bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gendered effects of sanctions on manufacturing employment: Evidence from Iran
Authors: Demir Firat , Tabrizy Saleh S. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractInternational sanctions have significant economic effects with long‐lasting negative consequences for human development. However, academic research on the gendered effects of sanctions is scarce. In fact, most work on sanctions has been either gender neutral or gender blind. This article examines the labor market effects of economic and noneconomic sanctions, imposed by the United States and the United Nations, on male and female employment in manufacturing industries in Iran. The empirical analysis is based on four‐digit industry‐level employment data from 102 manufacturing industries between 1995 and 2014. Our main findings suggest that international sanctions have disproportionate effects on male and female employment. In particular, we find that sanctions hurt female employment significantly more than male employment. This effect is further compounded in industries that are more capital intensive, where labor compensation has a relatively low share in value added. Furthermore, in industries with relatively high reliance on imported inputs, female employment suffers more from sanctions.
Settler colonial origins of intimate partner violence in Indigenous communities
Authors: Behrendt Maia C. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIndigenous women in the United States experience disproportionately higher rates of intimate partner violence (IPV) compared to their non‐Indigenous counterparts. Through a framework of settler colonialism, this article examines how settler colonial gender practices disrupted and eroded generational patterns of gender roles and power relationships within Indigenous communities, contributing over time to today's higher levels of IPV perpetrated against Indigenous women. I argue that future research on IPV must attend to the historical, contemporary, and legal impacts of settler colonial policies and laws that contribute to increased rates of violence within marginalized and racialized communities. In this article, I first review dominant theories of IPV, then review how a theoretical framework of settler colonialism expands our understanding of IPV in Indigenous communities, and, finally, address the impacts of federal policies on Indigenous sovereign rights regarding violence against women.
Investigation of the correspondence principle with regard to specific and general COVID‐19 behaviors
Authors: Shiloh Shoshana , Peleg Shira , Nudelman Gabriel 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTo test all four aspects of the correspondence principle, that is, that specific‐level measures will predict specific‐level behaviors better than they will predict general‐level behavior, and that general measures will predict general‐level behavior better than predicting specific behaviors. A longitudinal study with 240 participants who completed an online survey assessing COVID‐19 vaccination (specific behavior) and adherence to multiple self‐protection behaviors recommended during the pandemic (general behavior). Predictors were general and specific versions of attitudes, past behavior, anxiety, and evaluations of vulnerability. Correlations between specific predictors and specific behaviors exceeded other correlations; general behavior was better predicted by general compared to specific predictors; general predictors predicted both general and specific behaviors. Vaccination behavior was predicted considerably better than adherence to protective behaviors. Most of the predictions based on the correspondence principle were supported. The correspondence principle is more evident in the specific than in the general domain, and for predictors with superior predictive validity.
“Flipped” clinical rotations: A novel approach
Authors: Xiong Wei , Singh Simran , Wilson‐Delfosse Amy , Jones Robert , Nielsen Craig , Chalkley Carol , Logio Lia 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundNear the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic in the United States, medical students were pulled out of all in‐person patient care activities. This resulted in massive disruption to the required clinical rotations (clerkships), necessitating creative curricular solutions to ensure continued education for medical students.ApproachIn response to the lockout, our school adopted a “flipped” clinical rotations model that assigned students to remote learning activities prior to in‐person patient care activities. This approach allowed students to continue their clinical education virtually with a focus on knowledge for practice while awaiting return to the shortened in‐person portions of their rotation. In planning the modified clinical curriculum, educational leaders adhered to several guiding principles including ensuring flexible remote curricular components that would engage students in active learning, designating that no rotation would be completely virtual, and completing virtual educational activities and standardised exams before students returned to in‐person experiences.EvaluationEnd of rotation evaluations and standardised exam scores were analysed to determine the effectiveness of this model. Despite the disruption associated with the pandemic and the rapid implementation of the “flipped” rotations, students continued to rate the overall experiences as highly as traditional clinical rotations. Students also performed similarly on standardised exams when compared to cohorts from other classes at the same experience level.ImplicationsWhile borne out of necessity during a pandemic, the lessons learned from our implementation of a “flipped” rotations model can be applied to address problems of capacity and clinical preparedness in the clinical setting.
