bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Recovery of Speech Motor Function Following Facial Transplantation: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Perry Bridget J. , Eshghi Marziye , Stipancic Kaila L. , Richburg Brian , Ventresca Hayden , Pomahac Bohdan , Green Jordan R. 
Published: February 2022

ObjectivesAlthough facial transplantation is considered effective for restoring facial appearance, research on speech outcomes following surgery is limited. More research is critically needed to inform patients of expected rates and extent of recovery, and to develop interventions aimed at improving speech outcomes.MethodsFour patients in early recovery (3 weeks–24 months postsurgery) and three patients in late recovery (36–60 months postsurgery) were included. Clinical measures of speech recovery, including speech intelligibility measured using the Sentence Intelligibility Test, a lip strength testing device (Iowa Oral Performance Instrument), and kinematic measures of lip and jaw function measured using high‐resolution 3D optical motion capture were used to describe the rate and extent of functional speech and lip recovery, describe and compare the rate of functional speech recovery and kinematic lip and jaw changes in early and late stages of recovery, and explore the association between kinematic measures and functional speech.ResultsSpeech intelligibility, speaking rate, and lip strength were below normative values in the first 2 years of postsurgery. Participants in the first 2 years of recovery demonstrated steeper slopes of improvement in clinical and kinematic measures than participants in the later stages of recovery (36–64 months). Gains in jaw range of movement and gains in lip speed and range of movement were significantly correlated with rates of sentence intelligibility improvement. Gains in lip strength were not associated with functional speech improvement.ConclusionsThese findings motivate ongoing work aimed at developing interventions for improving motor speech function in this population.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 132:2359–2367, 2022
Effects of Electronic (E)‐cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in Cultured Vocal Fold Fibroblasts
Authors: Martinez Joshua D. , Easwaran Meena , Ramirez Daniel , Erickson‐DiRenzo Elizabeth 
Published: February 2022

ObjectiveThe public use of electronic‐cigarettes (e‐cigs) is rapidly growing. When heated, e‐cigs produce a vapor that is inhaled. The vocal folds are among the first tissues exposed to this insult. However, the impact of e‐cigs on vocal fold health is almost entirely unknown. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of e‐cig vapor on cultured human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFFs), the primary cell type of the lamina propria. We compared the cellular effects of e‐cig vapor without and with nicotine and conventional cigarette smoke.Study DesignIn vitro.MethodsE‐cig vapor extract (EVE) and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) were created by bubbling vapor and smoke, respectively, into the cell culture medium. hVFFs were exposed to EVE without or with nicotine or CSE for 24 hours. Untreated cells were used as a control group. Cells were harvested, and cytotoxicity, extracellular matrix and inflammatory gene expression, and DNA damage were assessed.ResultsUndiluted EVE without and with nicotine reduced the viability of hVFFs to a cytotoxic level. CSE reduced hVFFs viability to a greater extent than EVE and induced DNA damage as measured by DNA double‐strand breaks. No changes in gene expression were observed following EVE or CSE exposure.ConclusionEVE induces cytotoxicity in hVFFs. However, cellular responses were greater following exposure to CSE, suggesting cigarette smoke may induce more harm, at least in the short term. Findings from this investigation improve our understanding of responses of hVFFs to e‐cigs and form the basis for an in vitro methodology to study the vocal fold responses to these products.Level of EvidenceNA Laryngoscope, 133:139–146, 2023
Transformation processes of biogenic dimethylated sulfur compounds in the northwestern Pacific continental sea
Authors: Ma Qian‐Yao , Zhang Hong‐Hai , Xu Feng , Yang Gui‐Peng 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBiogenic dimethylated sulfur compounds, comprising dimethylsulfide (DMS), dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), and dimethylsulfoxide, play a vital role in the physiological metabolism processes of marine algae, climate regulation, and global sulfur cycles, but the contribution of each transformation pathway and the factors that control them remain uncertain. For the first time, from 27 March 2017 to 15 April 2017, the rates of major transformation pathways of biogenic dimethylated sulfur compounds and the fluxes of DMS at the sea–air and seawater–sediment interfaces were measured simultaneously in the East China Continental Sea. Rapid biological turnover times of total DMSP (0.53 d), dissolved DMSP (0.29 d), and DMS (0.43 d) were observed, indicating that DMS and DMSP were renewed more than twice daily. Bacterial consumption contributed nearly 50% of the total DMSP loss, approximately 38% of which was converted into DMS. Microbial consumption, photolysis, and ventilation accounted for 56%, 34%, and 10% of DMS removal processes, respectively. Sediment had a small but positive flux of DMS, making the sediment‐seawater interface a tiny source of DMS to the water column. Finally, although only about 10% of DMS was emitted to the atmosphere, the study region was identified as a “hotspot” for atmospheric DMS. The DMS budget model of the mixed layer developed in this study has provided a systematic and comprehensive understanding of the organosulfur cycle in continental shelf seas.
