bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cold War Ends, Privatization Matters, and “Good Governance” Arrives (November 1989 to September 1996)
Authors: Moloney Kim 
Published: August 2022

AbstractThe Cold War’s end led to rapid sector-specific policy change. This change was assisted by the by the 1987 organizational reform, new questions about the limits of neoclassical economics, and an inkling that new institutional economics may also matter. After briefly discussing the Washington Consensus, this chapter relays an untold story about whether the new sector phrase du jour would be “development management” or today’s ubiquitous “good governance”. This story is about more than a name. It is also about who held power and which version of this sector’s policy agenda would be articulated. Attention is given to the contentiousness of a “good governance” addition to the Bank’s sector agenda. This includes a discussion of a highly unusual memo from the Bank’s President in the pages preceding the 1991 Managing Development: The Governance Dimension report. The resulting rapid expansion in public sector management and public sector governance projects and sub-sector topics during the first-half of the 1990s is traced. This chapter also highlights how the key influencers over sector policy change had shifted since the 1980s. External actors no longer drove this sector’s agenda. Internal actors were in charge. Internal actor power over this sector’s policy change continued unabated until 2012 (this book’s end) and again, via the book’s PostScript, until at least 2020.
Miraculous Magnets
Authors: Speller Susannah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter explores the use of superconducting materials for magnet applications. It focuses on magnets for Magnetic Resonance Imaging because this is the largest commercial use of superconductors, but touches upon other magnet applications like Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage. It introduces why it is important that the joints between different lengths of wire superconduct as well for MRI applications and discusses how superconducting joints could be made in practice. The “Under the Lens” sections give simple calculations to estimate the current rating of a normal copper wire and the tensile force generated in the magnet wire.
Levitation Magic
Authors: Speller Susannah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter starts by outlining magnetic levitation and why superconductors are so much more practical than normal magnets for this application. The concept of flux pinning - which is arguably the most important aspect of applied superconductivity for all applications including levitation - is explained. The materials science of how we design superconductors to optimise flux pinning is introduced, and this becomes a recurring theme through the rest of the book. The chapter ends by showing how superconductors with good flux pinning can be made into permanent magnets. In the “Under the Lens” sections, back of the envelope calculations for estimating the strength of the levitation force and the strength of permanent magnets that can be created from superconducting pellets are given. A “Wider View” section explores how the same kind of crystal defects that are used for flux pinning can also affect mechanical properties of materials by solid solution strengthening.
NbTi: The Wonderful Workhorse
Authors: Speller Susannah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on niobium-titanium, which is often referred to as the workhorse superconductor because it is much simpler and cheaper to make into wires than any other superconducting material. That being said, there is still a great deal of materials engineering that goes into making high performance wires of niobium titanium that can carry high currents and are stable enough to be used in applications like the Large Hadron Collider magnets. Binary phase diagrams, which are key tools used in the design of materials, are introduced along with wire processing techniques. In the “Under the Lens” section, the Lever rule method for estimating the fractions of different constituents in a complex alloy like NbTi is shown. The “Wider View” section discusses how similar tricks for engineering the NbTi on the nanoscale are used in precipitation hardening of structural materials.
Grain Boundaries: the Good, the Bad and the Ugly
Authors: Speller Susannah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Grain boundaries turn out to be really important defects in superconductors, so they are given their own chapter. In low temperature superconductors, grain boundaries are good for properties because they are brilliant at flux pinning. However, in high temperature superconductor they are an absolute disaster. The reason for this harks back to Josephson junctions in the previous chapter and is explored in detail in this chapter. The “Under the Lens” section looks in more detail at the structure of low angle grain boundaries, and in the “Wider View” sections some benefits and drawbacks of grain boundaries in other materials systems, such as grain boundary strengthening and intergranular corrosion. are discussed.
A Super Future?
Authors: Speller Susannah 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This final chapter explores what is needed in the future to realise the superconducting revolution that was promised with the discovery of high temperature superconductors. The holy grail has always been regarded as room temperature superconductivity, and this has recently been achieved in superhydride materials. The problem is that they only work at incredibly high pressures so they are by no means engineering materials. However, having a high critical temperature is not necessarily the most important property for a superconductor to be useful in real applications. How much current it can carry, how much magnetic field it can withstand and how easy it is to manufacture tend to be more important in practice. Applications where superconductors will be crucial in the future are also discussed, including compact nuclear fusion reactors, electric aircraft and quantum computers.
