bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The gold standard for whom? Schools' experiences participating in a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Troyer Margaret 
Published: April 2022

BackgroundRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) have long been considered the gold standard in education research. Federal funds are allocated to evaluations that meet What Works Clearinghouse standards; RCT designs are required in order to meet these standards without reservations. Schools seek out interventions that are research based, in other words, interventions that have demonstrated effects in RCTs, creating a cycle that incentivises RCT research. However, RCTs pose tremendous obstacles for school‐based participants.MethodsThis paper presents a descriptive case study of an RCT of an adolescent reading intervention implemented in four districts over three years, drawing on interviews and document analysis to illustrate the challenges that participation in an RCT poses for schools.ResultsIn two participating districts, the random assignment requirement caused major difficulties with recruitment and retention. Of the 15 schools that began implementation in fall of year 1, 11 left the study by fall of year 2. Of those 11, eight explicitly stated that the random assignment requirement was the reason they withdrew. Stakeholders expressed that they felt it was unethical to withhold the intervention from some students.ConclusionsThis rate of attrition casts doubt on the external validity of the programme evaluation, as these schools are likely to systematically differ from schools that met the requirements of random assignment. Suggestions are offered for alternative methods that may be used to evaluate promising interventions, in ways that are better aligned with real‐world educational contexts.HighlightsWhat is already known about this topic

RCTs are considered the gold standard in education research, and research funding is distributed accordingly.
Promising interventions often fail to replicate under effectiveness conditions.
What this paper adds

This paper examines the challenges of participation in an RCT for schools.
Student‐level random assignment presents a barrier to school participation in RCTs.
High attrition rates cast doubt on the external validity of the findings.
Implications for theory, policy and practice

