bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Somebody’s Gotta Win, Might as Well Be Me
Authors: Cohen Jonathan D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the 1980s, lotto—a rollover jackpot game—changed the place of lotteries in American life. For decades, states awarded relatively small jackpots. This chapter show how lotto made massive prizes a regular occurrence. In the Reagan years, players were particularly eager to vie for large jackpots because popular understandings of the good life shifted from financial stability to wealth. Amid growing financial insecurity and the cultural celebration of opulence, lotto jackpots were one of the only ways someone could be vaulted into a life of luxury. But bettors played for more than just a chance to win. Rich and poor Americans bought tickets because lotto offered a chance to dream and fantasize. As the decade went along, though, players’ expectations of what constituted a large jackpot grew. In response, states gradually reduced the odds of winning, leading to the gigantic multi-state jackpots that periodically capture headlines to this day.
Incommensurability, Rationality, and Choice
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A widespread incommensurability of reasons has been claimed to give rise to an implausible picture of practical reasoning. In particular, it has been claimed that this incommensurability is not compatible with the central role we ascribe to enkratic reasoning—reasoning about what we have “most reason” to do or ought to do “all things considered.” This chapter argues that rejecting or accepting a widespread and systematic incommensurability of reasons makes little difference to how we should conceive of practical reasoning. It argues that whether or not we accept a widespread and systematic incommensurability of reasons, we can and should give a central place to both enkratic reasoning and the agent’s will in determining choice.
Conclusion and Integration
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main conclusions of this book and how normative pluralism can be a fruitful theory with explanatory power. It also argues that normative pluralism is not necessarily a more revisionary theory than its rival normative monism and that monist positions can be highly revisionary. Lastly, a way forward for dealing with moral-prudential conflicts is examined. Instead of trying to resolve apparent moral-prudential conflicts through dealing with the supposed relative weights of moral and prudential reasons, we can instead look at the possibility of removing the conflict by the way in which moral and prudential requirements can both be fulfilled and integrated in a single life. This can involve practical, social, and political solutions, as well as philosophical examinations about how moral and prudential concerns are, in fact, intertwined.
Coding the Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: Deeks Ashley 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Machine learning algorithms hold out the promise of making sense of vast quantities of information, detecting patterns, and identifying anomalies better than humans. It seems safe to predict that by 2040 militaries will rely heavily on predictive algorithms, machine learning, and artificial intelligence in many aspects of warfighting. Military operators, programmers, and lawyers will confront difficult challenges as they try to create decision-support algorithms that are sensitive to international humanitarian law (IHL). Lawyers will need to understand the capabilities, requirements, and limits of algorithms, while programmers will need to learn the basics of IHL and how militaries make IHL-infused decisions under pressure. This chapter argues that these actors should pursue a three-step process: (1) identifying the applicable law; (2) crafting and training the algorithm around factors that will produce a recommendation relevant to that legal framework; and (3) interpreting the algorithmic predictions through the lens of that law. The goal should be to produce law-sensitive, data-driven algorithmic recommendations that lawyers and operators can act on. Further, the efforts to create legally sensitive predictive algorithms may helpfully stimulate militaries to re-evaluate how they currently undertake their human-only IHL analyses.
Keeping It Real
Authors: Burt Beneta D. , Christopher Gail C. , Griffith Derek M. , Gunter Jennifer , Washington Teneasha 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Contributors examine the importance of conversations about racism that need to occur between Black and White people. One author presents the Welcome Table, an initiative of the South Carolina Collaborative on Race. Leveraging research, the director of the Racial Justice Initiative at Georgetown University, describes conversations that promote shared understanding and improve health outcomes. Another author brings a community perspective to the Mississippi Urban League, by creating safe spaces to support authentic storytelling. A researcher at the University of Alabama at Birmingham shares strategies that focus on improving conversations within academia. Finally, an educational leader describes methods to promote authentic conversations on behalf of students in a large, diverse public school district. The chapter concludes with Rx Racial Healing Circles™, which is designed to foster human connections to heal the damage inflicted by racism.
Climate Crisis, Environmental Justice, and Racial Justice
Authors: Bullard Robert D. , Chapman Ronda Lee , Kabel Chris M. , Mallett Nyiesha , Schaeffer Jackie Qataliña 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter begins with the “father of environmental justice,” reviewing the health impacts of the climate crisis and how the pandemic and racial injustice uprisings combined to push the movement forward. The director of equity at the Trust for Public Land focuses on water equity and its troubling ties to climate injustice and COVID-19. A senior project manager at the Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium describes the unique water challenges her community faces with climate change at its front door. Experts from the Kresge Foundation and RWJFlook through the lens of inequity to review the partnerships their foundations have embraced to advance environmental justice, while a 20-year-old activist celebrates the importance of youth in the movement. The chapter ends on a distinct message of hope.
