bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ignorance
Authors: Zimmerman Michael J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates the nature of ignorance. It is argued that, insofar as moral responsibility for ignorant wrongdoing is concerned, what is of central importance is whether one believes that one is engaged in wrongdoing. This observation prompts an inquiry into the nature of belief, one that focuses in particular on the distinction between belief and acceptance, the distinction between occurrent and dispositional belief, degrees of belief, and conflicts of belief. Also addressed are the distinction between acting from ignorance and acting in ignorance and the question of whether there can be blameworthiness without wrongdoing. Included in this chapter are three further reformulations of the Argument from Ignorance.
Culpable Ignorance
Authors: Zimmerman Michael J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates the nature of culpable ignorance, i.e., ignorance for which one is to blame. The Argument from Ignorance holds that blameworthiness for wrongdoing committed from ignorance is to be traced to blameworthiness for the ignorance itself, and it also holds that blameworthiness for this ignorance is to be traced in turn to blameworthiness for some prior piece of behavior. This prompts an inquiry into what is involved in such tracing, what it is for a consequence of one’s behavior to be foreseeable, and whether blameworthiness for some consequence of one’s behavior can increase the degree to which one is already to blame for the behavior itself. Also addressed is the question of whether one can be blameless for acting from ignorance even if one is to blame for the ignorance from which one acts.
Recklessness
Authors: Zimmerman Michael J. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter investigates the nature of recklessness and the question of whether and how it is possible to be blameworthy for reckless behavior. It endorses the common view that the chief distinction between negligence and recklessness is that, whereas the former involves risky behavior to whose riskiness one does not advert, the latter involves risky behavior of whose riskiness one is conscious. It stresses both the distinction between being conscious of taking a risk and being conscious of wrongly doing so and the distinction between risking doing harm and risking doing wrong, and it explains how the failure to take note of these distinctions undermines much recent discussion of responsibility for reckless behavior. It then moves to a consideration of various forms of motivated ignorance, including willful ignorance, and argues that, given the distinction between non-moral and moral ignorance, there is no need to treat responsibility for motivated moral ignorance differently from responsibility for moral ignorance in general.
Authority, Cooperation, and Accountability
Authors: Bazargan-Forward Saba 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This book develops a novel strategy for addressing individual accountability in the context of cooperatively committed harms. For example, how should we decide a single employee’s moral accountability in a corporation that commits egregious wrongs? What about a single soldier fighting in an unjust war? Or a single participant in a lynching? We need a way to make sense of individual moral accountability in instances such as these. This book makes the case for thinking that distinct aspects of human agency, normally wrapped up in a single person, can be “distributed” practically across different people. It is argued that we “distribute” agency routinely, by forming promises, by making requests, by issuing demands, and by undertaking shared action. The resulting division of agential labor makes possible a distinctive way in which one person can be accountable for the actions of another. The first half of this book, develops this form of interpersonal accountability—which it calls “authority-based accountability”—into an approach for handling problems of individual accountability in the context of cooperative activity. The second half applies this account to war ethics, criminal law, business ethics, and institutional racism. The book aims to demonstrate that what matters morally is not just our causal contributions to wrongful cooperative activity. In addition, the purposes we confer upon one another can inculpate us as well. The result is an account that can help us make sense of individual moral accountability in a bureaucratized world.
Linguistic Communication Proper
Authors: Jary Mark 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter draws on both Situation Theory and Relevance Theory to develop a model of linguistic communication proper. According to this model, basic linguistic communication involves a relationship between two situation types: an utterance-situation in which a linguistic form is tokened, and another which characterises the situation that is the object of the interlocutors’ joint attention, thereby constituting the interpretation of the utterance. Communication succeeds when speaker and hearer align on the intended characterisation of that situation. This alignment is achieved by means of the speaker’s exploitation of the hearer’s attunement to a situation-theoretic constraint, an attunement grounded in considerations of relevance. At no stage in the model is any level of representation postulated that equates to a notion of what is said.
