bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Peripheral Nerves: Technical Considerations
Authors: Greenfield Antje L. , Parrikh Mannan , Kanesa-Thasan Riti 
Published: May 2022

AbstractAdvances in ultrasonographic (US) technology featuring high-resolution transducers have revolutionized US over recent years as a modality increasingly used in the evaluation of musculoskeletal structures and peripheral nerves. A wide variety of nerve pathologies can be detected, such as neoplastic and tumorlike lesions, entrapment syndromes, posttraumatic injuries, and inflammatory conditions. US can serve as an imaging tool for guiding percutaneous treatments, such as injection therapies or hydrodissection, and assist with perioperative nerve marking and visualization of peripheral nerves in the operating room. This article describes the normal US appearance of peripheral nerves, US imaging techniques, common peripheral nerve pathologies, and interventional applications.
Immunity: A Step-by-Step Overview
Authors: Sharma S.R. , Sharma Bindu 
Published: May 2022

AbstractThe immune system is an intricate network of various types of cells and proteins that defends the body against infectious diseases. Once the body encounters a pathogenic microorganism, the immune system gets activated and creates a defence mechanism to defeat it and at the same time retains its memory. In future, if the body encounters the same pathogen, it recognises and destroys the pathogen quickly. The whole pathophysiological mechanism involved in this process of defending the body and keeping a record of every pathogen it has encountered, is briefly elucidated. The paper presents a concise description that captures essential nature of immunobiology such as different types of immunity, components of immune system, role of each component and how complement proteins make a functional bridge between two types of immune system. Classification of immunity depicting physiological functioning of its major components and blood cells linked to immune system originating in bone marrow is depicted in flowcharts.
Chickpea and lentil show little genetic variation in emergence ability and rate from deep sowing, but small-sized seed produces less vigorous seedlings
Authors: Rich Sarah M. , Berger Jens , Lawes Roger , Fletcher Andrew 
Published: May 2022

Context Germination and emergence are key to successful annual crop establishment. Emergence rate depends on germination rate, sowing depth, and rate of pre-emergent shoot elongation. The rate at which a shoot grows prior to emerging from the soil becomes significant when crops such as chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) are deep sown to utilise moisture below the conventional sowing zone. Aims In seeds of contrasting size, we aimed to compare the ability of chickpera and lentil varieties to emerge from deep sowing. Here we describe genetic variation for epicotyl growth rate, and phenotypic variation for epicotyl and root growth rates and biomass partitioning, of chickpea and lentil, as they relate to seed size. We further assess the impact of deep sowing and soil type on emergence, establishment and yield of the two species. Methods Epicotyl elongation rates, root growth and seedling biomass partitioning were determined in controlled environment studies, using soil tubes. Field trials were conducted on two different soil types at two sowing depths. Key results Most of the variance in epicotyl growth rate could be attributed to species rather than variety. Although epicotyl emergence was faster in lentil, chickpea epicotyl growth rates were higher than those in lentils and unrelated to seed size, whereas growth rates in lentils were weakly correlated to seed size (r = 0.31). Root development and epicotyl diameter appeared to be traded for maintenance of growth in smaller seeds of both species. In the field, sowing depth did not affect emergence, establishment or yield of chickpeas at either site. Deeper sowing resulted in minor reductions in emergence of lentil at one site, although biomass and yield were not affected. Conclusions Emergence of both crops was unaffected by deep sowing (to at least 200 mm) under controlled environment and sandy field conditions. There was minimal genetic variation for the measured parameters within a species. Seed size was of little importance for emergence rate; however, shoot growth rate from small seeds was maintained by reducing seedling vigour. Implications Seed size should be considered when deep sowing lentils in order to maintain high seedling vigour. Further work is needed to understand how environmental factors influence seedling emergence from depth.
Quality TV and cultural origin
Authors: Abellán Sergio , Bormann Daniel Candel , Sáez de Adana Francisco , García Alejandro 
Published: May 2022

