bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Trading and Price Discovery for Crude Oils
Authors: Imsirovic Adi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractWhat is the price of oil? Most oil in the world is never traded. Value of exchanged oil is set by key ‘benchmarks’ grades or baskets of crude oil that are commonly traded, both as physical and ‘paper’ barrels, in volumes many times greater than the world production. It is the derivative trades in these benchmarks such as Brent, WTI, Dubai and Oman that set the global price of oil and they are the most interesting feature of the oil market. Markets in these benchmarks are the stage on which two distinct categories of players are differentiated: the price makers and the price takers. How and why these benchmarks came to exist, how they work, interact and change over time is the subject of this chapter.
The Trading and Price Discovery for Natural Gas
Authors: Hafner Manfred , Luciani Giacomo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter argues that pricing mechanisms are a key element of gas trade, as they concur to determine price levels and define commercial strategies. It explains why gas suppliers traditionally defended long-term oil-indexed contracts and analyses the main features of historical contracts. The old consensus on oil indexation, which had been a pillar of international gas trade for a decade, has been eroded in several regions. The chapter discusses how more impersonal market exchange now prevails. Beyond Europe and North America, Asia is also gradually moving towards a larger share of hub indexation, although it is still lagging behind in the process of establishing its own hubs. The chapter concludes that gas prices remain regional even if additional convergence is materialising thanks to the globalising effect of flexible LNG.
The Trading of Carbon
Authors: Marcu Andrei , Cecchetti Federico 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the concept of carbon pricing, with a specific focus on the trading of carbon via emissions trading systems (ETSs). The analysis starts with an overview of the main design options for a cap-and-trade system, presenting the experience of the European Union (EU) ETS as a real-world example of how such systems work. The history of the EU ETS is thoroughly examined, explaining what the main challenges and benefits of the system are, and what lessons can be learnt from the world’s biggest ETS. Using the European experience as a benchmark, other major ETS markets are also analysed, highlighting the potential for interconnection of different systems as well as the prospects for international cooperation mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement.
Macroeconomics of the Energy Transition
Authors: Luciani Giacomo 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter attempts at disentangling the multiple contrasting interactions between economic conditions and energy transitions. It goes without saying that the net effect, resulting from the balance of such multiple contrasting interactions, is extremely difficult, or even impossible to predict. It very much depends on the specific characteristics of the economy facing the need to decarbonize, notably its current energy system, rate of growth of energy demand, available energy resources, and opportunities for decarbonization. All of these parameters are extremely variable country by country. It also greatly depends on the specific transition path pursued, and especially the intended speed of the transformation. This chapter lays special emphasis on the need to shift resources from consumption to investment and the consequent increase in the capital-output ratio, which has also consequences for the distribution of income.
The Impact of Digitalization
Authors: Woodhouse Stephen , Brown Mostyn 
Published: May 2022

AbstractPrevious energy transformations have been driven by the exploitation of a new energy resource. In contrast, although the digitalization of energy is delivering cost reductions in the supply and transportation of energy; digitalization is truly transformational because it brings the demand side into play, facilitating the move to a more integrated, highly flexible and customer-centric energy system which will ultimately unlock deep decarbonization of our societies. This fertile new energy landscape will be dominated by data-rich organizations able to establish direct relationships with consumers, resulting in the provision of new services which enable the integration of energy consumption with weather-dependent renewable production. Much of the focus is on the intelligent management of demand and supply from connected buildings and electric vehicles, leading to a proliferation of new business models. This increased connectivity comes with risks: increased danger of cybersecurity attacks and disruption of existing business relationships, staffing and organizational structures and a re-positioning of the role of the customer at the heart of the system. This commercial disruption is inherent to the digital transformation of the energy sector: an essential step in the transition to a carbon-neutral global economy.
Energy and the Economy in Russia
Authors: Mitrova Tatiana 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the Russian energy sector and its role in the Russian economy, also in the context of energy transition. Russia, ranking fourth in the world in primary energy consumption and in carbon dioxide emissions, adheres to the strategy of “business as usual” and relies on fossil fuels. Decarbonization of the energy sector is not yet on the agenda; a skeptical attitude to the problem of global climate change prevails among stakeholders. GDP energy intensity remains high, supported by relatively low energy prices and high cost of capital. The share of solar and wind energy in the energy balance is insignificant and is not expected to exceed 1% by 2035. The challenge for Russia in the coming years is to develop a new strategy for the development of its energy sector, which enters the zone of high turbulence—even in the absence of the influence of the climate change agenda—due to COVID-19, increasing global competition, growing technological isolation and financial constraints.
Energy and the Economy in North America
Authors: Chow Edward C. , Rincon-Romero Jorge-Andres 
Published: May 2022