Shipwrecks and the Bounty of the Sea
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Shipwrecks and the Bounty of the Sea is a work of social history examining community relationships, law, and seafaring over the long early modern period. It explores the politics of the coastline, the economy of scavenging, and the law of ‘wreck of the sea’ from the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth I to the end of the reign of George II. England’s coastlines were heavily trafficked by naval and commercial shipping, but an unfortunate percentage was cast away or lost. Eighteen of England’s historical counties and eight more in Wales had coastlines where sailing ships came to grief. Wrecks were disasters for merchants and mariners, but opportunities for shore-dwellers. As the proverb said, it was an ill wind that blew nobody any good. Lords of manors, local officials, officers of the Admiralty, and coastal commoners competed for maritime cargoes and the windfall of wreckage, which they regarded as providential godsends or entitlements by right. A varied haul of commodities, wines, furnishings, and bullion came ashore, much of it claimed by the crown. The people engaged in salvaging these wrecks came to be called ‘wreckers’ and gained a reputation as violent and barbarous plunderers. Close attention to statements of witnesses and reports of survivors shows this image to be largely undeserved. Dramatic evidence from previously unexplored manuscripts reveals coastal communities in action, collaborating as well as competing as they harvested the bounty of the sea.
The Bounty of the Golden Grape
Authors: Cressy David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Extraordinarily detailed depositions from 342 witnesses naming 547 individuals tell the story of the Golden Grape, a Dutch merchantman that was wrecked on Chesil Beach, Dorset, in 1641. Seven crewmen drowned, but at least twelve survived to lament their loss as ‘the people of the country by force and violence took and carried the same away’. The episode sheds light on the stresses of law and custom, duty and opportunity, as participants told their stories. Many of the themes of this book are highlighted here. The records reveal inter-village rivalries and solidarities, teamwork and enterprise, deference and cooperation, as barrels of raisins, jars of oil, bales of silk, and sacks of silver were brought ashore. There were instances of intimidation and theft, but little overt violence, no ‘barbarity’. Rather than a disordered frenzy, the evidence depicts a practiced communal effort to take what the sea offered. Salvagers treated the survivors with courtesy, worked collaboratively with neighbours, and deferred to men in authority. Identified by name, address, gender, and occupation, the wreckers were a cross-section of coastal society, exhibiting a community in action. Explaining themselves before Admiralty commissioners, most deponents acknowledged their roles at the wreck, but they gathered goods, they said, only for safe keeping until lawful authority arrived. Their veracity and memories may be doubted, but none of the villagers was punished.
Children and Youth-Focused Radio in Sierra Leone
Authors: Podder Sukanya 
Published: September 2022

AbstractThis chapter begins by outlining the contextual background to the Sierra Leone civil war and the intergenerational issues that underpinned it. The programming life-cycle of the partner INGO’s media and community outreach projects are analysed next. Key themes in the radio programmes are examined to highlight the role of community radio, and radio soap operas in enabling a more critical reflection on local ideas and practices. In Sierra Leone, the lack of an explicit commitment to institutionalization proved to be a serious weakness. The result was only ad hoc involvement of the national government agencies in youth focused activities; and limited transfer of project related learning to successor organizations. In chasing donor funding to ensure longevity of operational presence, there was limited reflection on how far donor strategic priorities resonated with local norms. The result was a manufactured peace, characterized by accidental institutional legacies.
Revelation in a Pluralistic World
Authors: Roy Louis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This book proposes a sound understanding of revelation in the midst of the contemporary clash of philosophic views. Although it includes much information, it does so in a dialectical fashion. Several years ago the author engaged in research about revelation with the full awareness that, because of the churches’ insistence that revelation is fully realized only in Christianity, they have progressively suffered a severe loss of status. For him, the problem is that this insistence has often remained unnuanced and simplistic, with the consequence that not only unbelievers as well as believers of other religions, but even numerous Christians no longer agree with the primacy of a truth revealed in Jesus Christ. The author’s enterprise here is an effort to elucidate this issue. The book addresses the difficulties affecting the interpretation of belief, given modernity’s concerns, and it sheds light on burning issues such as the possibility of universal truths, forms of pluralism, the role of doctrines, of testimony, and of authority. It details representations of religious experience and doctrine during the Enlightenment. It delineates the way the problem of historical knowledge has been discussed from the eighteenth century to the present, especially by Ernst Troeltsch around year 1900. It adds the views on that issue enunciated by Karl Barth, Wolfhart Pannenberg, and Paul Ricœur. It also spells out Catholic responses—traditionalist and non-traditionalist ones. It outlines ideas of revelation in non-Christian religions and it comes to grips with the possibility of revelation apart from Jesus.
