bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthocyanin Content of Fruit, Stem, Tendril, Leaf, and Leaf Petioles in Muscadine Grape
Authors: Goldy R.G. , Ballinger W.E. , Maness E.P. , Swallow W.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit, stems, tendrils, leaves, and leaf petioles of4Noble’ muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) techniques. All five of the known 3,5-diglucoside forms of delphinidin (Dp), cyanidin (Cy), petunidin (Pt), peonidin (Pn), and malvidin (Mv) present in fruit of muscadine grape were detected in all sampled tissues except leaves, which contained only Dp, Cy, and Pt in detectable quantities. A sixth unknown pigment was detected in the fruit, and Dp 3-monoglucoside was detected in the leaves. Correlations were calculated to explore pigment relationships between fruit and vegetative tissues. Use of tendrils was best for predicting fruit Cy (r = 0.60), Mv (r = 0.57), Pn (r = 0.66), and Pt (r = 0.87). Use of stem tissue was best for predicting fruit Dp (r = 0.66). Prediction equations are given, and prediction of Cy could be improved by using both tendril and leaf measurements in a multiple regression (r = 0.80).
Pigment Correlations Between Fruit and Vegetative Tissue in 10 Selections of Muscadine Grape
Authors: Goldy R.G. , Ballinger W.E. , Maness E.P. , Swallow W.H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit, stem, tendril, leaf, and leaf petioles of 10 selections of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) were evaluated for pigment quantity and quality using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All five of the 3,5-diglucoside pigments present in the fruit were present in detectable levels in the other four tissues of at least one selection except for leaves, which lacked peonidin (Pn) in all cases. Eight selections lacked detectable quantities of malvidin (Mv) in the leaves, one lacked Pn in stems, and six lacked Pn in leaf petioles. A sixth unknown pigment was detected in the fruit of two selections, and delphinidin (Dp) 3-monoglucoside was detected in leaves of all 10 selections. Fruit to vegetative tissue correlation and significance values were calculated across genotypes, with r ranging from 0 for fruit to leaf Mv to 0.53 for fruit to leaf petiole Dp. Stepwise regression analysis determined that leaf petiole and leaf tissue measurements together could predict fruit Dp better than could leaf petiole measurements alone (R = 0.80, significant at Ρ = 0.03; and R = 0.53, significant at Ρ = 0.11, respectively), and fruit petunidin (Pt) could be predicted from leaf petiole and stem measurements better than from leaf petiole measurements alone (R = 0.68, significant at Ρ = 0.12; and R = 0.40, significant at Ρ = 0.25, respectively).
Identification of Differential Responses of Cabbage Cultivars to Copper Toxicity in Solution Culture
Authors: Rousos Penelope A. , Harrison Helen C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Eighty-four cabbage cultivars Brassica oleracea L., Capitata group, (tested in groups of nine) were germinated and supported on a fabric-lined growing panel over Hoagland's solution (0.03 mg·liter−1 Cu++ as CuSO4) for 2 weeks and then transferred intact to treatments (1.5 and 2.0 mg·liter−1 Cu++) and control 0.03 mg·liter−1 Cu++) vats for 1 week. Based on relative growth (percent of control), ‘Wisconsin All Seasons’ was identified as more tolerant to high Cu++ levels than ‘Globe King’. The two cultivars were compared for growth and Cu concentration in roots and shoots at 0-, 2-, 4-, and 6-day intervals during exposure to Cu++ levels of 0.03, 1.5, and 2.0 mg·liter−1. Although there were no cultivar differences, Cu treatments did significantly affect root Cu concentrations. Copper uptake into the shoots of both cultivars was linear over time. However, the less-tolerant cultivar Globe King had significantly higher shoot Cu levels than the more-tolerant cultivar Wisconsin All Seasons. Although in both cultivars Cu concentrations were lower in the shoot than roots, the higher Cu concentration in the shoot of the less-tolerant cultivar Globe King may be responsible for its reduced growth.
