bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protection Barrier for Shallow Arctic Waters
Authors: Gudmestad Ove T. , Gürtner Arne , Llamazares Ada Rpetto 
Published: April 2022

Hydrocarbon discoveries in the shallow waters of the Northern Caspian Sea have caused intensive drilling activities to be carried out to explore the potentials. Experience with mobile drilling units in the seasonally ice infested waters hitherto originates from the drilling campaigns of the Sunkar drilling barge at Kashagan and Kalamkas.
However, with increased drilling activities upcoming, innovative drilling concepts are desirable due to the objective of maintaining drilling operations (of production wells) also during the ice period with the use of conventional non-ice-resistant drilling platforms. The employment of external Shoulder Ice Barriers (SIBs) to protect a conventional jack-up drilling rig from the hazards of drifting ice in shallow water is discussed. Model tests on the SIB were performed in the large ice tank of the Hamburg Ship Model Basin (HSVA) during July 2007. These tests were performed to investigate the conceptual design under ice impact. The characteristic shoulder sections' inclination was varied to investigate the shoulder’s contribution towards stabilizing broken ice and to prevent ice from over-riding. Ice up-riding onto the barrier contributes towards increased vertical forces. The global vertical forces showed to be higher than the global horizontal forces, and in particular when ice grounding was observed. Even under extreme rubble heights of up to 9.4 m (full scale), ice overtopping the structure was effectively prevented. The SIB showed the potential to be utilized as ice protection structure for future shallow water developments.
Finally, the stability on the sea bottom was investigated. The conclusion being that the concept will perform well on average to strong soils but needs to have a larger foot print area in very soft soils condition.
This paper thus documents, on a feasibility level, the concept of ice protection in shallow water by means of the SIB. This paper presents a summary study of the design and verification work performed with regard to the feasibility of an innovative design.
First Year Hull-Ice Interaction Loads Measured on the Louis S. St-Laurent During the 1995 Gulf of St. Lawrence Trials
Authors: Ritch Ron 
Published: April 2022

During March of 1995, hull-ice interaction loads were measured on the hull of the Louis S. St-Laurent (LSSL) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The programme made use of strain gages placed on the bow and shoulder areas of the hull for the LSSL 1994 North Pole voyage. An additional measurement area in the stern was added. The winter of 1995 was a mild winter. Ice thickness during the trials was in the range of 0.4m to 0.5m and air temperatures were generally above zero during the day and -5°C at night. There was marked deterioration of the ice strength over the duration of the trials.
The trials were conducted on a non-interference basis. Only very limited dedicated trials were conducted. The data was collected using transient recorders with user-defined threshold triggers. Two video systems were installed, one to document the view looking forward of the vessel and a second looking vertically downwards along the side to record the ice thickness of ice piece broken by the bow and turned on edge.
This paper documents the measurement program conducted, including a description of the measurement systems and data processing methods. The final results of measured forces/pressures and their distributions are presented and comparisons made to the 1994 LSSL voyage and several other ships.
Ice and Tundra Road Design for Module Transport
Authors: Spencer Paul A. , Strandberg Allan G. , Maddock William A. 
Published: April 2022

Tundra roads and ice roads supported on water or unfrozen soil are a viable means of transporting module loads across remote northern areas. Module loads to 2,000 tonnes have been transported in recent years on Tundra and ice roads in northern areas and loads to 10,000 tonnes and more have been transported on constructed unfrozen roads in temperate areas.
Design parameters for Tundra and ice roads supported on unfrozen soil or water are presented in this paper for loads up to 10,000 tonnes. Typically the modules would be transported to the northern project area on ocean barges, off-loaded to the shoreline with a temporary or permanent wharf and then transported inland to a facility by the shortest, most direct route available. The crossing of rivers and areas of unfrozen soil presents challenges to the transportation effort and the road design must ensure that sufficient bearing support and traction are available for the module transportation equipment.
Development of Self Propelled Module Transporters (SPMT), especially in the last 10 years, has produced reliable hydraulic lifting and transporting equipment that can readily move module loads to 10,000 tonnes and more. The safe and reliable operation of heavy load SPMT equipment in the north is primarily limited by the ability to construct suitable roads and off-loading structures.
Offshore Pipelines in Cold Regions - Environmental Loadings and Geotechnical Considerations
Authors: Paulin Michael J. , Kenny Shawn P. , Palmer Andrew C. , Been Ken , Caines Jonathan V.M. 
Published: April 2022

