bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Impacts Overwhelmed Hydroclimate Control of Soil Erosion in China 5,000 Years Ago
Authors: Zhang Fan , Li Shehong , Sun Chengpeng , Li Wenpeng , Zhao Xin , Chen Zhiyan , Nie Tianyi , Chen Yongshun , Li Xinxin 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDeforestation and intensive land use have accelerated soil erosion, reshaped topography, and altered carbon reservoirs for thousands of years. The timing, scope, and magnitude of long‐term anthropogenic soil erosion across China are especially important to understand the global scale of this process. Here, sediment accumulation rates (SARs) from 191 sediment archives are found to be temporally correlated with monsoon intensity during 6–40 ka BP, indicating that hydroclimate was the main driver of soil erosion in this time interval. The rapid increase in SARs after ca. 5 ka BP is decoupled from persistently weakened hydroclimate but instead follows the trend of increasing population and related agricultural activities in China, implying a change in the primary controlling factor since then. Early human activities in China therefore appear to have had profound implications on Earth's surface at a continental scale.
Variability in High Wave Energy Events Around the Southern African Coast
Authors: Oliver Benjamin , Veitch Jennifer , Reason Chris J.C. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe wave energy flux along the southern African coastline often reaches extreme levels, seriously impacting coastal communities, infrastructure, as well as near‐coast and offshore marine operations. Understanding the drivers behind past high wave energy events and their frequency is key to forecasting future events. Using in‐situ wave buoy data recorded by the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), the ERA5 and CACWR global wave model products are evaluated. The better‐performing ERA5 product is used to assess long‐term variability and trends around the coastline between 1979 and 2020. There are significant increasing trends in offshore flux for all seasons, with spring having the strongest coastal trends. Substantial interannual variability exists in wave energy flux and direction. Possible drivers, the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), and the semi‐annual oscillation (SAO), were assessed to find that SAM appears to show the strongest relationship overall. Negative (positive) SAM is associated with above (below) average and westerly (easterly) anomalies in both flux and direction. ENSO directly impacts the summer wave climate while the SAO indirectly impacts the wave energy flux over spring and winter. During many seasons, more than one climate mode is active. It is found the strongest significant near‐coast positive westerly anomalies occurred under negative SAM and negative SAO, with more intense offshore anomalies under El Niño, whereas the strongest significant negative east‐northeasterly anomalies occurred under a combination of La Niña with positive SAM and SAO phases.
Deep learning in optical metrology: a review
Authors: Zuo Chao , Qian Jiaming , Feng Shijie , Yin Wei , Li Yixuan , Fan Pengfei , Han Jing , Qian Kemao , Chen Qian 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWith the advances in scientific foundations and technological implementations, optical metrology has become versatile problem-solving backbones in manufacturing, fundamental research, and engineering applications, such as quality control, nondestructive testing, experimental mechanics, and biomedicine. In recent years, deep learning, a subfield of machine learning, is emerging as a powerful tool to address problems by learning from data, largely driven by the availability of massive datasets, enhanced computational power, fast data storage, and novel training algorithms for the deep neural network. It is currently promoting increased interests and gaining extensive attention for its utilization in the field of optical metrology. Unlike the traditional “physics-based” approach, deep-learning-enabled optical metrology is a kind of “data-driven” approach, which has already provided numerous alternative solutions to many challenging problems in this field with better performances. In this review, we present an overview of the current status and the latest progress of deep-learning technologies in the field of optical metrology. We first briefly introduce both traditional image-processing algorithms in optical metrology and the basic concepts of deep learning, followed by a comprehensive review of its applications in various optical metrology tasks, such as fringe denoising, phase retrieval, phase unwrapping, subset correlation, and error compensation. The open challenges faced by the current deep-learning approach in optical metrology are then discussed. Finally, the directions for future research are outlined.
