bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fracture
Authors: Zapperi Stefano 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Understanding how materials break is still a fundamental problem of science and engineering that has long been empirically investigated, starting from the pioneering works of Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei. Besides the engineering aspects of the problem, the statistical properties of fracture have attracted a wide interest in the statistical physics community. In this context, fracture is considered an irreversible process ruled by long-range interactions and disorder. Several experiments have revealed that fracture is indeed a complex phenomenon, described by scale invariant laws. Examples notably include the acoustic emission activity prior to fracture, which typically displays an intermittent character and a power law amplitude distribution. This observation suggests the presence of an internal avalanche dynamics possibly ruled by some non-equilibrium critical point. To address this problem, it is conventional to start from the theory of elasticity and consider the elastic stresses associated with a crack. In this context, a single crack propagating through a disordered medium undergoes a depinning transition. Whenever damage is diffusive, however, studying a single crack is not adequate and one usually resorts to lattice models, from simple mean-field like fiber bundles to more complicated and realistic models of disordered elastic media. We conclude making direct analogies between fracture and phase transitions.
Writing Memory
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 1 considers two late works, the performance piece That Time and the prose work Company, which avoid the pronoun “I” by assigning sets of memories to external voices who address the subject of the memories as “you.” It seeks to describe Beckett’s ambivalence about memory and autobiography, and the forms he invented to highlight the impossibility of reviving the past except as malleable fiction. Nonetheless, those forms do manage, under the radar, to create the illusion of a single subject with emotional connections to his past. The act of writing itself comes to the fore in Company, which offers a moving portrait of author Beckett’s personal mergers with his several narrative voices, and his need for writing as company.
Belacqua and Mr. Beckett
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2 focuses on the early fictions Dream of Fair to Middling Women, More Pricks Than Kicks, and Murphy, alongside Beckett’s letters from his period of youthful turmoil. It connects Beckett’s refusal to conform to his family’s bourgeois standards with his satirical resistance to older novel forms. His first self-enclosed heroes are named after Belacqua, an indolent figure from Dante who eludes definition and defies the path of improvement or redemption. The chapter includes Beckett’s resistance to conventional notions of fictional character which, he implies, should be unknowable in fiction and in life. The challenge is extended in Beckett’s refusal to conform to conventional literary boundaries between character, narrator, and author. In Murphy, his London novel, Beckett engages more playfully with earlier writers, creating a more sympathetic story of aspiration, love, and loneliness.
First-Person Singular
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 offers a detailed appreciation of Beckett’s great postwar novel trilogy, Molloy, Malone Dies, and The Unnamable, in the context of Beckett’s experiences during the German occupation of France, and his mother’s gradual decline from Parkinson’s disease. His turn to writing in French first-person narration coincided with the birth of the Beckettian character, who wanders or waits for death in states of physical deterioration and mental inventiveness. The mixture of comedy and pathos in these novels comes from the characters’ humanly adaptive responses to the bizarre circumstances in which Beckett places them, and from the perpetual motion of their minds as they assert, doubt, have second thoughts, or reject what they had embraced in a previous sentence. Like Beckett himself, his writer-protagonists tell their own stories by projecting them onto characters they invent, while calling attention to the ever fluid boundaries between themselves and their fictions.
The Metaphysics of Laws of Nature
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
That we live in a world governed by laws of nature can seem obvious. But it was not until the seventeenth century that the concept of a law came to the fore. Ever since, it has been attended by controversy: what does it mean to say that Boyle’s law governs the expansion of a gas, or that the planets obey the law of gravity? Laws are rules that permit calculations and predictions. What does the universe have to be like, if it is to play by them? This book sorts the most prominent answers into three families. Laws first arise in a theological context: they govern events only because God enforces them. Those wishing to reverse the order of explanation, and argue that the powers of objects fix the laws, struggled to claim for themselves the results of the new science. The stand-off between these two bred a third family, which rejects any kind of enforcer for the laws. On this view, laws summarize events; they do not govern anything. The book traces the fortunes of the three families, from their origins to the present day. It uses objections—and the revisions needed to answer them—to produce the best representative of each. Along the way, it tries to settle the rules of this game, the debate over laws of nature. What should we expect from an account of laws? The book aims to help readers develop their own desiderata and judge the merits of the competing positions.
