bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Auxin Transport in Dracaena marginata Stems1
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E. , Fonteno William C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Basipetal auxin transport occurred in intact and excised Dracaena marginata stem sections at an apparent velocity of about 5 mm/hr. Application of 20 µl of 0.1 mm 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) to the basal cut end of a 3-cm stem segment excised 20 cm from the apex of 1-m-tall plants reduced basipetal auxin transport by 60%. Similar application to the apical end had no effect on acropetal auxin movement. Lateral auxin movement was observed 24 hours after application of radioactive auxin to decapitated stems which had grown horizontally for at least 30 days.
Movement of Photosynthates in Muskmelon Plants1
Authors: Hughes D. L. , Bosland Judy , Yamaguchi M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Individual leaves of Cucumis melo L. acropetal to a developing fruit were treated with a pulse of 14CO2. The level of 14C in the leaves, internodes, and fruits was determined after various periods of time when the leaf at the 3rd node acropetal to the fruit was treated. Leaves at the same node as the fruit, the 2nd, the 3rd, the 6th, and the 18th node acropetal to the fruit were treated and the level of 14C in the leaf, internodes, and fruit was determined after 2 hours. The percent of the incorporated 14C which was exported from the leaf was strongly affected both by time and leaf position relative to the fruit. Leaves which were 3 nodes acropetal to the fruit exported 65% of the label in 6 hours, while those further from the fruit retained the label longer. The influence of the fruit on the movement of 14C label is limited to a few internode lengths along the branch.
Enhancement of Growth and Phosphorous Concentrations in Apple Seedlings by Vesicular-arbuscular Mycorrhizae1
Authors: Hoepfner E. F. , Koch B. L. , Covey R. P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Glomus mosseae (Nicol & Gerd.) Gerd. & Trappe, inoculation increased apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) seedling growth in 3 of 5 fumigated orchard soils without supplemental phosphorous. Mycorrhizae improved seedling growth in only one soil receiving additional P. Increasing P rates up to 100–200 mg/kg improved growth in only one soil receiving additional P. Increasing P rates up to 100–200 mg/kg improved growth of nonmycorrhizal-treated apple seedlings in 4 of 5 soils tested. The 5th soil had an adequate P content, 60 mg/kg soil prior to the addition of P. Mycorrhizal root infection of seedlings growing in soil that received G. mosseae inoculum decreased with increased P rates applied. Some infection was found in seedlings from all soils inoculated with mycorrhizae at P rates of 0–400 mg/kg, and seedlings from 2 of the mycorrhizal soils had infection at the P rate of 600 mg/kg.
Anatomical Indices of Cultivar and Age-related Scab Resistance and Susceptibility in Pecan Leaves1
Authors: Wetzstein Hazel Y. , Darrell Sparks 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Structural differences in leaves of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang) K. Koch] of cultivars resistant and susceptible to the scab pathogen, Cladosporium caryigenum (Ell. et Lang) Gottwald com. nov (formerly designated Fusicladium effusum Wint.), were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. In immature leaf tissue, cultivar resistance was correlated with fewer peltate glandular trichomes, a greater frequency of collapsed trichomes, and abundant phenolic compounds in the palisade parenchyma and bundle sheath cells compared to susceptible cultivars. In mature, scab-resistant leaves of all cultivars, trichomes were collapsed and less numerous, phenolics were abundant, and cuticular and epidermal cell wall development was greater compared to that of immature leaves.
Leaf Area and Fruit Size on Girdled Grapefruit Branches1
Authors: Fishler Michal , Goldschmidt Eliezer E. , Monselise Shaul P. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The dependence of fruit growth of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) upon leaf area was investigated on girdled branches by manipulating leaf and fruit numbers. Leaf areas of 2.0 ± 0.5 m2 per fruit were found to be saturating with regard to fruit growth rate and size. Fruit on internal, shaded branches required larger leaf areas. Fruit on girdled branches weighed 44 to 119% more than fruit in ungirdled branches, which had leaf areas of 0.35 to 0.55 m2 per fruit. This indicates that leaf area is one of the factors limiting fruit growth. Starch accumulated in thin twigs during the fruit growth season, forming a saturation curve similar to those obtained for fruit size when plotted against leaf area per fruit. Increasing leaf area per fruit could involve a decrease in photosynthetic activity, a possibility which now is being investigated further.
