bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction in malaria burden following the introduction of indoor residual spraying in areas protected by long-lasting insecticidal nets in Western Kenya, 2016–2018
Authors: Dulacha Diba , Were Vincent , Oyugi Elvis , Kiptui Rebecca , Owiny Maurice , Boru Waqo , Gura Zeinab , Perry Robert T. 
Published: April 2022

Background
Long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS) are the main malaria vector control measures deployed in Kenya. Widespread pyrethroid resistance among the primary vectors in Western Kenya has necessitated the re-introduction of IRS using an organophosphate insecticide, pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic® 300CS), as a pyrethroid resistance management strategy. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the combined use of non-pyrethroid IRS and LLINs has yielded varied results. We aimed to evaluate the effect of non-pyrethroid IRS and LLINs on malaria indicators in a high malaria transmission area.

Methods
We reviewed records and tallied monthly aggregate of outpatient department (OPD) attendance, suspected malaria cases, those tested for malaria and those testing positive for malaria at two health facilities, one from Nyatike, an intervention sub-county, and one from Suba, a comparison sub-county, both located in Western Kenya, from February 1, 2016, through March 31, 2018. The first round of IRS was conducted in February–March 2017 in Nyatike sub-county and the second round one year later in both Nyatike and Suba sub-counties. The mass distribution of LLINs has been conducted in both locations. We performed descriptive analysis and estimated the effect of the interventions and temporal changes of malaria indicators using Poisson regression for a period before and after the first round of IRS.

Results
A higher reduction in the intervention area in total OPD, the proportion of OPD visits due to suspected malaria, testing positivity rate and annual malaria incidences were observed except for the total OPD visits among the under 5 children (59% decrease observed in the comparison area vs 33% decrease in the intervention area, net change -27%, P <0.001). The percentage decline in annual malaria incidence observed in the intervention area was more than twice the observed percentage decline in the comparison area across all the age groups. A marked decline in the monthly testing positivity rate (TPR) was noticed in the intervention area, while no major changes were observed in the comparison area. The monthly TPR reduced from 46% in February 2016 to 11% in February 2018, representing a 76% absolute decrease in TPR among all ages (RR = 0.24, 95% CI 0.12–0.46). In the comparison area, TPR was 16% in both February 2016 and February 2018 (RR = 1.0, 95% CI 0.52–2.09). A month-by-month comparison revealed lower TPR in Year 2 compared to Year 1 in the intervention area for most of the one year after the introduction of the IRS.

Conclusions
Our findings demonstrated a reduced malaria burden among populations protected by both non-pyrethroid IRS and LLINs implying a possible additional benefit afforded by the combined intervention in the malaria-endemic zone.
Clinical significance and intestinal microbiota composition in immunocompromised children with norovirus gastroenteritis
Authors: Lin Pei-Chun , Yang Yu-Chen S. H. , Lin Sheng-Chieh , Lu Meng-Che , Tsai Yin-Tai , Lu Shou-Cheng , Chen Shu-Huey , Chen Shih-Yen 
Published: April 2022

Background
Norovirus (NoV) infection is common in pediatric patients with immunodeficiency and is more likely to cause severe disease. Objective Our study aims to figure out the clinical differences and distribution of intestinal microbiota in immunocompromised children with NoV gastroenteritis.

Methods
Pediatric patients admitted to Shang-Ho Hospital with diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis including different immune status were enrolled and their medical records were reviewed. NoV gastroenteritis was validated using RT-PCR molecular methods. Viral shedding period was determined by real-time RT-PCR assays. Intestinal microbiota enrichment analysis was carried out by next generation sequencing after fecal DNA extraction and subsequent Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) Effect Size (LEfSe) method.

