bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recommendations for Medical and Mental Health Care in Assisted Living Based on an Expert Delphi Consensus Panel
Authors: Zimmerman Sheryl , Sloane Philip D. , Wretman Christopher J. , Cao Kevin , Silbersack Johanna , Carder Paula , Thomas Kali S. , Allen Josh , Butrum Kim , Chicotel Tony , Giorgio Pat , Hernandez Mauro , Kales Helen , Katz Paul , Klinger Juliet Holt , Kunze Margo , Laxton Christopher , McNealley Vicki , Meeks Suzanne , O’Neil Kevin , Pace Douglas , Resnick Barbara , Schwartz Lindsay , Seitz Dallas , Smetanka Lori , Van Haitsma Kimberly 
Published: September 2022

ImportanceAssisted living (AL) is the largest provider of residential long-term care in the US, and the morbidity of AL residents has been rising. However, AL is not a health care setting, and concern has been growing about residents’ medical and mental health needs. No guidance exists to inform this care.ObjectiveTo identify consensus recommendations for medical and mental health care in AL and determine whether they are pragmatic.Evidence ReviewA Delphi consensus statement study was conducted in 2021; as a separate effort, the extent to which the recommendations are reflected in practice was examined in data obtained from 2016 to 2021 (prepandemic). In the separate effort, data were from a 7-state study (Arkansas, Louisiana, New Jersey, New York, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Texas). The 19 Delphi panelists constituted nationally recognized experts in medical, nursing, and mental health needs of and care for older adults; dementia care; and AL and long-term care management, advocacy, regulation, and education. One invitee was unavailable and nominated an alternate. The primary outcome was identification of recommended practices based on consensus ratings of importance. Panelists rated 183 items regarding importance to care quality and feasibility.FindingsConsensus identified 43 recommendations in the areas of staff and staff training, nursing and related services, resident assessment and care planning, policies and practices, and medical and mental health clinicians and care. To determine the pragmatism of the recommendations, their prevalence was examined in the 7-state study and found that most were in practice. The items reflected the tenets of AL, the role of AL in providing dementia care, the need for pragmatism due to the diversity of AL, and workforce needs.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this consensus statement, 43 recommendations important to medical and mental health care in AL were delineated that are highly pragmatic as a guide for practice and policy.
Association of e-Cigarette Advertising, Parental Influence, and Peer Influence With US Adolescent e-Cigarette Use
Authors: Wang Yu , Duan Zongshuan , Weaver Scott R. , Self-Brown Shannon R. , Ashley David L. , Emery Sherry L. , Huang Jidong 
Published: September 2022

ImportanceLittle is known about the roles of advertising and parental and peer influence in e-cigarette use among US adolescents in recent years, hindering efforts to address the increasing rate of youth vaping.ObjectiveTo examine how e-cigarette advertising exposure and parental and peer e-cigarette use were associated with e-cigarette use among US adolescents.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used data from waves 4 (December 2016 to January 2018), 4.5 (December 2017 to December 2018), and 5 (December 2018 to November 2019) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study, an on-going cohort study representative of the noninstitutionalized US population. Sample weights were applied to generate nationally representative estimates. Data were analyzed in January 2022.ExposuresPast 30-day e-cigarette advertising exposure, past 30-day parental e-cigarette use, and the number of best friends using e-cigarettes (none, a few, some, most, and all).Main Outcomes and MeasuresOutcomes were contemporary curiosity about using e-cigarettes and e-cigarette initiation at follow-up. Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the weighted adjusted associations.ResultsWave 4 included 8548 adolescents; wave 4.5, 10 073 adolescents; and wave 5, 11 641 adolescents. Among adolescents in the wave 4 survey, 4425 (51.1%) were boys, 1935 (24.9%) were aged 12 years, 1105 (13.0%) were Black, 2515 (24.4%) were Hispanic, and 3702 (52.3%) were White. More than 60% of adolescents reported past 30-day e-cigarette advertising exposure at each survey. Among adolescents who had never used e-cigarettes, those who reported e-cigarette advertising exposure were more likely to feel curious about using e-cigarettes (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.56 [95% CI, 1.43-1.70]) and were more likely to become ever e-cigarette users (aOR, 1.21 [95% CI, 1.05-1.41]) and current e-cigarette users (aOR, 1.42 [95% CI, 1.16-1.75]) at follow-up. Adolescents who reported having best friends using e-cigarettes were more likely to feel curious about using e-cigarettes (eg, all best friends: aOR, 4.13 [95% CI, 2.35-7.26]) and initiate e-cigarette use at follow-up (eg, among adolescents reporting all best friends use e-cigarettes, risk of ever use: aOR, 4.08 [95% CI, 1.44-11.59]; risk of current use aOR, 5.42 [95% CI, 1.49-19.72]) than adolescents who reported having no best friends using e-cigarettes.Conclusions and RelevanceThis cohort study of US adolescents found that e-cigarette advertising and peer influence were significantly associated with e-cigarette initiation. Efforts to address youth vaping need to consider peer influence and incorporate measures reducing e-cigarette advertising exposure.
Randomized Clinical Trials of Machine Learning Interventions in Health Care
Authors: Plana Deborah , Shung Dennis L. , Grimshaw Alyssa A. , Saraf Anurag , Sung Joseph J. Y. , Kann Benjamin H. 
Published: September 2022

ImportanceDespite the potential of machine learning to improve multiple aspects of patient care, barriers to clinical adoption remain. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are often a prerequisite to large-scale clinical adoption of an intervention, and important questions remain regarding how machine learning interventions are being incorporated into clinical trials in health care.ObjectiveTo systematically examine the design, reporting standards, risk of bias, and inclusivity of RCTs for medical machine learning interventions.Evidence ReviewIn this systematic review, the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Ovid Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collection online databases were searched and citation chasing was done to find relevant articles published from the inception of each database to October 15, 2021. Search terms for machine learning, clinical decision-making, and RCTs were used. Exclusion criteria included implementation of a non-RCT design, absence of original data, and evaluation of nonclinical interventions. Data were extracted from published articles. Trial characteristics, including primary intervention, demographics, adherence to the CONSORT-AI reporting guideline, and Cochrane risk of bias were analyzed.FindingsLiterature search yielded 19 737 articles, of which 41 RCTs involved a median of 294 participants (range, 17-2488 participants). A total of 16 RCTS (39%) were published in 2021, 21 (51%) were conducted at single sites, and 15 (37%) involved endoscopy. No trials adhered to all CONSORT-AI standards. Common reasons for nonadherence were not assessing poor-quality or unavailable input data (38 trials [93%]), not analyzing performance errors (38 [93%]), and not including a statement regarding code or algorithm availability (37 [90%]). Overall risk of bias was high in 7 trials (17%). Of 11 trials (27%) that reported race and ethnicity data, the median proportion of participants from underrepresented minority groups was 21% (range, 0%-51%).Conclusions and RelevanceThis systematic review found that despite the large number of medical machine learning–based algorithms in development, few RCTs for these technologies have been conducted. Among published RCTs, there was high variability in adherence to reporting standards and risk of bias and a lack of participants from underrepresented minority groups. These findings merit attention and should be considered in future RCT design and reporting.
