bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Future changes in mean and extreme precipitation over the Mediterranean and Sahara regions using bias‐corrected CMIP6 models
Authors: Babaousmail Hassen , Hou Rongtao , Ayugi Brian , Sian Kenny Thiam Choy Lim Kam , Ojara Moses , Mumo Richard , Chehbouni Abdelghani , Ongoma Victor 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThis study examines the projected changes in mean and extreme precipitation over the Mediterranean (MED) and Sahara (SAH) regions based on the multi‐model ensemble mean of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) global climate model (GCM) datasets. The study employs robust statistical analyses to investigate future changes during 2015–2100 relative to a baseline period (1995–2014), under two Shared Socio‐economic Pathways (SSP) scenarios: SSP2‐4.5 and SSP5‐8.5. Selected indices from the Expert Team on Climate Change and Detection Indices are used in this study. They include those that represent maximum daily precipitation (RX1day), simple daily precipitation intensity (SDII), heavy precipitation days (R10mm), consecutive dry days (CDD), and consecutive wet days (CWD). Historical and projected daily precipitation is first bias‐adjusted using a quantile mapping approach before employing them to compute mean and extreme precipitation changes. The results demonstrate that the bias adjustment largely reduces the biases in the modelled mean and extreme precipitation over MED and SAH regions. Projections show a reduction in mean precipitation over most parts of the study region by the end of the 21st century. The areas encompassing Morocco and Algeria, and the Mediterranean area will experience the highest drying. The projected pattern agrees with the “wet gets wetter, dry gets drier” paradigm. The number of consecutive dry days and wet‐day intensity are also projected to increase and decrease, respectively. Under SSP5‐8.5, significant changes and the largest decrease in SDII attributed to global warming are projected in both regions. The reduction in mean precipitation, coupled with an increase in dry days, is likely to exacerbate the region's droughts and aridity situation and worsen the water scarcity status. Although there are uncertainties in the CMIP simulations, the findings support earlier studies based on varying datasets. This increases confidence in the output for decision‐making.
Ordered structures in liquid water: Is cold water a genuine liquid?
Authors: Hamaguchi Hiro‐o 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOrdered structures in liquid water are discussed. Raman spectral changes of water in the temperature range −23°C to 45°C are analyzed with multivariate curve resolution with alternate least squares (MCR‐ALS) and hypothetical addition multivariate analysis with numerical differentiation (HAMAND). Three forms of water, destructured hydrogen bonded (DH) water, structured hydrogen bonded (SH) water, and nano‐ice, are identified. Formation of nano‐ice is shown to cause the density maximum anomaly of water at 4°C. The size of nano‐ice at −13°C is estimated to be 2–4 nm. SH water corresponds to one unit cell of hexagonal ice structure. The SH/DH ratio is an indicator of “structurality,” which is useful for microscopic understanding of liquid water. The existence of nano‐ice in cold water raises a fundamental question “Is cold water a genuine liquid?” Further study on the size of nano‐ice will give a clue to understand how water freezes or does not freeze.
