bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apple, Dilute Acaricide Evaluation Experiment, 1990
Authors: Hull L. A. , Felland C. M. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Plots consisted of single trees in a randomized block design with 1 replicate of Golden Delicious' and 3 replicates of Yorking'. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 25 ft and were 17 yr old. Experimental sprays were applied to runoff with a handgun from a trailer-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gal/min pump. Approximately 4.5 gal of spray were applied per replicate tree (ca. 400 gal/acre). General sprays of fungicides (Nova, Captan), insecticides (Guthion and Lannate), and calcium chloride were made at ca. 1- to 2-wk intervals throughout the experiment with a Bean Airblast Sprayer at 75 gal/acre. Effectiveness of materials on mites was evaluated by making several counts on random samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/ treatment. The effect of sprays on the mite predator SP was evaluated by 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of the test trees. Mite population pressure was moderate throughout the summer. Russet ratings are based on 50 Golden Delicious apples/replicate, 50/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface), or 5 (&gt;51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-50 (none to raised lenticels), 51-100 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 101- 150 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface, 151-200 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 201-250 (26-50% to &gt;51% russeted surface). Russet values are as follows: Kelthane, 51; Vydate, 64; and Control, 25.
Stand Establishment Effects of Furadan, 1990
Authors: Shields E. J. , Sher R. B. , Taylor P. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots measuring 2.4 × 30.5 m (8 × 100 ft) were marked out in a recently prepared alfalfa seed bed in Freeville, NY. Furadan was sprayed and shallowly incorporated prior to planting. The seed bed was then planted with a Brillion seeder. Soils were gravel loam. Three treatments were replicated 6 times in a complete randomized block design. Rates of 13.5 kg seed/ha (12 lb/ acre), 20.25 kg seed/ha (18 lb/acre), and 13.5 kg seed/ha (12 lb/acre) + 1 lb actual rate of Furadan were tested to determine any advantage in the effect of Furadan on stand establishment. For annual grass control, 33.75 kg/ha (30 lb/acre) of Eptam 10 G was incorporated prior to planting, as was 1.175 liter/ha (1 pt/acre) of Poast. Butyrac 200 was incorporated prior to planting at a rate of 4.75 liter/ha (2 qt/acre) to control broadleaf weeds. A metal sampling ring was used to count the number of crowns/0.1 m2 on 30 Oct. Ten sample counts were taken in each plot.
Spotted Alfalfa Aphid Control in Alfalfa Hay, 1989
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Test plots for the spotted alfalfa aphid (SAA) were established near Buhl, Idaho. The soil type was Portneuf silt loam and the field was irrigated by surface flow. Five treatments and an untreated check were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each individual treatment plot was 25 × 25 ft. Sprays were applied as a broadcast spray using a C02-pressurized backpack sprayer using 30 psi and delivering 20 gal finished spray/acre. Nozzle type was X-8 (Spraying Systems) hollow cone. Pretreatment counts were made and treatments were applied on 1 Aug. The alfalfa was 6-8 inches high at the time of application. Sampling was conducted by taking five 180° sweeps/plot on each sampling date and counting the no. of SAA in the net.
Evaluation of Corn Rootworm Soil Insecticide Efficacy, 1989
Authors: Calvin D. D. , Losey J. E. , McGahen J. , Hoffman L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sixteen corn rootworm soil insecticide treatments were evaluated on a Hagerstown silt loam soil near Rocksprings, Pa., during 1989. Four commercially available soil insecticides were used in the test. A randomized complete block design with 5 replications of 18 treatments was used (including 2 untreated). All insecticides and rates were applied in-furrow and as a T-band application. Plots were 6.1 m long by 2 rows wide. Treatments were applied using a Max Emerge John Deere 7000R corn planter on 22 May. T-Band applications were applied in 17.8 cm bands over the row and in-furrow applications were directed into the row in front of the press wheel. The corn was planted on 22 May in 76.2 cm rows at 60,000 plants/ha. The soil was moist with a temperature of approximately 14.4°C. The number of plants in each plot was determined on 12 Jun. On 19 Jul, 5 corn plants were dug per plot and the roots were rated for damage using the Iowa six category rating system (1 = no damage; 6 = all roots on 3 or more nodes cut). Corn was harvested on 20 Nov with yield (grain) measured from both rows of each plot. Grain weight was corrected to 15.5% moisture content for comparison.
