bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intervention in Small Principalities
Authors: Milton Patrick 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides the first detailed case-study of the series of military interventions in the principality of Nassau-Siegen in the early eighteenth century which resulted in the ruling prince being deposed from power, in part for the protection of his subjects. The conflict played out on several levels of the complex hierarchy of the Holy Roman Empire, including local and trans-regional networks of patronage and clientele and the Imperial district (Kreis) at the lower and intermediary levels, and the Emperor at the Imperial judiciary and the party of Protestant princes represented at the Reichstag at the higher level. It was an inner-dynastic conflict of sorts, between the different branches of the princely house of Nassau, and a marital dispute also played a part. It was related to a succession conflict over the Orange inheritance of William III. It was also a ruler-subjects conflict over excessive taxation and violent, arbitrary rule between the prince and his subjects. It was simultaneously a confessional conflict between the local Catholic authorities and the Protestant subjects of Catholic Nassau-Siegen along with their external supporters. Additionally, there was a three-way rivalry over competencies of intervention and capacities of enforced external administration, between the Kreis, the Emperor and the Imperial judiciary, and the Protestant princes of the Reichstag.
Intervention in Medium-Sized Principalities
Authors: Milton Patrick 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed case-study of the Hanoverian-led military intervention in the duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin on behalf of the local nobility which was being oppressed by the tyrannical duke in alliance with Russian tsar Peter the Great. This gave the case a greater degree of diplomatic and geopolitical salience than the other cases investigated so far. This was largely due to the broader context of the Great Northern War, the related alliance between the duke of Mecklenburg and Russia, the fact that the elector of Hanover as the chief intervener was simultaneously King George I of Great Britain, and the rivalry of Hanover and Brandenburg-Prussia in northern Germany. The Emperor’s political stance towards developments in the north also affected Vienna’s approach to the crisis and added a further set of relationships which influenced the case. The analysis will try to discern the normative basis of the motivations, aims, perceptions, and reactions of the involved and uninvolved parties in the case.
The Idea of the Book and the Creation of Literature
Authors: Orgel Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This book is about the intersection of literary history with the history of the book. Books have been, for several millennia, the material embodiment of knowledge and culture, an essential embodiment for any kind of knowledge involving texts. Texts, however, do not need to be books—they are not even necessarily written. The oldest poems were composed to be recited, and only written down centuries later. Much of the most famous poetry of the English Renaissance was composed to circulate in manuscript among a small social circle. Plays began as scripts for performance. What happens to a play when it becomes a book, to a collection of poems circulated among friends when it becomes a volume of sonnets? How do essays, plays, poems, stories, become Works? How is an author imagined?
Introduction
Authors: Orgel Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Books have been, for several millennia, the material embodiment of knowledge and culture, an essential embodiment for any kind of knowledge involving texts. Texts, however, do not need to be books—they are not even necessarily written. The oldest poems were composed to be recited, and only written down centuries later. When texts become books they are material objects, manufactured at a particular time and, however subsequently mediated by interpretation, embedded within that time. Literary interpretation, unless it disregards history entirely (which it often does), is at least partly a form of archeology.
Some Plays
Authors: Orgel Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Drama begins with a script, something written by hand, the work of a writer, not of a printer and publisher. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the text of a play in the theater was “the book of the play.” The actors did not receive the whole play, but only their parts with the cue lines. But the play was more than its book or a collection of parts: scripts are realized in performances; the performance is the play, and unlike its text, every iteration is different. Moreover, published quartos of plays are not simply reproductions of the script: to make a script publishable required an editor to standardize the presentation and adapt the play to an audience of readers rather than spectators. That editor would not necessarily, or usually, have been the author. The book is not the play.
Some Works
Authors: Orgel Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
How does a text become a “work”? When Ben Jonson placed his plays first in his volume of Workes, the response was surprise and some disapproval: plays were entertainments in the popular theater, not works, and those few that were published normally had no author’s name. Jonson’s Workes was a landmark volume, declaring that modern theater had the status of classics; and it served as the essential enabling precedent for grand volumes throughout the century: the two Beaumont and Fletcher folios, those of Thomas Killigrew and William Davenant, as well as for the most famous book in English, the Shakespeare folio in its four iterations.
