bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complementary and Alternative Medicine/Integrative Medicine Approaches
Authors: Patel Ashka , Shere-Wolfe Kalpana D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A comprehensive explanation of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) and integrative medicine is provided at the beginning of this chapter. The use of CAM by people with HIV is discussed as well as physicians’ attitudes toward CAM. The chapter covers the benefits of natural health products for use in people with HIV and provides extensive examples of these products. Mind–body approaches to treatment are reviewed in detail in addition to traditional medicine and manual therapies.
Virology and Natural History of HIV
Authors: Mathur Poonam 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
HIV structure and life cycle are highlighted in this chapter. The reader is provided information regarding how virology informs treatment aimed at various stages of the viral life cycle and virology in relation to current and potential drug targets. The chapter goes on to discuss viral classification, viral structure, and viral entry. Reverse transcription and integration are reviewed, and the chapter concludes with an overview of HIV natural history.
The HIV Reservoir and Cure and Remission Strategies
Authors: Gandhi Rajesh T. , Juelg Boris , Jilg Nikolaus , Jakharia Niyati , Talwani Rohit 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the HIV reservoir and cure and remission strategies. It details the importance of why we should try to cure HIV and includes clinical observations where the concept of a “functional cure” has been introduced. Early establishment and persistence of the latent HIV-1 reservoir are discussed as well as latency reversal approaches and latency silencing. A variety of immune-enhancing and/or immune-modulating strategies and immunomodulatory treatments are reviewed. Special attention is paid to therapeutic and preventive vaccines.
Solid Organ Transplantation in Persons with HIV
Authors: Durand Christine M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The evaluation and management of kidney and liver transplantation candidates with HIV is discussed in this chapter as well as the clinical outcomes for these candidates. Criteria for transplantation, pretransplant infection screening and vaccinations, and posttransplant management and care are highlighted for the reader. Special attention is paid to outcomes and infections after the transplant. The chapter concludes with a review of the HIV Organ Policy Equity Act.
Malignancies in HIV
Authors: Clark Eva H. , Chiao Elizabeth Y. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses the role of virally mediated and non-virally mediated AIDS-associated and non–AIDS-associated malignancies. The learner will review the epidemiology and role of antiretroviral therapy on the impact of AIDS-defining malignancies. The chapter covers the role of human herpes virus-8 in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma, the role of Epstein–Barr virus in primary central nervous system lymphoma, and other HIV-associated lymphomas. It reviews and the role of human papillomavirus vaccination in virally mediated anogenital squamous cell cancer. Non-AIDS-defining malignancies, including lung, prostate, oropharyngeal, liver, breast, and pancreatic cancers, are covered. Lastly, the text emphasizes that antiretroviral initiation is of utmost importance for all AIDS-defining malignancies and non-AIDS-defining malignancies and summarizes the National Cancer Center Network Guidelines for HIV malignancies.
HIV and Hepatitis Coinfection
Authors: Vigil Karen J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and complications of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in people with HIV. The learner will gain an understanding that all people with HIV should have a complete evaluation for hepatitis B. The chapter covers how to determine which patients are candidates for hepatitis B vaccinations and what treatments are appropriate for hepatitis B among patients living with HIV. The learner will also understand that patients with HIV who develop acute hepatitis C should be treated immediately and rescreened for potential reinfection. The chapter also discusses which direct-acting agents work best for patients with HIV and how antiretroviral therapy can be modified to reduce drug–drug interactions, disease severity, and cost considerations.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Authors: Vigil Karen J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the established and evolving science regarding the diagnosis and treatment of most prevalent sexually diseases in patients with HIV infection, including syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, human papillomavirus, and genital ulcers. The learner will be able to identify the clinical presentation of each sexually transmitted disease, discuss available diagnostic tests and tools, and describe the recommended treatments in order to decrease the spread of sexually transmitted diseases.
Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Kirchner Jeffrey T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter describes the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction in persons with HIV and the association between HIV infection and the increased risk of cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral artery disease, and sudden cardiac death. The learner will also understand the association between specific antiretroviral therapies and cardiovascular risk and myocardial infarction, and how to assess risk for cardiovascular disease using the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA)10-year risk calculator for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Lastly, the learner will become familiar with medical therapies such as statins and non-statins and lifestyle interventions such as diet, exercise, weight loss, and smoking cessation to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction in persons with HIV.
HIV and Bone Health
Authors: Overton Edgar T. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter on HIV and bone health discusses the prevalence of low bone mineral density and fractures in persons with HIV and emphasizes that metabolic bone disease is a common manifestation of HIV infection, with a subsequently increased risk of fracture. The learner will be able to discuss the risk factors associated with diminished bone mineral density and fractures for people with HIV, understand screening indications and diagnostic tests used to identify bone disease among people with HIV, and identify current treatment strategies for people with HIV who have low bone mineral density or who have already sustained bone fractures.
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
Authors: Coppock Dagan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the epidemiology of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) and associated opportunistic infections. IRIS is the inflammatory response that can cause clinical deterioration in patients whose immunologic function has been rapidly restored after starting antiretroviral therapy for HIV. Opportunistic and other infections that were previously unrecognized or that were tolerated by a failing immune system may suddenly become targets of an overzealous restored immune system and patients may become clinically worse, despite an otherwise excellent response to antiretroviral treatment. The learner will also recognize timing considerations regarding opportunistic infection treatment and antiretroviral therapy initiation as well as management approaches to IRIS based on presenting and underlying opportunistic infections.
Benchmarking mesa isochrones against the Hyades single star sequence
Authors: Brandner Wolfgang , Calissendorff Per , Kopytova Taisiya 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Based on GAIA Early Data Release 3 (EDR3), we revisit and update our sample of bonafide single stars in the Hyades open cluster. The small observational uncertainties in parallax and photometry of EDR3 result in a tightly defined stellar sequence, which is ideal for the testing and calibration of theoretical stellar evolutionary tracks and isochrones. We benchmark the solar-scaled mesa evolutionary models against the single star sequence. We find that the non-rotating mesa models for [Fe/H] = +0.25 provide a good fit for stars with masses above 0.85, and very low mass stars below 0.25 M⊙. For stars with masses between 0.25 and 0.85 M⊙, the models systematically under predict the observed stellar luminosity. One potential limitation of the models for partially convective stars more massive than 0.35 M⊙ is the prescription of (superadiabatic) convection with the mixing-length theory parameter αML tuned to match the Solar model. Below 0.35 M⊙, the increased scatter in the stellar sequence might be a manifestation of the convective kissing instability, which is driven by variations in the 3He nuclear energy production rate due to instabilities at the convective core to envelope boundary. For a Hyades-like stellar population, the application of solar-scaled models to subsolar mass stars could result in a significant underestimate of the age, or an overestimate of the metallicity. We suggest that future grids of solar-scaled evolutionary stellar models could be complemented by Hyades-scaled models in the mass range 0.25 to 0.85 M⊙.
New horizons for building pyrenoid-based CO2-concentrating mechanisms in plants to improve yields
Authors: Adler Liat , Díaz-Ramos Aranzazú , Mao Yuwei , Pukacz Krzysztof Robin , Fei Chenyi , McCormick Alistair J 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Many photosynthetic species have evolved CO2-concentrating mechanisms (CCMs) to improve the efficiency of CO2 assimilation by Rubisco and reduce the negative impacts of photorespiration. However, the majority of plants (i.e. C3 plants) lack an active CCM. Thus, engineering a functional heterologous CCM into important C3 crops, such as rice (Oryza sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum), has become a key strategic ambition to enhance yield potential. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the pyrenoid-based CCM in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and engineering progress in C3 plants. We also discuss recent modeling work that has provided insights into the potential advantages of Rubisco condensation within the pyrenoid and the energetic costs of the Chlamydomonas CCM, which, together, will help to better guide future engineering approaches. Key findings include the potential benefits of Rubisco condensation for carboxylation efficiency and the need for a diffusional barrier around the pyrenoid matrix. We discuss a minimal set of components for the CCM to function and that active bicarbonate import into the chloroplast stroma may not be necessary for a functional pyrenoid-based CCM in planta. Thus, the roadmap for building a pyrenoid-based CCM into plant chloroplasts to enhance the efficiency of photosynthesis now appears clearer with new challenges and opportunities.
