bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State and Local Public Health Authority
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the authority of state and local governments to regulate public health at their respective levels. First, the chapter explains the states’ broad “police powers” and the related Jacobson v. Massachusetts Supreme Court decision. It then details local public health powers and how those interact with state powers. The chapter contrasts two rules that set the scope of local public health authority in different states: Dillon’s Rule and home rule. The chapter also discusses the doctrine of state preemption, which varies in its specifics from state to state, and it concludes by explaining how state legislatures can create administrative agencies and delegate authority to them.
Constitutional Limitations
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter introduces the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause by discussing its history, judicial interpretations, and application to public health issues. It reviews the fundamental equal protection doctrine—similarly situated persons must not receive disparate treatment. It also describes the definitions and usage of suspect and quasi-suspect classes and the levels of scrutiny courts may apply to while reviewing equal protection claims. Using cases such as Craig v. Boren and City of New York v. New St. Mark’s Baths to illustrate, the chapter also examines the application of the equal protection clause to public health issues. The chapter highlights factors that have historically led to equal protection violations by public health officials.
How to Write a Law
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter defines the process of drafting a law, beginning with understanding the goal of the law; then moving through the steps of incorporating the existing science and law; capturing the goal, the rules of conduct, and the intervention in organized language and structure, which differs depending on whether the law is a regulation or a statute; and soliciting expert and stakeholder feedback. The chapter also covers technical drafting issues, such as legal definitions, cross-references, use of consistent terminology, and the use and placement of modifiers.
Models of Regulation
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter defines regulation and identifies its three generic elements: a standard of behavior, means of monitoring whether the standard is being practiced, and means of incentivizing those who have not adopted the behavior to do so. The chapter introduces the various actors within and outside government who may practice the elements of regulation and reviews the theory of responsive regulation and enforcement. The chapter ends with an exploration of the challenges to effective regulation.
Enforcement
Authors: Burris Scott , Berman Micah L. , Penn Matthew , Holiday Tara Ramanathan 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Chapter 19 explores the issue of enforcement and explains its importance to the success of public health laws. The chapter reviews the scope of activities that comprise a comprehensive enforcement system, including the design and drafting of the law, appropriations and budgeting, community outreach and education, and licensing and compliance assistance. It also identifies the variety of enforcement approaches, including investigations and inspections and sanctions for violations, and provides examples of enforcement in action. It also discusses the applicability of the Fourth Amendment to agency investigations and inspections and the use of injunctions to enforcement the requirements in public health laws.
Mediating Realities
Authors: Lawrence Regina G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with an account of the life of Nathaniel Levi Gaines, who was shot and killed by New York City police officer Paolo Colecchia on July 4, 1996. It goes on to highlight the death of William Retana who died after spending two-and-a-half weeks in a coma that resulted from skull injuries sustained during a confrontation with Los Angeles police in November 1985. The chapter then considers the report on the death of Louis Segura in the Los Angeles Times on May 13, 1990, which detailed how Los Angeles police officers had killed a reputed gang member. The chapter explains how these three cases illustrate the difficulties we have deciphering news events and narratives from the news about public problems. The chapter also mentions incidents of the use of force by the police, which are subject to a range of interpretations in the news.
Making a Problem of Brutality
Authors: Lawrence Regina G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the idea that crime is a problem that preoccupies the news and the public. It discusses the media’s interest in “crime waves,” which can be the result of official efforts to create, sustain, or exploit public concern about crime. The privileged access to the media offers police and other officials abundant opportunities to shape public images of themselves, their work, and the nature of the crime problem. The chapter illustrates how police use of physical force is a particularly controversial issue in American crime-fighting. Whether police use of force is presented as police brutality and whether brutality is understood as a problem depend greatly upon which voices and views the media emphasize.
Setting the Agenda
Authors: Lawrence Regina G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how most use-of-force incidents reported in the news are successfully contained by official communication strategies. It talks about official claims, which provide reporters with a news narrative, and media professionalism, enshrined in the beat system, which encourages journalists to rely on those narratives. The chapter also looks at a cultural discourse of crime control that discourages coverage that police would call negative. The chapter shows how official news management sometimes breaks down and the public meaning of some use-of-force incidents spins out of official control. It examines the dynamics of various incidents that become major news events and provide opportunities for critical nonofficials to talk about policing problems.
