bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of factitious prey on the biology and growth rate of the predatory mites Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: TUNG NGUYEN DUC , ANH NGUYEN THI , FANG XIAO-DUAN 
Published: November 2022

Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) is being used on a commercial scale to control Tetranychus urticae Koch in open fields and greenhouses (Schausberger and Walzer 2001; Sato et al. 2007; Rezaie et al. 2017). To reduce the cost of rearing, phytoseiid mites are often cultured using factitious prey. To find out the most suitable factitious prey species for rearing N. californicus in this study, the development and reproduction of the predatory mite were assessed when fed on four factitious prey species: Carpoglyphus lactis, Lepidoglyphus destructor, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Rhizoglyphus robini and the natural prey Tetranychus urticae (control). The results showed that N. californicus could survival on all prey species, however, their populations could increase when fed on C. lactis, L. destructor, and T. urticae. The life cycles of N. californicus fed on C. lactis and L. destructor (5.13 and 5.17 days respectively) were significantly shorter than those fed on T. urticae (5.89 days). The total number of eggs per female N. californicus fed on L. destructor was the highest (51.48 eggs/female), intermediate on T. urticae (45.11 eggs/female) and the lowest on C. lactis (38.68 eggs/female). When fed on L. destructor and T. urticae, the sex ratios (% female) in the 2nd generation of N. californicus reached approx. 70%—significantly higher than those predators fed on C. lactis (58.65%). The intrinsic rate of increase of N. californicus fed on L. destructor (0.338) was significantly higher than those females fed on C. lactis (0.304) and T. urticae (0.314). In conclusion, the factitious prey L. destructor is the best food source for mass rearing the predatory mite N. californicus.
The relationship between Haemaphysalis longicornis and sika deer abundance on Tsushima Islands, Japan
Authors: SUZUKI KEI K. , DOI KANDAI , MORISHIMA KAORI , YAMAGAWA HIROMI , MORI TAIKI , WATARI YUYA , OKABE KIMIKO 
Published: November 2022

Tick-borne diseases such as Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (SFTS) are of concern as new issues in public health and conservation medicine. The SFTS virus especially is a fatal infection for feline animals. The emergence of STFS has been reported in China, Japan, South Korea, and Vietnam. Tsushima Islands, located between Kyushu Island of Japan and South Korea, are known as the habitat of the endangered Tsushima leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus). The Ministry of the Environment of Japan reported the first case of SFTS infection in the free-ranging Tsushima leopard cat in 2022. Here, we report our investigation of the tick fauna on Tsushima Islands and its comparison with the abundance of Tsushima sika deer (Cervus nippon pulchellus). The flagging method was used at five collection sites on Tsushima islands in May 2022. We collected 131 ticks of three species, Haemaphysalis longicornis (127 individuals), H. formosensis (3) and Amblyomma testudinarium (1), among which H. longicornis was the dominant species. The abundance of H. longicornis increased with increased Deer Impact Score, which represents relative deer density based on five deer signs (bark stripping on Cryptomeria japonica or Chamaecyparis obtusa trees, browsing marks on the understory vegetation, deer fecal pellets, deer tracks, and deer trails). This study indicated that deer abundance may be an important factor in determining H. longicornis abundance. Notably, H. longicornis is known to serve as vector for several tick-borne pathogens, including SFTS virus. The relationships between ticks and wildlife hosts are expected to provide essential information from the perspectives of vector control, disease risk prediction, and conservation of rare species.
Can a Machine Learning–Enabled Numerical Model Help Extend Effective Forecast Range through Consistently Trained Subgrid-Scale Models?
Authors: Qu Yongquan , Shi Xiaoming 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The development of machine learning (ML) techniques enables data-driven parameterizations, which have been investigated in many recent studies. Some investigations suggest that a priori-trained ML models exhibit satisfying accuracy during training but poor performance when coupled to dynamical cores and tested. Here we use the evolution of the barotropic vorticity equation (BVE) with periodically reinforced shear instability as a prototype problem to develop and evaluate a model-consistent training strategy, which employs a numerical solver supporting automatic differentiation and includes the solver in the loss function for training ML-based subgrid-scale (SGS) turbulence models. This approach enables the interaction between the dynamical core and the ML-based parameterization during the model training phase. The BVE model was run at low, high, and ultrahigh (truth) resolutions. Our training dataset contains only a short period of coarsened high-resolution simulations. However, given initial conditions long after the training dataset time, the trained SGS model can still significantly increase the effective lead time of the BVE model running at the low resolution by up to 50% relative to the BVE simulation without an SGS model. We also tested using a covariance matrix to normalize the loss function and found it can notably boost the performance of the ML parameterization. The SGS model’s performance is further improved by conducting transfer learning using a limited number of discontinuous observations, increasing the forecast lead-time improvement to 73%. This study demonstrates a potential pathway to using machine learning to enhance the prediction skills of our climate and weather models.

