bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucose and lipopolysaccharide differentially regulate fibroblast growth factor 21 in healthy male human volunteers – A prospective cross‐over trial
Authors: Pohlhammer Johannes , Heinzl Matthias Wolfgang , Klammer Carmen , Feldbauer Roland , Rosenberger Klemens , Resl Michael , Wagner Thomas , Obendorf Florian , Egger‐Salmhofer Margot , Dieplinger Benjamin , Clodi Martin 
Published: November 2022

AbstractFibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) affects the regulation of metabolism. Additionally, anti‐inflammatory properties are attributed to FGF21, and studies in animals and humans show conflicting results. This study aimed to investigate how FGF21 is affected by glucose and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in humans. Therefore, FGF21 was measured eight times at different time points within 48 h in this prospective cross‐over trial after glucose and LPS on two different study days. The study included ten healthy, non‐smoking male subjects aged 18–40. Repeated measures analysis of variance and paired t‐test as post hoc analysis were applied. The administration of glucose and LPS resulted in a significant difference in regulating FGF21 (p < 0.001). After glucose administration, FGF21 declined sharply at 360 min, with a subsequent steep increase that exceeded baseline levels. LPS induced a drop in FGF21 after 180 min, while the baseline concentrations were not reached. After 180 min and 24 h, a statistically significant difference was demonstrated after adjusting the Bonferroni–Holm method. So, our results support the hypothesis that glucose and LPS differentially affect the human expression of FGF21 over 48 h.
Measuring community flood resilience and associated factors in rural Malawi
Authors: Dewa Ozius , Makoka Donald , Ayo‐Yusuf Olalekan A. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWith global estimates showing an increasing trend in flooding and its adverse effects on communities and population health, resilience is presented as a concept with potential to help integrate disaster risk management, sustainable development, and climate change adaptation concerns. Resilience research and practice have conceptual and empirical challenges of how to understand, characterize and measure resilience, particularly at community level. Using a multidimensional framework, this paper takes a systems approach to understanding, characterizing, and measuring community flood resilience. Through cluster analysis, bivariate methods and multivariable‐adjusted binary logistic regression modeling, we developed a context and hazard specific construct of community flood resilience and investigated its predictor variables. The factors defining the community flood resilience construct captured the community needs to withstand disasters through purpose‐built infrastructure, early warning systems for preparedness and utilization of local human capacity for adaptation. These results strengthen the previous arguments for utilizing a comprehensive multidimensional framework for resilience analysis. Access to services for improved health and psychosocial well‐being was significantly associated with the three‐item measure of being more flood resilient. Additionally, a strong sense of place and resistance to relocation were presented as key elements of resilience, maintaining community system function, and preserving livelihoods. The study further found that these key factors would not be adequate to guarantee community flood resilience outside the transformative capacity of a well‐resourced village civil protection committee that can prepare and mobilize stakeholders in response to flood emergencies. Our results suggest that, in the context where policymakers seek to strengthen resilience of communities without relocating them, a focus on public health and on strengthening and utilizing local capacities as adaptation, are key in disaster risk management policymaking and implementation. For the international research community, this study demonstrated the importance of utilizing context and hazard specific measures for defining, characterizing, and measuring resilience to inform policy.
A novel approach for vital visualization and studying of neurons containing Ca2+‐permeable AMPA receptors
Authors: Gaidin Sergei G. , Maiorov Sergei A. , Laryushkin Denis P. , Zinchenko Valery P. , Kosenkov Artem M. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractCalcium‐permeable AMPA receptors (CP‐AMPARs) play a pivotal role in brain functioning in health and disease. They are involved in synaptic plasticity, synaptogenesis, and neuronal circuits development. However, the functions of neurons expressing CP‐AMPARs and their role in the modulation of network activity remain elusive since reliable and accurate visualization methods are absent. Here we developed an approach allowing the vital identification of neurons containing CP‐AMPARs. The proposed method relies on evaluating Ca2+ influx in neurons during activation of AMPARs in the presence of NMDAR and KAR antagonists, and blockers of voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels. Using this method, we studied the properties of CP‐AMPARs‐containing neurons. We showed that the overwhelming majority of neurons containing CP‐AMPARs are GABAergic, and they are distinguished by higher amplitudes of the calcium responses to applications of the agonists. Furthermore, about 30% of CP‐AMPARs‐containing neurons demonstrate the presence of GluK1‐containing KARs. Although CP‐AMPARs‐containing neurons are characterized by more significant Ca2+ influx during the activation of AMPARs than other neurons, AMPAR‐mediated Na+ influx is similar in these two groups. We revealed that neurons containing CP‐AMPARs demonstrate weak GABA(A)R‐mediated inhibition because of the low percentage of GABAergic synapses on the soma of these cells. However, our data show that weak GABA(A)R‐mediated inhibition is inherent to all GABAergic neurons in the culture and cannot be considered a unique feature of CP‐AMPARs‐containing neurons. We believe that the suggested approach will help to understand the role of CP‐AMPARs in the mammalian nervous system in more detail.image
The concurrent and longitudinal impact of sleep on mind wandering in early adolescents
Authors: Lin Yue , Su Yanjie 
Published: November 2022

