bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Ozone and Acid Rain on Pesticide Degradation, Delaware, CO., OH., 1986
Authors: Barger Jack H. , Cannon William N. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two-year-old red and white oak seedlings were sprayed with insecticides to determine if chemical efficacy against gypsy moth (GM) larvae was affected by exposure to various levels of atmospheric deposition. The experimental parameters (factorial design) were 2 insecticides (Baythroid, Dylox); 3 concentrations (V4, 1, 2 × recommended rate); 3 simulated acid rain (SAR) treatments (3.0 pH, 3.5 pH, 4.2 pH); 2 ozone (O3) exposures (0.15 ppm, ambient); and 3 replicates. Seedlings were sprayed to runoff on 30 Jun (22�C, 45% RH, 0 mph wind) using a 11.4-liter compressed CO2 driven R&D Model TS backpack sprayer equipped with a no. 5500 adjustable cone tip nozzle opened Vi turn from full closed at 2.1 kg/cm2 pressure. To establish initial chemical efficacy, 2 leaf disc samples (1.8 cm2 each were removed from leaves (24 h postspray) on each seedling for GM bioassay. Seedlings were then subjected to the appropriate SAR and O3 treatments weekly for 3 weeks. These treatments were 45 min SAR (1.27 cm) followed by fumigation for 3 days at 7 h day. At 22 days postspray, seedlings were resampled to determine degradation effects. For both bioassays, leaf disc samples were placed on moistened filter paper in plastic petri dishes. Two 2nd-instar GM larvae were added to each test dish and allowed to feed for 24 h. Average % mortality of larvae was used to measure effects.
Control of Western Pine Tip Moth in Ponderosa Pine, 1986
Authors: Harrell Mark O. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two rates of Dimilin 25W (diflubenzuron) and an untreated check were compared for effectiveness in controlling Rhyacionia bushnelli in a 1.0 ha planting of ponderosa pine in the Nebraska National Forest, Bessey Ranger District, near Halsey, NE. Trees were 2 to 3 m tall. Insecticide treatments consisted of foliar sprays of Dimilin 25W applied to 3 trees per block at either the label rate or one-half the label rate. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide applications were applied using compressed air sprayers on 1 Jul and 8 Jul. The timing corresponded to the period in which second-generation larvae were exposed on the branch tips. Numbers of newly infested tips in the lower 2 m of each tree were determined on 6 Aug. Additional treatments at 2 and 4 times the label rate were applied to detect possible phytotoxic effects.
Asana As a Control for Redheaded Pine Sawfly on Jack Pine & Red Pine, 1986
Authors: Mech R. G. , Sapio F. J. , Atkison C. S. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A 4 year old, hand-planted, mixed jack pine/ red pine plantation in central Cheboygan County, MI was used in this test. Trees were approximately 4 ft in height and were planted at a 6 ft by 6 ft spacing. Sawfly larvae appeared to be uniformly distributed across the test block and were fully grown at time of treatment. A total of 5 treatments were randomly assigned to rows of 60 trees each within the test block. A backpack mistblower, calibrated to 29 gal/acre, was used to apply the chemical. A single appUcation of each rate was made during late morning of 15 Jul. Temp at time of treatment was 80 F and wind speed was less than 3 mph. No precipitation was recorded on the day of treatment; 0.07 inches of rain fell on 16 Jul.
Effects of 3% Methoprene Boluses on Dung Inhabiting Insects in Wyoming, 1986
Authors: Watson D. W. , Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A cow/calf herd in southeast Wyoming was divided into 3 treatment groups: (1) an untreated group of 13 cows, 2 heifers and 13 calves; (2) a group of 39 cows, 35 calves, and 7 heifers in which the cows and heifers received bolus 1; and (3), a group of 41 cows, 36 calves, and 12 heifers in which the cows and heifers received bolus 2. On 27 Jun, all treated animals were administered one of two formulations of methoprene bolus containing 3% AI. Each treatment group was maintained in a separate pasture. Fresh dung pats were marked 10 days after treatment, and collected 48 h later. Dung pats were placed under cone-type, emergence traps and arthropods were collected 14 days later.