Struggling for Definition
Authors: Lawrence Regina G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that the news about police use of force is generally contained by a combination of routine police communication strategies, the routines and culture of mainstream journalism, and a larger political culture preoccupied with fighting crime. It outlines factors that create practical and ideological constraints on what is said in the news. An important key to understanding which events become big news lies in the narrative possibilities provided by the contextual cues available to journalists. The chapter examines the news coverage of high-profile use-of-force incidents in New York, which in the early 1990s were considered the most controversial and intensely covered local incidents. The deaths of Federico Pereira in February 1991, Jose Garcia in July 1992, and Ernest Sayon in April 1994 in police custody provide an opportunity to see how the same news organization may construct public problems differently as contexts and story cues shift.
Executive
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Article III establishes the executive branch, which consists of a governor and key executive offices. The executive branch has undergone significant changes since its creation in 1802, particularly in the powers exercised by the governor. After their experience with the autocratic rule of Northwest Territorial Governor Arthur St. Clair, the Jeffersonians, who dominated the 1802 Constitutional Convention, created an executive branch that had little influence over state government. Under the 1802 Constitution, the governor had the power only to issue pardons, to appoint the adjutant general of the state militia, and to fill certain vacancies in executive offices when the General Assembly was in recess. Although the governor served as commander-in-chief of the state militia, the governor could not veto acts of the legislature. The 1851 Constitution expanded the governor’s powers to make appointments and fill vacancies in executive offices, but the governor did not get the veto power until the voters approved an amendment in 1903. In 1976, the voters approved a major reorganization of this article proposed by the General Assembly and based on the recommendations of the Ohio Constitutional Revision Commission.
Elective Franchise
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Article V deals with the elective franchise, and it contains provisions on voting rights, ballot and election requirements, and term limits. Many amendments to this article were adopted to conform to the liberalization of the franchise brought about by amendments to the U.S. Constitution and U.S. Supreme Court decisions. A 1977 amendment to this section, proposed by initiative petition against a contentious and partisan backdrop, embedded a voter registration requirement in the state constitution for the first time. The 1851 Constitution denied the franchise to idiots and insane persons.
Apportionment
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Article XI governs the apportionment of seats in the Ohio General Assembly, one of the most important and controversial issues in Ohio constitutional and political history. Under the 1802 Constitution, the General Assembly had total control over the apportionment of seats in the Ohio House and Senate, and the number of seats and their apportionment largely depended upon the party in power. And gerrymandering was a common practice. The 1851 Ohio Constitution sought to address this issue by transferring responsibility for apportionment to a board consisting of the governor, the state auditor, and the secretary of state. The resulting apportionments was still characterized by districts drawn along county lines, and in 1903 the voters approved the Hanna Amendment, which provided that each county shall have at least one representative regardless of population. In 1967, the voters completely reorganized this article in response to decisions by the U.S. Supreme Court that established the “one person, one vote” principle. In 2012, the Ohio Supreme Court rejected a challenge to the 2011 apportionment plan and held that Article XI does not require political neutrality, politically competitive districts, or representational fairness. But in 2015 the voters approved an amendment to a bipartisan commission-based process with strong antigerrymandering provisions.
Self-Quarantine
Authors: Mercutio Elektra 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the author explores the existential implications of the widespread stay-at-home directives that were enacted during the COVID-19 pandemic. COVID-19 presented an unprecedented opportunity for civilians under mandatory self-quarantine orders to practice existential self-care. Billions of humans encountered, many for the first time, a shattering existential reality: that microorganisms, undetectable to the naked eye, exert tremendous influence on individuals’ well-being and health. In the first section of this chapter, “Mortality and Ecocide,” the author explores the existential ramifications of how self-quarantine dramatically eliminated work hours for members of the labor force who were viewed as nonessential. The second section, “Symbolism and Deepening of Existential Encounter,” delves into personal mythology in relation to humans’ fear of death and need for power.
