bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reinjection of Produced (Sheared) Polymer in a Canadian Viscous Oil Reservoir: Considerations to Improve Economics and Reduce Carbon Footprint
Authors: Ghosh Pinaki , Wilton Ryan R. , Bowers Annalise , O'Brien Thomas , Cao Yu , Wilson Clayton , Ould Metidji Mahmoud , Dupuis Guillaume , Ravikiran Ravi 
Published: August 2022

Summary
Chemical enhanced oil recovery (EOR) flooding is one of the more attractive methods to improve oil recovery. However, during times of instability in the oil market, cost of specialized chemicals and necessary facilities for alkali-surfactant-polymer (ASP) or surfactant-polymer makes this technology very expensive and challenging to implement in the field. In the majority of cases, polymer flooding alone has proved to be the most cost-effective solution that has resulted in attractive and predictable return on investment. In recent times, a challenging economic environment has operators looking for added economic and sustainable savings. The possibility of reinjection of produced (sheared) polymer to offset injection concentration requirements can lead to reduced cost and longer sustainability of oil recovery, thus offering a subsequent reduction in produced water (PW) treatment and a reduced full-cycle carbon footprint. This innovative approach is subject to conditions experienced in the surface facilities, as well as in the reservoir. As part of this study, different polymer chemistries were investigated for their mobility control in porous media and comparative effect on oil recovery trends in the presence of produced fluid containing residual polymer. The initial fluid-fluid testing and laboratory characterization results were validated against a mature field EOR project for reduction in polymer requirement to achieve target viscosity. Monophasic flow behavior experiments were performed in Bentheimer and Berea outcrop cores, while oil recovery experiments were performed in Bentheimer outcrops with different polymer solutions—freshly made and combinations with residual produced polymer. Based on field observations and laboratory measurements, a 10 to 15% reduction in fresh polymer loading could be achieved through the reutilization of water containing residual polymer in these specific field conditions. Note, this case study involved produced polymer that was degraded through progressive cavity pumps (PCPs) resulting in only 15 to 20% of the injected viscosity in the produced fluids in addition to thermal and chemical degradations. The monophasic injectivity experiments in both outcrop cores resulted in similar resistance factors (RFs) for fresh polymer and blends with produced water reinjection containing residual polymer (PWcRP) solution, establishing the robustness of this blending system. Oil recovery experiments also resulted in similar oil displacement behavior [approximately 30 to 40% oil originally in place (OOIP) after 0.5 pore volumes (PV) waterflood] for fresh and blends with sheared polymer solutions, validating no loss in recovery potential, with the added benefit of 10 to 15% polymer loading reduction.
Development and Identification of Petrophysical Rock Typing for Effective Reservoir Characterization
Authors: Bior Barach Bior Artem , Jaafar Mohd Zaidi , Gaafar Gamal Ragab , Agi Augustine , Junin Radzuan , Sidek Akhmal , Gbadamosi Afeez , Yakasai Faruk , Oseh Jeffrey , Gbonhinbor Jeffrey 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rock typing is considered one of the main requirements to distribute the classes of rocks in the reservoir model. This helps in more accurate estimates of oil reserves and reservoir forecasts. The rock typing is closely related to reservoir properties such as porosity, permeability, and shale volume which influence reservoir productivity. Field development plan (FDP) aim is to design appropriate development strategies to produce any commercial volume of hydrocarbons in the field and reduce any huge residual oil left in the reservoirs. However, any failure to integrate geological features with engineering attributes during model development, may limit geomodellers to distribute geological facies effectively in a field wide manner resulting in inaccurate inputs into simulators, and thus lessens the models’ robustness. This study examines the petrophysical rock type classification scheme by comparing the different approaches using rock typing. Among the trimmed approaches are the hydraulic flow unit, the global hydraulic element, the Winland R35 Method. Also, electrical, and nuclear log data obtained from well as well as neutron-density to produce relationships that tie together pore geometric attributes, pore structures, and hydraulic flow characteristics. It was observed that hydraulic units (HU) concept among others was robust in rock typing based on consistencies established on porosity-permeability relationships in typical clastics. HU concepts reconcile hydraulic conductivity with geological concepts through employing reservoir quality index and flow zone indictors on core data. Consistency in saturation height model constructed from capillary pressure data were matched with the HU classes generated on the permeability – porosity cross plots.
Decommissioning of Oil and Gas facilities in Nigeria: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Raji Abubakar , Ogiriki Shadrach 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Decommissioning of oil and gas facilities in Nigeria is a relatively new activity. Decommissioning is essentially a set of activities undertaken to manage or dispose aged and worn-out Oil and Gas facilities. The idea of Decommissioning has become paramount in Nigeria due to aging of assets and mature fields operations as they are approaching the end of their economic life. However, presently no facility has ever been decommissioned in Nigeria. Decommissioning is an inherently hazardous exercise that requires meticulous planning, cognate experience, efficient management and other relevant defined skill set for it to be successful. This paper dwells on how to harness the opportunities that come with Decommissioning as well as suggest ways to mitigate some of its challenges.
