bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Telehealth Services for Substance Use Disorders During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Longitudinal Assessment of Intensive Outpatient Programming and Data Collection Practices
Authors: Gliske Kate , Welsh Justine W , Braughton Jacqueline E , Waller Lance A , Ngo Quyen M 
Published: February 2022

Background
The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic necessitated the rapid transition of many types of substance use disorder (SUD) treatments to telehealth formats, despite limited information about what makes treatment effective in this novel format.

Objective
This study aims to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of virtual intensive outpatient programming (IOP) treatment for SUD in the context of a global pandemic, while considering the unique challenges posed to data collection during an unprecedented public health crisis.

Methods
The study is based on a longitudinal study with a baseline sample of 3642 patients who enrolled in intensive outpatient addiction treatment (in-person, hybrid, or virtual care) from January 2020 to March 2021 at a large substance use treatment center in the United States. The analytical sample consisted of patients who completed the 3-month postdischarge outcome survey as part of routine outcome monitoring (n=1060, 29.1% response rate).

Results
No significant differences were detected by delivery format in continuous abstinence (χ22=0.4, P=.81), overall quality of life (F2,826=2.06, P=.13), financial well-being (F2,767=2.30, P=.10), psychological well-being (F2,918=0.72, P=.49), and confidence in one’s ability to stay sober (F2,941=0.21, P=.81). Individuals in hybrid programming were more likely to report a higher level of general health than those in virtual IOP (F2,917=4.19, P=.01).

Conclusions
Virtual outpatient care for the treatment of SUD is a feasible alternative to in-person-only programming, leading to similar self-reported outcomes at 3 months postdischarge. Given the many obstacles presented throughout data collection during a pandemic, further research is needed to better understand under what conditions telehealth is an acceptable alternative to in-person care.
Mantenimiento del español en el estado de Washington. Exploración del posible bilingüismo en los Estados Unidos: una perspectiva de jóvenes hablantes de herencia del español
Authors: Novella Miguel Ángel 
Published: February 2022

Se suele equiparar el incremento de la población latina o hispana en los Estados Unidos con el de la expansión de la lengua española en ese país. Y es que el vigoroso incremento de este grupo poblacional, el cual ascendió al 18.5% de la población en 2020, se presenta como un hecho irrefutable de que el español ocupará cada vez más espacios hasta empatar su presencia con la del inglés en la sociedad norteamericana. Aunque intereses económicos, políticos o sociales soslayen el contexto lingüístico del español como lengua minoritaria y en situación de contacto de lenguas, se asume que estas comunidades conservarán y transferirán el español a las próximas generaciones, a pesar de que existe evidencia histórica del desplazamiento hacia el inglés de las comunidades inmigrantes establecidas en los Estados Unidos. Según los estudios de Fishman (2001), en no más de tres generaciones las comunidades inmigrantes pierden sus lenguas de origen y se vuelven monolingües en inglés. Es decir, autoidentificarse como latino o hispano no es sinónimo de hablar español. Por ello, este estudio explora las siguientes preguntas de investigación: ¿difieren los hablantes de herencia en la frecuencia y el uso de español entre diferentes generaciones? Y ¿los hablantes de herencia nacidos o que emigraron a los Estados Unidos antes de los cinco años difieren en sus actitudes hacia el español en comparación con aquellos que emigraron después de los cinco años?
Coaliciones promotoras en la política marítima de México y España
Authors: Hernández Molina Miguel Ángel 
Published: February 2022

El presente artículo expone el rol que desempeñaron las organizaciones de armadores afiliados a la CAMEINTRAM de México y a la ANAVE de España en contra de la terminación de la política marítima proteccionista implantada en sus países. Lo anterior, a partir de considerar como puntos de partida de su análisis tanto un método comparado de casos y contextos, como al enfoque de análisis de política pública hacia el marco de coaliciones promotoras, y el resultado de sus acciones en la integración y medición de sus respectivas flotas mercantes.
Las Escuelas Normales Superiores en Colombia: doscientos años de historia entre retos y desafíos (1821-2021)
Authors: Muñoz Bravo Jose Oliden 
Published: February 2022