Apple, Evaluation of RH-5992 on Stethorus Punctum, 1990
Authors: Hull L. A. , Biddinger D. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to single-tree plots (cv Yorking) arranged in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. The trees were planted to a spacing of 20 × 20 ft. Treatments were applied with a platform-mounted John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 4.2 gal of spray were applied per replicate tree. Date of application was 8 Aug. During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of captan and calcium chloride, as well as 2 alternate-row applications of Guthion 35 WP and Lannate 1.8 L (0.35 and 0.225 lb (AI)/acre, respectively) were applied to all plots on 9 and 23 Aug. The effect of treatments on mites was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. The effect of sprays on the mite predator S. punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults, larvae, and pupae around the periphery of test trees.
Black Cutworm Control by Rescue Sprays, 1990
Authors: Chaddha S. , Luedeman J. , Ostlie K. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Performance of liquid insecticides as rescue treatments against BCW was evaluated with artificial infestations at the Rosemount Experiment Station, Rosemount, Minn. Plots measured 4 rows (30-inch spacing) × 50 ft, were established in corn planted on 12 Jun. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. When corn reached about 2-leaf stage, a central portion of each plot (2 rows × 20 ft) was enclosed by an aluminum barrier buried 3-4 inches into the soil that projected 4 to 5 inches above soil level. Each plot was infested with a mixture of 40 third and fourth instar BCW larvae at dusk on 25 Jun. Before spraying, stand was counted in each plot and any plants with BCW feeding were marked with a painted stake to exclude them from the study. Liquid insecticides were then broadcast on 26 Jun a.m. using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre through 8002 nozzles at 19-inch spacing. During application, air temperature averaged 78°F with winds still to 3 mph. After spring, plots were examined every 2-3 days for leaf feeding and cutting. Cut plants were marked with a plastic stake to avoid misses or recounts as undamaged plant on later visits. On 9 Jul (13 DAT), each plot was censused with the number of injured plants and cut plants recorded.
Miticide Efficacy Trial, 1990
Authors: Dick G. L. , Sloderbeck P. E. , Posler S. C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This experiment was conducted in a furrow-irrigated corn field at the Southwest Research-Extension Center. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots were 4 rows wide (10 ft), 50 ft long with a 10 ft border of untreated corn on each side and a 10 ft alley between plots. Prior to treatment, 2 plants in each of the 2 center rows of each plot were flagged. The natural field population of spider mites was very high and reasonably well distributed so no artificial infestation was necessary. Pretreatment counts were made on 26 Jul by visually searching one-half of every other leaf (one-quarter plant) on the flagged plants for large (adult female) mites. All treatments were applied on 27 Jul, except for the experimental pesticidal soap which was applied on 31 Jul. Most of the treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer using a 10 ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (1 nozzle directly over the row and 1 on each side of the row on 18-in drop hoses). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre using a ground speed of 2.4 mph and 30 psi. Thio-Sul was applied with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver the equivalent of a 0.2 inch irrigation on the 2 center rows (5227 gal/acre) using 3 Delavan 100/140, .75-inch rain drop nozzles. The experimental pesticidal soap used in this test was produced at Kansas State University. Counts were made on 2 and 15 Aug (6 and 19 DAT) by searching one-half of every other leaf on the flagged plants. Mite counts were converted to mites per plant for analyses and presentation. Efficacy was evaluated by comparing the mean number of mites per plant among treatments using SAS Proc ANOVA and by comparing pretreatment means with posttreatment means using the Henderson and Tilton formula. The spider mite species composition which was present during the test was evaluated by collecting several mites from the flagged plants in each plot with a vacuum sampler and mounting them on glass slides for microscopic examination.