Screening Tests for Salt Tolerance in Lettuce1
Authors: Shannon M. C. , McCreight J. D. , Draper J. H. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The response of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) to salinity was studied in greenhouse tests. Seven-day-old seedlings were grown in solution culture with salinity (NaCl + CaCl2, 2:1 molar ratio) ranging from 0.6 to 26 decisiemens per meter (dS m−1). Fresh weight (FW) declined as salinity increased; root weight was not affected as much as leaf weight. Regression analysis of 30-day-old seedlings showed that FW was significantly reduced at 4.6 dS m−1. FW decreased an additional 4.5% for each dS m−1 increase above 4.6 dS m−1. Results were similar 60 days after growth, and were comparable to previous field studies. A screening test for salt tolerance in lettuce was developed using sand culture. Considerable variability exists among 85 U.S. lettuce cultivars and breeding lines irrigated with 5.6 to 6.2 dS m−1 solution. ‘Climax’, ‘Climax 84’, ‘Shawnee’, ‘Tom Thumb’, ‘Fulton’, and ‘Wintergreen’ were the most tolerant cultivars tested. ‘Bibb’, ‘Ruby’, ‘Gustoverde’, ‘Prizehead’, and ‘Big Boston’ were significantly more sensitive to salinity.
Factors Involved in the Development of Tipburn in Crisphead Lettuce in Hawaii1
Authors: Yanagi Ann A. , Bullock R. M. , Cho J. J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Tipburn incidence, maximum and minimum ambient temperatures, and nutrient levels in outer, middle, inner, and core head sections of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were monitored monthly from December 1979 to September 1980. Tipburn incidence was positively correlated with mean monthly maximum, average, and minimum temperatures and was negatively correlated with magnesium, calcium, and boron levels in the inner head sections.
Cranberry Quality: Selection Procedures for Breeding Programs1
Authors: Sapers G. M. , Phillips J. G. , Rudolf H. M. , DiVito A. M. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Samples of 45 cranberry clones (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) were analyzed for factors relating to fruit quality and processability to develop selection procedures for breeding programs. High correlations were obtained between tristimulus reflectance measurements on whole or pureed cranberries and the juice color, determined by spectrophotometric or tristimulus transmission measurements. Differences between cranberry samples in the proportions of individual anthocyanins were small and not correlated with berry or juice color. A 3-stage sequence of simple measurements, entailing minimal sample preparation, was developed for selection. First- and second-stage selections were based on the application of discriminant analysis to tristimulus reflectance data obtained with whole and pureed cranberry samples, respectively. In the third stage, selections were based on analytical measurements performed on juice prepared from samples selected in the preceeding stages.
Effect of Mechanical Stress and Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis on Leaf Epinasty in Mechanically Stressed Poinsettia Plants1
Authors: Saltveit Mikal E. , Larson Roy A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Periodic shaking increased the resistance of potted poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Klotzsch ex. Willd., cv. Annette Hegg Diva) plants to mechanically induced leaf epinasty, but this resistance was lost within 24 hours of discontinuing the shaking. Bending petioles, not their reorientation in the gravitational field, caused increased ethylene production by excised petioles. Foliar sprays containing 40 μm cycloheximide, which were applied 24 hours before the plants were sleeved for 24 hours, completely prevented mechanically induced leaf epinasty, but were phytotoxic to the bracts.
Morphology and Anatomy of Intumescence Development on Tomato Plants1
Authors: Lang S. P. , Esther Struckmeyer B. , Tibbitts T. W. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Plants of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv. Oxheart, the cultivated tomato, and L. hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl. PI LA 1625, a wild tomato, were placed in small Plexiglas boxes in a growth chamber and exposed to air from a pressurized laboratory supply line to induce intumescence injury. External symptoms of injury on the 2 species were different, but anatomical responses were similar. Injury on L. hirsutum consisted primarily of gall-like protrusions 1-2 mm in diameter on leaves, whereas symptoms on L. esculentum consisted primarily of callus-like tissue on petioles, midribs, and stems. Some injury of each type was found on both species. When severely injured, leaves wilted and abscised on L. esculentum, but not on L. hirsutum. Where injury occurred, the epidermis and underlying 2 or 3 layers of cells hypertrophied and produced intumescences. Vascular tissue of L. esculentum exhibited tyloses which occluded xylem vessels, apparently blocking water transport and causing wilting and abscission of leaves.
