bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Still Searching for Understanding: The Importance of Diverse Research Designs, Methods, and Perspectives
Authors: Elman Roberta J. 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Evidence-based medicine and evidence hierarchies have been widely adopted and have strongly influenced decision making across many fields, including clinical aphasiology. However, questions remain about the creation, usefulness, and validity of current evidence hierarchies.

Aims:
This article builds on ideas about scientific approaches and evidence originally shared by Elman (1995, 1998, 2006). This article reviews the history of evidence hierarchies and argues that improving the diversity of research designs, methods, and perspectives will improve understanding of the numerous and complex variables associated with aphasia intervention. Researchers and clinicians are encouraged to synthesize diverse types of scientific evidence. It is hoped that this article will stimulate thought and foster discussion in order to encourage high-caliber research of all types.

Main Contribution:
Concepts from a wide variety of fields including philosophy of science, research design and methodology, and precision medicine are brought together in an attempt to focus research on the scientific understanding of aphasia treatment effects.

Conclusion:
It is hoped that by incorporating diverse research designs, methods, and perspectives, clinical aphasiologists will become better able to provide effective, personalized treatments, ensuring that each person with aphasia is able to improve their communication ability and quality of life.
A Hands-On Tutorial for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis With Example Data Set and Codes
Authors: Zhang Xiaojuan , Cheng Bing , Zhang Yang 
Published: August 2022

Purpose:
Systematic review and meta-analysis are regarded as standard and valuable tools for providing an objective and reproducible synthesis of research findings in the literature. Their increasing popularity has led to heightened expectations for comprehensiveness and rigor in conducting scientific reviews and analyses. The purpose of this tutorial is to provide an overview and guidance on how to address the key elements for conducting a high-quality systematic review with meta-analysis.

Method:
This tutorial describes practical guidelines to conduct systematic review and meta-analysis for researchers who are interested in learning and applying the method. Drawing on previous meta-analytic reviews of second-language learning as illustrative examples, it discusses the methodological choices and judgment calls in each step of the review and analysis process. As a hands-on tutorial, it uses a published data set concerning the role of talker variability in speech training studies as a running example to elucidate the statistical process and interpret the results of meta-analysis with freely available R software.

Results/Conclusions:

This tutorial provides a walk-through of the methodological choices, controversial issues, and common practices in conducting systematic reviews and meta-analyses. The data set and R codes are offered as publicly accessible supplementary materials (
https://osf.io/e9bkf/
) for replication and practice, which we hope will motivate more applications in the speech, language, and hearing sciences field as well as behavioral and social sciences research in general.
Growth Effects on Velopharyngeal Anatomy Within the First 2 Years of Life
Authors: Kotlarek Katelyn J. , Levene Sierra , Piccorelli Annalisa V. , Barhaghi Krystle , Neuberger Ilana 
Published: August 2022

Purpose:
Limited quantitative data exist regarding growth of the velopharynx within the first 2 years of life. The purpose of this study was to (a) quantify changes in velopharyngeal structures due to growth during the first 2 years of life, (b) examine the impact of sex and race within this age range, and (c) provide normative measures for comparison to individuals with cleft palate.

Method/Description:
A retrospective chart review was completed of all patients up to 24 months of age that underwent magnetic resonance imaging of the head for medical necessity within the past 18 months using a three-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence. Measurements of the velopharynx were obtained from 200 scans consistent with previous literature. Participants were divided into five groups based on corrected age for comparison. Variables of interest included adenoid depth, angle of origin, effective velopharyngeal ratio, effective velar length, levator veli palatini length, origin–origin distance, pharyngeal depth, sagittal angle, velopharyngeal ratio, velar insertion distance, velar length, and velar thickness.

Results:
Velopharyngeal dimensions were significantly different among corrected age groups after controlling for sex and race. Regarding age, analyses revealed significant differences in all variables of interest except effective velopharyngeal ratio. Regarding sex, significant differences were observed for angle of origin, effective velopharyngeal ratio, effective velar length, levator veli palatini muscle length, and velar insertion distance. Regarding race, a significant difference was only observed for angle of origin.

