bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Link between cognitive polygenic risk scores and clinical progression after a first-psychotic episode
Authors: Segura Alex G. , Mezquida Gisela , Martínez-Pinteño Albert , Gassó Patricia , Rodriguez Natalia , Moreno-Izco Lucía , Amoretti Silvia , Bioque Miquel , Lobo Antonio , González-Pinto Ana , García-Alcon Alicia , Roldán-Bejarano Alexandra , Vieta Eduard , de la Serna Elena , Toll Alba , Cuesta Manuel J. , Mas Sergi , Bernardo Miquel ,   PEPs Group
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundClinical intervention in early stages of psychotic disorders is crucial for the prevention of severe symptomatology trajectories and poor outcomes. Genetic variability is studied as a promising modulator of prognosis, thus novel approaches considering the polygenic nature of these complex phenotypes are required to unravel the mechanisms underlying the early progression of the disorder.MethodsThe sample comprised of 233 first-episode psychosis (FEP) subjects with clinical and cognitive data assessed periodically for a 2-year period and 150 matched controls. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, education attainment and cognitive performance were used to assess the genetic risk of FEP and to characterize their association with premorbid, baseline and progression of clinical and cognitive status.ResultsSchizophrenia, bipolar disorder and cognitive performance PRSs were associated with an increased risk of FEP [false discovery rate (FDR) ⩽ 0.027]. In FEP patients, increased cognitive PRSs were found for FEP patients with more cognitive reserve (FDR ⩽ 0.037). PRSs reflecting a genetic liability for improved cognition were associated with a better course of symptoms, functionality and working memory (FDR ⩽ 0.039). Moreover, the PRS of depression was associated with a worse trajectory of the executive function and the general cognitive status (FDR ⩽ 0.001).ConclusionsOur study provides novel evidence of the polygenic bases of psychosis and its clinical manifestation in its first stage. The consistent effect of cognitive PRSs on the early clinical progression suggests that the mechanisms underlying the psychotic episode and its severity could be partially independent.
The Alan capital *Magas: A preliminary identification of its location
Authors: Latham-Sprinkle John 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis article proposes that *Magas, capital city of the North Caucasian Kingdom of Alania, can be identified with the gorodishche (hillfort) of Il'ichevsk, in Krasnodar Krai in the modern Russian Federation. The Kingdom of Alania was the most powerful polity in the North Caucasus in the tenth and eleventh centuries; however, the location of its capital has never been satisfactorily established. This article reviews the evidence of written sources on *Magas – notably Masʿūdī, Juvayni, Rashid al-Din, and the Yuan-Shi – and identifies four criteria which can be used to identify the site of *Magas. These are its occupation between the tenth and thirteenth centuries; the influence of the Alan kings over it; its massive fortifications; and its capture by the Mongols in 1239–40. All of these features can be identified at Il'ichevsk, in contrast to previously proposed sites of *Magas.
Can sperm quality influence embryo development and its ploidy? Analysis of 811 blastocysts obtained from different sperm sources
Authors: Polese Romualdo , Scarselli Filomena , Dale Brian , Minasi Maria Giulia , Greco Ermanno 
Published: June 2022

SummaryThe aim of our study was to evaluate the correlation between sperm quality and ploidy status of the derived blastocysts. We performed a retrospective analysis on a restricted pool of patients enrolling only those who had no female factors. Male patients with genetic factors affecting spermatogenesis were also excluded. We chose a maternal age ≤38 years to decrease the female factor, therefore the male factor was the main component of sterility. We divided the patients in four groups based on semen quality and comparing fertilization, pregnancy and euploidy rates above all. In total, 201 intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles were enrolled in the study. Cycles were divided into four groups, according to semen source: normal semen, oligoasthenoteratozoospermia (OAT), cryptospermia or non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA). An extremely statistically lower fertilization rate was found in NOA patients. Unexpectedly, no differences were detected in blastocyst formation, euploidy, aneuploidy and mosaicism rates among the four groups. Interestingly, we also found a higher abortion rate comparing NOA to normal semen with an odds ratio of 4.67. In our study no statistically significant differences among the analyzed groups were found, showing little or no effect at all using spermatozoa from different semen sources or quality. This may be linked to the oocyte competence of fixing sperm DNA damage and it could be hypothesized that only sperm with a good rate of DNA integrity are able to fertilize the oocyte, explaining why poor quality semen is reflected in a low fertilization rate without effect on ploidy.
