bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Cyanogenic Glycosides on Growth of Callus from Almond and Plum
Authors: Heuser Charles W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of the cyanogenic glycosides, amygdalin and prunasin, and their breakdown products, cyanide and benzaldehyde, on callus derived from ‘Marianna 2624’ plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. × P. munsoniana Wight & Hedr.) and on that from 2 almond cultivars (P. amygdalus Batsch ‘Nonpareil’ and ‘Texas’) were compared. Prunasin (D-Mandelonitrile-β-D-glucoside) inhibited the growth of ‘Marianna 2624’ plum and ‘Nonpareil’ almond callus but not ‘Texas’ almond. Amygdalin (D-Mandelonitrile-β-D-gentiobioside) inhibited ‘Marianna 2624’ plum callus growth but promoted growth of both almond cultivars. All 3 cultivars were inhibited to the same extent by sodium cyanide, indicating that cyanide was not the differentiating inhibitory breakdown product of the cyanogenic glycosides. Benzaldehyde, another catabolite of prunasin and amygdalin, was strongly inhibitory to ‘Marianna 2624’ plum callus growth at 0.05 mm, but a concentration of 5 mm was required to inhibit similarly growth of either almond callus. The greater sensitivity of ‘Marianna 2624’ plum callus, compared to almond callus, to the cyanogenic glycosides and benzaldehyde, but not cyanide, suggests that benzaldehyde is an important factor in the almond/plum incompatibility.
Identification of Apple Cultivars by Isozyme Phenotypes
Authors: Weeden N.F. , Lamb R.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fifty-four apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars were characterized electrophoretically using 6 isozyme systems. Intracultivar variation in isozyme phenotype was not observed, whereas intercultivar polymorphism was sufficient to permit reliable and unambiguous identification of nearly every cultivar. The most useful isozyme systems for distinguishing among the cultivars were 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase. Sports could not be distinguished from the original cultivar. The genetic basic of several polymorphisms was known, enabling the comparison of the isozyme genotype observed in a hybrid with that predicted on the basis of parental genotypes. The 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase genotype of ‘Spartan’ indicated that ‘Yellow Newtown’ may not have been the paternal parent.
Predictions of Quality by Preharvest Fruit and Leaf Mineral Analyses in ‘Starkspur Golden Delicious’ Apple
Authors: Fallahi Esmaeil , Righetti Timothy L. , Richardson D.G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Forward stepwise multiple regression equations were developed from seasonal leaf and fruit mineral analyses to predict quality parameters for ‘Starkspur Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) during 1980–82. Quality parameters were evaluated both at harvest and after 6 months of 0°C storage. Soluble solids, skin ground color, and titratable acidity were strongly predictable as early as June or July. However, an August analysis was most predictive. For titratable acidity, a combination of both leaf and fruit minerals produced stronger predictions than leaf or fruit minerals alone in each individual year. Soluble solids, skin ground color, and bitterpit were more accurately predicted by fruit analyses. Fruit size was important in regression equations for firmness, but was not essential for other parameters. Although between-year predictions were not as good as within-year predictions, regression equations could successfully place fruit in high or low categories for most quality parameters.
Growth and Productivity of ‘Grand Rapids’ Lettuce in Diurnally Fluctuating Temperatures and Day/night Average Temperatures
Authors: Miller William B. , Langhans R.W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The feasibility of utilizing different patterns of air temperature changes over the light and dark periods was investigated to provide a basis for greenhouse energy conservation. ‘Grand Rapids’ lettuce was grown hydroponically in microprocessor controlled growth chambers, under a light level of 325 µmol s-1m-2 PPF. Air temperatures were: a) increased from 15° to 35°C (late-peak), b) decreased from 35° to 15° (early-peak), and c) increased to 35°, then back to 25° (mid-peak) during the 16-hr light period. The late and mid-peak patterns had a gradual decrease in night air temperature, whereas the early peak pattern had a gradual increase in night air temperature. Each of these patterns averaged 25° during the light period, and 20° during the dark period. “Early-peak” plants grew poorly, whereas plants grown under the mid- and late-peak regimes grew well. Early morning diffusive resistance was similar for early- and mid-peak plants. Transpiration rates followed the air temperature changes.
