bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Iron Fortification on Anaemia and risk of Malaria among Ghanaian Pre-School Children with Haemoglobinopathies and different ABO blood groups
Authors: Tchum Samuel Kofi , Sakyi Samuel Asamoah , Arthur Fareed , Adu Bright , Abubakar Latifatu Alhassan , Oppong Felix Boakye , Dzabeng Francis , Amoani Benjamin , Gyan Thomas , PokuAsante Kwaku 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
BackgroundHaemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency as well as differences in ABO blood group have been shown to influence the risk of malaria and/or anaemia in malaria-endemic areas. This study assessed how iron fortification in addition to weaning meals affects anaemia and the risk of malaria in Ghanaian pre-school children with haemoglobinopathies and different ABO blood groups.MethodsThis study was a double-blind, randomly clustered trial, conducted within six months among infants and young children aged 6 to 35 months in rural Ghana (775 clusters, n = 860). Participants were randomly selected into clusters to receive daily semi-liquid home-prepared meals mixed with either micronutrient powder without iron (non-iron group) or with iron (iron group; 12.5 mg of iron daily) for 5 months. Malaria infection was detected by microscopy, blood haemoglobin (Hb) level was measured with HemoCue Hb analyzer, the reversed ABO blood grouping microtube assay was determined and genotyping by PCR-RFLP analysis. ResultsThe prevalence of G6PD deficiency in the hemizygous male (8.5 %) was higher compared to the homozygous female (2.7 %) but were similar (p=0.668). The prevalence of sickle cell trait (HbAS and HbAC) and sickle cell disease (HbSS) were 17.5 % and 0.5 % respectively. Blood group O was dominant (41.4 %), followed by blood group A (29.6 %), blood group B (23.3 %) whilst blood group AB (5.7 %) was the rarest among study participants. This study observed that children on an iron supplement with HbAS had significantly moderate anaemia at the end line (EL) compared to baseline level (BL) (p < 0.05). However, subjects with HbAS and HbAC, blood group A and O in the iron group had a significantly increased number of malaria episodes at EL than at BL (p < 0.05). Furthermore, children in the iron group with HbSS (p < 0.001) and the non-iron group with HbCC (p = 0.010) were significantly less likely to get malaria.ConclusionsIron supplementation reduced anaemia of children with HbAS genotypes but provides less protection against malaria for children with HbAC and AS, blood groups A and O.
A Rare Case Report of Primary Hepatic Choriocarcinoma with Pregnancy: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic challenge
Authors: Pakkala Amith Kumar , Nagari Bheerappa , Nekarakanti Phani Kumar , Bansal Ashish Kumar , Shroff Gourang , Uppin Megha S 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Purpose: Choriocarcinoma mainly occurs in the gonads but extragonadal origin is infrequently reported. Primary hepatic choriocarcinoma (PHC) is a rare malignancy with only 11 cases reported in literature. Most of the previously reported cases are in males, with none reported in a pregnant female. To our knowledge this is the first case of PHC reported in a pregnant lady. Case description: A 23-year-old primigravida presented with a large liver lesion involving the right lobe of the liver at 28 weeks of pregnancy. Preoperative imaging was suggestive of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). She underwent non-anatomical resection of the liver lesion. Surprisingly, her postoperative histopathology revealed a diagnosis of PHC. Her blood workup showed elevated beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). She underwent termination of pregnancy at 32 weeks. Prior to initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy four weeks after surgery, whole body positron emission tomography (PET) scan revealed multiple bi-lobar liver and pelvic deposits. After multidisciplinary team (MDT) discussion she was started on adjuvant chemotherapy. She is currently under regular follow-up, four months post-surgery. Conclusion: PHC is a very aggressive tumor with rapid progression to distant metastasis. It poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge warranting multidisciplinary approach.
A multimodal species distribution model incorporating remote sensing images and environmental features
Authors: zhang xiaojuan , Zhou Yongxiu , Peng Peihao , Wang Guoyan 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
ContextSpecies distribution models (SDMs) are critical in conservation decision-making and ecological or biogeographical inference. However, species distribution models are typically limited to using a single source of information as input to the model. This leaves us with a poor understanding of species distribution and landscape ecology processes.ObjectivesThe aims are to explore the feasibility of multimodal models for biodistribution prediction and address this limitation by developing a multimodal species distribution model that can simultaneously input multiple information sources to investigate a solution to the species distribution model's lack of accuracy with a single information source. MethodsThe proposed “multimodal species distribution model” used ResNet50 and Transformer network structures as the backbone for multimodal data modeling. (i) The ResNet50 network structure was used to compare different input sources' effects on the model's accuracy (SDMM-Net v1 and SDMM-Net v2). (ii) The Transformer network structure was used to investigate the effect of different feature fusion structures and feature fusion methods on the accuracy of the model (PreFuzeMM-Swin, PostFuzeMM-Swin and MidFuzeMM-Swin).ResultsOur model's accuracy was validated using the GEOLIFE2020 dataset, and we achieved the state-of-the-art (SOTA). We discovered that the prediction accuracy of the multimodal species distribution model with multiple data sources of remote sensing images, environmental variables, latitude and longitude information as inputs (29.56%) was higher than that of the model with only remote sensing images or environmental variables as inputs (25.72% and 21.68%, respectively). We also discovered that using a Transformer network structure to fuse data from multiple sources can significantly improve the accuracy of multimodal models, and the PreFuzeMM-Swin network model accuracy is higher than that of the PostFuzeMM-Swin network and MidFuzeMM-Swin network. ConclusionsWe proposed the first multimodal model with multiple sources of information as input for species distribution prediction to advance the research progress of multimodal models in the field of ecology.
Antiprotozoal activity of different Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacterial secondary metabolites and identification of bioactive compounds using the easyPACId approach
