bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of nafamostat mesilate for anticoagulation during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A systematic review
Authors: Sanfilippo Filippo , Currò Jessica Marika , La Via Luigi , Dezio Veronica , Martucci Gennaro , Brancati Serena , Murabito Paolo , Pappalardo Federico , Astuto Marinella 
Published: May 2022

AbstractBackgroundExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) represents an advanced option for supporting refractory respiratory and/or cardiac failure. Systemic anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin (UFH) is routinely used. However, patients with bleeding risk and/or heparin‐related side effects may necessitate alternative strategies: among these, nafamostat mesilate (NM) has been reported.MethodsWe conducted a systematic literature search (PubMed and EMBASE, updated 12/08/2021), including all studies reporting NM anticoagulation for ECMO. We focused on reasons for starting NM, its dose and the anticoagulation monitoring approach, the incidence of bleeding/thrombosis complications, the NM‐related side effects, ECMO weaning, and mortality.ResultsThe search revealed 11 relevant findings, all with retrospective design. Of these, three large studies reported a control group receiving UFH, the other were case series (n = 3) or case reports (n = 5). The main reason reported for NM use was an ongoing or high risk of bleeding. The NM dose varied largely as did the anticoagulation monitoring approach. The average NM dose ranged from 0.46 to 0.67 mg/kg/h, but two groups of authors reported larger doses when monitoring anticoagulation with ACT. Conflicting findings were found on bleeding and thrombosis. The only NM‐related side effect was hyperkalemia (n = 2 studies) with an incidence of 15%–18% in patients anticoagulated with NM. Weaning and survival varied across studies.ConclusionAnticoagulation with NM in ECMO has not been prospectively studied. While several centers have experience with this approach in high‐risk patients, prospective studies are warranted to establish the optimal space of this approach in ECMO.
Too old to save? COVID‐19 and age‐based allocation of lifesaving medical care
Authors: Jecker Nancy S. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAdults aged 65 and over are disproportionately impacted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic and represent by far the largest share of severe disease and death. This paper critically examines ethical arguments for using implicit and explicit age criteria as a standard for allocating scarce lifesaving resources during the pandemic. Section 1 introduces the topic. Section 2 distinguishes standard from pandemic triage. Section 3 assesses ethical arguments for criteria that are implicitly age‐based, including quality‐adjusted life years, disability adjusted‐life years, and total number of future life years. Section 4 examines ethical arguments for criteria that are more directly age‐based, including fair innings, equality between old and young, and priority to the worse off. The paper concludes that neither implicit nor explicit age‐based allocation withstands careful scrutiny.
Organoid biobanking, autonomy and the limits of consent
Authors: Lewis Jonathan , Holm Søren 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn the debates regarding the ethics of human organoid biobanking, the locus of donor autonomy has been identified in processes of consent. The problem is that, by focusing on consent, biobanking processes preclude adequate engagement with donor autonomy because they are unable to adequately recognize or respond to factors that determine authentic choice. This is particularly problematic in biobanking contexts associated with organoid research or the clinical application of organoids because, given the probability of unforeseen and varying purposes for which a donor's organoids could be employed and given the different ways in which a donor can relate to her biospecimens, a donor can value her organoids differently in different contexts, and her reasons for autonomously permitting use of her cells and tissues in one case may not support an autonomous decision in another. In response, this paper has three aims: first, to make the case for why organoid biobanks ought to respect donor autonomy conceived as authentic choice; second, to explore the autonomy‐respecting limits of established and widely prevalent models of biobank consent; and third, to propose certain conditions that organoid biobanks ought to support or facilitate in order to respect donor autonomy.