The challenges could be technical, economic, environmental, and legal, but could be further narrowed to include but not limited to poor information management, inadequate regulatory readiness, poor talent management, waste management disposal, lack of previous experience, poor supply chain management, and low portfolio management. While opportunities include securing direct and indirect employment and procurement to home nationals, which in turn could foster the development of local skills, technology transfer, and use of local manpower in capital projects.
The Nigerian Power Grid and Impediments to Power Revolution in Nigeria
Authors: Ekeinde Evelyn Bose , Dosunmu Adewale , Okujagu Diepiriye Chenaboso , Agbawodikeizu Chigozie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Electricity availability and adequate and efficient supply mechanisms are a huge driving force for a nation's economy and growth. Energy in all its forms (especially electricity) provide the bedrock through which a nation's industrial and technological advancement takes off and is sustained as processes depend on energy availability and utilization to ensure efficient delivery. The power sector reforms in Nigeria was done to reposition the power sector for increased productivity, but Nigerian power issues, vis-à-vis epileptic supply of electric power still persists. This study takes a look into the impediments to power revolution in the country with emphasis on the nation's power grid. It is seen that impediments like low generation capacities, insufficient transmission and distribution network, lack of adequate gas supply for gas-powered generating plants, insufficient investments in other forms of electricity generation like renewable energy, and improper government regulation still hinder reducing the huge gap between the electrical power needs of the population and the actual power generated and distributed. Recommendations are thereby made for further investigations to check restrictions to power generation and losses along the power transmission and distribution chain as well as improved generation and distribution from other energy sources in the country. Improvements in the transmission and distribution network systems to accommodate more power input is also advised.
Modeling the Critical Pressure Below which Sand Production will Occur based on Extended Mogi-Coulomb Failure Criterion
Authors: Ajimosun Isaac , Okoro Emmanuel , Olalekan Olafuyi 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Sand production is of great concern in the Oil and Gas industry because of the economical, operational and technical problems that come with the phenomenon. Several sand prediction models are available in the literatures, but little or no consideration has been given to non-linearity of failure criterion used to develop the sand prediction models. Hence, a non-linear form of Mogi-Coulomb failure criterion was adopted in this research to develop a sand prediction model and simple sand prediction software.
The most used rock failure criteria developed over the years for analyzing brittle failure of rocks is Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Published literatures have shown deficient in some field scenarios. Reason for these deficiencies was largely associated with the implicit assumption made in Mohr-Coulomb criterion that, the intermediate principal stress (σ2) has no influence on rock strength. So, this criterion is only based on the maximum and minimum principal stresses (σ1 and σ3) and only applicable to rock failure under conventional triaxial stress states (σ1 &gt; σ2 = σ3). However, for a polyaxial stress state σ1 &gt; σ2 &gt; σ3), studies have proved that the intermediate principal stress (σ2) has a pronounced effect on rock strength and should not be neglected. Hence, Mohr–Coulomb criterion is relatively conservative in predicting sanding onset and therefore not very accurate for sand prediction models.
As a result, this research presents a simple 3D sand prediction model based on Extended Mogi-Coulomb criterion that considered the non-linear relationships between most of field parameters when considering rock failure. The extended Mogi-Coulomb criterion is a nonlinear or parabolic form of Mogi-Coulomb criterion which accounts for the influence of the intermediate principal stress on rock strength and also very suitable for weak rocks. A fourth order polynomial equation was derived from first principle by combining both constitutive stress laws and the parabolic Mogi-Coulomb failure criterion. Then, Matlab software was used to develop a script and solution to the equation. And finally, the model solution was used to build simple graphic user interface software called ‘A.I Sand Predicton’ using Java programming language. Model verification was carried out by simulating several data available in the literatures and the solution was observed consistent with field observations. The solution of the critical wellbore pressure calculated using the "A.I Sand Predicton Software" was also found consistent with solution from Matlab and Mathematica softwares, respectively, which makes the software validated and reliable. Also, the case study shows that the critical wellbore pressure reduces as the strength parameters a, b, and c of the Extended Mogi-Coulomb criterion increases. Hence, the analytical model developed in this research using the extended Mogi-Coulomb criterion can reliably and accurately predict onset sand production.
Assessment of Nigeria's Role in the Global Energy Transition d Maintaining Economic Stability
Authors: Koffi Itoro , Bassey Israel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Over the years, immediate action has been required to prevent climate change effects through clean energy. However, this step represents a threat of existence to third-world countries such as Nigeria, which relies heavily on royalties and tax revenues from oil and gas reserves. The Nigerian government is a signatory to the Paris Agreement, but as part of that decarbonization project and the transition to net-zero, issues of gas come up, and we talk of just and equitable transition. It is thus important to consider the various realities of developing economies.
