bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low-cost remote distance and height sensing analog device for laboratory agriculture environments
Authors: Sotner Roman , Polak Ladislav , Jerabek Jan 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
This paper introduces a novel simple readout system for infrared distance measurement and transmission in closed environments, for instance small-area agriculture, employing transformation of distance on settable duty cycle variation. This simple analog system utilizes active devices fabricated in 0.35 μm 3.3 V I3T25 ON Semiconductor complementary metal oxide semiconductor process. Analog system generates and transmits the information in form of the duty cycle of square wave signal with frequency of 3 kHz up to 46.6 kHz in full range (duty cycle approximately between 10% and 90%) or half range (above 50%) due to requirements of various types of receivers. There is no requirement for any special processing software. The transmitted waveform is received by a low-cost phototransistor in distance at least 30 mm (case when the transmitter and receiver are placed directly on both sides of dividing glass plate). The proposed concept was tested for distance measurement (up to 70 mm) by commercially available distance sensor connected to the communication system and can be utilized for different use cases (e.g. monitoring of growth of small plants or mushrooms). The measuring range (sensitivity and dynamical range) of the sensing system can be easily adjusted. The experiments indicate error between the transmitted and received value below 5%. The overall error of the system between the evaluated and real measured distance is below 10%. All the presented tests confirmed operationability of the proposed system.
Dynamic light scattering based on low-cost components
Authors: Talaván Daniel , España Samuel 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A dynamic light scattering (DLS) instrument has been assembled using low-cost components. This setup includes an inexpensive laser diode, a silicon photomultiplier including amplifier electronics, a digital oscilloscope, and a regular computer. A set of latex nanoparticles with different sizes has been used to fully characterize the instrument for multiple acquisition configurations. In addition, results were compared to those obtained by transmission electron microscopy and a commercial DLS equipment including gold and iron oxide nanoparticles. The size measurements performed with the DLS instrument resulted very robust for multiple acquisition configurations with and error typically below 1%. A very good agreement was obtained when comparing the results with the values obtained with reference techniques. Therefore, accurate and reproducible size measurements can be performed with the DLS instrument developed in this work for a wide range of nanoparticle sizes and materials while significantly reducing the cost.
Constructing MIL-101(Cr) membranes on carbon nanotube films as ion-selective interlayers for lithium–sulfur batteries
Authors: Zhang Feng , Gao Yuan , Wu Feichao , Li Lin , Li Jingde , Wang Guirong 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
It is of significant importance to suppress the polysulfide shuttle effect for the commercial application of lithium–sulfur batteries. Herein, continuous MIL-101(Cr) membranes were successfully fabricated on carbon nanotube films utilizing a simple in situ growth method, aiming at constructing interlayer materials for inhibiting the shuttle effect. Owing to the suitable pore aperture and super electrolyte wettability, the as-developed MIL-101(Cr) membrane can effectively inhibit the shuttle behaviour of polysulfides while allowing the fast transport of Li-ions simultaneously, working as an ionic sieve. Additionally, this MOFs membrane is also helpful in accelerating the polysulfide catalytic conversion. Therefore, the proposed interlayer delivers an extraordinary rate capability, showing a remarkable capacity of 661.9 mAh g−1 under 5 C. Meanwhile, it also exhibits a high initial capacity of 816.1 mAh g−1 at 1 C and an exceptional durability with an extremely low capacity fading of 0.046% per cycle over 500 cycles.
Performance enhancement of gas sensing by modification of molybdenum selenide nanosheets with metal nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Shuai , Liu Yinggang , Li Hanxiao , Bai Yu , Xue Jiale , Xu Ruojun , Zhang Min , Chen Guoxiang 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In this paper, nanostructured molybdenum selenide (MoSe2) with composited phases are synthesized by hydrothermal method, and the products are modified by metal anoparticles to improve the gas sensing performance. Microstructure characterization shows that few layered 1T/2H-MoSe2 nanosheets have been successfully prepared. Both the morphology and component of nanosheets could be tuned by the reaction parameters. It is shown the MoSe2-based nanomaterials have excellent selectivity to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) according to gas sensing properties measurement. The sensitivity of 1T/2H-MoSe2 nanosheets modified by Cu nanoparticles is 17.73 (50 ppm NO2) at the optimal operating temperature, which is the highest compared with other samples. The sensors also exhibit rapid response/recovery time and high stability. The sensing mechanism of MoSe2 nanosheets toward NO2 is investigated based on the first-principles calculation. The results suggest the modification by metal nanoparticles could significantly improve the adsorption energy and charge transfer between gas molecule and MoSe2. This work demonstrates a promising guidance for the design of new NO2 gas sensing materials and devices.
