bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imperatives of Modular Refineries and their Impact on Product Availability in Nigeria
Authors: Ekeinde Evelyn Bose , Dosunmu Adewale , Okujagu Diepiriye Chenaboso , Ugherughe Josephine Omolola 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nigeria is richly blessed with crude oil, with a proven reserve of 37billion barrels. Despite the abundance of this "black gold", Nigeria has over the years lacked the capacity to meet the country's demand for petroleum products locally and has resorted to the importation of petroleum products. This is largely due to the fact that the four state-owned conventional refineries, with a combined refining capacity of 445,000 bpd have been operating below optimal conditions, with a combined capacity utilization of 17% in 10years, from 2009 to 2018. Though establishing conventional refineries is highly capital intensive and significantly takes a long time to build and commission, the modular refinery option is however a less capital intensive alternative. This paper discusses the vital roles or importance of modular refineries as well as how it impacts on the availability of petroleum products in the Nigeria. It was discovered that Nigeria has lots of benefits to reap from exploiting modular refinery initiative, amongst which are eliminating fuel shortages and deficits, job creation, overall improvement of the economy and GDP growth, conservation of foreign exchange, among others. It was concluded that the right policy drive to encourage investors to dive into this initiative be put in place to enable Nigeria transit into an exporter of petroleum products.
Artificial Neural Network Approach to the Prediction of Drift Velocity of Elongated Bubble in Liquid in Pipe
Authors: Nathaniel Samuel Effiong , Livinus Aniefiok 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Accurate determination of drift velocity is required, as drift velocity is an important parameter in multiphase flow modelling. There are existing correlations for determining this parameter, but some of these models contain some degree of errors in their predictions. Recently, Machine Learning has been applied in the study of fluid flow both in porous media and pipelines. In this work, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is applied in the development of drift velocity closure relationship for multiphase flow models. The model is trained using some input parameters: pipe internal diameter, pipe angle, liquid density, liquid viscosity, and surface tension; the output parameter is the Froude number, which is a dimensionless variable for the expression of drift velocity. The developed neural network model was compared with existing drift velocity correlations available in open literature. In general, The ANN model, with a larger set of the predicted data below the ±20% error bandwidth and a narrower percentage error spread, performed better than some of the correlations investigated in this study.
Hydrogen Production from Petroleum Fields; An Effective Solution to Nigeria’s Energy Needs and Climate Change Mitigation
Authors: Idris-Idah Kawu Musa , Abdulkadir Mukhtar 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Nigeria, via the use of Hydrocarbon Reforming technologies, can create a unique link between its existing & planned petroleum projects and Hydrogen production; Clean Hydrogen will be produced from Petroleum fields, water resulting from hydrogen combustion could also be produced for host communities and climate change will be mitigated.
This interdisciplinary paper identifies technologies that could be used to produce hydrogen from petroleum fields / refineries, facilitating cleaner energy generation. A one-stop document that could facilitate collaborative hydrogen-petroleum investments, translating into the reduction of carbon emissions and energy poverty. A comparative analysis between technologies is carried out, insinuating solutions that could be quickly deployed. The document narrates the logical journey of energy to hydrogen.
There has been no societal development without energy. The manufacturing industries, health sector, employment etc. are all dependent on energy utilisation. Multiple literature has directly linked a nation's standard of living to the availability of energy; thus, nations are always focused on increasing energy utilisation. The utilisation of hydrocarbons (petroleum, coal etc.) has been the driving force for different nations and epochs (industrial revolution, digital revolution etc). Currently, a novel mentality is gaining massive traction; the energy source being utilised should have minimal effects on the environment, irrelevant of its energy density. Strong scientific evidence exists pointing to hydrocarbons as the major cause of climate change. Therefore, efforts are constantly exerted in transitioning to cleaner energy sources. Albeit climate change and its devastating effects, Nigeria and some other nations also face the unique battle of fighting energy poverty. It is important to note that countries that currently consume the most energy (China, Japan, US etc.) are still developing projects associated with hydrocarbons, although also exerting efforts towards cleaner energy sources.
