bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salt reduction in potato chips using microparticulated salt and spices: A sensory study with consumers
Authors: De Assis Fernanda Santos , Rebellato Ana Paula , Pallone Juliana Azevedo Lima , Behrens Jorge Herman 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThis study aimed at reducing the amount of salt added to potato chips by decreasing the size of salt particles. First, a selected panel (n = 15 assessors) evaluated the saltiness of potato chips added with refined and microparticulated salt using the magnitude estimation. The amount of 1.6% of refined salt, previously determined as just‐about‐right in potato chips, was equivalent to 1.2% of microparticulated salt. Afterward, an acceptance test (n = 115 consumers) was performed with six samples of potato chips added with microparticulated salt, with successive reductions from 1.2% to 0%, combined with a seasoning made of powdered parsley and onion. Results showed that it is possible to reduce salt by up to 65% without a significant decrease (p > .05) in acceptance. In conclusion, microparticulated salt associated with the flavor‐enhancing power of traditional seasonings proved to be a valuable strategy to reduce sodium in snacks.Practical ApplicationsPrevious studies have proposed strategies to reduce salt added topically to snacks without combining sodium chloride (NaCl) with additives such as potassium chloride (KCl) and monosodium glutamate (MSG). This study demonstrated, using a trained panel on magnitude scale, that decreasing the size of salt particles by a simple sieving process made it possible to reduce 25% of the salt added to potato chips. Further reduction was possible by combining microparticulated salt with powdered onion and parsley without a significant (p > .05) drop in consumer's acceptance (N = 115). The strategy not only makes snacks healthier but also improves flavor and keeps the product's clean label, which is a demand of the consumer.
How do dental students perceive the role of dental professionals?
Authors: Shah Astha , Dempster Laura , Singhal Sonica , Quiñonez Carlos 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectivesTo explore dental students' perceptions of the role of dental professionals as healthcare providers and/or businesspersons.MethodsA cross‐sectional online survey collected information from undergraduate dental students at the Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto (N = 430). PPR was assessed through a visual analog scale (VAS) question, with the two ends labeled as “Healthcare Provider” (0) and “Business Person” (100), which asked respondents to point where they perceived dental professionals to be. Association of students' PPR with environmental, institutional and student‐related factors was investigated using Chi‐square and Spearman's correlation tests and logistic regression. Additionally, information on students' professional attitudes was gathered using: (i) the same VAS question, which asked students what they themselves aspired to be; and (ii) level of agreement with two sets of Likert‐type questions highlighting healthcare provider and businessperson attitudes.ResultsThe survey yielded a response rate of 51.4% (n = 221). The majority of respondents perceived dental professionals as healthcare providers and aspired to be healthcare providers themselves. Results of multivariable logistic regression suggested that perceiving dental professionals as businesspersons was significantly associated with perceiving future patients as consumers. Those who strongly agreed with healthcare provider statements had lesser odds of perceiving dental professionals as businesspersons.ConclusionIn this sample of students, perceptions of professionalism appear to be congruent with the normative role of dental professionals as healthcare providers. Dental education should prepare graduates who strongly identify with this role even in the presence of dental care market pressures.