Significance Statement
Numerical weather prediction is performed at limited resolution for computational feasibility, and the schemes to estimate unresolved processes are called parameterization. We propose a strategy to develop better deep learning–based parameterization in which an automatic differentiable numerical solver is employed as the dynamic core and interacts with the parameterization scheme during its training. Such a numerical solver enables consistent deep learning, because the parameterization is trained with a direct target of making the numerical model (dynamic core and parameterization together) forecast match observations as much as possible. We demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of such a strategy using a surrogate model and advocate that such machine learning–enabled numerical models provide a promising pathway to developing next-generation weather forecast and climate models.
Refreezing of Partially Melted Hydrometeors: Polarimetric Radar Observations and Microphysical Model Simulations
Authors: Tobin Dana M. , Kumjian Matthew R. , Oue Mariko , Kollias Pavlos 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The discovery of a polarimetric radar signature indicative of hydrometeor refreezing has shown promise in its utility to identify periods of ice pellet production. Uniquely characterized well below the melting layer by locally enhanced values of differential reflectivity (ZDR) within a layer of decreasing radar reflectivity factor at horizontal polarization (ZH), the signature has been documented in cases where hydrometeors were completely melted prior to refreezing. However, polarimetric radar features associated with the refreezing of partially melted hydrometeors have not been examined as rigorously in either an observational or microphysical modeling framework. Here, polarimetric radar data—including vertically pointing Doppler spectral data from the Ka-band Scanning Polarimetric Radar (KASPR)—are analyzed for an ice pellets and rain mixture event where the ice pellets formed via the refreezing of partially melted hydrometeors. Observations show that no such distinct localized ZDR enhancement is present, and that values instead decrease directly beneath enhanced values associated with melting. A simplified, explicit bin microphysical model is then developed to simulate the refreezing of partially melted hydrometeors, and coupled to a polarimetric radar forward operator to examine the impacts of such refreezing on simulated radar variables. Simulated vertical profiles of polarimetric radar variables and Doppler spectra have similar features to observations, and confirm that a ZDR enhancement is not produced. This suggests the possibility of two distinct polarimetric features of hydrometeor refreezing: ones associated with refreezing of completely melted hydrometeors, and those associated with refreezing of partially melted hydrometeors.