The Game
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter sets out three axes along which views about the laws of nature can vary. First is the contrast between top-down views, which hold that laws govern events, and bottom-up views, which hold that events or powers fix or determine the laws. The second is the distinction between ‘realist’ views, which posit something that forces events to take the course they do, and ‘anti-realist’ views, such as Hume’s, which do not. A third axis is the relationship between laws and their truthmakers: is a true law statement to be paired to a single truthmaker, or not? Each of the three most popular views on laws of nature (the universals theory, the powers view, and the Humean view) is located along the three axes. The chapter then sets out the structure of the book, which explores each family in turn and attempts to distill the best possible version of each.
The Early Days
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that the debate over the origins of the concept of laws of nature has been put off the scent by the following assumption: that laws are (at least) regularities. None of the prominent seventeenth-century figures understands laws in that way. Instead, we should adopt a ‘thin’ concept of laws, which requires only that they be general statements that play the axiom role relative to a given science. Descartes’s central move is to offer a ‘thick’ concept of laws as divine intentions, which untethers natural philosophy from the pursuit of the Aristotelians’ definitions. Despite its dependence on theology, Descartes’s view of laws has some important virtues that should be preserved, if possible. Descartes’s laws function together as a web, with no one law on its own reporting or entailing a regularity. For that very reason, the problem of ceteris paribus clauses does not arise. The Cartesian view can also deal with conservation laws.
Primitivism
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The moderns are united in thinking that the laws of nature cannot execute themselves. If laws are not merely descriptions of general metaphysical principles flowing from powers and Aristotelian natures, then they need to be enforced by a divine agent. This chapter looks at a contemporary top-down view that tries to dispense with such invisible means of support. On the primitivist view, the laws of nature are brute facts about the worlds they govern. The chapter argues that there are important virtues to primitivism, chiefly its ability to deal with conservation laws such as the first law of thermodynamics. Primitivism, like the Cartesian view, can also provide nomic stability: the laws continue to hold across counterfactual variations in initial conditions. But the chapter argues that primitivism comes at too high a price. Primitivism not only refuses to say what the laws might be; it also can say nothing about how they do anything. The chapter presents the ‘governing dilemma’: either governing is causing or it isn’t. If laws govern by causing, then overdetermination threatens. If governing is weaker than causing (perhaps because it amounts merely to constraining), then the notion is too weak to mark primitivism off from its Humean competitors.
Contemporary Best Systems Analyses (I)
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter develops the contemporary best system analysis. The chapter looks at Lewis’s formulation before proceeding to the revisions that have been proposed. Chief among these are changes to the criteria for lawhood. Although laws must be chosen from the ranks of regularities, what makes them laws is in part their role in our epistemic economy. Laws must be useful to creatures with our cognitive limitations and needs. The chapter also considers objections to Humeanism based on quantum mechanics before defending the revised best system analysis against some prominent objections. The chapter argues that the best system analysis can provide as compelling an account of counterfactuals as any of its competitors, and that it has nothing to fear from arguments that rely on impoverished or underdetermined scenarios
Settling up
Authors: Ott Walter 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter sets out and evaluates all the views so far considered, and adds some new ones: the hybrids. It may be attractive to combine a best system-style analysis of lawhood and a more robust realist metaphysics. After sorting the views along the three axes, the chapter evaluates the views in light of the desiderata argued for throughout the book. One surprising result is that the best version of the top-down family, the revised universals view, ends up looking very much like the revised powers view. This suggests that anyone attracted to realism will need to work with such a view. The chapter argues, however, that the best account of laws is given by the rules theory, so the best realism will hijack the rules theory account of laws and marry it to a robust metaphysics. On the anti-realist side, the rules theory simpliciter comes out ahead. The chapter counts up the costs of realism and points toward anti-realism.
Reading Fear in Flavian Epic
Authors: Agri Dalida 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This book examines the textual representations of emotions, fear in particular, through the lens of Stoic thought and their impact on depictions of power, gender, and agency. It first draws attention to the role and significance of fear, and cognate emotions, in the tyrant’s psyche, and then goes on to explore how these emotions, in turn, shape the wider narratives. The focus is on the lengthy epics of Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica, Statius’ Thebaid, and Silius Italicus’ Punica. All three poems are obsessed with men in power with no power over themselves, a marked concern that carries a strong Senecan fingerprint. Seneca’s influence on post-Neronian epic discourse can be felt beyond his plays. His Epistles and other prose works prove particularly illuminating for each of the poet’s gendered treatment of the relationship between power and emotion. By adopting a Roman Stoic perspective, both philosophical and cultural, this study brings together a cluster of major ideas to draw meaningful connections and unlock new readings.