Results
Significantly higher frequency of diarrhea [mean, (IQR), 3.8 (3–5) /day] and longer viral shedding time [mean, IQR, 8.5 (5–13) days] was found in immunocompromised NoV infections than in immunocompetent patients without NoV infections (p = 0.013*) and immunocompetent patients with NoV infections (p = 0.030**). The fever prevalence was significantly lower in immunocompromised NoV infections than in different immune or infection status. Intestinal microbiota metagenomics analysis showed no significant community richness difference while the LEfSe analysis showed a significant difference in commensal richness at the phylum level, the family level, and the genus level in patients under different immune status.

Conclusion
We evaluated the clinical significances and microbiota composition in immunocompromised children with norovirus gastroenteritis. This will further facilitate studies of the interaction between the intestinal microbiota in such patients with precise determination of their bacterial infection control and probiotic supplements strategy.
COVID-19 distributes socially in China: A Bayesian spatial analysis
Authors: Peng Di , Qian Jian , Wei Luyi , Luo Caiying , Zhang Tao , Zhou Lijun , Liu Yuanyuan , Ma Yue , Yin Fei 
Published: April 2022

Purpose
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic increasingly threatens the public health security worldwide. We aimed to identify high-risk areas of COVID-19 and understand how socioeconomic factors are associated with the spatial distribution of COVID-19 in China, which may help other countries control the epidemic.

Methods
We analyzed the data of COVID-19 cases from 30 provinces in mainland China (outside of Hubei) from 16 January 2020 to 31 March 2020, considering the data of demographic, economic, health, and transportation factors. Global autocorrelation analysis and Bayesian spatial models were used to present the spatial pattern of COVID-19 and explore the relationship between COVID-19 risk and various factors.

Results
Global Moran’s I statistics of COVID-19 incidences was 0.31 (P<0.05). The areas with a high risk of COVID-19 were mainly located in the provinces around Hubei and the provinces with a high level of economic development. The relative risk of two socioeconomic factors, the per capita consumption expenditure of households and the proportion of the migrating population from Hubei, were 1.887 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.469~2.399] and 1.099 (95% CI: 1.053~1.148), respectively. The two factors explained up to 78.2% out of 99.7% of structured spatial variations.

Conclusion
Our results suggested that COVID-19 risk was positively associated with the level of economic development and population movements. Blocking population movement and reducing local exposures are effective in preventing the local transmission of COVID-19.
Cognition, educational attainment and diabetes distress predict poor health literacy in diabetes: A cross-sectional analysis of the SHELLED study
Authors: Chen Pamela , Callisaya Michele , Wills Karen , Greenaway Timothy , Winzenberg Tania 
Published: April 2022

Objectives
To identify factors that predict poor health literacy amongst people with diabetes.

Design
Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a prospective study of diabetic foot disease.

Setting
Patients attending a tertiary hospital diabetes outpatient clinic in Tasmania, Australia.

Participants
222 people with diabetes mellitus, aged >40 years, with no history of foot ulceration, psychotic disorders or dementia.

Outcome measures
Health literacy was measured using the short form Test of Functional Health Literacy in Adults (functional health literacy), and the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ), which measures nine domains of health literacy. Predictors included demographic characteristics, cognition, diabetes distress, depression, and educational attainment.

Results
In multivariable analysis, greater educational attainment (OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.76, 0.99) and poorer cognition (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.63, 0.79) were associated with poorer functional health literacy. Age was negatively associated with domains of appraisal of health information and ability to find good health information (both beta = -0.01). Educational attainment was positively associated with four domains, namely having sufficient information to manage my health, actively managing my health, appraisal of and ability to find good health information (beta ranging from +0.03 to 0.04). Diabetes distress was negatively associated with five domains: having sufficient information to manage my health, social support for health, ability to actively engage with healthcare providers, navigating the healthcare system and ability to find good health information (beta ranging from -0.14 to -0.18).

