bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safe Assets
Authors: Barro Robert J , Fernández-Villaverde Jesús , Levintal Oren , Mollerus Andrew 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper investigates the quantity of safe assets. First, we estimate that the average safe-asset ratio (ratio of safe to total assets) in 34 OECD countries was 37% in 2015. Further, we document that this ratio is relatively stable over time. Second, we build a heterogeneous-agent model with rare disasters and risk aversion coefficients that accounts for (i) the average level of the safe-asset ratio; (ii) the stability of this ratio over time; (iii) the observed risk-free rate of around 1.0% per year; and (iv) the empirical unlevered equity premium of about 4.2%. The model also replicates the observed highly concentrated distributions of wealth and equity. Finally, Ricardian equivalence holds in our model: issuing additional government bonds has no effect on rates of return and the net quantity of safe assets. Surprisingly, the crowding-out coefficient for private bonds with respect to public bonds is around −0.5, a value found in empirical studies.
Which patients with aortic stenosis should be referred to surgery rather than transcatheter aortic valve implantation?
Authors: Windecker Stephan , Okuno Taishi , Unbehaun Axel , Mack Michael , Kapadia Samir , Falk Volkmar 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has matured into a standard treatment option for patients with severe symptomatic aortic valve stenosis (AS) across the whole spectrum of risk. The advances in the interventional treatment of AS raise the question of which patients with severe AS should be referred to surgery. The myriad of clinical permutations does not allow providing a single, uniform treatment strategy. Rather, the advent of TAVI along with established surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) fundamentally enforces the role of the multidisciplinary heart team for decision-making recommending the best individual choice of the two options based on a thorough review of clinical and anatomical factors as well as lifetime management considerations. Involvement of the informed patient expressing treatment preferences is a key for a shared decision-making process. Herein, we provide an in-depth review of evidence informing the decision-making process between TAVI and SAVR and key elements for treatment selection. Special attention is given to the populations that have been excluded from randomized clinical trials, and also lifetime management strategies of patients with severe AS are proposed.
Cardiotoxicity from chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy for advanced malignancies
Authors: Totzeck Matthias , Michel Lars , Lin Yi , Herrmann Joerg , Rassaf Tienush 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is the next revolutionary advance in cancer therapy. By using ex vivo engineered T cells to specifically target antigens, a targeted immune reaction is induced. Chimeric antigen receptor-T cell therapy is approved for patients suffering from advanced and refractory B cell and plasma cell malignancies and is undergoing testing for various other haematologic and solid malignancies. In the process of triggering an anticancer immune reaction, a systemic inflammatory response can emerge as cytokine release syndrome (CRS). The severity of CRS is highly variable across patients, ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to fulminant hyperinflammatory states with excessive immune activation, associated multiorgan failure and high mortality risk. Cytokine release syndrome is also an important factor for adverse cardiovascular (CV) events. Sinus tachycardia and hypotension are the most common reflections, similar to what is seen with other systemic inflammatory response syndromes. Corrected QT interval prolongation and tachyarrhythmias, including ventricular arrhythmias and atrial fibrillation, also show a close link with CRS. Events of myocardial ischaemia and venous thromboembolism can be provoked during CAR-T cell therapy. Although not as closely related to CRS, changes in cardiac function can be observed to the point of heart failure and cardiogenic shock. This may also be encountered in patients with severe valvular heart disease in the setting of CRS. This review will discuss the pertinent CV risks of the growing field of CAR-T cell therapy for today’s cardiologists, including incidence, characteristics, and treatment options, and will conclude with an integrated management algorithm.
The GUIDE-HF trial of pulmonary artery pressure monitoring in heart failure: impact of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Zile Michael R , Desai Akshay S , Costanzo Maria Rosa , Ducharme Anique , Maisel Alan , Mehra Mandeep R , Paul Sara , Sears Samuel F , Smart Frank , Chien Christopher , Guha Ashrith , Guichard Jason L , Hall Shelley , Jonsson Orvar , Johnson Nessa , Sood Poornima , Henderson John , Adamson Philip B , Lindenfeld JoAnn 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Aims
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, important changes in heart failure (HF) event rates have been widely reported, but few data address potential causes for these changes; several possibilities were examined in the GUIDE-HF study.

