bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sources of Photosynthate for Fruit Growth in ‘Bing’ Sweet Cherry
Authors: Roper Teryl R. , Loescher Wayne H. , Keller John , Rom Curt R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Source–sink relationships in sweet cherry were altered by girdling limbs both above and below fruiting spurs. Spurs isolated by girdling both above and below had lower total fruit weight per spur and lower weight per fruit then those above or below girdles. Fruit number per spur was not altered, but soluble solids and fruit color were lower in fruits from isolated spurs than fruit from spurs either above or below girdles. Fruit on spurs above girdles were generally highest in soluble solids and fruit color. These factors indicate fruit on isolated spurs also were delayed in maturity. Spurs below girdles were unaffected by girdling. Girdling had no effect on spur leaf net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, or fruit water loss rate. The results indicate that spur leaves alone do not have the capacity to support fruit growth in sweet cherry and must, therefore, be supplemented by photosynthates from other sources.
Variation in Growth and Flowering Habits of Junebearing and Everbearing Strawberries
Authors: Nicoli Marion F. , Galletta Gene J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Variation in vegetative and reproductive growth patterns leading to summer flowering and fruiting was evaluated in everbearing and in representative Junebearing strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) clones under simulated summer conditions in the greenhouse and in growth chambers. Summer flowering intensity, periodicity, fruit set, and maturation were related to plant architectural parameters such as crown, leaf and runner production, number of meristems produced and differentiated, leaf areas and petiole length, plant volume, and dry weight allocation patterns. A continuum of growth habits and flowering behavior precluded rigid classification of summer flowering response, but useful arbitrary distinctions were made on the bases of: photoperiod reaction into short-day (Junebearing) vs. weak, intermediate, or strong day-neutrals; or summer fruit expectation into essentially none (Junebearing) vs. sporadic or consistent everbearers. Critical criteria for separating Junebearers from everbearers include degree of summer flowering and fruiting (fresh or dry weight basis), plant volume (and its components, petiole length, and average leaf area), and the dry weight allocation ratios—root : shoot and reproductive : vegetative. Everbearing (or day-neutral) types could be distinguished by plant volume and composition differences (size, number, and percentage of developed meristems, leaf area ratio, reproductive dry weight, etc.) and continuity of individual plant flowering. Three basic models of shoot growth and inflorescence positioning are proposed from evidence for alternative modes of flowering site generation in everbearing strawberries.
Genetic Variation and Inheritance of Resistance of Leaf Iron-deficiency Chlorosis in Dry Beans
Authors: Zaiter Haytham Z. , Coyne Dermot P. , Clark Ralph B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars/lines differed in their iron-deficiency leaf chlorosis response when grown in field trials on a calcareous soil in western Nebraska. The genetic basis of this response was determined. Crosses were made between three susceptible (PI 165078, Navy ‘Tuscola’, and Light Red Kidney ‘Redkloud’) and seven resistant parents (G.N. ‘Valley’, G.N. 1140, G.N. ‘UI 59’, G.N. ‘Emerson’, Pinto EP-1, Pinto ‘Olathe’, and Black Neb-WM1-83-10). The parents, F2, and several F3 progenies were evaluated visually in replicated field trials for leaf iron-deficiency chlorosis. Based on F2 and F3 segregation patterns, it was hypothesized that resistance was controlled by two major complementary dominant genes. The environment also influenced considerably the range in expression of the leaf chlorosis, particularly in the susceptible parents and progenies.
