bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fruit Characteristics of ‘Red Delicious’ Apple Strains during Maturation and Storage
Authors: Ingle Morris , D’Souza Mervyn C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Firmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), starch index, and internal ethylene concentration were measured in the ‘Starkrimson’, ‘Oregon Spur’, ‘Redchief, ‘Royal Red’, and ‘Topred’ strains of ‘Red Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh) between 130 and 150 days after full bloom (DAFB). Firmness was significantly correlated with DAFB, although there were increases and decreases between 130 and 144 DAFB. SSC increased and was correlated with DAFB. The starch index increased linearly most of the time. There were differences in starch index between the 1983 and 1984 seasons, but no consistent differences among strains. Internal ethylene concentration began to change later than the other characteristics, but was correlated with DAFB in 90% of the comparisons. Fruit attributes that were significantly correlated in 80% or more of the comparisons were firmness with starch index, SSC with starch index, and starch index with internal ethylene. Firmness was correlated with starch index in 90% of the comparisons, SSC in 85%, and internal ethylene in 60%. Superficial scald was consistently correlated only with DAFB. Changes in firmness during storage were not correlated with any of the characteristics measured.
Permeability Characteristics of Isolated ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple Fruit Cuticles with Regard to Calcium
Authors: Chamel A. R 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The penetration of Ca through apple (Malus domestica Borkh) fruit cuticles was investigated using isolated cuticles. Permeability coefficients (P) and diffusion coefficients (D) were determined from self-diffusion measurements (0.1 mm CaC12) in a permeability apparatus. It was demonstrated that the apple fruit cuticles carry fixed charges with an isoelectric point of 2.1 and that Ca can penetrate into fruit directly across the fruit cuticle. Intraspecific variability was high, which is typical of cuticular permeability (P = 1.852 × 10−6 cm·s−1, sd = 1.29; D = 13.830 × 10−11 cm2·s−1, sd = 7.72, at pH 8). The permeability coefficient increased with increasing pH; this result was confirmed with isolated tomato fruit cuticles that revealed a lower permeability (P = 0.253 × 10−6 cm·s−1; sd = 0.12; D = 3.502 × 10−11 cm2·s−1, sd = 1.12, at pH 8). The permeability increased to a value about four times greater after the extraction of soluble cuticular lipids. There appears to be a direct relationship between cuticular sorption and penetration.
Rootstock and Scion Influence Growth, Productivity, Survival, and Short Life-related Performance of Peach Trees
Authors: Yadava U.L. , Doud S.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fifty-nine available combinations of 16 peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] seedling rootstocks and four cultivars were evaluated for survival, growth, productivity, and peach tree short life (PTSL) performance of scions for 10 years (1975–1984). Rootstock influenced tree survival, cold and bacterial canker damages, root suckering, bloom date, degree of budbreak, and fruit yield. However, rootstock had little effect on bud density, fruit maturity and size, and time of autumn defoliation, and no influence on trunk circumference and bark gummosis. Cultivars differed in all characteristics except tree survival and canker damage. Tree survival was negatively correlated with budbreak, bloom date, cambial browning, Pseudomonas canker, suckering, and defoliation. Lovell rootstock had the best overall PTSL-related performance, while Siberian C had the worst. ‘Derby’ was the most desirable and ‘Hamlet’ the least of the four cultivars evaluated.
Translocation of Triazole Growth Retardants in Plant Tissues
Authors: Reed A.N. , Curry E.A. , Williams M.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Translocation patterns of the triazole plant growth retardants paclobutrazol, triapenthenol, and BAS111 were found to be similar when applied as a trunk paint, soil drench, or in hydroponic systems. Chemical degradation studies indicate that the greatest percentage of parent compound is translocated to roots and mature leaves following soil drench and hydroponic treatments. Generally, residue levels of BAS111 were significantly lower than those of paclobutrazol and triapenthenol. Data from trunk paint applications indicate triapenthenol and BAS111, even at concentrations 5 times greater than paclobutrazol, are not as effective in controlling shoot growth. Significant negative correlations were found between shoot growth and foliar residue levels of paclobutrazol and triapenthenol 13 weeks after trunk paint application. Chemical names used: (2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-pentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol); (E)-(RS)-1-cyclohexyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-pent-1-en-3-ol (triapenthenol); 1-phenoxy-5,5-dimethyl-3-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-hexan-5-ol] (BAS111); trimethylonylpolyethoxyethanol (WK surfactant).
