bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sharing Economy in Europe: From Idea to Reality
Authors: Miguel Cristina , Avram Gabriela , Klimczuk Andrzej , Simonovits Bori , Balázs Bálint , Česnuitytė Vida 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter explains the rationale behind the book. It provides basic definitions of the concept of the sharing economy as well as the primary meanings related to the subject of the analysis undertaken in the subsequent chapters. This Introduction also includes a description of the main benefits of the analysis of the sharing economy from a European perspective. It highlights that the idea of the book emerged from the collaboration of most co-authors in the COST Action CA16121 ‘From Sharing to Caring: Examining Socio-Technical Aspects of the Collaborative Economy.’ Finally, the outline of the book is presented, providing a description of the content of each chapter within this academic collection.
From a Sharing Economy to a Platform Economy: Public Values in Shared Mobility and Gig Work in the Netherlands
Authors: de Waal Martijn , Arets Martijn 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis chapter discusses the sharing economy in the Netherlands, focussing on shared mobility and gig work platforms. The Netherlands has been known as one of the pioneers in the sharing economy. Local initiatives emerged at the beginning of the 2010s. International players such as Uber, UberPop, and Airbnb followed soon after. Initially, the sharing economy was greeted with a sense of optimism, as it was thought to contribute to social cohesion and sustainability. Over the last few years, the debate has shifted to the question of how public values can be safeguarded or stimulated. In this regard, shared mobility is hoped to contribute to more sustainable transport. In the gig economy, scholars and labour representatives fear a further flexibilisation of labour; others see opportunities for economic growth.
Unsettled State of Regulation: Italy’s Hard Path Towards Effective Rules for the Sharing Economy
Authors: Priora Giulia , Postiglione Monica , Valerio Stefano , Sanna Venere Stefania , Bassetti Chiara 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSince its heyday, the Italian sharing economy has emblematically displayed the problem of a wanting and largely ineffective regulatory environment. To date, the Italian legislator has been unable to formulate a consistent legal response to the main social and economic challenges stemming from the sharing economy, opting for ad hoc reactive measures, and leaving great uncertainty among all stakeholders. This has been exacerbated by the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, which has seen the slowdown of some sharing economy activities and the rise of new ones. Building on these premises, the chapter offers a snapshot of the current reality of the Italian sharing economy, highlighting the main legal issues emerging from its consolidation, reflecting on the main implications of the COVID-19 crisis within the sector, and drawing meaningful considerations on some policy directions worth considering in the post-pandemic society.
Advances of Sharing Economy in Agriculture and Tourism Sectors of Albania
Authors: Hysa Eglantina , Kruja Alba Demneri 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe concept of sharing economy arises with the digital economy. However, the awareness of the terms ‘sharing economy’ and ‘collaborative economy’ is still very modest in Albania. With the industry 4.0 revolution, the digitisation process of the economy has become a priority agenda for the government of this country. Although the sharing economy is evidenced in the Albanian market in many industries, this chapter focuses only on the agriculture and tourism sector. This study identifies the development trends of both sectors, their specifications, and their progress tracks of the collaborative/sharing aspects. After an integrated strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of the sharing economy developments, the study comes up with the quadruple helix collaboration model as a necessity of a collaborative economy supportive to the Albanian market enhancement.
