bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N limitation increases along a temperate forest succession: evidences from leaf stoichiometry and nutrient resorption
Authors: Zhang Peng , Lü Xiao-Tao , Li Mai-He , Wu Tonggui , Jin Guangze 
Published: February 2022

AbstractForest productivity and carbon (C) sequestration largely depend on soil N and P availability. To date, however, the temporal variation of nutrient limitation along forest succession is still under debate. Leaf stoichiometry and nutrient resorption are important indicators for predicting nutrient limitation of plant growth. Here, we measured nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in green leaves and leaf litter for all woody species at four stages of temperate forest succession, and analyzed how abiotic and biotic factors affect leaf stoichiometry and nutrient resorption along forest succession. At the individual scale, leaf N and P concentrations had a significant increase at the end of the succession, while no change in leaf N:P ratio was detected. Nitrogen resorption efficiency (NRE) increased significantly with succession, but P resorption efficiency (PRE) first increased and then decreased. Significant increases in NRE:PRE ratios only occurred at the end of the succession. Moreover, plant N cycling was less responsive to soil nutrient than P cycling. At the community scale, we found that leaf N and P concentrations first decreased and then increased along forest succession, which were mainly affected by Shannon–Wiener index and species richness. Leaf N:P ratio significantly varied with succession and was mainly determined by community-weighted mean diameter at breast height (DBH). NRE increased and was significantly influenced by species richness and DBH, while PRE was relatively stable along forest succession. Thus, the NRE:PRE ratios significantly increased, indicating that N limitation is exacerbated with the temperate forest succession. These results might reflect the intense interspecific competition for limiting resource in a higher biodiversity community. In conclusion, our findings highlight the importance of biotic factors in driving forest ecosystem nutrient cycling and provide valuable information for sustainable fertilizer management practices in China’s temperate and boreal forests.
Adapted agency: how connected (Dutch) police professionals rework their professional capabilities
Authors: Meurs Teun , Noordegraaf Mirko 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Increasingly, public professionals deal with complex issues, stakeholders, and publics. The so-called protective notions of professionalism no longer seem sufficient; they are reconfigured into more ‘connective’ forms. This involves dealing with tensions, dilemmas, and contradictions, calling for abilities to tackle these. Professionals will have to work on how they work, on their standards, routines, and practices. On the basis of an action-oriented research project, aimed at understanding the rise and results of new forms of police professionalism, we analyze what Dutch police professionals actually do when they perform connective work. We focus on policing, as this field experiences a transition from practice-based to knowledge-intensive forms of professionalism, relating police actions to societal stakeholders and issues. Based on observations of work practices of higher educated police professionals as well as interviews and educational interventions, we conclude that police professionals cannot simply ‘apply’ knowledge and competencies to practice, in order to solve societal problems. Rather, they gradually ‘develop’ capabilities (i.e., situational, analytical, and normative capabilities), in order to combine different forms of professional knowledge in real-life situations. Our research shows this is complicated. They ‘mess with’ how police professionalism ‘normally’ works. Police professionals are adapting their agency; they are performing ‘agency work’. They try to get a sense of the situation, explore multiple viewpoints, and demonstrate their added value. We argue that our conclusions are relevant for other professional fields.
NaCl affects photosynthetic and stomatal dynamics by osmotic effects and reduces photosynthetic capacity by ionic effects in tomato
Authors: Zhang Yuqi , Kaiser Elias , Li Tao , Marcelis Leo F M 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
NaCl stress affects stomatal behavior and photosynthesis by a combination of osmotic and ionic components, but it is unknown how these components affect stomatal and photosynthetic dynamics. Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants were grown in a reference nutrient solution [control; electrical conductivity (EC)=2.3 dS m–1], a solution containing additional macronutrients (osmotic effect; EC=12.6 dS m–1), or a solution with additional 100 mM NaCl (osmotic and ionic effects; EC=12.8 dS m–1). Steady-state and dynamic photosynthesis, and leaf biochemistry, were characterized throughout leaf development. The osmotic effect decreased steady-state stomatal conductance while speeding up stomatal responses to light intensity shifts. After 19 d of treatment, photosynthetic induction was reduced by the osmotic effect, which was attributable to lower initial stomatal conductance due to faster stomatal closing under low light. Ionic effects of NaCl were barely observed in dynamic stomatal and photosynthetic behavior, but led to a reduction in leaf photosynthetic capacity, CO2 carboxylation rate, and stomatal conductance in old leaves after 26 d of treatment. With increasing leaf age, rates of light-triggered stomatal movement and photosynthetic induction decreased across treatments. We conclude that NaCl impacts dynamic stomatal and photosynthetic kinetics by osmotic effects and reduces photosynthetic capacity by ionic effects.