Simplifying the Estimation of Diagnostic Testing Accuracy Over Time for High Specificity Tests in the Absence of a Gold Standard
Authors: Drew Clara , Badio Moses , Dennis Dehkontee , Hensley Lisa , Higgs Elizabeth , Sneller Michael , Fallah Mosoka , Reilly Cavan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Many different methods for evaluating diagnostic test results in the absence of a gold standard have been proposed. In this paper, we discuss how one common method, a maximum likelihood estimate for a latent class model found via the Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm can be applied to longitudinal data where test sensitivity changes over time. We also propose two simplified and nonparametric methods which use data-based indicator variables for disease status and compare their accuracy to the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) results. We find that with high specificity tests, the performance of simpler approximations may be just as high as the MLE.
Power Analysis for Cluster Randomized Trials with Continuous Coprimary Endpoints
Authors: Yang Siyun , Moerbeek Mirjam , Taljaard Monica , Li Fan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Pragmatic trials evaluating health care interventions often adopt cluster randomization due to scientific or logistical considerations. Systematic reviews have shown that coprimary endpoints are not uncommon in pragmatic trials but are seldom recognized in sample size or power calculations. While methods for power analysis based on K () binary coprimary endpoints are available for cluster randomized trials (CRTs), to our knowledge, methods for continuous coprimary endpoints are not yet available. Assuming a multivariate linear mixed model (MLMM) that accounts for multiple types of intraclass correlation coefficients among the observations in each cluster, we derive the closed-form joint distribution of K treatment effect estimators to facilitate sample size and power determination with different types of null hypotheses under equal cluster sizes. We characterize the relationship between the power of each test and different types of correlation parameters. We further relax the equal cluster size assumption and approximate the joint distribution of the K treatment effect estimators through the mean and coefficient of variation of cluster sizes. Our simulation studies with a finite number of clusters indicate that the predicted power by our method agrees well with the empirical power, when the parameters in the MLMM are estimated via the expectation-maximization algorithm. An application to a real CRT is presented to illustrate the proposed method.
Carrier frequency of autosomal recessive genetic conditions in diverse populations: Lessons learned from the genome aggregation database
Authors: Schmitz Matthew J. , Aarabi Mahmoud , Bashar Ali , Rajkovic Aleksandar , Gregg Anthony R. , Yatsenko Svetlana A. 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAn equitable approach by the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) has recently recommended carrier screening for genes associated with moderate to severe autosomal recessive conditions with a carrier frequency of ≥1/200 in the Genome Aggregation Database exomes (gnomADv2.0.2). We analyzed carrier frequencies in gnomADv3.1.1 genomes representing diverse populations. ClinVar data on 35 996 pathogenic/likely pathogenic variants in 419 genes were used to estimate the gnomAD frequency of heterozygous carriers. We found that ninety‐two genes had a carrier frequency of ≥1/200, of which 63 were shared between v3.1.1 and v2.0.2 and 29 were new in v3.1.1. Addition of new populations (Amish, Finnish and Middle Eastern) increased the number of new genes with a carrier frequency of ≥1/200 to 71. Changes in carrier frequencies were attributed to new gnomAD populations, different sample sizes, new ClinVar data, and technical differences between exomes and genomes. This study highlights the dynamic changes in carrier frequencies due to new datasets from diverse populations and provides updated carrier frequencies based on the combined data from 184 352 genomes and exomes in gnomAD. We recommend a periodic review for inclusion of new population data to update carrier screening panels in the future.
