bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Corn Rootworm Insecticide Application Dates, 1987
Authors: Calvin Dennis , Hoffman Lynn 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two timings of corn rootworm insecticides were evaluated &gt;n a Hagerstown silt loam soil near Rocksprings, Pa. Three common soil insecticides were used in the test. Each insecticide was applied at planting and at cultivation at 1 lb (AI)/acre. In addition, Counter 15G was applied at 2 lbs (AI)/acre. A randomized complete block design with 6 replications of 8 treatments was used. Plots were 40 ft long by 6 rows wide. The at-planting time applications were applied using a Max Emerge John Deere 7000® corn planter on 18 May. At cultivation treatments were applied on 26 Jun using a Noble® granular applicator mounted on bicycle wheels. Both at planting and at cultivation applications were applied in 7-inch bands over the row. The corn was planted on 18 May in 30-inch rows at 27,000 plants/acre. In 1987, rainfall measured 2.75, 2.82, 2.84, and 3.88 inches for May, June, July, and August, respectively. On 17 Jul, 5 corn plants were dug per plot and the roots rated for damage using the Iowa six-category rating system (1, no damage to 6, 3 nodes cut). Corn was harvested on 3 Nov and yield measured from the middle 3 rows of each plot.
Control of European Corn Borer in Field Corn, 1986
Authors: Hellman J. L. , Patton T. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The test was conducted at the Beltsville Agriculture Research Center near Beltsville, Md. Corn was planted in 30-inch rows on 16 May. Due to the lack of a natural population the corn was artifically infested on 25 Jun by releasing 50 2nd- and 3rd-instar larvae in 5 plants/plot. All infested corn plants were bordered by two noninfested plants. Corn was in the mid-whorl stage at time of treatment on 30 Jun. Plots were 4 rows × 20 ft replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Liquid treatments were applied with a hand-held C02 backpack/sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 40 psi. Granules were applied by shaker can. On 24 Jul, 10 corn stalks, 5 infested and 5 neighboring noninfested, were cut open. The number of borers and borer tunnels was recorded.
Apple, Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1987
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 9 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 5 times. Plots consisted of 4 trees, one each of the cultivars 'York Imperial,' 'Red Delicious,' 'Golden Delicious,' and 'Rome Beauty.' Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa. Spray dates corresponded to the following phenological stages ('Golden Delicious): half-inch green, 9 Apr; early pink, 20 Apr; and pink, 22 Apr. A regular fungicide schedule (Benlate, Bayleton, Dithane M-45, Manzate 200) was maintained throughout the season. Postbloom insecticide (Diazinon, Guthion, Lannate) were applied at 1- to 2-wk intervals beginning in mid-June. Effectiveness of treatments on RAA was evaluated by counting RAA colonies observed during a 10-min examination of a tree and total damaged apples/tree ('Rome Beauty' and 'York Imperial').
Field Corn, Seedcorn Maggot Control, 1987
Authors: Oleson J. D. , Spike B. P. , Gifford J. M. , Tollefson J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Planting-time insecticides for seedcorn maggot control were tested at Ames, Iowa. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to 40-ft rows with 30-inch row spacing. The test was conducted in a field that had been planted to alfalfa for several years. Approximately 1 week prior to planting, the alfalfa was disked and rototilled under to provide decaying organic matter that would attract ovipositing female flies. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratory-calibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to ensure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Seed treatments were machine planted. Each seed treatment was assigned to an extra seed hopper. Examination of the seeds in the untreated check rows 2 weeks after planting revealed no damage, however pupae were found in the soil. At that time, adult emergence traps designed by Funderburk and Pedigo were placed over the rows. The galvanized steel traps, a rectangular bottomless box, had the following dimensions: length 1.0 m, width 0.2m, and height 0.1 m. Fastened to the top of the trap were two 0.25-liter Mason jars with Tack Trap applied to the inside bottom. Two of these traps were placed over each treatment row. On 12 Jun, the number of seedcorn maggot adults were counted in the collection jars and stand counts wm taken. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance procedures.