Guidance for Caregivers
Authors: McQuellon Richard P. , Cowan Michael A. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Professional, family, and friend caregivers have a crucial role for cancer patients in mortal time. They are companions who experience both rewards and risks on the cancer journey. One risk is that the caregiver can be in a different place than the patient with regard to accepting or denying their mortality. The caregiver may be holding on to ordinary time while their loved one is letting go. This can create incongruent communication. Other challenges include complex family dynamics that can make for difficult interactions. Competent caregivers bring important virtues to the relationship, which give life to the process of companioning. These virtues include compassion, genuineness, courage, respect, humor, and awareness of limitations. A significant risk to professional and family caregivers is “empathy shift,” in which the caregiver companion begins to have less tolerance for minor illnesses (colds and flu) in others. Being a caregiver in mortal time requires resilience, the ability to absorb suffering, and the capacity to share the darkness, to share the sadness that is the partner of loss foretold by mortality. These activities can literally help mend the patient and help repair the world in the manner of the Jewish concept of tikkun olam. Professional caregivers are commonly asked, “How can you do this anyway . . . work with cancer patients?” Answers vary widely but often include the fact that although cancer care is a challenge, it is also an opportunity to discover courage in the face of life-threatening illness.
Exploring Thalamocortical Interactions
Authors: Sherman S. Murray , Usrey W. Martin 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The thalamus and cerebral cortex are active and necessary partners in the processing of signals essential for sensory, motor, and cognitive functions. This partnership is absolute, as neither the thalamus nor the cortex can be understood in any meaningful way in isolation from the other. This book provides readers with fundamental knowledge about the cells and circuits that mediate thalamocortical interactions and then explores new ideas that often challenge conventional understanding. Some of the major themes emphasized throughout the book include the need for a proper classification of thalamocortical and corticothalamic circuits, the role of spike timing for thalamocortical and corticothalamic communication and the mechanisms for modulating spike timing, the organization and function of corticothalamic feedback projections, the role of higher order thalamic nuclei in cortico-cortical communication and cortical functioning, attentional modulation of thalamocortical interactions, and a rethinking of efference copies and distinguishing neural signals as sensory versus motor. Importantly, to encourage readers to think beyond the material and views provided throughout the book, each chapter closes with a section on “Some Outstanding Questions” to stimulate creative approaches to increase our understanding of thalamocortical interactions.
Introduction
Authors: Martin Usrey W. , Murray Sherman S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This monograph provides new views of the relationships between thalamus and cortex and, in doing so, challenges the overall conventional understanding of the subject. The first four chapters of the book review some basic cellular and circuit aspects of thalamus and cortex. It then describes two relatively recent changes in the way we interpret thalamocortical relationships: Chapter 5 describes how the underlying glutamatergic pathways can be identified as either driver (i.e., information bearing) or modulator (i.e., affecting the way in which driver inputs are processed); and Chapter 6 shows that, based on driver inputs—from a subcortical source or layer 5 of cortex—thalamic relays can be respectively identified as first order or higher order. The next chapters delve further into thalamic (Chapter 7) and cortical (Chapter 8) circuitry. Chapter 9 explores the variability in thalamocortical and corticothalamic organizational motifs. Chapters 10-13 offer speculation on the significance of the cell and circuit properties outlined in previous chapters. Finally, Chapter 14 finishes with speculations regarding new ideas of the functional organization of thalamocortical and corticothalamic circuitry.
Intrinsic Membrane Properties
Authors: Martin Usrey W. , Murray Sherman S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes basic membrane properties of thalamic and cortical neurons, starting with a consideration of current flow within these cells based on modeling of the somadendritic tree as a series of branched cables with leaky membranes. This assumes passive membrane properties and provides some useful first approximations of neuronal functioning, but these neurons have a number of active ionic conductances that are also described and play important roles in neuronal activity. These involve various ligand-, voltage-, and time-dependent ion channels. The ubiquitous voltage- and time-dependent Na+ channel underlying the action potential is the best known example of such channels, and these are found virtually in all thalamic and cortical neurons. Another important voltage- and time-dependent channel is the T-type Ca2+ channel, and thalamic neurons are relatively unique in having these channels distributed so densely in their somadendritic membranes that, when evoked, they can produce all-or-none Ca2+ spikes that propagate through the soma and dendrites; these spikes, in turn, evoke a burst of conventional action potentials. Some cortical cells show similar burst firing based on a different voltage- and time-dependent Ca2+ channel. Details of these processes and speculation of their functional significance are discussed.