Fate of 15N-Labeled Urea Applied to Mature Highbush Blueberries
Authors: Retamales Jorge B. , Hanson Eric J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
To study the efficiency of fertilizer use by highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), four mature ‘Bluecrop’ plants were treated before budbreak (21 Apr.) with soil applications of 15N-enriched urea at a rate equivalent to 40 kg N/ha. Leaf samples were collected at 1- to 4-week intervals during the season and whole plants were harvested at the end of the growing season (22 Sept.). Different plant components were separated, dried, weighed, and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Fertilizer-derived N was observed in leaves 2 weeks after application. The percentage of N from the fertilizer peaked 3 weeks after application (16.5%) and declined to ≈11% shortly thereafter. Plants recovered 32% of applied N by the end of the growing season. Leaves accounted for 32% of this total. Shoot tissue also accounted for 32% of fertilizer-derived N in the plant, with the highest percentage accumulating in young shoots. Less than 15% of fertilizer N remained in the soil at the end of the season.
Postharvest Calcium Chloride Infiltration Affects Textural Attributes of Apples
Authors: Abbott Judith A. , Conway William S. , Sams Carl E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Golden Delicious’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) were pressure-infiltrated (68.9 kPa) at two harvest dates with 0%, 1%, 2%, or 4% (w/v) solutions of CaCl2 and stored at 0C for 2, 4, or 6 months followed by 1 week at 20C. Calcium concentrations, axial compression profiles, and Magness-Taylor firmness were measured. Calcium chloride infiltration increased all measures of tissue strength immediately and relative increases persisted during storage. A 1-week difference in harvest date markedly affected Ca uptake and textural responses; however, for both dates, 2% CaCl2 was effective in firming the apples. Apples from the second harvest, which were treated with 2% CaCl2 and stored for 6 months, had textural measurement values equal to or greater than those of comparable apples infiltrated only with water and measured before storage. Calcium chloride at 4% had a greater firming effect, but caused severe surface damage. Differential reponses to CaCl2 levels and storage durations by various textural measurements indicate that supplemental Ca not only increased firmness retention during storage, but also induced patterns of textural change different from those that occurred under the influence of the endogenous Ca alone.
Ultrastructural Changes Associated with Chilling Injury in Mature-green Tomato Fruit
Authors: Marangoni Alejandro G. , Smith Alexandra K. , Yada Rickey Y. , Stanley David W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of low temperature on cell ultrastructure was investigated in chilling-sensitive and chilling-resistant tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) Damage to the chilling-sensitive cultivar included microvesiculation of the endoplasmic reticulum and loss of ribosomes, chloroplast, and mitochondrial swelling; loss of starch granules; disorganization of the internal lamellae of chloroplasts; grana unstacking, as well as plastoglobuli and tonoplast degradation. Only a slight disorganization of the internal chloroplast lamellae was evident in the resistant species after 7 days at 5C. The primary site of damage appeared to be the chloroplast in both chilling-sensitive and -resistant species. The ultrastructural damage observed could be explained in terms of membrane disruption.
Quality of Tropical Sweet Potatoes Exposed to Controlled-atmosphere Treatments for Postharvest Insect Control
Authors: Delate Kathleen M. , Brecht Jeffrey K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) were exposed to low O2 and high CO2 for 1 week during curing or subsequent storage to evaluate the use of controlled atmospheres (CA) as insecticidal treatments for sweet potatoes infested with sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius elegantulus). Sweet potato roots tolerated 8% O2 during curing, but, when exposed to 2% or 4% O2 or to 60% CO2 plus 21% or 8% O2, they were unsalable within 1 week after curing, mainly due to decay. Exposure of cured sweet potatoes to 2% or 4% O2 plus 40% CO2 or 4% O2 plus 60% CO2 for 1 week at 25C had little effect on postharvest quality. However, exposure to 2% O2 plus 60% CO2 resulted in increased decay, less sweet potato flavor, and more off-flavor. These results indicate that exposure of sweet potatoes to O2 and CO2 levels required for insect control is not feasible during curing, but that cured sweet potatoes are capable of tolerating CA treatments that have potential as quarantine procedures.
