bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of combined application of sevoflurane and remifentanil on laparoscopic surgery, postoperative recovery time and stress response
Authors: Chen Yong , Lin Hongkai 
Published: November 2022

Purpose: To investigate the effect of application of sevoflurane and remifentanil on laparoscopic surgery, and its effect on patients’ postoperative recovery time and stress response.
Methods: Ninety patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery in Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Guangdong Province, China were selected and randomly divided into propofol group (PG) and sevoflurane group (SG), with 45 patients in each group. Patients in PG were anesthetized with combination of propofol and remifentanil, while those in SG received combination of sevoflurane and remifentanil. Patients’ heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were tested before anesthesia induction (T1), after intubation (T2), 15 min after pneumoperitoneum (T3), and after extubation (T4), in order to evaluate the stability of vital signs in the patients.
Results: At T2, T3, and T4, HR, SV, and MAP were more stable in SG than in PG (p < 0.05). At T3 and T4, the levels of ET-1, noradrenaline (NE) and cortisol (Cor) were significantly lower in SG than in PG (p < 0.05). Furthermore, postoperative recovery time, spontaneous breathing time, time taken to open the eyes under command, and orientation recovery time were shorter in SG than in PG (p < 0.05). After awakening, SG had significantly higher Ramsay score than PG (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The combined use of sevoflurane and remifentanil for anesthesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery results in stable vital signs, facilitates recovery after surgery, improve quality of recovery, and reduce stress response. Therefore, the combination anesthesia merits further mechanistic and large-scale investigation before clinical application.
Effect of C-type natriuretic peptide and amiodarone in Chinese patients with arrhythmia
Authors: Li Yajie , Chun Yuhu , Dang Hongwei , Chen Kai , Wang Xia 
Published: November 2022

Purpose: To compare the effect of C-type natriuretic peptide and amiodarone in Chinese patients with arrhythmia.
Method: Chinese men and women aged 18 to 65 years with premature ventricular complexes (PVCs), were administered C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) - test group or amiodarone (study group) in ratio of 1:1 for 96 h. Patients in CNP group received infusion of synthetic human CNP (10 pmol/kg/min) for an initial 2 h, and then for 30 min every day until discharge. Patients in amiodarone group received initial dose of 1000 mg over the first 24 h. Change in PVCs from baseline was the primary efficacy endpoint. Secondary efficacy endpoint includes: change in PVCs-related symptom scores from baseline, change in ejection fraction of left ventricle (LV), end‑diastolic diameter of LV, and cardiac events as composite outcome (CCE). The effect of both treatments on hemodynamic and electrocardiography parameters, and safety were evaluated. Data from 200 patients were analyzed.
Results: The CNP showed significantly greater decrease in the number of PVCs when compared to amiodarone (p < 0.005). Moreover, CNP was superior in alleviating PVCs- related symptoms when compared to amiodarone (p < 0.005). A similar trend of favorable effect of CNP was observed for other endpoints.
Conclusion: The C-type natriuretic peptide offers significantly greater benefits of suppressing PVCs and related symptoms, and demonstrates significantly greater improvement of cardiac function and clinical outcome. Thus, CNP can be considered for further investigation as a suitable alternative in the management of ventricular arrhythmia with PVC among Chinese patients.
Analysis of molecular mechanisms of drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and its pharmacoeconomics
Authors: Bao Zeqing , Bao Yingyi , Qin Xiaocui , Wu Weibin , Zhang Xia 
Published: November 2022

