bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Case of M/S Józef Conrad and Law of Air Warfare During the Vietnam War
Authors: Piątkowski Mateusz 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
On the 20th of December 1972, the Polish-flagged merchant vessel M/S Józef Conrad, anchored in the North Vietnam port of Haiphong, was hit by an air-delivered projectile in the Linebacker ii air campaign, also referred to as the ‘Christmas bombing’. The attack caused both loss of life and health among Polish sailors, and destroyed the ship itself. In 2020, the Polish Commissioner for Human Rights submitted a formal petition to the executive branch of the Polish government, highlighting that despite the fact that the act was a violation of the iccpr and udhr, neither legal actions nor diplomatic efforts were later undertaken on behalf of the victims. The statement of the High Commisioner did not examine the bombardment from the perspective of the law of air warfare, which is a pivotal precondition to determine the wrongfulness of the act in the light of international law.
Improving Coherence between Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction through Formal and Informal International Lawmaking
Authors: Natoli Tommaso 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Resolutions and other key documents adopted in the last few years by the international community provide that greater coherence and integration between law and policies on climate change adaptation (cca) and disaster risk reduction (drr) can lead to more efficient use of available resources, and more effective action in reducing human vulnerabilities and exposure to climate and disaster risks. Moving from the analytical background provided by the ‘informal international law’ theory (in-law), the purpose of this study is to evaluate how the combination of formal and informal law-making processes affects the coherent implementation of different normative instruments defining the current global agenda on climate risk governance. Normative developments in three different institutional contexts (the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; the UN Office for Disaster Risk Reduction – ‘Sendai system’; and the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement) will be assessed, in light of recent developments on the drafting, endorsement and implementation of relevant normative instruments. The analysis will be corroborated by references to the effects that greater synergies between these frameworks can generate at the regional and domestic levels, as demonstrated by evidence collected in three different countries (Fiji, the Philippines, and Dominica) between 2019 and 2021.
In the Spirit of His Time
Authors: Hila Janice 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Jung’s conception, his articulation, and his relationship to the anima and animus and then more current thoughts and relationships to them, a deeper understanding of the archetype and its future manifestations in the unconscious are examined. When one considers how Jung developed his theory of the anima and animus and the gender-bias that he demonstrates in his articulation of the concept, one can understand why the concept was then, and continues to be, difficult to grasp. Jung was a product of his time and so it is with the changes in gender roles and the rise in awareness of the LGBTQ community that new ideas are surfacing about how to view the archetypes of anima and animus. Within this research, Hillman and other post-Jungian theorists lend their opinions and elucidations of the anima/animus archetype with major revisions and questions raised for consideration. Connections between contemporary gender issues are addressed, especially feminism and transgenderism. Questions for further research and consideration such as the relationship between psychic reality, biological reality, and neurological reality and the relationships between the individual unconscious and the collective unconscious in relation to gender are posed. To conclude, Jung seems to have moved into a place of greater wisdom and relation to his unconscious material over the course of his life, perhaps signalling future relations between anima and animus, i.e. the inner other gendered archetype, in both individuals and society.
Remembrance of the Ottoman Occupation
Authors: Pap Norbert , Reményi Péter , Kákai László , Glied Victor , Szalai Gábor , Kitanics Máté 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Buildings of the burial complex of Suleiman the Magnificent were excavated between 2015–2019 in Szigetvár. This paper investigates why, despite the traditional anti-Muslim sentiments in the local community, the FIDESZ-KDNP failed to turn the Suleiman story into local political success after the 2015 migration crisis, during a period of extensive anti-Muslim campaigning. This analyses focuses on the opportunities, challenges and concerns of the creation of a Muslim pilgrimage site and cultural tourism attraction based on the death place of the Ottoman emperor. The Muslim rule in the early modern period has left deep memorial traces on Hungary. Despite the superficial similarities, opinions about Muslims in Szigetvár are more complex than in the wider Hungarian public and are influenced by acts of reconciliation and economic considerations. Results of a deep empirical research are presented on local identity and Muslim related sentiments in this paper.
