bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic map of demographic data from elephant populations throughout Africa: implications for poaching and population analyses
Authors: Hauenstein Severin , Jassoy Noémi , Mupepele Anne‐Christine , Carroll Thea , Kshatriya Mrigesh , Beale Colin M. , Dormann Carsten F. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

The crisis facing Africa’s elephant populations is a notorious example of ongoing wildlife declines caused by illegal harvesting. Targeted conservation interventions require detailed knowledge about changes in population sizes and the effect of illegal activities. However, accurately quantifying poaching intensity is a difficult task: commonly calculated from ranger‐based carcass‐encounter data, the proportion of illegally killed elephants (PIKE) is a function of poaching and background mortality. Hence, at constant poaching intensity, PIKE decreases with increasing natural mortality and also with hunting, management interventions, and other anthropogenically induced deaths. Natural mortality is often more difficult to quantify with accuracy than mortality due to illegal killing, as elephants that die naturally are more likely to be missed than those taken by poachers. In recent analyses, constant background mortality rates were assumed. Yet, for example climate‐driven fluctuations in natural mortality, if not quantified and accounted for, may lead to biased estimates of poaching intensity.

Varying background mortality rates can be accounted for in the analysis of PIKE, but this requires near‐complete counts of natural and management‐related deaths and hunting records. Carefully developed population models, which simulate population dynamics and demographic changes while accounting for variation in environmental conditions and management strategies, are alternatives. However, successful calibration of such models requires integrating comprehensive demographic data.

We systematically review the scientific and ‘grey’ literature on African elephant demography with the objective of facilitating poaching and population analysis possibilities through an inventory of information relevant to demography.

Our screening of 10900 publications resulted in the review of relevant information provided by 431 studies from 420 study sites throughout Africa. From these, we extracted demographic data collected between 1900 and 2017, and collated them in the newly created African Elephant Demographic Database (AEDD; 10.6084/m9.figshare.19387085). We found 37 natural mortality estimates from five different study sites. Other mortality data, demographic rates, and age‐ and sex‐structured population data were substantially more abundant, both temporally and spatially.

This new collection of demographic rates, age‐ and sex‐structured population data, and cause‐partitioned mortality estimates identifies spatial and temporal data gaps and provides prior information needed for African elephant population models. Closing these data gaps and subsequent analyses of realistic population models may aid elephant conservation via improved policies, legislation, and protection.
Evolved components in the eucrite parent body: Records in the layered eucrite Northwest Africa 8021
Authors: He Yang , Liu Xiao‐Wen , Zhang Ai‐Cheng 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIn this study, we report the petrography and mineralogy of a brecciated eucrite Northwest Africa (NWA) 8021, which shows a locally layered texture with one layer containing graphic clasts and Si,Ti‐rich regions. The graphic clasts contain rod‐like grains of silica phases, augite, K‐feldspar, and Ca‐phosphate minerals included in anorthite. Some of the clasts contain relatively coarse grains of quartz, K‐feldspar, and augite, which are chemically different from the rod‐like phases, indicating different origins. All of the augite grains in the graphic clasts have rare earth element (REE) concentrations higher than those in typical eucrites. The bulk Na2O+K2O contents of the graphic clasts are higher than typical eucrites. All of these chemical features indicate that the graphic clasts were probably derived from an evolved parent rock. Low‐degree partial melting of the eucritic crust (<10%) is required to generate a melt equilibrated with the REE‐rich rod‐like pyroxene from the graphic clasts. The Si,Ti‐rich regions contain high abundances of silica phases (~52 vol%) and ilmenite (~9 vol%), probably derived from an evolved Si,Ti‐rich rock (dacite). The evolved components observed in NWA 8021 are different from other evolved components observed in howardites and indicate more diverse evolution in the eucrite parent body than previously thought.