Fear in Flavian Representations of Epic Tyrants
Authors: Agri Dalida 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Building up from Seneca’s theory on emotion, Chapter 1 explores the depictions and uses of fear and related emotions (e.g., envy, anger, hatred), in the tyrant’s psychology across all three Flavian epics and their role in the image of the tyrant as the feminized ‘other’. It is divided into four main sections, each dedicated to a case study: King Pelias in Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica, Polynices as an aspiring tyrant, and Creon in Statius’ Thebaid, and at last the fearsome Hannibal in Silius Italicus’ Punica. This part of the book looks at how tyrants’ fear, read through the lens of Stoic thought, similes, and intra- and intertextual models, reveals a narrative of figuratively ‘emasculated’ leadership and political impotence.
Reflections on the Life of a British Criminologist
Authors: Sparks Richard , Lanskey Caroline 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This conversation is a composite of two interviews with Tony Bottoms, conducted by Caroline Lanskey and Richard Sparks, in March and October 2018. The first was a public event, as part of the Institute of Criminology’s ‘In conversation with …’ series. The second, intended to pick up issues that were missed or left inadequately discussed first time round, took place at Tony’s home. The conversation addresses a wide range of topics in roughly chronological order. These include key intellectual and personal influences, especially in Tony’s early life; his views on relations between practice and academic inquiry in light of his experiences as a probation officer; the changing contours and characteristics of criminology as a field; and Tony’s principal contributions to research. With regard to the latter, the discussion touches upon Tony’s work in environmental criminology, sentencing and parole, prisons, problems of procedural justice and legitimacy, desistance from crime, and theories of compliance. Among the distinctive features of Bottoms’s work throughout have been his concerns with the normative dimensions of criminological questions, and the relations between empirical inquiry and policy problems.
Keeping a Human Perspective
Authors: Gelsthorpe Loraine 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers values, compliance, accountability to people who have offended, and the relational dimension of criminal justice, focusing on developments in the provision of services for women offenders in the community. The chapter charts developments regarding community-based provision over the past 20 years, as well as looking at the importance of the relational and community dimensions to the work and how this is relevant to compliance. Consumers of criminal justice practices are not always consulted, yet their voices are important to our understanding not only of what works, but of ‘what matters’. Anthony Bottoms has shown keen interest in this continuing vacuum in penal thought, the collapse of the rehabilitative ideal, the introduction of an instrumental focus on ‘what works’, and legitimacy deficits in an increasingly bureaucratic system of criminal justice. All of these are far removed from a fundamental focus on human fulfilment, a key theological and normative concern. This chapter rehearses some of these themes in its discussion of developments with regard to women in conflict with the law. Work with women marks a return to the community, and to the notion of a therapeutic alliance and its relevance to compliance. It helps us see what is meaningful to those women who consume ‘criminal justice’.
Rightful Authority
Authors: Tankebe Justice 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Legitimacy is not conventionally viewed as embracing power-holders’ own need to believe in the moral validity of their authority. The main focus on legitimacy has been on its audience dimension; that is, legitimacy as perceived by those over whom power is exercised. However, legitimacy cannot be sufficiently understood from the perspective of power-audiences alone; a fuller analysis of legitimacy necessarily requires a focus on power-holders’ beliefs in the moral validity of their own claims to power. Max Weber argued that power-holder legitimacy was a precondition for any attempt at cultivating audience legitimacy. Yet in their empirical analysis of legitimacy, police scholars have not given power-holder legitimacy the importance Weber indicated it deserves. Tony Bottoms supervised the chapter author’s doctoral research, in which the author first explored the notion of self-legitimacy; this was subsequently developed in two joint publications. This chapter re-analyses the data collected in Ghana for the chapter author’s doctoral research to examine the conditions associated with police self-legitimacy.
Distributing Social Transfers in Rwanda
Authors: Williams Timothy P. , Nzahabwanayo Sylvestre , Lavers Tom , Ndushabandi Eric 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the political dynamics shaping the distribution of Rwanda’s Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme (VUP). The research finds that, first, despite selecting ‘most likely’ cases for variation within Rwanda, there is little evidence of systematic variation in state capacity and programme implementation between research sites. This suggests that the government’s stated commitment to uniform implementation across the country may have addressed past variation in the reach of the state. Second, despite relatively high levels of infrastructural power across the sites, significant challenges remain. Notably, the pressures of top-down performance assessment have tended to prioritize the productive aspects of the programme, forcing local officials to make difficult choices that undermine the VUP’s protective role. As such, the chapter highlights the importance not just of infrastructural power, but the purposes for which that power is deployed.
