bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aquaculture systems as mesocosms
Authors: Kültz Dietmar 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe boundary between aquaculture and capture fisheries is becoming blurred as wild populations of aquatic organisms are ever more impacted (unintended) and managed (intended) by humans who have irreversibly changed the trajectory of the biosphere. Most current aquaculture systems are semi-intensive, open systems that depend to a very high degree on natural ecosystem services. A mismatch between a significant human-induced decline of natural ecosystems on the one hand and increased human demand for ecosystem services on the other hand calls for solutions that minimize the reliance on ecosystem services for all purposes, including aquaculture. Low-yield, extensive aquaculture systems are sustainable in suitable areas, but they are not economical on a global scale unless the human population declines significantly. The most ecologically sustainable aquaculture systems for a growing human population are intensive, closed recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), which are human-managed mesocosms that require constant balancing of energy and matter in inputs and outputs. Knowledge generated and technologies developed for culture of ornamental organisms in aquaria at microcosm scale have advanced ecologically sustainable aquaculture at larger mesocosm scales. Ecosystem succession must be managed when establishing aquaculture mesocosms to maintain optimal conditions for growth, health, and development of aquaculture organisms. Since trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is only 10–20%, aquaculture systems for top-level carnivores are least energetically efficient and most resource intensive. Balancing trophic levels in closed aquaculture mesocosms requires proportional matching of primary producers, consumers, and decomposers to minimize reliance on ecosystem services.
Introduction
Authors: Keenan Marie , Zinsstag Estelle 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter sets the scene to the book. It offers definitions of the main concepts sexual violence and restorative justice, it clarifies the wordings used throughout victim/survivors, offenders/perpetrators, the difference between restorative justice and restorative practices, the different types of methods used (VOM, conferencing, circles), and explains the distinction between fully restorative and alternative or quasi restorative justice initiatives. It explores also important concepts for the theme of the book such as truth and choice. It also offers some thoughts on the theoretical framework of the book and the methodology for the research on which this book is based. It ends by explaining the structure of the book.
Historical Background
Authors: Bittelli Marco , Olmi Roberto , Rosa Rodolfo 
Published: December 2022