From the Western Front to the Heights of Ankara
Authors: Akyüz Doruk 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The Defence in Depth tactical doctrine was developed by the German Army during the First World War in order to overcome the increasing French and British offensive capability on the Western Front. This article attempts to analyse how the Turkish High Command accepted and implemented the German Defence in Depth doctrine as a guiding principle during the defensive and pivotal Battle of Sakarya (1921) as a part of the 1919–1922 war with Greece. Despite the sudden change of tactical doctrine and lack of experience, the Turkish Army successfully employed it, and the new tactics proved instrumental in the Turkish victory. Although the Germans designed this concept for trench warfare, the Battle of Sakarya proved that it could also be applied, with some modification, to a war of manoeuvre.
Intercountry Adoption Is a Child Protection Measure
Authors: van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Bakermans-Kranenburg Marian J. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In their article on ‘Investigating historical abuses’ Yannick Balk, Georg Frerks and Beatrice de Graaf (2022) present an applied history of intercountry adoption to the Netherlands over the past 70 years and conclude that a moratorium on intercountry adoption is necessary because of the many adoption abuses. In this paper we comment on their aims, methods, results, and conclusions. Applied historical analysis without considering the numerous empirical studies on the effects of (de-)institutionalization is problematic if the application is to impact policy. Furthermore, using inaccessible archival material and opaque triangulation hinders replication. An estimate of the overall frequency of adoption abuses is absent. Any adoption abuse is a serious violation of children’s rights and needs to be addressed. However, we argue that their findings do not necessitate the recommendation to (temporarily) stop intercountry adoption at the expense of children in institutions for whom intercountry adoption would be the last resort.
Compact Continuous Wave Radar for Water Level Monitoring
Authors: Guan Shanyue , Bridge Jennifer A. , Davis Justin R. , Li Changzhi 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
There is a demand for noncontact, high-accuracy, high-spatial-resolution, wireless sensing technologies for various water level and coastal monitoring applications. This paper presents a low-cost, compact, easily configurable interferometry radar for noncontact water level monitoring, including its hardware design, signal processing algorithms, and wireless communication strategies. Interferometry radar measures distance by comparing the phase lag between reflected and transmitted signals. Water level measurements using this approach have been demonstrated in a solitary wave laboratory experiment, a field deployment observing wave run-up near Ponte Vedra, Florida, and a field deployment observing waves and tides in the Sparkill Creek located in Piermont, New York. The experimental results from the radars with millimeter-level accuracy have been compared with reference sensors and demonstrate the potential of continuous wave radar for water level observations.
Observations of the Discrete Propagation of a Mesoscale Convective System during RELAMPAGO–CACTI
Authors: Lombardo Kelly , Kumjian Matthew R. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
During the early morning hours of 5 November 2018, a mature mesoscale convective system (MCS) propagated discretely over the second-most populous province of Argentina, Córdoba Province, during the Remote Sensing of Electrification, Lightning, and Mesoscale/Microscale Processes with Adaptive Ground Observations–Cloud, Aerosol, and Complex Terrain Interactions (RELAMPAGO–CACTI) joint field campaigns. Storm behavior was modified by the Sierras de Córdoba, a north–south-oriented regional mountain chain located in the western side of the province. Here, we present observational evidence of the discrete propagation event and the impact of the mountains on the associated physical processes. As the mature MCS moved northeastward and approached the windward side of the mountains, isolated convective cells developed downstream in the mountain lee, 20–50 km ahead of the main convective line. Cells were initiated by an undular bore, which formed as the MCS cold pool moved over the mountain ridge and perturbed the leeside nocturnal, low-level stable layer. The field of isolated cells organized into a new MCS, which continued to move northeastward, while the parent storm decayed as it traversed the mountains. Only the southern portion of the storm propagated discretely, due to variability in mountain height along the chain. In the north, taller mountain peaks prevented the MCS cold pool from moving over the terrain and perturbing the stable layer. Consequently, no bore was generated, and no discrete propagation occurred in this region. To the south, the MCS cold pool was able to traverse the lower-relief mountains, and the discrete propagation was successful.