Implementation of CYP2D6 copy-number imputation panel and frequency of key pharmacogenetic variants in Finnish individuals with a psychotic disorder
Authors: Häkkinen Katja , Kiiski Johanna I. , Lähteenvuo Markku , Jukuri Tuomas , Suokas Kimmo , Niemi-Pynttäri Jussi , Kieseppä Tuula , Männynsalo Teemu , Wegelius Asko , Haaki Willehard , Lahdensuo Kaisla , Kajanne Risto , Kaunisto Mari A. , Tuulio-Henriksson Annamari , Kampman Olli , Hietala Jarmo , Veijola Juha , Lönnqvist Jouko , Isometsä Erkki , Paunio Tiina , Suvisaari Jaana , Kalso Eija , Niemi Mikko , Tiihonen Jari , Daly Mark , Palotie Aarno , Ahola-Olli Ari V. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractWe demonstrate that CYP2D6 copy-number variation (CNV) can be imputed using existing imputation algorithms. Additionally, we report frequencies of key pharmacogenetic variants in individuals with a psychotic disorder from the genetically bottle-necked population of Finland. We combined GWAS chip and CYP2D6 CNV data from the Breast Cancer Pain Genetics study to construct an imputation panel (n = 902) for CYP2D6 CNV. The resulting data set was used as a CYP2D6 CNV imputation panel in 9262 non-related individuals from the SUPER-Finland study. Based on imputation of 9262 individuals we confirm the higher frequency of CYP2D6 ultrarapid metabolizers and a 22-fold enrichment of the UGT1A1 decreased function variant rs4148323 (UGT1A1*6) in Finland compared with non-Finnish Europeans. Similarly, the NUDT15 variant rs116855232 was highly enriched in Finland. We demonstrate that imputation of CYP2D6 CNV is possible and the methodology enables studying CYP2D6 in large biobanks with genome-wide data.
Association of cumulative early medical factors with autism and autistic symptoms in a population-based twin sample
Authors: Carlsson Torkel , Rosenqvist Mina , Butwicka Agnieszka , Larsson Henrik , Lundström Sebastian , Pan Pei-Yin , Lundin Remnélius Karl , Taylor Mark J. , Bölte Sven 
Published: February 2022

AbstractAlthough highly heritable, environment also contributes to the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), with several specific environmental factors previously suggested. A registry-linked population-based twin cohort of 15,701 pairs (586 individuals with an ASD diagnosis), was established within the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden. Participants were evaluated for autistic symptoms at age 9 using the Autism-Tics, ADHD and other Comorbidities parental interview. A series of binary cut-offs indicated whether participants scored over various ASD symptom percentiles. Three early medical factors previously associated with ASD, beyond familial confounding (low birth weight, congenital malformations and perinatal hypoxia), were summed up creating an individual cumulative exposure load. A series of unconditional logistic regressions between all individuals and conditional regressions within twin pairs were performed for each outcome and exposure level. Between all individuals increasing cumulative early exposure loads were associated with increasing risk of ASD diagnosis (OR 3.33 (95%CI 1.79–6.20) for three exposures) and autistic symptoms (ranging from OR 2.12 (1.57–2.86) for three exposures at the 55th symptom percentile cut-off to OR 3.39 (2.2–5.24) at the 95th). Within twin pairs, the association between three exposures and an ASD diagnosis remained similar, but not statistically significant (OR 2.39 (0.62–9.24)). Having a higher load of early cumulative exposure was consistently associated with autistic symptoms after adjusting for familial confounding and sex (OR 3.45 (1.66–7.15) to OR 7.36 (1.99–27.18)). This study gives support to the cumulative stress hypothesis of ASD, and the dimensional model regarding environmental exposures, after adjustment for familial confounding.
Cryo-EM structures of human p97 double hexamer capture potentiated ATPase-competent state
Authors: Gao Haishan , Li Faxiang , Ji Zhejian , Shi Zhubing , Li Yang , Yu Hongtao 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe conserved ATPase p97 (Cdc48 in yeast) and adaptors mediate diverse cellular processes through unfolding polyubiquitinated proteins and extracting them from macromolecular assemblies and membranes for disaggregation and degradation. The tandem ATPase domains (D1 and D2) of the p97/Cdc48 hexamer form stacked rings. p97/Cdc48 can unfold substrates by threading them through the central pore. The pore loops critical for substrate unfolding are, however, not well-ordered in substrate-free p97/Cdc48 conformations. How p97/Cdc48 organizes its pore loops for substrate engagement is unclear. Here we show that p97/Cdc48 can form double hexamers (DH) connected through the D2 ring. Cryo-EM structures of p97 DH reveal an ATPase-competent conformation with ordered pore loops. The C-terminal extension (CTE) links neighboring D2s in each hexamer and expands the central pore of the D2 ring. Mutations of Cdc48 CTE abolish substrate unfolding. We propose that the p97/Cdc48 DH captures a potentiated state poised for substrate engagement.