AbstractChapter 2 provides a brief historical background about the origin of random processes theory. The invention of probability theory is commonly referred back to the seventeenth century, where the game of dice was the basis for mathematical development of probability and combinatory laws. Antoine Gambaud and Blaise Pascal were debating about the number of throws necessary to win the game of dice and the theory of probability are starting to be developed.
France and the Rise of China
Authors: Meijer Hugo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
France’s policy towards the People’s Republic of China (PRC) followed a parallel trajectory to that of its larger regional policy in the Asia-Pacific. China’s increasingly muscular posture in the Indian and Pacific Oceans regions coupled with its concurrent expanding reach into Europe sparked France to harden its ‘China policy’. This chapter examines how France has grappled with China’s rising assertiveness on the European continent. In particular, it examines Paris’s response to Chinese foreign direct investments (FDIs) into sensitive sectors and to its supply of telecommunications (or telecoms) equipment for France’s digital infrastructure. It is shown that, after two decades in which Paris mostly focused on the pursuit of economic opportunities, concerns over China’s inroads into strategic sectors in France and in Europe in the 2010s—coupled with increasingly competitive bilateral economic relations—have been the main driver of change in France’s ‘China policy’. The first two sections delineate the two main drivers of France’s policy towards the PRC, i.e. the evolving French economic interests vis-à-vis China—as its economic imprint in Europe expanded—and Paris’s heightened threat perceptions of the PRC. The chapter then shows how these evolving economic interests and threat assessment, in turn, caused France to harden the goals of its ‘China policy’ and to bolster the policy instruments that it mobilized to achieve such goals.
Conclusions
Authors: Meijer Hugo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Conclusion of the book first synthesizes its core findings on the policies of three major European powers towards China across both continents, the Asia-Pacific and Europe. The central finding of this study is that, whereas growing economic interests have provided the underlying impetus for the three countries’ growing attention to the PRC and the Asia-Pacific, their threat perceptions of China—coupled with increasingly competitive bilateral economic relations—have been the main driver of change in their policies towards Beijing. Europe’s major powers have awakened to security implications of China’s rise. Based upon such findings, this Conclusion then outlines new important avenues for future research at a time when the European Union and NATO have recalibrated their approaches towards the PRC amidst mounting United States–China strategic competition, and the implications of Brexit therefore. In particular, it discusses how future research could broaden the comparative analysis put forward in this book to encompass also the ‘China policies’ of medium and smaller European powers in order to assess the larger trends of convergence (or fragmentation) in the national responses to China’s rise across the whole European Union. Likewise, future research should investigate Washington’s evolving perspective on the role of Europeans in facing China’s rise as well as the main venues through which such cooperation unfolds.
Learning to Live Naturally
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This book offers a sustained examination of the core Stoic ethical claims and their significance for modern moral theory. The first part considers the Stoic ideas of happiness as the life according to nature and virtue as expertise in leading a happy life and explores the senses of ‘nature’ (both human and universal) relevant for ethics. It also explains the distinction in value between virtue and ‘indifferents’ and analyses virtuous practical deliberation as selection between ‘indifferents’ directed at leading a happy human life. The second part studies Stoic thinking on ethical development (in their terms, learning to live naturally). It brings out the close interconnections between making progress in ethical understanding, in forming and deepening social relationships, and in emotional responses. The third part discusses how Stoic ethics, as interpreted here, can contribute to contemporary moral theory, especially virtue ethics. It suggests that Stoic thinking on the virtue-happiness relationship offers a cogent alternative to Aristotle, currently the main ancient prototype for virtue ethical theory. It explores ways in which Stoic ideas on human and universal nature can contribute to modern ethical debates, notably on how to respond effectively to the pressing challenge of climate breakdown. It also highlights the potential value of Stoic thinking on development and guidance for modern virtue ethics as well as discussing the powerful impact Stoicism has already had in contemporary ‘life-guidance’.
Partition Times
Authors: Razzack Azra , Siddiqui M. Atyab 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter discusses the times leading up to the partition, the conflicting identities, the relationship of the institutions—the Anglo Arabic College & Schools with the Muslim League and the infatuation the students had with Jinnah who was soon to become the Quaid e Azam of Pakistan. The closing down of the Anglo Arabic Schools and college in 1947, their opening again as the Anglo Arabic School (only at Ajmeri Gate) and Delhi College in 1948 has been discussed here. The trials and tribulations of that period, the compromise and adjustments made, and the transition of the Anglo Arabic School and its identification into a new and independent country follow.
The Historical Political Economy of Financial Crises
Authors: Weidenmier Marc 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines three important areas of research in the historical political economy of financial crises: the role of political factors in Confederate debt repayment during the American Civil War, the establishment of a central bank in the United States following the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 and the Panic of 1907, and the dramatic expansion of the powers of central banks over the last one hundred years using the Great Depression as a historical case study. These three areas show, among other things, that issues of political economy and financial crises can take very different forms.
Thermo-Sensitive Spikelet Defects 1acclimatizes rice spikelet initiation and development to high temperature
Authors: Cai Zhengzheng , Wang Gang , Li Jieqiong , Kong Lan , Tang Weiqi , Chen Xuequn , Qu Xiaojie , Lin Chenchen , Peng Yulin , Liu Yang , Deng Zhanlin , Ye Yanfang , Wu Weiren , Duan Yuanlin 
Published: December 2022

AbstractCrop reproductive development is vulnerable to heat stress, and the genetic modulation of thermotolerance during the reproductive phase, especially the early stage, remains poorly understood. We isolated a Poaceae-specific FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYLS3 (FHY3)/FAR-RED IMPAIRED RESPONSE1 (FAR1)family transcription factor, Thermo-sensitive Spikelet Defects 1 (TSD1), derived from transposase in rice (Oryza sativa) TSD1 was highly expressed in spikelets, induced by heat, and specifically enhanced the thermotolerance of spikelet morphogenesis. Disrupting TSD1 did not affect vegetative growth but markedly retarded spikelet initiation and development, as well as caused varying degrees of spikelet degeneration, depending on the temperature. Most tsd1 spikelets were normal at low temperature but gradually degenerated as temperature increased, and all disappeared at high temperature, leading to naked branches. TSD1 directly promoted the transcription of YABBY1 and YABBY3 and could physically interact with YABBY1 and three TOB proteins, YABBY5, YABBY4, and YABBY3. These YABBY proteins can form either homodimers or heterodimers and play an important role in spikelet morphogenesis, similar to TSD1. Notably, the knockout mutant yab5-ko and double mutant tsd1 yab5-ko resembled tsd1 in spikelet appearance and response to temperature, indicating that these genes likely participate in spikelet development through the cooperative TSD1–YABBY module. These findings reveal a distinctive function of FHY3/FAR1 family genes and a unique TSD1–YABBY complex to acclimate spikelet development to high temperature in rice, providing insight into the regulating pathway of enhancing thermotolerance in plant reproductive development.
Reversions to consensus are positively selected in HIV-1 and bias substitution rate estimates
Authors: Druelle Valentin , Neher Richard A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is a rapidly evolving virus able to evade host immunity through rapid adaptation during chronic infection. The HIV-1 group M has diversified since its zoonosis into several subtypes at a rate of the order of 10−3 changes per site per year. This rate varies between different parts of the genome, and its inference is sensitive to the timescale and diversity spanned by the sequence data used. Higher rates are estimated on short timescales and particularly for within-host evolution, while rate estimates spanning decades or the entire HIV-1 pandemic tend to be lower. The underlying causes of this difference are not well understood. We investigate here the role of rapid reversions toward a preferred evolutionary sequence state on multiple timescales. We show that within-host reversion mutations are under positive selection and contribute substantially to sequence turnover, especially at conserved sites. We then use the rates of reversions and non-reversions estimated from longitudinal within-host data to parameterize a phylogenetic sequence evolution model. Sequence simulation of this model on HIV-1 phylogenies reproduces diversity and apparent evolutionary rates of HIV-1 in gag and pol, suggesting that a tendency to rapidly revert to a consensus-like state can explain much of the time dependence of evolutionary rate estimates in HIV-1.
Performance of Noninvasive Airway Occlusion Maneuvers to Assess Lung Stress and Diaphragm Effort in Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Patients
Authors: de Vries Heder J. , Tuinman Pieter R. , Jonkman Annemijn H. , Liu Ling , Qiu Haibo , Girbes Armand R. J. , Zhang YingRui , de Man Angelique M. E. , de Grooth Harm-Jan , Heunks Leo 
Published: December 2022