Characterization of the urogenital microbiome in Miniature Schnauzers with and without calcium oxalate urolithiasis
Authors: Coffey Emily L. , Gomez Andres M. , Burton Erin N. , Granick Jennifer L. , Lulich Jody P. , Furrow Eva 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundCalcium oxalate (CaOx) uroliths are common in dogs. Humans with CaOx urolithiasis exhibit alterations of the urinary and urogenital microbiomes that might mediate urolith formation. Detection of urogenital microbes associated with CaOx in dogs could inform disease pathophysiology.ObjectiveTo identify compositional differences in the urogenital microbiome of Miniature Schnauzers with and without CaOx uroliths.AnimalsNineteen midstream, voided urine samples from Miniature Schnauzers with (n = 9) and without (n = 10) a history of CaOx urolithiasis.MethodsAnalytical cross‐sectional study. Microbial DNA was extracted from previously frozen urine samples and sequenced for the bacterial 16S rRNA V3‐V4 hypervariable regions. Diversity and composition of microbial populations were compared between urolith formers and controls.ResultsAlpha and beta diversity measures were similar between groups. Five individual bacterial taxa differed in abundance (indicator values >0.5 and P < .05): Acinetobacter, 2 Geobacillus variants, and Hydrogenophaga were overrepresented in the urine of urolith formers, and Sphingopyxis was overrepresented in controls. Two distinct subtypes of urine microbial composition were observed based on beta diversity measures, independent of urolith status, and other clinical variables.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceAlthough we did not detect a difference in the overall urogenital microbial composition between groups, observed differences in individual bacterial taxa might be clinically relevant. For example, Acinetobacter was overrepresented in urolith formers and is associated with CaOx urolithiasis in humans. Two unique clusters of the microbiome were identified, independent of urolith status, which may represent distinct urotypes present in Miniature Schnauzers.
Responding to change in a medical student rural community service: Insights from activity theory
Authors: Hu Chia‐Yu , Nisbet Gillian , Chang Yu‐Che 
Published: July 2022

AbstractIntroductionMedical students have voluntarily initiated service‐learning programmes with the aim of providing assistance to medically underserved communities, especially within remote indigenous villages. However, their values and goals have been challenged because rural health care demands have changed considerably since the introduction of integrated delivery system (IDS) programmes, that is, programmes that integrate local health care providers with outreach services provided by contracted hospitals. Our study aimed to explore how a health care service‐learning group negotiates its position and how it responds to the tension of IDS implementation and changes in rural health care demand.MethodsMedical students who have been engaged in building or operating the health care service‐learning group of one university in Taiwan were invited to participate in the study. We used cultural–historical activity theory (CHAT) to help us interpret the interactions between students, indigenous communities and the public health sectors and to understand the evolution of the service‐learning relationship and its effectiveness.ResultsEighteen participants were recruited for in‐depth interviews. The implementation of IDS programmes brought change to the rural community and challenges to students' service learning. Utilising cultural–historical activity theory, we highlighted points of fragmentation within the system. This tension lead to medical students' personal conflict and also served as an impetus for change and learning. Flexible goal setting and coping ability were considered critical to the sustainability and maintenance of students' value systems.ConclusionsIDS implementation can upset the balance of rural health care supply and demand, resulting in accumulating tensions within and between activity systems. Those contradictions exposed medical students to an expansive learning cycle, resulting in transformational change and learning. Under the context of IDS programmes, health care service‐learning can create a ‘win‐win’ situation. Not merely medical students but also community residents gain benefits. This result may be extrapolated to health care service‐learning programmes with similar context.
Knowledge mobilization in critical care and the evolving communication role of nurses
Authors: Kelly Sioban , Garner Jayne , Treadway Victoria , Sadera Girendra 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe importance of appropriate communication skills within a health care setting rests upon the need for effective information sharing. When successful, this provides a supportive working environment for staff and has a positive impact on patient care and outcomes.AimsThe purpose of this study was to explore how knowledge/evidence is acquired, shared, and applied in the Critical Care (CC) environment for staff and patients/family members.Study DesignA qualitative approach was used, consisting of semi‐structured interviews and focus groups. Data analysis was conducted using an iterative thematic approach.ResultsData collected prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic from United Kingdom (UK) critical care workers (N = 46), patients, and family members (N = 21) identified four communication roles performed by the nursing staff: team member; diplomat; translator and friend.ConclusionsIt was evident that without suitable training and support, the stresses and demands placed upon the nurses could lead to disenfranchisement and burnout.Relevance to Clinical practiceThese findings are relevant and timely given the impact of the pandemic, highlighting the need for accessible and alternate communication strategies to support nurses by reducing stress, moral distress and increasing psychological safety. Improved communication can provide tailored information for staff and patients/family improving the CC experience for all.