Nigeria needs energy solutions that take into cognisance its political environment, high degree of energy poverty and obviously, climate change. The Nigerian government has initiated a drive aimed at developing gas and petroleum refining infrastructure over the years; Hydrogen generation could be inculcated into these policies, thus mitigating climate change, yet also increasing energy availability. Subsequent to the extraction and processing of hydrocarbons, it is then refined or reformed into a variety of products such as gasoline, diesel etc. These are then burnt in engines, producing energy and undesirable emissions responsible for climate change. Whilst hydrogen could be utilized in cars, without producing undersirable emissions.
Hydrogen could be fuel that changes the dynamics of the petroleum sector, via a collaborative approach.
Cost Control in Offshore Oil and Gas Operations
Authors: Sylvester John Iminabo , Nwosi-Anele Adaobi Stephenie , Ehirim Emmanuel Odianyegbuehua 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
In recent times, the major interest of offshore production companies is in the development of cost control strategies that can be employed to alleviate the major challenges limiting offshore production efficiency. A well designed cost control strategy for an offshore production system helps in the reduction of monetary leakages and losses; it ensures effective utilization of materials, labour resources and other inputs in the production cycle. Due to the challenges plaguing the petroleum industry, there has been significant interest in the development of critical and effective measures that would improve cost control and efficiency in the upstream exploration and production onshore and offshore. This study was focused on cost optimization of petroleum production phase of the field development project. In this study, the main cost performance issues associated with offshore production operations were identified and analysed using quantitative and qualitative methods to derive optimal scenarios. The main production cost components as derived from this study are the labour cost, equipment cost, maintenance cost, and logistics costs. A sensitivity analysis showed that the production cost is more sensitive to equipment and maintenance costs and less sensitive to logistics and labour costs. From the analysis, avoidance of equipment breakdown through well planned preventive maintenance ranked as the most effective method for offshore cost control strategy with a mean rank of 4.80 and standard deviation of 0.50. Based on the findings of the analysis, an offshore cost control strategy was designed and was subdivided into operational and management segments levels.
The Effect of Sugarcane Fibres and MICA as Loss Circulation Material in Water Based Mud.
Authors: Ayodele Emmanuel , Ezeonu Chibuikem , Amuah Freda , Sangoleye Daniel , Ayodele Funmilayo 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
With the ever increasing need for Nigeria to incorporate the local industries in the oil and gas sector, to reduce the total production cost of a barrel of oil and reduce the need of depending on foreign products used in oil and gas processes. This has mandated for local materials to be tested as an alternative to some imported products used in oil and gas production processes. This research work is focused on determining the rheological behavior of drilling mud using foreign mica and sugar cane fibre as loss circulation materials. Water based muds were formulated from sugarcane fibre that is locally sourced, and the conventionally used foreign Mica. Laboratory tests were carried out on the different muds formulated and their rheological properties (yield stress, shear stress, plastic viscosity and shear rate are evaluated). The concentration of the LCM were varied, the expected outcome of the research work aims at lowering the total drilling cost by reducing the importation of foreign polymer which promotes the development of local content in the oil and gas industry. The research compares the rheology and filtration results of mud samples and the effects of varying the concentration (1g, 3g, and 5g) of both foreign fibre (Mica) and sugarcane fibre, determining the changes in their rheological properties. The total volume of each mud sample is equivalent to 350ml which represent one barrel (42gal) in the lab. From the result, at concentration of 3g, the sugarcane fibre mud has a better rheology than the Mica mud, but at a concentration above 5g, Mica mud shows a better yield point values than sugarcane fibre mud, that is, as the concentration of sugarcane fibre is increased, the rheological properties of the mud increased, till the concentration of 5g and above is attained in a 350ml lab barrel. The viscosity, filtrates and filter cake thickness of the drilling fluid produced from the sugarcane fibre were almost at par with that of foreign based Mica. It's recommended that the sugarcane fibre should be considered as an alternative to Mica as a loss circulation material, with more research on the oil based mud with sugar cane fibre as loss circulation materials.
