bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Ecology of fear” in ungulates: Opportunities for improving conservation
Authors: Chitwood M. Colter , Baruzzi Carolina , Lashley Marcus A. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBecause ungulates are important contributors to ecosystem function, understanding the “ecology of fear” could be important to the conservation of ecosystems. Although studying ungulate ecology of fear is common, knowledge from ungulate systems is highly contested among ecologists. Here, we review the available literature on the ecology of fear in ungulates to generalize our current knowledge and how we can leverage it for conservation. Four general focus areas emerged from the 275 papers included in our literature search (and some papers were included in multiple categories): behavioral responses to predation risk (79%), physiological responses to predation risk (15%), trophic cascades resulting from ungulate responses to predation risk (20%), and manipulation of predation risk (1%). Of papers focused on behavior, 75% were about movement and habitat selection. Studies were biased toward North America (53%), tended to be focused on elk (Cervus canadensis; 29%), and were dominated by gray wolves (40%) or humans (39%) as predators of interest. Emerging literature suggests that we can utilize predation risk for conservation with top‐down (i.e., increasing predation risk) and bottom‐up (i.e., manipulating landscape characteristics to increase risk or risk perception) approaches. It is less clear whether fear‐related changes in physiology have population‐level fitness consequences or cascading effects, which could be fruitful avenues for future research. Conflicting evidence of trait‐mediated trophic cascades might be improved with better replication across systems and accounting for confounding effects of ungulate density. Improving our understanding of mechanisms modulating the nature of trophic cascades likely is most important to ensure desirable conservation outcomes. We recommend future work embrace the complexity of natural systems by attempting to link together the focal areas of study identified herein.
Lions in a coexistence landscape: Repurposing a traditional field technique to monitor an elusive carnivore
Authors: Western Guy , Elliot Nicholas B. , Sompeta Steiner L. , Broekhuis Femke , Ngene Shadrack , Gopalaswamy Arjun M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThroughout Africa, lions are thought to have experienced dramatic population decline and range contraction. The greatest declines are likely occurring in human‐dominated landscapes where reliably estimating lion populations is particularly challenging. By adapting a method that has thus far only been applied to animals that are habituated to vehicles, we estimate lion density in two community areas in Kenya's South Rift, located more than 100 km from the nearest protected area (PA). More specifically, we conducted an 89‐day survey using unstructured spatial sampling coupled with playbacks, a commonly used field technique, and estimated lion density using spatial capture‐recapture (SCR) models. Our estimated density of 5.9 lions over the age of 1 year per 100 km2 compares favorably with many PAs and suggests that this is a key lion population that could be crucial for connectivity across the wider landscape. We discuss the possible mechanisms supporting this density and demonstrate how rigorous field methods combined with robust analyses can produce reliable population estimates within human‐dominated landscapes.
Phytoplankton responses to repeated pulse perturbations imposed on a trend of increasing eutrophication
Authors: Stelzer Julio A. A. , Mesman Jorrit P. , Gsell Alena S. , de Senerpont Domis Lisette N. , Visser Petra M. , Adrian Rita , Ibelings Bastiaan W. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractWhile eutrophication remains one of the main pressures acting on freshwater ecosystems, the prevalence of anthropogenic and nature‐induced stochastic pulse perturbations is predicted to increase due to climate change. Despite all our knowledge on the effects of eutrophication and stochastic events operating in isolation, we know little about how eutrophication may affect the response and recovery of aquatic ecosystems to pulse perturbations. There are multiple ways in which eutrophication and pulse perturbations may interact to induce potentially synergic changes in the system, for instance, by increasing the amount of nutrients released after a pulse perturbation. Here, we performed a controlled press and pulse perturbation experiment using mesocosms filled with natural lake water to address how eutrophication modulates the phytoplankton response to sequential mortality pulse perturbations; and what is the combined effect of press and pulse perturbations on the resistance and resilience of the phytoplankton community. Our experiment showed that eutrophication increased the absolute scale of the chlorophyll‐a response to pulse perturbations but did not change the proportion of the response relative to its pre‐event condition (resistance). Moreover, the capacity of the community to recover from pulse perturbations was significantly affected by the cumulative effect of sequential pulse perturbations but not by eutrophication itself. By the end of the experiment, some mesocosms could not recover from pulse perturbations, irrespective of the trophic state induced by the press perturbation. While not resisting or recovering any less from pulse perturbations, phytoplankton communities from eutrophying systems showed chlorophyll‐a levels much higher than non‐eutrophying ones. This implies that the higher absolute response to stochastic pulse perturbations in a eutrophying system may increase the already significant risks for water quality (e.g., algal blooms in drinking water supplies), even if the relative scale of the response to pulse perturbations between eutrophying and non‐eutrophying systems remains the same.
Development of a method for calculating the transmission‐line constants of cables installed in a rectangular tunnel
Authors: Tanaka Yohei , Yonezawa Rikido , Noda Taku 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAccurately calculating the transmission‐line constants of underground cables is important for various types of power system simulations such as electromagnetic transient, power flow, and transient stability simulations. The transmission line constants of cables installed in a tunnel must be calculated taking the skin and proximity effects into account, since the cables are spaced closely to each other and also to a wall face of the tunnel. However, the conventional method, which is capable of considering the skin and proximity effects, has been restricted to circular cross‐section conductors such as cables and a circular tunnel. Therefore, the method cannot handle a tunnel with a rectangular cross section. In this paper, a method for calculating the transmission‐line constants of a conductor system in which both circular and rectangular cross‐section conductors present in the same space is proposed. Then, the walls of a rectangular tunnel are represented by eight rectangular conductors, and cables represented by circular conductors are placed inside the eight rectangular conductors. In this paper, the proposed method is verified by experiments using a conductor system in which three circular conductors are arranged in a rectangular conductor. Calculated results obtained by the proposed method agree well with the measured results.
Modulating the Sensing Behavior of Functionalized Mesoporous Silica towards Metal Ions in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Singha Debdas , Pal Ananya , Roy Partha , Nandi Mahasweta 
Published: March 2022

