland and Hungary
Authors: Bałtowski Maciej , Kozarzewski Piotr , Mickiewicz Tomasz 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We discuss the emerging economic systems of Poland and Hungary using the state capitalism approach and suggest some general lessons. We define state capitalism in the broad and narrow senses and propose six major manifestations of state capitalism of the populist variety, and five major state capitalism tools. Applying this framework to the post-Soviet, transition economies context, we discuss the origins of state capitalism formation in Poland and Hungary. We focus on specific features of the populist variety of state capitalism in these countries, including the relative importance of political capitalism, oligarchy, and the use of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) as the source of rents, as well as the varieties of state control over the enterprise sector. We point out that the specific economic policies implemented in the two countries are conditioned by the past. We also underline the discrepancy between the features resulting from post-communist path dependence and the contemporary influences, mainly related to the membership of both countries in the EU.
Sovereign Wealth Funds
Authors: Bischoff Christine , Wood Geoffrey T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) and where they stand in the world of state capitalism. SWFs are gradually becoming leading participants in the alternative investor ecosystem, and are another expression of state capitalism. This chapter highlights the challenges of categorizing state investment funds, and argue that what sets SWFs apart is an ostensibly inter-generational savings focus. Through the usage of examples, we highlight the great diversity in SWFs in terms of size, scope, and quality of governance, and contrast those that have some focus in internal investment to promote national development with those that are purely external focused. Again, we draw attention to the case of SWFs that have faced rapid depletion, and explore what sets them apart from more prosperous funds. Finally, we explore how SWFs may be theorized in terms of ethics, state capabilities and orientation, diplomacy, and via network theory.
State-owned Development Banks
Authors: Musacchio Aldo , Lazzarini Sergio G. , Makhoul Pedro , Simmons Emily 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
State-owned development banks are either seen as solving market imperfections or criticized for crowding out private lenders and encouraging politically motivated lending. We study six development banks—Chile’s Corfo, Brazil’s BNDES, Canada’s BDC, Germany’s KfW, Korea’s KDB, and China’s CDB, analyze the tools they use to address market failures, and create a typology according to their strategic focus. We identify two general strategic orientations of development banks—national-champion oriented (with a focus on large firms and with direct mechanisms of lending and equity investment) and entrepreneurship-oriented (with a focus on smaller firms and with more indirect tools to reduce market failure, such as credit guarantees). We conclude with several suggestions for research and public policy. For instance, we argue that, as local capital markets and institutions evolve, development banks should progressively become more entrepreneurship-oriented, focused on smaller entrepreneurial firms, and use of more indirect mechanisms to promote equity investment and alleviate credit constraints (such as credit guarantees). From a research standpoint, scholars should examine conditions and mechanisms through which development banks help develop novel and valuable private capabilities and how their internal organizational patterns influence the impact of their policies.
State Capitalism and the Financial Crisis
Authors: Campbell John L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews the neoliberal origins of the 2008 financial crisis and explains how different types of nation-states coped with it. There were significant differences between how liberal and coordinated market economies responded. The chapter also examines the international response to the crisis and how banks reacted to it. The chapter concludes by reviewing the lessons learned from the crisis.
Digital Nudging
Authors: Ienca Marcello , Vayena Effy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nudging (i.e. behavioural change programmes involving subtle environmental modifications (nudges) aimed at influencing lifestyle choices and behaviour) has been advocated as an efficient and cost-effective way to achieve public health objectives. Research shows that well-calibrated nudges can result in healthier dietary and nutritional choices, higher vaccination compliance, reduction in health-care expenditures, and other positive public health outcomes. In spite of these findings, nudging has been criticized for its possible impact on fundamental ethical notions such as personal autonomy and freedom of choice. This stems from the fact that nudging, unlike other public health strategies for lifestyle modification such as education and financial inducements, is characterized by a higher reliance on non-rational influence. With the advent of digital technology and online spaces, nudges are being increasingly administered in digital format. These ‘digital nudges’ include influencing lifestyle habits via wearable devices, predetermining choices via predictive analytics, segmenting user groups by psychometric variables, hijacking human attention through addictive user interfaces, and enabling surveillance and behavioural compliance via ubiquitous computing. While the ethics of analogue nudging has been largely debated in public health ethics, the ethical implications of non-rational behavioural change via digital technology have often eluded scrutiny. This chapter explores the ethical boundaries of digital nudging. It discusses the core features of digital nudges and their impact on the principle of autonomy and reviews emerging normative accounts of autonomy that may enable a greater degree of normative protection from non-rational influence via digital technology, namely, freedom of thought, mental integrity, and cognitive liberty.