Apple, Aphicide Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In this test knock-down and efficacy of RH-7988 was evaluated. Sprays were applied to 25-yr-old apple trees by handgun operating at 200 psi. Treatments consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in a randomized block. One day before treatment terminals (3/tree) with live aphid colonies were flagged and dead aphids removed. Twenty four hours after treatment 1 of the 3 terminals was removed from each tree and examined for dead aphids. The same procedure was repeated 48 h after treatment. In addition, 5 actively growing terminals were checked on each tree (20 terminals/treatment) 7 and 14 days after spraying to determine the proportion of terminals with live GAA colonies. Observations on natural enemies and phytotoxicity were also recorded.
Apple, Mite, and Insect Control, Miticide Block, Hudson Valley Lab, Highland, N.Y., 1987
Authors: Weires R. W. , Scott Lawson D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 8 tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering from 3.8 to 4.2 gal spray/tree or 364 to 403 gal/acre. Trees were 23 yr old, 10 ft high, spaced 15 by 30 ft, and on M. 2 rootstock. Three Guthion formulations were compared in applications commencing at petal fall, 16 May, and continuing in cover sprays on 7 and 30 Jun, 17 Jul, and 4 and 18 Aug. Guthion 50W at Petal Fall followed by a Guthion + Sevin combination applied in the cover sprays was also tested as was a Morestan + Guthion treatment applied at petal fall. The Morestan + Guthion and Guthion + Sevin treatments were also treated with Apollo on 13 Jul; the Guthion 50W and the Guthion 35W treatments received 24 Jun and 13 Jul applications of Plictran or PV870114-2A. The ABG-6162A treatments were applied at 2 different rates at pink, 21 Apr, or at pink and petal fall. The RH-3486 treatments were applied 24 Jun at 3 different rates. All ABG-6162A and RH-3486 treatments received a petal fall application of Sevin on 16 May. Additional materials applied over the entire block for disease control include Dithane M-45 SOW 4.5 lb/ acre, 27 Apr; Rubigan IE 9 oz + Dithane M-45 80W 3.0 lb/acre, 7 May; Rubigan IE 6 oz + Dithane M-45 80W 3.0 lb/acre, 14 and 23 May; Captan 50W 5.0 lb + Bayleton 50W 3.0 oz/acre, 4 Jun; and Dithane M-45 80W 4.0 lb/acre, 1 Jul. Naphthaleneacetic acid was applied in thinning sprays on 23 May using from 0 to 10 ppm depending on the cultivar. Mite populations were evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from one 'Red Delicious' tree/plot at biweekly intervals throughout the summer. The leaves were brought into the laboratory where they were brushed with a mite-brushing machine, and the mites and eggs were counted using a binocular microscope. Insect damage to fruit was assessed at harvest by examining 100 fruit/plot from 'Golden Delicious' on 2 Oct. Fruit finish was also evaluated on this cultivar by applying a russet rating from 0 (best finish) to 3 (worst finish) to each fruit. An early spring resulted in an early and prolonged bloom period. Rainfall was above average during April, July, and September but below average during May and June; temperatures were generally normal for the area.
Insecticidal Efficacy of Juvenile Hormone Mimic S-71639, Japan, 1987
Authors: Yamamoto H. , Kasamatsu K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Thirty-year-old apple trees in Nagano prefecture were sprayed with motorized sprayers to evaluate insecticidal efficacy against apple leafminer on 30 Jun. A randomized complete block design was used, and each treatment was replicated 4 times. Spray volume was 60 liter/tree. Effectiveness of each treatment was determined by counting mines caused by third- to fifth-instar larvae on 14 Sep.
Pear, Mite Control with Apollo, 1987
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots consisting of 'Bartlett' trees (9 yr old). Each treatment was replicated 5 times. Trees were planted to a spacing of 7.4 × 7.4 m. Treatments were applied with a handgun from a truck-mounted hydraulic sprayer at 375 psi. Date of application was 22 Jul. Effects of treatments on ERM were evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 20 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. Pest pressure was light.