Purpose: To investigate the molecular mechanisms of drug resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and its pharmacoeconomics.
Methods: Data pertaining to patients with primary tuberculosis treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhaoqing Medical College, Zhaoqing, China from January 2020 to June 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Sputum specimens were collected from all eligible patients, and 151 uncontaminated specimens with good bacteriophage activity were screened.
Results: A total of 107 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains were isolated from the 151 specimens, 31 of which strains were resistant to varying degrees to rifampicin, isoniazid, streptomycin, and ethambutol with an overall resistance of 28.97 %. There were 16 strains with rpoB mutation, 22 strains with katG mutation, and 8 strains with inhA mutation. The difference in the sputum negative rate, lesion absorption rate, and tuberculosis cavity closure rate, and total medical cost between the two group were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the FDC group was significantly lower than that in the blister pack group (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The total resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in primary tuberculosis patients remains at a high level, and the development of resistance is associated with mutations in rpoB, katG, and inhA genes. FDC regimen provides more pharmacoeconomic and therapeutic benefits than blister pack regimen.
Effect of butylphthalide in patients with vascular cognitive impairment
Authors: Guo Meng , Wu Lirong 
Published: November 2022

Purpose: To study the effects of butylphthalide in patients with vascular cognitive impairment.
Method: Sixty patients with vascular cognitive impairment were randomly divided into control group and butylphthalide (NBP) group (n = 30). Control group received blood pressure control, blood sugar control, and lipid-lowering therapies, while NBP group received butylphthalide capsules (200 mg, thrice daily). Treatments in both groups lasted for 14 days. Thereafter, Hasegawa Dementia Scale (HDS), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADL), and event-related potential (P300) were used to evaluate the effects of butylphthalide treatment.
Result: Following 14 days of treatment, HDS, MMSE and ADL scores of NBP group were significantly higher than those of the control group (p < 0.05). The P300 latency of NBP group was shorter than that of control group, while P300 amplitude was higher than that of control group (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Butylphthalide treatment achieves higher scores of HDS, MMSE and ADL scores, but shorter P300 latency. These results provided good evidence of the effectiveness of butylphthalide therapy in the management of vascular cognitive impairment. However, further clinical trials are recommended prior to application in clinical practice.
Comparison of efficacy and safety profiles of rivaroxaban and aspirin versus clopidogrel and aspirin in the prevention of atherosclerotic events in Chinese dyslipidemic patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Tu Rongzu , Lu Zhaie 
Published: November 2022

Purpose: To compare the efficacy and safety profiles of rivaroxaban (R) + aspirin (A) and clopidogrel (C) + aspirin (A) in the prevention of atherosclerotic events in Chinese dyslipidemic patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).
Methods: Coronary artery disease patients were given either R (10 mg daily) + A (100 mg daily) or C (75 mg daily) plus A (100 mg daily), with 105 subjects in each group. Each patient was followed up for 30 months. The following clinical outcomes (as aspects of primary endpoints) were assessed: percentge of patients with incidence of atherosclerotic events, and deaths due to any cause/cardiovascular causes. Hazard ratios and safety were also determined.
Results: A total of 210 enrolled patients completed the study. Compared to C + A group, patients treated with R + A had slightly lower incidence of atherosclerotic events (33.2 vs 32.6 %, p > 0.05) and lower death rate due to any cause/cardiovascular causes (3.1 vs 2 %, p > 0.05). Patients treated with R + A had significantly greater incidence of bleeding (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: The R + A treatment is more effective than C + A treatment in the prevention of atherosclerotic events, although this was not statistically significant different. The incidence of bleeding are significantly higher in R + A group than in C + A group.
Tanshinone IIA inhibits exosome-induced cardiomyocyte pyroptosis through NLRP3/caspase 1 pathway
Authors: Xu Shun , Wang Menghan , Chen Yu , Shen Zaoli , Jia Qing , Wang Aili 
Published: November 2022