Xylem Differentiation and Boron Accumulation in ‘Italian’ Prune Flower Buds
Authors: Hanson E.J. , Breen P.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Since B levels in prune (Prunus domestica L.) flowers may affect fruit set, the accumulation of B in buds was studied for 2 months prior to bloom to determine when B enters buds and the importance of the xylem as the supply route. Bud anatomy and the distribution of azosulfamide dye in excised prune twigs indicated that xylem in the axes of flower buds differentiated and became functional only when buds begin to swell, 5 weeks before bloom. Discontinuous xylem connections prior to bloom may impede B movement into dormant buds. In intact trees, B accumulated in buds slowly before bud swelling, but rapidly as buds accumulated dry matter from swelling until bloom. The concentration of B in xylem exudate was unchanged from 19 Jan. until bloom on 1 Apr., whereas marked increases in the concentrations of P, K, Ca, and S began 5 weeks before bloom. These changes suggest that the remobilization of B in the xylem of branches prior to bloom is more limited than that of other elements. Transpiration from buds was calculated from the rate of Ca accumulation in buds and Ca concentrations in xylem exudate, by assuming all Ca entered buds via the xylem. Using calculated daily transpiration rates and concentrations in xylem exudate, it was estimated that only 26% of the B entering buds was supplied by the xylem.
Expression of Mature Characteristics by Tissue Culture Plantlets Derived from Embryos of Loblolly Pine
Authors: McKeand Steven E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In a field study comparing seedlings and tissue culture plantlets of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) after two growing seasons, the plantlets had numerous growth and morphological characteristics of mature trees. The appearance of mature traits was surprising, since the plantlets originated from juvenile, embryonic tissues. Evidence from other studies with tissue culture propagation of pine species suggests that plantlets often express mature characteristics. Some of the characteristics of the loblolly pine plantlets, such as lower incidence of fusiform rust [Cronartium quercuum Berk. Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme (Cumm.) Burds. et Snow], fewer branches, and less taper, would be of great economic advantage if the growth rates remain similar to comparison seedlings.
Citrus Nematode Alters Carbohydrate Partitioning in the ‘Washington’ Navel Orange
Authors: Hamid Gamaleldin A. , Van Gundy Seymour D. , Lovatt Carol J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Root infection by the citrus nematode (Tylenchulus semipenetrans Cobb) at population densities above the economic threshold caused altered patterns of root and shoot growth of 20-year-old ‘Washington’ Navel orange trees (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) budded on Troyer citrange rootstock (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf. × C. sinensis), compared with control trees protected from nematode infection by oxamyl (1.1 kg/ha/3 weeks) and permitted to recover from prior nematode infection. Nematode-infected trees initiated new roots every 4–6 weeks, beginning as early as midMarch through as late as mid-January. Each root flush was equal to or greater in magnitude (number of new roots per gram roots) than those observed from oxamyl-treated trees. Oxamyl significantly reduced the population of female nematodes. Oxamyl-treated trees produced 4 relatively small root flushes, typical of healthy trees and exhibited a net increase in root biomass; nematode-infected trees failed to increase root biomass despite repeated root initiation. Oxamyl-treated trees also produced more new shoots and exhibited a greater increase in length per shoot and mean number of leaves per unit shoot length than untreated trees. Measurements of the levels of available glucose, sucrose, and starch provided evidence that nematode-infected trees were carbohydrate depleted. Starch levels were typically 70% higher in the canopy and 96% higher in the roots of oxamyl-treated trees compared to untreated. Root initiation appears to be the first response of the trees penetrated by citrus nematode larvae; repeated root initiation in response to the many generations of larvae that hatch each year is probably a key factor contributing to the depletion of carbohydrate in nematode-infected trees.
Relationship Between GA Application and Phyllomorph Length in Streptocarpus
Authors: Lyons R. E. , Veilleux R. E. , Booze-Daniels J. N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three cultivars and 3 selfed lines of Streptocarpus × hybridus Voss plants proved to be highly variable via cluster analysis. Yet 5 of the 6 populations examined showed a significant, negative, linear correlation between flowering and phyllomorph length at the time of treatment with 25 μg GA4+7. There was no treatment effect on peduncle length or the time span separating flowering of the first and 2nd, 2nd and 3rd, or first and 3rd inflorescences.