Seasonal and interannual variability of feeding in Antarctic benthos
Authors: Clarke Andrew , Peat Helen J. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe seasonal and interannual variability of feeding in 15 species of benthic marine suspension feeder was studied over 8 yr at Ryder Bay, Antarctica. Feeding was strongly seasonal in bryozoans, gorgonians, polychaetes, and dendrochirote holothurians. The winter non‐feeding period was longest in the holothurians and shortest in bryozoans. Bryozoans started feeding in late winter at very low chlorophyll concentrations, often when surface fast‐ice was still present. In hydroids and actinians, feeding tentacles were deployed continuously throughout the year, though hydroid feeding intensity declined slightly in late winter. Water column phytoplankton biomass was strongly seasonal with marked interannual variability in the timing and intensity of the bloom, driven principally by ice dynamics. Correlation across years between the start of feeding and the development of the bloom was poor, and in seasons when a dense spring bloom of benthic filamentous microalgae developed, the start of feeding in many benthic species was delayed. This study indicates that feeding in benthic marine suspension feeders in Antarctica is influenced by factors additional to the seasonal availability of food in the water column.
Three‐Level Hierarchical 3D Network Formation and Structure Elucidation of Wet Hydrogel of Tunable‐High‐Strength Nanocomposites
Authors: Yu Tzu‐Yi , Tseng Yun‐Hsiu , Wang Chun‐Chieh , Lin Ting‐Han , Wu Ming‐Chung , Tsao Cheng‐Si , Su Wei‐Fang 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe structural characterization of wet gel state hydrogels at multi‐length scales ranging from nanometers to micrometers is very challenging and rarely reported. Herein, tunable high‐strength nanocomposite hydrogels based on cellulose nanofibers with various cross linkers are synthesized and characterized. Synchrotron tomography and small‐angle X‐ray scattering methods are combined to quantitatively elucidate 3D hierarchically wet gel state network structures, providing an understanding on the structure–properties relationship of hydrogels. The hierarchical 3D network of wet gel demonstrates three levels of structures: 1) the bundle aggregated by cellulose nanofibers; 2) physically crosslinked bundle networks; and 3) fractal‐structure agglomerates composed of aggregated network domains. The finding of fractal agglomerate structures tuned by crosslinker characteristics provides fundamental knowledge to explain a variation of several orders of magnitude of mechanical properties and reveals different formation mechanisms, opening a new and flexible prospect for wet gel state material design and processing control.
Computer simulations of case difficulty in digital breast tomosynthesis using virtual clinical trials
Authors: Barufaldi Bruno , Vent Trevor Lewis , Bakic Predrag Radomir , Maidment Andrew Douglas Arnould 
Published: February 2022

AbstractPurposeVirtual clinical trials (VCTs) require computer simulations of representative patients and images to evaluate and compare changes in performance of imaging technologies. The simulated images are usually interpreted by model observers whose performance depends upon the selection of imaging cases used in training evaluation models. This work proposes an efficient method to simulate and calibrate soft tissue lesions, which matches the detectability threshold of virtual and human readings.MethodsAnthropomorphic breast phantoms were used to evaluate the simulation of four mass models (I–IV) that vary in shape and composition of soft tissue. Ellipsoidal (I) and spiculated (II–IV) masses were simulated using composite voxels with partial volumes. Digital breast tomosynthesis projections and reconstructions of a clinical system were simulated. Channelized Hotelling observers (CHOs) were evaluated using reconstructed slices of masses that varied in shape, composition, and density of surrounded tissue. The detectability threshold of each mass model was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves calculated with the CHO's scores.ResultsThe area under the curve (AUC) of each calibrated mass model were within the 95% confidence interval (mean AUC [95% CI]) reported in a previous reader study (0.93 [0.89, 0.97]). The mean AUC [95% CI] obtained were 0.94 [0.93, 0.96], 0.92 [0.90, 0.93], 0.92 [0.90, 0.94], 0.93 [0.92, 0.95] for models I to IV, respectively. The mean AUC results varied substantially as a function of shape, composition, and density of surrounded tissue.ConclusionsFor successful VCTs, lesions composed of soft tissue should be calibrated to simulate imaging cases that match the case difficulty predicted by human readers. Lesion composition, shape, and size are parameters that should be carefully selected to calibrate VCTs.