With the oil industry’s continued quest for oil and gas in frontier offshore locations, several developments have taken place in regions characterized by seasonal ice cover including the US Beaufort, North Caspian, and Sakhalin Island. In these projects, pipeline transportation systems have been used, which are a cost-effective, safe and reliable mode of hydrocarbon transport to shore. One of the key design issues is ice gouging that affects engineering considerations with respect to strain based design, target burial depth requirements, cost and safety.
It is generally accepted that offshore pipelines in ice environments will need to be trenched and backfilled for protection. Burial depths can be greater than those that might normally be required for pipelines in temperate climates. Burial depth requirements will be a function of the design ice gouge depth (to prevent interaction between the ice and pipe) and an acceptable level of subgouge deformation beneath a gouging ice keel (which strains the pipeline). There still exists uncertainty on the magnitude and extent of subgouge soil deformations due to ice gouging and the importance of sediment transport mechanisms for biasing gouge statistics.
Pushing the limits to developments further offshore in deeper Arctic waters (i.e. 15 to 50m water depth) will require that additional consideration be given to aspects related to pipeline design, in particular with respect to burial for protection against ice gouging.
Canadian Arctic Shipping and Emission Assessment
Authors: Radloff Ernst , Hrebenyk Bohdan 
Published: April 2022

The changing Arctic environment is a significant consideration in the forecast of future marine emissions stemming from the potential increase in natural resource extraction and inter-and intra-Arctic shipping. The Transport Development Centre (TDC) of Transport Canada has carried out a vessel emission inventory study for marine vessels operating in the Canadian Arctic. The inventory comprises a baseline assessment for the years 2002 to 2007 and forecasts to 2010, 2020, and 2050. The inventory utilizes a “bottom-up” vessel activity based approach consistent with current best practices and was completed using the marine emission inventory tool (MEIT). The forecasts were based on expected population growth, and economic activities in the Arctic. Also taken into consideration are the changes and projections for the Arctic environment, specifically when and to what extent the ice will recede allowing for increased vessel access to the Arctic.
The forecast shows that by 2050 a significant increase in Green-house gas (GHG) and emissions are expected to occur due to an increase in intra-Arctic shipping resource extraction and eco-tourism. This translates into a five-fold increase for both CO2 and NOx and significant increases in other criteria air contaminants (CAC) especially if large-scale gas production occurs in the western arctic region of Canada. The forecast also includes several scenarios such as the designation of the Arctic as an Emission Control Area (ECA) and the harmonization with EPA and IMO Marpol regulations for marine fuel and engine emission standards, which would have the potential to lower CAC emissions.
Fast Ice Drilling System – FIDS – An Improved System for Shallow Water Arctic Drilling
Authors: Shafer Randall , Noble Peter , Iyerusalimskiy Alex 
Published: April 2022

The Fast Ice Drilling System (FIDS) is a concept to extend the season for Ice Island drilling and to move it into deeper water as an alternative to bottom supported drilling units, such as the Steel Drilling Caisson (SDC). As currently conceived, the FIDS can support drilling of up to four wells during the course of one winter season.
The FID System is designed to overcome one of the limitations of current ice island drilling, i.e. the requirement for shore access via an ice road. Building of ice roads can delay season start and shore leads and over-flooding in the spring can make the ice road unusable while the ice island platform is still stable and intact. The FID System is based on using marine logistics and supply which obviates (or minimizes) the need for shore access via ice roads.
The FIDS concept uses a marine vessel(s) for early construction of spray ice islands and provides support for construction of ice roads and additional man-made ice islands.
The use of logistics vessel(s) within the FIDS concept to position construction and drilling equipment, camps, fuel and other supplies in the vicinity of the target well locations improves overall efficiency and allows for an extended drilling season. This approach allows for the earliest start of ice island construction and correspondingly maximizes the time available for drilling a deep and complex well at this location.
After completion of drilling and well testing, all drilling equipment and remaining supplies on the islands are returned to the logistics vessel, which remains in the ice until break-up the following summer, when it can sail to a southern port for replenishment.
While the original FIDS study was based on the use of Russia SA-15 arctic logistics ships, it is possible to foresee construction of similar special purpose ships, perhaps with increased capacity which could support the FIDS concept and which might also act as support or wareships for te open-water drilling season in areas such as the Chukchi Sea.
Arctic tankers: current and future structural design practice
Authors: Tustin Robert , Niini Mikko , Ranki Erkki 
Published: April 2022

