bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tree organ growth and carbon allocation dynamics impact the magnitude and δ13C signal of stem and soil CO2 fluxes
Authors: Tang Yu , Schiestl-Aalto Pauliina , Saurer Matthias , Sahlstedt Elina , Kulmala Liisa , Kolari Pasi , Ryhti Kira , Salmon Yann , Jyske Tuula , Ding Yiyang , Bäck Jaana , Rinne-Garmston Katja T 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
Incomplete knowledge of carbon (C) allocation dynamics in trees hinders accurate modeling and future predictions of tree growth. We studied C allocation dynamics in a mature Pinus sylvestris L. dominated forest with a novel analytical approach, allowing the first comparison of: (i) magnitude and δ13C of shoot, stem and soil CO2 fluxes (Ashoot, Rstem and Rsoil), (ii) concentration and δ13C of compound-specific and/or bulk non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs) in phloem and roots and (iii) growth of stem and fine roots. Results showed a significant effect of phloem NSC concentrations on tracheid growth, and both variables significantly impacted Rstem. Also, concentrations of root NSCs, especially starch, had a significant effect on fine root growth, although no effect of root NSC concentrations or root growth was detected on Rsoil. Time series analysis between δ13C of Ashoot and δ13C of Rstem or δ13C of Rsoil revealed strengthened C allocation to stem or roots under high C demands. Furthermore, we detected a significant correlation between δ13C of Rstem and δ13C of phloem sucrose and glucose, but not for starch or water-soluble carbohydrates. Our results indicate the need to include C allocation dynamics into tree growth models. We recommend using compound-specific concentration and δ13C analysis to reveal C allocation processes that may not be detected by the conventional approach that utilizes bulk organic matter.
Ethical Issues in the US 1956 National Academy of Sciences BEAR I Genetics Panel Report to the Public
Authors: Calabrese Edward J. , Giordano James 
Published: July 2022

Abstract
This paper presents newly discovered evidence from the personal correspondence of four US National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Biological Effects of Atomic Radiation (BEAR) Genetics Panelists that their 1956 report to the public was written by a third party and was neither reviewed nor approved by the Panel prior to its publication and release to the public. The letters revealed that the 1956 Report contained serious errors and did not represent the views of the Panel. The failure of the US NAS to notify the public that the Report had not been reviewed and approved by the Panel represents a serious breach of ethics. Further ethical issues relate to the failure of the NAS to (1) correct the errors in the Report within an appropriately timely manner and (2) reveal the lack of approval by the Panel even after the Report’s release. In light of these discoveries and the profound historical—and continuing—significance of the 1956 Report to all conventional cancer-related risk assessment processes, we opine that this ethical improbity must be acknowledged and that this document must be retracted by the NAS.
Case Report: Acute Retinal Necrosis after a Cervical Epidural Steroid Injection
Authors: Kamo Samantha F. , Tran Nina T. , Marquez Mark A. 
Published: July 2022

SIGNIFICANCE
Acute retinal necrosis is a rare, sight-threatening condition typically found in immunocompromised patients and is most commonly caused by varicella zoster virus. Because of the poor prognosis and rapid progression of the disease course, prompt antiviral management is paramount.

PURPOSE
A case report of acute retinal necrosis in a patient with herpes virus infection after a cervical epidural corticosteroid injection was performed. Extensive laboratory work and frequent follow-ups are necessary for management. This case report outlines the clinical signs of acute retinal necrosis and discusses the appropriate referrals and treatment needed to improve prognosis.

CASE REPORT
A 63-year-old man presented to our eye clinic with symptoms of pain and light sensitivity. Examination revealed anterior uveitis, vitritis, optic disc edema, macular edema, vasculitis, and retinitis of the left eye. The serum antibody test results showed abnormal ranges for varicella zoster virus and herpes simplex virus type 1, and the patient was diagnosed with acute retinal necrosis. Treatment prescribed by a retina specialist included oral valacyclovir and later oral prednisolone, for which the patient responded well before developing the common complication of retinal detachment.