The Ethics of Medical AI
Authors: Mishra Abhishek , Savulescu Julian , Giubilini Alberto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Over the past few years, artificial intelligence (AI) solutions have been increasingly explored and developed for health-care settings. This trend is only expected to accelerate. ‘AI’ in this chapter refers primarily to deep learning models and the chapter considers the main ethical concerns that arise on the basis of (a) bias, discrimination, and fairness; (b) patient-centred medicine; (c) AI and value-based decision-making; (d) responsibility, accountability, and explanation; and (e) the broader long-term societal effects of AI in health care. The various questions posed under these themes are considered, the main arguments are assembled, and directions for future research are considered.
The Surveillance Delusion
Authors: Véliz Carissa 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the ethics of surveillance in the digital age by assessing its lights and shadows. After assessing the consequences of surveillance for freedom and democracy, it argues that we should resist the surveillance delusion: the assumption that surveillance has no significant moral costs. Under the surveillance delusion, only the benefits of surveillance are considered, and, as a result, surveillance is taken to be a convenient solution to problems that could be solved through less intrusive means—all without realizing that surveillance itself may be creating more weighty problems in the long run than the ones it is solving.
Lyric Backwardness
Authors: Mitchell Dianne 
Published: December 2022

AbstractWhat would it mean to take seriously the idea that there is something backward about Renaissance women’s lyrics? Appearing belatedly in our critical purview, female-authored poems have seemed out of step with the supposed trajectories of English poetry. However, interpretive methods offer models for reading the recalcitrant. Backwardness represents a problem only if we assume that ‘forward’ is the direction in which literature must go. This chapter reclaims ‘backwardness’ as a formal condition of early modern women’s lyric. It argues for three types of lyric backwardness: the ‘negative, shameful, and difficult’ feelings that Heather Love has termed ‘feeling backward’; the temporal backwardness of collections created across distinct moments in time; and how manuscripts incite a literal mode of backward reading. Arguing for the value of reading backward both within and across lyrics, this chapter advocates for critical approaches that are more attuned to early modern women’s perverse and innovative poetic trajectories.
Women and Fiction
Authors: Dodds Lara 
Published: December 2022

AbstractVirginia Woolf’s thought experiment—or fiction—of Judith Shakespeare was part of a larger investigation of the problem of ‘women and fiction’. This chapter returns to this problem with an investigation of the different ways that early modern women were associated with fiction: as patrons, addressees, readers, writers, and theorists. This chapter provides an overview of women’s participation in fiction in the earlier part of the seventeenth century. The examples of Margaret Tyler and Mary Sidney Herbert demonstrate women’s influence on the development of early modern fiction as translators, editors, and co-authors. Further, the association of women and fiction in the period created ‘women and fiction’ as a complex of ideas that shaped women’s engagement with fiction as both readers and writers. This chapter analyses Mary Wroth and Margaret Cavendish’s fictional works, demonstrating how these writers developed theories about the power of fiction to reflect and shape the conditions of women’s lives.