Fleet development and design trends for the Arctic tanker fleet indicate a progressive increase in ship size. The trend to larger ship size is also reflected in feasibility studies considering very large Arctic tanker design concepts. A review of current Arctic tanker structural design practice is offered including an examination of two recent Arctic tanker designs to compare;
Steel-weight and benefits of two types of ice belt structures
Ice belt scantlings determined to RS ice category and IACS Polar Class rule requirements
The Arctic tanker of the future is expected to be a significant step outside of the accumulated design and operation experience base of existing Arctic tankers. For future Arctic tankers it is then expected that new practices for structural design will be required and applied.
Past Experience from Arctic Commercial Expeditions
Authors: Alme Johannes , Gudmestad Ove 
Published: April 2022

In the past, Norwegian vessels have entered the Arctic for fishing and for hunting whales and seals. The seal hunters needed to go to the iceedge or into the ice to catch the seals and their activity created much needed income in the past. These seal hunters came mainly from the Aalesund area of Norway (many came from the village of Brandal) and from the Tromsø area in the north.
Although seal hunting is controversial to day, there might be important learning to bring to new industries like the offshore oil and gas industry and to the navigators in ice infested northern waters. An activity within the research project “PetroArctic” at NTNU has focused on collecting experience data from the seal hunters, (Alme, 2009). A number of interviews with elders (age from 70 to 80+) have been conducted with focus on the physical environmental conditions, vessel behavior in ice and causes of loss of vessels. Among those interviewed were the legendary captain Paul Stark who sailed on sealers from 1950 to 2000 and who was involved in three vessel losses. Newspaper records from the early decades of the 20th century have been reviewed. Prior to the time of steel hull ships with diesel engines, wooden ships with sails and thereafter with steam engines were used. There were frequent losses caused by ice pressure and vessel implosions. Losses were also due to interaction with “ice foots” (Figure1) of multiyear ridges or due to hits from floating ridges on waves.
The paper presents characteristic features of vessels used and ice conditions for the different areas where seal hunting took place. These were the Newfoundland area, Labrador coast, Danish Strait, the Area in vicinity of Jan Mayen, North East Greenland coast, Spitzbergen, Eastern Barents Sea towards Novaya Zemlya and the mouth of the White Sea (Figure 2). The causes for the losses or damages to vessels are reviewed in details. In this respect it should be noted that although the ice cap might be shrinking in the future, there will be ice parts of the year over large areas. The ice might even move faster than in the past and get to new areas that traditionally have been ice free. This also relate to the ice of the polar pack that might move more than in the past. There is therefore a strong encouragement to implement the learning of the Arctic pioneers.
Mooring System for Moderate Size Arctic Vessel Terminal in Heavy Ice Conditions
Authors: Bonnaud Axel , Gudmestad Ove Tobias , Hovland Erlend 
Published: April 2022

With considerable amount of oil and gas resources, the Arctic zones are becoming more and more attractive for oil and gas exploration and production. However, to be able to produce oil and gas in this region, several new challenges have to be faced. One of these is the heavy ice condition. Thus, to face this challenge, new technologies are required. In drifting ice to heavy ice conditions, a floating stationary unit must withstand the important design ice loadings. Due to these loadings, a safe design of the vessel to seabed connection, however, cannot rely on thrusters’ utilization alone. A mooring system needs to be particularly reliable and strong. Eventually, disconnection may be needed in the event of loss of position [Gudmestad et al., 09].
With regard to these observations, it seems relevant to compute and analyze the loading in the mooring device. The vessel studied in this paper is a moderately sized mono-hull icebreaker suitable as an offloading terminal for deep or shallow water production systems or onshore facilities, as control centre for subsea facilities, as process facility with a small process plant or as an intervention vessel for subsea satellites.
The Arctic Ocean has a water depth varying from tens of meters (Pechora Sea and Kara Sea as well as parts of the Beaufort Sea) to a couple of thousands meters (Canada Basin). This implies finding different mooring solutions to suit these different water depths.
Due to weight limitations, it is challenging to design a mooring system for arctic deep water made of chain or wire. The partial use of polyester ropes may be an attractive alternative. Due to its particular features, the polyester rope’s behavior is not fully understood and it is needed to be further studied for use with a moored installation in this region with very large mooring forces. This paper aims at presenting the results of ice load calculations on mooring systems composed of different kinds of mooring elements (polyester ropes, wire ropes, chains and buoyant elements) and proposing different geometries according to the water depth.
Arctic Challenges - A Treatise of Past and Recent Developments
Authors: Ghoneim G. , Cammaert A. B. , Mejlænder-Larsen Morten 
Published: April 2022