Seismic Reservoir Characterization, Resistivity Modeling, and Dynamic Reservoir Model Simulations: Application for the Drilling of a High Angle Infill Well in the Mature AKPO Condensate Field in the Niger Delta Basin
Authors: Olagundoye Olatunbosun , Chizea Chukwuka , Akhajeme Emmanuel , Spina Vincenzo , Okonkwo Glory , Joubert Thibaut , Onyeanuna Chinedu , Fashanu Mobolaji , Enuma Christopher , Ndokwu Chidi , Stephane AkameZeh 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The AKPO field is a condensate field that is currently in a mature phase with the attendant challenge of enhancing field life to maximize investment. To combat this challenge, targeting of un-swept oil using infill wells is implemented in the field to prolong production. We present seismic reservoir characterization, dynamic reservoir model simulation, and resistivity modeling efforts that were employed during the design and geosteering of a high angle infill well into an un-swept area of a complex channel turbidite reservoir. The geosteering was successful with net sand in the drain surpassing the pre-well prognosis. A key highlight of the success was the termination of the well 500 m short of the prognosed TD due to attainment of net sand required for well completion that was more than prognosis, thus reducing the well cost. At start-up, oil production from the well was significant, with production after ramp-up at 5000 bopd, thus validating our integrated geological, geophysical, and engineering approach.
Impact of Sustainable Finance on Implementation of Environmental Sustainability Goals in Nigeria's Oil and Gas Sector
Authors: Olagunju Olasunkanmi Olusogo , Ajasa OlawaleOlusola , Laguda Fuad Kayode 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This study unveiled that mitigation of chronic environmental quagmires caused by oil exploration and production in Nigeria requires investment by oil and gas companies in sustainable finance.More specifically, this study showed that investment in green bonds, climate insurance and venture capital among others can help prevent ecological hazards that emanate from exploration and production activities in Nigeria's oil fields.Having built on inductive approach and institutional theory this study unveiled that sustainable finance has roles to play in implementation of environmental sustainability goals of Nigeria's oil and gas sector. The study consequently concluded that stakeholders and industry leaders must be committed to investment in sustainable finance to achieve targeted social and environmental outcomes.It equally suggested that industry's key players should embrace investment in green funds while implementing their environmental sustainability goals.
Towards a Net-Zero Carbon Petroleum Engineering Education
Authors: Oyeneyin Mufutau Babs 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Oil and Gas remain a key part of the Energy mix. Therefore sustainable future of the Oil & Gas Industry requires moving towards improving Oil and gas recovery with net zero technologies and Education is key.
In this paper attempts have been made to answer the following key questions namely: what is energy transition and relevance to the Oil and Gas industry(OGI)?; Do OGI professionals need discipline/professional transition?; And what are the roadmaps to purposeful transition. The paper ends with key propositions on Energy Transition Petroleum Engineering training curriculum and key net-zero carbon Improved Oil Recovery research and development going forward.