Efficacy and safety of fibrinogen concentrate for perioperative prophylaxis of bleeding in adult, adolescent, and pediatric patients with congenital fibrinogen deficiency: FORMA‐02 and FORMA‐04 clinical trials
Authors: Khayat Claudia Djambas , Lohade Sunil , Zekavat Omid Reza , Kruzhkova Irina , Solomon Cristina , Peyvandi Flora 
Published: August 2022

AbstractBackgroundCongenital fibrinogen deficiency (CFD) is a rare coagulation disorder placing patients at increased bleeding risk. Human fibrinogen concentrate (HFC) represents current standard of care for fibrinogen replacement in CFD, however, limited data are available on HFC for prophylactic administration before/during surgery. Here, we report results and dosing considerations for HFC treatment in perioperative bleeding management in adult, adolescent, and pediatric patients with CFD.Study Design and MethodsFORMA‐02/FORMA‐04 were multinational, prospective, open‐label, uncontrolled Phase 3 HFC efficacy/safety studies for surgical bleeding prophylaxis in adult/adolescent (≥12 years) and pediatric patients (<12 years) respectively. HFC dosing was calculated to achieve pre‐established target fibrinogen plasma levels. Overall hemostatic efficacy was assessed as success/failure by an Independent Data Monitoring and Endpoint Adjudication Committee (IDMEAC) according to objective criteria.ResultsTwelve patients (≥12 years, N = 9; <12 years, N = 3) received HFC for surgical prophylaxis (15 surgeries; 13 minor, 2 major). Eleven minor surgeries in patients aged ≥12 years required a median of 1 infusion (range; 1–5), with a mean (±SD) dose of 93.50 mg/kg [±41.43] and two minor surgeries in patients <12 years required 1 infusion (91.55 mg/kg [±23.40]). The major surgery in an adult patient required eight infusions (225.3 mg/kg total dose). The major surgery in a pediatric patient required six infusions (450.4 mg/kg). All surgeries were rated successful by the IDMEAC.DiscussionIn adults/adolescents and pediatric patients with fibrinogen deficiency, HFC treatment for hemostatic management during/after minor and major surgery was successful, with efficacy comparable across the different age groups.
The final stages of dog rabies elimination from Japan
Authors: Kamata Yusuke , Tojinbara Kageaki , Hampson Katie , Makita Kohei 
Published: August 2022

AbstractRabies is a lethal zoonotic disease mainly transmitted to humans by dog bites. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of rabies control policies in Japan, which resulted in the elimination of the disease from the country in 1957. Using historical records from the Kanto region (Chiba, Kanagawa, Saitama and Tokyo Prefectures) between 1947 and 1956 where the final canine cases were recorded, we undertook a descriptive epidemiological study, applying spatio‐temporal scan statistics using SaTScan and estimating the effective reproduction number (Rt) for the clusters and each prefecture using the growth rates. There were 1,567 dog rabies and 161 human rabies cases recorded during this period. Vaccination coverage in registered dogs was over 70% after 1951, with much lower coverage in free‐roaming and unregistered dogs. Eight clusters of dog rabies cases were identified: the first appeared in 1947 in Tokyo and was linked to three further clusters in peripheral prefectures between 1947 and 1951. Three more clusters occurred in Tokyo again between 1952 and 1954, and the last cluster was in Tokyo and Kanagawa between 1955 and 1956. Rt in the first cluster was 1.68, and Rt values in the others ranged between 1.18 and 1.86, with an exception of 4.05 in the smallest cluster in Tokyo in 1952 (10 cases). The moving average of Rt coincided with the clusters. As dog vaccination and dog management progressed, and the number of dog rabies cases declined, the moving average of Rt declined to below 1. Delays in the implementation of dog management policies in Kanagawa may have prolonged this last outbreak. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of coordinated control policy involving dog vaccination and management of free‐roaming dog populations for rabies elimination.
