bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The survival contest of endozoochory: Conflicting interests in a frugivorous avian–plant mutualism
Authors: Trabelcy Beny , Izhaki Ido , Gerchman Yoram 
Published: January 2022

Abstract

The nutritious pulp of fleshy fruits facilitates seed dispersal via endozoochory. Frugivores are considered legitimate seed dispersers when they digest only the pulp but do not damage the seeds. Nevertheless, fruit pulp, in contrast to seeds, is low in nitrogen, thus potentially stimulating seed digestion in the fruit consumers, therefore raising a potential conflict of interest between the plant and the fruit consumer.

Pycnonotus xanthopygos is an important distributor of seeds of the desert shrub, Ochradenus baccatus. Our study demonstrated that P. xanthopygos consumed fewer O. baccatus fruits compared with Musa acuminata, due to the presence of bioactive substances O. baccatus pulp juice.

The passage of the O. baccatus seeds through the digestive system of P. xanthopygos resulted in damage of up to 80% of the seeds and 20% decrease in the weight of the defecated seeds.

Despite the damage to the seeds, passage through the digestive system of P. xanthopygos significantly increased the germination of the surviving seeds. Pulp juice and/or drying of the fruits (on the shrub or in the laboratory) reduced seed germination, and separation of seeds from the pulp (manually or by the bird's digestive system) significantly increased germination.

Our study demonstrated variable reduced digestibility of seeds and pulp when P. xanthopygos consumed O. baccatus fruits compared with M. acuminata. This effect was correlated with inhibition of digestive enzymes in O. baccatus fruits.

Synthesis. Our results show that there is a complex interaction between Ochradenus baccatus and Pycnonotus xanthopygos where consumption of the fruits is both beneficial and harmful to the plant, due to seed damage on the one hand, yet promotion of seed germination on the other. This suggests that frugivory in general may benefit seed distributors and seed predators simultaneously, yet also highlights a potential conflict of interest inherent in endozoochory.
Neonatal emergency transport teams and general emergency departments: Who will intubate the neonate?
Authors: Cunningham Katie M , Walsh Jennifer M , Beattie Thomas F , Midgley Paula 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveConfidence treating critically ill infants presenting to general ED may be limited by inexperience, with procedures deferred until specialised transport teams arrive.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study analysed critical procedures performed by referring ED physicians, compared with a neonatal emergency transport service, on infants transferred over a 12‐month period.ResultsAll 150 eligible infants were included, with median (interquartile range) age 28 (16–43) days. Forty critical procedures were performed in this cohort. Of 26 intubations, 17 (65%) were performed by local ED physicians.ConclusionReferring ED physicians perform the majority of critical procedures where infants require inter‐hospital transfer by neonatal emergency transport service.
Detrital Zircon Records of the Banxi Group in the Western Jiangnan Orogen: Implications for Crustal Evolution of the South China Craton
Authors: ZHOU Weijian , HUANG Dezhi , YU Zhiqiang , SANTOSH M. , CAO Yusen , ZHANG Jiandong , LIU Lei , CUI Jianjun , LI Jianyuan 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Neoproterozoic evolution of the Jiangnan Orogen is important for understanding the tectonic history of South China. As a volcanic‐sedimentary sequence developed in the Nanhua rift, the Banxi Group preserves the records of important magmatic and tectonic events linked to the assembly and breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent. In this study, we report the results from whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element concentrations, with zircon LA‐(MC)‐ICP‐MS U‐Pb ages, trace elements and Lu‐Hf isotopic compositions of sandstones from the Banxi Group. The rocks are characterized by high SiO2 (65.88%–82.76%, with an average of 75.50%) contents, moderate (Fe2O3T + MgO) (1.81%–7.78%, mean: 3.79%) and TiO2 (0.39%–0.54%, mean: 0.48%), low K2O/Na2O (0.03–0.40, mean: 0.10) ratios and low Al2O3/SiO2 (0.11–0.24, mean: 0.15) ratios. The sandstones have high ΣREE contents (mean: 179.1 ppm), with chondrite‐normalized REE patterns similar to the upper crust and PAAS, showing enriched LREE ((La/Yb)N mean: 14.85), sub‐horizontal HREE curves and mild Eu (Eu/Eu*: 0.75–0.89, mean: 0.81) negative anomalies. Their geochemical characteristics resemble those of passive continental margin sandstones. Most of the zircons are magmatic in origin and yield a U‐Pb age distribution with three peaks: a major age peak at 805 Ma and two subordinate age peaks at 1990 Ma and 2470 Ma, implying three major magmatic sources. The Neoproterozoic zircons have ɛHf(t) values ranging from –47.4 to 12.4 (mostly –20 to 0), suggesting a mixture of some juvenile arc‐derived material and middle Paleoproterozoic heterogeneous crustal sources. The Hf model ages of middle Paleoproterozoic zircons (∼1990 Ma) with negative ɛHf(t) values (–12.65 to –6.21, Ave. = –9.8) concentrated around the Meso‐Paleoarchean (mean TDMC = 3.3–3.1 Ga). For late Neoarchean detrital zircons (∼2470 Ma), ɛHf(t) values are divided into two groups, one with negative values (–9.16 to –0.6) with model ages of 3.5–2.9 Ga, the other featuring positive values (1.0 to 3.9) with model ages of 2.9–2.7 Ga, recording a crustal growth event at ∼2.5 Ga. Neoproterozoic zircons show volcanic arc affinities with partly intraplate magmatic features. We propose that the Banxi Group formed in a rift basin within a passive continental margin setting, which derived detritus from felsic to intermediate rocks from the Yangtze Block and a small amount of arc volcanic rocks. The middle Paleoproterozoic detrital zircon data suggest Columbia‐aged basement lies beneath the western Jiangnan orogen.
Miocene Crustal Anatexis of Paleozoic Orthogneiss in the Zhada Area, Western Himalaya
Authors: CHEN Han , HU Guyue , ZENG Lingsen , YU Xuhui , LI Yike 
Published: January 2022

