bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drugs, clocks and exercise in ageing: hype and hope, fact and fiction
Authors: Furrer Regula , Handschin Christoph 
Published: September 2022

AbstractAgeing is a biological process that is linked to a functional decline, ultimately resulting in death. Large interindividual differences exist in terms of life‐ and healthspan, representing life expectancy and the number of years spent in the absence of major diseases, respectively. The genetic and molecular mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of the ageing process, and those that render age the main risk factor for many diseases are still poorly understood. Nevertheless, a growing number of compounds have been put forward to affect this process. However, for scientists and laypeople alike, it is difficult to separate fact from fiction, and hype from hope. In this review, we discuss the currently pursued pharmacological anti‐ageing approaches. These are compared to non‐pharmacological interventions, some of which confer powerful effects on health and well‐being, in particular an active lifestyle and exercise. Moreover, functional parameters and biological clocks as well as other molecular marks are compared in terms of predictive power of morbidity and mortality. Then, conceptual aspects and roadblocks in the development of anti‐ageing drugs are outlined. Finally, an overview on current and future strategies to mitigate age‐related pathologies and the extension of life‐ and healthspan is provided.
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Mechanisms of spontaneous Ca2+ release‐mediated arrhythmia in a novel 3D human atrial myocyte model: II. Ca2+‐handling protein variation
Authors: Zhang Xianwei , Smith Charlotte E. R. , Morotti Stefano , Edwards Andrew G. , Sato Daisuke , Louch William E. , Ni Haibo , Grandi Eleonora 
Published: September 2022

AbstractDisruption of the transverse‐axial tubule system (TATS) in diseases such as heart failure and atrial fibrillation occurs in combination with changes in the expression and distribution of key Ca2+‐handling proteins. Together this ultrastructural and ionic remodelling is associated with aberrant Ca2+ cycling and electrophysiological instabilities that underlie arrhythmic activity. However, due to the concurrent changes in TATs and Ca2+‐handling protein expression and localization that occur in disease it is difficult to distinguish their individual contributions to the arrhythmogenic state. To investigate this, we applied our novel 3D human atrial myocyte model with spatially detailed Ca2+ diffusion and TATS to investigate the isolated and interactive effects of changes in expression and localization of key Ca2+‐handling proteins and variable TATS density on Ca2+‐handling abnormality driven membrane instabilities. We show that modulating the expression and distribution of the sodium–calcium exchanger, ryanodine receptors and the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ buffer calsequestrin have varying pro‐ and anti‐arrhythmic effects depending on the balance of opposing influences on SR Ca2+ leak–load and Ca2+–voltage relationships. Interestingly, the impact of protein remodelling on Ca2+‐driven proarrhythmic behaviour varied dramatically depending on TATS density, with intermediately tubulated cells being more severely affected compared to detubulated and densely tubulated myocytes. This work provides novel mechanistic insight into the distinct and interactive consequences of TATS and Ca2+‐handling protein remodelling that underlies dysfunctional Ca2+ cycling and electrophysiological instability in disease.
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In our companion paper we developed a 3D human atrial myocyte model, coupling electrophysiology and Ca2+ handling with subcellular spatial details governed by the transverse‐axial tubule system (TATS).
Here we utilize this model to mechanistically examine the impact of TATS loss and changes in the expression and distribution of key Ca2+‐handling proteins known to be remodelled in disease on Ca2+ homeostasis and electrophysiological stability.
We demonstrate that varying the expression and localization of these proteins has variable pro‐ and anti‐arrhythmic effects with outcomes displaying dependence on TATS density.
Whereas detubulated myocytes typically appear unaffected and densely tubulated cells seem protected, the arrhythmogenic effects of Ca2+ handling protein remodelling are profound in intermediately tubulated cells.
Our work shows the interaction between TATS and Ca2+‐handling protein remodelling that underlies the Ca2+‐driven proarrhythmic behaviour observed in atrial fibrillation and may help to predict the effects of antiarrhythmic strategies at varying stages of ultrastructural remodelling.
