bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accelerated decline in white matter microstructure in subsequently impaired older adults and its relationship with cognitive decline
Authors: Shafer Andrea T. , Williams Owen A. , Perez Evian , An Yang , Landman Bennett A. , Ferrucci Luigi , Resnick Susan M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Little is known about a longitudinal decline in white matter microstructure and its associations with cognition in preclinical dementia. Longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging and neuropsychological testing were performed in 50 older adults who subsequently developed mild cognitive impairment or dementia (subsequently impaired) and 200 cognitively normal controls. Rates of white matter microstructural decline were compared between groups using voxel-wise linear mixed-effects models. Associations between change in white matter microstructure and cognition were examined. Subsequently impaired individuals had a faster decline in fractional anisotropy in the right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus and bilateral splenium of the corpus callosum. A decline in right inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus fractional anisotropy was related to a decline in verbal memory, visuospatial ability, processing speed and mini-mental state examination. A decline in bilateral splenium fractional anisotropy was related to a decline in verbal fluency, processing speed and mini-mental state examination. Accelerated regional white matter microstructural decline is evident during the preclinical phase of mild cognitive impairment/dementia and is related to domain-specific cognitive decline.
The Effect of a Second Dose of Measles Vaccine at 18 Months of Age on Nonaccidental Deaths and Hospital Admissions in Guinea-Bissau: Interim Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Berendsen Mike L T , Silva Isaquel , Balé Carlitos , Nielsen Sebastian , Hvidt Sophus , Martins Cesario L , Benn Christine S , Aaby Peter 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
The world is set on the eradication of measles. Continuation of the measles vaccine (MV) after eradication could still reduce morbidity because the MV has so-called beneficial nonspecific effects. We evaluated the effect of a “booster” dose of the MV on overall severe morbidity.

Methods
We conducted a randomized controlled trial among children aged 17.5 to 48 months in Guinea-Bissau, where the MV is recommended only at 9 months of age. At the time of this interim analysis, 3164 children had been allocated 1:1 to a second dose of measles vaccine (MV2) at 18 months of age or to no vaccine. Severe morbidity (a composite outcome of nonaccidental deaths and hospital admissions) rate ratios (SMRRs) were calculated by Cox regression analysis censored for national oral polio vaccine (OPV) campaigns.

Results
There were no measles cases during the trial period. There were 43 nonaccidental deaths or hospital admissions during follow-up. Severe morbidity was 2.6 per 100 person-years in the MV2 group and 3.6 per 100 person-years among controls; hence, the estimated effect of MV2 on severe morbidity was 28% (SMRR, 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], .38–1.38). At 12 months of follow-up, the number needed to treat to prevent 1 severe morbidity event was 137 children. After OPV campaigns, the estimated effect of MV2 was reduced to 9% (SMRR, 0.91; 95% CI, .46–1.81).

Conclusions
MV2 may reduce nonmeasles severe morbidity by 28% (−38% to 62%), although this did not achieve statistical significance in this study. If significant in higher powered studies, this has major implications for child health, even after measles eradication.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT02943681.
Bringing Transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to the Surface: Is There a Role for Fomites?
Authors: Katona Peter , Kullar Ravina , Zhang Kevin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Understanding the contribution of routes of transmission, particularly the role of fomites in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission is important in developing and implementing successful public health infection prevention and control measures. This article will look at case reports, laboratory findings, animal studies, environmental factors, the need for disinfection, and differences in settings as they relate to SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Effectiveness of Motivational Interviewing on contribution to self-care, self-efficacy, and preparedness in caregivers of patients with heart failure: a secondary outcome analysis of the MOTIVATE-HF randomized controlled trial
Authors: Locatelli Giulia , Zeffiro Valentina , Occhino Giuseppe , Rebora Paola , Caggianelli Gabriele , Ausili Davide , Alvaro Rosaria , Riegel Barbara , Vellone Ercole 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAimsCaregiver characteristics and behaviours are associated with patients’ and caregivers’ outcomes. However, there is scarce evidence on interventions aimed at improving caregiver contribution (CC) to patient self-care, caregiver self-efficacy, and caregiver preparedness in heart failure (HF). This study aims to evaluate the effect of Motivational Interviewing (MI) on CC to patient self-care, caregiver self-efficacy, and caregiver preparedness in HF.Methods and resultsThis is a secondary outcome analysis of MOTIVATE-HF randomized controlled trial. Caregivers of patients with HF were randomized into three arms: Arm 1 (MI for patients), Arm 2 (MI for patients and caregivers), and Arm 3 (standard care). The intervention consisted of one MI session plus three telephone contacts. Data were collected at baseline and after 3, 6, 9, and 12 months. A total of 510 patient and caregiver (median age 54 years, 76% females) dyads were enrolled, 235 caregivers and 238 patients completed the study until 12 months. Caregiver contribution to self-care maintenance and management and caregiver preparedness significantly improved over time, but without significant differences among the three arms. At 9 months, caregiver self-efficacy improved more in Arm 2 than Arm 3 [difference: 8.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) (3.13; 13.59), P = 0.001]. This improvement remained significant also at linear mixed model [β^ = 1.39, 95% CI (0.02; 2.75), P = 0.046].ConclusionMotivational Interviewing did not improve CC to patient self-care and caregiver preparedness. However, it increased caregiver self-efficacy, which is known to be a powerful mediator of CC to self-care.RegistrationClinicaltrials.gov: NCT02894502.
Is aortic valve-sparing root reimplantation (David-I) justified in cardiac redo surgery?
Authors: Beckmann Erik , Kaufeld Tim , Martens Andreas , Rudolph Linda , Krüger Heike , Natanov Ruslan , Haverich Axel , Shrestha Malakh Lal 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Aortic valve-sparing root reimplantation (AVSRR) is a complex procedure, which offers the benefit of preserving the native aortic valve. Cardiac redo surgery is complex and time-consuming, and it is not known if David procedure is safe or beneficial in this context.

