bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biosynthesis of iridoid sex pheromones in aphids
Authors: Köllner Tobias G. , David Anja , Luck Katrin , Beran Franziska , Kunert Grit , Zhou Jing-Jiang , Caputi Lorenzo , O’Connor Sarah E. 
Published: October 2022

Iridoid monoterpenes, widely distributed in plants and insects, have many ecological functions. While the biosynthesis of iridoids has been extensively studied in plants, little is known about how insects synthesize these natural products. Here, we elucidated the biosynthesis of the iridoids
cis
-
trans-
nepetalactol and
cis
-
trans-
nepetalactone in the pea aphid
Acyrthosiphon pisum
(Harris), where they act as sex pheromones. The exclusive production of iridoids in hind legs of sexual female aphids allowed us to identify iridoid genes by searching for genes specifically expressed in this tissue. Biochemical characterization of candidate enzymes revealed that the iridoid pathway in aphids proceeds through the same sequence of intermediates as described for plants. The six identified aphid enzymes are unrelated to their counterparts in plants, conclusively demonstrating an independent evolution of the entire iridoid pathway in plants and insects. In contrast to the plant pathway, at least three of the aphid iridoid enzymes are likely membrane bound. We demonstrated that a lipid environment facilitates the cyclization of a reactive enol intermediate to the iridoid cyclopentanoid-pyran scaffold in vitro, suggesting that membranes are an essential component of the aphid iridoid pathway. Altogether, our discovery of this complex insect metabolic pathway establishes the genetic and biochemical basis for the formation of iridoid sex pheromones in aphids, and this discovery also serves as a foundation for understanding the convergent evolution of complex metabolic pathways between kingdoms.
Towards a corpus-based description of speech-gesture units of meaning
Authors: Chen Yaoyao , Adolphs Svenja 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The theories and methods in corpus linguistics (CL) have had an impact on numerous areas in applied linguistics.
However, the interface between CL and multimodal speech-gesture studies remains underexplored. One fundamental question is whether
it is possible, and even appropriate, to apply the theories and paradigms established based on textual data to multimodal data. To
explore this, we examine how CL can assist investigating lexico-grammatical patterns of speech co-occurring with a recurrent
gesture (i.e. the circular gesture). Sinclair’s (1996) unit of meaning model is used to
describe the co-gestural speech patterns. The study draws on a subset of the Nottingham Multimodal Corpus, in which 570 instances
of circular gestures and their co-occurring speech are identified and analysed. We argue that Sinclair’s unit of meaning model can
be extended to include speech-gesture patterns, and that those descriptions enable a more nuanced understanding of meaning in
context.
The intricate dialectics of iconization and structuration
Authors: Sonesson Göran 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The distinction between primary and secondary iconic signs, which I first made with regard to pictures, has been applied by other scholars to language, gesture, and music. Taking stock of this process, it has become necessary to clarify the distinction, insisting on the fact that secondary iconicity is not conventionality, but a kind of iconicity which is in itself not sufficient to define a meaning, but needs to be supplemented by other means, such as a label or a system of oppositions. We have shown this to be the case earlier, when considering what Arnheim termed ‘droodles’, but we will see that it also applies to language and music.
Iconicity as a key epistemic source of change in the self
Authors: Andacht Fernando 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this text, the phenomenological categorial analysis at the basis of Peircean semiotic is used to explore the working of iconic signs and their relationship to the self as an ongoing interpretative process as well as to the manifold of identities that human beings adopt in the different circumstances they go through. A film was chosen to describe the relevance of iconicity for the evolving self-interpretative process that serves to adapt us to life changes. The plot of The Lives of Others (Das Leben der Anderen, von Donnersmarck 2006) brings out in exemplary fashion the epistemic function of iconicity to account for spontaneity as the origin of the new and unexpected in the lifeworld. Peirce’s triadic analysis of the imagination elucidates how change is introduced even in a most authoritarian sociopolitical system, whose main goal is to avoid the irruption of the freewheeling possibilism of iconicity.
Indexicality and iconization in Mocking Spanish
Authors: Piluso Francesco 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
When we speak Mock Spanish, the relevant aspects of this practice are usually activated and acknowledged in terms of indexical connections to specific stereotypes regarding the Spanish language and its speakers. However, when we speak about “Mock Spanish”, in order to deconstruct such an indexical ideological presupposition and entailment, it is important to focus on the iconic features of this language, or better, of this linguistic practice. The aim of this paper is to investigate the complex network of sign-relationships that inform the linguistic and ideological phenomenon of Mock Spanish. The work by Jane Hill (1998, 2005) will be the main reference used to highlight the indexical meanings of this language and their ideological presupposition. Exploring its entailments, additionally, requires integrating the indexical aspect with the semiotic process of ‘iconization’ (Irvine and Gal 2000). Iconization between Spanish speakers and language – ideologically naturalized through an intertextual series of Mock Spanish – is a key element in the construction (and deconstruction) of the negative racial stereotypes of Spanish speakers and, inversely, of the White ‘hegemony’ in the public space. In conclusion, an overall understanding of Mock Spanish as a ‘metapragmatics’ (Silverstein 1993) will be useful to further analyze the issue of language ideology.