Receiving Early Modern Women’s Drama
Authors: Wray Ramona 
Published: December 2022

AbstractDrama is the literary genre most readily associated with the early modern period, and was a genre in which early modern women excelled. In the early 1980s, many feminist critics brought these achievements to light. However, little of this work has significantly touched mainstream criticism of early modern drama. Why are women dramatists invariably peripheral to such discussion? This chapter explores the disciplinary implications of challenging such resilient assumptions. It emphasises women as participants in a well-networked community of creatives. It understands women dramatists not only in terms of gender but also region and class, in so doing unmooring the assumption that elite social categories are determining factors. By detailing how women dramatists take energy from writing and culture more generally, this chapter makes a case for an approach which highlights the need for adjustments to scholarship and the early modern canon.
Romance and Race
Authors: Braganza V. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Throughout the seventeenth century, female authors use the evolving concept of race to reshape romance’s investment in identity in search of their own. Women’s romances use perceived instabilities in racialised identities to carve out social and literary agency for female authors and subjects. However, as they craft their identities via racial metaphors and politics, instability, not identity, ultimately prevails. This chapter tracks the evolution of this process across the fictions of Mary Wroth, Margaret Cavendish, Hester Pulter, and Aphra Behn. These writers’ literary engagements with different conceptual aspects of race transform romance from a genre centred on the discovery of identity to one which destabilises—and is destabilised by—racial and gendered identities. In this way, women’s romances do not just reflect the identity politics of emergent racialism: they are complicit in creating and encoding it. Romance ultimately helps to create the very world in which it fails.
‘People of a Deeper Speech’
Authors: Killeen Kevin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Among the fieriest writings in early modernity are a set of women’s political, wild poetic responses to the Bible. While these tracts are ‘enthusiastic’, they constitute a carefully crafted mode of writing. It is a style that is precise but tempestuous, drawing on the Scriptures and a class-conscious hermeneutic that constitutes a community of, per Anna Trapnel, ‘people of a deeper speech’. Such writing has not been neglected by scholars, but its biblical idiom has remained baffling. This chapter considers Trapnel’s The Cry of a Stone (1654) in relation to the biblical prophets’ function as one of discordance. It argues that prophetic typology crafts its style as a response to a deeply unstable spiritual-political ontology. It makes the case that women prophets of the revolution understood themselves to be working within a scriptural poetic that is possibly experimental, in that they aim to disrupt the parameters of language and coherence.
Daughters of the House
Authors: Sanders Julie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the place-based work of a number of seventeenth-century women playwrights, arguing for their site-specificity but also that their work was inflected by broader theatrical and literary movements in the period. Likely written at Penshurst, Lady Mary Wroth’s Love’s Victory can be understood not only through intertextual relationships with the work of Ben Jonson and her famous relations but as a site-specific work imbued with spatial practices and daily activities that informed family life there. Jane and Elizabeth Cavendish’s ‘Pastorall’ was written while running Welbeck Abbey for their father, and is read alongside Rachel Fane’s 1620s Apethorpe productions, in particular her 1627 ‘May Masque’. These case studies are examples of ‘daughters of the house’: women producing place-based and place-making art in powerful family, regional, and national contexts, and the importance to them of their experiences of managing and of living inside these ‘producing houses’.
Archipelagic Feminism
Authors: Prescott Sarah 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter takes an archipelagic comparative approach to chart the geographical production and spatial networks of women’s poetry across the national and linguistic borders of Ireland, Scotland, and Wales in the period 1540–1700. Methodologically, the chapter explores the potential of archipelagic approaches for thinking differently about women’s writing, particularly what might be termed the feminist impulse at the heart of devolutionary critical methods. The chapter argues that a devolved attention to the geographically marginal can result not only in a reappraisal of that perceived marginality but also lead to different conclusions as to the status of particular poets and the significance of their oeuvre. It also considers the implications of an archipelagic approach for a reassessment of the ‘canon’ of women’s literary production in this period and the contexts in which it is read. Overall, the chapter asks: can archipelagic literary criticism work as a different form of feminist recovery?
