bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Immunoglobulin and Complement Concentrations
in Exposure to IVIG, HBIG, Rituximab, Tocilizumab, and Bevacizumab
Authors: Caglayan Murat , Gonel Ataman 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Immunoglobulins (Igs) are produced in plasma cells in response to glycoprotein like immunogens and they are also used as therapeutics in the pharmaceutical industry. It may be important to know the effects of therapeutic Igs on Ig levels during therapy to eliminate any misconceptions
about the immunity of patients.

Objective:
This study aimed to investigate the effects of monoclonal antibody (mAb) derivative drugs and
therapeutic antibody (intravenous Ig [IVIG] and hepatitis B immune globulin [HBIG]) treatments on
blood IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, complement component 3 (C3), and complement component 4 (C4) levels.

Methods:
N Protein Control SL / Low (Siemens, Marburg, Germany, Lot: 084654) was used as the control solution. Aliquots of IVIG, HBIG, rituximab, tocilizumab, and bevacizumab (20 µL) were added to
180 µL of the control solution, and the solutions were vortexed (5 s). The samples were studied using a
Dade Behring BN II (Siemens, Marburg, Germany) nephelometer. All measurements were repeated three
times by performing the same process in which distilled water (20 µL) was added to the control solution
to determine the target value, and the average values were taken. The bias formula was used to calculate
the amount by which the results deviated from the target value.

Results:
IVIG caused the greatest deviation (45.97%) to IgG levels. HBIG, rituximab, tocilizumab, and
bevacizumab caused the IgG level to deviate by 0.81%, 9.68%, 27.42%, and 30.65%, respectively. In the
IgA test, tocilizumab increased the reading by 8.66%, while the other therapeutics caused reductions in
the reading, with the smallest and largest changes caused by HBIG (-0.93%) and bevacizumab (-4.98%).
Tocilizumab increased the IgE level by 0.48%, and rituximab and bevacizumab reduced the IgE level by -
0.21% with -8.47%, respectively. Tocilizumab, IVIG, and HBIG caused 1.41%, 2.70%, and 4.32% deviations,
respectively, in the C3 levels. Whereas bevacizumab (-1.08%) and rituximab (-5.41%) caused reductions
in the C3 levels. Tocilizumab, HBIG, rituximab, IVIG, and bevacizumab caused deviations of
0.87%, -2.31%, -3.76%, -6.36%, -8.38%, respectively, in the C4 levels.

Conclusion:
Deviations in measured IgG levels after therapeutic Ig and mAb infusions may cause errors
in clinical decisions. It is recommended that Ig levels be measured before infusion or when the therapeutic drug has been eliminated from the blood.
Ultrasound Hand and Wrist Findings in Children with Systemic Lupus
Erythematosus
Authors: Khalifa Iman , Osman Heba Taher , Mostafa Noha , Marzouk Huda , Sabry Nahla , Abdou Marise 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can involve any organ system. SLE often involves the musculoskeletal system to varying degrees and it is frequently joints of the hands that are most likely to give discomfort to patients.

Objectives:
To assess by ultrasound the presence of joint inflammation in patients with juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (JSLE) not complaining of painful joints of the hand and wrist (asymptomatic), and to compare the findings with those in JSLE patients complaining of painful hand and wrist joints (symptomatic) and in healthy controls.

Methods:
This was a cross-sectional case control study on 37 JSLE patients. Thirty were asymptomatic for joint complaint. Ultrasound examination of wrists and joints of both hands, 11 joints in each hand, to assess synovial hypertrophy, effusion and pathological vascularization [using power Doppler] (PD), and were given a score of 0-3. Patients were compared with 8 healthy controls.

Results:
Ultrasound abnormalities (synovial hypertrophy and increased vascularity) were detected in 22/30 of the asymptomatic patients (73.3%) and in all 7 symptomatic patients (100%). In asymptomatic children, 29 joints were affected (4.4% of all joints), compared to 13 joints in the symptomatic patients (8.4% of all joints). Synovitis score was mild or moderate (1 or 2) in both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, with all showing increased vascularity. In the control group, 5 joints (2.8% of all joints) showed synovial hypertrophy but no increased vascularity.

