bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
China's Changing Perspective on the WTO: From Aspiration, Assimilation to Alienation
Authors: Gao Henry 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSince its accession to the WTO twenty years ago, China's image has shifted from a good student aspiring to assimilate itself into the multilateral trading system to one that is increasingly alienated from key WTO principles. How has China's perspective on WTO been evolving? What are the reasons behind China's changing perspective? This paper answers these questions from the Chinese perspective with a comprehensive analysis of the key moments in China's first two decades in the WTO, followed by practical suggestions on how to engage China more constructively in the WTO and beyond.
Women's Judicial Representation in Haiti: Unintended Gains of State-Building Efforts
Authors: Tøraasen Marianne 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAlthough women's representation in Haiti is generally very low, the number of women judges has increased since the demise of authoritarianism and violent conflict in the 1990s. This case study explores why. I find that “gender-neutral” judicial reforms aimed at strengthening the judiciary have done more for women's judicial representation than explicitly gender-targeted policies, which still lack implementation. Donor-supported reforms have introduced more merit-based and transparent appointment procedures for magistrates (judges and public prosecutors) based on competitive examinations. This has helped women circumvent the largely male power networks that previously excluded them from the judiciary. The judiciary remains understudied in the scholarship on women's access to decision-making in fragile and conflict-affected societies; this article contributes to this emerging literature.
Being an anti-racist clinician
Authors: Williams Monnica T. , Faber Sonya C. , Duniya Caroline 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Racism is a pervasive problem in Western society, leading to mental and physical unwellness in people from racialized groups. Psychology began as a racist discipline and still is. As such, most clinical training and curricula do not operate from an anti-racist framework. Although most therapists have seen clients with stress and trauma due to racialization, very few were taught how to assess or treat it. Furthermore, clinicians and researchers can cause harm when they rely on White-dominant cultural norms that do not serve people of colour well. This paper discusses how clinicians can recognize and embrace an anti-racism approach in practice, research, and life in general. Included is a discussion of recent research on racial microaggressions, the difference between being a racial justice ally and racial justice saviour, and new research on what racial allyship entails. Ultimately, the anti-racist clinician will achieve a level of competency that promotes safety and prevents harm coming to those they desire to help, and they will be an active force in bringing change to those systems that propagate emotional harm in the form of racism.

Key learning aims

(1)
Knowledge of how racism manifests in therapy, psychology and society.

(2)
Understanding the difference between racial justice allyship versus saviourship.

(3)
Increased awareness of microaggressions in therapy.

(4)
Appreciation of the importance of combatting systemic racism.
A Bioeconomic Projection of Climate‐Induced Wildfire Risk in the Forest Sector
Authors: Riviere M. , Pimont F. , Delacote P. , Caurla S. , Ruffault J. , Lobianco A. , Opitz T. , Dupuy J. L. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractUnder the influence of climate change, wildfire regimes are expected to intensify and expand to new areas, increasing threats to natural and socioeconomic assets. We explore the environmental and economic implications for the forest sector of climate‐induced changes in wildfire regimes. To retain genericity while considering local determinants, we focus on the regional level and take Mediterranean France as an example. Coupling a bioeconomic forest sector model and a model of wildfire activity, we perform spatially explicit simulations under various levels of radiative forcing. By using a probabilistic framework, we also assess the propagation of several sources of uncertainty to the forest sector, considering both climate‐induced uncertainty and the intrinsic stochasticity of the fire process. By the end of the century, summer burned areas increase by up to 55%, causing moderate losses of merchantable timber and forest carbon stocks, with cascading impacts for industrial activities and climate mitigation in the forest sector. Implications for industries remain limited, but we observe price increases, especially for softwoods, as well as spatially differentiated changes in producer welfare. Inter‐annual fluctuations explain most of uncertainty in wildfire activity, but their impacts on the forest sector are quickly dampened. Over time, owing to the cumulative nature of wildfire impacts on forest resources, uncertainty related to climate warming, climate models’ response and stochasticity intrinsic to the wildfire phenomenon strongly increase in relative importance. Results reassert the need to consider multiple futures in prospective assessments, including uncertainty inherent to natural processes, often omitted in large‐scale economic assessments.
Analytical Solutions for Gravity Changes Caused by Triaxial Volumetric Sources
Authors: Nikkhoo Mehdi , Rivalta Eleonora 
Published: April 2022