METHODS
Between 1993 and 2019, we performed a total of 544 elective AVSRR operations at our centre. Patients were assigned to either group A (n = 30, redo) or group B (n = 514, first-time sternotomy).

RESULTS
Aortic cross-clamp time was higher in the redo group (173[62] vs 125[31], P &lt; 0.001). Cardiopulmonary bypass time was higher in the redo group as well (250[78] vs 179[51], P &lt; 0.001). There were significantly more concomitant total arch replacements in the redo group (43.3% vs 5.8%, P &lt; 0.001) using the ‘beating heart’ technique (20.0% vs 1.9%, P &lt; 0.001). In-hospital mortality was comparable in both groups (3.3% vs 1.8%, P = 0.44). The rates for perioperative complications in terms of permanent neurological deficit and rethoracotomy were comparable between the 2 groups, too. Follow-up was complete for 99.6% of all patients and comprised a total of 584 patient-years. The 1-, 5-, 10- and 15-year survival rates were 90%, 81%, 60% and 55%, in group A (redo) and 96%, 90%, 78% and 67% in group B (native, P = 0.16), respectively. The rates for freedom from valve-related reoperation at 1, 5, 10 and 15 years after initial surgery were 96%, 92%, 92% and 92% in group A (redo) and 97%, 92%, 87% and 84% in group B (native, P = 0.52), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
Despite significantly more concomitant total arch replacements in the redo group, early mortality was comparable in both groups. We conclude that AVSRR can be performed in redo cardiac surgery without compromising the early postoperative outcome. Careful patient assessment and selection are mandatory when evaluating patients with a history of previous cardiac surgery for David procedure.
Dominant Local Rings and Subcategory Classification
Authors: Takahashi Ryo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe introduce a new notion of commutative noetherian local rings, which we call dominant. We explore fundamental properties of dominant local rings and compare them with other local rings. We also provide several methods to get a new dominant local ring from a given one. Finally, we classify resolving subcategories of the module category $\operatorname {\textsf {mod}} R$ and thick subcategories of the derived category $\textsf {D}^{b}(R)$ and the singularity category $\textsf {D}^{sg}(R)$ for a local ring $R$ whose certain localizations are dominant local rings. Our results recover and refine all the known classification theorems described in this context.
Comparison of the prevalence and molecular characteristics of fosA3 and fosA7 among Salmonella isolates from food animals in China
Authors: Wang Dong , Fang Liang-Xing , Jiang Yu-Wei , Wu De-Shu , Jiang Qi , Sun Ruan-Yang , Wang Min-Ge , Sun Jian , Liu Ya-Hong , Liao Xiao-Ping 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the prevalence and molecular characteristics of fosA3 and fosA7 among Salmonella isolates.

Methods
Five hundred and fifty-one Salmonella isolates collected from food animals in China during 2016–19 were screened for fos genes. The drug resistance, serovars, clonal relationships and genetic environments of fosA were compared between fosA7- and fosA3-positive Salmonella.

Results
A relatively high prevalence of fosA7 (9.26%) and fosA3 (6.53%) was identified. fosA3 was associated with high-level fosfomycin resistance (≥512 mg/L), while fosA7 conferred relatively low-level resistance that was independent of the presence of glucose-6-phosphate. Additionally, fosA7 could facilitate Salmonella survival under oxidative stress. Both fosA3 and fosA7 were found in diverse serovars and STs, but segregated into distinct groups. The fosA3-positive Salmonella Typhimurium/Salmonella Indiana strains showed close genetic relationships, while fosA7-positive Salmonella Meleagridis/Salmonella Agona/Salmonella Derby showed a relatively high degree of whole-genome sequence heterogeneity. fosA3 was located on conjugative IncHI2 plasmids or chromosomes, while fosA7 was strictly chromosomal. Furthermore, two strains carried large chromosomal fosA7 regions within genomic islands. The fosA3 and fosA7 contigs from our isolates and the NCBI could be segregated into four primary and distinct genomic backbones. IS26 and the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) blaCTX-M, blaTEM-1B and rmtB were frequently adjacent to fosA3, while fosA7-carrying contigs generally lacked mobile elements and ARGs.

