bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breast Cancer Screening Behavior and its Contributing Factors among Women of Pokhara Nepal
Authors: Poudel Sushma , Dhakal Rojana 
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Breast carcinoma is the most prevalent cancer in both industrialized and developing nations among women. Early screening play a vital role in cancer identification and prevention, potentially decreasing mortality due to breast cancer. The study’s primary goal was to find out breast cancer screening behavior and factors related to it among women of Pokhara.
Methods: A survey was carried out among the 269 women residing in ward number 33, Pokhara using systematic sampling. Pokhara University Institutional Review Committee provided approval for the the study. Data were gathered through the use of validated questionnaire. Chi-square test has been applied to analyze the relationship between variables.
Results: Out of 269 women, only 15.6% ever heard of breast cancer screening measures. Among those who are informed about breast cancer screening only 12.3% of women screened at least once in their life for carcinoma of breast. Breast self-examination, clinical breast exam, mammography, and breast ultrasound were practiced once in a life by 1.9%, 6.8%, 3.3% and 0.3% of women, respectively. Women educational level, ever heard of breast cancer screening programs, institutional factors, pain, concern of cost, availability of female doctor were associated with breast cancer screening.
Conclusion: Overall, cancer screening behavior was poor in women of this location. Educational level, breast cancer screening information and health professional recommendation were identified as important factors for breast carcinoma screening behavior.
Menstrual Hygiene Practice among Adolescent Girls in the Public Schools of Mahalaxmi Municipality in Lalitpur District
Authors: Bajracharya Anju , Pandey Bista Archana 
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Sustainable maintenance of good menstrual hygiene practice is crucial for sound reproductive health, education, dignity, and empowerment of adolescent girls. Menstrual hygiene is less addressed in Nepalese context. So this study aimed to assess the menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls in the public schools of Mahalaxmi Municipality in Lalitpur district.
Methods: A cross sectional study was adopted among 190 respondents of grades 8, 9 and 10 from three public schools of Mahalaxmi Municipality in Lalitpur District. Sample was selected by using simple random technique through lottery method. Data were collected using pre-tested self-administered semi-structured questionnaire and analyzed in SPSS version 16 for window. Bivariables and multivariable logistic analysis were computed to identify factors associated with good menstrual hygiene practice.
Results: The mean age (±SD) of the study participants and menarche were 15.04 ±1.10 years and 12.86 ±0.96 years. About 43.7% used sanitary pad to absorb their menstrual bleeding, 65.8% disposed the used absorbent in dustbin, 41.1% took daily bath and 40% changed their absorbent three or more times during menstruation. Overall, 62.1% of them had good level of menstrual hygiene practices. Good menstrual hygiene practice was significantly associated with increase in age (AOR: 1.186, 95% CI: 0.540-2.603) living in nuclear family (AOR: 1.664, 95% CI: 0.884-3.281) up in grade (AOR: 2.688, 95% CI: 1.216-5.940) having regular menstruation one year and more(AOR:1.763, 95% CI: 0.838-3.711) and availability of water inside the toilet (AOR:1.226, 95% CI: 0.533-2.820).
Conclusion: Considerable percentages of adolescent girls in the public schools have poor menstrual hygiene practice. Therefore, provision of appropriate school health programs and basic sustainable sanitation is needed to enhance menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls.
Satisfaction on Antenatal Care among Pregnant Women in a Primary Health Care Centre
Authors: Subedi Pabina , Sapkota Shubha Devi , Ghimire Ritu , Poudel Sumita 
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Antenatal care service (ANC) is most important to reduce complication during pregnancy. However, satisfaction is needed during ANCs visits for the continuation of the health services and improvement in the quality of the health care in the Primary Health Care Centre (PHCC).The objective of this study was to assess pregnant women in PHCC.
Methods: A cross sectional study was done in PHCC of Nawalparasi through face to face interview technique with structured interview schedule to collect the data.Total of 101 pregnant mothers were selected for the study. Consecutive sampling technique was used for sampling.The collected data was entered in Epidata and analysed in SPSS version 16.
