bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adventive Embryogenesis from Leaf Explants of Apple Seedlings
Authors: Liu J. R. , Sink K. C. , Dennis F. G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Leaf explants excised from in vitro grown, open-pollinated seedlings of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) and placed on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, containing B5 vitamins, 30 g/liter sucrose, and 8 g/liter agar supplemented with 10.0 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA) and 3.0 mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) produced low frequencies of globular to heart-shaped embryoids. The early embryonic states were observed after 3 to 4 weeks of incubation in the dark but not on cultures placed in the light. Upon excision and transfer to MS medium with or without 3.0 mg/liter BA plus 0.3 mg/liter NAA, most of the embryoids did not undergo further development; however, 6 did attain the cotyledonary stage. Two of these eventually developed into bipolar structures which gave rise to intact plants.
Production of Chrysanthemum Cuttings under Supplementary Lighting and C02 Enrichment
Authors: Eng Rex Y. N. , Tsujita M. J. , Grodzinski B. , Dutton R. G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Stock plants of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. cv. Dramatic were grown in clear plastic chambers within a greenhouse to study the effects of CO2 enrichment at a commercial level (1375 ppm) and supplementary high pressure sodium (HPS) lighting on yield and quality of cuttings. Based on increases in the number of cuttings, stem length, leaf area, fresh weight, and dry weight, CO2 enrichment during the day period was beneficial, regardless of the use of HPS lighting. When HPS lighting was used for 24 hours, the most effective time to add C02 was during the day because the low light level of 60 µmol s−1m−2 provided solely by the lamps was insufficient to make night CO2 enrichment a beneficial practice.
Influence of Leaf Nitrogen on Leafminer Damage and Yield of Spray Chrysanthemum
Authors: Harbaugh B. K. , Price J. F. , Stanley C. D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Damage by leafminer [Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)], increased linearly as leaf nitrogen increased from 2.2% to 4.0% in spring and fall plantings of Chrysanthemum x morifolium Ramat. ‘Manatee Yellow Iceberg’. The number of marketable stems was related quadratically to leaf nitrogen with maximum yields estimated to occur at 3.6% at harvest.
Characteristics of Creeping Bentgrass Clones (Agrostis stolonifera L.) from a Salinity-tolerant Population after Surviving Drought Stress
Authors: Wu Lin , Huff David R. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A severe drought stress was imposed on a salinity-tolerant, creeping bent-grass population (‘Seaside’) under turf conditions. Salinity and osmotic stress resistance did not differ between clones collected before drought and after surviving drought stress. Survival under drought stress was greater for clones having higher heat tolerance and root/shoot ratio, but less leaf area and thinner stolons.
Utilization of Melaleuca quinquenervia as a Potting Medium Component for Greenhouse Production of Foliage Plants
Authors: Conover Charles A. , Poole Richard T. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Potting media composed of sedge peatmoss and 50% or less shredded (by volume) Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake bark or the entire tree composed of shredded bark, wood, seed pods, and leaves produced high quality Aglaonema and Nephrolepis in 2 separate experiments. Mixes containing melaleuca bark had high noncapillary pore space, water-holding capacity, cation-exchange capacity, and low bulk density when mixed with at least 50% sedge peatmoss. No phytotoxicity problems were observed from use of melaleuca components in artificial media.
Vegetative Propagation of Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus)
Authors: Wyatt J. E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Worldwide interest in the winged bean [Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) D.C.] as a food legume has increased in the past decade (6). The crop has the potential for greatly improving human nutrition needs in the tropics due to the relatively high protein content of the seeds (30–42%) and tuberous roots (8–20%, dry weight basis) and the fact that all plant parts except the stem are edible (4). It also is grown as a cover crop or green manure crop and is useful for livestock feed (5).
Studies on the Nitrate Reductase Activities of the Fruit and the Source Leaf in Pepper
Authors: Achhireddy N. R. , Beevers L. , Fletcher J. S. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Nitrate reductase (NR) activity (NO2− produced in the dark and under anaerobic conditions) of 30-day-old fruit of Capsicum annuum L. was 2.2% that in tissues of a single leaf adjacent to each fruit (33 vs. 1500 nmoles/hr-g fresh weight). The optimal NR activity in one source leaf could only account for about 17% of the fruit’s total nitrogen accumulation, while the fruit’s own NR activity was almost negligible. Covered and uncovered fruits did not differ significantly in NR activities.