Economic Analysis of Infectious Disease Consultation forStaphylococcus aureusBacteremia Among Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Pliakos Elina Eleftheria , Ziakas Panayiotis D. , Mylonakis Eleftherios 
Published: September 2022

ImportanceStaphylococcus aureusbacteremia is associated with a significant burden of mortality, morbidity, and health care costs. Infectious disease consultation may be associated with reduced mortality and bacteremia recurrence rates.ObjectiveTo evaluate the cost-effectiveness of infectious disease consultation forStaphylococcus aureusbacteremia.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this economic evaluation, a decision-analytic model was constructed comparing infectious disease consult with no consult.The population was adult hospital inpatients withStaphylococcus aureusbacteremia diagnosed with at least 1 positive blood culture. Cost-effectiveness was calculated as deaths averted and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Uncertainty was addressed by plotting cost-effectiveness planes and acceptability curves for various willingness-to-pay thresholds. Costs and outcomes were calculated for a time horizon of 6 months. The analysis was performed from a societal perspective and included studies that had been published by January 2022.InterventionsPatients received or did not receive formal bedside consultation after positive blood cultures forStaphylococcus aureusbacteremia.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcomes were incremental difference in effectiveness (survival probabilities), incremental difference in cost (US dollars) and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (US dollars/deaths averted).ResultsThis model included 1708 patients who received consultation and 1273 patients who did not. In the base-case analysis, the cost associated with the infectious disease consult strategy was $54 137.4 and the associated probability of survival was 0.77. For the no consult strategy, the cost was $57 051.2, and the probability of survival was 0.72. The incremental difference in cost between strategies was $2913.8, and the incremental difference in effectiveness was 0.05. Overall, consultation was associated with estimated savings of $55 613.4/death averted (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, −$55613.4/death averted). In the probabilistic analysis, at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50 000, infectious disease consult was cost-effective compared with no consult in 54% of 10 000 simulations. In cost-effectiveness acceptability curves, the consult strategy was cost-effective in 58% to 73%) of simulations compared with no consult for a willingness-to-pay threshold ranging from $0 to $150 000.Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings suggest that infectious disease consultation may be a cost-effective strategy for management ofStaphylococcus aureusbacteremia and that it is associated with health care cost-savings.
An investigation into urban heat mitigation by adopting local climate zones and land surface temperatures in the Tokyo prefecture
Authors: O'Malley Christopher , Kikumoto Hideki 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate urban forms susceptible to heightened heat intensities in the Tokyo Prefecture in Japan. Adopting Landsat 8 data at a pixel resolution of 100 m, local climate zones (LCZ) were identified. LCZs contain urban forms which are primarily defined by building compactness and height. Daytime spatial distribution of land surface temperatures (LST) was provided by MODIS 100 m resolution data from 2013 to 2021. Median LSTs for compact and super high‐rise, high‐rise, mid‐rise, and low‐rise LCZs were 34.4, 35.5, 37.3, and 38.1°C, respectively. Additionally, LSTs for open and super high‐rise, high‐rise, and mid‐rise LCZs were 37.4, 37.5, and 37.1°C, respectively. Therefore, this suggests lower‐rise and open LCZs are prone to increased urban heat intensities and higher‐rise and compact LCZs are an urban heat mitigation strategy. Open mid‐rise also offers heat reduction capabilities. Compact low‐rise and open mid‐rise spatial analysis also confirmed this trend with vegetation indices validating urban configuration as significantly influencing LSTs. Furthermore, due to LSTs constituting heat health risks, 11 municipalities comprised of predominantly compact low‐rise LCZs were identified as a priority for urban heat mitigation. Among these, Nakano, Nerima, and Suginami posed the greatest heat risks.
Gender and the Clinician–Patient Relationship
Authors: Markovich Hayley T. , Blanch‐Hartigan Danielle 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Decades of research examining the relationship between gender and communication in clinical interactions have demonstrated the role of patient gender, clinician gender, and gender concordance in perception, communication behaviors, and clinical outcomes. Gender disparities exist in prescribing behavior and treatment recommendations, with female patients often receiving less aggressive and evidence‐based care than male patients. Female and male patients may also engage in different behaviors and focus on different topics during clinical interactions. The gender of the clinician is also a factor in clinical communication. Some large‐scale studies suggest that patients treated by female physicians have better clinical outcomes. Role congruity theory, communication accommodation theory, and intersectionality are frameworks to investigate how gender composition of the clinical dyad affects interaction behaviors and health outcomes. For example, changing models of patient care and the growth of patient‐centered communication, which includes stereotypically female communication styles, may lead female clinicians to be perceived differently than their male colleagues. Future research on the role of gender in clinician–patient communication needs to address a nonbinary definition of gender, as well as changing gender norms, patient expectations, and clinical care delivery models.
