bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epstein-Barr virus and Burkitt’s lymphoma. Associations in Iraqi Kurdistan and twenty-two countries assessed in the International Incidence of Childhood Cancer
Authors: Muhealdeen Dana N. , Shwan Alan , Yaqo Rafil T. , Hassan Hemin A. , Muhammed Bryar O. , Ali Rawa M. , Hughson Michael D. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundBurkitt's lymphoma (BL) has worldwide variations in incidence that are related to the age of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. This study examined the age-specific incidence rate (ASIR) of BL and community EBV seropositivity in Iraqi Kurdistan and compared results with data from countries tabulated in the International Incidence of Childhood Cancer volume 3 (IICC-3).MethodsThe ASIR (95% confidence intervals) of BL in Sulaimani Governorate of Iraqi Kurdistan were calculated for the years 2010–2020. Specimens from 515 outpatients were tested for IgG and IgM antibodies to EBV viral capsid antigen.ResultsIn Sulaimani, 84% of BL occurred under 20 years of age, with an ASIR of 6.2 (4.7–7.7) per million children. This ASIR was not significantly different than that of Egypt, Morocco, Israel, Spain, or France. It was slightly higher than the ASIR of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Germany and markedly higher than for Asia and South Africa. In Africa and much of Asia, early childhood EBV exposure predominates, with nearly all children being infected by 5 years of age. In Sulaimani, just over 50% of children were EBV seropositive at 3 years old and 90% seropositivity was reached at 15 years of age. In Europe and North America, seropositivity is commonly delayed until adolescence or young adulthood and adult predominates over childhood BL.ConclusionIn the Middle East, childhood BL is relatively common and adult BL is rare. In Sulaimani, EBV seropositivity increases progressively throughout childhood and reaches 92% at mid-adolescence. This may reflect the Mid East more widely. We suggest that the high childhood and low adult BL rates may be a regional effect of a pattern of EBV exposure intermediate between early childhood and adolescent and young adult infections.
Genomic sequence capture of Plasmodium relictum in experimentally infected birds
Authors: Ellis Vincenzo A. , Kalbskopf Victor , Ciloglu Arif , Duc Mélanie , Huang Xi , Inci Abdullah , Bensch Staffan , Hellgren Olof , Palinauskas Vaidas 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Sequencing parasite genomes in the presence of host DNA is challenging. Sequence capture can overcome this problem by using RNA probes that hybridize with the parasite DNA and then are removed from solution, thus isolating the parasite DNA for efficient sequencing.

Methods
Here we describe a set of sequence capture probes designed to target 1035 genes (c. 2.5 Mbp) of the globally distributed avian haemosporidian parasite, Plasmodium relictum. Previous sequence capture studies of avian haemosporidians from the genus Haemoproteus have shown that sequencing success depends on parasitemia, with low-intensity, chronic infections (typical of most infected birds in the wild) often being difficult to sequence. We evaluate the relationship between parasitemia and sequencing success using birds experimentally infected with P. relictum and kept under laboratory conditions.

Results
We confirm the dependence of sequencing success on parasitemia. Sequencing success was low for birds with low levels of parasitemia (< 1% infected red blood cells) and high for birds with higher levels of parasitemia. Plasmodium relictum is composed of multiple lineages defined by their mitochondrial DNA haplotype including three that are widespread (SGS1, GRW11, and GRW4); the probes successfully isolated DNA from all three. Furthermore, we used data from 25 genes to describe both among- and within-lineage genetic variation. For example, two samples of SGS1 isolated from different host species differed by 11 substitutions across those 25 genes.

Conclusions
The sequence capture approach we describe will allow for the generation of genomic data that will contribute to our understanding of the population genetic structure and evolutionary history of P. relictum, an extreme host generalist and widespread parasite.