Methods and results
From 15 March 2018 to 20 December 2019, patients were randomized to haemodynamic-guided management (treatment) vs. control for 12 months, with a primary endpoint of all-cause mortality plus HF events. Pre-COVID-19, the primary endpoint rate was 0.553 vs. 0.682 events/patient-year in the treatment vs. control group [hazard ratio (HR) 0.81, P = 0.049]. Treatment difference was no longer evident during COVID-19 (HR 1.11, P = 0.526), with a 21% decrease in the control group (0.536 events/patient-year) and no change in the treatment group (0.597 events/patient-year). Data reflecting provider-, disease-, and patient-dependent factors that might change the primary endpoint rate during COVID-19 were examined. Subject contact frequency was similar in the treatment vs. control group before and during COVID-19. During COVID-19, the monthly rate of medication changes fell 19.2% in the treatment vs. 10.7% in the control group to levels not different between groups (P = 0.362). COVID-19 was infrequent and not different between groups. Pulmonary artery pressure area under the curve decreased −98 mmHg-days in the treatment group vs. −100 mmHg-days in the controls (P = 0.867). Patient compliance with the study protocol was maintained during COVID-19 in both groups.

Conclusion
During COVID-19, the primary event rate decreased in the controls and remained low in the treatment group, resulting in an effacement of group differences that were present pre-COVID-19. These outcomes did not result from changes in provider- or disease-dependent factors; pulmonary artery pressure decreased despite fewer medication changes, suggesting that patient-dependent factors played an important role in these outcomes.
Clinical Trials.gov: NCT03387813
Impact of state of emergency for coronavirus disease 2019 on hospital visits and disease exacerbation: the Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey
Authors: Yoshida Satomi , Okubo Ryo , Katanoda Kota , Tabuchi Takahiro 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Studies on the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on people’s routine medical care are limited, and understanding the factors associated with medical care avoidance can inform us about the ongoing pandemic.

Objectives
We aimed to assess the impact of Japan’s state of emergency and stay-at-home policy for COVID-19 on hospital visits and disease exacerbation; we also identified related factors.

Methods
This cross-sectional study used data from the Japan COVID-19 and Society Internet Survey (JACSIS), which included randomly sampled research agency panellists in Japan. Among the 28,000 participants, we included 7,747 respondents who reported having any disease. We described baseline characteristics and avoidance-related hospital visit outcomes. We used multivariable logistic regression analyses to assess the association between chronic diseases and outcomes of hospital visit avoidance.

Results
Among 7,747 participants, 17.7% of patients with chronic diseases avoided hospital visits, 2.1% of patients postponed hospitalization or surgery, 4.9% of patients ran out of drug, and 5.3% of patients experienced disease exacerbation during the COVID-19 pandemic in April and May 2020. Exacerbations occurred mostly in participants with mental diseases, chronic pain and headache, and diabetes (OR 3.33 [95% confidence interval (CI): 2.51–4.41], 2.83 [95% CI: 2.19–3.66], and 1.53 [95% CI: 1.10–2.13], respectively). Patients with cardiovascular disease or cancer did not experience exacerbation [OR 0.55 (95% CI: 0.31–0.97), 0.79 (95% CI: 0.43–1.45)].

Conclusions
The rates of hospital visit avoidance and exacerbation varied among patients with different diseases under the COVID-19 stay-at-home policy in April and May 2020, and disease-specific preparedness may be necessary for the pandemic.
Neutralizing Antibody Kinetics and Immune Protection Against Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Genital Disease in Vaccinated Women
Authors: Belshe Robert B , Blevins Tamara P , Yu Yinyi , Nethington Amanda E , Bellamy Abbie , Bryant Christopher , Morrison Lynda A 
Published: February 2022

Abstract

Background
Previously, our group conducted the Herpevac Trial for Women, a randomized efficacy field trial of type 2 glycoprotein D (gD2) herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccine adjuvanted with ASO4 in 8323 women. Study participants were selected to be seronegative for HSV-1 and HSV-2. We found that the vaccine was 82% protective against culture-positive HSV-1 genital disease but offered no significant protection against HSV-2 genital disease. Efficacy against HSV-1 was associated with higher levels of antibody to gD2 at enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Methods
To better understand the results of the efficacy study, we measured postvaccination concentrations of neutralizing antibody (nAb) to either HSV-1 and HSV-2 from HSV-infected study participants and matched uninfected controls. Statistical modeling was used to determine whether these responses were correlated with protection against HSV.