Field Corn, Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1990
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sand. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two insecticide evaluation studies were conducted for control of mixed populations of northern and western corn rootworm. At least 50% of the populations were western corn rootworm. Both experiments were conducted on separate fields approximately 1 mile apart at the Pennsylvania Agricultural Experiment Station farm at Rock Springs, Centre County, Pa. Corn (Pioneer 3527) was planted no-till on 15 May using a 2-row John Deere Max Emerge planter with 30-inch row spacing. Insecticides were applied to 5 × 40 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications/treatment. On 25 Jun plants were counted at both locations. Root damage ratings were evaluated 23 Jul (Experiment A) and 24, 25 Jul (Experiment B), taking 5 plants/plot and using the Iowa 1-6 system. Yield was determined by mechanically harvesting each plot for shelled corn on 9 Nov.
Early-Season Control of Chinch Bugs in Corn with Soil Insecticides, 1989
Authors: Riley Thomas J. , David Blair C. , Smith Mark S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pioneer 3320’ field corn was planted for Tests I—III on 6 Apr and for Test IV on 19 Apr in loessial silt loam (Gigger-Gilbert complex) at the Macon Ridge branch of the LSU Northeast Research Station. Granular insecticides were applied at planting using a 2-row John Deere Model 71 Flexi-Planter, modified to carry 1-pt jars of insecticide. Jars were inverted above funnels connected by flexible delivery tubes to either a 7-inch band or an in-furrow application. The diam of a single central fole in the lid of each jar, in combination with tractor speed, determined the rate of insecticide flow. Banded insecticides were applied in front of the press wheel and further incorporated by a drag chain attached to the rear of the planter. Liquid insecticides were applied using a carbon dioxode pressurized planter-mounted sprayer dispensing insecticide from 2-liter plastic bottles. Application pressure was 50 psi using a Tee Jet no. 11004 nozzle. Banded sprays were applied as 8-inch bands across the open seed furrow ahead of the press wheel. For in-furrow spray applications, nozzles were rotated 90° and the spray directed into the open seed furrow A drag chain behind the press wheel provided slight additional incorporation after closure of the seed furrow. Tests were conducted in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications, each treatment consisting of 2, 40-ft rows spaced 36 inches apart. Efficacy of insecticide treatments against chinch bugs in corn were determined by counting the number of chinch bugs/10 randomly selected plants in each insecticide plot (5 plants/row × 2 rows/plot × 4 replications) The number of chinch bug-damaged plants per 40 row ft was also counted in each insecticide plot (2 rows/plots × 4 replications). Data are reported as mean number of chinch bugs/10 plants and mean number of damaged plants/40 row ft.
Field Corn, Wireworm Larval Control, 1990
Authors: Rouse J. R. , Oleson J. D. , Boeve P. J. , Baker D. A. , Schmidt D. H. , Tollesfon J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Planting-time soil insecticides were evaluated for wireworm control in a field that required replanting. Wireworm feeding had reduced the stand in a 10-acre sandy-loam field from 25,000 to 6,000 plants/acre. Field cultivating removed the existing stand and prepared the seedbed for replanting. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Treatments were applied to single, 50-ft length rows with 30-inch row spacing. Granular insecticide formulations were applied with modified Noble metering units that had been laboratorycalibrated to accurately deliver material at a tractor speed of 4 mph. The applicators were mounted on a 4-row John Deere Max-Emerge 7100 integral planter. Each row was constantly monitored to insure that insecticide was being correctly applied at all times. Drag chains were used for incorporation. Seed treatments were machine planted with each seed treatment assigned to its own seed hopper. Following corn emergence, stand counts were taken from 1/1000 acre/ treatment and the seeds/seedlings were carefully extracted from two 1-m sections of row and inspected for wireworm feeding damage. The untreated check rows revealed no feeding damage and the plot was not evaluated further.