Apple, Second Generation White Apple Leafhopper Insecticide Evaluation, 1986
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A. , Baird R. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
This test was conducted in a 6-yeai old orchard with under-tree irrigation. A randomized complete block design was used, with 4 single-tree replicates per treatment. Materials were applie as dilute sprays to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi on 9 Aug. Per acre rates were based on 400 gal/acre. By this date, large majority of second generation WALH eggs had hatched but most nymphs were still in early ins tars. WALH populations were determined by countin nymphs on 20 randomly selected leafhopper-injured leaves from the terminal growth of each tree (80 leaves per treatment). Mite densitites were estimate by collecting 20 randomly selected leaves from each tree, brushing them in a mite brushing machine, and counting mites of each species recovered.
Apple, Evaluation of The Adjuvant Basic H, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Treatments were applied to single tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of 4 replicates for each treatment. The trees were 11 years old and the cultivar ‘Delicious'. Treatments were applied to run-off with a handgun from a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer equipped with a 35 gpm pump. The application date was 20 Jun. The effect on the apple aphid was evaluated by counting the number of aphid-infested leaves/5 top terminals, and the number of aphids/most infested leaf. Pest pressure was heavy.
Apple, Pest Control with IGR SD115110, 1986
Authors: Riedl H. , Shearer P. W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Sprays were applied by handgun operating at 200 psi to 17-year-old apple trees. Test plots consisted of 4 single-tree replicates arranged in a randomized block. Fungicides (Cyprex, Bayleton) were applied when necessary to the entire block. All treatments except the check received a 2% superior oil spray 25 Mar (delayed dormant). Guthion cover sprays were timed according to codling moth development (see Washington State University Extension Bull. 1072). The IGR was applied about 150 to 250°D earlier than Guthion to coincide with the beginning and peak of egg laving. At mid-season (22 Jul) and at harvest (8 Oct), 100 fruit/treatment (25/tree) were inspected for CM and leafroller damage. Mite counts were taken at 2- to 4-week intervals by brushing 100 leaves/treatment (25/tree). On each tree, leaves were sampled on 3 scaffold limbs from the center to the periphery of the canopy.
Apple, Second Generation White Apple Leafhopper Aerial Appucation Evaluation, 1986
Authors: Beers E. H. , Baird R. J. , Eisner E. A. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Ground airblast and helicopter applications of Seven XLR at 2.0 lb Al/acre were compared for eEFectiveness against WALH nymphs and adults. This test was conducted in an orchard containing 7-year-old trees with under-tree irrigation. Treatments were applied to unreplicated 1.0 acre plots on 27 Aug. The ground application was made with a Parker airblast sprayer delivering 400 gal/acre at a ground speed of 2 mph. The helicopter application was made at a speed of 35 mph, approximately 10 ft over the canopy, delivering 7 gal/acre. On the date of application, approximately 13.0% of the WALH population were adults. Adults were sampled with 12.5 x 17.8 cm sticky boards made from bright yellow poster board coated on both sides with Stickem Special Pest Glue, suspended from limbs with a wire hanger. Six traps were evenly spaced in each plot and left in place for a 24 h period to obtain adult counts. Nymphs were counted on 20 randomly selected leafhopper-injured leaves on terminal growth from 6 trees in each plot (120 leaves per treatment). Half of these leaves were chosen from outer canopy of the tree, the other half from lower central growth.
Control of Leafhoppers in Grapes, 1985
Authors: Saunders Michael C. , Flanagan Patrick W. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
These tests were conducted in 2 established Concord grape vineyards in North East, PA. Plots consisted of 3 vines in a row replicated 4 times in location 1 and 3 times in location 2. Vine spacing was 9 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. One spray was applied in each test using a 6-gal. True-test plant sprayer operated off a high pressure hose of a Myers 61256ET2 hydraulic vineyard sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 lb/in2. Spray was applied to runoff at approximately 100 gal of spray per acre. Triton AG-98 was the spreader sticker used at the rate of 2 oz per 100 gal. Evaluations consisted of counting the number of leafhopper nymphs on each of 10 randomly selected leaves within each plot. Pretreatment levels of leafhopper was obtained by counting nymphs on 360 leaves and 250 leaves within the study areas of test location 1 and 2 respectively.
