bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Potential Philosophical Lessons of Implicit Moral Attitudes
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter , Cameron C. Daryl 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Traditional theories about moral judgments adopt one side of a dichotomy between beliefs and desires, emotions, or attitudes, but neither side seems adequate. New intermediate possibilities are opened up if implicit moral attitudes are distinguished from explicit moral beliefs. This chapter summarizes some recent empirical work on implicit moral attitudes, and explores potential philosophical lessons and compromise positions, such as that explicit moral assertions and beliefs are cognitive or propositional but implicit moral attitudes are not; that implicit moral attitudes are internally connected to motivation but explicit moral beliefs are not; that moral responsibility requires both explicit moral beliefs and implicit moral attitudes; and that implicit moral attitudes might be able to stop the sceptical regress, if certain further features of implicit moral attitudes are established. Each of these potential lessons requires further development but seems interesting enough to warrant exploration.
Situationism, Moral Improvement, and Moral Responsibility
Authors: Waggoner Maria , Doris John M. , Vargas Manuel 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, we recount some of the most pressing objections to character scepticism, pointing out their limitations and, when appropriate, incorporating their suggestions. From here, we consider what empirically informed moral improvement might look like by turning to the skill analogy. While the skill analogy provides a realistic rubric for becoming a better person, many of the questions concerning the details of how moral improvement might take place remain unanswered. When developing expertise in domains like chess and morality, a wide range of factors will likely be important and it is unlikely than any one individual factor will be especially important. Given this, for any account of moral improvement, our optimism should be bounded: the effect of any particular intervention is likely to be limited, in both magnitude and domain. Lastly, we consider how character scepticism has reshaped the way we think about moral responsibility, whether this is cashed out in reasons-responsiveness or self-expression accounts. While both views face challenges, by distinguishing the possession of the responsibility-making feature from failures to manifest that property in behaviour, we gain a certain degree of wiggle room that allows us to accommodate empirical findings while holding on to notions of responsibility. This chapter highlights that the ‘person-situationism debate’ has expanded far beyond its beginnings, giving way to new accounts of moral improvement and moral responsibility.
Negligence
Authors: Amaya Santiago 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the moral significance of negligence. It does this by unpacking the complexity of the phenomenon and showing how it illuminates a range of related moral phenomena. Negligence, as I discuss here, is not just a technical legal concept, nor are attributions of it a marginal social and moral phenomenon. Negligence, in fact, is a window into everyday practices behind judgments of culpability, attributions of blame, and allocations of punishment. It is, therefore, a test case for questioning assumptions central to widespread ways of theorizing about moral responsibility. In particular, the chapter argues that, although a general characterization of negligence can be given, a unified account of its culpability is hard to come by. The reason is that negligence comes in a variety of forms that cut across standard criteria to ground culpability for wrongdoing. In the end, some reasons for being sceptical about culpability for negligence behaviour are discussed and found wanting.
Adaptive Preferences and the Moral Psychology of Oppression
Authors: Khader Serene J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Feminist philosophers argue that close attention to the lives of oppressed individuals can yield important insights about the requirements of autonomous agency. This chapter examines two philosophical questions raised by adaptive preference formation, the phenomenon wherein oppressed individuals endorse, enact, or perpetuate their own oppression. First, in what sense can adaptive preferences be said not to belong to their bearers? To answer this question, the chapter offers a taxonomy of distinct ways adaptive preferences have been thought to impact oppressed people’s capacities for self-direction. Second, what does concern with the adaptive preferences of the oppressed suggest about the type of concept of autonomy we should adopt? In reply, I suggest that relational (or substantively and socially constitutive) conceptions of autonomy that may seem to vindicate the intuition that oppression harms autonomy fall foul of other feminist intuitions.
Empathy and Moral Understanding in Psychopathy
Authors: Maibom Heidi L. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
It is often claimed that psychopaths lack true moral understanding because they cannot empathize with others. But the empirical data do not support such a strong claim. Different studies of moral ability in psychopaths conflict, with some showing good competence and others impairments. Moreover, recent evidence suggests psychopaths can, but often don’t, empathize. We cannot therefore assume that psychopaths are incapable of knowing right from wrong.
A Moral Psychology of Poverty?
Authors: Morton Jennifer M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Should the fact that an agent lives in poverty be relevant to our assessment of her moral psychology? Some social scientists have suggested that the answer is yes. They argue that at least some of the desires, beliefs, and deliberation of those who are in poverty are distinct and that this plays a casual role in their condition, not as a natural consequence of the poor’s failed character, but rather because poverty can itself lead to attitudes and reasoning that are counterproductive. In this chapter I turn to economists, psychologists, and social scientists who have been making progress in understanding this question empirically to argue that philosophers interested in understanding human agency should also have something to say about this critical question.
Forgiveness and Moral Repair