“Fear of the Lord is the Beginning of Wisdom”
Authors: Ward H. Clifton 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that Clement’s presentation of the divine economy as a pedagogy is mirrored by a hermeneutical process in which the “little ones” (new converts) read Scripture “according to the letter,” while Clement’s contemplative gnostic reads “according to the syllable.” Clement pictures this hermeneutical contrast as a movement from fear to wisdom. As Christians traverse the divine pedagogy leading to the eschatological vision of God, they (as readers) will actually progress through distinct modes of reading. Moreover, the chapter argues that Clement derives this distinctive narrative from the Scriptures themselves and thereby manifests that the Lord’s voice in Scripture reveals itself to simple believers in a pedagogic mode as “examples” or “moral exhortations,” but, to Clement’s contemplative, Scripture appears in didactic mode as “symbols” or “enigmas” that introduce the deepest mysteries of God. This reading of Clement situates the focus on the intended audience of his treatises.
The United Kingdom
Authors: Keating Michael 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 2, by Michael Keating, examines the current state of the UK union, emphasizing the centripetal effects that Brexit has created. Keating outlines how the UK had experienced a growing process of devolution during the past two decades, with significant powers transferred from the centre towards regional governments in Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. Nevertheless, Keating underlines how this process had been largely problem-driven, and had occurred without a proper federal conceptualization, and without considering the supportive framework of the EU towards devolution. Brexit, however, has unsettled that balance, revealing new centralizing trends. This in turn has ignited new decentralizing trends, most visible in Scotland, but increasingly also in Wales. Keating therefore concludes that the UK union is increasingly fractured.
Safeguards
Authors: Howse Robert 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Chapter 13, by Robert Howse, focuses on another mechanism foreseen in the Protocol, whose operation is left to the discretion—and wisdom—of the parties: the ‘Safeguards’ Article 16. As Howse explains, Article 16 is an emergency provision that either the UK or the EU can invoke unilaterally if the application of this Protocol leads to serious economic, societal, or environmental difficulties that are liable to persist, or to diversion of trade. However, as Howse shows from a comparative perspective with a variety of safeguard mechanisms in international trade agreements, Article 16 is not really the silver bullet that many political leaders claim it is. In fact, triggering the clause would not authorize a full-blown suspension of the Protocol. Rather, a process—detailed in Annex 7 attached to the Protocol—would start; measures would need to be strictly necessary and proportionate; and the other party could take rebalancing measures. Howse details the legal content of Article 16, and points out its limited power, concluding that ultimately the provision does not allow a party to opt out of the Protocol.
‘In Fit Sound’
Authors: Creaser John 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers the role of enactment or onomatopoeia in Milton’s verse—traditionally a quality highly valued, but doubted by Samuel Johnson and by some recent critics. The pervasive but constantly modulating relations between words and meaning, symbol and sense, are explored, ranging through onomatopoeia and beyond. Diverse modes of onomatopoeia such as the iconic, potential, realised, imparted, imitative, and emphatic are considered, together with styles of realisation varying from the bravura to the latent. Although onomatopoeia has only a minor role in language as a whole, it can seem the epitome of literature. As for Milton, in the words of Hazlitt: ‘The sound of his lines is moulded into the expression of the sentiment’.
Friendship for Virtue
Authors: Kristjánsson Kristján 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Voluminous bodies of literature continue to be published on Aristotle-inspired virtue ethics within philosophy and social science. No less than two of the ten books of Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics are devoted to the topic of friendship, in particular its ‘complete’ or most developed type as ‘friendship for character or virtue’. Yet the salience accorded to friendship within the current virtue ethics literature is not proportionate to the importance accorded to it by Aristotle. Furthermore, in current moral education, where Aristotelianism is all the rage, friendship is rarely mentioned. This book has four main aims. The first is to give the virtue of friendship the pride of place it deserves in contemporary Aristotle-inspired virtue ethics. The second is to integrate Aristotelian theory with recent social scientific research on friendship through mutual adjustments. The third is to retrieve Aristotelian friendship as a moral educational concept, where ‘friendship for virtue’ is to be understood as ‘friendship for virtue development’. The fourth is to offer a more detailed and realistic account than Aristotle did of why even the best of friendships can go stale and dissolve and why the human relationships they represent are so precarious—for example in circumstances where erotic love and friendship clash. Through its revised and applied Aristotelianism, this book makes a contribution to various ongoing debates within moral philosophy, moral psychology and moral education about the salience of friendship—addressing the topic in a way that is accessible both for academics and general readers.