CONCLUSIONS
The progressive nature of acute retinal necrosis is usually debilitating to vision, even when managed properly. Because prognosis is often poor, it is important to make proper diagnoses combined with a complete review of the patient's medical history and immune status to prevent further vision loss.
Effect of aging on immune cells in male HIV-infected and -uninfected healthy individuals
Authors: Rai M. Ali , Shi Victoria , Kennedy Brooke D. , Whitehead Emily J. , Justement Jesse S. , Paul Subrata , Blazkova Jana , Chun Tae-Wook 
Published: July 2022

Objective:
HIV induces immunologic dysfunction in T cells of infected individuals. However, the impact of aging on T cell phenotypes in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) has not been fully delineated. We evaluated the relationship between aging and the expression of immune activation and exhaustion markers on CD8+ T cells of age-matched HIV-infected and -uninfected male participants.

Design:
Levels of immune activation and exhaustion markers on peripheral blood CD8+ T cells of HIV-infected and -uninfected participants were examined.

Methods:
110 HIV-infected aviremic male participants receiving ART and 146 HIV-uninfected male participants were studied. The levels of TIGIT, PD-1, CD38, and CD226 on CD8+ T cells of the study participants were determined by flow cytometry.

Results:
The level of TIGIT on CD8+ T cells was higher in aviremic HIV-infected compared to uninfected participants (P < 0.0001). In contrast, no significant differences were found in the levels of PD-1 and CD38 on CD8+ T cells between the two groups. Statistically significant correlations were observed between age and the levels of TIGIT+ and CD38+CD8+ T cells in both groups; however, no correlation was found between age and the level of PD-1+CD8+ T cells in HIV-infected participants. Age-stratification of HIV-infected and -uninfected groups did not show any significant differences in the level of PD-1 expression on CD8+ T cells.

Conclusions:
The findings of our study highlight the role of aging in the expression of immune markers on CD8+ T cells and have important implications for therapies that target immune checkpoints in HIV-infected individuals.
Immune recovery-related patterns of post kala-azar dermal and ocular leishmaniasis in people living with HIV
Authors: Rousset Stella , Zenou Mathilde , Saunier Aurélie , Varenne Fanny , Soler Vincent , Tournier Emilie , Legrand Léa , Lachaud Laurence , Buffet Pierre , Berry Antoine , Delobel Pierre , Martin-Blondel Guillaume 
Published: July 2022

Objective:
Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a rare complication of visceral leishmaniasis. We aimed at reporting PKDL cases in people living with HIV (PLHIV) and compare their characteristics based on whether PKDL occurred in the context of immune recovery under antiretroviral therapy (ART) or not.

Design:
National survey and literature review.

Methods:
We called for observations in France in October 2020 and performed a literature review from PubMed (Medline) and Web of Science up to December 2020. Two groups of patients were defined based on whether PKDL occurred in the context of immune recovery under ART (group 1) or not (group 2), and compared.

Results:
Three PLHIV with PKDL identified in France in the last decade were described and added to 33 cases from the literature. Compared with group 2 (16/36, 44.4%), patients from group 1 (20/36, 55.6%) originated more frequently from Europe (12/20, 60% vs. 2/16, 12.5%; P = 0.0038), had higher median blood CD4+ cell counts (221/μl vs. 61/μl; P = 0.0005) and increase under ART (122/μl, interquartile range 73–243 vs. 33/μl, interquartile range 0–53; P = 0.0044), had less frequently concomitant visceral leishmaniasis (3/20, 15% vs. 8/12, 66.7%; P = 0.006), and a trend to more frequent ocular involvement (7/20, 35% vs. 1/16, 6.25%; P = 0.0531).

Conclusion:
In PLHIV, PKDL occurs after a cured episode of visceral leishmaniasis as part of an immune restoration disease under ART, or concomitant to a visceral leishmaniasis relapse in a context of AIDS. For the latter, the denomination ‘disseminated cutaneous lesions associated with visceral leishmaniasis’ seems more accurate than PKDL.
Prevention of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory viral infections in healthcare settings: current and emerging concepts
Authors: Rhee Chanu , Baker Meghan A. , Klompas Michael 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
COVID-19 has catalyzed a wealth of new data on the science of respiratory pathogen transmission and revealed opportunities to enhance infection prevention practices in healthcare settings.