Racial Justice Through Civic Engagement
Authors: John Iyanrick , Morales-Doyle Sean , Watkins Jamal R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines two foundational forms of civic engagement: voting and census participation. The contributors—a long-time activist, an attorney, and a health policy analyst—turn their attention to civic engagement in an era of political discord, racial injustice, and a devastating pandemic. The activist uses the lens of the NAACP’s long history and wide reach to reflect broadly on the nature of civic engagement. An attorney from the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law explores tools of voter suppression, their use through the 2020 election cycle, and the implications going forward. An analyst from Asian & Pacific Islander American Health Forum explains the role of the census in promoting democracy and the challenges in ensuring full participation, using Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders as examples.
Deliberative Democratism
Authors: Finley Emily B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that deliberative democracy’s hegemonic approach to politics is inherently undemocratic and, although subtle, is a major modern contributor to the democratist ideology. Deliberative democracy contends that democratic politics find legitimacy through citizens’ rational consent to norms and laws, facilitated by civic dialogue. It proposes elaborate ways to frame and constrain discussion so that it is “fair” and “open,” but ultimately these procedures betray certain normative commitments on the part of deliberative democrats. At bottom is the Rousseauean belief in an ideal popular will that can be uncovered given the right circumstances. In the case of deliberative democracy, this means that for a true or legitimate democracy to come into existence, the people must observe deliberative democracy’s rules for debate.
Ethics, Justice, and Health AI
Authors: Graham S. Scott 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the differences between Ethical AI’s focus on technical solutions and auditing frameworks, and Just AI’s focus on precaution in artificial intelligence (AI) development. With reference to specific case studies in AI-based pain measurement, the chapter investigates the competing ethical challenges of ostensibly bias-correcting AI and efforts to extend care to people who are incapable of speech. In so doing, it explores the fraught ethical and clinical landscapes created by efforts to use technology to address racism and ableism in medicine. A primary argument of this chapter is that Ethical AI and Just AI need to come together in conversation, as each area of inquiry has important insights to contribute. The chapter closes with specific recommendations for better community-centered AI development.
Facts about the European Digital Economy
Authors: Mariniello Mario 
Published: August 2022

AbstractMeasuring the digital economy is a critical first step to identify where digital policy intervention is needed. Reliable and comparable metrics for digital phenomena are, however, hard to come by, given the novelty and often immaterial nature of digital markets; or they may get quickly outdated, given the rapid evolution pace of the digital economy. Even with these limitations, data on the digital economy can give an order of magnitude of the economy’s performance in terms of adoption, development, and access to digital technologies, guiding policymakers into where policy action is more needed. This chapter focuses in particular on the European digital landscape. It describes the European Commission 2020 Digital Economy and Society Index. This chapter is our base of departure for the analysis of the different dimensions of the digital economy that I present in the following chapters.
Connectivity
Authors: Mariniello Mario 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFast and reliable connectivity is the first indispensable input for a digitized economy and society. However, telecom markets are highly complex. Their structural features, such as the need for high sunk investment to deploy infrastructure and the relationship between networks’ size and services’ quality, make it unlikely that they would work efficiently without public intervention. Thus, public policy is needed, particularly to pursue two overarching goals: (1) to incentivize investment to achieve high speed, reliability, responsiveness, and security of data traffic; and (2) to incentivize access under reasonable terms for everybody everywhere. Concretely, the success of the EU long-term telecom strategic plan should be measured against two indicators: the deployment of wired optical fibre networks and wireless 5G networks, especially where services are less profitable (in rural areas, for example); and the degree of cross-border connectivity. A variety of public policy tools are available to pursue those plans: “push” policies to directly support the deployment of new networks; “pull” policies to attract investment stimulating demand of digital services; spectrum management policies; and regulation and competition policy to stimulate and preserve a dynamic, pro-competitive telecom environment.
