bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serum PFAS and Urinary Phthalate Biomarker Concentrations and Bone Mineral Density in 12-19 Year Olds: 2011-2016 NHANES
Authors: Carwile Jenny L , Seshasayee Shravanthi M , Ahrens Katherine A , Hauser Russ , Driban Jeffrey B , Rosen Clifford J , Gordon Catherine M , Fleisch Abby F 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Context
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and phthalates are 2 families of environmental endocrine disruptors that may be associated with areal lower bone mineral density (aBMD).

Objective
To examine associations between serum PFAS and urinary phthalate biomarker concentrations and their mixtures with aBMD Z-scores in adolescents.

Design, Patients, and Measures
We examined serial cross-sectional data from male (n = 453) and female (n = 395) 12- to 19-year-old participants in the 2011 through 2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey with measures of serum PFAS, urinary phthalate metabolites, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry aBMD Z-scores (total body less head). In sex-specific models, we used linear regression to examine associations of individual PFAS and phthalate biomarkers with aBMD Z-scores, and Bayesian kernel machine regression to examine the association of the overall PFAS/phthalate biomarker mixture with aBMD Z-scores. We replicated the analysis, stratifying by race/ethnicity.

Results
Participants were (mean ± SD) 15 ± 2.1 years of age. In males, each doubling of serum perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate, urinary mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), mono-n-butyl phthalate, and the overall PFAS/phthalate mixture was associated with a lower aBMD Z-score (eg, for PFOA: -0.24; 95% CI, -0.41 to -0.06). Serum PFOA and urinary MiBP were associated with higher aBMD Z-scores in females (eg, for PFOA: 0.09; 95% CI, -0.07 to 0.25). Findings did not differ by race/ethnicity.

Conclusions
Certain PFAS and phthalates may be associated with reduced bone mineral density in adolescent males. Bone mineral density tracks across the life course, so if replicated in longitudinal cohorts, this finding may have implications for lifelong skeletal health.
Approach to the Patient: Hyponatremia and the Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis (SIAD)
Authors: Martin-Grace Julie , Tomkins Maria , O’Reilly Michael W , Thompson Chris J , Sherlock Mark 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disturbance seen in clinical practice, affecting up to 30% of acute hospital admissions, and is associated with significant adverse clinical outcomes. Acute or severe symptomatic hyponatremia carries a high risk of neurological morbidity and mortality. In contrast, chronic hyponatremia is associated with significant morbidity including increased risk of falls, osteoporosis, fractures, gait instability, and cognitive decline; prolonged hospital admissions; and etiology-specific increase in mortality. In this Approach to the Patient, we review and compare the current recommendations, guidelines, and literature for diagnosis and treatment options for both acute and chronic hyponatremia, illustrated by 2 case studies. Particular focus is concentrated on the diagnosis and management of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. An understanding of the pathophysiology of hyponatremia, along with a synthesis of the duration of hyponatremia, biochemical severity, symptomatology, and blood volume status, forms the structure to guide the appropriate and timely management of hyponatremia. We present 2 illustrative cases that represent common presentations with hyponatremia and discuss the approach to management of these and other causes of hyponatremia.
The Impact of Endogenous Estrogen Exposure Duration on Fracture Incidence: a Longitudinal Cohort Study
Authors: Farahmand Maryam , Rahmati Maryam , Azizi Fereidoun , Behboudi Gandevani Samira , Ramezani Tehrani Fahimeh 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Context
Although it is well documented that estrogen hormone is positively associated with bone mineral density and lower risk of fracture, there are limited studies on the association between duration of endogenous estrogen exposure (EEE) and fracture, especially by longitudinal design.

Objective
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between EEE with fracture incidence by longitudinal design in a community-based study.

Methods
A total of 5269 eligible postmenarcheal women, including 2411 premenopausal and 2858 menopausal women, were recruited from among the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. Cox proportional hazards regression model with adjustment of potential confounders was performed to assess the relationship between duration of EEE and incident of any hospitalized fractures.