AbstractQuality TV is a multi-layered phenomenon that often expresses itself through its formal qualities. This article asks to what extent form also depends on cultural origin. It compares the Spanish historical seriesIsabel(RTVE) and the Anglo-AmericanThe Crown(Netflix) by subjecting their narrative and medium-specific styles to a mixed method analysis. Despite similar authorial intentions,Isabelinvests in action and dialogue andThe Crownin cinematic style; furthermore,Isabel’s teleological and political narrative contrasts withThe Crown’s fragmented, more private narrative. While both series ingeniously adapt their telling to their historical periods, the Spanish understanding of history as a feat of memorization simplifies the narrative to thicken factual density, whereas the more metacognitive Anglo-American approach to history ensures a multi-level reading of the account, which is more in line with quality TV.
Target heating and plasma dynamics during hot magnetron sputtering of Nb
Authors: Leonova K , Britun N , Konstantinidis S 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In this work, the direct current (DC) hot magnetron sputtering (HMS) of Nb has been studied and compared with the conventional cold magnetron sputtering (CMS) discharge. Particularly, these two magnetron systems were investigated in terms of current–voltage trends, behaviour of spectral lines, target temperature, and deposition rate. The current–voltage evolution showing strong variations over time in the HMS system was used to monitor the moment when thermionic emission becomes considerable. Meanwhile, thanks to the time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy (OES), the dynamics of plasma particles and the population of their electronic levels were analysed as a function of the target temperature. The target temperature was measured owing to both pyrometry and OES-based approach, i.e. by fitting an emission spectrum baseline. Finally, in the HMS configuration used in this work, the deposition rate up to 100 nm min−1 was obtained at the applied power density of 30 W cm−2, which is three times higher than the maximum power density applicable to the classical CMS system. However, with further increase in the power density, the deposition rate values were found to be saturated, which is likely caused by a significant increment in a number of thermal electrons in the discharge area.
Accurate determination of alkali atom density based on zero-field magnetic resonance in a single-beam spin-exchange relaxation-free atomic magnetometer
Authors: Ma Yintao , Chen Yao , Zhao Libo , Yu Mingzhi , Wang Yanbin , Guo Ju , Yang Ping , Lin Qijing , Jiang Zhuangde 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
A single-beam spin-exchange relaxation-free (SERF) atomic magnetometer can extract vector magnetic field information by detecting the transmission intensity of a resonant circularly polarized pumping beam, which depends sensitively on the atomic density of the alkali metal. We present a novel scheme to determine atomic density based on zero-field magnetic resonance. The resonance linewidth under different transverse DC magnetic fields is fitted by means of a quadratic function. The atomic density can be extracted from the quadratic coefficients of the fitted function. The experimental results indicate that the deviation of measured density is less than two times compared with the theoretical values between 378 K and 403 K. Furthermore, the influence of modulation field on resonance linewidth is investigated experimentally and theoretically. A miniature single-beam SERF atomic magnetometer with a sensor head volume of only 16.2 cm3 and the measuring sensitivity of 40 fT/ Hz1/2 has been achieved. These results should be beneficial for guiding the development of a chip-scale atomic magnetometer with high sensitivity and spatial resolution for bio-magnetic field imaging applications.
An improved point spread function for complex susceptibility-based magnetic particle imaging
Authors: Jiang Tao , Yi Wentong , Du Zhongzhou , Liu Wenzhong 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Spatial resolution is a key metric for characterizing magnetic particle imaging (MPI), and magnetic relaxation is a critical factor affecting the spatial resolution. This study investigates the point spread functions (PSFs) of MPI and analyzes the potential of breaking through the spatial resolution limit, which equals the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the Langevin function derivative. In this work, different PSFs of MPI were built based on the magnitude and real and imaginary parts of complex susceptibility. The imaging performance was evaluated using the FWHM and a self-defined convergence parameter. The results show that image reconstruction can achieve a narrower PSF based on the imaginary part of complex susceptibility, and the heavy-tailed distribution of the derivative of the Langevin curve can be optimized. This suggests that there is scope to improve the spatial resolution and image contrast of MPI.
A novel method for roundness error based on searching the center of the circle
Authors: Wang Shiqiang , Zheng Peng , Kong Yuqiang , Zhu Yonggang , Wang Guilu , Zhang Xiaoying 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
The roundness error is one of the criteria for evaluating the qualifications of industrial parts. With the development of science and technology—especially the popularity of the new generation of Product Geometry Specifications (GPS), the method of high-precision measurement of roundness error has become a hotspot in the field of industrial metrology. To evaluate roundness error accurately and quickly, a novel algorithm was proposed based on the analysis of the existing evaluation algorithms, which was called the improve zone searching algorithm (IZS). First, the roundness error evaluation model based on the IZS was obtained. Then, the accuracy and efficiency of the algorithm are verified by simulation calculating. According to the experimental researches comparing traditional methods with IZS, it turns out that the speed is faster than the traditional methods and the calculating result is more accurate. Also, this paper improves Pauta criterion so that we can get the measured points correctly and quickly. These studies can be applied to the measurement of roundness error in industrial practice and have very important application value.