Evidence for a trap-and-flip mechanism in a proton-dependent lipid transporter
Authors: Lambert Elisabeth , Mehdipour Ahmad Reza , Schmidt Alexander , Hummer Gerhard , Perez Camilo 
Published: February 2022

AbstractTransport of lipids across membranes is fundamental for diverse biological pathways in cells. Multiple ion-coupled transporters take part in lipid translocation, but their mechanisms remain largely unknown. Major facilitator superfamily (MFS) lipid transporters play central roles in cell wall synthesis, brain development and function, lipids recycling, and cell signaling. Recent structures of MFS lipid transporters revealed overlapping architectural features pointing towards a common mechanism. Here we used cysteine disulfide trapping, molecular dynamics simulations, mutagenesis analysis, and transport assays in vitro and in vivo, to investigate the mechanism of LtaA, a proton-dependent MFS lipid transporter essential for lipoteichoic acid synthesis in the pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. We reveal that LtaA displays asymmetric lateral openings with distinct functional relevance and that cycling through outward- and inward-facing conformations is essential for transport activity. We demonstrate that while the entire amphipathic central cavity of LtaA contributes to lipid binding, its hydrophilic pocket dictates substrate specificity. We propose that LtaA catalyzes lipid translocation by a ‘trap-and-flip’ mechanism that might be shared among MFS lipid transporters.
A self-driving laboratory advances the Pareto front for material properties
Authors: MacLeod Benjamin P. , Parlane Fraser G. L. , Rupnow Connor C. , Dettelbach Kevan E. , Elliott Michael S. , Morrissey Thomas D. , Haley Ted H. , Proskurin Oleksii , Rooney Michael B. , Taherimakhsousi Nina , Dvorak David J. , Chiu Hsi N. , Waizenegger Christopher E. B. , Ocean Karry , Mokhtari Mehrdad , Berlinguette Curtis P. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractUseful materials must satisfy multiple objectives, where the optimization of one objective is often at the expense of another. The Pareto front reports the optimal trade-offs between these conflicting objectives. Here we use a self-driving laboratory, Ada, to define the Pareto front of conductivities and processing temperatures for palladium films formed by combustion synthesis. Ada discovers new synthesis conditions that yield metallic films at lower processing temperatures (below 200 °C) relative to the prior art for this technique (250 °C). This temperature difference makes possible the coating of different commodity plastic materials (e.g., Nafion, polyethersulfone). These combustion synthesis conditions enable us to to spray coat uniform palladium films with moderate conductivity (1.1 × 105 S m−1) at 191 °C. Spray coating at 226 °C yields films with conductivities (2.0 × 106 S m−1) comparable to those of sputtered films (2.0 to 5.8 × 106 S m−1). This work shows how a self-driving laboratoy can discover materials that provide optimal trade-offs between conflicting objectives.
Air quality and health co-benefits of China’s carbon dioxide emissions peaking before 2030
Authors: Tang Rong , Zhao Jing , Liu Yifan , Huang Xin , Zhang Yanxu , Zhou Derong , Ding Aijun , Nielsen Chris P. , Wang Haikun 
Published: February 2022

AbstractRecent evidence shows that carbon emissions in China are likely to peak ahead of 2030. However, the social and economic impacts of such an early carbon peak have rarely been assessed. Here we focus on the economic costs and health benefits of different carbon mitigation pathways, considering both possible socio-economic futures and varying ambitions of climate policies. We find that an early peak before 2030 in line with the 1.5 °C target could avoid ~118,000 and ~614,000 PM2.5 attributable deaths under the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 1, in 2030 and 2050, respectively. Under the 2 °C target, carbon mitigation costs could be more than offset by health co-benefits in 2050, bringing a net benefit of $393–$3,017 billion (in 2017 USD value). This study not only provides insight into potential health benefits of an early peak in China, but also suggests that similar benefits may result from more ambitious climate targets in other countries.