Graphical Abstract
Dietary diversity and associated factors among preschool children in selected kindergarten school of Horo Guduru Wollega Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Authors: Keyata Ebisa Olika , Daselegn Abebe , Oljira Alemayehu 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
Preschool children are the most vulnerable group because of their high nutritional needs for growth and development. The study assessed dietary diversity scores and associated factors among preschool children in selected kindergarten schools of Horo Guduru Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia.

Methods
The institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted on a total 440 of preschool children. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on the dietary diversity score of preschool children using a 24 h dietary recall method. Binary logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with dietary diversity scores of preschool children.

Results
The result showed that the majority (87.3%) of preschool children in the selected kindergarten school practiced a low dietary diversity score (less than four food groups). The result obtained from multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the age of preschool children [AOR 9.58(2.26–40.60)], sex of child [AOR 3.21(1.71–5.99)], and work of mother [AOR 7.49(2.33–24.07)] were significantly (p < 0.05 associated) with dietary diversity of children.

Conclusions
The findings indicated that many preschool children in the study area did not get a minimum dietary diversity score. Therefore, health extension workers must organize community-based behavior change nutritional education for mothers or caregivers to create awareness of preschool child dietary diversity practices.
Qualitative interviews in patients with lipodystrophy to assess the patient experience: evaluation of hunger and other symptoms
Authors: Martin Susan A. , Sanchez Robert J. , Olayinka-Amao Oyebimpe , Harris Charles , Fehnel Sheri 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
New treatments are being evaluated for lipodystrophy; however, limited information is available on the patient experience. Results of a prior patient panel showed that hunger and temperature-related symptoms were an issue for participants. Therefore, evaluation of any changes in these symptoms is recommended for inclusion in new treatment options. The objective of this study was to further understand the patient experience and to evaluate newly developed items of hunger and temperature regulation.

Methods
Individual, in-depth telephone interviews were conducted via semi-structured discussion guide. Telephone interviews were conducted with 21 US patients with generalized lipodystrophy (GLD) or partial lipodystrophy (PLD). Eligibility requirements included self-reported PLD or GLD. Interviews included open-ended concept elicitation followed by a review of newly developed items assessing hunger, temperature sensations, and patient globals. Interviews were conducted in two rounds, with the newly developed items assessing hunger revised after each round of interviews based on participant feedback.

Results
Results indicated that hunger-related symptoms were considered a current issue for greater than half (N = 11) of participants, and all but one reported this as an issue at some point in their lives. Specifically, participants most often reported symptoms of increased appetite and not feeling full. The cognitive debriefing process indicated that the hunger-related symptoms, temperature, and global impression of change and severity items were correctly interpreted and easily completed by the participants. While not a focus of the interviews, the concept elicitation results demonstrated that pain was a frequently reported and bothersome symptom in this patient population.

