bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of Nano-Calcium Lactate from Chicken Eggshells Synthesized by Precipitation Method as Food Supplement
Authors: Prayitno Agus Hadi , Siswoyo T A , Erwanto Y , Lindrianti T , Hartatik Sri , Aji Joni Murti Mulyo , Suryanto Edi , Rusman Rusman 
Published: February 2022

<p class="abstrak2"><span lang="IN">Osteoporosis can be prevented by consuming calcium lactate. Calcium that is consumed is generally </span>in <span lang="IN">a micro-size. Micro-sized calcium is only absorbed by the body by about 50% which can cause deficiency. Eggshells are poultry waste that is rich in calcium and can be used as a cheap source of dietary calcium through nanotechnology. Nanotechnology has been developed to increase calcium absorption. This study aimed to synthesize nano-calcium lactate from </span><span lang="IN">chicken eggshells</span>,and commercial calcium oxide<span lang="IN"> by precipitation method. Synthesis was carried out by reacting a solution of 1 mol/L eggshell </span><span lang="IN">calcium oxide </span>and commercial calcium oxide (control) <span lang="IN">as much as 20 ml mixed with a solution of 6 mol/L lactic acids as much as 30 ml with a ratio of 1:1.5 (v/v) for 30 minutes at 50°C at a speed of 500 rpm/minute using a magnetic stirrer. Ethanol 50% was added as much as 20 ml (v/v), </span>oven-dried<span lang="IN"> at 105°C for 72 hours then crushed to </span>produce eggshell<span lang="IN"> nano</span>-<span lang="IN">calcium lactate (NCaL) powder. Characterisation </span>of <span lang="IN">NCaL using Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR).</span> Result showed that NCaL in the form of white crystals <span lang="IN">could be synthesized </span>from chicken eggshells <span lang="IN">by precipitation method. Characterization with XRD showed that the diffraction angle was 2θ with the peaks of NCaL, namely 9.3800°, 10.3869°, and 22.9570°. Characterization with FTIR obtained a peak in the wavenumber from NCaL, namely 1,589.34 cm<sup>-1</sup>. Characterization using TEM showed that the crystal size of NCaL was 75 nm.</span></p>
A central limit theorem for integrals of random waves
Authors: de Courcy-Ireland Matthew , Lemm Marius 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We derive a central limit theorem for the mean-square of random waves in the high-frequency limit over shrinking sets. Our proof applies to any compact Riemannian manifold of dimension 3 or higher, thanks to the universality of the local Weyl law. The key technical step is an estimate capturing some cancellation in a triple integral of Bessel functions, which we achieve using Gegenbauer’s addition formula.
A mixed elliptic-parabolic boundary value problem coupling a harmonic-like map with a nonlinear spinor
Authors: Jost Jürgen , Liu Lei , Zhu Miaomiao 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this paper, we solve a new elliptic-parabolic system arising in geometric analysis that is motivated by the nonlinear supersymmetric sigma model of quantum field theory. The corresponding action functional involves two fields, a map from a Riemann surface into a Riemannian manifold and a spinor coupled to the map. The first field has to satisfy a second-order elliptic system, which we turn into a parabolic system so as to apply heat flow techniques. The spinor, however, satisfies a first-order Dirac-type equation. We carry that equation as a nonlinear constraint along the flow.
With this novel scheme, in more technical terms, we can show the existence of Dirac-harmonic maps from a compact spin Riemann surface with smooth boundary to a general compact Riemannian manifold via a heat flow method when a Dirichlet boundary condition is imposed on the map and a chiral boundary condition on the spinor.
Introduction to the special section “Communication and meaning-making”
Authors: Lu Deping 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In the post-modern era, the knotty issue of “meaning” is more often examined from the perspective of practice, differing from the previous conceptual analysis. Meaning potential and meaning-making are preferred to meaning itself as terms in philosophy and linguistics. This special section aims to investigate the meaning of the change in “meaning” through an understanding and interpretation of “meaning-making” from the perspective of Peirce’s semiotic philosophy, linguistic communication, Chinese lexical structuring, and technological exchange. The four articles in this special section examine a number of meaning topics, such as constructs of meaning transference in a coherent framework, semiotic tracking of meaning, contextual mapping of lexical meanings, and digital pragmatic communication, to gain a more comprehensive view of the nature of meaning-making.