Study on grid inefficiency for mesh-type Frisch-grid ionization chambers
Authors: Liu Changqi , Zhang Hang , Bai Xiaohou , Zhou Jianjin , Zhang Pengqi , Dejun E. , Peng Jinqiu , Ma Zhanwen , Lu Xiaolong , Zhang Yu , Yao Zeen , Wang Junrun , Wei Zheng 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this study, the grid inefficiency $$\sigma $$
σ
for a mesh-type Frisch-grid ionization chamber (FGIC) was investigated using the finite element method and Monte Carlo method. A grid inefficiency $$\sigma $$
σ
evaluation model was developed, which can determine the relationship between the physical parameters of the detector and the grid inefficiency with reasonable accuracy. An artificial neural network (ANN) was applied in the investigation of the grid inefficiency factor $$\sigma $$
σ
. The trained ANN was able to describe and predict the grid inefficiency factor $$\sigma $$
σ
with different physical parameters for the mesh-type FGIC. Thus, it can serve as a reference for the development of mesh-type FGICs and correct grid inefficiency $$\sigma $$
σ
measurements.
Black-box estimation of expanding parameter for de Sitter universe
Authors: Xiao Lulu , Wen Cuihong , Jing Jiliang , Wang Jieci 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe study the black-box parameter estimation of expanding parameters and the dynamics of Gaussian interferometric power for the de Sitter space. We find that the state between separated open charts can be employed as a probe state for the black-box quantum metrology. This is nontrivial because the open charts are causally disconnected and classical information can not be exchanged between them according to the general relativity. It is shown that the mass of the scalar field remarkably affects the accuracy of the black-box parameter estimation in the de Sitter space, which is quite different from the flat space case where the mass parameter does not influence the precision of estimation. Quantum discord is found to be a key resource for the estimation of the expanding parameter when there is no entanglement between the initially uncorrelated open charts. It is demonstrated that the role of the probe state between different open charts is quite distinct because the curvature effect of the de sitter space damages quantum resources for the initially correlated probe states, while it generates quantum resources for the initially uncorrelated probe states.
Effects of Born–Infeld electrodynamics on black hole shadows
Authors: He Aoyun , Tao Jun , Wang Peng , Xue Yadong , Zhang Lingkai 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIn this work, we study the shadow of Born–Infeld (BI) black holes with magnetic monopoles and Schwarzschild black holes immersed in the BI uniform magnetic field. Illuminated by a celestial sphere, black hole images are obtained by using the backward ray-tracing method. For magnetically charged BI black holes, we find that the shadow radius increases with the increase of nonlinear electromagnetics effects. For Schwarzschild black holes immersed in the BI uniform magnetic field, photons tend to move towards the axis of symmetric, resulting in stretched shadows along the equatorial plane.
Hybrid Nature-Inspired Algorithm for Feature Selection in Alzheimer Detection Using Brain MRI Images
Authors: Agarwal Parul , Dutta Anirban , Agrawal Tarushi , Mehra Nikhil , Mehta Shikha 
Published: August 2022

Alzheimer is an irreversible neurological disorder. It impairs the memory and thinking ability of a person. Its symptoms are not known at an early stage due to which a person is deprived of receiving medication at an early stage. Dementia, a general form of Alzheimer, is difficult to diagnose and hence a proper system for detection of Alzheimer is needed. Various studies have been done for accurate classification of patients with or without Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, accuracy of prediction is still a challenge depending on the type of data used for diagnosis. Timely identification of true positives and false negatives are critical to the diagnosis. This work focuses on extraction of optimal features using nature-inspired algorithms to enhance the accuracy of classification models. This work proposes two hybrid nature-inspired algorithms — particle swarm optimization with genetic algorithm (PSO_GA) and whale optimization algorithm with genetic algorithm, (WOA_GA) to improve prediction accuracy. The performance of proposed algorithms is evaluated with respect to various existing algorithms on the basis of accuracy and time taken. Experimental results depict that there is trade-off in time and accuracy. Results revealed that the best accuracy is achieved by PSO_GA while it takes higher time than WOA and WOA_GA. Overall WOA_GA gives better performance accuracy when compared to a majority of the compared algorithms using support vector machine (SVM) and AdaSVM classifiers.