Este artículo se caracteriza por seguir el proceso histórico de las escuelas normales en Colombia, en el que se presenta un análisis de la relación entre la práctica pedagógica, investigación, formación docente, con revisión de los diferentes niveles educativos trazados a través de la Historia, donde se demuestra cuál es el papel que se ha cumplido en estos doscientos años; los maestros ponen en juego sus saberes en torno a la enseñanza, a los aprendizajes propios de sus estudiantes; las enseñanzas han sido tradicionalmente uno de los elementos más valorados en la formación de maestros, lo han sido tanto por los futuros maestros en su formación inicial como por los maestros en ejercicio, lo que demuestra el auténtico conocimiento que se precisa para llevar a cabo la formación de un auténtico profesional de la educación.
Las metas de los maestros se centran en sus clases y las aulas son laboratorios y se diseñan para enseñar a enseñar, donde supone la exigencia de los programas que se van a llevar a cabo en las prácticas que configuran en cada persona su aprendizaje como maestro. El maestro, ese maestro que logra trascender sus límites y conquistar otros espacios en el universo de la formación, goza con el resultado de sus discípulos, aunque queden en el camino huellas de injusticia e ingratitud.
Formar para la docencia ha llevado a las Escuelas Normales a asumir el reto de acortar la distancia entre la formación teórica que se recibe en estas instituciones, las experiencias prácticas que se obtienen en las escuelas de educación básica y las demandas sociales, culturales y tecnológicas que la sociedad impone constantemente. La práctica docente debe ser praxis pedagógica, porque es creación, es transformación y es posicionamiento del sujeto frente a la docencia; consecuentemente, porque a través de ella el sujeto tiene la posibilidad de resignificar y dar otro sentido a la práctica cotidiana que observa, que analiza y en la que se encuentra inserto.
La formación de los maestros en Colombia ha sido potestad de las Escuelas Normales Superiores y las Facultades de Educación de las universidades. Unas y otras han tenido a lo largo de la Historia las instituciones autorizadas para orientar la práctica pedagógica, la investigación y la formación integral del docente como fundamento del saber específico de un verdadero educador.
Flanking Maneuvers: The Counternarratives of the Military Unconscious in Phil Klay's “After Action Report” and “War Stories”
Authors: Räisänen Ari 
Published: February 2022

This article examines the ways in which Phil Klay’s short stories “After Action Report” and “War Stories” generate counternarratives that challenge and fragment populist representations of soldiering, war, and Americanness. In doing so, the analysis reveals new ways of approaching the contemporary American civilian-military disconnect. The article examines this disconnect in a framework based on Fredric Jameson’s theories that reveals the text’s underlying military unconscious: a type of political unconscious that rises from the lived-in social realities of veterans and active duty personnel. The military unconscious is complemented by what I term the hegemonic soldier: the ideological construct which informs the dominant cultural representations of soldiering and war, and which reinforces itself through representations in a fashion similar to the idea of nostalgic recreation.
By applying these concepts, the analysis can uncover the counternarratives that stem from the texts’ military unconscious. The first case study examines the ways in which Klay’s “After Action Report” ruptures the military institution’s hegemonic discourse of killing by providing alternative discourses that allow the soldier subject to resist the hegemonic soldier, and reassert ownership over their experiences. The second case study examines how “War Stories” reveals and critiques the latent presence of the hegemonic soldier in contemporary American society. The hegemonic soldier is shown to be an omnipresent force that appears even in narratives that seek to subvert it. Together, the case studies demonstrate veteran literature’s unique potential in understanding the development of contemporary American culture.
GENTRIFICATION AS INJUSTICE
Authors: Zimmer Tyler 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper focuses on the nature of the landlord/tenant relationship in uncontrolled rental housing markets. I argue that relational egalitarianism—the view that our social and political relations to one another ought not involve arbitrary power asymmetries—gives us moral reasons to criticize this relationship. In particular, I try to show that landlord/tenant relationships involve objectionable forms of economic subordination—more specifically, relations that involve exploitation and marginalization—as well as political inequality. I conclude the paper with some reflections on policy solutions to the problems I identify. Contrary to the consensus among most economists and government officials, not to mention landlords, I maintain that rent control should be seen as a legitimate and effective tool—among others—for curbing the power of landlords and protecting tenants.
THE NARROWED DOMAIN OF DISAGREEMENT FOR WELL-BEING POLICY
Authors: Hersch Gil 
Published: February 2022