Memes and emojis in Chinese compliments on Weibo
Authors: Zhu Qianqian , Ren Wei 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Noted for the ability to generate meanings across linguistic boundaries, nonverbal communication in computer-mediated communication has attracted increasing research attention. This study examines the prevalent but under-investigated phenomenon of memes and emojis employed in Chinese compliments on the social platform Weibo. Data were collected in a follower-based community on Weibo, the Topic. The results revealed that memes that did not feature the image of the complimented target outnumbered those memes with the figure of the complimented target. Memes without the image of the complimented target were employed to express compliments, either through explicit or implicit expressions, although explicit expressions of compliments were used more frequently. All of the memes served to compliment the appearance, performance, and personality of the complimented targets. Regarding emojis, there were three patterns of emojis employed in online compliments, namely, emojis initiating compliments, emojis inserted in compliments, and emojis closing compliments. Overall, emojis functioned as transitions and intensifiers which increased the force of compliments.
Exceptionally versatile take II: post-translational modifications of lysine and their impact on bacterial physiology
Authors: Lassak Jürgen , Sieber Alina , Hellwig Michael 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Among the 22 proteinogenic amino acids, lysine sticks out due to its unparalleled chemical diversity of post-translational modifications. This results in a wide range of possibilities to influence protein function and hence modulate cellular physiology. Concomitantly, lysine derivatives form a metabolic reservoir that can confer selective advantages to those organisms that can utilize it. In this review, we provide examples of selected lysine modifications and describe their role in bacterial physiology.
Eigenspannungsabbau in zügig und zyklisch beanspruchten Schweißverbindungen
Authors: Nitschke-Pagel Th. , Wohlfahrt H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
An Schweißsimulationsproben eines vergüteten Feinkornbaustahls S960QL wurde der Abbau von Eigenspannungen unter zügiger und kombiniert zügiger und zyklischer Belastung bei unterschiedlichen Beanspruchungshöhen untersucht. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen einen vorwiegend durch Streckgrenzenüberschreitung gekennzeichneten quasistatischen Abbau der Makroeigenspannungen, der sich weitgehend proportional zur Beanspruchungshöhe bzw. zur Oberspannung verhält. Signifikante Veränderungen der Mikroeigenspannungen treten dabei nur auf, wenn die Lastspannungen die Streckgrenze überschreiten. Ein Nachweis eines zyklischen Eigenspannungsabbau ist nur unter Rückgriff auf die aus den verschiedenen Eigenspan-nungskomponenten und den Lastspannungen berechneten Vergleichsspannungen möglich.
Microstructure and Cyclic Deformation Behavior of Wheel and Tire Steels in Technically Relevant Heat Treatments
Authors: Walther Frank , Eifler Dietmar 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The present developments of rail-mounted traffic aim at higher speeds in the passenger and higher axle load in the freight traffic. As a consequence, a substantial increase of the loading of the wheels has to be regarded. Geometric changes at wheels and rails cause high cyclic loading in the dynamic system wheel/rail as a function of the course rate [1– 6]. Since for wheel steels only a few systematic investigations of the fatigue behavior are available so far, the actual investigations concentrate on the relation between the local microstructure and the description of the fatigue behavior of highly stressed wheel steels. As test materials monoblock wheel steels and tire steels were selected in accordance with UIC specification in technically relevant heat treatment conditions. The cyclic deformation behavior is characterized and evaluated by stress – strain hysteresis as well as thermometrical and electrical measurements.
Processing, Microstructure and Properties of Nb–TiO2 ODS Materials for Surgical Implants
Authors: Sandim Hugo Ricardo Zschommler , Padilha Angelo Fernando 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Nb–TiO2 alloys, strengthened by oxide dispersion (ODS), have good properties for application in surgical implants. These alloys have been processed by a powder metallurgy technique. Compaction and sintering tests were carried out in order to understand the microstructural evolution of these materials during processing. Oxygen degassing takes place due to the volatilization of niobium suboxides during highvacuum sintering. Additions of TiO2 up to 1 wt.% caused an increase in the sinterability of niobium, especially during the first stage of sintering. An explanation for the role of TiO2 particles during sintering is also proposed.