Immune recognition of the secreted serine protease ChpG restricts the host range of Clavibacter michiganensis from eggplant varieties
Authors: Verma Raj Kumar , Teper Doron 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBacterial wilt and canker caused by Clavibacter michiganensis (Cm) inflict considerable damage in tomato‐growing regions around the world. Cm has a narrow host range and can cause disease in tomato but not in many eggplant varieties. The pathogenicity of Cm is dependent on secreted serine proteases, encoded by the chp/tomA pathogenicity island (PI), and the pCM2 plasmid. Screening combinations of PI deletion mutants and plasmid‐cured strains found that Cm‐mediated hypersensitive response (HR) in the Cm‐resistant eggplant variety Black Queen is dependent on the chp/tomA PI. Singular reintroduction of PI‐encoded serine proteases into Cm∆PI identified that the HR is elicited by the protease ChpG. Eggplant leaves infiltrated with a chpG marker exchange mutant (CmΩchpG) did not display an HR, and infiltration of purified ChpG protein elicited immune responses in eggplant but not in Cm‐susceptible tomato. Virulence assays found that while wild‐type Cm and the CmΩchpG complemented strain were nonpathogenic on eggplant, CmΩchpG caused wilt and canker symptoms. Additionally, bacterial populations in CmΩchpG‐inoculated eggplant stem tissues were c.1000‐fold higher than wild‐type and CmΩchpG‐complemented Cm strains. Pathogenicity tests conducted in multiple Cm‐resistance eggplant varieties demonstrated that immunity to Cm is dependent on ChpG in all tested varieties, indicating that ChpG‐recognition is conserved in eggplant. ChpG‐mediated avirulence interactions were disabled by alanine substitution of serine231 of the serine protease catalytic triad, suggesting that protease activity is required for immune recognition of ChpG. Our study identified ChpG as a novel avirulence protein that is recognized in resistant eggplant varieties and restricts the host range of Cm.
An investigation into possible sex differences in Association of Haemoglobin with survival among Haemodialysis patients in the J‐DOPPS cohort
Authors: Hanafusa Norio , Tu Charlotte , McCullough Keith , Bieber Brian , Pisoni Ronald L. , Robinson Bruce M. , Hasegawa Takeshi , Nangaku Masaomi 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAimsLower haemoglobin levels are common among females without kidney diseases. However, little is known about the sex‐specific management of anaemia in haemodialysis patients.MethodsThis prospective cohort study investigated the role of sex differences in the association between categorical baseline or time‐varying haemoglobin levels and all‐cause mortality via cox regression using data from 6890 patients in the Japan Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (J‐DOPPS, 2005–2015). Likelihood ratio tests were used to evaluate the effect modification of sex on the relationship between haemoglobin and mortality.ResultsA total of 781 patients died during the median follow‐up of 31 months. Mortality risk, adjusted for case mix, varied between five haemoglobin categories, with the highest category (≥12 g/dL) having a hazard ratio of 0.73 (0.41–1.29) for females and 2.02 (1.03–3.95) for males versus 10–10.9 g/dL. Despite this difference, the p‐value comparing the overall among males versus females was.35. Similar associations were observed in models stratified by patient age (<75 years), time on dialysis (≤1 year), and models lagging the haemoglobin exposure.ConclusionThe results based on this sample of Japanese haemodialysis patients did not support the hypothesis that the association between haemoglobin and survival differed by sex. We also could not conclude that the association was identical, as the parameter estimates are consistent with male patients having a relatively greater mortality risk than female patients at higher haemoglobin levels. More detailed investigations into the effects of higher haemoglobin levels by sex might help better understand strategies for anaemia management.