The State and Critical Assessment of the Sharing Economy in Europe
Authors: Česnuitytė Vida , Simonovits Bori , Klimczuk Andrzej , Balázs Bálint , Miguel Cristina , Avram Gabriela 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe chapter is the final one in the volume of collected papers aiming to discuss the sharing economy in Europe. The idea of the book emerged within the research network created by the COST Action CA16121 ‘From Sharing to Caring: Examining Socio-Technical Aspects of the Collaborative Economy.’ The authors of the chapter sum up theoretical and empirical materials as well as country-specific cases provided in the book. The article critically assesses the current status of the sharing economy in European countries by highlighting major controversial issues related to deregulation, market disruption, or social inequality. The authors conclude that, considering the comprehensive and up-to-date materials collected and analysed in the book, it may become an outstanding source of knowledge and a practical tool in the process of expansion of the sharing economy in Europe and beyond.
A Conceptualisation of the Sharing Economy: Towards Theoretical Meaningfulness
Authors: Miguel Cristina , Martos-Carrión Esther , Santa Mijalche 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe sharing economy aims to redistribute existing goods (e.g., tools, cars) across the population in order to maximise their functionality. Within sharing economies, there can be monetary exchange (e.g., Airbnb, BlaBlaCar), or the exchange can be altruistic (e.g., Timebanking, CouchSurfing). Nevertheless, sharing economy platforms mainly function as digital marketplaces where supply and demand are matched. The rise of sharing economy practices is followed by a torrent of publications. As a result, there is conceptual confusion about the sharing economy concept. This chapter aims to provide an answer to this challenge by following the framework for theoretical meaningfulness. Through two levels of literature analysis, the chapter aims to shed light on the conceptualisation of the sharing economy.
The Regulatory Context and Legal Evolution: The Cases of Airbnb and Uber
Authors: Dumančić Kosjenka , Avlona Natalia-Rozalia 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWhilst sharing economy has been enjoying increasing popularity worldwide over the last decade; its legal definition has been debatable. This is aligning with the fact that the European Union has not provided the legal framework for the sharing economy yet, apart from a European Commission Communication from 2016. This Communication seeks a balance between the support of a Digital Single Market in the EU and the protection of the consumers’ rights and leaves a broad space for national legislations to respond to the phenomenon of sharing economy. The aim of this chapter is to address these issues within the framework of two sharing economy case studies: Airbnb and Uber as the only source at the EU level of applicable law besides the EC Communication.
Shared Mobility: A Reflection on Sharing Economy Initiatives in European Transportation Sectors
Authors: Lukasiewicz Agnieszka , Sanna Venere Stefania , Diogo Vera Lúcia Alves Pereira , Bernát Anikó 
Published: January 2022

