bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different skeletal protein toolkits achieve similar structure and performance in the tropical coral Stylophora pistillata and the temperate Oculina patagonica
Authors: Zaquin Tal , Di Bisceglie Anna Paola , Pinkas Iddo , Falini Giuseppe , Mass Tali 
Published: October 2022

AbstractStony corals (order: Scleractinia) differ in growth form and structure. While stony corals have gained the ability to form their aragonite skeleton once in their evolution, the suite of proteins involved in skeletogenesis is different for different coral species. This led to the conclusion that the organic portion of their skeleton can undergo rapid evolutionary changes by independently evolving new biomineralization-related proteins. Here, we used liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to sequence skeletogenic proteins extracted from the encrusting temperate coral Oculina patagonica. We compare it to the previously published skeletal proteome of the branching subtropical corals Stylophora pistillata as both are regarded as highly resilient to environmental changes. We further characterized the skeletal organic matrix (OM) composition of both taxa and tested their effects on the mineral formation using a series of overgrowth experiments on calcite seeds. We found that each species utilizes a different set of proteins containing different amino acid compositions and achieve a different morphology modification capacity on calcite overgrowth. Our results further support the hypothesis that the different coral taxa utilize a species-specific protein set comprised of independent gene co-option to construct their own unique organic matrix framework. While the protein set differs between species, the specific predicted roles of the whole set appear to underline similar functional roles. They include assisting in forming the extracellular matrix, nucleation of the mineral and cell signaling. Nevertheless, the different composition might be the reason for the varying organization of the mineral growth in the presence of a particular skeletal OM, ultimately forming their distinct morphologies.
Calibrating cardiac electrophysiology models using latent Gaussian processes on atrial manifolds
Authors: Coveney Sam , Roney Caroline H. , Corrado Cesare , Wilkinson Richard D. , Oakley Jeremy E. , Niederer Steven A. , Clayton Richard H. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractModels of electrical excitation and recovery in the heart have become increasingly detailed, but have yet to be used routinely in the clinical setting to guide personalized intervention in patients. One of the main challenges is calibrating models from the limited measurements that can be made in a patient during a standard clinical procedure. In this work, we propose a novel framework for the probabilistic calibration of electrophysiology parameters on the left atrium of the heart using local measurements of cardiac excitability. Parameter fields are represented as Gaussian processes on manifolds and are linked to measurements via surrogate functions that map from local parameter values to measurements. The posterior distribution of parameter fields is then obtained. We show that our method can recover parameter fields used to generate localised synthetic measurements of effective refractory period. Our methodology is applicable to other measurement types collected with clinical protocols, and more generally for calibration where model parameters vary over a manifold.
Hydroxymethylation profile of cell-free DNA is a biomarker for early colorectal cancer
Authors: Walker Nicolas J. , Rashid Mamunur , Yu Shirong , Bignell Helen , Lumby Casper K. , Livi Carmen M. , Howell Kate , Morley David J. , Morganella Sandro , Barrell Daniel , Caim Shabhonam , Gosal Walraj , Füllgrabe Jens , Charlesworth Thomas J. , Vasquez Louella , Ahdesmäki Miika , Eizenga Jordan , Prabhat Parul , Proutski Vitali , Murat-Onana Marie Laurie , Greenwood Catherine J. , Kirkwood Lisa , Maisuria-Armer Meeta , Li Mengjie , Coats Emma , Winfield Victoria , MacBean Lachlan , Stock Toby , Tomé-Fernandez Alice , Chan Yat , Sheikh Nasir , Golder Paula , Steward Michael , Ost Tobias W. B. , Stewart Douglas , Vilella Albert , Noursalehi Mojtaba , Paten Benedict , Lucarelli Debora , Mason Joanne , Ridge Gareth , Mellad Jason , Shirodkar Suman , Balasubaramanian Shankar , Holbrook Joanna D. 
Published: October 2022