AbstractMind wandering refers to task‐unrelated thoughts that can interfere with ongoing tasks and could be sleep‐driven across childhood. The present study investigated the mechanisms of the association between early adolescents' sleep and mind wandering with emotional symptoms and executive function as potential mediators. A total of 257 early adolescents (baseline aged 9–13 years old; 131 boys) completed the questionnaires consisting of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, mind wandering, depression and anxiety symptoms, and executive function. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal data revealed a sequential mediation pathway of emotional symptoms and executive function in the association between sleep and mind wandering. The mediating effect of emotional symptoms in the link between sleep quality and mind wandering was significant among boys but not girls.
Arginine methylation sites on SepIVA help balance elongation and septation in Mycobacterium smegmatis
Authors: Freeman Angela H. , Tembiwa Karen , Brenner James R. , Chase Michael R. , Fortune Sarah M. , Morita Yasu S. , Boutte Cara C. 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe growth of mycobacterial cells requires successful coordination between elongation and septation. However, it is not clear which factors mediate this coordination. Here, we studied the function and post‐translational modification of an essential division factor, SepIVA, in Mycobacterium smegmatis. We find that SepIVA is arginine methylated, and that alteration of its methylation sites affects both septation and polar elongation of Msmeg. Furthermore, we show that SepIVA regulates the localization of MurG and that this regulation may impact polar elongation. Finally, we map SepIVA's two regulatory functions to different ends of the protein: the N‐terminus regulates elongation while the C‐terminus regulates division. These results establish SepIVA as a regulator of both elongation and division and characterize a physiological role for protein arginine methylation sites for the first time in mycobacteria.
What drives support for separatism? Exposure to conflict and relative ethnic size in Biafra, Nigeria
Authors: Lewis Jacob S 
Published: November 2022

AbstractWhat determines support for separatist movements in Africa? The past two decades have seen a rise in separatism across Africa, including renewed Nigeria's Igbo Biafran nationalism. While a large body of work has focused on the behaviour of African separatist movements themselves, less work has examined the correlates of popular support for their claims and goals. This study does so, focusing on two important factors. First, it examines whether exposure to conflict events involving neo‐Biafran movements increases or decreases support for the claims made by the Indigenous Peoples of Biafra (IPOB). The study uses geo‐coded data from the Afrobarometer and ACLED datasets to measure proximate exposure and finds that more exposure correlates positively with support for secession. Second, it argues that the highest levels of support should be associated with members of ethnic groups that would dominate the proposed state. Drawing again from Afrobarometer, the study finds support for this.
Prevalence of food addiction among patients undergoing metabolic/bariatric surgery: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Praxedes Dafiny R. , Silva‐Júnior André E. , Macena Mateus L. , Gearhardt Ashley N. , Bueno Nassib B. 
Published: November 2022

