bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1148. Relationship Between the Duration of Symptoms Before and COVID-19 Disease Outcome After Monoclonal Antibody Therapy
Authors: Hubbard Michael J , Polega James , Haggerty Diana K , Andersen Nicholas A , Simeunovic Gordana 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
Clinical trials of monoclonal antibodies therapy (MAB) for COVID-19 demonstrated the risk reduction of COVID related hospitalization and death of any cause if administered within the first 7 days from the symptom onset. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for MAB within 10 days from the symptom onset. Our objective was to evaluate how duration of symptoms before MAB affects disease outcome following therapy. Figure 1Duration of Symptoms prior to MAB infusion in Clinical Trials

Methods
We evaluated a relationship between symptoms duration prior to MAB and disease outcome following treatment by measuring number of emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations and ICU admissions within 14 days and number of deaths within 30 days of MAB. Based on the symptom duration, patients were classified in typical (1-7 days) and late group (8-10 days of symptoms). We evaluated outcomes according to the symptom duration using absolute risk reduction and used Chi-squared tests to assess statistical significance using an alpha of p&lt; 0.05. Figure 2Subject Flow Diagram

Results
From 3898 patients, 3074 (78.9%) were treated within 7 days from the symptom onset. Demographics were similar in both typical and late group. Majority of treated patients in both groups were Non-Hispanic Caucasians suggesting racial and ethnic disparities potentially due to a lack of access to healthcare. All comorbidities were similar or higher in the typical group except for obesity that was more frequent in the late group.
Compared with typical, late group had more ED visits (9.22% vs 7.16% p=0.04) and hospitalizations (4.98% vs 3.68%, p=0.08). Absolute risk of progression to severe disease measured through the number of ICU admissions and deaths was low across the groups, and difference was not statistically significant. Adjusted for demographics and comorbidities, patients from the late group were 1.35 times more likely to seek help in the ED and 1.72 times more likely to get hospitalized. Figure 3Demographics and comorbidities for Typical (patients treated within 7 days from the symptom onset) and Late (patients treated 8-10 days from the symptom onset) group.

Conclusion
Despite FDA EUA allowing for the use of MAB up to 10 days from the symptom’s onset, our real-world findings suggest that patients benefit most when treatment is administered within 7-day from the symptom onset as consistent with clinical trials.

Disclosures
All Authors: No reported disclosures.
1152. Risk factors for 30-day all-cause mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 receiving immunomodulator therapy: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Hoffmann Chas A , Patrick Adam R , Hutchinson David J , Finoli Lauren M , Guliano Tiffany L , Moffa Matthew A , Shively Nathan R , Walsh Thomas L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract

Background
The case fatality rate of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 is estimated at 13-17% with higher rates in the critically ill (37-45%). Attenuation of the inflammatory cascade has potential to reduce mortality. The purpose of this retrospective cohort study was to evaluate risk factors for 30-day all-cause mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 who received tocilizumab or baricitinib.

Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study of the first 100 patients that received each medication. Cases were patients with 30-day all-cause mortality from start of immunomodulator, with controls those who received the medication and survived. Patient demographics, laboratory results, vital signs, and clinical management of COVID-19 were evaluated. Inferential statistics were used to analyze risk factors associated with 30-day all-cause mortality. Variables with p &lt; 0.2 on univariate analysis were analyzed via multivariate logistic regression.

Results
From February-September 2021, 194 patients treated with an immunomodulator (97 in each group) were evaluated. Patients who received tocilizumab were less likely to be fully vaccinated (4.1% vs. 19.6%, p = 0.001) and were more likely to require mechanical ventilation at baseline (23.7% vs. 11.3%, p = 0.023). There were no between group differences in remdesivir or dexamethasone use. For the primary outcome, 81 patients (41.8%) experienced 30-day all-cause mortality with no difference between groups (tocilizumab: 46.4% vs. baricitinib: 37.1%; p = 0.19). Variables associated with higher odds for 30-day all-cause mortality in multivariate analysis: age ≥ 65, mechanical ventilation at baseline, and higher daily dexamethasone use. Fully vaccinated patients had lower odds for mortality (Table 1).

Conclusion
In COVID-19 hospitalizations, age ≥ 65, mechanical ventilation at baseline, and higher daily dexamethasone doses were associated with 30-day all-cause mortality. Mortality was lower in patients fully vaccinated compared to those unvaccinated. Use of a specific immunomodulator did not impact mortality.