Vegetation Management: Its Influence on Survival and Early Growth of Fraser Fir and Norway Spruce
Authors: Warren Stuart L. , Skroch Walter A. , Perry Katharine B. , Monaco Thomas J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seven vegetation management programs ranging from 100% cover of grass-dominated vegetation to bare soil were created on opposing north and south aspects. After 3 years, fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] survival had decreased when grown in bare soil, compared to survival in the other management programs. Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] survival was not affected by the management programs. Maximum stem diameter and root growth of Norway spruce were obtained with a bare row regardless of the interrow vegetation. Root growth in fraser fir was similar to spruce, but bare soil was required for maximum stem diameter growth. Height growth in both species was affected little by treatment. Stem diameter and root growth were negatively correlated with above-ground herbaceous biomass in the row. Forbs interfered less than grasses with fraser fir and Norway spruce diameter growth. Norway spruce growth was not affected by aspect, but fraser fir was larger (height and stem diameter) on the south aspect when grown in bare soil.
High Root-zone Temperatures, Mycorrhizal Fungi, Water Relations, and Root Hydraulic Conductivity of Container-grown Woody Plants
Authors: Newman S.E. , Davies F.T. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
High root-zone temperatures can stress container-grown plants and ultimately reduce nursery productivity in the southern United States. Water relations of glasshouse-grown Berberis thunbergii DC ‘Atropurpurea’ Buxus microphylla Seibold and Zucc japonica and Pittosporum tobira, (Thunb.) Ait. ‘Wheeler’ were studied under high-temperature root-stress conditions using container-grown plants that were either colonized with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) or noncolonized. Predawn xylem water potential in stems (ψstem) increased initially (more positive) in response to high root-zone temperatures (40° to 45°C), and then decreased over a 5-day period. Stomatal conductance (gs) and evapotranspiration (ET) were reduced incrementally over time in response to high root-zone temperatures. Root damage occurred, as indicated by reductions in root quality and gs at 35° and 40° for B. thunbergii and P. tobira, and at 40° and 45° for the more high-temperature-resistant B. microphylla. Colonization increased gs and ET of B. microphylla at ambient (25°) and high temperatures (45°) and increased ET of B. thunbergii at 25°. Colonized plants had lower (more negative) ψshoot with initial exposure to increased root-zone temperatures; however, throughout the remainder of the study period there was little reduction in plant stress with the mycorrhizal isolates used. Root hydraulic conductivity (Lp) increased markedly in B. thunbergii compared to B. microphylla at 40° and 45°, indicating less high-temperature resistance in B. thunbergii roots. Mycorrhizal colonization did not moderate hydraulic conductivity at high root-zone temperatures of 40° and 45°. Of the two species, mycorrhizal B. thunbergii had lower Lp at 25° and B. microphylla had lower Lp at 35°.
Quantum Flux Density Effects on the Anatomy and Surface Morphology of in Vitro- and in Vivo-developed Sweetgum Leaves
Authors: Lee Ni , Wetzstein Hazel Y. , Sommer Harry E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The anatomy of in vitro- and in vivo-developed leaves of sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua L., grown under three quantum fluxes (PPF), was evaluated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Leaf characteristics of both in vitro- and in vivo-developed plants were modified by light: high irradiance was associated with more compact mesophyll and larger cells than low irradiance. However, when compared to plants grown in vivo under corresponding irradiance levels, all plants grown in vitro had smaller, thinner leaves and smaller mesophyll cells lacking extensive vacuolar components. Leaves developed in vitro had larger, raised stomata regardless of light level and, except at the highest irradiance, exhibited significantly greater stomatal densities than in vivo-developed leaves.
Blueberry Response to NH4-N and NO3-N
Authors: Peterson L.A. , Stang E.J. , Dana M.N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rooted cuttings of blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were grown in nutrient solutions containing different levels and combinations of NH4-N and NO3-N. Disappearance rate of the two forms from the nutrient solutions as determined by periodic analysis indicated that the plants absorbed the NH4-N more rapidly than NO3-N. Although both forms produced healthy plants, the plants receiving NH4-N were twice the size and dry matter yield of the NO3 plants after 15 weeks. Shoot N concentrations ranged from 0.99% to 1.29% for the N forms except where the blueberry plants had depleted the solutions of NH4-N before termination of the experiment. The N forms had a significant affect on the concentration of other plant nutrients, notably very low concentrations of Ca and Mg in roots with NH4-N and very high concentrations of Mn and Fe in roots with NO3-N plants. Expected levels of Mn and Fe and light brown roots were found with NH4-N plants.