Authors: Norlock Kathryn J. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Forgiveness has enjoyed intense scholarly interest since the 1980s. I provide a historical overview, then identify themes in the literature, with an emphasis on those relevant to the moral psychology of forgiveness in the twenty-first century. I conclude with some attention to dual-process theories of moral reasoning in order to suggest that key debates in forgiveness are not at odds so much as they may be aligned with the different moral aims of moral and mental processes that differ in kind. I argue for the view that the moral aims of forgiveness are multiple, following scholars who maintain a multidimensional account of forgiveness with a focus on the functions of forgiveness in relationships and the importance of forgiveness to its practitioners rather than a unified definition or justification that applies to all moral occasions.
Accountability and Implicit Bias
Authors: Rosen Gideon 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Are we morally blameworthy when we act from implicit bias? The chapter argues that implicit biases generate wrongful action by generating strong normative illusions—vivid false beliefs about what it makes sense to do here and now—and that we are blameworthy for acting on such false beliefs only when we are blameworthy for holding them. The chapter further argues that since implicit biases are often blameless states that impair the agent’s capacity to respond to reasons, we are often blameless for the normative illusions they produce. This implies that in many cases we are not accountable for action from implicit bias. The chapter concludes by arguing that we should withhold blame whenever we cannot exclude the possibility that the agent acted from blameless normative illusion, and that such cases may be common. The result is a limited form of scepticism about responsibility.
Loss of Control in Addiction
Authors: Sripada Chandra 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Some theorists say that addiction involves loss of control over using drugs, while others say control is preserved. In this chapter, I disagree with both sides, not so much in substance, but rather in epistemic tenor. Both sides, I argue, run well ahead of what the evidence allows. I frame the discussion in terms of a key division in human motivational architecture: We not only have desires, we also have powerful capacities to exercise top-down regulation over these desires. I review a number of influential theories of addiction, both ones that favour loss of control and ones that deny it, and I find that they all have a massive gap: they lack an adequate explanation for when and how top-down regulation over inappropriate desires succeeds and fails. Without this critical piece, we simply cannot have much confidence in these views.
Nietzsche’s Naturalistic Moral Psychology
Authors: Leiter Brian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Nietzsche is a metaphysical anti-realist about value: there are no objective facts about what is morally right and wrong, good or bad. Nietzsche offers ‘inference to the best explanation’ arguments for anti-realism. Since there are no objective facts about value, it is unsurprising that Nietzsche is also a kind of sentimentalist about evaluative judgment, like Hume and, in the German tradition, Herder. Sentimentalists think the best explanation of our moral judgments is in terms of our emotional or affective responses to states of affairs in the world, responses that are, themselves, explicable in terms of psychological facts about the judger. (In the background here is Nietzsche’s view that our basic emotions of inclination and aversion do not have cognitive content.) The crucial psychological facts about persons for Nietzsche are twofold: (1) they are made up of bundles of drives, i.e. dispositions to have certain kind of affective or emotional responses, that in turn determine the evaluative character of the world as the person experiences it; and (2) consciousness—that part of our mental lives that is linguistically articulable—is relatively unimportant in shaping a person’s beliefs and values (certain kinds of conscious states are in fact epiphenomenal). Our experience of willing is part of this epiphenomenal conscious experience and, as a result, we are neither free nor morally responsible when we act (though Nietzsche occasionally refers to persons as ‘free’ in a revisionary sense when their actions arise from their inner natures rather than from external influences).
Judgment Internalism
Authors: Asarnow Samuel , Taylor David E. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The thesis of judgment internalism (also called ‘motivational internalism’) states that there is a necessary connection between an agent’s moral judgments and their motivations or tendencies to act. Judgment internalism is significant for longstanding debates about moral motivation (why be moral?), and plays a pivotal role in contemporary philosophical debates about the nature of moral thought (cognitive or non-cognitive?). The thesis is also relevant to conversations at the intersection of philosophy, psychology, and psychiatry about the mental lives of people with certain psychiatric conditions, such as patients with psychopathy or acquired sociopathy. This chapter clarifies the key concepts used to state the thesis, distinguishes multiple versions of the thesis, and surveys arguments in support of and against it. We pay particular attention to the special role that judgment internalism plays in debates between cognitivists and non-cognitivists about moral judgment.
Gold Rush Archaeology
Authors: Lawrence Susan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The archaeology of gold and silver mining around the Pacific Rim in the nineteenth century incorporates the study of industrial technologies, landscapes, and the households and communities that arose in mining regions. Metals mining was a dynamic industry and miners could be both innovative and conservative as they selected technology appropriate for their local context. Evolutionary ecology, settlement pattern analysis, and cultural landscapes are all approaches that have provided insight into the spatial organization of mining. Gold rush communities were cosmopolitan and mobile and these distinct characteristics have provided unique insights into ethnicity, gender, and class. Recent interest in Indigenous involvement in mining and in environmental archaeology provide new directions for future research.
‘A Fruit of the Art of Fire’
Authors: Miller Ian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter aims to provide an overview of glass manufacture in Britain, with a focus on its transition from craft-working status in the sixteenth century to the industrial mass production of the nineteenth century. It uses evidence for innovation from archaeological investigations, especially below-ground remains of furnaces, to illustrate the development and progress of the industry not otherwise recorded. This includes the shift from wood to coal to gas as fuel supplies. The remains reviewed include those of the three main types of production: bottle glass, ornamental and table glass, and window glass. Each needed a different type of furnace and ancillary process buildings, and these can be clearly identified in the archaeological record.