The Pillar Peach Tree and Growth Habit Analysis of Compact × Pillar Progeny
Authors: Scorza Ralph , Lightner G.W. , Liverani A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Branch growth of compact (CT) and “Pillar” (PI) peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.], a columnar growth type, and progeny of CT × PI was analyzed. PI trees were distinguished from CT trees by narrower branch angles and relatively fewer and longer branches. CT × PI hybridization produced two distinct classes of trees in a 1:1 ratio—globe shape (GL) and upright (UP). GL trees had a large number of branches, resembling CT trees, but had narrower branch angles. UP trees resembled PI trees, but with wider branch angles. Analysis of seedling growth at 1, 2, and 3 months indicated that height and number of lateral branches could be used to classify UP and GL mature tree form. Branch angle measured at 2 months was important in distinguishing GL from CT seedlings. Such measurements on young seedlings may be used for early selection of growth habit. The reported results indicate that peach tree form, in respect to branching density and branch angle, can be readily manipulated through hybridization of the appropriate growth types. The columnar form of the PI tree suggests its potential for high-density production systems and its use as a parent in developing narrow canopied trees.
Inheritance of Root Color and Carotenoid Synthesis in Carrot, Daucus carota, L.: Orange vs. Red1
Authors: Nakdimon Umiel , Gabelman W. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The genetic control of root color and carotenoid synthesis in carrot, Daucus carota L., was studied using 3 carrot cultivars, Kintoki Heian Nagabuto, KHN: Kintoki Osaka, KOS: Kintoki Davis, KDA, and 1 inbred line (W93). Genetic models describing the inheritance of red roots in the F2 were tested in backcross and F3 progenies. In Kintoki cultivars the major pigment is lycopene; beta-carotene is present in smaller amounts; zeta-carotene, gamma-carotene and phytofluene were also detected. In W93 the main pigments are beta-carotene and alpha-carotene; zeta-carotene, gamma-carotene and phytofluene also are detected. The pigments were separated into carotene and carotenol fractions by partition column chromatography. The pigments in the carotene fraction were studied qualitatively and quantitatively by thin layer chromatography. Orange (W93) was dominant to red (KHN, KOS, KDA) in the F1 progeny. The F2 segregation indicated that at least 2 genes are responsible for the differences between orange and red. The segregation of F3, backcrosses, and other progenies revealed the existence of dominant red as well as dominant orange, supporting the digenic composition of F2 populations and indicating the locus with the dominant orange allele to be epistatic to the locus with the dominant red allele. The homozygous recessive would be orange also. The analysis of progenies from the crosses W93 × ‘Kintoki’ suggested a dominant gene for accumulation of alpha-carotene in W93 and a dominant gene for the accumulation of lycopene in ‘Kintoki’.
Effect of Gibberellins and 6-Benzyladenine on the Shape and Fruit Set of ‘Delicious’ Apples1
Authors: Stembridge G. E. , Morrell G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The cytokinin 6-benzyladenine (BA) and gibberellins A4 + A7 (GA4+7), but not GA3, increased the fruit length-diam (L/D) ratio of ‘Delicious’ apples. Prominence of the points near the fruit calyx was increased more by BA than by GA4+7, but increased most when the 2 were combined. Sprays during bloom were more effective than either postbloom or prebloom sprays.
A bloom spray combining GA4+7 and BA at 100 ppm each decreased fruit set of open pollinated flowers in one year, but not in another. Concentration of 50 ppm or less altered fruit shape without any significant effect on the number of seed, fruit set, firmness, or fruit size.
Snapdragon Stem Tip Breakage as Related to Stem Lignification and Flower Color1
Authors: Adams David G. , Urdahl Wesley A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Breakage in the floret area of the stem which occurs during harvesting or post-harvest handling in commercially mature snapdragons was investigated. The point of breakage was not influenced by the number of open florets on the stem, provided many unopened buds remain at the apex. Breaking occurred lower on the stem in crops harvested during fall as opposed to summer months. The break point appears to be related to the end of the concentric column of safranin stainable, lignified xylem. Although not without exception, breakage also appears related to flower pigmentation in that anthocyanin (red) containing cultivars tend to break high whereas aurone (yellow) containing cultivars break low in the floret area. These factors suggest a competition for phenyl propanoid precursors which are consumed in both lignification and pigmentation.