The use of essential oils in chitosan or cellulose‐based materials for the production of active food packaging solutions: a review
Authors: Casalini Sara , Giacinti Baschetti Marco 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn recent decades, interest in sustainable food packaging systems with additional functionality, able to increase the shelf life of products, has grown steadily. Following this trend, the present review analyzes the state of the art of this active renewable packaging. The focus is on antimicrobial systems containing nanocellulose and chitosan, as support for the incorporation of essential oils. These are the most sustainable and readily available options to produce completely natural active packaging materials. After a brief overview of the different active packaging technologies, the main features of nanocellulose, chitosan, and of the different essential oils used in the field of active packaging are introduced and described. The latest findings about the nanocellulose‐ and chitosan‐based active packaging are then presented. The antimicrobial effectiveness of the different solutions is discussed, focusing on their effect on other material properties. The effect of the different inclusion strategies is also reviewed considering both in vivo and in vitro studies, in an attempt to understand more promising solutions and possible pathways for further development. In general, essential oils are very successful in exerting antimicrobial effects against the most diffused gram‐positive and gram‐negative bacteria, and affecting other material properties (tensile strength, water vapor transmission rate) positively. Due to the wide variety of biopolymer matrices and essential oils available, it is difficult to create general guidelines for the development of active packaging systems. However, more attention should be dedicated to sensory analysis, release kinetics, and synergetic action of different essential oils to optimize the active packaging on different food products. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Effects of microencapsulation in dairy matrix on the quality characteristics and bioavailability of docosahexaenoic acid astaxanthin
Authors: Gao Qun , Qiao Xing , Yang Lu , Cao Yunrui , Li Zhaojie , Xu Jie , Xue Changhu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDCompared with free astaxanthin (Asta), docosahexaenoic acid astaxanthin monoester (Asta‐C22:6) has higher stability and bioavailability. However, Asta‐E is still unable to be used in the water system. Hence it is necessary to build a water‐soluble delivery system. In this study, Asta‐C22:6 microemulsion and microcapsule using whey protein isolate (WPI) and hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HPβ‐CD) as composite wall material were prepared. They were added to three dairy products (milk powder, yogurt and flavored dairy product). A dairy product rich in Asta‐C22:6 with high bioavailability was designed by measuring quality characteristics, sensory evaluation and in vivo experiments.RESULTSCompared with spray drying, the freeze‐drying microcapsule had a higher encapsulation efficiency (72.5%), water content (4%) and better solubility, and Asta‐C22:6 microcapsule (1 g L−1) yogurt had the best quality. The bioavailability of Asta‐C22:6 microcapsule yogurt was further evaluated. After a single oral dose in mice, the bioavailability of Asta‐C22:6 microcapsule in yogurt was significantly increased (Cmax = 0.31 μg mL−1, AUC0–T = 3.20 h μg mL−1).CONCLUSIONWe successfully prepared Asta‐C22:6 microcapsule yogurt, which improved the stability and bioavailability of Asta. The present research is meaningful for delivering unstable bioactive small molecules based on WPI and HPβ‐CD. It provides an experimental basis for the application of Asta‐C22:6 and the development of functional dairy products. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Rheology of dispersions and emulsions composed of chia mucilage and the application of chia in food
Authors: Garcia e Silva Larissa Lara , da Silva César Augusto Sodré , Santana Rejane de Castro 
Published: April 2022

AbstractChia mucilage (CM) is an emerging resource in food applications. However, the mechanism of this biopolymer as a stabilizer/emulsifier ingredient has not yet been well defined. A non‐uniform viscoelastic tridimensional network was observed on emulsions with CM, while the surface activity of the CM ingredient has been associated with its protein content. To understand its functionality in food, this review focused on discussing and summarizing the rheological properties of dispersions and emulsions composed of CM under different conditions, such as pH, temperature, salt content, and mucilage content. For example, emulsions and dispersions with CM showed pseudoplastic behavior. An increase in the CM concentration increased the viscosity and the consistency index and decreased the behavior index. The consistency index of dispersions with CM increased with pH. The future evaluation of emulsions and dispersions properties, such as viscoelastic properties and microstructure, is particularly important for the successful use of CM in the food industry. The principal studies have evaluated the use of CM in dairy and meat systems as an emulsifier, stabilizer, or lipid replacer. The nutritional quality of the products with CM was maintained or improved, but sometimes an undesirable darkening was observed. Future evaluation of the cold extraction method of CM might improve the color and overall sensory acceptability of food products with CM. Integrated chia seed processing, including mucilage, oil, and protein extraction could be carried out to make chia seed industrial processing viable. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