Review on 3D growth engineering and integration of nanowires for advanced nanoelectronics and sensor applications
Authors: Hu Ruijin , Yu Linwei 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Recent years have witnessed increasing efforts devoted to the growth, assembly and integration of quasi-one dimensional (1D) nanowires (NWs), as fundamental building blocks in advanced three-dimensional (3D) architecture, to explore a series of novel nanoelectronic and sensor applications. An important motivation behind is to boost the integration density of the electronic devices by stacking more functional units in the out-of-plane z-direction, where the NWs are supposed to be patterned or grown as vertically standing or laterally stacked channels to minimize their footprint area. The other driving force is derived from the unique possibility of engineering the 1D NWs into more complex, as well as more functional, 3D nanostructures, such as helical springs and kinked probes, which are ideal nanostructures for developping advanced nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS), bio-sensing and manipulation applications. This Review will first examine the recent progresses made in the construction of 3D nano electronic devices, as well as the new fabrication and growth technologies established to enable an efficient 3D integration of the vertically standing or laterally stacked NW channels. Then, the different approaches to produce and tailor more sophisticated 3D helical springs or purposely-designed nanoprobes will be revisited, together with their applications in NEMS resonators, bio sensors and stimulators in neural system.
Simulation for multiwavelength large-aperture all-silicon metalenses in long-wave infrared
Authors: Hao Junbo , Ma Ting , Ye Zilin , Chen Chen , Yang Dahai , Zhou Keya , Wang Yiqun , Jin Peng , Lin Jie 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Long-wave infrared imaging systems are widely used in the field of environmental monitoring and imaging guidance. As the core components, the long-wave infrared lenses suffer the conditions of less available materials, difficult processing, large volume and mass. Metalens composed of sub-wavelength structures is one of the most potential candidates to achieve a lightweight and planar optical imaging systems. Meanwhile, it is essential to obtain large-aperture infrared lenses with high power and high resolution. However, it is difficult to use the finite-difference time-domain method to simulate a large-aperture metalens with the diameter of 201 mm due to the large amount of computational memory and computational time required. Here, to solve the mentioned problem, we firstly propose a simulation method for designing a large-aperture metalens, which combines the finite-difference time-domain algorithm and diffraction integration. The finite-difference time-domain algorithm is used to simulate the meta-atom’s transmitted complex amplitude and the one-dimensional simplification of the diffraction integral is to calculate the focused field distributions of the designed metalens. Furthermore, the meta-atom spatial multiplexing is applied to design the all-silicon metalenses with the aperture of 201 mm to realize dual-wavelength (10 and 11 μm) achromatic focusing, super anomalous dispersion focusing and super normal dispersion focusing. The designed metalenses are numerically confirmed, which reveal the feasibility of all-silicon sub-wavelength structures to accomplish the multiwavelength dispersion control. The designed all-silicon metalenses have the advantage of lightweight and compact. The proposed method is effective for the development of large-aperture imaging systems in the long-wave infrared.
Investigating the thermal stability of metallic and non-metallic nanoparticles using a novel graphene oxide-based transmission electron microscopy heating-membrane
Authors: Batra Nitin M , Mahalingam Dinesh K , Doggali Pradeep , Nunes Suzana P , Costa Pedro M F J 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
In recent years, graphene has been explored as a heating membrane for studying high-temperature dynamics inside the transmission electron microscope (TEM) due to several limitations with the existing silicon nitride-based membrane. However, the transfer of monolayer graphene films for TEM experiments is challenging and requires many complicated steps with a minimum success rate. This work developed a novel in situ heating platform by combining the graphene oxide (GO) flakes in the pre-patterned chips. The isolated GO flake was self-suspended between the metal electrodes by a simple drop-casting process. The GO was reduced and characterized using Raman and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Furthermore, a GO-based heater was used to investigate the thermal stability of gold and silica nanoparticles. The gold nanoparticles evaporated non-uniformly and left an empty carbon shell, while silica disappeared uniformly by etching carbon support. We successfully demonstrated a GO flake as a heating membrane to study high temperature thermal dynamic reactions: melting/evaporation, agglomeration, Rayleigh instability, and formation/or removal of carbon in the nanoparticles.