Hysteresis and Bi-Stability in Transversely Excited Swirling Flows
Authors: Gupta Ravi , Gohiya Rajat , Vempati Chandan , Hemchandra Santosh , Panda Pratikash 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
We investigate the effect of transverse acoustic excitation on non-reacting swirling jets. The work is motivated by the azimuthal instabilities in annular gas turbine combustor which are one of the major challenges in aero-engines. We have designed and fabricated a multi-nozzle linear array combustor to simulate the flow conditions of an annular combustor. The nozzle features a dual co-rotating radial swirler configuration. Two compression drivers placed on either side of the combustion chamber are used to generate acoustic fields in the direction transverse to the flow. Simultaneous 2D PIV and high-frequency pressure measurements are conducted to measure the time-averaged velocity field and the chamber acoustics, respectively. It is observed that once the swirling jet is excited with a transverse acoustic forcing, it instantaneously transitions to a wall-jet state. In wall-jet state, the flow moves radially outwards and remains attached to the walls on either side of the nozzle, and is characterised by a recirculation zone with a strong negative axial velocity. In our experiments we demonstrate that transverse acoustic excitation can lead to a bistable state in swirling flows. We investigated the acoustic response to low-amplitude forcing on the combustion chamber by performing a forced acoustic response analysis using COMSOL. It is observed that acoustic forcing leads to a peak response of the radial and azimuthal velocities at the flare of the swirler, which could induce an axisymmetric deflection of the jet shear layer pushing it into a wall-jet state.
Multifield Modeling and Simulation of Nutrient Transport in Mechanically Stressed Meniscus Tissue
Authors: Langner Eric , Ehrenhofer Adrian , Wallmersperger Thomas 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Insights into the transport mechanisms of nutrients are essential for understanding the pathophysiology of menisci. In the present work, we focus on the modeling and numerical simulation of the transport of glucose molecules in mechanically stressed meniscus tissue. Therefore, a multifield model based on the theory of porous media is created. Due to a biphasic approach, the major phases of the solid and the fluid are represented. The description of the transport processes of the uncharged nutrient molecules, such as convection and diffusion, is given by three coupled partial differential equations valid for large deformations. Numerical simulations are performed for everyday types of stress such as (I) lying, (II) two-legged stance, (III) one-legged stance, (IV) level walking, and (V) stair descending using the finite element method. The results show that diffusion is the dominant process. However, in parts of the meniscus, the delivery of glucose can be improved by convection due to mechanical loading. Based on these basic insights, the model can now be adapted to individual patient's meniscus geometries. The model can thus give insights into the suitability of loading scenarios for rehabilitation after meniscus damage.
Recent Progress in Flow Control and Heat Transfer Enhancement of Impinging Sweeping Jets Using Double Feedback Fluidic Oscillators: A Review
Authors: Hussain Liaqat , Khan Muhammad Mahabat 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Jet impingement finds an important role in several industrial applications which require high thermal-hydraulic performance of heat exchange systems. The self-exciting sweeping jets produced by fluidic oscillators provide superior thermal and hydraulic performance as compared to plain jets. The fluidic oscillator increases the jet impingement area on the target surface by maintaining a steady and controlled oscillatory flow. The continuous advancements in the design improvement of fluidic oscillators have led to further enhancements of heat and fluid flow characteristics. In this context, double feedback fluidic oscillators have shown promising jet flow control features and jet impingement cooling characteristics. Therefore, the current study has been devoted to analyzing and assessing the recent research progress in design improvements of double feedback fluid oscillators and the augmentation of thermal-hydraulic characteristics of impinging sweeping. Moreover, the variations in the heat transfer and hydraulic performance of impinging jets for different shapes of target surfaces have been comprehensively examined. In the end, research gaps for future work have been highlighted.