Conclusion
Poorer cognition and poorer educational attainment may be detrimental for an individual’s functional health literacy, and education, diabetes distress and older age detrimental across multiple health literacy domains. Clinicians and policy makers should be attuned to these factors when communicating with people with diabetes and in designing healthcare systems to be more health-literacy friendly in order to improve diabetes outcomes.
Domestic tethers: Gender differences in career paths and domestic responsibilities of top-research medical school graduates
Authors: Hitti Eveline , Hadid Dima , Khoury Samia J. , Tamim Hani , Makki Maha , Karam Charlotte M. 
Published: April 2022

Introduction
Gendered differences in career paths of medical graduates persist globally. We aim to explore the impact of domestic tethers on the career paths of physicians by studying gendered differences in domestic burdens of physicians as well as differences in perceptions around the impact of domestic work on professional advancement.

Methods
A web-based survey including 38 questions was sent to all 3866 physician alumni of the top academic medical school in Lebanon. Data was collected between November 2018 and January 2019, with up to three invite reminders. Overall, 382 were included in the final analysis, 124 women (32%), 258 men (68%).

Results
The study had a response rate of 10.4%. Findings show that a greater percentage of men were married and had children (77.5% vs 62.1%, p = 0.004, 77.9% vs 51.6%, <0.001, respectively). Majority of both women and men held full-time positions (82.1% and 87.1%), having children however reduced the odds significantly [OR = 0.2, 95% CI: (0.1–0.6), p = 0.01]for women, while only older age reduced it for men (OR = 0.1,95% CI: (0.04–0.2), p<0.001]. Among full-time physicians, men and women spent similar time on professional activities (60.2hrs/wk vs 58.3hrs/wk, p = 0.32). Women spent more time on parenting and household work (23.5hrs/wk vs 10.4hrs/wk, <0.001; 8.9hrs/wk vs 6.0hrs/wk, p = 0.001, respectively). Women physicians’ spouses contributed to 14.5 hours/week of total time on domestic activities whereas men physicians’ spouses spent two folds more time on domestic activities (35.0 hours/week, P<0.001). Of physicians with children, a higher percentage of women than men reported that children prevented their career advancement or their participation in development opportunities (43.8% vs 15.9%, p<0.001; 50.0% vs 19.4%, p<0.001, respectively). A greater percentage of women than men scaled back their career after first child (31.3% vs 3.5%, <0.001). Of married/partnered physicians, fewer women than men reported their career took priority over their partner’s when conflicts arose, (52.0% vs 86.0%, p<0.001).

Conclusion
These findings highlight the heavier impact of domestic tethers on the career paths of women physicians than men physicians. Men are more likely than women to hold full-time positions in the early advancement defining phases of their careers. Full-time women shoulder more domestic work than men and experience more professional advancement concessions. Closing persistent gender gaps in medicine requires addressing inequities in domestic burdens through strategies that include mentorship on domestic tethers, support of on-site child-care and advocacy for parental leave policies that encourage shared care-work.
Adherence and growth outcomes in children with growth disorders: results from the Easypod™ Connect Observational Study (ECOS) in Indonesia, Singapore, and Taiwan
Authors: Pulungan Aman Bhakti , Yap Fabian , Chao Mei-Chyn , Loke Kah Yin , Yang Chen , Ma Tianrong , Ovbude Leroy , Su Pen-Hua 
Published: April 2022

Background Non-objective assessments indicate poor patient adherence to growth hormone (GH) prescribed for growth failure, with sub-optimal growth response. The easypod™ connect device for GH administration enables real-time, objective assessment of adherence.
Objective To examine adherence with pediatric GH therapy in Asia-Pacific countries and relationship with growth outcomes.
Methods Subjects were children in Indonesia, Singapore, Taiwan enrolled in the multi-national, open-label Easypod Connect Observational Study (ECOS). Adherence during follow-up was the primary endpoint and a relationship with 1-year growth outcomes was assessed by Spearman’s product-moment correlations.
Results Over a 1-year time frame, median overall patient adherence was ≥89%; rates were similar for children with GH deficiency (GHD; n=17) and those born small-for-gestational age (SGA; n=5), except that median adherence dropped between 9 months (94%) and 1 year (83%) for SGA subjects. Median initial GH dose was 42.3µg/kg/day for GHD subjects and 31.4µg/kg/day for SGA subjects. Median age (12 years) and bone age (13 years) indicated that most children had entered puberty at treatment onset. Clinically meaningful improvements in growth were observed at 1 year in the GHD group, but not the SGA group. Statistically significant correlations between adherence and height change (P=0.039) as well as height velocity (P=0.004) were observed.
Conclusions Children in Asia-Pacific countries show high adherence over the first year of GH therapy with easypod. The easypod study also shows that adherence is correlated to good growth outcomes.
Vitamin D, insulin-like growth factor-1, and stunting in children with transfusion-dependent thalassemia
Authors: Pratiwi I Gusti Ayu Putu Eka , Irawan Roedi , Ugrasena I Dewa Gede , Faizi Muhammad 
Published: April 2022