AbstractVolcanic crises are often associated with magmatic intrusions or the pressurization of magma chambers of various shapes. These volumetric sources deform the country rocks, changing their density, and cause surface uplift. Both the net mass of intruding magmatic fluids and these deformation effects contribute to surface gravity changes. Thus, to estimate the intrusion mass from gravity changes, the deformation effects must be accounted for. We develop analytical solutions and computer codes for the gravity changes caused by triaxial sources of expansion. This establishes coupled solutions for joint inversions of deformation and gravity changes. Such inversions can constrain both the intrusion mass and the deformation source parameters more accurately.
Uplift Mechanism of Coastal Extremely Persistent Heavy Rainfall (EPHR): The Key Role of Low‐Level Jets and Ageostrophic Winds in the Boundary Layer
Authors: Huang Xiaogang , Zhang Chi , Fei Jianfang , Cheng Xiaoping , Ding Juli , Liu Haisheng 
Published: April 2022

AbstractExtremely persistent heavy rainfall (EPHR) events frequently occur in southern China. The mechanisms underlying their generation and development are not well understood, and this leads to difficulties in accurately forecasting these events. In this paper, hourly precipitation grid data and ERA‐5 reanalysis data are used to examine the relationships between precipitation, ageostrophic winds, and low‐level jets (LLJ). The results suggest that ageostrophic winds in the boundary layer mainly exhibit confrontational and asymptotic convergence, with the former being accompanied by double LLJ, which transport more vapor and provide favorable uplift conditions, thus producing stronger precipitation and wider rainbands. The different cooperated relationships between LLJ and ageostrophic winds play an important role in the development of EPHR events, and greater account needs to be taken of these relationships when forecasting.
A Generic Model of Global Earthquake Rupture Characteristics Revealed by Machine Learning
Authors: Li Zefeng 
Published: April 2022