AbstractChow and Rincon review the energy sector of North America, which plays a critical role in the economy of the U.S., Canada, and Mexico. The American shale oil and gas revolution, which drove production to historical peaks, will have diminished but still significant impact, including globally. High energy consumption rates in the U.S. and Canada challenge reaching climate policy goals, under heightened public pressure, and the search for alternatives to fossil fuels. Mexico will be more focused on economic development and energy access. The U.S. will continue to emphasize energy innovation, driven by public investment in research and development and private capital in commercial applications.
Power Generation from Coal, Oil, Gas, and Biofuels
Authors: Farnoosh Arash 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides an introduction to the economics of electricity generation based on four different energy sources: coal, oil, natural gas, and biofuel. It covers the various technologies of power production and their key economics characteristics including CAPEX, OPEX, dispatchability, flexibility, location, and expected service life. The formula and calculations are provided for further analysis of power generation projects in view of optimizing the choice of technology. Some conclusions are drawn from comparative analysis of coal-, oil-, gas-, and biofuel-fired power generation units.
Power Generation from Nuclear Energy
Authors: Faudon Valerie 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses the economics of nuclear. It starts with the fundamentals of nuclear economics, with first the cost of nuclear operations and then the revenue side, in both regulated and deregulated markets. Then the chapter goes in depth into analyzing the economics of two specific cases: long-term operations of existing nuclear plants and nuclear new build-covering potential for cost reductions and the case of Small Modular Reactors. The chapter concludes with a review of new research to understand the value of nuclear in future decarbonized electricity systems.
Solar Power Generation
Authors: Eicke Laima , Eicke Anselm , Hafner Manfred 
Published: May 2022

AbstractSolar energy supplies increasing shares of global energy demand. As a renewable source of energy, it will play a major role in decarbonizing electricity supply. This chapter provides an overview on the solar sector from an economic perspective. It describes the technical characteristics of photovoltaic and concentrated solar power and explains how these affect the economic competitiveness of solar energy. The authors highlight trends in the solar sector and elaborate on how this intermittent source of energy can be integrated into a power system. They conclude with a discussion on how renewable energy support schemes can be designed to foster the deployment of solar power by accounting for the specific characteristics of solar power.
In vivo impact of JAK3 A573V mutation revealed using zebrafish
Authors: Basheer Faiza , Bulleeraz Vilasha , Ngo Viet Q. T. , Liongue Clifford , Ward Alister C. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Background
Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) acts downstream of the interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor family to play a pivotal role in the regulation of lymphoid cell development. Activating JAK3 mutations are associated with a number of lymphoid and other malignancies, with mutations within the regulatory pseudokinase domain common.

Methods
The pseudokinase domain mutations A572V and A573V were separately introduced into the highly conserved zebrafish Jak3 and transiently expressed in cell lines and zebrafish embryos to examine their activity and impact on early T cells. Genome editing was subsequently used to introduce the A573V mutation into the zebrafish genome to study the effects of JAK3 activation on lymphoid cells in a physiologically relevant context throughout the life-course.