Background Transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT) has a major impact on a child’s growth and is associated with stunting, risk of vitamin D deficiency, and decreased insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). To date, the relationship between vitamin D levels and stunting in TDT remains unclear. Futhermore, the role of vitamin D and IGF-1 in mediating stunting in TDT patients is still unknown.
Objective To investigate the relationship between stunting and vitamin D as well as IGF-1 levels in children with TDT.
Methods This cross-sectional study involved 50 TDT children aged 5 to 18 years, included consecutively from the Pediatric Hemato-oncology Outpatient Clinic, Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, East Java. Subjects were divided into two groups: stunted (S) and not stunted (NS). Vitamin D and IGF-1 were evaluated by antibody competitive immunoassay and sandwich-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. Age, sex, and duration of repeated transfusion were analyzed as confounding factors.
Results Median IGF-1 levels were 91.43 (13.67-192.86) ng/mL and 161.53 (17.99-363.01) ng/mL in the S and NS groups, respectively (P=0.011). Mean vitamin D levels were 20 (+ 5.71) ng/mL and 20.46 (5.25) ng/mL in the S and NS groups, respectively (P=0.765). The correlation coefficient (r) of vitamin D and IGF-I levels was not significant. Multivariate analysis showed that low IGF-1 levels, male, and longer duration of repeated transfusions were associated with stunting in children with TDT.
Conclusion Low IGF-1 level is associated with stunting in children with TDT. Vitamin D is not significantly associated with either stunting or IGF-1 in children with TDT.
Role of Communication in the Process of a Better Socio Sanitary and Environmental Supervision of Artisanal Dyeing and Textile Activity in Burkina Faso: Case of the Craft Industries of Arrondissement Number 6 in the Commune of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Authors: COMPAORE Jérôme 
Published: April 2022

The current study was about the issue of the role that communication plays in the frame of a better
organization of the socio-sanitary and environment sector of craft industry and textile in Burkina Faso, and which served the study object in arrondissement number 6 of the commune of Ouagadougou. This study aims at showing that the implementation of management mechanisms contributes to the use of efficient communication tools system. That one can help bringing up with a good organization in the processing chain of the dyeing activity, by protecting women and men working in the domain, and considering environment’s protection and our living area.
Does Variable Shift Work Explain Away Productivity Shocks? A Bayesian Approach
Authors: Engelhardt Lucas M. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
In business cycle accounting, productivity is procyclical. However, this may be an illusion caused by improperly accounting for changes in procyclical capital utilization. This paper considers to what extent incorporating variable shift work into a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model reduces the role played by productivity shocks in explaining variations in output. In the one shift version of the model, 81 percent of the variation in output is explained by productivity shocks. With variable shift work, the contribution falls to a minimum of 48 percent. While variable shift work decreases their importance, productivity shocks continue to be the most significant contributor to the variation of output over the business cycle.
Free-space-coupled wavelength-scale disk resonators
Authors: Mirzapourbeinekalaye Babak , Samudrala Sarath , Mansouree Mahdad , McClung Andrew , Arbabi Amir 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Optical microresonators with low quality factor (

