bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retrospective claims analysis of physical therapy utilization among women with stress or mixed urinary incontinence
Authors: McKinney Jessica L. , Datar Manasi , Pan Li‐Chen , Goss Thomas , Keyser Laura E. , Pulliam Samantha J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the characteristics of women with stress or mixed urinary incontinence (SUI/MUI) receiving physical therapy (PT) services, including referral patterns and PT utilization.MethodsFemale patients with claims associated with an SUI or MUI diagnosis (International Classification of Disease—Clinical Modification [ICD‐9‐CM]: 625.6, 788.33, or ICD‐10‐CM: N39.3, N39.46) between July 01, 2014 and June 30, 2016 were identified in International business machines (IBM)'s MarketScan Research Database. Inclusion criteria included the absence of pregnancy claims and ≥80% medical and pharmacy enrollment pre‐ and postindex. First SUI/MUI diagnosis claim determined index. Patients were followed for 2 years, and associated UI‐associated PT encounters were identified. Descriptive statistics were calculated for patients with at least one PT visit during the postindex period.ResultsIn a cohort of 103,813 women with incident SUI or MUI diagnosis, 2.6% (2792/103,813) had at least one PT visit in the 2 years following their diagnosis. Mean age at index PT encounter was 50.55 years. A total of 52.36% (1462/2792) women had one to four PT visits; 21.2% (592/2792) had >8 PT visits. In subanalysis of the PT cohort (1345/2792), women who received PT only had the lowest average 2‐year postindex total medical cost (mean: $12,671; SD: $16,346), compared with PT plus medications (mean: $27,394; SD: $64,481), and PT plus surgery (mean: $33,656; SD: $26,245), respectively. Over 40% had their first PT visit ≥3 months after their index date.ConclusionsThe percentage of women with a PT visit associated with an incident SUI or MUI diagnosis was low (2.6%), and 30% of this group completed three or more PT visits. This suggests poor adherence to clinical guidelines regarding supervised treatment of UI in women.Impact StatementOur study suggests underutilization of PT among insured women with SUI and MUI in the 2 years following diagnosis. Interventions to improve this gap in first‐line care may represent an opportunity for an increased role for PTs in the care of women with UI.
Associations between cardiometabolic disease severity, social determinants of health (SDoH), and poor COVID‐19 outcomes
Authors: Howell Carrie R. , Zhang Li , Yi Nengjun , Mehta Tapan , Cherrington Andrea L. , Garvey W. Timothy 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the ability of retrospective cardiometabolic disease staging (CMDS) and social determinants of health (SDoH) to predict COVID‐19 outcomes.MethodsIndividual and neighborhood SDoH and CMDS clinical parameters (BMI, glucose, blood pressure, high‐density lipoprotein, triglycerides), collected up to 3 years prior to a positive COVID‐19 test, were extracted from the electronic medical record. Bayesian logistic regression was used to model CMDS and SDoH to predict subsequent hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mortality, and whether adding SDoH to the CMDS model improved prediction was investigated. Models were cross validated, and areas under the curve (AUC) were compared.ResultsA total of 2,873 patients were identified (mean age: 58 years [SD 13.2], 59% were female, 45% were Black). CMDS, insurance status, male sex, and higher glucose values were associated with increased odds of all outcomes; area‐level social vulnerability was associated with increased odds of hospitalization (odds ratio: 1.84, 95% CI: 1.38‐2.45) and ICU admission (odds ratio 1.98, 95% CI: 1.45‐2.85). The AUCs improved when SDoH were added to CMDS (p < 0.001): hospitalization (AUC 0.78 vs. 0.82), ICU admission (AUC 0.77 vs. 0.81), and mortality (AUC 0.77 vs. 0.83).ConclusionsRetrospective clinical markers of cardiometabolic disease and SDoH were independently predictive of COVID‐19 outcomes in the population.
Globalisation and pollinators: Pollinator declines are an economic threat to global food systems
Authors: Murphy James T. , Breeze Tom D. , Willcox Bryony , Kavanagh Saorla , Stout Jane C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Trade in animal‐pollinated crops plays an important role in global food systems: in many low‐income countries, export of pollinated crops such as coffee and cocoa plays a significant role in livelihoods, while food systems in many higher income nations depend on international trade in these crops to satisfy their local demands. Losses of pollination services therefore pose a significant risk to economies beyond the area directly affected.

Using a simple extension of a common economic model, we explore which countries are most affected by a loss of pollination services in three case study groups of 25 countries that are vulnerable to different risks: pesticide use, natural disasters and economic debts.

In all three cases, large, developed economies such as the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan, are estimated to suffer the greatest economic losses, even if pollinator losses only affect smaller, less‐developed economies.

In cases where higher income countries are affected by pollinator losses, there is a significant shift in the value of global pollinated crop production towards other large, unaffected countries.