Pear, Prebloom Sulfur Sprays for Rust Mite Control, 1987
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P.W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two sulfur products were compared for the ability to control PRM. Sprays were applied to 26-yr-old trees at delayed dormant (18 Mar) by handgun operating at 200 psi. Test plots consisted of 4 single-tree replicates (2 of each variety) arranged in a randomized block. Except for streptomycin and fungicides no other sprays were applied to this block. Pretreatment counts were taken by checking 5 spurs/tree for presence of rust mites. Fruit (15/tree) was sampled in mid-May and rated according to mite number (none, low, moderate, high) present on surface of the fruit: A, near the calyx; B, around the middle; and C, near the stem end. At harvest, fruit (25/tree) from each variety was graded by estimating the percent russetted area on each fruit.
Pear, Early-Season Evaluation of Igrs for Pear Psylla Control, 1987
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied by handgun operating at 200 psi to 14-yr-old trees. Test plots consisted of 4 single-tree replicates in a randomized block. Prebloom sprays consisted of flowable sulfur plus oil for pear rust mite control and fungicides against pear scab. In this test 3 IGRs were compared in terms of rates, timings, and formulations. PP nymphs and eggs were counted on fruit spurs (5/tree) for the pretreatment sample. Spur leaves (20/tree; 2/spur) were examined during May for PP eggs and nymphs. In the second PP generation and later, sampling shifted to the terminals. A top, middle, and bottom leaf were taken from each of 6 terminals/tree. All leaves were scanned under a stereo microscope.
Pear, Insect and Mite Control, Hudson Valley Lab, Highland, N.Y., 1987
Authors: Weires R. W. , Scott Lawson D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 8 tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Each plot contained 4 'Bartlett' and 4 'Bosc', spaced 12 × 18 ft., 12 ft. high, and 13 yr old. Treatments were applied dilute to runoff using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 350 psi delivering from 1.9 to 2.9 gal/tree (380 to 583 gal/acre), depending on time of season and leaf canopy present. Danitol was applied at white bud, 20 Apr; petal fall, 8 May, and in cover sprays on 23 May, 7 and 24 Jun, and 13 Jul for the first treatment. The same rate was applied in a reduced schedule (20 Apr, 8 May, 7 Jun, and 13 Jul) as a comparison for the second treatment. Danitol was also applied along with Superior oil on 8 May. This application was followed by Guthion applications on 23 May, 7 and 24 Jun, and 7 Aug. There was a Mitac application on 13 Jul. Abamectin was applied at 3 different rates without oil on 8 May and with oil on 7 and 24 Jun, 13 Jul, and 7 Aug. Asana was applied 20 Apr, followed by Zolone + Sevin on 8 May, and Zolone + Mitac on 7 and 24 Jun, 13 Jul, and 7 Aug. An additional appliction over the entire block for fire blight control consisted of Agri-Strep, 8 oz/100 gal on 13 May. Applications were made for Fabraea leafspot control on 11 Jun and 1 Jul. Each replicate was treated with a separate fungicide at these applications. One replicate received Manzate 200 80W 1.5 lb/100 gal, another received Captan 50W 2 lb/100 gal, and the third received Benlate 50W 2.0 oz/100 gal + Manzate 200 80W 1.5 lb/100 gal. Pear psylla were evaluated by collecting 5 'Bartlett' spurs (25 leaves) from each plot on 7 and 18 May and 4 Jun and thereafter 5 'Bartlett' shoots (25 leaves) from each plot on 15 Jun, 3 and 20 Jul, and 4 and 13 Aug. All live nymphs and eggs on each leaf were counted in the laboratory using a binocular microscope. Mite populations were assessed by examining 5 'Bartlett' leaves per plot from the 20 Jul pear psylla sample. These leaves were viewed with the aid of a binocular microscope, and all live mites were counted. Insect injury was evaluated by examining 50 'Bartlett' fruit per plot harvested on 4 Sep. Rainfall during May and June was less than normal; during April and July rainfall was above normal. April and July temperatures were above normal and temperatures in May and June were below normal. Pest pressure, especially pear psylla and pear rust mite, was greater than usual due to the early onset of warm weather in the spring.