AbstractIn recent years, policy makers have shown increasing interest in implementing policies aimed at promoting individual well-being. But how should policy makers choose their well-being policies? A seemingly reasonable first step is to settle on an agreed-upon definition of well-being. Yet there currently is significant disagreement on how well-being ought to be characterized, and agreement on the correct view of well-being does not appear to be forthcoming. Nevertheless, I argue in this paper that there are several reasons to think that the domain of well-being in the public policy context is narrower than that of well-being in general, which makes agreement on how to understand well-being in the public policy context more likely.
WHAT MUST GOOD SAMARITANS DO? SKEPTICISM ABOUT THE POLITICAL ENFORCEABILITY OF DUTIES TO AID
Authors: Davis Ryan W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Many political philosophers affirm what I will call the Good Samaritan Principle (GSP): There is a natural duty of justice to provide aid to others in great need, if we can do so at little cost to ourselves. This essay presents two arguments against the GSP, suggesting that the principle is in tension with practices of gratitude and blame. It then disputes whether denying the GSP is intuitively unacceptable, as its defenders have claimed. Finally, it advocates turning to a model-based approach to investigate the principle. Rather than appealing directly to intuition, philosophical models consider a principle’s fit within a system of independently supported conceptual claims. I conclude that this approach reinforces doubts about the GSP.
SANDEL, SEMIOTICS, AND MONEY-BASED EXCHANGE
Authors: Taylor James Stacey 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Jason Brennan and Peter Jaworski have recently developed an increasingly influential argument against semiotic objections to commodification. A semiotic argument is one that holds that the commodification of certain goods or services is morally wrong, either because it violates the social meaning of those goods or services, or because the market exchange of them would communicate something wrongful. Brennan and Jaworski focus much of their attention on showing that Michael Sandel’s deployment of such arguments fails. However, their argument does not undermine Sandel’s position because they have fundamentally misunderstood his view. But this misunderstanding is productive, for it can be used both to clarify the nature of the debates over the moral limits of markets and to gain a better understanding of an underexplored criticism of money-based exchange.
PUNISHING THE WRONG PERSON
Authors: Chan Rebecca 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this paper, I argue that we ought not to punish those who have undergone significant mental transformation as a result of conditions like Alzheimer’s or dementia. While there are those who defend this position on the basis of the Eighth Amendment’s prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment, I argue that we ought not to punish in these cases because the person being punished is not the same person as the one who committed the crime. On my account, the relevant sense of “sameness” is not “metaphysical”—rather, it looks at whether the past and present persons are the same practical agents. This account also enjoys some support in the legal context and can be found in laws about corporations, juvenile records, and treatment of dementia patients. Finally, focusing on sameness of persons rather than Eighth Amendment grounds has interesting implications for other policies regarding punishment.
INTRODUCTION: THE RESPONSIBLE USE OF SCIENCE IN SOCIETAL DECISION MAKING—PART 1
Authors: Elliott Kevin C. , Richards Ted 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Science plays a crucial role in much personal and societal decision making, including the development of public policy and regulations, the forumulation the development, and the preservation of public end environmental health. Nevertheless, recent scholarship has shown that the incorporation of science into public decision making in fraught with a great deal of complexity. This essay introduces two special sections of Public Affairs Quarterly (appearing in July 2017 and October 2017), which together explore cutting-edge questions about how science can be used responsibly to inform socictal decisions. The articles in these sections examine how to respond productively to scientific dissent and how to develop regulatory and legal institutions that treat science with appropriate respect without granting inappropriate decision-making power to the scientific community.
LIBERTY FOR CORVIDS
Authors: Wells Mark , Simmons Scott , Klim Diana 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We argue that at least some corvids morally ought to be granted a right to bodily liberty in the US legal system and relevantly similar systems. This right would grant immunity to frivolous captivity and extermination. Implementing this right will require new legislation or the expansion of existing legislation including the elimination of various "pest" clauses. This paper proceeds in three parts. First, we survey accounts of the moral grounds of legal rights. Second, to establish an overlapping consensus supporting corvid bodily liberty rights, we survey the empirical literature on corvid cognition. Third, we illustrate what a corvid right to bodily liberty might look like, by looking to recent developments in animal law, as well as previous advocacy on behalf of primates and cetaceans.
HOW COURTS’ REVIEWS OF SCIENCE IN TOXIC TORT CASES HAVE CHANGED AND WHY THAT’S A GOOD THING
Authors: Cranor Carl F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In many tort (personal injury) law cases, litigants need scientific evidence as part of the factual foundation for their legal claims. Usually, science enters the courtroom via expert testimony. However, judges have struggled to grasp the scientific relevance of different studies, how they could "fit together" to support an explanation of causation between exposure and effect, and how scientific experts reason about adverse effects in people. This essay reviews issues with which judges struggled, discusses inferences to the best explanation (IBE) (and some values implicit in these issues), and finally considers a recent case that better recognizes myriad kinds of scientific data and the role that IBE can play in supporting expert testimony. This decision is an advance over earlier approaches to reviewing expert testimony.
Phenomapping-Derived Tool to Individualize the Effect of Canagliflozin on Cardiovascular Risk in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Oikonomou Evangelos K. , Suchard Marc A. , McGuire Darren K. , Khera Rohan 
Published: February 2022

