bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of intercostal nerve blockage versus local anesthesia for tube thoracostomy insertion; a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Mousavi Noushin , Davoodabadi Abdulhossein , Izadian Mohammadhasan , Mehran Saeed Mohseni , Aminipour Mohammadreza , Hajian Abbas 
Published: August 2022

Abstract

Background
Tube thoracostomy (TT) insertion is common and painful. Since thoracic pain concludes to lung atelectasis and following disadvantages, therefore pain control is fundamental. There is no general consensus on any analgesic method in this regard. This study aims to compare intercostal nerve blockage (ICNB) and local anesthesia (LA) considering postoperative effects.

Method
This is a randomized controlled double-blinded survey. Eligible conscious subjects were selected randomly from non-traumatic patients who were admitted in hospital but not candidate for further surgery. The only surgical intervention was a classic TT insertion. Preoperative anesthesia was conducted through ICNB or LA approach with total 15 mL bupivacaine 0.5% for every patient. Severity of pain was demonstrated using visual analogue scale method for five times. Also total administered opioid was registered.

Results
Data was adopted from 64 eligible patients. There was no difference between demographic variables(P > 0.05). Pain significantly mitigated following ICNB during TT insertion and also last for at least 6 h after surgery(p < 0.001). Additionally, cumulative dose of prescribed pethidine after ICNB was obviously lower than when LA approach was conducted(p < 0.001). There was no remarkable postoperative side effect among participants.

Conclusion
Preoperative ICNB anesthesia for TT insertion is advised because of its capability to reduce whether postoperative pain or need for opioid injection that both potentially are associated with respiratory depression.

Highlights
Stress Heterogeneity and the Onset of Faulting Along Geometrically Irregular Faults
Authors: Morad Doron , Lyakhovsky Vladimir , Hatzor Yossef H. , Sagy Amir 
Published: August 2022

AbstractWe present a two‐dimensional analytical solution for the static stress field around a rough interlocked interface under background stresses and its applications to faulting. The solution is derived using perturbation theory for the defined interface topography and background stresses. The failure‐ratio, which scales the likelihood to failure of the bulk material around the interface, is calculated adopting the Coulomb failure criterion. We compare model predictions with results of experiments performed on rough rock interfaces and find good agreement between the locations of off‐fault deformation zones and calculated high failure‐ratio values. We further study the effect of fault topography on stress distribution and failure around the San Andreas Fault and find a moderate correlation between Failure‐Ratio values and off‐fault seismic events. We conclude that our model is able to delineate off‐fault regions that are relatively prone to bulk failure due to local effects of fault topography.
Intermittent Behavior in the AMOC‐AMV Relationship
Authors: Bellucci Alessio , Mattei Denis , Ruggieri Paolo , Famooss Paolini Luca 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe connection between the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) and the Atlantic multidecadal variability (AMV) is inspected in a suite of pre‐industrial integrations from the 6th phase of the Coupled Model Inter‐comparison Project (CMIP6), using a change‐point detection method to identify different AMOC‐AMV co‐variability regimes. A key finding of this study is that models robustly simulate multi‐decadal windows where the AMV and the AMOC are essentially uncorrelated. These regimes coexist with longer periods with relatively high correlation. Drops and recoveries of correlation are found to be often abrupt and confined in a temporal window of the order of 10 years. Phenomenological evidence suggests that the no‐correlation regimes may be explained by drops in the variance of the AMOC: a less variable meridional heat transport leads to a suppressed co‐variability of the AMV, leaving a larger role for non‐AMOC drivers, consistent with a non‐stationary AMOC‐stationary noise interpretative framework.
Seasonal Variations of Medium‐Scale Waves Observed by ICON‐MIGHTI
Authors: Cullens Chihoko Y. , England Scott L. , Immel Thomas J. , Maute Astrid , Harding Brian J. , Triplett Colin C. , Makela Jonathan J. , Stevens Michael H. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThis work presents an analysis of seasonal variations of medium‐scale perturbations (∼500 to ∼5,700 km) spanning altitudes from 90 to 250 km using temperature and wind measurements made by the Michelson Interferometer for Global High‐resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) instrument onboard the Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON) in the latitude range of 0°–40°N during 2020–2021. Both medium‐scale perturbations (MSP) in temperature and winds below ∼120 km show semi‐annual variations, whereas annual variations of MSP for winds become dominant between 160 and 250 km. The largest wind MSP was observed at ∼110–120 km throughout the year. Spatial variations of MSP at 90–250 km do not show clear geographic patterns in either temperature or wind. Our analysis suggests both seasonal variations of MSP between 90 and 250 km altitudes are influenced by variation on both the sources of MSP and changes in the background wind.
Decoupled Land and Ocean Temperature Trends in the Early‐Middle Pleistocene
Authors: Lu Hongxuan , Liu Weiguo , Yang Hong , Leng Qin , Liu Zhonghui , Cao Yunning , Hu Jing , Sheng Weijuan , Wang Huanye , Wang Zheng , Zhang Zeke , Sun Youbin , Zhou Weijian , An Zhisheng 
Published: August 2022