Our findings highlight the need for richer countries to invest in pollinator conservation beyond their own borders to maintain resilient food systems. We provide suggestions for further economic research to better understand and identify system vulnerabilities to pollinator losses.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Effect of poly ether ether ketone particles on v‐notched shear and drop weight impact behavior of carbon/epoxy composite
Authors: Rehman Muhammad Muslim , Shaker Khubab , Nawab Yasir 
Published: March 2022

AbstractDue to the intrinsic brittleness, low velocity impact (LVI) causes internal invisible damages that drastically degrade the structural qualities of carbon/epoxy composites. The addition of pre‐formed immiscible thermoplastic filler in thermoset matrix offers various advantages over miscible phase separated thermoplastic filler. In this work, poly ether ether ketone (PEEK) micro particles were used to improve the toughness of the carbon/epoxy composite. Mechanical stirring was used to disperse the particles. Composite was fabricated using hand lay‐up process followed by compression molding. The effect of PEEK particles was assessed using in‐plane v‐notched rail shear characteristics, drop weight impact, and compression after impact strength. The addition of PEEK particles significantly improved the in‐plane shear strength and damage tolerance of the carbon/epoxy composite, according to the results.
Computational study of the transamination reaction in vinylogous acyls: Paving the way to design vitrimers with controlled exchange kinetics
Authors: Hamzehlou Shaghayegh , Ruipérez Fernando 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOne of the key points in the design of vitrimers is controlling the associative exchange kinetics. One common chemistry used in vitrimers is based on the dynamic amine exchange reaction of vinylogous acyl compounds in presence of free amine. Understanding the reaction mechanism is essential to assist the optimization of the reaction conditions as well as the molecular structure of the reactant compounds in the pursuit of new materials. In this work, a computational study has been performed to explore different reaction mechanisms in neutral, acidic and in basic conditions or in the presence of Lewis acids, as well as the effect of chemical modifications in the exchange reaction. The results reveal that the formation of hydrogen bonds are a key feature and that the vinylogous urea improves the transamination compared to vinylogous urethane. The esteric hindrance of the amino group in the vinylogous compound also plays an important role. Finally, the nature of the free amine can improve the reactivity by equilibrating two contrary effects: the basicity favors the nucleophilic attack and the conjugated acidity favors the protonation. The findings of this theoretical work shed light in the design of new vitrimers with controlled exchange kinetics by chemical modifications.
Aural single‐word and aural phrasal verb knowledge and their relationships to L2 listening comprehension
Authors: Cheng Junyu , Matthews Joshua , Lange Kriss , McLean Stuart 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study quantifies second language (L2) knowledge of aural single words and aural phrasal verbs (PVs) and investigates their relationship with L2 listening comprehension. An aural first language (L1) meaning recall test format was used to measure knowledge of 81 single‐word and 81 PV target items (with equivalent frequencies of occurrence) among 224 Chinese tertiary‐level learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Participants’ L2 listening was measured with a version of the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC). Participants’ aural single‐word and aural PV knowledge were compared, and their relationship with L2 listening were examined using correlation and multiple regression analysis. These analyses also included comparison between participants of relatively high (Independent Users) and relatively low (Basic Users) L2 listening proficiency. Although regression modelling showed that single‐word test scores were most predictive of L2 listening comprehension, it also showed that PV test scores made a substantial contribution to the model’s predictive capacity. In combination, single‐word and PV test scores could predict 42.7% of the variance observed in the listening scores. The theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Electric field decay without pair production: lattice, bosonization and novel worldline instantons
Authors: Hu Xu-Yao , Kleban Matthew , Yu Cedric 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Electric fields can spontaneously decay via the Schwinger effect, the nucleation of a charged particle-anti particle pair separated by a critical distance d. What happens if the available distance is smaller than d? Previous work on this question has produced contradictory results. Here, we study the quantum evolution of electric fields when the field points in a compact direction with circumference L < d using the massive Schwinger model, quantum electrodynamics in one space dimension with massive charged fermions. We uncover a new and previously unknown set of instantons that result in novel physics that disagrees with all previous estimates. In parameter regimes where the field value can be well-defined in the quantum theory, generic initial fields E are in fact stable and do not decay, while initial values that are quantized in half-integer units of the charge E = (k/2)g with k ∈ ℤ oscillate in time from +(k/2)g to −(k/2)g, with exponentially small probability of ever taking any other value. We verify our results with four distinct techniques: numerically by measuring the decay directly in Lorentzian time on the lattice, numerically using the spectrum of the Hamiltonian, numerically and semi-analytically using the bosonized description of the Schwinger model, and analytically via our instanton estimate.
Justificatory explanations in machine learning: for increased transparency through documenting how key concepts drive and underpin design and engineering decisions
Authors: Casacuberta David , Guersenzvaig Ariel , Moyano-Fernández Cristian 
Published: March 2022