Results
nAbs to either HSV-1 or HSV-2 were correlated with ELISA binding antibodies to gD2. HSV-1 or HSV-2 nAb findings support the observation of protection by higher levels of antibody against HSV-1 infection, but the lack of protection against HSV-2 remains unexplained.

Conclusions
The protection against HSV-1 infection observed in the Herpevac Trial for Women was associated with nAbs directed against the virus, although the power to assess this was lower in the nAb study compared with the ELISA results owing to smaller sample size.

Clinical trials registration
NCT00057330.
Wild boar foraging and risk perception—variation among urban, natural, and agricultural areas
Authors: Davidson Achiad , Malkinson Dan , Shanas Uri 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
When making foraging decisions, animals evaluate the risk of being preyed upon or hunted. This applies particularly to large-bodied, long-lived species with a long evolutionary history of human persecution, such as wild boars (Sus scrofa). Wild boar populations are rapidly expanding throughout natural, agricultural, and urban areas worldwide, thus escalating human–wild boar conflicts. Most of these conflicts are associated with crop and garden damages by foraging wild boars. To study the foraging behavior of wild boars across a gradient of human risk, we evaluated the combined effects of hunting, land use type, and wild boar group size and structure on boar use of feeding devices. We installed corn-supplemented feeding devices in four land-use types and hunting combinations: urban areas with and without hunting, rural areas (namely, agricultural areas with hunting), and nature reserves without hunting. Our results show that rural areas and urban areas were the most important predictors of the wild boars’ decision to eat or not and the time it took them to start eating from the moment they arrived at the feeding device (TBE—Time Before Eating). In addition, our study suggests that the TBEs of urban boars were significantly lower compared to boars from nature reserves. We further found that TBEs of urban boars were significantly lower than TBEs of boars in nature reserves. Our results suggest that the foraging behavior of wild boars varies spatially, corresponding to the different land-use types. We propose that the readiness of boars to forage in urban areas results from their habituation to human presence and lower perception of risk.
Skills for Thinking
Authors: Steffen Ann M. , Dick-Siskin Leah P. , Bilbrey Ann Choryan , Thompson Larry W. , Gallagher-Thompson Dolores 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Harsh self criticism and habitual use of unhelpful thinking patterns can create the context for depressive symptoms in middle-aged and older adults. This workbook module of Treating Later-Life Depression: A Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Approach promotes self-compassion and cognitive reappraisal skills that are consistent with clients’ personal values and strengths. Easy-to-read, large-print Learn pages are selected by behavioral health providers to help aging clients understand the role of unhelpful thinking habits in depression, replace self-criticism with self-compassionate thoughts and actions, as well as build cognitive reappraisal skills. Practice forms are provided for aging clients’ use between sessions to develop, practice and use these skills. Clinicians must attend to the ways that cultural and generational norms and beliefs influence clients’ responses to specific cognitive therapy strategies. Practitioners are encouraged to apply strategies that are responsive to the needs of culturally diverse aging clients.
Depression and Age-Related Issues
Authors: Steffen Ann M. , Thompson Larry W. , Gallagher-Thompson Dolores 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of later-life depression and information about age-related changes and concerns that are often contributing factors. Clinicians preparing to implement this treatment approach will find it quite helpful to have a solid grasp of depression in the context of normative aging, along with understanding common issues for clients in the second half of life. This chapter also discusses societal ageism (ways in which stereotypical attitudes and beliefs about aging influence access to opportunities and resources) and two prevalent myths about aging (“to be old is to be sick” and “you can’t teach an old dog new tricks”). Core concepts in the psychology of aging that clinicians should know are that aging comes with increased variability, involves both gains and losses, and represents only one aspect of diversity.