This paper discussed Nigeria's role in a fair and balanced global energy transition towards achieving net-zero by 2050, without jeopardizing the lives of millions. In this study, the prospects, and challenges of using natural gas as a driver of sustainability and energy transition to leverage the massive gas potential across the country is also presented to build an economy that can support a sustainable energy future.
Application of Gassmann's Model and the Modified Hashin-Shtrikman-Walpole Model in Land Subsidence Susceptibility Studies in the Jxt Field, Niger Delta
Authors: Idowu Chukwudi , Ojo Bosede Taiwo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper investigates the susceptibility of the 'JXT' field, onshore Niger Delta to ground subsidence as an after effect of oil and gas production. Logs from two wells in the field were utilized for this study, Gassmann's model and the modified Hashin-Shtrikman-Walpole model for compressibility analysis were adopted. The results from Gassmann's model range from 0.06GPa-1 to 0.13GPa-1, while results from the modified Hashin-Shtrikman-Walpole bounds for compressibility range from 0.04GPa-1 to 3GPa-1. To further evaluate the susceptibility of the field to ground subsidence, some important elastic parameters were estimated. Results show young modulus (20.5-27.5GPa), bulk modulus (21.3-25.3GPa), shear modulus (8.01-11.2GPa), and Poisson ratio (0.23-0.28). Generally, these results indicate that the study area is less susceptible to ground subsidence and there is little risk of flooding and submergence which can be hazardous to oil and gas production
Algorithm to Compute the Minimum Miscibility Pressure (MMP) for Gases in Gas Flooding Process
Authors: Akpobi Elohor Diamond , Oboh Efeosa Praise 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) is important to the petroleum industry mostly because it is used to improve oil recovery. Miscible gas flooding, a type of EOR process that is proven and economically viable can significantly increase oil recovery from reservoirs. In this study, the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) in gas floods for different gases were computed using empirical correlations (Glaso correlation for hydrocarbon gas injection, Emera, Yuan et al and Glaso correlation for pure carbon dioxide gas injection, Sebastin and Yuan correlation for impure carbon dioxide correlations and Glaso, Firoozabadi and Aziz correlations for nitrogen gas injection). An efficient computer program was developed using visual basic programing language. Employing its highly versatile features, friendly graphical user interface (GUI) forms were designed and robust codes were developed. Validation was done for the program and results showed that the software which was developed had acceptable level of accuracy, was fast and effective. The study provides a new and cost effective way of checking for MMP which will enhance the process of screening gas flooding processes for the reservoir.
Application of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate for Enhanced Oil Recovery of Medium Crude Oil in the Niger Delta Fields
Authors: Ihekoronye Kingsley Kelechi , Mohammed Hussein , Onuorah Pius Chukwuebuka 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This research work focuses on the performance of sodium lauryl sulfate as surfactant in enhanced oil recovery of medium crude oil in the Niger Delta fields. Characterization of the sodium lauryl sulfate (surfactant) was carried out to determine the functional groups and morphology of the sample. Different tests such as interfacial tension reduction and adsorption test were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the sample in enhanced oil recovery. Core-flooding experiment was performed using the sample to determine the potency of sodium lauryl sulfate in enhanced oil recovery process. The results from this work showed that incremental oil recoveries of 47.8 %, 54.6 % and 56.1 % using Berea core sample (C1F) and 49.3 %, 57.6 % and 58.5 % for core sample (C2F) was observed. The results showed that sodium lauryl sulfate achieve macroscopic sweep displacement efficiency via interfacial tension reduction between the surfactant slugs and the trapped oil which helps to improve oil production.
Computer-Aided Design for a Multilateral Well Completion in a Stacked Reservoir
Authors: Bamgboye Faith A. , Longe Promise O. , Oriji Boniface A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Over the years, multilateral well technology has been one of the most rapidly evolving and widely utilized production technologies for new and maturing reservoirs. Multilateral wells have the potential for reservoir productivity improvement. The characteristics used to evaluate multilateral well completion are connectivity, isolation, and accessibility. All these focus on the completion design of the main bore, lateral bores, and junctions that connect the lateral and main bores. Hence, one of the factors to consider in designing multilateral wells is the junction type, which depends on the required degree of mechanical integrity and pressure integrity at each lateral. Previous studies establish that the lateral junctions are a critical element of multilateral completions and can fail under formation stresses, temperature-induced forces, and differential pressures during production. Thus, the reliability of a multilateral completion design is the ability to construct and complete the multilateral junction successfully. The Technology Advancement of Multilaterals (TAML) has categorized the distinct types of multilateral junctions based on support and hydraulic integrity provided at the junction. The objectives of this paper are: (1) to provide a detailed discussion on each classification level and the conditions in which they are applicable, (2) to present a conceptually digitized application of a multilateral well on a stacked reservoir XXXX in a Niger Delta field using SEPAL software. To achieve the latter goal, after a preliminary and detailed casing design, we applied the SEPAL software to design and digitize the proposed multilateral well schematics for the stacked reservoir. From the analysis, a multilateral level 5 junction was selected to overcome specific problems (e.g., wellbore collapse) due to the unconsolidated sands of the reservoir in the field of interest.
