bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a conventionally shielded proton treatment room for FLASH radiotherapy
Authors: Xiao Zhiyan , Zhang Yongbin , Speth Joseph , Lee Eunsin , Mascia Anthony , Lamba Michael 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPurposeFLASH radiotherapy (FLASH‐RT) is the potential for a major breakthrough in cancer care, as preclinical results have shown significantly reduced toxicities to healthy tissues while maintaining excellent tumor control. However, FLASH conditions were not considered in the current proton facilities’ shielding designs. The purpose of this study is to validate the adequacy of conventionally shielded proton rooms used for FLASH‐RT.MethodsClinical FLASH irradiations typically take place in a few 100 ms, orders of magnitude shorter than the response time of the wide‐energy neutron detector (WENDI–II). The nozzle beam current (representing the dose rate) dependence of the WENDI–II detector response was empirically determined to stabilize with a beam current of ≤10 nA at the measurement point with the highest dose rate. A large, predefined proton transmission FLASH plan (250 MeV, 7 × 20 cm2, 8 Gy at isocenter) was commissioned as part of a FLASH clinical trial. For purpose of this study, that field was adjusted from 250 to 244 MeV, allowing a lower beam current of 10 nA to provide reliable detector response. Radiation surveys were performed for the proton beams with/without extra beam stopper (30 × 30 × 40‐cm3 solid water slabs) at 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270° gantry angles.ResultsAmbient doses were recorded at seven different locations. A 170‐nA beam current, commonly used for clinical FLASH plans, was chosen to normalize the average ambient dose rate to FLASH conditions. Assuming 200‐Gy/h workload (25 FLASH beams, 8 Gy/beam), annual occupational dose at controlled areas was calculated. For all gantry angles, ≤0.4 mSv/year is expected at treatment room door. The highest ambient dose, 2.46 mSv/year, ∼5% of the maximum annual permissible occupational dose, was identified at the isocenter of the adjacent treatment room with 90° gantry.ConclusionThese survey results indicate that our conventionally shielded proton rotating gantry rooms result in acceptable occupational and public doses when the transmission FLASH beams delivered at four cardinal gantry angles based on 200‐Gy/h workload assumption. These findings support that FLASH clinical trials in our conventionally shielded proton facilities can be safely implemented.
Preparation and enhanced flame retardancy of co‐polybenzoxazines containing diacetal structure
Authors: Xiao Tianming , Wang Peng , Ran Qichao 
Published: September 2022

AbstractA comparative study on the flame retardancy of two polybenzoxazines with and without a diacetal structure, p(A) and p(B), is firstly carried out by microscale combustion calorimeter (MCC). It is proved that the presence of the diacetal structure can endow p(A) with good flame retardancy with a low heat release capacity (HRC). Then, the monomer of this diacetal containing p(A), A‐boz, is used to modify a typical diamine type benzoxazine (M‐boz) to improve its flame retardancy. The effects of A‐boz with different ratios on curing behavior, heat resistance and thermal stability of the co‐polybenzoxazines of M‐boz and A‐boz, p(M/A)s, are analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Furthermore, the flame retardancy of p(M/A)s is investigated by UL‐94 test, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and MCC, and the degradation and flame retardant mechanisms are investigated by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), Raman spectra and TGA‐FTIR. When the addition amount of A is 20 wt%, the LOI value of p(M/A) is as high as 39.5% and its flame retardant rating reaches UL‐94 V‐0. In addition, the mechanical properties of p(M/A)s are tested. The results suggest that the Tg and char yield at 800°C in N2 of p(M/A)s increase from 210 to 243°C and 45% to 51%, respectively. This work suggests that the incorporation of the diacetal structure is an effective strategy to improve the flame retardancy of resins.