This is not a pipe
Authors: Moreno Cabrera Juan Carlos 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A significant part of René Magritte’s pictorial work is devoted to the challenging relationships between images and written words. In this paper, I will look into two series of Magritte’s language paintings addressing these relationships: The Treachery of Images (also known as This is not a pipe) and The Interpretation of Dreams. In both series, painted images of written words and phrases are juxtaposed to painted images of objects in order to show that words and images should not be taken as the real objects they depict or refer to. I will show that, in addition to this obvious interpretation, there are much more interesting and challenging issues concerning the iconicity of the relationships between written words and the images depicting the objects denoted by them in Magritte’s paintings. To illustrate this point, I will elaborate on the calligram approach to the Treachery of Images proposed by Michel Foucault and Douglas Hofstadter by exploring the subliminal iconic relationships between the image of the pipe and the shape of the letters in the painted sentence (ceci n’est pas une pipe ‘this is not a pipe’). In addition, I will show that this analysis can be extended to the paintings entitled The Interpretation of Dreams. These analyses might shed a new light on these enigmatic works of art.
Image superimposition in signed language discourse and in motion pictures
Authors: Müller Anke 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Both film and signed languages are media that make use of iconicity and employ motion images for communicative and narrative purposes. This paper focuses on simultaneously presented images that occur in film for example as double exposures and in signed languages as simultaneous constructions. While film and signed languages differ in many ways with respect to iconicity, they can be compared with respect to the way simultaneously presented motion images relate to each other. Superimpositions are defined as a simultaneous view on two or more scenes or as giving two different simultaneous representations of one scene. They serve as a means of dense information packaging. While superimpositions strongly differ in their appearance in film and signed discourse, they exhibit some similarities of structure and functions. They exploit the iconicity of spatial relations emerging in the graphic spatial dimension. Their function is to express a spatial, intentional or temporal connection between two scenes or aspects of one scene, for example the intentional relation between a cognitive activity as seen in the face of a person and the object or content of that cognitive activity.
Where frozen signs reclaim iconic ground
Authors: Konrad Reiner , Langer Gabriele , Müller Anke , Wähl Sabrina 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Sign Languages provide ways to create iconically motivated signs, that is, signs whose meaning is directly or indirectly connected to an underlying mental image expressed by the depictive elements of the sign’s form. While signs can be created and used to depict and therefore show what is meant, not all iconically motivated signs are used in this way. Signs of the established lexicon have meanings that are fixed by convention, although their form may be iconically motivated. In signing discourse established signs are used to denote objects, persons, situations or actions (function of ‘telling’). Once the context has thus been clarified iconic signs can be used in the function of ‘showing’. For this purpose, signers often create new, context-fitting iconic signs (‘productive signs’). However, iconically motivated established signs can also be used for showing by re-activating their underlying image and modifying their form. When analyzing data it sometimes is difficult to decide whether the sign should be classified as a modified established sign (‘iconic modification’) or as a productive sign. This decision is relevant for annotation (token-type-matching) as well as for the corpus-based lexicographic description of a sign’s usage. In this paper we discuss sequences of a telling sign followed by a showing sign found in the DGS Corpus. We suggest some criteria for the classification and explain where we would draw the line between iconic modification and productive signs.
Recurring iconic mapping patterns within and across verb types in German Sign Language
Authors: Oomen Marloes 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Many sign languages around the world have the same tripartite verb classification system based on agreement properties, and it has previously been observed that this system is at least partially semantically grounded. In this article, the extent to which iconicity plays a mediating role in this relationship between verb type and verb semantics is investigated through the identification of recurring iconic mappings across verb forms in German Sign Language (DGS). The aim is to establish which event properties are commonly iconically represented in DGS verb forms, and which of those can additionally be associated with verbs of a specific type. The results indicate that across types, handshape is associated with semantic transitivity, while the location and movement specifications of a verb form are associated with verb type. The results thus contribute toward our understanding of the role of iconicity in the relation between verb semantics and verb type in DGS and, by extension, other sign languages with similar verb type systems.