When designing intervention research beyond the efficacy stage, feasibility for practitioners and external validity should be given greater weight.
Alternative methods for evaluating promising interventions are proposed, including switching replications designs, RCTs comparing interventions with no business as usual control group, regression discontinuity, matched non‐random comparison groups, and improvement science approaches.
Sources of nurse‐sensitive inpatient safety improvement
Authors: Dynan Linda , Smith Richard B. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the association of hospital expenditure with continuing nurse education and staffing on improvements in nurse‐sensitive, patient‐safety outcomes.Data SourcesData obtained from 12‐year (2007–2018) panel of Florida acute‐care general hospitals.Study DesignWe assess the relationship of hospital expenditure on continuing nurse education and staffing on nurse‐sensitive, patient‐safety outcomes from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: advanced‐stage (stage 3 or 4) pressure injuries/ulcers, central venous catheter‐related blood stream infection, and deep vein thrombosis. We attempt to mitigate expected omitted‐variable bias by (1) exploiting the panel structure of our data, controlling for time and time‐invariant hospital fixed effects and (2) incorporating measurable variables representing four unobserved hospital characteristics underlying hospital safety culture (organizational type, organizational structure, leadership, and market conditions) that are likely associated with both inpatient safety and our key determinants. We include two policy initiatives that took effect during the period under study.Data Extraction MethodsFrom our initial sample of 177 acute‐care hospitals we exclude hospitals with missing variables or years of data. Our samples are a balanced panel of 150 acute‐care hospitals (N = 1800) for pressure ulcer and catheter‐related blood stream infection, and 143 hospitals (N = 1716) for deep vein thrombosis.Principal FindingsA one standard deviation increase in nursing education‐policy interaction is associated with a 16.6% (p < 0.01) reduction in the rate of catheter‐related blood stream infection and associated with an almost 5% (p < 0.05) reduction in the rate of deep vein thrombosis; a one standard deviation increase in staffing per 1000 inpatient days is associated with a 68.5% reduction in pressure‐ulcer rates: 31.4% from direct staffing (p < 0.01) and 37.1% from policy‐staffing interaction (p < 0.01).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that there are tradeoffs between funding continuing education and training of existing staff and expanding staff to achieve patient safety objectives.
Cancer care clinicians’ provision of smoking cessation support: A mixed methods study in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: DiGiacomo Michelle , Simoes dos Santos Paula , Furestad Erin , Hearnshaw Gemma , Nichols Shirlee , Chang Sungwon , Scott Nicola 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectivesGiven the importance of supporting cancer patients to quit smoking, we sought to ascertain cancer care clinicians’ beliefs and practices regarding providing smoking cessation brief interventions.MethodsWe used a cross‐sectional sequential explanatory mixed method design, including a survey of multidisciplinary cancer care clinicians and semistructured interviews.ResultsOne hundred and sixty‐five cancer care clinicians completed the survey and 21 participated in interviews. Over half of survey respondents (53%) said they do not regularly undertake smoking cessation brief interventions and 40% rarely or never advise quitting. Nonmetropolitan clinicians were more likely to discuss medication options and refer to the Quitline. Physicians were more likely to do brief interventions with patients and radiation therapists were least likely. Barriers were lack of training and experience, lack of knowledge of the Quitline referral process, lack of role clarity, lack of resources and systems, and perceived psychological ramifications of cancer for patients.ConclusionThere is a need to upskill cancer clinicians and improve systems to provide smoking cessation brief interventions as part of routine clinical practice. All cancer care clinicians should complete brief intervention smoking cessation training relevant to the cancer context, including making referrals to Quitline, and be supported by systems to record and follow‐up care.
Disruptive pandemic effects on telecommuters: A longitudinal study of work–family balance and well‐being during COVID‐19
Authors: Hu Xinyu (Judy) , Subramony Mahesh 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe examined the disruptive influence of COVID‐19 pandemic rates in the community on telecommuters' satisfaction with balancing their work and family roles and consequently their well‐being. Utilizing event system theory and adaptation theory, we proposed that the rate of increase in proportion of confirmed COVID‐19 cases in telecommuters' residential communities would predict a lower rate of increase in their satisfaction with work–family balance over time, thereby indirectly influencing two key aspects of well‐being—emotional exhaustion and life satisfaction. Results from latent growth curve modeling using objective community data, as well as survey responses from a three‐wave (N = 349) panel study of telecommuters in the United States, indicated that rate of increase in the proportion of confirmed COVID‐19 cases in communities was negatively associated with the rate of increase in satisfaction with work–family balance, which translated into decreasing levels of well‐being over time. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of these findings.
Letter: potential selection bias in real‐world comparison of ustekinumab versus vedolizumab as a second‐line treatment for Crohn’s disease—authors’ reply
Authors: Selinger Christian P. , Lenti Marco Vincenzo , De Silvestri Annalisa 
Published: April 2022

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Lenti et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16742 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16871
Corticosteroid plus glycyrrhizin therapy for chronic drug‐ or herb‐induced liver injury achieves biochemical and histological improvements: a randomised open‐label trial
Authors: Wang Jia‐Bo , Huang Ang , Wang Yijin , Ji Dong , Liang Qing‐Sheng , Zhao Jun , Zhou Guangde , Liu Shuhong , Niu Ming , Sun Ying , Tian Hui , Teng Guang‐Ju , Chang Bin‐Xia , Bi Jing‐Feng , Peng Xiao‐Xia , Xin Shaojie , Xie Huan , Ma Xiong , Mao Yi‐Min , Liangpunsakul Suthat , Saxena Romil , Aithal Guruprasad P. , Xiao Xiao‐He , Zhao Jingmin , Zou Zhengsheng 
Published: April 2022