Electrolyte Leakage as an Indicator of High-temperature Injury to Harvested Mature Green Tomatoes
Authors: Inaba Makoto , Crandall Philip G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Newly harvested tomatoes are often exposed to short periods of high temperatures. To simulate harvest conditions, mature green (MG) tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. 908) were exposed to direct solar radiation until their mean temperatures became 45°, 50°, or 55°C. When fruit temperatures were > 50°, heat injury was obvious. Once exposed, tomatoes remained at these high temperatures for ≈ 1 hr, even after being transferred to shade. The interaction between high temperature and exposure time on tomato thermostability was studied in the laboratory. MG ‘908’ tomatoes were exposed to temperatures ranging from 25° to 65° for 30 to 180 min; the damage was then measured by determining the amount of electrolyte leakage. A mathematical model describing the interaction of temperature and time was used to predict the critical high temperature and exposure time. Critical exposure times calculated for ‘908’ tomatoes were 34, 105, and 166 min for exposure to 55°, 50°, and 45°, respectively. For practical field applications, this high-temperature stress may decrease the quality by causing the destruction of fruit cellular tissue and physiological disorders.
Effects of Duration of Flower and Runner Removal on Productivity of Three Photoperiodic Types of Strawberries
Authors: Pritts Marvin P. , Worden Kathleen A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The effects of duration of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) flower and runner removal on first- and second-year yields were determined for two day-neutral cultivars (‘Tribute’ and ‘Brighton’), an everbearing cultivar (‘Ozark Beauty’), and a Junebearing cultivar (‘Scott’). For ‘Tribute’ and ‘Brighton’, flower removal until 1 July of the planting year resulted in maximum first-year yields, with continued flower removal positively associated with second-year yields. There was no effect of first-year fruiting on second-year production in ‘Scott’. Runner removal resulted in decreased cumulative yields per plot for all cultivars, but the effect was greatest for ‘Scott’. Second year fruit production of ‘Brighton’, ‘Tribute’, and ‘Ozark Beauty’ was synchronous and bimodal, with differences in yield occurring only in the later peak. Treatment had no effect on the periodicity of the fruiting cycle for any cultivar. ‘Tribute’ had the highest yield of the four cultivars in both years, whereas ‘Ozark Beauty’ had the smallest 2-year cumulative yield.
A Saline Irrigation Regime for Improving Tomato Fruit Quality Without Reducing Yield
Authors: Mizrahi Y. , Taleisnik E. , Kagan-Zur V. , Zohar Y. , Offenbach R. , Matan E. , Golan R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill ‘FC111’) plants were dripirrigated with two different concentrations of diluted seawater (3 or 6 dS·m−1) applied at appearance of the first true leaf (early) or at first breaker fruit (late) stages of plant development. In general, salinity improved flavor and increased percent total soluble solids and sugar concentration. It also reduced color flaws, thus improving the overall quality of fruit. Shelf life was not affected by saline treatments, whereas the yield and fruit size were generally lower than those of fruit from the control treatment. The most important findings were that the overall yield of plants irrigated with the low concentration of saline water at the late stage of development was not significantly different from that of control plants; export quality yield was the same, while fruit quality was still significantly better than that of the control. The use of saline water for quality improvement of tomato fruit grown on sand dunes under glasshouse conditions is thus feasible.
Effects of Fertilization on Stability of Yield and Yield Components of Sweet Potato Clones
Authors: Bacusmo Jose L. , Collins Wanda W. , Jones Alfred 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fourteen sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] clones were grown in fertilized and unfertilized tests at four locations during 2 years. Significant effects of genotype-environment interactions on yield components of sweet potato were found. Yields were generally higher in fertilized than in unfertilized tests, and number of roots was higher in fertilized tests for most grades except for canners and total number of roots. Rank correlations of stability of clones in fertilized and unfertilized tests were low for all traits measured. Implications of the results on testing and selection of sweet potato are discussed.