Foliar Application of Chelated and Mineral Zinc Sulphate to Zn-deficient ‘McIntosh’ Seedlings
Authors: Neilsen G. H. , Hogue E. J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Growth of Zn-deficient apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. McIntosh) grown in the greenhouse responded equally well to chelated or mineral Zn foliar sprays of the same Zn concentration. Absolute leaf Zn uptake, but not leaf Zn concentration, was a good measure of growth response. Foliar sprays with a concentration greater than 2.5 × 103 µg Zn/ml were required to correct Zn deficiency and adequately support growth of severely deficient seedlings for a month.
Effects of Modified Fruit and Leaf Weight Loss on Apple Mineral Content and Firmness Loss in Storage
Authors: Lidster P. D. , Webster D. H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Applications of an antitranspirant (8% v/v Vapor Gard) to leaves decreased concentrations of N, P, Mg, and Ca in leaves, decreased apple dry-matter content, mass, and the amount of Ca per apple, but increased fruit firmness at harvest and after 120 days of 0°C air storage. Surfactant applications (8% v/v Tween 20) to fruit decreased fruit mass and N and Mg concentrations in leaves, but increased fruit dry-matter content and firmness after storage. Since selective application of either an antitranspirant or a surfactant to leaves or fruit, respectively, to modify the water loss balance between the fruit and leaves did not increase Ca concentrations in fruit, increased fruit firmness was probably due to reduced fruit mass and increased dry-matter contents.
Translocation of 14C-Photosynthate in One-Year-Old Apple Trees Following Summer Pruning
Authors: Marini Richard P. , Barden John A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Autoradiography was used to examine the movement of assimilate from basal leaves of first-year, container-grown greenhouse Mailing Merton (MM) 111 apple trees (Malus sp.) exposed to 14CO2 either 2 or 21 days following summer pruning. Two days after summer pruning, the majority of 14C was transported to the roots regardless of treatment. Control trees exhibited a similar pattern of transport 3 weeks after summer pruning, while in summer-pruned trees, photosynthate moved primarily to regrowth. Prevention of regrowth with naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) resulted in transport of photosynthate primarily to the roots.
Trickle and Sprinkler Irrigation of Red Raspberries
Authors: DeBoer D. W. , Peterson R. M. , Evers N. P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Trickle and sprinkler irrigation systems were effective in attaining an average fruit yield of 1660 g/m of row of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) in eastern South Dakota. Water requirements averaged 68 cm with an average irrigation requirement of 33 cm.
Effects of Boron Nutrition upon Strawberry Yield Components
Authors: Neilson B. V. , Eaton G. W. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Plants of everbearing strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. ‘Quinault’) were grown in solution culture with 0.01, 0.05, 0.25, and 1.25 ppm boron. Fruit developed abnormally on deficient plants, but there was no reduction in fruit weight. Where boron was insufficient, flower number per leaf, fruit set, or fruit enlargement limited yield but where boron was intermediate, leaf numbers limited yield. No single component limited yield at the highest level of boron.
Management Practices and Marketable Yields of Lowbush Blueberry
Authors: Blatt C. R. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The management practices of successive cropping and fertilization with 56 and 112 kg N/ha from urea or sulfur-coated urea3 (SCU) were applied to 4 clones of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) over 5 seasons. Marketable yields over 4 cropping seasons were influenced more by clone than by management practice with average yields of 12.8, 8.5, 8.0, and 2.7 MT/ha for clones 74-2, ‘Chignecto’, ‘Augusta’, and 206, respectively.
Toxicity of Giyphosate to Peach Trees as Influenced by Application Timing
Authors: Weller Stephen C. , Skroch Walter A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
During the Aprtl–October season, leaves of 7-year-old peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Norman] were serially dipped in a N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (giyphosate) solution (10,000 ppm or 20,000 ppm) each month over a 2-year period. Fewer trees died the following year when giyphosate was applied as a leaf dip before July 1 than when applications were made after July 1; all applications resulted in tree injury.