Mechanism of MJO-Modulated Triggering on the Rainy Season Onset over the Indian Subcontinent
Authors: Xie Jinhui , Hsu Pang-Chi , Ray Pallav , Li Kuiping , Yu Weidong 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
As rainfed agriculture remains India’s critical source of livelihood, improving our understanding of rainy season onset timing in the region is of great importance for a better prediction. Using a new gridded dataset of rainy season characteristics, we found a clear phase relationship between the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and the onset timing of the rainy season over the Indian subcontinent. A significantly high probability of rainy season onset is observed when the MJO convection stays over the western-central Indian Ocean. On the other hand, the rainy season onset is infrequent when the MJO is over the Maritime Continent and western Pacific. The MJO-associated convective instability with anomalous warm and moist air in the lower troposphere appears and grows during the period 10 days prior to the onset of rainy season, and drops substantially after the start of rainy season, suggesting its role as a trigger of rainy season onset. In contrast, the low-frequency background state (LFBS) with a period > 90 days favors a convectively unstable stratification even after the onset of the rainy season, supporting the succeeding precipitation during the entire rainy season. Based on the scale-decomposed moisture budget diagnosis, we further found that the key processes inducing the abrupt transition from a dry to a wet condition come mainly from two processes: 1) convergence of LFBS moisture by MJO-related circulation perturbations and 2) advection of MJO moisture anomalies by the background cross-equatorial flow toward the Indian subcontinent. The results may help provide a better and longer lead-time prediction of the rainy season onset over the Indian subcontinent.
Perceptions of Gender Disparities in Access to Surgical Care in Malawi: A Community Based Survey
Authors: Reid Trista , Kincaid Jennifer , Shrestha Riju , Strassle Paula D. , Maine Rebecca , Charles Anthony , Gallaher Jared , Manjolo Mphatso , Gondwe Jotham , Wren Sherry M. 
Published: May 2022

Background Gender disparities in surgical care exist but have been minimally studied, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. This study explored perceptions and gender differences in health-seeking behavior and attitudes toward surgical care in Malawi among community members. Methods A survey tool was administered to adults ≥18 years old at a central hospital, district hospital, and two marketplaces in Malawi from June 2018 to December 2018. Responses from men and women were compared using chi-squared tests. Results Four hundred eighty-five adults participated in the survey, 244 (50.3%) men and 241 (49.7%) women. Women were more likely to state that fear of surgery might prevent them from seeking surgical care (29.1% of men, 43.6% of women, P = .0009). Both genders reported long wait times, medicine/physician shortages, and lack of information about when surgery is needed as potential barriers to seeking surgical care. More men stated that medical preference should be given to sons (17.1% of men, 9.3% of women, P = .01). Men were more likely to report that men should have the final word about household decisions (28.7% of men vs 19.5% of women, P < .0001) and were more likely to spend money independently (68.7% of married men, 37.5% of married women, P < .0001). Few participants reported believing gender equality had been achieved (61% of men and 66.8% of women). Conclusions A multi-pronged approach is needed to reduce gender disparities in surgical care in Malawi, including addressing paternalistic societal norms, education, and improving health infrastructure.
Chronic Critical Illness in Patients With Sepsis is Associated With Persistent Anemia, Inflammation, and Impaired Functional Outcomes
Authors: Carmichael Ethan D. , Apple Camille G. , Kannan Kolenkode B. , Gardener Anna , Anton Stephen , Efron Philip A. , Moldawer Lyle L. , Moore Frederick A. , Brakenridge Scott C. , Mohr Alicia M. 