Purpose: To investigate the effect of Salvia miltiorrhiza, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, on exosome-induced cardiomyocyte pyroptosis.
Methods: Pyroptosis was induced in human AC cells using exosomes. Then, the effect of Danshen (dried roots of S. miltiorrhiza) on exosome-induced pyroptosis was determined using flow cytometry. The expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), while protein levels of cytokines were assayed by Western blotting.
Results: Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA), the bioactive molecule in Danshen, inhibited cardiomyocyte pyroptosis by significantly reducing the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines (p < 0.001). Thus, Tan IIA reduced pyroptosis induced by cardiomyocyte-derived exosome via inhibition of the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome in human AC cells.
Conclusion: This study has identified a potential mechanism through which Danshen functions to prevent cardiac diseases. It involves, at least in part, the inhibition of pyroptosis in cardiomyocytes. Thus, tanshinone IIA may be a pharmacologically beneficial cardioprotective compound, especially when used against heart failure.
Glucuronidase beta is an early predictive marker for the use of antidepressant in the treatment of glioma patients
Authors: Xu Dayuan , Cui Gang 
Published: November 2022

Purpose: To screen early targets and investigate the potential molecular mechanisms involved in the use of antidepressant in the treatment of glioma.
Methods: The GSE89873 dataset, including expression levels of C6 cells under antidepressant treatment, non-antidepressant drug treatment, and untreated cells (control), was downloaded from database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between antidepressant treatment and untreated cells, and between non-antidepressant drug treatment and untreated cells were identified and annotated. Genes that were significantly related to different drug treatment conditions were screened.
Results: In all, 416 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected between cells of the antidepressant treatment and control groups, while 650 DEGs were selected between cells of the non-antidepressant treatment and control groups. The 402 overlapping DEGs were significantly associated with the apoptotic process, transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway, and cell cycle arrest (p < 0.05). The DEGs ACOX1, ACSL1, GSTM3, and GSTP1 were significantly related to hormonal therapy (p < 0.05). Glucuronidase beta (GUSB) was significantly associated with age and targeted molecular therapy (p < 0.05). The GUSB was also significantly associated with overall survival time (p < 0.05). It is one of the unique DEGs in the antidepressant treatment group that participates in the drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 metabolic pathway.
Conclusion: Glucuronidase beta may be a specific biomarker for the early response of antidepressants to glioma treatment. This should, however, be further investigated to validate this finding.
Inhibition of SPRY2 expression protects sevoflurane-induced nerve injury via ERK signaling pathway
Authors: Hu Lin , Du Jianan , Zhu Heye , Xu Xia , Mao Zemei 
Published: November 2022

Purpose: To investigate the effect of Sprouty2 (SPRY2) on sevoflurane (SEV) induced nerve injury in rats and its potential signaling pathway.
Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into sham and SEV groups containing six rats per group. Neurological injury assessment and H & E staining were performed to evaluate the degree of nerve injury in the rats, while quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunoblot assays were performed to confirm the expression levels of SPRY2 in hippocampus tissues. Morris water maze tests were performed to determine the degree of cognitive deficit in rats. TUNEL and immunoblot assays were performed to evaluate the effects of SPRY2 on the apoptosis of hippocampus tissues.
Results: The SPRY2 expression was elevated in sevoflurane-induced hippocampus injury (p < 0.001). Ablation of SPRY2 inhibited sevoflurane-induced hippocampal neuron apoptosis (p < 0.001). In addition, depletion of SPRY2 promoted hippocampal neuron activity and decreased apoptosis (p < 0.001). Knockdown of SPRY2 promoted ERK signaling pathway, thereby protecting against sevoflurane-induced nerve injury and cognitive deficit in the rats (p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Sevoflurane induces cognitive dysfunction and upregulates SPRY2 expression in brain tissues in rats. The SPRY2 knockdown improves SEV-induced neural injuries and cognitive deficits, inhibits hippocampal neuron apoptosis, and enhances its activity. Meanwhile, SPRY2 depletion protects SEV-induced nerve injury via the ERK pathway. Thus, Sprouty2 could serve as a promising drug target for the treatment of SEV-induced cognitive dysfunctions.
Scoparone inhibits the growth of liver cancer cells by regulating MAPK signaling pathway
Authors: Liu Xitao , Huang Jie 
Published: November 2022