AbstractEarly detection of cancer will improve survival rates. The blood biomarker 5-hydroxymethylcytosine has been shown to discriminate cancer. In a large covariate-controlled study of over two thousand individual blood samples, we created, tested and explored the properties of a 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-based classifier to detect colorectal cancer (CRC). In an independent validation sample set, the classifier discriminated CRC samples from controls with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 90% (95% CI [87, 93]). Sensitivity was 55% at 95% specificity. Performance was similar for early stage 1 (AUC 89%; 95% CI [83, 94]) and late stage 4 CRC (AUC 94%; 95% CI [89, 98]). The classifier could detect CRC even when the proportion of tumor DNA in blood was undetectable by other methods. Expanding the classifier to include information about cell-free DNA fragment size and abundance across the genome led to gains in sensitivity (63% at 95% specificity), with similar overall performance (AUC 91%; 95% CI [89, 94]). We confirm that 5-hydroxymethylcytosine can be used to detect CRC, even in early-stage disease. Therefore, the inclusion of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in multianalyte testing could improve sensitivity for the detection of early-stage cancer.
Meta-connectomic analysis maps consistent, reproducible, and transcriptionally relevant functional connectome hubs in the human brain
Authors: Xu Zhilei , Xia Mingrui , Wang Xindi , Liao Xuhong , Zhao Tengda , He Yong 
Published: October 2022

AbstractHuman brain connectomes include sets of densely connected hub regions. However, the consistency and reproducibility of functional connectome hubs have not been established to date and the genetic signatures underlying robust hubs remain unknown. Here, we conduct a worldwide harmonized meta-connectomic analysis by pooling resting-state functional MRI data of 5212 healthy young adults across 61 independent cohorts. We identify highly consistent and reproducible connectome hubs in heteromodal and unimodal regions both across cohorts and across individuals, with the greatest effects observed in lateral parietal cortex. These hubs show heterogeneous connectivity profiles and are critical for both intra- and inter-network communications. Using post-mortem transcriptome datasets, we show that as compared to non-hubs, connectome hubs have a spatiotemporally distinctive transcriptomic pattern dominated by genes involved in the neuropeptide signaling pathway, neurodevelopmental processes, and metabolic processes. These results highlight the robustness of macroscopic connectome hubs and their potential cellular and molecular underpinnings, which markedly furthers our understanding of how connectome hubs emerge in development, support complex cognition in health, and are involved in disease.
Wildfire imagery reduces risk information-seeking among homeowners as property wildfire risk increases
Authors: Byerly Flint Hilary , Champ Patricia A. , Meldrum James R. , Brenkert-Smith Hannah 
Published: October 2022

AbstractNegative imagery of destruction may induce or inhibit action to reduce risks from climate-exacerbated hazards, such as wildfires. This has generated conflicting assumptions among experts who communicate with homeowners: half of surveyed wildfire practitioners perceive a lack of expert agreement about the effect of negative imagery (a burning house) on homeowner behavior, yet most believe negative imagery is more engaging. We tested whether this expectation matched homeowner response in the United States. In an online experiment, homeowners who viewed negative imagery reported more negative emotions but the same behavioral intentions compared to those who viewed status-quo landscape photos. In a pre-registered field experiment, homeowners who received a postcard showing negative imagery were equally likely, overall, to visit a wildfire risk webpage as those whose postcard showed a status quo photo. However, the negative imagery decreased webpage visits as homeowners’ wildfire risk increased. These results illustrate the importance of testing assumptions to encourage behavioral adaptation to climate change.
Can Closed-Set Word Recognition Differentially Assess Vowel and Consonant Perception for School-Age Children With and Without Hearing Loss?
Authors: Buss Emily , Felder Jenna , Miller Margaret K. , Leibold Lori J. , Calandruccio Lauren 
Published: October 2022

Purpose:
Vowels and consonants play different roles in language acquisition and speech recognition, yet standard clinical tests do not assess vowel and consonant perception separately. As a result, opportunities for targeted intervention may be lost. This study evaluated closed-set word recognition tests designed to rely predominantly on either vowel or consonant perception and compared results with sentence recognition scores.