Effect of Atmospheric CO2 Concentration and Root-zone Temperature on Growth, Mineral Nutrition, and Nitrate Reductase Activity of Greenhouse Tomato
Authors: Yelle Serge , Gosselin André , Trudel Marc-J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cvs. Vendor and Carmelo) were exposed to two CO2 levels (330 or 800 µl·liter−1) and five root-zone temperatures (12°, 18°, 24°, 30°, or 36°C). The enhancement of shoot growth from CO2 enrichment increased with root-zone temperature (RZT) to 30°. Enhancement of root growth decreased. The response to high CO2 level was larger with ‘Vendor’ than ‘Carmelo’. A concentration of 800 µl·liter−1 of CO2 increased N and K uptake by 58% and 45%, respectively. The largest P uptake was obtained with plants grown at 800 µl·liter−1 CO2 and 36° RZT. Leaf concentration decreased at 800 µl·liter−1 of CO2 and at a RZT of 12°. At low RZT, CO2 enrichment increased growth but did not increase the translocation of to the leaf. There was no significant relationship between nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and leaf content, implying that the “inactive ” (which does not affect NRA) was at higher levels in leaves exposed to 330 µl·liter−1 CO2 than in those exposed to 800 µl·liter−1 CO2. There was also a decrease in N concentration of leaves subjected to 800 µl·liter−1 CO2, possibly caused by a reduction in transport toward leaves rather than a decrease in reduction within leaves. Therefore, the best response to CO2 enrichment at 30° appears to be related to increased translocation.
Comparative Morphology of Fatsia japonica, Hedera helix, and Their Hybrid, × Fatshedera lizei
Authors: Dehgan Bijan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Micromorphology and chromosome number of Fatsia japonica Decne et Planch. ‘Moseri’, Hedera helix var. hibernica Kirchn., and their putative intergeneric hybrid, × Fatshedera lizei are surveyed. × Fatshedera lizei is intermediate in most characteristics of leaf surface morphology. Both H. helix and F. japonica have 2n = 48 chromosomes; a range of counts from 72-98 for × F. lizei suggests that it may be an unstable tetraploid. Comparisons of chromosome size suggest that both parental genomes are represented in the the karyotype of × F. lizei. Certain novel characteristics of the hybrid (inflorescence morphology, petiole morphology and anatomy, leaf vascular anatomy) are possibly the result of phenotypic expression of the hybrid genome or polyploid effects. Micromorphological characteristics can provide evidence of hybrid intermediacy when gross morphological features do not clearly identify hybrid origin.
Germination and Priming of Tomato, Carrot, Onion, and Sorghum Seeds in a Range of Osmotica
Authors: Haigh M. , Barlow E.W.R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the article “Germination and Priming of Tomato, Carrot, Onion, and Sorghum Seeds in a Range of Osmotica”, by Anthony M. Haigh and E.W.R. Barlow (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 112:202–208, March 1987), the term “ionic strength” has been inadvertently used throughout the paper where “ionic concentration” was meant.
Response of Snap Beans to Tillage and Cover Crop Combinations
Authors: Skarphol Brenda J. , Corey Kenneth A. , Meisinger John J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Field experiments were conducted on a Norfolk loamy sand (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudult) from 1983 through 1985 to determine the effects of tillage method, cover crop, and N fertilization on inorganic soil N and yield, yield components, and N content of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), hairy vetch plus wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense L. Poir), Austrian winter pea plus wheat, wheat, crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and no cover were the cover crop treatments. Inorganic N concentrations generally were greater in soil with cover crop treatments containing legumes than in soil with no cover and wheat treatments. The use of Austrian winter pea, hairy vetch, and crimson clover as cover crops without supplemental N resulted in snap bean yields comparable to those obtained when 90 kg·ha−1 additional N was supplied. Supplemental N decreased the amount of dry matter partitioned into pods. Inorganic N profiles in the soil indicated that conventional tillage (CT) practices resulted in greater mineralization of N fixed by the legume cover crops than no-tillage (NT) practices. However, snap bean yields for NT were comparable to or greater than those obtained with CT, suggesting that N released from legume residues provided sufficient supplemental N for optimum growth and yield.
Photon Flux and Leaf Temperature Effects on Flower Initiation and Early Development of ‘Red Elite’ Geraniums
Authors: White J.W. , Polys S.M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey ‘Red Elite’) seedlings were grown with five daily mean temperature (DMT) and daily light integral (DLI) treatment combinations: DMT of 23°C/day at DLI of 8.64 mol·day−1·m−2 (TI), DMT of 25° at 8.64 mol (T2), DMT of 23° at DLI of 17.28 mol, (T3) DMT of 25° at DLI 17.28 mol (T4), and DMT of 21° at 17.28 mol (C1). Using infrared thermometry to control leaf temperature, DMT had a greater influence on flower initiation at the transition stage and on flower bud development to macrobud stage than DLI. Seedlings in T4 reached transition stage 24 days after sowing with a cumulative irradiance of 415 mol. Transition occurred in T1 at 27 days from sowing, with a cumulative irradiance of only 233 mol. Some time after 27 days from sowing, transition occurred in T2, T3, and C1. With a DLI of 17.28 mol, a DMT reduction from 25° to 23° to 21° effected macrobuds in 42, 56, or 62 days after sowing, respectively; whereas with a DLI of 8.64 mol, a decrease from 25° to 23° effected macrobuds in 54 or 51 days.