AbstractFreedom of movement is a fundamental human right. The transportation sector, therefore, holds high socio-economic significance—while contributing almost a quarter of Europe’s greenhouse gas emissions and being a major air polluter. Key parts of the ‘collaborative and sharing economy’ relate to transport, including peer-to-peer and on-demand transportation. While these forms of ‘collaborative consumption’ may be seen as promoting environmental sustainability, such models also generate inequality and regulatory disputes (e.g., Uber’s workers and licences), leading to stakeholder conflict. This chapter examines the importance of the main shared mobility services within the transportation sector, their contribution to changing mobility habits, and their connection to sustainable development issues. We also consider conflicts in different European countries caused by shared mobility and the possible effects of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Education, Knowledge and Data in the Context of the Sharing Economy
Authors: Avram Gabriela , Hysa Eglantina 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Open Education model, where anyone on the planet with access to Internet can enrol in an online course, learn at their own pace, and have their assignments assessed by peers, is at the base of platforms such as Khan Academy, Udacity, Coursera, Skillshare. Peer-to-peer learning lowers the barrier for learning new skills and encourages even teenagers to mentor younger kids in learning how to code. A plethora of platforms facilitating collaborative information production and consumption has followed the Wikipedia interaction model: OpenStreetMap, OpenPlaques, Quora, Instructables, WikiVoyage, allowing people from varied backgrounds to get involved in the creation of information and knowledge resources. This chapter aims to examine activities such as Open Education, Open Design, knowledge and data sharing from the perspective of the sharing economy.
A Robust and Adaptive Watermarking Technique for Relational Database
Authors: Zhang Yexing , Wang Zihou , Wang Zhaoguo , Liu Chuanyi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractA watermarking technology is a kind of marker covertly embedded to identify ownership of the copyright. The existing database watermarking techniques cannot automatically adapt to different types of data and have poor robustness. In this paper, we present a new robust database watermarking scheme. The scheme can automatically adapt the watermarking algorithm and parameters according to the data characteristics for numerical and text-based data. We have theoretically established and verified experimentally the performance of our method in terms of robustness and less data distortion. This makes it suitable for copyright protection, owner identification, or traitor tracing purposes.
TFC: Defending Against SMS Fraud via a Two-Stage Algorithm
Authors: Li Gaoxiang , Ye Yuzhong , Shi Yangfei , Chen Jinlin , Chen Dexing , Li Anyang 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWith the increasing of the telecom network fraud in China, SMS (Short Message Service) has became an important channel exploited by the criminals to contact victims. Due to the tiny amount compared with normal SMS, the high proportion of malicious adversarial characters, and the lack of knowledge to specific fraud types, it is still challenging to identify the fraud SMS efficiently. In this paper, we firstly conduct a measurement study to explore the characteristics of the fraud SMS. Based on the exploration, we propose a two-stage algorithm called TFC. TFC can quickly filter out normal SMS in the first stage with two indicator functions, and then easily identifies the category of fraud SMS in the second stage by combining the semantic deep features and the domain-knowledge based artificial features. We conduct two real-world SMS datasets for extensive experiments, and the results show that TFC successfully reduces calculation cost and achieves better performance in distinguishing various categories of fraud SMS.
Efficient Classification of Darknet Access Activity with Partial Traffic
Authors: Wang Xuebin , Wang Meiqi , Shi Jinqiao , Li Zeyu , Zou Kexin , Fang Binxing 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn this paper we propose a novel approach to classify darknet-access traffic with only partial traffic data, which significantly reduces resource consumption and is as accuracy as prior work. Besides, in order to keep up with the users’ real access activity, we simulate new and old user by simply whether delete the cached consensus document before each access and apply our approach. The experiment results confirm that there does exist a window of cell sequence contributes greatly to distinguish darknet-access traffic. With the window size 75 and the start point 67, we can achieve 95.97% accuracy for new user access scenario. Similarly, with the window size 85 and the start point 44, we achieve 94.43% accuracy for old user access scenario.
Analysis of acrylamide in vegetable chips after derivatization with 2-mercaptobenzoic acid by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
Authors: Oellig Claudia , Gottstein Eva , Granvogl Michael 
Published: January 2022