Corn Rootworm Control in Field Corn, 1990
Authors: Shields E. J. , Taylor P. S. , Sher R. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots measuring 37 rows × 30.5 m (100 ft) were planted at Rich-a-Lu farm in East Aurora, N.Y., on 2 May with a 2-row corn planter at 77,500 seeds/ha (31,000/acre), and fertilized with 181.4 kg (400 lb) of 10-10-10 fertilizer banded at planting. Soils were silt loam with 4% organic matter. Adult beetle counts averaged between 4 and 6 beetles/plant during the 1989 oviposition period in this field. Each treatment was a single row by 30.5 m (100 ft). Thirty-seven treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. Supplimental nitrogen was provided with a preplant incorporated application of tons manure/acre. Granular insecticides were applied at planting (AP) with Noble granular applicators mounted on the planter, and at cultivation with a Noble granular applicator mounted on a 2 wheel pushcart. Cultivation treatments were applied on 20 Jun and followed by a 2 inch cultivation using a single row cultivator with C-shanked shovels. All treatments were cultivated to eliminate the effect of cultivation on the different treatments. Corn growth stage at cultivation was S-2. Stand counts were taken on 50 row ft on 20 Jun. Five plants in each row were dug and the roots washed before rating root damage using the Iowa 1—6 root rating scale on 2 Aug. Treatments were mechanically harvested on 24 Sep with a single row silage chopper (New Holland model 707), and the silage from each treatment row was collected and weighed in a weigh wagon.
Corn Rootworm Control in Field Corn, 1987
Authors: Shields E. J. , Taylor P. S. , Sher R. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Experimental plots measuring 28 rows × 50 ft were planted in Freeville, N.Y., on 13 May with a 2-row corn planter at 24,000 seeds/acre, and fertilized with 400 lb of 10-10-10 fertilizer banded at planting. Soils were silt loam with 5% organic matter. Each treatment was 1 row by 50 ft. Twenty-eight treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design. Supplemental nitrogen was provided with a preplant broadcast incorporated application of 300 lb urea/acre. Granular insecticides were applied at planting with Noble granular applicators mounted on the planter. Stand counts were taken on 40 ft of row on 15 Jun. Five plants in each row were dug and the roots washed before rating root damage using the Iowa 1-6 root rating scale of 21 Jul. Field harvested yields, in lbs of unshelled earcorn, were harvested from 20 plants/row on 15 Oct.
Corn Rootworm Control in Field Corn, 1988
Authors: Shields E. J. , Taylor P. S. , Sher R. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two trials were planted in a single large field in Western N.Y. with a soil texture change between the 2 locations. Identical rates and placements of registered corn rootworm soil insecticides were used in both sites for comparison purposes. Experimental plots for the large trial, measuring 53 rows × 50 ft, and for the small trial, measuring 10 rows × 50 ft, were planted at Rich-a-Lu farm in East Aurora, N.Y., on 4 May with a 2-row corn planter at 24,000 seeds/acre. Plots were fertilized with 400 lb of 10-10-10 fertilizer banded at planting. Soils for the large trial were silt loam with 4% organic matter, and for the small trial were sandy loam. Fifty-three treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design for the large trial, and 10 treatments were replicated 4 times in a complete randomized block design for the small trial. Supplemental nitrogen was provided with a preplant incorporated application of 40 tons manure/acre. Granular insecticides were applied at planting with Noble granular applicators mounted on the planter. Adult beetle counts averaged between 3 and 4 beetles/plant during the 1989 oviposition period throughout the entire field. Each treatment for both trials was 1 row by 50 ft. Stand counts were taken on 40 ft of row on 15 Jun. Five plants in each row were dug and the roots washed before rating root damage using the Iowa 1-6 root rating scale on 26 Jul.