AbstractRecord of long‐term land temperature changes remains ephemeral, discontinuous, and isolated, thus leaving the common view that Pleistocene land temperature evolution should have followed ocean temperatures unconfirmed. Here, we present a continuous land surface temperature reconstruction in the Asian monsoon region over the past 3.0 Myr based on the distribution of soil bacterial lipids from the Chinese Loess Plateau. The land temperature record indicates an unexpected warming trend over the Pleistocene, which is opposite to the cooling trend in Pleistocene ocean temperatures, resulting in increased land‐sea thermal contrast. We propose that the previously unrecognized increase of land‐sea thermal contrast during much of the Pleistocene is a regional climate phenomenon that provides a likely mechanism in favor of the long‐term enhancement of the Pleistocene East Asian summer monsoon.
Vastly Different Heights of LLVPs Caused by Different Strengths of Historical Slab Push
Authors: Yuan Qian , Li Mingming 
Published: August 2022

AbstractTwo large low velocity provinces (LLVPs) are observed in Earth's lower mantle, beneath Africa and the Pacific Ocean, respectively. The maximum height of the African LLVP is ∼1,000 km larger than that of the Pacific LLVP, but what causes this height difference remains unclear. LLVPs are often interpreted as thermochemical piles whose morphology is greatly controlled by the surrounding mantle flow. Seismic observations have revealed that while some subducted slabs are laterally deflected at ∼660–1,200 km, other slabs penetrate into the lowermost mantle. Here, through geodynamic modeling experiments, we show that rapid sinking of stagnant slabs to the lowermost mantle can cause significant height increases of nearby thermochemical piles. Our results suggest that the African LLVP may have been pushed more strongly and longer by surrounding mantle flows to reach a much shallower depth than the Pacific LLVP, perhaps since the Tethys slabs sank to the lowermost mantle.
Questioning the Paradigm of a Phosphate‐Limited Archean Biosphere
Authors: Crockford Peter , Halevy Itay 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe nature of Archean life remains one of the most contested topics in the study of Earth history. The debate may be formulated as follows: When did present day metabolisms emerge to ecological significance? What limited the productivity of early biospheres? How did the existence and productivity of individual metabolisms affect the chemistry and oxidation state of the ocean‐atmosphere? In a new study, Ingalls et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098100) apply a novel proxy, carbonate‐associated phosphate (CAP), to Neoarchean carbonate rocks and argue that seawater in the Neoarchean was more phosphate‐rich than through Phanerozoic time. Although the interpretation of CAP signals is currently burdened by uncertainties regarding Archean seawater chemistry, their results suggest Archean phosphate levels were comparable to modern seawater, if not higher. If true, then Earth's most successful metabolism, oxygenic photosynthesis, had either not achieved ecological prominence to exploit the relatively phosphate‐rich waters, or was curtailed by other under‐appreciated mechanisms.
Ion Behavior at Shocklets: A Case Study of MMS Observations
Authors: Liu Z.‐Y. , Zong Q.‐G. , Zhang H. , Zhao J.‐T. , Rankin R. , Pollock C. J. , Le G. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe existence of shocklets, a kind of solitary structure, has been demonstrated in the Earth's foreshock regions for decades. Their formation and evolution are believed to be controlled by ions. However, the detailed behavior of ions at them has not been well investigated observationally yet. Here, we investigate a shocklet observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission in the Earth's foreshock. Analysis of ion observations reveals that the solar wind (SW) ions are bunched in gyrophase space when interacting with the whistler precursor of the shocklet, suggesting the occurrence of cyclotron resonance between them. A more detailed examination suggests that the cyclotron resonance induces a net energy flow from the whistler precursor to the SW ions. Thus, the observations presented here indicate that the cyclotron resonance between shocklet whistler precursors and the SW ions could provide a mechanism for shocklet dissipation and SW ion energization.