Disclosures
Thomas L. Walsh, MD, Accelerate Diagnostics: Honoraria.
Suicide in Context
Authors: Granello Darcy Haag , Granello Paul F. , Juhnke Gerald A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There are multiple pathways that young people can take that might lead to a suicide attempt or suicide death. Typically, a complicated interplay of biological, psychological, and social reasons, including pre-existing vulnerabilities, all contribute to individual risk. The student’s environment, including family life, adverse childhood experiences, and other traumas, also plays a role in suicide risk. In the aftermath of a student suicide, it might be tempting to look for a single reason or answer that helps suicide loss survivors as they struggle to make sense of the loss. Ultimately, simplistic answers or triggering events are seldom the cause of an individual’s suicide.
Ontology
Authors: Panaccio Claude 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chapter 3 outlines Ockham’s ontology. Only individuals are accepted in this ontology, but two basic kinds of individuals are distinguished: substances and qualities. The chapter spells out the principles that govern these two categories of things and explains how material substances are made of form and matter (hylomorphism) and how complex qualities are made of simpler qualities. It then shows that Ockham’s rejection of relations does not prevent him from taking the world to be ordered according to space, time, inherence (of qualities in substances), information (of matter by form), essential similarities, and causation. The last part of the chapter argues that Ockham is committed to accept merely possible beings in his ontology.
The External World
Authors: Boyle Deborah 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter guides readers through the first three chapters of Shepherd’s Essays on the Perception of an External Universe, where she shows how her theory of causation can prove there is an external physical world. Shepherd presents this argument as proceeding in three steps, each establishing three separate but related beliefs: our belief in continuously existing objects, our belief that those objects must be “outward,” or external to the mind, and our belief that those objects must be independent of the mind. This chapter examines each of these steps in turn. Along the way, it also considers Shepherd’s objections to Reid regarding primary and secondary qualities, her account of time, her responses to external world skepticism, and the metaphors she uses to express the relationship between external objects and our sensations.
Skepticism and Idealism
Authors: Boyle Deborah 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Shepherd’s responses to the skeptical challenges posed by phenomena such as dreams and insanity. Shepherd aims to show that one need not take such skeptical scenarios seriously, although she also concedes that her arguments fall short of establishing their conclusions with deductive certainty. The chapter also considers her objections to Berkeley’s appeal to dreaming in support of his idealism, as well as her objections to Reid on account of his failure to consider dreaming. Since Shepherd was especially concerned to distinguish her view from the idealism and immaterialism advanced by Berkeley, this chapter also surveys her various other objections to Berkeley.
Vision
Authors: Boyle Deborah 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Shepherd’s solutions to two puzzles about vision in the final essay of Essays on the Perception of an External Universe, as well as her comments elsewhere in the Essays regarding distance perception. Since Shepherd was responding to theories of vision propounded by Berkeley and Reid, the chapter offers overviews of their accounts, of Malebranche’s and Descartes’ geometrical accounts of vision that Berkeley and Reid opposed, and of Shepherd’s criticisms of Berkeley and Reid on vision. The chapter reconstructs how Shepherd herself thinks distance is perceived by sight. It ends with discussions of her solutions to the puzzles of why one sees only one object despite seeing with two eyes (and thus having two retinal images) and why one sees objects as upright despite their inversion in retinal images. Shepherd’s solutions are linked with her endorsement of the causal principles defended in her Essay upon the Relation of Cause and Effect.
Introduction
Authors: Dore Poornima , Narayanan K. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis Chapter introduces the topic and fundamental concepts taken up for analysis in the book and builds the case around why an understanding of agglomeration and the regional economy is essential to assess India’s experience with the stated national objectives of balanced development. It sets out the research gaps till date and the relevance of this book for various stakeholders in India and also other developing countries that are facing similar challenges of growth and equity. It outlines the approach taken by the author and the key questions that the book hopes to address.
Economic Diversity at the Region Level
Authors: Dore Poornima , Narayanan K. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis Chapter provides a detailed analysis of the economic structure of a region and whether sectoral diversity is driven more by size or by the level of skills. A diversity index is constructed to represent the economic structure of the region. An enquiry is then made into whether size and diversity are truly associated and whether measures of diversity and size are interchangeable. The labour matching aspects of agglomeration are examined, followed by a deep dive into the role of skill levels in determining the sectoral mix.
Regional Value Added and Its Determinants
Authors: Dore Poornima , Narayanan K. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis Chapter focuses on value added at a regional level and examines the differences and determinants across two time periods 2004-05 and 2011-12. Estimates of regional contribution to the net domestic product, covering both organized and unorganized sector output, have been calculated for all NSS regions. A pooled cross sectional regression is carried out to examine how some of the factors outlined in the agglomeration literature including access to finance and skills, that contribute to making regions as engines of growth.
