bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article 23
Authors: Byrnes Andrew , Anthony Dorothea 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter reviews Article 23 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Article 23 is a savings clause, the purpose of which is to clarify the relationship between the provisions of the Convention and those contained in other treaties or national law. It is intended to ensure that the highest standard for the protection of women’s human rights is observed by a State party, whether the source of that obligation is the Convention, another treaty, or national law. Where a national law provides better protection for women’s equality than the Convention does, Article 23(a) provides that the national provision should prevail. The adoption of any new treaty often gives rise to the question of how the obligations of States parties under that treaty relate to their obligations under other conventions and which standard is to prevail if obligations under two treaties conflict. The matter is further complicated if States parties to the earlier treaty are not the same as the States parties to the later treaty. Article 23(b) addresses this issue.
Article 26
Authors: Kroworsch Susann 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter evaluates Article 26 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). As a ‘revision clause’, Article 26 of the Convention seeks to provide both stability of the text and the necessary flexibility for change. Other human rights treaties also provide for revision, although the procedures may differ. Article 26 provides that a revision may be requested by notification from a State party in written form addressed to the UN Secretary-General (UN SG) and empowers the UN General Assembly (UNGA) to establish the procedure for possible amendment. Where Article 26 is silent on a particular issue, the subsidiary rules of Article 40 of the 1969 Vienna Convention of the Law of Treaties (VCLT) may be applied.
Article 29
Authors: Kroworsch Susann 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter assesses Article 29 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). In contrast to other UN human rights treaties, the Convention does not provide for a special inter-State complaints mechanism. Hence, the Article 29 ‘settlement of disputes clause’ is an important tool for maintaining the integrity of the text and monitoring the implementation of the Convention. All States parties are authorized to rely on the clause. Any State party can intervene, if it considers that another State party impedes the aim of the Convention, by characterizing the issue as a matter of interpretation and application of the Convention. Article 29 favours the dispute resolution processes listed in the UN Charter Article 33—negotiation, ad hoc arbitration, and adjudication—rather than a more specific inter-State complaint procedure. Article 29 also establishes the compulsory jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in accordance with Article 36(1) of its Statute if the pre-conditions of Article 29 are met.
Opening Statements
Authors: Vinson Donald E , Reichert Klaus 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter cites the persuasive techniques and tactical considerations that lawyers can employ for the oral hearing’s opening statement of any arbitration. In terms of arbitration, oral hearing resembles litigation in national courts. Thus, opening statements set up the stage on how and what arbitrators perceive during the hearing. The chapter also highlights the issue of the perspective of the counsel and arbitrators as they may not approach a case from the same perspective amidst the delivery of opening statements. Additionally, thematic anchors is a key psychological consideration in building persuasive opening statements as it would be the foundation of the tribunal’s final decision.
Applicable Laws
Authors: Blackaby Nigel , Partasides Constantine , Redfern Alan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers the applicable laws imposed by arbitral tribunals for the process of international arbitration. It explains that law governs the contracts conducted in line with international arbitration. Moreover, arbitration is regulated by specific rules of procedure agreed upon by the law of the arbitration place, parties, or the arbitral tribunal. Mostly, modern laws of arbitration leave parties and arbitrators free to decide on the specificity of the procedures as long as both parties are treated equally. On the other hand, international arbitration tends to involve more than a single system of law or legal rules. The chapter also notes the laws governing the terms of arbitration and substance.
Establishment and Organisation of an Arbitral Tribunal
Authors: Blackaby Nigel , Partasides Constantine , Redfern Alan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter tackles the process of establishing and organising the arbitral tribunal. An appropriate form of notice of request for arbitration must be delivered, following relevant procedural rules, in order to start an arbitration. Additionally, the rules are relevant to the rules of applicable law. The chapter expounds on the process of commencing an arbitration regarding disputes and their respective parties. On the other hand, the process of establishing a tribunal and arbitrators is known to be lengthy. Thus, institutional arbitration rules suggest the appointment of Emergency Arbitrators as an alternative for parties trying to find relief from national courts.