Multi‐Event Study of Simultaneous Observations of Isolated Proton Auroras at Subauroral Latitudes Using Ground All‐Sky Imagers and the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Nakamura Kohki , Shiokawa Kazuo , Nosé Masahito , Nagatsuma Tsutomu , Sakaguchi Kaori , Spence Harlan , Reeves Geoff , Funsten Herbert O. , MacDowall Robert , Smith Charles , Wygant John , Bonnell John , Mann Ian R. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractIsolated proton auroras (IPAs) appearing at subauroral latitudes are generated by energetic protons precipitating from the magnetosphere through interaction with electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. Thus, an IPA is the ionospheric projection of the spatial and temporal variation of wave‐particle interaction regions in the magnetosphere. In this study, we conducted unique multi‐event analysis of simultaneous observations of IPAs and their source regions on 22 April, 7 September, and 22 March 2018, using all‐sky imagers at subauroral latitudes and the Van Allen Probes. When the satellite footprint passed over the IPAs associated with ground Pc1 geomagnetic pulsations, locally generated He+‐band EMIC waves with the same frequencies as the ground Pc1 pulsations were observed in all events. The IPAs and EMIC waves had comparable narrow widths in the latitudinal direction. The EMIC waves appeared during the rapid enhancement of the ring current proton flux at energy range of ∼10–50 keV, while they disappeared at the rapid decrease of the electron density. From these results, we conclude that the boundaries of the localized IPAs and EMIC waves were determined by the overlap region of energetic proton enhancement and the plasmasphere. This overlap of ring‐current protons and plasmasphere is a favorable condition for the pitch‐angle scattering of protons by the EMIC waves. Characteristic magnetic and electric field variations with the IPAs were not observed by the satellite, indicating that the IPAs were not accompanied by field‐aligned currents comparable to that of oval auroral arcs.
Analysis of Radiation Belt “Killer” Electron Energy Spectra
Authors: Summers Danny , Stone Sarah 
Published: August 2022

AbstractHighly energetic (>1 MeV) electrons are typically generated in the Earth's outer radiation belt during geomagnetically disturbed times. Such “killer” electrons can be produced by electron cyclotron resonance with whistler‐mode waves. We model this process by a relativistic Fokker‐Planck diffusion equation for the electron distribution function f(E), where E is the normalized electron kinetic energy. The equation involves an energy diffusion coefficient D(E) and an advection coefficient A(E), which depend on the wave spectral energy density. For two types of wave energy spectrum, a Gaussian and a power law with spectral index q, we seek large‐E steady‐state solutions for f(E). For lower‐band chorus, for both Gaussian and power law spectra, we find that with k = D0T0, where D0 is a diffusion parameter and T0 is the e‐folding timescale for electron loss. For a full‐band whistler spectrum, we find that if 2 < q < 4 then ; in the special case q = 4, we obtain the power law solution f ∼ E−δ, where . We compare the analytical electron spectra obtained with the phase‐space density profiles observed by the Van Allen Probes.
In‐Situ Silt Generation in the Taklimakan Desert Evidenced by Uranium Isotopes
Authors: Li Le , Zhu Xiaoyu , Li Gen K. , Liu Lianwen , Xu Zhiwei , Lu Huayu , Fang Xiaomin , Song Yougui , Zhao Liang , Chen Jun , Li Gaojun 
Published: August 2022