Analytic modelling of synchrotron self-Compton spectra: Application to GRB 190114C
Authors: Yamasaki Shotaro , Piran Tsvi 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Observations of TeV emission from early gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows revealed the long sought for inverse Compton (IC) upscattering of the lower energy synchrotron. However, it turned out that the long hoped for ability to easily interpret the synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) spectra didn’t materialize. The TeV emission is in the Klein–Nishina (KN) regime and the simple Thomson regime SSC spectrum is modified, complicating the scene. We describe here a methodology to obtain an analytic approximation to an observed spectrum and infer the conditions at the emitting region. The methodology is general and can be used in any such source. As a test case we apply it to the observations of GRB 190114C. We find that the procedure of fitting the model parameters using the analytic SSC spectrum suffers from some generic problems. However, at the same time, it conveniently gives a useful insight into the conditions that shape the spectrum. Once we introduce a correction to the standard KN approximation, the best-fitting solution is consistent with the one found in detailed numerical simulations. As in the numerical analysis, we find a family of solutions that provide a good approximation to the data and satisfy roughly B ∝ Γ−3 between the magnetic field and the bulk Lorentz factor, and we provide a tentative explanation why such a family arises.
Non-halo structures and their effects on gravitational lensing
Authors: Richardson T R G , Stücker J , Angulo R E , Hahn O 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
Anomalies in the flux ratios of the images of quadruply-lensed quasars have been used to constrain the nature of dark matter. Assuming these lensing perturbations are caused by dark matter haloes, it is currently possible to constrain the mass of a hypothetical Warm Dark Matter (WDM) particle to be mχ &gt; 5.2 keV. However, the assumption that perturbations are only caused by DM haloes might not be correct as other structures, such as filaments and pancakes, exist and make up a significant fraction of the mass in the Universe, ranging between 5  ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ and 50 ${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ depending on the dark matter model. Using novel fragmentation-free simulations of 1 and 3 keV WDM cosmologies we study these ‘non-halo’ structures and estimate their impact on flux-ratio observations. We find that these structures display sharp density gradients with short correlation lengths, and can contribute more to the lensing signal than all haloes up to the half-mode mass combined, thus reducing the differences expected among WDM models. We estimate that non-halo structures can be the dominant cause of line-of-sight flux-ratio anomalies in very warm, but already excluded, $m_x \sim 1 \,\rm {keV}$ scenarios. For colder cases $m_x \gtrsim 3 \,\rm {keV}$, we estimate that non-haloes can contribute about $5 - 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the total flux-ratio signal.
Low-metallicity globular clusters in the low-mass isolated spiral galaxy NGC 2403
Authors: Forbes Duncan A , Ferré-Mateu Anna , Gannon Jonah S , Romanowsky Aaron J , Carlin Jeffrey L , Brodie Jean P , Day Jacob 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTThe globular cluster (GC) systems of low-mass late-type galaxies, such as NGC 2403, have been poorly studied to date. As a low mass galaxy (M* = 7 × 109 M⊙), cosmological simulations predict NGC 2403 to contain few, if any, accreted GCs. It is also isolated, with a remarkably undisturbed HI disc. Based on candidates from the literature, Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Hyper Suprime-Cam imaging, we selected several GCs for follow-up spectroscopy using the Keck Cosmic Web Imager. From their radial velocities and other properties, we identify eight bona-fide GCs associated with either the inner halo or the disc of this bulgeless galaxy. A stellar population analysis suggests a wide range of GC ages from shortly after the big bang until the present day. We find all of the old GCs to be metal-poor with [Fe/H] ≤ −1. The age–metallicity relation for the observed GCs suggests that they were formed over many Gyr from gas with a low effective yield, similar to that observed in the SMC. Outflows of enriched material may have contributed to the low yield. With a total system of ∼50 GCs expected, our study is the first step in fully mapping the star cluster history of NGC 2403 in both space and time.