OBJECTIVE
Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have well-documented cardioprotective effects but are underused, partly because of high cost. We aimed to develop a machine learning–based decision support tool to individualize the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) benefit of canagliflozin in type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We constructed a topological representation of the Canagliflozin Cardiovascular Assessment Study (CANVAS) using 75 baseline variables collected from 4,327 patients with type 2 diabetes randomly assigned 1:1:1 to one of two canagliflozin doses (n = 2,886) or placebo (n = 1,441). Within each patient’s 5% neighborhood, we calculated age- and sex-adjusted risk estimates for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). An extreme gradient boosting algorithm was trained to predict the personalized ASCVD effect of canagliflozin using features most predictive of topological benefit. For validation, this algorithm was applied to the CANVAS-Renal (CANVAS-R) trial, comprising 5,808 patients with type 2 diabetes randomly assigned 1:1 to canagliflozin or placebo.

RESULTS
In CANVAS (mean age 60.9 ± 8.1 years; 33.9% women), 1,605 (37.1%) patients had a neighborhood hazard ratio (HR) more protective than the effect estimate of 0.86 reported for MACEs in the original trial. A 15-variable tool, INSIGHT, trained to predict the personalized ASCVD effects of canagliflozin in CANVAS, was tested in CANVAS-R (mean age 62.4 ± 8.4 years; 2,164 [37.3%] women), where it identified patient phenotypes with greater ASCVD canagliflozin effects (adjusted HR 0.60 [95% CI 0.41–0.89] vs. 0.99 [95% CI 0.76–1.29]; Pinteraction = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS
We present an evidence-based, machine learning–guided algorithm to personalize the prescription of SGLT2 inhibitors for patients with type 2 diabetes for ASCVD effects.
Prevalencia de Acantosis Nigricans y factores asociados a Síndrome Metabólico en Nobsa-Boyacá
Authors: Carreño-Fernandez Angela Viviana , Avella-Chaparro Daniel Arturo 
Published: February 2022