Recent findings
New data refute the traditional division between droplet vs airborne transmission and clarify the central role of aerosols in spreading all respiratory viruses, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), even in the absence of so-called ’aerosol-generating procedures’ (AGPs). Indeed, most AGPs generate fewer aerosols than talking, labored breathing, or coughing. Risk factors for transmission include high viral loads, symptoms, proximity, prolonged exposure, lack of masking, and poor ventilation. Testing all patients on admission and thereafter can identify early occult infections and prevent hospital-based clusters. Additional prevention strategies include universal masking, encouraging universal vaccination, preferential use of N95 respirators when community rates are high, improving native ventilation, utilizing portable high-efficiency particulate air filters when ventilation is limited, and minimizing room sharing when possible.

Summary
Multifaceted infection prevention programs that include universal testing, masking, vaccination, and enhanced ventilation can minimize nosocomial SARS-CoV-2 infections in patients and workplace infections in healthcare personnel. Extending these insights to other respiratory viruses may further increase the safety of healthcare and ready hospitals for novel respiratory viruses that may emerge in the future.
Adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine in solid organ transplant and hematopoietic stem-cell transplant recipients
Authors: Provost-Olewczynska Jean-Xavier , Eberhardt Christiane Sigrid 
Published: July 2022

Purpose of review
Hematopoietic stem-cell (HSCT) and solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are particularly at risk to develop herpes zoster and its complications. A recently approved nonlive, adjuvanted recombinant zoster vaccine (aRZV) is a potential candidate to provide durable prevention of herpes zoster. This review summarizes current scientific evidence and expert recommendations for its use in these populations and offers practical clinical guidance.

Recent findings
Recent clinical trials have shown aRZV to be well tolerated and efficacious in the prevention of herpes zoster, even in the elderly. Data are emerging that this vaccine might also be effective in immunocompromised individuals, such as SOT and HSCT recipients. Evidence is sparse regarding optimal timing of vaccination and durability of responses. However, several specialized societies have already established expert-based aRZV immunization recommendations for these vulnerable populations.

Summary
Practical considerations, safety concerns, and timing of vaccine administration vary from one immunocompromised subpopulation to another. Initial studies show that aRZV has a favorable safety and immunogenicity profile in SOT and HSCT recipients. However, data are sparse, particularly in allogeneic HSCT, and practical recommendations are mostly based on expert opinion. Additional research is needed to offer better insight on aRZV administration in immunocompromised patients.
Postpancreatectomy Acute Pancreatitis After Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Chen Haoda , Wang Chao , Shen Ziyun , Wang Weishen , Weng Yuanchi , Ying Xiayang , Deng Xiaxing , Shen Baiyong 
Published: July 2022

Objective:
This study aimed to characterize postpancreatectomy acute pancreatitis (PPAP) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) in a high-volume center.

Background:
The International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery (ISGPS) has recently proposed a new definition and grading scale of PPAP, but specific studies are lacking.

Methods:
Patients who underwent PD from 2020 to 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. PPAP was defined based on the International Study Group for Pancreatic Surgery definition: sustained elevation of serum amylase levels for least the first 48 hours postoperatively and radiologic alterations consistent with PPAP.

Results:
Among a total of 716 patients who were finally analyzed, PPAP occurred in 152 (21.2%) patients. Patients with PPAP were associated with significantly higher incidences of postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) (40.8% vs 11.7%, P<0.001), major complications (13.8% vs 6.6%, P=0.004), and biliary leak (11.8% vs 4.6%, P=0.001). Among them, 8 patients developed grade C PPAP leading to organ failure, reoperation, or death. Patients developing PPAP alone also demonstrated a statistically significantly increased rate of major complications than those without PPAP or POPF. In contrast, no differences were found in postoperative outcomes in patients with POPF in terms of whether they were associated with PPAP.