Conclusions:
Results of this study demonstrate growth of velopharyngeal anatomy in normative infants with race and sex effects apparent in children up to 24 months of age. Variable growth trends were observed among different velopharyngeal measures.
Medical image encryption algorithm based on hyper‐chaotic system and DNA coding
Authors: Li Mingzhen , Pan Shuaihao , Meng Weiming , Guoyong Wang , Ji Zhihang , Wang Lin 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWith the international development of the medical service informatisation, medical information sharing has become the key standard to measure the degree of medical informatisation. In this process, it is important to ensure the security of patients' medical information such as patients' records, examination reports, images and so on. In this article, an image encryption scheme based on Secure Hash Algorithm 3 (SHA‐3), DNA coding and high dimensional chaos system is proposed to promote the security level of medical images in information sharing processes such as over the network. First, SHA‐3 algorithm is used to calculate the hash value of the input image, and the result is taken as the initial value of the hyper‐chaotic system. Second, the intensity value of the input image is converted into a serial binary digital stream. Third, the pseudo‐random sequence generated by a 4‐dimensional hyper‐chaotic system is used to perturb the bit stream globally so as to achieve the purpose of hiding the effective information of the input image. During the operation of hyper‐chaotic sequence and DNA sequence, algebraic and complementary operations are performed on DNA encoding values to enhance encryption performance. Finally, simulations have been applied on an open‐source medical image database, and the results demonstrate obvious encryption effectiveness and high security level of the proposed encryption algorithm in the robustness of noise and clipping attacks.
Synthetic thermal convolutional‐memory network for the lithium‐ion battery behaviour diagnosis against noise interruptions
Authors: Li Marui , Dong Chaoyu , Wang Rui , Yu Xiaodan , Xiao Qian , Jia Hongjie 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn order to meet the two global challenges of energy shortage and environmental pollution, various countries have begun to advocate the application of new energy equipment such as electric vehicles. This has also promoted the development of energy storage equipment and energy storage systems. With their high performance, lithium‐ion batteries are used in a wide range of electrical equipment. But the safety of lithium‐ion batteries depends on effective behaviour diagnosis. In order to better realise behaviour diagnosis, this paper combined the long and short‐term memory network (LSTM) with the temporal convolution network (TCN) for the first time and established a synthetic thermal convolutional‐memory network (STCMN) for lithium‐ion battery behaviour diagnosis against noise interruptions. In addition, a TCN‐LSTM alliance network structure is designed. The TCN‐LSTM alliance network is an effective architecture applied not only to the temperature prediction of Li‐ion batteries but also to the thermal diagnosis part. And these two parts finally constitute the thermal convolutional‐memory network. The experimental results show the network designed in this paper was able to improve Li‐ion battery behaviour detection.
Circumplanetary disk ices
Authors: Oberg N. , Kamp I. , Cazaux S. , Woitke P. , Thi W. F. 
Published: August 2022

