bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro photodynamic therapy of methylene blue-loaded acetyl resistant starch nanoparticles
Authors: Park In-Kyu , Ju Do-Bin , Babu Amal , Lee Jeong-Cheol , Pyung Young Jin , Cho Chong-Su , Kim Hyun-Joong 
Published: June 2022

Abstract

Background
Combination therapies comprising multiple methods, such as photodynamic therapy have been applied to be complements chemotherapy as they increase the therapeutic efficiency by enabling the intelligent drug delivery to target sites by exposing the photosensitizer to light and activating it in the tumor tissue. This study evaluated in vitro photodynamic therapy of methylene blue (MB)-loaded acetyl resistant starch (ARS) nanoparticles (NPs).

Methods
ARS was synthesized by the reaction between resistant starch (RS) and acetic anhydride. MB-loaded ARS NPs and ARS NPs were prepared by a single emulsion method. Synthesized ARS was measured by NMR. Prepared ARS NPs and MB-loaded ARS NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray diffraction, UV/Vis, and circular dichroism (CD). MB-loaded ARS NPs were treated in mouse colon cancer cells (CT-26) and they were treated under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation.

Results
Synthesis of ARS was confirmed by NMR and the degree of substitutions in the ARS was 7.1. The morphologies of ARS NPs observed by TEM were spherical shapes and the particle sizes of ARS NPs were 173.4 nm with a surface charge of − 17.24 mV. The d-spacing of ARS NPs was smaller than those of RS and the conformational changes of RS occurred by the formation of self-assembled polymeric NPs with induction of CD of the MB by chiral ARS NPs. The phototoxicity of CT-26 cells treated by MB-loaded ARS NPs dramatically decreased in a dose-dependent manner under NIR laser irradiation compared to free MB.

Conclusion
This study demonstrated the ordered nanosized structures in the ARS NPs and conformational change from random coil structure of RS to alpha-helices one of ARS occurred and CD of the achiral MB was induced. The MB-loaded ARS NPs showed a higher generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the CT-26 cells than free MB with the NIR laser irradiation and resulting in phototoxicity under irradiation.
Deep learning to recognize and count green leafhoppers
Authors: Proença Maria da Conceição , Rebelo Maria Teresa 
Published: June 2022

AbstractBackgroundVineyards are a crop of great economic importance in Portugal, whose production of over 224 kha of vines may be affected by evolving global changes, as new pests arrive in greater numbers at more northern latitudes. Integrated pest management requires early recognition and assessment of pests to enable a proportionate response in control.ResultsUsing yellow sticky traps to catch green leafhoppers in the vineyards under attack, we could use the image of the traps and deep learning methods to evaluate with high accuracy the number of insects presents and establishes a procedure to assess any number of traps in a short period of time.ConclusionsImplementation is possible with ordinary laptop computers and could contribute to more extensive and more frequent coverage in surveillance, since the human labor required to count hundreds of insects in each trap is reduced to seconds.
External ventricular drain use is associated with functional outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Nelson Sarah E. , Suarez Jose I. , Sigmon Alexander , Hua Jun , Weiner Casey , Sair Haris I. , Stevens Robert D. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Purpose
External ventricular drains (EVD) are commonly used in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) patients and can be life-saving by diverting cerebrospinal fluid. However, the overall relationship between EVD use and outcome is poorly understood.

Methods
In an exploratory analysis of an aSAH patient cohort, we examined EVD use in relation to modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at hospital discharge and at 6 months (unfavorable outcome = mRS > 2) using univariable and multivariable analyses.

Results
EVDs were placed in 31 of 56 (55.4%) patients and more often in women than men (66.7% vs 35.0%, p = 0.022) despite similar rates of hydrocephalus. Women had greater ICU [18 (13.5–25) vs 11.5 (6.5–18.5) days, p = 0.014] and hospital lengths of stay (LOS) [20.5 (16.5–34) vs 13.5 (10.5–27) days, p = 0.015] than men and greater mRS at discharge [4 (3–5) vs 3 (2–3.5), p = 0.011] although mRS at 6 months was similar. Patients with EVDs had longer ICU and hospital LOS and greater mRS at discharge [5 (3–6) vs 2 (2–3), p < 0.001] and at 6 months [4 (2–6) vs 1 (0–2), p = 0.001] than those without an EVD. In multivariable models, EVD use was associated with unfavorable 6-month outcome accounting for age, sex, and admission modified Fisher scale, but not in models adjusting for Hunt and Hess scale and World Federation of Neurological Surgeons scale.

