bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distance and History
Authors: Eve Martin Paul 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter considers distance and history in terms of digital literary studies. For many years now, more contemporary fiction has been published every year than a single person can read in a lifetime. The implications of such overproduction for literary history are enormous. Field mastery by a single individual is impossible and the systematizing dreams of the early Russian formalists seem far out of reach. Statistical reading methods have been billed as a potential way to overcome these human limitations. If we cannot read enough ourselves, perhaps, it is posited, we could delegate this work to the machines. After an introduction to digital-textual media studies, this chapter examines the recent advances in computational modelling with key examples from Andrew Piper and Ted Underwood.
Human Rights in a Use Case World
Authors: Kingsbury Benedict 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Digital engineers diagram ‘use cases’ to design software, based on practical needs of the quotidian product user rather than big normative claims. Human rights lawyers work in the reverse direction, starting from principles of universal application then applying these to hard cases. These two modes of thinking and practice have existed separately. Digital automation of government services using algorithms and AI is bringing them abruptly together and into mutual learning. The chapter examines controversies and court decisions over digital welfare state programmes in Australia (Robodebt), the Netherlands (Syri), and the United Kingdom (Universal Credit), highlighted by Philip Alston as UN Special Rapporteur. The normative practice of human rights must grapple with data concentration and computerized decisions wherever power is exercised. The chapter proposes ‘thinking infrastructurally’ as a path to bring human rights thinking into the fast-escaping public–private practices of algorithmic government and machine learning.
Emotional Engagement and Social Understanding in Early Development
Authors: Reddy Vasudevi , Vanello Daniel 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
This chapter argues that the emotions are a constitutive part of the development of social understanding and therefore that it is deeply problematic to conceptualize emotion as psychologically separate from the emergence of our understanding of persons as subjects. In other words, the authors argue that emotion should not be seen as an “independent variable” in the development of social understanding. Emotions conceived more broadly as vitality affects are inevitable qualities of all actions and are categorically different from what are typically called “mental states.” Further, others’ emotions are rarely experienced in a spectatorial manner; they are more typically experienced in participation and involvement. The tendency to conceive of emotions as independent variables in the development of social understanding is an unfortunate instantiation of the traditional division in psychology between cognition, conation, and affection. The thrust of this chapter is a challenge to this traditional division in the development of social understanding.
2′,3′-cAMP treatment mimics the stress molecular response inArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Chodasiewicz Monika , Kerber Olga , Gorka Michal , Moreno Juan C , Maruri-Lopez Israel , Minen Romina I , Sampathkumar Arun , Nelson Andrew D L , Skirycz Aleksandra 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe role of the RNA degradation product 2′,3′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (2′,3′-cAMP) is poorly understood. Recent studies have identified 2′,3′-cAMP in plant material and determined its role in stress signaling. The level of 2′,3′-cAMP increases upon wounding, in the dark, and under heat, and 2′,3′-cAMP binding to an RNA-binding protein, Rbp47b, promotes stress granule (SG) assembly. To gain further mechanistic insights into the function of 2′,3′-cAMP, we used a multi-omics approach by combining transcriptomics, metabolomics, and proteomics to dissect the response of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to 2′,3′-cAMP treatment. We demonstrated that 2′,3′-cAMP is metabolized into adenosine, suggesting that the well-known cyclic nucleotide–adenosine pathway of human cells might also exist in plants. Transcriptomics analysis revealed only minor overlap between 2′,3′-cAMP- and adenosine-treated plants, suggesting that these molecules act through independent mechanisms. Treatment with 2′,3′-cAMP changed the levels of hundreds of transcripts, proteins, and metabolites, many previously associated with plant stress responses, including protein and RNA degradation products, glucosinolates, chaperones, and SG components. Finally, we demonstrated that 2′,3′-cAMP treatment influences the movement of processing bodies, confirming the role of 2′,3′-cAMP in the formation and motility of membraneless organelles.
Inhomogeneous generalization of Einstein’s static universe with Sasakian space
Authors: Ishihara Hideki , Matsuno Satsuki 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We construct exact static inhomogeneous solutions to Einstein’s equations with counter flow of particle fluid and a positive cosmological constant by using the Sasaki metrics on three-dimensional spaces. The solutions, which admit an arbitrary function that denotes the inhomogeneous number density of particles, are a generalization of Einstein’s static universe. For some examples of explicit solutions, we discuss non-linear density contrast and deviation of the metric functions.
Construction of interacting flat-band models by molecular-orbital representation: Correlation functions, energy gap, and entanglement
Authors: Mizoguchi Tomonari , Kuno Yoshihito , Hatsugai Yasuhiro 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
We calculate correlation functions of exactly solvable one-dimensional flat-band models by utilizing the “molecular-orbital” representation. The models considered in this paper have a gapped ground state with the flat band being fully occupied, even in the presence of the interaction. In this class of models, the space spanned by the molecular-orbitals is the co-space of that spanned by the flat bands. Thanks to this property, the correlation functions are calculated by using the information of the molecular-orbitals rather than the explicit forms of the flat-band wave functions, which simplifies the calculations. As a demonstration, several one-dimensional models and their correlation functions are presented. We also calculate the entanglement entropy by using the correlation function.
Who meets national early childhood sleep guidelines in Aotearoa New Zealand? A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis
Authors: Muller D , Santos-Fernández E , McCarthy J , Carr H , Signal T L 
Published: January 2022