Results
A total of 26.7% (1409/5269) women were menopausal at the baseline, and 2858 of the remaining participants reached menopause at the end of follow-up. Results of the unadjusted model demonstrated that the EEE z-score was negatively associated with fracture incidence [unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) 0.81, 95% CI 0.68-0.96] in postmenarchal women, indicating that per 1-SD increase of EEE z-score, the hazard of fracture reduced by 19%. Results remained statistically unchanged after adjustment for potential confounders (adjusted HR 0.70, 95% CI 0.58-0.86).

Conclusion
The findings of this cohort study suggest that a longer duration of EEE has a protective effect on fracture incidence; a point that needs to be considered in fracture risk assessment.
Increased Adipose Tissue Indices of Androgen Catabolism and Aromatization in Women With Metabolic Dysfunction
Authors: Ostinelli Giada , Laforest Sofia , Denham Scott G , Gauthier Marie-Frederique , Drolet-Labelle Virginie , Scott Emma , Hould Frédéric-Simon , Marceau Simon , Homer Natalie Z M , Bégin Catherine , Andrew Ruth , Tchernof André 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Context
Body fat distribution is a risk factor for obesity-associated comorbidities, and adipose tissue dysfunction plays a role in this association. In humans, there is a sex difference in body fat distribution, and steroid hormones are known to regulate several cellular processes within adipose tissue.

Objective
Our aim was to investigate if intra-adipose steroid concentration and expression or activity of steroidogenic enzymes were associated with features of adipose tissue dysfunction in individuals with severe obesity.

Methods
Samples from 40 bariatric candidates (31 women, 9 men) were included in the study. Visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were collected during surgery. Adipose tissue morphology was measured by a combination of histological staining and semi-automated quantification. Following extraction, intra-adipose and plasma steroid concentrations were determined by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS). Aromatase activity was estimated using product over substrate ratio, while AKR1C2 activity was measured directly by fluorogenic probe. Gene expression was measured by quantitative PCR.

Results
VAT aromatase activity was positively associated with VAT adipocyte hypertrophy (P valueadj &lt; 0.01) and negatively with plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol (P valueadj &lt; 0.01), while SAT aromatase activity predicted dyslipidemia in women even after adjustment for waist circumference, age, and hormonal contraceptive use. We additionally compared women with high and low visceral adiposity index (VAI) and found that VAT excess is characterized by adipose tissue dysfunction, increased androgen catabolism mirrored by increased AKR1C2 activity, and higher aromatase expression and activity indices.

Conclusion
In women, increased androgen catabolism or aromatization is associated with visceral adiposity and adipose tissue dysfunction.
Denosumab and Risk of Community-acquired Pneumonia: A Population-based Cohort Study
Authors: Lyu Houchen , Zhao Sizheng , Li Jiatian , Li Xiaoxiao , Wang Yilun , Xie Dongxing , Zeng Chao , Lei Guanghua , Wei Jie , Li Hui 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Context
Recent meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials have raised concerns that denosumab might increase the risk of infection. However, data of denosumab on the risk of community-acquired pneumonia are sparse.

Objective
This work aimed to examine the risk of community-acquired pneumonia in individuals receiving denosumab compared to those receiving alendronate.

Methods
We conducted a propensity score-matched cohort study with a UK primary care database (IQVIA Medical Research Database). We examined the relation of denosumab to community-acquired pneumonia using a Cox proportional hazard model. The study participants were osteoporotic patients older than 45 years who were initiators of denosumab or alendronate from August 1, 2010, to September 17, 2020. The outcome measure was community-acquired pneumonia.

Results
Patients treated with denosumab (n = 933) were compared with those treated with alendronate (n = 4652). In the matched population, the mean (SD) age was 77 (11) years, 89% were women, and about half of the study population had a history of major osteoporotic fracture. Over 5 years of follow-up, the incidence of community-acquired pneumonia per 1000 person-years was 72.0 (95% CI, 60.1-85.7) in the denosumab group and 75.1 (95% CI, 69.4-81.2) in the alendronate group. The hazard of community-acquired pneumonia was similar between denosumab and alendronate users (hazard ratio [HR] 0.96; 95% CI, 0.79-1.16). The results remained consistent in a series of sensitivity analyses, with HR ranging from 0.82 (95% CI, 0.65-1.04) to 0.99 (95% CI, 0.81-1.21).