Conclusion:
PPAP is a distinct complication after PD with distinctive clinical outcomes. A part of PPAP presents as an inflammatory process in the early postoperative period but sometimes could lead to necrotizing pancreatitis or other severe clinical scenarios, and another part of PPAP would lead to anastomotic failure that accounts for a great proportion of POPF occurrence.
Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibition Mitigates Allograft Injury During Liver Transplantation
Authors: Harnoss Jonathan M. , Cai Jun , Hinterkopf Sascha , Radhakrishnan Praveen , Schmitt Annabelle , Dupovac Mareen , Nees Lisa K. , Strowitzki Moritz J. , Taylor Cormac T. , Schneider Martin 
Published: July 2022

Background.
Ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) determines primary allograft function after liver transplantation (LT). Primary graft dysfunction (PGD) is associated with increased morbidity and impaired graft survival and can eventually progress to graft failure requiring retransplantation. Hypoxia-inducible transcription factor–prolyl hydroxylase containing enzymes (PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3) are molecular oxygen sensors, which control the adaptive hypoxia response through the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). In this study, we have investigated pharmacological activation of the HIF pathway through inhibition of PHDs as a strategy to reduce PGD after LT.

Methods.
Primary rat hepatocytes were isolated and the impact of the pan-PHD small-molecule inhibitor ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (EDHB) on HIF-1 and its downstream target gene expression assessed. Subsequently, various rodent models of segmental warm liver ischemia and reperfusion and orthotopic LT were applied to study the impact of EDHB on normothermic or combined cold and warm liver IRI. Liver enzyme levels and histology were analyzed to quantify hepatic IRI.

Results.
In vitro, EDHB induced HIF-1 signaling and significantly upregulated its downstream target heme-oxygenase 1 in primary rat hepatocytes. In vivo, after establishment of the optimal EDHB pretreatment conditions in a murine IRI model, EDHB pretreatment significantly mitigated hepatic IRI after warm segmental liver ischemia and reperfusion and allograft injury after orthotopic LT in rats. Mechanistically, EDHB stabilized HIF-1 in the liver and subsequently increased hepatoprotective heme-oxygenase 1 levels, which correlated with reduced hepatic IRI in these models.

Conclusions.
This proof-of-concept study establishes a strong therapeutic rationale for targeting PHDs with small-molecule inhibitors to mitigate PGD after LT.
On non-locally elastic Rayleigh wave
Authors: Kaplunov J. , Prikazchikov D. A. , Prikazchikova L. 
Published: July 2022

The Rayleigh-type wave solution within a widely used differential formulation in non-local elasticity is revisited. It is demonstrated that this wave solution does not satisfy the equations of motion for non-local stresses. A modified differential model taking into account a non-local boundary layer is developed. Correspondence of the latter model to the original integral theory with the kernel in the form of the zero-order modified Bessel function of the second kind is addressed. Asymptotic behaviour of the model is investigated, resulting in a leading-order non-local correction to the classical Rayleigh wave speed due to the effect of the boundary layer. The suitability of a continuous set-up for modelling boundary layers in the framework of non-local elasticity is analysed starting from a toy problem for a semi-infinite chain.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Wave generation and transmission in multi-scale complex media and structured metamaterials (part 1)’.
Metamaterial shields for inner protection and outer tuning through a relaxed micromorphic approach
Authors: Rizzi Gianluca , Neff Patrizio , Madeo Angela 
Published: July 2022

In this paper, a coherent boundary value problem to model metamaterials' behaviour based on the relaxed micromorphic model is established. This boundary value problem includes well-posed boundary conditions, thus disclosing the possibility of exploring the scattering patterns of finite-size metamaterial specimens. Thanks to the simplified model’s structure (few frequency- and angle-independent parameters), we are able to unveil the scattering metamaterial’s response for a wide range of frequencies and angles of propagation of the incident wave. These results are an important stepping stone towards the conception of more complex large-scale meta-structures that can control elastic waves and recover energy.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Wave generation and transmission in multi-scale complex media and structured metamaterials (part 1)’.
An exploration of the genetics of the mutant Huntingtin (mHtt) gene in a cohort of patients with chorea from different tribes in 6 sub-Saharan African countries
Authors: Muthinja Mendi J , Guelngar Carlos Othon , Fall Maouly , Jama Fatumah , Shuja Huda Aldeen , Nambafu Jamila , Bocoum Abdoulaye , Massi Daniel Gams , Ojo Oluwadamilola O. , Okubadejo Njideka U. , Taiwo Funmilola Tolulope , Diop Alassane Mamadou , De Chacus Coudjou J.D.G. , Cissé Fodé Abass , Cissé Amara , Hooker Juzar , Sokhi Dilraj , Houlden Henry , Rizig Mie 
Published: July 2022