On the shape of convolution kernels in MRI reconstruction: Rectangles versus ellipsoids
Authors: Lobos Rodrigo A. , Haldar Justin P. 
Published: February 2022

PurposeMany MRI reconstruction methods (including GRAPPA, SPIRiT, ESPIRiT, LORAKS, and convolutional neural network [CNN] methods) involve shift‐invariant convolution models. Rectangular convolution kernel shapes are often chosen by default, although ellipsoidal kernel shapes have potentially appealing theoretical characteristics. In this work, we systematically investigate the differences between different kernel shape choices in several contexts.TheoryIt is well‐understood that a rectangular region of k‐space is associated with anisotropic spatial resolution, while ellipsoidal regions can be associated with more isotropic resolution. Further, for a fixed spatial resolution, ellipsoidal kernels are associated with substantially fewer parameters than rectangular kernels. These characteristics suggest that ellipsoidal kernels may have certain advantages over rectangular kernels.MethodsWe used real retrospectively undersampled k‐space data to empirically study the characteristics of rectangular and ellipsoidal kernels in the context of seven methods (GRAPPA, SPIRiT, ESPIRiT, SAKE, LORAKS, AC‐LORAKS, and CNN‐based reconstructions).ResultsEmpirical results suggest that both kernel shapes can produce reconstructed images with similar error metrics, although the ellipsoidal shape can often achieve this with reduced computation time and memory usage and/or fewer model parameters.ConclusionEllipsoidal kernel shapes may offer advantages over rectangular kernel shapes in various MRI applications.
Limited Utility of Early Life-History Indices for Predicting Yellow Perch Year-Class Strength in Eastern South Dakota Glacial Lakes
Authors: Dembkowski Daniel J. , Nelson Daniel T. , Wuellner Melissa R. , Blackwell Brian G. , Lucchesi David O. , Willis David W. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
We used a long-term data set (2000–2016) of larval, age-0 (juvenile), and age-2 Yellow Perch Perca flavescens catches from nine glacial lakes in eastern South Dakota to track multiple cohorts through time to determine whether year-class strength (measured as gill-net CPUE of age-2 fish) could be indexed at the larval or juvenile stage. We observed a strong relationship between larval and juvenile abundance (r = 0.78), but neither were related to abundance of the same cohort at age 2. Furthermore, categorical analyses suggested that some of the strongest age-2 year-classes corresponded with the lowest larval and juvenile catches and vice versa. Our assessment suggests that Yellow Perch year-class strength in eastern South Dakota glacial lakes may not be fixed until some point after the juvenile (i.e., fall age 0) stage and correspondingly that values for larval and juvenile CPUE are of limited utility as early indices of year-class strength for Yellow Perch. Before using abundance estimates at early life stages as measures of recruitment, researchers and managers should confirm that these estimates provide a meaningful index of abundance at adulthood or the point of recruitment to the fishery.