Conclusions
This qualitative research provided evidence to support the use of clinical outcomes assessments such as hunger and temperature-related items in clinical trials.
Biocontrol potential of native entomopathogenic nematodes against coconut rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) under laboratory conditions
Authors: Sujithra M. , Rajkumar M. , Mhatre Priyank Hanuman , Guru-Pirasanna-Pandi Govindharaj 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundIndia is the world's leading producer of coconuts. Many biotic and abiotic constrains limit global palm yield and among the biotic factors, the coconut rhinoceros beetle,Oryctes rhinoceros(L.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) is the major problem in India. The adult beetle attacks the unopened leaves and inflorescences, resulting in a yield loss of more than 10%.O. rhinocerosgrubs and adults have different feeding habits as the adults feed on plant tissues, whereas the grubs primarily feed on rotting organic matter. Non-feeding stage, i.e. the larval stage, which is cryptic in nature and spends nearly 90–160 days in the breeding site, is amenable to any control measures so as to reduce the population of actual damaging adult stage. However, indiscriminate use of chemical insecticides has created a lot of environmental and regulatory issues, thus warranting an ecologically safe and environmental friendly alternative option. Hence, indigenous entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) strains, viz.Heterorhabditis indica(CPCRI-Hi1),Steinernema abbasi(CPCRI-Sa1), andS. carpocapsae(CPCRI-Sc1), virulence and reproductive capacity were evaluated against second instar larvae ofO. rhinoceros.ResultsOryctes rhinoceroslarval susceptibility to EPN significantly varied with the treatment dose and period of exposure. The highest larval mortality was observed withS. carpocapsae(100%), andS. abbasi(92%) at 10 days post treatment, whereasH. indicastrain induced 72% mortality. At 72 h of incubation, the LC50values of Sc1, Sa1 and Hi1 strains were 1078, 1663 and 9780 IJs larva−1, respectively. With different concentration of EPN tested, the production of infective juveniles (IJs) inside the cadavers for Sc1, Sa1 and Hi1 varied between 3223–10,365; 4722–96,572 and 3483–85,453 larvae−1, respectively.ConclusionBased on the virulence, reproductive capacity, searching ability and LC50values, it is suggested that strain Sc1 have great potential as a biocontrol agent for theOryctesmanagement in coconut palms under humid tropical ecosystem. Present study found the effective native strain againstO. rhinoceros, and its field efficacy should be tested further to include the EPNs in the integrated pest management program in coconut.
Effects of waveform shape and electrode material on KiloHertz frequency alternating current block of mammalian peripheral nerve
Authors: Green David B. , Kilgore Joseph A. , Bender Shane A. , Daniels Robert J. , Gunzler Douglas D. , Vrabec Tina L. , Bhadra Niloy 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Objectives
KiloHertz frequency alternating current waveforms produce conduction block in peripheral nerves. It is not clearly known how the waveform shape affects block outcomes, and if waveform effects are frequency dependent. We determined the effects of waveform shape using two types of electrodes.

Materials and methods
Acute in-vivo experiments were performed on 12 rats. Bipolar electrodes were used to electrically block motor nerve impulses in the sciatic nerve, as measured using force output from the gastrocnemius muscle. Three blocking waveforms were delivered (sinusoidal, square and triangular) at 6 frequencies (10–60 kHz). Bare platinum electrodes were compared with carbon black coated electrodes. We determined the minimum amplitude that could completely block motor nerve conduction (block threshold), and measured properties of the onset response, which is a transient period of nerve activation at the start of block. In-vivo results were compared with computational modeling conducted using the NEURON simulation environment using a nerve membrane model modified for stimulation in the kilohertz frequency range.

Results
For the majority of parameters, in-vivo testing and simulations showed similar results: Block thresholds increased linearly with frequency for all three waveforms. Block thresholds were significantly different between waveforms; lowest for the square waveform and highest for triangular waveform. When converted to charge per cycle, square waveforms required the maximum charge per phase, and triangular waveforms the least. Onset parameters were affected by blocking frequency but not by waveform shape. Electrode comparisons were performed only in-vivo. Electrodes with carbon black coatings gave significantly lower block thresholds and reduced onset responses across all blocking frequencies. For 10 and 20 kHz, carbon black coating significantly reduced the charge required for nerve block.

Conclusions
We conclude that both sinusoidal and square waveforms at frequencies of 20 kHz or higher would be optimal. Future investigation of carbon black or other high charge capacity electrodes may be useful in achieving block with lower BTs and onsets. These findings will be of importance for designing clinical nerve block systems.
Stakeholder engagement to inform evidence-based treatment implementation for children’s mental health: a scoping review
Authors: Triplett Noah S. , Woodard Grace S. , Johnson Clara , Nguyen Julie K. , AlRasheed Rashed , Song Frank , Stoddard Sophia , Mugisha Jules Cesar , Sievert Kristen , Dorsey Shannon 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Background
There is a pervasive mental health treatment gap for children across the globe. Engaging stakeholders in child mental health evidence-based treatment (EBT) implementation projects may increase the likelihood of successful EBT implementation, thereby better addressing the treatment gap. However, little is known about the extent of stakeholder engagement to inform the implementation of child mental health EBTs.