Early Intervention of Perioperative Delirium in Older Patients (>60 years) with Hip Fracture: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Jing Guang‐Wu , Xie Qin , Tong Jie , Liu Lian‐Zhong , Jiang Xue , Si Liang 
Published: April 2022

ObjectiveTo explore the effect of early intervention for perioperative delirium in older (> 60 years) hip fracture patients.MethodsThis prospective study enrolled hip fracture patients aged ≥60 years who were admitted into our hospital between July 2011 and August 2019. Hip fractures were classified according to the Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Osteo‐synthesefragen (AO) classification. This study included patients with isolated hip fracture and excluded patients with pathological or peri prosthetic fracture or patients with multiple traumatic injuries and high‐energy trauma. They were randomized to receive conventional orthopedic care group (n = 65) or comprehensive orthopedic care group including preoperative psychological counseling and preventative risperidone (n = 63). Daily assessment was based on patient interview with the CAM‐CR, and delirium was diagnosed by the Delirium Rating Scale (DRS‐R‐98). The rate, severity and duration of perioperative delirium and the length of postoperative stay were analyzed.ResultsTotally 200 patients were screened for eligibility. Twenty patients were excluded due to alcohol abuse and 40 were excluded because of brain lesions on head CT. In addition, 12 patients were excluded because of impaired cognition. Finally 128 patients were enrolled. Their mean age was 75.3 ± 2.2 years for the comprehensive orthopedic care group and 73.5 ± 6.1 years for the conventional orthopedic care group, and 53.9% of the patients were female. Sixty‐eight (53.1%) patients had intertrochanteric fracture, 39.8% patients had femoral head fracture, and 7.0% patients had subtrochanteric fracture. In addition, 58.6% patients underwent internal fixation and 41.4% patients received arthroplasty. In this study, 63 patients were randomized to the comprehensive orthopedic care group and 65 patients to the conventional orthopedic care group. The two groups were comparable in demographic and baseline characteristics (P > 0.05). The rate of perioperative delirium was significantly lower in the comprehensive care group vs the conventional care group (15.9% vs. 30.8%; P < 0.05). The comprehensive care group had significantly reduced length of postoperative hospital stay vs the conventional care group (11.3 ± 2.5 days vs. 14.2 ± 2.2 days, P < 0.01). The mean DRS‐R‐98 score was 7.1 ± 2.7 for the comprehensive care group, and was significantly lower than that of the conventional orthopedic care group (11.2 ± 3.0; P < 0.05).ConclusionsOur early intervention may reduce the incidence of perioperative delirium in elderly hip fracture patients (>60 years).
Effectiveness of Ilizarov Ankle Arthrodesis in the Treatment of End‐Stage Varus Ankle Osteoarthritis: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Li Bohua , Wang Shanxi , Li Qin , Zhang Zhengdong , Li Jun , Yang Hai , Liu Lei 
Published: April 2022

ObjectiveTo evaluate the outcomes of Ilizarov ankle arthrodesis in the treatment of end‐stage varus ankle osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsThis was a retrospective study of 63 patients with varus ankle OA who underwent Ilizarov ankle arthrodesis between June 2013 and December 2018. There were 24 males and 39 females with an average age of 56.57 ± 4.45 years (range, 47–64 years). Thirty‐six cases were affected on the left side, and 27 were affected on the right side. The patients' mean body mass index (BMI) was 25.18 ± 2.93 kg/m2. According to the modified Takakura staging criteria, there were 18 cases of stage 3b (28.57%) and 45 cases of stage 4 (71.43%). Nine patients were primary (14.29%), 48 were traumatic (76.19%), and six were caused by rheumatoid OA (9.52%). Functional assessments were performed according to the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle‐hindfoot score, Ankle Osteoarthritis Scale (AOS), and visual analogue scale (VAS). The tibial anterior surface angle (TAS), coronal plane tibial‐talar angle (CPT), talar tilt angle (TT), deformity angle (DA), and tibial lateral surface angle (TLS) were assessed on X‐ray films.ResultsThe average operation time was 147.84 ± 13.67 min (range, 135–168 min). The average follow‐up time was 34.24 ± 8.72 months (range, 24–61 months). Bony fusion was achieved in all ankles, and the fusion time was 12.43 ± 1.99 weeks on average. The average AOFAS score at the final follow‐up increased from 42.14 ± 8.66 to 80.90 ± 6.80. The average VAS score and AOS pain and disability scores at the final follow‐up decreased from 7.29 ± 1.27 to 2.24 ± 0.94, from 67.94 ± 7.68 to 27.92 ± 5.82, and from 71.64 ± 9.37 to 41.32 ± 8.99, respectively. The average TAS, CPT, and TLS at the final follow‐up increased from 77.76° ± 4.44° to 89.81° ± 1.25°, from 69.04° ± 3.73° to 90.43° ± 1.80°, and from 82.14° ± 3.77° to 88.67° ± 2.50°, respectively. The average TT and DA at the final follow‐up decreased from 8.76° ± 4.30° to 2.05° ± 1.28° and from 20.95° ± 3.73° to 1.57° ± 0.93°, respectively. Three patients developed superficial pin tract infections, all settled with local dressing and antibiotic treatment. Two patients were found to have subtalar arthritis and underwent conservative treatment.ConclusionAnkle arthrodesis using the Ilizarov technique is efficient in treating end‐stage varus ankle OA.