In view of the recent announcements by the USA government permitting further drilling in certain areas offshore Alaska and the steady increase in oil prices, it may be again possible to predict that Arctic oil and gas development and transportation projects are imminent. The challenges associated with design and operation of Arctic exploration and production installations are many and have been exhaustively discussed in the past. This paper will summarize these challenges and show how a significant number of them have been addressed in the past and how new technologies may be implemented to alleviate the remaining challenges.
In the late seventies and early eighties extensive Arctic R&D work was carried out. A small sample of this work includes the Arctic Pilot Project, the CANMAR icebreaker research program with full scale testing, the Tarsuit artificial island, the Hans island ice load monitoring programs, and the Canadian Coast Guard development of the Canadian Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations (CASPPR). The R&D work carried out in Finland and Russia is also discussed. This paper demonstrates how the available results from these projects may be applied in the development of current and new rules and standards. The issues that are still outstanding are highlighted and proposals for possible resolution thereof are made.
A presentation of ongoing work for the development of new DNV design guidelines on ice-structure interaction will be presented. The work will be completed in 2011 or early 2012. The project will be based on the new ISO 19906 standard, and will cover both fixed and floating installations.
The paper also describes results from a recently completed real-time ice load monitoring program onboard an icebreaking vessel and shows correlation with proposed formulations.
Periodontal Status and Glycaemic Control among Type 2 Diabetic Patients- a Comparable Study between 2 Teaching Hospitals in 2 Geographical Zones in Nigeria
Authors: Soroye Modupeoluwa Omotunde , Onigbinde Olubunmi Omotunde , Korubo Ibitrokoemi Faye , Umanah Ayamma Udo 
Published: April 2022

Background: There is clinical evidence that periodontitis and diabetes mellitus (DM) are interconnected. Thus, periodontitis can promote systemic chronic inflammation that can exacerbate type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Methodology: Data was collected with self-administered questionnaire. Glycaemic control and periodontal status were evaluated by glycated Hb values and CPI respectively. Analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 (IBM SPSS Statistics Armonk New York). Association of glycaemic index with periodontal status was explored by the χ2 test and statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
Results: One hundred and eighty-five participants with type 2 diabetes were recruited with a female predominance in both centers. Majority of participants were above the fifth decade. The mean duration of diabetes was 8.97±7.14. 73.3% of participants in UPTH and 84.7% in LASUTH were out of (p=0.001). One-fourth of participants in LASUTH and 14.2% of participants from UPTH had poor oral hygiene. Twice participants in LASUTH had good glycaemic control compared to those in UPTH (p=0.001). The periodontal status of majority of the participants in the two centers was between CPI score 2 and 4 (p=0.02). The association between good glycaemic control and gender and between good glycaemic control and age were statistically significant (p=0.014; p=0.001).
Conclusion: The periodontal status of participants did not worsen with poor glycaemic control. However, education was significantly associated with extent of control. Periodontal care should be incorporated into the management of the diabetics for improved quality of life.
Economics of Women Involvement in Pineapple Production in Moulvibazar District, Bangladesh: Household Income and Decision Making Perspective
Authors: Marium Bibi , Ahmed Jasim Uddin , Begum Maimuna , Pia Modhumita Bhattachirjee 
Published: April 2022

Aims: The research was aimed to assess the economic involvement of female workers in pineapple production and their perception of household income and decision-making perspective in some selected areas of Moulvibazar district, Bangladesh.
Study Design: This article is about determining the female workers contribution to household income and is placed on empirical analysis. It estimated the income and decision-making power of female pineapple workers at the household level.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Sreemangal Upazila of Moulvibazar district of Bangladesh including three villages i.e. Mohajirabad, Doulochora, and Radhanagar as the female participation in pineapple work is comparatively high. The study period was the production period of pineapple from June to September 2020.
Methodology: In this study, simple random sampling was used to choose 200 respondents. Face-to-face interviews with pineapple female workers generated primary data, which was obtained using structured questionnaires. The socio-economic profile of the sampled respondent was determined using descriptive methods. To estimate the female workers contribution to family income and their perception of household decision-making, the Income-Expenditure model and 5-point Likert Scale were applied.
Results: The outcome of the research appeared that most of the respondents were belonging to middle age group which is considered an active working group and the average age of the sample respondents was approximately 40 years while the average family size was 6.37. The findings of the study showed that 82.50% were married and 56.50% had no formal education and almost 80.50% of sample respondents were only engaged in pineapple production. The sources of annual family income indicating that 35.76% of income came from female members of the households in which 26.64% where came from only the pineapple sector and the average annual contribution of female pineapple workers in household income was Tk. 23,373.00.
Conclusion: It has been concluded that in the study area female workers had a significant role in the participation of household income and also the perception of female workers was largely accepted in the case of household expenditure, buying and selling of family wealth, education of children, saving money, and receiving medical treatment.