Conclusion
Denosumab does not significantly increase the susceptibility of community-acquired pneumonia and could possibly be safely used for the management of osteoporosis.
Influence of Maternal Exercise on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Offspring Stem Cells: ENHANCED by Mom
Authors: Chaves Alec , Weyrauch Luke A , Zheng Donghai , Biagioni Ericka M , Krassovskaia Polina M , Davidson Breanna L , Broskey Nicholas T , Boyle Kristen E , May Linda E , Houmard Joseph A 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Context
Recent preclinical data suggest exercise during pregnancy can improve the metabolic phenotype not only of the mother, but of the developing offspring as well. However, investigations in human offspring are lacking.

Objective
To characterize the effect of maternal aerobic exercise on the metabolic phenotype of the offspring’s mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

Design
Randomized controlled trial.

Setting
Clinical research facility.

Patients
Healthy female adults between 18 and 35 years of age and ≤ 16 weeks’ gestation.

Intervention
Mothers were randomized into 1 of 2 groups: aerobic exercise (AE, n = 10) or nonexercise control (CTRL, n = 10). The AE group completed 150 minutes of weekly moderate-intensity exercise, according to American College of Sports Medicine guidelines, during pregnancy, whereas controls attended stretching sessions.

Main Outcome Measures
Following delivery, MSCs were isolated from the umbilical cord of the offspring and metabolic tracer and immunoblotting experiments were completed in the undifferentiated (D0) or myogenically differentiated (D21) state.

Results
AE-MSCs at D0 had an elevated fold-change over basal in insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis and reduced nonoxidized glucose metabolite (NOGM) production (P ≤ 0.05). At D21, AE-MSCs had a significant elevation in glucose partitioning toward oxidation (oxidation/NOGM ratio) compared with CTRL (P ≤ 0.05). Immunoblot analysis revealed elevated complex I expression in the AE-MSCs at D21 (P ≤ 0.05). Basal and palmitate-stimulated lipid metabolism was similar between groups at D0 and D21.