Comparative Anatomy of Pericarps of Four Tomato Mutants1
Authors: Chu Mel Chih-Yu , Thompson A. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pericarps of 4 tomato mutants and 1 cultivar were compared anatomically. Sticky peel (pe) had very little cuticle on its epidermal surface and was devoid of hypodermal cells. Peach (p) possessed a heavily cutinized and rough surface over the epidermis with a hypodermal layer comparable to that of the standard cv. Campbell 146. Easy peeling (ep) was more heavily cutinized than Campbell 146, but the hypodermal layer was comparable in structure. The easy peeling characteristic appeared to be associated with more intercellular space among and disintegration of the fully mature parenchyma cells below the hypodermis. Oblong fruits (obl) have a strong skin resulting from a thick hypodermal layer. They also possess a heavily cutinized epidermis and relatively compact, small inner parenchyma cells.
Response of Azaleas to Precisely Controlled Temperatures1
Authors: Larson Roy A. , Biamonte Richard L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Vegetative growth, flower bud initiation, and early flower development of ‘Red American Beauty’ azaleas were enhanced at temp of 30-26°, 26-22°, 30-22°, 26-18°, and 22-18°C. Earliest flowering occurred following temp of 22-18°, 22-14°, and 18-14°C. The 4°C difference between day and night temp resulted in plants superior in quality to those exposed to an 8° difference.
Influence of Detachment from the Tree on the Respiration of Apples1,2
Authors: Smock R. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit detachment and small branch removal before fruit harvest stimulated the rise in the climacteric. Defoliation and removal of the phloem from the fruit pedicels stimulated the rise in only about one-half of the experiments. IAA sprays gave erratic results, with an increase in the time of the respiratory rise in about half of the cases. Sprays of GA had no effect. Fruit dipping after harvest in IAA, GA, ABA, and trachael sap had no effect on subsequent respiration.
Culture of Apple Shoots from Buds in Vitro1,2
Authors: Dutcher Roger D. , Powell Loyd E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Axillary buds from apple shoots when cultured aseptically in vitro readily develop into new shoots. A nutrient medium is used consisting of sucrose and macro and micro elements. Buds grown in stationary culture develop into shoots with small leaves and short internodes. The miniature condition appears to be due to inability of the rootless explants to absorb sufficient nutrients. When buds are cultured in rotating culture where the developing leaves are bathed in nutrient solution, shoots of near normal size and appearance are produced. Light is essential for growth. Low concn of abscisic acid prevents growth of the buds.
Correlation Among Growth, Yield, and Nutritional Factors for Pecan (Carya illinoesis W. cv. Stuart): Correlations with Yield, Quality, and Terminal Shoot Growth1
Authors: Worley Ray E. , Harmon S. A. , Carter Robert L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Correlations between pecan yield, quality, tree growth, and various nutritional variables were studied over an 8-year period. Yield was negatively correlated with yield the previous year, but yield was positively correlated with yield accumulated over several years. Terminal shoot growth and nuts/lb. varied in a pattern similar to yield. Soil and leaf analysis was not often correlated with yield, nut quality, or tree growth. Degree of leaf retention in a heavy crop year was positively correlated with yield the following season.
Histochemical Study of Xylem Blockage in Cut Roses1
Authors: Parups E. V. , Molnar J. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Unfixed sections of fresh, or 5-day-old, xylem plugged rose stems were examined histochemically. There was evidence that the material blocking xylem vessels of senescing rose stems contained carbohydrates, pectin-, lipid-, and protein-like compounds and some enzymes. Tannins, lignin, and callose were not encountered in the blocked vessels.
Ethephon for Postharvest Degreening of Oranges and Grapefruit1
Authors: Grierson W. , Ismail Fawzeya H. , Oberbacher M. F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Ethephon [Ethrel, (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid, 2-CEPA] was tested on ‘Hamlin’ oranges in 2 seasons and on ‘Valencia’ oranges and ‘Marsh’ grapefruit in 1. In 1 picking, very green oranges, mature enough to degreen with gaseous ethylene (C2H4), failed to degreen with ethephon. Once mature enough to respond to ethephon, rate of chlorophyll disappearance was comparable to C2H4 degreening. Waxing sharply arrested color change due to C2H4 degreening, but had comparatively little effect on ethephon-dipped fruit. Stem feeding was effective but impractical. Little correlation was found between degreening rate and: ethephon concn (from 1,000 to 12,000 ppm); immersion time (from 1 to 10 min); or use of vacuum vs. atmospheric pressure during immersion. Duration of color change was sometimes sharply curtailed after brief immersion periods or low ethephon concn. Internal C2H4 levels increased from 0 prior to ethephon treatment to 5-16 ppm 24 hr after, with emanation rates from the fruit of 1 to 6 µl/Kg/hr. It is theorized that a threshold concn is necessary for degreening with no indication of stimulation of autogenous C2H4 production.