AbstractA rhodamine‐bisphenol A incorporated mesoporous silica (RBA‐IMS) has been synthesized as a turn‐on chemosensor for selective sensing of Al3+, Cr3+ and Fe3+. It has been observed that the presence of an ethylenediamine unit instead of hydrazine, as reported previously, is significant, changing the sensing behavior altogether. The probe does not show any color or absorption band in the visible region and fluorescence in the absence of most of the cations except Al3+, Cr3+ and Fe3+. RBA‐IMS becomes pink with these cations, shows strong absorption at 530 nm and strong fluorescence at 550 nm in 10 mM HEPES buffer in water/methanol=14 : 1 (v/v) (pH 7.0). This is in contrast to the hydrazine‐containing material, which could sense Hg2+ and Cu2+ in aqueous media but not Al3+, Cr3+ and Fe3+. A small change of the linkage in the material suppresses the detection of the divalent cations while enabling the sensing of the trivalent cations in aqueous media.
Ab Initio Methods in First‐Row Transition Metal Chemistry
Authors: Feldt Milica , Phung Quan Manh 
Published: March 2022

AbstractMolecules containing 3d transition metals (TMs) are usually associated with versatile reactivity, partly due to their complicated electronic structures involving multiple close‐lying spin states. An accurate description of different electronic states is notoriously difficult and still a challenge for computational methodologies. Density functional theory, although repeatedly shown to give less reliable results for near‐degeneracy problems, remains the workhorse to explore the reactivity of TM complexes. Ab initio wavefunction theory has been lagging behind due to its high computational cost. However, tremendous efforts have been put to improve their applicability over the past few years, particularly local coupled cluster and low‐scaling multireference methods. In this mini‐review, we highlight major advancements of these ab initio techniques and discuss their recent applications in the calculations of spin state energetics of first‐row TM complexes, ranging from spin crossover compounds and metalloproteins to biomimetic complexes capable of activating C−H bonds.
An integrated cluster‐wise significance measure for fMRI analysis
Authors: Ge Yunjiang , Chen Gang , Waltz James A. , Hong Liyi Elliot , Kochunov Peter , Chen Shuo 
Published: March 2022