Methods
We conducted a scoping review to characterize stakeholder engagement in child mental health EBT implementation projects, including what stakeholders are engaged, how they are engaged, when they are engaged, where they are engaged (i.e., location of projects), why they are engaged, and the reported impacts of stakeholder engagement. We searched seven databases: MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Embase, ERIC, CINAHL Complete, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection. To be included, studies had to report on some form of stakeholder engagement that was undertaken to inform or explain the implementation of a child mental health EBT. We performed data extraction and synthesis to describe key study and stakeholder characteristics, stakeholder engagement methods and rationales, reported impacts of stakeholder engagement, and quality of reporting on stakeholder engagement.

Results
In total, 122 manuscripts met our inclusion criteria, from which we identified a total of 103 unique child mental health EBT implementation projects. Projects spanned 22 countries, which included low-, lower-middle, upper-middle, and high-income countries. The largest number of projects was in the USA and conducted in public mental health settings. Most projects engaged EBT providers during the active implementation phase and with limited depth, often gathering information from stakeholders without sharing decision-making power in implementation efforts. Across projects, impacts of stakeholder engagement spanned all of Proctor and colleague’s implementation outcomes.

Conclusions
Given that stakeholder engagement is often shallow and with limited shared decision-making, additional effort should be made to increase engagement to preempt challenges to EBT implementation and ensure implementation success. Such efforts may ensure the just distribution of power in EBT implementation efforts.

Trial registration
All procedures were pre-registered on the Open Science Framework prior to conducting the literature search (DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/GR9AP).
Adrenal Insufficiency in Cirrhosis
Authors: Wentworth Brian J , Siragy Helmy M 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis assessment in patients with cirrhosis is challenging. The phenotype of fatigue, hypotension, electrolyte disarray, and abdominal pain characterizing primary adrenal insufficiency (AI) overlaps significantly with decompensated liver disease. Reliance on total cortisol assays in hypoproteinemic states is problematic, yet abnormal stimulated levels in cirrhosis are associated with poor clinical outcomes. Alternative measures including free plasma or salivary cortisol levels have theoretical merit but are limited by unclear prognostic significance and undefined cirrhosis-specific reference ranges. Further complicating matters is that AI in cirrhosis represents a spectrum of impairment. Although absolute cortisol deficiency can occur, this represents a minority of cases. Instead, there is an emerging concept that cirrhosis, with or without critical illness, may induce a “relative” cortisol deficiency during times of stress. In addition, the limitations posed by decreased synthesis of binding globulins in cirrhosis necessitate re-evaluation of traditional AI diagnostic thresholds.
Spatio-temporal epidemiology of animal and human rabies in northern South Africa between 1998 and 2017
Authors: Mogano Kgaogelo , Suzuki Toru , Mohale Debrah , Phahladira Baby , Ngoepe Ernest , Kamata Yusuke , Chirima George , Sabeta Claude , Makita Kohei 
Published: July 2022

Background
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease that is maintained in domestic dogs and wildlife populations in the Republic of South Africa. A retrospective study was conducted to improve understanding of the dynamics of rabies in humans, domestic dogs, and wildlife species, in relation to the ecology for three northern provinces of South Africa (Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and North-West) between 1998 and 2017.

Methods
A descriptive epidemiology study was conducted for human and animal rabies. Dog rabies cases were analyzed using spatio-temporal scan statistics. The reproductive number (Rt) was estimated for the identified disease clusters. A phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the genome sequences of rabies viruses isolated from dogs, jackals, and an African civet, and Bayesian evolutionary analysis using a strict time clock model. Several ecological and socio-economic variables associated with dog rabies were modeled using univariate analyses with zero-inflated negative binomial regression and multivariable spatial analyses using the integrated nested Laplace approximation for two time periods: 1998–2002 and 2008–2012.

