bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atypical strategies for cuticle pigmentation in the blood-feeding hemipteran Rhodnius prolixus
Authors: Berni Mateus , Lima Leonardo , Bressan Daniel , Julio Alison , Bonfim Larissa , Simão Yasmin , Pane Attilio , Ramos Isabela , Oliveira Pedro L , Araujo Helena 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Pigmentation in insects has been linked to mate selection and predator evasion, thus representing an important aspect for natural selection. Insect body color is classically associated to the activity of tyrosine pathway enzymes, and eye color to pigment synthesis through the tryptophan and guanine pathways, and their transport by ATP-binding cassette proteins. Among the hemiptera, the genetic basis for pigmentation in kissing bugs such as Rhodnius prolixus, that transmit Chagas disease to humans, has not been addressed. Here, we report the functional analysis of R. prolixus eye and cuticle pigmentation genes. Consistent with data for most insect clades, we show that knockdown for yellow results in a yellow cuticle, while scarlet and cinnabar knockdowns display red eyes as well as cuticle phenotypes. In addition, tyrosine pathway aaNATpreto knockdown resulted in a striking dark cuticle that displays no color pattern or UV reflectance. In contrast, knockdown of ebony and tan, that encode N-beta-alanyl dopamine hydroxylase branch tyrosine pathway enzymes, did not generate the expected dark and light brown phenotypes, respectively, as reported for other insects. We hypothesize that R. prolixus, which requires tyrosine pathway enzymes for detoxification from the blood diet, evolved an unusual strategy for cuticle pigmentation based on the preferential use of a color erasing function of the aaNATpreto tyrosine pathway branch. We also show that genes classically involved in the generation and transport of eye pigments regulate red body color in R. prolixus. This is the first systematic approach to identify the genes responsible for the generation of color in a blood-feeding hemiptera, providing potential visible markers for future transgenesis.
Approximation of SPDE covariance operators by finite elements: a semigroup approach
Authors: Kovács Mihály , Lang Annika , Petersson Andreas 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
The problem of approximating the covariance operator of the mild solution to a linear stochastic partial differential equation is considered. An integral equation involving the semigroup of the mild solution is derived and a general error decomposition is proven. This formula is applied to approximations of the covariance operator of a stochastic advection-diffusion equation and a stochastic wave equation, both on bounded domains. The approximations are based on finite element discretizations in space and rational approximations of the exponential function in time. Convergence rates are derived in the trace class and Hilbert–Schmidt norms with numerical simulations illustrating the results.
Modelling the effect of COVID-19 mass vaccination on acute hospital admissions
Authors: Booton Ross D , Powell Anna L , Turner Katy M E , Wood Richard M 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
Managing high levels of acute COVID-19 bed occupancy can affect the quality of care provided to both affected patients and those requiring other hospital services. Mass vaccination has offered a route to reduce societal restrictions while protecting hospitals from being overwhelmed. Yet, early in the mass vaccination effort, the possible impact on future bed pressures remained subject to considerable uncertainty.

Objective
The aim of this study was to model the effect of vaccination on projections of acute and intensive care bed demand within a 1 million resident healthcare system located in South West England.

Methods
An age-structured epidemiological model of the susceptible–exposed–infectious–recovered type was fitted to local data up to the time of the study, in early March 2021. Model parameters and vaccination scenarios were calibrated through a system-wide multidisciplinary working group, comprising public health intelligence specialists, healthcare planners, epidemiologists and academics. Scenarios assumed incremental relaxations to societal restrictions according to the envisaged UK Government timeline, with all restrictions to be removed by 21 June 2021.

Results
Achieving 95% vaccine uptake in adults by 31 July 2021 would not avert the third wave in autumn 2021 but would produce a median peak bed requirement ∼6% (IQR: 1–24%) of that experienced during the second wave (January 2021). A 2-month delay in vaccine rollout would lead to significantly higher peak bed occupancy, at 66% (11–146%) of that of the second wave. If only 75% uptake was achieved (the amount typically associated with vaccination campaigns), then the second wave peak for acute and intensive care beds would be exceeded by 4% and 19%, respectively, an amount which would seriously pressure hospital capacity.