Cybersecurity
Authors: Mariniello Mario 
Published: August 2022

AbstractCybersecurity policies aim to ensure that digital technologies are safe and resilient. It is impossible to guarantee that technology is fully cyber-incident proof. However, it is possible and desirable to increase technologies’ resilience to incidents and malicious attacks to minimize the risk of using technology. For this reason, cybersecurity is an essential ingredient of any public strategies geared to fostering the digital economy: lowering risk implies lowering the economy’s expected costs and increasing the likelihood of adoption through greater trust. Cyber-risk can entail enormous costs for the economy, businesses, and ordinary users alike. However, markets do not autonomously converge to the optimal level of investment in cybersecurity from a social point of view, and public policy is needed to create the right incentives and steer all actors to contribute to the safety of the cyberspace.
E-Commerce
Authors: Mariniello Mario 
Published: August 2022

AbstractE-commerce is a general term encompassing any trade activity facilitated by the use of a digital interface. The vast majority of e-commerce transactions involve business customers. However, consumers are increasingly relying on e-commerce to fulfil their shopping needs. E-commerce brings significant advantages to the economy: it boosts companies’ productivity, reduces costs, and increases convenience. But its growth is hampered by several obstacles, such as regulatory frictions, access to digital infrastructure and skills, logistical costs, lack of trust and compliance costs, and uncertainty due to outdated taxation frameworks. These issues can, in particular, limit the expansion of e-commerce cross-border and prevent the completion of a functioning EU Digital Single Market. Policy measures of different nature are thus needed to foster regulatory harmonization, increase trust and security, and eliminate potential distortions of competition.
The Grammar of the Utterance
Authors: Corr Alice 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis book examines how speakers of Ibero-Romance ‘do things’ with conversational units of language, paying particular attention to what they do with utterance-oriented elements such as vocatives, interjections, and particles; and to what they do with illocutionary complementizers, items attested cross-linguistically which look like, but do not behave like, subordinators. Taking the behaviour of conversation-oriented units of language as a window into the indexical nature of language, it argues that these items provide insight into how language-as-grammar builds the universe of discourse. By identifying the underlying unity in how different Ibero-Romance languages, alongside their Romance cousins and Latin ancestors, use grammar to refer—i.e. to connect our inner world to the one outside—, the book’s empirical arguments are underpinned by the philosophical position that the architecture of grammar is also the architecture of thought. The book thus brings together the recent flurry of work seeking to incorporate aspects of the context of the utterance into the syntax, a line of enquiry broadly founded on empirical considerations, with the pursuit of explanatory adequacy via a so-called ‘un-Cartesian’ grammar of reference. In so doing, it formalizes the intuition that language users do things not with words, but with grammar. The book brings new insight to the comparative morphosyntax of (Ibero-)Romance, particularly in its diatopic, diastrastic, and diamesic dimensions, and showcases the utility of careful descriptive work on this language family in advancing our empirical and conceptual understanding of the organization of grammar.
Introduction
Authors: Corr Alice 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter presents the volume’s conceptual and empirical underpinnings, and lays out the proposal for how utterance grammar and matrix ‘illocutionary’ complementizers provide insight into how language participates in world-building. It is argued that, by modelling how speakers do things with grammar (via a so-called un-Cartesian grammar of reference), utterance grammar can play a critical role in advancing our understanding of i) what is codified by the grammar, and how, and ii) where the limits of syntactic structure lie. This claim is set against the observation that, whilst exploration of utterance grammar is often associated with typologically distant languages, compelling evidence of utterance phenomena can be found in Ibero-Romance, a language family with which the research community is familiar yet whose comparative contribution remains untapped. It concludes with brief methodological clarifications regarding Ibero-Romance and the linguistic interest and relevance of the comparative study of its empirical data for Romanists and non-Romanists alike.
A grammar for the utterance
Authors: Corr Alice 
Published: August 2022

AbstractLinguistic items which encode utterance-oriented information have famously been consigned to a non-syntactic status within the generative enterprise, a scepticism which persists in today’s theory, despite mounting cross-linguistic evidence that certain types of illocutionary phenomena obey syntactic constraints. Through critical examination of developments in clause structure within syntactic theory and the modelling of speech acts within pragmatics and philosophy of language, this chapter examines the conceptual case for a radical rethinking of the sentential architecture in Romance and beyond in order to capture the intuition that speakers can ‘do things’ with utterance information, specifically, via the topological organization of grammatical structure. It ends by laying out the theoretical ‘un-Cartesian’ principles (viz. those of the Topological Mapping Theory) pursued in the study. In so doing, it defends a conceptual shift to a so-called grammar of reference, wherein the mind is (necessarily) grammatical, in modelling aspects of the pragmatic dimension of language.
