bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of the effect of therapeutic drug monitoring on patient health outcomes during treatment with penicillins
Authors: Luxton Timothy , King Natalie , Wälti Christoph , Jeuken Lars , Sandoe Jonathan 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Background
Dosing regimens guided by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) may be able to improve penicillin exposure in patients, which could result in improved patient health outcomes.

Objectives
This systematic review aims to describe the impact penicillin TDM has on health outcomes, including antimicrobial resistance (AMR).

Methods
Studies measuring penicillins in patient samples that adjusted regimens according to the result, and reported health outcomes were selected. Study bias was assessed according to study type. Included study characteristics were tabulated and described by narrative synthesis.

Results
Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 16 cohort studies, and 9 case studies were included. No RCTs showed statistically significant improvements in health outcomes. Five cohort studies showed improvement in at least one health outcome associated with target attainment. However, there was a high risk of bias in all studies for health outcomes. One study assessed the impact of penicillin TDM on AMR and found that improved target attainment was associated with suppression of resistance. No studies found a detrimental effect of penicillin TDM.

Conclusions
There is little evidence to suggest that TDM improves health outcomes, however neither health outcomes nor impact on AMR were adequately addressed. Variations in TDM implementation meant that a meta-analysis was not suitable. Penicillin TDM needs standardization, however there is currently no clear evidence of optimal conditions. Suitably powered studies are required to resolve the ambiguity surrounding the impact of TDM on clinical outcomes, including AMR. Further, standardized protocols and concentration targets need to be identified for TDM to be implemented successfully.
Democratic Consequences of Incidental Exposure to Political Information: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Nanz Andreas , Matthes Jörg 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
In the last two decades, communication research dedicated substantial attention to the effects of incidental exposure (IE) to political information. In this meta-analysis, we analyzed the relationship of IE and five outcomes relevant for democracies. Including 106 distinct samples with more than 100,000 respondents, we observed positive cross-sectional relationships between IE and news use, political knowledge, political participation, expressive engagement, and political discussion. These effects shrink substantially but remain significant for panel studies. While we found a stronger relationship with knowledge for experiments compared to surveys, the relationship between IE and discussion and participation was not significant for experiments. Overall, findings suggest that IE matters, but its effects are smaller and more nuanced than previously thought. Also, the effects of IE are strongest when there is congruence between the exposure setting and the outcome setting. We discuss theoretical and methodological implications for IE research and the field at large.
An Extremely Streamlined Macronuclear Genome in the Free-Living Protozoan Fabrea salina
Authors: Zhang Bing , Hou Lina , Qi Hongli , Hou Lingling , Zhang Tiancheng , Zhao Fangqing , Miao Miao 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ciliated protists are among the oldest unicellular organisms with a heterotrophic lifestyle and share a common ancestor with Plantae. Unlike any other eukaryotes, there are two distinct nuclei in ciliates with separate germline and somatic cell functions. Here, we assembled a near-complete macronuclear genome of Fabrea salina, which belongs to one of the oldest clades of ciliates. Its extremely minimized genome (18.35 Mb) is the smallest among all free-living heterotrophic eukaryotes and exhibits typical streamlined genomic features, including high gene density, tiny introns, and shrinkage of gene paralogs. Gene families involved in hypersaline stress resistance, DNA replication proteins, and mitochondrial biogenesis are expanded, and the accumulation of phosphatidic acid may play an important role in resistance to high osmotic pressure. We further investigated the morphological and transcriptomic changes in the macronucleus during sexual reproduction and highlighted the potential contribution of macronuclear residuals to this process. We believe that the minimized genome generated in this study provides novel insights into the genome streamlining theory and will be an ideal model to study the evolution of eukaryotic heterotrophs.
A Content Analysis of Police Shared Service Agreements
Authors: Mazeika David M 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
New Jersey, like the nation, is home to many small police departments that may be incapable of providing the level and type of services required by 21st century policing. In total, 26 municipalities in the state contract services with a larger local department. The study provides the first systematic analysis of police shared service agreement contracts in New Jersey across seven features: services and division of services, term of contract, cost and cost adjustments, early termination, and chain of command. The goal is to highlight the frequency and range of clauses included in these documents, to identify the responsibilities of the provider and receiver, to identify features that make contracts more or less palatable for the public, and to make recommendations for those parties interested in entering or renewing a shared service contract.
Automated quantification system predicts survival in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease
Authors: Oh Ju Hyun , Kim Grace Hyun J , Cross Gary , Barnett Joseph , Jacob Joseph , Hong Seokchan , Song Jin Woo 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objective
The prognosis of RA-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is difficult to predict because of the variable clinical course. This study aimed to determine the prognostic value of an automated quantification system (AQS) in RA-ILD.