Response model of fluid–rock ratio to reservoir space in primary formation of shale oil during hydrous pyrolysis
Authors: SUN Lina , FU Deliang , ZHANG Qi , WU Yuandong 
Published: June 2022

ABSTRACT
Due to the presence of geological fluid under actual geological conditions, water–rock interaction will occur between the fluid and reservoir. Thus, to analyse the influence of the water–rock interaction on storage space during the organic matter evolution stages, this study conducted a series of simulation experiments on shales by using a closed autoclave: four temperatures, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, and five fluid–rock ratios (FRRs), 0:20, 4:20, 10:20, 15:20, and 20:20. Low pressure N2 adsorption measurement was conducted on the solid residues. The experimental results show that the effect of temperature on the yield and pore structure of oil shale was the same as the result when the FRR was = 0:20, 4:20 and = 10:20, 15:20, 20:20, respectively. This result showed that temperature remained the main factor that affected the thermal evolution of hydrocarbon generation. Additionally, temperature was beneficial to the generation and storage of shale oil within a certain range, but only occupied the storage space of shale oils or connected a certain storage space beyond a certain range. The variation trend of shale oil yield with increasing FRR under the same simulated temperatures, 250°C and 400°C, was most affected by the FRR, but little change occurred at 300°C and 350°C. This further proved that the ratio of fluid to rock was an indirect acting factor, which affected the evolution of organic matters and then the development of pore structures. Before the oil window (350°C), the lower evolution degree, the higher water content and the more significant effect. In the higher evolution stage, the higher the water content, and the more complete the kerogen reaction, which was also more conducive to the development of pore structures. Therefore, this study promotes the establishment of linear equations on FRR to the gas adsorption capacity, which further provides a theoretical basis and guidance for the exploration and development of shale oil.
Religion and international humanitarian law
Authors: Bartles-Smith Andrew 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThis article explores the interface between religion and international humanitarian law (IHL), and the degree to which they might complement and reinforce each other. It examines some of the challenges inherent in regulating armed conflict and the understandable limitations of IHL in this respect, and argues that re-engagement with IHL's religious roots can help to alleviate them. Engagement with religious circles mobilizes the vast resources of religions to increase knowledge of IHL and corresponding religious norms, thereby enhancing their legitimacy across religious and cultural divides. This is most effective when comparative study of IHL and religious teachings stimulates mutual learning and debate, in which both correspondences and differences are embraced. In the absence of a strong legal enforcement regime, religions can reinforce military ethics by tapping deeply into the identities, motivations and moral values of many belligerents, and possess powerful means to socialize the rules of war and improve voluntary compliance. Introspective religious practices encourage the moral self-reflection that is most effective at internalizing norms in this respect, as well as providing belligerents with the spiritual and psychological support needed to bolster their resilience and enable them to perform with precision and restraint.