Conduct of the Proceedings
Authors: Blackaby Nigel , Partasides Constantine , Redfern Alan 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter explains the process of conducting international arbitration proceedings. Despite the possibility of conducting proceedings in various ways, institutional and ad hoc rules of arbitration often provide an outline of steps and detailed regulations agreed by parties to be followed. Moreover, the agreed regulations must comply with mandatory rules and public policy requirements. Then, party autonomy becomes the guiding principle in determining the international arbitration procedure. The basic underlying structures of international arbitration range between the international conventions, arbitration rules, and the practice of experienced arbitrators and counsel. Depending on the circumstances of a case, arbitral tribunals mostly try to ensure stop further additional hearings beyond post-hearing briefs.
Introduction
Authors: Bork Reinhard 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter introduces cross-border insolvency issues and their regulation under the EU Regulation 2015/848. It also tackles the role of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) on regards to European cross-border insolvency laws and the Court’s judicial activism. Cross-border insolvency cases look into which state has the jurisdiction, applicable laws, and judgement recognition on foreign law enforcement. Moreover, the regulation of cross-border insolvency issues improves the internal market while establishing a sector of freedom, security, or justice. The chapter clarifies that the cross-border issues are mostly political in nature instead of geographical. It also covers how the cross-border insolvency law of Brexit and Directive (EU) affected preventive restructuring.
RCSB Protein Data Bank (RCSB.org): delivery of experimentally-determined PDB structures alongside one million computed structure models of proteins from artificial intelligence/machine learning
Authors: Burley Stephen K , Bhikadiya Charmi , Bi Chunxiao , Bittrich Sebastian , Chao Henry , Chen Li , Craig Paul A , Crichlow Gregg V , Dalenberg Kenneth , Duarte Jose M , Dutta Shuchismita , Fayazi Maryam , Feng Zukang , Flatt Justin W , Ganesan Sai , Ghosh Sutapa , Goodsell David S , Green Rachel Kramer , Guranovic Vladimir , Henry Jeremy , Hudson Brian P , Khokhriakov Igor , Lawson Catherine L , Liang Yuhe , Lowe Robert , Peisach Ezra , Persikova Irina , Piehl Dennis W , Rose Yana , Sali Andrej , Segura Joan , Sekharan Monica , Shao Chenghua , Vallat Brinda , Voigt Maria , Webb Ben , Westbrook John D , Whetstone Shamara , Young Jasmine Y , Zalevsky Arthur , Zardecki Christine 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB), founding member of the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB), is the US data center for the open-access PDB archive. As wwPDB-designated Archive Keeper, RCSB PDB is also responsible for PDB data security. Annually, RCSB PDB serves &gt;10 000 depositors of three-dimensional (3D) biostructures working on all permanently inhabited continents. RCSB PDB delivers data from its research-focused RCSB.org web portal to many millions of PDB data consumers based in virtually every United Nations-recognized country, territory, etc. This Database Issue contribution describes upgrades to the research-focused RCSB.org web portal that created a one-stop-shop for open access to ∼200 000 experimentally-determined PDB structures of biological macromolecules alongside &gt;1 000 000 incorporated Computed Structure Models (CSMs) predicted using artificial intelligence/machine learning methods. RCSB.org is a ‘living data resource.’ Every PDB structure and CSM is integrated weekly with related functional annotations from external biodata resources, providing up-to-date information for the entire corpus of 3D biostructure data freely available from RCSB.org with no usage limitations. Within RCSB.org, PDB structures and the CSMs are clearly identified as to their provenance and reliability. Both are fully searchable, and can be analyzed and visualized using the full complement of RCSB.org web portal capabilities.
