bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traumatic Optic Neuropathy: The Forgotten Concussion
Authors: Chalela Julio A 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Cerebral concussions are a well-recognized issue in military and civilian practice. Although most physicians are well versed in recognizing concussion symptoms, many are not as adept at diagnosing and managing comorbid traumatic optic neuropathy (TON). Traumatic optic neuropathy typically follows cerebral concussions but is often not diagnosed as its symptoms are attributed to brain injury or the presence of altered consciousness impedes its recognition. We hereby describe a soldier who sustained a cerebral concussion with an associated unrecognized TON. We review the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of TON.
A numerical inversion ofmsin iexoplanet distribution: the sub-Saturn desert is more depleted than observed and hint of a Uranus mass gap
Authors: Bertaux Jean-Loup , Ivanova Anastasiia 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACTThe detection of an exoplanet orbiting another star with the radial velocity (RV) method allows to determine only a minimum mass of the planet, msin i, m being the true mass and i the angle of inclination of the planet orbital polar axis with the line of sight. Given an observed discretized distribution of m sin i apparent masses f0(msin i), we have designed a simple algorithm to find a unique true mass distribution f(m) that would reproduce exactly the observed distribution f0(m sin i). The method is based on a particular geometrical representation of exoplanets. It calls for the use of spheres and cylinders, and is somewhat similar (though different) to the Abel inversion, widely used in atmospheric physics. We have applied this algorithm to the latest sample of RV discovered planets containing 909 planets. We confirm the existence of a sub-Saturn desert (at least for periods &lt; 100 d), most depleted in the mass Srange in the range 0.1–0.2 Mjup (∼32–64 M⊕), detected in the raw m sin i distribution, and amplified in the inverted f(m) true mass distribution by a factor ∼1.7. We argue that this result is robust, and would remain even if other biases of the RV surveys would be included. Differences with a recent model of population synthesis are discussed. Focusing on lighter planets, we found a likely statistically significant gap of planets in the observed m sin i distribution in the narrow range of 13.7–15.2 M⊕ containing Uranus.
Eigenvectors of solar magnetic field in cycles 21–24 and their links to solar activity indices
Authors: Zharkova V V , Shepherd S J 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Using full disc synoptic maps of solar background magnetic field captured from the Wilcox Solar Observatory for 30 latitudinal bands for cycles 21–24, principal components (PCs) or eigenvectors of magnetic oscillations are obtained. The PCs are shown to come in pairs assigned to magnetic waves produced by dipole, quadruple, sextuple, and octuple magnetic sources. The first pair is linked to dipole magnetic waves with their summary curve revealing a reasonable fit to the averaged sunspot numbers in cycles 21–24. This verifies the previous results and confirms the summary curve as additional proxy of solar activity decreasing towards grand solar minimum in cycles 25–27. There is also a noticeable asymmetry in latitudinal distributions of these PCs showing an increased activity in Northern hemisphere in odd cycles and in Southern hemisphere in even ones similar to the N–S asymmetries observed in sunspots. The second pair of PCs linked to quadruple magnetic sources has 50${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ smaller amplitudes than the first, while their summary curve correlates closely with soft X-ray fluxes in solar flares. Flare occurrences are also linked to variations of the next two pairs of eigenvectors, quadruple and sextuple components, revealing additional periodicity of about 2.75–3.1 yr similar to observed oscillations in flares. Strong latitudinal asymmetries in quadruple and sextuple components are correlating with the N–S asymmetries of flare occurrences skewed to Southern hemisphere in even cycles and to Northern hemisphere in odd ones. Principal component analysis of solar magnetic field raises perspectives for simultaneous prediction of general and flaring solar activity.
Impact of variable photospheric radius on exoplanet atmospheric retrievals
Authors: Taylor Jake 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT
Inverse techniques are used to extract information about an exoplanet’s atmosphere. These techniques are prone to biased results if the appropriate forward model is not used. One assumption used in a forward model is to assume that the radius of the planet is constant with wavelength; however, a more realistic assumption is that the photospheric radius varies with each wavelength. We explore the bias induced when attempting to extract the molecular abundance from an emission spectrum, which was generated with a variable radius. We find that for low-gravity planets, the retrieval model is not able to fit the data if a constant radius model is used. We find that biased results are obtained when studying a typical hot Jupiter in the MIRI LRS wavelength range. Finally, we show that high-gravity planets do not suffer a bias. We recommend that future spectral retrievals that interpret exoplanet emission spectra should take into account a variable radius.
TREX1 degrades the 3′ end of the small DNA oligonucleotide products of nucleotide excision repair in human cells
Authors: Kim Seon Hee , Kim Geun Hoe , Kemp Michael G , Choi Jun-Hyuk 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The nucleotide excision repair (NER) machinery removes UV photoproducts from DNA in the form of small, excised damage-containing DNA oligonucleotides (sedDNAs) ∼30 nt in length. How cells process and degrade these byproducts of DNA repair is not known. Using a small scale RNA interference screen in UV-irradiated human cells, we identified TREX1 as a major regulator of sedDNA abundance. Knockdown of TREX1 increased the level of sedDNAs containing the two major UV photoproducts and their association with the NER proteins TFIIH and RPA. Overexpression of wild-type but not nuclease-inactive TREX1 significantly diminished sedDNA levels, and studies with purified recombinant TREX1 showed that the enzyme efficiently degrades DNA located 3′ of the UV photoproduct in the sedDNA. Knockdown or overexpression of TREX1 did not impact the overall rate of UV photoproduct removal from genomic DNA or cell survival, which indicates that TREX1 function in sedDNA degradation does not impact NER efficiency. Taken together, these results indicate a previously unknown role for TREX1 in promoting the degradation of the sedDNA products of the repair reaction. Because TREX1 mutations and inefficient DNA degradation impact inflammatory and immune signaling pathways, the regulation of sedDNA degradation by TREX1 may contribute to photosensitive skin disorders.
When Cigarette Sales Suddenly Become Illegal: Evidence From an Online Survey of South African Smokers During COVID-19 Lockdown
Authors: van der Zee Kirsten , Filby Samantha , van Walbeek Corné 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Despite high levels of illicit trade in the tobacco market, the South African government banned the sale of tobacco products in March 2020 as part of its COVID-19 response. The ban lasted five months. We assess how the ban affected the cigarette market for a sample of smokers by comparing the price, consumption, and competitive landscapes before (March), during (May and June), and after (September) the ban.