Stability Analysis of Binary Casson Nanofluid Convection With Viscosity and Conductivity Variations Using Darcy–Brinkman Model
Authors: Devi Mamta , Gupta Urvashi 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
The onset of binary/double-diffusive convection with conductivity and viscosity variations has been investigated for Casson nanofluids using Darcy–Brinkman model. Nanoparticle conductivity and viscosity are used as linear functions of volume fraction. The normal mode approach, linearized stability theory, and one-term Galerkin method are used to obtain the expressions of Darcy–Rayleigh number for stationary and oscillatory convection. Different base-fluids (water, blood, honey) for different porous phases (glass, limestone, sand) have been examined numerically using the software mathematica (version 12.0). When Darcy parameter, conductivity, and viscosity variation parameters are combined, the layer's stability is significantly enhanced. The top-heavy layer of fluid instability state is shown to be dominated by stationary mode. It is observed that non-Newtonian Casson parameter and solute Lewis number destabilize the system while porosity parameter, Darcy number, and solute Rayleigh number postpone the same. Interestingly, thermal capacity ratio, conductivity, and viscosity parameters have stabilizing effects. A comparison of stability patterns of Newtonian and non-Newtonian nanofluids is carried out numerically by taking different base fluids like water (Newtonian fluid), blood, and honey (non-Newtonian Casson fluids). The system is found to be more stable for non-Newtonian fluids. It is observed that conductivity variation pattern for different porous media is: glass &lt; limestone &lt; sand for all the base fluids. As far as base fluids are concerned, they follow the conductivity pattern as water &lt; honey &lt; blood for different porous phases.
Who reports insufficient and disturbed sleep? Results from a representative population-based health survey in Hong Kong
Authors: Bedford Laura Elizabeth , Tang Eric Ho Man , Dong Weinan , Wong Carlos King Ho , Tse Emily Tsui Yee , Ng Amy Pui Pui , Cheung Bernard Man Yung , Wu Tingting , Yu Esther Yee Tak , Lam Cindy Lo Kuen 
Published: September 2022

ObjectivesTo highlight the prevalence of sleep problems and identify associated risk factors among a representative sample recruited from the general population of Hong Kong.Design, setting and participantsParticipants included 12 022 individuals (aged 15 or above) who took part in the Population Health Survey 2014/15, a territory-wide survey conducted by the Department of Health of the Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.Primary and secondary outcome measuresOutcomes were the prevalence of (1) insufficient sleep (<6 hours sleep per day) and (2) any sleep disturbance (difficulty initiating sleep, intermittent awakenings, early awakening) ≥3 times per week in the past 30 days. Multivariable logistic regression identified associations between sleep problems and sociodemographic, clinical and lifestyle factors.Results9.7% of respondents reported insufficient sleep and 10.5% reported sleep disturbances ≥3 times a week. Female gender, monthly household income <$12 250 (Hong Kong dollar), lower education level, mental health condition and physical health condition were significantly associated with both insufficient and disturbed sleep (all p<0.05). Unemployment, homemaker, insufficient physical activity, current/former smoking status and harmful alcohol consumption were associated with sleep disturbances only (all p<0.01).ConclusionsSleep problems are highly prevalent in Hong Kong. As such problems are associated with a range of health conditions, it is important to facilitate improvements in sleep. Our results show that harmful alcohol consumption, insufficient physical activity and current smoking are modifiable risk factors for sleep disturbances. Public health campaigns should focus on these risk factors in order to promote a healthy lifestyle and ultimately reduce sleep disturbances. Targeted interventions for high-risk groups may also be warranted, particularly for those with doctor-diagnosed physical and mental health conditions.
