bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intelligent imaging: Applications of machine learning and deep learning in radiology
Authors: Currie Geoff , Rohren Eric 
Published: December 2022

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) in radiology is transforming medical image analysis. While applications in triaging for priority reporting and radiomic feature analysis have been widely reported, perhaps the most important applications lie in noise reduction, image optimization following dose reduction strategies, image reconstruction direct from projection data and generation of pseudo‐CT for attenuation correction. There are common beneficial applications, and potential risks, between human radiology and veterinary radiology. Artificial intelligence may see recrafting of some responsibilities but offers AI augmentation of human driven systems. The redundancy afforded by human augmentation of AI and AI autonomy are not on the horizon, but rather are already here.
The impact of youth‐onset type 2 diabetes on postoperative wound healing complications
Authors: Brydges Hilliard T. , McDonnell Grace , Nasr Hani Y. , Chaya Bachar F. , Onuh Ogechukwu C. , Alfonso Allyson R. , Ceradini Daniel J. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractYouth‐onset type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with a more rapid decline in β cells, and earlier onset of medical complications compared to adult‐onset diabetes. However, its impact on surgical wounds remains less clear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether youth‐onset diabetes is a risk factor for wound healing complications in the 30‐day postoperative period. To do so, the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database years 2012–2019 was analysed. Patients aged 18–24 with non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes were included. Outcomes assessed included wound infections, wound dehiscence, readmissions, and reoperation. Univariate analysis identified differences between the diabetic and non‐diabetic cohorts after which, multivariate logistic regression was employed to control for potential confounding. Analysis included 1589 diabetic and 196,902 non‐diabetic patients ages 18–24. The diabetic cohort exhibited a higher proportion of female (83.8% vs. 55.2%, p < 0.001), non‐white (22.7% vs. 19.5%, p = 0.001), and Hispanic patients (16.2% vs. 13.6%, p = 0.002). Diabetic patients were less likely to have dirty or contaminated wounds (16.2% vs. 25.2%, p < 0.001); however had increased rates of superficial surgical site infections (SSSIs; 2.0% vs. 0.8%, p < 0.001) and readmission (4.0% vs. 3.0%, p = 0.026). After regression, diabetes remained a significant positive predictor of SSSI (odds ratio: 1.546, p = 0.022); however, it no longer significantly predicted 30‐day readmission. Overall, this analysis of a large multicentre surgical outcomes database found that when compared to non‐diabetics, youth‐onset diabetic patients exhibited a higher proportion of SSSIs in the 30‐day postoperative period. These infections were found, despite the diabetic cohort exhibiting lower rates of wound contamination. After controlling for confounding variables, youth‐onset diabetes remained a significant predictor of SSSI. Clinically, prevention and treatment of diabetes along with judicious wound care is recommended.
Motor training promotes both synaptic and intrinsic plasticity of layer V pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex
Authors: Kida H. , Kawakami R. , Sakai K. , Otaku H. , Imamura K. , Han Thiri‐Zin , Sakimoto Y. , Mitsushima Dai 
Published: December 2022

AbstractLayer V neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1) are important for motor skill learning. Since pretreatment of either CNQX or APV in rat M1 layer V impaired rotor rod learning, we analysed training‐induced synaptic plasticity by whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique in acute brain slices. Rats trained for 1 day showed a decrease in small inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) frequency and an increase in the paired‐pulse ratio of evoked IPSCs, suggesting a transient decrease in presynaptic GABA release in the early phase. Rats trained for 2 days showed an increase in miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (mEPSC) amplitudes/frequency and elevated AMPA/NMDA ratios, suggesting a long‐term strengthening of AMPA receptor‐mediated excitatory synapses. Importantly, rotor rod performance in trained rats was correlated with the mean mEPSC amplitude and the frequency obtained from that animal. In current‐clamp analysis, 1‐day‐trained rats transiently decreased the current‐induced firing rate, while 2‐day‐trained rats returned to pre‐training levels, suggesting dynamic changes in intrinsic properties. Furthermore, western blot analysis of layer V detected decreased phosphorylation of Ser408–409 in GABAA receptor β3 subunits in 1‐day‐trained rats, and increased phosphorylation of Ser831 in AMPA receptor GluA1 subunits in 2‐day‐trained rats. Finally, live‐imaging analysis of Thy1‐YFP transgenic mice showed that the training rapidly recruited a substantial number of spines for long‐term plasticity in M1 layer V neurons. Taken together, these results indicate that motor training induces complex and diverse plasticity in M1 layer V pyramidal neurons.
imageKey points
Here we examined motor training‐induced synaptic and intrinsic plasticity of layer V pyramidal neurons in the primary motor cortex.
The training reduced presynaptic GABA release in the early phase, but strengthened AMPA receptor‐mediated excitatory synapses in the later phase: acquired motor performance after training correlated with the strength of excitatory synapses rather than inhibitory synapses.