Particle Size and Container Size Effects on Growth of Three Ornamental Species
Authors: Tilt Kenneth M. , Bilderback T.E. , Fonteno W.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Composted hardwood bark and aged pine bark were combined to produce two media with different particle size fractions. Media were combined with 3.8-, 5.7-, and 11.4-liter containers to produce six air and water capacities. Rooted cuttings of Ilex × ‘Nellie R. Stevens’ Van Lennep holly, × Cupressocyparis leylandii Jacks and Dall. ‘Ηaggerston Grey’ leyland cypress and Rhododendron × sp. ‘Sunglow’ azalea were potted in the resulting media–container combinations to determine the effects of particle size distribution, moisture and air content, and volume of containers on plant growth. Manipulating the particle size decreased the water held by ≈9%, but increased air space by ≈8% between the control and the coarse medium. The control medium yielded greatest top dry weight for all three species. Root dry weight and root ball volume were similar in coarse and control medium. Plant growth also was related to container size. A 2-fold increase in top dry weight occurred as container volume of the medium increased from 3.8 to 11.4 liters. Increasing container water content had a significant effect on top dry weight of all three species. Aeration was not as limiting to root growth as water content was to top growth.
Drought and Salinity Stress Effects on Guayule Seedling Emergence
Authors: Tipton Jimmy L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effect of drought and salinity stress on emergence of six Guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) cultivars was investigated. Final percent emergence declined an average of 62% from optimum conditions to those of moderate stress. Whereas the effect of either stress was nearly equivalent on final percent emergence, drought had a slightly greater effect on maximum emergence rate and salinity a greater effect on inflection time (time to maximum emergence rate) in most cultivars. Cultivars had no effect on final percent emergence, but they did affect maximum emergence rate and inflection time. Germination of cultivar 11619 was more stress-tolerant than others, since it had a higher maximum emergence rate and lower inflection time under stress. Within cultivars, variability was high for final percent emergence and maximum emergence rate and low for inflection time.
Differential Cucurbita spp. Tolerance to the Herbicide Trifluralin
Authors: Poe Renee R. , Coyne Dermot P. , Swisher Beth A. , Clegg Max D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A germination test of seven Cucurbita entries in a dark growth chamber indicated no effects of trifluralin on germination. Increasing the plant population/pot of butternut type squash (C. moschata Poir, cv. Ponca) did not improve trifluralin tolerance. A factorial arrangement of three treatments (six Cucurbita entries × five trifluralin doses × three herbicide incorporation zone placements in pots) with a randomized complete block design was used in two greenhouse experiments. The incorporation zone treatments included surface layering (above seed), subsurface layering (below seed), and full-pot incorporation of the herbicide dose. The layering treatments increased concentration (ppm) of the herbicide due to the concentrated dose in a small volume of sand medium (200 vs. 500 g quartz sand). Total plant dry weight differences were detected between zoning treatments. After an initial stimulating effect, plant dry weight decreased over the dose range. The C. maxima Duch, PI 182202, and C. pepo L., PI 234252, showed the highest tolerance. Adventitious roots developed and senescence of the primary root occurred above the subsurface treated layer that had been treated at high trifluralin concentrations. The root zone was the primary site of herbicide action. C. moschata, C. pepo, and C. maxima spp. (21 entries) were screened in two tests for tolerance to trifluralin over a range of 0 to 0.4 ppm incorporated in quartz sand. Entry, herbicide dose, and entry × dose interaction effects were significant. C. maxima PI lines 368567 and 179264 exhibited the highest tolerance regardless of dose. Chemical name used: α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N, N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin).
