bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Stress, Storage Time, and Temperature Influence Cell Wall-degrading Enzymes, Firmness, and Ethylene Production by Cucumbers
Authors: Miller A. Raymond , Dalmasso Joseph P. , Kretchman Dale W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) fruit (‘Heinz 3534’) subjected to mechanical stress followed by storage for 48 hr exhibited visible degeneration of the mesocarp and endocarp, which was accompanied by several-fold increases in the activity of the enzymes pectin methylesterase, peroxidase, polygalacturonase, and xylanase. The activity of all these enzymes increased in the endocarp, whereas only pectin methylesterase and polygalacturonase increased in the mesocarp, and pectin methylesterase, peroxidase, and polygalacturonase increased in the exocarp. Further, the increase in the activity of pectin methylesterase, peroxidase, and polygalacturonase was less when cucumbers were stored at 0° or 10°C vs. 25° or 38° after mechanical stress. Cucumbers stored for only 8 hr after mechanical stress, or not stressed, and stored for 8 or 48 hr showed no consistent significant increases in enzyme activity. Endocarp firmness of fruit stored at 25° or 38° for 8 hr after mechanical stress was lower than that of unstressed fruit, but this decrease was not evident after 48 hr of storage, and mesocarp firmness was not affected by mechanical stress regardless of storage temperature or time. Ethylene production was stimulated significantly by 8-hr storage at 0°, following mechanical stress, and by 48-hr storage at 0°, but was unaffected by all other treatment and storage regimes. These data indicate that mechanical stress induces biochemical and morphological changes in the major tissues of cucumber fruit, but tissue firmness and/or ethylene production will not serve as indicators of these changes. Moreover, the effects of mechanical stress do not appear to be mediated through the action of ethylene.
Genetic Variation for Quality Traits in an Advanced-cycle Breeding Population of Strawberries
Authors: Shaw Douglas V. , Bringhurst Royce S. , Voth Victor 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Genetic variation for percent soluble solids, percent titratable acidity, and fruit firmness was analyzed for representative progenies from the California strawberry breeding population. Fruit samples were harvested from individual seedlings from 28 biparental crosses, organized in two factorial mating sets. Individual narrow-sense heritabilities were estimated as 0.07, 0.48, and 0.38 for solids, acids, and firmness, respectively. Broad-sense heritabilities were estimated as 0.35, 0.78, and 0.38 for the same traits, suggesting the presence of dominance variance for soluble solids and acidity, but not for firmness. Opportunities for genetic manipulation of traits with different additive-dominance genetic variation profiles are discussed.
Isozyme Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Stability of Malate Dehydrogenase and Phosphoglucose Isomerase in Pecan
Authors: Marquard Robert D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Isozyme banding patterns of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) were polymorphic in leaf and pollen extracts of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch], Both enzyme systems produced two prominent anodal zones of activity with similar banding patterns expressed from leaves and pollen. The fast-migrating MDH region (Mdh-1) was polymorphic, with three banding patterns. Segregation ratios support a model that Mdh-1 is a dimer controlled by a dimorphic locus. The slow-migrating MDH region was monomorphic and produced five densely staining bands. The fast-migrating PGI zone also was fixed in all samples assayed. Six banding patterns were detectable in the less-anodal region (Pgi-2) and produced one of three single-handed or three triple-banded patterns in leaf extracts. Segregation ratios indicate Pgi-2 is controlled by three alleles at a single locus. Mdh-1 and Pgi-2 genotypes are included for 66 cultivars and based on Mdh-1 inheritance; ‘Kiowa’ has been incorrectly reported to be parented by a ‘Mahan’ × ‘Odom’ cross. Genes controlling Mdh-1 and Pgi-2 were not closely linked. Enzymes remained active and stable in pollen stored for 30 months at −20°C and in leaves stored at 4° for 45 days. Frozen enzyme extracts remained stable for 18-24 days and dimethyl sulfoxide [Me2SO (DMSO)] prolonged extract storability.