Conclusions
These data provide evidence of a programmed metabolic phenotype in human offspring with maternal AE during pregnancy.
Sex and Gender Differences in Anticancer Treatment Toxicity: A Call for Revisiting Drug Dosing in Oncology
Authors: Özdemir Berna C , Gerard Camille L , Espinosa da Silva Cristina 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The practice of oncology has dramatically changed in the last decade with the introduction of molecular tumor profiling into routine tumor diagnostics and the extraordinary progress in immunotherapies. However, there remains an unmet need to explore personalized dosing strategies that take into account the patient’s sex and gender to optimize the balance between efficacy and toxicity for each individual patient. In this mini-review, we summarize the evidence on sex and gender differences in toxicity of anticancer therapies and present data on dose reduction and dose discontinuation rates for selected chemotherapies and targeted therapies. Finally, we propose the investigation of body composition (specifically fat-free muscle mass) as a viable approach for personalized treatment dosage.
Catastrophic Art
Authors: Moradi Fazil 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis article is a transdisciplinary inquiry into catastrophic art—artworks whose worlds the empires destroyed and brutally deported to the imperial metropoles. At issue is the impossibility of seeing and speaking of catastrophic art, without at the same time speaking of both systems of knowledge and life forms and of the colonial inheritance and epistemicide. The article follows various historical events, such as Léopold Sédar Senghor's encounter with African art in Paris after World War I and the British colonial destruction of the Kingdom of Benin in 1897; turns to a conference held at the Ethnological Museum in Berlin in 2018; and disturbs Emmanuel Macron's 2017 speech at the University of Ouagadougou and the 2018 French presidential report on restitution. It shows how provenance exhibits epistemicide as it restitutes “looted” art to colonial beneficiaries, and how the incalculability of catastrophic art is to be found in hospitality.
Post-grid Imaginaries
Authors: Nucho Joanne Randa 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
This essay describes an emerging “post-grid imaginary” that is informing visions of future collapse, growing scarcity, and deepening infrastructural fragmentation. By examining electrical grid failures in Lebanon and California, we can move beyond developmentalist assumptions about the supposedly different trajectories of the so-called Global North and South. The post-grid imaginary is at the center of a present and future struggle that is continuous with a global process that looks a lot like structural adjustment in the “Global South” and rampant privatization and austerity in the “Global North.” As states turn away from promises of endless expansion and universal access, the post-grid imaginary is one way in which states, private utilities, and individuals respond to the urgent need to transform the existing energy system. While a post-grid imaginary is not inevitable, it is an increasingly visible approach that can lead to geographical disconnection, uneven access, and infrastructural abandonment.
Green Magic
Authors: Sims Christo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractApple's corporate headquarters in Silicon Valley has become an object of public fascination for its technical marvels and green magnificence. However, architectural critics and urbanists have widely critiqued the campus for being socially retrograde and ecologically injurious. This essay queries this divergence in public responses to Apple's headquarters by examining how the campus has been designed to counter a growing disenchantment with neoliberalism, its technologies, and its environmental defilements. In doing so, the essay argues for the analytical potential of adapting anthropological theories of enchantment and magic to the study of contemporary uses of the built environment for branding and public relations purposes.
Transitions in development – an interview with Aissam Ikmi
Authors: Zenner Helen L. 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
Aissam Ikmi is a group leader at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany. Aissam uses the sea anemone Nematostella vectensi to interrogate how genetic and environmental factors combine to influence development. Aissam shared with us his thoughts on the ups and downs of scientific careers, and the importance of surrounding yourself with the ‘right’ people.
The retromer complex regulates C. elegans development and mammalian ciliogenesis
Authors: Xie Shuwei , Dierlam Carter , Smith Ellie , Duran Ramon , Williams Allana , Davis Angelina , Mathew Danita , Naslavsky Naava , Iyer Jyoti , Caplan Steve 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
The mammalian retromer consists of subunits VPS26 (either VPS26A or VPS26B), VPS29 and VPS35, and a loosely associated sorting nexin (SNX) heterodimer or a variety of other SNX proteins. Despite involvement in yeast and mammalian cell trafficking, the role of retromer in development is poorly understood, and its impact on primary ciliogenesis remains unknown. Using CRISPR/Cas9 editing, we demonstrate that vps-26-knockout worms have reduced brood sizes, impaired vulval development and decreased body length, all of which have been linked to ciliogenesis defects. Although preliminary studies did not identify worm ciliary defects, and impaired development limited additional ciliogenesis studies, we turned to mammalian cells to investigate the role of retromer in ciliogenesis. VPS35 localized to the primary cilium of mammalian cells, and depletion of VPS26, VPS35, VPS29, SNX1, SNX2, SNX5 or SNX27 led to decreased ciliogenesis. Retromer also coimmunoprecipitated with the centriolar protein, CP110 (also known as CCP110), and was required for its removal from the mother centriole. Herein, we characterize new roles for retromer in C. elegans development and in the regulation of ciliogenesis in mammalian cells, suggesting a novel role for retromer in CP110 removal from the mother centriole.
An adaptive phase II/III safety and efficacy randomized controlled trial of single day or three-day fixed-dose albendazole-ivermectin co-formulation versus albendazole for the treatment of Trichuris trichiura and other STH infections. ALIVE trial protocol
Authors: Krolewiecki Alejandro , Enbiale Wendemagegn , Gandasegui Javier , van Lieshout Lisette , Kepha Stella , Messa Junior Augusto , Bengtson Michel , Gelaye Woyneshet , Escola Valdemiro , Martinez-Valladares María , Cambra-Pellejà María , Algorta Jaime , Martí-Soler Helena , Fleitas Pedro , Ballester Maria Rosa , Doyle Stephen R. , Williams Nana Aba , Legarda Almudena , Mandomando Inacio , Mwandawiro Charles , Muñoz José 
Published: May 2022