Conclusion:
Increased vascularity (PD more than 0) is a more reliable indicator of inflammation than synovial hypertrophy which may be detected in healthy individuals.
Recent Modifications of Anti-dementia Agents Focusing on Tacrine and/or Donepezil Analogs
Authors: Mohamed Lamia W. , Mohamed Khaled O. , Sayed Hadeer S. , Mahmoud Zeinab 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a multifactorial incurable neurodegenerative disorder. It is characterized by a decline of cholinergic function in parallel with β-amyloid fibril deposition. Such an imbalance causes severe loss in memory and cognition, leading to behavioral disturbances, depression, and ultimately death. During the last decades, only a few approved drugs were launched onto the market with indications for treating initial and moderate stages of AD. To date, cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEI) are the mainstay line of treatment to ameliorate AD symptoms. Tacrine and Donepezil are the most commonly prescribed anti-dementia drugs, given their potent inhibitory effects. Therefore, many trials have focused on both drugs' structures to synthesize new anti-dementia agents. This paper discusses recent trends of new AD-treating anti-dementia agents focusing on Tacrine and Donepezil analogs and multifunctional hybrid ligands.
Synthesis, In-silico and In-vitro Antimycobacterial Studies on Novel
Benzofuran Derivatives
Authors: Thorat Bapu R. , Shelke Dnyaneshwar E. , Dhabarde Sanjay S. , Mali Suraj N. 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Benzofurans, an interesting heterocyclic compound, are available abundantly in nature and show a wider range of pharmacological activities. Moreover, in recent years this moeity has been found to have strong antituberculosis potential. Considering the importance of this moiety in the field of medicinal chemistry, we have synthesized a few benzofuran derivatives.

Methods:
These derivatives were also characterized by standard spectroscopic methods. Synthesized compounds were observed for their anti-tuberculosis activity using microplate Alamar Blue assay (MABA) assay and found to have a minimum of 100 (μg/mL) of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values. Moreover, our molecular docking analyses depicted strong inhibitory potential against a popular TB target, Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2′-epimerase (DprE1), a crucial enzyme for cell wall synthesis.

Results:
Compound 9e was found to have a strong binding energy score of -148.47 kcal/mol against the selected targets (PDB id: 6HEZ).

Conclusion:
All compounds were also found to possess drug-likeness characteristics when checked with Lipinski's filter.
Investigation of the Potential Mechanism of Danggui Shaoyao San for the
Treatment of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) with Network
Pharmacology and Molecular Docking
Authors: Zeng Fang , Zhang Yu , Cheng Fang , Li Qiang , Wang Jinglin 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS) is a well-known herbal formula, which has been widely used in the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the potential mechanisms of DSS for NAFLD remains unknown.

Objective:
Our study aims to explore the active components and potential molecular mechanisms of DSS for the treatment of NAFLD.

Methods:
Methods: In this study, network pharmacology and molecular docking were performed to predict the active ingredients, potential targets and molecular mechanisms of DSS for the treatment of NAFLD.

Results:
Results: The 31 active components and 27 potential targets of DSS associated with NAFLD were identified, and the five components most closely associated with NAFLD were beta-sitosterol, kaempferol, hederagenin, 3β-acetoxyatractylone, and sitosterol. DSS was involved in regulating pathways in cancer, AGE-RAGE signalling pathway in diabetic complications, IL-17 signalling pathway, NAFLD, hepatitis B, apoptosis, and hepatitis C. Additionally, IL-6, Caspase 3, RELA, PTGS2, and JUN might be the potential important targets of DSS for NAFLD treatment. In addition, the results of molecular docking indicated that kaempferol and beta-sitosterol compounds could bind to the important targets.