AbstractCluster‐wise inference is widely used in fMRI analysis. The cluster‐level statistic is often obtained by counting the number of intra‐cluster voxels which surpass a voxel‐level statistical significance threshold. This measure can be sub‐optimal regarding the power and false‐positive error rate because the suprathreshold voxel count neglects the voxel‐wise significance levels and ignores the dependence between voxels. This article aims to provide a new Integrated Cluster‐wise significance Measure (ICM) for cluster‐level significance determination in cluster‐wise fMRI analysis by integrating cluster extent, voxel‐level significance (e.g., p values), and activation dependence between within‐cluster voxels. We develop a computationally efficient strategy for ICM based on probabilistic approximation theories. Consequently, the computational load for ICM‐based cluster‐wise inference (e.g., permutation tests) is affordable. We validate the proposed method via extensive simulations and then apply it to two fMRI data sets. The results demonstrate that ICM can improve the power with well‐controlled family‐wise error (FWE).
Thermophoresis in a time‐dependent free convection flow with suspended particles in a chamber having thermal Robin boundary conditions
Authors: Jha Basant K. , Sani Hadiza Nass 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study presents a numerical analysis of a model for the coupled mechanisms of transport of natural convection, thermophoresis, and double‐diffusive heat and mass transfer of a fluid holding suspended particles in an infinite parallel‐plated channel. The governing equations in an unsteady state are nondimensionalized and solved by subdivisions of the finite difference method. The simulations of the numerical algorithms are verified by analytic results. Thermal and mass transfer characteristics of parameters like time are displayed graphically. The findings in this study suggest that increases in Schmidt number accentuate the effect of thermophoresis hence is the effective thermophoretic coefficient agreeing with Magyari. At steady‐state, there is an increase in skin friction at the hot wall when the thermophoretic coefficient was in the range , alerting when the walls of the channel are in danger from the heat. The gradient of concentration of particles at the hot wall, when in steady‐state remains unity for every value of thermophoretic coefficient and at the cold wall is constantly . This study suggests that the steadiness of a fluid and conduction/convection resistances within and outside boundaries may influence thermophoretic effect. This study offers possibilities and supports the developments in thermophoretic cells used in the manipulation of particles for biochemical and medical research.
Applications of de Bruijn graphs in microbiome research
Authors: Dufault‐Thompson Keith , Jiang Xiaofang 
Published: March 2022

AbstractHigh‐throughput sequencing has become an increasingly central component of microbiome research. The development of de Bruijn graph‐based methods for assembling high‐throughput sequencing data has been an important part of the broader adoption of sequencing as part of biological studies. Recent advances in the construction and representation of de Bruijn graphs have led to new approaches that utilize the de Bruijn graph data structure to aid in different biological analyses. One type of application of these methods has been in alternative approaches to the assembly of sequencing data like gene‐targeted assembly, where only gene sequences are assembled out of larger metagenomes, and differential assembly, where sequences that are differentially present between two samples are assembled. de Bruijn graphs have also been applied for comparative genomics where they can be used to represent large sets of multiple genomes or metagenomes where structural features in the graphs can be used to identify variants, indels, and homologous regions in sequences. These de Bruijn graph‐based representations of sequencing data have even begun to be applied to whole sequencing databases for large‐scale searches and experiment discovery. de Bruijn graphs have played a central role in how high‐throughput sequencing data is worked with, and the rapid development of new tools that rely on these data structures suggests that they will continue to play an important role in biology in the future.
Self‐control protects Tibetan adolescent orphans from mental problems: A mediating role of self‐esteem
Authors: Zheng Miao , Peng Kaiping , Yan Wei , Lin Yujing , Ni Zijun , Zhang Peng 
Published: March 2022