Published: May 2022

Introduction Survivors of sepsis will progress towards rapid recovery (RAP) or enter a state of persistent organ dysfunction and chronic critical illness (CCI). Independently, anemia is known to be a significant factor in functional recovery of hospitalized patients. This study aims to analyze long-term hemoglobin levels and functional outcomes following RAP and CCI. Methods A prospective, cohort study was performed in septic patients who were stratified into RAP (N = 54) with ICU length of stay < 14 days or CCI (N = 63) with ICU length of stay > 14 days. CBC and plasma inflammatory markers were measured on the day of enrollment, weekly until day 42, then at 3 and 6 months. Functional outcomes using Zubrod scale, gait speed test, and total short physical performance battery (SPPB) were assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months. Results Mean age was 59 years (range: 20-83) and 62% were male. Hemoglobin was significantly decreased at 3 and 6 months in CCI compared to RAP (8.9* and 9.2* vs 10.4 and 11.1 g/dL), despite receiving significantly more red blood cell transfusions. CCI patients had persistent elevation of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α. CCI patients had worse functional outcome with a significantly higher Zubrod score, and lower SPPB, and gait speed score at 3, 6, and 12 months. Conclusion Despite receiving more pRBC transfusions, CCI patients had a persistent anemia that was associated with chronic systemic inflammation and poor functional outcomes six months following sepsis. Alleviating prolonged inflammation could improve persistent anemia and functional outcomes in CCI patients.
What the public wants and how it is best served: forensic scientists’ perceptions of the drivers of public value creation
Authors: O’Connor Karl , Lasslett Kristian , Bunyan Sabrina , Duffy David 
Published: May 2022

Government agencies are embracing the rhetoric of public value, but what does the empirical evidence tell us about drivers of its creation? One critical source of insight are the practitioners who turn public investment into public value through complex forms of labour. This article identifies how public value is interpreted and created by forensics scientists in the Criminal Justice System using Q Methodological interviews. The results indicate that two very similar types of forensic scientist exist The study finds that while the decisions of scientists are grounded in their expertise, their public value motivations are to ‘add value’ to the public through their science. They serve the citizen through their science. They do not serve the consumer, client or victim directly. The findings also indicate that there is a need to recognise hidden forms of value-added activity that take place upstream in public-value chains, ensuring that there are systems in place to maximise their impact downstream. Points for practitioners Forensic scientists are motivated to serve the public, not the consumer or customer. In order to build capacity within Criminal Justice Systems, agency leaders need to build a relationship based on mutual professional respect rather than a supplier–consumer relationship. If administrative reform is to be guided by academic research, practitioners should use the language of public value rather than the language of new public management. Public value is often created through inter-institutional value chains that can conceal the contribution of upstream value-added activity to desirable public outcomes. It is critical that the value-added process is traced on an inter-institutional basis, and maximised through effective forms of inter-institutional collaboration.
Experimental study of roving configuration’s influence on the flow field in a full-scale transparent pultrusion injection box
Authors: Hopmann Christian , Wruck Lorenz , Schneider Daniel , Fischer Kai 
Published: May 2022

Resin injection pultrusion gains increasing attention as it enables the use of highly reactive resins and resins sensitive to environmental conditions, while also decreasing the emission of harmful volatile organic compounds. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of the flow field based on the geometric characteristics within open injection boxes is lacking due to a multitude of interdependent parameters. In this research, a novel setup for an experimental evaluation of the flow field in injection pultrusion practically is proposed. The setup consists of a full size, two-dimensionally tapered, transparent injection box that is installed within a pultrusion line and is operated with non-reactive fluids. Investigations are conducted with two different guide plate setups. Pulling forces and filling degree are evaluated for four pulling speeds, four fiber volume fractions and for four fluids. The non-reactive fluids are three grades of sucrose solution and Mesamoll with viscosities ranging from 13 to 246 mPa.s. Obtained pulling forces correlate linearly with the product of viscosity and pulling speed. Better fiber wettability properties and additional fiber guiding plates result in lower pulling forces. Backflow fill length displays an asymptotic correlation to pulling forces, indicating different governing mechanisms for these two phenomena. Backflow fill length corresponds directly with resin residence time, which ranges from about 10 to 3 min. The results indicate the possibility of manipulating pressure build-up and resin residence time separately, which would enable tailoring injection box cavity geometries systematically to a specific profile.