AbstractStudy ObjectivesTo investigate the proportion of children in Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ) who do or do not meet sleep duration and sleep quality guidelines at 24 and 45 months of age and associated sociodemographic factors.MethodsParticipants were children (n = 6490) from the Growing Up in New Zealand longitudinal study of child development with sleep data available at 24 and/or 45 months of age (48.2% girls, 51.8% boys; 22.4% Māori [the Indigenous people of NZ], 12.9% Pacific, 13.4% Asian, 45.2% European/Other). Relationships between sociodemographic factors and maternally reported child sleep duration (across 24 hours) and night wakings were investigated cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Estimates of children in NZ meeting sleep guidelines were calculated using a range of analytical techniques including Bayesian linear regression, negative binomial multiple regression, and growth curve models.ResultsIn NZ, 29.8% and 19.5% of children were estimated to have a high probability of not meeting sleep duration guidelines and 15.4% and 8.3% were estimated to have a high probability of not meeting night waking guidelines at 24 and 45 months respectively, after controlling for multiple sociodemographic variables. Factors associated cross-sectionally with children’s sleep included ethnicity, socioeconomic deprivation, material standard of living, rurality, and heavy traffic, and longitudinal sleep trajectories differed by gender, ethnicity, and socioeconomic deprivation.ConclusionsA considerable proportion of young children in NZ have a high probability of not meeting sleep guidelines but this declines across the ages of 24 and 45 months. Sleep health inequities exist as early as 24 months of age in NZ.
Arsenic-contaminated drinking water and cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Reyes Darrian , Ganesan Nivetha , Boffetta Paolo , Labgaa Ismail 
Published: January 2022

Introduction
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive tumor occurring in bile ducts and associated with dismal outcomes. It can be classified according to anatomical location as intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) or extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC). Although some risk factors have been identified, our understanding of these tumors remains limited. Arsenic (As) is a prevalent toxicant with established associations with bladder, skin and lung cancers while pilot data on its potential carcinogenic role on digestive tumors are emerging. This ecological study aimed to investigate the association between exposure to As-contaminated drinking water and CCA.

Methods
Analyses were conducted for the US, Taiwan and India due to the quality of publicly available datasets including small area-level information. Statistics included coefficient correlations analyses as well as univariate and multivariate linear regressions.

Results
In the US, no correlation was observed between As and CCA. In Taiwan, correlations were identified for ICC in men (Spearman = 0.55, P = 0.01) and women (Spearman = 0.67, P < 0.01), as well as for ECC in men (Spearman = 0.62, P < 0.01). In India, counties with As level of at least 50 µg/L showed higher incidences of ECC in men (R
2 = 0.26, P = 0.01) and women (R
2 = 0.31, P < 0.01).

