bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proactive Referral to Behavioral Smoking Cessation Programs by Healthcare Staff: A Systematic Review
Authors: van Westen-Lagerweij Naomi A , Hipple Walters Bethany J , Potyka Franziska , Croes Esther A , Willemsen Marc C 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntroductionBehavioral smoking cessation programs are an effective tool for quitting smoking, yet remain underused by smokers. Proactive referral may be a promising strategy for healthcare staff to connect smokers to such programs.Aims and MethodsThe aim of this study was to gain insight into the effectiveness and implementability of proactive referral of smokers to behavioral smoking cessation programs by healthcare staff. A systematic review was conducted using five databases. Effectiveness of proactive referral was defined as the proportion of referred smokers who enrolled in a behavioral smoking cessation program. To determine the implementability of proactive referral, measures of feasibility, acceptability, adoption, and referral rates were included as variables of interest. Out of 6686 screened records, 34 articles were eligible for review. A narrative synthesis approach was used.ResultsThe majority of the included studies investigated proactive referral within an e-referral system, combined with one or more intervention components that enhance implementation. Overall, proactive referral resulted in higher enrollment rates, especially among low-income smokers, and was found to be feasible, adoptable, and acceptable to healthcare staff. E-referral systems performed better in terms of implementability compared to fax referral systems. About half of the studies were of good quality. Many studies lacked information which resulted in lower-quality scores.ConclusionsThe literature provides evidence that the proactive referral of smokers to behavioral smoking cessation programs by healthcare staff is effective and implementable across different settings. Based on the results, e-referral systems may be preferable to fax referral systems in terms of implementability.ImplicationsThis systematic review demonstrated that proactive referral has the potential to increase the reach of smoking cessation programs and reduce inequalities in access to such programs. In the selection and implementation of behavioral smoking cessation programs with a proactive referral component, stakeholders (eg, policymakers, healthcare funders, and healthcare professionals) may benefit from taking different aspects of proactive referral systems into account, such as the type of proactive referral system used and additional strategies which can enhance the implementability of the system.
Intersectional Disparities in Youth Tobacco Use by Sexual and/or Gender Minority Status and Race and/or Ethnicity
Authors: Donaldson Candice D , Stupplebeen David A , Wilkinson Monica L , Zhang Xueying , Williams Rebecca J 
Published: November 2022

AbstractIntroductionThe current study applied an intersectional lens to examine societal factors, individual psychological outcomes, and youth combustible tobacco and vape use at the intersection of sexual and/or gender minority (SGM) status and race and/or ethnicity.Aims and MethodsData were drawn from 133 969 youth respondents surveyed in the 2019–2020 California Student Tobacco Survey, a representative school-based survey of 8th and 10th-grade public school students throughout California. The impact of multiple marginalized group membership using four mutually exclusive intersectional positions (non-SGM white, SGM white, racial minority only, and both SGM and racial minority), in addition to specific differences across ten SGM by race and/or ethnicity groups (e.g. non-SGM black or African American, SGM black or African American, etc.) were assessed.ResultsCompared to heterosexual and cisgender white youth, SGM and racial minority adolescents were shown to experience poorer school tobacco education quality and cessation support, lower school and family connectedness, and higher anxiety and depression symptoms. SGM and racial minority youth had a higher prevalence of ever-combustible tobacco use but were less likely to be current vape users compared to non-SGM white respondents. In examining specific group differences, results revealed that SGM teens had the highest risk of ever combustible tobacco use. This disparity was amplified for those belonging to multiple marginalized groups, with black or AA SGM teens evidenced to be at the highest risk of current combustible tobacco.ConclusionsInformation from this study has useful implications for SGM measurement in surveillance systems and highlights the usefulness of adopting an intersectional approach to inform equity-driven public health policy and intervention.ImplicationsThis representative study of California youth supports that identifying as a sexual and/or gender minority (SGM) is an important risk factor for combustible tobacco use. Particularly, observed SGM disparities were magnified for the youth belonging to marginalized groups, as black or African American SGM teens were shown to be at the highest risk of current combustible tobacco use. Findings support that Intersectionality Theory represents a useful framework for examining tobacco-related disparities and underscores the importance of assessing how the intersection of multiple social categories impacts youth tobacco use.