Cucumber tolerance to glufosinate applied preplant or preemergence
Authors: Randell Taylor M. , Vance Jenna C. , Hand Lavesta C. , Grey Timothy L. , Culpepper A. Stanley 
Published: June 2022

AbstractGeorgia vegetable growers produce more than 27% of the nation’s fresh-market cucumbers. To maximize yields and profit, fields must be weed-free when planting. Limitations with current burndown herbicide options motivated academic, industry, and U.S. Department of Agriculture partners to search for new tools to assist growers. One possibility, glufosinate, controls many common and troublesome weeds, but its influence on cucumber development through residual activity when applied before or at planting is not understood. Thus, four different studies were each conducted two to four times from 2017 to 2020 to determine 1) transplant cucumber response to preplant glufosinate applications as influenced by rate, overhead irrigation, and interval between application and planting; and 2) seeded cucumber response to preemergence (PRE) glufosinate applications as influenced by rate, overhead irrigation, and planting depth. Glufosinate applied at 330, 660, 980, and 1,640 g ai ha−1 the day before transplanting caused 11% to 53% injury on sandy, low organic matter soils. Cucumber vine lengths and plant biomass were reduced up to 28% and 46%, respectively, with the three highest rates. Early-season yield (harvests 1 to 4) noted a 31% to 60% yield loss with glufosinate at 660 to 1,640 g ha−1 with similar trends observed with total yield (11 to 13 harvests). Irrigation (0.75 cm) after application and before transplanting reduced injury to less than 21%, eliminated vine length and biomass suppression except at the highest rate, and eliminated yield loss. Extending the interval between glufosinate application and transplanting from 1 to 4 d was not beneficial, and further extending the interval to 7 d significantly reduced injury half the time. When applied PRE to seeded cucumber and combining the data across locations, glufosinate caused less than 7% injury even at 1,640 g ha−1. Seeded plant vine lengths, biomass, and marketable yield were not influenced by the PRE application, and neither irrigation nor planting depth influenced seeded crop response to glufosinate.
Interaction between tolpyralate and atrazine for the control of annual weed species in corn
Authors: Fluttert John C. , Soltani Nader , Galla Mariano , Hooker David C. , Robinson Darren E. , Sikkema Peter H. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractMany studies have documented the interaction between 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting and photosystem II (PSII)-inhibiting herbicides. Most have focused on the interaction between mesotrione and atrazine, with only a few studies characterizing the nature of the interaction between tolpyralate and atrazine. Therefore, five field experiments were conducted in Ontario, Canada, over a 3-yr period (2019 to 2021) to characterize the interaction between three rates of tolpyralate (15, 30, and 45 g ai ha−1) and three rates of atrazine (140, 280, and 560 g ai ha−1) for the control of seven annual weed species in corn (Zea mays L.). Tolpyralate at 30 or 45 g ha−1 applied with atrazine at 280 or 560 g ha−1 controlled velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.), and wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) >90% at 8 wk after application (WAA). Tolpyralate and atrazine were synergistic at each rate combination for the control of A. theophrasti at 8 WAA. In contrast, A. retroflexus and S. arvensis control at 8 WAA was additive with each rate combination. At 8 WAA, C. album control was generally additive, but one rate combination was synergistic. Ambrosia artemisiifolia control at 8 WAA was synergistic with five rate combinations and additive with the other four. Barnyardgrass [Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.] control at 8 WAA was additive with seven of the rate combinations and synergistic with two. Setaria spp. control at 8 WAA was synergistic with one more rate combination compared with E. crus-galli, but the two weed species shared the same synergistic rate combinations. This study concludes that extrapolation or broad classifications of the interaction between tolpyralate and atrazine would be inappropriate, as the interaction can vary due to herbicide rate, weed species, and the response parameter analyzed.
Regional Climate Effects of Irrigation Over Central Asia Using Weather Research and Forecasting Model
Authors: Wu Liyang , Feng Jinming , Qin Fen , Qiu Yuan 
Published: June 2022

AbstractA dynamic irrigation scheme in which soil moisture acts as an irrigation trigger was incorporated into the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with the Noah‐Mosaic land surface model, in which irrigation was only considered in irrigated portions within each grid cell. Two experiments (with and without irrigation) were first designed and continuously run 21 years (1994–2014) to simulate the impacts of irrigation over Central Asia on regional climate. Soil moisture after irrigation increased greatly because of the large irrigation amount. Irrigation significantly increased latent heat flux through increasing soil evaporation and transpiration, and their contributions to increases in latent heat flux were roughly equal. The sensible heat flux was decreased because of the increased latent heat flux, which led to decreases in surface air temperature and land surface temperature. The simulations of temperature and soil moisture in croplands were improved in experiment with irrigation. The daily minimum surface air temperature was slightly affected by irrigation, even increased during nonirrigation period. During daytime, the airflows blowing from croplands to mountains would also bring parts of the increased water vapor to mountainous areas. Since the increased water vapor was transported upward in mountainous areas, irrigation obviously increased precipitation here. Multiple sensitivity experiments were conducted, and all concluded that irrigation over Central Asia led to increases in precipitation in mountainous areas, which showed that the conclusion was certain and not affected by the selected parameterization schemes and the simulated irrigation amount.