Conclusion
These findings highlighted a potential carcinogenic impact of As in drinking water on bile duct cancers, paving the way for future studies aiming to replicate this association with individual data as well as its clinical and ecological implications.
Evaluating the Efficacy of Two Regional Pain Management Modalities in Autologous Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Rendon Juan L. , Borrell-Vega Jaume , Reyes Joshua-Paolo C. , Wang Diana M. , Roeth Cory , Abdel-Rasoul Mahmoud , Skoracki Roman J. , Harter Ronald L. , Moffatt-Bruce Susan D. , Humeidan Michelle L. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
At our institution, multimodal opiate-sparing pain management is the cornerstone of our enhanced recovery program for autologous breast reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to compare postoperative outcomes and pain control metrics following implementation of an enhanced recovery program with two different regional analgesia approaches.

Methods:
This retrospective cohort study identified 145 women who underwent autologous breast reconstruction from 2015 to 2017. Three groups were included: historical control patients (n = 46) and enhanced recovery patients that received multimodal pain management including a postoperative transversalis abdominis plane block with either a continuous local anesthetic catheter (n = 60) or a single-shot of liposomal bupivacaine (n = 39). The primary outcome was pain scores in the first three postoperative days. Secondary outcomes were opioid consumption in oral morphine equivalents and length of stay.

Results:
Postoperative pain scores were similar across all three groups until postoperative day 3. Length of stay was significantly shorter in both of the enhanced recovery cohorts (3.0 [3.0, 4.0]) compared with control patients (4.0 [4.0, 5.0], P < 0.001). Likewise, average total oral morphine equivalents consumption was significantly reduced in enhanced recovery patients (continuous catheter 215.9 (95% CI, 165.4–266.3); liposomal bupivacaine 211.0 (95% CI, 154.8–267.2); control 518.4 (95% CI 454.2–582.7), P < 0.001). Neither length of stay (P = 0.953), nor oral morphine equivalents consumption (P = 0.883) differed by type of regional analgesia.

Conclusion:
Compared with control patients, both approaches to regional transversalis abdominis plane block analgesia as part of an opiate-sparing enhanced recovery pain management strategy were successful, but neither superior to the other.
Normal Neonatal Sleep Defined: Refining Patient Selection and Interpreting Sleep Outcomes for Mandibular Distraction
Authors: Kanack Melissa D. , Nakra Neal , Ahmad Irfan , Vyas Raj M. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
Although polysomnography is paramount when evaluating neonatal airway obstruction, “normal” published references do not exist. We present normative polysomnography data for newborns age 0–1 month. We compare this reference to pre and postoperative sleep data from infants undergoing mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) at this same age.

Methods:
Following IRB approval, normative subjects were recruited from our neonatal intensive care unit to undergo nap polysomnography. One blinded sleep physician read all studies. From 2016 to 2019, we prospectively collected sleep data for newborns undergoing MDO.

Results:
In total, 22 neonates without airway obstruction provided normative sleep data. Median total apnea-hypopnea index (AHI), obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI), and central apnea index (CAI) were 7.3, 4.9, and 0.7 events/hour. Median O2 nadir was 91%. Polysomnography for 13 neonates before MDO and during consolidation showed median preoperative AHI was 38.3, OAHI was 37.0, CAI was 1.9, and median O2 nadir was 83%. Following MDO, median AHI was 6.1, OAHI was 4.0, CAI was 1.3, and median O2 nadir was 92.5%. Paired t-tests confirmed significant improvements in all indices; when comparing the postoperative group with the normative group, there was no difference in oxygenation nor any respiratory index.

Conclusions:
“Normal” neonates have more obstructive events and lower oxygenation nadirs than previously appreciated. We provide normative nap polysomnography values for this age group and encourage centers with multidisciplinary MDO teams to utilize this data to calibrate patient selection algorithms, inform treatment discussions, and better understand surgical outcomes. Limitations include a small sample size and single institution study.
Toward a Universal Measure of Facial Difference Using Two Novel Machine Learning Models
Authors: Takiddin Abdulrahman , Shaqfeh Mohammad , Boyaci Osman , Serpedin Erchin , Stotland Mitchell A. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
A sensitive, objective, and universally accepted method of measuring facial deformity does not currently exist. Two distinct machine learning methods are described here that produce numerical scores reflecting the level of deformity of a wide variety of facial conditions.