Results: Findings of the study indicated most 99 percent of the respondents were satisfied with antenatal care among the age group of 15- 49 years. Most 99 percent of the respondents were satisfied with service expectation and only 87.1 percent were satisfied with availability of health services.
Conclusion: The study concluded that satisfaction among pregnant women on ANC is very high in PHCC. Still there is need for the conduction of different maternal health programs to enhance maternal and child health as well as provide free maternal health services to remove financial barriers.
Health Service Utilization and Out-of-Pocket Expenditure among the Social Health Insurance Policy Holders in Kaski District, Nepal
Authors: Baral Rameshwor , Koirala Arun Kumar 
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Nepal has a low health service utilization among the people where ten percent of people face the burden of catastrophic health expenditure and spends more than 10.71% of the total household on health facilities. To reduce Out-of-Pocket expenditure (OOPE) and to improve the access and utilization of health services, Social Health Insurance Program could be a vital health financing mechanism. Objectives: This study aims to assess the status of health service utilization and percent of household expenditure of respondents (OOPE) insured through the Social Health Insurance Program in Kaski district.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted among 210 sampled people of Kaski district who were enrolled in National Social Health Insurance. The study was conducted from June to December 2018 to assess the level of health service utilization and out-of-pocket expenditure among the insured population.
Results: Out of 210 participants enrolled in the Social Health Insurance program, four-fifth (80.5%) participants had utilized the services. Out-of-pocket expenditure for healthcare was 69 percent despite being insured through SHI. There was no statistical relationship observed between socio-demographic characteristics and health service utilization. However, socio-demographic variables such as sex, types of family, number of elderly members in the family were significantly associated with out-of-pocket expenditure among participants.
Conclusion: Majority of participants had utilized health services after buying SHI. Out-of-pocket expenditures have been decreased in the treatment and diagnosis of the diseases but not in medicine cost. There is a need for further study with larger sample size and population coverage to have a better understanding of the effectiveness and effect of the Social Health Insurance Program over Health Service Utilization and Out-of-Pocket expenditure.
An Analysis of Contraceptive Method Choice among Married Women of Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance site in Thailand
Authors: Timilsina Kailash , Sawangdee Yothin , Tin Kyaw Aung , Tiwari Sirjana , Adhikari Ashmita 
Published: November 2022

Introduction: The Fertility of Thailand declined to 1.6 in 2014 compared to 6.5 in the early sixties. This fertility revolution was accompanied by a concurrent revolution of contraceptive behavior among Thai people. This study examined the role of individual and geospatial factors to explain the variation in contraceptive method choice among married in two selected districts of Kanchanaburi Province, Thailand.
Methods: The sample size in this study was 1468. The study population was currently married women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who were residing in two selected districts of Kanchanaburi province, Sai Yok and Muang districts, collected under the Kanchanaburi Demographic Surveillance Site (KDSS) project from 2004 to 2006. The study performed multinomial logistic regression for statistical analysis and Arc view GIS for spatial analysis to identify the factors associated with contraceptive method choice.
Results: The women in the middle age group and urban women were more likely to use permanent methods over non use and temporary methods compared to young and rural women respectively. Women having higher than secondary education used both temporary and permanent contraceptive methods 2.5 times more than uneducated women (AOR 2.43; 95% CI 1.33– 4.46 for temporary versus none and AOR 2.54; 95% CI 1.29 – 5.01 for permanent versus none respectively). If women has no children, they were significantly less likely to use permanent method over non-use as well as over temporary methods. Geo-spatial analysis results showed transportation facilities determine the contraceptive choice.
Conclusion: The better transportation network facilitated women to use a permanent contraceptive method rather than the temporary method. It is necessary to establish a better transportation system and education system in the areas, especially in the mountainous regions to improve accessibility and to realize reproductive health services. Further, investments in increasing women's access to various contraceptive options are urgently needed.