Poetry and Drama
Authors: Orgel Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Why is classic drama in verse? The chapter considers the intersection of poetry and drama, focussing specifically on three major dramatists who were also poets, and how their two modes interact. How would Shakespeare’s career appear to us if his poems had been, from the beginning, thought of as an essential part of his works, if the first folio had been works instead of plays? The two contrasting examples are Marlowe and Jonson, two of the three greatest dramatists of Elizabethan/Jacobean England, who were also two of the greatest poets, and whose poetry has been, for subsequent ages, significantly related to their drama.
What Is a Book?
Authors: Orgel Stephen 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
When poems for circulation among private friends are reconceived as books they are transformed. The texts go from something private and personal to something public and processed, and the poems’ audience is extended both socially and temporally. When the scripts of plays become books their texts are no longer addressed solely to the actors engaged in preparing a performance but have become works for the study, and to return them to the stage involves a good deal of reprocessing. Before the nineteenth century, the text was not fixed by publication in the way it is for us. We consider the book the end of the creative process; but that is a very modern notion, and even now largely inaccurate. Throughout literary history—and for the most part even today—works have changed from edition to edition; and it has always been true that publication removes the text from the control of the author. The book’s transformations are obviously not limited to the early modern era, but are part of a continuous process as the nature of literacy itself changes: from tablet to scroll to codex, papyrus to parchment to paper, manuscript to printed book to electronic text.
Minority Governments in Spain
Authors: Field Bonnie N. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMinority governments are predominant in Spain. Spain had either single-party majority or minority governments between its transition to democracy in the mid-1970s until a minority coalition formed in 2020. This chapter examines why minority governments form, how they govern, and how well they perform in Spain. Regarding formation, contextual factors during the transition to democracy and historical legacies from the 1930s encouraged single-party minority governments in the early years of the new regime. Political actors also established institutions and practices to make single-party minority governments a viable governing formula. The formation, functioning, and performance of minority governments also intertwine with the relevance and nature of regional parties and the decentralized state. Regional parties have little interest in governing Spain, yet want to receive policy concessions, further state decentralization and political support to govern their regions. In addition to multilevel exchanges, the study examines the government’s majority-building strategies in parliament and the use of office-based concessions to allies. Finally, the chapter seeks to explain why Spain’s minority governments have often performed as well as their majority counterparts, and why recent minority governments have governed with greater difficulty. It highlights three factors: political institutions, the government’s partisan bargaining position, and the reconcilability of party goals.
Minority Governments in Italy
Authors: Giannetti Daniela 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to revisit Strøm’s pathbreaking analysis of minority governments thirty years after the radical changes in the electoral rules and the party system that have occurred in Italy since 1992. The chapter argues that the high frequency of minority governments in Italy in the period 1948–92 can be explained by a stable structure centered on the presence of a core party, while their subsequent sharp decrease—despite no change in the basic constitutional framework—is due to the disappearance of this stable structure. An implication of the analysis is that institutional variables—e.g. the presence of formal investiture rules or a strong committee system— per se do not explain the occurrence or lack of minority governments. The occasional formation of inter-electoral minority governments in post-1992 Italy is mainly due to intra-party politics effects, fostered by different electoral rules for electing the Chamber and the Senate. Analysis of the Italian case provides evidence for the hypothesis that minority cabinets do not differ substantially from their majoritarian counterparts in terms of duration and legislative effectiveness.
Comparative Conclusions on Minority Governments
Authors: Field Bonnie N. , Martin Shane 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This concluding chapter summarizes key findings from the thirteen cases that have formed the backbone of this volume, focusing on what we believe contribute to previously unresolved debates, unexplored or underexplored topics, and fruitful directions for further research in the study of minority governments. We revisit our three questions in light of the case studies: First, we explore why minority governments form, not least given the understanding that minimum—or minimal—winning governing coalitions are the expected outcome of legislative elections where no party wins a majority of seats. Second, reflecting a growing shift away from studying government formation in isolation from the governance stage of the parliamentary lifecycle (Bergman, Bäck, and Hellström 2021), we explore how minority governments operate once in office. Finally, and relatedly, we explore how minority governments perform, especially as they compare to periods of majority government in the respective country setting. While many aspects of our conventional understanding of minority governments are confirmed in the preceding chapters, this chapter also discusses how the country cases also challenge many established perspectives and bring forward heretofore neglected or discounted aspects of minority government formation, operation, and performance.