Introduction
Authors: Roy Louis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Quoting Jürgen Habermas and Alasdair MacIntyre, this Introduction describes the religious/nonreligious situation of our time, marked by pluralism and indifference. It continues with the characterization of five cognitive horizons, each of which sheds light on those who raise objections to revelation. It ends with a description of all the chapters of the book. The author acknowledges that the amount of historical information about numerous thinkers can be at times overwhelming for some readers. However, by providing so much information, his aim is to help readers to take account not only of late-twentieth-century and early-twenty-first-century debates but also of other aspects of revelation ranging from the biblical times until our days. His hope is that readers will be capable of situating his position within a broad compass and thereby to remain intellectually free vis-à-vis any view about revelation, including his own.
The Problem of Historical Knowledge
Authors: Roy Louis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Beginning with the eighteenth century, a powerful factor, namely an unprecedented sense of history, played an enormous role in Europe’s shaking off its Christian identity. As the seventeenth-century reign of rationalism was weakening, a new drama was brewing, due to the emergence of historical consciousness. This phenomenon, particularly in Germany, profoundly shaped European thinking. And of course it had reverberations throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. After sketching aspects of Spinoza’s and Leibniz’s philosophies, this chapter tackles the problem of historical consciousness and knowledge as identified by Lessing, along with Kierkegaard’s reply. It analyses at length Troeltsch’s complex treatment of historicism. It details Barth’s position regarding the Word of God, and Pannenberg’s position concerning the meaning of history.
Amid the Current Clash of Views
Authors: Roy Louis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Starting with the eighteenth century, a plethora of thinkers stressed the historical character of human thought. According to them, our beliefs do not result from intuitions of eternal truths. They have a history or, more precisely, they are part and parcel of episodes, of successions of events that, whenever remembered, become stories. Beliefs have been created in circumstances that account for their emergence; they are found at ascertainable dates and places. As a consequence, it is most difficult, if not practically impossible, to take meanings out of the culture in which they were embedded and to transplant them into our culture. It seems that they are unavoidably adulterated in the course of such an intellectual transit. This chapter offers contemporary views, negative and positive, on the standing and shareability of truths. To begin with, this chapter discusses the challenge that philosophical postmodernism poses to the possibility of holding universal truths, be they cross-cultural or transgenerational; afterward, it brings in a few facts that demonstrate the feasibility of dialogue between intercultural standpoints; it then defines moderate pluralism and proceeds to defend its viability; lastly, it makes a case for doctrines, authority, and a normative tradition.
Revelation, or God-Speech?
Authors: Roy Louis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter covers much ground: the issue of a universal revelation, divine grace offered to all human beings, the views of two Church Fathers—Justin and Clement—on revelation, the problem of incompatibilities among religions, the recipients of inspiration and revelation, comparative theology, and the difference between God’s revelation and God’s speech. Its conclusion is that the Holy Spirit speaks in all human lives, individual and collective, whereas he reveals only in the Biblical scripture as interpreted by the Catholic Church. Having discarded the opinion that God would have been silent in non-biblical spheres, the chapter suggests one should employ the concept of God’s self-communication as a wide umbrella under which two categories fall: God’s speech and God’s revelation. Logically put: divine self-communication is the genus, and the two species are divine speech and divine revelation. On the one hand, in non-biblical environments, because of cultural limitations and sometimes of effective human resistance, divine speech manages to communicate only partial truths, namely truths coupled with errors; on the other hand, in the biblical traditions, owing to inspiration, divine revelation attains its goal of communicating a truth not obscured by errors. According to the Catholic view, objective revelation requires subjective inspiration; they are the two aspects of a single, inerrant, process.
Can We Either Absolutize or Relativize Jesus Christ?
Authors: Roy Louis 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter comes up with a construal of the centrality of Jesus Christ as revealer. Can he be considered the only revealer of God, or rather the medium of revelation par excellence, without excluding other mediators? Speaking of God the Father, St John of the Cross wrote, ‘In giving us his son, his only word (for he possesses no other), he spoke everything to us at once in this sole Word – and he has no more to say.’ David Walsh stated the following about Christ: ‘He is the highest realization of mundane existence because he is the fullest manifestation of transcendent reality within the world. No fuller revelation of divine presence is possible within a human being or toward human beings.’ The chapter concludes that we should speak, not of a ‘Christocentrism’, but of a ‘Christomorphism’: not every aspect of revelation ought to be directly related to Christ, but Christ is the best model or form (morphe, in Greek). Therefore theology can focus on Jesus Christ while not neglecting other sources of Christian revelation.