As to the intrinsic property, the training transiently decreased the firing rate in the early phase, but returned to pre‐training levels in the later phase.
Western blot analysis detected decreased phosphorylation of Ser408‐409 in GABAA receptor β3 subunits in the acute phase, and increased phosphorylation of Ser831 in AMPA receptor GluA1 subunits in the later phase.
Live‐imaging analysis of Thy1‐YFP transgenic mice showed rapid and long‐term spine plasticity in M1 layer V neurons, suggesting training‐induced increases in self‐entropy per spine.
High-Pressure Pipe-Line Research
Authors: Laverty F. W. , McNall F. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In estimating gas-pipe-line costs prior to undertaking the detailed design, it has been the practice generally to utilize graphical determinations of such variables as pipe-line diameter, compressor-station spacing, operating pressures, and the like. The graphical method is a time-consuming process, however, entailing the preparation and consideration of a large number of curves. The purpose of this paper is to show the derivation of an empirical equation containing all of the design variables, to which the methods of the differential calculus may be applied to yield a general series of expressions for the most economical design of any pipe line.
Limiting Isothermal Flow in Pipes
Authors: Binder R. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An explicit formulation is given for the limiting isothermal flow of a gas in a horizontal pipe. For isothermal flow, the ratio of critical pressure to initial pressure equals the initial Mach number times the square root of the ratio of specific heats. The critical-pressure ratio for isothermal flow is higher than that for adiabatic flow. Some comparisons are drawn between isothermal, adiabatic, and incompressible flow.
The Co-Ordinated Operation of Hydro and Steam Capacity in Electric Power Systems
Authors: Spaulding G. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two decades or more ago, numerous technical papers were written on the then popular subject of hydro versus steam power, but more recent discussions, presented both in society journals and in other engineering publications, have emphasized the advantages of the co-ordinated use of hydro and steam. These later papers have explored and charted that wide range of existing conditions where co-ordinated operation of hydro and steam will be more economical than use of either alone; and today the general principles involved in such co-ordinated operation are understood and applied in many regional power systems. In the first part of this paper, the historical development and the present status of co-ordinated operation in a specific regional power system are reviewed. This is followed by discussion of a possible approach to the use of pondage at run-of-river hydro plants as part of the system reserves, such use being predicated upon the probabilities of noncoincidence of maximum system loads, minimum river flows, and severe forced outage of steam capacity.
An Introduction to Aircraft Hydraulic Systems
Authors: Field Howard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper traces the evolution of hydraulic systems for airplanes, from the hand-actuated piston pump and “motor” piston, through the stage of motor-driven gear pumps, down to the present-day systems which derive their power directly from the airplane engine. Three general methods of pump control have been developed which permit rotation of the pump but prevent build-up in the hydraulic system, since the pump operates continuously. These methods include “the constant-pressure,” the “manual by-pass,” and the “automatic by-pass,” all of which are in wide use. Special applications of hydraulic control are described in the “power-amplifier” or “load-feel” system, the “follow-up” system, “follow-up plus load-feel” system, and the “full-automatic” system.
Machinability of Plain-Carbon, Alloy, and Austenitic (Nonmagnetic) Steels, and Its Relation to Yield-Stress Ratios When Tensile Strengths Are Similar
Authors: Janitzky E. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It is possible by the use of yield-stress ratios of plain-carbon, alloy, and austenitic (nonmagnetic) steels of the same tensile strength to obtain an index of machinability for rough-turning. The relation between Taylor speed and yield-stress ratios of the same tensile strength is expressed mathematically in the paper. A graphical presentation is also given. The yield-stress ratios of steels of the same tensile strength allow co-ordination of machinability of the types of steel listed by the same method, a distinct advantage over the use of any one of the four components of the tensile test alone, or a combination of stress and strain.
Factors Affecting the Thickness of Coal-Ash Slag on Furnace-Wall Tubes
Authors: Reid W. T. , Cohen P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Modern central-station power plants generating steam in slag-tap pulverized-coal-fired furnaces often report difficulties in operation as the result of excessive accumulations of slag on the heat-absorbing surfaces of the furnace. Such deposits of slag interfere with the expected transfer of heat from the furnace to the tube metal, and not only may cause trouble in maintaining superheat temperatures at proper levels, but also may be responsible for troubles experienced with circulation. Few means have been available in the past to evaluate the tendency of slags to form objectionable deposits. This paper describes methods of predicting the relative thickness of slag deposits on heat-absorbing surfaces and is based upon the application of data obtained in the laboratory on the flow properties of coal-ash slags at high temperatures. Although based on idealized furnace conditions, it should serve as a guide in comparing the behavior of different coal ashes in the same furnace under similar operating conditions, or in predicting the effect of change in these conditions on the action of a given coal ash. Also, it should serve as a guide for field tests of the effect of slag on furnace performance.