AbstractIntroductionOrphans are usually adopted by eligible families or raised by the government and organizations mutually. Although their basic needs are taken care of, the absence of parents in life makes orphans face higher risks of mental health problems, such as anxiety and depression, leading to lower levels of self‐esteem and happiness. Previous studies have shown that self‐control may have an effect on improving self‐esteem; thus, it could become a way to protect mental health. Building on the structural equation model, the current study tested the possible effects of self‐control on levels of self‐esteem and mental problems among Tibetan orphans.MethodsParticipants were 143 adolescents from age 16 to 22 years (Mage = 18.77, 54.8% female) from an institutionalized orphanage in Tibet and they completed questionnaires measuring self‐esteem, self‐control, and clinical symptoms (Symptom Checklist‐90‐Revised).Results and conclusionsSelf‐control was negatively associated with psychological illness through improved self‐esteem. The present study suggested that self‐control was a protective factor for the mental health of adolescent orphans through influencing the levels of self‐esteem. Limitations and future directions were discussed.
Director co‐option and the cash conversion cycle
Authors: Harris Oneil , Hampton Jonathan 
Published: March 2022

AbstractThis study examines whether co‐opted directors degrade or improve working capital efficiency. We find strong evidence that firms with more co‐opted boards exhibit lower cash conversion cycles and so are more efficient at managing working capital. After controlling for other factors, board co‐option reduces the length of the cash conversion cycle by about −1.2%, whereas the co‐option of independent directors reduces the cycle by nearly −2.0%. These results persist even after addressing endogeneity and are robust to alternate measures of the cash conversion cycle. In general, our study lends credence to the argument that co‐option reduces managerial myopic behavior as it reduces the likelihood of dismissal and so motivates managers to make better investment decisions that may improve firm proficiency.
Related diversification, firm level resources, and firm performance in the context of Australian extractive industry
Authors: Gyan Kwaku Alex , Jan‐Bezemer Pieter 
Published: March 2022

AbstractRelated diversification literature highlights that the reason why corporations pursue this specific type of diversification is to achieve synergistic benefits through sharing common resources efficiently across related business units for higher financial performance. However, it is unclear whether this performance is influenced by the level of firm resources that a firm possesses. Using data from Australian extractive industry, this study assesses the heterogeneity of firm resource‐possession in relation to firm performance and found that related diversified firms that possess higher resource levels extract larger proportion of synergistic advantage to enhance financial performance. The study has discussed key theoretical and practical implications.
Loss of cytoplasmic FMR1‐interacting protein 2 (CYFIP2) induces browning in 3T3‐L1 adipocytes via repression of GABA‐BR and activation of mTORC1
Authors: Manigandan Subramani , Yun Jong Won 
Published: March 2022

AbstractObesity and related metabolic disorders are epidemic diseases. Promoting thermogenesis and a functional increase in the browning of white adipocytes may counteract obesity. On the other hand, the molecular mechanism that regulates brown and beige fat‐mediated thermogenesis is unclear. This article reports a molecular network led by cytoplasmic FMR1‐interacting protein 2 (CYFIP2) that negatively regulates adipocyte browning in white adipocytes. Although the function of CYFIP2 in Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) and autism have been reported, its physiological roles in adipocytes remain elusive. Therefore, this study examined the physiological consequences of its deprivation in cultured 3T3‐L1 white adipocytes using loss‐of‐function studies. Combined real‐time quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot analysis showed that the loss of CYFIP2 induces fat browning, as evidenced by the gene and protein expression levels of the brown fat‐associated markers. A deficiency of CYFIP2 promoted mitochondrial biogenesis and significantly enhanced the expression of the core set beige fat‐specific genes (Cd137, Cidea, Cited1, Tbx1, and Tmem26) and proteins (PGC‐1α, PRDM16, and UCP1). In addition, a CYFIP2 deficiency promoted lipid catabolism and suppressed adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and autophagy. A mechanistic study showed that the loss of CYFIP2 induces browning in white adipocytes, independently via the activation of mTORC1 and suppression of the GABA‐BR signaling pathway. The present data revealed a previously unidentified mechanism of CYFIP2 in the browning of white adipocytes and emphasized the potential of CYFIP2 as a pharmacotherapeutic target for treating obesity and other metabolic disorders.
Ozonolytic transformations of (R)‐(−)‐carvon in the presence of pyridine
Authors: Myasoedova Yuliya V. , Garifullina Liliya R. , Belyaeva Evelina R. , Ishmuratov Gumer Yu 
Published: March 2022