Control of Fuller Rose Beetle in Pruned and Unpruned Citrus, 1986
Authors: Morse J. G. , Urena A. A. , Brawner O. L. , Salazar-Marroquin J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Pesticides were evaluated for control of adult Fuller rose beetle (FRB) in a 51-year old grapefruit grove in Corona, CA. The grove was divided into 4-row blocks in which the tree skirts were alternately pruned to a 4 foot height or left unpruned over the period 15-30 Jul, prior to the application of treatments on 31 Jul. Two adjacent blocks were chosen for the pesticide trial, one skirt-pruned and the other non-pruned. Prior to skirt pruning, 5 fruit on each tree in the center 2 rows of each block were sampled for the presence of FRB egg masses under the calyx and treatments were assigned to 4-tree plots (2 x 2, within the center 2 rows of a block) based on the number of fruit infested. Each treatment was replicated in 3 plots in both the pruned and unpruned block (24 trees total). The control (untreated) was replicated in 6 plots in both blocks. Treatments were applied using a hand-gun at 450 psi, to the trunk of skirt-pruned trees (ca. 1 gal per tree), and using outside coverage to the lower 6 ft of the canopy and trunk in unpruned trees (ca. 3 gal per tree). Posttreatment counts of the number of live beetles per plot were taken by shaking foliage above a 3 x 4 ft beating cloth laid below the outside canopy in 2 random quadrants per tree (8 per plot). FRB adult emergence from the ground was monitored using ground traps in 2 adjacent untreated blocks (1 skirt-pruned, 1 not) over the period of the trial.
Aphid Control on Alabama Pecans, 1986
Authors: McVay John R. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The study was conducted on mature “Schley” trees located at Rome, AL. Treatments were replicated 4 times using a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of a V2 acre plot with 3 core trees and 6 border trees. Applications were made to the inside half of border trees and all sides of core trees. Data were taken from the central core tree only. Pretreatment counts were made on 26 Aug. Foliar applications were made on 27 Aug using an FMC-9100 air-blast sprayer delivering 120 gal of finished spray per acre (10 gal per tree). Posttreatment counts were made 2, 7 and 14 days after treatment. Sampling consisted of counting the number of aphids—both nymphs and adults—on 10 compound leaves per tree.
Laboratory Evaluation of Insecticides for Fall Webworm Control, 1986
Authors: Miller Gary L. , Williams Michael L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Six insecticides were evaluated for control of fall webworm at Auburn University, AL. Pecan leaves were dipped into insecticide solutions which also contained Chevron spreader-sticker (0.5 pt/100 gal water). Leaves were allowed to air dry and were fed to larvae in ½-pt paper ice cream containers. After 2 days, freshly dipped leaves were added to corresponding containers. Fall webworms were maintained at 28°C, 14:10 L:D photoperiod, in a controlled environment. Caterpillars selected had head capsule widths of approximately 2 mm. Treatments were replicated 3 times with each replicate consisting of 4 Vi-pt containers with 5 caterpillars per containers, for a total of 60 caterpillars per treatment. Orthene was used as a standard.
