bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chromospheric swirls
Authors: Dakanalis I. , Tsiropoula G. , Tziotziou K. , Kontogiannis I. 
Published: May 2022

Context.Chromospheric swirls are related to convectively driven vortex flows and considered to play a significant role in the dynamics and heating of the upper solar atmosphere. It is important to automatically detect and track them in chromospheric observations and determine their properties.Aims.We aim to detect and track chromospheric swirls both in space and time by applying a newly developed novel automated method on high quality time series of Hαobservations and to conduct a statistical analysis to determine their properties.Methods.We applied a recently developed automated chromospheric swirl detection method to time-series observations of a quiet region of the solar chromosphere obtained in the Hα-0.2 Å wavelength of the Hαspectral line by the CRISP instrument at the Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope. The algorithm exploits the morphological characteristics of swirling events in high contrast chromospheric observations and results in the detection of these structures in each frame of the time series and their tracking over time. We conducted a statistical analysis to determine their various properties, including a survival analysis for deriving the mean lifetime.Results.A mean number of 146 ± 9 swirls was detected within the Hα-0.2 Å field of view at any given time. The mean surface density is found equal to ∼0.08 swirls Mm−2and the occurrence rate is ∼10−2swirls Mm−2min−1. These values are much higher than those previously reported from chromospheric observations. The radii of the detected swirls range between 0.5 and 2.5 Mm, with a mean value equal to 1.3 ± 0.3 Mm, which is slightly higher than previous reports. The lifetimes range between 1.5 min and 33.7 min (equal to the duration of the observations) with an arithmetic mean value of ∼8.5 min. A survival analysis of the lifetimes, however, using the Kaplan-Meier estimator in combination with a parametric model results in a mean lifetime of 10.3 ± 0.6 min.Conclusions.Swirls are ubiquitous in the solar chromosphere. An automated method sheds more light on their abundance than visual inspection, while higher cadence, higher resolution observations will most probably result in the detection of a higher number of such features on smaller scales and with shorter lifetimes.
One-Pot Synthesis of Glycosyl Chlorides from Thioglycosides Mediated by a Bromodiethylsulfonium Salt as a Mild Oxidant
Authors: Padungros Panuwat , Chooppawa Tianchai , Janprasert Penpicha 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe conventional synthesis of glycosyl chlorides from thioglycosides relies on sequential oxidation and chlorination. A one-pot synthesis of glycosyl chlorides is warranted as an alternative method. Here, we report a one-pot synthesis of glycosyl chlorides from thioglycoside precursors. The transformation was mediated at low temperatures by bromodiethylsulfonium bromopentachloroantimonate (BDSB) as a mild oxidant with Bu4NCl as an additive. Armed thioglycosides afforded the corresponding α-glycosyl chlorides in moderate to good yields under the optimized conditions. Low conversions and yields were obtained when the less-reactive disarmed thioglycosides were used. Unexpectedly, BDSB-mediated oxidation of thioglycosides without the addition of Bu4NCl also afforded the α-glycosyl chlorides in moderate yields. We suggest a mechanism involving the transfer of chloride ions from the nonnucleophilic bromopentachloroantimonate (SbCl5Br) anion to the oxocarbenium ion.
Acoustic change complex using short duration stimuli in normal hearing children
Authors: El-Kholy Wafaa Abdel-Hay , Mohammed Hassan Dalia , El-Toukhy Yasmine El-Sayed , Shafik Noha Ali 
Published: May 2022

Objective
Acoustic Change Complex (ACC) is a cortical auditory evoked potential elicited in response to a change in an ongoing sound. Since it is supposed to reflect auditory discrimination at the cortical level, recording of this potential has recently gained much attention. From a technical standpoint, the stimulus used should be long enough to accommodate the needed change. This research addresses the development and standardization of short duration tonal stimuli which can be implemented in most of the Evoked Potential (EP) equipment used in regular Audiology clinics.

Methods
Short duration tonal stimuli (500 msec.) were generated and edited using Audacity software. Temporal change was done using gap-in-tones stimuli (6, 10, 30 and 50 msec. in 1000 Hz tone). Frequency change was represented by frequency pairs (2%, 4%, 10% and 25% change from 1000 Hz base frequency). The developed stimuli were then used to generate ACC potential in 41 normal hearing children ranging in age from 2 to 10 years. A comparison was held between ACC response recorded using the different stimuli in reference to percent identifiability, morphology, latency and amplitude measures.