Purpose: To investigate the possible effects of scoparone on the viability, apoptosis and motility of liver cancer cells, as well as the mechanism of action.
Methods: CCK-8 and colony formation assays were carried out to determine liver cancer cell viability, while flow cytometry (FCM) and Immunoblot assays were performed to evaluate cell apoptosis. Wound closure and Transwell assays were performed to determine the effect of scoparone on cell motility, while immunoblot assays were performed to assess the effect of the compound on MAPK pathway of liver cancer cells.
Results: Scoparone suppressed the viability of Hep3B2 and Huh-7 cells (p < 0.01), as well as the apoptosis and motility of the cells (p < 0.01). Furthermore, scoparone inhibited the growth of liver cancer cells via MAPK pathway.
Conclusion: Scoparone suppresses liver cancer cell growth via MAPK pathway, and is thus a promising drug for liver cancer treatment. However, in vivo studies are required to validate these findings.
FORMULASI SEDIAAN SABUN CAIR CUCI PIRING DARI MINYAK ATSIRI BUNGA KECOMBRANG Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Smith
Authors: Yanuarto Tri 
Published: November 2022

Kecombrang merupakan tumbuhan yang termasuk dalam keluarga Zingiberaceae dan tersebar cukup luas di Indonesia. Minyak atsiri dari bunga kecombrang memiliki senyawa anti bakteri yang mempunyai kemampuan menghambat pertumbuhan mikroorganisme.Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Minyak atsiri bunga kecombrang (Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Smith diformulasi menjadi sabun cair cuci piring dengan konsentrasi minyak atsiri yang berbeda-beda yaitu 2%, 4% dan 6%. Uji yang dilakukan yaitu uji organoleptis, pH, viskositas, stabilitas busa, homogenitas.Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Hasil dari penelitian ini bahwa minyak atsiri bunga kecombrang (Etlingera elatior (Jack) RM Smith dapat dibuat dalam bentuk sediaan sabun cair cuci piring. Hasil evaluasi bahwa minyak atisiri dalam sabun cair cuci piring perbedaan konsentrasi mempengaruhi sifat fisik organolpetis, pH, dan Viskositas.
PENETAPAN KADAR VITAMIN C PADA MINUMAN INFUSED WATER DARI JERUK NIPIS (Citrus aurantifolia s.), JERUK LEMON (Citrus Lemon) DAN JERUK KALAMANSI (Citrofortunella microcarpa)
Authors: Herlina Herlina 
Published: November 2022

Vitamin CÂ adalah salah satu zat gizi yang berperanÂ sebagai antioksidan dan efektif mengatasi radikal bebas yang dapat Â merusak sel atau jaringan. Penelitian ini bertujuanÂ untuk mengetahui Kadar Vitamin C dalam minuman infused water buah Jeruk (nipis, lemon, dan kalamansi ). Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan analisa kualitatif untuk mengetahui adanya kandungan Vitamin C dalam minuman infused water dengan pereaksi FeSO4, NaOH, Betadine dan Methyl blue. Selanjutanya dilakukan analisa kuantitatif menggunakan alat Spektrofotometer UV-VIS untuk mengetahui kadar Vitamin C. Dari hasil Analisis Kualitatif semua sampel minuman infused water buah jeruk (nipis, lemon dan kalamansi) mengandung Vitamn C. Hasil analisis kuantitatif menunjukkan kadar Vitamin C pada minuman infused water jeruk kalamansi memiliki kadar tertinggi yaitu 0,03585 %, kemudian jeruk lemon dengan kadar Vitamin C sebesar 0,02825 % dan terkecil jeruk nipis dengan kadar Vitamin Â C sebesar Â 0,0147 %.Â Â Kata Kunci : Infused water, Jeruk, Vitamin C, Spektrofotometri UV-Vis
LAMA WAKTU KEMATIAN Pediculus humanus capitis dengan EKSTRAK BIJI PEPAYA California (Carica papaya cv. california)
Authors: Hayati Inayah , Ayuputri Windi Terza 
Published: November 2022

