bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
205 Exposure to Heat Stress Stimulates Cell Proliferation and Heat Shock Protein Expression in Bovine Primary Satellite Cells
Authors: Kim WonSeob , Eckhardt Erika P , Kim Jongkyoo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Understanding the myogenic and self-renewal capability of satellite cells under heat stress (HS) is fundamental to coping with global warming in the beef cattle industry. Study objectives were to determine transcriptomic changes and proliferation capability of bovine satellite cells (BSCs) under moderate versus acute levels of HS and exposure times. Satellite cells were isolated from four three-month-old Holstein calves (semitendinosus) and cultured with 10% FBS/DMEM. Following 24h of attachment period, BSCs were incubated under the following temperature conditions 1) control (38°C; Con), 2) moderate (39.5°C; MHS) and extreme (41°C; EHS) and for various exposure times (0, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h). Cells were harvested and used for mRNA gene expression via RT-qPCR at each time point. Cell proliferation was measured using the ELISA kit. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. The expression of HSP70 was greatest (P &lt; 0.05) in cells treated EHS at 1 and 3 h. Cells treated EHS overexpressed (P &lt; 0.05) HSPB1 at 3, 6, 12, and 24 h. A similar pattern was observed (P &lt; 0.05) for MyoD expression at 24 h after heat exposure. Contrarily, Myf5 and PAX3 were decreased (P &lt; 0.05) by EHS compared to the Con at 3 h. Cell proliferation rate was enhanced (P &lt; 0.01) in both MHS and EHS treated BSCs compared withthe Con at 48 h. Our results suggest that extreme heat exposure stimulates the HSPs (HSP70 and HSPB1) expression while modulating muscle regeneration by regulating myogenic regulatory factors (MyoD, Myf5) and PAX3. The transcriptional effect peaked after 3h of heat exposure, but the long-term (48h) exposure may activate the proliferation of BSCs.
206 Efficacy of Using Ammonium Chloride Supplements During Crisis Management to Stop Growth in Various Ages of Pigs
Authors: Walsh Kadence M , Kokinos Brittney P , Capdeville Mariola Grez , Amundson Laura A , Stevens Andrew W , Chavas Jean-Paul , Crenshaw Thomas D 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This project aimed to develop nutritional strategies to “hold” pigs at no growth for 2-6 weeks during crisis management. Previously, growth was reduced in 25-kg pigs fed hold-growth (HG) diets formulated with reduced nutrients +2%NH4Cl (HG+2). Recovery was only monitored for 11-days. The current experiment assessed HG+2 diets fed at 25, 50, and 75kg for 28-days followed by recovery to market weight. Eighty crossbred pigs were allotted (20kg) to 16 pens. Other than during the 28-d hold, pigs were fed standard diets and marketed at a constant weight. Compared with ADG of Ctl (0.963, 1.086, and 1.094 kg/d) growth was reduced (P&lt; 0.01) by 81.9, 77.1, and 79.9% at 25, 50, and 75 kg in pigs fed HG+2 (0.174, 0.249, and 0.220 kg/d). Pigs fed HG+2 recovered and only required 14 extra days to reach market weight (128.6 kg). During the 28-d hold phase feed intake was reduced (P&lt; 0.01). However, feed efficiency (0.310, 0.184, and 0.132 G:F) was reduced compared with Ctl (0.689, 0.397, 0.351 G:F) pigs at 25, 50 and 75 kg, respectively. Dramatic shifts occurred in growth and feed intake during initial recovery phases. Over the entire trial, gain was only reduced by 13.0, 12.6, 12.7% and total feed intake was increased by 1.9, 5.3 and 6.0% for HG+2 pigs held at 25, 50 and 75 kg, respectively. Whole body DXA scans (n=4/treatment) revealed reduced %bone mineral of Ctl vs. HG+2 (2.06 vs. 1.84, 1.82, and 1.83%) at 25, 50, and 75 kg, respectively. No differences were detected in DXA %Fat, %Lean, or traditional carcass traits (fat depth, loin depth, % lean). No adverse effects associated with treatments were observed. Thus, HG+2 diets provided a successful strategy to hold pigs during crisis management. This empirical data will be used to generate dynamic models to guide decisions on economic consequences.
