bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Radial Anisotropy of the Continental Lithosphere From Analysis of Love and Rayleigh Wave Phase Velocities in Fennoscandia
Authors: Maupin Valérie , Mauerberger Alexandra , Tilmann Frederik 
Published: September 2022

AbstractRadial anisotropy (RA) in the upper mantle of the Fennoscandian Shield is analyzed by joint inversion of Love and Rayleigh wave phase velocities measured from recordings of teleseismic events at the ScanArray network. The phase velocities are measured by beamforming using three geographical subsets of the network as well as the full network. We analyze how different procedures for determining the phase velocities influence the final result and uncertainty. Joint inversion of the phase velocities in the period range 22–100 s reveals the presence of similar RA in the three subregions, with an average ξ value of about 1.05 in the subcrustal lithosphere down to at least 200 km depth. This corresponds to SH waves faster than SV by 2%–3%, a value very similar to those found in other continental regions. Considering this anisotropy together with other observables pertaining to seismic anisotropy in the area, we cannot propose a unique model satisfying all data. We can show, however, in which conditions different types of olivine crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) commonly observed in natural samples are compatible with the observations. CPO types associated with the preferred orientation of the a‐axis, in particular the common A‐type CPO, require a‐axes dipping not more than 25° from the horizontal plane to explain our observations. AG‐type CPO, characterized by preferred orientation of the b‐axis and occurring in particular in compressional settings, can be considered as an interesting alternative interpretation of continental lithospheric anisotropy, provided the olivine b‐axis is dipping by at least 60°.
Long‐Term Fluid Injection Can Expedite Fault Reactivation and Development: Riedel Shear Structures Illuminated by Induced Earthquakes in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Yu Hongyu , Kao Honn , Wang Bei , Visser Ryan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractRiedel shear structures (RSS) are often observed in the embryonic stage of strike‐slip fault development, which can be depicted in the field through outcrops and coseismic surface ruptures. It is a critical concept linking the geomechanical behavior of individual earthquakes to structural geology at both local and regional scales. However, the influence of long‐term fluid injections on the developing process of RSS, as manifested by the common occurrences of injection‐induced earthquakes, has been rarely addressed. Here we document for the first‐time subsurface RSS expedited by long‐term wastewater disposal injections in western Canada. We study an earthquake sequence consisting of 187 events (ML ranging 1.3–3.9) between 1 January 2018 and 15 July 2021 in an area without any previous seismic history. According to 31 well‐constrained focal mechanism solutions, the injection‐related earthquake sequence exhibits various faulting types with the vast majority (87%) being compatible with the background stress regime (SHmax azimuth = N38°E). The orientation of derived nodal planes collectively indicates a model of RSS that consists of four primary strike‐slip structures striking 19° (R′), 79° (R), 94° (PDZ), and 109° (P), respectively. Moreover, six fault segments delineated from the relocated local seismicity are parallel to the substructures of RSS. Mohr‐Coulomb failure analysis further suggests a cumulative stress perturbation of up to 10.0 MPa. Our observations suggest that long‐term fluid injection can expedite the development of local fault systems. Therefore, it is probably important to consider the dimension of local/regional RSS in the assessment of the overall seismic hazard due to fluid injections.