AbstractRupture processes of global large earthquakes have been observed to exhibit great variability, whereas recent studies suggest that the average rupture behavior could be unexpectedly simple. To what extent do large earthquakes share common rupture characteristics? Here, we use a machine learning algorithm to derive a generic model of global earthquake source time functions. The model indicates that simple and homogeneous ruptures are pervasive whereas complex and irregular ruptures are relatively rare. Despite the standard long‐tail and near‐symmetric moment release processes, the model reveals two special rupture types: runaway earthquakes with weak growing phases and relatively abrupt termination, and complex earthquakes with all faulting mechanisms but mostly shallow origins (<40 km). The diversity of temporal moment release patterns imposes a limit on magnitude predictability in earthquake early warning. Our results present a panoptic view on the collective similarity and diversity in the rupture processes of global large earthquakes.
Precipitation Scaling With Temperature in the Northeast US: Variations by Weather Regime, Season, and Precipitation Intensity
Authors: Najibi Nasser , Mukhopadhyay Sudarshana , Steinschneider Scott 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe present a novel hierarchical Bayesian quantile regression model to estimate how precipitation scales with temperature depending on season, weather regime (WR; i.e., large‐scale patterns of atmospheric circulation), and precipitation percentile. The approach develops regional scaling estimates by partially pooling data across sites, accounting for uncertainty stemming from variable record lengths. Results using long‐term records of daily and hourly precipitation and both dry‐bulb and dew point temperature across the Northeast US suggest that regional precipitation scaling rates vary from 0% to 8% per °C. Scaling rate variability is driven most by season and the percentile of precipitation, with only modest variations across WRs. Daily scaling rates are highest in the winter and summer, while hourly rates at the highest percentiles are greatest in summer. Lower scaling rates for more extreme precipitation quantiles are driven by a handful of storms occurring at cooler temperatures but with strong vertical uplift and heavy precipitation.
Small‐Scale Irregularities Within Polarization Jet/SAID During Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Sinevich A. A. , Chernyshov A. A. , Chugunin D. V. , Oinats A. V. , Clausen L. B. N. , Miloch W. J. , Nishitani N. , Mogilevsky M. M. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe study the spatial structure of a polarization jet/Sub‐Auroral Ion Drift (PJ/SAID) based on data from the NorSat‐1 and Swarm satellites during a geomagnetic storm. Observations of plasma parameters inside the PJ/SAID are obtained with NorSat‐1 using a system of Langmuir probes with a nominal sampling rate of up to 1 kHz, which allowed measurements with such a high temporal resolution for the first time. A comparative analysis of plasma parameters and electron density spectra inside PJ according to the data from both satellites is presented. Our results show that fluctuations of plasma parameters inside the PJ increase at all scales with increasing geomagnetic activity. Small‐scale irregularities in the PJ are measured in situ down to hundreds of meters. The role of large‐scale effects in the PJ increases in comparison with the small‐scale ones during high geomagnetic activity. The PJ consists of structures ∼0.2° latitude in size within which small‐scale irregularities are present.
Long‐Term Infrasonic Monitoring of Land and Marine‐Terminating Glaciers in Greenland
Authors: Evers L. G. , Smets P. S. M. , Assink J. D. , Shani‐Kadmiel S. , Kondo K. , Sugiyama S. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractA period of 18 years of infrasonic recordings was analyzed from a microbarometer array (I18DK) in northwestern Greenland, near Qaanaaq. A huge number of infrasonic detections, over 700,000, have been made in I18DKs soundscape during the Arctic summers. Simultaneously identified were both calving events from marine‐terminating glaciers and discharge related acoustics from a land‐terminating glacier. This infrasonic activity is correlated to sea‐surface and atmospheric temperature, respectively. Inter‐yearly to daily variations were retrieved showing a strong variability in infrasonic detection rates and hence glacier activity. The highest number of infrasonic detections were found in recent years from the land‐terminating glacier. The latter is supported by actual discharge measurements and partly by a discharge model. It is concluded that monitoring infrasound from glaciers can complement other techniques to remotely and passively get insights into glacier dynamics with high temporal and spatial resolution.
Distinct Lithospheric Structure in the Xing'an‐Mongolian Orogenic Belt
Authors: He Yang , Chen Qi‐Fu , Chen Ling , Wang Xin , Guo Guangrui , Li Tianjue , Zhang Kaiwen , Li Juan , Chen Yun 
Published: April 2022