The self‐assembled zein hydrolysate–curcumin nanocomplex: improvement on the stability and sustainable release of curcumin
Authors: Lei Lei , Liang Xiang‐yao , Su Chun‐ru , Nag Anindya , Yang Xin‐quan , Yuan Yang 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe bioavailability of curcumin (Cur) is generally limited by its poor stability. However, it is beneficial to improve the stability of Cur by using self‐assembled zein hydrolysate (ZH) as delivery carrier. This paper aimed to explore the formation mechanism of zein hydrolysate–curcumin nanocomplexes as a function of critical micelle concentration (CMC).RESULTSIn this work, The CMC of ZH (0.535 mg mL−1) was obtained by the pyrene fluorescent probe method. ZH–Cur nanocomplexes undergo hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, and the fluorescence quenching effect was concentration dependent with the process of static quenching. Moreover, the differences of colloidal properties on ZH and ZH–Cur nanocomplexes were systematically compared by dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy near CMC. ZH presented irregular spherical shapes and would aggregate to form micelles at the CMC and above. The tight micellar structure promoted more uniform size distribution (double peaks reduced) and higher potentials (over −30 mV) within 10 days. In addition, the nanocomplexes demonstrated an obvious core–shell structure. Within 10 days of storage, the particle size distributions were uniform and the potentials increased significantly, indicating that the micellar nanostructure made the Cur stably embedded in the hydrophobic core of ZH. Finally, ZH–Cur nanocomplexes effectively improved the water solubility and encapsulation rate (over 70%) of Cur. Moreover, over 90% of Cur was released steadily within 91 h.CONCLUSIONThis work provided a theoretical basis for the application of amphiphilic peptide micellar nanostructure as novel food‐grade nanocarriers to transport hydrophobic bioactive substances. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Cholecalciferol‐ and α‐tocopherol‐loaded walnut oil emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate and soy lecithin for food applications
Authors: Kim Yun Jeong , Lee In Young , Kim Tae‐Eun , Lee Jae Hoon , Chun Yong Gi , Kim Bum‐Keun , Lee Min Hyeock 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo overcome the limitations in the use of protein as an emulsifier, soy lecithin, a natural surfactant, was used along with whey protein isolate (WPI) to produce o/w emulsions containing cholecalciferol and α‐tocopherol. The physical stability of the emulsions prepared with WPI and varying concentrations of lecithin (0, 1, 2, and 3% w/w) was measured in different heat, pH, and ionic‐strength food environmental conditions.RESULTSAll emulsions were shown to be less than 250 nm in size and less than 0.3 in polydispersity index (PDI). The morphology of the emulsions was spherical, and the droplets of the emulsion containing lecithin were thicker and larger than those of the emulsion without lecithin (WPI_L0). After autoclaving, WPI_L0 increased in size from 197.8 ± 1.7 nm to 528.5 ± 28.4 nm, and the retention of cholecalciferol and α‐tocopherol decreased to 40.83 ± 0.63% and 49.68 ± 1.84%, respectively. At pH 5.5, near the isoelectric point of WPI, WPI_L0 increased in size due to aggregation, but emulsions containing lecithin remained stable at a PDI under 0.3. Turbiscan stability index of the emulsion prepared with WPI and 3% lecithin was the lowest, indicating good storage stability. In addition, it was confirmed that the higher the lecithin content, the higher the viscosity, and the higher the amount of free fatty acids released in the in vitro digestion model.CONCLUSIONThis study can provide theoretical evidence for enhancing the physical stability of protein emulsions by co‐stabilization with lecithin, promoting their application in various foods. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Simultaneous analysis of six inorganic anions in urine by double‐suppress ion‐exchange chromatography
Authors: Gong Ruomei , Luo Zhi , Wang Ying , Shen Mei 
Published: April 2022

This study is aimed to establish a simple, rapid, and accurate ion chromatography approach for the simultaneous detection of six inorganic anions in urine. Various performance parameters affecting the determination of anions were optimized, including the selection of sample protein precipitation agent, eluent, and flow rate. The final eluent was 3.6 mmol/L sodium carbonate and 12% isopropanol with a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. Acetonitrile was used for pretreatment to precipitate proteins, and the volume ratio of urine to acetonitrile was 1:4. The correlation coefficient of the target anion calibration curve ranged from 0.9973 to 0.9999. The limit of detection ranged from 1.50 to 12.0 μg/L, and the method detection limit ranged from 15.0 to 120 μg/L. The standard recovery rate for low, medium, and high concentrations ranged from 90 to 110%. The inter‐day and intra‐day relative standard deviations were <5%. The method has high accuracy and good reproducibility and is suitable for the separation and determination of anions in urine.