Non-domination
Authors: Lovett Frank 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Republicans maintain that people are not free when others dominate their choices, even when those others happen to be benevolent or indifferent. Both individual persons and proper group agents can dominate others, but teams can dominate only when the members of those teams have actually solved or are immanently poised to solve any relevant collective action problems. Domination is most often structurally constituted, but structures as such do not dominate anyone. Choices are dominated whenever other agents have an insufficiently controlled ability to frustrate those choices. Controls are suitable when those controls render ignorable the prospect that a given agent might frustrate a choice: when suitably controlled, the ability of an agent to frustrate a choice will not dominate that choice. The republican thesis that a choice cannot be free if it is dominated is compatible with a variety of views about what further conditions, if any, must be met before that choice should be regarded as free in the politically relevant sense.
Law and Policy
Authors: Lovett Frank 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Republicans argue that in designing public laws, policies, and institutions, priority should be given to reducing domination. Every person’s freedom from domination should count equally, but while respecting that condition, republicans have not settled on the best principle of aggregation. Domination should be minimized because it presents an obstacle to human flourishing, even when people consent to be dominated. Reducing domination will certainly require instituting an empire of law, since only effective public law can provide robust security against the prospect of being subject to coercive force. The participants in a properly ordered market will not dominate one another in virtue of their abilities to buy or sell from one another. However, an unconditional basic income will be necessary to ensure that markets are ordered properly in the long run. Republican disagree whether and when workers are dominated by their employers; some argue that workplace democracy may be necessary to prevent such domination. Socially-constructed identities often facilitate domination by solving collective action problems. Present generations do not dominate future generations, but present generations can increase or decrease the domination future generations will experience.
Global Republicanism
Authors: Lovett Frank 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
While some contemporary republicans advocate moving toward global institutional unification, most maintain that, at least for the foreseeable future, the optimal organization of the global basic structure will necessarily involve more local systems of law and popular control. Republicans have strong reasons, however, to support an effective international empire of law that restrains the abilities of states and other global actors to intervene in the affairs of other states. Properly designed border policies need not themselves domination potential migrants, though restrictive border policies may indirectly exacerbate domination by making it harder for people to escape unfavorable circumstances. Republicans properly regard everyone’s freedom from domination as counting the same, regardless of where in the world they happen to live, but they disagree whether this commitment entails cosmopolitan principles of global economic justice. Republics should support cooperative multilateral security policies with other republics. There are several justification strategies available to republicans, but the strategy most have adopted is a form of coherentism that regards justification as the conclusion of argument rather than its starting point.
Reasonable Hopes
Authors: Loader Ian , Sparks Richard 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that one abiding weakness of many attempts by criminologists to come to grips with distinctive and often alarming aspects of contemporary realities is a limited understanding of politics, and in particular of political theory. The increasing institutionalisation of criminology as a ‘discipline’ often serves to exacerbate this tendency. The chapter refers to themes in the work of Tony Bottoms as exemplifying benefits of seeking out a wider range of conceptual resources, including those provided by normative theoretical work. The work of Bottoms and colleagues on problems of legitimacy is a case in point that illuminates central aspects of criminal justice and their relations to problems of contemporary democracies. The chapter goes on to argue that the pragmatist tradition in democratic theory has much to offer students of crime and justice, especially with regard to the complex relations between expert knowledge and programmatic social change. It discusses these claims in light of Dewey’s conception of ‘inquiry’ and Unger’s arguments for ‘empowered democracy’.
Conclusion
Authors: Siatitsa Ilia 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The conclusion summarises the key components that support the existence of a new special regime around serious violations of human rights—the substantive component, the monitoring component, the enforcement component, and the remedial component—and provides an overview of their principal elements. It further identifies other areas of international law that provide parts of potential additional components to the regime—such as arms trade or business and human rights frameworks. Lastly, it reflects on the use of the expression ‘serious violations of human rights’ as a standard in international practice, and on the possible alternative developments—become synonym to international crimes or remain just a standard in treaty provisions—that may determine the use of the expression in the international legal order.
More than the Sum of the Parts
Authors: Satz Helmut 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Systems consisting of many interacting constituents often show a collective behavior not predictable from the interaction of the individual constituents—such as the freezing or evaporation of a liquid. The book addresses different forms of such complex behavior, which has only been thoroughly investigated in the past few decades. Although these studies originate in physics, we show that the behavior is found to be very universal, ranging from the structure of the early universe to turbulence, Brownian motion and to the frequency of words in literary texts. Thus complexity is seen to become a most promising interdisciplinary research field for future science.