Methods
We retrospectively analysed the clinical data and high-resolution CT (HRCT) images of 144 patients with RA-ILD. Quantitative lung fibrosis (QLF, sum of reticulation and traction bronchiectasis) and ILD [QILD; sum of QLF, honeycombing (QHC), and ground-glass opacity (QGG)] scores were measured using the AQS.

Results
The mean age was 61.2 years, 43.8% of the patients were male, and the 5-year mortality rate was 30.5% (median follow-up, 52.2 months). Non-survivors showed older age, higher ESR and greater AQS scores than survivors. In multivariable Cox analysis, higher QLF, QHC and QILD scores were independent prognostic factors along with older age and higher ESR. In receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis, the QLF score showed better performance in predicting 5-year mortality than the QHC and QGG scores but was similar to the QILD score. Patients with high QLF scores (≥12% of total lung volume) showed higher 5-year mortality (50% vs 17.4%, P &lt; 0.001) than those with low QLF scores and similar survival outcome to patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Combining with clinical variables (age, ESR) further improved the performance of QLF score in predicting 5-year mortality.

Conclusion
QLF scores might be useful for predicting prognosis in patients with RA-ILD. High QLF scores differentiate a poor prognostic phenotype similar to IPF.
Impact of remission and low disease activity on health-related quality of life in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Emamikia Sharzad , Oon Shereen , Gomez Alvaro , Lindblom Julius , Borg Alexander , Enman Yvonne , Morand Eric , Grannas David , van Vollenhoven Ronald F , Nikpour Mandana , Parodis Ioannis 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the impact of remission and lupus low disease activity state (LLDAS) on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Methods
Short-Form 36 (SF-36), three-level EQ-5D (EQ-5D-3L) and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy (FACIT)-Fatigue data from the BLISS-52 (NCT00424476) and BLISS-76 (NCT00410384) trials were used. Duration in remission/LLDAS required to reach a HRQoL benefit ≥ minimal clinically important differences (MCIDs) during and post-treatment was determined using quantile regression and generalized estimating equations.

Results
Patients (n = 1684) were assessed every fourth week (15 visits). Four cumulative (β = 0.60) or four consecutive (β = 0.66) visits in remission were required to achieve a benefit ≥MCID in SF-36 physical component summary (PCS) scores, and six cumulative (β = 0.44) or five consecutive (β = 0.49) for a benefit ≥MCID in mental component summary (MCS) scores. Eight cumulative (β = 0.30 for both) or eight consecutive (β = 0.32 for both) visits in LLDAS were required for a benefit in PCS/MCS ≥MCID, respectively. For EQ-5D-3L index scores ≥MCID, six cumulative (β = 0.007) or five consecutive (β = 0.008) visits in remission were required, and eight cumulative (β = 0.005) or six consecutive (β = 0.006) visits in LLDAS. For FACIT-Fatigue scores ≥MCID, 12 cumulative (β = 0.34) or 10 consecutive (β = 0.39) visits in remission were required, and 17 cumulative (β = 0.24) or 16 consecutive (β = 0.25) visits in LLDAS.