Authors: Gulsen Sebnem Hazal , Tileklioğlu Evren , Bode Edna , Cimen Harun , Ertabaklar Hatice , Ulug Derya , Ertug Sema , Wenski Sebastian L. , Touray Mustapha , Hazir Canan , Bilecenoglu Duygu Kaya , Yıldız Ibrahim , Bode Helge B. , Hazir Selcuk 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Natural products have been proven to be important starting points for the development of new drugs. Bacteria in the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus produce antimicrobial compounds as secondary metabolites to compete with other organisms. Our study is the first comprehensive study screening the anti-protozoal activity of supernatants containing secondary metabolites produced by 5 Photorhabdus and 22 Xenorhabdus species against human parasitic protozoa, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, Leishmania tropica and Trypanosoma cruzi, and the identification of novel bioactive antiprotozoal compounds using the easyPACId approach (easy Promoter Activated Compound Identification) method. Though not in all species, both bacterial genera produce antiprotozoal compounds effective on human pathogenic protozoa. The promoter exchange mutants revealed that antiprotozoal bioactive compounds produced by Xenorhabdus bacteria were fabclavines, xenocoumacins, xenorhabdins and PAX peptides. Among the bacteria assessed, only P. namnaoensis appears to have acquired amoebicidal property which is effective on E. histolytica trophozoites. These discovered antiprotozoal compounds can serve as starting points for the development of alternative and novel pharmaceutical agents in suppressing human parasitic protozoa in the future.
Comprehensive Analysis of Novel Immune Checkpoint Neuropilins
Authors: Bai Xue-li , He Li-hong , Zhang Xiao-zhen , Lao Meng-yi , Xu Jian , Yang Han-shen , Liang Ting-bo 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background: The traditional immune checkpoint blockade therapy benefits some patients with cancer, but there is a lack of response in certain cancers such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD), motivating the enthusiasm of developing novel immune checkpoints and effective therapeutic targets. Methods: NRPs expression was analyzed via bioinformatics data, immunohistochemistry, western blotting, and multiplexed immunohistochemistry. The relationship of NRPs to tumor immunological features and biological function in PAAD and pan-cancer were evaluated by a series of bioinformatics methods such as ssGSEA, TIDE, Gene Ontology and KEGG. In vitro human PAAD cell proliferation, invasion, and migration were examined using the CCK8, Transwell, and scratch wound healing assays, respectively. In vivo efficacy studies, using C57BL/6 mice and nude mice with PAAD cell-derived orthotopic tumors, employed antibodies against NRP1. Survival curves were constructed for the orthotopic model. Results: The expression of NRPs was generally higher in tumor tissues and that it was associated with a poor prognosis and pessimistic response to immune checkpoint blockade therapy. In nearly all cancers, the expression of NRPs was positively correlated with the infiltration of myeloid immune cells and the expression of most immune checkpoint genes. As regards tumor microenvironment of human PAAD samples, NRP1 and NRP2 were widely expressed in numerous cells types. Functional enrichment analysis, in vitro and in vivo experiments suggested that NRP1 exhibit potential pro-tumor effects via not only immune-related but also immune-independent interactions. Conclusions: NRPs, especially NRP1, are attractive biomarkers and therapeutic targets for various cancers, especially PAAD, providing a new opportunity for tumor immunotherapy.
Blind nasogastric tube insertion performed within one minute or for a maximum of two or three attempts during resuscitation may minimize laryngopharyngeal mucosal injury: a prospective observational study
Authors: Miyamoto Kazuyuki , Takayasu Hiromi , Katsuki Shino , Maeda Atsuo , Suzuki Keisuke , Nakamura Motoyasu , Hida Noriko , Sambe Takehiko , Yagi Masaharu , Sasaki Jun , Hayashi Munetaka , Dohi Kenji 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Background: Patients under resuscitation are at high risk for aspiration of gastric contents which causes ventilator-associated pneumonia. Therefore, blind nasogastric (NG) insertion is performed for decompression, however minimal trauma to the laryngopharynx can sometimes lead to severe bleeding in patients with a bleeding diathesis. Recently, the usefulness of NG tube placement under the assistance of a Video-laryngoscope (VLS) has reported. However, NG tube insertion is still performed blind, and insertion techniques to minimize mucosal injury during resuscitation are not well understood. We investigated laryngopharyngeal mucosal injury associated with blind NG tube insertion during resuscitation and considered practical blind NG tube insertion guidelines to minimize mucosal injury. Methods: We included patients (n = 84) with cardio pulmonary arrest on arrival in whom blind nasogastric tube insertion was possible within 120 s in the Blind group and those in whom it was not possible in the Difficult (Dif) group. In the Dif group, VLS-assisted nasogastric tube insertion was performed. The laryngopharyngeal mucosal condition was recorded after NG tube insertion using VLS. Patient background, success rates, insertion time, the number of insertions, and injury scores were evaluated. A single regression analysis was performed, and practical blind NG tube parameters for insertion during resuscitation were assessed. Results: Success rates in the Blind and Dif groups were 98.5% and 76.5%, respectively, and insertion times were 48.8 ± 4.0 and 54.8 ± 3.0 s, respectively. The number of insertions (2.1 ± 0.2 vs. 8.1 ± 0.8) and injury scores (1.04 ± 0.21 vs. 6.40 ± 0.64) in the Blind group were significantly lower than those in the Dif group, respectively. Mucosal injuries were most severe in the retropharyngeal wall in both groups. The number of insertions and insertion time both showed strong positive correlations with injury scores.Conclusion: The severity of laryngopharyngeal mucosal injury increased with increased insertion time and the number of insertions. Blind nasogastric tube insertion performed within 1 min or for a maximum of two or three attempts may minimize laryngopharyngeal mucosal injury, and VLS-assisted insertion should be considered if these limits are exceeded.
Adapting sanitary inspections for the monitoring of small drinking water supplies in Iceland
Authors: King R. , Gunnarsdottir M. J. , Narfason Þ. , Hjaltadóttir S. , Sigurðsson Á. , Herschan J. , Gardarsson S. M. , McKeown R. M. , Pond K. 
Published: April 2022