Evaluating Injectivity Index of Niger Delta Reservoirs for CO2 Geological Sequestration
Authors: Jayeola Ifeoluwa , Olusola Bukola 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Underground storage of carbon dioxide (CO2) has been recognized as a viable strategy to reduce CO2 emissions in the atmosphere. In this context, numerical reservoir simulations are routinely implemented to predict the performance of the project under different operational scenarios and uncertainties. However, numerical simulators are intensive in terms of cost, computational time, and data requirement, thus limiting its use for early commercial applications especially for feasibility studies or quick evaluations. This paper presents the application of a simplified modelling approach to predict dimensionless pressure build-up and injectivity index based on an analytical model for reservoirs in Niger Delta. Data from four (4) Niger Delta reservoirs such as relative permeabilities, reservoir pressure, brine viscosity, and injection rate, among others were used in this work. A modified version of the physics-based model of Mishra et. al was used for conducting the studies. Therefore, equations governing the dimensionless pressure build-up and injectivity index were used to investigate the reservoir and operational characteristics of the well injection of CO2 in Niger delta reservoirs as an alternative to full-field numerical simulation. The model approximates the CO2 injection rate for a given target pressure differential or alternatively, the pressure differential that would result from injecting CO2 at a target rate, given the initial permeability, porosity, permeability, and injection rate. The results were used to rank the reservoirs based on suitability to CO2 sequestration, the displacement efficiency of the CO2 and potential storage in the reservoir. This approach is the first one carried out in the Niger Delta and provides the chance to assess the performance of CO2 storage capacity as a strategy to combat global warming from Nigeria.
Comparative Analysis of Gas Condensate Recovery by Carbon Dioxide Huff-N-Puff; Carbon Dioxide Alternating Nitrogen and Nitrogen Injection: A Simulation Study
Authors: Yuven Nchila , Ogunkunle Temitope Fred , Olabode Oluwasanmi Ayodele , Joseph Rachael , Bolujo Eniola opeyemi , Nkongho Sonia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Conventional methods to mitigate condensate banking is to inject water or dry gas which raises the reservoir pressure above the dew point. Unfortunately, these methods are inadequate as they lead to late response in achieving low drawdown pressures. This study utilizes the compositional module of Eclipse to build a lean gas reservoir with heterogeneous properties having maximum liquid loading of 6.32% and simulate CO2 and N2 injection scenarios. Comparative analysis on condensate and gas production from five case studies of CO2 huff-n-puff, CO2 cyclic injection, CO2 and, N2 continuous injection and the Gas Alternating Gas (CO2 and N2) are considered for 9 years of production. Parametric studies on the effects of injection and production rates, cyclic time and injection fluid composition investigated. N2, CO2, Cyclic, GAG, and CO2 huff, and puff injection cases resulted in oil recovery factors of 3.83%, 3.81%, 2.9%, 1.85% and 6.1% respectively.
Energy Transition: Implications, Considerations, and Roadmap Development for Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Aniebo Igolo Nonye , Akpan Joseph Samuel 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Climate change is no longer a myth and is evident worldwide in different alterations of the weather. Over the past two decades, scientists worked to find alternate sources of energy that were not fossil-based. Success in this endeavour led to what is now termed as a global transition to renewable and sustainable energy. In most climes, this marks a new beginning filled with opportunities and a chance to allow the earth to heal. Highly developed economies like Norway and some member countries of the European Union, being the driver of the transition, have begun to make policies that align with the new age, setting themselves to have a stake in the profit. The African continent, which has abundant energy resources but is neither a major contributor nor a driver of climate change but suffers just as much as other continents in the world from its effects, is not in a position to take any corrective action, showing the incapacity to participate in any potential economic gain. This paper studies the Sub-Saharan landscape by visiting the histories of the nations in question based on the energy resources within their borders and the current state of energy transition development. It examines the freedom of said countries to create policies that work for them, indicating the implications of lack of planning and the taint it may have on the new trend in the countries of interest. Efforts would also be made in highlighting a roadmap that can serve as a knowledge base to facilitate the implementation of best strategies in enabling successful energy transition in Sub-Saharan Africa.