Conclusions
fosA3 and fosA7 were the primary factors contributing to reduced fosfomycin susceptibility, to different degrees, in these Salmonella isolates. The distinct distributions and molecular characteristics of fosA7 and fosA3 indicated that their origin and evolution in Salmonella were most likely distinct.
A Phase III multicentre, randomized, double-blind trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oral contezolid versus linezolid in adults with complicated skin and soft tissue infections
Authors: Zhao Xu , Huang Haihui , Yuan Hong , Yuan Zhengyu , Zhang Yingyuan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Contezolid is a novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agent for managing infections caused by aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant strains. A Phase III, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of contezolid versus linezolid in adults with complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTIs).

Methods
Adult patients with cSSTI were randomized in a ratio of 1:1 to receive contezolid 800 mg or linezolid 600 mg q12h for 7–14 days. Clinical cure rate and safety were assessed at the test of cure (TOC) visit in the full analysis set (FAS) and clinical evaluable (CE) population. Non-inferiority was defined as a lower limit of the 95% CI around the treatment difference of clinical cure rates greater than −10%. Chinadrugtrials.org.cn registration identifier: CTR20150855.

Results
Clinical cure rates at TOC indicated non-inferiority of contezolid 800 mg to linezolid 600 mg q12h for patients in the FAS with clinical evaluation, FAS, and CE populations: 92.8% (271/292) versus 93.4% (284/304) (difference −0.6%, 95% CI: −4.7% to 3.5%), 81.4% (271/333) versus 84.5% (284/336) (difference −3.1%, 95% CI: −8.8% to 2.6%) and 90.5% (267/295) versus 90.1% (282/313) (difference 0.4%, 95% CI: −4.3% to 5.1%). Contezolid and linezolid showed similar efficacy for the cSSTIs caused by methicillin-susceptible or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Contezolid demonstrated significant lower incidence of leucopenia (0.3% versus 3.4%) and thrombocytopenia (0% versus 2.3%) than linezolid. The frequency of treatment-emergent adverse events was comparable between the two groups.