Method:
Participants were children (5–17 years of age) and adults (18–38 years of age) with normal hearing and children with sensorineural hearing loss (7–17 years of age). Speech reception thresholds (SRTs) were measured in speech-shaped noise. Children with hearing loss were tested with their hearing aids. Word recognition was evaluated using a three-alternative forced-choice procedure, with a picture-pointing response; monosyllabic target words varied with respect to either consonant or vowel content. Sentence recognition was evaluated for low- and high-probability sentences. In a subset of conditions, stimuli were low-pass filtered to simulate a steeply sloping hearing loss in participants with normal hearing.

Results:
Children's SRTs improved with increasing age for words and sentences. Low-pass filtering had a larger effect for consonant-variable words than vowel-variable words for both children and adults with normal hearing, consistent with the greater high-frequency content of consonants. Children with hearing loss tested with hearing aids tended to perform more poorly than age-matched children with normal hearing, particularly for sentence recognition, but consonant- and vowel-variable word recognition did not appear to be differentially affected by the amount of high- and low-frequency hearing loss.

Conclusions:
Closed-set recognition of consonant- and vowel-variable words appeared to differentially evaluate vowel and consonant perception but did not vary by configuration of hearing loss in this group of pediatric hearing aid users. Word scores obtained in this manner do not fully characterize the auditory abilities necessary for open-set sentence recognition, but they do provide a general estimate.
Narrative Interventions for Children Who Use Augmentative and Alternative Communication: A Call and Plan for Future Research
Authors: Neal Corinne , Brady Nancy 
Published: October 2022

Purpose:
Interventions that target the full breadth of communication skills for individuals who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) are needed in the literature. Narrative interventions for AAC would target the important communication skill of storytelling and may have broader academic and social effects. The authors review the components of narrative interventions that have been effective with children with intellectual and developmental disabilities and could be modified for those who use AAC.

Conclusion:
Finally, a line of research developing AAC narrative interventions is proposed.
Compression artifact reduction of low bit‐rate videos via deep neural networks using self‐similarity prior
Authors: Liu Dongsheng , Yu Runyi , Chen Wei‐Gang 
Published: October 2022

AbstractThis paper presents a hybrid scheme that integratedly uses self‐similarity prior and deep convolutional neural network (CNN) fusion for compression artifact reduction in low bit‐rate video applications. Based on the temporal correlation hypothesis, the self‐similarity prior is extended to the temporal domain by using as references not only the current decoded frame but also its neighbouring frames. Furthermore, being cognizant of that the bicubic downsampling process can typically improve the perceptual quality of a video coded at low bit‐rate, for each small patch in the current frame, we search for similar patches in down‐scaled versions of these references, and then form several self‐similarity prior based predictions by tiling these similar patches at corresponding positions. To further exploit information flow across scales, a deep CNN model is constructed that contains two sub‐networks to estimate the final output. One sub‐network takes the self‐similarity prior based predictions along with the decoded frame itself; and the other takes the down‐scaled versions of these frames as network input. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can remarkably improve, both subjectively and objectively, quality of compressed video sequences of low bit‐rates.
Optically thick, nonlocal, inhomogeneous, stationary jet model for high-energy radiation from blazars: Application to Mrk 421
Authors: Banasinski Piotr , Bednarek Wlodek 
Published: October 2022