AbstractDetailed knowledge of the lithospheric structure is essential for a better understanding of the tectonic evolution of the Xing'an‐Mongolian Orogenic Belt (XMOB). We constrained the lithospheric structure across the XMOB by receiver function imaging and shear wave splitting analysis from a dense seismic array. The lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary (LAB) is coherently imaged in different tectonic blocks. The mid‐lithospheric discontinuity is also identified at ∼75–100 km depth over the deeper LAB (∼110–130 km) beneath the western side of the North‐South Gravity Lineament (NSGL), roughly at the same depth as the LAB beneath the eastern side of the NSGL. The distinct variations in both the lithospheric structure and fast shear‐wave polarization direction across the NSGL are likely caused by different tectonic processes in the two sides, indicating that the NSGL might represent the western boundary influenced by the subduction of the (Paleo‐)Pacific Plate. Lithosphere thinning in the XMOB is evidenced to have been limited mainly to the east of the NSGL.
Simulation of Ionospheric Perturbations Induced by Rocket‐Propelled Vehicle: A Semi‐Empirical Approach
Authors: Ducourtieux Pierre 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThe flight of rocket‐propelled vehicles triggers acoustic waves that propagate through the atmosphere and induce electron density changes at ionospheric heights. These perturbations can be observed using multi‐frequency Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers, sounding the ionosphere by taking advantage of its dispersive property. We extend an existing lightweight modeling approach to reproduce the shape, amplitude and timing of the observed perturbations using a semi‐empirical source model based on flight conditions and engine characteristics to express the acoustic perturbations generated by the exhaust gases and a three‐dimensional ray tracing method accounting for dissipative and dispersive effects to propagate the waveform through the atmosphere. Perturbations of the ionospheric plasma are estimated using a simplified model of collisions between neutral and charged particles. The developed simulation framework is applied to the launch of SpaceX's Crew Dragon spacecraft on May 30, 2020 from Kennedy Space Center. The amplitude, shape and timing of simulated perturbations are in good agreement with measurements made by GNSS ground‐based receivers located in the region. This approach is a new step toward rapid characterization of anthropogenic activity in the atmosphere as well as natural events releasing energy near the Earth's surface (earthquake, volcanic activity, etc.) based on GNSS technology.
Physics‐Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) for Wave Propagation and Full Waveform Inversions
Authors: Rasht‐Behesht Majid , Huber Christian , Shukla Khemraj , Karniadakis George Em 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe propose a new approach to the solution of the wave propagation and full waveform inversions (FWIs) based on a recent advance in deep learning called physics‐informed neural networks (PINNs). In this study, we present an algorithm for PINNs applied to the acoustic wave equation and test the method with both forward models and FWI case studies. These synthetic case studies are designed to explore the ability of PINNs to handle varying degrees of structural complexity using both teleseismic plane waves and seismic point sources. PINNs' meshless formalism allows for a flexible implementation of the wave equation and different types of boundary conditions. For instance, our models demonstrate that PINN automatically satisfies absorbing boundary conditions, a serious computational challenge for common wave propagation solvers. Furthermore, a priori knowledge of the subsurface structure can be seamlessly encoded in PINNs' formulation. We find that the current state‐of‐the‐art PINNs provide good results for the forward model, even though spectral element or finite difference methods are more efficient and accurate. More importantly, our results demonstrate that PINNs yield excellent results for inversions on all cases considered and with limited computational complexity. We discuss the current limitations of the method with complex velocity models as well as strategies to overcome these challenges. Using PINNs as a geophysical inversion solver offers exciting perspectives, not only for the full waveform seismic inversions, but also when dealing with other geophysical datasets (e.g., MT, gravity) as well as joint inversions because of its robust framework and simple implementation.
Examining Parameterizations of Potential Temperature Variance Across Varied Landscapes for Use in Earth System Models
Authors: Waterman T. , Bragg A. D. , Katul G. , Chaney N. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractEarth system models (ESMs) and mesoscale models have come to employ increasingly complex parameterization schemes for the atmospheric boundary layer, requiring surface boundary conditions for numerous higher order turbulence statistics. Of particular interest is the potential temperature variance (PTV), which is used not only as a boundary condition itself but also to close boundary conditions of other statistics. The existing schemes in ESMs largely rely on the assumptions of Monin‐Obukhov similarity theory (MOST) and are not necessarily applicable over complex and heterogeneous surfaces where large scale circulations and roughness sub‐layer effects may cause deviations from MOST. The National Ecological Observation Network is used here to evaluate existing parameterizations for the surface boundary of PTV, note key deficiencies, and explore possible remedies. The results indicate that existing schemes are acceptable over a variety of surface conditions provided the analysis of a priori filters out low frequency variability not associated with turbulent time scales. There was, however, significant inter‐site variability in observed similarity constants and a significant bias when compared to the textbook values of these parameters. Existing models displayed the poorest performance over heterogeneous sites and rough landscapes. Attempts to use canopy structure and surface roughness characteristics to improve the results confirmed a relation between these variables and PTV but failed to significantly improve the predictive power of the models. The results did not find strong evidence indicating that large scale circulations caused substantial deviations from textbook models, although additional analysis is required to assess their full impacts.
How to Calibrate a Dynamical System With Neural Network Based Physics?
Authors: Balogh B. , Saint‐Martin D. , Ribes A. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractUnlike the traditional subgrid scale parameterizations used in climate models, current machine learning (ML) parameterizations are only tuned offline, by minimizing a loss function on outputs from high‐resolution models. This approach often leads to numerical instabilities and long‐term biases. Here, we propose a method to design tunable ML parameterizations and calibrate them online. The calibration of the ML parameterization is achieved in two steps. First, some model parameters are included within the ML model input. This ML model is fitted at once for a range of values of the parameters, using an offline metric. Second, once the ML parameterization has been plugged into the climate model, the parameters included among the ML inputs are optimized with respect to an online metric quantifying errors on long‐term statistics. We illustrate our method with two simple dynamical systems. Our approach significantly reduces long‐term biases of the ML model.
La Soufriere Volcanic Eruptions Launched Gravity Waves Into Space
Authors: Yue Jia , Miller Steven D. , Straka William C. , Noh Yoo‐Jeong , Chou Min‐Yang , Kahn Ralph , Flower Verity 
Published: April 2022