The Tatura Trellis as a High-density System for Pear Trees
Authors: van den Ende Bas , Chalmers David 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The Tatura Trellis consists of V-shaped trees planted closely together in single rows. Each tree has 2 limbs trained at 60° from the horizontal across the inter-row alley-way. No dwarfing rootstock is used and trees fill their allotted space rapidly and come into bearing early. The system, which employs a high tree density but does not require dwarfing rootstocks, has most of the advantages ascribed to other intensive orchards. Furthermore, it facilitates rapid and easy hand-harvesting and meets the requirements for simple mechanization (2, 8). We previously have reported experimental results (2) and commercial experience (6) with clingstone peach trees on Tatura Trellis. We report the results of a preliminary study of the planting and management approach for ‘Bartlett’ (‘Williams’ Bon Chretien’) pear trees in this paper.
Daminozide and Gibberellin Effects on Floral Induction of Citrus latifolia
Authors: Davenport Thomas L. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Gibberellin (GA3) applied to ‘Tahiti’ lime (Citrus latifolia Tan.) markedly inhibited flowering, producing morphologically typical vegetative growth. Butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) slightly inhibited production of flowering shoots. Neither treatment consistently affected the number of new shoots.
Preemergence Herbicides for Container-grown Citrus
Authors: Singh Megh , Tucker D. P. H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
These experiments were designed to evaluate the seasonal efficacy of several preemergence herbicides in the production of container-grown citrus trees. Sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb. cv. Hamlin] nursery trees on Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis (L.) Osb. × Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] and on Milam (C. jambhiri Lush hybrid) rootstocks were potted in synthetic mix (1 sand : 1 peat: 1 wood shavings, by volume) and grove soil (Astatula fine sand) in 15-liter, black plastic containers. Treatments included high and low rates of the preemergent herbicides trifluralin, napropamide, oxyfluorfen, metolachlor, oryzalin, alachlor, and oxadiazon along with manually weeded and weedy checks. Initial herbicide treatments were applied in March 1981 and repeated 3 additional times at 90-day intervals. All herbicide treatments significantly reduced the total number and fresh weight of weeds. High rates were consistently more effective than low rates. No treatment resulted in any visual foliar phytotoxicity, although alachlor and metolachlor significantly reduced the root vigor of both Carrizo and Milam.
Quality and Decay of Mango Fruit Wrapped in Heat-shrinkable Film
Authors: Miller W. R. , Hale P. W. , Spalding D. H. , Davis P. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Fruit of mango (Mangifera indica L.) were individually sealed in heat-shrinkable plastic films, stored for 2 weeks at 12°C, and then ripened at 21°. Weight loss of film-sealed fruit was significantly less than that of nonsealed fruit. There were no significant differences in firmness, color development of the skin, decay development, or time to ripen to the soft-ripe stage between film-sealed and nonsealed fruit.
‘William Baffin’ Rose
Authors: Svejda Felicitas 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
‘William Baffin’ rose combines the valuable features of winter hardiness, free and repeated flowering, and resistance to mildew [Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr. ex Fr.) Lév.] and blackspot [Diplocarpon rosae Wolf.]. It is one of the few winter-hardy climbers which survives the winters of Ottawa where it shows tip killing only and, therefore, can be left on the trellis over winter.
‘Reliance’ Seedless Grape
Authors: Moore J. N. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The development of high quality, seedless (stenospermocarpic) table grape cultivars adapted to eastern United States is a major objective of the grape breeding program of the Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station. ‘Venus’, a blue, seedless cultivar, was released from this program in 1977 (1). A red, seedless cultivar, ‘Reliance’, with wider adaptation, is the most recent development.
Release of Six Illinois Sweet Corn Inbreds with the Sugary Enhancer (se) Gene
Authors: Juvik J. A. , Mikel M. A. , Carey E. E. , Rhodes A. M. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Six sweet com (Zea mays L.) inbreds homozygous for the genes sugary (su) and sugary enhancer (se) have been developed at the Illinois Agricultural Experiment Station. The se gene is a recessive modifier of the su genotype (2) and results in increased kernel sugar content, sweetness, and tenderness (3). Kernels with the su se genotype contain amounts of sugar comparable to those found in lines homozygous for the shrunken-2 (sh2) gene but without a concomitant reduction in phytoglycogen (water-soluble polysaccharides) content (4). The high level of phytoglycogen found in su and su se cultivars contributes to their tender, creamy texture.