Heritability of Tomato Early Blight Resistance Derived from Lycopersicon hirsutum P.I. 126445
Authors: Nash Allan F. , Gardner Randolph G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Early blight resistance was estimated in field plots for parents and F1, F2, and backcross progenies of crosses with NC EBR-1, a line derived from Lycopersicon hirsutum P.I. 126445. Areas under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) showed that resistance from NC EBR-1 was heritable and quantitative in nature. generation means in two families were intermediate to those of NC EBR-1 and susceptible parents. The distribution of AUDPC means for the different generations in both families indicated the presence of epistasis or gene linkage. Lack of fitness tests for curve-linearity confirmed this in one family. A, B, and C scaling tests showed similar results. A joint three-factor model and subsequently a six-factor model displayed the presence of epistasis in both families. Ignoring epistatic effects, narrow-sense heritability (h2) was 0.49 in one family and 0.40 in the other. By regressing F3 progeny AUDPC means on selected F2 plant values, h2 was 0.25 and 0.17, respectively.
Radiation in Controlled Environments: Influence of Lamp Type and Filter Material
Authors: Bubenheim David L. , Bugbee Bruce , Salisbury Frank B. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Radiation in controlled environments was characterized using fluorescent and various high-intensity-discharge (HID) lamps, including metal halide, low-pressure sodium, and high-pressure sodium as the radiation source. The effects of water, glass, or Plexiglas filters on radiation were determined. Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF, 400 to 700 nm), spectra (400 to 1000 nm), shortwave radiation (285 to 2800 nm), and total radiation (300 to 100,000 nm) were measured, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400 to 700 nm) and longwave radiation (2800 to 100,000 nm) were calculated. Measurement of PPF alone was not an adequate characterization of the radiation environment. Total radiant flux varied among lamp types at equal PPF. HID lamps provided a lower percentage of longwave radiation than fluorescent lamps, but, when HID lamps provided PPF levels greater than that possible with fluorescent lamps, the amount of longwave radiation was high. Water was the most effective longwave radiation filter. Glass and Plexiglas similarly filtered longwave more than shortwave radiation, but transmission of nonphotosynthetic shortwave radiation was less with Plexiglas than glass. The filter materials tested would not be expected to influence photomorphogenesis because radiation in the action spectrum of phytochrome was not altered, but this may not be the only pigment involved.
Periodic and Seasonal Flooding Effects on Survival, Growth, and Stomatal Conductance of Young Rabbiteye Blueberry Plants
Authors: Crane Jonathan H. , Davies Frederick S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The response of 2- to 3-year-old ‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) plants to periodic flooding of different durations and seasons was studied under field conditions in 1985 and 1986. Soil redox potentials (Eh) decreased to between 0 and −300 mV within 2 days of flooding and recovered to preflood levels (200 to 300 mV) within 8 to 10 days after flooding release. Plants survived 2-day (four periods) and 7-day (two periods) spring flooding treatments, whereas losses of 17% to 100% occurred after two 2- to 15-day summer flooding episodes. Most (83%) plants survived 106 to 117 days of spring flooding, while 33% and 0% survived 78 and 90 days of summer flooding, respectively. Generally, leaf area, percent fruit set, and yields decreased after two 7-day spring flooding periods, whereas the number of flower buds formed decreased by 38% to 70% with as little as two 2-day summer flooding periods. Stomatal conductance and transpiration decreased after the onset and increased after the release of the two 2- and 7-day summer flooding treatments, but remained low for the 15-day (two periods) and 78-day treatments. The effects of periodic flooding on plant survival, stomatal conductance, and the number of flower buds formed were similar to those found for continuously flooded plants in a previous study.