The carbon nanotubes effects on the morphology and properties of poly(lactic) acid/poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) blends
Authors: Xiao Zhihua , Li Guili , Liu Chunxiao , Li Haimei , Lin Jun 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPoly(lactic acid) (PLA), as a biodegradable semicrystallinethermoplastic, is usually blended with degradable poly(butylene‐adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT) to improve toughness for the sake of environmental concerns. To obtain controllable properties of PLA/PBAT composites, the use of nanoparticles is increasing from a technical point of view, thus making the blends more widely used in the final products. In this study, immiscible blends of PLA and PBAT (70/30 wt%) and PLA/PBAT with different carbon nanotube (CNT) contents (0.5, 1, and 2 wt%) were prepared using a twin‐screw extruder followed by injection molding. The preferential distribution of CNTs in the PBAT phase was characterized by SEM and thermodynamic analysis, and reason for selective localization is discussed. The morphology of the PLA/PBAT composite showed PBAT particles dispersed within the PLA matrix with an average diameter of 0.38 μm. For the nanocomposites, the CNTs in the minor PBAT phase produced larger elongated PBAT domains with a maximum average diameter of 1.3 μm. The elongation at break of binary PLA/PBAT blends was 160.9%, while the maximum elongation at break of the nanocomposite was 294.3%. Additionally, the influence of CNTs on the crystallization behavior and rheological and mechanical properties of PLA/PBAT/CNT blends was systematically investigated.
Experimental investigation on mechanical properties of additively manufactured anti‐tetrachiral cellular auxetic structures under shear and flexural loading
Authors: Teraiya Soham , Kumar Shailendra 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe present paper describes an experimental study on mechanical properties of additively manufactured anti‐tetrachiral auxetic structures under shear and flexural loading. Specimens of ABS material are fabricated using material extrusion technique of additive manufacturing. Experiments are planned using central composite design method. Three process factors, namely, slice thickness, print speed, and contour width, are considered to study their influence on modulus, strength, and specific energy absorption (SEA) of fabricated structures. To perform shear testing on specimen, a novel fixture is designed and fabricated. Flexural properties are measured using three‐point bending test on universal testing machine. It is found that all three process factors significantly affect modulus, strength, and SEA of the structure under shear and flexural loading. Mechanical properties improve with increase in slice thickness, print speed, and contour width. Regression models are developed to predict the response characteristics. In addition, optimized values of process factors are determined to maximize the mechanical properties of the structure.
Single shot polarimetric characterization of the polymer based flexible polyethylene terephthalate substrate
Authors: Singh Gyanendra 
Published: September 2022

AbstractConducting polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates used for the flexible electronics and photonics are birefringent in nature. Birefringence of the PET substrate increases with the external applied stress. In this paper, we have studied the state of the polarization of the light transmitted through the flexible PET substrate. Polarimetric characterization of flexible substrate was done for red and yellow wavelengths of light. Single shot three beams interference was recorded by the polarizing Mach–Zehnder interferometer. Interferograms were recorded without bending and different external bending applied to the substrate which increases the stress. The recorded interferograms was analyzed by the Fourier transform fringe (FTF) analysis method. The single shot interferograms have the information of the amplitude and phase of orthogonally polarized field components. Stokes parameters were calculated from orthogonal polarization component extracted from the single shot interferograms analyzed by FTF. Calculated Stokes parameters were plotted on the Poincare sphere to see the change in the state of polarization (SOP) of the light transmitted through these substrates. The change in the SOP of the transmitted light was observed without and with the external stress applied to the PET substrate due to its birefringence characteristic.
