bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Thermal Analysis and Freezing Injury of Deacclimating Peach and Sweet Cherry Reproductive Organs
Authors: Andrews Preston K. , Proebsting Edward L. , Gross Dennis C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The freezing patterns of flower buds in peach [Prunus persica L.) Batsch ‘Redhaven’] and sweet cherry (Prunus avium L. ‘Bing’) changed significantly during spring deacclimation. Nucleation temperature, measured by differential thermal analysis (DTA), and freezing injury were monitored for reproductive organs as affected by the presence and absence of vegetative tissue, surface moisture, and the ice nucleation-active (INA) bacterium Pseudomonas syringae van Hall. The flower buds retained the capacity to deep supercool until early bud swell, when the low temperature (LT) exotherm distribution widened and fewer LT exotherms were produced. Following the disappearance of the LT exotherms until the petals tips first appeared through the calyx, the nucleation temperature of the flower buds increased 1° to 3°C. During this period the presence of stem tissue had no effect on nucleation temperature, whereas surface moisture increased the nucleation temperature several degrees. After full bloom, flowers attached to the stem froze at higher temperatures than excised flowers whether wet or dry. From the time the flower buds lost the capacity to deep supercool until petal tip emergence, freezing injury was reduced significantly by increasing the ice nucleation temperature, either by wetting peach flower buds or by inoculating sweet cherry flower buds with INA P. syringae bacteria. Following petal tip emergence, the higher nucleation temperatures no longer reduced freezing injury. Apparently, the flower buds of these Prunus species avoid freezing during the winter by deep supercooling of the dormant flowers, yet tolerate freezing during the early stages of flower development in the spring.
ABA Levels in Tomato Seeds and Fruit as Affected by Fruit Maturation and Fermentation
Authors: Velasco James , Stoner Allan K. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) levels in seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fell about 10-fold during fermentation to remove mucilaginous tissue. Imbibing seeds in 20 µg/ml ABA prevented germination and increased ABA content of the seed 15-fold. Subsequent germination in water averaged greater than 90%.
Genetic Control of Quantitative Variation in Phaseolin Seed Protein of Common Bean
Authors: Sullivan Joseph G. , Bliss F.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Three populations of near-homozygous inbred backcross lines of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were produced using ‘Sanilac’ as the recurrent parent and 3 donor parents, ‘BBL 240’, 15R-148, and ‘Swedish Brown’. The method for producing inbred backcross lines included 2 successive backcrosses to the recurrent parent followed by 3 or 4 generations of self-fertilization using single seed descent. There was no conscious selection during the backcrossing or selfing stages. Lines were grown in the Held and analyzed for seed protein content, percentage of protein, seed yield, and seed size. In each population, the frequency of lines recovered having enhanced levels of phaseolin (compared to ‘Sanilac’) suggested that one or a few major genes (effective factors) for phaseolin had been contributed by the donor parent. In population 2, derived from ‘Sanilac’ crossed to ‘BBL 240’, there was evidence for possible linkage between enhanced phaseolin and the gene(s) controlling the electrophoretic banding pattern of the phaseolin polypeptide subunits. The nonprotein portion of the seeds of these lines was also less than that of the recurrent parent, resulting in generally smaller seeds. In contrast, some families in population 6 (donor 15R-148) having enhanced phaseolin also showed increased levels of the nonprotein constituents of the seed. Population 8 (donor ‘Swedish Brown’) was unique since lines with enhanced levels of phaseolin were recovered although the donor parent had a low phaseolin concentration (phaseolin/100 g flour) but large seeds with a high concentration of the nonprotein fraction. These results show that breeding lines with increased levels of phaseolin seed protein can be produced either directly by increasing the phaseolin concentration or indirectly by decreasing the nonprotein fraction of seed.
Expression of Enhanced Seed Protein Content in Inbred Backcross Lines of Common Bean
Authors: Sullivan Joseph G. , Bliss F.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Four populations of inbred backcross lines of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), developed from crosses between ‘Sanilac’, the recurrent parent, and 4 donor parents (‘BBL 240’, 15R-148, ‘Swedish Brown’, and PI 229815), were analyzed for total seed protein percentage. In each population a substantial number of lines having significantly higher protein levels than ‘Sanilac’ were recovered. The basis for enhanced protein percentage was attributed to increased amounts (g/seed) of phaseolin and nonphaseolin protein, either singularly or together, and either with or without a decrease in the nonprotein seed fraction. Lines from different populations were characterized by different combinations of altered levels of the various seed fractions. Although seed size varied depending on the seed fractions present, no obviously shriveled seeds were observed. Lines having enhanced protein and seed yields comparable to or greater than the recurrent parent, ‘Sanilac’ were recovered.