Unfall durch Drahtseilriss in einer Tunnelbaustelle
Authors: Kieselbach Rolf , Piskoty Gabor 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Auf einer Baustelle in einem Tunnel, in dem eine Gas-Pipeline montiert wurde, ereignete sich beim Absenken eines gerade geschweißten Rohrabschnittes mittels einer Seilwinde ein Seilriss. Dies führte zum Absturz der Rohrkomposition um mehr als 600 Meter und zum Tod von mehreren Arbeitern. Da die Bruchlast des Drahtseiles theoretisch bei weitem ausgereicht hätte, wurde eine detaillierte Schadenuntersuchung durchgeführt. Diese ergab, dass das Seil durch Gewaltbruch an einer Umlenkrolle gerissen war. Zum Seilriss haben eine hohe statische Zugbelastung des Seiles, zusätzliche dynamische Seilkräfte, hohe Zusatzbeanspruchung des Seiles an der Umlenkrolle, gestörter Seilaufbau und sicherheitstechnische Besonderheiten der verwendeten Seilwinde beigetragen.
Ableitung des Kristallisationspfades in ternären Gusslegierungen
Authors: Gödecke Tilo 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Gussgefüge ternärer Legierungen werden beschrieben, bei denen die Schmelze während der Erstarrung über folgende Vierphasenreaktionen kristallisiert: Ternäres Eutektikum, Übergangsebene und ternäres Peritektikum. Während bei einer ternär eutektischen Kristallisation die Kristallisation im eutektischen Punkt endet, ist unterhalb einer Übergangsebene ein monovarianter Dreiphasenraum mit Schmelze vorhanden und unterhalb einer ternär peritektischen Vierphasenebene existieren zwei derartige Räume. Die Ausbildung des Gussgefüges wird entscheidend dadurch bestimmt, welche Arten von monovarianten Reaktionen (eutektisch oder peritektisch) auf eine Vierphasenebene zuführen und welche von der Vierphasenebene weggehen. Anhand zwei- und dreidimensionaler Darstellungen werden die Kombinationsmöglichkeiten gezeigt und beschrieben. Insbesondere kann dadurch zwischen Gussgefüge von Übergangsreaktionen und ternären Peritektika unterschieden werden. Den schematischen Darstellungen werden Gussgefüge von Legierungen aus den ternären Systemen Pb–Cd–Sn, Ag–Cu–Cd, Fe–Cr–C, Al–Pd–Mn und Al–Mg–Si als experimenteller Beleg gegenübergestellt und mit Gefügeformeln und Differential-Thermoanalysen (DTA) ergänzt. Durch Entnahme von Quarzglas-Ampullen und rasches Abschrecken der Proben aus einer von aussen zugänglichen DTA-Apparatur können Gefügeveränderungen während der Abkühlung direkt mit den aus der DTA ermittelten Effekten verglichen werden. Dadurch ist es möglich, den Kristallisationspfad bei jeder Temperatur zu unterbrechen.
Microstructural evolution in as-cast hypereutectic Al-Si alloys with different La additions
Authors: Yi Hongkun , Zhang Di , Sakata T. , Mori H. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The microstructure of as-cast hypereutectic Al-(17 or 25) Si-xLa (x - 0, 0.4, 1, 3, 6 wt.%) alloys and the effect of La on the Si phase have been investigated. The microstructure was examined using optical and electron microscopy. The modification effects of La addition on the morphology and size of both the primary and the eutectic Si were observed. However, such effects are uneven and there seems no systematic change for the effectiveness of La modification with increasing La contents. The modification of La may be explained by the suppression of the growth of Si crystals through reduction of the eutectic reaction temperature or through enveloping of primary Si crystals, or additional twinning. Large particles of La-rich compounds are always observed associated with large primary Si crystals and unmodified eutectic Si crystals, while small La-rich particles are associated with small primary Si crystals and modified eutectic Si crystals. The overall concentration of La-rich compounds, formed in the Al–Si alloys containing more than 1 wt.% La, could be represented as a ternary AlSi2La2 phase, which actually contains the LaSi2 phase and an unknown ternary Al
x
Si
y
La phase.