Results
Human rabies cases increased in 2006 following an increase in dog rabies cases; however, the human cases declined in the next year while dog rabies cases fluctuated. Ten disease clusters of dog rabies were identified, and utilizing the phylogenetic tree, the dynamics of animal rabies over 20 years was elucidated. In 2006, a virus strain that re-emerged in eastern Limpopo Province caused the large and persistent dog rabies outbreaks in Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces. Several clusters included a rabies virus variant maintained in jackals in Limpopo Province, and the other variant in dogs widely distributed. The widely distributed variant maintained in jackal populations in North-West Province caused an outbreak in dogs in 2014. The Rt was high when the disease clusters were associated with either multiple virus strains or multiple animal species. High-risk areas included Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces characterized by woodlands and high temperatures and precipitation.

Conclusion
Canine rabies was maintained mainly in dog populations but was also associated with jackal species. Rural communities in Limpopo and Mpumalanga Provinces were at high risk of canine rabies originating from dogs.
A systematic review of statistical methodology used to evaluate progression of chronic kidney disease using electronic healthcare records
Authors: Cleary Faye , Prieto-Merino David , Nitsch Dorothea 
Published: July 2022

Background
Electronic healthcare records (EHRs) are a useful resource to study chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression prior to starting dialysis, but pose methodological challenges as kidney function tests are not done on everybody, nor are tests evenly spaced. We sought to review previous research of CKD progression using renal function tests in EHRs, investigating methodology used and investigators’ recognition of data quality issues.

Methods and findings
We searched for studies investigating CKD progression using EHRs in 4 databases (Medline, Embase, Global Health and Web of Science) available as of August 2021. Of 80 articles eligible for review, 59 (74%) were published in the last 5.5 years, mostly using EHRs from the UK, USA and East Asian countries. 33 articles (41%) studied rates of change in eGFR, 23 (29%) studied changes in eGFR from baseline and 15 (19%) studied progression to binary eGFR thresholds. Sample completeness data was available in 44 studies (55%) with analysis populations including less than 75% of the target population in 26 studies (33%). Losses to follow-up went unreported in 62 studies (78%) and 11 studies (14%) defined their cohort based on complete data during follow up. Methods capable of handling data quality issues and other methodological challenges were used in a minority of studies.

Conclusions
Studies based on renal function tests in EHRs may have overstated reliability of findings in the presence of informative missingness. Future renal research requires more explicit statements of data completeness and consideration of i) selection bias and representativeness of sample to the intended target population, ii) ascertainment bias where follow-up depends on risk, and iii) the impact of competing mortality. We recommend that renal progression studies should use statistical methods that take into account variability in renal function, informative censoring and population heterogeneity as appropriate to the study question.
Epidemiology of aerophagia in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Rajindrajith Shaman , Gunawardane Damitha , Kuruppu Chandrani , Dharmaratne Samath D. , Gunawardena Nipul K. , Devanarayana Niranga M. 
Published: July 2022

Background
Aerophagia is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder among children. The disease leads to symptoms related to air in the intestine leading to burping, abdominal distension, and excessive flatus. We aimed to perform a systematic review and a meta-analysis to assess the epidemiology of aerophagia in children.

Methods
We conducted a thorough electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Web of Science) search for all epidemiological surveys conducted in children on aerophagia. All selected studies were assessed for their scientific quality and the extracted data were pooled to create a pooled prevalence of aerophagia.

Results
The initial search identified 76 titles. After screening and in depth reviewing, 19 studies representing data from 21 countries with 40129 children and adolescents were included in the meta-analysis. All studies have used standard Rome definitions to diagnose aerophagia. The pooled prevalence of aerophagia was 3.66% (95% Confidence interval 2.44–5.12). There was significant heterogeneity between studies [I2 98.06% with 95% Confidence interval 97.70–98.37). There was no gender difference in prevalence of aerophagia in children. The pooled prevalence of aerophagia was highest in Asia (5.13%) compared to other geographical regions.

Conclusion
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we found aerophagia has a significant prevalence across the world.