SummaryCandidates for metabolic/bariatric surgery show a high prevalence of food addiction (FA). However, few studies have investigated FA prevalence after bariatric surgery, especially using longitudinal studies. This systematic review with a meta‐analysis aimed to determine pre‐ and postoperative prevalence of FA among patients undergoing metabolic/bariatric surgery. It included both cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies that used the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). The following databases were searched: MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, LILACS, PsycArticles, CENTRAL, greylit.org, and opengrey.eu. Studies that used the YFAS to evaluate FA in pre‐ or postoperative patients were included. A random‐effects meta‐analysis was performed with cross‐sectional studies to calculate the weighted prevalence of FA at the pre‐ and postoperative moments. For longitudinal studies, which measured FA at both time points for the same individuals, absolute prevalence reduction (APR) was calculated. Of the 6626 records, 40 studies were included in the meta‐analysis. The preoperative weighted prevalence of FA was 32% (95% CI: 27–37%; 33 groups), whereas the postoperative prevalence was 15% (95% CI: 12–18%; 14 groups). Seven longitudinal studies showed a weighted APR of 26 p.p. (95% CI: 10–41 p.p.). Observational data suggest a reduction in the prevalence of FA among patients that undergo bariatric surgery. Interventional studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Differences in gastrointestinal hormones and appetite ratings between individuals with and without obesity—A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Aukan Marthe Isaksen , Coutinho Silvia , Pedersen Sindre Andre , Simpson Melanie Rae , Martins Catia 
Published: November 2022

SummaryDetermining if gastrointestinal (GI) hormone response to food intake differs between individuals with, and without, obesity may improve our understanding of obesity pathophysiology. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies assessing the concentrations of GI hormones, as well as appetite ratings, following a test meal, in individuals with and without obesity was undertaken. Systematic searches were conducted in the databases MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov. A total of 7514 unique articles were retrieved, 115 included in the systematic review, and 70 in the meta‐analysis. The meta‐analysis compared estimated standardized mean difference in GI hormones' concentration, as well as appetite ratings, between individuals with and without obesity. Basal and postprandial total ghrelin concentrations were lower in individuals with obesity compared with controls, and this was reflected by lower postprandial hunger ratings in the former. Individuals with obesity had a lower postprandial concentration of total peptide YY compared with controls, but no significant differences were found for glucagon‐like peptide 1, cholecystokinin, or other appetite ratings. A large methodological and statistical heterogeneity among studies was found. More comprehensive studies are needed to understand if the differences observed are a cause or a consequence of obesity.
Thermal stress exposure of pupal oriental fruit fly has strong and trait‐specific consequences in adult flies
Authors: Mutamiswa Reyard , Tarusikirwa Vimbai Lisa , Nyamukondiwa Casper , Cuthbert Ross N. , Chidawanyika Frank 
Published: November 2022

AbstractGlobal climate change is projected to increase the incidence of heat waves, their magnitude and duration resulting in insects experiencing increasing environmental stress in both natural and managed ecosystems. While studies on insect thermal tolerance are rapidly increasing, variation across developmental or juvenile stress cross‐stage effects within and across generations remain largely unexplored. Yet in holometabolous insects, heat stress at an early developmental stage may influence performance and survival during later stages. Here, we investigated the effects of pupal mild heat stress on the performance of laboratory‐reared adult Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) measured as longevity, critical thermal maximum (CTmax), critical thermal minima (CTmin), heat knockdown time (HKDT) and chill coma recovery time (CCRT). Pupal heat stress significantly influenced performance of B. dorsalis adults resulting in impaired longevity and heat tolerance (CTmax and HKDT) in both sexes with improved and compromised cold tolerance (CTmin and CCRT) in females and males, respectively. These findings highlight the role of juvenile stages in mediating stress responses at adult stages. For B. dorsalis, pupal heat stress largely compromised thermal tolerance implying that the species has limited potential to shift its geographic range in heat prone areas. Significant benefits in cold tolerance in females following heat stress may help in improving survival in the cold in the short‐term despite restricted activity to the same traits in males. This study suggests that basal heat tolerance and not short‐term compensatory thermal plasticity following heat stress may have aided the recent invasion of B. dorsalis in African landscapes.
Poor prognostic impact of delirium: especially on mortality and institutionalisation
Authors: Tachibana Masako , Inada Toshiya 
Published: November 2022