Conclusion:
Conclusion: Our study systematically investigated the potential molecular mechanism of DSS for the treatment of NAFLD, which would potentially provide a new clinical approach for NAFLD.
Management of Denture Infection with Phytomedicine
Authors: Anitha Kuttae Viswanathan , Rajkumar Krishnan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
Natural teeth are an integral part of the masticatory system. Absence of dentition subjects
the individual to compromised oral function, facial appearance and phonetics. Rehabilitation with dental
prosthesis is imperative to restore form and masticatory activity. Currently, fabrication of removable
and fixed prosthesis has become most predictable. Nonetheless, there is an increased prevalence of
oral stomatitis observed over the years in edentulous individuals wearing removable dentures.
Amongst the many pathogens that cause denture infections, Candida albicans is assumed to be the
most virulent opportunistic agent. Different methods, such as mechanical, chemical, chemicmechanical,
and pharmacological are tried to fight such infections. Regardless of various management
strategies developed to treat denture stomatitis, the research continues to evolve the most optimal one.
Improper oral and or denture hygiene maintenance, surface irregularities on denture, persistence of
xerostomia and associated systemic illness pose risk for exaggeration of the disease. In extreme conditions,
the development of aspiration pneumonia in geriatric patients is considered a threat to both dental
and medical specialists. Therapeutic administration of synthetic anti-microbial drugs, along with
meticulous oral hygiene maintenance are recommended protocols till date. However, limitations such
as antibiotic resistance, side effects, counter drug reactions, cost of the medicaments predispose to
origin of natural herbal products to treat denture stomatitis. Vast array of plant products are studied in
previous literature, yet no definitive edge of one over the other is proven. This article intends to provide
a mini-review on the different organic plant materials, also called as phytomedicines used for the
treatment of candida associated denture stomatitis (CADS).
Impact of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with a Focus on Asian Indians Living in India and Abroad: A Systematic Review
Authors: Yusufi Faiz Noor Khan , Ahmed Aquil , Ahmad Jamal , Alexiou Athanasios , Ashraf Ghulam Md , Yusufi Ahad Noor Khan 
Published: August 2022

Background:Diabetes is a highly prevalent disease in the world. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is growing at an alarming rate due to rapid urbanization, migration, aging population, and lifestyle changes.Introduction:We have summarized the global T2DM distribution in specific International Diabetes Federation (IDF)-defined regions and various countries and highlighted the high risk of T2DM prevalence in Asian Indians living in India and worldwide.Method:A systematic review was conducted using combinations of the following key concepts ‘T2DM’ ; ‘global distribution’ ; ‘Asian Indians’ ; ‘high risk’ and ‘prevalence’ by searching PubMed and EMBASE databases for articles describing the global distribution of T2DM. From 430 searched articles, 54 full-text articles were reviewed to study the distribution, risk, and prevalence of diabetes in various countries.Result:As per IDF Atlas, 463 million people in 2019 have diabetes worldwide, and it is expected to rise to 700 million by 2045. The global distribution of T2DM differs from various countries to various regions. Asia is the epicenter of diabetes, where 60% of people with diabetes live, mainly in China (139.9 million) and India (65 million). South Asians are more susceptible to developing T2DM as compared to ethnic Europeans. Asian Indians living worldwide are at a high risk of developing T2DM. Those who have migrated to various countries (USA, UK, Australia, Singapore, Mauritius, New Zealand, Fiji, etc.) have a higher prevalence of T2DM than the native population and even more significant than those Indians living in India due to being more insulin resistant. Indians develop T2DM at a younger age and at a lower BMI due to genetic makeup and behavioral and environmental determinants, including diet and sedentary lifestyle and westernization.Conclusion:In conclusion, insulin levels were found to be higher not only in adults but also in adolescents and young adults. In addition, rapid urbanization, migration, industrial modernization, and lifestyle changes are other factors responsible for the develvement of T2DM.
Recent Methods and Challenges in Brain Tumor Detection Using Medical
Image Processing
Authors: Kandimalla Sai Yasheswini , Vamsi Dhara Mohana , Bhavani Samudrala , V.M. Manikandan 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
A brain tumour is described by the presence of abnormal cells in the brain's tissues. Brain
tumours can be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The malignant brain tumour is one
of the leading and common cancers in the world. There are two types of tumours, primary tumours
that develop in the brain and secondary tumours that start in another region of the body and then
spread to the brain. The precise identification of the size and location of a brain tumour is crucial in
the diagnosis of a brain tumour and is often diagnosed with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
This book chapter discusses the major types of brain tumours and the advancements in computeraided
approaches for detecting brain tumours. The manuscript gives an overview of various recent
machine learning and medical image processing approaches developed recently for the identification
and classification of brain tumours. Several medical image dataset available for the research works
in this domain is also briefed in this article. The major research challenges which can be addressed
by the researchers in the domain of brain tumour detection are also discussed in this article.