Understanding the Psychophysiological and Sensitization Mechanisms Behind Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Network Analysis Approach
Authors: Varol Umut , Úbeda-D’Ocasar Edurne , Cigarán-Méndez Margarita , Arias-Buría José Luis , Fernández-de-las-Peñas César , Gallego-Sendarrubias Gracia María , Valera-Calero Juan Antonio 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectiveCurrent evidence suggests that fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) involves complex underlying mechanisms. This study aimed to quantify the multivariate relationships between clinical, psychophysical, and psychological outcomes in women with FMS by using network analysis to understand the psychobiological mechanisms driving FMS and generating new research questions for improving treatment strategies.MethodsDemographic (age, height, weight), clinical (pain history, pain intensity at rest and during daily living activities), psychophysical (widespread pressure pain thresholds [PPT]), sensory-related (PainDETECT, S-LANSS, Central Sensitization Inventory [CSI]) and psychological (depressive and anxiety levels) variables were collected in 126 women with FMS. Network analysis was conducted to quantify the adjusted correlations between the modeled variables and to assess their centrality indices (i.e., the connectivity with other symptoms in the network and the importance in the system modelled as network).ResultsThe network showed several local associations between psychophysical and clinical sensory-related variables. Multiple positive correlations between PPTs were observed, being the strongest weight between PPTs on the knee and tibialis anterior muscle (ρ: 0.33). PainDETECT was associated with LANSS (ρ: 0.45) and CSI (ρ: 0.24), whereas CSI was associated with HADS-A (ρ: 0.28). The most central variables were PPTs over the tibialis anterior (the highest Strength centrality) and CSI (the highest Closeness and Betweenness centrality).ConclusionOur findings support a model where clinical sensory-related, psychological, and psycho-physical variables are connected, albeit in separate clusters, reflecting a nociplastic condition with a relevant role of sensitization. Clinical implications of the findings, such as developing treatments targeting these mechanisms, are discussed.
The Life Cycle of Dual-Class Firm Valuation
Authors: Cremers Martijn , Lauterbach Beni , Pajuste Anete 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We examine U.S. dual- and single-class firms from 1980 to 2019 and document their valuation differences over their corporate life cycle. At the IPO, dual-class firms have higher mean valuations than do single-class firms, and some evidence indicates that this premium may emanate from dual-class firm founders’ unique vision and leadership skills. As firms age, the valuation premium of dual-class firms tends to dissipate, possibly because dual-class agency problems increase due to a gradual widening of the wedge (the difference between insider voting and cash flow rights) in the post-IPO years. (JEL G32, G34)
Time-dependent changes in RPILD and mortality risk in anti-MDA5+ DM patients: a cohort study of 272 cases in China
Authors: You Hanxiao , Wang Lei , Wang Jiajia , Lv Chengyin , Xu Lingxiao , Yuan Fenghong , Li Ju , Wu Min , Zhou Shiliang , Da Zhanyun , Qian Jie , Wei Hua , Yan Wei , Zhou Lei , Wang Yan , Yin Songlou , Zhou Dongmei , Wu Jian , Lu Yan , Su Dinglei , Liu Zhichun , Liu Lin , Ma Longxin , Xu Xiaoyan , Zang Yinshan , Liu Huijie , Ren Tianli , Wang Fang , Zhang Miaojia , Tan Wenfeng 
Published: August 2022