Moral Foundations
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The rule of law demands that law reigns. By what right? It calls on all members of the political community to participate in a practice of mutual accountability that underwrites and makes law’s rule possible. What justifies this kind of active allegiance? This chapter answers these questions. It argues that the rule of law is a middle-level political principle that stands between the fundamental values of political morality that ground it and the institutions or practices that realize it. It is a distinct value existing in a constellation of important values. It is not reducible to neither does it incorporate other familiar values like justice or democracy. Its moral standing and normative force depend on the deeper values that it serves. This chapter explores the moral foundations of the ideal. It argues that the rule of law serves the complex moral value of membership. This value puts individual dignity, equality (peerhood), and freedom from subordination to the will of others in close internal, mutually qualifying connections. Membership stands resolutely opposed to subordination of some in the community to others, and hence is opposed to subjection of some to the arbitrary power of others. Moreover, because the ideal of membership seeks coherence over time for communities and for their members, it calls on law to provide the needed protection against such subordination. Law, when it meets the demands of the rule of law, plays a key role in securing and nurturing communities aspiring to realize the value of membership.
Dilemmas of Discretion
Authors: Postema Gerald J. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
It is often said that the rule of law opposes official discretion and, thus, that it opposes equity and mercy because both encourage officials, especially judges, to exercise discretion to mitigate the harshness of law. This chapter argues that discretion plays an important role within law’s rule. Equitable judgment in the private law context and mercy in the criminal law context are compatible with the rule of law and necessary complements to law. Equity seeks to correct law in order to achieve particularized justice; it is internal to the ambition of law and works together with it to achieve that ambition. It is possible to design a public framework for the exercise of equity discretion that yokes law and equity institutionally and internally. Mercy tempers justice; it is a matter of compassionate grace rather than respect for rights. Mercy does not displace justice, nor justice mercy; rather, mercy is an integral part of a morally justified institution of punishment. It enables a distinct form of egalitarian recognition, recognition of common vulnerability. Justice and mercy are complementary values that temper each other at the points where each, on their own, would lose their normative force. Mercy is necessary also in the broader political community. Without mercy, and the compassion that moves it, a rigorous practice of accountability can poison the solidarity characteristic of the mode of association fostered and protected by law’s rule.
The Ghosts of Bhopal
Authors: Mukherjee Suroopa 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
On December 3, 1984, Bhopal, the capital of Madhya Pradesh, India, was witness to an industrial disaster of such magnitude that its impact has been compared to Hiroshima. Forty tons of methyl isocyanate leaked from inside the premises of Union Carbide India Limited, the Indian subsidiary of the multinational company Union Carbide Corporation, killing or maiming anyone that came in its path. Decades later, the impact of the gas leak continues, a toxic legacy inherited by the residents of Bhopal. What is least known about the Bhopal tragedy, however, is that India’s oldest people’s movement for environmental justice had its inception on the morning after the disaster and that this movement continues to this very day. Oral history was widely used by these activists to enable the affected community to present their own history in their own words and to use these stories to create social change.
Floating Reed Islands
Authors: Shetler Jan Bender 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
From the Mara Region of Tanzania, this chapter uses oral histories to reveal a long, generational history of the resilience of women amid the legacies of ecological disaster. This area, on the southeastern shore of Lake Victoria just south of the Kenyan border, is made up of some fifteen (or sixty depending on how you count) different small ethnic groups that never coalesced into larger pan-ethnic entities, including groups from three major language families. These interviews began with research in 1995 in the region’s interior. These stories of migration, hunger, and disaster reveal the ways that women experienced ecological collapse in these societies and reveal a distinct way of “knowing” and of passing on knowledge about communal environmental history.
Fighting through the Fallout
Authors: Hutner Heidi 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
“Fighting through the Fallout” focuses on the female, maternal, and domestic experience of the March 2011 Great Japanese Earthquake and Fukushima Daiichi triple-nuclear-power-plant meltdown in Japan. Women’s voices are traditionally silenced in Japanese culture, so these female oral narratives disclose important “othered” accounts of the disaster. Sachiko Sato, a mother of six and an organic farmer, provides the central point of emphasis here. Through her narrative, we gain a deeper understanding of the complex domestic, social, economic, health, and gendered impacts of the disaster. Additional Japanese mothers’ narratives are included as well; they echo and expand upon Sachiko Sato’s and the Sato family’s experiences.
Weather Eye on the Horizon
Authors: Hillner Julia 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter describes Helena’s life during the time of her relationship with Constantius. It investigates the legal nature of this relationship, as well as its physical and cultural environment at Naissus in Upper Moesia and, possibly, Salona in Dalmatia. It follows Constantius’ career up to the time of his departure from Helena’s life following his marriage to the daughter of the tetrarch Maximian, and examines the roles assigned to women within the early years of the tetrarchy.