μs and ns twin surface dielectric barrier discharges operated in air: from electrode erosion to plasma characteristics
Authors: Nguyen-Smith R T , Böddecker A , Schücke L , Bibinov N , Korolov I , Zhang Q-Z , Mussenbrock T , Awakowicz P , Schulze J 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Electrode erosion through continual long-timescale operation (60 min) of identical twin surface dielectric barrier discharges (twin SDBDs) powered either by a microsecond (μs) or a nanosecond timescale (ns) voltage source is investigated. The twin SDBDs are characterized using current–voltage measurements, optical emission spectroscopy, and phase integrated ICCD imaging. The temporally and spatially averaged gas temperature, consumed electric power, and effective discharge parameters (reduced electric field, and electron density) are measured. The μs twin SDBD is shown to operate in a filamentary mode while the ns twin SDBD is shown to operate in a more homogeneous mode (i.e. non filamentary). Despite a similarity of the effective discharge parameters in both the μs and ns twin SDBD, erosion of the nickel coated electrodes caused by operation of the twin SDBD differs strongly. Only the formation of a moderate number of nickel oxide species is observed on the surface of the ns twin SDBD electrodes. In contrast, the nickel coated electrodes are locally melted and considerably higher densities of oxides are observed around the eroded areas of the μs twin SDBD, due to the filamentary nature of the discharge.
Application of edge detection based on hexagonal image structure to delamination detection of carbon fiber reinforced polymer material
Authors: Chen YongQiang , Luo Kai , Chen Liang , Weng Haobo , Liang Wei 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Delamination is one of the most critical damage modes in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) materials, and is invisible to the naked eye. Although delamination defect images of CFRP materials can be obtained through ultrasonic tomography, it is still difficult to accurately identify the position and contours of defect images. In this study, four different delamination defect images of CFRP composite plates were obtained through a finite element simulation and fan-beam ultrasonic tomography. A hexagon algorithm based on interpolation is proposed that transforms the reconstructed defect images from square pixels into hexagonal pixels. The interpolation algorithm is based on the overlap between the square and hexagonal pixels. As the experiment results verify, the use of the hexagonal structure-based morphological method for edge detection significantly reduces the recognition error from 7.74% to 0.148% in comparison with a traditional quadrilateral structure. The experimental results also showed that this method can effectively reduce the artifact interference and obtain complete and accurate target edge information more effectively than a square structure.
Structural design of flexible interdigital capacitor based upon 3D printing and spraying process
Authors: Tu Zhige , Xia Zhidong , Luo Weichu , Huang Pei , Lin Jian 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Traditional substrates of metallic interdigital electrodes (IEs) are rigid and undeformable, flexible interdigital capacitors are therefore appealing as strain sensors. In this study, interdigital capacitors were parametrically designed by 3D printing and encapsulated by spraying process. The interdigital circuits of the structure were printed with conductive silicone rubber filled with silver-coated glass fiber and carbon fiber, and the circuits were encapsulated with polydimethylsiloxane. Herein, the interdigital-flexible structures were parametrically designed and firstly served as capacitive sensor, namely flexible interdigital capacitive sensors (FICSs). The spaces between IEs, are extremely sensitive to strain, therefore provide the capacitors with excellent electromechanical behaviors. The optimized FICS benefited for a wide working range of strain (0%∼45%), high sensitivity (gauge factor = 2.7) to a tiny strain of 0.3%, stable working duration at different stretching speeds (18 mm min−1, 36 mm min−1 and 72 mm min−1), prolonged service life (>800 cycles), as well as excellent capability to detect human movement (bulging, grasping and bending). Response mechanism of the FICS was modeled based upon its microstructure evolution, including the distances between IEs and the fillers migration. The printed FICSs with optimized structure provide a comprehensive thought in the design of electronics, further would inspire the branch of 3D printed electronics.