AbstractBackgroundAfricans are underrepresented in Huntington’s disease research. A European ancestor was postulated to have introduced the mutant Huntingtin (mHtt) gene to the continent, however recent work has shown the existence of a unique Huntingtin haplotype in South-Africa specific to indigenous Africans.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the CAG repeats expansion in the Huntingtin (Htt) gene in a geographically diverse cohort of patients with chorea and unaffected controls from sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsWe evaluated 104 participants: 45 patients with chorea, 24 asymptomatic first-degree relatives of subjects with chorea and 35 healthy controls for the presence of the mHtt. Participants were recruited from 6 African countries. Additional data were collected from patients positive for the mHtt including demographics, presence of psychiatric and cognitive symptoms, family history, spoken languages and tribal origin. Additionally, their pedigrees were examined to estimate the number of people at risk of developing HD and to trace back the earliest account of the disease in each region.ResultsHD cases were identified in all countries. 53.3% of patients with chorea were carriers for the mHTT; median tract size 45 CAG repeats. Of the asymptomatic relatives 41.6% were carriers for the mHTT; median tract size 42.5 CAG. No homozygous carries were identified. Median CAG tract size in controls was 17 CAG repeats. Men and women were equally affected by HD. All patients with HD—bar three who were juvenile onset of <21 years—were defined as adult onset (median age of onset 40 years). HD transmission followed an autosomal dominant pattern in 80% (16/20) of HD families. In familial cases, maternal transmission was higher (56%) than paternal transmission (44%). The number of asymptomatic individuals at risk of developing HD was estimated at 10 times more than the symptomatic patients. HD could be traced back to the early 1900s in most African sites. HD cases spread over 8 tribes belonging to two distinct linguistic lineages separated from each other approximately 37 kya ago: Nilo-Sahara and Niger-Congo.ConclusionThis is the first study examining HD in multiple sites in sub-Saharan Africa. We demonstrated that HD is found in multiple tribes residing in 6 sub-Saharan African countries including the first genetically confirmed HD cases from Guinea and Kenya. The prevalence of HD in the African continent, its associated socio-economic impact, and genetic origins need further exploration and reappraisal.
Loss of SARS-CoV-2 Seropositivity among Healthy Young Adults over Seven Months
Authors: Lea C. Suzanne , Simeonsson Kristina , Kipp Aaron , McNeill Charleen , Wilcox Lisa , Irish William , Morris Hannah , Diaz Omar , Fallon John , Roper Rachel L. 
Published: July 2022

AbstractObjectiveWe conducted a longitudinal study to estimate immunity produced in response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among university students over seven months.MethodsAll participants were attending a public university and resided in Pitt County, North Carolina. University students enrolled weekly for 10 weeks between August 26, 2020 and October 28, 2020, resulting in 136 young adults completing at least one study visit by November 17, 2020. Enrolled students completed an online survey and nasal swab collection at two week intervals and monthly blood collection between August 26, 2020 and March 31, 2021.ResultsAmongst 695 serum samples tested during follow-up, the prevalence of a positive result for anti-nucleocapsid antibodies (N-IgG) was 9.78%. In 22 students with more than one positive N-IgG serum sample, 68.1% of group had decline of N-IgG below positive threshold over 140 days. Anti-spike antibodies were detected in all 11 vaccinated students who were vaccinated during March 2021.ConclusionsIn healthy young adults, N-IgG wanes below detectable threshold within five months. S-IgG remained consistently elevated months after infection, and significantly increased after vaccination.