Conclusion
Remission and LLDAS contribute to a HRQoL benefit in a time-dependent manner. Shorter time in remission than in LLDAS was required for a clinically important benefit in HRQoL, and longer time in remission for a benefit in mental compared with physical HRQoL aspects. When remission/LLDAS was sustained, the same benefit was achieved in a shorter time.
Combination Treatment by Cross-Union of the Tibia and Fibula, Autogenic Iliac Bone Grafting, Reliable Fixation and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins for the Treatment of Refractory Congenital Pseudarthrosis of the Tibia
Authors: Wu Chunxing , Zheng Guizhou , Wang Dahui , Paley Dror , Ning Bo 
Published: March 2022

Background:
The treatment of congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) remains a challenge because of the difficulties of achieving and maintaining bone union, as well as complications of joint deformity and limb-length discrepancy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of cross-union of the tibia and fibula in achieving union and preventing refracture for patients with refractory CPT as a complementary approach to improve upon conventional surgical treatments.

Methods:
A retrospective study including patients with refractory CPT who attended our department between June 2014 and August 2020. Eighteen CPT patients, who had sustained refracture that required cast immobilization or secondary surgery, and were managed by pseudarthrosis resection, cross-union of the tibia and fibula, bone morphogenetic protein-2 and autogenous iliac bone grafting, were included. Clinical outcomes of the bone union rate and the frequency of refracture after performing cross-union of the tibia and fibula were assessed during the follow-up period.

Results:
The mean follow-up period was 4.3 years (range: 1.5 to 6.25 y). The mean age of the patients at surgery was 5.4 years (range: 2.6 to 10 y), and all 18 (100%) of the 18 patients had final healing at the site of pseudarthrosis. The average time spent to achieve radiologic bone union of the pseudarthrosis after operation was 2.96 months (range: 2.2 to 4.1 mo). Two (11.1%) patients had an average 2.5 cm limb-length discrepancy, none (0%) sustained refracture which needed cast immobilization or secondary surgery. Patients were all pain-free and move actively.

Conclusions:
Cross-union of the tibia and fibula is a promising complementary procedure for treating refractory CPT patients.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—case series.
A Pilot Study of the Effects of Swimming Goggles on Meibomian Glands
Authors: Thomas De Jesus Melinda , Paugh Jerry R. , van de Pol Corina , Sasai Alan , Ridder William R. , Nguyen Andrew Loc 
Published: March 2022

Objectives:
This study evaluated whether swimming goggle wear contributes to meibomian gland (MG) atrophy or functional change.

Methods:
Subjects included minimal goggle wear experience (normal subjects) and maximal goggle wear experience (competitive swimmers). Principal outcome measures were meiboscore and percent MG area remaining percent gland area remaining [PGAR]). Clinical tests included symptoms, tear meniscus height, lipid layer thickness, fluorescein tear breakup time, corneal and conjunctival staining, lower lid margin signs, gland secretion quality, Schirmer I, and meibography.

Results:
Forty-two age-matched, and sex-matched subjects completed the study (25 normal subjects and 17 goggle-wearing swimmers). Tear breakup time was significantly shorter in goggle wearers (P=0.016, Mann–Whitney U). Differences in meibography, symptoms, and other clinical dry eye workup parameters were not statistically significant (all P values >0.05). Regression analysis indicated that sex, tear breakup time, and meiboscore statistically impacted PGAR.

Conclusions:
There was no apparent difference in MG morphology and function between goggle-wearing swimmers and nongoggle-wearing control subjects in this study sample. Although swimming goggles have been documented as having adverse effects on the periorbital tissues, mechanical forces from long-term swimming goggle wear may not impact MG morphology or function. The tarsal plate likely plays a protective role for the MGs from external mechanical friction from swimming goggles.
Clinical Response to PI3K-α Inhibition in a Cohort of Children and Adults With PIK3CA-Related Overgrowth Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Raghavendran Prashant , Albers Sharon E. , Phillips James D. , Zarnegar-Lumley Sara , Borst Alexandra J. 
Published: March 2022

Objective:
The goal of this report is to describe, through a series of 5 cases, the clinical response and safety of alpelisib (BYL719) use in children and adults with PIK3CA-related overgrowth spectrum (PROS) disorders at our center.