AbstractAtmospheric gravity waves can be excited by explosive volcanic eruptions and may reach Earth's upper atmosphere. In this study, we report on mesoscale concentric gravity waves observed in the mesopause airglow layer following the La Soufriere volcano eruption in April 2021. A large ash plume observed by the spaceborne Multi‐angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer instrument on April 10 reached ∼20 km. Temporal evolution of the volcanic ash plume was provided by the GOES‐16 Advanced Baseline Imager. Nightglow gravity waves were observed by the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite Day Night Band. These waves had horizontal wavelengths of ∼25–40 km, and took about a half‐to‐1 hr to travel from the tropopause to the mesopause. Some concentric ionospheric disturbance signatures are also seen in Global Navigation Satellite System‐total electron content maps. We found the launch of gravity waves to be highly correlated with the elevated ash plume from explosive eruptions.
Tomographic Imaging of the Plate Geometry Beneath the Arunachal Himalaya and Burmese Subduction Zones
Authors: Dubey Arun Kumar , Singh Arun , Kumar M. Ravi , Jana Niptika , Sarkar Sukanta , Saikia Dipankar , Singh Chandrani 
Published: April 2022

AbstractWe present 3‐D P and S‐wave velocity perturbation maps of the upper‐mantle beneath eastern Himalaya and Burmese subduction zones at 2° × 2° lateral resolution, using teleseismic travel‐time tomography. Collated waveforms of 5,727 teleseismic earthquakes recorded at 273 seismic stations generated an accurate data set of 86,570 P‐arrival and 85,227 S‐arrival times using multichannel cross‐correlation. Tomograms enabled imaging of the structural features down to 1,000 km depth. The subducting Indian lithospheric plate extends up to Bangong‐Nujiang Suture Zone, overturns and descends steeply beyond 200 km below the Himalayan arc. A southward plunging detached slab can be traced beyond 600 km. Results reveal no evidence for the detachment of a S‐E deflecting Indian lithospheric slab below the Burmese arc. The geometry of the slab mimics regional seismicity (up to 200 km) followed by a deeper aseismic zone related to petrological changes. No gaps are seen between the northward and eastward subducting Indian plate, hence confining the eastward escape of Tibetan‐lithospheric material between the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis and Sichuan Basin.
Complex Coseismic and Postseismic Faulting During the 2021 Northern Thessaly (Greece) Earthquake Sequence Illuminated by InSAR Observations
Authors: Yang Jiuyuan , Xu Caijun , Wen Yangmao , Xu Guangyu 
Published: April 2022

AbstractThree Mw > 5.5 earthquakes (Tyrnavos, Elassona and Verdikoussa earthquakes) struck the northern Thessaly, Greece, from 3 March to 12 March 2021, filling a significant seismic gap. We exploit Interferometric synthetic aperture radar data to investigate coseismic deformation of these events and the first half‐year postseismic deformation related to the Tyrnavos event. Our coseismic modeling reveals that the seismic sequence activated at least four unmapped low‐angle normal faults. However, postseismic analysis shows that afterslip propagates updip to a high‐angle shallow structure, indicating that the coseismic slip and afterslip jointly activated a ramp‐flat structure. By a comprehensive analysis of the inversions, fault distribution, relocated aftershocks and regional stress changes, we highlight that intersections between the main and secondary faults control the slip extent and rupture termination in each earthquake and that static stress transfers induced by earlier event encourage the rupture reinitiation of the later event.