Evaluation of Soil Insecticides on First Year and Continuous Corn in Ohio, 1990
Authors: Willson H. R. , Eisley J. B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Planting-time treatments of 5 granular soil insecticide products were evaluated on conventionally tilled first year and continuous corn at the OARDC Northwestern Field Station near Hoytville, Ohio. Three of the products were evaluated at both full and reduced rates. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Plots were 80 ft in length and 4 rows wide at 30 inch row spacing. Treatments were applied 1 May at planting time using a John Deere 7000 planter with standard granular insecticide application equipment. No seed treatment was applied. Stand counts were taken 12 Jun on 100 ft of row. Root systems of 5 plants/plot were rated 19 Jul using the Iowa 1-6 scale. On 2 Nov, the central 2 rows of each plot were machine harvested to determine yield.
Ovicidal Activity Trials, 1990
Authors: Elzen G. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to cotton grown in small plots at Stoneville, Miss. The test was applied 16 Jul using a high-clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 5 mph and 40 psi using 2, TX8 nozzles/row. Plot size was 30 ft × 4 rows arranged in a randomized complete block with 4 replicates/treatment. TB eggs were obtained from a culture maintained at the Southern Field Crop Insect Management Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Stoneville. All eggs used were laid the previous night on tulle cloth material. Eggs were not washed or subjected to chemical treatments before use and were easily removed by crumpling the material. Eggs were exposed to insecticides in 2 ways. First, eggs to be treated in the field were placed on the upper surface of the last 3—4 expanded leaves in the terminal of 4 plants in each replication by brushing a weak solution of xanthan gum and water on the leaves and sprinkling eggs on the surface. Plots were sprayed 30 min after application of the eggs. Eggs sprayed on the plant remained in the field for 2 h after treatment and were then taken to the laboratory to determine mortality. Second, treated leaves (4 from each replication) were collected at 24, 48, and 72 h after spraying in the field and taken to the laboratory where eggs were placed on them and mortality was determined over time. Eggs were sprinkled on each leaf in the field and in the laboratory in an effort to get at least 10 eggs/leaf. The number of viable eggs was counted on each leaf in the laboratory 24 h after being sprayed in the field or placed on sprayed leaves in the laboratory. The number of eggs/leaf averaged 15.0 ± 5.5 (S.D.). Leaves from all treatments were held in Petri dishes on water-moistened filter paper at 82°F. The number of unhatched eggs was determined at 72 and 96 h after eggs were applied. Eggs were considered dead when black and shriveled. Cumulative egg mortality 96 h after collection or treatment is reported. On 17 Jul, after the 24 h treated leaves were collected and prior to collection of 48 h treated leaves, 0.5 inch of rain was recorded.
Mite Control, 1990
Authors: Karner Miles , Kelley Mark , Goodson Jerry 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two tests were initated to evaluate several insecticides against late season TSSM infestations in Okla. Both tests utilized a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Test I was applied on 21 Aug in Caddo County, Okla. using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 6.3 gal finished spray per acre. Plots were 4 rows (40 inch spacing) × 25 ft. Test II was applied on 1 Sep using a Hi-Boy tractor equipped with a 8-row boom calibrated to deliver 4 gal finished spray/acre. Plots were 8 rows by 1320 ft. TSSM densities were determined 3 DAT and 7 DAT for Test I and only 3 DAT for Test II. Recording the total number of TSSM present on 10 leaves (5 terminal and 5 bottom) sampled at random from middle 2 rows. No phytotoxicity was observed.
Two Spotted Spider Mite Control, 1990
Authors: Langston William C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was designed to compare ABG-6277A to Kelthane for control of two-spotted spider mite. Delta Pine 50 was planted 8 May in plots 8 rows × 40 ft long. The plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The plots were infested with TSSM by placing one infested bean plant every 3 steps along the center 2 rows of each plot on 29 Jun. Mite predators were reduced by weekly sprayings of Asana 0.025 lb (AI)/acre beginning on 28 Jun. Treatments were applied 11 and 18 Jul with a Hi Boy sprayer with tips every 20 inches delivering 10 gpa. The percent mite infested leaves in the 5th and 6th position from the terminal was determined by examining 25 leaves on the center 2 rows of each plot. Sampling dates were 18 and 24 Jul and 1 and 7 Aug. Yield was not measured because of leaf blight which partially defoliated plots.