AbstractGranitic gneiss (orthogneiss) and Himalayan leucogranite are widely distributed in the Himalayan orogen, but whether or not the granitic gneiss made a contribution to the Himalayan leucogranite remains unclear. In this study, we present the petrological, geochronological and geochemical results for orthogneisses and leucogranites from the Zhada area, Western Himalayas. Zhada orthogneiss is composed mainly of quartz, plagioclase, K‐feldspar, biotite and muscovite, with accessory zircon and apatite. Orthogneiss zircon cathodoluminescence (CL) images show that most grains contain a core with oscillatory zoning, which indicates an igneous origin. Sensitive high‐resolution ion microprobe (SHRIMP) U‐Pb dating of the zircon cores in the orthogneiss shows a weighted 206Pb/238U age of 515 ± 4 Ma (early Paleozoic), with spongelike zircon rims of 17.9 ± 0.5 Ma (Miocene). Zhada leucogranite shows 206Pb/238U ages ranging from 19.0 ± 0.4 Ma to 12.4 ± 0.2 Ma, the weighted average age being 16.2 ± 0.4 Ma. The leucogranites have a low Ca content (<1 wt%), FeOt content (<1 wt%), Rb content (67.0–402 ppm), Sr content (<56.6 ppm), Ba content (3.35–238 ppm) and Rb/Sr ratio (0.5–14.7), which are similar to the geochemical characteristics of the Himalayan leucogranite derived from muscovite dehydration partial melting of metasediments and representative of most Himalayan leucogranites. The highly variable Na2O + K2O (4.33 wt%–9.13 wt%), Al2O3 (8.44 wt%–13.51 wt%), ∑REE (40.2–191.0 ppm), Rb (67.0–402 ppm) and Nb (8.23–26.4 ppm) contents, 87Sr/86Sr(t) ratios (0.7445–0.8605) and εNd(t) values (–3.6 to –8.2) indicate that the leucogranite is derived from a heterogenetic source. The nonradiogenic Nd isotope values of the studied Zhada leucogranite and orthogneiss range from –8.2 to –3.6 and from –8.7 to –4.1, respectively. Therefore, the general mixing equation was used to perform the Sr and Nd isotope mixing calculations. The results indicate that the heterogenetic source was the Tethyan Himalayan Sequence (THS)/Higher Himalayan Crystalline (HHC) metasediments and Zhada orthogneiss. The Zhada area experienced crustal anatexis during the Miocene and the heterogenetic source of the orthogneiss and metasediment may have experienced crustal anatexis controlled by muscovite dehydration. The Zhada leucogranite inherited not only the geochemical characteristics of the Himalayan metasediment (muscovite dehydration melting), but also the trace elements and Sr‐Nd isotopic characteristics of the Zhada orthogneiss. These results indicate that the Paleozoic Zhada orthogneiss was involved in crustal anatexis at 17.9 ± 0.5 Ma (Miocene) and that the muscovite dehydration of the metasediments in the heterogenetic source produced fluid, which may have caused the orthogneiss solidus lines to decline, triggering a partial melting of the Zhada orthogneiss. It is therefore proposed that Himalayan leucogranite is a crust‐derived granite rather than a S‐type granite, as previously hypothesized.
Source and Enrichment Mechanism of Lithium in the Triassic Argillaceous Marine Sediments from Huangjinkou, Sichuan, China
Authors: QIN Yan , WANG Denghong , ZHAO Yue , YU Yang , GAO Juanqin , YU Feng , ZHONG Jiaai , LIU Zhu 
Published: January 2022