Domain adaptation of automated treatment planning from computed tomography to magnetic resonance
Authors: Khalifa Aly , Winter Jeff , Navarro Inmaculada , McIntosh Chris , Purdie Thomas G 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objective. Machine learning (ML) based radiation treatment planning addresses the iterative and time-consuming nature of conventional inverse planning. Given the rising importance of magnetic resonance (MR) only treatment planning workflows, we sought to determine if an ML based treatment planning model, trained on computed tomography (CT) imaging, could be applied to MR through domain adaptation. Methods. In this study, MR and CT imaging was collected from 55 prostate cancer patients treated on an MR linear accelerator. ML based plans were generated for each patient on both CT and MR imaging using a commercially available model in RayStation 8B. The dose distributions and acceptance rates of MR and CT based plans were compared using institutional dose-volume evaluation criteria. The dosimetric differences between MR and CT plans were further decomposed into setup, cohort, and imaging domain components. Results. MR plans were highly acceptable, meeting 93.1% of all evaluation criteria compared to 96.3% of CT plans, with dose equivalence for all evaluation criteria except for the bladder wall, penile bulb, small and large bowel, and one rectum wall criteria (p < 0.05). Changing the input imaging modality (domain component) only accounted for about half of the dosimetric differences observed between MR and CT plans. Anatomical differences between the ML training set and the MR linac cohort (cohort component) were also a significant contributor. Significance. We were able to create highly acceptable MR based treatment plans using a CT-trained ML model for treatment planning, although clinically significant dose deviations from the CT based plans were observed. Future work should focus on combining this framework with atlas selection metrics to create an interpretable quality assurance QA framework for ML based treatment planning.
Relating 18F-FDG image signal-to-noise ratio to time-of-flight noise-equivalent count rate in total-body PET using the uEXPLORER scanner
Authors: Leung Edwin K , Abdelhafez Yasser G , Berg Eric , Xie Zhaoheng , Zhang Xuezhu , Bayerlein Reimund , Spencer Benjamin , Li Elizabeth , Omidvari Negar , Selfridge Aaron , Cherry Simon R , Qi Jinyi , Badawi Ramsey D 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objective. This work assessed the relationship between image signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and total-body noise-equivalent count rate (NECR)—for both non-time-of-flight (TOF) NECR and TOF-NECR—in a long uniform water cylinder and 14 healthy human subjects using the uEXPLORER total-body PET/CT scanner. Approach. A TOF-NEC expression was modified for list-mode PET data, and both the non-TOF NECR and TOF-NECR were compared using datasets from a long uniform water cylinder and 14 human subjects scanned up to 12 h after radiotracer injection. Main results. The TOF-NECR for the uniform water cylinder was found to be linearly proportional to the TOF-reconstructed image SNR2 in the range of radioactivity concentrations studied, but not for non-TOF NECR as indicated by the reduced R
2 value. The results suggest that the use of TOF-NECR to estimate the count rate performance of TOF-enabled PET systems may be more appropriate for predicting the SNR of TOF-reconstructed images. Significance. Image quality in PET is commonly characterized by image SNR and, correspondingly, the NECR. While the use of NECR for predicting image quality in conventional PET systems is well-studied, the relationship between SNR and NECR has not been examined in detail in long axial field-of-view total-body PET systems, especially for human subjects. Furthermore, the current NEMA NU 2-2018 standard does not account for count rate performance gains due to TOF in the NECR evaluation. The relationship between image SNR and total-body NECR in long axial FOV PET was assessed for the first time using the uEXPLORER total-body PET/CT scanner.
A neural network-based algorithm for simultaneous event positioning and timestamping in monolithic scintillators
Authors: Carra Pietro , Giuseppina Bisogni Maria , Ciarrocchi Esther , Morrocchi Matteo , Sportelli Giancarlo , Rosso Valeria , Belcari Nicola 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Objective. Monolithic scintillator crystals coupled to silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays are promising detectors for PET applications, offering spatial resolution around 1 mm and depth-of-interaction information. However, their timing resolution has always been inferior to that of pixellated crystals, while the best results on spatial resolution have been obtained with algorithms that cannot operate in real-time in a PET detector. In this study, we explore the capabilities of monolithic crystals with respect to spatial and timing resolution, presenting new algorithms that overcome the mentioned problems. Approach. Our algorithms were tested first using a simulation framework, then on experimentally acquired data. We tested an event timestamping algorithm based on neural networks which was then integrated into a second neural network for simultaneous estimation of the event position and timestamp. Both algorithms are implemented in a low-cost field-programmable gate array that can be integrated in the detector and can process more than 1 million events per second in real-time. Results. Testing the neural network for the simultaneous estimation of the event position and timestamp on experimental data we obtain 0.78 2D FWHM on the (x, y) plane, 1.2 depth-of-interaction FWHM and 156 coincidence time resolution on a