Methods
We conducted three online surveys of cigarette smokers, asking about smoking behavior before, during, and after the ban. We use descriptive statistics and OLS regressions to estimate the impact of the ban on the South African cigarette market, focusing on the price of cigarettes.

Results
Most smokers continued smoking despite the sales ban. During the ban, prices increased by over 240%. Purchases shifted away from the normally dominant brands of the multinational tobacco companies to local/regional producers. The covariates of price changed substantially during the sales ban, the most pronounced being inter-provincial effects. After the ban, the market shifted back to its preban state, with an overall increase in price of 3.6%.

Conclusions
Cigarette sales continued despite the sales ban, further entrenching an already large illicit market. Had the government substantially increased the excise tax, rather than banned the sale of tobacco products, it would have achieved a similar public health outcome, received more revenue, and presumably not further entrenched the illicit market.

Implications
South Africa temporarily banned the sale of tobacco as part of its COVID-19 response. Despite the ban, the sale of cigarettes did not cease; rather, it caused major disruption to the cigarette market. The ban inadvertently benefited manufacturers who were previously disproportionately involved in illicit activities; these manufacturers increased their market share even after the ban was lifted. The ban may have further entrenched South Africa’s already large illicit market. Our results show that there are unintended consequences associated with a temporary ban on the sale of cigarettes.
Changes in Cigarette Smoking Behavior in Cancer Survivors During Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Jose Thulasee , Schroeder Darrell R , Warner David O 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Introduction
Continued cigarette smoking is a critical determinant of outcome in oncology patients, but how the separate events of cancer diagnosis, cancer treatment, and completion of treatment affect smoking behavior in cancer survivors is unknown. This study described such changes, hypothesizing that they would be more pronounced for smoking-related cancers.

