bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of future careers for middle year engineering students
Authors: McGough Spence Catherine , Kirn Adam , Benson Lisa 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundOne facet of motivation relevant to students' learning is their perceptions of the future, including future career goals and how those perceptions influence their present actions; this is collectively referred to as their future time perspective (FTP).Purpose/HypothesisThis study describes the different FTPs of engineering students. We aim to help researchers and practitioners leverage students' motivations to improve learning experiences and inform future studies by providing a model of engineering students' FTP.Design/MethodA phenomenographic approach was used to determine students' different characteristic FTPs within the context of their engineering courses. Interviews with engineering students (n = 18) at a southeastern US research‐intensive university were analyzed for differences and similarities in their descriptions of their FTPs.ResultsThree groups emerged from the data that were visualized as different shapes within the outcome space. Cone, a long narrow shape, represents students who narrowed down their future careers deep into the future. Cup, a wider truncated cone, represents students who have conflicting desired and realistic future careers. Bowl, a short and wide shape, represents students who have broad perceptions of their future careers and do not describe how their future goals affect their present actions.ConclusionsUsing a phenomenographic approach to examine engineering students' FTPs revealed three characteristic groups and allowed us to document how different FTPs affect students' perceptions of tasks in their engineering courses. Our findings can help educators foster students' interest in and value of learning engineering concepts and their positive perceptions of their future careers.
Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy: A helping tool to identify the adultrant of dye from Curcuma longa L rhizome, and its ecofriendly applications on pharmaceutical products
Authors: Abbas Moneeza , Shaheen Shabnum , Idrees Komal , Jaffer Mehwish , Hussain Rana Abrar , Tabassum Muhammad Waheed , Rasool Ghulam 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe current study was embraced to examine the morphoanatomical distinguishing proof utilizing light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and antibacterial activities of turmeric extract utilizing amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. Cross over part of the rhizome is roundabout in structure. The peripheral layer is the periderm which comprises of 6–7 layers of digressively lengthened cells. This is trailed by an expansive cortex made of flimsy walled parenchyma cells with intercellular spaces. The antibacterial activities of turmeric extract in blend with drug items like amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin was likewise examined at various fixations. Different turmeric samples and drug items were gathered from various shops of Lahore. The samples were analyzed for antibacterial activities by utilizing pour plate method. In general outcomes showed fundamentally higher zone of inhibition of turmeric extract in combination with ciprofloxacin and lower zone of inhibition of turmeric extract in combination with amoxicillin. It is inferred that turmeric extract have hostile impact in blend with amoxicillin. Thus, the combination of turmeric extract with antimicrobial (amoxicillin) diminished the intensity of antibiotic. The turmeric extract have more antibacterial activity in mix with ciprofloxacin. Thus, the blend of turmeric extract with antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) expanded the intensity of antibiotic.Research highlights
Morphoanatomical study of Turmeric rhizome using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
The antibacterial activities of turmeric extract like amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin was also investigated at different concentrations.