Defining the Timing, Extent, and Conditions of Paleozoic Metamorphism in the Southern Appalachian Blue Ridge Terranes of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Northern Georgia
Authors: Thigpen J. Ryan , Moecher David P. , Stowell Harold H. , Merschat Arthur , Hatcher Robert D. , Powell Nicholas E. , Spencer Brandon M. , Mako Calvin A. , Bollen Elizabeth M. , Kylander‐Clark Andrew 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe tectonometamorphic evolution of the southern Appalachians, which results from multiple Paleozoic orogenies (Taconic, Neoacadian, and Alleghanian), has lacked a consensus interpretation regarding its thermal‐metamorphic history. The Blue Ridge terranes have remained the focus of the debate, with the interpreted timing of regional Barrovian metamorphism and associated deformation ranging from early (Taconic) to late Paleozoic (Alleghanian). New monazite U‐Pb geochronology and thermobarometric data are integrated with previously reported geo‐ and thermochronology to delimit the Paleozoic thermal‐metamorphic evolution of these terranes. Monazite compositional, textural, and U‐Pb age systematics are remarkably consistent for all samples, yielding a single dominant age mode for each sample. The western, central, and eastern Blue Ridge terranes yield weighted mean monazite U‐Pb ages of 450–441, 459–457, and 458–453 Ma, respectively. Thermodynamic modeling using mineral assemblages yields peak conditions of 600°C–650°C and 5.8–8.9 kbar for staurolite and kyanite grade western Blue Ridge units, including the stratigraphically youngest unit in the Murphy syncline, which also yields a weighted mean monazite U‐Pb age of 441 Ma. The Taconic metamorphic core of the central Blue Ridge yields peak conditions of 775°C and ∼11.5 kbar. Combined, these ages indicate that the relatively intact Barrovian metamorphic progression mapped across the Blue Ridge of Tennessee, North Carolina, and northern Georgia is solely of Ordovician (Taconic) age. Synthesis of this new data with existing geo‐ and thermochronology support a model of Barrovian metamorphism resulting from construction of a Taconic accretionary wedge and subduction complex, followed by post‐Taconic unroofing during Neoacadian and Alleghanian thrusting.
A NAC-EXPANSIN module enhances maize kernel size by controlling nucellus elimination
Authors: Sun Qin , Li Yunfu , Gong Dianming , Hu Aoqing , Zhong Wanshun , Zhao Hailiang , Ning Qiang , Tan Zengdong , Liang Kun , Mu Luyao , Jackson David , Zhang Zuxin , Yang Fang , Qiu Fazhan 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMaize early endosperm development is initiated in coordination with elimination of maternal nucellar tissues. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. Here, we characterize a major quantitative trait locus for maize kernel size and weight that encodes an EXPANSIN gene, ZmEXPB15. The encoded β-expansin protein is expressed specifically in nucellus, and positively controls kernel size and weight by promoting nucellus elimination. We further show that two nucellus-enriched transcription factors (TFs), ZmNAC11 and ZmNAC29, activate ZmEXPB15 expression. Accordingly, these two TFs also promote kernel size and weight through nucellus elimination regulation, and genetic analyses support their interaction with ZmEXPB15. Importantly, hybrids derived from a ZmEXPB15 overexpression line have increased kernel weight, demonstrates its potential value in breeding. Together, we reveal a pathway modulating the cellular processes of maternal nucellus elimination and early endosperm development, and an approach to improve kernel weight.
Thermodynamics and dielectric response of BaTiO3 by data-driven modeling
Authors: Gigli Lorenzo , Veit Max , Kotiuga Michele , Pizzi Giovanni , Marzari Nicola , Ceriotti Michele 
Published: September 2022

AbstractModeling ferroelectric materials from first principles is one of the successes of density-functional theory and the driver of much development effort, requiring an accurate description of the electronic processes and the thermodynamic equilibrium that drive the spontaneous symmetry breaking and the emergence of macroscopic polarization. We demonstrate the development and application of an integrated machine learning model that describes on the same footing structural, energetic, and functional properties of barium titanate (BaTiO3), a prototypical ferroelectric. The model uses ab initio calculations as a reference and achieves accurate yet inexpensive predictions of energy and polarization on time and length scales that are not accessible to direct ab initio modeling. These predictions allow us to assess the microscopic mechanism of the ferroelectric transition. The presence of an order-disorder transition for the Ti off-centered states is the main driver of the ferroelectric transition, even though the coupling between symmetry breaking and cell distortions determines the presence of intermediate, partly-ordered phases. Moreover, we thoroughly probe the static and dynamical behavior of BaTiO3 across its phase diagram without the need to introduce a coarse-grained description of the ferroelectric transition. Finally, we apply the polarization model to calculate the dielectric response properties of the material in a full ab initio manner, again reproducing the correct qualitative experimental behavior.