Response of glass/carbon hybrid composites subjected to repeated low velocity impacts
Authors: Donadio Federica , Ferraro Pietro , Lopresto V , Pagliarulo Vito , Papa Ilaria , Rippa Massimo , Russo Pietro 
Published: May 2022

This work investigated the effect of repeated low-velocity impacts at different energy levels on vinyl ester composite laminates. In particular, hybrid composite laminates made by carbon woven fabric and glass woven fabric impregnated by vinyl ester resin were subjected to 1, 5 and 10 impacts for three different energy levels (U=5 J, 10 J and 20 J). The multi-impact damage evolution was studied by combining several non-destructive techniques such as Pulsed Thermography, Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry and Ultrasonic C-scanning. Along with images of detected damaged areas, some impact parameters such as contact force, deflection and absorbed energy were provided.
Can Indian Independent Directors Ever be Independent?
Authors: Deb Rajat , Baruah Devi 
Published: May 2022

The current study has attempted to assess whether the Indian independent directors are, in a true sense, independent. Extant Corporate Governance literature has postulated that independent directors protect non-controlling minority shareholders, and defend their interests by lending their expertise to strategy. In practice, they seldom reject any strategy proposed by the executive directors who represent the dominant shareholders’ viewpoints. Thus, the independent directors perform advisory roles rather than supervisory roles. The study has assayed that independent directors must cease being subservient to the executive directors and has concluded that mere regulatory changes are insufficient; motivational changes must also accrue to the cause. JEL Classifications: G34, G38
Origin of M2 Mϕ and its macrophage polarization by TGF-β in a mice intervertebral injury model
Authors: Kawakubo Ayumu , Miyagi Masayuki , Yokozeki Yuji , Nakawaki Mitsufumi , Takano Shotaro , Satoh Masashi , Itakura Makoto , Inoue Gen , Takaso Masashi , Uchida Kentaro 
Published: May 2022

Introduction Studies have identified the presence of M1 and M2 macrophages (Mϕ) in injured intervertebral discs (IVDs). However, the origin and polarization-regulatory factor of M2 Mϕ are not fully understood. TGF-β is a regulatory factor for M2 polarization in several tissues. Here, we investigated the source of M2 Mϕ and the role of TGF-β on M2 polarization using a mice disc-puncture injury model. Methods To investigate the origin of M2 macrophages, 30 GFP chimeric mice were created by bone marrow transplantation. IVDs were obtained from both groups on pre-puncture (control) and post-puncture days 1, 3, 7, and 14 and CD86 (M1 marker)- and CD206 (M2 marker)-positive cells evaluated by flow cytometry ( n = 5 at each time point). To investigate the role of TGF-β on M2 polarization, TGF-β inhibitor (SB431542) was also injected on post-puncture days (PPD) 5 and 6 and CD206 expression was evaluated on day 7 by flow cytometry ( n = 5) and real time PCR ( n = 10). Results The proportion of CD86+ Mϕ within the GFP+ population was significantly increased at PPD 1, 3, 7, and 14 compared to control. CD206-positive cells in GFP-populations were significantly increased on PPD 7 and 14. In addition, the percentage of CD206-positive cells was significantly higher in GFP-populations than in GFP+ populations. TGF-β inhibitor reduced CD206-positive cells and Cd206 expression at 7 days after puncture. Conclusion Our findings suggest that M2 Mϕ following IVD injury may originate from resident Mϕ. TGF-β is a key factor for M2 polarization of macrophages following IVD injury.