Microsporogenesis in Diploid and Tetraploid ‘Sherwood’ Daylily
Authors: Arisumi Toru 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Comparisons between field-grown diploid and tetraploid cultivars of the daylily (Hemerocallis, cv. Sherwood) over two seasons showed significant differences in percentages of abnormal PMCs and nonsignificant differences in percentages of aborted pollen. Averages of abnormal PMCs in the two seasons were 1.0% and 3.7% in the diploid vs. 20.0% and 24.4% in the tetraploid. Percentages of aborted pollen at anthesis were 11.9% and 18.6% in the diploid vs. 17.0% and 22.2% in the tetraploid. With few exceptions, seasonal differences in abnormal PMCs and pollen abortion were not significant. Recurrent meiotic abnormalities included: a) chromosomes lying outside the equatorial plate in MI; b) precocious anaphase of some chromosomes in MI; c) nondisjunction and laggards in AI; and d) formation of micronuclei and small pollen grains in TII and tetrads. Pollen abortion in the diploid was attributed to genetic factors and, in the tetraploid, to deficiencies caused by chromosomal losses during irregular meiosis.
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutritional Influence on Bentgrass–Annual Bluegrass Community Composition
Authors: Dest William M. , Guillard K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of N and P fertilization on the change in species composition of a bentgrass (Agrostis spp.) and annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) turf. Species composition was determined by a square grid method and visual estimate of percent bentgrass and plant separations. Bentgrass population significantly increased in those areas from which N was withheld for 3 years compared to areas that were fertilized with N. Phosphorus fertilizer treatments had no effect on species composition. Except for one of the three ratings made in 1982, turf quality was not significantly reduced by withholding N. Quality had begun to improve by 1984 on the no-N plots compared to the N-fertilized plots. This change was associated with increased bentgrass population. There was a significant correlation between the square grid and visual estimate method used to evaluate the change in species composition in 1982, 1983, and 1984 (r = 0.84, 0.87, and 0.88, respectively). Although the N content of the leaf tissue was greater in the bentgrass tissue compared with annual bluegrass, leaf tissue concentrations were within or above the sufficiency range for grasses. This study has shown that withholding N fertilization in some years under certain conditions gives bentgrass a competitive advantage over annual bluegrass without lessening turf quality.
Physiological Factors Associated with Yellow Shoulder Expression in Tomato Fruit
Authors: Picha David H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Yellow shoulder (YS) expression was associated with differences in composition, respiration rate, and ethylene evolution between the yellow and normal red tissue in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruit. The YS tissue was higher in pH, dry matter, alcohol-insoluble solids (AIS), calcium content, respiration rate, and ethylene evolution than the red blossom-end tissue. The YS tissue had less phosphorus, potassium, citric acid, and a lower titratable acidity than the red tissue. Expression of YS was not associated with imbalances in fructose, glucose, malic acid, nitrogen, or magnesium concentration. Substantial YS development occurred in fruit of nonuniform ripening gene cultivars allowed to vine-ripen. Yellow shoulder was alleviated by harvesting fruit in the mature-green stage and room-ripening.
Seasonal Trends of Calcium and Iron Fractions in Sweet Cherry Leaves and Their Relationships
Authors: Sánchez-Alonso Francisco , Lachica Manuel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Calcium in cherry (Prunus avium L.) tree leaves was separated into four fractions at 2- to 4-week intervals during the season. Concentrations of all fractions increased, according to curvilinear equations. The organic insoluble fraction was the most important during the first half of the cycle, whereas the soluble fraction was the most important during the second half. Bound and inorganic insoluble Ca contribute little to the total content. Iron extracted by 1 n HCI is highly correlated with the total concentration and increased as a quadratic equation. Accumulation of Fe seems to be related to the accumulation of Ca in the leaf tissue.