A large-scale benchmark study of tools for the classification of protein-coding and non-coding RNAs
Authors: Singh Dalwinder , Roy Joy 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIdentification of protein-coding and non-coding transcripts is paramount for understanding their biological roles. Computational approaches have been addressing this task for over a decade; however, generalized and high-performance models are still unreliable. This benchmark study assessed the performance of 24 tools producing &gt;55 models on the datasets covering a wide range of species. We have collected 135 small and large transcriptomic datasets from existing studies for comparison and identified the potential bottlenecks hampering the performance of current tools. The key insights of this study include lack of standardized training sets, reliance on homogeneous training data, gradual changes in annotated data, lack of augmentation with homology searches, the presence of false positives and negatives in datasets and the lower performance of end-to-end deep learning models. We also derived a new dataset, RNAChallenge, from the benchmark considering hard instances that may include potential false alarms. The best and least well performing models under- and overfit the dataset, respectively, thereby serving a dual purpose. For computational approaches, it will be valuable to develop accurate and unbiased models. The identification of false alarms will be of interest for genome annotators, and experimental study of hard RNAs will help to untangle the complexity of the RNA world.
Baseline Neutrophil-to-Eosinophil Ratio Is Associated with Outcomes in Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Authors: Zhuang Tony Z , Ravindranathan Deepak , Liu Yuan , Martini Dylan J , Brown Jacqueline T , Nazha Bassel , Russler Greta , Yantorni Lauren B , Caulfield Sarah , Carthon Bradley C , Kucuk Omer , Master Viraj A , Bilen Mehmet Asim 
Published: November 2022

AbstractBackgroundBiomarkers have the potential to guide treatment selection and clinical care in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) in an expanding treatment landscape. We report baseline neutrophil-to-eosinophil ratios (NER) in patients with mRCC treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) and their association with clinical outcomes.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective review of patients with mRCC treated with CPIs at Winship Cancer Institute from 2015 to 2020 in the United States of America (USA). Demographics, disease characteristics, and laboratory data, including complete blood counts (CBC) were described at the initiation of CPIs. Clinical outcomes were measured as overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and clinical benefit (CB) associated with baseline lab values.ResultsA total of 184 patients were included with a median follow-up time of 25.4 months. Patients with baseline NER were categorized into high or low subgroups; high group was defined as NER &gt;49.2 and low group was defined as NER &lt;49.2 with 25% of patients in the high NER group. Univariate analyses (UVA) and multivariable analyses (MVA) identified decreased overall survival (OS) associated with elevated NER. In MVA, patients with a high baseline NER group had a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.68 (95%CI, 1.01-2.82, P = .048) for OS; however, there was no significant difference between groups for PFS. Clinical benefit was seen in 47.3% of patients with low baseline NER and 40% with high NER.ConclusionsWe conclude that elevated baseline NER may be associated with worse clinical outcomes in mRCC. Although results require further validation, NER is a feasible biomarker in patients with CPI-treated mRCC.
Plant lineage-specific PIKMIN1 drives APC/CCCS52A2 E3-ligase activity-dependent cell division
Authors: Willems Alex , Liang Yuanke , Heyman Jefri , Depuydt Thomas , Eekhout Thomas , Canher Balkan , Van den Daele Hilde , Vercauteren Ilse , Vandepoele Klaas , De Veylder Lieven 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) marks key cell cycle proteins for proteasomal breakdown, thereby ensuring unidirectional progression through the cell cycle. Its target recognition is temporally regulated by activating subunits, one of which is called CELL CYCLE SWITCH 52 A2 (CCS52A2). We sought to expand the knowledge on the APC/C by using the severe growth phenotypes of CCS52A2-deficient Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants as a readout in a suppressor mutagenesis screen, resulting in the identification of the previously undescribed gene called PIKMIN1 (PKN1). PKN1 deficiency rescues the disorganized root stem cell phenotype of the ccs52a2-1 mutant, whereas an excess of PKN1 inhibits the growth of ccs52a2-1 plants, indicating the need for control of PKN1 abundance for proper development. Accordingly, the lack of PKN1 in a wild-type background negatively impacts cell division, while its systemic overexpression promotes proliferation. PKN1 shows a cell cycle phase-dependent accumulation pattern, localizing to microtubular structures, including the preprophase band, the mitotic spindle, and the phragmoplast. PKN1 is conserved throughout the plant kingdom, with its function in cell division being evolutionarily conserved in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Our data thus demonstrate that PKN1 represents a novel, plant-specific protein with a role in cell division that is likely proteolytically controlled by the CCS52A2-activated APC/C.