Eco-Anxiety as a Global Affect
Authors: Achtitah Jaouad , Mentak Said 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter studies eco-anxiety not only as a personally self-contained feeling but also as a collective and global affect in relation to environmental disasters that seem ubiquitous. This chapter adopts affect theory, which sheds light on emotions in connection to inner processes as well as external environmental conditions. The chapter then concentrates on the interplay between the affect of eco-anxiety, experienced individually and globally, and the environmental catastrophes, including fatal pandemics such as the coronavirus. In this regard, a couple of problematic issues impose themselves. How do environmental disasters and pandemics cause personal and global eco-anxiety? And, on the other hand, how do they restore the natural balance? Then, how does eco-anxiety become a collective affect and ultimately determine collective decisions, actions, and reactions? Do individuals around the globe experience the same or different degrees of eco-anxiety? And why? How do persons try to cope with or ease the feeling of eco-anxiety? And what are some of the strategies used to control that negative affect?
Introduction
Authors: Covo Manuel 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Entrepôt of Revolutions centers imperial trade as a driving force in the revolutionary Atlantic, arguing that commercial factors preceded and conditioned political change. At the crux of these transformations was the “entrepôt,” the “Pearl of the Caribbean,” whose economy grew dramatically as a direct consequence of the American Revolution and the French-American alliance. The book chronicles the rapidly changing relationships that emerged as the United States developed a trade regime independent of Great Britain, and it sheds light on the three-way struggle among France, the early American Republic, and Saint-Domingue/Haiti to assert, define, and maintain “commercial” sovereignty.
The Greatest Revolution in Commerce and Politics, 1776–1784
Authors: Covo Manuel 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The chapter underscores the significance of Saint-Domingue in the French-American alliance of 1778. The French nation, under the pressure of the United States, needed a regenerated empire, more fully centered on its core, Saint-Domingue. Saint-Domingue should be regarded as the true center of the alliance, an alliance that promised to achieve both French imperial supremacy and the expansion of the United States. The chapter argues that Louis XVI entered the war for colonial and economic reasons that involved a global rethinking of the French Empire. The creation of an independent state in the Americas, allied to France, sparked a heated transatlantic debate on free trade, colonial relations, and diplomacy.
Epilogue
Authors: Covo Manuel 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The epilogue describes the final episode in a series of economic and political experiments that concluded in French counterrevolution, the end of the special relationship between France and the United States, and the war of Haitian independence. The French Revolution was not only a significant event in the history of political sovereignty but also engaged with a broader debate over commercial sovereignty in a world of empires and nascent nation-states. A consensus existed among the French revolutionary elite that if France wanted to be a sovereign nation, it could not and should not turn its back on global trade. However, disputes and revolts erupted over whether a colonial economy should be predicated on racial slavery. The “liberty of commerce” could not easily be defined, the compatibility of departmentalized colonies with equality was debatable, and republicanism had unleashed apprehension. The status of merchants and their role in the polity as commercial experts also remained uncertain. Neither free trade, nor protectionism won. What the French state should become was not only up for debate, but in fact would trigger a bloody fight.
Beyond the Wire
Authors: Martinez Machain Carla , Allen Michael A. , Flynn Michael E. , Stravers Andrew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The book studies how U.S. military deployments abroad serve as a tool of public diplomacy that can both support and undermine the international liberal order established by the United States. It develops and systematically tests a theory of public opinion toward the United States, its people, and its global non-invasion military deployments. Positive interactions with servicemembers, including routine daily interactions and the economic flows from a deployment, serve as a form of public diplomacy, improving perceptions of military deployments and the United States as a whole. However, negative events and experiences stemming from deployments, like crime, pollution, and controversial mission types can produce negative reactions among local populations. The book explores these subjects, including chapters devoted to understanding how different forms of contact, reported experiences with crimes involving US service members, and belonging to minority communities, all affect views of the US military presence in a state. We The book also looks at how these factors shape reported involvement in protests against the US, and broader trends in anti-US protest events around the world. The book argues that curtailing servicemember engagement in the community is a policy that can backfire on the US military's long-term objectives, as removing day-to-day positive social interactions with US personnel diminishes one of the main sources of goodwill toward US deployments. It proposes that US policy should focus not on isolating deployed forces from local populations but on regulating interactions in a way that maximizes the potential for beneficial social connections and minimizes harm to host populations.