AbstractThe course of delirium is associated with increased hospital costs, healthcare complications, increased mortality, and long‐term poor outcomes. Despite delirium being long recognised as one of the most important prognostic components of patients with illnesses, delirium remains poorly understood, effective management options are limited, and no effective treatment has yet been established. This review evaluated the effects of delirium on mortality, institutionalisation, and dementia in various situations to clarify its prognostic seriousness to elucidate important areas for clinical practice and future research. The effect of delirium on mortality in COVID‐19 patients was similar to that in other diseases. The effect of delirium on mortality in patients with delirium between the ages of 18 and 65 may be higher than in those with delirium aged over 65, but studies are scarce. Promoting recognition of delirium at all ages is needed. With careful attention to the specific factors in younger patients that contribute to delirium, healthcare providers may be able to decrease the poor impact of delirium on clinical outcomes. Evaluation of the association between interventions for delirium such as sedation in present clinical practice and the prognosis of delirium is lacking, and further clinical studies are essential.
Pattern, frequency and causes of tooth extraction among adult Syrian refugees
Authors: Salim Nesreen A. , Sawair Faleh A. , Abusidu Ziad , Sharaireh Aseel M. , Satterthwaite Julian D. , Hassona Yazan 
Published: November 2022

AbstractAims or ObjectivesThe Syrian crisis has resulted in a significant impact on refugee oral health status, but the scientific literature lacks information characterizing the pattern of tooth extraction in refugees.Materials and MethodsThe current study analyzed the pattern of tooth extraction and the associated sociodemographic factors among 626 (53.4% females, 46.6% males) Syrian refugees who were treated in dental clinics in the Zaatari camp. All adult Syrian refugees attending the dental unit at Zaatari camp were eligible to participate. Clinical and sociodemographic data were collected from the study sample using a validated semi‐structured survey over a period of 4 months. Descriptive statistics were generated and Chi‐square test, independent samplet‐test, ANOVA test and Bonferroni Post Hoc test were used to examine associations between the different variables.ResultsMore than one third of the attendees (33.9%) were young adults (18–29 years), and nearly two thirds (69.8%) had no or very basic education. The mean number of teeth that needed extraction was (1.46 ± 0.84) and was significantly higher in males, smokers, older patients, and those with no or basic education. The most common cause for tooth extraction was dental caries (54.8%), followed by tooth fracture/un‐restorability (38.5%), and periodontitis (3.4%); while the least common reason was tooth extraction for orthodontic treatment (0.20%).ConclusionsDental caries and its sequelae were the leading cause of tooth extraction in this refugee population. Molar teeth were found to be the most frequently extracted and lower anteriors were the least. Older age, smoking, patients with lower educational level, poor oral hygiene and male gender all predispose to a higher incidence of tooth extractions.
Point‐of‐care ultrasound needs assessment in a paediatric acute care setting in Malawi
Authors: Moher Justin M. , Morales‐Pérez Liliana , Chiume Msandeni , Crouse Heather L. , Mgusha Yamikani , Betchani Fanuel , D'Amico Beth M. ,   the Pediatric Alliance for Child Health Improvement in Malawi at Kamuzu Central Hospital and Environs (PACHIMAKE) Consortium