Methods
The Cancer Patient Tobacco Use Questionnaire (CTUQ) was sent to every cancer patient ≥ 18 y old scheduled for outpatient visits at the Mayo Clinic Cancer Center with a current or former history of tobacco use.

Results
From September 2019 to September 2020, 33,831 patients received the CTUQ, and 20,818 (62%) responded. Of the 3007 current smokers analyzed, 34% quit at diagnosis; those with smoking-related cancers were more likely to quit (40% vs. 29%, respectively, p &lt; .001). Among those who did not quit at diagnosis, 31% quit after starting cancer treatment, and those with smoking-related cancers were more likely to quit (35% and 28%, respectively, p = .002) Among those who had quit before the completion of treatment, 13% resumed smoking after treatment ended. In multivariable analysis, patients with smoking-related cancers were more likely to report 30-d point prevalence abstinence from pre-diagnosis to the completion of treatment (adjusted OR 1.98 [95% CI 1.65, 2.36], p &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Both cancer diagnosis and treatment prompt smoking abstinence, with most maintaining abstinence after treatment is completed. Those with smoking-related cancers are more likely to quit. These results emphasize the need to provide access to tobacco treatment services that can further support cancer patients who smoke.

Implications
Approximately one-third of cancer patients who smoke quit smoking at the time of diagnosis, an additional one-third of patients who had not yet quit did so at the initiation of treatment, and most sustained this abstinence after treatment completion. Patients with smoking-related cancers are more likely to quit. Thus, there are multiple opportunities within the cancer care continuum to intervene and support quit attempts or continued abstinence.
Occurrence and genetic evaluation of potentially pathogenic Acanthamoeba genotypes in nasal mucosa of immunocompromised patients: a case–control study in Iran
Authors: Moslemzadeh Hamid Reza , Mahami-Oskouei Mahmoud , Ahmadpour Ehsan , Niyyati Maryam , Rostami Ali , Memari Fatemeh , Spotin Adel 
Published: March 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
The occurrence of granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) was investigated due to the exposure of a large number of immunocompromised patients to opportunistic Acanthamoeba infections, which in most cases are fatal.

Methods
In this case–control study, 160 samples from the nasal mucosa of immunocompromised patients were collected between February 2019 to February 2020 in Isfahan, central Iran, using sterile cotton swabs; 150 ethnically matched controls were included. The pathogenic potential of the identified isolates was evaluated using temperature and osmotolerance assays. The identification of Acanthamoeba infection was confirmed by both morphological and phylomolecular tools.

Results
Of 310 collected samples, 32 strains, including 25 (15.6%) and 7 (4.6%) isolates, were positive for the Acanthamoeba genus in the patient and control groups, respectively. The topology of the phylogenetic tree indicated that all the Acanthamoeba strains belonged to the T4 genotype. Only five of the isolates genotyped as T4 were positive for potential pathogenic assays. The heterogeneity analysis of 18S ribosomal RNA sequences of Acanthamoeba in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and hepatitis B and C patients revealed significant genetic diversity (haplotype diversity [Hd] 0.511) compared with that of healthy individuals (Hd 0.210).

Conclusions
The circulation of pathogenic isolates of Acanthamoeba, particularly in HIV/AIDS patients, along with their genetic traits, indicates that clinicians should be more aware of fatal cases of GAE, especially in suspected encephalitis, in Iran and worldwide.
Long-lasting insecticide-treated net use and malaria infections on the Kenyan coast
Authors: Kamau Alice , Musau Moses , Mtanje Grace , Mataza Christine , Bejon Philip , Snow Robert W 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
A study was conducted to examine the impact of long-lasting insecticide-treated net (LLIN) use on the prevalence of malaria infections across all ages, 25 y after a trial of insecticide-treated nets was conducted in the same area along the Kenyan coast.

Methods
The study comprised four community-based infection surveys and a simultaneous 12-month surveillance at six government outpatient health facilities (March 2018–February 2019). Logistic regression was used to examine the effect of LLIN use on malaria infections across all ages.