Context. The large icy moons of Jupiter formed in a circumplanetary disk (CPD). CPDs are fed by vertically infalling circumstellar gas and dust which may be shock-heated upon accretion. Accreted material is then either incorporated into moons, falls into the planet, or is lost beyond the disk edge on relatively short timescales. If ices are sublimated during accretion onto the CPD we know there must be sufficient time for them to recondense or moons such as Ganymede or Callisto could not form. The chemical timescale to form sufficiently icy solids places a novel constraint on the dynamical behaviour and properties of CPDs.Aims. We aim to explore the process of ice formation in CPDs to constrain which disk properties (such as the mass, viscosity, and dust-to-gas ratio) are consistent with the formation of an icy moon system.Methods. We use the radiation thermochemical code ProDiMo(Protoplanetary Disk Model) to analyze how the radial ice abundance evolves in CPDs. We consider different initial chemical conditions of the disk to explore the consequences of infalling material being inherited from the circumstellar disk or being reset to atomic conditions by shock-heating. We contrast the timescales of ice formation with disk viscous timescales and radial dust drift.Results. We have derived the radial ice abundance and rate of ice formation in a small grid of model CPDs. Water ice can form very efficiently in the CPD from initially atomic conditions, as a significant fraction is efficiently re-deposited on dust grains within <1 yr. Radial grain drift timescales are in general longer than those of ice formation on grains. Icy grains of sizea <3 mm retain their icy mantles while crossing an optically thin circumstellar disk gap at 5 au forL*< 10L⊙.Conclusions. Three-body reactions play an important role in water formation in the dense midplane condition of CPDs. The CPD midplane must be depleted in dust relative to the circumstellar disk by a factor 10-50 to produce solids with the ice to rock ratio of the icy Galilean satellites. The CPD snowline is not erased by radial grain drift, which is consistent with the compositional gradient of the Galilean satellites being primordial.
Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Remote C–H Bond Functionalization of Cyclic Amines
Authors: Chen Weijie , Yang Xiaoyu , Cao Xi 
Published: August 2022

AbstractC–H bond functionalization is one of the most effective strategies for the rapid synthesis of cyclic amines containing substituents on the ring, which are core structures of many bioactive molecules. However, it is much more challenging to perform this strategy on remote C–H bonds compared to the α-C–H bonds of cyclic amines. This graphical review aims to provide a concise overview on transition-metal-catalyzed methods for the remote C–H bond functionalization of cyclic amines. Examples are categorized and demonstrated according to mechanistic pathways that initiate the reactions of cyclic amine substrates. Where relevant, selected substrate scope and detailed reaction mechanisms are given.
Triple-Arterial Cannulation Approach for Whole-Body Perfusion in Infant Hypoplastic Aortic Arch and Coarctation Repair
Authors: Liebrich Markus , Schweder Marco , Seeburger Joerg , Voth Vladimir 
Published: August 2022

AbstractOrgan and end-organ protection in aortic arch surgery represents a substantial challenge, especially in infants. Selective antegrade cerebral perfusion has been reported to improve organ function during this procedure. Visceral perfusion can be optimized by cannulation of the descending aorta during infant aortic arch surgery, leading to a decrease in end organ damage. However, it is associated with extensive surgical manipulation and subsequent risk of major vessel and potential organ damage. In this report, we describe a technique for distal body perfusion in an infant with hypoplastic aortic arch and isthmus stenosis by ultrasound-guided cannulation of the femoral artery using an intra-arterial vascular sheath establishing whole-body perfusion by triple cannulation.
Effect of Preoperative Parameters on Outcomes of Lumbar Microdiscectomy: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Mehendiratta Dhanish , Patel Pratik , Bhambhu Vivek , Chaudhary Kshitij , Dalvie Samir 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to characterize the effect of preoperative variables on outcomes after minimally invasive lumbar microdiscectomy.
Materials and Methods This study was done from January 2019 to May 2020. This included medical records of all patients who were diagnosed with lumbar disc herniation and treated surgically by microdiscectomy. The medical records of such patients from January 2016 to January 2018 were included in this study. Postoperative outcomes were analyzed by Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), visual analog scale (VAS) leg, and VAS back scores, that were noted at preoperative, immediate postoperative, 6 months postoperative, and 1 year after operation. Difference in each outcomes score was calculated postoperatively with respect to the preoperative readings. Minimal clinically important difference was further calculated for each outcome score.
Results On analyzing the ODI, VAS leg, and VAS back scores across various age groups, genders, body mass indexes, addictions, comorbidities, preoperative epidural steroid injection and physiotherapy, and levels of disc herniation, and it was found that there was no statistically significant difference across these categories. However, the ODI scores (∼ ODI) at all time points showed greater difference in the younger age group, that is, 18 to 30 years, males, nonsmokers, those with symptom duration of less than 6 weeks, and with disc herniation at L3 to L4.
Conclusion The findings of this study will help to properly counsel patients with regard to the factors mentioned above so as to set realistic expectations, to help improve the outcomes, and for appropriate surgical decision making, that is, at which point should a surgical intervention be made.
Management of Acute Liver Failure: Update 2022
Authors: Tujios Shannan , Stravitz R. Todd , Lee William M. 
Published: August 2022