Context. There is an increasing number of observational evidence that very high energy γ-rays in radio-loud activ galactic nuclei are produced in the direct vicinity of a supermassive black hole (SMBH), close to the base of a relativistic jet. In the case of some blazars, the angle between the jet axis and the observer’s line of sight is smaller than the angular extent of the jet. γ-rays that are produced close to SMBH therefore have to propagate in the nonthermal radiation of the extended jet before reaching the observer. This γ-ray emission can be strongly absorbed in the extended jet radiation, producing a second generation of e± pairs that loses energy mainly via the synchrotron process.
Aims. We developed a nonlocal, inhomogeneous, stationary jet model in order to describe the multiwavelength emission from blazars. With this advanced model, we investigated the impact of the extended jet radiation on the propagation of γ-rays that are ejected from the direct vicinity of SMBH toward an observer located within the solid angle of the jet. We determined the conditions under which γ-rays are absorbed in the jet radiation and explored the effect of this absorption process on the γ-ray spectra and on the hard X-ray emission observed from some blazars.
Methods. We first developed an inhomogeneous, stationary jet model in which the radiation that is produced nonlocally in the jet was taken into account when we calculated the nonthermal emission in the broad energy range. This emission serves as a target on which γ-rays, produced close to SMBH, can be absorbed. As a result, the cascade is initiated within the jet through inverse Compton and synchrotron processes.
Results. We show that this advanced inhomogeneous jet model can explain the multiwavelength spectrum of the BL Lac object Mrk 421 in a nonflaring state for reasonable parameters of the jet and the SMBH. Moreover, we argue that synchrotron emission from the secondary e± pairs, which appear as a result of absorption of γ-rays that are produced close to the SMBH within the jet radiation, is consistent with the concave hard X-ray emission observed from Mrk 421.
Companions to Kepler giant stars: A long-period eccentric sub-stellar companion to KIC 3526061 and a stellar companion to HD 187878
Authors: Karjalainen Marie , Karjalainen Raine , Hatzes Artie P. , Lehmann Holger , Kervella Pierre , Hekker Saskia , Van Winckel Hans , Überlauer Jakub , Vítková Michaela , Skarka Marek , Kabáth Petr , Prins Saskia , Tkachenko Andrew , Cochran William D. , Jorissen Alain 
Published: October 2022

Context. Our knowledge of populations and the occurrence of planets orbiting evolved intermediate-mass stars is still incomplete. In 2010 we started a planet search programme among 95 giant stars observed by the Kepler mission to increase the sample of giant stars with planets and with reliable estimates of stellar masses and radii.
Aims. We present the two systems from our planet search programme whose companions we were able to characterise: KIC 3526061 and HD 187878.
Methods. We used precise stellar radial velocity measurements taken with four different echelle spectrographs to derive an orbital solution. We used Gaia astrometric measurements to obtain the inclination of the HD 187878 system and Kepler photometric observations to estimate the stellar mass and radius.
Results. We report the discovery of a sub-stellar companion and a stellar companion around two intermediate-mass red giant branch stars. KIC 3526061 b is most likely a brown dwarf with a minimum mass of 18.15 ± 0.44 MJupiter in a long-period eccentric orbit, with orbital period 3552−135+158 d and orbital eccentricity e = 0.85 ± 0.01. It is the most evolved system found having a sub-stellar companion with such a high eccentricity and wide separation. HD 187878 B has a minimum mass of 78.4 ± 2.0 MJupiter. Combining the spectroscopic orbital parameters with the astrometric proper motion anomaly, we derived an orbital inclination i = 9.8−0.6+0.4 deg, which corresponds to the companion’s mass in the stellar regime of 0.51−0.02+0.04 M⊙.
Conclusions. A sub-stellar companion of KIC 3526061 extends the sample of known red giant branch stars with sub-stellar companions on very eccentric wide orbits, and might provide a probe of the dynamical evolution of such systems over time.
Are Clinical Pilates Exercises an Effective Treatment for Scoliosis? A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Başaran Özden Ceren , Kuru Çolak Tuğba 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Objectives The aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of clinical Pilates exercises in patients with idiopathic scoliosis.
Materials and Methods The study included patients aged 15 to 30 years with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Patients were randomly separated into the following two groups: the clinical Pilates exercise group (n = 16) and the control group (n = 18). The clinical Pilates exercise group received 16 sessions of exercise. Angle of trunk rotation (scoliometer), sagittal plane alignment of the spine (inclinometer), posture (PostureScreen Mobile program), quality of life (Scoliosis Research Society-23), pain (Numerical Pain scale), and cosmetic deformity perceptions (spinal appearance questionnaire) were assessed twice.
Statistical Analysis Data obtained in the study were analyzed statistically using IBM, SPSS v. 22 software. The Shapiro–Wilks test was used to assess the conformity of data to normal distribution. In the group comparisons of angle of rotation, kyphosis and lordosis angle, and anterior shift values obtained at baseline and in the 8th week, the independent sample t-test were applied to variables with normal distribution, and the Mann–Whitney U test to variables not showing normal distribution.
Results The change in the pain score from baseline to 8 weeks was determined to be significantly superior in the Pilates group (p < 0.001). A statistically significant difference was determined between the groups in respect of the amount of change in the side shift and tilt measurements in the posture evaluation, with superior improvement seen in the Pilates exercise group(p < 0.005).
Conclusions The results of this study showed that Pilates exercises did not have a significant effect on deformity, quality of life, and perception of deformity in scoliosis, but significantly reduced back and low back pain and contributed to improvements in posture.
Einstein's Elevator and Other Marvels
Authors: Kastrup Helge , Mallow Jeffry V. 
Published: October 2022