Effect of Chemicals and Photoperiod on the Growth and Flowering of Thanksgiving Cactus
Authors: Ho Yunn-Shy , Sanderson Kenneth C. , Williams J. C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Schlumbergera truncata (Haw.) Moran ‘Christmas Charm’, ‘Lavender Doll’, and ‘White Christmas’ were grown under an 8 hr natural photoperiod or an 8 hr natural photoperiod plus 4 hr of incandescent light from 10:00 pm to 2:00 am and treated with single sprays of BA at 100 and 200 ppm, GA at 25, 50, and 100 ppm, BA at 100 and 200 ppm plus GA at 25 or 100 ppm, calcium carbide at 2910 ppm, ethephon at 100 and 1000 ppm, daminozide at 5000 ppm, ancymidol at 132 ppm, and chlormequat at 1000 ppm in 2 experiments. No flower buds were initiated from any plants grown under the 8 + 4 hr photoperiod. BA applied at 100 and 200 ppm increased the number of phylloclades on ‘Christmas Charm’ plants grown under the 8 + 4 hr. BA at 200 ppm applied to plants grown under the 8 hr photoperiod caused an increase in flower bud number and earlier flowering in all cultivars tested. BA + 100 or 200 ppm 100 ppm GA applied to plants grown under the 8 hr + 4 hr photoperiod stimulated the growth and elongation of phylloclades. Applied to plants grown under the 8 hr photoperiod, BA plus GA caused the growth and elongation of phylloclades, initiation of lower buds, and induced the development of lateral phylloclades and flower buds. Ancymidol at 132 ppm and 1000 ppm chlormequat sprays produced earlier flower bud initiation and increased flower number to flower bud ratios on ‘Christmas Charm’ plants. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl)-H-purin-6-amine (BA); gibberellic acid (GA); (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon); butanedioic acid mono(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); α-cycloproply-α-4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol) (ancymidol).
Rootstock and Scion Effects on the Seasonal Distribution of Dry Weight and Carbohydrates in Young Apple Trees
Authors: Brown Christopher S. , Young Eric , Pharr David M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Carbohydrates were measured in young apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees throughout the period of 28 Mar. 1983 to 16 Apr. 1984. Two rootstocks, M.9 (full dwarf) and MMIII (vigorous) and 2 scion cultivars, ‘Redchief and ‘Northern Spy’ were used in the 4 possible combinations. Trees were separated into 5 classes of vegetative tissue and analyzed for starch, sorbitol, and soluble sugars. Dry weights also were measured. Trees of MMIII had a greater dry weight in the above and below ground portions than trees on M.9. Carbohydrate contents followed a similar pattern. ‘Northern Spy’ scions had greater dry weight and carbohydrate content in the above ground portion than ‘Redchief. ‘Redchief had greater dry weight and carbohydrate content in the below ground portion than ‘Northern Spy’. Above ground starch content and below ground sorbitol and soluble sugar content did not follow this pattern.
Regulation of in Vitro Shoot and Root Regeneration in ‘Macspur’ Apple by Sorbitol (D-Glucitol) and Related Carbon Sources
Authors: Pua Eng-Chong , Chong Calvin 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In vitro shoot proliferation and rooting of the apple scion cultivar ‘Macspur’ (mature culture) and of open-pollinated seedlings of ‘Macspur’ (seedling culture) were studied in response to the carbon sources, sorbitol, sucrose, glucose, and fructose, each supplied at 10, 30, 50, and 70 g/liter, or to the presence of varying proportions of sorbitol between 25% and 100% in conjunction with sucrose (30 g/liter total). Although the highest shoot number and shoot fresh weight of both cultures occurred with 30 g/liter sorbitol and sucrose, respectively, a medium with 25% sorbitol and 75% sucrose was best for shoot production. There was a decreasing trend in leaf/stem (fresh weight) ratio of shoots as the percentage of sorbitol increased in the medium. On rooting media supplied with 10–70 g/liter of each c source, rooting was best with 30 g/liter sucrose. In the mature culture (initially sucrose-grown), enhance shoot proliferation and rooting occurred on sorbitol medium after this source was subcultured 3 times on sorbitol medium.