Mobile plant microRNAs allow communication within and between organisms
Authors: Loreti Elena , Perata Pierdomenico 
Published: July 2022

SummaryPlant microRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory RNAs that are encoded by endogenous miRNA genes and regulate gene expression through gene silencing, by inducing degradation of their target messenger RNA or by inhibiting its translation. Some miRNAs are mobile molecules inside the plant, and increasing experimental evidence has demonstrated that miRNAs represent molecules that are exchanged between plants, their pathogens, and parasitic plants. It has also been shown that miRNAs are secreted into the external growing medium and that these miRNAs regulate gene expression and the phenotype of nearby receiving plants, thus defining a new concept in plant communication. However, the mechanism of miRNA secretion and uptake by plant cells still needs to be elucidated.
Pathophysiology roles for adenosine 2A receptor in obesity and related diseases
Authors: Cai Yuli , Chen Xiaolin , Yi Bo , Li Junfeng , Wen Zhongyuan 
Published: July 2022

SummaryObesity, a burgeoning worldwide health system challenge, is associated with several comorbidities, including non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), diabetes, atherosclerosis, and osteoarthritis, leading to serious problems to people's health. Adenosine is a critical extracellular signaling molecule that has essential functions in regulating most organ systems by binding to four G‐protein‐coupled adenosine receptors, denoted A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. Among the receptors, a growing body evidence highlights the key roles of the adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) in obesity and related diseases. In the current review, we summarize the effects of A2AR in obesity and obesity‐associated non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and osteoarthritis, to clarify the complicated impacts of A2AR on obesity and related diseases.
Intravenous cannula for percutaneous rescue needle gastrostomy in a neonate with tracheoesophageal fistula—A case report
Authors: Rathod Darshana , Sharma Ankur , BD Vaishnavi , Chhabra Deepak , Meshram Tanvi , Kumari Kamlesh , Rathod Kirtikumar 
Published: July 2022

AbstractTracheoesophageal fistula offers concrete difficulties for anesthesiologists, which comprise associated congenital anomalies and more importantly the problems concerning ventilation and oxygenation. Among all the types of tracheoesophageal fistula, ventilatory problems are frequently encountered with type C fistula. Effective ventilation can be a challenge in such cases where the endotracheal tube invariably ventilates the fistula causing stomach inflation and respiratory compromise. Thorough knowledge and experience are of utmost importance when it comes to the successful airway management and better survival of neonates undergoing tracheoesophageal fistula repair. We report a case of a 3‐day‐old neonate, diagnosed with type C tracheoesophageal fistula and esophageal atresia posted for thoracoscopic repair. We want to highlight our experience of percutaneous needle gastrostomy done using an intravenous cannula, as a rescue measure for stomach decompression, to manage life‐threatening hypoxia.
ABA‐inducible DEEPER ROOTING1 improves adaptation of maize to water deficiency
Authors: Feng Xuanjun , Jia Li , Cai Yunting , Guan Huarui , Zheng Dan , Zhang Weixiao , Xiong Hao , Zhou Hanmei , Wen Ying , Hu Yue , Zhang Xuemei , Wang Qingjun , Wu Fengkai , Xu Jie , Lu Yanli 
Published: July 2022

SummaryRoot architecture remodelling is critical for forage moisture in water‐limited soil. DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1) in Oryza, Arabidopsis, and Prunus has been reported to improve drought avoidance by promoting roots to grow downward and acquire water from deeper soil. In the present study, we found that ZmDRO1 responded more strongly to abscisic acid (ABA)/drought induction in Zea mays ssp. mexicana, an ancestral species of cultivated maize, than in B73. It was proposed that this is one of the reasons why Zea mays ssp. mexicana has a more noticeable change in the downward direction angle of the root and fewer biomass penalties under water‐deficient conditions. Thus, a robust, synthetic ABA/drought‐inducible promoter was used to control the expression of ZmDRO1B73 in Arabidopsis and cultivated maize for drought‐resistant breeding. Interestingly, ABA‐inducible ZmDRO1 promoted a larger downward root angle and improved grain yield by more than 40% under water‐limited conditions. Collectively, these results revealed that different responses to ABA/drought induction of ZmDRO1 confer different drought avoidance abilities, and we demonstrated the application of ZmDRO1 via an ABA‐inducible strategy to alter the root architecture of modern maize to improve drought adaptation in the field.