218 Hard and Easy Keeper Microbiomes Reveal Unique Microbial Responses to Carbohydrate and Protein Sources
Authors: Johnson Alexa C B , Biddle Amy S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study reports differential responses of the equine gut microbiome to protein- and/or carbohydrate-based on keeper status [easy keeper (EK), medium keeper (MK), hard keeper (HK)]. Anaerobic microcosms were inoculated with equine feces from healthy animals on the same diets (n=12 total, n = 3 / EK, MK, HK of four breeds) with three dietary treatments [C = Carb (cornmeal), P = Protein (soybean meal), M = mix (50% C, 50% P), and F = fecal (no additive)]. Over 48 hours, fermentation products were measured using colorimetric assays and high performance liquid chromatography. Microbial populations were surveyed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyzed by QIIME2. Total SCFA production was not different between keeper status but the acetate: propionate ratio and isobutyrate production was greatest for HK and least for EK. Residual protein and carbohydrate at hour 48 was greatest in HK pointing to less efficient nutrient utilization. Diversity measures were not different between keeper statuses over time or within treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Differential abundance (ANCOM and LEfSe), and Spearman correlations identified that while EK, MK and HK shared responses to treatment, groups had characteristic microbial responses to C and P. For example, Lactobacillales, a prominent lactate producer was differentially abundant for EK and MK across treatments but not a biologically significant marker in HK. Opportunistic Gamma proteobacteria bloomed in MK and HK by hour 48, but was only identified in EK at hour 8 indicating that EK communities can resist this growth. While the gut microbiome compositions of keeper groups were similar, they were functionally different in processing key nutrients. MK were more adaptive to dietary challenges and HK were less efficient at nutrient utilization. Analysis of the keeper status microbiomes may uncover novel functioning pathways and relationships that underlie the metabolic tendency of the host towards obesity or leanness.
219 Evaluation of Dietary Arginine Supplementation to Increase Placental Nutrient Transporters of Aged Mares
Authors: Martinez Rafael E , Leatherwood Jessica L , Bradbery Amanda N , Silvers Brittany L , Hammer Carolyn J , Kelley Dale , Bazer Fuller W , Wu Guoyao 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Nine pregnant mares (18.2 ± 0.7 y; 493.82 ± 13 kg BW) were used to test the hypothesis that dietary supplementation of arginine would enhance placental vascularity and nutrient transport throughout gestation in aged mares. Mares were balanced by age, BW, and stallion pairing, and randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments consisting of supplemental L-arginine (50 mg/kg BW; n=5) or L-alanine (100 mg/kg BW; n=4; isonitrogenous control). Mares were individually fed concentrate top-dressed with the respective amino acid treatment plus ad libitum access to Coastal bermudagrass hay. Treatments began on d 14 of gestation and were terminated at parturition. Mare BW, BCS, and rump fat were determined every 28 d and concentrate adjusted accordingly. Parturition was attended with foaling variables and placental measures recorded. Placental tissue from the pregnant horn underwent histological analyses to assess cell-specific localization of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT1) proteins. Semiquantitative analyses were performed using 10 non-overlapping images per sample fixed in a 10X field (Fiji ImageJ v1.2). Data were analyzed using SAS PROC MIXED procedure. BW increased (P &lt; 0.01) in all mares with advancing gestation. BW, BCS, and gestation length of mares were not influenced (P &gt; 0.05) by supplemental arginine. Compared with arginine-supplemented mares, control mares had a thicker rump fat layer (P &lt; 0.01) at parturition. Body length, height, and BW of foals at birth, as well as placental weight, volume, and positive staining for VEGF and CAT1 at parturition were not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by maternal arginine supplementation. These results indicate dietary arginine supplementation (50 mg/kg BW) is safe for gestating mares and promotes mobilization of white adipose tissue. A larger number of mares is required to determine effects of supplemental arginine on embryonic/fetal survival and growth in mares.