Triadic Communication
Authors: Wollney Easton 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Triadic communication is fundamentally different than dyadic communication in healthcare settings, as triadic communication includes a third person in the interaction and changes the group dynamics. This third person is typically a companion or informal caregiver, though the relationship between the patient and caregiver, as well as the role of the third person, depends on factors such as age, disease context, and healthcare setting. For example, in pediatric settings the caregiver is typically a parent, whereas in geriatric settings the third person is often a spouse or adult child. In contexts where a patient is legally a minor, such as in pediatric care, or in settings where a patient is in poorer health, such as in dementia care, the third person is likely to play a greater role in the interaction. However, in cases where the patient is able to act with greater levels of autonomy, the third person may primarily act as a source of emotional support, such as in cancer care. While research has shown that the triadic interaction is distinct and consists of unique dynamics compared to dyadic interactions, there is evidence that triadic communication rarely takes place effectively. Instead, these types of healthcare interactions are often made up of two separate dyadic interactions. Finally, research has primarily approached healthcare communication from a dyadic context and there is a lack of triadic communication research.
Uncertainty in Illness
Authors: Kuang Kai 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This entry introduces the concept of uncertainty in illness – focusing specifically on the uncertainty in illness theory (UIT), the reconceptualized uncertainty in illness theory (RUIT), and the theory of motivated information management (TMIM). Uncertainty is commonly experienced in illness contexts and a key construct of interest to many health communication‐related fields and disciplines (e.g., health psychology, medical decision making, nursing research, public health). The critical role of uncertainty in illness is evident in research that focuses on antecedents to and appraisal of uncertainty, ways of coping with uncertainty, as well as relational and communicative outcomes of illness uncertainty. The three theoretical frameworks introduced in this entry, together with other theories of uncertainty and communication in this volume (e.g., problematic integration theory, uncertainty management theory), contribute to sophisticated theoretical and practical understandings of uncertainty in illness. Future health communication research should continue to unpack the complexities of uncertainty experienced in illness, investigate factors that influence uncertainty and uncertainty appraisal in illness contexts, and examine adaptive strategies that can facilitate effective coping with illness uncertainty.
Social Media: WeChat, Weibo
Authors: Mao Yuping , Yang Qinghua 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis entry provides an introduction to Weibo and WeChat, the two leading social media platforms in China. Although Weibo and WeChat differ in their functionalities, both have been widely used to gratify individuals' needs of enjoyment, information, affection, and socialization. With the large and increasing numbers of users of Weibo and WeChat in the past few years, there has been emerging research on health topics as well as health communication effects on health outcomes and social behavioral change on both platforms.
Appeals: Negative Emotions, Other
Authors: Clayton Russell B. , Myrick Jessica Gall 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Health communication researchers and practitioners have utilized a variety of appeals to arouse negatively valenced emotions such as disgust, guilt, and anger, with the goals of motivating audience members to adopt message claims, alter attitudes, and promote healthy behaviors. Thus, health communication and emotion scholars must understand the importance and distinction between different types of negative appeals that elicit discrete negative emotions such as disgust, guilt, and anger. The goal of this entry is to provide an overview of types of negative appeals, or tactics, often used in health campaigns that might elicit these types of emotional responses in audience members and how these emotions influence a variety of information processing and persuasive outcomes.