Towards Ethical AI: Empirically Investigating Dimensions of AI Ethics, Trust Repair, and Performance in Human-AI Teaming
Authors: Schelble Beau G. , Lopez Jeremy , Textor Claire , Zhang Rui , McNeese Nathan J. , Pak Richard , Freeman Guo 
Published: August 2022

Objective Determining the efficacy of two trust repair strategies (apology and denial) for trust violations of an ethical nature by an autonomous teammate. Background While ethics in human-AI interaction is extensively studied, little research has investigated how decisions with ethical implications impact trust and performance within human-AI teams and their subsequent repair. Method Forty teams of two participants and one autonomous teammate completed three team missions within a synthetic task environment. The autonomous teammate made an ethical or unethical action during each mission, followed by an apology or denial. Measures of individual team trust, autonomous teammate trust, human teammate trust, perceived autonomous teammate ethicality, and team performance were taken. Results Teams with unethical autonomous teammates had significantly lower trust in the team and trust in the autonomous teammate. Unethical autonomous teammates were also perceived as substantially more unethical. Neither trust repair strategy effectively restored trust after an ethical violation, and autonomous teammate ethicality was not related to the team score, but unethical autonomous teammates did have shorter times. Conclusion Ethical violations significantly harm trust in the overall team and autonomous teammate but do not negatively impact team score. However, current trust repair strategies like apologies and denials appear ineffective in restoring trust after this type of violation. Application This research highlights the need to develop trust repair strategies specific to human-AI teams and trust violations of an ethical nature.
The Mandate to Provide Expanded Core Curriculum Instruction
Authors: Chase Alan Anthony 
Published: August 2022

Introduction: This study examined potential legal precedent set by holdings in administrative due process hearings where instruction in the expanded core curriculum (ECC) for school-age children was decided. Methods: This study used an analogical reasoning approach. This legal research method includes examining the rule of law, presenting cases for comparison, and applying the fact pattern to predict outcomes of current or future cases. Results: The results demonstrate that the inclusion of the ECC in an Individualized Education Program (IEP) varies from state to state. Only two states have passed legislation requiring instruction in the ECC. These statutes have been referenced in case holdings. Administrative hearings from four different jurisdictions in the United States have held that the ECC must be included in the IEP to some extent. Discussion: The ECC is a critical component of the education of students with visual impairments and must be incorporated in some form within their IEPs. Depending upon the jurisdiction, the ECC may have to be explicitly stated in the IEP, while in other locales it may have to be embedded within the IEP. In some states, specific statutes governing instruction in the ECC form the rule of law. Implications for Practitioners: School administrators and teachers of students with visual impairments should be knowledgeable of the legislation governing the ECC in their state and the legal precedents that have been created in their state. School administrators and teachers of students with visual impairments should carefully consider how the principles of a legal precedent can be applied to situations within their own communities to understand their obligations and likelihood of prevailing in any legal dispute. Finally, parents and students with visual impairments should be aware of the legal precedent created for the ECC in their state and use the dispute resolution process to inform change in their own communities as the families did in these exemplar cases.