Mite Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1987
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Three miticides were evaluated for control of the pecan leaf scorch mite (PLSM) on pecan. The study was conducted on 52-yr-old ‘Stuart’ pecan trees located at the LSU Pecan Research-Extension Station, Robson, La. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design consisting of 2 blocks, with 1 tree per treatment per block. Pretreatment counts were made on 26 Aug using an FMC 957 speedsprayer delivering 27 gal of finished spray per tree (247 gal per acre). Posttreatment counts were made at 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. Samples consisted of counting the number of mites and eggs on the apical pair of leaflets on 10 compound leaves.
Scarifying Agents and Pathogens Screened Against Pecan Weevil Larvae in the Laboratory, 1986
Authors: Ring Dennis R. , Dutcher James D. , Payne Jerry A. , Snow J. Wendell 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pecan weevil larvae were exposed to various scarifying agents, pathogens, and combinations of these 2 groups in 1 pt styrofoam cups. Ten holes were punched in the bottom of the cups for drainage. Pecans infested with weevil larvae and soil were collected from an insecticide free orchard at Byron, Ga., in late Sep. Nuts were held in the laboratory and weevil larvae were collected as they emerged. The soil was sterilized and the soil moisture content was brought to field capacity (13%). Clay was packed in the bottom half of the cups. Topsoil was placed on the clay filling the next quarter of the cup. Treatments were then added to the top soil and 10 mature weevil larvae were placed in each of 8 cups/treatment. Cups were covered with parafilm. Treatments included tests 1 and 2—diatomaceous earth (MN36 and MP78), perlite, sand, vermiculite, and untreated; test 3—Beauveria bassiana ex pecan weevil (in solution and as dry spores on top of the soil), Metarhizium anisopliae ex pecan weevil (in solution), perlite, sand, soil containing dead pecan weevil larvae, vermiculite, and untreated; and test 4—Bacillus thuringiensis tenehrio, Bacillus thuringiensis tenehrio + diatomaceous earth (MN36), Beauveria bassiana + diatomaceous earth (MN36), Metarhizium anisopliae + diatomaceous earth (MN36), soil containing an unknown agent causing disease in the acorn weevil Conotrachelus posticatus Boheman, and untreated. Cups were scored for weevil mortality after 30 days in test 1 and 120 days in tests 2-4. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance and contrasts.
Diamondback Moth Control on Cabbage, 1987
Authors: Jansson R. K. , Lecrone S. H. , Bryan H. H. , Buker D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
‘Rio Verde’ cabbage seeds were incorporated into a germination mix (Pro-Mix) and direct seeded into a Rockdale soil at the University of Florida’s Tropical Research and Education Center on 18 Nov. The soil was fumigated with Terr-OGas (75% methyl bromide, 25% chloropicrin; 220 lb/acre) and covered with black plastic mulch one week before planting; the mulch was perforated on 17 Nov. Plants were spaced 1 ft apart within rows and 30 inches apart between rows on 72-inch-center beds. Fertilizer (1000 lb/acre of granular 6:12:12 and 600 lb/acre of liquid 7:16:8) was applied prior to planting. Plants were sprinkler irrigated twice each week (0.75-1.00 acre-inches/irrigation). Maneb 80WP was applied (3 lb [AI]/acre) on a 7-day spray schedule. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatment plots were 2 rows by 35 ft long separated by a 5-ft buffer. Insecticides were applied on 8, 15, 22, and 29 Jan and on 5, 11, and 18 Feb. A tractor-mounted, single-bed boom sprayer was operated at 250 psi and delivered 100 gal/acre through 5 D-4, #24 disk-type cone nozzles at 3 mph. The number of diamondback moths and hymenopterous parasitoids were recorded on 8 plants per replicate, 32 plants per treatment, on 8 dates. Foliage injury was rated on 24 plants per replicate, 96 plants per treatment, using a scale of 1-6 (1, no apparent insect feeding to 6, severe damage to head and wrapper leaves) on 26 Feb. Percentage of marketable heads was determined based on ratings ≤3.