224 Awardee Talk: Investigating Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy During pre- and Post-Natal Growth
Authors: Duckett Susan K , Greene Maslyn A 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Research has established that muscle fiber hyperplasia is complete during mid gestation; therefore, skeletal muscle fiber hypertrophy is responsible for the increase in muscle mass observed during late gestation and postnatal growth periods. Our research is investigating key times points during muscle fiber hypertrophy and the role of miRNA and mRNA transcriptome in this process. Two studies were conducted to examine changes in muscle mass, muscle fiber hypertrophy, and gene expression from gestational d (gd) 85 to market weight in Suffolk or Texel cross lambs. Longissimus muscle (LM) samples were taken for muscle fiber histology at the following time points: gd85, gd110, gd133, and market (d243) in study one and at postnatal d2, d14 and d203 in study two. microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA sequencing of the LM were conducted in study one and included biopsies at d 42 and 65. Type I and Type II muscle fiber area increased (P &lt; 0.05) at each stage of growth evaluated. Type I muscle fiber area increased by 26.7-fold and Type II muscle fiber area increased by 37.4-fold from gd85 to market (d243). mRNA sequencing identified a total of 9360 unique genes differentially expressed (DEGs; P &lt; 0.05) in LM during hypertrophic growth but the majority of DEGs were observed in the prenatal (51%) and early postnatal (54%) periods. There were 142 unique miRNAs differentially expressed (P &lt; 0.05) during hypertrophic growth of LM but the majority (62%) were observed in the transition period from prenatal to postnatal growth. Overall, muscle fiber hypertrophy is dynamic from late gestation through postnatal growth, but transcriptomic changes indicate key time periods during development in which mechanisms underlying hypertrophic growth may be altered.
231 Electrical Conductivity, Color, and Tenderness Values of Fresh and/or Cooked Beef
Authors: Mesquita Carolina , Richardson Carl , Kerth Christopher , Sudhakaran Pratheesh , Villanueva Ana 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A study with fresh and cooked beef loins, beef jerky, and water types was conducted to evaluate electrical conductivity (EC) measurements as a procedure in quality appraisal. Six full strip loins x 6 steaks per loin x 2 types provided 72 electrical conductivity (CV) observations, and 72 measurements of color variables (chroma, hue, L*, a* b*) of loins. Six core samples per cooked steaks provided 216 Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) values. EC was also measured on three water types and saline (n=20), and commercial beef jerky samples (n=72). Procedures used for EC were developed in our lab and consisted of using emulsified samples enclosed in a silicon vessel with copper electrodes connected to a digital multimeter. Microsiemens (µS) were measured over 60 s with a sampling rate of two per s. Color variables were measured using a Varian Cary 50 Series Spectrophotometer. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients. EC means (µS) were 14.4, 42.5, 34.9, 22.9, 16.1 and 24.7 for fresh steaks (P= .07); and 7.8, 16.5, 6.4, 10.7, 5.2, and 8.0 for cooked steaks (P=.36). Means for all color variables were different (P&lt; 0.05) across fresh steaks. Correlation of EC to each color variable was negative: chroma -0.013, hue -0.050, L*-0.009, a*-0.131, b*-0.110. Only a* was significantly correlated (P&lt; 0.05) to EC. WBSF tenderness (kg/f) means were not different (P &gt; 0.05) across steaks but did differ (P&lt; 0.05) within steaks. Correlations of EC to tenderness was not significant (P &gt; 0.05). EC mean of beef jerky was 106.9 (SEM 5.05). EC of water types differed (P&lt; 0.05) - deionized 0.40, purified 1.56, tap 1.30. EC for saline was 0.04. These data indicate that EC of beef can be effectively measured, but high variations across EC, color, and tenderness values decreased the overall probability of finding relationships.
249 Awardee Talk: Swine Nutrient Requirements: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Miller Phillip S 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
Since 1944, there have been 11 editions of the Nutrient Requirements of Swine coordinated by the National Research Council (NRC; currently the National Academies of Sciences, Medicine and Engineering [NASEM]) and published by the National Academy Press. Between 1944 and 1988 there were 9 editions and 3 editions between 1988 and 2022. The description of nutrient requirements for swine has been refined and augmented to reflect modern pig genetics and expanding methodology to measure pig performance. The scope of the publication has expanded (9th edition, 93 pages; 11th edition, 400 pages). The 11th edition highlighted gaps in literature that were identified by the study committee. For several of these areas, research is still needed. The last two editions have included computer models developed to generate energy and nutrient requirements. Also, feed composition tables were included in the last two editions. Development and maintenance of these models and ingredient databases require significant resources from committees appointed by NASEM. Shortly after the publication of the 11th edition, a National Research Support Program grant has funded the efforts of the National Animal Nutrition Program (https://animalnutrition.org/). This program has generated the ingredient databases for the Beef, Dairy, and Poultry study reports. It is anticipated that this program will play a key role in developing ingredient databases and requirement models for future NASEM swine (and other species) nutrient requirement publication(s). This approach should help maintain a repository for swine nutrient requirement information and ingredient composition.