Sister Act
Authors: Hillner Julia 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter and the next investigate the representation and activities of imperial women in the early fourth century, which would profoundly shape Helena’s later life at the court of her son. The present chapter focuses on the Western branch of the tetrarchy, and the women around emperor Maximian: his wife Eutropia and his daughters Theodora and Fausta. It explores how first Maximian and then Constantine inserted these women into their dynastic plans, with special attention to the material evidence for such strategies in the city of Rome both before and after Constantine’s victory over Maxentius in 312 and his conversion to Christianity. The chapter also discusses the evidence for Helena’s Christian conversion.
From Here to Eternity
Authors: Hillner Julia 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter follows Helena on her famous journey through the Eastern provinces that culminated in her visit to the biblical sites in Jerusalem, Bethlehem, and other places in Palestine. It compares the two extant contemporary commemorations of her presence in the East, by Eusebius of Caesarea and Athanasius of Alexandria, who left us contrasting impressions, especially with respect to Helena’s relationship to “orthodox” or “Nicene” Christianity. The chapter discusses the political nature of her trip, the potential route she took, her modes of transport, her engagement with local populations, and her church patronage in Palestine.
New Model Empress
Authors: Hillner Julia 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter takes its departure from Ambrose of Milan’s funeral oration and its praise of Helena as discoverer of the True Cross to trace her emergence as a model Christian empress during the fifth and sixth centuries. It shows that Helena’s new role was a result of a combination of factors: the rise of the Theodosian dynasty, the increasing mythologization of Constantine as founder of the Nicene Christian empire, and intensifying Holy Land pilgrimage. The chapter also shows that, although following Helena’s example was sometimes empowering for later imperial women, within the empire her memory and name were mostly used to remind empresses of their duty to complement the emperor. Helena’s potential as a more independent role model for female Christian lifestyles was only realized in the post-Roman West.
Bias
Authors: Kelly Thomas 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis book is a philosophical exploration of bias and our practices of attributing it. It develops and defends the norm-theoretic account of bias, according to which objectionable biases involve systematic departures from objective norms or standards of correctness. It explores the perspectival character of bias attributions, or the ways in which our views about which people and sources of information are biased about a topic are influenced and constrained, both rationally and psychologically, by our views about the topic itself. The book defends a robust pluralism about bias, according to which a radical diversity of things are genuinely biased, with none of these more fundamental than all of the rest. Biases of people are understood as multiply realizable dispositions to depart from objective norms. It offers a novel account of the bias blind spot, or our tendency to fail to see bias in ourselves in a way that we see it in others. It explores the connections between bias and central topics in the theory of knowledge, including truth, knowledge, rationality, reliability, introspection, skepticism, and disagreement. A number of racial conclusions are defended: that both rationality and morality sometimes require us to be biased; that in many cases of disagreement, we are rationally required to view those who disagree with us as biased, even if we know nothing about how they arrived at their views or why they hold them; and that even God could not have made us reliable detectors of our own biases through introspection.
The Bias Blind Spot and the Biases of Introspection
Authors: Kelly Thomas 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the bias blind spot, the well-documented and widespread tendency for people to believe that they are more objective and less biased than their peers. It argues that the norm-theoretic account of bias offers a compelling explanation of the bias blind spot, one that improves on the kinds of explanations that are popular among social psychologists. Appeals to “naïve realism” are criticized. In addition, the norm theoretic account also offers a compelling explanation of why introspection is both an unreliable and a biased way of detecting one’s own biases. Finally, it is argued that both the bias blind spot and the characteristic biases of introspection are not contingent facts that depend on the fine details of our psychology but rather hold of necessity: even God could not have made us reliable detectors of our own biases by way of introspection.
Norms of Objectivity
Authors: Kelly Thomas 
Published: November 2022

AbstractTypical cases of bias involve the systematic violation of norms that are not specifically concerned with bias. However, some norms—norms of objectivity—are specifically concerned with bias, in one way or another. This chapter distinguishes and explores three different kinds of norms of objectivity: norms of preemption (including norms of blinding and norms of recusal); norms of remediation, and constitutive norms of objectivity. It then develops and defends an account of the Socratic norm of following the argument wherever it leads. It argues that believing reasonably and avoiding motivated irrationality and dogmatism are necessary but insufficient for fulfilling this intellectual ideal, and that it is best understood as a kind of modalized reasonableness.