Fetal Micro and Macroglossia
Authors: Koren Natalie , Shust‐Barequet Shir , Weissbach Tal , Raviv Oshrat , Abu Snenh Samar , Abraham Efrat , Cahan Tal , Eisenberg Vered , Yulzari Vered , Hadi Efrat , Adamo Laura , Mazaki Tovi Shali , Achiron Reuven , Kivilevitch Zvi , Weisz Boaz , Kassif Eran 
Published: April 2022

ObjectivesAbnormal fetal tongue size is a phenotypic feature of various syndromes including Beckwith‐Wiedemann, Pierre‐Robin, oromandibular limb hypoplasia, chromosomal aberrations, etc. Current data regarding normal fetal tongue size are limited. Hence, micro/macroglossia are subjectively determined. The aim of the study was to construct a contemporary fetal tongue nomogram and to assess its clinical contribution.MethodsA prospective cross‐sectional study was performed in well dated, low risk, singleton pregnancies. Fetal tongues were measured by 5 trained sonographers. Highest quality images were selected. Intra‐ and interobserver variability was assessed. Tongue length, width, area, and circumference 1st to 99th centiles were calculated for each gestational week. Based on the normal tongue size charts, we created a Tongue Centile Calculator.ResultsOver 18 months, 664 tongue measurements were performed. A cubic polynomial regression model best described the correlation between tongue size and gestational age. The correlation coefficient (r2) was 0.934, 0.932, 0.925, and 0.953 for tongue length, width, area, and circumference, respectively (P < .001). Intra‐ and interobserver variability had high interclass correlation coefficients (>0.9). Using the new charts, we were able to identify 2 cases of macroglossia, subsequently diagnosed with Beckwith‐Wiedemann, and 4 cases of microglossia, 3 associated with Pierre‐Robin sequence, and 1 associated with persistent buccopharyngeal membrane.ConclusionsWe present novel fetal tongue size charts from 13 to 40 weeks of gestation. Clinical application of these nomograms may be beneficial in the prenatal diagnosis of syndromes or malformations associated with abnormal fetal tongue size.
Long noncoding RNA ANRIL up‐regulates CCND1 via sponging miR‐98‐5p to promote TGF‐β1‐induced human airway smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and extracellular matrix deposition
Authors: Zhong Zhao‐Gang , Dong Chun‐Ping , Guo Xi‐Hong , Chen Jing , Zhu Li‐Ping , Zhang Ming 
Published: April 2022

AbstractExcessive proliferation and migration of airway smooth muscle cell (ASMC) contribute to asthma pathogenesis. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are reported to take part in asthma pathogenesis. This study is targeted at deciphering the role of the lncRNA antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) in ASMC proliferation, migration and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. qRT‐PCR was performed to determine ANRIL, miR‐98‐5p, and cyclin D1 (CCND1) mRNA expression levels in transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1)‐treated ASMCs. CCK‐8 and Transwell assays were employed to examine ASMC proliferation and migration, respectively. Dual‐luciferase reporter gene assay and RNA immunoprecipitation assay were carried out for analyzing the targeted relationship of miR‐98‐5p with ANRIL or CCND1 mRNA 3′‐UTR. The levels of CCND1 and ECM proteins (such as fibronectin, COL3A1, and COL1A2) in ASMCs were detected through Western blot. In this work, we found that ANRIL and CCND1 were up‐regulated in TGF‐β1‐treated ASMCs, whereas miR‐98‐5p was down‐regulated. ANRIL overexpression facilitated the proliferation, ECM deposition and migration of TGF‐β1‐induced ASMCs, while knocking down ANRIL had the opposite effect. Furthermore, ANRIL targeted miR‐98‐5p directly, and CCND1 was miR‐98‐5p's downstream target. ANRIL indirectly increased CCND1 expression in ASMCs via competitively binding to miR‐98‐5p. MiR‐98‐5p inhibition or CCND1 overexpression counteracted the inhibiting effect that ANRIL knockdown had on TGF‐β1‐stimulated ASMC proliferation, migration and ECM deposition. In conclusion, ANRIL indirectly up‐regulates CCND1 expression by targeting miR‐98‐5p to promote ASMC proliferation, migration and ECM deposition, thus facilitating the pathogenesis of asthma.