AbstractIn the Triassic marine sediments, an obvious enrichment of lithium has been found. The source and enrichment mechanism of lithium is unknown. Here, we report trace and rare earth element and isotope analyses for Triassic sedimentary samples from core ZK601, recovered from the Huangjinkou anticline in the Xuanhan basin. Lithium concentrations from the Leikoupo and Jialingjiang formations are much higher than the average concentrations in the crust of eastern China and in other marine sediments. Lithium concentrations are highest at depths of 3300–3360 m (in argillaceous marine sediments), and Li is positively correlated with Rb, Ga, Zr, Nb and other trace elements. The range of δ7Li values in our samples is consistent with that in other Triassic marine carbonate rocks. Lithium concentrations and isotope ratios are negatively correlated in the argillaceous dolomite samples at depths of 3300–3360 m. We compared the results in this study with trace and rare earth elements in the clay from Sichuan and Chongqing, and propose that the clay in the argillaceous marine evaporites from Huangjinkou formed via the hydrolysis of volcanic ash during Early–Middle Triassic volcanic eruptions into brine basins, during which clay adsorbed Li from the brine and formed Li‐rich argillaceous dolomites. The addition and hydrolysis of volcanic ash in the evaporative brine is also related to the formation of a new type of polyhalite.
Geochronology and Geochemistry of the Granite Xenolith within the Lamprophyre at the Zhenyuan Gold Deposit (Yunnan Province, SW China)
Authors: ZHANG Huichao , ZHANG Hongrui , HOU Zengqian , CHAI Peng , ZHOU Kai 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe xenoliths in host rocks of hydrothermal gold deposits can generally provide much geochemical information of the deep rocks, which may have an implication for the sources of ore‐forming materials. Geochronology and geochemical characteristics are reported for a granite xenolith, which is enclosed by the lamprophyre in the Zhenyuan gold deposit (Yunnan Province, SW China). This granite xenolith mainly consists of K‐feldspar, quartz, and plagioclase with trace amounts of magnetite, titanite, apatite, zircon, and sulfides. Zircons from the granite xenolith yield a weighted average U‐Pb age of 281.1 ± 1.3 Ma (MSWD = 2.1), which could represent the crystallization age of this granite xenolith. The Ti‐in‐zircon geothermometer and the Mn concentration in apatite calculate that this granite xenolith formed at 685 ± 43°C with the logfO2 values ranging from NNO + 3.7 to NNO + 6.4. The zircons in the granite xenolith have a restricted range of positive ∊Hf(t) values ranging from +9.4 to +10.8, and the corresponding Hf TDM2 model ages range from 588 to 678 Ma. The zircon U‐Pb age and the Hf isotopic compositions indicate this granite xenolith within the lamprophyre is mainly derived from partial melting of juvenile crustal rocks before the completed closure of the Ailaoshan Ocean. The pyrites in the granite xenolith have higher Bi concentrations, and lower As, Sb, and Tl concentrations than the gold‐bearing pyrites of the ores in the Zhenyuan gold deposit. The low Au concentrations of the pyrites together with the ore‐forming age of the Zhenyuan gold deposit (Oligocene) indicate the granite xenolith may have limited contribution to the gold mineralization of the Zhenyuan gold deposit.
Fluid Inclusion Studies of Ore and Gangue Minerals from the Piaotang Tungsten Deposit, Southern Jiangxi Province, China
Authors: WANG Xudong , NI Pei , YUAN Shunda , LIU Jiqiang , LI Mingyong , LIU Hongxin 
Published: January 2022