Desire, Dreams, Disguise
Authors: Starza Smith Daniel , Veronese Leah 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The virtually unknown writings of Elizabeth Bourne present remarkable but opaque opportunities to explore the creative interior life of an Elizabethan woman—albeit one in extraordinary circumstances. Subject to domestic violence, Bourne escaped the family home and found protection in a legal guardian, Sir John Conway—with whom she then fell in love. In a series of exchanges with Conway, which included the exchange of books and poetry, Bourne’s letters pick up tropes of literary forms including Spenserian romance, dream visions, Latin translation, coded sexual fantasy, and even intelligence activity. Bourne used her letters to craft a literary space to imagine passion, peace, and happiness. Those letters were themselves subject to misogynistic archival violence in the nineteenth century and come down to us almost by accident. This chapter sets out the literary achievements they preserve for the first time by attending to how Bourne’s writings construct and navigate social networks.
Elizabeth Melville
Authors: Verweij Sebastiaan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the poetry, poetics, and publication strategies of Scottish poet Elizabeth Melville, Lady Culross (fl. 1599–1631), locating her within Scottish and English cultural networks. It is often assumed Melville was exceptional if not unique as a practising poet: she was the first Scottish woman to publish poetry, and the first to produce the sizeable corpus of over 4,000 lines of verse. This chapter tests these assumptions by considering issues of poetics and influence, and publication and propaganda. The chapter also considers how Melville’s religion and poetics reflect the contents of a neglected Melville family library. Melville’s publication strategies suggest various ways in which her poetry functioned socially, including occasional and targeted manuscript publication in support of friends. This chapter ultimately suggests that Melville was perhaps never an outlier, but also that her voice and contribution, not only to women’s writing but also to Scottish and British letters, were distinct.
Material Texts
Authors: Reynolds Anna 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The last two decades have seen a turn towards material histories of texts and embodied acts of reading. Cultural representations of women’s encounters with books and the traces left behind by female readers have been central to our understanding of the material history of reading, as well as the recent turn away from texts contained within books to early modern textual culture more broadly. This chapter begins with an act of critical imagining, overviewing textual encounters elite, middling, and lower status women may have experienced. It attends to paper’s centrality to the literary negotiations of Lady Mary Wroth’s Urania. Absent from the historical record because of their ephemerality and apparent triviality, Urania reveals connections between household sheets and the pages of Wroth’s romance. The ways in which paper might be handled, preserved, and destroyed, proves to be vital in how Wroth positions herself in relation to existing literary forms and traditions.
‘Sing and let the song be new’
Authors: Wilcox Helen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In many aspects of early modern women’s lives, Christianity was a severe constraint. However, there was one area in which spiritual experience may have had an empowering effect: the writing of devotional verse. This chapter traces the development of women’s devotional lyrics, from Anne Locke and Mary Sidney to the woman known only as ‘Eliza’ and Julia Palmer. It is important to consider how further factors may have played a vital role in the female poets’ development of this genre, such as material circumstances or doctrinal allegiances. This chapter concludes by asking two questions about women writers’ relationship to devotional poetry. To what extent is it possible to discern a line of development in this genre as it emerges in women’s hands across nearly two centuries? How far do the surviving material witnesses of these texts give us an idea of why and for whom the poems were written?
North-West Europe
Authors: Haselgrove Colin , Krausz Sophie 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis chapter examines the evolution of Iron Age societies in north-west Europe. In recent decades, vast numbers of rural sites have been excavated across north-west Europe, complementing long-standing research on fortified sites and cemeteries. As would be expected of highly interconnected societies, continental and insular developments were broadly in step throughout the period, but regional diversity is apparent in settlement architecture and mortuary and ritual practices. Underpinned by an increasingly reliable agricultural base, population rose dramatically during the period in most regions, and many hitherto little-exploited areas of landscape were opened up to settlement. Craftworking became more specialized and new types of central foci emerged, often with important economic or cult functions, and sometimes reaching monumental proportions. After 125 BC, Roman intervention impacted progressively on north-west Europe, promoting ethnogenesis and other changes; the final section considers the Roman Iron Age in areas that remained outside the Empire.