Method:
This manuscript mainly discusses various medical image processing methods to detect brain tumors.

Results:
The manuscript discusses the efficiency of the existing schemes and the key areas where further improvement is required

Conclusion:
This manuscript gives an overview of various categories of brain tumors, existing methods to detect brain tumors, the critical challenges in this domain and the medical image dataset available for the study.
Review of Recent Patents on Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines (VAWTs)
Authors: Zoucha Jack , Crespo Cristina , Wolf Hanna , Aboy Mateo 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) provide an opportunity to take advantage of wind power in a variety of places unfit for traditional horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT). Despite suffering from a lower efficiency in ideal conditions, other key advantages of vertical axis turbines still give them the ability to outperform traditional wind turbines, especially in urban, low-wind, and turbulent areas around the world.

Objective:
The purpose of this paper was to conduct a state-of-the-art patent search to analyze recent technological advancements in VAWT designs and deliver an overview of significant patents within this particular field of technology.

Methods::
An extensive patent search was performed to determine patents issued in the United States pertaining to the design innovation of VAWTs. The research implements an empirical approach to inspect patent information and a qualitative analysis of the appropriate patents published in VAWT technology.

Results:
The patent search returned 506 total patents with almost 64% of advancements made in the past ten years, but with limited advancements made within the last 5 years. This article reviews sixteen patent publications since 2010 that highlight the most distinctive VAWT designs.

Conclusion:
Although progress has stalled over the last 5 years, VAWTs remain a plausible solution for many different environments and non-traditional implementations. While HAWTs have proved to be more efficient, the versatility of reviewed VAWT designs creates a new and untapped potential for wind as a renewable energy source.
Dynamic Postural Stability after Cartilage Repair in the Knee
Authors: Gille Justus , Körner Valentin , Oheim Ralf , Paech Andreas , Mittelstädt Hagen , Schulz Arndt-Peter , Schagemann Jan 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Articular cartilage has an exceptionally poor capacity for healing, but Autologous Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis is a procedure with a substantial body of literature that demonstrates its performance in chondral and osteochondral repair. However, data concerning dynamic postural stability after cartilage repair procedures is lacking.

Objective:
Therefore, the present study was designed to assess postural stability following cartilage repair in the knee.

Methods:
20 adults had undergone Autologous Matrix Induced Chondrogenesis for the treatment of full-thickness cartilage defects, with minimum 36 months of follow-up. Clinical outcomes were evaluated by patient reported outcome measures while dynamic postural stability was assessed using the star excursion balance test. The untreated, contralateral limbs served as controls.

Results:
At a mean follow-up of 43 months, patients reported a Visual Analog Score for pain of 1.6±2.2, a mean Lysholm score of 78.5±17.9 and a mean Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Score of 143.3±16.1. The star excursion balance test showed no significant difference between limbs.

Conclusion:
With no difference in dynamic postural stability, our results indicate that this treatment provides a positive clinical outcome, with no deficits in postural stability when compared to the contralateral, untreated leg.
Functional Excipients and Novel Drug Delivery Scenario in
Self-nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System: A Critical Note
Authors: Tonjan Russel , Singh Dilpreet 
Published: August 2022