MAVEN Observations of H− Ions in the Martian Atmosphere
Authors: Jones N. , Halekas J. , Girazian Z. , Mitchell D. , Mazelle C. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractAt Mars, charge exchange between solar wind protons and neutral exospheric hydrogen produces energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) that can penetrate into the collisional atmosphere, where they can be converted through collisions into H+ and H−. The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission observed a population of negatively charged particles at low altitudes, whose energies, angular distribution, and dependence on the upstream solar wind were consistent with H− produced by solar wind hydrogen ENAs. The highest fluxes of H− were observed near perihelion and the southern summer solstice. We calculated an average ratio of ∼4% between H− density and H+ density, implying a slightly smaller relative abundance than reported previously (∼10%). We found that the fraction of H ENAs converted to H− increases with the solar wind energy, in agreement with laboratory measurements of the H–CO2 electron capture cross section.
Infrasonic and Seismic Analysis of Debris‐Flow Events at Illgraben (Switzerland): Relating Signal Features to Flow Parameters and to the Seismo‐Acoustic Source Mechanism
Authors: Belli Giacomo , Walter Fabian , McArdell Brian , Gheri Duccio , Marchetti Emanuele 
Published: June 2022

AbstractDebris flows are among the most dangerous phenomena in mountain environment. Recently the use of seismic and infrasonic recordings has proven to be a powerful tool for studying and monitoring debris flows. However, open questions remain about how signal characteristics refllect flow parameters and fluid dynamic processes. We present a seismo‐acoustic analysis of the debris flow activity between 2017 and 2019 at the Illgraben catchment (Switzerland). Seismic and infrasonic amplitudes (maximum root mean square amplitude [RMSA]) and peak frequencies are compared with flow measurements (front velocity, maximum flow depth and density). Front velocity, maximum depth, peak discharge and peak mass flux show a positive correlation with both infrasonic and seismic maximum RMSA, suggesting that seismo‐acoustic amplitudes are influenced by these flow parameters. Comparison between seismo‐acoustic peak frequencies and flow parameters reveals that, unlike seismic signals, characterized by a constant peak frequency regardless of the magnitude of the flow, infrasound peak frequency decreases with increasing flow velocity, depth and discharge. Our results suggest that infrasound and seismic waves are generated by different source processes, acting at the flow free surface and at the channel bed respectively. We propose that infrasound is likely generated by waves and oscillations that develop at the surface of the flow, which, according to fluid dynamics, are mostly generated wherever the flow encounters significant channel irregularities. Furthermore, the observed positive correlations between seismo‐acoustic signal features and flow parameters highlight the potential to use infrasound and seismic measurements for debris‐flow monitoring and risk management.