The Potentials of Activated Carbons from Elaeis Guineensis Biomasses for Produced Water Treatment: Harnessing Renewable Resources for Future Oil and Gas Production Enhancement in Africa
Authors: Dune Kingdom Kponanyie , Nwosi-Anele Adaobi Stephenie , Kinate Bright Bariakpoa 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Wastes are produced during petroleum production as well as agricultural operations. The treatment of oilfield produced water (PW) for reuse using activated carbons (ACs) derived from Elaeis Guineensis biomasses was investigated. The biomasses (palm kernel shells, PKS and empty palm bunch, EPB) were prepared and converted to biochars by pyrolysis, and then activated with 0.2M HCl at a temperature of 450°C. The ACs were characterised for pH, bulk density, iodine numbers, ash and moisture contents, particle size, specific surface area, pore volume and size. The characteristics of the adsorbents indicate that iodine numbers ranged from 700.14-1181.48mg/g for EPB; 525.10-918.93mg/g for PKS; ash content ranged from 6.20-6.80% for EPB and 2.00-2.80% PKS. The AC particle sizes were optimized, and 300µm-size for both adsorbents showed good prospects based on iodine number. For this particle size, the mean pore volume and size, and specific surface area acquired using the Quantachrome NovaWin Instruments, version 11.03, were determined as 0.1689 cc/g, 3.102nm, and 1065 m2/g, for EPB, and 0.1353cc/g, 1.956nm and 300 m2/g, for PKS. The SEM results confirmed the surface morphology of the adsorbents, while XRF results showed that the adsorbents have high percentages of compounds of silicon, potassium, carbon, and calcium, but the PKS has no magnesium and barium. The EPB has no barium but 9.6% moles magnesium. Both have very low percentages of the heavy metals, namely, iron, chromium, aluminium, cobalt, zinc, nickel and copper. This implies that the ACs can effectively treat produced water to remove these heavy metal ions.
Oil-Based-Mud Formulation and Optimization Using Thevetia Peruviana Oil
Authors: Ihekoronye Kingsley Kelechi , Ohaegbulam Chukwudi Michael , Mohammed Hussein , Onuorah Pius Chukwuebuka 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The need to avoid environmental degradation caused by toxic chemicals during drilling fluid operations is one of the objectives of the oil and gas industry. In this work, a non-edible plant of Thevetia Peruviana oil was used as potential base oil for formulation of drilling mud because of its non-toxic and environmental friendly nature of the plant. Oil extraction from the Thevetia Peruviana seeds was done using soxhlet method of extraction with n-hexane as the solvent. The formulated oil-based mud was compared with the API standard based on the mud density, filter cake thickness, gel strength and filtration loss. Four rheological models were considered, namely: Bingham plastic model, Power law model, Herschel-Bulkley model and Robertson-Stiff model. The optimization process was performed with MATLAB program in order to select the rheological model that best describe the behavior of the mud. The results of this study show that the formulated oil-based mud exhibited a non-Newtonian fluid rheological behavior. The rheology test result showed that the gel strength (10 min.) had 9.5 (Ib/100ft2), filter loss had 4.3 (mil) in term of filter volume. The mud density had 7.34 (Ib/gal), electrical stability of 528.0 (150°F and filter cake thickness of 1mm. Optimization of the Thevetia Peruviana oil based mud showed that Herschel-Bulkley model has the best performance indicators with good R2 (0.994) and standard error (2.16).
Natural Gas Spot Price Prediction Using a Machine Learning Datacentric Approach
Authors: Ogwu Jessica , Ikpesu Emmanuel , Ogbonna Kingsley 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The ability to accurately predict natural gas prices asides being beneficial to stakeholders of the natural gas market also have positive economic impacts on energy management and environmental sustainability.
This paper explores the application of machine learning algorithms for the purpose of accurately predicting monthly natural gas spot prices. Henry Hub natural gas spot price data from January 2001 to November 2021 were utilized alongside four machine learning algorithms namely; Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest Regressor and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM). The models were trained with 11 variables with 80% of the dataset utilized for training and 20% for testing purposes. A 10-fold cross validation technique was implemented for model validation purposes. The accuracy of each model was evaluated using the Root Mean Square error metric.
After model evaluation, all four models generated distinct results, with the Artificial Neural Network model having the most accurate prediction of all four models.