AbstractSanitary inspections (SIs) are checklists of questions used to identify actual and potential sources and pathways of drinking water contamination. Though the importance of SI adaptation to local contexts is widely acknowledged, there is currently limited guidance on how this should be undertaken in practice. During this research, World Health Organization (WHO) draft template SI forms for spring and borehole supplies were adapted for use in Iceland based on a series of desk reviews and field tests, an approach which may guide other future SI adaptation processes. SI results were collected from 25 spring supplies and nine borehole supplies in three regions of Iceland using adapted SI forms. These results were combined with 10-year historical water quality data from the same supplies to explore potential relationships between both data sets. Binary logistic regression test results indicated a statistically significant association (P = 0.025; odds ratio (OR) 1.864, 95% CI 1.080–3.220) between SI Question 3 (Does ponding from surface water occur around the spring/borehole?) receiving a ‘High’ risk level assignment and at least one historical incidence of water quality noncompliance for the parameters heterotrophic plate count 22 °C, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and turbidity at the same supply. The significant modifications applied to the starting template during the testing and development of the Icelandic SI form emphasises the importance of a robust adaptation process to ensure SI forms are appropriate for the local context. Results from the analysis of SI and water quality test results demonstrated the potential for these data sets to identify the primary risks at a supply. This information may then be used to direct remedial actions, especially when the amount of relevant data increases over time.
Spatial and temporal variation in rainfall and streamflow – Dzalanyama Catchment, Malawi
Authors: Munthali G. , Gumindoga W. , Chidya R. C. G. , Malota M. , Muhoyi H. 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Mixed research design methods were used to assess the spatio-temporal variation of rainfall and streamflow in the Dzalanyama Catchment, Malawi. Trend analysis was carried out using the Mann-Kendall trend test and showed that only three stations had statistically significant trends at the 5% level in rainfall at different time scales. Three out of five stations indicated statistically significant increasing trends at 5% level on streamflow analysis. The streamflow analysis results indicated that the warm-wet season has high mean values, the highest being 16.95 mm/month (February). The cool-dry season had lower mean values, the lowest being 0.45 mm in September. The coefficient of variation was higher in the wet than the dry months, its highest being 123% in December and the lowest 58% in September. The variability at various stations might arise from factors associated with human activity, and thorough knowledge and analysis of rainfall and streamflow regimes on different time scales are necessary for water resource management to mitigate floods and droughts.
Preparation of structured biochar, its adsorption capacity of N and P and its characterization
Authors: Fanfan Liang , Yungen Liu , Yan Wang , Silin Yang , Rong Ma 
Published: April 2022