German S1 guideline: Contact dermatitis
Authors: Dickel Heinrich , Bauer Andrea , Brehler Randolf , Mahler Vera , Merk Hans F. , Neustädter Irena , Strömer Klaus , Werfel Thomas , Worm Margitta , Geier Johannes 
Published: May 2022

SummaryContact dermatitis is an inflammation of the epidermis and dermis at the site of exposure triggered by external agents. The two main forms are irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, which cause significant health and socioeconomic costs in addition to a marked reduction in quality of life. The anamnesis and the clinical picture are decisive for the necessary diagnostic measures. The most accurate possible diagnostic classification of contact dermatitis by means of allergological testing is important for disease management, since not only classical eczema therapy but also avoidance of the exogenous triggering factors are of great importance here. The choice of therapy should be based on the acuity, clinical severity, morphology of the lesions and localization of the contact dermatitis. A combination of basic therapy, topical, physical, and systemic therapy adapted to the patient’s needs is required, whereby not all forms of therapy must be carried out simultaneously but can be used in a varying manner. Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention strategies aim at the recognition of the triggering noxae or allergens with subsequent contact avoidance or minimization.The present S1‐guideline on contact dermatitis is primarily intended to provide dermatologists, allergologists and physicians working in allergology and occupational dermatology with a decision‐making aid for the selection and implementation of suitable and sufficient diagnostics, therapy, and prevention.
Phenotypic plasticity in Acanthoscelides quadridentatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its effect on the seed fate of Mimosa setosa (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae)
Authors: de Sousa‐Lopes Bruno , Rossi Marcelo Nogueira , Del‐Claro Kleber 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In animals, changes in colour pigmentation in an intraspecific context are usually described as a polymorphism adaptive to environmental factors. According to the thermal melanism hypothesis (TMH), melanic individuals are more active because they may attain higher temperature and then benefit from higher size, foraging time and reproduction. The polymorphic seed‐beetle Acanthoscelides quadridentatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) naturally attacks the seeds of two plant varieties, Mimosa setosa var. paludosa and M. setosa var. setosa, in the Brazilian savanna.
The authors tested TMH in this system, predicting that melanic beetles would be larger, and infringe worst germination rate and higher seed mortality. Additionally, they tested whether seed weight plays a role in germination.
The authors found two beetle morphs: a melanic/1.1‐fold larger and another lighter/smaller. Seeds of M. setosa var. setosa are 1.9‐fold heavier and its intact seeds germinate faster and with a higher amount than the seeds of M. setosa var. paludosa. There is no difference in the attack rate by beetle morphs. The attacked seeds of both plant varieties did not germinate.
The authors evidence phenotypic plasticity in A. quadridentatus, highlighting that TMH is confirmed for the relationship between melanism and larger sizes, although there was no difference in foraging of melanic individuals. This study shed light on the importance of plant varieties in driving the morphology of seed‐beetles.
Microbial volatiles and succession of beetles on small carrion
Authors: Trumbo Stephen T. , Newton Alfred F. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Ecological succession is understood in general terms (facilitation, tolerance, inhibition) even though the system‐specific mechanisms often remain elusive. The succession of insects on carrion is an important model because of its applications to ecosystem function and forensic science.
It recently has been hypothesized that changing volatile cues produced by microbes drive succession on carrion. The authors investigated how two blends of sulphur volatiles attracted beetles that typically colonise during the fresh or active decay stages of carrion decomposition.
Most beetles attracted to a fresh carcass or to a fresh carcass + dimethyl sulphide/methyl thiocyanate (DMS/MeSCN) blend were burying beetles that breed on small carcasses (95% Nicrophorus spp. other than Ni. pustulatus), with more beetles attracted to the chemically‐supplemented traps.
Beetles attracted to carcasses in active decay (Ni. pustulatus, silphines, staphylinids) were also attracted to a fresh carcass + dimethyl disulphide/dimethyl trisulphide (DMDS/DMTS) blend, evidence that DMDS and DMTS are important cues for beetles during the middle stages of decomposition.
The Fresh + DMDS/DMTS traps, however, were not a perfect mimic of a carcass in active decay. There were seasonal differences in attractiveness that the authors speculate are due to beetles responding to cues from carcasses used for feeding versus breeding.
A second experiment demonstrated a synergy between DMDS and DMTS in attracting Ni. pustulatus and Euspilotus assimilis. The results support the hypotheses that changes in microbial communities and their volatiles during decomposition drive the succession of carrion‐frequenting insects and that blends of volatiles are necessary for some species to identify the targeted stage of decomposition.