Results
Gap-in-tones at 10 msec. and 4% frequency change could elicit ACC response in 100% of subjects. ACC had the same morphology of the onset response in the majority of subjects, with longer latency and smaller amplitude. ACC amplitude was consistently affected by magnitude of change.

Conclusion
ACC was successfully recorded in 100% of normal hearing children using the developed short duration tonal stimuli for temporal change (10 msec.) and frequency change (4%). These stimuli can be uploaded in clinical EP equipment. ACC amplitude could be a better indicator of cortical discrimination compared to latency.
Daily Relations Between Stress and Electroencephalography-Assessed Sleep: A 15-Day Intensive Longitudinal Design With Ecological Momentary Assessments
Authors: Yap Yang , Tung Natasha Yan Chi , Collins Jorja , Phillips Andrew , Bei Bei , Wiley Joshua F 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Recent studies have found bi-directional relations between stress and sleep. However, few studies have examined the daily associations between stress and electroencephalography (EEG) measured sleep.

Purpose
This study examined the temporal associations between repeated ecological momentary assessments of stress and EEG-estimated sleep.

Methods
Ninety-eight international or interstate undergraduate students (Mage = 20.54 ± 1.64, 76.5% female, 84.7% Asian) reported their stress levels four times daily at morning awakening, afternoon, evening, and pre-bedtime across 15 consecutive days (&gt;4,000 total observations). Next-day stress was coded as an average of morning, afternoon, and evening stress. Z-Machine Insight+ recorded over 1,000 nights EEG total sleep time (TST), sleep onset latency, wake after sleep onset, sleep efficiency (SE), slow-wave sleep (SWS), and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep duration. Multilevel models, adjusted for covariates (i.e., sociodemographic, health factors, and daily covariates) and lagged outcomes, tested the daily within- and between-level stress-sleep associations.

Results
After adjusting for covariates, within-person shorter TST (b = −0.11 [−0.21, −0.01], p = .04), lower SE (b = −0.02 [−0.03, 0.00], p = .04), less SWS (b = −0.38 [−0.66, −0.10], p = .008), and less REM sleep (b = −0.32 [−0.53, −0.10], p = .004) predicted higher next-day stress. Pre-bedtime stress did not predict same-night sleep. No significant results emerged at the between-person level.

Conclusions
These findings demonstrate that poor or short sleep, measured by EEG, is predictive of higher next-day stress. Results for sleep architecture support the role of SWS and REM sleep in regulating the perception of stress. Given that only within-person effects were significant, these findings highlight the importance of examining night-to-night fluctuations in sleep affecting next-day stress and its impact on daytime functioning.
Cluster analysis reveals distinct patterns of childhood adversity, behavioral disengagement, and depression that predict blunted heart rate reactivity to acute psychological stress
Authors: Keogh Tracey M , Howard Siobhán , Gallagher Stephen , Ginty Annie T 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
There is considerable evidence documenting associations between early life adversity, behavioral disengagement, and depression with blunted cardiovascular reactivity to acute psychological stress. However, while often examined as independent predictors, it is also likely that a combination of these factors uniquely relate to cardiovascular reactivity.

Purpose
The present study employed multivariate cluster analysis to examine if distinct combinations of these outcomes relate to cardiovascular stress reactivity.

Methods
Participants (N = 467) were predominantly female (60.6%) with a mean age of 19.30 years (SD = 0.82). Measures of early life adversity, behavioral disengagement, and depression were completed; in addition, participants had their blood pressure and heart rate monitored throughout a standardized stress testing session. Cardiovascular reactivity was calculated as the difference between mean stress and mean baseline cardiovascular values.

Results
Analyses revealed two clusters with distinct patterns of exposure to early life adversity, levels of behavioral disengagement and depression, uniquely related to cardiovascular reactivity. In unadjusted models, Cluster 1 that was characterized by greater exposure to early life adversity, higher levels of behavioral disengagement and depression, was associated with lower systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) reactivity. Cluster 2 was characterized by reactivity values similar to the sample means. In fully adjusted models, Cluster 1 predicted heart rate reactivity to stress.