Planting Methods to Improve Stand Establishment, Uniformity, and Earliness to Flower in Bell Pepper
Authors: Schultheis J.R. , Cantliffe D.J. , Bryan H.H. , Stoffella P.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Successive plantings were made from August through October in southeastern Florida to compare plant establishment methods and their effects on stand establishment, plant growth, and maturation (time to anthesis) of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Direct-seeding treatments were germinated seeds planted in potassium starch acrylamide (PSA) gel, magnesium silicate clay (MSC) gel, plug-mix, MSC gel mix, PSA gel mix. Nongerminated seeds were covered with soil or plug-mix. Three types of containerized transplants were used for comparison of earliness to flowering. Regardless of planting date, the PSA gel mix treatment generally led to earlier emergence and more uniform plant stands compared with the other direct-seeding techniques tested. Fluid drilling with PSA (without plug-mix) typically led to reduced plant stands, whereas all other direct-seeding methods did not differ in stands. Plant dry weights were increased as much as 100% when seeds were sown in PSA gel mix rather than with other seeding treatments. Plants established by transplanting began flowering at least 16 days earlier than plants established via direct seeding. Direct-seeding germinated seeds in PSA gel mix or plug-mix led to earlier, more uniform anthesis than sowing nongerminated seeds in soil.
Temperature and Light Integral Effects on Growth and Flowering of Hybrid Geraniums
Authors: White J.W. , Warrington I.J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
‘Red Elite’ hybrid geraniums were grown in controlled environment rooms and greenhouses with 109 combinations of daily light integrals (DLI) ranging from 9 to 25 mol·day−1·m−2 and daily mean temperatures (DMT) from 13.5° to 22.5°C. The time between seedling emergence and macrobud did not change significantly until the DLI was < 13 mol·day−1·m−2 (at 18° DMT). Flowering will not occur below a DLI of 3.3 mol·day−1·m−2. The time between emergence and macrobud progressively decreases as DLI increases until a DLI of close to 13 mol·day−1·m−2 is reached, and with increases in DLI above ≈17 mol·day−1·m−2 there is virtually no increase in the developmental rate of flower buds to the macrobud stage. Rate of development response of ‘Red Elite’ to temperature over the 9° to 27° range was curvilinear. DMT had more influence that DLI between 14 and 25 mol·day−1·m−2 on the time of flower development from macrobud to anthesis. The rate of development response over the 13° to 27° range was linear, and a heat sum relationship could be used to predict flowering. Increased DMT reduced the time between sowing and flowering with consequent reduction in dry weight and flower and bud numbers.
Net CO2 Assimilation and Plant Water Relations Characteristics of Pecan Growth Flushes
Authors: Andersen P.C. , Brodbeck B.V. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Spring- and summer-flush pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] leaves were evaluated to determine climatological factors affecting leaf gas exchange, biophysical factors affecting growth, and to investigate the potential impact of a summer growth flush on alternate bearing. Expanding leaves had a higher osmotic potential, lower turgor pressure (ψp), poorer stomatal control, higher cuticular conductance, and a lower bulk modulus of elasticity than expanded leaves. Stomatal closure occurred at a progressively lower leaf water potential (ψw) as leaves aged. Net CO2 assimilation rate and leaf conductance to water vapor (g1) of pecan in the field did not decline in response to high atmospheric water stress and minimum midday ψw of −1.4 to −1.9 MPa when trees were supplied with adequate soil moisture. Leaf elongation rate was exponentially related to with marked reductions in growth occurring at ψp below 0.6 MPa and a complete cessation in growth below ψp = 0.3 MPa. Net CO2 assimilation rates of expanded leaves were up to 22 μmol·s−1m−2, several times higher than previously reported. Net CO2 assimilation rate was not inhibited by 41.5°C leaf temperature, 2000 μmol·s−1m−2 photosynthetic photon flux, and 3 kPa vapor pressure deficits (VPD). Transpiration rate (E) increased greatly with increasing VPD. Values of gl and E were generally higher than those reported for woody C3 perennials. The efficient water transport system of pecans under conditions of nonlimiting soil moisture may be a consequence of evolution in a floodplain ecosystem.