Methods:
We reviewed clinical records of 5 patients from October 2019 through September 2021 followed by the pediatric hematology and multidisciplinary vascular anomalies teams at the Monroe Carell Jr. Children’s Hospital at Vanderbilt (MCJCHV). All patients carried a clinical or genetic diagnosis of PROS and were treated with alpelisib provided by a Novartis managed access program.

Results:
We highlight improvement in reported symptoms, objective overgrowth measurements, and quality of life to varying degrees in all patients. We note dose-dependent hyperglycemia and gastrointestinal side effects in 2 of the 5 patients. No patients experienced any serious side effects.

Conclusion:
This case series reports on the real-world use of PI3K-α inhibition in the management of PROS. Ongoing clinical trials will provide efficacy and safety data as these drugs become more widely used in patients with vascular anomalies and syndromes secondary to somatic PIK3CA mutations.
Trauma and pain sensitization in youth with chronic pain
Authors: Janssen Joel , Abou-Assaly Elias , Rasic Nivez , Noel Melanie , Miller Jillian Vinall 
Published: March 2022

Abstract

Introduction:
Chronic pain (pain lasting ≥3 months) co-occurs with internalizing mental health issues, such as posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), at high rates in youth. The mechanisms underlying these relationships remain unclear. Posttraumatic stress symptoms, including re-experiencing (eg, intrusive memories), alterations in cognition and mood, hyperarousal, and avoidance could lead to altered neuronal processing, pain sensitization, and greater reports of pain. However, the relationships between PTSS and pain sensitization in youth with chronic pain are not known.

Methods:
Youth (n = 165) aged 10 to 18 years were recruited from outpatient multidisciplinary chronic pain programs. Symptoms of PTSS were assessed using psychometrically sound questionnaires. Youth also underwent a cold-pressor task, the most commonly used experimental pain induction technique. During this task, they reported on their expected pain, actual pain intensity, and pre- and post-state pain catastrophizing. Their pain threshold was recorded. A multivariate general linear model was used to examine the relationships between PTSS, ratings of pain intensity, state pain catastrophizing, and pain threshold, controlling for age, gender, ethnicity, anxiety, and depressive symptoms.

Results:
Higher PTSS were associated with greater pain thresholds (P = 0.03) and higher pre- and post-state pain catastrophizing (P ≤ 0.05).

Conclusions:
Individuals with higher PTSS may avoid or dissociate from pain-inducing stimuli, thus leading to higher pain thresholds. However, individuals with higher PTSS also tend to catastrophize prior to and following exposure to pain. Avoidant and pain catastrophizing behaviors may serve to perpetuate chronic pain conditions. Future research is needed to determine how PTSS are related to pain sensitization prior to the development of chronic pain in at-risk youth.
Transfer of Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy Attending Primary Health Care Services in South Africa
Authors: Odayar Jasantha , Chi Benjamin H. , Phillips Tamsin K. , Mukonda Elton , Hsiao Nei-Yuan , Lesosky Maia , Myer Landon 
Published: March 2022

Background:
Patients stable on antiretroviral therapy (ART) may require transfer between health care facilities to maintain continuous care, yet data on the frequency, predictors, and virologic outcomes of transfers are limited.

Methods:
Data for all viral load (VL) testing at public sector health facilities in the Western Cape Province (2011–2018) were obtained. Participant inclusion criteria were a first VL between 2011 and 2013, age >15 years at ART initiation, and >1 VL within 5 years of ART initiation, of which ≥1 was at a primary health care facility. Two successive VLs taken at different facilities indicated a transfer. We assessed predictors of transfer using generalized estimating equations with Poisson regression and the association between transfer and subsequent VL> 1000 copies/mL using generalized mixed effects.