Control on Whorl Stage Sweet Corn, 1989
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sweet corn was planted on 4 May near Georgetown, DE. Three row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch band over the whorl on 23 Jun. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized wheelbarrow sprayer delivering 38 gal/acre at 40 psi on 23 Jun. All plant whorls were removed, unrolled and the number of infested plants counted on 27 Jun.
Onion Maggot Control, 1989
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The plot was planted 20 Apr in muck soil near Potter, New York on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments of insecticides as well as entomogenous nematodes (Heterorhabditis and Steinernema) applied with a hand-pushed cone seeder planting nine seeds/ft and delivering 75 gal/acre through a gravity fed system. Insecticide band treatments were based on a 15 inch row width. Soil injection treatments of nematodes were applied at peak fly activity using a CO2 powered injection system delivering ca. 3950 gal/acre on a 15 inch row basis. Stand counts were taken 25 May. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants ca twice/wk from the time of stand counts until 25 Jul.
Foliar Sprays for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle in Potatoes, 1989
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Superior’ white potatoes were planted on 29 Apr in a Sassafras sandy loam soil field. Plots consisted of 3 rows of potatoes, each row 20-ft long and 3-ft wide, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with one drop nozzle on each side of the row and one over the center of each row calibrated to deliver 59 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 12, 18, 26 Jun and 3 Jul. Percent plant defoliation caused by Colorado potato beetle was recorded on 20 and 26 Jun and 6 Jul. The number of potato hills with at least one stalk in flower was recorded on 20 Jun. Number of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larvae/5 hills were recorded on 20 Jun. Plots were harvested and yields were recorded (cwt/acre) on 9 Sep. All data were taken from the middle row.
Biological Insecticides for Control of Colorado Potato Beetles in Potatoes, 1989
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Superior’ white potatoes were planted on 29 Apr in a Sassafras sandy loam soil. Plots consisted of 3 rows of potatoes, each being 20-ft long and 3-ft wide, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high clearance sprayer with one drop nozzle on each side of the row and one over the center of each row calibrated to deliver 59 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 5, 12, 19 and 26 Jun. Percent plant defoliation caused by Colorado potato beetles were recorded on 19 and 26 Jun and 6 Jul. The number of potato hills with at least one stalk in flower was recorded on 20 Jun. Numbers of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larvae/5 hills were recorded on 19 Jun. Plots were harvested and yields (cwt/acre) were recorded on 9 Sep. All data were taken from the middle row.
Miticide Evaluations, 1989
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to 7-yr-old Rome trees using single tree plots arranged in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Morestan 25 W was applied to one plot at pink stage of bud development. Sevin 50 W and 60 sec oil were applied to one plot at normal thinning time. Other treatments were applied on 2 Jun. Mites and eggs were counted by randomly selecting 10 leaves/replicate, brushing them onto a sticky glass plate and counting all motile forms and viable eggs with a binocular microscope. Mite predators were kept out of these plots during early season with several applications of permethrin.
Insect Control in Late-Planted Snap Beans, 1989
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Mullins C. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Tenderlake' snap beans were planted in 4 row plots 15 ft long on 25 Jul at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville. Twelve treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with 5 ft alleys between blocks. Rows were 38 inches apart. Foliar insecticides were applied on 8 Aug using a 2.5 gal compressed CO2 hand sprayer at 57 gal/acre and 50 psi. Pre-treatment counts of Mexican bean beetle larvae (MBBL) averaged 49/15 row ft. European corn borer larvae (ECBL) were counted prior to harvest. The middle 2 rows from each plot were harvested using a mechanical 2-row picker on 9 Sep. A subsample (ca 1000 g) of beans from each plot was rated for pods damaged by MBBL and ECBL and expressed as a percent.