Field Evaluations of Frost Injury to Deciduous Fruit Trees as Influenced by Ice Nucleation-active Pseudomonas syringae
Authors: Proebsting E.L. , Gross D.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The influence of ice nucleation-active (INA) bacteria on the susceptibility of flower buds (flowers or fruitlets) to frost injury in the field was determined during 6 years for five species of deciduous fruit trees. Frost analyses compared trees supporting either low [usually undetectable to 102 colony-forming units (CFU)/g] or high (104 to 108 CFU/g) populations of INA Pseudomonas syringae. Frequent sprays of streptomycin and oxytetracycline maintained low INA bacterial populations throughout the frost-tolerant prebloom and frost-sensitive postbloom stages. Despite contrasting INA bacterial populations of up to 106 CFU/g between the two treatments, there were no differences in mortality of flowers and fruitlets exposed to frosts with minimum air temperatures between −2.5° and −4°C. Measurements of yield and assessments of fruit quality, moreover, showed no effect of INA bacteria, corroborating springtime evaluations of mortality due to frosts. Mean ice nucleation temperatures (MNT) for flowers or fruitlets attached to 50-mm woody stems reflected their tendency to freeze at about −2°, regardless of the size of the INA bacterial population. In contrast, excised flowers or fruitlets carrying high populations of INA bacteria consistently exhibited an MNT 1° to 2° lower, demonstrating the governing influence of the intrinsic wood-associated ice nuclei during orchard frosts. Sources of ice nuclei associated with fruit trees and factors modifying their activity in orchards are discussed in relation to the feasibility of frost protection by controlling INA bacteria.
Effect of Temperature Regime and Nitrogen Fertilizer Level on Vegetative and Reproductive Bud Development in Cymbidium Orchids
Authors: Powell Conway LI. , Caldwell Kate I. , Littler Ray A. , Warrington Ian 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Clonally produced plants of Cymbidium Astronaut ‘Rajah’ (3.5 years exflask) were assigned to three day/night temperature regimes (20°C day/12° night, 26°/12°, and 26°/18°) at two nitrogen fertilizer rates (17 and 170 ppm N in the daily nutrient feed) in controlled environment rooms in Oct. 1984. Plants were removed at seven regular intervals between 29 Oct. 1984 and 15 Apr. 1985 and destructively harvested for assessment of bud development. There were, on average, 4.4 renewal vegetative buds (≥25 mm long) per plant produced over the 6-month experimental period with no apparent effect of temperature or nitrogen treatments on this cultivar. Of all vegetative renewal buds, 73% occurred on the bottom two nodes of the pseudobulb, whereas only 36% of reproductive buds grew from the bottom two nodes. Reproductive buds occurred up to the eighth node. By harvest 7, the 26°/12° temperature regime resulted in 5.9 reproductive buds per plant, with only 0.8 and 1.7 reproductive buds per plant, respectively, observed for the 20°/12° and 26°/18° temperature treatments. There was no effect of nitrogen fertilizer on floral bud numbers.
Inheritance of a Narrow Leaf Shape in Zinnia elegans
Authors: Cowen R.K. Duffy , Ewart L.C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Two narrow-leaf (N1 and N2) and two wide-leaf (W1 and W2) Zinnia elegans Jacq. lines were developed. Three crosses were made: N2 × W2, W1 × N2, and W2 × N1. Six generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC-P1, and BC-P2) for each of the three crosses were evaluated on the basis of leaf width. A generation means analysis indicated that additive gene effects were of significant importance in the control of leaf width, while both dominance and epistatic effects were nonsignificant. High gains from selection on the basis of leaf shape are, therefore, indicated.
Water-soluble Cation Contents of ‘Jonathan’ Apple Fruit Pulp as an Estimation of Total Content
Authors: Saks Yolanta , Sonego Lilian , Ben-Arie Ruth 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A method was developed to determine the total Ca, Mg, and K content of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) pulp based on an assay in the water-extractable fraction. Water-soluble and total levels of each of the three elements in the fruit correlated significantly (P < 0.001) at harvest. The method is accurate (cv = 4.1%, 4.1%, and 2.5% for Ca, Mg, and K, respectively) and time-saving. The total level of minerals determined by the method proposed correlated well (P < 0.001) with that obtained by acid digestion of freeze-dried apple pulp.