Quality and nutritional value of cookies enriched with plant‐based protein preparations
Authors: Nemś Agnieszka , Miedzianka Joanna , Kita Agnieszka 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of the study was to determine the effect of addition of plant‐based protein preparations in cookie recipes on the quality and nutritional value of the obtained products. Wheat flour was replaced by 10%, 20% or 30% of pea, hemp seed, pumpkin and sunflower seed preparations. Baked cookies were analysed for chemical composition, amino acid profile, colour and texture as well as organoleptic attributes and overall acceptability.RESULTSThe addition of plant protein preparations improved the nutritional value of cookies by supplementing them with threonine and part of lysine. Replacing at least 20% of wheat flour with pea protein allowed the production of cookies with a well‐balanced amino acid profile. The use of pea and sunflower proteins improved the appearance of the obtained products (consumer notes from 7.4 to 8.0) in comparison to the control sample (note 7.2). The physical properties of cookies were changed while organoleptic properties worsened. Cookies with the most desirable sensory values were obtained using the pea protein preparation. Acceptable cookies were also obtained with pumpkin and sunflower seed protein preparations, if the proportion of additive did not exceed 20% in relation to the amount of wheat flour.CONCLUSIONThe use of protein preparations from pumpkin and sunflower as well as from hemp seeds allows the production of cookies with acceptable sensory characteristics that could diversify the range of cookie products. In the case of oilseed preparations, the amount of additive is limited primarily by the colour and taste of the finished products. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Structure and functioning of Coriaria nepalensis dominated shrublands in degraded hills of Kumaun Himalaya. I. Dry matter dynamics
Authors: Awasthi Pankaj , Bargali Kiran , Bargali Surendra Singh , Jhariya Manoj Kumar 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn Kumaun Himalaya, the shrublands dominated by Coriaria nepalensis are present in patches and due to their facilitative nature enhance the restoration of degraded hills. This study deals with the dry matter dynamics of C. nepalensis shrublands. The equation for C. nepalensis was developed to measure the biomass and to understand the dry matter dynamics through compartmental models. Total biomass of tree, shrub and herb varied from 71.66 to 217.40 t ha−1, 43.65 to 77.55 t ha−1 and 11.11 to 64.55 t ha−1, respectively. The biomass of herbs was higher during monsoon and lowest during the summer season. Litter fall varied from 1.02–1.70 t ha−1 yr−1 and the highest value of litter fall was recorded during winter (52%) followed by rainy (29%) and summer season (19%). Order of contribution of different components to total litter fall was: foliage (45.32%–50.33%) > twigs (36.80%–42.22%) > miscellaneous litter (4.62%–6.97%) > Bark (3.56%–5.47%) > reproductive parts (2.13%–3.57%). Shrub floor biomass was recorded maximum during the rainy season (11.32–37.55 t ha−1) followed by the winter season (13.03–25.36 t ha−1) and minimum in the summer season (6.83–12.80 t ha−1). Net primary productivity in trees, shrubs and sapling was ranged from 0.94 to 11.01, 1.83 to 4.88 and 0.55 to 0.87, respectively. Due to less canopy cover, the litter fall was less than from the majority of the forest types of the region. Thus, proper conservation and management measures must be designed to improve the structural components and functional traits of the shrubland ecosystem to enhance the ecological services on sustained basis.
Local Direction of Optomechanical Stress in Azobenzene Containing Polymers During Surface Relief Grating Formation
Authors: Loebner Sarah , Yadav Bharti , Lomadze Nino , Tverdokhleb Nina , Donner Hendrik , Saphiannikova Marina , Santer Svetlana 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn this work, it is revealed how the photoinduced deformation of azobenzene containing polymers relates to the local direction of optomechanical stresses generated during irradiation with interference patterns (IPs). It can be substantiated by the modeling approach proposed by Saphiannikova et al., which describes the directional photodeformations in glassy side‐chain azobenzene polymers, and proves that these deformations arise from the reorientation of rigid backbone segments along the light polarization direction. In experiments and modeling, surface relief gratings in pre‐elongated photosensitive colloids of few micrometers length are inscribed using different IPs such as SS, PP, ±45, SP, RL, and LR. The deformation of colloidal particles is studied in situ, whereby the local variation of polymer topography is assigned to the local distribution of the electrical field vector for all IPs. Experimentally observed shapes are reproduced exactly with modeling azopolymer samples as visco‐plastic bodies in the finite element software ANSYS. Orientation approach correctly predicts local variations of the main axis of light‐induced stress in each interference pattern for both initially isotropic and highly oriented materials. With this work, it is suggested that the orientation approach implements a self‐sufficient and convincing mechanism to describe photoinduced deformation in azopolymer films that in principle does not require auxiliary assumptions.