On place and privilege: Varieties of affluence in cities and neighborhoods
Authors: Paulsen Krista E. , Stuber Jenny 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAffluent people have long used places, including residential areas and their associated commercial districts and public spaces, as markers of class status. In doing so, they have often sought places that are homogeneous in terms class, and often race/ethnicity, and sought to preserve elite enclaves through a variety of policies and practices. But as we detail here, affluent people are now drawn to different types of residential settings, and their presence influences these places in sometimes surprising ways. In this essay, we review both exclusionary forms of affluent placemaking and more complex and varied forms emerging in gentrifying and super‐gentrifying places. There, the strategies that affluent residents use to create and preserve places have become more varied, as have the relationships between place and class status. These more nuanced understandings of class and place reflects scholars' heightened interest in the cultural dimensions of social class, intersections of race and class, and attention to the ways in which class and affluence reflect and influence the political context.
The Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐IV‐Pediatric (REDS‐IV‐P): A research program striving to improve blood donor safety and optimize transfusion outcomes across the lifespan
Authors: Josephson Cassandra D. , Glynn Simone , Mathew Sunitha , Birch Rebecca , Bakkour Sonia , Baumann Kreuziger Lisa , Busch Michael P. , Chapman Kathleen , Dinardo Carla , Hendrickson Jeanne , Hod Eldad A. , Kelly Shannon , Luban Naomi , Mast Alan , Norris Philip , Custer Brian , Sabino Ester , Sachais Bruce , Spencer Bryan R. , Stone Mars , Kleinman Steve ,   for the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐IV‐Pediatric (REDS‐IV‐P)
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe Recipient Epidemiology and Donor Evaluation Study‐IV‐Pediatric (REDS‐IV‐P) is a new iteration of prior National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) REDS programs that focus on improving transfusion recipient outcomes across the lifespan as well as the safety and availability of the blood supply.Study Design and MethodsThe US program includes blood centers and hospitals (22 including 6 free‐standing Children's hospitals) in four geographic regions. The Brazilian program has 5 participating hemocenters. A Center for Transfusion Laboratory Studies (CTLS) and a Data Coordinating Center (DCC) support synergistic studies and activities over the 7‐year REDS‐IV‐P program.ResultsThe US is building a centralized, vein‐to‐vein (V2V) database, linking information collected from blood donors, their donations, the resulting manufactured components, and data extracts from hospital electronic medical records of transfused and non‐transfused patients. Simultaneously, the Brazilian program is building a donor, donation, and component database. The databases will serve as the backbone for retrospective and prospective observational studies in transfusion epidemiology, transfusion recipient outcomes, blood component quality, and emerging blood safety issues. Special focus will be on preterm infants, patients with sickle cell disease, thalassemia or cancer, and the effect of donor biologic variability and component manufacturing on recipient outcomes. A rapid response capability to emerging safety threats has resulted in timely studies related to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2).ConclusionsThe REDS‐IV‐P program endeavors to improve donor‐recipient‐linked research with a focus on children and special populations while also maintaining the flexibility to address emerging blood safety issues.