Q

$Q$

) can be efficiently excited by and scatter freely propagating optical waves, but those with high

Q

$Q$

typically cannot. Here, we present a universal model for resonators interacting with freely propagating waves and show that the stored energy of a resonator excited by a plane wave is proportional to the product of its

Q

$Q$

and directivity. Guided by this result, we devise a microdisk with periodic protrusions in its circumference that couples efficiently to normally incident plane waves. We experimentally demonstrate several microdisk designs, including one with a radius of 0.75

λ
0

${\lambda }_{0}$

and

Q

$Q$

of 15,000. Our observation of thermally-induced bistability in this resonator at input powers as low as 0.7 mW confirms strong excitation. Their small footprints and mode volumes and the simplicity of their excitation and fabrication make wavelength-scale, free-space-coupled microdisks attractive for sensing, enhancing emission and nonlinearity, and as micro-laser cavities.
A novel application of synthesised based squarylium dyes on nylon 6, and silk woven fabrics
Authors: Ali Yakubu , Odey Joseph O. , A Giwa , Bello K. A 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Squarylium dyes were synthesized and characterized by different spectrometric techniques using FT-IR, UV-visible and GC–MS, the dyes gave molar extinction coefficient values greater than 5.2812 × 105 L mol−1 cm−1. Their fastness properties in respect to wash, light, perspiration and hot pressing on nylon 6, and silk fabrics were analyzed, effects of time, temperature, carrier concentration and pH was also investigated and reported. The dyed fabrics showed good to very good wash, light fastness, and perspiration good to very good hot pressing on nylon 6 and good to very good on silk fabric, respectively. The dye-bath exhaustion was found to be between 76 and 92% on nylon 6 and 57 and 85% on silk, respectively. The percentage exhaustion on nylon 6 was found to be very good to excellent but on silk it was found to be good to very good. These studies showed that squarylium dyes can be applied to nylon 6 and silk fabrics, but better performance was found on nylon 6 than silk fabric.
Development of a numerical stochastic model of joint spatio-temporal fields of weather parameters for the south part of the Baikal natural territory
Authors: Akenteva Marina S. , Kargapolova Nina A. , Ogorodnikov Vasily A. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The paper is focused on the construction of a numerical stochastic model of the joint spatio-temporal fields of air temperature, wind speed vector with three-hour resolution, and semidiurnal precipitation amounts according to observation data at a group of weather stations located in the south of the Baikal natural territory. The model also takes into account the dependence of one-dimensional distributions on temporal and spatial coordinates. The heterogeneity of the field in spatial correlations and the periodical correlation in time are also taken into account. The results of calculations for verification of the model are presented. An example of using the developed model to study the properties of time series of the wind chill index is given.
Predictability of the low-frequency modes of the Arctic Ocean heat content variability: a perfect model approach
Authors: Gritsun Andrey S. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The problem of potential predictability of the temperature of the upper layer of the Arctic Ocean for the data of pre-industrial climate modelling run by the INM-CM5 Earth system model developed at the INM RAS is considered. The main attention is paid to the analysis of predictability of the phases of the dominant modes of low-frequency variability of the Arctic Ocean circulation. The initial estimate of its predictability is made by using the method of analogues and calculating the resonances of the invariant measure. Then this estimate is verified by direct ensemble calculations with the model. The results obtained indicate that the maximum predictability time interval reaches ten years for 15-year average values of heat content and corresponds to the states with maximum positive anomalies along the leading low-frequency variability modes.
Optimal stochastic forcings for sensitivity analysis of linear dynamical systems
Authors: Nechepurenko Yuri M. , Zasko Grigory V. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The paper is devoted to the construction of optimal stochastic forcings for studying the sensitivity of linear dynamical systems to external perturbations. The optimal forcings are sought to maximize the Schatten norms of the response. As an example,we consider the problem of constructing the optimal stochastic forcing for the linear dynamical system arising from the analysis of large-scale structures in a stratified turbulent Couette flow.