Glutamatergic Drivers and Modulators
Authors: Martin Usrey W. , Murray Sherman S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Brain circuits are often analyzed based largely on the transmitter systems involved. Thus, glutamatergic inputs have been thought to be the chief substrate for information transfer; GABAergic inputs are thought mainly to act locally to limit activity in circuits, thereby preventing runaway activity; and classical modulator inputs (e.g., from ACh, NA, 5-HT, etc., afferents) work to affect how glutamatergic inputs are processed. Here, however, we show how glutamatergic inputs in thalamus and cortex can be further divided into two clear classes: one, called “driver,” seems to be the main conduit of information transfer, and the other, called “modulator,” acts synaptically like classical modulators but with much more topographic precision and involving cognitive content not seen in classical modulatory systems.
First and Higher Order Thalamic Relays
Authors: Martin Usrey W. , Murray Sherman S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A major aspect of the function of a thalamic relay is the nature of information being relayed. Thus, the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus can largely be described a relaying retinal information to cortex. That is, identification of the driver (i.e., information bearing) input to a thalamic relay largely defines that relay’s function. Identification of driving inputs to many thalamic nuclei reveal that there are two types: one that emanates from a subcortical source (e.g., retinal input to the lateral geniculate nucleus) and another that emanates from layer 5 of cortex (e.g., much or most of the pulvinar). The lateral geniculate nucleus is an exemplar of a first order thalamic relay, because it represents the first relay of a type of information (e.g., visual) to cortex, whereas the pulvinar is a higher order thalamic relay because it relays information already in cortex between cortical areas. We refer to the latter circuit as transthalamic. Examples of first order relays are the lateral geniculate nucleus (for vision), the ventral posterior nucleus (for somatosensation), and the ventral division of the medial geniculate nucleus (for hearing); the respective higher order relays are the pulvinar, posterior medial nucleus, and dorsal division of the medial geniculate nucleus. Other first and higher order thalamic relays are described, and the significance of the newly appreciated transthalamic pathways is discussed.
Brief Overview of Cortical Organization
Authors: Martin Usrey W. , Murray Sherman S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The cerebral cortex is a laminated sheet of cells that surrounds much of the brain. Historically, distinctions in the cellular and laminar morphology across this sheet provided a basis for parcellating the cortex into distinct areas. Much of this parcellation has held up with more advanced investigation, and it provides a framework for our current understanding of cortical organization. In general, there are six layers within each cortical area, and neurons within these layers have specific patterns of connectivity with each other as well as with other cortical and subcortical areas. This chapter explores the areal organization of the cerebral cortex and its laminar patterns of inputs, intrinsic circuits, and outputs, with an emphasis on the relationship with the thalamus.
Spike Timing and Thalamocortical Interactions
Authors: Martin Usrey W. , Murray Sherman S. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Although thalamic relay cells have spatial receptive fields that are quite similar to the neurons that provide their driving input, the temporal properties of their responses often differ substantially. This chapter explores the role of spike timing in thalamic processing and thalamocortical interactions. In the visual pathway, temporal summation plays a key role in generating suprathreshold responses from retinal inputs to target neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus, and the branching of retinal axons provides a substrate for tight synchrony between lateral geniculate neurons that receive common input from retinal ganglion cells. Temporal summation also enhances thalamocortical communication, particularly for spikes that arrive synchronously from multiple relay cells. Relay cells produce tonic spikes and bursts of spikes depending on their membrane potential history. Importantly, both categories of spikes can carry sensory information, although there are significant differences between them in the details of what they convey and in their efficacy for driving cortical responses. Temporal features of relay cell responses are also affected by modulatory sources of input, which includes corticothalamic feedback. Taken together, it is clear that thalamic relay cells do far more than simply pass the baton of signals en route to cortex.
Primary bone sarcomas
Authors: Begum Gulshad , Prewett Sarah , Horan Gail , Gerety Emma-Louise 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Bone sarcomas are rare and require a multidisciplinary approach. Typically patients present with pain or swelling and are usually initially imaged by radiograph, with CT and MRI used for further assessment. CT provides information as to the type of calcification and ossification associated with the lesion, whereas MRI provides information about the soft tissue component and extent of bone marrow involvement. Biopsy is usually required for definitive histological diagnosis and should be performed at a specialist bone sarcoma centre to avoid compromising the surgical field. The most common primary bone sarcomas are osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma. We discuss the role of different imaging modalities in the diagnosis, staging, and response to therapy.