Estimation of lung age via a spline method and its application in chronic respiratory diseases
Authors: Liang Xiaolin , Xie Yanqing , Gao Yi , Zhou Yumin , Jian Wenhua , Jiang Mei , Wang Hongyu , Zheng Jinping 
Published: September 2022

AbstractLung age is a simplified concept that makes spirometry data easier to understand, but it is not widely used due to limitations in estimation methods. The aim of this study was to develop new equations to estimate lung age and to explore the application value of lung age in chronic respiratory diseases. Retrospective spirometric data of 18- to 80-year-old healthy subjects were used to develop the lung age estimation equations. Models were respectively built by multiple linear regression, piecewise linear regression, and the natural cubic spline method. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma were subdivided into stages I–IV according to the severity of airflow limitation under the recommendation of the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. Propensity score matching was performed to balance age, height and sex between healthy subjects and patients. The difference between lung age and chronological age (∆ lung age) of patients with COPD and asthma was analyzed. A total of 3409 healthy subjects, 280 patients with COPD and 285 patients with asthma data were included in the analysis. The lung age estimation equation with the best goodness of fit was built by the spline method and composed of FEV1, FEF50%, FEF75% and height as explanatory variables. ∆ lung age progressively increased with the degree of airflow limitation in patients with COPD or asthma. Lung age estimation equations were developed by a spline modeling method. Lung age may be used in the assessment of chronic respiratory patients.
Exosome biopotentiated hydrogel restores damaged skeletal muscle in a porcine model of stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Rolland Tyler J. , Peterson Timothy E. , Singh Raman Deep , Rizzo Skylar A. , Boroumand Soulmaz , Shi Ao , Witt Tyra A. , Nagel Mary , Kisby Cassandra K. , Park Sungjo , Rowe Lois A. , Paradise Christopher R. , Becher Laura R. E. , Paradise Brooke D. , Stalboerger Paul G. , Trabuco Emanuel C. , Behfar Atta 
Published: September 2022

AbstractUrinary incontinence afflicts up to 40% of adult women in the United States. Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) accounts for approximately one-third of these cases, precipitating ~200,000 surgical procedures annually. Continence is maintained through the interplay of sub-urethral support and urethral sphincter coaptation, particularly during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure. Currently, surgical correction of SUI focuses on the re-establishment of sub-urethral support. However, mesh-based repairs are associated with foreign body reactions and poor localized tissue healing, which leads to mesh exposure, prompting the pursuit of technologies that restore external urethral sphincter function and limit surgical risk. The present work utilizes a human platelet-derived CD41a and CD9 expressing extracellular vesicle product (PEP) enriched for NF-κB and PD-L1 and derived to ensure the preservation of lipid bilayer for enhanced stability and compatibility with hydrogel-based sustained delivery approaches. In vitro, the application of PEP to skeletal muscle satellite cells in vitro drove proliferation and differentiation in an NF-κB-dependent fashion, with full inhibition of impact on exposure to resveratrol. PEP biopotentiation of collagen-1 and fibrin glue hydrogel achieved sustained exosome release at 37 °C, creating an ultrastructural “bead on a string” pattern on scanning electron microscopy. Initial testing in a rodent model of latissimus dorsi injury documented activation of skeletal muscle proliferation of healing. In a porcine model of stress urinary incontinence, delivery of PEP-biopotentiated collagen-1 induced functional restoration of the external urethral sphincter. The histological evaluation found that sustained PEP release was associated with new skeletal muscle formation and polarization of local macrophages towards the regenerative M2 phenotype. The results provided herein serve as the first description of PEP-based biopotentiation of hydrogels implemented to restore skeletal muscle function and may serve as a promising approach for the nonsurgical management of SUI.