Abbreviated pathogenesis and clinical course of the acute liver failure syndrome. The pathogenesis and clinical course of the syndrome of acute liver failure (ALF) differs depending upon the etiology of the primary liver injury. In turn, the severity of the liver injury and resulting synthetic failure is often the primary determinant of whether a patient is referred for emergency liver transplantation. Injuries by viral etiologies trigger the innate immune system via pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), while toxin-induced (and presumably ischemia-induced) injuries do so via damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). The course of the clinical syndrome further depends upon the relative intensity and composition of cytokine release, resulting in an early proinflammatory phenotype (SIRS) and later compensatory anti-inflammatory response phenotype (CARS). The outcomes of overwhelming immune activation are the systemic (extrahepatic) features of ALF (cardiovascular collapse, cerebral edema, acute kidney injury, respiratory failure, sepsis) which ultimately determine the likelihood of death.Acute liver failure (ALF) continues to carry a high risk of mortality or the need for transplantation despite recent improvements in overall outcomes over the past two decades. Optimal management begins with identifying that liver failure is indeed present and its etiology, since outcomes and the need for transplantation vary widely across the different etiologies. Most causes of ALF can be divided into hyperacute (ischemia and acetaminophen) and subacute types (other etiologies), based on time of evolution of signs and symptoms of liver failure; the former evolve in 3 to 4 days and the latter typically in 2 to 4 weeks. Both involve intense release of cytokines and hepatocellular contents into the circulation with multiorgan effects/consequences.Management involves optimizing fluid balance and cardiovascular support, including the use of continuous renal replacement therapy, vasopressors, and pulmonary ventilation. Early evaluation for liver transplantation is advised particularly for acetaminophen toxicity, which evolves so rapidly that delay is likely to lead to death.Vasopressor support, high-grade hepatic encephalopathy, and unfavorable (subacute) etiologies heighten the need for urgent listing for liver transplantation. Prognostic scores such as Kings Criteria, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, and the Acute Liver Failure Group prognostic index take these features into account and provide reasonable but imperfect predictive accuracy. Future treatments may include liver support devices and/or agents that improve hepatocyte regeneration.
Diagnosis, Diagnostic Tools, and Risk Stratification for Contemporary Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Remillard Taylor C. , Kodra Arber , Kim Michael 
Published: August 2022

AbstractPulmonary embolism (PE) is quite common and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. It is estimated that it is the cause of approximately 100,000 annual deaths in the United States. With great variability in presenting symptoms of PE, poor recognition of PE can be fatal. As such, many risk scores have been created to identify the sickest patients. Choosing the appropriate imaging modality is also critical. Invasive pulmonary angiography was once the gold standard to establish the diagnosis. With the advent of nuclear imaging, V/Q scans, invasive angiography has been phased out for diagnosing acute PE. At present, the standard for diagnosis of acute PE is computed tomography pulmonary angiography. In select patient cohorts, nuclear studies remain the modality of choice. Once the diagnosis of acute PE is established, there is a broad spectrum of severity in outcome which has led to substantial focus and development of risk stratification prediction models. We will discuss making the proper diagnosis with contemporary diagnostic tools and risk stratifying patients with PE to receive the correct treatment.
Simulation of plasma transport in MPS-LD linear plasma device by using BOUT++
Authors: Wang Yue , Sang Chaofeng , Li Nami , Huang Yao , Zhang Yanjie , Sun Changjiang , Bian Yu , Zhu Aimin , Wang Dezhen 
Published: August 2022