AbstractOzonolytic transformations of (R)‐(−)‐carvone in aprotic (CH2Cl2) and proton‐donor (MeOH) solvents in the presence of pyridine were carried out. A low conversion of the starting diene was noted when carrying out controlled ozonolysis by treatment with equivalent of О3. A mixture of 3‐acetyl‐5‐methoxy‐5‐oxopentanoic acid and methyl 4‐oxo‐3‐(2‐oxoethyl)pentanoate in MeOH and 5‐acetyl‐2‐methylcyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐one in CH2Cl2 were formed. Exhaustive ozonolysis of (R)‐(−)‐carvone in CH2Cl2 in the presence of pyridine leads to 3‐acetylpentadioic acid. The monomethyl ether of 3‐acetylpentadioic acid and the product of its cyclization—2,8‐dioxo‐1‐methylbicyclo[3.3.0]octane‐3,7‐dione were formed in MeOH/Py by the treatment of ozone excess.
Dynamic observation of SARS‐CoV‐2 IgM, IgG, and neutralizing antibodies in the development of population immunity through COVID‐19 vaccination
Authors: Jiang Ruiwei , Dou Xiaowen , Li Min , Wang Enyun , Hu Jiwen , Xiong Dan , Zhang Xiuming 
Published: March 2022

AbstractBackgroundCurrently, mass vaccine inoculation against coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) has been being implemented globally. Rapid and the large‐scale detection of serum neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) laid a foundation for assessing the immune response against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and vaccine. Additional assessments include the duration of antibodies and the optimal time for a heightened immune response.MethodsThe performance of five surrogate NAbs—three chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) and two enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs)—and specific IgM and IgG assays were compared using COVID‐19‐vaccinated serum (n = 164). Conventional virus neutralization test (cVNT) was used as a criterion and the diagnostic agreement and correlation of the five assays were evaluated. We studied the antibody responses after the two‐dose vaccine in volunteers up to 6 months.ResultsThe sensitivity and specificity of five surrogate NAb assays ranged from 84% to 100%. Our cVNT results indicated great consistency with the surrogate assays. At 28 days after primary vaccination, the seropositivities of the NAbs, IgG, and IgM were 6%, 4%, and 13%, respectively. After the booster dose, seropositivities reached 14%, 65%, and 97%, respectively. Six months after receipt of the second dose, the NAb positive rate was eventually maintained at 66%. In all COVID‐19 convalescents, patients were detected with 100% NAb sat three months after discharge.ConclusionCOVID‐19 vaccine induced a humoral immune response lasting at least six months. Rapid serological detection was used as a proxy for identifying changes in immunity levels and as a guide to whether an individual may require a booster vaccination.
Psychosocial factors associated with dispositional hope, agency thinking, and pathways thinking in a homeless adult population
Authors: Duncan Ashten R. , Bell Sarah Beth , Salvatore Alicia L. , Hellman Chan M. 
Published: March 2022

AbstractAdults facing homelessness often perceive themselves to be at the bottom of society, which has implications for their current and future well‐being. Snyder's hope theory, which posits that agency thinking and pathways thinking are necessary for achieving a hopeful outlook on life, may be helpful for understanding drivers of well‐being among individuals experiencing homelessness. In this study, we examined dispositional hope, perceived goal attainment, social support, and perceived standing in society among 123 adults experiencing homelessness who were attending a support group at a daytime drop‐in center in the United States. Participants completed self‐report measures related to the aforementioned variables of interest. We discovered that higher levels of self‐reported goal attainment, independent of the type of goal identified, were significantly associated with total hope and both its subscales, that social support was significantly associated with total hope and pathways thinking, and that perceived standing in society was significantly associated with total hope and agency thinking.