253 The Effect of Increasing Standardized Ileal Digestible Methionine Intake on Whole-Body Nitrogen Retention of Gilts During Late Gestation
Authors: Munoz Alfonso Cristhiam J , Htoo John K , Huber Lee-Anne 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A total of 70 gestating gilts (166±13 kg BW) were used to determine whole-body N retention when standardized ileal digestible (SID) methionine (Met) was fed at one of seven levels (n=10), ranging between 50 and 150% of estimated requirements during late gestation. The experimental diets provided excess Cys and 2.61, 3.39, 4.44, 5.22, 6.00, 7.05, and 7.83 g SID Met/d, respectively, with a feed allowance of 2.61 kg/d. Diets were fed to individual gilts for a 7-d adaptation period followed by a N balance period between gestation days 109 and 112. Contrast statements were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of the dietary inclusion level of Met. The average N intake was 70.8 g/d among treatments. Urinary N excretion decreased with increasing SID Met content, with no further change after 3.39 g/d SID Met (quadratic; P &lt; 0.0001). Fecal N excretion decreased with increasing SID Met content, with no further change after 5.22 g/d SID Met (linear and quadratic; P &lt; 0.0001 and P &lt; 0.05, respectively). Whole-body N retention increased as SID Met content increased between 2.61 and 4.44 g/d SID Met, no differences were observed between 4.44 and 7.05 g/d SID Met, with intermediate N retention for gilts fed 7.83 g/d SID Met (linear and quadratic; P &lt; 0.01 and P &lt; 0.0001). Whole-body N retention efficiency (% of intake) was greatest (60.74%) at 7.05 g/d SID Met. Whole-body N retention (g/d) was optimized at 4.04 and 4.58 g/d SID Met based on linear and quadratic broken-line linear models, respectively, for gilts during late gestation. Therefore, for whole-body protein retention, the average SID Met requirements (4.31 g/d) appear to be less versus those recommended by the NRC in late gestation (5.22 g SID Met/day), which do not take into consideration the non-protein partitioning of dietary Met.
265 Effects of non-Starch Polysaccharide Degrading Enzymes + Lysophospholipids in Feeds with Varied ME Contents on Growth Performance and Nutrient Utilization of Pigs from 25 to 75 Kg BW
Authors: Baker Jonathan , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate efficacy of the combinational use of non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzymes (NSPase) and lysophospholipids (LPL) on growth performance and nutrient utilization in pigs fed feeds with varied metabolizable energy (ME) levels. Grower pigs (n = 270; 28.1 ± 0.6 kg BW) were allotted in a randomized complete block design with a 3 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments fed for 51 d in 2 phases (30 and 21 d, respectively). Two factors were ME (3,260, 3,335, and 3,410 kcal/kg) and NSPase + LPL (ELPL at 0.00, 0.05, and 0.10%). Growth performance and backfat were measured. Blood was collected to measure plasma urea nitrogen (PUN) concentrations. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure on SAS 9.4. Increasing ME tended to increase (P = 0.066) ADG during Grower 2 and increased (P &lt; 0.05) G/F during the overall period. Increasing ELPL supplementation increased (P &lt; 0.05) both ADG and ADFI during Grower 2, whereas it tended to reduce (P = 0.084) G/F during the overall period. Supplemental effects of ELPL on increasing ADG was prominent (P &lt; 0.05) at high ME content (3% above NRC requirement). Supplementation of ELPL tended to reduce (P = 0. 057) G/F during Grower 2 at low ME content (3% below NRC requirements). Backfat thickness and NEFA were not influenced by 2 factors. Increasing ME increased (P &lt; 0.05) PUN during Grower 1 whereas increasing ELPL tended to increase (P = 0.077) PUN during Grower 2. In conclusion, supplementation of ELPL enhanced growth and feed intake of pigs from 50 to 75 kg BW, especially when dietary ME was above NRC requirement (3%) by fat supplementation (4%). These improvements may be due to increased nutrient utilization as indirectly indicated by increased PUN during fed status.