Results
Zebrafish Jak3 A573V produced the strongest activation of downstream STAT5 in vitro and elicited a significant increase in T cells in zebrafish embryos. Zebrafish carrying just a single copy of the Jak3 A573V allele displayed elevated embryonic T cells, which continued into adulthood. Hematopoietic precursors and NK cells were also increased, but not B cells. The lymphoproliferative effects of Jak3 A573V in embryos was shown to be dependent on zebrafish IL-2Rγc, JAK1 and STAT5B equivalents, and could be suppressed with the JAK3 inhibitor Tofacitinib.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that a single JAK3 A573V allele expressed from the endogenous locus was able to enhance lymphopoiesis throughout the life-course, which was mediated via an IL-2Rγc/JAK1/JAK3/STAT5 signaling pathway and was sensitive to Tofacitinib. This extends our understanding of oncogenic JAK3 mutations and creates a novel model to underpin further translational investigations.
ON THE SATAKE ISOMORPHISM
Authors: LUSZTIG G. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn a 1983 paper, the author has established a (decategorified) Satake equivalence for affine Hecke algebras. In this paper, we give new proofs for some results of that paper, one based on the theory ofJ-rings and one based on the known character formula for rational representations of a reductive group in positive, large characteristic. We also give an extension of that formula to disconnected groups.
Achievements, prospects and challenges in precision care for monogenic insulin-deficient and insulin-resistant diabetes
Authors: Bonnefond Amélie , Semple Robert K. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIntegration of genomic and other data has begun to stratify type 2 diabetes in prognostically meaningful ways, but this has yet to impact on mainstream diabetes practice. The subgroup of diabetes caused by single gene defects thus provides the best example to date of the vision of ‘precision diabetes’. Monogenic diabetes may be divided into primary pancreatic beta cell failure, and primary insulin resistance. In both groups, clear examples of genotype-selective responses to therapy have been advanced. The benign trajectory of diabetes due to pathogenic GCK mutations, and the sulfonylurea-hyperresponsiveness conferred by activating KCNJ11 or ABCC8 mutations, or loss-of-function HNF1A or HNF4A mutations, often decisively guide clinical management. In monogenic insulin-resistant diabetes, subcutaneous leptin therapy is beneficial in some severe lipodystrophy. Increasing evidence also supports use of ‘obesity therapies’ in lipodystrophic people even without obesity. In beta cell diabetes the main challenge is now implementation of the precision diabetes vision at scale. In monogenic insulin-resistant diabetes genotype-specific benefits are proven in far fewer patients to date, although further genotype-targeted therapies are being evaluated. The conceptual paradigm established by the insulin-resistant subgroup with ‘adipose failure’ may have a wider influence on precision therapy for common type 2 diabetes, however. For all forms of monogenic diabetes, population-wide genome sequencing is currently forcing reappraisal of the importance assigned to pathogenic mutations when gene sequencing is uncoupled from prior suspicion of monogenic diabetes.
Graphical abstract
Hybrid model for the design of a deep-lane multisatellite AVS/RS
Authors: Battarra Ilaria , Accorsi Riccardo , Manzini Riccardo , Rubini Sara 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe autonomous vehicle storage and retrieval system (AVS/RS) significantly improves the responsiveness and throughput of the traditional automated storage and retrieval system (AS/RS) in regard to handling unit loads. The AVS/RS consists of multiple tiers connected to an elevator system and is equipped with at least two autonomous vehicles, that is, a shuttle and satellite. Other necessary equipment are the lifts and input/output buffer areas. This paper aims to present and apply an original hybrid analytical-simulative model for the design of a deep-lane and multisatellite AVS-RS by evaluating and controlling the system performance. This AVS-RS is equipped with multiple free and non-free satellites for each tier. As an original contribution, this study reviews the literature on AVS/RS according to the introduction of multiple features categorized into five homogeneous groups: (1) rack configuration, (2) vehicle kinematics and configuration, (3) dispatching rules, (4) modeling approach, and (5) validation. Two of the most critical issues in existing research studies are the random arrival time of storage and retrieval transactions and the random storage policy. The proposed modeling approach is data-driven and based on realistic assumptions, filling the gap between the literature and real applications. This hybrid model is applied to a case study of the beverage industry according to a what-if comparative and competitive multiscenario analysis. This data-driven assessment supports the decision-making process on the number of satellites for each tier, while simultaneously controlling the service and waiting times, system throughput, and vehicle utilization. The analysis based on the maximum system throughput estimation demonstrates that introducing more than two satellites does not increase the productivity of the system.
Should we support prophylactic intervention for asymptomatic kidney stones? A retrospective cohort study with long-term follow-up
Authors: Wu Tao , Liu Zhiwei , Ma Shanjin , Xue Wei , Jiang Xiaoye , Ma Jianjun 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term outcomes of patients undergoing prophylactic intervention or active surveillance for asymptomatic kidney stones and identify factors influencing the outcomes. In this retrospective cohort study, we reviewed the medical records of patients with asymptomatic kidney stones in two institutes between November 2014 and November 2019. Standardized questions were asked via phone calls to supplement the outcomes. Pain, hydronephrosis, stone growth, serious infection, gross hematuria, and spontaneous passage were defined as stone-related events. Future intervention was also recorded to evaluate management. A total of 101 patients with 120 kidney units were enrolled in this study. The median follow-up time was 63 months. The patients were classified into the control group (79 cases) or exposure group (41 cases) according to whether they underwent prophylactic intervention before any stone-related events. Generally, the rates of stone-related events and future intervention were significantly different between the two groups (57.0 vs. 12.2%, p < 0.001; and 31.6 vs. 4.9%, p = 0.002, respectively). After applying stabilized inverse probability of treatment weighted, Cox regression suggested that patients who underwent prophylactic intervention were less likely to experience stone-related events and future intervention (HR = 0.175, and HR = 0.028, respectively). In conclusion, patients who underwent prophylactic intervention had a lower risk of stone-related events and future intervention, although they had some slight complications.
Extract from Cucurbita pepo improves BPH symptoms without affecting sexual function: a 24-month noninterventional study
Authors: Theil Gerit , Richter Michael , Schulze Matthias , Köttig Tilo , Patz Brigitte , Heim Stefan , Krauß Yvonne , Markov Miroslav , Fornara Paolo 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Purpose
To assess the symptoms, quality of life and sexual well-being in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia LUTS/BPH treated with pumpkin seed soft extract (PSE) in routine practice.