AbstractGiven the pervasiveness of AI systems and their potential negative effects on people’s lives (especially among already marginalised groups), it becomes imperative to comprehend what goes on when an AI system generates a result, and based on what reasons, it is achieved. There are consistent technical efforts for making systems more “explainable” by reducing their opaqueness and increasing their interpretability and explainability. In this paper, we explore an alternative non-technical approach towards explainability that complement existing ones. Leaving aside technical, statistical, or data-related issues, we focus on the very conceptual underpinnings of the design decisions made by developers and other stakeholders during the lifecycle of a machine learning project. For instance, the design and development of an app to track snoring to detect possible health risks presuppose some picture or another of “health”, which is a key notion that conceptually underpins the project. We take it as a premise that these key concepts are necessarily present during design and development, albeit perhaps tacitly. We argue that by providing “justificatory explanations” about how the team understands the relevant key concepts behind its design decisions, interested parties could gain valuable insights and make better sense of the workings and outcomes of systems. Using the concept of “health”, we illustrate how a particular understanding of it might influence decisions during the design and development stages of a machine learning project, and how making this explicit by incorporating it intoex-postexplanations might increase the explanatory and justificatory power of these explanations. We posit that a greater conceptual awareness of the key concepts that underpin design and development decisions may be beneficial to any attempt to develop explainability methods. We recommend that “justificatory explanations” are provided as technical documentation. These are declarative statements that contain at its simplest: (1) a high-level account of the understanding of the relevant key concepts a team possess related to a project’s main domain, (2) how these understandings drive decision-making during the life-cycle stages, and (3) it gives reasons (which could be implicit in the account) that the person or persons doing the explanation consider to have plausible justificatory power for the decisions that were made during the project.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related acute longitudinal myelitis involving the entire spinal cord
Authors: Zhao Yu , Wang Fuxiang , Cao Liming 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Introduction
As acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) becomes more widespread, there will be an increasing need for diagnostic AIDS-related neurological syndromes. AIDS-related myelitis is easy to be ignored, and AIDS-related longitudinal myelitis has not yet been reported.

Case presentation
A 45-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital after 3 days of progressive slurred speech and limb weakness. Neurologic examination revealed near-complete four-limb paralysis with dyspnea, dysarthria, and neck rigidity. Contrast-enhanced T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging showed hyperintensities within the entire spinal cord. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed elevated white blood cell count and protein level. He was administered high-dose immunoglobulin and methylprednisolone. There was rapid regression in his symptoms after a month of therapy.

Conclusions
This unique presentation of AIDS with longitudinal myelitis involving the entire spinal cord enriches our understanding of the clinical spectrum of this condition. Our case provides essential information for the diagnosis and treatment of longitudinal myelitis in AIDS patients.
Long-run trends in top income shares: The role of income and population growth
Authors: Krolage Carla , Peichl Andreas , Waldenström Daniel 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis paper studies the sensitivity of long-run trends in top income shares to differences in top-share measures. While the standard measure fixes a share of the population, we define alternatives that allow variation in both incomes and size of the top group based on defining absolute income thresholds. In an application to United States data, we find that top income share trends over the past century vary somewhat depending on the measure used. Allowing top groups to increase in size after 1980 along with overall economic growth results in a larger increase of top income shares. The historical drops before WWII are sensitive to the choice of income deflator: using GDP inflates interwar top income shares but using CPI deflates them. Altogether, these results recommend using complementary approaches to defining top income groups when measuring long-term top income share trends.
Professional Financial Advice and Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Schepen Arjen , Burger Martijn J. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the relationship between professional financial advice (PFA) and subjective well-being (SWB). Utilizing the Dutch Household Survey 1995–2018, we find that regarding a professional financial advisor as most important source of financial advice is associated with higher levels of SWB. This association is stronger for households that experienced an increase in income, individuals who do not consider themselves financially knowledgeable, and individuals that have a weaker internal locus of control and have a lower degree of conscientiousness.
Material Flow Analysis and Resource Recovery Potential Analysis of Selected Fruit, Vegetable and Nut Waste in Kenya
Authors: Dulo Benson , Githaiga John , Raes Katleen , De Meester Steven 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIn Kenya, agriculture is an important economic activity, which implies that a significant amount of bio-waste is generated. This is on one hand a waste management problem, but on the other hand, it is an opportunity for creating a sustainable bioeconomy. Therefore, this study investigates the potential recovery of bioresources from Kenyan bio-waste. The study first quantifies occurrence, current usage and disposal of three selected biomass types, being banana, Irish potato and coconut waste. Next, material flow analysis is used to systematically track the mass flow of these wastes. Finally, the potential of biomolecules, biomaterials and bioenergy from the waste streams is evaluated. The study revealed that about 6007, 426 and 50 kt of banana, Irish potato and coconut biomass is wasted. All these wastes can be biorefined, offering potential towards recovery of; flavonoids (74 kt), starch (377 kt), cellulose (2001 kt) and biogas (1757 GWh), being the total potential of the main bioresources from the three waste streams. The study therefore, concluded that, with proper waste collection, sorting and valorisation, there is a huge potential for bioeconomy in Kenya, at the same time reducing waste management problems.
Graphical Abstract
The Democratic Inclusion of Artificial Intelligence? Exploring the Patiency, Agency and Relational Conditions for Demos Membership
Authors: Beckman Ludvig , Rosenberg Jonas Hultin 
Published: March 2022