Conclusion
Modelling influenced decision-making among senior managers in setting COVID-19 bed capacity levels, as well as highlighting the importance of public health in promoting high vaccine uptake among the population. Forecast accuracy has since been supported by actual data collected following the analysis, with observed peak bed occupancy falling comfortably within the inter-quartile range of modelled projections.
The association between women’s empowerment and reproductive health care utilization in Cameroon
Authors: Mokam Blandine , Zamo Akono Christian 
Published: April 2022

Abstract

Background
The context related to maternal mortality has improved over the past decade in Cameroon. However, the demand for reproductive health care use remains insufficient with regard to public health policy targets, and women’s empowerment is identified as a catalyst with a great potential.

Objective
This study aims to analyse the association between the dimensions of women’s empowerment and the utilization of adequate reproductive health care.

Method
The data comes from the fifth demographic and health survey of Cameroon carried out in 2018. Women’s empowerment is measured through two indices: the economic status index and the decision-making index. Given the dichotomous nature of reproductive health outcomes, namely the use of at least four antenatal visits during pregnancy, the timing from the first antenatal visit and the place of delivery, a logistic regression model is adopted.

Results
The results suggest that an increase in the decision-making index was significantly associated with higher chances of having at least four antenatal visits during pregnancy (odds ratio [OR]: 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20, 1.29), of making the first prenatal visit during the first 3 months of pregnancy (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.07) and delivery in a hospital (OR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.29, 1.39). However, a better economic status of the woman in the household was associated with lower chances of making the first prenatal visit during the first 3 months of pregnancy (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.71) and giving birth in a hospital (OR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.83, 1.01); but no significant association was found with the number of antenatal visits. These different associations do not remain the same when mother and household characteristics are controlled. In addition, the results illustrate the key role that education, household wealth and media exposure played in the use of reproductive health care.