Inhibition of Shoot Growth in Greenhouse-grown Tomato by Periodic Gyratory Shaking
Authors: Heuchert John C. , Mitchell Cary A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Seedlings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Rutgers) were agitated periodically on a gyratory shaker. Shaking plants at 175 rpm for 5 minutes once daily during the winter reduced leaf area, stem length, and water content and dry weight of both leaves and stems. This treatment was ineffective when applied during the summer. Five- to 20-minute treatments applied 2 or 3 times daily reduced growth during either season, but were more effective during winter. Responses were independent of the time of day at which treatment took place. Leaf area, stem length, water content of leaves and stems, leaf dry weight, and specific stem water content were reduced progressively relative to undisturbed controls as the shaking rate increased from 125 to 175 rpm during the winter. Leaf area, specific leaf water content, and specific stem water content were reduced by shaking at 44% of full summer sunlight, but not at 31% or 17%. Shaking enhanced specific stem weight only at 44% light, whereas stem length was reduced most by shaking at 17% light. Differences in relative plant response to shaking between summer and winter remained even when seasonal differences in solar flux density were minimized by use of shadecloth during the summer.
High Pressure Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Flavonoids in Geranium Florets as an Adjunct for Cultivar Identification
Authors: Asen S. , Griesbach R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
High pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedures were developed for the resolution and quantitation of naturally occurring flavonoids in florets of geranium (Pelargonium X hortorum Bailey). Anthocyanins identified were the 3,5-diglucosides of cyanidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, malvidin, delphinidin, and petunidin. Related flavonoid copigments were: the 3-glucoside, 3-galactoside, 3-xyloside, 3-arabinopyranoside, 3-arabinofuranoside, 3-rutinoside, 3-rhamnosylgalactoside, and 7-glucoside of kaempferol and the 3-glucoside, 3-galactoside, 3-rhamnoside, 3-rutinoside, and 3-rhamnosylgalactoside of quercetin. Significant qualitative and quantitative differences between the 20 flavonoid chemical markers distinguished all but 2 of the 20 cultivars examined. It is believed that the 2 indistinguishable cultivars arose as sports from the same cultivar and are genetically identical for floral pigmentation.
Environmental Stress and Seasonal Changes in Proline Concentration of Citrus Tree Tissues and Juice
Authors: Syvertsen J.P. , Smith M.L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate seasonal changes in the free proline content of citrus roots, leaves, fruit peel, and juice in response to low-temperature and water stress. Nonirrigated trees generally had higher proline in all tissues than did irrigated trees except immediately after a freeze. At this time, nonirrigated trees were less water-stressed because of the greater amount of freeze-induced defoliation that nonirrigated trees had sustained. Using data from an entire year, proline concentration was not correlated with water stress of leaves or fruit. This lack of correlation probably was due to the interacting effects of water stress and low temperature on proline accumulation. Leaves accumulated proline in response to stress before roots and fruit. These data support the idea that the free proline increases first in the leaves in response to stress and subsequently is transported to other tree tissues. Even though proline content in the juice increased with fruit maturity, proline may not be a good indicator of juice quality since it did not always correspond with Brix:acid ratio and fruit in the most exposed canopy positions tended to have the highest proline content.
The Occurrence of Mesocarpic Stone Cells in the Fruit of Cultivated Highbush Blueberry
Authors: Gough R.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Stone cells of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) were distributed primarily toward the periphery of the fruit; they apparently differentiated from ground parenchyma shortly after anthesis. Secondary cell wall material continued to be accreted through harvest, with lamellations about 1μm in width. The lignified walls were heavily pitted, with pits contiguous with those of adjacent stone cells. The number of stone cells may be correlated positively to the length of the growth season for each cultivar.
The Effect of Paclobutrazol on Growth and Response to Water Stress of Apple Seedlings
Authors: Swietlik Dariusz , Miller Stephen S. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The addition of (2RS, 3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-1,2,4-triazoI-1-yl-) pentan-3-ol) (paclobutrazol, PP333) at 0.05 or 0.20 ppm to a nutrient solution in which 4-month-old apple (Malus domestica, Borkh.) seedlings were growing, reduced terminal growth and increased root to leaf ratio. Plants pretreated with 0.20 ppm PP333 did not show a reduction in transpiration due to subsequent applied water stress induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG), whereas untreated plants decreased their transpiration in response to PEG stress at −0.5 and −0.75 MPa. The PP333 pretreatment at 0.20 ppm improved water balance of the seedlings since they had a higher water potential than untreated seedlings at equal or higher transpiration rates. Leaf osmotic adjustment to lower water potentials was shown to be leaf age-dependent irrespective of PP333 pretreatment.