Enantio‐separation of (±)‐ibuprofen racemic mixture using functionalized molecularly imprinted resorcinol formaldehyde resin
Authors: AlSalem Huda S , Monier Mohammed , Alatawi Raedah AS , Bukhari Abeer Abdulaziz H , Abdelaziz Mahmoud A , Hajri Amira K , Elsayed Nadia H 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAn (S)‐ibuprofen (S‐IP) enantio‐selective resin sorbent with amino functionality has been synthesized and successfully used in the enantio‐separation of (±)‐IP racemic mixture. An amide derivative (S‐IP‐ARS) of 4‐aminoresorcinol and the S‐IP enantiomer was first prepared. The obtained S‐IP‐ARS derivative was mixed with resorcinol and formaldehyde to undergo an acid‐catalyzed condensation polymerization reaction that resulted in a polymer resin material containing the S‐IP enantiomeric species within its construction. Upon alkaline hydrolysis and following acidification, S‐IP is detached from the polymeric body, leaving cationic enantio‐selective spaces that can fit with the configuration of S‐IP during the recombination process. The obtained S‐IP molecularly imprinted resin along with the monomeric precursor was examined using elemental analysis, NMR and Fourier transform infrared techniques in order to confirm the performed chemical reactions. Moreover, the resin surfaces were visualized using scanning electron microscopy to account for the morphological changes. Also, the prepared resin particles were successfully utilized in the chiral separation of (±)‐IP racemic mixture using a column technique that indicated promising separation results during both the first loading run, which exhibited 58% enantiomeric excess (ee) belonging to R‐IP, and the second elution run, which exhibited 78% ee belonging to S‐IP. © 2022 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
In situ quantification of temperature and strain within photovoltaic modules through optical sensing
Authors: Nivelle Philippe , Maes Lowie , Poortmans Jef , Daenen Michaël 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe ability to quantify internal strain levels within a photovoltaic (PV) laminate is essential to aid in the development of reliable and sustainable PV modules. This need is even greater for emerging applications with a high degree of integration such as vehicle and infrastructure integrated PV. Within this work, we demonstrate a scalable optical sensing solution, which allows for the in situ thermo‐mechanical strain and temperature monitoring of photovoltaic modules. Using a combination of two optic fibers with fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) with a different packaging, an absolute in‐laminate temperature accuracy of 0.3°C has been achieved along with the ability to detect changes in strain as low as 0.248 μϵ. The sensor solution provides the potential to monitor and quantify various failure modes or degradation at various stages in the development process up to in‐field monitoring. Furthermore, it provides a platform for the direct validation of physics‐based simulations.
The Persian version of the Psychotic‐Like Experiences Questionnaire for Children (PLEQ‐C): Psychometric properties in Iranian school students
Authors: Hosseini Seyed Ruhollah , Tabbassi Saeideh Saffar , Mosaferi Simin , Mousavinezad Seyyed Hossein , Nooripour Roghieh , Firoozabadi Abbas , Ghanbari Nikzad 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPsychotic‐like experiences (PLEs), or subclinical hallucinations and delusions, are common symptoms among young adults. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Psychotic‐Like Experiences Questionnaire for Children (PLEQ‐C) in Iranian school students. The study method was cross‐sectional, and the population consisted of Iranian school students aged 9–12 years, from whom 455 students were selected through the convenience sampling method. The participants then completed the PLEQ‐C, Prodromal Questionnaire‐Brief (PQ‐B), and Community Assessment of Psychotic Experiences‐42 (CAPE‐42). The PLEQ‐C's psychometric properties were analyzed using the confirmatory factor analysis while the reliability was tested using Cronbach's alpha. The convergent validity was assessed using the PQ‐B and CAPE‐42 measures. The findings showed that the PLEQ‐C has satisfactory internal reliability (Cronbach's alpha of 0.83), and the one‐factor structure provides a good fit for the observed data. The PLEQ‐C was also significantly correlated with the PQ‐B and CAPE‐42 questionnaires. Given the study findings, it is concluded that the PLEQ‐C has good validity for Iranian school students aged 9–12 years and can be used as a reliable and valid measure in psychological evaluations in the Iranian context.
Postpolymerization modification of a sulfonyl fluoride‐decorated polynorbornene using the sulfur‐fluoride exchange click reaction
Authors: Briceno Edward S. , Stephen Katrina , Hobbs Christopher E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis contribution describes the ring opening metathesis polymerization of a sulfonyl fluoride decorated polynorbornene and its postsynthetic modification using the sulfur‐fluoride exchange “click” reaction.