Symmetry and Bias Attributions
Authors: Kelly Thomas 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter identifies and addresses two challenges to the norm-theoretic account of bias. According to the first challenge, this way of thinking about bias is fatally flawed because it is not extensionally adequate: some systematic departures from genuine norms are not biases, and some biases do not involve systematic departures from genuine norms. According to the second challenge, the norm-theoretic account lacks the resources to make sense of the many non-evaluative uses of “bias” and its cognates. The chapter offers a unified response to the two challenges. In the course of doing so, it explores the pervasive role of symmetry considerations in our thinking about bias, as well as the relationship between a theory of bias and a theory of our bias attributing practices.
Bias and Knowledge
Authors: Kelly Thomas 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter explores the connections between bias and knowledge. It defends the possibility of biased knowing: biased believers can sometimes know, even when they believe in accordance with their biases, and even if those biases guarantee that they would believe as they do even if the truth were otherwise. It also explores the idea that, far from excluding knowledge, biases are actually essential to knowing, and deeply implicated in paradigmatic instances of knowledge acquisition and exemplary human reasoning, an idea that is suggested by leading models of perception and induction, as well as the work of figures such as Thomas Kuhn, Noam Chomsky, and Nelson Goodman. It shows how this idea can be consistently reconciled with the commonsense idea that beliefs that are the manifestation of bias are not knowledge. Finally, it offers a positive proposal about how and when bias excludes knowledge.
Introduction to EU Diplomacy and Diplomatic Law
Authors: Duquet Sanderijn 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter provides a short examination of the state of the art of EU diplomacy and its functions and puts forward a glimpse into the historical, legal, and international context that defines it. It looks into the foundations of diplomacy, the reasons why states practice it, and its present-day value to international relations as a means of conducting foreign policy. It then shifts focus to the European Union, a newer and atypical diplomatic actor. The chapter gives a historical account of EU diplomacy and an overview of (the extent of) the EU’s diplomatic network. Finally, legal questions surrounding EU diplomacy are outlined.
Theoretical and Historical Perspectives
Authors: Duquet Sanderijn 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThis chapter studies the legitimacy of the EU’s quest for diplomatic and consular recognition on the international plane. To build the necessary background, it looks at theories of public international law (PIL) with regard to the right of legation, sovereignty, and functionalism. As a body of law created by nations to govern the conduct of and relations between one another, PIL holds in high regard rights in facilitating peaceful interactions and co-existence between sovereign states. Whether this means that a right of legation (ie the right to conduct formal diplomatic and consular relations) arises in light of this underlying rationale is debated, as is the question whether this means actors other than states can exercise it. This allows space for a deeper delve into questions related to the structure and conditions of access to diplomatic and consular relations by the European Union (EU).
The Badgers of Wytham Woods
Authors: Macdonald David , Newman Chris 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe Wytham badger study was begun in earnest by Hans Kruuk in 1972, with David Macdonald his graduate student, and in turn Chris Newman, David’s graduate student. Fifty years later they have documented the genealogy, births, deaths, and ‘marriages’ of over 1900 individuals. The book is a journey from the particular to the general, developing themes from a model species that grows from the authors’ approach to The Badgers of Wytham Woods: A Model for Behaviour, Ecology, and Evolution. This accessible monograph engages 50 years of primary research woven around the badgers of Wytham Woods (Oxford, UK), covering topics as diverse as life history strategy, climate change biology, genetics, communication, senescence, immunology, endocrinology, and epidemiology. The book begins with aspects of individual behaviour, starting with the birth, early development, and then recruitment of youngsters into their social groups. In the quest to understand badger society and its adaptive significance, following chapters describe social networks, the social dynamics of badgers within those networks, and their communication, to ultimately evaluate the pros and, importantly, cons of group living. The account then turns to the paradoxical relationships between adjoining social groups, and then offers an ecological framework within which to interpret this sociology, explaining how group living can evolve facultatively and benefit a species equally adapted to living much less gregariously under other ecological circumstances. Next the story turns to population levels of analysis, exploring demography, the impacts of density, life history trade-offs (including pace of life theory), and extrinsic factors such as the weather. This population-level sequence of chapters leads to an account of diseases, immunology, and, specifically, the role of badgers as a reservoir for bovine tuberculosis, before moving to yet a different level—molecular. This continues to genetic selection and genealogy, and thence senescence, adding a bookend to the opening account of birth. The concluding chapter sets The Badgers of Wytham Woods in the framework of variation at two levels, intra-specific and inter-specific, which culminates in an exploration of a theme woven throughout the book: how badger society is an emergent outcome of ecology and the environmental conditions they experience, framed by the phylogeny of the Mustelidae and, more broadly, by mammalian evolution.