Comparison between Monte Carlo and Cluster Variation method calculations in the BCC Fe–Al system including tetrahedron interactions
Authors: Schön Cláudio G. , Inden Gerhard , Eleno Luiz T. F. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The BCC Fe –Al system has been modeled with the Monte Carlo (MC) method in the grand-canonical ensemble calculation using the Ising model. The present calculation was performed in isothermal conditions with a computer crystal with 483 atoms at 1000 K. The interaction parameters for this calculation were taken from a previous Cluster Variation Method (CVM), which included tetrahedron interactions. The comparison of the integral thermodynamic properties (internal energy and equilibrium alloy composition) obtained in both calculations shows good agreement. Small deviations are observed only in the neighborhood of the second-order B2/A2 critical composition.
Experimental study and Cluster Variation modelling of the A2/B2 equilibria at the titanium-rich side of the Ti–Fe system
Authors: Eleno Luiz T. F. , Schön Cláudio Geraldo , Balun Jozef , Inden Gerhard 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe experimental data concerning the A2 (β-Ti)/B2 (TiFe) equilibrium have been reviewed and four new tie-lines atT= 1343 K, 1173 K, 1073 K and 973 K were determined. These new experimental data confirm the assessed phase boundary A2/B2 at the A2 side, except for temperatures near the eutectic. No data were available of the solubility range of the intermetallic B2 phase. The present data of the phase boundary at the B2 side give a lower solubility than previously assumed. The set of experimental data and additional new information on the Fe–Rh–Ti phase diagram lead to new pair and tetrahedron interaction energies by Cluster Variation Method calculations in the tetrahedron cluster approximation.
On the plate-like τ-phase formation in MnAl–C alloys
Authors: Sologubenko Alla S. , Müllner Peter , Heinrich Helge , Kostorz Gernot 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A detailed description of the displacive transformation mode of the formation of plate-like τ-phase in MnAl (containing a small amount of carbon) is given. The plate-like τ-phase forms in a stepwise mode from the ɛ-phase. Crystallographic correspondence is transmitted from the ɛ- to the τ-phase during the whole transformation sequence. The intermediate long-range ordered ɛ′-phase nucleates within the ɛ-matrix. As ɛ′-domains evolve, elastic strains increase at the ɛ′-interfaces until shear occurs in ɛ′-domains to reduce the transformation strains. Stacking faults appear between ɛ′-domain boundaries. Polytypes are the result of a shuffling of the stacking faults within ɛ′-domains. Finally, the ɛ′-domain boundaries are overcome by the collective motion of transformation dislocations which form twinned τ-plates. The ɛ′-domain boundaries are nucleation sites for successive transformation steps and limit the spatial extension of the transformation for the intermediate steps.
Microstructures and mechanical properties of V–V3Si eutectic composites
Authors: Bei H. , George E. P. , Kenik E. A. , Pharr G. M. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
V–V3Si eutectic alloys were directionally solidified in a high temperature optical floating zone furnace. Depending on the solidification conditions, several microstructures were observed, such as well-aligned broken lamellar, fibrous, or cellular microstructures. The interphase spacings increased with decreasing solidification rates in agreement with the Jackson-Hunt theory. The mechanical properties of the individual phases were investigated by nanoindentation. It was found that the modulus and nanoindentation hardness of V3Si are 214 and 13.8 GPa, respectively, and those of the V solid-solution are 165 and 3.4 GPa, respectively. The high-temperature strength was examined by tensile testing at elevated temperatures. Preliminary results show that the ductile-to-brittle transition temperature is about 800 °C for this composite, and its strength is significantly higher than conventional V solid-solution alloys.
On the effect of oxide scale stability on the internal nitridation process in high-temperature alloys
Authors: Orosz Robert , Krupp Ulrich , Christ Hans-Jürgen 
Published: February 2022

AbstractInternal high-temperature corrosion of metallic materials is an important process often determining the service live of components used for high-temperature processes. As soon as a material looses the ability to form a dense and adherent oxide scale, non-metallic elements (e. g., O, N, C, and S) can diffuse from the atmosphere into the bulk material and react with alloying elements, forming different kinds of internal precipitates. The corrosion behaviour of two commercial alloys, Nicrofer 7520Ti and CMSX-4, and of the model alloy Ni – 20Cr – 6Ti was investigated in air and nitriding atmosphere at 1000 °C and 1100 °C under isothermal and thermal-cycling conditions. The study was performed using a continuous thermogravimetric method, which permits mass changes to be measured in different atmospheres and under thermal-cycling conditions. It was shown that damage in the oxide scale, caused by cracking or spallation, leads to an enhanced internal corrosion attack manifesting itself in the precipitation of oxides and nitrides. The experimental results were described in a mechanismbased approach by means of a simulation model that combines a numerical finite-difference treatment of the diffusion differential equations and the commercial thermodynamic program ChemApp. The model is able to predict the complex material behaviour during high-temperature exposure.