Isolation of Three Lipid Root-Initiating Substances from Juvenile Hedera helix Shoot Tissue1
Authors: Heuser Charles W. , Hess Charles E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three lipid-like root-promoting compounds were isolated from the easy-to-root juvenile form of English ivy, Hedera helix L. The purification procedure involves extracting with methanol-chloroform and chromatography on columns of charcoal-celite, silica gel and LH-20 Sephadex. Ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopic studies suggest the presence of alcohol and nitrile functional groups. The 3 compounds are unstable and the instability is greatest when the substances are purified. In the purified state, the lipid-like compounds are colorless but become orange-yellow after breakdown. A loss of root-promoting activity occurs with the color change.
Fruit Size Increase in Tomato Following Application of Gibberellic Acid1
Authors: Sawhney V. K. , Greyson R. I. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Application of gibberellic acid (GA3) to nonflowering plants of tomato induced multilocular, multicarpellary ovaries. These multilocular ovaries, which were larger at anthesis than nontreated controls, upon pollination produced fruits which were significantly larger both in size and in fresh wt. At least 50% increase in both size and wt was noted in 2 cultivars.
Effect of Intrastylar Pollination Methods on Seed Set of Lilium X ‘Mid-Century’ Hybrid Lilies1
Authors: Cheng Isabell Hsu , Mattson Richard H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A complete 4 × 4 diallel showed significant self-incompatibility and reciprocal differences in L. × ‘Mid-Century’ hybrid lily crosses. For all crosses, normal stigmatic pollination produced more seed set than did either intrastylar pollination method. For selfed flowers, intrastylar pollination methods generally resulted in more seed set but this was statistically nonsignificant. Significant reciprocal differences were found among crosses of ‘Harmony’, ‘Cinnabar’, and ‘Enchantment’ no reciprocal differences existed among ‘Joan Evans’ crosses. Seed set was highly correlated with pod width, length, and days to maturity.
Differentiation of Citrus Stem In vitro1
Authors: Grinblat Uri 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Concentrations of 10 mg/1 benzyl adenine (BA), 0.1 mg/1 naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 500 mg/1 malt extract, caused maximum initiation of buds from citrus stem explants grown in vitro. Minimum bud initiation occurred in explants grown on basal medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/1 BA, 0.1 mg/1 NAA and 500 mg/1 malt extract (ME).
Roots were initiated in explants grown on basal medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/1 NAA and 500 mg/1 ME, and in medium lacking growth regulators. Plants were produced from these seedling stem explants.
The Relationship of Exotherms to Cold Injury in Apple Stem Tissues1,2
Authors: Quamme H. , Stushnoff C. , Weiser C. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
During controlled freezing as many as 4 exotherms were detected in apple twigs by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Three of the exotherms usually occurred at relatively high temperatures above the killing point of stem tissues. There was no apparent association between any of these exotherms and freezing injury to cambium, cortex, phloem, or vegetative buds. The temp of the fourth exotherm (D), however, coincided with the killing temp of xylem ray and pith parenchyma as hardiness changed during the season. DTA studies and hardiness tests performed on whole and dissected twigs indicated that the fourth exotherm arose from the xylem and pith tissues; that injury to xylem and pith occurred when twigs were frozen below the initiation temp of the fourth exotherm independent of cooling rate and that bud and bark tissues were considerably hardier than xylem in mid-winter while in early autumn and late spring xylem and pith were hardier than buds and bark.
The results suggest that freezing injury to xylem and pith cells is caused by a specific freezing event, and that it is different from freezing injury to other stem tissues. Measurements of the fourth exotherm may provide a convenient way of studying freezing injury and resistance in xylem – a recurring problem in many fruit species.