Family functioning and racial socialization in transracial adoptive families
Authors: Hrapczynski Katie M. , Leslie Leigh A. , Kim HaeDong 
Published: May 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study of transracially adopted adolescents and their White parents examines family cohesion and expressiveness as predictors of parents' engagement in cultural socialization and preparation for bias. It also examines differences in adolescent and parent views of the level of cohesion and expressiveness in their family.BackgroundGiven the importance of both cultural socialization and preparation for bias on promoting the well‐being of adoptees, it is of value to examine why some White parents engage in these behaviors more frequently than others. Family functioning sets the tone for subsequent interactions and may be an important contributor to parents' racial socialization efforts.MethodSeventy‐two transracially adopted parent–adolescent dyads completed an online survey.ResultsGenerally, parents and adolescents reported high cohesion and moderate expressiveness, although transracially adopted adolescents tended to view their family more negatively than their parents. Parents who viewed their family as more cohesive and expressive were more likely to engage in cultural socialization. Those who viewed their family as more expressive were more likely to talk to their child about race and prepare them for discrimination. Contrary to expectation, when adolescents viewed their family as less expressive, their parents were more likely to engage in preparation for bias.Conclusion and ImplicationsThe importance of including multiple family members' perspectives to more fully understand transracial adoptive families and the need for White parents to engage in quality, not just frequent, racial socialization are discussed.
Interior crack initiation during the very‐high‐cycle fatigue of railway wheel steel under axial loading and rolling contact loading
Authors: Liu Xiaolong , Gao Pengcheng , Wu Si , Zhang Guanzhen , Cong Tao 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIn this paper, a comparative study of the very‐high‐cycle fatigue (VHCF) behavior of railway wheel steel under axial loading and rolling contact loading was conducted. Fatigue tests were performed with an ultrasonic fatigue test machine under axial loading, and the fracture surfaces from the fatigue tests and shattered rims taken from the failed railway wheels were observed. The wheel steel under axial loading presents a VHCF behavior with Mode I crack, and that under rolling contact loading is a VHCF behavior with mix Mode II–III crack. For the VHCF behavior with Mode I crack, surface and interior crack initiation occurred with equal probability at both low and high stress levels and produced a dual linear S–N curve since the value of fatigue limits for the surface and interior crack initiation are close. For the VHCF behavior with mix Mode II–III crack, cracks were initiated from the interior Al2O3 inclusion, and the fatigue life was beyond 107 cycles. Fatigue bands were observed on the fracture surface under rolling contact loading. The ferrite nanograins formed due to the stress state of shear plastic strain with a large compressive stress. The formed nanograins were softer than the matrix caused by the redistribution of the carbon.
Effect of inserted adjunct questions on L2 reading with Chinese learners
Authors: Yang Shuyi 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe present study examines the effect of adjunct questions on the reading comprehension of English‐speaking learners of Chinese as a second language (L2). In Experiment 1, fourth‐year (advanced) learners (n = 42) read two texts, either with or without adjunct questions, and completed a multiple‐choice cloze. In Experiments 2 and 3, second‐year (intermediate) learners (n = 40 and 34, respectively) read two texts, either with or without adjunct questions, and completed multiple‐choice cloze (Experiment 2) and written recall (Experiment 3). The results showed that the positive effect of adjunct questions only emerged among intermediate learners for written recall. These findings suggested that L2 level and comprehension assessment tasks modulate the effect of adjunct questions. Pedagogical implications and suggestions for future research are provided.