Prevalence and Factors Associated with Mental Health Outcomes among Healthcare Workers Exposed to COVID-19 Pandemic in Nepal
Authors: Ghimire Pushpa Kumari , Sigdel Bina , Dhakal Pushpa , Sharma Baidhya Shradda Kumari , Pandey Kabita , Wasti Sharada Prasad 
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Corona virus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered corona virus. Healthcare workers are at risk of developing psychological distress and other mental health related symptoms. This study was intended to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of depression, anxiety, stress, and fear during COVID-19 pandemic among healthcare workers of Nepal.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted between June and July 2020 with 167 healthcare workers. Mental health outcome, specially, fear was estimated using fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S) whereas depression, anxiety and stress were assessed using DASS-21 survey questionnaire. Statistical analysis used: Chi-square test was performed to observe the association between mental health outcomes variables among health workers and the significance level was considered to be a p-value less than 0.05.
Results: There were 15.0%, 24.0%, and 5.4% of the respondents who had severe and extremely severe level of depression, anxiety, and stress respectively and 44.3% of the respondents had fear during COVID-19 pandemic. The gender and job position were statistically significant with depression. The gender, job position, and respondents who had any health problems were statistically significant with anxiety. The respondents who had any health problems were statistically significant with stress. The gender, education, and job position were statistically significant with fear.
Conclusion: During the COVID-19 outbreak, the frontline healthcare workers have experienced a varying level of depression, anxiety, stress, and fear. Specific counseling, support system, training on handling COVID-19 patient, and assigning normal working hour as government protocol to all healthcare workers are needed to enhance their psychological wellbeing and strengthen the healthcare systems capacity during pandemic.
A Comparative Study regarding the Quality of Life of Senior Citizen Living in Old Age Home and Own Home in a Pokhara Metropolitan City
Authors: Paudel Sharmila , Bhatta Bimala 
Published: November 2022

Introduction: The quality of life (QOL) of elderly people has become more relevant with the demographic shifting towards the ageing population. Quality of life is a key concept in environmental, social, medical and psychological sciences as well as in public policy and the minds of the population at large nevertheless there is no consensus regarding the definition of quality of life. The objective of this study was to assess and compare the quality of life living in old aged home and own home.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among the elderly population 60 years and above. The total sample size of 228 participants was further divided into old aged home vs own home inhibiting; 114 in each category. A face to faceinterview was carried among the participants to assess their quality of life. Quality of life was assessed by using the Nepali version of WHOQOL-BREF questionnaires. The association between quality of life and the explanatory variables were assessed using the chi-square test and stepwise logistic regression.
Results: Amongst the 228 participants; the mean score of QOL between elderly people living in their own home (57.86±8.54) was better than the elderly people living in the old aged home (44.62±9.88). The overall quality of life of elderly people living in their own home was 5.64 times better than the elderly people living in the old aged home (AOR: 5.64, 95%CI: 2.72-11.68).
Conclusion: QOL score among senior citizen living in their own home is better compared to those living in old age home. The physical, psychological, social and environmental health domains of QOL were better in the people living with family than living in old age home. The social relation domain remains high among elderly living in their own home.
Experience of Mothers towards Hospitalization of Preterm Infants in Neonatal Intensive Care Units
Authors: Shrestha Tumla , Pandey Bista Archana 
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Hospitalization of the preterm infant (PTI) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is a stressful situation for mothers requiring nurses’ care and support for adjustment and coping. Understanding mothers’ experience is valuable for enhancing care and support for them. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore mothers’ experience regarding hospitalization of PTIs in NICUs.
Methods: The qualitative pilot study was conducted among purposively selected 5 mothers of NICU admitted PTIs in a public academic hospital of Bagmati province from May to July 2019. After obtaining ethical approval, in-depth interviews were conducted using interview guideline. The data were analyzed using the content analysis method.
Results: Exploration of mothers’ experience has identified 4 themes: worry and uncertainty regarding the condition and outcome of the PTIs; altered attachment and maternal roles; attachment, and care enabling with care involvement; mixed experience of care, and support.