Telah dilakukan penelitian dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui lama waktuÂ kematian kutu kepala Pediculus humanus capitis Â Â dengan menggunakan ekstrak biji pepaya california (Carica papaya cv. California). Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan Juni 2020 di Laboratorium Biologi FMIPA Universitas Bengkulu. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen yaitu ekstrak biji pepaya california (Carica papaya cv california) diujikan terhadap 90 kutu kepala stadium dewasa dilakukan sebanyak 3 kali pengulangan. Selain itu juga dilakukan pengujian kontrol positif (+) menggunakan pedikulosida kimia dengan kandungan permethrin 1% dan kontrol negatif (-) menggunakan aquadest. Pada kontrol negatif kutu kepala tetap hidup 2 jam setelah pengujian, sedangkan pada kontrol positif menunjukan kematian 100% dengan rata-rata lama waktu kematian 10 menit 20 detik. Pengujian dengan menggunakan ekstrak biji pepaya california (Carica papaya cv Califonia) dapat menyebabkan kematian kutu kepala (Pediculus humanus capitis) Â pada konsentrasi 25%, 50%, 75% dan 100%. Pada konsentrasi 100% ekstrak biji pepaya (Carica papaya var.california) menyebabkan kematian paling cepat dengan rata-rata waktu 04 Â ment 33 detik.Kata kunci : Pediculus, Carica papaya cv.California, Lama kematian
Uji Aktivitas Antihiperglikemia Ekstrak Etanol Daun Gaharu (Aquilaria malaccensis Lam.) terhadap Zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Burhan Asril 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRAKTanaman gaharu (AquilariaÂ malaccensis Lam.) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang digunakan untuk pengobatan diabetes mellitus. Secara alami, tanaman ini dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dengan adanya kandungan flavanoid yang diduga dapat menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dengan kemampuan flavonoid meregenerasi sel Î² pankreas dan membantu merangsang sekresi insulin serta mengurangi penyerapan glukosa di usus. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antihiperglikemia ekstrak etanol daun gaharu dan pada dosis berapa ekstrak etanol daun gaharu memberikan efek menurunkan kadar glukosa darah paling baik terhadap zebrafish. Penelitian ini menggunakan hewan uji zebrafish (Danio rerio) yang diinduksi dengan aloksan 0,1% dan glukosa 1% untuk menaikkan kadar glukosa darahnya. Hewan uji yang digunakan sebanyak 60 ekor dibagi menjadi 10 kelompok yaitu kelompok tanpa perlakuan, kontrol positif (metformin), kontrol negatif (aloksan dan glukosa), kelompok ekstrak etanol daun gaharu dosis 200 mg/L, dosis 300 mg/L, dosis 400 mg/L. Analisis data menggunakan Kruskal-Wallis yang dilanjutkan uji Mann-Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun gaharu memiliki aktivitas dalam menurunkan kadar glukosa darah dan dosis paling tinggi dalam menurunkan kadar gula darah yaitu 400 mg/L.Â Kata kunci : Daun gaharu, diabetes melitus, kadar glukosa darahÂ
UJI AKTIVITAS ANALGETIK EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN EKOR NAGA (Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.f) schott) PADA MENCIT PUTIH JANTAN
Authors: Sani K Fathnur , Nazifah Naurah , Muhaimin Muhaimin 
Published: November 2022