Interactions between Air and Root Temperatures on Greenhouse Tomato: II. Mineral Composition of Plants
Authors: Gosselin André , Trudel Marc J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Vendor) were maintained at 5 root temperatures (12°,18°, 24°, 30°, and 36°C) and 4 night air temperatures (12°, 15°, 18°, and 21°) for a period of 3 months. Although N content of the shoots was increased at 24° and 30° root temperatures, a reduction of this element was measured in the 4th fully expanded leaves. An increase in root temperature from 12° to 24° increased P, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Mn content of leaves, but had the opposite effect on Na. High night temperature (21°) favored the absorption of Ca and Na but reduced the concentration of P in the leaves. The results indicate that fertilization of tomato plants should be adapted to root and night air temperatures to avoid excessive vegetative growth and flower abscission and to maximize yield.
Population Analysis of Vigor and Growth Pattern of Apple Seedlings with Short Internode Parentage
Authors: Zagaja S.W. , Faust Miklos 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The vigor of growth and branching pattern of about 2000 apple seedlings were assessed. The seedlings were 8 years of age and were obtained by intercrossing 4 ‘Goldspur Delicious’ × ‘Redspur Delicious’ hybrids. The seedlings differed considerably in their vigor; the largest tree measured 16 times larger than the smallest one. The short internode condition seemed to exert some dwarfing effect on tree size but was not, however, the sole factor accounting for the degree of dwarfing observed. Measurements revealed that short internode conditions occurred within the most vigorous tree class as well as within the least vigorous one. A continuous variation rather than discontinuous segregation was observed with regard to both vigor of the trees and presence of spurs. Branching pattern also differed with the most numerous pattern being trees with upright branches, some of which produced only a limited number of third-order branches while the others produced a more pronounced number of second-order laterals. Trees with spread-shape crowns consisted of about 20% of the total count, while trees with natural-shape crowns, only 8%.
Rest Completion Prediction Model for ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ Apples
Authors: Shaltout Assem D. , Unrath C.R. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A chill unit model was developed for ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ (Malus domestica Borkh.) apples grown under the wide range of temperature and elevations in North Carolina. The model relates air temperature to effective chill units and predicts rest completion for North Carolina-grown apples more accurately than previously reported models. The model proposes a broader range of effective temperatures and incorporates a greater negative effect when temperatures exceed 21°C for rest. According to the model, 1200 chill units are required to break rest of apple buds. Growing degree hours correlated with each apple bud developmental stage, as well as from projected date of rest completion to full bloom, were determined using various base temperatures.
Symptom Development of Chilling Injury in Pineapple Fruit
Authors: Pauli Robert E. , Rohrbach Kenneth G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Symptoms of chilling injury (Cl) expressed as internal browning (IB) in fresh pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.] began to appear within 2 days at 22°C after a period of storage at temperatures less than 12°. Fruit not subjected to chilling temperatures during storage also developed similiar symptoms when held for 0 to 10 days at between 18° and 30°. Fruit stored for longer than 3 weeks at temperatures of 8° and 3° showed fewer CI symptoms than similar fruit held at 12°. Waxing fruit either before or immediately after exposure to chilling temperatures was equally effective in reducing CI symptoms. Low oxygen (3%), with or without (5%) carbon dioxide during chilling did not reduce symptom expression. Storage of fruit under low oxygen following chilling significantly reduced CI symptom expression. A model for CI symptom development is presented and related to the metabolic events leading to IB of pineapple fruit, stored at chilling temperatures.
Quality Measurements of Carnation Treatment Solutions in Relation to Flower Silver Distribution and Longevity
Authors: Gorin N. , Staby G. , Klop W. , Tippet N. , Leussing D. L. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Various silver containing solutions were evaluated for their effectiveness in extending the life of cut carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus, L. ‘Improved White Sim’) by simple chemical tests of the solutions. Effective solutions formed an immediate white or yellow precipitate (AgI) when 3.0 ml of the solution reacted with 0.15 ml of 2.0 m KI solution, whereas no precipitate formed when reacted with 0.15 ml of 2.0 m NaCI solution. When no precipitate formed with KI, there was insufficient silver in the solution to extend flower life, and hence, no silver was detected in a combined stem and leaf sample or in the flower head (consisting of receptacle, pistil, bracts, calyx and petals). A precipitate forming with both KI and NaCI indicated that the solution contained silver but in the wrong formulation to extend life. Flowers treated with this solution had silver in the combined stems and leaves, but practically none in heads. When solutions were effective, more silver was detected in heads than in the stems and leaves combined.