The grammar of dialogue
Authors: Corr Alice 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter reconsiders the discursive contribution of the Romance illocutionary complementizer identified here as dialogic que, which is traditionally understood to introduce a ‘speech act’ causal clause. On the basis of a range of syntactic tests for various clause-combining operations (viz. clausal complementation, co-ordination, adverbial subordination, and adjunction) in addition to diachronic and comparative evidence, it is argued that dialogic que constructions are syntactically autonomous utterances which serve primarily to build discourse coherence between the complementizer construction and a salient linguistic antecedent or non-linguistic stimulus. On this view, the complementizer’s insertion enables the speaker to implement an act of grammatically configured ostension, akin to an act of declarative pointing, beyond the utterance it introduces. The role of silence is held to be formally significant, such that an obligatory prosodic break licenses a clause-initial expletive utterance topic whose null status ensures the continuity of the utterance context configuration.
Conclusions
Authors: Corr Alice 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the book’s principal contributions and examines the theoretical implications arising from its proposal for an ‘un-Cartesian’ formalization of the intuition that speakers of Ibero-Romance can ‘do things’ with grammar. In pursuit of a formal model for the empirical patterns of Ibero-Romance utterance-oriented items and illocutionary complementizers, the present study has ventured beyond conventional disciplinary boundaries and synthesized empirical and conceptual evidence from seemingly disparate modes of thinking. Insofar as an utterance is argued here to be the product of the grammatical mind, the book’s empirical arguments are underpinned by philosophical arguments for the organization of grammar as not merely expressing, but yielding, our (species-specific) mode of thought. Accordingly, the book has offered new insights on the comparative morphosyntax of (Ibero-)Romance, and affirmed the utility of careful descriptive work in achieving empirical and conceptual rigour in modelling utterance grammar.
The Arts in the Economy and the Economy in the Arts
Authors: Kabanda Patrick 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Across the world, the contribution of the arts to economic development has yet to gain the consideration it deserves. A look at the experiences of three countries shows how much of the potential has been realized and how it might still be increased. In Zambia, moviemakers are defying all odds to develop a fledgling movie sector. In Colombia, the government has come up with the very first bonds—‘orange bonds’—to fund cultural initiatives. And in the Philippines, the Julia Buencamino Project has been using the arts to help foster mental health awareness and treatment. Drawing from these examples, this chapter shows how the creative economy could be an even more central element of development policy.
The key attributes of special relativity
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 adopts a more traditional approach to special relativity. Rather than using the k-calculus, it gives the standard derivation of the Lorentz transformations, working in non-relativistic units in which the speed of light is denoted by c, and restricting attention to two inertial observers S and S′ in standard configuration. As before, it shows that the Lorentz transformations follow from the two postulates, namely, the principle of special relativity and the constancy of the velocity of light. It then shows how these leave the distance between two ‘events’ in space-time invariant. This chapter also examines the key physical attributes of special relativity, namely length contraction and time dilation as well as the relativistic Doppler effect. The chapter also discusses uniform acceleration and the twin paradox.
The principles of general relativity
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 9 examines the principles that guided Einstein in his quest for a relativistic theory of gravitation, paying particular attention to the principle of equivalence. One school of thought considers this an unnecessary process, but rather argues that it is sufficient to state the theory and investigate its consequences. There seems little doubt, however, that consideration of these physical principles helps give insight into the theory and promotes understanding. After a discussion of the various roles that mass plays in Newtonian theory, namely, inertial mass, passive gravitational mass, and active gravitational mass, the principle of equivalence is introduced and various formulations of this are presented. There then follows a discussion of the other principles that explicitly or implicitly played in important role in the development of a relativistic theory of gravitation, namely Mach’s principle, the principle of general covariance, the principle of minimal gravitational coupling, and the correspondence principle.
The field equations of general relativity
Authors: d’Inverno Ray , Vickers James 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 10 pursues the Newtonian correspondence further and reformulates Newtonian theory in such a way that it leads naturally to the particular set of field equations of general relativity. A number of thought experiments, including the famous lift experiments, which were important to Einstein in deriving the field equations are considered. The non-local lift thought experiments are introduced and it is shown how they indicates that a non-uniform gravitational field may be detected through the relative acceleration of nearby particles. The mathematical formulation of this is through the equation of geodesic deviation and it is shown how, by analogy with the Newtonian equation, this leads to the vacuum field equations of general relativity. The final section shows how these need to be modified to be consistent with both the conservation of energy–momentum and the contracted Bianchi identities.