Methods:
The first proposed technique utilizes an object detector based on a cascade function of Haar features. The model was trained using a dataset of 200,000 normal faces, as well as a collection of images devoid of faces. With the model trained to detect normal faces, the face detector confidence score was shown to function as a reliable gauge of facial abnormality. The second technique developed is based on a deep learning architecture of a convolutional autoencoder trained with the same rich dataset of normal faces. Because the convolutional autoencoder regenerates images disposed toward their training dataset (ie, normal faces), we utilized its reconstruction error as an indicator of facial abnormality. Scores generated by both methods were compared with human ratings obtained using a survey of 80 subjects evaluating 60 images depicting a range of facial deformities [rating from 1 (abnormal) to 7 (normal)].

Results:
The machine scores were highly correlated to the average human score, with overall Pearson’s correlation coefficient exceeding 0.96 (P < 0.00001). Both methods were computationally efficient, reporting results within 3 seconds.

Conclusions:
These models show promise for adaptation into a clinically accessible handheld tool. It is anticipated that ongoing development of this technology will facilitate multicenter collaboration and comparison of outcomes between conditions, techniques, operators, and institutions.
Arteriovenous Vascular Loop Using a Bifurcated Greater Saphenous Vein
Authors: Cavadas Pedro C. , Baklinska Magdalena , Almoguera-Martinez Alejandro 
Published: January 2022

Summary:
High-energy lower limb trauma may result in complex defects with extensive vascular damage. Free flap reconstruction in these cases may require vein grafts to reach healthy proximal recipient vessels. Vascular loops are an increasingly popular technique in managing recipient vessels in reconstructive microsurgery, especially in the lower limb. The use of an entire omega segment of the greater saphenous vein had not been described before but offered two advantages: the caliber match for arterial repair was better using one of the limbs of the omega compared with the parent greater saphenous vein, and it allowed two venous anastomoses instead of one. A case report of a fully bifurcated segment of the greater saphenous vein as a vascular loop for microvascular reconstruction in the lower limb is presented. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no similar case has been reported previously.
Aesthetic Preferences of the Anterior Thigh as a Beauty Factor in Women
Authors: Manzaneda Cipriani Raúl Martín , Adrianzen Gerardo A. , Zulueta Jaroslav , Sarango Braulio 
Published: January 2022

Background:
In body contouring surgery, some regions, such as the abdomen, thorax, upper limbs, and glutes, are prioritized over others, including the lower limbs, particularly the anterior thighs. This study aimed to identify anterior thigh preferences by age, sex, ethnicity, and region and assess their importance as a factor of female beauty by conducting an online survey.

Methods:
Photographs of a 24-year-old female model were modified in two front-view and side-view panels. Through a survey on the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform, participants were asked to order the images from the most beautiful to the least beautiful, and the results were broken down by age, sex, ethnicity, and region.

Results:
A total of 1000 respondents were surveyed, all of whom answered the survey without error; therefore, no one was excluded. Of the 1000 respondents, 504 were men (50.4%) and 496 were women (49.6%). The predominant age group was 26−35 years, with 443 people (44.3%), the region with the highest number of participants was North America, with 484 respondents (48.4%), and the predominant ethnicity was White, with 555 respondents (55.5%). The survey showed that the most beautiful images were image A on the side-view panel (25.9%) and image I on the front-view panel (28.5%)(P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
In the side view, the aesthetic preferences of the anterior thigh do not appear to be associated with the anterior projection. However, in the front view, the increase in width generates a beauty trend, but only up to an intermediate level, quantified in the ratio (0.44).
Characteristics, treatment, and control of hypertension in public primary healthcare centers in Nigeria: baseline results from the Hypertension Treatment in Nigeria Program
Authors: Ojji Dike B. , Baldridge Abigail S. , Orji Ikechukwu A. , Shedul Gabriel L. , Ojo Tunde M. , Ye Jiancheng , Chopra Aashima , Ale Boni M. , Shedul Grace , Ugwuneji Eugenia N. , Egenti Nonye B. , Aluka-Omitiran Kasarachi , Okoli Rosemary C.B. , Eze Helen , Nwankwo Ada , Banigbe Bolanle , Tripathi Priya , Kandula Namratha R. , Hirschhorn Lisa R. , Huffman Mark D. 
Published: January 2022

Background:
There are limited data on large-scale, multilevel implementation research studies to improve hypertension diagnosis, treatment, and control rates at the primary healthcare (PHC) level in Africa. We describe the characteristics, treatment, and control rates of patients with hypertension in public PHC centers in the Hypertension Treatment in Nigeria Program.