Significance Statement
There exist two pathways for the formation of ice pellets: refreezing of fully melted hydrometeors, and refreezing of partially melted hydrometeors. A polarimetric radar signature indicative of fully melted hydrometeor refreezing has been extensively documented in the past, yet no study has documented the refreezing of partially melted hydrometeors. Here, observations and idealized modeling simulations are presented to show different polarimetric radar features associated with partially melted hydrometeor refreezing. The distinction in polarimetric features may be beneficial to identifying layers of supercooled liquid drops within transitional winter storms.
Ocean Model Response to Stochastically Perturbed Momentum Fluxes
Authors: O’Kane Terence J. , Fiedler Russell , Collier Mark A. , Kitsios Vassili 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
Recent studies of various stochastic forcing and subgrid-scale parameterization schemes applied to climate and atmospheric models have revealed a diversity of model responses. These responses include degeneracy in the response to different forcings and compensating model errors. While stochastic parameterization of the ocean eddies is an active area, this has mainly involved idealized models with fewer studies employing ocean general circulation models. Here we examine the sensitivity of a low-resolution climate model to stochastic forcing of the momentum fluxes restricted to regions of the three-dimensional ocean where an eddy-resolving ocean model configuration has high variability. We consider the changes in the modeled energetics of low-resolution simulations in response to increased stochastic forcing. We find that as forcing amplitudes are increased there is enhanced conversion of transient to seasonal potential energy. Additionally, there is a systematic redistribution from seasonal to small-scale transient kinetic energy. Our approach has zero mean noise such that the total kinetic energy spectra remain largely unchanged even as small-scale eddy kinetic energy is increased in the targeted regions. However, we also show that strong stochastic forcing, particularly when applied in the tropics, can induce substantial changes to the ocean steady state that are undesirable. These changes include overly strong vertical mixing leading to unrealistic increases in ocean heat content and latitudinally dependent changes to sea level. We show that judicious selection of the magnitude and spatial extent of the stochastic forcing is required for desirable results. Our results point to the importance of a comprehensive evaluation of ocean model responses to stochastic parameterizations.
Two Distinct Phases of North Atlantic Eastern Subpolar Gyre and Warming Hole Evolution under Global Warming
Authors: Ghosh Rohit , Putrasahan Dian , Manzini Elisa , Lohmann Katja , Keil Paul , Hand Ralf , Bader Jürgen , Matei Daniela , Jungclaus Johann H. 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The North Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG) plays a crucial role in determining the regional ocean surface temperature (SST), which has profound implications on the surrounding continental and coastal climate. Here, we analyze the Max Planck Institute-Grand Ensemble global warming experiments and show that the SPG can evolve in two distinct phases under continuous global warming. In the first phase, as the global mean surface temperature approaches 2-K warming, the eastern SPG intensifies in combination with a weakening Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), accompanied by a cooling of subpolar North Atlantic SST, known as the warming hole. The associated oceanic fingerprint matches with the observations over the last 15 years, where an intensification and cooling of the eastern SPG is related to salinity reduction at the eastern side of the SPG. However, for further warming beyond 2 K, in spite of a continuous decline in the AMOC, a northward shift of the mean zonal wind extends the subtropical gyre northward with an associated disruption of the eastern SPG intensification, resulting in the cessation of the warming hole. Therefore, a shift from the initially dominating oceanic drivers to the atmospheric driver results into a two-phase evolution of the North Atlantic Ocean SPG circulation and the associated SST under continuous global warming.
The long-term impacts of the Canterbury earthquakes on the mental health of the Christchurch Health and Development Study cohort
Authors: Beaglehole Ben , Boden Joseph M , Bell Caroline , Mulder Roger T , Dhakal Bhubaneswor , Horwood L John 
Published: November 2022

Objective: Long-term studies following disasters are rare. It is important to quantify long-term effects of disasters to determine impacts on populations over time. We therefore aim to report the long-term associations between exposure to the Canterbury earthquakes and common mental disorders, taking into account potential confounding factors. Methods: The Christchurch Health and Development Study is a 40-year longitudinal study of a birth cohort of New Zealand children (635 males and 630 females). The Christchurch Health and Development Study includes 884 participants with data on earthquake exposure and mental health outcomes at ages 34 and 40 years. Rates of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.) disorders were measured categorically and using an expanded definition that included sub-syndromal symptoms. The current impact of the earthquakes is reported using 12-month prevalence data 7 years after the earthquakes. The cumulative impact of the earthquakes over the 7 years since onset is also reported. Results: There was a linear trend towards increasing rates of disorder with increasing exposure to the earthquakes. After adjusting for covariates, the 12-month prevalence of anxiety disorder symptoms was significantly increased ( p = 0.003). The earthquakes were also associated with cumulative increases in symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder ( p < 0.001), anxiety disorder ( p = 0.016), nicotine dependence ( p = 0.012), and the total number of disorders ( p = 0.039). Conclusion: The Canterbury earthquakes were associated with persistent increases in Anxiety Disorder symptoms 7 years after their onset. The earthquakes were also associated with cumulative increases in symptoms of common psychiatric disorders. The magnitude of these effects is small, may no longer be clinically significant and has decreased over time.
Drug purchases prior to conception and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Laine Merja K. , Kautiainen Hannu , Gissler Mika , Pennanen Pirjo , Eriksson Johan G. 
Published: November 2022