Conclusion
One of the strategic objectives of the Health Sector Strategy 2016–2027, the framework document for the public health policy in force, is to reduce maternal mortality rates by improving access to reproductive health care. To achieve this objective, this study suggests that policymakers should emphasize social policies favourable to women’s empowerment in Cameroon by pointing out access to income-generating activities and decision-making within the household.
Long Noncoding RNA lncR17454 Regulates Metamorphosis of Silkworm Through let-7 miRNA Cluster
Authors: Fu Yu , Wang Yi , Huang Qunxia , Zhao Chenyue , Li Xinmei , Kan Yunchao , Li Dandan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
A number of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been identified in silkworm, but little is known about their functions. Recent study showed that the let-7 miRNA cluster (contains let-7, miR-2795, and miR-100) was transcribed from the last exon of lncRNA lncR17454 in silkworm. To investigate the functional role of lncR17454, dsRNAs of lncR17454 were injected into the hemolymph of 1-d-old third-instar larvae of Bombyx mori, repression of lncR17454 led to molting arrestment during the larval–larval and larval–pupal transition of silkworm, which was consistent to the result as let-7 knockdown in other studies. The expression level of mature let-7, miR-100, and miR-2795 decreased 40%, 36%, and 40%, respectively, while the mRNA level of two predicted target genes of let-7, the Broad Complex isoform 2 (BR-C-Z2) and the BTB-Zinc finger transcription repression factor gene Abrupt (Ab), increased significantly after lncR17454 knockdown. In contrast, when adding the 20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) to silkworm BmN4 cell lines, the expression level of lncR17454 and let-7 cluster all increased significantly, but the expression of Abrupt, the predicted target gene of let-7, was repressed. Dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed Abrupt was the real target of let-7. Here we found that the lncRNA lncR17454 can play regulator roles in the metamorphosis of silkworm through let-7 miRNA cluster and the ecdysone signaling pathway, which will provide new clues for lepidopteran pest control.
Feasibility of control of particle assembly by dielectrophoresis in liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Yamazaki Tomoya , Niinomi Hiromasa , Kimura Yuki 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Liquid-cell transmission electron microscopy (LC-TEM) is a useful technique for observing phenomena in liquid samples with spatial and temporal resolutions similar to those of conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). This method is therefore expected to permit the visualization of phenomena previously inaccessible to conventional optical microscopy. However, dynamic processes such as nucleation are difficult to observe by this method because of difficulties in controlling the condition of the sample liquid in the observation area. To approach this problem, we focused on dielectrophoresis, in which electrodes are used to assemble particles, and we investigated the phenomena that occurred when an alternating-current signal was applied to an electrode in an existing liquid cell by using a phase-contrast optical microscope (PCM) and TEM. In PCM, we observed that colloidal particles in a solution were attracted to the electrodes to form assemblies, that the particles aligned along the electric field to form pearl chains and that the pearl chains accumulated to form colloidal crystals. However, these phenomena were not observed in the TEM study because of differences in the design of the relevant holders. The results of our study imply that the particle assembly by using dielectrophoretic forces in LC-TEM should be possible, but further studies, including electric device development, will be required to realize this in practice.
Intestinal tuberculosis masquerading as carcinoma colon: a case report of diagnostic quandary in low-resource setting
Authors: Panthi Sagar , Khatiwada Pradeep , Adhikari Seema , Acharya Rochana , Neupane Durga , Sharma Ananta , Yadav Pramodman Singh , Yadav Padmini , Bhattarai Raksha , Khanal Bhawani 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Intestinal tuberculosis (TB) is a rare condition comprising a majority of the extra-pulmonary TB cases. Owing to a similar clinical presentation, ultrasonographic and biopsy findings of intestinal TB with that of other abdominal pathologies such as carcinoma colon, their clinical delineation is very difficult unless aided with other modalities of investigations such as colonoscopy, culture of the biopsy material, etc. and even advanced methods such as polymerase chain reaction and gene X-pert of the biopsy material. Having all these investigations may not even lead to a correct diagnosis of intestinal TB as evidenced in the reported cases in the literature, advocating the need of diagnostic laparoscopy in the diagnosis of intestinal TB to eliminate extensive and unnecessary surgeries. Here, we present a case of intestinal TB in a 51-year-gentleman who got diagnosed in the course of treatment for a suspected carcinoma colon.
Energy law in crisis: an energy justice revolution needed
Authors: Heffron Raphael J 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Energy research has been growing in a holistic way whereby researchers are connecting their research to the bigger picture of an ‘energy system’. Energy law scholarship has lacked this direction and traditionally has focused too narrowly on specific topics such as electricity markets or extraction. A major limitation has permeated through scholarship in the area and relatively no connection is made to the energy system. Energy law scholarship did not for example, state where the energy system can improve and deliver a just outcome. The lack of identifying such a connection has permitted energy law scholars to fall under the radar and continue to work on issues that in essence support the continued development of traditional energy sources, ie, fossil fuels. Only a minority of researchers have shifted their focus in a real and impactful way to ensuring energy law delivers just outcomes for society. Energy justice scholarship has allowed scholars to do that. It has emerged as a major interdisciplinary energy research topic yet there remain remarkably few energy law scholars interacting with it. Many scholars remain reluctant to read beyond traditional research in energy law not to mention engage in interdisciplinary energy journals which increasingly publish legal scholarship. This article calls for the further development of the modern energy law scholar. For such scholars to exist, there needs to be a revolution in energy law scholarship to ensure law contributes to the ongoing global climate emergency.
Is PTSD an Evolutionary Survival Adaptation Initiated by Unrestrained Cytokine Signaling and Maintained by Epigenetic Change?
Authors: Rudzki Stephan 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Treatment outcomes for PTSD with current psychological therapies are poor, with very few patients achieving sustained symptom remission. A number of authors have identified physiological and immune disturbances in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients, but there is no unifying hypothesis that explains the myriad features of the disorder.