AbstractSince many years, acrylamide (AA) is a well-known toxicologically relevant processing contaminant (“food-borne toxicant”). However, only during the recent years, high levels of acrylamide have been reported in vegetable chips. In the present study, AA was quantitated via a modified derivatization procedure with 2-mercaptobenzoic acid based on stable isotope dilution analysis and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Extraction with a modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, efficient, rugged, safe) method, defatting with n-hexane, and a solid phase extraction clean-up with strong cation-exchange material were performed prior to the derivatization step. Limits of detection and quantitation (LoD and LoQ) were 12 and 41 µg of AA/kg of vegetable chips (estimated via signal-to-noise ratios of 3:1 and 10:1, respectively), and thus below the LoQ of 50 µg/kg requested by the European Food Safety Authority. Recovery rates between 92 and 101% at four spiking levels with a good precision expressed as a relative standard deviation  < 7% were determined. With this method at hand, a survey of the current AA amounts in 38 vegetable chips from the worldwide market was performed, showing a remarkable variability between the different vegetables, but also between different products of the same vegetable. Thereby, the AA amounts ranged between 77.3 and 3090 µg/kg, with an average of 954 µg/kg which was distinctly higher in comparison to commercially available potato chips also analyzed in the present study (12 samples, range: 117–832 µg/kg, average: 449 µg/kg). While for sweet potato and parsnip relatively low AA amounts were found, beetroot and carrot showed rather high contents.
Hierarchical heuristics for Boolean-reasoning-based binary bicluster induction
Authors: Michalak Marcin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBiclustering is a two-dimensional data analysis technique that, applied to a matrix, searches for a subset of rows and columns that intersect to produce a submatrix with given, expected features. Such an approach requires different methods to those of typical classification or regression tasks. In recent years it has become possible to express biclustering goals in the form of Boolean reasoning. This paper presents a new, heuristic approach to bicluster induction in binary data.
All-fiber supercontinuum source operating at 1 μm with combination of different PCFs
Authors: Wang Huibo , Han Hainian , Shao Xiaodong , Zhang Ziyue , Zhu Jiangfeng , Wei Zhiyi 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWe demonstrate an all-fiber scheme for generating supercontinuum spectrum based on a combination method. The configuration employed a nonlinear photonic crystal fiber for dispersion pre-management, an Yb-doped gain fiber for amplification and a special tapered photonic crystal fiber for supercontinuum generation. This setup allows for the generation of highly coherent supercontinuum with 30-dB bandwidth covering from 800 to 1240 nm as well as dispersive waves at 480 nm and 540 nm. The initial pulses were centered at 1030 nm with average power of 90 mW and repetition rate of 216 MHz. Based on the generated supercontinuum and dispersive waves at 540 nm, an envelope-carrier phase offset frequency with signal to noise ratio up to 37 dB was detected by a standard f-2f interferometer. The high signal to noise ratio shows that the infrared supercontinuum and the dispersive waves were highly coherent. Such a robust supercontinuum source achieved at low energy would promote the application of laser comb in precision measurement.
Growing Threat of Rapidly-Intensifying Tropical Cyclones in East Asia
Authors: Liu Kin Sik , Chan Johnny C. L. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThis study examines the long-term change in the threat of landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) in East Asia over the period 1975–2020 with a focus on rapidly intensifying (RI) TCs. The increase in the annual number of RI-TCs over the western North Pacific and the northwestward shift of their genesis location lead to an increasing trend in the annual number of landfalling RI-TCs along the coast of East Asia. The annual power dissipation index (PDI), a measure of the destructive potential of RI-TCs at landfall, also shows a significant increasing trend due to increases in the annual frequency and mean landfall intensity of landfalling RI-TCs. The increase in mean landfall intensity is related to a higher lifetime maximum intensity (LMI) and the LMI location of the landfalling RI-TCs being closer to the coast. The increase in the annual PDI of East Asia is mainly associated with landfalling TCs in the southern (the Philippines, South China, and Vietnam) and northern parts (Japan and the Korean Peninsula) of East Asia due to long-term changes in vertical wind shear and TC heat potential. The former leads to a northwestward shift of favorable environments for TC genesis and intensification, resulting in the northwestward shift in the genesis, RI, and LMI locations of RI-TCs. The latter provides more heat energy from the ocean for TC intensification, increasing its chances to undergo RI.
Distal ulna fractures in adults—subcapitular, transverse fractures did not benefit from surgical treatment
Authors: Moloney Maria , Farnebo Simon , Adolfsson Lars 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Introduction
Fractures of the distal ulna, excluding the styloid, are rare. The cause of injury is often a fall on an outstretched hand with an extended wrist, and in most cases there is a concomitant distal radius fracture. The aims of this retrospective study were to investigate the results of the current treatment of distal ulna fractures in adults, with or without a concomitant distal radius fracture, and if a recently presented fracture classification could predict outcome.