Enclosure
Authors: Dalglish Chris 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Enclosure has long been linked to industrialization as part of a series of material and technical changes in farming which increased supply, enabling industrial development. This chapter argues that we need to move beyond a consideration of supply-and-demand and to see enclosure as a more-than-material process. Through enclosure, the land is privatized and the commons are diminished. Physical change to the landscape is tied to a transformation of the dynamics of power exercised over and through the land. Once this is appreciated, enclosure is evidently both a historical process and a live one. As a still-active process denying people citizenship in the land, enclosure is one of the most important problems addressed by archaeologists of modern society. This argument is developed both in general terms and through the particular case of Britain and, especially Scotland, where the history of enclosure is entangled with the present-day politics of land rights.
Ports and Shipping
Authors: Newman Richard , Steyne Hanna 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The theme of ports and shipping provides many overlapping and complementary interests for maritime and industrial archaeologists. This chapter aims to present the areas of shared theoretical interest and to introduce sites and features of particular relevance to industrial archaeological research. It examines terrestrial infrastructure, ships, and shipwrecks as industrial archaeological sites within a global context, primarily focused on the 17th to 20th centuries. The theme is explored under topic headings which cover ships as individual industrial sites, landing sites lacking infrastructure, small-scale coastal infrastructure, enclosed harbours, docks, naval dockyards and graving docks. Having dealt with major port infrastructure the chapter examines port related industries and the influence of ports on urban development. Ports and shipping are established as suitable topics for study by industrial archaeologists bringing greater understanding of ports as centres and distributors of technological innovation. An industrial archaeological approach also enables a better understanding of ports and shipping as components in networks facilitating not only trade but the globalization of technologies, and the exchange of social and economic ideas and practices.
Industrial Workers’ Housing in Britain
Authors: Nevell Michael 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the archaeological and standing buildings evidence for industrial housing directly associated with industry and urbanization in Britain during the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries. Such housing was a necessary counterpart to the urban, steam-powered factory. Industrial housing encompasses many building types, the primary ones being blind-backs, back-to-backs, court houses, through-houses, tenements, and workshop dwellings. This chapter provides an overview of archaeological work on workers’ housing since the 1990s in Britain. Excavated examples of housing from Birmingham, Glasgow, London, Manchester, Sheffield, and York are discussed, which show how archaeological evidence can throw light on the issues of legislation, household groups and mobility, overcrowding, build quality, sanitation, and disease.
Textiles
Authors: Holden Roger N. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The mechanization of the cotton industry was a driver of industrialization. The first form of multistorey mill for spinning was the Arkwright-type mill, but the move from water frame to mule spinning requiring buildings of different dimensions, leading to the large fire-proof spinning mills of the later nineteenth century. Weaving took longer to mechanize and a different building type; the single storey north-light shed was found to be more suited for this purpose. This and other factors led to a split between spinning and weaving industries. This system was exported from Lancashire to Europe and elsewhere in the world, but America followed a different route in developing large integrated mills with both spinning and weaving in multistorey mills of slow-burning construction. By the start of the twenty-first century the industry was still of global importance but production had shifted to Asia.
Slate Production
Authors: Gwyn David 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The adoption of industrialized processes and the growth of urbanization in the nineteenth century increased the demand for slate, which could be used as a lightweight, practical, and inexpensive roofing material, as well as to produce writing elements (school slates and blackboards), and as architectural components. Though slate is often assumed to be a distinctively Welsh industry, it was quarried and processed in many different parts of the world throughout the industrial period. Its weight-to-cost ratio meant that it could be, and often was, distributed globally, with Welsh slate used, for example, to roof early buildings in Sydney and Melbourne, Australia. This chapter focuses on the archaeology of the slate industry in Europe with reference to the Americas, Australia, and China. It provides an overview of the extraction processes, power systems, pumping, transport infrastructure, and associated settlements during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
The Influence of Expectancies on Pain and Function Over Time After Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Carriere Junie S , Martel Marc Olivier , Loggia Marco L , Campbell Claudia M , Smith Michael T , Haythornthwaite Jennifer A , Edwards Robert R 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Objective
Expectancies have a well-documented influence on the experience of pain, responses to treatment, and postsurgical outcomes. In individuals with osteoarthritis, several studies have shown that expectations predict increased pain and disability after total knee replacement surgery. Despite the growing recognition of the importance of expectancies in clinical settings, few studies have examined the influence of expectancies throughout postsurgical recovery trajectories. The objective of the present study was to examine the role of presurgical expectancies on pain and function at 6-week, 6-month, and 1-year follow-ups after total knee arthroplasty.