Materials and Methods
The medical literature was reviewed over a 6-year period primarily using the medical database PUBMED.

Results
The literature contains numerous papers that have identified a range of physiological and immune dysfunction in association with PTSD. This paper proposes that unrestrained cytokine signaling induces epigenetic changes that promote an evolutionary survival adaptation, which maintains a defensive PTSD phenotype. The brain can associate immune signaling with past threat and initiate a defensive behavioral response. The sympathetic nervous system is pro-inflammatory, while the parasympathetic nervous system is anti-inflammatory. Prolonged cholinergic withdrawal will promote a chronic inflammatory state. The innate immune cytokine IL-1β has pleiotropic properties and can regulate autonomic, glucocorticoid, and glutamate receptor functions, sleep, memory, and epigenetic enzymes. Changes in epigenetic enzyme activity can potentially alter phenotype and induce an adaptation. Levels of IL-1β correlate with severity and duration of PTSD and PTSD can be prevented by bolus administration of hydrocortisone in acute sepsis, consistent with unrestrained inflammation being a risk factor for PTSD. The nervous and immune systems engage in crosstalk, governed by common receptors. The benefits of currently used psychiatric medication may arise from immune, as well as synaptic, modulation. The psychedelic drugs (3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), psilocybin, and ketamine) have potent immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory effects on the adaptive immune system, which may contribute to their reported benefit in PTSD. There may be distinct PTSD phenotypes induced by innate and adaptive cytokine signaling.