Materials and methods
Patients, 18 years or older, treated for a fracture of the distal third of ulna in our county, were included. Fractures of the styloid tip were excluded. The radiographs of the fractures were independently classified by two specialists in radiology according to the 2018 AO/OTA classification. Follow-up was performed 5–7 years after the injury, through the questionnaire Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) and new radiographs of both wrists.

Results
Ninety-six patients with 97 fractures were included and filled out the PRWE. 65 patients also had new radiographs taken. 79 patients were women and the mean age at the time of injury was 63 years (SD 14.5). The most common fracture class was the extra-articular transverse fracture, 2U3A2.3 (42%). We found that 40% of the fractures had been treated by internal fixation and only 2 fractures had not healed, one conservatively treated and one operated. The median PRWE was 15 (IQR 33.5). The PRWE score was significantly worse in the operated ulna fractures (p = 0.01) and this was also true for extra-articular transverse fractures 2U3A2.3 (p = 0.001). Initial displacement was more common in operated transverse fractures, but it could not be proven that this was the reason for the inferior result.

Conclusions
Distal ulna fractures almost always unite and the result is comparable to that of isolated distal radius fractures when measured by PRWE. Based on the opinions of the radiologists and how often a consensus discussion was needed for classification, we found the updated AO classification system difficult to use, if dependent only on standard radiographic views. In the present study, transverse extra-articular ulna fractures did not benefit from internal fixation regardless if associated with a distal radius fracture or isolated.
Stress urinary incontinence after hysterectomy: a 10-year national follow-up study
Authors: Tulokas Sari , Mentula M. , Härkki P. , Brummer T. , Jalkanen J. , Kuittinen T. , Mäkinen J. , Sjöberg J. , Tomas E. , Rahkola-Soisalo P. 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Purpose
Hysterectomy has been associated with increased risk for developing stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and having a SUI operation. We examined the long-term rate of SUI operations after hysterectomy and associated risk factors.

Methods
We followed up 5000 women without prior urinary incontinence (UI) who had a hysterectomy in a prospective FINHYST 2006 cohort study until the end of 2016 through a national health register. The main outcome was SUI operations, and secondary outcomes were outpatient visits for UI, and their association of preoperative patient and operation factors.

Results
During the median follow-up time of 10.6 years (IQR 10.3–10.8), 111 (2.2%) women had a SUI operation and 241 (4.8%) had an outpatient visit for UI. The SUI operation rate was higher after vaginal hysterectomy and laparoscopic hysterectomy (n = 71 and 28, 3.3% and 1.8%, respectively) compared to abdominal hysterectomy (n = 11, 0.8%). In a multivariate risk analysis by Cox regression, the association with vaginal hysterectomy and SUI operation remained significant when adjusted for vaginal deliveries, preceding pelvic organ prolapse (POP), uterus size, age and BMI (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1–5.3). Preceding POP, three or more deliveries and laparoscopic hysterectomy were significantly associated with UI visits but not with SUI operations.

Conclusion
After hysterectomy, 2.2% of women underwent operative treatment for SUI. The number of SUI operations was more than double after vaginal hysterectomy compared to abdominal hysterectomy, but preceding POP explained this added risk partially. Preceding POP and three or more vaginal deliveries were independently associated with UI visits after hysterectomy.
Measuring the functional impact of cognitive impairment in Huntington’s disease
Authors: Horta-Barba Andrea , Martínez-Horta Saül , Pérez-Pérez Jesus , Sampedro Frederic , Puig-Davi Arnau , Pagonabarraga Javier , Kulisevsky Jaime 
Published: January 2022

Abstract
Background
Patients with Huntington’s disease (HD) exhibit a variable predominance of cognitive, behavioral and motor symptoms. A specific instrument focusing on the impact of cognitive impairment in HD over functional capacity is lacking.

Objective
To address the need for a brief and specifically developed HD questionnaire able to capture functional aspects suspected to be sensitive to cognitive impairment.

Methods
We developed and validated the “Huntington’s Disease-Cognitive Functional Rating Scale” (HD-CFRS) in 78 symptomatic carriers of the Huntington’s disease mutation. We also administered the HD-CFRS to a knowledgeable informant to measure the level of agreement. To explore the association between HD-CFRS scores and participants’ cognitive status, we administered objective measures of cognition. Participants were classified as cognitively preserved (HD-NC), as having mild cognitive impairment (HD-MCI), or as having dementia (HD-Dem).

Results
The HD-CFRS showed concurrent validity and internal consistency in the three groups. HD carriers and informants in the HD-NC group obtained similar HD-CFRS scores. However, in patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia, informers reported greater functional impairment than HD participants. The HD-CFRS total score showed strong correlations with measures assessing cognition.

Conclusions
These findings support the utility of the HD-CFRS as a brief and reliable instrument to measure functional defects associated with cognitive impairment in HD. We believe this questionnaire could be a useful tool both for clinical practice and research.