Media Advocacy
Authors: LaPoe Benjamin R. , LaPoe Victoria L. , Woellert Allyson 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Getting the word out through media is essential to public health. Moving this process from the individual to public collective not only importantly impacts the quality of lives, it also puts in place public health policy. A key to health communication is the goal of changing behavior. Over the years this form of advocacy has addressed topics such as smoking, AIDS/HIV, and COVID‐19. With the growth of social media, campaigns and messaging to inform publics about prevention, consequences, and alternatives have also grown. With these public health efforts, media creators and message senders, such as specific health organizations, are partnering together to cross‐pollinate resources and efforts.
Diffusion of Innovations Model
Authors: Zhu Xun 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The diffusion of innovations model explains why some, but not other, innovations are taken up widely and rapidly in a social system. By some counts, the diffusion of innovations model is the most cited communication theory. This entry summarizes the diffusion of innovations model, including its historical development, core concepts, and theoretical propositions. The entry reviews key concepts such as innovations' attributes, adopter categories, opinion leadership, communication channels, and reinvention, and illustrates them with examples from health communication research. The entry concludes with major criticisms of the theory and its research paradigm.
Interactional Sensitivity
Authors: Wingard Leah , Koenig Christopher J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Interactional sensitivity is a type of communication work that has been used to analyze health communication encounters. Understood as an aspect of patient‐centered communication, interactional sensitivity happens when a clinician tailors their interactional and embodied communication to the particulars of a patient's lifeworld experiences, preferences, and the patient's health trajectory. Interactional sensitivity is particularly relevant during delicate or sensitive moments where there are competing interactional priorities. In medical encounters this may include moments of medication intensification, when breaking potentially bad news to the patient, or when medical uncertainty is particularly high. Overall, interactional sensitivity emphasizes tailoring communication to balance patient and clinician perspectives, particularly to balance clinician power and authority with patient agency and autonomy when managing illness.
Cancer: Fatalism
Authors: Sardessai‐Nadkarni Arti A. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Cancer fatalism is a belief that cancer diagnosis or survival is attributed to fate, is considered predetermined, and is beyond an individual's power to control. Racial/ethnic differences are evident in how it manifests among various minority groups of color compared to Whites. Cancer fatalism is recognized as a significant barrier to cancer prevention, screening, and treatment. Cancer fatalism has also been studied in the context of cancer genomics, specifically its association with people's genetic causal beliefs about cancer and their uptake of predictive genetic testing. In communication literature, cancer fatalism has been found to negatively influence various important health communication behaviors, as well as be influenced by media exposure and effects.
Health Disparities: Asian American
Authors: Xiao Zhiwen 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
There is an erroneous assumption that Asian Americans are a small group with good overall health that does not warrant health promotion. In fact, Asian Americans are facing challenging and serious health issues just as other racial/ethnic groups do. Health disparities exist between Asian Americans and other racial/ethnic groups and within Asian American subgroups. This entry uses self‐perceived health status and leading causes of death to reflect health disparities among Asian Americans. Factors such as underuse of healthcare services, lifestyle change, and health behaviors that contribute to the health disparities are analyzed.
Health Consciousness
Authors: Acharya Lalatendu , Lee Hyemi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The health consciousness construct has continued to play a useful and significant role in predicting health behavioral intentions and related outcomes. Originated from marketing and consumer research on lifestyles and wellness, health consciousness has been adapted by researchers from various disciplines. Health communication and other researchers have consistently related health consciousness to health information seeking, information processing, communication channel selection, increased credibility of health information, health‐related self‐control, community participation, and health behavior change. It has also emerged as a useful evidence‐based tool for health audience segmentation. The health consciousness construct offers possibilities for further work in reconceptualizing it and developing and validating new scales that can be widely adopted, as well as conceptualizing and testing it in diverse cultural contexts. The reconfigured traditional media channels and the ever‐increasing communication opportunities provided by the Internet, social media, mobile phone applications, and artificial intelligence present a fertile ground for advancing research regarding health consciousness's ability to predict behavior.