Results
There was a high level of reported LLIN use by the community (72%), notably among children &lt;5 y of age (84%). Across all ages, the adjusted odds ratio of LLIN use against asymptomatic parasitaemia in community surveys was 0.45 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36 to 0.57; p&lt;0.001) and against fevers associated with infection presenting to health facilities was 0.63 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.68; p&lt;0.001).

Conclusions
There was significant protection of LLIN use against malaria infections across all ages.
The early SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Senegal was driven by the local emergence of B.1.416 and the introduction of B.1.1.420 from Europe
Authors: Perez Lester J , Orf Gregory S , Berg Michael G , Rodgers Mary A , Meyer Todd V , Mohaimani Aurash , Olivo Ana , Harris Barbara , Mowerman Illya , Padane Abdou , Dela-del Lawson Agbogbenkou Tevi , Mboup Aminata , Mbow Moustapha , Leye Nafissatou , Touré-Kane Ndeye Coumba , Ahouidi Ambroise D , Cloherty Gavin A , Mboup Souleymane 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Molecular surveillance of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is growing in west Africa, especially in the Republic of Senegal. Here, we present a molecular epidemiology study of the early waves of SARS-CoV-2 infections in this country based on Bayesian phylogeographic approaches. Whereas the first wave in mid-2020 was characterized by a significant diversification of lineages and predominance of B.1.416, the second wave in late 2020 was composed primarily of B.1.1.420. Our results indicate that B.1.416 originated in Senegal and was exported mainly to Europe. In contrast, B.1.1.420 was introduced from Italy, gained fitness in Senegal, and then spread worldwide. Since both B.1.416 and B.1.1.420 lineages carry several positive selected mutations in the spike and nucleocapsid genes, each of which may explain their local dominance, their mutation profiles should be carefully monitored. As the pandemic continues to evolve, molecular surveillance in all regions of Africa will play a key role in stemming its spread.
Fat Grafting: Basic Science, Techniques, and Patient Management
Authors: Shauly Orr , Gould Daniel J. , Ghavami Ashkan 
Published: March 2022

Summary:
In this review, a summary of the rich history of autologous fat grafting is provided, and a comprehensive summary of the science and theory behind autologous adipocyte transplantation, as well as the techniques commonly used is described. These include recipient site preparation, harvesting, processing, and engraftment. In addition, important considerations for preoperative and postoperative management are discussed to maximize graft retention. Special considerations in grafting to the breast, face, and buttocks are also summarized.
Salvage of a DIEP Flap after Injury to the Inferior Epigastric Vessels after Laparoscopic Surgery
Authors: Solberg Laura H.J. , Cornelissen Anouk J.M. , van Cruchten Cas , Qiu Shan Shan 
Published: March 2022

Summary:
The problem of previous laparoscopic scars specifically endangering the DIEP flap harvest for breast reconstruction has not been described yet. Even though in our center, preoperative imaging by means of an magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is routinely performed before a bilateral DIEP-flap reconstruction, it may not correspond with the intraoperative findings. This case was presented to increase awareness among plastic surgeons about the complications after laparoscopic surgery and to emphasize the importance of thorough history taking when performing a DIEP flap breast reconstruction after previous laparoscopic procedures.
Implant-based Breast Reconstruction after Mastectomy for Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Saldanha Ian J. , Broyles Justin M. , Adam Gaelen P. , Cao Wangnan , Bhuma Monika Reddy , Mehta Shivani , Pusic Andrea L. , Dominici Laura S. , Balk Ethan M. 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Women undergoing implant-based reconstruction (IBR) after mastectomy for breast cancer have numerous options, including timing of IBR relative to radiation and chemotherapy, implant materials, anatomic planes, and use of human acellular dermal matrices. We conducted a systematic review to evaluate these options.

Methods:
We searched Medline, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, and ClinicalTrials.gov for studies, from inception to March 23, 2021, without language restriction. We assessed risk of bias and strength of evidence (SoE) using standard methods.