Cabbage Root Aphid Control 1986
Authors: Royer Tom A. , Cartwright B. , Edelson J. V. , Fernandez D. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Sanibel' variety cabbage was planted 7 Oct into double-row beds with 40-inch centers at the Hoblitzelle Research and Demonstration Farm, Mercedes, Tex. Soil type was an Hidalgo sandy clay loam. Plants were thinned to a 6-inch spacing on 1 Nov, and 60 lb N-32 fertilizer was side-dressed on 3 Dec. Two separate experiments were conducted, one to evaluate efficacy of foliar-applied insecticides, and one to evaluate side-dressed insecticides for control of poplar petiole gall aphids (cabbage root aphids). Experimental design for both tests was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. The plots measured 2 beds by 30 ft (foliar test) or 4 beds by 30 ft (side-dress test) with a buffer row between plots. Side-dress treatments were applied on 3 Dec, and foliar sprays were begun 24 Dec. The RH-7988-treated plot received 1 foliar application, the other 2 insecticides were sprayed twice at a 7-day interval. Soil injections were applied with a liquid fertilizer applicator, and foliar sprays were discharged through a COzpowered, backpack sprayer calibrated to spray 10 gal/acre (30 psi, 4 flat-fan nozzles per plot). Efficacy was evaluated by removing the roots of 4 plants from each plot and washing them in 1 gal of water containing 1 tablespoon of CaCl. Dislodged aphids were counted as they floated to the surface of the water. Cabbage heads were harvested on 13 ft, 2 inches of row per plot to determine yield. Data were analyzed for treatment differences with ANOVA, and means were separated with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Cabbage, 1987
Authors: Zehnder Geoffrey , Speese John 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Cabbage transplants were planted on 31 Aug at the Eastern Shore Agricultural Experiment Station, Painter, Va. Each plot consisted of two-25-ft-long rows bordered on each side by 2 untreated rows. Cabbage was transplanted with 17-inch plant and 36-inch row spacing. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a propane compressed-gas backpack sprayer using 3 hollow-cone nozzles per row and delivering 75 gal water/acre at 40 psi. Applications were made on 4, 9, 16, and 23 Sep and on 2 and 9 Oct. Evaluation criteria consisted of direct visual counts of the number of cabbage webworm (CWW), diamondback moth (DB), cabbage looper (CL), and imported cabbageworm (ICW) on 5 randomly chosen plants per treatment plot. On 13 Oct, damage ratings were determined as in Greene et al. (J. Econ. Entomol. 62(4): 798-800). Plants with a damage rating of 3 or below were considered marketable.
Nematodes for Controlling Melon Pests, 1987
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Magaro J. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'Magnum 45' cantaloupe were planted in raised beds at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex., on 15 Aug. Experimental design was a randomized block with 5 treatments and 5 replicates. Plots were 1 bed (80-inch centers) by 40 ft long. Two formulations of nematodes (Neoplectana carpocapsae) were used, one in the form of desiccated material and the second adsorbed on sponges. Treatments were made to plots after 3 p.m. on 24 Sep and plots were immediately irrigated. Treatments were applied using a backpack CO2- powered sprayer at 2 mph, 40 psi, and a total of 10 gal formulated material per acre. One quart of spray material for each nematode treatment was collected from a nozzle during the spray application and taken to the laboratory. Spray water collected during the application procedure was used to treat melon leaf tissue disks by dipping the disks for 1 s. Disks were then placed on filter paper in Petri dishes, and each dish was inoculated with 5 adult cucumber beetles. Beetles were held at 75°F and monitored for mortality at 24-h intervals. Dead beetles were dissected and examined for nematode presence. Cages (3 × 3 ft) were placed over the top of 1 plant per plot in the field, and 10 adult cucumber beetles were introduced into each cage. Mortality was monitored in the cages after 4 days. Additionally, 3 vines per plot outside of the cages were examined weekly, and cucumber beetles were counted and then collected. All recovered adult beetles were held at 75°F for 48 h and then dissected and examined for nematodes. Mature fruit was examined for melonworm and cucumber beetle larvae and damage on 16, 26, and 29 Oct. Root systems of 3 plants per plot were taken to the laboratory on 30 Oct and rated for cucumber beetle larval feeding damage. Data from vine and fruit surveys were averaged across all survey dates and mean number of adult beetles per vine, and melonworm larvae per fruit determined.
Control of Spider Mites on Celery, 1986
Authors: Cartwright B. , Chambers C. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Nine acaricides were tested for the control of Tetranychus spp. on celery in plots located near Mission, Tex. Each plot consisted of one 20-ft-long 2-row bed (0.0015 acre) of celery. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized design replicated 3 times. All acaricides were applied 1 Dec with a backpack-mounted CO2-powered sprayer calibrated to deliver 78 gal/acre using 2 nozzles/bed. Mite populations were assessed by using a leaf-washing technique in which 20 trifoliates/plot were washed in water with detergent and mites were filtered from the wash using a Butener funnel. Adult mites were subsequently counted under magnification. A second evaluation method was used for comparison and consisted of direct counts of motile adult mites on 5 trifoliates/plot.