Comment on ‘Angles in the SI: a detailed proposal for solving the problem’
Authors: Leonard B P 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
Paul Quincey makes a compelling argument for recognizing angle as a base quantity with the radian as the base unit. Solid angle is then a derived quantity with the steradian a coherent derived unit equal to one square radian. The author demonstrates how familiar equations of rotational motion appear to result from dimensionally consistent explicit-radian equations by ‘setting the radian equal to one’—which he calls the radian convention. Quincey also claims, based (solely) on assumed analogies with translational motion, that for rotation, the so-called ‘improved’ units for torque, angular momentum and moment of inertia must be J/rad, J/(rad/s) and J/(rad/s)2, respectively, and that the conventional units (N m, kg m2 s−1 and kg m2) result from application of the radian convention to these quantities. However, based on fundamental physical principles, I show here that, although the radian convention may help in understanding a confusing notational change applied to angular displacement and its time derivatives when comparing explicit-radian equations to their equivalent familiar forms, it cannot be applied to torque, angular momentum or moment of inertia. The dimensionally correct SI units for these quantities are, respectively, the well-established angle-independent units: newton metre, kilogram metre-squared per second and kilogram metre-squared.
Reply to Comment on ‘Angles in the SI: a detailed proposal for solving the problem’
Authors: Quincey Paul 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The comment by Leonard (2022 Metrologia
59 038001) primarily proposes that if angle is treated as a base quantity, with the radian as its base unit, it would be wrong to change the units for torque (from N m to J rad−1), angular momentum (from J s to J s rad−1) and moment of inertia (from kg m2 to kg m2 rad−2), as was proposed in the letter being commented on (Quincey 2021 Metrologia
58 053002). This reply clarifies the situation by looking directly at the consequences of the two proposals. Apart from the comfort of retaining the familiar units for these quantities, the benefit of Leonard’s proposal would be the preservation of a few favoured equations used in specific situations, while the general relationships between many physical quantities would need to change. The revised units proposed in the letter would leave all the established general relationships unchanged, and are the best option for allowing the longstanding problem of angles being wrongly treated as numbers within the SI to be resolved. This reply includes some historical context, which describes how Euler implicitly introduced the idea that ‘the radian is another name for the number one’ into the mathematics used for rotating objects, at a time long before anyone had thought about unit systems.
Space charge compensation of positive ion beams used in magnetic fusion applications
Authors: Holmes A.J.T. , McAdams R. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
A model is presented for space charge neutralisation of positive ion beams. The model is used for the particular case of the beams used for magnetic based fusion applications. The beams consist, after a gas neutraliser, of ions and atoms at different energies. Account is taken of the contribution of all beam components to ionization of the background gas. Consideration is also given to not only beam heating of the plasma generated by the beam, due to Coulomb collisions, but also to Coulomb heating by fast electrons produced in ionization by all beam particles and stripping of the neutral components. Two approximations are considered for the motion of the secondary ions out of the beam potential; a drift approximation and a freefall approximation. All the beam plasma parameters can be calculated. The model is applied to a typical extracted beam of deuterium ions of 120 kV, 60 A. It is found that these beams are very highly compensated and that beam plasma heating by the electrons produced is generally greater than that due to the beam ions.