…a variety of physics discoveries, intertwined with anecdotal stories elaborating on the lives of famous physicists throughout history. The book takes the reader through more than 500 years of scientific progress and provides context for the development of physics.
This unique title:Presents physics, astronomy, and mathematics in a simple yet comprehensive manner, using only elementary algebra and the Pythagorean TheoremIntroduces readers to physics discoveries and insights into the lives of well-known physicistsChallenges some common stereotypes of both the science and its practitioners; in particular, female luminaries are given their well-deserved place in the pantheon
Einstein's Elevator and Other Marvels: Great Physicists and Their Achievements is written primarily for non-scientists interested in physics and science history. Physicists, other scientists, and students should also find it interesting.
James Clerk Maxwell. T-Shirt Cliché
Authors: Kastrup Helge , Mallow Jeffry V. 
Published: October 2022

And God said
∇ • E = ρ/ε0
∇ • B = 0
∇ × E = −∂B/∂t
∇ × B = μ0ε0 ∂E/∂t
And there was light.
It is not possible to attend a physics convention without seeing at least one of these inscribed on a wearer's T-shirt. However, Maxwell earned it. That electricity in a wire produced a magnet was observed by Hans Christian Ørsted. That moving a magnet and a wire with respect to each other could produce current in the wire was observed by Michael Faraday. These discoveries led to the invention of the electric motor and generator. Maxwell's stroke of genius was to generalize the ideas: oscillating magnetic fields produce oscillating electric fields, which in turn produce oscillating magnetic fields and so on—in empty space. The combination of these waves produced light. Thus, Maxwell showed that light was an electromagnetic wave. Among other things, this led to Einstein's theory of relativity.
Eugene P. Wigner. Maestro of Symmetry
Authors: Kastrup Helge , Mallow Jeffry V. 
Published: October 2022

Eugene Wigner was both a mathematician and a physicist. In addition to over two dozen contributions to physics, he made at least a dozen in mathematics. Many of the latter had applications to physics, but they were mathematics in their own right. One of his particular interests was symmetry, which spanned both. Wigner applied his mathematical acumen to the investigation of atomic structure.
The Manhattan Project for building the atom bomb owed its existence to Wigner and fellow physicist Leo Szilard. They convinced Einstein to write a letter to President Roosevelt, urging the establishment of a project to determine if nuclear reactions could produce a bomb. Driven by concern that Germany might already be working on the same track, Roosevelt established the project. As part of this work, Wigner studied the effect on materials irradiated by neutrons. He is also known for questioning why mathematics is so effective for science.
Marie Skłodowska Curie (Madame Curie). One-Two Punch
Authors: Kastrup Helge , Mallow Jeffry V. 
Published: October 2022

Few would disagree that the Nobel Prize is the highest award in science. There are very few examples of a person receiving two Nobel Prizes. Madame Curie did. She shared the 1903 Prize in physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with Antoine Henri Becquerel. She also received the chemistry Prize in 1911, several years after Pierre's death. She is the only laureate to have won the Prize in two scientific disciplines. For specious reasons, Nobel committees tried to deny her the first Prize and rescind the second.
In her thesis, Curie made a thorough analysis of radioactivity (a term she coined). She started studying uranium but soon realized that thorium emits the same sort of radiation as uranium. She and her husband looked for more and discovered two. They named them radium because of its radiation and polonium after Marie's country of birth. She went on to isolate pure polonium and radium and began finding medical uses for radiation. During the First World War, she constructed mobile radiography units that got the nickname petit Curies (small Curies). She died in 1934 from the effects of radiation poisoning.