Spent media analysis suggests cultivated meat media will require species and cell type optimization
Authors: O’Neill Edward N. , Ansel Joshua C. , Kwong Grace A. , Plastino Michael E. , Nelson Jenny , Baar Keith , Block David E. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractCell culture media design is perhaps the most significant hurdle currently facing the commercialization of cultivated meat as an alternative source of dietary protein. Since media optimization for a specific culture system requires a significant amount of effort and investment, a major question remaining is whether media formulations can be easily shared across multiple production schemes for cells of different species and lineages. Here, we perform spent medium analysis to compare the specific nutrient utilization of primary embryonic chicken muscle precursor cells and fibroblasts to the murine C2C12 myoblast cell line. We demonstrate that these related cell types have significantly different nutrient utilization patterns collectively and on a per-cell basis, and that many components of conventional media do not appear to be depleted by the cells. Namely, glucose was not consumed as rapidly nor as completely by the chicken muscle precursors compared to other cells overall, and there were significant differences in specific consumption rates for several other key nutrients over the first day of culture. Ultimately, our results indicate that no one medium is likely ideal and cost effective to culture multiple cell types and that novel methods to streamline media optimization efforts will be important for the industry to develop.
New sustainable utilization approach of livestock manure: Conversion to dual-reaction-center Fenton-like catalyst for water purification
Authors: Sun Yingtao , Hu Chun , Lyu Lai 
Published: September 2022

AbstractRural pollution is largely caused by the accumulation of waste biomass, such as livestock manure and crop straw, which is extremely difficult to dispose of due to the simultaneous need to non-destructively treat metal and organic matter. Untreated fecal waste fluxes have contributed to more than 870,000 sanitation-related deaths annually worldwide. The existing disposal methods are accompanied by large amounts of energy and resource consumption and GHG emissions, which are not conducive to achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Herein, we pioneer a new approach to sustainable resource utilization by subjecting unprocessed livestock manure to a Dual-Reaction-Center (DRC) Fenton-like catalyst directly through the ordered bonding of intrinsic metal-organic species via an in situ 2-stage calcination-annealing process with zero emissions and zero pollution. The directional electron transfers along with the generated metal cation–π interactions during the resourcelized process led to the formation of electron-rich/-poor microregions. Through triggering by a small amount of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), the removal of refractory pollutants reaches 100% within a very short time in this system, which also shows a long-term purification effect on actual wastewater, accompanied by the utilization of intrinsic energy from the pollutants and dissolved oxygen. This study is expected to advance the resource utilization of rural waste and the sustainable development of environmental factors.
Epigenetic plasticity enables copepods to cope with ocean acidification
Authors: Lee Young Hwan , Kim Min-Sub , Wang Minghua , Bhandari Ramji K. , Park Heum Gi , Wu Rudolf Shiu-Sun , Lee Jae-Seong 
Published: September 2022

AbstractPlasticity enhances species fitness and survival under climate change. Ocean acidification poses a potential threat to copepods, a major zooplankton group that serves as a key link between the lower and higher trophic levels in the marine environment, yet the mechanisms underlying different adaptive responses remain poorly understood. Here we show that although elevated CO2can exert negative effects on reproduction ofParacyclopina nana, multigenerational plasticity can enable recovery after three generations. By integrating the methylome and transcriptome with the draft genome and undertaking DNA methylation treatments, we demonstrate the vital role of epigenetic modifications in ocean acidification responses and identify regions associated with reproductive resilience. Our results demonstrate that DNA methylation might play an important role in enhancing species fitness of copepods and that failing to consider phenotypic plasticity could lead to overestimation of species’ vulnerabilities.
Long-term evolution of ocean eddy activity in a warming world
Authors: Beech Nathan , Rackow Thomas , Semmler Tido , Danilov Sergey , Wang Qiang , Jung Thomas 
Published: September 2022

AbstractMesoscale ocean eddies, an important element of the climate system, impact ocean circulation, heat uptake, gas exchange, carbon sequestration and nutrient transport. Much of what is known about ongoing changes in ocean eddy activity is based on satellite altimetry; however, the length of the altimetry record is limited, making it difficult to distinguish anthropogenic change from natural variability. Using a climate model that exploits a variable-resolution unstructured mesh in the ocean component to enhance grid resolution in eddy-rich regions, we investigate the long-term response of ocean eddy activity to anthropogenic climate change. Eddy kinetic energy is projected to shift poleward in most eddy-rich regions, to intensify in the Kuroshio Current, Brazil and Malvinas currents and Antarctic Circumpolar Current and to decrease in the Gulf Stream. Modelled changes are linked to elements of the broader climate including Atlantic meridional overturning circulation decline, intensifying Agulhas leakage and shifting Southern Hemisphere westerlies.