Effect of Low-oxygen Atmosphere on Storage Scald and Quality Preservation of ‘Delicious’ Apples
Authors: Chen P. M. , Olsen K. L. , Meheriuk M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Studies of low-O2 storage of ‘Delicious’ apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) were conducted in Oregon (1981), Washington (1982), and British Columbia (1981 and 1982). A combination of 1% O2 with 1% CO2 was the most promising for control of storage scald and quality preservation of ‘Delicious’ apple fruit grown in Oregon. A combination of 1% O2 with <0.03% CO2 effectively reduced or eliminated the incidence of storage scald and preserved dessert quality of apples grown in Washington. Early-harvested apples from British Columbia developed a high incidence of storage scald after 7 months of storage in 1% O2 with 0.05% CO2. Apples harvested at commercial maturity, however, developed only slight or minimal storage scald symptom after 7 months of storage in 1 and 0.5% O2 with 0.05% CO2. A high incidence of low-O2 injury (i.e., ribbon-like, depressed skin browning) was found in fruit from Oregon stored for 9 months in 0.5% O2 (with or without CO2) and in 1.0% to 1.5% O2 with <0.03% CO2. No low-02 injury was found in fruit from Washington or British Columbia after low-O2 storage.
Regulation of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Action in Cut Carnation Flower Senescence by Cytokinins
Authors: Cook Douglas , Rasche Madeline , Eisinger William 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cytokinins delay the onset of senescence in cut carnation flowers (Dianthus caryophyllus) by affecting the biosynthesis and action of ethylene in the tissue. The onset of senescence is marked by an increase in ethylene sensitivity and production by the tissue. A characteristic rise in 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), the immediate precursor of ethylene, accompanies the initial stages, but the greatest increases in ACC are associated with the decline in ethylene production during the later stages of senescence. Cytokinins delay the onset of senescence and reduce ethylene sensitivity and production. Benzyladenine (BA), a cytokinin, prevents the rise in endogenous ACC levels and reduces the capacity of the tissue to convert ACC to ethylene. The effects of other anti-senescence agents, aminoethoxy vinylglycine (AVG), silver ions and cobalt ions, are compared with those of BA on ethylene sensitivity and production. The mechanism of action of BA in the delay in flower senescence is discussed.
Paclobutrazol: A Promising Growth Inhibitor for Injection into Woody Plants
Authors: Sterrett J. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Paclobutrazol [(2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyI)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl-)pentan-3-ol)] was injected into bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Black Valentine’), California privet seedlings (Ligustrium ovalifolium Hassk.), saplings of red maple (Acer rubrum L.), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.), white ash (Fraxinus americana L.), American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.), and one-year-old trees of ‘Golden-Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh), to evaluate growth inhibition response. Also, the extent of translocation and metabolism of injected 14C — paclobutrazol was determined in apple. The height growth, weight, and leaf size of bean plants decreased as the dose of paclobutrazol increased from 0.01 to 1,000 μg/plant. Sprout growth from stumps of privet was reduced as the dose of paclobutrazol increased from 1 μg to 1000 μg/tree. The shoot growth of sapling trees in the field was controlled for at least 2 months with doses of paclobutrazol ranging from 5 mg to 40 mg per tree. When obvious inhibition occurred in apple trees (27 days after injection), 23% of the 14C-activity had been translocated acropetally to the apical shoots. A high percentage of 14C-activity detected was paclobutrazol; 90% of the 14C-activity found in the xylem and phloem and over 85% in the shoot tissue chromatographed with paclobutrazol.
Influence of Prolonged Exposure to Chilling Temperatures on Bud Break and Heat Requirement for Bloom of Several Fruit Species
Authors: Couvillon Gary A. , Erez A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Shoots of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.), cherry (Prunus avium L.), peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and pear [Pyrus communis × Pyrus pyrifolia (Burm.) Nakai] were collected and used in these studies. In all instances, chilling beyond that required for 50% bud break within a 2-week period (prolonged chilling) resulted in a decrease in the growing degree hours required for bud break. In many cases, over 90% of the variation in each study could be attributed to the added chilling.
Inheritance of Photoperiod Sensitivity, Hirsute Seed, and Albinism in Okra
Authors: Wyatt J. E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Photoperiod-sensitive (short day) plants were found in okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] PI 291124. These plants did not flower at Charleston, S.C., until mid-October. Segregation of populations derived from crosses with ‘Clemson Spineless’ (CS) indicated that photoperiod sensitivity was conditioned by a single recessive gene. Inheritance of hirsute seed, found in PI 172677, was determined by 2 separate genetic systems. The F1 of PI 172677 (hirsute) × ‘C S’ (glabrous) had hirsute hila and glabrous testae. In the F2, when data from seed parts were analyzed separately, hirsute hila was conditioned by 2 dominant genes, and glabrous testae was conditioned by 2 other dominant genes. When data on both seed parts were combined and independent assortment was assumed, 4 expected phenotypes were missing in the F2. Indirect evidence from the F2 and backcross populations indicated that there were linkages among the alleles which determine presence or absence of trichomes on okra seed. The possible linkage groups are described. An albino mutant, found in progeny of irradiated ‘CS’, was conditioned by a single recessive gene. The gene symbols sd and a are proposed for the genes conditioning the short day response and the albino mutant, respectively; the genes conditioning hirsute seed will not be named until linkage relationships can be resolved.