Estimation of Diurnal Changes in Potato Leaf Water Potential Under Irrigated Conditions
Authors: Stark J.C. , Ojala J.C. , McCann I.R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Regression models of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Russet Burbank) leaf water potential (ψleaf) were developed for irrigated conditions using concurrent measurements of total solar irradiance (Rs), air vapor pressure deficit (VPD), air temperature (Ta) and windspeed. Estimates of potential evaporation (Ep) also were related to ψleaf. The data were collected over a 3-year period from two locations in southern Idaho. Of the variables tested, Rs had the highest simple correlation with ψleaf (r = 0.93), although a slightly higher correlation was obtained for log-transformed values of VPD (1n VPD). Potato ψleaf was best described by the equation ψleaf = -0.3672 - 0.1959 In VPD – 0.0005 Rs, where ψleaf, VPD, and Rs are expressed in units of MPa, kPa and W·m–2, respectively. The model accounted for 95% of the variation in ψleaf for well-watered ‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes. When the model was tested on an independent data set, it estimated diurnal changes in ψleaf for several different cultivars to within ±0.1 MPa of the measured values. The relationship between ψleaf and Ep was nonlinear and was described by an exponential function. Estimates for the Ep model were nearly identical to those for the VPD Rs model when ψleaf values were below -0.3 MPa.
Kentucky Bluegrass Photosynthate Partitioning Following Scheduled Mowing
Authors: Hull Richard J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The distribution of photosynthetically fixed carbon within a turfgrass sod was investigated following a routine mowing. The partitioning of 14C-labeled photosynthate was monitored in Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L. cvs. Baron and Merion) turf 2, 24, and 72 hr after mowing at 3.8 cm. Circles of turf (15 cm in diameter) were exposed to 14CO2 for 15 min, 10-cm-diameter plugs were removed 2 and 24 hr after exposure, and the plants were assayed for radioactivity. Experiments were conducted in late spring, midsummer, and early autumn for 2 years in field plots on a silt loam. Photosynthate translocation from leaf blades to leaf sheaths and crowns was reduced by as much as 25% within 2 hr after mowing but generally returned to a constant and greater rate within 24 hr. Midsummer mowing temporarily inhibited photosynthate transport more than mowing in spring or fall. Photosynthate distribution within turfgrass plants was influenced more by time of year and nutritional status than by mowing. Kentucky bluegrass maintained as closely mowed turf sustains only a slight and temporary disturbance in energy partitioning in response to mowing.
Influence of Leaf Age on the Upper and Lower Leaf Surface Features of Juvenile and Adult Pecan Leaves
Authors: Grauke L.J. , Storey J.B. , Emino E.R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Adaxial and abaxial leaflet surfaces of juvenile and adult pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] leaves were characterized in relation to leaf age. Three types of trichomes were found. Nonglandular hairs (acicular and fasciculate) were the most common trichome type on juvenile-phase leaves and reached their greatest density on the abaxial surface of immature leaves. Peltate scales were present in two forms: vesicular scales and concave scales. The two were distinguished on the basis of size and shape. Both types were more common on the abaxial than the adaxial surface. The vesicular scales were more common on immature than mature leaves, whereas the occurrence of concave scales were unaffected by leaf age. Capitate glands were observed on the veins of immature leaves in both juvenile and adult phase. Laminai stomata of two sizes and unusual veinal stomata were observed, the latter being confined to the abaxial surface of immature leaves.
In Vitro Propagation of Chinese Cabbage from Seedling Shoot Tips
Authors: Paek Kee Yoeup , Chandler Stephen F. , Thorpe Trevor A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shoot cultures were initiated from seedling shoot tips of Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis (Lour.) Olsson (Chinese cabbage, cv. Kimjung) on Murashige–Skoog medium supplemented with 46.5 μm kinetin and 1.5 μm IBA. Proliferation was a result of growth from axillary buds. Adventitious shoots could not be induced on a wide range of culture media. The effects of cytokinin and auxin type and concentration, nitrate : ammonium ratio, sucrose concentration, and other additives on shoot multiplication and growth were determined. Only adenine sulfate was beneficial. Expiants were rooted on hormone-free medium, but addition of 2.5 or 5.0 μm IAA or IBA increased rooting and enhanced shoot growth. Regenerated plants were morphologically normal and exhibited flowering during both root initiation in vitro and after establishment in soil. Chemical names used: N-(2-furanylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA); 1H-indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
Inheritance of Compact Growth Habit in Rabbiteye Blueberry
Authors: Garvey E.J. , Lyrene P.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A vigorous, compact wild rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) plant (FL78-66) found in northeast Florida had short internodes, small leaves, and low apical dominance. S1 plants after one growing season average 31 cm tall compared to 62 cm for S1 plants from the V. ashei cultivar ‘Premier’. FL78-66 was highly fertile when crossed as male or female with V. ashei cultivars. Most F1 plants were full-statured, but some resembled FL78-66. F2 plants obtained by intercrossing short-statured F1 plants ranged from full statured to much more compact than FL78-66.