Summary and Conclusions
Authors: Dore Poornima , Narayanan K. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis last Chapter of the book summarises and concludes the discussion, emphasizing the implications for theory, practice and policy that arise as a result of the analysis in the various chapters which can influence regional development planning and its implementation. There are specific take-aways and proposed recommendations at the institutional and administrative level which can be of interest to policy makers, bureaucrats, academicians, industrialists and in fact any individual in India and other developing countries, who seeks to understand, improve and influence the trajectory of regional development.
The Politics of Public Monuments in Dublin
Authors: Quin Jack 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines Yeats’s engagement with the politics of Dublin public monuments. The opening recounts his failed efforts to commission a monument to the United Irishman Theobald Wolfe Tone on the corner of St. Stephen’s Green. The following section begins by situating a wider field of Revivalist sculpture writing from the late 1890s to early 1910s within the context of Irish independence movements. Patrick Pearse’s admiration of Oliver Sheppard in a series of articles for An Claidheamh Soluis (The Sword of Light) illustrates the political dimensions of Irish sculptural aesthetics in the period. The middle sections of the chapter trace a competing conception of public sculpture through Yeats’s work with Lady Gregory and Hugh Lane to establish a gallery of modern art in the city, and Yeats’s varied aesthetic responses to the Parnell monument wherein he finds himself at odds with the popular opinion of a changing Ireland. The closing sections consider the mid-career poetry of Yeats on statues and public monuments, “Easter, 1916,” “Nineteen Hundred and Nineteen,” and the turbulent political circumstances of the time.
Federalism and Local Governments
Authors: Saunders Cheryl , Arban Erika 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors focus on the constitutional position of local government in federal systems. It considers whether local government ought to be entrenched in federal constitutions throughout the world. The chapter identifies ways in which the local level of government contributes to desirable federal properties: deepening democratic engagement, engaging more closely with local constituencies, and providing opportunities for innovation and experimentation. But it also identifies challenges in formalising a constitutional role for local government: local government is often territorially small, resource-dependent on other units, and can sit uneasily in a system of shared rule. Unless care is taken, the formalisation of a position for local government can have adverse structural and political effects on the federation. After surveying the spectrum of ways in which cities, and local governments, are constitutionally recognised, the chapter suggests a particular method of formal recognition of local government suited to enhancing the role played in a multi-level federal system. It advances a concept of ‘partnership’ with other levels of government, governed by principles of comity, solidarity, subsidiarity, and equivalence.
Introduction
Authors: Bobić Ana 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The introduction presents the changes and developments that primacy of EU law more generally, and the introduction of the preliminary reference procedure specifically, created for national judicial hierarchies. Since the start of the European project, the Court of Justice has played a central role in shaping the relationship between the Union and national law, specifically through empowering, and obliging, national judges to hear cases involving EU law brought before them. The principles of direct effect and primacy called into question the previously undisputed supremacy of national constitutions in the national hierarchy of legal norms. These principles, combined with the preliminary reference procedure, undermined the position and influence of national courts entrusted with safeguarding the constitution and its supremacy. The preliminary reference procedure placed a strong emphasis on judicial review as a method of ensuring the effectiveness of EU law. This, in turn, caused a more general decentralization of constitutional review at the national level. The introduction further presents the concept of the judicial triangle that will be used as an analytical tool in the book, to map power relations between the Court of Justice, constitutional courts, and ordinary national courts, which ensue from the developments in jurisprudence of constitutional conflict. The introduction finally sets out the main definitions that will be used throughout the book, the scope of analysis, and the outline of the book.
Strangle a country to change its king’s mind?
Authors: Oermann Nils Ole , Wolff Hans-Jürgen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe chapter defines the term ‘legitimacy’ in contrast to ‘legality’ in the context of economic warfare. It applies it to ethical dilemmata in relation to trade wars. It refers to classical Augustinian just war theory applying it to economic conflicts in order to test if and how it seems able to ground an ethical analysis of economic sanctions and economic coercion among states. Are trade wars ethically comparable to conventional warfare in its military context? The ethical discourse about those topics in a book about trade war seems unavoidable as international law and economic sanctions are often criticized in a public discourse for being a toothless tiger while hard economic sanctions are frequently criticized in terms of the ethical legitimacy when they produce their debilitating effects harming civilians/non-combatants. Is it fair and legitimate that modern economic warfare against an adversary’s economic potential without armed conflict may have a higher death toll than conventional warfare, mainly harming innocent civilians and employees instead of warlords? Are those responses of the international community not only legally, but ethically appropriate and, therefore, legitimate? Can economic warfare and economic sanctions, therefore, be ethically just and justified? Examples given pro and contra such questions include the Iraq conflict and the related US sanctions and their effects in the late 1990s.