Trickle Irrigation Requirements for Strawberries in Coastal California
Authors: McNiesh C. M. , Welch N. C. , Nelson R. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Controlled trickle irrigation applications in commercial strawberry [Fragaria xananassa Duch. ‘Heidi’] plantings in coastal California were used to estimate crop coefficients (Kc) relating applied water requirements to reference evapotranspiration (ETo) and Class A pan evaporation (Epan). The value of Kc increased with foliar growth during spring and leveled off at a relatively constant maximum through summer and early autumn. Since rates of ETo averaged 13% higher than Epan, lower Kc values were recommended for irrigation schedules based on ETo than for schedules based on Epan. The value of maximum Kc for ETo scheduling was fixed between 0.45 ≤ Kc ≤ 0.7, whereas the limits for Epan scheduling were 0.55 ≤ Kc ≤ 0.8. Upper Kc limits were established by scheduling small volume irrigations only as necessary to maintain favorable soil moisture conditions. Harvest results and soil matric potential measurements indicated that irrigations scheduled at the lower Kc limits could lead to production loss. An evaluation of grower irrigation practices showed that current applied water rates could be reduced significantly by scheduling irrigations with recommended Kc values.
Response of Seed of Seven Deciduous Fruits to Stratification Temperatures and Implications for Modeling
Authors: Seeley S. D. , Damavandy Hossein 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chilling-temperature response curves were obtained by testing seed germinability at 25°C after 0 to 2880 hr (120-hr intervals) of stratification at temperatures from −4° to 16°. The curves of the species tested were bellshaped with a definite skew to the cold side in some species. Some activity was detected at −2° and at 16°, the approximate limiting temperatures of the process. Dormancy was broken most rapidly at 4° in seeds of P. persica, P. communis (cold climate source), P. avium, P. mahaleb and M. domestica, whereas 6° was more effective in P. armeniaca, C. oblonga, and P. communis (warm climate source). The data were used to define a stratification degree hour and develop a stratification model for the seed of these species.
Response of Kentucky Bluegrass to Four Growth Retardants
Authors: Christians Nick E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A turfgrass blend of ‘Parade’, ‘Adelphi’, ‘Glade’, and ‘Rugby’ Kentucky bluegrasses (Poa pratensis L.) was treated with N-[2,4-dimethyl-5-[[(trifluromethyl) sulfonyl] phenyl] acetamide (mefluidide) at 0.28 and 0.56 kg ha−1; (2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 2.24, 4.48, and 6.72 kg ha−1; 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4,5,9,10-pentaaza-tetracyclo [5,4,1,02,6,08,11]dodeca-3,9-diene (BAS 106 00 W) at 1.68, 3.36, and 5.04 kg ha−1, and α-(1-methylethyl)-α-[4-(trifluromethoxy) phenyl]-5-pyrimidinemethanol (EL-500) at 0.84, 1.21, and 1.40 kg ha−1 in field and greenhouse studies. Each of the materials investigated was effective in retarding Kentucky bluegrass growth in field studies. However, effects on growth inhibition and turfgrass quality varied between years. Ethephon was the only material not effective in reducing clipping yield in the greenhouse, whereas none of the growth retardants inhibited root organic matter production or rhizome weight in the greenhouse study.
Response of Ilex Cultivars to Media and pH on the Incidence of Black Root Rot Caused by Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Br.) Ferraris
Authors: Merrill Lorie E. , Sanderson Kenneth C. , Williams John C. , Reed R. Bruce 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
An isolate of Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Br.) Ferraris from Ilex crenata Thunb. was highly pathogenic to susceptible hollies while the isolate from Pelargonium × hortorum L.H. Bailey was less pathogenic. Various ratios of pine bark and sphagnum peatmoss did not suppress T. basicola on susceptible hollies. Of the cultivars tested, I. crenata ‘Helleri’ and I. pernyi Franch were most susceptible, while I. aquifolium L. × I. cornuta Lindl. and Paxt. ‘Nellie R. Stevens’, I. cornuta ‘Burfordii’ × I. peryni ‘Lydia Morris’, and I. cornuta ‘Burfordii Nana’ were the most resistant to T. basicola. I. crenata ‘Helleri’, grown in a medium with a pH of 5.0 or 6.0, had less black root rot development than similar plants in a medium with a pH of 6.5.
Inheritance of Resistance to Phytophthora Root Rot in Highbush Blueberry
Authors: Clark John R. , Moore J. N. , Draper A. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Young highbush blueberry seedlings (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) from 26 crosses of a partial diallel were inoculated with Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands by dipping the roots into a mycelial slurry. The seedlings were grown 90 days in sand in the greenhouse and rated for resistance to root rot damage. Of the 2412 inoculated seedlings, 214 (8.9%) were resistant. The 2 parental clones that produced the largest percentage of resistant seedlings were US 141 and G-164; within their progenies, each produced an average of 18% resistant seedlings. Mean squares for general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were significant at the 1% and 5% levels, respectively. The mean square estimate for GCA was about 5 times higher than that for SCA, While both additive and nonadditive effects are important, rapid improvement can be made by phenotypic selection. Resistance to P. cinnamomi in blueberry progenies studied appears to be partially recessive and quantitatively inherited. Inoculation of young seedlings by root dipping in a mycelial slurry of P. cinnamomi and growing the seedlings in sand provided rapid identification of resistant plants.