Recent progress in fabrications and applications of functional hydrogel films
Authors: Dong Min , Jiao Dejin , Zheng Qiang , Wu Zi Liang 
Published: September 2022

AbstractHydrogels are a class of soft and wet materials that typically consist of a three‐dimensional polymer network that swells yet does not dissolve in water. There are extensive research and development of hydrogel materials for diverse applications over the past two decades. More recently, hydrogel films with controlled thickness have been fabricated based on crosslinked natural or synthetic polymer networks. These films not only show the chemical/physical properties of bulk gels, such as biocompatibility and stimuli responsiveness, but also exhibit faster response speed and high flexibility/adaptivity, allowing for new functions and applications. In this minireview, we summarize the recent advances in hydrogel films with focuses on two aspects: (i) methods for facile fabrication of hydrogel films, and (ii) versatile applications of hydrogel films in biomedical and emerging fields. Hydrogel films with controllable thickness, fast response, good compliance, and tunable mechanical properties are ideal materials as artificial muscles and wound dressing, and to construct soft actuators, flexible electronics, and so forth. Current challenges and future perspectives of hydrogel films are also given at the end of this minireview.
Aerobic exercise capacity, cough strength, posture, and depression in primary ciliary dyskinesia
Authors: Fırat Merve , Boşnak‐Güçlü Meral , Şişmanlar‐Eyüboğlu Tuğba , Aslan Ayşe Tana 
Published: September 2022

AbstractIntroductionAssessment of exercise capacity is important for information about lung function and prognosis in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). In addition, deterioration in the pulmonary system may affect cough efficiency, posture, and thoracoabdominal mobility. In turn, this deterioration may also disturb the psychological function of patients with PCD. Therefore, this study aimed to compare exercise capacity, cough strength, thoracoabdominal mobility, posture, and depression in children with PCD and healthy peers.MethodsTwenty‐seven patients with PCD and 28 healthy peers were included. Aerobic exercise capacity (3‐min step test), cough strength (peak expiratory flow meter), thoracoabdominal mobility (upper chest, lower chest, and abdomen), posture (Corbin postural assessment scale), and depression (Children's Depression Inventory) were evaluated.ResultsPatients' number of steps completed, cough strength, and thoracoabdominal mobility were significantly decreased; total posture and depression scores were higher compared with healthy controls (p< 0.05). There was a significant relationship between cough strength and maximal expiratory strength (r = 0.541, p= 0.004) and total number of steps (r = 0.509, p= 0.007) in the patients.ConclusionAerobic exercise capacity, cough strength, and thoracoabdominal mobility were impaired, posture was deteriorated, and depression perception elevated in children with PCD compared to healthy peers. Furthermore, aerobic exercise capacity and maximal expiratory strength are related to cough strength in these patients. Rehabilitation programs including aerobic and resistive exercise training, deep breathing and postural exercise, and nutrition counseling may improve these results and better be investigated. Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT03370029; December 12, 2017.
Aromatic border plants in early season berries do not increase parasitism of spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii
Authors: Tsuruda Matthew , Girod Pierre , Clausen Martina , Carrillo Juli 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe spotted wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is a South‐East Asian vinegar fly that is a serious worldwide economic threat to the small fruit industry. Typical control consists of weekly pesticide applications, which can have nontarget effects, increase residual pesticides and lead to the development of resistance within pest populations. One potential alternate method of control is the planting of aromatic intercrops to attract the natural enemies of D. suzukii and/or repel the flies directly. We intercropped strawberry rows with flowering sweet alyssum or ryegrass‐clover (control) to evaluate their efficacy at mitigating D. suzukii infestation through the attraction of two specialized larval parasitoids, Leptopilina japonica (Novkovic and Kimura) and Ganaspis brasiliensis (Ihering).RESULTSOur study did not demonstrate any significant effect of sweet alyssum intercropping on the infestation rate of D. suzukii in strawberries or parasitism level. However, we found that advanced sampling date and recorded numbers of D. suzukii larvae and parasitoids were positively correlated, indicating higher populations at the end of the strawberry‐growing season.CONCLUSIONSSweet alyssum intercrops did not reduce D. suzukii infestation rates or increase parasitism levels, likely due to low population numbers in early season berry varieties. Aromatic intercrops may be more effective for increasing pest control in later season crops. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Exploring salivary biomarkers and swallowing perceptions in Sjogren's syndrome: A case–control feasibility study