Gallic acid ameliorates thymic involution via activating Sox2 and Nanog
Authors: Guo Li , Cao Jia‐hui , Cheng Deng‐wei , Dong Han , You Li , Sun Yun , Ding Yi , Chai Yu‐rong 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThymic ageing precedes other organs, which is mainly caused by the gradual loss of thymic epithelial cells, and the thymic epithelial progenitor cells have been found in human and adult mouse. Stem cell transcription factors, sex‐determining region Y‐box2 (Sox2) is strongly involved in organogenesis. Homeobox transcription factor Nanog (Nanog) has been applied in cell reprogramming to generate induced multipotential stem cells for its related pluripotency, and its functions in the thymus remain undefined. Gallic acid, one of the natural products of polyphenols, has been used to counter ageing. In this study, we investigated the alteration of Nanog and Sox2 in the thymus of the natural ageing and D‐galactose‐induced accelerated ageing mice and further explored the effects of gallic acid on their expression. 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU)‐retaining assay was also performed to trace the thymic progenitor cells. Our study indicated that Nanog and Sox2 showed age‐dependent decrease in the thymus of mice. Nanog, Sox2 and BrdU‐positive cells were also found to be abundant in the area of cortex‐medulla junction (CMJ) of the thymus, which suggested that thymic adult stem cells/progenitor cells may exist in this position. Gallic acid can upregulate the expression of Nanog and Sox2, which suggested it may promote thymus regeneration from age‐related atrophy and D‐galactose‐induced damage by activating the thymic progenitor cells and increasing the expression of Nanog and Sox2.
What goes up must come down: Theory and model specification of threshold dynamics
Authors: Paul Hannah L. , Philips Andrew Q. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectivesDespite the frequent use of time series models in the social sciences, they have often remained within the confines of assuming purely linear dynamic effects. We contend that many theories involve relationships that are inherently non‐linear.MethodsWe discuss several approaches to modeling a variety of these types of non‐linear autoregressive data‐generating processes, specifically threshold effects.ResultsWe replicate and extend a recent analysis, and show evidence of threshold processes.ConclusionIn doing so, we show that threshold models allow us to test richer, more complex theoretical implications about dynamic effects.
First detection and molecular characterization of Dientamoeba fragilis in cattle
Authors: Yildiz İbrahim , Erdem Aynur Zeynep 
Published: July 2022

AbstractDientamoeba fragilis is a flagellated protozoan with amoeba‐like morphology that inhabits the human gastrointestinal tract. It is endemic in a vast geography around the world, including developed countries. There are limited studies on non‐human hosts of the parasite, and suitable hosts have not been clarified. The parasite has been detected in non‐human primates, pigs, cats, dogs and rats. There is no study in the literature investigating and detecting the presence of this parasite in cattle. In this study, stool samples taken from 163 different cattle and calves from 11 different farms between March 2017 and May 2022 were examined for the detection of D. fragilis via PCR. Trichrome staining was performed on all PCR‐positive samples. The isolates with the expected amplicon size were sequenced using the 18S ribosomal RNA region, and their genotypes were determined by BLAST analysis. Sequences were analysed with the most similar and reference sequences in the literature, forming a phylogenetic tree. We detected D. fragilis in 31 (19.01%) of the 163 stool samples. D. fragilis cysts/trophozoites were detected by trichrome staining method in six of 31 samples. All PCR products selected for molecular analysis from positive samples had the same nucleotide sequence. As a result of BLAST analysis, all sequences were determined to belong to D. fragilis genotype 1. This study determined for the first time that cattle are suitable hosts for D. fragilis. Furthermore, the parasite subtype we detected belongs to genotype 1, which is the most common type in humans, suggesting that the parasite may have a zoonotic character. Our result is important in terms of the epidemiology of the parasite, as the mode of transmission is controversial, and available data on its suitable hosts are limited.