Understanding the widespread use of veterinary ivermectin for Chagas disease, underlying factors and implications for the COVID-19 pandemic: a convergent mixed-methods study
Authors: Apodaca Michel Boris , Navarro Miriam , Pritsch Michael , Du Plessis Jeremy Douglas , Shock Jonathan , Schwienhorst-Stich Eva-Maria , Zirkel Janina , Schrader Hanna , Saavedra Irala Claudia , Rubilar Gonzalo , Gunesch Carolin , Kasang Christa , Zoller Thomas , Gagyor Ildiko , Parisi Sandra 
Published: September 2022

ObjectivesVeterinary ivermectin (vet-IVM) has been used widely in Latin America against COVID-19, despite the lack of scientific evidence and potential risks. Widespread vet-IVM intake was also discovered against Chagas disease during a study in Bolivia prior to the pandemic. All vet-IVM-related data were extracted to understand this phenomenon, its extent and underlying factors and to discuss potential implications for the current pandemic.DesignA convergent mixed-methods study design including a survey, qualitative in-depth interviews (IDI) and focus group discussions (FGD).SettingA cross-sectional study conducted in 2018 covering the geographic area of Monteagudo, an endemic municipality for Chagas disease.ParticipantsA total of 669 adult household representatives from 26 communities participated in the survey, supplemented by 14 IDI and 2 FGD among patients, relatives and key informants.Results9 IDI and 2 FGD contained narratives on vet-IVM use against Chagas disease. Five main themes emerged: (1) the extent of the vet-IVM phenomenon, (2) the perception of vet-IVM as a treatment for Chagas disease, (3) the vet-IVM market and the controversial role of stakeholders, (4) concerns about potential adverse events and (5) underlying factors of vet-IVM use against Chagas disease.In quantitative analysis, 28% of participants seropositive for Chagas disease had taken vet-IVM. Factors associated with multivariate analysis were advanced age (OR 17.01, 95 CI 1.24 to 36.55, p=0.027 for age above 60 years), the experience of someone close as information source (OR 3.13, 95 CI 1.62 to 5.02, p<0.001), seropositivity for Chagas disease (OR 3.89, 95 CI 1.39 to 6.20, p=0.005) and citing the unavailability of benznidazole as perceived healthcare barrier (OR 2.3, 95 CI 1.45 to 5.18, p=0.002). Participants with an academic education were less likely to report vet-IVM intake (OR 0.12, 95 CI 0.01 to 0.78, p=0.029).ConclusionsSocial determinants of health, the unavailability of treatment and a wonder drug image might contribute to the phenomenon of vet-IVM.
Prophylactic treatment of breast implants with a solution of gentamicin, vancomycin and cefazolin antibiotics for women undergoing breast reconstructive surgery: protocol for a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (The BREAST-AB trial)
Authors: Hemmingsen Mathilde Nejrup , Larsen Andreas , Weltz Tim K , Ørholt Mathias , Wiberg Sebastian , Bennedsen Anne Karen , Bille Camilla , Carstensen Lena Felicia , Jensen Lisa Toft , Bredgaard Rikke , Koudahl Vibeke , Schmidt Volker Jürgen , Vester-Glowinski Peter , Hölmich Lisbet Rosenkrantz , Sørensen Søren J , Bjarnsholt Thomas , Damsgaard Tine , Herly Mikkel 
Published: September 2022

IntroductionPeriprosthetic infection is one of the most severe complications following implant-based breast reconstruction affecting 5%–10% of the women. Currently, many surgeons apply antibiotics locally on the breast implant to reduce the risk of postoperative infection, but no randomised, placebo-controlled trials have tested the treatment’s efficacy.Methods and analysisThe BREAST-AB trial (BREAST-AntiBiotics) is an investigator-initiated, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of local treatment with gentamicin, vancomycin and cefazolin on breast implants in women undergoing implant-based breast reconstruction. The trial drug consists of 80 mg gentamicin, 1 g vancomycin and 1 g cefazolin dissolved in 500 mL of isotonic saline. The placebo solution consists of 500 mL isotonic saline. The trial drug is used to wash the dissected tissue pocket and the breast implant prior to insertion. The primary outcome is all-cause explantation of the breast implant within 180 days after the breast reconstruction surgery. This excludes cases where the implant is replaced with a new permanent implant, for example, for cosmetic reasons. Key long-term outcomes include capsular contracture and quality of life. The trial started on 26 January 2021 and is currently recruiting.Ethics and disseminationThe trial was approved by the Regional Ethics Committee of the Capital Region (H-20056592) on 1 January 2021 and the Danish Medicines Agency (2020070016) on 2 August 2020. The main paper will include the primary and secondary outcomes and will be submitted to an international peer-reviewed journal.Trial registration numberNCT04731025.