Methods:
Data were collected from adults at least 18 years at 60 public PHC centers between January 2020 and November 2020. Hypertension treatment rates were calculated at registration and upon completion of the initial visit. Hypertension control rates were calculated based on SBP and DBPs less than 140/90 mmHg. Regression models were created to evaluate factors associated with hypertension treatment and control status.

Results:
Four thousand, nine hundred and twenty-seven individuals [66.7% women, mean (SD) age = 48.2 (12.9) years] were included. Mean (SD) SBP was higher in men compared with women [152.9 (20.0) mmHg versus 150.8 (21) mmHg, P = 0.001]. Most (58.3%) patients were on treatment at the time of registration, and by the end of the baseline visit, 89.2% of patients were on treatment. The baseline hypertension control rate was 13.1%, and control was more common among patients who were older [adjusted OR (95% CI) 1.01 [1.01 –1.02)], women [adjusted OR (95% CI) 1.30 (1.05– 1.62)], who used fixed dose combination therapy [adjusted OR (95% CI) 1.83 (1.49 –2.26)], and had higher education levels.

Conclusion:
This baseline report of the largest facility-based hypertension study in Africa demonstrates high hypertension treatment rates but low control rates.
Historical Context of Custodial Health Nursing in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Burton Josephine , Chiarella Mary , Waters Donna 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT
Australia's prison healthcare originated during the establishment of the colony of New South Wales by Britain in 1788. Initially managed by the Colonial Medical Service, the history and healthcare of the penal settlement has been well documented in government records, academic works, museum displays, and fictional dramatizations. This article explores the origins and historical development of the nursing care of prisoners in Australia, starting with the original Australian prisoners, the convicts of colonial New South Wales. Largely overlooked in historical and academic studies, custodial health nurses are rarely mentioned or acknowledged for their contribution to the health of the colony. However, their expertise as healthcare professionals has continued to grow and is explored within the context of today's health landscape.
Mental Illness as a Vulnerability for Sexual Assault: A Retrospective Study of 7,455 Sexual Assault Forensic Medical Examinations
Authors: Miles Leslie , Valentine Julie L. , Mabey Linda , Downing Nancy R. 
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

Background
Persons with severe mental illness (MI) are at a high risk of becoming victims of sexual assault (SA). Vulnerability for SA with any type of MI is unknown. This study aimed to identify the prevalence of preexisting MI and other significant factors in patients reporting preexisting MI at the time of their SA medical forensic examinations (SAMFEs).

Method
A retrospective SAMFE chart review of patients (N = 7,455) from 2010 to 2020 was conducted. Sexual assault nurse examiners completed SAMFEs. Inclusion criteria included (a) aged 14 years and older, (b) completed SAMFE with SA kit evidence collection, and (c) reported to law enforcement (restricted cases not included). Descriptive statistics and chi-square analyses were completed.

Findings
It was found that 46.7% of study participants reported preexisting MI and/or current use of psychotropic medications, more than double the MI prevalence rates in the general population. MI in patients seen for SAMFE was associated with prior history of SA, medical health problems, and physical or mental impairment. In addition, patients with MI reported more violent SAs with increased anogenital and nonanogenital injuries.

Discussion
The high prevalence rate of any MI in patients seen for SAMFE indicates MI in varying severity is a significant vulnerability for SA. The association of preexisting MI with a history of SA, health problems, and physical or mental impairment expands understanding of associated MI factors. These findings support the development of interventions by healthcare providers and stakeholders to address SA vulnerabilities in individuals with MI.