Inheritance and Associations of Leaf, External, and Internal Pod Reactions to Common Blight Bacterium in Phaseolus vulgaris L.1
Authors: Valladares-Sanchez Nicolas E. , Coyne Dermot P. , Mumm Robert F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A 6-parent Phaseolus vulgaris diallel cross was produced to determine the inheritance of leaf, external, and internal pod reactions to the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli (Smith) Dye = Xanthomonas phaseoli E.F.S. Dows (X.p.) Nebraska isolate EK-11. The parents and F1 generations were grown in the greenhouse, whereas the F2, along with parents, were also grown in the field at 2 locations (Lincoln and Scottsbluff, Neb.). The Gardner and Eberhart (1966) model, Analysis II, was used to obtain estimates of the genetic effects for the reactions to the pathogen in the different plant parts. Coefficients of variation were high in the greenhouse experiment and low in both field experiments. The increased precision of the field experiments allowed more genetic effects to be detected as being significant. The leaves of ‘Great Northern (GN) Nebraska #1 sel. 27’ and Plant Introduction (PI) 207262 were resistant, ‘Tacarigua’ moderately susceptible, and PI 163117, ‘GN 1140’, and ‘Guali’ were highly susceptible. The pods of the first 3 entries, along with ‘GN 1140’ showed moderate resistance, but the internal reaction of the pods of ‘GN Nebr. #1 sel. 27’ showed more susceptibility than the external reaction. The reaction to X.p. was quantitatively inherited in all experiments. Additive effects were primarily involved in the genetic control of the leaf, external, and internal pod reactions to X.p. Heterosis effects for leaf reaction were detected under field conditions. External and internal pod reactions were highly correlated, but little association between leaf and pod reaction was observed. It is, therefore, necessary to select for resistance simultaneously in both plant parts since correlated responses are not expected to be present. Large positive correlations were detected between the reactions of genotypes observed in the greenhouse with those in the field experiments and between the field experiments, indicating that greenhouse tests should adequately predict field performance. A significant genotype × location interaction for leaf reaction was detected, with ‘Guali’ and ‘Tacarigua’ being more susceptible at Lincoln, under higher night temperatures, than at Scottsbluff, indicating the importance of evaluating the reaction of germplasms to this pathogen in different environments.
Enhanced Rooting of Wounded Mung Bean Cuttings by Wounding and Ethephon1
Authors: Robbins James A. , Kays Stanley J. , Dirr Michael A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Rooting of light-grown cuttings of mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz.] was stimulated by wounding and by the ethylene-releasing compound (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/liter with a maximum response at 1 mg/liter. The inhibitor of ethylene synthesis, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG), at 10 µm, significantly decreased root number in wounded cuttings, but ethephon overcame this inhibition. Rooting in wounded cuttings was stimulated by indolebutyric acid (IBA) at a concentration of 5 × 10−6 m but root numbers decreased by 56% with AVG + IBA. Application of ethephon or IBA, and extensive wounding, caused an upward redistribution of roots away from the base of the cuttings.
Growth Measurement as an Indication of Avocado Maturity
Authors: Lee S.K. , Young R.E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Fruit growth of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) fruit measured by the increase in length, diameter, and volume was initially rapid, but later slowed to a linear growth. Linear extrapolation to zero from growth rate in the descending portion gave a definite point indicating that physiological maturity had occurred. In many cases, this physiological maturity date correlated well with horticultural maturity date determined by taste-panel analysis.
Effect of Genetic Relationship to Pollinizer on Fruit, Seed, and Seedling Parameters in Highbush and Rabbiteye Blueberries
Authors: Hellman E.W. , Moore J.N. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Cultivars of 5 highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) and 5 rabbiteye (Vaccinium ashei Reade) blueberries were each pollinated with a series of cultivars of varying genetic relationship. A significant reduction in mean berry weight was associated with an increase in the degree of relationship between parents for one highbush and one rabbiteye cultivar. The mean number of seed per berry was significantly reduced and was associated with an increase in the degree of relationship for 3 highbush and 2 rabbiteye cultivars. Level of inbreeding did not affect percentage seed germination. Two highbush cultivars demonstrated a significant reduction in mean seedling fresh weight associated with an increase in the level of inbreeding. Rabbiteye seedling vigor data were insufficient to draw any conclusions on inbreeding effects. Variability of cultivars in response to cross-pollination among related individuals suggests that other factors may be more influential in some instances.