Methods
This noninterventional study included 130 men treated for up to 24 months. The International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and related quality of life, Aging Males’ Symptoms Scale (AMS), and International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) were recorded. Descriptive statistical methods were applied. The mean with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for the primary end point (change in IPSS after 12-month treatment).

Results
Analysis at 12 months included 83 patients [mean (SD) age 65.2 (8.7) years and IPSS (15.6 (3.4), IPSS-QoL 3.4 (0.9)]. AMS and IIEF-5 indicated mild or mild to moderate disorder regarding sexual well-being and erectile dysfunction, respectively. After 12 months, the mean IPSS change from baseline was − 4.7 (95% CI − 5.4 to − 3.9), with 83% (95% CI 65.3 to 84.1) and 53% (95% CI 42.3 to 63.7) of the patients achieving reductions by at least 3 and 5 points, respectively. The proportion of patients with IPSS-QoL below 3 points (mostly satisfied) was 11% (9/83) at baseline and rose to 62% (51/83) and 73% (40/55) at 12 and 24 months, respectively. AMS and IIEF-5 scores did not indicate a negative impact on sexual function during treatment.

Conclusion
In men with a moderate LUTS suggestive of BPH, a low progression risk and an active sex life, treatment with pumpkin seed soft extract provided symptomatic relief, improved IPSS-QoL, and maintained sexual well-being.

Trial registration
DRKS00010729, June 22, 2016.
Comparing compliance with the WHO surgical safety checklist and complication rates in gynecologic surgery between day and night shifts
Authors: Christine Bekos , Barbara Bodner-Adler , Zehetmayer Sonja , Wolfgang Umek 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Purpose
At least half of surgical complications can be avoided by using surgical checklists. However, universal implementation and compliance have been reported as being variable. Patients undergoing urgent surgical intervention are at increased risk for complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the checklist compliance together with the complication rate during day and night shifts in a European University hospital.

Methods
51 and 52 consecutive patients who had surgery during day and night shifts were included. The primary outcome measures were compliance and completeness of the WHO safety checklist. The occurrence of postoperative complications was investigated.

Results
The analysis included 103 surgical procedures. The mean compliance rate of use was 93% and the mean completeness rate was 22%. After operations were broken down by day or night shift, we found that checklists were less often available in night shifts compared to day shifts. The completeness of the checklist and the occurrence of postoperative complications did not differ between day and night shifts.

Conclusion
This study reports worse checklists availability in night shifts when compared to day shifts, but complication rates did not increase. Further studies are warranted to investigate postoperative complication rates together with checklist compliance in day versus night shifts.
Visual and optical quality of enhanced intermediate monofocal versus standard monofocal intraocular lens
Authors: Garzón Nuria , Poyales Francisco , Albarrán-Diego César , Rico-del-Viejo Laura , Pérez-Sanz Lidia , García-Montero María 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Intraocular lens designs are constantly evolving, trying to obtain more spectacle independence after cataract surgery. This advantage can be linked to some disadvantages, such as optical quality decrease. For that reason, it is important to assess, not only the amount of vision provided but also the quality of vision once they are implanted. The purpose of the present work was to compare the visual performance between two monofocal intraocular models: a standard model and a monofocal with enhanced intermediate vision lens.

Methods
Prospective, randomized, comparative study. Sixty adult subjects scheduled to undergo bilateral cataract surgery and IOL implantation were randomized to receive one of the two IOLs in both eyes at Miranza IOA, Madrid, Spain (group A: monofocal with enhanced intermediate vision lens and group B: standard monofocal lens). Monocular outcomes (right eyes) determined 1 and 3 months postoperatively were photopic corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), perceived halo, corrected intermediate-distance contrast sensitivity, and higher-order aberrations. The impact of the new IOL in the postoperative management with autorefraction devices was also evaluated.

Results
No differences were found in CDVA between the two groups. Significant differences were detected between the two lenses evaluated in both total HOA (p = 0.028) and internal HOA (p = 0.037). Contrast sensitivity and halometry results obtained at 1 month were similar across the two IOL groups.

Conclusion
In patients undergoing cataract surgery, monofocal with enhanced intermediate vision IOL offered similar distance performance and contrast sensitivity along with perceived HOA and halos compared with the standard monofocal IOLs tested.