Abstract
Structured biochar (SC) was prepared by biochar from cattail-sludge mixture (CS) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and treated as an adsorbent, and the KH2PO4 and NH4Cl solution were treated as adsorbates, to explore the adsorption capacity of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) on SC in water. A single factor experimental method was employed to determine the optimal parameters for SC. The results showed that: 60% sizing amount, 5 N (cm2)−1 molding pressure, 160 °C molding temperature and 95 min molding time were optimal parameters for SC preparation. The adsorption of P and N on SC conforms to the Langmuir model, with the distribution of adsorption sites on the surface tending to be even. The adsorption of P and N on SC is favorable and spontaneous, and the adsorption tends to be monolayer adsorption with a major role for chemical adsorption. The higher the temperature, the higher the adsorption capacity of P and N on SC is, and the affinity of SC with P is higher than that with N. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model for the adsorption of N and P by SC has a high degree of fit. The pHpzc value of SC was 8.57. The hydrophobicity and stability of SC are rather high, with the surface particles closely bonded and increased roughness and pore diameter. The adsorption mechanism of P and N on SC can be attributed to pore filling, electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding. The results can provide a new technology for the resource utilization of cattails and sludge, a new idea for the recycling and reuse of biochar, and a basis for the selection of materials for the treatment of eutrophic water bodies.
Synthesis, Characterization, DPPH, Ferric Reducing, and Ferrous Ion-
Chelating Activities of Isophthalate Schiff Bases
Authors: Khan Momin , Raheel Muhammad , Shah Sana , Ibrahim Mohammad , Asif Muhammad , Salar Uzma , Khan Khalid Mohammed 
Published: April 2022