AbstractUnderstanding the mechanism of dust generation is critical for evaluating the global cycles of nutrient elements and for interpreting paleorecords derived from aeolian deposits. Here, we use a novel geochemical tracer, the 234U/238U activity ratio that reveals particle comminution age, and Sr‐Nd isotopes to investigate how silt‐sized particles are produced in the Taklimakan Desert, a major dust source region having effects on global ecosystems. Based on the results from 20‐ to 25‐μm size fractions, we find that approximately 40% of the Taklimakan Desert silts and approximately 30% of the silts in the aeolian dust flux from the area are produced by in‐situ desert processes (e.g., abrasion). The silt‐sized materials in the Taklimakan Desert are mainly sourced from the eastern Kunlun Shan and are unlikely to be a major source of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Our findings demonstrate the importance of in‐situ desert processes in producing silt‐sized particles, providing new insights into the global dust cycle.
Cyclic Fault Slip Under the Magnifier: Co‐ and Postseismic Response of the Pamir Front to the 2015 Mw7.2 Sarez, Central Pamir, Earthquake
Authors: Zubovich A. , Metzger S. , Schöne T. , Kley J. , Mosienko O. , Zech C. , Moldobekov B. , Shsarshebaev A. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe constant increase of geodetic instrumentation over the past decades enables us to not only detect ever smaller tectonic signals but also to monitor their evolution in time and space. We present spatial and temporal slip variations observed on a fault affected by a large, intermediate‐field earthquake: the 2015 Mw7.2 Sarez, Central Pamir, earthquake ruptured the sinistral, NE‐trending Sarez‐Karakul fault system. 120–170 km North of the main rupture, the thin‐skinned, E‐trending Pamir thrust system bounding the Pamir to the North was co‐seismically activated. We derived co‐seismic offsets and post‐seismic rates observed by two dense, high‐rate Global Positioning System (GPS) profiles crossing the Pamir thrust system at different longitudes. The continuous GPS observations of the western profile focus on the dextral, NW‐striking Aramkungey fault segment that connects two thrust faults with opposite dip. We compare inter‐, co‐ and post‐seismic displacement rates by complementing the continuous data with survey‐mode GPS data and East rates derived from satellite radar interferometric displacement time‐series. All the GPS stations were shifted toward the epicenter against the direction of the interseismic load with an increased gradient in the Aramkungey fault segment. During the postseismic stage, the fault‐parallel and fault‐perpendicular rates were affected differently, suggesting gradual re‐locking of the Aramkungey fault after its unlocking by right‐lateral co‐seismic slip.
Concurrent Zrsr2 mutation and Tet2 loss promote myelodysplastic neoplasm in mice
Authors: Garcia-Ruiz Cristian , Martínez-Valiente Cristina , Cordón Lourdes , Liquori Alessandro , Fernández-González Raúl , Pericuesta Eva , Sandoval Juan , Cervera José , Gutiérrez-Adán Alfonso , Sanjuan-Pla Alejandra 
Published: August 2022

AbstractRNA splicing and epigenetic gene mutations are the most frequent genetic lesions found in patients with myelodysplastic neoplasm (MDS). About 25% of patients present concomitant mutations in such pathways, suggesting a cooperative role in MDS pathogenesis. Importantly, mutations in the splicing factor ZRSR2 frequently associate with alterations in the epigenetic regulator TET2. However, the impact of these concurrent mutations in hematopoiesis and MDS remains unclear. Using CRISPR/Cas9 genetically engineered mice, we demonstrate that Zrsr2m/mTet2−/− promote MDS with reduced penetrance. Animals presented peripheral blood cytopenia, splenomegaly, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and multi-lineage dysplasia, signs consistent with MDS. We identified a myelo-erythroid differentiation block accompanied by an expansion of LT-HSC and MPP2 progenitors. Transplanted animals presented a similar phenotype, thus indicating that alterations were cell-autonomous. Whole-transcriptome analysis in HSPC revealed key alterations in ribosome, inflammation, and migration/motility processes. Moreover, we found the MAPK pathway as the most affected target by mRNA aberrant splicing. Collectively, this study shows that concomitant Zrsr2 mutation and Tet2 loss are sufficient to initiate MDS in mice. Understanding this mechanistic interplay will be crucial for the identification of novel therapeutic targets in the spliceosome/epigenetic MDS subgroup.
Brain structural correlates of recurrence following the first episode in patients with major depressive disorder
Authors: Lemke Hannah , Klute Hannah , Skupski Jennifer , Thiel Katharina , Waltemate Lena , Winter Alexandra , Breuer Fabian , Meinert Susanne , Klug Melissa , Enneking Verena , Winter Nils R. , Grotegerd Dominik , Leehr Elisabeth J. , Repple Jonathan , Dohm Katharina , Opel Nils , Stein Frederike , Meller Tina , Brosch Katharina , Ringwald Kai G. , Pfarr Julia-Katharina , Thomas-Odenthal Florian , Hahn Tim , Krug Axel , Jansen Andreas , Heindel Walter , Nenadić Igor , Kircher Tilo , Dannlowski Udo 
Published: August 2022