Economy
Authors: Watroba Karolina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers themes of money, class, ideology, tourism, and marketing as they relate to The Magic Mountain and its reception history. Diverse reading records are discussed, including two novels from the 1930s: Sanatorium Arktur by Konstantin Fedin, one of the founding fathers of socialist realism in Soviet Russia, and Der Zauberlehrling by Erich Kästner, who received a commission from the tourist board of Davos for an upbeat novel set in the town to counter the morbid association with tuberculosis supposedly propagated by The Magic Mountain. Fedin’s propagandistic text and Kästner’s commission are placed alongside other traces of engagement with the novel, ranging from records of a Davos summer school in the 1920s, where a discussion between Martin Heidegger and Ernst Cassirer encapsulated the divergence of continental and analytical philosophical traditions, to the inception of World Economic Forum meetings, and Gore Verbinski’s recent Hollywood horror film, A Cure for Wellness.
Emotions
Authors: Watroba Karolina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers themes of illness, suffering, heartbreak, marginalization, and entrapment in The Magic Mountain and its reception history. Three texts that showcase the productive ambiguities surrounding the culturally contested issue of emotional expression and melodramatic sensibility in Mann’s novel are analysed: A. E. Ellis’s The Rack (1958), a half-forgotten English novel, which once was included in the Penguin Modern Classics series; Haruki Murakami’s Norwegian Wood (1987), a global bestseller from Japan, which sold more than ten million copies worldwide; and Alice Munro’s short story ‘Amundsen’ (2012), published just a few months before the Canadian author was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. These three texts are contextualized through references to other reading records, from fan mail which Thomas Mann received from tubercular readers of The Magic Mountain to recent online accounts of reading the novel by people convalescing from complicated surgeries or suffering from terminal diseases.
Erudition
Authors: Watroba Karolina 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses themes of erudition, intellectualism, levity, reflection, and critique in The Magic Mountain and its reception history. It shows how scholars, writers, and readers have tried to delineate the boundaries of immersion in a literary work and argues that this issue is at the very heart of The Magic Mountain itself. Among other sources, a Goodreads forum where readers formed an online book club to read The Magic Mountain together is analysed to show that the novel was designed to make its reader feel like an intellectual imposter, but in the process the reader gets an exciting opportunity to dissect the cultural politics of erudition. This argument is developed with reference to three recent afterlives of The Magic Mountain that are sensitive to this issue: Paweł Huelle’s Polish novel Castorp (2004), Hayao Miyazaki’s Japanese animated film The Wind Rises (2013), and Paolo Sorrentino’s British/Italian film Youth (2015).
Robert Michels, Socialism, and Modernity
Authors: Bonnell Andrew G. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Robert Michels (1876−1936) is best known for his 1911 book Political Parties, which is still a standard reference in political science as a work that propounds an ‘iron law of oligarchy’ that governs the organizational evolution of democratic political parties. The work was closely informed by Michels’ engagement with the German Social Democratic Party in the early 1900s, but also by his involvement in radical politics in France and Italy in this period, and by his interest in a range of intellectual and social movements—including feminism, nationalism, racial theory, and the emerging disciplines of sociology and political science. This new study, using archival and printed sources hitherto overlooked in earlier works on Michels, presents a new interpretation of Michels’ intellectual evolution which contests previous arguments which have sought to explain Michels as a disillusioned adherent of ideas of direct democracy or as an extremist moving from revolutionary syndicalism to fascism. The biographical and intellectual influences on Michels are shown to be more complex, and more transnational, than such schematic explanations have allowed.
Introduction
Authors: Bonnell Andrew G. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The Introduction sets the scene for this study of Michels by pointing to the continuing interest in him, and the perception of the continued relevance of his 1911 magnum opus on Political Parties and Michels’ argument for the ‘iron law of oligarchy’. The Introduction briefly surveys the main lines of the existing literature on Michels, and points to the need for a broader understanding of the range of intellectual influences to which Michels was exposed between 1900 and 1910. The Introduction also briefly sketches some of the complex and diverse intellectual networks to which Michels was connected in this period, across a number of countries. Finally, the Introduction sets out the chapter structure of the present volume.