Predicting Harvesting Date of Processing Tomatoes by a Simulation Model
Authors: Wolf S. , Rudich J. , Marani A. , Rekah Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A computer program was developed for predicting the times of emergence, flowering, turning stage, and harvesting of processing tomatoes. The program was validated and calibrated by using 1972-1980 tomato data from 44 fields at 2 locations in Israel. Predictions are based on accumulation of heat units defined in terms of “physiological days”, where 1 physiological day is equivalent to a calendar day with a constant temperature of 26°C. The growing season was divided into 4 stages: from sowing to emergence, from emergence to flowering, from flowering to turning stage, and from turning stage to harvesting. Accumulation of physiological days during the first 2 stages is based on a linear function. During the last 2 stages, a quadratic function is used to calculate daytime heat units wherever the daily average temperature is above 20°. The maximum rate of development is at 26°. In the last stage, soil stress index also is taken into account. Use of the model makes it possible to predict the day of harvest with a precision of ±3 days, as compared with ±9 days when a daily mean systems is employed.
Role of Seed Mineral Content in the Occurrence of Transverse Cotyledon Cracking of Snap Bean
Authors: Eisinger Barbara A. , Bradford Kent J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seed calcium, magnesium, and potassium contents of 4 snap bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Spartan Arrow’, ‘Astro’, ‘Avalanche’, and ‘Early Gallatin’) were studied in relation to degree of susceptibility to transverse cotyledon cracking (TVC). TVC index numbers ranged from a minimum of 13 (resistant) to a maximum of 111 (extremely susceptible). To determine whether seed Ca is related causally to TVC, seed Ca content was altered through foliar application of calcium polycarboxylate. Without supplemental Ca sprays, the seed Ca contents of the 4 cultivars varied from 17.3 to 24.7 μ eq/g. Calcium sprays increased seed Ca contents by up to 18%. In some instances, changes in the amounts of seed Ca were as great as the initial varietal differences in seed Ca content. The TVC indices of the cultivars remained unchanged, however, and multiple regression analyses indicated that seed Ca content was not significantly correlated with TVC (R2 = 0.014). In addition, no significant correlations were found between TVC and seed K contents or Ca to Mg ratios. On the other hand, a significant negative correlation occurred between seed Mg contents and degree of TVC (R2 = 0.298). This correlation, however, depended largely upon varietal differences in seed Mg content and may not represent a causal relationship with TVC. Varietal characteristics other than seed mineral content apparently account for differences in susceptibility to TVC.
Factors Influencing Premature Cyathia Abscission in Poinsettia ‘Annette Hegg Dark Red’
Authors: Miller Steven H. , Heins R. D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Low irradiance levels, high temperatures, and water stress all promoted premature cyathia abscission in poinsettia ‘Annette Hegg Dark Red’ (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.). Abscission was greater in plants placed under 75% shade at 16°C night temperature (NT) than on plants placed under normal daylight (ND) at 16° or 21° NT. Water stress (0.6 MPa) promoted abscission on plants grown at an 18° NT and ND but did not promote abscission on plants grown at 16° NT and ND or on under 75% shade (13° to 21° NT). As plant density increased, transmission of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) through the bracts to the leaf canopy decreased while cyathia abscission increased concomitantly. More than 90% of the PAR above the bracts was absorbed or reflected 5 cm below the bracts on 20 cm tall plants spaced at 65 or more plants m-2. Reducing natural irradiation 75% by shading leaves of poinsettia promoted cyathia abscission, whereas removing immature bracts decreased abscission. Leaf removal on plants with intact bracts promoted abscission to a degree that 100% of the cyathia abscised prior to anthesis, whereas bract removal on plants with intact leaves resulted in only 23% abscission of the cyathia 25 days after first anthesis. Measurements of nonsoluble carbohydrate showed a significant increase in leaf carbohydrate on plants with bracts removed while carbohydrate decreased in leaves of plants with bracts intact. Carbohydrate depletion appears to be the primary factor responsible for premature cyathia abscission in poinsettia.