Published: November 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the use of point‐of‐care ultrasound (POCUS) in an acute‐care paediatric setting in Malawi, including clinical indications, types of examinations and frequency of positive findings.MethodsRetrospective, cross‐sectional study of a convenience sample of POCUS examinations performed in one tertiary referral hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi over 1 year. POCUS examinations were performed by Paediatric Emergency Medicine physician consultants as part of routine clinical practice and at the request of local clinicians. Images were saved along with the clinical indication and physician interpretation for quality review. Ultrasounds performed by the radiology department and those examinations that were technically faulty, missing clinical application or interpretation were excluded.ResultsIn total, 225 ultrasounds of 142 patients were analysed. The most common clinical indications for which examinations were completed were respiratory distress (23%), oedema (11.7%) and shock/arrest (6.2%). The most common examinations performed were cardiac (41.8%) and lung (15.1%), focused assessment with sonography in trauma (FAST; 12.9%) and ultrasound‐guided procedural examinations (9.8%). Pathology was identified in 68% of non‐procedural examinations. Cardiac examinations demonstrated significant pathology, including reduced cardiac function (12.8%), gross cardiac structural abnormality (11.8%) and pericardial effusion (10.3%).ConclusionsPOCUS was used for both clinical decision‐making and procedural guidance, and a significant number of POCUS examinations yielded positive findings. Thus, we propose that cardiopulmonary, FAST and procedural examinations should be considered in future for the POCUS curriculum in this setting.
A Modified Dissipation Equation for Reynolds Stress Turbulent Mixing Models
Authors: Griffond Jérôme , Soulard Olivier , Gréa Benoît-Joseph 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
A simple modification of the dissipation equation is proposed for augmented Reynolds stress models (RSM) devoted to the prediction of buoyancy-driven turbulent mixing at interfaces. It is based on the partition of the kinetic energy into a “directed” large-scale part related to the turbulence mass flux and a “nondirected” small-scale part internal to the interpenetrating fluid structures. Such a partition is a cornerstone of some two-fluid models but does not appear naturally in the RSM framework. Conditional averaging on the concentration is used as a simple way to provide an equivalent decomposition with the variables available in the augmented RSM. Defining a dissipation equation mimicking the “nondirected” energy rather than the full kinetic energy does not introduce any new coefficient, preserves the properties of the original RSM, and improves its transient behavior in response to a sudden acceleration of the flow. Connections can finally be drawn between the resulting model and two-scale models.
An Experimental and Numerical Investigation to Improve the Efficiency of Combustion Systems for Heavy-Duty Applications
Authors: Yadav Jaykumar , Pischinger Stefan , Schönfeld Sascha , Deppenkemper Kai 
Published: November 2022

Abstract
The European Union made new CO2 limits for heavy-duty vehicles mandatory in 2019, aiming to reduce the average tailpipe CO2 emissions by 15% in 2025 and by 30% in 2030, relative to the 2019 baseline. To meet these challenges, new technologies are needed to further reduce the fuel consumption of new heavy-duty trucks (“tank to wheel”) by using more efficient engines. The present study shows the pathways to improve thermal efficiency through better mixture formation and air utilization. This is achieved by designing a new piston bowl shape that has been numerically optimized iteratively to improve the air/fuel mixing by carefully considering the interaction between the fuel spray plume and the piston bowl. The CFD model was calibrated using data from experimental studies with a heavy-duty single-cylinder diesel engine in best efficiency and rated power operation. Heat transfer and turbulence models are studied to determine their influence on the combustion process and NOx emissions. Indicated thermal efficiency and air utilization were used to evaluate the performance of the piston bowl shape. For three different bowl shapes, the fuel spray interaction with the piston bowl was investigated and compared with the base bowl shape with a compression ratio CR = 18.3. Moreover, the effect of a higher CR of 21 on performance and mixture formation was analyzed for the optimized bowl shape. The higher CR of 21 was attained by geometrically similar reduction of the optimized piston bowl. The results of the numerical and experimental investigations show that a CR of 21 leads to an increase in the indicated thermal efficiency of ∼ 3% in absolute values.