Digitally enabled hemovigilance allows real time response to transfusion reactions
Authors: Villamin Colleen , Bates Tonita , Mescher Benjamin , Benitez Sandy , Martinez Fernando , Knopfelmacher Adriana , Correa Medina Mayrin , Klein Kimberly , Dasgupta Amitava , Jaffray David A. , Porter Carol , Tereffe Welela , Gallardo Luisa , Kelley James 
Published: April 2022

AbstractBackgroundTransfusion carries a risk of transfusion reaction that is often underdiagnosed due to reliance on passive reporting. The study investigated the utility of digital methods to identify potential transfusion reactions, thus allowing real‐time intervention for affected patients.MethodThe hemovigilance unit monitored 3856 patients receiving 43,515 transfusions under the hemovigilance program. Retrospective comparison data included 298,498 transfusions. Transfusion medicine physicians designed and validated algorithms in the electronic health record that analyze discrete data, such as vital sign changes, to assign a risk score during each transfusion. Dedicated hemovigilance nurses remotely monitor all patients and perform real‐time chart reviews prioritized by risk score. When a reaction is suspected, a hemovigilance trained licensed clinician responds to manage the patient and ensure data collection. Board‐certified transfusion medicine physicians reviewed data and classified transfusion reactions under various categories according to the Centers for Disease Control hemovigilance definitions.ResultsTransfusion medicine physicians diagnosed 564 transfusion reactions (1.3% of transfusions)—a 524% increase compared to the previous passive reporting. The rapid response provider reached the bedside on average at 12.4 min demonstrating logistic feasibility. While febrile reactions were most diagnosed, recognition of transfusion‐associated circulatory overload demonstrated the greatest relative increase. Auditing and education programs further enhanced transfusion reaction awareness.DiscussionThe model of digitally‐enabled expert real‐time review of clinical data that prompts rapid response improved recognition of transfusion reactions. This approach could be applied to other patient deterioration events such as early identification of sepsis.
Evaluation of the anti‐tumour activity of Coriolus versicolor polysaccharopeptide (I'm‐Yunity) alone or in combination with doxorubicin for canine splenic hemangiosarcoma
Authors: Gedney Allison , Salah Pascale , Mahoney Jennifer A. , Krick Erika , Martins Reenie , Scavello Heather , Lenz Jennifer A. , Atherton Matthew J. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractCanine splenic hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is an aggressive tumour of vascular endothelium that carries a grave prognosis following standard of care treatment with surgery and doxorubicin. A previous pilot study revealed potential anti‐tumour activity of I'm‐Yunity polysaccharopeptide (PSP) for canine HSA. The aim of this prospective study was to assess patient outcome when treated with PSP alone or in combination with doxorubicin post‐splenectomy compared to patients treated with surgery and doxorubicin that received a placebo in place of PSP. Dogs undergoing splenectomy for splenic HSA were eligible. Following splenectomy, owners were offered treatment with PSP alone or adjuvant doxorubicin chemotherapy (unblinded). Patients with owners that selected to proceed with doxorubicin chemotherapy were blindly randomized to receive placebo or PSP. Dogs were evaluated weekly for 15 weeks, then scheduled for monthly visits until death. One hundred and one dogs were included in the final analysis: 51 PSP alone, 25 doxorubicin/placebo, and 25 combination PSP/doxorubicin. On multivariate analysis, dogs treated with single agent PSP, female dogs, decreased haematocrit at diagnosis, and stage III disease were negatively significantly associated with outcome; however, an interaction between treatment group and sex was documented. Gender‐specific outcomes revealed no significant difference in survival between treatment groups for male dogs, but female dogs treated with PSP alone had significantly reduced survival compared to females receiving doxorubicin/placebo (HR 0.21; p = .004). Anaemia (HR 5.28; p < .001) and stage III disease (HR 2.9; p = .014) remained negatively associated with survival when controlling for sex and treatment group. The addition of PSP to doxorubicin post‐splenectomy did not improve survival in dogs with splenic HSA.