Investigating the Utility of Soft Systems Methodology for Addressing the Wicked Problem of Oil Spills in the Niger Delta
Authors: Ogwus Chinedu 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
This paper sets out to investigate the usefulness and applicability of Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) as a creative thinking approach for finding a solution to the ‘wicked problem’ of oil spills in Nigeria's Niger Delta region. In this paper, the problem of oil spills in the Niger Delta is categorized as a ‘wicked problem’. This is especially because the problem is complex, has several competing stakeholders, is associated with far-reaching consequences, and has defied every known attempt at finding a solution. Therefore, in investigating the utility of SSM for addressing the problem, this paper adopts the qualitative approach which involves a total of nine participants who were recruited using the convenience sampling technique. The selected participants included representatives of oil host communities, senior management employees of multi-national oil corporations, and public affairs analysts. The findings of the study revealed that SSM is a useful tool for finding a solution to the oil spills problem in the Niger Delta. This is as the application of SSM helped in structuring the problem to enhance understanding of its nature and scope. This is as SSM provided a suitable framework for collecting and collating valuable data from relevant stakeholders. Thus, this study recommends SSM as a suitable creative thinking approach for finding a solution to the perennial problem of oil spills in the Niger Delta. The study highlights the need for a collaborative relationship between the change agent and competing stakeholders.
Preliminary Assessment of an Environmentally-Friendly Surfactant Synthesized from Elaeis Guineensis Palm Kernel oil for its Use in Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Ogunkunle Temitope Fred , Adeboje Israel , Oni Babalola Aisosa , Fadairo Adesina Samson , Adeyemi Gbadegesin Abiodun , Abraham Damilola Victoria 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
The current work examines the potential of the natural surfactant derived from palm kernel oil for its enhanced oil recovery application. The anionic green surfactant was synthesized from palm kernel oil using sodium hydroxide as alkali via saponification process. The synthesized surfactant was characterized by FTIR and SEM-EDX analyses. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) was determined by surface tension and conductivity measurements at air-aqueous interface. Foam stability studies were performed as a function of time and concentration through the Bartsch test method. Stable emulsions were formed by the surfactant at concentration close to the CMC value of 5 g/L, while surfactant retention on to rock surface was studied through a static adsorption test. The effect of salt on the emulsion behaviour, foam stability and adsorption density was also investigated. A preliminary assessment of the foaming tendency, emulsifying and adsorption properties of the palm-kernel-based surfactant provides grounds for its potential application in enhanced oil recovery as the performance evaluation of the synthesized surfactant exhibits close relationship with commercial surfactant used in EOR applications.
A Novel Approach and Application to Dual String Design in Smart Well Completion
Authors: Omolewa Daniel , Oriji Boniface 
Published: August 2022

Abstract
Completion design is a very important phase in the development of a field, and it has evolved over the years with more sophisticated technology. One of the latest technology trends is the Intelligent Digital Oil fields, which although started decades ago has recently received rapid traction in past few years due to reduced costs and improvement in sensors and data storage. The starting point of this technology is the smart or intelligent well system (IWS). This system significantly improves reservoir management as it enables remote control and monitoring of downhole equipment’s. Consequently, this minimizes the need for any intervention and saves OPEX. However, the IWS has majorly being applied to a single string producer or injector. Previously, a single string completion is used across the multiple zones and hence must be commingled if the zones are to be produced simultaneously. The alternative to produce simultaneously without commingling is to use Dual string completions but they have a major drawback in that they always require some intervention to be done which is expensive. The aim of this project is therefore to test a novel idea of combining a Dual String completion with an Intelligent completion. A hypothetical field with three reservoir zones stacked was used for this study. The objective was to produce the lower zones through the long string as they had similar reservoir pressures and compatible fluids while the upper zone would produce through the short string as it is incompatible with the lower zones. Two cases were considered – with and without lower completions. The major difference in these cases was the position of the accessories. The adopted design uses a feed-through dual packer, two ICVs, and a dual gauge on the long string above the gravel pack packer and on the short string, a permanent gauge is placed above the feed-through dual packer and a total of 6 control lines is required. It is concluded that the design is feasible in both cases, and it solves the short comings of the dual string completions currently being used. The critical consideration is the well architecture. The knowledge from this paper serves as a foundation for what could become a new standard design for smart completions.