AbstractShould artificial intelligences ever be included as co-authors of democratic decisions? According to the conventional view in democratic theory, the answer depends on the relationship between the political unit and the entity that is either affected or subjected to its decisions. The relational conditions for inclusion as stipulated by the all-affected (AAP) and all-subjected principles (ASP) determine the spatial extension of democratic inclusion. Thus, AI qualifies for democratic inclusion if and only if AI is either affected or subjected to decisions by the political unit in relevant ways. This paper argues that the conventional view is too simple; that it neglects democratic reasons to recognize only agents and/or moral patients as participants in decision-making. The claim defended is that AAP and ASP implicitly affirm requirements for agency and patiency. In ASP, the entity included must be an agent understood either in terms of legal status, capacity to comply with the law or ability to recognize legitimate authority. In AAP, the entity included must be a patient, understood either in terms of capacity for sentience or consciousness. Thus, the idea here is to explore the potential democratic inclusion of artificial intelligences by an updated account of the relevant conditions of agency and patiency that are implicit in democratic theory. Although conceivable that AI is or will be either affected or subjected in relevant ways to decisions made by political units, it is far less clear that AI will ever be agents or patients in the sense required for democratic inclusion.
Traumatic scalp myiasis in an elderly from rural Sarawak – A rare presentation due to limited healthcare accessibility – A case report
Authors: Heng Yu Wei , Kong Keen Chee , Bing Yap Nelson Kok 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Traumatic myiasis is a rare presentation in a healthy human being. It is caused by parasitic infestation on a neglected open wound by dipteran larvae, which is also known as maggot. The necrotic tissues and pus serve as a good source of nutrition. We hereby reported a case of severe traumatic scalp myiasis in a 60 years old elderly male from a rural area of Sarawak. Ignorance, poor education level and lack of healthcare accessibility were the key factors causing the rare complication.

Case presentation:
A 60 years old farmer with no known medical illness and drug allergy sustained an open wound over the scalp during farming. He did not seek proper medical treatment due to logistic issues. The wound was found to be infested with maggots after 2 weeks. There was no evidence of osteomyelitic change or intracranial extension on the Computed Tomography Brain (CTB). He was taken to the operation theatre for wound debridement and washout, whereby nearly 80 maggots were removed. He was also covered with broad-spectrum antibiotics for 2 weeks. He eventually returned home with a well-healed wound.

Clinical discussion:
Most of the myiasis cases reported in Malaysia were attributed to the infestation of Chrysomya bezziana species. It involves a variety of anatomical sites, such as skin, intestine, urogenital organs, oral cavity, nasopharyngeal cavity and auricular area. However, scalp myiasis is relatively rare in Malaysia. Although scalp myiasis is often benign, it can be lethal and extend intracranially if left untreated. The most effective treatment of scalp myiasis is by removing all living larvae from the infestation site using forceps followed by debridement.

Conclusion:
Traumatic myiasis is uncommon in a healthy well-being. The predisposing factor, such as a neglected wound, could be predicted when myiasis occurs in an otherwise healthy person. In this case, it is attributed to the lack of accessibility to healthcare services in a rural setting.

Highlights
The Self-Proclaimed Defender of Freedom: The AfD and the Pandemic
Authors: Lehmann Pola , Zehnter Lisa 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has challenged nearly every aspect of life and superseded issues at the core of populist radical right (PRR) parties' ideology, dispossessing them of one of their main narratives. This also challenged the Alternative for Germany (AfD), a relatively young but strong PRR party in opposition. We explore how the party has adjusted its policy supply to this unprecedented situation and how this has affected its popularity among German voters, building our analysis on press releases issued by the AfD between January 2020 and March 2021, vote intention data and recent election results. Initially, the party's reaction was inconsistent, but from autumn 2020 the AfD focused on fuelling discontent with the government's lockdown measures, acting as a supporter of the anti-coronavirus demonstrations. It framed its response as elite critique. So far, its siding with the lockdown protesters, however, has not had any positive effect on support for the party.