Native tree species richness enhances matrix functionality for soil arthropods in tropical plantation landscapes: A case study from the Himalayas
Authors: Chowdhury Annesha , Samrat Abhishek , Pandian Rathnavel , Devy Soubadra 
Published: May 2022

AbstractDespite their distinctive role in regulating agroecosystems, soil fauna is largely excluded from conservation action. With increasing evidence supporting matrix functionality as critical for multiple species in agroecosystems, it is important that efforts meant to enhance biodiversity in managed systems be inclusive and effective for all species and not just charismatic fauna.Third party certifications are a popular mechanism for claiming pro‐conservation practises in tropical agricultural lands. Therefore, we asked whether voluntary practises codified by third party certifications of tropical tea plantations support soil biodiversity, and what factors explain soil arthropod abundance and richness in such certified and uncertified landscapes.We used pitfall trap data and soil samples across two seasons in large tea plantations, and small tea‐growing agroforestry farms in the Darjeeling Himalayas in India. Plantations certified and those not certified were selected for the study.Soil arthropod morphospecies abundance, richness and diversity were significantly higher in summer as opposed to winter. Contrary to our expectations, there was no significant difference in soil arthropod abundance, richness and diversity between uncertified small agroforestry farms and certified large monoculture plantations. Our analysis establishes tree species richness and season as the most important predictors of soil arthropod abundance, richness and effective number of species.We recommend that increased abundance and diversity of native trees in the tea matrix should be a crucial criterion for agroecosystem management. This would improve matrix functionality for species that are sensitive to management and reflect practises that enhance biodiversity.
Metaproteomics reveals protein composition of multiple saccharifying enzymes in nongxiangxing daqu and jiangxiangxing daqu under different thermophilic temperatures
Authors: Xia Yu , Zhu Min , Du Yake , Wu Zhengyun , Gomi Katsuya , Zhang Wenxue 
Published: May 2022

SummaryDaqu provides hydrolytic enzymes that saccharifying the macromolecular carbohydrate in fermenting grains. The process of saccharification is the premise of Baijiu production. But little is known about the protein composition associated with the activity of saccharifying enzymes in daqu. This study investigated related proteins between nongxiangxing daqu and jiangxiangxing daqu by metaproteomics. We present that the amylase system (α‐amylase, glucoamylase and α‐glucosidase) and cellulase system (cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanase and β‐glucosidase) are regarded as the main saccharifying enzymes. Combined with protein‐based taxonomic annotation, the key proteins involving in amylase system were mainly from Kroppenstedtia, Lichtheimia, Byssochlamys and Thermomyces, while Thermoascu contributed the most to cellulase system. Moreover, it was found that the up‐regulated amylase proteins at thermophilic fermentation period in jiangxiangxing daqu in comparison with nongxiangxing daqu were affiliated to Aspergillus, Rhizomucor, Byssochlamys and Thermomyces, along with Thermoascu contributing to cellulase system. These findings will provide clues for improving saccharification efficiency in Baijiu production.
Use of an edible coating containing galbanum gum and cumin essential oil for quality preservation in sweet cherries
Authors: Asghari Mohammadreza , Azarsharif Zahra , Farrokhzad Alireza , Tajic Hosein 
Published: May 2022

SummaryNowadays, the use of natural compounds is considered as an effective strategy for maintaining the quality and heath promoting capacity of fresh products. Changes in quality parameters, main phenolics and antioxidants of sweet cherries in response to coating with a novel bioactive edible coating were studied. Fruit were treated with different concentrations of galbanum gum (GG), cumin essential oil (CEO) and CaCl2 (CA) and stored at 2 ± 1°C with 90–95% RH for 30 days plus 1 day at ambient condition, and were subjected to quality analysis. All phenolic constituents and antioxidants of fruit juice were substantially decreased during storage in control fruit and a bioactive coating containing 1 or 2% GG + 100 or 200 µL L−1 CEO + 1% CA maintained main fruit phytochemicals including phenolics, phenolic acids, flavonols, anti‐stress and antioxidant enzymes activities. The coating significantly (P ≤ 0.01) enhanced fruit total antioxidant activity, flavonoids and ferulic acid contents. The results showed that it is possible to enhance the sweet cherry fruit health‐promoting phytochemicals and shelf life by the use of a natural edible coating containing GG and CEO.