Control of European Corn Borer on New Sweet Corn Varieties, 1987
Authors: Berkett L. P. , Bouton E. L. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
A Windsor sandy loam field at the University of Vermont Horticultural Research Center, South Burlington, was planted on 3 Jun to 25 varieties of SE or EH type sweet corn, having elevated sugar levels, and two standard varieties. This field was used to evaluate the efficacy of Dipel 10G and Pounce 3.2EC in a multiple variety situation. Treatments were applied to 9 row plots, 52 ft long on 24-inch centers superimposed across varieties. A randomized complete block design with 3 replicates per treatment was used. Timing of treatments was based on attainment of an infestation level of 15% as determined by scouting. Initial field scouting of 100 plants, selected at 5 randomly chosen locations across the field, 20 plants/location, occurred on 13 Jul when the corn was in the whorl stage, 24-36 inches high. Further scouting was conducted on 16, 19, and 27 Jul and involved assessing the new growth on 33 plants/plot, a total of 99 plants/treatment, for larvae or damage. Insecticides were applied on 13 Jul and 20 Jul using a Solo backpack hand pumped sprayer at 30 psi or a hand crank spinner for the liquid and granular insecticides, respectively. Corn was harvested, based on maturity, over four dates, 19, 24, 26, and 31 Aug. Seven ears/variety/replicate, a total of 189 ears/treatment, were evaluated for external or internal damage. Data were analyzed using a square root transformation were appropriate.
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms, Dusky Sap Beetle and European Corn Borers in Sweet Corn, 1987
Authors: Linduska James J. , Harrison Thomas S. , Patton Terrance W. , Embrey Michael , Dively Galen 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
'NK-199' sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 50 ft long on 2 Jun. On 3 Jun AAtrex, (4.2 qt/acre) + Dual (3 qt/acre) + Gramoxone (3.25 qt/acre) + X-77 (16 oz/acre), was applied. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Silk sprays were applied with a International Harvester 770 Hi-Clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 50% silk 23 Jul and 4 days later on 27 Jul. Plots were harvested 6 Aug and evaluated as to insect species causing injury. One hundred ears/treatment/replication were harvested and graded. Only the center 2 rows of each plot were harvested. The soil type was a Galestown sandy loam.
Control of Onion Maggot, 1987
Authors: Grafius E. , Hayden J. , Davis A. , Stehr J. , Bishop B. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Two separate trials for onion maggot control were carried out in 1987 at 2 locations. The first trial was designed to evaluate tolerance of a local onion maggot population to Lorsban and was carried out near Grant, Mich. The second trial was carried out near Orangeville, Mich., with the objective of testing new compounds and application strategies against labeled standards.
Onion Maggot Control, 1987
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
The plot was planted 20 Apr in muck soil near Potter, N.Y., on the Tony Sacheli Farm. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments applied with a hand-pushed cone seeder planting 9 seeds/ft and delivering 75 gal/acre through a gravity fed system. Insecticide band treatments were based on a 15-inch row width. Dithane M-45 (80 WP) was applied in the furrow at 2.4 lb (AI)/acre for control of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae) with each treatment except for those already having a fungicide. Stand counts were taken 21 May. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants twice each week from the time of stand counts until 6 Jul.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1986
Authors: Connington L. , Grafius E. , Herrington D. , Derouin K. , Bishop B. , Habbel P. , Hayden J. 
Published: March 2022

Abstract
Potatoes were planted 7 May at the MSU Montcalm Potato Research Farm. Plots were 3 rows wide (34-inch spacing) by 40 ft, with 3 ft of buffer zone before the next plot. Two untreated rows were left between adjacent plots. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 blocks per treatment. Treatments were applied at planting, as a side-dress with fertilizer at hilling (28 May) or as weekly foliar treatments from 25 Jun to 6 Aug. Foliar treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer at 30 gal/acre, 40 psi, with a cluster of 3 nozzles over each of the 3 rows. One nozzle was pointed down directly over the top, with the other 2 directed at the sides of the plants. Weekly insect counts (17 Jun to 5 Aug) were made from 2 randomly selected plants in the center row of each plot. On 10 Jul Cygon was sprayed on all plots to control potato leafhoppers. On 17 and 30 Jul the plots were rated for Colorado potato beetle damage. Yields were taken from center row of each plot on 26 and 27 Aug.