Results:
We screened 15,936 citations. Thirty-six mostly high or moderate risk of bias studies (48,419 patients) met criteria. Timing of IBR before or after radiation may result in comparable physical, psychosocial, and sexual well-being, and satisfaction with breasts (all low SoE), and probably comparable risks of implant failure/loss or explantation (moderate SoE). No studies addressed timing relative to chemotherapy. Silicone and saline implants may result in clinically comparable satisfaction with breasts (low SoE). Whether the implant is in the prepectoral or total submuscular plane may not impact risk of infections (low SoE). Acellular dermal matrix use probably increases the risk of implant failure/loss or need for explant surgery (moderate SoE) and may increase the risk of infections (low SoE). Risks of seroma and unplanned repeat surgeries for revision are probably comparable (moderate SoE), and risk of necrosis may be comparable with or without human acellular dermal matrices (low SoE).

Conclusions:
Evidence regarding IBR options is mostly of low SoE. New high-quality research is needed, especially for timing, implant materials, and anatomic planes of implant placement.
Effect of Femtosecond Laser Cataract Surgery on Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness
Authors: Geyer Orna , Ben-Shaul Or , Lux Chen , Schwartz Sharon , Podkovyrin Olga , Stein Nili , Lavi Idit , Mathalone Nurit 
Published: March 2022

Précis:
Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) may cause thinning of the peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) in healthy eyes.

Purpose:
This prospective cohort study aimed to compare changes of pRNFL after FLACS using a liquid patient interface and conventional phacoemulsification cataract surgery (CPCS).

Patients and Methods:
Included were 261 eyes (261 patients) with age-related cataracts and no ocular diseases scheduled either for FLACS (222 eyes) or CPCS (39 eyes). FLACS was performed using a Ziemer LDV Z8 laser. Average and quadrant pRNFL thickness was measured using optical coherence tomography before surgery and at 1, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Postoperative changes in pRNFL thickness were compared within and between groups.

Results:
Mean quadrant and average pRNFL thicknesses significantly increased after both surgeries (P<0.001). However, pRNFL thinning occurred after FLACS and CPCS (17% vs. 5.1%, respectively, P>0.05). FLACS eyes showed a significant and stable decrease of average pRNFL thickness (P=0.057) and a gradual decrease in pRNFL thickness of all quadrants (P≤0.018). CPCS eyes showed an initial increase of pRNFL thickness, followed by a decrease only in the nasal quadrant and average pRNFL. Preoperative pRNFL thickness was associated with thinning of the temporal quadrant (P=0.04).

Conclusions:
Both FLACS and CPCS demonstrated pRNFL thinning in some healthy eyes. Although the higher rate of pRNFL thinning after FLACS compared with CPCS lacked statistical significance, a consistent decrease in pRNFL thickness occurred in all quadrants and average pRNFL of FLACS eyes, suggesting that FLACS may lead to pRNFL thinning. Eyes with thinner preoperative pRNFL may be prone to temporal quadrant thinning after FLACS.
The Use of Collaborative Testing in Entry-Level Physical Therapist Education: A Retrospective Case Report
Authors: Merlo Angela , Ediger Anna , Sasaki Chelsea 
Published: March 2022

Background.
Collaborative testing involves small groups of students working together through discussion and rationalization to answer test questions. This form of testing has been found to enrich the learning experience, facilitate questioning, discussions, and debate within groups, as well as improve student performance, learning and retention, communication, and teamwork. Despite the many reported benefits, no literature exists on the use of collaborative testing in physical therapist education.

Purpose.
The purpose of this retrospective case report was to highlight student performance and feedback on a collaborative, comprehensive final exam.

Case Description.
One cohort of entry-level physical therapist students who had participated in a two-step collaborative final exam were included. Mean values for both the individual and the collaborative exam, percent change between the individual and collaborative exam, as well as student feedback on the benefits and drawbacks were reported.

Outcomes.
Exam performance increased for all students from the individual exam to the collaborative exam with a mean percent change of 12%. Students reported benefits such as the facilitation of valuable discussions, reinforcement of content, facilitation of critical thinking, insight into test-taking strategy, and reduced stress. Drawbacks included feelings of uncertainty on the accuracy of group discussions and answer selection, the lack of equitable contributions between group members, the time commitment required to take a collaborative exam, and increased stress.

Conclusions.
Collaborative testing should be considered as an assessment strategy within physical therapist education. Future research should focus on the effectiveness of collaborative assessment, including learning, retention, and critical thinking.