Ecosystem productivity affected the spatiotemporal disappearance of Neanderthals in Iberia
Authors: Vidal-Cordasco M. , Ocio D. , Hickler T. , Marín-Arroyo A. B. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractWhat role did fluctuations play in biomass availability for secondary consumers in the disappearance of Neanderthals and the survival of modern humans? To answer this, we quantify the effects of stadial and interstadial conditions on ecosystem productivity and human spatiotemporal distribution patterns during the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition (50,000–30,000 calibrated years before the present) in Iberia. First, we used summed probability distribution, optimal linear estimation and Bayesian age modelling to reconstruct an updated timescale for the transition. Next, we executed a generalized dynamic vegetation model to estimate the net primary productivity. Finally, we developed a macroecological model validated with present-day observations to calculate herbivore abundance. The results indicate that, in the Eurosiberian region, the disappearance of Neanderthal groups was contemporaneous with a significant decrease in the available biomass for secondary consumers, and the arrival of the first Homo sapiens populations coincided with an increase in herbivore carrying capacity. During stadials, the Mediterranean region had the most stable conditions and the highest biomass of medium and medium–large herbivores. These outcomes support an ecological cause for the hiatus between the Mousterian and Aurignacian technocomplexes in Northern Iberia and the longer persistence of Neanderthals in southern latitudes.
Divergent evolutionary trajectories of bryophytes and tracheophytes from a complex common ancestor of land plants
Authors: Harris Brogan J. , Clark James W. , Schrempf Dominik , Szöllősi Gergely J. , Donoghue Philip C. J. , Hetherington Alistair M. , Williams Tom A. 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe origin of plants and their colonization of land fundamentally transformed the terrestrial environment. Here we elucidate the basis of this formative episode in Earth history through patterns of lineage, gene and genome evolution. We use new fossil calibrations, a relative clade age calibration (informed by horizontal gene transfer) and new phylogenomic methods for mapping gene family origins. Distinct rooting strategies resolve tracheophytes (vascular plants) and bryophytes (non-vascular plants) as monophyletic sister groups that diverged during the Cambrian, 515–494 million years ago. The embryophyte stem is characterized by a burst of gene innovation, while bryophytes subsequently experienced an equally dramatic episode of reductive genome evolution in which they lost genes associated with the elaboration of vasculature and the stomatal complex. Overall, our analyses reveal that extant tracheophytes and bryophytes are both highly derived from a more complex ancestral land plant. Understanding the origin of land plants requires tracing character evolution across a diversity of modern lineages.
Bacterial bioburden and community structure of potable water used in the International Space Station
Authors: Ichijo Tomoaki , Uchii Kimiko , Sekimoto Kazuma , Minakami Takashi , Sugita Takashi , Nasu Masao , Yamazaki Takashi 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThe control of microbes in manned spaceflight is essential to reducing the risk of infection and maintaining crew health. The primary issue is ensuring the safety of a potable water system, where simultaneous monitoring of microbial abundance and community structure is needed. In this paper, we develop a flow cytometry-based counting protocol targeting cellular flavin autofluorescence as a tool for rapid monitoring of bacterial cells in water. This was successfully applied to estimate the bacterial bioburden in the potable water collected from the International Space Station. We also demonstrate the efficacy of the MinION nanopore sequencer in rapidly characterizing bacterial community structure and identifying the dominant species. These monitoring protocols' rapidity and cost effectiveness would contribute to developing sustainable real-time surveillance of potable water in spaceflight.