Influence of Cultivars, Ground Covers, and Trickle Irrigation on Early Growth, Yield, and Cold Hardiness of Peaches on Fox Sand
Authors: Layne Richard E.C. , Tan Chin S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three cultivars (early, midseason, late), two ground covers (clean cultivation followed by temporary cover vs. permanent sod strips), and trickle vs. no irrigation were studied in a high-density (633 trees/ha) experimental peach orchard established in 1980 on Fox sand. Growth rate in the first 5 years was similar for all three cultivars. It was retarded up to 12% by permanent sod relative to temporary cover and enhanced up to 30% by trickle irrigation vs. no irrigation. Total marketable yields and that of large-sized fruit (>6.3 cm) were significantly influenced by cultivars in the first and second, but not the third year of production. Ground cover treatments did not influence total marketable yields, but did affect the yield of large fruit in one year. Irrigation increased total marketable yields each year and also increased the yield of large fruit. Yields were up to 30.7% higher in trickle vs. non-irrigated plots. Cold hardiness of flower buds and shoot xylem in 1982 was significantly influenced by cultivar and irrigation treatments, but not by ground cover treatments; In 1984, each of these factors affected cold hardiness. Foliation in 1984 was affected by ground cover and irrigation treatments but not by cultivars. The best treatment combination across cultivars for management of the orchard floor consisted of permanent sod strips of creeping red fescue (Festuca rubra L.) in the row middles combined with trickle irrigation in the tree row.
Endomycorrhizal Status of Certified Strawberry Nursery Stock
Authors: Robertson William J. , Boyle C. David , Brown Heidi L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Roots of several cultivars of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne) were examined for mycorrhizae at the various stages required to produce nursery stock. First-year screenhouse plants were always non-mycorrhizal, but colonization of plants growing in fumigated foundation (2nd year) and certified (3rd year) fields was highly variable. As a result, certified stock being sold from Nova Scotia is often non-mycorrhizal. When present, mycorrhizae appeared to correlate with the presence of viable propagules in the soils after fumigation. In a greenhouse inoculation trial, all cultivars tested, including those with resistance to red stele disease (Phytophthora fragariae Hickman), became equally infected. Since mycorrhizae were also responsible for significant increases in growth and fruit production, inoculation of strawberry plants at the screenhouse stage is being considered.
Cation Exchange Properties of Pine Bark Growing Media as Influenced by pH, Particle Size, and Cation Species
Authors: Daniels W.L. , Wright R.D. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Pine bark cation exchange capacity (CEC) (by Ba/Mg exchange on four particle size fractions) increased regularly from 38 to 98 meq/100 g between pH 4 and 7. Decreasing particle size from <2.38 to <0.05 mm did not result in the expected large increases in bark CEC. The Ba/Mg CEC of unsieved bark samples was less than that determined by the weighted average of component size fractions. Monovalent/monovalent-determined CEC was higher than Ba/Mg, indicating that a number of differing charge-specific sites are involved. The pH-dependent CEC increase between pH 4 and 7 was greater for divalent exchange than for monovalent. Ammonium/K CEC was higher than K/NH4 CEC, probably due to enhanced NH4 adsorption by carboxyl groups. Infrared analysis of pine bark revealed that surface functional group composition is similar to soil organic matter. The accurate measurement of CEC in pine bark is complicated by solution pH and ionic strength, as well as by the cations employed for exchange.
Measuring Internal Gases and Lenticel Resistance to Gas Diffusion in Potato Tubers
Authors: Banks Nigel H. , Kays Stanley J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The testing of a simple, non-invasive method for internal atmosphere determination of potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.), which also can be used to determine individual lenticel resistance to gas diffusion, is described. The method involved sampling from a 0.34-ml chamber fixed over a lenticel following equilibration of its contents with the tuber's internal atmosphere. Equilibration time and the lenticel's resistance to gas diffusion were estimated from oxygen or carbon dioxide contents taken at two or more time intervals using first-order rate equations. In mature ‘King Edward’ tubers harvested in 1984 and kept at 5°C and 80% RH for 4 weeks, the mean 99.9% equilibration time of CO2 content was 4.4 ± 0.75 hr. In a second experiment on mature ‘King Edward’ tubers harvested in 1985 and stored for up to 12 weeks at 4° and 80% RH, the mean 99.9% equilibration time for O2 content was 6.0 ± 1.17 hr. Repeated rapid sampling from single chambers on tubers increased sample CO2 contents but had no measurable effect on O2 contents. Sealing areas of periderm around sampling chambers demonstrated that potato tuber flesh has a significant resistance to gas diffusion, which can give rise to measurable O2 gradients within undamaged tissue.