Spatially resolved gas flows around the Milky Way
Authors: Clark Sean , Bordoloi Rongmon , Fox Andrew J 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
We present spatially resolved measurements of cool gas flowing into and out of the Milky Way (MW), using archival ultraviolet spectra of background quasars from the Hubble Space Telescope/Cosmic Origins Spectrograph. We co-add spectra of different background sources at close projected angular separation on the sky. This novel stacking technique dramatically increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectra, allowing the detection of low-column-density gas (down to EW &gt; 2 mÅ). We identify absorption as inflowing or outflowing, by using blue/redshifted high-velocity cloud absorption components in the Galactocentric rest frame, respectively. The mass surface densities of both inflowing and outflowing gases vary by more than an order of magnitude across the sky, with mean values of 〈Σin〉 ≳ 104.6 ± 0.1$\mathrm{ M}_{\odot }\, \mathrm{kpc}^{-2}$ for inflowing gas and 〈Σout〉 ≳ 103.5 ± 0.1$\mathrm{ M}_{\odot }\, \mathrm{kpc}^{-2}$ for outflowing gas. The mass flow rate surface densities (mass flow rates per unit area) also show large variation across the sky, with $\langle \dot{\Sigma }(d)_{\rm in}\rangle \gtrsim (10^{-3.6\pm 0.1})(d/12\, \mathrm{kpc})^{-1}$ $\mathrm{ M}_{\odot }\, \mathrm{kpc}^{-2}\, \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ for inflowing gas and $\langle \dot{\Sigma }(d)_{\rm out}\rangle \gtrsim (10^{-4.8\pm 0.1})(d/12\, \mathrm{kpc})^{-1}$ $\mathrm{ M}_{\odot }\, \mathrm{kpc}^{-2}\, \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ for outflowing gas. The regions with highest surface mass density of inflowing gas are clustered at smaller angular scales (θ &lt; 40°). This indicates that most of the mass in inflowing gas is confined to small, well-defined structures, whereas the distribution of outflowing gas is spread more uniformly throughout the sky. Our study confirms that the MW is predominantly accreting gas, but it is also losing a non-negligible mass of gas via outflow.
Gamma-ray polarimetry of the Crab pulsar observed by POLAR
Authors: Li Han-Cheng , Produit Nicolas , Zhang Shuang-Nan , Kole Merlin , Sun Jian-Chao , Ge Ming-Yu , De Angelis Nicolas , Hulsman Johannes , Li Zheng-Heng , Song Li-Ming , Tymieniecka Teresa , Wu Bo-Bing , Wu Xin , Wang Yuan-Hao , Xiong Shao-Lin , Zhang Yong-Jie , Zhao Yi , Zheng Shi-Jie 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT
The X/gamma-ray polarimetry of the Crab pulsar/nebula is believed to hold crucial information on their emission models. In the past, several missions have shown evidence of polarized emission from the Crab. The significance of these measurements remains, however, limited. New measurements are therefore required. POLAR is a wide Field of View Compton-scattering polarimeter (sensitive in 50–500 keV) onboard the Chinese spacelab Tiangong-2 that took data from 2016 September to 2017 April. Although not designed to perform polarization measurements of pulsars, we present here a novel method, which can be applied to POLAR as well as that of other wide Field of View polarimeters. The novel polarimetric joint-fitting method for the Crab pulsar observations with POLAR, allows us to obtain constraining measurements of the pulsar component. The best-fitting values and corresponding 1σ deviations for the averaged phase interval: (PD = $14\substack{+15 \\-10}$ per cent, PA = $108\substack{+33 \\-54} ^{\circ }$), for Peak 1: (PD = $17\substack{+18 \\-12}$ per cent, PA = $174\substack{+39 \\-36} ^{\circ }$) and for Peak 2: (PD = $16\substack{+16 \\-11}$ per cent, PA = $78\substack{+39 \\-30} ^{\circ }$). Furthermore, the 3σ upper limits on the polarization degree are for the averaged phase interval (55 per cent), Peak 1 (66 per cent) and Peak 2 (57 per cent). Finally, to illustrate the capabilities of this method in the future, we simulated 2 yr observation to the Crab pulsar with POLAR-2. The results show that POLAR-2 is able to confirm the emission to be polarized with 5σ and 4σ confidence level if the Crab pulsar is polarized at $20{{\,\rm per\,cent}}$ and $10{{\,\rm per\,cent}}$, respectively.