AbstractA linear plasma device (LPD) module based on the 2D transport module under the BOUT++ framework is developed in this paper to simulate plasma transport in the LPD. The LPD module includes three parts, i.e. magnetic field calculation, simulation mesh generation and plasma transport setup. The magnetic field is calculated with the circular current loop using the location and current information of each coil. The mesh generation code can produce a simulation mesh for LPD by employing the magnetic field. The plasma transport model is based on the reduced Braginskii equations, which consist of the continuity equation, momentum equation, and energy equation. The fluid neutral model is applied for neutral particle simulation. Deuterium (D) and helium (He) ions and atoms can be simulated by the model. The first attempt to simulate plasma transport in the new LPD, called multiple plasma simulation linear plasma device (MPS-LD), is presented using the developed model. TheDplasma transport in the MPS-LD is simulated and benchmarked against the two-point model, showing the validation of the BOUT++ simulation. The effects of radial transport on the heat load to the target are studied, which illustrates the significant impact of the radial diffusivitiesD⊥andχ⊥i,eon the plasma. Moreover, the He impurity injection process during the discharge is studied with emphasis on plasma–impurity interactions. The simulation results show that He injection can reduce the plasma energy load to the target significantly, and the efficiency depends on the He source density and injection velocity. The present work provides an alternative and flexible simulation tool for plasma transport in LPDs.
Semiconductor technologies and related topics for implementation of electronic reservoir computing systems
Authors: Kasai Seiya 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Reservoir computing (RC) is a unique machine learning framework based on a recurrent neural network, which is currently involved in numerous research fields. RC systems are distinguished from other machine learning systems since detailed network designs and weight adjustments are not necessary. This enables the availability of many device and material options to physically implement the system, referred to as physical RC. This review outlines the basics of RC and related issues from an implementation perspective that applies semiconductor electron device technology. A possible interpretation of RC computations is shown using a simple model, and the reservoir network is understood from the viewpoint of network theory. Physical implementation and operation issues are discussed by referring to our experimental investigation of dynamic nodes using a semiconductor tunnel diode with cubic nonlinearity.
A critique of length and bias dependent constraints for 1T-DRAM operation through RFET
Authors: Nirala Rohit Kumar , Semwal Sandeep , Kranti Abhinav 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Capacitorless dynamic memory (one transistor dynamic random access memory (1T-DRAM)) operation in a reconfigurable field effect transistor (RFET) is critically governed by different lengths associated with the architecture. These lengths consisting of ungated region (L
UG), control gate (L
CG), polarity gate (L
PG), storage region length (L
S), and total length (L
T) can be sensitive to the fabrication process, and hence, critical for 1T-DRAM. This work presents an insightful critique of the above mentioned lengths for realising optimal 1T-DRAM performance. It is shown that RFET with highest values of L
S/L
T and L
CG/L
T shows good short channel immunity but does not necessarily ensure enhanced 1T-DRAM metrics. Results indicate that for a fixed L
T, retention time can vary over a wide range (550 ms to 8.7 s) depending on the values of L
S/L
T and L
CG/L
T, and hence, appropriate optimization is imperative. The work contributes towards better understanding and optimizing L
CG/L
T to ensure improved 1T-DRAM metrics in terms of enhanced retention (>64 ms), acceptable sense margin (>6 µA µm−1), current ratio (>104) with low values of read (2 ns) and write (1 ns) time to further extend multi-functional facets of nanoscale RFETs for memory applications. In addition, the effect of traps, process sensitivity, reduced number of voltage levels, and disturbance caused by shared word line (WL)/bit line (BL) are also analysed in this work. Results indicate that state ‘0’ of the cell sharing BL with the selected cell is strongly affected by BL disturbance. WL disturbance primarily impacts state ‘1’ of the cell sharing WL with selected cell (only for write 1 and read operations).