Characteristics of infantile convulsions and choreoathetosis syndrome caused by PRRT2 mutation
Authors: Deng Yaxian , Xu Juanyu , Yao Chunmei , Wang Lei , Dong Xiaohuan , Zhao Chengsong 
Published: February 2022

ABSTRACTImportanceInfantile convulsions and choreoathetosis (ICCA) is a rare neurological disorder. Many affected patients are either misdiagnosed or prescribed multiple antiepileptic drugs.ObjectiveTo explore therapeutic drug treatments and dosages for ICCA in children.MethodsDetailed clinical features (e.g., past medical history and family history), genetic features, and treatment outcomes were collected from the records of six patients with ICCA.ResultsMean age at paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) onset was 8 years 8 months (range, 3–12 years); the clinical presentation was characterized by daily short paroxysmal episodes of dystonia/dyskinesia. All patients had infantile convulsions at less than 1 year of age, and the mean onset age was 5.5 months (range, 4–7 months). Two patients had a family history of ICCA, PKD, or benign familial infantile epilepsy. Whole exome sequencing identified the c.649–650insC mutation in PRRT2 in six patients; three mutations were inherited and three were de novo. All patients were prescribed low‐dose carbamazepine and showed dramatic improvement with the complete disappearance of dyskinetic episodes after 3 days. They attended follow‐up for 5–17 months and were attack‐free until the final follow‐up.InterpretationPRRT2 mutations are the primary cause of ICCA. Low‐dose carbamazepine monotherapy is effective and well‐tolerated in children.
The functionalization of selected chemical agents on a polypropylene fiber and the study on the physical and anti‐bio‐fouling properties of the functionalized fibers
Authors: Saleh Naeemeh Sadat , Ostad Movahed Saeed , Attarbashi Fuzieh 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe functionalizing of a fiber surface by a chemical may alter the physical and biological properties of the fiber. The functionalization of a polypropylene fiber (PP) by selected monomers (1) acrylic acid (AA), (2) 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), (3) 2‐dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), and (4) methyl acrylate (MA) studied using two different ultraviolet (UV) irradiation techniques, simultaneous UV irradiation and functionalization (SUVF) and pre‐UV irradiation (PUV). Based on the measured grafting parameters, it found, the tendency of monomers for functionalizing on the PP surface was the highest for the AA and HEMA, and the lowest for the MA and DMAEMA for used SUVF and PUV techniques, respectively. The SEM micrographs showed the smooth surface of the PP fiber changed to a rough surface after functionalization. The functionalization also increased the crystallinity with little effect on melting point of the fiber. Except for the MA, functionalization increased the hydrophilic properties of the fiber. The PUV technique was more effective on the grafting degree % of the monomer than the SUVF technique for functionalized fibers with HEMA and MA. The biological experiments demonstrated the eligibility of AA as a favorable functionalizing agent for increasing the anti‐bio‐fouling properties of the studied PP fiber.
Attitudes and behaviors of physical activity in children: Findings from the Play, Lifestyle & Activity in Youth (PLAY) Questionnaire
Authors: Stracciolini Andrea , Berbert Laura , Nohelty Eric , Zwicker Rebecca , Weller Edie , Sugimoto Dai , Myer Gregory D. , Faigenbaum Avery D. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractBackgroundThe identified domains of child physical literacy include knowledge/understanding, behavior, motivation/confidence, and physical competency. Understanding physical literacy is critical to moving forward intervention efforts surrounding physical inactivity.ObjectivesTo investigate physical literacy domains by presenting responses to the Play, Lifestyle & Activity in Youth (PLAY) questionnaire and analyze the relationship between comparable questions in the child and parent sections.DesignCross‐sectional questionnaire study.SettingSuburban youth program, United States.Main Outcome MeasureParent and child responses to the PLAY questionnaire.ResultsQuestionnaire data were collected for 106 children 6‐11 years old and 91 parents. Children (93.3%, 83/91) reported enjoyment in physical education, despite 70% participation in physical education 0‐1 day/week. 66.6% (26/91) of children preferred active to passive play and played outside most days/week (5.0 median). Similarly, a high proportion of children (93.3%, 83/91) reported feeling that they physically performed similar to or higher than their peers and took ownership to improve motor competency versus taking a more passive approach. Most children (96.7%, 87/91) reported feeling happy when they were able to play sports/run around, enjoyed gym class (93.3%, 83/91), and reported feeling sad if they cannot play sports/run around during the day (75.6%, 68/91). Parents and children reported rules around screen time and bed time, and reinforced these rules often. Child and parent responses were associated for comparable questions about bedtime and screen‐time/media rules, moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity per day, sport camp preference, and play equipment use (Fisher's p = .051 screen time, p < .001 other questions).ConclusionsPLAY questionnaire internal validity showed agreement between comparable parent and child responses and an association for select comparable questions.