Service Members as the Microfoundations of Power
Authors: Allen Michael A. , Flynn Michael E. , Machain Carla Martinez , Stravers Andrew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the argument that consensual, non-invasion military deployments are one of the microfoundations of the post-WWII, US-led liberal international order, as well as the United States' position in the global hierarchy. It begins by discussing the difference in opposition movements in Japan and Germany as a starting place to think about the differences in how host-state civilians perceive the United States presence. The chapter introduces the concept of the "Domain of Competitive Consent" where basing powers need to win over populations to continue to have access to strategic military locations. It summarizes the history of US military deployments and bases since the 1950s. The chapter summarizes the qualitative and quantitative academic literature on the positive and negative effects of US military deployments abroad. The chapter also summarizes the rest of the book’s chapters.
The Domain of Consent
Authors: Allen Michael A. , Flynn Michael E. , Machain Carla Martinez , Stravers Andrew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter presents the argument that the populations of countries that host US military deployments form the microfoundations of the United StatesUS-led global hierarchy. Traditional theories of international relations and foreign policy envision decision-making as an elite process. Historically, this is a realistic view, but the combination of global political democratization and the democratization of media has allowed citizens to influence their government in profound ways. Because the effects of basing and military deployments can lead citizens to have both positive and negative perceptions of the US military presence, they may, in turn, lobby their government in favor of or opposition to basing. Our theory relies on theories of criminology, sociology, economics, political science, and international relations to build the foundations for how public opinion matters for long-term security arrangements. The flow of consequences from perceptions to policy gives rise to a domain that’s referred to as the “Domain of Consent.”
Deployments and Contact
Authors: Allen Michael A. , Flynn Michael E. , Machain Carla Martinez , Stravers Andrew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how personal and network contact with, as well as economic benefits from, US service members deployed abroad can lead to both more positive and more negative evaluations of the US military, as well as other US actors. It examines a survey distributed to approximately 42,000 respondents across 14 countries (Australia, Belgium, Germany, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, the Netherlands, the Philippines, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom). It finds that contact, both by individuals and people within an individual’s network, is enough to push people to have “informed” views of the US military. Those contacts make it less likely for people to say they do not have views about the presence and more likely to express any view as a result. These findings advance the argument about how interpersonal experiences with US military members are one of the most important fronts in the Domain of Competitive Consent.
The Domain of Competitive Consent
Authors: Allen Michael A. , Flynn Michael E. , Machain Carla Martinez , Stravers Andrew 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
This last chapter surveys the present state of basing and what this research says about how US decisions shape those trends. The status quo of basing and deployment policy establishes distinct directions in American foreign policy and international relations. This chapter forecasts potential scenarios of great power competition (between the United States, China, and Russia) that are likely to play out over the coming three decades. These scenarios affect the longevity of US deployments overseas, but all three scenarios show how the Domain of Competitive Consent matters through the next thirty years. The chapter also builds on this research to discuss the different global political developments that may shape basing and attitudes towards deployments in the future. Given these scenarios, it presents various policy recommendations stemming from this work.
National Identity and Partisan Polarization
Authors: Uslaner Eric M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
National Identity and Partisan Polarization examines how national identity has become a central issue in political and social life across the world. Questions of identity—who should be counted as a “true member” of a society and who deserves assistance from the government—have displaced other social and economic issues across nations in many countries. This study considers the role of identity theoretically and in the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Austria, Germany, Sweden, Hungary, Poland, Israel, and Taiwan. Identity varies over time and over countries. Some such as Sweden have a more “inclusive” sense of identity—one does not need to be born in the country or have ancestry to be considered a “true Swede.” Other countries, such as Austria, France, Hungary, Poland, Israel, and Taiwan, have a more “exclusive” notion of identity—where one was born and a common heritage (race, religion, ethnicity) are seen as essential for seeing others as “true” members of society. “Outsiders” are viewed negatively, often as threatening a national culture and not deserving of government assistance. In the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, the major political parties take opposing positions on identity. In the United States and the United Kingdom, issues of identity have become highly correlated (polarized) with social and economic issues. In the former Communist countries of Hungary and Poland, the dominant parties have taken nationalist positions on identity but favor generous welfare policies for people of their own background. In Israel and Taiwan, social and economic issues have become less important than nationalism.