SummaryBackgroundTreatment of chronic drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) or herb‐induced liver injury(HILI) is an important and unresolved challenge. There is no consensus regarding the indications for corticosteroids for chronic DILI/HILI.AimsTo investigate the efficacy and safety of corticosteroid plus glycyrrhizin for patients with chronic DILI/HILI.MethodsThis was a randomised open‐label trial. Eligible patients with causality assessment using the updated RUCAM were randomly assigned (1:1) either to the steroid treatment group (48‐week stepwise dose reduction of methylprednisolone plus glycyrrhizin) or control group (glycyrrhizin alone). Liver biopsies were performed at baseline and at the end of the 48‐week treatment period. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with sustained biochemical response (SBR). The secondary outcomes were improvement in liver histology, time to biochemical normalisation and safety.ResultsOf 80 participants, 70 (87.5%) completed the trial. The patients were predominantly female (77.5%), aged >40 years (77.5%) and had a hepatocellular injury pattern of DILI (71.2%). Compared to the control group, the treatment group showed a higher proportion of SBR (94.3% vs. 71.4%, p = 0.023), shorter biochemical normalisation time and histological improvements in both histological activity and fibrosis. The DILI and HILI subgroups, as well as the autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)‐like DILI and non‐AIH‐like subgroups, showed comparable responses. No severe adverse events were observed during the trial.ConclusionThis study provides the first clinical evidence that corticosteroid plus glycyrrhizin therapy for chronic DILI with or without AIH‐like features can achieve both biochemical response and histological improvements with good safety. (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT 02651350).
Measuring leadership development in workplace learning using automated assessments: Learning analytics and measurement theory approach
Authors: Barthakur Abhinava , Kovanovic Vitomir , Joksimovic Srecko , Zhang Zhonghua , Richey Michael , Pardo Abelardo 
Published: April 2022

AbstractTechnological affordances have shown promising potential in advancing the delivery of corporate learning programmes designed for professional leadership development. However, there is a considerable challenge in evaluating learners' skill acquisition, with most of the past research relying on pre‐ and post‐tests or other forms of self‐reports to measure leadership development. In that sense, these approaches measure leadership development before and after the programme, while being inefficient for measuring the development during the learning process. This study collected self‐reflection answers from a professional development MOOC that allows learners to express their stepwise learning and reflect on their professional experience on leadership fronts. We developed a novel methodology and an automated system for the evaluation of leadership skills' mastery based on the depth of reflection exhibited during the learning process. We identified four groups of learners based on their course content mastery and explored the differences within groups. The results also highlight relevant insights about instructional design and provide promising avenues for future research.
Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic

Professional leadership programmes have become increasingly common in workplace learning.

Programmes mainly use manual/introspective measures to assess skill acquisition.

What this paper adds

An automated assessment system to evaluate leadership skill mastery.

Evidence‐based and leadership driven inferences about skill acquisition.

Use of a novel multidisciplinary methodology for complex skills assessment.

Implications of practice and/or policy

Assessing leadership development should include more than course grades.

Assessing differences in content mastery requires evaluation of various skills.