Conclusions
The present study identifies a behavioral cluster that is characteristic of a blunted heart rate reactivity profile, significantly extending the research in this area.
Silencing of Fli1 Gene Mimics Effects of Preeclampsia and Induces Collagen Synthesis in Human Umbilical Arteries
Authors: Agalakova Natalia I , Reznik Vitaly A , Ershov Ivan A , Lupanova Ekaterina A , Nadei Olga V , Ivanov Dmitry O , David Adair C , Bagrov Alexei Y 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Previously we demonstrated that in patients with preeclampsia elevated levels of endogenous Na/K-ATPase inhibitor, marinobufagenin, cause inhibition of Friend leukemia virus integration 1 (Fli1), a negative regulator of collagen-1 synthesis. We hypothesized that in vitro silencing of Fli1 in healthy human umbilical arteries would be associated with an increase in collagen-1 output, similar to the effect of preeclampsia in rat and human tissues.

METHODS
The isolated segments of healthy human umbilical arteries were tested for sensitivity to MBG and Fli1 silencing with Fli1 siRNA or control siRNA.

RESULTS
Following 24-hour incubation of arteries with nanomolar concentrations of marinobufagenin, Fli1 expression was inhibited 5-fold (P &lt; 0.001), and synthesis of collagen-1 increased 3 times (P &lt; 0.01). Twenty-four-hour incubation of umbilical artery fragments with Fli1 siRNA caused a dramatic decrease of Fli1 (7-fold; P &lt; 0.001) and cytoplasmic PKC δ (4-fold; P &lt; 0.001) expression in comparison to control siRNA or untreated control, followed by elevation in procollagen (3-fold; P &lt; 0.001) and collagen-1 (3-fold; P &lt; 0.001) levels in vascular tissue.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results show that after silencing the Fli1 gene in healthy human umbilical arteries a new phenotype emerges which is typical for preeclampsia and is associated with vascular fibrosis.
A Prospective, Open-Label, Multicenter, Real-World Study of VYC-17.5L Hyaluronic Acid Dermal Filler in the Lips
Authors: Demosthenous Nestor , Eccleston David , Figueiredo Vitor , Uva Luis , Kerson Graeme , Silberberg Michael 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Background
Hyaluronic acid (HA) injectable gels are used to define, enhance, and volumize facial regions, such as the lips, a common treatment area.

Objectives
To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the HA injectable gel Juvéderm Volift (Allergan, Aesthetics, an AbbVie Company Irvine, CA) with Lidocaine (VYC-17.5L) for lip augmentation in real-world clinical practice.

Methods
This prospective, open-label, multicenter study initially designed for 6 months, then extended to 12 months, enrolled adults with an overall grade of minimal to moderate on the Lip Fullness Scale 2 (LFS2). Optional touch-up and repeat treatments occurred at day 14 and month 12, respectively. The primary endpoint was a ≥1-point improvement on the LFS2 at day 30. Other endpoints included improvements on the FACE-Q Satisfaction with Lips questionnaire, Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (GAIS), subject assessment of natural look/feel of lips, and investigator assessment of dynamic lip lines upon animation. Injection site reactions (ISRs) and adverse events (AEs) were recorded.

Results
Of 60 subjects enrolled (mean age, 36.8 years; 98.3% female), 59 were evaluable for efficacy at day 30; 13 (21.4%) received touch-up treatment. Thirty-six of 40 subjects completed the extension study (month 12). LFS2 responder rates were 93.2% at day 30 (primary endpoint) and 39.0% at month 12. Mean scores on the FACE-Q questionnaire improved from baseline by 45.2 points and 23.6 points at day 30 and month 12, respectively. Most subjects showed improvements on the GAIS. The majority of ISRs were mild/moderate; no serious AEs occurred.

Conclusions
VYC-17.5L was effective and well tolerated for lip augmentation through 12 months posttreatment.