ASSESSMENT OF GAMMA DOSE AND ANNUAL EFFECTIVE DOSE RATE FOR COMMONLY USED FERTILIZER SAMPLES IN AGRICULTURE FIELD WITH A STATISTICAL APPROACH
Authors: Tamilarasi Azhagesan , Sathish Vilvanathan , Chandrasekaran Ananthanarayanan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIn this present study, the activity concentration of the naturally occurring radionuclides 238U, 232Th and 40K have been measured in commonly used chemical fertilizers for agriculture by using gamma-ray spectrometry with NaI (TI) detector. Radiological hazard parameters have been calculated for samples. The mean specific activity concentration of the 238U, 232Th and 40K is 176, 5.75 and 4136 Bq kg−1, respectively. Particularly, the mean value of 238U, as well as 40K, is higher than the world recommended value. Also, the average value of radium equivalent activity is 503 Bq kg−1 and the absorbed dose rate (DR) is 282.93 nGyh−1, which is greater than the permissible limit, whereas the annual effective dose rate (AEDR) is 0.316 mSvy−1, which is lower than the world recommended value. Therefore, collected fertilizer samples significantly increase the activity concentration of natural radionuclides in the agricultural soils. Multivariate statistical techniques such as Pearson correlation and factor analysis are carried out for radioactive variables to understand the existing relationship between them. From obtained results reveals that these fertilizer samples increases the probability of adverse health effects due to natural radioactivity.
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODELS FOR ESTIMATION OF ELECTRIC FIELD INTENSITY AND MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY IN THE PROXIMITY OF OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINE
Authors: Turajlic Emir , Alihodzic Ajdin , Mujezinovic Adnan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis paper considers the application of artificial neural network (ANN) models for electric field intensity and magnetic flux density estimation in the proximity of overhead transmission lines. Specifically, two distinct ANN models are used to facilitate independent estimation of electric field intensity and magnetic flux density in the proximity of overhead transmission lines. The considered ANN approach is systematically evaluated under different scenarios. An example of an overhead transmission line with horizontal phase conductor configuration is used to enable a direct comparison of the electric field intensity and magnetic flux density estimates generated by the two ANN models to measurement results obtained over the lateral profile. Further investigation of ANN models involves an extensive study whereby 13 different overhead transmission lines of horizontal configurations are used as the basis for comparing measurement results to estimates provided by the ANN models. In this study, the performance analysis of the ANN models was evaluated using coefficient of determination and root mean square error. The obtained results demonstrate that the considered ANN approach can be used to estimate the electric field intensity and magnetic flux density in the proximity of overhead transmission lines.
BAICALEIN RELIEVES BRAIN INJURY VIA INHIBITING FERROPTOSIS AND ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM STRESS IN A RAT MODEL OF CARDIAC ARREST
Authors: Ye Zhou , Zhang Fan , Wang Peng , Ran Yingqi , Liu Cong , Lu Jinming , Zhang Mingtao , Yao Lan 
Published: November 2022

ABSTRACT

Background: Cardiac arrest (CA) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and ferroptosis are proven pathological mechanisms implicated in neuronal damage. Baicalein, a ferroptosis Inhibitor, improved outcomes after traumatic brain injury. We aimed to explore the effects of baicalein on brain injury via ferroptosis and ER stress in a rat model of CA.