25

mm

×

25

mm

×

8

mm

×

LYSO monolith read-out by 64

3

mm
×
3

mm

Hamamatsu SiPMs. Significance. Our results show that monolithic crystals combined with artificial intelligence can rival pixellated crystals performance for time-of-flight PET applications, while having better spatial resolution and DOI resolution. Thanks to the use of very light neural networks, event characterization can be done on-line directly in the detector, solving the issues of scalability and computational complexity that up to now were preventing the use of monolithic crystals in clinical PET scanners.
Impact of the non-axisymmetric SOL current driven by a biased electrode on the diverted J-TEXT plasma
Authors: Li Shuhao , Wang Nengchao , Ding Yonghua , Liang Yunfeng , Yang Qinghu , Mao Feiyue , Xu Xin , Ren Zhengkang , Zhao Chuanxu , Huang Zhuo , Alhaji Bala Abba , Chen Zhipeng , Chen Zhongyong , Yang Zhoujun , Pan Yuan 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
It is observed in EAST that the non-axisymmetric helical currents induced by lower hybrid waves (LHWs) in the scrape-off layer (SOL) can produce resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs), hence mitigate edge-localized modes (ELMs) significantly and cause the strike points splitting. In this work, the non-axisymmetric SOL current driven by an alternative method, i.e. biased electrode, is shown to influence the plasma boundary, especially the strike points, in the divertor configuration on J-TEXT. With positive bias to the electrode, the upper strike points on the divertor target plate is observed to split as captured by the visible camera. Such splitting is usually observed with the RMPs. In addition, the SOL plasma parameters measured by the reciprocating probe, such as floating potential (V
f), electron temperature (T
e), and ion saturation current (I
s), are significantly altered by applying modulation bias, which is closely related to the SOL current. A SOL current model has been extended from the limiter configuration version to the poloidal divertor configuration, and the magnetic field generated by SOL current and the change of magnetic topological structure of plasma boundary can be simulated. The simulation results shows that the magnetic perturbation generated by the SOL current can induce the lobes near the X-point, which is three-dimensional asymmetric structure, and shows good agreement with the experimental observation. The active control of the boundary magnetic topology indicates that the SOL current is capable of generating strong magnetic perturbations, and hence might be sufficient for the control of ELMs.
Corrigendum: “Gender Systematics in the NRAO Proposal Review System”(2021, PASP, 133, 115002)
Authors: Hunt Gareth , Schwab Frederic R. , Henning P. A. , Balser Dana S. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
In Hunt et al., we used the Anderson–Darling (AD) two-sample test to evaluate the probability that the observed linear rank distributions for female and male principal investigators are from the same parent sample. We determined the nominal AD p-value, ρ
AD(x, y), where x and y are the female and male linear ranks, and estimated the uncertainty by calculating the mean and 68% confidence intervals from the AD p-value bootstrapped distributions,