Evaluation of the impact of the Gully Land Consolidation Project on runoff under extreme rainfall
Authors: Long Shaobo , Gao Jianen , Shao Hui , Kang Youcai , Gao Zhe , Guo Zihao , Zhang Xingchen , Wang Lu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractExtreme rainfall is an important driver of soil erosion and land damage. The Gully Land Consolidation program (GLCP) was first launched in 2011 as a major land reclamation practice to increase farmland in the Loess Plateau of China. Studying the impact of artificial projects on hydrology can help humans to respond to the various water issues, but the assessment of the effects of the GLCP on extreme rainfall‐induced water runoff at watershed scale is currently lacking. Our study used the soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) to evaluate the influence of the GLCP at different locations and areas on water runoff under extreme rainfall events in the Yanhe watershed. Results showed that: (1) the GLCP can improve the interception of surface runoff, with interception efficiency in downstream of the watershed approximately twice that at midstream and entire watershed as well as seven‐times that at the upstream; (2) when GLCP measures are evenly distributed in a watershed, as the area of GLCP increases from 76.40 km2 (1% of watershed area) to 382.01 km2 (5%), the interception of surface runoff increases by 0.77 mm; (3) and the GLCP can increase soil infiltration and groundwater recharge. This research is expected to provide insights into the optimized layout of the GLCP at watershed scale. Correspondingly, policymakers can refer to this information in developing policies on the sustainable use of land.
Comparative soil restoration potential of exotic and native woody plantations on coal mine spoil in a dry tropical environment of India: A case‐study
Authors: Singh Anand Narain , Kumar Abhishek 
Published: April 2022

AbstractOverburden excavated during opencast mining has poor soil properties due to non‐salvage and inversion of soil profiles. The soil properties of such overburden are often improved by biological reclamation techniques such as planting suitable plant species; however, the performance of species varies from site‐to‐site. Therefore, this article aims to evaluate the effects of woody plantations on coal mine spoil's physicochemical and biological properties. We synthesised the available data from previous studies conducted on 5‐year‐old plantations in the Singrauli Coalfields of India. These plantations have monocultures of eight species, in which four were exotic (Acacia auriculiformis, Casuarina equisetifolia, Cassia siamea and Grevillea pteridifolia) and four were native species (Albizia lebbeck, Albizia procera, Dendrocalamus strictus and Tectona grandis). We compared the soil properties under exotic and native species plantations to evaluate the effect of species and origin. The Wilcoxon's test showed that the clay content (p = 0.000), ammonium‐nitrogen (p = 0.002), phosphate‐phosphorus (p = 0.000) and microbial biomass nutrients (C, N and P; p = 0.000) were significantly higher under native plantations than the exotic plantations. Further, we observed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.86, p < 0.001) between soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon for native species. We also found that microbial biomass nutrients are negatively associated with nitrification rates and positively associated with nitrogen mineralisation rates. Overall, our study suggested that exotic species plantations are not as effective as native species in mine spoil rehabilitation. Thus, native species plantations should be promoted while restoring degraded coal mine habitats in a dry tropical environment.
Species‐specific biomass estimation from gene copy number in metazoan plankton
Authors: Jungbluth Michelle J. , Hanson Katharine M. , Lenz Petra H. , Robinson H. Eve , Goetze Erica 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDespite the importance of early life‐history stages to ecosystem processes, challenges in the identification of the larval stages of species continue to slow progress in understanding the dynamics of marine ecosystems. A quantitative polymerase chain reaction‐based method was developed and tested for estimating the species‐specific biomass of juvenile copepods through targeted measurements of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene copies in size‐fractionated, mixed‐species plankton samples. The assays are species‐specific, amplifying a single product in the presence of focal‐species DNA at levels as low as 2 pg total DNA, and in mixed‐species samples where the focal species represented <1% of total DNA. Tests comparing mtCOI copy number to measurements of biomass across developmental stages found a robust linear relationship across a five order of magnitude range in animal biomass and DNA copy number (r2 = 0.998). These results demonstrate that quantification of DNA copy number can be used to obtain estimates of species‐specific biomass for metazoan plankton, which could transform population and community dynamics studies that include early life history stages.