Development and Validation of the AIIMS Facial Toolbox for Emotion Recognition
Authors: Verma Rohit , Kalsi Navkiran , Shrivastava Neha Priya , Sheerha Anita 
Published: August 2022

Background: Emotional facial expression database, used in emotion regulation studies, is a special set of pictures with high social and biological relevance. We present the AIIMS Facial Toolbox for Emotion Recognition (AFTER) database. It consists of pictures of 15 adult professional artists displaying seven facial expressions—neutral, happiness, anger, sadness, disgust, fear, and surprise. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled 15 volunteer students from a professional drama college in India (six males and nine females; mean age = 26.2 ± 1.93 years). They were instructed to pose with different emotional expressions in high and low intensity. A total of 240 pictures were captured in a brightly lit room against a common, light background. Each picture was validated independently by 19 mental health professionals and two professional teachers of dramatic art. Apart from recognition of emotional quality, ratings were done for each emotion on a 5-point Likert scale with respect to three dimensions—intensity, clarity, and genuineness. Results are discussed in terms of mean scores on all four parameters. Results: The percentage hit rate for all the emotions, after exclusion of contempt, was 84.3%, with the mean kappa for emotional expression being 0.68. Mean scores on intensity, clarity, and genuineness of the emotions depicted in the pictures were high. Conclusions: The database would be useful in the Indian context for researching facial emotion recognition. It has been validated among a group of experts and was found to have high inter-rater reliability.
Evaluating the Impact of an Educational Intervention on Hepatitis C Screening in a Midwest Regional Psychiatric Unit
Authors: Northrup Amy D. , Gignac Courtney R. , Wehbe-Alamah Hiba , Cooper Denise 
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Affecting more than 3.9 million Americans, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) attacks the liver by causing inflammation. Left untreated, HCV can lead to serious consequences. Targeting high-risk individuals in the inpatient psychiatric setting can lead to increased testing and referral. Aims: This quality improvement project determined whether an intervention—consisting of a pretest, educational session, posttest, and screening implementation—increased staff knowledge about HCV screening recommendations, identified at-risk individuals, and increased the number of patients screened and referred for treatment. Method: An online HCV educational session was provided to 30 staff at a Midwest regional psychiatric unit. An online pre/posttest was conducted to determine staff knowledge and understanding prior to and after the educational session. An HCV screening tool checklist was incorporated into the electronic health record (EHR) system. A 3-month pre/post-intervention chart review was completed to determine the number of patients identified and screened for HCV. Results: A comparison of the 30 staff members’ mean pre/posttest scores were calculated using an unpaired t test, showing a prescore mean of 55.15 ± 19.09 and a postscore mean of 85.75 ± 13.44, p < .001. A chi-square analysis indicated that there was a statistically significant post-intervention increase in the percentage of high-risk patients identified (5.6%–36.4%, p < .001) and screened (5.6%–31.4%, p < .001) for HCV compared with pre-intervention. Conclusion: The study intervention increased staff knowledge of HCV guidelines and the number of at-risk patients identified and screened for the disease.
The Status of Household Solid Waste Management and its Associated Factors in Fiche Town, North Shewa Zone, Ethiopia
Authors: Teferi Samuel Chane 
Published: August 2022

Background: Poor solid waste management is a major public health and environmental concern in developing countries like Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess the status of household solid waste management and associated factors in Fiche town. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 236 residents of Fiche town from January to March 2022. Both questionnaire and field observation was used to collect data from households in the town. Data were first checked manually for completeness, then coded and entered into SPSS version 20, then descriptive statistics such as frequency and percentage were done. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to assess the potential predictors of the outcome variable ( P < .05). Result: In the present study, 185 (78.4%), of residents uses improper solid waste management practices. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that knowledge of reduce, reuse and recycle (3R) (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.94, 14.87), access to door to door waste collection (AOR = 3.91; 95% CI 2.03, 7.51), treating waste as a resource (AOR = 3.06; 95% CI 1.47, 6.36) and knowledge about the rule and regulations of solid waste management (AOR = 6.49; 95% CI 3.09, 13.61) were found to be significantly associated with waste management practices. Conclusion: Therefore, there is a need to raise awareness about solid waste management at the community level using different pieces of training. In addition, the city municipality needs to strengthen door to door waste collection services.