Genetic variation in HIF‐2α attenuates ventilatory sensitivity and carotid body growth in chronic hypoxia in high‐altitude deer mice
Authors: Ivy Catherine M. , Velotta Jonathan P. , Cheviron Zachary A. , Scott Graham R. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractThe gene encoding HIF‐2α, Epas1, has experienced a history of natural selection in many high‐altitude taxa, but the functional role of mutations in this gene is still poorly understood. We investigated the influence of the high‐altitude variant of Epas1 in North American deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) on the control of breathing and carotid body growth during chronic hypoxia. We created hybrids between high‐ and low‐altitude populations of deer mice to disrupt linkages between genetic loci so that the physiological effects of Epas1 alleles (Epas1H and Epas1L, respectively) could be examined on an admixed genomic background. In general, chronic hypoxia (4 weeks at 12 kPa O2) enhanced ventilatory chemosensitivity (assessed as the acute ventilatory response to hypoxia), increased total ventilation and arterial O2 saturation during progressive poikilocapnic hypoxia, and increased haematocrit and blood haemoglobin content across genotypes. However, the effects of chronic hypoxia on ventilatory chemosensitivity were attenuated in mice that were homozygous for the high‐altitude Epas1 allele (Epas1H/H). Carotid body growth and glomus cell hyperplasia, which was strongly induced in Epas1L/L mice in chronic hypoxia, was not observed in Epas1H/H mice. Epas1 genotype also modulated the effects of chronic hypoxia on metabolism and body temperature depression in hypoxia, but had no effects on haematological traits. These findings confirm the important role of HIF‐2α in modulating ventilatory sensitivity and carotid body growth in chronic hypoxia, and show that genetic variation in Epas1 is responsible for evolved changes in the control of breathing and metabolism in high‐altitude deer mice.
imageKey points
High‐altitude natives of many species have experienced natural selection on the gene encoding HIF‐2α, Epas1, including high‐altitude populations of deer mice.
HIF‐2α regulates ventilation and carotid body growth in hypoxia, and so the genetic variants in Epas1 in high‐altitude natives may underlie evolved changes in control of breathing.
Deer mice from controlled crosses between high‐ and low‐altitude populations were used to examine the effects of Epas1 genotype on an admixed genomic background.
The high‐altitude variant was associated with reduced ventilatory chemosensitivity and carotid body growth in chronic hypoxia, but had no effects on haematology.
The results help us better understand the genetic basis for the unique physiological phenotype of high‐altitude natives.
Extremal Control and Modified Explicit Guidance for Autonomous Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
Authors: Kawamura Evan , Azimov Dilmurat 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This study aims to develop and integrate guidance and control functions for applications such as rendezvous and docking, trajectory planning, entry descent and landing, executing maneuvers, and minimum fuel consumption. The utility of integrated nonlinear optimal control and explicit guidance functions replaces linear proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control laws. This approach leverages unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flight autonomy, thereby paving the way for creating an autonomous control technology with real-time target-relative guidance and re-targeting capabilities. A 360 deg roll maneuver combines extremal control and modified explicit guidance in which “explicit” means the acceleration commands are functions of time. The roll maneuver accurately reaches the desired position and velocity vectors through the proposed integration. Satisfying the first-order necessary optimality conditions demonstrates that the roll maneuver has extremal trajectories. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time analyzing and testing the Weierstrass condition and the first- and second-order conditions of optimality for UAVs. Second-order conditions show that the 360 deg roll maneuver with explicit rotational attitude guidance does not have an optimal trajectory but yields an extremal trajectory.