Quantum sensing for gravity cartography
Authors: Stray Ben , Lamb Andrew , Kaushik Aisha , Vovrosh Jamie , Rodgers Anthony , Winch Jonathan , Hayati Farzad , Boddice Daniel , Stabrawa Artur , Niggebaum Alexander , Langlois Mehdi , Lien Yu-Hung , Lellouch Samuel , Roshanmanesh Sanaz , Ridley Kevin , de Villiers Geoffrey , Brown Gareth , Cross Trevor , Tuckwell George , Faramarzi Asaad , Metje Nicole , Bongs Kai , Holynski Michael 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe sensing of gravity has emerged as a tool in geophysics applications such as engineering and climate research1–3, including the monitoring of temporal variations in aquifers4 and geodesy5. However, it is impractical to use gravity cartography to resolve metre-scale underground features because of the long measurement times needed for the removal of vibrational noise6. Here we overcome this limitation by realizing a practical quantum gravity gradient sensor. Our design suppresses the effects of micro-seismic and laser noise, thermal and magnetic field variations, and instrument tilt. The instrument achieves a statistical uncertainty of 20 E (1 E = 10−9 s−2) and is used to perform a 0.5-metre-spatial-resolution survey across an 8.5-metre-long line, detecting a 2-metre tunnel with a signal-to-noise ratio of 8. Using a Bayesian inference method, we determine the centre to ±0.19 metres horizontally and the centre depth as (1.89 −0.59/+2.3) metres. The removal of vibrational noise enables improvements in instrument performance to directly translate into reduced measurement time in mapping. The sensor parameters are compatible with applications in mapping aquifers and evaluating impacts on the water table7, archaeology8–11, determination of soil properties12 and water content13, and reducing the risk of unforeseen ground conditions in the construction of critical energy, transport and utilities infrastructure14, providing a new window into the underground.
The Mesozoic terminated in boreal spring
Authors: During Melanie A. D. , Smit Jan , Voeten Dennis F. A. E. , Berruyer Camille , Tafforeau Paul , Sanchez Sophie , Stein Koen H. W. , Verdegaal-Warmerdam Suzan J. A. , van der Lubbe Jeroen H. J. L. 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction around 66 million years ago was triggered by the Chicxulub asteroid impact on the present-day Yucatán Peninsula1,2. This event caused the highly selective extinction that eliminated about 76% of species3,4, including all non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, ammonites, rudists and most marine reptiles. The timing of the impact and its aftermath have been studied mainly on millennial timescales, leaving the season of the impact unconstrained. Here, by studying fishes that died on the day the Mesozoic era ended, we demonstrate that the impact that caused the Cretaceous–Palaeogene mass extinction took place during boreal spring. Osteohistology together with stable isotope records of exceptionally preserved perichondral and dermal bones in acipenseriform fishes from the Tanis impact-induced seiche deposits5 reveal annual cyclicity across the final years of the Cretaceous period. Annual life cycles, including seasonal timing and duration of reproduction, feeding, hibernation and aestivation, vary strongly across latest Cretaceous biotic clades. We postulate that the timing of the Chicxulub impact in boreal spring and austral autumn was a major influence on selective biotic survival across the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary.
Influences of summer warming and nutrient availability on Salix glauca L. growth in Greenland along an ice to sea gradient
Authors: Prendin Angela Luisa , Normand Signe , Carrer Marco , Bjerregaard Pedersen Nanna , Matthiesen Henning , Westergaard‐Nielsen Andreas , Elberling Bo , Treier Urs Albert , Hollesen Jørgen 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe combined effects of climate change and nutrient availability on Arctic vegetation growth are poorly understood. Archaeological sites in the Arctic could represent unique nutrient hotspots for studying the long-term effect of nutrient enrichment. In this study, we analysed a time-series of ring widths of Salix glauca L. collected at nine archaeological sites and in their natural surroundings along a climate gradient in the Nuuk fjord region, Southwest Greenland, stretching from the edge of the Greenlandic Ice Sheet in the east to the open sea in the west. We assessed the temperature-growth relationship for the last four decades distinguishing between soils with past anthropogenic nutrient enrichment (PANE) and without (controls). Along the East–West gradient, the inner fjord sites showed a stronger temperature signal compared to the outermost ones. Individuals growing in PANE soils had wider ring widths than individuals growing in the control soils and a stronger climate-growth relation, especially in the inner fjord sites. Thereby, the individuals growing on the archaeological sites seem to have benefited more from the climate warming in recent decades. Our results suggest that higher nutrient availability due to past human activities plays a role in Arctic vegetation growth and should be considered when assessing both the future impact of plants on archaeological sites and the general greening in landscapes with contrasting nutrient availability.