AbstractObjectivesAnti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 positive (anti-MDA5+) DM has a close relationship with rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease (RPILD) and is associated with high mortality. However, data regarding the time-dependent risk of RPILD and deaths during disease progression are limited. We conducted this study to investigate whether the risk of RPILD and death were time-dependent or not in anti-MDA5+ DM.MethodsWe assessed a cohort of 272 patients with anti-MDA5+ DM. The clinical characteristics of patients with anti-MDA5+ were collected, and COX regression was used to analyse independent risk factors for RPILD and death. We also described changes in risk of RPILD and death over time and their potential clinical implications.ResultsThere were 272 anti-MDA5+ DM patients enrolled in this study. According to the multivariate cox regression analysis, short disease course, high CRP level, anti-Ro52 positive and anti-MDA5 titre (++∼+++) were independent risk factors of RPILD. High creatine kinase level, high CRP level and RPILD were independent risk factors for death, and &gt;90% RPILD and 84% mortality occurred in the first 6 months after disease onset. Notably, the first 3 months is a particularly high-risk period, with 50% of RPILD and 46% of deaths occurring. Hazards regarding RPILD and mortality diminished over time during a median follow-up of 12 months.ConclusionThese results suggest significant, time-dependent changes in RPILD and mortality risk in anti-MDA5+ DM patients, providing a cut-off time window to estimate disease progression and poor prognosis.
Do IPO Firms Become Myopic?
Authors: Maksimovic Vojislav , Phillips Gordon , Yang Liu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We compare the growth and responsiveness to demand shocks of post-initial public offering (IPO) firms and their private counterparts. Using multiple measures of myopia and multiple ways to match IPO firms with private firms, we do not find evidence of myopic behavior by public firms. IPO firms respond more to investment opportunities and have higher productivity in their early public years. Our results on public firms’ sensitivity to growth opportunities hold under several robustness tests, including when we consider firms’ total growth including acquisitions. The results show the importance of matching public to private firms early in their life.
Effect of obeticholic acid in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Aishwarya Thanatharayil Sathian , Mounika Nadella , Vishwakarma Gayatri , Adela Ramu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Objectives
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are the major public health issues. Though the prevalence of the disease is high, there is no approved pharmacological treatment. Obeticholic acid (OCA) has not been well described in terms of its efficacy and safety in NAFLD/NASH patients. Hence, we investigated the efficacy and safety of OCA in NAFLD/NASH patients.

Key findings
PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL and Google Scholar were searched from 2001 to date for identifying randomized controlled trials (RCTs) which examined the OCA effect on liver enzymes, lipoproteins and liver histology in NASH/NAFLD patients. Four relevant RCTs were identified and included for quantitative analysis. OCA exhibited significant reduction in ALT, AST and GGT levels, whereas in case of liver histology, significant improvement in steatosis, hepatocellular ballooning, lobular inflammation and fibrosis was observed in OCA treatment group [RR: 1.25, 95% CI: (1.03 to 1.52); P = 0.02; I2 = 53%], [RR: 1.39, 95% CI: (1.17 to 1.64); P = 0.0001; I2 = 0%], [RR: 1.23, 95% CI: (1.07 to 1.40); P = 0.002; I2 = 29%] and [RR: 1.85, 95% CI: (1.44 to 2.38); P &lt; 0.00001; I2 = 0%], respectively.

Summary
Our results indicate that OCA might be used as a potential therapeutic drug candidate in NAFLD/NASH management.