Conclusion
In an aSAH cohort, the use of EVDs was associated with female sex and longer LOS, and may be linked to functional outcomes at discharge and at 6 months, although these associations warrant further investigation.
Phytophthora: an ancient, historic, biologically and structurally cohesive and evolutionarily successful generic concept in need of preservation
Authors: Brasier Clive , Scanu Bruno , Cooke David , Jung Thomas 
Published: June 2022

AbstractThe considerable economic and social impact of the oomycete genusPhytophthorais well known. In response to evidence that all downy mildews (DMs) reside phylogenetically withinPhytophthora, renderingPhytophthoraparaphyletic, a proposal has been made to split the genus into multiple new genera. We have reviewed the status of the genus and its relationship to the DMs. Despite a substantial increase in the number of described species and improvements in molecular phylogeny thePhytophthoraclade structure has remained stable since first demonstrated in 2000. Currently some 200 species are distributed across twelve major clades in a relatively tight monophyletic cluster. In our assessment of 196 species for twenty morphological and behavioural criteria the clades show good biological cohesion. Saprotrophy, necrotrophy and hemi-biotrophy of woody and non-woody roots, stems and foliage occurs across the clades. Phylogenetically less related clades often show strong phenotypic and behavioural similarities and no one clade or group of clades shows the synapomorphies that might justify a unique generic status. We propose the clades arose from the migration and worldwide radiation ~ 140 Mya (million years ago) of an ancestral GondwananPhytophthorapopulation, resulting in geographic isolation and clade divergence through drift on the diverging continents combined with adaptation to local hosts, climatic zones and habitats. The extraordinary flexibility of the genus may account for its global ‘success’. The 20 genera of the obligately biotrophic, angiosperm-foliage specialised DMs evolved fromPhytophthoraat least twice via convergent evolution, making the DMs as a group polyphyletic andPhytophthoraparaphyletic in cladistic terms. The long phylogenetic branches of the DMs indicate this occurred rather rapidly, via paraphyletic evolutionary ‘jumps’. Such paraphyly is common in successful organisms. The proposal to dividePhytophthoraappears more a device to address the issue of the convergent evolution of the DMs than the structure ofPhytophthoraper se. We consider it non-Darwinian, putting the emphasis on the emergent groups (the DMs) rather than the progenitor (Phytophthora) and ignoring the evolutionary processes that gave rise to the divergence. Further, the generic concept currently applied to the DMs is narrower than that between some closely relatedPhytophthoraspecies. Considering the biological and structural cohesion ofPhytophthora, its historic and social impacts and its importance in scientific communication and biosecurity protocol, we recommend that the current broad generic concept is retained by the scientific community.
Prognostic impact of pre-interventional culprit artery thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) flow in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Shaaban Raouf , El Etriby Adel , Kamal Diaa , Mostafa Ahmad E. 
Published: June 2022

Abstract
Background
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is considered the most preferred strategy in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, the prognostic role of spontaneous re-canalization in STEMI patients is still not clear. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of pre-procedural TIMI flow grade in the culprit coronary artery on the short and long term prognosis in Egyptian patients presented with STEMI and treated with primary PCI.