Investigation of Friction and Wear Under Quasi-Hydrodynamic Conditions
Authors: Larsen R. G. , Perry G. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A laboratory study has been made of the factors which influence friction and wear by additive-containing mineral oils under conditions intermediate between those of hydro-dynamic and true boundary lubrication. The concentration of a number of sulphur and phosphorus compounds required for minimum wear varies over a wide range. The minimum effective concentration is determined by the presence in the molecule of acidic groups which concentrate the additive at the wearing surfaces. Organic acids were the only polar substances found which lead to an appreciable reduction in friction. This is believed to be related to their ability to react with the metal surface. Marked simultaneous reduction of friction and wear was not achieved by using a combination of an antiwear and an antifriction agent. Under the conditions of these experiments it appears that wear is predominantly a corrosion process.
The Friction Properties of Various Lubricants at High Pressures
Authors: Boyd John , Robertson B. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In connection with certain problems associated with the manufacture and punching of laminated stock, an investigation was made of the friction properties of various special lubricants under high pressures. Since these results have been found useful in a number of special applications, they are presented in this paper as a contribution to the information available on this subject.
Some Thermal Effects in Oil-Ring Journal Bearings
Authors: Baudry R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses the design of oil-ring journal bearings from the thermal standpoint and gives a method for predetermining the operating temperature of air-cooled and water-cooled bearings. It is shown that at high temperatures the performance of a ring-lubricated bearing has a tendency to become unstable. The design features of a high-speed water-cooled and a forced-ventilated bearing are given.
Experience With Potassium Treatment at Windsor Station
Authors: Webb W. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Under conventional sodium treatment and with hardness, alumina and silica in quantity entering the cycle through condenser leakage, wall-tube losses in two 1350-psi boilers were extensive. Upon establishment of potassium treatment in these boilers under the then controlled equilibria, tube losses continued. A direct comparison of sodium versus potassium treatments was started in these boilers after solvent-cleaning them. This test has been under way only 7 months during which no wall-tube failures have occurred.
Piping Arrangements for Acceptable Flowmeter Accuracy
Authors: Sprenkle R. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The author correlates data previously published on metering fluid flow through pipe lines and analyzes the requirements for piping arrangements, according to interpretations developed from many actual field installations. Most of the recommendations given in the literature are based on standards of piping requirements established by the Joint A.G.A.-A.S.M.E. Committee on Orifice Coefficients. These standards as well as others obtained since that report was published in 1935 are shown in this paper in the form of seven schedules covering the use of “Orifices and Flow Nozzles,” and an eighth schedule, applying to “Venturi Tubes” only. These schedules serve as the basis for developing typical piping layouts which are designed to interpret and clarify the principles involved from a practical application standpoint.
An Acceleration Damper: Development, Design, and Some Applications
Authors: Lieber Paul , Jensen D. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An acceleration damper is essentially an impact damper, consisting of a mass particle within a container such that the particle has specified freedom to move relative to the container. The efficiency of the damper depends critically on the freedom of the particle relative to its container. The energy of the mass particle, which is energized by its container, is dissipated in impact. The mechanism and theory of the acceleration damper are discussed and developed in this paper. The theory yields formulas from which the acceleration damper can be designed efficiently for specific application. Theory and procedure for calculating the motion of a mechanical system, as influenced by a given acceleration damper, are developed. Tests were conducted and the agreement between theory and experiment is found to be good. These results show that friction forces acting on the mass particle are detrimental to the efficiency of the damper. Finally, a method for calculating the effect of the acceleration damper on flutter is also developed, which is accompanied by numerical results related to an actual airplane. It is indicated that the acceleration damper may have fundamental and numerous applications, some of which are fatigue, helicopter vibration control, aircraft vibration control in general, and to facilitate flight testing for flutter without endangering aircraft.
Creep and Relaxation in Rubber Products at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Andrews R. D. , Mesrobian R. B. , Tobolsky A. V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The studies reported of creep and relaxation at elevated temperatures suggest possible methods of evaluating deteriorative changes occurring in rubbers. Involving intermittent and continuous relaxation and creep measurements, the new methods seem to be readily amenable to molecular-structural interpretations. The practical value of these measurements, apart from their usefulness in fundamental scientific research, is apparent in cases where service deterioration occurs as a result of creep or relaxation. The usefulness and importance of these measurements of creep, relaxation, and modulus are not limited to the measurement of high-temperature oxidative deterioration in rubbers. The simple way in which they are related to molecular changes in the material being studied should make them very valuable in the study of physical changes in polymeric materials in general, such as cold flow of plastics, drift of rubbers, low-temperature stiffening, permanent set, etc.