Background
Monitoring and controlling lung stress and diaphragm effort has been hypothesized to limit lung injury and diaphragm injury. The occluded inspiratory airway pressure (Pocc) and the airway occlusion pressure at 100 ms (P0.1) have been used as noninvasive methods to assess lung stress and respiratory muscle effort, but comparative performance of these measures and their correlation to diaphragm effort is unknown. The authors hypothesized that Pocc and P0.1 correlate with diaphragm effort and lung stress and would have strong discriminative performance in identifying extremes of lung stress and diaphragm effort.

Methods
Change in transdiaphragmatic pressure and transpulmonary pressure was obtained with double-balloon nasogastric catheters in critically ill patients (n = 38). Pocc and P0.1 were measured every 1 to 3 h. Correlations between Pocc and P0.1 with change in transdiaphragmatic pressure and transpulmonary pressure were computed from patients from the first cohort. Accuracy of Pocc and P0.1 to identify patients with extremes of lung stress (change in transpulmonary pressure > 20 cm H2O) and diaphragm effort (change in transdiaphragmatic pressure < 3 cm H2O and >12 cm H2O) in the preceding hour was assessed with area under receiver operating characteristic curves. Cutoffs were validated in patients from the second cohort (n = 13).

Results
Pocc and P0.1 correlate with change in transpulmonary pressure (R
2 = 0.62 and 0.51, respectively) and change in transdiaphragmatic pressure (R
2 = 0.53 and 0.22, respectively). Area under receiver operating characteristic curves to detect high lung stress is 0.90 (0.86 to 0.94) for Pocc and 0.88 (0.84 to 0.92) for P0.1. Area under receiver operating characteristic curves to detect low diaphragm effort is 0.97 (0.87 to 1.00) for Pocc and 0.93 (0.81 to 0.99) for P0.1. Area under receiver operating characteristic curves to detect high diaphragm effort is 0.86 (0.81 to 0.91) for Pocc and 0.73 (0.66 to 0.79) for P0.1. Performance was similar in the external dataset.

Conclusions
Pocc and P0.1 correlate with lung stress and diaphragm effort in the preceding hour. Diagnostic performance of Pocc and P0.1 to detect extremes in these parameters is reasonable to excellent. Pocc is more accurate in detecting high diaphragm effort.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Association of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection With Maternal Mortality and Neonatal Birth Outcomes in Botswana by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Status
Authors: Jackson-Gibson Maya , Diseko Modiegi , Caniglia Ellen C. , Mayondi Gloria K. , Mabuta Judith , Luckett Rebecca , Moyo Sikhulile , Lawrence Pamela , Matshaba Mogomotsi , Mosepele Mosepele , Mmalane Mompati , Banga Jaspreet , Lockman Shahin , Makhema Joseph , Zash Rebecca , Shapiro Roger L. 
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the combined association of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on adverse birth outcomes in an HIV-endemic region.

METHODS:
The Tsepamo Study abstracts data from antenatal and obstetric records in government maternity wards across Botswana. We assessed maternal mortality and adverse birth outcomes for all singleton pregnancies from September 2020 to mid-November 2021 at 13 Tsepamo sites among individuals with documented SARS-CoV-2 screening tests and known HIV status.