Conclusions
Contezolid 800 mg q12h is as effective as linezolid for treatment of cSSTIs in adults, but safer than linezolid in terms of haematological abnormalities.
Introduction
Authors: McQuellon Richard P. , Cowan Michael A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The themes of mortal time and healing conversation with patients and their caregivers are introduced. Mortal time refers to the disturbing psychological experience of encountering mortality when diagnosed with cancer. Yet, it can be discussed in a life-giving manner. New developments in cancer medicine have changed the landscape of mortal time. These developments include additional treatment options for patients with advanced cancer, increasing recognition of the importance of interpersonal skills training for health care professionals, and additional resources for patients to learn how to communicate effectively with their medical team. There is growing reliance on family caregivers for delivering medical care in the home. More treatment options can mean extended periods in mortal time. It is possible to live gracefully with the possibility of death as the meaning of life comes into focus through the lens of mortality. The book has three major sections. In part I, the ways people experience mortal time are articulated. In part II, the basic elements of healing conversation are described with an emphasis on the hope that can spring from talking with a trusted companion. In Part III, the topic is guidance for caregivers and recognition healing conversation as a source of hope. Living with mortality can herald the birth of possibility for both patients and caregivers.
Central nervous system
Authors: Erridge Sara C. , Thompson Gerard , Summers David 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers a wide range of tumours arising in the CNS and includes orbital tumours alongside those in the brain and spinal cord. The most common malignant tumours to arise in the CNS are metastases from solid tumours in particular breast and lung. Primary brain tumours range from benign growths such as meningioma to highly malignant glioblastoma. Primary CNS lymphoma is also included. The mainstay of diagnosis in CNS tumours is CT but far more detail around anatomical site and adjacent structures will be seen on MRI. Treatment will be either surgery when MR, often with functional sequences, is widely used to aid localisation and resection and radiotherapy (often with chemotherapy. Radiotherapy planning is based on CT but registered MR images are important to optimise treatment volume and organ at risk definition.
Soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Brothwell Morag , Prewett Sarah , Horan Gail , Gerety Emma-Louise 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas are usually initially identified by ultrasound for superficial lesions or computed tomography for deep lesions. Lesions identified with suspicious features or above a certain size require further assessment with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MRI imaging provides superior soft tissue contrast for characterization of the sarcoma. However, biopsy is usually required for definitive histological diagnosis. Biopsy may commonly require the use of ultrasound or CT, to target the region most likely to yield a positive diagnosis. MRI also has a crucial role in following treatment response, surgical planning, and post-surgical follow-up. Computed tomography is used routinely to detect metastatic disease for staging. The emerging role of nuclear medicine will also be discussed in the chapter.
History and Management
Authors: Goss Rachel , McMaster Emma , Rennie Stephanie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter contains 22 different history and management sample cases for the Fellowship of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (FRCEM) Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). In this chapter, candidates are provided with the opportunity to go beyond simply taking a history to incorporating advanced communication skills and the knowledge and application of up-to-date guidelines. The cases reflect a range of common presentations that are pertinent to the Royal College of Emergency Medicine curriculum and that are seen in real-life emergency departments. Each case contains instructions for the candidate and the patient actor, as well as a sample mark scheme breakdown and mark scheme. Key learning points are highlighted after each case.
Practical Skills and Procedures
Authors: Goss Rachel , McMaster Emma , Rennie Stephanie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter contains ten different sample cases of practical skills for the Fellowship of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (FRCEM) Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). In this chapter, candidates are expected to be able to perform or teach a variety of procedures. Key concepts are common to all practical procedure stations and are taught in this chapter. Additional marks will be gained for communication skills, knowledge, and application of up-to-date guidelines. The cases reflect a range of common presentations that are pertinent to the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) curriculum and that are seen in real-life emergency departments. Each case contains instructions for the candidate and the patient actor, as well as a sample mark scheme breakdown and a mark scheme. Key learning points are highlighted after each case.
A cytosine base editor toolkit with varying activity windows and target scopes for versatile gene manipulation in plants
Authors: Xiong Xiangyu , Li Zhenxiang , Liang Jieping , Liu Kehui , Li Chenlong , Li Jian-Feng 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
CRISPR/Cas-derived base editing tools empower efficient alteration of genomic cytosines or adenines associated with essential genetic traits in plants and animals. Diversified target sequences and customized editing products call for base editors with distinct features regarding the editing window and target scope. Here we developed a toolkit of plant base editors containing AID10, an engineered human AID cytosine deaminase. When fused to the N-terminus or C-terminus of the conventional Cas9 nickase (nSpCas9), AID10 exhibited a broad or narrow activity window at the protospacer adjacent motif (PAM)-distal and -proximal protospacer, respectively, while AID10 fused to both termini conferred an additive activity window. We further replaced nSpCas9 with orthogonal or PAM-relaxed Cas9 variants to widen target scopes. Moreover, we devised dual base editors with AID10 located adjacently or distally to the adenine deaminase ABE8e, leading to juxtaposed or spaced cytosine and adenine co-editing at the same target sequence in plant cells. Furthermore, we expanded the application of this toolkit in plants for tunable knockdown of protein-coding genes via creating upstream open reading frame and for loss-of-function analysis of non-coding genes, such as microRNA sponges. Collectively, this toolkit increases the functional diversity and versatility of base editors in basic and applied plant research.
Dual versus Administrative Federalism: Origins and Evolution of Two Models
Authors: Mueller Sean , Fenna Alan 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFederations have traditionally divided powers either along policy lines, in which case a dual system results, or along functional lines with the central government legislating and the constituent units implementing, in which case a system of administrative federalism results. Although this distinction is widely used, we know little of its specific origins, the degree to which it accurately portrays federal practice today, or even its implications. This article examines the origins and traces the evolution of these two models in six federations since their formation: the United States, Switzerland, Canada, Australia, Germany, and India. Two questions are addressed. First, what explains the choice for either the one or the other type, and is administrative federalism really sui generis to Germany, as often argued in the literature? And second, how have they evolved over time and has there been a convergence?
Public Opinion, Federalism, and Level of Governmental Intervention: Perceptions of Law Enforcement Response to the 2020 George Floyd Protests
Authors: Kolcak Burcu , McCabe Katherine T 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In June 2020, President Trump issued an executive order calling for the deployment of federal law enforcement agents to protests against police brutality. Several mayors across the country objected to this unilateral deployment of federal force as unconstitutional. In an online survey experiment, we test whether the public stands against this type of federal power aggrandizement by evaluating how approval of federal intervention in protests changes depending on whether it is requested by local mayors or directed by the presidential administration. The results show that the public is responsive to the level of government directing the action. Respondents are significantly less approving of the use of federal forces when it is directed by the federal executive branch. However, not all subgroups respond equally to the manipulation. The treatment effects vary significantly by respondent partisanship, trust in government, and perceptions of the importance of federalism.