Polyuronide Degradation and Hemicellulose Modifications in Ripening Tomato Fruit
Authors: Huber Donald J. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Hemicelluloses and polyuronides from the cell wall of ripening tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Rutgers) fruit were examined using gel-filtration chromatography. Gel filtration of polyuronides revealed that these polymers were extensively degraded during ripening, as evidenced by the increase in the quantity of polymers that fractionated on the gel. Low molecular weight polyuronides were first evident in fruit harvested at the turning stage and they constituted the major portion of the polyuronides obtained from fruit at more advanced stages of ripening. The appearance of degraded polyuronides corresponded well with the activity of endo-D-galacturonanase, which appeared to be solely responsible for the degradation of these wall polymers. The cell wall hemicelluloses were also affected during ripening; gel-filtration analyses revealed marked changes in the molecular-weight distribution of these polymers. Hemicelluloses from immature green and mature green fruit were similar chromatographically, whereas those from fruit harvested during ripening showed progressively lower quantities of high molecular weight polymers and higher quantities of low molecular weight polymers (<40,000). These changes coincided with the degradation of the pectic polysaccharides; however, in vitro studies using isolated cell wall showed that pectin degradation occurred independently of the changes in hemicelluloses.
Reducing Injury during Mechanical Harvesting of Cranberries
Authors: Davis Denny C. , Shawa Azmi Y. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Commercial harvesters of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) caused more berry injury than did a hand scoop. On the Furford Picker-Pruner the major berry injury occurs as the first elevator paddle contacts the berries. Modifications of the elevator on the Furford harvester significantly reduced cranberry harvesting injury on the elevator. Cranberry breakdown during a 5-week storage period was related to the prestorage berry injury level, but cranberry breakdown during an 8-week storage period was unrelated to injury level.
Incorporation of Tritiated Thymidine and Uridine into Adventitious-root Initial Cells of Vigna radiata
Authors: Tripepi Robert R. , Heuser Charles W. , Shannon Jack C. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Adventitious roots in mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilcz. cv. Berken] cuttings develop from specific “rooting-zone parenchyma” (R-ZP) cells. Microautoradiography was used to determine the timing of thymidine and uridine incorporation into the R-ZP cells, prior to the first cell division, in the presence or absence of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Since 6-3H-thymidine incorporation reached a maximum between 11 and 14 hours, we suggest that the R-ZP cells were in the G1 phase when the cuttings were taken. Tritiated uridine was incorporated into the RNA of the R-ZP cells 2 hours after the cuttings were placed in the labeled solution. DNA synthesis and cell division of the R-ZP cells occurred along the entire length of the hypocotyl (basal, middle, and top segments), but these initial events were not sufficient to result in the subsequent formation of adventitious roots. NAA promoted adventitious root formation in the cuttings but it had no apparent effect on nucleic acid labeling nor initial cell division of the R-ZP cells. The initial division of the R-ZP cells appears to be a wounding response and occurs in the presence or absence of exogenous auxin.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of in Vitro-cultured Liquidambar styraciflua Plantlets during Acclimatization
Authors: Wetzstein Hazel Y. , Sommer Harry E. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The acclimatization or hardening-off of in vitro-cultured sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) plantlets was studied using scanning electron microscopy. Comparisons were made among leaves of plantlets differentiated in culture, plantlets acclimatized after transfer from in vitro conditions, greenhouse seedlings, and mature trees. Leaves of plantlets directly from tissue culture had superficial, circular stomata and epidermal cells with irregular, sinuous undulations in the anticlinal walls. Leaves from acclimatized plantlets had ellipsoid, depressed stomata and irregularly shaped epidermal cells. Seedling and field-grown leaves had depressed, ellipsoid stomata and well-defined isodiametric epidermal cells. Stomata in all cases were confined to the abaxial surface, with densities significantly greater in leaves of in vitro plantlets than in acclimatized plantlets or greenhouse-grown plants. Epicuticular wax was generally smooth and absent of waxy outgrowths in all conditions.