Robert Michels, a Career
Authors: Bonnell Andrew G. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief biographical overview of Robert Michels’ career, which provides a perspective to enable the reader to find their way more easily through the more thematic chapters. The chapter traces Michels’ education and early academic career plans, his love of Italy and sense of affinity with the Italian people, and his transition from socialist activist in Germany, with connections with socialists and left syndicalists in Italy and France, to someone seeking to establish a career in the emerging discipline of social science. In this context, Michels’ relations with Max Weber and Werner Sombart, and his involvement in the Archiv für Sozialwissenschaft und Sozialpolitik, were of particular importance. Once Michels succeeded in getting an academic post at the University of Turin, he was also increasingly influenced by Italian elite theory, as espoused by Mosca and Pareto. The chapter finally turns to Michels’ conversion to fascism, while arguing that this evolution was not as simple or pre-determined as earlier scholarship has sometimes suggested.
Michels and the Modern
Authors: Bonnell Andrew G. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Robert Michels did not engage in a systematic, theoretical way with processes of modernization or the phenomenon of modernity, in the way that Weber did with his concepts of rationalization and the disenchantment of the world. However, underlying Michels’ writings is a strong sense that he is taking part in dynamic changes associated with modernity. What strikes a reader of Michels is, firstly, the frequency with which he uses the word ‘modern’ and its derivatives, and secondly, the overwhelmingly positive valuation with which he invests the term. A core element of Michels’ critique of the imperial German state was its retention of anachronistic and feudal elements into the twentieth century. Here, Michels’ formulations prefigure the terms of the later debate over the German Sonderweg (special path of development and flawed modernization). His revolt against the conservative order of imperial Germany also reflected elements of the generational youth revolt of the period around 1900.
The Institution of Nature
Authors: Mantovani Mattia 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
This chapter considers Descartes’s theory that brain states are ‘instituted by nature’ to bring about certain mental states. By this means Descartes intended to account for the mismatch between what bodies are—nothing but ‘extended things’—and how we perceive them to be. The chapter spells out this theory by studying its evolution through Descartes’s writings and its relation to the Scholastic background. It suggests that Descartes’s theory of an ‘institution of nature’ should be understood as a response to Antonio Rubio’s claim that species are ‘naturally designed’ to cause perceivers to assimilate the object’s form. With his theory of an ‘institution of nature’, the chapter argues, Descartes intended to shift the explanation of why perceivers have certain sense perceptions from external objects to the perceivers themselves, thereby making a case for the peculiar human character of our sense experience and paving the way for a species-dependent account of perception.
What Is It Like to Be a Material Thing?
Authors: Chamberlain Colin 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Henry More argues that materialism cannot explain how a single subject or perceiver can have multiple perceptions simultaneously, as, for example, when we see, hear, and smell at once. In response, Margaret Cavendish appeals to the mind or rational matter—terms she often uses interchangeably—to explain the integration of sensory input from multiple senses in her materialist framework. When rational matter integrates perceptions across modalities, different parts share their knowledge so that they all come to perceive alike. When rational parts successfully communicate their knowledge, each part knows what all the others know. They pool their knowledge; they perceive alike. When someone hears, sees, and tastes, each part of her mind hears, sees, and tastes alike, in parallel and in unison. The Cavendishian mind, in short, approximates simplicity by achieving uniformity or homogeneity of perceptions across its parts.
Spinoza on the Fear of Solitude
Authors: Sharp Hasana 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Spinoza is widely understood to criticize the role that fear plays in political life. Yet, in the Political Treatise, he maintains that everyone desires civil order due to a basic and universal fear of solitude. This chapter argues that Spinoza represents the fear of solitude as both a civilizing passion and as an affect that needs to be amplified and encouraged. The turbulence of social and political life makes solitude attractive, but isolation undermines the conditions of human power. Although it may seem uncontroversial to understand isolation as something to avoid in political life, this chapter argues that Spinoza deflates the appeal of la vita solitaria even for philosophers and those seeking ethical perfection.
Cudworthian Consciousness
Authors: Leisinger Matthew A. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Ralph Cudworth’s The True Intellectual System of the Universe (1678) is credited with introducing the English word ‘consciousness’ into the philosophical lexicon. This chapter argues, however, that Cudworth distinguishes two kinds of consciousness in his (largely published) freewill manuscripts, which I term ‘bare consciousness’ and ‘reflective consciousness’. The difference is that, while each involves the soul’s reflection upon itself, Cudworth thinks that bare consciousness is always directed toward individual cogitations; reflective consciousness, by contrast, is the kind of consciousness that the soul achieves through reflection upon itself as a whole. Cudworth thus takes reflective consciousness to introduce a unity into our experience that is not present at the level of bare consciousness.