Conclusion: Hospitalization of PTIs in NICUs was distressing to mothers related to inadequate and altered attachment, and maternal roles. They experienced mother-infant attachment, contentment, and care enabling with involvement in PTI care. They valued nurses’ PTI care and care guidance and expected more guidance, communication, and emotional support. Considering study findings might be worthwhile for enhancing care status in NICUs.
Prevalence and Contributing Factors of Smoking among Undergraduates in Pokhara Metropolitan City, Nepal
Authors: Khadka Pooja , Bhandari Pooja 
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Smoking is one of the most common preventable causes of death globally, contributing significantly to the global burden of diseases, especially chronic non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, cancers, and stroke. It is a known fact that cigarette smoking is harmful and addictive, but very few pay attention to its deadly results.The study was conducted to assess the prevalence and contributing factors for smoking among undergraduates.
Methods: The purposive sampling technique was used to select the subjects. Total 220 undergraduates were choosen and a self–administered questionnaire was used to collect data.
Results: The respondents at around 70.0% were of age less than 21 whereas 30.0 % were of age more than 21. The mean age was 21.01±1years. More than half (54.08%) of the respondents were female, while 45.09% were male. The majority (92.72%) of the respondents belonged to the Hindu religion. Regarding ethnicity, 70.93% of the respondents were from the upper caste, while less than 1.36% belonged to religious minorities.The prevalence of smoking was found to be 15.0%.
Among 67.16% of the respondents initiated smoking at the age of 15-20 years. Maximum 56.71% bought smoking agents from their own pocket money. The major influencing factors for smoking were experimentation i.e. 46.26%, followed by peer pressure, 25.37%. The variables such as sex, age, religion, and educational status of a mother were found to be associated with smoking.
Conclusion: The prevalence of smoking among college students is low. Among them who smoke, majority of the students started smoking as experimentation and peer pressure.Strict laws against smoking should be formulated and implemented effectively. Awareness programs should be carried out focusing on harmful effects of smoking.
Factors Associated with Driving Behavior and Road Traffic Accidents among Public Vehicle Drivers in Kathmandu Valley: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Bhushal Suraj , Choulagai Bishnu , Niroula Rakshya , Thapa Pachya Ambika 
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Vehicle drivers are most significant stakeholder in any road traffic accident (RTAs). This study aims to assess their knowledge related to traffic signs and attitude towards safe driving practices and to identify self-reported risky driving behaviors, their encounter of RTAs, and associated factors.
Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study in Kathmandu valley. 14 prime spots were randomly selected and time location sampling was done. A face-to-face interview was done with public vehicle drivers using structured questionnaire. We analyzed the association using logistic regression. Ethical clearance was obtained from Institute of Medicine. Informed written consent was taken from the participants.
Results: Of 411 drivers, mean age was 31.8 (±8.2) years. All participants were male of which 71.0% lived in a joint family. More than half had less than 10 year experience and 20% of them were driving 12-18 hours per day. Half of them had good knowledge on traffic signs while nearly one tenth had non-supportive attitude towards safe driving practices. Prevalence of at least one risky driving behavior was 68%, however, only a few cases fined by traffic. Self-reported encounters of RTA were 21.7%; of these, 22.2% also had human injuries. Experiences of driving less than 10 years and living in a nuclear family were significantly associated with risky driving. Moreover, age of public vehicle drivers less than 25 years, living in nuclear family and continuing driving while fatigue were also significantly associated with RTAs.
Conclusion: Only half of drivers had good knowledge on traffic signs. Risky driving behavior present in about seven among ten public vehicle drivers and two among ten encountering RTAs. We recommend interventions targeted to change behavior among drivers to reduce risky driving behaviors, to increase age bar for permitting driving license for public vehicles and not continuing driving while fatigue to reduce RTAs.