Development and appropriateness of a scoring method for International Classification of Functioning, Disabilities, and Health assessment in older patients with heart failure: a Delphi survey of expert panel in Japan
Authors: Shiota Shigehito , Kitagawa Toshiro , Goto Naoya , Fujisita Hironori , Tamekuni Yurika , Nakayama Susumu , Mio Naoki , Kanai Kana , Naka Makiko , Yamaguchi Mizuho , Mochizuki Mariko , Ochikubo Hiroyuki , Hidaka Takayuki , Yasunobu Yuji , Nakano Yukiko , Kihara Yasuki , Kimura Hiroaki 
Published: September 2022

ObjectiveThe number of older patients with heart failure (HF) is increasing in Japan and has become a social problem. There is an urgent need to develop a comprehensive assessment methodology based on the common language of healthcare; the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). The purpose of this study was to develop and confirm the appropriateness of a scoring methodology for 43 ICF categories in older people with HF.DesignCross-sectional survey. We applied the RAND/University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) Appropriateness Method with a modified Delphi method.Setting and participantsWe included a panel of 26 multidisciplinary experts on HF care consisting of home physicians, cardiovascular physicians, care managers, nurses, physical therapists, a pharmacist, occupational therapist, nutritionist and a social worker.MeasuresWe conducted a literature review of ICF linking rules and developed a questionnaire on scoring methods linked to ICF categories in older people with HF. In the Delphi rounds, we sent the expert panel a questionnaire consisting of three questions for each of the 43 ICF categories. The expert panel responded to the questionnaire items on a 1 (very inappropriate) – 9 (very appropriate) Likert scale and repeated rounds until a consensus of ‘Appropriate’ and ‘Agreement’ was reached on all items.ResultsA total of 21 panel members responded to all the Delphi rounds. In the first Delphi round, six question items in four ICF categories did not reach a consensus of ‘Agreement’, but the result of our modifications based on panel members’ suggestions reached to a consensus of ‘Appropriate’ and ‘Agreement’ on all questions in the second Delphi round.ConclusionThe ICF-based scoring method for older people with HF developed in this study was found to be appropriate. Future work is needed to clarify whether comprehensive assessment and information sharing based on ICF contributes to preventing readmissions.
What are the mental health changes associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in people with medical conditions? An international survey
Authors: Modarresi Shirin , Seens Hoda , Hussain Uzair , Fraser James , Boudreau Jacob , MacDermid Joy 
Published: September 2022

ObjectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic has negatively impacted mental health worldwide but there is paucity of knowledge regarding the level of change in mental health in people with a medical condition (physical/psychiatric). The objectives of this study were (1) to compare the change in mental health in people with and without medical conditions, (2) to assess the change in various types of medical conditions, (3) to evaluate the association between change in mental health and number of comorbidities, and (4) to investigate the influence of receiving treatment and activity limitation imposed by the medical condition(s).DesignCross-sectional.SettingOnline international survey.ParticipantEnglish-speaking adults (age ≥18) were included in the study, with no exclusions based on sex/gender or location. 1276 participants (mean age 30.4, 77.7% female) were included.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPre and during COVID-19 pandemic symptoms of anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2) and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9) were assessed. The Self-Administered Comorbidity Questionnaire was used to collect data regarding medical conditions.Repeated-measures analysis of covariance (objectives 1, 2 and 4) and Pearson’s correlation coefficient (objective 3).Results50.1% of participants had a medical condition. During the COVID-19 pandemic, compared with people with no medical condition, people with both psychiatric and physical conditions experienced significantly higher symptoms of anxiety (12%, p=0.009) and depression (9.4%, p<0.001). Although not statistically significant, the increase in anxiety and depression occurred across seven major categories of conditions. An association was found between having a higher number of medical conditions with higher anxiety and depression symptoms (r=0.16 anxiety, r=0.14 depression, p<0.001). Receiving treatment and being functionally limited by the disease did not have a significant impact on the amount of change (p>0.05).ConclusionsDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, people who had a combination of psychiatric and physical conditions experienced greater symptoms of anxiety and depression. Patients with chronic diseases may need extra support to address their mental health as a result of the pandemic.