AbstractFormer prospective studies showed that the occurrence of relapse in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is associated with volume loss in the insula, hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). However, these studies were confounded by the patient’s lifetime disease history, as the number of previous episodes predict future recurrence. In order to analyze neural correlates of recurrence irrespective of prior disease course, this study prospectively examined changes in brain structure in patients with first-episode depression (FED) over 2 years. N = 63 FED patients and n = 63 healthy controls (HC) underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and after 2 years. According to their disease course during the follow-up interval, patients were grouped into n = 21 FED patients with recurrence (FEDrec) during follow-up and n = 42 FED patients with stable remission (FEDrem). Gray matter volume changes were analysed using group by time interaction analyses of covariance for the DLPFC, hippocampus and insula. Significant group by time interactions in the DLPFC and insula emerged. Pairwise comparisons showed that FEDrec had greater volume decline in the DLPFC and insula from baseline to follow-up compared with FEDrem and HC. No group by time interactions in the hippocampus were found. Cross-sectional analyses at baseline and follow-up revealed no differences between groups. This longitudinal study provides evidence for neural alterations in the DLPFC and insula related to a detrimental course in MDD. These effects of recurrence are already detectable at initial stages of MDD and seem to occur without any prior disease history, emphasizing the importance of early interventions preventing depressive recurrence.
The neurophysiological effect of NMDA-R antagonism of frontotemporal lobar degeneration is conditional on individual GABA concentration
Authors: Perry Alistair , Hughes Laura E. , Adams Natalie , Naessens Michelle , Murley Alexander G. , Rouse Matthew A. , Street Duncan , Jones P. Simon , Cope Thomas E. , Kocagoncu Ece , Rowe James B. 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThere is a pressing need to accelerate therapeutic strategies against the syndromes caused by frontotemporal lobar degeneration, including symptomatic treatments. One approach is for experimental medicine, coupling neurophysiological studies of the mechanisms of disease with pharmacological interventions aimed at restoring neurochemical deficits. Here we consider the role of glutamatergic deficits and their potential as targets for treatment. We performed a double-blind placebo-controlled crossover pharmaco-magnetoencephalography study in 20 people with symptomatic frontotemporal lobar degeneration (10 behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, 10 progressive supranuclear palsy) and 19 healthy age- and gender-matched controls. Both magnetoencephalography sessions recorded a roving auditory oddball paradigm: on placebo or following 10 mg memantine, an uncompetitive NMDA-receptor antagonist. Ultra-high-field magnetic resonance spectroscopy confirmed lower concentrations of GABA in the right inferior frontal gyrus of people with frontotemporal lobar degeneration. While memantine showed a subtle effect on early-auditory processing in patients, there was no significant main effect of memantine on the magnitude of the mismatch negativity (MMN) response in the right frontotemporal cortex in patients or controls. However, the change in the right auditory cortex MMN response to memantine (vs. placebo) in patients correlated with individuals’ prefrontal GABA concentration. There was no moderating effect of glutamate concentration or cortical atrophy. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential for baseline dependency in the pharmacological restoration of neurotransmitter deficits to influence cognitive neurophysiology in neurodegenerative disease. With changes to multiple neurotransmitters in frontotemporal lobar degeneration, we suggest that individuals’ balance of excitation and inhibition may determine drug efficacy, with implications for drug selection and patient stratification in future clinical trials.