Results
A dual center, prospective observational study that was conducted in the period from January 2019 till June 2020 and enrolled 150 STEMI patients presented within 24 h from onset of chest pain. Initial angiography was done with analysis of TIMI flow grade in the infarct related artery. Of the 150 enrolled patients; 93 patients (62%) were found to have initial TIMI flow grade 0 (group A) and 57 patients (38%) had initial TIMI flow grade I–III (group B). There was a strong association between cardiac mortality and pre-procedural TIMI flow grade. 12 mortalities (8% of total study population) were recorded during our study period; in-hospital mortality was reported in 7 patients in group A, yet no mortalities were recorded in-hospital in group B (P value = 0.033). At 1 year follow up; 5 mortalities were recorded in group A with no mortalities at all in group B (P value = 0.005). There was a trend towards an increase in acute heart failure incidence in group A yet no statistically significant value was achieved (P value = 0.112). Target lesion revascularization was reported in 8 patients in group A and in only 3 patients in group B (P value 0.446).

Conclusions
Despite the evolution in primary PCI strategies and the continuous advancement in anti-thrombotic treatment; pre-interventional infarct related artery TIMI flow grade I–III is associated with better in hospital and 1 year outcome, specifically significantly lower cardiac mortality compared to patients who had TIMI flow grade 0 at initial angiography.
Promoting resilience in healthcare students through psychological interventions
Authors: Tarfarosh Shah , Khan Achakzai Beenish 
Published: June 2022

SUMMARYGiven the impact of well-known chronic stressors on health and social care students, the concept of resilience has gained importance in the field of health professional education. Many interventions have been tested that are aimed at fostering students’ resilience, but the underlying evidence has not been rigorously assessed. This was the aim of the review in this issue's Cochrane Corner. In this Round the Corner section, we discuss those findings and put them into further context.
Comparison of capability and health-related quality of life instruments in capturing aspects of mental well-being in people with schizophrenia and depression
Authors: Helter Timea Mariann , Coast Joanna , Łaszewska Agata , Stamm Tanja , Simon Judit 
Published: June 2022

BackgroundThere is increasing evidence that assessing outcomes in terms of capability provides information beyond that of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) for outcome evaluation in mental health research and clinical practice.AimsTo assess similarities and differences in the measurement properties of the ICECAP-A capability measure and Oxford Capabilities Questionnaire for Mental Health (OxCAP-MH) in people with schizophrenia experiencing depression, and compare these measurement properties with those of (a) the EuroQol EQ-5D-5L and EuroQol Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS) and (b) mental health-specific (disease-specific) measures.MethodUsing data for 100 patients from the UK, measurement properties were compared using correlation analyses, Bland–Altman plots and exploratory factor analysis. Responsiveness was assessed by defining groups who worsened, improved or remained unchanged, based on whether there was a clinically meaningful change in the instrument scores between baseline and 9-month follow-up assessments.ResultsThe two capability instruments had stronger convergent validity with each other (Spearman's rho = 0.677) than with the HRQoL (rho = 0.354–0.431) or the mental health-specific (rho = 0.481–0.718) instruments. The OxCAP-MH tended to have stronger correlations with mental health-specific instruments than the ICECAP-A, whereas the ICECAP-A had slightly stronger correlation with the EQ-VAS. Change scores on the capability instruments correlated weakly with change scores on the HRQoL scales (rho = 0.131–0.269), but moderately with those on mental health-specific instruments for the ICECAP-A (rho = 0.355–0.451) and moderately/strongly on the OxCAP-MH (rho = 0.437–0.557).ConclusionsAssessing outcomes in terms of capabilities for people with schizophrenia and depression provided more relevant, mental health-specific information than the EQ-5D-5L or the EQ-VAS. The ICECAP-A and the OxCAP-MH demonstrated similar psychometric properties, but the OxCAP-MH was more correlated with disease-specific instruments.
Tools for Contralateral Prophylactic Mastectomy Decision Making
Authors: Gail Mitchell H. , Jatoi Ismail 
Published: June 2022