Lexical choices in Early Modern English devotional prose
Authors: Smith Jeremy J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Religious controversy in English has always been marked by ideologically charged lexicons. Developments in the analysis of machine-readable corpora have enabled more robust conclusions to be drawn about the nature of these vocabularies, relating particular usages to particular confessional orientations. In this paper, part of a long-term research project on the history of English religious vocabulary, an attempt is made to identify “keywords” characteristic of presbyterian, puritan and high Anglican communities of practice within the Church of England. In addition, the paper addresses some methodological and theoretical issues involved in such research, relating to the practice of historical pragmatics.
The Bilingual Code-Switching Profile (BCSP)
Authors: Olson Daniel J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Significant variation exists in bilinguals’ experiences with code-switching, from dense code-switching in multiple interactional contexts to minimal switching. Although recent research has demonstrated that a bilingual’s experience with code-switching is a crucial factor for determining both linguistic and cognitive behaviors, there currently is no commonly accepted method of measuring of a bilingual’s code-switching practices. Responding to this need, this paper presents a new tool to assess a bilingual’s experience and engagement with code-switching – the Bilingual Code-Switching Profile (BCSP) – and assesses its validity and reliability. The BCSP incorporates a multifaceted conceptualization of code-switching experience, drawing on previous research in bilingual proficiency, and addresses a bilingual’s code-switching history, use, proficiency, and attitudes. To assess the validity and reliability of the BCSP, Spanish–English bilinguals (N = 454) from a wide range of ages, ethnic backgrounds, national origins, and language dominance profiles completed the questionnaire. Results of an exploratory factor analysis and intraclass correlation on test-retest data (N = 248) demonstrate that the BCSP is a valid and reliable method of assessing a bilingual’s code-switching profile. The BCSP can be easily and practically incorporated into future research on bilinguals to provide a systematic measure of an individual’s code-switching profile.
Role of resistance forces in Galileo’s experiments
Authors: Breiland W G 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
We apply fluid resistance and rolling resistance analysis to the free fall and projectile experiments described in Galileo Galilei’s 1638 Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences (Discorsi), and his unpublished folio 116v experiment in the Codex 72 collection. Both air resistance and rolling resistance affect the horizontal projection distance in the folio 116v experiment. Newton’s second law and the two combined resistance forces can quantitatively explain Galileo’s observations. The analysis is also applied to replication experiments made by Naylor in 1974. Quantitative agreement is achieved. Resistance forces remove a small discrepancy between observed and theoretical horizontal projectile distances that is present when air resistance and rolling resistance are ignored. The result is significant because it shows that, contrary to prior studies, resistance forces cannot be ignored when one models the folio 116v experiment. Air drag forces due to acceleration (added mass and Basset history) are negligible, but quasi-steady drag and Magnus lift are not. This exercise provides an historical perspective to the description of basic body motion: constant acceleration, uniformly increased velocity, constant inertial motion, and decomposition of two-dimensional motion into orthogonal coordinates. It also serves to give specific examples of significant ‘real-world’ effects, such as steady drag, added mass, Basset history, rolling resistance, spin drag, and Magnus lift that complicate what appears to be a simple experiment. Finally, it shows that a quantitative test of a seemingly obvious assumption can yield new insights.
Theoretical and numerical studies of inverse source problem for the linear parabolic equation with sparse boundary measurements
Authors: Lin Guang , Zhang Zecheng , Zhang Zhidong 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
We consider the inverse source problem in the parabolic equation, where the unknown source possesses the semi-discrete formulation. Theoretically, we prove that the flux data from any nonempty open subset of the boundary can uniquely determine the semi-discrete source. This means the observed area can be extremely small, and that is the reason we call it sparse boundary data. For the numerical reconstruction, we formulate the problem from the Bayesian sequential prediction perspective and conduct the numerical examples which estimate the space-time-dependent source state by state. To better demonstrate the method’s performance, we solve two common multiscale problems from two models with a long source sequence. The numerical results illustrate that the inversion is accurate and efficient.
Nonstationary iterated Tikhonov regularization: convergence analysis via Hölder stability
Authors: Mittal Gaurav , Giri Ankik Kumar 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we study the nonstationary iterated Tikhonov regularization method (NITRM) proposed by Jin and Zhong (2014 Numer. Math.
127 485–513) to solve the inverse problems, where the inverse mapping fulfills a Hölder stability estimate. The iterates of NITRM are defined through certain minimization problems in the settings of Banach spaces. In order to study the various important characteristics of the sought solution, we consider the non-smooth uniformly convex penalty terms in the minimization problems. In the case of noisy data, we terminate the method via a discrepancy principle and show the strong convergence of the iterates as well as the convergence with respect to the Bregman distance. For noise free data, we show the convergence of the iterates to the sought solution. Additionally, we derive the convergence rates of NITRM method for both the noisy and noise free data that are missing from the literature. In order to derive the convergence rates, we solely utilize the Hölder stability of the inverse mapping that opposes the standard analysis which requires a source condition as well as a nonlinearity estimate to be satisfied by the inverse mapping. Finally, we discuss three numerical examples to show the validity of our results.