Atmospheric Lengthscales for Global VSWIR Imaging Spectroscopy
Authors: Thompson David R. , Bohn Niklas , Brodrick Philip G. , Carmon Nimrod , Eastwood Michael L. , Eckert Regina , Fichot Cédric G. , Harringmeyer Joshua P. , Nguyen Hai M. , Simard Marc , Thorpe Andrew K. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractFuture global Visible Shortwave Infrared Imaging Spectrometers, such as the Surface Biology and Geology (SBG) mission, will regularly cover the Earth's entire terrestrial land area. These missions need high fidelity atmospheric correction to produce consistent maps of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem traits. However, estimation of surface reflectance and atmospheric state is computationally challenging, and the terabyte data volumes of global missions will exceed available processing capacity. This article describes how missions can overcome this bottleneck using the spatial continuity of atmospheric fields. Contemporary imaging spectrometers oversample atmospheric spatial variability, so it is not necessary to invert every pixel. Spatially sparse solutions can train local linear emulators that provide fast, exact inversions in their vicinity. We find that estimating the atmosphere at 200 m scales can outperform traditional atmospheric correction, improving speed by one to two orders of magnitude with no measurable penalty to accuracy. We validate performance with an airborne field campaign, showing reflectance accuracies with RMSE of 1.1% or better compared to ground measurements of diverse targets. These errors are statistically consistent with retrieval uncertainty budgets. Local emulators can close the efficiency gap and make rigorous model inversion algorithms feasible for global missions such as SBG.
Stress Evolution Before and After the 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo Earthquake in Northeastern Tibet and Its Influence on Seismic Hazards
Authors: Liu Chang , Zhang Hang , Chen Jianquan , Shi Yaolin 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe 2021 Mw 7.3 Maduo earthquake ruptured the Kunlun Pass‐Jiangcuo fault (KPJF) in the Bayan Har Block (BHB) in northeastern Tibet. To explore the reasons behind the Maduo earthquake and the seismic hazards that followed this event in the BHB, we simulated the Coulomb stress changes before and after 2021 caused by 27 large historical earthquakes in the past centuries. We found that the Maduo earthquake was delayed for approximately 157 years because of the stress shadow resulting from fault interaction in the BHB. This stress shadow was mainly controlled by the 1937 Mw 7.5 earthquake on the Eastern Kunlun fault (EKLF) and the 1947 Mw 7.75 earthquake on the Dari fault. The stress shadow created by the Maduo earthquake covered several strike‐slip faults surrounding the Maduo earthquake rupture through negative feedback. Future seismic activity in the stress shadow zone may be delayed to a certain extent. Based on this finding, we propose that earthquakes on a fault might inhibit earthquakes on surrounding faults in parallel strike‐slip fault systems by creating a shadow zone in the BHB. This finding is important for understanding earthquake generation and migration in northeastern Tibet. It is also helpful for understanding the fault interactions in similar fault systems globally. The seismic hazards of the seismic gap to the west of the KPJF and the Maqin‐Maqu seismic gap on the EKLF increased after the Maduo earthquake. Therefore, attention should be paid to hazards prevention in these regions.
Evaluating the Robustness of NISAR's Cropland Product to Time of Observation, Observing Mode, and Dithering
Authors: Kraatz S. , Siqueira P. , Kellndorfer J. , Torbick N. , Huang X. , Cosh M. 
Published: June 2022

AbstractCropland mapping is important for monitoring agricultural practices, cropland distribution and for supporting food security programs. Radar remote sensing will likely provide a means of cropland mapping, which can be efficient, accurate, and globally applied. Algorithms used for spaceborne radar cropland mapping are still undergoing calibration and validation efforts, necessitating ground and aircraft‐based campaigns ahead of launch. The upcoming NASA ISRO SAR (NISAR) mission will map croplands at 1 ha spatial resolution using a coefficient of variation approach. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory recently released simulated NISAR data over cropland calibration sites including morning (AM), evening (PM), and dithered with and without gaps. These freely available simulated data allow for making accurate a priori estimates of how NISAR’s cropland science algorithm is impacted by factors such as orbit (i.e., the incidence angle, time of day), bandwidth (i.e., whether the 5, 20, or 40 MHz channels are used), and varying the system's pulse repetition frequency—a process known as dithering. This study investigates these science mission questions over agricultural regions in Mississippi and Arkansas, USA. Results show that compositing data from both orbits (AM + PM) yielded comparable classification accuracy to using only one of AM or PM data. The study also found that dithering only slightly decreased cropland mapping capability (<0.3% accuracy reduction).