Background: Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are targeted for control through mass drug-administration campaigns to prevent morbidity affecting at-risk groups in endemic regions. Although broadly successful, the use of albendazole and mebendazole achieved variable progress, with deficiencies against Trichuris trichiura and a predictable low efficacy against Strongyloides stercoralis. Novel drug combinations offer a potential solution, providing they can be delivered safely and maintain efficacy against all STH species. Here we present the protocol of a clinical trial to evaluate a fixed-dose combination (FDC) tablet containing albendazole and ivermectin that will be compared against albendazole against STH. Methods: An adaptive phase II/III randomized controlled trial will be undertaken in STH endemic sites in Ethiopia, Kenya and Mozambique to evaluate an oral FDC of 400 mg albendazole and either 9- or 18 mg ivermectin. FDC will be administered as a single dose or single doses over three-consecutive days and assessed against a single dose of 400 mg albendazole. In the phase II trial, 126 T. trichiura-infected children weighting 15 to 45 kg will be treated in a dose-escalation manner to determine safety objectives. In the phase III trial, 1097 participants aged 5 to 18 years old infected with T. trichiura, hookworm and S. stercoralis will be recruited to determine safety and efficacy. The trial will be open-label with blinded outcome assessors. Cure rate measured 21-days after-treatment in duplicate Kato-Katz is the primary efficacy outcome. Secondary objectives include efficacy evaluation by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as an outcome measurement, description of pharmacokinetic parameters, palatability and acceptability evaluations, and monitoring of anthelmintic resistance. Conclusions: This trial with registrational goals seeks to evaluate an innovative fixed-dose combination of albendazole and ivermectin co-formulated tablets, with the goal of providing an anthelmintic regimen with improved efficacy and spectrum of coverage against STH. ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT05124691 (18/11/2021).
An Algorithm for the Separation-Preserving Transition of Clusterings
Authors: Borgwardt Steffen , Happach Felix , Zirkelbach Stetson 
Published: May 2022

The separability of clusters is one of the most desired properties in clustering. There is a wide range of settings in which different clusterings of the same data set appear. We are interested in applications for which there is a need for an explicit, gradual transition of one separable clustering into another one. This transition should be a sequence of simple, natural steps that upholds separability of the clusters throughout. We design an algorithm for such a transition. We exploit the intimate connection of separability and linear programming over bounded-shape partition and transportation polytopes: separable clusterings lie on the boundary of partition polytopes and form a subset of the vertices of the corresponding transportation polytopes, and circuits of both polytopes are readily interpreted as sequential or cyclical exchanges of items between clusters. This allows for a natural approach to achieve the desired transition through a combination of two walks: an edge walk between two so-called radial clusterings in a transportation polytope, computed through an adaptation of classical tools of sensitivity analysis and parametric programming, and a walk from a separable clustering to a corresponding radial clustering, computed through a tailored, iterative routine updating cluster sizes and reoptimizing the cluster assignment of items. Funding: Borgwardt gratefully acknowledges support of this work through National Science Foundation [Grant 2006183] Circuit Walks in Optimization, Algorithmic Foundations, Division of Computing and Communication Foundations; through Air Force Office of Scientific Research [Grant FA9550-21-1-0233] The Hirsch Conjecture for Totally-Unimodular Polyhedra; and through Simons Collaboration [Grant 524210] Polyhedral Theory in Data Analytics. Happach has been supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation with funds from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research.
Histogram Distortion Bias in Consumer Choices
Authors: Lu Tao , Yuan May , Wang Chong (Alex) , Zhang Xiaoquan (Michael) 
Published: May 2022

Existing research on word-of-mouth considers various descriptive statistics of rating distributions, such as the mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and even entropy and the Herfindahl-Hirschman index. But real-world consumer decisions are often derived from visual assessment of displayed rating distributions in the form of histograms. In this study, we argue that such distribution charts may inadvertently lead to a consumer-choice bias that we call the histogram distortion bias (HDB). We propose that salient features of distributions in visual decision making may mislead consumers and result in inferior decision making. In an illustrative model, we derive a measure of the HDB. We show that with the HDB, consumers may make choices that violate well-accepted decision rules. In a series of experiments, subjects are observed to prefer products with a higher HDB despite a lower average rating. They could also violate widely accepted modeling assumptions, such as branch independence and first-order stochastic dominance.This paper was accepted by Chris Forman, information systems.Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 72131001 and 92146003] and the Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee [GRF 14500521, GRF 14501320, GRF 14503818, and TRS:T31-604/18-N].Supplemental Material: Data and the online appendices are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2022.4306 .