Large-scale collecting mirrors for ITER optical diagnostic
Authors: Samsonov D. , Tereschenko I. , Mukhin E. , Gubal A. , Kapustin Yu. , Filimonov V. , Babinov N. , Dmitriev A. , Nikolaev A. , Komarevtsev I. , Koval A. , Litvinov A. , Marchii G. , Razdobarin A. , Snigirev L. , Tolstyakov S. , Marinin G. , Terentev D. , Gorodetsky A. , Zalavutdinov R. , Markin A. , Bukhovets V. , Arkhipushkin I. , Borisov A. , Khripunov V. , Mikhailovskii V. , Modestov V. , Kirienko I. , Buslakov I. , Chernakov P. , Mokeev A. , Kempenaars M. , Shigin P. , Drapiko E. 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The challenges of a large-scale mirror design for the in-vessel collection system of ITER divertor Thomson scattering (DTS) are under consideration. These are the mirrors located out-of-line vision of fusion plasma (so called ‘second mirrors’) with a high-reflective Ag-based coating. The paper outlines: approaches providing optical surface shape and angular position stability; Ag coating applicability for ITER in-vessel environment, including resistance to accidental steam ingress. The proposed solutions may also appear to be of some use in other ITER diagnostics and in diagnostics of other fusion devices.
The synergetic effects of three-dimensional magnetic perturbations and finite beta on collisionless trapped electron mode in tokamak plasmas
Authors: Huang Zhangsheng , Guo Weixin , Wang Lu 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The effects of three-dimensional (3D) magnetic perturbations (MPs) and finite beta (β, i.e., the ratio of plasma kinetic pressure to magnetic pressure) on the instability of collisionless trapped electron mode (CTEM) have been studied. Based on the local 3D equilibrium model, we have derived general expressions for longitudinal invariant and the corresponding precession drift frequency of trapped electrons, which include the synergetic effects of MPs and finite β. It is found that 3D effects can either stabilize or destabilize CTEM instability by analytically solving the linear dispersion relation of CTEM. These effects depend on the poloidal and toroidal mode numbers as well as the phase of 3D MPs. Specially, for the destabilizing phase of MPs, the stabilizing effect of finite β on CTEM can be even reversed when the displacement of magnetic flux surface exceeds a critical value. Moreover, the synergetic effects of 3D MPs with stabilizing phase and finite β can further reduce the required absolute value of negative magnetic shear to completely stabilize CTEM instability. This indicates that 3D MPs might be used as an actuator for lowing the level of anomalous electron heat transport, and thus facilitate the formation of electron internal transport barrier (eITB).
Illustrating the physics of core tungsten (W) transport in a long-pulse steady-state H-mode discharge on EAST
Authors: Shi Shengyu , Chen Jiale , Jian Xiang , Odstrčil Tomáš , Clarrisse Bourdelle , Wu Muquan , Wu Mingfu , Duan Yanmin , Chao Yan , Zhang Ling , Cheng Yunxin , Qian Jinping , Garofalo Andrea M. , Gong Xianzu , Gao Xiang , Wan Yuanxi , EAST Team the 
Published: February 2022

Abstract
The behavior of core tungsten (W) in a pure radio-frequency-heated long-pulse steady-state H-mode discharge in the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) with an ITER-like divertor (ILD) is analyzed using experimental diagnostic data and modeled using a combination of drift-kinetic neoclassical and gyro-fluid turbulent software. In the steady state, the experimental core line-averaged W concentration (C
W) is about 2 × 10−5, which is evaluated using the intensity of the W unresolved transition array (W-UTA) spectral structure in the region of 45–70 Å (which is composed of W
27+–W
45+ line emissions) through spectroscopy in the extreme ultraviolet region. W produces a peak of the radiated power density profile around a normalized radius of ρ ∼ 0.3. Therefore, W does not centrally accumulate in the experiment. A time slice of the steady-state is modeled, which accounts for both the neoclassical and turbulent transport components of W based on the self-consistent background plasma profiles simulated by TGYRO (Candy et al 2009 Phys. Plasmas
16 060704). It is found that turbulent transport dominates over neoclassical transport for W. In addition, the turbulent diffusion coefficient is large enough to offset the sum of the neoclassical and turbulent pinch (convection) velocities, so that the W density profile for a zero particle flux is not strongly peaked. By combining TGLF (Staebler et al 2017 Nucl. Fusion
57 066046) and NEO (Belli and Candy 2008 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
50 095010; 2012 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion
54 015015) for the W transport coefficient with the impurity transport code STRAHL (Dux 2006 STRAHL User Manual), the experimental C
W and the information radiated by W can be reproduced closely. In addition, the effect of toroidal rotation on the W transport is also clarified.