PURPOSE Women with unilateral breast cancer are increasingly opting for the removal of not only the involved breast, but also for the removal of the opposite uninvolved breast (contralateral prophylactic mastectomy [CPM]), although the risk of contralateral breast cancer (CBC) has decreased in recent years. Models to predict the absolute risk of CBC can help a woman decide whether to undergo CPM. Our objective is to illustrate that a better decision can be made if the patient and doctor also have estimates of the absolute risks of regional and distant recurrences and mortality from non–breast cancer causes. MATERIALS AND METHODS We based our analyses on two published models for CBC and published information on the hazards of regional and distant recurrences and non–breast cancer mortality. Assuming that CPM eliminates CBC but has no effect on other events, we calculated how much CPM reduces a woman's CBC risk and total risk from all these events for 10 hypothetical women with various subtypes of breast cancer and risk factors. RESULTS The risk of CBC and total risk vary greatly, depending on the breast cancer subtype. In some cases, a decision for or against CPM can be based on CBC risk alone, but in others, additional consideration of total risk may cause a woman to decline CPM. CONCLUSION There is a potential to develop more informative tools for deciding on CPM. Realizing this potential will require more and better data to validate existing models of absolute CBC risk and to characterize the hazards of regional and distant recurrences and deaths from non–breast cancer causes for women with various subtypes of breast cancers and risk factors.
Characterizing the Heart Rate Effects From Administration of Sugammadex to Reverse Neuromuscular Blockade: An Observational Study in Patients
Authors: Ebert Thomas J. , Cumming Craig E. , Roberts Christopher J. , Anglin Missy F. , Gandhi Sweeta , Anderson Christopher J. , Stekiel Thomas A. , Gliniecki Ross , Dugan Shannon M. , Abdelrahim Mohamed T. , Klinewski Victoria B. , Sherman Katherine 
Published: June 2022

BACKGROUND:
Reversal of neuromuscular blockade (NMB) with sugammadex can cause marked bradycardia and asystole. Administration of sugammadex typically occurs in a dynamic period when anesthetic adjuvants and gas concentrations are being titrated to achieve emergence. This evaluation examined the heart rate (HR) responses to sugammadex to reverse moderate to deep NMB during a steady-state period and sought mechanisms for HR changes.

METHODS:
Patients with normal sinus rhythm, who were undergoing elective surgery that included rocuronium for NMB, were evaluated. After surgery, while at steady-state surgical depth anesthesia with sevoflurane and mechanical ventilation, patients received either placebo or 2 or 4 mg/kg of sugammadex to reverse moderate to deep NMB. Study personnel involved in data analysis were blinded to treatment. Continuous electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded from the 5 minutes before and 5 minutes after sugammadex/placebo administration. R-R intervals were converted to HR and averaged in 1-minute increments. The maximum prolongation of an R-R interval after sugammadex was converted to an instantaneous HR.

RESULTS:
A total of 63 patients were evaluated: 8 received placebo, and 38 and 17 received 2 and 4 mg/kg sugammadex. Age, body mass index, and patient factors were similar in groups. Placebo did not elicit HR changes, whereas sugammadex caused maximum instantaneous HR slowing (calculated from the longest R-R interval), ranging from 2 to 19 beats/min. There were 7 patients with maximum HR slowing >10 beats/min. The average HR change and 95% confidence interval (CI) during the 5 minutes after 2 mg/kg sugammadex were 3.1 (CI, 2.3–4.1) beats/min, and this was not different from the 4 mg/kg sugammadex group (4.1 beats/min [CI, 2.5–5.6]). HR variability derived from the standard deviation of consecutive R-R intervals increased after sugammadex.

CONCLUSIONS:
Sugammadex to reverse moderate and deep NMB resulted in a fast onset and variable magnitude of HR slowing in patients. A difference in HR slowing as a function of dose did not achieve statistical significance. The observational nature of the investigation prevented a full understanding of the mechanism(s) of the HR slowing.
Application of exposure enhancement technique combined with femoral condyle pushing technique in repairing the posterior horn of the medial meniscus under knee arthroscopy
Authors: Liu Xinwei , Xiang Dulei , Zi Ying , Han Tianyu , Xue Chenchen 
Published: June 2022