Recovery of release cloud from laser shock-loaded graphite and hydrocarbon targets: in search of diamonds
Authors: Schuster A K , Voigt K , Klemmed B , Hartley N J , Lütgert J , Zhang M , Bähtz C , Benad A , Brabetz C , Cowan T , Döppner T , Erb D J , Eychmüller A , Facsko S , Falcone R W , Fletcher L B , Frydrych S , Ganzenmüller G C , Gericke D O , Glenzer S H , Grenzer J , Helbig U , Hiermaier S , Hübner R , Laso Garcia A , Lee H J , MacDonald M J , McBride E E , Neumayer P , Pak A , Pelka A , Prencipe I , Prosvetov A , Rack A , Ravasio A , Redmer R , Reemts D , Rödel M , Schoelmerich M , Schumacher D , Tomut M , Turner S J , Saunders A M , Sun P , Vorberger J , Zettl A , Kraus D 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This work presents first insights into the dynamics of free-surface release clouds from dynamically compressed polystyrene and pyrolytic graphite at pressures up to 200 GPa, where they transform into diamond or lonsdaleite, respectively. These ejecta clouds are released into either vacuum or various types of catcher systems, and are monitored with high-speed recordings (frame rates up to 10 MHz). Molecular dynamics simulations are used to give insights to the rate of diamond preservation throughout the free expansion and the catcher impact process, highlighting the challenges of diamond retrieval. Raman spectroscopy data show graphitic signatures on a catcher plate confirming that the shock-compressed PS is transformed. First electron microscopy analyses of solid catcher plates yield an outstanding number of different spherical-like objects in the size range between ten(s) up to hundreds of nanometres, which are one type of two potential diamond candidates identified. The origin of some objects can unambiguously be assigned, while the history of others remains speculative.
Normally-OFF AlGaN/GaN-based HEMTs with decreasingly graded AlGaN cap layer
Authors: Xing Zhanyong , Zhang Haochen , Sun Yue , Yang Lei , Hu Kunpeng , Liang Kun , Wang Dawei , Fu Houqiang , Sun Haiding 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this work, an enhancement-mode (E-mode) AlGaN/GaN-based high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) with a graded AlGaN cap layer (GACL) is proposed and numerically studied by Silvaco technology computer-aided design. The GACL is designed with a decreasingly graded Al composition x along [0001] direction and the initial x is smaller than the Al composition of the Al0.2Ga0.8N barrier layer (BL). This GACL scheme can simultaneously produce high-concentration polarization-induced holes and negative net polarization charges at the GACL/BL interface. This can facilitate the separation of the conduction band (E
C) and Fermi level (E
F) at the 2DEG channel and therefore benefit the normally-OFF operation of the device. The optimized graded-AlGaN-gated metal-semiconductor HEMT can achieve a large threshold voltage of 4 V. Furthermore, we demonstrated that shortening the gate length on the GACL and inserting an oxide layer between the gate and GACL can be both effective to suppress gate leakage current, enhance gate voltage swing, and improve on-state drain current of the device. These numerical investigations can provide insights into the physical mechanisms and structural innovations of the E-mode GaN-based HEMTs in the future.
Propagation dynamics and interaction of multiple streamers at and above adjacent dielectric pellets in a packed bed plasma reactor
Authors: Mujahid Zaka-ul-Islam , Korolov Ihor , Liu Yue , Mussenbrock Thomas , Schulze Julian 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The propagation and interaction between surface streamers propagating over dielectric pellets in a packed bed plasma reactor operated in Helium are studied using phase and space resolved optical emission spectroscopy and simulations. Such a discharge is known to generate cathode directed positive streamers in the gas phase at the positions of minimum electrode gap followed by surface streamers that propagate along the dielectric surface. By systematically varying the gap between neighboring dielectric pellets, we observe that a larger gap between adjacent dielectric pellets enhances plasma emission near the contact points of the dielectric structures. In agreement with the experiment, the simulation results reveal that the gap influences the attraction of streamers towards adjacent dielectric pellets via polarization of the surface material and the repulsion induced by nearby streamers. For a smaller gap, the streamer propagation changes from along the surface to propagation through the volume and back to surface propagation due to a combination of repulsion between adjacent streamers, polarization of adjacent dielectric surfaces, as well as acceleration of electrons from the volume towards the streamer head. For a wider gap, the streamer propagates along the surface, but repulsion by neighboring streamers increases the offset between the streamers. The streamer achieves a higher speed near the contact point earlier in the absence of an adjacent streamer, which indicates the role of mutual streamer interaction via repulsion.