Modeling of axial strain in free-end torsion of textured copper
Authors: Tóth László S. , Qods Fathallah , Fundenberger Jean-Jacques 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The axial strains that develop during free-end torsion testing of copper wires have been modeled using the results of earlier measurements (L. S. Tóth, P. Szászvári, I. Kovács, J. J. Jonas: Mater. Sci. and Techn. 7 (1991) 458). In that work, the initial textures of the wires were changed by heat treatments. The as-received wires displayed shortening while the recrystallized ones lengthened during twisting at room temperature. In the simulations, the wire was divided into five cylindrical layers; in each layer, the texture development was simulated using the Taylor viscoplastic poly-crystal model up to large strains (γ ≈ 5). The distribution of the hydrostatic stress was derived from the equilibrium equation of torsion. Using a suitable numerical scheme, the condition of zero axial force (free-end testing) was satisfied in an iterative way. Good agreements between the measurements and simulations have been obtained.
Application of the cognitive load theory in prelicensure nursing education: a quantitative measurement focusing on instructional design
Authors: Smith Nicole E. , Barbé Tammy , Randolph Justus 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine differences in principles from the cognitive load theory (CLT) combined with active learning strategies. To examine these differences, simple to complex activities were imbedded into two active learning instructional strategies: cooperative learning (CPL) and problem-based learning (PBL) and evaluated for its impact on mental effort for learning and intrinsic cognitive load. A two-within repeated-measures design was used in a nursing fundamentals classroom. The simple and complex activities were grounded in recommendations from the CLT and validated by nurse experts. The instructional strategies of CPL and PBL were chosen based on recommendations from the literature. Results revealed no statistically significant differences. A small interaction showed a decrease in mental effort and intrinsic load when problem-based learning was used. Progressing learning activities from simple to complex, informed by the CLT, offers an approach to designing instruction in nursing classrooms when using active learning strategies.
The effects of community contact on L1 maintenance: a study of New Zealand Japanese immigrants and sojourners
Authors: Nakanishi Nobuko , Starks Donna 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper explores the effects of social networks on the reported language proficiency of three groups of New Zealand Japanese children. Drawing on a quantitative analysis of data collected from questionnaire-based interviews, this study reveals that children of sojourner families and children of immigrant families of mixed and non-mixed backgrounds, each with their differing levels of reported Japanese proficiency, benefit from different types of social networks. The results found that sojourner networks are important for sojourner children’s Japanese language proficiency. For this group, wider types of contact with the New Zealand Japanese community show little positive effects. These findings contrast with that of Japanese immigrants where community social networks show a diverse range of positive effects on the reported Japanese proficiency of children from mixed and non-mixed family backgrounds. The findings suggest that researchers should give further consideration into the differing effects of social networks on different subgroups within diasporic communities.
Change of Tōhoku dialect spoken in Hawaii
Authors: Hiramoto Mie 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThis study investigates changes in Tōhoku dialect speakers’ phonology after their immigration to Hawaii, specifically concerning intervocalic voicing and alveolar/palatal mergers. Tōhoku dialect is known for its unique phonology compared to other Japanese dialects and, for this reason, it is often stigmatized. Previous studies of second dialect acquisition have suggested that older speakers tend to retain the phonological features of their original dialects during dialect contact situations. The results from adult Japanese plantation immigrants, as expected, suggested that adult Tōhoku dialect speakers demonstrated limitations in acquiring second dialect phonology in their contact with non-Tōhoku dialect speakers. However, there are different degrees of second dialect acquisition between the intervocalic voicing and alveolar/palatal mergers among the Tōhoku dialect immigrants who interacted with non-Tōhoku dialect speakers on a daily basis and those who did not; namely, the former eliminated the stereotypical stigmatized Tōhoku dialect feature – the mergers – more than those speakers who did not have such frequent interaction. This suggests that both sociolinguistic factors, e.g., dialect discrimination by peers, as well as relative phonological complexity, influence the rates of second dialect acquisition.