American Vegetable Seed Industry—A History
Authors: Becker Robert F. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
The first commercial seedsman in the United States generally is believed to have been David Landreth, who started his business in Philadelphia in 1784. Previous to this time, all garden seed was imported from Europe and sold by general merchants or individuals with an interest in horticulture. An advertisement that appeared in the Boston Gazette in February of 1719 might be cited as an example: “Fresh garden seeds of all sorts, lately imported from London to be sold by Evan Davies, gardener, at his house over against the powder house in Boston”. Nathaniel Bird, a book seller in Newport, R.I., sold garden seed at his shop in 1763.
Effect of Package Type and Storage Time-temperature on Weight Loss, Firmness, and Spoilage of Rabbiteye Blueberries
Authors: Miller W. R. , McDonald R. E. , Melvin C. F. , Munroe K. A. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Rabbiteye blueberries, Vaccinium ashei (Reade), were stored in each of 3 containers and 4 time-temperature regimes: 24 hr at 1°C + 24 hr at 10° + 24 hr at 21°; 48 hr at 10° + 24 hr at 21°; 7 days at 1°; and 14 days at 1°. Berries of ‘Tifblue’ lost less weight, were firmer, had fewer “leakers” and less decay than those of ‘Woodard’ following storage under identical treatments and storage conditions. When means of both cultivars and 4 time-temperature treatments were combined, there was an effect of consumer packaging type on weight loss, but there was no effect on berry firmness or the incidence of “leakers” and decay. There was no effect of packaging type on the percentage of sugars during 1 and 2 weeks of storage at 1°.
Resistance of Fragaria chiloensis Clones to the Twospotted Spider Mite
Authors: Shanks Carl H. , Barritt Bruce H. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Thirty clones of the beach strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duch., that were known to be resistant to strawberry aphid, Chaetosiphon fragaefolii (Cockerell), were evaluated for resistance to twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. AH clones had fewer mites per leaf than the cultivar ‘Totem’. Two clones, BSP-14 and LCM-19, had totals of only 6 and 82 mites, respectively, on 4 dates compared to 1741 mites on ‘Totem’. The ‘Del Norte’ clone of F. chiloensis, previously used as a source of aphid resistance in breeding, was more susceptible than BSP-14 and LCM-19 to the mite.
Influence of Paclobutrazol Plant Growth Regulator on Strawberry Plant Growth, Fruiting, and Runner Suppression
Authors: Stang E. J. , Weis G. G. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Paclobutrazol (ICI PP333), an inhibitor of gibberellin biosynthesis, suppressed early season number of berries but did not affect seasonal yield of field grown strawberry plants. Plant growth was greatly suppressed at all application rates. Petioles, peduncles, and pedicels were shortened with leaves and fruit tightly appressed to the crown. Green leaf color was intensified in all paclobutrazol treatments, but fruit color was not appreciably influenced. Runner suppression was obtained in mid-July field applications, but runners were not inhibited by August application. In the greenhouse, PP333 applied directly to the soil of potted plants was more effective than foliar applications in suppressing crown, leaf, and root growth. The degree of suppression generally was related to increasing the concentration of the chemical.
Soil and Foliar Application of Magnesium Compounds for the Control of Magnesium Deficiency in ‘Shamouti’ Orange Trees
Authors: Erner Y. , Schwartz S. , Bar-Akiva A. , Kaplan Y. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Band application of MgCl2·6H2O under the tree canopy of ‘Shamouti’ orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck] trees significantly increased leaf Mg and Cl concentration. MgSO4 and MgO were not effective. Fertigation with MgCl2·6H2O was less efficient than band application and was not superior to foliar application of Mg(NO3)2·6H2O for increasing leaf Mg concentrations. In spite of high Cl concentration of the leaves, no visible toxicity symptoms were observed.
Inheritance of an Indehiscent Anther Character in the Common Bean
Authors: Wyatt J. E. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Inheritance of an indehiscent anther (ia) mutant in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was studied. Dehiscence was incompletely dominant in heterozygotes making classification difficult in backcross and F2 populations. Progeny tests were necessary to determine that the character was conditioned by a single recessive gene. The symbol ia is proposed to denote the indehiscent anther gene.