Results:
Overall 84,814 participants (median age at ART initiation 34 years and 68% female) were followed up for up to 4.5 years after their first VL: 34% (n = 29,056) transferred at least once, and among these, 26% transferred twice and 11% transferred thrice or more. Female sex, age <30 years, and first VL > 1000 copies/mL were independently associated with an increased rate of transfer [adjusted rate ratio 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.21 to 1.26; 1.34, 95% CI: 1.31 to 1.36; and 1.42, 95% CI: 1.38 to 1.45, respectively]. Adjusting for age, sex, and disengagement, transfer was associated with an increased relative odds of VL > 1000 copies/mL (odds ratio 1.35, 95% CI: 1.29 to 1.42).

Conclusions:
Approximately one-third of participants transferred and virologic outcomes were poor post-transfer. Stable patients who transfer may require additional support to maintain adherence.
The retirement-health puzzle: Breathe a sigh of relief at retirement?
Authors: Okamoto Shohei , Kobayashi Erika 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObjectivesWhile the health effects of retirement have been well studied, existing findings remain inconclusive, and the mechanisms underlying the linkage between retirement and health are unclear. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of retirement on health and its potential mediators.MethodsUsing a national household survey conducted annually from 2004 to 2019 in Japan (the Japan Household Panel Survey), we evaluated the effects of retirement among Japanese men aged 50 or older on their health, in addition to other outcomes that could be attributed to health changes associated with retirement (i.e. health behaviours, psychological well-being, time use for unpaid activities, and leisure activities). As outcomes are not measured every year, we analysed 5,794–10,682 person-year observations by 975–1,469 unique individuals. To address the potential endogeneity of retirement, we adopted an instrumental variable fixed-effects approach based on policy changes in pension-eligible ages for employee pensions.ResultsWe found that retirement improved psychological well-being, exercise habits, and time spent on unpaid work. The psychological benefits of retirement were no longer observed for longer durations after retirement, whereas healthy habits and unpaid activities continued. Moreover, health-related improvements after retirement occurred mostly in the higher-income group.DiscussionEnhancement in personal quality of life owing to increased leisure time and stress reduction from work in addition to life style changes may be key to understanding the health benefits of retirement. Considering the mechanisms behind retirement–health relationships and potential heterogeneous effects is essential for healthy retirement lives when increasing the retirement age.HighlightsIn line with theories, previous studies report mixed results on effects of retirement on health.Empirical evidence on mechanisms underlying the linkage between retirement and health is scarce.Retirement effects on health and potential mediators are evaluated by a quasi-experimental approach.Retirement improves psychological well-being, exercise habits, time spent on unpaid work, and satisfaction with leisure.Health-related improvements after retirement occur mostly in the higher-income group.
Estimating the burden of foodborne gastroenteritis due to nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica, Shigella and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in China
Authors: Li Yan-Jun , Yang Yun-Fan , Zhou Yi-Jing , Zhang Rong-Hua , Liu Cheng-Wei , Liu Hong , Li Xiu-Gui , Chen Wen , Chen Yan , Wu Yong-Ning 
Published: March 2022

AbstractTo estimate the incidence of foodborne gastroenteritis caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica, Shigella, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in China, population surveys and sentinel hospital surveillance were implemented in six provinces from July 2010 to July 2011, and a multiplier calculation model for the burden of disease was constructed. The multiplier for salmonellosis and V. parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis was estimated at 4,137 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2,320–5,663], and for shigellosis at 4,356 (95% CI 2,443–5,963). Annual incidence per 100,000 population was estimated as 245 (95% CI 138–336), 67 (95% CI 38–92), and 806 (95% CI 452–1,103) for foodborne salmonellosis, shigellosis, and V. parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis, respectively, indicating that foodborne infection caused by these three pathogens constitutes an important burden to the Chinese healthcare system. Continuous implementation of active surveillance of foodborne diseases, combined with multiplier models to estimate disease burden, makes it possible for us to better understand food safety status in China.