Introducción: el síndrome metabólico es un conjunto de anormalidades fisiológicas que manifiestan resistencia a la insulina, de la que se derivan complicaciones micro y macrovasculares de alto costo en salud. Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de Acantosis Nigricans (AN) y los factores sociodemográficos asociados a la población con síndrome metabólico del municipio de Nobsa (Boyacá) en el periodo de agosto de 2017 a agosto de 2018. Método: estudio transversal analítico en una muestra de 82 pacientes del programa de crónicos del municipio de Nobsa. Se recolectó información sobre la presencia o ausencia de Acantosis Nigricans en la exploración física junto a medidas antropométricas, fototipo de piel y presión arterial; así como concentración sérica de glucosa en ayuno creatinina y perfil lipídico. Los datos fueron analizados mediante la prueba de Chi cuadrado. Resultados: En una muestra de 82 pacientes con edad media de 62 años, de los cuales el 91% fueron mujeres; Se encontró una prevalencia de Acantosis Nigricans del 41.5% con asociación estadísticamente significativa para niveles elevados de glucosa (p de 0.008) y un Odds Ratio de 3.75 (IC95% 1.3-10.2) para las demás variables en estudio no se evidencio asociación con significancia estadística Conclusiones: la Acantosis Nigricans es un signo clínico indicador de resistencia a la insulina y de niveles alterados de glucemia.
Reconceiving the Theology of Procreation in Response to Stigmatisation of Childlessness1
Authors: Wang Gladys 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This article, based on the author’s doctoral research, offers a theological response to the traditional attitudes towards childlessness within the Bakossi community of South West Cameroon. Research reveals a prevalent negative attitude towards those—both men and women—who do not have children. This stigmatization is often reinforced within Christian communities by a reading of scripture that interprets the command to ‘be fruitful and multiply’ as referring exclusively to biological reproduction. In contrast to this, an African cultural feminist hermeneutic can be used to argue for a more holistic interpretation of scripture, one that draws out God’s concern for family, community and creation.
Assessment of 17 clinically available renal biomarkers to predict acute kidney injury in critically ill patients
Authors: Hou Yating , Deng Yujun , Hu Linhui , He Linling , Yao Fen , Wang Yifan , Deng Jia , Xu Jing , Wang Yirong , Xu Feng , Chen Chunbo 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
Systematic estimation of renal biomarkers in the intensive care unit (ICU) patients is lacking. Seventeen biomarkers were assessed to predict acute kidney injury (AKI) after admission to ICU.

Materials and methods:
A prospective, observational study was conducted in the general ICU of Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital. Seventeen serum or urine biomarkers were studied for their abilities alone or in combination for predicting AKI and severe AKI.

Results:
Of 1498 patients, 376 (25.1%) developed AKI. Serum cystatin C (CysC) showed the best performance for predicting both AKI (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.785, mean square error [MSE] = 0.118) and severe AKI (AUC = 0.883, MSE = 0.06). Regarding biomarkers combinations, CysC plus N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase-to-creatinine ratio (NAG/Cr) was the best for predicting AKI (AUC = 0.856, MSE = 0.21). At the same time, CysC plus lactic acid (LAC) performed the best for predicting severe AKI (AUC = 0.907, MSE = 0.058). Regarding combinations of biomarkers and clinical markers, CysC plus Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score showed the best performance for predicting AKI (AUC = 0.868, MSE = 0.407). In contrast, CysC plus Multiple Organ Dysfunction Score (MODS) had the highest predictive ability for severe AKI (AUC = 0.912, MSE = 0.488).

Conclusion:
Apart from CysC, the combination of most clinically available biomarkers or clinical markers does not significantly improve the forecasting ability, and the cost–benefit ratio is not economical.
Field Observations, Petrography, and Microstructures of Granite from Abeokuta Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Oziegbe Ehitua Julius , Aribike Olusegun Abimbola 
Published: February 2022

Abstract in English
The granite of Abeokuta is part of the Older Granite suite of the basement complex of southwestern Nigeria. Field observation has identified the granite as porphyritic in texture, with a preferred alignment of megacrysts of K-feldspar >5 cm that are mostly euhedral to subhedral in shape. K-feldspar megacrysts are predominantly yellowish, but whitish and pinkish colouration has also been observed. The dark grey porphyritic, mafic rock composition occurs as enclaves within the granite, with phenocrysts having a preferred alignment as the enclosing granite. Also, K-feldspar megacrysts show zoning defined by concentric arrangement of inclusions of biotite relative to the crystal faces. Petrographic study shows the following minerals in order of abundance: K-feldspar, biotite, quartz, and plagioclase, with K-feldspar having a microperthitic intergrowth and biotite crystals aligned in a preferred direction. Evidence such as the crystal shape of K-feldspars, preferred alignment of K-feldspar phenocrysts, and concentric crystallographic arrangements of inclusions of biotite in K-feldspar support a magmatic/phenocrystic origin of K-feldspar megacrysts of Abeokuta granite rather than originating by growing in a solid state as porphyroblasts.