The Flow of Time
Authors: Satz Helmut 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
We explain entropy conservation and time evolution. Attempts to define the unique direction of time are discussed and illustrated with the help the Joule’s experiment. The underlying reasons for the deviation between present and maximal entropy and for the onset of order are explained, and it is shown how this applies to the evolution of the early universe and on to present time. The role of David Layzer in the development of the entropy scenario is underlined.
Milton and the Resources of the Line
Authors: Creaser John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Whereas prose is written in sentences, poetry is written in lines, lines that may or may not coincide with the syntax of the sentence. Lines add an aural and visual mode of punctuation through bringing some degree of pause and sense of weight at the line-turn. So lineation, the division of poetry into lines, opens a repertoire of possibilities to the poet. Notably, it encourages an enhanced concentration on meaning, rhythm, and sound. It makes metrical patterns possible, with interactions between regularity and deviation; or the presence or absence of structural rhyme; or the multiple variations of the line-turn, whether in harmony with syntax or overflowing in ways either more or less conspicuous. This book develops ways for exploring the expressive resources of the verse line through concentration on the greatest of English poets, John Milton. Topics examined include: the interaction of strictness and freedom in the rhythms of Milton’s line and paragraph; the interfusion of diverse prosodies in a single poem; approaches to free verse; rhyme in the earlier lyric verse and modes of near-rhyme in the later blank verse; the diverse modes of onomatopoeia; and the complex interweavings of prosody and ideology in this very political poet. The great themes and issues and characters of Milton’s innovative and always controversial poetry are perceived afresh, being approached intimately through the rich possibilities of the line. The insights of the approach will illuminate the reading of any poetry.
‘Service is Perfect Freedom’
Authors: Creaser John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers how to analyse and respond to verse rhythm in Milton, especially in Paradise Lost. Traditional foot prosody is shown unable to do justice to such rhythm, and an approach based on the theories of Derek Attridge is presented. Through comparison with excerpts from early narrative blank verse and more generally with the verse of Shakespeare’s later plays, Milton’s verse is shown as a deliberate fresh start, characterised by a paradoxical combination of austerity and liberty. The appeal to freedom in Milton’s note on the verse is shown to be justified by the flexibility and expressive aptness found within prosodic norms, and by the unprecedented freedom of his enjambment. The treatment of the fall in Paradise Lost grows out of great traditional paradoxes where subservience and liberation interact, and the epic brings alive the central paradox of freedom through service in the very detail of its rhythms.
‘Variously Drawn Out’
Authors: Creaser John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter extends the analysis beyond the individual line into the energies uniquely communicated by Milton’s long periods. The incomparable energies of the epic are generated above all by the sustained vigour of the poetry. The chapter considers the various advantages gained by verse lineation, and in particular examines Milton’s mastery of the line-turn and of how to run verse on for line after line, since mastery of the line-turn is the key to poetic art, a mastery than in Milton is enhanced by his mastery of delayed resolution. The chapter also examines the interplay of periodic and loose syntax in the verse, and analyses the multiple levels of rhythmic energy commanded by Milton through both lineation and his varied and sustained syntax, showing how he develops his fluid lines into paragraphs of unmatched vigour and dynamism.
Introduction
Authors: Menin Marco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The Introduction considers the privileged status of tears in the imaginary of the long eighteenth century in France before outlining the book’s central contribution to an already rich and fulsome field. First, it summarizes the most significant contributions to thinking about crying in the French early modern period, work stemming from the history of emotion but also adjacent and intersecting fields. Second, it underlines how the study of the phenomenon of crying represents a significant stage in the decisive process of ‘creating’ the modern notion of emotion, both conceptually and lexically. Finally, it presents the method and innovations this study introduces in relation to the current state of the art. The main methodological advancement is emphasizing the crucial role that the history of ideas in general, and the history of philosophy more specifically, can play in the field of emotions history. This specific point of view allows us to (1) investigate in further depth the role that emotion may play in the foundations of morality, (2) better understand the workings of sensibility, a faculty the description of which inevitably lies at the intersection of philosophy, literature, and science, (3) reveal the synergy between medical and philosophical thought so typical of the eighteenth century, and (4) gain new insight into the thought of foundational early-modern thinkers by looking at their understanding of emotional tears.