Objectives: To investigate the clinical efficacy of exposure enhancement technique and femoral condyle pushing technique applying in the posterior horn of the medial meniscus of the knee.
Methods: From January 2016 to June 2019, 52 patients with injury in the medial meniscus treated in our department were selected. The horizontal tear of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus was repaired by exposure enhancement technique and femoral condyle pushing technique using the meniscus suture system. Postoperatively, the efficacy was evaluated using the Lysholm scoring system.
Results: These 52 patients were all followed up for 3~18 months, with an average of 12.5 ± 7.3 months. The pain and activity of all patients were significantly improved compared with those before surgery.
Conclusion: Exposure enhancement technique and femoral condyle pushing technique in the repair of the posterior horn of the medial meniscus presents satisfactory efficacy. It can improve the pain and activity of the knee, and enhance the stability of residual meniscus. Therefore, it is worth promoting.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.6.5176
How to cite this:Liu X, Xiang D, Zi Y, Han T, Xue C. Application of exposure enhancement technique combined with femoral condyle pushing technique in repairing the posterior horn of the medial meniscus under knee arthroscopy. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(6):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.6.5176
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Factors triggering knot formation in ileosigmoid knotting
Authors: Korkut Ercan , Atamanalp Sabri Selcuk 
Published: June 2022

Objectives: Ileosigmoid knotting (ISK) is a rare double-loop ileus form. Therefore, its physiopathology including the triggering factors, are not well investigated. We aimed to discuss the physiopathology, particularly the triggering factors in ISK.
Methods: The data of 80 patients with ISK were analyzed retrospectively until June 1986 and prospectively thereafter. As control group, the data of 80 patients with bowel obstruction arising from adhesive ileus or strangulated inguinal hernia were evaluated prospectively during the last 24 months. As probable triggering factors in ISK, the role of acute diarrhea, body motions, overeating, coughing, and labor were investigated.
Results: Prior to the main clinical features of ISK, acute diarrhea (17 patients, 21.3%, p<0.05), harvesting (9 patients, 11.3%, p<0.05), and overeating (8 patients, 10.0%, p<0.05) were found effective.
Conclusion: Although there is not enough data on this subject in the literature, increased bowel motility, excessive body motions, and overeating appear as the triggering factors in the forming of ISK.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.6.6133
How to cite this:Korkut E, Atamanalp SS. Factors triggering knot formation in ileosigmoid knotting. Pak J Med Sci. 2022;38(6):---------. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.38.6.6133
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Phytochemical study of the plant species Bidens pilosa L. (Asteraceae) and Croton floccosus (Euphorbiaceae)
Authors: Ruiz-Reyes Enrique , Mendoza-Cevallos Mayte Ariana , Polanco-Moreira Ana Patricia , Segovia-Cedeño Diego Germán , Alcivar-Cedeño Ulbio Eduardo , Dueñas-Rivadeneira Alex 
Published: June 2022

Background:Given the chemical richness of medicinal plants (Bidens pilosaL. andCroton floccosus) in Ecuador, they are considered the natural source of numerous medicines.Methods:The leaves were dried at 40°C and 50°C and the extracts were characterized by means of phytochemical screening, verifying the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, reducing sugars, phenols, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Three extraction processes were carried out, with two solvents of different polarities: hexane and ethanol. The extraction methods that were applied to the leaves of the plants were Soxhlet, ultrasonic bath and maceration, the latter two at room temperature and Soxhlet at the boiling temperature of the solvent. Determination of the total content of phenols and flavonoids is carried out using the Follin-Ciocalteau colorimetric reaction, Quercetin standard, Aluminum Chloride solution measured with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The antioxidant activity was performed with the DPPH radical and measured with the same equipment.Results: The highest content of total phenols obtained by employing the Soxhlet method for extraction when the material was dried at 50°C was 48.609 ± 0.370 mg GAE/g of dry sample forBidens pilosaL. while in the case ofCroton floccosusit was 128.212 ± 0.601 mg GAE/g of dry sample obtained from the extraction by means of maceration. Finally, the antioxidant activity against the 1.1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical was determined, and it was found that theBidens pilosaL. species performed better and responded better to the test, with an IC50value of 239.33 µg/mL, thanCroton floccosus(IC50of 644.125 µg/mL).Conclusions:The following preliminary phytochemical study of theBidens pilosaL. andCroton floccosusplants provided important information on the content of secondary metabolites and response to the DPPH radical reported for the first time in Ecuador, which may be future use for medicinal application.