Aims:
The synthesis of bioactive compounds has antioxidant potential.

Background:
All aerobic bodies including human beings, have antioxidant defense systems that protect
them from oxidative damage, and many enzymes to remove or heal damaged molecules. However, this
normal antioxidant mechanism can be incompetent, and hence dietary intakes of antioxidant compounds
are important.

Objective:
Synthesis of isophthalate Schiff base derivatives 1-14 and screened for their antioxidant activities (DPPH, ferrous ion Fe2+ chelating and ferric Fe3+ reducing activities)

Method:
This study aimed to synthesize isophthalate Schiff base derivatives 1-14 and screen them for
their antioxidant activities (DPPH, ferrous ion Fe2+ chelating, and ferric Fe3+ reducing activities).

Result:
Compounds were screened for their antioxidant activities (DPPH, ferrous ion Fe2+ chelating, and
ferric Fe3+ reducing activities). Most of the compounds showed significant antioxidant activities. A structure-
activity relationship has also been discussed.

Conclusion:
Most of the synthetic isophthalate Schiff bases were found to be moderately active when
screened for their antioxidant activities by three assays such as DPPH radical scavenging, ferrous ionchelating,
and ferric reducing activities. These moderately active compounds can serve as lead molecules
to further modify the structure and identify more powerful antioxidant agents.
Formulation and Optimization of Trandolapril Oro-dispersible Tablets
using the Quality by Design (QbD) Approach
Authors: Kumar Ganesh , Bhatt Meenakshi 
Published: April 2022

Introduction::
This study aims to use a Quality by Design (QbD) approach to formulate and
optimize Trandolapriloro-dispersible tablets. The central composite design tool was utilized to assess the
scientific understanding of independent input variables and output responses to construct a design space
for regulatory flexibility. Oro-dispersible Tablets (ODT) can also be used to deliver drugs directly to the
oral mucosa, bypassing first-pass hepatic metabolism and potentially accelerating the process.

Methodology::
The concentrations of super disintegrant and dry compressible binder were selected as
independent variables. Disintegration time in seconds and % friability was selected as dependent variables.
Polynomial equations were used to predict the quantitative effect of independent variables at various
levels on response variables.

Results and Discussion:
The pre-compression parameters suggested that the flow characteristics were
quite excellent. All tablets prepared in the above experiments were evaluated for pharmaco-technical
properties and found to be within the required limits using the direct compression method. The angle of
repose of the dry blends from each formulation batch (F1 to F9) ranged from 29.03° to 33.67°. All formulation
batches had a loose bulk density of 0.31 + 0.07 to 0.37 + 0.91 g/cm3 and a tapped density of 0.41+
0.02 to 0.46+ 0.16 g/cm3, respectively. The compressibility index was determined to be between 1.65 +
0.17 to 19.93 + 0.47 . Hausner's ratio was between 1.14 + 0.88 to 1.19 + 0.32. The thickness of the tablets
ranged from 2.07 + 0.54 to 2.52 + 0.12 mm. The tablets were found to have a hardness of 3.08 + 0.14 to
3.67 + 0.41 kg/cm2. The weight of the tablets prepared ranged from 50 + 0.09 to 52 + 0.56 mg on average.
Tablet friability was 0.52 + 0.54 to 0.83 + 0.10 %, and the disintegration time ranged between 27 and 58
seconds. All of these parameters were found under the acceptable limit of pharmacopoeias. The increase
of Crospovidone concentration decreased the disintegration time and increased % friability. Whereas
increasing the concentration of microcrystalline cellulose increased the disintegration time and decreased
the % friability. Contour plots clarified the link between independent and dependent variables. The most
cost-effective batch was chosen based on these plots within the desired range because the actual and projected
values suggested by the full model were very close to each other; the statistical model is mathematically
valid.

Conclusion::
The results showed that the proposed design for developing trandolapriloro-dispersible tablets
with optimal properties was effective.