AbstractThe Piaotang deposit is one of the largest vein‐type W‐polymetallic deposits in southern Jiangxi Province, South China. The coexistence of wolframite and cassiterite is an important feature of the deposit. Based on detailed petrographic observations, microthermometry of fluid inclusions in wolframite, cassiterite and intergrown quartz was undertaken. The inclusions in wolframite were observed by infrared microscope, while those in cassiterite and quartz were observed in visible light. The fluid inclusions in wolframite can be divided into two types: aqueous inclusions with a large vapor‐phase proportion and aqueous inclusions with a small vapor‐phase ratio. The homogenization temperature (Th) of inclusions in wolframite with large vapor‐phase ratios ranged from 280°C to 390°C, with salinity ranging from 3.1 to 7.2 wt% NaCl eq. In contrast, the Th values of inclusions with small vapor‐phase ratios ranged from 216°C to 264°C, with salinity values ranging from 3.5 to 9.3 wt% NaCl eq. Th values of primary inclusions in cassiterite ranged from 316°C to 380°C, with salinity ranging from 5.4 to 9.3 wt% NaCl eq. Th values for primary fluid inclusions in quartz ranged from 162°C to 309°C, with salinity values ranging from 1.2 to 6.7 wt% NaCl eq. The results show that the formation conditions of wolframite, cassiterite and intergrown quartz are not uniform. The evolutionary processes of fluids related to these three kinds of minerals are also significantly different. Intergrown quartz cannot provide the depositional conditions of wolframite and cassiterite. The fluids related to tungsten mineralization for the NaCl‐H2O system had a medium‐to‐high temperature and low salinity, while the fluids related to tin mineralization for the NaCl‐H2O system had a high temperature and medium‐to‐low salinity. The results of this study suggest that fluid cooling is the main mechanism for the precipitation of tungsten and tin.
Anatomical Study of Cretaceous, Permineralized, Bennettitalean Fossils from Heilongjiang Province, NE China
Authors: LIU Fengxiang , YANG Xiaonan , CHENG Yeming 
Published: January 2022

AbstractWell‐preserved Cretaceous trunk fragments of Cycadeoidea (Cycadeoidaceae) were recently found in Keshan County, Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China. These fossils represent important evidence of the distribution of this group of plants in East Asia. In these trunk fragments, the stem cortices and leaf bases with cones are preserved. The leaf bases are rhombic with cones infrequently distributed among leaf bases. The cortex is broad and consists of fundamental parenchyma cells, numerous secretory ducts and C‐shaped leaf traces with adaxial secondary xylem and abaxial secondary phloem. The genus Cycadeoidea, which is widely distributed in the Cretaceous deposits of East Asia, North America and Western Europe, was an important component of Cretaceous floras. Bennettitalean trunk fossils with well‐preserved anatomical structures are rarely known from China. These fossils are important for studies of the evolution of genus Cycadeoidea and for stratigraphic correlation.
Both ASDAS and ADC are associated with spinal mobility in active axial spondyloarthritis: A comparison between early and later disease
Authors: Chung Ho Yin , Chan Shirley Chiu Wai , Lee Kam Ho , Tsang Helen Hoi Lun , Ng Ling Ling , Lau Chak Sing 
Published: January 2022