Multivariate, region‐based genetic analyses of facets of reproductive aging in White and Black women
Authors: Bielak Lawrence F. , Peyser Patricia A. , Smith Jennifer A. , Zhao Wei , Ruiz‐Narvaez Edward A. , Kardia Sharon L. R. , Harlow Sioban D. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundAge at final menstrual period (FMP) and the accompanying hormone trajectories across the menopause transition do not occur in isolation, but likely share molecular pathways. Understanding the genetics underlying the endocrinology of the menopause transition may be enhanced by jointly analyzing multiple interrelated traits.MethodsIn a sample of 347 White and 164 Black women from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), we investigated pleiotropic effects of 54 candidate genetic regions of interest (ROI) on 5 menopausal traits (age at FMP and premenopausal and postmenopausal levels of follicle stimulation hormone and estradiol) using multivariate kernel regression (Multi‐SKAT). A backward elimination procedure was used to identify which subset of traits were most strongly associated with a specific ROI.ResultsIn White women, the 20 kb ROI around rs10734411 was significantly associated with the multivariate distribution of age at FMP, premenopausal estradiol, and postmenopausal estradiol (omnibus p‐value = .00004). This association did not replicate in the smaller sample of Black women.ConclusionThis study using a region‐based, multiple‐trait approach suggests a shared genetic basis among multiple facets of reproductive aging.
Optimal control problem of various epidemic models with uncertainty based on deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Hwang Yoon‐gu , Kwon Hee‐Dae , Lee Jeehyun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe investigate an optimal control problem of various epidemic models with uncertainty using stochastic differential equations, random differential equations, and agent‐based models. We discuss deep reinforcement learning (RL), which combines RL with deep neural networks, as one method to solve the optimal control problem. The deep Q‐network algorithm is introduced to approximate an action‐value function and consequently obtain the optimal policy. Numerical simulations show that in order to effectively prevent the spread of infectious diseases, it is essential to vaccinate at the highest rate for the first few days and then gradually reduce the rate.
Synthesis of malformin‐A1, C, a glycan, and an aglycon analog: Potential scaffolds for targeted cancer therapy
Authors: Hossain Farzana , Nishat Sharmeen , Andreana Peter R. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractImprovement in therapeutic efficacy while reducing chemotherapeutic side effects remains a vital objective in synthetic design for cancer treatment. In keeping with the ethos of therapeutic development and inspired by the Warburg effect for augmenting biological activities of the malformin family of cyclic‐peptide natural products, specifically anti‐tumor activity, a β‐glucoside of malformin C has been designed and synthesized utilizing precise glycosylation and solution phase peptide synthesis. We optimized several glycosylation procedures utilizing different donors and acceptors. The overarching goal of this study was to ensure a targeted delivery of a glyco‐malformin C analog through the coupling of D‐glucose moiety; selective transport via glucose transporters (GLUTs) into tumor cells, followed by hydrolysis in the tumor microenvironment releasing the active malformin C a glycon analog. Furthermore, total synthesis of malformin C was carried out with overall improved strategies avoiding unwanted side reactions thus increasing easier purification. We also report on an improved solid phase peptide synthesis protocol for malformin A1.
On‐surface synthesis of porous graphene nanoribbons containing nonplanar [14]annulene pores
Authors: Ajayakumar M. R. , Di Giovannantonio Marco , Pignedoli Carlo A. , Yang Lin , Ruffieux Pascal , Ma Ji , Fasel Roman , Feng Xinliang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe precise introduction of nonplanar pores in the backbone of graphene nanoribbon represents a great challenge. Here, we explore a synthetic strategy toward the preparation of nonplanar porous graphene nanoribbon from a predesigned dibromohexabenzotetracene monomer bearing four cove‐edges. Successive thermal annealing steps of the monomers indicate that the dehalogenative aryl‐aryl homocoupling yields a twisted polymer precursor on a gold surface and the subsequent cyclodehydrogenation leads to a defective porous graphene nanoribbon containing nonplanar [14]annulene pores and five‐membered rings as characterized by scanning tunneling microscopy and noncontact atomic force microscopy. Although the C–C bonds producing [14]annulene pores are not achieved with high yield, our results provide new synthetic perspectives for the on‐surface growth of nonplanar porous graphene nanoribbons.