Chemical Defoliation of Cucumber Vines for Simulation of Once-over Harvest in Small-plot Yield Trials
Authors: Wehner Todd C. , Monaco Thomas J. , Bonanno A. Richard 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Chemical defoliation of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) vines was evaluated as a method for rapid screening of breeding lines. Six chemicals (dinoseb, diquat, ethephon, glufosinate, glyphosate, and paraquat) were used at one or 2 rates on one pickling and one fresh-market cucumber cultivar (‘Calypso’ and ‘Poinsett 76’, respectively) in 1983 to determine speed of vine defoliation and amount of fruit damage. Of the chemicals tested, paraquat at 0.6 kg/ha provided the most rapid defoliation (85% to 91% defoliation one day after treatment) but caused some bleaching and chlorosis of the fruit. If the fruit were rolled 180° during evaluation, the damage was not noticeable. Chemical defoliation of vines for simulated once-over harvest provided a rapid, labor-saving method, requiring only 42% of the time to evaluate each plot compared to the conventional method. The chemical defoliation method is especially useful for initial evaluation of populations and breeding lines for fruit yield and other horticultural characteristics.
Salt Tolerance of Lettuce Introductions
Authors: Shannon M. C. , McCreight J. D. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Salt tolerance differences among 115 plant introductions of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were screened in sand cultures under greenhouse conditions. Leaf and root fresh weights of plants grown for 4 to 5 weeks in salinized sand cultures were compared to a benchmark cultivar, ‘Buttercrunch’. Plant introductions showed a wider range of salt tolerance than standard cultivars of the United States and therefore have some potential in breeding programs designed to increase the salt tolerance of this crop.
The Effects of Genotype and Ethephon on Rhizoctonia Soil Rot of Processing Tomatoes
Authors: Murphy Jacqueline B. , McFerran Joe , Goode M. J. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Two Arkansas breeding lines, 2 USDA breeding lines, and 2 commercial cultivars were evaluated for resistance to fruit rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn. Each line or cultivar was field evaluated for the percentage of rot of fruit touching the ground and for yield. Arkansas breeding lines and USDA breeding line 79B 888-3 had the lowest percentage of rot and the highest yield, whereas the commercial cultivars and USDA 79B 823-3 had the highest percentages of rot and the lowest yields. The use of Ethephon at 500 ppm significantly decreased the percentage of rot in the field and increased yield.
Semi-mechanically Harvested Fresh-market Tomato Yields as Influenced by Harvest Date and Cultivar
Authors: Stoffella Peter J. , Sherman Mark 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Three jointless tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars, ‘MH-1’, ‘Hayslip’, and ‘Burgis’, were evaluated for fruit yields using a semi-mechanical freshmarket tomato harvester. Harvest dates were 85 or 99 days after transplanting in Fall 1980, and 88 or 95 days after transplanting in Fall 1982. Total fruit yields of the late harvest were significantly higher than the early harvest in 1982, but not in 1980. An increased percentage yield (weight basis) of colored fruit occurred during the late harvest in both trials. ‘Burgis’ and ‘Hayslip’ had significantly higher green fruit yields and lower ripe fruit yields than ‘MH-1’ in both years. Yields of semi-mechanically harvested fruit were reduced by an average of 25% and 47% when compared with manually harvested fruit yields during 1980 and 1982, respectively.
Using Basidiospores of the Oyster Mushroom to Prepare Grain Spawn for Mushroom Cultivation
Authors: San Antonio James P. , Hanners Patrick K. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
Serial dilution of basidiospores of a spore print to prepare grain spawn of the Oyster mushroom is described. The method, which has a contamination rate of about 5%, requires sterilization of a grain medium and the use of some simple “clean” procedures. The method is especially advantageous for small scale and part-time cultivation of mushrooms on logs. Pleurotus ostreatus Kumm. mycelium grew rapidly into the wood of freshly cut logs inoculated with disks of grain spawn prepared using spore inoculum. Unlike pure-culture spawn disks, however, disks prepared from spore-inoculated grain did not become completely tightly bonded to the wood surface.
Effect of Fertilizer and Watering Methods on Growth and Yields of Pot-grown Sweet Potato Genotypes
Authors: Acock M. C. , Garner J. O. 
Published: October 2022

Abstract
A high fertilizer rate reduced the number but not the weight, of storage roots of sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] grown in greenhouse pots. Increased water availability had little effect on the small, bush type ‘Vardanian’ but enhanced growth and yield of the large, prostrate type L I-207. Differences between conditions of this experiment and field conditions are discussed.