The Histology and Histochemistry of the Wound-healing Process in Geranium Cuttings
Authors: Cline Molly Niedbalski , Neely Dan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The wound-healing process in cuttings of Pelargonium X hortorum L.H. Bailey cv. Yours Truly was studied using histological and histochemical techniques. Anatomical changes at the wounded surface of cuttings within 24 hours included deposition of a granular, amber-colored substance identified as suberin on the cell walls, in the intercellular spaces, and in the lumina of xylem vessels. Wound xylem, adventitious root primordia, and wound callus developed within 7 days. A periderm developed 14 to 21 days after wounding and its cell walls were suberized.
Optimum Potassium Nutritional Level for Production of Highbush Blueberry
Authors: Paul Eck 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
A field planting of ‘Bluecrop’, a mature highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), on a Berryland soil type was subjected to differential levels of K fertilization over a 6-year period. Fruit yield and berry size were related to fertilizer treatment, leaf composition, and available soil K analysis. Blueberry production was highest at a 40 kg K/ha rate of potassium sulfate fertilizer which resulted in a leaf K sufficiency range between 0.45% and 0.55% K. Available soil K was significantly correlated to fruit yield.
The Effect of Benomyl, Sodium Hypochlorite, and Controlled Atmospheres upon the Incidence of Black Speck of Stored Cabbage
Authors: Walsh J.R. , Lougheed E.C. , Toivonen P.M.A. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In the 1979-1980 and 1980-1981 seasons, stored cabbage (Brassica oleracea L., Capitata group) developed symptoms of the disorder black speck. Dipping in 500 mg/liter benomyl and 95 or 190 mg/liter chlorine (as sodium hypochlorite) solutions increased susceptibility to the development of black speck, but control of ethylene levels and an atmosphere of 3% O2 + 5% CO2 had little effect. A slight difference was noted in cultivar susceptibility and in one season a dip in water appeared to decrease the occurrence of the disorder.
Response of Tomato to Defoliation
Authors: Wolk J.O. , Kretchman D.W. , Ortega D.G. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Defoliation of transplants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) at planting delayed plant development (including fruit maturity), but leaf areas of defoliated and nondefoliated plants were equal at fruit maturity. Defoliation at first bloom, full bloom, or 2.5-cm fruit diameter resulted in progressively less leaf area at harvest as the degree of defoliation increased. Defoliation of 80% at the above 3 stages of flower/fruit development resulted in reduced yield. Defoliation of 25% or 50% prior to or at full bloom had no apparent influence on yield. However, 25% or 50% defoliation when fruits were near 2.5-cm diameter resulted in yield reduction. Defoliation had no apparent influence on fruit size at harvest. Soluble solids in the fruit were reduced progressively with each successive increase in defoliation, while titratable acidity and pH were not affected. Defoliation increased photosynthesis in remaining leaves 4 and 14 days after treatment but had no effect on transpiration.
Evaluations of Herbicides in Slow-release Formulations for Container-grown Landscape Crops
Authors: Ruizzo M.A. , Smith E.M. , Gorske S.F. 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Alachlor (2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxyinethyl) acetanilide), chloramben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid), naptalam (N-1-napthylphthalamic acid (2-N-1-naphthy) aminocarbaryl benzoic acid), and propachlor (2-chlor-N-isopropylacetanilide) incorporated into dicalcium phosphate and plaster of paris slow-release tablet formulations successfully controlled weeds for 16 weeks with no significant injury to cotoneaster (Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid. ‘Royal Beauty’), euonymus [Euonymus fortunei (Tarcz.) Hand Mazz. ‘Emerald ’N Gold’], forsythia (Forsythia X intermedia Zab. ‘Spring Glory’), ind privet (Ligustrum X vicaryi, a hybrid between L. ovalifolium Hasst. ‘Aureum’ and L. vulgare L.). One tablet per container was applied, delivering 20 or 40 kg/ha active ingredient. Metolachlor (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl) acetamide) was incorporated in the tablet formulations to deliver a rate of 40 kg/ha active ingredient per tablet to evaluate area of weed control. Weed density was significantly reduced in containers treated with metolachlor tablets. An essentially weed-free area (7- to 8-cm radius) encompassing a single herbicide tablet was observed. Tablet formulations did not significantly differ in reduction of weed density in nursery containers.