Authors: Letawsky Veronica H. , Holman Parker J. , Nguyen Caroline T. , Dawson Camilla , Weinberg Joanne , Williams Lynne J. , Skoretz Stacey A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe autoimmune disease Sjogren's syndrome (SS) is often characterized by salivary changes that may affect swallowing. No known study has investigated the association between salivary biomarkers and perceptions of swallowing in individuals with SS. Our objectives were to explore: (1) the operational feasibility of investigating saliva volume and composition, along with perceptions of swallowing, in those with and without SS; and (2) the relationship between saliva composition and perceptions of oral dryness, swallowing, and quality of life.MethodsWe conducted a prospective, case–control feasibility study, collecting feasibility data (recruitment rate and optimal saliva collection methods) and whole mouth saliva samples (unstimulated and stimulated). We measured total protein content and conducted sialochemical (α‐amylase, cortisol, C‐reactive protein [CRP], and mucins), sialometric (flow rate), and perceptual (oral dryness and swallowing‐related quality of life [SWAL‐QOL]) assessments. Our exploratory analyses focused on the main and fixed effects. We summarized all data descriptively, comparing: (a) outcomes between groups (t tests or Mann–Whitney U) and (b) salivary and perceptual data across participants (partial least‐squares correlation [PLSC]).ResultsWe enrolled 12 (N) participants (6 per group), all providing analyzable saliva. Cases had lower flow rate (p = 0.003) and higher total protein, cortisol, and CRP concentrations (p < 0.02) than controls. PLSC revealed inverse covariance between sialochemical and SWAL‐QOL data across participants.ConclusionOur study was feasible as designed. We explored novel relationships between salivary outcomes and participant‐reported perceptions, distinguishing individuals with and without SS. Our findings support further study of saliva's role in perceptions of swallowing, specifically analytes with lubricative properties.
Impurity profile and spectrum characteristics of the isomers in cefamandole nafate using high‐ performance liquid chromatography/high‐performance size exclusion chromatography tandem ion trap/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Wang Fan , Gao Jiarui , Chen Huan , Zhu Bingqi , Li Ping , Wang Jian , Hong Liya 
Published: September 2022

RationaleReversed‐phase, high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) and high‐performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) methods were developed to effectively separate unknown impurities and polymerized impurities in cefamandole nafate. The liquid chromatography‐tandem ion trap/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐IT‐TOF‐MS) was applied to characterize the structures of the impurities. Ultraviolet (UV) spectrum characteristics and mass spectrum characteristics of △3‐isomer and 7‐epimer in cefamandole nafate were studied to distinguish the isomers.MethodsRPLC‐IT‐TOF‐MS was used to characterize the structures of unknown impurities and polymerized impurities eluted from the C18 column. On this basis, the two‐dimensional (2D) HPSEC‐IT‐TOF‐MS was used to confirm the structures of polymerized impurities eluted from the TSK‐gel G2000SWxl column. Complete fragmentation patterns of impurities were studied and used to obtain information about the structures of the impurities.ResultsThe structures of 19 unknown impurities in cefamandole nafate were elucidated based on the high‐resolution MSn data with both positive and negative modes, assisted by the UV spectra and stress testing, of which 2 impurities were polymerized impurities. Cefamandole nafate produced a series of degradation impurities, and another principal component cefamandole acid also produced a series of similar degradation impurities. The disciplines between mass fragmentation pattern/UV spectrum and structure for △3‐isomer and 7‐epimer were presented to distinguish their structures.ConclusionsThe results of this study provided a scientific basis for the improvement of official monographs in pharmacopoeias to effectively control the impurities and ensure drug safety for the public. This study also revealed the formation mechanisms of degradation impurities in cefamandole nafate, which may guide industry to improve the manufacturing process and storage conditions to reduce the content of impurities in products.