OSCE Revision for the Final FRCEM
Authors: Goss Rachel , McMaster Emma , Rennie Stephanie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The FRCEM OSCE Revision Guide is an excellent resource for trainees who are preparing for their Fellowship of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (FRCEM) Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Written by three UK-trained Emergency Medicine Consultants, this book provides an insight into the preparation required to pass the exam. The FRCEM OSCE has somewhat evolved over recent years, and so the authors explain the structure and format of the current exam. They also provide useful tips on revision strategy, as well as on how to navigate the actual exam. Each element of the OSCE is covered throughout the chapters: history, examination, teaching skills, practical skills and procedures, communication skills, resuscitation scenarios, psychiatry cases, and management scenarios. Each chapter provides numerous OSCE scenarios with instructions for the candidate and clear mark schemes, as well as learning points for the trickier cases. The cases reflect real-life scenarios that are common, yet complex presentations to the emergency department. They are pertinent to the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) curriculum and have frequently appeared in previous OSCEs. The cases are often nuanced in such a way as to stretch the candidate to communicate and make decisions at the level of a senior registrar or consultant. The mark schemes are based on best practice and up-to-date national guidance. Overall, this book provides a great structure for successful revision.
Examinations
Authors: Goss Rachel , McMaster Emma , Rennie Stephanie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter contains 12 different examination sample cases for the Fellowship of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (FRCEM) Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). In this chapter, candidates are provided with the opportunity to go beyond simply examining a patient. Candidates must incorporate slick, focused examination skills, with communication skills, knowledge, and application of up-to-date guidelines, to succinctly explain management of disease to patients. The cases reflect a range of common presentations that are pertinent to the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) curriculum and that are seen in real-life emergency departments. Each case contains instructions for the candidate and the patient actor, as well as a sample mark scheme breakdown. Key learning points are highlighted after each case.
Resuscitation Scenarios
Authors: Goss Rachel , McMaster Emma , Rennie Stephanie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This chapter contains six different resuscitation scenarios for the Fellowship of the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (FRCEM) Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). In this chapter, candidates are expected to follow standard life support principles for adults and paediatrics. Candidates must incorporate communication skills, knowledge, and application of up-to-date guidelines to manage the scenarios. This will often be incorporated with another element such as teaching, a practical procedure, and communication with a colleague or relative. The cases reflect a range of common presentations that are pertinent to the Royal College of Emergency Medicine (RCEM) curriculum and that are seen in real-life emergency departments. Each case contains instructions for the candidate and the patient actor, as well as a sample mark scheme breakdown and a mark scheme. Key learning points are highlighted.
Testing cosmic anisotropy with the Ep−Eiso (‘Amati’) correlation of GRBs
Authors: Zhao Dong , Xia Jun-Qing 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
We test the possible cosmic anisotropy in 118 long GRBs with the Ep−Eiso (‘Amati’) correlation by employing the dipole fitting (DF) and hemisphere comparison (HC) methods. The distribution of the GRB sample is nearly homogeneous in the sky. The dipole anisotropy is weak in the dipole-modulated $\rm \Lambda$CDM model and the Finslerian cosmological model. The dipole directions from the GRB sample are consistent with ones given by the Pantheon SNe-Ia sample, but with smaller uncertainties. We also investigate whether the GRB sample can reduce the anisotropic signal from inhomogeneous samples like the Pantheon one. The GRB sample is then combined with the Pantheon one, thus providing an SN-G sample. In the dipole-modulated $\rm \Lambda$CDM model, the dipole direction in the SN-G sample shows a considerable change from the one in the Pantheon sample. The angle between the two directions is 26${_{.}^{\circ}}$78. For the HC method, the result of maximum anisotropy level from the G-SN sample is 0.257 ± 0.060 at 68 per cent confidence level (CL) and the corresponding preferred direction is $(l,b)=(82{_{.}^{\circ}}97^{+52{_{.}^{\circ}}73}_{~-61{_{.}^{\circ}}88}, -15{_{.}^{\circ}}09^{+60{_{.}^{\circ}}09}_{~-13{_{.}^{\circ}}54})$. The statistical significance of the $\rm AL_{max}$ is 1.4σ. The angle between the preferred direction and the one from the Pantheon sample is 44${_{.}^{\circ}}$40. Although the amount of data in the GRB sample is about a tenth of that in the Pantheon sample, the GRB sample can considerably impact the results from the Pantheon sample. Our results show that GRBs have the potential to search for a convincing cosmic anisotropy.