From the Man Without Passions to the Crying Hero
Authors: Menin Marco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the contrast between two anthropological models characterizing seventeenth-century French literature and philosophy: the ‘man without passions’ so central to Stoic philosophy, and the ‘crying hero’ based on the idea that emotion is linked to virtue. The Stoic anthropological model was characterized by apathy, that is, a condition of inner freedom understood as independence from and indifference and imperturbability with respect to human emotions. As part of this model, tears were judged particularly harshly, as confirmed by the reflection of both the ancient Stoics and the seventeenth-century Neostoics. The chapter argues that critics of Stoicism set up the notion of apathy in opposition to that of metropatheia, according to which the passions can be conceived as an opportunity for exercising virtue even though they do not themselves constitute a virtue. This idea represented a diametrical shift in views on emotionality: rather than pathological, evil elements opposed to virtue, the passions were neutral elements the goodness or wickedness of which were not inherent but rather varied depending on how they were used. The Stoic idea of incompatibility between passions and virtues was definitively rejected in favour of the idea that the most proper exercise of virtue consisted of the ability to ‘guide’ the passions, bringing them out of the condition of neutrality. By allowing the crying subject to transcend his or her own individuality and identify with humanity in general, tears in this perspective have the potential to become the highest expression of human morality.
The Strategy of Crying
Authors: Menin Marco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter shows how the progressive process of ‘de-moralizing’ crying—typical of the first decades of the nineteenth century—resulted in a new morality, one based on controlling emotions and only using tears in ways that were strategic and, as such, perfectly rational. In this period, ‘virtuous’ and spontaneous tears were increasingly opposed to the image of ‘insincere’ tears and the tactical use of crying, mostly associated with libertine novels. This framing can be seen quite clearly in the analysis of the novel unanimously considered the manifesto of this genre, Les liaisons dangereuses published by Pierre-Ambroise-François Choderlos de Laclos in 1782. The idea Laclos presents, of incorporating tears into an ethic of emotional control, became one of the central conceptual foci of Sade’s work as well. Indeed, this latter corpus can be considered the most effective ‘insider’ critique of the rhetoric of empathy. The chapter assumes that, even while drawing on some of the premises typical of sentimentalist philosophy mainly attributable to Rousseau, Sade reached a wholly different set of conclusions, so different in fact that he ended up outlining an explicitly positive view of a deliberate form of immoralism. Stendhal represents an equally ambivalent attitude towards Rousseau when he constantly, but unsuccessfully, tries to free himself from sentimentalism. This effort is reflected in his masterpiece Le rouge et le noir (1830) whose protagonist Julien Sorel is the emblem of a generation that had become aware of the inadequacy of sensibility but was nevertheless unable to move away from it.
Conclusion
Authors: Menin Marco 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The book concludes with a consideration of how deeply embedded thinking about tears was in long eighteenth-century philosophical, medical, and literary conceptions of selfhood while also pointing out the relevance of such issues today. In considering the first aspect, it suggests that tears embody and exemplify all the salient characteristics of the emotional knowledge typical of modernity: the confluence of both physical and psychic dimensions in the idea of emotion; the ability of feelings to stand halfway between the individual and social spheres, thus acting as a fundamental aid for communication between these two spheres; the tension between particularism and universalism; and, above all, the morality of emotion. As for the contemporary relevance of the issue of crying, this chapter underlines that it is precisely the debate on the intrinsically normative nature of emotions, a debate that enabled authors of early modernity to outline a true ‘philosophy of tears’ and which fuels (albeit with inevitable differences) contemporary philosophical reflection. More specifically, the eighteenth-century analysis of crying can still offer interesting food for thought in relation to two questions central to contemporary philosophical debate: namely, the possible sentimental foundations of moral judgement, and the potential intrinsic intelligence of the emotional dimension.
Contact and Continuity: What Happens At the Boundaries?
Authors: Katz Emily 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper is a discussion of C. Pfeiffer, Aristotle’s Theory of Bodies (Oxford University Press, 2017). It engages critically with one of this excellent book’s significant contributions: the treatment of boundaries. While it is sympathetic to many of Pfeiffer’s claims about the ontology of boundaries, it argues that two in particular should not be endorsed: (A) that the n-dimensional boundaries of objects in contact occupy a shared n-dimensional region and (B) that continuity requires that the boundaries of adjacent internal parts become one in number. These claims stand in the way of an account that is sensitive to the full complexity of Aristotle’s views about what happens at the boundaries in cases of contact or continuity. The paper argues that the boundaries of objects in contact have only the same relative position and that there are two kinds of continuity for Aristotle, only one of which involves the numerical oneness of internal boundaries.