Developed assessment system provides promise for other similar domains.
The Canadian income taxation: Statistical analysis and parametric estimates
Authors: Kurnaz Musab , Yip Terry A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractUsing the administrative tax return database, we document the Canadian income and tax statistics in 2000 and in 2016 and compare them with those of the US. Also, we estimate parametric tax specifications used in applied macroeconomic and public finance studies. Although these specifications are, in general, good fits for average tax rates, their estimates yield large residuals for high‐income earners. We introduce a new parametric tax specification, which fits the data well and captures the rates of high‐income earners better than existing tax functions. The new specification can provide better quantitative analysis because most of the tax budget is financed by high‐income earners.
High‐resolution satellite imagery meets the challenge of monitoring remote marine protected areas in the Antarctic and beyond
Authors: LaRue Michelle , Brooks Cassandra , Wege Mia , Salas Leonardo , Gardiner Natasha 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRemote, high‐latitude oceans can prove challenging for the designation and implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs), partly due to issues in monitoring inaccessible localities and large spatial scales. A lack of protection combined with damage from growing human activities has contributed to the degradation of some of the Earth's richest marine biodiversity and highlights the urgent need to support improved marine conservation. High‐resolution satellite imagery (VHR; 0.3–0.6 m spatial resolution) provides a much‐needed tool for monitoring sentinel species in remote oceans, which would strengthen current and future MPA research and monitoring programs across the globe. This perspective specifies how recent advances in VHR studies have contributed to knowledge regarding occurrence, habitat suitability, and abundance of mesopredators in the Southern Ocean. We demonstrate how knowledge gained through VHR offers a cost‐effective and easily accessible method for collecting previously unobtainable data to inform a representative network of Southern Ocean MPAs, and how the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) could utilize this technology. As VHR and automated detection algorithms continue to improve, we showcase a promising opportunity to use these methods to complement current research and monitoring efforts, thus strengthening MPA efforts in the Southern Ocean and beyond.
Estimating alcohol‐attributable liver disease mortality: A comparison of methods
Authors: Sherk Adam , Esser Marissa B. , Stockwell Tim , Naimi Timothy S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractIntroductionAlcohol is a leading contributor to liver disease, however, estimating the proportion of liver disease deaths attributable to alcohol use can be methodologically challenging.MethodsWe compared three approaches for estimating alcohol‐attributable liver disease deaths (AALDD), using the USA as an example. One involved summing deaths from alcoholic liver disease and a proportion from unspecified cirrhosis (direct method); two used population attributable fraction (PAF) methodology, including one that adjusted for per capita alcohol sales. For PAFs, the 2011–2015 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and per capita sales from the Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System were used to derive alcohol consumption prevalence estimates at various levels (excessive alcohol use was defined by medium and high consumption levels). Prevalence estimates were used with relative risks from two meta‐analyses, and PAFs were applied to the 2011–2015 average annual number of deaths from alcoholic cirrhosis and unspecified cirrhosis (using National Vital Statistics System data) to estimate AALDD.ResultsThe number of AALDD was higher using the direct method (28 345 annually) than the PAF methods, but similar when alcohol prevalence was adjusted using per capita sales and all alcohol consumption levels were considered (e.g. 25 145 AALDD). Using the PAF method, disaggregating non‐drinkers into lifetime abstainers and former drinkers to incorporate relative risks for former drinkers yielded higher AALDD estimates (e.g. 27 686) than methods with all non‐drinkers combined.Discussion and ConclusionsUsing PAF methods that adjust for per capita sales and model risks for former drinkers yield more complete and possibly more valid AALDD estimates.
High flow nasal oxygen versus conventional oxygen therapy in gastrointestinal endoscopy with conscious sedation: Systematic review and meta‐analysis with trial sequential analysis
Authors: Gu Wan‐Jie , Wang Hao‐Tian , Huang Jiao , Pei Jun‐Peng , Nishiyama Kazuhiro , Abe Masanobu , Zhao Zhe‐Ming , Zhang Chun‐Dong 
Published: April 2022