Design and Participants
Data were collected from patients scheduled for total knee arthroplasty 1 week before surgery and then at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year after surgery. Correlational and multivariable regression analyses examined the influence of expectancies on patients’ perceptions of pain reduction and functional improvement at each time point. Analyses controlled for age, sex, body mass index, presurgical pain intensity and function, pain catastrophizing, anxiety, and depression.

Results
Results revealed that expectancies significantly predicted pain reduction and functional improvement at 1-year follow-up. However, expectancies did not predict outcomes at the 6-week and 6-month follow-ups. Catastrophizing and depressive symptoms emerged as short-term predictors of postsurgical functional limitations at 6-week and 6-month follow-ups, respectively.

Conclusions
The results suggest that targeting high levels of catastrophizing and depressive symptoms could optimize short-term recovery after total knee arthroplasty. However, the results demonstrate that targeting presurgical negative expectancies could prevent prolonged recovery trajectories, characterized by pain and loss of function up to 1 year after total knee arthroplasty.
P026 Sugar rush: single-centre audit of screening and counselling for steroid-induced hyperglycaemia, based on the British Society for Rheumatology giant cell arteritis guideline
Authors: Blackmore Lorna J , Devine Kirsty L , Mackie Sarah L 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background/Aims
In patients starting steroids for giant cell arteritis (GCA), to evaluate adherence to BSR guideline: HbA1c monitoring, documentation of counselling, and detection of steroid-induced hyperglycaemia.

Methods
Data were gathered from the electronic medical records. Steroid-induced hyperglycaemia was defined as new HbA1c &gt;48 measured 3+ months after beginning steroid treatment. The data were presented at a regional meeting to raise awareness and encourage clinicians to incorporate counselling and monitoring into their practice, and a GCA clinic was set up. Practice was then re-evaluated.

Results
In the baseline dataset, 60 patients with GCA had a mean age of 72; 47 were female; mean body mass index (BMI) was 27 (for the 39/60 with a recorded height and weight). Mean initial dose of prednisolone was 45.9mg. The re-audit cohort were comparable with a mean age of 73.1; 19 females and mean BMI of 27 (for 15/30 with recorded). Mean initial prednisolone dose of 46.3mg. Baseline HbA1c was checked in 32/60 (53%) initially, and 28/30 (93%) on re-audit. 7/60 (12%) had documentation of counselling for steroid-induced hyperglycaemia initially, which increased to 9/30 (30%) on re-audit. Hyperglycaemia was detected in 8/60 (13%) of the initial audit group, compared to 11/30 (36%) in the re-audit. In the initial cohort, 3/10 (30%) of those with diabetes at baseline developed hyperglycaemia and 4/12 (33%) of those with pre-diabetes at baseline developed hyperglycaemia. In the re-audit, 7/9 (78%) of those with diabetes at baseline developed hyperglycaemia and 4/7 (57%) with pre-diabetes at baseline developed hyperglycaemia. Those who developed hyperglycaemia had a higher baseline weight and BMI (Table 1) in both the initial cohort and re-audit.

Conclusion
The intervention improved monitoring for steroid-induced hyperglycaemia, improving detection rates. We identified patient counselling as a priority for future improvement work.

Disclosure
L.J. Blackmore: None. K.L. Devine: None. S.L. Mackie: Consultancies; On behalf of University of Leeds for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Roche. Other; Support from Roche to attend EULAR2019.