Level of Evidence: 4
Captivating color: evidence for optimal stimulus design in a polymorphic prey lure
Authors: Kemp Darrell J , Edwards Will , White Thomas E 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Many species – humans included – employ color as an instrument of deception. One intriguing example of this resides in the conspicuous abstract color patterns displayed on the bodies of female orb weaving spiders. These displays increase prey interception rates and thereby function at least as visual lures. Their chromatic properties however vary extensively, both across and within species, with discrete forms often co-existing in the manner of a stable polymorphism. Variation is principally expressed in terms of signal hue (color per se), but it is unclear how attractiveness scales with this property and if extant morphs are maximally attractive relative to a graded range of potential alternatives. We examined these questions by assessing catch rates among color-manipulated females of the dimorphic jeweled spider Gasteracantha fornicata in their natural webs. The manipulation altered dorsal appearance in a manner akin to adding six new variants of their existing white/yellow phenotypes. This magnified the natural variation in stimulus hue independently of chroma (saturation) across a range spanning most of the color spectrum. Catch rate varied across treatments in simple accordance with how greatly stimulus hue deviated from either of the two extant spider phenotypes. Predictions based on fly-perceived chromatic and achromatic background contrast were clearly unsupported despite dipterans constituting ~60 % of identifiable prey. This study supports the importance of signal coloration per se in G. fornicata and suggests that extant lure phenotypes reside in a broadly optimal spectral range for stimulating their aggregate prey community.
New index of functional specificity to predict the redundancy of ecosystem functions in microbial communities
Authors: Cheng Wan-Hsuan , Hsieh Chih-hao , Chang Chun-Wei , Shiah Fuh-Kwo , Miki Takeshi 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
An ecosystem function is suggested to be more sensitive to biodiversity loss (i.e. low functional redundancy) when focusing on specific-type functions than broad-type functions. Thus far, specific-type functions have been loosely defined as functions performed by a small number of species (facilitative species) or functions involved in utilizing complex substrates. However, quantitative examination of functional specificity remains underexplored. We quantified the functional redundancy of 33 ecosystem functions in a freshwater system from 76 prokaryotic community samples over 3 years. For each function, we used a sparse regression model to estimate the number of facilitative Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) and to define taxon-based functional specificity. We also used Bertz structural complexity to determine substrate-based functional specificity. We found that functional redundancy increased with the taxon-based functional specificity, defined as the proportion of facilitative ASVs (= facilitative ASV richness/facilitative ASV richness + repressive ASV (ASVs reducing functioning) richness). When using substrate-based functional specificity, functional redundancy was influenced by Bertz complexity per se and by substrate acquisition mechanisms. Therefore, taxon-based functional specificity is a better predictive index for evaluating functional redundancy than substrate-based functional specificity. These findings provide a framework to quantitatively predict the consequences of diversity losses on ecosystem functioning.
Cereal grain fiber composition modifies phosphorus digestibility in grower pigs
Authors: Heyer Charlotte M E , Fouhse Janelle M , Vasanthan Thava , Zijlstra Ruurd T 
Published: May 2022

AbstractIncreased fermentable carbohydrates (e.g., β-glucan, amylose) may increase endogenous losses including for P, and thereby reduce apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of P. The present study assessed effects of barley cultivars varying in fermentable starch and fiber on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and ATTD of P, myo-inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakis (dihydrogen phosphate; InsP6) and Ca, and standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P and the presence of lower inositol phosphates (InsP) compared to wheat. In a 6 (period) × 5 (diet) Youden square, seven ileal-cannulated barrows (initial BW, 27.7 kg) were fed diets containing 80% of one of five cereal grains differing in amylose, β-glucan, and fiber content: 1) high-fermentable, high-β-glucan, hull-less barley (HFB); 2) high-fermentable, high-amylose, hull-less barley (HFA); 3) moderate-fermentable, hull-less barley (MFB); 4) low-fermentable, hulled barley (LFB); and 5) low-fermentable, Canadian Western Red Spring wheat (LFW). On dry matter (DM) basis, cereal grains contained between 0.32% to 0.53% total P and 0.24% to 0.50% InsP6-P. The InsP6-2-P was calculated as the sum of all detected InsP-P (InsP6-P to InsP2-P) in the sample. The P release of degraded InsP-P was calculated by using the following equation: sum InsP6-2-Pdiet (g/kg DM) × (AID or ATTD sum InsP6-2-P (%)/ 100). Data were analyzed using a mixed model with diet as fixed effect, and pig and period as random effects. On DM basis, diets contained 41.4% to 50.6% starch, 0.88% to 8.54% β-glucan, 0.81% to 0.89% total P, and 0.19% to 0.35% InsP6-P. The MFB, LFB, and LFW had greater (P &lt; 0.05) diet AID of P than HFB and HFA, and MFB had greater (P &lt; 0.05) diet ATTD and STTD of P than HFB. The ATTD of InsP6-P was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for HFB than LFB and the ATTD of the sum InsP6-2-P was greater (P &lt; 0.05) for HFB and HFA than LFB. Total tract P release was greater (P &lt; 0.001) for HFB, HFA, and LFW than MFB and LFB. The LFW had greater (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD of Ca than LFB. Diet β-glucan content was not correlated with STTD of P (R2 = 0.03) or ATTD of InsP6 (R2 = 0.05). In conclusion, cereal grains high in fermentable fiber, e.g., amylose and β-glucans included in specific hull-less barley cultivars, had lower diet AID, ATTD, and STTD of P, but greater ATTD of InsP6-P and sum InsP6-2-P. Carbohydrate fermentation, thus, results in greater total tract P release from InsP-P hydrolysis.
Controllable vortex lasing arrays in a geometrically frustrated exciton–polariton lattice at room temperature
Authors: Wang Jun , Peng Yutian , Xu Huawen , Feng Jiangang , Huang Yuqing , Wu Jinqi , Liew Timothy C H , Xiong Qihua 
Published: May 2022