ρ

AD

boot

. Since the p-value is a measure of probability, and the distribution of p-values is uniform, this method is not appropriate. Here we calculate

ρ

AD

boot

as the proportion of bootstrapped AD test statistics that are greater than or equal to the nominal AD test statistic. We find that the nominal and bootstrapped AD p-values are similar and therefore we do not recommend any changes to the conclusions in Hunt et al.
A STING agonist preconditions against ischaemic stroke via an adaptive antiviral Type 1 interferon response
Authors: Kundu Nandini , Kumar Amit , Corona Carlo , Chen Yingxin , Seth Sonia , Karuppagounder Saravanan S. , Ratan Rajiv R. 
Published: May 2022

Abstract
Converging lines of inquiry have highlighted the importance of the Type I antiviral response not only in defending against viruses but also in preconditioning the brain against ischaemic stroke. Despite this understanding, treatments that foster brain resilience by driving antiviral interferon responses have yet to be developed for human use. Studies from our laboratory showed that tilorone, the first human antiviral immunomodulatory agent to be developed, robustly preconditioned against stroke in mice and rats. Tilorone is a DNA intercalator; therefore, we hypothesized that it stabilizes cytosolic DNA (released from the mitochondria or the nucleus), thereby activating cyclic GMP–AMP synthase, a homeostatic DNA sensor, and its downstream pathway. This pathway involves stimulator of interferon genes (STING), tank-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), and interferon regulatory protein-3 and culminates in a protective Type I interferon response. We tested this hypothesis by examining the ability of structurally diverse small-molecule agonists of STING to protect against oxygen/glucose deprivation in vitro in mouse cortical cultures and in vivo against transient ischaemia in mice. The STING agonists significantly reduced cell death both in vitro and in vivo but failed to do so in STING knockout mice. As expected, STING agonist-induced protection was associated with the induction of interferon related genes and the effects could be abrogated in vitro by a TBK1 inhibitor. Taken together, these findings in mice identify STING as a therapeutic target for preconditioning the brain against ischaemic stroke in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, they suggest that clinically approved STING agonists such as Ganciclovir or α-Mangostin are candidate drugs that could be tested in humans as a prophylactic treatment to alleviate brain injury associated with ischaemic stroke.
Cumulative Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection Incidence (Measured Primarily by Tuberculin Skin Test) Among Infants With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Exposure: Observational Follow-up of an Isoniazid Prophylaxis Trial
Authors: LaCourse Sylvia M , Escudero Jaclyn N , Mecha Jerphason , Warr A J , Richardson Barbra A , Carimo Naziat , Cranmer Lisa M , Maleche-Obimbo Elizabeth , Matemo Daniel , Kinuthia John , Hawn Thomas R , John-Stewart Grace 
Published: May 2022

Abstract

Cumulative 24-month Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection incidence (measured primarily by tuberculin skin test [TST]) was high among human immunodeficiency virus exposed but uninfected infants (8.7 [95% confidence interval, 6.3–11.9] per 100 person-years). Trend for decreased TST positivity among infants at trial end (12 months postenrollment) randomized to isoniazid at 6 weeks of age was not sustained through observational follow-up to 24 months of age.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT02613169.