Abstract:
Lipid-based formulations have emerged as prospective dosage forms for extracting the therapeutic
effects of existing lipophilic compounds and novel chemical entities more efficiently. Compared
to other excipients, lipids have the added benefit of enhancing the bioavailability of lipophilic
and highly metabolizable drugs due to their unique physicochemical features and similarities to in vivo
components. Furthermore, lipids can minimize the needed dose and even the toxicity of drugs with
poor aqueous solubility when employed as the primary excipient. Hence, the aim of the present review
is to highlight the functional behavior of lipid excipients used in SNEDD formulation along with the
stability aspects of the formulation in vivo. Moreover, this review also covered the importance of
SNEDDS in drug delivery, the therapeutic and manufacturing benefits of lipids as excipients, and the
technological advances made so far to convert liquid to solid SNEDDS like melt granulation, adsorption
on a solid support, spray cooling, melt extrusion/ spheronization has also highlighted. The mechanistic
understanding of SNEDD absorption in vivo is highly complex, which was discussed very critically
in this review. An emphasis on their application and success on an industrial scale was presented,
as supported by case studies and patent surveys.
Local Adaptiveness of Mixed Higher Order Partial Differential Equations
and Its Application in Image Denoising
Authors: Wang Weiming , Ma Zengqiang , Yang Hang , Xu Dandan , Ma Sasa 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Image denoising methods based on partial differential equations have
attracted much attention due to their "infinite" local adaptation capabilities, high flexibility, and
strong mathematical theoretical support.

Methods:
This paper proposes a mixed higher order partial differential equation denoising model
for the step effect caused by the second-order denoising model and the edge blur caused by the
fourth-order denoising model. The model combines the second-order and fourth-order terms based
on the relationship between the variational energy minimization and the partial differential equations. The fourth-order term is used to remove noise in the uniform area of the image to avoid the
step effect, and the second-order term is used at the edge to avoid boundary blur.

Results:
Theoretical analysis and numerical experiment results show that the proposed model has
weak solutions and can effectively avoid the step effect and maintain the edge.

Conclusion:
The image denoising results of the model are better than those of other improved
denoising models in subjective effect, and objective evaluation indicators, such as SNR, PSNR,
and MSSIM.
Physiologically Beneficial Actions of Alliin in Health and Disease
Authors: Ortuño-Sahagún Daniel , Torres-Reyes Daniel Ulises , Sánchez-Sánchez Alma Marina , Carrera-Quintanar Lucrecia 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Garlic has been considered to have medicinal properties in different cultures
since ancient times. Vegetables of the allium genus are a natural source of sulfur-containing
organic compounds. These compounds have recently been investigated for their positive health
effects, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory, as well as cardioprotective and anticarcinogenic
properties.

Objective:
In this review, we focus on one of the main components of garlic; alliin or S-allyl-Lcysteine
sulfoxide, which is a non-protein amino acid that exhibits a broad spectrum of beneficial
effects on physiology, both at the cellular and whole organism levels.

Methods:
We conducted a systematic literature search of the MEDLINE (PubMed) database.
Search terms used for alliin were: “S-allylcysteine sulfoxide” OR “L-alliin” OR “ACSO”, all of
them combined into a separated search term individually as follows: AND “antioxidant”; AND
“cardioprotective”; AND “anti-inflammatory”; AND “antimicrobial”; AND “disease”, and; AND
“neuroprotective”.

Results:
Here, we review and integrate the existing experimental evidence on the effects of alliin,
mainly on its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as its cardioprotective action, and
its role as an adjuvant for the treatment of different diseases, such as infectious diseases, inflammatory
diseases, metabolic diseases and cancer.

Conclusion:
Finally, we propose alliin as a possible neuroprotective agent, through the combination
of its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and its ability to reduce markers of metabolic
inflammation in obesity.
Compritol: A Versatile Excipient for Novel Drug Delivery System
Authors: Shree Dipthi , Patra Chinam Niranjan , Sahoo Biswa Mohan 
Published: August 2022

Background:
Active pharmaceutical ingredient to be administered in a suitable dosage
form is usually incorporated with an inert substance (excipient) to achieve a necessary therapeutic
effect. Pharmaceutical excipient plays a prominent role in the drug delivery system. Thus, the exploration
of novel excipients is indispensable to aid in formulating the new chemical entity. This
review discusses novel lipid excipient Compritol for devising as an efficient drug delivery system
and its utility in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.

Summary:
In this review manuscript, the potential pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical applicability
of compritol as a novel excipient has been highlighted. An extensive search of the literature
was done using the existing original research papers. Furthermore, painstaking efforts were made
to compile and update the information using databases viz., PubMed, Science Direct, Google
Scholar, etc. The applications of various grades of compritol are enumerated in the form of tables.