Phylogenetic diversity and spatiotemporal dynamics of bacterial and microeukaryotic plankton communities in Gwangyang Bay of the Korean Peninsula
Authors: Han Dukki , Shin Hanseob , Lee Ji-Hoon , Kang Chang-Keun , Kim Dong-Gyun , Hur Hor-Gil 
Published: February 2022

AbstractNutrient dynamics function globally, flowing from rivers to the ocean (estuarine–coastal zone), and are vulnerable to climate change. Microbial habitats can be affected by marine nutrient dynamics and may provide a clue to predict microbial responses to environmental heterogeneity in estuarine–coastal zones. We surveyed surface seawater in Gwangyang Bay, a semi-enclosed estuary in Korea, from 2016 to 2018 using a metabarcoding approach with prokaryotic 16S and eukaryotic 18S rRNA genes. Bacterial and microeukaryotic communities in these waters showed distinct local communities in response to environmental heterogeneity and community transition at spatiotemporal scales in the estuarine–coastal zone. The relative abundance of prokaryotic and eukaryotic operational taxonomic units suggested a microbial trophic interaction in the Gwangyang Bay waters. We found that the community assembly process in prokaryotic communities was primarily influenced by biological interaction (immigration–emigration), whereas that in eukaryotic communities was more affected by environmental stress (habitat specificity) rather than by biotic factors. Our findings in the Gwangyang Bay waters may provide information on underlying (biotic or abiotic) factors of the assembly process in microbial communities in the estuarine–coastal zone.
Simulation of heat transfer in a landfill with layered new and old municipal solid waste
Authors: Zhang Tao , Shi Jianyong , Wu Xun , Shu Shi , Lin Hai 
Published: February 2022

AbstractDue to rapid degradation of the newly filled municipal solid waste (MSW), the local temperature of the waste layer increases greatly. The mechanical parameters related to waste degradation and the deformation of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes in the waste body will be affected by the elevated temperature. To predict the temperature distribution in the anaerobic landfill, a one-dimensional heat transfer model is established in this study. This model considers the stratification of the saturated and unsaturated zones, and the layering of new and old waste. Furthermore, a single peak model for heat production is applied as the source term of heat production. The stratification of the unsaturated and saturated zones is considered by distinguishing the difference in heat conductivity and specific heat capacity. The layering of the new and old waste layers is considered by distinguishing the difference in the length of time that waste has been degraded to produce heat. Based on the numerical calculation method, the temperature distribution in a landfill with layered new and old MSW is well simulated. The position where the maximum temperature occurs and the variation in the temperature at the edge of new and old waste are elucidated. The sensitivity analysis shows that the influence of the density on the temperature distribution is more significant. Besides, the stratification of saturated–unsaturated waste should also be considered in landfills.
Tunable band gaps and optical absorption properties of bent MoS2 nanoribbons
Authors: Tang Hong , Neupane Bimal , Neupane Santosh , Ruan Shiqi , Nepal Niraj K. , Ruzsinszky Adrienn 
Published: February 2022

AbstractThe large tunability of band gaps and optical absorptions of armchair MoS2 nanoribbons of different widths under bending is studied using density functional theory and many-body perturbation GW and Bethe–Salpeter equation approaches. We find that there are three critical bending curvatures, and the non-edge and edge band gaps generally show a non-monotonic trend with bending. The non-degenerate edge gap splits show an oscillating feature with ribbon width n, with a period $$\Delta n=3$$

Δ
n
=
3

, due to quantum confinement effects. The complex strain patterns on the bent nanoribbons control the varying features of band structures and band gaps that result in varying exciton formations and optical properties. The binding energy and the spin singlet–triplet split of the exciton forming the lowest absorption peak generally decrease with bending curvatures. The large tunability of optical properties of bent MoS2 nanoribbons is promising and will find applications in tunable optoelectronic nanodevices.