ObjectivesAlthough conventional oxygen therapy (COT) is widely used, hypoxemia frequently occurs in gastrointestinal endoscopy with conscious sedation and can lead to life‐threatening consequences. High flow nasal oxygen (HFNO) has been applied to improve oxygenation in clinical entities. However, its efficacy to prevent hypoxemia in gastrointestinal endoscopy with conscious sedation has not been evaluated.MethodsWe searched databases to identify randomized controlled trials that compared the efficacy of HFNO with COT in gastrointestinal endoscopy with conscious sedation. The primary outcome was hypoxemia. Meta‐analyses with trial sequential analysis were performed using a random‐effects model.ResultsEight trials with 3212 patients were included. Compared with COT, HFNO significantly reduced the risk of hypoxemia (eight trials; 3212 patients; risk ratio 0.30; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13–0.70). Trial sequential analysis showed that the cumulative Z curve did not cross the monitoring or futility boundaries, nor reach the required information size line, indicating that more trials are needed to reach a definitive conclusion. Subgroup analyses indicated the superiority of HFNO over COT with respect to hypoxemia in patients at low risk and high risk. HFNO further improved the lowest oxygen saturation (four trials; 459 patients; mean difference 2.30, 95% CI 0.84–3.77).ConclusionsCompared with COT, HFNO can reduce the risk of hypoxemia and improve the lowest oxygen saturation in gastrointestinal endoscopy with conscious sedation. However, the results should be interpreted with caution due to substantial heterogeneity and limited evidence. Further studies are needed to verify the preliminary findings.
Kant's Schematism of the categories: An interpretation and defence
Authors: Stang Nicholas F. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe aim of the Schematism chapter of the Critique of Pure Reason is to solve the problem posed by the “inhomogeneity” of intuitions and categories: the sensible properties of objects represented in intuition are of a different kind than the properties represented by categories. Kant's solution is to introduce what he calls “transcendental schemata,” which mediate the subsumption of objects under categories. I reconstruct Kant's solution in terms of two substantive premises, which I call Subsumption Sufficiency (i.e., that subsuming an object under a transcendental schema is sufficient to subsume it under the corresponding category) and Real Possibility (i.e., that it is really possible to subsume objects under each of the transcendental schemata). These two principles, together with a trivial modal one (the Subsumption‐Possibility Link), entail that it is possible to subsume objects under categories; in other words, the argument of the Schematism is valid. The main work of the paper consists in reconstructing Kant's arguments for, and explanations of, these premises. I argue that they hinge on Kant's claim that transcendental schemata are “time‐determinations,” which I interpret to mean: rules for reflexively representing the temporal relations among our own representational states. On the basis of this reading, I reconstruct Kant's argument for Subsumption Sufficiency, category by category. I also explain why Real Possibility follows almost immediately. Granting Kant the argument up to this point in the Critique, the argument of the Schematism is sound.
Challenges and complexities in designing cluster headache prevention clinical trials: A narrative review
Authors: Dodick David W. , Goadsby Peter J. , Ashina Messoud , Tassorelli Cristina , Hundemer Hans‐Peter , Bardos Jennifer N. , Wenzel MD Richard , Kemmer Phebe , Conley Robert , Martinez James M. , Oakes Tina 
Published: April 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo provide a review of challenges in clinical trials for the preventive treatment of cluster headache (CH) and highlight considerations for future studies.BackgroundCurrent guidelines for preventive treatment of CH are largely based on off‐label therapies supported by a limited number of small randomized controlled trials. Guidelines for clinical trial design for CH treatments from the International Headache Society were last issued in 1995.Methods/ResultsRandomized controlled clinical trials were identified in the European and/or United States clinical trial registries with a search term of “cluster headache,” and manually reviewed. Cumulatively, there were 27 unique placebo‐controlled prevention trials for episodic and/or chronic CH, of which 12 were either ongoing, not yet recruiting, or the status was unknown. Of the remaining 15 trials, 5 were terminated early and 7 of the 10 completed trials enrolled fewer patients than planned or did not report the planned sample size. A systematic search of PubMed was also utilized to identify published manuscripts reporting results from placebo‐controlled preventive trials of CH. This search yielded 16 publications, of which 7 were registered. Through critical review of trial data and published manuscripts, challenges and complexities encountered in clinical trials for the preventive treatment of CH were identified. For example, the excruciating pain associated with CH demands a suitably limited baseline duration, rapid treatment efficacy onset, and poses a specific issue regarding duration of investigational treatment period and length of exposure to placebo. In episodic CH, spontaneous remission as part of natural history, and the unpredictability and irregularity of cluster periods across patients present additional key challenges.ConclusionsOptimal CH trial design should balance sound methodology to demonstrate efficacy of a potential treatment with patient needs and the natural history of the disease, including unique outcome measures and endpoint timings for chronic versus episodic CH.