A push–pull strategy for controlling the tea green leafhopper (EmpoascaflavescensF.) using semiochemicals fromTageteserectaandFlemingiamacrophylla
Authors: Niu Yuqun , Han Shanjie , Wu Zihui , Pan Cheng , Wang Mengxin , Tang Yanyan , Zhang Qing‐He , Tan Genjia , Han Baoyu 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe tea green leafhopper,Empoasca flavescensis the most important pest in Chinese tea plantations. For decades its control has been executed almost exclusively through pesticide applications. A semiochemical‐based ‘push–pull’ strategy was tested on the leafhopper in the study.RESULTSThe odors released fromTagetes erectaandFlemingia macrophyllasignificantly repelled and attracted leafhoppers, respectively. These volatile compounds (46 fromT. erectaand 53F. macrophylla) were identified and quantified via gas chromatography–mass spectometry (GC–MS) analysis. Y‐tube olfactometer assays indicated that thymol anisole, thymol and camphor had significant repellent effects on the leafhoppers, resulting in a ternary repellent blend at a 4:3:13 ratio.Cis‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol,cis‐3‐hexenyl acetate, nonanal andα‐farnesene were significantly attractive to the leafhoppers, making an attractant blend at a 17:4:1:1 ratio. In the field, the push–pull strategy with the repellent dispensers placed within the tea bushes and the attractant‐baited sticky traps hung 15 cm above the tea plants showed a significant control efficacy, reaching 69% and 55% at two and 14 days post‐treatment, respectively, similar to those in the insecticide control plots. Additionally, the leafhopper density in the push–pull intercropping plot was 63.2 leafhoppers/100 tea shoots/visit, much lower than those in the pull intercropping plot and nonintercropping plot.CONCLUSIONApplication of the push–pull strategy using both synthetic repellent and attractant, or intercroppingT. erectaandF. macrophyllawith tea plants, can effectively reduce the leafhopper population. This approach might have great potential as an environmentally safe control strategy against the leafhopper. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Cover crops effects on soil hydraulic properties in two contrasting Mollisols of the Argentinean Pampas region
Authors: Villarreal Rafael , Lozano Luis Alberto , Polich Nicolas , Salazar María Paz , Barraco Miriam , Soracco C. German 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDecreasing physical quality of Mollisols in the Argentinean Pampas region is observed due to simplified crop rotations. The main objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of cover cropping management on soil water capture, transport, and storage as compared with different crop rotations with bare fallow in two different and representative Mollisols of the Argentinean Pampas region (one Typic Argiudoll [TA] and one Typic Hapludoll [TH]). Water capture, transport, and storage processes were assessed through soil sorptivity, infiltration tests at different pressures heads, and soil water retention curve determination. In addition, aggregate stability and soil organic carbon (SOC) were determined and the relationship between studied variables and processes was evaluated. It was observed that soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] monocultures jeopardize Mollisols conservation, decreasing water capture and transport and SOC content. The inclusion of cover cropping management increased the soil water transport in the TA and water capture in the TH, as compared with bare fallow rotations. In this sense, our results show that cover cropping could be a suitable management in order to recover degraded soils due to simplified crop rotations in Mollisols from the Argentina Pampas region.