Plato’s Knowledge Vocabulary And John Lyons’s Structural Semantics
Authors: Hulme Emily 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
It has often been thought that Plato does not distinguish carefully between epistēmē and technē and that these two terms can be used interchangeably in many contexts. An important argument in favour of this view was presented in John Lyons’s seminal and still regularly cited book, Structural Semantics: An Analysis of the Vocabulary of Plato. This paper describes and critically engages with the evidence for this view. Drawing attention to the manifestly different connotations of the terms, and especially the tight connection between teaching and technē, the paper presents an alternative picture: technē as implying epistēmē, but not vice versa.
The Phaedo’s Final Argument and The Soul’s Kinship with the Divine
Authors: Ebrey David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
In the Phaedo, Socrates leads us to expect that his final argument will address the details of Cebes’ cloakmaker objection. Nonetheless, almost all commentators treat the final argument as unconnected to these details. This paper argues that close attention to Cebes’ objection, Socrates’ restatement of it, and Socrates’ final argument shows that the final argument does offer a detailed response. According to the objection, the soul suffers as it brings life to the body, which ultimately leads to its destruction. Socrates argues that, on the contrary, bringing life to the body is precisely what ensures the soul’s immortality and indestructability. Cebes’ objection targets Socrates’ so-called ‘affinity argument’. In responding to Cebes’ objection, the final argument fills in the account of the soul that Socrates put forward in the affinity argument. In doing so, it identifies one precise way in which the soul is akin to the divine.
Aristotle’s Philosophy of Geometry
Authors: Katz Emily 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A principal interpretative difficulty for Aristotle’s philosophy of geometry is that he seems to maintain both that sensible things are not the objects of geometry and that geometrical objects are in the sensible world. In this paper I offer a philosophical defence of what I take to be Aristotle’s position. Briefly, geometrical objects are certain sensibles (e.g. skilfully produced construction drawings) just insofar as they are quantitative and continuous. A geometrical object, then, is what some scholars call a ‘kooky object’: a sensible object just insofar as it has a certain property or set of properties. I call this the ‘kooky objects interpretation’; it is a refinement of the ‘properties interpretation’ (a view I give elsewhere). I develop the view and argue that it is superior to an alternative reading—the ‘parts interpretation’. I show that the kooky objects interpretation addresses the difficulties motivating the parts interpretation while steering clear of its problems.
Technologies of International Radio Broadcasting
Authors: Clayton David 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the technologies and infrastructures of twentieth-century international broadcasting. It argues that global scientific networks and transfers of knowledge and expertise underpinned the wireless world. It considers how these networks and connections changed over time, and how some parts of the globe were better integrated than others. Continuing this focus on hierarchy and inequalities, it also considers the impact of different levels of access to radio around the globe, and availability of the technologies required to provide entry into the wireless world. It explores how global radio production patterns changed over time, making key equipment—particularly transistor radio sets and batteries—more available in the Global South. It also suggests that historians should consider the environmental costs of international broadcasting. Case studies look at amateur short-wave radio enthusiasts—‘DX-ers’—in the 1920s and 1930s, and at the built infrastructure of Dutch international broadcasting.
Institutions, States, and International Broadcasting
Authors: Ribeiro Nelson 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of states in funding, influencing, and controlling international broadcasting, and the relationships which developed between states and broadcasting institutions in different parts of the wireless world. It argues that we should not draw a false dichotomy between ‘independent’ and ‘state controlled’ international broadcasting. In reality, all broadcasters operated under some degree of state influence. The difference was one of degrees, and the focus for historians should be upon the varied mechanisms used by civil servants to control and direct international broadcasting institutions, overtly or covertly. The chapter focuses on state mechanisms for controlling international broadcasting in Nazi Germany, the USSR, Britain, and the US, and in colonial and post-colonial states in the Global South. Case studies examine British colonial broadcasting in the 1940s and Radio Free Europe after 1989.
The Soundscapes of the Wireless World
Authors: Stanton Andrea L. 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The chapter explores the soundscapes created and influenced by international broadcasting. It demonstrates how sound should, more generally, be taken more seriously by historians, and factored into our writing about the past. It also relates the soundscapes of the wireless world to ideas about modernity and urbanization, paying particular attention to Cold War international broadcasting, and to radio listening in the Middle East. It considers how different contexts for listening, and different technologies of transmission and reception, had specific consequences for soundscapes. Case studies examine the role of international broadcasting in media coverage of the Costes and Bellonte Transatlantic Flight of 1930, linking France and US, and of post-war attempts to describe, measure, and overcome the jamming of international broadcasts.