Pediatric vaccinations: Nepal's life-saving weapon
Authors: Bhatta Bimala 
Published: November 2022

One of the most successful and economical public health interventions ever developed, vaccinations have significant positive effects on social, economic, and health ‎1 ‎2. Pediatric immunization helps shield kids and adults from serious, curable, and occasionally fatal diseases. One of the key initiatives for Sustainable Development Goal 3 is ensuring universal access to vaccinations (SDG 3). But over 20 million kids under the age of five still lack all necessary immunizations. This is a particular issue in developing countries like Nepal‎3. Complete immunization of young children is a crucial component of a kid's health and wellbeing since it lowers newborn and child mortality rates and reduces the transmission of infectious diseases.
Penataan Administrasi Keuangan Sekolah Berbasis Excel Pada SD Muhammadiyah 4 Kota Malang
Authors: WAHYUNI Endang Dwi , LENIWATI Driana , RAHADJENG Erna Retno 
Published: November 2022

Pengabdian ini dilakukan pada Sekolah Dasar (SD) Muhammadiyah 4 Malang, tujuan pengabdian ini untuk membantu mitra dalam penataan administrasi keuangan sekolah dengan cara membuatkan software pelaporan keuangan dan pemdampingan dalam melakukan pencatatan penerimaan dan pengeluaran sekolah dengan menggunakan software pelaporan keuangan yang terkomputerisasi berbasis teknologi, sehingga penyusunan laporan keuangan bisa akurat dan tepat waktu, untuk mendukung penataan administrasi keuangan sekolah yang memadai, transparan dan akuntabel. Metode yang digunakan dalam pengabdian ini adalah sosialisasi, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), pendampingan dan pelatihan terkait dengan penataan administrasi keuangan sekolah yang baik dan pengaplikasian software pengelolaan keuangan berbasis teknologi. Hasil yang didapatkan pada pengabdian ini adalah pengadaan software pengelolaan keuangan berbasis teknologi (program excel). Hasil pengabdian mampu meningkatkan kemampuan mitra dalam mengelola keuangan. Mitra dapat memahami dan menerapkan konsep pelaporan keuangan serta mampu Menyusun laporan keuangan yang akuntabel dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan.
PKM Pada Usaha Sambal Kemasan CV. Mantu Sedana, Kelurahan Dalung, Kecamatan Kuta Utara
Authors: PARAMANANDA Nyoman , LESTARI Ni Luh Putu Ratna Wahyu , PUTRA I Made Aditya Mantara 
Published: November 2022

Masakan pedas memang menjadi salah satu ciri khas kuliner di Indonesia. Tingginya permintaan sambal memberikan peluang bisnis yang menjanjikan. Berawal dari keisengan pemilik usaha yaitu Ibu Made Ani Setia Wulan, akhirnya dapat mendirikan sebuah perusahaan yaitu CV. Mantu Sedana yang berdiri tahun 2017. Berdasarkan hasil validasi pasar yang telah dilakukan oleh mitra, maka mitra membuat sambal yang tahan lama, tetap gurih serta dapat dibawa kemana saja dan siap disajikan kapan saja sehingga menjadi pelengkap hidangan yang disajikan untuk keluarga, dapat dijadikan bahan dasar untuk setiap masakan keluarga. Khalayak sasaran dari program pengabdian masyarakan ini adalah CV. Mantu Sedana yang berlamat di Kelurahan Dalung, Kecamatan Kuta Utara. Melihat potensi dan ciri khas yang dimiliki, maka sangatlah mungkin apabila perguruan tinggi khususnya Universitas Warmadewa selaku institusi pendidikan ikut berkontribusi didalam melestarikan dan mengembangkan potensi yang dimiliki oleh CV. Mantu Sedana. Pengembangan dan pendampingan baik dari pengadaan sarana dan prasarana, pelatihan dan pembelajaran terkait pembukuan, pemasaran diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat untuk kelangsungan hidup usaha mikro kecil dan menengah dimasa yang akan datang. Kontribusi dasar dari program ini adalah meningkatkan kapasitas produksi, peningkatan pemasaran, peningkatan kualitas SDM dalam hal pembuatan laporan keuangan, serta peninkatan omset melalui penjualan secara konsinyasi.