Methods: Cardiac arrest models were established in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The sham group (n = 6) was untreated with inducing ventricular fibrillation to cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Survival rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 6). Ferroptosis inhibitor and ER stress agonist were administered separately and together in three groups. There was no drug intervention in the remaining group. The neurological deficit scores were recorded. Characteristics of ferroptosis were observed. And the associated protein of ferroptosis and ER stress were determined by Western blot. Cerebral ROS production was measured by using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate as the oxidative fluorescent probe. Results: Baicalein treatment improved neurological outcomes and decreased neurocyte injuries compared with CPR group. The changes of ferroptosis, more specifically, iron content, glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), reactive oxygen species (ROS), arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase (ALOX15) and mitochondrial characteristics, were observed in brain tissue after ROSC. ALOX15 was lower in baicalein group than in CPR group. The morphology and structure of mitochondria in baicalein group were better than in CPR group. The ER stress markers, glucose-regulated protein 78, activating Transcription Factor 4 and C/EBP homologous protein was lower in baicalein group compared with CPR group. ROS in tunicamycin group was higher than in CPR group. And ROS in baicalein +tunicamycin group was lower than in tunicamycin group. Conclusion: Ferroptosis and ER stress are both involved in brain injury after ROSC. Baicalein alleviates brain injury via suppressing the ferroptosis and ER stress, and reduces ROS partly through inhibiting ER stress. Baicalein is a potential drug to relieve brain injury after ROSC.
Computationally designed sensors for endogenous Ras activity reveal signaling effectors within oncogenic granules
Authors: Zhang Jason Z. , Nguyen William H. , Greenwood Nathan , Rose John C. , Ong Shao-En , Maly Dustin J. , Baker David 
Published: November 2022

AbstractGenetically encoded biosensors have accelerated biological discovery, however many important targets such as active Ras (Ras-GTP) are difficult to sense as strategies to match a sensor’s sensitivity to the physiological range of target are lacking. Here, we use computational protein design to generate and optimize intracellular sensors of Ras activity (LOCKR-basedSensor forRasactivity: Ras-LOCKR-S) and proximity labelers of the signaling environment of Ras (LOCKR-based,Rasactivity-dependentProximityLabeler: Ras-LOCKR-PL). We demonstrate that our tools can measure endogenous Ras activity and environment at subcellular resolution. We illustrate the application of these tools by using them to identify Ras effectors, notably Src-Associated in Mitosis 68 kDa protein (SAM68), enriched in oncogenic EML4-Alk granules. Localizing these sensors to these granules revealed that SAM68 enhances Ras activity specifically at the granules, and SAM68 inhibition sensitizes EML4-Alk-driven cancer cells to existing drug therapies, suggesting a possible therapeutic strategy.
The dynamic relationship between COVID-19 cases and SARS-CoV-2 wastewater concentrations across time and space: considerations for model training data sets
Authors: Schill Rebecca , Nelson Kara L. , Harris-Lovett Sasha , Kantor Rose S. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, wastewater-based surveillance has been used alongside diagnostic testing to monitor infection rates. With the decline in cases reported to public health departments due to at-home testing, wastewater data may serve as the primary input for epidemiological models, but training these models is not straightforward. We explored factors affecting noise and bias in the ratio between wastewater and case data collected in 26 sewersheds in California from October 2020 to March 2022. The strength of the relationship between wastewater and case data appeared dependent on sampling frequency and population size, but was not increased by wastewater normalization to flow rate or case count normalization to testing rates. Additionally, the lead and lag times between wastewater and case data varied over time and space, and the ratio of log-transformed individual cases to wastewater concentrations changed over time. This ratio increased sequentially in the Epsilon/Alpha, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 variant surges of COVID-19 and was also related to the diagnostic testing rate. Based on this analysis, we present a framework of scenarios describing the dynamics of the case to wastewater ratio to aid in data handling decisions for ongoing modeling efforts.