Ekstrak daun ekor naga (Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.f) Schott) mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yang berfungsi menghilangkan rasa nyeri yaitu alkaloid, flavonoid dan steroid yang bekerja dengan cara menghambat prostaglandin. Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui efek analgesic ekstrak etanol daun ekor naga dan mengetahui dosis terbaik dari ekstrak daun ekor naga dalam mengatasi rasa nyeri. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental. Dimana metode yang digunakan adalah metode rangsang kimia dan rangsang air panas. Desain penelitian Post-Test Control Group terdapat lima kelompok perlakuan (Kontrol Negatif, Kontrol Positif, Perlakuan 1,Perlakuan 2 dan Perlakuan 3). Dimana masing-masing terdiri dari lima ekor tikus putih jantan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun ekor naga memiliki efek sebagai analgesik. Dimana hasil uji statistik ANOVA satu arah menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang bermakna antar kelompok perlakuan dibandingkan dengan kontrol negatif (p<0,05). Dosis terbaik ekstrak etanol daun ekor naga adalah dosis 3 (500 mg/KgBB) dengan nilai aktivitas analgesic 86,81% untuk uji rangsang kimia dan 72,32% untuk rangsang air panas. Kemudian diikuti dengan dosis 2 dan dosis 1.Â Kata Kunci : Daun Ekor Naga, Ekstrak, Analgesik, ANOVA
FORMULASI SEDIAAN LIP BALM DARI VCO (Vigin coconut oil) DENGAN PENAMBAHAN SARI BUAH CERI (Eugenia reidwartiana ) SEBAGAI PEWARNA ALAMI
Authors: Perma sari Rose Intan 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRAK Lip balm merupakan sediaan perawatan pada kulit bibir yang digunakan untuk melindungi bibir terhadap kerusakan seperti bibir kering dan akibat paparan sinar matahari. Penelitian ini bertujuan memformulasi lip balm dari VCO (Virgin Coconut Oil) dengan penambahan sari buah ceri (Eugenia reidwartiana). VCO dan sari buah ceri diformulasi dalam bentuk sediaan Lip balm dengan menggunakan variasi konsentrasi VCO 0%, 5%, 7%, 9% dan sari buah ceri konsetrasi 0%, 10%, 13%, 16%. Lip balm dari VCO dengan penambahan sari buah ceri dilakukan evaluasi sifat fisik sediaan meliputi uji organoleptis, uji homogenitas, uji pH, uji daya sebar dan uji stabilitas. Kesimpulan dari evaluasi terhadap 4 formula lip balm bahwa formula (f3) dengan konsentrasi VCO 9% dan sari buah ceri konsentrasi 16% memiliki karakteristik mendekati standar, dengan bentuk fisik setengah padat, nilai pH 5 yang tergolong interval baik homogen, daya sebar baik dan warna pink cerah.Kata Kunci : Virgin Coconut Oil, Sari buah ceri, Lip balm.
PENGARUH FEEDRATE TERHADAP PENGUJIAN UJI TARIK DAN STRUKTUR MIKRO SAMBUNGAN SEJENIS ALUMINIUM 7075 DENGAN METODE FRICTION STIR WELDING
Authors: Heru Sudargo Petrus , Margono Bambang , Suryono Edy , Ardiyanto Arsita Ivan 
Published: November 2022

Pengelasan Friction stir welding adalah salah satu proses solid-state welding, dimana pada saat proses menimbulkan gaya gesek pada logam serta panas dari alat yaitu shoulder yang di letak ujungnya terdapat pin berputar bergerak di sepanjang permukaan. Pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perbedaan feed rate terhadap pengujian tarik dan struktur mikro dengan metode pengelasan friction stir welding menggunakan material sejenis aluminium 7075, dan variasi feed rate yang digunakan adalah 24 mm/menit, 42 mm/menit dan 55 mm/menit. Dari data yang didapat bahwa hasil pengujian tarik pengelasan Friction Stir Welding (FSW) pada material aluminium 7075 kekuatan tarik tertinggi dihasilkan variasi feed rate 55 mm/menit yaitu sebesar 219,32 Mpa dan nilai kekuatan tarik terendah dihasilkan feed rate 24 mm/menit yaitu sebesar 113,67 Mpa. Sedangkan pada uji struktur mikro semakin kecil feed rate yang digunakan maka struktur pada sambungannya semakin kecil dan rapat dan semakin besar feed rate yang digunakan maka struktur pada sambungannya akan membesar.