266 Effects of Lactobacillus Fermentate on Modulation of Mucosa-Associated Microbiota in Relation to Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs Challenged with F18+ Escherichia Coli
Authors: Duarte Marcos Elias E , Xu Xiangyi , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a Lactobacillus fermentate (LBF) on mucosa-associated microbiota and its correlation with intestinal health of pigs challenged with F18+ Escherichia coli. Newly-weaned pigs (n = 64; 6.6 ± 0.7 kg BW) were allotted in a randomized complete b;ock design (RCBD) to 4 treatments: NC: no-challenge/no-supplement; PC: E. coli/no-supplement; AGP: E. coli/bacitracin (30 g/t feed); and PBT: E. coli/LBF (2 kg/t feed). At d 7, challenge groups were orally inoculated (2.4 x 1010 CFU) with F18+ E. coli whereas NC received sterile solution. Pigs were fed for 28 d until euthanasia to collect jejunal mucosa to evaluate intestinal health and microbiota. PC reduced (P &lt; 0.05) Selenomonas (1.39 to 0.32%). AGP increased (P &lt; 0.05) Bifidobacteriaceae (0.19 to 2.13%), Burkholderiaceae (0.18 to 1.54%), Comamonadaceae (1.13 to 6.97%), Enterobacteriaceae (0.81 to 2.29%), Microbacteriaceae (0.27 to 1.96%), Moraxellaceae (0.28 to 5.57%), and Pseudomonadaceae (0.36 to 2.59%). PBT increased (P &lt; 0.05) Propionibacteriaceae (0.16 to 3.55%). AGP and PBT increased (P &lt; 0.05) the microbiota diversity (Chao1: 48.8 to 76.4 and 71.6, respectively). Burkholderiaceae and Comamonadaceae were negatively correlated with TNF-α (r = -0.31 and -0.30, respectively; P &lt; 0.05), whereas Burkholderiaceae, Comamonadaceae and Microbacteriaceae were positively correlated with protein carbonyl (r = 0.39, 0.33, and 0.37, respectively; P &lt; 0.05). Bifidobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae were positively correlated with VH:CD (r = 0.41 and 0.40, respectively; P &lt; 0.05), whereas Pseudomonadaceae was positively correlated with villus height (r = 0.34; P &lt; 0.05). Enterobacteriaceae was negatively correlated with G:F (r = -0.41; P &lt; 0.05), whereas positively correlated with IL-8 and MDA (r = 0.39 and 0.32; P &lt; 0.05). Moraxellaceae was negatively correlated with IL-6 (r = -0.29, P &lt; 0.05). Collectively, AGP and LBF increased diversity of beneficial microbiota which was related to improved intestinal health in pigs after E. coli F18+ challenge.
264 Evaluation of in-Barn Feeder Management Prior to Marketing to Reduce Feed Cost and Improve Carcass Yield and Economic Return
Authors: Cordoba Hilario , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: September 2022

Abstract
A total of 695 mixed sex growing-finishing pigs (110.1 ± 0.62 kg) were allotted in a randomized complete block design and assigned to 1 of 3 treatments (24 pens/treatment; 9-10 pigs/pen). Treatments consisted of a total of 12, 18, or 24 h (including transportation and lairage) of feed withdrawal prior to harvest to determine its effects on carcass weight (HCW), carcass yield, and economics of pigs marketed at two different marketing events (3 heaviest pigs/pen marketed 14-d prior to final marketing of all remaining pigs). There was no evidence of differences (P≥0.10) on growth performance during the 14-d period between the first and final marketing event. However, for pig BW at time of loadout, pigs with 24h of feed withdrawal prior to harvest were lighter (P &lt; 0.05) then those with 12h of feed withdrawal at the first marketing event and overall. For carcass characteristics, pigs at final marketing with 12h of feed withdrawal prior to harvest had increased (P &lt; 0.05) HCW compared with those with 24h of feed withdrawal, leading to a tendency (P=0.055) for increased HCW overall for the combined marketing events (0.5 kg heavier). When evaluating carcass yield using live weights at 24h prior to harvest, pigs in the final marketing group with 12h of feed withdrawal prior to harvest had greater yield (P &lt; 0.05) than those marketed with 24h of feed withdrawal; however, using live weights 12h prior to harvest to calculate yield, pigs with 24h of feed withdrawal prior to harvest had increased yield (P &lt; 0.05) compared with those marketed with 12h of feed withdrawal for both marketing events. There were no differences in backfat, loin depth, and percentage lean between treatments (P&gt;0.10). In conclusion, carcass yield was affected by time of feed withdrawal prior to harvest with greater HCW for pigs with 12h compared with 24h of feed withdrawal.