Objective Some drugs have adverse effects on glucose metabolism, but it is unknown whether prescription drugs used prior to conception influence the future risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Our study evaluated whether the purchase of prescription drugs 6 months prior to conception was associated with the occurrence of GDM. Methods This cohort study enrolled women with a Finnish background who delivered between 2009 and 2015 in the city of Vantaa, Finland (N = 10,455). Data on maternal characteristics and prescription drug purchases were obtained from national health registers. The use of a unique personal identification number enabled us to combine the register data on an individual level. Results Six months prior to conception, women who had pregnancies complicated by GDM purchased more prescription drugs than women without GDM (1.38 ± 2.04 vs. 1.11 ± 1.80). The GDM risk was higher in women with higher numbers of prescription purchases and those with more than three deliveries. Conclusions Multiparous women who purchase several prescription drugs should be given personalized counseling to prevent GDM.
Diagnostic accuracy of serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) in a contemporary unselected medical cohort
Authors: Subhani Mohsan , Sheth Abhishek , Palaniyappan Naaventhan , Sugathan Peuish , Wilkes Emilie A , Aithal Guruprasad P 
Published: November 2022

Objectives To describe the different aetiologies of ascites and test the validity of serum ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) and cytology in a contemporary unselected medical cohort. Methods All adult patients admitted to Nottingham University Hospitals, UK, between 1 May 2013 and 30 April 2018 with new-onset radiologically-confirmed ascites were included. Data were analysed to determine the distribution of different aetiologies of ascites and the diagnostic accuracy of SAAG in portal hypertension and cytology in malignancy as underlying causes of ascites. Results Over 5 years, 286 patients presented with new-onset ascites; 122 surgical cases were excluded. Most patients were men (n = 84, 51.2%) over 50 years of age (n = 142, 86.6%). Cirrhosis accounted for 54.9% (n = 90) of the cases of ascites followed by malignancy (n = 48, 29.3%) and cardiac failure (n = 10, 6.1%). SAAG ≥11 g/L had a sensitivity of 85.5% and specificity of 60.6% for diagnosing portal hypertension as a cause of ascites (diagnostic accuracy = 78.5%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 69.8–85.5; area under the curve (AUC) = 0.756, 95% CI: 0.652–0.860). Ascitic fluid cytology was positive in 50% of malignant cases and 66% of primary peritoneal carcinomatosis cases. Conclusion The underlying aetiology and the validity of available tests varied substantially compared with previous reports.
Motivational Conflict and Volitional Career Actions in Young Adults: Ego Depletion as an Explanatory Mechanism
Authors: Widyowati Arini , Creed Peter , Hood Michelle , Duffy Amanda 
Published: November 2022