Cytology and Morphology of Ovule Culture-derived Interspecific Impatiens Hybrids
Authors: Arisumi Toru 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hybrids among African, Indian, and New Guinea Impatiens were euploids and sterile. All but a few developed into normal mature plants. Classification of certain hybrid traits showed 115 mid-parental, 75 either seed- or pollen-parental, and 17 resembling neither parent. Data from phenotypic analysis of hybrids and parents suggested that the following phylogenetic trends could have been conditioned by dominant or partially dominant genes: from equal to unequal petals, flat to hooded dorsal petal, racemose to epedunculate inflorescence, nearly free to markedly fused lateral petals, and lower sepal and a filiform spur to bucciniform or saccate lower sepal. Spiral phyllotaxy was dominant over whorled. Crosses thought to be useful in ornamental breeding were I. auricoma × I. sultani ‘Elfin White’ or New Guinea species for yellow flowers, I. uguenensis × New Guinea or I. flaccida for drought tolerance, and I. flaccida × I. repens or ‘Elfin White’ for double flowers.
Translocation of Foliar-applied Urea 15N to Reproductive and Vegetative Sinks of Avocado and Its Effect on Initial Fruit Set
Authors: Zilkah Shmuel , Klein Isaac , Feigenbaum Salah , Weinbaum S. A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Translocation of 15N from foliar-applied urea to vegetative and reproductive sinks of avocado (Persea americana Mill, cvs. Fuerte and Hass) was evaluated during inflorescence development and the early stages of fruit set. Urea (2%) increased the number and the total dry weight of the lateral inflorescence per shoot. The concentration of 15N in avocado inflorescences increased proportionately to the concentration of urea applied to the old leaf surface. The amount of 15N translocated was not affected by the proximity of the source leaf to the “terminal” inflorescence. 15N translocated to developing fruit and to new sprouting leaves in similar amount. Urea N was translocated basipetally from current flush leaves to developing fruit. Removing the vegetative sink reduced N influx to the reproductive tissue and increased initial fruit set by a factor of 1.7 to 2.1 in urea-treated and -untreated shoots, respectively. These data indicate that shoot growth does not limit fruit set in avocado via competition for N.
Microsprinkler Irrigation for Freeze Protection: Evaporative Cooling and Extent of Protection in an Advective Freeze
Authors: Parsons Lawrence R. , Wheaton T. Adair 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Microsprinkler irrigation has proved effective in providing frost protection for young citrus trees, but there can be a risk of damaging trees during advective or windy freezes. The objectives of this study were to monitor evaporative cooling and to determine if height of young tree protection cold be increased to include the major scaffold branches. Microsprinklers were evaluated during a severely damaging advective freeze that occurred in central Florida in Jan. 1985. Trunk temperatures were measured at 15-, 30-, 45-, and 60-cm heights. By positioning the sprinkler at a 45° or higher angle, microsprinkler spray was aimed up into the young tree. This treatment was compared to the normal 15° low-angle spray pattern. Application rates on the wetted area were estimated to be 7 mm·hr−1 for high-angle treatment and 8.8 mm·hr−1 for low-angle treatment. With high-angle spray, trees were protected to a height of 85 cm, which was significantly higher than low-angle spray. Evaporative cooling below air temperature was not seen on irrigated trees. Continuous microsprinkler spray helped reduce evaporative cooling, but cooling did occur on a nearby tree that received only intermittent spray. Microsprinkler irrigation directed at an upward angle protected the trunk and scaffold branches of young trees in this particularly severe freeze and enhanced tree recovery.
Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Vegetative, Flowering, and Asexual Propagation Characteristics of Streptocarpus ×hybridus
Authors: Lyons R.E. , Booze-Daniels J.N. , Wright R.D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The response of cape primrose (Streptocarpus) plants to external N application is dependent on growth media only in terms of response magnitude. A 2.0% to 2.9% tissue N level in either sand or bark media maximized shoot dry weight, the number of potential flowers, and the quantity and quality of plantlets regenerated during subsequent asexual propagation. In sand, 2.9% tissue N was below the level required for maximum leaf elongation and resulted in a desirable restriction of the primary leaf (phyllomorph). Tissue N levels that either exceeded or lagged behind the optima were often detrimental to plant aesthetics, and wasteful where luxuriant tissue levels did not affect the measured characteristics.
Effect of Soil Applications of Paclobutrazol on Vegetative Growth, Pruning Time, Flowering, Yield, and Quality of ‘Flavorcrest’ Peach
Authors: Martin George C. , Yoshikawa Frank , LaRue James H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In each of three years, paclobutrazol was soil-injected at about a 15 cm depth and 1 m from the ‘Flavorcrest’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] tree trunk. In the randomized complete block design, many significant differences between paclobutrazol-treated trees and controls were measured in the following categories: reduction of canopy growth, increased numbers of vegetative and floral buds in the lower portions of the tree, elimination of the need for summer pruning, increased hand fruit thinning time in two of three years, increased fruit yield and size, advanced fruit maturity, decreased leaf K, and increased leaf Ca. Paclobutrazol increased cumulative yield over controls from 30.1 to 41.8 t·ha−1 for the 3-year experimental period. This yield increase exceeded the controls by at least 22%, 71%, and 76% for 1984, 1985, and 1986, respectively, and occurred without measurable fruit quality loss, except for soluble solids, which were decreased in two of three years. Chemical name used: β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Morphological Response of Flowering Annuals to Salinity
Authors: Devitt D.A. , Morris R.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ten flowering annuals were greenhouse-grown and irrigated with four levels of saline water [electrical conductivities (EC) = 0.8, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 dS·m−1] to determine their response to increased salinization. Twelve different parameters were monitored at the end of an 8-week period. All 10 species differed in their response to salinization. The relative number of flowers and the relative maximum flower diameter at harvest decreased significantly for six of ten and seven of nine species, respectively, with increased salinity. A salt tolerance scale was devised that best described their response to salinity. The parameters selected were dry weight, plant height, number of flowers, and maximum flower diameter. Cosmos (Cosmos bipinatus Cav. ‘Sunny Gold’) was rated very sensitive for all four parameters. Following Cosmos, the rating changed and so did the sequence, depending on the parameter being considered. Both petunias (Petunia hybrida Linn. ‘White Cascade’ and ‘Challenger White’) and dianthus (Dianthus chinensis Linn. ‘Princess White’) were the only species rated very tolerant for all four parameters.
Effect of Vegetation Management on Soil Nutrients and Nutrient Content of Herbaceous Vegetation
Authors: Warren Stuart L. , Monaco Thomas J. , Skroch Walter A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven vegetation management programs ranging from 100% cover of grass-dominated vegetation to bare soil were created on opposing north and south aspects. Nutrient contents of the herbaceous vegetation and soil were effected significantly by management programs, location in the plot (row and interrow), and time. The presence or absence of vegetation influenced vegetative uptake and leaching losses, resulting in differences among the vegetation management programs. In general, the upper soil (0- to 15-cm depth) with 100% vegetative cover contained more exchangeable Mg and less NO3 and available P than under bare soil. Exchangeable Ca was not affected by the management programs. Differences in growth form (grass or forb), perennial or annual vegetation, and percent bare soil accounted for the majority of differences in the nutrient content of the noncrop vegetation. Aspect did not affect any of the plant and soil parameters measured.