Tube Spacing in Finned-Tube Banks
Authors: Jameson S. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
One of the methods used to fulfill application requirements in the design of finned-tube gas coolers for industrial use more adequately is to vary the spacing of the tubes. In the past there has been very little information available on the effect of tube spacing on cooler performance. This paper covers the results of a series of tests made to determine the effect of tube spacing on the pressure drop and the heat-transfer coefficient of air flowing across a bank of helically finned tubes. The tests covered a wide range of tube spacings, both at right angles to air flow and between rows in the direction of air flow. All tests were made on staggered tube rows. The tests showed that tube spacing has a marked effect on air pressure drop, but a negligible effect on the air-side heat-transfer coefficient. The number of fins per linear inch of tube had a similar effect. Baffles in the spaces at the ends of short tube rows were found to be beneficial in minimizing edge effects, the improvement in heat transfer gained by their use more than compensating for the increase in air pressure drop.
The Behavior of a Hot-Wire Anemometer Subjected to a Periodic Velocity
Authors: Martinelli R. C. , Randall R. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method is presented which allows a rapid graphical prediction of the response of the constant-current hotwire anemometer to a periodic velocity. From such a prediction the suitability of the hot-wire anemometer for any particular application can be readily determined. The method is demonstrated by several illustrative examples.
Heat Transfer in Annuli
Authors: Chen C. Y. , Hawkins G. A. , Solberg H. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A survey of the literature reveals that few data are available relative to heat transfer in annular spaces for the case of laminar flow. This paper presents data acquired in an experimental study of the heat-transfer coefficients at the inner wall of four different annuli for the case of laminar flow of water. Both heating and cooling tests were conducted. The experiments were performed over a range of Reynolds numbers from 200 to 2000. The accompanying dimensionless equation was hDk=1.02(VDρμa)0.45(cpμak)1/3(μaμw)0.14(DL)0.4(D1D2)0.8⋅(D3ρ2βgΔtμa2)0.05 found to correlate both the heating and the cooling data for all four annuli with an average deviation of ± 6.6 per cent and a maximum deviation of ±14.1 per cent. This equation may be used for computing the heat-transfer coefficient on the inner wall of an annulus for laminar flow of water for Reynolds numbers in the range of 200 to 2000.
Jet Propulsion and Rockets for Assisted Take-Off
Authors: Zucrow M. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper discusses the two kinds of jets which may be used for propelling bodies through the atmosphere: (a) Highly heated compressed atmospheric air admixed with products of combustion formed by burning a fuel in the air; the thermal energy of the fuel being employed to raise the air temperature. This type is known as a “thermal-jet engine.” (b) A jet formed by generating large quantities of gases by chemical reaction. The equipment in which such a jet is produced is known as a “rocket motor.” Operating principles and estimated performance characteristics of thermal-jet engines are treated, and certain unrestricted information on the use of rocket motors or “Jato” units for assisted take-off of aircraft is presented.
Dimethyl-Silicone-Polymer Fluids and Their Performance Characteristics in Hydraulic Systems
Authors: Fitzsimmons V. G. , Pickett D. L. , Militz R. O. , Zisman W. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This investigation concerns research on the polymethyl siloxanes or dimethyl-silicone polymers, and their uses as lubricants and hydraulic fluids. It is shown that these new fluids give excellent results when operated in a standard aircraft-type Pesco gear pump. It was found that the silicones when used in a gear pump fitted with cast-iron bushings caused serious wear and disintegration of the bushings at pump pressures of only 600 psi. It is concluded that the loaded surfaces of steel sliding on cast iron or on steel are not adequately lubricated by the silicone fluid, whereas steel sliding on bronze is effectively lubricated. A simple manually operated slider-and-plate test method was discovered capable of permitting the discrimination between good, bad, and indifferent bearing combinations for use with silicone fluids. Results with 156 combinations of metals are summarized. There is also given a means of relating these observations to the practical problem of selecting suitable metals for use in lubricating the sliding parts of machinery with silicones. The results are related to observations on the choice of suitable metals for gear pumps, piston pumps, and journal bearings. It is shown that the same conclusions relative to steel sliding on steel or on bronze are reached from tests with the Vickers piston pump.
Studies on Susceptibility of Casting Steels to Graphitization
Authors: Kanter J. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This is a progress report for project No. 29 of the Joint A.S.T.M.-A.S.M.E. Committee on Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals. One of the activities undertaken by project No. 29 has been the study of certain aspects of the graphitization problem applying to the carbon-molybdenum casting steels used in welded piping structures. The steels so involved are of the types covered in A.S.T.M. Specifications A217 covering Pressure Alloy Castings Suitable for Fusion Welding such as valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts for high-temperature services. This investigation was undertaken in co-operation with the Manufacturers Standardization Society (M.S.S.) of the Valve and Fitting Industry, through a committee representing the constituent manufacturers engaged in the founding and manufacture of steel valves, flanges, and fittings.