Are sanctions effective? Can trade wars be won?
Authors: Oermann Nils Ole , Wolff Hans-Jürgen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe chapter outlines the development of modern trade theory, starting with Adam Smith and David Ricardo. It reports the plea for protectionist trade barriers advanced by Friedrich List, inspired by Alexander Hamilton. It shows that the dispute between free traders and protectionists has never ended and is raging today, for example in development policy. It describes the theory of the ‘optimal’ tariff and how it characterizes the trade war unleashed by President Trump. It deals with the problem of whether and how to compensate those who lose through the distributive effects of trade. It shows that since the turn of the century, millions of jobs have been relocated between trading countries. It sketches trade policy until 1945, including the problem of war debt and reparations, the Great Depression, and protectionism between the World Wars. It examines the effectiveness of economic sanctions and sets up a framework for how to plan successful sanctions and trade conflicts. It chronicles Trump’s trade war and concludes that it was economically unsuccessful and politically damaging, but that it had some traits that can be justified, mainly regarding the defence of technologies and infrastructures. The chapter finally looks into the relationship between trade expectations and the causes of war and finds that judging by past experience, there is a potential for armed conflict today.
The Chinese challenge and the disunited West
Authors: Oermann Nils Ole , Wolff Hans-Jürgen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe chapter shows how, beginning with the Obama administration, the US government and Congress revised their views and strategy with respect to China, blaming Beijing for acting contrary to the letter and spirit of WTO law and violating other nations’ intellectual property, suppressing minorities, and bullying neighbours. It shows how the European Union gradually arrived at similar conclusions, but still tries to engage in business as usual. The chapter asks whether US allegations against China of systematic economic aggression are correct. According to the definition of economic warfare without armed conflict given in Chapter 2, China’s behaviour is mapped, based on a concept of structural power developed by British social scientist Susan Strange. It is recorded that China’s military footprint is growing, and that China’s economic expansion around the world is rapid, based on the Belt and Road Initiative, massive investment and presence in Africa, and investment in key industries and infrastructures of many Western countries. In addition to that, China’s financial influence is also growing fast, based on newly founded institutions, crediting foreign governments, and a larger role of the Chinese currency in international trade. China is also getting more innovative, but its quest for information and knowledge has a dark side, too: it shuts itself off from the internet, censors any content heavily, and uses cutting-edge technology for surveillance and repression of any people or ethnic minorities it considers to be potentially disobedient. Taking all these developments into consideration, Western democracies should be vigilant.
What is to be done?
Authors: Oermann Nils Ole , Wolff Hans-Jürgen 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe chapter recommends that (1) Western liberal democracies understand that their political, economic, and social systems, built on the freedom of the individual, will have to succeed in a comprehensive competition with more collective, authoritarian, and non-market models. It recommends that (2) the Western model should be reformed, so as to shine again—whereas today it has let down many of its citizens, caused the world financial crisis, and bears features of crony capitalism. The chapter recommends that (3) economic and financial policies should be understood and practised as an integral part of foreign and security policy, and that the structures of government, and the world view and knowledge of politicians, officials, and chief executive officers, must be formed accordingly. It recommends (4) to increase the political effectiveness and military strength of Western Europe and (5) to re-strengthen transatlantic ties, instead of hunting for the futile goal of European strategic autonomy or even sovereignty. It recommends (6) to push reforms of the world economic order and its international institutions, and to uncompromisingly enforce their rules. It recommends (7) to cooperate fairly with China and Russia, wherever possible, and (8) to be prepared for decades of fierce competition, because under the given circumstances, that is the best of all possible worlds.
The Developer’s Dilemma
Authors: Alisjahbana Armida Salsiah , Kim Kyunghoon , Sen Kunal , Sumner Andy , Yusuf Arief 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ‘developer’s dilemma’—a tension emerging from the fact that developing countries are simultaneously seeking structural transformation and inclusive growth to raise the incomes of the poor. Simon Kuznets originally hypothesized that structural transformation may have a tendency—in the absence of policy intervention—to put upward pressure on income inequality. However, broad-based economic growth requires steady, or even falling, income inequality to maximize the growth of incomes at the lower end of the distribution. The purpose of our chapter is: (i) to discuss the empirical experience of the developing world in terms of structural transformation and, in doing so, to outline a typology of ‘varieties’ of structural transformation; and (ii) to discuss the structural transformation–inequality relationship and how it may vary under different patterns of structural transformation.