We assessed the underlying mechanisms through which career motivational conflict was related to career volitional action in young adults. We tested a model in which career motivational conflict (parent-child career incongruence and career goal progress discrepancy) was related to reduced career volitional actions (career decision self-efficacy and career engagement) via self-regulatory failure (ego depletion in reference to talking to parents about their careers or thinking about their careers). Participants were 260 young adults (75.8% female; M age = 19.89 years) enrolled at a large, multi-campus university in South-East Queensland, Australia. We confirmed greater career-related motivational conflict, in both forms, was associated with lower volitional actions. Furthermore, self-referenced depletion explained the relationships between career goal progress discrepancy and poorer career decision self-efficacy and less career engagement. These findings have implications for how counsellors might assist young people to improve their career volitional actions by reducing the effects of career motivational conflict.
Healthcare Equity and Leadership: Implementation of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Training for Pharmacy Residents
Authors: Tillman Frank , Liu Ina , Lovince Judith , Mays Erin , Musick Kaitlin , Sato Jennifer , Rao Kamakshi V. 
Published: November 2022

Background Pharmacy training programs infrequently include formal training in the areas of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI). Hence, the purpose of this report is to offer perspectives gained from the delivery of a DEI curriculum within a pharmacy residency program aimed at expanding experiential learning focused on DEI and health equity. Program Implementation: Pharmacy residents at an academic medical center were invited to participate in a longitudinal DEI/equity seminar series that was thoughtfully and strategically developed by a team of residents and program leadership based on a six-step process. Residents were offered 9 individual seminars covering 4 major focus areas to facilitate enhanced awareness, learning, and vulnerability. Participants were invited to provide evaluations of each seminar and the overall series. Program Assessment: A total of 41 residents (100%) participated in at least one of the 9 seminars that were offered and approximately 50% completed the post-series survey. Resident-perceived benefit of each individual session was consistently favorable. Additionally, greater than 70% of participants responded favorably when asked about the impact of each session on their awareness, resources provided, and ability to apply the learnings to their practice. Conclusion: Our inaugural experience with the integration of a DEI seminar series into a pharmacy residency program suggests that there is a clear benefit to including DEI/health equity into pharmacy residency training. This data may suggest that adoption of DEI-focused experiential training may increase cultural awareness and the availability of resources to better equip pharmacy residents in applying concepts of DEI into their practice.
Effects of systemic antibiotics in early onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in trauma patients: A single-centre retrospective cohort study
Authors: Wong Ching Yee , Ng Yau Tak , Ching Ka Chun , Ha Pui Kwan , Leung Chun Yu , Au Wing Kiu , Lui Chun Tat , Tsui Kwok Leung 
Published: November 2022

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is one of the commonest complications encountered in intubated patients: its incidence ranges from 20% to 60%, with higher incidences seen in patients with polytrauma. Ventilator-associated pneumonia can result in poor neurological outcomes upon discharge, longer duration of mechanical ventilation and prolonged intensive care unit stays. The use of systemic antibiotics has been proposed as one method to reduce this complication. However, its effectiveness remains to be determined, and concerns about bacterial resistance hinder its use. This study aims to evaluate the effects of systemic antibiotics on early ventilator-associated pneumonia prevention. Methods: This is a single-centred retrospective cohort study, using data in the local trauma registry from 2015 to 2020. Patients aged ⩾18 years who suffered from injury to the head or trunk and were intubated within 12 h of hospitalization were evaluated for early ventilator-associated pneumonia to determine the effectiveness of systemic antibiotics on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and to identify other risk factors for ventilator-associated pneumonia in patients suffering from trauma. Result: A total of 250 patients were recruited; 59 of them met the criteria for early onset ventilator-associated pneumonia. Early use of broad-spectrum antibiotics with potent anaerobic coverage was found to be protective for early onset ventilator-associated pneumonia (adjusted odds ratio = 0.228, p = 0.044). Increasing age and severe thoracic or abdominal injury were also found to be strong non-modifiable predictors for the development of early onset ventilator-associated pneumonia. Conclusion: Use of systemic antibiotics with potent anaerobic coverage within 3 h of injury was found to prevent early onset ventilator-associated pneumonia in those intubated within 12 h of injury. However, a large-scale randomized control trial may be needed to further evaluate its benefit and its potential side effects, most notably the risk of antibiotic resistance.