Show me the money! The impact of a conditional cash transfer on educational achievement
Authors: Pedraja-Chaparro Francisco , Santín Daniel , Simancas Rosa 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDuring the global economic crisis, unemployment rates increased dramatically across Europe, especially among the least educated population groups. The picture in Spain in 2012, with unemployment rates running at over 20% and youth employment close to 45%, was discouraging. In face of this situation, the Spanish autonomous government of Extremadura launched a programme specifically aimed at motivating unemployed individuals without a school degree to return to education and earn the compulsory secondary education diploma. This paper applies a fuzzy regression discontinuity design to evaluate the impact of this conditional cash transfer programme using administrative data. The results show that the programme did not increase the likelihood of earning the lower secondary education diploma. This finding is a caveat emptor for governments considering similar policies, and remarks again the importance of testing innovations before generalization.
MDMA and memory, addiction, and depression: dose-effect analysis
Authors: Pantoni Madeline M. , Kim Jinah L. , Van Alstyne Kaitlin R. , Anagnostaras Stephan G. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Rationale
±3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a recreational drug that shows substantial promise as a psychotherapeutic agent. Still, there is some concern regarding its behavioral toxicity, and its dose-effect relationship is poorly understood. We previously explored the role of dose in the cognitive effects of MDMA in a systematic review of existing literature and found no evidence in animals that MDMA impairs memory at low doses (< 3 mg/kg) but mixed results at high doses (≥ 3 mg/kg). Since this review comprised mostly of single-dose studies and an assortment of methodologies, an empirical dose-ranging study on this topic is warranted.

Objectives
The current study aims to evaluate the conclusion from our systematic review that 3 mg/kg may be the threshold for MDMA-induced amnesia, and to further understand the dose-effect relationship of MDMA on behavioral assays of memory, addiction, and depression.

Methods
We systematically examined the effects of 0.01 to 10 mg/kg MDMA on Pavlovian fear conditioning; behavioral sensitization, conditioned place preference, and conditioned responding; and the Porsolt forced swim test in mice.

Results
High doses of MDMA (≥ 3 mg/kg) produced amnesia of fear conditioning memory, some evidence of an addictive potential, and antidepressant effects, while low doses of MDMA (≤ 1 mg/kg) had no effect on these behaviors.

Conclusions
The present dose-ranging study provides further evidence that 3 mg/kg is the threshold for MDMA-induced amnesia. These findings, in addition to our systematic review, demonstrate that careful selection of MDMA dose is critical. High doses (≥ 3 mg/kg) should likely be avoided due to evidence that they can produce amnesia and addiction. Conversely, there is little evidence to suggest that low doses, which are usually administered in clinical studies (approximately 1–2 mg/kg), will lead to these same adverse effects. Ultra-low doses (< 1 mg/kg) are likely even safer and should be investigated for therapeutic effects in future studies.
Zebrafish excel in number discrimination under an operant conditioning paradigm
Authors: Bisazza Angelo , Santacà Maria 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNumerical discrimination is widespread in vertebrates, but this capacity varies enormously between the different species examined. The guppy (Poecilia reticulata), the only teleost examined following procedures that allow a comparison with the other vertebrates, outperforms amphibians, reptiles and many warm-blooded vertebrates, but it is unclear whether this is a feature shared with the other teleosts or represents a peculiarity of this species. We trained zebrafish (Danio rerio) to discriminate between numbers differing by one unit, varying task difficulty from 2 versus 3 to 5 versus 6 items. Non-numerical variables that covary with number, such as density or area, did not affect performance. Most fish reached learning criterion on all tasks up to 4 versus 5 discrimination with no sex difference in accuracy. Although no individual reached learning criterion in the 5 versus 6 task, performance was significant at the group level, suggesting that this may represent the discrimination threshold for zebrafish. Numerosity discrimination abilities of zebrafish compare to those of guppy, being higher than in some warm-blooded vertebrates, such as dogs, horses and domestic fowl, though lower than in parrots, corvids and primates. Learning rate was similar in a control group trained to discriminate between different-sized shapes, but zebrafish were slightly more accurate when discriminating areas than numbers and males were more accurate than females. At the end of the experiment, fish trained on numbers and controls trained on areas generalized to the reciprocal set of stimuli, indicating they had used a relational strategy to solve these tasks.