Conclusion
In order for an organism to survive, it must adapt to its environment. Cytokines signal danger to the brain and can induce epigenetic changes that result in a persistent defensive phenotype. PTSD may be the price individuals pay for the genomic flexibility that promotes adaptation and survival.
Blister Beetle Dermatitis Outbreaks in Mali
Authors: Velut Guillaume , Grau Martin , Valois Aude , Holterbach Lise , François Mickaël , Le Gall Philippe , Aigle Luc , Pommier de Santi Vincent , Bologna Marco A 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTIntroductionMeloidae are distributed in temperate and arid regions but are also common in subtropical and tropical savannahs. These insects contain cantharidin, a vesicant substance that can cause poisoning by ingestion and dermatitis by direct contact.Material and MethodsWe describe recurrent Meloidae-related dermatitis outbreaks and their health impact by analyzing medical consultation records and meteorological data.ResultsBetween 2015 and 2019, dermatitis outbreaks took place at a French military base at the end of the rainy season, from July to August, with 100 cases reported in 2015, 74 in 2017, 100 in 2018, and 36 in 2019. In 2017, the incidence rate was 4.4% for the base’s population. Initial medical consultations represented 31.5% of total medical care activity. Meloidae were identified as Cyaneolytta fryi.ConclusionsThese outbreaks of burn-like lesions, although clinically benign, can place a considerable burden on the medical activity of health care facilities. The diagnosis of Meloidae dermatitis is exclusively anamnestic and clinical and requires reported contact with the insect. The treatment protocol is that of standard burn care, and the best preventive measure is to avoid bright white lights. Military personnel, foreign workers, and travelers venturing into the Sahel should be warned of the risks associated with these beetles.
Opioid Prescription Reduction after Dentoalveolar Surgery—A Success Story in the Recruit Training Environment
Authors: Tang Clarence , Buckley James , Burcal Robert 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT
Given the public health toll exacted by the Opioid Crisis, it is important for providers in all disciplines to examine their opioid prescribing patterns to see where opioid reduction strategies can be effectively employed. Limiting the impact of the Opioid Crisis on active duty service members is a critical component of maintaining a ready fighting force. One avenue for reducing the potential for opioid diversion and abuse is developing and implementing non-opioid postsurgical pain management strategies that both provide adequate pain relief and also ensure an expedient return to full duty. Dentoalveolar surgeries performed by oral and maxillofacial surgeons to maintain operational dental readiness are a good example of common procedures necessitating post-procedural pain medications and convalescent days impacting availability for full duty. The providers at US Navy Recruit Training Command’s oral surgery clinic undertook a process improvement initiative to reduce opioid prescriptions after dentoalveolar surgery. This change was accompanied by a concerted education effort aimed at both providers and patients on the benefits of avoiding opioids as well as the importance of strict adherence to a standardized medication dosing regimen for efficacious non-opioid pain control consisting of maximum doses of ibuprofen and acetaminophen taken every six hours. No increase in convalescent time off and no increase in postoperative visits related to pain control were noted. In our experience, eliminating routine post-procedure opioids for dentoalveolar surgery was a viable strategy for reducing the potential for opioid diversion and abuse among our patients with no negative impact on the operational and training tempo of the associated command.
A Cross-sectional Cohort Study to Assess Long-term Neurocognitive and Psychiatric Symptoms of Mefloquine Use in Veterans
Authors: Reinhard Matthew J , Chester Jeremy E , Breneman Charity B , Samuel Immanuel B H , Prisco Michelle K , Vincent Terra D , Rumm Peter D , Smith Shanna R , Barrett John P 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACTIntroductionTo evaluate the associations between neurocognitive and psychiatric health outcomes with mefloquine or any antimalarial exposure.Materials and MethodsMedical records were systematically reviewed to identify veterans that indicated antimalarial medication use. Linear regression was performed to examine associations between mefloquine/antimalarial exposure and health outcomes. The mefloquine-exposed group was further compared with normative populations for the same health outcomes.ResultsIn the adjusted models, no significant differences were noted between the two exposure groups and the unexposed group for any of the health measures (P-value &gt; 0.05). When compared to normative population samples, the mefloquine-exposed group had poorer health and greater neurobehavioral symptom severity or cognitive complaints.ConclusionThis study suggests that mefloquine use by veterans referred for intensive evaluation of their military deployment exposures and health was not associated with increased, long-term, neurocognitive/psychiatric symptoms compared to unexposed veterans.
Evaluation of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guidelines Training
Authors: Edwards Shelby , Edwards-Stewart Amanda , Dean Christina , Reddy Madhavi K 
Published: April 2022

ABSTRACT

Introduction
This study evaluated the use of an online learning platform [Joint Knowledge Online (JKO)] for dissemination of the Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Acute Stress Disorder (ASD). User satisfaction with the training program was assessed, users were asked to estimate their knowledge base about PTSD and ASD, and users provided comments about how they might use the course material in their clinical practice.

Materials and Methods
A total of 4,442 users took at least one of three courses offered via JKO related to the PTSD Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) between July 1, 2019 and June 25, 2020. A total of 1,663 users took the post-test after the JKO courses and 235 applied to a second website (J7) which granted Continuing Education (CE) credits. Data were gathered from the JKO post-course survey, as well as the J7 course survey, which also asked for respondents’ written comments.

Results
User satisfaction was analyzed using the JKO survey Likert scale data for each course, and results found most users rated the courses as “good” or “great.” Users were also asked to evaluate their knowledge about PTSD management before and after the course. Results from all three courses showed a statistically significant change in pre-post knowledge with a medium effect size. Thematic analysis was performed on the write-in comments from each course. Comments indicated participants found the assessment tools provided in the courses to be of particular value.

Conclusions
The VA/DoD’s online learning platform (JKO) was a user-friendly, effective tool for training users on PTSD and ASD clinical practice guidelines. Users were satisfied with their experience of the trainings on JKO and improved their knowledge base about the CPG. This study did not evaluate patient data for CPG compliance, but the future study may benefit from these outcomes to demonstrate provider adherence to the guidelines.