AbstractObjectiveUsing diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI)‐derived apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), we aimed to determine the relationship between intensity of spinal inflammation and mobility in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (SpA) in early and later stages of active disease. The Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) was also used for a more comprehensive evaluation.MethodsParticipants with axial SpA and back pain were recruited from 10 rheumatology centers. Clinical, biochemical and radiological parameters were collected. Short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and DWI of the spine and sacroiliac (SI) joints were performed. ADC maps were generated. Participants were examined for Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (BASMI). Linear regression models were used to determine associations between BASMI and various clinical, radiological, and MRI parameters in participants with active inflammation on spinal ADC maps.ResultsOne‐hundred and twenty‐seven participants were included in the analyses. Multivariate linear regression showed that mean ADC spine (ß = .16; P = .03), ASDAS‐C‐reactive protein (CRP) (ß = .29, P < .001), and ASDAS‐erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) (ß = .25, P < .01) were associated with BASMI. In participants with duration of back pain ≤3 years, mean spine ADC (ß = .37; P = .03), ASDAS‐CRP (ß = .44; P = .01), and ASDAS‐ESR (ß = .42; P = .01) were associated with BASMI after adjustment for confounding factors. In participants with duration of back pain >3 years, only ASDAS‐CRP (ß = .25; P < .01) and ASDAS‐ESR (ß = .20; P = .20) were associated with BASMI.ConclusionIntensity of inflammation and clinical disease activity were independently associated with impairment of spinal mobility. The associations were stronger in early (≤3 years) than later disease.
Avoidance of primary site adjuvant radiotherapy following transoral robotic surgery: a cohort study
Authors: Fradet Laurent , Charters Emma , Gao Kan , Froggatt Catriona , Palme Carsten , Riffat Faruque , Nguyen Kevin , Wu Raymond , Milross Chris , Clark Jonathan R. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractBackgroundPost‐operative radiotherapy (PORT) volumes and dose to target structures likely influence swallowing function and quality of life following transoral robotic surgery (TORS). The aim of this study is to analyse disease control and swallowing outcomes in patients undergoing TORS for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) to determine the impact of omitting the primary site from the PORT treatment volume.MethodsProspectively collected data from patients that underwent TORS between March 2013 and April 2021 were reviewed. Patients were categorized into three groups: (1) no PORT, (2) PORT to the neck alone or (3) PORT to the primary site and neck. Survival curves were generated according to the Kaplan–Meier method and swallowing was assessed using the Functional Oral Intake Scale, Public Status Scale Head and Neck, MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory and feeding tube/gastrostomy dependence.ResultsA total of 121 patients underwent TORS, of which 103 met inclusion criteria with a median follow up of 2.6 years. No patients developed local recurrence. The 3‐year regional control rates were 90%, 100% and 100% for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Disease‐specific survival was 97% over the study period. Patients that received PORT to both the primary site and the neck (group 3) had worse swallowing outcomes at 12 months.ConclusionFollowing TORS for OPSCC, avoiding PORT to the primary site, in appropriately selected patients, appears to be oncologically safe and is associated with superior swallowing outcomes.
Education, language, and conflict in Myanmar's ethnic minority states
Authors: Bertrand Jacques 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTo what extent did the democratic environment in Myanmar allow ethnic minority groups to promote their language and culture? After the opening of the political regime in 2011, Myanmar's ethnic minority groups placed high hopes in securing new rights and powers to manage their own states and preserve their culture. While the state implemented new opportunities for education of ethnic languages and culture, I argue that these small improvements are dwarfed by the continued Burmanization of ethnic minorities, and the strength of the Bamar‐dominated state. Despite the reform of the educational curriculum, the gains made are relatively modest. More effective decentralization and inclusion of these issues when discussing more genuine federalism would help to improve ethnic groups' ability to maintain their language and culture. This article draws on data from a survey conducted in 2019, as well as interviews in Chin, Kachin, and Karen states between 2015 and 2019.
Phase I studies of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of DS‐1211, a tissue‐nonspecific alkaline phosphatase inhibitor
Authors: Maruyama Sonomi , Visser Hester , Ito Takashi , Limsakun Tharin , Zahir Hamim , Ford Daniel , Tao Ben , Zamora Cynthia A. , Stark Jeffrey G. , Chou Hubert S. 
Published: January 2022

AbstractTissue‐nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) hydrolyzes and inactivates inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), a potent inhibitor of calcification; therefore, TNAP inhibition is a potential target to treat ectopic calcification. These two first‐in‐human studies evaluated safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PKs), and pharmacodynamics (PDs) of single (SAD) and multiple‐ascending doses (MAD) of DS‐1211, a TNAP inhibitor. Healthy adults were randomized 6:2 to DS‐1211 or placebo, eight subjects per dose cohort. SAD study subjects received one dose of DS‐1211 (range, 3–3000 mg) or placebo, whereas MAD study subjects received DS‐1211 (range, 10–300 mg) once daily, 150 mg twice daily (b.i.d.), or placebo for 10 days. Primary end points were safety and tolerability. PK and PD assessments included plasma concentrations of DS‐1211, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and TNAP substrates (PPi, pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate [PLP], and phosphoethanolamine [PEA]). A total of 56 (DS‐1211: n = 42; placebo: n = 14) and 40 (DS‐1211: n = 30; placebo: n = 10) subjects enrolled in the SAD and MAD studies, respectively. In both studies, adverse events were mild or moderate and did not increase with dose. PKs of DS‐1211 were linear up to 100 mg administered as a single dose and 150 mg b.i.d. administered as a multiple‐dose regimen. In multiple dosing, there was minimal accumulation of DS‐1211. Increased DS‐1211 exposure correlated with dose‐dependent ALP inhibition and concomitant increases in PPi, PLP, and PEA. In two phase I studies, DS‐1211 appeared safe and well‐tolerated. Post‐treatment PD assessments were consistent with exposure‐dependent TNAP inhibition. These data support further evaluation of DS‐1211 for ectopic calcification diseases.