RESULTS:
Of 20,410 individuals who gave birth, 11,483 (56.3%) were screened for SARS-CoV-2 infection; 4.7% tested positive. People living with HIV were more likely to test positive (144/2,421, 5.9%) than those without HIV (392/9,030, 4.3%) (P=.001). Maternal deaths occurred in 3.7% of those who had a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result compared with 0.1% of those who tested negative (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 31.6, 95% CI 15.4–64.7). Maternal mortality did not differ by HIV status. The offspring of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 infection experienced more overall adverse birth outcomes (34.5% vs 26.6%; aRR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.4), severe adverse birth outcomes (13.6% vs 9.8%; aRR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.5), preterm delivery (21.4% vs 13.4%; aRR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.7), and stillbirth (5.6% vs 2.7%; aRR 1.7 95% CI 1.2–2.5). Neonates exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and HIV infection had the highest prevalence of adverse birth outcomes (43.1% vs 22.6%; aRR 1.7, 95% CI 1.4–2.0).

CONCLUSION:
Infection with SARS-CoV-2 at the time of delivery was associated with 3.7% maternal mortality and 5.6% stillbirth in Botswana. Most adverse birth outcomes were worse among neonates exposed to both SARS-CoV-2 and HIV infection.
Postmatch perceptions of virtual interviews among orthopaedic surgery program directors and candidates: results of an online survey
Authors: Brueggeman David A. , Via Garrhett G. , Lyons Joseph G. , Froehle Andrew W. , Krishnamurthy Anil B. 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Interviews are considered fundamental to the residency application. Universal implementation of virtual interviews (VIs) caused substantial modifications to the 2020/2021 residency application cycle. Previous work elucidated the expectations and perceptions of candidates and program directors (PDs) prior to the match. The authors aimed to assess whether the match results affected perceptions of VIs.

Methods:
An online survey was distributed to candidates and PDs of the 2020/2021 orthopaedic surgery residency application cycle. Questions assessed match results, the perceived impact of VIs, and interview format preferences for upcoming application cycles.

Results:
Responses included 39 PDs (20% response rate) and 71 candidates (14% response rate). PDs in the sample reported filling all positions. Of the 71 candidates, 19 went unmatched. Candidates had significantly higher prematch expectations of the impact of VIs than PDs (P=0.039). PDs reported significantly different changes in perception of VIs after the match compared with candidates, with more positive views of VIs reported (P=0.009). Compared with matched candidates, unmatched candidates expressed significantly greater dissatisfaction with the match result (P<0.001).

Conclusions:
PDs reported higher satisfaction with VIs than expected after the match compared with prematch expectations. Candidates’ opinions of VIs postmatch were polarized. Unmatched candidates expressed a high level of dissatisfaction with the match and overwhelmingly felt VIs negatively affected their chances of matching. A large majority of PDs and matched candidates were satisfied with the outcomes of the match and VIs; nevertheless, this did not confer broad support for continuing VIs in the future.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV
Alveolar Biomarker Profiles in Subphenotypes of the Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Sathe Neha A. , Morrell Eric D. , Bhatraju Pavan K. , Fessler Michael B. , Stapleton Renee D. , Wurfel Mark M. , Mikacenic Carmen 
Published: December 2022

OBJECTIVES:
We sought to determine whether hyperinflammatory acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and hypoinflammatory ARDS, which have been associated with differences in plasma biomarkers and mortality risk, also display differences in bronchoalveolar lavage (BALF) biomarker profiles. We then described the relationship between hyperinflammatory ARDS and hypoinflammatory ARDS to novel subphenotypes derived using BALF biomarkers.

DESIGN:
Secondary analysis of a randomized control trial testing omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of ARDS.

SETTING:
Five North American intensive care units.

PATIENTS:
Adults (n = 88) on invasive mechanical ventilation within 48 hours of ARDS onset.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
We classified 57 patients as hypoinflammatory and 31 patients as hyperinflammatory using a previously validated logistic regression model. Of 14 BALF biomarkers analyzed, interleukin-6 and granulocyte colony stimulating factor were higher among patients with hyperinflammatory ARDS compared with hypoinflammatory ARDS, though the differences were not robust to multiple hypothesis testing. We then performed a de novo latent class analysis of the 14 BALF biomarkers to identify two classes well separated by alveolar profiles. Class 2 (n = 63) displayed significantly higher interleukin-6, von Willebrand factor, soluble programmed cell death receptor-1, % neutrophils, and other biomarkers of inflammation compared with class 1 (n = 25). These BALF-derived classes had minimal overlap with the plasma-derived hyperinflammatory and hypoinflammatory classes, and the majority of both plasma-derived classes were in BALF-derived class 2 and characterized by high BALF biomarkers. Additionally, the BALF-derived classes were associated with clinical severity of pulmonary disease, with class 2 exhibiting lower Pao
2 to Fio
2 and distinct ventilatory parameters, unlike the plasma-derived classes, which were only related to nonpulmonary organ dysfunction.

CONCLUSIONS:
Hyperinflammatory and hypoinflammatory ARDS subphenotypes did not display significant differences in alveolar biologic profiles. Identifying ARDS subgroups using BALF measurements is a unique approach that complements information obtained from plasma, with potential to inform enrichment strategies in trials of lung-targeted therapies.