ABSTRACT
Quantized vortices appearing in topological excitations of quantum phase transition play a pivotal role in strongly correlated physics involving the underlying confluence of superfluids, Bose–Einstein condensates and superconductors. Exciton polaritons as bosonic quasiparticles have enabled studies of non-equilibrium quantum gases and superfluidity. Exciton–polariton condensates in artificial lattices intuitively emulate energy-band structures and quantum many-body effects of condensed matter, underpinning constructing vortex lattices and controlling quantum fluidic circuits. Here, we harness exciton–polariton quantum fluids of light in a frustrated kagome lattice based on robust metal–halide perovskite microcavities, to demonstrate vortex lasing arrays and modulate their configurations at room temperature. Tomographic energy–momentum spectra unambiguously reveal massless Dirac bands and quenched kinetic-energy flat bands coexisting in kagome lattices, where polariton condensates exhibit prototypical honeycomb and kagome spatial patterns. Spatial coherence investigations illustrate two types of phase textures of polariton condensates carrying ordered quantized-vortex arrays and π-phase shifts, which could be selected when needed using lasing emission energy. Our findings offer a promising platform on which it is possible to study quantum-fluid correlations in complex polaritonic lattices and highlight feasible applications of structured light.
JUUL’s 2019 Removal of Mint-Flavored Pods and Changes to the Retail Environment of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems in Florida and the United States
Authors: Gaber Jennifer , Gammon Doris G , Lee Youn Ok , Nonnemaker James , Young Brittany , Kim Annice , Porter Lauren 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Introduction
The increase in youth electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) use coincided with JUUL’s rapid rise, which prompted investigations and lawsuits aimed at this leading brand. In response, JUUL discontinued sweet flavors in late 2018, followed by mint flavors in November 2019. We assessed ENDS sales and prices at both the state and national level before and after JUUL’s removal of mint flavors.

Aims and Methods
Nielsen retail sales data on ENDS products from convenience and food stores in 4-week aggregates were analyzed between January 2019 and January 2020 in Florida and the United States. Standardized units were created. Unit market share and growth rates were calculated for top brands and flavors in the periods before and after JUUL’s mint removal. Average prices within brand and product type were calculated.

Results
Following JUUL’s removal of mint in November 2019, JUUL’s market share dropped from over 66% in Florida and the United States to 37.1% (Florida) and 55.1% (United States). In January 2020, the second leading brands were Puff Bar (15.0%) in Florida and Vuse (18.1%) in the United States. Mint market share decreased and share of all other flavor categories increased, particularly menthol and concept. Total ENDS sales increased in Florida but decreased in the United States. Average prices of ENDS devices decreased.

Conclusions
While JUUL’s actions led to a decline in its sales, Puff Bar emerged and menthol and concept flavors experienced growth. Findings also demonstrate how changes by influential brands differentially affect purchase patterns at the national and state level.

Implications
These findings support the growing body of evidence that tobacco industry self-regulation, with selective flavor removal by the leading ENDS brand in this case, is insufficient to reduce total ENDS sales, including sales of flavored products which are preferred by youth. Results suggest that brand and flavor substitution compensated for the removal of mint JUUL pods. Understanding changes to the ENDS market in response to industry actions, at both the state and national level, can inform future regulation and interventions. These findings can also inform efforts to prevent and reduce youth ENDS use.