Enhanced development of functional human NK cells in NOD‐scid‐IL2rgnull mice expressing human IL15
Authors: Aryee Ken‐Edwin , Burzenski Lisa M. , Yao Li‐Chin , Keck James G. , Greiner Dale L. , Shultz Leonard D. , Brehm Michael A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHuman innate immunity plays a critical role in tumor surveillance and in immunoregulation within the tumor microenvironment. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells that have opposing roles in the tumor microenvironment, including NK cell subsets that mediate tumor cell cytotoxicity and subsets with regulatory function that contribute to the tumor immune suppressive environment. The balance between effector and regulatory NK cell subsets has been studied extensively in murine models of cancer, but there is a paucity of models to study human NK cell function in tumorigenesis. Humanized mice are a powerful alternative to syngeneic mouse tumor models for the study of human immuno‐oncology and have proven effective tools to test immunotherapies targeting T cells. However, human NK cell development and survival in humanized NOD‐scid‐IL2rgnull (NSG) mice are severely limited. To enhance NK cell development, we have developed NSG mice that constitutively expresses human Interleukin 15 (IL15), NSG‐Tg(Hu‐IL15). Following hematopoietic stem cell engraftment of NSG‐Tg(Hu‐IL15) mice, significantly higher levels of functional human CD56+ NK cells are detectable in blood and spleen, as compared to NSG mice. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)‐engrafted NSG‐Tg(Hu‐IL15) mice also supported the development of human CD3+ T cells, CD20+ B cells, and CD33+ myeloid cells. Moreover, the growth kinetics of a patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) melanoma were significantly delayed in HSC‐engrafted NSG‐Tg(Hu‐IL15) mice as compared to HSC‐engrafted NSG mice demonstrating that human NK cells have a key role in limiting the tumor growth. Together, these data demonstrate that HSC‐engrafted NSG‐Tg(Hu‐IL15) mice support enhanced development of functional human NK cells, which limit the growth of PDX tumors.
Early Warning and Monitoring of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Using Baidu Search Index and Baidu Information Index in Guangxi, China
Authors: Xie Yihong , Zhou Wanwan , Zhu Jinhui , Ruan Yuhua , Wang Xiaomin , Huang Tengda 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging infectious disease, and it is important to detect early and monitor the disease trend for policymakers to make informed decisions. We explored the predictive utility of Baidu Search Index and Baidu Information Index for early warning of COVID-19 and identified search keywords for further monitoring of epidemic trends in Guangxi. A time-series analysis and Spearman correlation between the daily number of cases and both the Baidu Search Index and Baidu Information Index were performed for seven keywords related to COVID-19 from January 8 to March 9, 2020. The time series showed that the temporal distributions of the search terms “coronavirus,” “pneumonia” and “mask” in the Baidu Search Index were consistent and had 2 to 3 days' lead time to the reported cases; the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.81. The Baidu Search Index volume in 14 prefectures of Guangxi was closely related with the number of reported cases; it was not associated with the local GDP. The Baidu Information Index search terms “coronavirus” and “pneumonia” were used as frequently as 192,405.0 and 110,488.6 per million population, respectively, and they were also significantly associated with the number of reported cases (r
s > 0.6), but they fluctuated more than for the Baidu Search Index and had 0 to 14 days' lag time to the reported cases. The Baidu Search Index with search terms “coronavirus,” “pneumonia” and “mask” can be used for early warning and monitoring of the epidemic trend of COVID-19 in Guangxi, with 2 to 3 days' lead time.
Low Adaptation to Management Philosophy and Refraining From Seeking Medical Care in Japanese Employees
Authors: Inoue Akiomi , Eguchi Hisashi , Kachi Yuko , Tsutsumi Akizumi 
Published: August 2022

Objective
We examined the prospective association of low adaptation to management philosophy with refraining from seeking medical care (RSMC) among Japanese employees in a company with a management philosophy of “pursuing employees’ well-being.”

Methods
We surveyed 2791 employees (2059 men and 732 women) from 2 factories of a Japanese manufacturing company following the management philosophy of “pursuing employees’ well-being.” Using a self-administered questionnaire, we measured adaptation to management philosophy at baseline and RSMC at a 1-year follow-up. We conducted robust Poisson regression analysis.

Results
Low adaptation to management philosophy was significantly associated with RSMC (incidence rate ratio, 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–1.35).

Conclusions
Adaptation to management philosophy may be an important factor associated with the decision of employees working at a company following the “pursuing employees’ well-being” management philosophy to seek medical care for their perceived health issues.