A van der Waals Ferroelectric Tunnel Junction for Ultrahigh‐Temperature Operation Memory
Authors: Tang Wenhui , Zhang Xiankun , Yu Huihui , Gao Li , Zhang Qinghua , Wei Xiaofu , Hong Mengyu , Gu Lin , Liao Qingliang , Kang Zhuo , Zhang Zheng , Zhang Yue 
Published: February 2022

AbstractFacing the constant scaling down and thus increasingly severe self‐heating effect, developing ultrathin and heat‐insensitive ferroelectric devices is essential for future electronics. However, conventional ultrathin ferroelectrics and most 2D ferroelectric materials (2DFMs) are not suitable for high‐temperature operation due to their low Curie temperature. Here, by using few‐layer α‐In2Se3, a special 2DFM with high Curie temperature, van der Waals (vdW) ferroelectric tunnel junction (FTJ) memories that deliver outstanding and reliable performance at both room and high temperatures are constructed. The vdW FTJs offer a large on/off ratio of 104at room temperature and still reveal excellent on/off ratio at an ultrahigh temperature of 470 K, which will fail down other 2DFMs. Moreover, long retention and reliable cyclic endurance at high temperature are achieved, showing robust thermal stability of the vdW FTJ memory. The observations of this work demonstrate an exciting promise of α‐In2Se3for reliable service in high temperature either from self‐heating or harsh environments.
Science teachers in research labs: Expanding conceptions of social dialogic dimensions of scientific argumentation
Authors: Chowning Jeanne T. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractArgumentation is a central epistemic process contributing to the generation, evaluation, and application of scientific knowledge. A key challenge for science educators and researchers is to understand how the important social and discursive (“social dialogic”) dimensions of argumentation can be implemented in learning environments. This study investigates how science educators learned about such argumentation through a professional development program at a scientific research center. The 13‐day program included 5‐days working in research laboratories with a mentor and observing scientific argumentation in context. Theoretically, this research draws on sociocultural frameworks to investigate the social dialogic dimensions of scientific argumentation. Methodologically, it examines the reflections of a cohort of 21 secondary science teachers as they observed argumentation in scientific research settings. It examines how research experiences for teachers can promote an understanding of the social dialogic dimensions of argumentation and to help teachers take up educational approaches that foster expansive argumentation practices. Teachers shared a heightened awareness of argumentation as a ubiquitous, embedded feature of authentic scientific activity; expanded ideas about forms, uses, and purposes of argumentation; and developed an understanding of how contexts for argumentation such as collaborative sensemaking and critique can help manage uncertainty and build knowledge. A year after their program participation, teachers recounted shifts in pedagogical practices, including desettling traditional classroom talk patterns, scaling back their epistemic authority, providing students with more agency and ownership of ideas, and recognizing the value of establishing a culture of community and collaboration. Findings highlight how professional development in research settings has the potential to broaden teachers' views of argumentation, with implications for secondary science teaching.
Preclinical Safety Assessment of Therapeutic Oligonucleotides
Authors: Andersson Patrik 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDuring the last decade, therapeutic oligonucleotide drugs (OND) have witnessed a tremendous development in chemistry and mechanistic understanding that have translated into successful clinical applications. Depending on the specific OND mechanism, chemistry, and design, the DMPK and toxicity properties can vary significantly between different OND classes and delivery approaches, the latter including lipid formulations or conjugation approaches to enhance productive OND uptake. At the same time, with the only difference between compounds being the nucleobase sequence, ONDs with same mechanism of action, chemistry, and design show relatively consistent behavior, allowing certain extrapolations between compounds within an OND class. This chapter provides a summary of the most common toxicities, the improved mechanistic understanding and the safety assessment activities performed for therapeutic oligonucleotides during the drug discovery and development process. Several of the considerations described for therapeutic applications should also be of value for the scientists mainly using oligonucleotides as research tools to explore various biological processes.